From a4cb644dff24ae70d7cd31a62dbc0ff3253ba54a Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001
From:  <>
Date: Thu, 20 Feb 2025 13:46:13 +0000
Subject: [PATCH] Deployed fe067c4 with MkDocs version: 1.6.1

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 267 files changed, 482074 insertions(+)
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+      <a href="/dev-notes/languages/python/modules/ftplib.html" class="md-nav__link">
+        
+  
+  <span class="md-ellipsis">
+    ftplib
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+  
+
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+  
+
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+            
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+        
+  
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+    itertools
+  </span>
+  
+
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+  
+
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+  
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+      <a href="/dev-notes/languages/python/modules/json.html" class="md-nav__link">
+        
+  
+  <span class="md-ellipsis">
+    json
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+  
+
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+  
+
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+            
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+  
+  
+  
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+      <a href="/dev-notes/languages/python/modules/logging.html" class="md-nav__link">
+        
+  
+  <span class="md-ellipsis">
+    logging
+  </span>
+  
+
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+  
+
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+            
+              
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+  
+  
+  
+  
+    <li class="md-nav__item">
+      <a href="/dev-notes/languages/python/modules/shutil.html" class="md-nav__link">
+        
+  
+  <span class="md-ellipsis">
+    shutil
+  </span>
+  
+
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+    </li>
+  
+
+              
+            
+              
+                
+  
+  
+  
+  
+    <li class="md-nav__item">
+      <a href="/dev-notes/languages/python/modules/smtplib.html" class="md-nav__link">
+        
+  
+  <span class="md-ellipsis">
+    smtplib
+  </span>
+  
+
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+    </li>
+  
+
+              
+            
+              
+                
+  
+  
+  
+  
+    <li class="md-nav__item">
+      <a href="/dev-notes/languages/python/modules/socket.html" class="md-nav__link">
+        
+  
+  <span class="md-ellipsis">
+    socket
+  </span>
+  
+
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+    </li>
+  
+
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+            
+              
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+  
+  
+  
+  
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+      <a href="/dev-notes/languages/python/modules/sqlite.html" class="md-nav__link">
+        
+  
+  <span class="md-ellipsis">
+    sqlite
+  </span>
+  
+
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+  
+
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+  
+  
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+      <a href="/dev-notes/languages/python/modules/time-datetime.html" class="md-nav__link">
+        
+  
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+    time & datetime
+  </span>
+  
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+      <a href="/dev-notes/languages/python/modules/unittest.html" class="md-nav__link">
+        
+  
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+          
+          <label class="md-nav__link" for="__nav_4_8_3" id="__nav_4_8_3_label" tabindex="0">
+            
+  
+  <span class="md-ellipsis">
+    Libraries
+  </span>
+  
+
+            <span class="md-nav__icon md-icon"></span>
+          </label>
+        
+        <nav class="md-nav" data-md-level="3" aria-labelledby="__nav_4_8_3_label" aria-expanded="false">
+          <label class="md-nav__title" for="__nav_4_8_3">
+            <span class="md-nav__icon md-icon"></span>
+            Libraries
+          </label>
+          <ul class="md-nav__list" data-md-scrollfix>
+            
+              
+                
+  
+  
+  
+  
+    <li class="md-nav__item">
+      <a href="/dev-notes/languages/python/libs/tkinter.html" class="md-nav__link">
+        
+  
+  <span class="md-ellipsis">
+    TKinter
+  </span>
+  
+
+      </a>
+    </li>
+  
+
+              
+            
+              
+                
+  
+  
+  
+  
+    <li class="md-nav__item">
+      <a href="/dev-notes/languages/python/libs/numpy.html" class="md-nav__link">
+        
+  
+  <span class="md-ellipsis">
+    Numpy
+  </span>
+  
+
+      </a>
+    </li>
+  
+
+              
+            
+              
+                
+  
+  
+  
+  
+    <li class="md-nav__item">
+      <a href="/dev-notes/languages/python/libs/pandas.html" class="md-nav__link">
+        
+  
+  <span class="md-ellipsis">
+    Pandas
+  </span>
+  
+
+      </a>
+    </li>
+  
+
+              
+            
+              
+                
+  
+  
+  
+  
+    <li class="md-nav__item">
+      <a href="/dev-notes/languages/python/libs/seaborn.html" class="md-nav__link">
+        
+  
+  <span class="md-ellipsis">
+    Seaborn
+  </span>
+  
+
+      </a>
+    </li>
+  
+
+              
+            
+              
+                
+  
+  
+  
+  
+    <li class="md-nav__item">
+      <a href="/dev-notes/languages/python/libs/requests.html" class="md-nav__link">
+        
+  
+  <span class="md-ellipsis">
+    Requests
+  </span>
+  
+
+      </a>
+    </li>
+  
+
+              
+            
+              
+                
+  
+  
+  
+  
+    <li class="md-nav__item">
+      <a href="/dev-notes/languages/python/libs/beautiful-soup.html" class="md-nav__link">
+        
+  
+  <span class="md-ellipsis">
+    Beatiful Soup
+  </span>
+  
+
+      </a>
+    </li>
+  
+
+              
+            
+          </ul>
+        </nav>
+      
+    </li>
+  
+
+              
+            
+          </ul>
+        </nav>
+      
+    </li>
+  
+
+              
+            
+              
+                
+  
+  
+  
+  
+    
+    
+      
+        
+      
+        
+      
+        
+      
+    
+    
+      
+      
+        
+      
+    
+    
+    <li class="md-nav__item md-nav__item--nested">
+      
+        
+        
+        <input class="md-nav__toggle md-toggle " type="checkbox" id="__nav_4_9" >
+        
+          
+          <label class="md-nav__link" for="__nav_4_9" id="__nav_4_9_label" tabindex="0">
+            
+  
+  <span class="md-ellipsis">
+    .NET
+  </span>
+  
+
+            <span class="md-nav__icon md-icon"></span>
+          </label>
+        
+        <nav class="md-nav" data-md-level="2" aria-labelledby="__nav_4_9_label" aria-expanded="false">
+          <label class="md-nav__title" for="__nav_4_9">
+            <span class="md-nav__icon md-icon"></span>
+            .NET
+          </label>
+          <ul class="md-nav__list" data-md-scrollfix>
+            
+              
+                
+  
+  
+  
+  
+    
+    
+      
+        
+      
+        
+      
+        
+      
+        
+      
+        
+      
+        
+      
+    
+    
+      
+      
+        
+      
+    
+    
+    <li class="md-nav__item md-nav__item--nested">
+      
+        
+        
+        <input class="md-nav__toggle md-toggle " type="checkbox" id="__nav_4_9_1" >
+        
+          
+          <label class="md-nav__link" for="__nav_4_9_1" id="__nav_4_9_1_label" tabindex="0">
+            
+  
+  <span class="md-ellipsis">
+    C#
+  </span>
+  
+
+            <span class="md-nav__icon md-icon"></span>
+          </label>
+        
+        <nav class="md-nav" data-md-level="3" aria-labelledby="__nav_4_9_1_label" aria-expanded="false">
+          <label class="md-nav__title" for="__nav_4_9_1">
+            <span class="md-nav__icon md-icon"></span>
+            C#
+          </label>
+          <ul class="md-nav__list" data-md-scrollfix>
+            
+              
+                
+  
+  
+  
+  
+    <li class="md-nav__item">
+      <a href="/dev-notes/languages/dotnet/csharp/csharp.html" class="md-nav__link">
+        
+  
+  <span class="md-ellipsis">
+    C#
+  </span>
+  
+
+      </a>
+    </li>
+  
+
+              
+            
+              
+                
+  
+  
+  
+  
+    <li class="md-nav__item">
+      <a href="/dev-notes/languages/dotnet/csharp/linq.html" class="md-nav__link">
+        
+  
+  <span class="md-ellipsis">
+    Linq
+  </span>
+  
+
+      </a>
+    </li>
+  
+
+              
+            
+              
+                
+  
+  
+  
+  
+    <li class="md-nav__item">
+      <a href="/dev-notes/languages/dotnet/csharp/collections.html" class="md-nav__link">
+        
+  
+  <span class="md-ellipsis">
+    Collections
+  </span>
+  
+
+      </a>
+    </li>
+  
+
+              
+            
+              
+                
+  
+  
+  
+  
+    <li class="md-nav__item">
+      <a href="/dev-notes/languages/dotnet/csharp/reactive-extensions.html" class="md-nav__link">
+        
+  
+  <span class="md-ellipsis">
+    Reactive Extensions
+  </span>
+  
+
+      </a>
+    </li>
+  
+
+              
+            
+              
+                
+  
+  
+  
+  
+    <li class="md-nav__item">
+      <a href="/dev-notes/languages/dotnet/csharp/async-programming.html" class="md-nav__link">
+        
+  
+  <span class="md-ellipsis">
+    Async Programming
+  </span>
+  
+
+      </a>
+    </li>
+  
+
+              
+            
+              
+                
+  
+  
+  
+  
+    <li class="md-nav__item">
+      <a href="/dev-notes/languages/dotnet/csharp/unit-tests.html" class="md-nav__link">
+        
+  
+  <span class="md-ellipsis">
+    Unit Tests
+  </span>
+  
+
+      </a>
+    </li>
+  
+
+              
+            
+          </ul>
+        </nav>
+      
+    </li>
+  
+
+              
+            
+              
+                
+  
+  
+  
+  
+    
+    
+      
+        
+      
+        
+      
+        
+      
+        
+      
+        
+      
+        
+      
+        
+      
+    
+    
+      
+      
+        
+      
+    
+    
+    <li class="md-nav__item md-nav__item--nested">
+      
+        
+        
+        <input class="md-nav__toggle md-toggle " type="checkbox" id="__nav_4_9_2" >
+        
+          
+          <label class="md-nav__link" for="__nav_4_9_2" id="__nav_4_9_2_label" tabindex="0">
+            
+  
+  <span class="md-ellipsis">
+    ASP.NET
+  </span>
+  
+
+            <span class="md-nav__icon md-icon"></span>
+          </label>
+        
+        <nav class="md-nav" data-md-level="3" aria-labelledby="__nav_4_9_2_label" aria-expanded="false">
+          <label class="md-nav__title" for="__nav_4_9_2">
+            <span class="md-nav__icon md-icon"></span>
+            ASP.NET
+          </label>
+          <ul class="md-nav__list" data-md-scrollfix>
+            
+              
+                
+  
+  
+  
+  
+    <li class="md-nav__item">
+      <a href="/dev-notes/languages/dotnet/asp.net/minimal-api.html" class="md-nav__link">
+        
+  
+  <span class="md-ellipsis">
+    Minimal API
+  </span>
+  
+
+      </a>
+    </li>
+  
+
+              
+            
+              
+                
+  
+  
+  
+  
+    <li class="md-nav__item">
+      <a href="/dev-notes/languages/dotnet/asp.net/filters.html" class="md-nav__link">
+        
+  
+  <span class="md-ellipsis">
+    FIlters
+  </span>
+  
+
+      </a>
+    </li>
+  
+
+              
+            
+              
+                
+  
+  
+  
+  
+    <li class="md-nav__item">
+      <a href="/dev-notes/languages/dotnet/asp.net/middleware.html" class="md-nav__link">
+        
+  
+  <span class="md-ellipsis">
+    Middleware
+  </span>
+  
+
+      </a>
+    </li>
+  
+
+              
+            
+              
+                
+  
+  
+  
+  
+    <li class="md-nav__item">
+      <a href="/dev-notes/languages/dotnet/asp.net/razor-syntax.html" class="md-nav__link">
+        
+  
+  <span class="md-ellipsis">
+    Razor Syntax
+  </span>
+  
+
+      </a>
+    </li>
+  
+
+              
+            
+              
+                
+  
+  
+  
+  
+    <li class="md-nav__item">
+      <a href="/dev-notes/languages/dotnet/asp.net/blazor.html" class="md-nav__link">
+        
+  
+  <span class="md-ellipsis">
+    Blazor
+  </span>
+  
+
+      </a>
+    </li>
+  
+
+              
+            
+              
+                
+  
+  
+  
+  
+    <li class="md-nav__item">
+      <a href="/dev-notes/languages/dotnet/asp.net/signalr.html" class="md-nav__link">
+        
+  
+  <span class="md-ellipsis">
+    SignalR
+  </span>
+  
+
+      </a>
+    </li>
+  
+
+              
+            
+              
+                
+  
+  
+  
+  
+    <li class="md-nav__item">
+      <a href="/dev-notes/languages/dotnet/asp.net/web-forms.html" class="md-nav__link">
+        
+  
+  <span class="md-ellipsis">
+    Web Forms
+  </span>
+  
+
+      </a>
+    </li>
+  
+
+              
+            
+          </ul>
+        </nav>
+      
+    </li>
+  
+
+              
+            
+              
+                
+  
+  
+  
+  
+    
+    
+      
+        
+      
+        
+      
+    
+    
+      
+      
+        
+      
+    
+    
+    <li class="md-nav__item md-nav__item--nested">
+      
+        
+        
+        <input class="md-nav__toggle md-toggle " type="checkbox" id="__nav_4_9_3" >
+        
+          
+          <label class="md-nav__link" for="__nav_4_9_3" id="__nav_4_9_3_label" tabindex="0">
+            
+  
+  <span class="md-ellipsis">
+    Database
+  </span>
+  
+
+            <span class="md-nav__icon md-icon"></span>
+          </label>
+        
+        <nav class="md-nav" data-md-level="3" aria-labelledby="__nav_4_9_3_label" aria-expanded="false">
+          <label class="md-nav__title" for="__nav_4_9_3">
+            <span class="md-nav__icon md-icon"></span>
+            Database
+          </label>
+          <ul class="md-nav__list" data-md-scrollfix>
+            
+              
+                
+  
+  
+  
+  
+    <li class="md-nav__item">
+      <a href="/dev-notes/languages/dotnet/database/ado.net.html" class="md-nav__link">
+        
+  
+  <span class="md-ellipsis">
+    ADO.NET
+  </span>
+  
+
+      </a>
+    </li>
+  
+
+              
+            
+              
+                
+  
+  
+  
+  
+    <li class="md-nav__item">
+      <a href="/dev-notes/languages/dotnet/database/entity-framework.html" class="md-nav__link">
+        
+  
+  <span class="md-ellipsis">
+    Entity Framework
+  </span>
+  
+
+      </a>
+    </li>
+  
+
+              
+            
+          </ul>
+        </nav>
+      
+    </li>
+  
+
+              
+            
+          </ul>
+        </nav>
+      
+    </li>
+  
+
+              
+            
+              
+                
+  
+  
+  
+  
+    
+    
+      
+        
+      
+        
+      
+        
+      
+        
+      
+    
+    
+      
+      
+        
+      
+    
+    
+    <li class="md-nav__item md-nav__item--nested">
+      
+        
+        
+        <input class="md-nav__toggle md-toggle " type="checkbox" id="__nav_4_10" >
+        
+          
+          <label class="md-nav__link" for="__nav_4_10" id="__nav_4_10_label" tabindex="0">
+            
+  
+  <span class="md-ellipsis">
+    Java
+  </span>
+  
+
+            <span class="md-nav__icon md-icon"></span>
+          </label>
+        
+        <nav class="md-nav" data-md-level="2" aria-labelledby="__nav_4_10_label" aria-expanded="false">
+          <label class="md-nav__title" for="__nav_4_10">
+            <span class="md-nav__icon md-icon"></span>
+            Java
+          </label>
+          <ul class="md-nav__list" data-md-scrollfix>
+            
+              
+                
+  
+  
+  
+  
+    <li class="md-nav__item">
+      <a href="/dev-notes/languages/java/java.html" class="md-nav__link">
+        
+  
+  <span class="md-ellipsis">
+    Java
+  </span>
+  
+
+      </a>
+    </li>
+  
+
+              
+            
+              
+                
+  
+  
+  
+  
+    <li class="md-nav__item">
+      <a href="/dev-notes/languages/java/java-collection-framework.html" class="md-nav__link">
+        
+  
+  <span class="md-ellipsis">
+    Java Collection Framework
+  </span>
+  
+
+      </a>
+    </li>
+  
+
+              
+            
+              
+                
+  
+  
+  
+  
+    <li class="md-nav__item">
+      <a href="/dev-notes/languages/java/dao.html" class="md-nav__link">
+        
+  
+  <span class="md-ellipsis">
+    DAO
+  </span>
+  
+
+      </a>
+    </li>
+  
+
+              
+            
+              
+                
+  
+  
+  
+  
+    
+    
+      
+        
+      
+        
+      
+    
+    
+      
+      
+        
+      
+    
+    
+    <li class="md-nav__item md-nav__item--nested">
+      
+        
+        
+        <input class="md-nav__toggle md-toggle " type="checkbox" id="__nav_4_10_4" >
+        
+          
+          <label class="md-nav__link" for="__nav_4_10_4" id="__nav_4_10_4_label" tabindex="0">
+            
+  
+  <span class="md-ellipsis">
+    Web
+  </span>
+  
+
+            <span class="md-nav__icon md-icon"></span>
+          </label>
+        
+        <nav class="md-nav" data-md-level="3" aria-labelledby="__nav_4_10_4_label" aria-expanded="false">
+          <label class="md-nav__title" for="__nav_4_10_4">
+            <span class="md-nav__icon md-icon"></span>
+            Web
+          </label>
+          <ul class="md-nav__list" data-md-scrollfix>
+            
+              
+                
+  
+  
+  
+  
+    <li class="md-nav__item">
+      <a href="/dev-notes/languages/java/web/servlet.html" class="md-nav__link">
+        
+  
+  <span class="md-ellipsis">
+    Serverlet
+  </span>
+  
+
+      </a>
+    </li>
+  
+
+              
+            
+              
+                
+  
+  
+  
+  
+    
+    
+      
+        
+      
+        
+      
+    
+    
+      
+      
+        
+      
+    
+    
+    <li class="md-nav__item md-nav__item--nested">
+      
+        
+        
+        <input class="md-nav__toggle md-toggle " type="checkbox" id="__nav_4_10_4_2" >
+        
+          
+          <label class="md-nav__link" for="__nav_4_10_4_2" id="__nav_4_10_4_2_label" tabindex="0">
+            
+  
+  <span class="md-ellipsis">
+    Spring
+  </span>
+  
+
+            <span class="md-nav__icon md-icon"></span>
+          </label>
+        
+        <nav class="md-nav" data-md-level="4" aria-labelledby="__nav_4_10_4_2_label" aria-expanded="false">
+          <label class="md-nav__title" for="__nav_4_10_4_2">
+            <span class="md-nav__icon md-icon"></span>
+            Spring
+          </label>
+          <ul class="md-nav__list" data-md-scrollfix>
+            
+              
+                
+  
+  
+  
+  
+    <li class="md-nav__item">
+      <a href="/dev-notes/languages/java/spring/pom.xml.html" class="md-nav__link">
+        
+  
+  <span class="md-ellipsis">
+    POM
+  </span>
+  
+
+      </a>
+    </li>
+  
+
+              
+            
+              
+                
+  
+  
+  
+  
+    <li class="md-nav__item">
+      <a href="/dev-notes/languages/java/spring/spring-project.html" class="md-nav__link">
+        
+  
+  <span class="md-ellipsis">
+    Project Structure
+  </span>
+  
+
+      </a>
+    </li>
+  
+
+              
+            
+          </ul>
+        </nav>
+      
+    </li>
+  
+
+              
+            
+          </ul>
+        </nav>
+      
+    </li>
+  
+
+              
+            
+          </ul>
+        </nav>
+      
+    </li>
+  
+
+              
+            
+              
+                
+  
+  
+  
+  
+    
+    
+      
+        
+      
+        
+      
+        
+      
+        
+      
+        
+      
+        
+      
+        
+      
+        
+      
+        
+      
+    
+    
+      
+      
+        
+      
+    
+    
+    <li class="md-nav__item md-nav__item--nested">
+      
+        
+        
+        <input class="md-nav__toggle md-toggle " type="checkbox" id="__nav_4_11" >
+        
+          
+          <label class="md-nav__link" for="__nav_4_11" id="__nav_4_11_label" tabindex="0">
+            
+  
+  <span class="md-ellipsis">
+    PHP
+  </span>
+  
+
+            <span class="md-nav__icon md-icon"></span>
+          </label>
+        
+        <nav class="md-nav" data-md-level="2" aria-labelledby="__nav_4_11_label" aria-expanded="false">
+          <label class="md-nav__title" for="__nav_4_11">
+            <span class="md-nav__icon md-icon"></span>
+            PHP
+          </label>
+          <ul class="md-nav__list" data-md-scrollfix>
+            
+              
+                
+  
+  
+  
+  
+    <li class="md-nav__item">
+      <a href="/dev-notes/languages/php/php.html" class="md-nav__link">
+        
+  
+  <span class="md-ellipsis">
+    PHP
+  </span>
+  
+
+      </a>
+    </li>
+  
+
+              
+            
+              
+                
+  
+  
+  
+  
+    <li class="md-nav__item">
+      <a href="/dev-notes/languages/php/database.html" class="md-nav__link">
+        
+  
+  <span class="md-ellipsis">
+    Database
+  </span>
+  
+
+      </a>
+    </li>
+  
+
+              
+            
+              
+                
+  
+  
+  
+  
+    <li class="md-nav__item">
+      <a href="/dev-notes/languages/php/web.html" class="md-nav__link">
+        
+  
+  <span class="md-ellipsis">
+    Web
+  </span>
+  
+
+      </a>
+    </li>
+  
+
+              
+            
+              
+                
+  
+  
+  
+  
+    <li class="md-nav__item">
+      <a href="/dev-notes/languages/php/dependency-injection.html" class="md-nav__link">
+        
+  
+  <span class="md-ellipsis">
+    Dependency Injection
+  </span>
+  
+
+      </a>
+    </li>
+  
+
+              
+            
+              
+                
+  
+  
+  
+  
+    <li class="md-nav__item">
+      <a href="/dev-notes/languages/php/unit-tests.html" class="md-nav__link">
+        
+  
+  <span class="md-ellipsis">
+    Unit Tests
+  </span>
+  
+
+      </a>
+    </li>
+  
+
+              
+            
+              
+                
+  
+  
+  
+  
+    <li class="md-nav__item">
+      <a href="/dev-notes/languages/php/composer.html" class="md-nav__link">
+        
+  
+  <span class="md-ellipsis">
+    Composer
+  </span>
+  
+
+      </a>
+    </li>
+  
+
+              
+            
+              
+                
+  
+  
+  
+  
+    <li class="md-nav__item">
+      <a href="/dev-notes/languages/php/psr-7.html" class="md-nav__link">
+        
+  
+  <span class="md-ellipsis">
+    PSR 7
+  </span>
+  
+
+      </a>
+    </li>
+  
+
+              
+            
+              
+                
+  
+  
+  
+  
+    <li class="md-nav__item">
+      <a href="/dev-notes/languages/php/plates-templating.html" class="md-nav__link">
+        
+  
+  <span class="md-ellipsis">
+    Plates
+  </span>
+  
+
+      </a>
+    </li>
+  
+
+              
+            
+              
+                
+  
+  
+  
+  
+    
+    
+      
+        
+      
+        
+      
+    
+    
+      
+      
+        
+      
+    
+    
+    <li class="md-nav__item md-nav__item--nested">
+      
+        
+        
+        <input class="md-nav__toggle md-toggle " type="checkbox" id="__nav_4_11_9" >
+        
+          
+          <label class="md-nav__link" for="__nav_4_11_9" id="__nav_4_11_9_label" tabindex="0">
+            
+  
+  <span class="md-ellipsis">
+    Simple MVC
+  </span>
+  
+
+            <span class="md-nav__icon md-icon"></span>
+          </label>
+        
+        <nav class="md-nav" data-md-level="3" aria-labelledby="__nav_4_11_9_label" aria-expanded="false">
+          <label class="md-nav__title" for="__nav_4_11_9">
+            <span class="md-nav__icon md-icon"></span>
+            Simple MVC
+          </label>
+          <ul class="md-nav__list" data-md-scrollfix>
+            
+              
+                
+  
+  
+  
+  
+    <li class="md-nav__item">
+      <a href="/dev-notes/languages/php/simple-mvc/simple-mvc.html" class="md-nav__link">
+        
+  
+  <span class="md-ellipsis">
+    Simple MVC
+  </span>
+  
+
+      </a>
+    </li>
+  
+
+              
+            
+              
+                
+  
+  
+  
+  
+    <li class="md-nav__item">
+      <a href="/dev-notes/languages/php/simple-mvc/rest-api.html" class="md-nav__link">
+        
+  
+  <span class="md-ellipsis">
+    REST API
+  </span>
+  
+
+      </a>
+    </li>
+  
+
+              
+            
+          </ul>
+        </nav>
+      
+    </li>
+  
+
+              
+            
+          </ul>
+        </nav>
+      
+    </li>
+  
+
+              
+            
+              
+                
+  
+  
+  
+  
+    
+    
+      
+        
+      
+        
+      
+        
+      
+        
+      
+        
+      
+    
+    
+      
+      
+        
+      
+    
+    
+    <li class="md-nav__item md-nav__item--nested">
+      
+        
+        
+        <input class="md-nav__toggle md-toggle " type="checkbox" id="__nav_4_12" >
+        
+          
+          <label class="md-nav__link" for="__nav_4_12" id="__nav_4_12_label" tabindex="0">
+            
+  
+  <span class="md-ellipsis">
+    Rust
+  </span>
+  
+
+            <span class="md-nav__icon md-icon"></span>
+          </label>
+        
+        <nav class="md-nav" data-md-level="2" aria-labelledby="__nav_4_12_label" aria-expanded="false">
+          <label class="md-nav__title" for="__nav_4_12">
+            <span class="md-nav__icon md-icon"></span>
+            Rust
+          </label>
+          <ul class="md-nav__list" data-md-scrollfix>
+            
+              
+                
+  
+  
+  
+  
+    <li class="md-nav__item">
+      <a href="/dev-notes/languages/rust/rust.html" class="md-nav__link">
+        
+  
+  <span class="md-ellipsis">
+    Rust
+  </span>
+  
+
+      </a>
+    </li>
+  
+
+              
+            
+              
+                
+  
+  
+  
+  
+    <li class="md-nav__item">
+      <a href="/dev-notes/languages/rust/macros.html" class="md-nav__link">
+        
+  
+  <span class="md-ellipsis">
+    Macros
+  </span>
+  
+
+      </a>
+    </li>
+  
+
+              
+            
+              
+                
+  
+  
+  
+  
+    <li class="md-nav__item">
+      <a href="/dev-notes/languages/rust/cargo.html" class="md-nav__link">
+        
+  
+  <span class="md-ellipsis">
+    Cargo
+  </span>
+  
+
+      </a>
+    </li>
+  
+
+              
+            
+              
+                
+  
+  
+  
+  
+    <li class="md-nav__item">
+      <a href="/dev-notes/languages/rust/concurrency.html" class="md-nav__link">
+        
+  
+  <span class="md-ellipsis">
+    Concurrency
+  </span>
+  
+
+      </a>
+    </li>
+  
+
+              
+            
+              
+                
+  
+  
+  
+  
+    <li class="md-nav__item">
+      <a href="/dev-notes/languages/rust/unit-tests.html" class="md-nav__link">
+        
+  
+  <span class="md-ellipsis">
+    Unit Tests
+  </span>
+  
+
+      </a>
+    </li>
+  
+
+              
+            
+          </ul>
+        </nav>
+      
+    </li>
+  
+
+              
+            
+              
+                
+  
+  
+  
+  
+    
+    
+      
+        
+      
+        
+      
+        
+      
+        
+      
+        
+      
+        
+      
+        
+      
+    
+    
+      
+      
+        
+      
+    
+    
+    <li class="md-nav__item md-nav__item--nested">
+      
+        
+        
+        <input class="md-nav__toggle md-toggle " type="checkbox" id="__nav_4_13" >
+        
+          
+          <label class="md-nav__link" for="__nav_4_13" id="__nav_4_13_label" tabindex="0">
+            
+  
+  <span class="md-ellipsis">
+    Javascript
+  </span>
+  
+
+            <span class="md-nav__icon md-icon"></span>
+          </label>
+        
+        <nav class="md-nav" data-md-level="2" aria-labelledby="__nav_4_13_label" aria-expanded="false">
+          <label class="md-nav__title" for="__nav_4_13">
+            <span class="md-nav__icon md-icon"></span>
+            Javascript
+          </label>
+          <ul class="md-nav__list" data-md-scrollfix>
+            
+              
+                
+  
+  
+  
+  
+    <li class="md-nav__item">
+      <a href="/dev-notes/languages/javascript/javascript.html" class="md-nav__link">
+        
+  
+  <span class="md-ellipsis">
+    Javascript
+  </span>
+  
+
+      </a>
+    </li>
+  
+
+              
+            
+              
+                
+  
+  
+  
+  
+    <li class="md-nav__item">
+      <a href="/dev-notes/languages/javascript/dom.html" class="md-nav__link">
+        
+  
+  <span class="md-ellipsis">
+    DOM
+  </span>
+  
+
+      </a>
+    </li>
+  
+
+              
+            
+              
+                
+  
+  
+  
+  
+    <li class="md-nav__item">
+      <a href="/dev-notes/languages/javascript/events-animation.html" class="md-nav__link">
+        
+  
+  <span class="md-ellipsis">
+    Events & Animation
+  </span>
+  
+
+      </a>
+    </li>
+  
+
+              
+            
+              
+                
+  
+  
+  
+  
+    <li class="md-nav__item">
+      <a href="/dev-notes/languages/javascript/ajax.html" class="md-nav__link">
+        
+  
+  <span class="md-ellipsis">
+    AJAX
+  </span>
+  
+
+      </a>
+    </li>
+  
+
+              
+            
+              
+                
+  
+  
+  
+  
+    <li class="md-nav__item">
+      <a href="/dev-notes/languages/javascript/jquery.html" class="md-nav__link">
+        
+  
+  <span class="md-ellipsis">
+    jQuery
+  </span>
+  
+
+      </a>
+    </li>
+  
+
+              
+            
+              
+                
+  
+  
+  
+  
+    
+    
+      
+        
+      
+        
+      
+        
+      
+        
+      
+        
+      
+    
+    
+      
+      
+        
+      
+    
+    
+    <li class="md-nav__item md-nav__item--nested">
+      
+        
+        
+        <input class="md-nav__toggle md-toggle " type="checkbox" id="__nav_4_13_6" >
+        
+          
+          <label class="md-nav__link" for="__nav_4_13_6" id="__nav_4_13_6_label" tabindex="0">
+            
+  
+  <span class="md-ellipsis">
+    React
+  </span>
+  
+
+            <span class="md-nav__icon md-icon"></span>
+          </label>
+        
+        <nav class="md-nav" data-md-level="3" aria-labelledby="__nav_4_13_6_label" aria-expanded="false">
+          <label class="md-nav__title" for="__nav_4_13_6">
+            <span class="md-nav__icon md-icon"></span>
+            React
+          </label>
+          <ul class="md-nav__list" data-md-scrollfix>
+            
+              
+                
+  
+  
+  
+  
+    <li class="md-nav__item">
+      <a href="/dev-notes/languages/javascript/react/react.html" class="md-nav__link">
+        
+  
+  <span class="md-ellipsis">
+    React
+  </span>
+  
+
+      </a>
+    </li>
+  
+
+              
+            
+              
+                
+  
+  
+  
+  
+    <li class="md-nav__item">
+      <a href="/dev-notes/languages/javascript/react/react-router.html" class="md-nav__link">
+        
+  
+  <span class="md-ellipsis">
+    React Router
+  </span>
+  
+
+      </a>
+    </li>
+  
+
+              
+            
+              
+                
+  
+  
+  
+  
+    <li class="md-nav__item">
+      <a href="/dev-notes/languages/javascript/react/react-tests.html" class="md-nav__link">
+        
+  
+  <span class="md-ellipsis">
+    React Tests
+  </span>
+  
+
+      </a>
+    </li>
+  
+
+              
+            
+              
+                
+  
+  
+  
+  
+    <li class="md-nav__item">
+      <a href="/dev-notes/languages/javascript/react/redux.html" class="md-nav__link">
+        
+  
+  <span class="md-ellipsis">
+    Redux
+  </span>
+  
+
+      </a>
+    </li>
+  
+
+              
+            
+              
+                
+  
+  
+  
+  
+    <li class="md-nav__item">
+      <a href="/dev-notes/languages/javascript/react/redux-tests.html" class="md-nav__link">
+        
+  
+  <span class="md-ellipsis">
+    Redux Tests
+  </span>
+  
+
+      </a>
+    </li>
+  
+
+              
+            
+          </ul>
+        </nav>
+      
+    </li>
+  
+
+              
+            
+              
+                
+  
+  
+  
+  
+    <li class="md-nav__item">
+      <a href="/dev-notes/languages/javascript/svelte/svelte.html" class="md-nav__link">
+        
+  
+  <span class="md-ellipsis">
+    Svelte
+  </span>
+  
+
+      </a>
+    </li>
+  
+
+              
+            
+          </ul>
+        </nav>
+      
+    </li>
+  
+
+              
+            
+              
+                
+  
+  
+  
+  
+    
+    
+      
+        
+      
+        
+      
+    
+    
+      
+      
+        
+      
+    
+    
+    <li class="md-nav__item md-nav__item--nested">
+      
+        
+        
+        <input class="md-nav__toggle md-toggle " type="checkbox" id="__nav_4_14" >
+        
+          
+          <label class="md-nav__link" for="__nav_4_14" id="__nav_4_14_label" tabindex="0">
+            
+  
+  <span class="md-ellipsis">
+    PowerShell
+  </span>
+  
+
+            <span class="md-nav__icon md-icon"></span>
+          </label>
+        
+        <nav class="md-nav" data-md-level="2" aria-labelledby="__nav_4_14_label" aria-expanded="false">
+          <label class="md-nav__title" for="__nav_4_14">
+            <span class="md-nav__icon md-icon"></span>
+            PowerShell
+          </label>
+          <ul class="md-nav__list" data-md-scrollfix>
+            
+              
+                
+  
+  
+  
+  
+    <li class="md-nav__item">
+      <a href="/dev-notes/languages/powershell/scripting.html" class="md-nav__link">
+        
+  
+  <span class="md-ellipsis">
+    Scripting
+  </span>
+  
+
+      </a>
+    </li>
+  
+
+              
+            
+              
+                
+  
+  
+  
+  
+    <li class="md-nav__item">
+      <a href="/dev-notes/languages/powershell/commands.html" class="md-nav__link">
+        
+  
+  <span class="md-ellipsis">
+    Commands
+  </span>
+  
+
+      </a>
+    </li>
+  
+
+              
+            
+          </ul>
+        </nav>
+      
+    </li>
+  
+
+              
+            
+              
+                
+  
+  
+  
+  
+    
+    
+      
+        
+      
+        
+      
+    
+    
+      
+      
+        
+      
+    
+    
+    <li class="md-nav__item md-nav__item--nested">
+      
+        
+        
+        <input class="md-nav__toggle md-toggle " type="checkbox" id="__nav_4_15" >
+        
+          
+          <label class="md-nav__link" for="__nav_4_15" id="__nav_4_15_label" tabindex="0">
+            
+  
+  <span class="md-ellipsis">
+    Bash
+  </span>
+  
+
+            <span class="md-nav__icon md-icon"></span>
+          </label>
+        
+        <nav class="md-nav" data-md-level="2" aria-labelledby="__nav_4_15_label" aria-expanded="false">
+          <label class="md-nav__title" for="__nav_4_15">
+            <span class="md-nav__icon md-icon"></span>
+            Bash
+          </label>
+          <ul class="md-nav__list" data-md-scrollfix>
+            
+              
+                
+  
+  
+  
+  
+    <li class="md-nav__item">
+      <a href="/dev-notes/languages/bash/scripting.html" class="md-nav__link">
+        
+  
+  <span class="md-ellipsis">
+    Scripting
+  </span>
+  
+
+      </a>
+    </li>
+  
+
+              
+            
+              
+                
+  
+  
+  
+  
+    <li class="md-nav__item">
+      <a href="/dev-notes/languages/bash/commands.html" class="md-nav__link">
+        
+  
+  <span class="md-ellipsis">
+    Commands
+  </span>
+  
+
+      </a>
+    </li>
+  
+
+              
+            
+          </ul>
+        </nav>
+      
+    </li>
+  
+
+              
+            
+          </ul>
+        </nav>
+      
+    </li>
+  
+
+    
+      
+      
+  
+  
+  
+  
+    
+    
+      
+        
+      
+        
+      
+        
+      
+        
+      
+        
+      
+    
+    
+      
+      
+        
+      
+    
+    
+    <li class="md-nav__item md-nav__item--nested">
+      
+        
+        
+        <input class="md-nav__toggle md-toggle " type="checkbox" id="__nav_5" >
+        
+          
+          <label class="md-nav__link" for="__nav_5" id="__nav_5_label" tabindex="0">
+            
+  
+  <span class="md-ellipsis">
+    Misc
+  </span>
+  
+
+            <span class="md-nav__icon md-icon"></span>
+          </label>
+        
+        <nav class="md-nav" data-md-level="1" aria-labelledby="__nav_5_label" aria-expanded="false">
+          <label class="md-nav__title" for="__nav_5">
+            <span class="md-nav__icon md-icon"></span>
+            Misc
+          </label>
+          <ul class="md-nav__list" data-md-scrollfix>
+            
+              
+                
+  
+  
+  
+  
+    <li class="md-nav__item">
+      <a href="/dev-notes/misc/git.html" class="md-nav__link">
+        
+  
+  <span class="md-ellipsis">
+    Git
+  </span>
+  
+
+      </a>
+    </li>
+  
+
+              
+            
+              
+                
+  
+  
+  
+  
+    <li class="md-nav__item">
+      <a href="/dev-notes/misc/graph-ql.html" class="md-nav__link">
+        
+  
+  <span class="md-ellipsis">
+    GraphQL
+  </span>
+  
+
+      </a>
+    </li>
+  
+
+              
+            
+              
+                
+  
+  
+  
+  
+    <li class="md-nav__item">
+      <a href="/dev-notes/misc/regular-expressions.html" class="md-nav__link">
+        
+  
+  <span class="md-ellipsis">
+    RegEx
+  </span>
+  
+
+      </a>
+    </li>
+  
+
+              
+            
+              
+                
+  
+  
+  
+  
+    <li class="md-nav__item">
+      <a href="/dev-notes/misc/ssh.html" class="md-nav__link">
+        
+  
+  <span class="md-ellipsis">
+    SSH
+  </span>
+  
+
+      </a>
+    </li>
+  
+
+              
+            
+              
+                
+  
+  
+  
+  
+    <li class="md-nav__item">
+      <a href="/dev-notes/misc/web-components.html" class="md-nav__link">
+        
+  
+  <span class="md-ellipsis">
+    WebComponents
+  </span>
+  
+
+      </a>
+    </li>
+  
+
+              
+            
+          </ul>
+        </nav>
+      
+    </li>
+  
+
+    
+      
+      
+  
+  
+  
+  
+    
+    
+      
+        
+      
+        
+      
+    
+    
+      
+      
+        
+      
+    
+    
+    <li class="md-nav__item md-nav__item--nested">
+      
+        
+        
+        <input class="md-nav__toggle md-toggle " type="checkbox" id="__nav_6" >
+        
+          
+          <label class="md-nav__link" for="__nav_6" id="__nav_6_label" tabindex="0">
+            
+  
+  <span class="md-ellipsis">
+    Linux
+  </span>
+  
+
+            <span class="md-nav__icon md-icon"></span>
+          </label>
+        
+        <nav class="md-nav" data-md-level="1" aria-labelledby="__nav_6_label" aria-expanded="false">
+          <label class="md-nav__title" for="__nav_6">
+            <span class="md-nav__icon md-icon"></span>
+            Linux
+          </label>
+          <ul class="md-nav__list" data-md-scrollfix>
+            
+              
+                
+  
+  
+  
+  
+    
+    
+      
+        
+      
+        
+      
+        
+      
+    
+    
+      
+      
+        
+      
+    
+    
+    <li class="md-nav__item md-nav__item--nested">
+      
+        
+        
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diff --git a/assets/images/social/databases/mongo-db.png b/assets/images/social/databases/mongo-db.png
new file mode 100644
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diff --git a/assets/images/social/languages/php/dependency-injection.png b/assets/images/social/languages/php/dependency-injection.png
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diff --git a/assets/images/social/linux/filesystem/procfs.png b/assets/images/social/linux/filesystem/procfs.png
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diff --git a/assets/images/social/linux/filesystem/sysfs.png b/assets/images/social/linux/filesystem/sysfs.png
new file mode 100644
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diff --git a/assets/images/social/linux/init/open-rc.png b/assets/images/social/linux/init/open-rc.png
new file mode 100644
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g,o=r.pipe(Z(),ie(!0));z([t.pipe(Ae(jt)),r],(i,a)=>a).pipe(ee("value")).subscribe(({value:i})=>t.next({type:2,data:i})),r.pipe(ee("focus")).subscribe(({focus:i})=>{i&&Je("search",i)}),h(e.form,"reset").pipe(U(o)).subscribe(()=>e.focus());let n=R("header [for=__search]");return h(n,"click").subscribe(()=>e.focus()),is(e,{worker$:t}).pipe(w(i=>r.next(i)),_(()=>r.complete()),m(i=>$({ref:e},i)),G(1))}function ci(e,{worker$:t,query$:r}){let o=new g,n=rn(e.parentElement).pipe(b(Boolean)),i=e.parentElement,a=R(":scope > :first-child",e),s=R(":scope > :last-child",e);ze("search").subscribe(l=>s.setAttribute("role",l?"list":"presentation")),o.pipe(re(r),Ur(t.pipe(Ae(jt)))).subscribe(([{items:l},{value:f}])=>{switch(l.length){case 0:a.textContent=f.length?Ee("search.result.none"):Ee("search.result.placeholder");break;case 1:a.textContent=Ee("search.result.one");break;default:let u=sr(l.length);a.textContent=Ee("search.result.other",u)}});let p=o.pipe(w(()=>s.innerHTML=""),v(({items:l})=>O(I(...l.slice(0,10)),I(...l.slice(10)).pipe(Be(4),Vr(n),v(([f])=>f)))),m(Mn),pe());return p.subscribe(l=>s.appendChild(l)),p.pipe(ne(l=>{let f=fe("details",l);return typeof f=="undefined"?S:h(f,"toggle").pipe(U(o),m(()=>f))})).subscribe(l=>{l.open===!1&&l.offsetTop<=i.scrollTop&&i.scrollTo({top:l.offsetTop})}),t.pipe(b(dr),m(({data:l})=>l)).pipe(w(l=>o.next(l)),_(()=>o.complete()),m(l=>$({ref:e},l)))}function as(e,{query$:t}){return t.pipe(m(({value:r})=>{let o=ye();return o.hash="",r=r.replace(/\s+/g,"+").replace(/&/g,"%26").replace(/=/g,"%3D"),o.search=`q=${r}`,{url:o}}))}function pi(e,t){let r=new g,o=r.pipe(Z(),ie(!0));return r.subscribe(({url:n})=>{e.setAttribute("data-clipboard-text",e.href),e.href=`${n}`}),h(e,"click").pipe(U(o)).subscribe(n=>n.preventDefault()),as(e,t).pipe(w(n=>r.next(n)),_(()=>r.complete()),m(n=>$({ref:e},n)))}function li(e,{worker$:t,keyboard$:r}){let o=new g,n=Se("search-query"),i=O(h(n,"keydown"),h(n,"focus")).pipe(ve(se),m(()=>n.value),K());return o.pipe(He(i),m(([{suggest:s},p])=>{let c=p.split(/([\s-]+)/);if(s!=null&&s.length&&c[c.length-1]){let l=s[s.length-1];l.startsWith(c[c.length-1])&&(c[c.length-1]=l)}else c.length=0;return c})).subscribe(s=>e.innerHTML=s.join("").replace(/\s/g,"&nbsp;")),r.pipe(b(({mode:s})=>s==="search")).subscribe(s=>{switch(s.type){case"ArrowRight":e.innerText.length&&n.selectionStart===n.value.length&&(n.value=e.innerText);break}}),t.pipe(b(dr),m(({data:s})=>s)).pipe(w(s=>o.next(s)),_(()=>o.complete()),m(()=>({ref:e})))}function mi(e,{index$:t,keyboard$:r}){let o=xe();try{let n=ii(o.search,t),i=Se("search-query",e),a=Se("search-result",e);h(e,"click").pipe(b(({target:p})=>p instanceof Element&&!!p.closest("a"))).subscribe(()=>Je("search",!1)),r.pipe(b(({mode:p})=>p==="search")).subscribe(p=>{let c=Ie();switch(p.type){case"Enter":if(c===i){let l=new Map;for(let f of P(":first-child [href]",a)){let 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z([t,r.pipe(Q(ye()),b(o=>!!o.searchParams.get("h")))]).pipe(m(([o,n])=>ni(o.config)(n.searchParams.get("h"))),m(o=>{var a;let n=new Map,i=document.createNodeIterator(e,NodeFilter.SHOW_TEXT);for(let s=i.nextNode();s;s=i.nextNode())if((a=s.parentElement)!=null&&a.offsetHeight){let p=s.textContent,c=o(p);c.length>p.length&&n.set(s,c)}for(let[s,p]of n){let{childNodes:c}=x("span",null,p);s.replaceWith(...Array.from(c))}return{ref:e,nodes:n}}))}function ss(e,{viewport$:t,main$:r}){let o=e.closest(".md-grid"),n=o.offsetTop-o.parentElement.offsetTop;return z([r,t]).pipe(m(([{offset:i,height:a},{offset:{y:s}}])=>(a=a+Math.min(n,Math.max(0,s-i))-n,{height:a,locked:s>=i+n})),K((i,a)=>i.height===a.height&&i.locked===a.locked))}function Xr(e,o){var n=o,{header$:t}=n,r=ao(n,["header$"]);let i=R(".md-sidebar__scrollwrap",e),{y:a}=Ve(i);return C(()=>{let s=new g,p=s.pipe(Z(),ie(!0)),c=s.pipe(Le(0,me));return c.pipe(re(t)).subscribe({next([{height:l},{height:f}]){i.style.height=`${l-2*a}px`,e.style.top=`${f}px`},complete(){i.style.height="",e.style.top=""}}),c.pipe(Ae()).subscribe(()=>{for(let l of P(".md-nav__link--active[href]",e)){if(!l.clientHeight)continue;let f=l.closest(".md-sidebar__scrollwrap");if(typeof f!="undefined"){let u=l.offsetTop-f.offsetTop,{height:d}=ce(f);f.scrollTo({top:u-d/2})}}}),ue(P("label[tabindex]",e)).pipe(ne(l=>h(l,"click").pipe(ve(se),m(()=>l),U(p)))).subscribe(l=>{let f=R(`[id="${l.htmlFor}"]`);R(`[aria-labelledby="${l.id}"]`).setAttribute("aria-expanded",`${f.checked}`)}),ss(e,r).pipe(w(l=>s.next(l)),_(()=>s.complete()),m(l=>$({ref:e},l)))})}function ui(e,t){if(typeof t!="undefined"){let r=`https://api.github.com/repos/${e}/${t}`;return st(je(`${r}/releases/latest`).pipe(de(()=>S),m(o=>({version:o.tag_name})),De({})),je(r).pipe(de(()=>S),m(o=>({stars:o.stargazers_count,forks:o.forks_count})),De({}))).pipe(m(([o,n])=>$($({},o),n)))}else{let r=`https://api.github.com/users/${e}`;return je(r).pipe(m(o=>({repositories:o.public_repos})),De({}))}}function di(e,t){let r=`https://${e}/api/v4/projects/${encodeURIComponent(t)}`;return st(je(`${r}/releases/permalink/latest`).pipe(de(()=>S),m(({tag_name:o})=>({version:o})),De({})),je(r).pipe(de(()=>S),m(({star_count:o,forks_count:n})=>({stars:o,forks:n})),De({}))).pipe(m(([o,n])=>$($({},o),n)))}function hi(e){let t=e.match(/^.+github\.com\/([^/]+)\/?([^/]+)?/i);if(t){let[,r,o]=t;return ui(r,o)}if(t=e.match(/^.+?([^/]*gitlab[^/]+)\/(.+?)\/?$/i),t){let[,r,o]=t;return di(r,o)}return S}var cs;function ps(e){return cs||(cs=C(()=>{let t=__md_get("__source",sessionStorage);if(t)return I(t);if(ae("consent").length){let o=__md_get("__consent");if(!(o&&o.github))return S}return hi(e.href).pipe(w(o=>__md_set("__source",o,sessionStorage)))}).pipe(de(()=>S),b(t=>Object.keys(t).length>0),m(t=>({facts:t})),G(1)))}function bi(e){let t=R(":scope > :last-child",e);return C(()=>{let r=new g;return r.subscribe(({facts:o})=>{t.appendChild(Ln(o)),t.classList.add("md-source__repository--active")}),ps(e).pipe(w(o=>r.next(o)),_(()=>r.complete()),m(o=>$({ref:e},o)))})}function ls(e,{viewport$:t,header$:r}){return ge(document.body).pipe(v(()=>mr(e,{header$:r,viewport$:t})),m(({offset:{y:o}})=>({hidden:o>=10})),ee("hidden"))}function vi(e,t){return C(()=>{let r=new g;return r.subscribe({next({hidden:o}){e.hidden=o},complete(){e.hidden=!1}}),(B("navigation.tabs.sticky")?I({hidden:!1}):ls(e,t)).pipe(w(o=>r.next(o)),_(()=>r.complete()),m(o=>$({ref:e},o)))})}function ms(e,{viewport$:t,header$:r}){let o=new Map,n=P(".md-nav__link",e);for(let s of n){let p=decodeURIComponent(s.hash.substring(1)),c=fe(`[id="${p}"]`);typeof c!="undefined"&&o.set(s,c)}let i=r.pipe(ee("height"),m(({height:s})=>{let p=Se("main"),c=R(":scope > :first-child",p);return s+.8*(c.offsetTop-p.offsetTop)}),pe());return ge(document.body).pipe(ee("height"),v(s=>C(()=>{let p=[];return I([...o].reduce((c,[l,f])=>{for(;p.length&&o.get(p[p.length-1]).tagName>=f.tagName;)p.pop();let u=f.offsetTop;for(;!u&&f.parentElement;)f=f.parentElement,u=f.offsetTop;let d=f.offsetParent;for(;d;d=d.offsetParent)u+=d.offsetTop;return c.set([...p=[...p,l]].reverse(),u)},new Map))}).pipe(m(p=>new Map([...p].sort(([,c],[,l])=>c-l))),He(i),v(([p,c])=>t.pipe(Fr(([l,f],{offset:{y:u},size:d})=>{let y=u+d.height>=Math.floor(s.height);for(;f.length;){let[,M]=f[0];if(M-c<u||y)l=[...l,f.shift()];else break}for(;l.length;){let[,M]=l[l.length-1];if(M-c>=u&&!y)f=[l.pop(),...f];else break}return[l,f]},[[],[...p]]),K((l,f)=>l[0]===f[0]&&l[1]===f[1])))))).pipe(m(([s,p])=>({prev:s.map(([c])=>c),next:p.map(([c])=>c)})),Q({prev:[],next:[]}),Be(2,1),m(([s,p])=>s.prev.length<p.prev.length?{prev:p.prev.slice(Math.max(0,s.prev.length-1),p.prev.length),next:[]}:{prev:p.prev.slice(-1),next:p.next.slice(0,p.next.length-s.next.length)}))}function gi(e,{viewport$:t,header$:r,main$:o,target$:n}){return C(()=>{let i=new g,a=i.pipe(Z(),ie(!0));if(i.subscribe(({prev:s,next:p})=>{for(let[c]of p)c.classList.remove("md-nav__link--passed"),c.classList.remove("md-nav__link--active");for(let[c,[l]]of s.entries())l.classList.add("md-nav__link--passed"),l.classList.toggle("md-nav__link--active",c===s.length-1)}),B("toc.follow")){let s=O(t.pipe(_e(1),m(()=>{})),t.pipe(_e(250),m(()=>"smooth")));i.pipe(b(({prev:p})=>p.length>0),He(o.pipe(ve(se))),re(s)).subscribe(([[{prev:p}],c])=>{let[l]=p[p.length-1];if(l.offsetHeight){let f=cr(l);if(typeof f!="undefined"){let u=l.offsetTop-f.offsetTop,{height:d}=ce(f);f.scrollTo({top:u-d/2,behavior:c})}}})}return B("navigation.tracking")&&t.pipe(U(a),ee("offset"),_e(250),Ce(1),U(n.pipe(Ce(1))),ct({delay:250}),re(i)).subscribe(([,{prev:s}])=>{let p=ye(),c=s[s.length-1];if(c&&c.length){let[l]=c,{hash:f}=new URL(l.href);p.hash!==f&&(p.hash=f,history.replaceState({},"",`${p}`))}else p.hash="",history.replaceState({},"",`${p}`)}),ms(e,{viewport$:t,header$:r}).pipe(w(s=>i.next(s)),_(()=>i.complete()),m(s=>$({ref:e},s)))})}function fs(e,{viewport$:t,main$:r,target$:o}){let n=t.pipe(m(({offset:{y:a}})=>a),Be(2,1),m(([a,s])=>a>s&&s>0),K()),i=r.pipe(m(({active:a})=>a));return z([i,n]).pipe(m(([a,s])=>!(a&&s)),K(),U(o.pipe(Ce(1))),ie(!0),ct({delay:250}),m(a=>({hidden:a})))}function yi(e,{viewport$:t,header$:r,main$:o,target$:n}){let i=new g,a=i.pipe(Z(),ie(!0));return i.subscribe({next({hidden:s}){e.hidden=s,s?(e.setAttribute("tabindex","-1"),e.blur()):e.removeAttribute("tabindex")},complete(){e.style.top="",e.hidden=!0,e.removeAttribute("tabindex")}}),r.pipe(U(a),ee("height")).subscribe(({height:s})=>{e.style.top=`${s+16}px`}),h(e,"click").subscribe(s=>{s.preventDefault(),window.scrollTo({top:0})}),fs(e,{viewport$:t,main$:o,target$:n}).pipe(w(s=>i.next(s)),_(()=>i.complete()),m(s=>$({ref:e},s)))}function xi({document$:e,viewport$:t}){e.pipe(v(()=>P(".md-ellipsis")),ne(r=>tt(r).pipe(U(e.pipe(Ce(1))),b(o=>o),m(()=>r),Te(1))),b(r=>r.offsetWidth<r.scrollWidth),ne(r=>{let o=r.innerText,n=r.closest("a")||r;return n.title=o,B("content.tooltips")?mt(n,{viewport$:t}).pipe(U(e.pipe(Ce(1))),_(()=>n.removeAttribute("title"))):S})).subscribe(),B("content.tooltips")&&e.pipe(v(()=>P(".md-status")),ne(r=>mt(r,{viewport$:t}))).subscribe()}function Ei({document$:e,tablet$:t}){e.pipe(v(()=>P(".md-toggle--indeterminate")),w(r=>{r.indeterminate=!0,r.checked=!1}),ne(r=>h(r,"change").pipe(Dr(()=>r.classList.contains("md-toggle--indeterminate")),m(()=>r))),re(t)).subscribe(([r,o])=>{r.classList.remove("md-toggle--indeterminate"),o&&(r.checked=!1)})}function us(){return/(iPad|iPhone|iPod)/.test(navigator.userAgent)}function wi({document$:e}){e.pipe(v(()=>P("[data-md-scrollfix]")),w(t=>t.removeAttribute("data-md-scrollfix")),b(us),ne(t=>h(t,"touchstart").pipe(m(()=>t)))).subscribe(t=>{let r=t.scrollTop;r===0?t.scrollTop=1:r+t.offsetHeight===t.scrollHeight&&(t.scrollTop=r-1)})}function Ti({viewport$:e,tablet$:t}){z([ze("search"),t]).pipe(m(([r,o])=>r&&!o),v(r=>I(r).pipe(Ge(r?400:100))),re(e)).subscribe(([r,{offset:{y:o}}])=>{if(r)document.body.setAttribute("data-md-scrolllock",""),document.body.style.top=`-${o}px`;else{let n=-1*parseInt(document.body.style.top,10);document.body.removeAttribute("data-md-scrolllock"),document.body.style.top="",n&&window.scrollTo(0,n)}})}Object.entries||(Object.entries=function(e){let t=[];for(let r of Object.keys(e))t.push([r,e[r]]);return t});Object.values||(Object.values=function(e){let t=[];for(let r of Object.keys(e))t.push(e[r]);return t});typeof Element!="undefined"&&(Element.prototype.scrollTo||(Element.prototype.scrollTo=function(e,t){typeof e=="object"?(this.scrollLeft=e.left,this.scrollTop=e.top):(this.scrollLeft=e,this.scrollTop=t)}),Element.prototype.replaceWith||(Element.prototype.replaceWith=function(...e){let t=this.parentNode;if(t){e.length===0&&t.removeChild(this);for(let r=e.length-1;r>=0;r--){let o=e[r];typeof o=="string"?o=document.createTextNode(o):o.parentNode&&o.parentNode.removeChild(o),r?t.insertBefore(this.previousSibling,o):t.replaceChild(o,this)}}}));function ds(){return location.protocol==="file:"?Tt(`${new URL("search/search_index.js",Zr.base)}`).pipe(m(()=>__index),G(1)):je(new URL("search/search_index.json",Zr.base))}document.documentElement.classList.remove("no-js");document.documentElement.classList.add("js");var ot=Bo(),Wt=an(),Mt=pn(Wt),eo=nn(),Oe=vn(),hr=Pt("(min-width: 960px)"),Oi=Pt("(min-width: 1220px)"),Mi=ln(),Zr=xe(),Li=document.forms.namedItem("search")?ds():Ye,to=new g;Xn({alert$:to});var ro=new g;B("navigation.instant")&&ri({location$:Wt,viewport$:Oe,progress$:ro}).subscribe(ot);var Si;((Si=Zr.version)==null?void 0:Si.provider)==="mike"&&ai({document$:ot});O(Wt,Mt).pipe(Ge(125)).subscribe(()=>{Je("drawer",!1),Je("search",!1)});eo.pipe(b(({mode:e})=>e==="global")).subscribe(e=>{switch(e.type){case"p":case",":let t=fe("link[rel=prev]");typeof t!="undefined"&&lt(t);break;case"n":case".":let r=fe("link[rel=next]");typeof r!="undefined"&&lt(r);break;case"Enter":let o=Ie();o instanceof HTMLLabelElement&&o.click()}});xi({viewport$:Oe,document$:ot});Ei({document$:ot,tablet$:hr});wi({document$:ot});Ti({viewport$:Oe,tablet$:hr});var rt=Qn(Se("header"),{viewport$:Oe}),Ft=ot.pipe(m(()=>Se("main")),v(e=>Bn(e,{viewport$:Oe,header$:rt})),G(1)),hs=O(...ae("consent").map(e=>xn(e,{target$:Mt})),...ae("dialog").map(e=>zn(e,{alert$:to})),...ae("header").map(e=>Kn(e,{viewport$:Oe,header$:rt,main$:Ft})),...ae("palette").map(e=>Gn(e)),...ae("progress").map(e=>Jn(e,{progress$:ro})),...ae("search").map(e=>mi(e,{index$:Li,keyboard$:eo})),...ae("source").map(e=>bi(e))),bs=C(()=>O(...ae("announce").map(e=>yn(e)),...ae("content").map(e=>Nn(e,{viewport$:Oe,target$:Mt,print$:Mi})),...ae("content").map(e=>B("search.highlight")?fi(e,{index$:Li,location$:Wt}):S),...ae("header-title").map(e=>Yn(e,{viewport$:Oe,header$:rt})),...ae("sidebar").map(e=>e.getAttribute("data-md-type")==="navigation"?Nr(Oi,()=>Xr(e,{viewport$:Oe,header$:rt,main$:Ft})):Nr(hr,()=>Xr(e,{viewport$:Oe,header$:rt,main$:Ft}))),...ae("tabs").map(e=>vi(e,{viewport$:Oe,header$:rt})),...ae("toc").map(e=>gi(e,{viewport$:Oe,header$:rt,main$:Ft,target$:Mt})),...ae("top").map(e=>yi(e,{viewport$:Oe,header$:rt,main$:Ft,target$:Mt})))),_i=ot.pipe(v(()=>bs),Re(hs),G(1));_i.subscribe();window.document$=ot;window.location$=Wt;window.target$=Mt;window.keyboard$=eo;window.viewport$=Oe;window.tablet$=hr;window.screen$=Oi;window.print$=Mi;window.alert$=to;window.progress$=ro;window.component$=_i;})();
+//# sourceMappingURL=bundle.56dfad97.min.js.map
+
diff --git a/assets/javascripts/bundle.56dfad97.min.js.map b/assets/javascripts/bundle.56dfad97.min.js.map
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..eb83bdb
--- /dev/null
+++ b/assets/javascripts/bundle.56dfad97.min.js.map
@@ -0,0 +1,7 @@
+{
+  "version": 3,
+  "sources": ["node_modules/focus-visible/dist/focus-visible.js", "node_modules/escape-html/index.js", "node_modules/clipboard/dist/clipboard.js", "src/templates/assets/javascripts/bundle.ts", "node_modules/tslib/tslib.es6.mjs", "node_modules/rxjs/src/internal/util/isFunction.ts", "node_modules/rxjs/src/internal/util/createErrorClass.ts", "node_modules/rxjs/src/internal/util/UnsubscriptionError.ts", "node_modules/rxjs/src/internal/util/arrRemove.ts", "node_modules/rxjs/src/internal/Subscription.ts", "node_modules/rxjs/src/internal/config.ts", "node_modules/rxjs/src/internal/scheduler/timeoutProvider.ts", "node_modules/rxjs/src/internal/util/reportUnhandledError.ts", "node_modules/rxjs/src/internal/util/noop.ts", "node_modules/rxjs/src/internal/NotificationFactories.ts", "node_modules/rxjs/src/internal/util/errorContext.ts", "node_modules/rxjs/src/internal/Subscriber.ts", "node_modules/rxjs/src/internal/symbol/observable.ts", "node_modules/rxjs/src/internal/util/identity.ts", "node_modules/rxjs/src/internal/util/pipe.ts", "node_modules/rxjs/src/internal/Observable.ts", "node_modules/rxjs/src/internal/util/lift.ts", "node_modules/rxjs/src/internal/operators/OperatorSubscriber.ts", "node_modules/rxjs/src/internal/scheduler/animationFrameProvider.ts", "node_modules/rxjs/src/internal/util/ObjectUnsubscribedError.ts", "node_modules/rxjs/src/internal/Subject.ts", "node_modules/rxjs/src/internal/BehaviorSubject.ts", "node_modules/rxjs/src/internal/scheduler/dateTimestampProvider.ts", "node_modules/rxjs/src/internal/ReplaySubject.ts", "node_modules/rxjs/src/internal/scheduler/Action.ts", "node_modules/rxjs/src/internal/scheduler/intervalProvider.ts", "node_modules/rxjs/src/internal/scheduler/AsyncAction.ts", "node_modules/rxjs/src/internal/Scheduler.ts", "node_modules/rxjs/src/internal/scheduler/AsyncScheduler.ts", "node_modules/rxjs/src/internal/scheduler/async.ts", "node_modules/rxjs/src/internal/scheduler/QueueAction.ts", "node_modules/rxjs/src/internal/scheduler/QueueScheduler.ts", "node_modules/rxjs/src/internal/scheduler/queue.ts", "node_modules/rxjs/src/internal/scheduler/AnimationFrameAction.ts", "node_modules/rxjs/src/internal/scheduler/AnimationFrameScheduler.ts", "node_modules/rxjs/src/internal/scheduler/animationFrame.ts", "node_modules/rxjs/src/internal/observable/empty.ts", "node_modules/rxjs/src/internal/util/isScheduler.ts", "node_modules/rxjs/src/internal/util/args.ts", "node_modules/rxjs/src/internal/util/isArrayLike.ts", "node_modules/rxjs/src/internal/util/isPromise.ts", "node_modules/rxjs/src/internal/util/isInteropObservable.ts", "node_modules/rxjs/src/internal/util/isAsyncIterable.ts", "node_modules/rxjs/src/internal/util/throwUnobservableError.ts", "node_modules/rxjs/src/internal/symbol/iterator.ts", "node_modules/rxjs/src/internal/util/isIterable.ts", "node_modules/rxjs/src/internal/util/isReadableStreamLike.ts", "node_modules/rxjs/src/internal/observable/innerFrom.ts", "node_modules/rxjs/src/internal/util/executeSchedule.ts", "node_modules/rxjs/src/internal/operators/observeOn.ts", "node_modules/rxjs/src/internal/operators/subscribeOn.ts", "node_modules/rxjs/src/internal/scheduled/scheduleObservable.ts", "node_modules/rxjs/src/internal/scheduled/schedulePromise.ts", "node_modules/rxjs/src/internal/scheduled/scheduleArray.ts", "node_modules/rxjs/src/internal/scheduled/scheduleIterable.ts", "node_modules/rxjs/src/internal/scheduled/scheduleAsyncIterable.ts", "node_modules/rxjs/src/internal/scheduled/scheduleReadableStreamLike.ts", "node_modules/rxjs/src/internal/scheduled/scheduled.ts", "node_modules/rxjs/src/internal/observable/from.ts", "node_modules/rxjs/src/internal/observable/of.ts", "node_modules/rxjs/src/internal/observable/throwError.ts", "node_modules/rxjs/src/internal/util/EmptyError.ts", "node_modules/rxjs/src/internal/util/isDate.ts", "node_modules/rxjs/src/internal/operators/map.ts", "node_modules/rxjs/src/internal/util/mapOneOrManyArgs.ts", "node_modules/rxjs/src/internal/util/argsArgArrayOrObject.ts", "node_modules/rxjs/src/internal/util/createObject.ts", "node_modules/rxjs/src/internal/observable/combineLatest.ts", "node_modules/rxjs/src/internal/operators/mergeInternals.ts", "node_modules/rxjs/src/internal/operators/mergeMap.ts", "node_modules/rxjs/src/internal/operators/mergeAll.ts", "node_modules/rxjs/src/internal/operators/concatAll.ts", "node_modules/rxjs/src/internal/observable/concat.ts", "node_modules/rxjs/src/internal/observable/defer.ts", "node_modules/rxjs/src/internal/observable/fromEvent.ts", "node_modules/rxjs/src/internal/observable/fromEventPattern.ts", "node_modules/rxjs/src/internal/observable/timer.ts", "node_modules/rxjs/src/internal/observable/merge.ts", "node_modules/rxjs/src/internal/observable/never.ts", "node_modules/rxjs/src/internal/util/argsOrArgArray.ts", "node_modules/rxjs/src/internal/operators/filter.ts", 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+  "sourcesContent": ["(function (global, factory) {\n  typeof exports === 'object' && typeof module !== 'undefined' ? factory() :\n  typeof define === 'function' && define.amd ? define(factory) :\n  (factory());\n}(this, (function () { 'use strict';\n\n  /**\n   * Applies the :focus-visible polyfill at the given scope.\n   * A scope in this case is either the top-level Document or a Shadow Root.\n   *\n   * @param {(Document|ShadowRoot)} scope\n   * @see https://github.com/WICG/focus-visible\n   */\n  function applyFocusVisiblePolyfill(scope) {\n    var hadKeyboardEvent = true;\n    var hadFocusVisibleRecently = false;\n    var hadFocusVisibleRecentlyTimeout = null;\n\n    var inputTypesAllowlist = {\n      text: true,\n      search: true,\n      url: true,\n      tel: true,\n      email: true,\n      password: true,\n      number: true,\n      date: true,\n      month: true,\n      week: true,\n      time: true,\n      datetime: true,\n      'datetime-local': true\n    };\n\n    /**\n     * Helper function for legacy browsers and iframes which sometimes focus\n     * elements like document, body, and non-interactive SVG.\n     * @param {Element} el\n     */\n    function isValidFocusTarget(el) {\n      if (\n        el &&\n        el !== document &&\n        el.nodeName !== 'HTML' &&\n        el.nodeName !== 'BODY' &&\n        'classList' in el &&\n        'contains' in el.classList\n      ) {\n        return true;\n      }\n      return false;\n    }\n\n    /**\n     * Computes whether the given element should automatically trigger the\n     * `focus-visible` class being added, i.e. whether it should always match\n     * `:focus-visible` when focused.\n     * @param {Element} el\n     * @return {boolean}\n     */\n    function focusTriggersKeyboardModality(el) {\n      var type = el.type;\n      var tagName = el.tagName;\n\n      if (tagName === 'INPUT' && inputTypesAllowlist[type] && !el.readOnly) {\n        return true;\n      }\n\n      if (tagName === 'TEXTAREA' && !el.readOnly) {\n        return true;\n      }\n\n      if (el.isContentEditable) {\n        return true;\n      }\n\n      return false;\n    }\n\n    /**\n     * Add the `focus-visible` class to the given element if it was not added by\n     * the author.\n     * @param {Element} el\n     */\n    function addFocusVisibleClass(el) {\n      if (el.classList.contains('focus-visible')) {\n        return;\n      }\n      el.classList.add('focus-visible');\n      el.setAttribute('data-focus-visible-added', '');\n    }\n\n    /**\n     * Remove the `focus-visible` class from the given element if it was not\n     * originally added by the author.\n     * @param {Element} el\n     */\n    function removeFocusVisibleClass(el) {\n      if (!el.hasAttribute('data-focus-visible-added')) {\n        return;\n      }\n      el.classList.remove('focus-visible');\n      el.removeAttribute('data-focus-visible-added');\n    }\n\n    /**\n     * If the most recent user interaction was via the keyboard;\n     * and the key press did not include a meta, alt/option, or control key;\n     * then the modality is keyboard. Otherwise, the modality is not keyboard.\n     * Apply `focus-visible` to any current active element and keep track\n     * of our keyboard modality state with `hadKeyboardEvent`.\n     * @param {KeyboardEvent} e\n     */\n    function onKeyDown(e) {\n      if (e.metaKey || e.altKey || e.ctrlKey) {\n        return;\n      }\n\n      if (isValidFocusTarget(scope.activeElement)) {\n        addFocusVisibleClass(scope.activeElement);\n      }\n\n      hadKeyboardEvent = true;\n    }\n\n    /**\n     * If at any point a user clicks with a pointing device, ensure that we change\n     * the modality away from keyboard.\n     * This avoids the situation where a user presses a key on an already focused\n     * element, and then clicks on a different element, focusing it with a\n     * pointing device, while we still think we're in keyboard modality.\n     * @param {Event} e\n     */\n    function onPointerDown(e) {\n      hadKeyboardEvent = false;\n    }\n\n    /**\n     * On `focus`, add the `focus-visible` class to the target if:\n     * - the target received focus as a result of keyboard navigation, or\n     * - the event target is an element that will likely require interaction\n     *   via the keyboard (e.g. a text box)\n     * @param {Event} e\n     */\n    function onFocus(e) {\n      // Prevent IE from focusing the document or HTML element.\n      if (!isValidFocusTarget(e.target)) {\n        return;\n      }\n\n      if (hadKeyboardEvent || focusTriggersKeyboardModality(e.target)) {\n        addFocusVisibleClass(e.target);\n      }\n    }\n\n    /**\n     * On `blur`, remove the `focus-visible` class from the target.\n     * @param {Event} e\n     */\n    function onBlur(e) {\n      if (!isValidFocusTarget(e.target)) {\n        return;\n      }\n\n      if (\n        e.target.classList.contains('focus-visible') ||\n        e.target.hasAttribute('data-focus-visible-added')\n      ) {\n        // To detect a tab/window switch, we look for a blur event followed\n        // rapidly by a visibility change.\n        // If we don't see a visibility change within 100ms, it's probably a\n        // regular focus change.\n        hadFocusVisibleRecently = true;\n        window.clearTimeout(hadFocusVisibleRecentlyTimeout);\n        hadFocusVisibleRecentlyTimeout = window.setTimeout(function() {\n          hadFocusVisibleRecently = false;\n        }, 100);\n        removeFocusVisibleClass(e.target);\n      }\n    }\n\n    /**\n     * If the user changes tabs, keep track of whether or not the previously\n     * focused element had .focus-visible.\n     * @param {Event} e\n     */\n    function onVisibilityChange(e) {\n      if (document.visibilityState === 'hidden') {\n        // If the tab becomes active again, the browser will handle calling focus\n        // on the element (Safari actually calls it twice).\n        // If this tab change caused a blur on an element with focus-visible,\n        // re-apply the class when the user switches back to the tab.\n        if (hadFocusVisibleRecently) {\n          hadKeyboardEvent = true;\n        }\n        addInitialPointerMoveListeners();\n      }\n    }\n\n    /**\n     * Add a group of listeners to detect usage of any pointing devices.\n     * These listeners will be added when the polyfill first loads, and anytime\n     * the window is blurred, so that they are active when the window regains\n     * focus.\n     */\n    function addInitialPointerMoveListeners() {\n      document.addEventListener('mousemove', onInitialPointerMove);\n      document.addEventListener('mousedown', onInitialPointerMove);\n      document.addEventListener('mouseup', onInitialPointerMove);\n      document.addEventListener('pointermove', onInitialPointerMove);\n      document.addEventListener('pointerdown', onInitialPointerMove);\n      document.addEventListener('pointerup', onInitialPointerMove);\n      document.addEventListener('touchmove', onInitialPointerMove);\n      document.addEventListener('touchstart', onInitialPointerMove);\n      document.addEventListener('touchend', onInitialPointerMove);\n    }\n\n    function removeInitialPointerMoveListeners() {\n      document.removeEventListener('mousemove', onInitialPointerMove);\n      document.removeEventListener('mousedown', onInitialPointerMove);\n      document.removeEventListener('mouseup', onInitialPointerMove);\n      document.removeEventListener('pointermove', onInitialPointerMove);\n      document.removeEventListener('pointerdown', onInitialPointerMove);\n      document.removeEventListener('pointerup', onInitialPointerMove);\n      document.removeEventListener('touchmove', onInitialPointerMove);\n      document.removeEventListener('touchstart', onInitialPointerMove);\n      document.removeEventListener('touchend', onInitialPointerMove);\n    }\n\n    /**\n     * When the polfyill first loads, assume the user is in keyboard modality.\n     * If any event is received from a pointing device (e.g. mouse, pointer,\n     * touch), turn off keyboard modality.\n     * This accounts for situations where focus enters the page from the URL bar.\n     * @param {Event} e\n     */\n    function onInitialPointerMove(e) {\n      // Work around a Safari quirk that fires a mousemove on <html> whenever the\n      // window blurs, even if you're tabbing out of the page. \u00AF\\_(\u30C4)_/\u00AF\n      if (e.target.nodeName && e.target.nodeName.toLowerCase() === 'html') {\n        return;\n      }\n\n      hadKeyboardEvent = false;\n      removeInitialPointerMoveListeners();\n    }\n\n    // For some kinds of state, we are interested in changes at the global scope\n    // only. For example, global pointer input, global key presses and global\n    // visibility change should affect the state at every scope:\n    document.addEventListener('keydown', onKeyDown, true);\n    document.addEventListener('mousedown', onPointerDown, true);\n    document.addEventListener('pointerdown', onPointerDown, true);\n    document.addEventListener('touchstart', onPointerDown, true);\n    document.addEventListener('visibilitychange', onVisibilityChange, true);\n\n    addInitialPointerMoveListeners();\n\n    // For focus and blur, we specifically care about state changes in the local\n    // scope. This is because focus / blur events that originate from within a\n    // shadow root are not re-dispatched from the host element if it was already\n    // the active element in its own scope:\n    scope.addEventListener('focus', onFocus, true);\n    scope.addEventListener('blur', onBlur, true);\n\n    // We detect that a node is a ShadowRoot by ensuring that it is a\n    // DocumentFragment and also has a host property. This check covers native\n    // implementation and polyfill implementation transparently. If we only cared\n    // about the native implementation, we could just check if the scope was\n    // an instance of a ShadowRoot.\n    if (scope.nodeType === Node.DOCUMENT_FRAGMENT_NODE && scope.host) {\n      // Since a ShadowRoot is a special kind of DocumentFragment, it does not\n      // have a root element to add a class to. So, we add this attribute to the\n      // host element instead:\n      scope.host.setAttribute('data-js-focus-visible', '');\n    } else if (scope.nodeType === Node.DOCUMENT_NODE) {\n      document.documentElement.classList.add('js-focus-visible');\n      document.documentElement.setAttribute('data-js-focus-visible', '');\n    }\n  }\n\n  // It is important to wrap all references to global window and document in\n  // these checks to support server-side rendering use cases\n  // @see https://github.com/WICG/focus-visible/issues/199\n  if (typeof window !== 'undefined' && typeof document !== 'undefined') {\n    // Make the polyfill helper globally available. This can be used as a signal\n    // to interested libraries that wish to coordinate with the polyfill for e.g.,\n    // applying the polyfill to a shadow root:\n    window.applyFocusVisiblePolyfill = applyFocusVisiblePolyfill;\n\n    // Notify interested libraries of the polyfill's presence, in case the\n    // polyfill was loaded lazily:\n    var event;\n\n    try {\n      event = new CustomEvent('focus-visible-polyfill-ready');\n    } catch (error) {\n      // IE11 does not support using CustomEvent as a constructor directly:\n      event = document.createEvent('CustomEvent');\n      event.initCustomEvent('focus-visible-polyfill-ready', false, false, {});\n    }\n\n    window.dispatchEvent(event);\n  }\n\n  if (typeof document !== 'undefined') {\n    // Apply the polyfill to the global document, so that no JavaScript\n    // coordination is required to use the polyfill in the top-level document:\n    applyFocusVisiblePolyfill(document);\n  }\n\n})));\n", "/*!\n * escape-html\n * Copyright(c) 2012-2013 TJ Holowaychuk\n * Copyright(c) 2015 Andreas Lubbe\n * Copyright(c) 2015 Tiancheng \"Timothy\" Gu\n * MIT Licensed\n */\n\n'use strict';\n\n/**\n * Module variables.\n * @private\n */\n\nvar matchHtmlRegExp = /[\"'&<>]/;\n\n/**\n * Module exports.\n * @public\n */\n\nmodule.exports = escapeHtml;\n\n/**\n * Escape special characters in the given string of html.\n *\n * @param  {string} string The string to escape for inserting into HTML\n * @return {string}\n * @public\n */\n\nfunction escapeHtml(string) {\n  var str = '' + string;\n  var match = matchHtmlRegExp.exec(str);\n\n  if (!match) {\n    return str;\n  }\n\n  var escape;\n  var html = '';\n  var index = 0;\n  var lastIndex = 0;\n\n  for (index = match.index; index < str.length; index++) {\n    switch (str.charCodeAt(index)) {\n      case 34: // \"\n        escape = '&quot;';\n        break;\n      case 38: // &\n        escape = '&amp;';\n        break;\n      case 39: // '\n        escape = '&#39;';\n        break;\n      case 60: // <\n        escape = '&lt;';\n        break;\n      case 62: // >\n        escape = '&gt;';\n        break;\n      default:\n        continue;\n    }\n\n    if (lastIndex !== index) {\n      html += str.substring(lastIndex, index);\n    }\n\n    lastIndex = index + 1;\n    html += escape;\n  }\n\n  return lastIndex !== index\n    ? html + str.substring(lastIndex, index)\n    : html;\n}\n", "/*!\n * clipboard.js v2.0.11\n * https://clipboardjs.com/\n *\n * Licensed MIT \u00A9 Zeno Rocha\n */\n(function webpackUniversalModuleDefinition(root, factory) {\n\tif(typeof exports === 'object' && typeof module === 'object')\n\t\tmodule.exports = factory();\n\telse if(typeof define === 'function' && define.amd)\n\t\tdefine([], factory);\n\telse if(typeof exports === 'object')\n\t\texports[\"ClipboardJS\"] = factory();\n\telse\n\t\troot[\"ClipboardJS\"] = factory();\n})(this, function() {\nreturn /******/ (function() { // webpackBootstrap\n/******/ \tvar __webpack_modules__ = ({\n\n/***/ 686:\n/***/ (function(__unused_webpack_module, __webpack_exports__, __webpack_require__) {\n\n\"use strict\";\n\n// EXPORTS\n__webpack_require__.d(__webpack_exports__, {\n  \"default\": function() { return /* binding */ clipboard; }\n});\n\n// EXTERNAL MODULE: ./node_modules/tiny-emitter/index.js\nvar tiny_emitter = __webpack_require__(279);\nvar tiny_emitter_default = /*#__PURE__*/__webpack_require__.n(tiny_emitter);\n// EXTERNAL MODULE: ./node_modules/good-listener/src/listen.js\nvar listen = __webpack_require__(370);\nvar listen_default = /*#__PURE__*/__webpack_require__.n(listen);\n// EXTERNAL MODULE: ./node_modules/select/src/select.js\nvar src_select = __webpack_require__(817);\nvar select_default = /*#__PURE__*/__webpack_require__.n(src_select);\n;// CONCATENATED MODULE: ./src/common/command.js\n/**\n * Executes a given operation type.\n * @param {String} type\n * @return {Boolean}\n */\nfunction command(type) {\n  try {\n    return document.execCommand(type);\n  } catch (err) {\n    return false;\n  }\n}\n;// CONCATENATED MODULE: ./src/actions/cut.js\n\n\n/**\n * Cut action wrapper.\n * @param {String|HTMLElement} target\n * @return {String}\n */\n\nvar ClipboardActionCut = function ClipboardActionCut(target) {\n  var selectedText = select_default()(target);\n  command('cut');\n  return selectedText;\n};\n\n/* harmony default export */ var actions_cut = (ClipboardActionCut);\n;// CONCATENATED MODULE: ./src/common/create-fake-element.js\n/**\n * Creates a fake textarea element with a value.\n * @param {String} value\n * @return {HTMLElement}\n */\nfunction createFakeElement(value) {\n  var isRTL = document.documentElement.getAttribute('dir') === 'rtl';\n  var fakeElement = document.createElement('textarea'); // Prevent zooming on iOS\n\n  fakeElement.style.fontSize = '12pt'; // Reset box model\n\n  fakeElement.style.border = '0';\n  fakeElement.style.padding = '0';\n  fakeElement.style.margin = '0'; // Move element out of screen horizontally\n\n  fakeElement.style.position = 'absolute';\n  fakeElement.style[isRTL ? 'right' : 'left'] = '-9999px'; // Move element to the same position vertically\n\n  var yPosition = window.pageYOffset || document.documentElement.scrollTop;\n  fakeElement.style.top = \"\".concat(yPosition, \"px\");\n  fakeElement.setAttribute('readonly', '');\n  fakeElement.value = value;\n  return fakeElement;\n}\n;// CONCATENATED MODULE: ./src/actions/copy.js\n\n\n\n/**\n * Create fake copy action wrapper using a fake element.\n * @param {String} target\n * @param {Object} options\n * @return {String}\n */\n\nvar fakeCopyAction = function fakeCopyAction(value, options) {\n  var fakeElement = createFakeElement(value);\n  options.container.appendChild(fakeElement);\n  var selectedText = select_default()(fakeElement);\n  command('copy');\n  fakeElement.remove();\n  return selectedText;\n};\n/**\n * Copy action wrapper.\n * @param {String|HTMLElement} target\n * @param {Object} options\n * @return {String}\n */\n\n\nvar ClipboardActionCopy = function ClipboardActionCopy(target) {\n  var options = arguments.length > 1 && arguments[1] !== undefined ? arguments[1] : {\n    container: document.body\n  };\n  var selectedText = '';\n\n  if (typeof target === 'string') {\n    selectedText = fakeCopyAction(target, options);\n  } else if (target instanceof HTMLInputElement && !['text', 'search', 'url', 'tel', 'password'].includes(target === null || target === void 0 ? void 0 : target.type)) {\n    // If input type doesn't support `setSelectionRange`. Simulate it. https://developer.mozilla.org/en-US/docs/Web/API/HTMLInputElement/setSelectionRange\n    selectedText = fakeCopyAction(target.value, options);\n  } else {\n    selectedText = select_default()(target);\n    command('copy');\n  }\n\n  return selectedText;\n};\n\n/* harmony default export */ var actions_copy = (ClipboardActionCopy);\n;// CONCATENATED MODULE: ./src/actions/default.js\nfunction _typeof(obj) { \"@babel/helpers - typeof\"; if (typeof Symbol === \"function\" && typeof Symbol.iterator === \"symbol\") { _typeof = function _typeof(obj) { return typeof obj; }; } else { _typeof = function _typeof(obj) { return obj && typeof Symbol === \"function\" && obj.constructor === Symbol && obj !== Symbol.prototype ? \"symbol\" : typeof obj; }; } return _typeof(obj); }\n\n\n\n/**\n * Inner function which performs selection from either `text` or `target`\n * properties and then executes copy or cut operations.\n * @param {Object} options\n */\n\nvar ClipboardActionDefault = function ClipboardActionDefault() {\n  var options = arguments.length > 0 && arguments[0] !== undefined ? arguments[0] : {};\n  // Defines base properties passed from constructor.\n  var _options$action = options.action,\n      action = _options$action === void 0 ? 'copy' : _options$action,\n      container = options.container,\n      target = options.target,\n      text = options.text; // Sets the `action` to be performed which can be either 'copy' or 'cut'.\n\n  if (action !== 'copy' && action !== 'cut') {\n    throw new Error('Invalid \"action\" value, use either \"copy\" or \"cut\"');\n  } // Sets the `target` property using an element that will be have its content copied.\n\n\n  if (target !== undefined) {\n    if (target && _typeof(target) === 'object' && target.nodeType === 1) {\n      if (action === 'copy' && target.hasAttribute('disabled')) {\n        throw new Error('Invalid \"target\" attribute. Please use \"readonly\" instead of \"disabled\" attribute');\n      }\n\n      if (action === 'cut' && (target.hasAttribute('readonly') || target.hasAttribute('disabled'))) {\n        throw new Error('Invalid \"target\" attribute. You can\\'t cut text from elements with \"readonly\" or \"disabled\" attributes');\n      }\n    } else {\n      throw new Error('Invalid \"target\" value, use a valid Element');\n    }\n  } // Define selection strategy based on `text` property.\n\n\n  if (text) {\n    return actions_copy(text, {\n      container: container\n    });\n  } // Defines which selection strategy based on `target` property.\n\n\n  if (target) {\n    return action === 'cut' ? actions_cut(target) : actions_copy(target, {\n      container: container\n    });\n  }\n};\n\n/* harmony default export */ var actions_default = (ClipboardActionDefault);\n;// CONCATENATED MODULE: ./src/clipboard.js\nfunction clipboard_typeof(obj) { \"@babel/helpers - typeof\"; if (typeof Symbol === \"function\" && typeof Symbol.iterator === \"symbol\") { clipboard_typeof = function _typeof(obj) { return typeof obj; }; } else { clipboard_typeof = function _typeof(obj) { return obj && typeof Symbol === \"function\" && obj.constructor === Symbol && obj !== Symbol.prototype ? \"symbol\" : typeof obj; }; } return clipboard_typeof(obj); }\n\nfunction _classCallCheck(instance, Constructor) { if (!(instance instanceof Constructor)) { throw new TypeError(\"Cannot call a class as a function\"); } }\n\nfunction _defineProperties(target, props) { for (var i = 0; i < props.length; i++) { var descriptor = props[i]; descriptor.enumerable = descriptor.enumerable || false; descriptor.configurable = true; if (\"value\" in descriptor) descriptor.writable = true; Object.defineProperty(target, descriptor.key, descriptor); } }\n\nfunction _createClass(Constructor, protoProps, staticProps) { if (protoProps) _defineProperties(Constructor.prototype, protoProps); if (staticProps) _defineProperties(Constructor, staticProps); return Constructor; }\n\nfunction _inherits(subClass, superClass) { if (typeof superClass !== \"function\" && superClass !== null) { throw new TypeError(\"Super expression must either be null or a function\"); } subClass.prototype = Object.create(superClass && superClass.prototype, { constructor: { value: subClass, writable: true, configurable: true } }); if (superClass) _setPrototypeOf(subClass, superClass); }\n\nfunction _setPrototypeOf(o, p) { _setPrototypeOf = Object.setPrototypeOf || function _setPrototypeOf(o, p) { o.__proto__ = p; return o; }; return _setPrototypeOf(o, p); }\n\nfunction _createSuper(Derived) { var hasNativeReflectConstruct = _isNativeReflectConstruct(); return function _createSuperInternal() { var Super = _getPrototypeOf(Derived), result; if (hasNativeReflectConstruct) { var NewTarget = _getPrototypeOf(this).constructor; result = Reflect.construct(Super, arguments, NewTarget); } else { result = Super.apply(this, arguments); } return _possibleConstructorReturn(this, result); }; }\n\nfunction _possibleConstructorReturn(self, call) { if (call && (clipboard_typeof(call) === \"object\" || typeof call === \"function\")) { return call; } return _assertThisInitialized(self); }\n\nfunction _assertThisInitialized(self) { if (self === void 0) { throw new ReferenceError(\"this hasn't been initialised - super() hasn't been called\"); } return self; }\n\nfunction _isNativeReflectConstruct() { if (typeof Reflect === \"undefined\" || !Reflect.construct) return false; if (Reflect.construct.sham) return false; if (typeof Proxy === \"function\") return true; try { Date.prototype.toString.call(Reflect.construct(Date, [], function () {})); return true; } catch (e) { return false; } }\n\nfunction _getPrototypeOf(o) { _getPrototypeOf = Object.setPrototypeOf ? Object.getPrototypeOf : function _getPrototypeOf(o) { return o.__proto__ || Object.getPrototypeOf(o); }; return _getPrototypeOf(o); }\n\n\n\n\n\n\n/**\n * Helper function to retrieve attribute value.\n * @param {String} suffix\n * @param {Element} element\n */\n\nfunction getAttributeValue(suffix, element) {\n  var attribute = \"data-clipboard-\".concat(suffix);\n\n  if (!element.hasAttribute(attribute)) {\n    return;\n  }\n\n  return element.getAttribute(attribute);\n}\n/**\n * Base class which takes one or more elements, adds event listeners to them,\n * and instantiates a new `ClipboardAction` on each click.\n */\n\n\nvar Clipboard = /*#__PURE__*/function (_Emitter) {\n  _inherits(Clipboard, _Emitter);\n\n  var _super = _createSuper(Clipboard);\n\n  /**\n   * @param {String|HTMLElement|HTMLCollection|NodeList} trigger\n   * @param {Object} options\n   */\n  function Clipboard(trigger, options) {\n    var _this;\n\n    _classCallCheck(this, Clipboard);\n\n    _this = _super.call(this);\n\n    _this.resolveOptions(options);\n\n    _this.listenClick(trigger);\n\n    return _this;\n  }\n  /**\n   * Defines if attributes would be resolved using internal setter functions\n   * or custom functions that were passed in the constructor.\n   * @param {Object} options\n   */\n\n\n  _createClass(Clipboard, [{\n    key: \"resolveOptions\",\n    value: function resolveOptions() {\n      var options = arguments.length > 0 && arguments[0] !== undefined ? arguments[0] : {};\n      this.action = typeof options.action === 'function' ? options.action : this.defaultAction;\n      this.target = typeof options.target === 'function' ? options.target : this.defaultTarget;\n      this.text = typeof options.text === 'function' ? options.text : this.defaultText;\n      this.container = clipboard_typeof(options.container) === 'object' ? options.container : document.body;\n    }\n    /**\n     * Adds a click event listener to the passed trigger.\n     * @param {String|HTMLElement|HTMLCollection|NodeList} trigger\n     */\n\n  }, {\n    key: \"listenClick\",\n    value: function listenClick(trigger) {\n      var _this2 = this;\n\n      this.listener = listen_default()(trigger, 'click', function (e) {\n        return _this2.onClick(e);\n      });\n    }\n    /**\n     * Defines a new `ClipboardAction` on each click event.\n     * @param {Event} e\n     */\n\n  }, {\n    key: \"onClick\",\n    value: function onClick(e) {\n      var trigger = e.delegateTarget || e.currentTarget;\n      var action = this.action(trigger) || 'copy';\n      var text = actions_default({\n        action: action,\n        container: this.container,\n        target: this.target(trigger),\n        text: this.text(trigger)\n      }); // Fires an event based on the copy operation result.\n\n      this.emit(text ? 'success' : 'error', {\n        action: action,\n        text: text,\n        trigger: trigger,\n        clearSelection: function clearSelection() {\n          if (trigger) {\n            trigger.focus();\n          }\n\n          window.getSelection().removeAllRanges();\n        }\n      });\n    }\n    /**\n     * Default `action` lookup function.\n     * @param {Element} trigger\n     */\n\n  }, {\n    key: \"defaultAction\",\n    value: function defaultAction(trigger) {\n      return getAttributeValue('action', trigger);\n    }\n    /**\n     * Default `target` lookup function.\n     * @param {Element} trigger\n     */\n\n  }, {\n    key: \"defaultTarget\",\n    value: function defaultTarget(trigger) {\n      var selector = getAttributeValue('target', trigger);\n\n      if (selector) {\n        return document.querySelector(selector);\n      }\n    }\n    /**\n     * Allow fire programmatically a copy action\n     * @param {String|HTMLElement} target\n     * @param {Object} options\n     * @returns Text copied.\n     */\n\n  }, {\n    key: \"defaultText\",\n\n    /**\n     * Default `text` lookup function.\n     * @param {Element} trigger\n     */\n    value: function defaultText(trigger) {\n      return getAttributeValue('text', trigger);\n    }\n    /**\n     * Destroy lifecycle.\n     */\n\n  }, {\n    key: \"destroy\",\n    value: function destroy() {\n      this.listener.destroy();\n    }\n  }], [{\n    key: \"copy\",\n    value: function copy(target) {\n      var options = arguments.length > 1 && arguments[1] !== undefined ? arguments[1] : {\n        container: document.body\n      };\n      return actions_copy(target, options);\n    }\n    /**\n     * Allow fire programmatically a cut action\n     * @param {String|HTMLElement} target\n     * @returns Text cutted.\n     */\n\n  }, {\n    key: \"cut\",\n    value: function cut(target) {\n      return actions_cut(target);\n    }\n    /**\n     * Returns the support of the given action, or all actions if no action is\n     * given.\n     * @param {String} [action]\n     */\n\n  }, {\n    key: \"isSupported\",\n    value: function isSupported() {\n      var action = arguments.length > 0 && arguments[0] !== undefined ? arguments[0] : ['copy', 'cut'];\n      var actions = typeof action === 'string' ? [action] : action;\n      var support = !!document.queryCommandSupported;\n      actions.forEach(function (action) {\n        support = support && !!document.queryCommandSupported(action);\n      });\n      return support;\n    }\n  }]);\n\n  return Clipboard;\n}((tiny_emitter_default()));\n\n/* harmony default export */ var clipboard = (Clipboard);\n\n/***/ }),\n\n/***/ 828:\n/***/ (function(module) {\n\nvar DOCUMENT_NODE_TYPE = 9;\n\n/**\n * A polyfill for Element.matches()\n */\nif (typeof Element !== 'undefined' && !Element.prototype.matches) {\n    var proto = Element.prototype;\n\n    proto.matches = proto.matchesSelector ||\n                    proto.mozMatchesSelector ||\n                    proto.msMatchesSelector ||\n                    proto.oMatchesSelector ||\n                    proto.webkitMatchesSelector;\n}\n\n/**\n * Finds the closest parent that matches a selector.\n *\n * @param {Element} element\n * @param {String} selector\n * @return {Function}\n */\nfunction closest (element, selector) {\n    while (element && element.nodeType !== DOCUMENT_NODE_TYPE) {\n        if (typeof element.matches === 'function' &&\n            element.matches(selector)) {\n          return element;\n        }\n        element = element.parentNode;\n    }\n}\n\nmodule.exports = closest;\n\n\n/***/ }),\n\n/***/ 438:\n/***/ (function(module, __unused_webpack_exports, __webpack_require__) {\n\nvar closest = __webpack_require__(828);\n\n/**\n * Delegates event to a selector.\n *\n * @param {Element} element\n * @param {String} selector\n * @param {String} type\n * @param {Function} callback\n * @param {Boolean} useCapture\n * @return {Object}\n */\nfunction _delegate(element, selector, type, callback, useCapture) {\n    var listenerFn = listener.apply(this, arguments);\n\n    element.addEventListener(type, listenerFn, useCapture);\n\n    return {\n        destroy: function() {\n            element.removeEventListener(type, listenerFn, useCapture);\n        }\n    }\n}\n\n/**\n * Delegates event to a selector.\n *\n * @param {Element|String|Array} [elements]\n * @param {String} selector\n * @param {String} type\n * @param {Function} callback\n * @param {Boolean} useCapture\n * @return {Object}\n */\nfunction delegate(elements, selector, type, callback, useCapture) {\n    // Handle the regular Element usage\n    if (typeof elements.addEventListener === 'function') {\n        return _delegate.apply(null, arguments);\n    }\n\n    // Handle Element-less usage, it defaults to global delegation\n    if (typeof type === 'function') {\n        // Use `document` as the first parameter, then apply arguments\n        // This is a short way to .unshift `arguments` without running into deoptimizations\n        return _delegate.bind(null, document).apply(null, arguments);\n    }\n\n    // Handle Selector-based usage\n    if (typeof elements === 'string') {\n        elements = document.querySelectorAll(elements);\n    }\n\n    // Handle Array-like based usage\n    return Array.prototype.map.call(elements, function (element) {\n        return _delegate(element, selector, type, callback, useCapture);\n    });\n}\n\n/**\n * Finds closest match and invokes callback.\n *\n * @param {Element} element\n * @param {String} selector\n * @param {String} type\n * @param {Function} callback\n * @return {Function}\n */\nfunction listener(element, selector, type, callback) {\n    return function(e) {\n        e.delegateTarget = closest(e.target, selector);\n\n        if (e.delegateTarget) {\n            callback.call(element, e);\n        }\n    }\n}\n\nmodule.exports = delegate;\n\n\n/***/ }),\n\n/***/ 879:\n/***/ (function(__unused_webpack_module, exports) {\n\n/**\n * Check if argument is a HTML element.\n *\n * @param {Object} value\n * @return {Boolean}\n */\nexports.node = function(value) {\n    return value !== undefined\n        && value instanceof HTMLElement\n        && value.nodeType === 1;\n};\n\n/**\n * Check if argument is a list of HTML elements.\n *\n * @param {Object} value\n * @return {Boolean}\n */\nexports.nodeList = function(value) {\n    var type = Object.prototype.toString.call(value);\n\n    return value !== undefined\n        && (type === '[object NodeList]' || type === '[object HTMLCollection]')\n        && ('length' in value)\n        && (value.length === 0 || exports.node(value[0]));\n};\n\n/**\n * Check if argument is a string.\n *\n * @param {Object} value\n * @return {Boolean}\n */\nexports.string = function(value) {\n    return typeof value === 'string'\n        || value instanceof String;\n};\n\n/**\n * Check if argument is a function.\n *\n * @param {Object} value\n * @return {Boolean}\n */\nexports.fn = function(value) {\n    var type = Object.prototype.toString.call(value);\n\n    return type === '[object Function]';\n};\n\n\n/***/ }),\n\n/***/ 370:\n/***/ (function(module, __unused_webpack_exports, __webpack_require__) {\n\nvar is = __webpack_require__(879);\nvar delegate = __webpack_require__(438);\n\n/**\n * Validates all params and calls the right\n * listener function based on its target type.\n *\n * @param {String|HTMLElement|HTMLCollection|NodeList} target\n * @param {String} type\n * @param {Function} callback\n * @return {Object}\n */\nfunction listen(target, type, callback) {\n    if (!target && !type && !callback) {\n        throw new Error('Missing required arguments');\n    }\n\n    if (!is.string(type)) {\n        throw new TypeError('Second argument must be a String');\n    }\n\n    if (!is.fn(callback)) {\n        throw new TypeError('Third argument must be a Function');\n    }\n\n    if (is.node(target)) {\n        return listenNode(target, type, callback);\n    }\n    else if (is.nodeList(target)) {\n        return listenNodeList(target, type, callback);\n    }\n    else if (is.string(target)) {\n        return listenSelector(target, type, callback);\n    }\n    else {\n        throw new TypeError('First argument must be a String, HTMLElement, HTMLCollection, or NodeList');\n    }\n}\n\n/**\n * Adds an event listener to a HTML element\n * and returns a remove listener function.\n *\n * @param {HTMLElement} node\n * @param {String} type\n * @param {Function} callback\n * @return {Object}\n */\nfunction listenNode(node, type, callback) {\n    node.addEventListener(type, callback);\n\n    return {\n        destroy: function() {\n            node.removeEventListener(type, callback);\n        }\n    }\n}\n\n/**\n * Add an event listener to a list of HTML elements\n * and returns a remove listener function.\n *\n * @param {NodeList|HTMLCollection} nodeList\n * @param {String} type\n * @param {Function} callback\n * @return {Object}\n */\nfunction listenNodeList(nodeList, type, callback) {\n    Array.prototype.forEach.call(nodeList, function(node) {\n        node.addEventListener(type, callback);\n    });\n\n    return {\n        destroy: function() {\n            Array.prototype.forEach.call(nodeList, function(node) {\n                node.removeEventListener(type, callback);\n            });\n        }\n    }\n}\n\n/**\n * Add an event listener to a selector\n * and returns a remove listener function.\n *\n * @param {String} selector\n * @param {String} type\n * @param {Function} callback\n * @return {Object}\n */\nfunction listenSelector(selector, type, callback) {\n    return delegate(document.body, selector, type, callback);\n}\n\nmodule.exports = listen;\n\n\n/***/ }),\n\n/***/ 817:\n/***/ (function(module) {\n\nfunction select(element) {\n    var selectedText;\n\n    if (element.nodeName === 'SELECT') {\n        element.focus();\n\n        selectedText = element.value;\n    }\n    else if (element.nodeName === 'INPUT' || element.nodeName === 'TEXTAREA') {\n        var isReadOnly = element.hasAttribute('readonly');\n\n        if (!isReadOnly) {\n            element.setAttribute('readonly', '');\n        }\n\n        element.select();\n        element.setSelectionRange(0, element.value.length);\n\n        if (!isReadOnly) {\n            element.removeAttribute('readonly');\n        }\n\n        selectedText = element.value;\n    }\n    else {\n        if (element.hasAttribute('contenteditable')) {\n            element.focus();\n        }\n\n        var selection = window.getSelection();\n        var range = document.createRange();\n\n        range.selectNodeContents(element);\n        selection.removeAllRanges();\n        selection.addRange(range);\n\n        selectedText = selection.toString();\n    }\n\n    return selectedText;\n}\n\nmodule.exports = select;\n\n\n/***/ }),\n\n/***/ 279:\n/***/ (function(module) {\n\nfunction E () {\n  // Keep this empty so it's easier to inherit from\n  // (via https://github.com/lipsmack from https://github.com/scottcorgan/tiny-emitter/issues/3)\n}\n\nE.prototype = {\n  on: function (name, callback, ctx) {\n    var e = this.e || (this.e = {});\n\n    (e[name] || (e[name] = [])).push({\n      fn: callback,\n      ctx: ctx\n    });\n\n    return this;\n  },\n\n  once: function (name, callback, ctx) {\n    var self = this;\n    function listener () {\n      self.off(name, listener);\n      callback.apply(ctx, arguments);\n    };\n\n    listener._ = callback\n    return this.on(name, listener, ctx);\n  },\n\n  emit: function (name) {\n    var data = [].slice.call(arguments, 1);\n    var evtArr = ((this.e || (this.e = {}))[name] || []).slice();\n    var i = 0;\n    var len = evtArr.length;\n\n    for (i; i < len; i++) {\n      evtArr[i].fn.apply(evtArr[i].ctx, data);\n    }\n\n    return this;\n  },\n\n  off: function (name, callback) {\n    var e = this.e || (this.e = {});\n    var evts = e[name];\n    var liveEvents = [];\n\n    if (evts && callback) {\n      for (var i = 0, len = evts.length; i < len; i++) {\n        if (evts[i].fn !== callback && evts[i].fn._ !== callback)\n          liveEvents.push(evts[i]);\n      }\n    }\n\n    // Remove event from queue to prevent memory leak\n    // Suggested by https://github.com/lazd\n    // Ref: https://github.com/scottcorgan/tiny-emitter/commit/c6ebfaa9bc973b33d110a84a307742b7cf94c953#commitcomment-5024910\n\n    (liveEvents.length)\n      ? e[name] = liveEvents\n      : delete e[name];\n\n    return this;\n  }\n};\n\nmodule.exports = E;\nmodule.exports.TinyEmitter = E;\n\n\n/***/ })\n\n/******/ \t});\n/************************************************************************/\n/******/ \t// The module cache\n/******/ \tvar __webpack_module_cache__ = {};\n/******/ \t\n/******/ \t// The require function\n/******/ \tfunction __webpack_require__(moduleId) {\n/******/ \t\t// Check if module is in cache\n/******/ \t\tif(__webpack_module_cache__[moduleId]) {\n/******/ \t\t\treturn __webpack_module_cache__[moduleId].exports;\n/******/ \t\t}\n/******/ \t\t// Create a new module (and put it into the cache)\n/******/ \t\tvar module = __webpack_module_cache__[moduleId] = {\n/******/ \t\t\t// no module.id needed\n/******/ \t\t\t// no module.loaded needed\n/******/ \t\t\texports: {}\n/******/ \t\t};\n/******/ \t\n/******/ \t\t// Execute the module function\n/******/ \t\t__webpack_modules__[moduleId](module, module.exports, __webpack_require__);\n/******/ \t\n/******/ \t\t// Return the exports of the module\n/******/ \t\treturn module.exports;\n/******/ \t}\n/******/ \t\n/************************************************************************/\n/******/ \t/* webpack/runtime/compat get default export */\n/******/ \t!function() {\n/******/ \t\t// getDefaultExport function for compatibility with non-harmony modules\n/******/ \t\t__webpack_require__.n = function(module) {\n/******/ \t\t\tvar getter = module && module.__esModule ?\n/******/ \t\t\t\tfunction() { return module['default']; } :\n/******/ \t\t\t\tfunction() { return module; };\n/******/ \t\t\t__webpack_require__.d(getter, { a: getter });\n/******/ \t\t\treturn getter;\n/******/ \t\t};\n/******/ \t}();\n/******/ \t\n/******/ \t/* webpack/runtime/define property getters */\n/******/ \t!function() {\n/******/ \t\t// define getter functions for harmony exports\n/******/ \t\t__webpack_require__.d = function(exports, definition) {\n/******/ \t\t\tfor(var key in definition) {\n/******/ \t\t\t\tif(__webpack_require__.o(definition, key) && !__webpack_require__.o(exports, key)) {\n/******/ \t\t\t\t\tObject.defineProperty(exports, key, { enumerable: true, get: definition[key] });\n/******/ \t\t\t\t}\n/******/ \t\t\t}\n/******/ \t\t};\n/******/ \t}();\n/******/ \t\n/******/ \t/* webpack/runtime/hasOwnProperty shorthand */\n/******/ \t!function() {\n/******/ \t\t__webpack_require__.o = function(obj, prop) { return Object.prototype.hasOwnProperty.call(obj, prop); }\n/******/ \t}();\n/******/ \t\n/************************************************************************/\n/******/ \t// module exports must be returned from runtime so entry inlining is disabled\n/******/ \t// startup\n/******/ \t// Load entry module and return exports\n/******/ \treturn __webpack_require__(686);\n/******/ })()\n.default;\n});", "/*\n * Copyright (c) 2016-2024 Martin Donath <martin.donath@squidfunk.com>\n *\n * Permission is hereby granted, free of charge, to any person obtaining a copy\n * of this software and associated documentation files (the \"Software\"), to\n * deal in the Software without restriction, including without limitation the\n * rights to use, copy, modify, merge, publish, distribute, sublicense, and/or\n * sell copies of the Software, and to permit persons to whom the Software is\n * furnished to do so, subject to the following conditions:\n *\n * The above copyright notice and this permission notice shall be included in\n * all copies or substantial portions of the Software.\n *\n * THE SOFTWARE IS PROVIDED \"AS IS\", WITHOUT WARRANTY OF ANY KIND, EXPRESS OR\n * IMPLIED, INCLUDING BUT NOT LIMITED TO THE WARRANTIES OF MERCHANTABILITY,\n * FITNESS FOR A PARTICULAR PURPOSE AND NON-INFRINGEMENT. IN NO EVENT SHALL THE\n * AUTHORS OR COPYRIGHT HOLDERS BE LIABLE FOR ANY CLAIM, DAMAGES OR OTHER\n * LIABILITY, WHETHER IN AN ACTION OF CONTRACT, TORT OR OTHERWISE, ARISING\n * FROM, OUT OF OR IN CONNECTION WITH THE SOFTWARE OR THE USE OR OTHER DEALINGS\n * IN THE SOFTWARE.\n */\n\nimport \"focus-visible\"\n\nimport {\n  EMPTY,\n  NEVER,\n  Observable,\n  Subject,\n  defer,\n  delay,\n  filter,\n  map,\n  merge,\n  mergeWith,\n  shareReplay,\n  switchMap\n} from \"rxjs\"\n\nimport { configuration, feature } from \"./_\"\nimport {\n  at,\n  getActiveElement,\n  getOptionalElement,\n  requestJSON,\n  setLocation,\n  setToggle,\n  watchDocument,\n  watchKeyboard,\n  watchLocation,\n  watchLocationTarget,\n  watchMedia,\n  watchPrint,\n  watchScript,\n  watchViewport\n} from \"./browser\"\nimport {\n  getComponentElement,\n  getComponentElements,\n  mountAnnounce,\n  mountBackToTop,\n  mountConsent,\n  mountContent,\n  mountDialog,\n  mountHeader,\n  mountHeaderTitle,\n  mountPalette,\n  mountProgress,\n  mountSearch,\n  mountSearchHiglight,\n  mountSidebar,\n  mountSource,\n  mountTableOfContents,\n  mountTabs,\n  watchHeader,\n  watchMain\n} from \"./components\"\nimport {\n  SearchIndex,\n  setupClipboardJS,\n  setupInstantNavigation,\n  setupVersionSelector\n} from \"./integrations\"\nimport {\n  patchEllipsis,\n  patchIndeterminate,\n  patchScrollfix,\n  patchScrolllock\n} from \"./patches\"\nimport \"./polyfills\"\n\n/* ----------------------------------------------------------------------------\n * Functions - @todo refactor\n * ------------------------------------------------------------------------- */\n\n/**\n * Fetch search index\n *\n * @returns Search index observable\n */\nfunction fetchSearchIndex(): Observable<SearchIndex> {\n  if (location.protocol === \"file:\") {\n    return watchScript(\n      `${new URL(\"search/search_index.js\", config.base)}`\n    )\n      .pipe(\n        // @ts-ignore - @todo fix typings\n        map(() => __index),\n        shareReplay(1)\n      )\n  } else {\n    return requestJSON<SearchIndex>(\n      new URL(\"search/search_index.json\", config.base)\n    )\n  }\n}\n\n/* ----------------------------------------------------------------------------\n * Application\n * ------------------------------------------------------------------------- */\n\n/* Yay, JavaScript is available */\ndocument.documentElement.classList.remove(\"no-js\")\ndocument.documentElement.classList.add(\"js\")\n\n/* Set up navigation observables and subjects */\nconst document$ = watchDocument()\nconst location$ = watchLocation()\nconst target$   = watchLocationTarget(location$)\nconst keyboard$ = watchKeyboard()\n\n/* Set up media observables */\nconst viewport$ = watchViewport()\nconst tablet$   = watchMedia(\"(min-width: 960px)\")\nconst screen$   = watchMedia(\"(min-width: 1220px)\")\nconst print$    = watchPrint()\n\n/* Retrieve search index, if search is enabled */\nconst config = configuration()\nconst index$ = document.forms.namedItem(\"search\")\n  ? fetchSearchIndex()\n  : NEVER\n\n/* Set up Clipboard.js integration */\nconst alert$ = new Subject<string>()\nsetupClipboardJS({ alert$ })\n\n/* Set up progress indicator */\nconst progress$ = new Subject<number>()\n\n/* Set up instant navigation, if enabled */\nif (feature(\"navigation.instant\"))\n  setupInstantNavigation({ location$, viewport$, progress$ })\n    .subscribe(document$)\n\n/* Set up version selector */\nif (config.version?.provider === \"mike\")\n  setupVersionSelector({ document$ })\n\n/* Always close drawer and search on navigation */\nmerge(location$, target$)\n  .pipe(\n    delay(125)\n  )\n    .subscribe(() => {\n      setToggle(\"drawer\", false)\n      setToggle(\"search\", false)\n    })\n\n/* Set up global keyboard handlers */\nkeyboard$\n  .pipe(\n    filter(({ mode }) => mode === \"global\")\n  )\n    .subscribe(key => {\n      switch (key.type) {\n\n        /* Go to previous page */\n        case \"p\":\n        case \",\":\n          const prev = getOptionalElement<HTMLLinkElement>(\"link[rel=prev]\")\n          if (typeof prev !== \"undefined\")\n            setLocation(prev)\n          break\n\n        /* Go to next page */\n        case \"n\":\n        case \".\":\n          const next = getOptionalElement<HTMLLinkElement>(\"link[rel=next]\")\n          if (typeof next !== \"undefined\")\n            setLocation(next)\n          break\n\n        /* Expand navigation, see https://bit.ly/3ZjG5io */\n        case \"Enter\":\n          const active = getActiveElement()\n          if (active instanceof HTMLLabelElement)\n            active.click()\n      }\n    })\n\n/* Set up patches */\npatchEllipsis({ viewport$, document$ })\npatchIndeterminate({ document$, tablet$ })\npatchScrollfix({ document$ })\npatchScrolllock({ viewport$, tablet$ })\n\n/* Set up header and main area observable */\nconst header$ = watchHeader(getComponentElement(\"header\"), { viewport$ })\nconst main$ = document$\n  .pipe(\n    map(() => getComponentElement(\"main\")),\n    switchMap(el => watchMain(el, { viewport$, header$ })),\n    shareReplay(1)\n  )\n\n/* Set up control component observables */\nconst control$ = merge(\n\n  /* Consent */\n  ...getComponentElements(\"consent\")\n    .map(el => mountConsent(el, { target$ })),\n\n  /* Dialog */\n  ...getComponentElements(\"dialog\")\n    .map(el => mountDialog(el, { alert$ })),\n\n  /* Header */\n  ...getComponentElements(\"header\")\n    .map(el => mountHeader(el, { viewport$, header$, main$ })),\n\n  /* Color palette */\n  ...getComponentElements(\"palette\")\n    .map(el => mountPalette(el)),\n\n  /* Progress bar */\n  ...getComponentElements(\"progress\")\n    .map(el => mountProgress(el, { progress$ })),\n\n  /* Search */\n  ...getComponentElements(\"search\")\n    .map(el => mountSearch(el, { index$, keyboard$ })),\n\n  /* Repository information */\n  ...getComponentElements(\"source\")\n    .map(el => mountSource(el))\n)\n\n/* Set up content component observables */\nconst content$ = defer(() => merge(\n\n  /* Announcement bar */\n  ...getComponentElements(\"announce\")\n    .map(el => mountAnnounce(el)),\n\n  /* Content */\n  ...getComponentElements(\"content\")\n    .map(el => mountContent(el, { viewport$, target$, print$ })),\n\n  /* Search highlighting */\n  ...getComponentElements(\"content\")\n    .map(el => feature(\"search.highlight\")\n      ? mountSearchHiglight(el, { index$, location$ })\n      : EMPTY\n    ),\n\n  /* Header title */\n  ...getComponentElements(\"header-title\")\n    .map(el => mountHeaderTitle(el, { viewport$, header$ })),\n\n  /* Sidebar */\n  ...getComponentElements(\"sidebar\")\n    .map(el => el.getAttribute(\"data-md-type\") === \"navigation\"\n      ? at(screen$, () => mountSidebar(el, { viewport$, header$, main$ }))\n      : at(tablet$, () => mountSidebar(el, { viewport$, header$, main$ }))\n    ),\n\n  /* Navigation tabs */\n  ...getComponentElements(\"tabs\")\n    .map(el => mountTabs(el, { viewport$, header$ })),\n\n  /* Table of contents */\n  ...getComponentElements(\"toc\")\n    .map(el => mountTableOfContents(el, {\n      viewport$, header$, main$, target$\n    })),\n\n  /* Back-to-top button */\n  ...getComponentElements(\"top\")\n    .map(el => mountBackToTop(el, { viewport$, header$, main$, target$ }))\n))\n\n/* Set up component observables */\nconst component$ = document$\n  .pipe(\n    switchMap(() => content$),\n    mergeWith(control$),\n    shareReplay(1)\n  )\n\n/* Subscribe to all components */\ncomponent$.subscribe()\n\n/* ----------------------------------------------------------------------------\n * Exports\n * ------------------------------------------------------------------------- */\n\nwindow.document$  = document$          /* Document observable */\nwindow.location$  = location$          /* Location subject */\nwindow.target$    = target$            /* Location target observable */\nwindow.keyboard$  = keyboard$          /* Keyboard observable */\nwindow.viewport$  = viewport$          /* Viewport observable */\nwindow.tablet$    = tablet$            /* Media tablet observable */\nwindow.screen$    = screen$            /* Media screen observable */\nwindow.print$     = print$             /* Media print observable */\nwindow.alert$     = alert$             /* Alert subject */\nwindow.progress$  = progress$          /* Progress indicator subject */\nwindow.component$ = component$         /* Component observable */\n", "/******************************************************************************\nCopyright (c) Microsoft Corporation.\n\nPermission to use, copy, modify, and/or distribute this software for any\npurpose with or without fee is hereby granted.\n\nTHE SOFTWARE IS PROVIDED \"AS IS\" AND THE AUTHOR DISCLAIMS ALL WARRANTIES WITH\nREGARD TO THIS SOFTWARE INCLUDING ALL IMPLIED WARRANTIES OF MERCHANTABILITY\nAND FITNESS. IN NO EVENT SHALL THE AUTHOR BE LIABLE FOR ANY SPECIAL, DIRECT,\nINDIRECT, OR CONSEQUENTIAL DAMAGES OR ANY DAMAGES WHATSOEVER RESULTING FROM\nLOSS OF USE, DATA OR PROFITS, WHETHER IN AN ACTION OF CONTRACT, NEGLIGENCE OR\nOTHER TORTIOUS ACTION, ARISING OUT OF OR IN CONNECTION WITH THE USE OR\nPERFORMANCE OF THIS SOFTWARE.\n***************************************************************************** */\n/* global Reflect, Promise, SuppressedError, Symbol, Iterator */\n\nvar extendStatics = function(d, b) {\n  extendStatics = Object.setPrototypeOf ||\n      ({ __proto__: [] } instanceof Array && function (d, b) { d.__proto__ = b; }) ||\n      function (d, b) { for (var p in b) if (Object.prototype.hasOwnProperty.call(b, p)) d[p] = b[p]; };\n  return extendStatics(d, b);\n};\n\nexport function __extends(d, b) {\n  if (typeof b !== \"function\" && b !== null)\n      throw new TypeError(\"Class extends value \" + String(b) + \" is not a constructor or null\");\n  extendStatics(d, b);\n  function __() { this.constructor = d; }\n  d.prototype = b === null ? Object.create(b) : (__.prototype = b.prototype, new __());\n}\n\nexport var __assign = function() {\n  __assign = Object.assign || function __assign(t) {\n      for (var s, i = 1, n = arguments.length; i < n; i++) {\n          s = arguments[i];\n          for (var p in s) if (Object.prototype.hasOwnProperty.call(s, p)) t[p] = s[p];\n      }\n      return t;\n  }\n  return __assign.apply(this, arguments);\n}\n\nexport function __rest(s, e) {\n  var t = {};\n  for (var p in s) if (Object.prototype.hasOwnProperty.call(s, p) && e.indexOf(p) < 0)\n      t[p] = s[p];\n  if (s != null && typeof Object.getOwnPropertySymbols === \"function\")\n      for (var i = 0, p = Object.getOwnPropertySymbols(s); i < p.length; i++) {\n          if (e.indexOf(p[i]) < 0 && Object.prototype.propertyIsEnumerable.call(s, p[i]))\n              t[p[i]] = s[p[i]];\n      }\n  return t;\n}\n\nexport function __decorate(decorators, target, key, desc) {\n  var c = arguments.length, r = c < 3 ? target : desc === null ? desc = Object.getOwnPropertyDescriptor(target, key) : desc, d;\n  if (typeof Reflect === \"object\" && typeof Reflect.decorate === \"function\") r = Reflect.decorate(decorators, target, key, desc);\n  else for (var i = decorators.length - 1; i >= 0; i--) if (d = decorators[i]) r = (c < 3 ? d(r) : c > 3 ? d(target, key, r) : d(target, key)) || r;\n  return c > 3 && r && Object.defineProperty(target, key, r), r;\n}\n\nexport function __param(paramIndex, decorator) {\n  return function (target, key) { decorator(target, key, paramIndex); }\n}\n\nexport function __esDecorate(ctor, descriptorIn, decorators, contextIn, initializers, extraInitializers) {\n  function accept(f) { if (f !== void 0 && typeof f !== \"function\") throw new TypeError(\"Function expected\"); return f; }\n  var kind = contextIn.kind, key = kind === \"getter\" ? \"get\" : kind === \"setter\" ? \"set\" : \"value\";\n  var target = !descriptorIn && ctor ? contextIn[\"static\"] ? ctor : ctor.prototype : null;\n  var descriptor = descriptorIn || (target ? Object.getOwnPropertyDescriptor(target, contextIn.name) : {});\n  var _, done = false;\n  for (var i = decorators.length - 1; i >= 0; i--) {\n      var context = {};\n      for (var p in contextIn) context[p] = p === \"access\" ? {} : contextIn[p];\n      for (var p in contextIn.access) context.access[p] = contextIn.access[p];\n      context.addInitializer = function (f) { if (done) throw new TypeError(\"Cannot add initializers after decoration has completed\"); extraInitializers.push(accept(f || null)); };\n      var result = (0, decorators[i])(kind === \"accessor\" ? { get: descriptor.get, set: descriptor.set } : descriptor[key], context);\n      if (kind === \"accessor\") {\n          if (result === void 0) continue;\n          if (result === null || typeof result !== \"object\") throw new TypeError(\"Object expected\");\n          if (_ = accept(result.get)) descriptor.get = _;\n          if (_ = accept(result.set)) descriptor.set = _;\n          if (_ = accept(result.init)) initializers.unshift(_);\n      }\n      else if (_ = accept(result)) {\n          if (kind === \"field\") initializers.unshift(_);\n          else descriptor[key] = _;\n      }\n  }\n  if (target) Object.defineProperty(target, contextIn.name, descriptor);\n  done = true;\n};\n\nexport function __runInitializers(thisArg, initializers, value) {\n  var useValue = arguments.length > 2;\n  for (var i = 0; i < initializers.length; i++) {\n      value = useValue ? initializers[i].call(thisArg, value) : initializers[i].call(thisArg);\n  }\n  return useValue ? value : void 0;\n};\n\nexport function __propKey(x) {\n  return typeof x === \"symbol\" ? x : \"\".concat(x);\n};\n\nexport function __setFunctionName(f, name, prefix) {\n  if (typeof name === \"symbol\") name = name.description ? \"[\".concat(name.description, \"]\") : \"\";\n  return Object.defineProperty(f, \"name\", { configurable: true, value: prefix ? \"\".concat(prefix, \" \", name) : name });\n};\n\nexport function __metadata(metadataKey, metadataValue) {\n  if (typeof Reflect === \"object\" && typeof Reflect.metadata === \"function\") return Reflect.metadata(metadataKey, metadataValue);\n}\n\nexport function __awaiter(thisArg, _arguments, P, generator) {\n  function adopt(value) { return value instanceof P ? value : new P(function (resolve) { resolve(value); }); }\n  return new (P || (P = Promise))(function (resolve, reject) {\n      function fulfilled(value) { try { step(generator.next(value)); } catch (e) { reject(e); } }\n      function rejected(value) { try { step(generator[\"throw\"](value)); } catch (e) { reject(e); } }\n      function step(result) { result.done ? resolve(result.value) : adopt(result.value).then(fulfilled, rejected); }\n      step((generator = generator.apply(thisArg, _arguments || [])).next());\n  });\n}\n\nexport function __generator(thisArg, body) {\n  var _ = { label: 0, sent: function() { if (t[0] & 1) throw t[1]; return t[1]; }, trys: [], ops: [] }, f, y, t, g = Object.create((typeof Iterator === \"function\" ? Iterator : Object).prototype);\n  return g.next = verb(0), g[\"throw\"] = verb(1), g[\"return\"] = verb(2), typeof Symbol === \"function\" && (g[Symbol.iterator] = function() { return this; }), g;\n  function verb(n) { return function (v) { return step([n, v]); }; }\n  function step(op) {\n      if (f) throw new TypeError(\"Generator is already executing.\");\n      while (g && (g = 0, op[0] && (_ = 0)), _) try {\n          if (f = 1, y && (t = op[0] & 2 ? y[\"return\"] : op[0] ? y[\"throw\"] || ((t = y[\"return\"]) && t.call(y), 0) : y.next) && !(t = t.call(y, op[1])).done) return t;\n          if (y = 0, t) op = [op[0] & 2, t.value];\n          switch (op[0]) {\n              case 0: case 1: t = op; break;\n              case 4: _.label++; return { value: op[1], done: false };\n              case 5: _.label++; y = op[1]; op = [0]; continue;\n              case 7: op = _.ops.pop(); _.trys.pop(); continue;\n              default:\n                  if (!(t = _.trys, t = t.length > 0 && t[t.length - 1]) && (op[0] === 6 || op[0] === 2)) { _ = 0; continue; }\n                  if (op[0] === 3 && (!t || (op[1] > t[0] && op[1] < t[3]))) { _.label = op[1]; break; }\n                  if (op[0] === 6 && _.label < t[1]) { _.label = t[1]; t = op; break; }\n                  if (t && _.label < t[2]) { _.label = t[2]; _.ops.push(op); break; }\n                  if (t[2]) _.ops.pop();\n                  _.trys.pop(); continue;\n          }\n          op = body.call(thisArg, _);\n      } catch (e) { op = [6, e]; y = 0; } finally { f = t = 0; }\n      if (op[0] & 5) throw op[1]; return { value: op[0] ? op[1] : void 0, done: true };\n  }\n}\n\nexport var __createBinding = Object.create ? (function(o, m, k, k2) {\n  if (k2 === undefined) k2 = k;\n  var desc = Object.getOwnPropertyDescriptor(m, k);\n  if (!desc || (\"get\" in desc ? !m.__esModule : desc.writable || desc.configurable)) {\n      desc = { enumerable: true, get: function() { return m[k]; } };\n  }\n  Object.defineProperty(o, k2, desc);\n}) : (function(o, m, k, k2) {\n  if (k2 === undefined) k2 = k;\n  o[k2] = m[k];\n});\n\nexport function __exportStar(m, o) {\n  for (var p in m) if (p !== \"default\" && !Object.prototype.hasOwnProperty.call(o, p)) __createBinding(o, m, p);\n}\n\nexport function __values(o) {\n  var s = typeof Symbol === \"function\" && Symbol.iterator, m = s && o[s], i = 0;\n  if (m) return m.call(o);\n  if (o && typeof o.length === \"number\") return {\n      next: function () {\n          if (o && i >= o.length) o = void 0;\n          return { value: o && o[i++], done: !o };\n      }\n  };\n  throw new TypeError(s ? \"Object is not iterable.\" : \"Symbol.iterator is not defined.\");\n}\n\nexport function __read(o, n) {\n  var m = typeof Symbol === \"function\" && o[Symbol.iterator];\n  if (!m) return o;\n  var i = m.call(o), r, ar = [], e;\n  try {\n      while ((n === void 0 || n-- > 0) && !(r = i.next()).done) ar.push(r.value);\n  }\n  catch (error) { e = { error: error }; }\n  finally {\n      try {\n          if (r && !r.done && (m = i[\"return\"])) m.call(i);\n      }\n      finally { if (e) throw e.error; }\n  }\n  return ar;\n}\n\n/** @deprecated */\nexport function __spread() {\n  for (var ar = [], i = 0; i < arguments.length; i++)\n      ar = ar.concat(__read(arguments[i]));\n  return ar;\n}\n\n/** @deprecated */\nexport function __spreadArrays() {\n  for (var s = 0, i = 0, il = arguments.length; i < il; i++) s += arguments[i].length;\n  for (var r = Array(s), k = 0, i = 0; i < il; i++)\n      for (var a = arguments[i], j = 0, jl = a.length; j < jl; j++, k++)\n          r[k] = a[j];\n  return r;\n}\n\nexport function __spreadArray(to, from, pack) {\n  if (pack || arguments.length === 2) for (var i = 0, l = from.length, ar; i < l; i++) {\n      if (ar || !(i in from)) {\n          if (!ar) ar = Array.prototype.slice.call(from, 0, i);\n          ar[i] = from[i];\n      }\n  }\n  return to.concat(ar || Array.prototype.slice.call(from));\n}\n\nexport function __await(v) {\n  return this instanceof __await ? (this.v = v, this) : new __await(v);\n}\n\nexport function __asyncGenerator(thisArg, _arguments, generator) {\n  if (!Symbol.asyncIterator) throw new TypeError(\"Symbol.asyncIterator is not defined.\");\n  var g = generator.apply(thisArg, _arguments || []), i, q = [];\n  return i = Object.create((typeof AsyncIterator === \"function\" ? AsyncIterator : Object).prototype), verb(\"next\"), verb(\"throw\"), verb(\"return\", awaitReturn), i[Symbol.asyncIterator] = function () { return this; }, i;\n  function awaitReturn(f) { return function (v) { return Promise.resolve(v).then(f, reject); }; }\n  function verb(n, f) { if (g[n]) { i[n] = function (v) { return new Promise(function (a, b) { q.push([n, v, a, b]) > 1 || resume(n, v); }); }; if (f) i[n] = f(i[n]); } }\n  function resume(n, v) { try { step(g[n](v)); } catch (e) { settle(q[0][3], e); } }\n  function step(r) { r.value instanceof __await ? Promise.resolve(r.value.v).then(fulfill, reject) : settle(q[0][2], r); }\n  function fulfill(value) { resume(\"next\", value); }\n  function reject(value) { resume(\"throw\", value); }\n  function settle(f, v) { if (f(v), q.shift(), q.length) resume(q[0][0], q[0][1]); }\n}\n\nexport function __asyncDelegator(o) {\n  var i, p;\n  return i = {}, verb(\"next\"), verb(\"throw\", function (e) { throw e; }), verb(\"return\"), i[Symbol.iterator] = function () { return this; }, i;\n  function verb(n, f) { i[n] = o[n] ? function (v) { return (p = !p) ? { value: __await(o[n](v)), done: false } : f ? f(v) : v; } : f; }\n}\n\nexport function __asyncValues(o) {\n  if (!Symbol.asyncIterator) throw new TypeError(\"Symbol.asyncIterator is not defined.\");\n  var m = o[Symbol.asyncIterator], i;\n  return m ? m.call(o) : (o = typeof __values === \"function\" ? __values(o) : o[Symbol.iterator](), i = {}, verb(\"next\"), verb(\"throw\"), verb(\"return\"), i[Symbol.asyncIterator] = function () { return this; }, i);\n  function verb(n) { i[n] = o[n] && function (v) { return new Promise(function (resolve, reject) { v = o[n](v), settle(resolve, reject, v.done, v.value); }); }; }\n  function settle(resolve, reject, d, v) { Promise.resolve(v).then(function(v) { resolve({ value: v, done: d }); }, reject); }\n}\n\nexport function __makeTemplateObject(cooked, raw) {\n  if (Object.defineProperty) { Object.defineProperty(cooked, \"raw\", { value: raw }); } else { cooked.raw = raw; }\n  return cooked;\n};\n\nvar __setModuleDefault = Object.create ? (function(o, v) {\n  Object.defineProperty(o, \"default\", { enumerable: true, value: v });\n}) : function(o, v) {\n  o[\"default\"] = v;\n};\n\nexport function __importStar(mod) {\n  if (mod && mod.__esModule) return mod;\n  var result = {};\n  if (mod != null) for (var k in mod) if (k !== \"default\" && Object.prototype.hasOwnProperty.call(mod, k)) __createBinding(result, mod, k);\n  __setModuleDefault(result, mod);\n  return result;\n}\n\nexport function __importDefault(mod) {\n  return (mod && mod.__esModule) ? mod : { default: mod };\n}\n\nexport function __classPrivateFieldGet(receiver, state, kind, f) {\n  if (kind === \"a\" && !f) throw new TypeError(\"Private accessor was defined without a getter\");\n  if (typeof state === \"function\" ? receiver !== state || !f : !state.has(receiver)) throw new TypeError(\"Cannot read private member from an object whose class did not declare it\");\n  return kind === \"m\" ? f : kind === \"a\" ? f.call(receiver) : f ? f.value : state.get(receiver);\n}\n\nexport function __classPrivateFieldSet(receiver, state, value, kind, f) {\n  if (kind === \"m\") throw new TypeError(\"Private method is not writable\");\n  if (kind === \"a\" && !f) throw new TypeError(\"Private accessor was defined without a setter\");\n  if (typeof state === \"function\" ? receiver !== state || !f : !state.has(receiver)) throw new TypeError(\"Cannot write private member to an object whose class did not declare it\");\n  return (kind === \"a\" ? f.call(receiver, value) : f ? f.value = value : state.set(receiver, value)), value;\n}\n\nexport function __classPrivateFieldIn(state, receiver) {\n  if (receiver === null || (typeof receiver !== \"object\" && typeof receiver !== \"function\")) throw new TypeError(\"Cannot use 'in' operator on non-object\");\n  return typeof state === \"function\" ? receiver === state : state.has(receiver);\n}\n\nexport function __addDisposableResource(env, value, async) {\n  if (value !== null && value !== void 0) {\n    if (typeof value !== \"object\" && typeof value !== \"function\") throw new TypeError(\"Object expected.\");\n    var dispose, inner;\n    if (async) {\n      if (!Symbol.asyncDispose) throw new TypeError(\"Symbol.asyncDispose is not defined.\");\n      dispose = value[Symbol.asyncDispose];\n    }\n    if (dispose === void 0) {\n      if (!Symbol.dispose) throw new TypeError(\"Symbol.dispose is not defined.\");\n      dispose = value[Symbol.dispose];\n      if (async) inner = dispose;\n    }\n    if (typeof dispose !== \"function\") throw new TypeError(\"Object not disposable.\");\n    if (inner) dispose = function() { try { inner.call(this); } catch (e) { return Promise.reject(e); } };\n    env.stack.push({ value: value, dispose: dispose, async: async });\n  }\n  else if (async) {\n    env.stack.push({ async: true });\n  }\n  return value;\n}\n\nvar _SuppressedError = typeof SuppressedError === \"function\" ? SuppressedError : function (error, suppressed, message) {\n  var e = new Error(message);\n  return e.name = \"SuppressedError\", e.error = error, e.suppressed = suppressed, e;\n};\n\nexport function __disposeResources(env) {\n  function fail(e) {\n    env.error = env.hasError ? new _SuppressedError(e, env.error, \"An error was suppressed during disposal.\") : e;\n    env.hasError = true;\n  }\n  var r, s = 0;\n  function next() {\n    while (r = env.stack.pop()) {\n      try {\n        if (!r.async && s === 1) return s = 0, env.stack.push(r), Promise.resolve().then(next);\n        if (r.dispose) {\n          var result = r.dispose.call(r.value);\n          if (r.async) return s |= 2, Promise.resolve(result).then(next, function(e) { fail(e); return next(); });\n        }\n        else s |= 1;\n      }\n      catch (e) {\n        fail(e);\n      }\n    }\n    if (s === 1) return env.hasError ? Promise.reject(env.error) : Promise.resolve();\n    if (env.hasError) throw env.error;\n  }\n  return next();\n}\n\nexport default {\n  __extends,\n  __assign,\n  __rest,\n  __decorate,\n  __param,\n  __metadata,\n  __awaiter,\n  __generator,\n  __createBinding,\n  __exportStar,\n  __values,\n  __read,\n  __spread,\n  __spreadArrays,\n  __spreadArray,\n  __await,\n  __asyncGenerator,\n  __asyncDelegator,\n  __asyncValues,\n  __makeTemplateObject,\n  __importStar,\n  __importDefault,\n  __classPrivateFieldGet,\n  __classPrivateFieldSet,\n  __classPrivateFieldIn,\n  __addDisposableResource,\n  __disposeResources,\n};\n", "/**\n * Returns true if the object is a function.\n * @param value The value to check\n */\nexport function isFunction(value: any): value is (...args: any[]) => any {\n  return typeof value === 'function';\n}\n", "/**\n * Used to create Error subclasses until the community moves away from ES5.\n *\n * This is because compiling from TypeScript down to ES5 has issues with subclassing Errors\n * as well as other built-in types: https://github.com/Microsoft/TypeScript/issues/12123\n *\n * @param createImpl A factory function to create the actual constructor implementation. The returned\n * function should be a named function that calls `_super` internally.\n */\nexport function createErrorClass<T>(createImpl: (_super: any) => any): T {\n  const _super = (instance: any) => {\n    Error.call(instance);\n    instance.stack = new Error().stack;\n  };\n\n  const ctorFunc = createImpl(_super);\n  ctorFunc.prototype = Object.create(Error.prototype);\n  ctorFunc.prototype.constructor = ctorFunc;\n  return ctorFunc;\n}\n", "import { createErrorClass } from './createErrorClass';\n\nexport interface UnsubscriptionError extends Error {\n  readonly errors: any[];\n}\n\nexport interface UnsubscriptionErrorCtor {\n  /**\n   * @deprecated Internal implementation detail. Do not construct error instances.\n   * Cannot be tagged as internal: https://github.com/ReactiveX/rxjs/issues/6269\n   */\n  new (errors: any[]): UnsubscriptionError;\n}\n\n/**\n * An error thrown when one or more errors have occurred during the\n * `unsubscribe` of a {@link Subscription}.\n */\nexport const UnsubscriptionError: UnsubscriptionErrorCtor = createErrorClass(\n  (_super) =>\n    function UnsubscriptionErrorImpl(this: any, errors: (Error | string)[]) {\n      _super(this);\n      this.message = errors\n        ? `${errors.length} errors occurred during unsubscription:\n${errors.map((err, i) => `${i + 1}) ${err.toString()}`).join('\\n  ')}`\n        : '';\n      this.name = 'UnsubscriptionError';\n      this.errors = errors;\n    }\n);\n", "/**\n * Removes an item from an array, mutating it.\n * @param arr The array to remove the item from\n * @param item The item to remove\n */\nexport function arrRemove<T>(arr: T[] | undefined | null, item: T) {\n  if (arr) {\n    const index = arr.indexOf(item);\n    0 <= index && arr.splice(index, 1);\n  }\n}\n", "import { isFunction } from './util/isFunction';\nimport { UnsubscriptionError } from './util/UnsubscriptionError';\nimport { SubscriptionLike, TeardownLogic, Unsubscribable } from './types';\nimport { arrRemove } from './util/arrRemove';\n\n/**\n * Represents a disposable resource, such as the execution of an Observable. A\n * Subscription has one important method, `unsubscribe`, that takes no argument\n * and just disposes the resource held by the subscription.\n *\n * Additionally, subscriptions may be grouped together through the `add()`\n * method, which will attach a child Subscription to the current Subscription.\n * When a Subscription is unsubscribed, all its children (and its grandchildren)\n * will be unsubscribed as well.\n *\n * @class Subscription\n */\nexport class Subscription implements SubscriptionLike {\n  /** @nocollapse */\n  public static EMPTY = (() => {\n    const empty = new Subscription();\n    empty.closed = true;\n    return empty;\n  })();\n\n  /**\n   * A flag to indicate whether this Subscription has already been unsubscribed.\n   */\n  public closed = false;\n\n  private _parentage: Subscription[] | Subscription | null = null;\n\n  /**\n   * The list of registered finalizers to execute upon unsubscription. Adding and removing from this\n   * list occurs in the {@link #add} and {@link #remove} methods.\n   */\n  private _finalizers: Exclude<TeardownLogic, void>[] | null = null;\n\n  /**\n   * @param initialTeardown A function executed first as part of the finalization\n   * process that is kicked off when {@link #unsubscribe} is called.\n   */\n  constructor(private initialTeardown?: () => void) {}\n\n  /**\n   * Disposes the resources held by the subscription. May, for instance, cancel\n   * an ongoing Observable execution or cancel any other type of work that\n   * started when the Subscription was created.\n   * @return {void}\n   */\n  unsubscribe(): void {\n    let errors: any[] | undefined;\n\n    if (!this.closed) {\n      this.closed = true;\n\n      // Remove this from it's parents.\n      const { _parentage } = this;\n      if (_parentage) {\n        this._parentage = null;\n        if (Array.isArray(_parentage)) {\n          for (const parent of _parentage) {\n            parent.remove(this);\n          }\n        } else {\n          _parentage.remove(this);\n        }\n      }\n\n      const { initialTeardown: initialFinalizer } = this;\n      if (isFunction(initialFinalizer)) {\n        try {\n          initialFinalizer();\n        } catch (e) {\n          errors = e instanceof UnsubscriptionError ? e.errors : [e];\n        }\n      }\n\n      const { _finalizers } = this;\n      if (_finalizers) {\n        this._finalizers = null;\n        for (const finalizer of _finalizers) {\n          try {\n            execFinalizer(finalizer);\n          } catch (err) {\n            errors = errors ?? [];\n            if (err instanceof UnsubscriptionError) {\n              errors = [...errors, ...err.errors];\n            } else {\n              errors.push(err);\n            }\n          }\n        }\n      }\n\n      if (errors) {\n        throw new UnsubscriptionError(errors);\n      }\n    }\n  }\n\n  /**\n   * Adds a finalizer to this subscription, so that finalization will be unsubscribed/called\n   * when this subscription is unsubscribed. If this subscription is already {@link #closed},\n   * because it has already been unsubscribed, then whatever finalizer is passed to it\n   * will automatically be executed (unless the finalizer itself is also a closed subscription).\n   *\n   * Closed Subscriptions cannot be added as finalizers to any subscription. Adding a closed\n   * subscription to a any subscription will result in no operation. (A noop).\n   *\n   * Adding a subscription to itself, or adding `null` or `undefined` will not perform any\n   * operation at all. (A noop).\n   *\n   * `Subscription` instances that are added to this instance will automatically remove themselves\n   * if they are unsubscribed. Functions and {@link Unsubscribable} objects that you wish to remove\n   * will need to be removed manually with {@link #remove}\n   *\n   * @param teardown The finalization logic to add to this subscription.\n   */\n  add(teardown: TeardownLogic): void {\n    // Only add the finalizer if it's not undefined\n    // and don't add a subscription to itself.\n    if (teardown && teardown !== this) {\n      if (this.closed) {\n        // If this subscription is already closed,\n        // execute whatever finalizer is handed to it automatically.\n        execFinalizer(teardown);\n      } else {\n        if (teardown instanceof Subscription) {\n          // We don't add closed subscriptions, and we don't add the same subscription\n          // twice. Subscription unsubscribe is idempotent.\n          if (teardown.closed || teardown._hasParent(this)) {\n            return;\n          }\n          teardown._addParent(this);\n        }\n        (this._finalizers = this._finalizers ?? []).push(teardown);\n      }\n    }\n  }\n\n  /**\n   * Checks to see if a this subscription already has a particular parent.\n   * This will signal that this subscription has already been added to the parent in question.\n   * @param parent the parent to check for\n   */\n  private _hasParent(parent: Subscription) {\n    const { _parentage } = this;\n    return _parentage === parent || (Array.isArray(_parentage) && _parentage.includes(parent));\n  }\n\n  /**\n   * Adds a parent to this subscription so it can be removed from the parent if it\n   * unsubscribes on it's own.\n   *\n   * NOTE: THIS ASSUMES THAT {@link _hasParent} HAS ALREADY BEEN CHECKED.\n   * @param parent The parent subscription to add\n   */\n  private _addParent(parent: Subscription) {\n    const { _parentage } = this;\n    this._parentage = Array.isArray(_parentage) ? (_parentage.push(parent), _parentage) : _parentage ? [_parentage, parent] : parent;\n  }\n\n  /**\n   * Called on a child when it is removed via {@link #remove}.\n   * @param parent The parent to remove\n   */\n  private _removeParent(parent: Subscription) {\n    const { _parentage } = this;\n    if (_parentage === parent) {\n      this._parentage = null;\n    } else if (Array.isArray(_parentage)) {\n      arrRemove(_parentage, parent);\n    }\n  }\n\n  /**\n   * Removes a finalizer from this subscription that was previously added with the {@link #add} method.\n   *\n   * Note that `Subscription` instances, when unsubscribed, will automatically remove themselves\n   * from every other `Subscription` they have been added to. This means that using the `remove` method\n   * is not a common thing and should be used thoughtfully.\n   *\n   * If you add the same finalizer instance of a function or an unsubscribable object to a `Subscription` instance\n   * more than once, you will need to call `remove` the same number of times to remove all instances.\n   *\n   * All finalizer instances are removed to free up memory upon unsubscription.\n   *\n   * @param teardown The finalizer to remove from this subscription\n   */\n  remove(teardown: Exclude<TeardownLogic, void>): void {\n    const { _finalizers } = this;\n    _finalizers && arrRemove(_finalizers, teardown);\n\n    if (teardown instanceof Subscription) {\n      teardown._removeParent(this);\n    }\n  }\n}\n\nexport const EMPTY_SUBSCRIPTION = Subscription.EMPTY;\n\nexport function isSubscription(value: any): value is Subscription {\n  return (\n    value instanceof Subscription ||\n    (value && 'closed' in value && isFunction(value.remove) && isFunction(value.add) && isFunction(value.unsubscribe))\n  );\n}\n\nfunction execFinalizer(finalizer: Unsubscribable | (() => void)) {\n  if (isFunction(finalizer)) {\n    finalizer();\n  } else {\n    finalizer.unsubscribe();\n  }\n}\n", "import { Subscriber } from './Subscriber';\nimport { ObservableNotification } from './types';\n\n/**\n * The {@link GlobalConfig} object for RxJS. It is used to configure things\n * like how to react on unhandled errors.\n */\nexport const config: GlobalConfig = {\n  onUnhandledError: null,\n  onStoppedNotification: null,\n  Promise: undefined,\n  useDeprecatedSynchronousErrorHandling: false,\n  useDeprecatedNextContext: false,\n};\n\n/**\n * The global configuration object for RxJS, used to configure things\n * like how to react on unhandled errors. Accessible via {@link config}\n * object.\n */\nexport interface GlobalConfig {\n  /**\n   * A registration point for unhandled errors from RxJS. These are errors that\n   * cannot were not handled by consuming code in the usual subscription path. For\n   * example, if you have this configured, and you subscribe to an observable without\n   * providing an error handler, errors from that subscription will end up here. This\n   * will _always_ be called asynchronously on another job in the runtime. This is because\n   * we do not want errors thrown in this user-configured handler to interfere with the\n   * behavior of the library.\n   */\n  onUnhandledError: ((err: any) => void) | null;\n\n  /**\n   * A registration point for notifications that cannot be sent to subscribers because they\n   * have completed, errored or have been explicitly unsubscribed. By default, next, complete\n   * and error notifications sent to stopped subscribers are noops. However, sometimes callers\n   * might want a different behavior. For example, with sources that attempt to report errors\n   * to stopped subscribers, a caller can configure RxJS to throw an unhandled error instead.\n   * This will _always_ be called asynchronously on another job in the runtime. This is because\n   * we do not want errors thrown in this user-configured handler to interfere with the\n   * behavior of the library.\n   */\n  onStoppedNotification: ((notification: ObservableNotification<any>, subscriber: Subscriber<any>) => void) | null;\n\n  /**\n   * The promise constructor used by default for {@link Observable#toPromise toPromise} and {@link Observable#forEach forEach}\n   * methods.\n   *\n   * @deprecated As of version 8, RxJS will no longer support this sort of injection of a\n   * Promise constructor. If you need a Promise implementation other than native promises,\n   * please polyfill/patch Promise as you see appropriate. Will be removed in v8.\n   */\n  Promise?: PromiseConstructorLike;\n\n  /**\n   * If true, turns on synchronous error rethrowing, which is a deprecated behavior\n   * in v6 and higher. This behavior enables bad patterns like wrapping a subscribe\n   * call in a try/catch block. It also enables producer interference, a nasty bug\n   * where a multicast can be broken for all observers by a downstream consumer with\n   * an unhandled error. DO NOT USE THIS FLAG UNLESS IT'S NEEDED TO BUY TIME\n   * FOR MIGRATION REASONS.\n   *\n   * @deprecated As of version 8, RxJS will no longer support synchronous throwing\n   * of unhandled errors. All errors will be thrown on a separate call stack to prevent bad\n   * behaviors described above. Will be removed in v8.\n   */\n  useDeprecatedSynchronousErrorHandling: boolean;\n\n  /**\n   * If true, enables an as-of-yet undocumented feature from v5: The ability to access\n   * `unsubscribe()` via `this` context in `next` functions created in observers passed\n   * to `subscribe`.\n   *\n   * This is being removed because the performance was severely problematic, and it could also cause\n   * issues when types other than POJOs are passed to subscribe as subscribers, as they will likely have\n   * their `this` context overwritten.\n   *\n   * @deprecated As of version 8, RxJS will no longer support altering the\n   * context of next functions provided as part of an observer to Subscribe. Instead,\n   * you will have access to a subscription or a signal or token that will allow you to do things like\n   * unsubscribe and test closed status. Will be removed in v8.\n   */\n  useDeprecatedNextContext: boolean;\n}\n", "import type { TimerHandle } from './timerHandle';\ntype SetTimeoutFunction = (handler: () => void, timeout?: number, ...args: any[]) => TimerHandle;\ntype ClearTimeoutFunction = (handle: TimerHandle) => void;\n\ninterface TimeoutProvider {\n  setTimeout: SetTimeoutFunction;\n  clearTimeout: ClearTimeoutFunction;\n  delegate:\n    | {\n        setTimeout: SetTimeoutFunction;\n        clearTimeout: ClearTimeoutFunction;\n      }\n    | undefined;\n}\n\nexport const timeoutProvider: TimeoutProvider = {\n  // When accessing the delegate, use the variable rather than `this` so that\n  // the functions can be called without being bound to the provider.\n  setTimeout(handler: () => void, timeout?: number, ...args) {\n    const { delegate } = timeoutProvider;\n    if (delegate?.setTimeout) {\n      return delegate.setTimeout(handler, timeout, ...args);\n    }\n    return setTimeout(handler, timeout, ...args);\n  },\n  clearTimeout(handle) {\n    const { delegate } = timeoutProvider;\n    return (delegate?.clearTimeout || clearTimeout)(handle as any);\n  },\n  delegate: undefined,\n};\n", "import { config } from '../config';\nimport { timeoutProvider } from '../scheduler/timeoutProvider';\n\n/**\n * Handles an error on another job either with the user-configured {@link onUnhandledError},\n * or by throwing it on that new job so it can be picked up by `window.onerror`, `process.on('error')`, etc.\n *\n * This should be called whenever there is an error that is out-of-band with the subscription\n * or when an error hits a terminal boundary of the subscription and no error handler was provided.\n *\n * @param err the error to report\n */\nexport function reportUnhandledError(err: any) {\n  timeoutProvider.setTimeout(() => {\n    const { onUnhandledError } = config;\n    if (onUnhandledError) {\n      // Execute the user-configured error handler.\n      onUnhandledError(err);\n    } else {\n      // Throw so it is picked up by the runtime's uncaught error mechanism.\n      throw err;\n    }\n  });\n}\n", "/* tslint:disable:no-empty */\nexport function noop() { }\n", "import { CompleteNotification, NextNotification, ErrorNotification } from './types';\n\n/**\n * A completion object optimized for memory use and created to be the\n * same \"shape\" as other notifications in v8.\n * @internal\n */\nexport const COMPLETE_NOTIFICATION = (() => createNotification('C', undefined, undefined) as CompleteNotification)();\n\n/**\n * Internal use only. Creates an optimized error notification that is the same \"shape\"\n * as other notifications.\n * @internal\n */\nexport function errorNotification(error: any): ErrorNotification {\n  return createNotification('E', undefined, error) as any;\n}\n\n/**\n * Internal use only. Creates an optimized next notification that is the same \"shape\"\n * as other notifications.\n * @internal\n */\nexport function nextNotification<T>(value: T) {\n  return createNotification('N', value, undefined) as NextNotification<T>;\n}\n\n/**\n * Ensures that all notifications created internally have the same \"shape\" in v8.\n *\n * TODO: This is only exported to support a crazy legacy test in `groupBy`.\n * @internal\n */\nexport function createNotification(kind: 'N' | 'E' | 'C', value: any, error: any) {\n  return {\n    kind,\n    value,\n    error,\n  };\n}\n", "import { config } from '../config';\n\nlet context: { errorThrown: boolean; error: any } | null = null;\n\n/**\n * Handles dealing with errors for super-gross mode. Creates a context, in which\n * any synchronously thrown errors will be passed to {@link captureError}. Which\n * will record the error such that it will be rethrown after the call back is complete.\n * TODO: Remove in v8\n * @param cb An immediately executed function.\n */\nexport function errorContext(cb: () => void) {\n  if (config.useDeprecatedSynchronousErrorHandling) {\n    const isRoot = !context;\n    if (isRoot) {\n      context = { errorThrown: false, error: null };\n    }\n    cb();\n    if (isRoot) {\n      const { errorThrown, error } = context!;\n      context = null;\n      if (errorThrown) {\n        throw error;\n      }\n    }\n  } else {\n    // This is the general non-deprecated path for everyone that\n    // isn't crazy enough to use super-gross mode (useDeprecatedSynchronousErrorHandling)\n    cb();\n  }\n}\n\n/**\n * Captures errors only in super-gross mode.\n * @param err the error to capture\n */\nexport function captureError(err: any) {\n  if (config.useDeprecatedSynchronousErrorHandling && context) {\n    context.errorThrown = true;\n    context.error = err;\n  }\n}\n", "import { isFunction } from './util/isFunction';\nimport { Observer, ObservableNotification } from './types';\nimport { isSubscription, Subscription } from './Subscription';\nimport { config } from './config';\nimport { reportUnhandledError } from './util/reportUnhandledError';\nimport { noop } from './util/noop';\nimport { nextNotification, errorNotification, COMPLETE_NOTIFICATION } from './NotificationFactories';\nimport { timeoutProvider } from './scheduler/timeoutProvider';\nimport { captureError } from './util/errorContext';\n\n/**\n * Implements the {@link Observer} interface and extends the\n * {@link Subscription} class. While the {@link Observer} is the public API for\n * consuming the values of an {@link Observable}, all Observers get converted to\n * a Subscriber, in order to provide Subscription-like capabilities such as\n * `unsubscribe`. Subscriber is a common type in RxJS, and crucial for\n * implementing operators, but it is rarely used as a public API.\n *\n * @class Subscriber<T>\n */\nexport class Subscriber<T> extends Subscription implements Observer<T> {\n  /**\n   * A static factory for a Subscriber, given a (potentially partial) definition\n   * of an Observer.\n   * @param next The `next` callback of an Observer.\n   * @param error The `error` callback of an\n   * Observer.\n   * @param complete The `complete` callback of an\n   * Observer.\n   * @return A Subscriber wrapping the (partially defined)\n   * Observer represented by the given arguments.\n   * @nocollapse\n   * @deprecated Do not use. Will be removed in v8. There is no replacement for this\n   * method, and there is no reason to be creating instances of `Subscriber` directly.\n   * If you have a specific use case, please file an issue.\n   */\n  static create<T>(next?: (x?: T) => void, error?: (e?: any) => void, complete?: () => void): Subscriber<T> {\n    return new SafeSubscriber(next, error, complete);\n  }\n\n  /** @deprecated Internal implementation detail, do not use directly. Will be made internal in v8. */\n  protected isStopped: boolean = false;\n  /** @deprecated Internal implementation detail, do not use directly. Will be made internal in v8. */\n  protected destination: Subscriber<any> | Observer<any>; // this `any` is the escape hatch to erase extra type param (e.g. R)\n\n  /**\n   * @deprecated Internal implementation detail, do not use directly. Will be made internal in v8.\n   * There is no reason to directly create an instance of Subscriber. This type is exported for typings reasons.\n   */\n  constructor(destination?: Subscriber<any> | Observer<any>) {\n    super();\n    if (destination) {\n      this.destination = destination;\n      // Automatically chain subscriptions together here.\n      // if destination is a Subscription, then it is a Subscriber.\n      if (isSubscription(destination)) {\n        destination.add(this);\n      }\n    } else {\n      this.destination = EMPTY_OBSERVER;\n    }\n  }\n\n  /**\n   * The {@link Observer} callback to receive notifications of type `next` from\n   * the Observable, with a value. The Observable may call this method 0 or more\n   * times.\n   * @param {T} [value] The `next` value.\n   * @return {void}\n   */\n  next(value?: T): void {\n    if (this.isStopped) {\n      handleStoppedNotification(nextNotification(value), this);\n    } else {\n      this._next(value!);\n    }\n  }\n\n  /**\n   * The {@link Observer} callback to receive notifications of type `error` from\n   * the Observable, with an attached `Error`. Notifies the Observer that\n   * the Observable has experienced an error condition.\n   * @param {any} [err] The `error` exception.\n   * @return {void}\n   */\n  error(err?: any): void {\n    if (this.isStopped) {\n      handleStoppedNotification(errorNotification(err), this);\n    } else {\n      this.isStopped = true;\n      this._error(err);\n    }\n  }\n\n  /**\n   * The {@link Observer} callback to receive a valueless notification of type\n   * `complete` from the Observable. Notifies the Observer that the Observable\n   * has finished sending push-based notifications.\n   * @return {void}\n   */\n  complete(): void {\n    if (this.isStopped) {\n      handleStoppedNotification(COMPLETE_NOTIFICATION, this);\n    } else {\n      this.isStopped = true;\n      this._complete();\n    }\n  }\n\n  unsubscribe(): void {\n    if (!this.closed) {\n      this.isStopped = true;\n      super.unsubscribe();\n      this.destination = null!;\n    }\n  }\n\n  protected _next(value: T): void {\n    this.destination.next(value);\n  }\n\n  protected _error(err: any): void {\n    try {\n      this.destination.error(err);\n    } finally {\n      this.unsubscribe();\n    }\n  }\n\n  protected _complete(): void {\n    try {\n      this.destination.complete();\n    } finally {\n      this.unsubscribe();\n    }\n  }\n}\n\n/**\n * This bind is captured here because we want to be able to have\n * compatibility with monoid libraries that tend to use a method named\n * `bind`. In particular, a library called Monio requires this.\n */\nconst _bind = Function.prototype.bind;\n\nfunction bind<Fn extends (...args: any[]) => any>(fn: Fn, thisArg: any): Fn {\n  return _bind.call(fn, thisArg);\n}\n\n/**\n * Internal optimization only, DO NOT EXPOSE.\n * @internal\n */\nclass ConsumerObserver<T> implements Observer<T> {\n  constructor(private partialObserver: Partial<Observer<T>>) {}\n\n  next(value: T): void {\n    const { partialObserver } = this;\n    if (partialObserver.next) {\n      try {\n        partialObserver.next(value);\n      } catch (error) {\n        handleUnhandledError(error);\n      }\n    }\n  }\n\n  error(err: any): void {\n    const { partialObserver } = this;\n    if (partialObserver.error) {\n      try {\n        partialObserver.error(err);\n      } catch (error) {\n        handleUnhandledError(error);\n      }\n    } else {\n      handleUnhandledError(err);\n    }\n  }\n\n  complete(): void {\n    const { partialObserver } = this;\n    if (partialObserver.complete) {\n      try {\n        partialObserver.complete();\n      } catch (error) {\n        handleUnhandledError(error);\n      }\n    }\n  }\n}\n\nexport class SafeSubscriber<T> extends Subscriber<T> {\n  constructor(\n    observerOrNext?: Partial<Observer<T>> | ((value: T) => void) | null,\n    error?: ((e?: any) => void) | null,\n    complete?: (() => void) | null\n  ) {\n    super();\n\n    let partialObserver: Partial<Observer<T>>;\n    if (isFunction(observerOrNext) || !observerOrNext) {\n      // The first argument is a function, not an observer. The next\n      // two arguments *could* be observers, or they could be empty.\n      partialObserver = {\n        next: (observerOrNext ?? undefined) as (((value: T) => void) | undefined),\n        error: error ?? undefined,\n        complete: complete ?? undefined,\n      };\n    } else {\n      // The first argument is a partial observer.\n      let context: any;\n      if (this && config.useDeprecatedNextContext) {\n        // This is a deprecated path that made `this.unsubscribe()` available in\n        // next handler functions passed to subscribe. This only exists behind a flag\n        // now, as it is *very* slow.\n        context = Object.create(observerOrNext);\n        context.unsubscribe = () => this.unsubscribe();\n        partialObserver = {\n          next: observerOrNext.next && bind(observerOrNext.next, context),\n          error: observerOrNext.error && bind(observerOrNext.error, context),\n          complete: observerOrNext.complete && bind(observerOrNext.complete, context),\n        };\n      } else {\n        // The \"normal\" path. Just use the partial observer directly.\n        partialObserver = observerOrNext;\n      }\n    }\n\n    // Wrap the partial observer to ensure it's a full observer, and\n    // make sure proper error handling is accounted for.\n    this.destination = new ConsumerObserver(partialObserver);\n  }\n}\n\nfunction handleUnhandledError(error: any) {\n  if (config.useDeprecatedSynchronousErrorHandling) {\n    captureError(error);\n  } else {\n    // Ideal path, we report this as an unhandled error,\n    // which is thrown on a new call stack.\n    reportUnhandledError(error);\n  }\n}\n\n/**\n * An error handler used when no error handler was supplied\n * to the SafeSubscriber -- meaning no error handler was supplied\n * do the `subscribe` call on our observable.\n * @param err The error to handle\n */\nfunction defaultErrorHandler(err: any) {\n  throw err;\n}\n\n/**\n * A handler for notifications that cannot be sent to a stopped subscriber.\n * @param notification The notification being sent\n * @param subscriber The stopped subscriber\n */\nfunction handleStoppedNotification(notification: ObservableNotification<any>, subscriber: Subscriber<any>) {\n  const { onStoppedNotification } = config;\n  onStoppedNotification && timeoutProvider.setTimeout(() => onStoppedNotification(notification, subscriber));\n}\n\n/**\n * The observer used as a stub for subscriptions where the user did not\n * pass any arguments to `subscribe`. Comes with the default error handling\n * behavior.\n */\nexport const EMPTY_OBSERVER: Readonly<Observer<any>> & { closed: true } = {\n  closed: true,\n  next: noop,\n  error: defaultErrorHandler,\n  complete: noop,\n};\n", "/**\n * Symbol.observable or a string \"@@observable\". Used for interop\n *\n * @deprecated We will no longer be exporting this symbol in upcoming versions of RxJS.\n * Instead polyfill and use Symbol.observable directly *or* use https://www.npmjs.com/package/symbol-observable\n */\nexport const observable: string | symbol = (() => (typeof Symbol === 'function' && Symbol.observable) || '@@observable')();\n", "/**\n * This function takes one parameter and just returns it. Simply put,\n * this is like `<T>(x: T): T => x`.\n *\n * ## Examples\n *\n * This is useful in some cases when using things like `mergeMap`\n *\n * ```ts\n * import { interval, take, map, range, mergeMap, identity } from 'rxjs';\n *\n * const source$ = interval(1000).pipe(take(5));\n *\n * const result$ = source$.pipe(\n *   map(i => range(i)),\n *   mergeMap(identity) // same as mergeMap(x => x)\n * );\n *\n * result$.subscribe({\n *   next: console.log\n * });\n * ```\n *\n * Or when you want to selectively apply an operator\n *\n * ```ts\n * import { interval, take, identity } from 'rxjs';\n *\n * const shouldLimit = () => Math.random() < 0.5;\n *\n * const source$ = interval(1000);\n *\n * const result$ = source$.pipe(shouldLimit() ? take(5) : identity);\n *\n * result$.subscribe({\n *   next: console.log\n * });\n * ```\n *\n * @param x Any value that is returned by this function\n * @returns The value passed as the first parameter to this function\n */\nexport function identity<T>(x: T): T {\n  return x;\n}\n", "import { identity } from './identity';\nimport { UnaryFunction } from '../types';\n\nexport function pipe(): typeof identity;\nexport function pipe<T, A>(fn1: UnaryFunction<T, A>): UnaryFunction<T, A>;\nexport function pipe<T, A, B>(fn1: UnaryFunction<T, A>, fn2: UnaryFunction<A, B>): UnaryFunction<T, B>;\nexport function pipe<T, A, B, C>(fn1: UnaryFunction<T, A>, fn2: UnaryFunction<A, B>, fn3: UnaryFunction<B, C>): UnaryFunction<T, C>;\nexport function pipe<T, A, B, C, D>(\n  fn1: UnaryFunction<T, A>,\n  fn2: UnaryFunction<A, B>,\n  fn3: UnaryFunction<B, C>,\n  fn4: UnaryFunction<C, D>\n): UnaryFunction<T, D>;\nexport function pipe<T, A, B, C, D, E>(\n  fn1: UnaryFunction<T, A>,\n  fn2: UnaryFunction<A, B>,\n  fn3: UnaryFunction<B, C>,\n  fn4: UnaryFunction<C, D>,\n  fn5: UnaryFunction<D, E>\n): UnaryFunction<T, E>;\nexport function pipe<T, A, B, C, D, E, F>(\n  fn1: UnaryFunction<T, A>,\n  fn2: UnaryFunction<A, B>,\n  fn3: UnaryFunction<B, C>,\n  fn4: UnaryFunction<C, D>,\n  fn5: UnaryFunction<D, E>,\n  fn6: UnaryFunction<E, F>\n): UnaryFunction<T, F>;\nexport function pipe<T, A, B, C, D, E, F, G>(\n  fn1: UnaryFunction<T, A>,\n  fn2: UnaryFunction<A, B>,\n  fn3: UnaryFunction<B, C>,\n  fn4: UnaryFunction<C, D>,\n  fn5: UnaryFunction<D, E>,\n  fn6: UnaryFunction<E, F>,\n  fn7: UnaryFunction<F, G>\n): UnaryFunction<T, G>;\nexport function pipe<T, A, B, C, D, E, F, G, H>(\n  fn1: UnaryFunction<T, A>,\n  fn2: UnaryFunction<A, B>,\n  fn3: UnaryFunction<B, C>,\n  fn4: UnaryFunction<C, D>,\n  fn5: UnaryFunction<D, E>,\n  fn6: UnaryFunction<E, F>,\n  fn7: UnaryFunction<F, G>,\n  fn8: UnaryFunction<G, H>\n): UnaryFunction<T, H>;\nexport function pipe<T, A, B, C, D, E, F, G, H, I>(\n  fn1: UnaryFunction<T, A>,\n  fn2: UnaryFunction<A, B>,\n  fn3: UnaryFunction<B, C>,\n  fn4: UnaryFunction<C, D>,\n  fn5: UnaryFunction<D, E>,\n  fn6: UnaryFunction<E, F>,\n  fn7: UnaryFunction<F, G>,\n  fn8: UnaryFunction<G, H>,\n  fn9: UnaryFunction<H, I>\n): UnaryFunction<T, I>;\nexport function pipe<T, A, B, C, D, E, F, G, H, I>(\n  fn1: UnaryFunction<T, A>,\n  fn2: UnaryFunction<A, B>,\n  fn3: UnaryFunction<B, C>,\n  fn4: UnaryFunction<C, D>,\n  fn5: UnaryFunction<D, E>,\n  fn6: UnaryFunction<E, F>,\n  fn7: UnaryFunction<F, G>,\n  fn8: UnaryFunction<G, H>,\n  fn9: UnaryFunction<H, I>,\n  ...fns: UnaryFunction<any, any>[]\n): UnaryFunction<T, unknown>;\n\n/**\n * pipe() can be called on one or more functions, each of which can take one argument (\"UnaryFunction\")\n * and uses it to return a value.\n * It returns a function that takes one argument, passes it to the first UnaryFunction, and then\n * passes the result to the next one, passes that result to the next one, and so on.  \n */\nexport function pipe(...fns: Array<UnaryFunction<any, any>>): UnaryFunction<any, any> {\n  return pipeFromArray(fns);\n}\n\n/** @internal */\nexport function pipeFromArray<T, R>(fns: Array<UnaryFunction<T, R>>): UnaryFunction<T, R> {\n  if (fns.length === 0) {\n    return identity as UnaryFunction<any, any>;\n  }\n\n  if (fns.length === 1) {\n    return fns[0];\n  }\n\n  return function piped(input: T): R {\n    return fns.reduce((prev: any, fn: UnaryFunction<T, R>) => fn(prev), input as any);\n  };\n}\n", "import { Operator } from './Operator';\nimport { SafeSubscriber, Subscriber } from './Subscriber';\nimport { isSubscription, Subscription } from './Subscription';\nimport { TeardownLogic, OperatorFunction, Subscribable, Observer } from './types';\nimport { observable as Symbol_observable } from './symbol/observable';\nimport { pipeFromArray } from './util/pipe';\nimport { config } from './config';\nimport { isFunction } from './util/isFunction';\nimport { errorContext } from './util/errorContext';\n\n/**\n * A representation of any set of values over any amount of time. This is the most basic building block\n * of RxJS.\n *\n * @class Observable<T>\n */\nexport class Observable<T> implements Subscribable<T> {\n  /**\n   * @deprecated Internal implementation detail, do not use directly. Will be made internal in v8.\n   */\n  source: Observable<any> | undefined;\n\n  /**\n   * @deprecated Internal implementation detail, do not use directly. Will be made internal in v8.\n   */\n  operator: Operator<any, T> | undefined;\n\n  /**\n   * @constructor\n   * @param {Function} subscribe the function that is called when the Observable is\n   * initially subscribed to. This function is given a Subscriber, to which new values\n   * can be `next`ed, or an `error` method can be called to raise an error, or\n   * `complete` can be called to notify of a successful completion.\n   */\n  constructor(subscribe?: (this: Observable<T>, subscriber: Subscriber<T>) => TeardownLogic) {\n    if (subscribe) {\n      this._subscribe = subscribe;\n    }\n  }\n\n  // HACK: Since TypeScript inherits static properties too, we have to\n  // fight against TypeScript here so Subject can have a different static create signature\n  /**\n   * Creates a new Observable by calling the Observable constructor\n   * @owner Observable\n   * @method create\n   * @param {Function} subscribe? the subscriber function to be passed to the Observable constructor\n   * @return {Observable} a new observable\n   * @nocollapse\n   * @deprecated Use `new Observable()` instead. Will be removed in v8.\n   */\n  static create: (...args: any[]) => any = <T>(subscribe?: (subscriber: Subscriber<T>) => TeardownLogic) => {\n    return new Observable<T>(subscribe);\n  };\n\n  /**\n   * Creates a new Observable, with this Observable instance as the source, and the passed\n   * operator defined as the new observable's operator.\n   * @method lift\n   * @param operator the operator defining the operation to take on the observable\n   * @return a new observable with the Operator applied\n   * @deprecated Internal implementation detail, do not use directly. Will be made internal in v8.\n   * If you have implemented an operator using `lift`, it is recommended that you create an\n   * operator by simply returning `new Observable()` directly. See \"Creating new operators from\n   * scratch\" section here: https://rxjs.dev/guide/operators\n   */\n  lift<R>(operator?: Operator<T, R>): Observable<R> {\n    const observable = new Observable<R>();\n    observable.source = this;\n    observable.operator = operator;\n    return observable;\n  }\n\n  subscribe(observerOrNext?: Partial<Observer<T>> | ((value: T) => void)): Subscription;\n  /** @deprecated Instead of passing separate callback arguments, use an observer argument. Signatures taking separate callback arguments will be removed in v8. Details: https://rxjs.dev/deprecations/subscribe-arguments */\n  subscribe(next?: ((value: T) => void) | null, error?: ((error: any) => void) | null, complete?: (() => void) | null): Subscription;\n  /**\n   * Invokes an execution of an Observable and registers Observer handlers for notifications it will emit.\n   *\n   * <span class=\"informal\">Use it when you have all these Observables, but still nothing is happening.</span>\n   *\n   * `subscribe` is not a regular operator, but a method that calls Observable's internal `subscribe` function. It\n   * might be for example a function that you passed to Observable's constructor, but most of the time it is\n   * a library implementation, which defines what will be emitted by an Observable, and when it be will emitted. This means\n   * that calling `subscribe` is actually the moment when Observable starts its work, not when it is created, as it is often\n   * the thought.\n   *\n   * Apart from starting the execution of an Observable, this method allows you to listen for values\n   * that an Observable emits, as well as for when it completes or errors. You can achieve this in two\n   * of the following ways.\n   *\n   * The first way is creating an object that implements {@link Observer} interface. It should have methods\n   * defined by that interface, but note that it should be just a regular JavaScript object, which you can create\n   * yourself in any way you want (ES6 class, classic function constructor, object literal etc.). In particular, do\n   * not attempt to use any RxJS implementation details to create Observers - you don't need them. Remember also\n   * that your object does not have to implement all methods. If you find yourself creating a method that doesn't\n   * do anything, you can simply omit it. Note however, if the `error` method is not provided and an error happens,\n   * it will be thrown asynchronously. Errors thrown asynchronously cannot be caught using `try`/`catch`. Instead,\n   * use the {@link onUnhandledError} configuration option or use a runtime handler (like `window.onerror` or\n   * `process.on('error)`) to be notified of unhandled errors. Because of this, it's recommended that you provide\n   * an `error` method to avoid missing thrown errors.\n   *\n   * The second way is to give up on Observer object altogether and simply provide callback functions in place of its methods.\n   * This means you can provide three functions as arguments to `subscribe`, where the first function is equivalent\n   * of a `next` method, the second of an `error` method and the third of a `complete` method. Just as in case of an Observer,\n   * if you do not need to listen for something, you can omit a function by passing `undefined` or `null`,\n   * since `subscribe` recognizes these functions by where they were placed in function call. When it comes\n   * to the `error` function, as with an Observer, if not provided, errors emitted by an Observable will be thrown asynchronously.\n   *\n   * You can, however, subscribe with no parameters at all. This may be the case where you're not interested in terminal events\n   * and you also handled emissions internally by using operators (e.g. using `tap`).\n   *\n   * Whichever style of calling `subscribe` you use, in both cases it returns a Subscription object.\n   * This object allows you to call `unsubscribe` on it, which in turn will stop the work that an Observable does and will clean\n   * up all resources that an Observable used. Note that cancelling a subscription will not call `complete` callback\n   * provided to `subscribe` function, which is reserved for a regular completion signal that comes from an Observable.\n   *\n   * Remember that callbacks provided to `subscribe` are not guaranteed to be called asynchronously.\n   * It is an Observable itself that decides when these functions will be called. For example {@link of}\n   * by default emits all its values synchronously. Always check documentation for how given Observable\n   * will behave when subscribed and if its default behavior can be modified with a `scheduler`.\n   *\n   * #### Examples\n   *\n   * Subscribe with an {@link guide/observer Observer}\n   *\n   * ```ts\n   * import { of } from 'rxjs';\n   *\n   * const sumObserver = {\n   *   sum: 0,\n   *   next(value) {\n   *     console.log('Adding: ' + value);\n   *     this.sum = this.sum + value;\n   *   },\n   *   error() {\n   *     // We actually could just remove this method,\n   *     // since we do not really care about errors right now.\n   *   },\n   *   complete() {\n   *     console.log('Sum equals: ' + this.sum);\n   *   }\n   * };\n   *\n   * of(1, 2, 3) // Synchronously emits 1, 2, 3 and then completes.\n   *   .subscribe(sumObserver);\n   *\n   * // Logs:\n   * // 'Adding: 1'\n   * // 'Adding: 2'\n   * // 'Adding: 3'\n   * // 'Sum equals: 6'\n   * ```\n   *\n   * Subscribe with functions ({@link deprecations/subscribe-arguments deprecated})\n   *\n   * ```ts\n   * import { of } from 'rxjs'\n   *\n   * let sum = 0;\n   *\n   * of(1, 2, 3).subscribe(\n   *   value => {\n   *     console.log('Adding: ' + value);\n   *     sum = sum + value;\n   *   },\n   *   undefined,\n   *   () => console.log('Sum equals: ' + sum)\n   * );\n   *\n   * // Logs:\n   * // 'Adding: 1'\n   * // 'Adding: 2'\n   * // 'Adding: 3'\n   * // 'Sum equals: 6'\n   * ```\n   *\n   * Cancel a subscription\n   *\n   * ```ts\n   * import { interval } from 'rxjs';\n   *\n   * const subscription = interval(1000).subscribe({\n   *   next(num) {\n   *     console.log(num)\n   *   },\n   *   complete() {\n   *     // Will not be called, even when cancelling subscription.\n   *     console.log('completed!');\n   *   }\n   * });\n   *\n   * setTimeout(() => {\n   *   subscription.unsubscribe();\n   *   console.log('unsubscribed!');\n   * }, 2500);\n   *\n   * // Logs:\n   * // 0 after 1s\n   * // 1 after 2s\n   * // 'unsubscribed!' after 2.5s\n   * ```\n   *\n   * @param {Observer|Function} observerOrNext (optional) Either an observer with methods to be called,\n   * or the first of three possible handlers, which is the handler for each value emitted from the subscribed\n   * Observable.\n   * @param {Function} error (optional) A handler for a terminal event resulting from an error. If no error handler is provided,\n   * the error will be thrown asynchronously as unhandled.\n   * @param {Function} complete (optional) A handler for a terminal event resulting from successful completion.\n   * @return {Subscription} a subscription reference to the registered handlers\n   * @method subscribe\n   */\n  subscribe(\n    observerOrNext?: Partial<Observer<T>> | ((value: T) => void) | null,\n    error?: ((error: any) => void) | null,\n    complete?: (() => void) | null\n  ): Subscription {\n    const subscriber = isSubscriber(observerOrNext) ? observerOrNext : new SafeSubscriber(observerOrNext, error, complete);\n\n    errorContext(() => {\n      const { operator, source } = this;\n      subscriber.add(\n        operator\n          ? // We're dealing with a subscription in the\n            // operator chain to one of our lifted operators.\n            operator.call(subscriber, source)\n          : source\n          ? // If `source` has a value, but `operator` does not, something that\n            // had intimate knowledge of our API, like our `Subject`, must have\n            // set it. We're going to just call `_subscribe` directly.\n            this._subscribe(subscriber)\n          : // In all other cases, we're likely wrapping a user-provided initializer\n            // function, so we need to catch errors and handle them appropriately.\n            this._trySubscribe(subscriber)\n      );\n    });\n\n    return subscriber;\n  }\n\n  /** @internal */\n  protected _trySubscribe(sink: Subscriber<T>): TeardownLogic {\n    try {\n      return this._subscribe(sink);\n    } catch (err) {\n      // We don't need to return anything in this case,\n      // because it's just going to try to `add()` to a subscription\n      // above.\n      sink.error(err);\n    }\n  }\n\n  /**\n   * Used as a NON-CANCELLABLE means of subscribing to an observable, for use with\n   * APIs that expect promises, like `async/await`. You cannot unsubscribe from this.\n   *\n   * **WARNING**: Only use this with observables you *know* will complete. If the source\n   * observable does not complete, you will end up with a promise that is hung up, and\n   * potentially all of the state of an async function hanging out in memory. To avoid\n   * this situation, look into adding something like {@link timeout}, {@link take},\n   * {@link takeWhile}, or {@link takeUntil} amongst others.\n   *\n   * #### Example\n   *\n   * ```ts\n   * import { interval, take } from 'rxjs';\n   *\n   * const source$ = interval(1000).pipe(take(4));\n   *\n   * async function getTotal() {\n   *   let total = 0;\n   *\n   *   await source$.forEach(value => {\n   *     total += value;\n   *     console.log('observable -> ' + value);\n   *   });\n   *\n   *   return total;\n   * }\n   *\n   * getTotal().then(\n   *   total => console.log('Total: ' + total)\n   * );\n   *\n   * // Expected:\n   * // 'observable -> 0'\n   * // 'observable -> 1'\n   * // 'observable -> 2'\n   * // 'observable -> 3'\n   * // 'Total: 6'\n   * ```\n   *\n   * @param next a handler for each value emitted by the observable\n   * @return a promise that either resolves on observable completion or\n   *  rejects with the handled error\n   */\n  forEach(next: (value: T) => void): Promise<void>;\n\n  /**\n   * @param next a handler for each value emitted by the observable\n   * @param promiseCtor a constructor function used to instantiate the Promise\n   * @return a promise that either resolves on observable completion or\n   *  rejects with the handled error\n   * @deprecated Passing a Promise constructor will no longer be available\n   * in upcoming versions of RxJS. This is because it adds weight to the library, for very\n   * little benefit. If you need this functionality, it is recommended that you either\n   * polyfill Promise, or you create an adapter to convert the returned native promise\n   * to whatever promise implementation you wanted. Will be removed in v8.\n   */\n  forEach(next: (value: T) => void, promiseCtor: PromiseConstructorLike): Promise<void>;\n\n  forEach(next: (value: T) => void, promiseCtor?: PromiseConstructorLike): Promise<void> {\n    promiseCtor = getPromiseCtor(promiseCtor);\n\n    return new promiseCtor<void>((resolve, reject) => {\n      const subscriber = new SafeSubscriber<T>({\n        next: (value) => {\n          try {\n            next(value);\n          } catch (err) {\n            reject(err);\n            subscriber.unsubscribe();\n          }\n        },\n        error: reject,\n        complete: resolve,\n      });\n      this.subscribe(subscriber);\n    }) as Promise<void>;\n  }\n\n  /** @internal */\n  protected _subscribe(subscriber: Subscriber<any>): TeardownLogic {\n    return this.source?.subscribe(subscriber);\n  }\n\n  /**\n   * An interop point defined by the es7-observable spec https://github.com/zenparsing/es-observable\n   * @method Symbol.observable\n   * @return {Observable} this instance of the observable\n   */\n  [Symbol_observable]() {\n    return this;\n  }\n\n  /* tslint:disable:max-line-length */\n  pipe(): Observable<T>;\n  pipe<A>(op1: OperatorFunction<T, A>): Observable<A>;\n  pipe<A, B>(op1: OperatorFunction<T, A>, op2: OperatorFunction<A, B>): Observable<B>;\n  pipe<A, B, C>(op1: OperatorFunction<T, A>, op2: OperatorFunction<A, B>, op3: OperatorFunction<B, C>): Observable<C>;\n  pipe<A, B, C, D>(\n    op1: OperatorFunction<T, A>,\n    op2: OperatorFunction<A, B>,\n    op3: OperatorFunction<B, C>,\n    op4: OperatorFunction<C, D>\n  ): Observable<D>;\n  pipe<A, B, C, D, E>(\n    op1: OperatorFunction<T, A>,\n    op2: OperatorFunction<A, B>,\n    op3: OperatorFunction<B, C>,\n    op4: OperatorFunction<C, D>,\n    op5: OperatorFunction<D, E>\n  ): Observable<E>;\n  pipe<A, B, C, D, E, F>(\n    op1: OperatorFunction<T, A>,\n    op2: OperatorFunction<A, B>,\n    op3: OperatorFunction<B, C>,\n    op4: OperatorFunction<C, D>,\n    op5: OperatorFunction<D, E>,\n    op6: OperatorFunction<E, F>\n  ): Observable<F>;\n  pipe<A, B, C, D, E, F, G>(\n    op1: OperatorFunction<T, A>,\n    op2: OperatorFunction<A, B>,\n    op3: OperatorFunction<B, C>,\n    op4: OperatorFunction<C, D>,\n    op5: OperatorFunction<D, E>,\n    op6: OperatorFunction<E, F>,\n    op7: OperatorFunction<F, G>\n  ): Observable<G>;\n  pipe<A, B, C, D, E, F, G, H>(\n    op1: OperatorFunction<T, A>,\n    op2: OperatorFunction<A, B>,\n    op3: OperatorFunction<B, C>,\n    op4: OperatorFunction<C, D>,\n    op5: OperatorFunction<D, E>,\n    op6: OperatorFunction<E, F>,\n    op7: OperatorFunction<F, G>,\n    op8: OperatorFunction<G, H>\n  ): Observable<H>;\n  pipe<A, B, C, D, E, F, G, H, I>(\n    op1: OperatorFunction<T, A>,\n    op2: OperatorFunction<A, B>,\n    op3: OperatorFunction<B, C>,\n    op4: OperatorFunction<C, D>,\n    op5: OperatorFunction<D, E>,\n    op6: OperatorFunction<E, F>,\n    op7: OperatorFunction<F, G>,\n    op8: OperatorFunction<G, H>,\n    op9: OperatorFunction<H, I>\n  ): Observable<I>;\n  pipe<A, B, C, D, E, F, G, H, I>(\n    op1: OperatorFunction<T, A>,\n    op2: OperatorFunction<A, B>,\n    op3: OperatorFunction<B, C>,\n    op4: OperatorFunction<C, D>,\n    op5: OperatorFunction<D, E>,\n    op6: OperatorFunction<E, F>,\n    op7: OperatorFunction<F, G>,\n    op8: OperatorFunction<G, H>,\n    op9: OperatorFunction<H, I>,\n    ...operations: OperatorFunction<any, any>[]\n  ): Observable<unknown>;\n  /* tslint:enable:max-line-length */\n\n  /**\n   * Used to stitch together functional operators into a chain.\n   * @method pipe\n   * @return {Observable} the Observable result of all of the operators having\n   * been called in the order they were passed in.\n   *\n   * ## Example\n   *\n   * ```ts\n   * import { interval, filter, map, scan } from 'rxjs';\n   *\n   * interval(1000)\n   *   .pipe(\n   *     filter(x => x % 2 === 0),\n   *     map(x => x + x),\n   *     scan((acc, x) => acc + x)\n   *   )\n   *   .subscribe(x => console.log(x));\n   * ```\n   */\n  pipe(...operations: OperatorFunction<any, any>[]): Observable<any> {\n    return pipeFromArray(operations)(this);\n  }\n\n  /* tslint:disable:max-line-length */\n  /** @deprecated Replaced with {@link firstValueFrom} and {@link lastValueFrom}. Will be removed in v8. Details: https://rxjs.dev/deprecations/to-promise */\n  toPromise(): Promise<T | undefined>;\n  /** @deprecated Replaced with {@link firstValueFrom} and {@link lastValueFrom}. Will be removed in v8. Details: https://rxjs.dev/deprecations/to-promise */\n  toPromise(PromiseCtor: typeof Promise): Promise<T | undefined>;\n  /** @deprecated Replaced with {@link firstValueFrom} and {@link lastValueFrom}. Will be removed in v8. Details: https://rxjs.dev/deprecations/to-promise */\n  toPromise(PromiseCtor: PromiseConstructorLike): Promise<T | undefined>;\n  /* tslint:enable:max-line-length */\n\n  /**\n   * Subscribe to this Observable and get a Promise resolving on\n   * `complete` with the last emission (if any).\n   *\n   * **WARNING**: Only use this with observables you *know* will complete. If the source\n   * observable does not complete, you will end up with a promise that is hung up, and\n   * potentially all of the state of an async function hanging out in memory. To avoid\n   * this situation, look into adding something like {@link timeout}, {@link take},\n   * {@link takeWhile}, or {@link takeUntil} amongst others.\n   *\n   * @method toPromise\n   * @param [promiseCtor] a constructor function used to instantiate\n   * the Promise\n   * @return A Promise that resolves with the last value emit, or\n   * rejects on an error. If there were no emissions, Promise\n   * resolves with undefined.\n   * @deprecated Replaced with {@link firstValueFrom} and {@link lastValueFrom}. Will be removed in v8. Details: https://rxjs.dev/deprecations/to-promise\n   */\n  toPromise(promiseCtor?: PromiseConstructorLike): Promise<T | undefined> {\n    promiseCtor = getPromiseCtor(promiseCtor);\n\n    return new promiseCtor((resolve, reject) => {\n      let value: T | undefined;\n      this.subscribe(\n        (x: T) => (value = x),\n        (err: any) => reject(err),\n        () => resolve(value)\n      );\n    }) as Promise<T | undefined>;\n  }\n}\n\n/**\n * Decides between a passed promise constructor from consuming code,\n * A default configured promise constructor, and the native promise\n * constructor and returns it. If nothing can be found, it will throw\n * an error.\n * @param promiseCtor The optional promise constructor to passed by consuming code\n */\nfunction getPromiseCtor(promiseCtor: PromiseConstructorLike | undefined) {\n  return promiseCtor ?? config.Promise ?? Promise;\n}\n\nfunction isObserver<T>(value: any): value is Observer<T> {\n  return value && isFunction(value.next) && isFunction(value.error) && isFunction(value.complete);\n}\n\nfunction isSubscriber<T>(value: any): value is Subscriber<T> {\n  return (value && value instanceof Subscriber) || (isObserver(value) && isSubscription(value));\n}\n", "import { Observable } from '../Observable';\nimport { Subscriber } from '../Subscriber';\nimport { OperatorFunction } from '../types';\nimport { isFunction } from './isFunction';\n\n/**\n * Used to determine if an object is an Observable with a lift function.\n */\nexport function hasLift(source: any): source is { lift: InstanceType<typeof Observable>['lift'] } {\n  return isFunction(source?.lift);\n}\n\n/**\n * Creates an `OperatorFunction`. Used to define operators throughout the library in a concise way.\n * @param init The logic to connect the liftedSource to the subscriber at the moment of subscription.\n */\nexport function operate<T, R>(\n  init: (liftedSource: Observable<T>, subscriber: Subscriber<R>) => (() => void) | void\n): OperatorFunction<T, R> {\n  return (source: Observable<T>) => {\n    if (hasLift(source)) {\n      return source.lift(function (this: Subscriber<R>, liftedSource: Observable<T>) {\n        try {\n          return init(liftedSource, this);\n        } catch (err) {\n          this.error(err);\n        }\n      });\n    }\n    throw new TypeError('Unable to lift unknown Observable type');\n  };\n}\n", "import { Subscriber } from '../Subscriber';\n\n/**\n * Creates an instance of an `OperatorSubscriber`.\n * @param destination The downstream subscriber.\n * @param onNext Handles next values, only called if this subscriber is not stopped or closed. Any\n * error that occurs in this function is caught and sent to the `error` method of this subscriber.\n * @param onError Handles errors from the subscription, any errors that occur in this handler are caught\n * and send to the `destination` error handler.\n * @param onComplete Handles completion notification from the subscription. Any errors that occur in\n * this handler are sent to the `destination` error handler.\n * @param onFinalize Additional teardown logic here. This will only be called on teardown if the\n * subscriber itself is not already closed. This is called after all other teardown logic is executed.\n */\nexport function createOperatorSubscriber<T>(\n  destination: Subscriber<any>,\n  onNext?: (value: T) => void,\n  onComplete?: () => void,\n  onError?: (err: any) => void,\n  onFinalize?: () => void\n): Subscriber<T> {\n  return new OperatorSubscriber(destination, onNext, onComplete, onError, onFinalize);\n}\n\n/**\n * A generic helper for allowing operators to be created with a Subscriber and\n * use closures to capture necessary state from the operator function itself.\n */\nexport class OperatorSubscriber<T> extends Subscriber<T> {\n  /**\n   * Creates an instance of an `OperatorSubscriber`.\n   * @param destination The downstream subscriber.\n   * @param onNext Handles next values, only called if this subscriber is not stopped or closed. Any\n   * error that occurs in this function is caught and sent to the `error` method of this subscriber.\n   * @param onError Handles errors from the subscription, any errors that occur in this handler are caught\n   * and send to the `destination` error handler.\n   * @param onComplete Handles completion notification from the subscription. Any errors that occur in\n   * this handler are sent to the `destination` error handler.\n   * @param onFinalize Additional finalization logic here. This will only be called on finalization if the\n   * subscriber itself is not already closed. This is called after all other finalization logic is executed.\n   * @param shouldUnsubscribe An optional check to see if an unsubscribe call should truly unsubscribe.\n   * NOTE: This currently **ONLY** exists to support the strange behavior of {@link groupBy}, where unsubscription\n   * to the resulting observable does not actually disconnect from the source if there are active subscriptions\n   * to any grouped observable. (DO NOT EXPOSE OR USE EXTERNALLY!!!)\n   */\n  constructor(\n    destination: Subscriber<any>,\n    onNext?: (value: T) => void,\n    onComplete?: () => void,\n    onError?: (err: any) => void,\n    private onFinalize?: () => void,\n    private shouldUnsubscribe?: () => boolean\n  ) {\n    // It's important - for performance reasons - that all of this class's\n    // members are initialized and that they are always initialized in the same\n    // order. This will ensure that all OperatorSubscriber instances have the\n    // same hidden class in V8. This, in turn, will help keep the number of\n    // hidden classes involved in property accesses within the base class as\n    // low as possible. If the number of hidden classes involved exceeds four,\n    // the property accesses will become megamorphic and performance penalties\n    // will be incurred - i.e. inline caches won't be used.\n    //\n    // The reasons for ensuring all instances have the same hidden class are\n    // further discussed in this blog post from Benedikt Meurer:\n    // https://benediktmeurer.de/2018/03/23/impact-of-polymorphism-on-component-based-frameworks-like-react/\n    super(destination);\n    this._next = onNext\n      ? function (this: OperatorSubscriber<T>, value: T) {\n          try {\n            onNext(value);\n          } catch (err) {\n            destination.error(err);\n          }\n        }\n      : super._next;\n    this._error = onError\n      ? function (this: OperatorSubscriber<T>, err: any) {\n          try {\n            onError(err);\n          } catch (err) {\n            // Send any errors that occur down stream.\n            destination.error(err);\n          } finally {\n            // Ensure finalization.\n            this.unsubscribe();\n          }\n        }\n      : super._error;\n    this._complete = onComplete\n      ? function (this: OperatorSubscriber<T>) {\n          try {\n            onComplete();\n          } catch (err) {\n            // Send any errors that occur down stream.\n            destination.error(err);\n          } finally {\n            // Ensure finalization.\n            this.unsubscribe();\n          }\n        }\n      : super._complete;\n  }\n\n  unsubscribe() {\n    if (!this.shouldUnsubscribe || this.shouldUnsubscribe()) {\n      const { closed } = this;\n      super.unsubscribe();\n      // Execute additional teardown if we have any and we didn't already do so.\n      !closed && this.onFinalize?.();\n    }\n  }\n}\n", "import { Subscription } from '../Subscription';\n\ninterface AnimationFrameProvider {\n  schedule(callback: FrameRequestCallback): Subscription;\n  requestAnimationFrame: typeof requestAnimationFrame;\n  cancelAnimationFrame: typeof cancelAnimationFrame;\n  delegate:\n    | {\n        requestAnimationFrame: typeof requestAnimationFrame;\n        cancelAnimationFrame: typeof cancelAnimationFrame;\n      }\n    | undefined;\n}\n\nexport const animationFrameProvider: AnimationFrameProvider = {\n  // When accessing the delegate, use the variable rather than `this` so that\n  // the functions can be called without being bound to the provider.\n  schedule(callback) {\n    let request = requestAnimationFrame;\n    let cancel: typeof cancelAnimationFrame | undefined = cancelAnimationFrame;\n    const { delegate } = animationFrameProvider;\n    if (delegate) {\n      request = delegate.requestAnimationFrame;\n      cancel = delegate.cancelAnimationFrame;\n    }\n    const handle = request((timestamp) => {\n      // Clear the cancel function. The request has been fulfilled, so\n      // attempting to cancel the request upon unsubscription would be\n      // pointless.\n      cancel = undefined;\n      callback(timestamp);\n    });\n    return new Subscription(() => cancel?.(handle));\n  },\n  requestAnimationFrame(...args) {\n    const { delegate } = animationFrameProvider;\n    return (delegate?.requestAnimationFrame || requestAnimationFrame)(...args);\n  },\n  cancelAnimationFrame(...args) {\n    const { delegate } = animationFrameProvider;\n    return (delegate?.cancelAnimationFrame || cancelAnimationFrame)(...args);\n  },\n  delegate: undefined,\n};\n", "import { createErrorClass } from './createErrorClass';\n\nexport interface ObjectUnsubscribedError extends Error {}\n\nexport interface ObjectUnsubscribedErrorCtor {\n  /**\n   * @deprecated Internal implementation detail. Do not construct error instances.\n   * Cannot be tagged as internal: https://github.com/ReactiveX/rxjs/issues/6269\n   */\n  new (): ObjectUnsubscribedError;\n}\n\n/**\n * An error thrown when an action is invalid because the object has been\n * unsubscribed.\n *\n * @see {@link Subject}\n * @see {@link BehaviorSubject}\n *\n * @class ObjectUnsubscribedError\n */\nexport const ObjectUnsubscribedError: ObjectUnsubscribedErrorCtor = createErrorClass(\n  (_super) =>\n    function ObjectUnsubscribedErrorImpl(this: any) {\n      _super(this);\n      this.name = 'ObjectUnsubscribedError';\n      this.message = 'object unsubscribed';\n    }\n);\n", "import { Operator } from './Operator';\nimport { Observable } from './Observable';\nimport { Subscriber } from './Subscriber';\nimport { Subscription, EMPTY_SUBSCRIPTION } from './Subscription';\nimport { Observer, SubscriptionLike, TeardownLogic } from './types';\nimport { ObjectUnsubscribedError } from './util/ObjectUnsubscribedError';\nimport { arrRemove } from './util/arrRemove';\nimport { errorContext } from './util/errorContext';\n\n/**\n * A Subject is a special type of Observable that allows values to be\n * multicasted to many Observers. Subjects are like EventEmitters.\n *\n * Every Subject is an Observable and an Observer. You can subscribe to a\n * Subject, and you can call next to feed values as well as error and complete.\n */\nexport class Subject<T> extends Observable<T> implements SubscriptionLike {\n  closed = false;\n\n  private currentObservers: Observer<T>[] | null = null;\n\n  /** @deprecated Internal implementation detail, do not use directly. Will be made internal in v8. */\n  observers: Observer<T>[] = [];\n  /** @deprecated Internal implementation detail, do not use directly. Will be made internal in v8. */\n  isStopped = false;\n  /** @deprecated Internal implementation detail, do not use directly. Will be made internal in v8. */\n  hasError = false;\n  /** @deprecated Internal implementation detail, do not use directly. Will be made internal in v8. */\n  thrownError: any = null;\n\n  /**\n   * Creates a \"subject\" by basically gluing an observer to an observable.\n   *\n   * @nocollapse\n   * @deprecated Recommended you do not use. Will be removed at some point in the future. Plans for replacement still under discussion.\n   */\n  static create: (...args: any[]) => any = <T>(destination: Observer<T>, source: Observable<T>): AnonymousSubject<T> => {\n    return new AnonymousSubject<T>(destination, source);\n  };\n\n  constructor() {\n    // NOTE: This must be here to obscure Observable's constructor.\n    super();\n  }\n\n  /** @deprecated Internal implementation detail, do not use directly. Will be made internal in v8. */\n  lift<R>(operator: Operator<T, R>): Observable<R> {\n    const subject = new AnonymousSubject(this, this);\n    subject.operator = operator as any;\n    return subject as any;\n  }\n\n  /** @internal */\n  protected _throwIfClosed() {\n    if (this.closed) {\n      throw new ObjectUnsubscribedError();\n    }\n  }\n\n  next(value: T) {\n    errorContext(() => {\n      this._throwIfClosed();\n      if (!this.isStopped) {\n        if (!this.currentObservers) {\n          this.currentObservers = Array.from(this.observers);\n        }\n        for (const observer of this.currentObservers) {\n          observer.next(value);\n        }\n      }\n    });\n  }\n\n  error(err: any) {\n    errorContext(() => {\n      this._throwIfClosed();\n      if (!this.isStopped) {\n        this.hasError = this.isStopped = true;\n        this.thrownError = err;\n        const { observers } = this;\n        while (observers.length) {\n          observers.shift()!.error(err);\n        }\n      }\n    });\n  }\n\n  complete() {\n    errorContext(() => {\n      this._throwIfClosed();\n      if (!this.isStopped) {\n        this.isStopped = true;\n        const { observers } = this;\n        while (observers.length) {\n          observers.shift()!.complete();\n        }\n      }\n    });\n  }\n\n  unsubscribe() {\n    this.isStopped = this.closed = true;\n    this.observers = this.currentObservers = null!;\n  }\n\n  get observed() {\n    return this.observers?.length > 0;\n  }\n\n  /** @internal */\n  protected _trySubscribe(subscriber: Subscriber<T>): TeardownLogic {\n    this._throwIfClosed();\n    return super._trySubscribe(subscriber);\n  }\n\n  /** @internal */\n  protected _subscribe(subscriber: Subscriber<T>): Subscription {\n    this._throwIfClosed();\n    this._checkFinalizedStatuses(subscriber);\n    return this._innerSubscribe(subscriber);\n  }\n\n  /** @internal */\n  protected _innerSubscribe(subscriber: Subscriber<any>) {\n    const { hasError, isStopped, observers } = this;\n    if (hasError || isStopped) {\n      return EMPTY_SUBSCRIPTION;\n    }\n    this.currentObservers = null;\n    observers.push(subscriber);\n    return new Subscription(() => {\n      this.currentObservers = null;\n      arrRemove(observers, subscriber);\n    });\n  }\n\n  /** @internal */\n  protected _checkFinalizedStatuses(subscriber: Subscriber<any>) {\n    const { hasError, thrownError, isStopped } = this;\n    if (hasError) {\n      subscriber.error(thrownError);\n    } else if (isStopped) {\n      subscriber.complete();\n    }\n  }\n\n  /**\n   * Creates a new Observable with this Subject as the source. You can do this\n   * to create custom Observer-side logic of the Subject and conceal it from\n   * code that uses the Observable.\n   * @return {Observable} Observable that the Subject casts to\n   */\n  asObservable(): Observable<T> {\n    const observable: any = new Observable<T>();\n    observable.source = this;\n    return observable;\n  }\n}\n\n/**\n * @class AnonymousSubject<T>\n */\nexport class AnonymousSubject<T> extends Subject<T> {\n  constructor(\n    /** @deprecated Internal implementation detail, do not use directly. Will be made internal in v8. */\n    public destination?: Observer<T>,\n    source?: Observable<T>\n  ) {\n    super();\n    this.source = source;\n  }\n\n  next(value: T) {\n    this.destination?.next?.(value);\n  }\n\n  error(err: any) {\n    this.destination?.error?.(err);\n  }\n\n  complete() {\n    this.destination?.complete?.();\n  }\n\n  /** @internal */\n  protected _subscribe(subscriber: Subscriber<T>): Subscription {\n    return this.source?.subscribe(subscriber) ?? EMPTY_SUBSCRIPTION;\n  }\n}\n", "import { Subject } from './Subject';\nimport { Subscriber } from './Subscriber';\nimport { Subscription } from './Subscription';\n\n/**\n * A variant of Subject that requires an initial value and emits its current\n * value whenever it is subscribed to.\n *\n * @class BehaviorSubject<T>\n */\nexport class BehaviorSubject<T> extends Subject<T> {\n  constructor(private _value: T) {\n    super();\n  }\n\n  get value(): T {\n    return this.getValue();\n  }\n\n  /** @internal */\n  protected _subscribe(subscriber: Subscriber<T>): Subscription {\n    const subscription = super._subscribe(subscriber);\n    !subscription.closed && subscriber.next(this._value);\n    return subscription;\n  }\n\n  getValue(): T {\n    const { hasError, thrownError, _value } = this;\n    if (hasError) {\n      throw thrownError;\n    }\n    this._throwIfClosed();\n    return _value;\n  }\n\n  next(value: T): void {\n    super.next((this._value = value));\n  }\n}\n", "import { TimestampProvider } from '../types';\n\ninterface DateTimestampProvider extends TimestampProvider {\n  delegate: TimestampProvider | undefined;\n}\n\nexport const dateTimestampProvider: DateTimestampProvider = {\n  now() {\n    // Use the variable rather than `this` so that the function can be called\n    // without being bound to the provider.\n    return (dateTimestampProvider.delegate || Date).now();\n  },\n  delegate: undefined,\n};\n", "import { Subject } from './Subject';\nimport { TimestampProvider } from './types';\nimport { Subscriber } from './Subscriber';\nimport { Subscription } from './Subscription';\nimport { dateTimestampProvider } from './scheduler/dateTimestampProvider';\n\n/**\n * A variant of {@link Subject} that \"replays\" old values to new subscribers by emitting them when they first subscribe.\n *\n * `ReplaySubject` has an internal buffer that will store a specified number of values that it has observed. Like `Subject`,\n * `ReplaySubject` \"observes\" values by having them passed to its `next` method. When it observes a value, it will store that\n * value for a time determined by the configuration of the `ReplaySubject`, as passed to its constructor.\n *\n * When a new subscriber subscribes to the `ReplaySubject` instance, it will synchronously emit all values in its buffer in\n * a First-In-First-Out (FIFO) manner. The `ReplaySubject` will also complete, if it has observed completion; and it will\n * error if it has observed an error.\n *\n * There are two main configuration items to be concerned with:\n *\n * 1. `bufferSize` - This will determine how many items are stored in the buffer, defaults to infinite.\n * 2. `windowTime` - The amount of time to hold a value in the buffer before removing it from the buffer.\n *\n * Both configurations may exist simultaneously. So if you would like to buffer a maximum of 3 values, as long as the values\n * are less than 2 seconds old, you could do so with a `new ReplaySubject(3, 2000)`.\n *\n * ### Differences with BehaviorSubject\n *\n * `BehaviorSubject` is similar to `new ReplaySubject(1)`, with a couple of exceptions:\n *\n * 1. `BehaviorSubject` comes \"primed\" with a single value upon construction.\n * 2. `ReplaySubject` will replay values, even after observing an error, where `BehaviorSubject` will not.\n *\n * @see {@link Subject}\n * @see {@link BehaviorSubject}\n * @see {@link shareReplay}\n */\nexport class ReplaySubject<T> extends Subject<T> {\n  private _buffer: (T | number)[] = [];\n  private _infiniteTimeWindow = true;\n\n  /**\n   * @param bufferSize The size of the buffer to replay on subscription\n   * @param windowTime The amount of time the buffered items will stay buffered\n   * @param timestampProvider An object with a `now()` method that provides the current timestamp. This is used to\n   * calculate the amount of time something has been buffered.\n   */\n  constructor(\n    private _bufferSize = Infinity,\n    private _windowTime = Infinity,\n    private _timestampProvider: TimestampProvider = dateTimestampProvider\n  ) {\n    super();\n    this._infiniteTimeWindow = _windowTime === Infinity;\n    this._bufferSize = Math.max(1, _bufferSize);\n    this._windowTime = Math.max(1, _windowTime);\n  }\n\n  next(value: T): void {\n    const { isStopped, _buffer, _infiniteTimeWindow, _timestampProvider, _windowTime } = this;\n    if (!isStopped) {\n      _buffer.push(value);\n      !_infiniteTimeWindow && _buffer.push(_timestampProvider.now() + _windowTime);\n    }\n    this._trimBuffer();\n    super.next(value);\n  }\n\n  /** @internal */\n  protected _subscribe(subscriber: Subscriber<T>): Subscription {\n    this._throwIfClosed();\n    this._trimBuffer();\n\n    const subscription = this._innerSubscribe(subscriber);\n\n    const { _infiniteTimeWindow, _buffer } = this;\n    // We use a copy here, so reentrant code does not mutate our array while we're\n    // emitting it to a new subscriber.\n    const copy = _buffer.slice();\n    for (let i = 0; i < copy.length && !subscriber.closed; i += _infiniteTimeWindow ? 1 : 2) {\n      subscriber.next(copy[i] as T);\n    }\n\n    this._checkFinalizedStatuses(subscriber);\n\n    return subscription;\n  }\n\n  private _trimBuffer() {\n    const { _bufferSize, _timestampProvider, _buffer, _infiniteTimeWindow } = this;\n    // If we don't have an infinite buffer size, and we're over the length,\n    // use splice to truncate the old buffer values off. Note that we have to\n    // double the size for instances where we're not using an infinite time window\n    // because we're storing the values and the timestamps in the same array.\n    const adjustedBufferSize = (_infiniteTimeWindow ? 1 : 2) * _bufferSize;\n    _bufferSize < Infinity && adjustedBufferSize < _buffer.length && _buffer.splice(0, _buffer.length - adjustedBufferSize);\n\n    // Now, if we're not in an infinite time window, remove all values where the time is\n    // older than what is allowed.\n    if (!_infiniteTimeWindow) {\n      const now = _timestampProvider.now();\n      let last = 0;\n      // Search the array for the first timestamp that isn't expired and\n      // truncate the buffer up to that point.\n      for (let i = 1; i < _buffer.length && (_buffer[i] as number) <= now; i += 2) {\n        last = i;\n      }\n      last && _buffer.splice(0, last + 1);\n    }\n  }\n}\n", "import { Scheduler } from '../Scheduler';\nimport { Subscription } from '../Subscription';\nimport { SchedulerAction } from '../types';\n\n/**\n * A unit of work to be executed in a `scheduler`. An action is typically\n * created from within a {@link SchedulerLike} and an RxJS user does not need to concern\n * themselves about creating and manipulating an Action.\n *\n * ```ts\n * class Action<T> extends Subscription {\n *   new (scheduler: Scheduler, work: (state?: T) => void);\n *   schedule(state?: T, delay: number = 0): Subscription;\n * }\n * ```\n *\n * @class Action<T>\n */\nexport class Action<T> extends Subscription {\n  constructor(scheduler: Scheduler, work: (this: SchedulerAction<T>, state?: T) => void) {\n    super();\n  }\n  /**\n   * Schedules this action on its parent {@link SchedulerLike} for execution. May be passed\n   * some context object, `state`. May happen at some point in the future,\n   * according to the `delay` parameter, if specified.\n   * @param {T} [state] Some contextual data that the `work` function uses when\n   * called by the Scheduler.\n   * @param {number} [delay] Time to wait before executing the work, where the\n   * time unit is implicit and defined by the Scheduler.\n   * @return {void}\n   */\n  public schedule(state?: T, delay: number = 0): Subscription {\n    return this;\n  }\n}\n", "import type { TimerHandle } from './timerHandle';\ntype SetIntervalFunction = (handler: () => void, timeout?: number, ...args: any[]) => TimerHandle;\ntype ClearIntervalFunction = (handle: TimerHandle) => void;\n\ninterface IntervalProvider {\n  setInterval: SetIntervalFunction;\n  clearInterval: ClearIntervalFunction;\n  delegate:\n    | {\n        setInterval: SetIntervalFunction;\n        clearInterval: ClearIntervalFunction;\n      }\n    | undefined;\n}\n\nexport const intervalProvider: IntervalProvider = {\n  // When accessing the delegate, use the variable rather than `this` so that\n  // the functions can be called without being bound to the provider.\n  setInterval(handler: () => void, timeout?: number, ...args) {\n    const { delegate } = intervalProvider;\n    if (delegate?.setInterval) {\n      return delegate.setInterval(handler, timeout, ...args);\n    }\n    return setInterval(handler, timeout, ...args);\n  },\n  clearInterval(handle) {\n    const { delegate } = intervalProvider;\n    return (delegate?.clearInterval || clearInterval)(handle as any);\n  },\n  delegate: undefined,\n};\n", "import { Action } from './Action';\nimport { SchedulerAction } from '../types';\nimport { Subscription } from '../Subscription';\nimport { AsyncScheduler } from './AsyncScheduler';\nimport { intervalProvider } from './intervalProvider';\nimport { arrRemove } from '../util/arrRemove';\nimport { TimerHandle } from './timerHandle';\n\nexport class AsyncAction<T> extends Action<T> {\n  public id: TimerHandle | undefined;\n  public state?: T;\n  // @ts-ignore: Property has no initializer and is not definitely assigned\n  public delay: number;\n  protected pending: boolean = false;\n\n  constructor(protected scheduler: AsyncScheduler, protected work: (this: SchedulerAction<T>, state?: T) => void) {\n    super(scheduler, work);\n  }\n\n  public schedule(state?: T, delay: number = 0): Subscription {\n    if (this.closed) {\n      return this;\n    }\n\n    // Always replace the current state with the new state.\n    this.state = state;\n\n    const id = this.id;\n    const scheduler = this.scheduler;\n\n    //\n    // Important implementation note:\n    //\n    // Actions only execute once by default, unless rescheduled from within the\n    // scheduled callback. This allows us to implement single and repeat\n    // actions via the same code path, without adding API surface area, as well\n    // as mimic traditional recursion but across asynchronous boundaries.\n    //\n    // However, JS runtimes and timers distinguish between intervals achieved by\n    // serial `setTimeout` calls vs. a single `setInterval` call. An interval of\n    // serial `setTimeout` calls can be individually delayed, which delays\n    // scheduling the next `setTimeout`, and so on. `setInterval` attempts to\n    // guarantee the interval callback will be invoked more precisely to the\n    // interval period, regardless of load.\n    //\n    // Therefore, we use `setInterval` to schedule single and repeat actions.\n    // If the action reschedules itself with the same delay, the interval is not\n    // canceled. If the action doesn't reschedule, or reschedules with a\n    // different delay, the interval will be canceled after scheduled callback\n    // execution.\n    //\n    if (id != null) {\n      this.id = this.recycleAsyncId(scheduler, id, delay);\n    }\n\n    // Set the pending flag indicating that this action has been scheduled, or\n    // has recursively rescheduled itself.\n    this.pending = true;\n\n    this.delay = delay;\n    // If this action has already an async Id, don't request a new one.\n    this.id = this.id ?? this.requestAsyncId(scheduler, this.id, delay);\n\n    return this;\n  }\n\n  protected requestAsyncId(scheduler: AsyncScheduler, _id?: TimerHandle, delay: number = 0): TimerHandle {\n    return intervalProvider.setInterval(scheduler.flush.bind(scheduler, this), delay);\n  }\n\n  protected recycleAsyncId(_scheduler: AsyncScheduler, id?: TimerHandle, delay: number | null = 0): TimerHandle | undefined {\n    // If this action is rescheduled with the same delay time, don't clear the interval id.\n    if (delay != null && this.delay === delay && this.pending === false) {\n      return id;\n    }\n    // Otherwise, if the action's delay time is different from the current delay,\n    // or the action has been rescheduled before it's executed, clear the interval id\n    if (id != null) {\n      intervalProvider.clearInterval(id);\n    }\n\n    return undefined;\n  }\n\n  /**\n   * Immediately executes this action and the `work` it contains.\n   * @return {any}\n   */\n  public execute(state: T, delay: number): any {\n    if (this.closed) {\n      return new Error('executing a cancelled action');\n    }\n\n    this.pending = false;\n    const error = this._execute(state, delay);\n    if (error) {\n      return error;\n    } else if (this.pending === false && this.id != null) {\n      // Dequeue if the action didn't reschedule itself. Don't call\n      // unsubscribe(), because the action could reschedule later.\n      // For example:\n      // ```\n      // scheduler.schedule(function doWork(counter) {\n      //   /* ... I'm a busy worker bee ... */\n      //   var originalAction = this;\n      //   /* wait 100ms before rescheduling the action */\n      //   setTimeout(function () {\n      //     originalAction.schedule(counter + 1);\n      //   }, 100);\n      // }, 1000);\n      // ```\n      this.id = this.recycleAsyncId(this.scheduler, this.id, null);\n    }\n  }\n\n  protected _execute(state: T, _delay: number): any {\n    let errored: boolean = false;\n    let errorValue: any;\n    try {\n      this.work(state);\n    } catch (e) {\n      errored = true;\n      // HACK: Since code elsewhere is relying on the \"truthiness\" of the\n      // return here, we can't have it return \"\" or 0 or false.\n      // TODO: Clean this up when we refactor schedulers mid-version-8 or so.\n      errorValue = e ? e : new Error('Scheduled action threw falsy error');\n    }\n    if (errored) {\n      this.unsubscribe();\n      return errorValue;\n    }\n  }\n\n  unsubscribe() {\n    if (!this.closed) {\n      const { id, scheduler } = this;\n      const { actions } = scheduler;\n\n      this.work = this.state = this.scheduler = null!;\n      this.pending = false;\n\n      arrRemove(actions, this);\n      if (id != null) {\n        this.id = this.recycleAsyncId(scheduler, id, null);\n      }\n\n      this.delay = null!;\n      super.unsubscribe();\n    }\n  }\n}\n", "import { Action } from './scheduler/Action';\nimport { Subscription } from './Subscription';\nimport { SchedulerLike, SchedulerAction } from './types';\nimport { dateTimestampProvider } from './scheduler/dateTimestampProvider';\n\n/**\n * An execution context and a data structure to order tasks and schedule their\n * execution. Provides a notion of (potentially virtual) time, through the\n * `now()` getter method.\n *\n * Each unit of work in a Scheduler is called an `Action`.\n *\n * ```ts\n * class Scheduler {\n *   now(): number;\n *   schedule(work, delay?, state?): Subscription;\n * }\n * ```\n *\n * @class Scheduler\n * @deprecated Scheduler is an internal implementation detail of RxJS, and\n * should not be used directly. Rather, create your own class and implement\n * {@link SchedulerLike}. Will be made internal in v8.\n */\nexport class Scheduler implements SchedulerLike {\n  public static now: () => number = dateTimestampProvider.now;\n\n  constructor(private schedulerActionCtor: typeof Action, now: () => number = Scheduler.now) {\n    this.now = now;\n  }\n\n  /**\n   * A getter method that returns a number representing the current time\n   * (at the time this function was called) according to the scheduler's own\n   * internal clock.\n   * @return {number} A number that represents the current time. May or may not\n   * have a relation to wall-clock time. May or may not refer to a time unit\n   * (e.g. milliseconds).\n   */\n  public now: () => number;\n\n  /**\n   * Schedules a function, `work`, for execution. May happen at some point in\n   * the future, according to the `delay` parameter, if specified. May be passed\n   * some context object, `state`, which will be passed to the `work` function.\n   *\n   * The given arguments will be processed an stored as an Action object in a\n   * queue of actions.\n   *\n   * @param {function(state: ?T): ?Subscription} work A function representing a\n   * task, or some unit of work to be executed by the Scheduler.\n   * @param {number} [delay] Time to wait before executing the work, where the\n   * time unit is implicit and defined by the Scheduler itself.\n   * @param {T} [state] Some contextual data that the `work` function uses when\n   * called by the Scheduler.\n   * @return {Subscription} A subscription in order to be able to unsubscribe\n   * the scheduled work.\n   */\n  public schedule<T>(work: (this: SchedulerAction<T>, state?: T) => void, delay: number = 0, state?: T): Subscription {\n    return new this.schedulerActionCtor<T>(this, work).schedule(state, delay);\n  }\n}\n", "import { Scheduler } from '../Scheduler';\nimport { Action } from './Action';\nimport { AsyncAction } from './AsyncAction';\nimport { TimerHandle } from './timerHandle';\n\nexport class AsyncScheduler extends Scheduler {\n  public actions: Array<AsyncAction<any>> = [];\n  /**\n   * A flag to indicate whether the Scheduler is currently executing a batch of\n   * queued actions.\n   * @type {boolean}\n   * @internal\n   */\n  public _active: boolean = false;\n  /**\n   * An internal ID used to track the latest asynchronous task such as those\n   * coming from `setTimeout`, `setInterval`, `requestAnimationFrame`, and\n   * others.\n   * @type {any}\n   * @internal\n   */\n  public _scheduled: TimerHandle | undefined;\n\n  constructor(SchedulerAction: typeof Action, now: () => number = Scheduler.now) {\n    super(SchedulerAction, now);\n  }\n\n  public flush(action: AsyncAction<any>): void {\n    const { actions } = this;\n\n    if (this._active) {\n      actions.push(action);\n      return;\n    }\n\n    let error: any;\n    this._active = true;\n\n    do {\n      if ((error = action.execute(action.state, action.delay))) {\n        break;\n      }\n    } while ((action = actions.shift()!)); // exhaust the scheduler queue\n\n    this._active = false;\n\n    if (error) {\n      while ((action = actions.shift()!)) {\n        action.unsubscribe();\n      }\n      throw error;\n    }\n  }\n}\n", "import { AsyncAction } from './AsyncAction';\nimport { AsyncScheduler } from './AsyncScheduler';\n\n/**\n *\n * Async Scheduler\n *\n * <span class=\"informal\">Schedule task as if you used setTimeout(task, duration)</span>\n *\n * `async` scheduler schedules tasks asynchronously, by putting them on the JavaScript\n * event loop queue. It is best used to delay tasks in time or to schedule tasks repeating\n * in intervals.\n *\n * If you just want to \"defer\" task, that is to perform it right after currently\n * executing synchronous code ends (commonly achieved by `setTimeout(deferredTask, 0)`),\n * better choice will be the {@link asapScheduler} scheduler.\n *\n * ## Examples\n * Use async scheduler to delay task\n * ```ts\n * import { asyncScheduler } from 'rxjs';\n *\n * const task = () => console.log('it works!');\n *\n * asyncScheduler.schedule(task, 2000);\n *\n * // After 2 seconds logs:\n * // \"it works!\"\n * ```\n *\n * Use async scheduler to repeat task in intervals\n * ```ts\n * import { asyncScheduler } from 'rxjs';\n *\n * function task(state) {\n *   console.log(state);\n *   this.schedule(state + 1, 1000); // `this` references currently executing Action,\n *                                   // which we reschedule with new state and delay\n * }\n *\n * asyncScheduler.schedule(task, 3000, 0);\n *\n * // Logs:\n * // 0 after 3s\n * // 1 after 4s\n * // 2 after 5s\n * // 3 after 6s\n * ```\n */\n\nexport const asyncScheduler = new AsyncScheduler(AsyncAction);\n\n/**\n * @deprecated Renamed to {@link asyncScheduler}. Will be removed in v8.\n */\nexport const async = asyncScheduler;\n", "import { AsyncAction } from './AsyncAction';\nimport { Subscription } from '../Subscription';\nimport { QueueScheduler } from './QueueScheduler';\nimport { SchedulerAction } from '../types';\nimport { TimerHandle } from './timerHandle';\n\nexport class QueueAction<T> extends AsyncAction<T> {\n  constructor(protected scheduler: QueueScheduler, protected work: (this: SchedulerAction<T>, state?: T) => void) {\n    super(scheduler, work);\n  }\n\n  public schedule(state?: T, delay: number = 0): Subscription {\n    if (delay > 0) {\n      return super.schedule(state, delay);\n    }\n    this.delay = delay;\n    this.state = state;\n    this.scheduler.flush(this);\n    return this;\n  }\n\n  public execute(state: T, delay: number): any {\n    return delay > 0 || this.closed ? super.execute(state, delay) : this._execute(state, delay);\n  }\n\n  protected requestAsyncId(scheduler: QueueScheduler, id?: TimerHandle, delay: number = 0): TimerHandle {\n    // If delay exists and is greater than 0, or if the delay is null (the\n    // action wasn't rescheduled) but was originally scheduled as an async\n    // action, then recycle as an async action.\n\n    if ((delay != null && delay > 0) || (delay == null && this.delay > 0)) {\n      return super.requestAsyncId(scheduler, id, delay);\n    }\n\n    // Otherwise flush the scheduler starting with this action.\n    scheduler.flush(this);\n\n    // HACK: In the past, this was returning `void`. However, `void` isn't a valid\n    // `TimerHandle`, and generally the return value here isn't really used. So the\n    // compromise is to return `0` which is both \"falsy\" and a valid `TimerHandle`,\n    // as opposed to refactoring every other instanceo of `requestAsyncId`.\n    return 0;\n  }\n}\n", "import { AsyncScheduler } from './AsyncScheduler';\n\nexport class QueueScheduler extends AsyncScheduler {\n}\n", "import { QueueAction } from './QueueAction';\nimport { QueueScheduler } from './QueueScheduler';\n\n/**\n *\n * Queue Scheduler\n *\n * <span class=\"informal\">Put every next task on a queue, instead of executing it immediately</span>\n *\n * `queue` scheduler, when used with delay, behaves the same as {@link asyncScheduler} scheduler.\n *\n * When used without delay, it schedules given task synchronously - executes it right when\n * it is scheduled. However when called recursively, that is when inside the scheduled task,\n * another task is scheduled with queue scheduler, instead of executing immediately as well,\n * that task will be put on a queue and wait for current one to finish.\n *\n * This means that when you execute task with `queue` scheduler, you are sure it will end\n * before any other task scheduled with that scheduler will start.\n *\n * ## Examples\n * Schedule recursively first, then do something\n * ```ts\n * import { queueScheduler } from 'rxjs';\n *\n * queueScheduler.schedule(() => {\n *   queueScheduler.schedule(() => console.log('second')); // will not happen now, but will be put on a queue\n *\n *   console.log('first');\n * });\n *\n * // Logs:\n * // \"first\"\n * // \"second\"\n * ```\n *\n * Reschedule itself recursively\n * ```ts\n * import { queueScheduler } from 'rxjs';\n *\n * queueScheduler.schedule(function(state) {\n *   if (state !== 0) {\n *     console.log('before', state);\n *     this.schedule(state - 1); // `this` references currently executing Action,\n *                               // which we reschedule with new state\n *     console.log('after', state);\n *   }\n * }, 0, 3);\n *\n * // In scheduler that runs recursively, you would expect:\n * // \"before\", 3\n * // \"before\", 2\n * // \"before\", 1\n * // \"after\", 1\n * // \"after\", 2\n * // \"after\", 3\n *\n * // But with queue it logs:\n * // \"before\", 3\n * // \"after\", 3\n * // \"before\", 2\n * // \"after\", 2\n * // \"before\", 1\n * // \"after\", 1\n * ```\n */\n\nexport const queueScheduler = new QueueScheduler(QueueAction);\n\n/**\n * @deprecated Renamed to {@link queueScheduler}. Will be removed in v8.\n */\nexport const queue = queueScheduler;\n", "import { AsyncAction } from './AsyncAction';\nimport { AnimationFrameScheduler } from './AnimationFrameScheduler';\nimport { SchedulerAction } from '../types';\nimport { animationFrameProvider } from './animationFrameProvider';\nimport { TimerHandle } from './timerHandle';\n\nexport class AnimationFrameAction<T> extends AsyncAction<T> {\n  constructor(protected scheduler: AnimationFrameScheduler, protected work: (this: SchedulerAction<T>, state?: T) => void) {\n    super(scheduler, work);\n  }\n\n  protected requestAsyncId(scheduler: AnimationFrameScheduler, id?: TimerHandle, delay: number = 0): TimerHandle {\n    // If delay is greater than 0, request as an async action.\n    if (delay !== null && delay > 0) {\n      return super.requestAsyncId(scheduler, id, delay);\n    }\n    // Push the action to the end of the scheduler queue.\n    scheduler.actions.push(this);\n    // If an animation frame has already been requested, don't request another\n    // one. If an animation frame hasn't been requested yet, request one. Return\n    // the current animation frame request id.\n    return scheduler._scheduled || (scheduler._scheduled = animationFrameProvider.requestAnimationFrame(() => scheduler.flush(undefined)));\n  }\n\n  protected recycleAsyncId(scheduler: AnimationFrameScheduler, id?: TimerHandle, delay: number = 0): TimerHandle | undefined {\n    // If delay exists and is greater than 0, or if the delay is null (the\n    // action wasn't rescheduled) but was originally scheduled as an async\n    // action, then recycle as an async action.\n    if (delay != null ? delay > 0 : this.delay > 0) {\n      return super.recycleAsyncId(scheduler, id, delay);\n    }\n    // If the scheduler queue has no remaining actions with the same async id,\n    // cancel the requested animation frame and set the scheduled flag to\n    // undefined so the next AnimationFrameAction will request its own.\n    const { actions } = scheduler;\n    if (id != null && actions[actions.length - 1]?.id !== id) {\n      animationFrameProvider.cancelAnimationFrame(id as number);\n      scheduler._scheduled = undefined;\n    }\n    // Return undefined so the action knows to request a new async id if it's rescheduled.\n    return undefined;\n  }\n}\n", "import { AsyncAction } from './AsyncAction';\nimport { AsyncScheduler } from './AsyncScheduler';\n\nexport class AnimationFrameScheduler extends AsyncScheduler {\n  public flush(action?: AsyncAction<any>): void {\n    this._active = true;\n    // The async id that effects a call to flush is stored in _scheduled.\n    // Before executing an action, it's necessary to check the action's async\n    // id to determine whether it's supposed to be executed in the current\n    // flush.\n    // Previous implementations of this method used a count to determine this,\n    // but that was unsound, as actions that are unsubscribed - i.e. cancelled -\n    // are removed from the actions array and that can shift actions that are\n    // scheduled to be executed in a subsequent flush into positions at which\n    // they are executed within the current flush.\n    const flushId = this._scheduled;\n    this._scheduled = undefined;\n\n    const { actions } = this;\n    let error: any;\n    action = action || actions.shift()!;\n\n    do {\n      if ((error = action.execute(action.state, action.delay))) {\n        break;\n      }\n    } while ((action = actions[0]) && action.id === flushId && actions.shift());\n\n    this._active = false;\n\n    if (error) {\n      while ((action = actions[0]) && action.id === flushId && actions.shift()) {\n        action.unsubscribe();\n      }\n      throw error;\n    }\n  }\n}\n", "import { AnimationFrameAction } from './AnimationFrameAction';\nimport { AnimationFrameScheduler } from './AnimationFrameScheduler';\n\n/**\n *\n * Animation Frame Scheduler\n *\n * <span class=\"informal\">Perform task when `window.requestAnimationFrame` would fire</span>\n *\n * When `animationFrame` scheduler is used with delay, it will fall back to {@link asyncScheduler} scheduler\n * behaviour.\n *\n * Without delay, `animationFrame` scheduler can be used to create smooth browser animations.\n * It makes sure scheduled task will happen just before next browser content repaint,\n * thus performing animations as efficiently as possible.\n *\n * ## Example\n * Schedule div height animation\n * ```ts\n * // html: <div style=\"background: #0ff;\"></div>\n * import { animationFrameScheduler } from 'rxjs';\n *\n * const div = document.querySelector('div');\n *\n * animationFrameScheduler.schedule(function(height) {\n *   div.style.height = height + \"px\";\n *\n *   this.schedule(height + 1);  // `this` references currently executing Action,\n *                               // which we reschedule with new state\n * }, 0, 0);\n *\n * // You will see a div element growing in height\n * ```\n */\n\nexport const animationFrameScheduler = new AnimationFrameScheduler(AnimationFrameAction);\n\n/**\n * @deprecated Renamed to {@link animationFrameScheduler}. Will be removed in v8.\n */\nexport const animationFrame = animationFrameScheduler;\n", "import { Observable } from '../Observable';\nimport { SchedulerLike } from '../types';\n\n/**\n * A simple Observable that emits no items to the Observer and immediately\n * emits a complete notification.\n *\n * <span class=\"informal\">Just emits 'complete', and nothing else.</span>\n *\n * ![](empty.png)\n *\n * A simple Observable that only emits the complete notification. It can be used\n * for composing with other Observables, such as in a {@link mergeMap}.\n *\n * ## Examples\n *\n * Log complete notification\n *\n * ```ts\n * import { EMPTY } from 'rxjs';\n *\n * EMPTY.subscribe({\n *   next: () => console.log('Next'),\n *   complete: () => console.log('Complete!')\n * });\n *\n * // Outputs\n * // Complete!\n * ```\n *\n * Emit the number 7, then complete\n *\n * ```ts\n * import { EMPTY, startWith } from 'rxjs';\n *\n * const result = EMPTY.pipe(startWith(7));\n * result.subscribe(x => console.log(x));\n *\n * // Outputs\n * // 7\n * ```\n *\n * Map and flatten only odd numbers to the sequence `'a'`, `'b'`, `'c'`\n *\n * ```ts\n * import { interval, mergeMap, of, EMPTY } from 'rxjs';\n *\n * const interval$ = interval(1000);\n * const result = interval$.pipe(\n *   mergeMap(x => x % 2 === 1 ? of('a', 'b', 'c') : EMPTY),\n * );\n * result.subscribe(x => console.log(x));\n *\n * // Results in the following to the console:\n * // x is equal to the count on the interval, e.g. (0, 1, 2, 3, ...)\n * // x will occur every 1000ms\n * // if x % 2 is equal to 1, print a, b, c (each on its own)\n * // if x % 2 is not equal to 1, nothing will be output\n * ```\n *\n * @see {@link Observable}\n * @see {@link NEVER}\n * @see {@link of}\n * @see {@link throwError}\n */\nexport const EMPTY = new Observable<never>((subscriber) => subscriber.complete());\n\n/**\n * @param scheduler A {@link SchedulerLike} to use for scheduling\n * the emission of the complete notification.\n * @deprecated Replaced with the {@link EMPTY} constant or {@link scheduled} (e.g. `scheduled([], scheduler)`). Will be removed in v8.\n */\nexport function empty(scheduler?: SchedulerLike) {\n  return scheduler ? emptyScheduled(scheduler) : EMPTY;\n}\n\nfunction emptyScheduled(scheduler: SchedulerLike) {\n  return new Observable<never>((subscriber) => scheduler.schedule(() => subscriber.complete()));\n}\n", "import { SchedulerLike } from '../types';\nimport { isFunction } from './isFunction';\n\nexport function isScheduler(value: any): value is SchedulerLike {\n  return value && isFunction(value.schedule);\n}\n", "import { SchedulerLike } from '../types';\nimport { isFunction } from './isFunction';\nimport { isScheduler } from './isScheduler';\n\nfunction last<T>(arr: T[]): T | undefined {\n  return arr[arr.length - 1];\n}\n\nexport function popResultSelector(args: any[]): ((...args: unknown[]) => unknown) | undefined {\n  return isFunction(last(args)) ? args.pop() : undefined;\n}\n\nexport function popScheduler(args: any[]): SchedulerLike | undefined {\n  return isScheduler(last(args)) ? args.pop() : undefined;\n}\n\nexport function popNumber(args: any[], defaultValue: number): number {\n  return typeof last(args) === 'number' ? args.pop()! : defaultValue;\n}\n", "export const isArrayLike = (<T>(x: any): x is ArrayLike<T> => x && typeof x.length === 'number' && typeof x !== 'function');", "import { isFunction } from \"./isFunction\";\n\n/**\n * Tests to see if the object is \"thennable\".\n * @param value the object to test\n */\nexport function isPromise(value: any): value is PromiseLike<any> {\n  return isFunction(value?.then);\n}\n", "import { InteropObservable } from '../types';\nimport { observable as Symbol_observable } from '../symbol/observable';\nimport { isFunction } from './isFunction';\n\n/** Identifies an input as being Observable (but not necessary an Rx Observable) */\nexport function isInteropObservable(input: any): input is InteropObservable<any> {\n  return isFunction(input[Symbol_observable]);\n}\n", "import { isFunction } from './isFunction';\n\nexport function isAsyncIterable<T>(obj: any): obj is AsyncIterable<T> {\n  return Symbol.asyncIterator && isFunction(obj?.[Symbol.asyncIterator]);\n}\n", "/**\n * Creates the TypeError to throw if an invalid object is passed to `from` or `scheduled`.\n * @param input The object that was passed.\n */\nexport function createInvalidObservableTypeError(input: any) {\n  // TODO: We should create error codes that can be looked up, so this can be less verbose.\n  return new TypeError(\n    `You provided ${\n      input !== null && typeof input === 'object' ? 'an invalid object' : `'${input}'`\n    } where a stream was expected. You can provide an Observable, Promise, ReadableStream, Array, AsyncIterable, or Iterable.`\n  );\n}\n", "export function getSymbolIterator(): symbol {\n  if (typeof Symbol !== 'function' || !Symbol.iterator) {\n    return '@@iterator' as any;\n  }\n\n  return Symbol.iterator;\n}\n\nexport const iterator = getSymbolIterator();\n", "import { iterator as Symbol_iterator } from '../symbol/iterator';\nimport { isFunction } from './isFunction';\n\n/** Identifies an input as being an Iterable */\nexport function isIterable(input: any): input is Iterable<any> {\n  return isFunction(input?.[Symbol_iterator]);\n}\n", "import { ReadableStreamLike } from '../types';\nimport { isFunction } from './isFunction';\n\nexport async function* readableStreamLikeToAsyncGenerator<T>(readableStream: ReadableStreamLike<T>): AsyncGenerator<T> {\n  const reader = readableStream.getReader();\n  try {\n    while (true) {\n      const { value, done } = await reader.read();\n      if (done) {\n        return;\n      }\n      yield value!;\n    }\n  } finally {\n    reader.releaseLock();\n  }\n}\n\nexport function isReadableStreamLike<T>(obj: any): obj is ReadableStreamLike<T> {\n  // We don't want to use instanceof checks because they would return\n  // false for instances from another Realm, like an <iframe>.\n  return isFunction(obj?.getReader);\n}\n", "import { isArrayLike } from '../util/isArrayLike';\nimport { isPromise } from '../util/isPromise';\nimport { Observable } from '../Observable';\nimport { ObservableInput, ObservedValueOf, ReadableStreamLike } from '../types';\nimport { isInteropObservable } from '../util/isInteropObservable';\nimport { isAsyncIterable } from '../util/isAsyncIterable';\nimport { createInvalidObservableTypeError } from '../util/throwUnobservableError';\nimport { isIterable } from '../util/isIterable';\nimport { isReadableStreamLike, readableStreamLikeToAsyncGenerator } from '../util/isReadableStreamLike';\nimport { Subscriber } from '../Subscriber';\nimport { isFunction } from '../util/isFunction';\nimport { reportUnhandledError } from '../util/reportUnhandledError';\nimport { observable as Symbol_observable } from '../symbol/observable';\n\nexport function innerFrom<O extends ObservableInput<any>>(input: O): Observable<ObservedValueOf<O>>;\nexport function innerFrom<T>(input: ObservableInput<T>): Observable<T> {\n  if (input instanceof Observable) {\n    return input;\n  }\n  if (input != null) {\n    if (isInteropObservable(input)) {\n      return fromInteropObservable(input);\n    }\n    if (isArrayLike(input)) {\n      return fromArrayLike(input);\n    }\n    if (isPromise(input)) {\n      return fromPromise(input);\n    }\n    if (isAsyncIterable(input)) {\n      return fromAsyncIterable(input);\n    }\n    if (isIterable(input)) {\n      return fromIterable(input);\n    }\n    if (isReadableStreamLike(input)) {\n      return fromReadableStreamLike(input);\n    }\n  }\n\n  throw createInvalidObservableTypeError(input);\n}\n\n/**\n * Creates an RxJS Observable from an object that implements `Symbol.observable`.\n * @param obj An object that properly implements `Symbol.observable`.\n */\nexport function fromInteropObservable<T>(obj: any) {\n  return new Observable((subscriber: Subscriber<T>) => {\n    const obs = obj[Symbol_observable]();\n    if (isFunction(obs.subscribe)) {\n      return obs.subscribe(subscriber);\n    }\n    // Should be caught by observable subscribe function error handling.\n    throw new TypeError('Provided object does not correctly implement Symbol.observable');\n  });\n}\n\n/**\n * Synchronously emits the values of an array like and completes.\n * This is exported because there are creation functions and operators that need to\n * make direct use of the same logic, and there's no reason to make them run through\n * `from` conditionals because we *know* they're dealing with an array.\n * @param array The array to emit values from\n */\nexport function fromArrayLike<T>(array: ArrayLike<T>) {\n  return new Observable((subscriber: Subscriber<T>) => {\n    // Loop over the array and emit each value. Note two things here:\n    // 1. We're making sure that the subscriber is not closed on each loop.\n    //    This is so we don't continue looping over a very large array after\n    //    something like a `take`, `takeWhile`, or other synchronous unsubscription\n    //    has already unsubscribed.\n    // 2. In this form, reentrant code can alter that array we're looping over.\n    //    This is a known issue, but considered an edge case. The alternative would\n    //    be to copy the array before executing the loop, but this has\n    //    performance implications.\n    for (let i = 0; i < array.length && !subscriber.closed; i++) {\n      subscriber.next(array[i]);\n    }\n    subscriber.complete();\n  });\n}\n\nexport function fromPromise<T>(promise: PromiseLike<T>) {\n  return new Observable((subscriber: Subscriber<T>) => {\n    promise\n      .then(\n        (value) => {\n          if (!subscriber.closed) {\n            subscriber.next(value);\n            subscriber.complete();\n          }\n        },\n        (err: any) => subscriber.error(err)\n      )\n      .then(null, reportUnhandledError);\n  });\n}\n\nexport function fromIterable<T>(iterable: Iterable<T>) {\n  return new Observable((subscriber: Subscriber<T>) => {\n    for (const value of iterable) {\n      subscriber.next(value);\n      if (subscriber.closed) {\n        return;\n      }\n    }\n    subscriber.complete();\n  });\n}\n\nexport function fromAsyncIterable<T>(asyncIterable: AsyncIterable<T>) {\n  return new Observable((subscriber: Subscriber<T>) => {\n    process(asyncIterable, subscriber).catch((err) => subscriber.error(err));\n  });\n}\n\nexport function fromReadableStreamLike<T>(readableStream: ReadableStreamLike<T>) {\n  return fromAsyncIterable(readableStreamLikeToAsyncGenerator(readableStream));\n}\n\nasync function process<T>(asyncIterable: AsyncIterable<T>, subscriber: Subscriber<T>) {\n  for await (const value of asyncIterable) {\n    subscriber.next(value);\n    // A side-effect may have closed our subscriber,\n    // check before the next iteration.\n    if (subscriber.closed) {\n      return;\n    }\n  }\n  subscriber.complete();\n}\n", "import { Subscription } from '../Subscription';\nimport { SchedulerAction, SchedulerLike } from '../types';\n\nexport function executeSchedule(\n  parentSubscription: Subscription,\n  scheduler: SchedulerLike,\n  work: () => void,\n  delay: number,\n  repeat: true\n): void;\nexport function executeSchedule(\n  parentSubscription: Subscription,\n  scheduler: SchedulerLike,\n  work: () => void,\n  delay?: number,\n  repeat?: false\n): Subscription;\n\nexport function executeSchedule(\n  parentSubscription: Subscription,\n  scheduler: SchedulerLike,\n  work: () => void,\n  delay = 0,\n  repeat = false\n): Subscription | void {\n  const scheduleSubscription = scheduler.schedule(function (this: SchedulerAction<any>) {\n    work();\n    if (repeat) {\n      parentSubscription.add(this.schedule(null, delay));\n    } else {\n      this.unsubscribe();\n    }\n  }, delay);\n\n  parentSubscription.add(scheduleSubscription);\n\n  if (!repeat) {\n    // Because user-land scheduler implementations are unlikely to properly reuse\n    // Actions for repeat scheduling, we can't trust that the returned subscription\n    // will control repeat subscription scenarios. So we're trying to avoid using them\n    // incorrectly within this library.\n    return scheduleSubscription;\n  }\n}\n", "/** @prettier */\nimport { MonoTypeOperatorFunction, SchedulerLike } from '../types';\nimport { executeSchedule } from '../util/executeSchedule';\nimport { operate } from '../util/lift';\nimport { createOperatorSubscriber } from './OperatorSubscriber';\n\n/**\n * Re-emits all notifications from source Observable with specified scheduler.\n *\n * <span class=\"informal\">Ensure a specific scheduler is used, from outside of an Observable.</span>\n *\n * `observeOn` is an operator that accepts a scheduler as a first parameter, which will be used to reschedule\n * notifications emitted by the source Observable. It might be useful, if you do not have control over\n * internal scheduler of a given Observable, but want to control when its values are emitted nevertheless.\n *\n * Returned Observable emits the same notifications (nexted values, complete and error events) as the source Observable,\n * but rescheduled with provided scheduler. Note that this doesn't mean that source Observables internal\n * scheduler will be replaced in any way. Original scheduler still will be used, but when the source Observable emits\n * notification, it will be immediately scheduled again - this time with scheduler passed to `observeOn`.\n * An anti-pattern would be calling `observeOn` on Observable that emits lots of values synchronously, to split\n * that emissions into asynchronous chunks. For this to happen, scheduler would have to be passed into the source\n * Observable directly (usually into the operator that creates it). `observeOn` simply delays notifications a\n * little bit more, to ensure that they are emitted at expected moments.\n *\n * As a matter of fact, `observeOn` accepts second parameter, which specifies in milliseconds with what delay notifications\n * will be emitted. The main difference between {@link delay} operator and `observeOn` is that `observeOn`\n * will delay all notifications - including error notifications - while `delay` will pass through error\n * from source Observable immediately when it is emitted. In general it is highly recommended to use `delay` operator\n * for any kind of delaying of values in the stream, while using `observeOn` to specify which scheduler should be used\n * for notification emissions in general.\n *\n * ## Example\n *\n * Ensure values in subscribe are called just before browser repaint\n *\n * ```ts\n * import { interval, observeOn, animationFrameScheduler } from 'rxjs';\n *\n * const someDiv = document.createElement('div');\n * someDiv.style.cssText = 'width: 200px;background: #09c';\n * document.body.appendChild(someDiv);\n * const intervals = interval(10);      // Intervals are scheduled\n *                                      // with async scheduler by default...\n * intervals.pipe(\n *   observeOn(animationFrameScheduler) // ...but we will observe on animationFrame\n * )                                    // scheduler to ensure smooth animation.\n * .subscribe(val => {\n *   someDiv.style.height = val + 'px';\n * });\n * ```\n *\n * @see {@link delay}\n *\n * @param scheduler Scheduler that will be used to reschedule notifications from source Observable.\n * @param delay Number of milliseconds that states with what delay every notification should be rescheduled.\n * @return A function that returns an Observable that emits the same\n * notifications as the source Observable, but with provided scheduler.\n */\nexport function observeOn<T>(scheduler: SchedulerLike, delay = 0): MonoTypeOperatorFunction<T> {\n  return operate((source, subscriber) => {\n    source.subscribe(\n      createOperatorSubscriber(\n        subscriber,\n        (value) => executeSchedule(subscriber, scheduler, () => subscriber.next(value), delay),\n        () => executeSchedule(subscriber, scheduler, () => subscriber.complete(), delay),\n        (err) => executeSchedule(subscriber, scheduler, () => subscriber.error(err), delay)\n      )\n    );\n  });\n}\n", "import { MonoTypeOperatorFunction, SchedulerLike } from '../types';\nimport { operate } from '../util/lift';\n\n/**\n * Asynchronously subscribes Observers to this Observable on the specified {@link SchedulerLike}.\n *\n * With `subscribeOn` you can decide what type of scheduler a specific Observable will be using when it is subscribed to.\n *\n * Schedulers control the speed and order of emissions to observers from an Observable stream.\n *\n * ![](subscribeOn.png)\n *\n * ## Example\n *\n * Given the following code:\n *\n * ```ts\n * import { of, merge } from 'rxjs';\n *\n * const a = of(1, 2, 3);\n * const b = of(4, 5, 6);\n *\n * merge(a, b).subscribe(console.log);\n *\n * // Outputs\n * // 1\n * // 2\n * // 3\n * // 4\n * // 5\n * // 6\n * ```\n *\n * Both Observable `a` and `b` will emit their values directly and synchronously once they are subscribed to.\n *\n * If we instead use the `subscribeOn` operator declaring that we want to use the {@link asyncScheduler} for values emitted by Observable `a`:\n *\n * ```ts\n * import { of, subscribeOn, asyncScheduler, merge } from 'rxjs';\n *\n * const a = of(1, 2, 3).pipe(subscribeOn(asyncScheduler));\n * const b = of(4, 5, 6);\n *\n * merge(a, b).subscribe(console.log);\n *\n * // Outputs\n * // 4\n * // 5\n * // 6\n * // 1\n * // 2\n * // 3\n * ```\n *\n * The reason for this is that Observable `b` emits its values directly and synchronously like before\n * but the emissions from `a` are scheduled on the event loop because we are now using the {@link asyncScheduler} for that specific Observable.\n *\n * @param scheduler The {@link SchedulerLike} to perform subscription actions on.\n * @param delay A delay to pass to the scheduler to delay subscriptions\n * @return A function that returns an Observable modified so that its\n * subscriptions happen on the specified {@link SchedulerLike}.\n */\nexport function subscribeOn<T>(scheduler: SchedulerLike, delay: number = 0): MonoTypeOperatorFunction<T> {\n  return operate((source, subscriber) => {\n    subscriber.add(scheduler.schedule(() => source.subscribe(subscriber), delay));\n  });\n}\n", "import { innerFrom } from '../observable/innerFrom';\nimport { observeOn } from '../operators/observeOn';\nimport { subscribeOn } from '../operators/subscribeOn';\nimport { InteropObservable, SchedulerLike } from '../types';\n\nexport function scheduleObservable<T>(input: InteropObservable<T>, scheduler: SchedulerLike) {\n  return innerFrom(input).pipe(subscribeOn(scheduler), observeOn(scheduler));\n}\n", "import { innerFrom } from '../observable/innerFrom';\nimport { observeOn } from '../operators/observeOn';\nimport { subscribeOn } from '../operators/subscribeOn';\nimport { SchedulerLike } from '../types';\n\nexport function schedulePromise<T>(input: PromiseLike<T>, scheduler: SchedulerLike) {\n  return innerFrom(input).pipe(subscribeOn(scheduler), observeOn(scheduler));\n}\n", "import { Observable } from '../Observable';\nimport { SchedulerLike } from '../types';\n\nexport function scheduleArray<T>(input: ArrayLike<T>, scheduler: SchedulerLike) {\n  return new Observable<T>((subscriber) => {\n    // The current array index.\n    let i = 0;\n    // Start iterating over the array like on a schedule.\n    return scheduler.schedule(function () {\n      if (i === input.length) {\n        // If we have hit the end of the array like in the\n        // previous job, we can complete.\n        subscriber.complete();\n      } else {\n        // Otherwise let's next the value at the current index,\n        // then increment our index.\n        subscriber.next(input[i++]);\n        // If the last emission didn't cause us to close the subscriber\n        // (via take or some side effect), reschedule the job and we'll\n        // make another pass.\n        if (!subscriber.closed) {\n          this.schedule();\n        }\n      }\n    });\n  });\n}\n", "import { Observable } from '../Observable';\nimport { SchedulerLike } from '../types';\nimport { iterator as Symbol_iterator } from '../symbol/iterator';\nimport { isFunction } from '../util/isFunction';\nimport { executeSchedule } from '../util/executeSchedule';\n\n/**\n * Used in {@link scheduled} to create an observable from an Iterable.\n * @param input The iterable to create an observable from\n * @param scheduler The scheduler to use\n */\nexport function scheduleIterable<T>(input: Iterable<T>, scheduler: SchedulerLike) {\n  return new Observable<T>((subscriber) => {\n    let iterator: Iterator<T, T>;\n\n    // Schedule the initial creation of the iterator from\n    // the iterable. This is so the code in the iterable is\n    // not called until the scheduled job fires.\n    executeSchedule(subscriber, scheduler, () => {\n      // Create the iterator.\n      iterator = (input as any)[Symbol_iterator]();\n\n      executeSchedule(\n        subscriber,\n        scheduler,\n        () => {\n          let value: T;\n          let done: boolean | undefined;\n          try {\n            // Pull the value out of the iterator\n            ({ value, done } = iterator.next());\n          } catch (err) {\n            // We got an error while pulling from the iterator\n            subscriber.error(err);\n            return;\n          }\n\n          if (done) {\n            // If it is \"done\" we just complete. This mimics the\n            // behavior of JavaScript's `for..of` consumption of\n            // iterables, which will not emit the value from an iterator\n            // result of `{ done: true: value: 'here' }`.\n            subscriber.complete();\n          } else {\n            // The iterable is not done, emit the value.\n            subscriber.next(value);\n          }\n        },\n        0,\n        true\n      );\n    });\n\n    // During finalization, if we see this iterator has a `return` method,\n    // then we know it is a Generator, and not just an Iterator. So we call\n    // the `return()` function. This will ensure that any `finally { }` blocks\n    // inside of the generator we can hit will be hit properly.\n    return () => isFunction(iterator?.return) && iterator.return();\n  });\n}\n", "import { SchedulerLike } from '../types';\nimport { Observable } from '../Observable';\nimport { executeSchedule } from '../util/executeSchedule';\n\nexport function scheduleAsyncIterable<T>(input: AsyncIterable<T>, scheduler: SchedulerLike) {\n  if (!input) {\n    throw new Error('Iterable cannot be null');\n  }\n  return new Observable<T>((subscriber) => {\n    executeSchedule(subscriber, scheduler, () => {\n      const iterator = input[Symbol.asyncIterator]();\n      executeSchedule(\n        subscriber,\n        scheduler,\n        () => {\n          iterator.next().then((result) => {\n            if (result.done) {\n              // This will remove the subscriptions from\n              // the parent subscription.\n              subscriber.complete();\n            } else {\n              subscriber.next(result.value);\n            }\n          });\n        },\n        0,\n        true\n      );\n    });\n  });\n}\n", "import { SchedulerLike, ReadableStreamLike } from '../types';\nimport { Observable } from '../Observable';\nimport { scheduleAsyncIterable } from './scheduleAsyncIterable';\nimport { readableStreamLikeToAsyncGenerator } from '../util/isReadableStreamLike';\n\nexport function scheduleReadableStreamLike<T>(input: ReadableStreamLike<T>, scheduler: SchedulerLike): Observable<T> {\n  return scheduleAsyncIterable(readableStreamLikeToAsyncGenerator(input), scheduler);\n}\n", "import { scheduleObservable } from './scheduleObservable';\nimport { schedulePromise } from './schedulePromise';\nimport { scheduleArray } from './scheduleArray';\nimport { scheduleIterable } from './scheduleIterable';\nimport { scheduleAsyncIterable } from './scheduleAsyncIterable';\nimport { isInteropObservable } from '../util/isInteropObservable';\nimport { isPromise } from '../util/isPromise';\nimport { isArrayLike } from '../util/isArrayLike';\nimport { isIterable } from '../util/isIterable';\nimport { ObservableInput, SchedulerLike } from '../types';\nimport { Observable } from '../Observable';\nimport { isAsyncIterable } from '../util/isAsyncIterable';\nimport { createInvalidObservableTypeError } from '../util/throwUnobservableError';\nimport { isReadableStreamLike } from '../util/isReadableStreamLike';\nimport { scheduleReadableStreamLike } from './scheduleReadableStreamLike';\n\n/**\n * Converts from a common {@link ObservableInput} type to an observable where subscription and emissions\n * are scheduled on the provided scheduler.\n *\n * @see {@link from}\n * @see {@link of}\n *\n * @param input The observable, array, promise, iterable, etc you would like to schedule\n * @param scheduler The scheduler to use to schedule the subscription and emissions from\n * the returned observable.\n */\nexport function scheduled<T>(input: ObservableInput<T>, scheduler: SchedulerLike): Observable<T> {\n  if (input != null) {\n    if (isInteropObservable(input)) {\n      return scheduleObservable(input, scheduler);\n    }\n    if (isArrayLike(input)) {\n      return scheduleArray(input, scheduler);\n    }\n    if (isPromise(input)) {\n      return schedulePromise(input, scheduler);\n    }\n    if (isAsyncIterable(input)) {\n      return scheduleAsyncIterable(input, scheduler);\n    }\n    if (isIterable(input)) {\n      return scheduleIterable(input, scheduler);\n    }\n    if (isReadableStreamLike(input)) {\n      return scheduleReadableStreamLike(input, scheduler);\n    }\n  }\n  throw createInvalidObservableTypeError(input);\n}\n", "import { Observable } from '../Observable';\nimport { ObservableInput, SchedulerLike, ObservedValueOf } from '../types';\nimport { scheduled } from '../scheduled/scheduled';\nimport { innerFrom } from './innerFrom';\n\nexport function from<O extends ObservableInput<any>>(input: O): Observable<ObservedValueOf<O>>;\n/** @deprecated The `scheduler` parameter will be removed in v8. Use `scheduled`. Details: https://rxjs.dev/deprecations/scheduler-argument */\nexport function from<O extends ObservableInput<any>>(input: O, scheduler: SchedulerLike | undefined): Observable<ObservedValueOf<O>>;\n\n/**\n * Creates an Observable from an Array, an array-like object, a Promise, an iterable object, or an Observable-like object.\n *\n * <span class=\"informal\">Converts almost anything to an Observable.</span>\n *\n * ![](from.png)\n *\n * `from` converts various other objects and data types into Observables. It also converts a Promise, an array-like, or an\n * <a href=\"https://developer.mozilla.org/en-US/docs/Web/JavaScript/Reference/Iteration_protocols#iterable\" target=\"_blank\">iterable</a>\n * object into an Observable that emits the items in that promise, array, or iterable. A String, in this context, is treated\n * as an array of characters. Observable-like objects (contains a function named with the ES2015 Symbol for Observable) can also be\n * converted through this operator.\n *\n * ## Examples\n *\n * Converts an array to an Observable\n *\n * ```ts\n * import { from } from 'rxjs';\n *\n * const array = [10, 20, 30];\n * const result = from(array);\n *\n * result.subscribe(x => console.log(x));\n *\n * // Logs:\n * // 10\n * // 20\n * // 30\n * ```\n *\n * Convert an infinite iterable (from a generator) to an Observable\n *\n * ```ts\n * import { from, take } from 'rxjs';\n *\n * function* generateDoubles(seed) {\n *    let i = seed;\n *    while (true) {\n *      yield i;\n *      i = 2 * i; // double it\n *    }\n * }\n *\n * const iterator = generateDoubles(3);\n * const result = from(iterator).pipe(take(10));\n *\n * result.subscribe(x => console.log(x));\n *\n * // Logs:\n * // 3\n * // 6\n * // 12\n * // 24\n * // 48\n * // 96\n * // 192\n * // 384\n * // 768\n * // 1536\n * ```\n *\n * With `asyncScheduler`\n *\n * ```ts\n * import { from, asyncScheduler } from 'rxjs';\n *\n * console.log('start');\n *\n * const array = [10, 20, 30];\n * const result = from(array, asyncScheduler);\n *\n * result.subscribe(x => console.log(x));\n *\n * console.log('end');\n *\n * // Logs:\n * // 'start'\n * // 'end'\n * // 10\n * // 20\n * // 30\n * ```\n *\n * @see {@link fromEvent}\n * @see {@link fromEventPattern}\n *\n * @param {ObservableInput<T>} A subscription object, a Promise, an Observable-like,\n * an Array, an iterable, or an array-like object to be converted.\n * @param {SchedulerLike} An optional {@link SchedulerLike} on which to schedule the emission of values.\n * @return {Observable<T>}\n */\nexport function from<T>(input: ObservableInput<T>, scheduler?: SchedulerLike): Observable<T> {\n  return scheduler ? scheduled(input, scheduler) : innerFrom(input);\n}\n", "import { SchedulerLike, ValueFromArray } from '../types';\nimport { Observable } from '../Observable';\nimport { popScheduler } from '../util/args';\nimport { from } from './from';\n\n// Devs are more likely to pass null or undefined than they are a scheduler\n// without accompanying values. To make things easier for (naughty) devs who\n// use the `strictNullChecks: false` TypeScript compiler option, these\n// overloads with explicit null and undefined values are included.\n\nexport function of(value: null): Observable<null>;\nexport function of(value: undefined): Observable<undefined>;\n\n/** @deprecated The `scheduler` parameter will be removed in v8. Use `scheduled`. Details: https://rxjs.dev/deprecations/scheduler-argument */\nexport function of(scheduler: SchedulerLike): Observable<never>;\n/** @deprecated The `scheduler` parameter will be removed in v8. Use `scheduled`. Details: https://rxjs.dev/deprecations/scheduler-argument */\nexport function of<A extends readonly unknown[]>(...valuesAndScheduler: [...A, SchedulerLike]): Observable<ValueFromArray<A>>;\n\nexport function of(): Observable<never>;\n/** @deprecated Do not specify explicit type parameters. Signatures with type parameters that cannot be inferred will be removed in v8. */\nexport function of<T>(): Observable<T>;\nexport function of<T>(value: T): Observable<T>;\nexport function of<A extends readonly unknown[]>(...values: A): Observable<ValueFromArray<A>>;\n\n/**\n * Converts the arguments to an observable sequence.\n *\n * <span class=\"informal\">Each argument becomes a `next` notification.</span>\n *\n * ![](of.png)\n *\n * Unlike {@link from}, it does not do any flattening and emits each argument in whole\n * as a separate `next` notification.\n *\n * ## Examples\n *\n * Emit the values `10, 20, 30`\n *\n * ```ts\n * import { of } from 'rxjs';\n *\n * of(10, 20, 30)\n *   .subscribe({\n *     next: value => console.log('next:', value),\n *     error: err => console.log('error:', err),\n *     complete: () => console.log('the end'),\n *   });\n *\n * // Outputs\n * // next: 10\n * // next: 20\n * // next: 30\n * // the end\n * ```\n *\n * Emit the array `[1, 2, 3]`\n *\n * ```ts\n * import { of } from 'rxjs';\n *\n * of([1, 2, 3])\n *   .subscribe({\n *     next: value => console.log('next:', value),\n *     error: err => console.log('error:', err),\n *     complete: () => console.log('the end'),\n *   });\n *\n * // Outputs\n * // next: [1, 2, 3]\n * // the end\n * ```\n *\n * @see {@link from}\n * @see {@link range}\n *\n * @param {...T} values A comma separated list of arguments you want to be emitted\n * @return {Observable} An Observable that emits the arguments\n * described above and then completes.\n */\nexport function of<T>(...args: Array<T | SchedulerLike>): Observable<T> {\n  const scheduler = popScheduler(args);\n  return from(args as T[], scheduler);\n}\n", "import { Observable } from '../Observable';\nimport { Subscriber } from '../Subscriber';\nimport { SchedulerLike } from '../types';\nimport { isFunction } from '../util/isFunction';\n\n/**\n * Creates an observable that will create an error instance and push it to the consumer as an error\n * immediately upon subscription.\n *\n * <span class=\"informal\">Just errors and does nothing else</span>\n *\n * ![](throw.png)\n *\n * This creation function is useful for creating an observable that will create an error and error every\n * time it is subscribed to. Generally, inside of most operators when you might want to return an errored\n * observable, this is unnecessary. In most cases, such as in the inner return of {@link concatMap},\n * {@link mergeMap}, {@link defer}, and many others, you can simply throw the error, and RxJS will pick\n * that up and notify the consumer of the error.\n *\n * ## Example\n *\n * Create a simple observable that will create a new error with a timestamp and log it\n * and the message every time you subscribe to it\n *\n * ```ts\n * import { throwError } from 'rxjs';\n *\n * let errorCount = 0;\n *\n * const errorWithTimestamp$ = throwError(() => {\n *   const error: any = new Error(`This is error number ${ ++errorCount }`);\n *   error.timestamp = Date.now();\n *   return error;\n * });\n *\n * errorWithTimestamp$.subscribe({\n *   error: err => console.log(err.timestamp, err.message)\n * });\n *\n * errorWithTimestamp$.subscribe({\n *   error: err => console.log(err.timestamp, err.message)\n * });\n *\n * // Logs the timestamp and a new error message for each subscription\n * ```\n *\n * ### Unnecessary usage\n *\n * Using `throwError` inside of an operator or creation function\n * with a callback, is usually not necessary\n *\n * ```ts\n * import { of, concatMap, timer, throwError } from 'rxjs';\n *\n * const delays$ = of(1000, 2000, Infinity, 3000);\n *\n * delays$.pipe(\n *   concatMap(ms => {\n *     if (ms < 10000) {\n *       return timer(ms);\n *     } else {\n *       // This is probably overkill.\n *       return throwError(() => new Error(`Invalid time ${ ms }`));\n *     }\n *   })\n * )\n * .subscribe({\n *   next: console.log,\n *   error: console.error\n * });\n * ```\n *\n * You can just throw the error instead\n *\n * ```ts\n * import { of, concatMap, timer } from 'rxjs';\n *\n * const delays$ = of(1000, 2000, Infinity, 3000);\n *\n * delays$.pipe(\n *   concatMap(ms => {\n *     if (ms < 10000) {\n *       return timer(ms);\n *     } else {\n *       // Cleaner and easier to read for most folks.\n *       throw new Error(`Invalid time ${ ms }`);\n *     }\n *   })\n * )\n * .subscribe({\n *   next: console.log,\n *   error: console.error\n * });\n * ```\n *\n * @param errorFactory A factory function that will create the error instance that is pushed.\n */\nexport function throwError(errorFactory: () => any): Observable<never>;\n\n/**\n * Returns an observable that will error with the specified error immediately upon subscription.\n *\n * @param error The error instance to emit\n * @deprecated Support for passing an error value will be removed in v8. Instead, pass a factory function to `throwError(() => new Error('test'))`. This is\n * because it will create the error at the moment it should be created and capture a more appropriate stack trace. If\n * for some reason you need to create the error ahead of time, you can still do that: `const err = new Error('test'); throwError(() => err);`.\n */\nexport function throwError(error: any): Observable<never>;\n\n/**\n * Notifies the consumer of an error using a given scheduler by scheduling it at delay `0` upon subscription.\n *\n * @param errorOrErrorFactory An error instance or error factory\n * @param scheduler A scheduler to use to schedule the error notification\n * @deprecated The `scheduler` parameter will be removed in v8.\n * Use `throwError` in combination with {@link observeOn}: `throwError(() => new Error('test')).pipe(observeOn(scheduler));`.\n * Details: https://rxjs.dev/deprecations/scheduler-argument\n */\nexport function throwError(errorOrErrorFactory: any, scheduler: SchedulerLike): Observable<never>;\n\nexport function throwError(errorOrErrorFactory: any, scheduler?: SchedulerLike): Observable<never> {\n  const errorFactory = isFunction(errorOrErrorFactory) ? errorOrErrorFactory : () => errorOrErrorFactory;\n  const init = (subscriber: Subscriber<never>) => subscriber.error(errorFactory());\n  return new Observable(scheduler ? (subscriber) => scheduler.schedule(init as any, 0, subscriber) : init);\n}\n", "import { createErrorClass } from './createErrorClass';\n\nexport interface EmptyError extends Error {}\n\nexport interface EmptyErrorCtor {\n  /**\n   * @deprecated Internal implementation detail. Do not construct error instances.\n   * Cannot be tagged as internal: https://github.com/ReactiveX/rxjs/issues/6269\n   */\n  new (): EmptyError;\n}\n\n/**\n * An error thrown when an Observable or a sequence was queried but has no\n * elements.\n *\n * @see {@link first}\n * @see {@link last}\n * @see {@link single}\n * @see {@link firstValueFrom}\n * @see {@link lastValueFrom}\n *\n * @class EmptyError\n */\nexport const EmptyError: EmptyErrorCtor = createErrorClass((_super) => function EmptyErrorImpl(this: any) {\n  _super(this);\n  this.name = 'EmptyError';\n  this.message = 'no elements in sequence';\n});\n", "/**\n * Checks to see if a value is not only a `Date` object,\n * but a *valid* `Date` object that can be converted to a\n * number. For example, `new Date('blah')` is indeed an\n * `instanceof Date`, however it cannot be converted to a\n * number.\n */\nexport function isValidDate(value: any): value is Date {\n  return value instanceof Date && !isNaN(value as any);\n}\n", "import { OperatorFunction } from '../types';\nimport { operate } from '../util/lift';\nimport { createOperatorSubscriber } from './OperatorSubscriber';\n\nexport function map<T, R>(project: (value: T, index: number) => R): OperatorFunction<T, R>;\n/** @deprecated Use a closure instead of a `thisArg`. Signatures accepting a `thisArg` will be removed in v8. */\nexport function map<T, R, A>(project: (this: A, value: T, index: number) => R, thisArg: A): OperatorFunction<T, R>;\n\n/**\n * Applies a given `project` function to each value emitted by the source\n * Observable, and emits the resulting values as an Observable.\n *\n * <span class=\"informal\">Like [Array.prototype.map()](https://developer.mozilla.org/en-US/docs/Web/JavaScript/Reference/Global_Objects/Array/map),\n * it passes each source value through a transformation function to get\n * corresponding output values.</span>\n *\n * ![](map.png)\n *\n * Similar to the well known `Array.prototype.map` function, this operator\n * applies a projection to each value and emits that projection in the output\n * Observable.\n *\n * ## Example\n *\n * Map every click to the `clientX` position of that click\n *\n * ```ts\n * import { fromEvent, map } from 'rxjs';\n *\n * const clicks = fromEvent<PointerEvent>(document, 'click');\n * const positions = clicks.pipe(map(ev => ev.clientX));\n *\n * positions.subscribe(x => console.log(x));\n * ```\n *\n * @see {@link mapTo}\n * @see {@link pluck}\n *\n * @param {function(value: T, index: number): R} project The function to apply\n * to each `value` emitted by the source Observable. The `index` parameter is\n * the number `i` for the i-th emission that has happened since the\n * subscription, starting from the number `0`.\n * @param {any} [thisArg] An optional argument to define what `this` is in the\n * `project` function.\n * @return A function that returns an Observable that emits the values from the\n * source Observable transformed by the given `project` function.\n */\nexport function map<T, R>(project: (value: T, index: number) => R, thisArg?: any): OperatorFunction<T, R> {\n  return operate((source, subscriber) => {\n    // The index of the value from the source. Used with projection.\n    let index = 0;\n    // Subscribe to the source, all errors and completions are sent along\n    // to the consumer.\n    source.subscribe(\n      createOperatorSubscriber(subscriber, (value: T) => {\n        // Call the projection function with the appropriate this context,\n        // and send the resulting value to the consumer.\n        subscriber.next(project.call(thisArg, value, index++));\n      })\n    );\n  });\n}\n", "import { OperatorFunction } from \"../types\";\nimport { map } from \"../operators/map\";\n\nconst { isArray } = Array;\n\nfunction callOrApply<T, R>(fn: ((...values: T[]) => R), args: T|T[]): R {\n    return isArray(args) ? fn(...args) : fn(args);\n}\n\n/**\n * Used in several -- mostly deprecated -- situations where we need to \n * apply a list of arguments or a single argument to a result selector.\n */\nexport function mapOneOrManyArgs<T, R>(fn: ((...values: T[]) => R)): OperatorFunction<T|T[], R> {\n    return map(args => callOrApply(fn, args))\n}", "const { isArray } = Array;\nconst { getPrototypeOf, prototype: objectProto, keys: getKeys } = Object;\n\n/**\n * Used in functions where either a list of arguments, a single array of arguments, or a\n * dictionary of arguments can be returned. Returns an object with an `args` property with\n * the arguments in an array, if it is a dictionary, it will also return the `keys` in another\n * property.\n */\nexport function argsArgArrayOrObject<T, O extends Record<string, T>>(args: T[] | [O] | [T[]]): { args: T[]; keys: string[] | null } {\n  if (args.length === 1) {\n    const first = args[0];\n    if (isArray(first)) {\n      return { args: first, keys: null };\n    }\n    if (isPOJO(first)) {\n      const keys = getKeys(first);\n      return {\n        args: keys.map((key) => first[key]),\n        keys,\n      };\n    }\n  }\n\n  return { args: args as T[], keys: null };\n}\n\nfunction isPOJO(obj: any): obj is object {\n  return obj && typeof obj === 'object' && getPrototypeOf(obj) === objectProto;\n}\n", "export function createObject(keys: string[], values: any[]) {\n  return keys.reduce((result, key, i) => ((result[key] = values[i]), result), {} as any);\n}\n", "import { Observable } from '../Observable';\nimport { ObservableInput, SchedulerLike, ObservedValueOf, ObservableInputTuple } from '../types';\nimport { argsArgArrayOrObject } from '../util/argsArgArrayOrObject';\nimport { Subscriber } from '../Subscriber';\nimport { from } from './from';\nimport { identity } from '../util/identity';\nimport { Subscription } from '../Subscription';\nimport { mapOneOrManyArgs } from '../util/mapOneOrManyArgs';\nimport { popResultSelector, popScheduler } from '../util/args';\nimport { createObject } from '../util/createObject';\nimport { createOperatorSubscriber } from '../operators/OperatorSubscriber';\nimport { AnyCatcher } from '../AnyCatcher';\nimport { executeSchedule } from '../util/executeSchedule';\n\n// combineLatest(any)\n// We put this first because we need to catch cases where the user has supplied\n// _exactly `any`_ as the argument. Since `any` literally matches _anything_,\n// we don't want it to randomly hit one of the other type signatures below,\n// as we have no idea at build-time what type we should be returning when given an any.\n\n/**\n * You have passed `any` here, we can't figure out if it is\n * an array or an object, so you're getting `unknown`. Use better types.\n * @param arg Something typed as `any`\n */\nexport function combineLatest<T extends AnyCatcher>(arg: T): Observable<unknown>;\n\n// combineLatest([a, b, c])\nexport function combineLatest(sources: []): Observable<never>;\nexport function combineLatest<A extends readonly unknown[]>(sources: readonly [...ObservableInputTuple<A>]): Observable<A>;\n/** @deprecated The `scheduler` parameter will be removed in v8. Use `scheduled` and `combineLatestAll`. Details: https://rxjs.dev/deprecations/scheduler-argument */\nexport function combineLatest<A extends readonly unknown[], R>(\n  sources: readonly [...ObservableInputTuple<A>],\n  resultSelector: (...values: A) => R,\n  scheduler: SchedulerLike\n): Observable<R>;\nexport function combineLatest<A extends readonly unknown[], R>(\n  sources: readonly [...ObservableInputTuple<A>],\n  resultSelector: (...values: A) => R\n): Observable<R>;\n/** @deprecated The `scheduler` parameter will be removed in v8. Use `scheduled` and `combineLatestAll`. Details: https://rxjs.dev/deprecations/scheduler-argument */\nexport function combineLatest<A extends readonly unknown[]>(\n  sources: readonly [...ObservableInputTuple<A>],\n  scheduler: SchedulerLike\n): Observable<A>;\n\n// combineLatest(a, b, c)\n/** @deprecated Pass an array of sources instead. The rest-parameters signature will be removed in v8. Details: https://rxjs.dev/deprecations/array-argument */\nexport function combineLatest<A extends readonly unknown[]>(...sources: [...ObservableInputTuple<A>]): Observable<A>;\n/** @deprecated The `scheduler` parameter will be removed in v8. Use `scheduled` and `combineLatestAll`. Details: https://rxjs.dev/deprecations/scheduler-argument */\nexport function combineLatest<A extends readonly unknown[], R>(\n  ...sourcesAndResultSelectorAndScheduler: [...ObservableInputTuple<A>, (...values: A) => R, SchedulerLike]\n): Observable<R>;\n/** @deprecated Pass an array of sources instead. The rest-parameters signature will be removed in v8. Details: https://rxjs.dev/deprecations/array-argument */\nexport function combineLatest<A extends readonly unknown[], R>(\n  ...sourcesAndResultSelector: [...ObservableInputTuple<A>, (...values: A) => R]\n): Observable<R>;\n/** @deprecated The `scheduler` parameter will be removed in v8. Use `scheduled` and `combineLatestAll`. Details: https://rxjs.dev/deprecations/scheduler-argument */\nexport function combineLatest<A extends readonly unknown[]>(\n  ...sourcesAndScheduler: [...ObservableInputTuple<A>, SchedulerLike]\n): Observable<A>;\n\n// combineLatest({a, b, c})\nexport function combineLatest(sourcesObject: { [K in any]: never }): Observable<never>;\nexport function combineLatest<T extends Record<string, ObservableInput<any>>>(\n  sourcesObject: T\n): Observable<{ [K in keyof T]: ObservedValueOf<T[K]> }>;\n\n/**\n * Combines multiple Observables to create an Observable whose values are\n * calculated from the latest values of each of its input Observables.\n *\n * <span class=\"informal\">Whenever any input Observable emits a value, it\n * computes a formula using the latest values from all the inputs, then emits\n * the output of that formula.</span>\n *\n * ![](combineLatest.png)\n *\n * `combineLatest` combines the values from all the Observables passed in the\n * observables array. This is done by subscribing to each Observable in order and,\n * whenever any Observable emits, collecting an array of the most recent\n * values from each Observable. So if you pass `n` Observables to this operator,\n * the returned Observable will always emit an array of `n` values, in an order\n * corresponding to the order of the passed Observables (the value from the first Observable\n * will be at index 0 of the array and so on).\n *\n * Static version of `combineLatest` accepts an array of Observables. Note that an array of\n * Observables is a good choice, if you don't know beforehand how many Observables\n * you will combine. Passing an empty array will result in an Observable that\n * completes immediately.\n *\n * To ensure the output array always has the same length, `combineLatest` will\n * actually wait for all input Observables to emit at least once,\n * before it starts emitting results. This means if some Observable emits\n * values before other Observables started emitting, all these values but the last\n * will be lost. On the other hand, if some Observable does not emit a value but\n * completes, resulting Observable will complete at the same moment without\n * emitting anything, since it will now be impossible to include a value from the\n * completed Observable in the resulting array. Also, if some input Observable does\n * not emit any value and never completes, `combineLatest` will also never emit\n * and never complete, since, again, it will wait for all streams to emit some\n * value.\n *\n * If at least one Observable was passed to `combineLatest` and all passed Observables\n * emitted something, the resulting Observable will complete when all combined\n * streams complete. So even if some Observable completes, the result of\n * `combineLatest` will still emit values when other Observables do. In case\n * of a completed Observable, its value from now on will always be the last\n * emitted value. On the other hand, if any Observable errors, `combineLatest`\n * will error immediately as well, and all other Observables will be unsubscribed.\n *\n * ## Examples\n *\n * Combine two timer Observables\n *\n * ```ts\n * import { timer, combineLatest } from 'rxjs';\n *\n * const firstTimer = timer(0, 1000); // emit 0, 1, 2... after every second, starting from now\n * const secondTimer = timer(500, 1000); // emit 0, 1, 2... after every second, starting 0,5s from now\n * const combinedTimers = combineLatest([firstTimer, secondTimer]);\n * combinedTimers.subscribe(value => console.log(value));\n * // Logs\n * // [0, 0] after 0.5s\n * // [1, 0] after 1s\n * // [1, 1] after 1.5s\n * // [2, 1] after 2s\n * ```\n *\n * Combine a dictionary of Observables\n *\n * ```ts\n * import { of, delay, startWith, combineLatest } from 'rxjs';\n *\n * const observables = {\n *   a: of(1).pipe(delay(1000), startWith(0)),\n *   b: of(5).pipe(delay(5000), startWith(0)),\n *   c: of(10).pipe(delay(10000), startWith(0))\n * };\n * const combined = combineLatest(observables);\n * combined.subscribe(value => console.log(value));\n * // Logs\n * // { a: 0, b: 0, c: 0 } immediately\n * // { a: 1, b: 0, c: 0 } after 1s\n * // { a: 1, b: 5, c: 0 } after 5s\n * // { a: 1, b: 5, c: 10 } after 10s\n * ```\n *\n * Combine an array of Observables\n *\n * ```ts\n * import { of, delay, startWith, combineLatest } from 'rxjs';\n *\n * const observables = [1, 5, 10].map(\n *   n => of(n).pipe(\n *     delay(n * 1000), // emit 0 and then emit n after n seconds\n *     startWith(0)\n *   )\n * );\n * const combined = combineLatest(observables);\n * combined.subscribe(value => console.log(value));\n * // Logs\n * // [0, 0, 0] immediately\n * // [1, 0, 0] after 1s\n * // [1, 5, 0] after 5s\n * // [1, 5, 10] after 10s\n * ```\n *\n * Use map operator to dynamically calculate the Body-Mass Index\n *\n * ```ts\n * import { of, combineLatest, map } from 'rxjs';\n *\n * const weight = of(70, 72, 76, 79, 75);\n * const height = of(1.76, 1.77, 1.78);\n * const bmi = combineLatest([weight, height]).pipe(\n *   map(([w, h]) => w / (h * h)),\n * );\n * bmi.subscribe(x => console.log('BMI is ' + x));\n *\n * // With output to console:\n * // BMI is 24.212293388429753\n * // BMI is 23.93948099205209\n * // BMI is 23.671253629592222\n * ```\n *\n * @see {@link combineLatestAll}\n * @see {@link merge}\n * @see {@link withLatestFrom}\n *\n * @param {ObservableInput} [observables] An array of input Observables to combine with each other.\n * An array of Observables must be given as the first argument.\n * @param {function} [project] An optional function to project the values from\n * the combined latest values into a new value on the output Observable.\n * @param {SchedulerLike} [scheduler=null] The {@link SchedulerLike} to use for subscribing to\n * each input Observable.\n * @return {Observable} An Observable of projected values from the most recent\n * values from each input Observable, or an array of the most recent values from\n * each input Observable.\n */\nexport function combineLatest<O extends ObservableInput<any>, R>(...args: any[]): Observable<R> | Observable<ObservedValueOf<O>[]> {\n  const scheduler = popScheduler(args);\n  const resultSelector = popResultSelector(args);\n\n  const { args: observables, keys } = argsArgArrayOrObject(args);\n\n  if (observables.length === 0) {\n    // If no observables are passed, or someone has passed an empty array\n    // of observables, or even an empty object POJO, we need to just\n    // complete (EMPTY), but we have to honor the scheduler provided if any.\n    return from([], scheduler as any);\n  }\n\n  const result = new Observable<ObservedValueOf<O>[]>(\n    combineLatestInit(\n      observables as ObservableInput<ObservedValueOf<O>>[],\n      scheduler,\n      keys\n        ? // A handler for scrubbing the array of args into a dictionary.\n          (values) => createObject(keys, values)\n        : // A passthrough to just return the array\n          identity\n    )\n  );\n\n  return resultSelector ? (result.pipe(mapOneOrManyArgs(resultSelector)) as Observable<R>) : result;\n}\n\nexport function combineLatestInit(\n  observables: ObservableInput<any>[],\n  scheduler?: SchedulerLike,\n  valueTransform: (values: any[]) => any = identity\n) {\n  return (subscriber: Subscriber<any>) => {\n    // The outer subscription. We're capturing this in a function\n    // because we may have to schedule it.\n    maybeSchedule(\n      scheduler,\n      () => {\n        const { length } = observables;\n        // A store for the values each observable has emitted so far. We match observable to value on index.\n        const values = new Array(length);\n        // The number of currently active subscriptions, as they complete, we decrement this number to see if\n        // we are all done combining values, so we can complete the result.\n        let active = length;\n        // The number of inner sources that still haven't emitted the first value\n        // We need to track this because all sources need to emit one value in order\n        // to start emitting values.\n        let remainingFirstValues = length;\n        // The loop to kick off subscription. We're keying everything on index `i` to relate the observables passed\n        // in to the slot in the output array or the key in the array of keys in the output dictionary.\n        for (let i = 0; i < length; i++) {\n          maybeSchedule(\n            scheduler,\n            () => {\n              const source = from(observables[i], scheduler as any);\n              let hasFirstValue = false;\n              source.subscribe(\n                createOperatorSubscriber(\n                  subscriber,\n                  (value) => {\n                    // When we get a value, record it in our set of values.\n                    values[i] = value;\n                    if (!hasFirstValue) {\n                      // If this is our first value, record that.\n                      hasFirstValue = true;\n                      remainingFirstValues--;\n                    }\n                    if (!remainingFirstValues) {\n                      // We're not waiting for any more\n                      // first values, so we can emit!\n                      subscriber.next(valueTransform(values.slice()));\n                    }\n                  },\n                  () => {\n                    if (!--active) {\n                      // We only complete the result if we have no more active\n                      // inner observables.\n                      subscriber.complete();\n                    }\n                  }\n                )\n              );\n            },\n            subscriber\n          );\n        }\n      },\n      subscriber\n    );\n  };\n}\n\n/**\n * A small utility to handle the couple of locations where we want to schedule if a scheduler was provided,\n * but we don't if there was no scheduler.\n */\nfunction maybeSchedule(scheduler: SchedulerLike | undefined, execute: () => void, subscription: Subscription) {\n  if (scheduler) {\n    executeSchedule(subscription, scheduler, execute);\n  } else {\n    execute();\n  }\n}\n", "import { Observable } from '../Observable';\nimport { innerFrom } from '../observable/innerFrom';\nimport { Subscriber } from '../Subscriber';\nimport { ObservableInput, SchedulerLike } from '../types';\nimport { executeSchedule } from '../util/executeSchedule';\nimport { createOperatorSubscriber } from './OperatorSubscriber';\n\n/**\n * A process embodying the general \"merge\" strategy. This is used in\n * `mergeMap` and `mergeScan` because the logic is otherwise nearly identical.\n * @param source The original source observable\n * @param subscriber The consumer subscriber\n * @param project The projection function to get our inner sources\n * @param concurrent The number of concurrent inner subscriptions\n * @param onBeforeNext Additional logic to apply before nexting to our consumer\n * @param expand If `true` this will perform an \"expand\" strategy, which differs only\n * in that it recurses, and the inner subscription must be schedule-able.\n * @param innerSubScheduler A scheduler to use to schedule inner subscriptions,\n * this is to support the expand strategy, mostly, and should be deprecated\n */\nexport function mergeInternals<T, R>(\n  source: Observable<T>,\n  subscriber: Subscriber<R>,\n  project: (value: T, index: number) => ObservableInput<R>,\n  concurrent: number,\n  onBeforeNext?: (innerValue: R) => void,\n  expand?: boolean,\n  innerSubScheduler?: SchedulerLike,\n  additionalFinalizer?: () => void\n) {\n  // Buffered values, in the event of going over our concurrency limit\n  const buffer: T[] = [];\n  // The number of active inner subscriptions.\n  let active = 0;\n  // An index to pass to our accumulator function\n  let index = 0;\n  // Whether or not the outer source has completed.\n  let isComplete = false;\n\n  /**\n   * Checks to see if we can complete our result or not.\n   */\n  const checkComplete = () => {\n    // If the outer has completed, and nothing is left in the buffer,\n    // and we don't have any active inner subscriptions, then we can\n    // Emit the state and complete.\n    if (isComplete && !buffer.length && !active) {\n      subscriber.complete();\n    }\n  };\n\n  // If we're under our concurrency limit, just start the inner subscription, otherwise buffer and wait.\n  const outerNext = (value: T) => (active < concurrent ? doInnerSub(value) : buffer.push(value));\n\n  const doInnerSub = (value: T) => {\n    // If we're expanding, we need to emit the outer values and the inner values\n    // as the inners will \"become outers\" in a way as they are recursively fed\n    // back to the projection mechanism.\n    expand && subscriber.next(value as any);\n\n    // Increment the number of active subscriptions so we can track it\n    // against our concurrency limit later.\n    active++;\n\n    // A flag used to show that the inner observable completed.\n    // This is checked during finalization to see if we should\n    // move to the next item in the buffer, if there is on.\n    let innerComplete = false;\n\n    // Start our inner subscription.\n    innerFrom(project(value, index++)).subscribe(\n      createOperatorSubscriber(\n        subscriber,\n        (innerValue) => {\n          // `mergeScan` has additional handling here. For example\n          // taking the inner value and updating state.\n          onBeforeNext?.(innerValue);\n\n          if (expand) {\n            // If we're expanding, then just recurse back to our outer\n            // handler. It will emit the value first thing.\n            outerNext(innerValue as any);\n          } else {\n            // Otherwise, emit the inner value.\n            subscriber.next(innerValue);\n          }\n        },\n        () => {\n          // Flag that we have completed, so we know to check the buffer\n          // during finalization.\n          innerComplete = true;\n        },\n        // Errors are passed to the destination.\n        undefined,\n        () => {\n          // During finalization, if the inner completed (it wasn't errored or\n          // cancelled), then we want to try the next item in the buffer if\n          // there is one.\n          if (innerComplete) {\n            // We have to wrap this in a try/catch because it happens during\n            // finalization, possibly asynchronously, and we want to pass\n            // any errors that happen (like in a projection function) to\n            // the outer Subscriber.\n            try {\n              // INNER SOURCE COMPLETE\n              // Decrement the active count to ensure that the next time\n              // we try to call `doInnerSub`, the number is accurate.\n              active--;\n              // If we have more values in the buffer, try to process those\n              // Note that this call will increment `active` ahead of the\n              // next conditional, if there were any more inner subscriptions\n              // to start.\n              while (buffer.length && active < concurrent) {\n                const bufferedValue = buffer.shift()!;\n                // Particularly for `expand`, we need to check to see if a scheduler was provided\n                // for when we want to start our inner subscription. Otherwise, we just start\n                // are next inner subscription.\n                if (innerSubScheduler) {\n                  executeSchedule(subscriber, innerSubScheduler, () => doInnerSub(bufferedValue));\n                } else {\n                  doInnerSub(bufferedValue);\n                }\n              }\n              // Check to see if we can complete, and complete if so.\n              checkComplete();\n            } catch (err) {\n              subscriber.error(err);\n            }\n          }\n        }\n      )\n    );\n  };\n\n  // Subscribe to our source observable.\n  source.subscribe(\n    createOperatorSubscriber(subscriber, outerNext, () => {\n      // Outer completed, make a note of it, and check to see if we can complete everything.\n      isComplete = true;\n      checkComplete();\n    })\n  );\n\n  // Additional finalization (for when the destination is torn down).\n  // Other finalization is added implicitly via subscription above.\n  return () => {\n    additionalFinalizer?.();\n  };\n}\n", "import { ObservableInput, OperatorFunction, ObservedValueOf } from '../types';\nimport { map } from './map';\nimport { innerFrom } from '../observable/innerFrom';\nimport { operate } from '../util/lift';\nimport { mergeInternals } from './mergeInternals';\nimport { isFunction } from '../util/isFunction';\n\n/* tslint:disable:max-line-length */\nexport function mergeMap<T, O extends ObservableInput<any>>(\n  project: (value: T, index: number) => O,\n  concurrent?: number\n): OperatorFunction<T, ObservedValueOf<O>>;\n/** @deprecated The `resultSelector` parameter will be removed in v8. Use an inner `map` instead. Details: https://rxjs.dev/deprecations/resultSelector */\nexport function mergeMap<T, O extends ObservableInput<any>>(\n  project: (value: T, index: number) => O,\n  resultSelector: undefined,\n  concurrent?: number\n): OperatorFunction<T, ObservedValueOf<O>>;\n/** @deprecated The `resultSelector` parameter will be removed in v8. Use an inner `map` instead. Details: https://rxjs.dev/deprecations/resultSelector */\nexport function mergeMap<T, R, O extends ObservableInput<any>>(\n  project: (value: T, index: number) => O,\n  resultSelector: (outerValue: T, innerValue: ObservedValueOf<O>, outerIndex: number, innerIndex: number) => R,\n  concurrent?: number\n): OperatorFunction<T, R>;\n/* tslint:enable:max-line-length */\n\n/**\n * Projects each source value to an Observable which is merged in the output\n * Observable.\n *\n * <span class=\"informal\">Maps each value to an Observable, then flattens all of\n * these inner Observables using {@link mergeAll}.</span>\n *\n * ![](mergeMap.png)\n *\n * Returns an Observable that emits items based on applying a function that you\n * supply to each item emitted by the source Observable, where that function\n * returns an Observable, and then merging those resulting Observables and\n * emitting the results of this merger.\n *\n * ## Example\n *\n * Map and flatten each letter to an Observable ticking every 1 second\n *\n * ```ts\n * import { of, mergeMap, interval, map } from 'rxjs';\n *\n * const letters = of('a', 'b', 'c');\n * const result = letters.pipe(\n *   mergeMap(x => interval(1000).pipe(map(i => x + i)))\n * );\n *\n * result.subscribe(x => console.log(x));\n *\n * // Results in the following:\n * // a0\n * // b0\n * // c0\n * // a1\n * // b1\n * // c1\n * // continues to list a, b, c every second with respective ascending integers\n * ```\n *\n * @see {@link concatMap}\n * @see {@link exhaustMap}\n * @see {@link merge}\n * @see {@link mergeAll}\n * @see {@link mergeMapTo}\n * @see {@link mergeScan}\n * @see {@link switchMap}\n *\n * @param {function(value: T, ?index: number): ObservableInput} project A function\n * that, when applied to an item emitted by the source Observable, returns an\n * Observable.\n * @param {number} [concurrent=Infinity] Maximum number of input\n * Observables being subscribed to concurrently.\n * @return A function that returns an Observable that emits the result of\n * applying the projection function (and the optional deprecated\n * `resultSelector`) to each item emitted by the source Observable and merging\n * the results of the Observables obtained from this transformation.\n */\nexport function mergeMap<T, R, O extends ObservableInput<any>>(\n  project: (value: T, index: number) => O,\n  resultSelector?: ((outerValue: T, innerValue: ObservedValueOf<O>, outerIndex: number, innerIndex: number) => R) | number,\n  concurrent: number = Infinity\n): OperatorFunction<T, ObservedValueOf<O> | R> {\n  if (isFunction(resultSelector)) {\n    // DEPRECATED PATH\n    return mergeMap((a, i) => map((b: any, ii: number) => resultSelector(a, b, i, ii))(innerFrom(project(a, i))), concurrent);\n  } else if (typeof resultSelector === 'number') {\n    concurrent = resultSelector;\n  }\n\n  return operate((source, subscriber) => mergeInternals(source, subscriber, project, concurrent));\n}\n", "import { mergeMap } from './mergeMap';\nimport { identity } from '../util/identity';\nimport { OperatorFunction, ObservableInput, ObservedValueOf } from '../types';\n\n/**\n * Converts a higher-order Observable into a first-order Observable which\n * concurrently delivers all values that are emitted on the inner Observables.\n *\n * <span class=\"informal\">Flattens an Observable-of-Observables.</span>\n *\n * ![](mergeAll.png)\n *\n * `mergeAll` subscribes to an Observable that emits Observables, also known as\n * a higher-order Observable. Each time it observes one of these emitted inner\n * Observables, it subscribes to that and delivers all the values from the\n * inner Observable on the output Observable. The output Observable only\n * completes once all inner Observables have completed. Any error delivered by\n * a inner Observable will be immediately emitted on the output Observable.\n *\n * ## Examples\n *\n * Spawn a new interval Observable for each click event, and blend their outputs as one Observable\n *\n * ```ts\n * import { fromEvent, map, interval, mergeAll } from 'rxjs';\n *\n * const clicks = fromEvent(document, 'click');\n * const higherOrder = clicks.pipe(map(() => interval(1000)));\n * const firstOrder = higherOrder.pipe(mergeAll());\n *\n * firstOrder.subscribe(x => console.log(x));\n * ```\n *\n * Count from 0 to 9 every second for each click, but only allow 2 concurrent timers\n *\n * ```ts\n * import { fromEvent, map, interval, take, mergeAll } from 'rxjs';\n *\n * const clicks = fromEvent(document, 'click');\n * const higherOrder = clicks.pipe(\n *   map(() => interval(1000).pipe(take(10)))\n * );\n * const firstOrder = higherOrder.pipe(mergeAll(2));\n *\n * firstOrder.subscribe(x => console.log(x));\n * ```\n *\n * @see {@link combineLatestAll}\n * @see {@link concatAll}\n * @see {@link exhaustAll}\n * @see {@link merge}\n * @see {@link mergeMap}\n * @see {@link mergeMapTo}\n * @see {@link mergeScan}\n * @see {@link switchAll}\n * @see {@link switchMap}\n * @see {@link zipAll}\n *\n * @param {number} [concurrent=Infinity] Maximum number of inner\n * Observables being subscribed to concurrently.\n * @return A function that returns an Observable that emits values coming from\n * all the inner Observables emitted by the source Observable.\n */\nexport function mergeAll<O extends ObservableInput<any>>(concurrent: number = Infinity): OperatorFunction<O, ObservedValueOf<O>> {\n  return mergeMap(identity, concurrent);\n}\n", "import { mergeAll } from './mergeAll';\nimport { OperatorFunction, ObservableInput, ObservedValueOf } from '../types';\n\n/**\n * Converts a higher-order Observable into a first-order Observable by\n * concatenating the inner Observables in order.\n *\n * <span class=\"informal\">Flattens an Observable-of-Observables by putting one\n * inner Observable after the other.</span>\n *\n * ![](concatAll.svg)\n *\n * Joins every Observable emitted by the source (a higher-order Observable), in\n * a serial fashion. It subscribes to each inner Observable only after the\n * previous inner Observable has completed, and merges all of their values into\n * the returned observable.\n *\n * __Warning:__ If the source Observable emits Observables quickly and\n * endlessly, and the inner Observables it emits generally complete slower than\n * the source emits, you can run into memory issues as the incoming Observables\n * collect in an unbounded buffer.\n *\n * Note: `concatAll` is equivalent to `mergeAll` with concurrency parameter set\n * to `1`.\n *\n * ## Example\n *\n * For each click event, tick every second from 0 to 3, with no concurrency\n *\n * ```ts\n * import { fromEvent, map, interval, take, concatAll } from 'rxjs';\n *\n * const clicks = fromEvent(document, 'click');\n * const higherOrder = clicks.pipe(\n *   map(() => interval(1000).pipe(take(4)))\n * );\n * const firstOrder = higherOrder.pipe(concatAll());\n * firstOrder.subscribe(x => console.log(x));\n *\n * // Results in the following:\n * // (results are not concurrent)\n * // For every click on the \"document\" it will emit values 0 to 3 spaced\n * // on a 1000ms interval\n * // one click = 1000ms-> 0 -1000ms-> 1 -1000ms-> 2 -1000ms-> 3\n * ```\n *\n * @see {@link combineLatestAll}\n * @see {@link concat}\n * @see {@link concatMap}\n * @see {@link concatMapTo}\n * @see {@link exhaustAll}\n * @see {@link mergeAll}\n * @see {@link switchAll}\n * @see {@link switchMap}\n * @see {@link zipAll}\n *\n * @return A function that returns an Observable emitting values from all the\n * inner Observables concatenated.\n */\nexport function concatAll<O extends ObservableInput<any>>(): OperatorFunction<O, ObservedValueOf<O>> {\n  return mergeAll(1);\n}\n", "import { Observable } from '../Observable';\nimport { ObservableInputTuple, SchedulerLike } from '../types';\nimport { concatAll } from '../operators/concatAll';\nimport { popScheduler } from '../util/args';\nimport { from } from './from';\n\nexport function concat<T extends readonly unknown[]>(...inputs: [...ObservableInputTuple<T>]): Observable<T[number]>;\nexport function concat<T extends readonly unknown[]>(\n  ...inputsAndScheduler: [...ObservableInputTuple<T>, SchedulerLike]\n): Observable<T[number]>;\n\n/**\n * Creates an output Observable which sequentially emits all values from the first given\n * Observable and then moves on to the next.\n *\n * <span class=\"informal\">Concatenates multiple Observables together by\n * sequentially emitting their values, one Observable after the other.</span>\n *\n * ![](concat.png)\n *\n * `concat` joins multiple Observables together, by subscribing to them one at a time and\n * merging their results into the output Observable. You can pass either an array of\n * Observables, or put them directly as arguments. Passing an empty array will result\n * in Observable that completes immediately.\n *\n * `concat` will subscribe to first input Observable and emit all its values, without\n * changing or affecting them in any way. When that Observable completes, it will\n * subscribe to then next Observable passed and, again, emit its values. This will be\n * repeated, until the operator runs out of Observables. When last input Observable completes,\n * `concat` will complete as well. At any given moment only one Observable passed to operator\n * emits values. If you would like to emit values from passed Observables concurrently, check out\n * {@link merge} instead, especially with optional `concurrent` parameter. As a matter of fact,\n * `concat` is an equivalent of `merge` operator with `concurrent` parameter set to `1`.\n *\n * Note that if some input Observable never completes, `concat` will also never complete\n * and Observables following the one that did not complete will never be subscribed. On the other\n * hand, if some Observable simply completes immediately after it is subscribed, it will be\n * invisible for `concat`, which will just move on to the next Observable.\n *\n * If any Observable in chain errors, instead of passing control to the next Observable,\n * `concat` will error immediately as well. Observables that would be subscribed after\n * the one that emitted error, never will.\n *\n * If you pass to `concat` the same Observable many times, its stream of values\n * will be \"replayed\" on every subscription, which means you can repeat given Observable\n * as many times as you like. If passing the same Observable to `concat` 1000 times becomes tedious,\n * you can always use {@link repeat}.\n *\n * ## Examples\n *\n * Concatenate a timer counting from 0 to 3 with a synchronous sequence from 1 to 10\n *\n * ```ts\n * import { interval, take, range, concat } from 'rxjs';\n *\n * const timer = interval(1000).pipe(take(4));\n * const sequence = range(1, 10);\n * const result = concat(timer, sequence);\n * result.subscribe(x => console.log(x));\n *\n * // results in:\n * // 0 -1000ms-> 1 -1000ms-> 2 -1000ms-> 3 -immediate-> 1 ... 10\n * ```\n *\n * Concatenate 3 Observables\n *\n * ```ts\n * import { interval, take, concat } from 'rxjs';\n *\n * const timer1 = interval(1000).pipe(take(10));\n * const timer2 = interval(2000).pipe(take(6));\n * const timer3 = interval(500).pipe(take(10));\n *\n * const result = concat(timer1, timer2, timer3);\n * result.subscribe(x => console.log(x));\n *\n * // results in the following:\n * // (Prints to console sequentially)\n * // -1000ms-> 0 -1000ms-> 1 -1000ms-> ... 9\n * // -2000ms-> 0 -2000ms-> 1 -2000ms-> ... 5\n * // -500ms-> 0 -500ms-> 1 -500ms-> ... 9\n * ```\n *\n * Concatenate the same Observable to repeat it\n *\n * ```ts\n * import { interval, take, concat } from 'rxjs';\n *\n * const timer = interval(1000).pipe(take(2));\n *\n * concat(timer, timer) // concatenating the same Observable!\n *   .subscribe({\n *     next: value => console.log(value),\n *     complete: () => console.log('...and it is done!')\n *   });\n *\n * // Logs:\n * // 0 after 1s\n * // 1 after 2s\n * // 0 after 3s\n * // 1 after 4s\n * // '...and it is done!' also after 4s\n * ```\n *\n * @see {@link concatAll}\n * @see {@link concatMap}\n * @see {@link concatMapTo}\n * @see {@link startWith}\n * @see {@link endWith}\n *\n * @param args Input Observables to concatenate.\n */\nexport function concat(...args: any[]): Observable<unknown> {\n  return concatAll()(from(args, popScheduler(args)));\n}\n", "import { Observable } from '../Observable';\nimport { ObservedValueOf, ObservableInput } from '../types';\nimport { innerFrom } from './innerFrom';\n\n/**\n * Creates an Observable that, on subscribe, calls an Observable factory to\n * make an Observable for each new Observer.\n *\n * <span class=\"informal\">Creates the Observable lazily, that is, only when it\n * is subscribed.\n * </span>\n *\n * ![](defer.png)\n *\n * `defer` allows you to create an Observable only when the Observer\n * subscribes. It waits until an Observer subscribes to it, calls the given\n * factory function to get an Observable -- where a factory function typically\n * generates a new Observable -- and subscribes the Observer to this Observable.\n * In case the factory function returns a falsy value, then EMPTY is used as\n * Observable instead. Last but not least, an exception during the factory\n * function call is transferred to the Observer by calling `error`.\n *\n * ## Example\n *\n * Subscribe to either an Observable of clicks or an Observable of interval, at random\n *\n * ```ts\n * import { defer, fromEvent, interval } from 'rxjs';\n *\n * const clicksOrInterval = defer(() => {\n *   return Math.random() > 0.5\n *     ? fromEvent(document, 'click')\n *     : interval(1000);\n * });\n * clicksOrInterval.subscribe(x => console.log(x));\n *\n * // Results in the following behavior:\n * // If the result of Math.random() is greater than 0.5 it will listen\n * // for clicks anywhere on the \"document\"; when document is clicked it\n * // will log a MouseEvent object to the console. If the result is less\n * // than 0.5 it will emit ascending numbers, one every second(1000ms).\n * ```\n *\n * @see {@link Observable}\n *\n * @param {function(): ObservableInput} observableFactory The Observable\n * factory function to invoke for each Observer that subscribes to the output\n * Observable. May also return a Promise, which will be converted on the fly\n * to an Observable.\n * @return {Observable} An Observable whose Observers' subscriptions trigger\n * an invocation of the given Observable factory function.\n */\nexport function defer<R extends ObservableInput<any>>(observableFactory: () => R): Observable<ObservedValueOf<R>> {\n  return new Observable<ObservedValueOf<R>>((subscriber) => {\n    innerFrom(observableFactory()).subscribe(subscriber);\n  });\n}\n", "import { innerFrom } from '../observable/innerFrom';\nimport { Observable } from '../Observable';\nimport { mergeMap } from '../operators/mergeMap';\nimport { isArrayLike } from '../util/isArrayLike';\nimport { isFunction } from '../util/isFunction';\nimport { mapOneOrManyArgs } from '../util/mapOneOrManyArgs';\n\n// These constants are used to create handler registry functions using array mapping below.\nconst nodeEventEmitterMethods = ['addListener', 'removeListener'] as const;\nconst eventTargetMethods = ['addEventListener', 'removeEventListener'] as const;\nconst jqueryMethods = ['on', 'off'] as const;\n\nexport interface NodeStyleEventEmitter {\n  addListener(eventName: string | symbol, handler: NodeEventHandler): this;\n  removeListener(eventName: string | symbol, handler: NodeEventHandler): this;\n}\n\nexport type NodeEventHandler = (...args: any[]) => void;\n\n// For APIs that implement `addListener` and `removeListener` methods that may\n// not use the same arguments or return EventEmitter values\n// such as React Native\nexport interface NodeCompatibleEventEmitter {\n  addListener(eventName: string, handler: NodeEventHandler): void | {};\n  removeListener(eventName: string, handler: NodeEventHandler): void | {};\n}\n\n// Use handler types like those in @types/jquery. See:\n// https://github.com/DefinitelyTyped/DefinitelyTyped/blob/847731ba1d7fa6db6b911c0e43aa0afe596e7723/types/jquery/misc.d.ts#L6395\nexport interface JQueryStyleEventEmitter<TContext, T> {\n  on(eventName: string, handler: (this: TContext, t: T, ...args: any[]) => any): void;\n  off(eventName: string, handler: (this: TContext, t: T, ...args: any[]) => any): void;\n}\n\nexport interface EventListenerObject<E> {\n  handleEvent(evt: E): void;\n}\n\nexport interface HasEventTargetAddRemove<E> {\n  addEventListener(\n    type: string,\n    listener: ((evt: E) => void) | EventListenerObject<E> | null,\n    options?: boolean | AddEventListenerOptions\n  ): void;\n  removeEventListener(\n    type: string,\n    listener: ((evt: E) => void) | EventListenerObject<E> | null,\n    options?: EventListenerOptions | boolean\n  ): void;\n}\n\nexport interface EventListenerOptions {\n  capture?: boolean;\n  passive?: boolean;\n  once?: boolean;\n}\n\nexport interface AddEventListenerOptions extends EventListenerOptions {\n  once?: boolean;\n  passive?: boolean;\n}\n\nexport function fromEvent<T>(target: HasEventTargetAddRemove<T> | ArrayLike<HasEventTargetAddRemove<T>>, eventName: string): Observable<T>;\nexport function fromEvent<T, R>(\n  target: HasEventTargetAddRemove<T> | ArrayLike<HasEventTargetAddRemove<T>>,\n  eventName: string,\n  resultSelector: (event: T) => R\n): Observable<R>;\nexport function fromEvent<T>(\n  target: HasEventTargetAddRemove<T> | ArrayLike<HasEventTargetAddRemove<T>>,\n  eventName: string,\n  options: EventListenerOptions\n): Observable<T>;\nexport function fromEvent<T, R>(\n  target: HasEventTargetAddRemove<T> | ArrayLike<HasEventTargetAddRemove<T>>,\n  eventName: string,\n  options: EventListenerOptions,\n  resultSelector: (event: T) => R\n): Observable<R>;\n\nexport function fromEvent(target: NodeStyleEventEmitter | ArrayLike<NodeStyleEventEmitter>, eventName: string): Observable<unknown>;\n/** @deprecated Do not specify explicit type parameters. Signatures with type parameters that cannot be inferred will be removed in v8. */\nexport function fromEvent<T>(target: NodeStyleEventEmitter | ArrayLike<NodeStyleEventEmitter>, eventName: string): Observable<T>;\nexport function fromEvent<R>(\n  target: NodeStyleEventEmitter | ArrayLike<NodeStyleEventEmitter>,\n  eventName: string,\n  resultSelector: (...args: any[]) => R\n): Observable<R>;\n\nexport function fromEvent(\n  target: NodeCompatibleEventEmitter | ArrayLike<NodeCompatibleEventEmitter>,\n  eventName: string\n): Observable<unknown>;\n/** @deprecated Do not specify explicit type parameters. Signatures with type parameters that cannot be inferred will be removed in v8. */\nexport function fromEvent<T>(target: NodeCompatibleEventEmitter | ArrayLike<NodeCompatibleEventEmitter>, eventName: string): Observable<T>;\nexport function fromEvent<R>(\n  target: NodeCompatibleEventEmitter | ArrayLike<NodeCompatibleEventEmitter>,\n  eventName: string,\n  resultSelector: (...args: any[]) => R\n): Observable<R>;\n\nexport function fromEvent<T>(\n  target: JQueryStyleEventEmitter<any, T> | ArrayLike<JQueryStyleEventEmitter<any, T>>,\n  eventName: string\n): Observable<T>;\nexport function fromEvent<T, R>(\n  target: JQueryStyleEventEmitter<any, T> | ArrayLike<JQueryStyleEventEmitter<any, T>>,\n  eventName: string,\n  resultSelector: (value: T, ...args: any[]) => R\n): Observable<R>;\n\n/**\n * Creates an Observable that emits events of a specific type coming from the\n * given event target.\n *\n * <span class=\"informal\">Creates an Observable from DOM events, or Node.js\n * EventEmitter events or others.</span>\n *\n * ![](fromEvent.png)\n *\n * `fromEvent` accepts as a first argument event target, which is an object with methods\n * for registering event handler functions. As a second argument it takes string that indicates\n * type of event we want to listen for. `fromEvent` supports selected types of event targets,\n * which are described in detail below. If your event target does not match any of the ones listed,\n * you should use {@link fromEventPattern}, which can be used on arbitrary APIs.\n * When it comes to APIs supported by `fromEvent`, their methods for adding and removing event\n * handler functions have different names, but they all accept a string describing event type\n * and function itself, which will be called whenever said event happens.\n *\n * Every time resulting Observable is subscribed, event handler function will be registered\n * to event target on given event type. When that event fires, value\n * passed as a first argument to registered function will be emitted by output Observable.\n * When Observable is unsubscribed, function will be unregistered from event target.\n *\n * Note that if event target calls registered function with more than one argument, second\n * and following arguments will not appear in resulting stream. In order to get access to them,\n * you can pass to `fromEvent` optional project function, which will be called with all arguments\n * passed to event handler. Output Observable will then emit value returned by project function,\n * instead of the usual value.\n *\n * Remember that event targets listed below are checked via duck typing. It means that\n * no matter what kind of object you have and no matter what environment you work in,\n * you can safely use `fromEvent` on that object if it exposes described methods (provided\n * of course they behave as was described above). So for example if Node.js library exposes\n * event target which has the same method names as DOM EventTarget, `fromEvent` is still\n * a good choice.\n *\n * If the API you use is more callback then event handler oriented (subscribed\n * callback function fires only once and thus there is no need to manually\n * unregister it), you should use {@link bindCallback} or {@link bindNodeCallback}\n * instead.\n *\n * `fromEvent` supports following types of event targets:\n *\n * **DOM EventTarget**\n *\n * This is an object with `addEventListener` and `removeEventListener` methods.\n *\n * In the browser, `addEventListener` accepts - apart from event type string and event\n * handler function arguments - optional third parameter, which is either an object or boolean,\n * both used for additional configuration how and when passed function will be called. When\n * `fromEvent` is used with event target of that type, you can provide this values\n * as third parameter as well.\n *\n * **Node.js EventEmitter**\n *\n * An object with `addListener` and `removeListener` methods.\n *\n * **JQuery-style event target**\n *\n * An object with `on` and `off` methods\n *\n * **DOM NodeList**\n *\n * List of DOM Nodes, returned for example by `document.querySelectorAll` or `Node.childNodes`.\n *\n * Although this collection is not event target in itself, `fromEvent` will iterate over all Nodes\n * it contains and install event handler function in every of them. When returned Observable\n * is unsubscribed, function will be removed from all Nodes.\n *\n * **DOM HtmlCollection**\n *\n * Just as in case of NodeList it is a collection of DOM nodes. Here as well event handler function is\n * installed and removed in each of elements.\n *\n *\n * ## Examples\n *\n * Emit clicks happening on the DOM document\n *\n * ```ts\n * import { fromEvent } from 'rxjs';\n *\n * const clicks = fromEvent(document, 'click');\n * clicks.subscribe(x => console.log(x));\n *\n * // Results in:\n * // MouseEvent object logged to console every time a click\n * // occurs on the document.\n * ```\n *\n * Use `addEventListener` with capture option\n *\n * ```ts\n * import { fromEvent } from 'rxjs';\n *\n * const div = document.createElement('div');\n * div.style.cssText = 'width: 200px; height: 200px; background: #09c;';\n * document.body.appendChild(div);\n *\n * // note optional configuration parameter which will be passed to addEventListener\n * const clicksInDocument = fromEvent(document, 'click', { capture: true });\n * const clicksInDiv = fromEvent(div, 'click');\n *\n * clicksInDocument.subscribe(() => console.log('document'));\n * clicksInDiv.subscribe(() => console.log('div'));\n *\n * // By default events bubble UP in DOM tree, so normally\n * // when we would click on div in document\n * // \"div\" would be logged first and then \"document\".\n * // Since we specified optional `capture` option, document\n * // will catch event when it goes DOWN DOM tree, so console\n * // will log \"document\" and then \"div\".\n * ```\n *\n * @see {@link bindCallback}\n * @see {@link bindNodeCallback}\n * @see {@link fromEventPattern}\n *\n * @param {FromEventTarget<T>} target The DOM EventTarget, Node.js\n * EventEmitter, JQuery-like event target, NodeList or HTMLCollection to attach the event handler to.\n * @param {string} eventName The event name of interest, being emitted by the\n * `target`.\n * @param {EventListenerOptions} [options] Options to pass through to addEventListener\n * @return {Observable<T>}\n */\nexport function fromEvent<T>(\n  target: any,\n  eventName: string,\n  options?: EventListenerOptions | ((...args: any[]) => T),\n  resultSelector?: (...args: any[]) => T\n): Observable<T> {\n  if (isFunction(options)) {\n    resultSelector = options;\n    options = undefined;\n  }\n  if (resultSelector) {\n    return fromEvent<T>(target, eventName, options as EventListenerOptions).pipe(mapOneOrManyArgs(resultSelector));\n  }\n\n  // Figure out our add and remove methods. In order to do this,\n  // we are going to analyze the target in a preferred order, if\n  // the target matches a given signature, we take the two \"add\" and \"remove\"\n  // method names and apply them to a map to create opposite versions of the\n  // same function. This is because they all operate in duplicate pairs,\n  // `addListener(name, handler)`, `removeListener(name, handler)`, for example.\n  // The call only differs by method name, as to whether or not you're adding or removing.\n  const [add, remove] =\n    // If it is an EventTarget, we need to use a slightly different method than the other two patterns.\n    isEventTarget(target)\n      ? eventTargetMethods.map((methodName) => (handler: any) => target[methodName](eventName, handler, options as EventListenerOptions))\n      : // In all other cases, the call pattern is identical with the exception of the method names.\n      isNodeStyleEventEmitter(target)\n      ? nodeEventEmitterMethods.map(toCommonHandlerRegistry(target, eventName))\n      : isJQueryStyleEventEmitter(target)\n      ? jqueryMethods.map(toCommonHandlerRegistry(target, eventName))\n      : [];\n\n  // If add is falsy, it's because we didn't match a pattern above.\n  // Check to see if it is an ArrayLike, because if it is, we want to\n  // try to apply fromEvent to all of it's items. We do this check last,\n  // because there are may be some types that are both ArrayLike *and* implement\n  // event registry points, and we'd rather delegate to that when possible.\n  if (!add) {\n    if (isArrayLike(target)) {\n      return mergeMap((subTarget: any) => fromEvent(subTarget, eventName, options as EventListenerOptions))(\n        innerFrom(target)\n      ) as Observable<T>;\n    }\n  }\n\n  // If add is falsy and we made it here, it's because we didn't\n  // match any valid target objects above.\n  if (!add) {\n    throw new TypeError('Invalid event target');\n  }\n\n  return new Observable<T>((subscriber) => {\n    // The handler we are going to register. Forwards the event object, by itself, or\n    // an array of arguments to the event handler, if there is more than one argument,\n    // to the consumer.\n    const handler = (...args: any[]) => subscriber.next(1 < args.length ? args : args[0]);\n    // Do the work of adding the handler to the target.\n    add(handler);\n    // When we finalize, we want to remove the handler and free up memory.\n    return () => remove!(handler);\n  });\n}\n\n/**\n * Used to create `add` and `remove` functions to register and unregister event handlers\n * from a target in the most common handler pattern, where there are only two arguments.\n * (e.g.  `on(name, fn)`, `off(name, fn)`, `addListener(name, fn)`, or `removeListener(name, fn)`)\n * @param target The target we're calling methods on\n * @param eventName The event name for the event we're creating register or unregister functions for\n */\nfunction toCommonHandlerRegistry(target: any, eventName: string) {\n  return (methodName: string) => (handler: any) => target[methodName](eventName, handler);\n}\n\n/**\n * Checks to see if the target implements the required node-style EventEmitter methods\n * for adding and removing event handlers.\n * @param target the object to check\n */\nfunction isNodeStyleEventEmitter(target: any): target is NodeStyleEventEmitter {\n  return isFunction(target.addListener) && isFunction(target.removeListener);\n}\n\n/**\n * Checks to see if the target implements the required jQuery-style EventEmitter methods\n * for adding and removing event handlers.\n * @param target the object to check\n */\nfunction isJQueryStyleEventEmitter(target: any): target is JQueryStyleEventEmitter<any, any> {\n  return isFunction(target.on) && isFunction(target.off);\n}\n\n/**\n * Checks to see if the target implements the required EventTarget methods\n * for adding and removing event handlers.\n * @param target the object to check\n */\nfunction isEventTarget(target: any): target is HasEventTargetAddRemove<any> {\n  return isFunction(target.addEventListener) && isFunction(target.removeEventListener);\n}\n", "import { Observable } from '../Observable';\nimport { isFunction } from '../util/isFunction';\nimport { NodeEventHandler } from './fromEvent';\nimport { mapOneOrManyArgs } from '../util/mapOneOrManyArgs';\n\n/* tslint:disable:max-line-length */\nexport function fromEventPattern<T>(\n  addHandler: (handler: NodeEventHandler) => any,\n  removeHandler?: (handler: NodeEventHandler, signal?: any) => void\n): Observable<T>;\nexport function fromEventPattern<T>(\n  addHandler: (handler: NodeEventHandler) => any,\n  removeHandler?: (handler: NodeEventHandler, signal?: any) => void,\n  resultSelector?: (...args: any[]) => T\n): Observable<T>;\n/* tslint:enable:max-line-length */\n\n/**\n * Creates an Observable from an arbitrary API for registering event handlers.\n *\n * <span class=\"informal\">When that method for adding event handler was something {@link fromEvent}\n * was not prepared for.</span>\n *\n * ![](fromEventPattern.png)\n *\n * `fromEventPattern` allows you to convert into an Observable any API that supports registering handler functions\n * for events. It is similar to {@link fromEvent}, but far\n * more flexible. In fact, all use cases of {@link fromEvent} could be easily handled by\n * `fromEventPattern` (although in slightly more verbose way).\n *\n * This operator accepts as a first argument an `addHandler` function, which will be injected with\n * handler parameter. That handler is actually an event handler function that you now can pass\n * to API expecting it. `addHandler` will be called whenever Observable\n * returned by the operator is subscribed, so registering handler in API will not\n * necessarily happen when `fromEventPattern` is called.\n *\n * After registration, every time an event that we listen to happens,\n * Observable returned by `fromEventPattern` will emit value that event handler\n * function was called with. Note that if event handler was called with more\n * than one argument, second and following arguments will not appear in the Observable.\n *\n * If API you are using allows to unregister event handlers as well, you can pass to `fromEventPattern`\n * another function - `removeHandler` - as a second parameter. It will be injected\n * with the same handler function as before, which now you can use to unregister\n * it from the API. `removeHandler` will be called when consumer of resulting Observable\n * unsubscribes from it.\n *\n * In some APIs unregistering is actually handled differently. Method registering an event handler\n * returns some kind of token, which is later used to identify which function should\n * be unregistered or it itself has method that unregisters event handler.\n * If that is the case with your API, make sure token returned\n * by registering method is returned by `addHandler`. Then it will be passed\n * as a second argument to `removeHandler`, where you will be able to use it.\n *\n * If you need access to all event handler parameters (not only the first one),\n * or you need to transform them in any way, you can call `fromEventPattern` with optional\n * third parameter - project function which will accept all arguments passed to\n * event handler when it is called. Whatever is returned from project function will appear on\n * resulting stream instead of usual event handlers first argument. This means\n * that default project can be thought of as function that takes its first parameter\n * and ignores the rest.\n *\n * ## Examples\n *\n * Emits clicks happening on the DOM document\n *\n * ```ts\n * import { fromEventPattern } from 'rxjs';\n *\n * function addClickHandler(handler) {\n *   document.addEventListener('click', handler);\n * }\n *\n * function removeClickHandler(handler) {\n *   document.removeEventListener('click', handler);\n * }\n *\n * const clicks = fromEventPattern(\n *   addClickHandler,\n *   removeClickHandler\n * );\n * clicks.subscribe(x => console.log(x));\n *\n * // Whenever you click anywhere in the browser, DOM MouseEvent\n * // object will be logged.\n * ```\n *\n * Use with API that returns cancellation token\n *\n * ```ts\n * import { fromEventPattern } from 'rxjs';\n *\n * const token = someAPI.registerEventHandler(function() {});\n * someAPI.unregisterEventHandler(token); // this APIs cancellation method accepts\n *                                        // not handler itself, but special token.\n *\n * const someAPIObservable = fromEventPattern(\n *   function(handler) { return someAPI.registerEventHandler(handler); }, // Note that we return the token here...\n *   function(handler, token) { someAPI.unregisterEventHandler(token); }  // ...to then use it here.\n * );\n * ```\n *\n * Use with project function\n *\n * ```ts\n * import { fromEventPattern } from 'rxjs';\n *\n * someAPI.registerEventHandler((eventType, eventMessage) => {\n *   console.log(eventType, eventMessage); // Logs 'EVENT_TYPE' 'EVENT_MESSAGE' to console.\n * });\n *\n * const someAPIObservable = fromEventPattern(\n *   handler => someAPI.registerEventHandler(handler),\n *   handler => someAPI.unregisterEventHandler(handler)\n *   (eventType, eventMessage) => eventType + ' --- ' + eventMessage // without that function only 'EVENT_TYPE'\n * );                                                                // would be emitted by the Observable\n *\n * someAPIObservable.subscribe(value => console.log(value));\n *\n * // Logs:\n * // 'EVENT_TYPE --- EVENT_MESSAGE'\n * ```\n *\n * @see {@link fromEvent}\n * @see {@link bindCallback}\n * @see {@link bindNodeCallback}\n *\n * @param {function(handler: Function): any} addHandler A function that takes\n * a `handler` function as argument and attaches it somehow to the actual\n * source of events.\n * @param {function(handler: Function, token?: any): void} [removeHandler] A function that\n * takes a `handler` function as an argument and removes it from the event source. If `addHandler`\n * returns some kind of token, `removeHandler` function will have it as a second parameter.\n * @param {function(...args: any): T} [project] A function to\n * transform results. It takes the arguments from the event handler and\n * should return a single value.\n * @return {Observable<T>} Observable which, when an event happens, emits first parameter\n * passed to registered event handler. Alternatively it emits whatever project function returns\n * at that moment.\n */\nexport function fromEventPattern<T>(\n  addHandler: (handler: NodeEventHandler) => any,\n  removeHandler?: (handler: NodeEventHandler, signal?: any) => void,\n  resultSelector?: (...args: any[]) => T\n): Observable<T | T[]> {\n  if (resultSelector) {\n    return fromEventPattern<T>(addHandler, removeHandler).pipe(mapOneOrManyArgs(resultSelector));\n  }\n\n  return new Observable<T | T[]>((subscriber) => {\n    const handler = (...e: T[]) => subscriber.next(e.length === 1 ? e[0] : e);\n    const retValue = addHandler(handler);\n    return isFunction(removeHandler) ? () => removeHandler(handler, retValue) : undefined;\n  });\n}\n", "import { Observable } from '../Observable';\nimport { SchedulerLike } from '../types';\nimport { async as asyncScheduler } from '../scheduler/async';\nimport { isScheduler } from '../util/isScheduler';\nimport { isValidDate } from '../util/isDate';\n\n/**\n * Creates an observable that will wait for a specified time period, or exact date, before\n * emitting the number 0.\n *\n * <span class=\"informal\">Used to emit a notification after a delay.</span>\n *\n * This observable is useful for creating delays in code, or racing against other values\n * for ad-hoc timeouts.\n *\n * The `delay` is specified by default in milliseconds, however providing a custom scheduler could\n * create a different behavior.\n *\n * ## Examples\n *\n * Wait 3 seconds and start another observable\n *\n * You might want to use `timer` to delay subscription to an\n * observable by a set amount of time. Here we use a timer with\n * {@link concatMapTo} or {@link concatMap} in order to wait\n * a few seconds and start a subscription to a source.\n *\n * ```ts\n * import { of, timer, concatMap } from 'rxjs';\n *\n * // This could be any observable\n * const source = of(1, 2, 3);\n *\n * timer(3000)\n *   .pipe(concatMap(() => source))\n *   .subscribe(console.log);\n * ```\n *\n * Take all values until the start of the next minute\n *\n * Using a `Date` as the trigger for the first emission, you can\n * do things like wait until midnight to fire an event, or in this case,\n * wait until a new minute starts (chosen so the example wouldn't take\n * too long to run) in order to stop watching a stream. Leveraging\n * {@link takeUntil}.\n *\n * ```ts\n * import { interval, takeUntil, timer } from 'rxjs';\n *\n * // Build a Date object that marks the\n * // next minute.\n * const currentDate = new Date();\n * const startOfNextMinute = new Date(\n *   currentDate.getFullYear(),\n *   currentDate.getMonth(),\n *   currentDate.getDate(),\n *   currentDate.getHours(),\n *   currentDate.getMinutes() + 1\n * );\n *\n * // This could be any observable stream\n * const source = interval(1000);\n *\n * const result = source.pipe(\n *   takeUntil(timer(startOfNextMinute))\n * );\n *\n * result.subscribe(console.log);\n * ```\n *\n * ### Known Limitations\n *\n * - The {@link asyncScheduler} uses `setTimeout` which has limitations for how far in the future it can be scheduled.\n *\n * - If a `scheduler` is provided that returns a timestamp other than an epoch from `now()`, and\n * a `Date` object is passed to the `dueTime` argument, the calculation for when the first emission\n * should occur will be incorrect. In this case, it would be best to do your own calculations\n * ahead of time, and pass a `number` in as the `dueTime`.\n *\n * @param due If a `number`, the amount of time in milliseconds to wait before emitting.\n * If a `Date`, the exact time at which to emit.\n * @param scheduler The scheduler to use to schedule the delay. Defaults to {@link asyncScheduler}.\n */\nexport function timer(due: number | Date, scheduler?: SchedulerLike): Observable<0>;\n\n/**\n * Creates an observable that starts an interval after a specified delay, emitting incrementing numbers -- starting at `0` --\n * on each interval after words.\n *\n * The `delay` and `intervalDuration` are specified by default in milliseconds, however providing a custom scheduler could\n * create a different behavior.\n *\n * ## Example\n *\n * ### Start an interval that starts right away\n *\n * Since {@link interval} waits for the passed delay before starting,\n * sometimes that's not ideal. You may want to start an interval immediately.\n * `timer` works well for this. Here we have both side-by-side so you can\n * see them in comparison.\n *\n * Note that this observable will never complete.\n *\n * ```ts\n * import { timer, interval } from 'rxjs';\n *\n * timer(0, 1000).subscribe(n => console.log('timer', n));\n * interval(1000).subscribe(n => console.log('interval', n));\n * ```\n *\n * ### Known Limitations\n *\n * - The {@link asyncScheduler} uses `setTimeout` which has limitations for how far in the future it can be scheduled.\n *\n * - If a `scheduler` is provided that returns a timestamp other than an epoch from `now()`, and\n * a `Date` object is passed to the `dueTime` argument, the calculation for when the first emission\n * should occur will be incorrect. In this case, it would be best to do your own calculations\n * ahead of time, and pass a `number` in as the `startDue`.\n * @param startDue If a `number`, is the time to wait before starting the interval.\n * If a `Date`, is the exact time at which to start the interval.\n * @param intervalDuration The delay between each value emitted in the interval. Passing a\n * negative number here will result in immediate completion after the first value is emitted, as though\n * no `intervalDuration` was passed at all.\n * @param scheduler The scheduler to use to schedule the delay. Defaults to {@link asyncScheduler}.\n */\nexport function timer(startDue: number | Date, intervalDuration: number, scheduler?: SchedulerLike): Observable<number>;\n\n/**\n * @deprecated The signature allowing `undefined` to be passed for `intervalDuration` will be removed in v8. Use the `timer(dueTime, scheduler?)` signature instead.\n */\nexport function timer(dueTime: number | Date, unused: undefined, scheduler?: SchedulerLike): Observable<0>;\n\nexport function timer(\n  dueTime: number | Date = 0,\n  intervalOrScheduler?: number | SchedulerLike,\n  scheduler: SchedulerLike = asyncScheduler\n): Observable<number> {\n  // Since negative intervalDuration is treated as though no\n  // interval was specified at all, we start with a negative number.\n  let intervalDuration = -1;\n\n  if (intervalOrScheduler != null) {\n    // If we have a second argument, and it's a scheduler,\n    // override the scheduler we had defaulted. Otherwise,\n    // it must be an interval.\n    if (isScheduler(intervalOrScheduler)) {\n      scheduler = intervalOrScheduler;\n    } else {\n      // Note that this *could* be negative, in which case\n      // it's like not passing an intervalDuration at all.\n      intervalDuration = intervalOrScheduler;\n    }\n  }\n\n  return new Observable((subscriber) => {\n    // If a valid date is passed, calculate how long to wait before\n    // executing the first value... otherwise, if it's a number just schedule\n    // that many milliseconds (or scheduler-specified unit size) in the future.\n    let due = isValidDate(dueTime) ? +dueTime - scheduler!.now() : dueTime;\n\n    if (due < 0) {\n      // Ensure we don't schedule in the future.\n      due = 0;\n    }\n\n    // The incrementing value we emit.\n    let n = 0;\n\n    // Start the timer.\n    return scheduler.schedule(function () {\n      if (!subscriber.closed) {\n        // Emit the next value and increment.\n        subscriber.next(n++);\n\n        if (0 <= intervalDuration) {\n          // If we have a interval after the initial timer,\n          // reschedule with the period.\n          this.schedule(undefined, intervalDuration);\n        } else {\n          // We didn't have an interval. So just complete.\n          subscriber.complete();\n        }\n      }\n    }, due);\n  });\n}\n", "import { Observable } from '../Observable';\nimport { ObservableInput, ObservableInputTuple, SchedulerLike } from '../types';\nimport { mergeAll } from '../operators/mergeAll';\nimport { innerFrom } from './innerFrom';\nimport { EMPTY } from './empty';\nimport { popNumber, popScheduler } from '../util/args';\nimport { from } from './from';\n\nexport function merge<A extends readonly unknown[]>(...sources: [...ObservableInputTuple<A>]): Observable<A[number]>;\nexport function merge<A extends readonly unknown[]>(...sourcesAndConcurrency: [...ObservableInputTuple<A>, number?]): Observable<A[number]>;\n/** @deprecated The `scheduler` parameter will be removed in v8. Use `scheduled` and `mergeAll`. Details: https://rxjs.dev/deprecations/scheduler-argument */\nexport function merge<A extends readonly unknown[]>(\n  ...sourcesAndScheduler: [...ObservableInputTuple<A>, SchedulerLike?]\n): Observable<A[number]>;\n/** @deprecated The `scheduler` parameter will be removed in v8. Use `scheduled` and `mergeAll`. Details: https://rxjs.dev/deprecations/scheduler-argument */\nexport function merge<A extends readonly unknown[]>(\n  ...sourcesAndConcurrencyAndScheduler: [...ObservableInputTuple<A>, number?, SchedulerLike?]\n): Observable<A[number]>;\n\n/**\n * Creates an output Observable which concurrently emits all values from every\n * given input Observable.\n *\n * <span class=\"informal\">Flattens multiple Observables together by blending\n * their values into one Observable.</span>\n *\n * ![](merge.png)\n *\n * `merge` subscribes to each given input Observable (as arguments), and simply\n * forwards (without doing any transformation) all the values from all the input\n * Observables to the output Observable. The output Observable only completes\n * once all input Observables have completed. Any error delivered by an input\n * Observable will be immediately emitted on the output Observable.\n *\n * ## Examples\n *\n * Merge together two Observables: 1s interval and clicks\n *\n * ```ts\n * import { merge, fromEvent, interval } from 'rxjs';\n *\n * const clicks = fromEvent(document, 'click');\n * const timer = interval(1000);\n * const clicksOrTimer = merge(clicks, timer);\n * clicksOrTimer.subscribe(x => console.log(x));\n *\n * // Results in the following:\n * // timer will emit ascending values, one every second(1000ms) to console\n * // clicks logs MouseEvents to console every time the \"document\" is clicked\n * // Since the two streams are merged you see these happening\n * // as they occur.\n * ```\n *\n * Merge together 3 Observables, but run only 2 concurrently\n *\n * ```ts\n * import { interval, take, merge } from 'rxjs';\n *\n * const timer1 = interval(1000).pipe(take(10));\n * const timer2 = interval(2000).pipe(take(6));\n * const timer3 = interval(500).pipe(take(10));\n *\n * const concurrent = 2; // the argument\n * const merged = merge(timer1, timer2, timer3, concurrent);\n * merged.subscribe(x => console.log(x));\n *\n * // Results in the following:\n * // - First timer1 and timer2 will run concurrently\n * // - timer1 will emit a value every 1000ms for 10 iterations\n * // - timer2 will emit a value every 2000ms for 6 iterations\n * // - after timer1 hits its max iteration, timer2 will\n * //   continue, and timer3 will start to run concurrently with timer2\n * // - when timer2 hits its max iteration it terminates, and\n * //   timer3 will continue to emit a value every 500ms until it is complete\n * ```\n *\n * @see {@link mergeAll}\n * @see {@link mergeMap}\n * @see {@link mergeMapTo}\n * @see {@link mergeScan}\n *\n * @param {...ObservableInput} observables Input Observables to merge together.\n * @param {number} [concurrent=Infinity] Maximum number of input\n * Observables being subscribed to concurrently.\n * @param {SchedulerLike} [scheduler=null] The {@link SchedulerLike} to use for managing\n * concurrency of input Observables.\n * @return {Observable} an Observable that emits items that are the result of\n * every input Observable.\n */\nexport function merge(...args: (ObservableInput<unknown> | number | SchedulerLike)[]): Observable<unknown> {\n  const scheduler = popScheduler(args);\n  const concurrent = popNumber(args, Infinity);\n  const sources = args as ObservableInput<unknown>[];\n  return !sources.length\n    ? // No source provided\n      EMPTY\n    : sources.length === 1\n    ? // One source? Just return it.\n      innerFrom(sources[0])\n    : // Merge all sources\n      mergeAll(concurrent)(from(sources, scheduler));\n}\n", "import { Observable } from '../Observable';\nimport { noop } from '../util/noop';\n\n/**\n * An Observable that emits no items to the Observer and never completes.\n *\n * ![](never.png)\n *\n * A simple Observable that emits neither values nor errors nor the completion\n * notification. It can be used for testing purposes or for composing with other\n * Observables. Please note that by never emitting a complete notification, this\n * Observable keeps the subscription from being disposed automatically.\n * Subscriptions need to be manually disposed.\n *\n * ##  Example\n *\n * Emit the number 7, then never emit anything else (not even complete)\n *\n * ```ts\n * import { NEVER, startWith } from 'rxjs';\n *\n * const info = () => console.log('Will not be called');\n *\n * const result = NEVER.pipe(startWith(7));\n * result.subscribe({\n *   next: x => console.log(x),\n *   error: info,\n *   complete: info\n * });\n * ```\n *\n * @see {@link Observable}\n * @see {@link EMPTY}\n * @see {@link of}\n * @see {@link throwError}\n */\nexport const NEVER = new Observable<never>(noop);\n\n/**\n * @deprecated Replaced with the {@link NEVER} constant. Will be removed in v8.\n */\nexport function never() {\n  return NEVER;\n}\n", "const { isArray } = Array;\n\n/**\n * Used in operators and functions that accept either a list of arguments, or an array of arguments\n * as a single argument.\n */\nexport function argsOrArgArray<T>(args: (T | T[])[]): T[] {\n  return args.length === 1 && isArray(args[0]) ? args[0] : (args as T[]);\n}\n", "import { OperatorFunction, MonoTypeOperatorFunction, TruthyTypesOf } from '../types';\nimport { operate } from '../util/lift';\nimport { createOperatorSubscriber } from './OperatorSubscriber';\n\n/** @deprecated Use a closure instead of a `thisArg`. Signatures accepting a `thisArg` will be removed in v8. */\nexport function filter<T, S extends T, A>(predicate: (this: A, value: T, index: number) => value is S, thisArg: A): OperatorFunction<T, S>;\nexport function filter<T, S extends T>(predicate: (value: T, index: number) => value is S): OperatorFunction<T, S>;\nexport function filter<T>(predicate: BooleanConstructor): OperatorFunction<T, TruthyTypesOf<T>>;\n/** @deprecated Use a closure instead of a `thisArg`. Signatures accepting a `thisArg` will be removed in v8. */\nexport function filter<T, A>(predicate: (this: A, value: T, index: number) => boolean, thisArg: A): MonoTypeOperatorFunction<T>;\nexport function filter<T>(predicate: (value: T, index: number) => boolean): MonoTypeOperatorFunction<T>;\n\n/**\n * Filter items emitted by the source Observable by only emitting those that\n * satisfy a specified predicate.\n *\n * <span class=\"informal\">Like\n * [Array.prototype.filter()](https://developer.mozilla.org/en-US/docs/Web/JavaScript/Reference/Global_Objects/Array/filter),\n * it only emits a value from the source if it passes a criterion function.</span>\n *\n * ![](filter.png)\n *\n * Similar to the well-known `Array.prototype.filter` method, this operator\n * takes values from the source Observable, passes them through a `predicate`\n * function and only emits those values that yielded `true`.\n *\n * ## Example\n *\n * Emit only click events whose target was a DIV element\n *\n * ```ts\n * import { fromEvent, filter } from 'rxjs';\n *\n * const div = document.createElement('div');\n * div.style.cssText = 'width: 200px; height: 200px; background: #09c;';\n * document.body.appendChild(div);\n *\n * const clicks = fromEvent(document, 'click');\n * const clicksOnDivs = clicks.pipe(filter(ev => (<HTMLElement>ev.target).tagName === 'DIV'));\n * clicksOnDivs.subscribe(x => console.log(x));\n * ```\n *\n * @see {@link distinct}\n * @see {@link distinctUntilChanged}\n * @see {@link distinctUntilKeyChanged}\n * @see {@link ignoreElements}\n * @see {@link partition}\n * @see {@link skip}\n *\n * @param predicate A function that\n * evaluates each value emitted by the source Observable. If it returns `true`,\n * the value is emitted, if `false` the value is not passed to the output\n * Observable. The `index` parameter is the number `i` for the i-th source\n * emission that has happened since the subscription, starting from the number\n * `0`.\n * @param thisArg An optional argument to determine the value of `this`\n * in the `predicate` function.\n * @return A function that returns an Observable that emits items from the\n * source Observable that satisfy the specified `predicate`.\n */\nexport function filter<T>(predicate: (value: T, index: number) => boolean, thisArg?: any): MonoTypeOperatorFunction<T> {\n  return operate((source, subscriber) => {\n    // An index passed to our predicate function on each call.\n    let index = 0;\n\n    // Subscribe to the source, all errors and completions are\n    // forwarded to the consumer.\n    source.subscribe(\n      // Call the predicate with the appropriate `this` context,\n      // if the predicate returns `true`, then send the value\n      // to the consumer.\n      createOperatorSubscriber(subscriber, (value) => predicate.call(thisArg, value, index++) && subscriber.next(value))\n    );\n  });\n}\n", "import { Observable } from '../Observable';\nimport { ObservableInputTuple } from '../types';\nimport { innerFrom } from './innerFrom';\nimport { argsOrArgArray } from '../util/argsOrArgArray';\nimport { EMPTY } from './empty';\nimport { createOperatorSubscriber } from '../operators/OperatorSubscriber';\nimport { popResultSelector } from '../util/args';\n\nexport function zip<A extends readonly unknown[]>(sources: [...ObservableInputTuple<A>]): Observable<A>;\nexport function zip<A extends readonly unknown[], R>(\n  sources: [...ObservableInputTuple<A>],\n  resultSelector: (...values: A) => R\n): Observable<R>;\nexport function zip<A extends readonly unknown[]>(...sources: [...ObservableInputTuple<A>]): Observable<A>;\nexport function zip<A extends readonly unknown[], R>(\n  ...sourcesAndResultSelector: [...ObservableInputTuple<A>, (...values: A) => R]\n): Observable<R>;\n\n/**\n * Combines multiple Observables to create an Observable whose values are calculated from the values, in order, of each\n * of its input Observables.\n *\n * If the last parameter is a function, this function is used to compute the created value from the input values.\n * Otherwise, an array of the input values is returned.\n *\n * ## Example\n *\n * Combine age and name from different sources\n *\n * ```ts\n * import { of, zip, map } from 'rxjs';\n *\n * const age$ = of(27, 25, 29);\n * const name$ = of('Foo', 'Bar', 'Beer');\n * const isDev$ = of(true, true, false);\n *\n * zip(age$, name$, isDev$).pipe(\n *   map(([age, name, isDev]) => ({ age, name, isDev }))\n * )\n * .subscribe(x => console.log(x));\n *\n * // Outputs\n * // { age: 27, name: 'Foo', isDev: true }\n * // { age: 25, name: 'Bar', isDev: true }\n * // { age: 29, name: 'Beer', isDev: false }\n * ```\n *\n * @param sources\n * @return {Observable<R>}\n */\nexport function zip(...args: unknown[]): Observable<unknown> {\n  const resultSelector = popResultSelector(args);\n\n  const sources = argsOrArgArray(args) as Observable<unknown>[];\n\n  return sources.length\n    ? new Observable<unknown[]>((subscriber) => {\n        // A collection of buffers of values from each source.\n        // Keyed by the same index with which the sources were passed in.\n        let buffers: unknown[][] = sources.map(() => []);\n\n        // An array of flags of whether or not the sources have completed.\n        // This is used to check to see if we should complete the result.\n        // Keyed by the same index with which the sources were passed in.\n        let completed = sources.map(() => false);\n\n        // When everything is done, release the arrays above.\n        subscriber.add(() => {\n          buffers = completed = null!;\n        });\n\n        // Loop over our sources and subscribe to each one. The index `i` is\n        // especially important here, because we use it in closures below to\n        // access the related buffers and completion properties\n        for (let sourceIndex = 0; !subscriber.closed && sourceIndex < sources.length; sourceIndex++) {\n          innerFrom(sources[sourceIndex]).subscribe(\n            createOperatorSubscriber(\n              subscriber,\n              (value) => {\n                buffers[sourceIndex].push(value);\n                // if every buffer has at least one value in it, then we\n                // can shift out the oldest value from each buffer and emit\n                // them as an array.\n                if (buffers.every((buffer) => buffer.length)) {\n                  const result: any = buffers.map((buffer) => buffer.shift()!);\n                  // Emit the array. If theres' a result selector, use that.\n                  subscriber.next(resultSelector ? resultSelector(...result) : result);\n                  // If any one of the sources is both complete and has an empty buffer\n                  // then we complete the result. This is because we cannot possibly have\n                  // any more values to zip together.\n                  if (buffers.some((buffer, i) => !buffer.length && completed[i])) {\n                    subscriber.complete();\n                  }\n                }\n              },\n              () => {\n                // This source completed. Mark it as complete so we can check it later\n                // if we have to.\n                completed[sourceIndex] = true;\n                // But, if this complete source has nothing in its buffer, then we\n                // can complete the result, because we can't possibly have any more\n                // values from this to zip together with the other values.\n                !buffers[sourceIndex].length && subscriber.complete();\n              }\n            )\n          );\n        }\n\n        // When everything is done, release the arrays above.\n        return () => {\n          buffers = completed = null!;\n        };\n      })\n    : EMPTY;\n}\n", "import { Subscriber } from '../Subscriber';\nimport { MonoTypeOperatorFunction, ObservableInput } from '../types';\n\nimport { operate } from '../util/lift';\nimport { innerFrom } from '../observable/innerFrom';\nimport { createOperatorSubscriber } from './OperatorSubscriber';\n\n/**\n * Ignores source values for a duration determined by another Observable, then\n * emits the most recent value from the source Observable, then repeats this\n * process.\n *\n * <span class=\"informal\">It's like {@link auditTime}, but the silencing\n * duration is determined by a second Observable.</span>\n *\n * ![](audit.svg)\n *\n * `audit` is similar to `throttle`, but emits the last value from the silenced\n * time window, instead of the first value. `audit` emits the most recent value\n * from the source Observable on the output Observable as soon as its internal\n * timer becomes disabled, and ignores source values while the timer is enabled.\n * Initially, the timer is disabled. As soon as the first source value arrives,\n * the timer is enabled by calling the `durationSelector` function with the\n * source value, which returns the \"duration\" Observable. When the duration\n * Observable emits a value, the timer is disabled, then the most\n * recent source value is emitted on the output Observable, and this process\n * repeats for the next source value.\n *\n * ## Example\n *\n * Emit clicks at a rate of at most one click per second\n *\n * ```ts\n * import { fromEvent, audit, interval } from 'rxjs';\n *\n * const clicks = fromEvent(document, 'click');\n * const result = clicks.pipe(audit(ev => interval(1000)));\n * result.subscribe(x => console.log(x));\n * ```\n *\n * @see {@link auditTime}\n * @see {@link debounce}\n * @see {@link delayWhen}\n * @see {@link sample}\n * @see {@link throttle}\n *\n * @param durationSelector A function\n * that receives a value from the source Observable, for computing the silencing\n * duration, returned as an Observable or a Promise.\n * @return A function that returns an Observable that performs rate-limiting of\n * emissions from the source Observable.\n */\nexport function audit<T>(durationSelector: (value: T) => ObservableInput<any>): MonoTypeOperatorFunction<T> {\n  return operate((source, subscriber) => {\n    let hasValue = false;\n    let lastValue: T | null = null;\n    let durationSubscriber: Subscriber<any> | null = null;\n    let isComplete = false;\n\n    const endDuration = () => {\n      durationSubscriber?.unsubscribe();\n      durationSubscriber = null;\n      if (hasValue) {\n        hasValue = false;\n        const value = lastValue!;\n        lastValue = null;\n        subscriber.next(value);\n      }\n      isComplete && subscriber.complete();\n    };\n\n    const cleanupDuration = () => {\n      durationSubscriber = null;\n      isComplete && subscriber.complete();\n    };\n\n    source.subscribe(\n      createOperatorSubscriber(\n        subscriber,\n        (value) => {\n          hasValue = true;\n          lastValue = value;\n          if (!durationSubscriber) {\n            innerFrom(durationSelector(value)).subscribe(\n              (durationSubscriber = createOperatorSubscriber(subscriber, endDuration, cleanupDuration))\n            );\n          }\n        },\n        () => {\n          isComplete = true;\n          (!hasValue || !durationSubscriber || durationSubscriber.closed) && subscriber.complete();\n        }\n      )\n    );\n  });\n}\n", "import { asyncScheduler } from '../scheduler/async';\nimport { audit } from './audit';\nimport { timer } from '../observable/timer';\nimport { MonoTypeOperatorFunction, SchedulerLike } from '../types';\n\n/**\n * Ignores source values for `duration` milliseconds, then emits the most recent\n * value from the source Observable, then repeats this process.\n *\n * <span class=\"informal\">When it sees a source value, it ignores that plus\n * the next ones for `duration` milliseconds, and then it emits the most recent\n * value from the source.</span>\n *\n * ![](auditTime.png)\n *\n * `auditTime` is similar to `throttleTime`, but emits the last value from the\n * silenced time window, instead of the first value. `auditTime` emits the most\n * recent value from the source Observable on the output Observable as soon as\n * its internal timer becomes disabled, and ignores source values while the\n * timer is enabled. Initially, the timer is disabled. As soon as the first\n * source value arrives, the timer is enabled. After `duration` milliseconds (or\n * the time unit determined internally by the optional `scheduler`) has passed,\n * the timer is disabled, then the most recent source value is emitted on the\n * output Observable, and this process repeats for the next source value.\n * Optionally takes a {@link SchedulerLike} for managing timers.\n *\n * ## Example\n *\n * Emit clicks at a rate of at most one click per second\n *\n * ```ts\n * import { fromEvent, auditTime } from 'rxjs';\n *\n * const clicks = fromEvent(document, 'click');\n * const result = clicks.pipe(auditTime(1000));\n * result.subscribe(x => console.log(x));\n * ```\n *\n * @see {@link audit}\n * @see {@link debounceTime}\n * @see {@link delay}\n * @see {@link sampleTime}\n * @see {@link throttleTime}\n *\n * @param {number} duration Time to wait before emitting the most recent source\n * value, measured in milliseconds or the time unit determined internally\n * by the optional `scheduler`.\n * @param {SchedulerLike} [scheduler=async] The {@link SchedulerLike} to use for\n * managing the timers that handle the rate-limiting behavior.\n * @return A function that returns an Observable that performs rate-limiting of\n * emissions from the source Observable.\n */\nexport function auditTime<T>(duration: number, scheduler: SchedulerLike = asyncScheduler): MonoTypeOperatorFunction<T> {\n  return audit(() => timer(duration, scheduler));\n}\n", "import { OperatorFunction } from '../types';\nimport { operate } from '../util/lift';\nimport { createOperatorSubscriber } from './OperatorSubscriber';\nimport { arrRemove } from '../util/arrRemove';\n\n/**\n * Buffers the source Observable values until the size hits the maximum\n * `bufferSize` given.\n *\n * <span class=\"informal\">Collects values from the past as an array, and emits\n * that array only when its size reaches `bufferSize`.</span>\n *\n * ![](bufferCount.png)\n *\n * Buffers a number of values from the source Observable by `bufferSize` then\n * emits the buffer and clears it, and starts a new buffer each\n * `startBufferEvery` values. If `startBufferEvery` is not provided or is\n * `null`, then new buffers are started immediately at the start of the source\n * and when each buffer closes and is emitted.\n *\n * ## Examples\n *\n * Emit the last two click events as an array\n *\n * ```ts\n * import { fromEvent, bufferCount } from 'rxjs';\n *\n * const clicks = fromEvent(document, 'click');\n * const buffered = clicks.pipe(bufferCount(2));\n * buffered.subscribe(x => console.log(x));\n * ```\n *\n * On every click, emit the last two click events as an array\n *\n * ```ts\n * import { fromEvent, bufferCount } from 'rxjs';\n *\n * const clicks = fromEvent(document, 'click');\n * const buffered = clicks.pipe(bufferCount(2, 1));\n * buffered.subscribe(x => console.log(x));\n * ```\n *\n * @see {@link buffer}\n * @see {@link bufferTime}\n * @see {@link bufferToggle}\n * @see {@link bufferWhen}\n * @see {@link pairwise}\n * @see {@link windowCount}\n *\n * @param {number} bufferSize The maximum size of the buffer emitted.\n * @param {number} [startBufferEvery] Interval at which to start a new buffer.\n * For example if `startBufferEvery` is `2`, then a new buffer will be started\n * on every other value from the source. A new buffer is started at the\n * beginning of the source by default.\n * @return A function that returns an Observable of arrays of buffered values.\n */\nexport function bufferCount<T>(bufferSize: number, startBufferEvery: number | null = null): OperatorFunction<T, T[]> {\n  // If no `startBufferEvery` value was supplied, then we're\n  // opening and closing on the bufferSize itself.\n  startBufferEvery = startBufferEvery ?? bufferSize;\n\n  return operate((source, subscriber) => {\n    let buffers: T[][] = [];\n    let count = 0;\n\n    source.subscribe(\n      createOperatorSubscriber(\n        subscriber,\n        (value) => {\n          let toEmit: T[][] | null = null;\n\n          // Check to see if we need to start a buffer.\n          // This will start one at the first value, and then\n          // a new one every N after that.\n          if (count++ % startBufferEvery! === 0) {\n            buffers.push([]);\n          }\n\n          // Push our value into our active buffers.\n          for (const buffer of buffers) {\n            buffer.push(value);\n            // Check to see if we're over the bufferSize\n            // if we are, record it so we can emit it later.\n            // If we emitted it now and removed it, it would\n            // mutate the `buffers` array while we're looping\n            // over it.\n            if (bufferSize <= buffer.length) {\n              toEmit = toEmit ?? [];\n              toEmit.push(buffer);\n            }\n          }\n\n          if (toEmit) {\n            // We have found some buffers that are over the\n            // `bufferSize`. Emit them, and remove them from our\n            // buffers list.\n            for (const buffer of toEmit) {\n              arrRemove(buffers, buffer);\n              subscriber.next(buffer);\n            }\n          }\n        },\n        () => {\n          // When the source completes, emit all of our\n          // active buffers.\n          for (const buffer of buffers) {\n            subscriber.next(buffer);\n          }\n          subscriber.complete();\n        },\n        // Pass all errors through to consumer.\n        undefined,\n        () => {\n          // Clean up our memory when we finalize\n          buffers = null!;\n        }\n      )\n    );\n  });\n}\n", "import { Observable } from '../Observable';\n\nimport { ObservableInput, OperatorFunction, ObservedValueOf } from '../types';\nimport { Subscription } from '../Subscription';\nimport { innerFrom } from '../observable/innerFrom';\nimport { createOperatorSubscriber } from './OperatorSubscriber';\nimport { operate } from '../util/lift';\n\n/* tslint:disable:max-line-length */\nexport function catchError<T, O extends ObservableInput<any>>(\n  selector: (err: any, caught: Observable<T>) => O\n): OperatorFunction<T, T | ObservedValueOf<O>>;\n/* tslint:enable:max-line-length */\n\n/**\n * Catches errors on the observable to be handled by returning a new observable or throwing an error.\n *\n * <span class=\"informal\">\n * It only listens to the error channel and ignores notifications.\n * Handles errors from the source observable, and maps them to a new observable.\n * The error may also be rethrown, or a new error can be thrown to emit an error from the result.\n * </span>\n *\n * ![](catch.png)\n *\n * This operator handles errors, but forwards along all other events to the resulting observable.\n * If the source observable terminates with an error, it will map that error to a new observable,\n * subscribe to it, and forward all of its events to the resulting observable.\n *\n * ## Examples\n *\n * Continue with a different Observable when there's an error\n *\n * ```ts\n * import { of, map, catchError } from 'rxjs';\n *\n * of(1, 2, 3, 4, 5)\n *   .pipe(\n *     map(n => {\n *       if (n === 4) {\n *         throw 'four!';\n *       }\n *       return n;\n *     }),\n *     catchError(err => of('I', 'II', 'III', 'IV', 'V'))\n *   )\n *   .subscribe(x => console.log(x));\n *   // 1, 2, 3, I, II, III, IV, V\n * ```\n *\n * Retry the caught source Observable again in case of error, similar to `retry()` operator\n *\n * ```ts\n * import { of, map, catchError, take } from 'rxjs';\n *\n * of(1, 2, 3, 4, 5)\n *   .pipe(\n *     map(n => {\n *       if (n === 4) {\n *         throw 'four!';\n *       }\n *       return n;\n *     }),\n *     catchError((err, caught) => caught),\n *     take(30)\n *   )\n *   .subscribe(x => console.log(x));\n *   // 1, 2, 3, 1, 2, 3, ...\n * ```\n *\n * Throw a new error when the source Observable throws an error\n *\n * ```ts\n * import { of, map, catchError } from 'rxjs';\n *\n * of(1, 2, 3, 4, 5)\n *   .pipe(\n *     map(n => {\n *       if (n === 4) {\n *         throw 'four!';\n *       }\n *       return n;\n *     }),\n *     catchError(err => {\n *       throw 'error in source. Details: ' + err;\n *     })\n *   )\n *   .subscribe({\n *     next: x => console.log(x),\n *     error: err => console.log(err)\n *   });\n *   // 1, 2, 3, error in source. Details: four!\n * ```\n *\n * @see {@link onErrorResumeNext}\n * @see {@link repeat}\n * @see {@link repeatWhen}\n * @see {@link retry }\n * @see {@link retryWhen}\n *\n * @param {function} selector a function that takes as arguments `err`, which is the error, and `caught`, which\n * is the source observable, in case you'd like to \"retry\" that observable by returning it again. Whatever observable\n * is returned by the `selector` will be used to continue the observable chain.\n * @return A function that returns an Observable that originates from either\n * the source or the Observable returned by the `selector` function.\n */\nexport function catchError<T, O extends ObservableInput<any>>(\n  selector: (err: any, caught: Observable<T>) => O\n): OperatorFunction<T, T | ObservedValueOf<O>> {\n  return operate((source, subscriber) => {\n    let innerSub: Subscription | null = null;\n    let syncUnsub = false;\n    let handledResult: Observable<ObservedValueOf<O>>;\n\n    innerSub = source.subscribe(\n      createOperatorSubscriber(subscriber, undefined, undefined, (err) => {\n        handledResult = innerFrom(selector(err, catchError(selector)(source)));\n        if (innerSub) {\n          innerSub.unsubscribe();\n          innerSub = null;\n          handledResult.subscribe(subscriber);\n        } else {\n          // We don't have an innerSub yet, that means the error was synchronous\n          // because the subscribe call hasn't returned yet.\n          syncUnsub = true;\n        }\n      })\n    );\n\n    if (syncUnsub) {\n      // We have a synchronous error, we need to make sure to\n      // finalize right away. This ensures that callbacks in the `finalize` operator are called\n      // at the right time, and that finalization occurs at the expected\n      // time between the source error and the subscription to the\n      // next observable.\n      innerSub.unsubscribe();\n      innerSub = null;\n      handledResult!.subscribe(subscriber);\n    }\n  });\n}\n", "import { Observable } from '../Observable';\nimport { Subscriber } from '../Subscriber';\nimport { createOperatorSubscriber } from './OperatorSubscriber';\n\n/**\n * A basic scan operation. This is used for `scan` and `reduce`.\n * @param accumulator The accumulator to use\n * @param seed The seed value for the state to accumulate\n * @param hasSeed Whether or not a seed was provided\n * @param emitOnNext Whether or not to emit the state on next\n * @param emitBeforeComplete Whether or not to emit the before completion\n */\n\nexport function scanInternals<V, A, S>(\n  accumulator: (acc: V | A | S, value: V, index: number) => A,\n  seed: S,\n  hasSeed: boolean,\n  emitOnNext: boolean,\n  emitBeforeComplete?: undefined | true\n) {\n  return (source: Observable<V>, subscriber: Subscriber<any>) => {\n    // Whether or not we have state yet. This will only be\n    // false before the first value arrives if we didn't get\n    // a seed value.\n    let hasState = hasSeed;\n    // The state that we're tracking, starting with the seed,\n    // if there is one, and then updated by the return value\n    // from the accumulator on each emission.\n    let state: any = seed;\n    // An index to pass to the accumulator function.\n    let index = 0;\n\n    // Subscribe to our source. All errors and completions are passed through.\n    source.subscribe(\n      createOperatorSubscriber(\n        subscriber,\n        (value) => {\n          // Always increment the index.\n          const i = index++;\n          // Set the state\n          state = hasState\n            ? // We already have state, so we can get the new state from the accumulator\n              accumulator(state, value, i)\n            : // We didn't have state yet, a seed value was not provided, so\n\n              // we set the state to the first value, and mark that we have state now\n              ((hasState = true), value);\n\n          // Maybe send it to the consumer.\n          emitOnNext && subscriber.next(state);\n        },\n        // If an onComplete was given, call it, otherwise\n        // just pass through the complete notification to the consumer.\n        emitBeforeComplete &&\n          (() => {\n            hasState && subscriber.next(state);\n            subscriber.complete();\n          })\n      )\n    );\n  };\n}\n", "import { combineLatestInit } from '../observable/combineLatest';\nimport { ObservableInput, ObservableInputTuple, OperatorFunction } from '../types';\nimport { operate } from '../util/lift';\nimport { argsOrArgArray } from '../util/argsOrArgArray';\nimport { mapOneOrManyArgs } from '../util/mapOneOrManyArgs';\nimport { pipe } from '../util/pipe';\nimport { popResultSelector } from '../util/args';\n\n/** @deprecated Replaced with {@link combineLatestWith}. Will be removed in v8. */\nexport function combineLatest<T, A extends readonly unknown[], R>(\n  sources: [...ObservableInputTuple<A>],\n  project: (...values: [T, ...A]) => R\n): OperatorFunction<T, R>;\n/** @deprecated Replaced with {@link combineLatestWith}. Will be removed in v8. */\nexport function combineLatest<T, A extends readonly unknown[], R>(sources: [...ObservableInputTuple<A>]): OperatorFunction<T, [T, ...A]>;\n\n/** @deprecated Replaced with {@link combineLatestWith}. Will be removed in v8. */\nexport function combineLatest<T, A extends readonly unknown[], R>(\n  ...sourcesAndProject: [...ObservableInputTuple<A>, (...values: [T, ...A]) => R]\n): OperatorFunction<T, R>;\n/** @deprecated Replaced with {@link combineLatestWith}. Will be removed in v8. */\nexport function combineLatest<T, A extends readonly unknown[], R>(...sources: [...ObservableInputTuple<A>]): OperatorFunction<T, [T, ...A]>;\n\n/**\n * @deprecated Replaced with {@link combineLatestWith}. Will be removed in v8.\n */\nexport function combineLatest<T, R>(...args: (ObservableInput<any> | ((...values: any[]) => R))[]): OperatorFunction<T, unknown> {\n  const resultSelector = popResultSelector(args);\n  return resultSelector\n    ? pipe(combineLatest(...(args as Array<ObservableInput<any>>)), mapOneOrManyArgs(resultSelector))\n    : operate((source, subscriber) => {\n        combineLatestInit([source, ...argsOrArgArray(args)])(subscriber);\n      });\n}\n", "import { ObservableInputTuple, OperatorFunction, Cons } from '../types';\nimport { combineLatest } from './combineLatest';\n\n/**\n * Create an observable that combines the latest values from all passed observables and the source\n * into arrays and emits them.\n *\n * Returns an observable, that when subscribed to, will subscribe to the source observable and all\n * sources provided as arguments. Once all sources emit at least one value, all of the latest values\n * will be emitted as an array. After that, every time any source emits a value, all of the latest values\n * will be emitted as an array.\n *\n * This is a useful operator for eagerly calculating values based off of changed inputs.\n *\n * ## Example\n *\n * Simple concatenation of values from two inputs\n *\n * ```ts\n * import { fromEvent, combineLatestWith, map } from 'rxjs';\n *\n * // Setup: Add two inputs to the page\n * const input1 = document.createElement('input');\n * document.body.appendChild(input1);\n * const input2 = document.createElement('input');\n * document.body.appendChild(input2);\n *\n * // Get streams of changes\n * const input1Changes$ = fromEvent(input1, 'change');\n * const input2Changes$ = fromEvent(input2, 'change');\n *\n * // Combine the changes by adding them together\n * input1Changes$.pipe(\n *   combineLatestWith(input2Changes$),\n *   map(([e1, e2]) => (<HTMLInputElement>e1.target).value + ' - ' + (<HTMLInputElement>e2.target).value)\n * )\n * .subscribe(x => console.log(x));\n * ```\n *\n * @param otherSources the other sources to subscribe to.\n * @return A function that returns an Observable that emits the latest\n * emissions from both source and provided Observables.\n */\nexport function combineLatestWith<T, A extends readonly unknown[]>(\n  ...otherSources: [...ObservableInputTuple<A>]\n): OperatorFunction<T, Cons<T, A>> {\n  return combineLatest(...otherSources);\n}\n", "import { Subscriber } from '../Subscriber';\nimport { MonoTypeOperatorFunction, ObservableInput } from '../types';\nimport { operate } from '../util/lift';\nimport { noop } from '../util/noop';\nimport { createOperatorSubscriber } from './OperatorSubscriber';\nimport { innerFrom } from '../observable/innerFrom';\n\n/**\n * Emits a notification from the source Observable only after a particular time span\n * determined by another Observable has passed without another source emission.\n *\n * <span class=\"informal\">It's like {@link debounceTime}, but the time span of\n * emission silence is determined by a second Observable.</span>\n *\n * ![](debounce.svg)\n *\n * `debounce` delays notifications emitted by the source Observable, but drops previous\n * pending delayed emissions if a new notification arrives on the source Observable.\n * This operator keeps track of the most recent notification from the source\n * Observable, and spawns a duration Observable by calling the\n * `durationSelector` function. The notification is emitted only when the duration\n * Observable emits a next notification, and if no other notification was emitted on\n * the source Observable since the duration Observable was spawned. If a new\n * notification appears before the duration Observable emits, the previous notification will\n * not be emitted and a new duration is scheduled from `durationSelector` is scheduled.\n * If the completing event happens during the scheduled duration the last cached notification\n * is emitted before the completion event is forwarded to the output observable.\n * If the error event happens during the scheduled duration or after it only the error event is\n * forwarded to the output observable. The cache notification is not emitted in this case.\n *\n * Like {@link debounceTime}, this is a rate-limiting operator, and also a\n * delay-like operator since output emissions do not necessarily occur at the\n * same time as they did on the source Observable.\n *\n * ## Example\n *\n * Emit the most recent click after a burst of clicks\n *\n * ```ts\n * import { fromEvent, scan, debounce, interval } from 'rxjs';\n *\n * const clicks = fromEvent(document, 'click');\n * const result = clicks.pipe(\n *   scan(i => ++i, 1),\n *   debounce(i => interval(200 * i))\n * );\n * result.subscribe(x => console.log(x));\n * ```\n *\n * @see {@link audit}\n * @see {@link auditTime}\n * @see {@link debounceTime}\n * @see {@link delay}\n * @see {@link sample}\n * @see {@link sampleTime}\n * @see {@link throttle}\n * @see {@link throttleTime}\n *\n * @param durationSelector A function\n * that receives a value from the source Observable, for computing the timeout\n * duration for each source value, returned as an Observable or a Promise.\n * @return A function that returns an Observable that delays the emissions of\n * the source Observable by the specified duration Observable returned by\n * `durationSelector`, and may drop some values if they occur too frequently.\n */\nexport function debounce<T>(durationSelector: (value: T) => ObservableInput<any>): MonoTypeOperatorFunction<T> {\n  return operate((source, subscriber) => {\n    let hasValue = false;\n    let lastValue: T | null = null;\n    // The subscriber/subscription for the current debounce, if there is one.\n    let durationSubscriber: Subscriber<any> | null = null;\n\n    const emit = () => {\n      // Unsubscribe any current debounce subscription we have,\n      // we only cared about the first notification from it, and we\n      // want to clean that subscription up as soon as possible.\n      durationSubscriber?.unsubscribe();\n      durationSubscriber = null;\n      if (hasValue) {\n        // We have a value! Free up memory first, then emit the value.\n        hasValue = false;\n        const value = lastValue!;\n        lastValue = null;\n        subscriber.next(value);\n      }\n    };\n\n    source.subscribe(\n      createOperatorSubscriber(\n        subscriber,\n        (value: T) => {\n          // Cancel any pending debounce duration. We don't\n          // need to null it out here yet tho, because we're just going\n          // to create another one in a few lines.\n          durationSubscriber?.unsubscribe();\n          hasValue = true;\n          lastValue = value;\n          // Capture our duration subscriber, so we can unsubscribe it when we're notified\n          // and we're going to emit the value.\n          durationSubscriber = createOperatorSubscriber(subscriber, emit, noop);\n          // Subscribe to the duration.\n          innerFrom(durationSelector(value)).subscribe(durationSubscriber);\n        },\n        () => {\n          // Source completed.\n          // Emit any pending debounced values then complete\n          emit();\n          subscriber.complete();\n        },\n        // Pass all errors through to consumer\n        undefined,\n        () => {\n          // Finalization.\n          lastValue = durationSubscriber = null;\n        }\n      )\n    );\n  });\n}\n", "import { asyncScheduler } from '../scheduler/async';\nimport { Subscription } from '../Subscription';\nimport { MonoTypeOperatorFunction, SchedulerAction, SchedulerLike } from '../types';\nimport { operate } from '../util/lift';\nimport { createOperatorSubscriber } from './OperatorSubscriber';\n\n/**\n * Emits a notification from the source Observable only after a particular time span\n * has passed without another source emission.\n *\n * <span class=\"informal\">It's like {@link delay}, but passes only the most\n * recent notification from each burst of emissions.</span>\n *\n * ![](debounceTime.png)\n *\n * `debounceTime` delays notifications emitted by the source Observable, but drops\n * previous pending delayed emissions if a new notification arrives on the source\n * Observable. This operator keeps track of the most recent notification from the\n * source Observable, and emits that only when `dueTime` has passed\n * without any other notification appearing on the source Observable. If a new value\n * appears before `dueTime` silence occurs, the previous notification will be dropped\n * and will not be emitted and a new `dueTime` is scheduled.\n * If the completing event happens during `dueTime` the last cached notification\n * is emitted before the completion event is forwarded to the output observable.\n * If the error event happens during `dueTime` or after it only the error event is\n * forwarded to the output observable. The cache notification is not emitted in this case.\n *\n * This is a rate-limiting operator, because it is impossible for more than one\n * notification to be emitted in any time window of duration `dueTime`, but it is also\n * a delay-like operator since output emissions do not occur at the same time as\n * they did on the source Observable. Optionally takes a {@link SchedulerLike} for\n * managing timers.\n *\n * ## Example\n *\n * Emit the most recent click after a burst of clicks\n *\n * ```ts\n * import { fromEvent, debounceTime } from 'rxjs';\n *\n * const clicks = fromEvent(document, 'click');\n * const result = clicks.pipe(debounceTime(1000));\n * result.subscribe(x => console.log(x));\n * ```\n *\n * @see {@link audit}\n * @see {@link auditTime}\n * @see {@link debounce}\n * @see {@link sample}\n * @see {@link sampleTime}\n * @see {@link throttle}\n * @see {@link throttleTime}\n *\n * @param {number} dueTime The timeout duration in milliseconds (or the time\n * unit determined internally by the optional `scheduler`) for the window of\n * time required to wait for emission silence before emitting the most recent\n * source value.\n * @param {SchedulerLike} [scheduler=async] The {@link SchedulerLike} to use for\n * managing the timers that handle the timeout for each value.\n * @return A function that returns an Observable that delays the emissions of\n * the source Observable by the specified `dueTime`, and may drop some values\n * if they occur too frequently.\n */\nexport function debounceTime<T>(dueTime: number, scheduler: SchedulerLike = asyncScheduler): MonoTypeOperatorFunction<T> {\n  return operate((source, subscriber) => {\n    let activeTask: Subscription | null = null;\n    let lastValue: T | null = null;\n    let lastTime: number | null = null;\n\n    const emit = () => {\n      if (activeTask) {\n        // We have a value! Free up memory first, then emit the value.\n        activeTask.unsubscribe();\n        activeTask = null;\n        const value = lastValue!;\n        lastValue = null;\n        subscriber.next(value);\n      }\n    };\n    function emitWhenIdle(this: SchedulerAction<unknown>) {\n      // This is called `dueTime` after the first value\n      // but we might have received new values during this window!\n\n      const targetTime = lastTime! + dueTime;\n      const now = scheduler.now();\n      if (now < targetTime) {\n        // On that case, re-schedule to the new target\n        activeTask = this.schedule(undefined, targetTime - now);\n        subscriber.add(activeTask);\n        return;\n      }\n\n      emit();\n    }\n\n    source.subscribe(\n      createOperatorSubscriber(\n        subscriber,\n        (value: T) => {\n          lastValue = value;\n          lastTime = scheduler.now();\n\n          // Only set up a task if it's not already up\n          if (!activeTask) {\n            activeTask = scheduler.schedule(emitWhenIdle, dueTime);\n            subscriber.add(activeTask);\n          }\n        },\n        () => {\n          // Source completed.\n          // Emit any pending debounced values then complete\n          emit();\n          subscriber.complete();\n        },\n        // Pass all errors through to consumer.\n        undefined,\n        () => {\n          // Finalization.\n          lastValue = activeTask = null;\n        }\n      )\n    );\n  });\n}\n", "import { OperatorFunction } from '../types';\nimport { operate } from '../util/lift';\nimport { createOperatorSubscriber } from './OperatorSubscriber';\n\n/**\n * Emits a given value if the source Observable completes without emitting any\n * `next` value, otherwise mirrors the source Observable.\n *\n * <span class=\"informal\">If the source Observable turns out to be empty, then\n * this operator will emit a default value.</span>\n *\n * ![](defaultIfEmpty.png)\n *\n * `defaultIfEmpty` emits the values emitted by the source Observable or a\n * specified default value if the source Observable is empty (completes without\n * having emitted any `next` value).\n *\n * ## Example\n *\n * If no clicks happen in 5 seconds, then emit 'no clicks'\n *\n * ```ts\n * import { fromEvent, takeUntil, interval, defaultIfEmpty } from 'rxjs';\n *\n * const clicks = fromEvent(document, 'click');\n * const clicksBeforeFive = clicks.pipe(takeUntil(interval(5000)));\n * const result = clicksBeforeFive.pipe(defaultIfEmpty('no clicks'));\n * result.subscribe(x => console.log(x));\n * ```\n *\n * @see {@link empty}\n * @see {@link last}\n *\n * @param defaultValue The default value used if the source\n * Observable is empty.\n * @return A function that returns an Observable that emits either the\n * specified `defaultValue` if the source Observable emits no items, or the\n * values emitted by the source Observable.\n */\nexport function defaultIfEmpty<T, R>(defaultValue: R): OperatorFunction<T, T | R> {\n  return operate((source, subscriber) => {\n    let hasValue = false;\n    source.subscribe(\n      createOperatorSubscriber(\n        subscriber,\n        (value) => {\n          hasValue = true;\n          subscriber.next(value);\n        },\n        () => {\n          if (!hasValue) {\n            subscriber.next(defaultValue!);\n          }\n          subscriber.complete();\n        }\n      )\n    );\n  });\n}\n", "import { MonoTypeOperatorFunction } from '../types';\nimport { EMPTY } from '../observable/empty';\nimport { operate } from '../util/lift';\nimport { createOperatorSubscriber } from './OperatorSubscriber';\n\n/**\n * Emits only the first `count` values emitted by the source Observable.\n *\n * <span class=\"informal\">Takes the first `count` values from the source, then\n * completes.</span>\n *\n * ![](take.png)\n *\n * `take` returns an Observable that emits only the first `count` values emitted\n * by the source Observable. If the source emits fewer than `count` values then\n * all of its values are emitted. After that, it completes, regardless if the\n * source completes.\n *\n * ## Example\n *\n * Take the first 5 seconds of an infinite 1-second interval Observable\n *\n * ```ts\n * import { interval, take } from 'rxjs';\n *\n * const intervalCount = interval(1000);\n * const takeFive = intervalCount.pipe(take(5));\n * takeFive.subscribe(x => console.log(x));\n *\n * // Logs:\n * // 0\n * // 1\n * // 2\n * // 3\n * // 4\n * ```\n *\n * @see {@link takeLast}\n * @see {@link takeUntil}\n * @see {@link takeWhile}\n * @see {@link skip}\n *\n * @param count The maximum number of `next` values to emit.\n * @return A function that returns an Observable that emits only the first\n * `count` values emitted by the source Observable, or all of the values from\n * the source if the source emits fewer than `count` values.\n */\nexport function take<T>(count: number): MonoTypeOperatorFunction<T> {\n  return count <= 0\n    ? // If we are taking no values, that's empty.\n      () => EMPTY\n    : operate((source, subscriber) => {\n        let seen = 0;\n        source.subscribe(\n          createOperatorSubscriber(subscriber, (value) => {\n            // Increment the number of values we have seen,\n            // then check it against the allowed count to see\n            // if we are still letting values through.\n            if (++seen <= count) {\n              subscriber.next(value);\n              // If we have met or passed our allowed count,\n              // we need to complete. We have to do <= here,\n              // because re-entrant code will increment `seen` twice.\n              if (count <= seen) {\n                subscriber.complete();\n              }\n            }\n          })\n        );\n      });\n}\n", "import { OperatorFunction } from '../types';\nimport { operate } from '../util/lift';\nimport { createOperatorSubscriber } from './OperatorSubscriber';\nimport { noop } from '../util/noop';\n\n/**\n * Ignores all items emitted by the source Observable and only passes calls of `complete` or `error`.\n *\n * ![](ignoreElements.png)\n *\n * The `ignoreElements` operator suppresses all items emitted by the source Observable,\n * but allows its termination notification (either `error` or `complete`) to pass through unchanged.\n *\n * If you do not care about the items being emitted by an Observable, but you do want to be notified\n * when it completes or when it terminates with an error, you can apply the `ignoreElements` operator\n * to the Observable, which will ensure that it will never call its observers\u2019 `next` handlers.\n *\n * ## Example\n *\n * Ignore all `next` emissions from the source\n *\n * ```ts\n * import { of, ignoreElements } from 'rxjs';\n *\n * of('you', 'talking', 'to', 'me')\n *   .pipe(ignoreElements())\n *   .subscribe({\n *     next: word => console.log(word),\n *     error: err => console.log('error:', err),\n *     complete: () => console.log('the end'),\n *   });\n *\n * // result:\n * // 'the end'\n * ```\n *\n * @return A function that returns an empty Observable that only calls\n * `complete` or `error`, based on which one is called by the source\n * Observable.\n */\nexport function ignoreElements(): OperatorFunction<unknown, never> {\n  return operate((source, subscriber) => {\n    source.subscribe(createOperatorSubscriber(subscriber, noop));\n  });\n}\n", "import { OperatorFunction } from '../types';\nimport { map } from './map';\n\n/** @deprecated To be removed in v9. Use {@link map} instead: `map(() => value)`. */\nexport function mapTo<R>(value: R): OperatorFunction<unknown, R>;\n/**\n * @deprecated Do not specify explicit type parameters. Signatures with type parameters\n * that cannot be inferred will be removed in v8. `mapTo` itself will be removed in v9,\n * use {@link map} instead: `map(() => value)`.\n * */\nexport function mapTo<T, R>(value: R): OperatorFunction<T, R>;\n\n/**\n * Emits the given constant value on the output Observable every time the source\n * Observable emits a value.\n *\n * <span class=\"informal\">Like {@link map}, but it maps every source value to\n * the same output value every time.</span>\n *\n * ![](mapTo.png)\n *\n * Takes a constant `value` as argument, and emits that whenever the source\n * Observable emits a value. In other words, ignores the actual source value,\n * and simply uses the emission moment to know when to emit the given `value`.\n *\n * ## Example\n *\n * Map every click to the string `'Hi'`\n *\n * ```ts\n * import { fromEvent, mapTo } from 'rxjs';\n *\n * const clicks = fromEvent(document, 'click');\n * const greetings = clicks.pipe(mapTo('Hi'));\n *\n * greetings.subscribe(x => console.log(x));\n * ```\n *\n * @see {@link map}\n *\n * @param value The value to map each source value to.\n * @return A function that returns an Observable that emits the given `value`\n * every time the source Observable emits.\n * @deprecated To be removed in v9. Use {@link map} instead: `map(() => value)`.\n */\nexport function mapTo<R>(value: R): OperatorFunction<unknown, R> {\n  return map(() => value);\n}\n", "import { Observable } from '../Observable';\nimport { MonoTypeOperatorFunction, ObservableInput } from '../types';\nimport { concat } from '../observable/concat';\nimport { take } from './take';\nimport { ignoreElements } from './ignoreElements';\nimport { mapTo } from './mapTo';\nimport { mergeMap } from './mergeMap';\nimport { innerFrom } from '../observable/innerFrom';\n\n/** @deprecated The `subscriptionDelay` parameter will be removed in v8. */\nexport function delayWhen<T>(\n  delayDurationSelector: (value: T, index: number) => ObservableInput<any>,\n  subscriptionDelay: Observable<any>\n): MonoTypeOperatorFunction<T>;\nexport function delayWhen<T>(delayDurationSelector: (value: T, index: number) => ObservableInput<any>): MonoTypeOperatorFunction<T>;\n\n/**\n * Delays the emission of items from the source Observable by a given time span\n * determined by the emissions of another Observable.\n *\n * <span class=\"informal\">It's like {@link delay}, but the time span of the\n * delay duration is determined by a second Observable.</span>\n *\n * ![](delayWhen.png)\n *\n * `delayWhen` operator shifts each emitted value from the source Observable by\n * a time span determined by another Observable. When the source emits a value,\n * the `delayDurationSelector` function is called with the value emitted from\n * the source Observable as the first argument to the `delayDurationSelector`.\n * The `delayDurationSelector` function should return an {@link ObservableInput},\n * that is internally converted to an Observable that is called the \"duration\"\n * Observable.\n *\n * The source value is emitted on the output Observable only when the \"duration\"\n * Observable emits ({@link guide/glossary-and-semantics#next next}s) any value.\n * Upon that, the \"duration\" Observable gets unsubscribed.\n *\n * Before RxJS V7, the {@link guide/glossary-and-semantics#complete completion}\n * of the \"duration\" Observable would have been triggering the emission of the\n * source value to the output Observable, but with RxJS V7, this is not the case\n * anymore.\n *\n * Only next notifications (from the \"duration\" Observable) trigger values from\n * the source Observable to be passed to the output Observable. If the \"duration\"\n * Observable only emits the complete notification (without next), the value\n * emitted by the source Observable will never get to the output Observable - it\n * will be swallowed. If the \"duration\" Observable errors, the error will be\n * propagated to the output Observable.\n *\n * Optionally, `delayWhen` takes a second argument, `subscriptionDelay`, which\n * is an Observable. When `subscriptionDelay` emits its first value or\n * completes, the source Observable is subscribed to and starts behaving like\n * described in the previous paragraph. If `subscriptionDelay` is not provided,\n * `delayWhen` will subscribe to the source Observable as soon as the output\n * Observable is subscribed.\n *\n * ## Example\n *\n * Delay each click by a random amount of time, between 0 and 5 seconds\n *\n * ```ts\n * import { fromEvent, delayWhen, interval } from 'rxjs';\n *\n * const clicks = fromEvent(document, 'click');\n * const delayedClicks = clicks.pipe(\n *   delayWhen(() => interval(Math.random() * 5000))\n * );\n * delayedClicks.subscribe(x => console.log(x));\n * ```\n *\n * @see {@link delay}\n * @see {@link throttle}\n * @see {@link throttleTime}\n * @see {@link debounce}\n * @see {@link debounceTime}\n * @see {@link sample}\n * @see {@link sampleTime}\n * @see {@link audit}\n * @see {@link auditTime}\n *\n * @param delayDurationSelector A function that returns an `ObservableInput` for\n * each `value` emitted by the source Observable, which is then used to delay the\n * emission of that `value` on the output Observable until the `ObservableInput`\n * returned from this function emits a next value. When called, beside `value`,\n * this function receives a zero-based `index` of the emission order.\n * @param subscriptionDelay An Observable that triggers the subscription to the\n * source Observable once it emits any value.\n * @return A function that returns an Observable that delays the emissions of\n * the source Observable by an amount of time specified by the Observable\n * returned by `delayDurationSelector`.\n */\nexport function delayWhen<T>(\n  delayDurationSelector: (value: T, index: number) => ObservableInput<any>,\n  subscriptionDelay?: Observable<any>\n): MonoTypeOperatorFunction<T> {\n  if (subscriptionDelay) {\n    // DEPRECATED PATH\n    return (source: Observable<T>) =>\n      concat(subscriptionDelay.pipe(take(1), ignoreElements()), source.pipe(delayWhen(delayDurationSelector)));\n  }\n\n  return mergeMap((value, index) => innerFrom(delayDurationSelector(value, index)).pipe(take(1), mapTo(value)));\n}\n", "import { asyncScheduler } from '../scheduler/async';\nimport { MonoTypeOperatorFunction, SchedulerLike } from '../types';\nimport { delayWhen } from './delayWhen';\nimport { timer } from '../observable/timer';\n\n/**\n * Delays the emission of items from the source Observable by a given timeout or\n * until a given Date.\n *\n * <span class=\"informal\">Time shifts each item by some specified amount of\n * milliseconds.</span>\n *\n * ![](delay.svg)\n *\n * If the delay argument is a Number, this operator time shifts the source\n * Observable by that amount of time expressed in milliseconds. The relative\n * time intervals between the values are preserved.\n *\n * If the delay argument is a Date, this operator time shifts the start of the\n * Observable execution until the given date occurs.\n *\n * ## Examples\n *\n * Delay each click by one second\n *\n * ```ts\n * import { fromEvent, delay } from 'rxjs';\n *\n * const clicks = fromEvent(document, 'click');\n * const delayedClicks = clicks.pipe(delay(1000)); // each click emitted after 1 second\n * delayedClicks.subscribe(x => console.log(x));\n * ```\n *\n * Delay all clicks until a future date happens\n *\n * ```ts\n * import { fromEvent, delay } from 'rxjs';\n *\n * const clicks = fromEvent(document, 'click');\n * const date = new Date('March 15, 2050 12:00:00'); // in the future\n * const delayedClicks = clicks.pipe(delay(date)); // click emitted only after that date\n * delayedClicks.subscribe(x => console.log(x));\n * ```\n *\n * @see {@link delayWhen}\n * @see {@link throttle}\n * @see {@link throttleTime}\n * @see {@link debounce}\n * @see {@link debounceTime}\n * @see {@link sample}\n * @see {@link sampleTime}\n * @see {@link audit}\n * @see {@link auditTime}\n *\n * @param {number|Date} due The delay duration in milliseconds (a `number`) or\n * a `Date` until which the emission of the source items is delayed.\n * @param {SchedulerLike} [scheduler=async] The {@link SchedulerLike} to use for\n * managing the timers that handle the time-shift for each item.\n * @return A function that returns an Observable that delays the emissions of\n * the source Observable by the specified timeout or Date.\n */\nexport function delay<T>(due: number | Date, scheduler: SchedulerLike = asyncScheduler): MonoTypeOperatorFunction<T> {\n  const duration = timer(due, scheduler);\n  return delayWhen(() => duration);\n}\n", "import { MonoTypeOperatorFunction } from '../types';\nimport { identity } from '../util/identity';\nimport { operate } from '../util/lift';\nimport { createOperatorSubscriber } from './OperatorSubscriber';\n\nexport function distinctUntilChanged<T>(comparator?: (previous: T, current: T) => boolean): MonoTypeOperatorFunction<T>;\nexport function distinctUntilChanged<T, K>(\n  comparator: (previous: K, current: K) => boolean,\n  keySelector: (value: T) => K\n): MonoTypeOperatorFunction<T>;\n\n/**\n * Returns a result {@link Observable} that emits all values pushed by the source observable if they\n * are distinct in comparison to the last value the result observable emitted.\n *\n * When provided without parameters or with the first parameter (`{@link distinctUntilChanged#comparator comparator}`),\n * it behaves like this:\n *\n * 1. It will always emit the first value from the source.\n * 2. For all subsequent values pushed by the source, they will be compared to the previously emitted values\n *    using the provided `comparator` or an `===` equality check.\n * 3. If the value pushed by the source is determined to be unequal by this check, that value is emitted and\n *    becomes the new \"previously emitted value\" internally.\n *\n * When the second parameter (`{@link distinctUntilChanged#keySelector keySelector}`) is provided, the behavior\n * changes:\n *\n * 1. It will always emit the first value from the source.\n * 2. The `keySelector` will be run against all values, including the first value.\n * 3. For all values after the first, the selected key will be compared against the key selected from\n *    the previously emitted value using the `comparator`.\n * 4. If the keys are determined to be unequal by this check, the value (not the key), is emitted\n *    and the selected key from that value is saved for future comparisons against other keys.\n *\n * ## Examples\n *\n * A very basic example with no `{@link distinctUntilChanged#comparator comparator}`. Note that `1` is emitted more than once,\n * because it's distinct in comparison to the _previously emitted_ value,\n * not in comparison to _all other emitted values_.\n *\n * ```ts\n * import { of, distinctUntilChanged } from 'rxjs';\n *\n * of(1, 1, 1, 2, 2, 2, 1, 1, 3, 3)\n *   .pipe(distinctUntilChanged())\n *   .subscribe(console.log);\n * // Logs: 1, 2, 1, 3\n * ```\n *\n * With a `{@link distinctUntilChanged#comparator comparator}`, you can do custom comparisons. Let's say\n * you only want to emit a value when all of its components have\n * changed:\n *\n * ```ts\n * import { of, distinctUntilChanged } from 'rxjs';\n *\n * const totallyDifferentBuilds$ = of(\n *   { engineVersion: '1.1.0', transmissionVersion: '1.2.0' },\n *   { engineVersion: '1.1.0', transmissionVersion: '1.4.0' },\n *   { engineVersion: '1.3.0', transmissionVersion: '1.4.0' },\n *   { engineVersion: '1.3.0', transmissionVersion: '1.5.0' },\n *   { engineVersion: '2.0.0', transmissionVersion: '1.5.0' }\n * ).pipe(\n *   distinctUntilChanged((prev, curr) => {\n *     return (\n *       prev.engineVersion === curr.engineVersion ||\n *       prev.transmissionVersion === curr.transmissionVersion\n *     );\n *   })\n * );\n *\n * totallyDifferentBuilds$.subscribe(console.log);\n *\n * // Logs:\n * // { engineVersion: '1.1.0', transmissionVersion: '1.2.0' }\n * // { engineVersion: '1.3.0', transmissionVersion: '1.4.0' }\n * // { engineVersion: '2.0.0', transmissionVersion: '1.5.0' }\n * ```\n *\n * You can also provide a custom `{@link distinctUntilChanged#comparator comparator}` to check that emitted\n * changes are only in one direction. Let's say you only want to get\n * the next record temperature:\n *\n * ```ts\n * import { of, distinctUntilChanged } from 'rxjs';\n *\n * const temps$ = of(30, 31, 20, 34, 33, 29, 35, 20);\n *\n * const recordHighs$ = temps$.pipe(\n *   distinctUntilChanged((prevHigh, temp) => {\n *     // If the current temp is less than\n *     // or the same as the previous record,\n *     // the record hasn't changed.\n *     return temp <= prevHigh;\n *   })\n * );\n *\n * recordHighs$.subscribe(console.log);\n * // Logs: 30, 31, 34, 35\n * ```\n *\n * Selecting update events only when the `updatedBy` field shows\n * the account changed hands.\n *\n * ```ts\n * import { of, distinctUntilChanged } from 'rxjs';\n *\n * // A stream of updates to a given account\n * const accountUpdates$ = of(\n *   { updatedBy: 'blesh', data: [] },\n *   { updatedBy: 'blesh', data: [] },\n *   { updatedBy: 'ncjamieson', data: [] },\n *   { updatedBy: 'ncjamieson', data: [] },\n *   { updatedBy: 'blesh', data: [] }\n * );\n *\n * // We only want the events where it changed hands\n * const changedHands$ = accountUpdates$.pipe(\n *   distinctUntilChanged(undefined, update => update.updatedBy)\n * );\n *\n * changedHands$.subscribe(console.log);\n * // Logs:\n * // { updatedBy: 'blesh', data: Array[0] }\n * // { updatedBy: 'ncjamieson', data: Array[0] }\n * // { updatedBy: 'blesh', data: Array[0] }\n * ```\n *\n * @see {@link distinct}\n * @see {@link distinctUntilKeyChanged}\n *\n * @param comparator A function used to compare the previous and current keys for\n * equality. Defaults to a `===` check.\n * @param keySelector Used to select a key value to be passed to the `comparator`.\n *\n * @return A function that returns an Observable that emits items from the\n * source Observable with distinct values.\n */\nexport function distinctUntilChanged<T, K>(\n  comparator?: (previous: K, current: K) => boolean,\n  keySelector: (value: T) => K = identity as (value: T) => K\n): MonoTypeOperatorFunction<T> {\n  // We've been allowing `null` do be passed as the `compare`, so we can't do\n  // a default value for the parameter, because that will only work\n  // for `undefined`.\n  comparator = comparator ?? defaultCompare;\n\n  return operate((source, subscriber) => {\n    // The previous key, used to compare against keys selected\n    // from new arrivals to determine \"distinctiveness\".\n    let previousKey: K;\n    // Whether or not this is the first value we've gotten.\n    let first = true;\n\n    source.subscribe(\n      createOperatorSubscriber(subscriber, (value) => {\n        // We always call the key selector.\n        const currentKey = keySelector(value);\n\n        // If it's the first value, we always emit it.\n        // Otherwise, we compare this key to the previous key, and\n        // if the comparer returns false, we emit.\n        if (first || !comparator!(previousKey, currentKey)) {\n          // Update our state *before* we emit the value\n          // as emission can be the source of re-entrant code\n          // in functional libraries like this. We only really\n          // need to do this if it's the first value, or if the\n          // key we're tracking in previous needs to change.\n          first = false;\n          previousKey = currentKey;\n\n          // Emit the value!\n          subscriber.next(value);\n        }\n      })\n    );\n  });\n}\n\nfunction defaultCompare(a: any, b: any) {\n  return a === b;\n}\n", "import { distinctUntilChanged } from './distinctUntilChanged';\nimport { MonoTypeOperatorFunction } from '../types';\n\n/* tslint:disable:max-line-length */\nexport function distinctUntilKeyChanged<T>(key: keyof T): MonoTypeOperatorFunction<T>;\nexport function distinctUntilKeyChanged<T, K extends keyof T>(key: K, compare: (x: T[K], y: T[K]) => boolean): MonoTypeOperatorFunction<T>;\n/* tslint:enable:max-line-length */\n\n/**\n * Returns an Observable that emits all items emitted by the source Observable that are distinct by comparison from the previous item,\n * using a property accessed by using the key provided to check if the two items are distinct.\n *\n * If a comparator function is provided, then it will be called for each item to test for whether or not that value should be emitted.\n *\n * If a comparator function is not provided, an equality check is used by default.\n *\n * ## Examples\n *\n * An example comparing the name of persons\n *\n * ```ts\n * import { of, distinctUntilKeyChanged } from 'rxjs';\n *\n * of(\n *   { age: 4, name: 'Foo' },\n *   { age: 7, name: 'Bar' },\n *   { age: 5, name: 'Foo' },\n *   { age: 6, name: 'Foo' }\n * ).pipe(\n *   distinctUntilKeyChanged('name')\n * )\n * .subscribe(x => console.log(x));\n *\n * // displays:\n * // { age: 4, name: 'Foo' }\n * // { age: 7, name: 'Bar' }\n * // { age: 5, name: 'Foo' }\n * ```\n *\n * An example comparing the first letters of the name\n *\n * ```ts\n * import { of, distinctUntilKeyChanged } from 'rxjs';\n *\n * of(\n *   { age: 4, name: 'Foo1' },\n *   { age: 7, name: 'Bar' },\n *   { age: 5, name: 'Foo2' },\n *   { age: 6, name: 'Foo3' }\n * ).pipe(\n *   distinctUntilKeyChanged('name', (x, y) => x.substring(0, 3) === y.substring(0, 3))\n * )\n * .subscribe(x => console.log(x));\n *\n * // displays:\n * // { age: 4, name: 'Foo1' }\n * // { age: 7, name: 'Bar' }\n * // { age: 5, name: 'Foo2' }\n * ```\n *\n * @see {@link distinct}\n * @see {@link distinctUntilChanged}\n *\n * @param {string} key String key for object property lookup on each item.\n * @param {function} [compare] Optional comparison function called to test if an item is distinct from the previous item in the source.\n * @return A function that returns an Observable that emits items from the\n * source Observable with distinct values based on the key specified.\n */\nexport function distinctUntilKeyChanged<T, K extends keyof T>(key: K, compare?: (x: T[K], y: T[K]) => boolean): MonoTypeOperatorFunction<T> {\n  return distinctUntilChanged((x: T, y: T) => compare ? compare(x[key], y[key]) : x[key] === y[key]);\n}\n", "import { EmptyError } from '../util/EmptyError';\nimport { MonoTypeOperatorFunction } from '../types';\nimport { operate } from '../util/lift';\nimport { createOperatorSubscriber } from './OperatorSubscriber';\n\n/**\n * If the source observable completes without emitting a value, it will emit\n * an error. The error will be created at that time by the optional\n * `errorFactory` argument, otherwise, the error will be {@link EmptyError}.\n *\n * ![](throwIfEmpty.png)\n *\n * ## Example\n *\n * Throw an error if the document wasn't clicked within 1 second\n *\n * ```ts\n * import { fromEvent, takeUntil, timer, throwIfEmpty } from 'rxjs';\n *\n * const click$ = fromEvent(document, 'click');\n *\n * click$.pipe(\n *   takeUntil(timer(1000)),\n *   throwIfEmpty(() => new Error('The document was not clicked within 1 second'))\n * )\n * .subscribe({\n *   next() {\n *    console.log('The document was clicked');\n *   },\n *   error(err) {\n *     console.error(err.message);\n *   }\n * });\n * ```\n *\n * @param errorFactory A factory function called to produce the\n * error to be thrown when the source observable completes without emitting a\n * value.\n * @return A function that returns an Observable that throws an error if the\n * source Observable completed without emitting.\n */\nexport function throwIfEmpty<T>(errorFactory: () => any = defaultErrorFactory): MonoTypeOperatorFunction<T> {\n  return operate((source, subscriber) => {\n    let hasValue = false;\n    source.subscribe(\n      createOperatorSubscriber(\n        subscriber,\n        (value) => {\n          hasValue = true;\n          subscriber.next(value);\n        },\n        () => (hasValue ? subscriber.complete() : subscriber.error(errorFactory()))\n      )\n    );\n  });\n}\n\nfunction defaultErrorFactory() {\n  return new EmptyError();\n}\n", "/** prettier */\nimport { Observable } from '../Observable';\nimport { concat } from '../observable/concat';\nimport { of } from '../observable/of';\nimport { MonoTypeOperatorFunction, SchedulerLike, OperatorFunction, ValueFromArray } from '../types';\n\n/** @deprecated The `scheduler` parameter will be removed in v8. Use `scheduled` and `concatAll`. Details: https://rxjs.dev/deprecations/scheduler-argument */\nexport function endWith<T>(scheduler: SchedulerLike): MonoTypeOperatorFunction<T>;\n/** @deprecated The `scheduler` parameter will be removed in v8. Use `scheduled` and `concatAll`. Details: https://rxjs.dev/deprecations/scheduler-argument */\nexport function endWith<T, A extends unknown[] = T[]>(\n  ...valuesAndScheduler: [...A, SchedulerLike]\n): OperatorFunction<T, T | ValueFromArray<A>>;\n\nexport function endWith<T, A extends unknown[] = T[]>(...values: A): OperatorFunction<T, T | ValueFromArray<A>>;\n\n/**\n * Returns an observable that will emit all values from the source, then synchronously emit\n * the provided value(s) immediately after the source completes.\n *\n * NOTE: Passing a last argument of a Scheduler is _deprecated_, and may result in incorrect\n * types in TypeScript.\n *\n * This is useful for knowing when an observable ends. Particularly when paired with an\n * operator like {@link takeUntil}\n *\n * ![](endWith.png)\n *\n * ## Example\n *\n * Emit values to know when an interval starts and stops. The interval will\n * stop when a user clicks anywhere on the document.\n *\n * ```ts\n * import { interval, map, fromEvent, startWith, takeUntil, endWith } from 'rxjs';\n *\n * const ticker$ = interval(5000).pipe(\n *   map(() => 'tick')\n * );\n *\n * const documentClicks$ = fromEvent(document, 'click');\n *\n * ticker$.pipe(\n *   startWith('interval started'),\n *   takeUntil(documentClicks$),\n *   endWith('interval ended by click')\n * )\n * .subscribe(x => console.log(x));\n *\n * // Result (assuming a user clicks after 15 seconds)\n * // 'interval started'\n * // 'tick'\n * // 'tick'\n * // 'tick'\n * // 'interval ended by click'\n * ```\n *\n * @see {@link startWith}\n * @see {@link concat}\n * @see {@link takeUntil}\n *\n * @param values Items you want the modified Observable to emit last.\n * @return A function that returns an Observable that emits all values from the\n * source, then synchronously emits the provided value(s) immediately after the\n * source completes.\n */\nexport function endWith<T>(...values: Array<T | SchedulerLike>): MonoTypeOperatorFunction<T> {\n  return (source: Observable<T>) => concat(source, of(...values)) as Observable<T>;\n}\n", "import { MonoTypeOperatorFunction } from '../types';\nimport { operate } from '../util/lift';\n\n/**\n * Returns an Observable that mirrors the source Observable, but will call a specified function when\n * the source terminates on complete or error.\n * The specified function will also be called when the subscriber explicitly unsubscribes.\n *\n * ## Examples\n *\n * Execute callback function when the observable completes\n *\n * ```ts\n * import { interval, take, finalize } from 'rxjs';\n *\n * // emit value in sequence every 1 second\n * const source = interval(1000);\n * const example = source.pipe(\n *   take(5), //take only the first 5 values\n *   finalize(() => console.log('Sequence complete')) // Execute when the observable completes\n * );\n * const subscribe = example.subscribe(val => console.log(val));\n *\n * // results:\n * // 0\n * // 1\n * // 2\n * // 3\n * // 4\n * // 'Sequence complete'\n * ```\n *\n * Execute callback function when the subscriber explicitly unsubscribes\n *\n * ```ts\n * import { interval, finalize, tap, noop, timer } from 'rxjs';\n *\n * const source = interval(100).pipe(\n *   finalize(() => console.log('[finalize] Called')),\n *   tap({\n *     next: () => console.log('[next] Called'),\n *     error: () => console.log('[error] Not called'),\n *     complete: () => console.log('[tap complete] Not called')\n *   })\n * );\n *\n * const sub = source.subscribe({\n *   next: x => console.log(x),\n *   error: noop,\n *   complete: () => console.log('[complete] Not called')\n * });\n *\n * timer(150).subscribe(() => sub.unsubscribe());\n *\n * // results:\n * // '[next] Called'\n * // 0\n * // '[finalize] Called'\n * ```\n *\n * @param {function} callback Function to be called when source terminates.\n * @return A function that returns an Observable that mirrors the source, but\n * will call the specified function on termination.\n */\nexport function finalize<T>(callback: () => void): MonoTypeOperatorFunction<T> {\n  return operate((source, subscriber) => {\n    // TODO: This try/finally was only added for `useDeprecatedSynchronousErrorHandling`.\n    // REMOVE THIS WHEN THAT HOT GARBAGE IS REMOVED IN V8.\n    try {\n      source.subscribe(subscriber);\n    } finally {\n      subscriber.add(callback);\n    }\n  });\n}\n", "import { Observable } from '../Observable';\nimport { EmptyError } from '../util/EmptyError';\nimport { OperatorFunction, TruthyTypesOf } from '../types';\nimport { filter } from './filter';\nimport { take } from './take';\nimport { defaultIfEmpty } from './defaultIfEmpty';\nimport { throwIfEmpty } from './throwIfEmpty';\nimport { identity } from '../util/identity';\n\nexport function first<T, D = T>(predicate?: null, defaultValue?: D): OperatorFunction<T, T | D>;\nexport function first<T>(predicate: BooleanConstructor): OperatorFunction<T, TruthyTypesOf<T>>;\nexport function first<T, D>(predicate: BooleanConstructor, defaultValue: D): OperatorFunction<T, TruthyTypesOf<T> | D>;\nexport function first<T, S extends T>(\n  predicate: (value: T, index: number, source: Observable<T>) => value is S,\n  defaultValue?: S\n): OperatorFunction<T, S>;\nexport function first<T, S extends T, D>(\n  predicate: (value: T, index: number, source: Observable<T>) => value is S,\n  defaultValue: D\n): OperatorFunction<T, S | D>;\nexport function first<T, D = T>(\n  predicate: (value: T, index: number, source: Observable<T>) => boolean,\n  defaultValue?: D\n): OperatorFunction<T, T | D>;\n\n/**\n * Emits only the first value (or the first value that meets some condition)\n * emitted by the source Observable.\n *\n * <span class=\"informal\">Emits only the first value. Or emits only the first\n * value that passes some test.</span>\n *\n * ![](first.png)\n *\n * If called with no arguments, `first` emits the first value of the source\n * Observable, then completes. If called with a `predicate` function, `first`\n * emits the first value of the source that matches the specified condition. Throws an error if\n * `defaultValue` was not provided and a matching element is not found.\n *\n * ## Examples\n *\n * Emit only the first click that happens on the DOM\n *\n * ```ts\n * import { fromEvent, first } from 'rxjs';\n *\n * const clicks = fromEvent(document, 'click');\n * const result = clicks.pipe(first());\n * result.subscribe(x => console.log(x));\n * ```\n *\n * Emits the first click that happens on a DIV\n *\n * ```ts\n * import { fromEvent, first } from 'rxjs';\n *\n * const div = document.createElement('div');\n * div.style.cssText = 'width: 200px; height: 200px; background: #09c;';\n * document.body.appendChild(div);\n *\n * const clicks = fromEvent(document, 'click');\n * const result = clicks.pipe(first(ev => (<HTMLElement>ev.target).tagName === 'DIV'));\n * result.subscribe(x => console.log(x));\n * ```\n *\n * @see {@link filter}\n * @see {@link find}\n * @see {@link take}\n *\n * @throws {EmptyError} Delivers an EmptyError to the Observer's `error`\n * callback if the Observable completes before any `next` notification was sent.\n * This is how `first()` is different from {@link take}(1) which completes instead.\n *\n * @param {function(value: T, index: number, source: Observable<T>): boolean} [predicate]\n * An optional function called with each item to test for condition matching.\n * @param {D} [defaultValue] The default value emitted in case no valid value\n * was found on the source.\n * @return A function that returns an Observable that emits the first item that\n * matches the condition.\n */\nexport function first<T, D>(\n  predicate?: ((value: T, index: number, source: Observable<T>) => boolean) | null,\n  defaultValue?: D\n): OperatorFunction<T, T | D> {\n  const hasDefaultValue = arguments.length >= 2;\n  return (source: Observable<T>) =>\n    source.pipe(\n      predicate ? filter((v, i) => predicate(v, i, source)) : identity,\n      take(1),\n      hasDefaultValue ? defaultIfEmpty(defaultValue!) : throwIfEmpty(() => new EmptyError())\n    );\n}\n", "import { EMPTY } from '../observable/empty';\nimport { MonoTypeOperatorFunction } from '../types';\nimport { operate } from '../util/lift';\nimport { createOperatorSubscriber } from './OperatorSubscriber';\n\n/**\n * Waits for the source to complete, then emits the last N values from the source,\n * as specified by the `count` argument.\n *\n * ![](takeLast.png)\n *\n * `takeLast` results in an observable that will hold values up to `count` values in memory,\n * until the source completes. It then pushes all values in memory to the consumer, in the\n * order they were received from the source, then notifies the consumer that it is\n * complete.\n *\n * If for some reason the source completes before the `count` supplied to `takeLast` is reached,\n * all values received until that point are emitted, and then completion is notified.\n *\n * **Warning**: Using `takeLast` with an observable that never completes will result\n * in an observable that never emits a value.\n *\n * ## Example\n *\n * Take the last 3 values of an Observable with many values\n *\n * ```ts\n * import { range, takeLast } from 'rxjs';\n *\n * const many = range(1, 100);\n * const lastThree = many.pipe(takeLast(3));\n * lastThree.subscribe(x => console.log(x));\n * ```\n *\n * @see {@link take}\n * @see {@link takeUntil}\n * @see {@link takeWhile}\n * @see {@link skip}\n *\n * @param count The maximum number of values to emit from the end of\n * the sequence of values emitted by the source Observable.\n * @return A function that returns an Observable that emits at most the last\n * `count` values emitted by the source Observable.\n */\nexport function takeLast<T>(count: number): MonoTypeOperatorFunction<T> {\n  return count <= 0\n    ? () => EMPTY\n    : operate((source, subscriber) => {\n        // This buffer will hold the values we are going to emit\n        // when the source completes. Since we only want to take the\n        // last N values, we can't emit until we're sure we're not getting\n        // any more values.\n        let buffer: T[] = [];\n        source.subscribe(\n          createOperatorSubscriber(\n            subscriber,\n            (value) => {\n              // Add the most recent value onto the end of our buffer.\n              buffer.push(value);\n              // If our buffer is now larger than the number of values we\n              // want to take, we remove the oldest value from the buffer.\n              count < buffer.length && buffer.shift();\n            },\n            () => {\n              // The source completed, we now know what are last values\n              // are, emit them in the order they were received.\n              for (const value of buffer) {\n                subscriber.next(value);\n              }\n              subscriber.complete();\n            },\n            // Errors are passed through to the consumer\n            undefined,\n            () => {\n              // During finalization release the values in our buffer.\n              buffer = null!;\n            }\n          )\n        );\n      });\n}\n", "import { ObservableInput, ObservableInputTuple, OperatorFunction, SchedulerLike } from '../types';\nimport { operate } from '../util/lift';\nimport { argsOrArgArray } from '../util/argsOrArgArray';\nimport { mergeAll } from './mergeAll';\nimport { popNumber, popScheduler } from '../util/args';\nimport { from } from '../observable/from';\n\n/** @deprecated Replaced with {@link mergeWith}. Will be removed in v8. */\nexport function merge<T, A extends readonly unknown[]>(...sources: [...ObservableInputTuple<A>]): OperatorFunction<T, T | A[number]>;\n/** @deprecated Replaced with {@link mergeWith}. Will be removed in v8. */\nexport function merge<T, A extends readonly unknown[]>(\n  ...sourcesAndConcurrency: [...ObservableInputTuple<A>, number]\n): OperatorFunction<T, T | A[number]>;\n/** @deprecated Replaced with {@link mergeWith}. Will be removed in v8. */\nexport function merge<T, A extends readonly unknown[]>(\n  ...sourcesAndScheduler: [...ObservableInputTuple<A>, SchedulerLike]\n): OperatorFunction<T, T | A[number]>;\n/** @deprecated Replaced with {@link mergeWith}. Will be removed in v8. */\nexport function merge<T, A extends readonly unknown[]>(\n  ...sourcesAndConcurrencyAndScheduler: [...ObservableInputTuple<A>, number, SchedulerLike]\n): OperatorFunction<T, T | A[number]>;\n\nexport function merge<T>(...args: unknown[]): OperatorFunction<T, unknown> {\n  const scheduler = popScheduler(args);\n  const concurrent = popNumber(args, Infinity);\n  args = argsOrArgArray(args);\n\n  return operate((source, subscriber) => {\n    mergeAll(concurrent)(from([source, ...(args as ObservableInput<T>[])], scheduler)).subscribe(subscriber);\n  });\n}\n", "import { ObservableInputTuple, OperatorFunction } from '../types';\nimport { merge } from './merge';\n\n/**\n * Merge the values from all observables to a single observable result.\n *\n * Creates an observable, that when subscribed to, subscribes to the source\n * observable, and all other sources provided as arguments. All values from\n * every source are emitted from the resulting subscription.\n *\n * When all sources complete, the resulting observable will complete.\n *\n * When any source errors, the resulting observable will error.\n *\n * ## Example\n *\n * Joining all outputs from multiple user input event streams\n *\n * ```ts\n * import { fromEvent, map, mergeWith } from 'rxjs';\n *\n * const clicks$ = fromEvent(document, 'click').pipe(map(() => 'click'));\n * const mousemoves$ = fromEvent(document, 'mousemove').pipe(map(() => 'mousemove'));\n * const dblclicks$ = fromEvent(document, 'dblclick').pipe(map(() => 'dblclick'));\n *\n * mousemoves$\n *   .pipe(mergeWith(clicks$, dblclicks$))\n *   .subscribe(x => console.log(x));\n *\n * // result (assuming user interactions)\n * // 'mousemove'\n * // 'mousemove'\n * // 'mousemove'\n * // 'click'\n * // 'click'\n * // 'dblclick'\n * ```\n *\n * @see {@link merge}\n *\n * @param otherSources the sources to combine the current source with.\n * @return A function that returns an Observable that merges the values from\n * all given Observables.\n */\nexport function mergeWith<T, A extends readonly unknown[]>(\n  ...otherSources: [...ObservableInputTuple<A>]\n): OperatorFunction<T, T | A[number]> {\n  return merge(...otherSources);\n}\n", "import { Subscription } from '../Subscription';\nimport { EMPTY } from '../observable/empty';\nimport { operate } from '../util/lift';\nimport { MonoTypeOperatorFunction, ObservableInput } from '../types';\nimport { createOperatorSubscriber } from './OperatorSubscriber';\nimport { innerFrom } from '../observable/innerFrom';\nimport { timer } from '../observable/timer';\n\nexport interface RepeatConfig {\n  /**\n   * The number of times to repeat the source. Defaults to `Infinity`.\n   */\n  count?: number;\n\n  /**\n   * If a `number`, will delay the repeat of the source by that number of milliseconds.\n   * If a function, it will provide the number of times the source has been subscribed to,\n   * and the return value should be a valid observable input that will notify when the source\n   * should be repeated. If the notifier observable is empty, the result will complete.\n   */\n  delay?: number | ((count: number) => ObservableInput<any>);\n}\n\n/**\n * Returns an Observable that will resubscribe to the source stream when the source stream completes.\n *\n * <span class=\"informal\">Repeats all values emitted on the source. It's like {@link retry}, but for non error cases.</span>\n *\n * ![](repeat.png)\n *\n * Repeat will output values from a source until the source completes, then it will resubscribe to the\n * source a specified number of times, with a specified delay. Repeat can be particularly useful in\n * combination with closing operators like {@link take}, {@link takeUntil}, {@link first}, or {@link takeWhile},\n * as it can be used to restart a source again from scratch.\n *\n * Repeat is very similar to {@link retry}, where {@link retry} will resubscribe to the source in the error case, but\n * `repeat` will resubscribe if the source completes.\n *\n * Note that `repeat` will _not_ catch errors. Use {@link retry} for that.\n *\n * - `repeat(0)` returns an empty observable\n * - `repeat()` will repeat forever\n * - `repeat({ delay: 200 })` will repeat forever, with a delay of 200ms between repetitions.\n * - `repeat({ count: 2, delay: 400 })` will repeat twice, with a delay of 400ms between repetitions.\n * - `repeat({ delay: (count) => timer(count * 1000) })` will repeat forever, but will have a delay that grows by one second for each repetition.\n *\n * ## Example\n *\n * Repeat a message stream\n *\n * ```ts\n * import { of, repeat } from 'rxjs';\n *\n * const source = of('Repeat message');\n * const result = source.pipe(repeat(3));\n *\n * result.subscribe(x => console.log(x));\n *\n * // Results\n * // 'Repeat message'\n * // 'Repeat message'\n * // 'Repeat message'\n * ```\n *\n * Repeat 3 values, 2 times\n *\n * ```ts\n * import { interval, take, repeat } from 'rxjs';\n *\n * const source = interval(1000);\n * const result = source.pipe(take(3), repeat(2));\n *\n * result.subscribe(x => console.log(x));\n *\n * // Results every second\n * // 0\n * // 1\n * // 2\n * // 0\n * // 1\n * // 2\n * ```\n *\n * Defining two complex repeats with delays on the same source.\n * Note that the second repeat cannot be called until the first\n * repeat as exhausted it's count.\n *\n * ```ts\n * import { defer, of, repeat } from 'rxjs';\n *\n * const source = defer(() => {\n *    return of(`Hello, it is ${new Date()}`)\n * });\n *\n * source.pipe(\n *    // Repeat 3 times with a delay of 1 second between repetitions\n *    repeat({\n *      count: 3,\n *      delay: 1000,\n *    }),\n *\n *    // *Then* repeat forever, but with an exponential step-back\n *    // maxing out at 1 minute.\n *    repeat({\n *      delay: (count) => timer(Math.min(60000, 2 ^ count * 1000))\n *    })\n * )\n * ```\n *\n * @see {@link repeatWhen}\n * @see {@link retry}\n *\n * @param count The number of times the source Observable items are repeated, a count of 0 will yield\n * an empty Observable.\n */\nexport function repeat<T>(countOrConfig?: number | RepeatConfig): MonoTypeOperatorFunction<T> {\n  let count = Infinity;\n  let delay: RepeatConfig['delay'];\n\n  if (countOrConfig != null) {\n    if (typeof countOrConfig === 'object') {\n      ({ count = Infinity, delay } = countOrConfig);\n    } else {\n      count = countOrConfig;\n    }\n  }\n\n  return count <= 0\n    ? () => EMPTY\n    : operate((source, subscriber) => {\n        let soFar = 0;\n        let sourceSub: Subscription | null;\n\n        const resubscribe = () => {\n          sourceSub?.unsubscribe();\n          sourceSub = null;\n          if (delay != null) {\n            const notifier = typeof delay === 'number' ? timer(delay) : innerFrom(delay(soFar));\n            const notifierSubscriber = createOperatorSubscriber(subscriber, () => {\n              notifierSubscriber.unsubscribe();\n              subscribeToSource();\n            });\n            notifier.subscribe(notifierSubscriber);\n          } else {\n            subscribeToSource();\n          }\n        };\n\n        const subscribeToSource = () => {\n          let syncUnsub = false;\n          sourceSub = source.subscribe(\n            createOperatorSubscriber(subscriber, undefined, () => {\n              if (++soFar < count) {\n                if (sourceSub) {\n                  resubscribe();\n                } else {\n                  syncUnsub = true;\n                }\n              } else {\n                subscriber.complete();\n              }\n            })\n          );\n\n          if (syncUnsub) {\n            resubscribe();\n          }\n        };\n\n        subscribeToSource();\n      });\n}\n", "import { OperatorFunction } from '../types';\nimport { operate } from '../util/lift';\nimport { scanInternals } from './scanInternals';\n\nexport function scan<V, A = V>(accumulator: (acc: A | V, value: V, index: number) => A): OperatorFunction<V, V | A>;\nexport function scan<V, A>(accumulator: (acc: A, value: V, index: number) => A, seed: A): OperatorFunction<V, A>;\nexport function scan<V, A, S>(accumulator: (acc: A | S, value: V, index: number) => A, seed: S): OperatorFunction<V, A>;\n\n// TODO: link to a \"redux pattern\" section in the guide (location TBD)\n\n/**\n * Useful for encapsulating and managing state. Applies an accumulator (or \"reducer function\")\n * to each value from the source after an initial state is established -- either via\n * a `seed` value (second argument), or from the first value from the source.\n *\n * <span class=\"informal\">It's like {@link reduce}, but emits the current\n * accumulation state after each update</span>\n *\n * ![](scan.png)\n *\n * This operator maintains an internal state and emits it after processing each value as follows:\n *\n * 1. First value arrives\n *   - If a `seed` value was supplied (as the second argument to `scan`), let `state = seed` and `value = firstValue`.\n *   - If NO `seed` value was supplied (no second argument), let `state = firstValue` and go to 3.\n * 2. Let `state = accumulator(state, value)`.\n *   - If an error is thrown by `accumulator`, notify the consumer of an error. The process ends.\n * 3. Emit `state`.\n * 4. Next value arrives, let `value = nextValue`, go to 2.\n *\n * ## Examples\n *\n * An average of previous numbers. This example shows how\n * not providing a `seed` can prime the stream with the\n * first value from the source.\n *\n * ```ts\n * import { of, scan, map } from 'rxjs';\n *\n * const numbers$ = of(1, 2, 3);\n *\n * numbers$\n *   .pipe(\n *     // Get the sum of the numbers coming in.\n *     scan((total, n) => total + n),\n *     // Get the average by dividing the sum by the total number\n *     // received so far (which is 1 more than the zero-based index).\n *     map((sum, index) => sum / (index + 1))\n *   )\n *   .subscribe(console.log);\n * ```\n *\n * The Fibonacci sequence. This example shows how you can use\n * a seed to prime accumulation process. Also... you know... Fibonacci.\n * So important to like, computers and stuff that its whiteboarded\n * in job interviews. Now you can show them the Rx version! (Please don't, haha)\n *\n * ```ts\n * import { interval, scan, map, startWith } from 'rxjs';\n *\n * const firstTwoFibs = [0, 1];\n * // An endless stream of Fibonacci numbers.\n * const fibonacci$ = interval(1000).pipe(\n *   // Scan to get the fibonacci numbers (after 0, 1)\n *   scan(([a, b]) => [b, a + b], firstTwoFibs),\n *   // Get the second number in the tuple, it's the one you calculated\n *   map(([, n]) => n),\n *   // Start with our first two digits :)\n *   startWith(...firstTwoFibs)\n * );\n *\n * fibonacci$.subscribe(console.log);\n * ```\n *\n * @see {@link expand}\n * @see {@link mergeScan}\n * @see {@link reduce}\n * @see {@link switchScan}\n *\n * @param accumulator A \"reducer function\". This will be called for each value after an initial state is\n * acquired.\n * @param seed The initial state. If this is not provided, the first value from the source will\n * be used as the initial state, and emitted without going through the accumulator. All subsequent values\n * will be processed by the accumulator function. If this is provided, all values will go through\n * the accumulator function.\n * @return A function that returns an Observable of the accumulated values.\n */\nexport function scan<V, A, S>(accumulator: (acc: V | A | S, value: V, index: number) => A, seed?: S): OperatorFunction<V, V | A> {\n  // providing a seed of `undefined` *should* be valid and trigger\n  // hasSeed! so don't use `seed !== undefined` checks!\n  // For this reason, we have to check it here at the original call site\n  // otherwise inside Operator/Subscriber we won't know if `undefined`\n  // means they didn't provide anything or if they literally provided `undefined`\n  return operate(scanInternals(accumulator, seed as S, arguments.length >= 2, true));\n}\n", "import { innerFrom } from '../observable/innerFrom';\nimport { Subject } from '../Subject';\nimport { SafeSubscriber } from '../Subscriber';\nimport { Subscription } from '../Subscription';\nimport { MonoTypeOperatorFunction, SubjectLike, ObservableInput } from '../types';\nimport { operate } from '../util/lift';\n\nexport interface ShareConfig<T> {\n  /**\n   * The factory used to create the subject that will connect the source observable to\n   * multicast consumers.\n   */\n  connector?: () => SubjectLike<T>;\n  /**\n   * If `true`, the resulting observable will reset internal state on error from source and return to a \"cold\" state. This\n   * allows the resulting observable to be \"retried\" in the event of an error.\n   * If `false`, when an error comes from the source it will push the error into the connecting subject, and the subject\n   * will remain the connecting subject, meaning the resulting observable will not go \"cold\" again, and subsequent retries\n   * or resubscriptions will resubscribe to that same subject. In all cases, RxJS subjects will emit the same error again, however\n   * {@link ReplaySubject} will also push its buffered values before pushing the error.\n   * It is also possible to pass a notifier factory returning an `ObservableInput` instead which grants more fine-grained\n   * control over how and when the reset should happen. This allows behaviors like conditional or delayed resets.\n   */\n  resetOnError?: boolean | ((error: any) => ObservableInput<any>);\n  /**\n   * If `true`, the resulting observable will reset internal state on completion from source and return to a \"cold\" state. This\n   * allows the resulting observable to be \"repeated\" after it is done.\n   * If `false`, when the source completes, it will push the completion through the connecting subject, and the subject\n   * will remain the connecting subject, meaning the resulting observable will not go \"cold\" again, and subsequent repeats\n   * or resubscriptions will resubscribe to that same subject.\n   * It is also possible to pass a notifier factory returning an `ObservableInput` instead which grants more fine-grained\n   * control over how and when the reset should happen. This allows behaviors like conditional or delayed resets.\n   */\n  resetOnComplete?: boolean | (() => ObservableInput<any>);\n  /**\n   * If `true`, when the number of subscribers to the resulting observable reaches zero due to those subscribers unsubscribing, the\n   * internal state will be reset and the resulting observable will return to a \"cold\" state. This means that the next\n   * time the resulting observable is subscribed to, a new subject will be created and the source will be subscribed to\n   * again.\n   * If `false`, when the number of subscribers to the resulting observable reaches zero due to unsubscription, the subject\n   * will remain connected to the source, and new subscriptions to the result will be connected through that same subject.\n   * It is also possible to pass a notifier factory returning an `ObservableInput` instead which grants more fine-grained\n   * control over how and when the reset should happen. This allows behaviors like conditional or delayed resets.\n   */\n  resetOnRefCountZero?: boolean | (() => ObservableInput<any>);\n}\n\nexport function share<T>(): MonoTypeOperatorFunction<T>;\n\nexport function share<T>(options: ShareConfig<T>): MonoTypeOperatorFunction<T>;\n\n/**\n * Returns a new Observable that multicasts (shares) the original Observable. As long as there is at least one\n * Subscriber this Observable will be subscribed and emitting data. When all subscribers have unsubscribed it will\n * unsubscribe from the source Observable. Because the Observable is multicasting it makes the stream `hot`.\n * This is an alias for `multicast(() => new Subject()), refCount()`.\n *\n * The subscription to the underlying source Observable can be reset (unsubscribe and resubscribe for new subscribers),\n * if the subscriber count to the shared observable drops to 0, or if the source Observable errors or completes. It is\n * possible to use notifier factories for the resets to allow for behaviors like conditional or delayed resets. Please\n * note that resetting on error or complete of the source Observable does not behave like a transparent retry or restart\n * of the source because the error or complete will be forwarded to all subscribers and their subscription will be\n * closed. Only new subscribers after a reset on error or complete happened will cause a fresh subscription to the\n * source. To achieve transparent retries or restarts pipe the source through appropriate operators before sharing.\n *\n * ![](share.png)\n *\n * ## Example\n *\n * Generate new multicast Observable from the `source` Observable value\n *\n * ```ts\n * import { interval, tap, map, take, share } from 'rxjs';\n *\n * const source = interval(1000).pipe(\n *   tap(x => console.log('Processing: ', x)),\n *   map(x => x * x),\n *   take(6),\n *   share()\n * );\n *\n * source.subscribe(x => console.log('subscription 1: ', x));\n * source.subscribe(x => console.log('subscription 2: ', x));\n *\n * // Logs:\n * // Processing: 0\n * // subscription 1: 0\n * // subscription 2: 0\n * // Processing: 1\n * // subscription 1: 1\n * // subscription 2: 1\n * // Processing: 2\n * // subscription 1: 4\n * // subscription 2: 4\n * // Processing: 3\n * // subscription 1: 9\n * // subscription 2: 9\n * // Processing: 4\n * // subscription 1: 16\n * // subscription 2: 16\n * // Processing: 5\n * // subscription 1: 25\n * // subscription 2: 25\n * ```\n *\n * ## Example with notifier factory: Delayed reset\n *\n * ```ts\n * import { interval, take, share, timer } from 'rxjs';\n *\n * const source = interval(1000).pipe(\n *   take(3),\n *   share({\n *     resetOnRefCountZero: () => timer(1000)\n *   })\n * );\n *\n * const subscriptionOne = source.subscribe(x => console.log('subscription 1: ', x));\n * setTimeout(() => subscriptionOne.unsubscribe(), 1300);\n *\n * setTimeout(() => source.subscribe(x => console.log('subscription 2: ', x)), 1700);\n *\n * setTimeout(() => source.subscribe(x => console.log('subscription 3: ', x)), 5000);\n *\n * // Logs:\n * // subscription 1:  0\n * // (subscription 1 unsubscribes here)\n * // (subscription 2 subscribes here ~400ms later, source was not reset)\n * // subscription 2:  1\n * // subscription 2:  2\n * // (subscription 2 unsubscribes here)\n * // (subscription 3 subscribes here ~2000ms later, source did reset before)\n * // subscription 3:  0\n * // subscription 3:  1\n * // subscription 3:  2\n * ```\n *\n * @see {@link shareReplay}\n *\n * @return A function that returns an Observable that mirrors the source.\n */\nexport function share<T>(options: ShareConfig<T> = {}): MonoTypeOperatorFunction<T> {\n  const { connector = () => new Subject<T>(), resetOnError = true, resetOnComplete = true, resetOnRefCountZero = true } = options;\n  // It's necessary to use a wrapper here, as the _operator_ must be\n  // referentially transparent. Otherwise, it cannot be used in calls to the\n  // static `pipe` function - to create a partial pipeline.\n  //\n  // The _operator function_ - the function returned by the _operator_ - will\n  // not be referentially transparent - as it shares its source - but the\n  // _operator function_ is called when the complete pipeline is composed via a\n  // call to a source observable's `pipe` method - not when the static `pipe`\n  // function is called.\n  return (wrapperSource) => {\n    let connection: SafeSubscriber<T> | undefined;\n    let resetConnection: Subscription | undefined;\n    let subject: SubjectLike<T> | undefined;\n    let refCount = 0;\n    let hasCompleted = false;\n    let hasErrored = false;\n\n    const cancelReset = () => {\n      resetConnection?.unsubscribe();\n      resetConnection = undefined;\n    };\n    // Used to reset the internal state to a \"cold\"\n    // state, as though it had never been subscribed to.\n    const reset = () => {\n      cancelReset();\n      connection = subject = undefined;\n      hasCompleted = hasErrored = false;\n    };\n    const resetAndUnsubscribe = () => {\n      // We need to capture the connection before\n      // we reset (if we need to reset).\n      const conn = connection;\n      reset();\n      conn?.unsubscribe();\n    };\n\n    return operate<T, T>((source, subscriber) => {\n      refCount++;\n      if (!hasErrored && !hasCompleted) {\n        cancelReset();\n      }\n\n      // Create the subject if we don't have one yet. Grab a local reference to\n      // it as well, which avoids non-null assertions when using it and, if we\n      // connect to it now, then error/complete need a reference after it was\n      // reset.\n      const dest = (subject = subject ?? connector());\n\n      // Add the finalization directly to the subscriber - instead of returning it -\n      // so that the handling of the subscriber's unsubscription will be wired\n      // up _before_ the subscription to the source occurs. This is done so that\n      // the assignment to the source connection's `closed` property will be seen\n      // by synchronous firehose sources.\n      subscriber.add(() => {\n        refCount--;\n\n        // If we're resetting on refCount === 0, and it's 0, we only want to do\n        // that on \"unsubscribe\", really. Resetting on error or completion is a different\n        // configuration.\n        if (refCount === 0 && !hasErrored && !hasCompleted) {\n          resetConnection = handleReset(resetAndUnsubscribe, resetOnRefCountZero);\n        }\n      });\n\n      // The following line adds the subscription to the subscriber passed.\n      // Basically, `subscriber === dest.subscribe(subscriber)` is `true`.\n      dest.subscribe(subscriber);\n\n      if (\n        !connection &&\n        // Check this shareReplay is still activate - it can be reset to 0\n        // and be \"unsubscribed\" _before_ it actually subscribes.\n        // If we were to subscribe then, it'd leak and get stuck.\n        refCount > 0\n      ) {\n        // We need to create a subscriber here - rather than pass an observer and\n        // assign the returned subscription to connection - because it's possible\n        // for reentrant subscriptions to the shared observable to occur and in\n        // those situations we want connection to be already-assigned so that we\n        // don't create another connection to the source.\n        connection = new SafeSubscriber({\n          next: (value) => dest.next(value),\n          error: (err) => {\n            hasErrored = true;\n            cancelReset();\n            resetConnection = handleReset(reset, resetOnError, err);\n            dest.error(err);\n          },\n          complete: () => {\n            hasCompleted = true;\n            cancelReset();\n            resetConnection = handleReset(reset, resetOnComplete);\n            dest.complete();\n          },\n        });\n        innerFrom(source).subscribe(connection);\n      }\n    })(wrapperSource);\n  };\n}\n\nfunction handleReset<T extends unknown[] = never[]>(\n  reset: () => void,\n  on: boolean | ((...args: T) => ObservableInput<any>),\n  ...args: T\n): Subscription | undefined {\n  if (on === true) {\n    reset();\n    return;\n  }\n\n  if (on === false) {\n    return;\n  }\n\n  const onSubscriber = new SafeSubscriber({\n    next: () => {\n      onSubscriber.unsubscribe();\n      reset();\n    },\n  });\n\n  return innerFrom(on(...args)).subscribe(onSubscriber);\n}\n", "import { ReplaySubject } from '../ReplaySubject';\nimport { MonoTypeOperatorFunction, SchedulerLike } from '../types';\nimport { share } from './share';\n\nexport interface ShareReplayConfig {\n  bufferSize?: number;\n  windowTime?: number;\n  refCount: boolean;\n  scheduler?: SchedulerLike;\n}\n\nexport function shareReplay<T>(config: ShareReplayConfig): MonoTypeOperatorFunction<T>;\nexport function shareReplay<T>(bufferSize?: number, windowTime?: number, scheduler?: SchedulerLike): MonoTypeOperatorFunction<T>;\n\n/**\n * Share source and replay specified number of emissions on subscription.\n *\n * This operator is a specialization of `replay` that connects to a source observable\n * and multicasts through a `ReplaySubject` constructed with the specified arguments.\n * A successfully completed source will stay cached in the `shareReplay`ed observable forever,\n * but an errored source can be retried.\n *\n * ## Why use `shareReplay`?\n *\n * You generally want to use `shareReplay` when you have side-effects or taxing computations\n * that you do not wish to be executed amongst multiple subscribers.\n * It may also be valuable in situations where you know you will have late subscribers to\n * a stream that need access to previously emitted values.\n * This ability to replay values on subscription is what differentiates {@link share} and `shareReplay`.\n *\n * ## Reference counting\n *\n * By default `shareReplay` will use `refCount` of false, meaning that it will _not_ unsubscribe the\n * source when the reference counter drops to zero, i.e. the inner `ReplaySubject` will _not_ be unsubscribed\n * (and potentially run for ever).\n * This is the default as it is expected that `shareReplay` is often used to keep around expensive to setup\n * observables which we want to keep running instead of having to do the expensive setup again.\n *\n * As of RXJS version 6.4.0 a new overload signature was added to allow for manual control over what\n * happens when the operators internal reference counter drops to zero.\n * If `refCount` is true, the source will be unsubscribed from once the reference count drops to zero, i.e.\n * the inner `ReplaySubject` will be unsubscribed. All new subscribers will receive value emissions from a\n * new `ReplaySubject` which in turn will cause a new subscription to the source observable.\n *\n * ## Examples\n *\n * Example with a third subscriber coming late to the party\n *\n * ```ts\n * import { interval, take, shareReplay } from 'rxjs';\n *\n * const shared$ = interval(2000).pipe(\n *   take(6),\n *   shareReplay(3)\n * );\n *\n * shared$.subscribe(x => console.log('sub A: ', x));\n * shared$.subscribe(y => console.log('sub B: ', y));\n *\n * setTimeout(() => {\n *   shared$.subscribe(y => console.log('sub C: ', y));\n * }, 11000);\n *\n * // Logs:\n * // (after ~2000 ms)\n * // sub A: 0\n * // sub B: 0\n * // (after ~4000 ms)\n * // sub A: 1\n * // sub B: 1\n * // (after ~6000 ms)\n * // sub A: 2\n * // sub B: 2\n * // (after ~8000 ms)\n * // sub A: 3\n * // sub B: 3\n * // (after ~10000 ms)\n * // sub A: 4\n * // sub B: 4\n * // (after ~11000 ms, sub C gets the last 3 values)\n * // sub C: 2\n * // sub C: 3\n * // sub C: 4\n * // (after ~12000 ms)\n * // sub A: 5\n * // sub B: 5\n * // sub C: 5\n * ```\n *\n * Example for `refCount` usage\n *\n * ```ts\n * import { Observable, tap, interval, shareReplay, take } from 'rxjs';\n *\n * const log = <T>(name: string, source: Observable<T>) => source.pipe(\n *   tap({\n *     subscribe: () => console.log(`${ name }: subscribed`),\n *     next: value => console.log(`${ name }: ${ value }`),\n *     complete: () => console.log(`${ name }: completed`),\n *     finalize: () => console.log(`${ name }: unsubscribed`)\n *   })\n * );\n *\n * const obs$ = log('source', interval(1000));\n *\n * const shared$ = log('shared', obs$.pipe(\n *   shareReplay({ bufferSize: 1, refCount: true }),\n *   take(2)\n * ));\n *\n * shared$.subscribe(x => console.log('sub A: ', x));\n * shared$.subscribe(y => console.log('sub B: ', y));\n *\n * // PRINTS:\n * // shared: subscribed <-- reference count = 1\n * // source: subscribed\n * // shared: subscribed <-- reference count = 2\n * // source: 0\n * // shared: 0\n * // sub A: 0\n * // shared: 0\n * // sub B: 0\n * // source: 1\n * // shared: 1\n * // sub A: 1\n * // shared: completed <-- take(2) completes the subscription for sub A\n * // shared: unsubscribed <-- reference count = 1\n * // shared: 1\n * // sub B: 1\n * // shared: completed <-- take(2) completes the subscription for sub B\n * // shared: unsubscribed <-- reference count = 0\n * // source: unsubscribed <-- replaySubject unsubscribes from source observable because the reference count dropped to 0 and refCount is true\n *\n * // In case of refCount being false, the unsubscribe is never called on the source and the source would keep on emitting, even if no subscribers\n * // are listening.\n * // source: 2\n * // source: 3\n * // source: 4\n * // ...\n * ```\n *\n * @see {@link publish}\n * @see {@link share}\n * @see {@link publishReplay}\n *\n * @param configOrBufferSize Maximum element count of the replay buffer or {@link ShareReplayConfig configuration}\n * object.\n * @param windowTime Maximum time length of the replay buffer in milliseconds.\n * @param scheduler Scheduler where connected observers within the selector function\n * will be invoked on.\n * @return A function that returns an Observable sequence that contains the\n * elements of a sequence produced by multicasting the source sequence within a\n * selector function.\n */\nexport function shareReplay<T>(\n  configOrBufferSize?: ShareReplayConfig | number,\n  windowTime?: number,\n  scheduler?: SchedulerLike\n): MonoTypeOperatorFunction<T> {\n  let bufferSize: number;\n  let refCount = false;\n  if (configOrBufferSize && typeof configOrBufferSize === 'object') {\n    ({ bufferSize = Infinity, windowTime = Infinity, refCount = false, scheduler } = configOrBufferSize);\n  } else {\n    bufferSize = (configOrBufferSize ?? Infinity) as number;\n  }\n  return share<T>({\n    connector: () => new ReplaySubject(bufferSize, windowTime, scheduler),\n    resetOnError: true,\n    resetOnComplete: false,\n    resetOnRefCountZero: refCount,\n  });\n}\n", "import { MonoTypeOperatorFunction } from '../types';\nimport { filter } from './filter';\n\n/**\n * Returns an Observable that skips the first `count` items emitted by the source Observable.\n *\n * ![](skip.png)\n *\n * Skips the values until the sent notifications are equal or less than provided skip count. It raises\n * an error if skip count is equal or more than the actual number of emits and source raises an error.\n *\n * ## Example\n *\n * Skip the values before the emission\n *\n * ```ts\n * import { interval, skip } from 'rxjs';\n *\n * // emit every half second\n * const source = interval(500);\n * // skip the first 10 emitted values\n * const result = source.pipe(skip(10));\n *\n * result.subscribe(value => console.log(value));\n * // output: 10...11...12...13...\n * ```\n *\n * @see {@link last}\n * @see {@link skipWhile}\n * @see {@link skipUntil}\n * @see {@link skipLast}\n *\n * @param {Number} count - The number of times, items emitted by source Observable should be skipped.\n * @return A function that returns an Observable that skips the first `count`\n * values emitted by the source Observable.\n */\nexport function skip<T>(count: number): MonoTypeOperatorFunction<T> {\n  return filter((_, index) => count <= index);\n}\n", "import { MonoTypeOperatorFunction, ObservableInput } from '../types';\nimport { operate } from '../util/lift';\nimport { createOperatorSubscriber } from './OperatorSubscriber';\nimport { innerFrom } from '../observable/innerFrom';\nimport { noop } from '../util/noop';\n\n/**\n * Returns an Observable that skips items emitted by the source Observable until a second Observable emits an item.\n *\n * The `skipUntil` operator causes the observable stream to skip the emission of values until the passed in observable\n * emits the first value. This can be particularly useful in combination with user interactions, responses of HTTP\n * requests or waiting for specific times to pass by.\n *\n * ![](skipUntil.png)\n *\n * Internally, the `skipUntil` operator subscribes to the passed in `notifier` `ObservableInput` (which gets converted\n * to an Observable) in order to recognize the emission of its first value. When `notifier` emits next, the operator\n * unsubscribes from it and starts emitting the values of the *source* observable until it completes or errors. It\n * will never let the *source* observable emit any values if the `notifier` completes or throws an error without\n * emitting a value before.\n *\n * ## Example\n *\n * In the following example, all emitted values of the interval observable are skipped until the user clicks anywhere\n * within the page\n *\n * ```ts\n * import { interval, fromEvent, skipUntil } from 'rxjs';\n *\n * const intervalObservable = interval(1000);\n * const click = fromEvent(document, 'click');\n *\n * const emitAfterClick = intervalObservable.pipe(\n *   skipUntil(click)\n * );\n * // clicked at 4.6s. output: 5...6...7...8........ or\n * // clicked at 7.3s. output: 8...9...10..11.......\n * emitAfterClick.subscribe(value => console.log(value));\n * ```\n *\n * @see {@link last}\n * @see {@link skip}\n * @see {@link skipWhile}\n * @see {@link skipLast}\n *\n * @param notifier An `ObservableInput` that has to emit an item before the source Observable elements begin to\n * be mirrored by the resulting Observable.\n * @return A function that returns an Observable that skips items from the\n * source Observable until the `notifier` Observable emits an item, then emits the\n * remaining items.\n */\nexport function skipUntil<T>(notifier: ObservableInput<any>): MonoTypeOperatorFunction<T> {\n  return operate((source, subscriber) => {\n    let taking = false;\n\n    const skipSubscriber = createOperatorSubscriber(\n      subscriber,\n      () => {\n        skipSubscriber?.unsubscribe();\n        taking = true;\n      },\n      noop\n    );\n\n    innerFrom(notifier).subscribe(skipSubscriber);\n\n    source.subscribe(createOperatorSubscriber(subscriber, (value) => taking && subscriber.next(value)));\n  });\n}\n", "import { concat } from '../observable/concat';\nimport { OperatorFunction, SchedulerLike, ValueFromArray } from '../types';\nimport { popScheduler } from '../util/args';\nimport { operate } from '../util/lift';\n\n// Devs are more likely to pass null or undefined than they are a scheduler\n// without accompanying values. To make things easier for (naughty) devs who\n// use the `strictNullChecks: false` TypeScript compiler option, these\n// overloads with explicit null and undefined values are included.\n\nexport function startWith<T>(value: null): OperatorFunction<T, T | null>;\nexport function startWith<T>(value: undefined): OperatorFunction<T, T | undefined>;\n\n/** @deprecated The `scheduler` parameter will be removed in v8. Use `scheduled` and `concatAll`. Details: https://rxjs.dev/deprecations/scheduler-argument */\nexport function startWith<T, A extends readonly unknown[] = T[]>(\n  ...valuesAndScheduler: [...A, SchedulerLike]\n): OperatorFunction<T, T | ValueFromArray<A>>;\nexport function startWith<T, A extends readonly unknown[] = T[]>(...values: A): OperatorFunction<T, T | ValueFromArray<A>>;\n\n/**\n * Returns an observable that, at the moment of subscription, will synchronously emit all\n * values provided to this operator, then subscribe to the source and mirror all of its emissions\n * to subscribers.\n *\n * This is a useful way to know when subscription has occurred on an existing observable.\n *\n * <span class=\"informal\">First emits its arguments in order, and then any\n * emissions from the source.</span>\n *\n * ![](startWith.png)\n *\n * ## Examples\n *\n * Emit a value when a timer starts.\n *\n * ```ts\n * import { timer, map, startWith } from 'rxjs';\n *\n * timer(1000)\n *   .pipe(\n *     map(() => 'timer emit'),\n *     startWith('timer start')\n *   )\n *   .subscribe(x => console.log(x));\n *\n * // results:\n * // 'timer start'\n * // 'timer emit'\n * ```\n *\n * @param values Items you want the modified Observable to emit first.\n * @return A function that returns an Observable that synchronously emits\n * provided values before subscribing to the source Observable.\n *\n * @see {@link endWith}\n * @see {@link finalize}\n * @see {@link concat}\n */\nexport function startWith<T, D>(...values: D[]): OperatorFunction<T, T | D> {\n  const scheduler = popScheduler(values);\n  return operate((source, subscriber) => {\n    // Here we can't pass `undefined` as a scheduler, because if we did, the\n    // code inside of `concat` would be confused by the `undefined`, and treat it\n    // like an invalid observable. So we have to split it two different ways.\n    (scheduler ? concat(values, source, scheduler) : concat(values, source)).subscribe(subscriber);\n  });\n}\n", "import { Subscriber } from '../Subscriber';\nimport { ObservableInput, OperatorFunction, ObservedValueOf } from '../types';\nimport { innerFrom } from '../observable/innerFrom';\nimport { operate } from '../util/lift';\nimport { createOperatorSubscriber } from './OperatorSubscriber';\n\n/* tslint:disable:max-line-length */\nexport function switchMap<T, O extends ObservableInput<any>>(\n  project: (value: T, index: number) => O\n): OperatorFunction<T, ObservedValueOf<O>>;\n/** @deprecated The `resultSelector` parameter will be removed in v8. Use an inner `map` instead. Details: https://rxjs.dev/deprecations/resultSelector */\nexport function switchMap<T, O extends ObservableInput<any>>(\n  project: (value: T, index: number) => O,\n  resultSelector: undefined\n): OperatorFunction<T, ObservedValueOf<O>>;\n/** @deprecated The `resultSelector` parameter will be removed in v8. Use an inner `map` instead. Details: https://rxjs.dev/deprecations/resultSelector */\nexport function switchMap<T, R, O extends ObservableInput<any>>(\n  project: (value: T, index: number) => O,\n  resultSelector: (outerValue: T, innerValue: ObservedValueOf<O>, outerIndex: number, innerIndex: number) => R\n): OperatorFunction<T, R>;\n/* tslint:enable:max-line-length */\n\n/**\n * Projects each source value to an Observable which is merged in the output\n * Observable, emitting values only from the most recently projected Observable.\n *\n * <span class=\"informal\">Maps each value to an Observable, then flattens all of\n * these inner Observables using {@link switchAll}.</span>\n *\n * ![](switchMap.png)\n *\n * Returns an Observable that emits items based on applying a function that you\n * supply to each item emitted by the source Observable, where that function\n * returns an (so-called \"inner\") Observable. Each time it observes one of these\n * inner Observables, the output Observable begins emitting the items emitted by\n * that inner Observable. When a new inner Observable is emitted, `switchMap`\n * stops emitting items from the earlier-emitted inner Observable and begins\n * emitting items from the new one. It continues to behave like this for\n * subsequent inner Observables.\n *\n * ## Example\n *\n * Generate new Observable according to source Observable values\n *\n * ```ts\n * import { of, switchMap } from 'rxjs';\n *\n * const switched = of(1, 2, 3).pipe(switchMap(x => of(x, x ** 2, x ** 3)));\n * switched.subscribe(x => console.log(x));\n * // outputs\n * // 1\n * // 1\n * // 1\n * // 2\n * // 4\n * // 8\n * // 3\n * // 9\n * // 27\n * ```\n *\n * Restart an interval Observable on every click event\n *\n * ```ts\n * import { fromEvent, switchMap, interval } from 'rxjs';\n *\n * const clicks = fromEvent(document, 'click');\n * const result = clicks.pipe(switchMap(() => interval(1000)));\n * result.subscribe(x => console.log(x));\n * ```\n *\n * @see {@link concatMap}\n * @see {@link exhaustMap}\n * @see {@link mergeMap}\n * @see {@link switchAll}\n * @see {@link switchMapTo}\n *\n * @param {function(value: T, index: number): ObservableInput} project A function\n * that, when applied to an item emitted by the source Observable, returns an\n * Observable.\n * @return A function that returns an Observable that emits the result of\n * applying the projection function (and the optional deprecated\n * `resultSelector`) to each item emitted by the source Observable and taking\n * only the values from the most recently projected inner Observable.\n */\nexport function switchMap<T, R, O extends ObservableInput<any>>(\n  project: (value: T, index: number) => O,\n  resultSelector?: (outerValue: T, innerValue: ObservedValueOf<O>, outerIndex: number, innerIndex: number) => R\n): OperatorFunction<T, ObservedValueOf<O> | R> {\n  return operate((source, subscriber) => {\n    let innerSubscriber: Subscriber<ObservedValueOf<O>> | null = null;\n    let index = 0;\n    // Whether or not the source subscription has completed\n    let isComplete = false;\n\n    // We only complete the result if the source is complete AND we don't have an active inner subscription.\n    // This is called both when the source completes and when the inners complete.\n    const checkComplete = () => isComplete && !innerSubscriber && subscriber.complete();\n\n    source.subscribe(\n      createOperatorSubscriber(\n        subscriber,\n        (value) => {\n          // Cancel the previous inner subscription if there was one\n          innerSubscriber?.unsubscribe();\n          let innerIndex = 0;\n          const outerIndex = index++;\n          // Start the next inner subscription\n          innerFrom(project(value, outerIndex)).subscribe(\n            (innerSubscriber = createOperatorSubscriber(\n              subscriber,\n              // When we get a new inner value, next it through. Note that this is\n              // handling the deprecate result selector here. This is because with this architecture\n              // it ends up being smaller than using the map operator.\n              (innerValue) => subscriber.next(resultSelector ? resultSelector(value, innerValue, outerIndex, innerIndex++) : innerValue),\n              () => {\n                // The inner has completed. Null out the inner subscriber to\n                // free up memory and to signal that we have no inner subscription\n                // currently.\n                innerSubscriber = null!;\n                checkComplete();\n              }\n            ))\n          );\n        },\n        () => {\n          isComplete = true;\n          checkComplete();\n        }\n      )\n    );\n  });\n}\n", "import { MonoTypeOperatorFunction, ObservableInput } from '../types';\nimport { operate } from '../util/lift';\nimport { createOperatorSubscriber } from './OperatorSubscriber';\nimport { innerFrom } from '../observable/innerFrom';\nimport { noop } from '../util/noop';\n\n/**\n * Emits the values emitted by the source Observable until a `notifier`\n * Observable emits a value.\n *\n * <span class=\"informal\">Lets values pass until a second Observable,\n * `notifier`, emits a value. Then, it completes.</span>\n *\n * ![](takeUntil.png)\n *\n * `takeUntil` subscribes and begins mirroring the source Observable. It also\n * monitors a second Observable, `notifier` that you provide. If the `notifier`\n * emits a value, the output Observable stops mirroring the source Observable\n * and completes. If the `notifier` doesn't emit any value and completes\n * then `takeUntil` will pass all values.\n *\n * ## Example\n *\n * Tick every second until the first click happens\n *\n * ```ts\n * import { interval, fromEvent, takeUntil } from 'rxjs';\n *\n * const source = interval(1000);\n * const clicks = fromEvent(document, 'click');\n * const result = source.pipe(takeUntil(clicks));\n * result.subscribe(x => console.log(x));\n * ```\n *\n * @see {@link take}\n * @see {@link takeLast}\n * @see {@link takeWhile}\n * @see {@link skip}\n *\n * @param {Observable} notifier The Observable whose first emitted value will\n * cause the output Observable of `takeUntil` to stop emitting values from the\n * source Observable.\n * @return A function that returns an Observable that emits the values from the\n * source Observable until `notifier` emits its first value.\n */\nexport function takeUntil<T>(notifier: ObservableInput<any>): MonoTypeOperatorFunction<T> {\n  return operate((source, subscriber) => {\n    innerFrom(notifier).subscribe(createOperatorSubscriber(subscriber, () => subscriber.complete(), noop));\n    !subscriber.closed && source.subscribe(subscriber);\n  });\n}\n", "import { OperatorFunction, MonoTypeOperatorFunction, TruthyTypesOf } from '../types';\nimport { operate } from '../util/lift';\nimport { createOperatorSubscriber } from './OperatorSubscriber';\n\nexport function takeWhile<T>(predicate: BooleanConstructor, inclusive: true): MonoTypeOperatorFunction<T>;\nexport function takeWhile<T>(predicate: BooleanConstructor, inclusive: false): OperatorFunction<T, TruthyTypesOf<T>>;\nexport function takeWhile<T>(predicate: BooleanConstructor): OperatorFunction<T, TruthyTypesOf<T>>;\nexport function takeWhile<T, S extends T>(predicate: (value: T, index: number) => value is S): OperatorFunction<T, S>;\nexport function takeWhile<T, S extends T>(predicate: (value: T, index: number) => value is S, inclusive: false): OperatorFunction<T, S>;\nexport function takeWhile<T>(predicate: (value: T, index: number) => boolean, inclusive?: boolean): MonoTypeOperatorFunction<T>;\n\n/**\n * Emits values emitted by the source Observable so long as each value satisfies\n * the given `predicate`, and then completes as soon as this `predicate` is not\n * satisfied.\n *\n * <span class=\"informal\">Takes values from the source only while they pass the\n * condition given. When the first value does not satisfy, it completes.</span>\n *\n * ![](takeWhile.png)\n *\n * `takeWhile` subscribes and begins mirroring the source Observable. Each value\n * emitted on the source is given to the `predicate` function which returns a\n * boolean, representing a condition to be satisfied by the source values. The\n * output Observable emits the source values until such time as the `predicate`\n * returns false, at which point `takeWhile` stops mirroring the source\n * Observable and completes the output Observable.\n *\n * ## Example\n *\n * Emit click events only while the clientX property is greater than 200\n *\n * ```ts\n * import { fromEvent, takeWhile } from 'rxjs';\n *\n * const clicks = fromEvent<PointerEvent>(document, 'click');\n * const result = clicks.pipe(takeWhile(ev => ev.clientX > 200));\n * result.subscribe(x => console.log(x));\n * ```\n *\n * @see {@link take}\n * @see {@link takeLast}\n * @see {@link takeUntil}\n * @see {@link skip}\n *\n * @param {function(value: T, index: number): boolean} predicate A function that\n * evaluates a value emitted by the source Observable and returns a boolean.\n * Also takes the (zero-based) index as the second argument.\n * @param {boolean} inclusive When set to `true` the value that caused\n * `predicate` to return `false` will also be emitted.\n * @return A function that returns an Observable that emits values from the\n * source Observable so long as each value satisfies the condition defined by\n * the `predicate`, then completes.\n */\nexport function takeWhile<T>(predicate: (value: T, index: number) => boolean, inclusive = false): MonoTypeOperatorFunction<T> {\n  return operate((source, subscriber) => {\n    let index = 0;\n    source.subscribe(\n      createOperatorSubscriber(subscriber, (value) => {\n        const result = predicate(value, index++);\n        (result || inclusive) && subscriber.next(value);\n        !result && subscriber.complete();\n      })\n    );\n  });\n}\n", "import { MonoTypeOperatorFunction, Observer } from '../types';\nimport { isFunction } from '../util/isFunction';\nimport { operate } from '../util/lift';\nimport { createOperatorSubscriber } from './OperatorSubscriber';\nimport { identity } from '../util/identity';\n\n/**\n * An extension to the {@link Observer} interface used only by the {@link tap} operator.\n *\n * It provides a useful set of callbacks a user can register to do side-effects in\n * cases other than what the usual {@link Observer} callbacks are\n * ({@link guide/glossary-and-semantics#next next},\n * {@link guide/glossary-and-semantics#error error} and/or\n * {@link guide/glossary-and-semantics#complete complete}).\n *\n * ## Example\n *\n * ```ts\n * import { fromEvent, switchMap, tap, interval, take } from 'rxjs';\n *\n * const source$ = fromEvent(document, 'click');\n * const result$ = source$.pipe(\n *   switchMap((_, i) => i % 2 === 0\n *     ? fromEvent(document, 'mousemove').pipe(\n *         tap({\n *           subscribe: () => console.log('Subscribed to the mouse move events after click #' + i),\n *           unsubscribe: () => console.log('Mouse move events #' + i + ' unsubscribed'),\n *           finalize: () => console.log('Mouse move events #' + i + ' finalized')\n *         })\n *       )\n *     : interval(1_000).pipe(\n *         take(5),\n *         tap({\n *           subscribe: () => console.log('Subscribed to the 1-second interval events after click #' + i),\n *           unsubscribe: () => console.log('1-second interval events #' + i + ' unsubscribed'),\n *           finalize: () => console.log('1-second interval events #' + i + ' finalized')\n *         })\n *       )\n *   )\n * );\n *\n * const subscription = result$.subscribe({\n *   next: console.log\n * });\n *\n * setTimeout(() => {\n *   console.log('Unsubscribe after 60 seconds');\n *   subscription.unsubscribe();\n * }, 60_000);\n * ```\n */\nexport interface TapObserver<T> extends Observer<T> {\n  /**\n   * The callback that `tap` operator invokes at the moment when the source Observable\n   * gets subscribed to.\n   */\n  subscribe: () => void;\n  /**\n   * The callback that `tap` operator invokes when an explicit\n   * {@link guide/glossary-and-semantics#unsubscription unsubscribe} happens. It won't get invoked on\n   * `error` or `complete` events.\n   */\n  unsubscribe: () => void;\n  /**\n   * The callback that `tap` operator invokes when any kind of\n   * {@link guide/glossary-and-semantics#finalization finalization} happens - either when\n   * the source Observable `error`s or `complete`s or when it gets explicitly unsubscribed\n   * by the user. There is no difference in using this callback or the {@link finalize}\n   * operator, but if you're already using `tap` operator, you can use this callback\n   * instead. You'd get the same result in either case.\n   */\n  finalize: () => void;\n}\nexport function tap<T>(observerOrNext?: Partial<TapObserver<T>> | ((value: T) => void)): MonoTypeOperatorFunction<T>;\n/** @deprecated Instead of passing separate callback arguments, use an observer argument. Signatures taking separate callback arguments will be removed in v8. Details: https://rxjs.dev/deprecations/subscribe-arguments */\nexport function tap<T>(\n  next?: ((value: T) => void) | null,\n  error?: ((error: any) => void) | null,\n  complete?: (() => void) | null\n): MonoTypeOperatorFunction<T>;\n\n/**\n * Used to perform side-effects for notifications from the source observable\n *\n * <span class=\"informal\">Used when you want to affect outside state with a notification without altering the notification</span>\n *\n * ![](tap.png)\n *\n * Tap is designed to allow the developer a designated place to perform side effects. While you _could_ perform side-effects\n * inside of a `map` or a `mergeMap`, that would make their mapping functions impure, which isn't always a big deal, but will\n * make it so you can't do things like memoize those functions. The `tap` operator is designed solely for such side-effects to\n * help you remove side-effects from other operations.\n *\n * For any notification, next, error, or complete, `tap` will call the appropriate callback you have provided to it, via a function\n * reference, or a partial observer, then pass that notification down the stream.\n *\n * The observable returned by `tap` is an exact mirror of the source, with one exception: Any error that occurs -- synchronously -- in a handler\n * provided to `tap` will be emitted as an error from the returned observable.\n *\n * > Be careful! You can mutate objects as they pass through the `tap` operator's handlers.\n *\n * The most common use of `tap` is actually for debugging. You can place a `tap(console.log)` anywhere\n * in your observable `pipe`, log out the notifications as they are emitted by the source returned by the previous\n * operation.\n *\n * ## Examples\n *\n * Check a random number before it is handled. Below is an observable that will use a random number between 0 and 1,\n * and emit `'big'` or `'small'` depending on the size of that number. But we wanted to log what the original number\n * was, so we have added a `tap(console.log)`.\n *\n * ```ts\n * import { of, tap, map } from 'rxjs';\n *\n * of(Math.random()).pipe(\n *   tap(console.log),\n *   map(n => n > 0.5 ? 'big' : 'small')\n * ).subscribe(console.log);\n * ```\n *\n * Using `tap` to analyze a value and force an error. Below is an observable where in our system we only\n * want to emit numbers 3 or less we get from another source. We can force our observable to error\n * using `tap`.\n *\n * ```ts\n * import { of, tap } from 'rxjs';\n *\n * const source = of(1, 2, 3, 4, 5);\n *\n * source.pipe(\n *   tap(n => {\n *     if (n > 3) {\n *       throw new TypeError(`Value ${ n } is greater than 3`);\n *     }\n *   })\n * )\n * .subscribe({ next: console.log, error: err => console.log(err.message) });\n * ```\n *\n * We want to know when an observable completes before moving on to the next observable. The system\n * below will emit a random series of `'X'` characters from 3 different observables in sequence. The\n * only way we know when one observable completes and moves to the next one, in this case, is because\n * we have added a `tap` with the side effect of logging to console.\n *\n * ```ts\n * import { of, concatMap, interval, take, map, tap } from 'rxjs';\n *\n * of(1, 2, 3).pipe(\n *   concatMap(n => interval(1000).pipe(\n *     take(Math.round(Math.random() * 10)),\n *     map(() => 'X'),\n *     tap({ complete: () => console.log(`Done with ${ n }`) })\n *   ))\n * )\n * .subscribe(console.log);\n * ```\n *\n * @see {@link finalize}\n * @see {@link TapObserver}\n *\n * @param observerOrNext A next handler or partial observer\n * @param error An error handler\n * @param complete A completion handler\n * @return A function that returns an Observable identical to the source, but\n * runs the specified Observer or callback(s) for each item.\n */\nexport function tap<T>(\n  observerOrNext?: Partial<TapObserver<T>> | ((value: T) => void) | null,\n  error?: ((e: any) => void) | null,\n  complete?: (() => void) | null\n): MonoTypeOperatorFunction<T> {\n  // We have to check to see not only if next is a function,\n  // but if error or complete were passed. This is because someone\n  // could technically call tap like `tap(null, fn)` or `tap(null, null, fn)`.\n  const tapObserver =\n    isFunction(observerOrNext) || error || complete\n      ? // tslint:disable-next-line: no-object-literal-type-assertion\n        ({ next: observerOrNext as Exclude<typeof observerOrNext, Partial<TapObserver<T>>>, error, complete } as Partial<TapObserver<T>>)\n      : observerOrNext;\n\n  return tapObserver\n    ? operate((source, subscriber) => {\n        tapObserver.subscribe?.();\n        let isUnsub = true;\n        source.subscribe(\n          createOperatorSubscriber(\n            subscriber,\n            (value) => {\n              tapObserver.next?.(value);\n              subscriber.next(value);\n            },\n            () => {\n              isUnsub = false;\n              tapObserver.complete?.();\n              subscriber.complete();\n            },\n            (err) => {\n              isUnsub = false;\n              tapObserver.error?.(err);\n              subscriber.error(err);\n            },\n            () => {\n              if (isUnsub) {\n                tapObserver.unsubscribe?.();\n              }\n              tapObserver.finalize?.();\n            }\n          )\n        );\n      })\n    : // Tap was called with no valid tap observer or handler\n      // (e.g. `tap(null, null, null)` or `tap(null)` or `tap()`)\n      // so we're going to just mirror the source.\n      identity;\n}\n", "import { Subscription } from '../Subscription';\n\nimport { MonoTypeOperatorFunction, ObservableInput } from '../types';\nimport { operate } from '../util/lift';\nimport { createOperatorSubscriber } from './OperatorSubscriber';\nimport { innerFrom } from '../observable/innerFrom';\n\n/**\n * An object interface used by {@link throttle} or {@link throttleTime} that ensure\n * configuration options of these operators.\n *\n * @see {@link throttle}\n * @see {@link throttleTime}\n */\nexport interface ThrottleConfig {\n  /**\n   * If `true`, the resulting Observable will emit the first value from the source\n   * Observable at the **start** of the \"throttling\" process (when starting an\n   * internal timer that prevents other emissions from the source to pass through).\n   * If `false`, it will not emit the first value from the source Observable at the\n   * start of the \"throttling\" process.\n   *\n   * If not provided, defaults to: `true`.\n   */\n  leading?: boolean;\n  /**\n   * If `true`, the resulting Observable will emit the last value from the source\n   * Observable at the **end** of the \"throttling\" process (when ending an internal\n   * timer that prevents other emissions from the source to pass through).\n   * If `false`, it will not emit the last value from the source Observable at the\n   * end of the \"throttling\" process.\n   *\n   * If not provided, defaults to: `false`.\n   */\n  trailing?: boolean;\n}\n\n/**\n * Emits a value from the source Observable, then ignores subsequent source\n * values for a duration determined by another Observable, then repeats this\n * process.\n *\n * <span class=\"informal\">It's like {@link throttleTime}, but the silencing\n * duration is determined by a second Observable.</span>\n *\n * ![](throttle.svg)\n *\n * `throttle` emits the source Observable values on the output Observable\n * when its internal timer is disabled, and ignores source values when the timer\n * is enabled. Initially, the timer is disabled. As soon as the first source\n * value arrives, it is forwarded to the output Observable, and then the timer\n * is enabled by calling the `durationSelector` function with the source value,\n * which returns the \"duration\" Observable. When the duration Observable emits a\n * value, the timer is disabled, and this process repeats for the\n * next source value.\n *\n * ## Example\n *\n * Emit clicks at a rate of at most one click per second\n *\n * ```ts\n * import { fromEvent, throttle, interval } from 'rxjs';\n *\n * const clicks = fromEvent(document, 'click');\n * const result = clicks.pipe(throttle(() => interval(1000)));\n *\n * result.subscribe(x => console.log(x));\n * ```\n *\n * @see {@link audit}\n * @see {@link debounce}\n * @see {@link delayWhen}\n * @see {@link sample}\n * @see {@link throttleTime}\n *\n * @param durationSelector A function that receives a value from the source\n * Observable, for computing the silencing duration for each source value,\n * returned as an `ObservableInput`.\n * @param config A configuration object to define `leading` and `trailing`\n * behavior. Defaults to `{ leading: true, trailing: false }`.\n * @return A function that returns an Observable that performs the throttle\n * operation to limit the rate of emissions from the source.\n */\nexport function throttle<T>(durationSelector: (value: T) => ObservableInput<any>, config?: ThrottleConfig): MonoTypeOperatorFunction<T> {\n  return operate((source, subscriber) => {\n    const { leading = true, trailing = false } = config ?? {};\n    let hasValue = false;\n    let sendValue: T | null = null;\n    let throttled: Subscription | null = null;\n    let isComplete = false;\n\n    const endThrottling = () => {\n      throttled?.unsubscribe();\n      throttled = null;\n      if (trailing) {\n        send();\n        isComplete && subscriber.complete();\n      }\n    };\n\n    const cleanupThrottling = () => {\n      throttled = null;\n      isComplete && subscriber.complete();\n    };\n\n    const startThrottle = (value: T) =>\n      (throttled = innerFrom(durationSelector(value)).subscribe(createOperatorSubscriber(subscriber, endThrottling, cleanupThrottling)));\n\n    const send = () => {\n      if (hasValue) {\n        // Ensure we clear out our value and hasValue flag\n        // before we emit, otherwise reentrant code can cause\n        // issues here.\n        hasValue = false;\n        const value = sendValue!;\n        sendValue = null;\n        // Emit the value.\n        subscriber.next(value);\n        !isComplete && startThrottle(value);\n      }\n    };\n\n    source.subscribe(\n      createOperatorSubscriber(\n        subscriber,\n        // Regarding the presence of throttled.closed in the following\n        // conditions, if a synchronous duration selector is specified - weird,\n        // but legal - an already-closed subscription will be assigned to\n        // throttled, so the subscription's closed property needs to be checked,\n        // too.\n        (value) => {\n          hasValue = true;\n          sendValue = value;\n          !(throttled && !throttled.closed) && (leading ? send() : startThrottle(value));\n        },\n        () => {\n          isComplete = true;\n          !(trailing && hasValue && throttled && !throttled.closed) && subscriber.complete();\n        }\n      )\n    );\n  });\n}\n", "import { asyncScheduler } from '../scheduler/async';\nimport { throttle, ThrottleConfig } from './throttle';\nimport { MonoTypeOperatorFunction, SchedulerLike } from '../types';\nimport { timer } from '../observable/timer';\n\n/**\n * Emits a value from the source Observable, then ignores subsequent source\n * values for `duration` milliseconds, then repeats this process.\n *\n * <span class=\"informal\">Lets a value pass, then ignores source values for the\n * next `duration` milliseconds.</span>\n *\n * ![](throttleTime.png)\n *\n * `throttleTime` emits the source Observable values on the output Observable\n * when its internal timer is disabled, and ignores source values when the timer\n * is enabled. Initially, the timer is disabled. As soon as the first source\n * value arrives, it is forwarded to the output Observable, and then the timer\n * is enabled. After `duration` milliseconds (or the time unit determined\n * internally by the optional `scheduler`) has passed, the timer is disabled,\n * and this process repeats for the next source value. Optionally takes a\n * {@link SchedulerLike} for managing timers.\n *\n * ## Examples\n *\n * ### Limit click rate\n *\n * Emit clicks at a rate of at most one click per second\n *\n * ```ts\n * import { fromEvent, throttleTime } from 'rxjs';\n *\n * const clicks = fromEvent(document, 'click');\n * const result = clicks.pipe(throttleTime(1000));\n *\n * result.subscribe(x => console.log(x));\n * ```\n *\n * @see {@link auditTime}\n * @see {@link debounceTime}\n * @see {@link delay}\n * @see {@link sampleTime}\n * @see {@link throttle}\n *\n * @param duration Time to wait before emitting another value after\n * emitting the last value, measured in milliseconds or the time unit determined\n * internally by the optional `scheduler`.\n * @param scheduler The {@link SchedulerLike} to use for\n * managing the timers that handle the throttling. Defaults to {@link asyncScheduler}.\n * @param config A configuration object to define `leading` and\n * `trailing` behavior. Defaults to `{ leading: true, trailing: false }`.\n * @return A function that returns an Observable that performs the throttle\n * operation to limit the rate of emissions from the source.\n */\nexport function throttleTime<T>(\n  duration: number,\n  scheduler: SchedulerLike = asyncScheduler,\n  config?: ThrottleConfig\n): MonoTypeOperatorFunction<T> {\n  const duration$ = timer(duration, scheduler);\n  return throttle(() => duration$, config);\n}\n", "import { OperatorFunction, ObservableInputTuple } from '../types';\nimport { operate } from '../util/lift';\nimport { createOperatorSubscriber } from './OperatorSubscriber';\nimport { innerFrom } from '../observable/innerFrom';\nimport { identity } from '../util/identity';\nimport { noop } from '../util/noop';\nimport { popResultSelector } from '../util/args';\n\nexport function withLatestFrom<T, O extends unknown[]>(...inputs: [...ObservableInputTuple<O>]): OperatorFunction<T, [T, ...O]>;\n\nexport function withLatestFrom<T, O extends unknown[], R>(\n  ...inputs: [...ObservableInputTuple<O>, (...value: [T, ...O]) => R]\n): OperatorFunction<T, R>;\n\n/**\n * Combines the source Observable with other Observables to create an Observable\n * whose values are calculated from the latest values of each, only when the\n * source emits.\n *\n * <span class=\"informal\">Whenever the source Observable emits a value, it\n * computes a formula using that value plus the latest values from other input\n * Observables, then emits the output of that formula.</span>\n *\n * ![](withLatestFrom.png)\n *\n * `withLatestFrom` combines each value from the source Observable (the\n * instance) with the latest values from the other input Observables only when\n * the source emits a value, optionally using a `project` function to determine\n * the value to be emitted on the output Observable. All input Observables must\n * emit at least one value before the output Observable will emit a value.\n *\n * ## Example\n *\n * On every click event, emit an array with the latest timer event plus the click event\n *\n * ```ts\n * import { fromEvent, interval, withLatestFrom } from 'rxjs';\n *\n * const clicks = fromEvent(document, 'click');\n * const timer = interval(1000);\n * const result = clicks.pipe(withLatestFrom(timer));\n * result.subscribe(x => console.log(x));\n * ```\n *\n * @see {@link combineLatest}\n *\n * @param {ObservableInput} other An input Observable to combine with the source\n * Observable. More than one input Observables may be given as argument.\n * @param {Function} [project] Projection function for combining values\n * together. Receives all values in order of the Observables passed, where the\n * first parameter is a value from the source Observable. (e.g.\n * `a.pipe(withLatestFrom(b, c), map(([a1, b1, c1]) => a1 + b1 + c1))`). If this is not\n * passed, arrays will be emitted on the output Observable.\n * @return A function that returns an Observable of projected values from the\n * most recent values from each input Observable, or an array of the most\n * recent values from each input Observable.\n */\nexport function withLatestFrom<T, R>(...inputs: any[]): OperatorFunction<T, R | any[]> {\n  const project = popResultSelector(inputs) as ((...args: any[]) => R) | undefined;\n\n  return operate((source, subscriber) => {\n    const len = inputs.length;\n    const otherValues = new Array(len);\n    // An array of whether or not the other sources have emitted. Matched with them by index.\n    // TODO: At somepoint, we should investigate the performance implications here, and look\n    // into using a `Set()` and checking the `size` to see if we're ready.\n    let hasValue = inputs.map(() => false);\n    // Flipped true when we have at least one value from all other sources and\n    // we are ready to start emitting values.\n    let ready = false;\n\n    // Other sources. Note that here we are not checking `subscriber.closed`,\n    // this causes all inputs to be subscribed to, even if nothing can be emitted\n    // from them. This is an important distinction because subscription constitutes\n    // a side-effect.\n    for (let i = 0; i < len; i++) {\n      innerFrom(inputs[i]).subscribe(\n        createOperatorSubscriber(\n          subscriber,\n          (value) => {\n            otherValues[i] = value;\n            if (!ready && !hasValue[i]) {\n              // If we're not ready yet, flag to show this observable has emitted.\n              hasValue[i] = true;\n              // Intentionally terse code.\n              // If all of our other observables have emitted, set `ready` to `true`,\n              // so we know we can start emitting values, then clean up the `hasValue` array,\n              // because we don't need it anymore.\n              (ready = hasValue.every(identity)) && (hasValue = null!);\n            }\n          },\n          // Completing one of the other sources has\n          // no bearing on the completion of our result.\n          noop\n        )\n      );\n    }\n\n    // Source subscription\n    source.subscribe(\n      createOperatorSubscriber(subscriber, (value) => {\n        if (ready) {\n          // We have at least one value from the other sources. Go ahead and emit.\n          const values = [value, ...otherValues];\n          subscriber.next(project ? project(...values) : values);\n        }\n      })\n    );\n  });\n}\n", "import { zip as zipStatic } from '../observable/zip';\nimport { ObservableInput, ObservableInputTuple, OperatorFunction, Cons } from '../types';\nimport { operate } from '../util/lift';\n\n/** @deprecated Replaced with {@link zipWith}. Will be removed in v8. */\nexport function zip<T, A extends readonly unknown[]>(otherInputs: [...ObservableInputTuple<A>]): OperatorFunction<T, Cons<T, A>>;\n/** @deprecated Replaced with {@link zipWith}. Will be removed in v8. */\nexport function zip<T, A extends readonly unknown[], R>(\n  otherInputsAndProject: [...ObservableInputTuple<A>],\n  project: (...values: Cons<T, A>) => R\n): OperatorFunction<T, R>;\n/** @deprecated Replaced with {@link zipWith}. Will be removed in v8. */\nexport function zip<T, A extends readonly unknown[]>(...otherInputs: [...ObservableInputTuple<A>]): OperatorFunction<T, Cons<T, A>>;\n/** @deprecated Replaced with {@link zipWith}. Will be removed in v8. */\nexport function zip<T, A extends readonly unknown[], R>(\n  ...otherInputsAndProject: [...ObservableInputTuple<A>, (...values: Cons<T, A>) => R]\n): OperatorFunction<T, R>;\n\n/**\n * @deprecated Replaced with {@link zipWith}. Will be removed in v8.\n */\nexport function zip<T, R>(...sources: Array<ObservableInput<any> | ((...values: Array<any>) => R)>): OperatorFunction<T, any> {\n  return operate((source, subscriber) => {\n    zipStatic(source as ObservableInput<any>, ...(sources as Array<ObservableInput<any>>)).subscribe(subscriber);\n  });\n}\n", "import { ObservableInputTuple, OperatorFunction, Cons } from '../types';\nimport { zip } from './zip';\n\n/**\n * Subscribes to the source, and the observable inputs provided as arguments, and combines their values, by index, into arrays.\n *\n * What is meant by \"combine by index\": The first value from each will be made into a single array, then emitted,\n * then the second value from each will be combined into a single array and emitted, then the third value\n * from each will be combined into a single array and emitted, and so on.\n *\n * This will continue until it is no longer able to combine values of the same index into an array.\n *\n * After the last value from any one completed source is emitted in an array, the resulting observable will complete,\n * as there is no way to continue \"zipping\" values together by index.\n *\n * Use-cases for this operator are limited. There are memory concerns if one of the streams is emitting\n * values at a much faster rate than the others. Usage should likely be limited to streams that emit\n * at a similar pace, or finite streams of known length.\n *\n * In many cases, authors want `combineLatestWith` and not `zipWith`.\n *\n * @param otherInputs other observable inputs to collate values from.\n * @return A function that returns an Observable that emits items by index\n * combined from the source Observable and provided Observables, in form of an\n * array.\n */\nexport function zipWith<T, A extends readonly unknown[]>(...otherInputs: [...ObservableInputTuple<A>]): OperatorFunction<T, Cons<T, A>> {\n  return zip(...otherInputs);\n}\n", "/*\n * Copyright (c) 2016-2024 Martin Donath <martin.donath@squidfunk.com>\n *\n * Permission is hereby granted, free of charge, to any person obtaining a copy\n * of this software and associated documentation files (the \"Software\"), to\n * deal in the Software without restriction, including without limitation the\n * rights to use, copy, modify, merge, publish, distribute, sublicense, and/or\n * sell copies of the Software, and to permit persons to whom the Software is\n * furnished to do so, subject to the following conditions:\n *\n * The above copyright notice and this permission notice shall be included in\n * all copies or substantial portions of the Software.\n *\n * THE SOFTWARE IS PROVIDED \"AS IS\", WITHOUT WARRANTY OF ANY KIND, EXPRESS OR\n * IMPLIED, INCLUDING BUT NOT LIMITED TO THE WARRANTIES OF MERCHANTABILITY,\n * FITNESS FOR A PARTICULAR PURPOSE AND NON-INFRINGEMENT. IN NO EVENT SHALL THE\n * AUTHORS OR COPYRIGHT HOLDERS BE LIABLE FOR ANY CLAIM, DAMAGES OR OTHER\n * LIABILITY, WHETHER IN AN ACTION OF CONTRACT, TORT OR OTHERWISE, ARISING\n * FROM, OUT OF OR IN CONNECTION WITH THE SOFTWARE OR THE USE OR OTHER DEALINGS\n * IN THE SOFTWARE.\n */\n\nimport {\n  ReplaySubject,\n  Subject,\n  fromEvent\n} from \"rxjs\"\n\n/* ----------------------------------------------------------------------------\n * Functions\n * ------------------------------------------------------------------------- */\n\n/**\n * Watch document\n *\n * Documents are implemented as subjects, so all downstream observables are\n * automatically updated when a new document is emitted.\n *\n * @returns Document subject\n */\nexport function watchDocument(): Subject<Document> {\n  const document$ = new ReplaySubject<Document>(1)\n  fromEvent(document, \"DOMContentLoaded\", { once: true })\n    .subscribe(() => document$.next(document))\n\n  /* Return document */\n  return document$\n}\n", "/*\n * Copyright (c) 2016-2024 Martin Donath <martin.donath@squidfunk.com>\n *\n * Permission is hereby granted, free of charge, to any person obtaining a copy\n * of this software and associated documentation files (the \"Software\"), to\n * deal in the Software without restriction, including without limitation the\n * rights to use, copy, modify, merge, publish, distribute, sublicense, and/or\n * sell copies of the Software, and to permit persons to whom the Software is\n * furnished to do so, subject to the following conditions:\n *\n * The above copyright notice and this permission notice shall be included in\n * all copies or substantial portions of the Software.\n *\n * THE SOFTWARE IS PROVIDED \"AS IS\", WITHOUT WARRANTY OF ANY KIND, EXPRESS OR\n * IMPLIED, INCLUDING BUT NOT LIMITED TO THE WARRANTIES OF MERCHANTABILITY,\n * FITNESS FOR A PARTICULAR PURPOSE AND NON-INFRINGEMENT. IN NO EVENT SHALL THE\n * AUTHORS OR COPYRIGHT HOLDERS BE LIABLE FOR ANY CLAIM, DAMAGES OR OTHER\n * LIABILITY, WHETHER IN AN ACTION OF CONTRACT, TORT OR OTHERWISE, ARISING\n * FROM, OUT OF OR IN CONNECTION WITH THE SOFTWARE OR THE USE OR OTHER DEALINGS\n * IN THE SOFTWARE.\n */\n\n/* ----------------------------------------------------------------------------\n * Functions\n * ------------------------------------------------------------------------- */\n\n/**\n * Retrieve all elements matching the query selector\n *\n * @template T - Element type\n *\n * @param selector - Query selector\n * @param node - Node of reference\n *\n * @returns Elements\n */\nexport function getElements<T extends keyof HTMLElementTagNameMap>(\n  selector: T, node?: ParentNode\n): HTMLElementTagNameMap[T][]\n\nexport function getElements<T extends HTMLElement>(\n  selector: string, node?: ParentNode\n): T[]\n\nexport function getElements<T extends HTMLElement>(\n  selector: string, node: ParentNode = document\n): T[] {\n  return Array.from(node.querySelectorAll<T>(selector))\n}\n\n/**\n * Retrieve an element matching a query selector or throw a reference error\n *\n * Note that this function assumes that the element is present. If unsure if an\n * element is existent, use the `getOptionalElement` function instead.\n *\n * @template T - Element type\n *\n * @param selector - Query selector\n * @param node - Node of reference\n *\n * @returns Element\n */\nexport function getElement<T extends keyof HTMLElementTagNameMap>(\n  selector: T, node?: ParentNode\n): HTMLElementTagNameMap[T]\n\nexport function getElement<T extends HTMLElement>(\n  selector: string, node?: ParentNode\n): T\n\nexport function getElement<T extends HTMLElement>(\n  selector: string, node: ParentNode = document\n): T {\n  const el = getOptionalElement<T>(selector, node)\n  if (typeof el === \"undefined\")\n    throw new ReferenceError(\n      `Missing element: expected \"${selector}\" to be present`\n    )\n\n  /* Return element */\n  return el\n}\n\n/* ------------------------------------------------------------------------- */\n\n/**\n * Retrieve an optional element matching the query selector\n *\n * @template T - Element type\n *\n * @param selector - Query selector\n * @param node - Node of reference\n *\n * @returns Element or nothing\n */\nexport function getOptionalElement<T extends keyof HTMLElementTagNameMap>(\n  selector: T, node?: ParentNode\n): HTMLElementTagNameMap[T] | undefined\n\nexport function getOptionalElement<T extends HTMLElement>(\n  selector: string, node?: ParentNode\n): T | undefined\n\nexport function getOptionalElement<T extends HTMLElement>(\n  selector: string, node: ParentNode = document\n): T | undefined {\n  return node.querySelector<T>(selector) || undefined\n}\n\n/**\n * Retrieve the currently active element\n *\n * @returns Element or nothing\n */\nexport function getActiveElement(): HTMLElement | undefined {\n  return (\n    document.activeElement?.shadowRoot?.activeElement as HTMLElement ??\n    document.activeElement as HTMLElement ??\n    undefined\n  )\n}\n", "/*\n * Copyright (c) 2016-2024 Martin Donath <martin.donath@squidfunk.com>\n *\n * Permission is hereby granted, free of charge, to any person obtaining a copy\n * of this software and associated documentation files (the \"Software\"), to\n * deal in the Software without restriction, including without limitation the\n * rights to use, copy, modify, merge, publish, distribute, sublicense, and/or\n * sell copies of the Software, and to permit persons to whom the Software is\n * furnished to do so, subject to the following conditions:\n *\n * The above copyright notice and this permission notice shall be included in\n * all copies or substantial portions of the Software.\n *\n * THE SOFTWARE IS PROVIDED \"AS IS\", WITHOUT WARRANTY OF ANY KIND, EXPRESS OR\n * IMPLIED, INCLUDING BUT NOT LIMITED TO THE WARRANTIES OF MERCHANTABILITY,\n * FITNESS FOR A PARTICULAR PURPOSE AND NON-INFRINGEMENT. IN NO EVENT SHALL THE\n * AUTHORS OR COPYRIGHT HOLDERS BE LIABLE FOR ANY CLAIM, DAMAGES OR OTHER\n * LIABILITY, WHETHER IN AN ACTION OF CONTRACT, TORT OR OTHERWISE, ARISING\n * FROM, OUT OF OR IN CONNECTION WITH THE SOFTWARE OR THE USE OR OTHER DEALINGS\n * IN THE SOFTWARE.\n */\n\nimport {\n  Observable,\n  debounceTime,\n  distinctUntilChanged,\n  fromEvent,\n  map,\n  merge,\n  shareReplay,\n  startWith\n} from \"rxjs\"\n\nimport { getActiveElement } from \"../_\"\n\n/* ----------------------------------------------------------------------------\n * Data\n * ------------------------------------------------------------------------- */\n\n/**\n * Focus observable\n *\n * Previously, this observer used `focus` and `blur` events to determine whether\n * an element is focused, but this doesn't work if there are focusable elements\n * within the elements itself. A better solutions are `focusin` and `focusout`\n * events, which bubble up the tree and allow for more fine-grained control.\n *\n * `debounceTime` is necessary, because when a focus change happens inside an\n * element, the observable would first emit `false` and then `true` again.\n */\nconst observer$ = merge(\n  fromEvent(document.body, \"focusin\"),\n  fromEvent(document.body, \"focusout\")\n)\n  .pipe(\n    debounceTime(1),\n    startWith(undefined),\n    map(() => getActiveElement() || document.body),\n    shareReplay(1)\n  )\n\n/* ----------------------------------------------------------------------------\n * Functions\n * ------------------------------------------------------------------------- */\n\n/**\n * Watch element focus\n *\n * @param el - Element\n *\n * @returns Element focus observable\n */\nexport function watchElementFocus(\n  el: HTMLElement\n): Observable<boolean> {\n  return observer$\n    .pipe(\n      map(active => el.contains(active)),\n      distinctUntilChanged()\n    )\n}\n", "/*\n * Copyright (c) 2016-2024 Martin Donath <martin.donath@squidfunk.com>\n *\n * Permission is hereby granted, free of charge, to any person obtaining a copy\n * of this software and associated documentation files (the \"Software\"), to\n * deal in the Software without restriction, including without limitation the\n * rights to use, copy, modify, merge, publish, distribute, sublicense, and/or\n * sell copies of the Software, and to permit persons to whom the Software is\n * furnished to do so, subject to the following conditions:\n *\n * The above copyright notice and this permission notice shall be included in\n * all copies or substantial portions of the Software.\n *\n * THE SOFTWARE IS PROVIDED \"AS IS\", WITHOUT WARRANTY OF ANY KIND, EXPRESS OR\n * IMPLIED, INCLUDING BUT NOT LIMITED TO THE WARRANTIES OF MERCHANTABILITY,\n * FITNESS FOR A PARTICULAR PURPOSE AND NON-INFRINGEMENT. IN NO EVENT SHALL THE\n * AUTHORS OR COPYRIGHT HOLDERS BE LIABLE FOR ANY CLAIM, DAMAGES OR OTHER\n * LIABILITY, WHETHER IN AN ACTION OF CONTRACT, TORT OR OTHERWISE, ARISING\n * FROM, OUT OF OR IN CONNECTION WITH THE SOFTWARE OR THE USE OR OTHER DEALINGS\n * IN THE SOFTWARE.\n */\n\nimport {\n  Observable,\n  debounce,\n  defer,\n  fromEvent,\n  identity,\n  map,\n  merge,\n  startWith,\n  timer\n} from \"rxjs\"\n\n/* ----------------------------------------------------------------------------\n * Functions\n * ------------------------------------------------------------------------- */\n\n/**\n * Watch element hover\n *\n * The second parameter allows to specify a timeout in milliseconds after which\n * the hover state will be reset to `false`. This is useful for tooltips which\n * should disappear after a certain amount of time, in order to allow the user\n * to move the cursor from the host to the tooltip.\n *\n * @param el - Element\n * @param timeout - Timeout\n *\n * @returns Element hover observable\n */\nexport function watchElementHover(\n  el: HTMLElement, timeout?: number\n): Observable<boolean> {\n  return defer(() => merge(\n    fromEvent(el, \"mouseenter\").pipe(map(() => true)),\n    fromEvent(el, \"mouseleave\").pipe(map(() => false))\n  )\n    .pipe(\n      timeout ? debounce(active => timer(+!active * timeout)) : identity,\n      startWith(el.matches(\":hover\"))\n    )\n  )\n}\n", "/*\n * Copyright (c) 2016-2024 Martin Donath <martin.donath@squidfunk.com>\n *\n * Permission is hereby granted, free of charge, to any person obtaining a copy\n * of this software and associated documentation files (the \"Software\"), to\n * deal in the Software without restriction, including without limitation the\n * rights to use, copy, modify, merge, publish, distribute, sublicense, and/or\n * sell copies of the Software, and to permit persons to whom the Software is\n * furnished to do so, subject to the following conditions:\n *\n * The above copyright notice and this permission notice shall be included in\n * all copies or substantial portions of the Software.\n *\n * THE SOFTWARE IS PROVIDED \"AS IS\", WITHOUT WARRANTY OF ANY KIND, EXPRESS OR\n * IMPLIED, INCLUDING BUT NOT LIMITED TO THE WARRANTIES OF MERCHANTABILITY,\n * FITNESS FOR A PARTICULAR PURPOSE AND NON-INFRINGEMENT. IN NO EVENT SHALL THE\n * AUTHORS OR COPYRIGHT HOLDERS BE LIABLE FOR ANY CLAIM, DAMAGES OR OTHER\n * LIABILITY, WHETHER IN AN ACTION OF CONTRACT, TORT OR OTHERWISE, ARISING\n * FROM, OUT OF OR IN CONNECTION WITH THE SOFTWARE OR THE USE OR OTHER DEALINGS\n * IN THE SOFTWARE.\n */\n\nimport { JSX as JSXInternal } from \"preact\"\n\n/* ----------------------------------------------------------------------------\n * Helper types\n * ------------------------------------------------------------------------- */\n\n/**\n * HTML attributes\n */\ntype Attributes =\n  & JSXInternal.HTMLAttributes\n  & JSXInternal.SVGAttributes\n  & Record<string, any>\n\n/**\n * Child element\n */\ntype Child =\n  | ChildNode\n  | HTMLElement\n  | Text\n  | string\n  | number\n\n/* ----------------------------------------------------------------------------\n * Helper functions\n * ------------------------------------------------------------------------- */\n\n/**\n * Append a child node to an element\n *\n * @param el - Element\n * @param child - Child node(s)\n */\nfunction appendChild(el: HTMLElement, child: Child | Child[]): void {\n\n  /* Handle primitive types (including raw HTML) */\n  if (typeof child === \"string\" || typeof child === \"number\") {\n    el.innerHTML += child.toString()\n\n  /* Handle nodes */\n  } else if (child instanceof Node) {\n    el.appendChild(child)\n\n  /* Handle nested children */\n  } else if (Array.isArray(child)) {\n    for (const node of child)\n      appendChild(el, node)\n  }\n}\n\n/* ----------------------------------------------------------------------------\n * Functions\n * ------------------------------------------------------------------------- */\n\n/**\n * JSX factory\n *\n * @template T - Element type\n *\n * @param tag - HTML tag\n * @param attributes - HTML attributes\n * @param children - Child elements\n *\n * @returns Element\n */\nexport function h<T extends keyof HTMLElementTagNameMap>(\n  tag: T, attributes?: Attributes | null, ...children: Child[]\n): HTMLElementTagNameMap[T]\n\nexport function h<T extends h.JSX.Element>(\n  tag: string, attributes?: Attributes | null, ...children: Child[]\n): T\n\nexport function h<T extends h.JSX.Element>(\n  tag: string, attributes?: Attributes | null, ...children: Child[]\n): T {\n  const el = document.createElement(tag)\n\n  /* Set attributes, if any */\n  if (attributes)\n    for (const attr of Object.keys(attributes)) {\n      if (typeof attributes[attr] === \"undefined\")\n        continue\n\n      /* Set default attribute or boolean */\n      if (typeof attributes[attr] !== \"boolean\")\n        el.setAttribute(attr, attributes[attr])\n      else\n        el.setAttribute(attr, \"\")\n    }\n\n  /* Append child nodes */\n  for (const child of children)\n    appendChild(el, child)\n\n  /* Return element */\n  return el as T\n}\n\n/* ----------------------------------------------------------------------------\n * Namespace\n * ------------------------------------------------------------------------- */\n\nexport declare namespace h {\n  namespace JSX {\n    type Element = HTMLElement\n    type IntrinsicElements = JSXInternal.IntrinsicElements\n  }\n}\n", "/*\n * Copyright (c) 2016-2024 Martin Donath <martin.donath@squidfunk.com>\n *\n * Permission is hereby granted, free of charge, to any person obtaining a copy\n * of this software and associated documentation files (the \"Software\"), to\n * deal in the Software without restriction, including without limitation the\n * rights to use, copy, modify, merge, publish, distribute, sublicense, and/or\n * sell copies of the Software, and to permit persons to whom the Software is\n * furnished to do so, subject to the following conditions:\n *\n * The above copyright notice and this permission notice shall be included in\n * all copies or substantial portions of the Software.\n *\n * THE SOFTWARE IS PROVIDED \"AS IS\", WITHOUT WARRANTY OF ANY KIND, EXPRESS OR\n * IMPLIED, INCLUDING BUT NOT LIMITED TO THE WARRANTIES OF MERCHANTABILITY,\n * FITNESS FOR A PARTICULAR PURPOSE AND NON-INFRINGEMENT. IN NO EVENT SHALL THE\n * AUTHORS OR COPYRIGHT HOLDERS BE LIABLE FOR ANY CLAIM, DAMAGES OR OTHER\n * LIABILITY, WHETHER IN AN ACTION OF CONTRACT, TORT OR OTHERWISE, ARISING\n * FROM, OUT OF OR IN CONNECTION WITH THE SOFTWARE OR THE USE OR OTHER DEALINGS\n * IN THE SOFTWARE.\n */\n\n/* ----------------------------------------------------------------------------\n * Functions\n * ------------------------------------------------------------------------- */\n\n/**\n * Round a number for display with repository facts\n *\n * This is a reverse-engineered version of GitHub's weird rounding algorithm\n * for stars, forks and all other numbers. While all numbers below `1,000` are\n * returned as-is, bigger numbers are converted to fixed numbers:\n *\n * - `1,049` => `1k`\n * - `1,050` => `1.1k`\n * - `1,949` => `1.9k`\n * - `1,950` => `2k`\n *\n * @param value - Original value\n *\n * @returns Rounded value\n */\nexport function round(value: number): string {\n  if (value > 999) {\n    const digits = +((value - 950) % 1000 > 99)\n    return `${((value + 0.000001) / 1000).toFixed(digits)}k`\n  } else {\n    return value.toString()\n  }\n}\n", "/*\n * Copyright (c) 2016-2024 Martin Donath <martin.donath@squidfunk.com>\n *\n * Permission is hereby granted, free of charge, to any person obtaining a copy\n * of this software and associated documentation files (the \"Software\"), to\n * deal in the Software without restriction, including without limitation the\n * rights to use, copy, modify, merge, publish, distribute, sublicense, and/or\n * sell copies of the Software, and to permit persons to whom the Software is\n * furnished to do so, subject to the following conditions:\n *\n * The above copyright notice and this permission notice shall be included in\n * all copies or substantial portions of the Software.\n *\n * THE SOFTWARE IS PROVIDED \"AS IS\", WITHOUT WARRANTY OF ANY KIND, EXPRESS OR\n * IMPLIED, INCLUDING BUT NOT LIMITED TO THE WARRANTIES OF MERCHANTABILITY,\n * FITNESS FOR A PARTICULAR PURPOSE AND NON-INFRINGEMENT. IN NO EVENT SHALL THE\n * AUTHORS OR COPYRIGHT HOLDERS BE LIABLE FOR ANY CLAIM, DAMAGES OR OTHER\n * LIABILITY, WHETHER IN AN ACTION OF CONTRACT, TORT OR OTHERWISE, ARISING\n * FROM, OUT OF OR IN CONNECTION WITH THE SOFTWARE OR THE USE OR OTHER DEALINGS\n * IN THE SOFTWARE.\n */\n\nimport {\n  Observable,\n  defer,\n  finalize,\n  fromEvent,\n  map,\n  merge,\n  switchMap,\n  take,\n  throwError\n} from \"rxjs\"\n\nimport { h } from \"~/utilities\"\n\n/* ----------------------------------------------------------------------------\n * Functions\n * ------------------------------------------------------------------------- */\n\n/**\n * Create and load a `script` element\n *\n * This function returns an observable that will emit when the script was\n * successfully loaded, or throw an error if it wasn't.\n *\n * @param src - Script URL\n *\n * @returns Script observable\n */\nexport function watchScript(src: string): Observable<void> {\n  const script = h(\"script\", { src })\n  return defer(() => {\n    document.head.appendChild(script)\n    return merge(\n      fromEvent(script, \"load\"),\n      fromEvent(script, \"error\")\n        .pipe(\n          switchMap(() => (\n            throwError(() => new ReferenceError(`Invalid script: ${src}`))\n          ))\n        )\n    )\n      .pipe(\n        map(() => undefined),\n        finalize(() => document.head.removeChild(script)),\n        take(1)\n      )\n  })\n}\n", "/*\n * Copyright (c) 2016-2024 Martin Donath <martin.donath@squidfunk.com>\n *\n * Permission is hereby granted, free of charge, to any person obtaining a copy\n * of this software and associated documentation files (the \"Software\"), to\n * deal in the Software without restriction, including without limitation the\n * rights to use, copy, modify, merge, publish, distribute, sublicense, and/or\n * sell copies of the Software, and to permit persons to whom the Software is\n * furnished to do so, subject to the following conditions:\n *\n * The above copyright notice and this permission notice shall be included in\n * all copies or substantial portions of the Software.\n *\n * THE SOFTWARE IS PROVIDED \"AS IS\", WITHOUT WARRANTY OF ANY KIND, EXPRESS OR\n * IMPLIED, INCLUDING BUT NOT LIMITED TO THE WARRANTIES OF MERCHANTABILITY,\n * FITNESS FOR A PARTICULAR PURPOSE AND NON-INFRINGEMENT. IN NO EVENT SHALL THE\n * AUTHORS OR COPYRIGHT HOLDERS BE LIABLE FOR ANY CLAIM, DAMAGES OR OTHER\n * LIABILITY, WHETHER IN AN ACTION OF CONTRACT, TORT OR OTHERWISE, ARISING\n * FROM, OUT OF OR IN CONNECTION WITH THE SOFTWARE OR THE USE OR OTHER DEALINGS\n * IN THE SOFTWARE.\n */\n\nimport {\n  NEVER,\n  Observable,\n  Subject,\n  defer,\n  filter,\n  finalize,\n  map,\n  merge,\n  of,\n  shareReplay,\n  startWith,\n  switchMap,\n  tap\n} from \"rxjs\"\n\nimport { watchScript } from \"../../../script\"\n\n/* ----------------------------------------------------------------------------\n * Types\n * ------------------------------------------------------------------------- */\n\n/**\n * Element offset\n */\nexport interface ElementSize {\n  width: number                        /* Element width */\n  height: number                       /* Element height */\n}\n\n/* ----------------------------------------------------------------------------\n * Data\n * ------------------------------------------------------------------------- */\n\n/**\n * Resize observer entry subject\n */\nconst entry$ = new Subject<ResizeObserverEntry>()\n\n/**\n * Resize observer observable\n *\n * This observable will create a `ResizeObserver` on the first subscription\n * and will automatically terminate it when there are no more subscribers.\n * It's quite important to centralize observation in a single `ResizeObserver`,\n * as the performance difference can be quite dramatic, as the link shows.\n *\n * If the browser doesn't have a `ResizeObserver` implementation available, a\n * polyfill is automatically downloaded from unpkg.com. This is also compatible\n * with the built-in privacy plugin, which will download the polyfill and put\n * it alongside the built site for self-hosting.\n *\n * @see https://bit.ly/3iIYfEm - Google Groups on performance\n */\nconst observer$ = defer(() => (\n  typeof ResizeObserver === \"undefined\"\n    ? watchScript(\"https://unpkg.com/resize-observer-polyfill\")\n    : of(undefined)\n))\n  .pipe(\n    map(() => new ResizeObserver(entries => (\n      entries.forEach(entry => entry$.next(entry))\n    ))),\n    switchMap(observer => merge(NEVER, of(observer)).pipe(\n      finalize(() => observer.disconnect())\n    )),\n    shareReplay(1)\n  )\n\n/* ----------------------------------------------------------------------------\n * Functions\n * ------------------------------------------------------------------------- */\n\n/**\n * Retrieve element size\n *\n * @param el - Element\n *\n * @returns Element size\n */\nexport function getElementSize(\n  el: HTMLElement\n): ElementSize {\n  return {\n    width:  el.offsetWidth,\n    height: el.offsetHeight\n  }\n}\n\n/* ------------------------------------------------------------------------- */\n\n/**\n * Watch element size\n *\n * This function returns an observable that subscribes to a single internal\n * instance of `ResizeObserver` upon subscription, and emit resize events until\n * termination. Note that this function should not be called with the same\n * element twice, as the first unsubscription will terminate observation.\n *\n * Sadly, we can't use the `DOMRect` objects returned by the observer, because\n * we need the emitted values to be consistent with `getElementSize`, which will\n * return the used values (rounded) and not actual values (unrounded). Thus, we\n * use the `offset*` properties. See the linked GitHub issue.\n *\n * @see https://bit.ly/3m0k3he - GitHub issue\n *\n * @param el - Element\n *\n * @returns Element size observable\n */\nexport function watchElementSize(\n  el: HTMLElement\n): Observable<ElementSize> {\n\n  // Compute target element - since inline elements cannot be observed by the\n  // current `ResizeObserver` implementation as provided by browsers, we need\n  // to determine the first containing parent element and use that one as a\n  // target, while we always compute the actual size from the element.\n  let target = el\n  while (target.clientWidth === 0)\n    if (target.parentElement)\n      target = target.parentElement\n    else\n      break\n\n  // Observe target element and recompute element size on resize - as described\n  // above, the target element is not necessarily the element of interest\n  return observer$.pipe(\n    tap(observer => observer.observe(target)),\n    switchMap(observer => entry$.pipe(\n      filter(entry => entry.target === target),\n      finalize(() => observer.unobserve(target))\n    )),\n    map(() => getElementSize(el)),\n    startWith(getElementSize(el))\n  )\n}\n", "/*\n * Copyright (c) 2016-2024 Martin Donath <martin.donath@squidfunk.com>\n *\n * Permission is hereby granted, free of charge, to any person obtaining a copy\n * of this software and associated documentation files (the \"Software\"), to\n * deal in the Software without restriction, including without limitation the\n * rights to use, copy, modify, merge, publish, distribute, sublicense, and/or\n * sell copies of the Software, and to permit persons to whom the Software is\n * furnished to do so, subject to the following conditions:\n *\n * The above copyright notice and this permission notice shall be included in\n * all copies or substantial portions of the Software.\n *\n * THE SOFTWARE IS PROVIDED \"AS IS\", WITHOUT WARRANTY OF ANY KIND, EXPRESS OR\n * IMPLIED, INCLUDING BUT NOT LIMITED TO THE WARRANTIES OF MERCHANTABILITY,\n * FITNESS FOR A PARTICULAR PURPOSE AND NON-INFRINGEMENT. IN NO EVENT SHALL THE\n * AUTHORS OR COPYRIGHT HOLDERS BE LIABLE FOR ANY CLAIM, DAMAGES OR OTHER\n * LIABILITY, WHETHER IN AN ACTION OF CONTRACT, TORT OR OTHERWISE, ARISING\n * FROM, OUT OF OR IN CONNECTION WITH THE SOFTWARE OR THE USE OR OTHER DEALINGS\n * IN THE SOFTWARE.\n */\n\nimport { ElementSize } from \"../_\"\n\n/* ----------------------------------------------------------------------------\n * Functions\n * ------------------------------------------------------------------------- */\n\n/**\n * Retrieve element content size (= scroll width and height)\n *\n * @param el - Element\n *\n * @returns Element content size\n */\nexport function getElementContentSize(\n  el: HTMLElement\n): ElementSize {\n  return {\n    width:  el.scrollWidth,\n    height: el.scrollHeight\n  }\n}\n\n/**\n * Retrieve the overflowing container of an element, if any\n *\n * @param el - Element\n *\n * @returns Overflowing container or nothing\n */\nexport function getElementContainer(\n  el: HTMLElement\n): HTMLElement | undefined {\n  let parent = el.parentElement\n  while (parent)\n    if (\n      el.scrollWidth  <= parent.scrollWidth &&\n      el.scrollHeight <= parent.scrollHeight\n    )\n      parent = (el = parent).parentElement\n    else\n      break\n\n  /* Return overflowing container */\n  return parent ? el : undefined\n}\n\n/**\n * Retrieve all overflowing containers of an element, if any\n *\n * Note that this function has a slightly different behavior, so we should at\n * some point consider refactoring how overflowing containers are handled.\n *\n * @param el - Element\n *\n * @returns Overflowing containers\n */\nexport function getElementContainers(\n  el: HTMLElement\n): HTMLElement[] {\n  const containers: HTMLElement[] = []\n\n  // Walk up the DOM tree until we find an overflowing container\n  let parent = el.parentElement\n  while (parent) {\n    if (\n      el.clientWidth  > parent.clientWidth ||\n      el.clientHeight > parent.clientHeight\n    )\n      containers.push(parent)\n\n    // Continue with parent element\n    parent = (el = parent).parentElement\n  }\n\n  // If the page is short, the body might not be overflowing and there might be\n  // no other containers, which is why we need to make sure the body is present\n  if (containers.length === 0)\n    containers.push(document.documentElement)\n\n  // Return overflowing containers\n  return containers\n}\n", "/*\n * Copyright (c) 2016-2024 Martin Donath <martin.donath@squidfunk.com>\n *\n * Permission is hereby granted, free of charge, to any person obtaining a copy\n * of this software and associated documentation files (the \"Software\"), to\n * deal in the Software without restriction, including without limitation the\n * rights to use, copy, modify, merge, publish, distribute, sublicense, and/or\n * sell copies of the Software, and to permit persons to whom the Software is\n * furnished to do so, subject to the following conditions:\n *\n * The above copyright notice and this permission notice shall be included in\n * all copies or substantial portions of the Software.\n *\n * THE SOFTWARE IS PROVIDED \"AS IS\", WITHOUT WARRANTY OF ANY KIND, EXPRESS OR\n * IMPLIED, INCLUDING BUT NOT LIMITED TO THE WARRANTIES OF MERCHANTABILITY,\n * FITNESS FOR A PARTICULAR PURPOSE AND NON-INFRINGEMENT. IN NO EVENT SHALL THE\n * AUTHORS OR COPYRIGHT HOLDERS BE LIABLE FOR ANY CLAIM, DAMAGES OR OTHER\n * LIABILITY, WHETHER IN AN ACTION OF CONTRACT, TORT OR OTHERWISE, ARISING\n * FROM, OUT OF OR IN CONNECTION WITH THE SOFTWARE OR THE USE OR OTHER DEALINGS\n * IN THE SOFTWARE.\n */\n\nimport {\n  Observable,\n  animationFrameScheduler,\n  auditTime,\n  fromEvent,\n  map,\n  merge,\n  startWith\n} from \"rxjs\"\n\nimport { watchElementSize } from \"../../size\"\n\n/* ----------------------------------------------------------------------------\n * Types\n * ------------------------------------------------------------------------- */\n\n/**\n * Element offset\n */\nexport interface ElementOffset {\n  x: number                            /* Horizontal offset */\n  y: number                            /* Vertical offset */\n}\n\n/* ----------------------------------------------------------------------------\n * Functions\n * ------------------------------------------------------------------------- */\n\n/**\n * Retrieve element offset\n *\n * @param el - Element\n *\n * @returns Element offset\n */\nexport function getElementOffset(\n  el: HTMLElement\n): ElementOffset {\n  return {\n    x: el.offsetLeft,\n    y: el.offsetTop\n  }\n}\n\n/**\n * Retrieve absolute element offset\n *\n * @param el - Element\n *\n * @returns Element offset\n */\nexport function getElementOffsetAbsolute(\n  el: HTMLElement\n): ElementOffset {\n  const rect = el.getBoundingClientRect()\n  return {\n    x: rect.x + window.scrollX,\n    y: rect.y + window.scrollY\n  }\n}\n\n/* ------------------------------------------------------------------------- */\n\n/**\n * Watch element offset\n *\n * @param el - Element\n *\n * @returns Element offset observable\n */\nexport function watchElementOffset(\n  el: HTMLElement\n): Observable<ElementOffset> {\n  return merge(\n    fromEvent(window, \"load\"),\n    fromEvent(window, \"resize\")\n  )\n    .pipe(\n      auditTime(0, animationFrameScheduler),\n      map(() => getElementOffset(el)),\n      startWith(getElementOffset(el))\n    )\n}\n\n/**\n * Watch absolute element offset\n *\n * @param el - Element\n *\n * @returns Element offset observable\n */\nexport function watchElementOffsetAbsolute(\n  el: HTMLElement\n): Observable<ElementOffset> {\n  return merge(\n    watchElementOffset(el),\n    watchElementSize(document.body) // @todo find a better way for this\n  )\n    .pipe(\n      map(() => getElementOffsetAbsolute(el)),\n      startWith(getElementOffsetAbsolute(el))\n    )\n}\n", "/*\n * Copyright (c) 2016-2024 Martin Donath <martin.donath@squidfunk.com>\n *\n * Permission is hereby granted, free of charge, to any person obtaining a copy\n * of this software and associated documentation files (the \"Software\"), to\n * deal in the Software without restriction, including without limitation the\n * rights to use, copy, modify, merge, publish, distribute, sublicense, and/or\n * sell copies of the Software, and to permit persons to whom the Software is\n * furnished to do so, subject to the following conditions:\n *\n * The above copyright notice and this permission notice shall be included in\n * all copies or substantial portions of the Software.\n *\n * THE SOFTWARE IS PROVIDED \"AS IS\", WITHOUT WARRANTY OF ANY KIND, EXPRESS OR\n * IMPLIED, INCLUDING BUT NOT LIMITED TO THE WARRANTIES OF MERCHANTABILITY,\n * FITNESS FOR A PARTICULAR PURPOSE AND NON-INFRINGEMENT. IN NO EVENT SHALL THE\n * AUTHORS OR COPYRIGHT HOLDERS BE LIABLE FOR ANY CLAIM, DAMAGES OR OTHER\n * LIABILITY, WHETHER IN AN ACTION OF CONTRACT, TORT OR OTHERWISE, ARISING\n * FROM, OUT OF OR IN CONNECTION WITH THE SOFTWARE OR THE USE OR OTHER DEALINGS\n * IN THE SOFTWARE.\n */\n\nimport {\n  Observable,\n  animationFrameScheduler,\n  auditTime,\n  fromEvent,\n  map,\n  merge,\n  startWith\n} from \"rxjs\"\n\nimport { ElementOffset } from \"../_\"\n\n/* ----------------------------------------------------------------------------\n * Functions\n * ------------------------------------------------------------------------- */\n\n/**\n * Retrieve element content offset (= scroll offset)\n *\n * @param el - Element\n *\n * @returns Element content offset\n */\nexport function getElementContentOffset(\n  el: HTMLElement\n): ElementOffset {\n  return {\n    x: el.scrollLeft,\n    y: el.scrollTop\n  }\n}\n\n/* ------------------------------------------------------------------------- */\n\n/**\n * Watch element content offset\n *\n * @param el - Element\n *\n * @returns Element content offset observable\n */\nexport function watchElementContentOffset(\n  el: HTMLElement\n): Observable<ElementOffset> {\n  return merge(\n    fromEvent(el, \"scroll\"),\n    fromEvent(window, \"scroll\"),\n    fromEvent(window, \"resize\")\n  )\n    .pipe(\n      auditTime(0, animationFrameScheduler),\n      map(() => getElementContentOffset(el)),\n      startWith(getElementContentOffset(el))\n    )\n}\n", "/*\n * Copyright (c) 2016-2024 Martin Donath <martin.donath@squidfunk.com>\n *\n * Permission is hereby granted, free of charge, to any person obtaining a copy\n * of this software and associated documentation files (the \"Software\"), to\n * deal in the Software without restriction, including without limitation the\n * rights to use, copy, modify, merge, publish, distribute, sublicense, and/or\n * sell copies of the Software, and to permit persons to whom the Software is\n * furnished to do so, subject to the following conditions:\n *\n * The above copyright notice and this permission notice shall be included in\n * all copies or substantial portions of the Software.\n *\n * THE SOFTWARE IS PROVIDED \"AS IS\", WITHOUT WARRANTY OF ANY KIND, EXPRESS OR\n * IMPLIED, INCLUDING BUT NOT LIMITED TO THE WARRANTIES OF MERCHANTABILITY,\n * FITNESS FOR A PARTICULAR PURPOSE AND NON-INFRINGEMENT. IN NO EVENT SHALL THE\n * AUTHORS OR COPYRIGHT HOLDERS BE LIABLE FOR ANY CLAIM, DAMAGES OR OTHER\n * LIABILITY, WHETHER IN AN ACTION OF CONTRACT, TORT OR OTHERWISE, ARISING\n * FROM, OUT OF OR IN CONNECTION WITH THE SOFTWARE OR THE USE OR OTHER DEALINGS\n * IN THE SOFTWARE.\n */\n\nimport {\n  NEVER,\n  Observable,\n  Subject,\n  defer,\n  distinctUntilChanged,\n  filter,\n  finalize,\n  map,\n  merge,\n  of,\n  shareReplay,\n  switchMap,\n  tap\n} from \"rxjs\"\n\nimport {\n  getElementContentSize,\n  getElementSize,\n  watchElementContentOffset\n} from \"~/browser\"\n\n/* ----------------------------------------------------------------------------\n * Data\n * ------------------------------------------------------------------------- */\n\n/**\n * Intersection observer entry subject\n */\nconst entry$ = new Subject<IntersectionObserverEntry>()\n\n/**\n * Intersection observer observable\n *\n * This observable will create an `IntersectionObserver` on first subscription\n * and will automatically terminate it when there are no more subscribers.\n *\n * @see https://bit.ly/3iIYfEm - Google Groups on performance\n */\nconst observer$ = defer(() => of(\n  new IntersectionObserver(entries => {\n    for (const entry of entries)\n      entry$.next(entry)\n  }, {\n    threshold: 0\n  })\n))\n  .pipe(\n    switchMap(observer => merge(NEVER, of(observer))\n      .pipe(\n        finalize(() => observer.disconnect())\n      )\n    ),\n    shareReplay(1)\n  )\n\n/* ----------------------------------------------------------------------------\n * Functions\n * ------------------------------------------------------------------------- */\n\n/**\n * Watch element visibility\n *\n * @param el - Element\n *\n * @returns Element visibility observable\n */\nexport function watchElementVisibility(\n  el: HTMLElement\n): Observable<boolean> {\n  return observer$\n    .pipe(\n      tap(observer => observer.observe(el)),\n      switchMap(observer => entry$\n        .pipe(\n          filter(({ target }) => target === el),\n          finalize(() => observer.unobserve(el)),\n          map(({ isIntersecting }) => isIntersecting)\n        )\n      )\n    )\n}\n\n/**\n * Watch element boundary\n *\n * This function returns an observable which emits whether the bottom content\n * boundary (= scroll offset) of an element is within a certain threshold.\n *\n * @param el - Element\n * @param threshold - Threshold\n *\n * @returns Element boundary observable\n */\nexport function watchElementBoundary(\n  el: HTMLElement, threshold = 16\n): Observable<boolean> {\n  return watchElementContentOffset(el)\n    .pipe(\n      map(({ y }) => {\n        const visible = getElementSize(el)\n        const content = getElementContentSize(el)\n        return y >= (\n          content.height - visible.height - threshold\n        )\n      }),\n      distinctUntilChanged()\n    )\n}\n", "/*\n * Copyright (c) 2016-2024 Martin Donath <martin.donath@squidfunk.com>\n *\n * Permission is hereby granted, free of charge, to any person obtaining a copy\n * of this software and associated documentation files (the \"Software\"), to\n * deal in the Software without restriction, including without limitation the\n * rights to use, copy, modify, merge, publish, distribute, sublicense, and/or\n * sell copies of the Software, and to permit persons to whom the Software is\n * furnished to do so, subject to the following conditions:\n *\n * The above copyright notice and this permission notice shall be included in\n * all copies or substantial portions of the Software.\n *\n * THE SOFTWARE IS PROVIDED \"AS IS\", WITHOUT WARRANTY OF ANY KIND, EXPRESS OR\n * IMPLIED, INCLUDING BUT NOT LIMITED TO THE WARRANTIES OF MERCHANTABILITY,\n * FITNESS FOR A PARTICULAR PURPOSE AND NON-INFRINGEMENT. IN NO EVENT SHALL THE\n * AUTHORS OR COPYRIGHT HOLDERS BE LIABLE FOR ANY CLAIM, DAMAGES OR OTHER\n * LIABILITY, WHETHER IN AN ACTION OF CONTRACT, TORT OR OTHERWISE, ARISING\n * FROM, OUT OF OR IN CONNECTION WITH THE SOFTWARE OR THE USE OR OTHER DEALINGS\n * IN THE SOFTWARE.\n */\n\nimport {\n  Observable,\n  fromEvent,\n  map,\n  startWith\n} from \"rxjs\"\n\nimport { getElement } from \"../element\"\n\n/* ----------------------------------------------------------------------------\n * Types\n * ------------------------------------------------------------------------- */\n\n/**\n * Toggle\n */\nexport type Toggle =\n  | \"drawer\"                           /* Toggle for drawer */\n  | \"search\"                           /* Toggle for search */\n\n/* ----------------------------------------------------------------------------\n * Data\n * ------------------------------------------------------------------------- */\n\n/**\n * Toggle map\n */\nconst toggles: Record<Toggle, HTMLInputElement> = {\n  drawer: getElement(\"[data-md-toggle=drawer]\"),\n  search: getElement(\"[data-md-toggle=search]\")\n}\n\n/* ----------------------------------------------------------------------------\n * Functions\n * ------------------------------------------------------------------------- */\n\n/**\n * Retrieve the value of a toggle\n *\n * @param name - Toggle\n *\n * @returns Toggle value\n */\nexport function getToggle(name: Toggle): boolean {\n  return toggles[name].checked\n}\n\n/**\n * Set toggle\n *\n * Simulating a click event seems to be the most cross-browser compatible way\n * of changing the value while also emitting a `change` event. Before, Material\n * used `CustomEvent` to programmatically change the value of a toggle, but this\n * is a much simpler and cleaner solution which doesn't require a polyfill.\n *\n * @param name - Toggle\n * @param value - Toggle value\n */\nexport function setToggle(name: Toggle, value: boolean): void {\n  if (toggles[name].checked !== value)\n    toggles[name].click()\n}\n\n/* ------------------------------------------------------------------------- */\n\n/**\n * Watch toggle\n *\n * @param name - Toggle\n *\n * @returns Toggle value observable\n */\nexport function watchToggle(name: Toggle): Observable<boolean> {\n  const el = toggles[name]\n  return fromEvent(el, \"change\")\n    .pipe(\n      map(() => el.checked),\n      startWith(el.checked)\n    )\n}\n", "/*\n * Copyright (c) 2016-2024 Martin Donath <martin.donath@squidfunk.com>\n *\n * Permission is hereby granted, free of charge, to any person obtaining a copy\n * of this software and associated documentation files (the \"Software\"), to\n * deal in the Software without restriction, including without limitation the\n * rights to use, copy, modify, merge, publish, distribute, sublicense, and/or\n * sell copies of the Software, and to permit persons to whom the Software is\n * furnished to do so, subject to the following conditions:\n *\n * The above copyright notice and this permission notice shall be included in\n * all copies or substantial portions of the Software.\n *\n * THE SOFTWARE IS PROVIDED \"AS IS\", WITHOUT WARRANTY OF ANY KIND, EXPRESS OR\n * IMPLIED, INCLUDING BUT NOT LIMITED TO THE WARRANTIES OF MERCHANTABILITY,\n * FITNESS FOR A PARTICULAR PURPOSE AND NON-INFRINGEMENT. IN NO EVENT SHALL THE\n * AUTHORS OR COPYRIGHT HOLDERS BE LIABLE FOR ANY CLAIM, DAMAGES OR OTHER\n * LIABILITY, WHETHER IN AN ACTION OF CONTRACT, TORT OR OTHERWISE, ARISING\n * FROM, OUT OF OR IN CONNECTION WITH THE SOFTWARE OR THE USE OR OTHER DEALINGS\n * IN THE SOFTWARE.\n */\n\nimport {\n  EMPTY,\n  Observable,\n  filter,\n  fromEvent,\n  map,\n  merge,\n  share,\n  startWith,\n  switchMap\n} from \"rxjs\"\n\nimport { getActiveElement } from \"../element\"\nimport { getToggle } from \"../toggle\"\n\n/* ----------------------------------------------------------------------------\n * Types\n * ------------------------------------------------------------------------- */\n\n/**\n * Keyboard mode\n */\nexport type KeyboardMode =\n  | \"global\"                           /* Global */\n  | \"search\"                           /* Search is open */\n\n/* ------------------------------------------------------------------------- */\n\n/**\n * Keyboard\n */\nexport interface Keyboard {\n  mode: KeyboardMode                   /* Keyboard mode */\n  type: string                         /* Key type */\n  claim(): void                        /* Key claim */\n}\n\n/* ----------------------------------------------------------------------------\n * Helper functions\n * ------------------------------------------------------------------------- */\n\n/**\n * Check whether an element may receive keyboard input\n *\n * @param el - Element\n * @param type - Key type\n *\n * @returns Test result\n */\nfunction isSusceptibleToKeyboard(\n  el: HTMLElement, type: string\n): boolean {\n  switch (el.constructor) {\n\n    /* Input elements */\n    case HTMLInputElement:\n      /* @ts-expect-error - omit unnecessary type cast */\n      if (el.type === \"radio\")\n        return /^Arrow/.test(type)\n      else\n        return true\n\n    /* Select element and textarea */\n    case HTMLSelectElement:\n    case HTMLTextAreaElement:\n      return true\n\n    /* Everything else */\n    default:\n      return el.isContentEditable\n  }\n}\n\n/* ----------------------------------------------------------------------------\n * Functions\n * ------------------------------------------------------------------------- */\n\n/**\n * Watch composition events\n *\n * @returns Composition observable\n */\nexport function watchComposition(): Observable<boolean> {\n  return merge(\n    fromEvent(window, \"compositionstart\").pipe(map(() => true)),\n    fromEvent(window, \"compositionend\").pipe(map(() => false))\n  )\n    .pipe(\n      startWith(false)\n    )\n}\n\n/**\n * Watch keyboard\n *\n * @returns Keyboard observable\n */\nexport function watchKeyboard(): Observable<Keyboard> {\n  const keyboard$ = fromEvent<KeyboardEvent>(window, \"keydown\")\n    .pipe(\n      filter(ev => !(ev.metaKey || ev.ctrlKey)),\n      map(ev => ({\n        mode: getToggle(\"search\") ? \"search\" : \"global\",\n        type: ev.key,\n        claim() {\n          ev.preventDefault()\n          ev.stopPropagation()\n        }\n      } as Keyboard)),\n      filter(({ mode, type }) => {\n        if (mode === \"global\") {\n          const active = getActiveElement()\n          if (typeof active !== \"undefined\")\n            return !isSusceptibleToKeyboard(active, type)\n        }\n        return true\n      }),\n      share()\n    )\n\n  /* Don't emit during composition events - see https://bit.ly/3te3Wl8 */\n  return watchComposition()\n    .pipe(\n      switchMap(active => !active ? keyboard$ : EMPTY)\n    )\n}\n", "/*\n * Copyright (c) 2016-2024 Martin Donath <martin.donath@squidfunk.com>\n *\n * Permission is hereby granted, free of charge, to any person obtaining a copy\n * of this software and associated documentation files (the \"Software\"), to\n * deal in the Software without restriction, including without limitation the\n * rights to use, copy, modify, merge, publish, distribute, sublicense, and/or\n * sell copies of the Software, and to permit persons to whom the Software is\n * furnished to do so, subject to the following conditions:\n *\n * The above copyright notice and this permission notice shall be included in\n * all copies or substantial portions of the Software.\n *\n * THE SOFTWARE IS PROVIDED \"AS IS\", WITHOUT WARRANTY OF ANY KIND, EXPRESS OR\n * IMPLIED, INCLUDING BUT NOT LIMITED TO THE WARRANTIES OF MERCHANTABILITY,\n * FITNESS FOR A PARTICULAR PURPOSE AND NON-INFRINGEMENT. IN NO EVENT SHALL THE\n * AUTHORS OR COPYRIGHT HOLDERS BE LIABLE FOR ANY CLAIM, DAMAGES OR OTHER\n * LIABILITY, WHETHER IN AN ACTION OF CONTRACT, TORT OR OTHERWISE, ARISING\n * FROM, OUT OF OR IN CONNECTION WITH THE SOFTWARE OR THE USE OR OTHER DEALINGS\n * IN THE SOFTWARE.\n */\n\nimport { Subject } from \"rxjs\"\n\nimport { feature } from \"~/_\"\nimport { h } from \"~/utilities\"\n\n/* ----------------------------------------------------------------------------\n * Functions\n * ------------------------------------------------------------------------- */\n\n/**\n * Retrieve location\n *\n * This function returns a `URL` object (and not `Location`) to normalize the\n * typings across the application. Furthermore, locations need to be tracked\n * without setting them and `Location` is a singleton which represents the\n * current location.\n *\n * @returns URL\n */\nexport function getLocation(): URL {\n  return new URL(location.href)\n}\n\n/**\n * Set location\n *\n * If instant navigation is enabled, this function creates a temporary anchor\n * element, sets the `href` attribute, appends it to the body, clicks it, and\n * then removes it again. The event will bubble up the DOM and trigger be\n * intercepted by the instant loading business logic.\n *\n * Note that we must append and remove the anchor element, or the event will\n * not bubble up the DOM, making it impossible to intercept it.\n *\n * @param url - URL to navigate to\n * @param navigate - Force navigation\n */\nexport function setLocation(\n  url: URL | HTMLLinkElement, navigate = false\n): void {\n  if (feature(\"navigation.instant\") && !navigate) {\n    const el = h(\"a\", { href: url.href })\n    document.body.appendChild(el)\n    el.click()\n    el.remove()\n\n  // If we're not using instant navigation, and the page should not be reloaded\n  // just instruct the browser to navigate to the given URL\n  } else {\n    location.href = url.href\n  }\n}\n\n/* ------------------------------------------------------------------------- */\n\n/**\n * Watch location\n *\n * @returns Location subject\n */\nexport function watchLocation(): Subject<URL> {\n  return new Subject<URL>()\n}\n", "/*\n * Copyright (c) 2016-2024 Martin Donath <martin.donath@squidfunk.com>\n *\n * Permission is hereby granted, free of charge, to any person obtaining a copy\n * of this software and associated documentation files (the \"Software\"), to\n * deal in the Software without restriction, including without limitation the\n * rights to use, copy, modify, merge, publish, distribute, sublicense, and/or\n * sell copies of the Software, and to permit persons to whom the Software is\n * furnished to do so, subject to the following conditions:\n *\n * The above copyright notice and this permission notice shall be included in\n * all copies or substantial portions of the Software.\n *\n * THE SOFTWARE IS PROVIDED \"AS IS\", WITHOUT WARRANTY OF ANY KIND, EXPRESS OR\n * IMPLIED, INCLUDING BUT NOT LIMITED TO THE WARRANTIES OF MERCHANTABILITY,\n * FITNESS FOR A PARTICULAR PURPOSE AND NON-INFRINGEMENT. IN NO EVENT SHALL THE\n * AUTHORS OR COPYRIGHT HOLDERS BE LIABLE FOR ANY CLAIM, DAMAGES OR OTHER\n * LIABILITY, WHETHER IN AN ACTION OF CONTRACT, TORT OR OTHERWISE, ARISING\n * FROM, OUT OF OR IN CONNECTION WITH THE SOFTWARE OR THE USE OR OTHER DEALINGS\n * IN THE SOFTWARE.\n */\n\nimport {\n  Observable,\n  filter,\n  fromEvent,\n  map,\n  merge,\n  shareReplay,\n  startWith\n} from \"rxjs\"\n\nimport { getOptionalElement } from \"~/browser\"\nimport { h } from \"~/utilities\"\n\n/* ----------------------------------------------------------------------------\n * Functions\n * ------------------------------------------------------------------------- */\n\n/**\n * Retrieve location hash\n *\n * @returns Location hash\n */\nexport function getLocationHash(): string {\n  return location.hash.slice(1)\n}\n\n/**\n * Set location hash\n *\n * Setting a new fragment identifier via `location.hash` will have no effect\n * if the value doesn't change. When a new fragment identifier is set, we want\n * the browser to target the respective element at all times, which is why we\n * use this dirty little trick.\n *\n * @param hash - Location hash\n */\nexport function setLocationHash(hash: string): void {\n  const el = h(\"a\", { href: hash })\n  el.addEventListener(\"click\", ev => ev.stopPropagation())\n  el.click()\n}\n\n/* ------------------------------------------------------------------------- */\n\n/**\n * Watch location hash\n *\n * @param location$ - Location observable\n *\n * @returns Location hash observable\n */\nexport function watchLocationHash(\n  location$: Observable<URL>\n): Observable<string> {\n  return merge(\n    fromEvent<HashChangeEvent>(window, \"hashchange\"),\n    location$\n  )\n    .pipe(\n      map(getLocationHash),\n      startWith(getLocationHash()),\n      filter(hash => hash.length > 0),\n      shareReplay(1)\n    )\n}\n\n/**\n * Watch location target\n *\n * @param location$ - Location observable\n *\n * @returns Location target observable\n */\nexport function watchLocationTarget(\n  location$: Observable<URL>\n): Observable<HTMLElement> {\n  return watchLocationHash(location$)\n    .pipe(\n      map(id => getOptionalElement(`[id=\"${id}\"]`)!),\n      filter(el => typeof el !== \"undefined\")\n    )\n}\n", "/*\n * Copyright (c) 2016-2024 Martin Donath <martin.donath@squidfunk.com>\n *\n * Permission is hereby granted, free of charge, to any person obtaining a copy\n * of this software and associated documentation files (the \"Software\"), to\n * deal in the Software without restriction, including without limitation the\n * rights to use, copy, modify, merge, publish, distribute, sublicense, and/or\n * sell copies of the Software, and to permit persons to whom the Software is\n * furnished to do so, subject to the following conditions:\n *\n * The above copyright notice and this permission notice shall be included in\n * all copies or substantial portions of the Software.\n *\n * THE SOFTWARE IS PROVIDED \"AS IS\", WITHOUT WARRANTY OF ANY KIND, EXPRESS OR\n * IMPLIED, INCLUDING BUT NOT LIMITED TO THE WARRANTIES OF MERCHANTABILITY,\n * FITNESS FOR A PARTICULAR PURPOSE AND NON-INFRINGEMENT. IN NO EVENT SHALL THE\n * AUTHORS OR COPYRIGHT HOLDERS BE LIABLE FOR ANY CLAIM, DAMAGES OR OTHER\n * LIABILITY, WHETHER IN AN ACTION OF CONTRACT, TORT OR OTHERWISE, ARISING\n * FROM, OUT OF OR IN CONNECTION WITH THE SOFTWARE OR THE USE OR OTHER DEALINGS\n * IN THE SOFTWARE.\n */\n\nimport {\n  EMPTY,\n  Observable,\n  fromEvent,\n  fromEventPattern,\n  map,\n  merge,\n  startWith,\n  switchMap\n} from \"rxjs\"\n\n/* ----------------------------------------------------------------------------\n * Functions\n * ------------------------------------------------------------------------- */\n\n/**\n * Watch media query\n *\n * Note that although `MediaQueryList.addListener` is deprecated we have to\n * use it, because it's the only way to ensure proper downward compatibility.\n *\n * @see https://bit.ly/3dUBH2m - GitHub issue\n *\n * @param query - Media query\n *\n * @returns Media observable\n */\nexport function watchMedia(query: string): Observable<boolean> {\n  const media = matchMedia(query)\n  return fromEventPattern<boolean>(next => (\n    media.addListener(() => next(media.matches))\n  ))\n    .pipe(\n      startWith(media.matches)\n    )\n}\n\n/**\n * Watch print mode\n *\n * @returns Print observable\n */\nexport function watchPrint(): Observable<boolean> {\n  const media = matchMedia(\"print\")\n  return merge(\n    fromEvent(window, \"beforeprint\").pipe(map(() => true)),\n    fromEvent(window, \"afterprint\").pipe(map(() => false))\n  )\n    .pipe(\n      startWith(media.matches)\n    )\n}\n\n/* ------------------------------------------------------------------------- */\n\n/**\n * Toggle an observable with a media observable\n *\n * @template T - Data type\n *\n * @param query$ - Media observable\n * @param factory - Observable factory\n *\n * @returns Toggled observable\n */\nexport function at<T>(\n  query$: Observable<boolean>, factory: () => Observable<T>\n): Observable<T> {\n  return query$\n    .pipe(\n      switchMap(active => active ? factory() : EMPTY)\n    )\n}\n", "/*\n * Copyright (c) 2016-2024 Martin Donath <martin.donath@squidfunk.com>\n *\n * Permission is hereby granted, free of charge, to any person obtaining a copy\n * of this software and associated documentation files (the \"Software\"), to\n * deal in the Software without restriction, including without limitation the\n * rights to use, copy, modify, merge, publish, distribute, sublicense, and/or\n * sell copies of the Software, and to permit persons to whom the Software is\n * furnished to do so, subject to the following conditions:\n *\n * The above copyright notice and this permission notice shall be included in\n * all copies or substantial portions of the Software.\n *\n * THE SOFTWARE IS PROVIDED \"AS IS\", WITHOUT WARRANTY OF ANY KIND, EXPRESS OR\n * IMPLIED, INCLUDING BUT NOT LIMITED TO THE WARRANTIES OF MERCHANTABILITY,\n * FITNESS FOR A PARTICULAR PURPOSE AND NON-INFRINGEMENT. IN NO EVENT SHALL THE\n * AUTHORS OR COPYRIGHT HOLDERS BE LIABLE FOR ANY CLAIM, DAMAGES OR OTHER\n * LIABILITY, WHETHER IN AN ACTION OF CONTRACT, TORT OR OTHERWISE, ARISING\n * FROM, OUT OF OR IN CONNECTION WITH THE SOFTWARE OR THE USE OR OTHER DEALINGS\n * IN THE SOFTWARE.\n */\n\nimport {\n  Observable,\n  Subject,\n  map,\n  shareReplay,\n  switchMap\n} from \"rxjs\"\n\n/* ----------------------------------------------------------------------------\n * Helper types\n * ------------------------------------------------------------------------- */\n\n/**\n * Options\n */\ninterface Options {\n  progress$?: Subject<number>          // Progress subject\n}\n\n/* ----------------------------------------------------------------------------\n * Functions\n * ------------------------------------------------------------------------- */\n\n/**\n * Fetch the given URL\n *\n * This function returns an observable that emits the response as a blob and\n * completes, or emits an error if the request failed. The caller can cancel\n * the request by unsubscribing at any time, which will automatically abort\n * the inflight request and complete the observable.\n *\n * Note that we use `XMLHTTPRequest` not because we're nostalgic, but because\n * it's the only way to get progress events for downloads and also allow for\n * cancellation of requests, as the official Fetch API does not support this\n * yet, even though we're already in 2024.\n *\n * @param url - Request URL\n * @param options - Options\n *\n * @returns Data observable\n */\nexport function request(\n  url: URL | string, options?: Options\n): Observable<Blob> {\n  return new Observable<Blob>(observer => {\n    const req = new XMLHttpRequest()\n    req.open(\"GET\", `${url}`)\n    req.responseType = \"blob\"\n\n    // Handle response\n    req.addEventListener(\"load\", () => {\n      if (req.status >= 200 && req.status < 300) {\n        observer.next(req.response)\n        observer.complete()\n\n      // Every response that is not in the 2xx range is considered an error\n      } else {\n        observer.error(new Error(req.statusText))\n      }\n    })\n\n    // Handle network errors\n    req.addEventListener(\"error\", () => {\n      observer.error(new Error(\"Network error\"))\n    })\n\n    // Handle aborted requests\n    req.addEventListener(\"abort\", () => {\n      observer.complete()\n    })\n\n    // Handle download progress\n    if (typeof options?.progress$ !== \"undefined\") {\n      req.addEventListener(\"progress\", event => {\n        if (event.lengthComputable) {\n          options.progress$!.next((event.loaded / event.total) * 100)\n\n        // Hack: Chromium doesn't report the total number of bytes if content\n        // is compressed, so we need this fallback - see https://t.ly/ZXofI\n        } else {\n          const length = req.getResponseHeader(\"Content-Length\") ?? 0\n          options.progress$!.next((event.loaded / +length) * 100)\n        }\n      })\n\n      // Immediately set progress to 5% to indicate that we're loading\n      options.progress$.next(5)\n    }\n\n    // Send request and automatically abort request upon unsubscription\n    req.send()\n    return () => req.abort()\n  })\n}\n\n/* ------------------------------------------------------------------------- */\n\n/**\n * Fetch JSON from the given URL\n *\n * @template T - Data type\n *\n * @param url - Request URL\n * @param options - Options\n *\n * @returns Data observable\n */\nexport function requestJSON<T>(\n  url: URL | string, options?: Options\n): Observable<T> {\n  return request(url, options)\n    .pipe(\n      switchMap(res => res.text()),\n      map(body => JSON.parse(body) as T),\n      shareReplay(1)\n    )\n}\n\n/**\n * Fetch HTML from the given URL\n *\n * @param url - Request URL\n * @param options - Options\n *\n * @returns Data observable\n */\nexport function requestHTML(\n  url: URL | string, options?: Options\n): Observable<Document> {\n  const dom = new DOMParser()\n  return request(url, options)\n    .pipe(\n      switchMap(res => res.text()),\n      map(res => dom.parseFromString(res, \"text/html\")),\n      shareReplay(1)\n    )\n}\n\n/**\n * Fetch XML from the given URL\n *\n * @param url - Request URL\n * @param options - Options\n *\n * @returns Data observable\n */\nexport function requestXML(\n  url: URL | string, options?: Options\n): Observable<Document> {\n  const dom = new DOMParser()\n  return request(url, options)\n    .pipe(\n      switchMap(res => res.text()),\n      map(res => dom.parseFromString(res, \"text/xml\")),\n      shareReplay(1)\n    )\n}\n", "/*\n * Copyright (c) 2016-2024 Martin Donath <martin.donath@squidfunk.com>\n *\n * Permission is hereby granted, free of charge, to any person obtaining a copy\n * of this software and associated documentation files (the \"Software\"), to\n * deal in the Software without restriction, including without limitation the\n * rights to use, copy, modify, merge, publish, distribute, sublicense, and/or\n * sell copies of the Software, and to permit persons to whom the Software is\n * furnished to do so, subject to the following conditions:\n *\n * The above copyright notice and this permission notice shall be included in\n * all copies or substantial portions of the Software.\n *\n * THE SOFTWARE IS PROVIDED \"AS IS\", WITHOUT WARRANTY OF ANY KIND, EXPRESS OR\n * IMPLIED, INCLUDING BUT NOT LIMITED TO THE WARRANTIES OF MERCHANTABILITY,\n * FITNESS FOR A PARTICULAR PURPOSE AND NON-INFRINGEMENT. IN NO EVENT SHALL THE\n * AUTHORS OR COPYRIGHT HOLDERS BE LIABLE FOR ANY CLAIM, DAMAGES OR OTHER\n * LIABILITY, WHETHER IN AN ACTION OF CONTRACT, TORT OR OTHERWISE, ARISING\n * FROM, OUT OF OR IN CONNECTION WITH THE SOFTWARE OR THE USE OR OTHER DEALINGS\n * IN THE SOFTWARE.\n */\n\nimport {\n  Observable,\n  fromEvent,\n  map,\n  merge,\n  startWith\n} from \"rxjs\"\n\n/* ----------------------------------------------------------------------------\n * Types\n * ------------------------------------------------------------------------- */\n\n/**\n * Viewport offset\n */\nexport interface ViewportOffset {\n  x: number                            /* Horizontal offset */\n  y: number                            /* Vertical offset */\n}\n\n/* ----------------------------------------------------------------------------\n * Functions\n * ------------------------------------------------------------------------- */\n\n/**\n * Retrieve viewport offset\n *\n * On iOS Safari, viewport offset can be negative due to overflow scrolling.\n * As this may induce strange behaviors downstream, we'll just limit it to 0.\n *\n * @returns Viewport offset\n */\nexport function getViewportOffset(): ViewportOffset {\n  return {\n    x: Math.max(0, scrollX),\n    y: Math.max(0, scrollY)\n  }\n}\n\n/* ------------------------------------------------------------------------- */\n\n/**\n * Watch viewport offset\n *\n * @returns Viewport offset observable\n */\nexport function watchViewportOffset(): Observable<ViewportOffset> {\n  return merge(\n    fromEvent(window, \"scroll\", { passive: true }),\n    fromEvent(window, \"resize\", { passive: true })\n  )\n    .pipe(\n      map(getViewportOffset),\n      startWith(getViewportOffset())\n    )\n}\n", "/*\n * Copyright (c) 2016-2024 Martin Donath <martin.donath@squidfunk.com>\n *\n * Permission is hereby granted, free of charge, to any person obtaining a copy\n * of this software and associated documentation files (the \"Software\"), to\n * deal in the Software without restriction, including without limitation the\n * rights to use, copy, modify, merge, publish, distribute, sublicense, and/or\n * sell copies of the Software, and to permit persons to whom the Software is\n * furnished to do so, subject to the following conditions:\n *\n * The above copyright notice and this permission notice shall be included in\n * all copies or substantial portions of the Software.\n *\n * THE SOFTWARE IS PROVIDED \"AS IS\", WITHOUT WARRANTY OF ANY KIND, EXPRESS OR\n * IMPLIED, INCLUDING BUT NOT LIMITED TO THE WARRANTIES OF MERCHANTABILITY,\n * FITNESS FOR A PARTICULAR PURPOSE AND NON-INFRINGEMENT. IN NO EVENT SHALL THE\n * AUTHORS OR COPYRIGHT HOLDERS BE LIABLE FOR ANY CLAIM, DAMAGES OR OTHER\n * LIABILITY, WHETHER IN AN ACTION OF CONTRACT, TORT OR OTHERWISE, ARISING\n * FROM, OUT OF OR IN CONNECTION WITH THE SOFTWARE OR THE USE OR OTHER DEALINGS\n * IN THE SOFTWARE.\n */\n\nimport {\n  Observable,\n  fromEvent,\n  map,\n  startWith\n} from \"rxjs\"\n\n/* ----------------------------------------------------------------------------\n * Types\n * ------------------------------------------------------------------------- */\n\n/**\n * Viewport size\n */\nexport interface ViewportSize {\n  width: number                        /* Viewport width */\n  height: number                       /* Viewport height */\n}\n\n/* ----------------------------------------------------------------------------\n * Functions\n * ------------------------------------------------------------------------- */\n\n/**\n * Retrieve viewport size\n *\n * @returns Viewport size\n */\nexport function getViewportSize(): ViewportSize {\n  return {\n    width:  innerWidth,\n    height: innerHeight\n  }\n}\n\n/* ------------------------------------------------------------------------- */\n\n/**\n * Watch viewport size\n *\n * @returns Viewport size observable\n */\nexport function watchViewportSize(): Observable<ViewportSize> {\n  return fromEvent(window, \"resize\", { passive: true })\n    .pipe(\n      map(getViewportSize),\n      startWith(getViewportSize())\n    )\n}\n", "/*\n * Copyright (c) 2016-2024 Martin Donath <martin.donath@squidfunk.com>\n *\n * Permission is hereby granted, free of charge, to any person obtaining a copy\n * of this software and associated documentation files (the \"Software\"), to\n * deal in the Software without restriction, including without limitation the\n * rights to use, copy, modify, merge, publish, distribute, sublicense, and/or\n * sell copies of the Software, and to permit persons to whom the Software is\n * furnished to do so, subject to the following conditions:\n *\n * The above copyright notice and this permission notice shall be included in\n * all copies or substantial portions of the Software.\n *\n * THE SOFTWARE IS PROVIDED \"AS IS\", WITHOUT WARRANTY OF ANY KIND, EXPRESS OR\n * IMPLIED, INCLUDING BUT NOT LIMITED TO THE WARRANTIES OF MERCHANTABILITY,\n * FITNESS FOR A PARTICULAR PURPOSE AND NON-INFRINGEMENT. IN NO EVENT SHALL THE\n * AUTHORS OR COPYRIGHT HOLDERS BE LIABLE FOR ANY CLAIM, DAMAGES OR OTHER\n * LIABILITY, WHETHER IN AN ACTION OF CONTRACT, TORT OR OTHERWISE, ARISING\n * FROM, OUT OF OR IN CONNECTION WITH THE SOFTWARE OR THE USE OR OTHER DEALINGS\n * IN THE SOFTWARE.\n */\n\nimport {\n  Observable,\n  combineLatest,\n  map,\n  shareReplay\n} from \"rxjs\"\n\nimport {\n  ViewportOffset,\n  watchViewportOffset\n} from \"../offset\"\nimport {\n  ViewportSize,\n  watchViewportSize\n} from \"../size\"\n\n/* ----------------------------------------------------------------------------\n * Types\n * ------------------------------------------------------------------------- */\n\n/**\n * Viewport\n */\nexport interface Viewport {\n  offset: ViewportOffset               /* Viewport offset */\n  size: ViewportSize                   /* Viewport size */\n}\n\n/* ----------------------------------------------------------------------------\n * Functions\n * ------------------------------------------------------------------------- */\n\n/**\n * Watch viewport\n *\n * @returns Viewport observable\n */\nexport function watchViewport(): Observable<Viewport> {\n  return combineLatest([\n    watchViewportOffset(),\n    watchViewportSize()\n  ])\n    .pipe(\n      map(([offset, size]) => ({ offset, size })),\n      shareReplay(1)\n    )\n}\n", "/*\n * Copyright (c) 2016-2024 Martin Donath <martin.donath@squidfunk.com>\n *\n * Permission is hereby granted, free of charge, to any person obtaining a copy\n * of this software and associated documentation files (the \"Software\"), to\n * deal in the Software without restriction, including without limitation the\n * rights to use, copy, modify, merge, publish, distribute, sublicense, and/or\n * sell copies of the Software, and to permit persons to whom the Software is\n * furnished to do so, subject to the following conditions:\n *\n * The above copyright notice and this permission notice shall be included in\n * all copies or substantial portions of the Software.\n *\n * THE SOFTWARE IS PROVIDED \"AS IS\", WITHOUT WARRANTY OF ANY KIND, EXPRESS OR\n * IMPLIED, INCLUDING BUT NOT LIMITED TO THE WARRANTIES OF MERCHANTABILITY,\n * FITNESS FOR A PARTICULAR PURPOSE AND NON-INFRINGEMENT. IN NO EVENT SHALL THE\n * AUTHORS OR COPYRIGHT HOLDERS BE LIABLE FOR ANY CLAIM, DAMAGES OR OTHER\n * LIABILITY, WHETHER IN AN ACTION OF CONTRACT, TORT OR OTHERWISE, ARISING\n * FROM, OUT OF OR IN CONNECTION WITH THE SOFTWARE OR THE USE OR OTHER DEALINGS\n * IN THE SOFTWARE.\n */\n\nimport {\n  Observable,\n  combineLatest,\n  distinctUntilKeyChanged,\n  map\n} from \"rxjs\"\n\nimport { Header } from \"~/components\"\n\nimport { getElementOffset } from \"../../element\"\nimport { Viewport } from \"../_\"\n\n/* ----------------------------------------------------------------------------\n * Helper types\n * ------------------------------------------------------------------------- */\n\n/**\n * Watch options\n */\ninterface WatchOptions {\n  viewport$: Observable<Viewport>      /* Viewport observable */\n  header$: Observable<Header>          /* Header observable */\n}\n\n/* ----------------------------------------------------------------------------\n * Functions\n * ------------------------------------------------------------------------- */\n\n/**\n * Watch viewport relative to element\n *\n * @param el - Element\n * @param options - Options\n *\n * @returns Viewport observable\n */\nexport function watchViewportAt(\n  el: HTMLElement, { viewport$, header$ }: WatchOptions\n): Observable<Viewport> {\n  const size$ = viewport$\n    .pipe(\n      distinctUntilKeyChanged(\"size\")\n    )\n\n  /* Compute element offset */\n  const offset$ = combineLatest([size$, header$])\n    .pipe(\n      map(() => getElementOffset(el))\n    )\n\n  /* Compute relative viewport, return hot observable */\n  return combineLatest([header$, viewport$, offset$])\n    .pipe(\n      map(([{ height }, { offset, size }, { x, y }]) => ({\n        offset: {\n          x: offset.x - x,\n          y: offset.y - y + height\n        },\n        size\n      }))\n    )\n}\n", "/*\n * Copyright (c) 2016-2024 Martin Donath <martin.donath@squidfunk.com>\n *\n * Permission is hereby granted, free of charge, to any person obtaining a copy\n * of this software and associated documentation files (the \"Software\"), to\n * deal in the Software without restriction, including without limitation the\n * rights to use, copy, modify, merge, publish, distribute, sublicense, and/or\n * sell copies of the Software, and to permit persons to whom the Software is\n * furnished to do so, subject to the following conditions:\n *\n * The above copyright notice and this permission notice shall be included in\n * all copies or substantial portions of the Software.\n *\n * THE SOFTWARE IS PROVIDED \"AS IS\", WITHOUT WARRANTY OF ANY KIND, EXPRESS OR\n * IMPLIED, INCLUDING BUT NOT LIMITED TO THE WARRANTIES OF MERCHANTABILITY,\n * FITNESS FOR A PARTICULAR PURPOSE AND NON-INFRINGEMENT. IN NO EVENT SHALL THE\n * AUTHORS OR COPYRIGHT HOLDERS BE LIABLE FOR ANY CLAIM, DAMAGES OR OTHER\n * LIABILITY, WHETHER IN AN ACTION OF CONTRACT, TORT OR OTHERWISE, ARISING\n * FROM, OUT OF OR IN CONNECTION WITH THE SOFTWARE OR THE USE OR OTHER DEALINGS\n * IN THE SOFTWARE.\n */\n\nimport {\n  Observable,\n  Subject,\n  endWith,\n  fromEvent,\n  ignoreElements,\n  mergeWith,\n  share,\n  takeUntil\n} from \"rxjs\"\n\n/* ----------------------------------------------------------------------------\n * Types\n * ------------------------------------------------------------------------- */\n\n/**\n * Worker message\n */\nexport interface WorkerMessage {\n  type: unknown                        /* Message type */\n  data?: unknown                       /* Message data */\n}\n\n/* ----------------------------------------------------------------------------\n * Helper functions\n * ------------------------------------------------------------------------- */\n\n/**\n * Create an observable for receiving from a web worker\n *\n * @template T - Data type\n *\n * @param worker - Web worker\n *\n * @returns Message observable\n */\nfunction recv<T>(worker: Worker): Observable<T> {\n  return fromEvent<MessageEvent<T>, T>(worker, \"message\", ev => ev.data)\n}\n\n/**\n * Create a subject for sending to a web worker\n *\n * @template T - Data type\n *\n * @param worker - Web worker\n *\n * @returns Message subject\n */\nfunction send<T>(worker: Worker): Subject<T> {\n  const send$ = new Subject<T>()\n  send$.subscribe(data => worker.postMessage(data))\n\n  /* Return message subject */\n  return send$\n}\n\n/* ----------------------------------------------------------------------------\n * Functions\n * ------------------------------------------------------------------------- */\n\n/**\n * Create a bidirectional communication channel to a web worker\n *\n * @template T - Data type\n *\n * @param url - Worker URL\n * @param worker - Worker\n *\n * @returns Worker subject\n */\nexport function watchWorker<T extends WorkerMessage>(\n  url: string, worker = new Worker(url)\n): Subject<T> {\n  const recv$ = recv<T>(worker)\n  const send$ = send<T>(worker)\n\n  /* Create worker subject and forward messages */\n  const worker$ = new Subject<T>()\n  worker$.subscribe(send$)\n\n  /* Return worker subject */\n  const done$ = send$.pipe(ignoreElements(), endWith(true))\n  return worker$\n    .pipe(\n      ignoreElements(),\n      mergeWith(recv$.pipe(takeUntil(done$))),\n      share()\n    ) as Subject<T>\n}\n", "/*\n * Copyright (c) 2016-2024 Martin Donath <martin.donath@squidfunk.com>\n *\n * Permission is hereby granted, free of charge, to any person obtaining a copy\n * of this software and associated documentation files (the \"Software\"), to\n * deal in the Software without restriction, including without limitation the\n * rights to use, copy, modify, merge, publish, distribute, sublicense, and/or\n * sell copies of the Software, and to permit persons to whom the Software is\n * furnished to do so, subject to the following conditions:\n *\n * The above copyright notice and this permission notice shall be included in\n * all copies or substantial portions of the Software.\n *\n * THE SOFTWARE IS PROVIDED \"AS IS\", WITHOUT WARRANTY OF ANY KIND, EXPRESS OR\n * IMPLIED, INCLUDING BUT NOT LIMITED TO THE WARRANTIES OF MERCHANTABILITY,\n * FITNESS FOR A PARTICULAR PURPOSE AND NON-INFRINGEMENT. IN NO EVENT SHALL THE\n * AUTHORS OR COPYRIGHT HOLDERS BE LIABLE FOR ANY CLAIM, DAMAGES OR OTHER\n * LIABILITY, WHETHER IN AN ACTION OF CONTRACT, TORT OR OTHERWISE, ARISING\n * FROM, OUT OF OR IN CONNECTION WITH THE SOFTWARE OR THE USE OR OTHER DEALINGS\n * IN THE SOFTWARE.\n */\n\nimport { getElement, getLocation } from \"~/browser\"\n\n/* ----------------------------------------------------------------------------\n * Types\n * ------------------------------------------------------------------------- */\n\n/**\n * Feature flag\n */\nexport type Flag =\n  | \"announce.dismiss\"                 /* Dismissable announcement bar */\n  | \"content.code.annotate\"            /* Code annotations */\n  | \"content.code.copy\"                /* Code copy button */\n  | \"content.lazy\"                     /* Lazy content elements */\n  | \"content.tabs.link\"                /* Link content tabs */\n  | \"content.tooltips\"                 /* Tooltips */\n  | \"header.autohide\"                  /* Hide header */\n  | \"navigation.expand\"                /* Automatic expansion */\n  | \"navigation.indexes\"               /* Section pages */\n  | \"navigation.instant\"               /* Instant navigation */\n  | \"navigation.instant.progress\"      /* Instant navigation progress */\n  | \"navigation.sections\"              /* Section navigation */\n  | \"navigation.tabs\"                  /* Tabs navigation */\n  | \"navigation.tabs.sticky\"           /* Tabs navigation (sticky) */\n  | \"navigation.top\"                   /* Back-to-top button */\n  | \"navigation.tracking\"              /* Anchor tracking */\n  | \"search.highlight\"                 /* Search highlighting */\n  | \"search.share\"                     /* Search sharing */\n  | \"search.suggest\"                   /* Search suggestions */\n  | \"toc.follow\"                       /* Following table of contents */\n  | \"toc.integrate\"                    /* Integrated table of contents */\n\n/* ------------------------------------------------------------------------- */\n\n/**\n * Translation\n */\nexport type Translation =\n  | \"clipboard.copy\"                   /* Copy to clipboard */\n  | \"clipboard.copied\"                 /* Copied to clipboard */\n  | \"search.result.placeholder\"        /* Type to start searching */\n  | \"search.result.none\"               /* No matching documents */\n  | \"search.result.one\"                /* 1 matching document */\n  | \"search.result.other\"              /* # matching documents */\n  | \"search.result.more.one\"           /* 1 more on this page */\n  | \"search.result.more.other\"         /* # more on this page */\n  | \"search.result.term.missing\"       /* Missing */\n  | \"select.version\"                   /* Version selector */\n\n/**\n * Translations\n */\nexport type Translations =\n  Record<Translation, string>\n\n/* ------------------------------------------------------------------------- */\n\n/**\n * Versioning\n */\nexport interface Versioning {\n  provider: \"mike\"                     /* Version provider */\n  default?: string | string[]          /* Default version */\n  alias?: boolean                      /* Show alias */\n}\n\n/**\n * Configuration\n */\nexport interface Config {\n  base: string                         /* Base URL */\n  features: Flag[]                     /* Feature flags */\n  translations: Translations           /* Translations */\n  search: string                       /* Search worker URL */\n  tags?: Record<string, string>        /* Tags mapping */\n  version?: Versioning                 /* Versioning */\n}\n\n/* ----------------------------------------------------------------------------\n * Data\n * ------------------------------------------------------------------------- */\n\n/**\n * Retrieve global configuration and make base URL absolute\n */\nconst script = getElement(\"#__config\")\nconst config: Config = JSON.parse(script.textContent!)\nconfig.base = `${new URL(config.base, getLocation())}`\n\n/* ----------------------------------------------------------------------------\n * Functions\n * ------------------------------------------------------------------------- */\n\n/**\n * Retrieve global configuration\n *\n * @returns Global configuration\n */\nexport function configuration(): Config {\n  return config\n}\n\n/**\n * Check whether a feature flag is enabled\n *\n * @param flag - Feature flag\n *\n * @returns Test result\n */\nexport function feature(flag: Flag): boolean {\n  return config.features.includes(flag)\n}\n\n/**\n * Retrieve the translation for the given key\n *\n * @param key - Key to be translated\n * @param value - Positional value, if any\n *\n * @returns Translation\n */\nexport function translation(\n  key: Translation, value?: string | number\n): string {\n  return typeof value !== \"undefined\"\n    ? config.translations[key].replace(\"#\", value.toString())\n    : config.translations[key]\n}\n", "/*\n * Copyright (c) 2016-2024 Martin Donath <martin.donath@squidfunk.com>\n *\n * Permission is hereby granted, free of charge, to any person obtaining a copy\n * of this software and associated documentation files (the \"Software\"), to\n * deal in the Software without restriction, including without limitation the\n * rights to use, copy, modify, merge, publish, distribute, sublicense, and/or\n * sell copies of the Software, and to permit persons to whom the Software is\n * furnished to do so, subject to the following conditions:\n *\n * The above copyright notice and this permission notice shall be included in\n * all copies or substantial portions of the Software.\n *\n * THE SOFTWARE IS PROVIDED \"AS IS\", WITHOUT WARRANTY OF ANY KIND, EXPRESS OR\n * IMPLIED, INCLUDING BUT NOT LIMITED TO THE WARRANTIES OF MERCHANTABILITY,\n * FITNESS FOR A PARTICULAR PURPOSE AND NON-INFRINGEMENT. IN NO EVENT SHALL THE\n * AUTHORS OR COPYRIGHT HOLDERS BE LIABLE FOR ANY CLAIM, DAMAGES OR OTHER\n * LIABILITY, WHETHER IN AN ACTION OF CONTRACT, TORT OR OTHERWISE, ARISING\n * FROM, OUT OF OR IN CONNECTION WITH THE SOFTWARE OR THE USE OR OTHER DEALINGS\n * IN THE SOFTWARE.\n */\n\nimport { getElement, getElements } from \"~/browser\"\n\n/* ----------------------------------------------------------------------------\n * Types\n * ------------------------------------------------------------------------- */\n\n/**\n * Component type\n */\nexport type ComponentType =\n  | \"announce\"                         /* Announcement bar */\n  | \"container\"                        /* Container */\n  | \"consent\"                          /* Consent */\n  | \"content\"                          /* Content */\n  | \"dialog\"                           /* Dialog */\n  | \"header\"                           /* Header */\n  | \"header-title\"                     /* Header title */\n  | \"header-topic\"                     /* Header topic */\n  | \"main\"                             /* Main area */\n  | \"outdated\"                         /* Version warning */\n  | \"palette\"                          /* Color palette */\n  | \"progress\"                         /* Progress indicator */\n  | \"search\"                           /* Search */\n  | \"search-query\"                     /* Search input */\n  | \"search-result\"                    /* Search results */\n  | \"search-share\"                     /* Search sharing */\n  | \"search-suggest\"                   /* Search suggestions */\n  | \"sidebar\"                          /* Sidebar */\n  | \"skip\"                             /* Skip link */\n  | \"source\"                           /* Repository information */\n  | \"tabs\"                             /* Navigation tabs */\n  | \"toc\"                              /* Table of contents */\n  | \"top\"                              /* Back-to-top button */\n\n/**\n * Component\n *\n * @template T - Component type\n * @template U - Reference type\n */\nexport type Component<\n  T extends {} = {},\n  U extends HTMLElement = HTMLElement\n> =\n  T & {\n    ref: U                             /* Component reference */\n  }\n\n/* ----------------------------------------------------------------------------\n * Helper types\n * ------------------------------------------------------------------------- */\n\n/**\n * Component type map\n */\ninterface ComponentTypeMap {\n  \"announce\": HTMLElement              /* Announcement bar */\n  \"container\": HTMLElement             /* Container */\n  \"consent\": HTMLElement               /* Consent */\n  \"content\": HTMLElement               /* Content */\n  \"dialog\": HTMLElement                /* Dialog */\n  \"header\": HTMLElement                /* Header */\n  \"header-title\": HTMLElement          /* Header title */\n  \"header-topic\": HTMLElement          /* Header topic */\n  \"main\": HTMLElement                  /* Main area */\n  \"outdated\": HTMLElement              /* Version warning */\n  \"palette\": HTMLElement               /* Color palette */\n  \"progress\": HTMLElement              /* Progress indicator */\n  \"search\": HTMLElement                /* Search */\n  \"search-query\": HTMLInputElement     /* Search input */\n  \"search-result\": HTMLElement         /* Search results */\n  \"search-share\": HTMLAnchorElement    /* Search sharing */\n  \"search-suggest\": HTMLElement        /* Search suggestions */\n  \"sidebar\": HTMLElement               /* Sidebar */\n  \"skip\": HTMLAnchorElement            /* Skip link */\n  \"source\": HTMLAnchorElement          /* Repository information */\n  \"tabs\": HTMLElement                  /* Navigation tabs */\n  \"toc\": HTMLElement                   /* Table of contents */\n  \"top\": HTMLAnchorElement             /* Back-to-top button */\n}\n\n/* ----------------------------------------------------------------------------\n * Functions\n * ------------------------------------------------------------------------- */\n\n/**\n * Retrieve the element for a given component or throw a reference error\n *\n * @template T - Component type\n *\n * @param type - Component type\n * @param node - Node of reference\n *\n * @returns Element\n */\nexport function getComponentElement<T extends ComponentType>(\n  type: T, node: ParentNode = document\n): ComponentTypeMap[T] {\n  return getElement(`[data-md-component=${type}]`, node)\n}\n\n/**\n * Retrieve all elements for a given component\n *\n * @template T - Component type\n *\n * @param type - Component type\n * @param node - Node of reference\n *\n * @returns Elements\n */\nexport function getComponentElements<T extends ComponentType>(\n  type: T, node: ParentNode = document\n): ComponentTypeMap[T][] {\n  return getElements(`[data-md-component=${type}]`, node)\n}\n", "/*\n * Copyright (c) 2016-2024 Martin Donath <martin.donath@squidfunk.com>\n *\n * Permission is hereby granted, free of charge, to any person obtaining a copy\n * of this software and associated documentation files (the \"Software\"), to\n * deal in the Software without restriction, including without limitation the\n * rights to use, copy, modify, merge, publish, distribute, sublicense, and/or\n * sell copies of the Software, and to permit persons to whom the Software is\n * furnished to do so, subject to the following conditions:\n *\n * The above copyright notice and this permission notice shall be included in\n * all copies or substantial portions of the Software.\n *\n * THE SOFTWARE IS PROVIDED \"AS IS\", WITHOUT WARRANTY OF ANY KIND, EXPRESS OR\n * IMPLIED, INCLUDING BUT NOT LIMITED TO THE WARRANTIES OF MERCHANTABILITY,\n * FITNESS FOR A PARTICULAR PURPOSE AND NON-INFRINGEMENT. IN NO EVENT SHALL THE\n * AUTHORS OR COPYRIGHT HOLDERS BE LIABLE FOR ANY CLAIM, DAMAGES OR OTHER\n * LIABILITY, WHETHER IN AN ACTION OF CONTRACT, TORT OR OTHERWISE, ARISING\n * FROM, OUT OF OR IN CONNECTION WITH THE SOFTWARE OR THE USE OR OTHER DEALINGS\n * IN THE SOFTWARE.\n */\n\nimport {\n  EMPTY,\n  Observable,\n  Subject,\n  defer,\n  finalize,\n  fromEvent,\n  map,\n  tap\n} from \"rxjs\"\n\nimport { feature } from \"~/_\"\nimport { getElement } from \"~/browser\"\n\nimport { Component } from \"../_\"\n\n/* ----------------------------------------------------------------------------\n * Types\n * ------------------------------------------------------------------------- */\n\n/**\n * Announcement bar\n */\nexport interface Announce {\n  hash: number                        /* Content hash */\n}\n\n/* ----------------------------------------------------------------------------\n * Functions\n * ------------------------------------------------------------------------- */\n\n/**\n * Watch announcement bar\n *\n * @param el - Announcement bar element\n *\n * @returns Announcement bar observable\n */\nexport function watchAnnounce(\n  el: HTMLElement\n): Observable<Announce> {\n  const button = getElement(\".md-typeset > :first-child\", el)\n  return fromEvent(button, \"click\", { once: true })\n    .pipe(\n      map(() => getElement(\".md-typeset\", el)),\n      map(content => ({ hash: __md_hash(content.innerHTML) }))\n    )\n}\n\n/**\n * Mount announcement bar\n *\n * @param el - Announcement bar element\n *\n * @returns Announcement bar component observable\n */\nexport function mountAnnounce(\n  el: HTMLElement\n): Observable<Component<Announce>> {\n  if (!feature(\"announce.dismiss\") || !el.childElementCount)\n    return EMPTY\n\n  /* Support instant navigation - see https://t.ly/3FTme */\n  if (!el.hidden) {\n    const content = getElement(\".md-typeset\", el)\n    if (__md_hash(content.innerHTML) === __md_get(\"__announce\"))\n      el.hidden = true\n  }\n\n  /* Mount component on subscription */\n  return defer(() => {\n    const push$ = new Subject<Announce>()\n    push$.subscribe(({ hash }) => {\n      el.hidden = true\n\n      /* Persist preference in local storage */\n      __md_set<number>(\"__announce\", hash)\n    })\n\n    /* Create and return component */\n    return watchAnnounce(el)\n      .pipe(\n        tap(state => push$.next(state)),\n        finalize(() => push$.complete()),\n        map(state => ({ ref: el, ...state }))\n      )\n  })\n}\n", "/*\n * Copyright (c) 2016-2024 Martin Donath <martin.donath@squidfunk.com>\n *\n * Permission is hereby granted, free of charge, to any person obtaining a copy\n * of this software and associated documentation files (the \"Software\"), to\n * deal in the Software without restriction, including without limitation the\n * rights to use, copy, modify, merge, publish, distribute, sublicense, and/or\n * sell copies of the Software, and to permit persons to whom the Software is\n * furnished to do so, subject to the following conditions:\n *\n * The above copyright notice and this permission notice shall be included in\n * all copies or substantial portions of the Software.\n *\n * THE SOFTWARE IS PROVIDED \"AS IS\", WITHOUT WARRANTY OF ANY KIND, EXPRESS OR\n * IMPLIED, INCLUDING BUT NOT LIMITED TO THE WARRANTIES OF MERCHANTABILITY,\n * FITNESS FOR A PARTICULAR PURPOSE AND NON-INFRINGEMENT. IN NO EVENT SHALL THE\n * AUTHORS OR COPYRIGHT HOLDERS BE LIABLE FOR ANY CLAIM, DAMAGES OR OTHER\n * LIABILITY, WHETHER IN AN ACTION OF CONTRACT, TORT OR OTHERWISE, ARISING\n * FROM, OUT OF OR IN CONNECTION WITH THE SOFTWARE OR THE USE OR OTHER DEALINGS\n * IN THE SOFTWARE.\n */\n\nimport {\n  Observable,\n  Subject,\n  finalize,\n  map,\n  tap\n} from \"rxjs\"\n\nimport { Component } from \"../_\"\n\n/* ----------------------------------------------------------------------------\n * Types\n * ------------------------------------------------------------------------- */\n\n/**\n * Consent\n */\nexport interface Consent {\n  hidden: boolean                      /* Consent is hidden */\n}\n\n/**\n * Consent defaults\n */\nexport interface ConsentDefaults {\n  analytics?: boolean                  /* Consent for Analytics */\n  github?: boolean                     /* Consent for GitHub */\n}\n\n/* ----------------------------------------------------------------------------\n * Helper types\n * ------------------------------------------------------------------------- */\n\n/**\n * Watch options\n */\ninterface WatchOptions {\n  target$: Observable<HTMLElement>     /* Target observable */\n}\n\n/**\n * Mount options\n */\ninterface MountOptions {\n  target$: Observable<HTMLElement>     /* Target observable */\n}\n\n/* ----------------------------------------------------------------------------\n * Functions\n * ------------------------------------------------------------------------- */\n\n/**\n * Watch consent\n *\n * @param el - Consent element\n * @param options - Options\n *\n * @returns Consent observable\n */\nexport function watchConsent(\n  el: HTMLElement, { target$ }: WatchOptions\n): Observable<Consent> {\n  return target$\n    .pipe(\n      map(target => ({ hidden: target !== el }))\n    )\n}\n\n/* ------------------------------------------------------------------------- */\n\n/**\n * Mount consent\n *\n * @param el - Consent element\n * @param options - Options\n *\n * @returns Consent component observable\n */\nexport function mountConsent(\n  el: HTMLElement, options: MountOptions\n): Observable<Component<Consent>> {\n  const internal$ = new Subject<Consent>()\n  internal$.subscribe(({ hidden }) => {\n    el.hidden = hidden\n  })\n\n  /* Create and return component */\n  return watchConsent(el, options)\n    .pipe(\n      tap(state => internal$.next(state)),\n      finalize(() => internal$.complete()),\n      map(state => ({ ref: el, ...state }))\n    )\n}\n", "/*\n * Copyright (c) 2016-2024 Martin Donath <martin.donath@squidfunk.com>\n *\n * Permission is hereby granted, free of charge, to any person obtaining a copy\n * of this software and associated documentation files (the \"Software\"), to\n * deal in the Software without restriction, including without limitation the\n * rights to use, copy, modify, merge, publish, distribute, sublicense, and/or\n * sell copies of the Software, and to permit persons to whom the Software is\n * furnished to do so, subject to the following conditions:\n *\n * The above copyright notice and this permission notice shall be included in\n * all copies or substantial portions of the Software.\n *\n * THE SOFTWARE IS PROVIDED \"AS IS\", WITHOUT WARRANTY OF ANY KIND, EXPRESS OR\n * IMPLIED, INCLUDING BUT NOT LIMITED TO THE WARRANTIES OF MERCHANTABILITY,\n * FITNESS FOR A PARTICULAR PURPOSE AND NON-INFRINGEMENT. IN NO EVENT SHALL THE\n * AUTHORS OR COPYRIGHT HOLDERS BE LIABLE FOR ANY CLAIM, DAMAGES OR OTHER\n * LIABILITY, WHETHER IN AN ACTION OF CONTRACT, TORT OR OTHERWISE, ARISING\n * FROM, OUT OF OR IN CONNECTION WITH THE SOFTWARE OR THE USE OR OTHER DEALINGS\n * IN THE SOFTWARE.\n */\n\nimport { ComponentChild } from \"preact\"\n\nimport { h } from \"~/utilities\"\n\n/* ----------------------------------------------------------------------------\n * Types\n * ------------------------------------------------------------------------- */\n\n/**\n * Tooltip style\n */\nexport type TooltipStyle =\n  | \"inline\"\n\n/* ----------------------------------------------------------------------------\n * Functions\n * ------------------------------------------------------------------------- */\n\n/**\n * Render a tooltip\n *\n * @param id - Tooltip identifier\n * @param style - Tooltip style\n *\n * @returns Element\n */\nexport function renderTooltip(\n  id?: string, style?: TooltipStyle\n): HTMLElement {\n  if (style === \"inline\") { // @todo refactor control flow\n    return (\n      <div class=\"md-tooltip md-tooltip--inline\" id={id} role=\"tooltip\">\n        <div class=\"md-tooltip__inner md-typeset\"></div>\n      </div>\n    )\n  } else {\n    return (\n      <div class=\"md-tooltip\" id={id} role=\"tooltip\">\n        <div class=\"md-tooltip__inner md-typeset\"></div>\n      </div>\n    )\n  }\n}\n\n// @todo: rename\nexport function renderInlineTooltip2(\n  ...children: ComponentChild[]\n): HTMLElement {\n  return (\n    <div class=\"md-tooltip2\" role=\"tooltip\">\n      <div class=\"md-tooltip2__inner md-typeset\">\n        {children}\n      </div>\n    </div>\n  )\n}\n", "/*\n * Copyright (c) 2016-2024 Martin Donath <martin.donath@squidfunk.com>\n *\n * Permission is hereby granted, free of charge, to any person obtaining a copy\n * of this software and associated documentation files (the \"Software\"), to\n * deal in the Software without restriction, including without limitation the\n * rights to use, copy, modify, merge, publish, distribute, sublicense, and/or\n * sell copies of the Software, and to permit persons to whom the Software is\n * furnished to do so, subject to the following conditions:\n *\n * The above copyright notice and this permission notice shall be included in\n * all copies or substantial portions of the Software.\n *\n * THE SOFTWARE IS PROVIDED \"AS IS\", WITHOUT WARRANTY OF ANY KIND, EXPRESS OR\n * IMPLIED, INCLUDING BUT NOT LIMITED TO THE WARRANTIES OF MERCHANTABILITY,\n * FITNESS FOR A PARTICULAR PURPOSE AND NON-INFRINGEMENT. IN NO EVENT SHALL THE\n * AUTHORS OR COPYRIGHT HOLDERS BE LIABLE FOR ANY CLAIM, DAMAGES OR OTHER\n * LIABILITY, WHETHER IN AN ACTION OF CONTRACT, TORT OR OTHERWISE, ARISING\n * FROM, OUT OF OR IN CONNECTION WITH THE SOFTWARE OR THE USE OR OTHER DEALINGS\n * IN THE SOFTWARE.\n */\n\nimport { h } from \"~/utilities\"\n\nimport { renderTooltip } from \"../tooltip\"\n\n/* ----------------------------------------------------------------------------\n * Functions\n * ------------------------------------------------------------------------- */\n\n/**\n * Render an annotation\n *\n * @param id - Annotation identifier\n * @param prefix - Tooltip identifier prefix\n *\n * @returns Element\n */\nexport function renderAnnotation(\n  id: string | number, prefix?: string\n): HTMLElement {\n  prefix = prefix ? `${prefix}_annotation_${id}` : undefined\n\n  /* Render tooltip with anchor, if given */\n  if (prefix) {\n    const anchor = prefix ? `#${prefix}` : undefined\n    return (\n      <aside class=\"md-annotation\" tabIndex={0}>\n        {renderTooltip(prefix)}\n        <a href={anchor} class=\"md-annotation__index\" tabIndex={-1}>\n          <span data-md-annotation-id={id}></span>\n        </a>\n      </aside>\n    )\n  } else {\n    return (\n      <aside class=\"md-annotation\" tabIndex={0}>\n        {renderTooltip(prefix)}\n        <span class=\"md-annotation__index\" tabIndex={-1}>\n          <span data-md-annotation-id={id}></span>\n        </span>\n      </aside>\n    )\n  }\n}\n", "/*\n * Copyright (c) 2016-2024 Martin Donath <martin.donath@squidfunk.com>\n *\n * Permission is hereby granted, free of charge, to any person obtaining a copy\n * of this software and associated documentation files (the \"Software\"), to\n * deal in the Software without restriction, including without limitation the\n * rights to use, copy, modify, merge, publish, distribute, sublicense, and/or\n * sell copies of the Software, and to permit persons to whom the Software is\n * furnished to do so, subject to the following conditions:\n *\n * The above copyright notice and this permission notice shall be included in\n * all copies or substantial portions of the Software.\n *\n * THE SOFTWARE IS PROVIDED \"AS IS\", WITHOUT WARRANTY OF ANY KIND, EXPRESS OR\n * IMPLIED, INCLUDING BUT NOT LIMITED TO THE WARRANTIES OF MERCHANTABILITY,\n * FITNESS FOR A PARTICULAR PURPOSE AND NON-INFRINGEMENT. IN NO EVENT SHALL THE\n * AUTHORS OR COPYRIGHT HOLDERS BE LIABLE FOR ANY CLAIM, DAMAGES OR OTHER\n * LIABILITY, WHETHER IN AN ACTION OF CONTRACT, TORT OR OTHERWISE, ARISING\n * FROM, OUT OF OR IN CONNECTION WITH THE SOFTWARE OR THE USE OR OTHER DEALINGS\n * IN THE SOFTWARE.\n */\n\nimport { translation } from \"~/_\"\nimport { h } from \"~/utilities\"\n\n/* ----------------------------------------------------------------------------\n * Functions\n * ------------------------------------------------------------------------- */\n\n/**\n * Render a 'copy-to-clipboard' button\n *\n * @param id - Unique identifier\n *\n * @returns Element\n */\nexport function renderClipboardButton(id: string): HTMLElement {\n  return (\n    <button\n      class=\"md-clipboard md-icon\"\n      title={translation(\"clipboard.copy\")}\n      data-clipboard-target={`#${id} > code`}\n    ></button>\n  )\n}\n", "/*\n * Copyright (c) 2016-2024 Martin Donath <martin.donath@squidfunk.com>\n *\n * Permission is hereby granted, free of charge, to any person obtaining a copy\n * of this software and associated documentation files (the \"Software\"), to\n * deal in the Software without restriction, including without limitation the\n * rights to use, copy, modify, merge, publish, distribute, sublicense, and/or\n * sell copies of the Software, and to permit persons to whom the Software is\n * furnished to do so, subject to the following conditions:\n *\n * The above copyright notice and this permission notice shall be included in\n * all copies or substantial portions of the Software.\n *\n * THE SOFTWARE IS PROVIDED \"AS IS\", WITHOUT WARRANTY OF ANY KIND, EXPRESS OR\n * IMPLIED, INCLUDING BUT NOT LIMITED TO THE WARRANTIES OF MERCHANTABILITY,\n * FITNESS FOR A PARTICULAR PURPOSE AND NON-INFRINGEMENT. IN NO EVENT SHALL THE\n * AUTHORS OR COPYRIGHT HOLDERS BE LIABLE FOR ANY CLAIM, DAMAGES OR OTHER\n * LIABILITY, WHETHER IN AN ACTION OF CONTRACT, TORT OR OTHERWISE, ARISING\n * FROM, OUT OF OR IN CONNECTION WITH THE SOFTWARE OR THE USE OR OTHER DEALINGS\n * IN THE SOFTWARE.\n */\n\nimport escapeHTML from \"escape-html\"\nimport { ComponentChild } from \"preact\"\n\nimport { configuration, feature, translation } from \"~/_\"\nimport { SearchItem } from \"~/integrations/search\"\nimport { h } from \"~/utilities\"\n\n/* ----------------------------------------------------------------------------\n * Helper types\n * ------------------------------------------------------------------------- */\n\n/**\n * Render flag\n */\nconst enum Flag {\n  TEASER = 1,                          /* Render teaser */\n  PARENT = 2                           /* Render as parent */\n}\n\n/* ----------------------------------------------------------------------------\n * Helper function\n * ------------------------------------------------------------------------- */\n\n/**\n * Render a search document\n *\n * @param document - Search document\n * @param flag - Render flags\n *\n * @returns Element\n */\nfunction renderSearchDocument(\n  document: SearchItem, flag: Flag\n): HTMLElement {\n  const parent = flag & Flag.PARENT\n  const teaser = flag & Flag.TEASER\n\n  /* Render missing query terms */\n  const missing = Object.keys(document.terms)\n    .filter(key => !document.terms[key])\n    .reduce<ComponentChild[]>((list, key) => [\n      ...list, <del>{escapeHTML(key)}</del>, \" \"\n    ], [])\n    .slice(0, -1)\n\n  /* Assemble query string for highlighting */\n  const config = configuration()\n  const url = new URL(document.location, config.base)\n  if (feature(\"search.highlight\"))\n    url.searchParams.set(\"h\", Object.entries(document.terms)\n      .filter(([, match]) => match)\n      .reduce((highlight, [value]) => `${highlight} ${value}`.trim(), \"\")\n    )\n\n  /* Render article or section, depending on flags */\n  const { tags } = configuration()\n  return (\n    <a href={`${url}`} class=\"md-search-result__link\" tabIndex={-1}>\n      <article\n        class=\"md-search-result__article md-typeset\"\n        data-md-score={document.score.toFixed(2)}\n      >\n        {parent > 0 && <div class=\"md-search-result__icon md-icon\"></div>}\n        {parent > 0 && <h1>{document.title}</h1>}\n        {parent <= 0 && <h2>{document.title}</h2>}\n        {teaser > 0 && document.text.length > 0 &&\n          document.text\n        }\n        {document.tags && document.tags.map(tag => {\n          const type = tags\n            ? tag in tags\n              ? `md-tag-icon md-tag--${tags[tag]}`\n              : \"md-tag-icon\"\n            : \"\"\n          return (\n            <span class={`md-tag ${type}`}>{tag}</span>\n          )\n        })}\n        {teaser > 0 && missing.length > 0 &&\n          <p class=\"md-search-result__terms\">\n            {translation(\"search.result.term.missing\")}: {...missing}\n          </p>\n        }\n      </article>\n    </a>\n  )\n}\n\n/* ----------------------------------------------------------------------------\n * Functions\n * ------------------------------------------------------------------------- */\n\n/**\n * Render a search result\n *\n * @param result - Search result\n *\n * @returns Element\n */\nexport function renderSearchResultItem(\n  result: SearchItem[]\n): HTMLElement {\n  const threshold = result[0].score\n  const docs = [...result]\n\n  const config = configuration()\n\n  /* Find and extract parent article */\n  const parent = docs.findIndex(doc => {\n    const l = `${new URL(doc.location, config.base)}` // @todo hacky\n    return !l.includes(\"#\")\n  })\n  const [article] = docs.splice(parent, 1)\n\n  /* Determine last index above threshold */\n  let index = docs.findIndex(doc => doc.score < threshold)\n  if (index === -1)\n    index = docs.length\n\n  /* Partition sections */\n  const best = docs.slice(0, index)\n  const more = docs.slice(index)\n\n  /* Render children */\n  const children = [\n    renderSearchDocument(article, Flag.PARENT | +(!parent && index === 0)),\n    ...best.map(section => renderSearchDocument(section, Flag.TEASER)),\n    ...more.length ? [\n      <details class=\"md-search-result__more\">\n        <summary tabIndex={-1}>\n          <div>\n            {more.length > 0 && more.length === 1\n              ? translation(\"search.result.more.one\")\n              : translation(\"search.result.more.other\", more.length)\n            }\n          </div>\n        </summary>\n        {...more.map(section => renderSearchDocument(section, Flag.TEASER))}\n      </details>\n    ] : []\n  ]\n\n  /* Render search result */\n  return (\n    <li class=\"md-search-result__item\">\n      {children}\n    </li>\n  )\n}\n", "/*\n * Copyright (c) 2016-2024 Martin Donath <martin.donath@squidfunk.com>\n *\n * Permission is hereby granted, free of charge, to any person obtaining a copy\n * of this software and associated documentation files (the \"Software\"), to\n * deal in the Software without restriction, including without limitation the\n * rights to use, copy, modify, merge, publish, distribute, sublicense, and/or\n * sell copies of the Software, and to permit persons to whom the Software is\n * furnished to do so, subject to the following conditions:\n *\n * The above copyright notice and this permission notice shall be included in\n * all copies or substantial portions of the Software.\n *\n * THE SOFTWARE IS PROVIDED \"AS IS\", WITHOUT WARRANTY OF ANY KIND, EXPRESS OR\n * IMPLIED, INCLUDING BUT NOT LIMITED TO THE WARRANTIES OF MERCHANTABILITY,\n * FITNESS FOR A PARTICULAR PURPOSE AND NON-INFRINGEMENT. IN NO EVENT SHALL THE\n * AUTHORS OR COPYRIGHT HOLDERS BE LIABLE FOR ANY CLAIM, DAMAGES OR OTHER\n * LIABILITY, WHETHER IN AN ACTION OF CONTRACT, TORT OR OTHERWISE, ARISING\n * FROM, OUT OF OR IN CONNECTION WITH THE SOFTWARE OR THE USE OR OTHER DEALINGS\n * IN THE SOFTWARE.\n */\n\nimport { SourceFacts } from \"~/components\"\nimport { h, round } from \"~/utilities\"\n\n/* ----------------------------------------------------------------------------\n * Functions\n * ------------------------------------------------------------------------- */\n\n/**\n * Render repository facts\n *\n * @param facts - Repository facts\n *\n * @returns Element\n */\nexport function renderSourceFacts(facts: SourceFacts): HTMLElement {\n  return (\n    <ul class=\"md-source__facts\">\n      {Object.entries(facts).map(([key, value]) => (\n        <li class={`md-source__fact md-source__fact--${key}`}>\n          {typeof value === \"number\" ? round(value) : value}\n        </li>\n      ))}\n    </ul>\n  )\n}\n", "/*\n * Copyright (c) 2016-2024 Martin Donath <martin.donath@squidfunk.com>\n *\n * Permission is hereby granted, free of charge, to any person obtaining a copy\n * of this software and associated documentation files (the \"Software\"), to\n * deal in the Software without restriction, including without limitation the\n * rights to use, copy, modify, merge, publish, distribute, sublicense, and/or\n * sell copies of the Software, and to permit persons to whom the Software is\n * furnished to do so, subject to the following conditions:\n *\n * The above copyright notice and this permission notice shall be included in\n * all copies or substantial portions of the Software.\n *\n * THE SOFTWARE IS PROVIDED \"AS IS\", WITHOUT WARRANTY OF ANY KIND, EXPRESS OR\n * IMPLIED, INCLUDING BUT NOT LIMITED TO THE WARRANTIES OF MERCHANTABILITY,\n * FITNESS FOR A PARTICULAR PURPOSE AND NON-INFRINGEMENT. IN NO EVENT SHALL THE\n * AUTHORS OR COPYRIGHT HOLDERS BE LIABLE FOR ANY CLAIM, DAMAGES OR OTHER\n * LIABILITY, WHETHER IN AN ACTION OF CONTRACT, TORT OR OTHERWISE, ARISING\n * FROM, OUT OF OR IN CONNECTION WITH THE SOFTWARE OR THE USE OR OTHER DEALINGS\n * IN THE SOFTWARE.\n */\n\nimport { h } from \"~/utilities\"\n\n/* ----------------------------------------------------------------------------\n * Helper types\n * ------------------------------------------------------------------------- */\n\n/**\n * Tabbed control type\n */\ntype TabbedControlType =\n  | \"prev\"\n  | \"next\"\n\n/* ----------------------------------------------------------------------------\n * Functions\n * ------------------------------------------------------------------------- */\n\n/**\n * Render control for content tabs\n *\n * @param type - Control type\n *\n * @returns Element\n */\nexport function renderTabbedControl(\n  type: TabbedControlType\n): HTMLElement {\n  const classes = `tabbed-control tabbed-control--${type}`\n  return (\n    <div class={classes} hidden>\n      <button class=\"tabbed-button\" tabIndex={-1} aria-hidden=\"true\"></button>\n    </div>\n  )\n}\n", "/*\n * Copyright (c) 2016-2024 Martin Donath <martin.donath@squidfunk.com>\n *\n * Permission is hereby granted, free of charge, to any person obtaining a copy\n * of this software and associated documentation files (the \"Software\"), to\n * deal in the Software without restriction, including without limitation the\n * rights to use, copy, modify, merge, publish, distribute, sublicense, and/or\n * sell copies of the Software, and to permit persons to whom the Software is\n * furnished to do so, subject to the following conditions:\n *\n * The above copyright notice and this permission notice shall be included in\n * all copies or substantial portions of the Software.\n *\n * THE SOFTWARE IS PROVIDED \"AS IS\", WITHOUT WARRANTY OF ANY KIND, EXPRESS OR\n * IMPLIED, INCLUDING BUT NOT LIMITED TO THE WARRANTIES OF MERCHANTABILITY,\n * FITNESS FOR A PARTICULAR PURPOSE AND NON-INFRINGEMENT. IN NO EVENT SHALL THE\n * AUTHORS OR COPYRIGHT HOLDERS BE LIABLE FOR ANY CLAIM, DAMAGES OR OTHER\n * LIABILITY, WHETHER IN AN ACTION OF CONTRACT, TORT OR OTHERWISE, ARISING\n * FROM, OUT OF OR IN CONNECTION WITH THE SOFTWARE OR THE USE OR OTHER DEALINGS\n * IN THE SOFTWARE.\n */\n\nimport { h } from \"~/utilities\"\n\n/* ----------------------------------------------------------------------------\n * Functions\n * ------------------------------------------------------------------------- */\n\n/**\n * Render a table inside a wrapper to improve scrolling on mobile\n *\n * @param table - Table element\n *\n * @returns Element\n */\nexport function renderTable(table: HTMLElement): HTMLElement {\n  return (\n    <div class=\"md-typeset__scrollwrap\">\n      <div class=\"md-typeset__table\">\n        {table}\n      </div>\n    </div>\n  )\n}\n", "/*\n * Copyright (c) 2016-2024 Martin Donath <martin.donath@squidfunk.com>\n *\n * Permission is hereby granted, free of charge, to any person obtaining a copy\n * of this software and associated documentation files (the \"Software\"), to\n * deal in the Software without restriction, including without limitation the\n * rights to use, copy, modify, merge, publish, distribute, sublicense, and/or\n * sell copies of the Software, and to permit persons to whom the Software is\n * furnished to do so, subject to the following conditions:\n *\n * The above copyright notice and this permission notice shall be included in\n * all copies or substantial portions of the Software.\n *\n * THE SOFTWARE IS PROVIDED \"AS IS\", WITHOUT WARRANTY OF ANY KIND, EXPRESS OR\n * IMPLIED, INCLUDING BUT NOT LIMITED TO THE WARRANTIES OF MERCHANTABILITY,\n * FITNESS FOR A PARTICULAR PURPOSE AND NON-INFRINGEMENT. IN NO EVENT SHALL THE\n * AUTHORS OR COPYRIGHT HOLDERS BE LIABLE FOR ANY CLAIM, DAMAGES OR OTHER\n * LIABILITY, WHETHER IN AN ACTION OF CONTRACT, TORT OR OTHERWISE, ARISING\n * FROM, OUT OF OR IN CONNECTION WITH THE SOFTWARE OR THE USE OR OTHER DEALINGS\n * IN THE SOFTWARE.\n */\n\nimport { configuration, translation } from \"~/_\"\nimport { h } from \"~/utilities\"\n\n/* ----------------------------------------------------------------------------\n * Types\n * ------------------------------------------------------------------------- */\n\n/**\n * Version properties\n */\nexport interface VersionProperties {\n  hidden?: boolean                     /* Version is hidden */\n}\n\n/**\n * Version\n */\nexport interface Version {\n  version: string                      /* Version identifier */\n  title: string                        /* Version title */\n  aliases: string[]                    /* Version aliases */\n  properties?: VersionProperties       /* Version properties */\n}\n\n/* ----------------------------------------------------------------------------\n * Helper functions\n * ------------------------------------------------------------------------- */\n\n/**\n * Render a version\n *\n * @param version - Version\n *\n * @returns Element\n */\nfunction renderVersion(version: Version): HTMLElement {\n  const config = configuration()\n\n  /* Ensure trailing slash - see https://bit.ly/3rL5u3f */\n  const url = new URL(`../${version.version}/`, config.base)\n  return (\n    <li class=\"md-version__item\">\n      <a href={`${url}`} class=\"md-version__link\">\n        {version.title}\n        {config.version?.alias && version.aliases.length > 0 && (\n          <span class=\"md-version__alias\">\n            {version.aliases[0]}\n          </span>\n        )}\n      </a>\n    </li>\n  )\n}\n\n/* ----------------------------------------------------------------------------\n * Functions\n * ------------------------------------------------------------------------- */\n\n/**\n * Render a version selector\n *\n * @param versions - Versions\n * @param active - Active version\n *\n * @returns Element\n */\nexport function renderVersionSelector(\n  versions: Version[], active: Version\n): HTMLElement {\n  const config = configuration()\n  versions = versions.filter(version => !version.properties?.hidden)\n  return (\n    <div class=\"md-version\">\n      <button\n        class=\"md-version__current\"\n        aria-label={translation(\"select.version\")}\n      >\n        {active.title}\n        {config.version?.alias && active.aliases.length > 0 && (\n          <span class=\"md-version__alias\">\n            {active.aliases[0]}\n          </span>\n        )}\n      </button>\n      <ul class=\"md-version__list\">\n        {versions.map(renderVersion)}\n      </ul>\n    </div>\n  )\n}\n", "/*\n * Copyright (c) 2016-2024 Martin Donath <martin.donath@squidfunk.com>\n *\n * Permission is hereby granted, free of charge, to any person obtaining a copy\n * of this software and associated documentation files (the \"Software\"), to\n * deal in the Software without restriction, including without limitation the\n * rights to use, copy, modify, merge, publish, distribute, sublicense, and/or\n * sell copies of the Software, and to permit persons to whom the Software is\n * furnished to do so, subject to the following conditions:\n *\n * The above copyright notice and this permission notice shall be included in\n * all copies or substantial portions of the Software.\n *\n * THE SOFTWARE IS PROVIDED \"AS IS\", WITHOUT WARRANTY OF ANY KIND, EXPRESS OR\n * IMPLIED, INCLUDING BUT NOT LIMITED TO THE WARRANTIES OF MERCHANTABILITY,\n * FITNESS FOR A PARTICULAR PURPOSE AND NON-INFRINGEMENT. IN NO EVENT SHALL THE\n * AUTHORS OR COPYRIGHT HOLDERS BE LIABLE FOR ANY CLAIM, DAMAGES OR OTHER\n * LIABILITY, WHETHER IN AN ACTION OF CONTRACT, TORT OR OTHERWISE, ARISING\n * FROM, OUT OF OR IN CONNECTION WITH THE SOFTWARE OR THE USE OR OTHER DEALINGS\n * IN THE SOFTWARE.\n */\n\nimport {\n  BehaviorSubject,\n  EMPTY,\n  Observable,\n  Subject,\n  animationFrameScheduler,\n  combineLatest,\n  combineLatestWith,\n  debounce,\n  defer,\n  distinctUntilChanged,\n  endWith,\n  filter,\n  finalize,\n  first,\n  ignoreElements,\n  map,\n  mergeMap,\n  observeOn,\n  queueScheduler,\n  share,\n  startWith,\n  switchMap,\n  tap,\n  throttleTime,\n  timer,\n  withLatestFrom\n} from \"rxjs\"\n\nimport {\n  ElementOffset,\n  Viewport,\n  getElement,\n  getElementContainers,\n  getElementOffsetAbsolute,\n  getElementSize,\n  watchElementContentOffset,\n  watchElementFocus,\n  watchElementHover\n} from \"~/browser\"\nimport { renderInlineTooltip2 } from \"~/templates\"\n\nimport { Component } from \"../_\"\n\n/* ----------------------------------------------------------------------------\n * Types\n * ------------------------------------------------------------------------- */\n\n/**\n * Tooltip\n */\nexport interface Tooltip {\n  active: boolean                      // Tooltip is active\n  offset: ElementOffset                // Tooltip offset\n}\n\n/* ----------------------------------------------------------------------------\n * Helper types\n * ------------------------------------------------------------------------- */\n\n/**\n * Dependencies\n */\ninterface Dependencies {\n  content$: Observable<HTMLElement>    // Tooltip content observable\n  viewport$: Observable<Viewport>      // Viewport observable\n}\n\n/* ----------------------------------------------------------------------------\n * Data\n * ------------------------------------------------------------------------- */\n\n/**\n * Global sequence number for tooltips\n */\nlet sequence = 0\n\n/* ----------------------------------------------------------------------------\n * Functions\n * ------------------------------------------------------------------------- */\n\n/**\n * Watch tooltip\n *\n * This function tracks the tooltip host element, and deduces the active state\n * and offset of the tooltip from it. The active state is determined by whether\n * the host element is focused or hovered, and the offset is determined by the\n * host element's absolute position in the document.\n *\n * @param el - Tooltip host element\n *\n * @returns Tooltip observable\n */\nexport function watchTooltip2(\n  el: HTMLElement\n): Observable<Tooltip> {\n\n  // Compute whether tooltip should be shown - we need to watch both focus and\n  // hover events on the host element and emit if one of them is active. In case\n  // of a hover event, we keep the element visible for a short amount of time\n  // after the pointer left the host element for a better user experience.\n  const active$ =\n    combineLatest([\n      watchElementFocus(el),\n      watchElementHover(el)\n    ])\n      .pipe(\n        map(([focus, hover]) => focus || hover),\n        distinctUntilChanged()\n      )\n\n  // We need to determine all parent elements of the host element that are\n  // currently scrollable, as they might affect the position of the tooltip\n  // depending on their horizontal of vertical offset. We must track all of\n  // them and recompute the position of the tooltip if they change.\n  const offset$ =\n    defer(() => getElementContainers(el)).pipe(\n      mergeMap(watchElementContentOffset),\n      throttleTime(1),\n      // Note that we need to poll the value again if the active state changes,\n      // as otherwise the tooltip might be misplaced. This particularly happens\n      // when using third-party integrations like tablesort that change the\n      // position of elements \u2013 see https://t.ly/Y-V7X\n      combineLatestWith(active$),\n      map(() => getElementOffsetAbsolute(el)),\n    )\n\n  // Only track parent elements and compute offset of the tooltip host if the\n  // tooltip should be shown - we defer the computation of the offset until the\n  // tooltip becomes active for the first time. This is necessary, because we\n  // must also keep the tooltip active as long as it is focused or hovered.\n  return active$.pipe(\n    first(active => active),\n    switchMap(() => combineLatest([active$, offset$])),\n    map(([active, offset]) => ({ active, offset })),\n    share()\n  )\n}\n\n/**\n * Mount tooltip\n *\n * This function renders a tooltip with the content from the provided `content$`\n * observable as passed via the dependencies. If the returned element has a role\n * of type `dialog`, the tooltip is considered to be interactive, and rendered\n * either above or below the host element, depending on the available space.\n *\n * If the returned element has a role of type `tooltip`, the tooltip is always\n * rendered below the host element and considered to be non-interactive. This\n * allows us to reuse the same positioning logic for both interactive and\n * non-interactive tooltips, as it is largely the same.\n *\n * @param el - Tooltip host element\n * @param dependencies - Dependencies\n *\n * @returns Tooltip component observable\n */\nexport function mountTooltip2(\n  el: HTMLElement, dependencies: Dependencies\n): Observable<Component<Tooltip>> {\n  const { content$, viewport$ } = dependencies\n\n  // Compute unique tooltip id - this is necessary to associate the tooltip host\n  // element with the tooltip element for ARIA purposes\n  const id = `__tooltip2_${sequence++}`\n\n  // Create component on subscription\n  return defer(() => {\n    const push$ = new Subject<Tooltip>()\n\n    // Create subject to track tooltip presence and visibility - we use another\n    // purely internal subject to track the tooltip's presence and visibility,\n    // as the tooltip should be visible if the host element or tooltip itself\n    // is focused or hovered to allow for smooth pointer migration\n    const show$ = new BehaviorSubject(false)\n    push$.pipe(ignoreElements(), endWith(false))\n      .subscribe(show$)\n\n    // Create observable controlling tooltip element - we create and attach the\n    // tooltip only if it is actually present, in order to keep the number of\n    // elements low. We need to keep the tooltip visible for a short time after\n    // the pointer left the host element or tooltip itself. For this, we use an\n    // inner subscription to the tooltip observable, which we terminate when the\n    // tooltip should not be shown, automatically removing the element. Moreover\n    // we use the queue scheduler, which will schedule synchronously in case the\n    // tooltip should be shown, and asynchronously if it should be hidden.\n    const node$ = show$.pipe(\n      debounce(active => timer(+!active * 250, queueScheduler)),\n      distinctUntilChanged(),\n      switchMap(active => active ? content$ : EMPTY),\n      tap(node => node.id = id),\n      share()\n    )\n\n    // Compute tooltip presence and visibility - the tooltip should be shown if\n    // the host element or the tooltip itself is focused or hovered\n    combineLatest([\n      push$.pipe(map(({ active }) => active)),\n      node$.pipe(\n        switchMap(node => watchElementHover(node, 250)),\n        startWith(false)\n      )\n    ])\n      .pipe(map(states => states.some(active => active)))\n      .subscribe(show$)\n\n    // Compute tooltip origin - we need to compute the tooltip origin depending\n    // on the position of the host element, the viewport size, as well as the\n    // actual size of the tooltip, if positioned above. The tooltip must about\n    // to be rendered for this to be correct, which is why we do it here.\n    const origin$ = show$.pipe(\n      filter(active => active),\n      withLatestFrom(node$, viewport$),\n      map(([_, node, { size }]) => {\n        const host = el.getBoundingClientRect()\n        const x = host.width / 2\n\n        // If the tooltip is non-interactive, we always render it below the\n        // actual element because all operating systems do it that way\n        if (node.role === \"tooltip\") {\n          return { x, y: 8 + host.height }\n\n        // Otherwise, we determine where there is more space, and render the\n        // tooltip either above or below the host element\n        } else if (host.y >= size.height / 2) {\n          const { height } = getElementSize(node)\n          return { x, y: -16 - height }\n        } else {\n          return { x, y: +16 + host.height }\n        }\n      })\n    )\n\n    // Update tooltip position - we always need to update the position of the\n    // tooltip, as it might change depending on the viewport offset of the host\n    combineLatest([node$, push$, origin$])\n      .subscribe(([node, { offset }, origin]) => {\n        node.style.setProperty(\"--md-tooltip-host-x\", `${offset.x}px`)\n        node.style.setProperty(\"--md-tooltip-host-y\", `${offset.y}px`)\n\n        // Update tooltip origin - this is mainly set to determine the position\n        // of the tooltip tail, to show the direction it is originating from\n        node.style.setProperty(\"--md-tooltip-x\", `${origin.x}px`)\n        node.style.setProperty(\"--md-tooltip-y\", `${origin.y}px`)\n\n        // Update tooltip render location, i.e., whether the tooltip is shown\n        // above or below the host element, depending on the available space\n        node.classList.toggle(\"md-tooltip2--top\",    origin.y <  0)\n        node.classList.toggle(\"md-tooltip2--bottom\", origin.y >= 0)\n      })\n\n    // Update tooltip width - we only explicitly set the width of the tooltip\n    // if it is non-interactive, in case it should always be rendered centered\n    show$.pipe(\n      filter(active => active),\n      withLatestFrom(node$, (_, node) => node),\n      filter(node => node.role === \"tooltip\")\n    )\n      .subscribe(node => {\n        const size = getElementSize(getElement(\":scope > *\", node))\n\n        // Set tooltip width and remove tail by setting it to a width of zero -\n        // if authors want to keep the tail, we can move this to CSS later\n        node.style.setProperty(\"--md-tooltip-width\", `${size.width}px`)\n        node.style.setProperty(\"--md-tooltip-tail\",  `${0}px`)\n      })\n\n    // Update tooltip visibility - we defer to the next animation frame, because\n    // the tooltip must first be added to the document before we make it appear,\n    // or it will appear instantly without delay. Additionally, we need to keep\n    // the tooltip visible for a short time after the pointer left the host.\n    show$.pipe(\n      distinctUntilChanged(),\n      observeOn(animationFrameScheduler),\n      withLatestFrom(node$)\n    )\n      .subscribe(([active, node]) => {\n        node.classList.toggle(\"md-tooltip2--active\", active)\n      })\n\n    // Set up ARIA attributes when tooltip is visible\n    combineLatest([\n      show$.pipe(filter(active => active)),\n      node$\n    ])\n      .subscribe(([_, node]) => {\n        if (node.role === \"dialog\") {\n          el.setAttribute(\"aria-controls\", id)\n          el.setAttribute(\"aria-haspopup\", \"dialog\")\n        } else {\n          el.setAttribute(\"aria-describedby\", id)\n        }\n      })\n\n    // Remove ARIA attributes when tooltip is hidden\n    show$.pipe(filter(active => !active))\n      .subscribe(() => {\n        el.removeAttribute(\"aria-controls\")\n        el.removeAttribute(\"aria-describedby\")\n        el.removeAttribute(\"aria-haspopup\")\n      })\n\n    // Create and return component\n    return watchTooltip2(el)\n      .pipe(\n        tap(state => push$.next(state)),\n        finalize(() => push$.complete()),\n        map(state => ({ ref: el, ...state }))\n      )\n  })\n}\n\n// ----------------------------------------------------------------------------\n\n/**\n * Mount inline tooltip\n *\n * @todo refactor this function\n *\n * @param el - Tooltip host element\n * @param dependencies - Dependencies\n * @param container - Container\n *\n * @returns Tooltip component observable\n */\nexport function mountInlineTooltip2(\n  el: HTMLElement, { viewport$ }: { viewport$: Observable<Viewport> },\n  container = document.body\n): Observable<Component<Tooltip>> {\n  return mountTooltip2(el, {\n    content$: new Observable<HTMLElement>(observer => {\n      const title = el.title\n      const node = renderInlineTooltip2(title)\n      observer.next(node)\n      el.removeAttribute(\"title\")\n      // Append tooltip and remove on unsubscription\n      container.append(node)\n      return () => {\n        node.remove()\n        el.setAttribute(\"title\", title)\n      }\n    }),\n    viewport$\n  })\n}\n", "/*\n * Copyright (c) 2016-2024 Martin Donath <martin.donath@squidfunk.com>\n *\n * Permission is hereby granted, free of charge, to any person obtaining a copy\n * of this software and associated documentation files (the \"Software\"), to\n * deal in the Software without restriction, including without limitation the\n * rights to use, copy, modify, merge, publish, distribute, sublicense, and/or\n * sell copies of the Software, and to permit persons to whom the Software is\n * furnished to do so, subject to the following conditions:\n *\n * The above copyright notice and this permission notice shall be included in\n * all copies or substantial portions of the Software.\n *\n * THE SOFTWARE IS PROVIDED \"AS IS\", WITHOUT WARRANTY OF ANY KIND, EXPRESS OR\n * IMPLIED, INCLUDING BUT NOT LIMITED TO THE WARRANTIES OF MERCHANTABILITY,\n * FITNESS FOR A PARTICULAR PURPOSE AND NON-INFRINGEMENT. IN NO EVENT SHALL THE\n * AUTHORS OR COPYRIGHT HOLDERS BE LIABLE FOR ANY CLAIM, DAMAGES OR OTHER\n * LIABILITY, WHETHER IN AN ACTION OF CONTRACT, TORT OR OTHERWISE, ARISING\n * FROM, OUT OF OR IN CONNECTION WITH THE SOFTWARE OR THE USE OR OTHER DEALINGS\n * IN THE SOFTWARE.\n */\n\nimport {\n  Observable,\n  Subject,\n  animationFrameScheduler,\n  auditTime,\n  combineLatest,\n  debounceTime,\n  defer,\n  delay,\n  endWith,\n  filter,\n  finalize,\n  fromEvent,\n  ignoreElements,\n  map,\n  merge,\n  switchMap,\n  take,\n  takeUntil,\n  tap,\n  throttleTime,\n  withLatestFrom\n} from \"rxjs\"\n\nimport {\n  ElementOffset,\n  getActiveElement,\n  getElementSize,\n  watchElementContentOffset,\n  watchElementFocus,\n  watchElementOffset,\n  watchElementVisibility\n} from \"~/browser\"\n\nimport { Component } from \"../../../_\"\n\n/* ----------------------------------------------------------------------------\n * Types\n * ------------------------------------------------------------------------- */\n\n/**\n * Annotation\n */\nexport interface Annotation {\n  active: boolean                      /* Annotation is active */\n  offset: ElementOffset                /* Annotation offset */\n}\n\n/* ----------------------------------------------------------------------------\n * Helper types\n * ------------------------------------------------------------------------- */\n\n/**\n * Mount options\n */\ninterface MountOptions {\n  target$: Observable<HTMLElement>     /* Location target observable */\n}\n\n/* ----------------------------------------------------------------------------\n * Functions\n * ------------------------------------------------------------------------- */\n\n/**\n * Watch annotation\n *\n * @param el - Annotation element\n * @param container - Containing element\n *\n * @returns Annotation observable\n */\nexport function watchAnnotation(\n  el: HTMLElement, container: HTMLElement\n): Observable<Annotation> {\n  const offset$ = defer(() => combineLatest([\n    watchElementOffset(el),\n    watchElementContentOffset(container)\n  ]))\n    .pipe(\n      map(([{ x, y }, scroll]): ElementOffset => {\n        const { width, height } = getElementSize(el)\n        return ({\n          x: x - scroll.x + width  / 2,\n          y: y - scroll.y + height / 2\n        })\n      })\n    )\n\n  /* Actively watch annotation on focus */\n  return watchElementFocus(el)\n    .pipe(\n      switchMap(active => offset$\n        .pipe(\n          map(offset => ({ active, offset })),\n          take(+!active || Infinity)\n        )\n      )\n    )\n}\n\n/**\n * Mount annotation\n *\n * @param el - Annotation element\n * @param container - Containing element\n * @param options - Options\n *\n * @returns Annotation component observable\n */\nexport function mountAnnotation(\n  el: HTMLElement, container: HTMLElement, { target$ }: MountOptions\n): Observable<Component<Annotation>> {\n  const [tooltip, index] = Array.from(el.children)\n\n  /* Mount component on subscription */\n  return defer(() => {\n    const push$ = new Subject<Annotation>()\n    const done$ = push$.pipe(ignoreElements(), endWith(true))\n    push$.subscribe({\n\n      /* Handle emission */\n      next({ offset }) {\n        el.style.setProperty(\"--md-tooltip-x\", `${offset.x}px`)\n        el.style.setProperty(\"--md-tooltip-y\", `${offset.y}px`)\n      },\n\n      /* Handle complete */\n      complete() {\n        el.style.removeProperty(\"--md-tooltip-x\")\n        el.style.removeProperty(\"--md-tooltip-y\")\n      }\n    })\n\n    /* Start animation only when annotation is visible */\n    watchElementVisibility(el)\n      .pipe(\n        takeUntil(done$)\n      )\n        .subscribe(visible => {\n          el.toggleAttribute(\"data-md-visible\", visible)\n        })\n\n    /* Toggle tooltip presence to mitigate empty lines when copying */\n    merge(\n      push$.pipe(filter(({ active }) => active)),\n      push$.pipe(debounceTime(250), filter(({ active }) => !active))\n    )\n      .subscribe({\n\n        /* Handle emission */\n        next({ active }) {\n          if (active)\n            el.prepend(tooltip)\n          else\n            tooltip.remove()\n        },\n\n        /* Handle complete */\n        complete() {\n          el.prepend(tooltip)\n        }\n      })\n\n    /* Toggle tooltip visibility */\n    push$\n      .pipe(\n        auditTime(16, animationFrameScheduler)\n      )\n        .subscribe(({ active }) => {\n          tooltip.classList.toggle(\"md-tooltip--active\", active)\n        })\n\n    /* Track relative origin of tooltip */\n    push$\n      .pipe(\n        throttleTime(125, animationFrameScheduler),\n        filter(() => !!el.offsetParent),\n        map(() => el.offsetParent!.getBoundingClientRect()),\n        map(({ x }) => x)\n      )\n        .subscribe({\n\n          /* Handle emission */\n          next(origin) {\n            if (origin)\n              el.style.setProperty(\"--md-tooltip-0\", `${-origin}px`)\n            else\n              el.style.removeProperty(\"--md-tooltip-0\")\n          },\n\n          /* Handle complete */\n          complete() {\n            el.style.removeProperty(\"--md-tooltip-0\")\n          }\n        })\n\n    /* Allow to copy link without scrolling to anchor */\n    fromEvent<MouseEvent>(index, \"click\")\n      .pipe(\n        takeUntil(done$),\n        filter(ev => !(ev.metaKey || ev.ctrlKey))\n      )\n        .subscribe(ev => {\n          ev.stopPropagation()\n          ev.preventDefault()\n        })\n\n    /* Allow to open link in new tab or blur on close */\n    fromEvent<MouseEvent>(index, \"mousedown\")\n      .pipe(\n        takeUntil(done$),\n        withLatestFrom(push$)\n      )\n        .subscribe(([ev, { active }]) => {\n\n          /* Open in new tab */\n          if (ev.button !== 0 || ev.metaKey || ev.ctrlKey) {\n            ev.preventDefault()\n\n          /* Close annotation */\n          } else if (active) {\n            ev.preventDefault()\n\n            /* Focus parent annotation, if any */\n            const parent = el.parentElement!.closest(\".md-annotation\")\n            if (parent instanceof HTMLElement)\n              parent.focus()\n            else\n              getActiveElement()?.blur()\n          }\n        })\n\n    /* Open and focus annotation on location target */\n    target$\n      .pipe(\n        takeUntil(done$),\n        filter(target => target === tooltip),\n        delay(125)\n      )\n        .subscribe(() => el.focus())\n\n    /* Create and return component */\n    return watchAnnotation(el, container)\n      .pipe(\n        tap(state => push$.next(state)),\n        finalize(() => push$.complete()),\n        map(state => ({ ref: el, ...state }))\n      )\n  })\n}\n", "/*\n * Copyright (c) 2016-2024 Martin Donath <martin.donath@squidfunk.com>\n *\n * Permission is hereby granted, free of charge, to any person obtaining a copy\n * of this software and associated documentation files (the \"Software\"), to\n * deal in the Software without restriction, including without limitation the\n * rights to use, copy, modify, merge, publish, distribute, sublicense, and/or\n * sell copies of the Software, and to permit persons to whom the Software is\n * furnished to do so, subject to the following conditions:\n *\n * The above copyright notice and this permission notice shall be included in\n * all copies or substantial portions of the Software.\n *\n * THE SOFTWARE IS PROVIDED \"AS IS\", WITHOUT WARRANTY OF ANY KIND, EXPRESS OR\n * IMPLIED, INCLUDING BUT NOT LIMITED TO THE WARRANTIES OF MERCHANTABILITY,\n * FITNESS FOR A PARTICULAR PURPOSE AND NON-INFRINGEMENT. IN NO EVENT SHALL THE\n * AUTHORS OR COPYRIGHT HOLDERS BE LIABLE FOR ANY CLAIM, DAMAGES OR OTHER\n * LIABILITY, WHETHER IN AN ACTION OF CONTRACT, TORT OR OTHERWISE, ARISING\n * FROM, OUT OF OR IN CONNECTION WITH THE SOFTWARE OR THE USE OR OTHER DEALINGS\n * IN THE SOFTWARE.\n */\n\nimport {\n  EMPTY,\n  Observable,\n  Subject,\n  defer,\n  endWith,\n  finalize,\n  ignoreElements,\n  merge,\n  share,\n  takeUntil\n} from \"rxjs\"\n\nimport {\n  getElement,\n  getElements,\n  getOptionalElement\n} from \"~/browser\"\nimport { renderAnnotation } from \"~/templates\"\n\nimport { Component } from \"../../../_\"\nimport {\n  Annotation,\n  mountAnnotation\n} from \"../_\"\n\n/* ----------------------------------------------------------------------------\n * Helper types\n * ------------------------------------------------------------------------- */\n\n/**\n * Mount options\n */\ninterface MountOptions {\n  target$: Observable<HTMLElement>     /* Location target observable */\n  print$: Observable<boolean>          /* Media print observable */\n}\n\n/* ----------------------------------------------------------------------------\n * Helper functions\n * ------------------------------------------------------------------------- */\n\n/**\n * Find all annotation hosts in the containing element\n *\n * @param container - Containing element\n *\n * @returns Annotation hosts\n */\nfunction findHosts(container: HTMLElement): HTMLElement[] {\n  return container.tagName === \"CODE\"\n    ? getElements(\".c, .c1, .cm\", container)\n    : [container]\n}\n\n/**\n * Find all annotation markers in the containing element\n *\n * @param container - Containing element\n *\n * @returns Annotation markers\n */\nfunction findMarkers(container: HTMLElement): Text[] {\n  const markers: Text[] = []\n  for (const el of findHosts(container)) {\n    const nodes: Text[] = []\n\n    /* Find all text nodes in current element */\n    const it = document.createNodeIterator(el, NodeFilter.SHOW_TEXT)\n    for (let node = it.nextNode(); node; node = it.nextNode())\n      nodes.push(node as Text)\n\n    /* Find all markers in each text node */\n    for (let text of nodes) {\n      let match: RegExpExecArray | null\n\n      /* Split text at marker and add to list */\n      while ((match = /(\\(\\d+\\))(!)?/.exec(text.textContent!))) {\n        const [, id, force] = match\n        if (typeof force === \"undefined\") {\n          const marker = text.splitText(match.index)\n          text = marker.splitText(id.length)\n          markers.push(marker)\n\n        /* Replace entire text with marker */\n        } else {\n          text.textContent = id\n          markers.push(text)\n          break\n        }\n      }\n    }\n  }\n  return markers\n}\n\n/**\n * Swap the child nodes of two elements\n *\n * @param source - Source element\n * @param target - Target element\n */\nfunction swap(source: HTMLElement, target: HTMLElement): void {\n  target.append(...Array.from(source.childNodes))\n}\n\n/* ----------------------------------------------------------------------------\n * Functions\n * ------------------------------------------------------------------------- */\n\n/**\n * Mount annotation list\n *\n * This function analyzes the containing code block and checks for markers\n * referring to elements in the given annotation list. If no markers are found,\n * the list is left untouched. Otherwise, list elements are rendered as\n * annotations inside the code block.\n *\n * @param el - Annotation list element\n * @param container - Containing element\n * @param options - Options\n *\n * @returns Annotation component observable\n */\nexport function mountAnnotationList(\n  el: HTMLElement, container: HTMLElement, { target$, print$ }: MountOptions\n): Observable<Component<Annotation>> {\n\n  /* Compute prefix for tooltip anchors */\n  const parent = container.closest(\"[id]\")\n  const prefix = parent?.id\n\n  /* Find and replace all markers with empty annotations */\n  const annotations = new Map<string, HTMLElement>()\n  for (const marker of findMarkers(container)) {\n    const [, id] = marker.textContent!.match(/\\((\\d+)\\)/)!\n    if (getOptionalElement(`:scope > li:nth-child(${id})`, el)) {\n      annotations.set(id, renderAnnotation(id, prefix))\n      marker.replaceWith(annotations.get(id)!)\n    }\n  }\n\n  /* Keep list if there are no annotations to render */\n  if (annotations.size === 0)\n    return EMPTY\n\n  /* Mount component on subscription */\n  return defer(() => {\n    const push$ = new Subject()\n    const done$ = push$.pipe(ignoreElements(), endWith(true))\n\n    /* Retrieve container pairs for swapping */\n    const pairs: [HTMLElement, HTMLElement][] = []\n    for (const [id, annotation] of annotations)\n      pairs.push([\n        getElement(\".md-typeset\", annotation),\n        getElement(`:scope > li:nth-child(${id})`, el)\n      ])\n\n    /* Handle print mode - see https://bit.ly/3rgPdpt */\n    print$.pipe(takeUntil(done$))\n      .subscribe(active => {\n        el.hidden = !active\n\n        /* Add class to discern list element */\n        el.classList.toggle(\"md-annotation-list\", active)\n\n        /* Show annotations in code block or list (print) */\n        for (const [inner, child] of pairs)\n          if (!active)\n            swap(child, inner)\n          else\n            swap(inner, child)\n      })\n\n    /* Create and return component */\n    return merge(...[...annotations]\n      .map(([, annotation]) => (\n        mountAnnotation(annotation, container, { target$ })\n      ))\n    )\n      .pipe(\n        finalize(() => push$.complete()),\n        share()\n      )\n  })\n}\n", "/*\n * Copyright (c) 2016-2024 Martin Donath <martin.donath@squidfunk.com>\n *\n * Permission is hereby granted, free of charge, to any person obtaining a copy\n * of this software and associated documentation files (the \"Software\"), to\n * deal in the Software without restriction, including without limitation the\n * rights to use, copy, modify, merge, publish, distribute, sublicense, and/or\n * sell copies of the Software, and to permit persons to whom the Software is\n * furnished to do so, subject to the following conditions:\n *\n * The above copyright notice and this permission notice shall be included in\n * all copies or substantial portions of the Software.\n *\n * THE SOFTWARE IS PROVIDED \"AS IS\", WITHOUT WARRANTY OF ANY KIND, EXPRESS OR\n * IMPLIED, INCLUDING BUT NOT LIMITED TO THE WARRANTIES OF MERCHANTABILITY,\n * FITNESS FOR A PARTICULAR PURPOSE AND NON-INFRINGEMENT. IN NO EVENT SHALL THE\n * AUTHORS OR COPYRIGHT HOLDERS BE LIABLE FOR ANY CLAIM, DAMAGES OR OTHER\n * LIABILITY, WHETHER IN AN ACTION OF CONTRACT, TORT OR OTHERWISE, ARISING\n * FROM, OUT OF OR IN CONNECTION WITH THE SOFTWARE OR THE USE OR OTHER DEALINGS\n * IN THE SOFTWARE.\n */\n\nimport { EMPTY, Observable, defer } from \"rxjs\"\n\nimport { Component } from \"../../../_\"\nimport { Annotation } from \"../_\"\nimport { mountAnnotationList } from \"../list\"\n\n/* ----------------------------------------------------------------------------\n * Helper types\n * ------------------------------------------------------------------------- */\n\n/**\n * Mount options\n */\ninterface MountOptions {\n  target$: Observable<HTMLElement>     /* Location target observable */\n  print$: Observable<boolean>          /* Media print observable */\n}\n\n/* ----------------------------------------------------------------------------\n * Helper functions\n * ------------------------------------------------------------------------- */\n\n/**\n * Find list element directly following a block\n *\n * @param el - Annotation block element\n *\n * @returns List element or nothing\n */\nfunction findList(el: HTMLElement): HTMLElement | undefined {\n  if (el.nextElementSibling) {\n    const sibling = el.nextElementSibling as HTMLElement\n    if (sibling.tagName === \"OL\")\n      return sibling\n\n    /* Skip empty paragraphs - see https://bit.ly/3r4ZJ2O */\n    else if (sibling.tagName === \"P\" && !sibling.children.length)\n      return findList(sibling)\n  }\n\n  /* Everything else */\n  return undefined\n}\n\n/* ----------------------------------------------------------------------------\n * Functions\n * ------------------------------------------------------------------------- */\n\n/**\n * Mount annotation block\n *\n * @param el - Annotation block element\n * @param options - Options\n *\n * @returns Annotation component observable\n */\nexport function mountAnnotationBlock(\n  el: HTMLElement, options: MountOptions\n): Observable<Component<Annotation>> {\n  return defer(() => {\n    const list = findList(el)\n    return typeof list !== \"undefined\"\n      ? mountAnnotationList(list, el, options)\n      : EMPTY\n  })\n}\n", "/*\n * Copyright (c) 2016-2024 Martin Donath <martin.donath@squidfunk.com>\n *\n * Permission is hereby granted, free of charge, to any person obtaining a copy\n * of this software and associated documentation files (the \"Software\"), to\n * deal in the Software without restriction, including without limitation the\n * rights to use, copy, modify, merge, publish, distribute, sublicense, and/or\n * sell copies of the Software, and to permit persons to whom the Software is\n * furnished to do so, subject to the following conditions:\n *\n * The above copyright notice and this permission notice shall be included in\n * all copies or substantial portions of the Software.\n *\n * THE SOFTWARE IS PROVIDED \"AS IS\", WITHOUT WARRANTY OF ANY KIND, EXPRESS OR\n * IMPLIED, INCLUDING BUT NOT LIMITED TO THE WARRANTIES OF MERCHANTABILITY,\n * FITNESS FOR A PARTICULAR PURPOSE AND NON-INFRINGEMENT. IN NO EVENT SHALL THE\n * AUTHORS OR COPYRIGHT HOLDERS BE LIABLE FOR ANY CLAIM, DAMAGES OR OTHER\n * LIABILITY, WHETHER IN AN ACTION OF CONTRACT, TORT OR OTHERWISE, ARISING\n * FROM, OUT OF OR IN CONNECTION WITH THE SOFTWARE OR THE USE OR OTHER DEALINGS\n * IN THE SOFTWARE.\n */\n\nimport ClipboardJS from \"clipboard\"\nimport {\n  EMPTY,\n  Observable,\n  Subject,\n  defer,\n  distinctUntilChanged,\n  distinctUntilKeyChanged,\n  filter,\n  finalize,\n  map,\n  mergeWith,\n  switchMap,\n  take,\n  takeLast,\n  takeUntil,\n  tap\n} from \"rxjs\"\n\nimport { feature } from \"~/_\"\nimport {\n  getElementContentSize,\n  getElements,\n  watchElementSize,\n  watchElementVisibility\n} from \"~/browser\"\nimport {\n  Tooltip,\n  mountInlineTooltip2\n} from \"~/components/tooltip2\"\nimport { renderClipboardButton } from \"~/templates\"\n\nimport { Component } from \"../../../_\"\nimport {\n  Annotation,\n  mountAnnotationList\n} from \"../../annotation\"\n\n/* ----------------------------------------------------------------------------\n * Types\n * ------------------------------------------------------------------------- */\n\n/**\n * Code block overflow\n */\nexport interface Overflow {\n  scrollable: boolean                  /* Code block overflows */\n}\n\n/**\n * Code block\n */\nexport type CodeBlock =\n  | Overflow\n  | Annotation\n  | Tooltip\n\n/* ----------------------------------------------------------------------------\n * Helper types\n * ------------------------------------------------------------------------- */\n\n/**\n * Mount options\n */\ninterface MountOptions {\n  target$: Observable<HTMLElement>     /* Location target observable */\n  print$: Observable<boolean>          /* Media print observable */\n}\n\n/* ----------------------------------------------------------------------------\n * Data\n * ------------------------------------------------------------------------- */\n\n/**\n * Global sequence number for code blocks\n */\nlet sequence = 0\n\n/* ----------------------------------------------------------------------------\n * Helper functions\n * ------------------------------------------------------------------------- */\n\n/**\n * Find candidate list element directly following a code block\n *\n * @param el - Code block element\n *\n * @returns List element or nothing\n */\nfunction findCandidateList(el: HTMLElement): HTMLElement | undefined {\n  if (el.nextElementSibling) {\n    const sibling = el.nextElementSibling as HTMLElement\n    if (sibling.tagName === \"OL\")\n      return sibling\n\n    /* Skip empty paragraphs - see https://bit.ly/3r4ZJ2O */\n    else if (sibling.tagName === \"P\" && !sibling.children.length)\n      return findCandidateList(sibling)\n  }\n\n  /* Everything else */\n  return undefined\n}\n\n/* ----------------------------------------------------------------------------\n * Functions\n * ------------------------------------------------------------------------- */\n\n/**\n * Watch code block\n *\n * This function monitors size changes of the viewport, as well as switches of\n * content tabs with embedded code blocks, as both may trigger overflow.\n *\n * @param el - Code block element\n *\n * @returns Code block observable\n */\nexport function watchCodeBlock(\n  el: HTMLElement\n): Observable<Overflow> {\n  return watchElementSize(el)\n    .pipe(\n      map(({ width }) => {\n        const content = getElementContentSize(el)\n        return {\n          scrollable: content.width > width\n        }\n      }),\n      distinctUntilKeyChanged(\"scrollable\")\n    )\n}\n\n/**\n * Mount code block\n *\n * This function ensures that an overflowing code block is focusable through\n * keyboard, so it can be scrolled without a mouse to improve on accessibility.\n * Furthermore, if code annotations are enabled, they are mounted if and only\n * if the code block is currently visible, e.g., not in a hidden content tab.\n *\n * Note that code blocks may be mounted eagerly or lazily. If they're mounted\n * lazily (on first visibility), code annotation anchor links will not work,\n * as they are evaluated on initial page load, and code annotations in general\n * might feel a little bumpier.\n *\n * @param el - Code block element\n * @param options - Options\n *\n * @returns Code block and annotation component observable\n */\nexport function mountCodeBlock(\n  el: HTMLElement, options: MountOptions\n): Observable<Component<CodeBlock>> {\n  const { matches: hover } = matchMedia(\"(hover)\")\n\n  /* Defer mounting of code block - see https://bit.ly/3vHVoVD */\n  const factory$ = defer(() => {\n    const push$ = new Subject<Overflow>()\n    const done$ = push$.pipe(takeLast(1))\n    push$.subscribe(({ scrollable }) => {\n      if (scrollable && hover)\n        el.setAttribute(\"tabindex\", \"0\")\n      else\n        el.removeAttribute(\"tabindex\")\n    })\n\n    /* Render button for Clipboard.js integration */\n    const content$: Array<Observable<Component<CodeBlock>>> = []\n    if (ClipboardJS.isSupported()) {\n      if (el.closest(\".copy\") || (\n        feature(\"content.code.copy\") && !el.closest(\".no-copy\")\n      )) {\n        const parent = el.closest(\"pre\")!\n        parent.id = `__code_${sequence++}`\n\n        /* Mount tooltip, if enabled */\n        const button = renderClipboardButton(parent.id)\n        parent.insertBefore(button, el)\n        if (feature(\"content.tooltips\"))\n          content$.push(mountInlineTooltip2(button, { viewport$ }))\n      }\n    }\n\n    /* Handle code annotations */\n    const container = el.closest(\".highlight\")\n    if (container instanceof HTMLElement) {\n      const list = findCandidateList(container)\n\n      /* Mount code annotations, if enabled */\n      if (typeof list !== \"undefined\" && (\n        container.classList.contains(\"annotate\") ||\n        feature(\"content.code.annotate\")\n      )) {\n        const annotations$ = mountAnnotationList(list, el, options)\n        content$.push(\n          watchElementSize(container)\n            .pipe(\n              takeUntil(done$),\n              map(({ width, height }) => width && height),\n              distinctUntilChanged(),\n              switchMap(active => active ? annotations$ : EMPTY)\n            )\n        )\n      }\n    }\n\n    // If the code block has line spans, we can add this additional class to\n    // the code block element, which fixes the problem for highlighted code\n    // lines not stretching to the entirety of the screen when the code block\n    // overflows, e.g., on mobile - see\n    const spans = getElements(\":scope > span[id]\", el)\n    if (spans.length)\n      el.classList.add(\"md-code__content\")\n\n    /* Create and return component */\n    return watchCodeBlock(el)\n      .pipe(\n        tap(state => push$.next(state)),\n        finalize(() => push$.complete()),\n        map(state => ({ ref: el, ...state })),\n        mergeWith(...content$)\n      )\n  })\n\n  /* Mount code block lazily */\n  if (feature(\"content.lazy\"))\n    return watchElementVisibility(el)\n      .pipe(\n        filter(visible => visible),\n        take(1),\n        switchMap(() => factory$)\n      )\n\n  /* Mount code block */\n  return factory$\n}\n", "/*\n * Copyright (c) 2016-2024 Martin Donath <martin.donath@squidfunk.com>\n *\n * Permission is hereby granted, free of charge, to any person obtaining a copy\n * of this software and associated documentation files (the \"Software\"), to\n * deal in the Software without restriction, including without limitation the\n * rights to use, copy, modify, merge, publish, distribute, sublicense, and/or\n * sell copies of the Software, and to permit persons to whom the Software is\n * furnished to do so, subject to the following conditions:\n *\n * The above copyright notice and this permission notice shall be included in\n * all copies or substantial portions of the Software.\n *\n * THE SOFTWARE IS PROVIDED \"AS IS\", WITHOUT WARRANTY OF ANY KIND, EXPRESS OR\n * IMPLIED, INCLUDING BUT NOT LIMITED TO THE WARRANTIES OF MERCHANTABILITY,\n * FITNESS FOR A PARTICULAR PURPOSE AND NON-INFRINGEMENT. IN NO EVENT SHALL THE\n * AUTHORS OR COPYRIGHT HOLDERS BE LIABLE FOR ANY CLAIM, DAMAGES OR OTHER\n * LIABILITY, WHETHER IN AN ACTION OF CONTRACT, TORT OR OTHERWISE, ARISING\n * FROM, OUT OF OR IN CONNECTION WITH THE SOFTWARE OR THE USE OR OTHER DEALINGS\n * IN THE SOFTWARE.\n */\n\nimport {\n  Observable,\n  Subject,\n  defer,\n  filter,\n  finalize,\n  map,\n  merge,\n  tap\n} from \"rxjs\"\n\nimport { Component } from \"../../_\"\n\n/* ----------------------------------------------------------------------------\n * Types\n * ------------------------------------------------------------------------- */\n\n/**\n * Details\n */\nexport interface Details {\n  action: \"open\" | \"close\"             /* Details state */\n  reveal?: boolean                     /* Details is revealed */\n}\n\n/* ----------------------------------------------------------------------------\n * Helper types\n * ------------------------------------------------------------------------- */\n\n/**\n * Watch options\n */\ninterface WatchOptions {\n  target$: Observable<HTMLElement>     /* Location target observable */\n  print$: Observable<boolean>          /* Media print observable */\n}\n\n/**\n * Mount options\n */\ninterface MountOptions {\n  target$: Observable<HTMLElement>     /* Location target observable */\n  print$: Observable<boolean>          /* Media print observable */\n}\n\n/* ----------------------------------------------------------------------------\n * Functions\n * ------------------------------------------------------------------------- */\n\n/**\n * Watch details\n *\n * @param el - Details element\n * @param options - Options\n *\n * @returns Details observable\n */\nexport function watchDetails(\n  el: HTMLDetailsElement, { target$, print$ }: WatchOptions\n): Observable<Details> {\n  let open = true\n  return merge(\n\n    /* Open and focus details on location target */\n    target$\n      .pipe(\n        map(target => target.closest(\"details:not([open])\")!),\n        filter(details => el === details),\n        map(() => ({\n          action: \"open\", reveal: true\n        }) as Details)\n      ),\n\n    /* Open details on print and close afterwards */\n    print$\n      .pipe(\n        filter(active => active || !open),\n        tap(() => open = el.open),\n        map(active => ({\n          action: active ? \"open\" : \"close\"\n        }) as Details)\n      )\n  )\n}\n\n/**\n * Mount details\n *\n * This function ensures that `details` tags are opened on anchor jumps and\n * prior to printing, so the whole content of the page is visible.\n *\n * @param el - Details element\n * @param options - Options\n *\n * @returns Details component observable\n */\nexport function mountDetails(\n  el: HTMLDetailsElement, options: MountOptions\n): Observable<Component<Details>> {\n  return defer(() => {\n    const push$ = new Subject<Details>()\n    push$.subscribe(({ action, reveal }) => {\n      el.toggleAttribute(\"open\", action === \"open\")\n      if (reveal)\n        el.scrollIntoView()\n    })\n\n    /* Create and return component */\n    return watchDetails(el, options)\n      .pipe(\n        tap(state => push$.next(state)),\n        finalize(() => push$.complete()),\n        map(state => ({ ref: el, ...state }))\n      )\n  })\n}\n", ".node circle,.node ellipse,.node path,.node polygon,.node rect{fill:var(--md-mermaid-node-bg-color);stroke:var(--md-mermaid-node-fg-color)}marker{fill:var(--md-mermaid-edge-color)!important}.edgeLabel .label rect{fill:#0000}.label{color:var(--md-mermaid-label-fg-color);font-family:var(--md-mermaid-font-family)}.label foreignObject{line-height:normal;overflow:visible}.label div .edgeLabel{color:var(--md-mermaid-label-fg-color)}.edgeLabel,.edgeLabel p,.label div .edgeLabel{background-color:var(--md-mermaid-label-bg-color)}.edgeLabel,.edgeLabel p{fill:var(--md-mermaid-label-bg-color);color:var(--md-mermaid-edge-color)}.edgePath .path,.flowchart-link{stroke:var(--md-mermaid-edge-color);stroke-width:.05rem}.edgePath .arrowheadPath{fill:var(--md-mermaid-edge-color);stroke:none}.cluster rect{fill:var(--md-default-fg-color--lightest);stroke:var(--md-default-fg-color--lighter)}.cluster span{color:var(--md-mermaid-label-fg-color);font-family:var(--md-mermaid-font-family)}g #flowchart-circleEnd,g #flowchart-circleStart,g #flowchart-crossEnd,g #flowchart-crossStart,g #flowchart-pointEnd,g #flowchart-pointStart{stroke:none}g.classGroup line,g.classGroup rect{fill:var(--md-mermaid-node-bg-color);stroke:var(--md-mermaid-node-fg-color)}g.classGroup text{fill:var(--md-mermaid-label-fg-color);font-family:var(--md-mermaid-font-family)}.classLabel .box{fill:var(--md-mermaid-label-bg-color);background-color:var(--md-mermaid-label-bg-color);opacity:1}.classLabel .label{fill:var(--md-mermaid-label-fg-color);font-family:var(--md-mermaid-font-family)}.node .divider{stroke:var(--md-mermaid-node-fg-color)}.relation{stroke:var(--md-mermaid-edge-color)}.cardinality{fill:var(--md-mermaid-label-fg-color);font-family:var(--md-mermaid-font-family)}.cardinality text{fill:inherit!important}defs #classDiagram-compositionEnd,defs #classDiagram-compositionStart,defs #classDiagram-dependencyEnd,defs #classDiagram-dependencyStart,defs #classDiagram-extensionEnd,defs #classDiagram-extensionStart{fill:var(--md-mermaid-edge-color)!important;stroke:var(--md-mermaid-edge-color)!important}defs #classDiagram-aggregationEnd,defs #classDiagram-aggregationStart{fill:var(--md-mermaid-label-bg-color)!important;stroke:var(--md-mermaid-edge-color)!important}g.stateGroup rect{fill:var(--md-mermaid-node-bg-color);stroke:var(--md-mermaid-node-fg-color)}g.stateGroup .state-title{fill:var(--md-mermaid-label-fg-color)!important;font-family:var(--md-mermaid-font-family)}g.stateGroup .composit{fill:var(--md-mermaid-label-bg-color)}.nodeLabel,.nodeLabel p{color:var(--md-mermaid-label-fg-color);font-family:var(--md-mermaid-font-family)}a .nodeLabel{text-decoration:underline}.node circle.state-end,.node circle.state-start,.start-state{fill:var(--md-mermaid-edge-color);stroke:none}.end-state-inner,.end-state-outer{fill:var(--md-mermaid-edge-color)}.end-state-inner,.node circle.state-end{stroke:var(--md-mermaid-label-bg-color)}.transition{stroke:var(--md-mermaid-edge-color)}[id^=state-fork] rect,[id^=state-join] rect{fill:var(--md-mermaid-edge-color)!important;stroke:none!important}.statediagram-cluster.statediagram-cluster .inner{fill:var(--md-default-bg-color)}.statediagram-cluster rect{fill:var(--md-mermaid-node-bg-color);stroke:var(--md-mermaid-node-fg-color)}.statediagram-state rect.divider{fill:var(--md-default-fg-color--lightest);stroke:var(--md-default-fg-color--lighter)}defs #statediagram-barbEnd{stroke:var(--md-mermaid-edge-color)}.attributeBoxEven,.attributeBoxOdd{fill:var(--md-mermaid-node-bg-color);stroke:var(--md-mermaid-node-fg-color)}.entityBox{fill:var(--md-mermaid-label-bg-color);stroke:var(--md-mermaid-node-fg-color)}.entityLabel{fill:var(--md-mermaid-label-fg-color);font-family:var(--md-mermaid-font-family)}.relationshipLabelBox{fill:var(--md-mermaid-label-bg-color);fill-opacity:1;background-color:var(--md-mermaid-label-bg-color);opacity:1}.relationshipLabel{fill:var(--md-mermaid-label-fg-color)}.relationshipLine{stroke:var(--md-mermaid-edge-color)}defs #ONE_OR_MORE_END *,defs #ONE_OR_MORE_START *,defs #ONLY_ONE_END *,defs #ONLY_ONE_START *,defs #ZERO_OR_MORE_END *,defs #ZERO_OR_MORE_START *,defs #ZERO_OR_ONE_END *,defs #ZERO_OR_ONE_START *{stroke:var(--md-mermaid-edge-color)!important}defs #ZERO_OR_MORE_END circle,defs #ZERO_OR_MORE_START circle{fill:var(--md-mermaid-label-bg-color)}.actor{fill:var(--md-mermaid-sequence-actor-bg-color);stroke:var(--md-mermaid-sequence-actor-border-color)}text.actor>tspan{fill:var(--md-mermaid-sequence-actor-fg-color);font-family:var(--md-mermaid-font-family)}line{stroke:var(--md-mermaid-sequence-actor-line-color)}.actor-man circle,.actor-man line{fill:var(--md-mermaid-sequence-actorman-bg-color);stroke:var(--md-mermaid-sequence-actorman-line-color)}.messageLine0,.messageLine1{stroke:var(--md-mermaid-sequence-message-line-color)}.note{fill:var(--md-mermaid-sequence-note-bg-color);stroke:var(--md-mermaid-sequence-note-border-color)}.loopText,.loopText>tspan,.messageText,.noteText>tspan{stroke:none;font-family:var(--md-mermaid-font-family)!important}.messageText{fill:var(--md-mermaid-sequence-message-fg-color)}.loopText,.loopText>tspan{fill:var(--md-mermaid-sequence-loop-fg-color)}.noteText>tspan{fill:var(--md-mermaid-sequence-note-fg-color)}#arrowhead path{fill:var(--md-mermaid-sequence-message-line-color);stroke:none}.loopLine{fill:var(--md-mermaid-sequence-loop-bg-color);stroke:var(--md-mermaid-sequence-loop-border-color)}.labelBox{fill:var(--md-mermaid-sequence-label-bg-color);stroke:none}.labelText,.labelText>span{fill:var(--md-mermaid-sequence-label-fg-color);font-family:var(--md-mermaid-font-family)}.sequenceNumber{fill:var(--md-mermaid-sequence-number-fg-color)}rect.rect{fill:var(--md-mermaid-sequence-box-bg-color);stroke:none}rect.rect+text.text{fill:var(--md-mermaid-sequence-box-fg-color)}defs #sequencenumber{fill:var(--md-mermaid-sequence-number-bg-color)!important}", "/*\n * Copyright (c) 2016-2024 Martin Donath <martin.donath@squidfunk.com>\n *\n * Permission is hereby granted, free of charge, to any person obtaining a copy\n * of this software and associated documentation files (the \"Software\"), to\n * deal in the Software without restriction, including without limitation the\n * rights to use, copy, modify, merge, publish, distribute, sublicense, and/or\n * sell copies of the Software, and to permit persons to whom the Software is\n * furnished to do so, subject to the following conditions:\n *\n * The above copyright notice and this permission notice shall be included in\n * all copies or substantial portions of the Software.\n *\n * THE SOFTWARE IS PROVIDED \"AS IS\", WITHOUT WARRANTY OF ANY KIND, EXPRESS OR\n * IMPLIED, INCLUDING BUT NOT LIMITED TO THE WARRANTIES OF MERCHANTABILITY,\n * FITNESS FOR A PARTICULAR PURPOSE AND NON-INFRINGEMENT. IN NO EVENT SHALL THE\n * AUTHORS OR COPYRIGHT HOLDERS BE LIABLE FOR ANY CLAIM, DAMAGES OR OTHER\n * LIABILITY, WHETHER IN AN ACTION OF CONTRACT, TORT OR OTHERWISE, ARISING\n * FROM, OUT OF OR IN CONNECTION WITH THE SOFTWARE OR THE USE OR OTHER DEALINGS\n * IN THE SOFTWARE.\n */\n\nimport {\n  Observable,\n  map,\n  of,\n  shareReplay,\n  tap\n} from \"rxjs\"\n\nimport { watchScript } from \"~/browser\"\nimport { h } from \"~/utilities\"\n\nimport { Component } from \"../../_\"\n\nimport themeCSS from \"./index.css\"\n\n/* ----------------------------------------------------------------------------\n * Types\n * ------------------------------------------------------------------------- */\n\n/**\n * Mermaid diagram\n */\nexport interface Mermaid {}\n\n/* ----------------------------------------------------------------------------\n * Data\n * ------------------------------------------------------------------------- */\n\n/**\n * Mermaid instance observable\n */\nlet mermaid$: Observable<void>\n\n/**\n * Global sequence number for diagrams\n */\nlet sequence = 0\n\n/* ----------------------------------------------------------------------------\n * Helper functions\n * ------------------------------------------------------------------------- */\n\n/**\n * Fetch Mermaid script\n *\n * @returns Mermaid scripts observable\n */\nfunction fetchScripts(): Observable<void> {\n  return typeof mermaid === \"undefined\" || mermaid instanceof Element\n    ? watchScript(\"https://unpkg.com/mermaid@11/dist/mermaid.min.js\")\n    : of(undefined)\n}\n\n/* ----------------------------------------------------------------------------\n * Functions\n * ------------------------------------------------------------------------- */\n\n/**\n * Mount Mermaid diagram\n *\n * @param el - Code block element\n *\n * @returns Mermaid diagram component observable\n */\nexport function mountMermaid(\n  el: HTMLElement\n): Observable<Component<Mermaid>> {\n  el.classList.remove(\"mermaid\") // Hack: mitigate https://bit.ly/3CiN6Du\n  mermaid$ ||= fetchScripts()\n    .pipe(\n      tap(() => mermaid.initialize({\n        startOnLoad: false,\n        themeCSS,\n        sequence: {\n          actorFontSize: \"16px\", // Hack: mitigate https://bit.ly/3y0NEi3\n          messageFontSize: \"16px\",\n          noteFontSize: \"16px\"\n        }\n      })),\n      map(() => undefined),\n      shareReplay(1)\n    )\n\n  /* Render diagram */\n  mermaid$.subscribe(async () => {\n    el.classList.add(\"mermaid\") // Hack: mitigate https://bit.ly/3CiN6Du\n    const id = `__mermaid_${sequence++}`\n\n    /* Create host element to replace code block */\n    const host = h(\"div\", { class: \"mermaid\" })\n    const text = el.textContent\n\n    /* Render and inject diagram */\n    const { svg, fn } = await mermaid.render(id, text)\n\n    /* Create a shadow root and inject diagram */\n    const shadow = host.attachShadow({ mode: \"closed\" })\n    shadow.innerHTML = svg\n\n    /* Replace code block with diagram and bind functions */\n    el.replaceWith(host)\n    fn?.(shadow)\n  })\n\n  /* Create and return component */\n  return mermaid$\n    .pipe(\n      map(() => ({ ref: el }))\n    )\n}\n", "/*\n * Copyright (c) 2016-2024 Martin Donath <martin.donath@squidfunk.com>\n *\n * Permission is hereby granted, free of charge, to any person obtaining a copy\n * of this software and associated documentation files (the \"Software\"), to\n * deal in the Software without restriction, including without limitation the\n * rights to use, copy, modify, merge, publish, distribute, sublicense, and/or\n * sell copies of the Software, and to permit persons to whom the Software is\n * furnished to do so, subject to the following conditions:\n *\n * The above copyright notice and this permission notice shall be included in\n * all copies or substantial portions of the Software.\n *\n * THE SOFTWARE IS PROVIDED \"AS IS\", WITHOUT WARRANTY OF ANY KIND, EXPRESS OR\n * IMPLIED, INCLUDING BUT NOT LIMITED TO THE WARRANTIES OF MERCHANTABILITY,\n * FITNESS FOR A PARTICULAR PURPOSE AND NON-INFRINGEMENT. IN NO EVENT SHALL THE\n * AUTHORS OR COPYRIGHT HOLDERS BE LIABLE FOR ANY CLAIM, DAMAGES OR OTHER\n * LIABILITY, WHETHER IN AN ACTION OF CONTRACT, TORT OR OTHERWISE, ARISING\n * FROM, OUT OF OR IN CONNECTION WITH THE SOFTWARE OR THE USE OR OTHER DEALINGS\n * IN THE SOFTWARE.\n */\n\nimport { Observable, of } from \"rxjs\"\n\nimport { renderTable } from \"~/templates\"\nimport { h } from \"~/utilities\"\n\nimport { Component } from \"../../_\"\n\n/* ----------------------------------------------------------------------------\n * Types\n * ------------------------------------------------------------------------- */\n\n/**\n * Data table\n */\nexport interface DataTable {}\n\n/* ----------------------------------------------------------------------------\n * Data\n * ------------------------------------------------------------------------- */\n\n/**\n * Sentinel for replacement\n */\nconst sentinel = h(\"table\")\n\n/* ----------------------------------------------------------------------------\n * Functions\n * ------------------------------------------------------------------------- */\n\n/**\n * Mount data table\n *\n * This function wraps a data table in another scrollable container, so it can\n * be smoothly scrolled on smaller screen sizes and won't break the layout.\n *\n * @param el - Data table element\n *\n * @returns Data table component observable\n */\nexport function mountDataTable(\n  el: HTMLElement\n): Observable<Component<DataTable>> {\n  el.replaceWith(sentinel)\n  sentinel.replaceWith(renderTable(el))\n\n  /* Create and return component */\n  return of({ ref: el })\n}\n", "/*\n * Copyright (c) 2016-2024 Martin Donath <martin.donath@squidfunk.com>\n *\n * Permission is hereby granted, free of charge, to any person obtaining a copy\n * of this software and associated documentation files (the \"Software\"), to\n * deal in the Software without restriction, including without limitation the\n * rights to use, copy, modify, merge, publish, distribute, sublicense, and/or\n * sell copies of the Software, and to permit persons to whom the Software is\n * furnished to do so, subject to the following conditions:\n *\n * The above copyright notice and this permission notice shall be included in\n * all copies or substantial portions of the Software.\n *\n * THE SOFTWARE IS PROVIDED \"AS IS\", WITHOUT WARRANTY OF ANY KIND, EXPRESS OR\n * IMPLIED, INCLUDING BUT NOT LIMITED TO THE WARRANTIES OF MERCHANTABILITY,\n * FITNESS FOR A PARTICULAR PURPOSE AND NON-INFRINGEMENT. IN NO EVENT SHALL THE\n * AUTHORS OR COPYRIGHT HOLDERS BE LIABLE FOR ANY CLAIM, DAMAGES OR OTHER\n * LIABILITY, WHETHER IN AN ACTION OF CONTRACT, TORT OR OTHERWISE, ARISING\n * FROM, OUT OF OR IN CONNECTION WITH THE SOFTWARE OR THE USE OR OTHER DEALINGS\n * IN THE SOFTWARE.\n */\n\nimport {\n  Observable,\n  Subject,\n  animationFrameScheduler,\n  asyncScheduler,\n  auditTime,\n  combineLatest,\n  defer,\n  endWith,\n  filter,\n  finalize,\n  fromEvent,\n  ignoreElements,\n  map,\n  merge,\n  skip,\n  startWith,\n  subscribeOn,\n  takeUntil,\n  tap,\n  withLatestFrom\n} from \"rxjs\"\n\nimport { feature } from \"~/_\"\nimport {\n  Viewport,\n  getElement,\n  getElementContentOffset,\n  getElementContentSize,\n  getElementOffset,\n  getElementSize,\n  getElements,\n  watchElementContentOffset,\n  watchElementSize,\n  watchElementVisibility\n} from \"~/browser\"\nimport { renderTabbedControl } from \"~/templates\"\nimport { h } from \"~/utilities\"\n\nimport { Component } from \"../../_\"\n\n/* ----------------------------------------------------------------------------\n * Types\n * ------------------------------------------------------------------------- */\n\n/**\n * Content tabs\n */\nexport interface ContentTabs {\n  active: HTMLLabelElement             /* Active tab label */\n}\n\n/* ----------------------------------------------------------------------------\n * Helper types\n * ------------------------------------------------------------------------- */\n\n/**\n * Mount options\n */\ninterface MountOptions {\n  viewport$: Observable<Viewport>      /* Viewport observable */\n  target$: Observable<HTMLElement>     /* Location target observable */\n}\n\n/* ----------------------------------------------------------------------------\n * Functions\n * ------------------------------------------------------------------------- */\n\n/**\n * Watch content tabs\n *\n * @param inputs - Content tabs input elements\n *\n * @returns Content tabs observable\n */\nexport function watchContentTabs(\n  inputs: HTMLInputElement[]\n): Observable<ContentTabs> {\n  const initial = inputs.find(input => input.checked) || inputs[0]\n  return merge(...inputs.map(input => fromEvent(input, \"change\")\n    .pipe(\n      map(() => getElement<HTMLLabelElement>(`label[for=\"${input.id}\"]`))\n    )\n  ))\n    .pipe(\n      startWith(getElement<HTMLLabelElement>(`label[for=\"${initial.id}\"]`)),\n      map(active => ({ active }))\n    )\n}\n\n/**\n * Mount content tabs\n *\n * @param el - Content tabs element\n * @param options - Options\n *\n * @returns Content tabs component observable\n */\nexport function mountContentTabs(\n  el: HTMLElement, { viewport$, target$ }: MountOptions\n): Observable<Component<ContentTabs>> {\n  const container = getElement(\".tabbed-labels\", el)\n  const inputs = getElements<HTMLInputElement>(\":scope > input\", el)\n\n  /* Render content tab previous button for pagination */\n  const prev = renderTabbedControl(\"prev\")\n  el.append(prev)\n\n  /* Render content tab next button for pagination */\n  const next = renderTabbedControl(\"next\")\n  el.append(next)\n\n  /* Mount component on subscription */\n  return defer(() => {\n    const push$ = new Subject<ContentTabs>()\n    const done$ = push$.pipe(ignoreElements(), endWith(true))\n    combineLatest([push$, watchElementSize(el), watchElementVisibility(el)])\n      .pipe(\n        takeUntil(done$),\n        auditTime(1, animationFrameScheduler)\n      )\n        .subscribe({\n\n          /* Handle emission */\n          next([{ active }, size]) {\n            const offset = getElementOffset(active)\n            const { width } = getElementSize(active)\n\n            /* Set tab indicator offset and width */\n            el.style.setProperty(\"--md-indicator-x\", `${offset.x}px`)\n            el.style.setProperty(\"--md-indicator-width\", `${width}px`)\n\n            /* Scroll container to active content tab */\n            const content = getElementContentOffset(container)\n            if (\n              offset.x         < content.x              ||\n              offset.x + width > content.x + size.width\n            )\n              container.scrollTo({\n                left: Math.max(0, offset.x - 16),\n                behavior: \"smooth\"\n              })\n          },\n\n          /* Handle complete */\n          complete() {\n            el.style.removeProperty(\"--md-indicator-x\")\n            el.style.removeProperty(\"--md-indicator-width\")\n          }\n        })\n\n    /* Hide content tab buttons on borders */\n    combineLatest([\n      watchElementContentOffset(container),\n      watchElementSize(container)\n    ])\n      .pipe(\n        takeUntil(done$)\n      )\n        .subscribe(([offset, size]) => {\n          const content = getElementContentSize(container)\n          prev.hidden = offset.x < 16\n          next.hidden = offset.x > content.width - size.width - 16\n        })\n\n    /* Paginate content tab container on click */\n    merge(\n      fromEvent(prev, \"click\").pipe(map(() => -1)),\n      fromEvent(next, \"click\").pipe(map(() => +1))\n    )\n      .pipe(\n        takeUntil(done$)\n      )\n        .subscribe(direction => {\n          const { width } = getElementSize(container)\n          container.scrollBy({\n            left: width * direction,\n            behavior: \"smooth\"\n          })\n        })\n\n    /* Switch to content tab target */\n    target$\n      .pipe(\n        takeUntil(done$),\n        filter(input => inputs.includes(input as HTMLInputElement))\n      )\n        .subscribe(input => input.click())\n\n    /* Add link to each content tab label */\n    container.classList.add(\"tabbed-labels--linked\")\n    for (const input of inputs) {\n      const label = getElement<HTMLLabelElement>(`label[for=\"${input.id}\"]`)\n      label.replaceChildren(h(\"a\", {\n        href: `#${label.htmlFor}`,\n        tabIndex: -1\n      }, ...Array.from(label.childNodes)))\n\n      /* Allow to copy link without scrolling to anchor */\n      fromEvent<MouseEvent>(label.firstElementChild!, \"click\")\n        .pipe(\n          takeUntil(done$),\n          filter(ev => !(ev.metaKey || ev.ctrlKey)),\n          tap(ev => {\n            ev.preventDefault()\n            ev.stopPropagation()\n          })\n        )\n          // @todo we might need to remove the anchor link on complete\n          .subscribe(() => {\n            history.replaceState({}, \"\", `#${label.htmlFor}`)\n            label.click()\n          })\n    }\n\n    /* Set up linking of content tabs, if enabled */\n    if (feature(\"content.tabs.link\"))\n      push$.pipe(\n        skip(1),\n        withLatestFrom(viewport$)\n      )\n        .subscribe(([{ active }, { offset }]) => {\n          const tab = active.innerText.trim()\n          if (active.hasAttribute(\"data-md-switching\")) {\n            active.removeAttribute(\"data-md-switching\")\n\n          /* Determine viewport offset of active tab */\n          } else {\n            const y = el.offsetTop - offset.y\n\n            /* Passively activate other tabs */\n            for (const set of getElements(\"[data-tabs]\"))\n              for (const input of getElements<HTMLInputElement>(\n                \":scope > input\", set\n              )) {\n                const label = getElement(`label[for=\"${input.id}\"]`)\n                if (\n                  label !== active &&\n                  label.innerText.trim() === tab\n                ) {\n                  label.setAttribute(\"data-md-switching\", \"\")\n                  input.click()\n                  break\n                }\n              }\n\n            /* Bring active tab into view */\n            window.scrollTo({\n              top: el.offsetTop - y\n            })\n\n            /* Persist active tabs in local storage */\n            const tabs = __md_get<string[]>(\"__tabs\") || []\n            __md_set(\"__tabs\", [...new Set([tab, ...tabs])])\n          }\n        })\n\n    /* Pause media (audio, video) on switch - see https://bit.ly/3Bk6cel */\n    push$.pipe(takeUntil(done$))\n      .subscribe(() => {\n        for (const media of getElements<HTMLAudioElement>(\"audio, video\", el))\n          media.pause()\n      })\n\n    /* Create and return component */\n    return watchContentTabs(inputs)\n      .pipe(\n        tap(state => push$.next(state)),\n        finalize(() => push$.complete()),\n        map(state => ({ ref: el, ...state }))\n      )\n  })\n    .pipe(\n      subscribeOn(asyncScheduler)\n    )\n}\n", "/*\n * Copyright (c) 2016-2024 Martin Donath <martin.donath@squidfunk.com>\n *\n * Permission is hereby granted, free of charge, to any person obtaining a copy\n * of this software and associated documentation files (the \"Software\"), to\n * deal in the Software without restriction, including without limitation the\n * rights to use, copy, modify, merge, publish, distribute, sublicense, and/or\n * sell copies of the Software, and to permit persons to whom the Software is\n * furnished to do so, subject to the following conditions:\n *\n * The above copyright notice and this permission notice shall be included in\n * all copies or substantial portions of the Software.\n *\n * THE SOFTWARE IS PROVIDED \"AS IS\", WITHOUT WARRANTY OF ANY KIND, EXPRESS OR\n * IMPLIED, INCLUDING BUT NOT LIMITED TO THE WARRANTIES OF MERCHANTABILITY,\n * FITNESS FOR A PARTICULAR PURPOSE AND NON-INFRINGEMENT. IN NO EVENT SHALL THE\n * AUTHORS OR COPYRIGHT HOLDERS BE LIABLE FOR ANY CLAIM, DAMAGES OR OTHER\n * LIABILITY, WHETHER IN AN ACTION OF CONTRACT, TORT OR OTHERWISE, ARISING\n * FROM, OUT OF OR IN CONNECTION WITH THE SOFTWARE OR THE USE OR OTHER DEALINGS\n * IN THE SOFTWARE.\n */\n\nimport { Observable, merge } from \"rxjs\"\n\nimport { feature } from \"~/_\"\nimport { Viewport, getElements } from \"~/browser\"\n\nimport { Component } from \"../../_\"\nimport {\n  Tooltip,\n  mountInlineTooltip2\n} from \"../../tooltip2\"\nimport {\n  Annotation,\n  mountAnnotationBlock\n} from \"../annotation\"\nimport {\n  CodeBlock,\n  mountCodeBlock\n} from \"../code\"\nimport {\n  Details,\n  mountDetails\n} from \"../details\"\nimport {\n  Mermaid,\n  mountMermaid\n} from \"../mermaid\"\nimport {\n  DataTable,\n  mountDataTable\n} from \"../table\"\nimport {\n  ContentTabs,\n  mountContentTabs\n} from \"../tabs\"\n\n/* ----------------------------------------------------------------------------\n * Types\n * ------------------------------------------------------------------------- */\n\n/**\n * Content\n */\nexport type Content =\n  | Annotation\n  | CodeBlock\n  | ContentTabs\n  | DataTable\n  | Details\n  | Mermaid\n  | Tooltip\n\n/* ----------------------------------------------------------------------------\n * Helper types\n * ------------------------------------------------------------------------- */\n\n/**\n * Mount options\n */\ninterface MountOptions {\n  viewport$: Observable<Viewport>      /* Viewport observable */\n  target$: Observable<HTMLElement>     /* Location target observable */\n  print$: Observable<boolean>          /* Media print observable */\n}\n\n/* ----------------------------------------------------------------------------\n * Functions\n * ------------------------------------------------------------------------- */\n\n/**\n * Mount content\n *\n * This function mounts all components that are found in the content of the\n * actual article, including code blocks, data tables and details.\n *\n * @param el - Content element\n * @param options - Options\n *\n * @returns Content component observable\n */\nexport function mountContent(\n  el: HTMLElement, { viewport$, target$, print$ }: MountOptions\n): Observable<Component<Content>> {\n  return merge(\n\n    /* Annotations */\n    ...getElements(\".annotate:not(.highlight)\", el)\n      .map(child => mountAnnotationBlock(child, { target$, print$ })),\n\n    /* Code blocks */\n    ...getElements(\"pre:not(.mermaid) > code\", el)\n      .map(child => mountCodeBlock(child, { target$, print$ })),\n\n    /* Mermaid diagrams */\n    ...getElements(\"pre.mermaid\", el)\n      .map(child => mountMermaid(child)),\n\n    /* Data tables */\n    ...getElements(\"table:not([class])\", el)\n      .map(child => mountDataTable(child)),\n\n    /* Details */\n    ...getElements(\"details\", el)\n      .map(child => mountDetails(child, { target$, print$ })),\n\n    /* Content tabs */\n    ...getElements(\"[data-tabs]\", el)\n      .map(child => mountContentTabs(child, { viewport$, target$ })),\n\n    /* Tooltips */\n    ...getElements(\"[title]\", el)\n      .filter(() => feature(\"content.tooltips\"))\n      .map(child => mountInlineTooltip2(child, { viewport$ }))\n  )\n}\n", "/*\n * Copyright (c) 2016-2024 Martin Donath <martin.donath@squidfunk.com>\n *\n * Permission is hereby granted, free of charge, to any person obtaining a copy\n * of this software and associated documentation files (the \"Software\"), to\n * deal in the Software without restriction, including without limitation the\n * rights to use, copy, modify, merge, publish, distribute, sublicense, and/or\n * sell copies of the Software, and to permit persons to whom the Software is\n * furnished to do so, subject to the following conditions:\n *\n * The above copyright notice and this permission notice shall be included in\n * all copies or substantial portions of the Software.\n *\n * THE SOFTWARE IS PROVIDED \"AS IS\", WITHOUT WARRANTY OF ANY KIND, EXPRESS OR\n * IMPLIED, INCLUDING BUT NOT LIMITED TO THE WARRANTIES OF MERCHANTABILITY,\n * FITNESS FOR A PARTICULAR PURPOSE AND NON-INFRINGEMENT. IN NO EVENT SHALL THE\n * AUTHORS OR COPYRIGHT HOLDERS BE LIABLE FOR ANY CLAIM, DAMAGES OR OTHER\n * LIABILITY, WHETHER IN AN ACTION OF CONTRACT, TORT OR OTHERWISE, ARISING\n * FROM, OUT OF OR IN CONNECTION WITH THE SOFTWARE OR THE USE OR OTHER DEALINGS\n * IN THE SOFTWARE.\n */\n\nimport {\n  Observable,\n  Subject,\n  defer,\n  delay,\n  finalize,\n  map,\n  merge,\n  of,\n  switchMap,\n  tap\n} from \"rxjs\"\n\nimport { getElement } from \"~/browser\"\n\nimport { Component } from \"../_\"\n\n/* ----------------------------------------------------------------------------\n * Types\n * ------------------------------------------------------------------------- */\n\n/**\n * Dialog\n */\nexport interface Dialog {\n  message: string                      /* Dialog message */\n  active: boolean                      /* Dialog is active */\n}\n\n/* ----------------------------------------------------------------------------\n * Helper types\n * ------------------------------------------------------------------------- */\n\n/**\n * Watch options\n */\ninterface WatchOptions {\n  alert$: Subject<string>              /* Alert subject */\n}\n\n/**\n * Mount options\n */\ninterface MountOptions {\n  alert$: Subject<string>              /* Alert subject */\n}\n\n/* ----------------------------------------------------------------------------\n * Functions\n * ------------------------------------------------------------------------- */\n\n/**\n * Watch dialog\n *\n * @param _el - Dialog element\n * @param options - Options\n *\n * @returns Dialog observable\n */\nexport function watchDialog(\n  _el: HTMLElement, { alert$ }: WatchOptions\n): Observable<Dialog> {\n  return alert$\n    .pipe(\n      switchMap(message => merge(\n        of(true),\n        of(false).pipe(delay(2000))\n      )\n        .pipe(\n          map(active => ({ message, active }))\n        )\n      )\n    )\n}\n\n/**\n * Mount dialog\n *\n * This function reveals the dialog in the right corner when a new alert is\n * emitted through the subject that is passed as part of the options.\n *\n * @param el - Dialog element\n * @param options - Options\n *\n * @returns Dialog component observable\n */\nexport function mountDialog(\n  el: HTMLElement, options: MountOptions\n): Observable<Component<Dialog>> {\n  const inner = getElement(\".md-typeset\", el)\n  return defer(() => {\n    const push$ = new Subject<Dialog>()\n    push$.subscribe(({ message, active }) => {\n      el.classList.toggle(\"md-dialog--active\", active)\n      inner.textContent = message\n    })\n\n    /* Create and return component */\n    return watchDialog(el, options)\n      .pipe(\n        tap(state => push$.next(state)),\n        finalize(() => push$.complete()),\n        map(state => ({ ref: el, ...state }))\n      )\n  })\n}\n", "/*\n * Copyright (c) 2016-2024 Martin Donath <martin.donath@squidfunk.com>\n *\n * Permission is hereby granted, free of charge, to any person obtaining a copy\n * of this software and associated documentation files (the \"Software\"), to\n * deal in the Software without restriction, including without limitation the\n * rights to use, copy, modify, merge, publish, distribute, sublicense, and/or\n * sell copies of the Software, and to permit persons to whom the Software is\n * furnished to do so, subject to the following conditions:\n *\n * The above copyright notice and this permission notice shall be included in\n * all copies or substantial portions of the Software.\n *\n * THE SOFTWARE IS PROVIDED \"AS IS\", WITHOUT WARRANTY OF ANY KIND, EXPRESS OR\n * IMPLIED, INCLUDING BUT NOT LIMITED TO THE WARRANTIES OF MERCHANTABILITY,\n * FITNESS FOR A PARTICULAR PURPOSE AND NON-INFRINGEMENT. IN NO EVENT SHALL THE\n * AUTHORS OR COPYRIGHT HOLDERS BE LIABLE FOR ANY CLAIM, DAMAGES OR OTHER\n * LIABILITY, WHETHER IN AN ACTION OF CONTRACT, TORT OR OTHERWISE, ARISING\n * FROM, OUT OF OR IN CONNECTION WITH THE SOFTWARE OR THE USE OR OTHER DEALINGS\n * IN THE SOFTWARE.\n */\n\nimport {\n  EMPTY,\n  Observable,\n  Subject,\n  animationFrameScheduler,\n  asyncScheduler,\n  auditTime,\n  combineLatest,\n  debounceTime,\n  defer,\n  distinctUntilChanged,\n  filter,\n  finalize,\n  map,\n  merge,\n  of,\n  subscribeOn,\n  tap,\n  throttleTime\n} from \"rxjs\"\n\nimport {\n  ElementOffset,\n  getElement,\n  getElementContainer,\n  getElementOffset,\n  getElementSize,\n  watchElementContentOffset,\n  watchElementFocus,\n  watchElementHover\n} from \"~/browser\"\nimport { renderTooltip } from \"~/templates\"\n\nimport { Component } from \"../_\"\n\n/* ----------------------------------------------------------------------------\n * Types\n * ------------------------------------------------------------------------- */\n\n/**\n * Tooltip\n */\nexport interface Tooltip {\n  active: boolean                      /* Tooltip is active */\n  offset: ElementOffset                /* Tooltip offset */\n}\n\n/* ----------------------------------------------------------------------------\n * Data\n * ------------------------------------------------------------------------- */\n\n/**\n * Global sequence number for tooltips\n */\nlet sequence = 0\n\n/* ----------------------------------------------------------------------------\n * Functions\n * ------------------------------------------------------------------------- */\n\n/**\n * Watch tooltip\n *\n * This function will append the tooltip temporarily to compute its width,\n * which is necessary for correct centering, and then removing it again.\n *\n * @param el - Tooltip element\n * @param host - Host element\n *\n * @returns Tooltip observable\n */\nexport function watchTooltip(\n  el: HTMLElement, host: HTMLElement\n): Observable<Tooltip> {\n  document.body.append(el)\n\n  /* Compute width and remove tooltip immediately */\n  const { width } = getElementSize(el)\n  el.style.setProperty(\"--md-tooltip-width\", `${width}px`)\n  el.remove()\n\n  /* Retrieve and watch containing element */\n  const container = getElementContainer(host)\n  const scroll$ =\n    typeof container !== \"undefined\"\n      ? watchElementContentOffset(container)\n      : of({ x: 0, y: 0 })\n\n  /* Compute tooltip visibility */\n  const active$ = merge(\n    watchElementFocus(host),\n    watchElementHover(host)\n  )\n    .pipe(\n      distinctUntilChanged()\n    )\n\n  /* Compute tooltip offset */\n  return combineLatest([active$, scroll$])\n    .pipe(\n      map(([active, scroll]) => {\n        let { x, y } = getElementOffset(host)\n        const size = getElementSize(host)\n\n        /**\n         * Experimental: fix handling of tables - see https://bit.ly/3TQEj5O\n         *\n         * If this proves to be a viable fix, we should refactor tooltip\n         * positioning and somehow streamline the current process. This might\n         * also fix positioning for annotations inside tables, which is another\n         * limitation.\n         */\n        const table = host.closest(\"table\")\n        if (table && host.parentElement) {\n          x += table.offsetLeft + host.parentElement.offsetLeft\n          y += table.offsetTop  + host.parentElement.offsetTop\n        }\n        return {\n          active,\n          offset: {\n            x: x - scroll.x + size.width  / 2 - width / 2,\n            y: y - scroll.y + size.height + 8\n          }\n        }\n      })\n    )\n}\n\n/**\n * Mount tooltip\n *\n * @param el - Host element\n *\n * @returns Tooltip component observable\n */\nexport function mountTooltip(\n  el: HTMLElement\n): Observable<Component<Tooltip>> {\n  const title = el.title\n  if (!title.length)\n    return EMPTY\n\n  /* Render tooltip and set title from host element */\n  const id = `__tooltip_${sequence++}`\n  const tooltip = renderTooltip(id, \"inline\")\n  const typeset = getElement(\".md-typeset\", tooltip)\n  typeset.innerHTML = title\n\n  /* Mount component on subscription */\n  return defer(() => {\n    const push$ = new Subject<Tooltip>()\n    push$.subscribe({\n\n      /* Handle emission */\n      next({ offset }) {\n        tooltip.style.setProperty(\"--md-tooltip-x\", `${offset.x}px`)\n        tooltip.style.setProperty(\"--md-tooltip-y\", `${offset.y}px`)\n      },\n\n      /* Handle complete */\n      complete() {\n        tooltip.style.removeProperty(\"--md-tooltip-x\")\n        tooltip.style.removeProperty(\"--md-tooltip-y\")\n      }\n    })\n\n    /* Toggle tooltip presence to mitigate empty lines when copying */\n    merge(\n      push$.pipe(filter(({ active }) => active)),\n      push$.pipe(debounceTime(250), filter(({ active }) => !active))\n    )\n      .subscribe({\n\n        /* Handle emission */\n        next({ active }) {\n          if (active) {\n            el.insertAdjacentElement(\"afterend\", tooltip)\n            el.setAttribute(\"aria-describedby\", id)\n            el.removeAttribute(\"title\")\n          } else {\n            tooltip.remove()\n            el.removeAttribute(\"aria-describedby\")\n            el.setAttribute(\"title\", title)\n          }\n        },\n\n        /* Handle complete */\n        complete() {\n          tooltip.remove()\n          el.removeAttribute(\"aria-describedby\")\n          el.setAttribute(\"title\", title)\n        }\n      })\n\n    /* Toggle tooltip visibility */\n    push$\n      .pipe(\n        auditTime(16, animationFrameScheduler)\n      )\n        .subscribe(({ active }) => {\n          tooltip.classList.toggle(\"md-tooltip--active\", active)\n        })\n\n    // @todo - refactor positioning together with annotations \u2013 there are\n    // several things that overlap and are identical in handling\n\n    /* Track relative origin of tooltip */\n    push$\n      .pipe(\n        throttleTime(125, animationFrameScheduler),\n        filter(() => !!el.offsetParent),\n        map(() => el.offsetParent!.getBoundingClientRect()),\n        map(({ x }) => x)\n      )\n      .subscribe({\n\n        /* Handle emission */\n        next(origin) {\n          if (origin)\n            tooltip.style.setProperty(\"--md-tooltip-0\", `${-origin}px`)\n          else\n            tooltip.style.removeProperty(\"--md-tooltip-0\")\n        },\n\n        /* Handle complete */\n        complete() {\n          tooltip.style.removeProperty(\"--md-tooltip-0\")\n        }\n      })\n\n    /* Create and return component */\n    return watchTooltip(tooltip, el)\n      .pipe(\n        tap(state => push$.next(state)),\n        finalize(() => push$.complete()),\n        map(state => ({ ref: el, ...state }))\n      )\n  })\n    .pipe(\n      subscribeOn(asyncScheduler)\n    )\n}\n", "/*\n * Copyright (c) 2016-2024 Martin Donath <martin.donath@squidfunk.com>\n *\n * Permission is hereby granted, free of charge, to any person obtaining a copy\n * of this software and associated documentation files (the \"Software\"), to\n * deal in the Software without restriction, including without limitation the\n * rights to use, copy, modify, merge, publish, distribute, sublicense, and/or\n * sell copies of the Software, and to permit persons to whom the Software is\n * furnished to do so, subject to the following conditions:\n *\n * The above copyright notice and this permission notice shall be included in\n * all copies or substantial portions of the Software.\n *\n * THE SOFTWARE IS PROVIDED \"AS IS\", WITHOUT WARRANTY OF ANY KIND, EXPRESS OR\n * IMPLIED, INCLUDING BUT NOT LIMITED TO THE WARRANTIES OF MERCHANTABILITY,\n * FITNESS FOR A PARTICULAR PURPOSE AND NON-INFRINGEMENT. IN NO EVENT SHALL THE\n * AUTHORS OR COPYRIGHT HOLDERS BE LIABLE FOR ANY CLAIM, DAMAGES OR OTHER\n * LIABILITY, WHETHER IN AN ACTION OF CONTRACT, TORT OR OTHERWISE, ARISING\n * FROM, OUT OF OR IN CONNECTION WITH THE SOFTWARE OR THE USE OR OTHER DEALINGS\n * IN THE SOFTWARE.\n */\n\nimport {\n  Observable,\n  Subject,\n  bufferCount,\n  combineLatest,\n  combineLatestWith,\n  defer,\n  distinctUntilChanged,\n  distinctUntilKeyChanged,\n  endWith,\n  filter,\n  from,\n  ignoreElements,\n  map,\n  mergeMap,\n  mergeWith,\n  of,\n  shareReplay,\n  startWith,\n  switchMap,\n  takeUntil\n} from \"rxjs\"\n\nimport { feature } from \"~/_\"\nimport {\n  Viewport,\n  getElements,\n  watchElementSize,\n  watchToggle\n} from \"~/browser\"\n\nimport { Component } from \"../../_\"\nimport { Main } from \"../../main\"\nimport {\n  Tooltip,\n  mountTooltip\n} from \"../../tooltip\"\n\n/* ----------------------------------------------------------------------------\n * Types\n * ------------------------------------------------------------------------- */\n\n/**\n * Header\n */\nexport interface Header {\n  height: number                       /* Header visible height */\n  hidden: boolean                      /* Header is hidden */\n}\n\n/* ----------------------------------------------------------------------------\n * Helper types\n * ------------------------------------------------------------------------- */\n\n/**\n * Watch options\n */\ninterface WatchOptions {\n  viewport$: Observable<Viewport>      /* Viewport observable */\n}\n\n/**\n * Mount options\n */\ninterface MountOptions {\n  viewport$: Observable<Viewport>      /* Viewport observable */\n  header$: Observable<Header>          /* Header observable */\n  main$: Observable<Main>              /* Main area observable */\n}\n\n/* ----------------------------------------------------------------------------\n * Helper functions\n * ------------------------------------------------------------------------- */\n\n/**\n * Compute whether the header is hidden\n *\n * If the user scrolls past a certain threshold, the header can be hidden when\n * scrolling down, and shown when scrolling up.\n *\n * @param options - Options\n *\n * @returns Toggle observable\n */\nfunction isHidden({ viewport$ }: WatchOptions): Observable<boolean> {\n  if (!feature(\"header.autohide\"))\n    return of(false)\n\n  /* Compute direction and turning point */\n  const direction$ = viewport$\n    .pipe(\n      map(({ offset: { y } }) => y),\n      bufferCount(2, 1),\n      map(([a, b]) => [a < b, b] as const),\n      distinctUntilKeyChanged(0)\n    )\n\n  /* Compute whether header should be hidden */\n  const hidden$ = combineLatest([viewport$, direction$])\n    .pipe(\n      filter(([{ offset }, [, y]]) => Math.abs(y - offset.y) > 100),\n      map(([, [direction]]) => direction),\n      distinctUntilChanged()\n    )\n\n  /* Compute threshold for hiding */\n  const search$ = watchToggle(\"search\")\n  return combineLatest([viewport$, search$])\n    .pipe(\n      map(([{ offset }, search]) => offset.y > 400 && !search),\n      distinctUntilChanged(),\n      switchMap(active => active ? hidden$ : of(false)),\n      startWith(false)\n    )\n}\n\n/* ----------------------------------------------------------------------------\n * Functions\n * ------------------------------------------------------------------------- */\n\n/**\n * Watch header\n *\n * @param el - Header element\n * @param options - Options\n *\n * @returns Header observable\n */\nexport function watchHeader(\n  el: HTMLElement, options: WatchOptions\n): Observable<Header> {\n  return defer(() => combineLatest([\n    watchElementSize(el),\n    isHidden(options)\n  ]))\n    .pipe(\n      map(([{ height }, hidden]) => ({\n        height,\n        hidden\n      })),\n      distinctUntilChanged((a, b) => (\n        a.height === b.height &&\n        a.hidden === b.hidden\n      )),\n      shareReplay(1)\n    )\n}\n\n/**\n * Mount header\n *\n * This function manages the different states of the header, i.e. whether it's\n * hidden or rendered with a shadow. This depends heavily on the main area.\n *\n * @param el - Header element\n * @param options - Options\n *\n * @returns Header component observable\n */\nexport function mountHeader(\n  el: HTMLElement, { header$, main$ }: MountOptions\n): Observable<Component<Header | Tooltip>> {\n  return defer(() => {\n    const push$ = new Subject<Main>()\n    const done$ = push$.pipe(ignoreElements(), endWith(true))\n    push$\n      .pipe(\n        distinctUntilKeyChanged(\"active\"),\n        combineLatestWith(header$)\n      )\n        .subscribe(([{ active }, { hidden }]) => {\n          el.classList.toggle(\"md-header--shadow\", active && !hidden)\n          el.hidden = hidden\n        })\n\n    /* Mount tooltips, if enabled */\n    const tooltips = from(getElements(\"[title]\", el))\n      .pipe(\n        filter(() => feature(\"content.tooltips\")),\n        mergeMap(child => mountTooltip(child))\n      )\n\n    /* Link to main area */\n    main$.subscribe(push$)\n\n    /* Create and return component */\n    return header$\n      .pipe(\n        takeUntil(done$),\n        map(state => ({ ref: el, ...state })),\n        mergeWith(tooltips.pipe(takeUntil(done$)))\n      )\n  })\n}\n", "/*\n * Copyright (c) 2016-2024 Martin Donath <martin.donath@squidfunk.com>\n *\n * Permission is hereby granted, free of charge, to any person obtaining a copy\n * of this software and associated documentation files (the \"Software\"), to\n * deal in the Software without restriction, including without limitation the\n * rights to use, copy, modify, merge, publish, distribute, sublicense, and/or\n * sell copies of the Software, and to permit persons to whom the Software is\n * furnished to do so, subject to the following conditions:\n *\n * The above copyright notice and this permission notice shall be included in\n * all copies or substantial portions of the Software.\n *\n * THE SOFTWARE IS PROVIDED \"AS IS\", WITHOUT WARRANTY OF ANY KIND, EXPRESS OR\n * IMPLIED, INCLUDING BUT NOT LIMITED TO THE WARRANTIES OF MERCHANTABILITY,\n * FITNESS FOR A PARTICULAR PURPOSE AND NON-INFRINGEMENT. IN NO EVENT SHALL THE\n * AUTHORS OR COPYRIGHT HOLDERS BE LIABLE FOR ANY CLAIM, DAMAGES OR OTHER\n * LIABILITY, WHETHER IN AN ACTION OF CONTRACT, TORT OR OTHERWISE, ARISING\n * FROM, OUT OF OR IN CONNECTION WITH THE SOFTWARE OR THE USE OR OTHER DEALINGS\n * IN THE SOFTWARE.\n */\n\nimport {\n  EMPTY,\n  Observable,\n  Subject,\n  defer,\n  distinctUntilKeyChanged,\n  finalize,\n  map,\n  tap\n} from \"rxjs\"\n\nimport {\n  Viewport,\n  getElementSize,\n  getOptionalElement,\n  watchViewportAt\n} from \"~/browser\"\n\nimport { Component } from \"../../_\"\nimport { Header } from \"../_\"\n\n/* ----------------------------------------------------------------------------\n * Types\n * ------------------------------------------------------------------------- */\n\n/**\n * Header\n */\nexport interface HeaderTitle {\n  active: boolean                      /* Header title is active */\n}\n\n/* ----------------------------------------------------------------------------\n * Helper types\n * ------------------------------------------------------------------------- */\n\n/**\n * Watch options\n */\ninterface WatchOptions {\n  viewport$: Observable<Viewport>      /* Viewport observable */\n  header$: Observable<Header>          /* Header observable */\n}\n\n/**\n * Mount options\n */\ninterface MountOptions {\n  viewport$: Observable<Viewport>      /* Viewport observable */\n  header$: Observable<Header>          /* Header observable */\n}\n\n/* ----------------------------------------------------------------------------\n * Functions\n * ------------------------------------------------------------------------- */\n\n/**\n * Watch header title\n *\n * @param el - Heading element\n * @param options - Options\n *\n * @returns Header title observable\n */\nexport function watchHeaderTitle(\n  el: HTMLElement, { viewport$, header$ }: WatchOptions\n): Observable<HeaderTitle> {\n  return watchViewportAt(el, { viewport$, header$ })\n    .pipe(\n      map(({ offset: { y } }) => {\n        const { height } = getElementSize(el)\n        return {\n          active: y >= height\n        }\n      }),\n      distinctUntilKeyChanged(\"active\")\n    )\n}\n\n/**\n * Mount header title\n *\n * This function swaps the header title from the site title to the title of the\n * current page when the user scrolls past the first headline.\n *\n * @param el - Header title element\n * @param options - Options\n *\n * @returns Header title component observable\n */\nexport function mountHeaderTitle(\n  el: HTMLElement, options: MountOptions\n): Observable<Component<HeaderTitle>> {\n  return defer(() => {\n    const push$ = new Subject<HeaderTitle>()\n    push$.subscribe({\n\n      /* Handle emission */\n      next({ active }) {\n        el.classList.toggle(\"md-header__title--active\", active)\n      },\n\n      /* Handle complete */\n      complete() {\n        el.classList.remove(\"md-header__title--active\")\n      }\n    })\n\n    /* Obtain headline, if any */\n    const heading = getOptionalElement(\".md-content h1\")\n    if (typeof heading === \"undefined\")\n      return EMPTY\n\n    /* Create and return component */\n    return watchHeaderTitle(heading, options)\n      .pipe(\n        tap(state => push$.next(state)),\n        finalize(() => push$.complete()),\n        map(state => ({ ref: el, ...state }))\n      )\n  })\n}\n", "/*\n * Copyright (c) 2016-2024 Martin Donath <martin.donath@squidfunk.com>\n *\n * Permission is hereby granted, free of charge, to any person obtaining a copy\n * of this software and associated documentation files (the \"Software\"), to\n * deal in the Software without restriction, including without limitation the\n * rights to use, copy, modify, merge, publish, distribute, sublicense, and/or\n * sell copies of the Software, and to permit persons to whom the Software is\n * furnished to do so, subject to the following conditions:\n *\n * The above copyright notice and this permission notice shall be included in\n * all copies or substantial portions of the Software.\n *\n * THE SOFTWARE IS PROVIDED \"AS IS\", WITHOUT WARRANTY OF ANY KIND, EXPRESS OR\n * IMPLIED, INCLUDING BUT NOT LIMITED TO THE WARRANTIES OF MERCHANTABILITY,\n * FITNESS FOR A PARTICULAR PURPOSE AND NON-INFRINGEMENT. IN NO EVENT SHALL THE\n * AUTHORS OR COPYRIGHT HOLDERS BE LIABLE FOR ANY CLAIM, DAMAGES OR OTHER\n * LIABILITY, WHETHER IN AN ACTION OF CONTRACT, TORT OR OTHERWISE, ARISING\n * FROM, OUT OF OR IN CONNECTION WITH THE SOFTWARE OR THE USE OR OTHER DEALINGS\n * IN THE SOFTWARE.\n */\n\nimport {\n  Observable,\n  combineLatest,\n  distinctUntilChanged,\n  distinctUntilKeyChanged,\n  map,\n  switchMap\n} from \"rxjs\"\n\nimport {\n  Viewport,\n  watchElementSize\n} from \"~/browser\"\n\nimport { Header } from \"../header\"\n\n/* ----------------------------------------------------------------------------\n * Types\n * ------------------------------------------------------------------------- */\n\n/**\n * Main area\n */\nexport interface Main {\n  offset: number                       /* Main area top offset */\n  height: number                       /* Main area visible height */\n  active: boolean                      /* Main area is active */\n}\n\n/* ----------------------------------------------------------------------------\n * Helper types\n * ------------------------------------------------------------------------- */\n\n/**\n * Watch options\n */\ninterface WatchOptions {\n  viewport$: Observable<Viewport>      /* Viewport observable */\n  header$: Observable<Header>          /* Header observable */\n}\n\n/* ----------------------------------------------------------------------------\n * Functions\n * ------------------------------------------------------------------------- */\n\n/**\n * Watch main area\n *\n * This function returns an observable that computes the visual parameters of\n * the main area which depends on the viewport vertical offset and height, as\n * well as the height of the header element, if the header is fixed.\n *\n * @param el - Main area element\n * @param options - Options\n *\n * @returns Main area observable\n */\nexport function watchMain(\n  el: HTMLElement, { viewport$, header$ }: WatchOptions\n): Observable<Main> {\n\n  /* Compute necessary adjustment for header */\n  const adjust$ = header$\n    .pipe(\n      map(({ height }) => height),\n      distinctUntilChanged()\n    )\n\n  /* Compute the main area's top and bottom borders */\n  const border$ = adjust$\n    .pipe(\n      switchMap(() => watchElementSize(el)\n        .pipe(\n          map(({ height }) => ({\n            top:    el.offsetTop,\n            bottom: el.offsetTop + height\n          })),\n          distinctUntilKeyChanged(\"bottom\")\n        )\n      )\n    )\n\n  /* Compute the main area's offset, visible height and if we scrolled past */\n  return combineLatest([adjust$, border$, viewport$])\n    .pipe(\n      map(([header, { top, bottom }, { offset: { y }, size: { height } }]) => {\n        height = Math.max(0, height\n          - Math.max(0, top    - y,  header)\n          - Math.max(0, height + y - bottom)\n        )\n        return {\n          offset: top - header,\n          height,\n          active: top - header <= y\n        }\n      }),\n      distinctUntilChanged((a, b) => (\n        a.offset === b.offset &&\n        a.height === b.height &&\n        a.active === b.active\n      ))\n    )\n}\n", "/*\n * Copyright (c) 2016-2024 Martin Donath <martin.donath@squidfunk.com>\n *\n * Permission is hereby granted, free of charge, to any person obtaining a copy\n * of this software and associated documentation files (the \"Software\"), to\n * deal in the Software without restriction, including without limitation the\n * rights to use, copy, modify, merge, publish, distribute, sublicense, and/or\n * sell copies of the Software, and to permit persons to whom the Software is\n * furnished to do so, subject to the following conditions:\n *\n * The above copyright notice and this permission notice shall be included in\n * all copies or substantial portions of the Software.\n *\n * THE SOFTWARE IS PROVIDED \"AS IS\", WITHOUT WARRANTY OF ANY KIND, EXPRESS OR\n * IMPLIED, INCLUDING BUT NOT LIMITED TO THE WARRANTIES OF MERCHANTABILITY,\n * FITNESS FOR A PARTICULAR PURPOSE AND NON-INFRINGEMENT. IN NO EVENT SHALL THE\n * AUTHORS OR COPYRIGHT HOLDERS BE LIABLE FOR ANY CLAIM, DAMAGES OR OTHER\n * LIABILITY, WHETHER IN AN ACTION OF CONTRACT, TORT OR OTHERWISE, ARISING\n * FROM, OUT OF OR IN CONNECTION WITH THE SOFTWARE OR THE USE OR OTHER DEALINGS\n * IN THE SOFTWARE.\n */\n\nimport {\n  Observable,\n  Subject,\n  asyncScheduler,\n  defer,\n  filter,\n  finalize,\n  fromEvent,\n  map,\n  mergeMap,\n  observeOn,\n  of,\n  repeat,\n  shareReplay,\n  skip,\n  startWith,\n  takeUntil,\n  tap,\n  withLatestFrom\n} from \"rxjs\"\n\nimport { getElements, watchMedia } from \"~/browser\"\nimport { h } from \"~/utilities\"\n\nimport {\n  Component,\n  getComponentElement\n} from \"../_\"\n\n/* ----------------------------------------------------------------------------\n * Types\n * ------------------------------------------------------------------------- */\n\n/**\n * Palette colors\n */\nexport interface PaletteColor {\n  media?: string                       /* Media query */\n  scheme?: string                      /* Color scheme */\n  primary?: string                     /* Primary color */\n  accent?: string                      /* Accent color */\n}\n\n/**\n * Palette\n */\nexport interface Palette {\n  index: number                        /* Palette index */\n  color: PaletteColor                  /* Palette colors */\n}\n\n/* ----------------------------------------------------------------------------\n * Functions\n * ------------------------------------------------------------------------- */\n\n/**\n * Watch color palette\n *\n * @param inputs - Color palette element\n *\n * @returns Color palette observable\n */\nexport function watchPalette(\n  inputs: HTMLInputElement[]\n): Observable<Palette> {\n  const current = __md_get<Palette>(\"__palette\") || {\n    index: inputs.findIndex(input => matchMedia(\n      input.getAttribute(\"data-md-color-media\")!\n    ).matches)\n  }\n\n  /* Emit changes in color palette */\n  const index = Math.max(0, Math.min(current.index, inputs.length - 1))\n  return of(...inputs)\n    .pipe(\n      mergeMap(input => fromEvent(input, \"change\").pipe(map(() => input))),\n      startWith(inputs[index]),\n      map(input => ({\n        index: inputs.indexOf(input),\n        color: {\n          media:   input.getAttribute(\"data-md-color-media\"),\n          scheme:  input.getAttribute(\"data-md-color-scheme\"),\n          primary: input.getAttribute(\"data-md-color-primary\"),\n          accent:  input.getAttribute(\"data-md-color-accent\")\n        }\n      } as Palette)),\n      shareReplay(1)\n    )\n}\n\n/**\n * Mount color palette\n *\n * @param el - Color palette element\n *\n * @returns Color palette component observable\n */\nexport function mountPalette(\n  el: HTMLElement\n): Observable<Component<Palette>> {\n  const inputs = getElements<HTMLInputElement>(\"input\", el)\n  const meta = h(\"meta\", { name: \"theme-color\" })\n  document.head.appendChild(meta)\n\n  // Add color scheme meta tag\n  const scheme = h(\"meta\", { name: \"color-scheme\" })\n  document.head.appendChild(scheme)\n\n  /* Mount component on subscription */\n  const media$ = watchMedia(\"(prefers-color-scheme: light)\")\n  return defer(() => {\n    const push$ = new Subject<Palette>()\n    push$.subscribe(palette => {\n      document.body.setAttribute(\"data-md-color-switching\", \"\")\n\n      /* Retrieve color palette for system preference */\n      if (palette.color.media === \"(prefers-color-scheme)\") {\n        const media = matchMedia(\"(prefers-color-scheme: light)\")\n        const input = document.querySelector(media.matches\n          ? \"[data-md-color-media='(prefers-color-scheme: light)']\"\n          : \"[data-md-color-media='(prefers-color-scheme: dark)']\"\n        )!\n\n        /* Retrieve colors for system preference */\n        palette.color.scheme  = input.getAttribute(\"data-md-color-scheme\")!\n        palette.color.primary = input.getAttribute(\"data-md-color-primary\")!\n        palette.color.accent  = input.getAttribute(\"data-md-color-accent\")!\n      }\n\n      /* Set color palette */\n      for (const [key, value] of Object.entries(palette.color))\n        document.body.setAttribute(`data-md-color-${key}`, value)\n\n      /* Set toggle visibility */\n      for (let index = 0; index < inputs.length; index++) {\n        const label = inputs[index].nextElementSibling\n        if (label instanceof HTMLElement)\n          label.hidden = palette.index !== index\n      }\n\n      /* Persist preference in local storage */\n      __md_set(\"__palette\", palette)\n    })\n\n    // Handle color switch on Enter or Space - see https://t.ly/YIhVj\n    fromEvent<KeyboardEvent>(el, \"keydown\").pipe(\n      filter(ev => ev.key === \"Enter\"),\n      withLatestFrom(push$, (_, palette) => palette)\n    )\n      .subscribe(({ index }) => {\n        index = (index + 1) % inputs.length\n        inputs[index].click()\n        inputs[index].focus()\n      })\n\n    /* Update theme-color meta tag */\n    push$\n      .pipe(\n        map(() => {\n          const header = getComponentElement(\"header\")\n          const style  = window.getComputedStyle(header)\n\n          // Set color scheme\n          scheme.content = style.colorScheme\n\n          /* Return color in hexadecimal format */\n          return style.backgroundColor.match(/\\d+/g)!\n            .map(value => (+value).toString(16).padStart(2, \"0\"))\n            .join(\"\")\n        })\n      )\n        .subscribe(color => meta.content = `#${color}`)\n\n    /* Revert transition durations after color switch */\n    push$.pipe(observeOn(asyncScheduler))\n      .subscribe(() => {\n        document.body.removeAttribute(\"data-md-color-switching\")\n      })\n\n    /* Create and return component */\n    return watchPalette(inputs)\n      .pipe(\n        takeUntil(media$.pipe(skip(1))),\n        repeat(),\n        tap(state => push$.next(state)),\n        finalize(() => push$.complete()),\n        map(state => ({ ref: el, ...state }))\n      )\n  })\n}\n", "/*\n * Copyright (c) 2016-2024 Martin Donath <martin.donath@squidfunk.com>\n *\n * Permission is hereby granted, free of charge, to any person obtaining a copy\n * of this software and associated documentation files (the \"Software\"), to\n * deal in the Software without restriction, including without limitation the\n * rights to use, copy, modify, merge, publish, distribute, sublicense, and/or\n * sell copies of the Software, and to permit persons to whom the Software is\n * furnished to do so, subject to the following conditions:\n *\n * The above copyright notice and this permission notice shall be included in\n * all copies or substantial portions of the Software.\n *\n * THE SOFTWARE IS PROVIDED \"AS IS\", WITHOUT WARRANTY OF ANY KIND, EXPRESS OR\n * IMPLIED, INCLUDING BUT NOT LIMITED TO THE WARRANTIES OF MERCHANTABILITY,\n * FITNESS FOR A PARTICULAR PURPOSE AND NON-INFRINGEMENT. IN NO EVENT SHALL THE\n * AUTHORS OR COPYRIGHT HOLDERS BE LIABLE FOR ANY CLAIM, DAMAGES OR OTHER\n * LIABILITY, WHETHER IN AN ACTION OF CONTRACT, TORT OR OTHERWISE, ARISING\n * FROM, OUT OF OR IN CONNECTION WITH THE SOFTWARE OR THE USE OR OTHER DEALINGS\n * IN THE SOFTWARE.\n */\n\nimport {\n  Observable,\n  Subject,\n  defer,\n  finalize,\n  map,\n  tap\n} from \"rxjs\"\n\nimport { Component } from \"../_\"\n\n/* ----------------------------------------------------------------------------\n * Types\n * ------------------------------------------------------------------------- */\n\n/**\n * Progress indicator\n */\nexport interface Progress {\n  value: number                        // Progress value\n}\n\n/* ----------------------------------------------------------------------------\n * Helper types\n * ------------------------------------------------------------------------- */\n\n/**\n * Mount options\n */\ninterface MountOptions {\n  progress$: Subject<number>           // Progress subject\n}\n\n/* ----------------------------------------------------------------------------\n * Functions\n * ------------------------------------------------------------------------- */\n\n/**\n * Mount progress indicator\n *\n * @param el - Progress indicator element\n * @param options - Options\n *\n * @returns Progress indicator component observable\n */\nexport function mountProgress(\n  el: HTMLElement, { progress$ }: MountOptions\n): Observable<Component<Progress>> {\n\n  // Mount component on subscription\n  return defer(() => {\n    const push$ = new Subject<Progress>()\n    push$.subscribe(({ value }) => {\n      el.style.setProperty(\"--md-progress-value\", `${value}`)\n    })\n\n    // Create and return component\n    return progress$\n      .pipe(\n        tap(value => push$.next({ value })),\n        finalize(() => push$.complete()),\n        map(value => ({ ref: el, value }))\n      )\n  })\n}\n", "/*\n * Copyright (c) 2016-2024 Martin Donath <martin.donath@squidfunk.com>\n *\n * Permission is hereby granted, free of charge, to any person obtaining a copy\n * of this software and associated documentation files (the \"Software\"), to\n * deal in the Software without restriction, including without limitation the\n * rights to use, copy, modify, merge, publish, distribute, sublicense, and/or\n * sell copies of the Software, and to permit persons to whom the Software is\n * furnished to do so, subject to the following conditions:\n *\n * The above copyright notice and this permission notice shall be included in\n * all copies or substantial portions of the Software.\n *\n * THE SOFTWARE IS PROVIDED \"AS IS\", WITHOUT WARRANTY OF ANY KIND, EXPRESS OR\n * IMPLIED, INCLUDING BUT NOT LIMITED TO THE WARRANTIES OF MERCHANTABILITY,\n * FITNESS FOR A PARTICULAR PURPOSE AND NON-INFRINGEMENT. IN NO EVENT SHALL THE\n * AUTHORS OR COPYRIGHT HOLDERS BE LIABLE FOR ANY CLAIM, DAMAGES OR OTHER\n * LIABILITY, WHETHER IN AN ACTION OF CONTRACT, TORT OR OTHERWISE, ARISING\n * FROM, OUT OF OR IN CONNECTION WITH THE SOFTWARE OR THE USE OR OTHER DEALINGS\n * IN THE SOFTWARE.\n */\n\nimport ClipboardJS from \"clipboard\"\nimport {\n  Observable,\n  Subject,\n  map,\n  tap\n} from \"rxjs\"\n\nimport { translation } from \"~/_\"\nimport { getElement } from \"~/browser\"\n\n/* ----------------------------------------------------------------------------\n * Helper types\n * ------------------------------------------------------------------------- */\n\n/**\n * Setup options\n */\ninterface SetupOptions {\n  alert$: Subject<string>              /* Alert subject */\n}\n\n/* ----------------------------------------------------------------------------\n * Helper functions\n * ------------------------------------------------------------------------- */\n\n/**\n * Extract text to copy\n *\n * @param el - HTML element\n *\n * @returns Extracted text\n */\nfunction extract(el: HTMLElement): string {\n  el.setAttribute(\"data-md-copying\", \"\")\n  const copy = el.closest(\"[data-copy]\")\n  const text = copy\n    ? copy.getAttribute(\"data-copy\")!\n    : el.innerText\n  el.removeAttribute(\"data-md-copying\")\n  return text.trimEnd()\n}\n\n/* ----------------------------------------------------------------------------\n * Functions\n * ------------------------------------------------------------------------- */\n\n/**\n * Set up Clipboard.js integration\n *\n * @param options - Options\n */\nexport function setupClipboardJS(\n  { alert$ }: SetupOptions\n): void {\n  if (ClipboardJS.isSupported()) {\n    new Observable<ClipboardJS.Event>(subscriber => {\n      new ClipboardJS(\"[data-clipboard-target], [data-clipboard-text]\", {\n        text: el => (\n          el.getAttribute(\"data-clipboard-text\")! ||\n          extract(getElement(\n            el.getAttribute(\"data-clipboard-target\")!\n          ))\n        )\n      })\n        .on(\"success\", ev => subscriber.next(ev))\n    })\n      .pipe(\n        tap(ev => {\n          const trigger = ev.trigger as HTMLElement\n          trigger.focus()\n        }),\n        map(() => translation(\"clipboard.copied\"))\n      )\n        .subscribe(alert$)\n  }\n}\n", "/*\n * Copyright (c) 2016-2024 Martin Donath <martin.donath@squidfunk.com>\n *\n * Permission is hereby granted, free of charge, to any person obtaining a copy\n * of this software and associated documentation files (the \"Software\"), to\n * deal in the Software without restriction, including without limitation the\n * rights to use, copy, modify, merge, publish, distribute, sublicense, and/or\n * sell copies of the Software, and to permit persons to whom the Software is\n * furnished to do so, subject to the following conditions:\n *\n * The above copyright notice and this permission notice shall be included in\n * all copies or substantial portions of the Software.\n *\n * THE SOFTWARE IS PROVIDED \"AS IS\", WITHOUT WARRANTY OF ANY KIND, EXPRESS OR\n * IMPLIED, INCLUDING BUT NOT LIMITED TO THE WARRANTIES OF MERCHANTABILITY,\n * FITNESS FOR A PARTICULAR PURPOSE AND NON-INFRINGEMENT. IN NO EVENT SHALL THE\n * AUTHORS OR COPYRIGHT HOLDERS BE LIABLE FOR ANY CLAIM, DAMAGES OR OTHER\n * LIABILITY, WHETHER IN AN ACTION OF CONTRACT, TORT OR OTHERWISE, ARISING\n * FROM, OUT OF OR IN CONNECTION WITH THE SOFTWARE OR THE USE OR OTHER DEALINGS\n * IN THE SOFTWARE.\n */\n\nimport {\n  Observable,\n  catchError,\n  map,\n  of\n} from \"rxjs\"\n\nimport {\n  getElement,\n  getElements,\n  requestXML\n} from \"~/browser\"\n\n/* ----------------------------------------------------------------------------\n * Types\n * ------------------------------------------------------------------------- */\n\n/**\n * Sitemap, i.e. a list of URLs\n */\nexport type Sitemap = Map<string, URL[]>\n\n/* ----------------------------------------------------------------------------\n * Helper functions\n * ------------------------------------------------------------------------- */\n\n/**\n * Resolve URL to the given base URL\n *\n * When serving the site with instant navigation, MkDocs will set the hostname\n * to the value as specified in `dev_addr`, but the browser allows for several\n * hostnames to be used: `localhost`, `127.0.0.1` or even `0.0.0.0`, depending\n * on configuration. This function resolves the URL to the given hostname.\n *\n * @param url - URL\n * @param base - Base URL\n *\n * @returns Resolved URL\n */\nfunction resolve(url: URL, base: URL) {\n  url.protocol = base.protocol\n  url.hostname = base.hostname\n  return url\n}\n\n/**\n * Extract sitemap from document\n *\n * This function extracts the URLs and alternate links from the document, and\n * associates alternate links to the original URL as found in `loc`, allowing\n * the browser to navigate to the correct page when switching languages. The\n * format of the sitemap is expected to adhere to:\n *\n * ``` xml\n * <urlset>\n *   <url>\n *     <loc>...</loc>\n *     <xhtml:link rel=\"alternate\" hreflang=\"en\" href=\"...\"/>\n *     <xhtml:link rel=\"alternate\" hreflang=\"de\" href=\"...\"/>\n *     ...\n *   </url>\n *   ...\n * </urlset>\n * ```\n *\n * @param document - Document\n * @param base - Base URL\n *\n * @returns Sitemap\n */\nfunction extract(document: Document, base: URL): Sitemap {\n  const sitemap: Sitemap = new Map()\n  for (const el of getElements(\"url\", document)) {\n    const url = getElement(\"loc\", el)\n\n    // Create entry for location and add it to the list of links\n    const links = [resolve(new URL(url.textContent!), base)]\n    sitemap.set(`${links[0]}`, links)\n\n    // Attach alternate links to current entry\n    for (const link of getElements(\"[rel=alternate]\", el)) {\n      const href = link.getAttribute(\"href\")\n      if (href != null)\n        links.push(resolve(new URL(href), base))\n    }\n  }\n\n  // Return sitemap\n  return sitemap\n}\n\n/* ----------------------------------------------------------------------------\n * Functions\n * ------------------------------------------------------------------------- */\n\n/**\n * Fetch the sitemap for the given base URL\n *\n * If a network or parsing error occurs, we just default to an empty sitemap,\n * which means the caller should fall back to regular navigation.\n *\n * @param base - Base URL\n *\n * @returns Sitemap observable\n */\nexport function fetchSitemap(base: URL | string): Observable<Sitemap> {\n  return requestXML(new URL(\"sitemap.xml\", base))\n    .pipe(\n      map(document => extract(document, new URL(base))),\n      catchError(() => of(new Map())),\n    )\n}\n", "/*\n * Copyright (c) 2016-2024 Martin Donath <martin.donath@squidfunk.com>\n *\n * Permission is hereby granted, free of charge, to any person obtaining a copy\n * of this software and associated documentation files (the \"Software\"), to\n * deal in the Software without restriction, including without limitation the\n * rights to use, copy, modify, merge, publish, distribute, sublicense, and/or\n * sell copies of the Software, and to permit persons to whom the Software is\n * furnished to do so, subject to the following conditions:\n *\n * The above copyright notice and this permission notice shall be included in\n * all copies or substantial portions of the Software.\n *\n * THE SOFTWARE IS PROVIDED \"AS IS\", WITHOUT WARRANTY OF ANY KIND, EXPRESS OR\n * IMPLIED, INCLUDING BUT NOT LIMITED TO THE WARRANTIES OF MERCHANTABILITY,\n * FITNESS FOR A PARTICULAR PURPOSE AND NON-INFRINGEMENT. IN NO EVENT SHALL THE\n * AUTHORS OR COPYRIGHT HOLDERS BE LIABLE FOR ANY CLAIM, DAMAGES OR OTHER\n * LIABILITY, WHETHER IN AN ACTION OF CONTRACT, TORT OR OTHERWISE, ARISING\n * FROM, OUT OF OR IN CONNECTION WITH THE SOFTWARE OR THE USE OR OTHER DEALINGS\n * IN THE SOFTWARE.\n */\n\nimport {\n  EMPTY,\n  Observable,\n  Subject,\n  catchError,\n  combineLatestWith,\n  concat,\n  debounceTime,\n  distinctUntilChanged,\n  distinctUntilKeyChanged,\n  endWith,\n  fromEvent,\n  ignoreElements,\n  map,\n  merge,\n  of,\n  share,\n  switchMap,\n  tap,\n  withLatestFrom\n} from \"rxjs\"\n\nimport { configuration, feature } from \"~/_\"\nimport {\n  Viewport,\n  getElements,\n  getLocation,\n  getOptionalElement,\n  requestHTML,\n  setLocation,\n  setLocationHash\n} from \"~/browser\"\nimport { getComponentElement } from \"~/components\"\n\nimport { Sitemap, fetchSitemap } from \"../sitemap\"\n\n/* ----------------------------------------------------------------------------\n * Helper types\n * ------------------------------------------------------------------------- */\n\n/**\n * Setup options\n */\ninterface SetupOptions {\n  location$: Subject<URL>              // Location subject\n  viewport$: Observable<Viewport>      // Viewport observable\n  progress$: Subject<number>           // Progress subject\n}\n\n/* ----------------------------------------------------------------------------\n * Helper functions\n * ------------------------------------------------------------------------- */\n\n/**\n * Handle clicks on internal URLs while skipping external URLs\n *\n * @param ev - Mouse event\n * @param sitemap - Sitemap\n *\n * @returns URL observable\n */\nfunction handle(\n  ev: MouseEvent, sitemap: Sitemap\n): Observable<URL> {\n  if (!(ev.target instanceof Element))\n    return EMPTY\n\n  // Skip, as target is not within a link - clicks on non-link elements are\n  // also captured, which we need to exclude from processing\n  const el = ev.target.closest(\"a\")\n  if (el === null)\n    return EMPTY\n\n  // Skip, as link opens in new window - we now know we have captured a click\n  // on a link, but the link either has a `target` property defined, or the\n  // user pressed the `meta` or `ctrl` key to open it in a new window. Thus,\n  // we need to filter this event as well.\n  if (el.target || ev.metaKey || ev.ctrlKey)\n    return EMPTY\n\n  // Next, we must check if the URL is relevant for us, i.e., if it's an\n  // internal link to a page that is managed by MkDocs. Only then we can be\n  // sure that the structure of the page to be loaded adheres to the current\n  // document structure and can subsequently be injected into it without doing\n  // a full reload. For this reason, we must canonicalize the URL by removing\n  // all search parameters and hash fragments.\n  const url = new URL(el.href)\n  url.search = url.hash = \"\"\n\n  // Skip, if URL is not included in the sitemap - this could be the case when\n  // linking between versions or languages, or to another page that the author\n  // included as part of the build, but that is not managed by MkDocs. In that\n  // case we must not continue with instant navigation.\n  if (!sitemap.has(`${url}`))\n    return EMPTY\n\n  // We now know that we have a link to an internal page, so we prevent the\n  // browser from navigation and emit the URL for instant navigation. Note that\n  // this also includes anchor links, which means we need to implement anchor\n  // positioning ourselves. The reason for this is that if we wouldn't manage\n  // anchor links as well, scroll restoration will not work correctly (e.g.\n  // following an anchor link and scrolling).\n  ev.preventDefault()\n  return of(new URL(el.href))\n}\n\n/**\n * Create a map of head elements for lookup and replacement\n *\n * @param document - Document\n *\n * @returns Tag map\n */\nfunction head(document: Document): Map<string, HTMLElement> {\n  const tags = new Map<string, HTMLElement>()\n  for (const el of getElements(\":scope > *\", document.head))\n    tags.set(el.outerHTML, el)\n\n  // Return tag map\n  return tags\n}\n\n/**\n * Resolve relative URLs in the given document\n *\n * This function resolves relative `href` and `src` attributes, which can belong\n * to all sorts of tags, like meta tags, links, images, scripts and more.\n *\n * @param document - Document\n *\n * @returns Document observable\n */\nfunction resolve(document: Document): Observable<Document> {\n  for (const el of getElements(\"[href], [src]\", document))\n    for (const key of [\"href\", \"src\"]) {\n      const value = el.getAttribute(key)\n      if (value && !/^(?:[a-z]+:)?\\/\\//i.test(value)) {\n        // @ts-expect-error - trick: self-assign to resolve URL\n        el[key] = el[key]\n        break\n      }\n    }\n\n  // Return document observable\n  return of(document)\n}\n\n/**\n * Inject the contents of a document into the current one\n *\n * @param next - Next document\n *\n * @returns Document observable\n */\nfunction inject(next: Document): Observable<Document> {\n  for (const selector of [\n    \"[data-md-component=announce]\",\n    \"[data-md-component=container]\",\n    \"[data-md-component=header-topic]\",\n    \"[data-md-component=outdated]\",\n    \"[data-md-component=logo]\",\n    \"[data-md-component=skip]\",\n    ...feature(\"navigation.tabs.sticky\")\n      ? [\"[data-md-component=tabs]\"]\n      : []\n  ]) {\n    const source = getOptionalElement(selector)\n    const target = getOptionalElement(selector, next)\n    if (\n      typeof source !== \"undefined\" &&\n      typeof target !== \"undefined\"\n    ) {\n      source.replaceWith(target)\n    }\n  }\n\n  // Update meta tags\n  const tags = head(document)\n  for (const [html, el] of head(next))\n    if (tags.has(html))\n      tags.delete(html)\n    else\n      document.head.appendChild(el)\n\n  // Remove meta tags that are not present in the new document\n  for (const el of tags.values()) {\n    const name = el.getAttribute(\"name\")\n    // @todo - find a better way to handle attributes we add dynamically in\n    // other components without mounting components on every navigation, as\n    // this might impact overall performance - see https://t.ly/ehp_O\n    if (name !== \"theme-color\" && name !== \"color-scheme\")\n      el.remove()\n  }\n\n  // After components and meta tags were replaced, re-evaluate scripts\n  // that were provided by the author as part of Markdown files\n  const container = getComponentElement(\"container\")\n  return concat(getElements(\"script\", container))\n    .pipe(\n      switchMap(el => {\n        const script = next.createElement(\"script\")\n        if (el.src) {\n          for (const name of el.getAttributeNames())\n            script.setAttribute(name, el.getAttribute(name)!)\n          el.replaceWith(script)\n\n          // Complete when script is loaded\n          return new Observable(observer => {\n            script.onload = () => observer.complete()\n          })\n\n        // Complete immediately\n        } else {\n          script.textContent = el.textContent\n          el.replaceWith(script)\n          return EMPTY\n        }\n      }),\n      ignoreElements(),\n      endWith(document)\n    )\n}\n\n/* ----------------------------------------------------------------------------\n * Functions\n * ------------------------------------------------------------------------- */\n\n/**\n * Set up instant navigation\n *\n * This is a heavily orchestrated operation - see inline comments to learn how\n * this works with Material for MkDocs, and how you can hook into it.\n *\n * @param options - Options\n *\n * @returns Document observable\n */\nexport function setupInstantNavigation(\n  { location$, viewport$, progress$ }: SetupOptions\n): Observable<Document> {\n  const config = configuration()\n  if (location.protocol === \"file:\")\n    return EMPTY\n\n  // Load sitemap immediately, so we have it available when the user initiates\n  // the first navigation request without any perceivable delay\n  const sitemap$ = fetchSitemap(config.base)\n\n  // Since we might be on a slow connection, the user might trigger multiple\n  // instant navigation events that overlap. MkDocs produces relative URLs for\n  // all internal links, which becomes a problem in this case, because we need\n  // to change the base URL the moment the user clicks a link that should be\n  // intercepted in order to be consistent with popstate, which means that the\n  // base URL would now be incorrect when resolving another relative link from\n  // the same site. For this reason we always resolve all relative links to\n  // absolute links, so we can be sure this never happens.\n  of(document)\n    .subscribe(resolve)\n\n  // --------------------------------------------------------------------------\n  // Navigation interception\n  // --------------------------------------------------------------------------\n\n  // Intercept navigation - to keep the number of event listeners down we use\n  // the fact that uncaptured events bubble up to the body. This has the nice\n  // property that we don't need to detach and then re-attach event listeners\n  // when the document is replaced after a navigation event.\n  const instant$ =\n    fromEvent<MouseEvent>(document.body, \"click\")\n      .pipe(\n        combineLatestWith(sitemap$),\n        switchMap(([ev, sitemap]) => handle(ev, sitemap)),\n        share()\n      )\n\n  // Intercept history change events, e.g. when the user uses the browser's\n  // back or forward buttons, and emit new location for fetching and parsing\n  const history$ =\n    fromEvent<PopStateEvent>(window, \"popstate\")\n      .pipe(\n        map(getLocation),\n        share()\n      )\n\n  // While it would be better UX to defer navigation events until the document\n  // is fully fetched and parsed, we must schedule it here to synchronize with\n  // popstate events, as they are emitted immediately. Moreover we need to\n  // store the current viewport offset for scroll restoration later on.\n  instant$.pipe(withLatestFrom(viewport$))\n    .subscribe(([url, { offset }]) => {\n      history.replaceState(offset, \"\")\n      history.pushState(null, \"\", url)\n    })\n\n  // Emit URLs that should be fetched via instant navigation on location subject\n  // which was passed into this function. The state of instant navigation can be\n  // intercepted by other parts of the application, which can synchronously back\n  // up or restore state before or after instant navigation happens.\n  merge(instant$, history$)\n    .subscribe(location$)\n\n  // --------------------------------------------------------------------------\n  // Fetching and parsing\n  // --------------------------------------------------------------------------\n\n  // Fetch document - we deduplicate requests to the same location, so we don't\n  // end up with multiple requests for the same page. We use `switchMap`, since\n  // we want to cancel the previous request when a new one is triggered, which\n  // is automatically handled by the observable returned by `request`. This is\n  // essential to ensure a good user experience, as we don't want to load pages\n  // that are not needed anymore, e.g., when the user clicks multiple links in\n  // quick succession or on slow connections. If the request fails for some\n  // reason, we fall back and use regular navigation, forcing a reload.\n  const document$ =\n    location$.pipe(\n      distinctUntilKeyChanged(\"pathname\"),\n      switchMap(url => requestHTML(url, { progress$ })\n        .pipe(\n          catchError(() => {\n            setLocation(url, true)\n            return EMPTY\n          })\n        )\n      ),\n\n      // The document was successfully fetched and parsed, so we can inject its\n      // contents into the currently active document\n      switchMap(resolve),\n      switchMap(inject),\n      share()\n    )\n\n  // --------------------------------------------------------------------------\n  // Scroll restoration\n  // --------------------------------------------------------------------------\n\n  // Handle scroll restoration - we must restore the viewport offset after the\n  // document has been fetched and injected, and every time the user clicks an\n  // anchor that leads to an element on the same page, which might also happen\n  // when the user uses the back or forward button.\n  merge(\n    document$.pipe(withLatestFrom(location$, (_, url) => url)),\n\n    // Handle instant navigation events that are triggered by the user clicking\n    // on an anchor link with a hash fragment different from the current one, as\n    // well as from popstate events, which are emitted when the user navigates\n    // back and forth between pages. We use a two-layered subscription to scope\n    // the scroll restoration to the current page, as we don't need to restore\n    // the viewport offset when the user navigates to a different page, as this\n    // is already handled by the previous observable.\n    document$.pipe(\n      switchMap(() => location$),\n      distinctUntilKeyChanged(\"pathname\"),\n      switchMap(() => location$),\n      distinctUntilKeyChanged(\"hash\")\n    ),\n\n    // Handle instant navigation events that are triggered by the user clicking\n    // on an anchor link with the same hash fragment as the current one in the\n    // URL. It is essential that we only intercept those from instant navigation\n    // events and not from history change events, or we'll end up in and endless\n    // loop. The top-level history entry must be removed, as it will be replaced\n    // with a new one, which would otherwise lead to a duplicate entry.\n    location$.pipe(\n      distinctUntilChanged((a, b) => (\n        a.pathname === b.pathname &&\n        a.hash     === b.hash\n      )),\n      switchMap(() => instant$),\n      tap(() => history.back())\n    )\n  )\n    .subscribe(url => {\n\n      // Check if the current history entry has a state, which happens when the\n      // user presses the back or forward button to visit a page we've already\n      // seen. If there's no state, it means a new page was visited and we must\n      // scroll to the top, unless an anchor is given.\n      if (history.state !== null || !url.hash) {\n        window.scrollTo(0, history.state?.y ?? 0)\n      } else {\n        history.scrollRestoration = \"auto\"\n        setLocationHash(url.hash)\n        history.scrollRestoration = \"manual\"\n      }\n    })\n\n  // Disable scroll restoration when an instant navigation event occurs, so the\n  // browser does not immediately set the viewport offset to the prior history\n  // entry, scrolling to the position on the same page, which would look odd.\n  // Instead, we manually restore the position once the page has loaded.\n  location$.subscribe(() => {\n    history.scrollRestoration = \"manual\"\n  })\n\n  // Enable scroll restoration before window unloads - this is essential to\n  // ensure that full reloads (F5) restore the viewport offset correctly. If\n  // only popstate events wouldn't reset the viewport offset prior to their\n  // emission, we could just reset this in popstate. Meh.\n  fromEvent(window, \"beforeunload\")\n    .subscribe(() => {\n      history.scrollRestoration = \"auto\"\n    })\n\n  // Track viewport offset, so we can restore it when the user navigates back\n  // and forth between pages. Note that this must be debounced and cannot be\n  // done in popstate, as popstate has already removed the entry from the\n  // history, which means it is too late.\n  viewport$.pipe(\n    distinctUntilKeyChanged(\"offset\"),\n    debounceTime(100)\n  )\n    .subscribe(({ offset }) => {\n      history.replaceState(offset, \"\")\n    })\n\n  // Return document observable\n  return document$\n}\n", "/*\n * Copyright (c) 2016-2024 Martin Donath <martin.donath@squidfunk.com>\n *\n * Permission is hereby granted, free of charge, to any person obtaining a copy\n * of this software and associated documentation files (the \"Software\"), to\n * deal in the Software without restriction, including without limitation the\n * rights to use, copy, modify, merge, publish, distribute, sublicense, and/or\n * sell copies of the Software, and to permit persons to whom the Software is\n * furnished to do so, subject to the following conditions:\n *\n * The above copyright notice and this permission notice shall be included in\n * all copies or substantial portions of the Software.\n *\n * THE SOFTWARE IS PROVIDED \"AS IS\", WITHOUT WARRANTY OF ANY KIND, EXPRESS OR\n * IMPLIED, INCLUDING BUT NOT LIMITED TO THE WARRANTIES OF MERCHANTABILITY,\n * FITNESS FOR A PARTICULAR PURPOSE AND NON-INFRINGEMENT. IN NO EVENT SHALL THE\n * AUTHORS OR COPYRIGHT HOLDERS BE LIABLE FOR ANY CLAIM, DAMAGES OR OTHER\n * LIABILITY, WHETHER IN AN ACTION OF CONTRACT, TORT OR OTHERWISE, ARISING\n * FROM, OUT OF OR IN CONNECTION WITH THE SOFTWARE OR THE USE OR OTHER DEALINGS\n * IN THE SOFTWARE.\n */\n\nimport escapeHTML from \"escape-html\"\n\nimport { SearchConfig } from \"../config\"\n\n/* ----------------------------------------------------------------------------\n * Types\n * ------------------------------------------------------------------------- */\n\n/**\n * Search highlight function\n *\n * @param value - Value\n *\n * @returns Highlighted value\n */\nexport type SearchHighlightFn = (value: string) => string\n\n/**\n * Search highlight factory function\n *\n * @param query - Query value\n *\n * @returns Search highlight function\n */\nexport type SearchHighlightFactoryFn = (query: string) => SearchHighlightFn\n\n/* ----------------------------------------------------------------------------\n * Functions\n * ------------------------------------------------------------------------- */\n\n/**\n * Create a search highlighter\n *\n * @param config - Search configuration\n *\n * @returns Search highlight factory function\n */\nexport function setupSearchHighlighter(\n  config: SearchConfig\n): SearchHighlightFactoryFn {\n  // Hack: temporarily remove pure lookaheads and lookbehinds\n  const regex = config.separator.split(\"|\").map(term => {\n    const temp = term.replace(/(\\(\\?[!=<][^)]+\\))/g, \"\")\n    return temp.length === 0 ? \"\uFFFD\" : term\n  })\n    .join(\"|\")\n\n  const separator = new RegExp(regex, \"img\")\n  const highlight = (_: unknown, data: string, term: string) => {\n    return `${data}<mark data-md-highlight>${term}</mark>`\n  }\n\n  /* Return factory function */\n  return (query: string) => {\n    query = query\n      .replace(/[\\s*+\\-:~^]+/g, \" \")\n      .trim()\n\n    /* Create search term match expression */\n    const match = new RegExp(`(^|${config.separator}|)(${\n      query\n        .replace(/[|\\\\{}()[\\]^$+*?.-]/g, \"\\\\$&\")\n        .replace(separator, \"|\")\n    })`, \"img\")\n\n    /* Highlight string value */\n    return value => escapeHTML(value)\n      .replace(match, highlight)\n      .replace(/<\\/mark>(\\s+)<mark[^>]*>/img, \"$1\")\n  }\n}\n", "/*\n * Copyright (c) 2016-2024 Martin Donath <martin.donath@squidfunk.com>\n *\n * Permission is hereby granted, free of charge, to any person obtaining a copy\n * of this software and associated documentation files (the \"Software\"), to\n * deal in the Software without restriction, including without limitation the\n * rights to use, copy, modify, merge, publish, distribute, sublicense, and/or\n * sell copies of the Software, and to permit persons to whom the Software is\n * furnished to do so, subject to the following conditions:\n *\n * The above copyright notice and this permission notice shall be included in\n * all copies or substantial portions of the Software.\n *\n * THE SOFTWARE IS PROVIDED \"AS IS\", WITHOUT WARRANTY OF ANY KIND, EXPRESS OR\n * IMPLIED, INCLUDING BUT NOT LIMITED TO THE WARRANTIES OF MERCHANTABILITY,\n * FITNESS FOR A RTICULAR PURPOSE AND NON-INFRINGEMENT. IN NO EVENT SHALL THE\n * AUTHORS OR COPYRIGHT HOLDERS BE LIABLE FOR ANY CLAIM, DAMAGES OR OTHER\n * LIABILITY, WHETHER IN AN ACTION OF CONTRACT, TORT OR OTHERWISE, ARISING\n * FROM, OUT OF OR IN CONNECTION WITH THE SOFTWARE OR THE USE OR OTHER DEALINGS\n * IN THE SOFTWARE.\n */\n\nimport { SearchResult } from \"../../_\"\nimport { SearchIndex } from \"../../config\"\n\n/* ----------------------------------------------------------------------------\n * Types\n * ------------------------------------------------------------------------- */\n\n/**\n * Search message type\n */\nexport const enum SearchMessageType {\n  SETUP,                               /* Search index setup */\n  READY,                               /* Search index ready */\n  QUERY,                               /* Search query */\n  RESULT                               /* Search results */\n}\n\n/* ------------------------------------------------------------------------- */\n\n/**\n * Message containing the data necessary to setup the search index\n */\nexport interface SearchSetupMessage {\n  type: SearchMessageType.SETUP        /* Message type */\n  data: SearchIndex                    /* Message data */\n}\n\n/**\n * Message indicating the search index is ready\n */\nexport interface SearchReadyMessage {\n  type: SearchMessageType.READY        /* Message type */\n}\n\n/**\n * Message containing a search query\n */\nexport interface SearchQueryMessage {\n  type: SearchMessageType.QUERY        /* Message type */\n  data: string                         /* Message data */\n}\n\n/**\n * Message containing results for a search query\n */\nexport interface SearchResultMessage {\n  type: SearchMessageType.RESULT       /* Message type */\n  data: SearchResult                   /* Message data */\n}\n\n/* ------------------------------------------------------------------------- */\n\n/**\n * Message exchanged with the search worker\n */\nexport type SearchMessage =\n  | SearchSetupMessage\n  | SearchReadyMessage\n  | SearchQueryMessage\n  | SearchResultMessage\n\n/* ----------------------------------------------------------------------------\n * Functions\n * ------------------------------------------------------------------------- */\n\n/**\n * Type guard for search ready messages\n *\n * @param message - Search worker message\n *\n * @returns Test result\n */\nexport function isSearchReadyMessage(\n  message: SearchMessage\n): message is SearchReadyMessage {\n  return message.type === SearchMessageType.READY\n}\n\n/**\n * Type guard for search result messages\n *\n * @param message - Search worker message\n *\n * @returns Test result\n */\nexport function isSearchResultMessage(\n  message: SearchMessage\n): message is SearchResultMessage {\n  return message.type === SearchMessageType.RESULT\n}\n", "/*\n * Copyright (c) 2016-2024 Martin Donath <martin.donath@squidfunk.com>\n *\n * Permission is hereby granted, free of charge, to any person obtaining a copy\n * of this software and associated documentation files (the \"Software\"), to\n * deal in the Software without restriction, including without limitation the\n * rights to use, copy, modify, merge, publish, distribute, sublicense, and/or\n * sell copies of the Software, and to permit persons to whom the Software is\n * furnished to do so, subject to the following conditions:\n *\n * The above copyright notice and this permission notice shall be included in\n * all copies or substantial portions of the Software.\n *\n * THE SOFTWARE IS PROVIDED \"AS IS\", WITHOUT WARRANTY OF ANY KIND, EXPRESS OR\n * IMPLIED, INCLUDING BUT NOT LIMITED TO THE WARRANTIES OF MERCHANTABILITY,\n * FITNESS FOR A RTICULAR PURPOSE AND NON-INFRINGEMENT. IN NO EVENT SHALL THE\n * AUTHORS OR COPYRIGHT HOLDERS BE LIABLE FOR ANY CLAIM, DAMAGES OR OTHER\n * LIABILITY, WHETHER IN AN ACTION OF CONTRACT, TORT OR OTHERWISE, ARISING\n * FROM, OUT OF OR IN CONNECTION WITH THE SOFTWARE OR THE USE OR OTHER DEALINGS\n * IN THE SOFTWARE.\n */\n\nimport {\n  ObservableInput,\n  Subject,\n  first,\n  merge,\n  of,\n  switchMap\n} from \"rxjs\"\n\nimport { feature } from \"~/_\"\nimport { watchToggle, watchWorker } from \"~/browser\"\n\nimport { SearchIndex } from \"../../config\"\nimport {\n  SearchMessage,\n  SearchMessageType\n} from \"../message\"\n\n/* ----------------------------------------------------------------------------\n * Functions\n * ------------------------------------------------------------------------- */\n\n/**\n * Set up search worker\n *\n * This function creates and initializes a web worker that is used for search,\n * so that the user interface doesn't freeze. In general, the application does\n * not care how search is implemented, as long as the web worker conforms to\n * the format expected by the application as defined in `SearchMessage`. This\n * allows the author to implement custom search functionality, by providing a\n * custom web worker via configuration.\n *\n * Material for MkDocs' built-in search implementation makes use of Lunr.js, an\n * efficient and fast implementation for client-side search. Leveraging a tiny\n * iframe-based web worker shim, search is even supported for the `file://`\n * protocol, enabling search for local non-hosted builds.\n *\n * If the protocol is `file://`, search initialization is deferred to mitigate\n * freezing, as it's now synchronous by design - see https://bit.ly/3C521EO\n *\n * @see https://bit.ly/3igvtQv - How to implement custom search\n *\n * @param url - Worker URL\n * @param index$ - Search index observable input\n *\n * @returns Search worker\n */\nexport function setupSearchWorker(\n  url: string, index$: ObservableInput<SearchIndex>\n): Subject<SearchMessage> {\n  const worker$ = watchWorker<SearchMessage>(url)\n  merge(\n    of(location.protocol !== \"file:\"),\n    watchToggle(\"search\")\n  )\n    .pipe(\n      first(active => active),\n      switchMap(() => index$)\n    )\n      .subscribe(({ config, docs }) => worker$.next({\n        type: SearchMessageType.SETUP,\n        data: {\n          config,\n          docs,\n          options: {\n            suggest: feature(\"search.suggest\")\n          }\n        }\n      }))\n\n  /* Return search worker */\n  return worker$\n}\n", "/*\n * Copyright (c) 2016-2024 Martin Donath <martin.donath@squidfunk.com>\n *\n * Permission is hereby granted, free of charge, to any person obtaining a copy\n * of this software and associated documentation files (the \"Software\"), to\n * deal in the Software without restriction, including without limitation the\n * rights to use, copy, modify, merge, publish, distribute, sublicense, and/or\n * sell copies of the Software, and to permit persons to whom the Software is\n * furnished to do so, subject to the following conditions:\n *\n * The above copyright notice and this permission notice shall be included in\n * all copies or substantial portions of the Software.\n *\n * THE SOFTWARE IS PROVIDED \"AS IS\", WITHOUT WARRANTY OF ANY KIND, EXPRESS OR\n * IMPLIED, INCLUDING BUT NOT LIMITED TO THE WARRANTIES OF MERCHANTABILITY,\n * FITNESS FOR A PARTICULAR PURPOSE AND NON-INFRINGEMENT. IN NO EVENT SHALL THE\n * AUTHORS OR COPYRIGHT HOLDERS BE LIABLE FOR ANY CLAIM, DAMAGES OR OTHER\n * LIABILITY, WHETHER IN AN ACTION OF CONTRACT, TORT OR OTHERWISE, ARISING\n * FROM, OUT OF OR IN CONNECTION WITH THE SOFTWARE OR THE USE OR OTHER DEALINGS\n * IN THE SOFTWARE.\n */\n\nimport {\n  EMPTY,\n  Subject,\n  catchError,\n  combineLatest,\n  filter,\n  fromEvent,\n  map,\n  of,\n  switchMap,\n  withLatestFrom\n} from \"rxjs\"\n\nimport { configuration } from \"~/_\"\nimport {\n  getElement,\n  getLocation,\n  requestJSON,\n  setLocation\n} from \"~/browser\"\nimport { getComponentElements } from \"~/components\"\nimport {\n  Version,\n  renderVersionSelector\n} from \"~/templates\"\n\nimport { fetchSitemap } from \"../sitemap\"\n\n/* ----------------------------------------------------------------------------\n * Helper types\n * ------------------------------------------------------------------------- */\n\n/**\n * Setup options\n */\ninterface SetupOptions {\n  document$: Subject<Document>         /* Document subject */\n}\n\n/* ----------------------------------------------------------------------------\n * Functions\n * ------------------------------------------------------------------------- */\n\n/**\n * Set up version selector\n *\n * @param options - Options\n */\nexport function setupVersionSelector(\n  { document$ }: SetupOptions\n): void {\n  const config = configuration()\n  const versions$ = requestJSON<Version[]>(\n    new URL(\"../versions.json\", config.base)\n  )\n    .pipe(\n      catchError(() => EMPTY) // @todo refactor instant loading\n    )\n\n  /* Determine current version */\n  const current$ = versions$\n    .pipe(\n      map(versions => {\n        const [, current] = config.base.match(/([^/]+)\\/?$/)!\n        return versions.find(({ version, aliases }) => (\n          version === current || aliases.includes(current)\n        )) || versions[0]\n      })\n    )\n\n  /* Intercept inter-version navigation */\n  versions$\n    .pipe(\n      map(versions => new Map(versions.map(version => [\n        `${new URL(`../${version.version}/`, config.base)}`,\n        version\n      ]))),\n      switchMap(urls => fromEvent<MouseEvent>(document.body, \"click\")\n        .pipe(\n          filter(ev => !ev.metaKey && !ev.ctrlKey),\n          withLatestFrom(current$),\n          switchMap(([ev, current]) => {\n            if (ev.target instanceof Element) {\n              const el = ev.target.closest(\"a\")\n              if (el && !el.target && urls.has(el.href)) {\n                const url = el.href\n                // This is a temporary hack to detect if a version inside the\n                // version selector or on another part of the site was clicked.\n                // If we're inside the version selector, we definitely want to\n                // find the same page, as we might have different deployments\n                // due to aliases. However, if we're outside the version\n                // selector, we must abort here, because we might otherwise\n                // interfere with instant navigation. We need to refactor this\n                // at some point together with instant navigation.\n                //\n                // See https://github.com/squidfunk/mkdocs-material/issues/4012\n                if (!ev.target.closest(\".md-version\")) {\n                  const version = urls.get(url)!\n                  if (version === current)\n                    return EMPTY\n                }\n                ev.preventDefault()\n                return of(url)\n              }\n            }\n            return EMPTY\n          }),\n          switchMap(url => {\n            return fetchSitemap(new URL(url))\n              .pipe(\n                map(sitemap => {\n                  const location = getLocation()\n                  const path = location.href.replace(config.base, url)\n                  return sitemap.has(path.split(\"#\")[0])\n                    ? new URL(path)\n                    : new URL(url)\n                })\n              )\n          })\n        )\n      )\n    )\n      .subscribe(url => setLocation(url, true))\n\n  /* Render version selector and warning */\n  combineLatest([versions$, current$])\n    .subscribe(([versions, current]) => {\n      const topic = getElement(\".md-header__topic\")\n      topic.appendChild(renderVersionSelector(versions, current))\n    })\n\n  /* Integrate outdated version banner with instant navigation */\n  document$.pipe(switchMap(() => current$))\n    .subscribe(current => {\n\n      /* Check if version state was already determined */\n      let outdated = __md_get(\"__outdated\", sessionStorage)\n      if (outdated === null) {\n        outdated = true\n\n        /* Obtain and normalize default versions */\n        let ignored = config.version?.default || \"latest\"\n        if (!Array.isArray(ignored))\n          ignored = [ignored]\n\n        /* Check if version is considered a default */\n        main: for (const ignore of ignored)\n          for (const version of current.aliases.concat(current.version))\n            if (new RegExp(ignore, \"i\").test(version)) {\n              outdated = false\n              break main\n            }\n\n        /* Persist version state in session storage */\n        __md_set(\"__outdated\", outdated, sessionStorage)\n      }\n\n      /* Unhide outdated version banner */\n      if (outdated)\n        for (const warning of getComponentElements(\"outdated\"))\n          warning.hidden = false\n    })\n}\n", "/*\n * Copyright (c) 2016-2024 Martin Donath <martin.donath@squidfunk.com>\n *\n * Permission is hereby granted, free of charge, to any person obtaining a copy\n * of this software and associated documentation files (the \"Software\"), to\n * deal in the Software without restriction, including without limitation the\n * rights to use, copy, modify, merge, publish, distribute, sublicense, and/or\n * sell copies of the Software, and to permit persons to whom the Software is\n * furnished to do so, subject to the following conditions:\n *\n * The above copyright notice and this permission notice shall be included in\n * all copies or substantial portions of the Software.\n *\n * THE SOFTWARE IS PROVIDED \"AS IS\", WITHOUT WARRANTY OF ANY KIND, EXPRESS OR\n * IMPLIED, INCLUDING BUT NOT LIMITED TO THE WARRANTIES OF MERCHANTABILITY,\n * FITNESS FOR A PARTICULAR PURPOSE AND NON-INFRINGEMENT. IN NO EVENT SHALL THE\n * AUTHORS OR COPYRIGHT HOLDERS BE LIABLE FOR ANY CLAIM, DAMAGES OR OTHER\n * LIABILITY, WHETHER IN AN ACTION OF CONTRACT, TORT OR OTHERWISE, ARISING\n * FROM, OUT OF OR IN CONNECTION WITH THE SOFTWARE OR THE USE OR OTHER DEALINGS\n * IN THE SOFTWARE.\n */\n\nimport {\n  Observable,\n  Subject,\n  combineLatest,\n  distinctUntilChanged,\n  distinctUntilKeyChanged,\n  endWith,\n  finalize,\n  first,\n  fromEvent,\n  ignoreElements,\n  map,\n  merge,\n  shareReplay,\n  takeUntil,\n  tap\n} from \"rxjs\"\n\nimport {\n  getElement,\n  getLocation,\n  setToggle,\n  watchElementFocus,\n  watchToggle\n} from \"~/browser\"\nimport {\n  SearchMessage,\n  SearchMessageType,\n  isSearchReadyMessage\n} from \"~/integrations\"\n\nimport { Component } from \"../../_\"\n\n/* ----------------------------------------------------------------------------\n * Types\n * ------------------------------------------------------------------------- */\n\n/**\n * Search query\n */\nexport interface SearchQuery {\n  value: string                        /* Query value */\n  focus: boolean                       /* Query focus */\n}\n\n/* ----------------------------------------------------------------------------\n * Helper types\n * ------------------------------------------------------------------------- */\n\n/**\n * Watch options\n */\ninterface WatchOptions {\n  worker$: Subject<SearchMessage>      /* Search worker */\n}\n\n/**\n * Mount options\n */\ninterface MountOptions {\n  worker$: Subject<SearchMessage>      /* Search worker */\n}\n\n/* ----------------------------------------------------------------------------\n * Functions\n * ------------------------------------------------------------------------- */\n\n/**\n * Watch search query\n *\n * Note that the focus event which triggers re-reading the current query value\n * is delayed by `1ms` so the input's empty state is allowed to propagate.\n *\n * @param el - Search query element\n * @param options - Options\n *\n * @returns Search query observable\n */\nexport function watchSearchQuery(\n  el: HTMLInputElement, { worker$ }: WatchOptions\n): Observable<SearchQuery> {\n\n  /* Support search deep linking */\n  const { searchParams } = getLocation()\n  if (searchParams.has(\"q\")) {\n    setToggle(\"search\", true)\n\n    /* Set query from parameter */\n    el.value = searchParams.get(\"q\")!\n    el.focus()\n\n    /* Remove query parameter on close */\n    watchToggle(\"search\")\n      .pipe(\n        first(active => !active)\n      )\n        .subscribe(() => {\n          const url = getLocation()\n          url.searchParams.delete(\"q\")\n          history.replaceState({}, \"\", `${url}`)\n        })\n  }\n\n  /* Intercept focus and input events */\n  const focus$ = watchElementFocus(el)\n  const value$ = merge(\n    worker$.pipe(first(isSearchReadyMessage)),\n    fromEvent(el, \"keyup\"),\n    focus$\n  )\n    .pipe(\n      map(() => el.value),\n      distinctUntilChanged()\n    )\n\n  /* Combine into single observable */\n  return combineLatest([value$, focus$])\n    .pipe(\n      map(([value, focus]) => ({ value, focus })),\n      shareReplay(1)\n    )\n}\n\n/**\n * Mount search query\n *\n * @param el - Search query element\n * @param options - Options\n *\n * @returns Search query component observable\n */\nexport function mountSearchQuery(\n  el: HTMLInputElement, { worker$ }: MountOptions\n): Observable<Component<SearchQuery, HTMLInputElement>> {\n  const push$ = new Subject<SearchQuery>()\n  const done$ = push$.pipe(ignoreElements(), endWith(true))\n\n  /* Handle value change */\n  combineLatest([\n    worker$.pipe(first(isSearchReadyMessage)),\n    push$\n  ], (_, query) => query)\n    .pipe(\n      distinctUntilKeyChanged(\"value\")\n    )\n      .subscribe(({ value }) => worker$.next({\n        type: SearchMessageType.QUERY,\n        data: value\n      }))\n\n  /* Handle focus change */\n  push$\n    .pipe(\n      distinctUntilKeyChanged(\"focus\")\n    )\n      .subscribe(({ focus }) => {\n        if (focus)\n          setToggle(\"search\", focus)\n      })\n\n  /* Handle reset */\n  fromEvent(el.form!, \"reset\")\n    .pipe(\n      takeUntil(done$)\n    )\n      .subscribe(() => el.focus())\n\n  // Focus search query on label click - note that this is necessary to bring\n  // up the keyboard on iOS and other mobile platforms, as the search dialog is\n  // not visible at first, and programatically focusing an input element must\n  // be triggered by a user interaction - see https://t.ly/Cb30n\n  const label = getElement(\"header [for=__search]\")\n  fromEvent(label, \"click\")\n    .subscribe(() => el.focus())\n\n  /* Create and return component */\n  return watchSearchQuery(el, { worker$ })\n    .pipe(\n      tap(state => push$.next(state)),\n      finalize(() => push$.complete()),\n      map(state => ({ ref: el, ...state })),\n      shareReplay(1)\n    )\n}\n", "/*\n * Copyright (c) 2016-2024 Martin Donath <martin.donath@squidfunk.com>\n *\n * Permission is hereby granted, free of charge, to any person obtaining a copy\n * of this software and associated documentation files (the \"Software\"), to\n * deal in the Software without restriction, including without limitation the\n * rights to use, copy, modify, merge, publish, distribute, sublicense, and/or\n * sell copies of the Software, and to permit persons to whom the Software is\n * furnished to do so, subject to the following conditions:\n *\n * The above copyright notice and this permission notice shall be included in\n * all copies or substantial portions of the Software.\n *\n * THE SOFTWARE IS PROVIDED \"AS IS\", WITHOUT WARRANTY OF ANY KIND, EXPRESS OR\n * IMPLIED, INCLUDING BUT NOT LIMITED TO THE WARRANTIES OF MERCHANTABILITY,\n * FITNESS FOR A PARTICULAR PURPOSE AND NON-INFRINGEMENT. IN NO EVENT SHALL THE\n * AUTHORS OR COPYRIGHT HOLDERS BE LIABLE FOR ANY CLAIM, DAMAGES OR OTHER\n * LIABILITY, WHETHER IN AN ACTION OF CONTRACT, TORT OR OTHERWISE, ARISING\n * FROM, OUT OF OR IN CONNECTION WITH THE SOFTWARE OR THE USE OR OTHER DEALINGS\n * IN THE SOFTWARE.\n */\n\nimport {\n  EMPTY,\n  Observable,\n  Subject,\n  bufferCount,\n  filter,\n  finalize,\n  first,\n  fromEvent,\n  map,\n  merge,\n  mergeMap,\n  of,\n  share,\n  skipUntil,\n  switchMap,\n  takeUntil,\n  tap,\n  withLatestFrom,\n  zipWith\n} from \"rxjs\"\n\nimport { translation } from \"~/_\"\nimport {\n  getElement,\n  getOptionalElement,\n  watchElementBoundary,\n  watchToggle\n} from \"~/browser\"\nimport {\n  SearchMessage,\n  SearchResult,\n  isSearchReadyMessage,\n  isSearchResultMessage\n} from \"~/integrations\"\nimport { renderSearchResultItem } from \"~/templates\"\nimport { round } from \"~/utilities\"\n\nimport { Component } from \"../../_\"\nimport { SearchQuery } from \"../query\"\n\n/* ----------------------------------------------------------------------------\n * Helper types\n * ------------------------------------------------------------------------- */\n\n/**\n * Mount options\n */\ninterface MountOptions {\n  query$: Observable<SearchQuery>      /* Search query observable */\n  worker$: Subject<SearchMessage>      /* Search worker */\n}\n\n/* ----------------------------------------------------------------------------\n * Functions\n * ------------------------------------------------------------------------- */\n\n/**\n * Mount search result list\n *\n * This function performs a lazy rendering of the search results, depending on\n * the vertical offset of the search result container.\n *\n * @param el - Search result list element\n * @param options - Options\n *\n * @returns Search result list component observable\n */\nexport function mountSearchResult(\n  el: HTMLElement, { worker$, query$ }: MountOptions\n): Observable<Component<SearchResult>> {\n  const push$ = new Subject<SearchResult>()\n  const boundary$ = watchElementBoundary(el.parentElement!)\n    .pipe(\n      filter(Boolean)\n    )\n\n  /* Retrieve container */\n  const container = el.parentElement!\n\n  /* Retrieve nested components */\n  const meta = getElement(\":scope > :first-child\", el)\n  const list = getElement(\":scope > :last-child\", el)\n\n  /* Reveal to accessibility tree \u2013 see https://bit.ly/3iAA7t8 */\n  watchToggle(\"search\")\n    .subscribe(active => list.setAttribute(\n      \"role\", active ? \"list\" : \"presentation\"\n    ))\n\n  /* Update search result metadata */\n  push$\n    .pipe(\n      withLatestFrom(query$),\n      skipUntil(worker$.pipe(first(isSearchReadyMessage)))\n    )\n      .subscribe(([{ items }, { value }]) => {\n        switch (items.length) {\n\n          /* No results */\n          case 0:\n            meta.textContent = value.length\n              ? translation(\"search.result.none\")\n              : translation(\"search.result.placeholder\")\n            break\n\n          /* One result */\n          case 1:\n            meta.textContent = translation(\"search.result.one\")\n            break\n\n          /* Multiple result */\n          default:\n            const count = round(items.length)\n            meta.textContent = translation(\"search.result.other\", count)\n        }\n      })\n\n  /* Render search result item */\n  const render$ = push$\n    .pipe(\n      tap(() => list.innerHTML = \"\"),\n      switchMap(({ items }) => merge(\n        of(...items.slice(0, 10)),\n        of(...items.slice(10))\n          .pipe(\n            bufferCount(4),\n            zipWith(boundary$),\n            switchMap(([chunk]) => chunk)\n          )\n      )),\n      map(renderSearchResultItem),\n      share()\n    )\n\n  /* Update search result list */\n  render$.subscribe(item => list.appendChild(item))\n  render$\n    .pipe(\n      mergeMap(item => {\n        const details = getOptionalElement(\"details\", item)\n        if (typeof details === \"undefined\")\n          return EMPTY\n\n        /* Keep position of details element stable */\n        return fromEvent(details, \"toggle\")\n          .pipe(\n            takeUntil(push$),\n            map(() => details)\n          )\n      })\n    )\n      .subscribe(details => {\n        if (\n          details.open === false &&\n          details.offsetTop <= container.scrollTop\n        )\n          container.scrollTo({ top: details.offsetTop })\n      })\n\n  /* Filter search result message */\n  const result$ = worker$\n    .pipe(\n      filter(isSearchResultMessage),\n      map(({ data }) => data)\n    )\n\n  /* Create and return component */\n  return result$\n    .pipe(\n      tap(state => push$.next(state)),\n      finalize(() => push$.complete()),\n      map(state => ({ ref: el, ...state }))\n    )\n}\n", "/*\n * Copyright (c) 2016-2024 Martin Donath <martin.donath@squidfunk.com>\n *\n * Permission is hereby granted, free of charge, to any person obtaining a copy\n * of this software and associated documentation files (the \"Software\"), to\n * deal in the Software without restriction, including without limitation the\n * rights to use, copy, modify, merge, publish, distribute, sublicense, and/or\n * sell copies of the Software, and to permit persons to whom the Software is\n * furnished to do so, subject to the following conditions:\n *\n * The above copyright notice and this permission notice shall be included in\n * all copies or substantial portions of the Software.\n *\n * THE SOFTWARE IS PROVIDED \"AS IS\", WITHOUT WARRANTY OF ANY KIND, EXPRESS OR\n * IMPLIED, INCLUDING BUT NOT LIMITED TO THE WARRANTIES OF MERCHANTABILITY,\n * FITNESS FOR A PARTICULAR PURPOSE AND NON-INFRINGEMENT. IN NO EVENT SHALL THE\n * AUTHORS OR COPYRIGHT HOLDERS BE LIABLE FOR ANY CLAIM, DAMAGES OR OTHER\n * LIABILITY, WHETHER IN AN ACTION OF CONTRACT, TORT OR OTHERWISE, ARISING\n * FROM, OUT OF OR IN CONNECTION WITH THE SOFTWARE OR THE USE OR OTHER DEALINGS\n * IN THE SOFTWARE.\n */\n\nimport {\n  Observable,\n  Subject,\n  endWith,\n  finalize,\n  fromEvent,\n  ignoreElements,\n  map,\n  takeUntil,\n  tap\n} from \"rxjs\"\n\nimport { getLocation } from \"~/browser\"\n\nimport { Component } from \"../../_\"\nimport { SearchQuery } from \"../query\"\n\n/* ----------------------------------------------------------------------------\n * Types\n * ------------------------------------------------------------------------- */\n\n/**\n * Search sharing\n */\nexport interface SearchShare {\n  url: URL                             /* Deep link for sharing */\n}\n\n/* ----------------------------------------------------------------------------\n * Helper types\n * ------------------------------------------------------------------------- */\n\n/**\n * Watch options\n */\ninterface WatchOptions {\n  query$: Observable<SearchQuery>      /* Search query observable */\n}\n\n/**\n * Mount options\n */\ninterface MountOptions {\n  query$: Observable<SearchQuery>      /* Search query observable */\n}\n\n/* ----------------------------------------------------------------------------\n * Functions\n * ------------------------------------------------------------------------- */\n\n/**\n * Mount search sharing\n *\n * @param _el - Search sharing element\n * @param options - Options\n *\n * @returns Search sharing observable\n */\nexport function watchSearchShare(\n  _el: HTMLElement, { query$ }: WatchOptions\n): Observable<SearchShare> {\n  return query$\n    .pipe(\n      map(({ value }) => {\n        const url = getLocation()\n        url.hash = \"\"\n\n        /* Compute readable query strings */\n        value = value\n          .replace(/\\s+/g, \"+\")        /* Collapse whitespace */\n          .replace(/&/g, \"%26\")        /* Escape '&' character */\n          .replace(/=/g, \"%3D\")        /* Escape '=' character */\n\n        /* Replace query string */\n        url.search = `q=${value}`\n        return { url }\n      })\n    )\n}\n\n/**\n * Mount search sharing\n *\n * @param el - Search sharing element\n * @param options - Options\n *\n * @returns Search sharing component observable\n */\nexport function mountSearchShare(\n  el: HTMLAnchorElement, options: MountOptions\n): Observable<Component<SearchShare>> {\n  const push$ = new Subject<SearchShare>()\n  const done$ = push$.pipe(ignoreElements(), endWith(true))\n  push$.subscribe(({ url }) => {\n    el.setAttribute(\"data-clipboard-text\", el.href)\n    el.href = `${url}`\n  })\n\n  /* Prevent following of link */\n  fromEvent(el, \"click\")\n    .pipe(\n      takeUntil(done$)\n    )\n      .subscribe(ev => ev.preventDefault())\n\n  /* Create and return component */\n  return watchSearchShare(el, options)\n    .pipe(\n      tap(state => push$.next(state)),\n      finalize(() => push$.complete()),\n      map(state => ({ ref: el, ...state }))\n    )\n}\n", "/*\n * Copyright (c) 2016-2024 Martin Donath <martin.donath@squidfunk.com>\n *\n * Permission is hereby granted, free of charge, to any person obtaining a copy\n * of this software and associated documentation files (the \"Software\"), to\n * deal in the Software without restriction, including without limitation the\n * rights to use, copy, modify, merge, publish, distribute, sublicense, and/or\n * sell copies of the Software, and to permit persons to whom the Software is\n * furnished to do so, subject to the following conditions:\n *\n * The above copyright notice and this permission notice shall be included in\n * all copies or substantial portions of the Software.\n *\n * THE SOFTWARE IS PROVIDED \"AS IS\", WITHOUT WARRANTY OF ANY KIND, EXPRESS OR\n * IMPLIED, INCLUDING BUT NOT LIMITED TO THE WARRANTIES OF MERCHANTABILITY,\n * FITNESS FOR A PARTICULAR PURPOSE AND NON-INFRINGEMENT. IN NO EVENT SHALL THE\n * AUTHORS OR COPYRIGHT HOLDERS BE LIABLE FOR ANY CLAIM, DAMAGES OR OTHER\n * LIABILITY, WHETHER IN AN ACTION OF CONTRACT, TORT OR OTHERWISE, ARISING\n * FROM, OUT OF OR IN CONNECTION WITH THE SOFTWARE OR THE USE OR OTHER DEALINGS\n * IN THE SOFTWARE.\n */\n\nimport {\n  Observable,\n  Subject,\n  asyncScheduler,\n  combineLatestWith,\n  distinctUntilChanged,\n  filter,\n  finalize,\n  fromEvent,\n  map,\n  merge,\n  observeOn,\n  tap\n} from \"rxjs\"\n\nimport { Keyboard } from \"~/browser\"\nimport {\n  SearchMessage,\n  SearchResult,\n  isSearchResultMessage\n} from \"~/integrations\"\n\nimport { Component, getComponentElement } from \"../../_\"\n\n/* ----------------------------------------------------------------------------\n * Types\n * ------------------------------------------------------------------------- */\n\n/**\n * Search suggestions\n */\nexport interface SearchSuggest {}\n\n/* ----------------------------------------------------------------------------\n * Helper types\n * ------------------------------------------------------------------------- */\n\n/**\n * Mount options\n */\ninterface MountOptions {\n  keyboard$: Observable<Keyboard>      /* Keyboard observable */\n  worker$: Subject<SearchMessage>      /* Search worker */\n}\n\n/* ----------------------------------------------------------------------------\n * Functions\n * ------------------------------------------------------------------------- */\n\n/**\n * Mount search suggestions\n *\n * This function will perform a lazy rendering of the search results, depending\n * on the vertical offset of the search result container.\n *\n * @param el - Search result list element\n * @param options - Options\n *\n * @returns Search result list component observable\n */\nexport function mountSearchSuggest(\n  el: HTMLElement, { worker$, keyboard$ }: MountOptions\n): Observable<Component<SearchSuggest>> {\n  const push$ = new Subject<SearchResult>()\n\n  /* Retrieve query component and track all changes */\n  const query  = getComponentElement(\"search-query\")\n  const query$ = merge(\n    fromEvent(query, \"keydown\"),\n    fromEvent(query, \"focus\")\n  )\n    .pipe(\n      observeOn(asyncScheduler),\n      map(() => query.value),\n      distinctUntilChanged(),\n    )\n\n  /* Update search suggestions */\n  push$\n    .pipe(\n      combineLatestWith(query$),\n      map(([{ suggest }, value]) => {\n        const words = value.split(/([\\s-]+)/)\n        if (suggest?.length && words[words.length - 1]) {\n          const last = suggest[suggest.length - 1]\n          if (last.startsWith(words[words.length - 1]))\n            words[words.length - 1] = last\n        } else {\n          words.length = 0\n        }\n        return words\n      })\n    )\n      .subscribe(words => el.innerHTML = words\n        .join(\"\")\n        .replace(/\\s/g, \"&nbsp;\")\n      )\n\n  /* Set up search keyboard handlers */\n  keyboard$\n    .pipe(\n      filter(({ mode }) => mode === \"search\")\n    )\n      .subscribe(key => {\n        switch (key.type) {\n\n          /* Right arrow: accept current suggestion */\n          case \"ArrowRight\":\n            if (\n              el.innerText.length &&\n              query.selectionStart === query.value.length\n            )\n              query.value = el.innerText\n            break\n        }\n      })\n\n  /* Filter search result message */\n  const result$ = worker$\n    .pipe(\n      filter(isSearchResultMessage),\n      map(({ data }) => data)\n    )\n\n  /* Create and return component */\n  return result$\n    .pipe(\n      tap(state => push$.next(state)),\n      finalize(() => push$.complete()),\n      map(() => ({ ref: el }))\n    )\n}\n", "/*\n * Copyright (c) 2016-2024 Martin Donath <martin.donath@squidfunk.com>\n *\n * Permission is hereby granted, free of charge, to any person obtaining a copy\n * of this software and associated documentation files (the \"Software\"), to\n * deal in the Software without restriction, including without limitation the\n * rights to use, copy, modify, merge, publish, distribute, sublicense, and/or\n * sell copies of the Software, and to permit persons to whom the Software is\n * furnished to do so, subject to the following conditions:\n *\n * The above copyright notice and this permission notice shall be included in\n * all copies or substantial portions of the Software.\n *\n * THE SOFTWARE IS PROVIDED \"AS IS\", WITHOUT WARRANTY OF ANY KIND, EXPRESS OR\n * IMPLIED, INCLUDING BUT NOT LIMITED TO THE WARRANTIES OF MERCHANTABILITY,\n * FITNESS FOR A PARTICULAR PURPOSE AND NON-INFRINGEMENT. IN NO EVENT SHALL THE\n * AUTHORS OR COPYRIGHT HOLDERS BE LIABLE FOR ANY CLAIM, DAMAGES OR OTHER\n * LIABILITY, WHETHER IN AN ACTION OF CONTRACT, TORT OR OTHERWISE, ARISING\n * FROM, OUT OF OR IN CONNECTION WITH THE SOFTWARE OR THE USE OR OTHER DEALINGS\n * IN THE SOFTWARE.\n */\n\nimport {\n  NEVER,\n  Observable,\n  ObservableInput,\n  filter,\n  fromEvent,\n  merge,\n  mergeWith\n} from \"rxjs\"\n\nimport { configuration } from \"~/_\"\nimport {\n  Keyboard,\n  getActiveElement,\n  getElements,\n  setToggle\n} from \"~/browser\"\nimport {\n  SearchIndex,\n  SearchResult,\n  setupSearchWorker\n} from \"~/integrations\"\n\nimport {\n  Component,\n  getComponentElement,\n  getComponentElements\n} from \"../../_\"\nimport {\n  SearchQuery,\n  mountSearchQuery\n} from \"../query\"\nimport { mountSearchResult } from \"../result\"\nimport {\n  SearchShare,\n  mountSearchShare\n} from \"../share\"\nimport {\n  SearchSuggest,\n  mountSearchSuggest\n} from \"../suggest\"\n\n/* ----------------------------------------------------------------------------\n * Types\n * ------------------------------------------------------------------------- */\n\n/**\n * Search\n */\nexport type Search =\n  | SearchQuery\n  | SearchResult\n  | SearchShare\n  | SearchSuggest\n\n/* ----------------------------------------------------------------------------\n * Helper types\n * ------------------------------------------------------------------------- */\n\n/**\n * Mount options\n */\ninterface MountOptions {\n  index$: ObservableInput<SearchIndex> /* Search index observable */\n  keyboard$: Observable<Keyboard>      /* Keyboard observable */\n}\n\n/* ----------------------------------------------------------------------------\n * Functions\n * ------------------------------------------------------------------------- */\n\n/**\n * Mount search\n *\n * This function sets up the search functionality, including the underlying\n * web worker and all keyboard bindings.\n *\n * @param el - Search element\n * @param options - Options\n *\n * @returns Search component observable\n */\nexport function mountSearch(\n  el: HTMLElement, { index$, keyboard$ }: MountOptions\n): Observable<Component<Search>> {\n  const config = configuration()\n  try {\n    const worker$ = setupSearchWorker(config.search, index$)\n\n    /* Retrieve query and result components */\n    const query  = getComponentElement(\"search-query\", el)\n    const result = getComponentElement(\"search-result\", el)\n\n    /* Always close search on result selection */\n    fromEvent<PointerEvent>(el, \"click\")\n      .pipe(\n        filter(({ target }) => (\n          target instanceof Element && !!target.closest(\"a\")\n        ))\n      )\n        .subscribe(() => setToggle(\"search\", false))\n\n    /* Set up search keyboard handlers */\n    keyboard$\n      .pipe(\n        filter(({ mode }) => mode === \"search\")\n      )\n        .subscribe(key => {\n          const active = getActiveElement()\n          switch (key.type) {\n\n            /* Enter: go to first (best) result */\n            case \"Enter\":\n              if (active === query) {\n                const anchors = new Map<HTMLAnchorElement, number>()\n                for (const anchor of getElements<HTMLAnchorElement>(\n                  \":first-child [href]\", result\n                )) {\n                  const article = anchor.firstElementChild!\n                  anchors.set(anchor, parseFloat(\n                    article.getAttribute(\"data-md-score\")!\n                  ))\n                }\n\n                /* Go to result with highest score, if any */\n                if (anchors.size) {\n                  const [[best]] = [...anchors].sort(([, a], [, b]) => b - a)\n                  best.click()\n                }\n\n                /* Otherwise omit form submission */\n                key.claim()\n              }\n              break\n\n            /* Escape or Tab: close search */\n            case \"Escape\":\n            case \"Tab\":\n              setToggle(\"search\", false)\n              query.blur()\n              break\n\n            /* Vertical arrows: select previous or next search result */\n            case \"ArrowUp\":\n            case \"ArrowDown\":\n              if (typeof active === \"undefined\") {\n                query.focus()\n              } else {\n                const els = [query, ...getElements(\n                  \":not(details) > [href], summary, details[open] [href]\",\n                  result\n                )]\n                const i = Math.max(0, (\n                  Math.max(0, els.indexOf(active)) + els.length + (\n                    key.type === \"ArrowUp\" ? -1 : +1\n                  )\n                ) % els.length)\n                els[i].focus()\n              }\n\n              /* Prevent scrolling of page */\n              key.claim()\n              break\n\n            /* All other keys: hand to search query */\n            default:\n              if (query !== getActiveElement())\n                query.focus()\n          }\n        })\n\n    /* Set up global keyboard handlers */\n    keyboard$\n      .pipe(\n        filter(({ mode }) => mode === \"global\")\n      )\n        .subscribe(key => {\n          switch (key.type) {\n\n            /* Open search and select query */\n            case \"f\":\n            case \"s\":\n            case \"/\":\n              query.focus()\n              query.select()\n\n              /* Prevent scrolling of page */\n              key.claim()\n              break\n          }\n        })\n\n    /* Create and return component */\n    const query$ = mountSearchQuery(query, { worker$ })\n    return merge(\n      query$,\n      mountSearchResult(result, { worker$, query$ })\n    )\n      .pipe(\n        mergeWith(\n\n          /* Search sharing */\n          ...getComponentElements(\"search-share\", el)\n            .map(child => mountSearchShare(child, { query$ })),\n\n          /* Search suggestions */\n          ...getComponentElements(\"search-suggest\", el)\n            .map(child => mountSearchSuggest(child, { worker$, keyboard$ }))\n        )\n      )\n\n  /* Gracefully handle broken search */\n  } catch (err) {\n    el.hidden = true\n    return NEVER\n  }\n}\n", "/*\n * Copyright (c) 2016-2024 Martin Donath <martin.donath@squidfunk.com>\n *\n * Permission is hereby granted, free of charge, to any person obtaining a copy\n * of this software and associated documentation files (the \"Software\"), to\n * deal in the Software without restriction, including without limitation the\n * rights to use, copy, modify, merge, publish, distribute, sublicense, and/or\n * sell copies of the Software, and to permit persons to whom the Software is\n * furnished to do so, subject to the following conditions:\n *\n * The above copyright notice and this permission notice shall be included in\n * all copies or substantial portions of the Software.\n *\n * THE SOFTWARE IS PROVIDED \"AS IS\", WITHOUT WARRANTY OF ANY KIND, EXPRESS OR\n * IMPLIED, INCLUDING BUT NOT LIMITED TO THE WARRANTIES OF MERCHANTABILITY,\n * FITNESS FOR A PARTICULAR PURPOSE AND NON-INFRINGEMENT. IN NO EVENT SHALL THE\n * AUTHORS OR COPYRIGHT HOLDERS BE LIABLE FOR ANY CLAIM, DAMAGES OR OTHER\n * LIABILITY, WHETHER IN AN ACTION OF CONTRACT, TORT OR OTHERWISE, ARISING\n * FROM, OUT OF OR IN CONNECTION WITH THE SOFTWARE OR THE USE OR OTHER DEALINGS\n * IN THE SOFTWARE.\n */\n\nimport {\n  Observable,\n  ObservableInput,\n  combineLatest,\n  filter,\n  map,\n  startWith\n} from \"rxjs\"\n\nimport { getLocation } from \"~/browser\"\nimport {\n  SearchIndex,\n  setupSearchHighlighter\n} from \"~/integrations\"\nimport { h } from \"~/utilities\"\n\nimport { Component } from \"../../_\"\n\n/* ----------------------------------------------------------------------------\n * Types\n * ------------------------------------------------------------------------- */\n\n/**\n * Search highlighting\n */\nexport interface SearchHighlight {\n  nodes: Map<ChildNode, string>        /* Map of replacements */\n}\n\n/* ----------------------------------------------------------------------------\n * Helper types\n * ------------------------------------------------------------------------- */\n\n/**\n * Mount options\n */\ninterface MountOptions {\n  index$: ObservableInput<SearchIndex> /* Search index observable */\n  location$: Observable<URL>           /* Location observable */\n}\n\n/* ----------------------------------------------------------------------------\n * Functions\n * ------------------------------------------------------------------------- */\n\n/**\n * Mount search highlighting\n *\n * @param el - Content element\n * @param options - Options\n *\n * @returns Search highlighting component observable\n */\nexport function mountSearchHiglight(\n  el: HTMLElement, { index$, location$ }: MountOptions\n): Observable<Component<SearchHighlight>> {\n  return combineLatest([\n    index$,\n    location$\n      .pipe(\n        startWith(getLocation()),\n        filter(url => !!url.searchParams.get(\"h\"))\n      )\n  ])\n    .pipe(\n      map(([index, url]) => setupSearchHighlighter(index.config)(\n        url.searchParams.get(\"h\")!\n      )),\n      map(fn => {\n        const nodes = new Map<ChildNode, string>()\n\n        /* Traverse text nodes and collect matches */\n        const it = document.createNodeIterator(el, NodeFilter.SHOW_TEXT)\n        for (let node = it.nextNode(); node; node = it.nextNode()) {\n          if (node.parentElement?.offsetHeight) {\n            const original = node.textContent!\n            const replaced = fn(original)\n            if (replaced.length > original.length)\n              nodes.set(node as ChildNode, replaced)\n          }\n        }\n\n        /* Replace original nodes with matches */\n        for (const [node, text] of nodes) {\n          const { childNodes } = h(\"span\", null, text)\n          node.replaceWith(...Array.from(childNodes))\n        }\n\n        /* Return component */\n        return { ref: el, nodes }\n      })\n    )\n}\n", "/*\n * Copyright (c) 2016-2024 Martin Donath <martin.donath@squidfunk.com>\n *\n * Permission is hereby granted, free of charge, to any person obtaining a copy\n * of this software and associated documentation files (the \"Software\"), to\n * deal in the Software without restriction, including without limitation the\n * rights to use, copy, modify, merge, publish, distribute, sublicense, and/or\n * sell copies of the Software, and to permit persons to whom the Software is\n * furnished to do so, subject to the following conditions:\n *\n * The above copyright notice and this permission notice shall be included in\n * all copies or substantial portions of the Software.\n *\n * THE SOFTWARE IS PROVIDED \"AS IS\", WITHOUT WARRANTY OF ANY KIND, EXPRESS OR\n * IMPLIED, INCLUDING BUT NOT LIMITED TO THE WARRANTIES OF MERCHANTABILITY,\n * FITNESS FOR A PARTICULAR PURPOSE AND NON-INFRINGEMENT. IN NO EVENT SHALL THE\n * AUTHORS OR COPYRIGHT HOLDERS BE LIABLE FOR ANY CLAIM, DAMAGES OR OTHER\n * LIABILITY, WHETHER IN AN ACTION OF CONTRACT, TORT OR OTHERWISE, ARISING\n * FROM, OUT OF OR IN CONNECTION WITH THE SOFTWARE OR THE USE OR OTHER DEALINGS\n * IN THE SOFTWARE.\n */\n\nimport {\n  Observable,\n  Subject,\n  animationFrameScheduler,\n  asyncScheduler,\n  auditTime,\n  combineLatest,\n  defer,\n  distinctUntilChanged,\n  endWith,\n  finalize,\n  first,\n  from,\n  fromEvent,\n  ignoreElements,\n  map,\n  mergeMap,\n  observeOn,\n  takeUntil,\n  tap,\n  withLatestFrom\n} from \"rxjs\"\n\nimport {\n  Viewport,\n  getElement,\n  getElementOffset,\n  getElementSize,\n  getElements\n} from \"~/browser\"\n\nimport { Component } from \"../_\"\nimport { Header } from \"../header\"\nimport { Main } from \"../main\"\n\n/* ----------------------------------------------------------------------------\n * Types\n * ------------------------------------------------------------------------- */\n\n/**\n * Sidebar\n */\nexport interface Sidebar {\n  height: number                       /* Sidebar height */\n  locked: boolean                      /* Sidebar is locked */\n}\n\n/* ----------------------------------------------------------------------------\n * Helper types\n * ------------------------------------------------------------------------- */\n\n/**\n * Watch options\n */\ninterface WatchOptions {\n  viewport$: Observable<Viewport>      /* Viewport observable */\n  main$: Observable<Main>              /* Main area observable */\n}\n\n/**\n * Mount options\n */\ninterface MountOptions {\n  viewport$: Observable<Viewport>      /* Viewport observable */\n  header$: Observable<Header>          /* Header observable */\n  main$: Observable<Main>              /* Main area observable */\n}\n\n/* ----------------------------------------------------------------------------\n * Functions\n * ------------------------------------------------------------------------- */\n\n/**\n * Watch sidebar\n *\n * This function returns an observable that computes the visual parameters of\n * the sidebar which depends on the vertical viewport offset, as well as the\n * height of the main area. When the page is scrolled beyond the header, the\n * sidebar is locked and fills the remaining space.\n *\n * @param el - Sidebar element\n * @param options - Options\n *\n * @returns Sidebar observable\n */\nexport function watchSidebar(\n  el: HTMLElement, { viewport$, main$ }: WatchOptions\n): Observable<Sidebar> {\n  const parent = el.closest<HTMLElement>(\".md-grid\")!\n  const adjust =\n    parent.offsetTop -\n    parent.parentElement!.offsetTop\n\n  /* Compute the sidebar's available height and if it should be locked */\n  return combineLatest([main$, viewport$])\n    .pipe(\n      map(([{ offset, height }, { offset: { y } }]) => {\n        height = height\n          + Math.min(adjust, Math.max(0, y - offset))\n          - adjust\n        return {\n          height,\n          locked: y >= offset + adjust\n        }\n      }),\n      distinctUntilChanged((a, b) => (\n        a.height === b.height &&\n        a.locked === b.locked\n      ))\n    )\n}\n\n/**\n * Mount sidebar\n *\n * This function doesn't set the height of the actual sidebar, but of its first\n * child \u2013 the `.md-sidebar__scrollwrap` element in order to mitigiate jittery\n * sidebars when the footer is scrolled into view. At some point we switched\n * from `absolute` / `fixed` positioning to `sticky` positioning, significantly\n * reducing jitter in some browsers (respectively Firefox and Safari) when\n * scrolling from the top. However, top-aligned sticky positioning means that\n * the sidebar snaps to the bottom when the end of the container is reached.\n * This is what leads to the mentioned jitter, as the sidebar's height may be\n * updated too slowly.\n *\n * This behaviour can be mitigiated by setting the height of the sidebar to `0`\n * while preserving the padding, and the height on its first element.\n *\n * @param el - Sidebar element\n * @param options - Options\n *\n * @returns Sidebar component observable\n */\nexport function mountSidebar(\n  el: HTMLElement, { header$, ...options }: MountOptions\n): Observable<Component<Sidebar>> {\n  const inner = getElement(\".md-sidebar__scrollwrap\", el)\n  const { y } = getElementOffset(inner)\n  return defer(() => {\n    const push$ = new Subject<Sidebar>()\n    const done$ = push$.pipe(ignoreElements(), endWith(true))\n    const next$ = push$\n      .pipe(\n        auditTime(0, animationFrameScheduler)\n      )\n\n    /* Update sidebar height and offset */\n    next$.pipe(withLatestFrom(header$))\n      .subscribe({\n\n        /* Handle emission */\n        next([{ height }, { height: offset }]) {\n          inner.style.height = `${height - 2 * y}px`\n          el.style.top       = `${offset}px`\n        },\n\n        /* Handle complete */\n        complete() {\n          inner.style.height = \"\"\n          el.style.top       = \"\"\n        }\n      })\n\n    /* Bring active item into view on initial load */\n    next$.pipe(first())\n      .subscribe(() => {\n        for (const item of getElements(\".md-nav__link--active[href]\", el)) {\n          if (!item.clientHeight) // skip invisible toc in left sidebar\n            continue\n          const container = item.closest<HTMLElement>(\".md-sidebar__scrollwrap\")!\n          if (typeof container !== \"undefined\") {\n            const offset = item.offsetTop - container.offsetTop\n            const { height } = getElementSize(container)\n            container.scrollTo({\n              top: offset - height / 2\n            })\n          }\n        }\n      })\n\n    /* Handle accessibility for expandable items, see https://bit.ly/3jaod9p */\n    from(getElements<HTMLLabelElement>(\"label[tabindex]\", el))\n      .pipe(\n        mergeMap(label => fromEvent(label, \"click\")\n          .pipe(\n            observeOn(asyncScheduler),\n            map(() => label),\n            takeUntil(done$)\n          )\n        )\n      )\n        .subscribe(label => {\n          const input = getElement<HTMLInputElement>(`[id=\"${label.htmlFor}\"]`)\n          const nav = getElement(`[aria-labelledby=\"${label.id}\"]`)\n          nav.setAttribute(\"aria-expanded\", `${input.checked}`)\n        })\n\n    /* Create and return component */\n    return watchSidebar(el, options)\n      .pipe(\n        tap(state => push$.next(state)),\n        finalize(() => push$.complete()),\n        map(state => ({ ref: el, ...state }))\n      )\n  })\n}\n", "/*\n * Copyright (c) 2016-2024 Martin Donath <martin.donath@squidfunk.com>\n *\n * Permission is hereby granted, free of charge, to any person obtaining a copy\n * of this software and associated documentation files (the \"Software\"), to\n * deal in the Software without restriction, including without limitation the\n * rights to use, copy, modify, merge, publish, distribute, sublicense, and/or\n * sell copies of the Software, and to permit persons to whom the Software is\n * furnished to do so, subject to the following conditions:\n *\n * The above copyright notice and this permission notice shall be included in\n * all copies or substantial portions of the Software.\n *\n * THE SOFTWARE IS PROVIDED \"AS IS\", WITHOUT WARRANTY OF ANY KIND, EXPRESS OR\n * IMPLIED, INCLUDING BUT NOT LIMITED TO THE WARRANTIES OF MERCHANTABILITY,\n * FITNESS FOR A PARTICULAR PURPOSE AND NON-INFRINGEMENT. IN NO EVENT SHALL THE\n * AUTHORS OR COPYRIGHT HOLDERS BE LIABLE FOR ANY CLAIM, DAMAGES OR OTHER\n * LIABILITY, WHETHER IN AN ACTION OF CONTRACT, TORT OR OTHERWISE, ARISING\n * FROM, OUT OF OR IN CONNECTION WITH THE SOFTWARE OR THE USE OR OTHER DEALINGS\n * IN THE SOFTWARE.\n */\n\nimport { Repo, User } from \"github-types\"\nimport {\n  EMPTY,\n  Observable,\n  catchError,\n  defaultIfEmpty,\n  map,\n  zip\n} from \"rxjs\"\n\nimport { requestJSON } from \"~/browser\"\n\nimport { SourceFacts } from \"../_\"\n\n/* ----------------------------------------------------------------------------\n * Helper types\n * ------------------------------------------------------------------------- */\n\n/**\n * GitHub release (partial)\n */\ninterface Release {\n  tag_name: string                     /* Tag name */\n}\n\n/* ----------------------------------------------------------------------------\n * Functions\n * ------------------------------------------------------------------------- */\n\n/**\n * Fetch GitHub repository facts\n *\n * @param user - GitHub user or organization\n * @param repo - GitHub repository\n *\n * @returns Repository facts observable\n */\nexport function fetchSourceFactsFromGitHub(\n  user: string, repo?: string\n): Observable<SourceFacts> {\n  if (typeof repo !== \"undefined\") {\n    const url = `https://api.github.com/repos/${user}/${repo}`\n    return zip(\n\n      /* Fetch version */\n      requestJSON<Release>(`${url}/releases/latest`)\n        .pipe(\n          catchError(() => EMPTY), // @todo refactor instant loading\n          map(release => ({\n            version: release.tag_name\n          })),\n          defaultIfEmpty({})\n        ),\n\n      /* Fetch stars and forks */\n      requestJSON<Repo>(url)\n        .pipe(\n          catchError(() => EMPTY), // @todo refactor instant loading\n          map(info => ({\n            stars: info.stargazers_count,\n            forks: info.forks_count\n          })),\n          defaultIfEmpty({})\n        )\n    )\n      .pipe(\n        map(([release, info]) => ({ ...release, ...info }))\n      )\n\n  /* User or organization */\n  } else {\n    const url = `https://api.github.com/users/${user}`\n    return requestJSON<User>(url)\n      .pipe(\n        map(info => ({\n          repositories: info.public_repos\n        })),\n        defaultIfEmpty({})\n      )\n  }\n}\n", "/*\n * Copyright (c) 2016-2024 Martin Donath <martin.donath@squidfunk.com>\n *\n * Permission is hereby granted, free of charge, to any person obtaining a copy\n * of this software and associated documentation files (the \"Software\"), to\n * deal in the Software without restriction, including without limitation the\n * rights to use, copy, modify, merge, publish, distribute, sublicense, and/or\n * sell copies of the Software, and to permit persons to whom the Software is\n * furnished to do so, subject to the following conditions:\n *\n * The above copyright notice and this permission notice shall be included in\n * all copies or substantial portions of the Software.\n *\n * THE SOFTWARE IS PROVIDED \"AS IS\", WITHOUT WARRANTY OF ANY KIND, EXPRESS OR\n * IMPLIED, INCLUDING BUT NOT LIMITED TO THE WARRANTIES OF MERCHANTABILITY,\n * FITNESS FOR A PARTICULAR PURPOSE AND NON-INFRINGEMENT. IN NO EVENT SHALL THE\n * AUTHORS OR COPYRIGHT HOLDERS BE LIABLE FOR ANY CLAIM, DAMAGES OR OTHER\n * LIABILITY, WHETHER IN AN ACTION OF CONTRACT, TORT OR OTHERWISE, ARISING\n * FROM, OUT OF OR IN CONNECTION WITH THE SOFTWARE OR THE USE OR OTHER DEALINGS\n * IN THE SOFTWARE.\n */\n\nimport { ProjectSchema } from \"gitlab\"\nimport {\n  EMPTY,\n  Observable,\n  catchError,\n  defaultIfEmpty,\n  map,\n  zip\n} from \"rxjs\"\n\nimport { requestJSON } from \"~/browser\"\n\nimport { SourceFacts } from \"../_\"\n\n/* ----------------------------------------------------------------------------\n * Helper types\n * ------------------------------------------------------------------------- */\n\n/**\n * GitLab release (partial)\n */\ninterface Release { // @todo remove and use the ReleaseSchema type instead after switching from gitlab to @gitbeaker/rest\n  tag_name: string                     /* Tag name */\n}\n\n/* ----------------------------------------------------------------------------\n * Functions\n * ------------------------------------------------------------------------- */\n\n/**\n * Fetch GitLab repository facts\n *\n * @param base - GitLab base\n * @param project - GitLab project\n *\n * @returns Repository facts observable\n */\nexport function fetchSourceFactsFromGitLab(\n  base: string, project: string\n): Observable<SourceFacts> {\n  const url = `https://${base}/api/v4/projects/${encodeURIComponent(project)}`\n  return zip(\n\n    /* Fetch version */\n    requestJSON<Release>(`${url}/releases/permalink/latest`)\n      .pipe(\n        catchError(() => EMPTY), // @todo refactor instant loading\n        map(({ tag_name }) => ({\n          version: tag_name\n        })),\n        defaultIfEmpty({})\n      ),\n\n    /* Fetch stars and forks */\n    requestJSON<ProjectSchema>(url)\n      .pipe(\n        catchError(() => EMPTY), // @todo refactor instant loading\n        map(({ star_count, forks_count }) => ({\n          stars: star_count,\n          forks: forks_count\n        })),\n        defaultIfEmpty({})\n      )\n  )\n    .pipe(\n      map(([release, info]) => ({ ...release, ...info }))\n    )\n}\n", "/*\n * Copyright (c) 2016-2024 Martin Donath <martin.donath@squidfunk.com>\n *\n * Permission is hereby granted, free of charge, to any person obtaining a copy\n * of this software and associated documentation files (the \"Software\"), to\n * deal in the Software without restriction, including without limitation the\n * rights to use, copy, modify, merge, publish, distribute, sublicense, and/or\n * sell copies of the Software, and to permit persons to whom the Software is\n * furnished to do so, subject to the following conditions:\n *\n * The above copyright notice and this permission notice shall be included in\n * all copies or substantial portions of the Software.\n *\n * THE SOFTWARE IS PROVIDED \"AS IS\", WITHOUT WARRANTY OF ANY KIND, EXPRESS OR\n * IMPLIED, INCLUDING BUT NOT LIMITED TO THE WARRANTIES OF MERCHANTABILITY,\n * FITNESS FOR A PARTICULAR PURPOSE AND NON-INFRINGEMENT. IN NO EVENT SHALL THE\n * AUTHORS OR COPYRIGHT HOLDERS BE LIABLE FOR ANY CLAIM, DAMAGES OR OTHER\n * LIABILITY, WHETHER IN AN ACTION OF CONTRACT, TORT OR OTHERWISE, ARISING\n * FROM, OUT OF OR IN CONNECTION WITH THE SOFTWARE OR THE USE OR OTHER DEALINGS\n * IN THE SOFTWARE.\n */\n\nimport { EMPTY, Observable } from \"rxjs\"\n\nimport { fetchSourceFactsFromGitHub } from \"../github\"\nimport { fetchSourceFactsFromGitLab } from \"../gitlab\"\n\n/* ----------------------------------------------------------------------------\n * Types\n * ------------------------------------------------------------------------- */\n\n/**\n * Repository facts for repositories\n */\nexport interface RepositoryFacts {\n  stars?: number                       /* Number of stars */\n  forks?: number                       /* Number of forks */\n  version?: string                     /* Latest version */\n}\n\n/**\n * Repository facts for organizations\n */\nexport interface OrganizationFacts {\n  repositories?: number                /* Number of repositories */\n}\n\n/* ------------------------------------------------------------------------- */\n\n/**\n * Repository facts\n */\nexport type SourceFacts =\n  | RepositoryFacts\n  | OrganizationFacts\n\n/* ----------------------------------------------------------------------------\n * Functions\n * ------------------------------------------------------------------------- */\n\n/**\n * Fetch repository facts\n *\n * @param url - Repository URL\n *\n * @returns Repository facts observable\n */\nexport function fetchSourceFacts(\n  url: string\n): Observable<SourceFacts> {\n\n  /* Try to match GitHub repository */\n  let match = url.match(/^.+github\\.com\\/([^/]+)\\/?([^/]+)?/i)\n  if (match) {\n    const [, user, repo] = match\n    return fetchSourceFactsFromGitHub(user, repo)\n  }\n\n  /* Try to match GitLab repository */\n  match = url.match(/^.+?([^/]*gitlab[^/]+)\\/(.+?)\\/?$/i)\n  if (match) {\n    const [, base, slug] = match\n    return fetchSourceFactsFromGitLab(base, slug)\n  }\n\n  /* Fallback */\n  return EMPTY\n}\n", "/*\n * Copyright (c) 2016-2024 Martin Donath <martin.donath@squidfunk.com>\n *\n * Permission is hereby granted, free of charge, to any person obtaining a copy\n * of this software and associated documentation files (the \"Software\"), to\n * deal in the Software without restriction, including without limitation the\n * rights to use, copy, modify, merge, publish, distribute, sublicense, and/or\n * sell copies of the Software, and to permit persons to whom the Software is\n * furnished to do so, subject to the following conditions:\n *\n * The above copyright notice and this permission notice shall be included in\n * all copies or substantial portions of the Software.\n *\n * THE SOFTWARE IS PROVIDED \"AS IS\", WITHOUT WARRANTY OF ANY KIND, EXPRESS OR\n * IMPLIED, INCLUDING BUT NOT LIMITED TO THE WARRANTIES OF MERCHANTABILITY,\n * FITNESS FOR A PARTICULAR PURPOSE AND NON-INFRINGEMENT. IN NO EVENT SHALL THE\n * AUTHORS OR COPYRIGHT HOLDERS BE LIABLE FOR ANY CLAIM, DAMAGES OR OTHER\n * LIABILITY, WHETHER IN AN ACTION OF CONTRACT, TORT OR OTHERWISE, ARISING\n * FROM, OUT OF OR IN CONNECTION WITH THE SOFTWARE OR THE USE OR OTHER DEALINGS\n * IN THE SOFTWARE.\n */\n\nimport {\n  EMPTY,\n  Observable,\n  Subject,\n  catchError,\n  defer,\n  filter,\n  finalize,\n  map,\n  of,\n  shareReplay,\n  tap\n} from \"rxjs\"\n\nimport { getElement } from \"~/browser\"\nimport { ConsentDefaults } from \"~/components/consent\"\nimport { renderSourceFacts } from \"~/templates\"\n\nimport {\n  Component,\n  getComponentElements\n} from \"../../_\"\nimport {\n  SourceFacts,\n  fetchSourceFacts\n} from \"../facts\"\n\n/* ----------------------------------------------------------------------------\n * Types\n * ------------------------------------------------------------------------- */\n\n/**\n * Repository information\n */\nexport interface Source {\n  facts: SourceFacts                   /* Repository facts */\n}\n\n/* ----------------------------------------------------------------------------\n * Data\n * ------------------------------------------------------------------------- */\n\n/**\n * Repository information observable\n */\nlet fetch$: Observable<Source>\n\n/* ----------------------------------------------------------------------------\n * Functions\n * ------------------------------------------------------------------------- */\n\n/**\n * Watch repository information\n *\n * This function tries to read the repository facts from session storage, and\n * if unsuccessful, fetches them from the underlying provider.\n *\n * @param el - Repository information element\n *\n * @returns Repository information observable\n */\nexport function watchSource(\n  el: HTMLAnchorElement\n): Observable<Source> {\n  return fetch$ ||= defer(() => {\n    const cached = __md_get<SourceFacts>(\"__source\", sessionStorage)\n    if (cached) {\n      return of(cached)\n    } else {\n\n      /* Check if consent is configured and was given */\n      const els = getComponentElements(\"consent\")\n      if (els.length) {\n        const consent = __md_get<ConsentDefaults>(\"__consent\")\n        if (!(consent && consent.github))\n          return EMPTY\n      }\n\n      /* Fetch repository facts */\n      return fetchSourceFacts(el.href)\n        .pipe(\n          tap(facts => __md_set(\"__source\", facts, sessionStorage))\n        )\n    }\n  })\n    .pipe(\n      catchError(() => EMPTY),\n      filter(facts => Object.keys(facts).length > 0),\n      map(facts => ({ facts })),\n      shareReplay(1)\n    )\n}\n\n/**\n * Mount repository information\n *\n * @param el - Repository information element\n *\n * @returns Repository information component observable\n */\nexport function mountSource(\n  el: HTMLAnchorElement\n): Observable<Component<Source>> {\n  const inner = getElement(\":scope > :last-child\", el)\n  return defer(() => {\n    const push$ = new Subject<Source>()\n    push$.subscribe(({ facts }) => {\n      inner.appendChild(renderSourceFacts(facts))\n      inner.classList.add(\"md-source__repository--active\")\n    })\n\n    /* Create and return component */\n    return watchSource(el)\n      .pipe(\n        tap(state => push$.next(state)),\n        finalize(() => push$.complete()),\n        map(state => ({ ref: el, ...state }))\n      )\n  })\n}\n", "/*\n * Copyright (c) 2016-2024 Martin Donath <martin.donath@squidfunk.com>\n *\n * Permission is hereby granted, free of charge, to any person obtaining a copy\n * of this software and associated documentation files (the \"Software\"), to\n * deal in the Software without restriction, including without limitation the\n * rights to use, copy, modify, merge, publish, distribute, sublicense, and/or\n * sell copies of the Software, and to permit persons to whom the Software is\n * furnished to do so, subject to the following conditions:\n *\n * The above copyright notice and this permission notice shall be included in\n * all copies or substantial portions of the Software.\n *\n * THE SOFTWARE IS PROVIDED \"AS IS\", WITHOUT WARRANTY OF ANY KIND, EXPRESS OR\n * IMPLIED, INCLUDING BUT NOT LIMITED TO THE WARRANTIES OF MERCHANTABILITY,\n * FITNESS FOR A PARTICULAR PURPOSE AND NON-INFRINGEMENT. IN NO EVENT SHALL THE\n * AUTHORS OR COPYRIGHT HOLDERS BE LIABLE FOR ANY CLAIM, DAMAGES OR OTHER\n * LIABILITY, WHETHER IN AN ACTION OF CONTRACT, TORT OR OTHERWISE, ARISING\n * FROM, OUT OF OR IN CONNECTION WITH THE SOFTWARE OR THE USE OR OTHER DEALINGS\n * IN THE SOFTWARE.\n */\n\nimport {\n  Observable,\n  Subject,\n  defer,\n  distinctUntilKeyChanged,\n  finalize,\n  map,\n  of,\n  switchMap,\n  tap\n} from \"rxjs\"\n\nimport { feature } from \"~/_\"\nimport {\n  Viewport,\n  watchElementSize,\n  watchViewportAt\n} from \"~/browser\"\n\nimport { Component } from \"../_\"\nimport { Header } from \"../header\"\n\n/* ----------------------------------------------------------------------------\n * Types\n * ------------------------------------------------------------------------- */\n\n/**\n * Navigation tabs\n */\nexport interface Tabs {\n  hidden: boolean                      /* Navigation tabs are hidden */\n}\n\n/* ----------------------------------------------------------------------------\n * Helper types\n * ------------------------------------------------------------------------- */\n\n/**\n * Watch options\n */\ninterface WatchOptions {\n  viewport$: Observable<Viewport>      /* Viewport observable */\n  header$: Observable<Header>          /* Header observable */\n}\n\n/**\n * Mount options\n */\ninterface MountOptions {\n  viewport$: Observable<Viewport>      /* Viewport observable */\n  header$: Observable<Header>          /* Header observable */\n}\n\n/* ----------------------------------------------------------------------------\n * Functions\n * ------------------------------------------------------------------------- */\n\n/**\n * Watch navigation tabs\n *\n * @param el - Navigation tabs element\n * @param options - Options\n *\n * @returns Navigation tabs observable\n */\nexport function watchTabs(\n  el: HTMLElement, { viewport$, header$ }: WatchOptions\n): Observable<Tabs> {\n  return watchElementSize(document.body)\n    .pipe(\n      switchMap(() => watchViewportAt(el, { header$, viewport$ })),\n      map(({ offset: { y } }) => {\n        return {\n          hidden: y >= 10\n        }\n      }),\n      distinctUntilKeyChanged(\"hidden\")\n    )\n}\n\n/**\n * Mount navigation tabs\n *\n * This function hides the navigation tabs when scrolling past the threshold\n * and makes them reappear in a nice CSS animation when scrolling back up.\n *\n * @param el - Navigation tabs element\n * @param options - Options\n *\n * @returns Navigation tabs component observable\n */\nexport function mountTabs(\n  el: HTMLElement, options: MountOptions\n): Observable<Component<Tabs>> {\n  return defer(() => {\n    const push$ = new Subject<Tabs>()\n    push$.subscribe({\n\n      /* Handle emission */\n      next({ hidden }) {\n        el.hidden = hidden\n      },\n\n      /* Handle complete */\n      complete() {\n        el.hidden = false\n      }\n    })\n\n    /* Create and return component */\n    return (\n      feature(\"navigation.tabs.sticky\")\n        ? of({ hidden: false })\n        : watchTabs(el, options)\n    )\n      .pipe(\n        tap(state => push$.next(state)),\n        finalize(() => push$.complete()),\n        map(state => ({ ref: el, ...state }))\n      )\n  })\n}\n", "/*\n * Copyright (c) 2016-2024 Martin Donath <martin.donath@squidfunk.com>\n *\n * Permission is hereby granted, free of charge, to any person obtaining a copy\n * of this software and associated documentation files (the \"Software\"), to\n * deal in the Software without restriction, including without limitation the\n * rights to use, copy, modify, merge, publish, distribute, sublicense, and/or\n * sell copies of the Software, and to permit persons to whom the Software is\n * furnished to do so, subject to the following conditions:\n *\n * The above copyright notice and this permission notice shall be included in\n * all copies or substantial portions of the Software.\n *\n * THE SOFTWARE IS PROVIDED \"AS IS\", WITHOUT WARRANTY OF ANY KIND, EXPRESS OR\n * IMPLIED, INCLUDING BUT NOT LIMITED TO THE WARRANTIES OF MERCHANTABILITY,\n * FITNESS FOR A PARTICULAR PURPOSE AND NON-INFRINGEMENT. IN NO EVENT SHALL THE\n * AUTHORS OR COPYRIGHT HOLDERS BE LIABLE FOR ANY CLAIM, DAMAGES OR OTHER\n * LIABILITY, WHETHER IN AN ACTION OF CONTRACT, TORT OR OTHERWISE, ARISING\n * FROM, OUT OF OR IN CONNECTION WITH THE SOFTWARE OR THE USE OR OTHER DEALINGS\n * IN THE SOFTWARE.\n */\n\nimport {\n  Observable,\n  Subject,\n  asyncScheduler,\n  bufferCount,\n  combineLatestWith,\n  debounceTime,\n  defer,\n  distinctUntilChanged,\n  distinctUntilKeyChanged,\n  endWith,\n  filter,\n  finalize,\n  ignoreElements,\n  map,\n  merge,\n  observeOn,\n  of,\n  repeat,\n  scan,\n  share,\n  skip,\n  startWith,\n  switchMap,\n  takeUntil,\n  tap,\n  withLatestFrom\n} from \"rxjs\"\n\nimport { feature } from \"~/_\"\nimport {\n  Viewport,\n  getElement,\n  getElementContainer,\n  getElementSize,\n  getElements,\n  getLocation,\n  getOptionalElement,\n  watchElementSize\n} from \"~/browser\"\n\nimport {\n  Component,\n  getComponentElement\n} from \"../_\"\nimport { Header } from \"../header\"\nimport { Main } from \"../main\"\n\n/* ----------------------------------------------------------------------------\n * Types\n * ------------------------------------------------------------------------- */\n\n/**\n * Table of contents\n */\nexport interface TableOfContents {\n  prev: HTMLAnchorElement[][]          /* Anchors (previous) */\n  next: HTMLAnchorElement[][]          /* Anchors (next) */\n}\n\n/* ----------------------------------------------------------------------------\n * Helper types\n * ------------------------------------------------------------------------- */\n\n/**\n * Watch options\n */\ninterface WatchOptions {\n  viewport$: Observable<Viewport>      /* Viewport observable */\n  header$: Observable<Header>          /* Header observable */\n}\n\n/**\n * Mount options\n */\ninterface MountOptions {\n  viewport$: Observable<Viewport>      /* Viewport observable */\n  header$: Observable<Header>          /* Header observable */\n  main$: Observable<Main>              /* Main area observable */\n  target$: Observable<HTMLElement>     /* Location target observable */\n}\n\n/* ----------------------------------------------------------------------------\n * Functions\n * ------------------------------------------------------------------------- */\n\n/**\n * Watch table of contents\n *\n * This is effectively a scroll spy implementation which will account for the\n * fixed header and automatically re-calculate anchor offsets when the viewport\n * is resized. The returned observable will only emit if the table of contents\n * needs to be repainted.\n *\n * This implementation tracks an anchor element's entire path starting from its\n * level up to the top-most anchor element, e.g. `[h3, h2, h1]`. Although the\n * Material theme currently doesn't make use of this information, it enables\n * the styling of the entire hierarchy through customization.\n *\n * Note that the current anchor is the last item of the `prev` anchor list.\n *\n * @param el - Table of contents element\n * @param options - Options\n *\n * @returns Table of contents observable\n */\nexport function watchTableOfContents(\n  el: HTMLElement, { viewport$, header$ }: WatchOptions\n): Observable<TableOfContents> {\n  const table = new Map<HTMLAnchorElement, HTMLElement>()\n\n  /* Compute anchor-to-target mapping */\n  const anchors = getElements<HTMLAnchorElement>(\".md-nav__link\", el)\n  for (const anchor of anchors) {\n    const id = decodeURIComponent(anchor.hash.substring(1))\n    const target = getOptionalElement(`[id=\"${id}\"]`)\n    if (typeof target !== \"undefined\")\n      table.set(anchor, target)\n  }\n\n  /* Compute necessary adjustment for header */\n  const adjust$ = header$\n    .pipe(\n      distinctUntilKeyChanged(\"height\"),\n      map(({ height }) => {\n        const main = getComponentElement(\"main\")\n        const grid = getElement(\":scope > :first-child\", main)\n        return height + 0.8 * (\n          grid.offsetTop -\n          main.offsetTop\n        )\n      }),\n      share()\n    )\n\n  /* Compute partition of previous and next anchors */\n  const partition$ = watchElementSize(document.body)\n    .pipe(\n      distinctUntilKeyChanged(\"height\"),\n\n      /* Build index to map anchor paths to vertical offsets */\n      switchMap(body => defer(() => {\n        let path: HTMLAnchorElement[] = []\n        return of([...table].reduce((index, [anchor, target]) => {\n          while (path.length) {\n            const last = table.get(path[path.length - 1])!\n            if (last.tagName >= target.tagName) {\n              path.pop()\n            } else {\n              break\n            }\n          }\n\n          /* If the current anchor is hidden, continue with its parent */\n          let offset = target.offsetTop\n          while (!offset && target.parentElement) {\n            target = target.parentElement\n            offset = target.offsetTop\n          }\n\n          /* Fix anchor offsets in tables - see https://bit.ly/3CUFOcn */\n          let parent = target.offsetParent as HTMLElement\n          for (; parent; parent = parent.offsetParent as HTMLElement)\n            offset += parent.offsetTop\n\n          /* Map reversed anchor path to vertical offset */\n          return index.set(\n            [...path = [...path, anchor]].reverse(),\n            offset\n          )\n        }, new Map<HTMLAnchorElement[], number>()))\n      })\n        .pipe(\n\n          /* Sort index by vertical offset (see https://bit.ly/30z6QSO) */\n          map(index => new Map([...index].sort(([, a], [, b]) => a - b))),\n          combineLatestWith(adjust$),\n\n          /* Re-compute partition when viewport offset changes */\n          switchMap(([index, adjust]) => viewport$\n            .pipe(\n              scan(([prev, next], { offset: { y }, size }) => {\n                const last = y + size.height >= Math.floor(body.height)\n\n                /* Look forward */\n                while (next.length) {\n                  const [, offset] = next[0]\n                  if (offset - adjust < y || last) {\n                    prev = [...prev, next.shift()!]\n                  } else {\n                    break\n                  }\n                }\n\n                /* Look backward */\n                while (prev.length) {\n                  const [, offset] = prev[prev.length - 1]\n                  if (offset - adjust >= y && !last) {\n                    next = [prev.pop()!, ...next]\n                  } else {\n                    break\n                  }\n                }\n\n                /* Return partition */\n                return [prev, next]\n              }, [[], [...index]]),\n              distinctUntilChanged((a, b) => (\n                a[0] === b[0] &&\n                a[1] === b[1]\n              ))\n            )\n          )\n        )\n      )\n    )\n\n  /* Compute and return anchor list migrations */\n  return partition$\n    .pipe(\n      map(([prev, next]) => ({\n        prev: prev.map(([path]) => path),\n        next: next.map(([path]) => path)\n      })),\n\n      /* Extract anchor list migrations */\n      startWith({ prev: [], next: [] }),\n      bufferCount(2, 1),\n      map(([a, b]) => {\n\n        /* Moving down */\n        if (a.prev.length < b.prev.length) {\n          return {\n            prev: b.prev.slice(Math.max(0, a.prev.length - 1), b.prev.length),\n            next: []\n          }\n\n        /* Moving up */\n        } else {\n          return {\n            prev: b.prev.slice(-1),\n            next: b.next.slice(0, b.next.length - a.next.length)\n          }\n        }\n      })\n    )\n}\n\n/* ------------------------------------------------------------------------- */\n\n/**\n * Mount table of contents\n *\n * @param el - Table of contents element\n * @param options - Options\n *\n * @returns Table of contents component observable\n */\nexport function mountTableOfContents(\n  el: HTMLElement, { viewport$, header$, main$, target$ }: MountOptions\n): Observable<Component<TableOfContents>> {\n  return defer(() => {\n    const push$ = new Subject<TableOfContents>()\n    const done$ = push$.pipe(ignoreElements(), endWith(true))\n    push$.subscribe(({ prev, next }) => {\n\n      /* Look forward */\n      for (const [anchor] of next) {\n        anchor.classList.remove(\"md-nav__link--passed\")\n        anchor.classList.remove(\"md-nav__link--active\")\n      }\n\n      /* Look backward */\n      for (const [index, [anchor]] of prev.entries()) {\n        anchor.classList.add(\"md-nav__link--passed\")\n        anchor.classList.toggle(\n          \"md-nav__link--active\",\n          index === prev.length - 1\n        )\n      }\n    })\n\n    /* Set up following, if enabled */\n    if (feature(\"toc.follow\")) {\n\n      /* Toggle smooth scrolling only for anchor clicks */\n      const smooth$ = merge(\n        viewport$.pipe(debounceTime(1), map(() => undefined)),\n        viewport$.pipe(debounceTime(250), map(() => \"smooth\" as const))\n      )\n\n      /* Bring active anchor into view */ // @todo: refactor\n      push$\n        .pipe(\n          filter(({ prev }) => prev.length > 0),\n          combineLatestWith(main$.pipe(observeOn(asyncScheduler))),\n          withLatestFrom(smooth$)\n        )\n          .subscribe(([[{ prev }], behavior]) => {\n            const [anchor] = prev[prev.length - 1]\n            if (anchor.offsetHeight) {\n\n              /* Retrieve overflowing container and scroll */\n              const container = getElementContainer(anchor)\n              if (typeof container !== \"undefined\") {\n                const offset = anchor.offsetTop - container.offsetTop\n                const { height } = getElementSize(container)\n                container.scrollTo({\n                  top: offset - height / 2,\n                  behavior\n                })\n              }\n            }\n          })\n    }\n\n    /* Set up anchor tracking, if enabled */\n    if (feature(\"navigation.tracking\"))\n      viewport$\n        .pipe(\n          takeUntil(done$),\n          distinctUntilKeyChanged(\"offset\"),\n          debounceTime(250),\n          skip(1),\n          takeUntil(target$.pipe(skip(1))),\n          repeat({ delay: 250 }),\n          withLatestFrom(push$)\n        )\n          .subscribe(([, { prev }]) => {\n            const url = getLocation()\n\n            /* Set hash fragment to active anchor */\n            const anchor = prev[prev.length - 1]\n            if (anchor && anchor.length) {\n              const [active] = anchor\n              const { hash } = new URL(active.href)\n              if (url.hash !== hash) {\n                url.hash = hash\n                history.replaceState({}, \"\", `${url}`)\n              }\n\n            /* Reset anchor when at the top */\n            } else {\n              url.hash = \"\"\n              history.replaceState({}, \"\", `${url}`)\n            }\n          })\n\n    /* Create and return component */\n    return watchTableOfContents(el, { viewport$, header$ })\n      .pipe(\n        tap(state => push$.next(state)),\n        finalize(() => push$.complete()),\n        map(state => ({ ref: el, ...state }))\n      )\n  })\n}\n", "/*\n * Copyright (c) 2016-2024 Martin Donath <martin.donath@squidfunk.com>\n *\n * Permission is hereby granted, free of charge, to any person obtaining a copy\n * of this software and associated documentation files (the \"Software\"), to\n * deal in the Software without restriction, including without limitation the\n * rights to use, copy, modify, merge, publish, distribute, sublicense, and/or\n * sell copies of the Software, and to permit persons to whom the Software is\n * furnished to do so, subject to the following conditions:\n *\n * The above copyright notice and this permission notice shall be included in\n * all copies or substantial portions of the Software.\n *\n * THE SOFTWARE IS PROVIDED \"AS IS\", WITHOUT WARRANTY OF ANY KIND, EXPRESS OR\n * IMPLIED, INCLUDING BUT NOT LIMITED TO THE WARRANTIES OF MERCHANTABILITY,\n * FITNESS FOR A PARTICULAR PURPOSE AND NON-INFRINGEMENT. IN NO EVENT SHALL THE\n * AUTHORS OR COPYRIGHT HOLDERS BE LIABLE FOR ANY CLAIM, DAMAGES OR OTHER\n * LIABILITY, WHETHER IN AN ACTION OF CONTRACT, TORT OR OTHERWISE, ARISING\n * FROM, OUT OF OR IN CONNECTION WITH THE SOFTWARE OR THE USE OR OTHER DEALINGS\n * IN THE SOFTWARE.\n */\n\nimport {\n  Observable,\n  Subject,\n  bufferCount,\n  combineLatest,\n  distinctUntilChanged,\n  distinctUntilKeyChanged,\n  endWith,\n  finalize,\n  fromEvent,\n  ignoreElements,\n  map,\n  repeat,\n  skip,\n  takeUntil,\n  tap\n} from \"rxjs\"\n\nimport { Viewport } from \"~/browser\"\n\nimport { Component } from \"../_\"\nimport { Header } from \"../header\"\nimport { Main } from \"../main\"\n\n/* ----------------------------------------------------------------------------\n * Types\n * ------------------------------------------------------------------------- */\n\n/**\n * Back-to-top button\n */\nexport interface BackToTop {\n  hidden: boolean                      /* Back-to-top button is hidden */\n}\n\n/* ----------------------------------------------------------------------------\n * Helper types\n * ------------------------------------------------------------------------- */\n\n/**\n * Watch options\n */\ninterface WatchOptions {\n  viewport$: Observable<Viewport>      /* Viewport observable */\n  main$: Observable<Main>              /* Main area observable */\n  target$: Observable<HTMLElement>     /* Location target observable */\n}\n\n/**\n * Mount options\n */\ninterface MountOptions {\n  viewport$: Observable<Viewport>      /* Viewport observable */\n  header$: Observable<Header>          /* Header observable */\n  main$: Observable<Main>              /* Main area observable */\n  target$: Observable<HTMLElement>     /* Location target observable */\n}\n\n/* ----------------------------------------------------------------------------\n * Functions\n * ------------------------------------------------------------------------- */\n\n/**\n * Watch back-to-top\n *\n * @param _el - Back-to-top element\n * @param options - Options\n *\n * @returns Back-to-top observable\n */\nexport function watchBackToTop(\n  _el: HTMLElement, { viewport$, main$, target$ }: WatchOptions\n): Observable<BackToTop> {\n\n  /* Compute direction */\n  const direction$ = viewport$\n    .pipe(\n      map(({ offset: { y } }) => y),\n      bufferCount(2, 1),\n      map(([a, b]) => a > b && b > 0),\n      distinctUntilChanged()\n    )\n\n  /* Compute whether main area is active */\n  const active$ = main$\n    .pipe(\n      map(({ active }) => active)\n    )\n\n  /* Compute threshold for hiding */\n  return combineLatest([active$, direction$])\n    .pipe(\n      map(([active, direction]) => !(active && direction)),\n      distinctUntilChanged(),\n      takeUntil(target$.pipe(skip(1))),\n      endWith(true),\n      repeat({ delay: 250 }),\n      map(hidden => ({ hidden }))\n    )\n}\n\n/* ------------------------------------------------------------------------- */\n\n/**\n * Mount back-to-top\n *\n * @param el - Back-to-top element\n * @param options - Options\n *\n * @returns Back-to-top component observable\n */\nexport function mountBackToTop(\n  el: HTMLElement, { viewport$, header$, main$, target$ }: MountOptions\n): Observable<Component<BackToTop>> {\n  const push$ = new Subject<BackToTop>()\n  const done$ = push$.pipe(ignoreElements(), endWith(true))\n  push$.subscribe({\n\n    /* Handle emission */\n    next({ hidden }) {\n      el.hidden = hidden\n      if (hidden) {\n        el.setAttribute(\"tabindex\", \"-1\")\n        el.blur()\n      } else {\n        el.removeAttribute(\"tabindex\")\n      }\n    },\n\n    /* Handle complete */\n    complete() {\n      el.style.top = \"\"\n      el.hidden = true\n      el.removeAttribute(\"tabindex\")\n    }\n  })\n\n  /* Watch header height */\n  header$\n    .pipe(\n      takeUntil(done$),\n      distinctUntilKeyChanged(\"height\")\n    )\n      .subscribe(({ height }) => {\n        el.style.top = `${height + 16}px`\n      })\n\n  /* Go back to top */\n  fromEvent(el, \"click\")\n    .subscribe(ev => {\n      ev.preventDefault()\n      window.scrollTo({ top: 0 })\n    })\n\n  /* Create and return component */\n  return watchBackToTop(el, { viewport$, main$, target$ })\n    .pipe(\n      tap(state => push$.next(state)),\n      finalize(() => push$.complete()),\n      map(state => ({ ref: el, ...state }))\n    )\n}\n", "/*\n * Copyright (c) 2016-2024 Martin Donath <martin.donath@squidfunk.com>\n *\n * Permission is hereby granted, free of charge, to any person obtaining a copy\n * of this software and associated documentation files (the \"Software\"), to\n * deal in the Software without restriction, including without limitation the\n * rights to use, copy, modify, merge, publish, distribute, sublicense, and/or\n * sell copies of the Software, and to permit persons to whom the Software is\n * furnished to do so, subject to the following conditions:\n *\n * The above copyright notice and this permission notice shall be included in\n * all copies or substantial portions of the Software.\n *\n * THE SOFTWARE IS PROVIDED \"AS IS\", WITHOUT WARRANTY OF ANY KIND, EXPRESS OR\n * IMPLIED, INCLUDING BUT NOT LIMITED TO THE WARRANTIES OF MERCHANTABILITY,\n * FITNESS FOR A PARTICULAR PURPOSE AND NON-INFRINGEMENT. IN NO EVENT SHALL THE\n * AUTHORS OR COPYRIGHT HOLDERS BE LIABLE FOR ANY CLAIM, DAMAGES OR OTHER\n * LIABILITY, WHETHER IN AN ACTION OF CONTRACT, TORT OR OTHERWISE, ARISING\n * FROM, OUT OF OR IN CONNECTION WITH THE SOFTWARE OR THE USE OR OTHER DEALINGS\n * IN THE SOFTWARE.\n */\n\nimport {\n  EMPTY,\n  Observable,\n  filter,\n  finalize,\n  map,\n  mergeMap,\n  skip,\n  switchMap,\n  take,\n  takeUntil\n} from \"rxjs\"\n\nimport { feature } from \"~/_\"\nimport {\n  Viewport,\n  getElements,\n  watchElementVisibility\n} from \"~/browser\"\nimport { mountInlineTooltip2 } from \"~/components/tooltip2\"\n\n/* ----------------------------------------------------------------------------\n * Helper types\n * ------------------------------------------------------------------------- */\n\n/**\n * Patch options\n */\ninterface PatchOptions {\n  document$: Observable<Document>      /* Document observable */\n  viewport$: Observable<Viewport>      /* Viewport observable */\n}\n\n/* ----------------------------------------------------------------------------\n * Functions\n * ------------------------------------------------------------------------- */\n\n/**\n * Patch ellipsis\n *\n * This function will fetch all elements that are shortened with ellipsis, and\n * filter those which are visible. Once they become visible, they stay in that\n * state, even though they may be hidden again. This optimization is necessary\n * to reduce pressure on the browser, with elements fading in and out of view.\n *\n * @param options - Options\n */\nexport function patchEllipsis(\n  { document$, viewport$ }: PatchOptions\n): void {\n  document$\n    .pipe(\n      switchMap(() => getElements(\".md-ellipsis\")),\n      mergeMap(el => watchElementVisibility(el)\n        .pipe(\n          takeUntil(document$.pipe(skip(1))),\n          filter(visible => visible),\n          map(() => el),\n          take(1)\n        )\n      ),\n      filter(el => el.offsetWidth < el.scrollWidth),\n      mergeMap(el => {\n        const text = el.innerText\n        const host = el.closest(\"a\") || el\n        host.title = text\n\n        // Do not mount improved tooltip if feature is disabled\n        if (!feature(\"content.tooltips\"))\n          return EMPTY\n\n        /* Mount tooltip */\n        return mountInlineTooltip2(host, { viewport$ })\n          .pipe(\n            takeUntil(document$.pipe(skip(1))),\n            finalize(() => host.removeAttribute(\"title\"))\n          )\n      })\n    )\n      .subscribe()\n\n  // @todo move this outside of here and fix memleaks\n  if (feature(\"content.tooltips\"))\n    document$\n      .pipe(\n        switchMap(() => getElements(\".md-status\")),\n        mergeMap(el => mountInlineTooltip2(el, { viewport$ }))\n      )\n        .subscribe()\n}\n", "/*\n * Copyright (c) 2016-2024 Martin Donath <martin.donath@squidfunk.com>\n *\n * Permission is hereby granted, free of charge, to any person obtaining a copy\n * of this software and associated documentation files (the \"Software\"), to\n * deal in the Software without restriction, including without limitation the\n * rights to use, copy, modify, merge, publish, distribute, sublicense, and/or\n * sell copies of the Software, and to permit persons to whom the Software is\n * furnished to do so, subject to the following conditions:\n *\n * The above copyright notice and this permission notice shall be included in\n * all copies or substantial portions of the Software.\n *\n * THE SOFTWARE IS PROVIDED \"AS IS\", WITHOUT WARRANTY OF ANY KIND, EXPRESS OR\n * IMPLIED, INCLUDING BUT NOT LIMITED TO THE WARRANTIES OF MERCHANTABILITY,\n * FITNESS FOR A PARTICULAR PURPOSE AND NON-INFRINGEMENT. IN NO EVENT SHALL THE\n * AUTHORS OR COPYRIGHT HOLDERS BE LIABLE FOR ANY CLAIM, DAMAGES OR OTHER\n * LIABILITY, WHETHER IN AN ACTION OF CONTRACT, TORT OR OTHERWISE, ARISING\n * FROM, OUT OF OR IN CONNECTION WITH THE SOFTWARE OR THE USE OR OTHER DEALINGS\n * IN THE SOFTWARE.\n */\n\nimport {\n  Observable,\n  fromEvent,\n  map,\n  mergeMap,\n  switchMap,\n  takeWhile,\n  tap,\n  withLatestFrom\n} from \"rxjs\"\n\nimport { getElements } from \"~/browser\"\n\n/* ----------------------------------------------------------------------------\n * Helper types\n * ------------------------------------------------------------------------- */\n\n/**\n * Patch options\n */\ninterface PatchOptions {\n  document$: Observable<Document>      /* Document observable */\n  tablet$: Observable<boolean>         /* Media tablet observable */\n}\n\n/* ----------------------------------------------------------------------------\n * Functions\n * ------------------------------------------------------------------------- */\n\n/**\n * Patch indeterminate checkboxes\n *\n * This function replaces the indeterminate \"pseudo state\" with the actual\n * indeterminate state, which is used to keep navigation always expanded.\n *\n * @param options - Options\n */\nexport function patchIndeterminate(\n  { document$, tablet$ }: PatchOptions\n): void {\n  document$\n    .pipe(\n      switchMap(() => getElements<HTMLInputElement>(\n        \".md-toggle--indeterminate\"\n      )),\n      tap(el => {\n        el.indeterminate = true\n        el.checked = false\n      }),\n      mergeMap(el => fromEvent(el, \"change\")\n        .pipe(\n          takeWhile(() => el.classList.contains(\"md-toggle--indeterminate\")),\n          map(() => el)\n        )\n      ),\n      withLatestFrom(tablet$)\n    )\n      .subscribe(([el, tablet]) => {\n        el.classList.remove(\"md-toggle--indeterminate\")\n        if (tablet)\n          el.checked = false\n      })\n}\n", "/*\n * Copyright (c) 2016-2024 Martin Donath <martin.donath@squidfunk.com>\n *\n * Permission is hereby granted, free of charge, to any person obtaining a copy\n * of this software and associated documentation files (the \"Software\"), to\n * deal in the Software without restriction, including without limitation the\n * rights to use, copy, modify, merge, publish, distribute, sublicense, and/or\n * sell copies of the Software, and to permit persons to whom the Software is\n * furnished to do so, subject to the following conditions:\n *\n * The above copyright notice and this permission notice shall be included in\n * all copies or substantial portions of the Software.\n *\n * THE SOFTWARE IS PROVIDED \"AS IS\", WITHOUT WARRANTY OF ANY KIND, EXPRESS OR\n * IMPLIED, INCLUDING BUT NOT LIMITED TO THE WARRANTIES OF MERCHANTABILITY,\n * FITNESS FOR A PARTICULAR PURPOSE AND NON-INFRINGEMENT. IN NO EVENT SHALL THE\n * AUTHORS OR COPYRIGHT HOLDERS BE LIABLE FOR ANY CLAIM, DAMAGES OR OTHER\n * LIABILITY, WHETHER IN AN ACTION OF CONTRACT, TORT OR OTHERWISE, ARISING\n * FROM, OUT OF OR IN CONNECTION WITH THE SOFTWARE OR THE USE OR OTHER DEALINGS\n * IN THE SOFTWARE.\n */\n\nimport {\n  Observable,\n  filter,\n  fromEvent,\n  map,\n  mergeMap,\n  switchMap,\n  tap\n} from \"rxjs\"\n\nimport { getElements } from \"~/browser\"\n\n/* ----------------------------------------------------------------------------\n * Helper types\n * ------------------------------------------------------------------------- */\n\n/**\n * Patch options\n */\ninterface PatchOptions {\n  document$: Observable<Document>      /* Document observable */\n}\n\n/* ----------------------------------------------------------------------------\n * Helper functions\n * ------------------------------------------------------------------------- */\n\n/**\n * Check whether the given device is an Apple device\n *\n * @returns Test result\n */\nfunction isAppleDevice(): boolean {\n  return /(iPad|iPhone|iPod)/.test(navigator.userAgent)\n}\n\n/* ----------------------------------------------------------------------------\n * Functions\n * ------------------------------------------------------------------------- */\n\n/**\n * Patch all elements with `data-md-scrollfix` attributes\n *\n * This is a year-old patch which ensures that overflow scrolling works at the\n * top and bottom of containers on iOS by ensuring a `1px` scroll offset upon\n * the start of a touch event.\n *\n * @see https://bit.ly/2SCtAOO - Original source\n *\n * @param options - Options\n */\nexport function patchScrollfix(\n  { document$ }: PatchOptions\n): void {\n  document$\n    .pipe(\n      switchMap(() => getElements(\"[data-md-scrollfix]\")),\n      tap(el => el.removeAttribute(\"data-md-scrollfix\")),\n      filter(isAppleDevice),\n      mergeMap(el => fromEvent(el, \"touchstart\")\n        .pipe(\n          map(() => el)\n        )\n      )\n    )\n      .subscribe(el => {\n        const top = el.scrollTop\n\n        /* We're at the top of the container */\n        if (top === 0) {\n          el.scrollTop = 1\n\n        /* We're at the bottom of the container */\n        } else if (top + el.offsetHeight === el.scrollHeight) {\n          el.scrollTop = top - 1\n        }\n      })\n}\n", "/*\n * Copyright (c) 2016-2024 Martin Donath <martin.donath@squidfunk.com>\n *\n * Permission is hereby granted, free of charge, to any person obtaining a copy\n * of this software and associated documentation files (the \"Software\"), to\n * deal in the Software without restriction, including without limitation the\n * rights to use, copy, modify, merge, publish, distribute, sublicense, and/or\n * sell copies of the Software, and to permit persons to whom the Software is\n * furnished to do so, subject to the following conditions:\n *\n * The above copyright notice and this permission notice shall be included in\n * all copies or substantial portions of the Software.\n *\n * THE SOFTWARE IS PROVIDED \"AS IS\", WITHOUT WARRANTY OF ANY KIND, EXPRESS OR\n * IMPLIED, INCLUDING BUT NOT LIMITED TO THE WARRANTIES OF MERCHANTABILITY,\n * FITNESS FOR A PARTICULAR PURPOSE AND NON-INFRINGEMENT. IN NO EVENT SHALL THE\n * AUTHORS OR COPYRIGHT HOLDERS BE LIABLE FOR ANY CLAIM, DAMAGES OR OTHER\n * LIABILITY, WHETHER IN AN ACTION OF CONTRACT, TORT OR OTHERWISE, ARISING\n * FROM, OUT OF OR IN CONNECTION WITH THE SOFTWARE OR THE USE OR OTHER DEALINGS\n * IN THE SOFTWARE.\n */\n\nimport {\n  Observable,\n  combineLatest,\n  delay,\n  map,\n  of,\n  switchMap,\n  withLatestFrom\n} from \"rxjs\"\n\nimport {\n  Viewport,\n  watchToggle\n} from \"~/browser\"\n\n/* ----------------------------------------------------------------------------\n * Helper types\n * ------------------------------------------------------------------------- */\n\n/**\n * Patch options\n */\ninterface PatchOptions {\n  viewport$: Observable<Viewport>      /* Viewport observable */\n  tablet$: Observable<boolean>         /* Media tablet observable */\n}\n\n/* ----------------------------------------------------------------------------\n * Functions\n * ------------------------------------------------------------------------- */\n\n/**\n * Patch the document body to lock when search is open\n *\n * For mobile and tablet viewports, the search is rendered full screen, which\n * leads to scroll leaking when at the top or bottom of the search result. This\n * function locks the body when the search is in full screen mode, and restores\n * the scroll position when leaving.\n *\n * @param options - Options\n */\nexport function patchScrolllock(\n  { viewport$, tablet$ }: PatchOptions\n): void {\n  combineLatest([watchToggle(\"search\"), tablet$])\n    .pipe(\n      map(([active, tablet]) => active && !tablet),\n      switchMap(active => of(active)\n        .pipe(\n          delay(active ? 400 : 100)\n        )\n      ),\n      withLatestFrom(viewport$)\n    )\n      .subscribe(([active, { offset: { y }}]) => {\n        if (active) {\n          document.body.setAttribute(\"data-md-scrolllock\", \"\")\n          document.body.style.top = `-${y}px`\n        } else {\n          const value = -1 * parseInt(document.body.style.top, 10)\n          document.body.removeAttribute(\"data-md-scrolllock\")\n          document.body.style.top = \"\"\n          if (value)\n            window.scrollTo(0, value)\n        }\n      })\n}\n", "/*\n * Copyright (c) 2016-2024 Martin Donath <martin.donath@squidfunk.com>\n *\n * Permission is hereby granted, free of charge, to any person obtaining a copy\n * of this software and associated documentation files (the \"Software\"), to\n * deal in the Software without restriction, including without limitation the\n * rights to use, copy, modify, merge, publish, distribute, sublicense, and/or\n * sell copies of the Software, and to permit persons to whom the Software is\n * furnished to do so, subject to the following conditions:\n *\n * The above copyright notice and this permission notice shall be included in\n * all copies or substantial portions of the Software.\n *\n * THE SOFTWARE IS PROVIDED \"AS IS\", WITHOUT WARRANTY OF ANY KIND, EXPRESS OR\n * IMPLIED, INCLUDING BUT NOT LIMITED TO THE WARRANTIES OF MERCHANTABILITY,\n * FITNESS FOR A PARTICULAR PURPOSE AND NON-INFRINGEMENT. IN NO EVENT SHALL THE\n * AUTHORS OR COPYRIGHT HOLDERS BE LIABLE FOR ANY CLAIM, DAMAGES OR OTHER\n * LIABILITY, WHETHER IN AN ACTION OF CONTRACT, TORT OR OTHERWISE, ARISING\n * FROM, OUT OF OR IN CONNECTION WITH THE SOFTWARE OR THE USE OR OTHER DEALINGS\n * IN THE SOFTWARE.\n */\n\n/* ----------------------------------------------------------------------------\n * Polyfills\n * ------------------------------------------------------------------------- */\n\n/* Polyfill `Object.entries` */\nif (!Object.entries)\n  Object.entries = function (obj: object) {\n    const data: [string, string][] = []\n    for (const key of Object.keys(obj))\n      // @ts-expect-error - ignore property access warning\n      data.push([key, obj[key]])\n\n    /* Return entries */\n    return data\n  }\n\n/* Polyfill `Object.values` */\nif (!Object.values)\n  Object.values = function (obj: object) {\n    const data: string[] = []\n    for (const key of Object.keys(obj))\n      // @ts-expect-error - ignore property access warning\n      data.push(obj[key])\n\n    /* Return values */\n    return data\n  }\n\n/* ------------------------------------------------------------------------- */\n\n/* Polyfills for `Element` */\nif (typeof Element !== \"undefined\") {\n\n  /* Polyfill `Element.scrollTo` */\n  if (!Element.prototype.scrollTo)\n    Element.prototype.scrollTo = function (\n      x?: ScrollToOptions | number, y?: number\n    ): void {\n      if (typeof x === \"object\") {\n        this.scrollLeft = x.left!\n        this.scrollTop = x.top!\n      } else {\n        this.scrollLeft = x!\n        this.scrollTop = y!\n      }\n    }\n\n  /* Polyfill `Element.replaceWith` */\n  if (!Element.prototype.replaceWith)\n    Element.prototype.replaceWith = function (\n      ...nodes: Array<string | Node>\n    ): void {\n      const parent = this.parentNode\n      if (parent) {\n        if (nodes.length === 0)\n          parent.removeChild(this)\n\n        /* Replace children and create text nodes */\n        for (let i = nodes.length - 1; i >= 0; i--) {\n          let node = nodes[i]\n          if (typeof node === \"string\")\n            node = document.createTextNode(node)\n          else if (node.parentNode)\n            node.parentNode.removeChild(node)\n\n          /* Replace child or insert before previous sibling */\n          if (!i)\n            parent.replaceChild(node, this)\n          else\n            parent.insertBefore(this.previousSibling!, node)\n        }\n      }\n    }\n}\n"],
+  "mappings": 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diff --git a/assets/javascripts/lunr/min/lunr.ar.min.js b/assets/javascripts/lunr/min/lunr.ar.min.js
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..9b06c26
--- /dev/null
+++ b/assets/javascripts/lunr/min/lunr.ar.min.js
@@ -0,0 +1 @@
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\ No newline at end of file
diff --git a/assets/javascripts/lunr/min/lunr.da.min.js b/assets/javascripts/lunr/min/lunr.da.min.js
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..b9d8509
--- /dev/null
+++ b/assets/javascripts/lunr/min/lunr.da.min.js
@@ -0,0 +1,18 @@
+/*!
+ * Lunr languages, `Danish` language
+ * https://github.com/MihaiValentin/lunr-languages
+ *
+ * Copyright 2014, Mihai Valentin
+ * http://www.mozilla.org/MPL/
+ */
+/*!
+ * based on
+ * Snowball JavaScript Library v0.3
+ * http://code.google.com/p/urim/
+ * http://snowball.tartarus.org/
+ *
+ * Copyright 2010, Oleg Mazko
+ * http://www.mozilla.org/MPL/
+ */
+
+!function(e,r){"function"==typeof define&&define.amd?define(r):"object"==typeof exports?module.exports=r():r()(e.lunr)}(this,function(){return function(e){if(void 0===e)throw new Error("Lunr is not present. Please include / require Lunr before this script.");if(void 0===e.stemmerSupport)throw new Error("Lunr stemmer support is not present. Please include / require Lunr stemmer support before this script.");e.da=function(){this.pipeline.reset(),this.pipeline.add(e.da.trimmer,e.da.stopWordFilter,e.da.stemmer),this.searchPipeline&&(this.searchPipeline.reset(),this.searchPipeline.add(e.da.stemmer))},e.da.wordCharacters="A-Za-zªºÀ-ÖØ-öø-ʸˠ-ˤᴀ-ᴥᴬ-ᵜᵢ-ᵥᵫ-ᵷᵹ-ᶾḀ-ỿⁱⁿₐ-ₜKÅℲⅎⅠ-ↈⱠ-ⱿꜢ-ꞇꞋ-ꞭꞰ-ꞷꟷ-ꟿꬰ-ꭚꭜ-ꭤff-stＡ-Ｚａ-ｚ",e.da.trimmer=e.trimmerSupport.generateTrimmer(e.da.wordCharacters),e.Pipeline.registerFunction(e.da.trimmer,"trimmer-da"),e.da.stemmer=function(){var r=e.stemmerSupport.Among,i=e.stemmerSupport.SnowballProgram,n=new function(){function e(){var e,r=f.cursor+3;if(d=f.limit,0<=r&&r<=f.limit){for(a=r;;){if(e=f.cursor,f.in_grouping(w,97,248)){f.cursor=e;break}if(f.cursor=e,e>=f.limit)return;f.cursor++}for(;!f.out_grouping(w,97,248);){if(f.cursor>=f.limit)return;f.cursor++}d=f.cursor,d<a&&(d=a)}}function n(){var e,r;if(f.cursor>=d&&(r=f.limit_backward,f.limit_backward=d,f.ket=f.cursor,e=f.find_among_b(c,32),f.limit_backward=r,e))switch(f.bra=f.cursor,e){case 1:f.slice_del();break;case 2:f.in_grouping_b(p,97,229)&&f.slice_del()}}function t(){var e,r=f.limit-f.cursor;f.cursor>=d&&(e=f.limit_backward,f.limit_backward=d,f.ket=f.cursor,f.find_among_b(l,4)?(f.bra=f.cursor,f.limit_backward=e,f.cursor=f.limit-r,f.cursor>f.limit_backward&&(f.cursor--,f.bra=f.cursor,f.slice_del())):f.limit_backward=e)}function s(){var e,r,i,n=f.limit-f.cursor;if(f.ket=f.cursor,f.eq_s_b(2,"st")&&(f.bra=f.cursor,f.eq_s_b(2,"ig")&&f.slice_del()),f.cursor=f.limit-n,f.cursor>=d&&(r=f.limit_backward,f.limit_backward=d,f.ket=f.cursor,e=f.find_among_b(m,5),f.limit_backward=r,e))switch(f.bra=f.cursor,e){case 1:f.slice_del(),i=f.limit-f.cursor,t(),f.cursor=f.limit-i;break;case 2:f.slice_from("løs")}}function o(){var e;f.cursor>=d&&(e=f.limit_backward,f.limit_backward=d,f.ket=f.cursor,f.out_grouping_b(w,97,248)?(f.bra=f.cursor,u=f.slice_to(u),f.limit_backward=e,f.eq_v_b(u)&&f.slice_del()):f.limit_backward=e)}var a,d,u,c=[new r("hed",-1,1),new r("ethed",0,1),new r("ered",-1,1),new r("e",-1,1),new r("erede",3,1),new r("ende",3,1),new r("erende",5,1),new r("ene",3,1),new r("erne",3,1),new r("ere",3,1),new r("en",-1,1),new r("heden",10,1),new r("eren",10,1),new r("er",-1,1),new r("heder",13,1),new r("erer",13,1),new r("s",-1,2),new r("heds",16,1),new r("es",16,1),new r("endes",18,1),new r("erendes",19,1),new r("enes",18,1),new r("ernes",18,1),new r("eres",18,1),new r("ens",16,1),new r("hedens",24,1),new r("erens",24,1),new r("ers",16,1),new r("ets",16,1),new r("erets",28,1),new r("et",-1,1),new r("eret",30,1)],l=[new r("gd",-1,-1),new r("dt",-1,-1),new r("gt",-1,-1),new r("kt",-1,-1)],m=[new r("ig",-1,1),new r("lig",0,1),new r("elig",1,1),new r("els",-1,1),new r("løst",-1,2)],w=[17,65,16,1,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,48,0,128],p=[239,254,42,3,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,16],f=new i;this.setCurrent=function(e){f.setCurrent(e)},this.getCurrent=function(){return f.getCurrent()},this.stem=function(){var r=f.cursor;return e(),f.limit_backward=r,f.cursor=f.limit,n(),f.cursor=f.limit,t(),f.cursor=f.limit,s(),f.cursor=f.limit,o(),!0}};return function(e){return"function"==typeof e.update?e.update(function(e){return n.setCurrent(e),n.stem(),n.getCurrent()}):(n.setCurrent(e),n.stem(),n.getCurrent())}}(),e.Pipeline.registerFunction(e.da.stemmer,"stemmer-da"),e.da.stopWordFilter=e.generateStopWordFilter("ad af alle alt anden at blev blive bliver da de dem den denne der deres det dette dig din disse dog du efter eller en end er et for fra ham han hans har havde have hende hendes her hos hun hvad hvis hvor i ikke ind jeg jer jo kunne man mange med meget men mig min mine mit mod ned noget nogle nu når og også om op os over på selv sig sin sine sit skal skulle som sådan thi til ud under var vi vil ville vor være været".split(" ")),e.Pipeline.registerFunction(e.da.stopWordFilter,"stopWordFilter-da")}});
\ No newline at end of file
diff --git a/assets/javascripts/lunr/min/lunr.de.min.js b/assets/javascripts/lunr/min/lunr.de.min.js
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..f3b5c10
--- /dev/null
+++ b/assets/javascripts/lunr/min/lunr.de.min.js
@@ -0,0 +1,18 @@
+/*!
+ * Lunr languages, `German` language
+ * https://github.com/MihaiValentin/lunr-languages
+ *
+ * Copyright 2014, Mihai Valentin
+ * http://www.mozilla.org/MPL/
+ */
+/*!
+ * based on
+ * Snowball JavaScript Library v0.3
+ * http://code.google.com/p/urim/
+ * http://snowball.tartarus.org/
+ *
+ * Copyright 2010, Oleg Mazko
+ * http://www.mozilla.org/MPL/
+ */
+
+!function(e,r){"function"==typeof define&&define.amd?define(r):"object"==typeof exports?module.exports=r():r()(e.lunr)}(this,function(){return function(e){if(void 0===e)throw new Error("Lunr is not present. Please include / require Lunr before this script.");if(void 0===e.stemmerSupport)throw new Error("Lunr stemmer support is not present. Please include / require Lunr stemmer support before this script.");e.de=function(){this.pipeline.reset(),this.pipeline.add(e.de.trimmer,e.de.stopWordFilter,e.de.stemmer),this.searchPipeline&&(this.searchPipeline.reset(),this.searchPipeline.add(e.de.stemmer))},e.de.wordCharacters="A-Za-zªºÀ-ÖØ-öø-ʸˠ-ˤᴀ-ᴥᴬ-ᵜᵢ-ᵥᵫ-ᵷᵹ-ᶾḀ-ỿⁱⁿₐ-ₜKÅℲⅎⅠ-ↈⱠ-ⱿꜢ-ꞇꞋ-ꞭꞰ-ꞷꟷ-ꟿꬰ-ꭚꭜ-ꭤff-stＡ-Ｚａ-ｚ",e.de.trimmer=e.trimmerSupport.generateTrimmer(e.de.wordCharacters),e.Pipeline.registerFunction(e.de.trimmer,"trimmer-de"),e.de.stemmer=function(){var r=e.stemmerSupport.Among,n=e.stemmerSupport.SnowballProgram,i=new function(){function e(e,r,n){return!(!v.eq_s(1,e)||(v.ket=v.cursor,!v.in_grouping(p,97,252)))&&(v.slice_from(r),v.cursor=n,!0)}function i(){for(var r,n,i,s,t=v.cursor;;)if(r=v.cursor,v.bra=r,v.eq_s(1,"ß"))v.ket=v.cursor,v.slice_from("ss");else{if(r>=v.limit)break;v.cursor=r+1}for(v.cursor=t;;)for(n=v.cursor;;){if(i=v.cursor,v.in_grouping(p,97,252)){if(s=v.cursor,v.bra=s,e("u","U",i))break;if(v.cursor=s,e("y","Y",i))break}if(i>=v.limit)return void(v.cursor=n);v.cursor=i+1}}function s(){for(;!v.in_grouping(p,97,252);){if(v.cursor>=v.limit)return!0;v.cursor++}for(;!v.out_grouping(p,97,252);){if(v.cursor>=v.limit)return!0;v.cursor++}return!1}function t(){m=v.limit,l=m;var e=v.cursor+3;0<=e&&e<=v.limit&&(d=e,s()||(m=v.cursor,m<d&&(m=d),s()||(l=v.cursor)))}function o(){for(var e,r;;){if(r=v.cursor,v.bra=r,!(e=v.find_among(h,6)))return;switch(v.ket=v.cursor,e){case 1:v.slice_from("y");break;case 2:case 5:v.slice_from("u");break;case 3:v.slice_from("a");break;case 4:v.slice_from("o");break;case 6:if(v.cursor>=v.limit)return;v.cursor++}}}function c(){return m<=v.cursor}function u(){return l<=v.cursor}function a(){var e,r,n,i,s=v.limit-v.cursor;if(v.ket=v.cursor,(e=v.find_among_b(w,7))&&(v.bra=v.cursor,c()))switch(e){case 1:v.slice_del();break;case 2:v.slice_del(),v.ket=v.cursor,v.eq_s_b(1,"s")&&(v.bra=v.cursor,v.eq_s_b(3,"nis")&&v.slice_del());break;case 3:v.in_grouping_b(g,98,116)&&v.slice_del()}if(v.cursor=v.limit-s,v.ket=v.cursor,(e=v.find_among_b(f,4))&&(v.bra=v.cursor,c()))switch(e){case 1:v.slice_del();break;case 2:if(v.in_grouping_b(k,98,116)){var t=v.cursor-3;v.limit_backward<=t&&t<=v.limit&&(v.cursor=t,v.slice_del())}}if(v.cursor=v.limit-s,v.ket=v.cursor,(e=v.find_among_b(_,8))&&(v.bra=v.cursor,u()))switch(e){case 1:v.slice_del(),v.ket=v.cursor,v.eq_s_b(2,"ig")&&(v.bra=v.cursor,r=v.limit-v.cursor,v.eq_s_b(1,"e")||(v.cursor=v.limit-r,u()&&v.slice_del()));break;case 2:n=v.limit-v.cursor,v.eq_s_b(1,"e")||(v.cursor=v.limit-n,v.slice_del());break;case 3:if(v.slice_del(),v.ket=v.cursor,i=v.limit-v.cursor,!v.eq_s_b(2,"er")&&(v.cursor=v.limit-i,!v.eq_s_b(2,"en")))break;v.bra=v.cursor,c()&&v.slice_del();break;case 4:v.slice_del(),v.ket=v.cursor,e=v.find_among_b(b,2),e&&(v.bra=v.cursor,u()&&1==e&&v.slice_del())}}var d,l,m,h=[new r("",-1,6),new r("U",0,2),new r("Y",0,1),new r("ä",0,3),new r("ö",0,4),new r("ü",0,5)],w=[new r("e",-1,2),new r("em",-1,1),new r("en",-1,2),new r("ern",-1,1),new r("er",-1,1),new r("s",-1,3),new r("es",5,2)],f=[new r("en",-1,1),new r("er",-1,1),new r("st",-1,2),new r("est",2,1)],b=[new r("ig",-1,1),new r("lich",-1,1)],_=[new r("end",-1,1),new r("ig",-1,2),new r("ung",-1,1),new r("lich",-1,3),new r("isch",-1,2),new r("ik",-1,2),new r("heit",-1,3),new r("keit",-1,4)],p=[17,65,16,1,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,8,0,32,8],g=[117,30,5],k=[117,30,4],v=new n;this.setCurrent=function(e){v.setCurrent(e)},this.getCurrent=function(){return v.getCurrent()},this.stem=function(){var e=v.cursor;return i(),v.cursor=e,t(),v.limit_backward=e,v.cursor=v.limit,a(),v.cursor=v.limit_backward,o(),!0}};return function(e){return"function"==typeof e.update?e.update(function(e){return i.setCurrent(e),i.stem(),i.getCurrent()}):(i.setCurrent(e),i.stem(),i.getCurrent())}}(),e.Pipeline.registerFunction(e.de.stemmer,"stemmer-de"),e.de.stopWordFilter=e.generateStopWordFilter("aber alle allem allen aller alles als also am an ander andere anderem anderen anderer anderes anderm andern anderr anders auch auf aus bei bin bis bist da damit dann das dasselbe dazu daß dein deine deinem deinen deiner deines dem demselben den denn denselben der derer derselbe derselben des desselben dessen dich die dies diese dieselbe dieselben diesem diesen dieser dieses dir doch dort du durch ein eine einem einen einer eines einig einige einigem einigen einiger einiges einmal er es etwas euch euer eure eurem euren eurer eures für gegen gewesen hab habe haben hat hatte hatten hier hin hinter ich ihm ihn ihnen ihr ihre ihrem ihren ihrer ihres im in indem ins ist jede jedem jeden jeder jedes jene jenem jenen jener jenes jetzt kann kein keine keinem keinen keiner keines können könnte machen man manche manchem manchen mancher manches mein meine meinem meinen meiner meines mich mir mit muss musste nach nicht nichts noch nun nur ob oder ohne sehr sein seine seinem seinen seiner seines selbst sich sie sind so solche solchem solchen solcher solches soll sollte sondern sonst um und uns unse unsem unsen unser unses unter viel vom von vor war waren warst was weg weil weiter welche welchem welchen welcher welches wenn werde werden wie wieder will wir wird wirst wo wollen wollte während würde würden zu zum zur zwar zwischen über".split(" ")),e.Pipeline.registerFunction(e.de.stopWordFilter,"stopWordFilter-de")}});
\ No newline at end of file
diff --git a/assets/javascripts/lunr/min/lunr.du.min.js b/assets/javascripts/lunr/min/lunr.du.min.js
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..49a0f3f
--- /dev/null
+++ b/assets/javascripts/lunr/min/lunr.du.min.js
@@ -0,0 +1,18 @@
+/*!
+ * Lunr languages, `Dutch` language
+ * https://github.com/MihaiValentin/lunr-languages
+ *
+ * Copyright 2014, Mihai Valentin
+ * http://www.mozilla.org/MPL/
+ */
+/*!
+ * based on
+ * Snowball JavaScript Library v0.3
+ * http://code.google.com/p/urim/
+ * http://snowball.tartarus.org/
+ *
+ * Copyright 2010, Oleg Mazko
+ * http://www.mozilla.org/MPL/
+ */
+
+!function(e,r){"function"==typeof define&&define.amd?define(r):"object"==typeof exports?module.exports=r():r()(e.lunr)}(this,function(){return function(e){if(void 0===e)throw new Error("Lunr is not present. Please include / require Lunr before this script.");if(void 0===e.stemmerSupport)throw new Error("Lunr stemmer support is not present. Please include / require Lunr stemmer support before this script.");console.warn('[Lunr Languages] Please use the "nl" instead of the "du". The "nl" code is the standard code for Dutch language, and "du" will be removed in the next major versions.'),e.du=function(){this.pipeline.reset(),this.pipeline.add(e.du.trimmer,e.du.stopWordFilter,e.du.stemmer),this.searchPipeline&&(this.searchPipeline.reset(),this.searchPipeline.add(e.du.stemmer))},e.du.wordCharacters="A-Za-zªºÀ-ÖØ-öø-ʸˠ-ˤᴀ-ᴥᴬ-ᵜᵢ-ᵥᵫ-ᵷᵹ-ᶾḀ-ỿⁱⁿₐ-ₜKÅℲⅎⅠ-ↈⱠ-ⱿꜢ-ꞇꞋ-ꞭꞰ-ꞷꟷ-ꟿꬰ-ꭚꭜ-ꭤff-stＡ-Ｚａ-ｚ",e.du.trimmer=e.trimmerSupport.generateTrimmer(e.du.wordCharacters),e.Pipeline.registerFunction(e.du.trimmer,"trimmer-du"),e.du.stemmer=function(){var r=e.stemmerSupport.Among,i=e.stemmerSupport.SnowballProgram,n=new function(){function e(){for(var e,r,i,o=C.cursor;;){if(C.bra=C.cursor,e=C.find_among(b,11))switch(C.ket=C.cursor,e){case 1:C.slice_from("a");continue;case 2:C.slice_from("e");continue;case 3:C.slice_from("i");continue;case 4:C.slice_from("o");continue;case 5:C.slice_from("u");continue;case 6:if(C.cursor>=C.limit)break;C.cursor++;continue}break}for(C.cursor=o,C.bra=o,C.eq_s(1,"y")?(C.ket=C.cursor,C.slice_from("Y")):C.cursor=o;;)if(r=C.cursor,C.in_grouping(q,97,232)){if(i=C.cursor,C.bra=i,C.eq_s(1,"i"))C.ket=C.cursor,C.in_grouping(q,97,232)&&(C.slice_from("I"),C.cursor=r);else if(C.cursor=i,C.eq_s(1,"y"))C.ket=C.cursor,C.slice_from("Y"),C.cursor=r;else if(n(r))break}else if(n(r))break}function n(e){return C.cursor=e,e>=C.limit||(C.cursor++,!1)}function o(){_=C.limit,f=_,t()||(_=C.cursor,_<3&&(_=3),t()||(f=C.cursor))}function t(){for(;!C.in_grouping(q,97,232);){if(C.cursor>=C.limit)return!0;C.cursor++}for(;!C.out_grouping(q,97,232);){if(C.cursor>=C.limit)return!0;C.cursor++}return!1}function s(){for(var e;;)if(C.bra=C.cursor,e=C.find_among(p,3))switch(C.ket=C.cursor,e){case 1:C.slice_from("y");break;case 2:C.slice_from("i");break;case 3:if(C.cursor>=C.limit)return;C.cursor++}}function u(){return _<=C.cursor}function c(){return f<=C.cursor}function a(){var e=C.limit-C.cursor;C.find_among_b(g,3)&&(C.cursor=C.limit-e,C.ket=C.cursor,C.cursor>C.limit_backward&&(C.cursor--,C.bra=C.cursor,C.slice_del()))}function l(){var e;w=!1,C.ket=C.cursor,C.eq_s_b(1,"e")&&(C.bra=C.cursor,u()&&(e=C.limit-C.cursor,C.out_grouping_b(q,97,232)&&(C.cursor=C.limit-e,C.slice_del(),w=!0,a())))}function m(){var e;u()&&(e=C.limit-C.cursor,C.out_grouping_b(q,97,232)&&(C.cursor=C.limit-e,C.eq_s_b(3,"gem")||(C.cursor=C.limit-e,C.slice_del(),a())))}function d(){var e,r,i,n,o,t,s=C.limit-C.cursor;if(C.ket=C.cursor,e=C.find_among_b(h,5))switch(C.bra=C.cursor,e){case 1:u()&&C.slice_from("heid");break;case 2:m();break;case 3:u()&&C.out_grouping_b(z,97,232)&&C.slice_del()}if(C.cursor=C.limit-s,l(),C.cursor=C.limit-s,C.ket=C.cursor,C.eq_s_b(4,"heid")&&(C.bra=C.cursor,c()&&(r=C.limit-C.cursor,C.eq_s_b(1,"c")||(C.cursor=C.limit-r,C.slice_del(),C.ket=C.cursor,C.eq_s_b(2,"en")&&(C.bra=C.cursor,m())))),C.cursor=C.limit-s,C.ket=C.cursor,e=C.find_among_b(k,6))switch(C.bra=C.cursor,e){case 1:if(c()){if(C.slice_del(),i=C.limit-C.cursor,C.ket=C.cursor,C.eq_s_b(2,"ig")&&(C.bra=C.cursor,c()&&(n=C.limit-C.cursor,!C.eq_s_b(1,"e")))){C.cursor=C.limit-n,C.slice_del();break}C.cursor=C.limit-i,a()}break;case 2:c()&&(o=C.limit-C.cursor,C.eq_s_b(1,"e")||(C.cursor=C.limit-o,C.slice_del()));break;case 3:c()&&(C.slice_del(),l());break;case 4:c()&&C.slice_del();break;case 5:c()&&w&&C.slice_del()}C.cursor=C.limit-s,C.out_grouping_b(j,73,232)&&(t=C.limit-C.cursor,C.find_among_b(v,4)&&C.out_grouping_b(q,97,232)&&(C.cursor=C.limit-t,C.ket=C.cursor,C.cursor>C.limit_backward&&(C.cursor--,C.bra=C.cursor,C.slice_del())))}var f,_,w,b=[new r("",-1,6),new r("á",0,1),new r("ä",0,1),new r("é",0,2),new r("ë",0,2),new r("í",0,3),new r("ï",0,3),new r("ó",0,4),new r("ö",0,4),new r("ú",0,5),new r("ü",0,5)],p=[new r("",-1,3),new r("I",0,2),new r("Y",0,1)],g=[new r("dd",-1,-1),new r("kk",-1,-1),new r("tt",-1,-1)],h=[new r("ene",-1,2),new r("se",-1,3),new r("en",-1,2),new r("heden",2,1),new r("s",-1,3)],k=[new r("end",-1,1),new r("ig",-1,2),new r("ing",-1,1),new r("lijk",-1,3),new r("baar",-1,4),new r("bar",-1,5)],v=[new r("aa",-1,-1),new r("ee",-1,-1),new r("oo",-1,-1),new r("uu",-1,-1)],q=[17,65,16,1,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,128],j=[1,0,0,17,65,16,1,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,128],z=[17,67,16,1,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,128],C=new i;this.setCurrent=function(e){C.setCurrent(e)},this.getCurrent=function(){return C.getCurrent()},this.stem=function(){var r=C.cursor;return e(),C.cursor=r,o(),C.limit_backward=r,C.cursor=C.limit,d(),C.cursor=C.limit_backward,s(),!0}};return function(e){return"function"==typeof e.update?e.update(function(e){return n.setCurrent(e),n.stem(),n.getCurrent()}):(n.setCurrent(e),n.stem(),n.getCurrent())}}(),e.Pipeline.registerFunction(e.du.stemmer,"stemmer-du"),e.du.stopWordFilter=e.generateStopWordFilter(" aan al alles als altijd andere ben bij daar dan dat de der deze die dit doch doen door dus een eens en er ge geen geweest haar had heb hebben heeft hem het hier hij hoe hun iemand iets ik in is ja je kan kon kunnen maar me meer men met mij mijn moet na naar niet niets nog nu of om omdat onder ons ook op over reeds te tegen toch toen tot u uit uw van veel voor want waren was wat werd wezen wie wil worden wordt zal ze zelf zich zij zijn zo zonder zou".split(" ")),e.Pipeline.registerFunction(e.du.stopWordFilter,"stopWordFilter-du")}});
\ No newline at end of file
diff --git a/assets/javascripts/lunr/min/lunr.el.min.js b/assets/javascripts/lunr/min/lunr.el.min.js
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..ace017b
--- /dev/null
+++ b/assets/javascripts/lunr/min/lunr.el.min.js
@@ -0,0 +1 @@
+!function(e,t){"function"==typeof define&&define.amd?define(t):"object"==typeof exports?module.exports=t():t()(e.lunr)}(this,function(){return function(e){if(void 0===e)throw new Error("Lunr is not present. Please include / require Lunr before this script.");if(void 0===e.stemmerSupport)throw new Error("Lunr stemmer support is not present. 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null!==o&&(s=o[1]+l[o[2]]),null!==(o=/^(.+?)(ΑΔΕΣ|ΑΔΩΝ)$/.exec(s))&&(s=o[1],/(ΟΚ|ΜΑΜ|ΜΑΝ|ΜΠΑΜΠ|ΠΑΤΕΡ|ΓΙΑΓΙ|ΝΤΑΝΤ|ΚΥΡ|ΘΕΙ|ΠΕΘΕΡ|ΜΟΥΣΑΜ|ΚΑΠΛΑΜ|ΠΑΡ|ΨΑΡ|ΤΖΟΥΡ|ΤΑΜΠΟΥΡ|ΓΑΛΑΤ|ΦΑΦΛΑΤ)$/.test(o[1])||(s+="ΑΔ")),null!==(o=/^(.+?)(ΕΔΕΣ|ΕΔΩΝ)$/.exec(s))&&(s=o[1],/(ΟΠ|ΙΠ|ΕΜΠ|ΥΠ|ΓΗΠ|ΔΑΠ|ΚΡΑΣΠ|ΜΙΛ)$/.test(o[1])&&(s+="ΕΔ")),null!==(o=/^(.+?)(ΟΥΔΕΣ|ΟΥΔΩΝ)$/.exec(s))&&(s=o[1],/(ΑΡΚ|ΚΑΛΙΑΚ|ΠΕΤΑΛ|ΛΙΧ|ΠΛΕΞ|ΣΚ|Σ|ΦΛ|ΦΡ|ΒΕΛ|ΛΟΥΛ|ΧΝ|ΣΠ|ΤΡΑΓ|ΦΕ)$/.test(o[1])&&(s+="ΟΥΔ")),null!==(o=/^(.+?)(ΕΩΣ|ΕΩΝ|ΕΑΣ|ΕΑ)$/.exec(s))&&(s=o[1],/^(Θ|Δ|ΕΛ|ΓΑΛ|Ν|Π|ΙΔ|ΠΑΡ|ΣΤΕΡ|ΟΡΦ|ΑΝΔΡ|ΑΝΤΡ)$/.test(o[1])&&(s+="Ε")),null!==(o=/^(.+?)(ΕΙΟ|ΕΙΟΣ|ΕΙΟΙ|ΕΙΑ|ΕΙΑΣ|ΕΙΕΣ|ΕΙΟΥ|ΕΙΟΥΣ|ΕΙΩΝ)$/.exec(s))&&o[1].length>4&&(s=o[1]),null!==(o=/^(.+?)(ΙΟΥΣ|ΙΑΣ|ΙΕΣ|ΙΟΣ|ΙΟΥ|ΙΟΙ|ΙΩΝ|ΙΟΝ|ΙΑ|ΙΟ)$/.exec(s))&&(s=o[1],(t(s)||s.length<2||/^(ΑΓ|ΑΓΓΕΛ|ΑΓΡ|ΑΕΡ|ΑΘΛ|ΑΚΟΥΣ|ΑΞ|ΑΣ|Β|ΒΙΒΛ|ΒΥΤ|Γ|ΓΙΑΓ|ΓΩΝ|Δ|ΔΑΝ|ΔΗΛ|ΔΗΜ|ΔΟΚΙΜ|ΕΛ|ΖΑΧΑΡ|ΗΛ|ΗΠ|ΙΔ|ΙΣΚ|ΙΣΤ|ΙΟΝ|ΙΩΝ|ΚΙΜΩΛ|ΚΟΛΟΝ|ΚΟΡ|ΚΤΗΡ|ΚΥΡ|ΛΑΓ|ΛΟΓ|ΜΑΓ|ΜΠΑΝ|ΜΠΡ|ΝΑΥΤ|ΝΟΤ|ΟΠΑΛ|ΟΞ|ΟΡ|ΟΣ|ΠΑΝΑΓ|ΠΑΤΡ|ΠΗΛ|ΠΗΝ|ΠΛΑΙΣ|ΠΟΝΤ|ΡΑΔ|ΡΟΔ|ΣΚ|ΣΚΟΡΠ|ΣΟΥΝ|ΣΠΑΝ|ΣΤΑΔ|ΣΥΡ|ΤΗΛ|ΤΙΜ|ΤΟΚ|ΤΟΠ|ΤΡΟΧ|ΦΙΛ|ΦΩΤ|Χ|ΧΙΛ|ΧΡΩΜ|ΧΩΡ)$/.test(o[1]))&&(s+="Ι"),/^(ΠΑΛ)$/.test(o[1])&&(s+="ΑΙ")),null!==(o=/^(.+?)(ΙΚΟΣ|ΙΚΟΝ|ΙΚΕΙΣ|ΙΚΟΙ|ΙΚΕΣ|ΙΚΟΥΣ|ΙΚΗ|ΙΚΗΣ|ΙΚΟ|ΙΚΑ|ΙΚΟΥ|ΙΚΩΝ|ΙΚΩΣ)$/.exec(s))&&(s=o[1],(t(s)||/^(ΑΔ|ΑΛ|ΑΜΑΝ|ΑΜΕΡ|ΑΜΜΟΧΑΛ|ΑΝΗΘ|ΑΝΤΙΔ|ΑΠΛ|ΑΤΤ|ΑΦΡ|ΒΑΣ|ΒΡΩΜ|ΓΕΝ|ΓΕΡ|Δ|ΔΙΚΑΝ|ΔΥΤ|ΕΙΔ|ΕΝΔ|ΕΞΩΔ|ΗΘ|ΘΕΤ|ΚΑΛΛΙΝ|ΚΑΛΠ|ΚΑΤΑΔ|ΚΟΥΖΙΝ|ΚΡ|ΚΩΔ|ΛΟΓ|Μ|ΜΕΡ|ΜΟΝΑΔ|ΜΟΥΛ|ΜΟΥΣ|ΜΠΑΓΙΑΤ|ΜΠΑΝ|ΜΠΟΛ|ΜΠΟΣ|ΜΥΣΤ|Ν|ΝΙΤ|ΞΙΚ|ΟΠΤ|ΠΑΝ|ΠΕΤΣ|ΠΙΚΑΝΤ|ΠΙΤΣ|ΠΛΑΣΤ|ΠΛΙΑΤΣ|ΠΟΝΤ|ΠΟΣΤΕΛΝ|ΠΡΩΤΟΔ|ΣΕΡΤ|ΣΗΜΑΝΤ|ΣΤΑΤ|ΣΥΝΑΔ|ΣΥΝΟΜΗΛ|ΤΕΛ|ΤΕΧΝ|ΤΡΟΠ|ΤΣΑΜ|ΥΠΟΔ|Φ|ΦΙΛΟΝ|ΦΥΛΟΔ|ΦΥΣ|ΧΑΣ)$/.test(o[1])||/(ΦΟΙΝ)$/.test(o[1]))&&(s+="ΙΚ")),"ΑΓΑΜΕ"===s&&(s="ΑΓΑΜ"),null!==(o=/^(.+?)(ΑΓΑΜΕ|ΗΣΑΜΕ|ΟΥΣΑΜΕ|ΗΚΑΜΕ|ΗΘΗΚΑΜΕ)$/.exec(s))&&(s=o[1]),null!==(o=/^(.+?)(ΑΜΕ)$/.exec(s))&&(s=o[1],/^(ΑΝΑΠ|ΑΠΟΘ|ΑΠΟΚ|ΑΠΟΣΤ|ΒΟΥΒ|ΞΕΘ|ΟΥΛ|ΠΕΘ|ΠΙΚΡ|ΠΟΤ|ΣΙΧ|Χ)$/.test(o[1])&&(s+="ΑΜ")),null!==(o=/^(.+?)(ΑΓΑΝΕ|ΗΣΑΝΕ|ΟΥΣΑΝΕ|ΙΟΝΤΑΝΕ|ΙΟΤΑΝΕ|ΙΟΥΝΤΑΝΕ|ΟΝΤΑΝΕ|ΟΤΑΝΕ|ΟΥΝΤΑΝΕ|ΗΚΑΝΕ|ΗΘΗΚΑΝΕ)$/.exec(s))&&(s=o[1],/^(ΤΡ|ΤΣ)$/.test(o[1])&&(s+="ΑΓΑΝ")),null!==(o=/^(.+?)(ΑΝΕ)$/.exec(s))&&(s=o[1],(r(s)||/^(ΒΕΤΕΡ|ΒΟΥΛΚ|ΒΡΑΧΜ|Γ|ΔΡΑΔΟΥΜ|Θ|ΚΑΛΠΟΥΖ|ΚΑΣΤΕΛ|ΚΟΡΜΟΡ|ΛΑΟΠΛ|ΜΩΑΜΕΘ|Μ|ΜΟΥΣΟΥΛΜΑΝ|ΟΥΛ|Π|ΠΕΛΕΚ|ΠΛ|ΠΟΛΙΣ|ΠΟΡΤΟΛ|ΣΑΡΑΚΑΤΣ|ΣΟΥΛΤ|ΤΣΑΡΛΑΤ|ΟΡΦ|ΤΣΙΓΓ|ΤΣΟΠ|ΦΩΤΟΣΤΕΦ|Χ|ΨΥΧΟΠΛ|ΑΓ|ΟΡΦ|ΓΑΛ|ΓΕΡ|ΔΕΚ|ΔΙΠΛ|ΑΜΕΡΙΚΑΝ|ΟΥΡ|ΠΙΘ|ΠΟΥΡΙΤ|Σ|ΖΩΝΤ|ΙΚ|ΚΑΣΤ|ΚΟΠ|ΛΙΧ|ΛΟΥΘΗΡ|ΜΑΙΝΤ|ΜΕΛ|ΣΙΓ|ΣΠ|ΣΤΕΓ|ΤΡΑΓ|ΤΣΑΓ|Φ|ΕΡ|ΑΔΑΠ|ΑΘΙΓΓ|ΑΜΗΧ|ΑΝΙΚ|ΑΝΟΡΓ|ΑΠΗΓ|ΑΠΙΘ|ΑΤΣΙΓΓ|ΒΑΣ|ΒΑΣΚ|ΒΑΘΥΓΑΛ|ΒΙΟΜΗΧ|ΒΡΑΧΥΚ|ΔΙΑΤ|ΔΙΑΦ|ΕΝΟΡΓ|ΘΥΣ|ΚΑΠΝΟΒΙΟΜΗΧ|ΚΑΤΑΓΑΛ|ΚΛΙΒ|ΚΟΙΛΑΡΦ|ΛΙΒ|ΜΕΓΛΟΒΙΟΜΗΧ|ΜΙΚΡΟΒΙΟΜΗΧ|ΝΤΑΒ|ΞΗΡΟΚΛΙΒ|ΟΛΙΓΟΔΑΜ|ΟΛΟΓΑΛ|ΠΕΝΤΑΡΦ|ΠΕΡΗΦ|ΠΕΡΙΤΡ|ΠΛΑΤ|ΠΟΛΥΔΑΠ|ΠΟΛΥΜΗΧ|ΣΤΕΦ|ΤΑΒ|ΤΕΤ|ΥΠΕΡΗΦ|ΥΠΟΚΟΠ|ΧΑΜΗΛΟΔΑΠ|ΨΗΛΟΤΑΒ)$/.test(o[1]))&&(s+="ΑΝ")),null!==(o=/^(.+?)(ΗΣΕΤΕ)$/.exec(s))&&(s=o[1]),null!==(o=/^(.+?)(ΕΤΕ)$/.exec(s))&&(s=o[1],(r(s)||/(ΟΔ|ΑΙΡ|ΦΟΡ|ΤΑΘ|ΔΙΑΘ|ΣΧ|ΕΝΔ|ΕΥΡ|ΤΙΘ|ΥΠΕΡΘ|ΡΑΘ|ΕΝΘ|ΡΟΘ|ΣΘ|ΠΥΡ|ΑΙΝ|ΣΥΝΔ|ΣΥΝ|ΣΥΝΘ|ΧΩΡ|ΠΟΝ|ΒΡ|ΚΑΘ|ΕΥΘ|ΕΚΘ|ΝΕΤ|ΡΟΝ|ΑΡΚ|ΒΑΡ|ΒΟΛ|ΩΦΕΛ)$/.test(o[1])||/^(ΑΒΑΡ|ΒΕΝ|ΕΝΑΡ|ΑΒΡ|ΑΔ|ΑΘ|ΑΝ|ΑΠΛ|ΒΑΡΟΝ|ΝΤΡ|ΣΚ|ΚΟΠ|ΜΠΟΡ|ΝΙΦ|ΠΑΓ|ΠΑΡΑΚΑΛ|ΣΕΡΠ|ΣΚΕΛ|ΣΥΡΦ|ΤΟΚ|Υ|Δ|ΕΜ|ΘΑΡΡ|Θ)$/.test(o[1]))&&(s+="ΕΤ")),null!==(o=/^(.+?)(ΟΝΤΑΣ|ΩΝΤΑΣ)$/.exec(s))&&(s=o[1],/^ΑΡΧ$/.test(o[1])&&(s+="ΟΝΤ"),/ΚΡΕ$/.test(o[1])&&(s+="ΩΝΤ")),null!==(o=/^(.+?)(ΟΜΑΣΤΕ|ΙΟΜΑΣΤΕ)$/.exec(s))&&(s=o[1],/^ΟΝ$/.test(o[1])&&(s+="ΟΜΑΣΤ")),null!==(o=/^(.+?)(ΙΕΣΤΕ)$/.exec(s))&&(s=o[1],/^(Π|ΑΠ|ΣΥΜΠ|ΑΣΥΜΠ|ΑΚΑΤΑΠ|ΑΜΕΤΑΜΦ)$/.test(o[1])&&(s+="ΙΕΣΤ")),null!==(o=/^(.+?)(ΕΣΤΕ)$/.exec(s))&&(s=o[1],/^(ΑΛ|ΑΡ|ΕΚΤΕΛ|Ζ|Μ|Ξ|ΠΑΡΑΚΑΛ|ΠΡΟ|ΝΙΣ)$/.test(o[1])&&(s+="ΕΣΤ")),null!==(o=/^(.+?)(ΗΘΗΚΑ|ΗΘΗΚΕΣ|ΗΘΗΚΕ)$/.exec(s))&&(s=o[1]),null!==(o=/^(.+?)(ΗΚΑ|ΗΚΕΣ|ΗΚΕ)$/.exec(s))&&(s=o[1],(/(ΣΚΩΛ|ΣΚΟΥΛ|ΝΑΡΘ|ΣΦ|ΟΘ|ΠΙΘ)$/.test(o[1])||/^(ΔΙΑΘ|Θ|ΠΑΡΑΚΑΤΑΘ|ΠΡΟΣΘ|ΣΥΝΘ)$/.test(o[1]))&&(s+="ΗΚ")),null!==(o=/^(.+?)(ΟΥΣΑ|ΟΥΣΕΣ|ΟΥΣΕ)$/.exec(s))&&(s=o[1],(t(s)||/^(ΦΑΡΜΑΚ|ΧΑΔ|ΑΓΚ|ΑΝΑΡΡ|ΒΡΟΜ|ΕΚΛΙΠ|ΛΑΜΠΙΔ|ΛΕΧ|Μ|ΠΑΤ|Ρ|Λ|ΜΕΔ|ΜΕΣΑΖ|ΥΠΟΤΕΙΝ|ΑΜ|ΑΙΘ|ΑΝΗΚ|ΔΕΣΠΟΖ|ΕΝΔΙΑΦΕΡ)$/.test(o[1])||/(ΠΟΔΑΡ|ΒΛΕΠ|ΠΑΝΤΑΧ|ΦΡΥΔ|ΜΑΝΤΙΛ|ΜΑΛΛ|ΚΥΜΑΤ|ΛΑΧ|ΛΗΓ|ΦΑΓ|ΟΜ|ΠΡΩΤ)$/.test(o[1]))&&(s+="ΟΥΣ")),null!==(o=/^(.+?)(ΑΓΑ|ΑΓΕΣ|ΑΓΕ)$/.exec(s))&&(s=o[1],(/^(ΑΒΑΣΤ|ΠΟΛΥΦ|ΑΔΗΦ|ΠΑΜΦ|Ρ|ΑΣΠ|ΑΦ|ΑΜΑΛ|ΑΜΑΛΛΙ|ΑΝΥΣΤ|ΑΠΕΡ|ΑΣΠΑΡ|ΑΧΑΡ|ΔΕΡΒΕΝ|ΔΡΟΣΟΠ|ΞΕΦ|ΝΕΟΠ|ΝΟΜΟΤ|ΟΛΟΠ|ΟΜΟΤ|ΠΡΟΣΤ|ΠΡΟΣΩΠΟΠ|ΣΥΜΠ|ΣΥΝΤ|Τ|ΥΠΟΤ|ΧΑΡ|ΑΕΙΠ|ΑΙΜΟΣΤ|ΑΝΥΠ|ΑΠΟΤ|ΑΡΤΙΠ|ΔΙΑΤ|ΕΝ|ΕΠΙΤ|ΚΡΟΚΑΛΟΠ|ΣΙΔΗΡΟΠ|Λ|ΝΑΥ|ΟΥΛΑΜ|ΟΥΡ|Π|ΤΡ|Μ)$/.test(o[1])||/(ΟΦ|ΠΕΛ|ΧΟΡΤ|ΛΛ|ΣΦ|ΡΠ|ΦΡ|ΠΡ|ΛΟΧ|ΣΜΗΝ)$/.test(o[1])&&!/^(ΨΟΦ|ΝΑΥΛΟΧ)$/.test(o[1])||/(ΚΟΛΛ)$/.test(o[1]))&&(s+="ΑΓ")),null!==(o=/^(.+?)(ΗΣΕ|ΗΣΟΥ|ΗΣΑ)$/.exec(s))&&(s=o[1],/^(Ν|ΧΕΡΣΟΝ|ΔΩΔΕΚΑΝ|ΕΡΗΜΟΝ|ΜΕΓΑΛΟΝ|ΕΠΤΑΝ|Ι)$/.test(o[1])&&(s+="ΗΣ")),null!==(o=/^(.+?)(ΗΣΤΕ)$/.exec(s))&&(s=o[1],/^(ΑΣΒ|ΣΒ|ΑΧΡ|ΧΡ|ΑΠΛ|ΑΕΙΜΝ|ΔΥΣΧΡ|ΕΥΧΡ|ΚΟΙΝΟΧΡ|ΠΑΛΙΜΨ)$/.test(o[1])&&(s+="ΗΣΤ")),null!==(o=/^(.+?)(ΟΥΝΕ|ΗΣΟΥΝΕ|ΗΘΟΥΝΕ)$/.exec(s))&&(s=o[1],/^(Ν|Ρ|ΣΠΙ|ΣΤΡΑΒΟΜΟΥΤΣ|ΚΑΚΟΜΟΥΤΣ|ΕΞΩΝ)$/.test(o[1])&&(s+="ΟΥΝ")),null!==(o=/^(.+?)(ΟΥΜΕ|ΗΣΟΥΜΕ|ΗΘΟΥΜΕ)$/.exec(s))&&(s=o[1],/^(ΠΑΡΑΣΟΥΣ|Φ|Χ|ΩΡΙΟΠΛ|ΑΖ|ΑΛΛΟΣΟΥΣ|ΑΣΟΥΣ)$/.test(o[1])&&(s+="ΟΥΜ")),null!=(o=/^(.+?)(ΜΑΤΟΙ|ΜΑΤΟΥΣ|ΜΑΤΟ|ΜΑΤΑ|ΜΑΤΩΣ|ΜΑΤΩΝ|ΜΑΤΟΣ|ΜΑΤΕΣ|ΜΑΤΗ|ΜΑΤΗΣ|ΜΑΤΟΥ)$/.exec(s))&&(s=o[1]+"Μ",/^(ΓΡΑΜ)$/.test(o[1])?s+="Α":/^(ΓΕ|ΣΤΑ)$/.test(o[1])&&(s+="ΑΤ")),null!==(o=/^(.+?)(ΟΥΑ)$/.exec(s))&&(s=o[1]+"ΟΥ"),n.length===s.length&&null!==(o=/^(.+?)(Α|ΑΓΑΤΕ|ΑΓΑΝ|ΑΕΙ|ΑΜΑΙ|ΑΝ|ΑΣ|ΑΣΑΙ|ΑΤΑΙ|ΑΩ|Ε|ΕΙ|ΕΙΣ|ΕΙΤΕ|ΕΣΑΙ|ΕΣ|ΕΤΑΙ|Ι|ΙΕΜΑΙ|ΙΕΜΑΣΤΕ|ΙΕΤΑΙ|ΙΕΣΑΙ|ΙΕΣΑΣΤΕ|ΙΟΜΑΣΤΑΝ|ΙΟΜΟΥΝ|ΙΟΜΟΥΝΑ|ΙΟΝΤΑΝ|ΙΟΝΤΟΥΣΑΝ|ΙΟΣΑΣΤΑΝ|ΙΟΣΑΣΤΕ|ΙΟΣΟΥΝ|ΙΟΣΟΥΝΑ|ΙΟΤΑΝ|ΙΟΥΜΑ|ΙΟΥΜΑΣΤΕ|ΙΟΥΝΤΑΙ|ΙΟΥΝΤΑΝ|Η|ΗΔΕΣ|ΗΔΩΝ|ΗΘΕΙ|ΗΘΕΙΣ|ΗΘΕΙΤΕ|ΗΘΗΚΑΤΕ|ΗΘΗΚΑΝ|ΗΘΟΥΝ|ΗΘΩ|ΗΚΑΤΕ|ΗΚΑΝ|ΗΣ|ΗΣΑΝ|ΗΣΑΤΕ|ΗΣΕΙ|ΗΣΕΣ|ΗΣΟΥΝ|ΗΣΩ|Ο|ΟΙ|ΟΜΑΙ|ΟΜΑΣΤΑΝ|ΟΜΟΥΝ|ΟΜΟΥΝΑ|ΟΝΤΑΙ|ΟΝΤΑΝ|ΟΝΤΟΥΣΑΝ|ΟΣ|ΟΣΑΣΤΑΝ|ΟΣΑΣΤΕ|ΟΣΟΥΝ|ΟΣΟΥΝΑ|ΟΤΑΝ|ΟΥ|ΟΥΜΑΙ|ΟΥΜΑΣΤΕ|ΟΥΝ|ΟΥΝΤΑΙ|ΟΥΝΤΑΝ|ΟΥΣ|ΟΥΣΑΝ|ΟΥΣΑΤΕ|Υ||ΥΑ|ΥΣ|Ω|ΩΝ|ΟΙΣ)$/.exec(s))&&(s=o[1]),null!=(o=/^(.+?)(ΕΣΤΕΡ|ΕΣΤΑΤ|ΟΤΕΡ|ΟΤΑΤ|ΥΤΕΡ|ΥΤΑΤ|ΩΤΕΡ|ΩΤΑΤ)$/.exec(s))&&(/^(ΕΞ|ΕΣ|ΑΝ|ΚΑΤ|Κ|ΠΡ)$/.test(o[1])||(s=o[1]),/^(ΚΑ|Μ|ΕΛΕ|ΛΕ|ΔΕ)$/.test(o[1])&&(s+="ΥΤ")),s}var 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t.update(function(t){for(var r="",n=0;n<t.length;n++)r+=e[t.charAt(n)]||t.charAt(n);return r});for(var r="",n=0;n<t.length;n++)r+=e[t.charAt(n)]||t.charAt(n);return r}}(),e.Pipeline.registerFunction(e.el.normilizer,"normilizer-el")}});
\ No newline at end of file
diff --git a/assets/javascripts/lunr/min/lunr.es.min.js b/assets/javascripts/lunr/min/lunr.es.min.js
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..2989d34
--- /dev/null
+++ b/assets/javascripts/lunr/min/lunr.es.min.js
@@ -0,0 +1,18 @@
+/*!
+ * Lunr languages, `Spanish` language
+ * https://github.com/MihaiValentin/lunr-languages
+ *
+ * Copyright 2014, Mihai Valentin
+ * http://www.mozilla.org/MPL/
+ */
+/*!
+ * based on
+ * Snowball JavaScript Library v0.3
+ * http://code.google.com/p/urim/
+ * http://snowball.tartarus.org/
+ *
+ * Copyright 2010, Oleg Mazko
+ * http://www.mozilla.org/MPL/
+ */
+
+!function(e,s){"function"==typeof define&&define.amd?define(s):"object"==typeof exports?module.exports=s():s()(e.lunr)}(this,function(){return function(e){if(void 0===e)throw new Error("Lunr is not present. Please include / require Lunr before this script.");if(void 0===e.stemmerSupport)throw new Error("Lunr stemmer support is not present. 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\ No newline at end of file
diff --git a/assets/javascripts/lunr/min/lunr.fi.min.js b/assets/javascripts/lunr/min/lunr.fi.min.js
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..29f5dfc
--- /dev/null
+++ b/assets/javascripts/lunr/min/lunr.fi.min.js
@@ -0,0 +1,18 @@
+/*!
+ * Lunr languages, `Finnish` language
+ * https://github.com/MihaiValentin/lunr-languages
+ *
+ * Copyright 2014, Mihai Valentin
+ * http://www.mozilla.org/MPL/
+ */
+/*!
+ * based on
+ * Snowball JavaScript Library v0.3
+ * http://code.google.com/p/urim/
+ * http://snowball.tartarus.org/
+ *
+ * Copyright 2010, Oleg Mazko
+ * http://www.mozilla.org/MPL/
+ */
+
+!function(i,e){"function"==typeof define&&define.amd?define(e):"object"==typeof exports?module.exports=e():e()(i.lunr)}(this,function(){return function(i){if(void 0===i)throw new Error("Lunr is not present. Please include / require Lunr before this script.");if(void 0===i.stemmerSupport)throw new Error("Lunr stemmer support is not present. 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i(),k=!1,A.limit_backward=e,A.cursor=A.limit,s(),A.cursor=A.limit,o(),A.cursor=A.limit,u(),A.cursor=A.limit,c(),A.cursor=A.limit,k?(m(),A.cursor=A.limit):(A.cursor=A.limit,w(),A.cursor=A.limit),_(),!0}};return function(i){return"function"==typeof i.update?i.update(function(i){return n.setCurrent(i),n.stem(),n.getCurrent()}):(n.setCurrent(i),n.stem(),n.getCurrent())}}(),i.Pipeline.registerFunction(i.fi.stemmer,"stemmer-fi"),i.fi.stopWordFilter=i.generateStopWordFilter("ei eivät emme en et ette että he heidän heidät heihin heille heillä heiltä heissä heistä heitä hän häneen hänelle hänellä häneltä hänen hänessä hänestä hänet häntä itse ja johon joiden joihin joiksi joilla joille joilta joina joissa joista joita joka joksi jolla jolle jolta jona jonka jos jossa josta jota jotka kanssa keiden keihin keiksi keille keillä keiltä keinä keissä keistä keitä keneen keneksi kenelle kenellä keneltä kenen kenenä kenessä kenestä kenet ketkä ketkä ketä koska kuin kuka kun me meidän meidät meihin meille meillä meiltä meissä meistä meitä mihin miksi mikä mille millä miltä minkä minkä minua minulla minulle minulta minun minussa minusta minut minuun minä minä missä mistä mitkä mitä mukaan mutta ne niiden niihin niiksi niille niillä niiltä niin niin niinä niissä niistä niitä noiden noihin noiksi noilla noille noilta noin noina noissa noista noita nuo nyt näiden näihin näiksi näille näillä näiltä näinä näissä näistä näitä nämä ole olemme olen olet olette oli olimme olin olisi olisimme olisin olisit olisitte olisivat olit olitte olivat olla olleet ollut on ovat poikki se sekä sen siihen siinä siitä siksi sille sillä sillä siltä sinua sinulla sinulle sinulta sinun sinussa sinusta sinut sinuun sinä sinä sitä tai te teidän teidät teihin teille teillä teiltä teissä teistä teitä tuo tuohon tuoksi tuolla tuolle tuolta tuon tuona tuossa tuosta tuota tähän täksi tälle tällä tältä tämä tämän tänä tässä tästä tätä vaan vai vaikka yli".split(" ")),i.Pipeline.registerFunction(i.fi.stopWordFilter,"stopWordFilter-fi")}});
\ No newline at end of file
diff --git a/assets/javascripts/lunr/min/lunr.fr.min.js b/assets/javascripts/lunr/min/lunr.fr.min.js
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..68cd009
--- /dev/null
+++ b/assets/javascripts/lunr/min/lunr.fr.min.js
@@ -0,0 +1,18 @@
+/*!
+ * Lunr languages, `French` language
+ * https://github.com/MihaiValentin/lunr-languages
+ *
+ * Copyright 2014, Mihai Valentin
+ * http://www.mozilla.org/MPL/
+ */
+/*!
+ * based on
+ * Snowball JavaScript Library v0.3
+ * http://code.google.com/p/urim/
+ * http://snowball.tartarus.org/
+ *
+ * Copyright 2010, Oleg Mazko
+ * http://www.mozilla.org/MPL/
+ */
+
+!function(e,r){"function"==typeof define&&define.amd?define(r):"object"==typeof exports?module.exports=r():r()(e.lunr)}(this,function(){return function(e){if(void 0===e)throw new Error("Lunr is not present. Please include / require Lunr before this script.");if(void 0===e.stemmerSupport)throw new Error("Lunr stemmer support is not present. 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\ No newline at end of file
diff --git a/assets/javascripts/lunr/min/lunr.he.min.js b/assets/javascripts/lunr/min/lunr.he.min.js
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..b863d3e
--- /dev/null
+++ b/assets/javascripts/lunr/min/lunr.he.min.js
@@ -0,0 +1 @@
+!function(e,r){"function"==typeof define&&define.amd?define(r):"object"==typeof exports?module.exports=r():r()(e.lunr)}(this,function(){return function(e){if(void 0===e)throw new Error("Lunr is not present. Please include / require Lunr before this script.");if(void 0===e.stemmerSupport)throw new Error("Lunr stemmer support is not present. Please include / require Lunr stemmer support before this script.");e.he=function(){this.pipeline.reset(),this.pipeline.add(e.he.trimmer,e.he.stopWordFilter,e.he.stemmer),this.searchPipeline&&(this.searchPipeline.reset(),this.searchPipeline.add(e.he.stemmer))},e.he.wordCharacters="֑-״א-תa-zA-Zａ-ｚＡ-Ｚ0-9０-９",e.he.trimmer=e.trimmerSupport.generateTrimmer(e.he.wordCharacters),e.Pipeline.registerFunction(e.he.trimmer,"trimmer-he"),e.he.stemmer=function(){var e=this;return e.result=!1,e.preRemoved=!1,e.sufRemoved=!1,e.pre={pre1:"ה ו י ת",pre2:"ב כ ל מ ש כש",pre3:"הב הכ הל המ הש בש לכ",pre4:"וב וכ ול ומ וש",pre5:"מה שה כל",pre6:"מב מכ מל ממ מש",pre7:"בה בו בי בת כה כו כי כת לה לו לי לת",pre8:"ובה ובו ובי ובת וכה וכו וכי וכת ולה ולו ולי ולת"},e.suf={suf1:"ך כ ם ן נ",suf2:"ים ות וך וכ ום ון ונ הם הן יכ יך ינ ים",suf3:"תי תך תכ תם תן תנ",suf4:"ותי ותך ותכ ותם ותן ותנ",suf5:"נו כם כן הם הן",suf6:"ונו וכם וכן והם והן",suf7:"תכם תכן תנו תהם תהן",suf8:"הוא היא הם הן אני אתה את אנו אתם אתן",suf9:"ני נו כי כו כם כן תי תך תכ תם תן",suf10:"י ך כ ם ן נ ת"},e.patterns=JSON.parse('{"hebrewPatterns": [{"pt1": [{"c": "ה", "l": 0}]}, {"pt2": [{"c": "ו", "l": 0}]}, {"pt3": [{"c": "י", "l": 0}]}, {"pt4": [{"c": "ת", "l": 0}]}, {"pt5": [{"c": "מ", "l": 0}]}, {"pt6": [{"c": "ל", "l": 0}]}, {"pt7": [{"c": "ב", "l": 0}]}, {"pt8": [{"c": "כ", "l": 0}]}, {"pt9": [{"c": "ש", "l": 0}]}, {"pt10": [{"c": "כש", "l": 0}]}, {"pt11": [{"c": "בה", "l": 0}]}, {"pt12": [{"c": "וב", "l": 0}]}, {"pt13": [{"c": "וכ", "l": 0}]}, {"pt14": [{"c": "ול", "l": 0}]}, {"pt15": [{"c": "ומ", "l": 0}]}, {"pt16": [{"c": "וש", "l": 0}]}, {"pt17": [{"c": "הב", "l": 0}]}, {"pt18": [{"c": "הכ", "l": 0}]}, {"pt19": [{"c": "הל", "l": 0}]}, {"pt20": [{"c": "המ", "l": 0}]}, {"pt21": [{"c": "הש", "l": 0}]}, {"pt22": [{"c": "מה", "l": 0}]}, {"pt23": [{"c": "שה", "l": 0}]}, {"pt24": [{"c": "כל", "l": 0}]}]}'),e.execArray=["cleanWord","removeDiacritics","removeStopWords","normalizeHebrewCharacters"],e.stem=function(){var r=0;for(e.result=!1,e.preRemoved=!1,e.sufRemoved=!1;r<e.execArray.length&&1!=e.result;)e.result=e[e.execArray[r]](),r++},e.setCurrent=function(r){e.word=r},e.getCurrent=function(){return e.word},e.cleanWord=function(){return!!new RegExp("[^֑-״א-ת]").test("")},e.removeDiacritics=function(){var r=new RegExp("[ְ-ֿ]","g");return e.word=e.word.replace(r,""),!1},e.removeStopWords=function(){if("אבל או אולי אותו אותי אותך אותם אותן אותנו אז אחר אחרות אחרי אחריכן אחרים אחרת אי איזה איך אין איפה אל אלה אלו אם אנחנו אני אף אפשר את אתה אתכם אתכן אתם אתן באיזה באיזו בגלל בין בלבד בעבור בעזרת בכל בכן בלי במידה במקום שבו ברוב בשביל בשעה ש בתוך גם דרך הוא היא היה היי היכן היתה היתי הם הן הנה הסיבה שבגללה הרי ואילו ואת זאת זה זות יהיה יוכל יוכלו יותר מדי יכול יכולה יכולות יכולים יכל יכלה יכלו יש כאן כאשר כולם כולן כזה כי כיצד כך כל כלל כמו כן כפי כש לא לאו לאיזותך לאן לבין לה להיות להם להן לו לזה לזות לי לך לכם לכן למה למעלה למעלה מ למטה למטה מ למעט למקום שבו למרות לנו לעבר לעיכן לפיכך לפני מאד מאחורי מאיזו סיבה מאין מאיפה מבלי מבעד מדוע מה מהיכן מול מחוץ מי מידע מכאן מכל מכן מלבד מן מנין מסוגל מעט מעטים מעל מצד מקום בו מתחת מתי נגד נגר נו עד עז על עלי עליו עליה עליהם עליך עלינו עם עצמה עצמהם עצמהן עצמו עצמי עצמם עצמן עצמנו פה רק שוב של שלה שלהם שלהן שלו שלי שלך שלכה שלכם שלכן שלנו שם תהיה תחת".split(" ").indexOf(e.word)>=0)return!0},e.normalizeHebrewCharacters=function(){return e.word=e.word.replace("ך","כ"),e.word=e.word.replace("ם","מ"),e.word=e.word.replace("ן","נ"),e.word=e.word.replace("ף","פ"),e.word=e.word.replace("ץ","צ"),!1},function(r){return"function"==typeof r.update?r.update(function(r){return e.setCurrent(r),e.stem(),e.getCurrent()}):(e.setCurrent(r),e.stem(),e.getCurrent())}}(),e.Pipeline.registerFunction(e.he.stemmer,"stemmer-he"),e.he.stopWordFilter=e.generateStopWordFilter("אבל או אולי אותו אותי אותך אותם אותן אותנו אז אחר אחרות אחרי אחריכן אחרים אחרת אי איזה איך אין איפה אל אלה אלו אם אנחנו אני אף אפשר את אתה אתכם אתכן אתם אתן באיזה באיזו בגלל בין בלבד בעבור בעזרת בכל בכן בלי במידה במקום שבו ברוב בשביל בשעה ש בתוך גם דרך הוא היא היה היי היכן היתה היתי הם הן הנה הסיבה שבגללה הרי ואילו ואת זאת זה זות יהיה יוכל יוכלו יותר מדי יכול יכולה יכולות יכולים יכל יכלה יכלו יש כאן כאשר כולם כולן כזה כי כיצד כך כל כלל כמו כן כפי כש לא לאו לאיזותך לאן לבין לה להיות להם להן לו לזה לזות לי לך לכם לכן למה למעלה למעלה מ למטה למטה מ למעט למקום שבו למרות לנו לעבר לעיכן לפיכך לפני מאד מאחורי מאיזו סיבה מאין מאיפה מבלי מבעד מדוע מה מהיכן מול מחוץ מי מידע מכאן מכל מכן מלבד מן מנין מסוגל מעט מעטים מעל מצד מקום בו מתחת מתי נגד נגר נו עד עז על עלי עליו עליה עליהם עליך עלינו עם עצמה עצמהם עצמהן עצמו עצמי עצמם עצמן עצמנו פה רק שוב של שלה שלהם שלהן שלו שלי שלך שלכה שלכם שלכן שלנו שם תהיה תחת".split(" ")),e.Pipeline.registerFunction(e.he.stopWordFilter,"stopWordFilter-he")}});
\ No newline at end of file
diff --git a/assets/javascripts/lunr/min/lunr.hi.min.js b/assets/javascripts/lunr/min/lunr.hi.min.js
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..7dbc414
--- /dev/null
+++ b/assets/javascripts/lunr/min/lunr.hi.min.js
@@ -0,0 +1 @@
+!function(e,r){"function"==typeof define&&define.amd?define(r):"object"==typeof exports?module.exports=r():r()(e.lunr)}(this,function(){return function(e){if(void 0===e)throw new Error("Lunr is not present. Please include / require Lunr before this script.");if(void 0===e.stemmerSupport)throw new Error("Lunr stemmer support is not present. Please include / require Lunr stemmer support before this script.");e.hi=function(){this.pipeline.reset(),this.pipeline.add(e.hi.trimmer,e.hi.stopWordFilter,e.hi.stemmer),this.searchPipeline&&(this.searchPipeline.reset(),this.searchPipeline.add(e.hi.stemmer))},e.hi.wordCharacters="ऀ-ःऄ-एऐ-टठ-यर-िी-ॏॐ-य़ॠ-९॰-ॿa-zA-Zａ-ｚＡ-Ｚ0-9０-９",e.hi.trimmer=e.trimmerSupport.generateTrimmer(e.hi.wordCharacters),e.Pipeline.registerFunction(e.hi.trimmer,"trimmer-hi"),e.hi.stopWordFilter=e.generateStopWordFilter("अत अपना अपनी अपने अभी अंदर आदि आप इत्यादि इन इनका इन्हीं इन्हें इन्हों इस इसका इसकी इसके इसमें इसी इसे उन उनका उनकी उनके उनको उन्हीं उन्हें उन्हों उस उसके उसी उसे एक एवं एस ऐसे और कई कर करता करते करना करने करें कहते कहा का काफ़ी कि कितना किन्हें किन्हों किया किर किस किसी किसे की कुछ कुल के को कोई कौन कौनसा गया घर जब जहाँ जा जितना जिन जिन्हें जिन्हों जिस जिसे जीधर जैसा जैसे जो तक तब तरह तिन तिन्हें तिन्हों तिस तिसे तो था थी थे दबारा दिया दुसरा दूसरे दो द्वारा न नके नहीं ना निहायत नीचे ने पर पहले पूरा पे फिर बनी बही बहुत बाद बाला बिलकुल भी भीतर मगर मानो मे में यदि यह यहाँ यही या यिह ये रखें रहा रहे ऱ्वासा लिए लिये लेकिन व वग़ैरह वर्ग वह वहाँ वहीं वाले वुह वे वो सकता सकते सबसे सभी साथ साबुत साभ सारा से सो संग ही हुआ हुई हुए है हैं हो होता होती होते होना होने".split(" ")),e.hi.stemmer=function(){return function(e){return"function"==typeof e.update?e.update(function(e){return e}):e}}();var r=e.wordcut;r.init(),e.hi.tokenizer=function(i){if(!arguments.length||null==i||void 0==i)return[];if(Array.isArray(i))return i.map(function(r){return isLunr2?new e.Token(r.toLowerCase()):r.toLowerCase()});var t=i.toString().toLowerCase().replace(/^\s+/,"");return r.cut(t).split("|")},e.Pipeline.registerFunction(e.hi.stemmer,"stemmer-hi"),e.Pipeline.registerFunction(e.hi.stopWordFilter,"stopWordFilter-hi")}});
\ No newline at end of file
diff --git a/assets/javascripts/lunr/min/lunr.hu.min.js b/assets/javascripts/lunr/min/lunr.hu.min.js
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..ed9d909
--- /dev/null
+++ b/assets/javascripts/lunr/min/lunr.hu.min.js
@@ -0,0 +1,18 @@
+/*!
+ * Lunr languages, `Hungarian` language
+ * https://github.com/MihaiValentin/lunr-languages
+ *
+ * Copyright 2014, Mihai Valentin
+ * http://www.mozilla.org/MPL/
+ */
+/*!
+ * based on
+ * Snowball JavaScript Library v0.3
+ * http://code.google.com/p/urim/
+ * http://snowball.tartarus.org/
+ *
+ * Copyright 2010, Oleg Mazko
+ * http://www.mozilla.org/MPL/
+ */
+
+!function(e,n){"function"==typeof define&&define.amd?define(n):"object"==typeof exports?module.exports=n():n()(e.lunr)}(this,function(){return function(e){if(void 0===e)throw new Error("Lunr is not present. Please include / require Lunr before this script.");if(void 0===e.stemmerSupport)throw new Error("Lunr stemmer support is not present. Please include / require Lunr stemmer support before this script.");e.hu=function(){this.pipeline.reset(),this.pipeline.add(e.hu.trimmer,e.hu.stopWordFilter,e.hu.stemmer),this.searchPipeline&&(this.searchPipeline.reset(),this.searchPipeline.add(e.hu.stemmer))},e.hu.wordCharacters="A-Za-zªºÀ-ÖØ-öø-ʸˠ-ˤᴀ-ᴥᴬ-ᵜᵢ-ᵥᵫ-ᵷᵹ-ᶾḀ-ỿⁱⁿₐ-ₜKÅℲⅎⅠ-ↈⱠ-ⱿꜢ-ꞇꞋ-ꞭꞰ-ꞷꟷ-ꟿꬰ-ꭚꭜ-ꭤff-stＡ-Ｚａ-ｚ",e.hu.trimmer=e.trimmerSupport.generateTrimmer(e.hu.wordCharacters),e.Pipeline.registerFunction(e.hu.trimmer,"trimmer-hu"),e.hu.stemmer=function(){var n=e.stemmerSupport.Among,r=e.stemmerSupport.SnowballProgram,i=new function(){function e(){var e,n=L.cursor;if(d=L.limit,L.in_grouping(W,97,252))for(;;){if(e=L.cursor,L.out_grouping(W,97,252))return L.cursor=e,L.find_among(g,8)||(L.cursor=e,e<L.limit&&L.cursor++),void(d=L.cursor);if(L.cursor=e,e>=L.limit)return void(d=e);L.cursor++}if(L.cursor=n,L.out_grouping(W,97,252)){for(;!L.in_grouping(W,97,252);){if(L.cursor>=L.limit)return;L.cursor++}d=L.cursor}}function i(){return d<=L.cursor}function a(){var e;if(L.ket=L.cursor,(e=L.find_among_b(h,2))&&(L.bra=L.cursor,i()))switch(e){case 1:L.slice_from("a");break;case 2:L.slice_from("e")}}function t(){var e=L.limit-L.cursor;return!!L.find_among_b(p,23)&&(L.cursor=L.limit-e,!0)}function s(){if(L.cursor>L.limit_backward){L.cursor--,L.ket=L.cursor;var e=L.cursor-1;L.limit_backward<=e&&e<=L.limit&&(L.cursor=e,L.bra=e,L.slice_del())}}function c(){var e;if(L.ket=L.cursor,(e=L.find_among_b(_,2))&&(L.bra=L.cursor,i())){if((1==e||2==e)&&!t())return;L.slice_del(),s()}}function o(){L.ket=L.cursor,L.find_among_b(v,44)&&(L.bra=L.cursor,i()&&(L.slice_del(),a()))}function w(){var e;if(L.ket=L.cursor,(e=L.find_among_b(z,3))&&(L.bra=L.cursor,i()))switch(e){case 1:L.slice_from("e");break;case 2:case 3:L.slice_from("a")}}function l(){var e;if(L.ket=L.cursor,(e=L.find_among_b(y,6))&&(L.bra=L.cursor,i()))switch(e){case 1:case 2:L.slice_del();break;case 3:L.slice_from("a");break;case 4:L.slice_from("e")}}function u(){var e;if(L.ket=L.cursor,(e=L.find_among_b(j,2))&&(L.bra=L.cursor,i())){if((1==e||2==e)&&!t())return;L.slice_del(),s()}}function m(){var e;if(L.ket=L.cursor,(e=L.find_among_b(C,7))&&(L.bra=L.cursor,i()))switch(e){case 1:L.slice_from("a");break;case 2:L.slice_from("e");break;case 3:case 4:case 5:case 6:case 7:L.slice_del()}}function k(){var e;if(L.ket=L.cursor,(e=L.find_among_b(P,12))&&(L.bra=L.cursor,i()))switch(e){case 1:case 4:case 7:case 9:L.slice_del();break;case 2:case 5:case 8:L.slice_from("e");break;case 3:case 6:L.slice_from("a")}}function f(){var e;if(L.ket=L.cursor,(e=L.find_among_b(F,31))&&(L.bra=L.cursor,i()))switch(e){case 1:case 4:case 7:case 8:case 9:case 12:case 13:case 16:case 17:case 18:L.slice_del();break;case 2:case 5:case 10:case 14:case 19:L.slice_from("a");break;case 3:case 6:case 11:case 15:case 20:L.slice_from("e")}}function b(){var e;if(L.ket=L.cursor,(e=L.find_among_b(S,42))&&(L.bra=L.cursor,i()))switch(e){case 1:case 4:case 5:case 6:case 9:case 10:case 11:case 14:case 15:case 16:case 17:case 20:case 21:case 24:case 25:case 26:case 29:L.slice_del();break;case 2:case 7:case 12:case 18:case 22:case 27:L.slice_from("a");break;case 3:case 8:case 13:case 19:case 23:case 28:L.slice_from("e")}}var d,g=[new n("cs",-1,-1),new n("dzs",-1,-1),new n("gy",-1,-1),new n("ly",-1,-1),new n("ny",-1,-1),new n("sz",-1,-1),new n("ty",-1,-1),new n("zs",-1,-1)],h=[new n("á",-1,1),new n("é",-1,2)],p=[new n("bb",-1,-1),new n("cc",-1,-1),new n("dd",-1,-1),new n("ff",-1,-1),new n("gg",-1,-1),new n("jj",-1,-1),new n("kk",-1,-1),new n("ll",-1,-1),new n("mm",-1,-1),new n("nn",-1,-1),new n("pp",-1,-1),new n("rr",-1,-1),new n("ccs",-1,-1),new n("ss",-1,-1),new n("zzs",-1,-1),new n("tt",-1,-1),new n("vv",-1,-1),new n("ggy",-1,-1),new n("lly",-1,-1),new n("nny",-1,-1),new n("tty",-1,-1),new n("ssz",-1,-1),new n("zz",-1,-1)],_=[new n("al",-1,1),new n("el",-1,2)],v=[new n("ba",-1,-1),new n("ra",-1,-1),new n("be",-1,-1),new n("re",-1,-1),new n("ig",-1,-1),new n("nak",-1,-1),new 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keressünk keresztül ki kívül között közül legalább legyen lehet lehetett lenne lenni lesz lett maga magát majd majd meg mellett mely melyek mert mi mikor milyen minden mindenki mindent mindig mint mintha mit mivel miért most már más másik még míg nagy nagyobb nagyon ne nekem neki nem nincs néha néhány nélkül olyan ott pedig persze rá s saját sem semmi sok sokat sokkal szemben szerint szinte számára talán tehát teljes tovább továbbá több ugyanis utolsó után utána vagy vagyis vagyok valaki valami valamint való van vannak vele vissza viszont volna volt voltak voltam voltunk által általában át én éppen és így õ õk õket össze úgy új újabb újra".split(" ")),e.Pipeline.registerFunction(e.hu.stopWordFilter,"stopWordFilter-hu")}});
\ No newline at end of file
diff --git a/assets/javascripts/lunr/min/lunr.hy.min.js b/assets/javascripts/lunr/min/lunr.hy.min.js
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..b37f792
--- /dev/null
+++ b/assets/javascripts/lunr/min/lunr.hy.min.js
@@ -0,0 +1 @@
+!function(e,r){"function"==typeof define&&define.amd?define(r):"object"==typeof exports?module.exports=r():r()(e.lunr)}(this,function(){return function(e){if(void 0===e)throw new Error("Lunr is not present. Please include / require Lunr before this script.");if(void 0===e.stemmerSupport)throw new Error("Lunr stemmer support is not present. Please include / require Lunr stemmer support before this script.");e.hy=function(){this.pipeline.reset(),this.pipeline.add(e.hy.trimmer,e.hy.stopWordFilter)},e.hy.wordCharacters="[A-Za-z԰-֏ff-ﭏ]",e.hy.trimmer=e.trimmerSupport.generateTrimmer(e.hy.wordCharacters),e.Pipeline.registerFunction(e.hy.trimmer,"trimmer-hy"),e.hy.stopWordFilter=e.generateStopWordFilter("դու և եք էիր էիք հետո նաև նրանք որը վրա է որ պիտի են այս մեջ ն իր ու ի այդ որոնք այն կամ էր մի ես համար այլ իսկ էին ենք հետ ին թ էինք մենք նրա նա դուք եմ էի ըստ որպես ում".split(" ")),e.Pipeline.registerFunction(e.hy.stopWordFilter,"stopWordFilter-hy"),e.hy.stemmer=function(){return function(e){return"function"==typeof e.update?e.update(function(e){return e}):e}}(),e.Pipeline.registerFunction(e.hy.stemmer,"stemmer-hy")}});
\ No newline at end of file
diff --git a/assets/javascripts/lunr/min/lunr.it.min.js b/assets/javascripts/lunr/min/lunr.it.min.js
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..344b6a3
--- /dev/null
+++ b/assets/javascripts/lunr/min/lunr.it.min.js
@@ -0,0 +1,18 @@
+/*!
+ * Lunr languages, `Italian` language
+ * https://github.com/MihaiValentin/lunr-languages
+ *
+ * Copyright 2014, Mihai Valentin
+ * http://www.mozilla.org/MPL/
+ */
+/*!
+ * based on
+ * Snowball JavaScript Library v0.3
+ * http://code.google.com/p/urim/
+ * http://snowball.tartarus.org/
+ *
+ * Copyright 2010, Oleg Mazko
+ * http://www.mozilla.org/MPL/
+ */
+
+!function(e,r){"function"==typeof define&&define.amd?define(r):"object"==typeof exports?module.exports=r():r()(e.lunr)}(this,function(){return function(e){if(void 0===e)throw new Error("Lunr is not present. Please include / require Lunr before this script.");if(void 0===e.stemmerSupport)throw new Error("Lunr stemmer support is not present. 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r("evo",-1,1),new r("ivo",-1,1),new r("ar",-1,1),new r("ir",-1,1),new r("erà",-1,1),new r("irà",-1,1),new r("erò",-1,1),new r("irò",-1,1)],L=[17,65,16,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,128,128,8,2,1],y=[17,65,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,128,128,8,2],U=[17],x=new n;this.setCurrent=function(e){x.setCurrent(e)},this.getCurrent=function(){return x.getCurrent()},this.stem=function(){var e=x.cursor;return i(),x.cursor=e,u(),x.limit_backward=e,x.cursor=x.limit,f(),x.cursor=x.limit,v()||(x.cursor=x.limit,b()),x.cursor=x.limit,_(),x.cursor=x.limit_backward,c(),!0}};return function(e){return"function"==typeof e.update?e.update(function(e){return i.setCurrent(e),i.stem(),i.getCurrent()}):(i.setCurrent(e),i.stem(),i.getCurrent())}}(),e.Pipeline.registerFunction(e.it.stemmer,"stemmer-it"),e.it.stopWordFilter=e.generateStopWordFilter("a abbia abbiamo abbiano abbiate ad agl agli ai al all alla alle allo anche avemmo avendo avesse avessero avessi avessimo aveste avesti avete aveva avevamo avevano avevate avevi avevo avrai avranno avrebbe avrebbero avrei avremmo avremo avreste avresti avrete avrà avrò avuta avute avuti avuto c che chi ci coi col come con contro cui da dagl dagli dai dal dall dalla dalle dallo degl degli dei del dell della delle dello di dov dove e ebbe ebbero ebbi ed era erano eravamo eravate eri ero essendo faccia facciamo facciano facciate faccio facemmo facendo facesse facessero facessi facessimo faceste facesti faceva facevamo facevano facevate facevi facevo fai fanno farai faranno farebbe farebbero farei faremmo faremo fareste faresti farete farà farò fece fecero feci fosse fossero fossi fossimo foste fosti fu fui fummo furono gli ha hai hanno ho i il in io l la le lei li lo loro lui ma mi mia mie miei mio ne negl negli nei nel nell nella nelle nello noi non nostra nostre nostri nostro o per perché più quale quanta quante quanti quanto quella quelle quelli quello questa queste questi questo sarai saranno sarebbe sarebbero sarei saremmo saremo sareste saresti sarete sarà sarò se sei si sia siamo siano siate siete sono sta stai stando stanno starai staranno starebbe starebbero starei staremmo staremo stareste staresti starete starà starò stava stavamo stavano stavate stavi stavo stemmo stesse stessero stessi stessimo steste stesti stette stettero stetti stia stiamo stiano stiate sto su sua sue sugl sugli sui sul sull sulla sulle sullo suo suoi ti tra tu tua tue tuo tuoi tutti tutto un una uno vi voi vostra vostre vostri vostro è".split(" ")),e.Pipeline.registerFunction(e.it.stopWordFilter,"stopWordFilter-it")}});
\ No newline at end of file
diff --git a/assets/javascripts/lunr/min/lunr.ja.min.js b/assets/javascripts/lunr/min/lunr.ja.min.js
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..5f254eb
--- /dev/null
+++ b/assets/javascripts/lunr/min/lunr.ja.min.js
@@ -0,0 +1 @@
+!function(e,r){"function"==typeof define&&define.amd?define(r):"object"==typeof exports?module.exports=r():r()(e.lunr)}(this,function(){return function(e){if(void 0===e)throw new Error("Lunr is not present. Please include / require Lunr before this script.");if(void 0===e.stemmerSupport)throw new Error("Lunr stemmer support is not present. Please include / require Lunr stemmer support before this script.");var r="2"==e.version[0];e.ja=function(){this.pipeline.reset(),this.pipeline.add(e.ja.trimmer,e.ja.stopWordFilter,e.ja.stemmer),r?this.tokenizer=e.ja.tokenizer:(e.tokenizer&&(e.tokenizer=e.ja.tokenizer),this.tokenizerFn&&(this.tokenizerFn=e.ja.tokenizer))};var t=new e.TinySegmenter;e.ja.tokenizer=function(i){var n,o,s,p,a,u,m,l,c,f;if(!arguments.length||null==i||void 0==i)return[];if(Array.isArray(i))return i.map(function(t){return r?new e.Token(t.toLowerCase()):t.toLowerCase()});for(o=i.toString().toLowerCase().replace(/^\s+/,""),n=o.length-1;n>=0;n--)if(/\S/.test(o.charAt(n))){o=o.substring(0,n+1);break}for(a=[],s=o.length,c=0,l=0;c<=s;c++)if(u=o.charAt(c),m=c-l,u.match(/\s/)||c==s){if(m>0)for(p=t.segment(o.slice(l,c)).filter(function(e){return!!e}),f=l,n=0;n<p.length;n++)r?a.push(new e.Token(p[n],{position:[f,p[n].length],index:a.length})):a.push(p[n]),f+=p[n].length;l=c+1}return a},e.ja.stemmer=function(){return function(e){return e}}(),e.Pipeline.registerFunction(e.ja.stemmer,"stemmer-ja"),e.ja.wordCharacters="一二三四五六七八九十百千万億兆一-龠々〆ヵヶぁ-んァ-ヴーｱ-ﾝﾞa-zA-Zａ-ｚＡ-Ｚ0-9０-９",e.ja.trimmer=e.trimmerSupport.generateTrimmer(e.ja.wordCharacters),e.Pipeline.registerFunction(e.ja.trimmer,"trimmer-ja"),e.ja.stopWordFilter=e.generateStopWordFilter("これ それ あれ この その あの ここ そこ あそこ こちら どこ だれ なに なん 何 私 貴方 貴方方 我々 私達 あの人 あのかた 彼女 彼 です あります おります います は が の に を で え から まで より も どの と し それで しかし".split(" ")),e.Pipeline.registerFunction(e.ja.stopWordFilter,"stopWordFilter-ja"),e.jp=e.ja,e.Pipeline.registerFunction(e.jp.stemmer,"stemmer-jp"),e.Pipeline.registerFunction(e.jp.trimmer,"trimmer-jp"),e.Pipeline.registerFunction(e.jp.stopWordFilter,"stopWordFilter-jp")}});
\ No newline at end of file
diff --git a/assets/javascripts/lunr/min/lunr.jp.min.js b/assets/javascripts/lunr/min/lunr.jp.min.js
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..c055eba
--- /dev/null
+++ b/assets/javascripts/lunr/min/lunr.jp.min.js
@@ -0,0 +1 @@
+module.exports=require("./lunr.ja");
\ No newline at end of file
diff --git a/assets/javascripts/lunr/min/lunr.kn.min.js b/assets/javascripts/lunr/min/lunr.kn.min.js
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..1cef9be
--- /dev/null
+++ b/assets/javascripts/lunr/min/lunr.kn.min.js
@@ -0,0 +1 @@
+!function(e,r){"function"==typeof define&&define.amd?define(r):"object"==typeof exports?module.exports=r():r()(e.lunr)}(this,function(){return function(e){if(void 0===e)throw new Error("Lunr is not present. Please include / require Lunr before this script.");if(void 0===e.stemmerSupport)throw new Error("Lunr stemmer support is not present. Please include / require Lunr stemmer support before this script.");e.kn=function(){this.pipeline.reset(),this.pipeline.add(e.kn.trimmer,e.kn.stopWordFilter,e.kn.stemmer),this.searchPipeline&&(this.searchPipeline.reset(),this.searchPipeline.add(e.kn.stemmer))},e.kn.wordCharacters="ಀ-಄ಅ-ಔಕ-ಹಾ-ೌ಼-ಽೕ-ೖೝ-ೞೠ-ೡೢ-ೣ೤೥೦-೯ೱ-ೳ",e.kn.trimmer=e.trimmerSupport.generateTrimmer(e.kn.wordCharacters),e.Pipeline.registerFunction(e.kn.trimmer,"trimmer-kn"),e.kn.stopWordFilter=e.generateStopWordFilter("ಮತ್ತು ಈ ಒಂದು ರಲ್ಲಿ ಹಾಗೂ ಎಂದು ಅಥವಾ ಇದು ರ ಅವರು ಎಂಬ ಮೇಲೆ ಅವರ ತನ್ನ ಆದರೆ ತಮ್ಮ ನಂತರ ಮೂಲಕ ಹೆಚ್ಚು ನ ಆ ಕೆಲವು ಅನೇಕ ಎರಡು ಹಾಗು ಪ್ರಮುಖ ಇದನ್ನು ಇದರ ಸುಮಾರು ಅದರ ಅದು ಮೊದಲ ಬಗ್ಗೆ ನಲ್ಲಿ ರಂದು ಇತರ ಅತ್ಯಂತ ಹೆಚ್ಚಿನ ಸಹ ಸಾಮಾನ್ಯವಾಗಿ ನೇ ಹಲವಾರು ಹೊಸ ದಿ ಕಡಿಮೆ ಯಾವುದೇ ಹೊಂದಿದೆ ದೊಡ್ಡ ಅನ್ನು ಇವರು ಪ್ರಕಾರ ಇದೆ ಮಾತ್ರ ಕೂಡ ಇಲ್ಲಿ ಎಲ್ಲಾ ವಿವಿಧ ಅದನ್ನು ಹಲವು ರಿಂದ ಕೇವಲ ದ ದಕ್ಷಿಣ ಗೆ ಅವನ ಅತಿ ನೆಯ ಬಹಳ ಕೆಲಸ ಎಲ್ಲ ಪ್ರತಿ ಇತ್ಯಾದಿ ಇವು ಬೇರೆ ಹೀಗೆ ನಡುವೆ ಇದಕ್ಕೆ ಎಸ್ ಇವರ ಮೊದಲು ಶ್ರೀ ಮಾಡುವ ಇದರಲ್ಲಿ ರೀತಿಯ ಮಾಡಿದ ಕಾಲ ಅಲ್ಲಿ ಮಾಡಲು ಅದೇ ಈಗ ಅವು ಗಳು ಎ ಎಂಬುದು ಅವನು ಅಂದರೆ ಅವರಿಗೆ ಇರುವ ವಿಶೇಷ ಮುಂದೆ ಅವುಗಳ ಮುಂತಾದ ಮೂಲ ಬಿ ಮೀ ಒಂದೇ ಇನ್ನೂ ಹೆಚ್ಚಾಗಿ ಮಾಡಿ ಅವರನ್ನು ಇದೇ ಯ ರೀತಿಯಲ್ಲಿ ಜೊತೆ ಅದರಲ್ಲಿ ಮಾಡಿದರು ನಡೆದ ಆಗ ಮತ್ತೆ ಪೂರ್ವ ಆತ ಬಂದ ಯಾವ ಒಟ್ಟು ಇತರೆ ಹಿಂದೆ ಪ್ರಮಾಣದ ಗಳನ್ನು ಕುರಿತು ಯು ಆದ್ದರಿಂದ ಅಲ್ಲದೆ ನಗರದ ಮೇಲಿನ ಏಕೆಂದರೆ ರಷ್ಟು ಎಂಬುದನ್ನು ಬಾರಿ ಎಂದರೆ ಹಿಂದಿನ ಆದರೂ ಆದ ಸಂಬಂಧಿಸಿದ ಮತ್ತೊಂದು ಸಿ ಆತನ ".split(" ")),e.kn.stemmer=function(){return function(e){return"function"==typeof e.update?e.update(function(e){return e}):e}}();var r=e.wordcut;r.init(),e.kn.tokenizer=function(t){if(!arguments.length||null==t||void 0==t)return[];if(Array.isArray(t))return t.map(function(r){return isLunr2?new e.Token(r.toLowerCase()):r.toLowerCase()});var n=t.toString().toLowerCase().replace(/^\s+/,"");return r.cut(n).split("|")},e.Pipeline.registerFunction(e.kn.stemmer,"stemmer-kn"),e.Pipeline.registerFunction(e.kn.stopWordFilter,"stopWordFilter-kn")}});
\ No newline at end of file
diff --git a/assets/javascripts/lunr/min/lunr.ko.min.js b/assets/javascripts/lunr/min/lunr.ko.min.js
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..eaf9dab
--- /dev/null
+++ b/assets/javascripts/lunr/min/lunr.ko.min.js
@@ -0,0 +1 @@
+!function(e,r){"function"==typeof define&&define.amd?define(r):"object"==typeof exports?module.exports=r():r()(e.lunr)}(this,function(){return function(e){if(void 0===e)throw new Error("Lunr is not present. Please include / require Lunr before this script.");if(void 0===e.stemmerSupport)throw new Error("Lunr stemmer support is not present. Please include / require Lunr stemmer support before this script.");e.ko=function(){this.pipeline.reset(),this.pipeline.add(e.ko.trimmer,e.ko.stopWordFilter)},e.ko.wordCharacters="[A-Za-z가-힣]",e.ko.trimmer=e.trimmerSupport.generateTrimmer(e.ko.wordCharacters),e.Pipeline.registerFunction(e.ko.trimmer,"trimmer-ko"),e.ko.stopWordFilter=e.generateStopWordFilter("아 휴 아이구 아이쿠 아이고 어 나 우리 저희 따라 의해 을 를 에 의 가 으로 로 에게 뿐이다 의거하여 근거하여 입각하여 기준으로 예하면 예를 들면 예를 들자면 저 소인 소생 저희 지말고 하지마 하지마라 다른 물론 또한 그리고 비길수 없다 해서는 안된다 뿐만 아니라 만이 아니다 만은 아니다 막론하고 관계없이 그치지 않다 그러나 그런데 하지만 든간에 논하지 않다 따지지 않다 설사 비록 더라도 아니면 만 못하다 하는 편이 낫다 불문하고 향하여 향해서 향하다 쪽으로 틈타 이용하여 타다 오르다 제외하고 이 외에 이 밖에 하여야 비로소 한다면 몰라도 외에도 이곳 여기 부터 기점으로 따라서 할 생각이다 하려고하다 이리하여 그리하여 그렇게 함으로써 하지만 일때 할때 앞에서 중에서 보는데서 으로써 로써 까지 해야한다 일것이다 반드시 할줄알다 할수있다 할수있어 임에 틀림없다 한다면 등 등등 제 겨우 단지 다만 할뿐 딩동 댕그 대해서 대하여 대하면 훨씬 얼마나 얼마만큼 얼마큼 남짓 여 얼마간 약간 다소 좀 조금 다수 몇 얼마 지만 하물며 또한 그러나 그렇지만 하지만 이외에도 대해 말하자면 뿐이다 다음에 반대로 반대로 말하자면 이와 반대로 바꾸어서 말하면 바꾸어서 한다면 만약 그렇지않으면 까악 툭 딱 삐걱거리다 보드득 비걱거리다 꽈당 응당 해야한다 에 가서 각 각각 여러분 각종 각자 제각기 하도록하다 와 과 그러므로 그래서 고로 한 까닭에 하기 때문에 거니와 이지만 대하여 관하여 관한 과연 실로 아니나다를가 생각한대로 진짜로 한적이있다 하곤하였다 하 하하 허허 아하 거바 와 오 왜 어째서 무엇때문에 어찌 하겠는가 무슨 어디 어느곳 더군다나 하물며 더욱이는 어느때 언제 야 이봐 어이 여보시오 흐흐 흥 휴 헉헉 헐떡헐떡 영차 여차 어기여차 끙끙 아야 앗 아야 콸콸 졸졸 좍좍 뚝뚝 주룩주룩 솨 우르르 그래도 또 그리고 바꾸어말하면 바꾸어말하자면 혹은 혹시 답다 및 그에 따르는 때가 되어 즉 지든지 설령 가령 하더라도 할지라도 일지라도 지든지 몇 거의 하마터면 인젠 이젠 된바에야 된이상 만큼\t어찌됏든 그위에 게다가 점에서 보아 비추어 보아 고려하면 하게될것이다 일것이다 비교적 좀 보다더 비하면 시키다 하게하다 할만하다 의해서 연이서 이어서 잇따라 뒤따라 뒤이어 결국 의지하여 기대여 통하여 자마자 더욱더 불구하고 얼마든지 마음대로 주저하지 않고 곧 즉시 바로 당장 하자마자 밖에 안된다 하면된다 그래 그렇지 요컨대 다시 말하자면 바꿔 말하면 즉 구체적으로 말하자면 시작하여 시초에 이상 허 헉 허걱 바와같이 해도좋다 해도된다 게다가 더구나 하물며 와르르 팍 퍽 펄렁 동안 이래 하고있었다 이었다 에서 로부터 까지 예하면 했어요 해요 함께 같이 더불어 마저 마저도 양자 모두 습니다 가까스로 하려고하다 즈음하여 다른 다른 방면으로 해봐요 습니까 했어요 말할것도 없고 무릎쓰고 개의치않고 하는것만 못하다 하는것이 낫다 매 매번 들 모 어느것 어느 로써 갖고말하자면 어디 어느쪽 어느것 어느해 어느 년도 라 해도 언젠가 어떤것 어느것 저기 저쪽 저것 그때 그럼 그러면 요만한걸 그래 그때 저것만큼 그저 이르기까지 할 줄 안다 할 힘이 있다 너 너희 당신 어찌 설마 차라리 할지언정 할지라도 할망정 할지언정 구토하다 게우다 토하다 메쓰겁다 옆사람 퉤 쳇 의거하여 근거하여 의해 따라 힘입어 그 다음 버금 두번째로 기타 첫번째로 나머지는 그중에서 견지에서 형식으로 쓰여 입장에서 위해서 단지 의해되다 하도록시키다 뿐만아니라 반대로 전후 전자 앞의것 잠시 잠깐 하면서 그렇지만 다음에 그러한즉 그런즉 남들 아무거나 어찌하든지 같다 비슷하다 예컨대 이럴정도로 어떻게 만약 만일 위에서 서술한바와같이 인 듯하다 하지 않는다면 만약에 무엇 무슨 어느 어떤 아래윗 조차 한데 그럼에도 불구하고 여전히 심지어 까지도 조차도 하지 않도록 않기 위하여 때 시각 무렵 시간 동안 어때 어떠한 하여금 네 예 우선 누구 누가 알겠는가 아무도 줄은모른다 줄은 몰랏다 하는 김에 겸사겸사 하는바 그런 까닭에 한 이유는 그러니 그러니까 때문에 그 너희 그들 너희들 타인 것 것들 너 위하여 공동으로 동시에 하기 위하여 어찌하여 무엇때문에 붕붕 윙윙 나 우리 엉엉 휘익 윙윙 오호 아하 어쨋든 만 못하다\t하기보다는 차라리 하는 편이 낫다 흐흐 놀라다 상대적으로 말하자면 마치 아니라면 쉿 그렇지 않으면 그렇지 않다면 안 그러면 아니었다면 하든지 아니면 이라면 좋아 알았어 하는것도 그만이다 어쩔수 없다 하나 일 일반적으로 일단 한켠으로는 오자마자 이렇게되면 이와같다면 전부 한마디 한항목 근거로 하기에 아울러 하지 않도록 않기 위해서 이르기까지 이 되다 로 인하여 까닭으로 이유만으로 이로 인하여 그래서 이 때문에 그러므로 그런 까닭에 알 수 있다 결론을 낼 수 있다 으로 인하여 있다 어떤것 관계가 있다 관련이 있다 연관되다 어떤것들 에 대해 이리하여 그리하여 여부 하기보다는 하느니 하면 할수록 운운 이러이러하다 하구나 하도다 다시말하면 다음으로 에 있다 에 달려 있다 우리 우리들 오히려 하기는한데 어떻게 어떻해 어찌됏어 어때 어째서 본대로 자 이 이쪽 여기 이것 이번 이렇게말하자면 이런 이러한 이와 같은 요만큼 요만한 것 얼마 안 되는 것 이만큼 이 정도의 이렇게 많은 것 이와 같다 이때 이렇구나 것과 같이 끼익 삐걱 따위 와 같은 사람들 부류의 사람들 왜냐하면 중의하나 오직 오로지 에 한하다 하기만 하면 도착하다 까지 미치다 도달하다 정도에 이르다 할 지경이다 결과에 이르다 관해서는 여러분 하고 있다 한 후 혼자 자기 자기집 자신 우에 종합한것과같이 총적으로 보면 총적으로 말하면 총적으로 대로 하다 으로서 참 그만이다 할 따름이다 쿵 탕탕 쾅쾅 둥둥 봐 봐라 아이야 아니 와아 응 아이 참나 년 월 일 령 영 일 이 삼 사 오 육 륙 칠 팔 구 이천육 이천칠 이천팔 이천구 하나 둘 셋 넷 다섯 여섯 일곱 여덟 아홉 령 영".split(" ")),e.Pipeline.registerFunction(e.ko.stopWordFilter,"stopWordFilter-ko"),e.ko.stemmer=function(){return function(e){return"function"==typeof e.update?e.update(function(e){return e}):e}}(),e.Pipeline.registerFunction(e.ko.stemmer,"stemmer-ko")}});
\ No newline at end of file
diff --git a/assets/javascripts/lunr/min/lunr.multi.min.js b/assets/javascripts/lunr/min/lunr.multi.min.js
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..7debad0
--- /dev/null
+++ b/assets/javascripts/lunr/min/lunr.multi.min.js
@@ -0,0 +1 @@
+!function(e,t){"function"==typeof define&&define.amd?define(t):"object"==typeof exports?module.exports=t():t()(e.lunr)}(this,function(){return function(e){e.multiLanguage=function(){for(var t=Array.prototype.slice.call(arguments),i=t.join("-"),r="",n=[],s=[],p=0;p<t.length;++p)"en"==t[p]?(r+="\\w",n.unshift(e.stopWordFilter),n.push(e.stemmer),s.push(e.stemmer)):(r+=e[t[p]].wordCharacters,e[t[p]].stopWordFilter&&n.unshift(e[t[p]].stopWordFilter),e[t[p]].stemmer&&(n.push(e[t[p]].stemmer),s.push(e[t[p]].stemmer)));var o=e.trimmerSupport.generateTrimmer(r);return e.Pipeline.registerFunction(o,"lunr-multi-trimmer-"+i),n.unshift(o),function(){this.pipeline.reset(),this.pipeline.add.apply(this.pipeline,n),this.searchPipeline&&(this.searchPipeline.reset(),this.searchPipeline.add.apply(this.searchPipeline,s))}}}});
\ No newline at end of file
diff --git a/assets/javascripts/lunr/min/lunr.nl.min.js b/assets/javascripts/lunr/min/lunr.nl.min.js
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..c4a2535
--- /dev/null
+++ b/assets/javascripts/lunr/min/lunr.nl.min.js
@@ -0,0 +1,18 @@
+/*!
+ * Lunr languages, `Dutch` language
+ * https://github.com/MihaiValentin/lunr-languages
+ *
+ * Copyright 2014, Mihai Valentin
+ * http://www.mozilla.org/MPL/
+ */
+/*!
+ * based on
+ * Snowball JavaScript Library v0.3
+ * http://code.google.com/p/urim/
+ * http://snowball.tartarus.org/
+ *
+ * Copyright 2010, Oleg Mazko
+ * http://www.mozilla.org/MPL/
+ */
+
+!function(r,e){"function"==typeof define&&define.amd?define(e):"object"==typeof exports?module.exports=e():e()(r.lunr)}(this,function(){return function(r){if(void 0===r)throw new Error("Lunr is not present. Please include / require Lunr before this script.");if(void 0===r.stemmerSupport)throw new Error("Lunr stemmer support is not present. Please include / require Lunr stemmer support before this script.");r.nl=function(){this.pipeline.reset(),this.pipeline.add(r.nl.trimmer,r.nl.stopWordFilter,r.nl.stemmer),this.searchPipeline&&(this.searchPipeline.reset(),this.searchPipeline.add(r.nl.stemmer))},r.nl.wordCharacters="A-Za-zªºÀ-ÖØ-öø-ʸˠ-ˤᴀ-ᴥᴬ-ᵜᵢ-ᵥᵫ-ᵷᵹ-ᶾḀ-ỿⁱⁿₐ-ₜKÅℲⅎⅠ-ↈⱠ-ⱿꜢ-ꞇꞋ-ꞭꞰ-ꞷꟷ-ꟿꬰ-ꭚꭜ-ꭤff-stＡ-Ｚａ-ｚ",r.nl.trimmer=r.trimmerSupport.generateTrimmer(r.nl.wordCharacters),r.Pipeline.registerFunction(r.nl.trimmer,"trimmer-nl"),r.nl.stemmer=function(){var e=r.stemmerSupport.Among,i=r.stemmerSupport.SnowballProgram,n=new function(){function r(){for(var r,e,i,o=C.cursor;;){if(C.bra=C.cursor,r=C.find_among(b,11))switch(C.ket=C.cursor,r){case 1:C.slice_from("a");continue;case 2:C.slice_from("e");continue;case 3:C.slice_from("i");continue;case 4:C.slice_from("o");continue;case 5:C.slice_from("u");continue;case 6:if(C.cursor>=C.limit)break;C.cursor++;continue}break}for(C.cursor=o,C.bra=o,C.eq_s(1,"y")?(C.ket=C.cursor,C.slice_from("Y")):C.cursor=o;;)if(e=C.cursor,C.in_grouping(q,97,232)){if(i=C.cursor,C.bra=i,C.eq_s(1,"i"))C.ket=C.cursor,C.in_grouping(q,97,232)&&(C.slice_from("I"),C.cursor=e);else if(C.cursor=i,C.eq_s(1,"y"))C.ket=C.cursor,C.slice_from("Y"),C.cursor=e;else if(n(e))break}else if(n(e))break}function n(r){return C.cursor=r,r>=C.limit||(C.cursor++,!1)}function o(){_=C.limit,d=_,t()||(_=C.cursor,_<3&&(_=3),t()||(d=C.cursor))}function t(){for(;!C.in_grouping(q,97,232);){if(C.cursor>=C.limit)return!0;C.cursor++}for(;!C.out_grouping(q,97,232);){if(C.cursor>=C.limit)return!0;C.cursor++}return!1}function s(){for(var r;;)if(C.bra=C.cursor,r=C.find_among(p,3))switch(C.ket=C.cursor,r){case 1:C.slice_from("y");break;case 2:C.slice_from("i");break;case 3:if(C.cursor>=C.limit)return;C.cursor++}}function u(){return _<=C.cursor}function c(){return d<=C.cursor}function a(){var r=C.limit-C.cursor;C.find_among_b(g,3)&&(C.cursor=C.limit-r,C.ket=C.cursor,C.cursor>C.limit_backward&&(C.cursor--,C.bra=C.cursor,C.slice_del()))}function l(){var r;w=!1,C.ket=C.cursor,C.eq_s_b(1,"e")&&(C.bra=C.cursor,u()&&(r=C.limit-C.cursor,C.out_grouping_b(q,97,232)&&(C.cursor=C.limit-r,C.slice_del(),w=!0,a())))}function m(){var r;u()&&(r=C.limit-C.cursor,C.out_grouping_b(q,97,232)&&(C.cursor=C.limit-r,C.eq_s_b(3,"gem")||(C.cursor=C.limit-r,C.slice_del(),a())))}function f(){var r,e,i,n,o,t,s=C.limit-C.cursor;if(C.ket=C.cursor,r=C.find_among_b(h,5))switch(C.bra=C.cursor,r){case 1:u()&&C.slice_from("heid");break;case 2:m();break;case 3:u()&&C.out_grouping_b(j,97,232)&&C.slice_del()}if(C.cursor=C.limit-s,l(),C.cursor=C.limit-s,C.ket=C.cursor,C.eq_s_b(4,"heid")&&(C.bra=C.cursor,c()&&(e=C.limit-C.cursor,C.eq_s_b(1,"c")||(C.cursor=C.limit-e,C.slice_del(),C.ket=C.cursor,C.eq_s_b(2,"en")&&(C.bra=C.cursor,m())))),C.cursor=C.limit-s,C.ket=C.cursor,r=C.find_among_b(k,6))switch(C.bra=C.cursor,r){case 1:if(c()){if(C.slice_del(),i=C.limit-C.cursor,C.ket=C.cursor,C.eq_s_b(2,"ig")&&(C.bra=C.cursor,c()&&(n=C.limit-C.cursor,!C.eq_s_b(1,"e")))){C.cursor=C.limit-n,C.slice_del();break}C.cursor=C.limit-i,a()}break;case 2:c()&&(o=C.limit-C.cursor,C.eq_s_b(1,"e")||(C.cursor=C.limit-o,C.slice_del()));break;case 3:c()&&(C.slice_del(),l());break;case 4:c()&&C.slice_del();break;case 5:c()&&w&&C.slice_del()}C.cursor=C.limit-s,C.out_grouping_b(z,73,232)&&(t=C.limit-C.cursor,C.find_among_b(v,4)&&C.out_grouping_b(q,97,232)&&(C.cursor=C.limit-t,C.ket=C.cursor,C.cursor>C.limit_backward&&(C.cursor--,C.bra=C.cursor,C.slice_del())))}var d,_,w,b=[new e("",-1,6),new e("á",0,1),new e("ä",0,1),new e("é",0,2),new e("ë",0,2),new e("í",0,3),new e("ï",0,3),new e("ó",0,4),new e("ö",0,4),new e("ú",0,5),new e("ü",0,5)],p=[new e("",-1,3),new e("I",0,2),new e("Y",0,1)],g=[new e("dd",-1,-1),new e("kk",-1,-1),new e("tt",-1,-1)],h=[new e("ene",-1,2),new e("se",-1,3),new e("en",-1,2),new e("heden",2,1),new e("s",-1,3)],k=[new e("end",-1,1),new e("ig",-1,2),new e("ing",-1,1),new e("lijk",-1,3),new e("baar",-1,4),new e("bar",-1,5)],v=[new e("aa",-1,-1),new e("ee",-1,-1),new e("oo",-1,-1),new e("uu",-1,-1)],q=[17,65,16,1,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,128],z=[1,0,0,17,65,16,1,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,128],j=[17,67,16,1,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,128],C=new i;this.setCurrent=function(r){C.setCurrent(r)},this.getCurrent=function(){return C.getCurrent()},this.stem=function(){var e=C.cursor;return r(),C.cursor=e,o(),C.limit_backward=e,C.cursor=C.limit,f(),C.cursor=C.limit_backward,s(),!0}};return function(r){return"function"==typeof r.update?r.update(function(r){return n.setCurrent(r),n.stem(),n.getCurrent()}):(n.setCurrent(r),n.stem(),n.getCurrent())}}(),r.Pipeline.registerFunction(r.nl.stemmer,"stemmer-nl"),r.nl.stopWordFilter=r.generateStopWordFilter(" aan al alles als altijd andere ben bij daar dan dat de der deze die dit doch doen door dus een eens en er ge geen geweest haar had heb hebben heeft hem het hier hij hoe hun iemand iets ik in is ja je kan kon kunnen maar me meer men met mij mijn moet na naar niet niets nog nu of om omdat onder ons ook op over reeds te tegen toch toen tot u uit uw van veel voor want waren was wat werd wezen wie wil worden wordt zal ze zelf zich zij zijn zo zonder zou".split(" ")),r.Pipeline.registerFunction(r.nl.stopWordFilter,"stopWordFilter-nl")}});
\ No newline at end of file
diff --git a/assets/javascripts/lunr/min/lunr.no.min.js b/assets/javascripts/lunr/min/lunr.no.min.js
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..92bc7e4
--- /dev/null
+++ b/assets/javascripts/lunr/min/lunr.no.min.js
@@ -0,0 +1,18 @@
+/*!
+ * Lunr languages, `Norwegian` language
+ * https://github.com/MihaiValentin/lunr-languages
+ *
+ * Copyright 2014, Mihai Valentin
+ * http://www.mozilla.org/MPL/
+ */
+/*!
+ * based on
+ * Snowball JavaScript Library v0.3
+ * http://code.google.com/p/urim/
+ * http://snowball.tartarus.org/
+ *
+ * Copyright 2010, Oleg Mazko
+ * http://www.mozilla.org/MPL/
+ */
+
+!function(e,r){"function"==typeof define&&define.amd?define(r):"object"==typeof exports?module.exports=r():r()(e.lunr)}(this,function(){return function(e){if(void 0===e)throw new Error("Lunr is not present. Please include / require Lunr before this script.");if(void 0===e.stemmerSupport)throw new Error("Lunr stemmer support is not present. Please include / require Lunr stemmer support before this script.");e.no=function(){this.pipeline.reset(),this.pipeline.add(e.no.trimmer,e.no.stopWordFilter,e.no.stemmer),this.searchPipeline&&(this.searchPipeline.reset(),this.searchPipeline.add(e.no.stemmer))},e.no.wordCharacters="A-Za-zªºÀ-ÖØ-öø-ʸˠ-ˤᴀ-ᴥᴬ-ᵜᵢ-ᵥᵫ-ᵷᵹ-ᶾḀ-ỿⁱⁿₐ-ₜKÅℲⅎⅠ-ↈⱠ-ⱿꜢ-ꞇꞋ-ꞭꞰ-ꞷꟷ-ꟿꬰ-ꭚꭜ-ꭤff-stＡ-Ｚａ-ｚ",e.no.trimmer=e.trimmerSupport.generateTrimmer(e.no.wordCharacters),e.Pipeline.registerFunction(e.no.trimmer,"trimmer-no"),e.no.stemmer=function(){var r=e.stemmerSupport.Among,n=e.stemmerSupport.SnowballProgram,i=new function(){function e(){var e,r=w.cursor+3;if(a=w.limit,0<=r||r<=w.limit){for(s=r;;){if(e=w.cursor,w.in_grouping(d,97,248)){w.cursor=e;break}if(e>=w.limit)return;w.cursor=e+1}for(;!w.out_grouping(d,97,248);){if(w.cursor>=w.limit)return;w.cursor++}a=w.cursor,a<s&&(a=s)}}function i(){var e,r,n;if(w.cursor>=a&&(r=w.limit_backward,w.limit_backward=a,w.ket=w.cursor,e=w.find_among_b(m,29),w.limit_backward=r,e))switch(w.bra=w.cursor,e){case 1:w.slice_del();break;case 2:n=w.limit-w.cursor,w.in_grouping_b(c,98,122)?w.slice_del():(w.cursor=w.limit-n,w.eq_s_b(1,"k")&&w.out_grouping_b(d,97,248)&&w.slice_del());break;case 3:w.slice_from("er")}}function t(){var e,r=w.limit-w.cursor;w.cursor>=a&&(e=w.limit_backward,w.limit_backward=a,w.ket=w.cursor,w.find_among_b(u,2)?(w.bra=w.cursor,w.limit_backward=e,w.cursor=w.limit-r,w.cursor>w.limit_backward&&(w.cursor--,w.bra=w.cursor,w.slice_del())):w.limit_backward=e)}function o(){var e,r;w.cursor>=a&&(r=w.limit_backward,w.limit_backward=a,w.ket=w.cursor,e=w.find_among_b(l,11),e?(w.bra=w.cursor,w.limit_backward=r,1==e&&w.slice_del()):w.limit_backward=r)}var s,a,m=[new r("a",-1,1),new r("e",-1,1),new r("ede",1,1),new r("ande",1,1),new r("ende",1,1),new r("ane",1,1),new r("ene",1,1),new r("hetene",6,1),new r("erte",1,3),new r("en",-1,1),new r("heten",9,1),new r("ar",-1,1),new r("er",-1,1),new r("heter",12,1),new r("s",-1,2),new r("as",14,1),new r("es",14,1),new r("edes",16,1),new r("endes",16,1),new r("enes",16,1),new r("hetenes",19,1),new r("ens",14,1),new r("hetens",21,1),new r("ers",14,1),new r("ets",14,1),new r("et",-1,1),new r("het",25,1),new r("ert",-1,3),new r("ast",-1,1)],u=[new r("dt",-1,-1),new r("vt",-1,-1)],l=[new r("leg",-1,1),new r("eleg",0,1),new r("ig",-1,1),new r("eig",2,1),new r("lig",2,1),new r("elig",4,1),new r("els",-1,1),new r("lov",-1,1),new r("elov",7,1),new r("slov",7,1),new r("hetslov",9,1)],d=[17,65,16,1,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,48,0,128],c=[119,125,149,1],w=new n;this.setCurrent=function(e){w.setCurrent(e)},this.getCurrent=function(){return w.getCurrent()},this.stem=function(){var r=w.cursor;return e(),w.limit_backward=r,w.cursor=w.limit,i(),w.cursor=w.limit,t(),w.cursor=w.limit,o(),!0}};return function(e){return"function"==typeof e.update?e.update(function(e){return i.setCurrent(e),i.stem(),i.getCurrent()}):(i.setCurrent(e),i.stem(),i.getCurrent())}}(),e.Pipeline.registerFunction(e.no.stemmer,"stemmer-no"),e.no.stopWordFilter=e.generateStopWordFilter("alle at av bare begge ble blei bli blir blitt både båe da de deg dei deim deira deires dem den denne der dere deres det dette di din disse ditt du dykk dykkar då eg ein eit eitt eller elles en enn er et ett etter for fordi fra før ha hadde han hans har hennar henne hennes her hjå ho hoe honom hoss hossen hun hva hvem hver hvilke hvilken hvis hvor hvordan hvorfor i ikke ikkje ikkje ingen ingi inkje inn inni ja jeg kan kom korleis korso kun kunne kva kvar kvarhelst kven kvi kvifor man mange me med medan meg meget mellom men mi min mine mitt mot mykje ned no noe noen noka noko nokon nokor nokre nå når og også om opp oss over på samme seg selv si si sia sidan siden sin sine sitt sjøl skal skulle slik so som som somme somt så sånn til um upp ut uten var vart varte ved vere verte vi vil ville vore vors vort vår være være vært å".split(" ")),e.Pipeline.registerFunction(e.no.stopWordFilter,"stopWordFilter-no")}});
\ No newline at end of file
diff --git a/assets/javascripts/lunr/min/lunr.pt.min.js b/assets/javascripts/lunr/min/lunr.pt.min.js
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..6c16996
--- /dev/null
+++ b/assets/javascripts/lunr/min/lunr.pt.min.js
@@ -0,0 +1,18 @@
+/*!
+ * Lunr languages, `Portuguese` language
+ * https://github.com/MihaiValentin/lunr-languages
+ *
+ * Copyright 2014, Mihai Valentin
+ * http://www.mozilla.org/MPL/
+ */
+/*!
+ * based on
+ * Snowball JavaScript Library v0.3
+ * http://code.google.com/p/urim/
+ * http://snowball.tartarus.org/
+ *
+ * Copyright 2010, Oleg Mazko
+ * http://www.mozilla.org/MPL/
+ */
+
+!function(e,r){"function"==typeof define&&define.amd?define(r):"object"==typeof exports?module.exports=r():r()(e.lunr)}(this,function(){return function(e){if(void 0===e)throw new Error("Lunr is not present. Please include / require Lunr before this script.");if(void 0===e.stemmerSupport)throw new Error("Lunr stemmer support is not present. 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\ No newline at end of file
diff --git a/assets/javascripts/lunr/min/lunr.ro.min.js b/assets/javascripts/lunr/min/lunr.ro.min.js
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..7277140
--- /dev/null
+++ b/assets/javascripts/lunr/min/lunr.ro.min.js
@@ -0,0 +1,18 @@
+/*!
+ * Lunr languages, `Romanian` language
+ * https://github.com/MihaiValentin/lunr-languages
+ *
+ * Copyright 2014, Mihai Valentin
+ * http://www.mozilla.org/MPL/
+ */
+/*!
+ * based on
+ * Snowball JavaScript Library v0.3
+ * http://code.google.com/p/urim/
+ * http://snowball.tartarus.org/
+ *
+ * Copyright 2010, Oleg Mazko
+ * http://www.mozilla.org/MPL/
+ */
+
+!function(e,i){"function"==typeof define&&define.amd?define(i):"object"==typeof exports?module.exports=i():i()(e.lunr)}(this,function(){return function(e){if(void 0===e)throw new Error("Lunr is not present. Please include / require Lunr before this script.");if(void 0===e.stemmerSupport)throw new Error("Lunr stemmer support is not present. 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dă ea ei el ele eram este eu eşti face fata fi fie fiecare fii fim fiu fiţi frumos fără graţie halbă iar ieri la le li lor lui lângă lîngă mai mea mei mele mereu meu mi mie mine mult multă mulţi mulţumesc mâine mîine mă ne nevoie nici nicăieri nimeni nimeri nimic nişte noastre noastră noi noroc nostru nouă noştri nu opt ori oricare orice oricine oricum oricând oricât oricînd oricît oriunde patra patru patrulea pe pentru peste pic poate pot prea prima primul prin puţin puţina puţină până pînă rog sa sale sau se spate spre sub sunt suntem sunteţi sută sînt sîntem sînteţi să săi său ta tale te timp tine toate toată tot totuşi toţi trei treia treilea tu tăi tău un una unde undeva unei uneia unele uneori unii unor unora unu unui unuia unul vi voastre voastră voi vostru vouă voştri vreme vreo vreun vă zece zero zi zice îi îl îmi împotriva în  înainte înaintea încotro încât încît între întrucât întrucît îţi ăla ălea ăsta ăstea ăştia şapte şase şi ştiu ţi ţie".split(" ")),e.Pipeline.registerFunction(e.ro.stopWordFilter,"stopWordFilter-ro")}});
\ No newline at end of file
diff --git a/assets/javascripts/lunr/min/lunr.ru.min.js b/assets/javascripts/lunr/min/lunr.ru.min.js
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..186cc48
--- /dev/null
+++ b/assets/javascripts/lunr/min/lunr.ru.min.js
@@ -0,0 +1,18 @@
+/*!
+ * Lunr languages, `Russian` language
+ * https://github.com/MihaiValentin/lunr-languages
+ *
+ * Copyright 2014, Mihai Valentin
+ * http://www.mozilla.org/MPL/
+ */
+/*!
+ * based on
+ * Snowball JavaScript Library v0.3
+ * http://code.google.com/p/urim/
+ * http://snowball.tartarus.org/
+ *
+ * Copyright 2010, Oleg Mazko
+ * http://www.mozilla.org/MPL/
+ */
+
+!function(e,n){"function"==typeof define&&define.amd?define(n):"object"==typeof exports?module.exports=n():n()(e.lunr)}(this,function(){return function(e){if(void 0===e)throw new Error("Lunr is not present. Please include / require Lunr before this script.");if(void 0===e.stemmerSupport)throw new Error("Lunr stemmer support is not present. 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n("ыло",24,2),new n("но",-1,1),new n("ено",27,2),new n("нно",27,1),new n("ет",-1,1),new n("ует",30,2),new n("ит",-1,2),new n("ыт",-1,2),new n("ют",-1,1),new n("уют",34,2),new n("ят",-1,2),new n("ны",-1,1),new n("ены",37,2),new n("ть",-1,1),new n("ить",39,2),new n("ыть",39,2),new n("ешь",-1,1),new n("ишь",-1,2),new n("ю",-1,2),new n("ую",44,2)],v=[new n("а",-1,1),new n("ев",-1,1),new n("ов",-1,1),new n("е",-1,1),new n("ие",3,1),new n("ье",3,1),new n("и",-1,1),new n("еи",6,1),new n("ии",6,1),new n("ами",6,1),new n("ями",6,1),new n("иями",10,1),new n("й",-1,1),new n("ей",12,1),new n("ией",13,1),new n("ий",12,1),new n("ой",12,1),new n("ам",-1,1),new n("ем",-1,1),new n("ием",18,1),new n("ом",-1,1),new n("ям",-1,1),new n("иям",21,1),new n("о",-1,1),new n("у",-1,1),new n("ах",-1,1),new n("ях",-1,1),new n("иях",26,1),new n("ы",-1,1),new n("ь",-1,1),new n("ю",-1,1),new n("ию",30,1),new n("ью",30,1),new n("я",-1,1),new n("ия",33,1),new n("ья",33,1)],F=[new n("ост",-1,1),new n("ость",-1,1)],q=[new n("ейше",-1,1),new n("н",-1,2),new n("ейш",-1,1),new n("ь",-1,3)],S=[33,65,8,232],W=new r;this.setCurrent=function(e){W.setCurrent(e)},this.getCurrent=function(){return W.getCurrent()},this.stem=function(){return w(),W.cursor=W.limit,!(W.cursor<b)&&(W.limit_backward=b,o()||(W.cursor=W.limit,f()||(W.cursor=W.limit),m()||(W.cursor=W.limit,l()||(W.cursor=W.limit,a()))),W.cursor=W.limit,W.ket=W.cursor,W.eq_s_b(1,"и")?(W.bra=W.cursor,W.slice_del()):W.cursor=W.limit,p(),W.cursor=W.limit,d(),!0)}};return function(e){return"function"==typeof e.update?e.update(function(e){return t.setCurrent(e),t.stem(),t.getCurrent()}):(t.setCurrent(e),t.stem(),t.getCurrent())}}(),e.Pipeline.registerFunction(e.ru.stemmer,"stemmer-ru"),e.ru.stopWordFilter=e.generateStopWordFilter("алло без близко более больше будем будет будете будешь будто буду будут будь бы бывает бывь был была были было быть в важная важное важные важный вам вами вас ваш ваша ваше ваши вверх вдали вдруг ведь везде весь вниз внизу во вокруг вон восемнадцатый восемнадцать восемь восьмой вот впрочем времени время все всегда всего всем всеми всему всех всею всю всюду вся всё второй вы г где говорил говорит год года году да давно даже далеко дальше даром два двадцатый двадцать две двенадцатый двенадцать двух девятнадцатый девятнадцать девятый девять действительно дел день десятый десять для до довольно долго должно другая другие других друго другое другой е его ее ей ему если есть еще ещё ею её ж же жизнь за занят занята занято заняты затем зато зачем здесь значит и из или им именно иметь ими имя иногда их к каждая каждое каждые каждый кажется как какая какой кем когда кого ком кому конечно которая которого которой которые который которых кроме кругом кто куда лет ли лишь лучше люди м мало между меля менее меньше меня миллионов мимо мира мне много многочисленная многочисленное многочисленные многочисленный мной мною мог могут мож может можно можхо мои мой мор мочь моя моё мы на наверху над надо назад наиболее наконец нам нами нас начала наш наша наше наши не него недавно недалеко нее ней нельзя нем немного нему непрерывно нередко несколько нет нею неё ни нибудь ниже низко никогда никуда ними них ничего но ну нужно нх о об оба обычно один одиннадцатый одиннадцать однажды однако одного одной около он она они оно опять особенно от отовсюду отсюда очень первый перед по под пожалуйста позже пока пор пора после посреди потом потому почему почти прекрасно при про просто против процентов пятнадцатый пятнадцать пятый пять раз разве рано раньше рядом с сам сама сами самим самими самих само самого самой самом самому саму свое своего своей свои своих свою сеаой себе себя сегодня седьмой сейчас семнадцатый семнадцать семь сих сказал сказала сказать сколько слишком сначала снова со собой собою совсем спасибо стал суть т та так такая также такие такое такой там твой твоя твоё те тебе тебя тем теми теперь тех то тобой тобою тогда того тоже только том тому тот тою третий три тринадцатый тринадцать ту туда тут ты тысяч у уж уже уметь хорошо хотеть хоть хотя хочешь часто чаще чего человек чем чему через четвертый четыре четырнадцатый четырнадцать что чтоб чтобы чуть шестнадцатый шестнадцать шестой шесть эта эти этим этими этих это этого этой этом этому этот эту я \ufeffа".split(" ")),e.Pipeline.registerFunction(e.ru.stopWordFilter,"stopWordFilter-ru")}});
\ No newline at end of file
diff --git a/assets/javascripts/lunr/min/lunr.sa.min.js b/assets/javascripts/lunr/min/lunr.sa.min.js
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..50ee564
--- /dev/null
+++ b/assets/javascripts/lunr/min/lunr.sa.min.js
@@ -0,0 +1 @@
+!function(e,r){"function"==typeof define&&define.amd?define(r):"object"==typeof exports?module.exports=r():r()(e.lunr)}(this,function(){return function(e){if(void 0===e)throw new Error("Lunr is not present. Please include / require Lunr before this script.");if(void 0===e.stemmerSupport)throw new Error("Lunr stemmer support is not present. Please include / require Lunr stemmer support before this script.");e.sa=function(){this.pipeline.reset(),this.pipeline.add(e.sa.trimmer,e.sa.stopWordFilter,e.sa.stemmer),this.searchPipeline&&(this.searchPipeline.reset(),this.searchPipeline.add(e.sa.stemmer))},e.sa.wordCharacters="ऀ-ःऄ-एऐ-टठ-यर-िी-ॏॐ-य़ॠ-९॰-ॿ꣠-꣱ꣲ-ꣷ꣸-ꣻ꣼-ꣽꣾ-ꣿᆰ0-ᆰ9",e.sa.trimmer=e.trimmerSupport.generateTrimmer(e.sa.wordCharacters),e.Pipeline.registerFunction(e.sa.trimmer,"trimmer-sa"),e.sa.stopWordFilter=e.generateStopWordFilter('तथा अयम्‌ एकम्‌ इत्यस्मिन्‌ तथा तत्‌ वा अयम्‌ इत्यस्य ते आहूत उपरि तेषाम्‌  किन्तु तेषाम्‌ तदा इत्यनेन अधिकः इत्यस्य तत्‌ केचन बहवः द्वि तथा महत्वपूर्णः अयम्‌ अस्य  विषये अयं अस्ति तत्‌ प्रथमः विषये इत्युपरि इत्युपरि इतर अधिकतमः अधिकः अपि सामान्यतया ठ इतरेतर नूतनम्‌ द  न्यूनम्‌ कश्चित्‌ वा विशालः द  सः अस्ति तदनुसारम् तत्र अस्ति केवलम्‌ अपि अत्र सर्वे विविधाः तत्‌ बहवः यतः इदानीम्‌ द  दक्षिण इत्यस्मै तस्य उपरि नथ अतीव कार्यम्‌ सर्वे एकैकम्‌ इत्यादि। एते सन्ति  उत इत्थम्‌ मध्ये एतदर्थं . स कस्य प्रथमः श्री. करोति अस्मिन् प्रकारः निर्मिता कालः तत्र कर्तुं  समान अधुना ते सन्ति स एकः अस्ति सः अर्थात् तेषां कृते . स्थितम्  विशेषः अग्रिम तेषाम्‌ समान स्रोतः ख म समान इदानीमपि अधिकतया करोतु ते समान इत्यस्य वीथी सह यस्मिन्  कृतवान्‌ धृतः तदा पुनः पूर्वं सः आगतः किम्‌ कुल इतर पुरा  मात्रा स विषये उ अतएव अपि नगरस्य  उपरि यतः प्रतिशतं  कतरः कालः साधनानि भूत तथापि जात सम्बन्धि अन्यत्‌ ग अतः अस्माकं स्वकीयाः अस्माकं इदानीं अन्तः इत्यादयः भवन्तः इत्यादयः एते एताः तस्य अस्य इदम् एते तेषां तेषां तेषां तान् तेषां तेषां तेषां समानः सः एकः च तादृशाः बहवः अन्ये च वदन्ति यत् कियत् कस्मै  कस्मै  यस्मै  यस्मै  यस्मै  यस्मै न अतिनीचः किन्तु प्रथमं सम्पूर्णतया  ततः चिरकालानन्तरं पुस्तकं सम्पूर्णतया अन्तः  किन्तु अत्र वा इह इव श्रद्धाय अवशिष्यते  परन्तु अन्ये वर्गाः सन्ति ते सन्ति शक्नुवन्ति सर्वे मिलित्वा सर्वे एकत्र"'.split(" ")),e.sa.stemmer=function(){return function(e){return"function"==typeof e.update?e.update(function(e){return e}):e}}();var r=e.wordcut;r.init(),e.sa.tokenizer=function(t){if(!arguments.length||null==t||void 0==t)return[];if(Array.isArray(t))return t.map(function(r){return isLunr2?new e.Token(r.toLowerCase()):r.toLowerCase()});var i=t.toString().toLowerCase().replace(/^\s+/,"");return r.cut(i).split("|")},e.Pipeline.registerFunction(e.sa.stemmer,"stemmer-sa"),e.Pipeline.registerFunction(e.sa.stopWordFilter,"stopWordFilter-sa")}});
\ No newline at end of file
diff --git a/assets/javascripts/lunr/min/lunr.stemmer.support.min.js b/assets/javascripts/lunr/min/lunr.stemmer.support.min.js
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..abd4475
--- /dev/null
+++ b/assets/javascripts/lunr/min/lunr.stemmer.support.min.js
@@ -0,0 +1 @@
+!function(r,t){"function"==typeof define&&define.amd?define(t):"object"==typeof exports?module.exports=t():t()(r.lunr)}(this,function(){return function(r){r.stemmerSupport={Among:function(r,t,i,s){if(this.toCharArray=function(r){for(var t=r.length,i=new Array(t),s=0;s<t;s++)i[s]=r.charCodeAt(s);return i},!r&&""!=r||!t&&0!=t||!i)throw"Bad Among initialisation: s:"+r+", substring_i: "+t+", result: "+i;this.s_size=r.length,this.s=this.toCharArray(r),this.substring_i=t,this.result=i,this.method=s},SnowballProgram:function(){var r;return{bra:0,ket:0,limit:0,cursor:0,limit_backward:0,setCurrent:function(t){r=t,this.cursor=0,this.limit=t.length,this.limit_backward=0,this.bra=this.cursor,this.ket=this.limit},getCurrent:function(){var t=r;return r=null,t},in_grouping:function(t,i,s){if(this.cursor<this.limit){var e=r.charCodeAt(this.cursor);if(e<=s&&e>=i&&(e-=i,t[e>>3]&1<<(7&e)))return this.cursor++,!0}return!1},in_grouping_b:function(t,i,s){if(this.cursor>this.limit_backward){var e=r.charCodeAt(this.cursor-1);if(e<=s&&e>=i&&(e-=i,t[e>>3]&1<<(7&e)))return this.cursor--,!0}return!1},out_grouping:function(t,i,s){if(this.cursor<this.limit){var e=r.charCodeAt(this.cursor);if(e>s||e<i)return this.cursor++,!0;if(e-=i,!(t[e>>3]&1<<(7&e)))return this.cursor++,!0}return!1},out_grouping_b:function(t,i,s){if(this.cursor>this.limit_backward){var e=r.charCodeAt(this.cursor-1);if(e>s||e<i)return this.cursor--,!0;if(e-=i,!(t[e>>3]&1<<(7&e)))return this.cursor--,!0}return!1},eq_s:function(t,i){if(this.limit-this.cursor<t)return!1;for(var s=0;s<t;s++)if(r.charCodeAt(this.cursor+s)!=i.charCodeAt(s))return!1;return this.cursor+=t,!0},eq_s_b:function(t,i){if(this.cursor-this.limit_backward<t)return!1;for(var s=0;s<t;s++)if(r.charCodeAt(this.cursor-t+s)!=i.charCodeAt(s))return!1;return this.cursor-=t,!0},find_among:function(t,i){for(var s=0,e=i,n=this.cursor,u=this.limit,o=0,h=0,c=!1;;){for(var a=s+(e-s>>1),f=0,l=o<h?o:h,_=t[a],m=l;m<_.s_size;m++){if(n+l==u){f=-1;break}if(f=r.charCodeAt(n+l)-_.s[m])break;l++}if(f<0?(e=a,h=l):(s=a,o=l),e-s<=1){if(s>0||e==s||c)break;c=!0}}for(;;){var _=t[s];if(o>=_.s_size){if(this.cursor=n+_.s_size,!_.method)return _.result;var b=_.method();if(this.cursor=n+_.s_size,b)return _.result}if((s=_.substring_i)<0)return 0}},find_among_b:function(t,i){for(var s=0,e=i,n=this.cursor,u=this.limit_backward,o=0,h=0,c=!1;;){for(var a=s+(e-s>>1),f=0,l=o<h?o:h,_=t[a],m=_.s_size-1-l;m>=0;m--){if(n-l==u){f=-1;break}if(f=r.charCodeAt(n-1-l)-_.s[m])break;l++}if(f<0?(e=a,h=l):(s=a,o=l),e-s<=1){if(s>0||e==s||c)break;c=!0}}for(;;){var _=t[s];if(o>=_.s_size){if(this.cursor=n-_.s_size,!_.method)return _.result;var b=_.method();if(this.cursor=n-_.s_size,b)return _.result}if((s=_.substring_i)<0)return 0}},replace_s:function(t,i,s){var e=s.length-(i-t),n=r.substring(0,t),u=r.substring(i);return r=n+s+u,this.limit+=e,this.cursor>=i?this.cursor+=e:this.cursor>t&&(this.cursor=t),e},slice_check:function(){if(this.bra<0||this.bra>this.ket||this.ket>this.limit||this.limit>r.length)throw"faulty slice operation"},slice_from:function(r){this.slice_check(),this.replace_s(this.bra,this.ket,r)},slice_del:function(){this.slice_from("")},insert:function(r,t,i){var s=this.replace_s(r,t,i);r<=this.bra&&(this.bra+=s),r<=this.ket&&(this.ket+=s)},slice_to:function(){return this.slice_check(),r.substring(this.bra,this.ket)},eq_v_b:function(r){return this.eq_s_b(r.length,r)}}}},r.trimmerSupport={generateTrimmer:function(r){var t=new RegExp("^[^"+r+"]+"),i=new RegExp("[^"+r+"]+$");return function(r){return"function"==typeof r.update?r.update(function(r){return r.replace(t,"").replace(i,"")}):r.replace(t,"").replace(i,"")}}}}});
\ No newline at end of file
diff --git a/assets/javascripts/lunr/min/lunr.sv.min.js b/assets/javascripts/lunr/min/lunr.sv.min.js
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..3e5eb64
--- /dev/null
+++ b/assets/javascripts/lunr/min/lunr.sv.min.js
@@ -0,0 +1,18 @@
+/*!
+ * Lunr languages, `Swedish` language
+ * https://github.com/MihaiValentin/lunr-languages
+ *
+ * Copyright 2014, Mihai Valentin
+ * http://www.mozilla.org/MPL/
+ */
+/*!
+ * based on
+ * Snowball JavaScript Library v0.3
+ * http://code.google.com/p/urim/
+ * http://snowball.tartarus.org/
+ *
+ * Copyright 2010, Oleg Mazko
+ * http://www.mozilla.org/MPL/
+ */
+
+!function(e,r){"function"==typeof define&&define.amd?define(r):"object"==typeof exports?module.exports=r():r()(e.lunr)}(this,function(){return function(e){if(void 0===e)throw new Error("Lunr is not present. Please include / require Lunr before this script.");if(void 0===e.stemmerSupport)throw new Error("Lunr stemmer support is not present. Please include / require Lunr stemmer support before this script.");e.sv=function(){this.pipeline.reset(),this.pipeline.add(e.sv.trimmer,e.sv.stopWordFilter,e.sv.stemmer),this.searchPipeline&&(this.searchPipeline.reset(),this.searchPipeline.add(e.sv.stemmer))},e.sv.wordCharacters="A-Za-zªºÀ-ÖØ-öø-ʸˠ-ˤᴀ-ᴥᴬ-ᵜᵢ-ᵥᵫ-ᵷᵹ-ᶾḀ-ỿⁱⁿₐ-ₜKÅℲⅎⅠ-ↈⱠ-ⱿꜢ-ꞇꞋ-ꞭꞰ-ꞷꟷ-ꟿꬰ-ꭚꭜ-ꭤff-stＡ-Ｚａ-ｚ",e.sv.trimmer=e.trimmerSupport.generateTrimmer(e.sv.wordCharacters),e.Pipeline.registerFunction(e.sv.trimmer,"trimmer-sv"),e.sv.stemmer=function(){var r=e.stemmerSupport.Among,n=e.stemmerSupport.SnowballProgram,t=new function(){function e(){var e,r=w.cursor+3;if(o=w.limit,0<=r||r<=w.limit){for(a=r;;){if(e=w.cursor,w.in_grouping(l,97,246)){w.cursor=e;break}if(w.cursor=e,w.cursor>=w.limit)return;w.cursor++}for(;!w.out_grouping(l,97,246);){if(w.cursor>=w.limit)return;w.cursor++}o=w.cursor,o<a&&(o=a)}}function t(){var e,r=w.limit_backward;if(w.cursor>=o&&(w.limit_backward=o,w.cursor=w.limit,w.ket=w.cursor,e=w.find_among_b(u,37),w.limit_backward=r,e))switch(w.bra=w.cursor,e){case 1:w.slice_del();break;case 2:w.in_grouping_b(d,98,121)&&w.slice_del()}}function i(){var e=w.limit_backward;w.cursor>=o&&(w.limit_backward=o,w.cursor=w.limit,w.find_among_b(c,7)&&(w.cursor=w.limit,w.ket=w.cursor,w.cursor>w.limit_backward&&(w.bra=--w.cursor,w.slice_del())),w.limit_backward=e)}function s(){var e,r;if(w.cursor>=o){if(r=w.limit_backward,w.limit_backward=o,w.cursor=w.limit,w.ket=w.cursor,e=w.find_among_b(m,5))switch(w.bra=w.cursor,e){case 1:w.slice_del();break;case 2:w.slice_from("lös");break;case 3:w.slice_from("full")}w.limit_backward=r}}var a,o,u=[new r("a",-1,1),new r("arna",0,1),new r("erna",0,1),new r("heterna",2,1),new r("orna",0,1),new r("ad",-1,1),new r("e",-1,1),new r("ade",6,1),new r("ande",6,1),new r("arne",6,1),new r("are",6,1),new r("aste",6,1),new r("en",-1,1),new r("anden",12,1),new r("aren",12,1),new r("heten",12,1),new r("ern",-1,1),new r("ar",-1,1),new r("er",-1,1),new r("heter",18,1),new r("or",-1,1),new r("s",-1,2),new r("as",21,1),new r("arnas",22,1),new r("ernas",22,1),new r("ornas",22,1),new r("es",21,1),new r("ades",26,1),new r("andes",26,1),new r("ens",21,1),new r("arens",29,1),new r("hetens",29,1),new r("erns",21,1),new r("at",-1,1),new r("andet",-1,1),new r("het",-1,1),new r("ast",-1,1)],c=[new r("dd",-1,-1),new r("gd",-1,-1),new r("nn",-1,-1),new r("dt",-1,-1),new r("gt",-1,-1),new r("kt",-1,-1),new r("tt",-1,-1)],m=[new r("ig",-1,1),new r("lig",0,1),new r("els",-1,1),new r("fullt",-1,3),new r("löst",-1,2)],l=[17,65,16,1,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,24,0,32],d=[119,127,149],w=new n;this.setCurrent=function(e){w.setCurrent(e)},this.getCurrent=function(){return w.getCurrent()},this.stem=function(){var r=w.cursor;return e(),w.limit_backward=r,w.cursor=w.limit,t(),w.cursor=w.limit,i(),w.cursor=w.limit,s(),!0}};return function(e){return"function"==typeof e.update?e.update(function(e){return t.setCurrent(e),t.stem(),t.getCurrent()}):(t.setCurrent(e),t.stem(),t.getCurrent())}}(),e.Pipeline.registerFunction(e.sv.stemmer,"stemmer-sv"),e.sv.stopWordFilter=e.generateStopWordFilter("alla allt att av blev bli blir blivit de dem den denna deras dess dessa det detta dig din dina ditt du där då efter ej eller en er era ert ett från för ha hade han hans har henne hennes hon honom hur här i icke ingen inom inte jag ju kan kunde man med mellan men mig min mina mitt mot mycket ni nu när någon något några och om oss på samma sedan sig sin sina sitta själv skulle som så sådan sådana sådant till under upp ut utan vad var vara varför varit varje vars vart vem vi vid vilka vilkas vilken vilket vår våra vårt än är åt över".split(" ")),e.Pipeline.registerFunction(e.sv.stopWordFilter,"stopWordFilter-sv")}});
\ No newline at end of file
diff --git a/assets/javascripts/lunr/min/lunr.ta.min.js b/assets/javascripts/lunr/min/lunr.ta.min.js
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..a644bed
--- /dev/null
+++ b/assets/javascripts/lunr/min/lunr.ta.min.js
@@ -0,0 +1 @@
+!function(e,t){"function"==typeof define&&define.amd?define(t):"object"==typeof exports?module.exports=t():t()(e.lunr)}(this,function(){return function(e){if(void 0===e)throw new Error("Lunr is not present. Please include / require Lunr before this script.");if(void 0===e.stemmerSupport)throw new Error("Lunr stemmer support is not present. Please include / require Lunr stemmer support before this script.");e.ta=function(){this.pipeline.reset(),this.pipeline.add(e.ta.trimmer,e.ta.stopWordFilter,e.ta.stemmer),this.searchPipeline&&(this.searchPipeline.reset(),this.searchPipeline.add(e.ta.stemmer))},e.ta.wordCharacters="஀-உஊ-ஏஐ-ஙச-ட஠-னப-யர-ஹ஺-ிீ-௉ொ-௏ௐ-௙௚-௟௠-௩௪-௯௰-௹௺-௿a-zA-Zａ-ｚＡ-Ｚ0-9０-９",e.ta.trimmer=e.trimmerSupport.generateTrimmer(e.ta.wordCharacters),e.Pipeline.registerFunction(e.ta.trimmer,"trimmer-ta"),e.ta.stopWordFilter=e.generateStopWordFilter("அங்கு அங்கே அது அதை அந்த அவர் அவர்கள் அவள் அவன் அவை ஆக ஆகவே ஆகையால் ஆதலால் ஆதலினால் ஆனாலும் ஆனால் இங்கு இங்கே இது இதை இந்த இப்படி இவர் இவர்கள் இவள் இவன் இவை இவ்வளவு உனக்கு உனது உன் உன்னால் எங்கு எங்கே எது எதை எந்த எப்படி எவர் எவர்கள் எவள் எவன் எவை எவ்வளவு எனக்கு எனது எனவே என் என்ன என்னால் ஏது ஏன் தனது தன்னால் தானே தான் நாங்கள் நாம் நான் நீ நீங்கள்".split(" ")),e.ta.stemmer=function(){return function(e){return"function"==typeof e.update?e.update(function(e){return e}):e}}();var t=e.wordcut;t.init(),e.ta.tokenizer=function(r){if(!arguments.length||null==r||void 0==r)return[];if(Array.isArray(r))return r.map(function(t){return isLunr2?new e.Token(t.toLowerCase()):t.toLowerCase()});var i=r.toString().toLowerCase().replace(/^\s+/,"");return t.cut(i).split("|")},e.Pipeline.registerFunction(e.ta.stemmer,"stemmer-ta"),e.Pipeline.registerFunction(e.ta.stopWordFilter,"stopWordFilter-ta")}});
\ No newline at end of file
diff --git a/assets/javascripts/lunr/min/lunr.te.min.js b/assets/javascripts/lunr/min/lunr.te.min.js
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..9fa7a93
--- /dev/null
+++ b/assets/javascripts/lunr/min/lunr.te.min.js
@@ -0,0 +1 @@
+!function(e,t){"function"==typeof define&&define.amd?define(t):"object"==typeof exports?module.exports=t():t()(e.lunr)}(this,function(){return function(e){if(void 0===e)throw new Error("Lunr is not present. Please include / require Lunr before this script.");if(void 0===e.stemmerSupport)throw new Error("Lunr stemmer support is not present. Please include / require Lunr stemmer support before this script.");e.te=function(){this.pipeline.reset(),this.pipeline.add(e.te.trimmer,e.te.stopWordFilter,e.te.stemmer),this.searchPipeline&&(this.searchPipeline.reset(),this.searchPipeline.add(e.te.stemmer))},e.te.wordCharacters="ఀ-ఄఅ-ఔక-హా-ౌౕ-ౖౘ-ౚౠ-ౡౢ-ౣ౦-౯౸-౿఼ఽ్ౝ౷౤౥",e.te.trimmer=e.trimmerSupport.generateTrimmer(e.te.wordCharacters),e.Pipeline.registerFunction(e.te.trimmer,"trimmer-te"),e.te.stopWordFilter=e.generateStopWordFilter("అందరూ అందుబాటులో అడగండి అడగడం అడ్డంగా అనుగుణంగా అనుమతించు అనుమతిస్తుంది అయితే ఇప్పటికే ఉన్నారు ఎక్కడైనా ఎప్పుడు ఎవరైనా ఎవరో ఏ ఏదైనా ఏమైనప్పటికి ఒక ఒకరు కనిపిస్తాయి కాదు కూడా గా గురించి చుట్టూ చేయగలిగింది తగిన తర్వాత దాదాపు దూరంగా నిజంగా పై ప్రకారం ప్రక్కన మధ్య మరియు మరొక మళ్ళీ మాత్రమే మెచ్చుకో వద్ద వెంట వేరుగా వ్యతిరేకంగా సంబంధం".split(" ")),e.te.stemmer=function(){return function(e){return"function"==typeof e.update?e.update(function(e){return e}):e}}();var t=e.wordcut;t.init(),e.te.tokenizer=function(r){if(!arguments.length||null==r||void 0==r)return[];if(Array.isArray(r))return r.map(function(t){return isLunr2?new e.Token(t.toLowerCase()):t.toLowerCase()});var i=r.toString().toLowerCase().replace(/^\s+/,"");return t.cut(i).split("|")},e.Pipeline.registerFunction(e.te.stemmer,"stemmer-te"),e.Pipeline.registerFunction(e.te.stopWordFilter,"stopWordFilter-te")}});
\ No newline at end of file
diff --git a/assets/javascripts/lunr/min/lunr.th.min.js b/assets/javascripts/lunr/min/lunr.th.min.js
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..dee3aac
--- /dev/null
+++ b/assets/javascripts/lunr/min/lunr.th.min.js
@@ -0,0 +1 @@
+!function(e,r){"function"==typeof define&&define.amd?define(r):"object"==typeof exports?module.exports=r():r()(e.lunr)}(this,function(){return function(e){if(void 0===e)throw new Error("Lunr is not present. Please include / require Lunr before this script.");if(void 0===e.stemmerSupport)throw new Error("Lunr stemmer support is not present. Please include / require Lunr stemmer support before this script.");var r="2"==e.version[0];e.th=function(){this.pipeline.reset(),this.pipeline.add(e.th.trimmer),r?this.tokenizer=e.th.tokenizer:(e.tokenizer&&(e.tokenizer=e.th.tokenizer),this.tokenizerFn&&(this.tokenizerFn=e.th.tokenizer))},e.th.wordCharacters="[฀-๿]",e.th.trimmer=e.trimmerSupport.generateTrimmer(e.th.wordCharacters),e.Pipeline.registerFunction(e.th.trimmer,"trimmer-th");var t=e.wordcut;t.init(),e.th.tokenizer=function(i){if(!arguments.length||null==i||void 0==i)return[];if(Array.isArray(i))return i.map(function(t){return r?new e.Token(t):t});var n=i.toString().replace(/^\s+/,"");return t.cut(n).split("|")}}});
\ No newline at end of file
diff --git a/assets/javascripts/lunr/min/lunr.tr.min.js b/assets/javascripts/lunr/min/lunr.tr.min.js
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..563f6ec
--- /dev/null
+++ b/assets/javascripts/lunr/min/lunr.tr.min.js
@@ -0,0 +1,18 @@
+/*!
+ * Lunr languages, `Turkish` language
+ * https://github.com/MihaiValentin/lunr-languages
+ *
+ * Copyright 2014, Mihai Valentin
+ * http://www.mozilla.org/MPL/
+ */
+/*!
+ * based on
+ * Snowball JavaScript Library v0.3
+ * http://code.google.com/p/urim/
+ * http://snowball.tartarus.org/
+ *
+ * Copyright 2010, Oleg Mazko
+ * http://www.mozilla.org/MPL/
+ */
+
+!function(r,i){"function"==typeof define&&define.amd?define(i):"object"==typeof exports?module.exports=i():i()(r.lunr)}(this,function(){return function(r){if(void 0===r)throw new Error("Lunr is not present. Please include / require Lunr before this script.");if(void 0===r.stemmerSupport)throw new Error("Lunr stemmer support is not present. Please include / require Lunr stemmer support before this script.");r.tr=function(){this.pipeline.reset(),this.pipeline.add(r.tr.trimmer,r.tr.stopWordFilter,r.tr.stemmer),this.searchPipeline&&(this.searchPipeline.reset(),this.searchPipeline.add(r.tr.stemmer))},r.tr.wordCharacters="A-Za-zªºÀ-ÖØ-öø-ʸˠ-ˤᴀ-ᴥᴬ-ᵜᵢ-ᵥᵫ-ᵷᵹ-ᶾḀ-ỿⁱⁿₐ-ₜKÅℲⅎⅠ-ↈⱠ-ⱿꜢ-ꞇꞋ-ꞭꞰ-ꞷꟷ-ꟿꬰ-ꭚꭜ-ꭤff-stＡ-Ｚａ-ｚ",r.tr.trimmer=r.trimmerSupport.generateTrimmer(r.tr.wordCharacters),r.Pipeline.registerFunction(r.tr.trimmer,"trimmer-tr"),r.tr.stemmer=function(){var i=r.stemmerSupport.Among,e=r.stemmerSupport.SnowballProgram,n=new function(){function r(r,i,e){for(;;){var n=Dr.limit-Dr.cursor;if(Dr.in_grouping_b(r,i,e)){Dr.cursor=Dr.limit-n;break}if(Dr.cursor=Dr.limit-n,Dr.cursor<=Dr.limit_backward)return!1;Dr.cursor--}return!0}function n(){var i,e;i=Dr.limit-Dr.cursor,r(Wr,97,305);for(var n=0;n<Br.length;n++){e=Dr.limit-Dr.cursor;var t=Br[n];if(Dr.eq_s_b(1,t[0])&&r(t[1],t[2],t[3]))return Dr.cursor=Dr.limit-i,!0;Dr.cursor=Dr.limit-e}return Dr.cursor=Dr.limit-e,!(!Dr.eq_s_b(1,"ü")||!r(Zr,246,252))&&(Dr.cursor=Dr.limit-i,!0)}function t(r,i){var e,n=Dr.limit-Dr.cursor;return r()&&(Dr.cursor=Dr.limit-n,Dr.cursor>Dr.limit_backward&&(Dr.cursor--,e=Dr.limit-Dr.cursor,i()))?(Dr.cursor=Dr.limit-e,!0):(Dr.cursor=Dr.limit-n,r()?(Dr.cursor=Dr.limit-n,!1):(Dr.cursor=Dr.limit-n,!(Dr.cursor<=Dr.limit_backward)&&(Dr.cursor--,!!i()&&(Dr.cursor=Dr.limit-n,!0))))}function u(r){return t(r,function(){return Dr.in_grouping_b(Wr,97,305)})}function o(){return u(function(){return Dr.eq_s_b(1,"n")})}function s(){return u(function(){return Dr.eq_s_b(1,"s")})}function c(){return u(function(){return Dr.eq_s_b(1,"y")})}function l(){return t(function(){return Dr.in_grouping_b(Lr,105,305)},function(){return Dr.out_grouping_b(Wr,97,305)})}function a(){return Dr.find_among_b(ur,10)&&l()}function m(){return n()&&Dr.in_grouping_b(Lr,105,305)&&s()}function d(){return Dr.find_among_b(or,2)}function f(){return n()&&Dr.in_grouping_b(Lr,105,305)&&c()}function b(){return n()&&Dr.find_among_b(sr,4)}function w(){return n()&&Dr.find_among_b(cr,4)&&o()}function _(){return n()&&Dr.find_among_b(lr,2)&&c()}function k(){return n()&&Dr.find_among_b(ar,2)}function p(){return n()&&Dr.find_among_b(mr,4)}function g(){return n()&&Dr.find_among_b(dr,2)}function y(){return n()&&Dr.find_among_b(fr,4)}function z(){return n()&&Dr.find_among_b(br,2)}function v(){return n()&&Dr.find_among_b(wr,2)&&c()}function h(){return Dr.eq_s_b(2,"ki")}function q(){return n()&&Dr.find_among_b(_r,2)&&o()}function C(){return n()&&Dr.find_among_b(kr,4)&&c()}function P(){return n()&&Dr.find_among_b(pr,4)}function F(){return n()&&Dr.find_among_b(gr,4)&&c()}function S(){return Dr.find_among_b(yr,4)}function W(){return n()&&Dr.find_among_b(zr,2)}function L(){return n()&&Dr.find_among_b(vr,4)}function x(){return n()&&Dr.find_among_b(hr,8)}function A(){return Dr.find_among_b(qr,2)}function E(){return n()&&Dr.find_among_b(Cr,32)&&c()}function j(){return Dr.find_among_b(Pr,8)&&c()}function T(){return n()&&Dr.find_among_b(Fr,4)&&c()}function Z(){return Dr.eq_s_b(3,"ken")&&c()}function B(){var r=Dr.limit-Dr.cursor;return!(T()||(Dr.cursor=Dr.limit-r,E()||(Dr.cursor=Dr.limit-r,j()||(Dr.cursor=Dr.limit-r,Z()))))}function D(){if(A()){var r=Dr.limit-Dr.cursor;if(S()||(Dr.cursor=Dr.limit-r,W()||(Dr.cursor=Dr.limit-r,C()||(Dr.cursor=Dr.limit-r,P()||(Dr.cursor=Dr.limit-r,F()||(Dr.cursor=Dr.limit-r))))),T())return!1}return!0}function G(){if(W()){Dr.bra=Dr.cursor,Dr.slice_del();var r=Dr.limit-Dr.cursor;return Dr.ket=Dr.cursor,x()||(Dr.cursor=Dr.limit-r,E()||(Dr.cursor=Dr.limit-r,j()||(Dr.cursor=Dr.limit-r,T()||(Dr.cursor=Dr.limit-r)))),nr=!1,!1}return!0}function H(){if(!L())return!0;var r=Dr.limit-Dr.cursor;return!E()&&(Dr.cursor=Dr.limit-r,!j())}function I(){var r,i=Dr.limit-Dr.cursor;return!(S()||(Dr.cursor=Dr.limit-i,F()||(Dr.cursor=Dr.limit-i,P()||(Dr.cursor=Dr.limit-i,C()))))||(Dr.bra=Dr.cursor,Dr.slice_del(),r=Dr.limit-Dr.cursor,Dr.ket=Dr.cursor,T()||(Dr.cursor=Dr.limit-r),!1)}function J(){var r,i=Dr.limit-Dr.cursor;if(Dr.ket=Dr.cursor,nr=!0,B()&&(Dr.cursor=Dr.limit-i,D()&&(Dr.cursor=Dr.limit-i,G()&&(Dr.cursor=Dr.limit-i,H()&&(Dr.cursor=Dr.limit-i,I()))))){if(Dr.cursor=Dr.limit-i,!x())return;Dr.bra=Dr.cursor,Dr.slice_del(),Dr.ket=Dr.cursor,r=Dr.limit-Dr.cursor,S()||(Dr.cursor=Dr.limit-r,W()||(Dr.cursor=Dr.limit-r,C()||(Dr.cursor=Dr.limit-r,P()||(Dr.cursor=Dr.limit-r,F()||(Dr.cursor=Dr.limit-r))))),T()||(Dr.cursor=Dr.limit-r)}Dr.bra=Dr.cursor,Dr.slice_del()}function K(){var r,i,e,n;if(Dr.ket=Dr.cursor,h()){if(r=Dr.limit-Dr.cursor,p())return Dr.bra=Dr.cursor,Dr.slice_del(),i=Dr.limit-Dr.cursor,Dr.ket=Dr.cursor,W()?(Dr.bra=Dr.cursor,Dr.slice_del(),K()):(Dr.cursor=Dr.limit-i,a()&&(Dr.bra=Dr.cursor,Dr.slice_del(),Dr.ket=Dr.cursor,W()&&(Dr.bra=Dr.cursor,Dr.slice_del(),K()))),!0;if(Dr.cursor=Dr.limit-r,w()){if(Dr.bra=Dr.cursor,Dr.slice_del(),Dr.ket=Dr.cursor,e=Dr.limit-Dr.cursor,d())Dr.bra=Dr.cursor,Dr.slice_del();else{if(Dr.cursor=Dr.limit-e,Dr.ket=Dr.cursor,!a()&&(Dr.cursor=Dr.limit-e,!m()&&(Dr.cursor=Dr.limit-e,!K())))return!0;Dr.bra=Dr.cursor,Dr.slice_del(),Dr.ket=Dr.cursor,W()&&(Dr.bra=Dr.cursor,Dr.slice_del(),K())}return!0}if(Dr.cursor=Dr.limit-r,g()){if(n=Dr.limit-Dr.cursor,d())Dr.bra=Dr.cursor,Dr.slice_del();else if(Dr.cursor=Dr.limit-n,m())Dr.bra=Dr.cursor,Dr.slice_del(),Dr.ket=Dr.cursor,W()&&(Dr.bra=Dr.cursor,Dr.slice_del(),K());else if(Dr.cursor=Dr.limit-n,!K())return!1;return!0}}return!1}function M(r){if(Dr.ket=Dr.cursor,!g()&&(Dr.cursor=Dr.limit-r,!k()))return!1;var i=Dr.limit-Dr.cursor;if(d())Dr.bra=Dr.cursor,Dr.slice_del();else if(Dr.cursor=Dr.limit-i,m())Dr.bra=Dr.cursor,Dr.slice_del(),Dr.ket=Dr.cursor,W()&&(Dr.bra=Dr.cursor,Dr.slice_del(),K());else if(Dr.cursor=Dr.limit-i,!K())return!1;return!0}function N(r){if(Dr.ket=Dr.cursor,!z()&&(Dr.cursor=Dr.limit-r,!b()))return!1;var i=Dr.limit-Dr.cursor;return!(!m()&&(Dr.cursor=Dr.limit-i,!d()))&&(Dr.bra=Dr.cursor,Dr.slice_del(),Dr.ket=Dr.cursor,W()&&(Dr.bra=Dr.cursor,Dr.slice_del(),K()),!0)}function O(){var r,i=Dr.limit-Dr.cursor;return Dr.ket=Dr.cursor,!(!w()&&(Dr.cursor=Dr.limit-i,!v()))&&(Dr.bra=Dr.cursor,Dr.slice_del(),r=Dr.limit-Dr.cursor,Dr.ket=Dr.cursor,!(!W()||(Dr.bra=Dr.cursor,Dr.slice_del(),!K()))||(Dr.cursor=Dr.limit-r,Dr.ket=Dr.cursor,!(a()||(Dr.cursor=Dr.limit-r,m()||(Dr.cursor=Dr.limit-r,K())))||(Dr.bra=Dr.cursor,Dr.slice_del(),Dr.ket=Dr.cursor,W()&&(Dr.bra=Dr.cursor,Dr.slice_del(),K()),!0)))}function Q(){var r,i,e=Dr.limit-Dr.cursor;if(Dr.ket=Dr.cursor,!p()&&(Dr.cursor=Dr.limit-e,!f()&&(Dr.cursor=Dr.limit-e,!_())))return!1;if(Dr.bra=Dr.cursor,Dr.slice_del(),Dr.ket=Dr.cursor,r=Dr.limit-Dr.cursor,a())Dr.bra=Dr.cursor,Dr.slice_del(),i=Dr.limit-Dr.cursor,Dr.ket=Dr.cursor,W()||(Dr.cursor=Dr.limit-i);else if(Dr.cursor=Dr.limit-r,!W())return!0;return Dr.bra=Dr.cursor,Dr.slice_del(),Dr.ket=Dr.cursor,K(),!0}function R(){var r,i,e=Dr.limit-Dr.cursor;if(Dr.ket=Dr.cursor,W())return Dr.bra=Dr.cursor,Dr.slice_del(),void K();if(Dr.cursor=Dr.limit-e,Dr.ket=Dr.cursor,q())if(Dr.bra=Dr.cursor,Dr.slice_del(),r=Dr.limit-Dr.cursor,Dr.ket=Dr.cursor,d())Dr.bra=Dr.cursor,Dr.slice_del();else{if(Dr.cursor=Dr.limit-r,Dr.ket=Dr.cursor,!a()&&(Dr.cursor=Dr.limit-r,!m())){if(Dr.cursor=Dr.limit-r,Dr.ket=Dr.cursor,!W())return;if(Dr.bra=Dr.cursor,Dr.slice_del(),!K())return}Dr.bra=Dr.cursor,Dr.slice_del(),Dr.ket=Dr.cursor,W()&&(Dr.bra=Dr.cursor,Dr.slice_del(),K())}else if(Dr.cursor=Dr.limit-e,!M(e)&&(Dr.cursor=Dr.limit-e,!N(e))){if(Dr.cursor=Dr.limit-e,Dr.ket=Dr.cursor,y())return Dr.bra=Dr.cursor,Dr.slice_del(),Dr.ket=Dr.cursor,i=Dr.limit-Dr.cursor,void(a()?(Dr.bra=Dr.cursor,Dr.slice_del(),Dr.ket=Dr.cursor,W()&&(Dr.bra=Dr.cursor,Dr.slice_del(),K())):(Dr.cursor=Dr.limit-i,W()?(Dr.bra=Dr.cursor,Dr.slice_del(),K()):(Dr.cursor=Dr.limit-i,K())));if(Dr.cursor=Dr.limit-e,!O()){if(Dr.cursor=Dr.limit-e,d())return Dr.bra=Dr.cursor,void Dr.slice_del();Dr.cursor=Dr.limit-e,K()||(Dr.cursor=Dr.limit-e,Q()||(Dr.cursor=Dr.limit-e,Dr.ket=Dr.cursor,(a()||(Dr.cursor=Dr.limit-e,m()))&&(Dr.bra=Dr.cursor,Dr.slice_del(),Dr.ket=Dr.cursor,W()&&(Dr.bra=Dr.cursor,Dr.slice_del(),K()))))}}}function U(){var r;if(Dr.ket=Dr.cursor,r=Dr.find_among_b(Sr,4))switch(Dr.bra=Dr.cursor,r){case 1:Dr.slice_from("p");break;case 2:Dr.slice_from("ç");break;case 3:Dr.slice_from("t");break;case 4:Dr.slice_from("k")}}function V(){for(;;){var r=Dr.limit-Dr.cursor;if(Dr.in_grouping_b(Wr,97,305)){Dr.cursor=Dr.limit-r;break}if(Dr.cursor=Dr.limit-r,Dr.cursor<=Dr.limit_backward)return!1;Dr.cursor--}return!0}function X(r,i,e){if(Dr.cursor=Dr.limit-r,V()){var n=Dr.limit-Dr.cursor;if(!Dr.eq_s_b(1,i)&&(Dr.cursor=Dr.limit-n,!Dr.eq_s_b(1,e)))return!0;Dr.cursor=Dr.limit-r;var t=Dr.cursor;return Dr.insert(Dr.cursor,Dr.cursor,e),Dr.cursor=t,!1}return!0}function Y(){var r=Dr.limit-Dr.cursor;(Dr.eq_s_b(1,"d")||(Dr.cursor=Dr.limit-r,Dr.eq_s_b(1,"g")))&&X(r,"a","ı")&&X(r,"e","i")&&X(r,"o","u")&&X(r,"ö","ü")}function $(){for(var r,i=Dr.cursor,e=2;;){for(r=Dr.cursor;!Dr.in_grouping(Wr,97,305);){if(Dr.cursor>=Dr.limit)return Dr.cursor=r,!(e>0)&&(Dr.cursor=i,!0);Dr.cursor++}e--}}function rr(r,i,e){for(;!Dr.eq_s(i,e);){if(Dr.cursor>=Dr.limit)return!0;Dr.cursor++}return(tr=i)!=Dr.limit||(Dr.cursor=r,!1)}function ir(){var r=Dr.cursor;return!rr(r,2,"ad")||(Dr.cursor=r,!rr(r,5,"soyad"))}function er(){var r=Dr.cursor;return!ir()&&(Dr.limit_backward=r,Dr.cursor=Dr.limit,Y(),Dr.cursor=Dr.limit,U(),!0)}var nr,tr,ur=[new i("m",-1,-1),new i("n",-1,-1),new i("miz",-1,-1),new i("niz",-1,-1),new i("muz",-1,-1),new i("nuz",-1,-1),new i("müz",-1,-1),new i("nüz",-1,-1),new i("mız",-1,-1),new i("nız",-1,-1)],or=[new i("leri",-1,-1),new i("ları",-1,-1)],sr=[new i("ni",-1,-1),new i("nu",-1,-1),new i("nü",-1,-1),new i("nı",-1,-1)],cr=[new i("in",-1,-1),new i("un",-1,-1),new i("ün",-1,-1),new i("ın",-1,-1)],lr=[new i("a",-1,-1),new i("e",-1,-1)],ar=[new i("na",-1,-1),new i("ne",-1,-1)],mr=[new i("da",-1,-1),new i("ta",-1,-1),new i("de",-1,-1),new i("te",-1,-1)],dr=[new i("nda",-1,-1),new i("nde",-1,-1)],fr=[new i("dan",-1,-1),new i("tan",-1,-1),new i("den",-1,-1),new i("ten",-1,-1)],br=[new i("ndan",-1,-1),new i("nden",-1,-1)],wr=[new i("la",-1,-1),new i("le",-1,-1)],_r=[new i("ca",-1,-1),new i("ce",-1,-1)],kr=[new i("im",-1,-1),new i("um",-1,-1),new i("üm",-1,-1),new i("ım",-1,-1)],pr=[new i("sin",-1,-1),new i("sun",-1,-1),new i("sün",-1,-1),new i("sın",-1,-1)],gr=[new i("iz",-1,-1),new i("uz",-1,-1),new i("üz",-1,-1),new i("ız",-1,-1)],yr=[new i("siniz",-1,-1),new i("sunuz",-1,-1),new i("sünüz",-1,-1),new i("sınız",-1,-1)],zr=[new i("lar",-1,-1),new i("ler",-1,-1)],vr=[new i("niz",-1,-1),new i("nuz",-1,-1),new i("nüz",-1,-1),new i("nız",-1,-1)],hr=[new i("dir",-1,-1),new i("tir",-1,-1),new i("dur",-1,-1),new i("tur",-1,-1),new i("dür",-1,-1),new i("tür",-1,-1),new i("dır",-1,-1),new i("tır",-1,-1)],qr=[new i("casına",-1,-1),new i("cesine",-1,-1)],Cr=[new i("di",-1,-1),new i("ti",-1,-1),new i("dik",-1,-1),new i("tik",-1,-1),new i("duk",-1,-1),new i("tuk",-1,-1),new i("dük",-1,-1),new i("tük",-1,-1),new i("dık",-1,-1),new i("tık",-1,-1),new i("dim",-1,-1),new i("tim",-1,-1),new i("dum",-1,-1),new i("tum",-1,-1),new i("düm",-1,-1),new i("tüm",-1,-1),new i("dım",-1,-1),new i("tım",-1,-1),new i("din",-1,-1),new i("tin",-1,-1),new i("dun",-1,-1),new i("tun",-1,-1),new i("dün",-1,-1),new i("tün",-1,-1),new i("dın",-1,-1),new i("tın",-1,-1),new i("du",-1,-1),new i("tu",-1,-1),new i("dü",-1,-1),new i("tü",-1,-1),new i("dı",-1,-1),new i("tı",-1,-1)],Pr=[new i("sa",-1,-1),new i("se",-1,-1),new i("sak",-1,-1),new i("sek",-1,-1),new i("sam",-1,-1),new i("sem",-1,-1),new i("san",-1,-1),new i("sen",-1,-1)],Fr=[new i("miş",-1,-1),new i("muş",-1,-1),new i("müş",-1,-1),new i("mış",-1,-1)],Sr=[new i("b",-1,1),new i("c",-1,2),new i("d",-1,3),new i("ğ",-1,4)],Wr=[17,65,16,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,32,8,0,0,0,0,0,0,1],Lr=[1,16,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,8,0,0,0,0,0,0,1],xr=[1,64,16,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,1],Ar=[17,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,130],Er=[1,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,1],jr=[17],Tr=[65],Zr=[65],Br=[["a",xr,97,305],["e",Ar,101,252],["ı",Er,97,305],["i",jr,101,105],["o",Tr,111,117],["ö",Zr,246,252],["u",Tr,111,117]],Dr=new e;this.setCurrent=function(r){Dr.setCurrent(r)},this.getCurrent=function(){return Dr.getCurrent()},this.stem=function(){return!!($()&&(Dr.limit_backward=Dr.cursor,Dr.cursor=Dr.limit,J(),Dr.cursor=Dr.limit,nr&&(R(),Dr.cursor=Dr.limit_backward,er())))}};return function(r){return"function"==typeof r.update?r.update(function(r){return n.setCurrent(r),n.stem(),n.getCurrent()}):(n.setCurrent(r),n.stem(),n.getCurrent())}}(),r.Pipeline.registerFunction(r.tr.stemmer,"stemmer-tr"),r.tr.stopWordFilter=r.generateStopWordFilter("acaba altmış altı ama ancak arada aslında ayrıca bana bazı belki ben benden beni benim beri beş bile bin bir biri birkaç birkez birçok birşey birşeyi biz bizden bize bizi bizim bu buna bunda bundan bunlar bunları bunların bunu bunun burada böyle böylece da daha dahi de defa değil diye diğer doksan dokuz dolayı dolayısıyla dört edecek eden ederek edilecek ediliyor edilmesi ediyor elli en etmesi etti ettiği ettiğini eğer gibi göre halen hangi hatta hem henüz hep hepsi her herhangi herkesin hiç hiçbir iki ile ilgili ise itibaren itibariyle için işte kadar karşın katrilyon kendi kendilerine kendini kendisi kendisine kendisini kez ki kim kimden kime kimi kimse kırk milyar milyon mu mü mı nasıl ne neden nedenle nerde nerede nereye niye niçin o olan olarak oldu olduklarını olduğu olduğunu olmadı olmadığı olmak olması olmayan olmaz olsa olsun olup olur olursa oluyor on ona ondan onlar onlardan onları onların onu onun otuz oysa pek rağmen sadece sanki sekiz seksen sen senden seni senin siz sizden sizi sizin tarafından trilyon tüm var vardı ve veya ya yani yapacak yapmak yaptı yaptıkları yaptığı yaptığını yapılan yapılması yapıyor yedi yerine yetmiş yine yirmi yoksa yüz zaten çok çünkü öyle üzere üç şey şeyden şeyi şeyler şu şuna şunda şundan şunları şunu şöyle".split(" ")),r.Pipeline.registerFunction(r.tr.stopWordFilter,"stopWordFilter-tr")}});
\ No newline at end of file
diff --git a/assets/javascripts/lunr/min/lunr.vi.min.js b/assets/javascripts/lunr/min/lunr.vi.min.js
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..22aed28
--- /dev/null
+++ b/assets/javascripts/lunr/min/lunr.vi.min.js
@@ -0,0 +1 @@
+!function(e,r){"function"==typeof define&&define.amd?define(r):"object"==typeof exports?module.exports=r():r()(e.lunr)}(this,function(){return function(e){if(void 0===e)throw new Error("Lunr is not present. Please include / require Lunr before this script.");if(void 0===e.stemmerSupport)throw new Error("Lunr stemmer support is not present. Please include / require Lunr stemmer support before this script.");e.vi=function(){this.pipeline.reset(),this.pipeline.add(e.vi.stopWordFilter,e.vi.trimmer)},e.vi.wordCharacters="[A-Za-ẓ̀͐́͑̉̃̓ÂâÊêÔôĂ-ăĐ-đƠ-ơƯ-ư]",e.vi.trimmer=e.trimmerSupport.generateTrimmer(e.vi.wordCharacters),e.Pipeline.registerFunction(e.vi.trimmer,"trimmer-vi"),e.vi.stopWordFilter=e.generateStopWordFilter("là cái nhưng mà".split(" "))}});
\ No newline at end of file
diff --git a/assets/javascripts/lunr/min/lunr.zh.min.js b/assets/javascripts/lunr/min/lunr.zh.min.js
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..fda66e9
--- /dev/null
+++ b/assets/javascripts/lunr/min/lunr.zh.min.js
@@ -0,0 +1 @@
+!function(e,r){"function"==typeof define&&define.amd?define(r):"object"==typeof exports?module.exports=r(require("@node-rs/jieba")):r()(e.lunr)}(this,function(e){return function(r,t){if(void 0===r)throw new Error("Lunr is not present. Please include / require Lunr before this script.");if(void 0===r.stemmerSupport)throw new Error("Lunr stemmer support is not present. Please include / require Lunr stemmer support before this script.");var i="2"==r.version[0];r.zh=function(){this.pipeline.reset(),this.pipeline.add(r.zh.trimmer,r.zh.stopWordFilter,r.zh.stemmer),i?this.tokenizer=r.zh.tokenizer:(r.tokenizer&&(r.tokenizer=r.zh.tokenizer),this.tokenizerFn&&(this.tokenizerFn=r.zh.tokenizer))},r.zh.tokenizer=function(n){if(!arguments.length||null==n||void 0==n)return[];if(Array.isArray(n))return n.map(function(e){return i?new r.Token(e.toLowerCase()):e.toLowerCase()});t&&e.load(t);var o=n.toString().trim().toLowerCase(),s=[];e.cut(o,!0).forEach(function(e){s=s.concat(e.split(" "))}),s=s.filter(function(e){return!!e});var u=0;return s.map(function(e,t){if(i){var n=o.indexOf(e,u),s={};return s.position=[n,e.length],s.index=t,u=n,new r.Token(e,s)}return e})},r.zh.wordCharacters="\\w一-龥",r.zh.trimmer=r.trimmerSupport.generateTrimmer(r.zh.wordCharacters),r.Pipeline.registerFunction(r.zh.trimmer,"trimmer-zh"),r.zh.stemmer=function(){return function(e){return e}}(),r.Pipeline.registerFunction(r.zh.stemmer,"stemmer-zh"),r.zh.stopWordFilter=r.generateStopWordFilter("的 一 不 在 人 有 是 为 為 以 于 於 上 他 而 后 後 之 来 來 及 了 因 下 可 到 由 这 這 与 與 也 此 但 并 並 个 個 其 已 无 無 小 我 们 們 起 最 再 今 去 好 只 又 或 很 亦 某 把 那 你 乃 它 吧 被 比 别 趁 当 當 从 從 得 打 凡 儿 兒 尔 爾 该 該 各 给 給 跟 和 何 还 還 即 几 幾 既 看 据 據 距 靠 啦 另 么 麽 每 嘛 拿 哪 您 凭 憑 且 却 卻 让 讓 仍 啥 如 若 使 谁 誰 虽 雖 随 隨 同 所 她 哇 嗡 往 些 向 沿 哟 喲 用 咱 则 則 怎 曾 至 致 着 著 诸 諸 自".split(" ")),r.Pipeline.registerFunction(r.zh.stopWordFilter,"stopWordFilter-zh")}});
\ No newline at end of file
diff --git a/assets/javascripts/lunr/tinyseg.js b/assets/javascripts/lunr/tinyseg.js
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..167fa6d
--- /dev/null
+++ b/assets/javascripts/lunr/tinyseg.js
@@ -0,0 +1,206 @@
+/**
+ * export the module via AMD, CommonJS or as a browser global
+ * Export code from https://github.com/umdjs/umd/blob/master/returnExports.js
+ */
+;(function (root, factory) {
+    if (typeof define === 'function' && define.amd) {
+        // AMD. Register as an anonymous module.
+        define(factory)
+    } else if (typeof exports === 'object') {
+        /**
+         * Node. Does not work with strict CommonJS, but
+         * only CommonJS-like environments that support module.exports,
+         * like Node.
+         */
+        module.exports = factory()
+    } else {
+        // Browser globals (root is window)
+        factory()(root.lunr);
+    }
+}(this, function () {
+    /**
+     * Just return a value to define the module export.
+     * This example returns an object, but the module
+     * can return a function as the exported value.
+     */
+
+    return function(lunr) {
+        // TinySegmenter 0.1 -- Super compact Japanese tokenizer in Javascript
+        // (c) 2008 Taku Kudo <taku@chasen.org>
+        // TinySegmenter is freely distributable under the terms of a new BSD licence.
+        // For details, see http://chasen.org/~taku/software/TinySegmenter/LICENCE.txt
+
+        function TinySegmenter() {
+          var patterns = {
+            "[一二三四五六七八九十百千万億兆]":"M",
+            "[一-龠々〆ヵヶ]":"H",
+            "[ぁ-ん]":"I",
+            "[ァ-ヴーｱ-ﾝﾞｰ]":"K",
+            "[a-zA-Zａ-ｚＡ-Ｚ]":"A",
+            "[0-9０-９]":"N"
+          }
+          this.chartype_ = [];
+          for (var i in patterns) {
+            var regexp = new RegExp(i);
+            this.chartype_.push([regexp, patterns[i]]);
+          }
+
+          this.BIAS__ = -332
+          this.BC1__ = {"HH":6,"II":2461,"KH":406,"OH":-1378};
+          this.BC2__ = {"AA":-3267,"AI":2744,"AN":-878,"HH":-4070,"HM":-1711,"HN":4012,"HO":3761,"IA":1327,"IH":-1184,"II":-1332,"IK":1721,"IO":5492,"KI":3831,"KK":-8741,"MH":-3132,"MK":3334,"OO":-2920};
+          this.BC3__ = {"HH":996,"HI":626,"HK":-721,"HN":-1307,"HO":-836,"IH":-301,"KK":2762,"MK":1079,"MM":4034,"OA":-1652,"OH":266};
+          this.BP1__ = {"BB":295,"OB":304,"OO":-125,"UB":352};
+          this.BP2__ = {"BO":60,"OO":-1762};
+          this.BQ1__ = {"BHH":1150,"BHM":1521,"BII":-1158,"BIM":886,"BMH":1208,"BNH":449,"BOH":-91,"BOO":-2597,"OHI":451,"OIH":-296,"OKA":1851,"OKH":-1020,"OKK":904,"OOO":2965};
+          this.BQ2__ = {"BHH":118,"BHI":-1159,"BHM":466,"BIH":-919,"BKK":-1720,"BKO":864,"OHH":-1139,"OHM":-181,"OIH":153,"UHI":-1146};
+          this.BQ3__ = {"BHH":-792,"BHI":2664,"BII":-299,"BKI":419,"BMH":937,"BMM":8335,"BNN":998,"BOH":775,"OHH":2174,"OHM":439,"OII":280,"OKH":1798,"OKI":-793,"OKO":-2242,"OMH":-2402,"OOO":11699};
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+            if (str.match(this.chartype_[i][0])) {
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+        TinySegmenter.prototype.ts_ = function(v) {
+          if (v) { return v; }
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+        TinySegmenter.prototype.segment = function(input) {
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+          for (var i = 4; i < seg.length - 3; ++i) {
+            var score = this.BIAS__;
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+            var c5 = ctype[i+1];
+            var c6 = ctype[i+2];
+            score += this.ts_(this.UP1__[p1]);
+            score += this.ts_(this.UP2__[p2]);
+            score += this.ts_(this.UP3__[p3]);
+            score += this.ts_(this.BP1__[p1 + p2]);
+            score += this.ts_(this.BP2__[p2 + p3]);
+            score += this.ts_(this.UW1__[w1]);
+            score += this.ts_(this.UW2__[w2]);
+            score += this.ts_(this.UW3__[w3]);
+            score += this.ts_(this.UW4__[w4]);
+            score += this.ts_(this.UW5__[w5]);
+            score += this.ts_(this.UW6__[w6]);
+            score += this.ts_(this.BW1__[w2 + w3]);
+            score += this.ts_(this.BW2__[w3 + w4]);
+            score += this.ts_(this.BW3__[w4 + w5]);
+            score += this.ts_(this.TW1__[w1 + w2 + w3]);
+            score += this.ts_(this.TW2__[w2 + w3 + w4]);
+            score += this.ts_(this.TW3__[w3 + w4 + w5]);
+            score += this.ts_(this.TW4__[w4 + w5 + w6]);
+            score += this.ts_(this.UC1__[c1]);
+            score += this.ts_(this.UC2__[c2]);
+            score += this.ts_(this.UC3__[c3]);
+            score += this.ts_(this.UC4__[c4]);
+            score += this.ts_(this.UC5__[c5]);
+            score += this.ts_(this.UC6__[c6]);
+            score += this.ts_(this.BC1__[c2 + c3]);
+            score += this.ts_(this.BC2__[c3 + c4]);
+            score += this.ts_(this.BC3__[c4 + c5]);
+            score += this.ts_(this.TC1__[c1 + c2 + c3]);
+            score += this.ts_(this.TC2__[c2 + c3 + c4]);
+            score += this.ts_(this.TC3__[c3 + c4 + c5]);
+            score += this.ts_(this.TC4__[c4 + c5 + c6]);
+        //  score += this.ts_(this.TC5__[c4 + c5 + c6]);    
+            score += this.ts_(this.UQ1__[p1 + c1]);
+            score += this.ts_(this.UQ2__[p2 + c2]);
+            score += this.ts_(this.UQ3__[p3 + c3]);
+            score += this.ts_(this.BQ1__[p2 + c2 + c3]);
+            score += this.ts_(this.BQ2__[p2 + c3 + c4]);
+            score += this.ts_(this.BQ3__[p3 + c2 + c3]);
+            score += this.ts_(this.BQ4__[p3 + c3 + c4]);
+            score += this.ts_(this.TQ1__[p2 + c1 + c2 + c3]);
+            score += this.ts_(this.TQ2__[p2 + c2 + c3 + c4]);
+            score += this.ts_(this.TQ3__[p3 + c1 + c2 + c3]);
+            score += this.ts_(this.TQ4__[p3 + c2 + c3 + c4]);
+            var p = "O";
+            if (score > 0) {
+              result.push(word);
+              word = "";
+              p = "B";
+            }
+            p1 = p2;
+            p2 = p3;
+            p3 = p;
+            word += seg[i];
+          }
+          result.push(word);
+
+          return result;
+        }
+
+        lunr.TinySegmenter = TinySegmenter;
+    };
+
+}));
\ No newline at end of file
diff --git a/assets/javascripts/lunr/wordcut.js b/assets/javascripts/lunr/wordcut.js
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..0d898c9
--- /dev/null
+++ b/assets/javascripts/lunr/wordcut.js
@@ -0,0 +1,6708 @@
+(function(f){if(typeof exports==="object"&&typeof module!=="undefined"){module.exports=f()}else if(typeof define==="function"&&define.amd){define([],f)}else{var g;if(typeof window!=="undefined"){g=window}else if(typeof global!=="undefined"){g=global}else if(typeof self!=="undefined"){g=self}else{g=this}(g.lunr || (g.lunr = {})).wordcut = f()}})(function(){var define,module,exports;return (function e(t,n,r){function s(o,u){if(!n[o]){if(!t[o]){var a=typeof require=="function"&&require;if(!u&&a)return a(o,!0);if(i)return i(o,!0);var f=new Error("Cannot find module '"+o+"'");throw f.code="MODULE_NOT_FOUND",f}var l=n[o]={exports:{}};t[o][0].call(l.exports,function(e){var n=t[o][1][e];return s(n?n:e)},l,l.exports,e,t,n,r)}return n[o].exports}var i=typeof require=="function"&&require;for(var o=0;o<r.length;o++)s(r[o]);return s})({1:[function(require,module,exports){
+var _ = require("underscore");
+
+var Acceptors = {
+  creators: null,
+  current: null,
+  tag: null,
+
+  init: function() {
+    this.creators = [];
+    this.current = [];
+    this.tag = {};
+  },
+
+  reset: function() {
+    this.current = [];
+    this.tag = {}
+  },
+
+  transit: function(ch) {
+    var self = this;
+
+    self.creators.forEach(function(creator) {
+      var acceptor = creator.createAcceptor(self.tag);
+      if (acceptor) 
+        self.current.push(acceptor);
+    });
+    
+    var _current = [];
+    self.tag = {};
+
+    for (var i = 0; i < self.current.length; i++) {
+      var _acceptor = self.current[i]
+        , acceptor = _acceptor.transit(ch);
+      
+      if (!acceptor.isError) {
+        _current.push(acceptor);
+        self.tag[acceptor.tag] = acceptor;
+      }
+    }
+    self.current = _current;
+
+  },
+
+  getFinalAcceptors: function() {    
+    return this.current.filter(function(acceptor) {
+      return acceptor.isFinal;
+    });
+  }
+};
+
+module.exports = function() {
+  var acceptors = _.clone(Acceptors);
+  acceptors.init();
+  return acceptors;
+};
+
+},{"underscore":25}],2:[function(require,module,exports){
+(function (__dirname){
+
+var LEFT = 0;
+var RIGHT = 1;
+var path = require("path");
+var glob = require("glob");
+
+var WordcutDict = {
+
+
+  init: function (dictPathFile, withDefault, words) {
+    withDefault = withDefault || false
+    var defaultDict = path.normalize(__dirname + "/..") + "/data/tdict-*.txt";
+    this.dict=[]
+    var dictPathIsDefined = dictPathFile !== undefined
+    var dictPath = (withDefault || !dictPathIsDefined) ? [defaultDict]: [];
+    var dictPathFile = dictPathFile || defaultDict
+
+    if(dictPathIsDefined){
+      if (Array.isArray(dictPathFile)) {
+        dictPath.concat.apply(dictPath, dictPathFile);
+      } else {
+        dictPath.push(dictPathFile)
+      }
+    }
+
+    this.addFiles(dictPath, false)
+
+    if(words!==undefined){
+      this.addWords(words, false)
+    }
+    this.finalizeDict();
+  },
+
+  addWords: function(words, finalize){
+    finalize = finalize===undefined || finalize;
+    this.dict.push.apply(this.dict, words)
+    if(finalize){
+      this.finalizeDict();
+    }
+  },
+
+  finalizeDict: function(){
+    this.dict = this.sortuniq(this.dict);
+  },
+
+  addFiles: function(files, finalize){
+    finalize = finalize===undefined || finalize;
+    
+    for (var i = 0; i < 1; i++) {
+      var words = "ก.ก.\nก.ก.น.\nก.ข.ค.\nก.ค.\nก.จ.\nก.ช.น.\nก.ฌ.\nก.ต.\nก.ต.ง.\nก.ต.ช.\nก.ตร.\nก.ท.\nก.น.ช.\nก.บช.\nก.บถ.\nก.ป.ส.\nก.พ.\nก.ม.\nก.ย.\nก.ร.\nก.ล.ต.\nก.ว.\nก.ศ.ว.\nก.ส.ท.\nก.ส.ธ.\nก.ส.อ.\nก.อ.\nกก.ตชด.\nกก.ตร.น.\nกก.ภ.จว.\nกก.รสช.\nกกบ.ขส.ทบ.\nกกล.รพน.\nกง.กห.\nกง.ทบ.\nกง.ทร.\nกซข.ป.\nกซม.ป.\nกทม.กรุงเทพมหานคร\nกบ.ทบ.\nกป.สป.\nกพ.ทบ.\nกพ.ทร.\nกพ.ทหาร\nกร.ทบ.\nกรป.กลาง\nกรอ.พอ.\nกศ.ด.\nกศ.บ.\nกศ.บป.\nกศ.ม.\nกษ.ด.\nกษ.บ.\nกษ.ม.\nกส.ด.\nกส.ทบ.\nกส.บ.\nกส.ม.\nกอ.ปค.\nกอ.รพน.\nกอ.รมน.\nกอ.รสต.\nข.ต.ว.\nขว.ทบ.\nขว.ทร.\nขว.ทหาร\nขส.ทบ.\nขส.ทร.\nขส.ทอ.\nค.ด.\nค.บ.\nค.พ.ศ.\nค.ม.\nค.ร.น.\nค.ร.ฟ.\nค.ร.ม.\nค.ศ.\nค.อ.ด.\nค.อ.บ.\nค.อ.ม.\nคศ.ด.\nคศ.บ.\nคศ.ม.\nง.ด.\nจ.จ.\nจ.จ.จ.\nจ.ช.\nจ.ต.\nจ.ท.\nจ.ป.ร.\nจ.ม.\nจ.ศ.\nจ.ส.ต.\nจ.ส.ท.\nจ.ส.อ.\nจ.อ.\nจ.อ.ร.\nจ.๑๘\nจก.ธน.\nจก.สน.\nช.ค.\nช.ค.บ.\nช.พ.ค.\nช.ส.\nช.ส.ค.\nฌ.ป.ค.\nฌ.ศ.ร.\nฌ.ส.อ.\nฐท.สห.\nด.ช.\nด.ญ.\nด.ต.\nด.ศ.ค.\nด.ศ.ร.\nดย.ทร.\nต.ก.\nต.ค.\nต.จ.\nต.จ.ว.\nต.ช.\nต.ต.\nต.บ.\nต.ม.\nต.ร.\nต.ศ.ร.\nต.ห.\nต.อ.\nต.อ.จ.\nตร.กม.\nตร.ซม.\nตร.ต.\nตร.ทล.\nตร.น.\nตร.ปม.\nตร.ภ.\nตร.ม.\nตร.รฟ.\nตร.ว.\nตร.ส.\nตร.สข.\nท.จ.\nท.จ.ว.\nท.ช.\nท.ญ.\nท.ด.\nท.ท.ท.\nท.ทบ.\nท.บ.\nท.พ.\nท.ม.\nท.ศ.\nทก.ด.\nทก.บ.\nทก.ม.\nทส.ปช.\nทส.รมว.กห.\nทุ.ส.นิ.ม.\nธ.ก.ส.\nธ.ค.\nธ.ญ\nธ.บ.\nน.ช.\nน.ญ.\nน.ด.\nน.ต.\nน.ท.\nน.น.\nน.บ.\nน.บ.ท.\nน.ป.ท.\nน.พ.\nน.ม.\nน.ร.\nน.ว.\nน.ศ.\nน.ส.\nน.ส.พ.\nน.ส.๓\nน.สพ.\nน.อ.\nนปพ.ภ.\nนศ.ด.\nนศ.บ.\nนศ.ม.\nบ.ก.\nบ.ข.ส.\nบ.ช.\nบ.ด.ท.\nบ.ตร.\nบ.ภ.\nบ.ม.\nบก.จร.\nบก.ตชด.\nบก.ตม.\nบก.ทล.\nบก.น.\nบก.ป.\nบก.ปค.\nบก.ปม.\nบก.ภ.เขต\nบก.รน.\nบก.รฟ.\nบก.ร้อย.ตชด.\nบก.ส.\nบกข.ป.\nบจพ.ป.\nบช.ก.\nบช.ด.\nบช.ตชด.\nบช.น.\nบช.บ.\nบช.ปส.\nบช.ภ.\nบช.ม.\nบชท.ป.\nบชน.ป.\nบชส.ป.\nบธ.ด.\nบธ.บ.\nบธ.ม.\nบนท.ป.\nบนอ.ป.\nบปช.ป.\nป.กท.\nป.กศ.\nป.กศ.สูง\nป.จ.\nป.จ.ว.\nป.ช.\nป.ธ.\nป.ป.\nป.ป.ก.\nป.ป.ช.\nป.ป.ป.\nป.ป.ร.\nป.ป.ส.\nป.พ.\nป.พ.พ.\nป.พย.\nป.ม.\nป.ม.ก.\nป.ม.ช.\nป.ม.ธ.\nป.ม.ศ.\nป.ม.อ.\nป.ร.ร.๔\nป.ร.ร.๕\nป.ร.ร.๖\nป.ล.\nป.ว.พ.\nป.วิ.อ.\nป.ส.ส.\nป.อ.\nป.อ.ร.ส.\nป.๑\nปม.วส.\nปอ.พ.\nผกก.ภ.\nผช.ผอ.\nผต.มท.\nผบ.ตร.\nผบ.ทบ.\nผบ.ทร.\nผบ.ทสส.\nผบ.ทอ.\nผบก.น.\nผบก.ป.\nผบก.ปค.\nผบก.ปม.\nผบก.ภ.\nผบช.ก.\nผบช.ตชด.\nผบช.น.\nผบช.ภ.\nผว.กทม.\nผอ.ปจ.\nพ.ก.ง.\nพ.กศ.\nพ.ข.ต.\nพ.ค.\nพ.ค.ช.\nพ.ค.ว.\nพ.ค.ศ.\nพ.จ.ต.\nพ.จ.ท.\nพ.จ.อ.\nพ.ช.\nพ.ช.ค.\nพ.ด.\nพ.ต.\nพ.ต.ต.\nพ.ต.ท.\nพ.ต.อ.\nพ.ต.อ.พิเศษ\nพ.ท.\nพ.บ.\nพ.ป.\nพ.ภ.ม.\nพ.ม.\nพ.ม.ช.\nพ.ย.\nพ.ร.ก.\nพ.ร.ฎ.\nพ.ร.ต.\nพ.ร.ธ.\nพ.ร.บ.\nพ.ศ.\nพ.ศ.บ.\nพ.ส.ร.\nพ.ส.ล.\nพ.อ.\nพ.อ.ต.\nพ.อ.ท.\nพ.อ.พิเศษ\nพ.อ.อ.\nพณ.ด.\nพณ.บ.\nพณ.ม.\nพธ.ด.\nพธ.บ.\nพธ.ม.\nพบ.ด.\nพบ.บ.\nพบ.ม.\nพย.ด.\nพย.บ.\nพย.ม.\nพล.จ.\nพล.ต.\nพล.ต.จ.\nพล.ต.ต.\nพล.ต.ท.\nพล.ต.อ.\nพล.ท.\nพล.ปตอ.\nพล.ม.\nพล.ม.๒\nพล.ร.จ.\nพล.ร.ต.\nพล.ร.ท.\nพล.ร.อ.\nพล.อ.\nพล.อ.จ.\nพล.อ.ต.\nพล.อ.ท.\nพล.อ.อ.\nพลา.ทร.\nพศ.ด.\nพศ.บ.\nพศ.ม.\nพอ.สว.\nภ.ง.ด.\nภ.ง.ด.๙\nภ.ด.\nภ.บ.\nภ.บ.ท.๕\nภ.ป.ร.\nภ.พ.\nภ.ม.\nภ.สถ.บ.\nม.ค.\nม.จ.\nม.ป.ท.\nม.ป.ป.\nม.ป.พ.\nม.ร.ว.\nม.ศ.\nม.อ.\nม.อ.ปัตตานี\nมิ.ย.\nมี.ค.\nยศ.ทบ.\nยศ.ทร.\nยศ.ทอ.\nร.ง.\nร.ด.\nร.ต.\nร.ต.ต.\nร.ต.ท.\nร.ต.อ.\nร.ท.\nร.น.\nร.บ.\nร.พ.\nร.ฟ.ล.\nร.ย.ล.\nร.ย.ส.ท.\nร.ล.\nร.ศ.\nร.ส.พ.\nร.อ.\nรป.ม.\nรร.จปร.\nรร.จอ.\nรร.ชท.\nรร.ตท.\nรร.นร.\nรร.นรต.\nรร.นอ.\nล.ญ.\nล.ว.\nลส.ชบ.\nว.ค.\nว.ฉ.\nว.ช.\nว.ด.ป.\nว.ป.ถ.\nวท.บ.\nศ.บ.\nศ.ป.ก.\nศ.ศ.ป.\nศฝร.ภ.\nศศ.บ.\nศษ.บ.\nศส.บ.\nส.ก.\nส.ก.ศ.ท.\nส.ค.\nส.ค.1\nส.ค.ร.\nส.ค.ส.\nส.ต.\nส.ต.ต.\nส.ต.ท.\nส.ต.อ.\nส.ท.\nส.ทร.\nส.ป.ช.\nส.ป.ส.ท.\nส.ป.อ.\nส.ร.\nส.ล.น.\nส.ว.\nส.ว.ท.\nส.ว.ส.ท.\nส.ส.\nส.ส.ท.\nส.ส.ร.\nส.ห.\nส.อ.\nสถ.บ.\nสนง.สสอ.\nสพ.ญ.\nสพ.บ.\nสว.จร.\nสว.ธร.\nสว.ส.\nสว.สป.\nสว.สส.\nสว.อก.\nสส.บ.\nสุ.จิ.ปุ.ลิ.\nห.ร.ม.\nอ.ก.ค.\nอ.ก.จ.\nอ.จ.\nอ.ช.พ.\nอ.ตร.\nอ.บ.\nอ.ส.ท.\nอ.ส.ม.ท.\nอ.ส.ย.\nอ.อ.ป.\nอส.รด.\nอุ.อา.ก.ส.\nฮ.จ.\nฮ.ท.\nฮ.ฝ.\nฮ.ล.\nฮ.ศ.\nเม.ย.\n\nกรีนิช\nกลันตัน\nกัลกัตตา\nกัวลาลัมเปอร์\nกัศมีร์\nกาฐมาณฑุ\nโกลกาตา\nควิเบก\nคอนเนตทิคัต\nคาบูล\nคุชราต\nคุนหมิง\nเคนตักกี\nเคนทักกี\nเคมบริดจ์\nแคชเมียร์\nแคนซัส\nแคนเบอร์รา\nแคโรไลนา\nแคลิฟอร์เนีย\nโคเปนเฮเกน\nโคลัมโบ\nโคโลราโด\nไครสต์เชิร์ช\nไคโร\nจาการ์ตา\nจำปาศักดิ์\nเจนไน\nเจนีวา\nเจ้อเจียง\nฉงชิ่ง\nเฉิงตู\nชานตง\nชิคาโก\nเชนไน\nเชอร์โนบิล\nซัปโปโร\nซานมารีโน\nซาบาห์\nซาราเยโว\nซาราวัก\nซิดนีย์\nซีอาน\nซีแอตเทิล\nซูริก\nซูริค\nเซเชลส์\nเซนได\nเซี่ยงไฮ้\nโซเฟีย\nโซล\nโซโลมอน\nไซ่ง่อน\nไซบีเรีย\nดัลลัส\nดาโคตา\nดานัง\nดีทรอยต์\nดูไบ\nเดนเวอร์\nเดลาแวร์\nเดียนเบียนฟู\nโดเวอร์\nโดฮา\nไดฟุกุ\nไดฟูกุ\nตรังกานู\nตริโปลี\nตูวาลู\nเตหะราน\nโตเกียว\nโตรอนโต\nทมิฬนาฑู\nทริโปลี\nทิเบต\nเทกซัส\nเท็กซัส\nเทนเนสซี\nเทลอาวีฟ\nแทสเมเนีย\nโทรอนโต\nไทเป\nธากา\nนางาซากิ\nนาริตะ\nนิวเจอร์ซีย์\nนิวเดลี\nนิวยอร์ก\nนิวยอร์ค\nนิวแฮมป์เชียร์\nเนบราสกา\nเนแบรสกา\nเนวาดา\nบรัสเซลส์\nบราซิเลีย\nบอมเบย์\nบอสตัน\nบังกาลอร์\nบังคาลอร์\nบูคาเรสต์\nบูดาเปสต์\nเบงกาซี\nเบนกาซี\nเบรุต\nเบลเกรด\nเบอร์ลิน\nแบกแดด\nปอยเปต\nปะลิส\nปะหัง\nปักกิ่ง\nปัญจาบ\nปัฏนา\nปารีส\nปีนัง\nเประ\nเปียงยาง\nพนมเปญ\nพระตะบอง\nพะโค\nพะสิม\nพาราณสี\nพิหารี\nเพนซิลวาเนีย\nเพนซิลเวเนีย\nฟรานซ์\nฟลอริดา\nฟิลาเดลเฟีย\nฟุกุชิมะ\nฟุกุชิมา\nฟุกุโอกะ\nฟูกูโอกะ\nแฟรงก์เฟิร์ต\nมอสโก\nมะนิลา\nมะละแหม่ง\nมัณฑะเลย์\nมัทราส\nมาดริด\nมิชิแกน\nมินนิโซตา\nมิยางิ\nมิลาน\nมิวนิก\nมิสซูรี\nมุมไบ\nเมน\nเมลเบิร์น\nเมาะตะมะ\nเมาะลำเลิง\nแมนจูเรีย\nแมนเชสเตอร์\nแมนฮัตตัน\nแมริแลนด์\nแมรีแลนด์\nแมสซาชูเซตส์\nยะไข่\nย่างกุ้ง\nยูทาห์\nยูนนาน\nเยรูซาเล็ม\nโยโกฮามา\nริยาด\nรีโอเดจาเนโร\nโรดไอแลนด์\nลอนดอน\nลอสแองเจลิส\nลาปาซ\nลาสเวกัส\nลิสบอน\nลุยเซียนา\nโลซาน\nโลซานน์\nวอชิงตัน\nวอร์ซอ\nวิสคอนซิน\nเวนิส\nเวลส์\nเวอร์จิเนีย\nเวอร์มอนต์\nเวียงจันทน์\nเวียนนา\nแวนคูเวอร์\nไวโอมิง\nสกอตแลนด์\nสก็อตแลนด์\nสตอกโฮล์ม\nสลังงอร์\nเสฉวน\nเสียมราฐ\nเสียมเรียบ\nหงสา\nหงสาวดี\nหนานไห่\nหลวงพระบาง\nหูเป่ย\nหูเป่ย์\nหูหนาน\nเหอเป่ย\nเหอเป่ย์\nเหอหนาน\nอชันตา\nอลาสกา\nอวันตี\nออริกอน\nออสโล\nอะแลสกา\nอัตตะปือ\nอัมมาน\nอัมสเตอร์ดัม\nอัสสัม\nอาบูดาบี\nอาร์คันซอ\nอินเดียนา\nอิบารากิ\nอิลลินอยส์\nอิสตันบูล\nอิสลามาบัด\nอุรุมชี\nอูลานบาตอร์\nเอดินบะระ\nเอเธนส์\nแอตแลนตา\nแอริโซนา\nแอลเจียร์\nโอคลาโฮมา\nโอค็อตสค์\nโอกินาวา\nโอซากา\nโอริสสา\nโอเรกอน\nโอไฮโอ\nไอดาโฮ\nไอโอวา\nฮอนโนลูลู\nฮานอย\nฮาเนดะ\nฮาราเร\nฮาวาย\nฮิโรชิมา\nฮุสตัน\nเฮลซิงกิ\n\nมกรา\nกุมภา\nมีนา\nเมษา\nพฤษภา\nมิถุนา\nกรกฎา\nสิงหา\nกันยา\nตุลา\nพฤศจิกา\nธันวา\nเอ\nบี\nซี\nดี\nอี\nเอฟ\nจี\nเอช\nไอ\nเจ\nเค\nแอล\nเอ็ม\nเอ็น\nโอ\nพี\nคิว\nอาร์\nเอส\nที\nยู\nวี\nดับเบิล\nดับบลิว\nเอ็กซ์\nเอ๊กซ์\nวาย\nแซด\nแอลฟา\nแอลฟ่า\nเบตา\nเบต้า\nแกมมา\nแกมม่า\nเดลตา\nเดลต้า\nโอเมกา\nโอเมก้า\nเมกะ\nกิกะ\nนาโน\nไมโคร\n\nกรรมาชน\nกรอบรูป\nกระดี๊กระด๊า\nกระบับ\nกราวนด์\nกรีน\nกรุ๊ป\nกฤษณ์\nกลาส\nก๊วน\nกษัตริยา\nกษัตริยาธิราช\nก่อนหน้า\nกะบับ\nกับดัก\nกัมมันตะ\nก๊าก\nก๋ากั่น\nกาญจน์\nกาญจนาภิเษก\nกามิกาเซ่\nการันตี\nกาหลิบ\nกิฟท์\nกิมจิ\nกีวี\nกึ๊ก\nกึ๋ย\nกุนซือ\nกุมภาพันธ์\nกู๋\nเกจิ\nเกมส์\nเกย์\nเกรด\nเกรย์\nเกสต์เฮาส์\nเก๊ะ\nเก๋ากี้\nเกิร์ล\nแกงค์\nแกรนด์\nแกสโซฮอล์\nแก๊สโซฮอล์\nโกเต็กซ์\nโกลด์\nโกะ\nโก๊ะ\nไกด์\nขั้นตอน\nเขวี้ยง\nคณาญาติ\nครัวซอง\nครัวซองต์\nคร่ำครวญ\nครีเอทีฟ\nครูเสด\nคลับ\nคลาสสิก\nคลิตอริส\nคลิป\nความหมาย\nควิก\nควีน\nคองเกรส\nคอนซูเมอร์\nคอนเซปต์\nคอนเซ็ปต์\nคอนโด\nคอนโดมิเนียม\nคอนเทนเนอร์\nคอนแทค\nคอนแท็ค\nคอนโทรล\nคอนเฟิร์ม\nคอปเตอร์\nคอมพ์\nคอมเพล็กซ์\nคอมมอนส์\nคอมเมนท์\nคอมเมนต์\nคอร์ป\nคอร์ปอเรชั่น\nคอร์รัปชัน\nคอร์รัปชั่น\nคอรัปชัน\nคอรัปชั่น\nคอร์ส\nคอลเล็กชั่น\nคอลัมน์\nคอลัมนิสต์\nคัตเอาต์\nคันคาก\nคันถธุระ\nคันธาระ\nคันยิ\nคัสตาร์ด\nคาราโอเกะ\nคีตกวี\nคีตปฏิภาณ\nคีตราชัน\nคาปูชิโน\nคามิคาเซ่\nคาเฟ่\nคาร์\nคาร์โก้\nคาราเมล\nคาแรกเตอร์\nคาแร็กเตอร์\nคาแรคเตอร์\nคาแร็คเตอร์\nคาวบอย\nคาสิโน\nคิกขุ\nคิวบิก\nคูลเลอร์\nเคบับ\nเครป\nเคลม\nเคลียร์\nเคลื่อนย้าย\nเคส\nเคอร์ฟิว\nแคชเชียร์\nแคทวอล์ค\nแคนดิเดต\nแคนตาลูป\nแคนยอน\nแคนู\nแคป\nแคมป์\nแคมปัส\nแคมเปญ\nแคร์\nแครกเกอร์\nแคร็กเกอร์\nแครอท\nแคสต์\nแคสติง\nแคสติ้ง\nโค้ก\nโค้ช\nโคโยตี\nโคโยตี้\nโครนา\nโคอะล่า\nโคอาลา\nโคอาล่า\nไคลแมกซ์\nไคลแม็กซ์\nงั้น\nง่าว\nงี้\nเง็ง\nโง่เขลา\nไง\nจตุคาม\nจ๊อกกี้\nจอหงวน\nจังโก้\nจัมโบ้\nจ๊าบ\nจารกรรม\nจารชน\nจิ๊ก\nจิ๊กโก๋\nจิ๊กซอว์\nจิตพิสัย\nจิตเภท\nจีดีพี\nจึ๊ก\nจุ๊ย\nจูน\nจูเนียร์\nเจ๊\nเจได\nเจ็ต\nเจล\nเจ๊าะแจ๊ะ\nเจี๊ยว\nแจ็กเก็ต\nแจ๊กเก็ต\nแจ็กพอต\nแจ็กพ็อต\nแจ๊กพอต\nแจ๊กพ็อต\nแจม\nแจ๊ส\nโจ๋\nฉลุย\nเฉิ่ม\nชนะเลิศ\nช็อค\nช็อต\nช็อป\nช็อปปิ้ง\nช็อปเปอร์\nชะโนด\nชัตเตอร์\nชัวร์\nชาร์จ\nชาร์ต\nชาร์ป\nชินบัญชร\nชิฟฟอน\nชีส\nชีอะห์\nเช็ก\nเช็งเม้ง\nเชฟ\nเชลียร์\nเชอร์รี่\nแชเชือน\nแช่แข็ง\nแชมป์\nแชมปิยอง\nแชมเปญ\nแชมเปี้ยน\nแชมพู\nโชว์รูม\nโชห่วย\nใช้งาน\nไชน่า\nซ้อ\nซอมบี้\nซะ\nซังเต\nซันตาคลอส\nซัพพลาย\nซัพพลายเออร์\nซัมเมอร์\nซากุระ\nซาดิสต์\nซาดิสม์\nซาตาน\nซานตาคลอส\nซาฟารี\nซาบะ\nซามูไร\nซาร์\nซาร์ดีน\nซาเล้ง\nซิง\nซิ่ง\nซิงเกิล\nซิตี\nซิตี้\nซินโดรม\nซิม\nซิ้ม\nซิมโฟนี\nซิมโฟนี่\nซิลเวอร์\nซี้\nซี้ซั้ว\nซีดาน\nซีน\nซีนีเพล็กซ์\nซีเนียร์\nซีร็อกซ์\nซีรีส์\nซีเรียส\nซีอีโอ\nซื่อบื้อ\nซุนหนี่\nซุปเปอร์\nซูชิ\nซูเปอร์\nซูม\nซูโม่\nซูเอี๋ย\nซูฮก\nเซ็กซ์\nเซ็กซี่\nเซ็กส์\nเซนเซอร์\nเซ็นเซอร์\nเซนเตอร์\nเซ็นเตอร์\nเซ็นทรัล\nเซนส์\nเซ่นไหว้\nเซฟตี้\nเซรามิก\nเซลส์\nเซลส์แมน\nเซอร์\nเซอร์ไพรส์\nเซอร์วิส\nเซาท์\nเซี้ยว\nแซ็ก\nแซกโซโฟน\nแซ็กโซโฟน\nแซนด์วิช\nแซมบ้า\nแซลมอน\nแซว\nโซเชียล\nโซน\nโซนี่\nโซลาร์\nโซโล\nโซโล่\nญาณทัสสนะ\nดยุก\nดยุค\nดร็อป\nดรัมเมเยอร์\nดรามา\nดราม่า\nดอกเตอร์\nด็อกเตอร์\nดัมพ์\nดั๊มพ์\nดาวน์\nดิกชันนารี\nดิสเครดิต\nดีกรี\nดีเจ\nดีไซน์\nดีไซน์เนอร์\nดีไซเนอร์\nดีเบต\nดีพาร์ตเมนต์\nดีพาร์ตเมนท์\nดีพาร์ทเมนต์\nดีพาร์ทเมนท์\nดีมานด์\nดีล\nดีลเลอร์\nดีเลย์\nเดชานุภาพ\nเดบิต\nเดโม\nเดย์\nเด้อ\nเดอะ\nเด๊ะ\nเดี้ยง\nเดี๊ยะ\nแดนซ์\nแดนเซอร์\nแดรี่\nโดนัท\nโดมิโน\nโดรายากิ\nไดเอ็ต\nตถตา\nตนเอง\nตรวจทาน\nตรวจสอบ\nตอกย้ำ\nต๊อง\nต่อยอด\nต่อรอง\nตะหงิด\nตังค์\nตันเถียน\nตัวตน\nตัวเอง\nตาปรือ\nต้าอ่วย\nติงต๊อง\nติ๋ม\nติ่มซำ\nติว\nติวเตอร์\nตี๋\nตื้บ\nตุ๊ก\nตุ๊กตุ๊ก\nตุ๊ด\nตุ๋ย\nตู้เซฟ\nเต๊ะ\nเตี๊ยม\nแตงกวา\nแตงโม\nแต๋ว\nโต๋เต๋\nโต๊ะจีน\nไตรมาส\nถ่ายทำ\nถูกต้อง\nทงคัตสึ\nทริป\nทรู\nทอม\nท็อป\nทอร์นาโด\nทอล์ค\nทักซิโด\nทันตกรรม\nทันตแพทยศาสตร์\nทับซ้อน\nทัวร์\nทัวร์นาเมนต์\nทัวร์นาเมนท์\nทัวริสต์\nทาเลนต์\nทาวน์\nทาวน์เฮาส์\nทำงาน\nทิป\nทิพยสมบัติ\nทิวลิป\nทีรามิสุ\nทีวี\nทูน่า\nเท็กซ์\nเทค\nเทคโน\nเทคโนแครต\nเทควันโด\nเทป\nเทรด\nเทรนด์\nเทรนเนอร์\nเทรลเลอร์\nเทรลเล่อร์\nเทเลกราฟ\nเทวบัญชา\nเทวบุตร\nเทวา\nเทวาธิราช\nเทโวโรหนะ\nเทอร์โบ\nเที่ยงคืน\nเที่ยงวัน\nเทียมทาน\nแทกติค\nแทคติค\nแทงกั๊ก\nแทงโก้\nโทมาฮอก\nโทมาฮอว์ก\nโทมาฮอว์ค\nโทร\nโทรโข่ง\nไทม์\nไทยแลนด์\nไทเฮา\nธรรมา\nธรรมาภิบาล\nธัมโม\nธีม\nธุรกรรม\nธุหร่ำ\nเธค\nนพมาศ\nนรีแพทย์\nน็อก\nน็อค\nน้องใหม่\nนอมินี\nนอร์ท\nน่ะ\nนางแบบ\nนาฏยศาลา\nนายแบบ\nนายพราน\nนินจา\nนิรันดร์\nนิว\nนิวส์\nนู้ด\nเนอะ\nเนิร์สเซอรี\nเนิร์สเซอรี่\nเนี้ยบ\nโนติส\nไนท์\nไนน์\nบรรพชน\nบร็อกโคลี\nบร็อคโคลี\nบรา\nบริกร\nบริวเวอรี่ส์\nบลอนด์\nบลูเบอร์รี\nบลูเบอร์รี่\nบ๊วย\nบอกซ์\nบ็อกซ์\nบ๊อกซ์\nบอดี้\nบอนด์\nบ๊อบ\nบอมบ์\nบ๋อย\nบอยคอต\nบอยคอตต์\nบอร์ด\nบังเกอร์\nบัตเตอร์\nบัลลาสต์\nบัส\nบาบูน\nบาร์บีคิว\nบาร์บี้\nบาลานซ์\nบิ๊ก\nบิล\nบึม\nบึ้ม\nบุญคุณ\nบุ๋น\nบุปผา\nบู๊\nบูชิโด\nบูติก\nบูติค\nบูม\nเบเกอรี่\nเบญจมบพิตร\nเบตาดีน\nเบนโตะ\nเบนโล\nเบบี้\nเบลอ\nเบอร์เกอร์\nเบอร์รี\nเบิร์ด\nเบิร์น\nแบ็กโฮ\nแบคโฮ\nแบด\nแบต\nแบนเนอร์\nแบรนด์\nแบล็ก\nแบล็ค\nไบโอ\nโบกี้\nโบตั๋น\nโบ้ย\nโบรกเกอร์\nโบรชัวร์\nโบว์\nโบว์ลิ่ง\nไบเบิล\nปฏิสัมพันธ์\nป๊อก\nปอดแหก\nป๊อป\nป๋อหลอ\nปักขคณนา\nปัจเจกชน\nปัจฉิมนิเทศ\nป๊า\nป๋า\nป่าไม้\nปาร์ตี้\nปาสกาล\nปาสคาล\nปาสเตอร์\nปิกอัพ\nปิ๊ง\nปิโตรเคมี\nปิยมิตร\nปึ้ก\nปูอัด\nเปโซ\nเป็นไง\nเปปเปอร์มินต์\nเปเปอร์\nเปราะบาง\nเป๊ะ\nเป่ายิงฉุบ\nเป่ายิ้งฉุบ\nเปียโน\nแป้ก\nแป๋ว\nแป๊ะเจี๊ยะ\nโปร\nโปรเจกต์\nโปรเจ็กต์\nโปรเจกเตอร์\nโปรเจ็กเตอร์\nโปรเจคท์\nโปรเจ็คท์\nโปรดักชั่น\nโปรดิวเซอร์\nโปรโมชั่น\nโปรโมต\nโปรโมเตอร์\nโปรโมท\nโปลิศ\nโปสเตอร์\nผลไม้\nผลักดัน\nผ้าห่ม\nผิดพลาด\nผู้นำ\nแผดเผา\nเฝอ\nพงษ์\nพริตตี้\nพรีเซนต์\nพรีเซ็นเตอร์\nพรีเมียม\nพรีเมียร์\nพฤหัส\nพล็อต\nพลาซ่า\nพลานุภาพ\nพ่อค้า\nพอเพียง\nพะเรอ\nพันธกิจ\nพันธุวิศวกรรม\nพาร์\nพาร์ตเนอร์\nพาร์ทเนอร์\nพาวเวอร์\nพาสเจอร์ไรส์\nพาสตา\nพาสต้า\nพาสปอร์ต\nพาเหรด\nพิซซ่า\nพีเรียด\nพุดดิ้ง\nพุทธภูมิ\nพุทธศตวรรษ\nพุทโธ\nพูล\nเพทนาการ\nเพนกวิน\nเพนตากอน\nเพรส\nเพรียวบาง\nเพลซ\nเพลท\nเพลย์บอย\nเพียบแปร้\nเพียว\nเพาเวอร์\nแพกเกจ\nแพ็ค\nแพตเทิร์น\nแพทเทิร์น\nแพทยสภา\nแพนงเชิญ\nแพนดา\nแพนด้า\nแพลน\nโพลล์\nโพลารอยด์\nโพสต์\nไพลิน\nฟยอร์ด\nฟรังก์\nฟรุต\nฟลอร์\nฟลุก\nฟลุค\nฟลุต\nฟลุท\nฟอยล์\nฟอร์ม\nฟันด์\nฟาวล์\nฟาสต์ฟู้ด\nฟินิกซ์\nฟิวเจอร์\nฟีด\nฟีเวอร์\nฟุตบาท\nเฟรช\nเฟรชชี่\nเฟรม\nเฟมินิสต์\nเฟส\nเฟอร์นิเจอร์\nเฟอร์รี่\nเฟิร์ม\nเฟี้ยวฟ้าว\nแฟกซ์\nแฟ็กซ์\nแฟนซี\nแฟนตาซี\nแฟ้บ\nแฟร์\nแฟรนไชส์\nแฟรี\nแฟรี่\nแฟลช\nแฟล็ต\nโฟน\nโฟม\nโฟล์ค\nไฟต์\nไฟแนนซ์\nไฟลต์\nไฟลท์\nภควัทคีตา\nภควัมบดี\nภควัมปติ\nภคันทลาพาธ\nภววิสัย\nภารตะ\nภูมิทัศน์\nม้ง\nมวลชน\nมยุราภิรมย์\nมลภาวะ\nมหภาค\nมหาอุปราชา\nมอคคา\nมอคค่า\nมอนสเตอร์\nม็อบ\nมอบตัว\nมอยส์เจอไรเซอร์\nมอลล์\nมะกัน\nมั้ง\nมัฟฟิน\nมั้ย\nม้านั่ง\nมาเฟีย\nมาม่า\nมายองเนส\nมายาคติ\nมาร์ก\nมาร์เก็ต\nมาร์เก็ตติ้ง\nมาร์ค\nมาร์จิน\nมาร์ช\nมาร์ต\nมาร์ท\nมาราธอน\nม้าหินอ่อน\nมินต์\nมินท์\nมินิ\nมิลค์\nมิวสิค\nมิสซัง\nมิสไซล์\nมิสเตอร์\nมือถือ\nมุมมอง\nเมคอัพ\nเมจิก\nเมจิค\nเมทัล\nเมเปิล\nเมาท์\nเมี่ยงคำ\nแมกกาซีน\nแม็กกาซีน\nแมคเคอเรล\nแม่ค้า\nแมชชีน\nแมชีน\nแมนชั่น\nแมมบ้า\nแมมโบ้\nโมจิ\nโมเดล\nโมเดิร์น\nโมเต็ล\nโมโนเรล\nโมหจริต\nไมค์\nไมเกรน\nยนตรกรรม\nยอมรับ\nยะเยือก\nยังไง\nยากูซ่า\nยาวี\nยิม\nยิว\nยุวทูต\nยูโทเปีย\nยูโร\nยูวี\nเยน\nเยลลี่\nเย้ว\nเยอบีรา\nเยอบีร่า\nเยอร์บีรา\nเยอร์บีร่า\nแยมโรล\nโยเกิร์ต\nโยโย่\nรวมมิตร\nร็อค\nร็อคเก็ต\nรองรับ\nรอมฎอน\nรอยัลตี้\nระโงก\nรันเวย์\nรัม\nรากหญ้า\nราชบัณฑิตยสถาน\nราชานุญาต\nราชานุสาวรีย์\nรามเทพ\nรามาธิบดี\nรามายณะ\nราเม็ง\nราเมน\nรายชื่อ\nราสเบอร์รี\nริกเตอร์\nริคเตอร์\nรีไซเคิล\nรีดไถ\nรีทัช\nรีเทิร์น\nรีไทร์\nรีแบรนด์\nรีพอร์ท\nรีโมต\nรีโมท\nรีวิว\nรีสอร์ต\nรีสอร์ท\nรีเสิร์ช\nรุมบ้า\nรุสโซ\nรูบิก\nรูบิค\nเรซิน\nเรซิ่น\nเรดิโอ\nเรต\nเรตติ้ง\nแรงใจ\nแรงดูด\nแรงผลัก\nแรลลี\nแรลลี่\nโรดแมป\nโรเนียว\nโรแมนติก\nโรแมนติค\nโรล\nโรลออน\nไรเฟิล\nล็อกเกอร์\nลอจิสติกส์\nล็อต\nล็อบบี้\nลอร์ด\nล้มเหลว\nละติน\nละอ่อน\nลาซานญ่า\nลาติน\nลาเต้\nลานีญา\nลามะ\nลิมิต\nลิมูซีน\nลิสต์\nลีก\nลีด\nลีดเดอร์\nลีเมอร์\nลีลาวดี\nลุค\nลูกชาย\nลูกสาว\nเลกเชอร์\nเลคเชอร์\nเลดี้\nเลสเบี้ยน\nเลิฟ\nแลนด์\nแล็บ\nโลโก้\nโลชั่น\nไลท์\nไลน์\nไลฟ์\nวนาราม\nวราราม\nวโรกาส\nว้อดก้า\nวอเตอร์\nวอฟเฟิล\nว้อย\nวอร์ม\nวอร์มอัพ\nวอร์รูม\nวอล์ก\nวอล์ค\nวอลซ์\nวอลนัต\nวอลนัท\nวอลล์\nว่ะ\nวันเวย์\nวัสสา\nวาซาบิ\nวาทกรรม\nวาทะ\nวานิลลา\nวานิลา\nวาฟเฟิล\nวาริชศาสตร์\nว้าว\nวัคค์\nวัจนะ\nวาไรตี้\nวิก\nวิดีโอ\nวิทย์\nวิน\nวิป\nวิปปิ้ง\nวิภัชภาค\nวิว\nวิลล์\nวิลเลจ\nวีเจ\nวีซ่า\nวีดิทัศน์\nวีน\nวีไอพี\nวืด\nเวณิกา\nเวเฟอร์\nเวสต์\nเวอร์\nเวิร์ก\nเวิร์กช็อป\nเวิร์ค\nเวิร์ลด์\nเวิลด์\nแวมไพร์\nไวกิ้ง\nไวเบรเตอร์\nไวอะกร้า\nไวอากร้า\nศากยบุตร\nศิรินทร์\nศิลปวัฒนธรรม\nศิลปากร\nศิวิไลซ์\nศึกษาศาสตร์\nสกรัม\nสกาย\nสกู๊ป\nสเกตช์\nสเก็ตช์\nสคริปต์\nสแควร์\nสงบสุข\nสจ๊วต\nสตรอเบอร์รี\nสตรอเบอรี\nสตรอว์เบอร์รี\nสตริง\nสต็อก\nสต๊อก\nสต็อค\nสต๊อค\nสตอรี\nสตาร์\nสตาร์ท\nสติกเกอร์\nสติ๊กเกอร์\nสตีล\nสตูดิโอ\nสเตชัน\nสเตชั่น\nสเตเดียม\nสเตนเลส\nสเต็ป\nสเตย์\nสเตริโอ\nสเตอริโอ\nสแตนดาร์ด\nสแตนเลส\nสโตน\nสโตร์\nสไตรค์\nสไตล์\nสถาปัตย์\nสไนเปอร์\nสปอต\nสป็อต\nสปอนเซอร์\nสปอร์ต\nสปา\nสปาย\nสปิริต\nสเปก\nสเปค\nสไปเดอร์\nสมณพราหมณ์\nสมาพันธ์\nสมิติเวช\nสโรชา\nสลัม\nสแล็ก\nสโลแกน\nสโลว์\nสไลด์\nสวีท\nสหรัฐ\nสหัชญาณ\nสหัสวรรษ\nสะกอม\nสะเด่า\nสะบึม\nสะบึมส์\nสะออน\nสังโฆ\nสะโหลสะเหล\nสันทนาการ\nสัมนา\nสามช่า\nสามแยก\nสารขัณฑ์\nสี่แยก\nสึนามิ\nสุนทรีย์\nสุริยยาตร\nสุริยยาตร์\nสุหนี่\nเสกสรรค์\nเสพติด\nเสือโคร่ง\nหงวน\nหน่อมแน้ม\nหมวย\nหมั่นโถว\nหม่านโถว\nหมายปอง\nหมิง\nหยวน\nหลวงตา\nหลวงปู่\nหลวงพี่\nหล่อฮังก้วย\nหลินจือ\nห่วย\nเห็นด้วย\nเหมย\nเห่ย\nเหี่ยวย่น\nแหม็บ\nแหวว\nโหงว\nโหงวเฮ้ง\nโหลน\nโหลยโท่ย\nไหง\nไหร่\nอพาร์ตเมนต์\nอพาร์ตเมนท์\nอพาร์ทเมนต์\nอพาร์ทเมนท์\nอมาตยาธิปไตย\nอยุติธรรม\nอริยสงฆ์\nอ่วม\nอวอร์ด\nออกแบบ\nออดิชั่น\nออดิทอเรียม\nออเดอร์\nออโต้\nออทิสติก\nอ่อนด้อย\nออฟ\nออยล์\nออร์แกน\nออร์แกนิก\nออร์แกนิค\nออร์เดอร์\nออรัล\nออสซี่\nอะ\nอัตลักษณ์\nอัตวิสัย\nอันเดอร์\nอันตรกิริยา\nอัลตรา\nอัลไซเมอร์\nอัลบัม\nอัลบั้ม\nอัลมอนด์\nอาข่า\nอาโนเนะ\nอาฟเตอร์\nอาร์ติสต์\nอาร์พีจี\nอาว์\nอาสวะ\nอิกัวนา\nอินดอร์\nอินดัสตรีส์\nอินเตอร์\nอิ่มแปร้\nอิมพีเรียล\nอิเล็กทริก\nอิเล็กทริค\nอิเลียด\nอิสรชน\nอิเหนา\nอิออน\nอีแต๋น\nอีโรติก\nอีเวนท์\nอีสต์\nอีสเตอร์\nอึ๊บ\nอึ้ม\nอึ๋ม\nอึมครึม\nอุด้ง\nอุตสาหการ\nอุเทน\nอุปการคุณ\nอุปทาน\nอุปนายก\nอุปนายิกา\nอุปสงค์\nอุปัทวเหตุ\nอุรังคธาตุ\nอูคูเลเล่\nอู้ฟู่\nเอ๋\nเอ็กซ์โป\nเอ็กซ์เพรส\nเอ็กโซเซต์\nเอ็กโซเซ่ต์\nเอเซีย\nเอ็นจีโอ\nเอ็นเตอร์เทน\nเอนทรานซ์\nเอ็นทรานซ์\nเอฟเฟ็กต์\nเอเยนต์\nเอลนีโญ\nเอสเปรสโซ\nเอสเพรสโซ\nเอ๋อ\nเอาต์\nเอาท์\nเอาท์ดอร์\nเอ๊าะ\nแอ็กชั่น\nแอ็คชั่น\nแอคทีฟ\nแอดมิชชั่น\nแอดมิสชัน\nแอนด์\nแอ๊บแบ๊ว\nแอปเปิล\nแอปเปิ้ล\nแอปพริคอท\nแอพพริคอท\nแอพริคอต\nแอร์\nแอโรบิก\nแอโรบิค\nแอลมอนด์\nแอสเตอร์\nโอเค\nโอเปอเรเตอร์\nโอเปร่า\nโอเพ่น\nโอ้ย\nโอยัวะ\nโอรสาธิราช\nโอเลี้ยง\nโอวัลติน\nโอเวอร์\nไอซ์\nไอซียู\nไอดอล\nไอเดีย\nไอติม\nฮวงจุ้ย\nฮ่องเต้\nฮองเฮา\nฮอต\nฮ็อต\nฮอตดอก\nฮ็อตด็อก\nฮันนีมูน\nฮัม\nฮัลโลวีน\nฮัลโหล\nฮากกา\nฮาร์ด\nฮาราคีรี\nฮาลาล\nฮาโลวีน\nฮิ\nฮิต\nฮิบรู\nฮิปโป\nฮิปฮอป\nฮีโร่\nฮูลาฮูป\nฮูล่าฮูป\nเฮฟวี\nเฮฟวี่\nเฮอร์ริเคน\nเฮีย\nแฮนด์\nแฮปปี้\nแฮมเบอร์เกอร์\nโฮป\nโฮม\nโฮลดิงส์\nโฮลวีต\nโฮสเตส\nไฮกุ\nไฮแจ็ค\nไฮโซ\nไฮเทค\nไฮบริด\nไฮเปอร์\nไฮไลต์\nไฮไลท์\nไฮเวย์\nไฮสคูล\nไฮเอนด์\n\nกรีซ\nกัมพูชา\nกัวเตมาลา\nกาตาร์\nกานา\nกาบอง\nกายอานา\nกินี\nเกรนาดีนส์\nเกรเนดา\nเกาหลี\nแกมเบีย\nโกตดิวัวร์\nคองโก\nคอโมโรส\nคอสตาริกา\nคาซัคสถาน\nคิตส์\nคิริบาตี\nคิริบาส\nคิวบา\nคีร์กีซสถาน\nคูเวต\nเคนยา\nเคปเวิร์ด\nเคย์แมน\nแคนาดา\nแคเมอรูน\nโครเอเชีย\nโคลอมเบีย\nจอร์เจีย\nจอร์แดน\nจาเมกา\nจิบูตี\nจีน\nชาด\nชิลี\nเช็ก\nซามัว\nซาอุ\nซิมบับเว\nซีเรีย\nซูดาน\nซูรินาเม\nเซนต์\nเซเนกัล\nเซอร์เบีย\nเซาตูเม\nเซียร์รา\nแซมเบีย\nโซมาเลีย\nโซเวียต\nไซปรัส\nญี่ปุ่น\nดารุสซาลาม\nเดนมาร์ก\nโดมินิกัน\nโดมินิกา\nตรินิแดด\nตองกา\nติมอร์\nตุรกี\nตูนิเซีย\nเติร์กเมนิสถาน\nโตโก\nโตเบโก\nไต้หวัน\nทาจิกิสถาน\nแทนซาเนีย\nนอร์เวย์\nนามิเบีย\nนาอูรู\nนิการากัว\nนิวซีแลนด์\nเนเธอร์แลนด์\nเนปาล\nเนวิส\nไนจีเรีย\nไนเจอร์\nบราซิล\nบริติช\nบริเตน\nบรูไน\nบอตสวานา\nบอสเนีย\nบังกลาเทศ\nบังคลาเทศ\nบัลแกเรีย\nบาร์บูดา\nบาร์เบโดส\nบาห์เรน\nบาฮามาส\nบิสเซา\nบุรุนดี\nบูร์กินาฟาโซ\nเบนิน\nเบลเยียม\nเบลารุส\nเบลีซ\nเบอร์มิวดา\nโบลิเวีย\nปรินซิปี\nปากีสถาน\nปานามา\nปาปัวนิวกินี\nปารากวัย\nปาเลสไตน์\nปาเลา\nเปรู\nเปอร์เซีย\nเปอร์โตริโก\nโปรตุเกส\nโปแลนด์\nฝรั่งเศส\nพม่า\nฟิจิ\nฟินแลนด์\nฟิลิปปินส์\nเฟรนช์\nภูฏาน\nภูฐาน\nมองโกเลีย\nมอนเตเนโกร\nมอนแทนา\nมอริเชียส\nมอริเตเนีย\nมอลโดวา\nมอลตา\nมัลดีฟส์\nมาเก๊า\nมาซิโดเนีย\nมาดากัสการ์\nมาร์แชลล์\nมาลาวี\nมาลี\nมาเลเซีย\nเม็กซิโก\nเมียนมาร์\nโมซัมบิก\nโมนาโก\nโมนาโค\nโมร็อกโก\nไมโครนีเซีย\nยูกันดา\nยูโกสลาเวีย\nยูเครน\nเยเมน\nเยอรมนี\nรวันดา\nรัสเซีย\nโรมาเนีย\nลักเซมเบิร์ก\nลัตเวีย\nลาว\nลิกเตนสไตน์\nลิทัวเนีย\nลิเบีย\nลีโอน\nลูเซีย\nเลโซโท\nเลบานอน\nเลสเต\nไลบีเรีย\nวาติกัน\nวานูอาตู\nวินเซนต์\nเวเนซุเอลา\nเวียดนาม\nศรีลังกา\nสเปน\nสโลวะเกีย\nสโลวัก\nสโลวีเนีย\nสวาซิแลนด์\nสวิตเซอร์แลนด์\nสวีเดน\nสหรัฐ\nสหราชอาณาจักร\nสิกขิม\nสิงคโปร์\nอเมริกา\nออสเตรเลีย\nออสเตรีย\nอันดอร์รา\nอัฟกานิสถาน\nอาเซอร์ไบจาน\nอาร์เจนตินา\nอาร์เมเนีย\nอาระเบีย\nอิเควทอเรียล\nอิตาลี\nอินเดีย\nอินโดนีเซีย\nอิรัก\nอิสราเอล\nอิหร่าน\nอียิปต์\nอุซเบกิสถาน\nอุรุกวัย\nเอกวาดอร์\nเอธิโอเปีย\nเอมิเรตส์\nเอริเทรีย\nเอลซัลวาดอร์\nเอสโตเนีย\nแองโกลา\nแอนติกา\nแอลจีเรีย\nแอลเบเนีย\nโอมาน\nไอซ์แลนด์\nไอร์แลนด์\nฮ่องกง\nฮอนดูรัส\nฮังการี\nเฮติ\nเฮอร์เซโกวีนา\n\nกระบี่\nกรุงเทพ\nกาญจนบุรี\nกาฬสินธุ์\nกำแพงเพชร\nขอนแก่น\nจันทบุรี\nฉะเชิงเทรา\nชลบุรี\nชัยนาท\nชัยภูมิ\nชุมพร\nเชียงราย\nเชียงใหม่\nตรัง\nตราด\nตาก\nนครนายก\nนครปฐม\nนครพนม\nนครราชสีมา\nนครศรีธรรมราช\nนครสวรรค์\nนนทบุรี\nนราธิวาส\nน่าน\nบึงกาฬ\nบุรีรัมย์\nปทุมธานี\nประจวบคีรีขันธ์\nปราจีนบุรี\nปัตตานี\nพะเยา\nพังงา\nพัทลุง\nพิจิตร\nพิษณุโลก\nเพชรบุรี\nเพชรบูรณ์\nแพร่\nภูเก็ต\nมหาสารคาม\nมุกดาหาร\nแม่ฮ่องสอน\nยโสธร\nยะลา\nร้อยเอ็ด\nระนอง\nระยอง\nราชบุรี\nลพบุรี\nลำปาง\nลำพูน\nเลย\nศรีสะเกษ\nสกลนคร\nสงขลา\nสตูล\nสมุทรปราการ\nสมุทรสงคราม\nสมุทรสาคร\nสระแก้ว\nสระบุรี\nสิงห์บุรี\nสุโขทัย\nสุพรรณบุรี\nสุราษฎร์\nสุราษฎร์ธานี\nสุรินทร์\nหนองคาย\nหนองบัวลำภู\nอยุธยา\nอ่างทอง\nอำนาจเจริญ\nอุดรธานี\nอุตรดิตถ์\nอุทัยธานี\nอุบลราชธานี\nกันทรลักษ์\nจตุจักร\nไชยา\nซีคอน\nดอนเมือง\nถลาง\nไทรโยค\nธนบุรี\nธัญบุรี\nบางกอก\nบางปะกง\nบางระจัน\nปะทิว\nปาย\nพญาไท\nพัฒน์พงษ์\nพัทยา\nพารากอน\nภูมิซรอล\nรัตนาธิเบศร์\nรังสิต\nลันตา\nลาดพร้าว\nวโรรส\nวิภาวดี\nสตึก\nสมุย\nสัตหีบ\nสิมิลัน\nสุขุมวิท\nสุไหง\nเสลภูมิ\nอังรีดูนังต์\nอ่างขาง\nอินทนนท์\nเอ็มโพเรียม\n\nคิวชู\nแคริบเบียน\nแคสเปียน\nดานูบ\nตะนาวศรี\nนอร์วีเจียน\nนิโคบาร์\nเนรัญชรา\nไนล์\nบอร์เนียว\nบอลติก\nเบงกอล\nปิง\nแปซิฟิก\nมะละกา\nมินดาเนา\nมิสซิสซิปปี\nเมดิเตอร์เรเนียน\nเมโสโปเตเมีย\nยมุนา\nยุโรป\nยูเรเชีย\nยูเรเซีย\nแยงซี\nแยงซีเกียง\nสแกนดิเนเวีย\nสะโตง\nสาละวิน\nสุมาตรา\nสุเอซ\nอะเมซอน\nอันดามัน\nอัลไต\nอาร์กติก\nอาหรับ\nอินโดจีน\nอิรวดี\nอิระวดี\nอีเจียน\nอุษาคเณย์\nอูราล\nเอเชีย\nเอเดรียติก\nเอเวอเรสต์\nแอตแลนติก\nแอนตาร์กติก\nแอนตาร์กติกา\nแอฟริกา\nโอลิมปัส\nไอโอเนียน\nฮวงโห\nฮอกไกโด\nฮอนชู\n\nกบิลพัสดุ์\nกุสินารา\nโกลิยะ\nโกสัมพี\nโคตรบอง\nโคตรบูรณ์\nตองอู\nทรอย\nทวารวดี\nทวาราวดี\nเทวทหะ\nไทรบุรี\nนาลันทา\nไบแซนไทน์\nปรัสเซีย\nปัลลวะ\nปาฏลีบุตร\nพุทธคยา\nมถุรา\nมายัน\nมิถิลา\nราชคฤห์\nล้านช้าง\nล้านนา\nลุมพินี\nวัชชี\nเวสาลี\nสารนาถ\nสาวัตถี\nหริภุญชัย\nอโยธยา\nออตโตมัน\nอังวะ\nอินทปัตถ์\nอุชเชนี\n\nกราฟิก\nกราฟิกส์\nกราฟิค\nกริด\nกิกะไบต์\nกูเกิล\nกูเกิ้ล\nเกตเวย์\nโกลบอล\nคลัสเตอร์\nคลาส\nคลิก\nคลิปอาร์ต\nคอนโซล\nคอนเทนต์\nคอมพิวติ้ง\nคอมไพล์\nคอมไพเลอร์\nคอมมูนิเคชั่น\nคอร์\nคีย์\nคีย์บอร์ด\nเครือข่าย\nเคอร์เซอร์\nเคอร์เนล\nแคช\nแคมฟรอก\nแคมฟร็อก\nแคร็ก\nโค้ด\nจาวา\nจีพีเอส\nชิป\nชิพ\nเชลล์\nแช็ต\nแชนเนล\nแชนแนล\nซ็อกเก็ต\nซอฟต์แวร์\nซอฟท์แวร์\nซอร์ส\nซัพพอร์ต\nซัพพอร์ท\nซีดี\nซีดีรอม\nซีเนอร์\nเซิร์ฟเวอร์\nโซลูชัน\nโซลูชั่น\nไซต์\nไซเบอร์\nทรานแซกชัน\nทรานแซกชั่น\nทรานแซ็กชัน\nทรานแซ็กชั่น\nทรานแซคชัน\nทรานแซคชั่น\nทรานแซ็คชัน\nทรานแซ็คชั่น\nทวิตเตอร์\nทวีต\nทัชแพด\nเทมเพลต\nเทอร์มินัล\nแท็ก\nแท็บ\nแทบเล็ต\nโทรจัน\nเน็ต\nเน็ตบุ๊ก\nเน็ตบุค\nเน็ตบุ๊ค\nเน็ตเวิร์ก\nเน็ตเวิร์ค\nโน้ตบุ๊ก\nโน้ตบุค\nโน้ตบุ๊ค\nดอส\nดาวน์เกรด\nดาวน์โหลด\nดิจิตอล\nดิจิทัล\nดีบั๊ก\nดีวีดี\nดีไวซ์\nเดเบียน\nเดลไฟ\nเดสก์ท็อป\nโดเมน\nไดรว์\nไดรเวอร์\nไดเรกทอรี\nไดโอด\nเทเลคอม\nบล็อกเกอร์\nบรอดแบนด์\nบราวเซอร์\nบลูทูท\nบลูทูธ\nบลูเรย์\nบั๊ก\nบัฟเฟอร์\nบิต\nบิท\nบูต\nเบราว์เซอร์\nแบนด์วิดท์\nไบต์\nไบนารี\nโปรแกรมเมอร์\nโปรเซส\nโปรเซสเซอร์\nโปรโตคอล\nพร็อกซี\nพอร์ต\nพอร์ท\nพาเนล\nพาร์ทิชัน\nพารามิเตอร์\nพาสเวิร์ด\nพิกเซล\nเพจ\nเพจเจอร์\nแพกเก็ต\nแพตช์\nแพลตฟอร์ม\nโพรเซส\nโพรเซสเซอร์\nโพรโทคอล\nไพธอน\nฟล็อปส์\nฟอนต์\nฟอร์แมต\nฟอร์เวิร์ด\nฟอรัม\nฟีเจอร์\nเฟซบุ๊ก\nเฟิร์มแวร์\nแฟล็ก\nโฟลเดอร์\nไฟร์ฟอกซ์\nไฟร์วอลล์\nไฟล์\nมอดูล\nมอนิเตอร์\nมัลติ\nมัลติทัช\nมัลติเพล็กซ์\nมัลแวร์\nมาสเตอร์\nมีเดีย\nเมนู\nเมมโมรี\nเมล\nเมาส์\nแมค\nโมดูล\nโมเด็ม\nโมบาย\nโมบายล์\nโมไบล์\nไมโครซอฟท์\nยูนิกซ์\nยูนิโคด\nยูนิโค้ด\nริงโทน\nรีเฟรช\nรีเลย์\nเราเตอร์\nเรียลไทม์\nลิงก์\nลินุกซ์\nลีนุกซ์\nลูป\nเลเยอร์\nแล็ปท็อป\nไลเซนส์\nไลบรารี\nวิกิ\nวิกิพีเดีย\nวินโดวส์\nวินโดว์ส\nเว็บ\nเวอร์ชวล\nเวอร์ชัน\nเวอร์ชั่น\nเวิร์กสเตชัน\nเวิร์กสเตชั่น\nเวิร์คสเตชัน\nเวิร์คสเตชั่น\nเวิร์ด\nเวิร์ม\nไวแมกซ์\nสกรีน\nสแกน\nสแกนเนอร์\nสแต็ก\nสนิฟเฟอร์\nสปายแวร์\nสเปซ\nสแปม\nสมาร์ท\nสล็อต\nเสิร์ช\nโหลด\nออนไลน์\nออปติก\nออปติคอล\nออปติคัล\nออฟไลน์\nออราเคิล\nอัพเกรด\nอัพเดต\nอัพโหลด\nอัปเกรด\nอัปเดต\nอัปโหลด\nอัลกอริทึม\nอาร์กิวเมนต์\nอินเตอร์เน็ต\nอินทิเกรเตอร์\nอินเทอร์เน็ต\nอินเทอร์เฟซ\nอินเทล\nอินพุต\nอินพุท\nอีเมล\nอีเมล์\nอูบุนตู\nอูบันตู\nเอนจิน\nเอ็นจิน\nเอาต์พุต\nเอาต์พุท\nเอาท์พุต\nเอาท์พุท\nแอนะล็อก\nแอนิเมชัน\nแอนิเมชั่น\nแอปพลิเคชัน\nแอปพลิเคชั่น\nแอพพลิเคชัน\nแอพพลิเคชั่น\nแอสเซมบลี\nแอสเซมเบลอร์\nโอเพน\nไอคอน\nไอซี\nไอพอด\nไอพ็อด\nไอแพด\nไอโฟน\nฮับ\nฮาร์ดดิสก์\nฮาร์ดแวร์\nแฮกเกอร์\nแฮ็กเกอร์\nแฮนด์เฮลด์\nโฮสต์\n\nกรีก\nกัณณาฑ\nกัศมีรี\nคันจิ\nคาตาคานะ\nคุชราตี\nคุรุมุขี\nซีริลลิก\nซูลู\nเซลติก\nเซิร์บ\nตากาล็อก\nเตลุคู\nเติร์ก\nทราวิฑ\nเบงกาลี\nปัญจาบี\nพินอิน\nมลยาฬัม\nมองโกล\nมาราฐี\nมาเลย์\nเม็กซิกัน\nแมนจู\nแมนดาริน\nไมถิลี\nเยอรมัน\nรัสเซียน\nสวาฮิลี\nสวิส\nสินธี\nอูรดู\nอัสสมี\nอารบิก\nอิตาเลียน\nอุยกูร์\nแอฟริกัน\nโอริยา\nไอริช\nฮันกึล\nฮินดี\nฮิรางานะ\nฮีบรู\n\nกรีนพีซ\nกรือเซะ\nกวนอิม\nกวนอู\nกัดดาฟี\nกัลยาณวัตร\nกัสสปะ\nกาลิเลโอ\nกินเนส\nกุมภกรรณ\nกูเตนเบิร์ก\nเกตส์\nเกษมณี\nโกณฑัญญะ\nขงเบ้ง\nคริสโตเฟอร์\nคองคอร์ด\nคอลเกต\nคานธี\nคาเบรียล\nคาร์ฟูร์\nคาร์สัน\nคาราบาว\nคาสิโอ\nคิริน\nคุนลุ้น\nคูโบต้า\nเครมลิน\nแคทรีนา\nโคตมะ\nโคตมี\nโคลัมบัส\nไคฟง\nไครสเลอร์\nง้อไบ๊\nจตุพร\nจ็อบส์\nจอห์น\nจิ้น\nจิม\nจิ๋ม\nจิว\nจุฬาภรณ์\nจุฬาลงกรณ์\nเจมส์\nแจ็กสัน\nโจเซฟ\nโจว\nชมัยมรุเชฐ\nชมัยมรุเชษฐ์\nชเวดากอง\nชาร์ลส์\nชินราช\nชินวัตร\nชุนชิว\nเช็ง\nเชตวัน\nเชฟรอน\nเชฟโรเลต\nเชลซี\nไชยานุชิต\nซ่ง\nซังฮี้\nซัดดัม\nซันซิล\nซัมซุง\nซัวเจ๋ง\nซินหัว\nซีซาร์\nซีแพค\nซูซาน\nซูซูกิ\nซูบารุ\nเซ็นทารา\nเซเวน\nเซเว่น\nโซฟิเทล\nโซยุซ\nโซยูซ\nณัฐวุฒิ\nดาร์ลี่\nดาวโจนส์\nดิสนีย์\nดีแทค\nดูปองท์\nเดโมแครต\nเดลล์\nเดลินิวส์\nเดวิด\nแดวู\nโดนัลด์\nโดราเอมอน\nโดเรมอน\nต๋อง\nตั๊กม้อ\nตากสิน\nตาเมือน\nตาลีบัน\nตูน\nเตมีย์\nโต๋\nโตชิบา\nโตโยต้า\nถังซัมจั๋ง\nถังซำจั๋ง\nทรพา\nทราเวล\nทรูมูฟ\nทีปังกร\nเทปโก\nเทพรัตน\nเทวทัต\nเทสโก้\nโทมัส\nไททานิก\nไททานิค\nไทยรัฐ\nธีออส\nนครินทรา\nนโปเลียน\nนพดล\nนราดูร\nนเรนทร\nนอสตราดามุส\nนาซา\nนาซ่า\nนาซี\nนาโต\nนาโต้\nนาลแก\nนิคอน\nนิโคลัส\nนิด้า\nนินเทนโด\nนิปปอน\nนิวตัน\nนิสสัน\nเนคเทค\nเนชั่น\nเนชันแนล\nเนชั่นแนล\nเนวิน\nเนสเล่\nเนสาด\nแนท\nแนสแดค\nโนเกีย\nโนเบล\nโนเวลล์\nโนโวเทล\nไนเม็กซ์\nบรอดเวย์\nบรัดเลย์\nบรู๊ซ\nบัลเมอร์\nบารัก\nบารัค\nบู๊ตึ๊ง\nเบญกาย\nเบนซ์\nเบ็นซ์\nเบนจามิน\nโบตัน\nไบโอเทค\nประชาธิปัตย์\nปวีณา\nปอเต็กตึ๊ง\nปอเต๊กตึ๊ง\nป่อเต็กตึ๊ง\nปัตตะโชติ\nปารุสก์\nปีเตอร์\nปูติน\nเป๊ปซี่\nเป้ย\nเปอร์โยต์\nเปาบุ้นจิ้น\nโปเกมอน\nโป๊ยก่าย\nพรหมทัต\nพลาโต\nพอลล่า\nพานาโซนิค\nพานาโซนิก\nพิทยานุกูล\nพิมพิสาร\nเพนแทกซ์\nเพลโต\nไพโอเนียร์\nฟรอยด์\nฟรังซิส\nฟรานซิส\nฟลอเรนซ์\nฟอร์ด\nฟิลิปส์\nฟูจิ\nแฟซ่า\nโฟร์โมสต์\nภูมิพล\nภูริทัต\nมงฟอร์ต\nมณโฑ\nมติชน\nมหิตลาธิเบศร\nมโหสถ\nมัจฉานุ\nมาร์กาเร็ต\nมาร์ติน\nมาสด้า\nมิตซูบิชิ\nมิราเคิล\nมุสโสลินี\nเม้ง\nเมจิ\nเมอร์ซีเดส\nเมอร์เซเดส\nแมกซ์เวลล์\nแมกไซไซ\nแมคอินทอช\nแมชีนเนอรี่\nโมคคัลลานะ\nโมโตโรลา\nโมโตโรล่า\nโมเนีย\nไมเคิล\nไมยราพณ์\nยโสธรา\nยะโฮวา\nยะโฮวาห์\nยามาฮ่า\nยาเวห์\nยาฮู\nยูนิเซฟ\nยูเนสโก\nยูไล\nเยโฮวาห์\nรอยเตอร์\nรอยัล\nรัชดา\nรัสปูติน\nราฟาเอล\nรามาวตาร\nราเมศวร\nราหุล\nริชาร์ด\nรีพับลิกัน\nรูนีย์\nเรนโบว์\nแรมโบ้\nโรตารี\nโรนัลโด\nโรนัลโด้\nโรบินสัน\nโรเบิร์ต\nล็อกซเล่ย์\nลิงคอล์น\nลิจฉวี\nลิไท\nลิไทย\nลินคอล์น\nลิเวอร์พูล\nเลโนโว\nเลียดก๊ก\nโลตัส\nวชิราลงกรณ์\nวลาดิเมียร์\nวอลล์สตรีท\nวาเลนไทน์\nวิกตอเรีย\nวิทยานุสรณ์\nวิทยายน\nวิมเบิลดัน\nวิลเลียม\nวีระ\nวุฒิชัย\nเวียดกง\nไวตามิลค์\nศกุนตลา\nศรีวิชัย\nศิริพงษ์\nศิริราช\nศุภชลาศัย\nสดกก๊อกธม\nสดายุ\nสตาลิน\nสตีฟ\nสแตนฟอร์ด\nสวรินทิรา\nสังกัจจายน์\nสาทิตย์\nสารีบุตร\nสิริกิติ์\nสิรินธร\nสิหิงค์\nสีวลี\nสีหนุ\nสีหมุนี\nสีหโมนี\nสุครีพ\nสุทโธทนะ\nสุเทพ\nสุนทราภรณ์\nสุนีย์\nสุรนารี\nสุรยุทธ์\nสุริยาสน์\nเส้าหลิน\nโสกราตีส\nโสภิต\nหนุมาน\nหลินฮุ่ย\nหลุยส์\nเห้งเจีย\nไหหม่า\nองคต\nองคุลิมาล\nอชาตศัตรู\nอดุลยเดช\nอพอลโล\nอริสโตเติล\nอริสมันต์\nอลิซาเบธ\nอ๋อม\nออร์คิด\nออสการ์\nอะพอลโล\nอับราฮัม\nอั้ม\nอัลกออิดะห์\nอัลคาเทล\nอัลจาซีราห์\nอัลเฟรด\nอัลเลาะห์\nอัสซุส\nอัสสชิ\nอัสสัมชัญ\nอาเซม\nอาเซ็ม\nอาเซียน\nอาฟต้า\nอาร์เซนอล\nอินทรชิต\nอินทราทิตย์\nอีซูซุ\nอีเลฟเวน\nอีเลฟเว่น\nอุณรุท\nอุบลรัตน์\nอุบาลี\nอุ๋ย\nเอกทัศน์\nเอเซอร์\nเอ็ดเวิร์ด\nเอดิสัน\nเอแบค\nเอลิซาเบธ\nเอสพลานาด\nเอสพลานาร์ด\nแอคคอร์\nแอคคอร์ด\nแองเจลิน่า\nแอตแลนติส\nแอน\nแอ๋ม\nแอมบาสซาเดอร์\nแอมบาสเดอร์\nแอมเวย์\nแอ๋ว\nโอดีสซีย์\nโอเดียน\nโอบามา\nโอรสาราม\nโอลิมเปีย\nโออิชิ\nไอน์สไตน์\nฮอนด้า\nฮอปกินส์\nฮอลลีวูด\nฮอลลีวู้ด\nฮานามิ\nฮามาส\nฮิตเลอร์\nฮิตาชิ\nฮุนเซน\nฮุนเซ็น\nฮุนได\nฮุสเซ็น\nเฮนรี\nเฮนรี่\nเฮเลน\nโฮจิมินห์\nโฮปเวลล์\nโฮเมอร์\n\nกลีเซอรีน\nกำทอน\nแกนีมีด\nครอส\nคริสตัล\nคลอโรพลาสต์\nคลอไรด์\nควอนตัม\nคอนดักเตอร์\nคอปเปอร์\nคอลลาเจน\nคอเลสเตอรอล\nคอสมิก\nคูลอมบ์\nเคอราติน\nแคโรทีน\nแคสสินี\nโครมาโทกราฟี\nไคโตซาน\nจีโนม\nจุลชีววิทยา\nชิคุนกุนยา\nซัลฟิวริก\nซัลเฟต\nซัลไฟด์\nซิงค์\nซิริอุส\nซิลิกา\nซิลิเกต\nซิลิโคน\nซีเทน\nซีเวิร์ต\nเซ็กเตอร์\nเซ็กเมนต์\nเซมิ\nโซนาร์\nไซบอร์ก\nดอปเปลอร์\nดอปเพลอร์\nไดนามิก\nไดนามิกส์\nไดนามิค\nไดนามิคส์\nไดออกไซด์\nทรานส์\nทามิฟลู\nเทฟลอน\nเทสโทสเตอโรน\nเทอร์โม\nแทนนิน\nไททัน\nไทฟอยด์\nไทรอยด์\nธาลัสซีเมีย\nเนกาตีฟ\nโนวา\nบอแรกซ์\nโบทอกซ์\nโบท็อกซ์\nไบโอติน\nปฏิยานุพันธ์\nโปรเจสเตอโรน\nพอลิเมอร์\nพันธุศาสตร์\nพัลซาร์\nพาร์กินสัน\nพาราเซตามอล\nพาราโบลา\nเพอร์ออกไซด์\nโพรเจสเทอโรน\nโพลาไรซ์\nโพลิเมอร์\nโพลีเอทิลีน\nไพรเมต\nฟลาโวนอยด์\nฟลูออเรสเซนซ์\nฟลูออไรด์\nฟอสซิล\nฟิชชัน\nฟิวชัน\nฟีโรโมน\nไฟเบอร์\nมอนอกไซด์\nมิราจ\nเมตริกซ์\nเมทริกซ์\nเมลานิน\nเมลามีน\nโมเมนตัม\nไมโตคอนเดรีย\nไมโทคอนเดรีย\nยีสต์\nยูริก\nยูเรีย\nรูมาตอยด์\nวีก้า\nเวกเตอร์\nเวก้า\nเวสิเคิล\nโวลต์\nสเกล\nสเกลาร์\nสเต็ม\nสเตียรอยด์\nสปีชีส์\nสเปิร์ม\nสัมพัทธภาพ\nสุริยจักรวาล\nออกเทน\nออโรรา\nออโรร่า\nอะคริลิก\nอะครีลิก\nอะซีติก\nอะซีโตน\nอะมิโน\nอะลูมินา\nอันโดรเมดา\nอัลคาไลน์\nอัลตราซาวด์\nอัลตราซาวนด์\nอัลลอยด์\nอินทิกรัล\nอินทิเกรต\nอีโบลา\nอีโบล่า\nเอ็กซ์โพเนนเชียล\nเอทานอล\nเอทิลีน\nเอนโทรปี\nเอสเตอร์\nเอสโตรเจน\nเอสโทรเจน\nแอนดรอยด์\nแอนแทร็กซ์\nแอมพลิจูด\nแอมโมเนียม\nแอลกอฮอลิซึม\nแอสพาร์แตม\nโอเซลทามิเวียร์\nฮับเบิล\nฮิวมัส\nไฮดรอกไซด์\nไฮดรอลิก\nไฮโดรลิก\nไฮเพอร์โบลา\n\nกงเต็ก\nกฎุมพี\nกฏ\nกฏหมาย\nกบฎ\nกราไฟต์\nก๊อปปี้\nกะทะ\nกังวาล\nกุฎฐัง\nกุฏุมพี\nฃวด\nคฑา\nคลินิค\nคลีนิก\nคลีนิค\nคาทอลิค\nคึ่นฉ่าย\nแคตตาล็อก\nโควต้า\nฅน\nจุมพฎ\nช็อคโกแลต\nแซ่ด\nดัทช์\nทนง\nทรมาณ\nทราก\nทะแยง\nทิฏฐิ\nบล็อค\nบ๊องแบ๊ว\nบัลเล่ต์\nเบรค\nแบงค์\nปรากฎ\nปัคคหะ\nปาฏิโมกข์\nปิติ\nปิรามิด\nโปรเตสแตนท์\nพนิช\nพยักเพยิด\nพริ้ว\nพลูโตเนียม\nพากษ์\nเฟิร์น\nยากี้\nเยภุยยสิกา\nรุสเซีย\nฤาษี\nล็อค\nล็อคเกอร์\nวันทยาหัตถ์\nวานิช\nวิญญาน\nวิศิษฐ์\nศรีษะ\nสเปกโทรสโคป\nสฤษฎ์\nสลิ่ม\nสัตตสดก\nสาราณียากร\nสุกี้\nสุกี้ยากี้\nสูญญากาศ\nหยอมแหยม\nหยอย\nหล่ะ\nอะดรีนาลีน\nอะหลั่ย\nอัตคัต\nอัฟริกา\nอานิสงค์\nอาฟริกา\nอิริยาบท\nอิเลคโทรนิคส์\nอีรุงตุงนัง\nอุตรายัน\nอุลตรา\nอุลตร้า\nโอกาศ\n\nกกหู\nกงการ\nกงจักร\nกฎเกณฑ์\nกฎบัตร\nกฎหมาย\nกฎหมู่\nกดขี่\nกดดัน\nก้นกบ\nก้นบึ้ง\nก้นปล่อง\nกนิษฐภคินี\nกนิษฐภาดา\nกรงเล็บ\nกรมการ\nกรมท่า\nกรมธรรม์\nกรมนา\nกรมวัง\nกรรมกร\nกรรมการ\nกรรมฐาน\nกรรมบถ\nกรรมพันธุ์\nกรรมวิธี\nกรรมสิทธิ์\nกระจกเงา\nกระจกตา\nกระจกนูน\nกระจกเว้า\nกระจอกชวา\nกระจอกเทศ\nกระจ้อยร่อย\nกระจับบก\nกระจับปิ้ง\nกระจับปี่\nกระโชกโฮกฮาก\nกระดานดำ\nกระดานหก\nกระดาษแก้ว\nกระดาษไข\nกระดาษทราย\nกระดาษสา\nกระดูกงู\nกระทาชาย\nกระเท่เร่\nกระบวนการ\nกระบองเพชร\nกระผีกริ้น\nกระยาทิพย์\nกระยาสารท\nกระยาหาร\nกระสอบทราย\nกระสุนปืน\nกระแสจิต\nกระแสน้ำ\nกระแสลม\nกรับคู่\nกรับพวง\nกรับเสภา\nกราดเกรี้ยว\nกราวรูด\nกริ่งเกรง\nกรีฑาสถาน\nกรีดกราย\nกรี๊ดกร๊าด\nกลไก\nกลบท\nกลเม็ด\nกลยุทธ์\nกลวิธี\nกลศาสตร์\nกลอักษร\nกลบเกลื่อน\nกลมกล่อม\nกลมกลืน\nกลมเกลียว\nกล้วยแขก\nกล้วยไม้\nกล่องเสียง\nกล่อมเกลา\nกล่อมเกลี้ยง\nกลัดกลุ้ม\nกลัดมัน\nกลั่นกรอง\nกลั่นแกล้ง\nกลับกลอก\nกลางคน\nกลางคัน\nกลางค่ำ\nกลางคืน\nกลางแจ้ง\nกลางแปลง\nกลางวัน\nกลาดเกลื่อน\nกล่าวขวัญ\nกล่าวโทษ\nกล่าวหา\nกล้ำกราย\nกล้ำกลืน\nกลิ้งกลอก\nกลิ้งเกลือก\nกลิ่นอาย\nกลียุค\nกวดขัน\nกวัดแกว่ง\nกวัดไกว\nกวีนิพนธ์\nก่อกวน\nก่อการ\nก่อตั้ง\nก่อสร้าง\nก่อหวอด\nก้อร่อก้อติก\nกองกลาง\nกองเกิน\nกองโจร\nกองทัพ\nกองทุน\nกองพล\nกองพัน\nกองฟอน\nกองร้อย\nกองหนุน\nกอบโกย\nกะเกณฑ์\nกะบังลม\nกักกัน\nกักขัง\nกักตัว\nกักตุน\nกัณฑ์เทศน์\nกัดฟัน\nกันชน\nกันท่า\nกันสาด\nกันเอง\nกับแกล้ม\nกับข้าว\nกับระเบิด\nกากเพชร\nกากหมู\nกาชาด\nกาญจนาภิเษก\nก้านคอ\nกาฝาก\nก้ามกราม\nกามกิจ\nกามคุณ\nกามเทพ\nกามโรค\nก้ามปู\nกายกรรม\nกายบริหาร\nกายภาพ\nกายวิภาค\nกายสิทธิ์\nก่ายกอง\nการคลัง\nการเงิน\nการบ้าน\nการเปรียญ\nการเมือง\nการเรือน\nการละเล่น\nกาลกิริยา\nกาลเทศะ\nก้าวก่าย\nก้าวร้าว\nก้าวหน้า\nกาสาวพัสตร์\nกาฬพฤกษ์\nกาฬโรค\nกำปั้น\nกำมือ\nกำแพงขาว\nกำลังใจ\nกำลังม้า\nกี่งอำเภอ\nกิจกรรม\nกิจการ\nกิจวัตร\nกิจจะลักษณะ\nกิตติคุณ\nกิตติศัพท์\nกินขาด\nกินใจ\nกินดอง\nกินโต๊ะ\nกินแบ่ง\nกินเปล่า\nกินเลี้ยง\nกินเส้น\nกินแหนง\nกิโลกรัม\nกิโลเมตร\nกิโลลิตร\nกิโลเฮิรตซ์\nกีดกัน\nกีดกั้น\nกีดขวาง\nกึกก้อง\nกึกกัก\nกึกกือ\nกึ่งกลาง\nกุกกัก\nกุ๊กกิ๊ก\nกุ้งฝอย\nกุ้งมังกร\nกุ้งแห้ง\nกุ้งเต้น\nกุ้งยิง\nกุญแจผี\nกุญแจมือ\nกุญแจเลื่อน\nกุญแจเสียง\nกุลธิดา\nกุลบุตร\nกุลสตรี\nกู้ยืม\nเก้งก้าง\nเก็บกวาด\nเก็บเกี่ยว\nเก็บงำ\nเก็บตก\nเกรงกลัว\nเกรงใจ\nเกรงขาม\nเกรียงไกร\nเกรียมกรม\nเกรี้ยวกราด\nเกล็ดเลือด\nเกลี้ยกล่อม\nเกลี้ยงเกลา\nเกลือกกลั้ว\nเกลือกกลิ้ง\nเกลื่อนกล่น\nเกลื่อนกลาด\nเกศธาตุ\nเกษตรกร\nเกษตรกรรม\nเกษตรศาสตร์\nเกษมสันต์\nเกษียรสมุทร\nเก้อเขิน\nเกาะแกะ\nเกี่ยงงอน\nเกียจคร้าน\nเกียรติคุณ\nเกียรตินิยม\nเกียรติประวัติ\nเกียรติภูมิ\nเกียรติยศ\nเกียรติศักดิ์\nเกียรติมุข\nเกี่ยวข้อง\nเกี่ยวดอง\nเกี่ยวพัน\nเกี่ยวโยง\nเกี้ยวพาน\nเกี้ยวพาราสี\nแก่แดด\nแก้ขัด\nแก้ไข\nแก้ตัว\nแก้เผ็ด\nแก้ลำ\nแกงคั่ว\nแกงจืด\nแกงบวด\nแกงป่า\nแกงเผ็ด\nแกงส้ม\nแก่งแย่ง\nแก่นแก้ว\nแก่นสาร\nแก้วตา\nแก้วหู\nแกว่งกวัด\nแกว่งไกว\nแกะรอย\nโก้เก๋\nโกรธเกรี้ยว\nโกรธขึ้ง\nไก่เขี่ย\nไก่ชน\nไก่บ้าน\nไก่ป่า\nไก่ฟ้า\nไกล่เกลี่ย\nขจัดขจาย\nขนเพชร\nขนสัตว์\nขนหนู\nขนส่ง\nขนมจีน\nขบขัน\nขบวนการ\nข่มขี่\nข่มขู่\nข่มขืน\nข่มเหง\nขมหิน\nขมิ้นชัน\nขมุบขมิบ\nขยะแขยง\nขยักขย่อน\nขยักขย้อน\nขยับขยาย\nขยับเขยื้อน\nขวดโหล\nขวยเขิน\nขวัญใจ\nขวัญตา\nขวัญอ่อน\nขวากหนาม\nขวางโลก\nของ้าว\nขอสับ\nขอขมา\nขอทาน\nขอโทษ\nขอร้อง\nขออภัย\nข้อเขียน\nข้อความ\nข้อเท็จจริง\nของกลาง\nของขวัญ\nของแข็ง\nของชำ\nของลับ\nของเล่น\nของว่าง\nของเหลว\nของไหล\nของไหว้\nข้องใจ\nข้องแวะ\nขอบข่าย\nขอบเขต\nขอบคุณ\nขอบใจ\nขอบพระคุณ\nข้อมูล\nข้อแม้\nข้อหา\nข้อสังเกต\nขัดข้อง\nขัดขืน\nขัดเขิน\nขัดจังหวะ\nขัดดอก\nขัดแตะ\nขัดยอก\nขัดแย้ง\nขัดสมาธิ\nขันหมาก\nขันอาสา\nขับขี่\nขับเคี่ยว\nขั้วโลก\nขาจร\nขาประจำ\nข้าราชการ\nข้าศึก\nข้าหลวง\nขาดแคลน\nขาดใจ\nขาดตอน\nขาดตัว\nขาดทุน\nขาดเหลือ\nขายหน้า\nข่าวกรอง\nข่าวคราว\nข่าวล่า\nข่าวลือ\nข่าวสาร\nข้าวเกรียบ\nข้าวแกง\nข้าวของ\nข้าวจี่\nข้าวเจ้า\nข้าวซอย\nข้าวต้ม\nข้าวตอก\nข้าวตัง\nข้าวแตน\nข้าวทิพย์\nข้าวบิณฑ์\nข้าวเปลือก\nข้าวโพด\nข้าวฟ่าง\nข้าวเม่า\nข้าวสวย\nข้าวสาร\nข้าวเหนียว\nข้าวหมาก\nข้าวหลาม\nขี้เกียจ\nขี้ข้า\nขี้ครอก\nขี้คร้าน\nขี้คุก\nขี้ไคล\nขี้เซา\nขีดขั้น\nขีดคร่อม\nขีดคั่น\nขีดฆ่า\nขี้ตา\nขี้ตืด\nขี้เถ้า\nขี้ทูด\nขี้ปะติ๋ว\nขี้ผึ้ง\nขี้มูก\nขี้ยา\nขี้แย\nขี้ริ้ว\nขี้เรื้อน\nขี้เล็บ\nขี้หู\nขี้หน้า\nขี้เหนียว\nขี้เหล็ก\nขี้เหร่\nขึงขัง\nขึงพืด\nขึ้งโกรธ\nขึ้นใจ\nขึ้นชื่อ\nขึ้นมือ\nขืนใจ\nขื่นขม\nขุดคุ้ย\nขุนทอง\nขุนนาง\nขุนพล\nขุนศึก\nขุนหลวง\nขูดรีด\nเข็มกลัด\nเข็มขัด\nเข้มข้น\nเข้มแข็ง\nเข้มงวด\nเข็มทิศ\nเข็มหมุด\nเข้าขา\nเข้าเค้า\nเข้าใจ\nเข้าชื่อ\nเข้าตัว\nเข้าถึง\nเข้าทรง\nเข้าท่า\nเข้าที\nเข้าเนื้อ\nเข้าเล่ม\nเขียวเสวย\nเขียวหวาน\nแขกเต้า\nแข็งกร้าว\nแข็งกล้า\nแข็งแกร่ง\nแข็งข้อ\nแข็งขัน\nแข่งขัน\nแข็งใจ\nแข็งตัว\nแข็งเมือง\nแข็งแรง\nแขวนลอย\nโขกสับ\nโขยกเขยก\nไขข้อ\nไขควง\nไขมัน\nไข่มุก\nไขว่ห้าง\nไขสันหลัง\nไขสือ\nไข่เค็ม\nไข่เยี่ยวม้า\nไข่หงส์\nไข่เหี้ย\nคงกระพัน\nคงตัว\nคงทน\nคงที่\nคชลักษณ์\nคชสาร\nคชสีห์\nคชราช\nคณิตศาสตร์\nคดเคี้ยว\nคติธรรม\nคติพจน์\nคนกลาง\nคนไข้\nคนใช้\nคนทรง\nคบไฟ\nคบเพลิง\nคบค้า\nคบคิด\nคบหา\nคมคาย\nครบครัน\nครบถ้วน\nครอบครอง\nครอบคลุม\nครอบครัว\nครอบงำ\nครอบจักรวาล\nคริสตกาล\nคริสตจักร\nคริสต์มาส\nคริสต์ศตวรรษ\nคริสต์ศักราช\nคริสตัง\nคริสเตียน\nครุกรรม\nครุภัณฑ์\nครุศาสตร์\nครุฑพ่าห์\nครุ่นคิด\nคลอเคลีย\nคล่องแคล่ว\nคล่องตัว\nคล่องมือ\nคลั่งไคล้\nคลาคล่ำ\nคลาไคล\nคลาดเคลื่อน\nคลาดแคล้ว\nคลี่คลาย\nคลึงเคล้น\nคลึงเคล้า\nคลื่นไส้\nคลื่นเหียน\nคลุกคลี\nคลุกคลาน\nคลุมเครือ\nคลุมโปง\nคลุ้มคลั่ง\nควงสว่าน\nควบคุม\nควบคู่\nควบแน่น\nควันหลง\nความคิด\nความหลัง\nความเห็น\nคอหอย\nคอห่าน\nคอแห้ง\nค่อนขอด\nค่อนแคะ\nค้อนควัก\nคั่งค้าง\nคั่งแค้น\nคัดค้าน\nคัดง้าง\nคัดท้าย\nคัดเลือก\nคันจาม\nคันฉ่อง\nคันฉาย\nคันชัก\nคันชั่ง\nคันไถ\nคันนา\nคันเร่ง\nคับขัน\nคับคั่ง\nคับแค้น\nคับแคบ\nคางทูม\nคางหมู\nค้างคืน\nค้างปี\nคาดคั้น\nคาดเชือก\nคาดโทษ\nคาดหมาย\nคานหาม\nคาบเกี่ยว\nคาบศิลา\nคาบสมุทร\nคำขาด\nคำนำ\nคิดค้น\nคืนดี\nคืนตัว\nคุกเข่า\nคุณค่า\nคุณชาย\nคุณธรรม\nคุณนาย\nคุณภาพ\nคุณลักษณะ\nคุณวุฒิ\nคุณศัพท์\nคุณสมบัติ\nคุณหญิง\nคุณากร\nคุณูปการ\nคุโณปการ\nคุมเชิง\nคุ้มกัน\nคุยเขื่อง\nคุยโต\nคุ้ยเขี่ย\nคุ้มครอง\nคู่กรณี\nคู่กัด\nคู่ขา\nคู่แข่ง\nคู่ครอง\nคู่ควร\nคู่คิด\nคู่คี่\nคู่ใจ\nคู่ชีพ\nคู่ชีวิต\nคู่บารมี\nคู่บุญ\nคู่ปรปักษ์\nคู่ปรับ\nคู่ผสม\nคู่มือ\nคู่รัก\nคู่ลำดับ\nคู่สาย\nคู่หมั้น\nคู่หู\nคู่อริ\nคู่อาฆาต\nเคมีภัณฑ์\nเคยตัว\nเคร่งขรึม\nเคร่งครัด\nเคร่งเครียด\nเครดิตฟองซิเอร์\nเครื่องกล\nเครื่องกัณฑ์\nเครื่องแกง\nเครื่องเขิน\nเครื่องครัว\nเครื่องเคียง\nเครื่องเงิน\nเครื่องจักร\nเครื่องเซ่น\nเครื่องดนตรี\nเครื่องต้น\nเครื่องทุ่นแรง\nเครื่องเทศ\nเครื่องใน\nเครื่องบิน\nเครื่องบูชา\nเครื่องแบบ\nเครื่องประดับ\nเครื่องปรุง\nเครื่องปรุงรส\nเครื่องมือ\nเครื่องยนต์\nเครื่องร่อน\nเครื่องราง\nเครื่องเรือน\nเครื่องล่าง\nเครื่องเล่น\nเครื่องสาย\nเครื่องสำอาง\nเครื่องสุกำศพ\nเครื่องหมาย\nเครือรัฐ\nเคลียคลอ\nเคลื่อนที่\nเคลื่อนไหว\nเคลือบแคลง\nเคลือบแฝง\nเคลือบฟัน\nเคว้งคว้าง\nเคหสถาน\nเค้าโครง\nเคียดแค้น\nเคี่ยวเข็ญ\nเคี้ยวเอื้อง\nเคืองขุ่น\nโคนม\nโคบาล\nโคมูตร\nโคมลอย\nโครงการ\nโครงเรื่อง\nโครงงาน\nโครงสร้าง\nโครมคราม\nโคลงเคลง\nฆ้องกระแต\nฆ้องชัย\nฆ้องวง\nฆ้องหุ่ย\nฆ้องเหม่ง\nฆ้องโหม่ง\nฆาตกร\nฆาตกรรม\nฆานประสาท\nงงงวย\nงงงัน\nงดเว้น\nงบดุล\nงบประมาณ\nงมโข่ง\nงมงาย\nง่วงงุน\nง่วงเหงา\nงอหาย\nง้องอน\nงอนง้อ\nงอมแงม\nงาช้าง\nง่าเงย\nงานการ\nง่ายดาย\nงึมงำ\nเงินเดือน\nเงินตรา\nเงินยวง\nเงียบกริบ\nเงียบเชียบ\nเงียบเหงา\nเงื่องหงอย\nเงื่อนไข\nเงื่อนงำ\nเงื่อนเวลา\nเงื้อมมือ\nแง่งอน\nจงใจ\nจงรัก\nจดจ่อ\nจดจำ\nจดหมาย\nจดหมายเหตุ\nจรจัด\nจรรยาบรรณ\nจริงจัง\nจริงใจ\nจอมขวัญ\nจอมใจ\nจอมทัพ\nจอมปลวก\nจอมพล\nจ๊ะเอ๋\nจักสาน\nจักรพรรดิ\nจักรภพ\nจักรยาน\nจักรยานยนต์\nจักรราศี\nจักรวรรดิ\nจักรวรรดินิยม\nจักรวาล\nจังหนับ\nจัดการ\nจัดจ้าน\nจัดเจน\nจัดแจง\nจัดตั้ง\nจัดสรร\nจับกุม\nจับจด\nจับเจ่า\nจ่าหน้า\nจาตุทสี\nจาตุมหาราช\nจาตุมหาราชิก\nจาตุมหาราชิกา\nจาตุรงคสันนิบาต\nจาตุรราชการ\nจานเชิง\nจานบิน\nจานผี\nจานเสียง\nจาบจ้วง\nจำเป็น\nจำพรรษา\nจำวัด\nจ้ำจี้จ้ำไช\nจำเลาะตา\nจิงโจ้น้ำ\nจิตใจ\nจิตตภาวนา\nจิตตัง\nจิตตานุปัสสนา\nจิตนิยม\nจิตบำบัด\nจิตแพทย์\nจิตวิสัย\nจิตรกร\nจิตรกรรม\nจิตรลดา\nจิตวิทยา\nจิตเวช\nจิตเวชศาสตร์\nจินตกวี\nจินตนา\nจินตนาการ\nจินตภาพ\nจุฑามณี\nจุฑามาศ\nจุฑารัตน์\nจุนเจือ\nจุ้นจ้าน\nจุลชีพ\nจุลชีวัน\nจุลชีวิน\nจุลทรรศน์\nจุลภาค\nจุลวรรค\nจุลศักราช\nจุลสาร\nจุลินทรีย์\nจุฬามณี\nจุฬาลักษณ์\nเจตคติ\nเจตจำนง\nเจตนารมณ์\nเจตภูต\nเจริญพร\nเจ้ากรม\nเจ้ากรรม\nเจ้าของ\nเจ้าขา\nเจ้าข้า\nเจ้าคณะ\nเจ้าค่ะ\nเจ้าจอม\nเจ้าชู้\nเจ้าตัว\nเจ้าถิ่น\nเจ้าท่า\nเจ้าที่\nเจ้าทุกข์\nเจ้านาย\nเจ้าเนื้อ\nเจ้าบ้าน\nเจ้าบ่าว\nเจ้าประคุณ\nเจ้าประคู้น\nเจ้าพนักงาน\nเจ้าพระคุณ\nเจ้าพระยา\nเจ้าพ่อ\nเจ้าพายุ\nเจ้าฟ้า\nเจ้าภาพ\nเจ้ามือ\nเจ้าแม่\nเจ้าเรือน\nเจ้าสังกัด\nเจ้าสัว\nเจ้าสาว\nเจ้าหน้าที่\nเจ้าหนี้\nเจ้าอาวาส\nเจาะจง\nเจือจาง\nเจือจาน\nเจือปน\nเจื้อยแจ้ว\nแจกจ่าย\nแจ่มแจ้ง\nแจ่มใส\nโจงกระเบน\nโจมตี\nโจรกรรม\nโจรสลัด\nใจความ\nใจคอ\nฉกฉวย\nฉกชิง\nฉลองได\nฉ้อฉล\nฉัตรมงคล\nฉันทลักษณ์\nฉายาลักษณ์\nฉิบหาย\nฉุกเฉิน\nฉุกละหุก\nฉุนเฉียว\nฉุปศาสตร์\nเฉไฉ\nเฉยเมย\nเฉาโฉด\nเฉิดฉัน\nเฉิดฉาย\nเฉิดฉิน\nเฉียบขาด\nเฉียบพลัน\nเฉียบแหลม\nเฉื่อยชา\nแฉะแบะ\nโฉดเฉา\nโฉมงาม\nโฉมฉาย\nโฉมเฉลา\nโฉมตรู\nโฉมยง\nโฉมศรี\nโฉมหน้า\nชดช้อย\nชดเชย\nชดใช้\nชนบท\nชนินทร์\nชนกกรรม\nชนมพรรษา\nชนมายุ\nชมเชย\nชมพูทวีป\nชมพูนท\nชมพูนุท\nชราธรรม\nชราภาพ\nชลจร\nชลธาร\nชลธี\nชลนัยน์\nชลนา\nชลเนตร\nชลประทาน\nชลมารค\nชลาธาร\nชลาลัย\nชลาศัย\nชลาสินธุ์\nชโลทร\nช่วงชิง\nช่วงใช้\nชวนชม\nชวนหัว\nช่วยเหลือ\nช่อฟ้า\nช่อม่วง\nชอกช้ำ\nช่องเขา\nช่องแคบ\nช่องไฟ\nช่องว่าง\nช้องนาง\nชอบกล\nชอบใจ\nชอบธรรม\nชอบพอ\nชักโครก\nชักเงา\nชักจูง\nชักชวน\nชักนำ\nชักเนื้อ\nชักพระ\nชักเย่อ\nชักใย\nชั่งใจ\nชังฆวิหาร\nชัดเจน\nชั้นเชิง\nชั่วคน\nชั่วคราว\nชั่วช้า\nชั่วโมง\nชั่วแล่น\nชาเย็น\nช้านาน\nช่างเครื่อง\nช่างฝีมือ\nช่างฟิต\nช่างไฟ\nช้างน้ำ\nช้างเผือก\nช้างพลาย\nช้างพัง\nช้างสาร\nช้างสีดอ\nชาติธรรม\nชาตินิยม\nชาติพันธุ์\nชาติพันธุ์วิทยา\nชาติภูมิ\nชานชาลา\nชายชาตรี\nชายคา\nชายฝั่ง\nชายทะเล\nชาวเล\nชาววัง\nช้ำใจ\nช้ำชอก\nชิงชัง\nชิงพลบ\nชินชา\nชินบุตร\nชิ้นเอก\nชิมลาง\nชีเปลือย\nชี้ขาด\nชี้แจง\nชี้นำ\nชี้แนะ\nชี้ฟ้า\nชีพจร\nชีพิตักษัย\nชื่นชม\nชื่นบาน\nชื่นมื่น\nชื่อย่อ\nชื่อรอง\nชื่อเล่น\nชื่อเสียง\nชุกชุม\nชุติมา\nชุบตัว\nชุบเลี้ยง\nชุมชน\nชุมทาง\nชุมสาย\nชุ่มใจ\nชุ่มชื่น\nชุ่มชื้น\nชุมนุมชน\nชูชีพ\nชูโรง\nชู้สาว\nเชยชม\nเชลยศักดิ์\nเชลยศึก\nเช่าซื้อ\nเช้าตรู่\nเช้ามืด\nเชิงกราน\nเชิงกล\nเชิงชั้น\nเชิงชาย\nเชิงซ้อน\nเชิงเดียว\nเชิงเดี่ยว\nเชิงตะกอน\nเชิงเทิน\nเชิงมุม\nเชิดชู\nเชิงอรรถ\nเชี่ยนหมาก\nเชี่ยวชาญ\nเชื่องช้า\nเชื่อใจ\nเชื่อถือ\nเชื่อฟัง\nเชื่อมือ\nเชื้อชาติ\nเชื้อเพลิง\nเชื้อไฟ\nเชื้อโรค\nเชื้อสาย\nเชื้อเชิญ\nเชื่องช้า\nเชือนแช\nเชื่อวัน\nแช่เย็น\nแช่อิ่ม\nแช่มช้อย\nแช่มชื่น\nโชกโชน\nโชติช่วง\nโชติรส\nใช้สอย\nซบเซา\nซมซาน\nซวนเซ\nซอกซอน\nซอกแซก\nซ่องสุม\nซ่องเสพ\nซ่องแซ่ง\nซ่อนรูป\nซ่อนเร้น\nซ่อนหา\nซ่อนกลิ่น\nซ่อนทราย\nซ่อมแซม\nซักค้าน\nซักซ้อม\nซักไซ้\nซักฟอก\nซักแห้ง\nซังกะตาย\nซังตาย\nซัดเซ\nซัดทอด\nซับซ้อน\nซับใน\nซับพระพักตร์\nซากศพ\nซ่านเซ็น\nซ้ำซ้อน\nซ้ำซาก\nซ้ำเติม\nซ้ำร้าย\nซี่โครง\nซีดเซียว\nซึมกะทือ\nซึมซาบ\nซึมเซา\nซึมทราบ\nซึมเศร้า\nซื่อตรง\nซื่อสัตย์\nซื้อขาย\nซุกซน\nซุกซ่อน\nซุบซิบ\nซู่ซ่า\nเซซัง\nเซ่อซ่า\nแซ่ซ้อง\nโซดาไฟ\nญาณทัสนะ\nญาณวิทยา\nญาณศาสตร์\nญาติกา\nฐานราก\nดกดื่น\nดงดิบ\nดลใจ\nดลบันดาล\nดวงแก้ว\nดวงใจ\nดวงเดือน\nดวงตรา\nดวงตา\nดวงสมร\nดอกจัน\nดอกจิก\nดอกบัว\nดอกเบี้ย\nดอกฟ้า\nดอกไม้\nดอกยาง\nดอกเล็บ\nดอกทอง\nดอกสร้อย\nดองยา\nดักคอ\nดักฟัง\nดังนั้น\nดังนี้\nดังหนึ่ง\nดั้งเดิม\nดัดจริต\nดัดแปลง\nดันทุรัง\nดับขันธ์\nดับจิต\nดับชีพ\nด่าทอ\nด่างทับทิม\nด่างพร้อย\nดาดฟ้า\nดาราศาสตร์\nดาลเดือด\nดาวกระจาย\nดาวเคราะห์\nดาวตก\nดาวเทียม\nดาวรุ่ง\nดาวเรือง\nดาวฤกษ์\nดาวหาง\nดาวเหนือ\nดาษดื่น\nดินขาว\nดินดาน\nดินดำ\nดินประสิว\nดินปืน\nดินระเบิด\nดินสอ\nดินสอพอง\nดิ้นรน\nดิบดี\nดีเกลือ\nดีใจ\nดีซ่าน\nดีดัก\nดีเดือด\nดีฝ่อ\nดีดดิ้น\nดึกดำบรรพ์\nดึกดื่น\nดึงดัน\nดึงดูด\nดื่มด่ำ\nดื้อด้าน\nดื้อดึง\nดื้อแพ่ง\nดื้อยา\nดื้อรั้น\nดุดัน\nดุเดือด\nดุร้าย\nดุลการค้า\nดุลพินิจ\nดุลภาค\nดุลยพินิจ\nดุลยภาพ\nดุษฎีนิพนธ์\nดุษฎีบัณฑิต\nดุษณีภาพ\nดูแคลน\nดูถูก\nดูดาย\nดูเบา\nดูแล\nดูหมิ่น\nดูเหมือน\nดูดดื่ม\nเด็ดขาด\nเด็ดดวง\nเด็ดเดี่ยว\nเดนตาย\nเดาสวด\nเดาสุ่ม\nเดินทาง\nเดินสะพัด\nเดินสาย\nเดินเหิน\nเดิมพัน\nเดียงสา\nเดียดฉันท์\nเดียวกัน\nเดียวดาย\nเดี๋ยวเดียว\nเดี๋ยวนี้\nเดือดดาล\nเดือดร้อน\nเดือนมืด\nเดือนหงาย\nแดดาล\nแดดิ้น\nแดกดัน\nโด่เด่\nโด่งดัง\nโดดเดี่ยว\nโดยสาร\nได้การ\nได้แก่\nได้ใจ\nได้ที\nได้ยิน\nได้เสีย\nตกเขียว\nตกค้าง\nตกใจ\nตกต่ำ\nตกแต่ง\nตกทอด\nตกฟาก\nตกมัน\nตกยาก\nตกลง\nตกหล่น\nต้นขั้ว\nต้นคิด\nต้นฉบับ\nต้นตอ\nต้นตำรับ\nต้นทุน\nต้นแบบ\nต้นเพลิง\nต้นมือ\nต้นไม้\nต้นร่าง\nต้นเรื่อง\nต้นสังกัด\nต้นหน\nต้นเหตุ\nตบตา\nตบแต่ง\nตบแผละ\nตบมือ\nต้มข่า\nต้มโคล้ง\nต้มยำ\nต้มส้ม\nตรมตรอม\nตรรกวิทยา\nตรรกศาสตร์\nตรวจการ\nตรวจการณ์\nตรวจตรา\nตระบัดสัตย์\nตรัสรู้\nตราตั้ง\nตราบาป\nตรายาง\nตราสาร\nตริตรอง\nตรีกฏุก\nตรีกาย\nตรีโกณ\nตรีโกณมิติ\nตรีคูณ\nตรีทูต\nตรีปิฎก\nตรีภพ\nตรีมูรติ\nตรึกตรอง\nตรึงตรา\nตรุษจีน\nตฤณชาติ\nตฤณมัย\nตลกบาตร\nตลบตะแลง\nตลบหลัง\nตลาดนัด\nตลาดน้ำ\nตลาดมืด\nตลาดสด\nต่อตี\nต่อเติม\nต่อว่า\nต่อสู้\nต่อกร\nต่อต้าน\nต่อแย้ง\nต้องการ\nต้องโทษ\nต้องหา\nต้อนรับ\nตอบโต้\nตอบแทน\nต่อยหอย\nตะพาบน้ำ\nตักตวง\nตักบาตร\nตั้งเข็ม\nตั้งไข่\nตั้งเค้า\nตั้งแง่\nตั้งใจ\nตั้งต้น\nตั้งแต่\nตั้งท้อง\nตัดขาด\nตัดใจ\nตัดเชือก\nตัดตอน\nตัดทอน\nตัดบท\nตัดพ้อ\nตัดรอน\nตัดสิน\nตับเต่า\nตับแลบ\nตับอ่อน\nตัวกลาง\nตัวการ\nตัวเก็ง\nตัวดี\nตัวตั้ง\nตัวเต็ง\nตัวถัง\nตัวแทน\nตัวประกอบ\nตัวประกัน\nตัวแปร\nตัวผู้\nตัวพิมพ์\nตัวเมีย\nตัวยืน\nตัวเลข\nตัวอย่าง\nตั๋วเงิน\nตั๋วแลกเงิน\nตากล้อง\nตาไก่\nตาข่าย\nตาชั่ง\nตาตุ่ม\nตาทวด\nตาปลา\nตาราง\nต่างหาก\nต้านทาน\nตามใจ\nตายใจ\nตายซาก\nตายด้าน\nตายตัว\nตายทั้งกลม\nตายห่า\nตายโหง\nตาลปัตร\nต่ำช้า\nต่ำต้อย\nตำส้ม\nติเตียน\nติณชาติ\nติดขัด\nติดใจ\nติดต่อ\nติดตั้ง\nติดตาม\nติดตื้น\nติดพัน\nติดลม\nติดอ่าง\nตีเกลียว\nตีขลุม\nตีความ\nตีคู่\nตีจาก\nตีตื้น\nตีแผ่\nตีรวน\nตีลังกา\nตีวง\nตีเสมอ\nตีนกา\nตีนคู้\nตีนจก\nตีนตะขาบ\nตีนผี\nตีนเหยียด\nตึกแถว\nตึกระฟ้า\nตึงเครียด\nตึงตัง\nตื้นตัน\nตื่นตัว\nตื่นตูม\nตื่นเต้น\nตุ๊ต๊ะ\nตุ้บตั้บ\nตุ้มหู\nตุลาการ\nตุลาคม\nตู้นิรภัย\nตูมตาม\nตู้เสบียง\nเตโชธาตุ\nเตร็ดเตร่\nเต้นรำ\nเตาแก๊ส\nเตาผิง\nเตาฟู่\nเตาไฟ\nเตารีด\nเตาสูบ\nเต่าทอง\nเต้ารับ\nเต้าส่วน\nเต้าเสียบ\nเต้าหู้ยี้\nแต่ละ\nแตกคอ\nแตกคอก\nแตกฉาน\nแตกดับ\nแตกตื่น\nแตกพาน\nแตกแยก\nแตกร้าว\nแตกหัก\nแต่งงาน\nแต่งตั้ง\nแต้มคู\nแต้มต่อ\nแตรงอน\nแตรเดี่ยว\nแตรฝรั่ง\nแตรฟันฟาร์\nแตรวง\nโต้ตอบ\nโต้เถียง\nโต้แย้ง\nโต๊ะหมู่\nโต๊ะอิหม่าม\nใต้ถุน\nไต้ก๋ง\nไต่คู้\nไต่เต้า\nไต่ถาม\nไต้ฝุ่น\nไตรจักร\nไตรจีวร\nไตรตรึงษ์\nไตรทวาร\nไตรปิฎก\nไตรเพท\nไตรภพ\nไตรภูมิ\nไตรภาคี\nไตรยางศ์\nไตรรงค์\nไตรรัตน์\nไตรลักษณ์\nไตรโลก\nไตรสรณคมน์\nไตรสิกขา\nไต่สวน\nถกเถียง\nถดถอย\nถนัดถนี่\nถนิมสร้อย\nถมถืด\nถมเถ\nถมไป\nถลากไถล\nถ้วนถี่\nถ้วยฟู\nถ่องแท้\nถอดถอน\nถ้อยคำ\nถ้อยแถลง\nถากถาง\nถ่านไฟฉาย\nถ่านหิน\nถามไถ่\nถ่ายทอด\nถ่ายทุกข์\nถ่ายเท\nถาวรวัตถุ\nถ้ำมอง\nถี่ถ้วน\nถึงใจ\nถูกใจ\nถูกชะตา\nเถรวาท\nเถ้าแก่\nเถ้าแก่เนี้ย\nแถมพก\nแถลงการณ์\nไถ่ถอน\nไถ่ถาม\nทดแทน\nทดรอง\nทดลอง\nทดสอบ\nทนทาน\nทนายความ\nทบทวน\nทแยงมุม\nทรงกลด\nทรงเครื่อง\nทรงเจ้า\nทรัพย์สิน\nทรามชม\nทรามเชย\nทรามวัย\nทรามสงวน\nทรามสวาท\nทรุดโทรม\nทฤษฎีบท\nท้วงติง\nท่วมท้น\nทวาทศ\nทวาทศมาส\nทวาบรยุค\nทวารบาล\nทวิบถ\nทวิบท\nทวิบาท\nทวิภาค\nทวิภาคี\nทวีคูณ\nทศกัณฐ์\nทศชาติ\nทศทิศ\nทศนิยม\nทศพร\nทศพล\nทศพิธราชธรรม\nทศมาส\nทศวรรษ\nท่อไอเสีย\nท้อถอย\nท้อแท้\nทองขาว\nทองคำ\nทองคำขาว\nทองคำเปลว\nทองเค\nทองแดง\nทองบรอนซ์\nทองม้วน\nทองย้อย\nทองสัมฤทธิ์\nทองหยอด\nทองหยิบ\nทองเหลือง\nทองเอก\nท่องเที่ยว\nท้องตรา\nท้องถิ่น\nท้องที่\nท้องน้อย\nท้องร่อง\nท้องเรื่อง\nทอดมัน\nทอดทิ้ง\nทอดน่อง\nทอดยอด\nทอดหุ่ย\nทอยกอง\nทะเบียนบ้าน\nทะเลทราย\nทะเลสาบ\nทะเลหลวง\nทักขิณาวัฏ\nทักท้วง\nทักทาย\nทักษิณาวรรต\nทักษิณาทาน\nทักษิณานุประทาน\nทั้งกลม\nทั้งคน\nทั้งดุ้น\nทั้งที\nทั้งนั้น\nทั้งนี้\nทั้งปวง\nทั้งผอง\nทั้งเพ\nทั้งมวล\nทั้งสิ้น\nทั้งหมด\nทั้งหลาย\nทัณฑ์บน\nทัดทาน\nทัดเทียม\nทันควัน\nทันใจ\nทันใด\nทันตา\nทันสมัย\nทันที\nทับถม\nทับทรวง\nทับศัพท์\nทั่วถึง\nทั่วไป\nท่าทาง\nท่าที\nท้าทาย\nทางการ\nทางข้าม\nทางด่วน\nทางเท้า\nทางโท\nทางใน\nทางผ่าน\nทางม้าลาย\nทางหลวง\nทางออก\nทางเอก\nทานกัณฑ์\nทานตะวัน\nท่านชาย\nทานบารมี\nท่านผู้หญิง\nท่านหญิง\nทาบทาม\nท้ายทอย\nทารุณกรรม\nทำคลอด\nทำใจ\nทำซ้ำ\nทำท่า\nทำที\nทำแท้ง\nทำโทษ\nทำบาป\nทำบุญ\nทำพิษ\nทำฟัน\nทำร้าย\nทำวัตร\nทำสาว\nทำเสน่ห์\nทำหมัน\nทำให้\nทิ้งขว้าง\nทิ้งทวน\nทิ้งท้าย\nทินกร\nทิพจักขุ\nทิพโสต\nทิพยจักษุ\nทิพยญาณ\nทิพยเนตร\nทิพยรส\nทิพากร\nทิ่มตำ\nทิ่มแทง\nทิวากร\nทิวากาล\nทิศทาง\nทีเด็ด\nทีท่า\nทีนี้\nทีหลัง\nทีฆนิกาย\nทีฆสระ\nที่ดิน\nที่นอน\nที่นั่ง\nที่ปรึกษา\nที่พึ่ง\nที่มั่น\nที่ราบ\nที่ว่าการ\nที่สุด\nที่หมาย\nที่ไหน\nทุกที\nทุกเมื่อ\nทุกข์สุข\nทุนทรัพย์\nทุนนิยม\nทุนรอน\nทุนสำรอง\nทุ่มเถียง\nทุ่มเท\nทูนหัว\nทูลกระหม่อม\nเทกระจาด\nเทครัว\nเทพเจ้า\nเทพดา\nเทพธิดา\nเทพนม\nเทพนิยม\nเทพนิยาย\nเทพบุตร\nเทพสังหรณ์\nเทศกาล\nเทศนาโวหาร\nเทศบัญญัติ\nเทศบาล\nเทศมนตรี\nเทห์ฟากฟ้า\nเท่ากับ\nเท่าใด\nเท่าตัว\nเท่าทัน\nเท่าทุน\nเท่าเทียม\nเท่านั้น\nเท่าไร\nเท้าช้าง\nเทิดทูน\nเที่ยงตรง\nเที่ยงแท้\nเที่ยงธรรม\nเทียนชนวน\nเทียนพรรษา\nเทียบเคียง\nเทียบเท่า\nเทือกเขา\nเทือกเถา\nแท็งก์น้ำ\nแท่นพิมพ์\nแท่นมณฑล\nแท่นหมึก\nแทรกซอน\nแทรกซ้อน\nแทรกซึม\nแทรกแซง\nแทะโลม\nไทยดำ\nไทยทาน\nไทยธรรม\nไทยน้อย\nไทยใหญ่\nธงชัย\nธงชาติ\nธงทิว\nธรณีวิทยา\nธรณีสงฆ์\nธรรมกาย\nธรรมการ\nธรรมเกษตร\nธรรมขันธ์\nธรรมคุณ\nธรรมจรรยา\nธรรมจริยา\nธรรมจักร\nธรรมจักษุ\nธรรมจาคะ\nธรรมจารี\nธรรมชาติ\nธรรมดา\nธรรมเนียม\nธรรมราชา\nธรรมศาสตร์\nธรรมสภา\nธรรมสังเวช\nธัญพืช\nธารพระกร\nธีรภาพ\nธีรราช\nนกเขา\nนกต่อ\nนกยูง\nนกรู้\nนกหวีด\nนครบาล\nนครรัฐ\nนงคราญ\nนงนุช\nนงพะงา\nนงเยาว์\nนงราม\nนงลักษณ์\nนบนอบ\nนพเก้า\nนพคุณ\nนพเคราะห์\nนพปฎล\nนพพล\nนพรัตน์\nนพศก\nนพศูล\nนมข้น\nนมผง\nนมไม้\nนมนาน\nนมหนู\nนมแมว\nนรีเวช\nนรีเวชวิทยา\nนวดฟั้น\nนวยนาด\nนวลระหง\nนวลลออ\nนวลละออง\nนวลจันทร์\nนอกครู\nนอกคอก\nนอกจาก\nนอกใจ\nนอกชาน\nนอกรีต\nนอกเหนือ\nนองเนือง\nนองเลือด\nนอนก้น\nนอนใจ\nนอบนบ\nนอนเล่น\nนอบน้อม\nน้อมนำ\nน้อยใจ\nน้อยหน้า\nนักการ\nนักการเมือง\nนักกีฬา\nนักข่าว\nนักท่องเที่ยว\nนักเทศน์\nนักโทษ\nนักธรรม\nนักบวช\nนักบิน\nนักบุญ\nนักปราชญ์\nนักพรต\nนักรบ\nนักเรียน\nนักเลง\nนักวิชาการ\nนักศึกษา\nนักสิทธิ์\nนักสืบ\nนักหนา\nนั่งเทียน\nนั่งร้าน\nนัดแนะ\nนัดหมาย\nนั่นแหละ\nนั่นเอง\nนับถือ\nนับประสา\nนัยน์ตา\nนาดำ\nนาปรัง\nนาปี\nนาสวน\nนาหว่าน\nนาคบาศ\nนาคปรก\nนาคราช\nนางกวัก\nนางกำนัล\nนางงาม\nนางใน\nนางบำเรอ\nนางแบบ\nนางพญา\nนางฟ้า\nนางไม้\nนางโลม\nนางสาว\nนางห้าม\nนางเอก\nนาฏกรรม\nนาฏดนตรี\nนาฏศิลป์\nนานนม\nน่านน้ำ\nน่านฟ้า\nนามกร\nนามธรรม\nนามไธย\nนามบัตร\nนามปากกา\nนามแฝง\nนามสกุล\nนามสงเคราะห์\nนามสมญา\nนายทะเบียน\nนายท่า\nนายท้าย\nนายทุน\nนายประกัน\nนายหน้า\nนายอำเภอ\nนารายณ์หัตถ์\nนารีผล\nนาวิกโยธิน\nนำจับ\nนำพา\nนำทาง\nนำร่อง\nนำสืบ\nนำแสดง\nน้ำกรด\nน้ำกาม\nน้ำเกลือ\nน้ำข้าว\nน้ำแข็ง\nน้ำแข็งไส\nน้ำแข็งแห้ง\nน้ำครำ\nน้ำคร่ำ\nน้ำค้าง\nน้ำค้างแข็ง\nน้ำคาวปลา\nน้ำคำ\nน้ำเค็ม\nน้ำเคย\nน้ำเงิน\nน้ำเงี้ยว\nน้ำจัณฑ์\nน้ำจิ้ม\nน้ำใจ\nน้ำเชื้อ\nน้ำเชื่อม\nน้ำซาวข้าว\nน้ำดอกไม้\nน้ำดี\nน้ำตก\nน้ำตา\nน้ำตาล\nน้ำท่า\nน้ำนม\nน้ำนวล\nน้ำบาดาล\nน้ำประสานทอง\nน้ำประปา\nน้ำปลา\nน้ำป่า\nน้ำผึ้ง\nน้ำพริก\nน้ำพริกเผา\nน้ำพี้\nน้ำพุ\nน้ำมนต์\nน้ำมนตร์\nน้ำมัน\nน้ำมือ\nน้ำมูก\nน้ำเมา\nน้ำย่อย\nน้ำยา\nน้ำรัก\nน้ำแร่\nน้ำลาย\nน้ำเลี้ยง\nน้ำสต๊อก\nน้ำส้ม\nน้ำส้มสายชู\nน้ำสังข์\nน้ำสาบาน\nน้ำเสียง\nน้ำหนวก\nน้ำหนอง\nน้ำหนัก\nน้ำหน้า\nน้ำหนึ่ง\nน้ำหมึก\nน้ำหอม\nน้ำเหลือง\nน้ำอบ\nน้ำอ้อย\nน้ำอัดลม\nนิ่งเฉย\nนิจศีล\nนิดเดียว\nนิดหน่อย\nนิติกร\nนิติกรรม\nนิติธรรม\nนิตินัย\nนิติบัญญัติ\nนิติบุคคล\nนิติภาวะ\nนิติวิทยาศาสตร์\nนิติเวช\nนิติเวชศาสตร์\nนิติศาสตร์\nนิเทศศาสตร์\nนิ่มนวล\nนิรุกติศาสตร์\nนิเวศวิทยา\nนิศากร\nนิศากาล\nนิศาชล\nนิศารัตน์\nนี่แน่ะ\nนี่แหละ\nนี่เอง\nนึกคิด\nนุงถุง\nนุ่งห่ม\nนุ่มนวล\nนุ่มนิ่ม\nเนตรนารี\nเนติบัณฑิต\nเนยเทียม\nเนยใส\nเนิ่นนาน\nเนิบนาบ\nเนื้อความ\nเนื้อคู่\nเนื้อเค็ม\nเนื้องอก\nเนื้อตัว\nเนื้อตาย\nเนื้อที่\nเนื้อแท้\nเนื้อเปื่อย\nเนื้อผ้า\nเนื้อเพลง\nเนื้อไม้\nเนื้อเยื่อ\nเนื้อร้อง\nเนื้อร้าย\nเนื้อเรื่อง\nเนื้อหา\nเนืองนอง\nเนืองนิตย์\nเนืองแน่น\nแน่ใจ\nแน่ชัด\nแน่แท้\nแน่นอน\nแน่นิ่ง\nแน่แน่ว\nแน่นแฟ้น\nแน่นหนา\nแนบเนียน\nแนบแน่น\nแนวคิด\nแนวทาง\nแนวโน้ม\nแนวป่า\nแนวรบ\nแนวร่วม\nแนวหน้า\nแนวหลัง\nแน่วแน่\nแนะนำ\nแนะแนว\nโน้มน้าว\nในหลวง\nบกพร่อง\nบงกช\nบงการ\nบดบัง\nบทกลอน\nบทกวี\nบทความ\nบทคัดย่อ\nบทเฉพาะกาล\nบทนำ\nบทบัญญัติ\nบทบาท\nบทประพันธ์\nบทเพลง\nบทร้อง\nบทเรียน\nบทลงโทษ\nบทสนทนา\nบทอัศจรรย์\nบทจร\nบทบงสุ์\nบทมาลย์\nบทรัช\nบทเรศ\nบทวลัญช์\nบนบาน\nบรมครู\nบรมธาตุ\nบรมบพิตร\nบรมวงศานุวงศ์\nบรมอัฐิ\nบรรณพิภพ\nบรรณศาลา\nบรรณาการ\nบรรณาธิการ\nบรรณานุกรม\nบรรณารักษ์\nบรรณารักษศาสตร์\nบรรดามี\nบรรดาศักดิ์\nบรรทัดฐาน\nบรรพบุรุษ\nบรรลัยกัลป์\nบรรลัยจักร\nบริคณห์สนธิ\nบวงสรวง\nบ่วงบาศ\nบ้วนพระโอษฐ์\nบ่อเกิด\nบอกกล่าว\nบอกบท\nบอกบุญ\nบอกใบ้\nบอกปัด\nบ้องกัญชา\nบ้องตื้น\nบ้องไฟ\nบ้องหู\nบอดสี\nบ่อนทำลาย\nบอบช้ำ\nบอบบาง\nบอบแบบ\nบังโกลน\nบังโคลน\nบังใบ\nบั้งไฟ\nบังคับการ\nบังคับบัญชา\nบัญชาการ\nบัณฑุกัมพล\nบัดดล\nบัดเดี๋ยว\nบัดนั้น\nบัดนี้\nบัดสีบัดเถลิง\nบัตรเครดิต\nบัตรพลี\nบัตรสนเท่ห์\nบัตรสินเชื่อ\nบั่นทอน\nบั้นท้าย\nบั้นปลาย\nบั้นพระองค์\nบั้นเอว\nบันไดลิง\nบันไดเลื่อน\nบันเทิงคดี\nบัวลอย\nบัวบก\nบ้าจี้\nบ้าดีเดือด\nบ้าน้ำลาย\nบ้าบิ่น\nบ้าระห่ำ\nบ้าเลือด\nบ้าหอบฟาง\nบากบั่น\nบากหน้า\nบางตา\nบางเบา\nบางที\nบาดเจ็บ\nบาดแผล\nบาดหมาง\nบาตรใหญ่\nบาทบงกช\nบาทบงสุ์\nบาทบริจาริกา\nบาทวิถี\nบานเกล็ด\nบานตะเกียง\nบานตะไท\nบานเบอะ\nบานปลาย\nบานแผละ\nบานพับ\nบ้านจัดสรร\nบ้านช่อง\nบ้านนอก\nบ้านพัก\nบ้านเมือง\nบ้านรับรอง\nบ้านเรือน\nบาปกรรม\nบายศรี\nบ่ายเบี่ยง\nบ่ายหน้า\nบ่าวไพร่\nบิดเบี้ยว\nบิดเบือน\nบิดพลิ้ว\nบี้แบน\nบีบคั้น\nบีบรัด\nบึ้งตึง\nบึ้งบูด\nบุกบั่น\nบุกเบิก\nบุกรุก\nบุคลิกภาพ\nบุคลิกลักษณะ\nบุญธรรม\nบุญนิธิ\nบุญฤทธิ์\nบุบสลาย\nบุ้ยใบ้\nบุรุษเพศ\nบุหงารำไป\nบู้บี้\nบูชายัญ\nบูดบึ้ง\nบูดเบี้ยว\nเบาความ\nเบาใจ\nเบาบาง\nเบาปัญญา\nเบามือ\nเบาแรง\nเบาสมอง\nเบาหวาน\nเบาโหวง\nเบ้าตา\nเบาะแส\nเบิกความ\nเบิกบาน\nเบี้ยล่าง\nเบี้ยเลี้ยง\nเบี้ยหวัด\nเบี่ยงบ่าย\nเบียดบัง\nเบียดเบียน\nเบียดเสียด\nเบื้องต้น\nเบื้องบน\nเบื้องหน้า\nเบื้องหลัง\nแบกะดิน\nแบเบาะ\nแบ่งเบา\nแบ่งปัน\nแบ่งแยก\nแบบฉบับ\nแบบแปลน\nแบบแผน\nแบบฝึกหัด\nแบบพิมพ์\nแบบสอบถาม\nแบบอย่าง\nแบะแฉะ\nแบะท่า\nโบแดง\nโบราณคดี\nโบราณวัตถุ\nโบราณสถาน\nใบขับขี่\nใบจอง\nใบตอง\nใบแทรก\nใบบอก\nใบบุญ\nใบเบิกทาง\nใบปลิว\nใบพัด\nใบโพ\nใบไม้\nใบระกา\nใบรับรอง\nใบลา\nใบเลี้ยง\nใบสั่ง\nใบสำคัญ\nใบสุทธิ\nใบเสร็จ\nใบหน้า\nใบอนุญาต\nใบระกา\nปกครอง\nปกคลุม\nปกป้อง\nปกปิด\nปฏิบัติการ\nปฏิบัติบูชา\nปฐพีวิทยา\nปฐมฌาน\nปฐมทัศน์\nปฐมเทศนา\nปฐมนิเทศ\nปฐมพยาบาล\nปฐมยาม\nปฐมฤกษ์\nปฐมวัย\nปฐมสมโพธิ\nปนเป\nป่นปี้\nปมเขื่อง\nปมเด่น\nปมด้อย\nปรนเปรอ\nปรบไก่\nปรบมือ\nปรสิตวิทยา\nประโปรย\nประพรม\nประกันชีวิต\nประกันภัย\nประจักษ์พยาน\nประจัญบาน\nประจันหน้า\nประจำการ\nประจำเดือน\nประจำเมือง\nประจำยาม\nประชดประชัน\nประชากร\nประชากรศาสตร์\nประชาคม\nประชาชน\nประชาราษฎร์\nประชาชาติ\nประชาชี\nประชาทัณฑ์\nประชาบาล\nประชาพิจารณ์\nประชาภิบาล\nประชามติ\nประชาสงเคราะห์\nประชาสัมพันธ์\nประดับประดา\nประดามี\nประดาน้ำ\nประเดี๋ยวเดียว\nประเดี๋ยวนี้\nประทับใจ\nประทุษร้าย\nประเทศราช\nประพาสต้น\nประเพณีนิยม\nประลัยกัลป์\nประวัติการณ์\nประวัติศาสตร์\nประสบการณ์\nประสบการณ์นิยม\nประสาทการ\nประสูติการ\nประสูติกาล\nประเส\nปรับทุกข์\nปรับโทษ\nปรับปรุง\nปรากฏการณ์\nปราดเปรียว\nปราดเปรื่อง\nปราบปราม\nปริญญาบัตร\nปรัยัติธรรม\nปรุโปร่ง\nปลงใจ\nปลงตก\nปลดทุกข์\nปลดปลง\nปลดปล่อย\nปลดเปลื้อง\nปลดระวาง\nปลดแอก\nปล้นสะดม\nปลอกกระสุน\nปลอกคอ\nปลอดโปร่ง\nปลอดภัย\nปลอมปน\nปลอมแปลง\nปลอบโยน\nปล่อยใจ\nปล่อยตัว\nปล่อยปละ\nปลั๊กไฟ\nปลากริม\nปลาเค็ม\nปลาจ่อม\nปลาเจ่า\nปลาแดก\nปลาตู้\nปลาทอง\nปลาร้า\nปลาส้ม\nปลาดาว\nปลาบิน\nปลาฝา\nปลาวาฬ\nปลาหมึก\nปลาบปลื้ม\nปลายข้าว\nปลายแถว\nปลายทาง\nปลิ้นปลอก\nปลิ้นปล้อน\nปลีกตัว\nปลีกย่อย\nปลุกใจ\nปลุกปล้ำ\nปลุกปั่น\nปลุกระดม\nปลุกเสก\nปลูกฝัง\nปลูกสร้าง\nปวดถ่วง\nปวดมวน\nปวดร้าว\nป่วนปั่น\nป่วยการ\nปอกลอก\nป้องกัน\nปักใจ\nปักดำ\nปักหลัก\nปัจเจกบุคคล\nปัจเจกพุทธะ\nปัจเจกโพธิ\nปัจฉิมชน\nปัจฉิมทิศ\nปัจฉิมภาค\nปัจฉิมยาม\nปัจฉิมลิขิต\nปัจฉิมวัย\nปัจฉิมวาจา\nปัญญาชน\nปัญญาวิมุติ\nปัญญาอ่อน\nปัดเป่า\nปันส่วน\nปั่นป่วน\nปั่นแปะ\nปั่นหัว\nปั้นจิ้ม\nปั้นเจ๋อ\nปั้นปึ่ง\nปั้นสิบ\nปั๊มน้ำมัน\nป่าช้า\nป่าชายเลน\nป่าดง\nป่าดงดิบ\nป่าดิบ\nป่าเถื่อน\nป่าเบญจพรรณ\nป่าละเมาะ\nปากกา\nปากขอ\nปากแข็ง\nปากคอ\nปากคำ\nปากคีบ\nปากจัด\nปากน้ำ\nปากเปล่า\nปากเสียง\nปานกลาง\nป่านนี้\nป้านลม\nป้ายสี\nป่าวร้อง\nปิดฉาก\nปิดบัง\nปิตุฆาต\nปิตุภูมิ\nปีมะโว้\nปีแสง\nปี่กลาง\nปี่ไฉน\nปี่ชวา\nปี่นอก\nปี่ใน\nปี่พาทย์\nปี่อ้อ\nปีกกา\nปีนเกลียว\nปีนป่าย\nปึกแผ่น\nปึงปัง\nปืนกล\nปืนครก\nปืนพก\nปืนยา\nปืนยาว\nปืนลม\nปืนเล็ก\nปืนเล็กยาว\nปืนสั้น\nปืนใหญ่\nปุบปับ\nปุ๊บปั๊บ\nปุ่มเปือก\nปุยฝ้าย\nปุ๋ยคอก\nปุ๋ยเคมี\nปุ๋ยวิทยาศาสตร์\nปุ๋ยหมัก\nปุ๋ยอินทรีย์\nปูจ๋า\nปูเสฉวน\nปู่เจ้า\nปู่ทวด\nปูนขาว\nปูนซีเมนต์\nปูนดิบ\nปูนแดง\nปูนปลาสเตอร์\nปูนปั้น\nเป็ดเทศ\nเป็ดน้ำ\nเป็นกลาง\nเป็นใจ\nเป็นต้น\nเป็นต่อ\nเป็นรอง\nเป็นไร\nเป็นลม\nเป็นห่วง\nเป็นอยู่\nเปรมปรีดิ์\nเปรอะเปื้อน\nเปรียบเทียบ\nเปรียบเปรย\nเปรี้ยวปาก\nเปรี้ยวหวาน\nเปรื่องปราด\nเปลญวน\nเปล่งปลั่ง\nเปล่าดาย\nเปล่าเปลี่ยว\nเปลี่ยนใจ\nเปลี่ยนตัว\nเปลี่ยนแปลง\nเปลี่ยนมือ\nเปลี่ยนหน้า\nเป๋อเหลอ\nเปะปะ\nเป่ากบ\nเป้านิ่ง\nเป้าหมาย\nเปิดฉาก\nเปิดเปิง\nเปิดโปง\nเปิดผนึก\nเปิดเผย\nเปียกปูน\nแป้งสาลี\nแป้งนวล\nแป้งเปียก\nแป้งมัน\nแป้งฝุ่น\nแป้งร่ำ\nแป้งสิงคโปร์\nแป้งหมี่\nแปดปน\nแปดเปื้อน\nแปรปรวน\nแปรผัน\nแปรพักตร์\nแปรรูป\nแปรอักษร\nแปลกปลอม\nแปะโป้ง\nโป้ปด\nโปร่งแสง\nโปร่งใส\nโปรดปราน\nโปรยทาน\nโปรยปราย\nโปโลน้ำ\nผกผัน\nผกากรอง\nผงขาว\nผงชูรส\nผงซักฟอก\nผงฟู\nผดุงครรภ์\nผมไฟ\nผลพลอยได้\nผลลัพธ์\nผลัดเปลี่ยน\nผลิตผล\nผลิตภัณฑ์\nผลุบโผล่\nผสมเทียม\nผสมผสาน\nผสมผเส\nผสมพันธุ์\nผสมโรง\nผสมเสร็จ\nผ่องแผ้ว\nผ่องใส\nผ่อนคลาย\nผ่อนชำระ\nผ่อนปรน\nผ่อนผัน\nผ่อนส่ง\nผอมโซ\nผอมแห้ง\nผักชี\nผักตบชวา\nผักบุ้ง\nผังเมือง\nผัดผ่อน\nผันแปร\nผันผวน\nผ่าตัด\nผ่าเผย\nผ่าหมาก\nผ่าเหล่า\nผ้าขนหนู\nผ้าขาวม้า\nผ้าขี้ริ้ว\nผ้าเช็ดตัว\nผ้าเช็ดปาก\nผ้าเช็ดมือ\nผ้าเช็ดหน้า\nผ้าดิบ\nผ้าต่วน\nผ้าไตร\nผ้าถุง\nผ้าแถบ\nผ้านวม\nผ้านุ่ง\nผ้าใบ\nผ้าป่า\nผ้าป่าน\nผ้าผ่อน\nผ้าพันคอ\nผ้าพันแผล\nผ้าแพร\nผ้าโพกหัว\nผ้ามัดหมี่\nผ้ายาง\nผ้าลูกไม้\nผ้าเหลือง\nผ้าอนามัย\nผ้าอ้อม\nผาดโผน\nผาติกรรม\nผิดหวัง\nผิวเผิน\nผิวพรรณ\nผิวหนัง\nผีกระสือ\nผีกระหัง\nผีกองกอย\nผีโขมด\nผีดิบ\nผีตองเหลือง\nผีถ้วยแก้ว\nผีแถน\nผีทะเล\nผีบุญ\nผีปอบ\nผีพุ่งไต้\nผีฟ้า\nผีเรือน\nผีสาง\nผีเสื้อ\nผีห่า\nผึ่งผาย\nผุดผ่อง\nผุดผาด\nผู้คน\nผู้คุม\nผู้จัดการ\nผู้ชาย\nผู้เชี่ยวชาญ\nผู้ดี\nผู้โดยสาร\nผู้ต้องขัง\nผู้ต้องหา\nผู้แทน\nผู้น้อย\nผู้บริโภค\nผู้บังคับบัญชา\nผู้ปกครอง\nผู้ประกอบการ\nผู้ป่วย\nผู้พิพากษา\nผู้เยาว์\nผู้ร้าย\nผู้วิเศษ\nผู้สื่อข่าว\nผู้เสียหาย\nผู้หญิง\nผู้ใหญ่\nผู้ใหญ่บ้าน\nผูกขวัญ\nผูกขาด\nผูกพัน\nผูกมัด\nเผชิญหน้า\nเผด็จการ\nเผด็จศึก\nเผยแผ่\nเผยแพร่\nเผละผละ\nเผ่าพันธุ์\nเผื่อแผ่\nแผงลอย\nแผนการ\nแผนงาน\nแผนที่\nแผนผัง\nแผนภาพ\nแผนภูมิ\nแผ่นดิน\nแผ่นเสียง\nแผ้วพาน\nโผงผาง\nฝนทอง\nฝอยทอง\nฝักแค\nฝักบัว\nฝักฝ่าย\nฝักใฝ่\nฝังใจ\nฝังหัว\nฝาชี\nฝาแฝด\nฝาละมี\nฝ่าพระบาท\nฝ่าฝืน\nฝ่าฟัน\nฝ้าฟาง\nฝากตัว\nฝากฝัง\nฝีดาษ\nฝีมะม่วง\nฝีจักร\nฝีเท้า\nฝีปาก\nฝีพาย\nฝีมือ\nฝีเย็บ\nฝึกงาน\nฝึกปรือ\nฝึกฝน\nฝึกสอน\nฝึกหัด\nฝืดเคือง\nใฝ่ฝัน\nพงพี\nพงศ์พันธุ์\nพญาโศก\nพญาไฟ\nพบปะ\nพบพาน\nพรสวรรค์\nพรมคด\nพรมแดน\nพรมมิ\nพรรคพวก\nพรรณราย\nพรวดพราด\nพรหมชาติ\nพรหมลิขิต\nพรหมโลก\nพรหมวิหาร\nพร้อมใจ\nพร้อมพรั่ง\nพร้อมเพรียง\nพร้อมมูล\nพร้อมสรรพ\nพร้อมหน้า\nพระครู\nพระคุณ\nพระเคราะห์\nพระเครื่อง\nพระเจ้า\nพระเจ้าอยู่หัว\nพระชายา\nพระทัย\nพระนาง\nพระนางเจ้า\nพระเป็นเจ้า\nพระผู้เป็นเจ้า\nพระพิมพ์\nพระพุทธเจ้า\nพระพุทธองค์\nพระภูมิ\nพระยา\nพระรอง\nพระสนม\nพระสนมเอก\nพระองค์\nพระองค์เจ้า\nพระเอก\nพรั่งพร้อม\nพรั่งพรู\nพรั่นพรึง\nพร่างพราว\nพรายน้ำ\nพรายแพรว\nพราวแพรว\nพร่ำพลอด\nพร่ำเพรื่อ\nพร่ำเพ้อ\nพริกไทย\nพริ้งพราย\nพริ้งเพรา\nพริ้งเพริศ\nพริบตา\nพริ้มพราย\nพริ้มเพรา\nพรุ่งนี้\nพฤติกรรม\nพฤติการณ์\nพฤตินัย\nพลการ\nพลขับ\nพลความ\nพลเมือง\nพลรบ\nพลร่ม\nพลเรือน\nพลโลก\nพลศึกษา\nพลบค่ำ\nพลอดรัก\nพลังงาน\nพลังเงียบ\nพลังจิต\nพลั้งปาก\nพลั้งเผลอ\nพลั้งพลาด\nพลัดถิ่น\nพลัดพราก\nพลาดท่า\nพลาดพลั้ง\nพลิกแพลง\nพลีกรรม\nพลุ่งพล่าน\nพวกพ้อง\nพวงมาลัย\nพวงมาลา\nพวงหรีด\nพวงคราม\nพวงชมพู\nพวงแสด\nพ่วงพี\nพวยน้ำ\nพวยพุ่ง\nพสกนิกร\nพหุคูณ\nพหุภาคี\nพหูพจน์\nพหูสูต\nพอควร\nพอใจ\nพอใช้\nพอใช้ได้\nพอดี\nพอตัว\nพอทำเนา\nพอประมาณ\nพอเพียง\nพอแรง\nพอสมควร\nพอเหมาะ\nพ่อขุน\nพ่อครัว\nพ่อตา\nพ่อบ้าน\nพ่อพันธุ์\nพ่อม่าย\nพ่อเมือง\nพ่อเลี้ยง\nพ่อสื่อ\nพอกพูน\nพ้องพาน\nพักผ่อน\nพักพิง\nพักฟื้น\nพักร้อน\nพักแรม\nพัดยศ\nพัดลม\nพันพัว\nพับฐาน\nพับเพียบ\nพัวพัน\nพาซื่อ\nพาดพิง\nพิณพาทย์\nพิธีกร\nพิธีกรรม\nพิธีการ\nพิธีรีตอง\nพิธีสาร\nพินัยกรรม\nพิมพ์เขียว\nพิมพ์ใจ\nพิมพ์ดีด\nพิษสง\nพี่น้อง\nพี่เบิ้ม\nพี่เลี้ยง\nพึงใจ\nพึงพอใจ\nพึ่งพา\nพึ่งพิง\nพืชพันธุ์\nพืชมงคล\nพื้นฐาน\nพื้นที่\nพื้นบ้าน\nพื้นเพ\nพื้นเมือง\nพื้นเสีย\nพุพอง\nพุทธกาล\nพุทธคุณ\nพุทธจักร\nพุทธเจดีย์\nพุทธฎีกา\nพุทธปฏิมา\nพุทธปฏิมากร\nพุทธมามกะ\nพุทธศักราช\nพุทธศาสนิกชน\nพุทธองค์\nพุทธชาด\nพุทธรักษา\nพุ่มพวง\nพุ่มไม้\nพู่กัน\nพูดจา\nเพ่งเล็ง\nเพดานบิน\nเพดานปาก\nเพริศพราย\nเพริศพริ้ง\nเพริศแพร้ว\nเพรียกพร้อง\nเพรียวลม\nเพลงเชิด\nเพลงยาว\nเพลิงกัลป์\nเพลินใจ\nเพลินตา\nเพลี่ยงพล้ำ\nเพ้อฝัน\nเพาะกาย\nเพาะชำ\nเพาะปลูก\nเพิกถอน\nเพิกเฉย\nเพิ่มเติม\nเพิ่มพูน\nเพียงตา\nเพียงพอ\nเพียบแประ\nเพียบพร้อม\nเพื่อนเกลอ\nเพื่อนตาย\nเพื่อนบ้าน\nเพื่อนฝูง\nเพื่อนยาก\nแพ้ท้อง\nแพร่หลาย\nแพร่งพราย\nแพรวพราว\nโพธิญาณ\nโพธิบัลลังก์\nโพธิสมภาร\nโพธิสัตว์\nโพ้นทะเล\nโพยภัย\nไพ่ตาย\nไพ่ป๊อก\nไพรวัน\nไพรสณฑ์\nไพรสัณฑ์\nไพร่พล\nไพร่ฟ้า\nไพร่สม\nไพร่ส่วย\nไพร่หลวง\nฟกช้ำ\nฟองเต้าหู้\nฟองน้ำ\nฟองมัน\nฟ้องกลับ\nฟ้องร้อง\nฟอนเฟะ\nฟักทอง\nฟัดเฟียด\nฟันดาบ\nฟันฝ่า\nฟันแท้\nฟันน้ำนม\nฟันปลา\nฟันฟาง\nฟันเฟือง\nฟันม้า\nฟันเลื่อย\nฟันหนู\nฟั่นเฝือ\nฟั่นเฟือน\nฟื้นตัว\nฟื้นฝอย\nฟื้นฟู\nฟุ้งซ่าน\nฟุ้งเฟ้อ\nฟุ้งเฟื่อง\nฟุตบอล\nฟูฟ่อง\nฟูเฟื่อง\nฟูมฟัก\nฟูมฟาย\nเฟะฟะ\nเฟื่องฟ้า\nเฟื่องฟุ้ง\nเฟื่องฟู\nไฟฉาย\nไฟแช็ก\nไฟธาตุ\nไฟฟ้า\nภัตกิจ\nภาคทัณฑ์\nภาคพื้น\nภาคเรียน\nภาคภูมิ\nภาพถ่าย\nภาพนิ่ง\nภาพประกอบ\nภาพพจน์\nภาพยนตร์\nภาพลวงตา\nภาพลักษณ์\nภายนอก\nภายใน\nภายหน้า\nภายหลัง\nภารกิจ\nภารธุระ\nภารโรง\nภารตวิทยา\nภาษาศาสตร์\nภาสกร\nภิญโญภาพ\nภินชาติ\nภูธร\nภูธเรศ\nภูบาล\nภูเบศ\nภูเบศวร์\nภูเขา\nภูเขาไฟ\nภูผา\nภูตคาม\nภูตบดี\nภูตรูป\nภูเตศวร\nภูมินทร์\nภูมิบาล\nภูมิประเทศ\nภูมิภาค\nภูมิรัฐศาสตร์\nภูมิลำเนา\nภูมิศาสตร์\nภูมิอากาศ\nภูมิธรรม\nภูมิปัญญา\nภูมิรู้\nภูมิใจ\nภูมิฐาน\nภูมิคุ้มกัน\nภูมิแพ้\nภูษาโยง\nเภทภัย\nเภสัชกร\nเภสัชกรรม\nเภสัชวิทยา\nเภสัชศาสตร์\nโภคทรัพย์\nโภคภัณฑ์\nโภชนากร\nโภชนาการ\nมกุฎราชกุมาร\nมงคลแฝด\nมงคลสูตร\nมงคลหัตถี\nมณเฑียรบาล\nมดดำ\nมดแดง\nมดเท็จ\nมดยอบ\nมดลูก\nมธุปายาส\nมธุรส\nมนเทียรบาล\nมนุษย์กบ\nมโนกรรม\nมโนคติ\nมโนทุจริต\nมโนธรรม\nมโนภาพ\nมโนมัย\nมโนรถ\nมโนรมย์\nมโนสุจริต\nมรรคนายก\nมรรคผล\nมฤคชาติ\nมฤคทายวัน\nมฤคราช\nมลทิน\nมลพิษ\nมลสาร\nมวกเหล็ก\nม้วนหน้า\nมวยไทย\nมวยปล้ำ\nมวยล้ม\nมวยวัด\nมวยสากล\nมวยหมู่\nมวลสาร\nมอคราม\nมอซอ\nมอหมึก\nมองเมียง\nมอบตัว\nมอบหมาย\nมอมเมา\nมะขามเทศ\nมะขามป้อม\nมะขามเปียก\nมะเขือเทศ\nมะเขือพวง\nมะพร้าวแก้ว\nมักคุ้น\nมักจี่\nมักง่าย\nมักน้อย\nมักมาก\nมักใหญ่\nมั่งคั่ง\nมั่งมี\nมัจจุราช\nมัชฌิมนิกาย\nมัชฌิมประเทศ\nมัชฌิมยาม\nมัชฌิมวัย\nมัดจำ\nมัดหมี่\nมัธยมกาล\nมัธยมศึกษา\nมันแกว\nมันเทศ\nมันฝรั่ง\nมันเปลว\nมันสมอง\nมั่นคง\nมั่นใจ\nมั่นหมาย\nมั่นเหมาะ\nมัวเมา\nมัวหมอง\nมั่วสุม\nม้าเทศ\nม้าน้ำ\nม้ามืด\nม้าเร็ว\nม้าล่อ\nม้าลาย\nมากมาย\nมาตรการ\nมาตรฐาน\nมาตราส่วน\nมาตุคาม\nมาตุฆาต\nมาตุภูมิ\nม่านตา\nม่านบังตา\nมายากร\nมายากล\nมายาการ\nมายาวี\nมารผจญ\nมารวิชัย\nมารสังคม\nมารหัวขน\nมาลาการ\nมิ่งขวัญ\nมิ่งมิตร\nมิจฉาจาร\nมิจฉาชีพ\nมิดชิด\nมิดเมี้ยน\nมิดหมี\nมิตรจิต\nมิตรภาพ\nมิตรสหาย\nมิน่า\nมีหน้า\nมีดโกน\nมีดดาบ\nมีดโต้\nมีดพก\nมีดพับ\nมีดสั้น\nมึนงง\nมึนชา\nมึนตึง\nมึนเมา\nมืดครึ้ม\nมืดมน\nมืดมัว\nมือจับ\nมือดี\nมือเติบ\nมือปืน\nมือเปล่า\nมือมืด\nมือสอง\nมือเสือ\nมือหนึ่ง\nมือใหม่\nมุกตลก\nมุขปาฐะ\nมุขมนตรี\nมุ่งมั่น\nมุ่งมาด\nมุ่งหน้า\nมุ่งหมาย\nมุ่งหวัง\nมุ้งลวด\nมุ้งสายบัว\nมุมก้ม\nมุมกลับ\nมุมเงย\nมุมฉาก\nมุมตรง\nมุมป้าน\nมุมมืด\nมุมแย้ง\nมุมสะท้อน\nมุมหักเห\nมุมแหลม\nมุสาวาท\nมูกเลือด\nมูกมัน\nมูกหลวง\nมูนดิน\nมูลฐาน\nมูลนาย\nมูลนิธิ\nมูลเหตุ\nมูลค่า\nมูลฝอย\nเม็ดเงิน\nเม็ดเลือด\nเม็ดโลหิต\nเม่นทะเล\nเมรุมาศ\nเมรุราช\nเมล์อากาศ\nเมาดิบ\nเมามัน\nเมามัว\nเมามาย\nเมินเฉย\nเมียน้อย\nเมียหลวง\nเมียงมอง\nเมี่ยงลาว\nเมี่ยงส้ม\nเมื่อกี้\nเมื่อตะกี้\nเมื่อใด\nเมื่อไร\nเมื่อไหร่\nเมื่อนั้น\nเมืองขึ้น\nเมืองท่า\nเมืองนอก\nเมืองหลวง\nเมื่อยขบ\nเมื่อยล้า\nแม่กอง\nแม่กุญแจ\nแม่คุณ\nแม่งาน\nแม่เจ้า\nแม่ชี\nแม่ทัพ\nแม่นม\nแม่น้ำ\nแม่บท\nแม่บ้าน\nแม่เบี้ย\nแม่พระ\nแม่พิมพ์\nแม่เพลง\nแม่มด\nแม่ม่าย\nแม่ไม้\nแม่ยก\nแม่ยาย\nแม่ร้าง\nแม่เรือน\nแม่แรง\nแม่เล้า\nแม่เลี้ยง\nแม่สี\nแม่สื่อ\nแม่เหล็ก\nแมงมุม\nแม่นยำ\nแมลงช้าง\nแมลงวัน\nแมลงปอ\nแมลงภู่\nแมลงเม่า\nแมวเซา\nแมวน้ำ\nแมวป่า\nแมวมอง\nไม้กลัด\nไม้กวาด\nไม้กางเขน\nไม้เกาหลัง\nไม้ขีดไฟ\nไม้จิ้มฟัน\nไม้เด็ด\nไม้ตาย\nไม้ตีพริก\nไม้ที\nไม้เท้า\nไม้บรรทัด\nไม้เมตร\nไม้ระแนง\nไม้เรียว\nไม้หมอน\nไม้อัด\nไม้จัตวา\nไม้ตรี\nไม้ไต่คู้\nไม้โท\nไม้ผัด\nไม้มลาย\nไม้ม้วน\nไม้ยมก\nไม้หน้า\nไม้หันอากาศ\nไม้เอก\nยกกลีบ\nยกครู\nยกเครื่อง\nยกเค้า\nยกทรง\nยกฟ้อง\nยกเมฆ\nยกยอ\nยกย่อง\nยกเลิก\nยกเว้น\nย่นย่อ\nยมทูต\nยมบาล\nยมราช\nยมโลก\nยวดยิ่ง\nยวดยาน\nยวนยี\nยวบยาบ\nย่อท้อ\nย่อส่วน\nย่อหน้า\nย่อหย่อน\nยอกย้อน\nยองใย\nย่องเบา\nย่องแย่ง\nยอดเยี่ยม\nยอดอก\nย้อนยอก\nย้อนรอย\nย้อนศร\nย้อนแสง\nย้อนหลัง\nยอบแยบ\nยอมความ\nย่อมเยา\nย่อยยับ\nยักยอก\nยักย้าย\nยักเยื้อง\nยัญกรรม\nยัญพิธี\nยัดเยียด\nยับเยิน\nยับยั้ง\nยั่วยวน\nยั่วยุ\nยั่วเย้า\nยากวาด\nยากันยุง\nยาเขียว\nยาใจ\nยาฉุน\nยาชา\nยาซัด\nยาดอง\nยาแดง\nยาถ่าย\nยาธาตุ\nยานัตถุ์\nยาเบื่อ\nยาโป๊\nยาแฝด\nยาพิษ\nยาระบาย\nยาสลบ\nยาสั่ง\nยาสีฟัน\nยาสูบ\nยาเส้น\nยาเสพติด\nยาหม่อง\nยาเหลือง\nย่าทวด\nย่านาง\nยากแค้น\nยากจน\nยากเย็น\nยากไร้\nยางนอก\nยางใน\nยางมะตอย\nยางมะตูม\nยางลบ\nยางสน\nยางอาย\nย่างกราย\nย่างเยื้อง\nย่างสด\nย่างสามขุม\nย่างเหยียบ\nยานเกราะ\nยานพาหนะ\nยานอวกาศ\nยานคาง\nยายทวด\nยาวเฟื้อย\nยาวยืด\nยาวเหยียด\nยำทวาย\nยำใหญ่\nยำเกรง\nยำเยง\nย่ำต๊อก\nย่ำยี\nย่ำแย่\nยิงเป้า\nยิ่งนัก\nยิ่งยวด\nยิ่งใหญ่\nยินดี\nยินยอม\nยินร้าย\nยิ้มกริ่ม\nยิ้มแฉ่ง\nยิ้มแต้\nยิ้มแป้น\nยิ้มเผล่\nยิ้มเยาะ\nยิ้มแย้ม\nยียวน\nยึดครอง\nยึดถือ\nยึดมั่น\nยึดเหนี่ยว\nยืดยาด\nยืดยาว\nยืดเยื้อ\nยืดหยุ่น\nยืดอก\nยืนกราน\nยืนต้น\nยืนพื้น\nยืนยง\nยืนยัน\nยืนหยัด\nยื้อยุด\nยุยง\nยุแยง\nยุแหย่\nยุคลบาท\nยุคเข็ญ\nยุคทอง\nยุคมืด\nยุ่งขิง\nยุ่งยาก\nยุ่งเหยิง\nยุติธรรม\nยุทธการ\nยุทธนาวี\nยุทธปัจจัย\nยุทธภัณฑ์\nยุทธภูมิ\nยุทธวิธี\nยุทธศาสตร์\nยุทธหัตถี\nยุทธนาการ\nยุทธนาธิการ\nยุบยับ\nยุบยิบ\nยุพราช\nยู่ยี่\nเย็นเจี๊ยบ\nเย็นใจ\nเย็นฉ่ำ\nเย็นเฉียบ\nเย็นชา\nเย็นชืด\nเย็นตา\nเย็นเยียบ\nเย็นเยือก\nเย็นวาบ\nเย็นวูบ\nเย็บกี่\nเย็บจักร\nเย็บด้าย\nเย้ยหยัน\nเย้าหยอก\nเยาะเย้ย\nเยี่ยมกราย\nเยี่ยมเยียน\nเยี่ยมเยือน\nเยี่ยมยอด\nเยื่อเคย\nเยื่อใย\nเยือกเย็น\nเยื้องกราย\nเยื้องยัก\nเยื้องย่าง\nแยกย้าย\nแยกแยะ\nแย่งชิง\nแยบคาย\nแยบยล\nแย้มพราย\nแย้มยิ้ม\nแย้มสรวล\nโยเย\nโย้เย้\nโยกโคลง\nโยกย้าย\nโยกโย้\nโยนกลอง\nใยหิน\nรกชัฏ\nรกร้าง\nรกเรี้ยว\nรกเรื้อ\nรกราก\nรงควัตถุ\nรชนีกร\nรถกระบะ\nรถเก๋ง\nรถเข็น\nรถแข่ง\nรถจักร\nรถจี๊ป\nรถตู้\nรถทัวร์\nรถบรรทุก\nรถพ่วง\nรถพยาบาล\nรถไฟ\nรถไฟฟ้า\nรถม้า\nรถเมล์\nรถยนต์\nรถราง\nรถลาก\nรถสปอร์ต\nรถสิบล้อ\nรบกวน\nรบรา\nรบเร้า\nรมดำ\nร่มเกล้า\nร่มชูชีพ\nร่มเย็น\nร่มรื่น\nร่วงโรย\nรวงผึ้ง\nรวงรัง\nรวดเร็ว\nรวนเร\nรวบยอด\nรวบรวม\nรวบรัด\nรวมพล\nรวมหัว\nร่วมใจ\nร่วมเพศ\nร่วมมือ\nร่วมรัก\nร่วมสมัย\nรวยริน\nรวยรื่น\nรสชาติ\nรสนิยม\nรองท้อง\nรองเท้า\nรองพื้น\nร่องน้ำ\nร่องรอย\nร้องขอ\nร้องทุกข์\nร้องเรียน\nร้องห่ม\nร้องไห้\nรองช้ำ\nรองทรง\nรอดชีวิต\nรอดตัว\nรอดตาย\nรอนแรม\nร่อนเร่\nร้อนใจ\nร้อนตัว\nร้อนรน\nร้อนรุ่ม\nร้อนวิชา\nร้อนอาสน์\nรอบจัด\nรอบเดือน\nรอบรู้\nรอยร้าว\nร่อยหรอ\nร้อยละ\nร้อยกรอง\nร้อยแก้ว\nร้อยหวาย\nระนาดทุ้ม\nระนาดเอก\nระเบิดขวด\nระเบิดมือ\nระเบียบการ\nรักใคร่\nรักษาการ\nรักษาการณ์\nรังไข่\nรังแตน\nรังนก\nรังผึ้ง\nรังเพลิง\nรังมด\nรังสรรค์\nรังสฤษฏ์\nรั้งรอ\nรังสีแพทย์\nรังสีวิทยา\nรัชกาล\nรัชทายาท\nรัชนีกร\nรัฐธรรมนูญ\nรัฐบาล\nรัฐบุรุษ\nรัฐประศาสน์\nรัฐประหาร\nรัฐพิธี\nรัฐมนตรี\nรัฐวิสาหกิจ\nรัฐศาสตร์\nรัฐสภา\nรัดกุม\nรัดเกล้า\nรัดตัว\nรัดประคด\nรัดรึง\nรัดรูป\nรัตติกาล\nรับขวัญ\nรับจ้าง\nรับช่วง\nรับใช้\nรับซื้อ\nรับทราบ\nรับประกัน\nรับประทาน\nรับปาก\nรับผิด\nรับผิดชอบ\nรับฟ้อง\nรับฟัง\nรับมือ\nรับรอง\nรับรู้\nรับสมัคร\nรับสั่ง\nรับหน้า\nรับเหมา\nรั่วไหล\nรามือ\nร่าเริง\nรากแก้ว\nรากขวัญ\nรากฐาน\nรากฟัน\nรากศัพท์\nรากเหง้า\nร่างกาย\nร่างแห\nร้างรา\nราชกรณียกิจ\nราชการ\nราชกิจ\nราชครู\nราชฐาน\nราชทัณฑ์\nราชทินนาม\nราชทูต\nราชธานี\nราชนาวี\nราชบัณฑิต\nราชบัลลังก์\nราชบาตร\nราชบุตร\nราชปะแตน\nราชภัฏ\nราชมัล\nราชยาน\nราชรถ\nราชลัญจกร\nราชเลขาธิการ\nราชเลขานุการ\nราชวงศ์\nราชวัติ\nราชสกุล\nราชสมบัติ\nราชสาส์น\nราชหัตถเลขา\nราชองครักษ์\nราชโองการ\nราชาคณะ\nราชาศัพท์\nราชินีนาถ\nร้านชำ\nร้านรวง\nราบคาบ\nราบรื่น\nราบเรียบ\nรายการ\nรายงาน\nรายจ่าย\nรายได้\nรายทาง\nรายรับ\nรายล้อม\nรายละเอียด\nรายวิชา\nร่ายยาว\nร่ายรำ\nร้ายกาจ\nร้ายแรง\nราวนม\nราวป่า\nร้าวฉาน\nร้าวราน\nรำพัด\nรำแพน\nรำวง\nร่ำไป\nร่ำร้อง\nร่ำเรียน\nร่ำไร\nร่ำลา\nร่ำไห้\nริเริ่ม\nริอ่าน\nริมฝีปาก\nริ้วรอย\nรีบร้อน\nรีบรุด\nรีบเร่ง\nรื่นรมย์\nรื่นเริง\nรื้อถอน\nรื้อฟื้น\nรุกฆาต\nรุกราน\nรุกล้ำ\nรุกไล่\nรุ่งขึ้น\nรุ่งแจ้ง\nรุ่งเช้า\nรุ่งเรือง\nรุ่งโรจน์\nรุ่งสว่าง\nรุ่งสาง\nรุ่งอรุณ\nรุจิเรข\nรุดหน้า\nรุนแรง\nรุมเร้า\nรุมล้อม\nรุ่มรวย\nรุ่มร้อน\nรุ่ยร่าย\nรู้แกว\nรู้ความ\nรู้คุณ\nรู้งาน\nรู้จัก\nรู้แจ้ง\nรู้ใจ\nรู้เชิง\nรู้ตัว\nรู้ทัน\nรู้เท่า\nรู้เรื่อง\nรู้สำนึก\nรู้สึก\nรู้เห็น\nรูปการณ์\nรูปโฉม\nรูปฌาน\nรูปถ่าย\nรูปทรง\nรูปธรรม\nรูปแบบ\nรูปพรรณ\nรูปพรหม\nรูปภพ\nรูปภาพ\nรูปร่าง\nรูปสมบัติ\nเร่ร่อน\nเร่งด่วน\nเร่งมือ\nเร่งรัด\nเร่งรีบ\nเร่งเร้า\nเร้นลับ\nเร่อร่า\nเร่าร้อน\nเราะราย\nเราะร้าย\nเริงใจ\nเริงรมย์\nเริดร้าง\nเริ่มต้น\nเริ่มแรก\nเรี่ยราด\nเรี่ยไร\nเรียกคืน\nเรียกตัว\nเรียกร้อง\nเรียกหา\nเรียบร้อย\nเรียงความ\nเรียงตัว\nเรียงเบอร์\nเรียงพิมพ์\nเรียงเม็ด\nเรียงราย\nเรียนรู้\nเรียบร้อย\nเรียบเรียง\nเรียบวุธ\nเรี่ยมเร้\nเรี่ยวแรง\nเรือกลไฟ\nเรือกอและ\nเรือกำปั่น\nเรือจ้าง\nเรือดำน้ำ\nเรือโดยสาร\nเรือตรวจการณ์\nเรือตังเก\nเรือธง\nเรือนำร่อง\nเรือบด\nเรือบิน\nเรือใบ\nเรือประมง\nเรือพ่วง\nเรือพิฆาต\nเรือยนต์\nเรือยาว\nเรือโยง\nเรือรบ\nเรือลากจูง\nเรือสำปั้น\nเรือสำเภา\nเรือหลวง\nเรือหางยาว\nเรืออีโปง\nเรือเอี้ยมจุ๊น\nเรื้อรัง\nเรือกสวน\nเรืองนาม\nเรืองรอง\nเรืองแสง\nเรื่องราว\nเรื่องสั้น\nเรือนแก้ว\nเรือนจำ\nเรือนเบี้ย\nเรือนแพ\nเรือนหอ\nเรื่อยเจื้อย\nเรื่อยเฉื่อย\nเรื่อยเปื่อย\nแรเงา\nแรกนา\nแรกนาขวัญ\nแรงงาน\nแรงดึงดูด\nแรงเทียน\nแรงม้า\nแรงเหวี่ยง\nแรมรอน\nแรมรา\nแรมโรย\nโรคจิต\nโรงครัว\nโรงงาน\nโรงเจ\nโรงเตี๊ยม\nโรงทาน\nโรงนา\nโรงพยาบาล\nโรงพัก\nโรงพิมพ์\nโรงเรียน\nโรงเรือน\nโรงแรม\nโรงเลี้ยง\nโรงเลื่อย\nโรงสี\nโรงสีข้าว\nโรงอาหาร\nโรมรัน\nโรยรา\nฤชากร\nฤดูกาล\nลงขัน\nลงแขก\nลงคอ\nลงตัว\nลงท้าย\nลงทุน\nลงโทษ\nลงพุง\nลงมือ\nลงรัก\nลงรอย\nลงแรง\nลงโรง\nลงเอย\nลดตัว\nลดละ\nลดเลี้ยว\nลดหย่อน\nลดหลั่น\nลนลาน\nล้นพ้น\nล้นหลาม\nล้นเหลือ\nลบล้าง\nลบเลือน\nลบหลู่\nลมกรด\nลมค้า\nลมงวง\nลมแดด\nลมทะเล\nลมบก\nลมบน\nลมบ้าหมู\nลมปราณ\nลมปาก\nลมพิษ\nลมว่าว\nลมเสีย\nลมหนาว\nลมหายใจ\nล่มจม\nล่มสลาย\nล้มละลาย\nล้มลุก\nล้มเลิก\nล่วงเกิน\nล่วงรู้\nล่วงละเมิด\nล่วงลับ\nล่วงล้ำ\nล่วงเลย\nล่วงหน้า\nลวดลาย\nลวดสปริง\nลวดหนาม\nล้วนแล้ว\nลหุโทษ\nล่อลวง\nล่อหลอก\nล่อแหลม\nล้อต๊อก\nล้อเลื่อน\nล้อเล่น\nล้อเลียน\nล้อหลอก\nลองเชิง\nลองดี\nลองภูมิ\nล่องหน\nลอดช่อง\nล่อนจ้อน\nลอบกัด\nล้อมวง\nลอยแก้ว\nลอยชาย\nลอยตัว\nลอยนวล\nลอยแพ\nลอยลำ\nละทิ้ง\nละเลย\nละเว้น\nละครนอก\nละครใน\nละครเพลง\nละครร้อง\nละครรำ\nละครลิง\nละครสัตว์\nละเอียดอ่อน\nลักไก่\nลักพา\nลักเพศ\nลักยิ้ม\nลักลอบ\nลักลั่น\nลักหลับ\nลัดเลาะ\nลับตา\nลับแล\nลับหลัง\nลาออก\nล่าช้า\nล่าทัพ\nล้าสมัย\nล้าหลัง\nลากข้าง\nล้างบาง\nล้างผลาญ\nลาดเขา\nลาดตระเวน\nลาดเท\nลาดยาง\nลานบิน\nลาภปาก\nลาภลอย\nลามปาม\nลามเลีย\nลายคราม\nลายเซ็น\nลายแทง\nลายน้ำ\nลายพร้อย\nลายมือ\nลายลักษณ์\nลายเส้น\nลำกล้อง\nลำแข้ง\nลำธาร\nลำแสง\nลำไส้\nลำตัด\nลำนำ\nล่ำสัน\nล้ำยุค\nล้ำสมัย\nล้ำลึก\nล้ำเลิศ\nล้ำเส้น\nล้ำหน้า\nลิงจุ่น\nลิงลม\nลิงโลด\nลิดรอน\nลิ้นไก่\nลิ้นชัก\nลิ้นปี่\nลิ้นควาย\nลิ้นงูเห่า\nลิ้นหมา\nลิบลับ\nลิบลิ่ว\nลิ่มเลือด\nลี้ภัย\nลี้ลับ\nลึกซึ้ง\nลึกลับ\nลึกล้ำ\nลืมตน\nลืมต้น\nลืมตัว\nลืมตา\nลืมเลือน\nลือชา\nลือชื่อ\nลือลั่น\nลุล่วง\nลุกลน\nลุกลาม\nลุกลี้ลุกลน\nลุกฮือ\nลุ่มน้ำ\nลุ่มลึก\nลุ่มหลง\nลุ่ทาง\nลูกกรง\nลูกกรอก\nลูกกรุง\nลูกกลอน\nลูกกลิ้ง\nลูกกวาด\nลูกกะจ๊อก\nลูกกุญแจ\nลูกเกด\nลูกแก้ว\nลูกขนไก่\nลูกข่าง\nลูกขุน\nลูกเขย\nลูกครึ่ง\nลูกคลื่น\nลูกความ\nลูกคอ\nลูกค้า\nลูกคิด\nลูกคู่\nลูกจ้าง\nลูกช้าง\nลูกชิด\nลูกชิ้น\nลูกชุบ\nลูกซอง\nลูกโซ่\nลูกดอก\nลูกดิ่ง\nลูกตะกั่ว\nลูกตุ้ม\nลูกเต้า\nลูกเต๋า\nลูกถ้วย\nลูกทุ่ง\nลูกเธอ\nลูกน้อง\nลูกน้ำ\nลูกนิมิต\nลูกบอล\nลูกบ้าน\nลูกบาศก์\nลูกบิด\nลูกเบี้ยว\nลูกประคบ\nลูกประคำ\nลูกปัด\nลูกปืน\nลูกโป่ง\nลูกผสม\nลูกผู้ชาย\nลูกผู้หญิง\nลูกพรรค\nลูกพี่\nลูกฟูก\nลูกไฟ\nลูกมือ\nลูกโม่\nลูกไม้\nลูกยาเธอ\nลูกรอก\nลูกรัง\nลูกเรือ\nลูกล้อ\nลูกลอย\nลูกเล่น\nลูกเลี้ยง\nลูกโลก\nลูกวัด\nลูกศร\nลูกศิษย์\nลูกสมุน\nลูกสะใภ้\nลูกสูบ\nลูกเสือ\nลูกหนัง\nลูกหนี้\nลูกหนู\nลูกหมาก\nลูกหลง\nลูกหลาน\nลูกหาบ\nลูกหิน\nลูกเห็บ\nลูกเหม็น\nลูกแหง่\nลูกอม\nลูกหม้อ\nลูบคม\nลูบคลำ\nลูบไล้\nเล็กน้อย\nเลขคณิต\nเลขผา\nเลขหมาย\nเล็ดลอด\nเล่นงาน\nเล่นแง่\nเล่นชู้\nเล่นตัว\nเล่นลิ้น\nเล่นหัว\nเลนส์นูน\nเลนส์เว้า\nเล็บครุฑ\nเลยเถิด\nเลศนัย\nเล่ห์กล\nเล่ห์เหลี่ยม\nเลอโฉม\nเลอมาน\nเลอเลิศ\nเลอสรวง\nเล่อล่า\nเลอะเลือน\nเล่าเรียน\nเล่าลือ\nเลาะลัด\nเลิกรา\nเลิกร้าง\nเลิกล้ม\nเลิศเลอ\nเลี้ยงชีพ\nเลี้ยงดู\nเลี้ยงต้อย\nเลียบเคียง\nเลี้ยวลด\nเลือกตั้ง\nเลือกเฟ้น\nเลือกสรร\nเลื่องลือ\nเลือดกำเดา\nเลือดเนื้อ\nเลือดฝาด\nเลือดเย็น\nเลือดร้อน\nเลือดหมู\nเลือดอุ่น\nเลือนราง\nเลื่อนเปื้อน\nเลื่อนลอย\nเลื่อมพราย\nเลื่อมใส\nเลื่อยฉลุ\nเลื่อยลันดา\nเลื่อยวงเดือน\nเลื้อยคลาน\nแลเหลียว\nแลกเปลี่ยน\nแล้วกัน\nและเล็ม\nโล่งใจ\nโล่งโถง\nโล่งอก\nโลดเต้น\nโลดโผน\nโลดลิ่ว\nโลดแล่น\nไล่ที่\nไล่เบี้ย\nไล่เลี่ย\nไล่เลียง\nไล่หลัง\nไล่ออก\nวกวน\nวงกบ\nวงกลม\nวงการ\nวงแขน\nวงเงิน\nวงจร\nวงนอก\nวงใน\nวงรี\nวงเล็บ\nวงเวียน\nวงแหวน\nวงศ์วาน\nวจีกรรม\nวจีเภท\nวจีภาค\nวนเวียน\nวอดวาย\nว็อบแว็บ\nวังวน\nวังหน้า\nวังหลวง\nวังหลัง\nวัดราษฎร์\nวัดวา\nวัดหลวง\nวัดผล\nวัดพื้น\nวัตถุนิยม\nวัตถุประสงค์\nวัตรปฏิบัติ\nวันโกน\nวันพระ\nวันเพ็ญ\nวัยรุ่น\nวัยวุฒิ\nว่ากล่าว\nว่าจ้าง\nว่าด้วย\nว่าที่\nวางก้าม\nวางใจ\nวางตัว\nวางตา\nวางโต\nวางท่า\nวางมวย\nวางมาด\nวางมือ\nวางวาย\nว่างเปล่า\nว่างเว้น\nวาดเขียน\nว่านเครือ\nวาบหวาม\nวายชนม์\nวายปราณ\nวายวาง\nวายวอด\nวายร้าย\nวายุภักษ์\nวาววับ\nวาววาม\nวาวแวว\nวาวแสง\nวิกฤตการณ์\nวิกฤติการณ์\nวิกฤตกาล\nวิกฤติกาล\nวิกลจริต\nวิงเวียน\nวิ่งเต้น\nวิ่งผลัด\nวิ่งรอก\nวิ่งราว\nวิจิตรศิลป์\nวิชาการ\nวิชาชีพ\nวิชาธร\nวิญญูชน\nวิดพื้น\nวิตกจริต\nวิถีทาง\nวิทยากร\nวิทยากล\nวิทยาการ\nวิทยาเขต\nวิทยาทาน\nวิทยาธร\nวิทยานิพนธ์\nวิทยาศาสตร์\nวิเทศสัมพันธ์\nวิธีการ\nวินัยธร\nวินัยปิฎก\nวินาศกรรม\nวินาศภัย\nวินาศสันตะโร\nวิภัชพยากรณ์\nวิภัชวาที\nวิไลวรรณ\nวิสัญญีแพทย์\nวิสัญญีภาพ\nวิสัญญีวิทยา\nวุฒิบัตร\nวุฒิสภา\nวุฒิสมาชิก\nวุ่นวาย\nวุ้นเส้น\nวูบวาบ\nเวจกุฎี\nเวจมรรค\nเวชกรรม\nเวชภัณฑ์\nเวชศาสตร์\nเวทมนตร์\nเวนคืน\nเวรกรรม\nเวฬุการ\nเวฬุวัน\nเว้าวอน\nเวิ้งว้าง\nเวียงวัง\nเวียนเทียน\nแว้งกัด\nแวดล้อม\nแวดวง\nแว่นขยาย\nแว่นแคว้น\nแว่นตา\nแวบวับ\nแววตา\nแวววาม\nแวววาว\nแวะเวียน\nโวยวาย\nไวไฟ\nไว้ใจ\nไว้ชื่อ\nไว้ตัว\nไว้ทุกข์\nไว้ลาย\nไว้หน้า\nไว้อาลัย\nศนิวาร\nศอกกลับ\nศอกกำ\nศอกกำมา\nศักดิ์ศรี\nศักดิ์สิทธิ์\nศารทวิษุวัติ\nศาลแขวง\nศาลจังหวัด\nศาลชั้นต้น\nศาลฎีกา\nศาลเตี้ย\nศาลทหาร\nศาลปกครอง\nศาลพระภูมิ\nศาลเพียงตา\nศาลแพ่ง\nศาลรัฐธรรมนูญ\nศาลแรงงาน\nศาลล้มละลาย\nศาลโลก\nศาลสูง\nศาลสูงสุด\nศาลอาญา\nศาลอุทธรณ์\nศาลากลาง\nศาลาดิน\nศาลาราย\nศาลาวัด\nศิลาฤกษ์\nศิลาแลง\nศิษย์เก่า\nศิษย์เอก\nศีลจุ่ม\nศีลธรรม\nศีลวัต\nศีลอด\nศูนย์กลาง\nศูนย์การค้า\nศูนย์ถ่วง\nศูนย์สูตร\nศูนย์หน้า\nเศร้าใจ\nเศร้าโศก\nเศร้าสร้อย\nเศร้าสลด\nเศร้าหมอง\nเศวตฉัตร\nเศษเกิน\nเศษซ้อน\nเศษวรรค\nเศษส่วน\nเศษเหล็ก\nโศกนาฏกรรม\nโศกศัลย์\nโศกเศร้า\nโศกสลด\nสกลโลก\nส่งเดช\nส่งท้าย\nส่งเสริม\nส่งเสีย\nส่งเสียง\nสงบเงียบ\nสงบเสงี่ยม\nสง่างาม\nสง่าราศี\nสดชื่น\nสดใส\nสตรีเพศ\nสติปัญญา\nสถลมารค\nสถานกงสุล\nสถานที่\nสถานทูต\nสถานการณ์\nสถานภาพ\nสถิติศาสตร์\nสนตะพาย\nสนใจ\nส้นตีน\nสนธิสัญญา\nสนนราคา\nสนับแข้ง\nสนับเพลา\nสนับมือ\nสนามบิน\nสนามเพลาะ\nสนิทสนม\nสนิมขุม\nสนิมสร้อย\nสนุกสนาน\nสบประมาท\nสบายใจ\nสภาพธรรม\nสมควร\nสมจริง\nสมใจ\nสมนัย\nสมน้ำหน้า\nสมประกอบ\nสมส่วน\nสมหวัง\nสมคบ\nสมทบ\nสมยอม\nสมรัก\nสมรู้\nสมสู่\nส้มฉุน\nส้มตำ\nส้มลิ้ม\nส้มกุ้ง\nส้มเช้า\nสมญานาม\nสมมติฐาน\nสมมุติฐาน\nสมมติเทพ\nสมรภูมิ\nสมัครใจ\nสมัยนิยม\nสมุทรศาสตร์\nสมุทรเสนา\nสยดสยอง\nสยองขวัญ\nสยามรัฐ\nสรรหา\nสรวมชีพ\nสรวลเส\nสร้อยเศร้า\nสร้างสรรค์\nสร้างเสริม\nสลดใจ\nสลบไสล\nสละสลวย\nสลาเหิน\nสลากภัต\nสวนครัว\nสวนป่า\nสวนสนุก\nสวนหย่อม\nส่วนกลาง\nส่วนเกิน\nส่วนตัว\nส่วนบุญ\nส่วนแบ่ง\nส่วนประกอบ\nส่วนพระองค์\nส่วนผสม\nส่วนรวม\nส่วนร่วม\nส่วนลด\nส่วนสัด\nสวมกอด\nสวมเขา\nสวมรอย\nสวยมภู\nสว่างไสว\nสวามิภักดิ์\nสวิงสวาย\nสสารนิยม\nส่อเสียด\nสอดคล้อง\nสอดแทรก\nสอดแนม\nสอบถาม\nสอบทาน\nสอบไล่\nสอบสวน\nส้อมเสียง\nสะสวย\nสะแกวัลย์\nสะแกแสง\nสะใจ\nสะเด็ดยาด\nสะเทือนใจ\nสะบัดช่อ\nสั่งสม\nสั่งสอน\nสั่งเสีย\nสังเกตการณ์\nสังคมนิยม\nสังคมวิทยา\nสังคมศาสตร์\nสังคมศึกษา\nสังคมสงเคราะห์\nสัญญาบัตร\nสัดส่วน\nสัตการ\nสัตบุรุษ\nสัตบริภัณฑ์\nสัตภัณฑ์\nสัตมหาสถาน\nสัตโลหะ\nสันเขา\nสันดอน\nสันหลัง\nสั่นเทา\nสั่นเทิ้ม\nสันติบาล\nสันติภาพ\nสันติวิธี\nสันติสุข\nสับเปลี่ยน\nสับสน\nสับหลีก\nสับหว่าง\nสัมมาคารวะ\nสัมมาชีพ\nส่าเหล้า\nสากกะเบือ\nสาทิสลักษณ์\nสาธุการ\nสาธุชน\nสาบเสือ\nสาปสรร\nสาปแช่ง\nสาปส่ง\nสามง่าม\nสามล้อ\nสามเหลี่ยม\nสามเวท\nสามัญชน\nสามัญสำนึก\nสายดิ่ง\nสายดิน\nสายตรวจ\nสายน้ำ\nสายบัว\nสายพาน\nสายฟ้า\nสายยาง\nสายยู\nสายใย\nสายรก\nสายรุ้ง\nสายล่อฟ้า\nสายลับ\nสายเลือด\nสายโลหิต\nสายวัด\nสายส่ง\nสายสวาท\nสายสะดือ\nสายสะพาย\nสายสัมพันธ์\nสายสิญจน์\nสายสืบ\nสายไหม\nสายอากาศ\nสายตา\nสายหยุด\nสารตรา\nสารประกอบ\nสารละลาย\nสารส้ม\nสารหนู\nสารทฤดู\nสาวใช้\nสาวน้อย\nสาวใหญ่\nสำนักงาน\nสำนักพิมพ์\nสำนักสงฆ์\nสำมะโนครัว\nสำเร็จรูป\nสิกขาบท\nสิงสถิต\nสิงสู่\nสิ่งก่อสร้าง\nสิ่งของ\nสิ่งปฏิกูล\nสิ่งพิมพ์\nสิ่งแวดล้อม\nสิ่งศักดิ์สิทธิ์\nสิทธิกร\nสิทธิ์ขาด\nสิทธิชัย\nสิทธิโชค\nสิทธิบัตร\nสินค้า\nสินจ้าง\nสินเชื่อ\nสินไถ่\nสินทรัพย์\nสินน้ำใจ\nสินบน\nสินแร่\nสินสมรส\nสินสอด\nสินไหม\nสิ้นเชิง\nสิ้นสุด\nสีผึ้ง\nสีลม\nสีชอล์ก\nสีถ่าน\nสีเทียน\nสีน้ำ\nสีน้ำมัน\nสีโปสเตอร์\nสีฝุ่น\nสี่เหลี่ยม\nสีหน้า\nสึกหรอ\nสืบทอด\nสืบค้น\nสืบสวน\nสืบสาว\nสืบเสาะ\nสื่อผสม\nสื่อมวลชน\nสื่อสาร\nสุกงอม\nสุกดิบ\nสุกปลั่ง\nสุกใส\nสุขนาฏกรรม\nสุขภัณฑ์\nสุขภาพ\nสุขลักษณะ\nสุขวิทยา\nสุขศาลา\nสุขศึกษา\nสุดท้าย\nสุตกวี\nสุนทรพจน์\nสุภาพชน\nสู่ขอ\nสู่รู้\nสู่สม\nสูงส่ง\nสูญเปล่า\nสูญสิ้น\nสูญเสีย\nสูญหาย\nเสสรวล\nเสแสร้ง\nเสกสรร\nเสถียรภาพ\nเส้นชัย\nเส้นตรง\nเส้นตาย\nเส้นทาง\nเส้นใย\nเส้นรุ้ง\nเส้นเลือด\nเส้นแวง\nเส้นสาย\nเส้นเสียง\nเส้นหมี่\nเส้นเอ็น\nเสบียงกรัง\nเสมอภาค\nเสมอหน้า\nเสมอเหมือน\nเสมียนตรา\nเสร็จสรรพ\nเสร็จสิ้น\nเสริมส่ง\nเสริมสร้าง\nเสริมสวย\nเสรีไทย\nเสรีธรรม\nเสรีนิยม\nเสรีภาพ\nเสาเข็ม\nเสาธง\nเสียใจ\nเสียเชิง\nเสียดาย\nเสียที\nเสียเที่ยว\nเสียเปรียบ\nเสียเปล่า\nเสียรู้\nเสียแรง\nเสียสละ\nเสียหลัก\nเสียหาย\nเสี่ยงทาย\nเสียดแทง\nเสียดแทรก\nเสียดสี\nเสี้ยนศึก\nเสี้ยนหนาม\nเสี้ยมสอน\nเสียวซ่าน\nเสียวไส้\nเสือดาว\nเสือดำ\nเสือปลา\nเสือป่า\nเสือไฟ\nเสื่อกก\nเสื่อกระจูด\nเสื่อน้ำมัน\nเสื่อลำแพน\nเสื้อกล้าม\nเสื้อกั๊ก\nเสื้อเกราะ\nเสื้อครุย\nเสื้อแสง\nเสื้อเมือง\nเสือกคลาน\nเสือกสน\nเสือกไส\nเสื่อมคลาย\nเสื่อมถอย\nเสื่อมทราม\nเสื่อมโทรม\nเสื่อมสลาย\nเสื่อมสูญ\nเสื่อมเสีย\nเสือหมอบ\nแสกหน้า\nแสดงออก\nแสเถา\nแสนกล\nแสนรู้\nแสร้งว่า\nใส่ความ\nใส่ไคล้\nใส่ใจ\nใส่ไฟ\nไส้กรอก\nไส้ไก่\nไส้ติ่ง\nไส้ศึก\nไส้อั่ว\nไส้เดือน\nไส้ตัน\nไสยเวท\nไสยศาสตร์\nหกล้ม\nหงส์หยก\nหงอนไก่\nหงอยก๋อย\nหงอยเหงา\nหงายท้อง\nหงายหลัง\nหงำเหงอะ\nหงำเหงือก\nหดหาย\nหดหู่\nหนทาง\nหนวกหู\nหน่วงเหนี่ยว\nหน่วยก้าน\nหน่อไม้\nหนองใน\nหนองแซง\nหนักข้อ\nหนักใจ\nหนักแน่น\nหนักหน่วง\nหนักหนา\nหนังกลับ\nหนังตะลุง\nหนังเรียด\nหนังสด\nหนังใหญ่\nหนังสือพิมพ์\nหนาแน่น\nหน้ากระดาน\nหน้ากาก\nหน้ากาฬ\nหน้าแข้ง\nหน้าจั่ว\nหน้าฉาน\nหน้าตัก\nหน้าตา\nหน้าต่าง\nหน้าท้อง\nหน้าทับ\nหน้าที่\nหน้าที่นั่ง\nหน้าบัน\nหน้าปัด\nหน้าผา\nหน้าผาก\nหน้าม้า\nหน้ามุข\nหน้าไม้\nหน้าเลือด\nหน้าอก\nหนามเตย\nหน่ายหนี\nหน่ายแหนง\nหนาวเหน็บ\nหนำใจ\nหนี้สิน\nหนี้ส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น\nกณิกนันต์\nกณิการ์\nกด\nกตเวทิตา\nกตเวที\nกตัญชลี\nกตัญญุตา\nกตัญญู\nกตาธิการ\nกตาภินิหาร\nกติกา\nกถา\nกถิกาจารย์\nกทลี\nกน\nก่น\nก้น\nกนก\nกนิษฐ์\nกนิษฐา\nกบ\nกบฏ\nกบดาน\nกบทู\nกบาล\nกบินทร์\nกบิล\nกบี่\nกบูร\nกเบนทร์\nกม\nก้ม\nกมณฑลาภิเษก\nกมณฑโลทก\nกมล\nกมลา\nกมลาศ\nกมลาสน์\nกมเลศ\nกมัณฑลุ\nกมุท\nกร\nกรกฎ\nกรกฎาคม\nกรกฏ\nกรง\nกรชกาย\nกรณฑ์\nกรณิการ์\nกรณี\nกรณีย์\nกรณียกิจ\nกรณียะ\nกรด\nกรน\nกรบ\nกรบูร\nกรพินธุ์\nกรม\nกรรกฎ\nกรรกศ\nกรรเกด\nกรรไกร\nกรรเจียก\nกรรชิง\nกรรเชียง\nกรรโชก\nกรรฐ์\nกรรฐา\nกรรณ\nกรรณา\nกรรณิกา\nกรรณิการ์\nกรรดิ\nกรรดิก\nกรรดึก\nกรรตุ\nกรรไตร\nกรรทบ\nกรรแทก\nกรรบิด\nกรรบูร\nกรรภิรมย์\nกรรม\nกรรม์\nกรรม์ภิรมย์\nกรรมชวาต\nกรรมัชวาต\nกรรมาชีพ\nกรรมาธิการ\nกรรมาร\nกรรษก\nกรรสะ\nกรรแสง\nกรวด\nกรวบ\nกรวม\nกร้วม\nกรวย\nกรวิก\nกรสาปน์\nกรสุทธิ์\nกรอ\nกร้อ\nกรอก\nกร็อกกร๋อย\nกรอกแกรก\nกรอง\nกรองกรอย\nกรอด\nกร่อน\nกรอบ\nกรอม\nกร่อย\nกระ\nกระกร\nกระกรุ่น\nกระกลับกลอก\nกระกี้\nกระเกรอก\nกระเกริก\nกระเกริ่น\nกระคน\nกระคาย\nกระงกกระเงิ่น\nกระง่องกระแง่ง\nกระง่อนกระแง่น\nกระเง้ากระงอด\nกระโงก\nกระจก\nกระจง\nกระจร\nกระจอก\nกระจองหง่อง\nกระจ๋องหง่อง\nกระจองอแง\nกระจ้อน\nกระจอนหู\nกระจ้อย\nกระจ๋อหวอ\nกระจะ\nกระจัก\nกระจัง\nกระจัด\nกระจับ\nกระจ่า\nกระจ่าง\nกระจาด\nกระจาน\nกระจาบ\nกระจาม\nกระจาย\nกระจาว\nกระจิก\nกระจิ๋ง\nกระจิด\nกระจิบ\nกระจิ๋ม\nกระจิริด\nกระจิ๋ว\nกระจี้\nกระจี๋\nกระจุก\nกระจุ๋งกระจิ๋ง\nกระจุบ\nกระจุ๊บ\nกระจุ๋มกระจิ๋ม\nกระจุย\nกระจู้\nกระจู๋กระจี๋\nกระจูด\nกระเจอะกระเจิง\nกระเจา\nกระเจ่า\nกระเจ้า\nกระเจาะ\nกระเจิง\nกระเจิดกระเจิง\nกระเจี้ยง\nกระเจี๊ยบ\nกระเจียว\nกระเจี๊ยว\nกระแจะ\nกระโจน\nกระโจม\nกระฉอก\nกระฉ่อน\nกระฉับกระเฉง\nกระฉิ่ง\nกระฉีก\nกระฉูด\nกระเฉก\nกระเฉด\nกระแฉก\nกระโฉกกระเฉก\nกระโฉม\nกระชดกระช้อย\nกระชอน\nกระชอมดอก\nกระช้อย\nกระชัง\nกระชั้น\nกระชับ\nกระชาก\nกระชาย\nกระชิง\nกระชิด\nกระชุ\nกระชุก\nกระชุ่มกระชวย\nกระเชอ\nกระเชา\nกระเช้า\nกระเชียง\nกระแชง\nกระแชะ\nกระโชก\nกระซ่องกระแซ่ง\nกระซับ\nกระซาบ\nกระซิก\nกระซิบ\nกระซี้\nกระซุง\nกระซุบกระซิบ\nกระซุ้ม\nกระซู่\nกระเซ็น\nกระเซอ\nกระเซอะกระเซอ\nกระเซอะกระเซิง\nกระเซ้า\nกระเซิง\nกระแซ\nกระแซะ\nกระโซกระเซ\nกระฎี\nกระฎุมพี\nกระดก\nกระด้ง\nกระดนโด่\nกระดวง\nกระดวน\nกระด้วมกระเดี้ยม\nกระดอ\nกระดอง\nกระดองหาย\nกระดอน\nกระดอม\nกระดักกระเดี้ย\nกระดังงัว\nกระดังงา\nกระดาก\nกระด้าง\nกระดางลาง\nกระดาด\nกระดาดขาว\nกระดาน\nกระดานพน\nกระดาษ\nกระดำกระด่าง\nกระดิก\nกระดิ่ง\nกระดิ้ง\nกระดิบ\nกระดี่\nกระดี้กระเดียม\nกระดึง\nกระดืบ\nกระดุ\nกระดุกกระดิก\nกระดุ้งกระดิ้ง\nกระดุบ\nกระดุบกระดิบ\nกระดุม\nกระดูก\nกระเดก\nกระเด้ง\nกระเด็น\nกระเด้า\nกระเดาะ\nกระเดิด\nกระเดี้ย\nกระเดียด\nกระเดือก\nกระเดื่อง\nกระแด็ก\nกระแด้ง\nกระแด้แร่\nกระแด่ว\nกระแดะ\nกระโดก\nกระโดง\nกระโดด\nกระโดน\nกระได\nกระตรับ\nกระตราก\nกระตรุด\nกระตรุม\nกระต้วมกระเตี้ยม\nกระต้อ\nกระต่องกระแต่ง\nกระต๊อบ\nกระต้อยตีวิด\nกระตัก\nกระตั้ว\nกระต่าย\nกระติก\nกระติ๊ด\nกระติบ\nกระตือรือร้น\nกระตุก\nกระตุ้งกระติ้ง\nกระตุ่น\nกระตุ้น\nกระตูบ\nกระเตง\nกระเต็น\nกระเตอะ\nกระเตาะ\nกระเตาะกระแตะ\nกระเตื้อง\nกระแต\nกระแตแต้แว้ด\nกระโตกกระตาก\nกระโตน\nกระถด\nกระถอบ\nกระถั่ว\nกระถาง\nกระถิก\nกระถิน\nกระเถิบ\nกระโถน\nกระทก\nกระทง\nกระทบ\nกระทรวง\nกระทอก\nกระท้อน\nกระท่อนกระแท่น\nกระท่อม\nกระท้อมกระแท้ม\nกระทะ\nกระทั่ง\nกระทั้น\nกระทา\nกระทาย\nกระทาสี\nกระทาหอง\nกระทำ\nกระทิกกระทวย\nกระทิง\nกระทึง\nกระทืบ\nกระทุ\nกระทุง\nกระทุ้ง\nกระทุ่ม\nกระทู้\nกระเท่\nกระเทียบ\nกระเทียม\nกระเทือน\nกระเทื้อม\nกระแทก\nกระแท่น\nกระแทะ\nกระไทชาย\nกระน่อง\nกระนั้น\nกระนี้\nกระแนะกระแหน\nกระโน้น\nกระไน\nกระบก\nกระบม\nกระบวน\nกระบวย\nกระบวร\nกระบอก\nกระบอง\nกระบะ\nกระบัด\nกระบั้วกระเบี้ย\nกระบ่า\nกระบ้า\nกระบาก\nกระบาย\nกระบาล\nกระบิ\nกระบิ้ง\nกระบิด\nกระบิล\nกระบี่\nกระบือ\nกระบุง\nกระบุ่มกระบ่าม\nกระบู้กระบี้\nกระบูน\nกระบูร\nกระเบง\nกระเบญ\nกระเบ็ดกระบวน\nกระเบน\nกระเบา\nกระเบิก\nกระเบียด\nกระเบียน\nกระเบื้อง\nกระแบก\nกระแบะ\nกระโบม\nกระปมกระปำ\nกระปมกระเปา\nกระปรอก\nกระปรอกว่าว\nกระปรี้กระเปร่า\nกระปอก\nกระป้อกระแป้\nกระป่อง\nกระป๋อง\nกระปอดกระแปด\nกระป๋อหลอ\nกระปั้วกระเปี้ย\nกระป่ำ\nกระปุก\nกระปุ๊กลุก\nกระปุ่ม\nกระปุ่มกระป่ำ\nกระปุ่มกระปิ่ม\nกระเป๋า\nกระเปาะ\nกระโปก\nกระโปรง\nกระผม\nกระผลีกระผลาม\nกระผาน\nกระผีก\nกระพรวน\nกระพริ้ม\nกระพอก\nกระพอง\nกระพ้อม\nกระพัก\nกระพัง\nกระพังเหิร\nกระพังโหม\nกระพัด\nกระพัตร\nกระพัน\nกระพั่น\nกระพา\nกระพาก\nกระพี้\nกระพือ\nกระพุ้ง\nกระพุ่ม\nกระเพาะ\nกระเพิง\nกระเพื่อม\nกระแพ้ง\nกระฟัดกระเฟียด\nกระฟูมกระฟาย\nกระมล\nกระมอบ\nกระมอมกระแมม\nกระมัง\nกระมัน\nกระมิดกระเมี้ยน\nกระมุท\nกระเมาะ\nกระย่อง\nกระย่องกระแย่ง\nกระย่อน\nกระย่อม\nกระยา\nกระยาง\nกระยาจก\nกระยาหงัน\nกระยิก\nกระยิ้มกระย่อง\nกระยึกกระยือ\nกระยืดกระยาด\nกระเย้อกระแหย่ง\nกระรอก\nกระเรียน\nกระโรกน้ำข้าว\nกระโรกใหญ่\nกระไร\nกระลด\nกระลบ\nกระลอก\nกระลอม\nกระละหล่ำ\nกระลัด\nกระลับ\nกระลัมพร\nกระลา\nกระลำ\nกระลำพัก\nกระลำพุก\nกระลิง\nกระลี\nกระลุมพาง\nกระลุมพุก\nกระลุมพู\nกระลูน\nกระลู่น์\nกระเล็น\nกระเลียด\nกระเลือก\nกระโลง\nกระวน\nกระวัด\nกระวาด\nกระวาน\nกระวาย\nกระวิน\nกระวี\nกระวีกระวาด\nกระวูดกระวาด\nกระเวน\nกระเวยกระวาย\nกระแวน\nกระโวยกระวาย\nกระษัย\nกระษาปณ์\nกระสง\nกระสบ\nกระสม\nกระสรวล\nกระสร้อย\nกระสวน\nกระสวย\nกระสอบ\nกระสะ\nกระสัง\nกระสัน\nกระสับกระส่าย\nกระสา\nกระสานติ์\nกระสาบ\nกระสาย\nกระสือ\nกระสุงกระสิง\nกระส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ทิง\nกากะเยีย\nกากี\nกาง\nก้าง\nกางเกง\nกางเขน\nก๊าซ\nกาซะลอง\nกาญจนา\nกาฐ\nกาด\nก๊าด\nกาน\nก่าน\nก้าน\nก๊าน\nกานดา\nกานต์\nกานน\nก้านพร้าว\nกานพลู\nกาน้า\nกาบ\nก้าบ\nกาบู\nกาพย์\nกาเฟอีน\nกาแฟ\nกาม\nก้าม\nกามารมณ์\nกามินี\nกาเมสุมิจฉาจาร\nกาย\nก่าย\nกาเยน\nการ\nการณ์\nการ์ด\nการ์ตูน\nการบูร\nการย์\nการวิก\nการเวก\nการะเกด\nการะบุหนิง\nการัณย์\nการันต์\nการางหัวขวาน\nการิตการก\nการิตวาจก\nการุญ\nการุณย์\nกาเรการ่อน\nกาล\nกาลกรรณี\nกาลกิณี\nกาลจักร\nกาลัญญุตา\nกาลัญญู\nกาลัด\nกาลานุกาล\nกาลิก\nกาลี\nกาแล\nกาแล็กซี\nกาแล็กโทส\nกาว\nก้าว\nกาววาว\nกาวาง\nกาแวน\nกาศิก\nกาษฐะ\nกาษา\nกาสร\nกาสะ\nกาสา\nกาสาร\nกาสาวะ\nกาสิโน\nกาหล\nกาหลง\nกาหลา\nกาเหว่า\nกาไหล่\nกาฬ\nกาฬาวก\nกาฮัง\nกำ\nก่ำ\nกำกวม\nกำกัด\nกำกับ\nก้ำกึ่ง\nกำกูน\nก้ำเกิน\nกำเกียง\nกำคูน\nกำจร\nกำจัด\nกำจาย\nกำชับ\nกำชำ\nกำซาบ\nกำซำ\nกำด้น\nกำดัด\nกำดาล\nกำเดา\nกำธร\nกำนล\nกำนัน\nกำนัล\nกำเนิด\nกำบัง\nก่ำบึ้ง\nกำเบ้อ\nกำปอ\nกำปั่น\nกำผลา\nกำพง\nกำพด\nกำพต\nกำพร้า\nกำพราก\nกำพวด\nกำพอง\nกำพืด\nกำพุด\nกำพู\nกำเพลิง\nกำแพง\nกำภู\nกำมลาศน์\nกำมเลศ\nกำมะถัน\nกำมะลอ\nกำมะหยี่\nกำมะหริด\nกำมังละการ\nกำมังวิลิต\nกำมัชพล\nกำยาน\nกำยำ\nกำรอ\nกำราบ\nกำราล\nกำเริบ\nกำไร\nกำลัง\nกำลุง\nกำเลา\nกำไล\nกำสรด\nกำสรวล\nกำหนด\nกำหนัด\nกำเหน็จ\nกำแหง\nกิก\nกิ๊ก\nกิ่ง\nกิ้งก่า\nกิ้งกือ\nกิ้งโครง\nกิจ\nกิจจะ\nกิจจา\nกิดาการ\nกิดาหยัน\nกิตติ\nกิตติมศักดิ์\nกิน\nกินนร\nกินปลี\nกินเปี้ยว\nกินริน\nกินรี\nกิ๊บ\nกิมตึ๋ง\nกิมิชาติ\nกิมิวิทยา\nกิโมโน\nกิโยตีน\nกิระ\nกิริณี\nกิรินท\nกิริเนศวร\nกิริยา\nกิเลน\nกิเลส\nกิโล\nกิโลมกะ\nกิ่ว\nกิ๋ว\nกี\nกี่\nกี้\nกี๊\nกี๋\nกีฏวิทยา\nกีด\nกีตาร์\nกีบ\nกีรติ\nกีฬา\nกึก\nกึง\nกึ่ง\nกึ๋น\nกุ\nกุก\nกุ๊ก\nกุกกุฏ\nกุกกุร\nกุกรรม\nกุ้ง\nกุงอน\nกุงาน\nกุโงก\nกุจี\nกุญแจ\nกุญชร\nกุฎ\nกุฎา\nกุฎี\nกุฎุมพี\nกุฏฐัง\nกุฏิ\nกุณฑ์\nกุณฑล\nกุณฑี\nกุณโฑ\nกุณาล\nกุณี\nกุด\nกุดัง\nกุดั่น\nกุดา\nกุทัณฑ์\nกุน\nกุ๊น\nกุนเชียง\nกุนที\nกุโนกามอ\nกุบ\nกุบกับ\nกุม\nกุ่ม\nกุมฝอย\nกุมภ์\nกุมภนิยา\nกุมภัณฑ์\nกุมภา\nกุมภิล\nกุมภีล์\nกุมเหง\nกุมาร\nกุมารา\nกุมารี\nกุมุท\nกุย\nกุ๊ย\nกุ๋ย\nกุยช่าย\nกุยเฮง\nกุรระ\nกุรุพินท์\nกุเรา\nกุล\nกุลา\nกุลาหล\nกุลี\nกุลีกุจอ\nกุเลา\nกุแล\nกุเวร\nกุศราช\nกุศล\nกุศโลบาย\nกุสุม\nกุสุมภ์\nกุสุมา\nกุสุมาลย์\nกุสุมิตลดาเวลลิตา\nกุหนี\nกุหนุง\nกุหร่า\nกุหล่า\nกุหลาบ\nกุแหละ\nกู\nกู่\nกู้\nกู๊ก\nกูฏ\nกูฏา\nกูณฑ์\nกูด\nกูบ\nกูปรี\nกูรมะ\nกูรมาวตาร\nเก\nเก้\nเก๊\nเก๋\nเกก\nเก๊ก\nเกกมะเหรก\nเก๊กฮวย\nเก้กัง\nเก็ง\nเก่ง\nเก้ง\nเก๋ง\nเกงกอย\nเก่งกาจ\nเกงเขง\nเก๋งเคง\nเก็จ\nเกจิอาจารย์\nเกชา\nเกณฑ์\nเกด\nเก็ด\nเกตุ\nเกน\nเก็บ\nเกม\nเกย\nเกยูร\nเกรง\nเกร็ง\nเกร็ด\nเกรน\nเกร่อ\nเกรอะ\nเกราะ\nเกริก\nเกริน\nเกริ่น\nเกรียก\nเกรียง\nเกรียด\nเกรียน\nเกรียบ\nเกรียม\nเกรียว\nเกรี้ยว\nเกเร\nเกล็ด\nเกลศ\nเกลอ\nเกลา\nเกล้า\nเกลาะ\nเกลี่ย\nเกลี้ย\nเกลียง\nเกลี้ยง\nเกลียด\nเกลียว\nเกลือ\nเกลื้อ\nเกลือก\nเกลื่อน\nเกลื้อน\nเกวัฏ\nเกวียน\nเกศ\nเกศว\nเกศวะ\nเกศา\nเกศินี\nเกศี\nเกษตร\nเกษม\nเกษียณ\nเกษียน\nเกษียร\nเกส\nเกสร\nเกสรี\nเกสา\nเกสี\nเก้อ\nเกอิชา\nเกะ\nเกะกะ\nเกา\nเก่า\nเก้า\nเก๋า\nเกาต์\nเกาทัณฑ์\nเกาบิล\nเกาลัด\nเกาลิน\nเกาไศย\nเกาหลี\nเกาเหลา\nเกาเหลียง\nเก้าอี้\nเกาะ\nเกิ้ง\nเกิด\nเกิน\nเกิบ\nเกีย\nเกียกกาย\nเกียง\nเกี่ยง\nเกี๋ยง\nเกียจ\nเกียด\nเกียน\nเกี้ยมไฉ่\nเกี้ยมอี๋\nเกียร์\nเกียรติ\nเกียรติ์\nเกี่ยว\nเกี้ยว\nเกี๊ยว\nเกี๊ยะ\nเกื้อ\nเกือก\nเกื้อกูล\nเกือบ\nแก\nแก่\nแก้\nแกง\nแก่ง\nแก้ง\nแก๊ง\nแกงได\nแกงแนง\nแกโดลิเนียม\nแกน\nแก่น\nแก๊ป\nแกม\nแก้ม\nแกมมา\nแกรก\nแกร่ง\nแกร็น\nแกรนิต\nแกรไฟต์\nแกร่ว\nแกระ\nแกล\nแกล้ง\nแกลน\nแกลบ\nแกล้ม\nแกลลอน\nแกลเลียม\nแกล้ว\nแกละ\nแกแล\nแกว\nแก้ว\nแกว่ง\nแก๊ส\nแกะ\nโก\nโก่\nโก้\nโก๋\nโกก\nโกกนุท\nโกกิลา\nโกโก้\nโกง\nโก่ง\nโกงกาง\nโก้งเก้ง\nโกงโก้\nโก้งโค้ง\nโกเชาว์\nโกญจนาท\nโกญจา\nโกฏิ\nโกฐ\nโกฐาส\nโกณะ\nโกดัง\nโกทัณฑ์\nโกน\nโก่น\nโก๋น\nโกมล\nโกมุท\nโกเมน\nโกเมศ\nโกย\nโกรก\nโกรกกราก\nโกรง\nโกร่ง\nโกร่งกร่าง\nโกรงเกรง\nโกร๋งเกร๋ง\nโกรญจ\nโกรต๋น\nโกรธ\nโกรธา\nโกร๋น\nโกรม\nโกรย\nโกรศ\nโกโรโกเต\nโกโรโกโรก\nโกโรโกโส\nโกลน\nโกลาหล\nโกไล\nโกวิท\nโกศ\nโกศล\nโกษม\nโกสน\nโกสัช\nโกสินทร์\nโกสีย์\nโกสุม\nโกไสย\nโกหก\nใกล้\nไก\nไก่\nไก๊\nไก๋\nไก่กอม\nไกพัล\nไกร\nไกรพ\nไกรลาส\nไกรศร\nไกรศรี\nไกรสร\nไกรสรี\nไกรสิทธิ\nไกล\nไกล่\nไกลาส\nไกว\nไกวัล\nขงจื๊อ\nขจร\nขจรจบ\nขจัด\nขจ่าง\nขจาย\nขจาว\nขจิต\nขจี\nขจุย\nขเจา\nขณะ\nขด\nขน\nข้น\nขนง\nขนด\nขนบ\nขนม\nขนอง\nขนอน\nขนอบ\nขนัด\nขนัน\nขนาก\nขนาง\nขนาด\nขนาน\nขนาบ\nขนาย\nขนำ\nขนิษฐ\nขนิษฐา\nขนุน\nขนุนนก\nขบ\nขบถ\nขบวน\nขบวร\nขม\nข่ม\nขมงโกรย\nขมวด\nขมวน\nขมอง\nขม่อม\nขมัง\nขมับ\nขมา\nขม้ำ\nขมิ้น\nขมิบ\nขมีขมัน\nขมึง\nขมึงทึง\nขมุ\nขมุกขมัว\nขมุบ\nขโมย\nขยด\nขยม\nขย่ม\nขยอก\nขยอง\nขย่อน\nขย้อน\nขยะ\nขยัก\nขยัน\nขยั้น\nขยับ\nขยาด\nขยาย\nขยำ\nขย้ำ\nขยิก\nขยิบ\nขยิ่ม\nขยี้\nขยุกขยิก\nขยุกขยุย\nขยุบ\nขยุบขยิบ\nขยุม\nขยุ้ม\nขยุย\nขรม\nขรรค์\nขรัว\nขริบ\nขรี\nขรึม\nขรุขระ\nขลบ\nขล้อ\nขลัง\nขลับ\nขลาด\nขลาย\nขลิบ\nขลุก\nขลุกขลัก\nขลุกขลิก\nขลุบ\nขลุม\nขลุ่ย\nขลู\nขลู่\nขวง\nข่วง\nขวด\nข่วน\nขวนขวาย\nขวบ\nขวย\nขวักไขว่\nขวัญ\nขวั้น\nขวับ\nขวับเขวียว\nขวา\nขวาก\nขวาง\nขว้าง\nขวาด\nขวาน\nขวายขวน\nขวาว\nขว้าว\nขวิด\nขอ\nข่อ\nข้อ\nของ\nข้อง\nขอด\nขอน\nข้อน\nขอบ\nขอม\nข่อย\nข้อย\nข่อยหยอง\nขะแจะ\nขะเน็ด\nขะมอมขะแมม\nขะมักเขม้น\nขะมุกขะมอม\nขะยิก\nขะยุก\nขะเย้อแขย่ง\nขัค\nขัง\nขังขอก\nขัช\nขัณฑสกร\nขัณฑสีมา\nขัด\nขัดมอน\nขัตติยมานะ\nขัน\nขั้น\nขันติ\nขันตี\nขันโตก\nขันที\nขันธ์\nขันธาวาร\nขับ\nขัว\nขั้ว\nขา\nข่า\nข้า\nขาก\nขาก๊วย\nขาง\nข่าง\nข้าง\nขาณุ\nขาด\nขาทนียะ\nขาน\nขาบ\nข้าพเจ้า\nขาม\nข่าม\nข้าม\nขาย\nข่าย\nขาล\nขาว\nข่าว\nข้าว\nข้าวอังกุลี\nขำ\nขิก\nขิง\nขิงแกลง\nขิงแครง\nขิด\nขิปสัทโท\nขิม\nขี่\nขี้\nขี้เข็บ\nขีณาสพ\nขีด\nขี้ตังนี\nขีปนาวุธ\nขี้ยอก\nขีระ\nขึง\nขึ้ง\nขึ้น\nขึ้นฉ่าย\nขืน\nขื่น\nขื่อ\nขุก\nขุด\nขุน\nขุ่น\nขุนเพ็ด\nขุม\nขุย\nขู่\nขูด\nเข\nเข้\nเขก\nเข็ง\nเข่ง\nเขจร\nเข็ญ\nเข็ด\nเขดา\nเขต\nเขน\nเข็น\nเข่น\nเขนง\nเขน็ด\nเขนย\nเขบ็จขบวน\nเขบ็ต\nเขม\nเข็ม\nเข้ม\nเข้มขาบ\nเขม็ง\nเขม็ดแขม่\nเขม่น\nเขม้น\nเขม้นขะมัก\nเขมร\nเขมา\nเขม่า\nเขมือบ\nเขย\nเขยก\nเขย่ง\nเขย้อแขย่ง\nเขย่า\nเขยิน\nเขยิบ\nเขยื้อน\nเขรอะ\nเขลง\nเขลอะ\nเขละ\nเขลา\nเขลาะ\nเขว\nเขษม\nเขฬะ\nเขะขะ\nเขา\nเข่า\nเข้า\nเขิง\nเขิน\nเขิบ\nเขี่ย\nเขียง\nเขียด\nเขียดตะปาด\nเขียน\nเขี่ยน\nเขียม\nเขียว\nเขี้ยว\nเขียะ\nเขือ\nเขือง\nเขื่อง\nเขื่อน\nเขือม\nแข\nแข้\nแขก\nแข็ง\nแข่ง\nแข้ง\nแขน\nแข่น\nแข้น\nแขนง\nแขม\nแขม็บ\nแขม่ว\nแขยง\nแขย่ง\nแขวก\nแขวง\nแขวน\nแขวะ\nโข\nโขก\nโขง\nโข่ง\nโขด\nโขดง\nโขน\nโขนง\nโขม\nโขมง\nโขมด\nโขยก\nโขยง\nโขย่ง\nโขยด\nโขลก\nโขลง\nโขลน\nโขษม\nไข\nไข่\nไข้\nไขว่\nไขว้\nคคนะ\nคคนัมพร\nคคนางค์\nคคนานต์\nคง\nคงคา\nคงไคย\nคช\nคชาชาติ\nคชาชีพ\nคชาธาร\nคชาภรณ์\nคณนา\nคณบดี\nคณะ\nคณาจารย์\nคณาธิการ\nคณาธิปไตย\nคณานับ\nคณิกา\nคณิต\nคเณศ\nคด\nคดี\nคติ\nคทา\nคน\nค้น\nคนทา\nคนทิสอ\nคนที\nคนโท\nคนธ์\nคันธ์\nคนธรรพ์\nคเนจร\nคบ\nคม\nคมน์\nคมนาการ\nคมนาคม\nคมิกภัต\nครก\nครบ\nครรชิต\nครรภ\nครรภ์\nครรลอง\nครรโลง\nครรไล\nครวญ\nครวี\nครหา\nครอก\nครอง\nครองแครง\nคร่อเงาะ\nคร่อเทียน\nครอบ\nคร่อม\nคระเมิม\nคระแลง\nคระไล\nคระแวง\nคระหน\nคระหวน\nคระหาย\nคระโหย\nครั่ง\nครั้ง\nครัดเคร่ง\nครัน\nครั่น\nครั้น\nครับ\nครัว\nครา\nคร่า\nคราก\nคราง\nคราญ\nคราด\nคร้าน\nคราบ\nคราม\nคร้าม\nครามครัน\nคราว\nคร่าว\nคราส\nครำ\nคร่ำ\nคร่ำเคร่ง\nคริปทอน\nคริสต์\nครีบ\nครีม\nครีษมายัน\nครึ\nครึกครื้น\nครึกโครม\nครึ่ง\nครึ่ด\nครึน\nครึ้ม\nครืด\nครืน\nครื้น\nครืนครั่น\nครื้นครั่น\nครื้นครึก\nครื้นเครง\nครือ\nครุ\nครุคระ\nครุฑ\nครุ่น\nครุมเครือ\nครุย\nครุวนา\nครู\nครู่\nครูด\nคฤโฆษ\nคฤนถ์\nคฤหบดี\nคฤหัสถ์\nคฤหาสน์\nคลวง\nคลอ\nคล้อ\nคลอก\nคลอง\nคล่อง\nคล้อง\nคลอด\nคลอน\nคล้อย\nคลอรีน\nคลอโรฟอร์ม\nคลอโรฟีลล์\nคละ\nคละคลุ้ง\nคลัก\nคลั่ก\nคลัง\nคลั่ง\nคลัตช์\nคลับคล้าย\nคลับคลา\nคลา\nคล้า\nคลางแคลง\nคลาด\nคลาน\nคลาย\nคล้าย\nคล้ายคลึง\nคล่าว\nคลำ\nคล่ำ\nคล้ำ\nคลิ้งโคลง\nคลิด\nคลินิก\nคลี\nคลี่\nคลึง\nคลื่น\nคลุก\nคลุ้ง\nคลุบ\nคลุม\nคลุ่ม\nคลุ้ม\nควง\nควณ\nควน\nควบ\nควย\nควร\nควัก\nควั่ก\nควั่งคว้าง\nควัน\nควั่น\nคว้า\nควาก\nคว้าง\nควาญ\nควาน\nคว้าน\nความ\nควาย\nคว่าว\nคว่ำ\nควินิน\nควิวคว่าง\nคหกรรม\nคหกรรมศาสตร์\nคหบดี\nคหัฐ\nคอ\nค้อ\nคอก\nค็อกคัส\nค็อกเทล\nคอเคซอยด์\nค่องอ้อย\nคอด\nคอแดง\nคอน\nค่อน\nค้อน\nคอนกรีต\nคอนเดนเซอร์\nคอนแวนต์\nคอนเสิร์ต\nคอม\nค่อม\nค้อม\nคอมพิวเตอร์\nคอมมานโด\nคอมมิวนิสต์\nคอย\nค่อย\nค้อย\nคอยล์\nคอร์ด\nคอแลน\nคอสติกโซดา\nคะ\nค่ะ\nคะไขว่\nคะค้อย\nคะคาน\nคะนน\nคะนอง\nคะน้า\nคะนึง\nคะเน\nคะเนงร้าย\nคะเน็ด\nคะแนน\nคะมำ\nคะยั้นคะยอ\nคะเยอ\nคัก\nคั่ก\nคัคนะ\nคัคนัมพร\nคัคนางค์\nคัคนานต์\nคั่ง\nคังไคย\nคัจฉ\nคัณฑมาลา\nคัณฑสูตร\nคัด\nคัดเค้า\nคัดมอน\nคัดเม็ง\nคัทลียา\nคัน\nคั่น\nคั้น\nคันถรจนาจารย์\nคันธกุฎี\nคันธมาทน์\nคันธารราษฎร์\nคับ\nคับค้อน\nคับคา\nคับแค\nคัพภ์\nคัมภีร์\nคัมภีรภาพ\nคัล\nคั่ว\nคา\nค่า\nค้า\nค่าคบ\nคาง\nค่าง\nค้าง\nคางคก\nค้างคาว\nคาด\nคาถา\nคาทอลิก\nคาน\nค้าน\nคาบ\nคาพยุต\nคาม\nคามวาสี\nคามณีย์\nคามภีร์\nคาย\nค่าย\nคาร์บอน\nคาร์บอเนต\nคาร์บอลิก\nคาร์บูเรเตอร์\nคาร์โบรันดัม\nคาร์โบไฮเดรต\nคารม\nคารวะ\nคาราเต้\nคาราวาน\nคาว\nค่าว\nค้าว\nคาวตอง\nคาวี\nคาวุต\nคาส\nคำ\nค่ำ\nค้ำ\nคำนวณ\nคำนวร\nคำนับ\nคำนัล\nคำนึง\nคำนูณ\nคำฝอย\nคำเพลิง\nคำรน\nคำรบ\nคำราม\nคำแสด\nคำแหง\nคำโอง\nคิก\nคิง\nคิด\nคิมหันต์\nคิรี\nคิลาน\nคิลานะ\nคิว\nคิ้ว\nคี่\nคีต\nคีบ\nคีม\nคีรี\nคีรีบูน\nคึก\nคึ่ก\nคึกคัก\nคืน\nคืบ\nคือ\nคุ\nคุก\nคุกกี้\nคุกคาม\nคุกพาทย์\nคุ้ง\nคุณ\nคุด\nคุดทะราด\nคุต\nคุตติ\nคุ่น\nคุ้น\nคุป\nคุปต์\nคุปติ\nคุม\nคุ่ม\nคุ้ม\nคุย\nคุ้ย\nคุยหฐาน\nคุยหประเทศ\nคุรุ\nคุลา\nคุลิก่า\nคุลีการ\nคุหา\nคู\nคู่\nคู้\nคูณ\nคูถ\nคูน\nคูปอง\nคูเรียม\nคูหา\nเค้ก\nเค้เก้\nเค้ง\nเคณฑะ\nเคด\nเค็ด\nเคน\nเค้น\nเคเบิล\nเค็ม\nเคมี\nเคย\nเครง\nเคร่ง\nเครงครา\nเครงครำ\nเครดิต\nเครน\nเครา\nเคร่า\nเคราหณี\nเคราะห์\nเครียด\nเครียว\nเครือ\nเครื่อง\nเคล้ง\nเคล็ด\nเคล้น\nเคล้า\nเคล่าคล่อง\nเคลิบเคลิ้ม\nเคลิ้ม\nเคลีย\nเคลื่อน\nเคลือบ\nเคว้ง\nเคหะ\nเคหา\nเคอะ\nเค้า\nเคาน์เตอร์\nเคารพ\nเคาะ\nเคาะแคะ\nเคียง\nเคียด\nเคียน\nเคียม\nเคี่ยม\nเคียร\nเคียว\nเคี่ยว\nเคี้ยว\nเคือง\nแค\nแค่\nแค้\nแคแล\nแคดเมียม\nแค็ตตาล็อก\nแคแตร\nแคโทด\nแคน\nแค่น\nแค้น\nแคบ\nแคบหมู\nแคปซูล\nแคม\nแคร่\nแครก\nแครง\nแคระ\nแคลคูลัส\nแคลง\nแคลเซียม\nแคลน\nแคล้ว\nแคล่วคล่อง\nแคลอรี\nแคลิฟอร์เนียม\nแคว\nแควก\nแคว้น\nแคแสด\nแคะ\nโค\nโคก\nโคเคน\nโค่ง\nโค้ง\nโคจร\nโคเซแคนต์\nโคไซน์\nโคตร\nโคแทนเจนต์\nโคธา\nโคน\nโค่น\nโคบอลต์\nโคปผกะ\nโคม\nโคม่า\nโครก\nโครกคราก\nโครง\nโคร่ง\nโคร่งคร่าง\nโครม\nโครเมียม\nโครโมโซม\nโคราช\nโครำ\nโคล\nโคลง\nโคลน\nโควตา\nโคออร์ดิเนต\nใคร\nใคร่\nใคร่ครวญ\nไค\nไค้\nไคร้\nไคร้เครือ\nไคล\nไคล้\nฆนะ\nฆราวาส\nฆ้อง\nฆ่า\nฆาต\nฆาน\nฆานินทรีย์\nเฆี่ยน\nโฆรวิส\nโฆษก\nโฆษณา\nโฆษะ\nโฆษ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nเฉ่ง\nเฉด\nเฉท\nเฉนียน\nเฉพาะ\nเฉย\nเฉลย\nเฉลว\nเฉลา\nเฉลิม\nเฉลี่ย\nเฉลียง\nเฉลี่ยง\nเฉลียบ\nเฉลียว\nเฉวียง\nเฉวียน\nเฉอะแฉะ\nเฉา\nเฉาก๊วย\nเฉาฮื้อ\nเฉาะ\nเฉิด\nเฉิบ\nเฉียง\nเฉียงพร้านางแอ\nเฉียด\nเฉียบ\nเฉียว\nเฉี่ยว\nเฉือน\nเฉื่อย\nแฉ\nแฉ่\nแฉก\nแฉง\nแฉ่ง\nแฉลบ\nแฉล้ม\nแฉะ\nโฉ\nโฉ่\nโฉเก\nโฉ่งฉ่าง\nโฉงเฉง\nโฉด\nโฉนด\nโฉบ\nโฉเบ๊\nโฉม\nโฉลก\nไฉน\nไฉไล\nชก\nชคัตตรัย\nชง\nชงโค\nชงฆ์\nชงฆา\nชงโลง\nชฎา\nชฎามังษี\nชฎามังสี\nชฎิล\nชด\nชน\nชนก\nชนนี\nชนม์\nชนวน\nชนะ\nชนัก\nชนา\nชนาง\nชนิด\nชเนตตี\nชบา\nชม\nชมดชม้อย\nชมนาด\nชมพู\nชมพู่\nชมรม\nชม้อย\nชม้าย\nชไม\nชยา\nชโย\nชรทึง\nชรริน\nชรอุ่ม\nชระล้ำ\nชระลุ\nชระอาบ\nชระเอม\nชรัด\nชรา\nชล\nชโลง\nชโลม\nช่วง\nชวด\nชวน\nชวย\nช่วย\nชวร\nชวลิต\nชวา\nชวาล\nชวาลา\nช่อ\nชอก\nช็อก\nช็อกโกเลต\nช็อกโกแลต\nชอง\nช่อง\nช้อง\nชองระอา\nชอน\nช่อน\nช้อน\nชอบ\nชอม\nช้อย\nชอล์ก\nชอ่ำ\nชอุ่ม\nชะ\nชะคราม\nชะงอก\nชะง่อน\nชะงัก\nชะงัด\nชะง้ำ\nชะงุ้ม\nชะเง้อ\nชะเงื้อม\nชะแง้\nชะโงก\nชะฉ่า\nชะช่อง\nชะชะ\nชะช้า\nชะโด\nชะตา\nชะต้า\nชะนี\nชะเนาะ\nชะเนียง\nชะพลู\nชะเพลิง\nชะมด\nชะมบ\nชะมวง\nชะมัง\nชะมัด\nชะแม่\nชะรอย\nชะลอ\nชะลอม\nชะล่า\nชะลาน\nชะลิน\nชะลูด\nชะเลง\nชะเลย\nชะแล็ก\nชะแลง\nชะวาก\nชะวาด\nชะเวิกชะวาก\nชะแวง\nชะอม\nชะอ้อน\nชะเอม\nชะโอน\nชัก\nชักคราม\nชักช้า\nชัง\nชั่ง\nชังคา\nชังฆ\nชัชวาล\nชัฏ\nชัด\nชัดช้า\nชัน\nชั้น\nชันกาด\nชันชี\nชันตุ\nชันนะตุ\nชันนุ\nชันโรง\nชันษา\nชันสูตร\nชัปนะ\nชัพ\nชัมพูนท\nชัย\nชัยพฤกษ์\nชัยภูมิ\nชัลลุกา\nชั่ว\nชั้ว\nชัวชม\nชา\nช้า\nชาคระ\nชาคริต\nชาคริยานุโยค\nช่าง\nช้าง\nช้าช่อน\nชาญ\nชาด\nชาดก\nชาต\nชาตบุษย์\nชาตรี\nชาตะ\nชาตา\nชาติ\nชาน\nชานุ\nช้าปี่\nชาปีไหน\nช้าแป้น\nช้าพลู\nชาม\nชามพูนท\nชามาดร\nชามาดา\nชามาตุ\nชาย\nชายา\nชาล\nชาลา\nชาลินี\nช้าเลือด\nชาว\nชาวี\nชำ\nช่ำ\nช้ำ\nชำงัด\nชำงาย\nช่ำชอง\nชำนะ\nชำนัญ\nชำนัน\nชำนาญ\nชำนิ\nชำเนียร\nชำมะนาด\nชำมะเลียง\nชำร่วย\nชำระ\nช้ำรั่ว\nชำรุด\nชำเรา\nชำเราะ\nชำแรก\nชำแระ\nชำเลือง\nชำแหละ\nชิ\nชิง\nชิ่ง\nชิงชัน\nชิงช้า\nชิงช้าชาลี\nชิงชี่\nชิงฮื้อ\nชิชะ\nชิชิ\nชิณณะ\nชิด\nชิเดนทรีย์\nชิต\nชิตินทรีย์\nชิน\nชิ้น\nชินโต\nชิโนรส\nชิม\nชิมแปนซี\nชิยา\nชิรณะ\nชิระ\nชิวหา\nชิสา\nชี\nชี่\nชี้\nชีปะขาว\nชีผะขาว\nชีผ้าขาว\nชีพ\nชีฟอง\nชีรณ\nชีระ\nชีวเคมี\nชีวประวัติ\nชีวภาพ\nชีววิทยา\nชีวะ\nชีวัน\nชีวา\nชีวาตม์\nชีวาลัย\nชีวิต\nชีวิตักษัย\nชีวิน\nชีวี\nชืด\nชื่น\nชื้น\nชื่อ\nชุก\nชุกชี\nชุ้ง\nชุณห\nชุด\nชุติ\nชุน\nชุบ\nชุม\nชุ่ม\nชุมนุม\nชุมพร\nชุมพา\nชุมแพรก\nชุมรุม\nชุมแสง\nชุมเห็ด\nชุ่ย\nชุลมุน\nชุลี\nชุษณะ\nชู\nชู้\nเช็ค\nเช้ง\nเช้งวับ\nเชงเลง\nเช็ด\nเชน\nเช่น\nเชย\nเชลง\nเชลย\nเชลแล็ก\nเชลียง\nเชวง\nเชษฐะ\nเชษฐา\nเชอ\nเช่า\nเช้า\nเชาว์\nเชาวน์\nเชิง\nเชิญ\nเชิด\nเชิ้ต\nเชียง\nเชี่ยน\nเชียบ\nเชี่ยม\nเชียร\nเชียร์\nเชียว\nเชี่ยว\nเชื่อ\nเชื้อ\nเชือก\nเชื่อง\nเชือด\nเชือน\nเชื่อม\nแช\nแช่\nแช่ง\nแชงมา\nแชบ๊วย\nแช่ม\nแชร์\nแชล่ม\nแชสซี\nแชะ\nโชก\nโชค\nโชงโลง\nโชดก\nโชดึก\nโชต\nโชตก\nโชติ\nโชติก\nโชน\nโชมโรม\nโชย\nโชยงการ\nโชยชาย\nโชยติส\nโชว์\nใช่\nใช้\nไช\nไชนะ\nไชย\nไชโย\nซก\nซ่ก\nซงดำ\nซ่งฮื้อ\nซด\nซน\nซ้น\nซบ\nซม\nซวดเซ\nซวน\nซวย\nซอ\nซอก\nซอง\nซ่อง\nซ้อง\nซองแมว\nซ้องแมว\nซอน\nซ่อน\nซ้อน\nซอม\nซ่อม\nซ้อม\nซอมซ่อ\nซอย\nซอส\nซัก\nซักส้าว\nซัง\nซั้ง\nซัด\nซับ\nซัลฟา\nซั้ว\nซา\nซ่า\nซาก\nซาง\nซ่าง\nซาด\nซาน\nซ่าน\nซาบซ่าน\nซาบซึ้ง\nซ่าโบะ\nซาแมเรียม\nซ้าย\nซาลาเปา\nซาว\nซ่าหริ่ม\nซำ\nซ้ำ\nซิ\nซี\nซิก\nซิกข์\nซิกซี้\nซิกแซ็ก\nซิการ์\nซิงโคนา\nซิ่น\nซินนามิก\nซินแส\nซิบ\nซิป\nซิฟิลิส\nซิลิคอน\nซิว\nซี่\nซีก\nซีเซียม\nซีด\nซี้ด\nซีนอน\nซีป่าย\nซีเมนต์\nซีเรียม\nซีลีเนียม\nซีอิ๊ว\nซึก\nซึง\nซึ่ง\nซึ้ง\nซึม\nซื่อ\nซื้อ\nซุก\nซุง\nซุน\nซุบ\nซุป\nซุ่ม\nซุ้ม\nซุ่มซ่าม\nซุย\nซู่\nซูโครส\nซูด\nซู้ด\nซูดซาด\nซูบ\nเซ\nเซ็ก\nเซแคนต์\nเซ็ง\nเซ่ง\nเซ้ง\nเซ็งแซ่\nเซต\nเซน\nเซ็น\nเซ่น\nเซนติกรัม\nเซนติเกรด\nเซนติเมตร\nเซนติลิตร\nเซปักตะกร้อ\nเซราะ\nเซรุ่ม\nเซลเซียส\nเซลล์\nเซลลูลอยด์\nเซลลูโลส\nเซ่อ\nเซอร์โคเนียม\nเซอะ\nเซา\nเซ้าซี้\nเซาะ\nเซิง\nเซิ้ง\nเซียน\nเซียบ\nเซียมซี\nเซียว\nเซี่ยว\nเซี่ยวกาง\nเซื่อง\nแซ\nแซ่\nแซ็กคาริน\nแซง\nแซงแซว\nแซด\nแซบ\nแซม\nแซยิด\nแซ่ว\nแซะ\nโซ\nโซ่\nโซก\nโซ่ง\nโซงโขดง\nโซเซ\nโซดา\nโซเดียม\nโซม\nโซรม\nโซลา\nไซ\nไซ้\nไซเกิล\nไซโคลน\nไซน์\nไซยาไนด์\nไซร้\nไซเรน\nไซโล\nฌาน\nฌาปน\nฌาปนกิจ\nฌาปนสถาน\nเฌอ\nเฌอเอม\nญวน\nญัตติ\nญาณ\nญาติ\nญานาซะฮ์\nญิบ\nญี่ปุ่น\nเญยธรรม\nไญยธรรม\nฎีกา\nฐกัด\nฐากูร\nฐาน\nฐานะ\nฐานันดร\nฐานานุกรม\nฐานานุรูป\nฐานานุศักดิ์\nฐานียะ\nฐาปน\nฐาปนา\nฐายี\nฐิต\nฐิติ\nฑาหก\nฑาหะ\nเฒ่า\nณรงค์\nเณร\nดก\nดง\nด้ง\nด้น\nดนโด่\nดนตรี\nดนัย\nดนุ\nดนู\nดบัสวิน\nดบัสวี\nดม\nดรงค์\nดรณี\nดรรชนี\nดราฟต์\nดรุณ\nดรุณี\nดล\nดวง\nด้วง\nดวด\nด่วน\nด้วน\nด้วย\nดอก\nดอง\nด่อง\nด้อง\nดองฉาย\nดองดึง\nดอด\nดอน\nด่อน\nดอม\nด้อม\nดอย\nด้อย\nดอลลาร์\nดะ\nดะโต๊ะ\nดะหมัง\nดัก\nดักดาน\nดักแด้\nดัง\nดั่ง\nดั้ง\nดัชนี\nดัด\nดัตช์\nดัน\nดั้น\nดับ\nดัมพ์\nดั้วเดี้ย\nดัสกร\nดา\nด่า\nดาก\nด่าง\nด้าง\nดาด\nดาน\nด่าน\nด้าน\nดาบ\nดาบส\nดาม\nด้าม\nด้ามจิ้ว\nดามพ์\nดาย\nด้าย\nดารกะ\nดารณี\nดารดาษ\nดาระ\nดารา\nดาล\nดาลัด\nดาว\nด่าว\nด้าว\nดาวดึงส์\nดาวบส\nดาษ\nดาษดา\nดำ\nด่ำ\nด้ำ\nดำกล\nดำเกิง\nดำแคง\nดำดง\nดำนาณ\nดำเนิน\nดำบล\nดำรง\nดำรวจ\nดำรัส\nดำริ\nดำรี\nดำรู\nดำฤษณา\nดำเลิง\nดิก\nดิ่ง\nดิฉัน\nดิฐ\nดิตถ์\nดิถี\nดิน\nดิ้น\nดิบ\nดิรัจฉาน\nดิลก\nดิ่ว\nดิ้ว\nดิ้วเดี้ยว\nดิษฐ์\nดิสโพรเซียม\nดี\nดีเซล\nดีด\nดีดีที\nดีบุก\nดีปลี\nดีเปรสชัน\nดีหมี\nดีหลี\nดึก\nดึง\nดึ่ง\nดึ่ม\nดื่น\nดื่ม\nดือ\nดื้อ\nดุ\nดุก\nดุกดิก\nดุกทะเล\nดุ้ง\nดุ้งดิ้ง\nดุจ\nดุด\nดุน\nดุ้น\nดุบ\nดุม\nดุ่ม\nดุ่ย\nดุรงค์\nดุริยะ\nดุริยางค์\nดุริยางคศาสตร์\nดุริยางคศิลป์\nดุล\nดุษฎี\nดุษณี\nดุษณีภาพ\nดุษิต\nดุสิต\nดุเหว่า\nดู\nดูกค่าง\nดูกร\nดูด\nดูรา\nดูแล\nเด\nเด่\nเดก\nเด็ก\nเดกซ์โทรส\nเดคากรัม\nเดคาเมตร\nเดคาลิตร\nเด้ง\nเด็จ\nเดช\nเดชน์\nเดชนะ\nเดชะ\nเดโช\nเดซิกรัม\nเดซิเมตร\nเดซิลิตร\nเด็ด\nเดน\nเด่น\nเดนมาร์ก\nเดรัจฉาน\nเด๋อ\nเด๋อด๋า\nเดา\nเด้า\nเดาะ\nเดิน\nเดิ่น\nเดิม\nเดียง\nเดียด\nเดียรดาษ\nเดียรถีย์\nเดียรัจฉาน\nเดียว\nเดี่ยว\nเดี๋ยว\nเดียะ\nเดื่อ\nเดือก\nเดื่อง\nเดือด\nเดือน\nเดือย\nแด\nแด่\nแดก\nแด็ก\nแดกงา\nแดกแด้\nแดง\nแดด\nแดน\nแด่น\nแด่ว\nแดะ\nแดะแด๋\nโด\nโด่\nโดกเดก\nโด่ง\nโดด\nโดน\nโดม\nโดมร\nโดย\nโดรณ\nใด\nได\nได้\nไดแซ็กคาไรด์\nไดนาโม\nไดนาไมต์\nไดโนเสาร์\nไดเรกตริกซ์\nตก\nต๊กโต\nตง\nต๋ง\nตงฉิน\nตงิด\nตงุ่น\nตด\nตติย\nตถาคต\nตน\nต้น\nตนัย\nตนุ\nตบ\nตบะ\nตปนียะ\nตม\nต้ม\nตมูก\nตยาคี\nตรง\nตรณี\nตรม\nตรรก\nตรรกะ\nตรลบ\nตรลอด\nตรลาด\nตรวจ\nตรวน\nตรอก\nตรอง\nตรอมใจ\nตรอมตรม\nตระ\nตระกล\nตระกวน\nตระกอง\nตระการ\nตระกูล\nตระคัร\nตระเตรียม\nตระนาว\nตระบก\nตระบอก\nตระบอง\nตระบัด\nตระบัน\nตระเบ็ง\nตระแบก\nตระแบง\nตระโบม\nตระพอง\nตระพัง\nตระลาการ\nตระวัน\nตระเว็ด\nตระเวน\nตระสัก\nตระหง่าน\nตระหนก\nตระหนัก\nตระหน่ำ\nตระหนี่\nตรัง\nตรังค์\nตรับ\nตรับฟัง\nตรัย\nตรัยตรึงศ์\nตรัส\nตรัสสา\nตรา\nตรากตรำ\nตราชู\nตราบ\nตราสัง\nตรำ\nตริ\nตริว\nตรี\nตรีปวาย\nตรีพิธพรรณ\nตรียัมปวาย\nตรึก\nตรึง\nตรุ\nตรุณ\nตรุณะ\nตรุษ\nตรู\nตรู่\nตฤณ\nตฤตีย\nตฤษณา\nตลก\nตลบ\nตลอด\nตลับ\nตลาด\nตลิ่ง\nตลึง\nตวง\nต่วน\nต้วมเตี้ยม\nตวัก\nตวัด\nตวาด\nตอ\nตอม่อ\nต่อ\nต้อ\nตอก\nต๊อก\nต๊อกต๋อย\nตอง\nต้อง\nตองกราย\nต้องเต\nตองแตก\nต่องแต่ง\nตองเหลือง\nตอด\nตอน\nต้อน\nตอบ\nตอเบา\nตอม\nต่อม\nต๋อม\nต่อย\nต้อย\nต้อยตริ่ง\nต้อยติ่ง\nต้อยตีวิด\nตอแย\nตอร์ปิโด\nต่อไส้\nตอแหล\nตะ\nตะกรน\nตะกร้อ\nตะกรัน\nตะกรับ\nตะกร้า\nตะกราม\nตะกรุด\nตะกรุม\nตะกรุมตะกราม\nตะกละ\nตะกลาม\nตะกวด\nตะกอ\nตะกอน\nตะกัง\nตะกั่ว\nตะกาง\nตะกาด\nตะกาย\nตะกาว\nตะกุกตะกัก\nตะกุย\nตะกู\nตะกูด\nตะเกียกตะกาย\nตะเกียง\nตะเกียบ\nตะแก\nตะแก่\nตะแกรง\nตะโก\nตะโก้\nตะโกก\nตะโกน\nตะโกรง\nตะโกรม\nตะไกร\nตะขบ\nตะขอ\nตะขาบ\nตะขิดตะขวง\nตะเข้\nตะเข็บ\nตะโขง\nตะคร้อ\nตะครอง\nตะครั่นตะครอ\nตะคร้ำ\nตะคริว\nตะคิว\nตะครุบ\nตะคอก\nตะคัน\nตะค้า\nตะคาก\nตะค้าน\nตะคุ่ม\nตะเครียว\nตะเคียว\nตะเคียน\nตะแคง\nตะไคร่\nตะไคร้\nตะเฆ่\nตะนอย\nตะนาว\nตะบม\nตะบอง\nตะบอย\nตะบัน\nตะบิ้ง\nตะบิด\nตะบิดตะบอย\nตะบี้ตะบัน\nตะบึง\nตะบูน\nตะเบ็ง\nตะเบ็งมาน\nตะเบ๊ะ\nตะแบก\nตะแบง\nตะโบม\nตะไบ\nตะปบ\nตะปลิง\nตะปิ้ง\nตะปุ่มตะป่ำ\nตะปู\nตะพง\nตะพด\nตะพอง\nตะพัก\nตะพัง\nตะพัด\nตะพั้น\nตะพาก\nตะพาน\nตะพาบ\nตะพาย\nตะพึด\nตะพึดตะพือ\nตะพุ่น\nตะเพรา\nตะเพิง\nตะเพิด\nตะเพียน\nตะโพก\nตะโพง\nตะโพน\nตะเภา\nตะใภ้\nตะม่อ\nตะมอย\nตะรังกะนู\nตะรังตังกวาง\nตะรังตังช้าง\nตะราง\nตะลอง\nตะลอน\nตะล่อม\nตะละ\nตะลาน\nตะลิงปลิง\nตะลิบ\nตะลีตะลาน\nตะลึง\nตะลึงพรึงเพริด\nตะลุง\nตะลุ่ม\nตะลุ่มนก\nตะลุมบอน\nตะลุ่มโปง\nตะลุมพอ\nตะลุมพุก\nตะลุย\nตะเลง\nตะแลงแกง\nตะไล\nตะวัน\nตะเวน\nตะหลิว\nตะหลุก\nตะหลุง\nตะแหง่ว\nตะแหมะแขะ\nตะโหงก\nตัก\nตักกะ\nตักเตือน\nตั๊กแตน\nตักษัย\nตัง\nตั่ง\nตั้ง\nตังเก\nตังฉ่าย\nตังเม\nตังวาย\nตังโอ๋\nตัจฉก\nตัจฉนี\nตัณฑุล\nตัณหา\nตัด\nตัน\nตันตระ\nตันติ\nตันหยง\nตับ\nตับปิ้ง\nตัว\nตั๋ว\nตัวจี๊ด\nตัวตืด\nตั้วโผ\nตั้วเหี่ย\nตา\nตาก\nตากวาง\nต่าง\nตาด\nตาน\nต่าน\nต้าน\nตานนกกด\nตานี\nตาบ\nตาม\nตามะแน\nตามิน\nตาย\nตาราไต\nตาล\nตาลุ\nต๋าว\nตาเสือ\nตาหนู\nตาฬ\nตำ\nต่ำ\nตำนาน\nตำบล\nตำแบ\nตำแย\nตำรวจ\nตำรับ\nตำรา\nตำรุ\nตำลึง\nตำเสา\nตำหนัก\nตำหนิ\nตำแหน่ง\nติ\nติก\nติ๊ก\nติกะ\nติกาหรัง\nติง\nติ่ง\nติ๋ง\nติ่งตั่ง\nติ๋งต่าง\nติงส\nติงสติ\nติณ\nติด\nติตติกะ\nติตติร\nติตถ\nติตถะ\nติถี\nติมิงคละ\nติรัจฉาน\nติลก\nติละ\nติ้ว\nตี\nตี่\nตีน\nตีบ\nตีรถะ\nตีระ\nตึ\nตึก\nตึ้ก\nตึ้กตั้ก\nตึง\nตึดตื๋อ\nตึ๊ดตื๋อ\nตืด\nตื่น\nตื้น\nตื้อ\nตื๊อ\nตื๋อ\nตุ\nตุ๊\nตุ๊กแก\nตุ๊กตา\nตุ๊กต่ำ\nตุกติก\nตุ๊กติ๊ก\nตุ๊กตุ่น\nตุ๊กตุ๋ย\nตุง\nตุ้งก่า\nตุ้งติ้ง\nตุ๊ดตู่\nตุน\nตุ่น\nตุ๋น\nตุนาหงัน\nตุบ\nตุ้บ\nตุ๊บป่อง\nตุปัดตุป่อง\nตุปัดตุเป๋\nตุ่ม\nตุ้ม\nตุ๋ม\nตุ้มกว้าว\nตุมกา\nตุ้มแซะ\nตุมตัง\nตุ้มเต๋น\nตุ้มปี่\nตุมพะ\nตุ่ย\nตุ้ย\nตุ๊ย\nตุ๋ยตุ่ย\nตุรคะ\nตุรงค์\nตุล\nตุลา\nตุหรัดตุเหร่\nตู\nตู่\nตู้\nตูก\nตูด\nตูบ\nตูม\nเต๊ก\nเต็ง\nเต่ง\nเตช\nเตโช\nเต้น\nเต็นท์\nเต็ม\nเตย\nเตร่\nเตร็ด\nเตรตา\nเตรียม\nเตรียมตรม\nเตละ\nเตลิด\nเตว็ด\nเต่อ\nเตอะ\nเตะ\nเตา\nเต่า\nเต้า\nเต๋า\nเต่าเกียด\nเต้าเจี้ยว\nเต้าทึง\nเต้าหู้\nเต้าฮวย\nเต๊าะ\nเตาะแตะ\nเติ่ง\nเติบ\nเติม\nเตี้ย\nเตียง\nเตียน\nเตียบ\nเตี๋ยม\nเตียรถ์\nเตียว\nเตี่ยว\nเตือน\nแต่\nแต้\nแตก\nแตง\nแต่ง\nแตงเม\nแต้จิ๋ว\nแตด\nแต๊ดแต๋\nแตน\nแต้ม\nแตร\nแตระ\nแต้ว\nแต้วแร้ว\nแต้วแล้ว\nแต่ว่า\nแต้แว้ด\nแตะ\nโต\nโต้\nโตก\nโต่ง\nโต้ง\nโตงเตง\nโตฎก\nโต๊ด\nโตน\nโตนด\nโต้โผ\nโตมร\nโตย\nโตรก\nโต๊ะ\nใต้\nไต\nไต่\nไต้\nไต๋\nไตร\nไตรกิศยา\nไตรดายุค\nไตร่ตรอง\nไตรย\nไต้หวัน\nถก\nถกล\nถงาด\nถด\nถนน\nถนอม\nถนัด\nถนัน\nถนำ\nถนิม\nถม\nถ่ม\nถมอ\nถมึงทึง\nถลก\nถลกบาตร\nถลน\nถล่ม\nถลอก\nถลัน\nถลา\nถลาก\nถลาย\nถลำ\nถลึงตา\nถลุง\nถ่วง\nถ้วน\nถ้วย\nถวัล\nถวัลย์\nถวาย\nถวิน\nถวิล\nถ่อ\nถ้อ\nถอก\nถอง\nถ่อง\nถ้อง\nถอด\nถอน\nถอบ\nถอบแถบ\nถ่อม\nถอย\nถ่อย\nถ้อย\nถะ\nถะถั่น\nถะมัดถะแมง\nถัก\nถัง\nถั่ง\nถัด\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นยา\nบิลเลียด\nบิวเรตต์\nบิสมัท\nบี้\nบีฑา\nบีตา\nบีบ\nบีเยศ\nบึก\nบึกบึน\nบึง\nบึ่ง\nบึ้ง\nบุ\nบุก\nบุคคล\nบุคลากร\nบุคลาธิษฐาน\nบุคลิก\nบุง\nบุ่ง\nบุ้ง\nบุ้งกี๋\nบุญ\nบุญญาธิการ\nบุญญานุภาพ\nบุญญาภินิหาร\nบุญญาภิสังขาร\nบุณฑริก\nบุณมี\nบุณย์\nบุตร\nบุตรี\nบุถุชน\nบุทคล\nบุนนาค\nบุบ\nบุบบิบ\nบุปผชาติ\nบุพกรรม\nบุพการี\nบุพกิจ\nบุพชาติ\nบุพทักษิณ\nบุพนิมิต\nบุพบท\nบุพพาจารย์\nบุพเพสันนิวาส\nบุพโพ\nบุ๋ม\nบุ่มบ่าม\nบุ้ย\nบุรณะ\nบุรพทิศ\nบุรพบท\nบุรพาจารย์\nบูรพาจารย์\nบุระ\nบุราณ\nบุรินทร์\nบุริมทิศ\nบุริมพรรษา\nบุริมสิทธิ\nบุรี\nบุรุษ\nบุโรทั่ง\nบุษกร\nบุษบก\nบุษบง\nบุษบัน\nบุษบา\nบุษบามินตรา\nบุษปราค\nบุษปะ\nบุษย์\nบุษย์น้ำทอง\nบุษยมาส\nบุษยะ\nบุษราคัม\nบุหงัน\nบุหงา\nบุหรง\nบุหรี่\nบุหลัน\nบู่\nบู้\nบูชนียสถาน\nบูชา\nบูชิต\nบูด\nบูดู\nบูร\nบูรณ์\nบูรณภาพ\nบูรณมี\nบูรณะ\nบูรณาการ\nบูรพ์\nบูรพะ\nบูรพา\nเบ้\nเบ่ง\nเบ๊จี๋\nเบญกานี\nเบญจกัลยาณี\nเบญจกามคุณ\nเบญจขันธ์\nเบญจดุริยางค์\nเบญจธรรม\nเบญจบรรพต\nเบญจพรรณ\nเบญจเพส\nเบญจมาศ\nเบญจรงค์\nเบญจศก\nเบญจศีล\nเบญจะ\nเบญจา\nเบญจางค์\nเบญจางคประดิษฐ์\nเบญญา\nเบญพาด\nเบ็ด\nเบ็ดเตล็ด\nเบ็ดเสร็จ\nเบน\nเบนซิน\nเบรก\nเบริลเลียม\nเบส\nเบ้อ\nเบอร์\nเบอร์คีเลียม\nเบ้อเร่อ\nเบ้อเร่อเท่อ\nเบ้อเริ่ม\nเบ้อเริ่มเทิ่ม\nเบอะ\nเบอะบะ\nเบะ\nเบา\nเบ้า\nเบาราณ\nเบาะ\nเบิก\nเบิ่ง\nเบี้ย\nเบี่ยง\nเบียด\nเบียน\nเบียร์\nเบี้ยว\nเบือ\nเบื่อ\nเบื้อ\nเบื้อง\nเบือน\nแบ\nแบ้\nแบก\nแบคทีเรีย\nแบ่ง\nแบงก์\nแบดมินตัน\nแบตเตอรี่\nแบน\nแบนโจ\nแบบ\nแบ็บ\nแบเรียม\nแบหลา\nแบะ\nโบ\nโบ้\nโบ๋\nโบก\nโบกขรณี\nโบกขรพรรษ\nโบชุก\nโบต\nโบนัส\nโบ๊เบ๊\nโบย\nโบรมีน\nโบรอน\nโบราณ\nโบสถ์\nใบ\nใบ้\nไบ่\nปก\nปกติ\nปกรณ์\nปกรณัม\nปกิณกะ\nปกีรณัม\nปโกฏิ\nปง\nป่ง\nปงช้าง\nปฎล\nปฏัก\nปฏิกรณ์\nปฏิกรรม\nปฏิการะ\nปฏิกิริยา\nปฏิกูล\nปฏิคม\nปฏิคหิต\nปฏิคาหก\nปฏิฆะ\nปฏิชีวนะ\nปฏิญญา\nปฏิญาณ\nปฏิทิน\nปฏิบถ\nปฏิบัติ\nปฏิปทา\nปฏิปักษ์\nปฏิปัน\nปฏิปุจฉาพยากรณ์\nปฏิปุจฉาวาที\nปฏิพัทธ์\nปฏิพากย์\nปฏิภาค\nปฏิภาณ\nปฏิมา\nปฏิมากร\nปฏิยุทธ์\nปฏิรพ\nปฏิรูป\nปฏิโลม\nปฏิวัติ\nปฏิวาต\nปฏิวาท\nปฏิเวธ\nปฏิสนธิ\nปฏิสวะ\nปฏิสังขรณ์\nปฏิสันถาร\nปฏิสัมภิทา\nปฏิเสธ\nปฐพี\nปฐม\nปฐวี\nปณต\nปณาม\nปณิธาน\nปณิธิ\nปณีต\nปด\nปดิวรัดา\nปติ\nปถพี\nปถมัง\nปถวี\nปทัฏฐาน\nปทัสถาน\nปทานุกรม\nปทีป\nปทุม\nปน\nป่น\nปนัดดา\nปปัญจะ\nปม\nปรนัย\nปรปักษ์\nปรโลก\nปรวาที\nปรก\nปรกติ\nปรง\nปรตยักษ์\nปรน\nปรนนิบัติ\nปรนิมมิตวสวัตดี\nปรบ\nปรปักษ์\nปรมัตถ์\nปรมาจารย์\nปรมาณู\nปรมาภิไธย\nปรมาภิเษก\nปรมินทร์\nบรเมนทร์\nปรเมศวร์\nปรเมษฐ์\nปรวด\nปรวนแปร\nปรศุ\nปรสิต\nปร๋อ\nปรองดอง\nปรอด\nปรอท\nปรอย\nประ\nประกบ\nประกฤต\nประกฤติ\nประกล\nประกวด\nประกวดประขัน\nประกอบ\nประกัน\nประกับ\nประกาย\nประกายพรึก\nประการ\nประกาศ\nประกาศนียบัตร\nประกาศิต\nประกำ\nประกิด\nประกิต\nประคด\nประคนธรรพ\nประคนธรรพ์\nประคบ\nประคบประหงม\nประคอง\nประคับประคอง\nประคัลภ์\nประคำ\nประคิ่น\nประคุณ\nประเคน\nประเคราะห์\nประโคน\nประโคนธรรพ\nประโคนธรรพ์\nประโคม\nประจง\nประจญ\nประจบ\nประจบประแจง\nประจวบ\nประจ๋อประแจ๋\nประจักษ์\nประจักษนิยม\nประจัญ\nประจัน\nประจาก\nประจาค\nประจาน\nประจำ\nประจิม\nประจิ้มประเจ๋อ\nประจุ\nประจุคมน์\nประจุบัน\nประเจก\nประเจิด\nประเจิดประเจ้อ\nประเจียด\nประแจ\nประชด\nประชน\nประชวม\nประชวร\nประชัน\nประชา\nประชาธิปไตย\nประชิด\nประชี\nประชุม\nประเชิญ\nประณต\nประณม\nประณาม\nประณิธาน\nประณิธิ\nประณีต\nประณุท\nประดง\nประดน\nประดวน\nประดอน\nประดอย\nประดัก\nประดักประเดิด\nประดัง\nประดับ\nประดา\nประดาก\nประดาป\nประดาษ\nประดิชญา\nประดิดประดอย\nประดิทิน\nประดิษฐ์\nประดิษฐกรรม\nประดิษฐาน\nประดุง\nประดุจ\nประดู่\nประเด\nประเด็น\nประเดิม\nประเดียง\nประเดี๋ยว\nประเดี๋ยวประด๋าว\nประแดง\nประแดะ\nประโดง\nประโดย\nประตง\nประตัก\nประตาป\nประติชญา\nประติญาณ\nประติทิน\nประติมากร\nประติมากรรม\nประติรพ\nประตู\nประถม\nประถมจินดา\nประทม\nประท้วง\nประทวน\nประทักษ์\nประทักษิณ\nประทัง\nประทัด\nประทับ\nประทาน\nประทาย\nประทาศี\nประทิน\nประทิ่น\nประทีป\nประทุฐ\nประทุน\nประทุษ\nประทุษฐ์\nประเทศ\nประเทา\nประเทียด\nประเทียบ\nประเทือง\nประธาน\nประธานาธิบดี\nประนม\nประนอ\nประนอม\nประนัง\nประนัปดา\nประนีประนอม\nประปราน\nประปราย\nประปา\nประเปรี้ยง\nประเปรียว\nประพจน์\nประพนธ์\nประพรม\nประพฤติ\nประพฤทธิ์\nประพัด\nประพัทธ์\nประพันธ์\nประพาต\nประพาส\nประพาสมหรณพ\nประพาฬ\nประพิณ\nประพิมพ์ประพาย\nประพุทธ์\nประเพณี\nประโพธ\nประไพ\nประไพร\nประภพ\nประภัสสร\nประภา\nประภาคาร\nประภาพ\nประภาษ\nประภาส\nประเภท\nประมง\nประมวล\nประมาณ\nประมาท\nประมุข\nประมุท\nประมูล\nประเมิน\nประโมง\nประโมทย์\nประยงค์\nประยุกต์\nประยุทธ์\nประยุร\nประยูร\nประโยค\nประโยชน์\nประโรหิต\nประลมพ์\nประลอง\nประลัย\nประลาต\nประลาย\nประลุ\nประเล่ห์\nประเล้าประโลม\nประโลม\nประวรรต\nประวรรตน์\nประวัติ\nประวาล\nประวาลปัทม์\nประวาส\nประวิง\nประวิช\nประวิตร\nประวิน\nประวีณ\nประเวณี\nประเวศ\nประเวศน์\nประศม\nประศาสน์\nประศุ\nประสก\nประสงค์\nประสบ\nประสพ\nประสม\nประสะ\nประสัก\nประสันนาการ\nประสัยห์\nประสา\nประสาท\nประสาธน์\nประสาน\nประสาร\nประสิทธิ์\nประสิทธิผล\nประสิทธิภาพ\nประสีประสา\nประสูต\nประสูติ\nประเสบัน\nประเสบันอากง\nประเสริฐ\nประหนึ่ง\nประหม่า\nประหยัด\nประหลาด\nประหล่ำ\nประหวัด\nประหวั่น\nประหัตประหาร\nประหาณ\nประหาร\nประเหล\nประเหส\nประไหมสุหรี\nประอบ\nประอร\nปรัก\nปรักปรำ\nปรักมะ\nปรัง\nปรัชญา\nปรัตถจริยา\nปรัตยุบัน\nปรัน\nปรับ\nปรัมปรา\nปรัศจิม\nปรัศนา\nปรัศนี\nปรัศว์\nปรัสสบท\nปร่า\nปรากฏ\nปรากรม\nปรากฤต\nปราการ\nปราง\nปรางค์\nปราจีน\nปราชญ์\nปราชญา\nปราชัย\nปราณ\nปราณี\nปราด\nปราน\nปรานี\nปราบ\nปราบดาภิเษก\nปราปต์\nปราม\nปรามาส\nปราโมช\nปราโมทย์\nปราย\nปรารถนา\nปรารภ\nปรารมภ์\nปราศ\nปราศจาก\nปราศรัย\nปราษณี\nปราษาณ\nปราสัย\nปราสาท\nปรำ\nปริ\nปริก\nปริกขาร\nปริกรรม\nปริกัป\nปริคณห์\nปริจาค\nปริจาริกา\nปริเฉท\nปริชน\nปริซึม\nปริญญา\nปริณาม\nปริณายก\nปริต\nปริตตะ\nปริตโตทก\nปริตร\nปริทรรศน์\nปริทัยหัคคี\nปริทัศน์\nปริเทพ\nปริเทวะ\nปรินิพพาน\nปริบ\nปริบท\nปริปันถ์\nปริพนธ์\nปริพัตร\nปริพันธ์\nปริพาชก\nปริภัณฑ์\nปริภาษ\nปริภูมิ\nปริโภค\nปริ่ม\nปริมณฑล\nปริมาณ\nปริมาตร\nปริยัติ\nปริยานุช\nปริยาย\nปริเยศ\nปริโยสาน\nปริวรรต\nปริวัตร\nปริวาร\nปริวาส\nปริวิตก\nปริเวณ\nปริศนา\nปริษัท\nปริสัญญู\nปริสุทธิ\nปริหาน\nปริหาร\nปรี่\nปรีชญา\nปรีชา\nปรี๊ด\nปรีดา\nปรีดิ\nปรีดิ์\nปรีดี\nปรีติ\nปรียะ\nปรียา\nปรึก\nปรึกษา\nปรึง\nปรือ\nปรื๋อ\nปรุ\nปรุง\nปรู\nปรู๋\nปรูด\nปรู๊ด\nปรู๊ดปร๊าด\nปรู๊ฟ\nปฤงคพ\nปฤจฉา\nปฤษฎางค์\nปฤษฐ\nปลก\nปลกเปลี้ย\nปลง\nปล่ง\nปลด\nปล้น\nปลวก\nปลอก\nปล่อง\nปล้อง\nปลอด\nปล้อน\nปลอบ\nปลอม\nปล่อย\nปละ\nปลัก\nปลั๊ก\nปลัง\nปลั่ง\nปลัด\nปลัดขิก\nปลา\nปลาต\nปลาบ\nปลาย\nปลาสเตอร์\nปลาสนาการ\nปล้ำ\nปลิง\nปลิด\nปลิ้น\nปลิโพธ\nปลิม\nปลิ่ม\nปลิว\nปลี\nปลีก\nปลื้ม\nปลุก\nปลูก\nปวกเปียก\nปวง\nป่วง\nปวด\nป่วน\nป้วน\nป้วนเปี้ยน\nป่วย\nปวัตน์\nปวารณา\nปวาล\nปวาส\nปวาฬ\nปวิช\nปวิตร\nปวิธ\nปวิเวก\nปวีณ\nปวุติ\nปเวณี\nปเวส\nปเวสน์\nปศุ\nปสันนะ\nปสันนาการ\nปสาท\nปสาน\nปสาสน์\nปสุ\nปสุต\nปสูติ\nปหังสนะ\nปหาน\nปหาร\nปหาส\nปอ\nป้อ\nป๋อ\nปอก\nปอง\nป่อง\nป้อง\nปอด\nปอน\nป้อน\nปอนด์\nปอเนาะ\nปอบ\nป้อแป้\nปอม\nป้อม\nป๋อม\nปอย\nป้อย\nป้อยอ\nปะ\nปะกน\nปะกัง\nปะการัง\nปะกำ\nปะขาว\nปะงาบ\nปะตาปา\nปะตาระกาหลา\nปะติดปะต่อ\nปะติยาน\nปะทะ\nปะทะปะทัง\nปะทุ\nปะทุน\nปะปน\nปะมง\nปะราลี\nปะรำ\nปะไร\nปะลอม\nปะเลง\nปะแล่ม\nปะโลง\nปะวะหล่ำ\nปะหงับ\nปะหนัน\nปะหัง\nปะเหลาะ\nปัก\nปักข์\nปักเป้า\nปักษ์\nปักษา\nปักษิน\nปักษี\nปัง\nปั๋ง\nปังสุ์\nปังสุกุล\nปัจจัตตะ\nปัจจันต์\nปัจจันตคาม\nปัจจันตชนบท\nปัจจันตประเทศ\nปัจจัย\nปัจจามิตร\nปัจจุคมน์\nปัจจุทธรณ์\nปัจจุบัน\nปัจจุสมัย\nปัจเจก\nปัจโจปการกิจ\nปัจฉา\nปัจฉิม\nปัจถรณ์\nปัจนึก\nปัจยาการ\nปัจเวกขณ์\nปัชชุน\nปัญจนที\nปัญจวัคคีย์\nปัญจก\nปัญจกะ\nปัญจมี\nปัญจวีสติ\nปัญญัติ\nปัญญา\nปัญหา\nปัฏ\nปัฏนะ\nปัฐยาวัต\nปัณฑรหัตถี\nปัณณะ\nปัณณาส\nปัณณาสก์\nปัณรสี\nปัณหิ\nปัด\nปัตคาด\nปัตตะ\nปัตตานึก\nปัตตานุโมทนา\nปัตตาเวีย\nปัตติ\nปัตติก\nปัตถร\nปัตถะ\nปัตนิ\nปัตนี\nปัตหล่า\nปัถพี\nปัถวี\nปัทม์\nปัทมะ\nปัทมาสน์\nปัน\nปั่น\nปั้น\nปั้นจั่น\nปันจุเหร็จ\nปั้นลม\nปั้นหยา\nปั้นเหน่ง\nปับ\nปั๊บ\nปัปผาสะ\nปัพพาชนียกรรม\nปัพภาระ\nปั๊ม\nปัยกา\nปัยยิกา\nปัวเปีย\nปัศจิม\nปัศตัน\nปัสสาวะ\nปัสสาสะ\nปา\nป่า\nป้า\nปาก\nปาง\nป้าง\nปาจรีย์\nปาจิตตีย์\nปาจีน\nปาฏลิ\nปาฏิบท\nปาฏิบุคลิก\nปาฏิโภค\nปาฏิหาริย์\nปาฐก\nปาฐกถา\nปาฐะ\nปาณกชาติ\nปาณะ\nปาณาติบาต\nปาณิ\nปาณี\nปาด\nปาติโมกข์\nปาตี\nปาเต๊ะ\nปาท่องโก๋\nปาทังกา\nปาทาน\nปาทุกา\nปาน\nป่าน\nป้าน\nปานะ\nปานียะ\nป้าบ\nป๊าบ\nปาพจน์\nปาม\nปาโมกข์\nป่าย\nป้าย\nปายาส\nปาร์เกต์\nปารมี\nปารเมศ\nปาราชิก\nปาริฉัตร\nปาริชาต\nปารุสกวัน\nปาล\nปาล์ม\nปาลิไลยก์\nปาลี\nปาว\nป่าว\nป๊าว\nปาวาร\nปาษาณ\nปาส\nปาสาณ\nปาสาทิกะ\nปาหนัน\nปาหี่\nปำ\nป้ำ\nป้ำเป๋อ\nปิกนิก\nปิ้ง\nปิงคละ\nปิงปอง\nปิฎก\nปิฏฐะ\nปิฐิ\nปิณฑะ\nปิด\nปิตตะ\nปิตา\nปิตามหัยกา\nปิตามหัยยิกา\nปิตุ\nปิตุจฉา\nปิตุภูมิ\nปิตุลา\nปิโตรเลียม\nปิ่น\nปิ่นแก้ว\nปิ่นโต\nปิปผลี\nปิ่ม\nปิ้ม\nปิยะ\nปิยังคุ\nปิโยรส\nปิลันธน์\nปิ๋ว\nปิศาจ\nปิหกะ\nปี\nปี่\nปี้\nปี๋\nปีก\nปีฐะ\nปี๊ด\nปีติ\nปีน\nปีบ\nปี๊บ\nปีศาจ\nปีฬกะ\nปึก\nปึง\nปึ่ง\nปึ๋ง\nปึ้ด\nปึมปื้อ\nปืน\nปื้น\nปือ\nปื้อ\nปื๋อ\nปุ\nปุ๊\nปุก\nปุกปุย\nปุคละ\nปุ้งกี๋\nปุงควะ\nปุงลิงค์\nปุงลึงค์\nปุจฉา\nปุฏะ\nปุณฑริก\nปุด\nปุตตะ\nปุถุชน\nปุนนาค\nปุนภพ\nปุนัพสุ\nปุบ\nปุ๊บ\nปุปผะ\nปุปะ\nปุพพะ\nปุ่ม\nปุ่มป่ำ\nปุ้ม\nปุ๋ม\nปุย\nปุ้ย\nปุ๋ย\nปุรณะ\nปุระ\nปุราณ\nปุราณะ\nปุริมพรรษา\nปุเรจาริก\nปุโรหิต\nปุลลิงค์\nปุลลึงค์\nปุลินท์\nปุโลปุเล\nปุษยะ\nปุสสะ\nปู\nปู่\nปูชกะ\nปูชนียบุคคล\nปูชนียวัตถุ\nปูชนียะ\nปูชา\nปูชิต\nปูด\nปูน\nปูม\nปู้ยี่ปู้ยำ\nปูระ\nปูลู\nเป้\nเป๋\nเปก\nเป๊ก\nเป่ง\nเป้ง\nเป๋ง\nเป็ด\nเปตพลี\nเปตอง\nเป็น\nเปยยาล\nเปร็ง\nเปรต\nเปรม\nเปรย\nเปรอ\nเปรอะ\nเปราะ\nเปรียง\nเปรี้ยง\nเปรี้ยงปร้าง\nเปรียญ\nเปรียบ\nเปรี่ยม\nเปรียว\nเปรี้ยว\nเปรียะ\nเปรี๊ยะ\nเปรื่อง\nเปรื้อย\nเปล\nเปล่ง\nเปลว\nเปลา\nเปล่า\nเปล้า\nเปลาะ\nเปลี้ย\nเปลี่ยน\nเปลี่ยม\nเปลี่ยว\nเปลือก\nเปลือง\nเปลื้อง\nเปลือย\nเปศะ\nเปศัส\nเปสการ\nเปสละ\nเปสุญวาท\nเป๋อ\nเป้อเย้อ\nเปอร์\nเปอร์เซ็นต์\nเปะ\nเปา\nเป่า\nเป้า\nเป๊า\nเป๋า\nเป๋าฮื้อ\nเปาะ\nเป๊าะ\nเปาะเปี๊ยะ\nเปาะแปะ\nเปิก\nเปิง\nเปิงมาง\nเปิด\nเปิ่น\nเปิบ\nเปิ๊บ\nเปีย\nเปียก\nเปี๊ยก\nเปี๊ยบ\nเปี่ยม\nเปี้ยว\nเปี๊ยว\nเปียะ\nเปี๊ยะ\nเปือก\nเปื้อน\nเปื่อย\nแป\nแป้ง\nแป๋ง\nแปด\nแป๊ด\nแปทู\nแป้น\nแป๊น\nแปบ\nแป๊บ\nแปม\nแปร\nแปร๋\nแปรก\nแปรง\nแปร่ง\nแปร๊ด\nแปร้น\nแปร๋น\nแปรปรวน\nแประ\nแปล\nแปล้\nแปลก\nแปลง\nแปลน\nแปลบ\nแปล๊บ\nแป้ว\nแป๊ว\nแปะ\nแป๊ะ\nแป๊ะซะ\nโป\nโป่\nโป้\nโป๊\nโปก\nโป๊ก\nโป๊กเกอร์\nโปกขรณี\nโปกขรพรรษ\nโปเก\nโปง\nโป่ง\nโป้ง\nโป่งข่าม\nโปงลาง\nโป่งวิด\nโปฐบท\nโปฐปทมาส\nโปดก\nโปตถกะ\nโปน\nโป๊ป\nโป๊ยเซียน\nโปรแกรม\nโปรง\nโปร่ง\nโปรด\nโปรตอน\nโปรตีน\nโปรเตสแตนต์\nโปรแทรกเตอร์\nโปรย\nโปล่ง\nโปลิโอ\nโปโล\nโปสก\nโปสต์การ์ด\nโปะ\nโป๊ะ\nโป๊ะจ้าย\nไป\nไป่\nไป๋\nไปยาล\nไปรษณีย์\nไปรษณียบัตร\nไปรษณียภัณฑ์\nไปรษณียากร\nไปล่\nไปศาจ\nผก\nผกา\nผกาย\nผคม\nผง\nผงก\nผงม\nผงะ\nผงาด\nผง่าน\nผจง\nผจญ\nผจัญ\nผจาน\nผชุม\nผณิน\nผณินทร\nผณิศวร\nผด\nผดุง\nผเดิน\nผทม\nผนวก\nผนวช\nผนัง\nผนิด\nผนึก\nผม\nผยอง\nผรณาปีติ\nผรสุ\nผริต\nผรุสวาท\nผล\nผลคุน\nผลคุนี\nผล็อย\nผละ\nผลัก\nผลัด\nผลับ\nผลัวะ\nผลา\nผลาญ\nผลานิสงส์\nผลาผล\nผลาหาร\nผลิ\nผลิกะ\nผลิต\nผลิน\nผลี\nผลีผลาม\nผลึก\nผลึ่ง\nผลือ\nผลุ\nผลุง\nผลุด\nผลุน\nผลุนผลัน\nผลุบ\nผลุบผลับ\nผลุย\nผลู\nผวน\nผวย\nผวา\nผสม\nผสาน\nผอง\nผ่อง\nผ่อน\nผอบ\nผอม\nผ็อย\nผอูน\nผะ\nผะดา\nผะสา\nผัก\nผัคคุณ\nผัคคุณี\nผัง\nผัด\nผัน\nผับ\nผัว\nผัวะ\nผัสสะ\nผัสสาหาร\nผา\nผ่า\nผ้า\nผาก\nผาง\nผ่าง\nผาณิต\nผาด\nผาติ\nผ่าน\nผาม\nผาย\nผ่ายผอม\nผาล\nผาลคุน\nผาลา\nผ่าว\nผาสุก\nผ้าฮาด\nผำ\nผ้ำ\nผิ\nผิง\nผิด\nผิตะ\nผิน\nผิว\nผี\nผี้ว์\nผึง\nผึ่ง\nผึ้ง\nผึ้งรวง\nผืน\nผื่น\nผุ\nผุด\nผุยผง\nผุสราคา\nผู้\nผูก\nเผ\nเผง\nเผชิญ\nเผ็ด\nเผด็จ\nเผดิม\nเผดียง\nเผ่น\nเผนิก\nเผย\nเผยอ\nเผยิบ\nเผยิบผยาบ\nเผล\nเผล่\nเผล็ด\nเผลอ\nเผลอไผล\nเผละ\nเผลาะ\nเผลาะแผละ\nเผลียง\nเผอเรอ\nเผอิญ\nเผอิล\nเผะ\nเผา\nเผ่า\nเผ้า\nเผาะ\nเผิ้ง\nเผิน\nเผียน\nเผือ\nเผื่อ\nเผือก\nเผือด\nเผือน\nเผื่อน\nแผ่\nแผก\nแผง\nแผด\nแผน\nแผ่น\nแผนก\nแผล\nแผลง\nแผล็บ\nแผล็ว\nแผละ\nแผ่ว\nแผ้ว\nโผ\nโผง\nโผฏฐัพพะ\nโผน\nโผเผ\nโผย\nโผล่\nโผลกเผลก\nโผละ\nโผอน\nโผะ\nไผ\nไผ่\nไผท\nฝน\nฝรั่ง\nฝรั่งเศส\nฝ่อ\nฝอย\nฝัก\nฝัง\nฝั่ง\nฝัด\nฝัน\nฝา\nฝ่า\nฝ้า\nฝาก\nฝาง\nฝาด\nฝาน\nฝาย\nฝ่าย\nฝ้าย\nฝิ่น\nฝี\nฝี่\nฝีก\nฝึก\nฝืด\nฝืน\nฝุ่น\nฝูง\nเฝ้า\nเฝือ\nเฝือก\nเฝือง\nเฝื่อน\nแฝก\nแฝง\nแฝด\nใฝ่\nไฝ\nพก\nพกุล\nพง\nพงศ์\nพงศกร\nพงศธร\nพงศา\nพงศาวดาร\nพจน์\nพจนา\nพจนานุกรม\nพจนารถ\nพจนีย์\nพจมาน\nพจี\nพชระ\nพญา\nพญาลอ\nพณิช\nพณิชย์\nพดด้วง\nพธู\nพนันดร\nพนาดร\nพนาดอน\nพนาราม\nพนาลัย\nพนาลี\nพนาวาส\nพนาเวศ\nพนาศรม\nพนาสณฑ์\nพนาสัณฑ์\nพเนจร\nพ่น\nพ้น\nพนม\nพนอง\nพนอม\nพนัก\nพนักงาน\nพนัง\nพนัน\nพนัส\nพนา\nพนาย\nพนิดา\nพนิต\nพบ\nพม่า\nพยนต์\nพยศ\nพยัก\nพยักพเยิด\nพยัคฆ์\nพยัคฆา\nพยัคฆิน\nพยัคฆี\nพยัชน์\nพยัญชนะ\nพยัต\nพยับ\nพยากรณ์\nพยาฆร์\nพยางค์\nพยาธิ\nพยาน\nพยาบาท\nพยาบาล\nพยาม\nพยามะ\nพยายาม\nพยุ\nพยุง\nพยุหยาตรา\nพยุหโยธา\nพยุหเสนา\nพยุหะ\nพยู่ห์\nพเยีย\nพร\nพรต\nพรม\nพรรค\nพรรค์\nพรรคานต์\nพรรณ\nพรรณนา\nพรรดึก\nพรรลาย\nพรรษ\nพรรษา\nพรรเอิญ\nพรวด\nพรวน\nพรหม\nพรหมจรรย์\nพรหมจาริณี\nพรหมจารี\nพรหมา\nพรหมาสตร์\nพรหมินทร์\nพรอก\nพร่อง\nพร้อง\nพรอด\nพร้อม\nพร้อมพรัก\nพร่อย\nพร้อย\nพระ\nพระนอม\nพระนาด\nพระฮาม\nพรักพร้อม\nพรั่ง\nพรัด\nพรั่น\nพรับ\nพร่า\nพร้า\nพราก\nพราง\nพร่าง\nพราด\nพราน\nพราย\nพราว\nพราหมณ์\nพราหมณะ\nพราหมณี\nพราหมี\nพรำ\nพร่ำ\nพริก\nพริ้ง\nพริบ\nพริ้ม\nพรึง\nพรึน\nพรึบ\nพรึ่บ\nพรืด\nพรุ\nพรุ่ง\nพรุน\nพรู\nพรูด\nพฤกษ์\nพฤกษชาติ\nพฤกษเทวดา\nพฤกษราช\nพฤกษศาสตร์\nพฤกษา\nพฤฒ\nพฤฒา\nพฤฒาจารย์\nพฤฒิ\nพฤต\nพฤติ\nพฤทธ์\nพฤทธิ์\nพฤนต์\nพฤนท์\nพฤศจิก\nพฤศจิกายน\nพฤษภ\nพฤษภาคม\nพฤหัสบดี\nพล\nพละ\nพลากร\nพลาดิศัย\nพลาธิการ\nพลานามัย\nพลบ\nพลวก\nพลวง\nพลวัต\nพลศาสตร์\nพลอ\nพล้อ\nพลอง\nพลอด\nพลอน\nพลอมแพลม\nพลอย\nพล่อย\nพลั่ก\nพลัง\nพลั่ง\nพลั้ง\nพลัด\nพลัน\nพลับ\nพลับพลา\nพลับพลึง\nพลั่ว\nพล่า\nพลาง\nพลาญ\nพลาด\nพล่าน\nพลาม\nพล่าม\nพลาย\nพลาสติก\nพลาสมา\nพลาหก\nพลำ\nพล้ำ\nพลำภัง\nพลิก\nพลิพัท\nพลิ้ว\nพลี\nพลุ\nพลุก\nพลุ่ก\nพลุกพล่าน\nพลุ่ง\nพลุ้ย\nพลู\nพลูโต\nพลูโทเนียม\nพวก\nพวง\nพ่วง\nพวน\nพวย\nพสก\nพสุ\nพสุธา\nพสุสงกรานต์\nพหล\nพหุ\nพหุล\nพหู\nพอ\nพ่อ\nพ้อ\nพอก\nพอง\nพ้อง\nพอน\nพ้อม\nพอโลเนียม\nพะ\nพะงา\nพะงาบ\nพะจง\nพะทำมะรง\nพะนอ\nพะเน้าพะนอ\nพะเนิน\nพะเนียง\nพะแนง\nพะพาน\nพะพิง\nพะเพิง\nพะยอม\nพ่ะย่ะค่ะ\nพะยูง\nพะยูน\nพะเยิบ\nพะเยิบพะยาบ\nพะรุงพะรัง\nพะโล้\nพะไล\nพะวง\nพะวักพะวน\nพะวา\nพะว้าพะวัง\nพะอง\nพะอากพะอำ\nพะอืดพะอม\nพัก\nพักตร์\nพักตรา\nพักร\nพัง\nพังกา\nพังงา\nพังผืด\nพังพวย\nพังพอน\nพังพาน\nพังพาบ\nพังเพย\nพัช\nพัชนี\nพัชระ\nพัญจน์\nพัฒนะ\nพัฒนา\nพัฒนากร\nพัฒนาการ\nพัด\nพัดชา\nพัดดึงส์\nพัตร\nพัทธ์\nพัทธยา\nพัทธสีมา\nพัทร\nพัน\nพันตู\nพันทาง\nพันธ์\nพันธะ\nพันธกรณี\nพันธบัตร\nพันธมิตร\nพันธนะ\nพันธนาคาร\nพันธนาการ\nพันธุ์\nพันธุกรรม\nพันลึก\nพันลือ\nพันเลิศ\nพันเอิญ\nพับ\nพัลลภ\nพัลวัน\nพัว\nพัวะ\nพัศดี\nพัสดุ\nพัสตร์\nพัสถาน\nพา\nพาก\nพากเพียร\nพากย์\nพาง\nพ่าง\nพาชี\nพาณิช\nพาณิชย์\nพาณิชยกรรม\nพาณิชยการ\nพาณิชยศาสตร์\nพาณิชยศิลป์\nพาณินี\nพาณี\nพาณีนี\nพาด\nพาท\nพาทย์\nพาธ\nพาธา\nพาน\nพ่าน\nพานร\nพานรินทร์\nพาม\nพาย\nพ่าย\nพายม้า\nพายัพ\nพายุ\nพาร์เซก\nพารณ\nพารา\nพาราฟิน\nพาล\nพาลา\nพาลี\nพาลุก\nพาโล\nพาไล\nพาส\nพาสน์\nพาสนา\nพาสุกรี\nพ่าห์\nพาหนะ\nพาหะ\nพาหา\nพาหิรกะ\nพาหิระ\nพาหุ\nพาหุรัด\nพาหุสัจจะ\nพาเหียร\nพาฬ\nพำ\nพำนัก\nพำพึม\nพำลา\nพิกล\nพิกสิต\nพิกัด\nพิกัติ\nพิกัน\nพิการ\nพิกุล\nพิเคราะห์\nพิฆน์\nพิฆเนศ\nพิฆเนศวร\nพิฆาต\nพิง\nพิจัย\nพิจาร\nพิจารณ์\nพิจารณา\nพิจิก\nพิจิต\nพิจิตร\nพิชญ์\nพิชัย\nพิชาน\nพิชิต\nพิเชฐ\nพิเชียร\nพิฑูรย์\nพิณ\nพิดทูล\nพิดาน\nพิโดร\nพิตร\nพิถี\nพิถีพิถัน\nพิทย\nพิทย์\nพิทยา\nพิทยาคม\nพิทยาคาร\nพิทยาธร\nพิทยาลัย\nพิทักษ์\nพิทูร\nพิเทศ\nพิธาน\nพิธี\nพิธุ\nพินทุ\nพินอบพิเทา\nพินัย\nพินาศ\nพินิจ\nพินิต\nพินิศ\nพินิศจัย\nพิเนต\nพิบัติ\nพิบุล\nพิบูล\nพิปริต\nพิปลาส\nพิพรรธ\nพิพรรธน์\nพิพักพิพ่วน\nพิพัฒ\nพิพัฒน์\nพิพากษ์\nพิพากษา\nพิพาท\nพิพิธ\nพิพิธภัณฑ์\nพิพิธภัณฑสถาน\nพิภพ\nพิภัช\nพิภาค\nพิภูษณะ\nพิเภก\nพิมปะการัง\nพิมพ์\nพิมพการัง\nพิมพา\nพิมพาภรณ์\nพิมล\nพิมเสน\nพิมาน\nพิมุข\nพิโมกข์\nพิโมกษ์\nพิโยกพิเกน\nพิโยค\nพิรอด\nพิระ\nพิรากล\nพิราบ\nพิราม\nพิราลัย\nพิริยะ\nพิรี้พิไร\nพิรุณ\nพิรุธ\nพิรุฬห์\nพิเรนทร์\nพิเราะ\nพิโรธ\nพิไร\nพิลังกาสา\nพิลาป\nพิลาส\nพิลิปดา\nพิลึก\nพิลึกกึกกือ\nพิลึกพิลั่น\nพิโลน\nพิไล\nพิศ\nพิศวง\nพิศวาส\nพิศาล\nพิศุทธ์\nพิศุทธิ์\nพิเศษ\nพิษ\nพิษฐาน\nพิษนาศน์\nพิสดาร\nพิสมร\nพิสมัย\nพิสัง\nพิสัช\nพิสัย\nพิสิฐ\nพิสุทธิ์\nพิสูจน์\nพิหค\nพิหาร\nพิฬาร\nพี\nพี่\nพี้\nพีชคณิต\nพีระมิด\nพึง\nพึ่ง\nพึ่บ\nพึ่บพั่บ\nพึม\nพึมพำ\nพืช\nพืด\nพื้น\nพุ\nพุก\nพุกาม\nพุง\nพุ่ง\nพุงดอ\nพุฒ\nพุฒิ\nพุด\nพุดตาน\nพุทธ\nพุทธะ\nพุทธังกูร\nพุทธางกูร\nพุทธันดร\nพุทธาภิเษก\nพุทธาวาส\nพุทธิ\nพุทโธ่\nพุทรา\nพุธ\nพุ่ม\nพุมเรียง\nพุ้ย\nพู\nพูพอน\nพู่\nพูด\nพูน\nพู้น\nพู่ระหง\nเพ\nเพ็ก\nเพกา\nเพคะ\nเพ็ง\nเพ่ง\nเพ็จ\nเพชฉลูกรรม\nเพชฌฆาต\nเพชร\nเพชรดา\nเพชรปาณี\nเพชรฤกษ์\nเพชรายุธ\nเพชรกลับ\nเพชรสังฆาต\nเพชรหลีก\nเพชรหึง\nเพ็ญ\nเพฑูริย์\nเพณี\nเพ็ดทูล\nเพดาน\nเพท\nเพทนา\nเพทาย\nเพทุบาย\nเพโทบาย\nเพ่นพ่าน\nเพนียด\nเพไนย\nเพ้ย\nเพรง\nเพรซีโอดิเมียม\nเพรา\nเพราะ\nเพริด\nเพริศ\nเพรียก\nเพรียง\nเพรียบ\nเพรี้ยม\nเพรียว\nเพรื่อ\nเพรือง\nเพล\nเพลง\nเพล็ด\nเพล้โพล้\nเพลา\nเพลาะ\nเพลิง\nเพลิดเพลิน\nเพลิน\nเพลีย\nเพลี้ย\nเพลี่ยง\nเพศ\nเพส\nเพสลาด\nเพ่อ\nเพ้อ\nเพ้อเจ้อ\nเพอิญ\nเพะ\nเพา\nเพาะ\nเพิก\nเพิง\nเพิ่ง\nเพิดเพ้ย\nเพิ่ม\nเพี้ย\nเพียง\nเพี้ยง\nเพียงออ\nเพี้ยน\nเพียบ\nเพียร\nเพื่อ\nเพื่อน\nแพ\nแพ้\nแพง\nแพ่ง\nแพงพวย\nแพทย์\nแพทยศาสตร์\nแพน\nแพ่น\nแพนก\nแพนงเชิง\nแพร\nแพร่\nแพรก\nแพร่ง\nแพรว\nแพร้ว\nแพลง\nแพลทินัม\nแพล็บ\nแพลม\nแพลเลเดียม\nแพละ\nแพละโลม\nแพว\nแพ้ว\nแพศย์\nแพศยา\nแพะ\nโพ\nโพก\nโพกพาย\nโพง\nโพงพาง\nโพชฌงค์\nโพซิตรอน\nโพด\nโพทะเล\nโพแทสเซียม\nโพธ\nโพธิ\nโพธิ์\nโพน\nโพ้น\nโพนทะนา\nโพบาย\nโพย\nโพยก๊วน\nโพยม\nโพรก\nโพรง\nโพรโทแอกทิเนียม\nโพรมีเทียม\nโพระดก\nโพล่\nโพลง\nโพล่ง\nโพล้ง\nโพลน\nโพล้เพล้\nโพละ\nโพสพ\nไพ\nไพ่\nไพจิตร\nไพชน\nไพชยนต์\nไพฑูรย์\nไพที\nไพบูลย์\nไพพรรณ\nไพร\nไพร่\nไพรจิตร\nไพรชน\nไพรชยนต์\nไพรฑูรย์\nไพรที\nไพรบูลย์\nไพรเราะ\nไพรัช\nไพรำ\nไพริน\nไพรินทร์\nไพรี\nไพเราะ\nไพโรจน์\nไพล\nไพล่\nไพศาขะ\nไพศาล\nไพเศษ\nไพสพ\nไพสิฐ\nไพหาร\nฟก\nฟ้ง\nฟรักโทส\nฟรี\nฟลูออรีน\nฟ่อ\nฟ้อ\nฟอก\nฟอง\nฟ่อง\nฟ้อง\nฟอด\nฟอน\nฟ่อน\nฟ้อน\nฟ้อแฟ้\nฟอร์มาลดีไฮด์\nฟอร์มาลิน\nฟอสฟอรัส\nฟอสเฟต\nฟัก\nฟักฟุ้น\nฟัง\nฟังก์ชัน\nฟัด\nฟัน\nฟั่น\nฟั้น\nฟ้า\nฟาก\nฟาง\nฟ่าง\nฟาด\nฟาทอม\nฟาน\nฟ่าม\nฟาย\nฟาร์ม\nฟาสซิสต์\nฟิด\nฟิต\nฟิบ\nฟิล์ม\nฟิวส์\nฟิสิกส์\nฟี่\nฟี้\nฟืดฟาด\nฟืน\nฟื้น\nฟืม\nฟุ\nฟุ้ง\nฟุต\nฟุน\nฟุบ\nฟุ่บ\nฟุ่มเฟือย\nฟุลสแก๊ป\nฟู\nฟู่\nฟูก\nฟูด\nฟูม\nเฟ็ด\nเฟ้น\nเฟลด์สปาร์\nเฟ้อ\nเฟอร์เมียม\nเฟอะ\nเฟอะฟะ\nเฟะ\nเฟะฟะ\nเฟิน\nเฟี้ยม\nเฟี้ยว\nเฟือ\nเฟื้อ\nเฟือง\nเฟื่อง\nเฟื้อง\nเฟือน\nเฟือย\nเฟื้อย\nแฟ่\nแฟง\nแฟชั่น\nแฟน\nแฟบ\nแฟ้ม\nแฟรนเซียม\nแฟลกซ์\nแฟลต\nแฟะ\nโฟกัส\nไฟ\nภควดี\nภควัต\nภควันต์\nภควัม\nภควา\nภควาน\nภคะ\nภคันทลา\nภคินี\nภณะ\nภณิดา\nภพ\nภมร\nภมริน\nภมรี\nภมุกา\nภยันตราย\nภยาคติ\nภระ\nภรณี\nภรต\nภรรดร\nภรรดา\nภรรยา\nภระมร\nภระมรี\nภราดร\nภราดรภาพ\nภราดา\nภริยา\nภฤศ\nภวะ\nภวตัณหา\nภวนะ\nภวังค์\nภวังคจิต\nภักดี\nภักตะ\nภักติ\nภักษ์\nภักษา\nภักษาหาร\nภัค\nภัคน์\nภังคะ\nภังคี\nภัจ\nภัณฑ์\nภัณฑาคาร\nภัณฑาคาริก\nภัณฑารักษ์\nภัณฑนะ\nภัณฑู\nภัต\nภัตตาคาร\nภัตตาหาร\nภัตร\nภัทระ\nภัทรกัป\nภัพ\nภัย\nภัสดา\nภัสตรา\nภัสมะ\nภัสสร\nภา\nภาค\nภาคย์\nภาคยานุวัติ\nภาคินี\nภาคิไนย\nภาคี\nภาคียะ\nภาชนะ\nภาชี\nภาณ\nภาณวาร\nภาณกะ\nภาณี\nภาณุ\nภาดร\nภาดา\nภาตระ\nภาตา\nภาตุ\nภาติกะ\nภาติยะ\nภาพ\nภาพย์\nภาม\nภาย\nภาร\nภาระ\nภารดี\nภารต\nภารตี\nภารยทรัพย์\nภารยา\nภารา\nภาวนา\nภาวะ\nภาษ\nภาษณ์\nภาษา\nภาษิต\nภาษี\nภาส\nภาสน์\nภาสวร\nภาสา\nภาสุระ\nภิกขา\nภิกขาจาร\nภิกขุ\nภิกขุนี\nภิกษา\nภิกษาจาร\nภิกษาหาร\nภิกษุ\nภิกษุณี\nภิงคาร\nภิญโญ\nภิตติ\nภินท์\nภินทนาการ\nภิยโย\nภิรมย์\nภิรมย์สุรางค์\nภิษัช\nภิสัก\nภีตะ\nภีมะ\nภีรุ\nภุกต์\nภุขัน\nภุช\nภุชงค์\nภุต\nภุมมะ\nภุมรัตน์\nภุมวาร\nภุมรา\nภุมริน\nภุมรี\nภุมเรศ\nภู\nภู่\nภูต\nภูติ\nภูม\nภูมิ\nภูมี\nภูริ\nภูรี\nภูวดล\nภูวนาถ\nภูวเนตร\nภูวไนย\nภูษา\nภูษิต\nเภกะ\nเภตรา\nเภท\nเภทุบาย\nเภรี\nเภสัช\nโภค\nโภคะ\nโภคิน\nโภคี\nโภไคย\nโภไคศวรรย์\nโภช\nโภชย์\nโภชก\nโภชนะ\nโภชนา\nโภชนาหาร\nโภชนียะ\nไภริน\nไภรี\nไภษัชคุรุ\nไภษัชย์\nมกร\nมกราคม\nมกุฎ\nมคธ\nมฆวัน\nมฆะ\nมฆา\nม่ง\nมงกุฎ\nมงโกรย\nมงคล\nมงคลวาร\nมณฑ์\nมณฑก\nมณฑนะ\nมณฑป\nมณฑล\nมณฑา\nมณฑารพ\nมณฑิระ\nมณเฑียร\nมณี\nมด\nมตะ\nมตกภัต\nมติ\nมทนะ\nมทะ\nมธุ\nมธุกร\nมธุการี\nมธุลีห์\nมธุระ\nมธุรพจน์\nมน\nมนินทรีย์\nม่น\nมนต์\nมนตร์\nมนตรี\nมนท์\nมนทิราลัย\nมนเทียร\nมนสิการ\nมนัส\nมนัสวี\nมนินทรีย์\nมนิมนา\nมนิลา\nมนุญ\nมนุษย์\nมนุษยชาติ\nมนุษยธรรม\nมนุษย์มนา\nมนุษยโลก\nมนุษยศาสตร์\nมนุษยสัมพันธ์\nมนุสาร\nมนู\nมนูสาร\nมโน\nมโนช\nมโนชญ์\nมโนราห์\nมโนสาเร่\nมโนห์รา\nมมังการ\nมยุรฉัตร\nมยุระ\nมยุรา\nมยุรี\nมยุเรศ\nมยูร\nมรกต\nมรคา\nมรฑป\nมรณ์\nมรณะ\nมรณกรรม\nมรณบัตร\nมรณภัย\nมรณภาพ\nมรดก\nมรรค\nมรรคา\nมรรตัย\nมรรยาท\nมรรษ\nมรสุม\nมริจ\nมริยาท\nมรีจิ\nมรุต\nมฤค\nมฤคย์\nมฤคศิระ\nมฤคศิรมาส\nมฤคเศียร\nมฤคินทร์\nมฤเคนทร์\nมฤดก\nมฤต\nมฤตยู\nมฤทุ\nมล\nมละ\nมลัก\nมลังเมลือง\nมล้าง\nมลาย\nมลายู\nมวก\nม่วง\nมวน\nม่วน\nม้วน\nม้วนต้วน\nมวย\nม้วย\nมวล\nมหกรรม\nมหรณพ\nมหรรณพ\nมหรสพ\nมหัจฉริยะ\nมหัต\nมหัทธนะ\nมหันต์\nมหันตโทษ\nมหัพภาค\nมหัศจรรย์\nมหา\nมหากฐิน\nมหากาฬ\nมหาขันธกะ\nมหาจักร\nมหาชน\nมหาชัย\nมหาชาติ\nมหาโชตรัต\nมหาดไทย\nมหาดเล็ก\nมหาตมะ\nมหาไถ่\nมหาเทพ\nมหาเทพี\nมหาเทวี\nมหาธาตุ\nมหานิกาย\nมหานิล\nมหาบพิตร\nมหาบัณฑิต\nมหาพน\nมหาพรหม\nมหาภารตะ\nมหาภิเนษกรมณ์\nมหาภูต\nมหาเมฆ\nมหายาน\nมหายุค\nมหาราช\nมหาฤกษ์\nมหาละลวย\nมหาละลาย\nมหาวงศ์\nมหาวรรค\nมหาวิทยาลัย\nมหาศักราช\nมหาศาล\nมหาสงกรานต์\nมหาสดมภ์\nมหาสดำ\nมหาสมุทร\nมหาสาวก\nมหาหงส์\nมหาหิงคุ์\nมหาอำนาจ\nมหาอุจ\nมหาอุด\nมหาอุปรากร\nมหาอุปราช\nมหิ\nมหิดล\nมหิธร\nมหิป\nมหิงส์\nมหิทธิ\nมหินท์\nมหิมา\nมหิศร\nมหิศวร\nมหิษ\nมหิษี\nมหึมา\nมเหยงค์\nมเหศ\nมเหศวร\nมเหศักดิ์\nมเหสักข์\nมเหสิ\nมเหสี\nมเหาฬาร\nมโหรสพ\nมโหระทึก\nมโหรี\nมโหฬาร\nมไหศวรรย์\nมอ\nมอง\nมองโกลอยด์\nมองโกเลีย\nมองคร่อ\nมอญ\nมอด\nม่อต้อ\nมอเตอร์\nมอเตอร์ไซค์\nมอน\nม่อน\nมอบ\nมอม\nมอมแมม\nม่อย\nมอร์ฟีน\nมอระกู่\nมอลโทส\nม่อลอกม่อแลก\nม่อห้อม\nม่อฮ่อม\nมะ\nมะกรูด\nมะกล่ำ\nมะกอก\nมะก่อง\nมะกะโรนี\nมะกา\nมะเกลือ\nมะเกี๋ยง\nมะข่วง\nมะขวิด\nมะขาม\nมะเขือ\nมะแข่น\nมะคังแดง\nมะค่า\nมะคำไก่\nมะคำดีควาย\nมะงั่ว\nมะงุมมะงาหรา\nมะซัก\nมะซาง\nมะดัน\nมะดีหวี\nมะดูก\nมะเดหวี\nมะเดื่อ\nมะต้อง\nมะตะบะ\nมะตาด\nมะตาหะรี\nมะตึ่ง\nมะตื๋น\nมะตูม\nมะแตก\nมะโต\nมะนาว\nมะปราง\nมะปริง\nมะฝ่อ\nมะพร้าว\nมะพลับ\nมะพูด\nมะแพน\nมะแพร้ว\nมะเฟือง\nมะแฟน\nมะไฟ\nมะม่วง\nมะม่าว\nมะมี่\nมะมื่น\nมะมุด\nมะเมอ\nมะเมีย\nมะเมื่อย\nมะแม\nมะยง\nมะยม\nมะระ\nมะริด\nมะรืน\nมะรุม\nมะรุมมะตุ้ม\nมะเร็ง\nมะเรื่อง\nมะโรง\nมะลอกมะแลก\nมะละกอ\nมะลิ\nมะลื่น\nมะลืมดำ\nมะลุลี\nมะแว้ง\nมะสัง\nมะเส็ง\nมะหวด\nมะหะหมัด\nมะหาด\nมะหิ่ง\nมะเหงก\nมะอึก\nมะฮอกกานี\nมัก\nมักกะโรนี\nมักกะลีผล\nมักกะสัน\nมักขะ\nมั่กขั้ก\nมักขิกา\nมัค\nมัคคะ\nมัคคุเทศก์\nมัคนายก\nมัฆวาน\nมั่ง\nมังกง\nมังกร\nมังกุ\nมังคละ\nมังค่า\nมังคุด\nมังตาน\nมังสวิรัติ\nมังสะ\nมังสี\nมัจจะ\nมัจจุ\nมัจฉริยะ\nมัจฉรี\nมัจฉะ\nมัจฉา\nมัชชะ\nมัชวิรัติ\nมัชชาระ\nมัชฌันติกสมัย\nมัชฌิม\nมัชฌิมา\nมัญจา\nมัญชิษฐา\nมัญชุ\nมัญชุสา\nมัญชูสา\nมัญเชฏฐะ\nมัฏฐะ\nมัณฑนศิลป์\nมัณฑนา\nมัด\nมัตตะ\nมัตตัญญู\nมัตตา\nมัตติกา\nมัตถกะ\nมัตถลุงค์\nมัตสยะ\nมัตสยา\nมัตสระ\nมัตสริน\nมัททวะ\nมัทนะ\nมัทยะ\nมัธยฐาน\nมัธยม\nมัธยันห์\nมัธยัสถ์\nมัน\nมั่น\nมันตา\nมันถะ\nมันทิระ\nมันทิราลัย\nมับ\nมั้ม\nมัมมี่\nมัย\nมัลละ\nมัลลิกา\nมัว\nมัวซัว\nมั่ว\nมัศยา\nมัสตุ\nมัสตาร์ด\nมัสมั่น\nมัสยิด\nมัสรู่\nมัสลิน\nมัสสุ\nมา\nม้า\nมาก\nมาคสิระ\nมาฆบูชา\nมาฆะ\nม้าง\nมางสะ\nมาณพ\nมาณวิกา\nมาด\nมาดา\nมาตงค์\nมาตร\nมาตรา\nมาตฤ\nมาตังคะ\nมาตา\nมาตามหัยกะ\nมาตามหัยกา\nมาตามหัยยิกา\nมาติกะ\nมาติกา\nมาตุ\nมาตุจฉา\nมาตุรงค์\nมาตุเรศ\nมาตุละ\nมาตุลา\nมาตุลานี\nมาทะ\nมาธยมิก\nมาธยมิกะ\nมาธุระ\nมาธุสร\nมาธูระ\nมาน\nม่าน\nม้าน\nมานพ\nมานะ\nมานัต\nมานัส\nมานิต\nมานี\nมานุษ\nมานุษยวิทยา\nมาโนชญ์\nมาบ\nมาภา\nม้าม\nม่าย\nมายา\nมาร\nมาราธิราช\nมารค\nมารดร\nมารดา\nมารยา\nมารยาท\nมารศรี\nมารษา\nมาริต\nมารุต\nมาลย์\nมาลัย\nมาลา\nมาลาตี\nมาลาเรีย\nมาลินี\nมาลี\nมาลุต\nมาศ\nมาส\nมาสก\nมาห์\nม่าห์\nมาหิส\nม่าเหมี่ยว\nมาฬก\nมิ\nมิค\nมิคสัญญี\nมิ่ง\nมิจฉา\nมิด\nมิตร\nมิติ\nมิเตอร์\nมิถยา\nมิถุน\nมิถุนายน\nมิทธะ\nมินตรา\nมินตา\nมินหม้อ\nมิ่ม\nมิ้ม\nมิไย\nมิรันตี\nมิลลิกรัม\nมิลลิบาร์\nมิลลิเมตร\nมิลลิลิตร\nมิลักขะ\nมิลักขู\nมิส\nมิสกรี\nมิสกวัน\nมิสซา\nมี\nมี่\nมีด\nมีเทน\nมีน\nมีนาคม\nมี่สั้ว\nมึง\nมึน\nมืด\nมืน\nมื่น\nมือ\nมื้อ\nมุ\nมุก\nมุกดา\nมุกดาหาร\nมุกุระ\nมุข\nมุขเด็จ\nมุขยประโยค\nมุโขโลกนะ\nมุคคะ\nมุง\nมุ่ง\nมุ้ง\nมุจฉา\nมุจนะ\nมุจลินท์\nมุญจนะ\nมุญชะ\nมุฐิ\nมุณฑกะ\nมุณฑะ\nมุด\nมุตกิด\nมุตฆาต\nมุตตะ\nมุตตา\nมุตติ\nมุตะ\nมุติ\nมุททา\nมุทธชะ\nมุทธา\nมุทธาภิเษก\nมุทรา\nมุทริกา\nมุทะลุ\nมุทา\nมุทิกา\nมุทิงค์\nมุทิตา\nมุทุ\nมุทุตา\nมุ่น\nมุนิ\nมุนินทร์\nมุนี\nมุบ\nมุบมิบ\nมุม\nมุ้ม\nมุ่ย\nมุรธา\nมุรธาภิเษก\nมุสละ\nมุสลิม\nมุสา\nมุสิก\nมุหงิด\nมุหน่าย\nมุหุต\nมุฮัมมัด\nมูก\nมูเซอ\nมูตร\nมู่ทู่\nมูน\nมูมมาม\nมูรติ\nมูรธา\nมูรธาภิเษก\nมูล\nมูละ\nมูลา\nมูลิกากร\nมู่ลี่\nมู่เล่\nมูสัง\nมูสิก\nมูสิกะ\nมูสิกทันต์\nเม\nเม็ก\nเมกะเฮิรตซ์\nเมขลา\nเมฆ\nเมฆา\nเมฆินทร์\nเมฆี\nเม็ง\nเม็ด\nเมตตา\nเมตไตรย\nเมตร\nเมตริก\nเมตริกตัน\nเมถุน\nเมท\nเมโท\nเมทนี\nเมทินี\nเมทนีดล\nเมทานอล\nเมทิลแอลกอฮอล์\nเมธ\nเมธา\nเมธาวี\nเมธี\nเมน\nเม่น\nเม้น\nเมนเดลีเวียม\nเมนทอล\nเม้ม\nเมรัย\nเมริเดียน\nเมรุ\nเมล์\nเมล็ด\nเมลือง\nเมษ\nเมษายน\nเมห์\nเมหนะ\nเมหะ\nเมะ\nเมา\nเม่า\nเม้า\nเมารี\nเมาลี\nเมาฬี\nเมาะ\nเมิง\nเมิน\nเมิล\nเมีย\nเมียง\nเมี่ยง\nเมี้ยน\nเมือ\nเมื้อ\nเมื่อ\nเมือก\nเมือง\nเมือบ\nเมื่อย\nแม่\nแม้\nแมก\nแมกนีเซียม\nแมง\nแมงกะพรุน\nแมงกานิน\nแมงกานีส\nแมงคา\nแมงคาเรือง\nแมงช้าง\nแมงดา\nแมงลัก\nแม่ตะงาว\nแมน\nแม่น\nแม้น\nแมลง\nแมลบ\nแมว\nแม้ว\nแมะ\nโม\nโม่\nโม้\nโมก\nโมกข์\nโมกษะ\nโมฆกรรม\nโมฆสัญญา\nโมฆะ\nโมฆียกรรม\nโมฆียะ\nโมง\nโม่ง\nโมงครุ่ม\nโมทนา\nโมโนแซ็กคาไรด์\nโมไนย\nโมเม\nโมเมนต์\nโมเย\nโมรา\nโมรี\nโมเรส\nโมลิบดีนัม\nโมลี\nโมเลกุล\nโมเสก\nโมเสส\nโม่ห์\nโมหะ\nโมหันธ์\nโมหาคติ\nโมโห\nไม่\nไม้\nไมกา\nไมครอน\nไมโครกรัม\nไมโครฟิล์ม\nไมโครโฟน\nไมโครมิเตอร์\nไมโครเมตร\nไมโครลิตร\nไมโครเวฟ\nไมตรี\nไมยราบ\nไมล์\nยก\nยกกระบัตร\nยกนะ\nยง\nยงโย่\nยชุรเวท\nยติ\nยติภังค์\nยถากรรม\nยถาภูตญาณ\nย่น\nยนต์\nยนตร์\nยม\nยมก\nยมโดย\nยมนา\nยมล\nยมะ\nยรรยง\nยล\nยวง\nยวด\nยวน\nยวบ\nย้วย\nยวรยาตร\nยศ\nยโส\nยอ\nย่อ\nยอก\nย็อกแย็ก\nยอง\nย่อง\nย้อง\nยอด\nยอน\nย้อน\nยอบ\nยอม\nย่อม\nย้อม\nย่อย\nย้อย\nย้อแย้\nยะ\nย่ะ\nยะยอบ\nยะยับ\nยัก\nยักข์\nยักขินี\nยักษ์\nยักษา\nยักษิณี\nยักษี\nยัง\nยั้ง\nยั่งยืน\nยัชโญปวีต\nยัญ\nยัญญะ\nยัด\nยัติภังค์\nยัน\nยั่น\nยันต์\nยันตร\nยันตร์\nยันตรกรรม\nยั่นตะนี\nยับ\nยั่ว\nยั้ว\nยั้วเยี้ย\nยัวรยาตร\nยัวะ\nยัษฏิ\nยา\nย่า\nยาก\nยาคุ\nยาคู\nยาง\nย่าง\nยางพารา\nยาจก\nยาจนา\nยาไฉน\nยาด\nยาดา\nยาตร\nยาตรา\nยาน\nย่าน\nย่านพาโหม\nยานมาศ\nยานุมาศ\nยานี\nยาม\nย่าม\nยามะ\nยามักการ\nยามา\nยาย\nย้าย\nยายี\nยาว\nย้าว\nยาวกาลิก\nยาวชีวิก\nยาสูบ\nย่าหยา\nยาหยี\nยำ\nย่ำ\nย้ำ\nยำเยีย\nยิก\nยิง\nยิ่ง\nยิฏฐะ\nยิน\nยิบ\nยิบหยี\nยิปซัม\nยิปซี\nยิ้ม\nยิมนาสติก\nยิหวา\nยี\nยี่\nยี้\nยี่ก่า\nยี่เก\nยี่เข่ง\nยี่โถ\nยีน\nยี่โป้\nยี่ภู่\nยีราฟ\nยี่สก\nยี่สง\nยี่สน\nยี่สาน\nยี่สุ่น\nยี่หระ\nยี่หร่า\nยี่ห้อ\nยี่หุบ\nยึกยัก\nยึกยือ\nยึด\nยืด\nยืน\nยื่น\nยืม\nยื้อ\nยุ\nยุกกระบัตร\nยุกดิ\nยุกติ\nยุกติธรรม\nยุกต์\nยุค\nยุคนธร\nยุคล\nยุคันต์\nยุคันธร\nยุคุนธร\nยุง\nยุ่ง\nยุ้ง\nยุด\nยุต\nยุติ\nยุทธ\nยุทธ์\nยุทธนา\nยุทโธปกรณ์\nยุบ\nยุ่บ\nยุ่บยั่บ\nยุบล\nยุพดี\nยุพเรศ\nยุพา\nยุพาน\nยุพาพาล\nยุพาพิน\nยุ่มย่าม\nยุ่ย\nยุ้ย\nยุรยาตร\nยูรยาตร\nยุวชน\nยุวดี\nยุวราช\nยุวา\nยุวาน\nยู\nยู่\nยูง\nยูโด\nยูถะ\nยูถิกา\nยูริก\nยูเรนัส\nยูเรเนียม\nยูโรเพียม\nเย\nเย้\nเยง\nเยซู\nเย็ด\nเย็น\nเย็นตาโฟ\nเย็นเตาโฟ\nเย็บ\nเย้ย\nเยอ\nเย่อ\nเยอรมัน\nเยอว\nเย่อหยิ่ง\nเยอะ\nเยอะแยะ\nเยา\nเย้า\nเยาว์\nเยาวชน\nเยาวมาลย์\nเยาวยอด\nเยาวราช\nเยาวเรศ\nเยาวลักษณ์\nเยาวพา\nเยาวพาณี\nเยาวพาน\nเยาะ\nเยิง\nเยิน\nเยิ่น\nเยิ่นเย้อ\nเยินยอ\nเยิบ\nเยิบยาบ\nเยิ้ม\nเยีย\nเยี่ยง\nเยี่ยงอย่าง\nเยียงผา\nเยียดยัด\nเยียน\nเยียบ\nเยี่ยม\nเยียรบับ\nเยียรยง\nเยียว\nเยี่ยว\nเยียวยา\nเยือ\nเยื่อ\nเยื้อ\nเยือก\nเยือง\nเยื่อง\nเยื้อง\nเยือน\nเยื้อน\nแย่\nแย้\nแยก\nแยง\nแย่ง\nแย้ง\nแยงแย่\nแยงแย้\nแยบ\nแย็บ\nแยม\nแย้ม\nแยแส\nแยะ\nโย\nโย้\nโยก\nโยกเยก\nโยคาพจร\nโยคาวจร\nโยคเกณฑ์\nโยคยะ\nโยคะ\nโยคิน\nโยคี\nโยง\nโย่ง\nโย่งเย่ง\nโยงโย่\nโยชน์\nโยชนา\nโยถิกะ\nโยทะกา\nโยธวาทิต\nโยธา\nโยธิน\nโยน\nโยนก\nโยนิโส\nโยนี\nโยม\nโยโส\nใย\nไย\nไย่\nไยดี\nไยไพ\nรก\nรง\nรงค์\nรงควัตถุ\nรงรอง\nรจนา\nรจเรข\nรจเลข\nรจิต\nรชตะ\nรชนิ\nรชนี\nรชะ\nรณรงค์\nรด\nรดี\nรตนะ\nรตะ\nรติ\nรถ\nรน\nร่น\nรบ\nรบาญ\nรพี\nรม\nร่ม\nรมณี\nรมณีย์\nรมณียสถาน\nรมย์\nรมเยศ\nรยางค์\nรวก\nรวง\nร่วง\nรวด\nรวน\nรวนเร\nร่วน\nรวบ\nรวม\nร่วม\nรวย\nรวิ\nรวิวาร\nรวี\nรศนา\nรส\nรสนา\nรสสุคนธ์\nรสายนเวท\nรสิก\nรหัท\nรหัส\nรโห\nรโหฐาน\nรอ\nร่อ\nรอก\nรอง\nร่อง\nร้อง\nรองเง็ง\nร่องแร่ง\nรอด\nรอน\nร่อน\nร้อน\nรอบ\nรอบคอบ\nรอม\nรอมชอม\nรอมร่อ\nรอย\nร่อย\nร้อย\nร่อแร่\nระ\nระกะ\nระกา\nระกำ\nระเกะระกะ\nระคน\nระคาง\nระคาย\nระแคะ\nระฆัง\nระงม\nระงับ\nระแง้\nระโงกหิน\nระชวย\nระดม\nระดะ\nระดับ\nระดา\nระด่าว\nระดู\nระเด่น\nระเดียง\nระแด\nระตู\nระทก\nระทด\nระทม\nระทวย\nระทา\nระทึก\nระแทะ\nระนาด\nระนาบ\nระนาม\nระนาว\nระเนน\nระเนระนาด\nระเนียด\nระแนง\nระแนะ\nระบบ\nระบม\nระบอบ\nระบัด\nระบับ\nระบาด\nระบาย\nระบำ\nระบิล\nระบือ\nระบุ\nระเบง\nระเบ็ง\nระเบิด\nระเบียง\nระเบียน\nระเบียบ\nระแบบ\nระมัดระวัง\nระมาด\nระเมียร\nระย่อ\nระย่อม\nระยะ\nระยั้ง\nระยับ\nระย้า\nระยาบ\nระยำ\nระยิบระยับ\nระโยง\nระโยงระยาง\nระรวย\nระรอง\nระร่อน\nระรัว\nระราน\nระร่าย\nระริก\nระรี่\nระรึง\nระรื่น\nระรื้น\nระเร้ง\nระเริง\nระเรียง\nระเรื่อย\nระแรง\nระลวง\nระลอก\nระลึก\nระวัง\nระวาง\nระวาย\nระวิง\nระแวง\nระแวดระวัง\nระไว\nระส่ำระสาย\nระหกระเหิน\nระหง\nระหวย\nระหว่าง\nระหองระแหง\nระหัด\nระหาย\nระเห็จ\nระเหย\nระเหระหน\nระเหหน\nระเหิด\nระเหินระหก\nระแหง\nระโหย\nระอา\nระอิดระอา\nระอุ\nรัก\nรักข์\nรักขิต\nรักตะ\nรักบี้\nรักเร่\nรักแร้\nรักษ์\nรักษา\nรัง\nรั้ง\nรังเกียจ\nรังแก\nรังค์\nรังควาน\nรังแค\nรังรอง\nรังวัด\nรังสิ\nรังสี\nรังสิมันตุ์\nรังสิมา\nรัจฉา\nรัช\nรัชชูปการ\nรัชมังคลาภิเษก\nรัชชุ\nรัชฎาภิเษก\nรัชดาภิเษก\nรัชนะ\nรัชนี\nรัญจวน\nรัฏฐาภิปาลโนบาย\nรัฐ\nรัฐประศาสโนบาย\nรัฐประศาสนศาสตร์\nรัด\nรัต\nรัตกัมพล\nรัตมณี\nรัตคน\nรัตจันทน์\nรัตตัญญู\nรัตติ\nรัตน์\nรัตนะ\nรัตนโกสินทร์\nรัตนโกสินทรศก\nรัตนชาติ\nรัตนตรัย\nรัตนบัลลังก์\nรัตนวราภรณ์\nรัตนสิงหาสน์\nรัตนา\nรัตนากร\nรัตนาภรณ์\nรัตนาวลี\nรัตมา\nรัถ\nรัถยา\nรัทเทอร์ฟอร์เดียม\nรัน\nรั้น\nรันทด\nรันทวย\nรับ\nรัมณียสถาน\nรัมภา\nรัมมี่\nรัมย์\nรัย\nรัว\nรั่ว\nรั้ว\nรัศมิมัต\nรัศมิมาน\nรัศมี\nรัษฎากร\nรัสเซีย\nรัสสะ\nรัสสระ\nรา\nร่า\nร้า\nราก\nรากษส\nรากสาด\nราคะ\nราคจริต\nราคา\nราคิน\nราคี\nราง\nร่าง\nร้าง\nรางจืด\nรางชาง\nรางวัล\nราช\nราชกิจจานุเบกษา\nราชนิกุล\nราชวโรงการ\nราชญี\nราชดัด\nราชพฤกษ์\nราชมาณพ\nราชมาษ\nราชมาส\nราชย์\nราชสีห์\nราชะ\nราชัน\nราชันย์\nราชัย\nราชา\nราชาธิปไตย\nราชาธิราช\nราชาภิเษก\nราชายตนะ\nราชาวดี\nราชี\nราชินิกุล\nราชินีกุล\nราชินี\nราชินูปถัมภ์\nราชูปถัมภ์\nราชูปโภค\nราเชน\nราเชนทร์\nราเชนทรยาน\nราโชวาท\nราไชศวรรย์\nราญ\nราญรอน\nราด\nราต\nราตร\nราตรี\nราน\nร่าน\nร้าน\nราบ\nราพณ์\nราพณาสูร\nราม\nรามเกียรติ์\nรามสูร\nรามัญ\nรามา\nราย\nร่าย\nร้าย\nราว\nร้าว\nราวี\nราศี\nราษฎร\nราษฎร์\nราษตรี\nราษราตรี\nราหุ\nราหู\nรำ\nร่ำ\nรำคาญ\nรำงับ\nรำจวน\nรำบาญ\nรำพัน\nรำพาย\nรำพึง\nรำเพย\nรำไพ\nรำมะนา\nรำมะนาด\nรำมะร่อ\nร่ำรวย\nร่ำร่ำ\nรำไร\nรำลึก\nรำหัด\nรำหัส\nริ\nริก\nริดสีดวง\nริน\nริ้น\nริบ\nริบบิ้น\nริบรี่\nริบหรี่\nริปุ\nริปู\nริม\nริ้ว\nริษยา\nรี\nรี่\nรี้พล\nรีด\nรีดักชัน\nรีต\nรีเนียม\nรีบ\nรีม\nรีรอ\nรี้ริก\nรึง\nรึ้ง\nรื่น\nรื้น\nรื้อ\nรุ\nรุก\nรุกข์\nรุกขชาติ\nรุกขเทวดา\nรุกขมูล\nรุกขา\nรุกรุย\nรุ่ง\nรุ้ง\nรุงรัง\nรุ่งริ่ง\nรุจ\nรุจา\nรุจนะ\nรุจิ\nรุจี\nรุจิระ\nรุจิรา\nรุด\nรุต\nรุทธ์\nรุทระ\nรุธิร\nรุธิระ\nรุเธียร\nรุน\nรุ่น\nรุบรู่\nรุม\nรุ่ม\nรุ่มร่าม\nรุย\nรุ่ย\nรุรุ\nรุหะ\nรู\nรู่\nรู้\nรูจี\nรูด\nรูทีเนียม\nรูบิเดียม\nรูป\nรูปิยะ\nรูปี\nรูเล็ตต์\nเร่\nเรข\nเรขา\nเรขาคณิต\nเร็ง\nเร่ง\nเร้ง\nเรณุ\nเรณู\nเรดอน\nเรดาร์\nเรเดียม\nเร้น\nเรรวน\nเรไร\nเร็ว\nเร่ว\nเรวดี\nเรอ\nเร่อ\nเรา\nเร่า\nเร้า\nเราะ\nเริง\nเริด\nเริม\nเริ่ม\nเริ้ม\nเริศร้าง\nเรี่ย\nเรี้ย\nเรียก\nเรียง\nเรียด\nเรียน\nเรียบ\nเรียม\nเรี่ยม\nเรียว\nเรี่ยว\nเรี้ยวรก\nเรือ\nเรื่อ\nเรื้อ\nเรือก\nเรือง\nเรื่อง\nเรื้อง\nเรืองรอง\nเรือด\nเรือน\nเรื้อน\nเรื่อย\nแร\nแร่\nแรก\nแร็กเกต\nแรง\nแร่ง\nแร้ง\nแรด\nแร้นแค้น\nแรม\nแร้ว\nแระ\nโร\nโร่\nโรค\nโรคา\nโรคาพาธ\nโรง\nโรจ\nโรจน์\nโรเดียม\nโรตี\nโรท\nโรธ\nโรม\nโรมัน\nโรเมอร์\nโรย\nโรเร\nโรหิณี\nโรหิต\nไร\nไร่\nไร้\nไรย์\nฤกษ์\nฤกษณะ\nฤคเวท\nฤชา\nฤชุ\nฤณ\nฤดี\nฤดียา\nฤดู\nฤต\nฤติยา\nฤตุ\nฤทธา\nฤทธิ์\nฤทัย\nฤษภ\nฤษยา\nฤษี\nฤๅ\nฤๅดี\nฤๅทัย\nฤๅษี\nฤๅสาย\nลก\nล่ก\nลฆุ\nลง\nล่ง\nลงกา\nล้งเล้ง\nลด\nลดา\nลดาวัลย์\nลน\nล้น\nลบ\nลบอง\nลพ\nลพุช\nลม\nล่ม\nล้ม\nลมาด\nลรรลุง\nลลนา\nลลิต\nลวก\nลวง\nล่วง\nล้วง\nลวณะ\nลวด\nล้วน\nลวนลาม\nลวนะ\nล่วม\nลวะ\nลวิตร\nลหุ\nลหุกาบัติ\nล่อ\nล้อ\nลอก\nล็อก\nล็อกเกต\nลอกแลก\nลอการิทึม\nลอง\nล่อง\nลองกอง\nลองจิจูด\nลองไน\nลอด\nลอตเตอรี่\nลอน\nล่อน\nลอบ\nลอม\nล้อม\nลอมชอม\nลอมพอก\nลอย\nล่อย\nล่อแล่\nลอว์เรนเซียม\nลออ\nละ\nล่ะ\nละคร\nละติจูด\nละบม\nละบอง\nละบือ\nละเบ็ง\nละโบม\nละม่อม\nละมั่ง\nละมาน\nละม้าย\nละมุ\nละมุด\nละมุน\nละเมอ\nละเมาะ\nละเมิด\nละเมียด\nละแมะ\nละโมก\nละโมบ\nละไม\nละลวย\nละลอก\nละล้า\nละล้าละลัง\nละลาน\nละลาบละล้วง\nละลาย\nละล้าว\nละล่ำละลัก\nละลิบ\nละลุม\nละเลง\nละเล้า\nละเลาะ\nละเลิง\nละเลียด\nละเลียบ\nละไล้\nละว้า\nละวาด\nละเวง\nละแวก\nละโว้\nละหมาด\nละห้อย\nละหาน\nละหาร\nละหุ่ง\nละเหย\nละเหี่ย\nละอง\nละออง\nละอาย\nละเอียด\nละแอน\nลัก\nลักขณะ\nลักขณา\nลักขะ\nลักขี\nลักจั่น\nลักปิดลักเปิด\nลักษณ์\nลักษณนาม\nลักษณะ\nลักษณาการ\nลักษมณ์\nลักษมาณา\nลักษมี\nลักษะ\nลัคคะ\nลัคน์\nลัคนา\nลัง\nลั่ง\nลังกา\nลังคี\nลังถึง\nลังลอง\nลังเล\nลังสาด\nลัชชา\nลัชชี\nลัญจ์\nลัญจกร\nลัญฉกร\nลัญฉน์\nลัฐิ\nลัฐิกา\nลัด\nลัดา\nลัทธ์\nลัทธิ\nลัน\nลั่น\nลันเต\nลันเตา\nลันไต\nลั่นทม\nลันโทม\nลับ\nลัพธ์\nลัพธิ\nลัภ\nลัภนะ\nลัภย์\nลัมพ์\nลัย\nลา\nล่า\nล้า\nลาก\nลาง\nล่าง\nล้าง\nลางลิง\nลางสาด\nลาช\nลาชะ\nลาชา\nลาญ\nลาด\nลาดเลา\nล้าต้า\nล่าเตียง\nลาน\nล่าน\nล้าน\nลาบ\nลาพอน\nลาภ\nลาม\nล่าม\nลามก\nลาย\nล้าย\nลายสือ\nลาลา\nลาว\nลาวัณย์\nลาวา\nลำ\nล่ำ\nล้ำ\nลำเข็ญ\nลำแข\nลำเค็ญ\nลำเจียก\nลำดวน\nลำดับ\nลำเนา\nลำบอง\nลำบาก\nลำปำ\nลำพวน\nลำพอง\nลำพัง\nลำพู\nลำเพ็ญ\nลำเพา\nลำแพน\nลำโพง\nลำไพ่\nลำภุขัน\nลำมะลอก\nลำยอง\nลำไย\nลำลอง\nล่ำลา\nลำลาบ\nลำลึก\nลำเลาะ\nลำเลิก\nลำเลียง\nลำเวียง\nลำเอียก\nลำเอียง\nลิ\nลิกขา\nลิกไนต์\nลิกู\nลิเก\nลิขนะ\nลิขสิทธิ์\nลิขิต\nลิง\nลิงค์\nลิด\nลิต\nลิตมัส\nลิตร\nลิเทียม\nลิ่น\nลิ้น\nลินจง\nลิ้นจี่\nลินลา\nลินสีด\nลิ่นฮื้อ\nลินิน\nลิบ\nลิปดา\nลิปสติก\nลิปิ\nลิฟต์\nลิเภา\nลิ่ม\nลิ้ม\nลิมป์\nลิมปนะ\nลิลิต\nลิว\nลิ่ว\nลิสง\nลี\nลี่\nลี้\nลีซอ\nลีบ\nลีลา\nลีลาศ\nลีฬหา\nลึก\nลึงค์\nลืด\nลื่น\nลื้น\nลืบ\nลืม\nลือ\nลื่อ\nลื้อ\nลุ\nลุก\nลุง\nลุ้ง\nลุ่น\nลุ้น\nลุพธ์\nลุ่ม\nลุมพี\nลุมพู\nลุย\nลุ่ย\nลุ้ย\nลู่\nลูก\nลูกระมาศ\nลูกเอ็น\nลูขะ\nลูทีเชียม\nลูบ\nเลก\nเล็ก\nเลข\nเลขา\nเลขาธิการ\nเลขานุการ\nเล็ง\nเล้ง\nเล่งฮื้อ\nเลเซอร์\nเลฑฑุ\nเลณฑุ\nเลณะ\nเล็ด\nเลน\nเล็น\nเล่น\nเลนส์\nเล็บ\nเลบง\nเลปกร\nเลปน์\nเลเป\nเลเพ\nเล็ม\nเล่ม\nเลย\nเลว\nเลวง\nเลวูโลส\nเลศ\nเลษฏุ\nเล่ห์\nเล่ห์กระเท่ห์\nเลหลัง\nเลหะ\nเลอ\nเล่อ\nเลอะ\nเลอะเทอะ\nเละ\nเละเทะ\nเลา\nเล่า\nเล้า\nเลากัย\nเล้าโลม\nเลาะ\nเลิก\nเลิ่กลั่ก\nเลิง\nเลิ้ง\nเลินเล่อ\nเลิศ\nเลีย\nเลียง\nเลี่ยง\nเลี้ยง\nเลียงผา\nเลียงฝ้าย\nเลียงมัน\nเลียน\nเลี่ยน\nเลียนไฟ\nเลียบ\nเลี่ยม\nเลียว\nเลี้ยว\nเลือก\nเลือง\nเลื่อง\nเลือด\nเลือน\nเลื่อน\nเลื่อม\nเลื่อย\nเลื้อย\nเลื่อยล้า\nแล\nแล่\nแล้\nแลก\nแล็กเกอร์\nแล็กโทส\nแลง\nแล่ง\nแล้ง\nแลน\nแล่น\nแลนทานัม\nแลบ\nแล้ว\nและ\nโล่\nโล้\nโลก\nโลกเชษฐ์\nโลกธรรม\nโลกธาตุ\nโลกนาถ\nโลกบาล\nโลกย์\nโลกัย\nโลกวัชชะ\nโลกวิทู\nโลกัตถจริยา\nโลกันตร์\nโลกา\nโลกาธิบดี\nโลกาธิปไตย\nโลกานุวัตร\nโลกาภิวัตน์\nโลกามิส\nโลกายัต\nโลกาวินาศ\nโลกิยะ\nโลกีย์\nโลกียวัตร\nโลกียวิสัย\nโลกียสุข\nโลกุตระ\nโลกุตรธรรม\nโลกุตรภูมิ\nโลง\nโล่ง\nโล้ง\nโล่งโจ้ง\nโล่งโต้ง\nโล้งโต้ง\nโลจนะ\nโลณะ\nโลด\nโล่ติ๊น\nโลโต\nโลท\nโลน\nโล้น\nโลภ\nโลม\nโลมเล้า\nโลมะ\nโลมา\nโลลุป\nโลเล\nโลโล\nโลโล้\nโลหะ\nโลหกุมภี\nโลหัช\nโลหิต\nไล่\nไล้\nไลย\nไลลา\nไล่เลี่ย\nฦๅ\nฦๅชา\nฦๅสาย\nวก\nวง\nวงก์\nวงกต\nวงศ์\nวงศกร\nวงศา\nวงษ์\nวจนะ\nวจี\nวชิระ\nวชิรปาณี\nวชิรหัตถ์\nวชิราวุธ\nวฏะ\nวฏาการ\nวณิช\nวณิชชา\nวณิชย์\nวณิชยา\nวณิพก\nวดี\nวทนะ\nวทัญญุตา\nวทัญญู\nวธุกา\nวธู\nวน\nวนศาสตร์\nวนสณฑ์\nวนสัณฑ์\nวนอุทยาน\nวนัส\nวนัสบดี\nวนา\nวนาดร\nวนาดอน\nวนานต์\nวนาลัย\nวนาลี\nวนาวาส\nวนาศรม\nวนาสณฑ์\nวนาสัณฑ์\nวนิดา\nวนิพก\nวเนจร\nวโนทยาน\nวยัคฆ์\nวยากรณ์\nวรดนู\nวรทาน\nวรมหาวิหาร\nวรงค์\nวรณะ\nวรรค\nวรรคย์\nวรรช\nวรรชย์\nวรรณะ\nวรรณกรรม\nวรรณคดี\nวรรณยุกต์\nวรรณยุต\nวรรณศิลป์\nวรรณนา\nวรรณพฤติ\nวรรณึก\nวรรธกะ\nวรรธนะ\nวรรษ\nวรรษา\nวรวิหาร\nวรัญญู\nวรางคณา\nวรางคนา\nวราห์\nวราหะ\nวรุณ\nวโรดม\nวฤก\nวลัช\nวลัญช์\nวลัญชน์\nวลัย\nวลาหก\nวลี\nวศค\nวศะ\nวศิน\nวสนะ\nวสภะ\nวสละ\nวสวัดดี\nวสวัตตี\nวสะ\nวสันต์\nวสันตดิลก\nวสันตฤดู\nวสันตวิษุวัต\nวสา\nวสี\nวสุ\nวสุธา\nวสุนธรา\nวสุมดี\nวหะ\nวอ\nวอก\nวอกแวก\nว่องไว\nวอด\nวอน\nว่อน\nว็อบ\nวอมแวม\nวอลเลย์บอล\nวอแว\nวะ\nวัก\nวักกะ\nวัคคีย์\nวัคคุ\nวัคซีน\nวัง\nวังก์\nวังชา\nวังเวง\nวังศะ\nวังสะ\nวัจจะ\nวัจกุฎี\nวัจฉละ\nวัจน์\nวัช\nวัชชะ\nวัชพืช\nวัชฌ์\nวัชระ\nวัชรปาณี\nวัชรยาน\nวัชรอาสน์\nวัชราสน์\nวัชรินทร์\nวัชรี\nวัชเรนทร์\nวัฏ\nวัฏฏะ\nวัฏจักร\nวัฏทุกข์\nวัฏสงสาร\nวัฏกะ\nวัฏฏิ\nวัฒกะ\nวัฒกี\nวัฒนธรรม\nวัฒนะ\nวัฒนา\nวัณ\nวัณโรค\nวัณฏ์\nวัณณะ\nวัณนา\nวัด\nวัต\nวัตต์\nวัตตา\nวัตถ์\nวัตถาภรณ์\nวัตถาลังการ\nวัตถุ\nวัตนะ\nวัตร\nวัตสดร\nวัตสะ\nวัติ\nวัทน์\nวัน\nวันต์\nวันทนา\nวันทนาการ\nวันทนีย์\nวันทยหัตถ์\nวันทยาวุธ\nวันทา\nวันทิ\nวับ\nวับวาบ\nวับวาม\nวับแวบ\nวับแวม\nวัปปะ\nวัมมิกะ\nวัย\nวัลก์\nวัลคุ\nวัลย์\nวัลลภ\nวัลลี\nวัว\nวัสสะ\nวัสโสทก\nวัสดุ\nวัสตร์\nวัสน์\nวัสนะ\nวัสสานะ\nวัสสานฤดู\nวา\nว่า\nว้า\nว้าเหว่\nวาก\nว้าก\nวากยสัมพันธ์\nวากยะ\nวาง\nว่าง\nว้าง\nวาจก\nวาจา\nวาจาไปยะ\nวาจาล\nวาชเปยะ\nวาณิช\nวาณิชกะ\nวาณิชย์\nวาณี\nวาด\nวาต\nวาตะ\nวาตภัย\nวาท\nวาทศาสตร์\nวาทศิลป์\nวาทกะ\nวาทนะ\nวาทย์\nวาทยกร\nวาทิต\nวาทิน\nวาที\nวาน\nวานซืน\nว่าน\nวานร\nวานรินทร์\nวาเนเดียม\nวาบ\nวาปี\nวาม\nวามน\nวามนาวตาร\nวามะ\nวาย\nว่าย\nว้าย\nวายะ\nวาโย\nวายามะ\nวายุ\nวายุกูล\nวาร\nวาระ\nวารสาร\nวารสารศาสตร์\nวาริ\nวารี\nวาริช\nวารีช\nวาริท\nวาริธร\nวารุณ\nวารุณี\nวาล\nวาลวีชนี\nวาล์ว\nวาลิกา\nวาลุกา\nวาว\nว่าว\nว้าว่อน\nว้าวุ่น\nวาสนะ\nวาสนา\nวาสพ\nวาสะ\nวาสิน\nวาสี\nวาสุกรี\nวาสุกี\nวาสุเทพ\nวาหนะ\nวาหะ\nวาหินี\nวาฬ\nวิกขัมภ์\nวิกขัมภนะ\nวิกเขป\nวิกรม\nวิกรัย\nวิกรานต์\nวิกฤต\nวิกฤติ\nวิกล\nวิกสิต\nวิกัต\nวิกัติ\nวิกัติการก\nวิกัป\nวิกัย\nวิการ\nวิกาล\nวิกาลโภชน์\nวิคหะ\nวิเคราะห์\nวิฆเนศ\nวิฆเนศวร\nวิฆาต\nวิง\nวิ่ง\nวิ่งเปี้ยว\nวิงวอน\nวิจฉิกะ\nวิจล\nวิจักขณ์\nวิจักษ์\nวิจักษณ์\nวิจัย\nวิจาร\nวิจารณ์\nวิจารณญาณ\nวิจิ\nวิจิกิจฉา\nวิจิต\nวิจิตร\nวิจิน\nวิจุณ\nวิจุรณ\nวิชชา\nวิชชุ\nวิชชุดา\nวิชชุตา\nวิชชุลดา\nวิชญะ\nวิชน\nวิชนี\nวิชย\nวิชัย\nวิชา\nวิชานนะ\nวิชิต\nวิเชียร\nวิญญัตติ\nวิญญาณ\nวิญญาณกทรัพย์\nวิญญู\nวิฑูรย์\nวิด\nวิตก\nวิตถาร\nวิตามิน\nวิถี\nวิทธะ\nวิทยฐานะ\nวิทยา\nวิทยาคม\nวิทยาคาร\nวิทยาลัย\nวิทยุ\nวิทยุต\nวิทวัส\nวิทัตถิ\nวิทัศน์\nวิทารณ์\nวิทิต\nวิทู\nวิทูร\nวิเทศ\nวิเทโศบาย\nวิธ\nวิธวา\nวิธาน\nวิธี\nวิธุระ\nวิธู\nวิธูปนะ\nวิ่น\nวินตกะ\nวินัย\nวินาที\nวินายก\nวินาศ\nวินิจ\nวินิจฉัย\nวินิต\nวินิบาต\nวินิปาติก\nวิเนต\nวิบัติ\nวิบาก\nวิบุล\nวิบุลย์\nวิบูล\nวิบูลย์\nวิปการ\nวิปฏิสาร\nวิปโยค\nวิประโยค\nวิปริต\nวิปลาส\nวิปวาส\nวิปักษ์\nวิปัสสก\nวิปัสสนา\nวิปัสสนายานิก\nวิพากษ์\nวิพิธทัศนา\nวิพุธ\nวิภว\nวิภวตัณหา\nวิภังค์\nวิภัช\nวิภัตติ\nวิภา\nวิภาค\nวิภาช\nวิภาดา\nวิภาวี\nวิภาษ\nวิภาส\nวิภู\nวิภูษณะ\nวิภูษา\nวิภูษิต\nวิมน\nวิมล\nวิมลัก\nวิมังสา\nวิมัติ\nวิมาน\nวิมุข\nวิมุต\nวิมุตติ\nวิเมลือง\nวิโมกข์\nวิโยค\nวิระ\nวิรงรอง\nวิรังรอง\nวิรัช\nวิรัต\nวิรัติ\nวิราคะ\nวิราม\nวิริยภาพ\nวิริยะ\nวิรุธ\nวิรุฬห์\nวิรุฬหก\nวิรูป\nวิรูปักษ์\nวิเรนทร์\nวิโรจ\nวิโรจน์\nวิโรฒ\nวิโรธ\nวิลันดา\nวิลัย\nวิลาด\nวิลาศ\nวิลาป\nวิลาวัณย์\nวิลาส\nวิลาสินี\nวิลิปดา\nวิลิศมาหรา\nวิเลป\nวิเลปนะ\nวิโลกนะ\nวิโลม\nวิไล\nวิไลวรรณ\nวิวรณ์\nวิวรรธน์\nวิวัฏ\nวิวัฒน์\nวิวัฒนาการ\nวิวัน\nวิวาท\nวิวาห์\nวิวาหมงคล\nวิวาหะ\nวิวิต\nวิวิธ\nวิเวก\nวิศรุต\nวิศว\nวิศวกร\nวิศวกรรม\nวิศวกรรมศาสตร์\nวิศัลย์\nวิศาขบูชา\nวิศาขา\nวิศาล\nวิศิษฏ์\nวิศุทธ์\nวิศุทธิ์\nวิเศษ\nวิเศษณ์\nวิษณุ\nวิษณุกรรม\nวิษธร\nวิษัย\nวิษาณ\nวิษุวัต\nวิสกี้\nวิสรรชนีย์\nวิสฤต\nวิสสุกรรม\nวิสัชนา\nวิสัญญี\nวิสัย\nวิสัยทัศน์\nวิสาขบูชา\nวิสาขะ\nวิสาขา\nวิสามัญ\nวิสามานยนาม\nวิสาร\nวิสารทะ\nวิสาล\nวิสาสะ\nวิสาหกิจ\nวิสิฐ\nวิสุงคามสีมา\nวิสุทธ์\nวิสุทธิ์\nวิสูตร\nวิเสท\nวิหค\nวิหลั่น\nวิหาร\nวิหิงสา\nวิเหสา\nวิฬาร\nวิฬาร์\nวี\nวีจิ\nวีชนี\nวีณา\nวี้ด\nวีรกรรม\nวีรชน\nวีรบุรุษ\nวีรสตรี\nวี่วัน\nวี่แวว\nวีสะ\nวุ้ง\nวุฐิ\nวุฒ\nวุฒิ\nวุด\nวุ่น\nวุ้น\nวุบ\nวุ้ย\nวุลแฟรม\nวู้\nวูดวาด\nวูบ\nวู่วาม\nเว้\nเวค\nเวคิน\nเวคี\nเวจ\nเวช\nเวชยันต์\nเวฐน์\nเวณิ\nเวณิก\nเวณุ\nเวตน์\nเวตร\nเวตาล\nเวท\nเวทคู\nเวทนา\nเวทย์\nเวทัลละ\nเวทางค์\nเวทางคศาสตร์\nเวทานต์\nเวทานตะ\nเวทิ\nเวที\nเวธะ\nเวน\nเว้น\nเวนไตย\nเวไนย\nเวมัต\nเว้ย\nเวยยากรณะ\nเวร\nเวรมณี\nเวรี\nเวโรจน์\nเวลา\nเวเลนซี\nเวศม์\nเวศย์\nเวศยา\nเวสน์\nเวสภู\nเวสม์\nเวสวัณ\nเวสสะ\nเวสสันดร\nเวสสุกรรม\nเวสสุวัณ\nเวสารัช\nเวสิยา\nเวหน\nเวหะ\nเวหา\nเวหาส\nเวฬุ\nเวฬุริยะ\nเว่อ\nเว้า\nเวิก\nเวิ้ง\nเวี่ย\nเวียง\nเวียด\nเวียดนาม\nเวียน\nเวียร\nเวี่ยว\nแว้\nแวง\nแว้ง\nแวด\nแว้ด\nแวน\nแว่น\nแวนดา\nแวบ\nแว็บ\nแวม\nแว็ม\nแวว\nแว่ว\nแวะ\nโว\nโว่\nโวการ\nโว่ง\nโวทาน\nโวย\nโว้ย\nโว้เว้\nโวหาร\nไว\nไว้\nไวกูณฐ์\nไวฑูรย์\nไวทย์\nไวน์\nไวพจน์\nไวยากรณ์\nไวยาวัจกร\nไวยาวัจมัย\nไวรัส\nไววรรณ\nไวษณพ\nไวโอลิน\nศก\nศกุน\nศกุนต์\nศกุนิ\nศกุนี\nศจี\nศตะ\nศตภิษัช\nศตวรรษ\nศตพรรษ\nศตกะ\nศนิ\nศพ\nศมนะ\nศมะ\nศยาม\nศยามล\nศร\nศรายุธ\nศราวรณ์\nศรรกรา\nศรวณะ\nศรวณีย์\nศรวิษฐา\nศรัณย์\nศรัณยู\nศรัท\nศรัทธา\nศรัย\nศราทธ์\nศราทธพรต\nศราพก\nศราวก\nศราวณะ\nศรี\nศรีตรัง\nศรุติ\nศฤคาล\nศฤงค์\nศฤงคาร\nศฤงคาริน\nศฤงคารี\nศลิษฏ์\nศลิษา\nศวะ\nศวัส\nศวา\nศวาน\nศศะ\nศศธร\nศศพินทุ์\nศศลักษณ์\nศศิ\nศศิน\nศศี\nศศิขัณฑ์\nศศิธร\nศศิมณฑล\nศศิวิมล\nศอ\nศอก\nศักดา\nศักดิ\nศักดิ์\nศักดินา\nศักติ\nศักย\nศักยภาพ\nศักย์\nศักยะ\nศักร\nศักรินทร์\nศักเรนทร์\nศักราช\nศังกร\nศัตรู\nศันสนะ\nศันสนีย์\nศัพท์\nศัยยา\nศัล\nศัลย์\nศัลยกรรม\nศัลยแพทย์\nศัลยศาสตร์\nศัสดร\nศัสตร\nศัสตรศาสตร์\nศัสตรา\nศัสตราวุธ\nศากตะ\nศากย\nศากยะ\nศากยพุทธ\nศากยมุนี\nศาฎก\nศาณ\nศานต์\nศานติ\nศาป\nศารท\nศารทูล\nศาริกา\nศาล\nศาลา\nศาศวัต\nศาสดา\nศาสตร์\nศาสตรา\nศาสตราจารย์\nศาสนา\nศาสนกิจ\nศาสนจักร\nศาสนธรรม\nศาสนบุคคล\nศาสนพิธี\nศาสนวัตถุ\nศาสนศาสตร์\nศาสนสถาน\nศาสนสมบัติ\nศาสนิกชน\nศาสนีย์\nศาสนูปถัมภก\nศาสน์\nศิกษก\nศิการ\nศิขร\nศิขริน\nศิขรี\nศิขัณฑ์\nศิคาล\nศิงขร\nศิงขริน\nศิตะ\nศิถี\nศิพิระ\nศิระ\nศิรประภา\nศิราภรณ์\nศิโรรัตน์\nศิโรเวฐน์\nศิรา\nศิรามพุช\nศิโรราบ\nศิลป\nศิลป์\nศิลปะ\nศิลปกร\nศิลปกรรม\nศิลปกิจ\nศิลปวัตถุ\nศิลปวิทยา\nศิลปศาสตร์\nศิลปศึกษา\nศิลปหัตถกรรม\nศิลปิน\nศิลปี\nศิลา\nศิวะ\nศิวโมกข์\nศิวลึงค์\nศิวเวท\nศิวาลัย\nศิศีระ\nศิษฎิ\nศิษฏ์\nศิษย์\nศิษยานุศิษย์\nศีขร\nศีต\nศีตกาล\nศีรษะ\nศีล\nศึก\nศึกษา\nศึกษาธิการ\nศึกษานิเทศก์\nศุกร์\nศุกรวรรณ\nศุกรวาร\nศุกระ\nศุกล\nศุกลปักษ์\nศุจิ\nศุทธะ\nศุทธิ\nศุนะ\nศุนิ\nศุภกร\nศุภเคราะห์\nศุภนิมิต\nศุภมัสดุ\nศุภมาตรา\nศุภมาส\nศุภอักษร\nศุภางค์\nศูกร\nศุลกากร\nศุลการักษ์\nศุลี\nศุษิร\nศูทร\nศูนย์\nศูนยวาท\nศูละ\nศูลิน\nเศรณี\nเศรษฐ\nเศรษฐ์\nเศรษฐกิจ\nเศรษฐศาสตร์\nเศรษฐี\nเศร้า\nเศลษ\nเศวต\nเศวตร\nเศวตัมพร\nเศษ\nเศาจ\nเศาร์\nเศารยะ\nเศิก\nเศียร\nโศก\nโศกา\nโศกาดูร\nโศกาลัย\nโศกี\nโศจิ\nโศธนะ\nโศภน\nโศภะ\nโศภา\nโศภิต\nโศภิน\nโศภิษฐ์\nโศภี\nโศรดา\nโศรตร\nโศลก\nไศล\nไศวะ\nษมา\nษัฏ\nษัฑ\nษัณ\nษัษ\nษัษฐะ\nษัษฐี\nโษฑศัน\nสก\nสกวาที\nสกฏะ\nสกทาคามิผล\nสกิทาคามิผล\nสกทาคามิมรรค\nสกิทาคามิมรรค\nสกทาคามี\nสกิทาคามี\nสกนธ์\nสกปรก\nสกรณีย์\nสกรรจ์\nสกรรมกริยา\nสกล\nสกลมหาสังฆปริณายก\nสกัด\nสกา\nสกาว\nสกี\nสกุณ\nสกุณา\nสกุณี\nสกุน\nสกุนต์\nสกุล\nสเกต\nสแกนเดียม\nสขะ\nสง\nส่ง\nสงกร\nสงกรานต์\nสงกา\nสงค์\nสงคร\nสงคราม\nสงเคราะห์\nสงฆ์\nสงบ\nสงวน\nส่งสการ\nสงสัย\nสงสาร\nสงสารวัฏ\nสงัด\nสง่า\nสฐะ\nสณฑ์\nสด\nสดมภ์\nสดับ\nสดับปกรณ์\nสดำ\nสดุดี\nสตะ\nสตน\nสตภิสชะ\nสตรอนเชียม\nสตริกนิน\nสตรี\nสตัฟฟ์\nสตัมภ์\nสตางค์\nสติ\nสติปัฏฐาน\nสตี\nสตู\nสตูป\nสเต๊ก\nสถบดี\nสถล\nสถวีระ\nสถาน\nสถานะ\nสถานี\nสถาบัน\nสถาปนา\nสถาปนิก\nสถาปัตยกรรม\nสถาปัตยกรรมศาสตร์\nสถาปัตยเรขา\nสถาปัตยเวท\nสถาพร\nสถาวร\nสถิต\nสถิตยศาสตร์\nสถิติ\nสถิร\nสถีรวาท\nสถุล\nสถูป\nสทิง\nสทึง\nสทุม\nสธนะ\nสาธุสะ\nสน\nส้น\nสนทนา\nสนทรรศ\nสนทรรศน์\nสนเทศ\nสนเท่ห์\nสนธยา\nสนธิ\nสนน\nสนม\nสนวน\nสนอง\nสนอบ\nสนอม\nสนะ\nสนัด\nสนั่น\nสนับ\nสนับทึบ\nสนับสนุน\nสนาน\nสนาม\nสนายุ\nสนิกะ\nสนิท\nสนิธ\nสนิม\nสนุก\nสนุกเกอร์\nสนุข\nสนุต\nสนุ่น\nสบ\nสบง\nสบถ\nสบัน\nสบาย\nสบู่\nสไบ\nสปริง\nสปอร์\nสปาเกตตี\nสเปกตรัม\nสเปกโทรสโกป\nสไปริลลัม\nสพาบ\nสภา\nสภาพ\nสภาวการณ์\nสภาวะ\nสม\nสมการ\nสมจารี\nสมดุล\nสมมูล\nส้ม\nสมญา\nสมณะ\nสมณบริขาร\nสมณศักดิ์\nสมณสารูป\nสมเด็จ\nสมถะ\nสมถยานิก\nสมถวิปัสสนา\nสมนาคุณ\nสมบัติ\nสมบุกสมบัน\nสมบูรณ์\nสมบูรณาญาสิทธิราชย์\nสมประดี\nสมปฤดี\nสมปฤๅดี\nส้มป่อย\nสมปัก\nสมผุส\nสมพง\nสมพงศ์\nสมพล\nสมพัตสร\nสมพาส\nสมเพช\nสมโพธน์\nสมโพธิ\nสมภพ\nสมภาร\nสมโภค\nสมโภช\nสมมต\nสมมติ\nสมมุติ\nสมมาตร\nส้มมือ\nสมโมท\nสมโยค\nสมร\nสมรด\nสมรรถ\nสมรรถนะ\nสมรรถภาพ\nสมรส\nสมฤดี\nสมฤติ\nสมวายะ\nสมเสร็จ\nสมอ\nสมอง\nสมะ\nสมัคร\nสมังคี\nสมัช\nสมัชชา\nสมัญญา\nสมัต\nสมัน\nสมันต์\nสมัย\nสมา\nสมาคม\nสมาจาร\nสมาชิก\nสมาทาน\nสมาธิ\nสมาน\nสมานฉันท์\nสมาบัติ\nสมาพันธรัฐ\nสมาส\nสม่ำเสมอ\nสมิง\nสมิต\nสมิติ\nสมิทธ์\nสมิทธิ\nสมี\nสมุก\nสมุจจัย\nสมุจเฉท\nสมุฏฐาน\nสมุด\nสมุทร\nสมุทรโคดม\nสมุทัย\nสมุน\nสมุนไพร\nสมุลแว้ง\nสมุห\nสมุห์\nสมุหกลาโหม\nสมุหเทศาภิบาล\nสมุหนาม\nสมุหนายก\nสโมธาน\nสโมสร\nสยด\nสยนะ\nสยบ\nสยมพร\nสยมภู\nสยอง\nสยอน\nสยัมวรา\nสยาม\nสยามานุสติ\nสยามินทร์\nสยาย\nสยิว\nสยิ้ว\nสยุมพร\nสยุมภู\nสร\nสรง\nสร่ง\nสรณะ\nสรณคมน์\nสรณาคมน์\nสรณตรัย\nสรตะ\nสรทะ\nสรนุก\nสรเนาะ\nสรไน\nสรเพชญ\nสรภะ\nสรภัญญะ\nสรภู\nสรม\nสรร\nสรรค์\nสรรพ\nสรรพคุณ\nสรรพนาม\nสรรพสามิต\nสรรพัชญ\nสรรพากร\nสรรพางค์\nสรรเพชญ\nสรรเพชุดา\nสรรเสริญ\nสรลอน\nสรเลข\nสรวง\nสรวม\nสรวล\nสรเสริญ\nสร้อย\nสระ\nสระกอ\nสระท้อน\nสระพรั่ง\nสระอาด\nสรั่ง\nสรัสวดี\nสร่าง\nสร้าง\nสราญ\nสรี้\nสรีระ\nสรีรกิจ\nสรีรธาตุ\nสรีรวิทยา\nสรีรศาสตร์\nสรีรังคาร\nสรีรางคาร\nสรุป\nสโรช\nสโรชะ\nสฤก\nสฤต\nสฤษฎิ\nสฤษฎี\nสฤษฏ์\nสฤษดิ์\nสลด\nสลบ\nสลวน\nสลวย\nสลอด\nสลอน\nสลอย\nสละ\nสลัก\nสลัด\nสลัดได\nสลับ\nสลัว\nสลา\nสลาก\nสลาง\nสล้าง\nสลาด\nสลาตัน\nสลาบ\nสลาย\nสลิด\nสลิล\nสลึก\nสลึง\nสลุต\nสลุบ\nสลุมพร\nสแลง\nสวการย์\nสวภาพ\nสวราชย์\nสวก\nส้วง\nสวด\nสวน\nสวนะ\nสวนาการ\nส่วน\nสวนิต\nสวบ\nสวม\nส้วม\nสวย\nส่วย\nส้วย\nสวยม\nสวรรค\nสวรรค์\nสวรรคต\nสวรรคาลัย\nสวรรยา\nสวระ\nสวะ\nสวัสดิ\nสวัสดิ์\nสวัสดิการ\nสวัสดิภาพ\nสวัสดิมงคล\nสวัสดี\nสวัสติ\nสวาตี\nสวัสติกะ\nสวา\nสวาปาม\nสวาคตะ\nสวาง\nสว่าง\nสวาด\nสวาดิ\nสวาท\nสว่าน\nสว้าน\nสวาบ\nสวามิ\nสวามี\nสวามินี\nสวาย\nสวาสดิ์\nสวาหะ\nสวิง\nสวิญญาณกทรัพย์\nสวิตช์\nสสาร\nสสุระ\nสสุรี\nสหกรณ์\nสหการ\nสหจร\nสหชาต\nสหชาติ\nสหธรรม\nสหธรรมิก\nสหประชาชาติ\nสหพันธ์\nสหพันธรัฐ\nสหภาพ\nสหศึกษา\nสหัช\nสหัมบดี\nสหัส\nสหัสสะ\nสหัสธารา\nสหัสนัยน์\nสหัสเนตร\nสหัสรังสี\nสหัสา\nสหาย\nสอ\nส่อ\nสอง\nส่อง\nส้อง\nสอด\nสอน\nส่อน\nสอบ\nสอพลอ\nส้อม\nสอย\nสะ\nสะกด\nสะกอ\nสะกาง\nสะการะ\nสะกิด\nสะกิดสะเกา\nสะเก็ด\nสะแก\nสะคร้อ\nสะคราญ\nสะค้าน\nสะเงาะสะแงะ\nสะดม\nสะดวก\nสะดิ้ง\nสะดึง\nสะดือ\nสะดุ้ง\nสะดุด\nสะเด็ด\nสะเดา\nสะเดาะ\nสะตอ\nสะตาหมัน\nสะตึ\nสะตือ\nสะตุ\nสะเต๊ะ\nสะโตก\nสะทก\nสะท้อน\nสะท้าน\nสะทึก\nสะเทิน\nสะเทิ้น\nสะเทือน\nสะเทื้อน\nสะบะ\nสะบัก\nสะบักสะบอม\nสะบัด\nสะบัดสะบิ้ง\nสะบั้น\nสะบันงา\nสะบ้า\nสะบู\nสะแบง\nสะเปะสะปะ\nสะพรั่ง\nสะพรึงกลัว\nสะพรึบ\nสะพรึ่บ\nสะพัก\nสะพัง\nสะพัด\nสะพั้น\nสะพาน\nสะพาย\nสะเพร่า\nสะโพก\nสะเภา\nสะใภ้\nสะโมง\nสะระตะ\nสะระแหน่\nสะลาง\nสะลาบ\nสะลึมสะลือ\nสะวี้ดสะว้าด\nสะสม\nสะสวย\nสะสาง\nสะเหล่อ\nสะอาง\nสะอาด\nสะอ้าน\nสะอิ้ง\nสะอิดสะเอียน\nสะอึก\nสะอื้น\nสะเอ้ง\nสะเอว\nสะเออะ\nสะโอดสะอง\nสะไอ\nสัก\nสักกะ\nสักยะ\nสักกัจจะ\nสักกายทิฐิ\nสักการ\nสักการะ\nสักขี\nสักวา\nสักหลาด\nสัค\nสัคคะ\nสั่ง\nสังกร\nสังกรณี\nสังกรประโยค\nสังกะตัง\nสังกะวัง\nสังกะวาด\nสังกะสี\nสังกัด\nสังกัปปะ\nสังกา\nสังการ\nสังกาศ\nสังกิเลส\nสังเกต\nสังข์\nสังขกร\nสังขตธรรม\nสังขตะ\nสังขยา\nสังขลิก\nสังขลิกา\nสังขาร\nสังขารา\nสังเขป\nสังค์\nสังคญาติ\nสังคม\nสังคหะ\nสังคัง\nสังคายนา\nสังคายนาย\nสังคีต\nสังคีติ\nสังเค็ด\nสังเคราะห์\nสังฆกรรม\nสังฆการี\nสังฆเถระ\nสังฆทาน\nสังฆนายก\nสังฆปาโมกข์\nสังฆภัต\nสังฆเภท\nสังฆมณฑล\nสังฆมนตรี\nสังฆราช\nสังฆสภา\nสังฆาณัติ\nสังฆาฏิ\nสังฆาทิเสส\nสังฆาธิการ\nสังฆานุสติ\nสังฆาวาส\nสังยุตนิกาย\nสังโยค\nสังโยชน์\nสังวร\nสังวัจฉระ\nสังวัธยาย\nสังวาล\nสังวาส\nสังเวคะ\nสังเวช\nสังเวชนียสถาน\nสังเวย\nสังเวียน\nสังสกฤต\nสังสการ\nสังสนทนา\nสั่งสนทนา\nสังสรรค์\nสังสารวัฏ\nสังสิทธิ\nสังสุทธ์\nสังสุทธิ\nสังหร\nสังหรณ์\nสังหาร\nสังหาริมทรัพย์\nสังหาริมะ\nสังหิต\nสัจ\nสัจกิริยา\nสัจจะ\nสัจญาณ\nสัจธรรม\nสัจนิยม\nสัจพจน์\nสัชฌะ\nสัชฌุ\nสัญจร\nสัญเจตนา\nสัญชาตญาณ\nสัญชาติ\nสัญฌา\nสัญญา\nสัญญาณ\nสัญญี\nสัญโญชน์\nสัญนิยม\nสัญประกาศ\nสัญลักษณ์\nสัฐิ\nสัณฐาน\nสัณฐิติ\nสัณฑ์\nสัณห์\nสัด\nสัดจอง\nสัต\nสัตตะ\nสัตตาหกรณียะ\nสัตตาหกาลิก\nสัตมวาร\nสัตสดก\nสัตตบงกช\nสัตตบรรณ\nสัตตบุษย์\nสัตตู\nสัตถันดร\nสัตถา\nสัตถิ\nสัตถุ\nสัตถุศาสนา\nสัตบรรณ\nสัตย์\nสัตยพรต\nสัตยวาที\nสัตยาเคราะห์\nสัตยาธิษฐาน\nสัตยาบัน\nสัตว์\nสัตวชาติ\nสัตวบาล\nสัตวแพทย์\nสัตววิทยา\nสัตวา\nสัทธรรม\nสัทธา\nสัทธาจริต\nสัทธาธิกะ\nสัทธินทรีย์\nสัทธิงวิหาริก\nสัทธิวิหาริก\nสัทวิทยา\nสัทศาสตร์\nสัทอักษร\nสัน\nสั่น\nสั้น\nสันดาน\nสันดาป\nสันโดษ\nสันต์\nสันตติ\nสันตะปาปา\nสันตะวา\nสันติ\nสันตุฏฐี\nสันถวไมตรี\nสันถวะ\nสันถัต\nสันถาร\nสันทนะ\nสันทะ\nสันทัด\nสันทัสนะ\nสันทาน\nสันทิฐิก\nสันทิส\nสันเทหะ\nสันธาน\nสันนิธิ\nสันนิบาต\nสันนิวาส\nสันนิษฐาน\nสันสกฤต\nสับ\nสับปลับ\nสับปลี้\nสับปะรด\nสัปคับ\nสัปดาห์\nสัปดาหะ\nสัปดน\nสัปตศก\nสัปทน\nสัปปะ\nสัปปิ\nสัปปุริส\nสัปปุรุษ\nสัประยุทธ์\nสัปหงก\nสัปเหร่อ\nสัพ\nสัพพะ\nสัพพัญญู\nสัพเพเหระ\nสัพยอก\nสัมบูรณ์\nสัมปชัญญะ\nสัมปทา\nสัมปทาน\nสัมปยุต\nสัมปโยค\nสัมประสิทธิ์\nสัมประหาร\nสัมปรายภพ\nสัมปรายิกภพ\nสัมปัตติ\nสัมผัปลาป\nสัมผัปลาปะ\nสัมผัส\nสัมพล\nสัมพหุลา\nสัมพัจฉรฉินท์\nสัมพัตสร\nสัมพัทธ์\nสัมพันธ์\nสัมพันธน์\nสัมพันธภาพ\nสัมพันธมิตร\nสัมพันธไมตรี\nสัมพาหะ\nสัมพุทธ\nสัมพุทธะ\nสัมโพธิ\nสัมภวะ\nสัมภเวสี\nสัมภัต\nสัมภัตตะ\nสัมภาระ\nสัมภาษณ์\nสัมโภคกาย\nสัมมนา\nสัมมัปธาน\nสัมมา\nสัมโมทนียกถา\nสัมฤทธิ\nสัมฤทธิ์\nสัมฤทธิศก\nสัยน์\nสัลเลข\nสัสดี\nสัสตทิฐิ\nสัสสะ\nสัสสุ\nสัสสู\nสา\nส่า\nสาก\nสากรรจ์\nสากล\nสากัจฉา\nสากัลย์\nสากิยะ\nสาเก\nสาขา\nสาคร\nสาคเรศ\nสาคู\nสาง\nส้าง\nสาชล\nสาฎก\nสาฏิก\nสาณี\nสาด\nสาไถย\nสาทร\nสาทิส\nสาทุ\nสาโท\nสาธก\nสาธยะ\nสาธยาย\nสาธารณะ\nสาธารณชน\nสาธารณประโยชน์\nสาธารณภัย\nสาธารณรัฐ\nสาธารณสถาน\nสาธารณสมบัติ\nสาธารณสุข\nสาธารณูปการ\nสาธารณูปโภค\nสาธารณ์\nสาธิต\nสาธุ\nสาน\nส่าน\nสานุ\nสานู\nสานุศิษย์\nสาบ\nสาบสูญ\nสาบาน\nสาป\nสาปไตย\nสาม\nสามชุก\nสามเณร\nสามเณรี\nสามนต์\nสามนตราช\nสามยทรัพย์\nสามล\nสามหาว\nสามะ\nสามัคคี\nสามัญ\nสามัตถิยะ\nสามานย์\nสามานยนาม\nสามารถ\nสามิต\nสามินี\nสามิภักดิ์\nสามี\nสามีจิกรรม\nสาย\nส่าย\nส้าย\nสายชู\nสายัณห์\nสายาห์\nสาร\nสารคดี\nสารธรรม\nสารนิเทศ\nสารบบ\nสารบรรณ\nสารบัญ\nสารบาญ\nสารบาญชี\nสารประโยชน์\nสารสนเทศ\nสารทุกข์\nสารถี\nสารท\nสารพัด\nสารพัน\nสารพางค์\nสารภาพ\nสารภี\nสารวัตร\nสาระ\nสาระแน\nสาระพา\nสาระยำ\nสาระวารี\nสาระสะมา\nสารัตถประโยชน์\nสารัตถศึกษา\nสารัตถะ\nสารัทธ์\nสารัมภ์\nสาราณียกร\nสาราณียธรรม\nสาราณียะ\nสารานุกรม\nสารีริกธาตุ\nสารูป\nสาโรช\nสาละ\nสาละวน\nสาลิ\nสาลิกา\nสาลินี\nสาลี\nสาลี่\nสาลู\nสาโลหิต\nสาว\nสาวก\nสาวิกา\nสาวิตร\nสาวิตรี\nสาสน\nสาสน์\nสาส์น\nสาสนา\nสาสม\nสาหร่าย\nสาหรี\nส่าหรี\nสาหัส\nสาเหตุ\nสาแหรก\nสำ\nสำส่อน\nส่ำ\nสำคัญ\nสำซ่าง\nสำแดง\nสำทับ\nสำนวน\nสำนอง\nสำนัก\nสำนาน\nสำนึก\nสำนึง\nสำเนา\nสำเนียง\nสำบัด\nสำปะลอ\nสำปะหลัง\nสำปั้น\nสำปันนี\nสำเภา\nสำมะงา\nสำมะโน\nสำมะลอ\nสำมะเลเทเมา\nสำมะหา\nสำรด\nสำรวจ\nสำรวม\nสำรวย\nสำรวล\nสำรอก\nสำรอง\nสำรับ\nสำราก\nสำราญ\nสำริด\nสำเร็จ\nสำเรา\nสำเริง\nสำโรง\nสำลัก\nสำลาน\nสำลี\nสำแลง\nสำหรวด\nสำหรับ\nสำหา\nสำเหนียก\nสำเหร่\nสำออย\nสำอาง\nสิ\nสิกข์\nสิข\nสิกขมานา\nสิกขา\nสิขร\nสิขรี\nสิขเรศ\nสิขา\nสิขานล\nสิขี\nสิคาล\nสิง\nสิ่ง\nสิงขร\nสิงค์\nสิงคลิ้ง\nสิงคลี\nสิงคาร\nสิงคาล\nสิงคี\nสิงโต\nสิงห์\nสิงหนาท\nสิงหบัญชร\nสิงหรา\nสิงหราช\nสิงหาคม\nสิงหาสน์\nสิงหล\nสิญจน์\nสิตะ\nสิตางศุ์\nสิถิล\nสิทธ์\nสิทธัตถะ\nสิทธา\nสิทธาจารย์\nสิทธารถ\nสิทธิ\nสิทธิ์\nสิทธิการิยะ\nสิธยะ\nสิน\nสิ้น\nสินเทา\nสินธพ\nสินธุ\nสินธุ์\nสินธุระ\nสินธู\nสินเธาว์\nสินาด\nสินิทธ์\nสินี\nสิเนรุ\nสิเนหก\nสิเนหะ\nสิเนหา\nสิเน่หา\nสิบ\nสิปปะ\nสิมพลี\nสิระ\nสิโรดม\nสิโรตม์\nสิริ\nสิรี\nสิลา\nสิว\nสิ่ว\nสิวะ\nสิวาลัย\nสิวิกา\nสี\nสี่\nสี้\nสีกา\nสีกุน\nสีข้าง\nสีด\nสีดอ\nสีดา\nสีตลรัศมี\nสีตโลทก\nสีโตทก\nสีทันดร\nสีมันต์\nสีมา\nสีละมัน\nสีวิกา\nสีสอ\nสีสะ\nสีสา\nสีสุก\nสีเสียด\nสีห์\nสีหนาท\nสีหบัญชร\nสีหราช\nสีหไสยา\nสีหไสยาสน์\nสีหะ\nสึก\nสึง\nสืบ\nสื่อ\nสุ\nสุก\nสุกข์\nสุกร\nสุกรม\nสุกำศพ\nสุกียากี้\nสุข\nสุขา\nสุขาภิบาล\nสุขารมณ์\nสุขาวดี\nสุขิน\nสุขี\nสุขุม\nสุขุมาล\nสุโข\nสุคต\nสุคติ\nสุคนธ\nสุคนธ์\nสุคนธชาติ\nสุคนธรส\nสุคันธ์\nสุคันธรส\nสุงกะ\nสุงกากร\nสุงสิง\nสุงสุมาร\nสุจริต\nสุจหนี่\nสุจิ\nสุจิต\nสุจิตร\nสุชน\nสุชัมบดี\nสุชา\nสุชาดา\nสุญ\nสุญญากาศ\nสุญตา\nสุญนิยม\nสุณ\nสุณิสา\nสุด\nสุดา\nสุต\nสุตตนิบาต\nสุตตะ\nสุตตันตปิฎก\nสุตตันตะ\nสุติ\nสุทธ\nสุทธ์\nสุทธาวาส\nสุทธิ\nสุทรรศน์\nสุทัศน์\nสุธา\nสุธาโภชน์\nสุธารส\nสุธาสินี\nสุธาสี\nสุธี\nสุนทร\nสุนทรี\nสุนทรียภาพ\nสุนทรียศาสตร์\nสุนทรียะ\nสุนัข\nสุนันท์\nสุโนก\nสุบดี\nสุบรรณ\nสุบิน\nสุปรีดิ์\nสุปรีย์\nสุปาณี\nสุพพัต\nสุพรรณ\nสุพรรณบัฏ\nสุพรรณภาชน์\nสุพรรณราช\nสุพรรณศรี\nสุพรรณถัน\nสุพรรณิการ์\nสุภร\nสุภัค\nสุภา\nสุภาพ\nสุภาษิต\nสุม\nสุ่ม\nสุมทุม\nสุมน\nสุมนะ\nสุมนัส\nสุมนา\nสุ้มเสียง\nสุมะ\nสุมาลี\nสุเมธ\nสุเมรุ\nสุรคต\nสุรเชษฐ์\nสุรบดี\nสุรภาพ\nสุรโลก\nสุรสีหนาท\nสุรเสียง\nสุรงค์\nสุรังค์\nสุรภี\nสุรัติ\nสุรัสวดี\nสุรา\nสุรางค์จำเรียง\nสุรางคนา\nสุรางคนางค์\nสุรารักษ์\nสุราลัย\nสุรินทร์\nสุรินทราหู\nสุริยะ\nสุริยกันต์\nสุริยกานต์\nสุริยการ\nสุริยกาล\nสุริยคติ\nสุริยคราส\nสุริยมณฑล\nสุริยวงศ์\nสุริยง\nสุริยา\nสุริเยนทร์\nสุริเยศ\nสุริโย\nสุริยน\nสุริยัน\nสุริยุปราคา\nสุรีย์\nสุรุ่ยสุร่าย\nสุลต่าน\nสุวคนธ์\nสุวภาพ\nสุวรรณ\nสุวรรณภูมิ\nสุวะ\nสุวาน\nสุวินัย\nสุวิมล\nสุษิระ\nสุสาน\nสุหนัต\nสุหร่ง\nสุหร่าย\nสุหฤท\nสุหัท\nสุเหร่า\nสู\nสู่\nสู้\nสูง\nสูจิ\nสูจิบัตร\nสูญ\nสูด\nสูต\nสูตร\nสูติ\nสูติกรรม\nสูตินรีเวช\nสูติบัตร\nสูติแพทย์\nสูติศาสตร์\nสูท\nสูทกรรม\nสูทศาสตร์\nสูบ\nสูปะ\nสูร\nสูรย์\nสูรยกานต์\nสูริ\nสูสี\nเส\nเสก\nเสกขบุคคล\nเสกขะ\nเสขบุคคล\nเสขะ\nเส็ง\nเส้ง\nเส็งเคร็ง\nเสงี่ยม\nเสฏฐี\nเสณี\nเสด\nเสด็จ\nเสตุ\nเสถียร\nเสทะ\nเสโท\nเสน\nเส้น\nเสนง\nเสน่ง\nเสน่ห์\nเสนหา\nเสน่หา\nเสนอ\nเสนะ\nเสนา\nเสนาธิการ\nเสนาบดี\nเสน่า\nเสนากุฎ\nเสนางค์\nเสนางคนิกร\nเสนานี\nเสนาสนะ\nเสนาะ\nเสนี\nเสนีย์\nเสนียะ\nเสนียด\nเสบย\nเสบียง\nเสพ\nเสพย์\nเสเพล\nเสภา\nเสม็ด\nเสมหะ\nเสมอ\nเสมา\nเสมียน\nเสมือน\nเสย\nเสร็จ\nเสริด\nเสริม\nเสรี\nเสลด\nเสลบรรพต\nเสลา\nเสลี่ยง\nเสลือกสลน\nเสโล\nเสวก\nเสวกามาตย์\nเสวนะ\nเสวนา\nเสวย\nเสวียน\nเสสรวง\nเสสรวล\nเสา\nเส้า\nเสาร์\nเสารภย์\nเสารี\nเสาวคนธ์\nเสาวธาร\nเสาวภา\nเสาวภาคย์\nเสาวภาพ\nเสาวรภย์\nเสาวรส\nเสาวลักษณ์\nเสาวณิต\nเสาวนะ\nเสาวนา\nเสาวนีย์\nเสาหฤท\nเสาะ\nเสาะแสะ\nเสิร์จ\nเสิร์ฟ\nเสีย\nเสียง\nเสี่ยง\nเสียด\nเสี้ยน\nเสียบ\nเสียม\nเสี่ยม\nเสี้ยม\nเสียว\nเสี่ยว\nเสี้ยว\nเสือ\nเสื่อ\nเสื้อ\nเสือก\nเสื่อม\nแส\nแส่\nแส้\nแสก\nแสง\nแสด\nแสดง\nแสตมป์\nแสน\nแสนย์\nแสนยากร\nแสนยานุภาพ\nแสบ\nแสม\nแสยก\nแสยง\nแสยะ\nแสรก\nแสร้ง\nแสลง\nแสล้ม\nแสวง\nแสะ\nโสก\nโสกโดก\nโสกันต์\nโสโครก\nโสณฑ์\nโสณิ\nโสณี\nโสด\nโสดก\nโสดม\nโสดา\nโสดาบัน\nโสดาปัตติผล\nโสดาปัตติมรรค\nโสต\nโสตทัศนวัสดุ\nโสตทัศนอุปกรณ์\nโสตทัศนูปกรณ์\nโสตินทรีย์\nโสตถิ\nโสทก\nโสทร\nโสธก\nโสธนะ\nโสน\nโสภณ\nโสภา\nโสภี\nโสภิณี\nโสเภณี\nโสม\nโสมนัส\nโสมม\nโสมย์\nโสร่ง\nโสรจ\nโสรวาร\nโสโร\nโสวรรณ\nโสหุ้ย\nโสฬส\nใส\nใส่\nไส\nไส้\nไสย\nไสยา\nไสยาสน์\nไสร้\nไสว\nหก\nหกคะเมน\nหง\nหงก\nหงส์\nหงสบาท\nหงสรถ\nหงอ\nหงอก\nหง่อง\nหงองแหงง\nหงอด\nหงอน\nหง่อม\nหงอย\nหง่อย\nหงัก\nหงับ\nหง่าง\nหงาย\nหง่าว\nหงำ\nหงิก\nหงิง\nหงิม\nหงึก\nหงุงหงิง\nหงุดหงิด\nหงุบ\nหงุ่ย\nหญ้า\nหญ้าฝรั่น\nหญ้ายายเภา\nหญิง\nหญิบ\nหด\nหตะ\nหทัย\nหน\nหนวก\nหน่วง\nหนวด\nหน่วย\nหน่วยกิต\nหนอ\nหน่อ\nหนอก\nหนอง\nหนอน\nหนอนตายหยาก\nหน่อย\nหน็อยแน่\nหนัก\nหนัง\nหนังสติ๊ก\nหนังสือ\nหนั่น\nหนับ\nหนา\nหน้า\nหน่าง\nหนาด\nหนาน\nหนาม\nหน่าย\nหนาว\nหนำ\nหนำเลี้ยบ\nหนี\nหนี้\nหนีบ\nหนึก\nหนึ่ง\nหนึบ\nหนืด\nหนุ\nหนุน\nหนุบ\nหนุ่ม\nหนุ่ย\nหนู\nห่ม\nหมก\nหมด\nหม่น\nหมวก\nหมวด\nหมวน\nหมอ\nหม่อ\nหม้อ\nหมอก\nหมอง\nหม่อง\nหมอน\nหม่อน\nหมอบ\nหม่อม\nหมอย\nหม้อห้อม\nหมัก\nหมักหมม\nหมัด\nหมัน\nหมั่น\nหมั้น\nหมับ\nหมา\nหม่า\nหมาก\nหมากฮอส\nหมาง\nหมาด\nหมามุ่ย\nหมามุ้ย\nหมาย\nหม้าย\nหมาร่า\nหม่ำ\nหม้ำ\nหมิ่น\nหมี\nหมี่\nหมึก\nหมืน\nหมื่น\nหมุด\nหมุน\nหมุบ\nหมุบหมับ\nหมุบหมิบ\nหมุ่ย\nหมุยขาว\nหมู\nหมู่\nหมูหริ่ง\nหยก\nหย่ง\nหยด\nหยวก\nหยวบ\nหยอก\nหยอกเอิน\nหย็อกหย็อย\nหยอง\nหย็อง\nหย่อง\nหย็องกรอด\nหย็องแหย็ง\nหยอด\nหยอน\nหย่อน\nหย่อม\nหย็อมแหย็ม\nหย็อย\nหย่อย\nหยัก\nหยักไย่\nหยักเหยา\nหยัง\nหยั่ง\nหยังหยัง\nหยัด\nหยัน\nหยับ\nหยั่วเมือง\nหย่า\nหยากเยื่อ\nหยากไย่\nหยาด\nหยาบ\nหยาม\nหยาว\nหย้าว\nหยำเป\nหยำเหยอะ\nหยำแหยะ\nหยิก\nหยิ่ง\nหยิบ\nหยิม\nหยี\nหยี่\nหยุกหยิก\nหยุด\nหยุ่น\nหยุบ\nหยุมหยิม\nหยูกยา\nหโยดม\nหรคุณ\nหรณะ\nหรดาล\nหรดี\nหรรษ์\nหรรษา\nหรอ\nหรอก\nหร็อมแหร็ม\nหรอย\nหระ\nหรับ\nหรา\nหริ\nหริ่ง\nหริณะ\nหริต\nหริตกี\nหรีตกี\nหรี่\nหรีด\nหรือ\nหรุบ\nหรุบรู่\nหรุบหรู่\nหรุ่ม\nหรู\nหรูหรา\nหฤทัย\nหฤทย์\nหฤษฎ์\nหฤษฎี\nหฤหรรษ์\nหฤโหด\nหลง\nหลงใหล\nหลงจู๊\nหลด\nหลน\nหล่น\nหลบ\nหล่ม\nหลวง\nหลวม\nหลอ\nหล่อ\nหลอก\nหลอด\nหลอน\nหล็อน\nหล่อน\nหลอม\nหละ\nหละหลวม\nหลัก\nหลัง\nหลั่ง\nหลัด\nหลั่น\nหลับ\nหลัว\nหลา\nหล้า\nหลาก\nหลาน\nหลาบ\nหลาม\nหลาย\nหลาว\nหลิ่ง\nหลิท\nหลิน\nหลิม\nหลิว\nหลิ่ว\nหลี\nหลีก\nหลีโก\nหลีบ\nหลีฮื้อ\nหลืบ\nหลุกหลิก\nหลุด\nหลุน\nหลุบ\nหลุม\nหลุมพอ\nหลุมพี\nหลู่\nหวง\nห่วง\nห้วง\nหวด\nหวน\nห้วน\nหวย\nห้วย\nหวอ\nหวอด\nหวะ\nหวัง\nหวัด\nหวั่น\nหวันยิหวา\nหวัว\nหวัวร่อ\nหวัวเราะ\nหวา\nหว่า\nหว้า\nหวาก\nหว่าง\nหวาด\nหวาน\nหว่าน\nหวาม\nหวาย\nหวำ\nหวิด\nหวิว\nหวี\nหวี่\nหวีด\nหวือ\nหวุดหวิด\nหวูด\nหอ\nห่อ\nห้อ\nหอก\nหอง\nห้อง\nหอน\nห่อน\nหอบ\nหอม\nห้อม\nหอย\nห้อย\nหะ\nหะยี\nหะหาย\nหัก\nหัจญ์\nหัจญี\nหัช\nหัฏฐะ\nหัด\nหัต\nหัตถ์\nหัตถกรรม\nหัตถการ\nหัตถกิจ\nหัตถบาส\nหัตถพันธ์\nหัตถาภรณ์\nหัตถศาสตร์\nหัตถศิลป์\nหัตถศึกษา\nหัตถาจารย์\nหัตถินี\nหัตถี\nหัน\nหั่น\nหั้น\nหันตรา\nหับ\nหัย\nหัว\nหัวร่อ\nหัวเราะ\nหัส\nหัสดิน\nหัสดี\nหัสต์\nหัสตะ\nหา\nห่า\nห้า\nหาก\nหาง\nห่าง\nห้าง\nหาญ\nหาด\nห่าน\nหาบ\nหาม\nห่าม\nห้าม\nหาย\nหายใจ\nหายนะ\nหาร\nหารือ\nหาว\nห้าว\nหาสะ\nหำ\nห้ำ\nหิ้ง\nหิงคุ\nหิงสา\nหิงห้อย\nหิ่งห้อย\nหิ่งหาย\nหิด\nหิต\nหิตานุหิตประโยชน์\nหิน\nหิมพาน\nหิมพานต์\nหิมวัต\nหิมวันต์\nหิมวา\nหิมะ\nหิมาลัย\nหิรัญ\nหิรัญญิการ์\nหิรัญบัฏ\nหิรัณย์\nหิรัณยรัศมี\nหิริ\nหิว\nหิ้ว\nหี\nหีด\nหีนยาน\nหีบ\nหึ\nหึง\nหึ่ง\nหึงสา\nหืด\nหืน\nหื่น\nหือ\nหื้อ\nหุง\nหุน\nหุ่น\nหุ้น\nหุนหัน\nหุบ\nหุ้ม\nหุยฮา\nหู\nหู่\nหูก\nหูด\nเห\nเห่\nเหง\nเหง่ง\nเหงา\nเหง้า\nเหงื่อ\nเหงือก\nเห็จ\nเห็ด\nเหติ\nเหตุ\nเห็น\nเหน่ง\nเหนงนายพราน\nเหน็ดเหนื่อย\nเหน็บ\nเหน่อ\nเห็นอ้ม\nเหนอะ\nเหนอะหนะ\nเหน้า\nเหนาะ\nเหนียง\nเหนี่ยง\nเหนี่ยน\nเหนียม\nเหนียว\nเหนี่ยว\nเหนือ\nเหนื่อย\nเห็บ\nเหม\nเหม่\nเหม็ง\nเหม่ง\nเหม็น\nเหมวดี\nเหม่อ\nเหมันต์\nเหมันตฤดู\nเหมา\nเหมายัน\nเหมาะ\nเหมียว\nเหมี่ยว\nเหมือง\nเหมือด\nเหมือน\nเหมื่อย\nเหย\nเหยง\nเหย่อย\nเหยา\nเหย่า\nเหย้า\nเหยาะ\nเหยาะแหยะ\nเหยิง\nเหยิบ\nเหยียด\nเหยียบ\nเหยี่ยว\nเหยื่อ\nเหยือก\nเหรอ\nเหรอะ\nเหรัญญิก\nเหรา\nเหราะ\nเหรียญ\nเหล่\nเหล็ก\nเหลน\nเหลว\nเหลอ\nเหลา\nเหล่า\nเหล้า\nเหลาะแหละ\nเหลิง\nเหลิงเจิ้ง\nเหลียน\nเหลี่ยม\nเหลียว\nเหลือ\nเหลือก\nเหลือง\nเหลือบ\nเหลือม\nเหลื่อม\nเหว\nเหว่\nเหวง\nเหวย\nเหวอะ\nเหวอะหวะ\nเหวี่ยง\nเห่อ\nเหอะ\nเหะ\nเหะหะ\nเหา\nเห่า\nเหาะ\nเหิน\nเหิม\nเหี้ย\nเหียง\nเหียน\nเหี้ยน\nเหี้ยม\nเหี่ยว\nเหื่อ\nเหือด\nแห\nแห่\nแห้\nแหก\nแหง\nแหง่\nแห่ง\nแห้ง\nแหงแก๋\nแหง่ง\nแหงน\nแหน\nแห้น\nแหนง\nแหนบ\nแหนม\nแหบ\nแหม\nแหม่\nแหม่ม\nแหมะ\nแหย\nแหย่\nแหยง\nแหย่ง\nแหยม\nแหย็ม\nแหยะ\nแหล่\nแหลก\nแหล่ง\nแหลน\nแหลม\nแหละ\nแหว\nแห้ว\nแหวก\nแหว่ง\nแหวด\nแหวน\nแหวะ\nแหะ\nโห่\nโหง\nโหด\nโหน\nโหนก\nโหน่ง\nโหม\nโหม่ง\nโหมด\nโหย\nโหยกเหยก\nโหยง\nโหย่ง\nโหร\nโหรง\nโหรงเหรง\nโหรดาจารย์\nโหระพา\nโหรา\nโหราจารย์\nโหราศาสตร์\nโหล\nโหล่\nโหลงโจ้ง\nโหว\nโหว่\nโหว้\nโหวกเหวก\nโหวง\nโหวด\nโหวต\nให้\nใหญ่\nใหม่\nไห\nไห่\nไห้\nไหน\nไหม\nไหม้\nไหรณย์\nไหล\nไหล่\nไหว\nไหว้\nไหหลำ\nอก\nอกตเวทิตา\nอกตเวที\nอกตัญญุตา\nอกตัญญู\nอกนิษฐ์\nอกรณีย์\nอกรรมกริยา\nอกัปปิยวัตถุ\nอกัปปิยะ\nอกุศล\nอคติ\nอคาธ\nอโฆษะ\nองก์\nองค์\nองคชาต\nองคมนตรี\nองครักษ์\nองคาพยพ\nองคุลี\nองศ์\nองศา\nองอาจ\nองุ่น\nอจลา\nอจินตา\nอจินไตย\nอจิระ\nอเจลก\nอเจละ\nอชะ\nอชิน\nอชินี\nอชิระ\nอฏวี\nอณิ\nอณู\nอโณทัย\nอด\nอดิถี\nอดิเทพ\nอดิเรก\nอดิศร\nอดิศวร\nอดิศัย\nอดีต\nอดุล\nอดุลย์\nอติ\nอติชาต\nอติมานะ\nอติราช\nอติเรก\nอติสาร\nอถรรพเวท\nอาถรรพเวท\nอทระ\nอทินนาทาน\nอธรรม\nอธิ\nอธิกมาส\nอธิกรณ์\nอธิกวาร\nอธิกสุรทิน\nอธิการ\nอธิคม\nอธิฏฐาน\nอธิบดี\nอธิบาย\nอธิป\nอธิปไตย\nอธิมาตร\nอธิมุตติ\nอธิโมกข์\nอธิราช\nอธิวาส\nอธิวาสนะ\nอธิศีล\nอธิษฐาน\nอธึก\nอ้น\nอนงค์\nอนงคณะ\nอนงคเลขา\nอนธการ\nอนนต์\nอนยะ\nอนรรฆ\nอนรรถ\nอนล\nอนวัช\nอนัญ\nอนัตตา\nอนันต์\nอนันตริยกรรม\nอนัม\nอนาคต\nอนาคามิผล\nอนาคามิมรรค\nอนาคามี\nอนาจาร\nอนาถ\nอนาถา\nอนาทร\nอนาธิปไตย\nอนามัย\nอนามิกา\nอนารยชน\nอนารยธรรม\nอนารยะ\nอนาลัย\nอนำ\nอนิจ\nอนิจจัง\nอนิจจา\nอนิฏฐารมณ์\nอนิยต\nอนิยม\nอนิล\nอนิวรรต\nอนิวรรตน์\nอนีกะ\nอนีจะ\nอนึก\nอนึ่ง\nอนุ\nอนุกร\nอนุกรม\nอนุกรรมการ\nอนุกระเบียด\nอนุกาชาด\nอนุการ\nอนุกูล\nอนุคามิก\nอนุเคราะห์\nอนุจร\nอนุช\nอนุชน\nอนุชา\nอนุชาต\nอนุชิต\nอนุญาต\nอนุญาโตตุลาการ\nอนุตร\nอนุเถระ\nอนุทิน\nอนุบท\nอนุบาล\nอนุประโยค\nอนุปริญญา\nอนุปสัมบัน\nอนุปัสนา\nอนุพงศ์\nอนุพัทธ์\nอนุพันธ์\nอนุโพธ\nอนุภรรยา\nอนุภริยา\nอนุภาค\nอนุภาษ\nอนุมัติ\nอนุมาตรา\nอนุมาน\nอนุมูล\nอนุโมทนา\nอนุโยค\nอนุรักษ์\nอนุรักษนิยม\nอนุราช\nอนุราธ\nอนุราธะ\nอนุราธา\nอนุรูป\nอนุโลม\nอนุวงศ์\nอนุวรรตน์\nอนุวัต\nอนุวัตน์\nอนุวัตร\nอนุวัติ\nอนุวาต\nอนุศาสก\nอนุศาสน์\nอนุศาสนาจารย์\nอนุศิษฏ์\nอนุสติ\nอนุสนธิ\nอนุสร\nอนุสรณ์\nอนุสัญญา\nอนุสัย\nอนุสาวรีย์\nอนุสาสนี\nอเนก\nอเนกคุณ\nอเนกรรถประโยค\nอเนจอนาถ\nอโนชา\nอโนดาต\nอบ\nอบเชย\nอบาย\nอปจายนธรรม\nอปจายนมัย\nอปมงคล\nอปยศ\nอประไมย\nอปรัณณชาติ\nอปรา\nอปราชัย\nอปราชิต\nอปริมาณ\nอปลักษณ์\nอปโลกน์\nอปวาท\nอเปหิ\nอพพะ\nอพยพ\nอภัพ\nอภัย\nอภิ\nอภิฆาต\nอภิชฌา\nอภิชน\nอภิชนาธิปไตย\nอภิชัย\nอภิชาต\nอภิชิต\nอภิญญา\nอภิญญาณ\nอภิธรรม\nอภิธาน\nอภิไธย\nอภินันท์\nอภินันทนาการ\nอภินัย\nอภินิหาร\nอภิเนษกรมณ์\nอภิบาล\nอภิปรัชญา\nอภิปราย\nอภิมหาอำนาจ\nอภิมานะ\nอภิมุข\nอภิรดี\nอภิรติ\nอภิรมย์\nอภิรักษ์\nอภิราม\nอภิรุต\nอภิรุม\nอภิรูป\nอภิลักขิต\nอภิลักขิตสมัย\nอภิเลปน์\nอภิวันท์\nอภิวาท\nอภิวาทน์\nอภิเษก\nอภิสมโพธิ\nอภิสมัย\nอภิสมาจาร\nอภิสัมโพธิ\nอภิสัมโพธิญาณ\nอภิสิต\nอภิสิทธิ์\nอภูตะ\nอม\nอมพะนำ\nอ้ม\nอมตธรรม\nอมตบท\nอมตะ\nอมนุษย์\nอมร\nอมรา\nอมราวดี\nอมรินทร์\nอมเรนทร์\nอมเรศ\nอมฤต\nอมัตร\nอมาตย์\nอมาวสี\nอมาวสุ\nอมาวาสี\nอมิตร\nอเมริกัน\nอย่า\nอยาก\nอย่าง\nอยุทธ์\nอยู่\nอร\nอรชร\nอรชุน\nอรดี\nอรติ\nอรทัย\nอรไท\nอรนุช\nอรพินท์\nอรพิม\nอรรค\nอรรฆ\nอรรฆย์\nอรรจน์\nอรรณพ\nอรรถ\nอรรถกถา\nอรรถกถาจารย์\nอรรถาธิบาย\nอรรธ\nอรสุม\nอรหะ\nอรหัง\nอรหัต\nอรหัตผล\nอรหัตมรรค\nอรหัน\nอรหันต์\nอรหันตฆาต\nอร่อย\nอรัญ\nอรัญญิก\nอรัญวาส\nอรัญวาสี\nอรัณย์\nอราดี\nอร่าม\nอริ\nอรินทร์\nอริน\nอริยกะ\nอริยทรัพย์\nอริยบุคคล\nอริยผล\nอริยมรรค\nอริยสั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nอำพล\nอำพะนำ\nอำพัน\nอำไพ\nอำเภอ\nอำมร\nอำมฤคโชค\nอำมฤต\nอำมหิต\nอำมาตย์\nอำมาตยาธิปไตย\nอำยวน\nอำรุง\nอำลา\nอำอวม\nอ้ำอึ้ง\nอิก\nอิง\nอิงค์\nอิงอร\nอิจฉา\nอิฉัน\nอิชยา\nอิฏฐารมณ์\nอิฐ\nอิฐผล\nอิด\nอิตถี\nอิตเทรียม\nอิตเทอร์เบียม\nอิติวุตตกะ\nอิทธิ\nอิน\nอินซูลิน\nอินเดีย\nอินเดียนแดง\nอินเดียม\nอินท์\nอินทขีล\nอินทนิล\nอินทผลัม\nอินทร์\nอินทรธนู\nอินทรวงศ์\nอินทรวิเชียร\nอินทรศักดิ์\nอินทราณี\nอินทราภิเษก\nอินทรายุธ\nอินทรี\nอินทรีย์\nอินทรียสังวร\nอินทีวร\nอินทุ\nอินฟราเรด\nอินัง\nอิ่ม\nอิมัลชัน\nอิริเดียม\nอิริยา\nอิริยาบถ\nอิรุพเพท\nอิเล็กตรอน\nอิเล็กทรอนิกส์\nอิเล็กโทน\nอิศร\nอิศวร\nอิษฏ์\nอิษฏี\nอิส\nอิสตรี\nอิสัตรี\nอิสรภาพ\nอิสระ\nอิสริยยศ\nอิสริยะ\nอิสริยาภรณ์\nอิสลาม\nอิสสา\nอิสิ\nอิสี\nอิหม่าม\nอิหลักอิเหลื่อ\nอี\nอี่\nอี้\nอี๊\nอี๋\nอี๋อ๋อ\nอีก\nอีก้อ\nอีก๋อย\nอีโก้ง\nอีจู้\nอี๊ด\nอีเต้อ\nอีโต้\nอีทุบ\nอีเทอร์\nอีนุงตุงนัง\nอีนูน\nอีโน\nอีแปะ\nอีโปง\nอีเพา\nอีมู\nอีรม\nอีลุ้ม\nอีลุ่ยฉุยแฉก\nอีเลิ้ง\nอีศ\nอีศวร\nอีส\nอีสาน\nอีสุกอีใส\nอีหรอบ\nอีหลักอีเหลื่อ\nอีหลี\nอีหลุกขลุกขลัก\nอีหลุกขลุกขลุ่ย\nอีเห็น\nอีเหน็บ\nอีเหนียว\nอีเหละเขละขละ\nอีเหละเขะขะ\nอีโหน่อีเหน่\nอีโหลกโขลกเขลก\nอีแอ่น\nอึ\nอึก\nอึ้ก\nอึ๊ก\nอึกทึก\nอึกอัก\nอึง\nอึ่ง\nอึ้ง\nอึด\nอึดตะปือ\nอึ้ดทึ่ด\nอึน\nอืด\nอื่น\nอื้น\nอือ\nอื้อ\nอื้อฮือ\nอุ\nอุก\nอุกกา\nอุกกาบาต\nอุกฤษฏ์\nอุกลาบาต\nอุค\nอุคระ\nอุคหนิมิต\nอุโฆษ\nอุ้ง\nอุจ\nอุจจาระ\nอุจฉุ\nอุจเฉท\nอุจเฉททิฐิ\nอุจาด\nอุชุ\nอุฏฐาการ\nอุณหภูมิ\nอุณหะ\nอุณหาหาร\nอุณหิส\nอุณา\nอุณาโลม\nอุด\nอุดเตา\nอุดม\nอุดมการณ์\nอุดมคติ\nอุดมศึกษา\nอุดร\nอุดหนุน\nอุตดม\nอุตตมะ\nอุตมภาพ\nอุตมางค์\nอุตดร\nอุตรกุรุทวีป\nอุตตรายัน\nอุตรนิกาย\nอุตรผลคุนี\nอุตตรผลคุนี\nอุตรภัทรบท\nอุตตรภัทรบท\nอุตตรภัททะ\nอุตราภิมุข\nอุตราวรรต\nอุตราวัฏ\nอุตราษาฒ\nอุตตราสาฬหะ\nอุตราสงค์\nอุตตานภาพ\nอุตพิด\nอุตรา\nอุตริ\nอุตริมนุสธรรม\nอุตลุด\nอุตส่าห์\nอุตสาหกรรม\nอุตสาหะ\nอุตุ\nอุตุนิยม\nอุตุนิยมวิทยา\nอุทก\nอุทกธาร\nอุทกธารา\nอุทกภัย\nอุทกวิทยา\nอุทกศาสตร์\nอุทธรณ์\nอุทธัจ\nอุทยาน\nอุทร\nอุทริยะ\nอุทลุม\nอุทัช\nอุทัย\nอุทาน\nอุทาร\nอุทาหรณ์\nอุทิศ\nอุทุมพร\nอุเทศ\nอุเทสิกเจดีย์\nอุธัจ\nอุ่น\nอุบ\nอุบล\nอุบะ\nอุบ๊ะ\nอุบัติ\nอุบาท\nอุบาทว์\nอุบาย\nอุบาสก\nอุบาสิกา\nอุเบกขา\nอุโบสถ\nอุปกรณ์\nอุปกรม\nอุปการ\nอุปการะ\nอุปการี\nอุปกิเลส\nอุปจาร\nอุปถัมภ์\nอุปถัมภก\nอุปทม\nอุปทูต\nอุปเทศ\nอุปเท่ห์\nอุปธิ\nอุปนัย\nอุปนิกขิต\nอุปนิษัท\nอุปนิสัย\nอุปบัติ\nอุปปาติกะ\nอุปพัทธ์\nอุปพันธ์\nอุปโภค\nอุปมา\nอุปมาน\nอุปไมย\nอุปยุวราช\nอุปรากร\nอุปราคา\nอุปราช\nอุปริ\nอุปริมปริยาย\nอุปโลกน์\nอุปเวท\nอุปสมบท\nอุปสมบัน\nอุปสัมบัน\nอุปสรรค\nอุปสัมปทา\nอุปฮาด\nอุปัชฌาย์\nอุปัชฌายวัตร\nอุปัชฌายะ\nอุปัฏฐาก\nอุปัฏฐานะ\nอุปัทวะ\nอุปัทวันตราย\nอุปาทาน\nอุปาหนา\nอุภัย\nอุ้ม\nอุมงค์\nอุโมงค์\nอุย\nอุ่ย\nอุ้ย\nอุ๊ย\nอุยยาน\nอุยยาม\nอุรณะ\nอุรพี\nอุระ\nอุรังอุตัง\nอุรัจฉัท\nอุรัจฉทะ\nอุรา\nอุรุ\nอุไร\nอุลกมณี\nอุลโลจ\nอุลามก\nอุลิด\nอุโลก\nอุแว้\nอุษณกร\nอุษณกาล\nอุษณรัศมี\nอุษณรุจี\nอุษณาการ\nอุษณีษ์\nอุษมะ\nอุษมัน\nอุษา\nอุษาโยค\nอุสภ\nอุสส่าห์\nอุสสาหะ\nอุสา\nอุสุ\nอุสุภ\nอุสุภราช\nอุสุม\nอุหรับ\nอุหลบ\nอุเหม่\nอุฬาร\nอู\nอู่\nอู้\nอูฐ\nอูด\nอูม\nอูย\nอูรุ\nอู๋อี๋\nเอ\nเอ้\nเอ๊\nเอก\nเอกเขนก\nเอกซเรย์\nเอกรรถประโยค\nเอกัคตา\nเอกังสพยากรณ์\nเอกังสวาที\nเอกา\nเอ้กา\nเอกาธิปไตย\nเอเคอร์\nเอง\nเอ็ง\nเอ๋ง\nเอ็ด\nเอ็ดตะโร\nเอดส์\nเอตทัคคะ\nเอ้เต\nเอทิล\nเอน\nเอ็น\nเอนไซม์\nเอ็นดู\nเอ็นอ่อน\nเอม\nเอ็มบริโอ\nเอย\nเอ่ย\nเอ๊ย\nเอ๋ย\nเอร็ดอร่อย\nเอราวัณ\nเอว\nเอ๊ว\nเอวัง\nเอฬกะ\nเอฬา\nเออ\nเอ่อ\nเออร์เบียม\nเอ้อระเหย\nเอ้อเร้อ\nเอ้อเฮอ\nเอ๊ะ\nเอะใจ\nเอะอะ\nเอะอะมะเทิ่ง\nเอา\nเอาทาร\nเอาทารย์\nเอารส\nเอาฬาร\nเอาะลาย\nเอิก\nเอิกเกริก\nเอิ้น\nเอิบ\nเอียง\nเอี้ยง\nเอียด\nเอี๊ยด\nเอียน\nเอี่ยน\nเอี่ยม\nเอี๊ยม\nเอี้ยมจุ๊น\nเอี้ยมเฟี้ยม\nเอี่ยว\nเอี้ยว\nเอื้อ\nเอื๊อก\nเอื้อง\nเอือด\nเอือน\nเอื้อน\nเอือม\nเอื้อม\nเอื่อย\nเอื้อย\nแอ\nแอ้\nแอ๋\nแอก\nแอกทิเนียม\nแอ่ง\nแอ้งแม้ง\nแอด\nแอ้ด\nแอ๊ด\nแอ่น\nแอนติเจน\nแอนติบอดี\nแอนติอิเล็กตรอน\nแอโนด\nแอบ\nแอม\nแอ้ม\nแอมแปร์\nแอมมิเตอร์\nแอมโมเนีย\nแอร่ม\nแอลกอฮอล์\nแอลฟา\nแอว\nแอ่ว\nแอ้วแซ่ว\nแอสทาทีน\nแอสไพริน\nแอสฟัลต์\nแอหนัง\nแออัด\nโอ\nโอ่\nโอ้\nโอ๋\nโอก\nโอ้ก\nโอ้กอ้าก\nโอ๊ก\nโอกาส\nโอฆชล\nโอฆสงสาร\nโอฆะ\nโอ่ง\nโองการ\nโองโขดง\nโอชะ\nโอชา\nโอโซน\nโอฐ\nโอด\nโอ๊ต\nโอตตัปปะ\nโอทนะ\nโอน\nโอบ\nโอปปาติกะ\nโอภา\nโอภาส\nโอม\nโอย\nโอ๊ย\nโอรส\nโอละพ่อ\nโอลิมปิก\nโอวาท\nโอษฐ์\nโอษฐชะ\nโอษฐภัย\nโอสถ\nโอห์ม\nโอหัง\nโอฬาร\nโอฬาริก\nโอฬารึก\nโอ้เอ้\nโอเอซิส\nโอ้โฮ\nไอ\nไอ้\nไอโซโทป\nไอน์สไตเนียม\nไอยรา\nไอยเรศ\nไอราพต\nไอราวัณ\nไอราวัต\nไอศกรีม\nไอศวรรย์\nไอศุริยสมบัติ\nไอศูรย์\nไอออน\nไอโอดีน\nฮกเกี้ยน\nฮด\nฮวงซุ้ย\nฮวน\nฮ้วนหมู\nฮวบ\nฮ่อ\nฮ้อ\nฮอกกี้\nฮอด\nฮ่อม\nฮ่อยจ๊อ\nฮอร์โมน\nฮอลแลนด์\nฮอลันดา\nฮะ\nฮะเบส\nฮะเรีย\nฮัก\nฮังเล\nฮัจญ์\nฮัจญะฮ์\nฮัจญี\nฮั่น\nฮั้ว\nฮา\nฮ้า\nฮ่างหลวง\nฮาจญ์\nฮาม\nฮาเร็ม\nฮาห์เนียม\nฮิจเราะห์\nฮินดู\nฮิปโปโปเตมัส\nฮิสทีเรีย\nฮีเลียม\nฮึ\nฮึก\nฮึด\nฮึดฮัด\nฮึ่ม\nฮึย\nฮึ่ย\nฮืดฮาด\nฮือ\nฮื่อ\nฮื้อ\nฮื้อฉี่\nฮุด\nฮุบ\nฮุยเลฮุย\nฮู้\nฮูก\nฮูม\nเฮ\nเฮฮา\nเฮกตาร์\nเฮกโตกรัม\nเฮกโตเมตร\nเฮกโตลิตร\nเฮง\nเฮ็ด\nเฮโมโกลบิน\nเฮย\nเฮ่ย\nเฮ้ย\nเฮโรอีน\nเฮลิคอปเตอร์\nเฮโล\nเฮละโล\nเฮ้ว\nเฮอ\nเฮ่อ\nเฮ้อ\nเฮอริเคน\nเฮิรตซ์\nเฮี้ยน\nเฮี้ยบ\nเฮี้ยว\nเฮือก\nเฮือน\nแฮ\nแฮ่\nแฮก\nแฮ่กึ๊น\nแฮนด์บอล\nแฮฟเนียม\nแฮม\nแฮะ\nโฮ\nโฮก\nโฮ่ง\nโฮ้ง\nโฮเต็ล\nโฮลเมียม\nโฮะ\nไฮ้\nไฮโกรมิเตอร์\nไฮดรา\nไฮโดร\nไฮโดรคาร์บอน\nไฮโดรเจน\nไฮโดรมิเตอร์\nไฮไฟ\nไฮโล\nไฮฮี\n"
+              .split(/[\r\n]+/)
+              .filter(function (w) {
+                return w.length > 1;
+              })
+      this.addWords(words, false)
+    }
+    if(finalize){
+      this.finalizeDict();
+    }
+  },
+
+  dictSeek: function (l, r, ch, strOffset, pos) {
+    var ans = null;
+    while (l <= r) {
+      var m = Math.floor((l + r) / 2),
+        dict_item = this.dict[m],
+        len = dict_item.length;
+      if (len <= strOffset) {
+        l = m + 1;
+      } else {
+        var ch_ = dict_item[strOffset];
+        if (ch_ < ch) {
+          l = m + 1;
+        } else if (ch_ > ch) {
+          r = m - 1;
+        } else {
+          ans = m;
+          if (pos == LEFT) {
+            r = m - 1;
+          } else {
+            l = m + 1;
+          }
+        }
+      }
+    }
+    return ans;
+  },
+
+  isFinal: function (acceptor) {
+    return this.dict[acceptor.l].length == acceptor.strOffset;
+  },
+
+  createAcceptor: function () {
+    return {
+      l: 0,
+      r: this.dict.length - 1,
+      strOffset: 0,
+      isFinal: false,
+      dict: this,
+      transit: function (ch) {
+        return this.dict.transit(this, ch);
+      },
+      isError: false,
+      tag: "DICT",
+      w: 1,
+      type: "DICT"
+    };
+  },
+
+  transit: function (acceptor, ch) {
+    var l = this.dictSeek(acceptor.l,
+      acceptor.r,
+      ch,
+      acceptor.strOffset,
+      LEFT);
+    if (l !== null) {
+      var r = this.dictSeek(l,
+        acceptor.r,
+        ch,
+        acceptor.strOffset,
+        RIGHT);
+      acceptor.l = l;
+      acceptor.r = r;
+      acceptor.strOffset++;
+      acceptor.isFinal = this.isFinal(acceptor);
+    } else {
+      acceptor.isError = true;
+    }
+    return acceptor;
+  },
+
+  sortuniq: function(a){
+    return a.sort().filter(function(item, pos, arr){
+      return !pos || item != arr[pos - 1];
+    })
+  },
+
+  flatten: function(a){
+    //[[1,2],[3]] -> [1,2,3]
+    return [].concat.apply([], a);
+  }
+};
+module.exports = WordcutDict;
+
+}).call(this,"/dist/tmp")
+},{"glob":16,"path":22}],3:[function(require,module,exports){
+var WordRule = {
+  createAcceptor: function(tag) {
+    if (tag["WORD_RULE"])
+      return null;
+
+    return {strOffset: 0,
+            isFinal: false,
+            transit: function(ch) {
+              var lch = ch.toLowerCase();
+              if (lch >= "a" && lch <= "z") {
+                this.isFinal = true;
+                this.strOffset++;
+              } else {
+                this.isError = true;
+              }
+              return this;
+            },
+            isError: false,
+            tag: "WORD_RULE",
+            type: "WORD_RULE",
+            w: 1};
+  }
+};
+
+var NumberRule = {
+  createAcceptor: function(tag) {
+    if (tag["NUMBER_RULE"])
+      return null;
+
+    return {strOffset: 0,
+            isFinal: false,
+            transit: function(ch) {
+              if (ch >= "0" && ch <= "9") {
+                this.isFinal = true;
+                this.strOffset++;
+              } else {
+                this.isError = true;
+              }
+              return this;
+            },
+            isError: false,
+            tag: "NUMBER_RULE",
+            type: "NUMBER_RULE",
+            w: 1};
+  }
+};
+
+var SpaceRule = {
+  tag: "SPACE_RULE",
+  createAcceptor: function(tag) {
+
+    if (tag["SPACE_RULE"])
+      return null;
+
+    return {strOffset: 0,
+            isFinal: false,
+            transit: function(ch) {
+              if (ch == " " || ch == "\t" || ch == "\r" || ch == "\n" ||
+                  ch == "\u00A0" || ch=="\u2003"//nbsp and emsp
+                 ) {
+                this.isFinal = true;
+                this.strOffset++;
+              } else {
+                this.isError = true;
+              }
+              return this;
+            },
+            isError: false,
+            tag: SpaceRule.tag,
+            w: 1,
+            type: "SPACE_RULE"};
+  }
+}
+
+var SingleSymbolRule = {
+  tag: "SINSYM",
+  createAcceptor: function(tag) {
+    return {strOffset: 0,
+            isFinal: false,
+            transit: function(ch) {
+              if (this.strOffset == 0 && ch.match(/^[\@\(\)\/\,\-\."`]$/)) {
+                this.isFinal = true;
+                this.strOffset++;
+              } else {
+                this.isError = true;
+              }
+              return this;
+            },
+            isError: false,
+            tag: "SINSYM",
+            w: 1,
+            type: "SINSYM"};
+  }
+}
+
+
+var LatinRules = [WordRule, SpaceRule, SingleSymbolRule, NumberRule];
+
+module.exports = LatinRules;
+
+},{}],4:[function(require,module,exports){
+var _ = require("underscore")
+  , WordcutCore = require("./wordcut_core");
+var PathInfoBuilder = {
+
+  /*
+    buildByPartAcceptors: function(path, acceptors, i) {
+    var 
+    var genInfos = partAcceptors.reduce(function(genInfos, acceptor) {
+      
+    }, []);
+    
+    return genInfos;
+  } 
+  */
+
+  buildByAcceptors: function(path, finalAcceptors, i) {
+    var self = this;
+    var infos = finalAcceptors.map(function(acceptor) {
+      var p = i - acceptor.strOffset + 1
+        , _info = path[p];            
+      
+      var info = {p: p, 
+                  mw: _info.mw + (acceptor.mw === undefined ? 0 : acceptor.mw),
+                  w: acceptor.w + _info.w,
+                  unk: (acceptor.unk ? acceptor.unk : 0) + _info.unk, 
+                  type: acceptor.type};
+
+      if (acceptor.type == "PART") {
+        for(var j = p + 1; j <= i; j++) {
+          path[j].merge = p;
+        }
+        info.merge = p;
+      }
+
+      return info;
+    });
+    return infos.filter(function(info) { return info; });
+  },
+  
+  fallback: function(path, leftBoundary, text, i) {
+    var _info = path[leftBoundary];
+    if (text[i].match(/[\u0E48-\u0E4E]/)) {
+      if (leftBoundary != 0) 
+        leftBoundary = path[leftBoundary].p;
+      return {p: leftBoundary,
+              mw: 0,
+              w: 1 + _info.w,
+              unk: 1 + _info.unk,
+              type: "UNK"};      
+/*    } else if(leftBoundary > 0 && path[leftBoundary].type !== "UNK") {
+      leftBoundary = path[leftBoundary].p;
+      return {p: leftBoundary,
+              w: 1 + _info.w,
+              unk: 1 + _info.unk,
+              type: "UNK"};            */
+    } else {      
+      return {p: leftBoundary,
+              mw: _info.mw,
+              w: 1 + _info.w,
+              unk: 1 + _info.unk,
+              type: "UNK"};
+    }
+  },
+  
+  build: function(path, finalAcceptors, i, leftBoundary, text) {
+    var basicPathInfos = this.buildByAcceptors(path, finalAcceptors, i);
+    if (basicPathInfos.length > 0) {
+      return basicPathInfos;
+    } else {
+      return [this.fallback(path, leftBoundary, text, i)];
+    }
+  }
+};
+
+module.exports = function() {
+  return _.clone(PathInfoBuilder);
+}
+
+},{"./wordcut_core":8,"underscore":25}],5:[function(require,module,exports){
+var _ = require("underscore");
+
+
+var PathSelector = {
+  selectPath: function(paths) {
+    var path = paths.reduce(function(selectedPath, path) {
+      if (selectedPath == null) {        
+        return path;
+      } else {
+        if (path.unk < selectedPath.unk) 
+          return path;        
+        if (path.unk == selectedPath.unk) {
+          if (path.mw < selectedPath.mw)
+            return path
+          if (path.mw == selectedPath.mw) {
+            if (path.w < selectedPath.w) 
+              return path;
+          }
+        }
+        return selectedPath;
+      }
+    }, null);
+    return path;
+  },
+  
+  createPath: function() {
+    return [{p:null, w:0, unk:0, type: "INIT", mw:0}];
+  }
+};
+
+module.exports = function() {
+  return _.clone(PathSelector);
+};
+
+},{"underscore":25}],6:[function(require,module,exports){
+function isMatch(pat, offset, ch) {
+  if (pat.length <= offset)
+    return false;
+  var _ch = pat[offset];
+  return _ch == ch ||
+         (_ch.match(/[กข]/) && ch.match(/[ก-ฮ]/)) ||
+         (_ch.match(/[มบ]/) && ch.match(/[ก-ฮ]/)) ||
+         (_ch.match(/\u0E49/) && ch.match(/[\u0E48-\u0E4B]/));
+}
+
+var Rule0 = {
+  pat: "เหก็ม",
+  createAcceptor: function(tag) {
+    return {strOffset: 0,
+            isFinal: false,
+            transit: function(ch) {
+              if (isMatch(Rule0.pat, this.strOffset,ch)) {                 
+                this.isFinal = (this.strOffset + 1 == Rule0.pat.length);                
+                this.strOffset++;
+              } else {              
+                this.isError = true;             
+              }
+              return this;
+            },
+            isError: false,
+            tag: "THAI_RULE",
+            type: "THAI_RULE", 
+            w: 1};                        
+  }
+};
+
+var PartRule = {
+  createAcceptor: function(tag) {
+    return {strOffset: 0,
+            patterns: [
+              "แก", "เก", "ก้", "กก์", "กา", "กี", "กิ", "กืก"  
+            ],
+            isFinal: false,
+            transit: function(ch) {
+              var offset = this.strOffset;
+              this.patterns = this.patterns.filter(function(pat) {
+                return isMatch(pat, offset, ch);
+              });
+              
+              if (this.patterns.length > 0) {
+                var len = 1 + offset;
+                this.isFinal = this.patterns.some(function(pat) {
+                  return pat.length == len; 
+                });
+                this.strOffset++;
+              } else {              
+                this.isError = true;             
+              }
+              return this;
+            },
+            isError: false,
+            tag: "PART",
+            type: "PART", 
+            unk: 1,
+            w: 1};                        
+  }
+};
+
+var ThaiRules = [Rule0, PartRule];
+
+module.exports = ThaiRules;
+
+},{}],7:[function(require,module,exports){
+var sys = require("sys")
+  , WordcutDict = require("./dict")
+  , WordcutCore = require("./wordcut_core")
+  , PathInfoBuilder = require("./path_info_builder")
+  , PathSelector = require("./path_selector")
+  , Acceptors = require("./acceptors")
+  , latinRules = require("./latin_rules")
+  , thaiRules = require("./thai_rules")
+  , _ = require("underscore");
+
+
+var Wordcut = Object.create(WordcutCore);
+Wordcut.defaultPathInfoBuilder = PathInfoBuilder;
+Wordcut.defaultPathSelector = PathSelector;
+Wordcut.defaultAcceptors = Acceptors;
+Wordcut.defaultLatinRules = latinRules;
+Wordcut.defaultThaiRules = thaiRules;
+Wordcut.defaultDict = WordcutDict;
+
+
+Wordcut.initNoDict = function(dict_path) {
+  var self = this;
+  self.pathInfoBuilder = new self.defaultPathInfoBuilder;
+  self.pathSelector = new self.defaultPathSelector;
+  self.acceptors = new self.defaultAcceptors;
+  self.defaultLatinRules.forEach(function(rule) {
+    self.acceptors.creators.push(rule);
+  });
+  self.defaultThaiRules.forEach(function(rule) {
+    self.acceptors.creators.push(rule);
+  });
+};
+
+Wordcut.init = function(dict_path, withDefault, additionalWords) {
+  withDefault = withDefault || false;
+  this.initNoDict();
+  var dict = _.clone(this.defaultDict);
+  dict.init(dict_path, withDefault, additionalWords);
+  this.acceptors.creators.push(dict);
+};
+
+module.exports = Wordcut;
+
+},{"./acceptors":1,"./dict":2,"./latin_rules":3,"./path_info_builder":4,"./path_selector":5,"./thai_rules":6,"./wordcut_core":8,"sys":28,"underscore":25}],8:[function(require,module,exports){
+var WordcutCore = {
+
+  buildPath: function(text) {
+    var self = this
+      , path = self.pathSelector.createPath()
+      , leftBoundary = 0;
+    self.acceptors.reset();
+    for (var i = 0; i < text.length; i++) {
+      var ch = text[i];
+      self.acceptors.transit(ch);
+
+      var possiblePathInfos = self
+        .pathInfoBuilder
+        .build(path,
+               self.acceptors.getFinalAcceptors(),
+               i,
+               leftBoundary,
+               text);
+      var selectedPath = self.pathSelector.selectPath(possiblePathInfos)
+
+      path.push(selectedPath);
+      if (selectedPath.type !== "UNK") {
+        leftBoundary = i;
+      }
+    }
+    return path;
+  },
+
+  pathToRanges: function(path) {
+    var e = path.length - 1
+     , ranges = [];
+
+    while (e > 0) {
+      var info = path[e]
+       , s = info.p;
+
+      if (info.merge !== undefined && ranges.length > 0) {
+        var r = ranges[ranges.length - 1];
+        r.s = info.merge;
+        s = r.s;
+      } else {
+        ranges.push({s:s, e:e});
+      }
+      e = s;
+    }
+    return ranges.reverse();
+  },
+
+  rangesToText: function(text, ranges, delimiter) {
+    return ranges.map(function(r) {
+      return text.substring(r.s, r.e);
+    }).join(delimiter);
+  },
+
+  cut: function(text, delimiter) {
+    var path = this.buildPath(text)
+      , ranges = this.pathToRanges(path);
+    return this
+      .rangesToText(text, ranges,
+                    (delimiter === undefined ? "|" : delimiter));
+  },
+
+  cutIntoRanges: function(text, noText) {
+    var path = this.buildPath(text)
+      , ranges = this.pathToRanges(path);
+
+    if (!noText) {
+      ranges.forEach(function(r) {
+        r.text = text.substring(r.s, r.e);
+      });
+    }
+    return ranges;
+  },
+
+  cutIntoArray: function(text) {
+    var path = this.buildPath(text)
+      , ranges = this.pathToRanges(path);
+    
+    return ranges.map(function(r) {
+      return text.substring(r.s, r.e)
+    });
+  }
+};
+
+module.exports = WordcutCore;
+
+},{}],9:[function(require,module,exports){
+// http://wiki.commonjs.org/wiki/Unit_Testing/1.0
+//
+// THIS IS NOT TESTED NOR LIKELY TO WORK OUTSIDE V8!
+//
+// Originally from narwhal.js (http://narwhaljs.org)
+// Copyright (c) 2009 Thomas Robinson <280north.com>
+//
+// Permission is hereby granted, free of charge, to any person obtaining a copy
+// of this software and associated documentation files (the 'Software'), to
+// deal in the Software without restriction, including without limitation the
+// rights to use, copy, modify, merge, publish, distribute, sublicense, and/or
+// sell copies of the Software, and to permit persons to whom the Software is
+// furnished to do so, subject to the following conditions:
+//
+// The above copyright notice and this permission notice shall be included in
+// all copies or substantial portions of the Software.
+//
+// THE SOFTWARE IS PROVIDED 'AS IS', WITHOUT WARRANTY OF ANY KIND, EXPRESS OR
+// IMPLIED, INCLUDING BUT NOT LIMITED TO THE WARRANTIES OF MERCHANTABILITY,
+// FITNESS FOR A PARTICULAR PURPOSE AND NONINFRINGEMENT. IN NO EVENT SHALL THE
+// AUTHORS BE LIABLE FOR ANY CLAIM, DAMAGES OR OTHER LIABILITY, WHETHER IN AN
+// ACTION OF CONTRACT, TORT OR OTHERWISE, ARISING FROM, OUT OF OR IN CONNECTION
+// WITH THE SOFTWARE OR THE USE OR OTHER DEALINGS IN THE SOFTWARE.
+
+// when used in node, this will actually load the util module we depend on
+// versus loading the builtin util module as happens otherwise
+// this is a bug in node module loading as far as I am concerned
+var util = require('util/');
+
+var pSlice = Array.prototype.slice;
+var hasOwn = Object.prototype.hasOwnProperty;
+
+// 1. The assert module provides functions that throw
+// AssertionError's when particular conditions are not met. The
+// assert module must conform to the following interface.
+
+var assert = module.exports = ok;
+
+// 2. The AssertionError is defined in assert.
+// new assert.AssertionError({ message: message,
+//                             actual: actual,
+//                             expected: expected })
+
+assert.AssertionError = function AssertionError(options) {
+  this.name = 'AssertionError';
+  this.actual = options.actual;
+  this.expected = options.expected;
+  this.operator = options.operator;
+  if (options.message) {
+    this.message = options.message;
+    this.generatedMessage = false;
+  } else {
+    this.message = getMessage(this);
+    this.generatedMessage = true;
+  }
+  var stackStartFunction = options.stackStartFunction || fail;
+
+  if (Error.captureStackTrace) {
+    Error.captureStackTrace(this, stackStartFunction);
+  }
+  else {
+    // non v8 browsers so we can have a stacktrace
+    var err = new Error();
+    if (err.stack) {
+      var out = err.stack;
+
+      // try to strip useless frames
+      var fn_name = stackStartFunction.name;
+      var idx = out.indexOf('\n' + fn_name);
+      if (idx >= 0) {
+        // once we have located the function frame
+        // we need to strip out everything before it (and its line)
+        var next_line = out.indexOf('\n', idx + 1);
+        out = out.substring(next_line + 1);
+      }
+
+      this.stack = out;
+    }
+  }
+};
+
+// assert.AssertionError instanceof Error
+util.inherits(assert.AssertionError, Error);
+
+function replacer(key, value) {
+  if (util.isUndefined(value)) {
+    return '' + value;
+  }
+  if (util.isNumber(value) && !isFinite(value)) {
+    return value.toString();
+  }
+  if (util.isFunction(value) || util.isRegExp(value)) {
+    return value.toString();
+  }
+  return value;
+}
+
+function truncate(s, n) {
+  if (util.isString(s)) {
+    return s.length < n ? s : s.slice(0, n);
+  } else {
+    return s;
+  }
+}
+
+function getMessage(self) {
+  return truncate(JSON.stringify(self.actual, replacer), 128) + ' ' +
+         self.operator + ' ' +
+         truncate(JSON.stringify(self.expected, replacer), 128);
+}
+
+// At present only the three keys mentioned above are used and
+// understood by the spec. Implementations or sub modules can pass
+// other keys to the AssertionError's constructor - they will be
+// ignored.
+
+// 3. All of the following functions must throw an AssertionError
+// when a corresponding condition is not met, with a message that
+// may be undefined if not provided.  All assertion methods provide
+// both the actual and expected values to the assertion error for
+// display purposes.
+
+function fail(actual, expected, message, operator, stackStartFunction) {
+  throw new assert.AssertionError({
+    message: message,
+    actual: actual,
+    expected: expected,
+    operator: operator,
+    stackStartFunction: stackStartFunction
+  });
+}
+
+// EXTENSION! allows for well behaved errors defined elsewhere.
+assert.fail = fail;
+
+// 4. Pure assertion tests whether a value is truthy, as determined
+// by !!guard.
+// assert.ok(guard, message_opt);
+// This statement is equivalent to assert.equal(true, !!guard,
+// message_opt);. To test strictly for the value true, use
+// assert.strictEqual(true, guard, message_opt);.
+
+function ok(value, message) {
+  if (!value) fail(value, true, message, '==', assert.ok);
+}
+assert.ok = ok;
+
+// 5. The equality assertion tests shallow, coercive equality with
+// ==.
+// assert.equal(actual, expected, message_opt);
+
+assert.equal = function equal(actual, expected, message) {
+  if (actual != expected) fail(actual, expected, message, '==', assert.equal);
+};
+
+// 6. The non-equality assertion tests for whether two objects are not equal
+// with != assert.notEqual(actual, expected, message_opt);
+
+assert.notEqual = function notEqual(actual, expected, message) {
+  if (actual == expected) {
+    fail(actual, expected, message, '!=', assert.notEqual);
+  }
+};
+
+// 7. The equivalence assertion tests a deep equality relation.
+// assert.deepEqual(actual, expected, message_opt);
+
+assert.deepEqual = function deepEqual(actual, expected, message) {
+  if (!_deepEqual(actual, expected)) {
+    fail(actual, expected, message, 'deepEqual', assert.deepEqual);
+  }
+};
+
+function _deepEqual(actual, expected) {
+  // 7.1. All identical values are equivalent, as determined by ===.
+  if (actual === expected) {
+    return true;
+
+  } else if (util.isBuffer(actual) && util.isBuffer(expected)) {
+    if (actual.length != expected.length) return false;
+
+    for (var i = 0; i < actual.length; i++) {
+      if (actual[i] !== expected[i]) return false;
+    }
+
+    return true;
+
+  // 7.2. If the expected value is a Date object, the actual value is
+  // equivalent if it is also a Date object that refers to the same time.
+  } else if (util.isDate(actual) && util.isDate(expected)) {
+    return actual.getTime() === expected.getTime();
+
+  // 7.3 If the expected value is a RegExp object, the actual value is
+  // equivalent if it is also a RegExp object with the same source and
+  // properties (`global`, `multiline`, `lastIndex`, `ignoreCase`).
+  } else if (util.isRegExp(actual) && util.isRegExp(expected)) {
+    return actual.source === expected.source &&
+           actual.global === expected.global &&
+           actual.multiline === expected.multiline &&
+           actual.lastIndex === expected.lastIndex &&
+           actual.ignoreCase === expected.ignoreCase;
+
+  // 7.4. Other pairs that do not both pass typeof value == 'object',
+  // equivalence is determined by ==.
+  } else if (!util.isObject(actual) && !util.isObject(expected)) {
+    return actual == expected;
+
+  // 7.5 For all other Object pairs, including Array objects, equivalence is
+  // determined by having the same number of owned properties (as verified
+  // with Object.prototype.hasOwnProperty.call), the same set of keys
+  // (although not necessarily the same order), equivalent values for every
+  // corresponding key, and an identical 'prototype' property. Note: this
+  // accounts for both named and indexed properties on Arrays.
+  } else {
+    return objEquiv(actual, expected);
+  }
+}
+
+function isArguments(object) {
+  return Object.prototype.toString.call(object) == '[object Arguments]';
+}
+
+function objEquiv(a, b) {
+  if (util.isNullOrUndefined(a) || util.isNullOrUndefined(b))
+    return false;
+  // an identical 'prototype' property.
+  if (a.prototype !== b.prototype) return false;
+  // if one is a primitive, the other must be same
+  if (util.isPrimitive(a) || util.isPrimitive(b)) {
+    return a === b;
+  }
+  var aIsArgs = isArguments(a),
+      bIsArgs = isArguments(b);
+  if ((aIsArgs && !bIsArgs) || (!aIsArgs && bIsArgs))
+    return false;
+  if (aIsArgs) {
+    a = pSlice.call(a);
+    b = pSlice.call(b);
+    return _deepEqual(a, b);
+  }
+  var ka = objectKeys(a),
+      kb = objectKeys(b),
+      key, i;
+  // having the same number of owned properties (keys incorporates
+  // hasOwnProperty)
+  if (ka.length != kb.length)
+    return false;
+  //the same set of keys (although not necessarily the same order),
+  ka.sort();
+  kb.sort();
+  //~~~cheap key test
+  for (i = ka.length - 1; i >= 0; i--) {
+    if (ka[i] != kb[i])
+      return false;
+  }
+  //equivalent values for every corresponding key, and
+  //~~~possibly expensive deep test
+  for (i = ka.length - 1; i >= 0; i--) {
+    key = ka[i];
+    if (!_deepEqual(a[key], b[key])) return false;
+  }
+  return true;
+}
+
+// 8. The non-equivalence assertion tests for any deep inequality.
+// assert.notDeepEqual(actual, expected, message_opt);
+
+assert.notDeepEqual = function notDeepEqual(actual, expected, message) {
+  if (_deepEqual(actual, expected)) {
+    fail(actual, expected, message, 'notDeepEqual', assert.notDeepEqual);
+  }
+};
+
+// 9. The strict equality assertion tests strict equality, as determined by ===.
+// assert.strictEqual(actual, expected, message_opt);
+
+assert.strictEqual = function strictEqual(actual, expected, message) {
+  if (actual !== expected) {
+    fail(actual, expected, message, '===', assert.strictEqual);
+  }
+};
+
+// 10. The strict non-equality assertion tests for strict inequality, as
+// determined by !==.  assert.notStrictEqual(actual, expected, message_opt);
+
+assert.notStrictEqual = function notStrictEqual(actual, expected, message) {
+  if (actual === expected) {
+    fail(actual, expected, message, '!==', assert.notStrictEqual);
+  }
+};
+
+function expectedException(actual, expected) {
+  if (!actual || !expected) {
+    return false;
+  }
+
+  if (Object.prototype.toString.call(expected) == '[object RegExp]') {
+    return expected.test(actual);
+  } else if (actual instanceof expected) {
+    return true;
+  } else if (expected.call({}, actual) === true) {
+    return true;
+  }
+
+  return false;
+}
+
+function _throws(shouldThrow, block, expected, message) {
+  var actual;
+
+  if (util.isString(expected)) {
+    message = expected;
+    expected = null;
+  }
+
+  try {
+    block();
+  } catch (e) {
+    actual = e;
+  }
+
+  message = (expected && expected.name ? ' (' + expected.name + ').' : '.') +
+            (message ? ' ' + message : '.');
+
+  if (shouldThrow && !actual) {
+    fail(actual, expected, 'Missing expected exception' + message);
+  }
+
+  if (!shouldThrow && expectedException(actual, expected)) {
+    fail(actual, expected, 'Got unwanted exception' + message);
+  }
+
+  if ((shouldThrow && actual && expected &&
+      !expectedException(actual, expected)) || (!shouldThrow && actual)) {
+    throw actual;
+  }
+}
+
+// 11. Expected to throw an error:
+// assert.throws(block, Error_opt, message_opt);
+
+assert.throws = function(block, /*optional*/error, /*optional*/message) {
+  _throws.apply(this, [true].concat(pSlice.call(arguments)));
+};
+
+// EXTENSION! This is annoying to write outside this module.
+assert.doesNotThrow = function(block, /*optional*/message) {
+  _throws.apply(this, [false].concat(pSlice.call(arguments)));
+};
+
+assert.ifError = function(err) { if (err) {throw err;}};
+
+var objectKeys = Object.keys || function (obj) {
+  var keys = [];
+  for (var key in obj) {
+    if (hasOwn.call(obj, key)) keys.push(key);
+  }
+  return keys;
+};
+
+},{"util/":28}],10:[function(require,module,exports){
+'use strict';
+module.exports = balanced;
+function balanced(a, b, str) {
+  if (a instanceof RegExp) a = maybeMatch(a, str);
+  if (b instanceof RegExp) b = maybeMatch(b, str);
+
+  var r = range(a, b, str);
+
+  return r && {
+    start: r[0],
+    end: r[1],
+    pre: str.slice(0, r[0]),
+    body: str.slice(r[0] + a.length, r[1]),
+    post: str.slice(r[1] + b.length)
+  };
+}
+
+function maybeMatch(reg, str) {
+  var m = str.match(reg);
+  return m ? m[0] : null;
+}
+
+balanced.range = range;
+function range(a, b, str) {
+  var begs, beg, left, right, result;
+  var ai = str.indexOf(a);
+  var bi = str.indexOf(b, ai + 1);
+  var i = ai;
+
+  if (ai >= 0 && bi > 0) {
+    begs = [];
+    left = str.length;
+
+    while (i >= 0 && !result) {
+      if (i == ai) {
+        begs.push(i);
+        ai = str.indexOf(a, i + 1);
+      } else if (begs.length == 1) {
+        result = [ begs.pop(), bi ];
+      } else {
+        beg = begs.pop();
+        if (beg < left) {
+          left = beg;
+          right = bi;
+        }
+
+        bi = str.indexOf(b, i + 1);
+      }
+
+      i = ai < bi && ai >= 0 ? ai : bi;
+    }
+
+    if (begs.length) {
+      result = [ left, right ];
+    }
+  }
+
+  return result;
+}
+
+},{}],11:[function(require,module,exports){
+var concatMap = require('concat-map');
+var balanced = require('balanced-match');
+
+module.exports = expandTop;
+
+var escSlash = '\0SLASH'+Math.random()+'\0';
+var escOpen = '\0OPEN'+Math.random()+'\0';
+var escClose = '\0CLOSE'+Math.random()+'\0';
+var escComma = '\0COMMA'+Math.random()+'\0';
+var escPeriod = '\0PERIOD'+Math.random()+'\0';
+
+function numeric(str) {
+  return parseInt(str, 10) == str
+    ? parseInt(str, 10)
+    : str.charCodeAt(0);
+}
+
+function escapeBraces(str) {
+  return str.split('\\\\').join(escSlash)
+            .split('\\{').join(escOpen)
+            .split('\\}').join(escClose)
+            .split('\\,').join(escComma)
+            .split('\\.').join(escPeriod);
+}
+
+function unescapeBraces(str) {
+  return str.split(escSlash).join('\\')
+            .split(escOpen).join('{')
+            .split(escClose).join('}')
+            .split(escComma).join(',')
+            .split(escPeriod).join('.');
+}
+
+
+// Basically just str.split(","), but handling cases
+// where we have nested braced sections, which should be
+// treated as individual members, like {a,{b,c},d}
+function parseCommaParts(str) {
+  if (!str)
+    return [''];
+
+  var parts = [];
+  var m = balanced('{', '}', str);
+
+  if (!m)
+    return str.split(',');
+
+  var pre = m.pre;
+  var body = m.body;
+  var post = m.post;
+  var p = pre.split(',');
+
+  p[p.length-1] += '{' + body + '}';
+  var postParts = parseCommaParts(post);
+  if (post.length) {
+    p[p.length-1] += postParts.shift();
+    p.push.apply(p, postParts);
+  }
+
+  parts.push.apply(parts, p);
+
+  return parts;
+}
+
+function expandTop(str) {
+  if (!str)
+    return [];
+
+  // I don't know why Bash 4.3 does this, but it does.
+  // Anything starting with {} will have the first two bytes preserved
+  // but *only* at the top level, so {},a}b will not expand to anything,
+  // but a{},b}c will be expanded to [a}c,abc].
+  // One could argue that this is a bug in Bash, but since the goal of
+  // this module is to match Bash's rules, we escape a leading {}
+  if (str.substr(0, 2) === '{}') {
+    str = '\\{\\}' + str.substr(2);
+  }
+
+  return expand(escapeBraces(str), true).map(unescapeBraces);
+}
+
+function identity(e) {
+  return e;
+}
+
+function embrace(str) {
+  return '{' + str + '}';
+}
+function isPadded(el) {
+  return /^-?0\d/.test(el);
+}
+
+function lte(i, y) {
+  return i <= y;
+}
+function gte(i, y) {
+  return i >= y;
+}
+
+function expand(str, isTop) {
+  var expansions = [];
+
+  var m = balanced('{', '}', str);
+  if (!m || /\$$/.test(m.pre)) return [str];
+
+  var isNumericSequence = /^-?\d+\.\.-?\d+(?:\.\.-?\d+)?$/.test(m.body);
+  var isAlphaSequence = /^[a-zA-Z]\.\.[a-zA-Z](?:\.\.-?\d+)?$/.test(m.body);
+  var isSequence = isNumericSequence || isAlphaSequence;
+  var isOptions = m.body.indexOf(',') >= 0;
+  if (!isSequence && !isOptions) {
+    // {a},b}
+    if (m.post.match(/,.*\}/)) {
+      str = m.pre + '{' + m.body + escClose + m.post;
+      return expand(str);
+    }
+    return [str];
+  }
+
+  var n;
+  if (isSequence) {
+    n = m.body.split(/\.\./);
+  } else {
+    n = parseCommaParts(m.body);
+    if (n.length === 1) {
+      // x{{a,b}}y ==> x{a}y x{b}y
+      n = expand(n[0], false).map(embrace);
+      if (n.length === 1) {
+        var post = m.post.length
+          ? expand(m.post, false)
+          : [''];
+        return post.map(function(p) {
+          return m.pre + n[0] + p;
+        });
+      }
+    }
+  }
+
+  // at this point, n is the parts, and we know it's not a comma set
+  // with a single entry.
+
+  // no need to expand pre, since it is guaranteed to be free of brace-sets
+  var pre = m.pre;
+  var post = m.post.length
+    ? expand(m.post, false)
+    : [''];
+
+  var N;
+
+  if (isSequence) {
+    var x = numeric(n[0]);
+    var y = numeric(n[1]);
+    var width = Math.max(n[0].length, n[1].length)
+    var incr = n.length == 3
+      ? Math.abs(numeric(n[2]))
+      : 1;
+    var test = lte;
+    var reverse = y < x;
+    if (reverse) {
+      incr *= -1;
+      test = gte;
+    }
+    var pad = n.some(isPadded);
+
+    N = [];
+
+    for (var i = x; test(i, y); i += incr) {
+      var c;
+      if (isAlphaSequence) {
+        c = String.fromCharCode(i);
+        if (c === '\\')
+          c = '';
+      } else {
+        c = String(i);
+        if (pad) {
+          var need = width - c.length;
+          if (need > 0) {
+            var z = new Array(need + 1).join('0');
+            if (i < 0)
+              c = '-' + z + c.slice(1);
+            else
+              c = z + c;
+          }
+        }
+      }
+      N.push(c);
+    }
+  } else {
+    N = concatMap(n, function(el) { return expand(el, false) });
+  }
+
+  for (var j = 0; j < N.length; j++) {
+    for (var k = 0; k < post.length; k++) {
+      var expansion = pre + N[j] + post[k];
+      if (!isTop || isSequence || expansion)
+        expansions.push(expansion);
+    }
+  }
+
+  return expansions;
+}
+
+
+},{"balanced-match":10,"concat-map":13}],12:[function(require,module,exports){
+
+},{}],13:[function(require,module,exports){
+module.exports = function (xs, fn) {
+    var res = [];
+    for (var i = 0; i < xs.length; i++) {
+        var x = fn(xs[i], i);
+        if (isArray(x)) res.push.apply(res, x);
+        else res.push(x);
+    }
+    return res;
+};
+
+var isArray = Array.isArray || function (xs) {
+    return Object.prototype.toString.call(xs) === '[object Array]';
+};
+
+},{}],14:[function(require,module,exports){
+// Copyright Joyent, Inc. and other Node contributors.
+//
+// Permission is hereby granted, free of charge, to any person obtaining a
+// copy of this software and associated documentation files (the
+// "Software"), to deal in the Software without restriction, including
+// without limitation the rights to use, copy, modify, merge, publish,
+// distribute, sublicense, and/or sell copies of the Software, and to permit
+// persons to whom the Software is furnished to do so, subject to the
+// following conditions:
+//
+// The above copyright notice and this permission notice shall be included
+// in all copies or substantial portions of the Software.
+//
+// THE SOFTWARE IS PROVIDED "AS IS", WITHOUT WARRANTY OF ANY KIND, EXPRESS
+// OR IMPLIED, INCLUDING BUT NOT LIMITED TO THE WARRANTIES OF
+// MERCHANTABILITY, FITNESS FOR A PARTICULAR PURPOSE AND NONINFRINGEMENT. IN
+// NO EVENT SHALL THE AUTHORS OR COPYRIGHT HOLDERS BE LIABLE FOR ANY CLAIM,
+// DAMAGES OR OTHER LIABILITY, WHETHER IN AN ACTION OF CONTRACT, TORT OR
+// OTHERWISE, ARISING FROM, OUT OF OR IN CONNECTION WITH THE SOFTWARE OR THE
+// USE OR OTHER DEALINGS IN THE SOFTWARE.
+
+function EventEmitter() {
+  this._events = this._events || {};
+  this._maxListeners = this._maxListeners || undefined;
+}
+module.exports = EventEmitter;
+
+// Backwards-compat with node 0.10.x
+EventEmitter.EventEmitter = EventEmitter;
+
+EventEmitter.prototype._events = undefined;
+EventEmitter.prototype._maxListeners = undefined;
+
+// By default EventEmitters will print a warning if more than 10 listeners are
+// added to it. This is a useful default which helps finding memory leaks.
+EventEmitter.defaultMaxListeners = 10;
+
+// Obviously not all Emitters should be limited to 10. This function allows
+// that to be increased. Set to zero for unlimited.
+EventEmitter.prototype.setMaxListeners = function(n) {
+  if (!isNumber(n) || n < 0 || isNaN(n))
+    throw TypeError('n must be a positive number');
+  this._maxListeners = n;
+  return this;
+};
+
+EventEmitter.prototype.emit = function(type) {
+  var er, handler, len, args, i, listeners;
+
+  if (!this._events)
+    this._events = {};
+
+  // If there is no 'error' event listener then throw.
+  if (type === 'error') {
+    if (!this._events.error ||
+        (isObject(this._events.error) && !this._events.error.length)) {
+      er = arguments[1];
+      if (er instanceof Error) {
+        throw er; // Unhandled 'error' event
+      }
+      throw TypeError('Uncaught, unspecified "error" event.');
+    }
+  }
+
+  handler = this._events[type];
+
+  if (isUndefined(handler))
+    return false;
+
+  if (isFunction(handler)) {
+    switch (arguments.length) {
+      // fast cases
+      case 1:
+        handler.call(this);
+        break;
+      case 2:
+        handler.call(this, arguments[1]);
+        break;
+      case 3:
+        handler.call(this, arguments[1], arguments[2]);
+        break;
+      // slower
+      default:
+        len = arguments.length;
+        args = new Array(len - 1);
+        for (i = 1; i < len; i++)
+          args[i - 1] = arguments[i];
+        handler.apply(this, args);
+    }
+  } else if (isObject(handler)) {
+    len = arguments.length;
+    args = new Array(len - 1);
+    for (i = 1; i < len; i++)
+      args[i - 1] = arguments[i];
+
+    listeners = handler.slice();
+    len = listeners.length;
+    for (i = 0; i < len; i++)
+      listeners[i].apply(this, args);
+  }
+
+  return true;
+};
+
+EventEmitter.prototype.addListener = function(type, listener) {
+  var m;
+
+  if (!isFunction(listener))
+    throw TypeError('listener must be a function');
+
+  if (!this._events)
+    this._events = {};
+
+  // To avoid recursion in the case that type === "newListener"! Before
+  // adding it to the listeners, first emit "newListener".
+  if (this._events.newListener)
+    this.emit('newListener', type,
+              isFunction(listener.listener) ?
+              listener.listener : listener);
+
+  if (!this._events[type])
+    // Optimize the case of one listener. Don't need the extra array object.
+    this._events[type] = listener;
+  else if (isObject(this._events[type]))
+    // If we've already got an array, just append.
+    this._events[type].push(listener);
+  else
+    // Adding the second element, need to change to array.
+    this._events[type] = [this._events[type], listener];
+
+  // Check for listener leak
+  if (isObject(this._events[type]) && !this._events[type].warned) {
+    var m;
+    if (!isUndefined(this._maxListeners)) {
+      m = this._maxListeners;
+    } else {
+      m = EventEmitter.defaultMaxListeners;
+    }
+
+    if (m && m > 0 && this._events[type].length > m) {
+      this._events[type].warned = true;
+      console.error('(node) warning: possible EventEmitter memory ' +
+                    'leak detected. %d listeners added. ' +
+                    'Use emitter.setMaxListeners() to increase limit.',
+                    this._events[type].length);
+      if (typeof console.trace === 'function') {
+        // not supported in IE 10
+        console.trace();
+      }
+    }
+  }
+
+  return this;
+};
+
+EventEmitter.prototype.on = EventEmitter.prototype.addListener;
+
+EventEmitter.prototype.once = function(type, listener) {
+  if (!isFunction(listener))
+    throw TypeError('listener must be a function');
+
+  var fired = false;
+
+  function g() {
+    this.removeListener(type, g);
+
+    if (!fired) {
+      fired = true;
+      listener.apply(this, arguments);
+    }
+  }
+
+  g.listener = listener;
+  this.on(type, g);
+
+  return this;
+};
+
+// emits a 'removeListener' event iff the listener was removed
+EventEmitter.prototype.removeListener = function(type, listener) {
+  var list, position, length, i;
+
+  if (!isFunction(listener))
+    throw TypeError('listener must be a function');
+
+  if (!this._events || !this._events[type])
+    return this;
+
+  list = this._events[type];
+  length = list.length;
+  position = -1;
+
+  if (list === listener ||
+      (isFunction(list.listener) && list.listener === listener)) {
+    delete this._events[type];
+    if (this._events.removeListener)
+      this.emit('removeListener', type, listener);
+
+  } else if (isObject(list)) {
+    for (i = length; i-- > 0;) {
+      if (list[i] === listener ||
+          (list[i].listener && list[i].listener === listener)) {
+        position = i;
+        break;
+      }
+    }
+
+    if (position < 0)
+      return this;
+
+    if (list.length === 1) {
+      list.length = 0;
+      delete this._events[type];
+    } else {
+      list.splice(position, 1);
+    }
+
+    if (this._events.removeListener)
+      this.emit('removeListener', type, listener);
+  }
+
+  return this;
+};
+
+EventEmitter.prototype.removeAllListeners = function(type) {
+  var key, listeners;
+
+  if (!this._events)
+    return this;
+
+  // not listening for removeListener, no need to emit
+  if (!this._events.removeListener) {
+    if (arguments.length === 0)
+      this._events = {};
+    else if (this._events[type])
+      delete this._events[type];
+    return this;
+  }
+
+  // emit removeListener for all listeners on all events
+  if (arguments.length === 0) {
+    for (key in this._events) {
+      if (key === 'removeListener') continue;
+      this.removeAllListeners(key);
+    }
+    this.removeAllListeners('removeListener');
+    this._events = {};
+    return this;
+  }
+
+  listeners = this._events[type];
+
+  if (isFunction(listeners)) {
+    this.removeListener(type, listeners);
+  } else {
+    // LIFO order
+    while (listeners.length)
+      this.removeListener(type, listeners[listeners.length - 1]);
+  }
+  delete this._events[type];
+
+  return this;
+};
+
+EventEmitter.prototype.listeners = function(type) {
+  var ret;
+  if (!this._events || !this._events[type])
+    ret = [];
+  else if (isFunction(this._events[type]))
+    ret = [this._events[type]];
+  else
+    ret = this._events[type].slice();
+  return ret;
+};
+
+EventEmitter.listenerCount = function(emitter, type) {
+  var ret;
+  if (!emitter._events || !emitter._events[type])
+    ret = 0;
+  else if (isFunction(emitter._events[type]))
+    ret = 1;
+  else
+    ret = emitter._events[type].length;
+  return ret;
+};
+
+function isFunction(arg) {
+  return typeof arg === 'function';
+}
+
+function isNumber(arg) {
+  return typeof arg === 'number';
+}
+
+function isObject(arg) {
+  return typeof arg === 'object' && arg !== null;
+}
+
+function isUndefined(arg) {
+  return arg === void 0;
+}
+
+},{}],15:[function(require,module,exports){
+(function (process){
+exports.alphasort = alphasort
+exports.alphasorti = alphasorti
+exports.setopts = setopts
+exports.ownProp = ownProp
+exports.makeAbs = makeAbs
+exports.finish = finish
+exports.mark = mark
+exports.isIgnored = isIgnored
+exports.childrenIgnored = childrenIgnored
+
+function ownProp (obj, field) {
+  return Object.prototype.hasOwnProperty.call(obj, field)
+}
+
+var path = require("path")
+var minimatch = require("minimatch")
+var isAbsolute = require("path-is-absolute")
+var Minimatch = minimatch.Minimatch
+
+function alphasorti (a, b) {
+  return a.toLowerCase().localeCompare(b.toLowerCase())
+}
+
+function alphasort (a, b) {
+  return a.localeCompare(b)
+}
+
+function setupIgnores (self, options) {
+  self.ignore = options.ignore || []
+
+  if (!Array.isArray(self.ignore))
+    self.ignore = [self.ignore]
+
+  if (self.ignore.length) {
+    self.ignore = self.ignore.map(ignoreMap)
+  }
+}
+
+function ignoreMap (pattern) {
+  var gmatcher = null
+  if (pattern.slice(-3) === '/**') {
+    var gpattern = pattern.replace(/(\/\*\*)+$/, '')
+    gmatcher = new Minimatch(gpattern)
+  }
+
+  return {
+    matcher: new Minimatch(pattern),
+    gmatcher: gmatcher
+  }
+}
+
+function setopts (self, pattern, options) {
+  if (!options)
+    options = {}
+
+  // base-matching: just use globstar for that.
+  if (options.matchBase && -1 === pattern.indexOf("/")) {
+    if (options.noglobstar) {
+      throw new Error("base matching requires globstar")
+    }
+    pattern = "**/" + pattern
+  }
+
+  self.silent = !!options.silent
+  self.pattern = pattern
+  self.strict = options.strict !== false
+  self.realpath = !!options.realpath
+  self.realpathCache = options.realpathCache || Object.create(null)
+  self.follow = !!options.follow
+  self.dot = !!options.dot
+  self.mark = !!options.mark
+  self.nodir = !!options.nodir
+  if (self.nodir)
+    self.mark = true
+  self.sync = !!options.sync
+  self.nounique = !!options.nounique
+  self.nonull = !!options.nonull
+  self.nosort = !!options.nosort
+  self.nocase = !!options.nocase
+  self.stat = !!options.stat
+  self.noprocess = !!options.noprocess
+
+  self.maxLength = options.maxLength || Infinity
+  self.cache = options.cache || Object.create(null)
+  self.statCache = options.statCache || Object.create(null)
+  self.symlinks = options.symlinks || Object.create(null)
+
+  setupIgnores(self, options)
+
+  self.changedCwd = false
+  var cwd = process.cwd()
+  if (!ownProp(options, "cwd"))
+    self.cwd = cwd
+  else {
+    self.cwd = options.cwd
+    self.changedCwd = path.resolve(options.cwd) !== cwd
+  }
+
+  self.root = options.root || path.resolve(self.cwd, "/")
+  self.root = path.resolve(self.root)
+  if (process.platform === "win32")
+    self.root = self.root.replace(/\\/g, "/")
+
+  self.nomount = !!options.nomount
+
+  // disable comments and negation unless the user explicitly
+  // passes in false as the option.
+  options.nonegate = options.nonegate === false ? false : true
+  options.nocomment = options.nocomment === false ? false : true
+  deprecationWarning(options)
+
+  self.minimatch = new Minimatch(pattern, options)
+  self.options = self.minimatch.options
+}
+
+// TODO(isaacs): remove entirely in v6
+// exported to reset in tests
+exports.deprecationWarned
+function deprecationWarning(options) {
+  if (!options.nonegate || !options.nocomment) {
+    if (process.noDeprecation !== true && !exports.deprecationWarned) {
+      var msg = 'glob WARNING: comments and negation will be disabled in v6'
+      if (process.throwDeprecation)
+        throw new Error(msg)
+      else if (process.traceDeprecation)
+        console.trace(msg)
+      else
+        console.error(msg)
+
+      exports.deprecationWarned = true
+    }
+  }
+}
+
+function finish (self) {
+  var nou = self.nounique
+  var all = nou ? [] : Object.create(null)
+
+  for (var i = 0, l = self.matches.length; i < l; i ++) {
+    var matches = self.matches[i]
+    if (!matches || Object.keys(matches).length === 0) {
+      if (self.nonull) {
+        // do like the shell, and spit out the literal glob
+        var literal = self.minimatch.globSet[i]
+        if (nou)
+          all.push(literal)
+        else
+          all[literal] = true
+      }
+    } else {
+      // had matches
+      var m = Object.keys(matches)
+      if (nou)
+        all.push.apply(all, m)
+      else
+        m.forEach(function (m) {
+          all[m] = true
+        })
+    }
+  }
+
+  if (!nou)
+    all = Object.keys(all)
+
+  if (!self.nosort)
+    all = all.sort(self.nocase ? alphasorti : alphasort)
+
+  // at *some* point we statted all of these
+  if (self.mark) {
+    for (var i = 0; i < all.length; i++) {
+      all[i] = self._mark(all[i])
+    }
+    if (self.nodir) {
+      all = all.filter(function (e) {
+        return !(/\/$/.test(e))
+      })
+    }
+  }
+
+  if (self.ignore.length)
+    all = all.filter(function(m) {
+      return !isIgnored(self, m)
+    })
+
+  self.found = all
+}
+
+function mark (self, p) {
+  var abs = makeAbs(self, p)
+  var c = self.cache[abs]
+  var m = p
+  if (c) {
+    var isDir = c === 'DIR' || Array.isArray(c)
+    var slash = p.slice(-1) === '/'
+
+    if (isDir && !slash)
+      m += '/'
+    else if (!isDir && slash)
+      m = m.slice(0, -1)
+
+    if (m !== p) {
+      var mabs = makeAbs(self, m)
+      self.statCache[mabs] = self.statCache[abs]
+      self.cache[mabs] = self.cache[abs]
+    }
+  }
+
+  return m
+}
+
+// lotta situps...
+function makeAbs (self, f) {
+  var abs = f
+  if (f.charAt(0) === '/') {
+    abs = path.join(self.root, f)
+  } else if (isAbsolute(f) || f === '') {
+    abs = f
+  } else if (self.changedCwd) {
+    abs = path.resolve(self.cwd, f)
+  } else {
+    abs = path.resolve(f)
+  }
+  return abs
+}
+
+
+// Return true, if pattern ends with globstar '**', for the accompanying parent directory.
+// Ex:- If node_modules/** is the pattern, add 'node_modules' to ignore list along with it's contents
+function isIgnored (self, path) {
+  if (!self.ignore.length)
+    return false
+
+  return self.ignore.some(function(item) {
+    return item.matcher.match(path) || !!(item.gmatcher && item.gmatcher.match(path))
+  })
+}
+
+function childrenIgnored (self, path) {
+  if (!self.ignore.length)
+    return false
+
+  return self.ignore.some(function(item) {
+    return !!(item.gmatcher && item.gmatcher.match(path))
+  })
+}
+
+}).call(this,require('_process'))
+},{"_process":24,"minimatch":20,"path":22,"path-is-absolute":23}],16:[function(require,module,exports){
+(function (process){
+// Approach:
+//
+// 1. Get the minimatch set
+// 2. For each pattern in the set, PROCESS(pattern, false)
+// 3. Store matches per-set, then uniq them
+//
+// PROCESS(pattern, inGlobStar)
+// Get the first [n] items from pattern that are all strings
+// Join these together.  This is PREFIX.
+//   If there is no more remaining, then stat(PREFIX) and
+//   add to matches if it succeeds.  END.
+//
+// If inGlobStar and PREFIX is symlink and points to dir
+//   set ENTRIES = []
+// else readdir(PREFIX) as ENTRIES
+//   If fail, END
+//
+// with ENTRIES
+//   If pattern[n] is GLOBSTAR
+//     // handle the case where the globstar match is empty
+//     // by pruning it out, and testing the resulting pattern
+//     PROCESS(pattern[0..n] + pattern[n+1 .. $], false)
+//     // handle other cases.
+//     for ENTRY in ENTRIES (not dotfiles)
+//       // attach globstar + tail onto the entry
+//       // Mark that this entry is a globstar match
+//       PROCESS(pattern[0..n] + ENTRY + pattern[n .. $], true)
+//
+//   else // not globstar
+//     for ENTRY in ENTRIES (not dotfiles, unless pattern[n] is dot)
+//       Test ENTRY against pattern[n]
+//       If fails, continue
+//       If passes, PROCESS(pattern[0..n] + item + pattern[n+1 .. $])
+//
+// Caveat:
+//   Cache all stats and readdirs results to minimize syscall.  Since all
+//   we ever care about is existence and directory-ness, we can just keep
+//   `true` for files, and [children,...] for directories, or `false` for
+//   things that don't exist.
+
+module.exports = glob
+
+var fs = require('fs')
+var minimatch = require('minimatch')
+var Minimatch = minimatch.Minimatch
+var inherits = require('inherits')
+var EE = require('events').EventEmitter
+var path = require('path')
+var assert = require('assert')
+var isAbsolute = require('path-is-absolute')
+var globSync = require('./sync.js')
+var common = require('./common.js')
+var alphasort = common.alphasort
+var alphasorti = common.alphasorti
+var setopts = common.setopts
+var ownProp = common.ownProp
+var inflight = require('inflight')
+var util = require('util')
+var childrenIgnored = common.childrenIgnored
+var isIgnored = common.isIgnored
+
+var once = require('once')
+
+function glob (pattern, options, cb) {
+  if (typeof options === 'function') cb = options, options = {}
+  if (!options) options = {}
+
+  if (options.sync) {
+    if (cb)
+      throw new TypeError('callback provided to sync glob')
+    return globSync(pattern, options)
+  }
+
+  return new Glob(pattern, options, cb)
+}
+
+glob.sync = globSync
+var GlobSync = glob.GlobSync = globSync.GlobSync
+
+// old api surface
+glob.glob = glob
+
+glob.hasMagic = function (pattern, options_) {
+  var options = util._extend({}, options_)
+  options.noprocess = true
+
+  var g = new Glob(pattern, options)
+  var set = g.minimatch.set
+  if (set.length > 1)
+    return true
+
+  for (var j = 0; j < set[0].length; j++) {
+    if (typeof set[0][j] !== 'string')
+      return true
+  }
+
+  return false
+}
+
+glob.Glob = Glob
+inherits(Glob, EE)
+function Glob (pattern, options, cb) {
+  if (typeof options === 'function') {
+    cb = options
+    options = null
+  }
+
+  if (options && options.sync) {
+    if (cb)
+      throw new TypeError('callback provided to sync glob')
+    return new GlobSync(pattern, options)
+  }
+
+  if (!(this instanceof Glob))
+    return new Glob(pattern, options, cb)
+
+  setopts(this, pattern, options)
+  this._didRealPath = false
+
+  // process each pattern in the minimatch set
+  var n = this.minimatch.set.length
+
+  // The matches are stored as {<filename>: true,...} so that
+  // duplicates are automagically pruned.
+  // Later, we do an Object.keys() on these.
+  // Keep them as a list so we can fill in when nonull is set.
+  this.matches = new Array(n)
+
+  if (typeof cb === 'function') {
+    cb = once(cb)
+    this.on('error', cb)
+    this.on('end', function (matches) {
+      cb(null, matches)
+    })
+  }
+
+  var self = this
+  var n = this.minimatch.set.length
+  this._processing = 0
+  this.matches = new Array(n)
+
+  this._emitQueue = []
+  this._processQueue = []
+  this.paused = false
+
+  if (this.noprocess)
+    return this
+
+  if (n === 0)
+    return done()
+
+  for (var i = 0; i < n; i ++) {
+    this._process(this.minimatch.set[i], i, false, done)
+  }
+
+  function done () {
+    --self._processing
+    if (self._processing <= 0)
+      self._finish()
+  }
+}
+
+Glob.prototype._finish = function () {
+  assert(this instanceof Glob)
+  if (this.aborted)
+    return
+
+  if (this.realpath && !this._didRealpath)
+    return this._realpath()
+
+  common.finish(this)
+  this.emit('end', this.found)
+}
+
+Glob.prototype._realpath = function () {
+  if (this._didRealpath)
+    return
+
+  this._didRealpath = true
+
+  var n = this.matches.length
+  if (n === 0)
+    return this._finish()
+
+  var self = this
+  for (var i = 0; i < this.matches.length; i++)
+    this._realpathSet(i, next)
+
+  function next () {
+    if (--n === 0)
+      self._finish()
+  }
+}
+
+Glob.prototype._realpathSet = function (index, cb) {
+  var matchset = this.matches[index]
+  if (!matchset)
+    return cb()
+
+  var found = Object.keys(matchset)
+  var self = this
+  var n = found.length
+
+  if (n === 0)
+    return cb()
+
+  var set = this.matches[index] = Object.create(null)
+  found.forEach(function (p, i) {
+    // If there's a problem with the stat, then it means that
+    // one or more of the links in the realpath couldn't be
+    // resolved.  just return the abs value in that case.
+    p = self._makeAbs(p)
+    fs.realpath(p, self.realpathCache, function (er, real) {
+      if (!er)
+        set[real] = true
+      else if (er.syscall === 'stat')
+        set[p] = true
+      else
+        self.emit('error', er) // srsly wtf right here
+
+      if (--n === 0) {
+        self.matches[index] = set
+        cb()
+      }
+    })
+  })
+}
+
+Glob.prototype._mark = function (p) {
+  return common.mark(this, p)
+}
+
+Glob.prototype._makeAbs = function (f) {
+  return common.makeAbs(this, f)
+}
+
+Glob.prototype.abort = function () {
+  this.aborted = true
+  this.emit('abort')
+}
+
+Glob.prototype.pause = function () {
+  if (!this.paused) {
+    this.paused = true
+    this.emit('pause')
+  }
+}
+
+Glob.prototype.resume = function () {
+  if (this.paused) {
+    this.emit('resume')
+    this.paused = false
+    if (this._emitQueue.length) {
+      var eq = this._emitQueue.slice(0)
+      this._emitQueue.length = 0
+      for (var i = 0; i < eq.length; i ++) {
+        var e = eq[i]
+        this._emitMatch(e[0], e[1])
+      }
+    }
+    if (this._processQueue.length) {
+      var pq = this._processQueue.slice(0)
+      this._processQueue.length = 0
+      for (var i = 0; i < pq.length; i ++) {
+        var p = pq[i]
+        this._processing--
+        this._process(p[0], p[1], p[2], p[3])
+      }
+    }
+  }
+}
+
+Glob.prototype._process = function (pattern, index, inGlobStar, cb) {
+  assert(this instanceof Glob)
+  assert(typeof cb === 'function')
+
+  if (this.aborted)
+    return
+
+  this._processing++
+  if (this.paused) {
+    this._processQueue.push([pattern, index, inGlobStar, cb])
+    return
+  }
+
+  //console.error('PROCESS %d', this._processing, pattern)
+
+  // Get the first [n] parts of pattern that are all strings.
+  var n = 0
+  while (typeof pattern[n] === 'string') {
+    n ++
+  }
+  // now n is the index of the first one that is *not* a string.
+
+  // see if there's anything else
+  var prefix
+  switch (n) {
+    // if not, then this is rather simple
+    case pattern.length:
+      this._processSimple(pattern.join('/'), index, cb)
+      return
+
+    case 0:
+      // pattern *starts* with some non-trivial item.
+      // going to readdir(cwd), but not include the prefix in matches.
+      prefix = null
+      break
+
+    default:
+      // pattern has some string bits in the front.
+      // whatever it starts with, whether that's 'absolute' like /foo/bar,
+      // or 'relative' like '../baz'
+      prefix = pattern.slice(0, n).join('/')
+      break
+  }
+
+  var remain = pattern.slice(n)
+
+  // get the list of entries.
+  var read
+  if (prefix === null)
+    read = '.'
+  else if (isAbsolute(prefix) || isAbsolute(pattern.join('/'))) {
+    if (!prefix || !isAbsolute(prefix))
+      prefix = '/' + prefix
+    read = prefix
+  } else
+    read = prefix
+
+  var abs = this._makeAbs(read)
+
+  //if ignored, skip _processing
+  if (childrenIgnored(this, read))
+    return cb()
+
+  var isGlobStar = remain[0] === minimatch.GLOBSTAR
+  if (isGlobStar)
+    this._processGlobStar(prefix, read, abs, remain, index, inGlobStar, cb)
+  else
+    this._processReaddir(prefix, read, abs, remain, index, inGlobStar, cb)
+}
+
+Glob.prototype._processReaddir = function (prefix, read, abs, remain, index, inGlobStar, cb) {
+  var self = this
+  this._readdir(abs, inGlobStar, function (er, entries) {
+    return self._processReaddir2(prefix, read, abs, remain, index, inGlobStar, entries, cb)
+  })
+}
+
+Glob.prototype._processReaddir2 = function (prefix, read, abs, remain, index, inGlobStar, entries, cb) {
+
+  // if the abs isn't a dir, then nothing can match!
+  if (!entries)
+    return cb()
+
+  // It will only match dot entries if it starts with a dot, or if
+  // dot is set.  Stuff like @(.foo|.bar) isn't allowed.
+  var pn = remain[0]
+  var negate = !!this.minimatch.negate
+  var rawGlob = pn._glob
+  var dotOk = this.dot || rawGlob.charAt(0) === '.'
+
+  var matchedEntries = []
+  for (var i = 0; i < entries.length; i++) {
+    var e = entries[i]
+    if (e.charAt(0) !== '.' || dotOk) {
+      var m
+      if (negate && !prefix) {
+        m = !e.match(pn)
+      } else {
+        m = e.match(pn)
+      }
+      if (m)
+        matchedEntries.push(e)
+    }
+  }
+
+  //console.error('prd2', prefix, entries, remain[0]._glob, matchedEntries)
+
+  var len = matchedEntries.length
+  // If there are no matched entries, then nothing matches.
+  if (len === 0)
+    return cb()
+
+  // if this is the last remaining pattern bit, then no need for
+  // an additional stat *unless* the user has specified mark or
+  // stat explicitly.  We know they exist, since readdir returned
+  // them.
+
+  if (remain.length === 1 && !this.mark && !this.stat) {
+    if (!this.matches[index])
+      this.matches[index] = Object.create(null)
+
+    for (var i = 0; i < len; i ++) {
+      var e = matchedEntries[i]
+      if (prefix) {
+        if (prefix !== '/')
+          e = prefix + '/' + e
+        else
+          e = prefix + e
+      }
+
+      if (e.charAt(0) === '/' && !this.nomount) {
+        e = path.join(this.root, e)
+      }
+      this._emitMatch(index, e)
+    }
+    // This was the last one, and no stats were needed
+    return cb()
+  }
+
+  // now test all matched entries as stand-ins for that part
+  // of the pattern.
+  remain.shift()
+  for (var i = 0; i < len; i ++) {
+    var e = matchedEntries[i]
+    var newPattern
+    if (prefix) {
+      if (prefix !== '/')
+        e = prefix + '/' + e
+      else
+        e = prefix + e
+    }
+    this._process([e].concat(remain), index, inGlobStar, cb)
+  }
+  cb()
+}
+
+Glob.prototype._emitMatch = function (index, e) {
+  if (this.aborted)
+    return
+
+  if (this.matches[index][e])
+    return
+
+  if (isIgnored(this, e))
+    return
+
+  if (this.paused) {
+    this._emitQueue.push([index, e])
+    return
+  }
+
+  var abs = this._makeAbs(e)
+
+  if (this.nodir) {
+    var c = this.cache[abs]
+    if (c === 'DIR' || Array.isArray(c))
+      return
+  }
+
+  if (this.mark)
+    e = this._mark(e)
+
+  this.matches[index][e] = true
+
+  var st = this.statCache[abs]
+  if (st)
+    this.emit('stat', e, st)
+
+  this.emit('match', e)
+}
+
+Glob.prototype._readdirInGlobStar = function (abs, cb) {
+  if (this.aborted)
+    return
+
+  // follow all symlinked directories forever
+  // just proceed as if this is a non-globstar situation
+  if (this.follow)
+    return this._readdir(abs, false, cb)
+
+  var lstatkey = 'lstat\0' + abs
+  var self = this
+  var lstatcb = inflight(lstatkey, lstatcb_)
+
+  if (lstatcb)
+    fs.lstat(abs, lstatcb)
+
+  function lstatcb_ (er, lstat) {
+    if (er)
+      return cb()
+
+    var isSym = lstat.isSymbolicLink()
+    self.symlinks[abs] = isSym
+
+    // If it's not a symlink or a dir, then it's definitely a regular file.
+    // don't bother doing a readdir in that case.
+    if (!isSym && !lstat.isDirectory()) {
+      self.cache[abs] = 'FILE'
+      cb()
+    } else
+      self._readdir(abs, false, cb)
+  }
+}
+
+Glob.prototype._readdir = function (abs, inGlobStar, cb) {
+  if (this.aborted)
+    return
+
+  cb = inflight('readdir\0'+abs+'\0'+inGlobStar, cb)
+  if (!cb)
+    return
+
+  //console.error('RD %j %j', +inGlobStar, abs)
+  if (inGlobStar && !ownProp(this.symlinks, abs))
+    return this._readdirInGlobStar(abs, cb)
+
+  if (ownProp(this.cache, abs)) {
+    var c = this.cache[abs]
+    if (!c || c === 'FILE')
+      return cb()
+
+    if (Array.isArray(c))
+      return cb(null, c)
+  }
+
+  var self = this
+  fs.readdir(abs, readdirCb(this, abs, cb))
+}
+
+function readdirCb (self, abs, cb) {
+  return function (er, entries) {
+    if (er)
+      self._readdirError(abs, er, cb)
+    else
+      self._readdirEntries(abs, entries, cb)
+  }
+}
+
+Glob.prototype._readdirEntries = function (abs, entries, cb) {
+  if (this.aborted)
+    return
+
+  // if we haven't asked to stat everything, then just
+  // assume that everything in there exists, so we can avoid
+  // having to stat it a second time.
+  if (!this.mark && !this.stat) {
+    for (var i = 0; i < entries.length; i ++) {
+      var e = entries[i]
+      if (abs === '/')
+        e = abs + e
+      else
+        e = abs + '/' + e
+      this.cache[e] = true
+    }
+  }
+
+  this.cache[abs] = entries
+  return cb(null, entries)
+}
+
+Glob.prototype._readdirError = function (f, er, cb) {
+  if (this.aborted)
+    return
+
+  // handle errors, and cache the information
+  switch (er.code) {
+    case 'ENOTSUP': // https://github.com/isaacs/node-glob/issues/205
+    case 'ENOTDIR': // totally normal. means it *does* exist.
+      this.cache[this._makeAbs(f)] = 'FILE'
+      break
+
+    case 'ENOENT': // not terribly unusual
+    case 'ELOOP':
+    case 'ENAMETOOLONG':
+    case 'UNKNOWN':
+      this.cache[this._makeAbs(f)] = false
+      break
+
+    default: // some unusual error.  Treat as failure.
+      this.cache[this._makeAbs(f)] = false
+      if (this.strict) {
+        this.emit('error', er)
+        // If the error is handled, then we abort
+        // if not, we threw out of here
+        this.abort()
+      }
+      if (!this.silent)
+        console.error('glob error', er)
+      break
+  }
+
+  return cb()
+}
+
+Glob.prototype._processGlobStar = function (prefix, read, abs, remain, index, inGlobStar, cb) {
+  var self = this
+  this._readdir(abs, inGlobStar, function (er, entries) {
+    self._processGlobStar2(prefix, read, abs, remain, index, inGlobStar, entries, cb)
+  })
+}
+
+
+Glob.prototype._processGlobStar2 = function (prefix, read, abs, remain, index, inGlobStar, entries, cb) {
+  //console.error('pgs2', prefix, remain[0], entries)
+
+  // no entries means not a dir, so it can never have matches
+  // foo.txt/** doesn't match foo.txt
+  if (!entries)
+    return cb()
+
+  // test without the globstar, and with every child both below
+  // and replacing the globstar.
+  var remainWithoutGlobStar = remain.slice(1)
+  var gspref = prefix ? [ prefix ] : []
+  var noGlobStar = gspref.concat(remainWithoutGlobStar)
+
+  // the noGlobStar pattern exits the inGlobStar state
+  this._process(noGlobStar, index, false, cb)
+
+  var isSym = this.symlinks[abs]
+  var len = entries.length
+
+  // If it's a symlink, and we're in a globstar, then stop
+  if (isSym && inGlobStar)
+    return cb()
+
+  for (var i = 0; i < len; i++) {
+    var e = entries[i]
+    if (e.charAt(0) === '.' && !this.dot)
+      continue
+
+    // these two cases enter the inGlobStar state
+    var instead = gspref.concat(entries[i], remainWithoutGlobStar)
+    this._process(instead, index, true, cb)
+
+    var below = gspref.concat(entries[i], remain)
+    this._process(below, index, true, cb)
+  }
+
+  cb()
+}
+
+Glob.prototype._processSimple = function (prefix, index, cb) {
+  // XXX review this.  Shouldn't it be doing the mounting etc
+  // before doing stat?  kinda weird?
+  var self = this
+  this._stat(prefix, function (er, exists) {
+    self._processSimple2(prefix, index, er, exists, cb)
+  })
+}
+Glob.prototype._processSimple2 = function (prefix, index, er, exists, cb) {
+
+  //console.error('ps2', prefix, exists)
+
+  if (!this.matches[index])
+    this.matches[index] = Object.create(null)
+
+  // If it doesn't exist, then just mark the lack of results
+  if (!exists)
+    return cb()
+
+  if (prefix && isAbsolute(prefix) && !this.nomount) {
+    var trail = /[\/\\]$/.test(prefix)
+    if (prefix.charAt(0) === '/') {
+      prefix = path.join(this.root, prefix)
+    } else {
+      prefix = path.resolve(this.root, prefix)
+      if (trail)
+        prefix += '/'
+    }
+  }
+
+  if (process.platform === 'win32')
+    prefix = prefix.replace(/\\/g, '/')
+
+  // Mark this as a match
+  this._emitMatch(index, prefix)
+  cb()
+}
+
+// Returns either 'DIR', 'FILE', or false
+Glob.prototype._stat = function (f, cb) {
+  var abs = this._makeAbs(f)
+  var needDir = f.slice(-1) === '/'
+
+  if (f.length > this.maxLength)
+    return cb()
+
+  if (!this.stat && ownProp(this.cache, abs)) {
+    var c = this.cache[abs]
+
+    if (Array.isArray(c))
+      c = 'DIR'
+
+    // It exists, but maybe not how we need it
+    if (!needDir || c === 'DIR')
+      return cb(null, c)
+
+    if (needDir && c === 'FILE')
+      return cb()
+
+    // otherwise we have to stat, because maybe c=true
+    // if we know it exists, but not what it is.
+  }
+
+  var exists
+  var stat = this.statCache[abs]
+  if (stat !== undefined) {
+    if (stat === false)
+      return cb(null, stat)
+    else {
+      var type = stat.isDirectory() ? 'DIR' : 'FILE'
+      if (needDir && type === 'FILE')
+        return cb()
+      else
+        return cb(null, type, stat)
+    }
+  }
+
+  var self = this
+  var statcb = inflight('stat\0' + abs, lstatcb_)
+  if (statcb)
+    fs.lstat(abs, statcb)
+
+  function lstatcb_ (er, lstat) {
+    if (lstat && lstat.isSymbolicLink()) {
+      // If it's a symlink, then treat it as the target, unless
+      // the target does not exist, then treat it as a file.
+      return fs.stat(abs, function (er, stat) {
+        if (er)
+          self._stat2(f, abs, null, lstat, cb)
+        else
+          self._stat2(f, abs, er, stat, cb)
+      })
+    } else {
+      self._stat2(f, abs, er, lstat, cb)
+    }
+  }
+}
+
+Glob.prototype._stat2 = function (f, abs, er, stat, cb) {
+  if (er) {
+    this.statCache[abs] = false
+    return cb()
+  }
+
+  var needDir = f.slice(-1) === '/'
+  this.statCache[abs] = stat
+
+  if (abs.slice(-1) === '/' && !stat.isDirectory())
+    return cb(null, false, stat)
+
+  var c = stat.isDirectory() ? 'DIR' : 'FILE'
+  this.cache[abs] = this.cache[abs] || c
+
+  if (needDir && c !== 'DIR')
+    return cb()
+
+  return cb(null, c, stat)
+}
+
+}).call(this,require('_process'))
+},{"./common.js":15,"./sync.js":17,"_process":24,"assert":9,"events":14,"fs":12,"inflight":18,"inherits":19,"minimatch":20,"once":21,"path":22,"path-is-absolute":23,"util":28}],17:[function(require,module,exports){
+(function (process){
+module.exports = globSync
+globSync.GlobSync = GlobSync
+
+var fs = require('fs')
+var minimatch = require('minimatch')
+var Minimatch = minimatch.Minimatch
+var Glob = require('./glob.js').Glob
+var util = require('util')
+var path = require('path')
+var assert = require('assert')
+var isAbsolute = require('path-is-absolute')
+var common = require('./common.js')
+var alphasort = common.alphasort
+var alphasorti = common.alphasorti
+var setopts = common.setopts
+var ownProp = common.ownProp
+var childrenIgnored = common.childrenIgnored
+
+function globSync (pattern, options) {
+  if (typeof options === 'function' || arguments.length === 3)
+    throw new TypeError('callback provided to sync glob\n'+
+                        'See: https://github.com/isaacs/node-glob/issues/167')
+
+  return new GlobSync(pattern, options).found
+}
+
+function GlobSync (pattern, options) {
+  if (!pattern)
+    throw new Error('must provide pattern')
+
+  if (typeof options === 'function' || arguments.length === 3)
+    throw new TypeError('callback provided to sync glob\n'+
+                        'See: https://github.com/isaacs/node-glob/issues/167')
+
+  if (!(this instanceof GlobSync))
+    return new GlobSync(pattern, options)
+
+  setopts(this, pattern, options)
+
+  if (this.noprocess)
+    return this
+
+  var n = this.minimatch.set.length
+  this.matches = new Array(n)
+  for (var i = 0; i < n; i ++) {
+    this._process(this.minimatch.set[i], i, false)
+  }
+  this._finish()
+}
+
+GlobSync.prototype._finish = function () {
+  assert(this instanceof GlobSync)
+  if (this.realpath) {
+    var self = this
+    this.matches.forEach(function (matchset, index) {
+      var set = self.matches[index] = Object.create(null)
+      for (var p in matchset) {
+        try {
+          p = self._makeAbs(p)
+          var real = fs.realpathSync(p, self.realpathCache)
+          set[real] = true
+        } catch (er) {
+          if (er.syscall === 'stat')
+            set[self._makeAbs(p)] = true
+          else
+            throw er
+        }
+      }
+    })
+  }
+  common.finish(this)
+}
+
+
+GlobSync.prototype._process = function (pattern, index, inGlobStar) {
+  assert(this instanceof GlobSync)
+
+  // Get the first [n] parts of pattern that are all strings.
+  var n = 0
+  while (typeof pattern[n] === 'string') {
+    n ++
+  }
+  // now n is the index of the first one that is *not* a string.
+
+  // See if there's anything else
+  var prefix
+  switch (n) {
+    // if not, then this is rather simple
+    case pattern.length:
+      this._processSimple(pattern.join('/'), index)
+      return
+
+    case 0:
+      // pattern *starts* with some non-trivial item.
+      // going to readdir(cwd), but not include the prefix in matches.
+      prefix = null
+      break
+
+    default:
+      // pattern has some string bits in the front.
+      // whatever it starts with, whether that's 'absolute' like /foo/bar,
+      // or 'relative' like '../baz'
+      prefix = pattern.slice(0, n).join('/')
+      break
+  }
+
+  var remain = pattern.slice(n)
+
+  // get the list of entries.
+  var read
+  if (prefix === null)
+    read = '.'
+  else if (isAbsolute(prefix) || isAbsolute(pattern.join('/'))) {
+    if (!prefix || !isAbsolute(prefix))
+      prefix = '/' + prefix
+    read = prefix
+  } else
+    read = prefix
+
+  var abs = this._makeAbs(read)
+
+  //if ignored, skip processing
+  if (childrenIgnored(this, read))
+    return
+
+  var isGlobStar = remain[0] === minimatch.GLOBSTAR
+  if (isGlobStar)
+    this._processGlobStar(prefix, read, abs, remain, index, inGlobStar)
+  else
+    this._processReaddir(prefix, read, abs, remain, index, inGlobStar)
+}
+
+
+GlobSync.prototype._processReaddir = function (prefix, read, abs, remain, index, inGlobStar) {
+  var entries = this._readdir(abs, inGlobStar)
+
+  // if the abs isn't a dir, then nothing can match!
+  if (!entries)
+    return
+
+  // It will only match dot entries if it starts with a dot, or if
+  // dot is set.  Stuff like @(.foo|.bar) isn't allowed.
+  var pn = remain[0]
+  var negate = !!this.minimatch.negate
+  var rawGlob = pn._glob
+  var dotOk = this.dot || rawGlob.charAt(0) === '.'
+
+  var matchedEntries = []
+  for (var i = 0; i < entries.length; i++) {
+    var e = entries[i]
+    if (e.charAt(0) !== '.' || dotOk) {
+      var m
+      if (negate && !prefix) {
+        m = !e.match(pn)
+      } else {
+        m = e.match(pn)
+      }
+      if (m)
+        matchedEntries.push(e)
+    }
+  }
+
+  var len = matchedEntries.length
+  // If there are no matched entries, then nothing matches.
+  if (len === 0)
+    return
+
+  // if this is the last remaining pattern bit, then no need for
+  // an additional stat *unless* the user has specified mark or
+  // stat explicitly.  We know they exist, since readdir returned
+  // them.
+
+  if (remain.length === 1 && !this.mark && !this.stat) {
+    if (!this.matches[index])
+      this.matches[index] = Object.create(null)
+
+    for (var i = 0; i < len; i ++) {
+      var e = matchedEntries[i]
+      if (prefix) {
+        if (prefix.slice(-1) !== '/')
+          e = prefix + '/' + e
+        else
+          e = prefix + e
+      }
+
+      if (e.charAt(0) === '/' && !this.nomount) {
+        e = path.join(this.root, e)
+      }
+      this.matches[index][e] = true
+    }
+    // This was the last one, and no stats were needed
+    return
+  }
+
+  // now test all matched entries as stand-ins for that part
+  // of the pattern.
+  remain.shift()
+  for (var i = 0; i < len; i ++) {
+    var e = matchedEntries[i]
+    var newPattern
+    if (prefix)
+      newPattern = [prefix, e]
+    else
+      newPattern = [e]
+    this._process(newPattern.concat(remain), index, inGlobStar)
+  }
+}
+
+
+GlobSync.prototype._emitMatch = function (index, e) {
+  var abs = this._makeAbs(e)
+  if (this.mark)
+    e = this._mark(e)
+
+  if (this.matches[index][e])
+    return
+
+  if (this.nodir) {
+    var c = this.cache[this._makeAbs(e)]
+    if (c === 'DIR' || Array.isArray(c))
+      return
+  }
+
+  this.matches[index][e] = true
+  if (this.stat)
+    this._stat(e)
+}
+
+
+GlobSync.prototype._readdirInGlobStar = function (abs) {
+  // follow all symlinked directories forever
+  // just proceed as if this is a non-globstar situation
+  if (this.follow)
+    return this._readdir(abs, false)
+
+  var entries
+  var lstat
+  var stat
+  try {
+    lstat = fs.lstatSync(abs)
+  } catch (er) {
+    // lstat failed, doesn't exist
+    return null
+  }
+
+  var isSym = lstat.isSymbolicLink()
+  this.symlinks[abs] = isSym
+
+  // If it's not a symlink or a dir, then it's definitely a regular file.
+  // don't bother doing a readdir in that case.
+  if (!isSym && !lstat.isDirectory())
+    this.cache[abs] = 'FILE'
+  else
+    entries = this._readdir(abs, false)
+
+  return entries
+}
+
+GlobSync.prototype._readdir = function (abs, inGlobStar) {
+  var entries
+
+  if (inGlobStar && !ownProp(this.symlinks, abs))
+    return this._readdirInGlobStar(abs)
+
+  if (ownProp(this.cache, abs)) {
+    var c = this.cache[abs]
+    if (!c || c === 'FILE')
+      return null
+
+    if (Array.isArray(c))
+      return c
+  }
+
+  try {
+    return this._readdirEntries(abs, fs.readdirSync(abs))
+  } catch (er) {
+    this._readdirError(abs, er)
+    return null
+  }
+}
+
+GlobSync.prototype._readdirEntries = function (abs, entries) {
+  // if we haven't asked to stat everything, then just
+  // assume that everything in there exists, so we can avoid
+  // having to stat it a second time.
+  if (!this.mark && !this.stat) {
+    for (var i = 0; i < entries.length; i ++) {
+      var e = entries[i]
+      if (abs === '/')
+        e = abs + e
+      else
+        e = abs + '/' + e
+      this.cache[e] = true
+    }
+  }
+
+  this.cache[abs] = entries
+
+  // mark and cache dir-ness
+  return entries
+}
+
+GlobSync.prototype._readdirError = function (f, er) {
+  // handle errors, and cache the information
+  switch (er.code) {
+    case 'ENOTSUP': // https://github.com/isaacs/node-glob/issues/205
+    case 'ENOTDIR': // totally normal. means it *does* exist.
+      this.cache[this._makeAbs(f)] = 'FILE'
+      break
+
+    case 'ENOENT': // not terribly unusual
+    case 'ELOOP':
+    case 'ENAMETOOLONG':
+    case 'UNKNOWN':
+      this.cache[this._makeAbs(f)] = false
+      break
+
+    default: // some unusual error.  Treat as failure.
+      this.cache[this._makeAbs(f)] = false
+      if (this.strict)
+        throw er
+      if (!this.silent)
+        console.error('glob error', er)
+      break
+  }
+}
+
+GlobSync.prototype._processGlobStar = function (prefix, read, abs, remain, index, inGlobStar) {
+
+  var entries = this._readdir(abs, inGlobStar)
+
+  // no entries means not a dir, so it can never have matches
+  // foo.txt/** doesn't match foo.txt
+  if (!entries)
+    return
+
+  // test without the globstar, and with every child both below
+  // and replacing the globstar.
+  var remainWithoutGlobStar = remain.slice(1)
+  var gspref = prefix ? [ prefix ] : []
+  var noGlobStar = gspref.concat(remainWithoutGlobStar)
+
+  // the noGlobStar pattern exits the inGlobStar state
+  this._process(noGlobStar, index, false)
+
+  var len = entries.length
+  var isSym = this.symlinks[abs]
+
+  // If it's a symlink, and we're in a globstar, then stop
+  if (isSym && inGlobStar)
+    return
+
+  for (var i = 0; i < len; i++) {
+    var e = entries[i]
+    if (e.charAt(0) === '.' && !this.dot)
+      continue
+
+    // these two cases enter the inGlobStar state
+    var instead = gspref.concat(entries[i], remainWithoutGlobStar)
+    this._process(instead, index, true)
+
+    var below = gspref.concat(entries[i], remain)
+    this._process(below, index, true)
+  }
+}
+
+GlobSync.prototype._processSimple = function (prefix, index) {
+  // XXX review this.  Shouldn't it be doing the mounting etc
+  // before doing stat?  kinda weird?
+  var exists = this._stat(prefix)
+
+  if (!this.matches[index])
+    this.matches[index] = Object.create(null)
+
+  // If it doesn't exist, then just mark the lack of results
+  if (!exists)
+    return
+
+  if (prefix && isAbsolute(prefix) && !this.nomount) {
+    var trail = /[\/\\]$/.test(prefix)
+    if (prefix.charAt(0) === '/') {
+      prefix = path.join(this.root, prefix)
+    } else {
+      prefix = path.resolve(this.root, prefix)
+      if (trail)
+        prefix += '/'
+    }
+  }
+
+  if (process.platform === 'win32')
+    prefix = prefix.replace(/\\/g, '/')
+
+  // Mark this as a match
+  this.matches[index][prefix] = true
+}
+
+// Returns either 'DIR', 'FILE', or false
+GlobSync.prototype._stat = function (f) {
+  var abs = this._makeAbs(f)
+  var needDir = f.slice(-1) === '/'
+
+  if (f.length > this.maxLength)
+    return false
+
+  if (!this.stat && ownProp(this.cache, abs)) {
+    var c = this.cache[abs]
+
+    if (Array.isArray(c))
+      c = 'DIR'
+
+    // It exists, but maybe not how we need it
+    if (!needDir || c === 'DIR')
+      return c
+
+    if (needDir && c === 'FILE')
+      return false
+
+    // otherwise we have to stat, because maybe c=true
+    // if we know it exists, but not what it is.
+  }
+
+  var exists
+  var stat = this.statCache[abs]
+  if (!stat) {
+    var lstat
+    try {
+      lstat = fs.lstatSync(abs)
+    } catch (er) {
+      return false
+    }
+
+    if (lstat.isSymbolicLink()) {
+      try {
+        stat = fs.statSync(abs)
+      } catch (er) {
+        stat = lstat
+      }
+    } else {
+      stat = lstat
+    }
+  }
+
+  this.statCache[abs] = stat
+
+  var c = stat.isDirectory() ? 'DIR' : 'FILE'
+  this.cache[abs] = this.cache[abs] || c
+
+  if (needDir && c !== 'DIR')
+    return false
+
+  return c
+}
+
+GlobSync.prototype._mark = function (p) {
+  return common.mark(this, p)
+}
+
+GlobSync.prototype._makeAbs = function (f) {
+  return common.makeAbs(this, f)
+}
+
+}).call(this,require('_process'))
+},{"./common.js":15,"./glob.js":16,"_process":24,"assert":9,"fs":12,"minimatch":20,"path":22,"path-is-absolute":23,"util":28}],18:[function(require,module,exports){
+(function (process){
+var wrappy = require('wrappy')
+var reqs = Object.create(null)
+var once = require('once')
+
+module.exports = wrappy(inflight)
+
+function inflight (key, cb) {
+  if (reqs[key]) {
+    reqs[key].push(cb)
+    return null
+  } else {
+    reqs[key] = [cb]
+    return makeres(key)
+  }
+}
+
+function makeres (key) {
+  return once(function RES () {
+    var cbs = reqs[key]
+    var len = cbs.length
+    var args = slice(arguments)
+
+    // XXX It's somewhat ambiguous whether a new callback added in this
+    // pass should be queued for later execution if something in the
+    // list of callbacks throws, or if it should just be discarded.
+    // However, it's such an edge case that it hardly matters, and either
+    // choice is likely as surprising as the other.
+    // As it happens, we do go ahead and schedule it for later execution.
+    try {
+      for (var i = 0; i < len; i++) {
+        cbs[i].apply(null, args)
+      }
+    } finally {
+      if (cbs.length > len) {
+        // added more in the interim.
+        // de-zalgo, just in case, but don't call again.
+        cbs.splice(0, len)
+        process.nextTick(function () {
+          RES.apply(null, args)
+        })
+      } else {
+        delete reqs[key]
+      }
+    }
+  })
+}
+
+function slice (args) {
+  var length = args.length
+  var array = []
+
+  for (var i = 0; i < length; i++) array[i] = args[i]
+  return array
+}
+
+}).call(this,require('_process'))
+},{"_process":24,"once":21,"wrappy":29}],19:[function(require,module,exports){
+if (typeof Object.create === 'function') {
+  // implementation from standard node.js 'util' module
+  module.exports = function inherits(ctor, superCtor) {
+    ctor.super_ = superCtor
+    ctor.prototype = Object.create(superCtor.prototype, {
+      constructor: {
+        value: ctor,
+        enumerable: false,
+        writable: true,
+        configurable: true
+      }
+    });
+  };
+} else {
+  // old school shim for old browsers
+  module.exports = function inherits(ctor, superCtor) {
+    ctor.super_ = superCtor
+    var TempCtor = function () {}
+    TempCtor.prototype = superCtor.prototype
+    ctor.prototype = new TempCtor()
+    ctor.prototype.constructor = ctor
+  }
+}
+
+},{}],20:[function(require,module,exports){
+module.exports = minimatch
+minimatch.Minimatch = Minimatch
+
+var path = { sep: '/' }
+try {
+  path = require('path')
+} catch (er) {}
+
+var GLOBSTAR = minimatch.GLOBSTAR = Minimatch.GLOBSTAR = {}
+var expand = require('brace-expansion')
+
+var plTypes = {
+  '!': { open: '(?:(?!(?:', close: '))[^/]*?)'},
+  '?': { open: '(?:', close: ')?' },
+  '+': { open: '(?:', close: ')+' },
+  '*': { open: '(?:', close: ')*' },
+  '@': { open: '(?:', close: ')' }
+}
+
+// any single thing other than /
+// don't need to escape / when using new RegExp()
+var qmark = '[^/]'
+
+// * => any number of characters
+var star = qmark + '*?'
+
+// ** when dots are allowed.  Anything goes, except .. and .
+// not (^ or / followed by one or two dots followed by $ or /),
+// followed by anything, any number of times.
+var twoStarDot = '(?:(?!(?:\\\/|^)(?:\\.{1,2})($|\\\/)).)*?'
+
+// not a ^ or / followed by a dot,
+// followed by anything, any number of times.
+var twoStarNoDot = '(?:(?!(?:\\\/|^)\\.).)*?'
+
+// characters that need to be escaped in RegExp.
+var reSpecials = charSet('().*{}+?[]^$\\!')
+
+// "abc" -> { a:true, b:true, c:true }
+function charSet (s) {
+  return s.split('').reduce(function (set, c) {
+    set[c] = true
+    return set
+  }, {})
+}
+
+// normalizes slashes.
+var slashSplit = /\/+/
+
+minimatch.filter = filter
+function filter (pattern, options) {
+  options = options || {}
+  return function (p, i, list) {
+    return minimatch(p, pattern, options)
+  }
+}
+
+function ext (a, b) {
+  a = a || {}
+  b = b || {}
+  var t = {}
+  Object.keys(b).forEach(function (k) {
+    t[k] = b[k]
+  })
+  Object.keys(a).forEach(function (k) {
+    t[k] = a[k]
+  })
+  return t
+}
+
+minimatch.defaults = function (def) {
+  if (!def || !Object.keys(def).length) return minimatch
+
+  var orig = minimatch
+
+  var m = function minimatch (p, pattern, options) {
+    return orig.minimatch(p, pattern, ext(def, options))
+  }
+
+  m.Minimatch = function Minimatch (pattern, options) {
+    return new orig.Minimatch(pattern, ext(def, options))
+  }
+
+  return m
+}
+
+Minimatch.defaults = function (def) {
+  if (!def || !Object.keys(def).length) return Minimatch
+  return minimatch.defaults(def).Minimatch
+}
+
+function minimatch (p, pattern, options) {
+  if (typeof pattern !== 'string') {
+    throw new TypeError('glob pattern string required')
+  }
+
+  if (!options) options = {}
+
+  // shortcut: comments match nothing.
+  if (!options.nocomment && pattern.charAt(0) === '#') {
+    return false
+  }
+
+  // "" only matches ""
+  if (pattern.trim() === '') return p === ''
+
+  return new Minimatch(pattern, options).match(p)
+}
+
+function Minimatch (pattern, options) {
+  if (!(this instanceof Minimatch)) {
+    return new Minimatch(pattern, options)
+  }
+
+  if (typeof pattern !== 'string') {
+    throw new TypeError('glob pattern string required')
+  }
+
+  if (!options) options = {}
+  pattern = pattern.trim()
+
+  // windows support: need to use /, not \
+  if (path.sep !== '/') {
+    pattern = pattern.split(path.sep).join('/')
+  }
+
+  this.options = options
+  this.set = []
+  this.pattern = pattern
+  this.regexp = null
+  this.negate = false
+  this.comment = false
+  this.empty = false
+
+  // make the set of regexps etc.
+  this.make()
+}
+
+Minimatch.prototype.debug = function () {}
+
+Minimatch.prototype.make = make
+function make () {
+  // don't do it more than once.
+  if (this._made) return
+
+  var pattern = this.pattern
+  var options = this.options
+
+  // empty patterns and comments match nothing.
+  if (!options.nocomment && pattern.charAt(0) === '#') {
+    this.comment = true
+    return
+  }
+  if (!pattern) {
+    this.empty = true
+    return
+  }
+
+  // step 1: figure out negation, etc.
+  this.parseNegate()
+
+  // step 2: expand braces
+  var set = this.globSet = this.braceExpand()
+
+  if (options.debug) this.debug = console.error
+
+  this.debug(this.pattern, set)
+
+  // step 3: now we have a set, so turn each one into a series of path-portion
+  // matching patterns.
+  // These will be regexps, except in the case of "**", which is
+  // set to the GLOBSTAR object for globstar behavior,
+  // and will not contain any / characters
+  set = this.globParts = set.map(function (s) {
+    return s.split(slashSplit)
+  })
+
+  this.debug(this.pattern, set)
+
+  // glob --> regexps
+  set = set.map(function (s, si, set) {
+    return s.map(this.parse, this)
+  }, this)
+
+  this.debug(this.pattern, set)
+
+  // filter out everything that didn't compile properly.
+  set = set.filter(function (s) {
+    return s.indexOf(false) === -1
+  })
+
+  this.debug(this.pattern, set)
+
+  this.set = set
+}
+
+Minimatch.prototype.parseNegate = parseNegate
+function parseNegate () {
+  var pattern = this.pattern
+  var negate = false
+  var options = this.options
+  var negateOffset = 0
+
+  if (options.nonegate) return
+
+  for (var i = 0, l = pattern.length
+    ; i < l && pattern.charAt(i) === '!'
+    ; i++) {
+    negate = !negate
+    negateOffset++
+  }
+
+  if (negateOffset) this.pattern = pattern.substr(negateOffset)
+  this.negate = negate
+}
+
+// Brace expansion:
+// a{b,c}d -> abd acd
+// a{b,}c -> abc ac
+// a{0..3}d -> a0d a1d a2d a3d
+// a{b,c{d,e}f}g -> abg acdfg acefg
+// a{b,c}d{e,f}g -> abdeg acdeg abdeg abdfg
+//
+// Invalid sets are not expanded.
+// a{2..}b -> a{2..}b
+// a{b}c -> a{b}c
+minimatch.braceExpand = function (pattern, options) {
+  return braceExpand(pattern, options)
+}
+
+Minimatch.prototype.braceExpand = braceExpand
+
+function braceExpand (pattern, options) {
+  if (!options) {
+    if (this instanceof Minimatch) {
+      options = this.options
+    } else {
+      options = {}
+    }
+  }
+
+  pattern = typeof pattern === 'undefined'
+    ? this.pattern : pattern
+
+  if (typeof pattern === 'undefined') {
+    throw new TypeError('undefined pattern')
+  }
+
+  if (options.nobrace ||
+    !pattern.match(/\{.*\}/)) {
+    // shortcut. no need to expand.
+    return [pattern]
+  }
+
+  return expand(pattern)
+}
+
+// parse a component of the expanded set.
+// At this point, no pattern may contain "/" in it
+// so we're going to return a 2d array, where each entry is the full
+// pattern, split on '/', and then turned into a regular expression.
+// A regexp is made at the end which joins each array with an
+// escaped /, and another full one which joins each regexp with |.
+//
+// Following the lead of Bash 4.1, note that "**" only has special meaning
+// when it is the *only* thing in a path portion.  Otherwise, any series
+// of * is equivalent to a single *.  Globstar behavior is enabled by
+// default, and can be disabled by setting options.noglobstar.
+Minimatch.prototype.parse = parse
+var SUBPARSE = {}
+function parse (pattern, isSub) {
+  if (pattern.length > 1024 * 64) {
+    throw new TypeError('pattern is too long')
+  }
+
+  var options = this.options
+
+  // shortcuts
+  if (!options.noglobstar && pattern === '**') return GLOBSTAR
+  if (pattern === '') return ''
+
+  var re = ''
+  var hasMagic = !!options.nocase
+  var escaping = false
+  // ? => one single character
+  var patternListStack = []
+  var negativeLists = []
+  var stateChar
+  var inClass = false
+  var reClassStart = -1
+  var classStart = -1
+  // . and .. never match anything that doesn't start with .,
+  // even when options.dot is set.
+  var patternStart = pattern.charAt(0) === '.' ? '' // anything
+  // not (start or / followed by . or .. followed by / or end)
+  : options.dot ? '(?!(?:^|\\\/)\\.{1,2}(?:$|\\\/))'
+  : '(?!\\.)'
+  var self = this
+
+  function clearStateChar () {
+    if (stateChar) {
+      // we had some state-tracking character
+      // that wasn't consumed by this pass.
+      switch (stateChar) {
+        case '*':
+          re += star
+          hasMagic = true
+        break
+        case '?':
+          re += qmark
+          hasMagic = true
+        break
+        default:
+          re += '\\' + stateChar
+        break
+      }
+      self.debug('clearStateChar %j %j', stateChar, re)
+      stateChar = false
+    }
+  }
+
+  for (var i = 0, len = pattern.length, c
+    ; (i < len) && (c = pattern.charAt(i))
+    ; i++) {
+    this.debug('%s\t%s %s %j', pattern, i, re, c)
+
+    // skip over any that are escaped.
+    if (escaping && reSpecials[c]) {
+      re += '\\' + c
+      escaping = false
+      continue
+    }
+
+    switch (c) {
+      case '/':
+        // completely not allowed, even escaped.
+        // Should already be path-split by now.
+        return false
+
+      case '\\':
+        clearStateChar()
+        escaping = true
+      continue
+
+      // the various stateChar values
+      // for the "extglob" stuff.
+      case '?':
+      case '*':
+      case '+':
+      case '@':
+      case '!':
+        this.debug('%s\t%s %s %j <-- stateChar', pattern, i, re, c)
+
+        // all of those are literals inside a class, except that
+        // the glob [!a] means [^a] in regexp
+        if (inClass) {
+          this.debug('  in class')
+          if (c === '!' && i === classStart + 1) c = '^'
+          re += c
+          continue
+        }
+
+        // if we already have a stateChar, then it means
+        // that there was something like ** or +? in there.
+        // Handle the stateChar, then proceed with this one.
+        self.debug('call clearStateChar %j', stateChar)
+        clearStateChar()
+        stateChar = c
+        // if extglob is disabled, then +(asdf|foo) isn't a thing.
+        // just clear the statechar *now*, rather than even diving into
+        // the patternList stuff.
+        if (options.noext) clearStateChar()
+      continue
+
+      case '(':
+        if (inClass) {
+          re += '('
+          continue
+        }
+
+        if (!stateChar) {
+          re += '\\('
+          continue
+        }
+
+        patternListStack.push({
+          type: stateChar,
+          start: i - 1,
+          reStart: re.length,
+          open: plTypes[stateChar].open,
+          close: plTypes[stateChar].close
+        })
+        // negation is (?:(?!js)[^/]*)
+        re += stateChar === '!' ? '(?:(?!(?:' : '(?:'
+        this.debug('plType %j %j', stateChar, re)
+        stateChar = false
+      continue
+
+      case ')':
+        if (inClass || !patternListStack.length) {
+          re += '\\)'
+          continue
+        }
+
+        clearStateChar()
+        hasMagic = true
+        var pl = patternListStack.pop()
+        // negation is (?:(?!js)[^/]*)
+        // The others are (?:<pattern>)<type>
+        re += pl.close
+        if (pl.type === '!') {
+          negativeLists.push(pl)
+        }
+        pl.reEnd = re.length
+      continue
+
+      case '|':
+        if (inClass || !patternListStack.length || escaping) {
+          re += '\\|'
+          escaping = false
+          continue
+        }
+
+        clearStateChar()
+        re += '|'
+      continue
+
+      // these are mostly the same in regexp and glob
+      case '[':
+        // swallow any state-tracking char before the [
+        clearStateChar()
+
+        if (inClass) {
+          re += '\\' + c
+          continue
+        }
+
+        inClass = true
+        classStart = i
+        reClassStart = re.length
+        re += c
+      continue
+
+      case ']':
+        //  a right bracket shall lose its special
+        //  meaning and represent itself in
+        //  a bracket expression if it occurs
+        //  first in the list.  -- POSIX.2 2.8.3.2
+        if (i === classStart + 1 || !inClass) {
+          re += '\\' + c
+          escaping = false
+          continue
+        }
+
+        // handle the case where we left a class open.
+        // "[z-a]" is valid, equivalent to "\[z-a\]"
+        if (inClass) {
+          // split where the last [ was, make sure we don't have
+          // an invalid re. if so, re-walk the contents of the
+          // would-be class to re-translate any characters that
+          // were passed through as-is
+          // TODO: It would probably be faster to determine this
+          // without a try/catch and a new RegExp, but it's tricky
+          // to do safely.  For now, this is safe and works.
+          var cs = pattern.substring(classStart + 1, i)
+          try {
+            RegExp('[' + cs + ']')
+          } catch (er) {
+            // not a valid class!
+            var sp = this.parse(cs, SUBPARSE)
+            re = re.substr(0, reClassStart) + '\\[' + sp[0] + '\\]'
+            hasMagic = hasMagic || sp[1]
+            inClass = false
+            continue
+          }
+        }
+
+        // finish up the class.
+        hasMagic = true
+        inClass = false
+        re += c
+      continue
+
+      default:
+        // swallow any state char that wasn't consumed
+        clearStateChar()
+
+        if (escaping) {
+          // no need
+          escaping = false
+        } else if (reSpecials[c]
+          && !(c === '^' && inClass)) {
+          re += '\\'
+        }
+
+        re += c
+
+    } // switch
+  } // for
+
+  // handle the case where we left a class open.
+  // "[abc" is valid, equivalent to "\[abc"
+  if (inClass) {
+    // split where the last [ was, and escape it
+    // this is a huge pita.  We now have to re-walk
+    // the contents of the would-be class to re-translate
+    // any characters that were passed through as-is
+    cs = pattern.substr(classStart + 1)
+    sp = this.parse(cs, SUBPARSE)
+    re = re.substr(0, reClassStart) + '\\[' + sp[0]
+    hasMagic = hasMagic || sp[1]
+  }
+
+  // handle the case where we had a +( thing at the *end*
+  // of the pattern.
+  // each pattern list stack adds 3 chars, and we need to go through
+  // and escape any | chars that were passed through as-is for the regexp.
+  // Go through and escape them, taking care not to double-escape any
+  // | chars that were already escaped.
+  for (pl = patternListStack.pop(); pl; pl = patternListStack.pop()) {
+    var tail = re.slice(pl.reStart + pl.open.length)
+    this.debug('setting tail', re, pl)
+    // maybe some even number of \, then maybe 1 \, followed by a |
+    tail = tail.replace(/((?:\\{2}){0,64})(\\?)\|/g, function (_, $1, $2) {
+      if (!$2) {
+        // the | isn't already escaped, so escape it.
+        $2 = '\\'
+      }
+
+      // need to escape all those slashes *again*, without escaping the
+      // one that we need for escaping the | character.  As it works out,
+      // escaping an even number of slashes can be done by simply repeating
+      // it exactly after itself.  That's why this trick works.
+      //
+      // I am sorry that you have to see this.
+      return $1 + $1 + $2 + '|'
+    })
+
+    this.debug('tail=%j\n   %s', tail, tail, pl, re)
+    var t = pl.type === '*' ? star
+      : pl.type === '?' ? qmark
+      : '\\' + pl.type
+
+    hasMagic = true
+    re = re.slice(0, pl.reStart) + t + '\\(' + tail
+  }
+
+  // handle trailing things that only matter at the very end.
+  clearStateChar()
+  if (escaping) {
+    // trailing \\
+    re += '\\\\'
+  }
+
+  // only need to apply the nodot start if the re starts with
+  // something that could conceivably capture a dot
+  var addPatternStart = false
+  switch (re.charAt(0)) {
+    case '.':
+    case '[':
+    case '(': addPatternStart = true
+  }
+
+  // Hack to work around lack of negative lookbehind in JS
+  // A pattern like: *.!(x).!(y|z) needs to ensure that a name
+  // like 'a.xyz.yz' doesn't match.  So, the first negative
+  // lookahead, has to look ALL the way ahead, to the end of
+  // the pattern.
+  for (var n = negativeLists.length - 1; n > -1; n--) {
+    var nl = negativeLists[n]
+
+    var nlBefore = re.slice(0, nl.reStart)
+    var nlFirst = re.slice(nl.reStart, nl.reEnd - 8)
+    var nlLast = re.slice(nl.reEnd - 8, nl.reEnd)
+    var nlAfter = re.slice(nl.reEnd)
+
+    nlLast += nlAfter
+
+    // Handle nested stuff like *(*.js|!(*.json)), where open parens
+    // mean that we should *not* include the ) in the bit that is considered
+    // "after" the negated section.
+    var openParensBefore = nlBefore.split('(').length - 1
+    var cleanAfter = nlAfter
+    for (i = 0; i < openParensBefore; i++) {
+      cleanAfter = cleanAfter.replace(/\)[+*?]?/, '')
+    }
+    nlAfter = cleanAfter
+
+    var dollar = ''
+    if (nlAfter === '' && isSub !== SUBPARSE) {
+      dollar = '$'
+    }
+    var newRe = nlBefore + nlFirst + nlAfter + dollar + nlLast
+    re = newRe
+  }
+
+  // if the re is not "" at this point, then we need to make sure
+  // it doesn't match against an empty path part.
+  // Otherwise a/* will match a/, which it should not.
+  if (re !== '' && hasMagic) {
+    re = '(?=.)' + re
+  }
+
+  if (addPatternStart) {
+    re = patternStart + re
+  }
+
+  // parsing just a piece of a larger pattern.
+  if (isSub === SUBPARSE) {
+    return [re, hasMagic]
+  }
+
+  // skip the regexp for non-magical patterns
+  // unescape anything in it, though, so that it'll be
+  // an exact match against a file etc.
+  if (!hasMagic) {
+    return globUnescape(pattern)
+  }
+
+  var flags = options.nocase ? 'i' : ''
+  try {
+    var regExp = new RegExp('^' + re + '$', flags)
+  } catch (er) {
+    // If it was an invalid regular expression, then it can't match
+    // anything.  This trick looks for a character after the end of
+    // the string, which is of course impossible, except in multi-line
+    // mode, but it's not a /m regex.
+    return new RegExp('$.')
+  }
+
+  regExp._glob = pattern
+  regExp._src = re
+
+  return regExp
+}
+
+minimatch.makeRe = function (pattern, options) {
+  return new Minimatch(pattern, options || {}).makeRe()
+}
+
+Minimatch.prototype.makeRe = makeRe
+function makeRe () {
+  if (this.regexp || this.regexp === false) return this.regexp
+
+  // at this point, this.set is a 2d array of partial
+  // pattern strings, or "**".
+  //
+  // It's better to use .match().  This function shouldn't
+  // be used, really, but it's pretty convenient sometimes,
+  // when you just want to work with a regex.
+  var set = this.set
+
+  if (!set.length) {
+    this.regexp = false
+    return this.regexp
+  }
+  var options = this.options
+
+  var twoStar = options.noglobstar ? star
+    : options.dot ? twoStarDot
+    : twoStarNoDot
+  var flags = options.nocase ? 'i' : ''
+
+  var re = set.map(function (pattern) {
+    return pattern.map(function (p) {
+      return (p === GLOBSTAR) ? twoStar
+      : (typeof p === 'string') ? regExpEscape(p)
+      : p._src
+    }).join('\\\/')
+  }).join('|')
+
+  // must match entire pattern
+  // ending in a * or ** will make it less strict.
+  re = '^(?:' + re + ')$'
+
+  // can match anything, as long as it's not this.
+  if (this.negate) re = '^(?!' + re + ').*$'
+
+  try {
+    this.regexp = new RegExp(re, flags)
+  } catch (ex) {
+    this.regexp = false
+  }
+  return this.regexp
+}
+
+minimatch.match = function (list, pattern, options) {
+  options = options || {}
+  var mm = new Minimatch(pattern, options)
+  list = list.filter(function (f) {
+    return mm.match(f)
+  })
+  if (mm.options.nonull && !list.length) {
+    list.push(pattern)
+  }
+  return list
+}
+
+Minimatch.prototype.match = match
+function match (f, partial) {
+  this.debug('match', f, this.pattern)
+  // short-circuit in the case of busted things.
+  // comments, etc.
+  if (this.comment) return false
+  if (this.empty) return f === ''
+
+  if (f === '/' && partial) return true
+
+  var options = this.options
+
+  // windows: need to use /, not \
+  if (path.sep !== '/') {
+    f = f.split(path.sep).join('/')
+  }
+
+  // treat the test path as a set of pathparts.
+  f = f.split(slashSplit)
+  this.debug(this.pattern, 'split', f)
+
+  // just ONE of the pattern sets in this.set needs to match
+  // in order for it to be valid.  If negating, then just one
+  // match means that we have failed.
+  // Either way, return on the first hit.
+
+  var set = this.set
+  this.debug(this.pattern, 'set', set)
+
+  // Find the basename of the path by looking for the last non-empty segment
+  var filename
+  var i
+  for (i = f.length - 1; i >= 0; i--) {
+    filename = f[i]
+    if (filename) break
+  }
+
+  for (i = 0; i < set.length; i++) {
+    var pattern = set[i]
+    var file = f
+    if (options.matchBase && pattern.length === 1) {
+      file = [filename]
+    }
+    var hit = this.matchOne(file, pattern, partial)
+    if (hit) {
+      if (options.flipNegate) return true
+      return !this.negate
+    }
+  }
+
+  // didn't get any hits.  this is success if it's a negative
+  // pattern, failure otherwise.
+  if (options.flipNegate) return false
+  return this.negate
+}
+
+// set partial to true to test if, for example,
+// "/a/b" matches the start of "/*/b/*/d"
+// Partial means, if you run out of file before you run
+// out of pattern, then that's fine, as long as all
+// the parts match.
+Minimatch.prototype.matchOne = function (file, pattern, partial) {
+  var options = this.options
+
+  this.debug('matchOne',
+    { 'this': this, file: file, pattern: pattern })
+
+  this.debug('matchOne', file.length, pattern.length)
+
+  for (var fi = 0,
+      pi = 0,
+      fl = file.length,
+      pl = pattern.length
+      ; (fi < fl) && (pi < pl)
+      ; fi++, pi++) {
+    this.debug('matchOne loop')
+    var p = pattern[pi]
+    var f = file[fi]
+
+    this.debug(pattern, p, f)
+
+    // should be impossible.
+    // some invalid regexp stuff in the set.
+    if (p === false) return false
+
+    if (p === GLOBSTAR) {
+      this.debug('GLOBSTAR', [pattern, p, f])
+
+      // "**"
+      // a/**/b/**/c would match the following:
+      // a/b/x/y/z/c
+      // a/x/y/z/b/c
+      // a/b/x/b/x/c
+      // a/b/c
+      // To do this, take the rest of the pattern after
+      // the **, and see if it would match the file remainder.
+      // If so, return success.
+      // If not, the ** "swallows" a segment, and try again.
+      // This is recursively awful.
+      //
+      // a/**/b/**/c matching a/b/x/y/z/c
+      // - a matches a
+      // - doublestar
+      //   - matchOne(b/x/y/z/c, b/**/c)
+      //     - b matches b
+      //     - doublestar
+      //       - matchOne(x/y/z/c, c) -> no
+      //       - matchOne(y/z/c, c) -> no
+      //       - matchOne(z/c, c) -> no
+      //       - matchOne(c, c) yes, hit
+      var fr = fi
+      var pr = pi + 1
+      if (pr === pl) {
+        this.debug('** at the end')
+        // a ** at the end will just swallow the rest.
+        // We have found a match.
+        // however, it will not swallow /.x, unless
+        // options.dot is set.
+        // . and .. are *never* matched by **, for explosively
+        // exponential reasons.
+        for (; fi < fl; fi++) {
+          if (file[fi] === '.' || file[fi] === '..' ||
+            (!options.dot && file[fi].charAt(0) === '.')) return false
+        }
+        return true
+      }
+
+      // ok, let's see if we can swallow whatever we can.
+      while (fr < fl) {
+        var swallowee = file[fr]
+
+        this.debug('\nglobstar while', file, fr, pattern, pr, swallowee)
+
+        // XXX remove this slice.  Just pass the start index.
+        if (this.matchOne(file.slice(fr), pattern.slice(pr), partial)) {
+          this.debug('globstar found match!', fr, fl, swallowee)
+          // found a match.
+          return true
+        } else {
+          // can't swallow "." or ".." ever.
+          // can only swallow ".foo" when explicitly asked.
+          if (swallowee === '.' || swallowee === '..' ||
+            (!options.dot && swallowee.charAt(0) === '.')) {
+            this.debug('dot detected!', file, fr, pattern, pr)
+            break
+          }
+
+          // ** swallows a segment, and continue.
+          this.debug('globstar swallow a segment, and continue')
+          fr++
+        }
+      }
+
+      // no match was found.
+      // However, in partial mode, we can't say this is necessarily over.
+      // If there's more *pattern* left, then
+      if (partial) {
+        // ran out of file
+        this.debug('\n>>> no match, partial?', file, fr, pattern, pr)
+        if (fr === fl) return true
+      }
+      return false
+    }
+
+    // something other than **
+    // non-magic patterns just have to match exactly
+    // patterns with magic have been turned into regexps.
+    var hit
+    if (typeof p === 'string') {
+      if (options.nocase) {
+        hit = f.toLowerCase() === p.toLowerCase()
+      } else {
+        hit = f === p
+      }
+      this.debug('string match', p, f, hit)
+    } else {
+      hit = f.match(p)
+      this.debug('pattern match', p, f, hit)
+    }
+
+    if (!hit) return false
+  }
+
+  // Note: ending in / means that we'll get a final ""
+  // at the end of the pattern.  This can only match a
+  // corresponding "" at the end of the file.
+  // If the file ends in /, then it can only match a
+  // a pattern that ends in /, unless the pattern just
+  // doesn't have any more for it. But, a/b/ should *not*
+  // match "a/b/*", even though "" matches against the
+  // [^/]*? pattern, except in partial mode, where it might
+  // simply not be reached yet.
+  // However, a/b/ should still satisfy a/*
+
+  // now either we fell off the end of the pattern, or we're done.
+  if (fi === fl && pi === pl) {
+    // ran out of pattern and filename at the same time.
+    // an exact hit!
+    return true
+  } else if (fi === fl) {
+    // ran out of file, but still had pattern left.
+    // this is ok if we're doing the match as part of
+    // a glob fs traversal.
+    return partial
+  } else if (pi === pl) {
+    // ran out of pattern, still have file left.
+    // this is only acceptable if we're on the very last
+    // empty segment of a file with a trailing slash.
+    // a/* should match a/b/
+    var emptyFileEnd = (fi === fl - 1) && (file[fi] === '')
+    return emptyFileEnd
+  }
+
+  // should be unreachable.
+  throw new Error('wtf?')
+}
+
+// replace stuff like \* with *
+function globUnescape (s) {
+  return s.replace(/\\(.)/g, '$1')
+}
+
+function regExpEscape (s) {
+  return s.replace(/[-[\]{}()*+?.,\\^$|#\s]/g, '\\$&')
+}
+
+},{"brace-expansion":11,"path":22}],21:[function(require,module,exports){
+var wrappy = require('wrappy')
+module.exports = wrappy(once)
+module.exports.strict = wrappy(onceStrict)
+
+once.proto = once(function () {
+  Object.defineProperty(Function.prototype, 'once', {
+    value: function () {
+      return once(this)
+    },
+    configurable: true
+  })
+
+  Object.defineProperty(Function.prototype, 'onceStrict', {
+    value: function () {
+      return onceStrict(this)
+    },
+    configurable: true
+  })
+})
+
+function once (fn) {
+  var f = function () {
+    if (f.called) return f.value
+    f.called = true
+    return f.value = fn.apply(this, arguments)
+  }
+  f.called = false
+  return f
+}
+
+function onceStrict (fn) {
+  var f = function () {
+    if (f.called)
+      throw new Error(f.onceError)
+    f.called = true
+    return f.value = fn.apply(this, arguments)
+  }
+  var name = fn.name || 'Function wrapped with `once`'
+  f.onceError = name + " shouldn't be called more than once"
+  f.called = false
+  return f
+}
+
+},{"wrappy":29}],22:[function(require,module,exports){
+(function (process){
+// Copyright Joyent, Inc. and other Node contributors.
+//
+// Permission is hereby granted, free of charge, to any person obtaining a
+// copy of this software and associated documentation files (the
+// "Software"), to deal in the Software without restriction, including
+// without limitation the rights to use, copy, modify, merge, publish,
+// distribute, sublicense, and/or sell copies of the Software, and to permit
+// persons to whom the Software is furnished to do so, subject to the
+// following conditions:
+//
+// The above copyright notice and this permission notice shall be included
+// in all copies or substantial portions of the Software.
+//
+// THE SOFTWARE IS PROVIDED "AS IS", WITHOUT WARRANTY OF ANY KIND, EXPRESS
+// OR IMPLIED, INCLUDING BUT NOT LIMITED TO THE WARRANTIES OF
+// MERCHANTABILITY, FITNESS FOR A PARTICULAR PURPOSE AND NONINFRINGEMENT. IN
+// NO EVENT SHALL THE AUTHORS OR COPYRIGHT HOLDERS BE LIABLE FOR ANY CLAIM,
+// DAMAGES OR OTHER LIABILITY, WHETHER IN AN ACTION OF CONTRACT, TORT OR
+// OTHERWISE, ARISING FROM, OUT OF OR IN CONNECTION WITH THE SOFTWARE OR THE
+// USE OR OTHER DEALINGS IN THE SOFTWARE.
+
+// resolves . and .. elements in a path array with directory names there
+// must be no slashes, empty elements, or device names (c:\) in the array
+// (so also no leading and trailing slashes - it does not distinguish
+// relative and absolute paths)
+function normalizeArray(parts, allowAboveRoot) {
+  // if the path tries to go above the root, `up` ends up > 0
+  var up = 0;
+  for (var i = parts.length - 1; i >= 0; i--) {
+    var last = parts[i];
+    if (last === '.') {
+      parts.splice(i, 1);
+    } else if (last === '..') {
+      parts.splice(i, 1);
+      up++;
+    } else if (up) {
+      parts.splice(i, 1);
+      up--;
+    }
+  }
+
+  // if the path is allowed to go above the root, restore leading ..s
+  if (allowAboveRoot) {
+    for (; up--; up) {
+      parts.unshift('..');
+    }
+  }
+
+  return parts;
+}
+
+// Split a filename into [root, dir, basename, ext], unix version
+// 'root' is just a slash, or nothing.
+var splitPathRe =
+    /^(\/?|)([\s\S]*?)((?:\.{1,2}|[^\/]+?|)(\.[^.\/]*|))(?:[\/]*)$/;
+var splitPath = function(filename) {
+  return splitPathRe.exec(filename).slice(1);
+};
+
+// path.resolve([from ...], to)
+// posix version
+exports.resolve = function() {
+  var resolvedPath = '',
+      resolvedAbsolute = false;
+
+  for (var i = arguments.length - 1; i >= -1 && !resolvedAbsolute; i--) {
+    var path = (i >= 0) ? arguments[i] : process.cwd();
+
+    // Skip empty and invalid entries
+    if (typeof path !== 'string') {
+      throw new TypeError('Arguments to path.resolve must be strings');
+    } else if (!path) {
+      continue;
+    }
+
+    resolvedPath = path + '/' + resolvedPath;
+    resolvedAbsolute = path.charAt(0) === '/';
+  }
+
+  // At this point the path should be resolved to a full absolute path, but
+  // handle relative paths to be safe (might happen when process.cwd() fails)
+
+  // Normalize the path
+  resolvedPath = normalizeArray(filter(resolvedPath.split('/'), function(p) {
+    return !!p;
+  }), !resolvedAbsolute).join('/');
+
+  return ((resolvedAbsolute ? '/' : '') + resolvedPath) || '.';
+};
+
+// path.normalize(path)
+// posix version
+exports.normalize = function(path) {
+  var isAbsolute = exports.isAbsolute(path),
+      trailingSlash = substr(path, -1) === '/';
+
+  // Normalize the path
+  path = normalizeArray(filter(path.split('/'), function(p) {
+    return !!p;
+  }), !isAbsolute).join('/');
+
+  if (!path && !isAbsolute) {
+    path = '.';
+  }
+  if (path && trailingSlash) {
+    path += '/';
+  }
+
+  return (isAbsolute ? '/' : '') + path;
+};
+
+// posix version
+exports.isAbsolute = function(path) {
+  return path.charAt(0) === '/';
+};
+
+// posix version
+exports.join = function() {
+  var paths = Array.prototype.slice.call(arguments, 0);
+  return exports.normalize(filter(paths, function(p, index) {
+    if (typeof p !== 'string') {
+      throw new TypeError('Arguments to path.join must be strings');
+    }
+    return p;
+  }).join('/'));
+};
+
+
+// path.relative(from, to)
+// posix version
+exports.relative = function(from, to) {
+  from = exports.resolve(from).substr(1);
+  to = exports.resolve(to).substr(1);
+
+  function trim(arr) {
+    var start = 0;
+    for (; start < arr.length; start++) {
+      if (arr[start] !== '') break;
+    }
+
+    var end = arr.length - 1;
+    for (; end >= 0; end--) {
+      if (arr[end] !== '') break;
+    }
+
+    if (start > end) return [];
+    return arr.slice(start, end - start + 1);
+  }
+
+  var fromParts = trim(from.split('/'));
+  var toParts = trim(to.split('/'));
+
+  var length = Math.min(fromParts.length, toParts.length);
+  var samePartsLength = length;
+  for (var i = 0; i < length; i++) {
+    if (fromParts[i] !== toParts[i]) {
+      samePartsLength = i;
+      break;
+    }
+  }
+
+  var outputParts = [];
+  for (var i = samePartsLength; i < fromParts.length; i++) {
+    outputParts.push('..');
+  }
+
+  outputParts = outputParts.concat(toParts.slice(samePartsLength));
+
+  return outputParts.join('/');
+};
+
+exports.sep = '/';
+exports.delimiter = ':';
+
+exports.dirname = function(path) {
+  var result = splitPath(path),
+      root = result[0],
+      dir = result[1];
+
+  if (!root && !dir) {
+    // No dirname whatsoever
+    return '.';
+  }
+
+  if (dir) {
+    // It has a dirname, strip trailing slash
+    dir = dir.substr(0, dir.length - 1);
+  }
+
+  return root + dir;
+};
+
+
+exports.basename = function(path, ext) {
+  var f = splitPath(path)[2];
+  // TODO: make this comparison case-insensitive on windows?
+  if (ext && f.substr(-1 * ext.length) === ext) {
+    f = f.substr(0, f.length - ext.length);
+  }
+  return f;
+};
+
+
+exports.extname = function(path) {
+  return splitPath(path)[3];
+};
+
+function filter (xs, f) {
+    if (xs.filter) return xs.filter(f);
+    var res = [];
+    for (var i = 0; i < xs.length; i++) {
+        if (f(xs[i], i, xs)) res.push(xs[i]);
+    }
+    return res;
+}
+
+// String.prototype.substr - negative index don't work in IE8
+var substr = 'ab'.substr(-1) === 'b'
+    ? function (str, start, len) { return str.substr(start, len) }
+    : function (str, start, len) {
+        if (start < 0) start = str.length + start;
+        return str.substr(start, len);
+    }
+;
+
+}).call(this,require('_process'))
+},{"_process":24}],23:[function(require,module,exports){
+(function (process){
+'use strict';
+
+function posix(path) {
+	return path.charAt(0) === '/';
+}
+
+function win32(path) {
+	// https://github.com/nodejs/node/blob/b3fcc245fb25539909ef1d5eaa01dbf92e168633/lib/path.js#L56
+	var splitDeviceRe = /^([a-zA-Z]:|[\\\/]{2}[^\\\/]+[\\\/]+[^\\\/]+)?([\\\/])?([\s\S]*?)$/;
+	var result = splitDeviceRe.exec(path);
+	var device = result[1] || '';
+	var isUnc = Boolean(device && device.charAt(1) !== ':');
+
+	// UNC paths are always absolute
+	return Boolean(result[2] || isUnc);
+}
+
+module.exports = process.platform === 'win32' ? win32 : posix;
+module.exports.posix = posix;
+module.exports.win32 = win32;
+
+}).call(this,require('_process'))
+},{"_process":24}],24:[function(require,module,exports){
+// shim for using process in browser
+var process = module.exports = {};
+
+// cached from whatever global is present so that test runners that stub it
+// don't break things.  But we need to wrap it in a try catch in case it is
+// wrapped in strict mode code which doesn't define any globals.  It's inside a
+// function because try/catches deoptimize in certain engines.
+
+var cachedSetTimeout;
+var cachedClearTimeout;
+
+function defaultSetTimout() {
+    throw new Error('setTimeout has not been defined');
+}
+function defaultClearTimeout () {
+    throw new Error('clearTimeout has not been defined');
+}
+(function () {
+    try {
+        if (typeof setTimeout === 'function') {
+            cachedSetTimeout = setTimeout;
+        } else {
+            cachedSetTimeout = defaultSetTimout;
+        }
+    } catch (e) {
+        cachedSetTimeout = defaultSetTimout;
+    }
+    try {
+        if (typeof clearTimeout === 'function') {
+            cachedClearTimeout = clearTimeout;
+        } else {
+            cachedClearTimeout = defaultClearTimeout;
+        }
+    } catch (e) {
+        cachedClearTimeout = defaultClearTimeout;
+    }
+} ())
+function runTimeout(fun) {
+    if (cachedSetTimeout === setTimeout) {
+        //normal enviroments in sane situations
+        return setTimeout(fun, 0);
+    }
+    // if setTimeout wasn't available but was latter defined
+    if ((cachedSetTimeout === defaultSetTimout || !cachedSetTimeout) && setTimeout) {
+        cachedSetTimeout = setTimeout;
+        return setTimeout(fun, 0);
+    }
+    try {
+        // when when somebody has screwed with setTimeout but no I.E. maddness
+        return cachedSetTimeout(fun, 0);
+    } catch(e){
+        try {
+            // When we are in I.E. but the script has been evaled so I.E. doesn't trust the global object when called normally
+            return cachedSetTimeout.call(null, fun, 0);
+        } catch(e){
+            // same as above but when it's a version of I.E. that must have the global object for 'this', hopfully our context correct otherwise it will throw a global error
+            return cachedSetTimeout.call(this, fun, 0);
+        }
+    }
+
+
+}
+function runClearTimeout(marker) {
+    if (cachedClearTimeout === clearTimeout) {
+        //normal enviroments in sane situations
+        return clearTimeout(marker);
+    }
+    // if clearTimeout wasn't available but was latter defined
+    if ((cachedClearTimeout === defaultClearTimeout || !cachedClearTimeout) && clearTimeout) {
+        cachedClearTimeout = clearTimeout;
+        return clearTimeout(marker);
+    }
+    try {
+        // when when somebody has screwed with setTimeout but no I.E. maddness
+        return cachedClearTimeout(marker);
+    } catch (e){
+        try {
+            // When we are in I.E. but the script has been evaled so I.E. doesn't  trust the global object when called normally
+            return cachedClearTimeout.call(null, marker);
+        } catch (e){
+            // same as above but when it's a version of I.E. that must have the global object for 'this', hopfully our context correct otherwise it will throw a global error.
+            // Some versions of I.E. have different rules for clearTimeout vs setTimeout
+            return cachedClearTimeout.call(this, marker);
+        }
+    }
+
+
+
+}
+var queue = [];
+var draining = false;
+var currentQueue;
+var queueIndex = -1;
+
+function cleanUpNextTick() {
+    if (!draining || !currentQueue) {
+        return;
+    }
+    draining = false;
+    if (currentQueue.length) {
+        queue = currentQueue.concat(queue);
+    } else {
+        queueIndex = -1;
+    }
+    if (queue.length) {
+        drainQueue();
+    }
+}
+
+function drainQueue() {
+    if (draining) {
+        return;
+    }
+    var timeout = runTimeout(cleanUpNextTick);
+    draining = true;
+
+    var len = queue.length;
+    while(len) {
+        currentQueue = queue;
+        queue = [];
+        while (++queueIndex < len) {
+            if (currentQueue) {
+                currentQueue[queueIndex].run();
+            }
+        }
+        queueIndex = -1;
+        len = queue.length;
+    }
+    currentQueue = null;
+    draining = false;
+    runClearTimeout(timeout);
+}
+
+process.nextTick = function (fun) {
+    var args = new Array(arguments.length - 1);
+    if (arguments.length > 1) {
+        for (var i = 1; i < arguments.length; i++) {
+            args[i - 1] = arguments[i];
+        }
+    }
+    queue.push(new Item(fun, args));
+    if (queue.length === 1 && !draining) {
+        runTimeout(drainQueue);
+    }
+};
+
+// v8 likes predictible objects
+function Item(fun, array) {
+    this.fun = fun;
+    this.array = array;
+}
+Item.prototype.run = function () {
+    this.fun.apply(null, this.array);
+};
+process.title = 'browser';
+process.browser = true;
+process.env = {};
+process.argv = [];
+process.version = ''; // empty string to avoid regexp issues
+process.versions = {};
+
+function noop() {}
+
+process.on = noop;
+process.addListener = noop;
+process.once = noop;
+process.off = noop;
+process.removeListener = noop;
+process.removeAllListeners = noop;
+process.emit = noop;
+process.prependListener = noop;
+process.prependOnceListener = noop;
+
+process.listeners = function (name) { return [] }
+
+process.binding = function (name) {
+    throw new Error('process.binding is not supported');
+};
+
+process.cwd = function () { return '/' };
+process.chdir = function (dir) {
+    throw new Error('process.chdir is not supported');
+};
+process.umask = function() { return 0; };
+
+},{}],25:[function(require,module,exports){
+//     Underscore.js 1.8.3
+//     http://underscorejs.org
+//     (c) 2009-2015 Jeremy Ashkenas, DocumentCloud and Investigative Reporters & Editors
+//     Underscore may be freely distributed under the MIT license.
+
+(function() {
+
+  // Baseline setup
+  // --------------
+
+  // Establish the root object, `window` in the browser, or `exports` on the server.
+  var root = this;
+
+  // Save the previous value of the `_` variable.
+  var previousUnderscore = root._;
+
+  // Save bytes in the minified (but not gzipped) version:
+  var ArrayProto = Array.prototype, ObjProto = Object.prototype, FuncProto = Function.prototype;
+
+  // Create quick reference variables for speed access to core prototypes.
+  var
+    push             = ArrayProto.push,
+    slice            = ArrayProto.slice,
+    toString         = ObjProto.toString,
+    hasOwnProperty   = ObjProto.hasOwnProperty;
+
+  // All **ECMAScript 5** native function implementations that we hope to use
+  // are declared here.
+  var
+    nativeIsArray      = Array.isArray,
+    nativeKeys         = Object.keys,
+    nativeBind         = FuncProto.bind,
+    nativeCreate       = Object.create;
+
+  // Naked function reference for surrogate-prototype-swapping.
+  var Ctor = function(){};
+
+  // Create a safe reference to the Underscore object for use below.
+  var _ = function(obj) {
+    if (obj instanceof _) return obj;
+    if (!(this instanceof _)) return new _(obj);
+    this._wrapped = obj;
+  };
+
+  // Export the Underscore object for **Node.js**, with
+  // backwards-compatibility for the old `require()` API. If we're in
+  // the browser, add `_` as a global object.
+  if (typeof exports !== 'undefined') {
+    if (typeof module !== 'undefined' && module.exports) {
+      exports = module.exports = _;
+    }
+    exports._ = _;
+  } else {
+    root._ = _;
+  }
+
+  // Current version.
+  _.VERSION = '1.8.3';
+
+  // Internal function that returns an efficient (for current engines) version
+  // of the passed-in callback, to be repeatedly applied in other Underscore
+  // functions.
+  var optimizeCb = function(func, context, argCount) {
+    if (context === void 0) return func;
+    switch (argCount == null ? 3 : argCount) {
+      case 1: return function(value) {
+        return func.call(context, value);
+      };
+      case 2: return function(value, other) {
+        return func.call(context, value, other);
+      };
+      case 3: return function(value, index, collection) {
+        return func.call(context, value, index, collection);
+      };
+      case 4: return function(accumulator, value, index, collection) {
+        return func.call(context, accumulator, value, index, collection);
+      };
+    }
+    return function() {
+      return func.apply(context, arguments);
+    };
+  };
+
+  // A mostly-internal function to generate callbacks that can be applied
+  // to each element in a collection, returning the desired result — either
+  // identity, an arbitrary callback, a property matcher, or a property accessor.
+  var cb = function(value, context, argCount) {
+    if (value == null) return _.identity;
+    if (_.isFunction(value)) return optimizeCb(value, context, argCount);
+    if (_.isObject(value)) return _.matcher(value);
+    return _.property(value);
+  };
+  _.iteratee = function(value, context) {
+    return cb(value, context, Infinity);
+  };
+
+  // An internal function for creating assigner functions.
+  var createAssigner = function(keysFunc, undefinedOnly) {
+    return function(obj) {
+      var length = arguments.length;
+      if (length < 2 || obj == null) return obj;
+      for (var index = 1; index < length; index++) {
+        var source = arguments[index],
+            keys = keysFunc(source),
+            l = keys.length;
+        for (var i = 0; i < l; i++) {
+          var key = keys[i];
+          if (!undefinedOnly || obj[key] === void 0) obj[key] = source[key];
+        }
+      }
+      return obj;
+    };
+  };
+
+  // An internal function for creating a new object that inherits from another.
+  var baseCreate = function(prototype) {
+    if (!_.isObject(prototype)) return {};
+    if (nativeCreate) return nativeCreate(prototype);
+    Ctor.prototype = prototype;
+    var result = new Ctor;
+    Ctor.prototype = null;
+    return result;
+  };
+
+  var property = function(key) {
+    return function(obj) {
+      return obj == null ? void 0 : obj[key];
+    };
+  };
+
+  // Helper for collection methods to determine whether a collection
+  // should be iterated as an array or as an object
+  // Related: http://people.mozilla.org/~jorendorff/es6-draft.html#sec-tolength
+  // Avoids a very nasty iOS 8 JIT bug on ARM-64. #2094
+  var MAX_ARRAY_INDEX = Math.pow(2, 53) - 1;
+  var getLength = property('length');
+  var isArrayLike = function(collection) {
+    var length = getLength(collection);
+    return typeof length == 'number' && length >= 0 && length <= MAX_ARRAY_INDEX;
+  };
+
+  // Collection Functions
+  // --------------------
+
+  // The cornerstone, an `each` implementation, aka `forEach`.
+  // Handles raw objects in addition to array-likes. Treats all
+  // sparse array-likes as if they were dense.
+  _.each = _.forEach = function(obj, iteratee, context) {
+    iteratee = optimizeCb(iteratee, context);
+    var i, length;
+    if (isArrayLike(obj)) {
+      for (i = 0, length = obj.length; i < length; i++) {
+        iteratee(obj[i], i, obj);
+      }
+    } else {
+      var keys = _.keys(obj);
+      for (i = 0, length = keys.length; i < length; i++) {
+        iteratee(obj[keys[i]], keys[i], obj);
+      }
+    }
+    return obj;
+  };
+
+  // Return the results of applying the iteratee to each element.
+  _.map = _.collect = function(obj, iteratee, context) {
+    iteratee = cb(iteratee, context);
+    var keys = !isArrayLike(obj) && _.keys(obj),
+        length = (keys || obj).length,
+        results = Array(length);
+    for (var index = 0; index < length; index++) {
+      var currentKey = keys ? keys[index] : index;
+      results[index] = iteratee(obj[currentKey], currentKey, obj);
+    }
+    return results;
+  };
+
+  // Create a reducing function iterating left or right.
+  function createReduce(dir) {
+    // Optimized iterator function as using arguments.length
+    // in the main function will deoptimize the, see #1991.
+    function iterator(obj, iteratee, memo, keys, index, length) {
+      for (; index >= 0 && index < length; index += dir) {
+        var currentKey = keys ? keys[index] : index;
+        memo = iteratee(memo, obj[currentKey], currentKey, obj);
+      }
+      return memo;
+    }
+
+    return function(obj, iteratee, memo, context) {
+      iteratee = optimizeCb(iteratee, context, 4);
+      var keys = !isArrayLike(obj) && _.keys(obj),
+          length = (keys || obj).length,
+          index = dir > 0 ? 0 : length - 1;
+      // Determine the initial value if none is provided.
+      if (arguments.length < 3) {
+        memo = obj[keys ? keys[index] : index];
+        index += dir;
+      }
+      return iterator(obj, iteratee, memo, keys, index, length);
+    };
+  }
+
+  // **Reduce** builds up a single result from a list of values, aka `inject`,
+  // or `foldl`.
+  _.reduce = _.foldl = _.inject = createReduce(1);
+
+  // The right-associative version of reduce, also known as `foldr`.
+  _.reduceRight = _.foldr = createReduce(-1);
+
+  // Return the first value which passes a truth test. Aliased as `detect`.
+  _.find = _.detect = function(obj, predicate, context) {
+    var key;
+    if (isArrayLike(obj)) {
+      key = _.findIndex(obj, predicate, context);
+    } else {
+      key = _.findKey(obj, predicate, context);
+    }
+    if (key !== void 0 && key !== -1) return obj[key];
+  };
+
+  // Return all the elements that pass a truth test.
+  // Aliased as `select`.
+  _.filter = _.select = function(obj, predicate, context) {
+    var results = [];
+    predicate = cb(predicate, context);
+    _.each(obj, function(value, index, list) {
+      if (predicate(value, index, list)) results.push(value);
+    });
+    return results;
+  };
+
+  // Return all the elements for which a truth test fails.
+  _.reject = function(obj, predicate, context) {
+    return _.filter(obj, _.negate(cb(predicate)), context);
+  };
+
+  // Determine whether all of the elements match a truth test.
+  // Aliased as `all`.
+  _.every = _.all = function(obj, predicate, context) {
+    predicate = cb(predicate, context);
+    var keys = !isArrayLike(obj) && _.keys(obj),
+        length = (keys || obj).length;
+    for (var index = 0; index < length; index++) {
+      var currentKey = keys ? keys[index] : index;
+      if (!predicate(obj[currentKey], currentKey, obj)) return false;
+    }
+    return true;
+  };
+
+  // Determine if at least one element in the object matches a truth test.
+  // Aliased as `any`.
+  _.some = _.any = function(obj, predicate, context) {
+    predicate = cb(predicate, context);
+    var keys = !isArrayLike(obj) && _.keys(obj),
+        length = (keys || obj).length;
+    for (var index = 0; index < length; index++) {
+      var currentKey = keys ? keys[index] : index;
+      if (predicate(obj[currentKey], currentKey, obj)) return true;
+    }
+    return false;
+  };
+
+  // Determine if the array or object contains a given item (using `===`).
+  // Aliased as `includes` and `include`.
+  _.contains = _.includes = _.include = function(obj, item, fromIndex, guard) {
+    if (!isArrayLike(obj)) obj = _.values(obj);
+    if (typeof fromIndex != 'number' || guard) fromIndex = 0;
+    return _.indexOf(obj, item, fromIndex) >= 0;
+  };
+
+  // Invoke a method (with arguments) on every item in a collection.
+  _.invoke = function(obj, method) {
+    var args = slice.call(arguments, 2);
+    var isFunc = _.isFunction(method);
+    return _.map(obj, function(value) {
+      var func = isFunc ? method : value[method];
+      return func == null ? func : func.apply(value, args);
+    });
+  };
+
+  // Convenience version of a common use case of `map`: fetching a property.
+  _.pluck = function(obj, key) {
+    return _.map(obj, _.property(key));
+  };
+
+  // Convenience version of a common use case of `filter`: selecting only objects
+  // containing specific `key:value` pairs.
+  _.where = function(obj, attrs) {
+    return _.filter(obj, _.matcher(attrs));
+  };
+
+  // Convenience version of a common use case of `find`: getting the first object
+  // containing specific `key:value` pairs.
+  _.findWhere = function(obj, attrs) {
+    return _.find(obj, _.matcher(attrs));
+  };
+
+  // Return the maximum element (or element-based computation).
+  _.max = function(obj, iteratee, context) {
+    var result = -Infinity, lastComputed = -Infinity,
+        value, computed;
+    if (iteratee == null && obj != null) {
+      obj = isArrayLike(obj) ? obj : _.values(obj);
+      for (var i = 0, length = obj.length; i < length; i++) {
+        value = obj[i];
+        if (value > result) {
+          result = value;
+        }
+      }
+    } else {
+      iteratee = cb(iteratee, context);
+      _.each(obj, function(value, index, list) {
+        computed = iteratee(value, index, list);
+        if (computed > lastComputed || computed === -Infinity && result === -Infinity) {
+          result = value;
+          lastComputed = computed;
+        }
+      });
+    }
+    return result;
+  };
+
+  // Return the minimum element (or element-based computation).
+  _.min = function(obj, iteratee, context) {
+    var result = Infinity, lastComputed = Infinity,
+        value, computed;
+    if (iteratee == null && obj != null) {
+      obj = isArrayLike(obj) ? obj : _.values(obj);
+      for (var i = 0, length = obj.length; i < length; i++) {
+        value = obj[i];
+        if (value < result) {
+          result = value;
+        }
+      }
+    } else {
+      iteratee = cb(iteratee, context);
+      _.each(obj, function(value, index, list) {
+        computed = iteratee(value, index, list);
+        if (computed < lastComputed || computed === Infinity && result === Infinity) {
+          result = value;
+          lastComputed = computed;
+        }
+      });
+    }
+    return result;
+  };
+
+  // Shuffle a collection, using the modern version of the
+  // [Fisher-Yates shuffle](http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fisher–Yates_shuffle).
+  _.shuffle = function(obj) {
+    var set = isArrayLike(obj) ? obj : _.values(obj);
+    var length = set.length;
+    var shuffled = Array(length);
+    for (var index = 0, rand; index < length; index++) {
+      rand = _.random(0, index);
+      if (rand !== index) shuffled[index] = shuffled[rand];
+      shuffled[rand] = set[index];
+    }
+    return shuffled;
+  };
+
+  // Sample **n** random values from a collection.
+  // If **n** is not specified, returns a single random element.
+  // The internal `guard` argument allows it to work with `map`.
+  _.sample = function(obj, n, guard) {
+    if (n == null || guard) {
+      if (!isArrayLike(obj)) obj = _.values(obj);
+      return obj[_.random(obj.length - 1)];
+    }
+    return _.shuffle(obj).slice(0, Math.max(0, n));
+  };
+
+  // Sort the object's values by a criterion produced by an iteratee.
+  _.sortBy = function(obj, iteratee, context) {
+    iteratee = cb(iteratee, context);
+    return _.pluck(_.map(obj, function(value, index, list) {
+      return {
+        value: value,
+        index: index,
+        criteria: iteratee(value, index, list)
+      };
+    }).sort(function(left, right) {
+      var a = left.criteria;
+      var b = right.criteria;
+      if (a !== b) {
+        if (a > b || a === void 0) return 1;
+        if (a < b || b === void 0) return -1;
+      }
+      return left.index - right.index;
+    }), 'value');
+  };
+
+  // An internal function used for aggregate "group by" operations.
+  var group = function(behavior) {
+    return function(obj, iteratee, context) {
+      var result = {};
+      iteratee = cb(iteratee, context);
+      _.each(obj, function(value, index) {
+        var key = iteratee(value, index, obj);
+        behavior(result, value, key);
+      });
+      return result;
+    };
+  };
+
+  // Groups the object's values by a criterion. Pass either a string attribute
+  // to group by, or a function that returns the criterion.
+  _.groupBy = group(function(result, value, key) {
+    if (_.has(result, key)) result[key].push(value); else result[key] = [value];
+  });
+
+  // Indexes the object's values by a criterion, similar to `groupBy`, but for
+  // when you know that your index values will be unique.
+  _.indexBy = group(function(result, value, key) {
+    result[key] = value;
+  });
+
+  // Counts instances of an object that group by a certain criterion. Pass
+  // either a string attribute to count by, or a function that returns the
+  // criterion.
+  _.countBy = group(function(result, value, key) {
+    if (_.has(result, key)) result[key]++; else result[key] = 1;
+  });
+
+  // Safely create a real, live array from anything iterable.
+  _.toArray = function(obj) {
+    if (!obj) return [];
+    if (_.isArray(obj)) return slice.call(obj);
+    if (isArrayLike(obj)) return _.map(obj, _.identity);
+    return _.values(obj);
+  };
+
+  // Return the number of elements in an object.
+  _.size = function(obj) {
+    if (obj == null) return 0;
+    return isArrayLike(obj) ? obj.length : _.keys(obj).length;
+  };
+
+  // Split a collection into two arrays: one whose elements all satisfy the given
+  // predicate, and one whose elements all do not satisfy the predicate.
+  _.partition = function(obj, predicate, context) {
+    predicate = cb(predicate, context);
+    var pass = [], fail = [];
+    _.each(obj, function(value, key, obj) {
+      (predicate(value, key, obj) ? pass : fail).push(value);
+    });
+    return [pass, fail];
+  };
+
+  // Array Functions
+  // ---------------
+
+  // Get the first element of an array. Passing **n** will return the first N
+  // values in the array. Aliased as `head` and `take`. The **guard** check
+  // allows it to work with `_.map`.
+  _.first = _.head = _.take = function(array, n, guard) {
+    if (array == null) return void 0;
+    if (n == null || guard) return array[0];
+    return _.initial(array, array.length - n);
+  };
+
+  // Returns everything but the last entry of the array. Especially useful on
+  // the arguments object. Passing **n** will return all the values in
+  // the array, excluding the last N.
+  _.initial = function(array, n, guard) {
+    return slice.call(array, 0, Math.max(0, array.length - (n == null || guard ? 1 : n)));
+  };
+
+  // Get the last element of an array. Passing **n** will return the last N
+  // values in the array.
+  _.last = function(array, n, guard) {
+    if (array == null) return void 0;
+    if (n == null || guard) return array[array.length - 1];
+    return _.rest(array, Math.max(0, array.length - n));
+  };
+
+  // Returns everything but the first entry of the array. Aliased as `tail` and `drop`.
+  // Especially useful on the arguments object. Passing an **n** will return
+  // the rest N values in the array.
+  _.rest = _.tail = _.drop = function(array, n, guard) {
+    return slice.call(array, n == null || guard ? 1 : n);
+  };
+
+  // Trim out all falsy values from an array.
+  _.compact = function(array) {
+    return _.filter(array, _.identity);
+  };
+
+  // Internal implementation of a recursive `flatten` function.
+  var flatten = function(input, shallow, strict, startIndex) {
+    var output = [], idx = 0;
+    for (var i = startIndex || 0, length = getLength(input); i < length; i++) {
+      var value = input[i];
+      if (isArrayLike(value) && (_.isArray(value) || _.isArguments(value))) {
+        //flatten current level of array or arguments object
+        if (!shallow) value = flatten(value, shallow, strict);
+        var j = 0, len = value.length;
+        output.length += len;
+        while (j < len) {
+          output[idx++] = value[j++];
+        }
+      } else if (!strict) {
+        output[idx++] = value;
+      }
+    }
+    return output;
+  };
+
+  // Flatten out an array, either recursively (by default), or just one level.
+  _.flatten = function(array, shallow) {
+    return flatten(array, shallow, false);
+  };
+
+  // Return a version of the array that does not contain the specified value(s).
+  _.without = function(array) {
+    return _.difference(array, slice.call(arguments, 1));
+  };
+
+  // Produce a duplicate-free version of the array. If the array has already
+  // been sorted, you have the option of using a faster algorithm.
+  // Aliased as `unique`.
+  _.uniq = _.unique = function(array, isSorted, iteratee, context) {
+    if (!_.isBoolean(isSorted)) {
+      context = iteratee;
+      iteratee = isSorted;
+      isSorted = false;
+    }
+    if (iteratee != null) iteratee = cb(iteratee, context);
+    var result = [];
+    var seen = [];
+    for (var i = 0, length = getLength(array); i < length; i++) {
+      var value = array[i],
+          computed = iteratee ? iteratee(value, i, array) : value;
+      if (isSorted) {
+        if (!i || seen !== computed) result.push(value);
+        seen = computed;
+      } else if (iteratee) {
+        if (!_.contains(seen, computed)) {
+          seen.push(computed);
+          result.push(value);
+        }
+      } else if (!_.contains(result, value)) {
+        result.push(value);
+      }
+    }
+    return result;
+  };
+
+  // Produce an array that contains the union: each distinct element from all of
+  // the passed-in arrays.
+  _.union = function() {
+    return _.uniq(flatten(arguments, true, true));
+  };
+
+  // Produce an array that contains every item shared between all the
+  // passed-in arrays.
+  _.intersection = function(array) {
+    var result = [];
+    var argsLength = arguments.length;
+    for (var i = 0, length = getLength(array); i < length; i++) {
+      var item = array[i];
+      if (_.contains(result, item)) continue;
+      for (var j = 1; j < argsLength; j++) {
+        if (!_.contains(arguments[j], item)) break;
+      }
+      if (j === argsLength) result.push(item);
+    }
+    return result;
+  };
+
+  // Take the difference between one array and a number of other arrays.
+  // Only the elements present in just the first array will remain.
+  _.difference = function(array) {
+    var rest = flatten(arguments, true, true, 1);
+    return _.filter(array, function(value){
+      return !_.contains(rest, value);
+    });
+  };
+
+  // Zip together multiple lists into a single array -- elements that share
+  // an index go together.
+  _.zip = function() {
+    return _.unzip(arguments);
+  };
+
+  // Complement of _.zip. Unzip accepts an array of arrays and groups
+  // each array's elements on shared indices
+  _.unzip = function(array) {
+    var length = array && _.max(array, getLength).length || 0;
+    var result = Array(length);
+
+    for (var index = 0; index < length; index++) {
+      result[index] = _.pluck(array, index);
+    }
+    return result;
+  };
+
+  // Converts lists into objects. Pass either a single array of `[key, value]`
+  // pairs, or two parallel arrays of the same length -- one of keys, and one of
+  // the corresponding values.
+  _.object = function(list, values) {
+    var result = {};
+    for (var i = 0, length = getLength(list); i < length; i++) {
+      if (values) {
+        result[list[i]] = values[i];
+      } else {
+        result[list[i][0]] = list[i][1];
+      }
+    }
+    return result;
+  };
+
+  // Generator function to create the findIndex and findLastIndex functions
+  function createPredicateIndexFinder(dir) {
+    return function(array, predicate, context) {
+      predicate = cb(predicate, context);
+      var length = getLength(array);
+      var index = dir > 0 ? 0 : length - 1;
+      for (; index >= 0 && index < length; index += dir) {
+        if (predicate(array[index], index, array)) return index;
+      }
+      return -1;
+    };
+  }
+
+  // Returns the first index on an array-like that passes a predicate test
+  _.findIndex = createPredicateIndexFinder(1);
+  _.findLastIndex = createPredicateIndexFinder(-1);
+
+  // Use a comparator function to figure out the smallest index at which
+  // an object should be inserted so as to maintain order. Uses binary search.
+  _.sortedIndex = function(array, obj, iteratee, context) {
+    iteratee = cb(iteratee, context, 1);
+    var value = iteratee(obj);
+    var low = 0, high = getLength(array);
+    while (low < high) {
+      var mid = Math.floor((low + high) / 2);
+      if (iteratee(array[mid]) < value) low = mid + 1; else high = mid;
+    }
+    return low;
+  };
+
+  // Generator function to create the indexOf and lastIndexOf functions
+  function createIndexFinder(dir, predicateFind, sortedIndex) {
+    return function(array, item, idx) {
+      var i = 0, length = getLength(array);
+      if (typeof idx == 'number') {
+        if (dir > 0) {
+            i = idx >= 0 ? idx : Math.max(idx + length, i);
+        } else {
+            length = idx >= 0 ? Math.min(idx + 1, length) : idx + length + 1;
+        }
+      } else if (sortedIndex && idx && length) {
+        idx = sortedIndex(array, item);
+        return array[idx] === item ? idx : -1;
+      }
+      if (item !== item) {
+        idx = predicateFind(slice.call(array, i, length), _.isNaN);
+        return idx >= 0 ? idx + i : -1;
+      }
+      for (idx = dir > 0 ? i : length - 1; idx >= 0 && idx < length; idx += dir) {
+        if (array[idx] === item) return idx;
+      }
+      return -1;
+    };
+  }
+
+  // Return the position of the first occurrence of an item in an array,
+  // or -1 if the item is not included in the array.
+  // If the array is large and already in sort order, pass `true`
+  // for **isSorted** to use binary search.
+  _.indexOf = createIndexFinder(1, _.findIndex, _.sortedIndex);
+  _.lastIndexOf = createIndexFinder(-1, _.findLastIndex);
+
+  // Generate an integer Array containing an arithmetic progression. A port of
+  // the native Python `range()` function. See
+  // [the Python documentation](http://docs.python.org/library/functions.html#range).
+  _.range = function(start, stop, step) {
+    if (stop == null) {
+      stop = start || 0;
+      start = 0;
+    }
+    step = step || 1;
+
+    var length = Math.max(Math.ceil((stop - start) / step), 0);
+    var range = Array(length);
+
+    for (var idx = 0; idx < length; idx++, start += step) {
+      range[idx] = start;
+    }
+
+    return range;
+  };
+
+  // Function (ahem) Functions
+  // ------------------
+
+  // Determines whether to execute a function as a constructor
+  // or a normal function with the provided arguments
+  var executeBound = function(sourceFunc, boundFunc, context, callingContext, args) {
+    if (!(callingContext instanceof boundFunc)) return sourceFunc.apply(context, args);
+    var self = baseCreate(sourceFunc.prototype);
+    var result = sourceFunc.apply(self, args);
+    if (_.isObject(result)) return result;
+    return self;
+  };
+
+  // Create a function bound to a given object (assigning `this`, and arguments,
+  // optionally). Delegates to **ECMAScript 5**'s native `Function.bind` if
+  // available.
+  _.bind = function(func, context) {
+    if (nativeBind && func.bind === nativeBind) return nativeBind.apply(func, slice.call(arguments, 1));
+    if (!_.isFunction(func)) throw new TypeError('Bind must be called on a function');
+    var args = slice.call(arguments, 2);
+    var bound = function() {
+      return executeBound(func, bound, context, this, args.concat(slice.call(arguments)));
+    };
+    return bound;
+  };
+
+  // Partially apply a function by creating a version that has had some of its
+  // arguments pre-filled, without changing its dynamic `this` context. _ acts
+  // as a placeholder, allowing any combination of arguments to be pre-filled.
+  _.partial = function(func) {
+    var boundArgs = slice.call(arguments, 1);
+    var bound = function() {
+      var position = 0, length = boundArgs.length;
+      var args = Array(length);
+      for (var i = 0; i < length; i++) {
+        args[i] = boundArgs[i] === _ ? arguments[position++] : boundArgs[i];
+      }
+      while (position < arguments.length) args.push(arguments[position++]);
+      return executeBound(func, bound, this, this, args);
+    };
+    return bound;
+  };
+
+  // Bind a number of an object's methods to that object. Remaining arguments
+  // are the method names to be bound. Useful for ensuring that all callbacks
+  // defined on an object belong to it.
+  _.bindAll = function(obj) {
+    var i, length = arguments.length, key;
+    if (length <= 1) throw new Error('bindAll must be passed function names');
+    for (i = 1; i < length; i++) {
+      key = arguments[i];
+      obj[key] = _.bind(obj[key], obj);
+    }
+    return obj;
+  };
+
+  // Memoize an expensive function by storing its results.
+  _.memoize = function(func, hasher) {
+    var memoize = function(key) {
+      var cache = memoize.cache;
+      var address = '' + (hasher ? hasher.apply(this, arguments) : key);
+      if (!_.has(cache, address)) cache[address] = func.apply(this, arguments);
+      return cache[address];
+    };
+    memoize.cache = {};
+    return memoize;
+  };
+
+  // Delays a function for the given number of milliseconds, and then calls
+  // it with the arguments supplied.
+  _.delay = function(func, wait) {
+    var args = slice.call(arguments, 2);
+    return setTimeout(function(){
+      return func.apply(null, args);
+    }, wait);
+  };
+
+  // Defers a function, scheduling it to run after the current call stack has
+  // cleared.
+  _.defer = _.partial(_.delay, _, 1);
+
+  // Returns a function, that, when invoked, will only be triggered at most once
+  // during a given window of time. Normally, the throttled function will run
+  // as much as it can, without ever going more than once per `wait` duration;
+  // but if you'd like to disable the execution on the leading edge, pass
+  // `{leading: false}`. To disable execution on the trailing edge, ditto.
+  _.throttle = function(func, wait, options) {
+    var context, args, result;
+    var timeout = null;
+    var previous = 0;
+    if (!options) options = {};
+    var later = function() {
+      previous = options.leading === false ? 0 : _.now();
+      timeout = null;
+      result = func.apply(context, args);
+      if (!timeout) context = args = null;
+    };
+    return function() {
+      var now = _.now();
+      if (!previous && options.leading === false) previous = now;
+      var remaining = wait - (now - previous);
+      context = this;
+      args = arguments;
+      if (remaining <= 0 || remaining > wait) {
+        if (timeout) {
+          clearTimeout(timeout);
+          timeout = null;
+        }
+        previous = now;
+        result = func.apply(context, args);
+        if (!timeout) context = args = null;
+      } else if (!timeout && options.trailing !== false) {
+        timeout = setTimeout(later, remaining);
+      }
+      return result;
+    };
+  };
+
+  // Returns a function, that, as long as it continues to be invoked, will not
+  // be triggered. The function will be called after it stops being called for
+  // N milliseconds. If `immediate` is passed, trigger the function on the
+  // leading edge, instead of the trailing.
+  _.debounce = function(func, wait, immediate) {
+    var timeout, args, context, timestamp, result;
+
+    var later = function() {
+      var last = _.now() - timestamp;
+
+      if (last < wait && last >= 0) {
+        timeout = setTimeout(later, wait - last);
+      } else {
+        timeout = null;
+        if (!immediate) {
+          result = func.apply(context, args);
+          if (!timeout) context = args = null;
+        }
+      }
+    };
+
+    return function() {
+      context = this;
+      args = arguments;
+      timestamp = _.now();
+      var callNow = immediate && !timeout;
+      if (!timeout) timeout = setTimeout(later, wait);
+      if (callNow) {
+        result = func.apply(context, args);
+        context = args = null;
+      }
+
+      return result;
+    };
+  };
+
+  // Returns the first function passed as an argument to the second,
+  // allowing you to adjust arguments, run code before and after, and
+  // conditionally execute the original function.
+  _.wrap = function(func, wrapper) {
+    return _.partial(wrapper, func);
+  };
+
+  // Returns a negated version of the passed-in predicate.
+  _.negate = function(predicate) {
+    return function() {
+      return !predicate.apply(this, arguments);
+    };
+  };
+
+  // Returns a function that is the composition of a list of functions, each
+  // consuming the return value of the function that follows.
+  _.compose = function() {
+    var args = arguments;
+    var start = args.length - 1;
+    return function() {
+      var i = start;
+      var result = args[start].apply(this, arguments);
+      while (i--) result = args[i].call(this, result);
+      return result;
+    };
+  };
+
+  // Returns a function that will only be executed on and after the Nth call.
+  _.after = function(times, func) {
+    return function() {
+      if (--times < 1) {
+        return func.apply(this, arguments);
+      }
+    };
+  };
+
+  // Returns a function that will only be executed up to (but not including) the Nth call.
+  _.before = function(times, func) {
+    var memo;
+    return function() {
+      if (--times > 0) {
+        memo = func.apply(this, arguments);
+      }
+      if (times <= 1) func = null;
+      return memo;
+    };
+  };
+
+  // Returns a function that will be executed at most one time, no matter how
+  // often you call it. Useful for lazy initialization.
+  _.once = _.partial(_.before, 2);
+
+  // Object Functions
+  // ----------------
+
+  // Keys in IE < 9 that won't be iterated by `for key in ...` and thus missed.
+  var hasEnumBug = !{toString: null}.propertyIsEnumerable('toString');
+  var nonEnumerableProps = ['valueOf', 'isPrototypeOf', 'toString',
+                      'propertyIsEnumerable', 'hasOwnProperty', 'toLocaleString'];
+
+  function collectNonEnumProps(obj, keys) {
+    var nonEnumIdx = nonEnumerableProps.length;
+    var constructor = obj.constructor;
+    var proto = (_.isFunction(constructor) && constructor.prototype) || ObjProto;
+
+    // Constructor is a special case.
+    var prop = 'constructor';
+    if (_.has(obj, prop) && !_.contains(keys, prop)) keys.push(prop);
+
+    while (nonEnumIdx--) {
+      prop = nonEnumerableProps[nonEnumIdx];
+      if (prop in obj && obj[prop] !== proto[prop] && !_.contains(keys, prop)) {
+        keys.push(prop);
+      }
+    }
+  }
+
+  // Retrieve the names of an object's own properties.
+  // Delegates to **ECMAScript 5**'s native `Object.keys`
+  _.keys = function(obj) {
+    if (!_.isObject(obj)) return [];
+    if (nativeKeys) return nativeKeys(obj);
+    var keys = [];
+    for (var key in obj) if (_.has(obj, key)) keys.push(key);
+    // Ahem, IE < 9.
+    if (hasEnumBug) collectNonEnumProps(obj, keys);
+    return keys;
+  };
+
+  // Retrieve all the property names of an object.
+  _.allKeys = function(obj) {
+    if (!_.isObject(obj)) return [];
+    var keys = [];
+    for (var key in obj) keys.push(key);
+    // Ahem, IE < 9.
+    if (hasEnumBug) collectNonEnumProps(obj, keys);
+    return keys;
+  };
+
+  // Retrieve the values of an object's properties.
+  _.values = function(obj) {
+    var keys = _.keys(obj);
+    var length = keys.length;
+    var values = Array(length);
+    for (var i = 0; i < length; i++) {
+      values[i] = obj[keys[i]];
+    }
+    return values;
+  };
+
+  // Returns the results of applying the iteratee to each element of the object
+  // In contrast to _.map it returns an object
+  _.mapObject = function(obj, iteratee, context) {
+    iteratee = cb(iteratee, context);
+    var keys =  _.keys(obj),
+          length = keys.length,
+          results = {},
+          currentKey;
+      for (var index = 0; index < length; index++) {
+        currentKey = keys[index];
+        results[currentKey] = iteratee(obj[currentKey], currentKey, obj);
+      }
+      return results;
+  };
+
+  // Convert an object into a list of `[key, value]` pairs.
+  _.pairs = function(obj) {
+    var keys = _.keys(obj);
+    var length = keys.length;
+    var pairs = Array(length);
+    for (var i = 0; i < length; i++) {
+      pairs[i] = [keys[i], obj[keys[i]]];
+    }
+    return pairs;
+  };
+
+  // Invert the keys and values of an object. The values must be serializable.
+  _.invert = function(obj) {
+    var result = {};
+    var keys = _.keys(obj);
+    for (var i = 0, length = keys.length; i < length; i++) {
+      result[obj[keys[i]]] = keys[i];
+    }
+    return result;
+  };
+
+  // Return a sorted list of the function names available on the object.
+  // Aliased as `methods`
+  _.functions = _.methods = function(obj) {
+    var names = [];
+    for (var key in obj) {
+      if (_.isFunction(obj[key])) names.push(key);
+    }
+    return names.sort();
+  };
+
+  // Extend a given object with all the properties in passed-in object(s).
+  _.extend = createAssigner(_.allKeys);
+
+  // Assigns a given object with all the own properties in the passed-in object(s)
+  // (https://developer.mozilla.org/docs/Web/JavaScript/Reference/Global_Objects/Object/assign)
+  _.extendOwn = _.assign = createAssigner(_.keys);
+
+  // Returns the first key on an object that passes a predicate test
+  _.findKey = function(obj, predicate, context) {
+    predicate = cb(predicate, context);
+    var keys = _.keys(obj), key;
+    for (var i = 0, length = keys.length; i < length; i++) {
+      key = keys[i];
+      if (predicate(obj[key], key, obj)) return key;
+    }
+  };
+
+  // Return a copy of the object only containing the whitelisted properties.
+  _.pick = function(object, oiteratee, context) {
+    var result = {}, obj = object, iteratee, keys;
+    if (obj == null) return result;
+    if (_.isFunction(oiteratee)) {
+      keys = _.allKeys(obj);
+      iteratee = optimizeCb(oiteratee, context);
+    } else {
+      keys = flatten(arguments, false, false, 1);
+      iteratee = function(value, key, obj) { return key in obj; };
+      obj = Object(obj);
+    }
+    for (var i = 0, length = keys.length; i < length; i++) {
+      var key = keys[i];
+      var value = obj[key];
+      if (iteratee(value, key, obj)) result[key] = value;
+    }
+    return result;
+  };
+
+   // Return a copy of the object without the blacklisted properties.
+  _.omit = function(obj, iteratee, context) {
+    if (_.isFunction(iteratee)) {
+      iteratee = _.negate(iteratee);
+    } else {
+      var keys = _.map(flatten(arguments, false, false, 1), String);
+      iteratee = function(value, key) {
+        return !_.contains(keys, key);
+      };
+    }
+    return _.pick(obj, iteratee, context);
+  };
+
+  // Fill in a given object with default properties.
+  _.defaults = createAssigner(_.allKeys, true);
+
+  // Creates an object that inherits from the given prototype object.
+  // If additional properties are provided then they will be added to the
+  // created object.
+  _.create = function(prototype, props) {
+    var result = baseCreate(prototype);
+    if (props) _.extendOwn(result, props);
+    return result;
+  };
+
+  // Create a (shallow-cloned) duplicate of an object.
+  _.clone = function(obj) {
+    if (!_.isObject(obj)) return obj;
+    return _.isArray(obj) ? obj.slice() : _.extend({}, obj);
+  };
+
+  // Invokes interceptor with the obj, and then returns obj.
+  // The primary purpose of this method is to "tap into" a method chain, in
+  // order to perform operations on intermediate results within the chain.
+  _.tap = function(obj, interceptor) {
+    interceptor(obj);
+    return obj;
+  };
+
+  // Returns whether an object has a given set of `key:value` pairs.
+  _.isMatch = function(object, attrs) {
+    var keys = _.keys(attrs), length = keys.length;
+    if (object == null) return !length;
+    var obj = Object(object);
+    for (var i = 0; i < length; i++) {
+      var key = keys[i];
+      if (attrs[key] !== obj[key] || !(key in obj)) return false;
+    }
+    return true;
+  };
+
+
+  // Internal recursive comparison function for `isEqual`.
+  var eq = function(a, b, aStack, bStack) {
+    // Identical objects are equal. `0 === -0`, but they aren't identical.
+    // See the [Harmony `egal` proposal](http://wiki.ecmascript.org/doku.php?id=harmony:egal).
+    if (a === b) return a !== 0 || 1 / a === 1 / b;
+    // A strict comparison is necessary because `null == undefined`.
+    if (a == null || b == null) return a === b;
+    // Unwrap any wrapped objects.
+    if (a instanceof _) a = a._wrapped;
+    if (b instanceof _) b = b._wrapped;
+    // Compare `[[Class]]` names.
+    var className = toString.call(a);
+    if (className !== toString.call(b)) return false;
+    switch (className) {
+      // Strings, numbers, regular expressions, dates, and booleans are compared by value.
+      case '[object RegExp]':
+      // RegExps are coerced to strings for comparison (Note: '' + /a/i === '/a/i')
+      case '[object String]':
+        // Primitives and their corresponding object wrappers are equivalent; thus, `"5"` is
+        // equivalent to `new String("5")`.
+        return '' + a === '' + b;
+      case '[object Number]':
+        // `NaN`s are equivalent, but non-reflexive.
+        // Object(NaN) is equivalent to NaN
+        if (+a !== +a) return +b !== +b;
+        // An `egal` comparison is performed for other numeric values.
+        return +a === 0 ? 1 / +a === 1 / b : +a === +b;
+      case '[object Date]':
+      case '[object Boolean]':
+        // Coerce dates and booleans to numeric primitive values. Dates are compared by their
+        // millisecond representations. Note that invalid dates with millisecond representations
+        // of `NaN` are not equivalent.
+        return +a === +b;
+    }
+
+    var areArrays = className === '[object Array]';
+    if (!areArrays) {
+      if (typeof a != 'object' || typeof b != 'object') return false;
+
+      // Objects with different constructors are not equivalent, but `Object`s or `Array`s
+      // from different frames are.
+      var aCtor = a.constructor, bCtor = b.constructor;
+      if (aCtor !== bCtor && !(_.isFunction(aCtor) && aCtor instanceof aCtor &&
+                               _.isFunction(bCtor) && bCtor instanceof bCtor)
+                          && ('constructor' in a && 'constructor' in b)) {
+        return false;
+      }
+    }
+    // Assume equality for cyclic structures. The algorithm for detecting cyclic
+    // structures is adapted from ES 5.1 section 15.12.3, abstract operation `JO`.
+
+    // Initializing stack of traversed objects.
+    // It's done here since we only need them for objects and arrays comparison.
+    aStack = aStack || [];
+    bStack = bStack || [];
+    var length = aStack.length;
+    while (length--) {
+      // Linear search. Performance is inversely proportional to the number of
+      // unique nested structures.
+      if (aStack[length] === a) return bStack[length] === b;
+    }
+
+    // Add the first object to the stack of traversed objects.
+    aStack.push(a);
+    bStack.push(b);
+
+    // Recursively compare objects and arrays.
+    if (areArrays) {
+      // Compare array lengths to determine if a deep comparison is necessary.
+      length = a.length;
+      if (length !== b.length) return false;
+      // Deep compare the contents, ignoring non-numeric properties.
+      while (length--) {
+        if (!eq(a[length], b[length], aStack, bStack)) return false;
+      }
+    } else {
+      // Deep compare objects.
+      var keys = _.keys(a), key;
+      length = keys.length;
+      // Ensure that both objects contain the same number of properties before comparing deep equality.
+      if (_.keys(b).length !== length) return false;
+      while (length--) {
+        // Deep compare each member
+        key = keys[length];
+        if (!(_.has(b, key) && eq(a[key], b[key], aStack, bStack))) return false;
+      }
+    }
+    // Remove the first object from the stack of traversed objects.
+    aStack.pop();
+    bStack.pop();
+    return true;
+  };
+
+  // Perform a deep comparison to check if two objects are equal.
+  _.isEqual = function(a, b) {
+    return eq(a, b);
+  };
+
+  // Is a given array, string, or object empty?
+  // An "empty" object has no enumerable own-properties.
+  _.isEmpty = function(obj) {
+    if (obj == null) return true;
+    if (isArrayLike(obj) && (_.isArray(obj) || _.isString(obj) || _.isArguments(obj))) return obj.length === 0;
+    return _.keys(obj).length === 0;
+  };
+
+  // Is a given value a DOM element?
+  _.isElement = function(obj) {
+    return !!(obj && obj.nodeType === 1);
+  };
+
+  // Is a given value an array?
+  // Delegates to ECMA5's native Array.isArray
+  _.isArray = nativeIsArray || function(obj) {
+    return toString.call(obj) === '[object Array]';
+  };
+
+  // Is a given variable an object?
+  _.isObject = function(obj) {
+    var type = typeof obj;
+    return type === 'function' || type === 'object' && !!obj;
+  };
+
+  // Add some isType methods: isArguments, isFunction, isString, isNumber, isDate, isRegExp, isError.
+  _.each(['Arguments', 'Function', 'String', 'Number', 'Date', 'RegExp', 'Error'], function(name) {
+    _['is' + name] = function(obj) {
+      return toString.call(obj) === '[object ' + name + ']';
+    };
+  });
+
+  // Define a fallback version of the method in browsers (ahem, IE < 9), where
+  // there isn't any inspectable "Arguments" type.
+  if (!_.isArguments(arguments)) {
+    _.isArguments = function(obj) {
+      return _.has(obj, 'callee');
+    };
+  }
+
+  // Optimize `isFunction` if appropriate. Work around some typeof bugs in old v8,
+  // IE 11 (#1621), and in Safari 8 (#1929).
+  if (typeof /./ != 'function' && typeof Int8Array != 'object') {
+    _.isFunction = function(obj) {
+      return typeof obj == 'function' || false;
+    };
+  }
+
+  // Is a given object a finite number?
+  _.isFinite = function(obj) {
+    return isFinite(obj) && !isNaN(parseFloat(obj));
+  };
+
+  // Is the given value `NaN`? (NaN is the only number which does not equal itself).
+  _.isNaN = function(obj) {
+    return _.isNumber(obj) && obj !== +obj;
+  };
+
+  // Is a given value a boolean?
+  _.isBoolean = function(obj) {
+    return obj === true || obj === false || toString.call(obj) === '[object Boolean]';
+  };
+
+  // Is a given value equal to null?
+  _.isNull = function(obj) {
+    return obj === null;
+  };
+
+  // Is a given variable undefined?
+  _.isUndefined = function(obj) {
+    return obj === void 0;
+  };
+
+  // Shortcut function for checking if an object has a given property directly
+  // on itself (in other words, not on a prototype).
+  _.has = function(obj, key) {
+    return obj != null && hasOwnProperty.call(obj, key);
+  };
+
+  // Utility Functions
+  // -----------------
+
+  // Run Underscore.js in *noConflict* mode, returning the `_` variable to its
+  // previous owner. Returns a reference to the Underscore object.
+  _.noConflict = function() {
+    root._ = previousUnderscore;
+    return this;
+  };
+
+  // Keep the identity function around for default iteratees.
+  _.identity = function(value) {
+    return value;
+  };
+
+  // Predicate-generating functions. Often useful outside of Underscore.
+  _.constant = function(value) {
+    return function() {
+      return value;
+    };
+  };
+
+  _.noop = function(){};
+
+  _.property = property;
+
+  // Generates a function for a given object that returns a given property.
+  _.propertyOf = function(obj) {
+    return obj == null ? function(){} : function(key) {
+      return obj[key];
+    };
+  };
+
+  // Returns a predicate for checking whether an object has a given set of
+  // `key:value` pairs.
+  _.matcher = _.matches = function(attrs) {
+    attrs = _.extendOwn({}, attrs);
+    return function(obj) {
+      return _.isMatch(obj, attrs);
+    };
+  };
+
+  // Run a function **n** times.
+  _.times = function(n, iteratee, context) {
+    var accum = Array(Math.max(0, n));
+    iteratee = optimizeCb(iteratee, context, 1);
+    for (var i = 0; i < n; i++) accum[i] = iteratee(i);
+    return accum;
+  };
+
+  // Return a random integer between min and max (inclusive).
+  _.random = function(min, max) {
+    if (max == null) {
+      max = min;
+      min = 0;
+    }
+    return min + Math.floor(Math.random() * (max - min + 1));
+  };
+
+  // A (possibly faster) way to get the current timestamp as an integer.
+  _.now = Date.now || function() {
+    return new Date().getTime();
+  };
+
+   // List of HTML entities for escaping.
+  var escapeMap = {
+    '&': '&amp;',
+    '<': '&lt;',
+    '>': '&gt;',
+    '"': '&quot;',
+    "'": '&#x27;',
+    '`': '&#x60;'
+  };
+  var unescapeMap = _.invert(escapeMap);
+
+  // Functions for escaping and unescaping strings to/from HTML interpolation.
+  var createEscaper = function(map) {
+    var escaper = function(match) {
+      return map[match];
+    };
+    // Regexes for identifying a key that needs to be escaped
+    var source = '(?:' + _.keys(map).join('|') + ')';
+    var testRegexp = RegExp(source);
+    var replaceRegexp = RegExp(source, 'g');
+    return function(string) {
+      string = string == null ? '' : '' + string;
+      return testRegexp.test(string) ? string.replace(replaceRegexp, escaper) : string;
+    };
+  };
+  _.escape = createEscaper(escapeMap);
+  _.unescape = createEscaper(unescapeMap);
+
+  // If the value of the named `property` is a function then invoke it with the
+  // `object` as context; otherwise, return it.
+  _.result = function(object, property, fallback) {
+    var value = object == null ? void 0 : object[property];
+    if (value === void 0) {
+      value = fallback;
+    }
+    return _.isFunction(value) ? value.call(object) : value;
+  };
+
+  // Generate a unique integer id (unique within the entire client session).
+  // Useful for temporary DOM ids.
+  var idCounter = 0;
+  _.uniqueId = function(prefix) {
+    var id = ++idCounter + '';
+    return prefix ? prefix + id : id;
+  };
+
+  // By default, Underscore uses ERB-style template delimiters, change the
+  // following template settings to use alternative delimiters.
+  _.templateSettings = {
+    evaluate    : /<%([\s\S]+?)%>/g,
+    interpolate : /<%=([\s\S]+?)%>/g,
+    escape      : /<%-([\s\S]+?)%>/g
+  };
+
+  // When customizing `templateSettings`, if you don't want to define an
+  // interpolation, evaluation or escaping regex, we need one that is
+  // guaranteed not to match.
+  var noMatch = /(.)^/;
+
+  // Certain characters need to be escaped so that they can be put into a
+  // string literal.
+  var escapes = {
+    "'":      "'",
+    '\\':     '\\',
+    '\r':     'r',
+    '\n':     'n',
+    '\u2028': 'u2028',
+    '\u2029': 'u2029'
+  };
+
+  var escaper = /\\|'|\r|\n|\u2028|\u2029/g;
+
+  var escapeChar = function(match) {
+    return '\\' + escapes[match];
+  };
+
+  // JavaScript micro-templating, similar to John Resig's implementation.
+  // Underscore templating handles arbitrary delimiters, preserves whitespace,
+  // and correctly escapes quotes within interpolated code.
+  // NB: `oldSettings` only exists for backwards compatibility.
+  _.template = function(text, settings, oldSettings) {
+    if (!settings && oldSettings) settings = oldSettings;
+    settings = _.defaults({}, settings, _.templateSettings);
+
+    // Combine delimiters into one regular expression via alternation.
+    var matcher = RegExp([
+      (settings.escape || noMatch).source,
+      (settings.interpolate || noMatch).source,
+      (settings.evaluate || noMatch).source
+    ].join('|') + '|$', 'g');
+
+    // Compile the template source, escaping string literals appropriately.
+    var index = 0;
+    var source = "__p+='";
+    text.replace(matcher, function(match, escape, interpolate, evaluate, offset) {
+      source += text.slice(index, offset).replace(escaper, escapeChar);
+      index = offset + match.length;
+
+      if (escape) {
+        source += "'+\n((__t=(" + escape + "))==null?'':_.escape(__t))+\n'";
+      } else if (interpolate) {
+        source += "'+\n((__t=(" + interpolate + "))==null?'':__t)+\n'";
+      } else if (evaluate) {
+        source += "';\n" + evaluate + "\n__p+='";
+      }
+
+      // Adobe VMs need the match returned to produce the correct offest.
+      return match;
+    });
+    source += "';\n";
+
+    // If a variable is not specified, place data values in local scope.
+    if (!settings.variable) source = 'with(obj||{}){\n' + source + '}\n';
+
+    source = "var __t,__p='',__j=Array.prototype.join," +
+      "print=function(){__p+=__j.call(arguments,'');};\n" +
+      source + 'return __p;\n';
+
+    try {
+      var render = new Function(settings.variable || 'obj', '_', source);
+    } catch (e) {
+      e.source = source;
+      throw e;
+    }
+
+    var template = function(data) {
+      return render.call(this, data, _);
+    };
+
+    // Provide the compiled source as a convenience for precompilation.
+    var argument = settings.variable || 'obj';
+    template.source = 'function(' + argument + '){\n' + source + '}';
+
+    return template;
+  };
+
+  // Add a "chain" function. Start chaining a wrapped Underscore object.
+  _.chain = function(obj) {
+    var instance = _(obj);
+    instance._chain = true;
+    return instance;
+  };
+
+  // OOP
+  // ---------------
+  // If Underscore is called as a function, it returns a wrapped object that
+  // can be used OO-style. This wrapper holds altered versions of all the
+  // underscore functions. Wrapped objects may be chained.
+
+  // Helper function to continue chaining intermediate results.
+  var result = function(instance, obj) {
+    return instance._chain ? _(obj).chain() : obj;
+  };
+
+  // Add your own custom functions to the Underscore object.
+  _.mixin = function(obj) {
+    _.each(_.functions(obj), function(name) {
+      var func = _[name] = obj[name];
+      _.prototype[name] = function() {
+        var args = [this._wrapped];
+        push.apply(args, arguments);
+        return result(this, func.apply(_, args));
+      };
+    });
+  };
+
+  // Add all of the Underscore functions to the wrapper object.
+  _.mixin(_);
+
+  // Add all mutator Array functions to the wrapper.
+  _.each(['pop', 'push', 'reverse', 'shift', 'sort', 'splice', 'unshift'], function(name) {
+    var method = ArrayProto[name];
+    _.prototype[name] = function() {
+      var obj = this._wrapped;
+      method.apply(obj, arguments);
+      if ((name === 'shift' || name === 'splice') && obj.length === 0) delete obj[0];
+      return result(this, obj);
+    };
+  });
+
+  // Add all accessor Array functions to the wrapper.
+  _.each(['concat', 'join', 'slice'], function(name) {
+    var method = ArrayProto[name];
+    _.prototype[name] = function() {
+      return result(this, method.apply(this._wrapped, arguments));
+    };
+  });
+
+  // Extracts the result from a wrapped and chained object.
+  _.prototype.value = function() {
+    return this._wrapped;
+  };
+
+  // Provide unwrapping proxy for some methods used in engine operations
+  // such as arithmetic and JSON stringification.
+  _.prototype.valueOf = _.prototype.toJSON = _.prototype.value;
+
+  _.prototype.toString = function() {
+    return '' + this._wrapped;
+  };
+
+  // AMD registration happens at the end for compatibility with AMD loaders
+  // that may not enforce next-turn semantics on modules. Even though general
+  // practice for AMD registration is to be anonymous, underscore registers
+  // as a named module because, like jQuery, it is a base library that is
+  // popular enough to be bundled in a third party lib, but not be part of
+  // an AMD load request. Those cases could generate an error when an
+  // anonymous define() is called outside of a loader request.
+  if (typeof define === 'function' && define.amd) {
+    define('underscore', [], function() {
+      return _;
+    });
+  }
+}.call(this));
+
+},{}],26:[function(require,module,exports){
+arguments[4][19][0].apply(exports,arguments)
+},{"dup":19}],27:[function(require,module,exports){
+module.exports = function isBuffer(arg) {
+  return arg && typeof arg === 'object'
+    && typeof arg.copy === 'function'
+    && typeof arg.fill === 'function'
+    && typeof arg.readUInt8 === 'function';
+}
+},{}],28:[function(require,module,exports){
+(function (process,global){
+// Copyright Joyent, Inc. and other Node contributors.
+//
+// Permission is hereby granted, free of charge, to any person obtaining a
+// copy of this software and associated documentation files (the
+// "Software"), to deal in the Software without restriction, including
+// without limitation the rights to use, copy, modify, merge, publish,
+// distribute, sublicense, and/or sell copies of the Software, and to permit
+// persons to whom the Software is furnished to do so, subject to the
+// following conditions:
+//
+// The above copyright notice and this permission notice shall be included
+// in all copies or substantial portions of the Software.
+//
+// THE SOFTWARE IS PROVIDED "AS IS", WITHOUT WARRANTY OF ANY KIND, EXPRESS
+// OR IMPLIED, INCLUDING BUT NOT LIMITED TO THE WARRANTIES OF
+// MERCHANTABILITY, FITNESS FOR A PARTICULAR PURPOSE AND NONINFRINGEMENT. IN
+// NO EVENT SHALL THE AUTHORS OR COPYRIGHT HOLDERS BE LIABLE FOR ANY CLAIM,
+// DAMAGES OR OTHER LIABILITY, WHETHER IN AN ACTION OF CONTRACT, TORT OR
+// OTHERWISE, ARISING FROM, OUT OF OR IN CONNECTION WITH THE SOFTWARE OR THE
+// USE OR OTHER DEALINGS IN THE SOFTWARE.
+
+var formatRegExp = /%[sdj%]/g;
+exports.format = function(f) {
+  if (!isString(f)) {
+    var objects = [];
+    for (var i = 0; i < arguments.length; i++) {
+      objects.push(inspect(arguments[i]));
+    }
+    return objects.join(' ');
+  }
+
+  var i = 1;
+  var args = arguments;
+  var len = args.length;
+  var str = String(f).replace(formatRegExp, function(x) {
+    if (x === '%%') return '%';
+    if (i >= len) return x;
+    switch (x) {
+      case '%s': return String(args[i++]);
+      case '%d': return Number(args[i++]);
+      case '%j':
+        try {
+          return JSON.stringify(args[i++]);
+        } catch (_) {
+          return '[Circular]';
+        }
+      default:
+        return x;
+    }
+  });
+  for (var x = args[i]; i < len; x = args[++i]) {
+    if (isNull(x) || !isObject(x)) {
+      str += ' ' + x;
+    } else {
+      str += ' ' + inspect(x);
+    }
+  }
+  return str;
+};
+
+
+// Mark that a method should not be used.
+// Returns a modified function which warns once by default.
+// If --no-deprecation is set, then it is a no-op.
+exports.deprecate = function(fn, msg) {
+  // Allow for deprecating things in the process of starting up.
+  if (isUndefined(global.process)) {
+    return function() {
+      return exports.deprecate(fn, msg).apply(this, arguments);
+    };
+  }
+
+  if (process.noDeprecation === true) {
+    return fn;
+  }
+
+  var warned = false;
+  function deprecated() {
+    if (!warned) {
+      if (process.throwDeprecation) {
+        throw new Error(msg);
+      } else if (process.traceDeprecation) {
+        console.trace(msg);
+      } else {
+        console.error(msg);
+      }
+      warned = true;
+    }
+    return fn.apply(this, arguments);
+  }
+
+  return deprecated;
+};
+
+
+var debugs = {};
+var debugEnviron;
+exports.debuglog = function(set) {
+  if (isUndefined(debugEnviron))
+    debugEnviron = process.env.NODE_DEBUG || '';
+  set = set.toUpperCase();
+  if (!debugs[set]) {
+    if (new RegExp('\\b' + set + '\\b', 'i').test(debugEnviron)) {
+      var pid = process.pid;
+      debugs[set] = function() {
+        var msg = exports.format.apply(exports, arguments);
+        console.error('%s %d: %s', set, pid, msg);
+      };
+    } else {
+      debugs[set] = function() {};
+    }
+  }
+  return debugs[set];
+};
+
+
+/**
+ * Echos the value of a value. Trys to print the value out
+ * in the best way possible given the different types.
+ *
+ * @param {Object} obj The object to print out.
+ * @param {Object} opts Optional options object that alters the output.
+ */
+/* legacy: obj, showHidden, depth, colors*/
+function inspect(obj, opts) {
+  // default options
+  var ctx = {
+    seen: [],
+    stylize: stylizeNoColor
+  };
+  // legacy...
+  if (arguments.length >= 3) ctx.depth = arguments[2];
+  if (arguments.length >= 4) ctx.colors = arguments[3];
+  if (isBoolean(opts)) {
+    // legacy...
+    ctx.showHidden = opts;
+  } else if (opts) {
+    // got an "options" object
+    exports._extend(ctx, opts);
+  }
+  // set default options
+  if (isUndefined(ctx.showHidden)) ctx.showHidden = false;
+  if (isUndefined(ctx.depth)) ctx.depth = 2;
+  if (isUndefined(ctx.colors)) ctx.colors = false;
+  if (isUndefined(ctx.customInspect)) ctx.customInspect = true;
+  if (ctx.colors) ctx.stylize = stylizeWithColor;
+  return formatValue(ctx, obj, ctx.depth);
+}
+exports.inspect = inspect;
+
+
+// http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ANSI_escape_code#graphics
+inspect.colors = {
+  'bold' : [1, 22],
+  'italic' : [3, 23],
+  'underline' : [4, 24],
+  'inverse' : [7, 27],
+  'white' : [37, 39],
+  'grey' : [90, 39],
+  'black' : [30, 39],
+  'blue' : [34, 39],
+  'cyan' : [36, 39],
+  'green' : [32, 39],
+  'magenta' : [35, 39],
+  'red' : [31, 39],
+  'yellow' : [33, 39]
+};
+
+// Don't use 'blue' not visible on cmd.exe
+inspect.styles = {
+  'special': 'cyan',
+  'number': 'yellow',
+  'boolean': 'yellow',
+  'undefined': 'grey',
+  'null': 'bold',
+  'string': 'green',
+  'date': 'magenta',
+  // "name": intentionally not styling
+  'regexp': 'red'
+};
+
+
+function stylizeWithColor(str, styleType) {
+  var style = inspect.styles[styleType];
+
+  if (style) {
+    return '\u001b[' + inspect.colors[style][0] + 'm' + str +
+           '\u001b[' + inspect.colors[style][1] + 'm';
+  } else {
+    return str;
+  }
+}
+
+
+function stylizeNoColor(str, styleType) {
+  return str;
+}
+
+
+function arrayToHash(array) {
+  var hash = {};
+
+  array.forEach(function(val, idx) {
+    hash[val] = true;
+  });
+
+  return hash;
+}
+
+
+function formatValue(ctx, value, recurseTimes) {
+  // Provide a hook for user-specified inspect functions.
+  // Check that value is an object with an inspect function on it
+  if (ctx.customInspect &&
+      value &&
+      isFunction(value.inspect) &&
+      // Filter out the util module, it's inspect function is special
+      value.inspect !== exports.inspect &&
+      // Also filter out any prototype objects using the circular check.
+      !(value.constructor && value.constructor.prototype === value)) {
+    var ret = value.inspect(recurseTimes, ctx);
+    if (!isString(ret)) {
+      ret = formatValue(ctx, ret, recurseTimes);
+    }
+    return ret;
+  }
+
+  // Primitive types cannot have properties
+  var primitive = formatPrimitive(ctx, value);
+  if (primitive) {
+    return primitive;
+  }
+
+  // Look up the keys of the object.
+  var keys = Object.keys(value);
+  var visibleKeys = arrayToHash(keys);
+
+  if (ctx.showHidden) {
+    keys = Object.getOwnPropertyNames(value);
+  }
+
+  // IE doesn't make error fields non-enumerable
+  // http://msdn.microsoft.com/en-us/library/ie/dww52sbt(v=vs.94).aspx
+  if (isError(value)
+      && (keys.indexOf('message') >= 0 || keys.indexOf('description') >= 0)) {
+    return formatError(value);
+  }
+
+  // Some type of object without properties can be shortcutted.
+  if (keys.length === 0) {
+    if (isFunction(value)) {
+      var name = value.name ? ': ' + value.name : '';
+      return ctx.stylize('[Function' + name + ']', 'special');
+    }
+    if (isRegExp(value)) {
+      return ctx.stylize(RegExp.prototype.toString.call(value), 'regexp');
+    }
+    if (isDate(value)) {
+      return ctx.stylize(Date.prototype.toString.call(value), 'date');
+    }
+    if (isError(value)) {
+      return formatError(value);
+    }
+  }
+
+  var base = '', array = false, braces = ['{', '}'];
+
+  // Make Array say that they are Array
+  if (isArray(value)) {
+    array = true;
+    braces = ['[', ']'];
+  }
+
+  // Make functions say that they are functions
+  if (isFunction(value)) {
+    var n = value.name ? ': ' + value.name : '';
+    base = ' [Function' + n + ']';
+  }
+
+  // Make RegExps say that they are RegExps
+  if (isRegExp(value)) {
+    base = ' ' + RegExp.prototype.toString.call(value);
+  }
+
+  // Make dates with properties first say the date
+  if (isDate(value)) {
+    base = ' ' + Date.prototype.toUTCString.call(value);
+  }
+
+  // Make error with message first say the error
+  if (isError(value)) {
+    base = ' ' + formatError(value);
+  }
+
+  if (keys.length === 0 && (!array || value.length == 0)) {
+    return braces[0] + base + braces[1];
+  }
+
+  if (recurseTimes < 0) {
+    if (isRegExp(value)) {
+      return ctx.stylize(RegExp.prototype.toString.call(value), 'regexp');
+    } else {
+      return ctx.stylize('[Object]', 'special');
+    }
+  }
+
+  ctx.seen.push(value);
+
+  var output;
+  if (array) {
+    output = formatArray(ctx, value, recurseTimes, visibleKeys, keys);
+  } else {
+    output = keys.map(function(key) {
+      return formatProperty(ctx, value, recurseTimes, visibleKeys, key, array);
+    });
+  }
+
+  ctx.seen.pop();
+
+  return reduceToSingleString(output, base, braces);
+}
+
+
+function formatPrimitive(ctx, value) {
+  if (isUndefined(value))
+    return ctx.stylize('undefined', 'undefined');
+  if (isString(value)) {
+    var simple = '\'' + JSON.stringify(value).replace(/^"|"$/g, '')
+                                             .replace(/'/g, "\\'")
+                                             .replace(/\\"/g, '"') + '\'';
+    return ctx.stylize(simple, 'string');
+  }
+  if (isNumber(value))
+    return ctx.stylize('' + value, 'number');
+  if (isBoolean(value))
+    return ctx.stylize('' + value, 'boolean');
+  // For some reason typeof null is "object", so special case here.
+  if (isNull(value))
+    return ctx.stylize('null', 'null');
+}
+
+
+function formatError(value) {
+  return '[' + Error.prototype.toString.call(value) + ']';
+}
+
+
+function formatArray(ctx, value, recurseTimes, visibleKeys, keys) {
+  var output = [];
+  for (var i = 0, l = value.length; i < l; ++i) {
+    if (hasOwnProperty(value, String(i))) {
+      output.push(formatProperty(ctx, value, recurseTimes, visibleKeys,
+          String(i), true));
+    } else {
+      output.push('');
+    }
+  }
+  keys.forEach(function(key) {
+    if (!key.match(/^\d+$/)) {
+      output.push(formatProperty(ctx, value, recurseTimes, visibleKeys,
+          key, true));
+    }
+  });
+  return output;
+}
+
+
+function formatProperty(ctx, value, recurseTimes, visibleKeys, key, array) {
+  var name, str, desc;
+  desc = Object.getOwnPropertyDescriptor(value, key) || { value: value[key] };
+  if (desc.get) {
+    if (desc.set) {
+      str = ctx.stylize('[Getter/Setter]', 'special');
+    } else {
+      str = ctx.stylize('[Getter]', 'special');
+    }
+  } else {
+    if (desc.set) {
+      str = ctx.stylize('[Setter]', 'special');
+    }
+  }
+  if (!hasOwnProperty(visibleKeys, key)) {
+    name = '[' + key + ']';
+  }
+  if (!str) {
+    if (ctx.seen.indexOf(desc.value) < 0) {
+      if (isNull(recurseTimes)) {
+        str = formatValue(ctx, desc.value, null);
+      } else {
+        str = formatValue(ctx, desc.value, recurseTimes - 1);
+      }
+      if (str.indexOf('\n') > -1) {
+        if (array) {
+          str = str.split('\n').map(function(line) {
+            return '  ' + line;
+          }).join('\n').substr(2);
+        } else {
+          str = '\n' + str.split('\n').map(function(line) {
+            return '   ' + line;
+          }).join('\n');
+        }
+      }
+    } else {
+      str = ctx.stylize('[Circular]', 'special');
+    }
+  }
+  if (isUndefined(name)) {
+    if (array && key.match(/^\d+$/)) {
+      return str;
+    }
+    name = JSON.stringify('' + key);
+    if (name.match(/^"([a-zA-Z_][a-zA-Z_0-9]*)"$/)) {
+      name = name.substr(1, name.length - 2);
+      name = ctx.stylize(name, 'name');
+    } else {
+      name = name.replace(/'/g, "\\'")
+                 .replace(/\\"/g, '"')
+                 .replace(/(^"|"$)/g, "'");
+      name = ctx.stylize(name, 'string');
+    }
+  }
+
+  return name + ': ' + str;
+}
+
+
+function reduceToSingleString(output, base, braces) {
+  var numLinesEst = 0;
+  var length = output.reduce(function(prev, cur) {
+    numLinesEst++;
+    if (cur.indexOf('\n') >= 0) numLinesEst++;
+    return prev + cur.replace(/\u001b\[\d\d?m/g, '').length + 1;
+  }, 0);
+
+  if (length > 60) {
+    return braces[0] +
+           (base === '' ? '' : base + '\n ') +
+           ' ' +
+           output.join(',\n  ') +
+           ' ' +
+           braces[1];
+  }
+
+  return braces[0] + base + ' ' + output.join(', ') + ' ' + braces[1];
+}
+
+
+// NOTE: These type checking functions intentionally don't use `instanceof`
+// because it is fragile and can be easily faked with `Object.create()`.
+function isArray(ar) {
+  return Array.isArray(ar);
+}
+exports.isArray = isArray;
+
+function isBoolean(arg) {
+  return typeof arg === 'boolean';
+}
+exports.isBoolean = isBoolean;
+
+function isNull(arg) {
+  return arg === null;
+}
+exports.isNull = isNull;
+
+function isNullOrUndefined(arg) {
+  return arg == null;
+}
+exports.isNullOrUndefined = isNullOrUndefined;
+
+function isNumber(arg) {
+  return typeof arg === 'number';
+}
+exports.isNumber = isNumber;
+
+function isString(arg) {
+  return typeof arg === 'string';
+}
+exports.isString = isString;
+
+function isSymbol(arg) {
+  return typeof arg === 'symbol';
+}
+exports.isSymbol = isSymbol;
+
+function isUndefined(arg) {
+  return arg === void 0;
+}
+exports.isUndefined = isUndefined;
+
+function isRegExp(re) {
+  return isObject(re) && objectToString(re) === '[object RegExp]';
+}
+exports.isRegExp = isRegExp;
+
+function isObject(arg) {
+  return typeof arg === 'object' && arg !== null;
+}
+exports.isObject = isObject;
+
+function isDate(d) {
+  return isObject(d) && objectToString(d) === '[object Date]';
+}
+exports.isDate = isDate;
+
+function isError(e) {
+  return isObject(e) &&
+      (objectToString(e) === '[object Error]' || e instanceof Error);
+}
+exports.isError = isError;
+
+function isFunction(arg) {
+  return typeof arg === 'function';
+}
+exports.isFunction = isFunction;
+
+function isPrimitive(arg) {
+  return arg === null ||
+         typeof arg === 'boolean' ||
+         typeof arg === 'number' ||
+         typeof arg === 'string' ||
+         typeof arg === 'symbol' ||  // ES6 symbol
+         typeof arg === 'undefined';
+}
+exports.isPrimitive = isPrimitive;
+
+exports.isBuffer = require('./support/isBuffer');
+
+function objectToString(o) {
+  return Object.prototype.toString.call(o);
+}
+
+
+function pad(n) {
+  return n < 10 ? '0' + n.toString(10) : n.toString(10);
+}
+
+
+var months = ['Jan', 'Feb', 'Mar', 'Apr', 'May', 'Jun', 'Jul', 'Aug', 'Sep',
+              'Oct', 'Nov', 'Dec'];
+
+// 26 Feb 16:19:34
+function timestamp() {
+  var d = new Date();
+  var time = [pad(d.getHours()),
+              pad(d.getMinutes()),
+              pad(d.getSeconds())].join(':');
+  return [d.getDate(), months[d.getMonth()], time].join(' ');
+}
+
+
+// log is just a thin wrapper to console.log that prepends a timestamp
+exports.log = function() {
+  console.log('%s - %s', timestamp(), exports.format.apply(exports, arguments));
+};
+
+
+/**
+ * Inherit the prototype methods from one constructor into another.
+ *
+ * The Function.prototype.inherits from lang.js rewritten as a standalone
+ * function (not on Function.prototype). NOTE: If this file is to be loaded
+ * during bootstrapping this function needs to be rewritten using some native
+ * functions as prototype setup using normal JavaScript does not work as
+ * expected during bootstrapping (see mirror.js in r114903).
+ *
+ * @param {function} ctor Constructor function which needs to inherit the
+ *     prototype.
+ * @param {function} superCtor Constructor function to inherit prototype from.
+ */
+exports.inherits = require('inherits');
+
+exports._extend = function(origin, add) {
+  // Don't do anything if add isn't an object
+  if (!add || !isObject(add)) return origin;
+
+  var keys = Object.keys(add);
+  var i = keys.length;
+  while (i--) {
+    origin[keys[i]] = add[keys[i]];
+  }
+  return origin;
+};
+
+function hasOwnProperty(obj, prop) {
+  return Object.prototype.hasOwnProperty.call(obj, prop);
+}
+
+}).call(this,require('_process'),typeof global !== "undefined" ? global : typeof self !== "undefined" ? self : typeof window !== "undefined" ? window : {})
+},{"./support/isBuffer":27,"_process":24,"inherits":26}],29:[function(require,module,exports){
+// Returns a wrapper function that returns a wrapped callback
+// The wrapper function should do some stuff, and return a
+// presumably different callback function.
+// This makes sure that own properties are retained, so that
+// decorations and such are not lost along the way.
+module.exports = wrappy
+function wrappy (fn, cb) {
+  if (fn && cb) return wrappy(fn)(cb)
+
+  if (typeof fn !== 'function')
+    throw new TypeError('need wrapper function')
+
+  Object.keys(fn).forEach(function (k) {
+    wrapper[k] = fn[k]
+  })
+
+  return wrapper
+
+  function wrapper() {
+    var args = new Array(arguments.length)
+    for (var i = 0; i < args.length; i++) {
+      args[i] = arguments[i]
+    }
+    var ret = fn.apply(this, args)
+    var cb = args[args.length-1]
+    if (typeof ret === 'function' && ret !== cb) {
+      Object.keys(cb).forEach(function (k) {
+        ret[k] = cb[k]
+      })
+    }
+    return ret
+  }
+}
+
+},{}]},{},[7])(7)
+});
\ No newline at end of file
diff --git a/assets/javascripts/workers/search.07f07601.min.js b/assets/javascripts/workers/search.07f07601.min.js
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..f3dbf56
--- /dev/null
+++ b/assets/javascripts/workers/search.07f07601.min.js
@@ -0,0 +1,42 @@
+"use strict";(()=>{var xe=Object.create;var U=Object.defineProperty,ve=Object.defineProperties,Se=Object.getOwnPropertyDescriptor,Te=Object.getOwnPropertyDescriptors,Qe=Object.getOwnPropertyNames,Y=Object.getOwnPropertySymbols,Ee=Object.getPrototypeOf,X=Object.prototype.hasOwnProperty,be=Object.prototype.propertyIsEnumerable;var Z=Math.pow,J=(t,e,r)=>e in t?U(t,e,{enumerable:!0,configurable:!0,writable:!0,value:r}):t[e]=r,A=(t,e)=>{for(var r in e||(e={}))X.call(e,r)&&J(t,r,e[r]);if(Y)for(var r of Y(e))be.call(e,r)&&J(t,r,e[r]);return t},G=(t,e)=>ve(t,Te(e));var Le=(t,e)=>()=>(e||t((e={exports:{}}).exports,e),e.exports);var we=(t,e,r,n)=>{if(e&&typeof e=="object"||typeof e=="function")for(let i of Qe(e))!X.call(t,i)&&i!==r&&U(t,i,{get:()=>e[i],enumerable:!(n=Se(e,i))||n.enumerable});return t};var Pe=(t,e,r)=>(r=t!=null?xe(Ee(t)):{},we(e||!t||!t.__esModule?U(r,"default",{value:t,enumerable:!0}):r,t));var B=(t,e,r)=>new Promise((n,i)=>{var s=u=>{try{a(r.next(u))}catch(c){i(c)}},o=u=>{try{a(r.throw(u))}catch(c){i(c)}},a=u=>u.done?n(u.value):Promise.resolve(u.value).then(s,o);a((r=r.apply(t,e)).next())});var te=Le((K,ee)=>{/**
+ * lunr - http://lunrjs.com - A bit like Solr, but much smaller and not as bright - 2.3.9
+ * Copyright (C) 2020 Oliver Nightingale
+ * @license MIT
+ */(function(){var t=function(e){var r=new t.Builder;return r.pipeline.add(t.trimmer,t.stopWordFilter,t.stemmer),r.searchPipeline.add(t.stemmer),e.call(r,r),r.build()};t.version="2.3.9";/*!
+ * lunr.utils
+ * Copyright (C) 2020 Oliver Nightingale
+ */t.utils={},t.utils.warn=function(e){return function(r){e.console&&console.warn&&console.warn(r)}}(this),t.utils.asString=function(e){return e==null?"":e.toString()},t.utils.clone=function(e){if(e==null)return e;for(var r=Object.create(null),n=Object.keys(e),i=0;i<n.length;i++){var s=n[i],o=e[s];if(Array.isArray(o)){r[s]=o.slice();continue}if(typeof o=="string"||typeof o=="number"||typeof o=="boolean"){r[s]=o;continue}throw new TypeError("clone is not deep and does not support nested objects")}return r},t.FieldRef=function(e,r,n){this.docRef=e,this.fieldName=r,this._stringValue=n},t.FieldRef.joiner="/",t.FieldRef.fromString=function(e){var r=e.indexOf(t.FieldRef.joiner);if(r===-1)throw"malformed field ref string";var n=e.slice(0,r),i=e.slice(r+1);return new t.FieldRef(i,n,e)},t.FieldRef.prototype.toString=function(){return this._stringValue==null&&(this._stringValue=this.fieldName+t.FieldRef.joiner+this.docRef),this._stringValue};/*!
+ * lunr.Set
+ * Copyright (C) 2020 Oliver Nightingale
+ */t.Set=function(e){if(this.elements=Object.create(null),e){this.length=e.length;for(var r=0;r<this.length;r++)this.elements[e[r]]=!0}else this.length=0},t.Set.complete={intersect:function(e){return e},union:function(){return this},contains:function(){return!0}},t.Set.empty={intersect:function(){return this},union:function(e){return e},contains:function(){return!1}},t.Set.prototype.contains=function(e){return!!this.elements[e]},t.Set.prototype.intersect=function(e){var r,n,i,s=[];if(e===t.Set.complete)return this;if(e===t.Set.empty)return e;this.length<e.length?(r=this,n=e):(r=e,n=this),i=Object.keys(r.elements);for(var o=0;o<i.length;o++){var a=i[o];a in n.elements&&s.push(a)}return new t.Set(s)},t.Set.prototype.union=function(e){return e===t.Set.complete?t.Set.complete:e===t.Set.empty?this:new t.Set(Object.keys(this.elements).concat(Object.keys(e.elements)))},t.idf=function(e,r){var n=0;for(var i in e)i!="_index"&&(n+=Object.keys(e[i]).length);var s=(r-n+.5)/(n+.5);return Math.log(1+Math.abs(s))},t.Token=function(e,r){this.str=e||"",this.metadata=r||{}},t.Token.prototype.toString=function(){return this.str},t.Token.prototype.update=function(e){return this.str=e(this.str,this.metadata),this},t.Token.prototype.clone=function(e){return e=e||function(r){return r},new t.Token(e(this.str,this.metadata),this.metadata)};/*!
+ * lunr.tokenizer
+ * Copyright (C) 2020 Oliver Nightingale
+ */t.tokenizer=function(e,r){if(e==null||e==null)return[];if(Array.isArray(e))return e.map(function(g){return new t.Token(t.utils.asString(g).toLowerCase(),t.utils.clone(r))});for(var n=e.toString().toLowerCase(),i=n.length,s=[],o=0,a=0;o<=i;o++){var u=n.charAt(o),c=o-a;if(u.match(t.tokenizer.separator)||o==i){if(c>0){var f=t.utils.clone(r)||{};f.position=[a,c],f.index=s.length,s.push(new t.Token(n.slice(a,o),f))}a=o+1}}return s},t.tokenizer.separator=/[\s\-]+/;/*!
+ * lunr.Pipeline
+ * Copyright (C) 2020 Oliver Nightingale
+ */t.Pipeline=function(){this._stack=[]},t.Pipeline.registeredFunctions=Object.create(null),t.Pipeline.registerFunction=function(e,r){r in this.registeredFunctions&&t.utils.warn("Overwriting existing registered function: "+r),e.label=r,t.Pipeline.registeredFunctions[e.label]=e},t.Pipeline.warnIfFunctionNotRegistered=function(e){var r=e.label&&e.label in this.registeredFunctions;r||t.utils.warn(`Function is not registered with pipeline. This may cause problems when serialising the index.
+`,e)},t.Pipeline.load=function(e){var r=new t.Pipeline;return e.forEach(function(n){var i=t.Pipeline.registeredFunctions[n];if(i)r.add(i);else throw new Error("Cannot load unregistered function: "+n)}),r},t.Pipeline.prototype.add=function(){var e=Array.prototype.slice.call(arguments);e.forEach(function(r){t.Pipeline.warnIfFunctionNotRegistered(r),this._stack.push(r)},this)},t.Pipeline.prototype.after=function(e,r){t.Pipeline.warnIfFunctionNotRegistered(r);var n=this._stack.indexOf(e);if(n==-1)throw new Error("Cannot find existingFn");n=n+1,this._stack.splice(n,0,r)},t.Pipeline.prototype.before=function(e,r){t.Pipeline.warnIfFunctionNotRegistered(r);var n=this._stack.indexOf(e);if(n==-1)throw new Error("Cannot find existingFn");this._stack.splice(n,0,r)},t.Pipeline.prototype.remove=function(e){var r=this._stack.indexOf(e);r!=-1&&this._stack.splice(r,1)},t.Pipeline.prototype.run=function(e){for(var r=this._stack.length,n=0;n<r;n++){for(var i=this._stack[n],s=[],o=0;o<e.length;o++){var a=i(e[o],o,e);if(!(a==null||a===""))if(Array.isArray(a))for(var u=0;u<a.length;u++)s.push(a[u]);else s.push(a)}e=s}return e},t.Pipeline.prototype.runString=function(e,r){var n=new t.Token(e,r);return this.run([n]).map(function(i){return i.toString()})},t.Pipeline.prototype.reset=function(){this._stack=[]},t.Pipeline.prototype.toJSON=function(){return this._stack.map(function(e){return t.Pipeline.warnIfFunctionNotRegistered(e),e.label})};/*!
+ * lunr.Vector
+ * Copyright (C) 2020 Oliver Nightingale
+ */t.Vector=function(e){this._magnitude=0,this.elements=e||[]},t.Vector.prototype.positionForIndex=function(e){if(this.elements.length==0)return 0;for(var r=0,n=this.elements.length/2,i=n-r,s=Math.floor(i/2),o=this.elements[s*2];i>1&&(o<e&&(r=s),o>e&&(n=s),o!=e);)i=n-r,s=r+Math.floor(i/2),o=this.elements[s*2];if(o==e||o>e)return s*2;if(o<e)return(s+1)*2},t.Vector.prototype.insert=function(e,r){this.upsert(e,r,function(){throw"duplicate index"})},t.Vector.prototype.upsert=function(e,r,n){this._magnitude=0;var i=this.positionForIndex(e);this.elements[i]==e?this.elements[i+1]=n(this.elements[i+1],r):this.elements.splice(i,0,e,r)},t.Vector.prototype.magnitude=function(){if(this._magnitude)return this._magnitude;for(var e=0,r=this.elements.length,n=1;n<r;n+=2){var i=this.elements[n];e+=i*i}return this._magnitude=Math.sqrt(e)},t.Vector.prototype.dot=function(e){for(var r=0,n=this.elements,i=e.elements,s=n.length,o=i.length,a=0,u=0,c=0,f=0;c<s&&f<o;)a=n[c],u=i[f],a<u?c+=2:a>u?f+=2:a==u&&(r+=n[c+1]*i[f+1],c+=2,f+=2);return r},t.Vector.prototype.similarity=function(e){return this.dot(e)/this.magnitude()||0},t.Vector.prototype.toArray=function(){for(var e=new Array(this.elements.length/2),r=1,n=0;r<this.elements.length;r+=2,n++)e[n]=this.elements[r];return e},t.Vector.prototype.toJSON=function(){return this.elements};/*!
+ * lunr.stemmer
+ * Copyright (C) 2020 Oliver Nightingale
+ * Includes code from - http://tartarus.org/~martin/PorterStemmer/js.txt
+ */t.stemmer=function(){var e={ational:"ate",tional:"tion",enci:"ence",anci:"ance",izer:"ize",bli:"ble",alli:"al",entli:"ent",eli:"e",ousli:"ous",ization:"ize",ation:"ate",ator:"ate",alism:"al",iveness:"ive",fulness:"ful",ousness:"ous",aliti:"al",iviti:"ive",biliti:"ble",logi:"log"},r={icate:"ic",ative:"",alize:"al",iciti:"ic",ical:"ic",ful:"",ness:""},n="[^aeiou]",i="[aeiouy]",s=n+"[^aeiouy]*",o=i+"[aeiou]*",a="^("+s+")?"+o+s,u="^("+s+")?"+o+s+"("+o+")?$",c="^("+s+")?"+o+s+o+s,f="^("+s+")?"+i,g=new RegExp(a),l=new RegExp(c),m=new RegExp(u),x=new RegExp(f),v=/^(.+?)(ss|i)es$/,d=/^(.+?)([^s])s$/,y=/^(.+?)eed$/,b=/^(.+?)(ed|ing)$/,E=/.$/,w=/(at|bl|iz)$/,R=new RegExp("([^aeiouylsz])\\1$"),j=new RegExp("^"+s+i+"[^aeiouwxy]$"),_=/^(.+?[^aeiou])y$/,D=/^(.+?)(ational|tional|enci|anci|izer|bli|alli|entli|eli|ousli|ization|ation|ator|alism|iveness|fulness|ousness|aliti|iviti|biliti|logi)$/,N=/^(.+?)(icate|ative|alize|iciti|ical|ful|ness)$/,C=/^(.+?)(al|ance|ence|er|ic|able|ible|ant|ement|ment|ent|ou|ism|ate|iti|ous|ive|ize)$/,V=/^(.+?)(s|t)(ion)$/,P=/^(.+?)e$/,z=/ll$/,$=new RegExp("^"+s+i+"[^aeiouwxy]$"),M=function(h){var S,k,L,p,T,O,F;if(h.length<3)return h;if(L=h.substr(0,1),L=="y"&&(h=L.toUpperCase()+h.substr(1)),p=v,T=d,p.test(h)?h=h.replace(p,"$1$2"):T.test(h)&&(h=h.replace(T,"$1$2")),p=y,T=b,p.test(h)){var Q=p.exec(h);p=g,p.test(Q[1])&&(p=E,h=h.replace(p,""))}else if(T.test(h)){var Q=T.exec(h);S=Q[1],T=x,T.test(S)&&(h=S,T=w,O=R,F=j,T.test(h)?h=h+"e":O.test(h)?(p=E,h=h.replace(p,"")):F.test(h)&&(h=h+"e"))}if(p=_,p.test(h)){var Q=p.exec(h);S=Q[1],h=S+"i"}if(p=D,p.test(h)){var Q=p.exec(h);S=Q[1],k=Q[2],p=g,p.test(S)&&(h=S+e[k])}if(p=N,p.test(h)){var Q=p.exec(h);S=Q[1],k=Q[2],p=g,p.test(S)&&(h=S+r[k])}if(p=C,T=V,p.test(h)){var Q=p.exec(h);S=Q[1],p=l,p.test(S)&&(h=S)}else if(T.test(h)){var Q=T.exec(h);S=Q[1]+Q[2],T=l,T.test(S)&&(h=S)}if(p=P,p.test(h)){var Q=p.exec(h);S=Q[1],p=l,T=m,O=$,(p.test(S)||T.test(S)&&!O.test(S))&&(h=S)}return p=z,T=l,p.test(h)&&T.test(h)&&(p=E,h=h.replace(p,"")),L=="y"&&(h=L.toLowerCase()+h.substr(1)),h};return function(I){return I.update(M)}}(),t.Pipeline.registerFunction(t.stemmer,"stemmer");/*!
+ * lunr.stopWordFilter
+ * Copyright (C) 2020 Oliver Nightingale
+ */t.generateStopWordFilter=function(e){var r=e.reduce(function(n,i){return n[i]=i,n},{});return function(n){if(n&&r[n.toString()]!==n.toString())return n}},t.stopWordFilter=t.generateStopWordFilter(["a","able","about","across","after","all","almost","also","am","among","an","and","any","are","as","at","be","because","been","but","by","can","cannot","could","dear","did","do","does","either","else","ever","every","for","from","get","got","had","has","have","he","her","hers","him","his","how","however","i","if","in","into","is","it","its","just","least","let","like","likely","may","me","might","most","must","my","neither","no","nor","not","of","off","often","on","only","or","other","our","own","rather","said","say","says","she","should","since","so","some","than","that","the","their","them","then","there","these","they","this","tis","to","too","twas","us","wants","was","we","were","what","when","where","which","while","who","whom","why","will","with","would","yet","you","your"]),t.Pipeline.registerFunction(t.stopWordFilter,"stopWordFilter");/*!
+ * lunr.trimmer
+ * Copyright (C) 2020 Oliver Nightingale
+ */t.trimmer=function(e){return e.update(function(r){return r.replace(/^\W+/,"").replace(/\W+$/,"")})},t.Pipeline.registerFunction(t.trimmer,"trimmer");/*!
+ * lunr.TokenSet
+ * Copyright (C) 2020 Oliver Nightingale
+ */t.TokenSet=function(){this.final=!1,this.edges={},this.id=t.TokenSet._nextId,t.TokenSet._nextId+=1},t.TokenSet._nextId=1,t.TokenSet.fromArray=function(e){for(var r=new t.TokenSet.Builder,n=0,i=e.length;n<i;n++)r.insert(e[n]);return r.finish(),r.root},t.TokenSet.fromClause=function(e){return"editDistance"in e?t.TokenSet.fromFuzzyString(e.term,e.editDistance):t.TokenSet.fromString(e.term)},t.TokenSet.fromFuzzyString=function(e,r){for(var n=new t.TokenSet,i=[{node:n,editsRemaining:r,str:e}];i.length;){var s=i.pop();if(s.str.length>0){var o=s.str.charAt(0),a;o in s.node.edges?a=s.node.edges[o]:(a=new t.TokenSet,s.node.edges[o]=a),s.str.length==1&&(a.final=!0),i.push({node:a,editsRemaining:s.editsRemaining,str:s.str.slice(1)})}if(s.editsRemaining!=0){if("*"in s.node.edges)var u=s.node.edges["*"];else{var u=new t.TokenSet;s.node.edges["*"]=u}if(s.str.length==0&&(u.final=!0),i.push({node:u,editsRemaining:s.editsRemaining-1,str:s.str}),s.str.length>1&&i.push({node:s.node,editsRemaining:s.editsRemaining-1,str:s.str.slice(1)}),s.str.length==1&&(s.node.final=!0),s.str.length>=1){if("*"in s.node.edges)var c=s.node.edges["*"];else{var c=new t.TokenSet;s.node.edges["*"]=c}s.str.length==1&&(c.final=!0),i.push({node:c,editsRemaining:s.editsRemaining-1,str:s.str.slice(1)})}if(s.str.length>1){var f=s.str.charAt(0),g=s.str.charAt(1),l;g in s.node.edges?l=s.node.edges[g]:(l=new t.TokenSet,s.node.edges[g]=l),s.str.length==1&&(l.final=!0),i.push({node:l,editsRemaining:s.editsRemaining-1,str:f+s.str.slice(2)})}}}return n},t.TokenSet.fromString=function(e){for(var r=new t.TokenSet,n=r,i=0,s=e.length;i<s;i++){var o=e[i],a=i==s-1;if(o=="*")r.edges[o]=r,r.final=a;else{var u=new t.TokenSet;u.final=a,r.edges[o]=u,r=u}}return n},t.TokenSet.prototype.toArray=function(){for(var e=[],r=[{prefix:"",node:this}];r.length;){var n=r.pop(),i=Object.keys(n.node.edges),s=i.length;n.node.final&&(n.prefix.charAt(0),e.push(n.prefix));for(var o=0;o<s;o++){var a=i[o];r.push({prefix:n.prefix.concat(a),node:n.node.edges[a]})}}return e},t.TokenSet.prototype.toString=function(){if(this._str)return this._str;for(var e=this.final?"1":"0",r=Object.keys(this.edges).sort(),n=r.length,i=0;i<n;i++){var s=r[i],o=this.edges[s];e=e+s+o.id}return e},t.TokenSet.prototype.intersect=function(e){for(var r=new t.TokenSet,n=void 0,i=[{qNode:e,output:r,node:this}];i.length;){n=i.pop();for(var s=Object.keys(n.qNode.edges),o=s.length,a=Object.keys(n.node.edges),u=a.length,c=0;c<o;c++)for(var f=s[c],g=0;g<u;g++){var l=a[g];if(l==f||f=="*"){var m=n.node.edges[l],x=n.qNode.edges[f],v=m.final&&x.final,d=void 0;l in n.output.edges?(d=n.output.edges[l],d.final=d.final||v):(d=new t.TokenSet,d.final=v,n.output.edges[l]=d),i.push({qNode:x,output:d,node:m})}}}return r},t.TokenSet.Builder=function(){this.previousWord="",this.root=new t.TokenSet,this.uncheckedNodes=[],this.minimizedNodes={}},t.TokenSet.Builder.prototype.insert=function(e){var r,n=0;if(e<this.previousWord)throw new Error("Out of order word insertion");for(var i=0;i<e.length&&i<this.previousWord.length&&e[i]==this.previousWord[i];i++)n++;this.minimize(n),this.uncheckedNodes.length==0?r=this.root:r=this.uncheckedNodes[this.uncheckedNodes.length-1].child;for(var i=n;i<e.length;i++){var s=new t.TokenSet,o=e[i];r.edges[o]=s,this.uncheckedNodes.push({parent:r,char:o,child:s}),r=s}r.final=!0,this.previousWord=e},t.TokenSet.Builder.prototype.finish=function(){this.minimize(0)},t.TokenSet.Builder.prototype.minimize=function(e){for(var r=this.uncheckedNodes.length-1;r>=e;r--){var n=this.uncheckedNodes[r],i=n.child.toString();i in this.minimizedNodes?n.parent.edges[n.char]=this.minimizedNodes[i]:(n.child._str=i,this.minimizedNodes[i]=n.child),this.uncheckedNodes.pop()}};/*!
+ * lunr.Index
+ * Copyright (C) 2020 Oliver Nightingale
+ */t.Index=function(e){this.invertedIndex=e.invertedIndex,this.fieldVectors=e.fieldVectors,this.tokenSet=e.tokenSet,this.fields=e.fields,this.pipeline=e.pipeline},t.Index.prototype.search=function(e){return this.query(function(r){var n=new t.QueryParser(e,r);n.parse()})},t.Index.prototype.query=function(e){for(var r=new t.Query(this.fields),n=Object.create(null),i=Object.create(null),s=Object.create(null),o=Object.create(null),a=Object.create(null),u=0;u<this.fields.length;u++)i[this.fields[u]]=new t.Vector;e.call(r,r);for(var u=0;u<r.clauses.length;u++){var c=r.clauses[u],f=null,g=t.Set.empty;c.usePipeline?f=this.pipeline.runString(c.term,{fields:c.fields}):f=[c.term];for(var l=0;l<f.length;l++){var m=f[l];c.term=m;var x=t.TokenSet.fromClause(c),v=this.tokenSet.intersect(x).toArray();if(v.length===0&&c.presence===t.Query.presence.REQUIRED){for(var d=0;d<c.fields.length;d++){var y=c.fields[d];o[y]=t.Set.empty}break}for(var b=0;b<v.length;b++)for(var E=v[b],w=this.invertedIndex[E],R=w._index,d=0;d<c.fields.length;d++){var y=c.fields[d],j=w[y],_=Object.keys(j),D=E+"/"+y,N=new t.Set(_);if(c.presence==t.Query.presence.REQUIRED&&(g=g.union(N),o[y]===void 0&&(o[y]=t.Set.complete)),c.presence==t.Query.presence.PROHIBITED){a[y]===void 0&&(a[y]=t.Set.empty),a[y]=a[y].union(N);continue}if(i[y].upsert(R,c.boost,function(ye,me){return ye+me}),!s[D]){for(var C=0;C<_.length;C++){var V=_[C],P=new t.FieldRef(V,y),z=j[V],$;($=n[P])===void 0?n[P]=new t.MatchData(E,y,z):$.add(E,y,z)}s[D]=!0}}}if(c.presence===t.Query.presence.REQUIRED)for(var d=0;d<c.fields.length;d++){var y=c.fields[d];o[y]=o[y].intersect(g)}}for(var M=t.Set.complete,I=t.Set.empty,u=0;u<this.fields.length;u++){var y=this.fields[u];o[y]&&(M=M.intersect(o[y])),a[y]&&(I=I.union(a[y]))}var h=Object.keys(n),S=[],k=Object.create(null);if(r.isNegated()){h=Object.keys(this.fieldVectors);for(var u=0;u<h.length;u++){var P=h[u],L=t.FieldRef.fromString(P);n[P]=new t.MatchData}}for(var u=0;u<h.length;u++){var L=t.FieldRef.fromString(h[u]),p=L.docRef;if(M.contains(p)&&!I.contains(p)){var T=this.fieldVectors[L],O=i[L.fieldName].similarity(T),F;if((F=k[p])!==void 0)F.score+=O,F.matchData.combine(n[L]);else{var Q={ref:p,score:O,matchData:n[L]};k[p]=Q,S.push(Q)}}}return S.sort(function(pe,ge){return ge.score-pe.score})},t.Index.prototype.toJSON=function(){var e=Object.keys(this.invertedIndex).sort().map(function(n){return[n,this.invertedIndex[n]]},this),r=Object.keys(this.fieldVectors).map(function(n){return[n,this.fieldVectors[n].toJSON()]},this);return{version:t.version,fields:this.fields,fieldVectors:r,invertedIndex:e,pipeline:this.pipeline.toJSON()}},t.Index.load=function(e){var r={},n={},i=e.fieldVectors,s=Object.create(null),o=e.invertedIndex,a=new t.TokenSet.Builder,u=t.Pipeline.load(e.pipeline);e.version!=t.version&&t.utils.warn("Version mismatch when loading serialised index. Current version of lunr '"+t.version+"' does not match serialized index '"+e.version+"'");for(var c=0;c<i.length;c++){var f=i[c],g=f[0],l=f[1];n[g]=new t.Vector(l)}for(var c=0;c<o.length;c++){var f=o[c],m=f[0],x=f[1];a.insert(m),s[m]=x}return a.finish(),r.fields=e.fields,r.fieldVectors=n,r.invertedIndex=s,r.tokenSet=a.root,r.pipeline=u,new t.Index(r)};/*!
+ * lunr.Builder
+ * Copyright (C) 2020 Oliver Nightingale
+ */t.Builder=function(){this._ref="id",this._fields=Object.create(null),this._documents=Object.create(null),this.invertedIndex=Object.create(null),this.fieldTermFrequencies={},this.fieldLengths={},this.tokenizer=t.tokenizer,this.pipeline=new t.Pipeline,this.searchPipeline=new t.Pipeline,this.documentCount=0,this._b=.75,this._k1=1.2,this.termIndex=0,this.metadataWhitelist=[]},t.Builder.prototype.ref=function(e){this._ref=e},t.Builder.prototype.field=function(e,r){if(/\//.test(e))throw new RangeError("Field '"+e+"' contains illegal character '/'");this._fields[e]=r||{}},t.Builder.prototype.b=function(e){e<0?this._b=0:e>1?this._b=1:this._b=e},t.Builder.prototype.k1=function(e){this._k1=e},t.Builder.prototype.add=function(e,r){var n=e[this._ref],i=Object.keys(this._fields);this._documents[n]=r||{},this.documentCount+=1;for(var s=0;s<i.length;s++){var o=i[s],a=this._fields[o].extractor,u=a?a(e):e[o],c=this.tokenizer(u,{fields:[o]}),f=this.pipeline.run(c),g=new t.FieldRef(n,o),l=Object.create(null);this.fieldTermFrequencies[g]=l,this.fieldLengths[g]=0,this.fieldLengths[g]+=f.length;for(var m=0;m<f.length;m++){var x=f[m];if(l[x]==null&&(l[x]=0),l[x]+=1,this.invertedIndex[x]==null){var v=Object.create(null);v._index=this.termIndex,this.termIndex+=1;for(var d=0;d<i.length;d++)v[i[d]]=Object.create(null);this.invertedIndex[x]=v}this.invertedIndex[x][o][n]==null&&(this.invertedIndex[x][o][n]=Object.create(null));for(var y=0;y<this.metadataWhitelist.length;y++){var b=this.metadataWhitelist[y],E=x.metadata[b];this.invertedIndex[x][o][n][b]==null&&(this.invertedIndex[x][o][n][b]=[]),this.invertedIndex[x][o][n][b].push(E)}}}},t.Builder.prototype.calculateAverageFieldLengths=function(){for(var e=Object.keys(this.fieldLengths),r=e.length,n={},i={},s=0;s<r;s++){var o=t.FieldRef.fromString(e[s]),a=o.fieldName;i[a]||(i[a]=0),i[a]+=1,n[a]||(n[a]=0),n[a]+=this.fieldLengths[o]}for(var u=Object.keys(this._fields),s=0;s<u.length;s++){var c=u[s];n[c]=n[c]/i[c]}this.averageFieldLength=n},t.Builder.prototype.createFieldVectors=function(){for(var e={},r=Object.keys(this.fieldTermFrequencies),n=r.length,i=Object.create(null),s=0;s<n;s++){for(var o=t.FieldRef.fromString(r[s]),a=o.fieldName,u=this.fieldLengths[o],c=new t.Vector,f=this.fieldTermFrequencies[o],g=Object.keys(f),l=g.length,m=this._fields[a].boost||1,x=this._documents[o.docRef].boost||1,v=0;v<l;v++){var d=g[v],y=f[d],b=this.invertedIndex[d]._index,E,w,R;i[d]===void 0?(E=t.idf(this.invertedIndex[d],this.documentCount),i[d]=E):E=i[d],w=E*((this._k1+1)*y)/(this._k1*(1-this._b+this._b*(u/this.averageFieldLength[a]))+y),w*=m,w*=x,R=Math.round(w*1e3)/1e3,c.insert(b,R)}e[o]=c}this.fieldVectors=e},t.Builder.prototype.createTokenSet=function(){this.tokenSet=t.TokenSet.fromArray(Object.keys(this.invertedIndex).sort())},t.Builder.prototype.build=function(){return this.calculateAverageFieldLengths(),this.createFieldVectors(),this.createTokenSet(),new t.Index({invertedIndex:this.invertedIndex,fieldVectors:this.fieldVectors,tokenSet:this.tokenSet,fields:Object.keys(this._fields),pipeline:this.searchPipeline})},t.Builder.prototype.use=function(e){var r=Array.prototype.slice.call(arguments,1);r.unshift(this),e.apply(this,r)},t.MatchData=function(e,r,n){for(var i=Object.create(null),s=Object.keys(n||{}),o=0;o<s.length;o++){var a=s[o];i[a]=n[a].slice()}this.metadata=Object.create(null),e!==void 0&&(this.metadata[e]=Object.create(null),this.metadata[e][r]=i)},t.MatchData.prototype.combine=function(e){for(var r=Object.keys(e.metadata),n=0;n<r.length;n++){var i=r[n],s=Object.keys(e.metadata[i]);this.metadata[i]==null&&(this.metadata[i]=Object.create(null));for(var o=0;o<s.length;o++){var a=s[o],u=Object.keys(e.metadata[i][a]);this.metadata[i][a]==null&&(this.metadata[i][a]=Object.create(null));for(var c=0;c<u.length;c++){var f=u[c];this.metadata[i][a][f]==null?this.metadata[i][a][f]=e.metadata[i][a][f]:this.metadata[i][a][f]=this.metadata[i][a][f].concat(e.metadata[i][a][f])}}}},t.MatchData.prototype.add=function(e,r,n){if(!(e in this.metadata)){this.metadata[e]=Object.create(null),this.metadata[e][r]=n;return}if(!(r in this.metadata[e])){this.metadata[e][r]=n;return}for(var i=Object.keys(n),s=0;s<i.length;s++){var o=i[s];o in this.metadata[e][r]?this.metadata[e][r][o]=this.metadata[e][r][o].concat(n[o]):this.metadata[e][r][o]=n[o]}},t.Query=function(e){this.clauses=[],this.allFields=e},t.Query.wildcard=new String("*"),t.Query.wildcard.NONE=0,t.Query.wildcard.LEADING=1,t.Query.wildcard.TRAILING=2,t.Query.presence={OPTIONAL:1,REQUIRED:2,PROHIBITED:3},t.Query.prototype.clause=function(e){return"fields"in e||(e.fields=this.allFields),"boost"in e||(e.boost=1),"usePipeline"in e||(e.usePipeline=!0),"wildcard"in e||(e.wildcard=t.Query.wildcard.NONE),e.wildcard&t.Query.wildcard.LEADING&&e.term.charAt(0)!=t.Query.wildcard&&(e.term="*"+e.term),e.wildcard&t.Query.wildcard.TRAILING&&e.term.slice(-1)!=t.Query.wildcard&&(e.term=""+e.term+"*"),"presence"in e||(e.presence=t.Query.presence.OPTIONAL),this.clauses.push(e),this},t.Query.prototype.isNegated=function(){for(var e=0;e<this.clauses.length;e++)if(this.clauses[e].presence!=t.Query.presence.PROHIBITED)return!1;return!0},t.Query.prototype.term=function(e,r){if(Array.isArray(e))return e.forEach(function(i){this.term(i,t.utils.clone(r))},this),this;var n=r||{};return n.term=e.toString(),this.clause(n),this},t.QueryParseError=function(e,r,n){this.name="QueryParseError",this.message=e,this.start=r,this.end=n},t.QueryParseError.prototype=new Error,t.QueryLexer=function(e){this.lexemes=[],this.str=e,this.length=e.length,this.pos=0,this.start=0,this.escapeCharPositions=[]},t.QueryLexer.prototype.run=function(){for(var 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+//# sourceMappingURL=search.07f07601.min.js.map
+
diff --git a/assets/javascripts/workers/search.07f07601.min.js.map b/assets/javascripts/workers/search.07f07601.min.js.map
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..7fdd4d0
--- /dev/null
+++ b/assets/javascripts/workers/search.07f07601.min.js.map
@@ -0,0 +1,7 @@
+{
+  "version": 3,
+  "sources": ["node_modules/lunr/lunr.js", "src/templates/assets/javascripts/integrations/search/worker/main/index.ts", "src/templates/assets/javascripts/browser/element/_/index.ts", "src/templates/assets/javascripts/polyfills/index.ts", "src/templates/assets/javascripts/integrations/search/config/index.ts", "src/templates/assets/javascripts/integrations/search/internal/_/index.ts", "src/templates/assets/javascripts/integrations/search/internal/extract/index.ts", "src/templates/assets/javascripts/integrations/search/internal/highlight/index.ts", "src/templates/assets/javascripts/integrations/search/internal/tokenize/index.ts", "src/templates/assets/javascripts/integrations/search/query/transform/index.ts", "src/templates/assets/javascripts/integrations/search/query/_/index.ts", "src/templates/assets/javascripts/integrations/search/query/segment/index.ts", "src/templates/assets/javascripts/integrations/search/_/index.ts"],
+  "sourcesContent": ["/**\n * lunr - http://lunrjs.com - A bit like Solr, but much smaller and not as bright - 2.3.9\n * Copyright (C) 2020 Oliver Nightingale\n * @license MIT\n */\n\n;(function(){\n\n/**\n * A convenience function for configuring and constructing\n * a new lunr Index.\n *\n * A lunr.Builder instance is created and the pipeline setup\n * with a trimmer, stop word filter and stemmer.\n *\n * This builder object is yielded to the configuration function\n * that is passed as a parameter, allowing the list of fields\n * and other builder parameters to be customised.\n *\n * All documents _must_ be added within the passed config function.\n *\n * @example\n * var idx = lunr(function () {\n *   this.field('title')\n *   this.field('body')\n *   this.ref('id')\n *\n *   documents.forEach(function (doc) {\n *     this.add(doc)\n *   }, this)\n * })\n *\n * @see {@link lunr.Builder}\n * @see {@link lunr.Pipeline}\n * @see {@link lunr.trimmer}\n * @see {@link lunr.stopWordFilter}\n * @see {@link lunr.stemmer}\n * @namespace {function} lunr\n */\nvar lunr = function (config) {\n  var builder = new lunr.Builder\n\n  builder.pipeline.add(\n    lunr.trimmer,\n    lunr.stopWordFilter,\n    lunr.stemmer\n  )\n\n  builder.searchPipeline.add(\n    lunr.stemmer\n  )\n\n  config.call(builder, builder)\n  return builder.build()\n}\n\nlunr.version = \"2.3.9\"\n/*!\n * lunr.utils\n * Copyright (C) 2020 Oliver Nightingale\n */\n\n/**\n * A namespace containing utils for the rest of the lunr library\n * @namespace lunr.utils\n */\nlunr.utils = {}\n\n/**\n * Print a warning message to the console.\n *\n * @param {String} message The message to be printed.\n * @memberOf lunr.utils\n * @function\n */\nlunr.utils.warn = (function (global) {\n  /* eslint-disable no-console */\n  return function (message) {\n    if (global.console && console.warn) {\n      console.warn(message)\n    }\n  }\n  /* eslint-enable no-console */\n})(this)\n\n/**\n * Convert an object to a string.\n *\n * In the case of `null` and `undefined` the function returns\n * the empty string, in all other cases the result of calling\n * `toString` on the passed object is returned.\n *\n * @param {Any} obj The object to convert to a string.\n * @return {String} string representation of the passed object.\n * @memberOf lunr.utils\n */\nlunr.utils.asString = function (obj) {\n  if (obj === void 0 || obj === null) {\n    return \"\"\n  } else {\n    return obj.toString()\n  }\n}\n\n/**\n * Clones an object.\n *\n * Will create a copy of an existing object such that any mutations\n * on the copy cannot affect the original.\n *\n * Only shallow objects are supported, passing a nested object to this\n * function will cause a TypeError.\n *\n * Objects with primitives, and arrays of primitives are supported.\n *\n * @param {Object} obj The object to clone.\n * @return {Object} a clone of the passed object.\n * @throws {TypeError} when a nested object is passed.\n * @memberOf Utils\n */\nlunr.utils.clone = function (obj) {\n  if (obj === null || obj === undefined) {\n    return obj\n  }\n\n  var clone = Object.create(null),\n      keys = Object.keys(obj)\n\n  for (var i = 0; i < keys.length; i++) {\n    var key = keys[i],\n        val = obj[key]\n\n    if (Array.isArray(val)) {\n      clone[key] = val.slice()\n      continue\n    }\n\n    if (typeof val === 'string' ||\n        typeof val === 'number' ||\n        typeof val === 'boolean') {\n      clone[key] = val\n      continue\n    }\n\n    throw new TypeError(\"clone is not deep and does not support nested objects\")\n  }\n\n  return clone\n}\nlunr.FieldRef = function (docRef, fieldName, stringValue) {\n  this.docRef = docRef\n  this.fieldName = fieldName\n  this._stringValue = stringValue\n}\n\nlunr.FieldRef.joiner = \"/\"\n\nlunr.FieldRef.fromString = function (s) {\n  var n = s.indexOf(lunr.FieldRef.joiner)\n\n  if (n === -1) {\n    throw \"malformed field ref string\"\n  }\n\n  var fieldRef = s.slice(0, n),\n      docRef = s.slice(n + 1)\n\n  return new lunr.FieldRef (docRef, fieldRef, s)\n}\n\nlunr.FieldRef.prototype.toString = function () {\n  if (this._stringValue == undefined) {\n    this._stringValue = this.fieldName + lunr.FieldRef.joiner + this.docRef\n  }\n\n  return this._stringValue\n}\n/*!\n * lunr.Set\n * Copyright (C) 2020 Oliver Nightingale\n */\n\n/**\n * A lunr set.\n *\n * @constructor\n */\nlunr.Set = function (elements) {\n  this.elements = Object.create(null)\n\n  if (elements) {\n    this.length = elements.length\n\n    for (var i = 0; i < this.length; i++) {\n      this.elements[elements[i]] = true\n    }\n  } else {\n    this.length = 0\n  }\n}\n\n/**\n * A complete set that contains all elements.\n *\n * @static\n * @readonly\n * @type {lunr.Set}\n */\nlunr.Set.complete = {\n  intersect: function (other) {\n    return other\n  },\n\n  union: function () {\n    return this\n  },\n\n  contains: function () {\n    return true\n  }\n}\n\n/**\n * An empty set that contains no elements.\n *\n * @static\n * @readonly\n * @type {lunr.Set}\n */\nlunr.Set.empty = {\n  intersect: function () {\n    return this\n  },\n\n  union: function (other) {\n    return other\n  },\n\n  contains: function () {\n    return false\n  }\n}\n\n/**\n * Returns true if this set contains the specified object.\n *\n * @param {object} object - Object whose presence in this set is to be tested.\n * @returns {boolean} - True if this set contains the specified object.\n */\nlunr.Set.prototype.contains = function (object) {\n  return !!this.elements[object]\n}\n\n/**\n * Returns a new set containing only the elements that are present in both\n * this set and the specified set.\n *\n * @param {lunr.Set} other - set to intersect with this set.\n * @returns {lunr.Set} a new set that is the intersection of this and the specified set.\n */\n\nlunr.Set.prototype.intersect = function (other) {\n  var a, b, elements, intersection = []\n\n  if (other === lunr.Set.complete) {\n    return this\n  }\n\n  if (other === lunr.Set.empty) {\n    return other\n  }\n\n  if (this.length < other.length) {\n    a = this\n    b = other\n  } else {\n    a = other\n    b = this\n  }\n\n  elements = Object.keys(a.elements)\n\n  for (var i = 0; i < elements.length; i++) {\n    var element = elements[i]\n    if (element in b.elements) {\n      intersection.push(element)\n    }\n  }\n\n  return new lunr.Set (intersection)\n}\n\n/**\n * Returns a new set combining the elements of this and the specified set.\n *\n * @param {lunr.Set} other - set to union with this set.\n * @return {lunr.Set} a new set that is the union of this and the specified set.\n */\n\nlunr.Set.prototype.union = function (other) {\n  if (other === lunr.Set.complete) {\n    return lunr.Set.complete\n  }\n\n  if (other === lunr.Set.empty) {\n    return this\n  }\n\n  return new lunr.Set(Object.keys(this.elements).concat(Object.keys(other.elements)))\n}\n/**\n * A function to calculate the inverse document frequency for\n * a posting. This is shared between the builder and the index\n *\n * @private\n * @param {object} posting - The posting for a given term\n * @param {number} documentCount - The total number of documents.\n */\nlunr.idf = function (posting, documentCount) {\n  var documentsWithTerm = 0\n\n  for (var fieldName in posting) {\n    if (fieldName == '_index') continue // Ignore the term index, its not a field\n    documentsWithTerm += Object.keys(posting[fieldName]).length\n  }\n\n  var x = (documentCount - documentsWithTerm + 0.5) / (documentsWithTerm + 0.5)\n\n  return Math.log(1 + Math.abs(x))\n}\n\n/**\n * A token wraps a string representation of a token\n * as it is passed through the text processing pipeline.\n *\n * @constructor\n * @param {string} [str=''] - The string token being wrapped.\n * @param {object} [metadata={}] - Metadata associated with this token.\n */\nlunr.Token = function (str, metadata) {\n  this.str = str || \"\"\n  this.metadata = metadata || {}\n}\n\n/**\n * Returns the token string that is being wrapped by this object.\n *\n * @returns {string}\n */\nlunr.Token.prototype.toString = function () {\n  return this.str\n}\n\n/**\n * A token update function is used when updating or optionally\n * when cloning a token.\n *\n * @callback lunr.Token~updateFunction\n * @param {string} str - The string representation of the token.\n * @param {Object} metadata - All metadata associated with this token.\n */\n\n/**\n * Applies the given function to the wrapped string token.\n *\n * @example\n * token.update(function (str, metadata) {\n *   return str.toUpperCase()\n * })\n *\n * @param {lunr.Token~updateFunction} fn - A function to apply to the token string.\n * @returns {lunr.Token}\n */\nlunr.Token.prototype.update = function (fn) {\n  this.str = fn(this.str, this.metadata)\n  return this\n}\n\n/**\n * Creates a clone of this token. Optionally a function can be\n * applied to the cloned token.\n *\n * @param {lunr.Token~updateFunction} [fn] - An optional function to apply to the cloned token.\n * @returns {lunr.Token}\n */\nlunr.Token.prototype.clone = function (fn) {\n  fn = fn || function (s) { return s }\n  return new lunr.Token (fn(this.str, this.metadata), this.metadata)\n}\n/*!\n * lunr.tokenizer\n * Copyright (C) 2020 Oliver Nightingale\n */\n\n/**\n * A function for splitting a string into tokens ready to be inserted into\n * the search index. Uses `lunr.tokenizer.separator` to split strings, change\n * the value of this property to change how strings are split into tokens.\n *\n * This tokenizer will convert its parameter to a string by calling `toString` and\n * then will split this string on the character in `lunr.tokenizer.separator`.\n * Arrays will have their elements converted to strings and wrapped in a lunr.Token.\n *\n * Optional metadata can be passed to the tokenizer, this metadata will be cloned and\n * added as metadata to every token that is created from the object to be tokenized.\n *\n * @static\n * @param {?(string|object|object[])} obj - The object to convert into tokens\n * @param {?object} metadata - Optional metadata to associate with every token\n * @returns {lunr.Token[]}\n * @see {@link lunr.Pipeline}\n */\nlunr.tokenizer = function (obj, metadata) {\n  if (obj == null || obj == undefined) {\n    return []\n  }\n\n  if (Array.isArray(obj)) {\n    return obj.map(function (t) {\n      return new lunr.Token(\n        lunr.utils.asString(t).toLowerCase(),\n        lunr.utils.clone(metadata)\n      )\n    })\n  }\n\n  var str = obj.toString().toLowerCase(),\n      len = str.length,\n      tokens = []\n\n  for (var sliceEnd = 0, sliceStart = 0; sliceEnd <= len; sliceEnd++) {\n    var char = str.charAt(sliceEnd),\n        sliceLength = sliceEnd - sliceStart\n\n    if ((char.match(lunr.tokenizer.separator) || sliceEnd == len)) {\n\n      if (sliceLength > 0) {\n        var tokenMetadata = lunr.utils.clone(metadata) || {}\n        tokenMetadata[\"position\"] = [sliceStart, sliceLength]\n        tokenMetadata[\"index\"] = tokens.length\n\n        tokens.push(\n          new lunr.Token (\n            str.slice(sliceStart, sliceEnd),\n            tokenMetadata\n          )\n        )\n      }\n\n      sliceStart = sliceEnd + 1\n    }\n\n  }\n\n  return tokens\n}\n\n/**\n * The separator used to split a string into tokens. Override this property to change the behaviour of\n * `lunr.tokenizer` behaviour when tokenizing strings. By default this splits on whitespace and hyphens.\n *\n * @static\n * @see lunr.tokenizer\n */\nlunr.tokenizer.separator = /[\\s\\-]+/\n/*!\n * lunr.Pipeline\n * Copyright (C) 2020 Oliver Nightingale\n */\n\n/**\n * lunr.Pipelines maintain an ordered list of functions to be applied to all\n * tokens in documents entering the search index and queries being ran against\n * the index.\n *\n * An instance of lunr.Index created with the lunr shortcut will contain a\n * pipeline with a stop word filter and an English language stemmer. Extra\n * functions can be added before or after either of these functions or these\n * default functions can be removed.\n *\n * When run the pipeline will call each function in turn, passing a token, the\n * index of that token in the original list of all tokens and finally a list of\n * all the original tokens.\n *\n * The output of functions in the pipeline will be passed to the next function\n * in the pipeline. To exclude a token from entering the index the function\n * should return undefined, the rest of the pipeline will not be called with\n * this token.\n *\n * For serialisation of pipelines to work, all functions used in an instance of\n * a pipeline should be registered with lunr.Pipeline. Registered functions can\n * then be loaded. If trying to load a serialised pipeline that uses functions\n * that are not registered an error will be thrown.\n *\n * If not planning on serialising the pipeline then registering pipeline functions\n * is not necessary.\n *\n * @constructor\n */\nlunr.Pipeline = function () {\n  this._stack = []\n}\n\nlunr.Pipeline.registeredFunctions = Object.create(null)\n\n/**\n * A pipeline function maps lunr.Token to lunr.Token. A lunr.Token contains the token\n * string as well as all known metadata. A pipeline function can mutate the token string\n * or mutate (or add) metadata for a given token.\n *\n * A pipeline function can indicate that the passed token should be discarded by returning\n * null, undefined or an empty string. This token will not be passed to any downstream pipeline\n * functions and will not be added to the index.\n *\n * Multiple tokens can be returned by returning an array of tokens. Each token will be passed\n * to any downstream pipeline functions and all will returned tokens will be added to the index.\n *\n * Any number of pipeline functions may be chained together using a lunr.Pipeline.\n *\n * @interface lunr.PipelineFunction\n * @param {lunr.Token} token - A token from the document being processed.\n * @param {number} i - The index of this token in the complete list of tokens for this document/field.\n * @param {lunr.Token[]} tokens - All tokens for this document/field.\n * @returns {(?lunr.Token|lunr.Token[])}\n */\n\n/**\n * Register a function with the pipeline.\n *\n * Functions that are used in the pipeline should be registered if the pipeline\n * needs to be serialised, or a serialised pipeline needs to be loaded.\n *\n * Registering a function does not add it to a pipeline, functions must still be\n * added to instances of the pipeline for them to be used when running a pipeline.\n *\n * @param {lunr.PipelineFunction} fn - The function to check for.\n * @param {String} label - The label to register this function with\n */\nlunr.Pipeline.registerFunction = function (fn, label) {\n  if (label in this.registeredFunctions) {\n    lunr.utils.warn('Overwriting existing registered function: ' + label)\n  }\n\n  fn.label = label\n  lunr.Pipeline.registeredFunctions[fn.label] = fn\n}\n\n/**\n * Warns if the function is not registered as a Pipeline function.\n *\n * @param {lunr.PipelineFunction} fn - The function to check for.\n * @private\n */\nlunr.Pipeline.warnIfFunctionNotRegistered = function (fn) {\n  var isRegistered = fn.label && (fn.label in this.registeredFunctions)\n\n  if (!isRegistered) {\n    lunr.utils.warn('Function is not registered with pipeline. This may cause problems when serialising the index.\\n', fn)\n  }\n}\n\n/**\n * Loads a previously serialised pipeline.\n *\n * All functions to be loaded must already be registered with lunr.Pipeline.\n * If any function from the serialised data has not been registered then an\n * error will be thrown.\n *\n * @param {Object} serialised - The serialised pipeline to load.\n * @returns {lunr.Pipeline}\n */\nlunr.Pipeline.load = function (serialised) {\n  var pipeline = new lunr.Pipeline\n\n  serialised.forEach(function (fnName) {\n    var fn = lunr.Pipeline.registeredFunctions[fnName]\n\n    if (fn) {\n      pipeline.add(fn)\n    } else {\n      throw new Error('Cannot load unregistered function: ' + fnName)\n    }\n  })\n\n  return pipeline\n}\n\n/**\n * Adds new functions to the end of the pipeline.\n *\n * Logs a warning if the function has not been registered.\n *\n * @param {lunr.PipelineFunction[]} functions - Any number of functions to add to the pipeline.\n */\nlunr.Pipeline.prototype.add = function () {\n  var fns = Array.prototype.slice.call(arguments)\n\n  fns.forEach(function (fn) {\n    lunr.Pipeline.warnIfFunctionNotRegistered(fn)\n    this._stack.push(fn)\n  }, this)\n}\n\n/**\n * Adds a single function after a function that already exists in the\n * pipeline.\n *\n * Logs a warning if the function has not been registered.\n *\n * @param {lunr.PipelineFunction} existingFn - A function that already exists in the pipeline.\n * @param {lunr.PipelineFunction} newFn - The new function to add to the pipeline.\n */\nlunr.Pipeline.prototype.after = function (existingFn, newFn) {\n  lunr.Pipeline.warnIfFunctionNotRegistered(newFn)\n\n  var pos = this._stack.indexOf(existingFn)\n  if (pos == -1) {\n    throw new Error('Cannot find existingFn')\n  }\n\n  pos = pos + 1\n  this._stack.splice(pos, 0, newFn)\n}\n\n/**\n * Adds a single function before a function that already exists in the\n * pipeline.\n *\n * Logs a warning if the function has not been registered.\n *\n * @param {lunr.PipelineFunction} existingFn - A function that already exists in the pipeline.\n * @param {lunr.PipelineFunction} newFn - The new function to add to the pipeline.\n */\nlunr.Pipeline.prototype.before = function (existingFn, newFn) {\n  lunr.Pipeline.warnIfFunctionNotRegistered(newFn)\n\n  var pos = this._stack.indexOf(existingFn)\n  if (pos == -1) {\n    throw new Error('Cannot find existingFn')\n  }\n\n  this._stack.splice(pos, 0, newFn)\n}\n\n/**\n * Removes a function from the pipeline.\n *\n * @param {lunr.PipelineFunction} fn The function to remove from the pipeline.\n */\nlunr.Pipeline.prototype.remove = function (fn) {\n  var pos = this._stack.indexOf(fn)\n  if (pos == -1) {\n    return\n  }\n\n  this._stack.splice(pos, 1)\n}\n\n/**\n * Runs the current list of functions that make up the pipeline against the\n * passed tokens.\n *\n * @param {Array} tokens The tokens to run through the pipeline.\n * @returns {Array}\n */\nlunr.Pipeline.prototype.run = function (tokens) {\n  var stackLength = this._stack.length\n\n  for (var i = 0; i < stackLength; i++) {\n    var fn = this._stack[i]\n    var memo = []\n\n    for (var j = 0; j < tokens.length; j++) {\n      var result = fn(tokens[j], j, tokens)\n\n      if (result === null || result === void 0 || result === '') continue\n\n      if (Array.isArray(result)) {\n        for (var k = 0; k < result.length; k++) {\n          memo.push(result[k])\n        }\n      } else {\n        memo.push(result)\n      }\n    }\n\n    tokens = memo\n  }\n\n  return tokens\n}\n\n/**\n * Convenience method for passing a string through a pipeline and getting\n * strings out. This method takes care of wrapping the passed string in a\n * token and mapping the resulting tokens back to strings.\n *\n * @param {string} str - The string to pass through the pipeline.\n * @param {?object} metadata - Optional metadata to associate with the token\n * passed to the pipeline.\n * @returns {string[]}\n */\nlunr.Pipeline.prototype.runString = function (str, metadata) {\n  var token = new lunr.Token (str, metadata)\n\n  return this.run([token]).map(function (t) {\n    return t.toString()\n  })\n}\n\n/**\n * Resets the pipeline by removing any existing processors.\n *\n */\nlunr.Pipeline.prototype.reset = function () {\n  this._stack = []\n}\n\n/**\n * Returns a representation of the pipeline ready for serialisation.\n *\n * Logs a warning if the function has not been registered.\n *\n * @returns {Array}\n */\nlunr.Pipeline.prototype.toJSON = function () {\n  return this._stack.map(function (fn) {\n    lunr.Pipeline.warnIfFunctionNotRegistered(fn)\n\n    return fn.label\n  })\n}\n/*!\n * lunr.Vector\n * Copyright (C) 2020 Oliver Nightingale\n */\n\n/**\n * A vector is used to construct the vector space of documents and queries. These\n * vectors support operations to determine the similarity between two documents or\n * a document and a query.\n *\n * Normally no parameters are required for initializing a vector, but in the case of\n * loading a previously dumped vector the raw elements can be provided to the constructor.\n *\n * For performance reasons vectors are implemented with a flat array, where an elements\n * index is immediately followed by its value. E.g. [index, value, index, value]. This\n * allows the underlying array to be as sparse as possible and still offer decent\n * performance when being used for vector calculations.\n *\n * @constructor\n * @param {Number[]} [elements] - The flat list of element index and element value pairs.\n */\nlunr.Vector = function (elements) {\n  this._magnitude = 0\n  this.elements = elements || []\n}\n\n\n/**\n * Calculates the position within the vector to insert a given index.\n *\n * This is used internally by insert and upsert. If there are duplicate indexes then\n * the position is returned as if the value for that index were to be updated, but it\n * is the callers responsibility to check whether there is a duplicate at that index\n *\n * @param {Number} insertIdx - The index at which the element should be inserted.\n * @returns {Number}\n */\nlunr.Vector.prototype.positionForIndex = function (index) {\n  // For an empty vector the tuple can be inserted at the beginning\n  if (this.elements.length == 0) {\n    return 0\n  }\n\n  var start = 0,\n      end = this.elements.length / 2,\n      sliceLength = end - start,\n      pivotPoint = Math.floor(sliceLength / 2),\n      pivotIndex = this.elements[pivotPoint * 2]\n\n  while (sliceLength > 1) {\n    if (pivotIndex < index) {\n      start = pivotPoint\n    }\n\n    if (pivotIndex > index) {\n      end = pivotPoint\n    }\n\n    if (pivotIndex == index) {\n      break\n    }\n\n    sliceLength = end - start\n    pivotPoint = start + Math.floor(sliceLength / 2)\n    pivotIndex = this.elements[pivotPoint * 2]\n  }\n\n  if (pivotIndex == index) {\n    return pivotPoint * 2\n  }\n\n  if (pivotIndex > index) {\n    return pivotPoint * 2\n  }\n\n  if (pivotIndex < index) {\n    return (pivotPoint + 1) * 2\n  }\n}\n\n/**\n * Inserts an element at an index within the vector.\n *\n * Does not allow duplicates, will throw an error if there is already an entry\n * for this index.\n *\n * @param {Number} insertIdx - The index at which the element should be inserted.\n * @param {Number} val - The value to be inserted into the vector.\n */\nlunr.Vector.prototype.insert = function (insertIdx, val) {\n  this.upsert(insertIdx, val, function () {\n    throw \"duplicate index\"\n  })\n}\n\n/**\n * Inserts or updates an existing index within the vector.\n *\n * @param {Number} insertIdx - The index at which the element should be inserted.\n * @param {Number} val - The value to be inserted into the vector.\n * @param {function} fn - A function that is called for updates, the existing value and the\n * requested value are passed as arguments\n */\nlunr.Vector.prototype.upsert = function (insertIdx, val, fn) {\n  this._magnitude = 0\n  var position = this.positionForIndex(insertIdx)\n\n  if (this.elements[position] == insertIdx) {\n    this.elements[position + 1] = fn(this.elements[position + 1], val)\n  } else {\n    this.elements.splice(position, 0, insertIdx, val)\n  }\n}\n\n/**\n * Calculates the magnitude of this vector.\n *\n * @returns {Number}\n */\nlunr.Vector.prototype.magnitude = function () {\n  if (this._magnitude) return this._magnitude\n\n  var sumOfSquares = 0,\n      elementsLength = this.elements.length\n\n  for (var i = 1; i < elementsLength; i += 2) {\n    var val = this.elements[i]\n    sumOfSquares += val * val\n  }\n\n  return this._magnitude = Math.sqrt(sumOfSquares)\n}\n\n/**\n * Calculates the dot product of this vector and another vector.\n *\n * @param {lunr.Vector} otherVector - The vector to compute the dot product with.\n * @returns {Number}\n */\nlunr.Vector.prototype.dot = function (otherVector) {\n  var dotProduct = 0,\n      a = this.elements, b = otherVector.elements,\n      aLen = a.length, bLen = b.length,\n      aVal = 0, bVal = 0,\n      i = 0, j = 0\n\n  while (i < aLen && j < bLen) {\n    aVal = a[i], bVal = b[j]\n    if (aVal < bVal) {\n      i += 2\n    } else if (aVal > bVal) {\n      j += 2\n    } else if (aVal == bVal) {\n      dotProduct += a[i + 1] * b[j + 1]\n      i += 2\n      j += 2\n    }\n  }\n\n  return dotProduct\n}\n\n/**\n * Calculates the similarity between this vector and another vector.\n *\n * @param {lunr.Vector} otherVector - The other vector to calculate the\n * similarity with.\n * @returns {Number}\n */\nlunr.Vector.prototype.similarity = function (otherVector) {\n  return this.dot(otherVector) / this.magnitude() || 0\n}\n\n/**\n * Converts the vector to an array of the elements within the vector.\n *\n * @returns {Number[]}\n */\nlunr.Vector.prototype.toArray = function () {\n  var output = new Array (this.elements.length / 2)\n\n  for (var i = 1, j = 0; i < this.elements.length; i += 2, j++) {\n    output[j] = this.elements[i]\n  }\n\n  return output\n}\n\n/**\n * A JSON serializable representation of the vector.\n *\n * @returns {Number[]}\n */\nlunr.Vector.prototype.toJSON = function () {\n  return this.elements\n}\n/* eslint-disable */\n/*!\n * lunr.stemmer\n * Copyright (C) 2020 Oliver Nightingale\n * Includes code from - http://tartarus.org/~martin/PorterStemmer/js.txt\n */\n\n/**\n * lunr.stemmer is an english language stemmer, this is a JavaScript\n * implementation of the PorterStemmer taken from http://tartarus.org/~martin\n *\n * @static\n * @implements {lunr.PipelineFunction}\n * @param {lunr.Token} token - The string to stem\n * @returns {lunr.Token}\n * @see {@link lunr.Pipeline}\n * @function\n */\nlunr.stemmer = (function(){\n  var step2list = {\n      \"ational\" : \"ate\",\n      \"tional\" : \"tion\",\n      \"enci\" : \"ence\",\n      \"anci\" : \"ance\",\n      \"izer\" : \"ize\",\n      \"bli\" : \"ble\",\n      \"alli\" : \"al\",\n      \"entli\" : \"ent\",\n      \"eli\" : \"e\",\n      \"ousli\" : \"ous\",\n      \"ization\" : \"ize\",\n      \"ation\" : \"ate\",\n      \"ator\" : \"ate\",\n      \"alism\" : \"al\",\n      \"iveness\" : \"ive\",\n      \"fulness\" : \"ful\",\n      \"ousness\" : \"ous\",\n      \"aliti\" : \"al\",\n      \"iviti\" : \"ive\",\n      \"biliti\" : \"ble\",\n      \"logi\" : \"log\"\n    },\n\n    step3list = {\n      \"icate\" : \"ic\",\n      \"ative\" : \"\",\n      \"alize\" : \"al\",\n      \"iciti\" : \"ic\",\n      \"ical\" : \"ic\",\n      \"ful\" : \"\",\n      \"ness\" : \"\"\n    },\n\n    c = \"[^aeiou]\",          // consonant\n    v = \"[aeiouy]\",          // vowel\n    C = c + \"[^aeiouy]*\",    // consonant sequence\n    V = v + \"[aeiou]*\",      // vowel sequence\n\n    mgr0 = \"^(\" + C + \")?\" + V + C,               // [C]VC... is m>0\n    meq1 = \"^(\" + C + \")?\" + V + C + \"(\" + V + \")?$\",  // [C]VC[V] is m=1\n    mgr1 = \"^(\" + C + \")?\" + V + C + V + C,       // [C]VCVC... is m>1\n    s_v = \"^(\" + C + \")?\" + v;                   // vowel in stem\n\n  var re_mgr0 = new RegExp(mgr0);\n  var re_mgr1 = new RegExp(mgr1);\n  var re_meq1 = new RegExp(meq1);\n  var re_s_v = new RegExp(s_v);\n\n  var re_1a = /^(.+?)(ss|i)es$/;\n  var re2_1a = /^(.+?)([^s])s$/;\n  var re_1b = /^(.+?)eed$/;\n  var re2_1b = /^(.+?)(ed|ing)$/;\n  var re_1b_2 = /.$/;\n  var re2_1b_2 = /(at|bl|iz)$/;\n  var re3_1b_2 = new RegExp(\"([^aeiouylsz])\\\\1$\");\n  var re4_1b_2 = new RegExp(\"^\" + C + v + \"[^aeiouwxy]$\");\n\n  var re_1c = /^(.+?[^aeiou])y$/;\n  var re_2 = /^(.+?)(ational|tional|enci|anci|izer|bli|alli|entli|eli|ousli|ization|ation|ator|alism|iveness|fulness|ousness|aliti|iviti|biliti|logi)$/;\n\n  var re_3 = /^(.+?)(icate|ative|alize|iciti|ical|ful|ness)$/;\n\n  var re_4 = /^(.+?)(al|ance|ence|er|ic|able|ible|ant|ement|ment|ent|ou|ism|ate|iti|ous|ive|ize)$/;\n  var re2_4 = /^(.+?)(s|t)(ion)$/;\n\n  var re_5 = /^(.+?)e$/;\n  var re_5_1 = /ll$/;\n  var re3_5 = new RegExp(\"^\" + C + v + \"[^aeiouwxy]$\");\n\n  var porterStemmer = function porterStemmer(w) {\n    var stem,\n      suffix,\n      firstch,\n      re,\n      re2,\n      re3,\n      re4;\n\n    if (w.length < 3) { return w; }\n\n    firstch = w.substr(0,1);\n    if (firstch == \"y\") {\n      w = firstch.toUpperCase() + w.substr(1);\n    }\n\n    // Step 1a\n    re = re_1a\n    re2 = re2_1a;\n\n    if (re.test(w)) { w = w.replace(re,\"$1$2\"); }\n    else if (re2.test(w)) { w = w.replace(re2,\"$1$2\"); }\n\n    // Step 1b\n    re = re_1b;\n    re2 = re2_1b;\n    if (re.test(w)) {\n      var fp = re.exec(w);\n      re = re_mgr0;\n      if (re.test(fp[1])) {\n        re = re_1b_2;\n        w = w.replace(re,\"\");\n      }\n    } else if (re2.test(w)) {\n      var fp = re2.exec(w);\n      stem = fp[1];\n      re2 = re_s_v;\n      if (re2.test(stem)) {\n        w = stem;\n        re2 = re2_1b_2;\n        re3 = re3_1b_2;\n        re4 = re4_1b_2;\n        if (re2.test(w)) { w = w + \"e\"; }\n        else if (re3.test(w)) { re = re_1b_2; w = w.replace(re,\"\"); }\n        else if (re4.test(w)) { w = w + \"e\"; }\n      }\n    }\n\n    // Step 1c - replace suffix y or Y by i if preceded by a non-vowel which is not the first letter of the word (so cry -> cri, by -> by, say -> say)\n    re = re_1c;\n    if (re.test(w)) {\n      var fp = re.exec(w);\n      stem = fp[1];\n      w = stem + \"i\";\n    }\n\n    // Step 2\n    re = re_2;\n    if (re.test(w)) {\n      var fp = re.exec(w);\n      stem = fp[1];\n      suffix = fp[2];\n      re = re_mgr0;\n      if (re.test(stem)) {\n        w = stem + step2list[suffix];\n      }\n    }\n\n    // Step 3\n    re = re_3;\n    if (re.test(w)) {\n      var fp = re.exec(w);\n      stem = fp[1];\n      suffix = fp[2];\n      re = re_mgr0;\n      if (re.test(stem)) {\n        w = stem + step3list[suffix];\n      }\n    }\n\n    // Step 4\n    re = re_4;\n    re2 = re2_4;\n    if (re.test(w)) {\n      var fp = re.exec(w);\n      stem = fp[1];\n      re = re_mgr1;\n      if (re.test(stem)) {\n        w = stem;\n      }\n    } else if (re2.test(w)) {\n      var fp = re2.exec(w);\n      stem = fp[1] + fp[2];\n      re2 = re_mgr1;\n      if (re2.test(stem)) {\n        w = stem;\n      }\n    }\n\n    // Step 5\n    re = re_5;\n    if (re.test(w)) {\n      var fp = re.exec(w);\n      stem = fp[1];\n      re = re_mgr1;\n      re2 = re_meq1;\n      re3 = re3_5;\n      if (re.test(stem) || (re2.test(stem) && !(re3.test(stem)))) {\n        w = stem;\n      }\n    }\n\n    re = re_5_1;\n    re2 = re_mgr1;\n    if (re.test(w) && re2.test(w)) {\n      re = re_1b_2;\n      w = w.replace(re,\"\");\n    }\n\n    // and turn initial Y back to y\n\n    if (firstch == \"y\") {\n      w = firstch.toLowerCase() + w.substr(1);\n    }\n\n    return w;\n  };\n\n  return function (token) {\n    return token.update(porterStemmer);\n  }\n})();\n\nlunr.Pipeline.registerFunction(lunr.stemmer, 'stemmer')\n/*!\n * lunr.stopWordFilter\n * Copyright (C) 2020 Oliver Nightingale\n */\n\n/**\n * lunr.generateStopWordFilter builds a stopWordFilter function from the provided\n * list of stop words.\n *\n * The built in lunr.stopWordFilter is built using this generator and can be used\n * to generate custom stopWordFilters for applications or non English languages.\n *\n * @function\n * @param {Array} token The token to pass through the filter\n * @returns {lunr.PipelineFunction}\n * @see lunr.Pipeline\n * @see lunr.stopWordFilter\n */\nlunr.generateStopWordFilter = function (stopWords) {\n  var words = stopWords.reduce(function (memo, stopWord) {\n    memo[stopWord] = stopWord\n    return memo\n  }, {})\n\n  return function (token) {\n    if (token && words[token.toString()] !== token.toString()) return token\n  }\n}\n\n/**\n * lunr.stopWordFilter is an English language stop word list filter, any words\n * contained in the list will not be passed through the filter.\n *\n * This is intended to be used in the Pipeline. If the token does not pass the\n * filter then undefined will be returned.\n *\n * @function\n * @implements {lunr.PipelineFunction}\n * @params {lunr.Token} token - A token to check for being a stop word.\n * @returns {lunr.Token}\n * @see {@link lunr.Pipeline}\n */\nlunr.stopWordFilter = lunr.generateStopWordFilter([\n  'a',\n  'able',\n  'about',\n  'across',\n  'after',\n  'all',\n  'almost',\n  'also',\n  'am',\n  'among',\n  'an',\n  'and',\n  'any',\n  'are',\n  'as',\n  'at',\n  'be',\n  'because',\n  'been',\n  'but',\n  'by',\n  'can',\n  'cannot',\n  'could',\n  'dear',\n  'did',\n  'do',\n  'does',\n  'either',\n  'else',\n  'ever',\n  'every',\n  'for',\n  'from',\n  'get',\n  'got',\n  'had',\n  'has',\n  'have',\n  'he',\n  'her',\n  'hers',\n  'him',\n  'his',\n  'how',\n  'however',\n  'i',\n  'if',\n  'in',\n  'into',\n  'is',\n  'it',\n  'its',\n  'just',\n  'least',\n  'let',\n  'like',\n  'likely',\n  'may',\n  'me',\n  'might',\n  'most',\n  'must',\n  'my',\n  'neither',\n  'no',\n  'nor',\n  'not',\n  'of',\n  'off',\n  'often',\n  'on',\n  'only',\n  'or',\n  'other',\n  'our',\n  'own',\n  'rather',\n  'said',\n  'say',\n  'says',\n  'she',\n  'should',\n  'since',\n  'so',\n  'some',\n  'than',\n  'that',\n  'the',\n  'their',\n  'them',\n  'then',\n  'there',\n  'these',\n  'they',\n  'this',\n  'tis',\n  'to',\n  'too',\n  'twas',\n  'us',\n  'wants',\n  'was',\n  'we',\n  'were',\n  'what',\n  'when',\n  'where',\n  'which',\n  'while',\n  'who',\n  'whom',\n  'why',\n  'will',\n  'with',\n  'would',\n  'yet',\n  'you',\n  'your'\n])\n\nlunr.Pipeline.registerFunction(lunr.stopWordFilter, 'stopWordFilter')\n/*!\n * lunr.trimmer\n * Copyright (C) 2020 Oliver Nightingale\n */\n\n/**\n * lunr.trimmer is a pipeline function for trimming non word\n * characters from the beginning and end of tokens before they\n * enter the index.\n *\n * This implementation may not work correctly for non latin\n * characters and should either be removed or adapted for use\n * with languages with non-latin characters.\n *\n * @static\n * @implements {lunr.PipelineFunction}\n * @param {lunr.Token} token The token to pass through the filter\n * @returns {lunr.Token}\n * @see lunr.Pipeline\n */\nlunr.trimmer = function (token) {\n  return token.update(function (s) {\n    return s.replace(/^\\W+/, '').replace(/\\W+$/, '')\n  })\n}\n\nlunr.Pipeline.registerFunction(lunr.trimmer, 'trimmer')\n/*!\n * lunr.TokenSet\n * Copyright (C) 2020 Oliver Nightingale\n */\n\n/**\n * A token set is used to store the unique list of all tokens\n * within an index. Token sets are also used to represent an\n * incoming query to the index, this query token set and index\n * token set are then intersected to find which tokens to look\n * up in the inverted index.\n *\n * A token set can hold multiple tokens, as in the case of the\n * index token set, or it can hold a single token as in the\n * case of a simple query token set.\n *\n * Additionally token sets are used to perform wildcard matching.\n * Leading, contained and trailing wildcards are supported, and\n * from this edit distance matching can also be provided.\n *\n * Token sets are implemented as a minimal finite state automata,\n * where both common prefixes and suffixes are shared between tokens.\n * This helps to reduce the space used for storing the token set.\n *\n * @constructor\n */\nlunr.TokenSet = function () {\n  this.final = false\n  this.edges = {}\n  this.id = lunr.TokenSet._nextId\n  lunr.TokenSet._nextId += 1\n}\n\n/**\n * Keeps track of the next, auto increment, identifier to assign\n * to a new tokenSet.\n *\n * TokenSets require a unique identifier to be correctly minimised.\n *\n * @private\n */\nlunr.TokenSet._nextId = 1\n\n/**\n * Creates a TokenSet instance from the given sorted array of words.\n *\n * @param {String[]} arr - A sorted array of strings to create the set from.\n * @returns {lunr.TokenSet}\n * @throws Will throw an error if the input array is not sorted.\n */\nlunr.TokenSet.fromArray = function (arr) {\n  var builder = new lunr.TokenSet.Builder\n\n  for (var i = 0, len = arr.length; i < len; i++) {\n    builder.insert(arr[i])\n  }\n\n  builder.finish()\n  return builder.root\n}\n\n/**\n * Creates a token set from a query clause.\n *\n * @private\n * @param {Object} clause - A single clause from lunr.Query.\n * @param {string} clause.term - The query clause term.\n * @param {number} [clause.editDistance] - The optional edit distance for the term.\n * @returns {lunr.TokenSet}\n */\nlunr.TokenSet.fromClause = function (clause) {\n  if ('editDistance' in clause) {\n    return lunr.TokenSet.fromFuzzyString(clause.term, clause.editDistance)\n  } else {\n    return lunr.TokenSet.fromString(clause.term)\n  }\n}\n\n/**\n * Creates a token set representing a single string with a specified\n * edit distance.\n *\n * Insertions, deletions, substitutions and transpositions are each\n * treated as an edit distance of 1.\n *\n * Increasing the allowed edit distance will have a dramatic impact\n * on the performance of both creating and intersecting these TokenSets.\n * It is advised to keep the edit distance less than 3.\n *\n * @param {string} str - The string to create the token set from.\n * @param {number} editDistance - The allowed edit distance to match.\n * @returns {lunr.Vector}\n */\nlunr.TokenSet.fromFuzzyString = function (str, editDistance) {\n  var root = new lunr.TokenSet\n\n  var stack = [{\n    node: root,\n    editsRemaining: editDistance,\n    str: str\n  }]\n\n  while (stack.length) {\n    var frame = stack.pop()\n\n    // no edit\n    if (frame.str.length > 0) {\n      var char = frame.str.charAt(0),\n          noEditNode\n\n      if (char in frame.node.edges) {\n        noEditNode = frame.node.edges[char]\n      } else {\n        noEditNode = new lunr.TokenSet\n        frame.node.edges[char] = noEditNode\n      }\n\n      if (frame.str.length == 1) {\n        noEditNode.final = true\n      }\n\n      stack.push({\n        node: noEditNode,\n        editsRemaining: frame.editsRemaining,\n        str: frame.str.slice(1)\n      })\n    }\n\n    if (frame.editsRemaining == 0) {\n      continue\n    }\n\n    // insertion\n    if (\"*\" in frame.node.edges) {\n      var insertionNode = frame.node.edges[\"*\"]\n    } else {\n      var insertionNode = new lunr.TokenSet\n      frame.node.edges[\"*\"] = insertionNode\n    }\n\n    if (frame.str.length == 0) {\n      insertionNode.final = true\n    }\n\n    stack.push({\n      node: insertionNode,\n      editsRemaining: frame.editsRemaining - 1,\n      str: frame.str\n    })\n\n    // deletion\n    // can only do a deletion if we have enough edits remaining\n    // and if there are characters left to delete in the string\n    if (frame.str.length > 1) {\n      stack.push({\n        node: frame.node,\n        editsRemaining: frame.editsRemaining - 1,\n        str: frame.str.slice(1)\n      })\n    }\n\n    // deletion\n    // just removing the last character from the str\n    if (frame.str.length == 1) {\n      frame.node.final = true\n    }\n\n    // substitution\n    // can only do a substitution if we have enough edits remaining\n    // and if there are characters left to substitute\n    if (frame.str.length >= 1) {\n      if (\"*\" in frame.node.edges) {\n        var substitutionNode = frame.node.edges[\"*\"]\n      } else {\n        var substitutionNode = new lunr.TokenSet\n        frame.node.edges[\"*\"] = substitutionNode\n      }\n\n      if (frame.str.length == 1) {\n        substitutionNode.final = true\n      }\n\n      stack.push({\n        node: substitutionNode,\n        editsRemaining: frame.editsRemaining - 1,\n        str: frame.str.slice(1)\n      })\n    }\n\n    // transposition\n    // can only do a transposition if there are edits remaining\n    // and there are enough characters to transpose\n    if (frame.str.length > 1) {\n      var charA = frame.str.charAt(0),\n          charB = frame.str.charAt(1),\n          transposeNode\n\n      if (charB in frame.node.edges) {\n        transposeNode = frame.node.edges[charB]\n      } else {\n        transposeNode = new lunr.TokenSet\n        frame.node.edges[charB] = transposeNode\n      }\n\n      if (frame.str.length == 1) {\n        transposeNode.final = true\n      }\n\n      stack.push({\n        node: transposeNode,\n        editsRemaining: frame.editsRemaining - 1,\n        str: charA + frame.str.slice(2)\n      })\n    }\n  }\n\n  return root\n}\n\n/**\n * Creates a TokenSet from a string.\n *\n * The string may contain one or more wildcard characters (*)\n * that will allow wildcard matching when intersecting with\n * another TokenSet.\n *\n * @param {string} str - The string to create a TokenSet from.\n * @returns {lunr.TokenSet}\n */\nlunr.TokenSet.fromString = function (str) {\n  var node = new lunr.TokenSet,\n      root = node\n\n  /*\n   * Iterates through all characters within the passed string\n   * appending a node for each character.\n   *\n   * When a wildcard character is found then a self\n   * referencing edge is introduced to continually match\n   * any number of any characters.\n   */\n  for (var i = 0, len = str.length; i < len; i++) {\n    var char = str[i],\n        final = (i == len - 1)\n\n    if (char == \"*\") {\n      node.edges[char] = node\n      node.final = final\n\n    } else {\n      var next = new lunr.TokenSet\n      next.final = final\n\n      node.edges[char] = next\n      node = next\n    }\n  }\n\n  return root\n}\n\n/**\n * Converts this TokenSet into an array of strings\n * contained within the TokenSet.\n *\n * This is not intended to be used on a TokenSet that\n * contains wildcards, in these cases the results are\n * undefined and are likely to cause an infinite loop.\n *\n * @returns {string[]}\n */\nlunr.TokenSet.prototype.toArray = function () {\n  var words = []\n\n  var stack = [{\n    prefix: \"\",\n    node: this\n  }]\n\n  while (stack.length) {\n    var frame = stack.pop(),\n        edges = Object.keys(frame.node.edges),\n        len = edges.length\n\n    if (frame.node.final) {\n      /* In Safari, at this point the prefix is sometimes corrupted, see:\n       * https://github.com/olivernn/lunr.js/issues/279 Calling any\n       * String.prototype method forces Safari to \"cast\" this string to what\n       * it's supposed to be, fixing the bug. */\n      frame.prefix.charAt(0)\n      words.push(frame.prefix)\n    }\n\n    for (var i = 0; i < len; i++) {\n      var edge = edges[i]\n\n      stack.push({\n        prefix: frame.prefix.concat(edge),\n        node: frame.node.edges[edge]\n      })\n    }\n  }\n\n  return words\n}\n\n/**\n * Generates a string representation of a TokenSet.\n *\n * This is intended to allow TokenSets to be used as keys\n * in objects, largely to aid the construction and minimisation\n * of a TokenSet. As such it is not designed to be a human\n * friendly representation of the TokenSet.\n *\n * @returns {string}\n */\nlunr.TokenSet.prototype.toString = function () {\n  // NOTE: Using Object.keys here as this.edges is very likely\n  // to enter 'hash-mode' with many keys being added\n  //\n  // avoiding a for-in loop here as it leads to the function\n  // being de-optimised (at least in V8). From some simple\n  // benchmarks the performance is comparable, but allowing\n  // V8 to optimize may mean easy performance wins in the future.\n\n  if (this._str) {\n    return this._str\n  }\n\n  var str = this.final ? '1' : '0',\n      labels = Object.keys(this.edges).sort(),\n      len = labels.length\n\n  for (var i = 0; i < len; i++) {\n    var label = labels[i],\n        node = this.edges[label]\n\n    str = str + label + node.id\n  }\n\n  return str\n}\n\n/**\n * Returns a new TokenSet that is the intersection of\n * this TokenSet and the passed TokenSet.\n *\n * This intersection will take into account any wildcards\n * contained within the TokenSet.\n *\n * @param {lunr.TokenSet} b - An other TokenSet to intersect with.\n * @returns {lunr.TokenSet}\n */\nlunr.TokenSet.prototype.intersect = function (b) {\n  var output = new lunr.TokenSet,\n      frame = undefined\n\n  var stack = [{\n    qNode: b,\n    output: output,\n    node: this\n  }]\n\n  while (stack.length) {\n    frame = stack.pop()\n\n    // NOTE: As with the #toString method, we are using\n    // Object.keys and a for loop instead of a for-in loop\n    // as both of these objects enter 'hash' mode, causing\n    // the function to be de-optimised in V8\n    var qEdges = Object.keys(frame.qNode.edges),\n        qLen = qEdges.length,\n        nEdges = Object.keys(frame.node.edges),\n        nLen = nEdges.length\n\n    for (var q = 0; q < qLen; q++) {\n      var qEdge = qEdges[q]\n\n      for (var n = 0; n < nLen; n++) {\n        var nEdge = nEdges[n]\n\n        if (nEdge == qEdge || qEdge == '*') {\n          var node = frame.node.edges[nEdge],\n              qNode = frame.qNode.edges[qEdge],\n              final = node.final && qNode.final,\n              next = undefined\n\n          if (nEdge in frame.output.edges) {\n            // an edge already exists for this character\n            // no need to create a new node, just set the finality\n            // bit unless this node is already final\n            next = frame.output.edges[nEdge]\n            next.final = next.final || final\n\n          } else {\n            // no edge exists yet, must create one\n            // set the finality bit and insert it\n            // into the output\n            next = new lunr.TokenSet\n            next.final = final\n            frame.output.edges[nEdge] = next\n          }\n\n          stack.push({\n            qNode: qNode,\n            output: next,\n            node: node\n          })\n        }\n      }\n    }\n  }\n\n  return output\n}\nlunr.TokenSet.Builder = function () {\n  this.previousWord = \"\"\n  this.root = new lunr.TokenSet\n  this.uncheckedNodes = []\n  this.minimizedNodes = {}\n}\n\nlunr.TokenSet.Builder.prototype.insert = function (word) {\n  var node,\n      commonPrefix = 0\n\n  if (word < this.previousWord) {\n    throw new Error (\"Out of order word insertion\")\n  }\n\n  for (var i = 0; i < word.length && i < this.previousWord.length; i++) {\n    if (word[i] != this.previousWord[i]) break\n    commonPrefix++\n  }\n\n  this.minimize(commonPrefix)\n\n  if (this.uncheckedNodes.length == 0) {\n    node = this.root\n  } else {\n    node = this.uncheckedNodes[this.uncheckedNodes.length - 1].child\n  }\n\n  for (var i = commonPrefix; i < word.length; i++) {\n    var nextNode = new lunr.TokenSet,\n        char = word[i]\n\n    node.edges[char] = nextNode\n\n    this.uncheckedNodes.push({\n      parent: node,\n      char: char,\n      child: nextNode\n    })\n\n    node = nextNode\n  }\n\n  node.final = true\n  this.previousWord = word\n}\n\nlunr.TokenSet.Builder.prototype.finish = function () {\n  this.minimize(0)\n}\n\nlunr.TokenSet.Builder.prototype.minimize = function (downTo) {\n  for (var i = this.uncheckedNodes.length - 1; i >= downTo; i--) {\n    var node = this.uncheckedNodes[i],\n        childKey = node.child.toString()\n\n    if (childKey in this.minimizedNodes) {\n      node.parent.edges[node.char] = this.minimizedNodes[childKey]\n    } else {\n      // Cache the key for this node since\n      // we know it can't change anymore\n      node.child._str = childKey\n\n      this.minimizedNodes[childKey] = node.child\n    }\n\n    this.uncheckedNodes.pop()\n  }\n}\n/*!\n * lunr.Index\n * Copyright (C) 2020 Oliver Nightingale\n */\n\n/**\n * An index contains the built index of all documents and provides a query interface\n * to the index.\n *\n * Usually instances of lunr.Index will not be created using this constructor, instead\n * lunr.Builder should be used to construct new indexes, or lunr.Index.load should be\n * used to load previously built and serialized indexes.\n *\n * @constructor\n * @param {Object} attrs - The attributes of the built search index.\n * @param {Object} attrs.invertedIndex - An index of term/field to document reference.\n * @param {Object<string, lunr.Vector>} attrs.fieldVectors - Field vectors\n * @param {lunr.TokenSet} attrs.tokenSet - An set of all corpus tokens.\n * @param {string[]} attrs.fields - The names of indexed document fields.\n * @param {lunr.Pipeline} attrs.pipeline - The pipeline to use for search terms.\n */\nlunr.Index = function (attrs) {\n  this.invertedIndex = attrs.invertedIndex\n  this.fieldVectors = attrs.fieldVectors\n  this.tokenSet = attrs.tokenSet\n  this.fields = attrs.fields\n  this.pipeline = attrs.pipeline\n}\n\n/**\n * A result contains details of a document matching a search query.\n * @typedef {Object} lunr.Index~Result\n * @property {string} ref - The reference of the document this result represents.\n * @property {number} score - A number between 0 and 1 representing how similar this document is to the query.\n * @property {lunr.MatchData} matchData - Contains metadata about this match including which term(s) caused the match.\n */\n\n/**\n * Although lunr provides the ability to create queries using lunr.Query, it also provides a simple\n * query language which itself is parsed into an instance of lunr.Query.\n *\n * For programmatically building queries it is advised to directly use lunr.Query, the query language\n * is best used for human entered text rather than program generated text.\n *\n * At its simplest queries can just be a single term, e.g. `hello`, multiple terms are also supported\n * and will be combined with OR, e.g `hello world` will match documents that contain either 'hello'\n * or 'world', though those that contain both will rank higher in the results.\n *\n * Wildcards can be included in terms to match one or more unspecified characters, these wildcards can\n * be inserted anywhere within the term, and more than one wildcard can exist in a single term. Adding\n * wildcards will increase the number of documents that will be found but can also have a negative\n * impact on query performance, especially with wildcards at the beginning of a term.\n *\n * Terms can be restricted to specific fields, e.g. `title:hello`, only documents with the term\n * hello in the title field will match this query. Using a field not present in the index will lead\n * to an error being thrown.\n *\n * Modifiers can also be added to terms, lunr supports edit distance and boost modifiers on terms. A term\n * boost will make documents matching that term score higher, e.g. `foo^5`. Edit distance is also supported\n * to provide fuzzy matching, e.g. 'hello~2' will match documents with hello with an edit distance of 2.\n * Avoid large values for edit distance to improve query performance.\n *\n * Each term also supports a presence modifier. By default a term's presence in document is optional, however\n * this can be changed to either required or prohibited. For a term's presence to be required in a document the\n * term should be prefixed with a '+', e.g. `+foo bar` is a search for documents that must contain 'foo' and\n * optionally contain 'bar'. Conversely a leading '-' sets the terms presence to prohibited, i.e. it must not\n * appear in a document, e.g. `-foo bar` is a search for documents that do not contain 'foo' but may contain 'bar'.\n *\n * To escape special characters the backslash character '\\' can be used, this allows searches to include\n * characters that would normally be considered modifiers, e.g. `foo\\~2` will search for a term \"foo~2\" instead\n * of attempting to apply a boost of 2 to the search term \"foo\".\n *\n * @typedef {string} lunr.Index~QueryString\n * @example <caption>Simple single term query</caption>\n * hello\n * @example <caption>Multiple term query</caption>\n * hello world\n * @example <caption>term scoped to a field</caption>\n * title:hello\n * @example <caption>term with a boost of 10</caption>\n * hello^10\n * @example <caption>term with an edit distance of 2</caption>\n * hello~2\n * @example <caption>terms with presence modifiers</caption>\n * -foo +bar baz\n */\n\n/**\n * Performs a search against the index using lunr query syntax.\n *\n * Results will be returned sorted by their score, the most relevant results\n * will be returned first.  For details on how the score is calculated, please see\n * the {@link https://lunrjs.com/guides/searching.html#scoring|guide}.\n *\n * For more programmatic querying use lunr.Index#query.\n *\n * @param {lunr.Index~QueryString} queryString - A string containing a lunr query.\n * @throws {lunr.QueryParseError} If the passed query string cannot be parsed.\n * @returns {lunr.Index~Result[]}\n */\nlunr.Index.prototype.search = function (queryString) {\n  return this.query(function (query) {\n    var parser = new lunr.QueryParser(queryString, query)\n    parser.parse()\n  })\n}\n\n/**\n * A query builder callback provides a query object to be used to express\n * the query to perform on the index.\n *\n * @callback lunr.Index~queryBuilder\n * @param {lunr.Query} query - The query object to build up.\n * @this lunr.Query\n */\n\n/**\n * Performs a query against the index using the yielded lunr.Query object.\n *\n * If performing programmatic queries against the index, this method is preferred\n * over lunr.Index#search so as to avoid the additional query parsing overhead.\n *\n * A query object is yielded to the supplied function which should be used to\n * express the query to be run against the index.\n *\n * Note that although this function takes a callback parameter it is _not_ an\n * asynchronous operation, the callback is just yielded a query object to be\n * customized.\n *\n * @param {lunr.Index~queryBuilder} fn - A function that is used to build the query.\n * @returns {lunr.Index~Result[]}\n */\nlunr.Index.prototype.query = function (fn) {\n  // for each query clause\n  // * process terms\n  // * expand terms from token set\n  // * find matching documents and metadata\n  // * get document vectors\n  // * score documents\n\n  var query = new lunr.Query(this.fields),\n      matchingFields = Object.create(null),\n      queryVectors = Object.create(null),\n      termFieldCache = Object.create(null),\n      requiredMatches = Object.create(null),\n      prohibitedMatches = Object.create(null)\n\n  /*\n   * To support field level boosts a query vector is created per\n   * field. An empty vector is eagerly created to support negated\n   * queries.\n   */\n  for (var i = 0; i < this.fields.length; i++) {\n    queryVectors[this.fields[i]] = new lunr.Vector\n  }\n\n  fn.call(query, query)\n\n  for (var i = 0; i < query.clauses.length; i++) {\n    /*\n     * Unless the pipeline has been disabled for this term, which is\n     * the case for terms with wildcards, we need to pass the clause\n     * term through the search pipeline. A pipeline returns an array\n     * of processed terms. Pipeline functions may expand the passed\n     * term, which means we may end up performing multiple index lookups\n     * for a single query term.\n     */\n    var clause = query.clauses[i],\n        terms = null,\n        clauseMatches = lunr.Set.empty\n\n    if (clause.usePipeline) {\n      terms = this.pipeline.runString(clause.term, {\n        fields: clause.fields\n      })\n    } else {\n      terms = [clause.term]\n    }\n\n    for (var m = 0; m < terms.length; m++) {\n      var term = terms[m]\n\n      /*\n       * Each term returned from the pipeline needs to use the same query\n       * clause object, e.g. the same boost and or edit distance. The\n       * simplest way to do this is to re-use the clause object but mutate\n       * its term property.\n       */\n      clause.term = term\n\n      /*\n       * From the term in the clause we create a token set which will then\n       * be used to intersect the indexes token set to get a list of terms\n       * to lookup in the inverted index\n       */\n      var termTokenSet = lunr.TokenSet.fromClause(clause),\n          expandedTerms = this.tokenSet.intersect(termTokenSet).toArray()\n\n      /*\n       * If a term marked as required does not exist in the tokenSet it is\n       * impossible for the search to return any matches. We set all the field\n       * scoped required matches set to empty and stop examining any further\n       * clauses.\n       */\n      if (expandedTerms.length === 0 && clause.presence === lunr.Query.presence.REQUIRED) {\n        for (var k = 0; k < clause.fields.length; k++) {\n          var field = clause.fields[k]\n          requiredMatches[field] = lunr.Set.empty\n        }\n\n        break\n      }\n\n      for (var j = 0; j < expandedTerms.length; j++) {\n        /*\n         * For each term get the posting and termIndex, this is required for\n         * building the query vector.\n         */\n        var expandedTerm = expandedTerms[j],\n            posting = this.invertedIndex[expandedTerm],\n            termIndex = posting._index\n\n        for (var k = 0; k < clause.fields.length; k++) {\n          /*\n           * For each field that this query term is scoped by (by default\n           * all fields are in scope) we need to get all the document refs\n           * that have this term in that field.\n           *\n           * The posting is the entry in the invertedIndex for the matching\n           * term from above.\n           */\n          var field = clause.fields[k],\n              fieldPosting = posting[field],\n              matchingDocumentRefs = Object.keys(fieldPosting),\n              termField = expandedTerm + \"/\" + field,\n              matchingDocumentsSet = new lunr.Set(matchingDocumentRefs)\n\n          /*\n           * if the presence of this term is required ensure that the matching\n           * documents are added to the set of required matches for this clause.\n           *\n           */\n          if (clause.presence == lunr.Query.presence.REQUIRED) {\n            clauseMatches = clauseMatches.union(matchingDocumentsSet)\n\n            if (requiredMatches[field] === undefined) {\n              requiredMatches[field] = lunr.Set.complete\n            }\n          }\n\n          /*\n           * if the presence of this term is prohibited ensure that the matching\n           * documents are added to the set of prohibited matches for this field,\n           * creating that set if it does not yet exist.\n           */\n          if (clause.presence == lunr.Query.presence.PROHIBITED) {\n            if (prohibitedMatches[field] === undefined) {\n              prohibitedMatches[field] = lunr.Set.empty\n            }\n\n            prohibitedMatches[field] = prohibitedMatches[field].union(matchingDocumentsSet)\n\n            /*\n             * Prohibited matches should not be part of the query vector used for\n             * similarity scoring and no metadata should be extracted so we continue\n             * to the next field\n             */\n            continue\n          }\n\n          /*\n           * The query field vector is populated using the termIndex found for\n           * the term and a unit value with the appropriate boost applied.\n           * Using upsert because there could already be an entry in the vector\n           * for the term we are working with. In that case we just add the scores\n           * together.\n           */\n          queryVectors[field].upsert(termIndex, clause.boost, function (a, b) { return a + b })\n\n          /**\n           * If we've already seen this term, field combo then we've already collected\n           * the matching documents and metadata, no need to go through all that again\n           */\n          if (termFieldCache[termField]) {\n            continue\n          }\n\n          for (var l = 0; l < matchingDocumentRefs.length; l++) {\n            /*\n             * All metadata for this term/field/document triple\n             * are then extracted and collected into an instance\n             * of lunr.MatchData ready to be returned in the query\n             * results\n             */\n            var matchingDocumentRef = matchingDocumentRefs[l],\n                matchingFieldRef = new lunr.FieldRef (matchingDocumentRef, field),\n                metadata = fieldPosting[matchingDocumentRef],\n                fieldMatch\n\n            if ((fieldMatch = matchingFields[matchingFieldRef]) === undefined) {\n              matchingFields[matchingFieldRef] = new lunr.MatchData (expandedTerm, field, metadata)\n            } else {\n              fieldMatch.add(expandedTerm, field, metadata)\n            }\n\n          }\n\n          termFieldCache[termField] = true\n        }\n      }\n    }\n\n    /**\n     * If the presence was required we need to update the requiredMatches field sets.\n     * We do this after all fields for the term have collected their matches because\n     * the clause terms presence is required in _any_ of the fields not _all_ of the\n     * fields.\n     */\n    if (clause.presence === lunr.Query.presence.REQUIRED) {\n      for (var k = 0; k < clause.fields.length; k++) {\n        var field = clause.fields[k]\n        requiredMatches[field] = requiredMatches[field].intersect(clauseMatches)\n      }\n    }\n  }\n\n  /**\n   * Need to combine the field scoped required and prohibited\n   * matching documents into a global set of required and prohibited\n   * matches\n   */\n  var allRequiredMatches = lunr.Set.complete,\n      allProhibitedMatches = lunr.Set.empty\n\n  for (var i = 0; i < this.fields.length; i++) {\n    var field = this.fields[i]\n\n    if (requiredMatches[field]) {\n      allRequiredMatches = allRequiredMatches.intersect(requiredMatches[field])\n    }\n\n    if (prohibitedMatches[field]) {\n      allProhibitedMatches = allProhibitedMatches.union(prohibitedMatches[field])\n    }\n  }\n\n  var matchingFieldRefs = Object.keys(matchingFields),\n      results = [],\n      matches = Object.create(null)\n\n  /*\n   * If the query is negated (contains only prohibited terms)\n   * we need to get _all_ fieldRefs currently existing in the\n   * index. This is only done when we know that the query is\n   * entirely prohibited terms to avoid any cost of getting all\n   * fieldRefs unnecessarily.\n   *\n   * Additionally, blank MatchData must be created to correctly\n   * populate the results.\n   */\n  if (query.isNegated()) {\n    matchingFieldRefs = Object.keys(this.fieldVectors)\n\n    for (var i = 0; i < matchingFieldRefs.length; i++) {\n      var matchingFieldRef = matchingFieldRefs[i]\n      var fieldRef = lunr.FieldRef.fromString(matchingFieldRef)\n      matchingFields[matchingFieldRef] = new lunr.MatchData\n    }\n  }\n\n  for (var i = 0; i < matchingFieldRefs.length; i++) {\n    /*\n     * Currently we have document fields that match the query, but we\n     * need to return documents. The matchData and scores are combined\n     * from multiple fields belonging to the same document.\n     *\n     * Scores are calculated by field, using the query vectors created\n     * above, and combined into a final document score using addition.\n     */\n    var fieldRef = lunr.FieldRef.fromString(matchingFieldRefs[i]),\n        docRef = fieldRef.docRef\n\n    if (!allRequiredMatches.contains(docRef)) {\n      continue\n    }\n\n    if (allProhibitedMatches.contains(docRef)) {\n      continue\n    }\n\n    var fieldVector = this.fieldVectors[fieldRef],\n        score = queryVectors[fieldRef.fieldName].similarity(fieldVector),\n        docMatch\n\n    if ((docMatch = matches[docRef]) !== undefined) {\n      docMatch.score += score\n      docMatch.matchData.combine(matchingFields[fieldRef])\n    } else {\n      var match = {\n        ref: docRef,\n        score: score,\n        matchData: matchingFields[fieldRef]\n      }\n      matches[docRef] = match\n      results.push(match)\n    }\n  }\n\n  /*\n   * Sort the results objects by score, highest first.\n   */\n  return results.sort(function (a, b) {\n    return b.score - a.score\n  })\n}\n\n/**\n * Prepares the index for JSON serialization.\n *\n * The schema for this JSON blob will be described in a\n * separate JSON schema file.\n *\n * @returns {Object}\n */\nlunr.Index.prototype.toJSON = function () {\n  var invertedIndex = Object.keys(this.invertedIndex)\n    .sort()\n    .map(function (term) {\n      return [term, this.invertedIndex[term]]\n    }, this)\n\n  var fieldVectors = Object.keys(this.fieldVectors)\n    .map(function (ref) {\n      return [ref, this.fieldVectors[ref].toJSON()]\n    }, this)\n\n  return {\n    version: lunr.version,\n    fields: this.fields,\n    fieldVectors: fieldVectors,\n    invertedIndex: invertedIndex,\n    pipeline: this.pipeline.toJSON()\n  }\n}\n\n/**\n * Loads a previously serialized lunr.Index\n *\n * @param {Object} serializedIndex - A previously serialized lunr.Index\n * @returns {lunr.Index}\n */\nlunr.Index.load = function (serializedIndex) {\n  var attrs = {},\n      fieldVectors = {},\n      serializedVectors = serializedIndex.fieldVectors,\n      invertedIndex = Object.create(null),\n      serializedInvertedIndex = serializedIndex.invertedIndex,\n      tokenSetBuilder = new lunr.TokenSet.Builder,\n      pipeline = lunr.Pipeline.load(serializedIndex.pipeline)\n\n  if (serializedIndex.version != lunr.version) {\n    lunr.utils.warn(\"Version mismatch when loading serialised index. Current version of lunr '\" + lunr.version + \"' does not match serialized index '\" + serializedIndex.version + \"'\")\n  }\n\n  for (var i = 0; i < serializedVectors.length; i++) {\n    var tuple = serializedVectors[i],\n        ref = tuple[0],\n        elements = tuple[1]\n\n    fieldVectors[ref] = new lunr.Vector(elements)\n  }\n\n  for (var i = 0; i < serializedInvertedIndex.length; i++) {\n    var tuple = serializedInvertedIndex[i],\n        term = tuple[0],\n        posting = tuple[1]\n\n    tokenSetBuilder.insert(term)\n    invertedIndex[term] = posting\n  }\n\n  tokenSetBuilder.finish()\n\n  attrs.fields = serializedIndex.fields\n\n  attrs.fieldVectors = fieldVectors\n  attrs.invertedIndex = invertedIndex\n  attrs.tokenSet = tokenSetBuilder.root\n  attrs.pipeline = pipeline\n\n  return new lunr.Index(attrs)\n}\n/*!\n * lunr.Builder\n * Copyright (C) 2020 Oliver Nightingale\n */\n\n/**\n * lunr.Builder performs indexing on a set of documents and\n * returns instances of lunr.Index ready for querying.\n *\n * All configuration of the index is done via the builder, the\n * fields to index, the document reference, the text processing\n * pipeline and document scoring parameters are all set on the\n * builder before indexing.\n *\n * @constructor\n * @property {string} _ref - Internal reference to the document reference field.\n * @property {string[]} _fields - Internal reference to the document fields to index.\n * @property {object} invertedIndex - The inverted index maps terms to document fields.\n * @property {object} documentTermFrequencies - Keeps track of document term frequencies.\n * @property {object} documentLengths - Keeps track of the length of documents added to the index.\n * @property {lunr.tokenizer} tokenizer - Function for splitting strings into tokens for indexing.\n * @property {lunr.Pipeline} pipeline - The pipeline performs text processing on tokens before indexing.\n * @property {lunr.Pipeline} searchPipeline - A pipeline for processing search terms before querying the index.\n * @property {number} documentCount - Keeps track of the total number of documents indexed.\n * @property {number} _b - A parameter to control field length normalization, setting this to 0 disabled normalization, 1 fully normalizes field lengths, the default value is 0.75.\n * @property {number} _k1 - A parameter to control how quickly an increase in term frequency results in term frequency saturation, the default value is 1.2.\n * @property {number} termIndex - A counter incremented for each unique term, used to identify a terms position in the vector space.\n * @property {array} metadataWhitelist - A list of metadata keys that have been whitelisted for entry in the index.\n */\nlunr.Builder = function () {\n  this._ref = \"id\"\n  this._fields = Object.create(null)\n  this._documents = Object.create(null)\n  this.invertedIndex = Object.create(null)\n  this.fieldTermFrequencies = {}\n  this.fieldLengths = {}\n  this.tokenizer = lunr.tokenizer\n  this.pipeline = new lunr.Pipeline\n  this.searchPipeline = new lunr.Pipeline\n  this.documentCount = 0\n  this._b = 0.75\n  this._k1 = 1.2\n  this.termIndex = 0\n  this.metadataWhitelist = []\n}\n\n/**\n * Sets the document field used as the document reference. Every document must have this field.\n * The type of this field in the document should be a string, if it is not a string it will be\n * coerced into a string by calling toString.\n *\n * The default ref is 'id'.\n *\n * The ref should _not_ be changed during indexing, it should be set before any documents are\n * added to the index. Changing it during indexing can lead to inconsistent results.\n *\n * @param {string} ref - The name of the reference field in the document.\n */\nlunr.Builder.prototype.ref = function (ref) {\n  this._ref = ref\n}\n\n/**\n * A function that is used to extract a field from a document.\n *\n * Lunr expects a field to be at the top level of a document, if however the field\n * is deeply nested within a document an extractor function can be used to extract\n * the right field for indexing.\n *\n * @callback fieldExtractor\n * @param {object} doc - The document being added to the index.\n * @returns {?(string|object|object[])} obj - The object that will be indexed for this field.\n * @example <caption>Extracting a nested field</caption>\n * function (doc) { return doc.nested.field }\n */\n\n/**\n * Adds a field to the list of document fields that will be indexed. Every document being\n * indexed should have this field. Null values for this field in indexed documents will\n * not cause errors but will limit the chance of that document being retrieved by searches.\n *\n * All fields should be added before adding documents to the index. Adding fields after\n * a document has been indexed will have no effect on already indexed documents.\n *\n * Fields can be boosted at build time. This allows terms within that field to have more\n * importance when ranking search results. Use a field boost to specify that matches within\n * one field are more important than other fields.\n *\n * @param {string} fieldName - The name of a field to index in all documents.\n * @param {object} attributes - Optional attributes associated with this field.\n * @param {number} [attributes.boost=1] - Boost applied to all terms within this field.\n * @param {fieldExtractor} [attributes.extractor] - Function to extract a field from a document.\n * @throws {RangeError} fieldName cannot contain unsupported characters '/'\n */\nlunr.Builder.prototype.field = function (fieldName, attributes) {\n  if (/\\//.test(fieldName)) {\n    throw new RangeError (\"Field '\" + fieldName + \"' contains illegal character '/'\")\n  }\n\n  this._fields[fieldName] = attributes || {}\n}\n\n/**\n * A parameter to tune the amount of field length normalisation that is applied when\n * calculating relevance scores. A value of 0 will completely disable any normalisation\n * and a value of 1 will fully normalise field lengths. The default is 0.75. Values of b\n * will be clamped to the range 0 - 1.\n *\n * @param {number} number - The value to set for this tuning parameter.\n */\nlunr.Builder.prototype.b = function (number) {\n  if (number < 0) {\n    this._b = 0\n  } else if (number > 1) {\n    this._b = 1\n  } else {\n    this._b = number\n  }\n}\n\n/**\n * A parameter that controls the speed at which a rise in term frequency results in term\n * frequency saturation. The default value is 1.2. Setting this to a higher value will give\n * slower saturation levels, a lower value will result in quicker saturation.\n *\n * @param {number} number - The value to set for this tuning parameter.\n */\nlunr.Builder.prototype.k1 = function (number) {\n  this._k1 = number\n}\n\n/**\n * Adds a document to the index.\n *\n * Before adding fields to the index the index should have been fully setup, with the document\n * ref and all fields to index already having been specified.\n *\n * The document must have a field name as specified by the ref (by default this is 'id') and\n * it should have all fields defined for indexing, though null or undefined values will not\n * cause errors.\n *\n * Entire documents can be boosted at build time. Applying a boost to a document indicates that\n * this document should rank higher in search results than other documents.\n *\n * @param {object} doc - The document to add to the index.\n * @param {object} attributes - Optional attributes associated with this document.\n * @param {number} [attributes.boost=1] - Boost applied to all terms within this document.\n */\nlunr.Builder.prototype.add = function (doc, attributes) {\n  var docRef = doc[this._ref],\n      fields = Object.keys(this._fields)\n\n  this._documents[docRef] = attributes || {}\n  this.documentCount += 1\n\n  for (var i = 0; i < fields.length; i++) {\n    var fieldName = fields[i],\n        extractor = this._fields[fieldName].extractor,\n        field = extractor ? extractor(doc) : doc[fieldName],\n        tokens = this.tokenizer(field, {\n          fields: [fieldName]\n        }),\n        terms = this.pipeline.run(tokens),\n        fieldRef = new lunr.FieldRef (docRef, fieldName),\n        fieldTerms = Object.create(null)\n\n    this.fieldTermFrequencies[fieldRef] = fieldTerms\n    this.fieldLengths[fieldRef] = 0\n\n    // store the length of this field for this document\n    this.fieldLengths[fieldRef] += terms.length\n\n    // calculate term frequencies for this field\n    for (var j = 0; j < terms.length; j++) {\n      var term = terms[j]\n\n      if (fieldTerms[term] == undefined) {\n        fieldTerms[term] = 0\n      }\n\n      fieldTerms[term] += 1\n\n      // add to inverted index\n      // create an initial posting if one doesn't exist\n      if (this.invertedIndex[term] == undefined) {\n        var posting = Object.create(null)\n        posting[\"_index\"] = this.termIndex\n        this.termIndex += 1\n\n        for (var k = 0; k < fields.length; k++) {\n          posting[fields[k]] = Object.create(null)\n        }\n\n        this.invertedIndex[term] = posting\n      }\n\n      // add an entry for this term/fieldName/docRef to the invertedIndex\n      if (this.invertedIndex[term][fieldName][docRef] == undefined) {\n        this.invertedIndex[term][fieldName][docRef] = Object.create(null)\n      }\n\n      // store all whitelisted metadata about this token in the\n      // inverted index\n      for (var l = 0; l < this.metadataWhitelist.length; l++) {\n        var metadataKey = this.metadataWhitelist[l],\n            metadata = term.metadata[metadataKey]\n\n        if (this.invertedIndex[term][fieldName][docRef][metadataKey] == undefined) {\n          this.invertedIndex[term][fieldName][docRef][metadataKey] = []\n        }\n\n        this.invertedIndex[term][fieldName][docRef][metadataKey].push(metadata)\n      }\n    }\n\n  }\n}\n\n/**\n * Calculates the average document length for this index\n *\n * @private\n */\nlunr.Builder.prototype.calculateAverageFieldLengths = function () {\n\n  var fieldRefs = Object.keys(this.fieldLengths),\n      numberOfFields = fieldRefs.length,\n      accumulator = {},\n      documentsWithField = {}\n\n  for (var i = 0; i < numberOfFields; i++) {\n    var fieldRef = lunr.FieldRef.fromString(fieldRefs[i]),\n        field = fieldRef.fieldName\n\n    documentsWithField[field] || (documentsWithField[field] = 0)\n    documentsWithField[field] += 1\n\n    accumulator[field] || (accumulator[field] = 0)\n    accumulator[field] += this.fieldLengths[fieldRef]\n  }\n\n  var fields = Object.keys(this._fields)\n\n  for (var i = 0; i < fields.length; i++) {\n    var fieldName = fields[i]\n    accumulator[fieldName] = accumulator[fieldName] / documentsWithField[fieldName]\n  }\n\n  this.averageFieldLength = accumulator\n}\n\n/**\n * Builds a vector space model of every document using lunr.Vector\n *\n * @private\n */\nlunr.Builder.prototype.createFieldVectors = function () {\n  var fieldVectors = {},\n      fieldRefs = Object.keys(this.fieldTermFrequencies),\n      fieldRefsLength = fieldRefs.length,\n      termIdfCache = Object.create(null)\n\n  for (var i = 0; i < fieldRefsLength; i++) {\n    var fieldRef = lunr.FieldRef.fromString(fieldRefs[i]),\n        fieldName = fieldRef.fieldName,\n        fieldLength = this.fieldLengths[fieldRef],\n        fieldVector = new lunr.Vector,\n        termFrequencies = this.fieldTermFrequencies[fieldRef],\n        terms = Object.keys(termFrequencies),\n        termsLength = terms.length\n\n\n    var fieldBoost = this._fields[fieldName].boost || 1,\n        docBoost = this._documents[fieldRef.docRef].boost || 1\n\n    for (var j = 0; j < termsLength; j++) {\n      var term = terms[j],\n          tf = termFrequencies[term],\n          termIndex = this.invertedIndex[term]._index,\n          idf, score, scoreWithPrecision\n\n      if (termIdfCache[term] === undefined) {\n        idf = lunr.idf(this.invertedIndex[term], this.documentCount)\n        termIdfCache[term] = idf\n      } else {\n        idf = termIdfCache[term]\n      }\n\n      score = idf * ((this._k1 + 1) * tf) / (this._k1 * (1 - this._b + this._b * (fieldLength / this.averageFieldLength[fieldName])) + tf)\n      score *= fieldBoost\n      score *= docBoost\n      scoreWithPrecision = Math.round(score * 1000) / 1000\n      // Converts 1.23456789 to 1.234.\n      // Reducing the precision so that the vectors take up less\n      // space when serialised. Doing it now so that they behave\n      // the same before and after serialisation. Also, this is\n      // the fastest approach to reducing a number's precision in\n      // JavaScript.\n\n      fieldVector.insert(termIndex, scoreWithPrecision)\n    }\n\n    fieldVectors[fieldRef] = fieldVector\n  }\n\n  this.fieldVectors = fieldVectors\n}\n\n/**\n * Creates a token set of all tokens in the index using lunr.TokenSet\n *\n * @private\n */\nlunr.Builder.prototype.createTokenSet = function () {\n  this.tokenSet = lunr.TokenSet.fromArray(\n    Object.keys(this.invertedIndex).sort()\n  )\n}\n\n/**\n * Builds the index, creating an instance of lunr.Index.\n *\n * This completes the indexing process and should only be called\n * once all documents have been added to the index.\n *\n * @returns {lunr.Index}\n */\nlunr.Builder.prototype.build = function () {\n  this.calculateAverageFieldLengths()\n  this.createFieldVectors()\n  this.createTokenSet()\n\n  return new lunr.Index({\n    invertedIndex: this.invertedIndex,\n    fieldVectors: this.fieldVectors,\n    tokenSet: this.tokenSet,\n    fields: Object.keys(this._fields),\n    pipeline: this.searchPipeline\n  })\n}\n\n/**\n * Applies a plugin to the index builder.\n *\n * A plugin is a function that is called with the index builder as its context.\n * Plugins can be used to customise or extend the behaviour of the index\n * in some way. A plugin is just a function, that encapsulated the custom\n * behaviour that should be applied when building the index.\n *\n * The plugin function will be called with the index builder as its argument, additional\n * arguments can also be passed when calling use. The function will be called\n * with the index builder as its context.\n *\n * @param {Function} plugin The plugin to apply.\n */\nlunr.Builder.prototype.use = function (fn) {\n  var args = Array.prototype.slice.call(arguments, 1)\n  args.unshift(this)\n  fn.apply(this, args)\n}\n/**\n * Contains and collects metadata about a matching document.\n * A single instance of lunr.MatchData is returned as part of every\n * lunr.Index~Result.\n *\n * @constructor\n * @param {string} term - The term this match data is associated with\n * @param {string} field - The field in which the term was found\n * @param {object} metadata - The metadata recorded about this term in this field\n * @property {object} metadata - A cloned collection of metadata associated with this document.\n * @see {@link lunr.Index~Result}\n */\nlunr.MatchData = function (term, field, metadata) {\n  var clonedMetadata = Object.create(null),\n      metadataKeys = Object.keys(metadata || {})\n\n  // Cloning the metadata to prevent the original\n  // being mutated during match data combination.\n  // Metadata is kept in an array within the inverted\n  // index so cloning the data can be done with\n  // Array#slice\n  for (var i = 0; i < metadataKeys.length; i++) {\n    var key = metadataKeys[i]\n    clonedMetadata[key] = metadata[key].slice()\n  }\n\n  this.metadata = Object.create(null)\n\n  if (term !== undefined) {\n    this.metadata[term] = Object.create(null)\n    this.metadata[term][field] = clonedMetadata\n  }\n}\n\n/**\n * An instance of lunr.MatchData will be created for every term that matches a\n * document. However only one instance is required in a lunr.Index~Result. This\n * method combines metadata from another instance of lunr.MatchData with this\n * objects metadata.\n *\n * @param {lunr.MatchData} otherMatchData - Another instance of match data to merge with this one.\n * @see {@link lunr.Index~Result}\n */\nlunr.MatchData.prototype.combine = function (otherMatchData) {\n  var terms = Object.keys(otherMatchData.metadata)\n\n  for (var i = 0; i < terms.length; i++) {\n    var term = terms[i],\n        fields = Object.keys(otherMatchData.metadata[term])\n\n    if (this.metadata[term] == undefined) {\n      this.metadata[term] = Object.create(null)\n    }\n\n    for (var j = 0; j < fields.length; j++) {\n      var field = fields[j],\n          keys = Object.keys(otherMatchData.metadata[term][field])\n\n      if (this.metadata[term][field] == undefined) {\n        this.metadata[term][field] = Object.create(null)\n      }\n\n      for (var k = 0; k < keys.length; k++) {\n        var key = keys[k]\n\n        if (this.metadata[term][field][key] == undefined) {\n          this.metadata[term][field][key] = otherMatchData.metadata[term][field][key]\n        } else {\n          this.metadata[term][field][key] = this.metadata[term][field][key].concat(otherMatchData.metadata[term][field][key])\n        }\n\n      }\n    }\n  }\n}\n\n/**\n * Add metadata for a term/field pair to this instance of match data.\n *\n * @param {string} term - The term this match data is associated with\n * @param {string} field - The field in which the term was found\n * @param {object} metadata - The metadata recorded about this term in this field\n */\nlunr.MatchData.prototype.add = function (term, field, metadata) {\n  if (!(term in this.metadata)) {\n    this.metadata[term] = Object.create(null)\n    this.metadata[term][field] = metadata\n    return\n  }\n\n  if (!(field in this.metadata[term])) {\n    this.metadata[term][field] = metadata\n    return\n  }\n\n  var metadataKeys = Object.keys(metadata)\n\n  for (var i = 0; i < metadataKeys.length; i++) {\n    var key = metadataKeys[i]\n\n    if (key in this.metadata[term][field]) {\n      this.metadata[term][field][key] = this.metadata[term][field][key].concat(metadata[key])\n    } else {\n      this.metadata[term][field][key] = metadata[key]\n    }\n  }\n}\n/**\n * A lunr.Query provides a programmatic way of defining queries to be performed\n * against a {@link lunr.Index}.\n *\n * Prefer constructing a lunr.Query using the {@link lunr.Index#query} method\n * so the query object is pre-initialized with the right index fields.\n *\n * @constructor\n * @property {lunr.Query~Clause[]} clauses - An array of query clauses.\n * @property {string[]} allFields - An array of all available fields in a lunr.Index.\n */\nlunr.Query = function (allFields) {\n  this.clauses = []\n  this.allFields = allFields\n}\n\n/**\n * Constants for indicating what kind of automatic wildcard insertion will be used when constructing a query clause.\n *\n * This allows wildcards to be added to the beginning and end of a term without having to manually do any string\n * concatenation.\n *\n * The wildcard constants can be bitwise combined to select both leading and trailing wildcards.\n *\n * @constant\n * @default\n * @property {number} wildcard.NONE - The term will have no wildcards inserted, this is the default behaviour\n * @property {number} wildcard.LEADING - Prepend the term with a wildcard, unless a leading wildcard already exists\n * @property {number} wildcard.TRAILING - Append a wildcard to the term, unless a trailing wildcard already exists\n * @see lunr.Query~Clause\n * @see lunr.Query#clause\n * @see lunr.Query#term\n * @example <caption>query term with trailing wildcard</caption>\n * query.term('foo', { wildcard: lunr.Query.wildcard.TRAILING })\n * @example <caption>query term with leading and trailing wildcard</caption>\n * query.term('foo', {\n *   wildcard: lunr.Query.wildcard.LEADING | lunr.Query.wildcard.TRAILING\n * })\n */\n\nlunr.Query.wildcard = new String (\"*\")\nlunr.Query.wildcard.NONE = 0\nlunr.Query.wildcard.LEADING = 1\nlunr.Query.wildcard.TRAILING = 2\n\n/**\n * Constants for indicating what kind of presence a term must have in matching documents.\n *\n * @constant\n * @enum {number}\n * @see lunr.Query~Clause\n * @see lunr.Query#clause\n * @see lunr.Query#term\n * @example <caption>query term with required presence</caption>\n * query.term('foo', { presence: lunr.Query.presence.REQUIRED })\n */\nlunr.Query.presence = {\n  /**\n   * Term's presence in a document is optional, this is the default value.\n   */\n  OPTIONAL: 1,\n\n  /**\n   * Term's presence in a document is required, documents that do not contain\n   * this term will not be returned.\n   */\n  REQUIRED: 2,\n\n  /**\n   * Term's presence in a document is prohibited, documents that do contain\n   * this term will not be returned.\n   */\n  PROHIBITED: 3\n}\n\n/**\n * A single clause in a {@link lunr.Query} contains a term and details on how to\n * match that term against a {@link lunr.Index}.\n *\n * @typedef {Object} lunr.Query~Clause\n * @property {string[]} fields - The fields in an index this clause should be matched against.\n * @property {number} [boost=1] - Any boost that should be applied when matching this clause.\n * @property {number} [editDistance] - Whether the term should have fuzzy matching applied, and how fuzzy the match should be.\n * @property {boolean} [usePipeline] - Whether the term should be passed through the search pipeline.\n * @property {number} [wildcard=lunr.Query.wildcard.NONE] - Whether the term should have wildcards appended or prepended.\n * @property {number} [presence=lunr.Query.presence.OPTIONAL] - The terms presence in any matching documents.\n */\n\n/**\n * Adds a {@link lunr.Query~Clause} to this query.\n *\n * Unless the clause contains the fields to be matched all fields will be matched. In addition\n * a default boost of 1 is applied to the clause.\n *\n * @param {lunr.Query~Clause} clause - The clause to add to this query.\n * @see lunr.Query~Clause\n * @returns {lunr.Query}\n */\nlunr.Query.prototype.clause = function (clause) {\n  if (!('fields' in clause)) {\n    clause.fields = this.allFields\n  }\n\n  if (!('boost' in clause)) {\n    clause.boost = 1\n  }\n\n  if (!('usePipeline' in clause)) {\n    clause.usePipeline = true\n  }\n\n  if (!('wildcard' in clause)) {\n    clause.wildcard = lunr.Query.wildcard.NONE\n  }\n\n  if ((clause.wildcard & lunr.Query.wildcard.LEADING) && (clause.term.charAt(0) != lunr.Query.wildcard)) {\n    clause.term = \"*\" + clause.term\n  }\n\n  if ((clause.wildcard & lunr.Query.wildcard.TRAILING) && (clause.term.slice(-1) != lunr.Query.wildcard)) {\n    clause.term = \"\" + clause.term + \"*\"\n  }\n\n  if (!('presence' in clause)) {\n    clause.presence = lunr.Query.presence.OPTIONAL\n  }\n\n  this.clauses.push(clause)\n\n  return this\n}\n\n/**\n * A negated query is one in which every clause has a presence of\n * prohibited. These queries require some special processing to return\n * the expected results.\n *\n * @returns boolean\n */\nlunr.Query.prototype.isNegated = function () {\n  for (var i = 0; i < this.clauses.length; i++) {\n    if (this.clauses[i].presence != lunr.Query.presence.PROHIBITED) {\n      return false\n    }\n  }\n\n  return true\n}\n\n/**\n * Adds a term to the current query, under the covers this will create a {@link lunr.Query~Clause}\n * to the list of clauses that make up this query.\n *\n * The term is used as is, i.e. no tokenization will be performed by this method. Instead conversion\n * to a token or token-like string should be done before calling this method.\n *\n * The term will be converted to a string by calling `toString`. Multiple terms can be passed as an\n * array, each term in the array will share the same options.\n *\n * @param {object|object[]} term - The term(s) to add to the query.\n * @param {object} [options] - Any additional properties to add to the query clause.\n * @returns {lunr.Query}\n * @see lunr.Query#clause\n * @see lunr.Query~Clause\n * @example <caption>adding a single term to a query</caption>\n * query.term(\"foo\")\n * @example <caption>adding a single term to a query and specifying search fields, term boost and automatic trailing wildcard</caption>\n * query.term(\"foo\", {\n *   fields: [\"title\"],\n *   boost: 10,\n *   wildcard: lunr.Query.wildcard.TRAILING\n * })\n * @example <caption>using lunr.tokenizer to convert a string to tokens before using them as terms</caption>\n * query.term(lunr.tokenizer(\"foo bar\"))\n */\nlunr.Query.prototype.term = function (term, options) {\n  if (Array.isArray(term)) {\n    term.forEach(function (t) { this.term(t, lunr.utils.clone(options)) }, this)\n    return this\n  }\n\n  var clause = options || {}\n  clause.term = term.toString()\n\n  this.clause(clause)\n\n  return this\n}\nlunr.QueryParseError = function (message, start, end) {\n  this.name = \"QueryParseError\"\n  this.message = message\n  this.start = start\n  this.end = end\n}\n\nlunr.QueryParseError.prototype = new Error\nlunr.QueryLexer = function (str) {\n  this.lexemes = []\n  this.str = str\n  this.length = str.length\n  this.pos = 0\n  this.start = 0\n  this.escapeCharPositions = []\n}\n\nlunr.QueryLexer.prototype.run = function () {\n  var state = lunr.QueryLexer.lexText\n\n  while (state) {\n    state = state(this)\n  }\n}\n\nlunr.QueryLexer.prototype.sliceString = function () {\n  var subSlices = [],\n      sliceStart = this.start,\n      sliceEnd = this.pos\n\n  for (var i = 0; i < this.escapeCharPositions.length; i++) {\n    sliceEnd = this.escapeCharPositions[i]\n    subSlices.push(this.str.slice(sliceStart, sliceEnd))\n    sliceStart = sliceEnd + 1\n  }\n\n  subSlices.push(this.str.slice(sliceStart, this.pos))\n  this.escapeCharPositions.length = 0\n\n  return subSlices.join('')\n}\n\nlunr.QueryLexer.prototype.emit = function (type) {\n  this.lexemes.push({\n    type: type,\n    str: this.sliceString(),\n    start: this.start,\n    end: this.pos\n  })\n\n  this.start = this.pos\n}\n\nlunr.QueryLexer.prototype.escapeCharacter = function () {\n  this.escapeCharPositions.push(this.pos - 1)\n  this.pos += 1\n}\n\nlunr.QueryLexer.prototype.next = function () {\n  if (this.pos >= this.length) {\n    return lunr.QueryLexer.EOS\n  }\n\n  var char = this.str.charAt(this.pos)\n  this.pos += 1\n  return char\n}\n\nlunr.QueryLexer.prototype.width = function () {\n  return this.pos - this.start\n}\n\nlunr.QueryLexer.prototype.ignore = function () {\n  if (this.start == this.pos) {\n    this.pos += 1\n  }\n\n  this.start = this.pos\n}\n\nlunr.QueryLexer.prototype.backup = function () {\n  this.pos -= 1\n}\n\nlunr.QueryLexer.prototype.acceptDigitRun = function () {\n  var char, charCode\n\n  do {\n    char = this.next()\n    charCode = char.charCodeAt(0)\n  } while (charCode > 47 && charCode < 58)\n\n  if (char != lunr.QueryLexer.EOS) {\n    this.backup()\n  }\n}\n\nlunr.QueryLexer.prototype.more = function () {\n  return this.pos < this.length\n}\n\nlunr.QueryLexer.EOS = 'EOS'\nlunr.QueryLexer.FIELD = 'FIELD'\nlunr.QueryLexer.TERM = 'TERM'\nlunr.QueryLexer.EDIT_DISTANCE = 'EDIT_DISTANCE'\nlunr.QueryLexer.BOOST = 'BOOST'\nlunr.QueryLexer.PRESENCE = 'PRESENCE'\n\nlunr.QueryLexer.lexField = function (lexer) {\n  lexer.backup()\n  lexer.emit(lunr.QueryLexer.FIELD)\n  lexer.ignore()\n  return lunr.QueryLexer.lexText\n}\n\nlunr.QueryLexer.lexTerm = function (lexer) {\n  if (lexer.width() > 1) {\n    lexer.backup()\n    lexer.emit(lunr.QueryLexer.TERM)\n  }\n\n  lexer.ignore()\n\n  if (lexer.more()) {\n    return lunr.QueryLexer.lexText\n  }\n}\n\nlunr.QueryLexer.lexEditDistance = function (lexer) {\n  lexer.ignore()\n  lexer.acceptDigitRun()\n  lexer.emit(lunr.QueryLexer.EDIT_DISTANCE)\n  return lunr.QueryLexer.lexText\n}\n\nlunr.QueryLexer.lexBoost = function (lexer) {\n  lexer.ignore()\n  lexer.acceptDigitRun()\n  lexer.emit(lunr.QueryLexer.BOOST)\n  return lunr.QueryLexer.lexText\n}\n\nlunr.QueryLexer.lexEOS = function (lexer) {\n  if (lexer.width() > 0) {\n    lexer.emit(lunr.QueryLexer.TERM)\n  }\n}\n\n// This matches the separator used when tokenising fields\n// within a document. These should match otherwise it is\n// not possible to search for some tokens within a document.\n//\n// It is possible for the user to change the separator on the\n// tokenizer so it _might_ clash with any other of the special\n// characters already used within the search string, e.g. :.\n//\n// This means that it is possible to change the separator in\n// such a way that makes some words unsearchable using a search\n// string.\nlunr.QueryLexer.termSeparator = lunr.tokenizer.separator\n\nlunr.QueryLexer.lexText = function (lexer) {\n  while (true) {\n    var char = lexer.next()\n\n    if (char == lunr.QueryLexer.EOS) {\n      return lunr.QueryLexer.lexEOS\n    }\n\n    // Escape character is '\\'\n    if (char.charCodeAt(0) == 92) {\n      lexer.escapeCharacter()\n      continue\n    }\n\n    if (char == \":\") {\n      return lunr.QueryLexer.lexField\n    }\n\n    if (char == \"~\") {\n      lexer.backup()\n      if (lexer.width() > 0) {\n        lexer.emit(lunr.QueryLexer.TERM)\n      }\n      return lunr.QueryLexer.lexEditDistance\n    }\n\n    if (char == \"^\") {\n      lexer.backup()\n      if (lexer.width() > 0) {\n        lexer.emit(lunr.QueryLexer.TERM)\n      }\n      return lunr.QueryLexer.lexBoost\n    }\n\n    // \"+\" indicates term presence is required\n    // checking for length to ensure that only\n    // leading \"+\" are considered\n    if (char == \"+\" && lexer.width() === 1) {\n      lexer.emit(lunr.QueryLexer.PRESENCE)\n      return lunr.QueryLexer.lexText\n    }\n\n    // \"-\" indicates term presence is prohibited\n    // checking for length to ensure that only\n    // leading \"-\" are considered\n    if (char == \"-\" && lexer.width() === 1) {\n      lexer.emit(lunr.QueryLexer.PRESENCE)\n      return lunr.QueryLexer.lexText\n    }\n\n    if (char.match(lunr.QueryLexer.termSeparator)) {\n      return lunr.QueryLexer.lexTerm\n    }\n  }\n}\n\nlunr.QueryParser = function (str, query) {\n  this.lexer = new lunr.QueryLexer (str)\n  this.query = query\n  this.currentClause = {}\n  this.lexemeIdx = 0\n}\n\nlunr.QueryParser.prototype.parse = function () {\n  this.lexer.run()\n  this.lexemes = this.lexer.lexemes\n\n  var state = lunr.QueryParser.parseClause\n\n  while (state) {\n    state = state(this)\n  }\n\n  return this.query\n}\n\nlunr.QueryParser.prototype.peekLexeme = function () {\n  return this.lexemes[this.lexemeIdx]\n}\n\nlunr.QueryParser.prototype.consumeLexeme = function () {\n  var lexeme = this.peekLexeme()\n  this.lexemeIdx += 1\n  return lexeme\n}\n\nlunr.QueryParser.prototype.nextClause = function () {\n  var completedClause = this.currentClause\n  this.query.clause(completedClause)\n  this.currentClause = {}\n}\n\nlunr.QueryParser.parseClause = function (parser) {\n  var lexeme = parser.peekLexeme()\n\n  if (lexeme == undefined) {\n    return\n  }\n\n  switch (lexeme.type) {\n    case lunr.QueryLexer.PRESENCE:\n      return lunr.QueryParser.parsePresence\n    case lunr.QueryLexer.FIELD:\n      return lunr.QueryParser.parseField\n    case lunr.QueryLexer.TERM:\n      return lunr.QueryParser.parseTerm\n    default:\n      var errorMessage = \"expected either a field or a term, found \" + lexeme.type\n\n      if (lexeme.str.length >= 1) {\n        errorMessage += \" with value '\" + lexeme.str + \"'\"\n      }\n\n      throw new lunr.QueryParseError (errorMessage, lexeme.start, lexeme.end)\n  }\n}\n\nlunr.QueryParser.parsePresence = function (parser) {\n  var lexeme = parser.consumeLexeme()\n\n  if (lexeme == undefined) {\n    return\n  }\n\n  switch (lexeme.str) {\n    case \"-\":\n      parser.currentClause.presence = lunr.Query.presence.PROHIBITED\n      break\n    case \"+\":\n      parser.currentClause.presence = lunr.Query.presence.REQUIRED\n      break\n    default:\n      var errorMessage = \"unrecognised presence operator'\" + lexeme.str + \"'\"\n      throw new lunr.QueryParseError (errorMessage, lexeme.start, lexeme.end)\n  }\n\n  var nextLexeme = parser.peekLexeme()\n\n  if (nextLexeme == undefined) {\n    var errorMessage = \"expecting term or field, found nothing\"\n    throw new lunr.QueryParseError (errorMessage, lexeme.start, lexeme.end)\n  }\n\n  switch (nextLexeme.type) {\n    case lunr.QueryLexer.FIELD:\n      return lunr.QueryParser.parseField\n    case lunr.QueryLexer.TERM:\n      return lunr.QueryParser.parseTerm\n    default:\n      var errorMessage = \"expecting term or field, found '\" + nextLexeme.type + \"'\"\n      throw new lunr.QueryParseError (errorMessage, nextLexeme.start, nextLexeme.end)\n  }\n}\n\nlunr.QueryParser.parseField = function (parser) {\n  var lexeme = parser.consumeLexeme()\n\n  if (lexeme == undefined) {\n    return\n  }\n\n  if (parser.query.allFields.indexOf(lexeme.str) == -1) {\n    var possibleFields = parser.query.allFields.map(function (f) { return \"'\" + f + \"'\" }).join(', '),\n        errorMessage = \"unrecognised field '\" + lexeme.str + \"', possible fields: \" + possibleFields\n\n    throw new lunr.QueryParseError (errorMessage, lexeme.start, lexeme.end)\n  }\n\n  parser.currentClause.fields = [lexeme.str]\n\n  var nextLexeme = parser.peekLexeme()\n\n  if (nextLexeme == undefined) {\n    var errorMessage = \"expecting term, found nothing\"\n    throw new lunr.QueryParseError (errorMessage, lexeme.start, lexeme.end)\n  }\n\n  switch (nextLexeme.type) {\n    case lunr.QueryLexer.TERM:\n      return lunr.QueryParser.parseTerm\n    default:\n      var errorMessage = \"expecting term, found '\" + nextLexeme.type + \"'\"\n      throw new lunr.QueryParseError (errorMessage, nextLexeme.start, nextLexeme.end)\n  }\n}\n\nlunr.QueryParser.parseTerm = function (parser) {\n  var lexeme = parser.consumeLexeme()\n\n  if (lexeme == undefined) {\n    return\n  }\n\n  parser.currentClause.term = lexeme.str.toLowerCase()\n\n  if (lexeme.str.indexOf(\"*\") != -1) {\n    parser.currentClause.usePipeline = false\n  }\n\n  var nextLexeme = parser.peekLexeme()\n\n  if (nextLexeme == undefined) {\n    parser.nextClause()\n    return\n  }\n\n  switch (nextLexeme.type) {\n    case lunr.QueryLexer.TERM:\n      parser.nextClause()\n      return lunr.QueryParser.parseTerm\n    case lunr.QueryLexer.FIELD:\n      parser.nextClause()\n      return lunr.QueryParser.parseField\n    case lunr.QueryLexer.EDIT_DISTANCE:\n      return lunr.QueryParser.parseEditDistance\n    case lunr.QueryLexer.BOOST:\n      return lunr.QueryParser.parseBoost\n    case lunr.QueryLexer.PRESENCE:\n      parser.nextClause()\n      return lunr.QueryParser.parsePresence\n    default:\n      var errorMessage = \"Unexpected lexeme type '\" + nextLexeme.type + \"'\"\n      throw new lunr.QueryParseError (errorMessage, nextLexeme.start, nextLexeme.end)\n  }\n}\n\nlunr.QueryParser.parseEditDistance = function (parser) {\n  var lexeme = parser.consumeLexeme()\n\n  if (lexeme == undefined) {\n    return\n  }\n\n  var editDistance = parseInt(lexeme.str, 10)\n\n  if (isNaN(editDistance)) {\n    var errorMessage = \"edit distance must be numeric\"\n    throw new lunr.QueryParseError (errorMessage, lexeme.start, lexeme.end)\n  }\n\n  parser.currentClause.editDistance = editDistance\n\n  var nextLexeme = parser.peekLexeme()\n\n  if (nextLexeme == undefined) {\n    parser.nextClause()\n    return\n  }\n\n  switch (nextLexeme.type) {\n    case lunr.QueryLexer.TERM:\n      parser.nextClause()\n      return lunr.QueryParser.parseTerm\n    case lunr.QueryLexer.FIELD:\n      parser.nextClause()\n      return lunr.QueryParser.parseField\n    case lunr.QueryLexer.EDIT_DISTANCE:\n      return lunr.QueryParser.parseEditDistance\n    case lunr.QueryLexer.BOOST:\n      return lunr.QueryParser.parseBoost\n    case lunr.QueryLexer.PRESENCE:\n      parser.nextClause()\n      return lunr.QueryParser.parsePresence\n    default:\n      var errorMessage = \"Unexpected lexeme type '\" + nextLexeme.type + \"'\"\n      throw new lunr.QueryParseError (errorMessage, nextLexeme.start, nextLexeme.end)\n  }\n}\n\nlunr.QueryParser.parseBoost = function (parser) {\n  var lexeme = parser.consumeLexeme()\n\n  if (lexeme == undefined) {\n    return\n  }\n\n  var boost = parseInt(lexeme.str, 10)\n\n  if (isNaN(boost)) {\n    var errorMessage = \"boost must be numeric\"\n    throw new lunr.QueryParseError (errorMessage, lexeme.start, lexeme.end)\n  }\n\n  parser.currentClause.boost = boost\n\n  var nextLexeme = parser.peekLexeme()\n\n  if (nextLexeme == undefined) {\n    parser.nextClause()\n    return\n  }\n\n  switch (nextLexeme.type) {\n    case lunr.QueryLexer.TERM:\n      parser.nextClause()\n      return lunr.QueryParser.parseTerm\n    case lunr.QueryLexer.FIELD:\n      parser.nextClause()\n      return lunr.QueryParser.parseField\n    case lunr.QueryLexer.EDIT_DISTANCE:\n      return lunr.QueryParser.parseEditDistance\n    case lunr.QueryLexer.BOOST:\n      return lunr.QueryParser.parseBoost\n    case lunr.QueryLexer.PRESENCE:\n      parser.nextClause()\n      return lunr.QueryParser.parsePresence\n    default:\n      var errorMessage = \"Unexpected lexeme type '\" + nextLexeme.type + \"'\"\n      throw new lunr.QueryParseError (errorMessage, nextLexeme.start, nextLexeme.end)\n  }\n}\n\n  /**\n   * export the module via AMD, CommonJS or as a browser global\n   * Export code from https://github.com/umdjs/umd/blob/master/returnExports.js\n   */\n  ;(function (root, factory) {\n    if (typeof define === 'function' && define.amd) {\n      // AMD. Register as an anonymous module.\n      define(factory)\n    } else if (typeof exports === 'object') {\n      /**\n       * Node. Does not work with strict CommonJS, but\n       * only CommonJS-like enviroments that support module.exports,\n       * like Node.\n       */\n      module.exports = factory()\n    } else {\n      // Browser globals (root is window)\n      root.lunr = factory()\n    }\n  }(this, function () {\n    /**\n     * Just return a value to define the module export.\n     * This example returns an object, but the module\n     * can return a function as the exported value.\n     */\n    return lunr\n  }))\n})();\n", "/*\n * Copyright (c) 2016-2024 Martin Donath <martin.donath@squidfunk.com>\n *\n * Permission is hereby granted, free of charge, to any person obtaining a copy\n * of this software and associated documentation files (the \"Software\"), to\n * deal in the Software without restriction, including without limitation the\n * rights to use, copy, modify, merge, publish, distribute, sublicense, and/or\n * sell copies of the Software, and to permit persons to whom the Software is\n * furnished to do so, subject to the following conditions:\n *\n * The above copyright notice and this permission notice shall be included in\n * all copies or substantial portions of the Software.\n *\n * THE SOFTWARE IS PROVIDED \"AS IS\", WITHOUT WARRANTY OF ANY KIND, EXPRESS OR\n * IMPLIED, INCLUDING BUT NOT LIMITED TO THE WARRANTIES OF MERCHANTABILITY,\n * FITNESS FOR A RTICULAR PURPOSE AND NON-INFRINGEMENT. IN NO EVENT SHALL THE\n * AUTHORS OR COPYRIGHT HOLDERS BE LIABLE FOR ANY CLAIM, DAMAGES OR OTHER\n * LIABILITY, WHETHER IN AN ACTION OF CONTRACT, TORT OR OTHERWISE, ARISING\n * FROM, OUT OF OR IN CONNECTION WITH THE SOFTWARE OR THE USE OR OTHER DEALINGS\n * IN THE SOFTWARE.\n */\n\nimport lunr from \"lunr\"\n\nimport { getElement } from \"~/browser/element/_\"\nimport \"~/polyfills\"\n\nimport { Search } from \"../../_\"\nimport { SearchConfig } from \"../../config\"\nimport {\n  SearchMessage,\n  SearchMessageType\n} from \"../message\"\n\n/* ----------------------------------------------------------------------------\n * Types\n * ------------------------------------------------------------------------- */\n\n/**\n * Add support for `iframe-worker` shim\n *\n * While `importScripts` is synchronous when executed inside of a web worker,\n * it's not possible to provide a synchronous shim implementation. The cool\n * thing is that awaiting a non-Promise will convert it into a Promise, so\n * extending the type definition to return a `Promise` shouldn't break anything.\n *\n * @see https://bit.ly/2PjDnXi - GitHub comment\n *\n * @param urls - Scripts to load\n *\n * @returns Promise resolving with no result\n */\ndeclare global {\n  function importScripts(...urls: string[]): Promise<void> | void\n}\n\n/* ----------------------------------------------------------------------------\n * Data\n * ------------------------------------------------------------------------- */\n\n/**\n * Search index\n */\nlet index: Search\n\n/* ----------------------------------------------------------------------------\n * Helper functions\n * ------------------------------------------------------------------------- */\n\n/**\n * Fetch (= import) multi-language support through `lunr-languages`\n *\n * This function automatically imports the stemmers necessary to process the\n * languages which are defined as part of the search configuration.\n *\n * If the worker runs inside of an `iframe` (when using `iframe-worker` as\n * a shim), the base URL for the stemmers to be loaded must be determined by\n * searching for the first `script` element with a `src` attribute, which will\n * contain the contents of this script.\n *\n * @param config - Search configuration\n *\n * @returns Promise resolving with no result\n */\nasync function setupSearchLanguages(\n  config: SearchConfig\n): Promise<void> {\n  let base = \"../lunr\"\n\n  /* Detect `iframe-worker` and fix base URL */\n  if (typeof parent !== \"undefined\" && \"IFrameWorker\" in parent) {\n    const worker = getElement<HTMLScriptElement>(\"script[src]\")\n    const [path] = worker.src.split(\"/worker\")\n\n    /* Prefix base with path */\n    base = base.replace(\"..\", path)\n  }\n\n  /* Add scripts for languages */\n  const scripts = []\n  for (const lang of config.lang) {\n    switch (lang) {\n\n      /* Add segmenter for Japanese */\n      case \"ja\":\n        scripts.push(`${base}/tinyseg.js`)\n        break\n\n      /* Add segmenter for Hindi and Thai */\n      case \"hi\":\n      case \"th\":\n        scripts.push(`${base}/wordcut.js`)\n        break\n    }\n\n    /* Add language support */\n    if (lang !== \"en\")\n      scripts.push(`${base}/min/lunr.${lang}.min.js`)\n  }\n\n  /* Add multi-language support */\n  if (config.lang.length > 1)\n    scripts.push(`${base}/min/lunr.multi.min.js`)\n\n  /* Load scripts synchronously */\n  if (scripts.length)\n    await importScripts(\n      `${base}/min/lunr.stemmer.support.min.js`,\n      ...scripts\n    )\n}\n\n/* ----------------------------------------------------------------------------\n * Functions\n * ------------------------------------------------------------------------- */\n\n/**\n * Message handler\n *\n * @param message - Source message\n *\n * @returns Target message\n */\nexport async function handler(\n  message: SearchMessage\n): Promise<SearchMessage> {\n  switch (message.type) {\n\n    /* Search setup message */\n    case SearchMessageType.SETUP:\n      await setupSearchLanguages(message.data.config)\n      index = new Search(message.data)\n      return {\n        type: SearchMessageType.READY\n      }\n\n    /* Search query message */\n    case SearchMessageType.QUERY:\n      const query = message.data\n      try {\n        return {\n          type: SearchMessageType.RESULT,\n          data: index.search(query)\n        }\n\n      /* Return empty result in case of error */\n      } catch (err) {\n        console.warn(`Invalid query: ${query} \u2013 see https://bit.ly/2s3ChXG`)\n        console.warn(err)\n        return {\n          type: SearchMessageType.RESULT,\n          data: { items: [] }\n        }\n      }\n\n    /* All other messages */\n    default:\n      throw new TypeError(\"Invalid message type\")\n  }\n}\n\n/* ----------------------------------------------------------------------------\n * Worker\n * ------------------------------------------------------------------------- */\n\n/* Expose Lunr.js in global scope, or stemmers won't work */\nself.lunr = lunr\n\n/* Handle messages */\naddEventListener(\"message\", async ev => {\n  postMessage(await handler(ev.data))\n})\n", "/*\n * Copyright (c) 2016-2024 Martin Donath <martin.donath@squidfunk.com>\n *\n * Permission is hereby granted, free of charge, to any person obtaining a copy\n * of this software and associated documentation files (the \"Software\"), to\n * deal in the Software without restriction, including without limitation the\n * rights to use, copy, modify, merge, publish, distribute, sublicense, and/or\n * sell copies of the Software, and to permit persons to whom the Software is\n * furnished to do so, subject to the following conditions:\n *\n * The above copyright notice and this permission notice shall be included in\n * all copies or substantial portions of the Software.\n *\n * THE SOFTWARE IS PROVIDED \"AS IS\", WITHOUT WARRANTY OF ANY KIND, EXPRESS OR\n * IMPLIED, INCLUDING BUT NOT LIMITED TO THE WARRANTIES OF MERCHANTABILITY,\n * FITNESS FOR A PARTICULAR PURPOSE AND NON-INFRINGEMENT. IN NO EVENT SHALL THE\n * AUTHORS OR COPYRIGHT HOLDERS BE LIABLE FOR ANY CLAIM, DAMAGES OR OTHER\n * LIABILITY, WHETHER IN AN ACTION OF CONTRACT, TORT OR OTHERWISE, ARISING\n * FROM, OUT OF OR IN CONNECTION WITH THE SOFTWARE OR THE USE OR OTHER DEALINGS\n * IN THE SOFTWARE.\n */\n\n/* ----------------------------------------------------------------------------\n * Functions\n * ------------------------------------------------------------------------- */\n\n/**\n * Retrieve all elements matching the query selector\n *\n * @template T - Element type\n *\n * @param selector - Query selector\n * @param node - Node of reference\n *\n * @returns Elements\n */\nexport function getElements<T extends keyof HTMLElementTagNameMap>(\n  selector: T, node?: ParentNode\n): HTMLElementTagNameMap[T][]\n\nexport function getElements<T extends HTMLElement>(\n  selector: string, node?: ParentNode\n): T[]\n\nexport function getElements<T extends HTMLElement>(\n  selector: string, node: ParentNode = document\n): T[] {\n  return Array.from(node.querySelectorAll<T>(selector))\n}\n\n/**\n * Retrieve an element matching a query selector or throw a reference error\n *\n * Note that this function assumes that the element is present. If unsure if an\n * element is existent, use the `getOptionalElement` function instead.\n *\n * @template T - Element type\n *\n * @param selector - Query selector\n * @param node - Node of reference\n *\n * @returns Element\n */\nexport function getElement<T extends keyof HTMLElementTagNameMap>(\n  selector: T, node?: ParentNode\n): HTMLElementTagNameMap[T]\n\nexport function getElement<T extends HTMLElement>(\n  selector: string, node?: ParentNode\n): T\n\nexport function getElement<T extends HTMLElement>(\n  selector: string, node: ParentNode = document\n): T {\n  const el = getOptionalElement<T>(selector, node)\n  if (typeof el === \"undefined\")\n    throw new ReferenceError(\n      `Missing element: expected \"${selector}\" to be present`\n    )\n\n  /* Return element */\n  return el\n}\n\n/* ------------------------------------------------------------------------- */\n\n/**\n * Retrieve an optional element matching the query selector\n *\n * @template T - Element type\n *\n * @param selector - Query selector\n * @param node - Node of reference\n *\n * @returns Element or nothing\n */\nexport function getOptionalElement<T extends keyof HTMLElementTagNameMap>(\n  selector: T, node?: ParentNode\n): HTMLElementTagNameMap[T] | undefined\n\nexport function getOptionalElement<T extends HTMLElement>(\n  selector: string, node?: ParentNode\n): T | undefined\n\nexport function getOptionalElement<T extends HTMLElement>(\n  selector: string, node: ParentNode = document\n): T | undefined {\n  return node.querySelector<T>(selector) || undefined\n}\n\n/**\n * Retrieve the currently active element\n *\n * @returns Element or nothing\n */\nexport function getActiveElement(): HTMLElement | undefined {\n  return (\n    document.activeElement?.shadowRoot?.activeElement as HTMLElement ??\n    document.activeElement as HTMLElement ??\n    undefined\n  )\n}\n", "/*\n * Copyright (c) 2016-2024 Martin Donath <martin.donath@squidfunk.com>\n *\n * Permission is hereby granted, free of charge, to any person obtaining a copy\n * of this software and associated documentation files (the \"Software\"), to\n * deal in the Software without restriction, including without limitation the\n * rights to use, copy, modify, merge, publish, distribute, sublicense, and/or\n * sell copies of the Software, and to permit persons to whom the Software is\n * furnished to do so, subject to the following conditions:\n *\n * The above copyright notice and this permission notice shall be included in\n * all copies or substantial portions of the Software.\n *\n * THE SOFTWARE IS PROVIDED \"AS IS\", WITHOUT WARRANTY OF ANY KIND, EXPRESS OR\n * IMPLIED, INCLUDING BUT NOT LIMITED TO THE WARRANTIES OF MERCHANTABILITY,\n * FITNESS FOR A PARTICULAR PURPOSE AND NON-INFRINGEMENT. IN NO EVENT SHALL THE\n * AUTHORS OR COPYRIGHT HOLDERS BE LIABLE FOR ANY CLAIM, DAMAGES OR OTHER\n * LIABILITY, WHETHER IN AN ACTION OF CONTRACT, TORT OR OTHERWISE, ARISING\n * FROM, OUT OF OR IN CONNECTION WITH THE SOFTWARE OR THE USE OR OTHER DEALINGS\n * IN THE SOFTWARE.\n */\n\n/* ----------------------------------------------------------------------------\n * Polyfills\n * ------------------------------------------------------------------------- */\n\n/* Polyfill `Object.entries` */\nif (!Object.entries)\n  Object.entries = function (obj: object) {\n    const data: [string, string][] = []\n    for (const key of Object.keys(obj))\n      // @ts-expect-error - ignore property access warning\n      data.push([key, obj[key]])\n\n    /* Return entries */\n    return data\n  }\n\n/* Polyfill `Object.values` */\nif (!Object.values)\n  Object.values = function (obj: object) {\n    const data: string[] = []\n    for (const key of Object.keys(obj))\n      // @ts-expect-error - ignore property access warning\n      data.push(obj[key])\n\n    /* Return values */\n    return data\n  }\n\n/* ------------------------------------------------------------------------- */\n\n/* Polyfills for `Element` */\nif (typeof Element !== \"undefined\") {\n\n  /* Polyfill `Element.scrollTo` */\n  if (!Element.prototype.scrollTo)\n    Element.prototype.scrollTo = function (\n      x?: ScrollToOptions | number, y?: number\n    ): void {\n      if (typeof x === \"object\") {\n        this.scrollLeft = x.left!\n        this.scrollTop = x.top!\n      } else {\n        this.scrollLeft = x!\n        this.scrollTop = y!\n      }\n    }\n\n  /* Polyfill `Element.replaceWith` */\n  if (!Element.prototype.replaceWith)\n    Element.prototype.replaceWith = function (\n      ...nodes: Array<string | Node>\n    ): void {\n      const parent = this.parentNode\n      if (parent) {\n        if (nodes.length === 0)\n          parent.removeChild(this)\n\n        /* Replace children and create text nodes */\n        for (let i = nodes.length - 1; i >= 0; i--) {\n          let node = nodes[i]\n          if (typeof node === \"string\")\n            node = document.createTextNode(node)\n          else if (node.parentNode)\n            node.parentNode.removeChild(node)\n\n          /* Replace child or insert before previous sibling */\n          if (!i)\n            parent.replaceChild(node, this)\n          else\n            parent.insertBefore(this.previousSibling!, node)\n        }\n      }\n    }\n}\n", "/*\n * Copyright (c) 2016-2024 Martin Donath <martin.donath@squidfunk.com>\n *\n * Permission is hereby granted, free of charge, to any person obtaining a copy\n * of this software and associated documentation files (the \"Software\"), to\n * deal in the Software without restriction, including without limitation the\n * rights to use, copy, modify, merge, publish, distribute, sublicense, and/or\n * sell copies of the Software, and to permit persons to whom the Software is\n * furnished to do so, subject to the following conditions:\n *\n * The above copyright notice and this permission notice shall be included in\n * all copies or substantial portions of the Software.\n *\n * THE SOFTWARE IS PROVIDED \"AS IS\", WITHOUT WARRANTY OF ANY KIND, EXPRESS OR\n * IMPLIED, INCLUDING BUT NOT LIMITED TO THE WARRANTIES OF MERCHANTABILITY,\n * FITNESS FOR A PARTICULAR PURPOSE AND NON-INFRINGEMENT. IN NO EVENT SHALL THE\n * AUTHORS OR COPYRIGHT HOLDERS BE LIABLE FOR ANY CLAIM, DAMAGES OR OTHER\n * LIABILITY, WHETHER IN AN ACTION OF CONTRACT, TORT OR OTHERWISE, ARISING\n * FROM, OUT OF OR IN CONNECTION WITH THE SOFTWARE OR THE USE OR OTHER DEALINGS\n * IN THE SOFTWARE.\n */\n\n/* ----------------------------------------------------------------------------\n * Types\n * ------------------------------------------------------------------------- */\n\n/**\n * Search configuration\n */\nexport interface SearchConfig {\n  lang: string[]                       /* Search languages */\n  separator: string                    /* Search separator */\n  pipeline: SearchPipelineFn[]         /* Search pipeline */\n}\n\n/**\n * Search document\n */\nexport interface SearchDocument {\n  location: string                     /* Document location */\n  title: string                        /* Document title */\n  text: string                         /* Document text */\n  tags?: string[]                      /* Document tags */\n  boost?: number                       /* Document boost */\n  parent?: SearchDocument              /* Document parent */\n}\n\n/**\n * Search options\n */\nexport interface SearchOptions {\n  suggest: boolean                     /* Search suggestions */\n}\n\n/* ------------------------------------------------------------------------- */\n\n/**\n * Search index\n */\nexport interface SearchIndex {\n  config: SearchConfig                 /* Search configuration */\n  docs: SearchDocument[]               /* Search documents */\n  options: SearchOptions               /* Search options */\n}\n\n/* ----------------------------------------------------------------------------\n * Helper types\n * ------------------------------------------------------------------------- */\n\n/**\n * Search pipeline function\n */\ntype SearchPipelineFn =\n  | \"trimmer\"                          /* Trimmer */\n  | \"stopWordFilter\"                   /* Stop word filter */\n  | \"stemmer\"                          /* Stemmer */\n\n/* ----------------------------------------------------------------------------\n * Functions\n * ------------------------------------------------------------------------- */\n\n/**\n * Create a search document map\n *\n * This function creates a mapping of URLs (including anchors) to the actual\n * articles and sections. It relies on the invariant that the search index is\n * ordered with the main article appearing before all sections with anchors.\n * If this is not the case, the logic music be changed.\n *\n * @param docs - Search documents\n *\n * @returns Search document map\n */\nexport function setupSearchDocumentMap(\n  docs: SearchDocument[]\n): Map<string, SearchDocument> {\n  const map = new Map<string, SearchDocument>()\n  for (const doc of docs) {\n    const [path] = doc.location.split(\"#\")\n\n    /* Add document article */\n    const article = map.get(path)\n    if (typeof article === \"undefined\") {\n      map.set(path, doc)\n\n      /* Add document section */\n    } else {\n      map.set(doc.location, doc)\n      doc.parent = article\n    }\n  }\n\n  /* Return search document map */\n  return map\n}\n", "/*\n * Copyright (c) 2016-2024 Martin Donath <martin.donath@squidfunk.com>\n *\n * Permission is hereby granted, free of charge, to any person obtaining a copy\n * of this software and associated documentation files (the \"Software\"), to\n * deal in the Software without restriction, including without limitation the\n * rights to use, copy, modify, merge, publish, distribute, sublicense, and/or\n * sell copies of the Software, and to permit persons to whom the Software is\n * furnished to do so, subject to the following conditions:\n *\n * The above copyright notice and this permission notice shall be included in\n * all copies or substantial portions of the Software.\n *\n * THE SOFTWARE IS PROVIDED \"AS IS\", WITHOUT WARRANTY OF ANY KIND, EXPRESS OR\n * IMPLIED, INCLUDING BUT NOT LIMITED TO THE WARRANTIES OF MERCHANTABILITY,\n * FITNESS FOR A PARTICULAR PURPOSE AND NON-INFRINGEMENT. IN NO EVENT SHALL THE\n * AUTHORS OR COPYRIGHT HOLDERS BE LIABLE FOR ANY CLAIM, DAMAGES OR OTHER\n * LIABILITY, WHETHER IN AN ACTION OF CONTRACT, TORT OR OTHERWISE, ARISING\n * FROM, OUT OF OR IN CONNECTION WITH THE SOFTWARE OR THE USE OR OTHER DEALINGS\n * IN THE SOFTWARE.\n */\n\n/* ----------------------------------------------------------------------------\n * Helper types\n * ------------------------------------------------------------------------- */\n\n/**\n * Visitor function\n *\n * @param start - Start offset\n * @param end - End offset\n */\ntype VisitorFn = (\n  start: number, end: number\n) => void\n\n/* ----------------------------------------------------------------------------\n * Functions\n * ------------------------------------------------------------------------- */\n\n/**\n * Split a string using the given separator\n *\n * @param input - Input value\n * @param separator - Separator\n * @param fn - Visitor function\n */\nexport function split(\n  input: string, separator: RegExp, fn: VisitorFn\n): void {\n  separator = new RegExp(separator, \"g\")\n\n  /* Split string using separator */\n  let match: RegExpExecArray | null\n  let index = 0\n  do {\n    match = separator.exec(input)\n\n    /* Emit non-empty range */\n    const until = match?.index ?? input.length\n    if (index < until)\n      fn(index, until)\n\n    /* Update last index */\n    if (match) {\n      const [term] = match\n      index = match.index + term.length\n\n      /* Support zero-length lookaheads */\n      if (term.length === 0)\n        separator.lastIndex = match.index + 1\n    }\n  } while (match)\n}\n", "/*\n * Copyright (c) 2016-2024 Martin Donath <martin.donath@squidfunk.com>\n *\n * Permission is hereby granted, free of charge, to any person obtaining a copy\n * of this software and associated documentation files (the \"Software\"), to\n * deal in the Software without restriction, including without limitation the\n * rights to use, copy, modify, merge, publish, distribute, sublicense, and/or\n * sell copies of the Software, and to permit persons to whom the Software is\n * furnished to do so, subject to the following conditions:\n *\n * The above copyright notice and this permission notice shall be included in\n * all copies or substantial portions of the Software.\n *\n * THE SOFTWARE IS PROVIDED \"AS IS\", WITHOUT WARRANTY OF ANY KIND, EXPRESS OR\n * IMPLIED, INCLUDING BUT NOT LIMITED TO THE WARRANTIES OF MERCHANTABILITY,\n * FITNESS FOR A PARTICULAR PURPOSE AND NON-INFRINGEMENT. IN NO EVENT SHALL THE\n * AUTHORS OR COPYRIGHT HOLDERS BE LIABLE FOR ANY CLAIM, DAMAGES OR OTHER\n * LIABILITY, WHETHER IN AN ACTION OF CONTRACT, TORT OR OTHERWISE, ARISING\n * FROM, OUT OF OR IN CONNECTION WITH THE SOFTWARE OR THE USE OR OTHER DEALINGS\n * IN THE SOFTWARE.\n */\n\n/* ----------------------------------------------------------------------------\n * Types\n * ------------------------------------------------------------------------- */\n\n/**\n * Extraction type\n *\n * This type defines the possible values that are encoded into the first two\n * bits of a section that is part of the blocks of a tokenization table. There\n * are three types of interest: HTML opening and closing tags, as well as the\n * actual text content we need to extract for indexing.\n */\nexport const enum Extract {\n  TAG_OPEN  = 0,                       /* HTML opening tag */\n  TEXT      = 1,                       /* Text content */\n  TAG_CLOSE = 2                        /* HTML closing tag */\n}\n\n/* ----------------------------------------------------------------------------\n * Helper types\n * ------------------------------------------------------------------------- */\n\n/**\n * Visitor function\n *\n * @param block - Block index\n * @param type - Extraction type\n * @param start - Start offset\n * @param end - End offset\n */\ntype VisitorFn = (\n  block: number, type: Extract, start: number, end: number\n) => void\n\n/* ----------------------------------------------------------------------------\n * Functions\n * ------------------------------------------------------------------------- */\n\n/**\n * Split a string into markup and text sections\n *\n * This function scans a string and divides it up into sections of markup and\n * text. For each section, it invokes the given visitor function with the block\n * index, extraction type, as well as start and end offsets. Using a visitor\n * function (= streaming data) is ideal for minimizing pressure on the GC.\n *\n * @param input - Input value\n * @param fn - Visitor function\n */\nexport function extract(\n  input: string, fn: VisitorFn\n): void {\n\n  let block = 0                        /* Current block */\n  let start = 0                        /* Current start offset */\n  let end = 0                          /* Current end offset */\n\n  /* Split string into sections */\n  for (let stack = 0; end < input.length; end++) {\n\n    /* Opening tag after non-empty section */\n    if (input.charAt(end) === \"<\" && end > start) {\n      fn(block, Extract.TEXT, start, start = end)\n\n    /* Closing tag */\n    } else if (input.charAt(end) === \">\") {\n      if (input.charAt(start + 1) === \"/\") {\n        if (--stack === 0)\n          fn(block++, Extract.TAG_CLOSE, start, end + 1)\n\n      /* Tag is not self-closing */\n      } else if (input.charAt(end - 1) !== \"/\") {\n        if (stack++ === 0)\n          fn(block, Extract.TAG_OPEN, start, end + 1)\n      }\n\n      /* New section */\n      start = end + 1\n    }\n  }\n\n  /* Add trailing section */\n  if (end > start)\n    fn(block, Extract.TEXT, start, end)\n}\n", "/*\n * Copyright (c) 2016-2024 Martin Donath <martin.donath@squidfunk.com>\n *\n * Permission is hereby granted, free of charge, to any person obtaining a copy\n * of this software and associated documentation files (the \"Software\"), to\n * deal in the Software without restriction, including without limitation the\n * rights to use, copy, modify, merge, publish, distribute, sublicense, and/or\n * sell copies of the Software, and to permit persons to whom the Software is\n * furnished to do so, subject to the following conditions:\n *\n * The above copyright notice and this permission notice shall be included in\n * all copies or substantial portions of the Software.\n *\n * THE SOFTWARE IS PROVIDED \"AS IS\", WITHOUT WARRANTY OF ANY KIND, EXPRESS OR\n * IMPLIED, INCLUDING BUT NOT LIMITED TO THE WARRANTIES OF MERCHANTABILITY,\n * FITNESS FOR A PARTICULAR PURPOSE AND NON-INFRINGEMENT. IN NO EVENT SHALL THE\n * AUTHORS OR COPYRIGHT HOLDERS BE LIABLE FOR ANY CLAIM, DAMAGES OR OTHER\n * LIABILITY, WHETHER IN AN ACTION OF CONTRACT, TORT OR OTHERWISE, ARISING\n * FROM, OUT OF OR IN CONNECTION WITH THE SOFTWARE OR THE USE OR OTHER DEALINGS\n * IN THE SOFTWARE.\n */\n\n/* ----------------------------------------------------------------------------\n * Types\n * ------------------------------------------------------------------------- */\n\n/**\n * Position table\n */\nexport type PositionTable = number[][]\n\n/**\n * Position\n */\nexport type Position = number\n\n/* ----------------------------------------------------------------------------\n * Functions\n * ------------------------------------------------------------------------- */\n\n/**\n * Highlight all occurrences in a string\n *\n * This function receives a field's value (e.g. like `title` or `text`), it's\n * position table that was generated during indexing, and the positions found\n * when executing the query. It then highlights all occurrences, and returns\n * their concatenation. In case of multiple blocks, two are returned.\n *\n * @param input - Input value\n * @param table - Table for indexing\n * @param positions - Occurrences\n * @param full - Full results\n *\n * @returns Highlighted string value\n */\nexport function highlight(\n  input: string, table: PositionTable, positions: Position[], full = false\n): string {\n  return highlightAll([input], table, positions, full).pop()!\n}\n\n/**\n * Highlight all occurrences in a set of strings\n *\n * @param inputs - Input values\n * @param table - Table for indexing\n * @param positions - Occurrences\n * @param full - Full results\n *\n * @returns Highlighted string values\n */\nexport function highlightAll(\n  inputs: string[], table: PositionTable, positions: Position[], full = false\n): string[] {\n\n  /* Map blocks to input values */\n  const mapping = [0]\n  for (let t = 1; t < table.length; t++) {\n    const prev = table[t - 1]\n    const next = table[t]\n\n    /* Check if table points to new block */\n    const p = prev[prev.length - 1] >>> 2 & 0x3FF\n    const q = next[0]               >>> 12\n\n    /* Add block to mapping */\n    mapping.push(+(p > q) + mapping[mapping.length - 1])\n  }\n\n  /* Highlight strings one after another */\n  return inputs.map((input, i) => {\n    let cursor = 0\n\n    /* Map occurrences to blocks */\n    const blocks = new Map<number, number[]>()\n    for (const p of positions.sort((a, b) => a - b)) {\n      const index = p & 0xFFFFF\n      const block = p >>> 20\n      if (mapping[block] !== i)\n        continue\n\n      /* Ensure presence of block group */\n      let group = blocks.get(block)\n      if (typeof group === \"undefined\")\n        blocks.set(block, group = [])\n\n      /* Add index to group */\n      group.push(index)\n    }\n\n    /* Just return string, if no occurrences */\n    if (blocks.size === 0)\n      return input\n\n    /* Compute slices */\n    const slices: string[] = []\n    for (const [block, indexes] of blocks) {\n      const t = table[block]\n\n      /* Extract positions and length */\n      const start  = t[0]            >>> 12\n      const end    = t[t.length - 1] >>> 12\n      const length = t[t.length - 1] >>> 2 & 0x3FF\n\n      /* Add prefix, if full results are desired */\n      if (full && start > cursor)\n        slices.push(input.slice(cursor, start))\n\n      /* Extract and highlight slice */\n      let slice = input.slice(start, end + length)\n      for (const j of indexes.sort((a, b) => b - a)) {\n\n        /* Retrieve offset and length of match */\n        const p = (t[j] >>> 12) - start\n        const q = (t[j] >>> 2 & 0x3FF) + p\n\n        /* Wrap occurrence */\n        slice = [\n          slice.slice(0, p),\n          \"<mark>\",\n          slice.slice(p, q),\n          \"</mark>\",\n          slice.slice(q)\n        ].join(\"\")\n      }\n\n      /* Update cursor */\n      cursor = end + length\n\n      /* Append slice and abort if we have two */\n      if (slices.push(slice) === 2)\n        break\n    }\n\n    /* Add suffix, if full results are desired */\n    if (full && cursor < input.length)\n      slices.push(input.slice(cursor))\n\n    /* Return highlighted slices */\n    return slices.join(\"\")\n  })\n}\n", "/*\n * Copyright (c) 2016-2024 Martin Donath <martin.donath@squidfunk.com>\n *\n * Permission is hereby granted, free of charge, to any person obtaining a copy\n * of this software and associated documentation files (the \"Software\"), to\n * deal in the Software without restriction, including without limitation the\n * rights to use, copy, modify, merge, publish, distribute, sublicense, and/or\n * sell copies of the Software, and to permit persons to whom the Software is\n * furnished to do so, subject to the following conditions:\n *\n * The above copyright notice and this permission notice shall be included in\n * all copies or substantial portions of the Software.\n *\n * THE SOFTWARE IS PROVIDED \"AS IS\", WITHOUT WARRANTY OF ANY KIND, EXPRESS OR\n * IMPLIED, INCLUDING BUT NOT LIMITED TO THE WARRANTIES OF MERCHANTABILITY,\n * FITNESS FOR A PARTICULAR PURPOSE AND NON-INFRINGEMENT. IN NO EVENT SHALL THE\n * AUTHORS OR COPYRIGHT HOLDERS BE LIABLE FOR ANY CLAIM, DAMAGES OR OTHER\n * LIABILITY, WHETHER IN AN ACTION OF CONTRACT, TORT OR OTHERWISE, ARISING\n * FROM, OUT OF OR IN CONNECTION WITH THE SOFTWARE OR THE USE OR OTHER DEALINGS\n * IN THE SOFTWARE.\n */\n\nimport { split } from \"../_\"\nimport {\n  Extract,\n  extract\n} from \"../extract\"\n\n/* ----------------------------------------------------------------------------\n * Functions\n * ------------------------------------------------------------------------- */\n\n/**\n * Split a string or set of strings into tokens\n *\n * This tokenizer supersedes the default tokenizer that is provided by Lunr.js,\n * as it is aware of HTML tags and allows for multi-character splitting.\n *\n * It takes the given inputs, splits each of them into markup and text sections,\n * tokenizes and segments (if necessary) each of them, and then indexes them in\n * a table by using a compact bit representation. Bitwise techniques are used\n * to write and read from the table during indexing and querying.\n *\n * @see https://bit.ly/3W3Xw4J - Search: better, faster, smaller\n *\n * @param input - Input value(s)\n *\n * @returns Tokens\n */\nexport function tokenize(\n  input?: string | string[]\n): lunr.Token[] {\n  const tokens: lunr.Token[] = []\n  if (typeof input === \"undefined\")\n    return tokens\n\n  /* Tokenize strings one after another */\n  const inputs = Array.isArray(input) ? input : [input]\n  for (let i = 0; i < inputs.length; i++) {\n    const table = lunr.tokenizer.table\n    const total = table.length\n\n    /* Split string into sections and tokenize content blocks */\n    extract(inputs[i], (block, type, start, end) => {\n      table[block += total] ||= []\n      switch (type) {\n\n        /* Handle markup */\n        case Extract.TAG_OPEN:\n        case Extract.TAG_CLOSE:\n          table[block].push(\n            start       << 12 |\n            end - start <<  2 |\n            type\n          )\n          break\n\n        /* Handle text content */\n        case Extract.TEXT:\n          const section = inputs[i].slice(start, end)\n          split(section, lunr.tokenizer.separator, (index, until) => {\n\n            /**\n             * Apply segmenter after tokenization. Note that the segmenter will\n             * also split words at word boundaries, which is not what we want,\n             * so we need to check if we can somehow mitigate this behavior.\n             */\n            if (typeof lunr.segmenter !== \"undefined\") {\n              const subsection = section.slice(index, until)\n              if (/^[MHIK]$/.test(lunr.segmenter.ctype_(subsection))) {\n                const segments = lunr.segmenter.segment(subsection)\n                for (let s = 0, l = 0; s < segments.length; s++) {\n\n                  /* Add block to section */\n                  table[block] ||= []\n                  table[block].push(\n                    start + index + l  << 12 |\n                    segments[s].length <<  2 |\n                    type\n                  )\n\n                  /* Add token with position */\n                  tokens.push(new lunr.Token(\n                    segments[s].toLowerCase(), {\n                      position: block << 20 | table[block].length - 1\n                    }\n                  ))\n\n                  /* Keep track of length */\n                  l += segments[s].length\n                }\n                return\n              }\n            }\n\n            /* Add block to section */\n            table[block].push(\n              start + index << 12 |\n              until - index <<  2 |\n              type\n            )\n\n            /* Add token with position */\n            tokens.push(new lunr.Token(\n              section.slice(index, until).toLowerCase(), {\n                position: block << 20 | table[block].length - 1\n              }\n            ))\n          })\n      }\n    })\n  }\n\n  /* Return tokens */\n  return tokens\n}\n", "/*\n * Copyright (c) 2016-2024 Martin Donath <martin.donath@squidfunk.com>\n *\n * Permission is hereby granted, free of charge, to any person obtaining a copy\n * of this software and associated documentation files (the \"Software\"), to\n * deal in the Software without restriction, including without limitation the\n * rights to use, copy, modify, merge, publish, distribute, sublicense, and/or\n * sell copies of the Software, and to permit persons to whom the Software is\n * furnished to do so, subject to the following conditions:\n *\n * The above copyright notice and this permission notice shall be included in\n * all copies or substantial portions of the Software.\n *\n * THE SOFTWARE IS PROVIDED \"AS IS\", WITHOUT WARRANTY OF ANY KIND, EXPRESS OR\n * IMPLIED, INCLUDING BUT NOT LIMITED TO THE WARRANTIES OF MERCHANTABILITY,\n * FITNESS FOR A PARTICULAR PURPOSE AND NON-INFRINGEMENT. IN NO EVENT SHALL THE\n * AUTHORS OR COPYRIGHT HOLDERS BE LIABLE FOR ANY CLAIM, DAMAGES OR OTHER\n * LIABILITY, WHETHER IN AN ACTION OF CONTRACT, TORT OR OTHERWISE, ARISING\n * FROM, OUT OF OR IN CONNECTION WITH THE SOFTWARE OR THE USE OR OTHER DEALINGS\n * IN THE SOFTWARE.\n */\n\n/* ----------------------------------------------------------------------------\n * Helper types\n * ------------------------------------------------------------------------- */\n\n/**\n * Visitor function\n *\n * @param value - String value\n *\n * @returns String term(s)\n */\ntype VisitorFn = (\n  value: string\n) => string | string[]\n\n/* ----------------------------------------------------------------------------\n * Functions\n * ------------------------------------------------------------------------- */\n\n/**\n * Default transformation function\n *\n * 1. Trim excess whitespace from left and right.\n *\n * 2. Search for parts in quotation marks and prepend a `+` modifier to denote\n *    that the resulting document must contain all parts, converting the query\n *    to an `AND` query (as opposed to the default `OR` behavior). While users\n *    may expect parts enclosed in quotation marks to map to span queries, i.e.\n *    for which order is important, Lunr.js doesn't support them, so the best\n *    we can do is to convert the parts to an `AND` query.\n *\n * 3. Replace control characters which are not located at the beginning of the\n *    query or preceded by white space, or are not followed by a non-whitespace\n *    character or are at the end of the query string. Furthermore, filter\n *    unmatched quotation marks.\n *\n * 4. Split the query string at whitespace, then pass each part to the visitor\n *    function for tokenization, and append a wildcard to every resulting term\n *    that is not explicitly marked with a `+`, `-`, `~` or `^` modifier, since\n *    it ensures consistent and stable ranking when multiple terms are entered.\n *    Also, if a fuzzy or boost modifier are given, but no numeric value has\n *    been entered, default to 1 to not induce a query error.\n *\n * @param query - Query value\n * @param fn - Visitor function\n *\n * @returns Transformed query value\n */\nexport function transform(\n  query: string, fn: VisitorFn = term => term\n): string {\n  return query\n\n    /* => 1 */\n    .trim()\n\n    /* => 2 */\n    .split(/\"([^\"]+)\"/g)\n      .map((parts, index) => index & 1\n        ? parts.replace(/^\\b|^(?![^\\x00-\\x7F]|$)|\\s+/g, \" +\")\n        : parts\n      )\n      .join(\"\")\n\n    /* => 3 */\n    .replace(/\"|(?:^|\\s+)[*+\\-:^~]+(?=\\s+|$)/g, \"\")\n\n    /* => 4 */\n    .split(/\\s+/g)\n      .reduce((prev, term) => {\n        const next = fn(term)\n        return [...prev, ...Array.isArray(next) ? next : [next]]\n      }, [] as string[])\n      .map(term => /([~^]$)/.test(term) ? `${term}1` : term)\n      .map(term => /(^[+-]|[~^]\\d+$)/.test(term) ? term : `${term}*`)\n      .join(\" \")\n}\n", "/*\n * Copyright (c) 2016-2024 Martin Donath <martin.donath@squidfunk.com>\n *\n * Permission is hereby granted, free of charge, to any person obtaining a copy\n * of this software and associated documentation files (the \"Software\"), to\n * deal in the Software without restriction, including without limitation the\n * rights to use, copy, modify, merge, publish, distribute, sublicense, and/or\n * sell copies of the Software, and to permit persons to whom the Software is\n * furnished to do so, subject to the following conditions:\n *\n * The above copyright notice and this permission notice shall be included in\n * all copies or substantial portions of the Software.\n *\n * THE SOFTWARE IS PROVIDED \"AS IS\", WITHOUT WARRANTY OF ANY KIND, EXPRESS OR\n * IMPLIED, INCLUDING BUT NOT LIMITED TO THE WARRANTIES OF MERCHANTABILITY,\n * FITNESS FOR A PARTICULAR PURPOSE AND NON-INFRINGEMENT. IN NO EVENT SHALL THE\n * AUTHORS OR COPYRIGHT HOLDERS BE LIABLE FOR ANY CLAIM, DAMAGES OR OTHER\n * LIABILITY, WHETHER IN AN ACTION OF CONTRACT, TORT OR OTHERWISE, ARISING\n * FROM, OUT OF OR IN CONNECTION WITH THE SOFTWARE OR THE USE OR OTHER DEALINGS\n * IN THE SOFTWARE.\n */\n\nimport { split } from \"../../internal\"\nimport { transform } from \"../transform\"\n\n/* ----------------------------------------------------------------------------\n * Types\n * ------------------------------------------------------------------------- */\n\n/**\n * Search query clause\n */\nexport interface SearchQueryClause {\n  presence: lunr.Query.presence        /* Clause presence */\n  term: string                         /* Clause term */\n}\n\n/* ------------------------------------------------------------------------- */\n\n/**\n * Search query terms\n */\nexport type SearchQueryTerms = Record<string, boolean>\n\n/* ----------------------------------------------------------------------------\n * Functions\n * ------------------------------------------------------------------------- */\n\n/**\n * Transform search query\n *\n * This function lexes the given search query and applies the transformation\n * function to each term, preserving markup like `+` and `-` modifiers.\n *\n * @param query - Search query\n *\n * @returns Search query\n */\nexport function transformSearchQuery(\n  query: string\n): string {\n\n  /* Split query terms with tokenizer */\n  return transform(query, part => {\n    const terms: string[] = []\n\n    /* Initialize lexer and analyze part */\n    const lexer = new lunr.QueryLexer(part)\n    lexer.run()\n\n    /* Extract and tokenize term from lexeme */\n    for (const { type, str: term, start, end } of lexer.lexemes)\n      switch (type) {\n\n        /* Hack: remove colon - see https://bit.ly/3wD3T3I */\n        case \"FIELD\":\n          if (![\"title\", \"text\", \"tags\"].includes(term))\n            part = [\n              part.slice(0, end),\n              \" \",\n              part.slice(end + 1)\n            ].join(\"\")\n          break\n\n        /* Tokenize term */\n        case \"TERM\":\n          split(term, lunr.tokenizer.separator, (...range) => {\n            terms.push([\n              part.slice(0, start),\n              term.slice(...range),\n              part.slice(end)\n            ].join(\"\"))\n          })\n      }\n\n    /* Return terms */\n    return terms\n  })\n}\n\n/* ------------------------------------------------------------------------- */\n\n/**\n * Parse a search query for analysis\n *\n * Lunr.js itself has a bug where it doesn't detect or remove wildcards for\n * query clauses, so we must do this here.\n *\n * @see https://bit.ly/3DpTGtz - GitHub issue\n *\n * @param value - Query value\n *\n * @returns Search query clauses\n */\nexport function parseSearchQuery(\n  value: string\n): SearchQueryClause[] {\n  const query  = new lunr.Query([\"title\", \"text\", \"tags\"])\n  const parser = new lunr.QueryParser(value, query)\n\n  /* Parse Search query */\n  parser.parse()\n  for (const clause of query.clauses) {\n    clause.usePipeline = true\n\n    /* Handle leading wildcard */\n    if (clause.term.startsWith(\"*\")) {\n      clause.wildcard = lunr.Query.wildcard.LEADING\n      clause.term = clause.term.slice(1)\n    }\n\n    /* Handle trailing wildcard */\n    if (clause.term.endsWith(\"*\")) {\n      clause.wildcard = lunr.Query.wildcard.TRAILING\n      clause.term = clause.term.slice(0, -1)\n    }\n  }\n\n  /* Return query clauses */\n  return query.clauses\n}\n\n/**\n * Analyze the search query clauses in regard to the search terms found\n *\n * @param query - Search query clauses\n * @param terms - Search terms\n *\n * @returns Search query terms\n */\nexport function getSearchQueryTerms(\n  query: SearchQueryClause[], terms: string[]\n): SearchQueryTerms {\n  const clauses = new Set<SearchQueryClause>(query)\n\n  /* Match query clauses against terms */\n  const result: SearchQueryTerms = {}\n  for (let t = 0; t < terms.length; t++)\n    for (const clause of clauses)\n      if (terms[t].startsWith(clause.term)) {\n        result[clause.term] = true\n        clauses.delete(clause)\n      }\n\n  /* Annotate unmatched non-stopword query clauses */\n  for (const clause of clauses)\n    if (lunr.stopWordFilter?.(clause.term))\n      result[clause.term] = false\n\n  /* Return query terms */\n  return result\n}\n", "/*\n * Copyright (c) 2016-2024 Martin Donath <martin.donath@squidfunk.com>\n *\n * Permission is hereby granted, free of charge, to any person obtaining a copy\n * of this software and associated documentation files (the \"Software\"), to\n * deal in the Software without restriction, including without limitation the\n * rights to use, copy, modify, merge, publish, distribute, sublicense, and/or\n * sell copies of the Software, and to permit persons to whom the Software is\n * furnished to do so, subject to the following conditions:\n *\n * The above copyright notice and this permission notice shall be included in\n * all copies or substantial portions of the Software.\n *\n * THE SOFTWARE IS PROVIDED \"AS IS\", WITHOUT WARRANTY OF ANY KIND, EXPRESS OR\n * IMPLIED, INCLUDING BUT NOT LIMITED TO THE WARRANTIES OF MERCHANTABILITY,\n * FITNESS FOR A PARTICULAR PURPOSE AND NON-INFRINGEMENT. IN NO EVENT SHALL THE\n * AUTHORS OR COPYRIGHT HOLDERS BE LIABLE FOR ANY CLAIM, DAMAGES OR OTHER\n * LIABILITY, WHETHER IN AN ACTION OF CONTRACT, TORT OR OTHERWISE, ARISING\n * FROM, OUT OF OR IN CONNECTION WITH THE SOFTWARE OR THE USE OR OTHER DEALINGS\n * IN THE SOFTWARE.\n */\n\n/* ----------------------------------------------------------------------------\n * Functions\n * ------------------------------------------------------------------------- */\n\n/**\n * Segment a search query using the inverted index\n *\n * This function implements a clever approach to text segmentation for Asian\n * languages, as it used the information already available in the search index.\n * The idea is to greedily segment the search query based on the tokens that are\n * already part of the index, as described in the linked issue.\n *\n * @see https://bit.ly/3lwjrk7 - GitHub issue\n *\n * @param query - Query value\n * @param index - Inverted index\n *\n * @returns Segmented query value\n */\nexport function segment(\n  query: string, index: object\n): Iterable<string> {\n  const segments = new Set<string>()\n\n  /* Segment search query */\n  const wordcuts = new Uint16Array(query.length)\n  for (let i = 0; i < query.length; i++)\n    for (let j = i + 1; j < query.length; j++) {\n      const value = query.slice(i, j)\n      if (value in index)\n        wordcuts[i] = j - i\n    }\n\n  /* Compute longest matches with minimum overlap */\n  const stack = [0]\n  for (let s = stack.length; s > 0;) {\n    const p = stack[--s]\n    for (let q = 1; q < wordcuts[p]; q++)\n      if (wordcuts[p + q] > wordcuts[p] - q) {\n        segments.add(query.slice(p, p + q))\n        stack[s++] = p + q\n      }\n\n    /* Continue at end of query string */\n    const q = p + wordcuts[p]\n    if (wordcuts[q] && q < query.length - 1)\n      stack[s++] = q\n\n    /* Add current segment */\n    segments.add(query.slice(p, q))\n  }\n\n  // @todo fix this case in the code block above, this is a hotfix\n  if (segments.has(\"\"))\n    return new Set([query])\n\n  /* Return segmented query value */\n  return segments\n}\n", "/*\n * Copyright (c) 2016-2024 Martin Donath <martin.donath@squidfunk.com>\n *\n * Permission is hereby granted, free of charge, to any person obtaining a copy\n * of this software and associated documentation files (the \"Software\"), to\n * deal in the Software without restriction, including without limitation the\n * rights to use, copy, modify, merge, publish, distribute, sublicense, and/or\n * sell copies of the Software, and to permit persons to whom the Software is\n * furnished to do so, subject to the following conditions:\n *\n * The above copyright notice and this permission notice shall be included in\n * all copies or substantial portions of the Software.\n *\n * THE SOFTWARE IS PROVIDED \"AS IS\", WITHOUT WARRANTY OF ANY KIND, EXPRESS OR\n * IMPLIED, INCLUDING BUT NOT LIMITED TO THE WARRANTIES OF MERCHANTABILITY,\n * FITNESS FOR A PARTICULAR PURPOSE AND NON-INFRINGEMENT. IN NO EVENT SHALL THE\n * AUTHORS OR COPYRIGHT HOLDERS BE LIABLE FOR ANY CLAIM, DAMAGES OR OTHER\n * LIABILITY, WHETHER IN AN ACTION OF CONTRACT, TORT OR OTHERWISE, ARISING\n * FROM, OUT OF OR IN CONNECTION WITH THE SOFTWARE OR THE USE OR OTHER DEALINGS\n * IN THE SOFTWARE.\n */\n\nimport {\n  SearchDocument,\n  SearchIndex,\n  SearchOptions,\n  setupSearchDocumentMap\n} from \"../config\"\nimport {\n  Position,\n  PositionTable,\n  highlight,\n  highlightAll,\n  tokenize\n} from \"../internal\"\nimport {\n  SearchQueryTerms,\n  getSearchQueryTerms,\n  parseSearchQuery,\n  segment,\n  transformSearchQuery\n} from \"../query\"\n\n/* ----------------------------------------------------------------------------\n * Types\n * ------------------------------------------------------------------------- */\n\n/**\n * Search item\n */\nexport interface SearchItem\n  extends SearchDocument\n{\n  score: number                        /* Score (relevance) */\n  terms: SearchQueryTerms              /* Search query terms */\n}\n\n/**\n * Search result\n */\nexport interface SearchResult {\n  items: SearchItem[][]                /* Search items */\n  suggest?: string[]                   /* Search suggestions */\n}\n\n/* ----------------------------------------------------------------------------\n * Functions\n * ------------------------------------------------------------------------- */\n\n/**\n * Create field extractor factory\n *\n * @param table - Position table map\n *\n * @returns Extractor factory\n */\nfunction extractor(table: Map<string, PositionTable>) {\n  return (name: keyof SearchDocument) => {\n    return (doc: SearchDocument) => {\n      if (typeof doc[name] === \"undefined\")\n        return undefined\n\n      /* Compute identifier and initialize table */\n      const id = [doc.location, name].join(\":\")\n      table.set(id, lunr.tokenizer.table = [])\n\n      /* Return field value */\n      return doc[name]\n    }\n  }\n}\n\n/**\n * Compute the difference of two lists of strings\n *\n * @param a - 1st list of strings\n * @param b - 2nd list of strings\n *\n * @returns Difference\n */\nfunction difference(a: string[], b: string[]): string[] {\n  const [x, y] = [new Set(a), new Set(b)]\n  return [\n    ...new Set([...x].filter(value => !y.has(value)))\n  ]\n}\n\n/* ----------------------------------------------------------------------------\n * Class\n * ------------------------------------------------------------------------- */\n\n/**\n * Search index\n */\nexport class Search {\n\n  /**\n   * Search document map\n   */\n  protected map: Map<string, SearchDocument>\n\n  /**\n   * Search options\n   */\n  protected options: SearchOptions\n\n  /**\n   * The underlying Lunr.js search index\n   */\n  protected index: lunr.Index\n\n  /**\n   * Internal position table map\n   */\n  protected table: Map<string, PositionTable>\n\n  /**\n   * Create the search integration\n   *\n   * @param data - Search index\n   */\n  public constructor({ config, docs, options }: SearchIndex) {\n    const field = extractor(this.table = new Map())\n\n    /* Set up document map and options */\n    this.map = setupSearchDocumentMap(docs)\n    this.options = options\n\n    /* Set up document index */\n    this.index = lunr(function () {\n      this.metadataWhitelist = [\"position\"]\n      this.b(0)\n\n      /* Set up (multi-)language support */\n      if (config.lang.length === 1 && config.lang[0] !== \"en\") {\n        // @ts-expect-error - namespace indexing not supported\n        this.use(lunr[config.lang[0]])\n      } else if (config.lang.length > 1) {\n        this.use(lunr.multiLanguage(...config.lang))\n      }\n\n      /* Set up custom tokenizer (must be after language setup) */\n      this.tokenizer = tokenize as typeof lunr.tokenizer\n      lunr.tokenizer.separator = new RegExp(config.separator)\n\n      /* Set up custom segmenter, if loaded */\n      lunr.segmenter = \"TinySegmenter\" in lunr\n        ? new lunr.TinySegmenter()\n        : undefined\n\n      /* Compute functions to be removed from the pipeline */\n      const fns = difference([\n        \"trimmer\", \"stopWordFilter\", \"stemmer\"\n      ], config.pipeline)\n\n      /* Remove functions from the pipeline for registered languages */\n      for (const lang of config.lang.map(language => (\n        // @ts-expect-error - namespace indexing not supported\n        language === \"en\" ? lunr : lunr[language]\n      )))\n        for (const fn of fns) {\n          this.pipeline.remove(lang[fn])\n          this.searchPipeline.remove(lang[fn])\n        }\n\n      /* Set up index reference */\n      this.ref(\"location\")\n\n      /* Set up index fields */\n      this.field(\"title\", { boost: 1e3, extractor: field(\"title\") })\n      this.field(\"text\",  { boost: 1e0, extractor: field(\"text\") })\n      this.field(\"tags\",  { boost: 1e6, extractor: field(\"tags\") })\n\n      /* Add documents to index */\n      for (const doc of docs)\n        this.add(doc, { boost: doc.boost })\n    })\n  }\n\n  /**\n   * Search for matching documents\n   *\n   * @param query - Search query\n   *\n   * @returns Search result\n   */\n  public search(query: string): SearchResult {\n\n    // Experimental Chinese segmentation\n    query = query.replace(/\\p{sc=Han}+/gu, value => {\n      return [...segment(value, this.index.invertedIndex)]\n        .join(\"* \")\n    })\n\n    // @todo: move segmenter (above) into transformSearchQuery\n    query = transformSearchQuery(query)\n    if (!query)\n      return { items: [] }\n\n    /* Parse query to extract clauses for analysis */\n    const clauses = parseSearchQuery(query)\n      .filter(clause => (\n        clause.presence !== lunr.Query.presence.PROHIBITED\n      ))\n\n    /* Perform search and post-process results */\n    const groups = this.index.search(query)\n\n      /* Apply post-query boosts based on title and search query terms */\n      .reduce<SearchItem[]>((item, { ref, score, matchData }) => {\n        let doc = this.map.get(ref)\n        if (typeof doc !== \"undefined\") {\n\n          /* Shallow copy document */\n          doc = { ...doc }\n          if (doc.tags)\n            doc.tags = [...doc.tags]\n\n          /* Compute and analyze search query terms */\n          const terms = getSearchQueryTerms(\n            clauses,\n            Object.keys(matchData.metadata)\n          )\n\n          /* Highlight matches in fields */\n          for (const field of this.index.fields) {\n            if (typeof doc[field] === \"undefined\")\n              continue\n\n            /* Collect positions from matches */\n            const positions: Position[] = []\n            for (const match of Object.values(matchData.metadata))\n              if (typeof match[field] !== \"undefined\")\n                positions.push(...match[field].position)\n\n            /* Skip highlighting, if no positions were collected */\n            if (!positions.length)\n              continue\n\n            /* Load table and determine highlighting method */\n            const table = this.table.get([doc.location, field].join(\":\"))!\n            const fn = Array.isArray(doc[field])\n              ? highlightAll\n              : highlight\n\n            // @ts-expect-error - stop moaning, TypeScript!\n            doc[field] = fn(doc[field], table, positions, field !== \"text\")\n          }\n\n          /* Highlight title and text and apply post-query boosts */\n          const boost = +!doc.parent +\n            Object.values(terms)\n              .filter(t => t).length /\n            Object.keys(terms).length\n\n          /* Append item */\n          item.push({\n            ...doc,\n            score: score * (1 + boost ** 2),\n            terms\n          })\n        }\n        return item\n      }, [])\n\n      /* Sort search results again after applying boosts */\n      .sort((a, b) => b.score - a.score)\n\n      /* Group search results by article */\n      .reduce((items, result) => {\n        const doc = this.map.get(result.location)\n        if (typeof doc !== \"undefined\") {\n          const ref = doc.parent\n            ? doc.parent.location\n            : doc.location\n          items.set(ref, [...items.get(ref) || [], result])\n        }\n        return items\n      }, new Map<string, SearchItem[]>())\n\n    /* Ensure that every item set has an article */\n    for (const [ref, items] of groups)\n      if (!items.find(item => item.location === ref)) {\n        const doc = this.map.get(ref)!\n        items.push({ ...doc, score: 0, terms: {} })\n      }\n\n    /* Generate search suggestions, if desired */\n    let suggest: string[] | undefined\n    if (this.options.suggest) {\n      const titles = this.index.query(builder => {\n        for (const clause of clauses)\n          builder.term(clause.term, {\n            fields: [\"title\"],\n            presence: lunr.Query.presence.REQUIRED,\n            wildcard: lunr.Query.wildcard.TRAILING\n          })\n      })\n\n      /* Retrieve suggestions for best match */\n      suggest = titles.length\n        ? Object.keys(titles[0].matchData.metadata)\n        : []\n    }\n\n    /* Return search result */\n    return {\n      items: [...groups.values()],\n      ...typeof suggest !== \"undefined\" && { suggest }\n    }\n  }\n}\n"],
+  "mappings": 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diff --git a/assets/stylesheets/palette.06af60db.min.css b/assets/stylesheets/palette.06af60db.min.css
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..a640d38
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index 0000000..efb568c
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+++ b/assets/stylesheets/palette.06af60db.min.css.map
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diff --git a/containers/docker.html b/containers/docker.html
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..874c616
--- /dev/null
+++ b/containers/docker.html
@@ -0,0 +1,4978 @@
+
+<!doctype html>
+<html lang="en" class="no-js">
+  <head>
+    
+      <meta charset="utf-8">
+      <meta name="viewport" content="width=device-width,initial-scale=1">
+      
+      
+        <meta name="author" content="Marcello Lamonaca">
+      
+      
+        <link rel="canonical" href="http://m-lamonaca.github.io/dev-notes/containers/docker.html">
+      
+      
+        <link rel="prev" href="../index.html">
+      
+      
+        <link rel="next" href="kubernetes.html">
+      
+      
+      <link rel="icon" href="../assets/images/favicon.png">
+      <meta name="generator" content="mkdocs-1.6.1, mkdocs-material-9.5.34">
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+    
+      
+        <title>Docker - Dev Notes</title>
+      
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+  
+</li>
+        
+      </ul>
+    </nav>
+  
+</li>
+      
+        <li class="md-nav__item">
+  <a href="#dockerfile" class="md-nav__link">
+    <span class="md-ellipsis">
+      Dockerfile
+    </span>
+  </a>
+  
+    <nav class="md-nav" aria-label="Dockerfile">
+      <ul class="md-nav__list">
+        
+          <li class="md-nav__item">
+  <a href="#cmd-vs-entrypoint" class="md-nav__link">
+    <span class="md-ellipsis">
+      CMD vs ENTRYPOINT
+    </span>
+  </a>
+  
+</li>
+        
+      </ul>
+    </nav>
+  
+</li>
+      
+        <li class="md-nav__item">
+  <a href="#docker-multi-stage-build" class="md-nav__link">
+    <span class="md-ellipsis">
+      Docker Multi-Stage Build
+    </span>
+  </a>
+  
+</li>
+      
+        <li class="md-nav__item">
+  <a href="#networking" class="md-nav__link">
+    <span class="md-ellipsis">
+      Networking
+    </span>
+  </a>
+  
+    <nav class="md-nav" aria-label="Networking">
+      <ul class="md-nav__list">
+        
+          <li class="md-nav__item">
+  <a href="#user-defined-networks" class="md-nav__link">
+    <span class="md-ellipsis">
+      User-defined Networks
+    </span>
+  </a>
+  
+</li>
+        
+          <li class="md-nav__item">
+  <a href="#embedded-dns" class="md-nav__link">
+    <span class="md-ellipsis">
+      Embedded DNS
+    </span>
+  </a>
+  
+</li>
+        
+          <li class="md-nav__item">
+  <a href="#exposing-ports" class="md-nav__link">
+    <span class="md-ellipsis">
+      Exposing Ports
+    </span>
+  </a>
+  
+</li>
+        
+      </ul>
+    </nav>
+  
+</li>
+      
+        <li class="md-nav__item">
+  <a href="#docker-storage" class="md-nav__link">
+    <span class="md-ellipsis">
+      Docker Storage
+    </span>
+  </a>
+  
+</li>
+      
+        <li class="md-nav__item">
+  <a href="#file-system" class="md-nav__link">
+    <span class="md-ellipsis">
+      File System
+    </span>
+  </a>
+  
+    <nav class="md-nav" aria-label="File System">
+      <ul class="md-nav__list">
+        
+          <li class="md-nav__item">
+  <a href="#copy-on-write" class="md-nav__link">
+    <span class="md-ellipsis">
+      Copy-On-Write
+    </span>
+  </a>
+  
+</li>
+        
+          <li class="md-nav__item">
+  <a href="#volumes" class="md-nav__link">
+    <span class="md-ellipsis">
+      Volumes
+    </span>
+  </a>
+  
+</li>
+        
+      </ul>
+    </nav>
+  
+</li>
+      
+        <li class="md-nav__item">
+  <a href="#docker-compose" class="md-nav__link">
+    <span class="md-ellipsis">
+      Docker Compose
+    </span>
+  </a>
+  
+</li>
+      
+    </ul>
+  
+</nav>
+      
+    </li>
+  
+
+              
+            
+              
+                
+  
+  
+  
+  
+    <li class="md-nav__item">
+      <a href="kubernetes.html" class="md-nav__link">
+        
+  
+  <span class="md-ellipsis">
+    Kubernetes
+  </span>
+  
+
+      </a>
+    </li>
+  
+
+              
+            
+          </ul>
+        </nav>
+      
+    </li>
+  
+
+    
+      
+      
+  
+  
+  
+  
+    
+    
+      
+        
+      
+        
+      
+        
+      
+    
+    
+      
+      
+        
+      
+    
+    
+    <li class="md-nav__item md-nav__item--nested">
+      
+        
+        
+        <input class="md-nav__toggle md-toggle " type="checkbox" id="__nav_3" >
+        
+          
+          <label class="md-nav__link" for="__nav_3" id="__nav_3_label" tabindex="0">
+            
+  
+  <span class="md-ellipsis">
+    Databases
+  </span>
+  
+
+            <span class="md-nav__icon md-icon"></span>
+          </label>
+        
+        <nav class="md-nav" data-md-level="1" aria-labelledby="__nav_3_label" aria-expanded="false">
+          <label class="md-nav__title" for="__nav_3">
+            <span class="md-nav__icon md-icon"></span>
+            Databases
+          </label>
+          <ul class="md-nav__list" data-md-scrollfix>
+            
+              
+                
+  
+  
+  
+  
+    <li class="md-nav__item">
+      <a href="../databases/redis.html" class="md-nav__link">
+        
+  
+  <span class="md-ellipsis">
+    Redis
+  </span>
+  
+
+      </a>
+    </li>
+  
+
+              
+            
+              
+                
+  
+  
+  
+  
+    <li class="md-nav__item">
+      <a href="../databases/sql.html" class="md-nav__link">
+        
+  
+  <span class="md-ellipsis">
+    SQL
+  </span>
+  
+
+      </a>
+    </li>
+  
+
+              
+            
+              
+                
+  
+  
+  
+  
+    <li class="md-nav__item">
+      <a href="../databases/mongo-db.html" class="md-nav__link">
+        
+  
+  <span class="md-ellipsis">
+    MongoDB
+  </span>
+  
+
+      </a>
+    </li>
+  
+
+              
+            
+          </ul>
+        </nav>
+      
+    </li>
+  
+
+    
+      
+      
+  
+  
+  
+  
+    
+    
+      
+        
+      
+        
+      
+        
+      
+        
+      
+        
+      
+        
+      
+        
+      
+        
+      
+        
+      
+        
+      
+        
+      
+        
+      
+        
+      
+        
+      
+        
+      
+    
+    
+      
+      
+        
+      
+    
+    
+    <li class="md-nav__item md-nav__item--nested">
+      
+        
+        
+        <input class="md-nav__toggle md-toggle " type="checkbox" id="__nav_4" >
+        
+          
+          <label class="md-nav__link" for="__nav_4" id="__nav_4_label" tabindex="0">
+            
+  
+  <span class="md-ellipsis">
+    Languages
+  </span>
+  
+
+            <span class="md-nav__icon md-icon"></span>
+          </label>
+        
+        <nav class="md-nav" data-md-level="1" aria-labelledby="__nav_4_label" aria-expanded="false">
+          <label class="md-nav__title" for="__nav_4">
+            <span class="md-nav__icon md-icon"></span>
+            Languages
+          </label>
+          <ul class="md-nav__list" data-md-scrollfix>
+            
+              
+                
+  
+  
+  
+  
+    <li class="md-nav__item">
+      <a href="../languages/html/html.html" class="md-nav__link">
+        
+  
+  <span class="md-ellipsis">
+    HTML
+  </span>
+  
+
+      </a>
+    </li>
+  
+
+              
+            
+              
+                
+  
+  
+  
+  
+    <li class="md-nav__item">
+      <a href="../languages/markdown.html" class="md-nav__link">
+        
+  
+  <span class="md-ellipsis">
+    Markdown
+  </span>
+  
+
+      </a>
+    </li>
+  
+
+              
+            
+              
+                
+  
+  
+  
+  
+    <li class="md-nav__item">
+      <a href="../languages/css/css.html" class="md-nav__link">
+        
+  
+  <span class="md-ellipsis">
+    CSS
+  </span>
+  
+
+      </a>
+    </li>
+  
+
+              
+            
+              
+                
+  
+  
+  
+  
+    <li class="md-nav__item">
+      <a href="../languages/c/c.html" class="md-nav__link">
+        
+  
+  <span class="md-ellipsis">
+    C
+  </span>
+  
+
+      </a>
+    </li>
+  
+
+              
+            
+              
+                
+  
+  
+  
+  
+    <li class="md-nav__item">
+      <a href="../languages/kotlin/kotlin.html" class="md-nav__link">
+        
+  
+  <span class="md-ellipsis">
+    Kotlin
+  </span>
+  
+
+      </a>
+    </li>
+  
+
+              
+            
+              
+                
+  
+  
+  
+  
+    <li class="md-nav__item">
+      <a href="../languages/swift/swift.html" class="md-nav__link">
+        
+  
+  <span class="md-ellipsis">
+    Swift
+  </span>
+  
+
+      </a>
+    </li>
+  
+
+              
+            
+              
+                
+  
+  
+  
+  
+    
+    
+      
+        
+      
+        
+      
+    
+    
+      
+      
+        
+      
+    
+    
+    <li class="md-nav__item md-nav__item--nested">
+      
+        
+        
+        <input class="md-nav__toggle md-toggle " type="checkbox" id="__nav_4_7" >
+        
+          
+          <label class="md-nav__link" for="__nav_4_7" id="__nav_4_7_label" tabindex="0">
+            
+  
+  <span class="md-ellipsis">
+    Assembly
+  </span>
+  
+
+            <span class="md-nav__icon md-icon"></span>
+          </label>
+        
+        <nav class="md-nav" data-md-level="2" aria-labelledby="__nav_4_7_label" aria-expanded="false">
+          <label class="md-nav__title" for="__nav_4_7">
+            <span class="md-nav__icon md-icon"></span>
+            Assembly
+          </label>
+          <ul class="md-nav__list" data-md-scrollfix>
+            
+              
+                
+  
+  
+  
+  
+    <li class="md-nav__item">
+      <a href="../languages/assembly/intel.html" class="md-nav__link">
+        
+  
+  <span class="md-ellipsis">
+    Intel
+  </span>
+  
+
+      </a>
+    </li>
+  
+
+              
+            
+              
+                
+  
+  
+  
+  
+    <li class="md-nav__item">
+      <a href="../languages/assembly/riscv.html" class="md-nav__link">
+        
+  
+  <span class="md-ellipsis">
+    RISC-V
+  </span>
+  
+
+      </a>
+    </li>
+  
+
+              
+            
+          </ul>
+        </nav>
+      
+    </li>
+  
+
+              
+            
+              
+                
+  
+  
+  
+  
+    
+    
+      
+        
+      
+        
+      
+        
+      
+    
+    
+      
+      
+        
+      
+    
+    
+    <li class="md-nav__item md-nav__item--nested">
+      
+        
+        
+        <input class="md-nav__toggle md-toggle " type="checkbox" id="__nav_4_8" >
+        
+          
+          <label class="md-nav__link" for="__nav_4_8" id="__nav_4_8_label" tabindex="0">
+            
+  
+  <span class="md-ellipsis">
+    Python
+  </span>
+  
+
+            <span class="md-nav__icon md-icon"></span>
+          </label>
+        
+        <nav class="md-nav" data-md-level="2" aria-labelledby="__nav_4_8_label" aria-expanded="false">
+          <label class="md-nav__title" for="__nav_4_8">
+            <span class="md-nav__icon md-icon"></span>
+            Python
+          </label>
+          <ul class="md-nav__list" data-md-scrollfix>
+            
+              
+                
+  
+  
+  
+  
+    <li class="md-nav__item">
+      <a href="../languages/python/python.html" class="md-nav__link">
+        
+  
+  <span class="md-ellipsis">
+    Python
+  </span>
+  
+
+      </a>
+    </li>
+  
+
+              
+            
+              
+                
+  
+  
+  
+  
+    
+    
+      
+        
+      
+        
+      
+        
+      
+        
+      
+        
+      
+        
+      
+        
+      
+        
+      
+        
+      
+        
+      
+        
+      
+        
+      
+        
+      
+    
+    
+      
+      
+        
+      
+    
+    
+    <li class="md-nav__item md-nav__item--nested">
+      
+        
+        
+        <input class="md-nav__toggle md-toggle " type="checkbox" id="__nav_4_8_2" >
+        
+          
+          <label class="md-nav__link" for="__nav_4_8_2" id="__nav_4_8_2_label" tabindex="0">
+            
+  
+  <span class="md-ellipsis">
+    Modules
+  </span>
+  
+
+            <span class="md-nav__icon md-icon"></span>
+          </label>
+        
+        <nav class="md-nav" data-md-level="3" aria-labelledby="__nav_4_8_2_label" aria-expanded="false">
+          <label class="md-nav__title" for="__nav_4_8_2">
+            <span class="md-nav__icon md-icon"></span>
+            Modules
+          </label>
+          <ul class="md-nav__list" data-md-scrollfix>
+            
+              
+                
+  
+  
+  
+  
+    <li class="md-nav__item">
+      <a href="../languages/python/modules/argparse.html" class="md-nav__link">
+        
+  
+  <span class="md-ellipsis">
+    argparse
+  </span>
+  
+
+      </a>
+    </li>
+  
+
+              
+            
+              
+                
+  
+  
+  
+  
+    <li class="md-nav__item">
+      <a href="../languages/python/modules/collections.html" class="md-nav__link">
+        
+  
+  <span class="md-ellipsis">
+    collection
+  </span>
+  
+
+      </a>
+    </li>
+  
+
+              
+            
+              
+                
+  
+  
+  
+  
+    <li class="md-nav__item">
+      <a href="../languages/python/modules/csv.html" class="md-nav__link">
+        
+  
+  <span class="md-ellipsis">
+    csv
+  </span>
+  
+
+      </a>
+    </li>
+  
+
+              
+            
+              
+                
+  
+  
+  
+  
+    <li class="md-nav__item">
+      <a href="../languages/python/modules/ftplib.html" class="md-nav__link">
+        
+  
+  <span class="md-ellipsis">
+    ftplib
+  </span>
+  
+
+      </a>
+    </li>
+  
+
+              
+            
+              
+                
+  
+  
+  
+  
+    <li class="md-nav__item">
+      <a href="../languages/python/modules/itertools.html" class="md-nav__link">
+        
+  
+  <span class="md-ellipsis">
+    itertools
+  </span>
+  
+
+      </a>
+    </li>
+  
+
+              
+            
+              
+                
+  
+  
+  
+  
+    <li class="md-nav__item">
+      <a href="../languages/python/modules/json.html" class="md-nav__link">
+        
+  
+  <span class="md-ellipsis">
+    json
+  </span>
+  
+
+      </a>
+    </li>
+  
+
+              
+            
+              
+                
+  
+  
+  
+  
+    <li class="md-nav__item">
+      <a href="../languages/python/modules/logging.html" class="md-nav__link">
+        
+  
+  <span class="md-ellipsis">
+    logging
+  </span>
+  
+
+      </a>
+    </li>
+  
+
+              
+            
+              
+                
+  
+  
+  
+  
+    <li class="md-nav__item">
+      <a href="../languages/python/modules/shutil.html" class="md-nav__link">
+        
+  
+  <span class="md-ellipsis">
+    shutil
+  </span>
+  
+
+      </a>
+    </li>
+  
+
+              
+            
+              
+                
+  
+  
+  
+  
+    <li class="md-nav__item">
+      <a href="../languages/python/modules/smtplib.html" class="md-nav__link">
+        
+  
+  <span class="md-ellipsis">
+    smtplib
+  </span>
+  
+
+      </a>
+    </li>
+  
+
+              
+            
+              
+                
+  
+  
+  
+  
+    <li class="md-nav__item">
+      <a href="../languages/python/modules/socket.html" class="md-nav__link">
+        
+  
+  <span class="md-ellipsis">
+    socket
+  </span>
+  
+
+      </a>
+    </li>
+  
+
+              
+            
+              
+                
+  
+  
+  
+  
+    <li class="md-nav__item">
+      <a href="../languages/python/modules/sqlite.html" class="md-nav__link">
+        
+  
+  <span class="md-ellipsis">
+    sqlite
+  </span>
+  
+
+      </a>
+    </li>
+  
+
+              
+            
+              
+                
+  
+  
+  
+  
+    <li class="md-nav__item">
+      <a href="../languages/python/modules/time-datetime.html" class="md-nav__link">
+        
+  
+  <span class="md-ellipsis">
+    time & datetime
+  </span>
+  
+
+      </a>
+    </li>
+  
+
+              
+            
+              
+                
+  
+  
+  
+  
+    <li class="md-nav__item">
+      <a href="../languages/python/modules/unittest.html" class="md-nav__link">
+        
+  
+  <span class="md-ellipsis">
+    unittest
+  </span>
+  
+
+      </a>
+    </li>
+  
+
+              
+            
+          </ul>
+        </nav>
+      
+    </li>
+  
+
+              
+            
+              
+                
+  
+  
+  
+  
+    
+    
+      
+        
+      
+        
+      
+        
+      
+        
+      
+        
+      
+        
+      
+    
+    
+      
+      
+        
+      
+    
+    
+    <li class="md-nav__item md-nav__item--nested">
+      
+        
+        
+        <input class="md-nav__toggle md-toggle " type="checkbox" id="__nav_4_8_3" >
+        
+          
+          <label class="md-nav__link" for="__nav_4_8_3" id="__nav_4_8_3_label" tabindex="0">
+            
+  
+  <span class="md-ellipsis">
+    Libraries
+  </span>
+  
+
+            <span class="md-nav__icon md-icon"></span>
+          </label>
+        
+        <nav class="md-nav" data-md-level="3" aria-labelledby="__nav_4_8_3_label" aria-expanded="false">
+          <label class="md-nav__title" for="__nav_4_8_3">
+            <span class="md-nav__icon md-icon"></span>
+            Libraries
+          </label>
+          <ul class="md-nav__list" data-md-scrollfix>
+            
+              
+                
+  
+  
+  
+  
+    <li class="md-nav__item">
+      <a href="../languages/python/libs/tkinter.html" class="md-nav__link">
+        
+  
+  <span class="md-ellipsis">
+    TKinter
+  </span>
+  
+
+      </a>
+    </li>
+  
+
+              
+            
+              
+                
+  
+  
+  
+  
+    <li class="md-nav__item">
+      <a href="../languages/python/libs/numpy.html" class="md-nav__link">
+        
+  
+  <span class="md-ellipsis">
+    Numpy
+  </span>
+  
+
+      </a>
+    </li>
+  
+
+              
+            
+              
+                
+  
+  
+  
+  
+    <li class="md-nav__item">
+      <a href="../languages/python/libs/pandas.html" class="md-nav__link">
+        
+  
+  <span class="md-ellipsis">
+    Pandas
+  </span>
+  
+
+      </a>
+    </li>
+  
+
+              
+            
+              
+                
+  
+  
+  
+  
+    <li class="md-nav__item">
+      <a href="../languages/python/libs/seaborn.html" class="md-nav__link">
+        
+  
+  <span class="md-ellipsis">
+    Seaborn
+  </span>
+  
+
+      </a>
+    </li>
+  
+
+              
+            
+              
+                
+  
+  
+  
+  
+    <li class="md-nav__item">
+      <a href="../languages/python/libs/requests.html" class="md-nav__link">
+        
+  
+  <span class="md-ellipsis">
+    Requests
+  </span>
+  
+
+      </a>
+    </li>
+  
+
+              
+            
+              
+                
+  
+  
+  
+  
+    <li class="md-nav__item">
+      <a href="../languages/python/libs/beautiful-soup.html" class="md-nav__link">
+        
+  
+  <span class="md-ellipsis">
+    Beatiful Soup
+  </span>
+  
+
+      </a>
+    </li>
+  
+
+              
+            
+          </ul>
+        </nav>
+      
+    </li>
+  
+
+              
+            
+          </ul>
+        </nav>
+      
+    </li>
+  
+
+              
+            
+              
+                
+  
+  
+  
+  
+    
+    
+      
+        
+      
+        
+      
+        
+      
+    
+    
+      
+      
+        
+      
+    
+    
+    <li class="md-nav__item md-nav__item--nested">
+      
+        
+        
+        <input class="md-nav__toggle md-toggle " type="checkbox" id="__nav_4_9" >
+        
+          
+          <label class="md-nav__link" for="__nav_4_9" id="__nav_4_9_label" tabindex="0">
+            
+  
+  <span class="md-ellipsis">
+    .NET
+  </span>
+  
+
+            <span class="md-nav__icon md-icon"></span>
+          </label>
+        
+        <nav class="md-nav" data-md-level="2" aria-labelledby="__nav_4_9_label" aria-expanded="false">
+          <label class="md-nav__title" for="__nav_4_9">
+            <span class="md-nav__icon md-icon"></span>
+            .NET
+          </label>
+          <ul class="md-nav__list" data-md-scrollfix>
+            
+              
+                
+  
+  
+  
+  
+    
+    
+      
+        
+      
+        
+      
+        
+      
+        
+      
+        
+      
+        
+      
+    
+    
+      
+      
+        
+      
+    
+    
+    <li class="md-nav__item md-nav__item--nested">
+      
+        
+        
+        <input class="md-nav__toggle md-toggle " type="checkbox" id="__nav_4_9_1" >
+        
+          
+          <label class="md-nav__link" for="__nav_4_9_1" id="__nav_4_9_1_label" tabindex="0">
+            
+  
+  <span class="md-ellipsis">
+    C#
+  </span>
+  
+
+            <span class="md-nav__icon md-icon"></span>
+          </label>
+        
+        <nav class="md-nav" data-md-level="3" aria-labelledby="__nav_4_9_1_label" aria-expanded="false">
+          <label class="md-nav__title" for="__nav_4_9_1">
+            <span class="md-nav__icon md-icon"></span>
+            C#
+          </label>
+          <ul class="md-nav__list" data-md-scrollfix>
+            
+              
+                
+  
+  
+  
+  
+    <li class="md-nav__item">
+      <a href="../languages/dotnet/csharp/csharp.html" class="md-nav__link">
+        
+  
+  <span class="md-ellipsis">
+    C#
+  </span>
+  
+
+      </a>
+    </li>
+  
+
+              
+            
+              
+                
+  
+  
+  
+  
+    <li class="md-nav__item">
+      <a href="../languages/dotnet/csharp/linq.html" class="md-nav__link">
+        
+  
+  <span class="md-ellipsis">
+    Linq
+  </span>
+  
+
+      </a>
+    </li>
+  
+
+              
+            
+              
+                
+  
+  
+  
+  
+    <li class="md-nav__item">
+      <a href="../languages/dotnet/csharp/collections.html" class="md-nav__link">
+        
+  
+  <span class="md-ellipsis">
+    Collections
+  </span>
+  
+
+      </a>
+    </li>
+  
+
+              
+            
+              
+                
+  
+  
+  
+  
+    <li class="md-nav__item">
+      <a href="../languages/dotnet/csharp/reactive-extensions.html" class="md-nav__link">
+        
+  
+  <span class="md-ellipsis">
+    Reactive Extensions
+  </span>
+  
+
+      </a>
+    </li>
+  
+
+              
+            
+              
+                
+  
+  
+  
+  
+    <li class="md-nav__item">
+      <a href="../languages/dotnet/csharp/async-programming.html" class="md-nav__link">
+        
+  
+  <span class="md-ellipsis">
+    Async Programming
+  </span>
+  
+
+      </a>
+    </li>
+  
+
+              
+            
+              
+                
+  
+  
+  
+  
+    <li class="md-nav__item">
+      <a href="../languages/dotnet/csharp/unit-tests.html" class="md-nav__link">
+        
+  
+  <span class="md-ellipsis">
+    Unit Tests
+  </span>
+  
+
+      </a>
+    </li>
+  
+
+              
+            
+          </ul>
+        </nav>
+      
+    </li>
+  
+
+              
+            
+              
+                
+  
+  
+  
+  
+    
+    
+      
+        
+      
+        
+      
+        
+      
+        
+      
+        
+      
+        
+      
+        
+      
+    
+    
+      
+      
+        
+      
+    
+    
+    <li class="md-nav__item md-nav__item--nested">
+      
+        
+        
+        <input class="md-nav__toggle md-toggle " type="checkbox" id="__nav_4_9_2" >
+        
+          
+          <label class="md-nav__link" for="__nav_4_9_2" id="__nav_4_9_2_label" tabindex="0">
+            
+  
+  <span class="md-ellipsis">
+    ASP.NET
+  </span>
+  
+
+            <span class="md-nav__icon md-icon"></span>
+          </label>
+        
+        <nav class="md-nav" data-md-level="3" aria-labelledby="__nav_4_9_2_label" aria-expanded="false">
+          <label class="md-nav__title" for="__nav_4_9_2">
+            <span class="md-nav__icon md-icon"></span>
+            ASP.NET
+          </label>
+          <ul class="md-nav__list" data-md-scrollfix>
+            
+              
+                
+  
+  
+  
+  
+    <li class="md-nav__item">
+      <a href="../languages/dotnet/asp.net/minimal-api.html" class="md-nav__link">
+        
+  
+  <span class="md-ellipsis">
+    Minimal API
+  </span>
+  
+
+      </a>
+    </li>
+  
+
+              
+            
+              
+                
+  
+  
+  
+  
+    <li class="md-nav__item">
+      <a href="../languages/dotnet/asp.net/filters.html" class="md-nav__link">
+        
+  
+  <span class="md-ellipsis">
+    FIlters
+  </span>
+  
+
+      </a>
+    </li>
+  
+
+              
+            
+              
+                
+  
+  
+  
+  
+    <li class="md-nav__item">
+      <a href="../languages/dotnet/asp.net/middleware.html" class="md-nav__link">
+        
+  
+  <span class="md-ellipsis">
+    Middleware
+  </span>
+  
+
+      </a>
+    </li>
+  
+
+              
+            
+              
+                
+  
+  
+  
+  
+    <li class="md-nav__item">
+      <a href="../languages/dotnet/asp.net/razor-syntax.html" class="md-nav__link">
+        
+  
+  <span class="md-ellipsis">
+    Razor Syntax
+  </span>
+  
+
+      </a>
+    </li>
+  
+
+              
+            
+              
+                
+  
+  
+  
+  
+    <li class="md-nav__item">
+      <a href="../languages/dotnet/asp.net/blazor.html" class="md-nav__link">
+        
+  
+  <span class="md-ellipsis">
+    Blazor
+  </span>
+  
+
+      </a>
+    </li>
+  
+
+              
+            
+              
+                
+  
+  
+  
+  
+    <li class="md-nav__item">
+      <a href="../languages/dotnet/asp.net/signalr.html" class="md-nav__link">
+        
+  
+  <span class="md-ellipsis">
+    SignalR
+  </span>
+  
+
+      </a>
+    </li>
+  
+
+              
+            
+              
+                
+  
+  
+  
+  
+    <li class="md-nav__item">
+      <a href="../languages/dotnet/asp.net/web-forms.html" class="md-nav__link">
+        
+  
+  <span class="md-ellipsis">
+    Web Forms
+  </span>
+  
+
+      </a>
+    </li>
+  
+
+              
+            
+          </ul>
+        </nav>
+      
+    </li>
+  
+
+              
+            
+              
+                
+  
+  
+  
+  
+    
+    
+      
+        
+      
+        
+      
+    
+    
+      
+      
+        
+      
+    
+    
+    <li class="md-nav__item md-nav__item--nested">
+      
+        
+        
+        <input class="md-nav__toggle md-toggle " type="checkbox" id="__nav_4_9_3" >
+        
+          
+          <label class="md-nav__link" for="__nav_4_9_3" id="__nav_4_9_3_label" tabindex="0">
+            
+  
+  <span class="md-ellipsis">
+    Database
+  </span>
+  
+
+            <span class="md-nav__icon md-icon"></span>
+          </label>
+        
+        <nav class="md-nav" data-md-level="3" aria-labelledby="__nav_4_9_3_label" aria-expanded="false">
+          <label class="md-nav__title" for="__nav_4_9_3">
+            <span class="md-nav__icon md-icon"></span>
+            Database
+          </label>
+          <ul class="md-nav__list" data-md-scrollfix>
+            
+              
+                
+  
+  
+  
+  
+    <li class="md-nav__item">
+      <a href="../languages/dotnet/database/ado.net.html" class="md-nav__link">
+        
+  
+  <span class="md-ellipsis">
+    ADO.NET
+  </span>
+  
+
+      </a>
+    </li>
+  
+
+              
+            
+              
+                
+  
+  
+  
+  
+    <li class="md-nav__item">
+      <a href="../languages/dotnet/database/entity-framework.html" class="md-nav__link">
+        
+  
+  <span class="md-ellipsis">
+    Entity Framework
+  </span>
+  
+
+      </a>
+    </li>
+  
+
+              
+            
+          </ul>
+        </nav>
+      
+    </li>
+  
+
+              
+            
+          </ul>
+        </nav>
+      
+    </li>
+  
+
+              
+            
+              
+                
+  
+  
+  
+  
+    
+    
+      
+        
+      
+        
+      
+        
+      
+        
+      
+    
+    
+      
+      
+        
+      
+    
+    
+    <li class="md-nav__item md-nav__item--nested">
+      
+        
+        
+        <input class="md-nav__toggle md-toggle " type="checkbox" id="__nav_4_10" >
+        
+          
+          <label class="md-nav__link" for="__nav_4_10" id="__nav_4_10_label" tabindex="0">
+            
+  
+  <span class="md-ellipsis">
+    Java
+  </span>
+  
+
+            <span class="md-nav__icon md-icon"></span>
+          </label>
+        
+        <nav class="md-nav" data-md-level="2" aria-labelledby="__nav_4_10_label" aria-expanded="false">
+          <label class="md-nav__title" for="__nav_4_10">
+            <span class="md-nav__icon md-icon"></span>
+            Java
+          </label>
+          <ul class="md-nav__list" data-md-scrollfix>
+            
+              
+                
+  
+  
+  
+  
+    <li class="md-nav__item">
+      <a href="../languages/java/java.html" class="md-nav__link">
+        
+  
+  <span class="md-ellipsis">
+    Java
+  </span>
+  
+
+      </a>
+    </li>
+  
+
+              
+            
+              
+                
+  
+  
+  
+  
+    <li class="md-nav__item">
+      <a href="../languages/java/java-collection-framework.html" class="md-nav__link">
+        
+  
+  <span class="md-ellipsis">
+    Java Collection Framework
+  </span>
+  
+
+      </a>
+    </li>
+  
+
+              
+            
+              
+                
+  
+  
+  
+  
+    <li class="md-nav__item">
+      <a href="../languages/java/dao.html" class="md-nav__link">
+        
+  
+  <span class="md-ellipsis">
+    DAO
+  </span>
+  
+
+      </a>
+    </li>
+  
+
+              
+            
+              
+                
+  
+  
+  
+  
+    
+    
+      
+        
+      
+        
+      
+    
+    
+      
+      
+        
+      
+    
+    
+    <li class="md-nav__item md-nav__item--nested">
+      
+        
+        
+        <input class="md-nav__toggle md-toggle " type="checkbox" id="__nav_4_10_4" >
+        
+          
+          <label class="md-nav__link" for="__nav_4_10_4" id="__nav_4_10_4_label" tabindex="0">
+            
+  
+  <span class="md-ellipsis">
+    Web
+  </span>
+  
+
+            <span class="md-nav__icon md-icon"></span>
+          </label>
+        
+        <nav class="md-nav" data-md-level="3" aria-labelledby="__nav_4_10_4_label" aria-expanded="false">
+          <label class="md-nav__title" for="__nav_4_10_4">
+            <span class="md-nav__icon md-icon"></span>
+            Web
+          </label>
+          <ul class="md-nav__list" data-md-scrollfix>
+            
+              
+                
+  
+  
+  
+  
+    <li class="md-nav__item">
+      <a href="../languages/java/web/servlet.html" class="md-nav__link">
+        
+  
+  <span class="md-ellipsis">
+    Serverlet
+  </span>
+  
+
+      </a>
+    </li>
+  
+
+              
+            
+              
+                
+  
+  
+  
+  
+    
+    
+      
+        
+      
+        
+      
+    
+    
+      
+      
+        
+      
+    
+    
+    <li class="md-nav__item md-nav__item--nested">
+      
+        
+        
+        <input class="md-nav__toggle md-toggle " type="checkbox" id="__nav_4_10_4_2" >
+        
+          
+          <label class="md-nav__link" for="__nav_4_10_4_2" id="__nav_4_10_4_2_label" tabindex="0">
+            
+  
+  <span class="md-ellipsis">
+    Spring
+  </span>
+  
+
+            <span class="md-nav__icon md-icon"></span>
+          </label>
+        
+        <nav class="md-nav" data-md-level="4" aria-labelledby="__nav_4_10_4_2_label" aria-expanded="false">
+          <label class="md-nav__title" for="__nav_4_10_4_2">
+            <span class="md-nav__icon md-icon"></span>
+            Spring
+          </label>
+          <ul class="md-nav__list" data-md-scrollfix>
+            
+              
+                
+  
+  
+  
+  
+    <li class="md-nav__item">
+      <a href="../languages/java/spring/pom.xml.html" class="md-nav__link">
+        
+  
+  <span class="md-ellipsis">
+    POM
+  </span>
+  
+
+      </a>
+    </li>
+  
+
+              
+            
+              
+                
+  
+  
+  
+  
+    <li class="md-nav__item">
+      <a href="../languages/java/spring/spring-project.html" class="md-nav__link">
+        
+  
+  <span class="md-ellipsis">
+    Project Structure
+  </span>
+  
+
+      </a>
+    </li>
+  
+
+              
+            
+          </ul>
+        </nav>
+      
+    </li>
+  
+
+              
+            
+          </ul>
+        </nav>
+      
+    </li>
+  
+
+              
+            
+          </ul>
+        </nav>
+      
+    </li>
+  
+
+              
+            
+              
+                
+  
+  
+  
+  
+    
+    
+      
+        
+      
+        
+      
+        
+      
+        
+      
+        
+      
+        
+      
+        
+      
+        
+      
+        
+      
+    
+    
+      
+      
+        
+      
+    
+    
+    <li class="md-nav__item md-nav__item--nested">
+      
+        
+        
+        <input class="md-nav__toggle md-toggle " type="checkbox" id="__nav_4_11" >
+        
+          
+          <label class="md-nav__link" for="__nav_4_11" id="__nav_4_11_label" tabindex="0">
+            
+  
+  <span class="md-ellipsis">
+    PHP
+  </span>
+  
+
+            <span class="md-nav__icon md-icon"></span>
+          </label>
+        
+        <nav class="md-nav" data-md-level="2" aria-labelledby="__nav_4_11_label" aria-expanded="false">
+          <label class="md-nav__title" for="__nav_4_11">
+            <span class="md-nav__icon md-icon"></span>
+            PHP
+          </label>
+          <ul class="md-nav__list" data-md-scrollfix>
+            
+              
+                
+  
+  
+  
+  
+    <li class="md-nav__item">
+      <a href="../languages/php/php.html" class="md-nav__link">
+        
+  
+  <span class="md-ellipsis">
+    PHP
+  </span>
+  
+
+      </a>
+    </li>
+  
+
+              
+            
+              
+                
+  
+  
+  
+  
+    <li class="md-nav__item">
+      <a href="../languages/php/database.html" class="md-nav__link">
+        
+  
+  <span class="md-ellipsis">
+    Database
+  </span>
+  
+
+      </a>
+    </li>
+  
+
+              
+            
+              
+                
+  
+  
+  
+  
+    <li class="md-nav__item">
+      <a href="../languages/php/web.html" class="md-nav__link">
+        
+  
+  <span class="md-ellipsis">
+    Web
+  </span>
+  
+
+      </a>
+    </li>
+  
+
+              
+            
+              
+                
+  
+  
+  
+  
+    <li class="md-nav__item">
+      <a href="../languages/php/dependency-injection.html" class="md-nav__link">
+        
+  
+  <span class="md-ellipsis">
+    Dependency Injection
+  </span>
+  
+
+      </a>
+    </li>
+  
+
+              
+            
+              
+                
+  
+  
+  
+  
+    <li class="md-nav__item">
+      <a href="../languages/php/unit-tests.html" class="md-nav__link">
+        
+  
+  <span class="md-ellipsis">
+    Unit Tests
+  </span>
+  
+
+      </a>
+    </li>
+  
+
+              
+            
+              
+                
+  
+  
+  
+  
+    <li class="md-nav__item">
+      <a href="../languages/php/composer.html" class="md-nav__link">
+        
+  
+  <span class="md-ellipsis">
+    Composer
+  </span>
+  
+
+      </a>
+    </li>
+  
+
+              
+            
+              
+                
+  
+  
+  
+  
+    <li class="md-nav__item">
+      <a href="../languages/php/psr-7.html" class="md-nav__link">
+        
+  
+  <span class="md-ellipsis">
+    PSR 7
+  </span>
+  
+
+      </a>
+    </li>
+  
+
+              
+            
+              
+                
+  
+  
+  
+  
+    <li class="md-nav__item">
+      <a href="../languages/php/plates-templating.html" class="md-nav__link">
+        
+  
+  <span class="md-ellipsis">
+    Plates
+  </span>
+  
+
+      </a>
+    </li>
+  
+
+              
+            
+              
+                
+  
+  
+  
+  
+    
+    
+      
+        
+      
+        
+      
+    
+    
+      
+      
+        
+      
+    
+    
+    <li class="md-nav__item md-nav__item--nested">
+      
+        
+        
+        <input class="md-nav__toggle md-toggle " type="checkbox" id="__nav_4_11_9" >
+        
+          
+          <label class="md-nav__link" for="__nav_4_11_9" id="__nav_4_11_9_label" tabindex="0">
+            
+  
+  <span class="md-ellipsis">
+    Simple MVC
+  </span>
+  
+
+            <span class="md-nav__icon md-icon"></span>
+          </label>
+        
+        <nav class="md-nav" data-md-level="3" aria-labelledby="__nav_4_11_9_label" aria-expanded="false">
+          <label class="md-nav__title" for="__nav_4_11_9">
+            <span class="md-nav__icon md-icon"></span>
+            Simple MVC
+          </label>
+          <ul class="md-nav__list" data-md-scrollfix>
+            
+              
+                
+  
+  
+  
+  
+    <li class="md-nav__item">
+      <a href="../languages/php/simple-mvc/simple-mvc.html" class="md-nav__link">
+        
+  
+  <span class="md-ellipsis">
+    Simple MVC
+  </span>
+  
+
+      </a>
+    </li>
+  
+
+              
+            
+              
+                
+  
+  
+  
+  
+    <li class="md-nav__item">
+      <a href="../languages/php/simple-mvc/rest-api.html" class="md-nav__link">
+        
+  
+  <span class="md-ellipsis">
+    REST API
+  </span>
+  
+
+      </a>
+    </li>
+  
+
+              
+            
+          </ul>
+        </nav>
+      
+    </li>
+  
+
+              
+            
+          </ul>
+        </nav>
+      
+    </li>
+  
+
+              
+            
+              
+                
+  
+  
+  
+  
+    
+    
+      
+        
+      
+        
+      
+        
+      
+        
+      
+        
+      
+    
+    
+      
+      
+        
+      
+    
+    
+    <li class="md-nav__item md-nav__item--nested">
+      
+        
+        
+        <input class="md-nav__toggle md-toggle " type="checkbox" id="__nav_4_12" >
+        
+          
+          <label class="md-nav__link" for="__nav_4_12" id="__nav_4_12_label" tabindex="0">
+            
+  
+  <span class="md-ellipsis">
+    Rust
+  </span>
+  
+
+            <span class="md-nav__icon md-icon"></span>
+          </label>
+        
+        <nav class="md-nav" data-md-level="2" aria-labelledby="__nav_4_12_label" aria-expanded="false">
+          <label class="md-nav__title" for="__nav_4_12">
+            <span class="md-nav__icon md-icon"></span>
+            Rust
+          </label>
+          <ul class="md-nav__list" data-md-scrollfix>
+            
+              
+                
+  
+  
+  
+  
+    <li class="md-nav__item">
+      <a href="../languages/rust/rust.html" class="md-nav__link">
+        
+  
+  <span class="md-ellipsis">
+    Rust
+  </span>
+  
+
+      </a>
+    </li>
+  
+
+              
+            
+              
+                
+  
+  
+  
+  
+    <li class="md-nav__item">
+      <a href="../languages/rust/macros.html" class="md-nav__link">
+        
+  
+  <span class="md-ellipsis">
+    Macros
+  </span>
+  
+
+      </a>
+    </li>
+  
+
+              
+            
+              
+                
+  
+  
+  
+  
+    <li class="md-nav__item">
+      <a href="../languages/rust/cargo.html" class="md-nav__link">
+        
+  
+  <span class="md-ellipsis">
+    Cargo
+  </span>
+  
+
+      </a>
+    </li>
+  
+
+              
+            
+              
+                
+  
+  
+  
+  
+    <li class="md-nav__item">
+      <a href="../languages/rust/concurrency.html" class="md-nav__link">
+        
+  
+  <span class="md-ellipsis">
+    Concurrency
+  </span>
+  
+
+      </a>
+    </li>
+  
+
+              
+            
+              
+                
+  
+  
+  
+  
+    <li class="md-nav__item">
+      <a href="../languages/rust/unit-tests.html" class="md-nav__link">
+        
+  
+  <span class="md-ellipsis">
+    Unit Tests
+  </span>
+  
+
+      </a>
+    </li>
+  
+
+              
+            
+          </ul>
+        </nav>
+      
+    </li>
+  
+
+              
+            
+              
+                
+  
+  
+  
+  
+    
+    
+      
+        
+      
+        
+      
+        
+      
+        
+      
+        
+      
+        
+      
+        
+      
+    
+    
+      
+      
+        
+      
+    
+    
+    <li class="md-nav__item md-nav__item--nested">
+      
+        
+        
+        <input class="md-nav__toggle md-toggle " type="checkbox" id="__nav_4_13" >
+        
+          
+          <label class="md-nav__link" for="__nav_4_13" id="__nav_4_13_label" tabindex="0">
+            
+  
+  <span class="md-ellipsis">
+    Javascript
+  </span>
+  
+
+            <span class="md-nav__icon md-icon"></span>
+          </label>
+        
+        <nav class="md-nav" data-md-level="2" aria-labelledby="__nav_4_13_label" aria-expanded="false">
+          <label class="md-nav__title" for="__nav_4_13">
+            <span class="md-nav__icon md-icon"></span>
+            Javascript
+          </label>
+          <ul class="md-nav__list" data-md-scrollfix>
+            
+              
+                
+  
+  
+  
+  
+    <li class="md-nav__item">
+      <a href="../languages/javascript/javascript.html" class="md-nav__link">
+        
+  
+  <span class="md-ellipsis">
+    Javascript
+  </span>
+  
+
+      </a>
+    </li>
+  
+
+              
+            
+              
+                
+  
+  
+  
+  
+    <li class="md-nav__item">
+      <a href="../languages/javascript/dom.html" class="md-nav__link">
+        
+  
+  <span class="md-ellipsis">
+    DOM
+  </span>
+  
+
+      </a>
+    </li>
+  
+
+              
+            
+              
+                
+  
+  
+  
+  
+    <li class="md-nav__item">
+      <a href="../languages/javascript/events-animation.html" class="md-nav__link">
+        
+  
+  <span class="md-ellipsis">
+    Events & Animation
+  </span>
+  
+
+      </a>
+    </li>
+  
+
+              
+            
+              
+                
+  
+  
+  
+  
+    <li class="md-nav__item">
+      <a href="../languages/javascript/ajax.html" class="md-nav__link">
+        
+  
+  <span class="md-ellipsis">
+    AJAX
+  </span>
+  
+
+      </a>
+    </li>
+  
+
+              
+            
+              
+                
+  
+  
+  
+  
+    <li class="md-nav__item">
+      <a href="../languages/javascript/jquery.html" class="md-nav__link">
+        
+  
+  <span class="md-ellipsis">
+    jQuery
+  </span>
+  
+
+      </a>
+    </li>
+  
+
+              
+            
+              
+                
+  
+  
+  
+  
+    
+    
+      
+        
+      
+        
+      
+        
+      
+        
+      
+        
+      
+    
+    
+      
+      
+        
+      
+    
+    
+    <li class="md-nav__item md-nav__item--nested">
+      
+        
+        
+        <input class="md-nav__toggle md-toggle " type="checkbox" id="__nav_4_13_6" >
+        
+          
+          <label class="md-nav__link" for="__nav_4_13_6" id="__nav_4_13_6_label" tabindex="0">
+            
+  
+  <span class="md-ellipsis">
+    React
+  </span>
+  
+
+            <span class="md-nav__icon md-icon"></span>
+          </label>
+        
+        <nav class="md-nav" data-md-level="3" aria-labelledby="__nav_4_13_6_label" aria-expanded="false">
+          <label class="md-nav__title" for="__nav_4_13_6">
+            <span class="md-nav__icon md-icon"></span>
+            React
+          </label>
+          <ul class="md-nav__list" data-md-scrollfix>
+            
+              
+                
+  
+  
+  
+  
+    <li class="md-nav__item">
+      <a href="../languages/javascript/react/react.html" class="md-nav__link">
+        
+  
+  <span class="md-ellipsis">
+    React
+  </span>
+  
+
+      </a>
+    </li>
+  
+
+              
+            
+              
+                
+  
+  
+  
+  
+    <li class="md-nav__item">
+      <a href="../languages/javascript/react/react-router.html" class="md-nav__link">
+        
+  
+  <span class="md-ellipsis">
+    React Router
+  </span>
+  
+
+      </a>
+    </li>
+  
+
+              
+            
+              
+                
+  
+  
+  
+  
+    <li class="md-nav__item">
+      <a href="../languages/javascript/react/react-tests.html" class="md-nav__link">
+        
+  
+  <span class="md-ellipsis">
+    React Tests
+  </span>
+  
+
+      </a>
+    </li>
+  
+
+              
+            
+              
+                
+  
+  
+  
+  
+    <li class="md-nav__item">
+      <a href="../languages/javascript/react/redux.html" class="md-nav__link">
+        
+  
+  <span class="md-ellipsis">
+    Redux
+  </span>
+  
+
+      </a>
+    </li>
+  
+
+              
+            
+              
+                
+  
+  
+  
+  
+    <li class="md-nav__item">
+      <a href="../languages/javascript/react/redux-tests.html" class="md-nav__link">
+        
+  
+  <span class="md-ellipsis">
+    Redux Tests
+  </span>
+  
+
+      </a>
+    </li>
+  
+
+              
+            
+          </ul>
+        </nav>
+      
+    </li>
+  
+
+              
+            
+              
+                
+  
+  
+  
+  
+    <li class="md-nav__item">
+      <a href="../languages/javascript/svelte/svelte.html" class="md-nav__link">
+        
+  
+  <span class="md-ellipsis">
+    Svelte
+  </span>
+  
+
+      </a>
+    </li>
+  
+
+              
+            
+          </ul>
+        </nav>
+      
+    </li>
+  
+
+              
+            
+              
+                
+  
+  
+  
+  
+    
+    
+      
+        
+      
+        
+      
+    
+    
+      
+      
+        
+      
+    
+    
+    <li class="md-nav__item md-nav__item--nested">
+      
+        
+        
+        <input class="md-nav__toggle md-toggle " type="checkbox" id="__nav_4_14" >
+        
+          
+          <label class="md-nav__link" for="__nav_4_14" id="__nav_4_14_label" tabindex="0">
+            
+  
+  <span class="md-ellipsis">
+    PowerShell
+  </span>
+  
+
+            <span class="md-nav__icon md-icon"></span>
+          </label>
+        
+        <nav class="md-nav" data-md-level="2" aria-labelledby="__nav_4_14_label" aria-expanded="false">
+          <label class="md-nav__title" for="__nav_4_14">
+            <span class="md-nav__icon md-icon"></span>
+            PowerShell
+          </label>
+          <ul class="md-nav__list" data-md-scrollfix>
+            
+              
+                
+  
+  
+  
+  
+    <li class="md-nav__item">
+      <a href="../languages/powershell/scripting.html" class="md-nav__link">
+        
+  
+  <span class="md-ellipsis">
+    Scripting
+  </span>
+  
+
+      </a>
+    </li>
+  
+
+              
+            
+              
+                
+  
+  
+  
+  
+    <li class="md-nav__item">
+      <a href="../languages/powershell/commands.html" class="md-nav__link">
+        
+  
+  <span class="md-ellipsis">
+    Commands
+  </span>
+  
+
+      </a>
+    </li>
+  
+
+              
+            
+          </ul>
+        </nav>
+      
+    </li>
+  
+
+              
+            
+              
+                
+  
+  
+  
+  
+    
+    
+      
+        
+      
+        
+      
+    
+    
+      
+      
+        
+      
+    
+    
+    <li class="md-nav__item md-nav__item--nested">
+      
+        
+        
+        <input class="md-nav__toggle md-toggle " type="checkbox" id="__nav_4_15" >
+        
+          
+          <label class="md-nav__link" for="__nav_4_15" id="__nav_4_15_label" tabindex="0">
+            
+  
+  <span class="md-ellipsis">
+    Bash
+  </span>
+  
+
+            <span class="md-nav__icon md-icon"></span>
+          </label>
+        
+        <nav class="md-nav" data-md-level="2" aria-labelledby="__nav_4_15_label" aria-expanded="false">
+          <label class="md-nav__title" for="__nav_4_15">
+            <span class="md-nav__icon md-icon"></span>
+            Bash
+          </label>
+          <ul class="md-nav__list" data-md-scrollfix>
+            
+              
+                
+  
+  
+  
+  
+    <li class="md-nav__item">
+      <a href="../languages/bash/scripting.html" class="md-nav__link">
+        
+  
+  <span class="md-ellipsis">
+    Scripting
+  </span>
+  
+
+      </a>
+    </li>
+  
+
+              
+            
+              
+                
+  
+  
+  
+  
+    <li class="md-nav__item">
+      <a href="../languages/bash/commands.html" class="md-nav__link">
+        
+  
+  <span class="md-ellipsis">
+    Commands
+  </span>
+  
+
+      </a>
+    </li>
+  
+
+              
+            
+          </ul>
+        </nav>
+      
+    </li>
+  
+
+              
+            
+          </ul>
+        </nav>
+      
+    </li>
+  
+
+    
+      
+      
+  
+  
+  
+  
+    
+    
+      
+        
+      
+        
+      
+        
+      
+        
+      
+        
+      
+    
+    
+      
+      
+        
+      
+    
+    
+    <li class="md-nav__item md-nav__item--nested">
+      
+        
+        
+        <input class="md-nav__toggle md-toggle " type="checkbox" id="__nav_5" >
+        
+          
+          <label class="md-nav__link" for="__nav_5" id="__nav_5_label" tabindex="0">
+            
+  
+  <span class="md-ellipsis">
+    Misc
+  </span>
+  
+
+            <span class="md-nav__icon md-icon"></span>
+          </label>
+        
+        <nav class="md-nav" data-md-level="1" aria-labelledby="__nav_5_label" aria-expanded="false">
+          <label class="md-nav__title" for="__nav_5">
+            <span class="md-nav__icon md-icon"></span>
+            Misc
+          </label>
+          <ul class="md-nav__list" data-md-scrollfix>
+            
+              
+                
+  
+  
+  
+  
+    <li class="md-nav__item">
+      <a href="../misc/git.html" class="md-nav__link">
+        
+  
+  <span class="md-ellipsis">
+    Git
+  </span>
+  
+
+      </a>
+    </li>
+  
+
+              
+            
+              
+                
+  
+  
+  
+  
+    <li class="md-nav__item">
+      <a href="../misc/graph-ql.html" class="md-nav__link">
+        
+  
+  <span class="md-ellipsis">
+    GraphQL
+  </span>
+  
+
+      </a>
+    </li>
+  
+
+              
+            
+              
+                
+  
+  
+  
+  
+    <li class="md-nav__item">
+      <a href="../misc/regular-expressions.html" class="md-nav__link">
+        
+  
+  <span class="md-ellipsis">
+    RegEx
+  </span>
+  
+
+      </a>
+    </li>
+  
+
+              
+            
+              
+                
+  
+  
+  
+  
+    <li class="md-nav__item">
+      <a href="../misc/ssh.html" class="md-nav__link">
+        
+  
+  <span class="md-ellipsis">
+    SSH
+  </span>
+  
+
+      </a>
+    </li>
+  
+
+              
+            
+              
+                
+  
+  
+  
+  
+    <li class="md-nav__item">
+      <a href="../misc/web-components.html" class="md-nav__link">
+        
+  
+  <span class="md-ellipsis">
+    WebComponents
+  </span>
+  
+
+      </a>
+    </li>
+  
+
+              
+            
+          </ul>
+        </nav>
+      
+    </li>
+  
+
+    
+      
+      
+  
+  
+  
+  
+    
+    
+      
+        
+      
+        
+      
+    
+    
+      
+      
+        
+      
+    
+    
+    <li class="md-nav__item md-nav__item--nested">
+      
+        
+        
+        <input class="md-nav__toggle md-toggle " type="checkbox" id="__nav_6" >
+        
+          
+          <label class="md-nav__link" for="__nav_6" id="__nav_6_label" tabindex="0">
+            
+  
+  <span class="md-ellipsis">
+    Linux
+  </span>
+  
+
+            <span class="md-nav__icon md-icon"></span>
+          </label>
+        
+        <nav class="md-nav" data-md-level="1" aria-labelledby="__nav_6_label" aria-expanded="false">
+          <label class="md-nav__title" for="__nav_6">
+            <span class="md-nav__icon md-icon"></span>
+            Linux
+          </label>
+          <ul class="md-nav__list" data-md-scrollfix>
+            
+              
+                
+  
+  
+  
+  
+    
+    
+      
+        
+      
+        
+      
+        
+      
+    
+    
+      
+      
+        
+      
+    
+    
+    <li class="md-nav__item md-nav__item--nested">
+      
+        
+        
+        <input class="md-nav__toggle md-toggle " type="checkbox" id="__nav_6_1" >
+        
+          
+          <label class="md-nav__link" for="__nav_6_1" id="__nav_6_1_label" tabindex="0">
+            
+  
+  <span class="md-ellipsis">
+    Filesystem
+  </span>
+  
+
+            <span class="md-nav__icon md-icon"></span>
+          </label>
+        
+        <nav class="md-nav" data-md-level="2" aria-labelledby="__nav_6_1_label" aria-expanded="false">
+          <label class="md-nav__title" for="__nav_6_1">
+            <span class="md-nav__icon md-icon"></span>
+            Filesystem
+          </label>
+          <ul class="md-nav__list" data-md-scrollfix>
+            
+              
+                
+  
+  
+  
+  
+    <li class="md-nav__item">
+      <a href="../linux/filesystem/file-links.html" class="md-nav__link">
+        
+  
+  <span class="md-ellipsis">
+    File Links
+  </span>
+  
+
+      </a>
+    </li>
+  
+
+              
+            
+              
+                
+  
+  
+  
+  
+    <li class="md-nav__item">
+      <a href="../linux/filesystem/procfs.html" class="md-nav__link">
+        
+  
+  <span class="md-ellipsis">
+    /proc
+  </span>
+  
+
+      </a>
+    </li>
+  
+
+              
+            
+              
+                
+  
+  
+  
+  
+    <li class="md-nav__item">
+      <a href="../linux/filesystem/sysfs.html" class="md-nav__link">
+        
+  
+  <span class="md-ellipsis">
+    /sys
+  </span>
+  
+
+      </a>
+    </li>
+  
+
+              
+            
+          </ul>
+        </nav>
+      
+    </li>
+  
+
+              
+            
+              
+                
+  
+  
+  
+  
+    
+    
+      
+        
+      
+        
+      
+    
+    
+      
+      
+        
+      
+    
+    
+    <li class="md-nav__item md-nav__item--nested">
+      
+        
+        
+        <input class="md-nav__toggle md-toggle " type="checkbox" id="__nav_6_2" >
+        
+          
+          <label class="md-nav__link" for="__nav_6_2" id="__nav_6_2_label" tabindex="0">
+            
+  
+  <span class="md-ellipsis">
+    System Init
+  </span>
+  
+
+            <span class="md-nav__icon md-icon"></span>
+          </label>
+        
+        <nav class="md-nav" data-md-level="2" aria-labelledby="__nav_6_2_label" aria-expanded="false">
+          <label class="md-nav__title" for="__nav_6_2">
+            <span class="md-nav__icon md-icon"></span>
+            System Init
+          </label>
+          <ul class="md-nav__list" data-md-scrollfix>
+            
+              
+                
+  
+  
+  
+  
+    <li class="md-nav__item">
+      <a href="../linux/init/systemd.html" class="md-nav__link">
+        
+  
+  <span class="md-ellipsis">
+    Systemd
+  </span>
+  
+
+      </a>
+    </li>
+  
+
+              
+            
+              
+                
+  
+  
+  
+  
+    <li class="md-nav__item">
+      <a href="../linux/init/open-rc.html" class="md-nav__link">
+        
+  
+  <span class="md-ellipsis">
+    OpenRC
+  </span>
+  
+
+      </a>
+    </li>
+  
+
+              
+            
+          </ul>
+        </nav>
+      
+    </li>
+  
+
+              
+            
+          </ul>
+        </nav>
+      
+    </li>
+  
+
+    
+  </ul>
+</nav>
+                  </div>
+                </div>
+              </div>
+            
+            
+              
+              <div class="md-sidebar md-sidebar--secondary" data-md-component="sidebar" data-md-type="toc" >
+                <div class="md-sidebar__scrollwrap">
+                  <div class="md-sidebar__inner">
+                    
+
+<nav class="md-nav md-nav--secondary" aria-label="Table of contents">
+  
+  
+  
+    
+  
+  
+    <label class="md-nav__title" for="__toc">
+      <span class="md-nav__icon md-icon"></span>
+      Table of contents
+    </label>
+    <ul class="md-nav__list" data-md-component="toc" data-md-scrollfix>
+      
+        <li class="md-nav__item">
+  <a href="#images-containers" class="md-nav__link">
+    <span class="md-ellipsis">
+      Images &amp; Containers
+    </span>
+  </a>
+  
+</li>
+      
+        <li class="md-nav__item">
+  <a href="#containers-vs-virtual-machines" class="md-nav__link">
+    <span class="md-ellipsis">
+      Containers vs Virtual Machines
+    </span>
+  </a>
+  
+</li>
+      
+        <li class="md-nav__item">
+  <a href="#docker-terminology" class="md-nav__link">
+    <span class="md-ellipsis">
+      Docker Terminology
+    </span>
+  </a>
+  
+</li>
+      
+        <li class="md-nav__item">
+  <a href="#docker-cli" class="md-nav__link">
+    <span class="md-ellipsis">
+      Docker CLI
+    </span>
+  </a>
+  
+    <nav class="md-nav" aria-label="Docker CLI">
+      <ul class="md-nav__list">
+        
+          <li class="md-nav__item">
+  <a href="#docker-run" class="md-nav__link">
+    <span class="md-ellipsis">
+      docker run
+    </span>
+  </a>
+  
+</li>
+        
+          <li class="md-nav__item">
+  <a href="#docker-container" class="md-nav__link">
+    <span class="md-ellipsis">
+      docker container
+    </span>
+  </a>
+  
+</li>
+        
+          <li class="md-nav__item">
+  <a href="#docker-image" class="md-nav__link">
+    <span class="md-ellipsis">
+      docker image
+    </span>
+  </a>
+  
+</li>
+        
+          <li class="md-nav__item">
+  <a href="#docker-build" class="md-nav__link">
+    <span class="md-ellipsis">
+      docker build
+    </span>
+  </a>
+  
+</li>
+        
+          <li class="md-nav__item">
+  <a href="#docker-push" class="md-nav__link">
+    <span class="md-ellipsis">
+      docker push
+    </span>
+  </a>
+  
+</li>
+        
+      </ul>
+    </nav>
+  
+</li>
+      
+        <li class="md-nav__item">
+  <a href="#dockerfile" class="md-nav__link">
+    <span class="md-ellipsis">
+      Dockerfile
+    </span>
+  </a>
+  
+    <nav class="md-nav" aria-label="Dockerfile">
+      <ul class="md-nav__list">
+        
+          <li class="md-nav__item">
+  <a href="#cmd-vs-entrypoint" class="md-nav__link">
+    <span class="md-ellipsis">
+      CMD vs ENTRYPOINT
+    </span>
+  </a>
+  
+</li>
+        
+      </ul>
+    </nav>
+  
+</li>
+      
+        <li class="md-nav__item">
+  <a href="#docker-multi-stage-build" class="md-nav__link">
+    <span class="md-ellipsis">
+      Docker Multi-Stage Build
+    </span>
+  </a>
+  
+</li>
+      
+        <li class="md-nav__item">
+  <a href="#networking" class="md-nav__link">
+    <span class="md-ellipsis">
+      Networking
+    </span>
+  </a>
+  
+    <nav class="md-nav" aria-label="Networking">
+      <ul class="md-nav__list">
+        
+          <li class="md-nav__item">
+  <a href="#user-defined-networks" class="md-nav__link">
+    <span class="md-ellipsis">
+      User-defined Networks
+    </span>
+  </a>
+  
+</li>
+        
+          <li class="md-nav__item">
+  <a href="#embedded-dns" class="md-nav__link">
+    <span class="md-ellipsis">
+      Embedded DNS
+    </span>
+  </a>
+  
+</li>
+        
+          <li class="md-nav__item">
+  <a href="#exposing-ports" class="md-nav__link">
+    <span class="md-ellipsis">
+      Exposing Ports
+    </span>
+  </a>
+  
+</li>
+        
+      </ul>
+    </nav>
+  
+</li>
+      
+        <li class="md-nav__item">
+  <a href="#docker-storage" class="md-nav__link">
+    <span class="md-ellipsis">
+      Docker Storage
+    </span>
+  </a>
+  
+</li>
+      
+        <li class="md-nav__item">
+  <a href="#file-system" class="md-nav__link">
+    <span class="md-ellipsis">
+      File System
+    </span>
+  </a>
+  
+    <nav class="md-nav" aria-label="File System">
+      <ul class="md-nav__list">
+        
+          <li class="md-nav__item">
+  <a href="#copy-on-write" class="md-nav__link">
+    <span class="md-ellipsis">
+      Copy-On-Write
+    </span>
+  </a>
+  
+</li>
+        
+          <li class="md-nav__item">
+  <a href="#volumes" class="md-nav__link">
+    <span class="md-ellipsis">
+      Volumes
+    </span>
+  </a>
+  
+</li>
+        
+      </ul>
+    </nav>
+  
+</li>
+      
+        <li class="md-nav__item">
+  <a href="#docker-compose" class="md-nav__link">
+    <span class="md-ellipsis">
+      Docker Compose
+    </span>
+  </a>
+  
+</li>
+      
+    </ul>
+  
+</nav>
+                  </div>
+                </div>
+              </div>
+            
+          
+          
+            <div class="md-content" data-md-component="content">
+              <article class="md-content__inner md-typeset">
+                
+                  
+
+  
+  
+
+
+<h1 id="docker">Docker</h1>
+<h2 id="images-containers">Images &amp; Containers</h2>
+<blockquote>
+<p><strong>Containerization</strong> is an approach to software development in which an application or service, its dependencies, and its configuration (abstracted as deployment manifest files) are packaged together as a container image.</p>
+</blockquote>
+<p>Just as shipping containers allow goods to be transported by ship, train, or truck regardless of the cargo inside, software containers act as a standard unit of software deployment that can contain different code and dependencies. Containerizing software this way enables developers and IT professionals to deploy them across environments with little or no modification.</p>
+<p>Containers also isolate applications from each other on a shared OS. Containerized applications run on top of a container host that in turn runs on the OS. Containers therefore have a much smaller footprint than virtual machine (VM) images.</p>
+<p>In short, containers offer the benefits of isolation, portability, agility, scalability, and control across the entire application lifecycle workflow.</p>
+<h2 id="containers-vs-virtual-machines">Containers vs Virtual Machines</h2>
+<p>A container runs <em>natively</em> on Linux and shares the kernel of the host machine with other containers. It runs a discrete process, taking no more memory
+than any other executable, making it lightweight.</p>
+<p>By contrast, a <strong>virtual machine</strong> (VM) runs a full-blown "guest" operating system with <em>virtual</em> access to host resources through a hypervisor. In general,
+VMs incur a lot of overhead beyond what is being consumed by your application logic.</p>
+<p><img alt="container-architecture" src="../img/docker_container-architecture.svg" title="Container Architecture" />
+<img alt="vm-architecture" src="../img/docker_virtual-machine-architecture.svg" title="Virtual Machine Architecture" /></p>
+<h2 id="docker-terminology"><a href="https://docs.docker.com/glossary/">Docker Terminology</a></h2>
+<p><img alt="docker-architecture" src="../img/docker_architecture.svg" title="Docker Architecture" /></p>
+<p><strong>Container image</strong>: A package with all the dependencies and information needed to create a container. An image includes all the dependencies (such as frameworks) plus deployment and execution configuration to be used by a container runtime. Usually, an image derives from multiple base images that are layers stacked on top of each other to form the container’s filesystem. An image is immutable once it has been created.</p>
+<p><strong>Dockerfile</strong>: A text file that contains instructions for building a Docker image. It’s like a batch script, the first line states the base image to begin with and then follow the instructions to install required programs, copy files, and so on, until you get the working environment you need.</p>
+<p><strong>Build</strong>: The action of building a container image based on the information and context provided by its Dockerfile, plus additional files in the folder where the image is built. You can build images with the following Docker command: <code>docker build</code></p>
+<p><strong>Container</strong>: An instance of a Docker image. A container represents the execution of a single application, process, or service. It consists of the contents of a Docker image, an execution environment, and a standard set of instructions. When scaling a service, you create multiple instances of a container from the same image. Or a batch job can create multiple containers from the same image, passing different parameters to each instance.</p>
+<p><strong>Volumes</strong>: Offer a writable filesystem that the container can use. Since images are read-only but most programs need to write to the filesystem, volumes add a writable layer, on top of the container image, so the programs have access to a writable filesystem. The program doesn’t know it’s accessing a layered filesystem, it’s just the filesystem as usual. Volumes live in the host system and are managed by Docker.</p>
+<p><strong>Tag</strong>: A mark or label you can apply to images so that different images or versions of the same image (depending on the version number or the target environment) can be identified.</p>
+<p><strong>Multi-stage Build</strong>: Is a feature, since Docker 17.05 or higher, that helps to reduce the size of the final images. For example, a large base image, containing the SDK can be used for compiling and publishing and then a small runtime-only base image can be used to host the application.</p>
+<p><strong>Repository (repo)</strong>: A collection of related Docker images, labeled with a tag that indicates the image version. Some repos contain multiple variants of a specific image, such as an image containing SDKs (heavier), an image containing only runtimes (lighter), etc. Those variants can be marked with tags. A single repo can contain platform variants, such as a Linux image and a Windows image.</p>
+<p><strong>Registry</strong>: A service that provides access to repositories. The default registry for most public images is <a href="https://hub.docker.com/">Docker Hub</a> (owned by Docker as an organization). A registry usually contains repositories from multiple teams. Companies often have private registries to store and manage images they’ve created.</p>
+<p><strong>Multi-arch image</strong>: For multi-architecture, it’s a feature that simplifies the selection of the appropriate image, according to the platform where Docker is running.</p>
+<p><strong>Docker Hub</strong>: A public registry to upload images and work with them. Docker Hub provides Docker image hosting, public or private registries, build triggers and web hooks, and integration with GitHub and Bitbucket.</p>
+<p><strong>Azure Container Registry</strong>: A public resource for working with Docker images and its components in Azure. This provides a registry that’s close to your deployments in Azure and that gives you control over access, making it possible to use your Azure Active Directory groups and permissions.</p>
+<p><strong>Docker Trusted Registry (DTR)</strong>: A Docker registry service (from Docker) that can be installed on-premises so it lives within the organization’s datacenter and network. It’s convenient for private images that should be managed within the enterprise. Docker Trusted Registry is included as part of the Docker Datacenter product. For more information, see <a href="https://www.docker.com/sites/default/files/Docker%20Trusted%20Registry.pdf">Docker Trusted Registry (DTR)</a>.</p>
+<p><strong>Docker Compose</strong>: A command-line tool and YAML file format with metadata for defining and running multi-container applications. You define a single application based on multiple images with one or more <code>.yml</code> files that can override values depending on the environment. After you’ve created the definitions, you can deploy the whole multi-container application with a single command (docker-compose up) that creates a container per image on the Docker host.</p>
+<p><strong>Cluster</strong>: A collection of Docker hosts exposed as if it were a single virtual Docker host, so that the application can scale to multiple instances of the services spread across multiple hosts within the cluster. Docker clusters can be created with Kubernetes, Azure Service Fabric, Docker Swarm and Mesosphere DC/OS.</p>
+<p><strong>Orchestrator</strong>: A tool that simplifies the management of clusters and Docker hosts. Orchestrators enable you to manage their images, containers, and hosts through a command-line interface (CLI) or a graphical UI. You can manage container networking, configurations, load balancing, service discovery, high availability, Docker host configuration, and more. An orchestrator is responsible for running, distributing, scaling, and healing workloads across a collection of nodes. Typically, orchestrator products are the same products that provide cluster infrastructure, like Kubernetes and Azure Service Fabric, among other offerings in the market.</p>
+<hr />
+<h2 id="docker-cli">Docker CLI</h2>
+<h3 id="docker-run"><a href="https://docs.docker.com/engine/reference/commandline/run/"><code>docker run</code></a></h3>
+<div class="highlight"><table class="highlighttable"><tr><th colspan="2" class="filename"><span class="filename">Bash</span></th></tr><tr><td class="linenos"><div class="linenodiv"><pre><span></span><span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-0-1"> 1</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-0-2"> 2</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-0-3"> 3</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-0-4"> 4</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-0-5"> 5</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-0-6"> 6</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-0-7"> 7</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-0-8"> 8</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-0-9"> 9</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-0-10">10</a></span></pre></div></td><td class="code"><div><pre><span></span><code><a id="__codelineno-0-1" name="__codelineno-0-1"></a>docker<span class="w"> </span>run<span class="w"> </span>&lt;image&gt;<span class="w">  </span><span class="c1"># run selected app inside a container (downloaded from Docker Hub if missing from image)</span>
+<a id="__codelineno-0-2" name="__codelineno-0-2"></a>docker<span class="w"> </span>run<span class="w"> </span>-d<span class="p">|</span>--detach<span class="w"> </span>&lt;image&gt;<span class="w">  </span><span class="c1"># run docker container in the background (does not occupy stdout &amp; stderr)</span>
+<a id="__codelineno-0-3" name="__codelineno-0-3"></a>docker<span class="w"> </span>run<span class="w"> </span>-i<span class="p">|</span>--interactive<span class="w"> </span>&lt;image&gt;<span class="w">  </span><span class="c1"># run docker container in interactive mode (read stdin)</span>
+<a id="__codelineno-0-4" name="__codelineno-0-4"></a>docker<span class="w"> </span>run<span class="w"> </span>-t<span class="p">|</span>--tty<span class="w"> </span>&lt;image&gt;<span class="w">  </span><span class="c1"># run docker container allocating a pseudo-TTY (show prompts)</span>
+<a id="__codelineno-0-5" name="__codelineno-0-5"></a>docker<span class="w"> </span>run<span class="w"> </span>-p<span class="p">|</span>--publish<span class="w"> </span>&lt;host_port&gt;:&lt;container_port&gt;<span class="w"> </span>&lt;image&gt;<span class="w">  </span><span class="c1"># map container ports</span>
+<a id="__codelineno-0-6" name="__codelineno-0-6"></a>docker<span class="w"> </span>run<span class="w"> </span>-v<span class="p">|</span>--volume<span class="w"> </span>&lt;existing_host_dir&gt;:&lt;container_dir&gt;<span class="w"> </span>&lt;image&gt;<span class="w">  </span><span class="c1"># map container directory to a host directory (external volumes)</span>
+<a id="__codelineno-0-7" name="__codelineno-0-7"></a>docker<span class="w"> </span>run<span class="w"> </span>-v<span class="p">|</span>--volume<span class="w"> </span>&lt;volume_name&gt;:&lt;container_dir&gt;<span class="w"> </span>&lt;image&gt;<span class="w">  </span><span class="c1"># map container directory to a host directory under the docker main folder (external volumes)</span>
+<a id="__codelineno-0-8" name="__codelineno-0-8"></a>docker<span class="w"> </span>run<span class="w"> </span>-e<span class="p">|</span>--env<span class="w"> </span><span class="nv">NAME</span><span class="o">=</span>value<span class="w"> </span>&lt;image&gt;<span class="w">  </span><span class="c1"># set container env vars</span>
+<a id="__codelineno-0-9" name="__codelineno-0-9"></a>docker<span class="w"> </span>run<span class="w"> </span>--entrypoint<span class="w"> </span>&lt;executable&gt;<span class="w"> </span>&lt;args&gt;<span class="w"> </span>&lt;image&gt;<span class="w">  </span><span class="c1"># run with a non-default entrypoint</span>
+<a id="__codelineno-0-10" name="__codelineno-0-10"></a>docker<span class="w"> </span>run<span class="w"> </span>--name<span class="o">=</span>&lt;container_name&gt;<span class="w"> </span>&lt;image&gt;<span class="w">  </span><span class="c1"># set container name</span>
+</code></pre></div></td></tr></table></div>
+<blockquote>
+<p><strong>Warn</strong>: <code>&lt;image&gt;</code> must be last argument</p>
+</blockquote>
+<h3 id="docker-container"><a href="https://docs.docker.com/engine/reference/commandline/container/"><code>docker container</code></a></h3>
+<div class="highlight"><table class="highlighttable"><tr><th colspan="2" class="filename"><span class="filename">Bash</span></th></tr><tr><td class="linenos"><div class="linenodiv"><pre><span></span><span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-1-1"> 1</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-1-2"> 2</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-1-3"> 3</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-1-4"> 4</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-1-5"> 5</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-1-6"> 6</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-1-7"> 7</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-1-8"> 8</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-1-9"> 9</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-1-10">10</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-1-11">11</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-1-12">12</a></span></pre></div></td><td class="code"><div><pre><span></span><code><a id="__codelineno-1-1" name="__codelineno-1-1"></a>docker<span class="w"> </span>container<span class="w"> </span>ls<span class="w">  </span><span class="c1"># list of currently running containers</span>
+<a id="__codelineno-1-2" name="__codelineno-1-2"></a>docker<span class="w"> </span>container<span class="w"> </span>ls<span class="w"> </span>-a<span class="p">|</span>--all<span class="w">  </span><span class="c1"># list of all containers, running and exited</span>
+<a id="__codelineno-1-3" name="__codelineno-1-3"></a>docker<span class="w"> </span>container<span class="w"> </span>rm<span class="w"> </span>&lt;container&gt;<span class="w">  </span><span class="c1"># remove one or more containers</span>
+<a id="__codelineno-1-4" name="__codelineno-1-4"></a>docker<span class="w"> </span>container<span class="w"> </span>prune<span class="w">  </span><span class="c1"># remove stopped containers</span>
+<a id="__codelineno-1-5" name="__codelineno-1-5"></a>
+<a id="__codelineno-1-6" name="__codelineno-1-6"></a>docker<span class="w"> </span>container<span class="w"> </span>inspect<span class="w"> </span>&lt;container&gt;<span class="w">  </span><span class="c1"># full details about a container</span>
+<a id="__codelineno-1-7" name="__codelineno-1-7"></a>docker<span class="w"> </span>container<span class="w"> </span>logs<span class="w"> </span>&lt;container&gt;<span class="w">  </span><span class="c1"># see container logs</span>
+<a id="__codelineno-1-8" name="__codelineno-1-8"></a>
+<a id="__codelineno-1-9" name="__codelineno-1-9"></a>docker<span class="w"> </span>container<span class="w"> </span>stop<span class="w"> </span>&lt;container&gt;<span class="w">  </span><span class="c1"># stop a running container</span>
+<a id="__codelineno-1-10" name="__codelineno-1-10"></a>docker<span class="w"> </span>container<span class="w"> </span>start<span class="w"> </span>&lt;container&gt;<span class="w">  </span><span class="c1"># start a stopped container</span>
+<a id="__codelineno-1-11" name="__codelineno-1-11"></a>
+<a id="__codelineno-1-12" name="__codelineno-1-12"></a>docker<span class="w"> </span>container<span class="w"> </span><span class="nb">exec</span><span class="w"> </span>&lt;container&gt;<span class="w"> </span>&lt;command&gt;<span class="w">  </span><span class="c1"># exec a command inside a container</span>
+</code></pre></div></td></tr></table></div>
+<h3 id="docker-image"><a href="https://docs.docker.com/engine/reference/commandline/image/"><code>docker image</code></a></h3>
+<div class="highlight"><table class="highlighttable"><tr><th colspan="2" class="filename"><span class="filename">Bash</span></th></tr><tr><td class="linenos"><div class="linenodiv"><pre><span></span><span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-2-1">1</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-2-2">2</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-2-3">3</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-2-4">4</a></span></pre></div></td><td class="code"><div><pre><span></span><code><a id="__codelineno-2-1" name="__codelineno-2-1"></a>docker<span class="w"> </span>image<span class="w"> </span>ls<span class="w">  </span><span class="c1"># list of existing images</span>
+<a id="__codelineno-2-2" name="__codelineno-2-2"></a>docker<span class="w"> </span>image<span class="w"> </span>rm<span class="w"> </span>&lt;image&gt;<span class="w">  </span><span class="c1"># remove one or more images</span>
+<a id="__codelineno-2-3" name="__codelineno-2-3"></a>docker<span class="w"> </span>image<span class="w"> </span>prune<span class="w"> </span>&lt;image&gt;<span class="w">  </span><span class="c1"># remove unused images</span>
+<a id="__codelineno-2-4" name="__codelineno-2-4"></a>docker<span class="w"> </span>image<span class="w"> </span>pull<span class="w"> </span>&lt;image&gt;<span class="w">  </span><span class="c1"># download an image w/o starting the container</span>
+</code></pre></div></td></tr></table></div>
+<h3 id="docker-build"><a href="https://docs.docker.com/engine/reference/commandline/build/"><code>docker build</code></a></h3>
+<div class="highlight"><table class="highlighttable"><tr><th colspan="2" class="filename"><span class="filename">Bash</span></th></tr><tr><td class="linenos"><div class="linenodiv"><pre><span></span><span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-3-1">1</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-3-2">2</a></span></pre></div></td><td class="code"><div><pre><span></span><code><a id="__codelineno-3-1" name="__codelineno-3-1"></a>docker<span class="w"> </span>build<span class="w"> </span>-t<span class="w"> </span>&lt;tag&gt;<span class="w"> </span>-f<span class="w"> </span>&lt;dockerfile&gt;<span class="w"> </span>&lt;context&gt;<span class="w">  </span><span class="c1"># build image with specific tag (usually user/app:version)</span>
+<a id="__codelineno-3-2" name="__codelineno-3-2"></a>docker<span class="w"> </span>build<span class="w"> </span>-t<span class="w"> </span>&lt;tag&gt;<span class="w"> </span>-f<span class="w"> </span>&lt;dockerfile&gt;<span class="w"> </span>--build-arg<span class="w"> </span><span class="nv">ARG</span><span class="o">=</span>value<span class="w"> </span>&lt;context&gt;<span class="w">  </span><span class="c1"># pass args to ARG steps</span>
+</code></pre></div></td></tr></table></div>
+<h3 id="docker-push"><a href="https://docs.docker.com/engine/reference/commandline/push/"><code>docker push</code></a></h3>
+<div class="highlight"><table class="highlighttable"><tr><th colspan="2" class="filename"><span class="filename">Bash</span></th></tr><tr><td class="linenos"><div class="linenodiv"><pre><span></span><span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-4-1">1</a></span></pre></div></td><td class="code"><div><pre><span></span><code><a id="__codelineno-4-1" name="__codelineno-4-1"></a>docker<span class="w"> </span>push<span class="w"> </span>&lt;image&gt;<span class="w">  </span><span class="c1"># publish image to registry (defaults to Docker Hub)</span>
+</code></pre></div></td></tr></table></div>
+<h2 id="dockerfile"><a href="https://docs.docker.com/engine/reference/builder/">Dockerfile</a></h2>
+<div class="highlight"><table class="highlighttable"><tr><th colspan="2" class="filename"><span class="filename">Docker</span></th></tr><tr><td class="linenos"><div class="linenodiv"><pre><span></span><span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-5-1"> 1</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-5-2"> 2</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-5-3"> 3</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-5-4"> 4</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-5-5"> 5</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-5-6"> 6</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-5-7"> 7</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-5-8"> 8</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-5-9"> 9</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-5-10">10</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-5-11">11</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-5-12">12</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-5-13">13</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-5-14">14</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-5-15">15</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-5-16">16</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-5-17">17</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-5-18">18</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-5-19">19</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-5-20">20</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-5-21">21</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-5-22">22</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-5-23">23</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-5-24">24</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-5-25">25</a></span></pre></div></td><td class="code"><div><pre><span></span><code><a id="__codelineno-5-1" name="__codelineno-5-1"></a><span class="c"># starting image or scratch</span>
+<a id="__codelineno-5-2" name="__codelineno-5-2"></a><span class="k">FROM</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="s">&lt;base_image&gt;:&lt;tag&gt;</span>
+<a id="__codelineno-5-3" name="__codelineno-5-3"></a>
+<a id="__codelineno-5-4" name="__codelineno-5-4"></a><span class="c"># run commands (e.g: install dependencies)</span>
+<a id="__codelineno-5-5" name="__codelineno-5-5"></a><span class="k">RUN</span><span class="w"> </span>&lt;command&gt;
+<a id="__codelineno-5-6" name="__codelineno-5-6"></a>
+<a id="__codelineno-5-7" name="__codelineno-5-7"></a><span class="c"># define working directory (usually /app)</span>
+<a id="__codelineno-5-8" name="__codelineno-5-8"></a><span class="k">WORKDIR</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="s">&lt;path&gt;</span>
+<a id="__codelineno-5-9" name="__codelineno-5-9"></a>
+<a id="__codelineno-5-10" name="__codelineno-5-10"></a><span class="c"># copy source code into the image in a specified location</span>
+<a id="__codelineno-5-11" name="__codelineno-5-11"></a><span class="k">COPY</span><span class="w"> </span>&lt;src&gt;<span class="w"> </span>&lt;dir_in_container&gt;
+<a id="__codelineno-5-12" name="__codelineno-5-12"></a>
+<a id="__codelineno-5-13" name="__codelineno-5-13"></a><span class="c"># accept args from docker run (--build-arg arg_name=value)</span>
+<a id="__codelineno-5-14" name="__codelineno-5-14"></a><span class="k">ARG</span><span class="w"> </span>&lt;arg_name&gt;
+<a id="__codelineno-5-15" name="__codelineno-5-15"></a>
+<a id="__codelineno-5-16" name="__codelineno-5-16"></a><span class="c"># set env values inside the container</span>
+<a id="__codelineno-5-17" name="__codelineno-5-17"></a><span class="k">ENV</span><span class="w"> </span>&lt;ENV_VAR&gt;<span class="w"> </span>&lt;value&gt;
+<a id="__codelineno-5-18" name="__codelineno-5-18"></a>
+<a id="__codelineno-5-19" name="__codelineno-5-19"></a><span class="c"># Exec form (Preferred form)</span>
+<a id="__codelineno-5-20" name="__codelineno-5-20"></a><span class="k">CMD</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="p">[</span><span class="s2">&quot;&lt;executable&gt;&quot;</span><span class="p">,</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="s2">&quot;&lt;arg1&gt;&quot;</span><span class="p">,</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="s2">&quot;&lt;arg2&gt;&quot;</span><span class="p">]</span>
+<a id="__codelineno-5-21" name="__codelineno-5-21"></a><span class="k">ENTRYPOINT</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="p">[</span><span class="s2">&quot;&lt;executable&gt;&quot;</span><span class="p">,</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="s2">&quot;&lt;arg1&gt;&quot;</span><span class="p">,</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="s2">&quot;&lt;arg2&gt;&quot;</span><span class="p">]</span>
+<a id="__codelineno-5-22" name="__codelineno-5-22"></a>
+<a id="__codelineno-5-23" name="__codelineno-5-23"></a><span class="c"># Shell form</span>
+<a id="__codelineno-5-24" name="__codelineno-5-24"></a><span class="k">CMD</span><span class="w"> </span>&lt;executable&gt;<span class="w"> </span>&lt;arg1&gt;<span class="w"> </span>&lt;arg2&gt;
+<a id="__codelineno-5-25" name="__codelineno-5-25"></a><span class="k">ENTRYPOINT</span><span class="w"> </span>&lt;executable&gt;<span class="w"> </span>&lt;arg1&gt;<span class="w"> </span>&lt;arg2&gt;
+</code></pre></div></td></tr></table></div>
+<h3 id="cmd-vs-entrypoint"><code>CMD</code> vs <code>ENTRYPOINT</code></h3>
+<p><code>CMD</code> is used to provide all the default scenarios which can be overridden. <em>Anything</em> defined in CMD can be overridden by passing arguments in <code>docker run</code> command.</p>
+<p><code>ENTRYPOINT</code> is used to define a specific executable (and it's arguments) to be executed during container invocation which cannot be overridden.<br />
+The user can however define arguments to be passed in the executable by adding them in the <code>docker run</code> command.</p>
+<h2 id="docker-multi-stage-build"><a href="https://docs.docker.com/develop/develop-images/multistage-build/">Docker Multi-Stage Build</a></h2>
+<p>With multi-stage builds, it's possible to use multiple <code>FROM</code> statements in the Dockerfile. Each <code>FROM</code> instruction can use a different base, and each of them begins a new stage of the build.</p>
+<p>It's possible to selectively copy artifacts from one stage to another, leaving behind everything not wanted in the final image.</p>
+<div class="highlight"><table class="highlighttable"><tr><th colspan="2" class="filename"><span class="filename">Docker</span></th></tr><tr><td class="linenos"><div class="linenodiv"><pre><span></span><span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-6-1"> 1</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-6-2"> 2</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-6-3"> 3</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-6-4"> 4</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-6-5"> 5</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-6-6"> 6</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-6-7"> 7</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-6-8"> 8</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-6-9"> 9</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-6-10">10</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-6-11">11</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-6-12">12</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-6-13">13</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-6-14">14</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-6-15">15</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-6-16">16</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-6-17">17</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-6-18">18</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-6-19">19</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-6-20">20</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-6-21">21</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-6-22">22</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-6-23">23</a></span></pre></div></td><td class="code"><div><pre><span></span><code><a id="__codelineno-6-1" name="__codelineno-6-1"></a><span class="k">FROM</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="s">&lt;base_image&gt;:&lt;tag&gt;</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="k">AS</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="s">&lt;runtime_alias&gt;</span>
+<a id="__codelineno-6-2" name="__codelineno-6-2"></a><span class="k">RUN</span><span class="w"> </span>&lt;command&gt;<span class="w">  </span>#<span class="w"> </span>install<span class="w"> </span>external<span class="w"> </span>dependencies<span class="w"> </span><span class="o">(</span>apt<span class="w"> </span>get<span class="w"> </span>...<span class="o">)</span>
+<a id="__codelineno-6-3" name="__codelineno-6-3"></a>
+<a id="__codelineno-6-4" name="__codelineno-6-4"></a><span class="c"># --- START of BUILD LAYERS --- #</span>
+<a id="__codelineno-6-5" name="__codelineno-6-5"></a><span class="k">FROM</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="s">&lt;base_image&gt;:&lt;tag&gt;</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="k">AS</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="s">&lt;build_alias&gt;</span>
+<a id="__codelineno-6-6" name="__codelineno-6-6"></a><span class="k">WORKDIR</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="s">&lt;app_path&gt;</span>
+<a id="__codelineno-6-7" name="__codelineno-6-7"></a>
+<a id="__codelineno-6-8" name="__codelineno-6-8"></a><span class="c"># install project dependencies</span>
+<a id="__codelineno-6-9" name="__codelineno-6-9"></a><span class="k">COPY</span><span class="w"> </span>&lt;src&gt;<span class="w"> </span>&lt;dir_in_container&gt;<span class="w">  </span>#<span class="w"> </span>add<span class="w"> </span>lockfiles
+<a id="__codelineno-6-10" name="__codelineno-6-10"></a><span class="k">RUN</span><span class="w"> </span>&lt;command&gt;<span class="w">  </span>#<span class="w"> </span>install<span class="w"> </span>project<span class="w"> </span>dependencies<span class="w"> </span>from<span class="w"> </span>lockfiles
+<a id="__codelineno-6-11" name="__codelineno-6-11"></a>
+<a id="__codelineno-6-12" name="__codelineno-6-12"></a><span class="k">COPY</span><span class="w"> </span>&lt;src&gt;<span class="w"> </span>.&lt;dir_in_container&gt;<span class="w">  </span>#<span class="w"> </span>bring<span class="w"> </span><span class="k">in</span><span class="w"> </span>all<span class="w"> </span><span class="nb">source</span><span class="w"> </span>code
+<a id="__codelineno-6-13" name="__codelineno-6-13"></a><span class="k">WORKDIR</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="s">&lt;build_location&gt;</span>
+<a id="__codelineno-6-14" name="__codelineno-6-14"></a><span class="k">ARG</span><span class="w"> </span>version
+<a id="__codelineno-6-15" name="__codelineno-6-15"></a><span class="k">RUN</span><span class="w"> </span>&lt;command&gt;<span class="w">  </span>#<span class="w"> </span>build<span class="w"> </span>project
+<a id="__codelineno-6-16" name="__codelineno-6-16"></a><span class="c"># --- END of BUILD LAYERS --- #</span>
+<a id="__codelineno-6-17" name="__codelineno-6-17"></a>
+<a id="__codelineno-6-18" name="__codelineno-6-18"></a><span class="k">FROM</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="s">&lt;runtime_alias&gt;</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="k">AS</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="s">&lt;deploy_alias&gt;</span>
+<a id="__codelineno-6-19" name="__codelineno-6-19"></a><span class="k">WORKDIR</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="s">&lt;app_path&gt;</span>
+<a id="__codelineno-6-20" name="__codelineno-6-20"></a>
+<a id="__codelineno-6-21" name="__codelineno-6-21"></a><span class="c"># bring in release build files</span>
+<a id="__codelineno-6-22" name="__codelineno-6-22"></a><span class="k">COPY</span><span class="w"> </span>--from<span class="o">=</span>&lt;build_alias<span class="p">|</span>stage_number&gt;<span class="w"> </span>&lt;src&gt;<span class="w"> </span>&lt;dir_in_container&gt;
+<a id="__codelineno-6-23" name="__codelineno-6-23"></a><span class="k">CMD</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="p">[</span><span class="s2">&quot;executable&quot;</span><span class="p">]</span><span class="w">  </span>#<span class="w"> </span>run<span class="w"> </span>app
+</code></pre></div></td></tr></table></div>
+<div class="highlight"><table class="highlighttable"><tr><th colspan="2" class="filename"><span class="filename">Docker</span></th></tr><tr><td class="linenos"><div class="linenodiv"><pre><span></span><span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-7-1"> 1</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-7-2"> 2</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-7-3"> 3</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-7-4"> 4</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-7-5"> 5</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-7-6"> 6</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-7-7"> 7</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-7-8"> 8</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-7-9"> 9</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-7-10">10</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-7-11">11</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-7-12">12</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-7-13">13</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-7-14">14</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-7-15">15</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-7-16">16</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-7-17">17</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-7-18">18</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-7-19">19</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-7-20">20</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-7-21">21</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-7-22">22</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-7-23">23</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-7-24">24</a></span></pre></div></td><td class="code"><div><pre><span></span><code><a id="__codelineno-7-1" name="__codelineno-7-1"></a><span class="k">FROM</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="s">mcr.microsoft.com/dotnet/&lt;runtime|aspnet&gt;:&lt;alpine_tag&gt;</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="k">AS</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="s">runtime</span>
+<a id="__codelineno-7-2" name="__codelineno-7-2"></a><span class="k">RUN</span><span class="w"> </span>&lt;command&gt;<span class="w">  </span>#<span class="w"> </span>install<span class="w"> </span>external<span class="w"> </span>dependencies<span class="w"> </span><span class="o">(</span>apt<span class="w"> </span>get<span class="w"> </span>...<span class="o">)</span>
+<a id="__codelineno-7-3" name="__codelineno-7-3"></a>
+<a id="__codelineno-7-4" name="__codelineno-7-4"></a><span class="c"># --- START of BUILD LAYERS --- #</span>
+<a id="__codelineno-7-5" name="__codelineno-7-5"></a><span class="k">FROM</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="s">mcr.microsoft.com/dotnet/sdk:&lt;tag&gt;</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="k">as</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="s">build</span>
+<a id="__codelineno-7-6" name="__codelineno-7-6"></a><span class="k">WORKDIR</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="s">/app</span>
+<a id="__codelineno-7-7" name="__codelineno-7-7"></a>
+<a id="__codelineno-7-8" name="__codelineno-7-8"></a><span class="c"># install project dependencies</span>
+<a id="__codelineno-7-9" name="__codelineno-7-9"></a><span class="k">COPY</span><span class="w"> </span>*.sln<span class="w"> </span>./src
+<a id="__codelineno-7-10" name="__codelineno-7-10"></a><span class="k">COPY</span><span class="w"> </span>src/*.csproj<span class="w"> </span>./src
+<a id="__codelineno-7-11" name="__codelineno-7-11"></a><span class="k">RUN</span><span class="w"> </span>dotnet<span class="w"> </span>restore
+<a id="__codelineno-7-12" name="__codelineno-7-12"></a>
+<a id="__codelineno-7-13" name="__codelineno-7-13"></a><span class="c"># publish app</span>
+<a id="__codelineno-7-14" name="__codelineno-7-14"></a><span class="k">COPY</span><span class="w"> </span>/src<span class="w"> </span>./src<span class="w">  </span>#<span class="w"> </span>bring<span class="w"> </span><span class="k">in</span><span class="w"> </span>all<span class="w"> </span><span class="nb">source</span><span class="w"> </span>code
+<a id="__codelineno-7-15" name="__codelineno-7-15"></a><span class="k">WORKDIR</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="s">/app/src  # reposition to build location</span>
+<a id="__codelineno-7-16" name="__codelineno-7-16"></a><span class="k">ARG</span><span class="w"> </span>version
+<a id="__codelineno-7-17" name="__codelineno-7-17"></a><span class="k">RUN</span><span class="w"> </span>dotnet<span class="w"> </span>publish<span class="w"> </span>&lt;project&gt;<span class="p">|</span>&lt;solution&gt;<span class="w"> </span>-c<span class="w"> </span>Release<span class="w"> </span>-o<span class="w"> </span>out<span class="w"> </span>/p:Version<span class="o">=</span><span class="nv">$version</span>
+<a id="__codelineno-7-18" name="__codelineno-7-18"></a><span class="c"># --- END of BUILD LAYERS --- #</span>
+<a id="__codelineno-7-19" name="__codelineno-7-19"></a>
+<a id="__codelineno-7-20" name="__codelineno-7-20"></a><span class="k">FROM</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="s">runtime</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="k">AS</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="s">final-runtime</span>
+<a id="__codelineno-7-21" name="__codelineno-7-21"></a><span class="k">WORKDIR</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="s">/app</span>
+<a id="__codelineno-7-22" name="__codelineno-7-22"></a><span class="k">COPY</span><span class="w"> </span>--from<span class="o">=</span>build<span class="w"> </span>/app/out<span class="w"> </span>.
+<a id="__codelineno-7-23" name="__codelineno-7-23"></a>
+<a id="__codelineno-7-24" name="__codelineno-7-24"></a><span class="k">ENTRYPOINT</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="p">[</span><span class="s2">&quot;dotnet&quot;</span><span class="p">,</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="s2">&quot;&lt;project&gt;.dll&quot;</span><span class="p">]</span>
+</code></pre></div></td></tr></table></div>
+<hr />
+<h2 id="networking"><a href="https://docs.docker.com/engine/reference/commandline/network/">Networking</a></h2>
+<p>Starting container networks: <code>bridge</code> (default), <code>none</code>, <code>host</code>.</p>
+<div class="highlight"><table class="highlighttable"><tr><th colspan="2" class="filename"><span class="filename">Bash</span></th></tr><tr><td class="linenos"><div class="linenodiv"><pre><span></span><span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-8-1">1</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-8-2">2</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-8-3">3</a></span></pre></div></td><td class="code"><div><pre><span></span><code><a id="__codelineno-8-1" name="__codelineno-8-1"></a>docker<span class="w"> </span>run<span class="w"> </span>&lt;image&gt;<span class="w"> </span>--network<span class="o">=</span>none/host<span class="w">  </span><span class="c1"># specify a non-default network to be used</span>
+<a id="__codelineno-8-2" name="__codelineno-8-2"></a>docker<span class="w"> </span>run<span class="w"> </span>&lt;image&gt;<span class="w"> </span>--add-host<span class="o">=</span>&lt;hostname&gt;:&lt;ip&gt;<span class="w">  </span><span class="c1"># add hostname mapping</span>
+<a id="__codelineno-8-3" name="__codelineno-8-3"></a>docker<span class="w"> </span>network<span class="w"> </span>ls<span class="w">  </span><span class="c1"># list all available networks</span>
+</code></pre></div></td></tr></table></div>
+<ul>
+<li><strong>Bridge</strong>: Private internal network created by Docker.
+  All containers ara attached to this network by default and get an IP in the <code>172.17.xxx.xxx-172.12.xxx.xxx</code> series.<br />
+  Containers can access each other by using the IP <code>172.17.0.1</code>.<br />
+  It is possible to create multiple sub-networks in the bridge network to isolate groups of containers from each other.</li>
+<li><strong>Host</strong>: Removes any network isolation between the host and the containers. Cannot run multiple containers on the same port.</li>
+<li><strong>None</strong>: Containers are not attached to a network and cannot access other containers or the external network.</li>
+</ul>
+<blockquote>
+<p><strong>Note</strong>: Mapping <code>host-gateway</code> to an hostname allows the container to reach the host network even with networks types different from <code>host</code></p>
+</blockquote>
+<h3 id="user-defined-networks">User-defined Networks</h3>
+<div class="highlight"><table class="highlighttable"><tr><th colspan="2" class="filename"><span class="filename">Bash</span></th></tr><tr><td class="linenos"><div class="linenodiv"><pre><span></span><span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-9-1">1</a></span></pre></div></td><td class="code"><div><pre><span></span><code><a id="__codelineno-9-1" name="__codelineno-9-1"></a>docker<span class="w"> </span>network<span class="w"> </span>create<span class="w"> </span>--driver<span class="w"> </span>NETWORK_TYPE<span class="w"> </span>--subnet<span class="w"> </span>GATEWAY_TP/SUBNET_MASK_SIZE<span class="w"> </span>NETWORK_NAME
+</code></pre></div></td></tr></table></div>
+<h3 id="embedded-dns">Embedded DNS</h3>
+<p>Docker has an internal DNS that allows finding other container by their name instead of their IP. The DNS always runs at the address <code>127.0.0.11</code>.</p>
+<h3 id="exposing-ports">Exposing Ports</h3>
+<p>By default, containers on bridge networks don't expose any ports to the outside world. Using the <code>--publish</code> or <code>-p</code> flag makes a port available to services outside the bridge network. This creates a firewall rule in the host, mapping a container port to a port on the Docker host to the outside world.</p>
+<p>Here are some examples:</p>
+<table>
+<thead>
+<tr>
+<th>Flag value</th>
+<th>Description</th>
+</tr>
+</thead>
+<tbody>
+<tr>
+<td><code>-p 8080:80</code></td>
+<td>Map port <code>8080</code> on the host to <strong>TCP</strong> port <code>80</code> in the container.</td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+<td><code>-p 192.168.1.100:8080:80</code></td>
+<td>Map port <code>8080</code> on the host IP <code>192.168.1.100</code> to <strong>TCP</strong> port <code>80</code> in the container.</td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+<td><code>-p 8080:80/udp</code></td>
+<td>Map port <code>8080</code> on the host to <strong>UDP</strong> port <code>80</code> in the container.</td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+<td><code>-p 8080:80/tcp -p 8080:80/udp</code></td>
+<td>Map <strong>TCP</strong> and <strong>UDP</strong> port <code>8080</code> on the host to TCP and UDP port <code>80</code> in the container.</td>
+</tr>
+</tbody>
+</table>
+<blockquote>
+<p><strong>Warn</strong>: Publishing container ports is <em>insecure by default</em>. A published port it becomes available not only to the host, but to the outside world as well.<br />
+If the localhost IP address (<code>127.0.0.1</code>, or <code>::1</code>) is included with the publish flag, only the host and its containers can access the published container port.</p>
+<div class="highlight"><table class="highlighttable"><tr><th colspan="2" class="filename"><span class="filename">Bash</span></th></tr><tr><td class="linenos"><div class="linenodiv"><pre><span></span><span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-10-1">1</a></span></pre></div></td><td class="code"><div><pre><span></span><code><a id="__codelineno-10-1" name="__codelineno-10-1"></a>docker<span class="w"> </span>run<span class="w"> </span>--publish<span class="w"> </span><span class="m">127</span>.0.0.1:8080:80<span class="w"> </span>--publish<span class="w"> </span><span class="s1">&#39;[::1]:8080:80&#39;</span><span class="w"> </span>nginx
+</code></pre></div></td></tr></table></div>
+</blockquote>
+<hr />
+<h2 id="docker-storage">Docker Storage</h2>
+<h2 id="file-system">File System</h2>
+<div class="highlight"><table class="highlighttable"><tr><th colspan="2" class="filename"><span class="filename">Bash</span></th></tr><tr><td class="linenos"><div class="linenodiv"><pre><span></span><span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-11-1">1</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-11-2">2</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-11-3">3</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-11-4">4</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-11-5">5</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-11-6">6</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-11-7">7</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-11-8">8</a></span></pre></div></td><td class="code"><div><pre><span></span><code><a id="__codelineno-11-1" name="__codelineno-11-1"></a>/var/lib/docker
+<a id="__codelineno-11-2" name="__codelineno-11-2"></a><span class="p">|</span>_&lt;storage_driver&gt;
+<a id="__codelineno-11-3" name="__codelineno-11-3"></a><span class="p">|</span>_containers
+<a id="__codelineno-11-4" name="__codelineno-11-4"></a><span class="p">|</span>_image
+<a id="__codelineno-11-5" name="__codelineno-11-5"></a><span class="p">|</span>_network
+<a id="__codelineno-11-6" name="__codelineno-11-6"></a><span class="p">|</span>_volumes
+<a id="__codelineno-11-7" name="__codelineno-11-7"></a><span class="p">|</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="p">|</span>_specific_volume
+<a id="__codelineno-11-8" name="__codelineno-11-8"></a><span class="p">|</span>_...
+</code></pre></div></td></tr></table></div>
+<h3 id="copy-on-write">Copy-On-Write</h3>
+<p>To modify a file during while the container runs docker creates a local copy in the specific container and the local copy will be modified.</p>
+<h3 id="volumes">Volumes</h3>
+<p><strong>volume mounting</strong>: create a volume under the docker installation folder (<code>/var/lib/docker/volumes/</code>).
+<strong>bind mounting</strong>: link docker to an exiting folder to be used as a volume.</p>
+<div class="highlight"><table class="highlighttable"><tr><th colspan="2" class="filename"><span class="filename">Bash</span></th></tr><tr><td class="linenos"><div class="linenodiv"><pre><span></span><span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-12-1">1</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-12-2">2</a></span></pre></div></td><td class="code"><div><pre><span></span><code><a id="__codelineno-12-1" name="__codelineno-12-1"></a>docker<span class="w"> </span>run<span class="w"> </span>-v<span class="w"> </span>&lt;existing_dir&gt;:&lt;container_dir&gt;<span class="w"> </span>&lt;image&gt;:&lt;tag&gt;<span class="w">  </span><span class="c1"># older command for bind mounting</span>
+<a id="__codelineno-12-2" name="__codelineno-12-2"></a>docker<span class="w"> </span>run<span class="w"> </span>--mount<span class="w"> </span><span class="nv">type</span><span class="o">=</span>bind,<span class="w"> </span><span class="nv">source</span><span class="o">=</span>:&lt;existing_dir&gt;,<span class="w"> </span><span class="nv">target</span><span class="o">=</span>&lt;container_dir&gt;<span class="w"> </span>&lt;image&gt;:&lt;tag&gt;<span class="w">  </span><span class="c1"># modern command for bind mounting</span>
+</code></pre></div></td></tr></table></div>
+<hr />
+<h2 id="docker-compose">Docker Compose</h2>
+<p>Compose is a tool for defining and running multi-container Docker applications. With Compose, you use a YAML file to configure your application’s services. Then, with a single command, you create and start all the services from your configuration.</p>
+<p>Using Compose is basically a three-step process:</p>
+<ol>
+<li>Define the app’s environment with a <code>Dockerfile</code> so it can be reproduced anywhere.</li>
+<li>Define the services that make up your app in <code>docker-compose.yml</code> so they can be run together in an isolated environment.</li>
+<li>Run <code>docker-compose up</code> and Compose starts and runs the entire app.</li>
+</ol>
+<div class="highlight"><table class="highlighttable"><tr><th colspan="2" class="filename"><span class="filename">YAML</span></th></tr><tr><td class="linenos"><div class="linenodiv"><pre><span></span><span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-13-1"> 1</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-13-2"> 2</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-13-3"> 3</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-13-4"> 4</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-13-5"> 5</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-13-6"> 6</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-13-7"> 7</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-13-8"> 8</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-13-9"> 9</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-13-10">10</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-13-11">11</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-13-12">12</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-13-13">13</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-13-14">14</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-13-15">15</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-13-16">16</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-13-17">17</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-13-18">18</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-13-19">19</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-13-20">20</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-13-21">21</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-13-22">22</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-13-23">23</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-13-24">24</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-13-25">25</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-13-26">26</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-13-27">27</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-13-28">28</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-13-29">29</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-13-30">30</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-13-31">31</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-13-32">32</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-13-33">33</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-13-34">34</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-13-35">35</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-13-36">36</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-13-37">37</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-13-38">38</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-13-39">39</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-13-40">40</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-13-41">41</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-13-42">42</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-13-43">43</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-13-44">44</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-13-45">45</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-13-46">46</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-13-47">47</a></span></pre></div></td><td class="code"><div><pre><span></span><code><a id="__codelineno-13-1" name="__codelineno-13-1"></a><span class="nt">version</span><span class="p">:</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="l l-Scalar l-Scalar-Plain">3.x</span>
+<a id="__codelineno-13-2" name="__codelineno-13-2"></a><span class="nt">services</span><span class="p">:</span>
+<a id="__codelineno-13-3" name="__codelineno-13-3"></a><span class="w">  </span><span class="nt">&lt;service_name&gt;</span><span class="p">:</span>
+<a id="__codelineno-13-4" name="__codelineno-13-4"></a><span class="w">    </span><span class="nt">image</span><span class="p">:</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="l l-Scalar l-Scalar-Plain">&lt;image_name&gt;</span>
+<a id="__codelineno-13-5" name="__codelineno-13-5"></a><span class="w">    </span><span class="nt">image</span><span class="p">:</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="l l-Scalar l-Scalar-Plain">&lt;image_url&gt;</span>
+<a id="__codelineno-13-6" name="__codelineno-13-6"></a><span class="w">    </span><span class="nt">build</span><span class="p">:</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="l l-Scalar l-Scalar-Plain">&lt;path&gt;</span><span class="w">  </span><span class="c1"># path to folder containing a Dockerfile to build the image</span>
+<a id="__codelineno-13-7" name="__codelineno-13-7"></a><span class="w">    </span><span class="nt">build</span><span class="p">:</span>
+<a id="__codelineno-13-8" name="__codelineno-13-8"></a><span class="w">      </span><span class="nt">context</span><span class="p">:</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="l l-Scalar l-Scalar-Plain">&lt;path&gt;</span>
+<a id="__codelineno-13-9" name="__codelineno-13-9"></a><span class="w">      </span><span class="nt">dockerfile</span><span class="p">:</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="l l-Scalar l-Scalar-Plain">&lt;*.Dockerfile&gt;</span>
+<a id="__codelineno-13-10" name="__codelineno-13-10"></a><span class="w">      </span><span class="nt">args</span><span class="p">:</span><span class="w">  </span><span class="c1"># pass args to dockerfile</span>
+<a id="__codelineno-13-11" name="__codelineno-13-11"></a><span class="w">        </span><span class="nt">ARG</span><span class="p">:</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="l l-Scalar l-Scalar-Plain">&lt;value&gt;</span>
+<a id="__codelineno-13-12" name="__codelineno-13-12"></a><span class="w">        </span><span class="p p-Indicator">-</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="l l-Scalar l-Scalar-Plain">ARG=&lt;value&gt;</span>
+<a id="__codelineno-13-13" name="__codelineno-13-13"></a><span class="w">    </span><span class="nt">ports</span><span class="p">:</span><span class="w"> </span>
+<a id="__codelineno-13-14" name="__codelineno-13-14"></a><span class="w">      </span><span class="p p-Indicator">-</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="l l-Scalar l-Scalar-Plain">&lt;host_port&gt;:&lt;container_port&gt;</span>
+<a id="__codelineno-13-15" name="__codelineno-13-15"></a><span class="w">    </span><span class="nt">extra_hosts</span><span class="p">:</span><span class="w">  </span><span class="c1"># add hostname mappings to container network interface config</span>
+<a id="__codelineno-13-16" name="__codelineno-13-16"></a><span class="w">      </span><span class="p p-Indicator">-</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="l l-Scalar l-Scalar-Plain">&lt;hostname&gt;:&lt;ip&gt;</span>
+<a id="__codelineno-13-17" name="__codelineno-13-17"></a><span class="w">      </span><span class="p p-Indicator">-</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="l l-Scalar l-Scalar-Plain">&lt;hostname&gt;:host-gateway</span><span class="w">  </span><span class="c1"># map host machine network</span>
+<a id="__codelineno-13-18" name="__codelineno-13-18"></a><span class="w">    </span><span class="nt">profiles</span><span class="p">:</span><span class="w">  </span><span class="c1"># partition services into sets</span>
+<a id="__codelineno-13-19" name="__codelineno-13-19"></a><span class="w">      </span><span class="p p-Indicator">-</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="l l-Scalar l-Scalar-Plain">&lt;profile_name&gt;</span>
+<a id="__codelineno-13-20" name="__codelineno-13-20"></a><span class="w">    </span><span class="nt">networks</span><span class="p">:</span><span class="w">  </span><span class="c1"># attach container to one or more networks</span>
+<a id="__codelineno-13-21" name="__codelineno-13-21"></a><span class="w">      </span><span class="p p-Indicator">-</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="l l-Scalar l-Scalar-Plain">&lt;network_name&gt;</span>
+<a id="__codelineno-13-22" name="__codelineno-13-22"></a><span class="w">    </span><span class="nt">depends_on</span><span class="p">:</span><span class="w">  </span><span class="c1"># make sure dependencies are running before this container</span>
+<a id="__codelineno-13-23" name="__codelineno-13-23"></a><span class="w">      </span><span class="p p-Indicator">-</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="l l-Scalar l-Scalar-Plain">&lt;container_name&gt;</span>
+<a id="__codelineno-13-24" name="__codelineno-13-24"></a><span class="w">    </span><span class="nt">environment</span><span class="p">:</span><span class="w">  </span><span class="c1"># declare a env vars for this service</span>
+<a id="__codelineno-13-25" name="__codelineno-13-25"></a><span class="w">      </span><span class="nt">ENV_VAR</span><span class="p">:</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="l l-Scalar l-Scalar-Plain">&lt;value&gt;</span>
+<a id="__codelineno-13-26" name="__codelineno-13-26"></a><span class="w">      </span><span class="p p-Indicator">-</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="l l-Scalar l-Scalar-Plain">ENV_VAR=&lt;value&gt;</span>
+<a id="__codelineno-13-27" name="__codelineno-13-27"></a><span class="w">    </span><span class="nt">env_file</span><span class="p">:</span>
+<a id="__codelineno-13-28" name="__codelineno-13-28"></a><span class="w">      </span><span class="p p-Indicator">-</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="l l-Scalar l-Scalar-Plain">&lt;path/to/env/file&gt;</span><span class="w">  </span><span class="c1"># reusable env file</span>
+<a id="__codelineno-13-29" name="__codelineno-13-29"></a><span class="w">    </span><span class="nt">volumes</span><span class="p">:</span>
+<a id="__codelineno-13-30" name="__codelineno-13-30"></a><span class="w">      </span><span class="p p-Indicator">-</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="s">&quot;./&lt;rel/path/to/volume&gt;:&lt;in/container/path/to/data&gt;&quot;</span><span class="w">  </span><span class="c1"># service-dedicated volume</span>
+<a id="__codelineno-13-31" name="__codelineno-13-31"></a><span class="w">      </span><span class="p p-Indicator">-</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="s">&quot;&lt;volume_name&gt;:&lt;in/container/path/to/data&gt;&quot;</span><span class="w">  </span><span class="c1"># reuseable volume</span>
+<a id="__codelineno-13-32" name="__codelineno-13-32"></a><span class="w">    </span><span class="nt">healthcheck</span><span class="p">:</span>
+<a id="__codelineno-13-33" name="__codelineno-13-33"></a><span class="w">      </span><span class="nt">disable</span><span class="p">:</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="l l-Scalar l-Scalar-Plain">&lt;bool&gt;</span><span class="w">  </span><span class="c1"># set to true to disable</span>
+<a id="__codelineno-13-34" name="__codelineno-13-34"></a><span class="w">      </span><span class="nt">test</span><span class="p">:</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="l l-Scalar l-Scalar-Plain">curl -f http://localhost</span><span class="w">  </span><span class="c1"># set to [&quot;NONE&quot;] to disable</span>
+<a id="__codelineno-13-35" name="__codelineno-13-35"></a><span class="w">      </span><span class="nt">interval</span><span class="p">:</span><span class="w">  </span><span class="c1"># interval between checks (default 30s)</span>
+<a id="__codelineno-13-36" name="__codelineno-13-36"></a><span class="w">      </span><span class="nt">timeout</span><span class="p">:</span><span class="w">  </span><span class="c1"># check fail timeout (default 30s)</span>
+<a id="__codelineno-13-37" name="__codelineno-13-37"></a><span class="w">      </span><span class="nt">retries</span><span class="p">:</span><span class="w">  </span><span class="c1"># num of retries before unhealty (default 3)</span>
+<a id="__codelineno-13-38" name="__codelineno-13-38"></a><span class="w">      </span><span class="nt">start_period</span><span class="p">:</span><span class="w">  </span><span class="c1"># container init grace pediod (default 5s)</span>
+<a id="__codelineno-13-39" name="__codelineno-13-39"></a><span class="w">      </span><span class="nt">start_interval</span><span class="p">:</span><span class="w">  </span><span class="c1"># check interval in start period</span>
+<a id="__codelineno-13-40" name="__codelineno-13-40"></a>
+<a id="__codelineno-13-41" name="__codelineno-13-41"></a><span class="c1"># reusable volume definitions</span>
+<a id="__codelineno-13-42" name="__codelineno-13-42"></a><span class="nt">volumes</span><span class="p">:</span>
+<a id="__codelineno-13-43" name="__codelineno-13-43"></a><span class="w">  </span><span class="p p-Indicator">-</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="nt">&lt;volume_name&gt;</span><span class="p">:</span>
+<a id="__codelineno-13-44" name="__codelineno-13-44"></a>
+<a id="__codelineno-13-45" name="__codelineno-13-45"></a><span class="c1"># create networks</span>
+<a id="__codelineno-13-46" name="__codelineno-13-46"></a><span class="nt">networks</span><span class="p">:</span>
+<a id="__codelineno-13-47" name="__codelineno-13-47"></a><span class="w">  </span><span class="nt">&lt;network_name&gt;</span><span class="p">:</span>
+</code></pre></div></td></tr></table></div>
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diff --git a/containers/kubernetes.html b/containers/kubernetes.html
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+  <a href="#cluster-architecture" class="md-nav__link">
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+</li>
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+  <a href="#service" class="md-nav__link">
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+  
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+          <li class="md-nav__item">
+  <a href="#ingress" class="md-nav__link">
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+  
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+          <li class="md-nav__item">
+  <a href="#configmap" class="md-nav__link">
+    <span class="md-ellipsis">
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+        
+          <li class="md-nav__item">
+  <a href="#secret" class="md-nav__link">
+    <span class="md-ellipsis">
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+          <li class="md-nav__item">
+  <a href="#deployment" class="md-nav__link">
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+  
+</li>
+        
+          <li class="md-nav__item">
+  <a href="#replicaset" class="md-nav__link">
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+      ReplicaSet
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+  
+</li>
+        
+          <li class="md-nav__item">
+  <a href="#statefulset" class="md-nav__link">
+    <span class="md-ellipsis">
+      StatefulSet
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+  
+</li>
+        
+          <li class="md-nav__item">
+  <a href="#daemonset" class="md-nav__link">
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+  
+</li>
+        
+          <li class="md-nav__item">
+  <a href="#jobs" class="md-nav__link">
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+  
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+        <li class="md-nav__item">
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+      
+        <li class="md-nav__item">
+  <a href="#kubectl" class="md-nav__link">
+    <span class="md-ellipsis">
+      kubectl
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+  
+    <nav class="md-nav" aria-label="kubectl">
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+        
+          <li class="md-nav__item">
+  <a href="#kubectl-get" class="md-nav__link">
+    <span class="md-ellipsis">
+      kubectl get
+    </span>
+  </a>
+  
+</li>
+        
+          <li class="md-nav__item">
+  <a href="#kubectl-exec" class="md-nav__link">
+    <span class="md-ellipsis">
+      kubectl exec
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+  
+</li>
+        
+          <li class="md-nav__item">
+  <a href="#kubectl-logs" class="md-nav__link">
+    <span class="md-ellipsis">
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+  
+    <li class="md-nav__item">
+      <a href="../languages/swift/swift.html" class="md-nav__link">
+        
+  
+  <span class="md-ellipsis">
+    Swift
+  </span>
+  
+
+      </a>
+    </li>
+  
+
+              
+            
+              
+                
+  
+  
+  
+  
+    
+    
+      
+        
+      
+        
+      
+    
+    
+      
+      
+        
+      
+    
+    
+    <li class="md-nav__item md-nav__item--nested">
+      
+        
+        
+        <input class="md-nav__toggle md-toggle " type="checkbox" id="__nav_4_7" >
+        
+          
+          <label class="md-nav__link" for="__nav_4_7" id="__nav_4_7_label" tabindex="0">
+            
+  
+  <span class="md-ellipsis">
+    Assembly
+  </span>
+  
+
+            <span class="md-nav__icon md-icon"></span>
+          </label>
+        
+        <nav class="md-nav" data-md-level="2" aria-labelledby="__nav_4_7_label" aria-expanded="false">
+          <label class="md-nav__title" for="__nav_4_7">
+            <span class="md-nav__icon md-icon"></span>
+            Assembly
+          </label>
+          <ul class="md-nav__list" data-md-scrollfix>
+            
+              
+                
+  
+  
+  
+  
+    <li class="md-nav__item">
+      <a href="../languages/assembly/intel.html" class="md-nav__link">
+        
+  
+  <span class="md-ellipsis">
+    Intel
+  </span>
+  
+
+      </a>
+    </li>
+  
+
+              
+            
+              
+                
+  
+  
+  
+  
+    <li class="md-nav__item">
+      <a href="../languages/assembly/riscv.html" class="md-nav__link">
+        
+  
+  <span class="md-ellipsis">
+    RISC-V
+  </span>
+  
+
+      </a>
+    </li>
+  
+
+              
+            
+          </ul>
+        </nav>
+      
+    </li>
+  
+
+              
+            
+              
+                
+  
+  
+  
+  
+    
+    
+      
+        
+      
+        
+      
+        
+      
+    
+    
+      
+      
+        
+      
+    
+    
+    <li class="md-nav__item md-nav__item--nested">
+      
+        
+        
+        <input class="md-nav__toggle md-toggle " type="checkbox" id="__nav_4_8" >
+        
+          
+          <label class="md-nav__link" for="__nav_4_8" id="__nav_4_8_label" tabindex="0">
+            
+  
+  <span class="md-ellipsis">
+    Python
+  </span>
+  
+
+            <span class="md-nav__icon md-icon"></span>
+          </label>
+        
+        <nav class="md-nav" data-md-level="2" aria-labelledby="__nav_4_8_label" aria-expanded="false">
+          <label class="md-nav__title" for="__nav_4_8">
+            <span class="md-nav__icon md-icon"></span>
+            Python
+          </label>
+          <ul class="md-nav__list" data-md-scrollfix>
+            
+              
+                
+  
+  
+  
+  
+    <li class="md-nav__item">
+      <a href="../languages/python/python.html" class="md-nav__link">
+        
+  
+  <span class="md-ellipsis">
+    Python
+  </span>
+  
+
+      </a>
+    </li>
+  
+
+              
+            
+              
+                
+  
+  
+  
+  
+    
+    
+      
+        
+      
+        
+      
+        
+      
+        
+      
+        
+      
+        
+      
+        
+      
+        
+      
+        
+      
+        
+      
+        
+      
+        
+      
+        
+      
+    
+    
+      
+      
+        
+      
+    
+    
+    <li class="md-nav__item md-nav__item--nested">
+      
+        
+        
+        <input class="md-nav__toggle md-toggle " type="checkbox" id="__nav_4_8_2" >
+        
+          
+          <label class="md-nav__link" for="__nav_4_8_2" id="__nav_4_8_2_label" tabindex="0">
+            
+  
+  <span class="md-ellipsis">
+    Modules
+  </span>
+  
+
+            <span class="md-nav__icon md-icon"></span>
+          </label>
+        
+        <nav class="md-nav" data-md-level="3" aria-labelledby="__nav_4_8_2_label" aria-expanded="false">
+          <label class="md-nav__title" for="__nav_4_8_2">
+            <span class="md-nav__icon md-icon"></span>
+            Modules
+          </label>
+          <ul class="md-nav__list" data-md-scrollfix>
+            
+              
+                
+  
+  
+  
+  
+    <li class="md-nav__item">
+      <a href="../languages/python/modules/argparse.html" class="md-nav__link">
+        
+  
+  <span class="md-ellipsis">
+    argparse
+  </span>
+  
+
+      </a>
+    </li>
+  
+
+              
+            
+              
+                
+  
+  
+  
+  
+    <li class="md-nav__item">
+      <a href="../languages/python/modules/collections.html" class="md-nav__link">
+        
+  
+  <span class="md-ellipsis">
+    collection
+  </span>
+  
+
+      </a>
+    </li>
+  
+
+              
+            
+              
+                
+  
+  
+  
+  
+    <li class="md-nav__item">
+      <a href="../languages/python/modules/csv.html" class="md-nav__link">
+        
+  
+  <span class="md-ellipsis">
+    csv
+  </span>
+  
+
+      </a>
+    </li>
+  
+
+              
+            
+              
+                
+  
+  
+  
+  
+    <li class="md-nav__item">
+      <a href="../languages/python/modules/ftplib.html" class="md-nav__link">
+        
+  
+  <span class="md-ellipsis">
+    ftplib
+  </span>
+  
+
+      </a>
+    </li>
+  
+
+              
+            
+              
+                
+  
+  
+  
+  
+    <li class="md-nav__item">
+      <a href="../languages/python/modules/itertools.html" class="md-nav__link">
+        
+  
+  <span class="md-ellipsis">
+    itertools
+  </span>
+  
+
+      </a>
+    </li>
+  
+
+              
+            
+              
+                
+  
+  
+  
+  
+    <li class="md-nav__item">
+      <a href="../languages/python/modules/json.html" class="md-nav__link">
+        
+  
+  <span class="md-ellipsis">
+    json
+  </span>
+  
+
+      </a>
+    </li>
+  
+
+              
+            
+              
+                
+  
+  
+  
+  
+    <li class="md-nav__item">
+      <a href="../languages/python/modules/logging.html" class="md-nav__link">
+        
+  
+  <span class="md-ellipsis">
+    logging
+  </span>
+  
+
+      </a>
+    </li>
+  
+
+              
+            
+              
+                
+  
+  
+  
+  
+    <li class="md-nav__item">
+      <a href="../languages/python/modules/shutil.html" class="md-nav__link">
+        
+  
+  <span class="md-ellipsis">
+    shutil
+  </span>
+  
+
+      </a>
+    </li>
+  
+
+              
+            
+              
+                
+  
+  
+  
+  
+    <li class="md-nav__item">
+      <a href="../languages/python/modules/smtplib.html" class="md-nav__link">
+        
+  
+  <span class="md-ellipsis">
+    smtplib
+  </span>
+  
+
+      </a>
+    </li>
+  
+
+              
+            
+              
+                
+  
+  
+  
+  
+    <li class="md-nav__item">
+      <a href="../languages/python/modules/socket.html" class="md-nav__link">
+        
+  
+  <span class="md-ellipsis">
+    socket
+  </span>
+  
+
+      </a>
+    </li>
+  
+
+              
+            
+              
+                
+  
+  
+  
+  
+    <li class="md-nav__item">
+      <a href="../languages/python/modules/sqlite.html" class="md-nav__link">
+        
+  
+  <span class="md-ellipsis">
+    sqlite
+  </span>
+  
+
+      </a>
+    </li>
+  
+
+              
+            
+              
+                
+  
+  
+  
+  
+    <li class="md-nav__item">
+      <a href="../languages/python/modules/time-datetime.html" class="md-nav__link">
+        
+  
+  <span class="md-ellipsis">
+    time & datetime
+  </span>
+  
+
+      </a>
+    </li>
+  
+
+              
+            
+              
+                
+  
+  
+  
+  
+    <li class="md-nav__item">
+      <a href="../languages/python/modules/unittest.html" class="md-nav__link">
+        
+  
+  <span class="md-ellipsis">
+    unittest
+  </span>
+  
+
+      </a>
+    </li>
+  
+
+              
+            
+          </ul>
+        </nav>
+      
+    </li>
+  
+
+              
+            
+              
+                
+  
+  
+  
+  
+    
+    
+      
+        
+      
+        
+      
+        
+      
+        
+      
+        
+      
+        
+      
+    
+    
+      
+      
+        
+      
+    
+    
+    <li class="md-nav__item md-nav__item--nested">
+      
+        
+        
+        <input class="md-nav__toggle md-toggle " type="checkbox" id="__nav_4_8_3" >
+        
+          
+          <label class="md-nav__link" for="__nav_4_8_3" id="__nav_4_8_3_label" tabindex="0">
+            
+  
+  <span class="md-ellipsis">
+    Libraries
+  </span>
+  
+
+            <span class="md-nav__icon md-icon"></span>
+          </label>
+        
+        <nav class="md-nav" data-md-level="3" aria-labelledby="__nav_4_8_3_label" aria-expanded="false">
+          <label class="md-nav__title" for="__nav_4_8_3">
+            <span class="md-nav__icon md-icon"></span>
+            Libraries
+          </label>
+          <ul class="md-nav__list" data-md-scrollfix>
+            
+              
+                
+  
+  
+  
+  
+    <li class="md-nav__item">
+      <a href="../languages/python/libs/tkinter.html" class="md-nav__link">
+        
+  
+  <span class="md-ellipsis">
+    TKinter
+  </span>
+  
+
+      </a>
+    </li>
+  
+
+              
+            
+              
+                
+  
+  
+  
+  
+    <li class="md-nav__item">
+      <a href="../languages/python/libs/numpy.html" class="md-nav__link">
+        
+  
+  <span class="md-ellipsis">
+    Numpy
+  </span>
+  
+
+      </a>
+    </li>
+  
+
+              
+            
+              
+                
+  
+  
+  
+  
+    <li class="md-nav__item">
+      <a href="../languages/python/libs/pandas.html" class="md-nav__link">
+        
+  
+  <span class="md-ellipsis">
+    Pandas
+  </span>
+  
+
+      </a>
+    </li>
+  
+
+              
+            
+              
+                
+  
+  
+  
+  
+    <li class="md-nav__item">
+      <a href="../languages/python/libs/seaborn.html" class="md-nav__link">
+        
+  
+  <span class="md-ellipsis">
+    Seaborn
+  </span>
+  
+
+      </a>
+    </li>
+  
+
+              
+            
+              
+                
+  
+  
+  
+  
+    <li class="md-nav__item">
+      <a href="../languages/python/libs/requests.html" class="md-nav__link">
+        
+  
+  <span class="md-ellipsis">
+    Requests
+  </span>
+  
+
+      </a>
+    </li>
+  
+
+              
+            
+              
+                
+  
+  
+  
+  
+    <li class="md-nav__item">
+      <a href="../languages/python/libs/beautiful-soup.html" class="md-nav__link">
+        
+  
+  <span class="md-ellipsis">
+    Beatiful Soup
+  </span>
+  
+
+      </a>
+    </li>
+  
+
+              
+            
+          </ul>
+        </nav>
+      
+    </li>
+  
+
+              
+            
+          </ul>
+        </nav>
+      
+    </li>
+  
+
+              
+            
+              
+                
+  
+  
+  
+  
+    
+    
+      
+        
+      
+        
+      
+        
+      
+    
+    
+      
+      
+        
+      
+    
+    
+    <li class="md-nav__item md-nav__item--nested">
+      
+        
+        
+        <input class="md-nav__toggle md-toggle " type="checkbox" id="__nav_4_9" >
+        
+          
+          <label class="md-nav__link" for="__nav_4_9" id="__nav_4_9_label" tabindex="0">
+            
+  
+  <span class="md-ellipsis">
+    .NET
+  </span>
+  
+
+            <span class="md-nav__icon md-icon"></span>
+          </label>
+        
+        <nav class="md-nav" data-md-level="2" aria-labelledby="__nav_4_9_label" aria-expanded="false">
+          <label class="md-nav__title" for="__nav_4_9">
+            <span class="md-nav__icon md-icon"></span>
+            .NET
+          </label>
+          <ul class="md-nav__list" data-md-scrollfix>
+            
+              
+                
+  
+  
+  
+  
+    
+    
+      
+        
+      
+        
+      
+        
+      
+        
+      
+        
+      
+        
+      
+    
+    
+      
+      
+        
+      
+    
+    
+    <li class="md-nav__item md-nav__item--nested">
+      
+        
+        
+        <input class="md-nav__toggle md-toggle " type="checkbox" id="__nav_4_9_1" >
+        
+          
+          <label class="md-nav__link" for="__nav_4_9_1" id="__nav_4_9_1_label" tabindex="0">
+            
+  
+  <span class="md-ellipsis">
+    C#
+  </span>
+  
+
+            <span class="md-nav__icon md-icon"></span>
+          </label>
+        
+        <nav class="md-nav" data-md-level="3" aria-labelledby="__nav_4_9_1_label" aria-expanded="false">
+          <label class="md-nav__title" for="__nav_4_9_1">
+            <span class="md-nav__icon md-icon"></span>
+            C#
+          </label>
+          <ul class="md-nav__list" data-md-scrollfix>
+            
+              
+                
+  
+  
+  
+  
+    <li class="md-nav__item">
+      <a href="../languages/dotnet/csharp/csharp.html" class="md-nav__link">
+        
+  
+  <span class="md-ellipsis">
+    C#
+  </span>
+  
+
+      </a>
+    </li>
+  
+
+              
+            
+              
+                
+  
+  
+  
+  
+    <li class="md-nav__item">
+      <a href="../languages/dotnet/csharp/linq.html" class="md-nav__link">
+        
+  
+  <span class="md-ellipsis">
+    Linq
+  </span>
+  
+
+      </a>
+    </li>
+  
+
+              
+            
+              
+                
+  
+  
+  
+  
+    <li class="md-nav__item">
+      <a href="../languages/dotnet/csharp/collections.html" class="md-nav__link">
+        
+  
+  <span class="md-ellipsis">
+    Collections
+  </span>
+  
+
+      </a>
+    </li>
+  
+
+              
+            
+              
+                
+  
+  
+  
+  
+    <li class="md-nav__item">
+      <a href="../languages/dotnet/csharp/reactive-extensions.html" class="md-nav__link">
+        
+  
+  <span class="md-ellipsis">
+    Reactive Extensions
+  </span>
+  
+
+      </a>
+    </li>
+  
+
+              
+            
+              
+                
+  
+  
+  
+  
+    <li class="md-nav__item">
+      <a href="../languages/dotnet/csharp/async-programming.html" class="md-nav__link">
+        
+  
+  <span class="md-ellipsis">
+    Async Programming
+  </span>
+  
+
+      </a>
+    </li>
+  
+
+              
+            
+              
+                
+  
+  
+  
+  
+    <li class="md-nav__item">
+      <a href="../languages/dotnet/csharp/unit-tests.html" class="md-nav__link">
+        
+  
+  <span class="md-ellipsis">
+    Unit Tests
+  </span>
+  
+
+      </a>
+    </li>
+  
+
+              
+            
+          </ul>
+        </nav>
+      
+    </li>
+  
+
+              
+            
+              
+                
+  
+  
+  
+  
+    
+    
+      
+        
+      
+        
+      
+        
+      
+        
+      
+        
+      
+        
+      
+        
+      
+    
+    
+      
+      
+        
+      
+    
+    
+    <li class="md-nav__item md-nav__item--nested">
+      
+        
+        
+        <input class="md-nav__toggle md-toggle " type="checkbox" id="__nav_4_9_2" >
+        
+          
+          <label class="md-nav__link" for="__nav_4_9_2" id="__nav_4_9_2_label" tabindex="0">
+            
+  
+  <span class="md-ellipsis">
+    ASP.NET
+  </span>
+  
+
+            <span class="md-nav__icon md-icon"></span>
+          </label>
+        
+        <nav class="md-nav" data-md-level="3" aria-labelledby="__nav_4_9_2_label" aria-expanded="false">
+          <label class="md-nav__title" for="__nav_4_9_2">
+            <span class="md-nav__icon md-icon"></span>
+            ASP.NET
+          </label>
+          <ul class="md-nav__list" data-md-scrollfix>
+            
+              
+                
+  
+  
+  
+  
+    <li class="md-nav__item">
+      <a href="../languages/dotnet/asp.net/minimal-api.html" class="md-nav__link">
+        
+  
+  <span class="md-ellipsis">
+    Minimal API
+  </span>
+  
+
+      </a>
+    </li>
+  
+
+              
+            
+              
+                
+  
+  
+  
+  
+    <li class="md-nav__item">
+      <a href="../languages/dotnet/asp.net/filters.html" class="md-nav__link">
+        
+  
+  <span class="md-ellipsis">
+    FIlters
+  </span>
+  
+
+      </a>
+    </li>
+  
+
+              
+            
+              
+                
+  
+  
+  
+  
+    <li class="md-nav__item">
+      <a href="../languages/dotnet/asp.net/middleware.html" class="md-nav__link">
+        
+  
+  <span class="md-ellipsis">
+    Middleware
+  </span>
+  
+
+      </a>
+    </li>
+  
+
+              
+            
+              
+                
+  
+  
+  
+  
+    <li class="md-nav__item">
+      <a href="../languages/dotnet/asp.net/razor-syntax.html" class="md-nav__link">
+        
+  
+  <span class="md-ellipsis">
+    Razor Syntax
+  </span>
+  
+
+      </a>
+    </li>
+  
+
+              
+            
+              
+                
+  
+  
+  
+  
+    <li class="md-nav__item">
+      <a href="../languages/dotnet/asp.net/blazor.html" class="md-nav__link">
+        
+  
+  <span class="md-ellipsis">
+    Blazor
+  </span>
+  
+
+      </a>
+    </li>
+  
+
+              
+            
+              
+                
+  
+  
+  
+  
+    <li class="md-nav__item">
+      <a href="../languages/dotnet/asp.net/signalr.html" class="md-nav__link">
+        
+  
+  <span class="md-ellipsis">
+    SignalR
+  </span>
+  
+
+      </a>
+    </li>
+  
+
+              
+            
+              
+                
+  
+  
+  
+  
+    <li class="md-nav__item">
+      <a href="../languages/dotnet/asp.net/web-forms.html" class="md-nav__link">
+        
+  
+  <span class="md-ellipsis">
+    Web Forms
+  </span>
+  
+
+      </a>
+    </li>
+  
+
+              
+            
+          </ul>
+        </nav>
+      
+    </li>
+  
+
+              
+            
+              
+                
+  
+  
+  
+  
+    
+    
+      
+        
+      
+        
+      
+    
+    
+      
+      
+        
+      
+    
+    
+    <li class="md-nav__item md-nav__item--nested">
+      
+        
+        
+        <input class="md-nav__toggle md-toggle " type="checkbox" id="__nav_4_9_3" >
+        
+          
+          <label class="md-nav__link" for="__nav_4_9_3" id="__nav_4_9_3_label" tabindex="0">
+            
+  
+  <span class="md-ellipsis">
+    Database
+  </span>
+  
+
+            <span class="md-nav__icon md-icon"></span>
+          </label>
+        
+        <nav class="md-nav" data-md-level="3" aria-labelledby="__nav_4_9_3_label" aria-expanded="false">
+          <label class="md-nav__title" for="__nav_4_9_3">
+            <span class="md-nav__icon md-icon"></span>
+            Database
+          </label>
+          <ul class="md-nav__list" data-md-scrollfix>
+            
+              
+                
+  
+  
+  
+  
+    <li class="md-nav__item">
+      <a href="../languages/dotnet/database/ado.net.html" class="md-nav__link">
+        
+  
+  <span class="md-ellipsis">
+    ADO.NET
+  </span>
+  
+
+      </a>
+    </li>
+  
+
+              
+            
+              
+                
+  
+  
+  
+  
+    <li class="md-nav__item">
+      <a href="../languages/dotnet/database/entity-framework.html" class="md-nav__link">
+        
+  
+  <span class="md-ellipsis">
+    Entity Framework
+  </span>
+  
+
+      </a>
+    </li>
+  
+
+              
+            
+          </ul>
+        </nav>
+      
+    </li>
+  
+
+              
+            
+          </ul>
+        </nav>
+      
+    </li>
+  
+
+              
+            
+              
+                
+  
+  
+  
+  
+    
+    
+      
+        
+      
+        
+      
+        
+      
+        
+      
+    
+    
+      
+      
+        
+      
+    
+    
+    <li class="md-nav__item md-nav__item--nested">
+      
+        
+        
+        <input class="md-nav__toggle md-toggle " type="checkbox" id="__nav_4_10" >
+        
+          
+          <label class="md-nav__link" for="__nav_4_10" id="__nav_4_10_label" tabindex="0">
+            
+  
+  <span class="md-ellipsis">
+    Java
+  </span>
+  
+
+            <span class="md-nav__icon md-icon"></span>
+          </label>
+        
+        <nav class="md-nav" data-md-level="2" aria-labelledby="__nav_4_10_label" aria-expanded="false">
+          <label class="md-nav__title" for="__nav_4_10">
+            <span class="md-nav__icon md-icon"></span>
+            Java
+          </label>
+          <ul class="md-nav__list" data-md-scrollfix>
+            
+              
+                
+  
+  
+  
+  
+    <li class="md-nav__item">
+      <a href="../languages/java/java.html" class="md-nav__link">
+        
+  
+  <span class="md-ellipsis">
+    Java
+  </span>
+  
+
+      </a>
+    </li>
+  
+
+              
+            
+              
+                
+  
+  
+  
+  
+    <li class="md-nav__item">
+      <a href="../languages/java/java-collection-framework.html" class="md-nav__link">
+        
+  
+  <span class="md-ellipsis">
+    Java Collection Framework
+  </span>
+  
+
+      </a>
+    </li>
+  
+
+              
+            
+              
+                
+  
+  
+  
+  
+    <li class="md-nav__item">
+      <a href="../languages/java/dao.html" class="md-nav__link">
+        
+  
+  <span class="md-ellipsis">
+    DAO
+  </span>
+  
+
+      </a>
+    </li>
+  
+
+              
+            
+              
+                
+  
+  
+  
+  
+    
+    
+      
+        
+      
+        
+      
+    
+    
+      
+      
+        
+      
+    
+    
+    <li class="md-nav__item md-nav__item--nested">
+      
+        
+        
+        <input class="md-nav__toggle md-toggle " type="checkbox" id="__nav_4_10_4" >
+        
+          
+          <label class="md-nav__link" for="__nav_4_10_4" id="__nav_4_10_4_label" tabindex="0">
+            
+  
+  <span class="md-ellipsis">
+    Web
+  </span>
+  
+
+            <span class="md-nav__icon md-icon"></span>
+          </label>
+        
+        <nav class="md-nav" data-md-level="3" aria-labelledby="__nav_4_10_4_label" aria-expanded="false">
+          <label class="md-nav__title" for="__nav_4_10_4">
+            <span class="md-nav__icon md-icon"></span>
+            Web
+          </label>
+          <ul class="md-nav__list" data-md-scrollfix>
+            
+              
+                
+  
+  
+  
+  
+    <li class="md-nav__item">
+      <a href="../languages/java/web/servlet.html" class="md-nav__link">
+        
+  
+  <span class="md-ellipsis">
+    Serverlet
+  </span>
+  
+
+      </a>
+    </li>
+  
+
+              
+            
+              
+                
+  
+  
+  
+  
+    
+    
+      
+        
+      
+        
+      
+    
+    
+      
+      
+        
+      
+    
+    
+    <li class="md-nav__item md-nav__item--nested">
+      
+        
+        
+        <input class="md-nav__toggle md-toggle " type="checkbox" id="__nav_4_10_4_2" >
+        
+          
+          <label class="md-nav__link" for="__nav_4_10_4_2" id="__nav_4_10_4_2_label" tabindex="0">
+            
+  
+  <span class="md-ellipsis">
+    Spring
+  </span>
+  
+
+            <span class="md-nav__icon md-icon"></span>
+          </label>
+        
+        <nav class="md-nav" data-md-level="4" aria-labelledby="__nav_4_10_4_2_label" aria-expanded="false">
+          <label class="md-nav__title" for="__nav_4_10_4_2">
+            <span class="md-nav__icon md-icon"></span>
+            Spring
+          </label>
+          <ul class="md-nav__list" data-md-scrollfix>
+            
+              
+                
+  
+  
+  
+  
+    <li class="md-nav__item">
+      <a href="../languages/java/spring/pom.xml.html" class="md-nav__link">
+        
+  
+  <span class="md-ellipsis">
+    POM
+  </span>
+  
+
+      </a>
+    </li>
+  
+
+              
+            
+              
+                
+  
+  
+  
+  
+    <li class="md-nav__item">
+      <a href="../languages/java/spring/spring-project.html" class="md-nav__link">
+        
+  
+  <span class="md-ellipsis">
+    Project Structure
+  </span>
+  
+
+      </a>
+    </li>
+  
+
+              
+            
+          </ul>
+        </nav>
+      
+    </li>
+  
+
+              
+            
+          </ul>
+        </nav>
+      
+    </li>
+  
+
+              
+            
+          </ul>
+        </nav>
+      
+    </li>
+  
+
+              
+            
+              
+                
+  
+  
+  
+  
+    
+    
+      
+        
+      
+        
+      
+        
+      
+        
+      
+        
+      
+        
+      
+        
+      
+        
+      
+        
+      
+    
+    
+      
+      
+        
+      
+    
+    
+    <li class="md-nav__item md-nav__item--nested">
+      
+        
+        
+        <input class="md-nav__toggle md-toggle " type="checkbox" id="__nav_4_11" >
+        
+          
+          <label class="md-nav__link" for="__nav_4_11" id="__nav_4_11_label" tabindex="0">
+            
+  
+  <span class="md-ellipsis">
+    PHP
+  </span>
+  
+
+            <span class="md-nav__icon md-icon"></span>
+          </label>
+        
+        <nav class="md-nav" data-md-level="2" aria-labelledby="__nav_4_11_label" aria-expanded="false">
+          <label class="md-nav__title" for="__nav_4_11">
+            <span class="md-nav__icon md-icon"></span>
+            PHP
+          </label>
+          <ul class="md-nav__list" data-md-scrollfix>
+            
+              
+                
+  
+  
+  
+  
+    <li class="md-nav__item">
+      <a href="../languages/php/php.html" class="md-nav__link">
+        
+  
+  <span class="md-ellipsis">
+    PHP
+  </span>
+  
+
+      </a>
+    </li>
+  
+
+              
+            
+              
+                
+  
+  
+  
+  
+    <li class="md-nav__item">
+      <a href="../languages/php/database.html" class="md-nav__link">
+        
+  
+  <span class="md-ellipsis">
+    Database
+  </span>
+  
+
+      </a>
+    </li>
+  
+
+              
+            
+              
+                
+  
+  
+  
+  
+    <li class="md-nav__item">
+      <a href="../languages/php/web.html" class="md-nav__link">
+        
+  
+  <span class="md-ellipsis">
+    Web
+  </span>
+  
+
+      </a>
+    </li>
+  
+
+              
+            
+              
+                
+  
+  
+  
+  
+    <li class="md-nav__item">
+      <a href="../languages/php/dependency-injection.html" class="md-nav__link">
+        
+  
+  <span class="md-ellipsis">
+    Dependency Injection
+  </span>
+  
+
+      </a>
+    </li>
+  
+
+              
+            
+              
+                
+  
+  
+  
+  
+    <li class="md-nav__item">
+      <a href="../languages/php/unit-tests.html" class="md-nav__link">
+        
+  
+  <span class="md-ellipsis">
+    Unit Tests
+  </span>
+  
+
+      </a>
+    </li>
+  
+
+              
+            
+              
+                
+  
+  
+  
+  
+    <li class="md-nav__item">
+      <a href="../languages/php/composer.html" class="md-nav__link">
+        
+  
+  <span class="md-ellipsis">
+    Composer
+  </span>
+  
+
+      </a>
+    </li>
+  
+
+              
+            
+              
+                
+  
+  
+  
+  
+    <li class="md-nav__item">
+      <a href="../languages/php/psr-7.html" class="md-nav__link">
+        
+  
+  <span class="md-ellipsis">
+    PSR 7
+  </span>
+  
+
+      </a>
+    </li>
+  
+
+              
+            
+              
+                
+  
+  
+  
+  
+    <li class="md-nav__item">
+      <a href="../languages/php/plates-templating.html" class="md-nav__link">
+        
+  
+  <span class="md-ellipsis">
+    Plates
+  </span>
+  
+
+      </a>
+    </li>
+  
+
+              
+            
+              
+                
+  
+  
+  
+  
+    
+    
+      
+        
+      
+        
+      
+    
+    
+      
+      
+        
+      
+    
+    
+    <li class="md-nav__item md-nav__item--nested">
+      
+        
+        
+        <input class="md-nav__toggle md-toggle " type="checkbox" id="__nav_4_11_9" >
+        
+          
+          <label class="md-nav__link" for="__nav_4_11_9" id="__nav_4_11_9_label" tabindex="0">
+            
+  
+  <span class="md-ellipsis">
+    Simple MVC
+  </span>
+  
+
+            <span class="md-nav__icon md-icon"></span>
+          </label>
+        
+        <nav class="md-nav" data-md-level="3" aria-labelledby="__nav_4_11_9_label" aria-expanded="false">
+          <label class="md-nav__title" for="__nav_4_11_9">
+            <span class="md-nav__icon md-icon"></span>
+            Simple MVC
+          </label>
+          <ul class="md-nav__list" data-md-scrollfix>
+            
+              
+                
+  
+  
+  
+  
+    <li class="md-nav__item">
+      <a href="../languages/php/simple-mvc/simple-mvc.html" class="md-nav__link">
+        
+  
+  <span class="md-ellipsis">
+    Simple MVC
+  </span>
+  
+
+      </a>
+    </li>
+  
+
+              
+            
+              
+                
+  
+  
+  
+  
+    <li class="md-nav__item">
+      <a href="../languages/php/simple-mvc/rest-api.html" class="md-nav__link">
+        
+  
+  <span class="md-ellipsis">
+    REST API
+  </span>
+  
+
+      </a>
+    </li>
+  
+
+              
+            
+          </ul>
+        </nav>
+      
+    </li>
+  
+
+              
+            
+          </ul>
+        </nav>
+      
+    </li>
+  
+
+              
+            
+              
+                
+  
+  
+  
+  
+    
+    
+      
+        
+      
+        
+      
+        
+      
+        
+      
+        
+      
+    
+    
+      
+      
+        
+      
+    
+    
+    <li class="md-nav__item md-nav__item--nested">
+      
+        
+        
+        <input class="md-nav__toggle md-toggle " type="checkbox" id="__nav_4_12" >
+        
+          
+          <label class="md-nav__link" for="__nav_4_12" id="__nav_4_12_label" tabindex="0">
+            
+  
+  <span class="md-ellipsis">
+    Rust
+  </span>
+  
+
+            <span class="md-nav__icon md-icon"></span>
+          </label>
+        
+        <nav class="md-nav" data-md-level="2" aria-labelledby="__nav_4_12_label" aria-expanded="false">
+          <label class="md-nav__title" for="__nav_4_12">
+            <span class="md-nav__icon md-icon"></span>
+            Rust
+          </label>
+          <ul class="md-nav__list" data-md-scrollfix>
+            
+              
+                
+  
+  
+  
+  
+    <li class="md-nav__item">
+      <a href="../languages/rust/rust.html" class="md-nav__link">
+        
+  
+  <span class="md-ellipsis">
+    Rust
+  </span>
+  
+
+      </a>
+    </li>
+  
+
+              
+            
+              
+                
+  
+  
+  
+  
+    <li class="md-nav__item">
+      <a href="../languages/rust/macros.html" class="md-nav__link">
+        
+  
+  <span class="md-ellipsis">
+    Macros
+  </span>
+  
+
+      </a>
+    </li>
+  
+
+              
+            
+              
+                
+  
+  
+  
+  
+    <li class="md-nav__item">
+      <a href="../languages/rust/cargo.html" class="md-nav__link">
+        
+  
+  <span class="md-ellipsis">
+    Cargo
+  </span>
+  
+
+      </a>
+    </li>
+  
+
+              
+            
+              
+                
+  
+  
+  
+  
+    <li class="md-nav__item">
+      <a href="../languages/rust/concurrency.html" class="md-nav__link">
+        
+  
+  <span class="md-ellipsis">
+    Concurrency
+  </span>
+  
+
+      </a>
+    </li>
+  
+
+              
+            
+              
+                
+  
+  
+  
+  
+    <li class="md-nav__item">
+      <a href="../languages/rust/unit-tests.html" class="md-nav__link">
+        
+  
+  <span class="md-ellipsis">
+    Unit Tests
+  </span>
+  
+
+      </a>
+    </li>
+  
+
+              
+            
+          </ul>
+        </nav>
+      
+    </li>
+  
+
+              
+            
+              
+                
+  
+  
+  
+  
+    
+    
+      
+        
+      
+        
+      
+        
+      
+        
+      
+        
+      
+        
+      
+        
+      
+    
+    
+      
+      
+        
+      
+    
+    
+    <li class="md-nav__item md-nav__item--nested">
+      
+        
+        
+        <input class="md-nav__toggle md-toggle " type="checkbox" id="__nav_4_13" >
+        
+          
+          <label class="md-nav__link" for="__nav_4_13" id="__nav_4_13_label" tabindex="0">
+            
+  
+  <span class="md-ellipsis">
+    Javascript
+  </span>
+  
+
+            <span class="md-nav__icon md-icon"></span>
+          </label>
+        
+        <nav class="md-nav" data-md-level="2" aria-labelledby="__nav_4_13_label" aria-expanded="false">
+          <label class="md-nav__title" for="__nav_4_13">
+            <span class="md-nav__icon md-icon"></span>
+            Javascript
+          </label>
+          <ul class="md-nav__list" data-md-scrollfix>
+            
+              
+                
+  
+  
+  
+  
+    <li class="md-nav__item">
+      <a href="../languages/javascript/javascript.html" class="md-nav__link">
+        
+  
+  <span class="md-ellipsis">
+    Javascript
+  </span>
+  
+
+      </a>
+    </li>
+  
+
+              
+            
+              
+                
+  
+  
+  
+  
+    <li class="md-nav__item">
+      <a href="../languages/javascript/dom.html" class="md-nav__link">
+        
+  
+  <span class="md-ellipsis">
+    DOM
+  </span>
+  
+
+      </a>
+    </li>
+  
+
+              
+            
+              
+                
+  
+  
+  
+  
+    <li class="md-nav__item">
+      <a href="../languages/javascript/events-animation.html" class="md-nav__link">
+        
+  
+  <span class="md-ellipsis">
+    Events & Animation
+  </span>
+  
+
+      </a>
+    </li>
+  
+
+              
+            
+              
+                
+  
+  
+  
+  
+    <li class="md-nav__item">
+      <a href="../languages/javascript/ajax.html" class="md-nav__link">
+        
+  
+  <span class="md-ellipsis">
+    AJAX
+  </span>
+  
+
+      </a>
+    </li>
+  
+
+              
+            
+              
+                
+  
+  
+  
+  
+    <li class="md-nav__item">
+      <a href="../languages/javascript/jquery.html" class="md-nav__link">
+        
+  
+  <span class="md-ellipsis">
+    jQuery
+  </span>
+  
+
+      </a>
+    </li>
+  
+
+              
+            
+              
+                
+  
+  
+  
+  
+    
+    
+      
+        
+      
+        
+      
+        
+      
+        
+      
+        
+      
+    
+    
+      
+      
+        
+      
+    
+    
+    <li class="md-nav__item md-nav__item--nested">
+      
+        
+        
+        <input class="md-nav__toggle md-toggle " type="checkbox" id="__nav_4_13_6" >
+        
+          
+          <label class="md-nav__link" for="__nav_4_13_6" id="__nav_4_13_6_label" tabindex="0">
+            
+  
+  <span class="md-ellipsis">
+    React
+  </span>
+  
+
+            <span class="md-nav__icon md-icon"></span>
+          </label>
+        
+        <nav class="md-nav" data-md-level="3" aria-labelledby="__nav_4_13_6_label" aria-expanded="false">
+          <label class="md-nav__title" for="__nav_4_13_6">
+            <span class="md-nav__icon md-icon"></span>
+            React
+          </label>
+          <ul class="md-nav__list" data-md-scrollfix>
+            
+              
+                
+  
+  
+  
+  
+    <li class="md-nav__item">
+      <a href="../languages/javascript/react/react.html" class="md-nav__link">
+        
+  
+  <span class="md-ellipsis">
+    React
+  </span>
+  
+
+      </a>
+    </li>
+  
+
+              
+            
+              
+                
+  
+  
+  
+  
+    <li class="md-nav__item">
+      <a href="../languages/javascript/react/react-router.html" class="md-nav__link">
+        
+  
+  <span class="md-ellipsis">
+    React Router
+  </span>
+  
+
+      </a>
+    </li>
+  
+
+              
+            
+              
+                
+  
+  
+  
+  
+    <li class="md-nav__item">
+      <a href="../languages/javascript/react/react-tests.html" class="md-nav__link">
+        
+  
+  <span class="md-ellipsis">
+    React Tests
+  </span>
+  
+
+      </a>
+    </li>
+  
+
+              
+            
+              
+                
+  
+  
+  
+  
+    <li class="md-nav__item">
+      <a href="../languages/javascript/react/redux.html" class="md-nav__link">
+        
+  
+  <span class="md-ellipsis">
+    Redux
+  </span>
+  
+
+      </a>
+    </li>
+  
+
+              
+            
+              
+                
+  
+  
+  
+  
+    <li class="md-nav__item">
+      <a href="../languages/javascript/react/redux-tests.html" class="md-nav__link">
+        
+  
+  <span class="md-ellipsis">
+    Redux Tests
+  </span>
+  
+
+      </a>
+    </li>
+  
+
+              
+            
+          </ul>
+        </nav>
+      
+    </li>
+  
+
+              
+            
+              
+                
+  
+  
+  
+  
+    <li class="md-nav__item">
+      <a href="../languages/javascript/svelte/svelte.html" class="md-nav__link">
+        
+  
+  <span class="md-ellipsis">
+    Svelte
+  </span>
+  
+
+      </a>
+    </li>
+  
+
+              
+            
+          </ul>
+        </nav>
+      
+    </li>
+  
+
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+            
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+      
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+        
+          
+          <label class="md-nav__link" for="__nav_4_14" id="__nav_4_14_label" tabindex="0">
+            
+  
+  <span class="md-ellipsis">
+    PowerShell
+  </span>
+  
+
+            <span class="md-nav__icon md-icon"></span>
+          </label>
+        
+        <nav class="md-nav" data-md-level="2" aria-labelledby="__nav_4_14_label" aria-expanded="false">
+          <label class="md-nav__title" for="__nav_4_14">
+            <span class="md-nav__icon md-icon"></span>
+            PowerShell
+          </label>
+          <ul class="md-nav__list" data-md-scrollfix>
+            
+              
+                
+  
+  
+  
+  
+    <li class="md-nav__item">
+      <a href="../languages/powershell/scripting.html" class="md-nav__link">
+        
+  
+  <span class="md-ellipsis">
+    Scripting
+  </span>
+  
+
+      </a>
+    </li>
+  
+
+              
+            
+              
+                
+  
+  
+  
+  
+    <li class="md-nav__item">
+      <a href="../languages/powershell/commands.html" class="md-nav__link">
+        
+  
+  <span class="md-ellipsis">
+    Commands
+  </span>
+  
+
+      </a>
+    </li>
+  
+
+              
+            
+          </ul>
+        </nav>
+      
+    </li>
+  
+
+              
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+    
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+        
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+    <li class="md-nav__item md-nav__item--nested">
+      
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+        <input class="md-nav__toggle md-toggle " type="checkbox" id="__nav_4_15" >
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+          <label class="md-nav__link" for="__nav_4_15" id="__nav_4_15_label" tabindex="0">
+            
+  
+  <span class="md-ellipsis">
+    Bash
+  </span>
+  
+
+            <span class="md-nav__icon md-icon"></span>
+          </label>
+        
+        <nav class="md-nav" data-md-level="2" aria-labelledby="__nav_4_15_label" aria-expanded="false">
+          <label class="md-nav__title" for="__nav_4_15">
+            <span class="md-nav__icon md-icon"></span>
+            Bash
+          </label>
+          <ul class="md-nav__list" data-md-scrollfix>
+            
+              
+                
+  
+  
+  
+  
+    <li class="md-nav__item">
+      <a href="../languages/bash/scripting.html" class="md-nav__link">
+        
+  
+  <span class="md-ellipsis">
+    Scripting
+  </span>
+  
+
+      </a>
+    </li>
+  
+
+              
+            
+              
+                
+  
+  
+  
+  
+    <li class="md-nav__item">
+      <a href="../languages/bash/commands.html" class="md-nav__link">
+        
+  
+  <span class="md-ellipsis">
+    Commands
+  </span>
+  
+
+      </a>
+    </li>
+  
+
+              
+            
+          </ul>
+        </nav>
+      
+    </li>
+  
+
+              
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+        </nav>
+      
+    </li>
+  
+
+    
+      
+      
+  
+  
+  
+  
+    
+    
+      
+        
+      
+        
+      
+        
+      
+        
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+        
+      
+    
+    
+      
+      
+        
+      
+    
+    
+    <li class="md-nav__item md-nav__item--nested">
+      
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+        <input class="md-nav__toggle md-toggle " type="checkbox" id="__nav_5" >
+        
+          
+          <label class="md-nav__link" for="__nav_5" id="__nav_5_label" tabindex="0">
+            
+  
+  <span class="md-ellipsis">
+    Misc
+  </span>
+  
+
+            <span class="md-nav__icon md-icon"></span>
+          </label>
+        
+        <nav class="md-nav" data-md-level="1" aria-labelledby="__nav_5_label" aria-expanded="false">
+          <label class="md-nav__title" for="__nav_5">
+            <span class="md-nav__icon md-icon"></span>
+            Misc
+          </label>
+          <ul class="md-nav__list" data-md-scrollfix>
+            
+              
+                
+  
+  
+  
+  
+    <li class="md-nav__item">
+      <a href="../misc/git.html" class="md-nav__link">
+        
+  
+  <span class="md-ellipsis">
+    Git
+  </span>
+  
+
+      </a>
+    </li>
+  
+
+              
+            
+              
+                
+  
+  
+  
+  
+    <li class="md-nav__item">
+      <a href="../misc/graph-ql.html" class="md-nav__link">
+        
+  
+  <span class="md-ellipsis">
+    GraphQL
+  </span>
+  
+
+      </a>
+    </li>
+  
+
+              
+            
+              
+                
+  
+  
+  
+  
+    <li class="md-nav__item">
+      <a href="../misc/regular-expressions.html" class="md-nav__link">
+        
+  
+  <span class="md-ellipsis">
+    RegEx
+  </span>
+  
+
+      </a>
+    </li>
+  
+
+              
+            
+              
+                
+  
+  
+  
+  
+    <li class="md-nav__item">
+      <a href="../misc/ssh.html" class="md-nav__link">
+        
+  
+  <span class="md-ellipsis">
+    SSH
+  </span>
+  
+
+      </a>
+    </li>
+  
+
+              
+            
+              
+                
+  
+  
+  
+  
+    <li class="md-nav__item">
+      <a href="../misc/web-components.html" class="md-nav__link">
+        
+  
+  <span class="md-ellipsis">
+    WebComponents
+  </span>
+  
+
+      </a>
+    </li>
+  
+
+              
+            
+          </ul>
+        </nav>
+      
+    </li>
+  
+
+    
+      
+      
+  
+  
+  
+  
+    
+    
+      
+        
+      
+        
+      
+    
+    
+      
+      
+        
+      
+    
+    
+    <li class="md-nav__item md-nav__item--nested">
+      
+        
+        
+        <input class="md-nav__toggle md-toggle " type="checkbox" id="__nav_6" >
+        
+          
+          <label class="md-nav__link" for="__nav_6" id="__nav_6_label" tabindex="0">
+            
+  
+  <span class="md-ellipsis">
+    Linux
+  </span>
+  
+
+            <span class="md-nav__icon md-icon"></span>
+          </label>
+        
+        <nav class="md-nav" data-md-level="1" aria-labelledby="__nav_6_label" aria-expanded="false">
+          <label class="md-nav__title" for="__nav_6">
+            <span class="md-nav__icon md-icon"></span>
+            Linux
+          </label>
+          <ul class="md-nav__list" data-md-scrollfix>
+            
+              
+                
+  
+  
+  
+  
+    
+    
+      
+        
+      
+        
+      
+        
+      
+    
+    
+      
+      
+        
+      
+    
+    
+    <li class="md-nav__item md-nav__item--nested">
+      
+        
+        
+        <input class="md-nav__toggle md-toggle " type="checkbox" id="__nav_6_1" >
+        
+          
+          <label class="md-nav__link" for="__nav_6_1" id="__nav_6_1_label" tabindex="0">
+            
+  
+  <span class="md-ellipsis">
+    Filesystem
+  </span>
+  
+
+            <span class="md-nav__icon md-icon"></span>
+          </label>
+        
+        <nav class="md-nav" data-md-level="2" aria-labelledby="__nav_6_1_label" aria-expanded="false">
+          <label class="md-nav__title" for="__nav_6_1">
+            <span class="md-nav__icon md-icon"></span>
+            Filesystem
+          </label>
+          <ul class="md-nav__list" data-md-scrollfix>
+            
+              
+                
+  
+  
+  
+  
+    <li class="md-nav__item">
+      <a href="../linux/filesystem/file-links.html" class="md-nav__link">
+        
+  
+  <span class="md-ellipsis">
+    File Links
+  </span>
+  
+
+      </a>
+    </li>
+  
+
+              
+            
+              
+                
+  
+  
+  
+  
+    <li class="md-nav__item">
+      <a href="../linux/filesystem/procfs.html" class="md-nav__link">
+        
+  
+  <span class="md-ellipsis">
+    /proc
+  </span>
+  
+
+      </a>
+    </li>
+  
+
+              
+            
+              
+                
+  
+  
+  
+  
+    <li class="md-nav__item">
+      <a href="../linux/filesystem/sysfs.html" class="md-nav__link">
+        
+  
+  <span class="md-ellipsis">
+    /sys
+  </span>
+  
+
+      </a>
+    </li>
+  
+
+              
+            
+          </ul>
+        </nav>
+      
+    </li>
+  
+
+              
+            
+              
+                
+  
+  
+  
+  
+    
+    
+      
+        
+      
+        
+      
+    
+    
+      
+      
+        
+      
+    
+    
+    <li class="md-nav__item md-nav__item--nested">
+      
+        
+        
+        <input class="md-nav__toggle md-toggle " type="checkbox" id="__nav_6_2" >
+        
+          
+          <label class="md-nav__link" for="__nav_6_2" id="__nav_6_2_label" tabindex="0">
+            
+  
+  <span class="md-ellipsis">
+    System Init
+  </span>
+  
+
+            <span class="md-nav__icon md-icon"></span>
+          </label>
+        
+        <nav class="md-nav" data-md-level="2" aria-labelledby="__nav_6_2_label" aria-expanded="false">
+          <label class="md-nav__title" for="__nav_6_2">
+            <span class="md-nav__icon md-icon"></span>
+            System Init
+          </label>
+          <ul class="md-nav__list" data-md-scrollfix>
+            
+              
+                
+  
+  
+  
+  
+    <li class="md-nav__item">
+      <a href="../linux/init/systemd.html" class="md-nav__link">
+        
+  
+  <span class="md-ellipsis">
+    Systemd
+  </span>
+  
+
+      </a>
+    </li>
+  
+
+              
+            
+              
+                
+  
+  
+  
+  
+    <li class="md-nav__item">
+      <a href="../linux/init/open-rc.html" class="md-nav__link">
+        
+  
+  <span class="md-ellipsis">
+    OpenRC
+  </span>
+  
+
+      </a>
+    </li>
+  
+
+              
+            
+          </ul>
+        </nav>
+      
+    </li>
+  
+
+              
+            
+          </ul>
+        </nav>
+      
+    </li>
+  
+
+    
+  </ul>
+</nav>
+                  </div>
+                </div>
+              </div>
+            
+            
+              
+              <div class="md-sidebar md-sidebar--secondary" data-md-component="sidebar" data-md-type="toc" >
+                <div class="md-sidebar__scrollwrap">
+                  <div class="md-sidebar__inner">
+                    
+
+<nav class="md-nav md-nav--secondary" aria-label="Table of contents">
+  
+  
+  
+    
+  
+  
+    <label class="md-nav__title" for="__toc">
+      <span class="md-nav__icon md-icon"></span>
+      Table of contents
+    </label>
+    <ul class="md-nav__list" data-md-component="toc" data-md-scrollfix>
+      
+        <li class="md-nav__item">
+  <a href="#cluster-architecture" class="md-nav__link">
+    <span class="md-ellipsis">
+      Cluster Architecture
+    </span>
+  </a>
+  
+    <nav class="md-nav" aria-label="Cluster Architecture">
+      <ul class="md-nav__list">
+        
+          <li class="md-nav__item">
+  <a href="#control-plane" class="md-nav__link">
+    <span class="md-ellipsis">
+      Control Plane
+    </span>
+  </a>
+  
+</li>
+        
+          <li class="md-nav__item">
+  <a href="#node" class="md-nav__link">
+    <span class="md-ellipsis">
+      Node
+    </span>
+  </a>
+  
+</li>
+        
+      </ul>
+    </nav>
+  
+</li>
+      
+        <li class="md-nav__item">
+  <a href="#kubernetes-components" class="md-nav__link">
+    <span class="md-ellipsis">
+      Kubernetes Components
+    </span>
+  </a>
+  
+    <nav class="md-nav" aria-label="Kubernetes Components">
+      <ul class="md-nav__list">
+        
+          <li class="md-nav__item">
+  <a href="#pod" class="md-nav__link">
+    <span class="md-ellipsis">
+      Pod
+    </span>
+  </a>
+  
+</li>
+        
+          <li class="md-nav__item">
+  <a href="#service" class="md-nav__link">
+    <span class="md-ellipsis">
+      Service
+    </span>
+  </a>
+  
+</li>
+        
+          <li class="md-nav__item">
+  <a href="#ingress" class="md-nav__link">
+    <span class="md-ellipsis">
+      Ingress
+    </span>
+  </a>
+  
+</li>
+        
+          <li class="md-nav__item">
+  <a href="#configmap" class="md-nav__link">
+    <span class="md-ellipsis">
+      ConfigMap
+    </span>
+  </a>
+  
+</li>
+        
+          <li class="md-nav__item">
+  <a href="#secret" class="md-nav__link">
+    <span class="md-ellipsis">
+      Secret
+    </span>
+  </a>
+  
+</li>
+        
+          <li class="md-nav__item">
+  <a href="#volumes" class="md-nav__link">
+    <span class="md-ellipsis">
+      Volumes
+    </span>
+  </a>
+  
+</li>
+        
+          <li class="md-nav__item">
+  <a href="#deployment" class="md-nav__link">
+    <span class="md-ellipsis">
+      Deployment
+    </span>
+  </a>
+  
+</li>
+        
+          <li class="md-nav__item">
+  <a href="#replicaset" class="md-nav__link">
+    <span class="md-ellipsis">
+      ReplicaSet
+    </span>
+  </a>
+  
+</li>
+        
+          <li class="md-nav__item">
+  <a href="#statefulset" class="md-nav__link">
+    <span class="md-ellipsis">
+      StatefulSet
+    </span>
+  </a>
+  
+</li>
+        
+          <li class="md-nav__item">
+  <a href="#daemonset" class="md-nav__link">
+    <span class="md-ellipsis">
+      DaemonSet
+    </span>
+  </a>
+  
+</li>
+        
+          <li class="md-nav__item">
+  <a href="#jobs" class="md-nav__link">
+    <span class="md-ellipsis">
+      Jobs
+    </span>
+  </a>
+  
+</li>
+        
+      </ul>
+    </nav>
+  
+</li>
+      
+        <li class="md-nav__item">
+  <a href="#kubernetes-configuration" class="md-nav__link">
+    <span class="md-ellipsis">
+      Kubernetes Configuration
+    </span>
+  </a>
+  
+</li>
+      
+        <li class="md-nav__item">
+  <a href="#kubectl" class="md-nav__link">
+    <span class="md-ellipsis">
+      kubectl
+    </span>
+  </a>
+  
+    <nav class="md-nav" aria-label="kubectl">
+      <ul class="md-nav__list">
+        
+          <li class="md-nav__item">
+  <a href="#kubectl-get" class="md-nav__link">
+    <span class="md-ellipsis">
+      kubectl get
+    </span>
+  </a>
+  
+</li>
+        
+          <li class="md-nav__item">
+  <a href="#kubectl-exec" class="md-nav__link">
+    <span class="md-ellipsis">
+      kubectl exec
+    </span>
+  </a>
+  
+</li>
+        
+          <li class="md-nav__item">
+  <a href="#kubectl-logs" class="md-nav__link">
+    <span class="md-ellipsis">
+      kubectl logs
+    </span>
+  </a>
+  
+</li>
+        
+      </ul>
+    </nav>
+  
+</li>
+      
+    </ul>
+  
+</nav>
+                  </div>
+                </div>
+              </div>
+            
+          
+          
+            <div class="md-content" data-md-component="content">
+              <article class="md-content__inner md-typeset">
+                
+                  
+
+  
+  
+
+
+<h1 id="kubernetes-k8s">Kubernetes (<code>k8s</code>)</h1>
+<h2 id="cluster-architecture">Cluster Architecture</h2>
+<p>A Kubernetes <strong>cluster</strong> consists of a set of worker machines, called <strong>nodes</strong>, that run <em>containerized</em> applications. Every cluster has at least one worker node.</p>
+<p>The worker node(s) host the <strong>pods</strong> that are the components of the application workload. The <strong>control plane</strong> manages the worker nodes and the pods in the cluster.<br />
+In production environments, the control plane usually runs across multiple computers and a cluster usually runs multiple nodes, providing fault-tolerance and high availability.</p>
+<p><img alt="kubernetes-cluster-overview" src="../img/kubernetes_cluster-overview.svg" /></p>
+<h3 id="control-plane">Control Plane</h3>
+<p>The control plane is the container orchestration layer that exposes the API and interfaces to define, deploy, and manage the lifecycle of containers. It's components are:</p>
+<ul>
+<li><strong>kube-apiserver</strong>: entrypoint of the cluster that exposes the kubernetes API</li>
+<li><strong>kube-controller-manager</strong>: keeps track of what is happening in the cluster</li>
+<li><strong>kube-scheduler</strong>: ensures pod placement on the nodes based on node resource availability</li>
+<li><strong>etcd</strong>: key-value store used as Kubernetes backing store for all cluster data</li>
+</ul>
+<blockquote>
+<p><strong>Note</strong>: in production environment there are <em>at least</em> two control planes to ensure constant availability of their functionalities</p>
+</blockquote>
+<h3 id="node">Node</h3>
+<p>Nodes are the worker machines in kubernetes. The node components are:</p>
+<ul>
+<li><strong>kubelet</strong>: the agent that runs on each node in the cluster. It makes sure that containers are running in a pod</li>
+<li><strong>kube-proxy</strong>: the network proxy part of the cluster <em>virtual network</em> that allows communication to pods from inside or outside of the cluster</li>
+<li><strong>container runtime</strong>: the software that is responsible for running containers</li>
+</ul>
+<h2 id="kubernetes-components">Kubernetes Components</h2>
+<h3 id="pod">Pod</h3>
+<p><strong>Pods</strong> are the smallest unit in kubernetes. They are an abstraction over a set of running containers. The pod abstraction is used to make kubernetes independent from the container technology.</p>
+<p>Each pod has it's own IP address inside the virtual network of the cluster; this makes pod communication possible.<br />
+Since pods are <em>ephemeral</em> resources when a pod dies another one will replace it. The new pod will get a new IP address.</p>
+<h3 id="service">Service</h3>
+<p><strong>Services</strong> are permanent IP addresses and ar used to resolve the issue of changing pod IPs. Each pod can be attached to a service. The lifecycle of a service is detached from a pod.<br />
+<em>External</em> services are used to make the contents of a pod accessible from the outside of the cluster while <em>internal</em> services are not exposed.</p>
+<h3 id="ingress">Ingress</h3>
+<p><strong>Ingresses</strong> are the components hat forwards external requests to specific services. Ingresses are used to expose services through secure protocols and friendly URLs instead of service IPs.</p>
+<h3 id="configmap">ConfigMap</h3>
+<p><strong>ConfigMaps</strong> are external configurations used to store non-confidential data in key-value pairs. Pods can consume ConfigMaps as environment variables, command-line arguments, or as configuration files in a volume.</p>
+<p>ConfigMaps allow to decouple environment-specific configuration from container images, so that applications are easily portable.</p>
+<h3 id="secret">Secret</h3>
+<p><strong>Secrets</strong> contains a small amount of sensitive data such as a password, a token, or a key. Such information might otherwise be put in a Pod specification or in a container image.</p>
+<p>Secrets are similar to ConfigMaps but are specifically intended to hold confidential data.</p>
+<p>Because Secrets can be created independently of the Pods that use them, there is less risk of the Secret (and its data) being exposed during the workflow of creating, viewing, and editing Pods.  </p>
+<blockquote>
+<p><strong>Warn</strong>: secrets, by default, are <em>not</em> encrypted: they are stored in base64. Consider using third-party encryption tools.</p>
+</blockquote>
+<h3 id="volumes">Volumes</h3>
+<p><strong>Volumes</strong> are physical storage attached to a pod in order to persist data when a pod is shut down.</p>
+<blockquote>
+<p><strong>Warn</strong>: kubernetes dows not manage data persistance. Backups must be managed externally.</p>
+</blockquote>
+<h3 id="deployment">Deployment</h3>
+<p><strong>Deployments</strong> are a description of the <em>desired state</em> of the cluster. The <em>deployment controller</em> changes the actual state to match the desired one.</p>
+<p>Deployments can be used to manage the scaling of the replicas of a pod.</p>
+<h3 id="replicaset">ReplicaSet</h3>
+<p><strong>ReplicaSets</strong> are groups of identical pods and are used to guarantee the availability of the replicated application. ReplicaSets are used to manage <em>stateless</em> applications.</p>
+<h3 id="statefulset">StatefulSet</h3>
+<p><strong>StatefulSets</strong> are group of pods with guarantees about the <em>ordering</em> and <em>uniqueness</em> of the pods. StatefulSets are used to manage pods that need consistent state like databases.</p>
+<h3 id="daemonset">DaemonSet</h3>
+<p><strong>DaemonSets</strong> ensure the <em>all or some</em> nodes in a cluster run a copy of a specific pod.</p>
+<h3 id="jobs">Jobs</h3>
+<p><strong>Jobs</strong> create one or more Pods and will continue to retry execution of the Pods until a specified number of them successfully terminate.</p>
+<p>As pods successfully complete, the Job tracks the successful completions. When a specified number of successful completions is reached, the task is complete.</p>
+<hr />
+<h2 id="kubernetes-configuration">Kubernetes Configuration</h2>
+<p>Each kubernetes configuration file is composed by 3 parts:</p>
+<ul>
+<li>metadata</li>
+<li>specification</li>
+<li>status (generated by k8s)</li>
+</ul>
+<blockquote>
+<p><strong>Note</strong>: kubernetes config files are written in YAML</p>
+</blockquote>
+<hr />
+<h2 id="kubectl"><code>kubectl</code></h2>
+<h3 id="kubectl-get"><code>kubectl get</code></h3>
+<div class="highlight"><table class="highlighttable"><tr><th colspan="2" class="filename"><span class="filename">Bash</span></th></tr><tr><td class="linenos"><div class="linenodiv"><pre><span></span><span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-0-1">1</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-0-2">2</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-0-3">3</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-0-4">4</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-0-5">5</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-0-6">6</a></span></pre></div></td><td class="code"><div><pre><span></span><code><a id="__codelineno-0-1" name="__codelineno-0-1"></a>kubectl<span class="w"> </span>config<span class="w"> </span>get-contexts<span class="w">  </span><span class="c1"># list available contexts</span>
+<a id="__codelineno-0-2" name="__codelineno-0-2"></a>
+<a id="__codelineno-0-3" name="__codelineno-0-3"></a>kubectl<span class="w"> </span>get<span class="w"> </span>namespaces<span class="w">  </span><span class="c1"># list namespaces inside current context</span>
+<a id="__codelineno-0-4" name="__codelineno-0-4"></a>
+<a id="__codelineno-0-5" name="__codelineno-0-5"></a>kubectl<span class="w"> </span>get<span class="w"> </span>pod<span class="w"> </span>-n<span class="p">|</span>--namespace<span class="w"> </span>&lt;namespace&gt;<span class="w">  </span><span class="c1"># list pods inside namespace</span>
+<a id="__codelineno-0-6" name="__codelineno-0-6"></a>kubectl<span class="w"> </span>get<span class="w"> </span>pod<span class="w"> </span><span class="o">[</span>-n<span class="p">|</span>--namespace<span class="w"> </span>&lt;namespace&gt;<span class="o">]</span><span class="w"> </span>&lt;pod&gt;<span class="w"> </span>-o<span class="p">|</span>--output<span class="w"> </span><span class="nv">jsonpath</span><span class="o">=</span><span class="s1">&#39;{.spec.containers[*].name}&#39;</span><span class="w">  </span><span class="c1"># list containers inside pod</span>
+</code></pre></div></td></tr></table></div>
+<h3 id="kubectl-exec"><code>kubectl exec</code></h3>
+<div class="highlight"><table class="highlighttable"><tr><th colspan="2" class="filename"><span class="filename">Bash</span></th></tr><tr><td class="linenos"><div class="linenodiv"><pre><span></span><span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-1-1">1</a></span></pre></div></td><td class="code"><div><pre><span></span><code><a id="__codelineno-1-1" name="__codelineno-1-1"></a>kubectl<span class="w"> </span><span class="nb">exec</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="o">[</span>-i<span class="p">|</span>--stdin<span class="o">]</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="o">[</span>-t<span class="p">|</span>--tty<span class="o">]</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="o">[</span>-n<span class="p">|</span>--namespace<span class="w"> </span>&lt;namespace&gt;<span class="o">]</span><span class="w"> </span>&lt;pod&gt;<span class="w"> </span><span class="o">[</span>-c<span class="p">|</span>--container<span class="w"> </span>&lt;container&gt;<span class="o">]</span><span class="w"> </span>--<span class="w"> </span>&lt;command&gt;<span class="w">  </span><span class="c1"># execute a command inside a container</span>
+</code></pre></div></td></tr></table></div>
+<h3 id="kubectl-logs"><code>kubectl logs</code></h3>
+<div class="highlight"><table class="highlighttable"><tr><th colspan="2" class="filename"><span class="filename">Bash</span></th></tr><tr><td class="linenos"><div class="linenodiv"><pre><span></span><span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-2-1">1</a></span></pre></div></td><td class="code"><div><pre><span></span><code><a id="__codelineno-2-1" name="__codelineno-2-1"></a>kubectl<span class="w"> </span>logs<span class="w"> </span><span class="o">[</span>-f<span class="p">|</span>--follow<span class="o">]</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="o">[</span>-n<span class="p">|</span>--namespace<span class="w"> </span>&lt;namespace&gt;<span class="o">]</span><span class="w"> </span>&lt;pod&gt;<span class="w"> </span><span class="o">[</span>-c<span class="p">|</span>--container<span class="o">]</span><span class="w">  </span><span class="c1"># get pod/container logs</span>
+</code></pre></div></td></tr></table></div>
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+      <a href="../containers/docker.html" class="md-nav__link">
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+    <li class="md-nav__item">
+      <a href="../containers/kubernetes.html" class="md-nav__link">
+        
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+  <span class="md-ellipsis">
+    Kubernetes
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+          
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+        <nav class="md-nav" data-md-level="1" aria-labelledby="__nav_3_label" aria-expanded="true">
+          <label class="md-nav__title" for="__nav_3">
+            <span class="md-nav__icon md-icon"></span>
+            Databases
+          </label>
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+            
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+  
+    <li class="md-nav__item">
+      <a href="redis.html" class="md-nav__link">
+        
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+  <span class="md-ellipsis">
+    Redis
+  </span>
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+  
+    <li class="md-nav__item">
+      <a href="sql.html" class="md-nav__link">
+        
+  
+  <span class="md-ellipsis">
+    SQL
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+
+      </a>
+    </li>
+  
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+              
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+    
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+    <li class="md-nav__item md-nav__item--active">
+      
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+      
+      
+        
+      
+      
+        <label class="md-nav__link md-nav__link--active" for="__toc">
+          
+  
+  <span class="md-ellipsis">
+    MongoDB
+  </span>
+  
+
+          <span class="md-nav__icon md-icon"></span>
+        </label>
+      
+      <a href="mongo-db.html" class="md-nav__link md-nav__link--active">
+        
+  
+  <span class="md-ellipsis">
+    MongoDB
+  </span>
+  
+
+      </a>
+      
+        
+
+<nav class="md-nav md-nav--secondary" aria-label="Table of contents">
+  
+  
+  
+    
+  
+  
+    <label class="md-nav__title" for="__toc">
+      <span class="md-nav__icon md-icon"></span>
+      Table of contents
+    </label>
+    <ul class="md-nav__list" data-md-component="toc" data-md-scrollfix>
+      
+        <li class="md-nav__item">
+  <a href="#data-types" class="md-nav__link">
+    <span class="md-ellipsis">
+      Data Types
+    </span>
+  </a>
+  
+</li>
+      
+        <li class="md-nav__item">
+  <a href="#databases-collections-usage" class="md-nav__link">
+    <span class="md-ellipsis">
+      Databases &amp; Collections Usage
+    </span>
+  </a>
+  
+</li>
+      
+        <li class="md-nav__item">
+  <a href="#operators-mql-syntax" class="md-nav__link">
+    <span class="md-ellipsis">
+      Operators (MQL Syntax)
+    </span>
+  </a>
+  
+    <nav class="md-nav" aria-label="Operators (MQL Syntax)">
+      <ul class="md-nav__list">
+        
+          <li class="md-nav__item">
+  <a href="#expressive-query-operator" class="md-nav__link">
+    <span class="md-ellipsis">
+      Expressive Query Operator
+    </span>
+  </a>
+  
+</li>
+        
+      </ul>
+    </nav>
+  
+</li>
+      
+        <li class="md-nav__item">
+  <a href="#mongo-query-language-mql" class="md-nav__link">
+    <span class="md-ellipsis">
+      Mongo Query Language (MQL)
+    </span>
+  </a>
+  
+    <nav class="md-nav" aria-label="Mongo Query Language (MQL)">
+      <ul class="md-nav__list">
+        
+          <li class="md-nav__item">
+  <a href="#insertion" class="md-nav__link">
+    <span class="md-ellipsis">
+      Insertion
+    </span>
+  </a>
+  
+</li>
+        
+          <li class="md-nav__item">
+  <a href="#querying" class="md-nav__link">
+    <span class="md-ellipsis">
+      Querying
+    </span>
+  </a>
+  
+</li>
+        
+          <li class="md-nav__item">
+  <a href="#updating" class="md-nav__link">
+    <span class="md-ellipsis">
+      Updating
+    </span>
+  </a>
+  
+</li>
+        
+          <li class="md-nav__item">
+  <a href="#deletion" class="md-nav__link">
+    <span class="md-ellipsis">
+      Deletion
+    </span>
+  </a>
+  
+</li>
+        
+      </ul>
+    </nav>
+  
+</li>
+      
+        <li class="md-nav__item">
+  <a href="#mongodb-database-tools" class="md-nav__link">
+    <span class="md-ellipsis">
+      MongoDB Database Tools
+    </span>
+  </a>
+  
+    <nav class="md-nav" aria-label="MongoDB Database Tools">
+      <ul class="md-nav__list">
+        
+          <li class="md-nav__item">
+  <a href="#mongoimport" class="md-nav__link">
+    <span class="md-ellipsis">
+      Mongoimport
+    </span>
+  </a>
+  
+</li>
+        
+          <li class="md-nav__item">
+  <a href="#mongoexport" class="md-nav__link">
+    <span class="md-ellipsis">
+      Mongoexport
+    </span>
+  </a>
+  
+</li>
+        
+          <li class="md-nav__item">
+  <a href="#mongodump-mongorestore" class="md-nav__link">
+    <span class="md-ellipsis">
+      Mongodump &amp; Mongorestore
+    </span>
+  </a>
+  
+</li>
+        
+      </ul>
+    </nav>
+  
+</li>
+      
+        <li class="md-nav__item">
+  <a href="#indexes" class="md-nav__link">
+    <span class="md-ellipsis">
+      Indexes
+    </span>
+  </a>
+  
+    <nav class="md-nav" aria-label="Indexes">
+      <ul class="md-nav__list">
+        
+          <li class="md-nav__item">
+  <a href="#index-types" class="md-nav__link">
+    <span class="md-ellipsis">
+      Index Types
+    </span>
+  </a>
+  
+</li>
+        
+          <li class="md-nav__item">
+  <a href="#diagnosis-and-query-planning" class="md-nav__link">
+    <span class="md-ellipsis">
+      Diagnosis and query planning
+    </span>
+  </a>
+  
+</li>
+        
+          <li class="md-nav__item">
+  <a href="#index-creation" class="md-nav__link">
+    <span class="md-ellipsis">
+      Index Creation
+    </span>
+  </a>
+  
+</li>
+        
+          <li class="md-nav__item">
+  <a href="#index-management" class="md-nav__link">
+    <span class="md-ellipsis">
+      Index Management
+    </span>
+  </a>
+  
+</li>
+        
+      </ul>
+    </nav>
+  
+</li>
+      
+        <li class="md-nav__item">
+  <a href="#cluster-administration" class="md-nav__link">
+    <span class="md-ellipsis">
+      Cluster Administration
+    </span>
+  </a>
+  
+    <nav class="md-nav" aria-label="Cluster Administration">
+      <ul class="md-nav__list">
+        
+          <li class="md-nav__item">
+  <a href="#mongod" class="md-nav__link">
+    <span class="md-ellipsis">
+      mongod
+    </span>
+  </a>
+  
+</li>
+        
+          <li class="md-nav__item">
+  <a href="#basic-shell-helpers" class="md-nav__link">
+    <span class="md-ellipsis">
+      Basic Shell Helpers
+    </span>
+  </a>
+  
+</li>
+        
+          <li class="md-nav__item">
+  <a href="#logging" class="md-nav__link">
+    <span class="md-ellipsis">
+      Logging
+    </span>
+  </a>
+  
+</li>
+        
+          <li class="md-nav__item">
+  <a href="#database-profiling" class="md-nav__link">
+    <span class="md-ellipsis">
+      Database Profiling
+    </span>
+  </a>
+  
+</li>
+        
+          <li class="md-nav__item">
+  <a href="#authentication" class="md-nav__link">
+    <span class="md-ellipsis">
+      Authentication
+    </span>
+  </a>
+  
+</li>
+        
+          <li class="md-nav__item">
+  <a href="#authorization-role-based-access-control-rbac" class="md-nav__link">
+    <span class="md-ellipsis">
+      Authorization: Role Based Access Control (RBAC)
+    </span>
+  </a>
+  
+</li>
+        
+          <li class="md-nav__item">
+  <a href="#replica-set" class="md-nav__link">
+    <span class="md-ellipsis">
+      Replica set
+    </span>
+  </a>
+  
+</li>
+        
+          <li class="md-nav__item">
+  <a href="#sharding" class="md-nav__link">
+    <span class="md-ellipsis">
+      Sharding
+    </span>
+  </a>
+  
+</li>
+        
+      </ul>
+    </nav>
+  
+</li>
+      
+        <li class="md-nav__item">
+  <a href="#aggregation-framework" class="md-nav__link">
+    <span class="md-ellipsis">
+      Aggregation Framework
+    </span>
+  </a>
+  
+    <nav class="md-nav" aria-label="Aggregation Framework">
+      <ul class="md-nav__list">
+        
+          <li class="md-nav__item">
+  <a href="#variables" class="md-nav__link">
+    <span class="md-ellipsis">
+      Variables
+    </span>
+  </a>
+  
+</li>
+        
+          <li class="md-nav__item">
+  <a href="#match-aggregation-stage" class="md-nav__link">
+    <span class="md-ellipsis">
+      $match Aggregation Stage
+    </span>
+  </a>
+  
+</li>
+        
+          <li class="md-nav__item">
+  <a href="#project-aggregation-stage" class="md-nav__link">
+    <span class="md-ellipsis">
+      $project Aggregation Stage
+    </span>
+  </a>
+  
+</li>
+        
+          <li class="md-nav__item">
+  <a href="#addfields-aggregation-stage" class="md-nav__link">
+    <span class="md-ellipsis">
+      $addFields Aggregation Stage
+    </span>
+  </a>
+  
+</li>
+        
+          <li class="md-nav__item">
+  <a href="#group-aggregation-stage" class="md-nav__link">
+    <span class="md-ellipsis">
+      $group Aggregation Stage
+    </span>
+  </a>
+  
+</li>
+        
+          <li class="md-nav__item">
+  <a href="#unwind-aggregation-stage" class="md-nav__link">
+    <span class="md-ellipsis">
+      $unwind Aggregation Stage
+    </span>
+  </a>
+  
+</li>
+        
+          <li class="md-nav__item">
+  <a href="#count-aggregation-stage" class="md-nav__link">
+    <span class="md-ellipsis">
+      $count Aggregation Stage
+    </span>
+  </a>
+  
+</li>
+        
+          <li class="md-nav__item">
+  <a href="#sort-aggregation-stage" class="md-nav__link">
+    <span class="md-ellipsis">
+      $sort Aggregation Stage
+    </span>
+  </a>
+  
+</li>
+        
+          <li class="md-nav__item">
+  <a href="#skip-aggregation-stage" class="md-nav__link">
+    <span class="md-ellipsis">
+      $skip Aggregation Stage
+    </span>
+  </a>
+  
+</li>
+        
+          <li class="md-nav__item">
+  <a href="#limit-aggregation-stage" class="md-nav__link">
+    <span class="md-ellipsis">
+      $limit Aggregation Stage
+    </span>
+  </a>
+  
+</li>
+        
+          <li class="md-nav__item">
+  <a href="#lookup-aggregation-stage" class="md-nav__link">
+    <span class="md-ellipsis">
+      $lookup Aggregation Stage
+    </span>
+  </a>
+  
+</li>
+        
+          <li class="md-nav__item">
+  <a href="#graphlookup-aggregation-stage" class="md-nav__link">
+    <span class="md-ellipsis">
+      $graphLookup Aggregation Stage
+    </span>
+  </a>
+  
+</li>
+        
+          <li class="md-nav__item">
+  <a href="#sortbycount-aggregation-stage" class="md-nav__link">
+    <span class="md-ellipsis">
+      $sortByCount Aggregation Stage
+    </span>
+  </a>
+  
+</li>
+        
+      </ul>
+    </nav>
+  
+</li>
+      
+    </ul>
+  
+</nav>
+      
+    </li>
+  
+
+              
+            
+          </ul>
+        </nav>
+      
+    </li>
+  
+
+    
+      
+      
+  
+  
+  
+  
+    
+    
+      
+        
+      
+        
+      
+        
+      
+        
+      
+        
+      
+        
+      
+        
+      
+        
+      
+        
+      
+        
+      
+        
+      
+        
+      
+        
+      
+        
+      
+        
+      
+    
+    
+      
+      
+        
+      
+    
+    
+    <li class="md-nav__item md-nav__item--nested">
+      
+        
+        
+        <input class="md-nav__toggle md-toggle " type="checkbox" id="__nav_4" >
+        
+          
+          <label class="md-nav__link" for="__nav_4" id="__nav_4_label" tabindex="0">
+            
+  
+  <span class="md-ellipsis">
+    Languages
+  </span>
+  
+
+            <span class="md-nav__icon md-icon"></span>
+          </label>
+        
+        <nav class="md-nav" data-md-level="1" aria-labelledby="__nav_4_label" aria-expanded="false">
+          <label class="md-nav__title" for="__nav_4">
+            <span class="md-nav__icon md-icon"></span>
+            Languages
+          </label>
+          <ul class="md-nav__list" data-md-scrollfix>
+            
+              
+                
+  
+  
+  
+  
+    <li class="md-nav__item">
+      <a href="../languages/html/html.html" class="md-nav__link">
+        
+  
+  <span class="md-ellipsis">
+    HTML
+  </span>
+  
+
+      </a>
+    </li>
+  
+
+              
+            
+              
+                
+  
+  
+  
+  
+    <li class="md-nav__item">
+      <a href="../languages/markdown.html" class="md-nav__link">
+        
+  
+  <span class="md-ellipsis">
+    Markdown
+  </span>
+  
+
+      </a>
+    </li>
+  
+
+              
+            
+              
+                
+  
+  
+  
+  
+    <li class="md-nav__item">
+      <a href="../languages/css/css.html" class="md-nav__link">
+        
+  
+  <span class="md-ellipsis">
+    CSS
+  </span>
+  
+
+      </a>
+    </li>
+  
+
+              
+            
+              
+                
+  
+  
+  
+  
+    <li class="md-nav__item">
+      <a href="../languages/c/c.html" class="md-nav__link">
+        
+  
+  <span class="md-ellipsis">
+    C
+  </span>
+  
+
+      </a>
+    </li>
+  
+
+              
+            
+              
+                
+  
+  
+  
+  
+    <li class="md-nav__item">
+      <a href="../languages/kotlin/kotlin.html" class="md-nav__link">
+        
+  
+  <span class="md-ellipsis">
+    Kotlin
+  </span>
+  
+
+      </a>
+    </li>
+  
+
+              
+            
+              
+                
+  
+  
+  
+  
+    <li class="md-nav__item">
+      <a href="../languages/swift/swift.html" class="md-nav__link">
+        
+  
+  <span class="md-ellipsis">
+    Swift
+  </span>
+  
+
+      </a>
+    </li>
+  
+
+              
+            
+              
+                
+  
+  
+  
+  
+    
+    
+      
+        
+      
+        
+      
+    
+    
+      
+      
+        
+      
+    
+    
+    <li class="md-nav__item md-nav__item--nested">
+      
+        
+        
+        <input class="md-nav__toggle md-toggle " type="checkbox" id="__nav_4_7" >
+        
+          
+          <label class="md-nav__link" for="__nav_4_7" id="__nav_4_7_label" tabindex="0">
+            
+  
+  <span class="md-ellipsis">
+    Assembly
+  </span>
+  
+
+            <span class="md-nav__icon md-icon"></span>
+          </label>
+        
+        <nav class="md-nav" data-md-level="2" aria-labelledby="__nav_4_7_label" aria-expanded="false">
+          <label class="md-nav__title" for="__nav_4_7">
+            <span class="md-nav__icon md-icon"></span>
+            Assembly
+          </label>
+          <ul class="md-nav__list" data-md-scrollfix>
+            
+              
+                
+  
+  
+  
+  
+    <li class="md-nav__item">
+      <a href="../languages/assembly/intel.html" class="md-nav__link">
+        
+  
+  <span class="md-ellipsis">
+    Intel
+  </span>
+  
+
+      </a>
+    </li>
+  
+
+              
+            
+              
+                
+  
+  
+  
+  
+    <li class="md-nav__item">
+      <a href="../languages/assembly/riscv.html" class="md-nav__link">
+        
+  
+  <span class="md-ellipsis">
+    RISC-V
+  </span>
+  
+
+      </a>
+    </li>
+  
+
+              
+            
+          </ul>
+        </nav>
+      
+    </li>
+  
+
+              
+            
+              
+                
+  
+  
+  
+  
+    
+    
+      
+        
+      
+        
+      
+        
+      
+    
+    
+      
+      
+        
+      
+    
+    
+    <li class="md-nav__item md-nav__item--nested">
+      
+        
+        
+        <input class="md-nav__toggle md-toggle " type="checkbox" id="__nav_4_8" >
+        
+          
+          <label class="md-nav__link" for="__nav_4_8" id="__nav_4_8_label" tabindex="0">
+            
+  
+  <span class="md-ellipsis">
+    Python
+  </span>
+  
+
+            <span class="md-nav__icon md-icon"></span>
+          </label>
+        
+        <nav class="md-nav" data-md-level="2" aria-labelledby="__nav_4_8_label" aria-expanded="false">
+          <label class="md-nav__title" for="__nav_4_8">
+            <span class="md-nav__icon md-icon"></span>
+            Python
+          </label>
+          <ul class="md-nav__list" data-md-scrollfix>
+            
+              
+                
+  
+  
+  
+  
+    <li class="md-nav__item">
+      <a href="../languages/python/python.html" class="md-nav__link">
+        
+  
+  <span class="md-ellipsis">
+    Python
+  </span>
+  
+
+      </a>
+    </li>
+  
+
+              
+            
+              
+                
+  
+  
+  
+  
+    
+    
+      
+        
+      
+        
+      
+        
+      
+        
+      
+        
+      
+        
+      
+        
+      
+        
+      
+        
+      
+        
+      
+        
+      
+        
+      
+        
+      
+    
+    
+      
+      
+        
+      
+    
+    
+    <li class="md-nav__item md-nav__item--nested">
+      
+        
+        
+        <input class="md-nav__toggle md-toggle " type="checkbox" id="__nav_4_8_2" >
+        
+          
+          <label class="md-nav__link" for="__nav_4_8_2" id="__nav_4_8_2_label" tabindex="0">
+            
+  
+  <span class="md-ellipsis">
+    Modules
+  </span>
+  
+
+            <span class="md-nav__icon md-icon"></span>
+          </label>
+        
+        <nav class="md-nav" data-md-level="3" aria-labelledby="__nav_4_8_2_label" aria-expanded="false">
+          <label class="md-nav__title" for="__nav_4_8_2">
+            <span class="md-nav__icon md-icon"></span>
+            Modules
+          </label>
+          <ul class="md-nav__list" data-md-scrollfix>
+            
+              
+                
+  
+  
+  
+  
+    <li class="md-nav__item">
+      <a href="../languages/python/modules/argparse.html" class="md-nav__link">
+        
+  
+  <span class="md-ellipsis">
+    argparse
+  </span>
+  
+
+      </a>
+    </li>
+  
+
+              
+            
+              
+                
+  
+  
+  
+  
+    <li class="md-nav__item">
+      <a href="../languages/python/modules/collections.html" class="md-nav__link">
+        
+  
+  <span class="md-ellipsis">
+    collection
+  </span>
+  
+
+      </a>
+    </li>
+  
+
+              
+            
+              
+                
+  
+  
+  
+  
+    <li class="md-nav__item">
+      <a href="../languages/python/modules/csv.html" class="md-nav__link">
+        
+  
+  <span class="md-ellipsis">
+    csv
+  </span>
+  
+
+      </a>
+    </li>
+  
+
+              
+            
+              
+                
+  
+  
+  
+  
+    <li class="md-nav__item">
+      <a href="../languages/python/modules/ftplib.html" class="md-nav__link">
+        
+  
+  <span class="md-ellipsis">
+    ftplib
+  </span>
+  
+
+      </a>
+    </li>
+  
+
+              
+            
+              
+                
+  
+  
+  
+  
+    <li class="md-nav__item">
+      <a href="../languages/python/modules/itertools.html" class="md-nav__link">
+        
+  
+  <span class="md-ellipsis">
+    itertools
+  </span>
+  
+
+      </a>
+    </li>
+  
+
+              
+            
+              
+                
+  
+  
+  
+  
+    <li class="md-nav__item">
+      <a href="../languages/python/modules/json.html" class="md-nav__link">
+        
+  
+  <span class="md-ellipsis">
+    json
+  </span>
+  
+
+      </a>
+    </li>
+  
+
+              
+            
+              
+                
+  
+  
+  
+  
+    <li class="md-nav__item">
+      <a href="../languages/python/modules/logging.html" class="md-nav__link">
+        
+  
+  <span class="md-ellipsis">
+    logging
+  </span>
+  
+
+      </a>
+    </li>
+  
+
+              
+            
+              
+                
+  
+  
+  
+  
+    <li class="md-nav__item">
+      <a href="../languages/python/modules/shutil.html" class="md-nav__link">
+        
+  
+  <span class="md-ellipsis">
+    shutil
+  </span>
+  
+
+      </a>
+    </li>
+  
+
+              
+            
+              
+                
+  
+  
+  
+  
+    <li class="md-nav__item">
+      <a href="../languages/python/modules/smtplib.html" class="md-nav__link">
+        
+  
+  <span class="md-ellipsis">
+    smtplib
+  </span>
+  
+
+      </a>
+    </li>
+  
+
+              
+            
+              
+                
+  
+  
+  
+  
+    <li class="md-nav__item">
+      <a href="../languages/python/modules/socket.html" class="md-nav__link">
+        
+  
+  <span class="md-ellipsis">
+    socket
+  </span>
+  
+
+      </a>
+    </li>
+  
+
+              
+            
+              
+                
+  
+  
+  
+  
+    <li class="md-nav__item">
+      <a href="../languages/python/modules/sqlite.html" class="md-nav__link">
+        
+  
+  <span class="md-ellipsis">
+    sqlite
+  </span>
+  
+
+      </a>
+    </li>
+  
+
+              
+            
+              
+                
+  
+  
+  
+  
+    <li class="md-nav__item">
+      <a href="../languages/python/modules/time-datetime.html" class="md-nav__link">
+        
+  
+  <span class="md-ellipsis">
+    time & datetime
+  </span>
+  
+
+      </a>
+    </li>
+  
+
+              
+            
+              
+                
+  
+  
+  
+  
+    <li class="md-nav__item">
+      <a href="../languages/python/modules/unittest.html" class="md-nav__link">
+        
+  
+  <span class="md-ellipsis">
+    unittest
+  </span>
+  
+
+      </a>
+    </li>
+  
+
+              
+            
+          </ul>
+        </nav>
+      
+    </li>
+  
+
+              
+            
+              
+                
+  
+  
+  
+  
+    
+    
+      
+        
+      
+        
+      
+        
+      
+        
+      
+        
+      
+        
+      
+    
+    
+      
+      
+        
+      
+    
+    
+    <li class="md-nav__item md-nav__item--nested">
+      
+        
+        
+        <input class="md-nav__toggle md-toggle " type="checkbox" id="__nav_4_8_3" >
+        
+          
+          <label class="md-nav__link" for="__nav_4_8_3" id="__nav_4_8_3_label" tabindex="0">
+            
+  
+  <span class="md-ellipsis">
+    Libraries
+  </span>
+  
+
+            <span class="md-nav__icon md-icon"></span>
+          </label>
+        
+        <nav class="md-nav" data-md-level="3" aria-labelledby="__nav_4_8_3_label" aria-expanded="false">
+          <label class="md-nav__title" for="__nav_4_8_3">
+            <span class="md-nav__icon md-icon"></span>
+            Libraries
+          </label>
+          <ul class="md-nav__list" data-md-scrollfix>
+            
+              
+                
+  
+  
+  
+  
+    <li class="md-nav__item">
+      <a href="../languages/python/libs/tkinter.html" class="md-nav__link">
+        
+  
+  <span class="md-ellipsis">
+    TKinter
+  </span>
+  
+
+      </a>
+    </li>
+  
+
+              
+            
+              
+                
+  
+  
+  
+  
+    <li class="md-nav__item">
+      <a href="../languages/python/libs/numpy.html" class="md-nav__link">
+        
+  
+  <span class="md-ellipsis">
+    Numpy
+  </span>
+  
+
+      </a>
+    </li>
+  
+
+              
+            
+              
+                
+  
+  
+  
+  
+    <li class="md-nav__item">
+      <a href="../languages/python/libs/pandas.html" class="md-nav__link">
+        
+  
+  <span class="md-ellipsis">
+    Pandas
+  </span>
+  
+
+      </a>
+    </li>
+  
+
+              
+            
+              
+                
+  
+  
+  
+  
+    <li class="md-nav__item">
+      <a href="../languages/python/libs/seaborn.html" class="md-nav__link">
+        
+  
+  <span class="md-ellipsis">
+    Seaborn
+  </span>
+  
+
+      </a>
+    </li>
+  
+
+              
+            
+              
+                
+  
+  
+  
+  
+    <li class="md-nav__item">
+      <a href="../languages/python/libs/requests.html" class="md-nav__link">
+        
+  
+  <span class="md-ellipsis">
+    Requests
+  </span>
+  
+
+      </a>
+    </li>
+  
+
+              
+            
+              
+                
+  
+  
+  
+  
+    <li class="md-nav__item">
+      <a href="../languages/python/libs/beautiful-soup.html" class="md-nav__link">
+        
+  
+  <span class="md-ellipsis">
+    Beatiful Soup
+  </span>
+  
+
+      </a>
+    </li>
+  
+
+              
+            
+          </ul>
+        </nav>
+      
+    </li>
+  
+
+              
+            
+          </ul>
+        </nav>
+      
+    </li>
+  
+
+              
+            
+              
+                
+  
+  
+  
+  
+    
+    
+      
+        
+      
+        
+      
+        
+      
+    
+    
+      
+      
+        
+      
+    
+    
+    <li class="md-nav__item md-nav__item--nested">
+      
+        
+        
+        <input class="md-nav__toggle md-toggle " type="checkbox" id="__nav_4_9" >
+        
+          
+          <label class="md-nav__link" for="__nav_4_9" id="__nav_4_9_label" tabindex="0">
+            
+  
+  <span class="md-ellipsis">
+    .NET
+  </span>
+  
+
+            <span class="md-nav__icon md-icon"></span>
+          </label>
+        
+        <nav class="md-nav" data-md-level="2" aria-labelledby="__nav_4_9_label" aria-expanded="false">
+          <label class="md-nav__title" for="__nav_4_9">
+            <span class="md-nav__icon md-icon"></span>
+            .NET
+          </label>
+          <ul class="md-nav__list" data-md-scrollfix>
+            
+              
+                
+  
+  
+  
+  
+    
+    
+      
+        
+      
+        
+      
+        
+      
+        
+      
+        
+      
+        
+      
+    
+    
+      
+      
+        
+      
+    
+    
+    <li class="md-nav__item md-nav__item--nested">
+      
+        
+        
+        <input class="md-nav__toggle md-toggle " type="checkbox" id="__nav_4_9_1" >
+        
+          
+          <label class="md-nav__link" for="__nav_4_9_1" id="__nav_4_9_1_label" tabindex="0">
+            
+  
+  <span class="md-ellipsis">
+    C#
+  </span>
+  
+
+            <span class="md-nav__icon md-icon"></span>
+          </label>
+        
+        <nav class="md-nav" data-md-level="3" aria-labelledby="__nav_4_9_1_label" aria-expanded="false">
+          <label class="md-nav__title" for="__nav_4_9_1">
+            <span class="md-nav__icon md-icon"></span>
+            C#
+          </label>
+          <ul class="md-nav__list" data-md-scrollfix>
+            
+              
+                
+  
+  
+  
+  
+    <li class="md-nav__item">
+      <a href="../languages/dotnet/csharp/csharp.html" class="md-nav__link">
+        
+  
+  <span class="md-ellipsis">
+    C#
+  </span>
+  
+
+      </a>
+    </li>
+  
+
+              
+            
+              
+                
+  
+  
+  
+  
+    <li class="md-nav__item">
+      <a href="../languages/dotnet/csharp/linq.html" class="md-nav__link">
+        
+  
+  <span class="md-ellipsis">
+    Linq
+  </span>
+  
+
+      </a>
+    </li>
+  
+
+              
+            
+              
+                
+  
+  
+  
+  
+    <li class="md-nav__item">
+      <a href="../languages/dotnet/csharp/collections.html" class="md-nav__link">
+        
+  
+  <span class="md-ellipsis">
+    Collections
+  </span>
+  
+
+      </a>
+    </li>
+  
+
+              
+            
+              
+                
+  
+  
+  
+  
+    <li class="md-nav__item">
+      <a href="../languages/dotnet/csharp/reactive-extensions.html" class="md-nav__link">
+        
+  
+  <span class="md-ellipsis">
+    Reactive Extensions
+  </span>
+  
+
+      </a>
+    </li>
+  
+
+              
+            
+              
+                
+  
+  
+  
+  
+    <li class="md-nav__item">
+      <a href="../languages/dotnet/csharp/async-programming.html" class="md-nav__link">
+        
+  
+  <span class="md-ellipsis">
+    Async Programming
+  </span>
+  
+
+      </a>
+    </li>
+  
+
+              
+            
+              
+                
+  
+  
+  
+  
+    <li class="md-nav__item">
+      <a href="../languages/dotnet/csharp/unit-tests.html" class="md-nav__link">
+        
+  
+  <span class="md-ellipsis">
+    Unit Tests
+  </span>
+  
+
+      </a>
+    </li>
+  
+
+              
+            
+          </ul>
+        </nav>
+      
+    </li>
+  
+
+              
+            
+              
+                
+  
+  
+  
+  
+    
+    
+      
+        
+      
+        
+      
+        
+      
+        
+      
+        
+      
+        
+      
+        
+      
+    
+    
+      
+      
+        
+      
+    
+    
+    <li class="md-nav__item md-nav__item--nested">
+      
+        
+        
+        <input class="md-nav__toggle md-toggle " type="checkbox" id="__nav_4_9_2" >
+        
+          
+          <label class="md-nav__link" for="__nav_4_9_2" id="__nav_4_9_2_label" tabindex="0">
+            
+  
+  <span class="md-ellipsis">
+    ASP.NET
+  </span>
+  
+
+            <span class="md-nav__icon md-icon"></span>
+          </label>
+        
+        <nav class="md-nav" data-md-level="3" aria-labelledby="__nav_4_9_2_label" aria-expanded="false">
+          <label class="md-nav__title" for="__nav_4_9_2">
+            <span class="md-nav__icon md-icon"></span>
+            ASP.NET
+          </label>
+          <ul class="md-nav__list" data-md-scrollfix>
+            
+              
+                
+  
+  
+  
+  
+    <li class="md-nav__item">
+      <a href="../languages/dotnet/asp.net/minimal-api.html" class="md-nav__link">
+        
+  
+  <span class="md-ellipsis">
+    Minimal API
+  </span>
+  
+
+      </a>
+    </li>
+  
+
+              
+            
+              
+                
+  
+  
+  
+  
+    <li class="md-nav__item">
+      <a href="../languages/dotnet/asp.net/filters.html" class="md-nav__link">
+        
+  
+  <span class="md-ellipsis">
+    FIlters
+  </span>
+  
+
+      </a>
+    </li>
+  
+
+              
+            
+              
+                
+  
+  
+  
+  
+    <li class="md-nav__item">
+      <a href="../languages/dotnet/asp.net/middleware.html" class="md-nav__link">
+        
+  
+  <span class="md-ellipsis">
+    Middleware
+  </span>
+  
+
+      </a>
+    </li>
+  
+
+              
+            
+              
+                
+  
+  
+  
+  
+    <li class="md-nav__item">
+      <a href="../languages/dotnet/asp.net/razor-syntax.html" class="md-nav__link">
+        
+  
+  <span class="md-ellipsis">
+    Razor Syntax
+  </span>
+  
+
+      </a>
+    </li>
+  
+
+              
+            
+              
+                
+  
+  
+  
+  
+    <li class="md-nav__item">
+      <a href="../languages/dotnet/asp.net/blazor.html" class="md-nav__link">
+        
+  
+  <span class="md-ellipsis">
+    Blazor
+  </span>
+  
+
+      </a>
+    </li>
+  
+
+              
+            
+              
+                
+  
+  
+  
+  
+    <li class="md-nav__item">
+      <a href="../languages/dotnet/asp.net/signalr.html" class="md-nav__link">
+        
+  
+  <span class="md-ellipsis">
+    SignalR
+  </span>
+  
+
+      </a>
+    </li>
+  
+
+              
+            
+              
+                
+  
+  
+  
+  
+    <li class="md-nav__item">
+      <a href="../languages/dotnet/asp.net/web-forms.html" class="md-nav__link">
+        
+  
+  <span class="md-ellipsis">
+    Web Forms
+  </span>
+  
+
+      </a>
+    </li>
+  
+
+              
+            
+          </ul>
+        </nav>
+      
+    </li>
+  
+
+              
+            
+              
+                
+  
+  
+  
+  
+    
+    
+      
+        
+      
+        
+      
+    
+    
+      
+      
+        
+      
+    
+    
+    <li class="md-nav__item md-nav__item--nested">
+      
+        
+        
+        <input class="md-nav__toggle md-toggle " type="checkbox" id="__nav_4_9_3" >
+        
+          
+          <label class="md-nav__link" for="__nav_4_9_3" id="__nav_4_9_3_label" tabindex="0">
+            
+  
+  <span class="md-ellipsis">
+    Database
+  </span>
+  
+
+            <span class="md-nav__icon md-icon"></span>
+          </label>
+        
+        <nav class="md-nav" data-md-level="3" aria-labelledby="__nav_4_9_3_label" aria-expanded="false">
+          <label class="md-nav__title" for="__nav_4_9_3">
+            <span class="md-nav__icon md-icon"></span>
+            Database
+          </label>
+          <ul class="md-nav__list" data-md-scrollfix>
+            
+              
+                
+  
+  
+  
+  
+    <li class="md-nav__item">
+      <a href="../languages/dotnet/database/ado.net.html" class="md-nav__link">
+        
+  
+  <span class="md-ellipsis">
+    ADO.NET
+  </span>
+  
+
+      </a>
+    </li>
+  
+
+              
+            
+              
+                
+  
+  
+  
+  
+    <li class="md-nav__item">
+      <a href="../languages/dotnet/database/entity-framework.html" class="md-nav__link">
+        
+  
+  <span class="md-ellipsis">
+    Entity Framework
+  </span>
+  
+
+      </a>
+    </li>
+  
+
+              
+            
+          </ul>
+        </nav>
+      
+    </li>
+  
+
+              
+            
+          </ul>
+        </nav>
+      
+    </li>
+  
+
+              
+            
+              
+                
+  
+  
+  
+  
+    
+    
+      
+        
+      
+        
+      
+        
+      
+        
+      
+    
+    
+      
+      
+        
+      
+    
+    
+    <li class="md-nav__item md-nav__item--nested">
+      
+        
+        
+        <input class="md-nav__toggle md-toggle " type="checkbox" id="__nav_4_10" >
+        
+          
+          <label class="md-nav__link" for="__nav_4_10" id="__nav_4_10_label" tabindex="0">
+            
+  
+  <span class="md-ellipsis">
+    Java
+  </span>
+  
+
+            <span class="md-nav__icon md-icon"></span>
+          </label>
+        
+        <nav class="md-nav" data-md-level="2" aria-labelledby="__nav_4_10_label" aria-expanded="false">
+          <label class="md-nav__title" for="__nav_4_10">
+            <span class="md-nav__icon md-icon"></span>
+            Java
+          </label>
+          <ul class="md-nav__list" data-md-scrollfix>
+            
+              
+                
+  
+  
+  
+  
+    <li class="md-nav__item">
+      <a href="../languages/java/java.html" class="md-nav__link">
+        
+  
+  <span class="md-ellipsis">
+    Java
+  </span>
+  
+
+      </a>
+    </li>
+  
+
+              
+            
+              
+                
+  
+  
+  
+  
+    <li class="md-nav__item">
+      <a href="../languages/java/java-collection-framework.html" class="md-nav__link">
+        
+  
+  <span class="md-ellipsis">
+    Java Collection Framework
+  </span>
+  
+
+      </a>
+    </li>
+  
+
+              
+            
+              
+                
+  
+  
+  
+  
+    <li class="md-nav__item">
+      <a href="../languages/java/dao.html" class="md-nav__link">
+        
+  
+  <span class="md-ellipsis">
+    DAO
+  </span>
+  
+
+      </a>
+    </li>
+  
+
+              
+            
+              
+                
+  
+  
+  
+  
+    
+    
+      
+        
+      
+        
+      
+    
+    
+      
+      
+        
+      
+    
+    
+    <li class="md-nav__item md-nav__item--nested">
+      
+        
+        
+        <input class="md-nav__toggle md-toggle " type="checkbox" id="__nav_4_10_4" >
+        
+          
+          <label class="md-nav__link" for="__nav_4_10_4" id="__nav_4_10_4_label" tabindex="0">
+            
+  
+  <span class="md-ellipsis">
+    Web
+  </span>
+  
+
+            <span class="md-nav__icon md-icon"></span>
+          </label>
+        
+        <nav class="md-nav" data-md-level="3" aria-labelledby="__nav_4_10_4_label" aria-expanded="false">
+          <label class="md-nav__title" for="__nav_4_10_4">
+            <span class="md-nav__icon md-icon"></span>
+            Web
+          </label>
+          <ul class="md-nav__list" data-md-scrollfix>
+            
+              
+                
+  
+  
+  
+  
+    <li class="md-nav__item">
+      <a href="../languages/java/web/servlet.html" class="md-nav__link">
+        
+  
+  <span class="md-ellipsis">
+    Serverlet
+  </span>
+  
+
+      </a>
+    </li>
+  
+
+              
+            
+              
+                
+  
+  
+  
+  
+    
+    
+      
+        
+      
+        
+      
+    
+    
+      
+      
+        
+      
+    
+    
+    <li class="md-nav__item md-nav__item--nested">
+      
+        
+        
+        <input class="md-nav__toggle md-toggle " type="checkbox" id="__nav_4_10_4_2" >
+        
+          
+          <label class="md-nav__link" for="__nav_4_10_4_2" id="__nav_4_10_4_2_label" tabindex="0">
+            
+  
+  <span class="md-ellipsis">
+    Spring
+  </span>
+  
+
+            <span class="md-nav__icon md-icon"></span>
+          </label>
+        
+        <nav class="md-nav" data-md-level="4" aria-labelledby="__nav_4_10_4_2_label" aria-expanded="false">
+          <label class="md-nav__title" for="__nav_4_10_4_2">
+            <span class="md-nav__icon md-icon"></span>
+            Spring
+          </label>
+          <ul class="md-nav__list" data-md-scrollfix>
+            
+              
+                
+  
+  
+  
+  
+    <li class="md-nav__item">
+      <a href="../languages/java/spring/pom.xml.html" class="md-nav__link">
+        
+  
+  <span class="md-ellipsis">
+    POM
+  </span>
+  
+
+      </a>
+    </li>
+  
+
+              
+            
+              
+                
+  
+  
+  
+  
+    <li class="md-nav__item">
+      <a href="../languages/java/spring/spring-project.html" class="md-nav__link">
+        
+  
+  <span class="md-ellipsis">
+    Project Structure
+  </span>
+  
+
+      </a>
+    </li>
+  
+
+              
+            
+          </ul>
+        </nav>
+      
+    </li>
+  
+
+              
+            
+          </ul>
+        </nav>
+      
+    </li>
+  
+
+              
+            
+          </ul>
+        </nav>
+      
+    </li>
+  
+
+              
+            
+              
+                
+  
+  
+  
+  
+    
+    
+      
+        
+      
+        
+      
+        
+      
+        
+      
+        
+      
+        
+      
+        
+      
+        
+      
+        
+      
+    
+    
+      
+      
+        
+      
+    
+    
+    <li class="md-nav__item md-nav__item--nested">
+      
+        
+        
+        <input class="md-nav__toggle md-toggle " type="checkbox" id="__nav_4_11" >
+        
+          
+          <label class="md-nav__link" for="__nav_4_11" id="__nav_4_11_label" tabindex="0">
+            
+  
+  <span class="md-ellipsis">
+    PHP
+  </span>
+  
+
+            <span class="md-nav__icon md-icon"></span>
+          </label>
+        
+        <nav class="md-nav" data-md-level="2" aria-labelledby="__nav_4_11_label" aria-expanded="false">
+          <label class="md-nav__title" for="__nav_4_11">
+            <span class="md-nav__icon md-icon"></span>
+            PHP
+          </label>
+          <ul class="md-nav__list" data-md-scrollfix>
+            
+              
+                
+  
+  
+  
+  
+    <li class="md-nav__item">
+      <a href="../languages/php/php.html" class="md-nav__link">
+        
+  
+  <span class="md-ellipsis">
+    PHP
+  </span>
+  
+
+      </a>
+    </li>
+  
+
+              
+            
+              
+                
+  
+  
+  
+  
+    <li class="md-nav__item">
+      <a href="../languages/php/database.html" class="md-nav__link">
+        
+  
+  <span class="md-ellipsis">
+    Database
+  </span>
+  
+
+      </a>
+    </li>
+  
+
+              
+            
+              
+                
+  
+  
+  
+  
+    <li class="md-nav__item">
+      <a href="../languages/php/web.html" class="md-nav__link">
+        
+  
+  <span class="md-ellipsis">
+    Web
+  </span>
+  
+
+      </a>
+    </li>
+  
+
+              
+            
+              
+                
+  
+  
+  
+  
+    <li class="md-nav__item">
+      <a href="../languages/php/dependency-injection.html" class="md-nav__link">
+        
+  
+  <span class="md-ellipsis">
+    Dependency Injection
+  </span>
+  
+
+      </a>
+    </li>
+  
+
+              
+            
+              
+                
+  
+  
+  
+  
+    <li class="md-nav__item">
+      <a href="../languages/php/unit-tests.html" class="md-nav__link">
+        
+  
+  <span class="md-ellipsis">
+    Unit Tests
+  </span>
+  
+
+      </a>
+    </li>
+  
+
+              
+            
+              
+                
+  
+  
+  
+  
+    <li class="md-nav__item">
+      <a href="../languages/php/composer.html" class="md-nav__link">
+        
+  
+  <span class="md-ellipsis">
+    Composer
+  </span>
+  
+
+      </a>
+    </li>
+  
+
+              
+            
+              
+                
+  
+  
+  
+  
+    <li class="md-nav__item">
+      <a href="../languages/php/psr-7.html" class="md-nav__link">
+        
+  
+  <span class="md-ellipsis">
+    PSR 7
+  </span>
+  
+
+      </a>
+    </li>
+  
+
+              
+            
+              
+                
+  
+  
+  
+  
+    <li class="md-nav__item">
+      <a href="../languages/php/plates-templating.html" class="md-nav__link">
+        
+  
+  <span class="md-ellipsis">
+    Plates
+  </span>
+  
+
+      </a>
+    </li>
+  
+
+              
+            
+              
+                
+  
+  
+  
+  
+    
+    
+      
+        
+      
+        
+      
+    
+    
+      
+      
+        
+      
+    
+    
+    <li class="md-nav__item md-nav__item--nested">
+      
+        
+        
+        <input class="md-nav__toggle md-toggle " type="checkbox" id="__nav_4_11_9" >
+        
+          
+          <label class="md-nav__link" for="__nav_4_11_9" id="__nav_4_11_9_label" tabindex="0">
+            
+  
+  <span class="md-ellipsis">
+    Simple MVC
+  </span>
+  
+
+            <span class="md-nav__icon md-icon"></span>
+          </label>
+        
+        <nav class="md-nav" data-md-level="3" aria-labelledby="__nav_4_11_9_label" aria-expanded="false">
+          <label class="md-nav__title" for="__nav_4_11_9">
+            <span class="md-nav__icon md-icon"></span>
+            Simple MVC
+          </label>
+          <ul class="md-nav__list" data-md-scrollfix>
+            
+              
+                
+  
+  
+  
+  
+    <li class="md-nav__item">
+      <a href="../languages/php/simple-mvc/simple-mvc.html" class="md-nav__link">
+        
+  
+  <span class="md-ellipsis">
+    Simple MVC
+  </span>
+  
+
+      </a>
+    </li>
+  
+
+              
+            
+              
+                
+  
+  
+  
+  
+    <li class="md-nav__item">
+      <a href="../languages/php/simple-mvc/rest-api.html" class="md-nav__link">
+        
+  
+  <span class="md-ellipsis">
+    REST API
+  </span>
+  
+
+      </a>
+    </li>
+  
+
+              
+            
+          </ul>
+        </nav>
+      
+    </li>
+  
+
+              
+            
+          </ul>
+        </nav>
+      
+    </li>
+  
+
+              
+            
+              
+                
+  
+  
+  
+  
+    
+    
+      
+        
+      
+        
+      
+        
+      
+        
+      
+        
+      
+    
+    
+      
+      
+        
+      
+    
+    
+    <li class="md-nav__item md-nav__item--nested">
+      
+        
+        
+        <input class="md-nav__toggle md-toggle " type="checkbox" id="__nav_4_12" >
+        
+          
+          <label class="md-nav__link" for="__nav_4_12" id="__nav_4_12_label" tabindex="0">
+            
+  
+  <span class="md-ellipsis">
+    Rust
+  </span>
+  
+
+            <span class="md-nav__icon md-icon"></span>
+          </label>
+        
+        <nav class="md-nav" data-md-level="2" aria-labelledby="__nav_4_12_label" aria-expanded="false">
+          <label class="md-nav__title" for="__nav_4_12">
+            <span class="md-nav__icon md-icon"></span>
+            Rust
+          </label>
+          <ul class="md-nav__list" data-md-scrollfix>
+            
+              
+                
+  
+  
+  
+  
+    <li class="md-nav__item">
+      <a href="../languages/rust/rust.html" class="md-nav__link">
+        
+  
+  <span class="md-ellipsis">
+    Rust
+  </span>
+  
+
+      </a>
+    </li>
+  
+
+              
+            
+              
+                
+  
+  
+  
+  
+    <li class="md-nav__item">
+      <a href="../languages/rust/macros.html" class="md-nav__link">
+        
+  
+  <span class="md-ellipsis">
+    Macros
+  </span>
+  
+
+      </a>
+    </li>
+  
+
+              
+            
+              
+                
+  
+  
+  
+  
+    <li class="md-nav__item">
+      <a href="../languages/rust/cargo.html" class="md-nav__link">
+        
+  
+  <span class="md-ellipsis">
+    Cargo
+  </span>
+  
+
+      </a>
+    </li>
+  
+
+              
+            
+              
+                
+  
+  
+  
+  
+    <li class="md-nav__item">
+      <a href="../languages/rust/concurrency.html" class="md-nav__link">
+        
+  
+  <span class="md-ellipsis">
+    Concurrency
+  </span>
+  
+
+      </a>
+    </li>
+  
+
+              
+            
+              
+                
+  
+  
+  
+  
+    <li class="md-nav__item">
+      <a href="../languages/rust/unit-tests.html" class="md-nav__link">
+        
+  
+  <span class="md-ellipsis">
+    Unit Tests
+  </span>
+  
+
+      </a>
+    </li>
+  
+
+              
+            
+          </ul>
+        </nav>
+      
+    </li>
+  
+
+              
+            
+              
+                
+  
+  
+  
+  
+    
+    
+      
+        
+      
+        
+      
+        
+      
+        
+      
+        
+      
+        
+      
+        
+      
+    
+    
+      
+      
+        
+      
+    
+    
+    <li class="md-nav__item md-nav__item--nested">
+      
+        
+        
+        <input class="md-nav__toggle md-toggle " type="checkbox" id="__nav_4_13" >
+        
+          
+          <label class="md-nav__link" for="__nav_4_13" id="__nav_4_13_label" tabindex="0">
+            
+  
+  <span class="md-ellipsis">
+    Javascript
+  </span>
+  
+
+            <span class="md-nav__icon md-icon"></span>
+          </label>
+        
+        <nav class="md-nav" data-md-level="2" aria-labelledby="__nav_4_13_label" aria-expanded="false">
+          <label class="md-nav__title" for="__nav_4_13">
+            <span class="md-nav__icon md-icon"></span>
+            Javascript
+          </label>
+          <ul class="md-nav__list" data-md-scrollfix>
+            
+              
+                
+  
+  
+  
+  
+    <li class="md-nav__item">
+      <a href="../languages/javascript/javascript.html" class="md-nav__link">
+        
+  
+  <span class="md-ellipsis">
+    Javascript
+  </span>
+  
+
+      </a>
+    </li>
+  
+
+              
+            
+              
+                
+  
+  
+  
+  
+    <li class="md-nav__item">
+      <a href="../languages/javascript/dom.html" class="md-nav__link">
+        
+  
+  <span class="md-ellipsis">
+    DOM
+  </span>
+  
+
+      </a>
+    </li>
+  
+
+              
+            
+              
+                
+  
+  
+  
+  
+    <li class="md-nav__item">
+      <a href="../languages/javascript/events-animation.html" class="md-nav__link">
+        
+  
+  <span class="md-ellipsis">
+    Events & Animation
+  </span>
+  
+
+      </a>
+    </li>
+  
+
+              
+            
+              
+                
+  
+  
+  
+  
+    <li class="md-nav__item">
+      <a href="../languages/javascript/ajax.html" class="md-nav__link">
+        
+  
+  <span class="md-ellipsis">
+    AJAX
+  </span>
+  
+
+      </a>
+    </li>
+  
+
+              
+            
+              
+                
+  
+  
+  
+  
+    <li class="md-nav__item">
+      <a href="../languages/javascript/jquery.html" class="md-nav__link">
+        
+  
+  <span class="md-ellipsis">
+    jQuery
+  </span>
+  
+
+      </a>
+    </li>
+  
+
+              
+            
+              
+                
+  
+  
+  
+  
+    
+    
+      
+        
+      
+        
+      
+        
+      
+        
+      
+        
+      
+    
+    
+      
+      
+        
+      
+    
+    
+    <li class="md-nav__item md-nav__item--nested">
+      
+        
+        
+        <input class="md-nav__toggle md-toggle " type="checkbox" id="__nav_4_13_6" >
+        
+          
+          <label class="md-nav__link" for="__nav_4_13_6" id="__nav_4_13_6_label" tabindex="0">
+            
+  
+  <span class="md-ellipsis">
+    React
+  </span>
+  
+
+            <span class="md-nav__icon md-icon"></span>
+          </label>
+        
+        <nav class="md-nav" data-md-level="3" aria-labelledby="__nav_4_13_6_label" aria-expanded="false">
+          <label class="md-nav__title" for="__nav_4_13_6">
+            <span class="md-nav__icon md-icon"></span>
+            React
+          </label>
+          <ul class="md-nav__list" data-md-scrollfix>
+            
+              
+                
+  
+  
+  
+  
+    <li class="md-nav__item">
+      <a href="../languages/javascript/react/react.html" class="md-nav__link">
+        
+  
+  <span class="md-ellipsis">
+    React
+  </span>
+  
+
+      </a>
+    </li>
+  
+
+              
+            
+              
+                
+  
+  
+  
+  
+    <li class="md-nav__item">
+      <a href="../languages/javascript/react/react-router.html" class="md-nav__link">
+        
+  
+  <span class="md-ellipsis">
+    React Router
+  </span>
+  
+
+      </a>
+    </li>
+  
+
+              
+            
+              
+                
+  
+  
+  
+  
+    <li class="md-nav__item">
+      <a href="../languages/javascript/react/react-tests.html" class="md-nav__link">
+        
+  
+  <span class="md-ellipsis">
+    React Tests
+  </span>
+  
+
+      </a>
+    </li>
+  
+
+              
+            
+              
+                
+  
+  
+  
+  
+    <li class="md-nav__item">
+      <a href="../languages/javascript/react/redux.html" class="md-nav__link">
+        
+  
+  <span class="md-ellipsis">
+    Redux
+  </span>
+  
+
+      </a>
+    </li>
+  
+
+              
+            
+              
+                
+  
+  
+  
+  
+    <li class="md-nav__item">
+      <a href="../languages/javascript/react/redux-tests.html" class="md-nav__link">
+        
+  
+  <span class="md-ellipsis">
+    Redux Tests
+  </span>
+  
+
+      </a>
+    </li>
+  
+
+              
+            
+          </ul>
+        </nav>
+      
+    </li>
+  
+
+              
+            
+              
+                
+  
+  
+  
+  
+    <li class="md-nav__item">
+      <a href="../languages/javascript/svelte/svelte.html" class="md-nav__link">
+        
+  
+  <span class="md-ellipsis">
+    Svelte
+  </span>
+  
+
+      </a>
+    </li>
+  
+
+              
+            
+          </ul>
+        </nav>
+      
+    </li>
+  
+
+              
+            
+              
+                
+  
+  
+  
+  
+    
+    
+      
+        
+      
+        
+      
+    
+    
+      
+      
+        
+      
+    
+    
+    <li class="md-nav__item md-nav__item--nested">
+      
+        
+        
+        <input class="md-nav__toggle md-toggle " type="checkbox" id="__nav_4_14" >
+        
+          
+          <label class="md-nav__link" for="__nav_4_14" id="__nav_4_14_label" tabindex="0">
+            
+  
+  <span class="md-ellipsis">
+    PowerShell
+  </span>
+  
+
+            <span class="md-nav__icon md-icon"></span>
+          </label>
+        
+        <nav class="md-nav" data-md-level="2" aria-labelledby="__nav_4_14_label" aria-expanded="false">
+          <label class="md-nav__title" for="__nav_4_14">
+            <span class="md-nav__icon md-icon"></span>
+            PowerShell
+          </label>
+          <ul class="md-nav__list" data-md-scrollfix>
+            
+              
+                
+  
+  
+  
+  
+    <li class="md-nav__item">
+      <a href="../languages/powershell/scripting.html" class="md-nav__link">
+        
+  
+  <span class="md-ellipsis">
+    Scripting
+  </span>
+  
+
+      </a>
+    </li>
+  
+
+              
+            
+              
+                
+  
+  
+  
+  
+    <li class="md-nav__item">
+      <a href="../languages/powershell/commands.html" class="md-nav__link">
+        
+  
+  <span class="md-ellipsis">
+    Commands
+  </span>
+  
+
+      </a>
+    </li>
+  
+
+              
+            
+          </ul>
+        </nav>
+      
+    </li>
+  
+
+              
+            
+              
+                
+  
+  
+  
+  
+    
+    
+      
+        
+      
+        
+      
+    
+    
+      
+      
+        
+      
+    
+    
+    <li class="md-nav__item md-nav__item--nested">
+      
+        
+        
+        <input class="md-nav__toggle md-toggle " type="checkbox" id="__nav_4_15" >
+        
+          
+          <label class="md-nav__link" for="__nav_4_15" id="__nav_4_15_label" tabindex="0">
+            
+  
+  <span class="md-ellipsis">
+    Bash
+  </span>
+  
+
+            <span class="md-nav__icon md-icon"></span>
+          </label>
+        
+        <nav class="md-nav" data-md-level="2" aria-labelledby="__nav_4_15_label" aria-expanded="false">
+          <label class="md-nav__title" for="__nav_4_15">
+            <span class="md-nav__icon md-icon"></span>
+            Bash
+          </label>
+          <ul class="md-nav__list" data-md-scrollfix>
+            
+              
+                
+  
+  
+  
+  
+    <li class="md-nav__item">
+      <a href="../languages/bash/scripting.html" class="md-nav__link">
+        
+  
+  <span class="md-ellipsis">
+    Scripting
+  </span>
+  
+
+      </a>
+    </li>
+  
+
+              
+            
+              
+                
+  
+  
+  
+  
+    <li class="md-nav__item">
+      <a href="../languages/bash/commands.html" class="md-nav__link">
+        
+  
+  <span class="md-ellipsis">
+    Commands
+  </span>
+  
+
+      </a>
+    </li>
+  
+
+              
+            
+          </ul>
+        </nav>
+      
+    </li>
+  
+
+              
+            
+          </ul>
+        </nav>
+      
+    </li>
+  
+
+    
+      
+      
+  
+  
+  
+  
+    
+    
+      
+        
+      
+        
+      
+        
+      
+        
+      
+        
+      
+    
+    
+      
+      
+        
+      
+    
+    
+    <li class="md-nav__item md-nav__item--nested">
+      
+        
+        
+        <input class="md-nav__toggle md-toggle " type="checkbox" id="__nav_5" >
+        
+          
+          <label class="md-nav__link" for="__nav_5" id="__nav_5_label" tabindex="0">
+            
+  
+  <span class="md-ellipsis">
+    Misc
+  </span>
+  
+
+            <span class="md-nav__icon md-icon"></span>
+          </label>
+        
+        <nav class="md-nav" data-md-level="1" aria-labelledby="__nav_5_label" aria-expanded="false">
+          <label class="md-nav__title" for="__nav_5">
+            <span class="md-nav__icon md-icon"></span>
+            Misc
+          </label>
+          <ul class="md-nav__list" data-md-scrollfix>
+            
+              
+                
+  
+  
+  
+  
+    <li class="md-nav__item">
+      <a href="../misc/git.html" class="md-nav__link">
+        
+  
+  <span class="md-ellipsis">
+    Git
+  </span>
+  
+
+      </a>
+    </li>
+  
+
+              
+            
+              
+                
+  
+  
+  
+  
+    <li class="md-nav__item">
+      <a href="../misc/graph-ql.html" class="md-nav__link">
+        
+  
+  <span class="md-ellipsis">
+    GraphQL
+  </span>
+  
+
+      </a>
+    </li>
+  
+
+              
+            
+              
+                
+  
+  
+  
+  
+    <li class="md-nav__item">
+      <a href="../misc/regular-expressions.html" class="md-nav__link">
+        
+  
+  <span class="md-ellipsis">
+    RegEx
+  </span>
+  
+
+      </a>
+    </li>
+  
+
+              
+            
+              
+                
+  
+  
+  
+  
+    <li class="md-nav__item">
+      <a href="../misc/ssh.html" class="md-nav__link">
+        
+  
+  <span class="md-ellipsis">
+    SSH
+  </span>
+  
+
+      </a>
+    </li>
+  
+
+              
+            
+              
+                
+  
+  
+  
+  
+    <li class="md-nav__item">
+      <a href="../misc/web-components.html" class="md-nav__link">
+        
+  
+  <span class="md-ellipsis">
+    WebComponents
+  </span>
+  
+
+      </a>
+    </li>
+  
+
+              
+            
+          </ul>
+        </nav>
+      
+    </li>
+  
+
+    
+      
+      
+  
+  
+  
+  
+    
+    
+      
+        
+      
+        
+      
+    
+    
+      
+      
+        
+      
+    
+    
+    <li class="md-nav__item md-nav__item--nested">
+      
+        
+        
+        <input class="md-nav__toggle md-toggle " type="checkbox" id="__nav_6" >
+        
+          
+          <label class="md-nav__link" for="__nav_6" id="__nav_6_label" tabindex="0">
+            
+  
+  <span class="md-ellipsis">
+    Linux
+  </span>
+  
+
+            <span class="md-nav__icon md-icon"></span>
+          </label>
+        
+        <nav class="md-nav" data-md-level="1" aria-labelledby="__nav_6_label" aria-expanded="false">
+          <label class="md-nav__title" for="__nav_6">
+            <span class="md-nav__icon md-icon"></span>
+            Linux
+          </label>
+          <ul class="md-nav__list" data-md-scrollfix>
+            
+              
+                
+  
+  
+  
+  
+    
+    
+      
+        
+      
+        
+      
+        
+      
+    
+    
+      
+      
+        
+      
+    
+    
+    <li class="md-nav__item md-nav__item--nested">
+      
+        
+        
+        <input class="md-nav__toggle md-toggle " type="checkbox" id="__nav_6_1" >
+        
+          
+          <label class="md-nav__link" for="__nav_6_1" id="__nav_6_1_label" tabindex="0">
+            
+  
+  <span class="md-ellipsis">
+    Filesystem
+  </span>
+  
+
+            <span class="md-nav__icon md-icon"></span>
+          </label>
+        
+        <nav class="md-nav" data-md-level="2" aria-labelledby="__nav_6_1_label" aria-expanded="false">
+          <label class="md-nav__title" for="__nav_6_1">
+            <span class="md-nav__icon md-icon"></span>
+            Filesystem
+          </label>
+          <ul class="md-nav__list" data-md-scrollfix>
+            
+              
+                
+  
+  
+  
+  
+    <li class="md-nav__item">
+      <a href="../linux/filesystem/file-links.html" class="md-nav__link">
+        
+  
+  <span class="md-ellipsis">
+    File Links
+  </span>
+  
+
+      </a>
+    </li>
+  
+
+              
+            
+              
+                
+  
+  
+  
+  
+    <li class="md-nav__item">
+      <a href="../linux/filesystem/procfs.html" class="md-nav__link">
+        
+  
+  <span class="md-ellipsis">
+    /proc
+  </span>
+  
+
+      </a>
+    </li>
+  
+
+              
+            
+              
+                
+  
+  
+  
+  
+    <li class="md-nav__item">
+      <a href="../linux/filesystem/sysfs.html" class="md-nav__link">
+        
+  
+  <span class="md-ellipsis">
+    /sys
+  </span>
+  
+
+      </a>
+    </li>
+  
+
+              
+            
+          </ul>
+        </nav>
+      
+    </li>
+  
+
+              
+            
+              
+                
+  
+  
+  
+  
+    
+    
+      
+        
+      
+        
+      
+    
+    
+      
+      
+        
+      
+    
+    
+    <li class="md-nav__item md-nav__item--nested">
+      
+        
+        
+        <input class="md-nav__toggle md-toggle " type="checkbox" id="__nav_6_2" >
+        
+          
+          <label class="md-nav__link" for="__nav_6_2" id="__nav_6_2_label" tabindex="0">
+            
+  
+  <span class="md-ellipsis">
+    System Init
+  </span>
+  
+
+            <span class="md-nav__icon md-icon"></span>
+          </label>
+        
+        <nav class="md-nav" data-md-level="2" aria-labelledby="__nav_6_2_label" aria-expanded="false">
+          <label class="md-nav__title" for="__nav_6_2">
+            <span class="md-nav__icon md-icon"></span>
+            System Init
+          </label>
+          <ul class="md-nav__list" data-md-scrollfix>
+            
+              
+                
+  
+  
+  
+  
+    <li class="md-nav__item">
+      <a href="../linux/init/systemd.html" class="md-nav__link">
+        
+  
+  <span class="md-ellipsis">
+    Systemd
+  </span>
+  
+
+      </a>
+    </li>
+  
+
+              
+            
+              
+                
+  
+  
+  
+  
+    <li class="md-nav__item">
+      <a href="../linux/init/open-rc.html" class="md-nav__link">
+        
+  
+  <span class="md-ellipsis">
+    OpenRC
+  </span>
+  
+
+      </a>
+    </li>
+  
+
+              
+            
+          </ul>
+        </nav>
+      
+    </li>
+  
+
+              
+            
+          </ul>
+        </nav>
+      
+    </li>
+  
+
+    
+  </ul>
+</nav>
+                  </div>
+                </div>
+              </div>
+            
+            
+              
+              <div class="md-sidebar md-sidebar--secondary" data-md-component="sidebar" data-md-type="toc" >
+                <div class="md-sidebar__scrollwrap">
+                  <div class="md-sidebar__inner">
+                    
+
+<nav class="md-nav md-nav--secondary" aria-label="Table of contents">
+  
+  
+  
+    
+  
+  
+    <label class="md-nav__title" for="__toc">
+      <span class="md-nav__icon md-icon"></span>
+      Table of contents
+    </label>
+    <ul class="md-nav__list" data-md-component="toc" data-md-scrollfix>
+      
+        <li class="md-nav__item">
+  <a href="#data-types" class="md-nav__link">
+    <span class="md-ellipsis">
+      Data Types
+    </span>
+  </a>
+  
+</li>
+      
+        <li class="md-nav__item">
+  <a href="#databases-collections-usage" class="md-nav__link">
+    <span class="md-ellipsis">
+      Databases &amp; Collections Usage
+    </span>
+  </a>
+  
+</li>
+      
+        <li class="md-nav__item">
+  <a href="#operators-mql-syntax" class="md-nav__link">
+    <span class="md-ellipsis">
+      Operators (MQL Syntax)
+    </span>
+  </a>
+  
+    <nav class="md-nav" aria-label="Operators (MQL Syntax)">
+      <ul class="md-nav__list">
+        
+          <li class="md-nav__item">
+  <a href="#expressive-query-operator" class="md-nav__link">
+    <span class="md-ellipsis">
+      Expressive Query Operator
+    </span>
+  </a>
+  
+</li>
+        
+      </ul>
+    </nav>
+  
+</li>
+      
+        <li class="md-nav__item">
+  <a href="#mongo-query-language-mql" class="md-nav__link">
+    <span class="md-ellipsis">
+      Mongo Query Language (MQL)
+    </span>
+  </a>
+  
+    <nav class="md-nav" aria-label="Mongo Query Language (MQL)">
+      <ul class="md-nav__list">
+        
+          <li class="md-nav__item">
+  <a href="#insertion" class="md-nav__link">
+    <span class="md-ellipsis">
+      Insertion
+    </span>
+  </a>
+  
+</li>
+        
+          <li class="md-nav__item">
+  <a href="#querying" class="md-nav__link">
+    <span class="md-ellipsis">
+      Querying
+    </span>
+  </a>
+  
+</li>
+        
+          <li class="md-nav__item">
+  <a href="#updating" class="md-nav__link">
+    <span class="md-ellipsis">
+      Updating
+    </span>
+  </a>
+  
+</li>
+        
+          <li class="md-nav__item">
+  <a href="#deletion" class="md-nav__link">
+    <span class="md-ellipsis">
+      Deletion
+    </span>
+  </a>
+  
+</li>
+        
+      </ul>
+    </nav>
+  
+</li>
+      
+        <li class="md-nav__item">
+  <a href="#mongodb-database-tools" class="md-nav__link">
+    <span class="md-ellipsis">
+      MongoDB Database Tools
+    </span>
+  </a>
+  
+    <nav class="md-nav" aria-label="MongoDB Database Tools">
+      <ul class="md-nav__list">
+        
+          <li class="md-nav__item">
+  <a href="#mongoimport" class="md-nav__link">
+    <span class="md-ellipsis">
+      Mongoimport
+    </span>
+  </a>
+  
+</li>
+        
+          <li class="md-nav__item">
+  <a href="#mongoexport" class="md-nav__link">
+    <span class="md-ellipsis">
+      Mongoexport
+    </span>
+  </a>
+  
+</li>
+        
+          <li class="md-nav__item">
+  <a href="#mongodump-mongorestore" class="md-nav__link">
+    <span class="md-ellipsis">
+      Mongodump &amp; Mongorestore
+    </span>
+  </a>
+  
+</li>
+        
+      </ul>
+    </nav>
+  
+</li>
+      
+        <li class="md-nav__item">
+  <a href="#indexes" class="md-nav__link">
+    <span class="md-ellipsis">
+      Indexes
+    </span>
+  </a>
+  
+    <nav class="md-nav" aria-label="Indexes">
+      <ul class="md-nav__list">
+        
+          <li class="md-nav__item">
+  <a href="#index-types" class="md-nav__link">
+    <span class="md-ellipsis">
+      Index Types
+    </span>
+  </a>
+  
+</li>
+        
+          <li class="md-nav__item">
+  <a href="#diagnosis-and-query-planning" class="md-nav__link">
+    <span class="md-ellipsis">
+      Diagnosis and query planning
+    </span>
+  </a>
+  
+</li>
+        
+          <li class="md-nav__item">
+  <a href="#index-creation" class="md-nav__link">
+    <span class="md-ellipsis">
+      Index Creation
+    </span>
+  </a>
+  
+</li>
+        
+          <li class="md-nav__item">
+  <a href="#index-management" class="md-nav__link">
+    <span class="md-ellipsis">
+      Index Management
+    </span>
+  </a>
+  
+</li>
+        
+      </ul>
+    </nav>
+  
+</li>
+      
+        <li class="md-nav__item">
+  <a href="#cluster-administration" class="md-nav__link">
+    <span class="md-ellipsis">
+      Cluster Administration
+    </span>
+  </a>
+  
+    <nav class="md-nav" aria-label="Cluster Administration">
+      <ul class="md-nav__list">
+        
+          <li class="md-nav__item">
+  <a href="#mongod" class="md-nav__link">
+    <span class="md-ellipsis">
+      mongod
+    </span>
+  </a>
+  
+</li>
+        
+          <li class="md-nav__item">
+  <a href="#basic-shell-helpers" class="md-nav__link">
+    <span class="md-ellipsis">
+      Basic Shell Helpers
+    </span>
+  </a>
+  
+</li>
+        
+          <li class="md-nav__item">
+  <a href="#logging" class="md-nav__link">
+    <span class="md-ellipsis">
+      Logging
+    </span>
+  </a>
+  
+</li>
+        
+          <li class="md-nav__item">
+  <a href="#database-profiling" class="md-nav__link">
+    <span class="md-ellipsis">
+      Database Profiling
+    </span>
+  </a>
+  
+</li>
+        
+          <li class="md-nav__item">
+  <a href="#authentication" class="md-nav__link">
+    <span class="md-ellipsis">
+      Authentication
+    </span>
+  </a>
+  
+</li>
+        
+          <li class="md-nav__item">
+  <a href="#authorization-role-based-access-control-rbac" class="md-nav__link">
+    <span class="md-ellipsis">
+      Authorization: Role Based Access Control (RBAC)
+    </span>
+  </a>
+  
+</li>
+        
+          <li class="md-nav__item">
+  <a href="#replica-set" class="md-nav__link">
+    <span class="md-ellipsis">
+      Replica set
+    </span>
+  </a>
+  
+</li>
+        
+          <li class="md-nav__item">
+  <a href="#sharding" class="md-nav__link">
+    <span class="md-ellipsis">
+      Sharding
+    </span>
+  </a>
+  
+</li>
+        
+      </ul>
+    </nav>
+  
+</li>
+      
+        <li class="md-nav__item">
+  <a href="#aggregation-framework" class="md-nav__link">
+    <span class="md-ellipsis">
+      Aggregation Framework
+    </span>
+  </a>
+  
+    <nav class="md-nav" aria-label="Aggregation Framework">
+      <ul class="md-nav__list">
+        
+          <li class="md-nav__item">
+  <a href="#variables" class="md-nav__link">
+    <span class="md-ellipsis">
+      Variables
+    </span>
+  </a>
+  
+</li>
+        
+          <li class="md-nav__item">
+  <a href="#match-aggregation-stage" class="md-nav__link">
+    <span class="md-ellipsis">
+      $match Aggregation Stage
+    </span>
+  </a>
+  
+</li>
+        
+          <li class="md-nav__item">
+  <a href="#project-aggregation-stage" class="md-nav__link">
+    <span class="md-ellipsis">
+      $project Aggregation Stage
+    </span>
+  </a>
+  
+</li>
+        
+          <li class="md-nav__item">
+  <a href="#addfields-aggregation-stage" class="md-nav__link">
+    <span class="md-ellipsis">
+      $addFields Aggregation Stage
+    </span>
+  </a>
+  
+</li>
+        
+          <li class="md-nav__item">
+  <a href="#group-aggregation-stage" class="md-nav__link">
+    <span class="md-ellipsis">
+      $group Aggregation Stage
+    </span>
+  </a>
+  
+</li>
+        
+          <li class="md-nav__item">
+  <a href="#unwind-aggregation-stage" class="md-nav__link">
+    <span class="md-ellipsis">
+      $unwind Aggregation Stage
+    </span>
+  </a>
+  
+</li>
+        
+          <li class="md-nav__item">
+  <a href="#count-aggregation-stage" class="md-nav__link">
+    <span class="md-ellipsis">
+      $count Aggregation Stage
+    </span>
+  </a>
+  
+</li>
+        
+          <li class="md-nav__item">
+  <a href="#sort-aggregation-stage" class="md-nav__link">
+    <span class="md-ellipsis">
+      $sort Aggregation Stage
+    </span>
+  </a>
+  
+</li>
+        
+          <li class="md-nav__item">
+  <a href="#skip-aggregation-stage" class="md-nav__link">
+    <span class="md-ellipsis">
+      $skip Aggregation Stage
+    </span>
+  </a>
+  
+</li>
+        
+          <li class="md-nav__item">
+  <a href="#limit-aggregation-stage" class="md-nav__link">
+    <span class="md-ellipsis">
+      $limit Aggregation Stage
+    </span>
+  </a>
+  
+</li>
+        
+          <li class="md-nav__item">
+  <a href="#lookup-aggregation-stage" class="md-nav__link">
+    <span class="md-ellipsis">
+      $lookup Aggregation Stage
+    </span>
+  </a>
+  
+</li>
+        
+          <li class="md-nav__item">
+  <a href="#graphlookup-aggregation-stage" class="md-nav__link">
+    <span class="md-ellipsis">
+      $graphLookup Aggregation Stage
+    </span>
+  </a>
+  
+</li>
+        
+          <li class="md-nav__item">
+  <a href="#sortbycount-aggregation-stage" class="md-nav__link">
+    <span class="md-ellipsis">
+      $sortByCount Aggregation Stage
+    </span>
+  </a>
+  
+</li>
+        
+      </ul>
+    </nav>
+  
+</li>
+      
+    </ul>
+  
+</nav>
+                  </div>
+                </div>
+              </div>
+            
+          
+          
+            <div class="md-content" data-md-component="content">
+              <article class="md-content__inner md-typeset">
+                
+                  
+
+  
+  
+
+
+<h1 id="mongodb">MongoDB</h1>
+<p>The database is a container of <strong>collections</strong>. The collections are containers of <strong>documents</strong>.</p>
+<p>The documents are <em>schema-less</em> that is they have a dynamic structure that can change between documents in the same collection.</p>
+<h2 id="data-types">Data Types</h2>
+<table>
+<thead>
+<tr>
+<th>Type</th>
+<th>Example Value</th>
+<th>Function</th>
+</tr>
+</thead>
+<tbody>
+<tr>
+<td>Text</td>
+<td><code>"Text"</code></td>
+<td></td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+<td>Boolean</td>
+<td><code>true</code></td>
+<td></td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+<td>Number</td>
+<td><code>42</code></td>
+<td></td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+<td>Objectid</td>
+<td><code>"_id": {"$oid": "&lt;id&gt;"}</code></td>
+<td><code>ObjectId("&lt;id&gt;")</code></td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+<td>ISODate</td>
+<td><code>"&lt;key&gt;": {"$date": "YYYY-MM-DDThh:mm:ss.sssZ"}</code></td>
+<td><code>ISODate("YYYY-MM-DD")</code></td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+<td>Timestamp</td>
+<td></td>
+<td><code>Timestamp(11421532)</code></td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+<td>Embedded Document</td>
+<td><code>{"a": {...}}</code></td>
+<td></td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+<td>Embedded Array</td>
+<td><code>{"b": [...]}</code></td>
+<td></td>
+</tr>
+</tbody>
+</table>
+<p>It's mandatory for each document ot have an unique field <code>_id</code>.
+MongoDB automatically creates an <code>ObjectId()</code> if it's not provided.</p>
+<h2 id="databases-collections-usage">Databases &amp; Collections Usage</h2>
+<p>To create a database is sufficient to switch towards a non existing one with <code>use &lt;database&gt;</code> (implicit creation).
+The database is not actually created until a document is inserted.</p>
+<div class="highlight"><table class="highlighttable"><tr><th colspan="2" class="filename"><span class="filename">Bash</span></th></tr><tr><td class="linenos"><div class="linenodiv"><pre><span></span><span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-0-1">1</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-0-2">2</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-0-3">3</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-0-4">4</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-0-5">5</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-0-6">6</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-0-7">7</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-0-8">8</a></span></pre></div></td><td class="code"><div><pre><span></span><code><a id="__codelineno-0-1" name="__codelineno-0-1"></a>show<span class="w"> </span>dbs<span class="w">  </span><span class="c1"># list all databases</span>
+<a id="__codelineno-0-2" name="__codelineno-0-2"></a>use<span class="w"> </span>&lt;database&gt;<span class="w">  </span><span class="c1"># use a particular database</span>
+<a id="__codelineno-0-3" name="__codelineno-0-3"></a>show<span class="w"> </span>collections<span class="w">  </span><span class="c1"># list all collection for the current database</span>
+<a id="__codelineno-0-4" name="__codelineno-0-4"></a>
+<a id="__codelineno-0-5" name="__codelineno-0-5"></a>dbs.dropDatabase<span class="o">()</span><span class="w">  </span><span class="c1"># delete current database</span>
+<a id="__codelineno-0-6" name="__codelineno-0-6"></a>
+<a id="__codelineno-0-7" name="__codelineno-0-7"></a>db.createCollection<span class="o">(</span>name,<span class="w"> </span><span class="o">{</span>options<span class="o">})</span><span class="w">  </span><span class="c1"># explicit collection creation</span>
+<a id="__codelineno-0-8" name="__codelineno-0-8"></a>db.&lt;collection&gt;.insertOne<span class="o">({</span>document<span class="o">})</span><span class="w">  </span><span class="c1"># implicit collection creation</span>
+</code></pre></div></td></tr></table></div>
+<h2 id="operators-mql-syntax">Operators (MQL Syntax)</h2>
+<div class="highlight"><table class="highlighttable"><tr><th colspan="2" class="filename"><span class="filename">JSON</span></th></tr><tr><td class="linenos"><div class="linenodiv"><pre><span></span><span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-1-1"> 1</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-1-2"> 2</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-1-3"> 3</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-1-4"> 4</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-1-5"> 5</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-1-6"> 6</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-1-7"> 7</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-1-8"> 8</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-1-9"> 9</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-1-10">10</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-1-11">11</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-1-12">12</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-1-13">13</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-1-14">14</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-1-15">15</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-1-16">16</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-1-17">17</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-1-18">18</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-1-19">19</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-1-20">20</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-1-21">21</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-1-22">22</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-1-23">23</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-1-24">24</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-1-25">25</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-1-26">26</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-1-27">27</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-1-28">28</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-1-29">29</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-1-30">30</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-1-31">31</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-1-32">32</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-1-33">33</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-1-34">34</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-1-35">35</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-1-36">36</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-1-37">37</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-1-38">38</a></span></pre></div></td><td class="code"><div><pre><span></span><code><a id="__codelineno-1-1" name="__codelineno-1-1"></a><span class="cm">/* --- Update operators --- */</span>
+<a id="__codelineno-1-2" name="__codelineno-1-2"></a><span class="p">{</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="nt">&quot;$inc&quot;</span><span class="p">:</span><span class="w">  </span><span class="p">{</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="nt">&quot;&lt;key&gt;&quot;</span><span class="p">:</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="s2">&quot;&lt;increment&gt;&quot;</span><span class="p">,</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="err">...</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="p">}</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="p">}</span><span class="w">  </span><span class="c1">// increment value</span>
+<a id="__codelineno-1-3" name="__codelineno-1-3"></a><span class="p">{</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="nt">&quot;$set&quot;</span><span class="p">:</span><span class="w">  </span><span class="p">{</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="nt">&quot;&lt;key&gt;&quot;</span><span class="p">:</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="s2">&quot;&lt;value&gt;&quot;</span><span class="p">,</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="err">...</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="p">}</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="p">}</span><span class="w">  </span><span class="c1">// set value</span>
+<a id="__codelineno-1-4" name="__codelineno-1-4"></a><span class="p">{</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="nt">&quot;$unsetset&quot;</span><span class="p">:</span><span class="w">  </span><span class="p">{</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="nt">&quot;&lt;key&gt;&quot;</span><span class="p">:</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="s2">&quot;true&quot;</span><span class="p">,</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="err">...</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="p">}</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="p">}</span><span class="w">  </span><span class="c1">// unset value</span>
+<a id="__codelineno-1-5" name="__codelineno-1-5"></a><span class="p">{</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="nt">&quot;$push&quot;</span><span class="p">:</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="p">{</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="nt">&quot;&lt;key&gt;&quot;</span><span class="p">:</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="s2">&quot;&lt;value&gt;&quot;</span><span class="p">,</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="err">...</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="p">}</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="p">}</span><span class="w">  </span><span class="c1">// add a value to an array field or turn field into array</span>
+<a id="__codelineno-1-6" name="__codelineno-1-6"></a><span class="p">{</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="nt">&quot;$pop&quot;</span><span class="p">:</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="p">{</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="nt">&quot;&lt;key&gt;&quot;</span><span class="p">:</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="err">&lt;</span><span class="mi">-1</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="err">|</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="mi">1</span><span class="err">&gt;</span><span class="p">,</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="err">...</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="p">}</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="p">}</span><span class="w">  </span><span class="c1">// remove first or last array element</span>
+<a id="__codelineno-1-7" name="__codelineno-1-7"></a><span class="p">{</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="nt">&quot;$pull&quot;</span><span class="p">:</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="p">{</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="nt">&quot;&lt;key&gt;&quot;</span><span class="p">:</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="s2">&quot;&lt;value | condition&gt;&quot;</span><span class="p">,</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="err">...</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="p">}</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="p">}</span><span class="w">  </span><span class="c1">// remove a specific item in the array</span>
+<a id="__codelineno-1-8" name="__codelineno-1-8"></a><span class="p">{</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="nt">&quot;$pullAll&quot;</span><span class="p">:</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="p">{</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="nt">&quot;&lt;key&gt;&quot;</span><span class="p">:</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="p">[</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="s2">&quot;&lt;value1&gt;&quot;</span><span class="p">,</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="s2">&quot;&lt;value2&gt;&quot;</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="err">...</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="p">],</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="err">...</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="p">}</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="p">}</span><span class="w">  </span><span class="c1">// remove all specified values from array</span>
+<a id="__codelineno-1-9" name="__codelineno-1-9"></a>
+<a id="__codelineno-1-10" name="__codelineno-1-10"></a><span class="cm">/* --- Query Operators --- */</span>
+<a id="__codelineno-1-11" name="__codelineno-1-11"></a><span class="p">{</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="nt">&quot;&lt;key&gt;&quot;</span><span class="p">:</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="p">{</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="nt">&quot;$in&quot;</span><span class="p">:</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="p">[</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="s2">&quot;&lt;value_1&gt;&quot;</span><span class="p">,</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="s2">&quot;&lt;value_2&gt;&quot;</span><span class="p">,</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="err">...</span><span class="p">]</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="p">}</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="p">}</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="c1">// Membership</span>
+<a id="__codelineno-1-12" name="__codelineno-1-12"></a><span class="p">{</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="nt">&quot;&lt;key&gt;&quot;</span><span class="p">:</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="p">{</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="nt">&quot;$nin&quot;</span><span class="p">:</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="p">[</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="s2">&quot;&lt;value_1&gt;&quot;</span><span class="p">,</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="s2">&quot;&lt;value_2&gt;&quot;</span><span class="p">,</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="err">...</span><span class="p">]</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="p">}</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="p">}</span><span class="w">  </span><span class="c1">// Membership</span>
+<a id="__codelineno-1-13" name="__codelineno-1-13"></a><span class="p">{</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="nt">&quot;&lt;key&gt;&quot;</span><span class="p">:</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="p">{</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="nt">&quot;$exists&quot;</span><span class="p">:</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="kc">true</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="p">}</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="p">}</span><span class="w">  </span><span class="c1">// Field Exists</span>
+<a id="__codelineno-1-14" name="__codelineno-1-14"></a>
+<a id="__codelineno-1-15" name="__codelineno-1-15"></a><span class="cm">/* --- Comparison Operators (DEFAULT: $eq) --- */</span>
+<a id="__codelineno-1-16" name="__codelineno-1-16"></a><span class="p">{</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="nt">&quot;&lt;key&gt;&quot;</span><span class="p">:</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="p">{</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="nt">&quot;$gt&quot;</span><span class="p">:</span><span class="w">  </span><span class="s2">&quot;&lt;value&gt;&quot;</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="p">}}</span><span class="w">  </span><span class="c1">// &gt;</span>
+<a id="__codelineno-1-17" name="__codelineno-1-17"></a><span class="p">{</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="nt">&quot;&lt;key&gt;&quot;</span><span class="p">:</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="p">{</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="nt">&quot;$gte&quot;</span><span class="p">:</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="s2">&quot;&lt;value&gt;&quot;</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="p">}}</span><span class="w">  </span><span class="c1">// &gt;=</span>
+<a id="__codelineno-1-18" name="__codelineno-1-18"></a><span class="p">{</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="nt">&quot;&lt;key&gt;&quot;</span><span class="p">:</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="p">{</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="nt">&quot;$lt&quot;</span><span class="p">:</span><span class="w">  </span><span class="s2">&quot;&lt;value&gt;&quot;</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="p">}}</span><span class="w">  </span><span class="c1">// &lt;</span>
+<a id="__codelineno-1-19" name="__codelineno-1-19"></a><span class="p">{</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="nt">&quot;&lt;key&gt;&quot;</span><span class="p">:</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="p">{</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="nt">&quot;$lte&quot;</span><span class="p">:</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="s2">&quot;&lt;value&gt;&quot;</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="p">}}</span><span class="w">  </span><span class="c1">// &lt;=</span>
+<a id="__codelineno-1-20" name="__codelineno-1-20"></a><span class="p">{</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="nt">&quot;&lt;key&gt;&quot;</span><span class="p">:</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="p">{</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="nt">&quot;$eq&quot;</span><span class="p">:</span><span class="w">  </span><span class="s2">&quot;&lt;value&gt;&quot;</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="p">}}</span><span class="w">  </span><span class="c1">// ==</span>
+<a id="__codelineno-1-21" name="__codelineno-1-21"></a><span class="p">{</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="nt">&quot;&lt;key&gt;&quot;</span><span class="p">:</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="p">{</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="nt">&quot;$ne&quot;</span><span class="p">:</span><span class="w">  </span><span class="s2">&quot;&lt;value&gt;&quot;</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="p">}}</span><span class="w">  </span><span class="c1">// !=</span>
+<a id="__codelineno-1-22" name="__codelineno-1-22"></a>
+<a id="__codelineno-1-23" name="__codelineno-1-23"></a><span class="cm">/* --- Logic Operators (DEFAULT $and) --- */</span>
+<a id="__codelineno-1-24" name="__codelineno-1-24"></a><span class="p">{</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="nt">&quot;$and&quot;</span><span class="p">:</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="p">[</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="p">{</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="s2">&quot;&lt;expression&gt;&quot;</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="p">},</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="err">...</span><span class="p">]</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="p">}</span>
+<a id="__codelineno-1-25" name="__codelineno-1-25"></a><span class="p">{</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="nt">&quot;$or&quot;</span><span class="p">:</span><span class="w">  </span><span class="p">[</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="p">{</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="s2">&quot;&lt;expression&gt;&quot;</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="p">},</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="err">...</span><span class="p">]</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="p">}</span>
+<a id="__codelineno-1-26" name="__codelineno-1-26"></a><span class="p">{</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="nt">&quot;$nor&quot;</span><span class="p">:</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="p">[</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="p">{</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="s2">&quot;&lt;expression&gt;&quot;</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="p">},</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="err">...</span><span class="p">]</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="p">}</span>
+<a id="__codelineno-1-27" name="__codelineno-1-27"></a><span class="p">{</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="nt">&quot;$not&quot;</span><span class="p">:</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="p">{</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="s2">&quot;&lt;expression&gt;&quot;</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="p">}</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="p">}</span>
+<a id="__codelineno-1-28" name="__codelineno-1-28"></a>
+<a id="__codelineno-1-29" name="__codelineno-1-29"></a><span class="cm">/* --- Array Operators --- */</span>
+<a id="__codelineno-1-30" name="__codelineno-1-30"></a><span class="p">{</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="nt">&quot;&lt;key&gt;&quot;</span><span class="p">:</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="p">{</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="nt">&quot;$all&quot;</span><span class="p">:</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="p">[</span><span class="s2">&quot;value&gt;&quot;</span><span class="p">,</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="s2">&quot;&lt;value&gt;&quot;</span><span class="p">,</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="err">...</span><span class="p">]</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="p">}</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="p">}</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="c1">// field contains all values</span>
+<a id="__codelineno-1-31" name="__codelineno-1-31"></a><span class="p">{</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="nt">&quot;&lt;key&gt;&quot;</span><span class="p">:</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="p">{</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="nt">&quot;$size&quot;</span><span class="p">:</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="s2">&quot;&lt;value&gt;&quot;</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="p">}</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="p">}</span>
+<a id="__codelineno-1-32" name="__codelineno-1-32"></a><span class="p">{</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="nt">&quot;&lt;array-key&gt;&quot;</span><span class="p">:</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="p">{</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="nt">&quot;$elemMatch&quot;</span><span class="p">:</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="p">{</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="nt">&quot;&lt;item-key&gt;&quot;</span><span class="p">:</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="s2">&quot;&lt;expression&gt;&quot;</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="p">}</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="p">}</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="p">}</span><span class="w">  </span><span class="c1">// elements in array must match an expression</span>
+<a id="__codelineno-1-33" name="__codelineno-1-33"></a>
+<a id="__codelineno-1-34" name="__codelineno-1-34"></a><span class="cm">/* --- REGEX Operator --- */</span>
+<a id="__codelineno-1-35" name="__codelineno-1-35"></a><span class="p">{</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="nt">&quot;&lt;key&gt;&quot;</span><span class="p">:</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="p">{</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="nt">&quot;$regex&quot;</span><span class="p">:</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="s2">&quot;/pattern/&quot;</span><span class="p">,</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="nt">&quot;$options&quot;</span><span class="p">:</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="s2">&quot;&lt;options&gt;&quot;</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="p">}</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="p">}</span>
+<a id="__codelineno-1-36" name="__codelineno-1-36"></a><span class="p">{</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="nt">&quot;&lt;key&gt;&quot;</span><span class="p">:</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="p">{</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="nt">&quot;$regex&quot;</span><span class="p">:</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="s2">&quot;pattern&quot;</span><span class="p">,</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="nt">&quot;$options&quot;</span><span class="p">:</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="s2">&quot;&lt;options&gt;&quot;</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="p">}</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="p">}</span>
+<a id="__codelineno-1-37" name="__codelineno-1-37"></a><span class="p">{</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="nt">&quot;&lt;key&gt;&quot;</span><span class="p">:</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="p">{</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="nt">&quot;$regex&quot;</span><span class="p">:</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="s2">&quot;/pattern/&lt;options&gt;&quot;</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="p">}</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="p">}</span>
+<a id="__codelineno-1-38" name="__codelineno-1-38"></a><span class="p">{</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="nt">&quot;&lt;key&gt;&quot;</span><span class="p">:</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="s2">&quot;/pattern/&lt;options&gt;&quot;</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="p">}</span>
+</code></pre></div></td></tr></table></div>
+<h3 id="expressive-query-operator">Expressive Query Operator</h3>
+<blockquote>
+<p><strong>Note</strong>:  <code>$&lt;key&gt;</code> is used to access the value of the field dynamically</p>
+</blockquote>
+<div class="highlight"><table class="highlighttable"><tr><th colspan="2" class="filename"><span class="filename">JSON</span></th></tr><tr><td class="linenos"><div class="linenodiv"><pre><span></span><span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-2-1">1</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-2-2">2</a></span></pre></div></td><td class="code"><div><pre><span></span><code><a id="__codelineno-2-1" name="__codelineno-2-1"></a><span class="p">{</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="nt">&quot;$expr&quot;</span><span class="p">:</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="p">{</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="s2">&quot;&lt;expression&gt;&quot;</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="p">}</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="p">}</span><span class="w">  </span><span class="c1">// aggregation expression, variables, conditional expressions</span>
+<a id="__codelineno-2-2" name="__codelineno-2-2"></a><span class="p">{</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="nt">&quot;$expr&quot;</span><span class="p">:</span><span class="w">  </span><span class="p">{</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="nt">&quot;$&lt;comparison_operator&gt;&quot;</span><span class="p">:</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="p">[</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="s2">&quot;$&lt;key&gt;&quot;</span><span class="p">,</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="s2">&quot;$&lt;key&gt;&quot;</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="p">]</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="p">}</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="p">}</span><span class="w">  </span><span class="c1">// compare field values (operators use aggregation syntax)</span>
+</code></pre></div></td></tr></table></div>
+<h2 id="mongo-query-language-mql">Mongo Query Language (MQL)</h2>
+<h3 id="insertion">Insertion</h3>
+<p>It's possible to insert a single document with the command <code>insertOne()</code> or multiple documents with <code>insertMany()</code>.</p>
+<p>Insertion results:</p>
+<ul>
+<li>error -&gt; rollback</li>
+<li>success -&gt; entire documents gets saved</li>
+</ul>
+<div class="highlight"><table class="highlighttable"><tr><th colspan="2" class="filename"><span class="filename">Bash</span></th></tr><tr><td class="linenos"><div class="linenodiv"><pre><span></span><span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-3-1"> 1</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-3-2"> 2</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-3-3"> 3</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-3-4"> 4</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-3-5"> 5</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-3-6"> 6</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-3-7"> 7</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-3-8"> 8</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-3-9"> 9</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-3-10">10</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-3-11">11</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-3-12">12</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-3-13">13</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-3-14">14</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-3-15">15</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-3-16">16</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-3-17">17</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-3-18">18</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-3-19">19</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-3-20">20</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-3-21">21</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-3-22">22</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-3-23">23</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-3-24">24</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-3-25">25</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-3-26">26</a></span></pre></div></td><td class="code"><div><pre><span></span><code><a id="__codelineno-3-1" name="__codelineno-3-1"></a><span class="c1"># explicit collection creation, all options are optional</span>
+<a id="__codelineno-3-2" name="__codelineno-3-2"></a>db.createCollection<span class="o">(</span><span class="w"> </span>&lt;name&gt;,
+<a id="__codelineno-3-3" name="__codelineno-3-3"></a><span class="w">   </span><span class="o">{</span>
+<a id="__codelineno-3-4" name="__codelineno-3-4"></a><span class="w">        </span>capped:<span class="w"> </span>&lt;boolean&gt;,
+<a id="__codelineno-3-5" name="__codelineno-3-5"></a><span class="w">        </span>autoIndexId:<span class="w"> </span>&lt;boolean&gt;,
+<a id="__codelineno-3-6" name="__codelineno-3-6"></a><span class="w">        </span>size:<span class="w"> </span>&lt;number&gt;,
+<a id="__codelineno-3-7" name="__codelineno-3-7"></a><span class="w">        </span>max:<span class="w"> </span>&lt;number&gt;,
+<a id="__codelineno-3-8" name="__codelineno-3-8"></a><span class="w">        </span>storageEngine:<span class="w"> </span>&lt;document&gt;,
+<a id="__codelineno-3-9" name="__codelineno-3-9"></a><span class="w">        </span>validator:<span class="w"> </span>&lt;document&gt;,
+<a id="__codelineno-3-10" name="__codelineno-3-10"></a><span class="w">        </span>validationLevel:<span class="w"> </span>&lt;string&gt;,
+<a id="__codelineno-3-11" name="__codelineno-3-11"></a><span class="w">        </span>validationAction:<span class="w"> </span>&lt;string&gt;,
+<a id="__codelineno-3-12" name="__codelineno-3-12"></a><span class="w">        </span>indexOptionDefaults:<span class="w"> </span>&lt;document&gt;,
+<a id="__codelineno-3-13" name="__codelineno-3-13"></a><span class="w">        </span>viewOn:<span class="w"> </span>&lt;string&gt;,
+<a id="__codelineno-3-14" name="__codelineno-3-14"></a><span class="w">        </span>pipeline:<span class="w"> </span>&lt;pipeline&gt;,
+<a id="__codelineno-3-15" name="__codelineno-3-15"></a><span class="w">        </span>collation:<span class="w"> </span>&lt;document&gt;,
+<a id="__codelineno-3-16" name="__codelineno-3-16"></a><span class="w">        </span>writeConcern:<span class="w"> </span>&lt;document&gt;
+<a id="__codelineno-3-17" name="__codelineno-3-17"></a><span class="w">   </span><span class="o">}</span>
+<a id="__codelineno-3-18" name="__codelineno-3-18"></a><span class="o">)</span>
+<a id="__codelineno-3-19" name="__codelineno-3-19"></a>
+<a id="__codelineno-3-20" name="__codelineno-3-20"></a>db.createCollection<span class="o">(</span><span class="s2">&quot;name&quot;</span>,<span class="w"> </span><span class="o">{</span><span class="w"> </span>capped:<span class="w"> </span>true,<span class="w"> </span>size:<span class="w"> </span>max_bytes,<span class="w"> </span>max:<span class="w"> </span>max_docs_num<span class="w"> </span><span class="o">}</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="o">)</span><span class="w">  </span><span class="c1"># creation of a capped collection</span>
+<a id="__codelineno-3-21" name="__codelineno-3-21"></a><span class="c1"># SIZE: int - will be rounded to a multiple of 256</span>
+<a id="__codelineno-3-22" name="__codelineno-3-22"></a>
+<a id="__codelineno-3-23" name="__codelineno-3-23"></a><span class="c1"># implicit creation at doc insertion</span>
+<a id="__codelineno-3-24" name="__codelineno-3-24"></a>db.&lt;collection&gt;.insertOne<span class="o">({</span><span class="w"> </span>document<span class="w"> </span><span class="o">}</span>,<span class="w"> </span>options<span class="o">)</span><span class="w">  </span><span class="c1"># insert a document in a collection</span>
+<a id="__codelineno-3-25" name="__codelineno-3-25"></a>db.&lt;collection&gt;.insertMany<span class="o">([</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="o">{</span><span class="w"> </span>document<span class="w"> </span><span class="o">}</span>,<span class="w"> </span><span class="o">{</span><span class="w"> </span>document<span class="w"> </span><span class="o">}</span>,<span class="w"> </span>...<span class="w"> </span><span class="o">]</span>,<span class="w"> </span>options<span class="o">)</span><span class="w">  </span><span class="c1"># insert multiple docs</span>
+<a id="__codelineno-3-26" name="__codelineno-3-26"></a>db.&lt;collection&gt;.insertMany<span class="o">([</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="o">{</span><span class="w"> </span>document<span class="w"> </span><span class="o">}</span>,<span class="w"> </span><span class="o">{</span><span class="w"> </span>document<span class="w"> </span><span class="o">}</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="o">]</span><span class="w"> </span>,<span class="w"> </span><span class="o">{</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="s2">&quot;ordered&quot;</span>:<span class="w"> </span><span class="nb">false</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="o">})</span><span class="w">  </span><span class="c1"># allow the unordered insertion, only documents that cause errors wont be inserted</span>
+</code></pre></div></td></tr></table></div>
+<blockquote>
+<p><strong>Note</strong>: If <code>insertMany()</code> fails the already inserted documents are not rolled back but all the successive ones (even the correct ones) will not be inserted.</p>
+</blockquote>
+<h3 id="querying">Querying</h3>
+<div class="highlight"><table class="highlighttable"><tr><th colspan="2" class="filename"><span class="filename">Bash</span></th></tr><tr><td class="linenos"><div class="linenodiv"><pre><span></span><span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-4-1"> 1</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-4-2"> 2</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-4-3"> 3</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-4-4"> 4</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-4-5"> 5</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-4-6"> 6</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-4-7"> 7</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-4-8"> 8</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-4-9"> 9</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-4-10">10</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-4-11">11</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-4-12">12</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-4-13">13</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-4-14">14</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-4-15">15</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-4-16">16</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-4-17">17</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-4-18">18</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-4-19">19</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-4-20">20</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-4-21">21</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-4-22">22</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-4-23">23</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-4-24">24</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-4-25">25</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-4-26">26</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-4-27">27</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-4-28">28</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-4-29">29</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-4-30">30</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-4-31">31</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-4-32">32</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-4-33">33</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-4-34">34</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-4-35">35</a></span></pre></div></td><td class="code"><div><pre><span></span><code><a id="__codelineno-4-1" name="__codelineno-4-1"></a>db.&lt;collection&gt;.findOne<span class="o">()</span><span class="w">  </span><span class="c1"># find only one document</span>
+<a id="__codelineno-4-2" name="__codelineno-4-2"></a>db.&lt;collection&gt;.find<span class="o">(</span>filter<span class="o">)</span><span class="w">  </span><span class="c1"># show selected documents</span>
+<a id="__codelineno-4-3" name="__codelineno-4-3"></a>db.&lt;collection&gt;.find<span class="o">()</span>.pretty<span class="o">()</span><span class="w">  </span><span class="c1"># show documents formatted</span>
+<a id="__codelineno-4-4" name="__codelineno-4-4"></a>db.&lt;collection&gt;.find<span class="o">()</span>.limit<span class="o">(</span>n<span class="o">)</span><span class="w">  </span><span class="c1"># show n documents</span>
+<a id="__codelineno-4-5" name="__codelineno-4-5"></a>db.&lt;collection&gt;.find<span class="o">()</span>.limit<span class="o">(</span>n<span class="o">)</span>.skip<span class="o">(</span>k<span class="o">)</span><span class="w">  </span><span class="c1"># show n documents skipping k docs</span>
+<a id="__codelineno-4-6" name="__codelineno-4-6"></a>db.&lt;collection&gt;.find<span class="o">()</span>.count<span class="o">()</span><span class="w">  </span><span class="c1"># number of found docs</span>
+<a id="__codelineno-4-7" name="__codelineno-4-7"></a>db.&lt;collection&gt;.find<span class="o">()</span>.sort<span class="o">({</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="s2">&quot;&lt;key-1&gt;&quot;</span>:<span class="w"> </span><span class="m">1</span>,<span class="w"> </span>...<span class="w"> </span>,<span class="w"> </span><span class="s2">&quot;&lt;key-n&gt;&quot;</span>:<span class="w"> </span>-1<span class="w"> </span><span class="o">})</span><span class="w">  </span><span class="c1"># show documents sorted by specified keys in ascending (1) or descending (-1) order</span>
+<a id="__codelineno-4-8" name="__codelineno-4-8"></a>
+<a id="__codelineno-4-9" name="__codelineno-4-9"></a><span class="c1"># projection</span>
+<a id="__codelineno-4-10" name="__codelineno-4-10"></a>db.&lt;collection&gt;.find<span class="o">(</span>filter,<span class="w"> </span><span class="o">{</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="s2">&quot;&lt;key&gt;&quot;</span>:<span class="w"> </span><span class="m">1</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="o">})</span><span class="w">  </span><span class="c1"># show selected values form documents (1 or true =&gt; show, 0 or false =&gt; don&#39;t show, cant mix 0 and 1)</span>
+<a id="__codelineno-4-11" name="__codelineno-4-11"></a>db.&lt;collection&gt;.find<span class="o">(</span>filter,<span class="w"> </span><span class="o">{</span><span class="w"> </span>_id:<span class="w"> </span><span class="m">0</span>,<span class="w"> </span><span class="s2">&quot;&lt;key&gt;&quot;</span>:<span class="w"> </span><span class="m">1</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="o">})</span><span class="w">  </span><span class="c1"># only _id can be set to 0 with other keys at 1</span>
+<a id="__codelineno-4-12" name="__codelineno-4-12"></a>db.&lt;collection&gt;.find<span class="o">(</span>filter,<span class="w"> </span><span class="o">{</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="s2">&quot;&lt;array-key&gt;&quot;</span>:<span class="w"> </span><span class="o">{</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="s2">&quot;</span><span class="nv">$elemMatch</span><span class="s2">&quot;</span>:<span class="w"> </span><span class="o">{</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="s2">&quot;&lt;item-key&gt;&quot;</span>:<span class="w"> </span><span class="s2">&quot;&lt;expression&gt;&quot;</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="o">}</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="o">}</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="o">})</span><span class="w">  </span><span class="c1"># project only elements matching the expression</span>
+<a id="__codelineno-4-13" name="__codelineno-4-13"></a>
+<a id="__codelineno-4-14" name="__codelineno-4-14"></a><span class="c1"># sub documents &amp; arrays</span>
+<a id="__codelineno-4-15" name="__codelineno-4-15"></a>db.&lt;collection&gt;.find<span class="o">({</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="s2">&quot;&lt;key&gt;.&lt;sub-key&gt;.&lt;sub-key&gt;&quot;</span>:<span class="w"> </span><span class="s2">&quot;&lt;expression&gt;&quot;</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="o">})</span>
+<a id="__codelineno-4-16" name="__codelineno-4-16"></a>db.&lt;collection&gt;.find<span class="o">({</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="s2">&quot;&lt;array-key&gt;.&lt;index&gt;.&lt;sub-key&gt;&quot;</span>:<span class="w"> </span><span class="s2">&quot;&lt;expression&gt;&quot;</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="o">})</span>
+<a id="__codelineno-4-17" name="__codelineno-4-17"></a>
+<a id="__codelineno-4-18" name="__codelineno-4-18"></a><span class="c1"># GeoJSON - https://docs.mongodb.com/manual/reference/operator/query/near/index.html</span>
+<a id="__codelineno-4-19" name="__codelineno-4-19"></a>db.&lt;collection&gt;.find<span class="o">(</span>
+<a id="__codelineno-4-20" name="__codelineno-4-20"></a><span class="w">    </span><span class="o">{</span>
+<a id="__codelineno-4-21" name="__codelineno-4-21"></a><span class="w">        </span>&lt;location<span class="w"> </span>field&gt;:<span class="w"> </span><span class="o">{</span>
+<a id="__codelineno-4-22" name="__codelineno-4-22"></a><span class="w">            </span><span class="nv">$near</span>:<span class="w"> </span><span class="o">{</span>
+<a id="__codelineno-4-23" name="__codelineno-4-23"></a><span class="w">                </span><span class="nv">$geometry</span>:<span class="w"> </span><span class="o">{</span><span class="w"> </span>type:<span class="w"> </span><span class="s2">&quot;Point&quot;</span>,<span class="w"> </span>coordinates:<span class="w"> </span><span class="o">[</span><span class="w"> </span>&lt;longitude&gt;<span class="w"> </span>,<span class="w"> </span>&lt;latitude&gt;<span class="w"> </span><span class="o">]</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="o">}</span>,
+<a id="__codelineno-4-24" name="__codelineno-4-24"></a><span class="w">                </span><span class="nv">$maxDistance</span>:<span class="w"> </span>&lt;distance<span class="w"> </span><span class="k">in</span><span class="w"> </span>meters&gt;,
+<a id="__codelineno-4-25" name="__codelineno-4-25"></a><span class="w">                </span><span class="nv">$minDistance</span>:<span class="w"> </span>&lt;distance<span class="w"> </span><span class="k">in</span><span class="w"> </span>meters&gt;
+<a id="__codelineno-4-26" name="__codelineno-4-26"></a><span class="w">            </span><span class="o">}</span>
+<a id="__codelineno-4-27" name="__codelineno-4-27"></a><span class="w">        </span><span class="o">}</span>
+<a id="__codelineno-4-28" name="__codelineno-4-28"></a><span class="w">    </span><span class="o">}</span>
+<a id="__codelineno-4-29" name="__codelineno-4-29"></a><span class="o">)</span>
+<a id="__codelineno-4-30" name="__codelineno-4-30"></a>
+<a id="__codelineno-4-31" name="__codelineno-4-31"></a>db.&lt;collection&gt;.find<span class="o">()</span>.hint<span class="o">(</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="o">{</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="s2">&quot;&lt;key&gt;&quot;</span>:<span class="w"> </span><span class="m">1</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="o">}</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="o">)</span><span class="w">  </span><span class="c1"># specify the index</span>
+<a id="__codelineno-4-32" name="__codelineno-4-32"></a>db.&lt;collection&gt;.find<span class="o">()</span>.hint<span class="o">(</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="s2">&quot;index-name&quot;</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="o">)</span><span class="w">  </span><span class="c1"># specify the index using the index name</span>
+<a id="__codelineno-4-33" name="__codelineno-4-33"></a>
+<a id="__codelineno-4-34" name="__codelineno-4-34"></a>db.&lt;collection&gt;.find<span class="o">()</span>.hint<span class="o">(</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="o">{</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="nv">$natural</span><span class="w"> </span>:<span class="w"> </span><span class="m">1</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="o">}</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="o">)</span><span class="w">  </span><span class="c1"># force the query to perform a forwards collection scan</span>
+<a id="__codelineno-4-35" name="__codelineno-4-35"></a>db.&lt;collection&gt;.find<span class="o">()</span>.hint<span class="o">(</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="o">{</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="nv">$natural</span><span class="w"> </span>:<span class="w"> </span>-1<span class="w"> </span><span class="o">}</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="o">)</span><span class="w">  </span><span class="c1"># force the query to perform a reverse collection scan</span>
+</code></pre></div></td></tr></table></div>
+<blockquote>
+<p><strong>Note</strong>: <code>{ &lt;key&gt;: &lt;value&gt; }</code> in case of a field array will match if the array <em>contains</em> the value</p>
+</blockquote>
+<h3 id="updating">Updating</h3>
+<p><a href="https://docs.mongodb.com/manual/reference/operator/update/" title="Update Operators Documentation">Update Operators</a></p>
+<div class="highlight"><table class="highlighttable"><tr><th colspan="2" class="filename"><span class="filename">Bash</span></th></tr><tr><td class="linenos"><div class="linenodiv"><pre><span></span><span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-5-1">1</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-5-2">2</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-5-3">3</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-5-4">4</a></span></pre></div></td><td class="code"><div><pre><span></span><code><a id="__codelineno-5-1" name="__codelineno-5-1"></a>db.&lt;collection&gt;.replaceOne<span class="o">(</span>filter,<span class="w"> </span>update,<span class="w"> </span>options<span class="o">)</span>
+<a id="__codelineno-5-2" name="__codelineno-5-2"></a>db.&lt;collection&gt;.updateOne<span class="o">(</span>filter,<span class="w"> </span>update,<span class="w"> </span><span class="o">{</span>upsert:<span class="w"> </span>true<span class="o">})</span><span class="w">  </span><span class="c1"># modify document if existing, insert otherwise</span>
+<a id="__codelineno-5-3" name="__codelineno-5-3"></a>
+<a id="__codelineno-5-4" name="__codelineno-5-4"></a>db.&lt;collection&gt;.updateOne<span class="o">(</span>filter,<span class="w"> </span><span class="o">{</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="s2">&quot;</span><span class="nv">$push</span><span class="s2">&quot;</span>:<span class="w"> </span><span class="o">{</span><span class="w"> </span>...<span class="w"> </span><span class="o">}</span>,<span class="w"> </span><span class="s2">&quot;</span><span class="nv">$set</span><span class="s2">&quot;</span>:<span class="w"> </span><span class="o">{</span><span class="w"> </span>...<span class="w"> </span><span class="o">}</span>,<span class="w"> </span><span class="o">{</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="s2">&quot;</span><span class="nv">$inc</span><span class="s2">&quot;</span>:<span class="w"> </span><span class="o">{</span><span class="w"> </span>...<span class="w"> </span><span class="o">}</span>,<span class="w"> </span>...<span class="w"> </span><span class="o">}</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="o">})</span>
+</code></pre></div></td></tr></table></div>
+<h3 id="deletion">Deletion</h3>
+<div class="highlight"><table class="highlighttable"><tr><th colspan="2" class="filename"><span class="filename">Bash</span></th></tr><tr><td class="linenos"><div class="linenodiv"><pre><span></span><span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-6-1">1</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-6-2">2</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-6-3">3</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-6-4">4</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-6-5">5</a></span></pre></div></td><td class="code"><div><pre><span></span><code><a id="__codelineno-6-1" name="__codelineno-6-1"></a>db.&lt;collection&gt;.deleteOne<span class="o">(</span>filter,<span class="w"> </span>options<span class="o">)</span>
+<a id="__codelineno-6-2" name="__codelineno-6-2"></a>db.&lt;collection&gt;.deleteMany<span class="o">(</span>filter,<span class="w"> </span>options<span class="o">)</span>
+<a id="__codelineno-6-3" name="__codelineno-6-3"></a>
+<a id="__codelineno-6-4" name="__codelineno-6-4"></a>db.&lt;collection&gt;.drop<span class="o">()</span><span class="w">  </span><span class="c1"># delete whole collection</span>
+<a id="__codelineno-6-5" name="__codelineno-6-5"></a>db.dropDatabase<span class="o">()</span><span class="w">  </span><span class="c1"># delete entire database</span>
+</code></pre></div></td></tr></table></div>
+<hr />
+<h2 id="mongodb-database-tools">MongoDB Database Tools</h2>
+<h3 id="mongoimport"><a href="https://docs.mongodb.com/database-tools/mongoimport/">Mongoimport</a></h3>
+<p>Utility to import all docs into a specified collection.<br />
+If the collection already exists <code>--drop</code> deletes it before reuploading it.
+<strong>WARNING</strong>: CSV separators must be commas (<code>,</code>)</p>
+<div class="highlight"><table class="highlighttable"><tr><th colspan="2" class="filename"><span class="filename">Bash</span></th></tr><tr><td class="linenos"><div class="linenodiv"><pre><span></span><span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-7-1"> 1</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-7-2"> 2</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-7-3"> 3</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-7-4"> 4</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-7-5"> 5</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-7-6"> 6</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-7-7"> 7</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-7-8"> 8</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-7-9"> 9</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-7-10">10</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-7-11">11</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-7-12">12</a></span></pre></div></td><td class="code"><div><pre><span></span><code><a id="__codelineno-7-1" name="__codelineno-7-1"></a>mongoimport<span class="w"> </span>&lt;options&gt;<span class="w"> </span>&lt;connection-string&gt;<span class="w"> </span>&lt;file&gt;
+<a id="__codelineno-7-2" name="__codelineno-7-2"></a>
+<a id="__codelineno-7-3" name="__codelineno-7-3"></a>--uri<span class="o">=</span>&lt;connectionString&gt;
+<a id="__codelineno-7-4" name="__codelineno-7-4"></a>--host<span class="o">=</span>&lt;hostname&gt;&lt;:port&gt;,<span class="w"> </span>-h<span class="o">=</span>&lt;hostname&gt;&lt;:port&gt;
+<a id="__codelineno-7-5" name="__codelineno-7-5"></a>--username<span class="o">=</span>&lt;username&gt;,<span class="w"> </span>-u<span class="o">=</span>&lt;username&gt;
+<a id="__codelineno-7-6" name="__codelineno-7-6"></a>--password<span class="o">=</span>&lt;password&gt;,<span class="w"> </span>-p<span class="o">=</span>&lt;password&gt;
+<a id="__codelineno-7-7" name="__codelineno-7-7"></a>--collection<span class="o">=</span>&lt;collection&gt;,<span class="w"> </span>-c<span class="o">=</span>&lt;collection&gt;<span class="w">  </span><span class="c1"># Specifies the collection to import.</span>
+<a id="__codelineno-7-8" name="__codelineno-7-8"></a>--ssl<span class="w">  </span><span class="c1"># Enables connection to a mongod or mongos that has TLS/SSL support enabled.</span>
+<a id="__codelineno-7-9" name="__codelineno-7-9"></a>--type<span class="w"> </span>&lt;json<span class="p">|</span>csv<span class="p">|</span>tsv&gt;<span class="w">  </span><span class="c1"># Specifies the file type to import. DEFAULT: json</span>
+<a id="__codelineno-7-10" name="__codelineno-7-10"></a>--drop<span class="w">  </span><span class="c1"># drops the collection before importing the data from the input.</span>
+<a id="__codelineno-7-11" name="__codelineno-7-11"></a>--headerline<span class="w">  </span><span class="c1"># if file is CSV and first line is header</span>
+<a id="__codelineno-7-12" name="__codelineno-7-12"></a>--jsonarray<span class="w">  </span><span class="c1"># Accepts the import of data expressed with multiple MongoDB documents within a single json array. MAX 16 MB</span>
+</code></pre></div></td></tr></table></div>
+<h3 id="mongoexport"><a href="https://docs.mongodb.com/database-tools/mongoexport/">Mongoexport</a></h3>
+<p>Utility to export documents into a specified file.</p>
+<div class="highlight"><table class="highlighttable"><tr><th colspan="2" class="filename"><span class="filename">Bash</span></th></tr><tr><td class="linenos"><div class="linenodiv"><pre><span></span><span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-8-1"> 1</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-8-2"> 2</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-8-3"> 3</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-8-4"> 4</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-8-5"> 5</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-8-6"> 6</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-8-7"> 7</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-8-8"> 8</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-8-9"> 9</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-8-10">10</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-8-11">11</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-8-12">12</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-8-13">13</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-8-14">14</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-8-15">15</a></span></pre></div></td><td class="code"><div><pre><span></span><code><a id="__codelineno-8-1" name="__codelineno-8-1"></a>mongoexport<span class="w"> </span>--collection<span class="o">=</span>&lt;collection&gt;<span class="w"> </span>&lt;options&gt;<span class="w"> </span>&lt;connection-string&gt;
+<a id="__codelineno-8-2" name="__codelineno-8-2"></a>
+<a id="__codelineno-8-3" name="__codelineno-8-3"></a>--uri<span class="o">=</span>&lt;connectionString&gt;
+<a id="__codelineno-8-4" name="__codelineno-8-4"></a>--host<span class="o">=</span>&lt;hostname&gt;&lt;:port&gt;,<span class="w"> </span>-h<span class="o">=</span>&lt;hostname&gt;&lt;:port&gt;
+<a id="__codelineno-8-5" name="__codelineno-8-5"></a>--username<span class="o">=</span>&lt;username&gt;,<span class="w"> </span>-u<span class="o">=</span>&lt;username&gt;
+<a id="__codelineno-8-6" name="__codelineno-8-6"></a>--password<span class="o">=</span>&lt;password&gt;,<span class="w"> </span>-p<span class="o">=</span>&lt;password&gt;
+<a id="__codelineno-8-7" name="__codelineno-8-7"></a>--db<span class="o">=</span>&lt;database&gt;,<span class="w"> </span>-d<span class="o">=</span>&lt;database&gt;
+<a id="__codelineno-8-8" name="__codelineno-8-8"></a>--collection<span class="o">=</span>&lt;collection&gt;,<span class="w"> </span>-c<span class="o">=</span>&lt;collection&gt;
+<a id="__codelineno-8-9" name="__codelineno-8-9"></a>--type<span class="o">=</span>&lt;json<span class="p">|</span>csv&gt;
+<a id="__codelineno-8-10" name="__codelineno-8-10"></a>--out<span class="o">=</span>&lt;file&gt;,<span class="w"> </span>-o<span class="o">=</span>&lt;file&gt;<span class="w">  </span><span class="c1">#Specifies a file to write the export to. DEFAULT: stdout</span>
+<a id="__codelineno-8-11" name="__codelineno-8-11"></a>--jsonArray<span class="w">  </span><span class="c1"># Write the entire contents of the export as a single json array.</span>
+<a id="__codelineno-8-12" name="__codelineno-8-12"></a>--pretty<span class="w">  </span><span class="c1"># Outputs documents in a pretty-printed format JSON.</span>
+<a id="__codelineno-8-13" name="__codelineno-8-13"></a>--skip<span class="o">=</span>&lt;number&gt;
+<a id="__codelineno-8-14" name="__codelineno-8-14"></a>--limit<span class="o">=</span>&lt;number&gt;<span class="w">  </span><span class="c1"># Specifies a maximum number of documents to include in the export</span>
+<a id="__codelineno-8-15" name="__codelineno-8-15"></a>--sort<span class="o">=</span>&lt;JSON&gt;<span class="w">  </span><span class="c1"># Specifies an ordering for exported results</span>
+</code></pre></div></td></tr></table></div>
+<h3 id="mongodump-mongorestore"><a href="https://docs.mongodb.com/database-tools/mongodump/">Mongodump</a> &amp; <a href="https://docs.mongodb.com/database-tools/mongorestore/">Mongorestore</a></h3>
+<p><code>mongodump</code> exports the content of a running server into <code>.bson</code> files.</p>
+<p><code>mongorestore</code> Restore backups generated with <code>mongodump</code> to a running server.</p>
+<hr />
+<h2 id="indexes"><a href="https://docs.mongodb.com/manual/indexes/" title="Index Documentation">Indexes</a></h2>
+<p>Indexes support the efficient execution of queries in MongoDB.</p>
+<p>Without indexes, MongoDB must perform a <em>collection scan</em> (<em>COLLSCAN</em>): scan every document in a collection, to select those documents that match the query statement.<br />
+If an appropriate index exists for a query, MongoDB can use the index to limit the number of documents it must inspect (<em>IXSCAN</em>).</p>
+<p>Indexes are special data structures that store a small portion of the collection's data set in an easy to traverse form. The index stores the value of a specific field or set of fields, ordered by the value of the field. The ordering of the index entries supports efficient equality matches and range-based query operations. In addition, MongoDB can return sorted results by using the ordering in the index.</p>
+<p>Indexes <em>slow down writing operations</em> since the index must be updated at every writing.</p>
+<p><img alt="IXSCAN" src="../img/mongodb_ixscan.avif" title=".find() using an index" /></p>
+<h3 id="index-types"><a href="https://docs.mongodb.com/manual/indexes/#index-types">Index Types</a></h3>
+<ul>
+<li><strong>Normal</strong>: Fields sorted by name</li>
+<li><strong>Compound</strong>: Multiple Fields sorted by name</li>
+<li><strong>Multikey</strong>: values of sorted arrays</li>
+<li><strong>Text</strong>: Ordered text fragments</li>
+<li><strong>Geospatial</strong>: ordered geodata</li>
+</ul>
+<p><strong>Sparse</strong> indexes only contain entries for documents that have the indexed field, even if the index field contains a null value. The index skips over any document that is missing the indexed field.</p>
+<h3 id="diagnosis-and-query-planning">Diagnosis and query planning</h3>
+<div class="highlight"><table class="highlighttable"><tr><th colspan="2" class="filename"><span class="filename">Bash</span></th></tr><tr><td class="linenos"><div class="linenodiv"><pre><span></span><span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-9-1">1</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-9-2">2</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-9-3">3</a></span></pre></div></td><td class="code"><div><pre><span></span><code><a id="__codelineno-9-1" name="__codelineno-9-1"></a>db.&lt;collection&gt;.find<span class="o">({</span>...<span class="o">})</span>.explain<span class="o">()</span><span class="w">  </span><span class="c1"># explain won&#39;t accept other functions</span>
+<a id="__codelineno-9-2" name="__codelineno-9-2"></a>db.explain<span class="o">()</span>.&lt;collection&gt;.find<span class="o">({</span>...<span class="o">})</span><span class="w">  </span><span class="c1"># can accept other functions</span>
+<a id="__codelineno-9-3" name="__codelineno-9-3"></a>db.explain<span class="o">(</span><span class="s2">&quot;executionStats&quot;</span><span class="o">)</span>.&lt;collection&gt;.find<span class="o">({</span>...<span class="o">})</span><span class="w">  </span><span class="c1"># more info</span>
+</code></pre></div></td></tr></table></div>
+<h3 id="index-creation">Index Creation</h3>
+<div class="highlight"><table class="highlighttable"><tr><th colspan="2" class="filename"><span class="filename">Bash</span></th></tr><tr><td class="linenos"><div class="linenodiv"><pre><span></span><span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-10-1"> 1</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-10-2"> 2</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-10-3"> 3</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-10-4"> 4</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-10-5"> 5</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-10-6"> 6</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-10-7"> 7</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-10-8"> 8</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-10-9"> 9</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-10-10">10</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-10-11">11</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-10-12">12</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-10-13">13</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-10-14">14</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-10-15">15</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-10-16">16</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-10-17">17</a></span></pre></div></td><td class="code"><div><pre><span></span><code><a id="__codelineno-10-1" name="__codelineno-10-1"></a>db.&lt;collection&gt;.createIndex<span class="o">(</span><span class="w"> </span>&lt;key<span class="w"> </span>and<span class="w"> </span>index<span class="w"> </span><span class="nb">type</span><span class="w"> </span>specification&gt;,<span class="w"> </span>&lt;options&gt;<span class="w"> </span><span class="o">)</span>
+<a id="__codelineno-10-2" name="__codelineno-10-2"></a>
+<a id="__codelineno-10-3" name="__codelineno-10-3"></a>db.&lt;collection&gt;.createIndex<span class="o">(</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="o">{</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="s2">&quot;&lt;key&gt;&quot;</span>:<span class="w"> </span>&lt;type&gt;,<span class="w"> </span><span class="s2">&quot;&lt;key&gt;&quot;</span>:<span class="w"> </span>&lt;type&gt;,<span class="w"> </span>...<span class="w"> </span><span class="o">}</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="o">)</span><span class="w">  </span><span class="c1"># normal, compound or multikey (field is array) index</span>
+<a id="__codelineno-10-4" name="__codelineno-10-4"></a>db.&lt;collection&gt;.createIndex<span class="o">(</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="o">{</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="s2">&quot;&lt;key&gt;&quot;</span>:<span class="w"> </span><span class="s2">&quot;text&quot;</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="o">}</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="o">)</span><span class="w">  </span><span class="c1"># text index</span>
+<a id="__codelineno-10-5" name="__codelineno-10-5"></a>db.&lt;collection&gt;.createIndex<span class="o">(</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="o">{</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="s2">&quot;&lt;key&gt;&quot;</span>:<span class="w"> </span>2dsphere<span class="w"> </span><span class="o">}</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="o">)</span><span class="w">  </span><span class="c1"># geospatial 2dsphere index</span>
+<a id="__codelineno-10-6" name="__codelineno-10-6"></a>
+<a id="__codelineno-10-7" name="__codelineno-10-7"></a><span class="c1"># sparse index</span>
+<a id="__codelineno-10-8" name="__codelineno-10-8"></a>db.&lt;collection&gt;.createIndex<span class="o">(</span>
+<a id="__codelineno-10-9" name="__codelineno-10-9"></a><span class="w">    </span><span class="o">{</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="s2">&quot;&lt;key&gt;&quot;</span>:<span class="w"> </span>&lt;type&gt;,<span class="w"> </span><span class="s2">&quot;&lt;key&gt;&quot;</span>:<span class="w"> </span>&lt;type&gt;,<span class="w"> </span>...<span class="w"> </span><span class="o">}</span>,
+<a id="__codelineno-10-10" name="__codelineno-10-10"></a><span class="w">    </span><span class="o">{</span><span class="w"> </span>sparse:<span class="w"> </span><span class="nb">true</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="o">}</span><span class="w">  </span><span class="c1"># sparse option</span>
+<a id="__codelineno-10-11" name="__codelineno-10-11"></a><span class="o">)</span>
+<a id="__codelineno-10-12" name="__codelineno-10-12"></a>
+<a id="__codelineno-10-13" name="__codelineno-10-13"></a><span class="c1"># custom name</span>
+<a id="__codelineno-10-14" name="__codelineno-10-14"></a>db.&lt;collection&gt;.createIndex<span class="o">(</span>
+<a id="__codelineno-10-15" name="__codelineno-10-15"></a><span class="w">  </span><span class="o">{</span><span class="w"> </span>&lt;key<span class="w"> </span>and<span class="w"> </span>index<span class="w"> </span><span class="nb">type</span><span class="w"> </span>specification&gt;,<span class="w"> </span><span class="o">}</span>,
+<a id="__codelineno-10-16" name="__codelineno-10-16"></a><span class="w">  </span><span class="o">{</span><span class="w"> </span>name:<span class="w"> </span><span class="s2">&quot;index-name&quot;</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="o">}</span><span class="w">  </span><span class="c1"># name option</span>
+<a id="__codelineno-10-17" name="__codelineno-10-17"></a><span class="o">)</span>
+</code></pre></div></td></tr></table></div>
+<h3 id="index-management"><a href="https://docs.mongodb.com/manual/tutorial/manage-indexes/">Index Management</a></h3>
+<div class="highlight"><table class="highlighttable"><tr><th colspan="2" class="filename"><span class="filename">Bash</span></th></tr><tr><td class="linenos"><div class="linenodiv"><pre><span></span><span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-11-1"> 1</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-11-2"> 2</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-11-3"> 3</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-11-4"> 4</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-11-5"> 5</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-11-6"> 6</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-11-7"> 7</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-11-8"> 8</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-11-9"> 9</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-11-10">10</a></span></pre></div></td><td class="code"><div><pre><span></span><code><a id="__codelineno-11-1" name="__codelineno-11-1"></a><span class="c1"># view all db indexes</span>
+<a id="__codelineno-11-2" name="__codelineno-11-2"></a>db.getCollectionNames<span class="o">()</span>.forEach<span class="o">(</span><span class="k">function</span><span class="o">(</span>collection<span class="o">)</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="o">{</span>
+<a id="__codelineno-11-3" name="__codelineno-11-3"></a><span class="w">   </span><span class="nv">indexes</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="o">=</span><span class="w"> </span>db<span class="o">[</span>collection<span class="o">]</span>.getIndexes<span class="o">()</span><span class="p">;</span>
+<a id="__codelineno-11-4" name="__codelineno-11-4"></a><span class="w">   </span>print<span class="o">(</span><span class="s2">&quot;Indexes for &quot;</span><span class="w"> </span>+<span class="w"> </span>collection<span class="w"> </span>+<span class="w"> </span><span class="s2">&quot;:&quot;</span><span class="o">)</span><span class="p">;</span>
+<a id="__codelineno-11-5" name="__codelineno-11-5"></a><span class="w">   </span>printjson<span class="o">(</span>indexes<span class="o">)</span><span class="p">;</span>
+<a id="__codelineno-11-6" name="__codelineno-11-6"></a><span class="o">})</span><span class="p">;</span>
+<a id="__codelineno-11-7" name="__codelineno-11-7"></a>db.&lt;collection&gt;.getIndexes<span class="o">()</span><span class="w">  </span><span class="c1"># view collection&#39;s index</span>
+<a id="__codelineno-11-8" name="__codelineno-11-8"></a>
+<a id="__codelineno-11-9" name="__codelineno-11-9"></a>db.&lt;collection&gt;.dropIndexes<span class="o">()</span><span class="w">  </span><span class="c1"># drop all indexes</span>
+<a id="__codelineno-11-10" name="__codelineno-11-10"></a>db.&lt;collection&gt;.dropIndex<span class="o">(</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="o">{</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="s2">&quot;index-name&quot;</span>:<span class="w"> </span><span class="m">1</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="o">}</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="o">)</span><span class="w">  </span><span class="c1"># drop a specific index</span>
+</code></pre></div></td></tr></table></div>
+<hr />
+<h2 id="cluster-administration">Cluster Administration</h2>
+<h3 id="mongod"><code>mongod</code></h3>
+<p><code>mongod</code> is the main deamon process for MongoDB. It's the core process of the database,
+handling connections, requests and persisting the data.</p>
+<p><code>mongod</code> default configuration:</p>
+<ul>
+<li>port: <code>27017</code></li>
+<li>dbpath: <code>/data/db</code></li>
+<li>bind_ip: <code>localhost</code></li>
+<li>auth: disabled</li>
+</ul>
+<p><a href="https://www.mongodb.com/docs/manual/reference/configuration-options" title="`mongod` config file docs"><code>mongod</code> config file</a><br />
+<a href="https://www.mongodb.com/docs/manual/reference/program/mongod/#options" title="`mongod` command line options docs"><code>mongod</code> command line options</a></p>
+<h3 id="basic-shell-helpers">Basic Shell Helpers</h3>
+<div class="highlight"><table class="highlighttable"><tr><th colspan="2" class="filename"><span class="filename">Bash</span></th></tr><tr><td class="linenos"><div class="linenodiv"><pre><span></span><span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-12-1"> 1</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-12-2"> 2</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-12-3"> 3</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-12-4"> 4</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-12-5"> 5</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-12-6"> 6</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-12-7"> 7</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-12-8"> 8</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-12-9"> 9</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-12-10">10</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-12-11">11</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-12-12">12</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-12-13">13</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-12-14">14</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-12-15">15</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-12-16">16</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-12-17">17</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-12-18">18</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-12-19">19</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-12-20">20</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-12-21">21</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-12-22">22</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-12-23">23</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-12-24">24</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-12-25">25</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-12-26">26</a></span></pre></div></td><td class="code"><div><pre><span></span><code><a id="__codelineno-12-1" name="__codelineno-12-1"></a>db.&lt;method&gt;<span class="o">()</span><span class="w">  </span><span class="c1"># database interaction</span>
+<a id="__codelineno-12-2" name="__codelineno-12-2"></a>db.&lt;collection&gt;.&lt;method&gt;<span class="o">()</span><span class="w">  </span><span class="c1"># collection interaction</span>
+<a id="__codelineno-12-3" name="__codelineno-12-3"></a>rs.&lt;method&gt;<span class="o">()</span><span class="p">;</span><span class="w">  </span><span class="c1"># replica set deployment and management</span>
+<a id="__codelineno-12-4" name="__codelineno-12-4"></a>sh.&lt;method&gt;<span class="o">()</span><span class="p">;</span><span class="w">  </span><span class="c1"># sharded cluster deployment and management</span>
+<a id="__codelineno-12-5" name="__codelineno-12-5"></a>
+<a id="__codelineno-12-6" name="__codelineno-12-6"></a><span class="c1"># user management</span>
+<a id="__codelineno-12-7" name="__codelineno-12-7"></a>db.createUser<span class="o">()</span>
+<a id="__codelineno-12-8" name="__codelineno-12-8"></a>db.dropUser<span class="o">()</span>
+<a id="__codelineno-12-9" name="__codelineno-12-9"></a>
+<a id="__codelineno-12-10" name="__codelineno-12-10"></a><span class="c1"># collection management</span>
+<a id="__codelineno-12-11" name="__codelineno-12-11"></a>db.renameCollection<span class="o">()</span>
+<a id="__codelineno-12-12" name="__codelineno-12-12"></a>db.&lt;collection&gt;.createIndex<span class="o">()</span>
+<a id="__codelineno-12-13" name="__codelineno-12-13"></a>db.&lt;collection&gt;.drop<span class="o">()</span>
+<a id="__codelineno-12-14" name="__codelineno-12-14"></a>
+<a id="__codelineno-12-15" name="__codelineno-12-15"></a><span class="c1"># database management</span>
+<a id="__codelineno-12-16" name="__codelineno-12-16"></a>db.dropDatabase<span class="o">()</span>
+<a id="__codelineno-12-17" name="__codelineno-12-17"></a>db.createCollection<span class="o">()</span>
+<a id="__codelineno-12-18" name="__codelineno-12-18"></a>
+<a id="__codelineno-12-19" name="__codelineno-12-19"></a><span class="c1"># database status</span>
+<a id="__codelineno-12-20" name="__codelineno-12-20"></a>db.serverStatus<span class="o">()</span>
+<a id="__codelineno-12-21" name="__codelineno-12-21"></a>
+<a id="__codelineno-12-22" name="__codelineno-12-22"></a><span class="c1"># database command (underlying to shell helpers and drivers)</span>
+<a id="__codelineno-12-23" name="__codelineno-12-23"></a>db.runCommand<span class="o">({</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="s2">&quot;&lt;COMMAND&gt;&quot;</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="o">})</span>
+<a id="__codelineno-12-24" name="__codelineno-12-24"></a>
+<a id="__codelineno-12-25" name="__codelineno-12-25"></a><span class="c1"># help</span>
+<a id="__codelineno-12-26" name="__codelineno-12-26"></a>db.commandHelp<span class="o">(</span><span class="s2">&quot;&lt;command&gt;)</span>
+</code></pre></div></td></tr></table></div>
+<h3 id="logging">Logging</h3>
+<p>The <strong>process log</strong> displays activity on the MongoDB instance and collects activities of various components:</p>
+<p>Log Verbosity Level:</p>
+<ul>
+<li><code>-1</code>: Inherit from parent</li>
+<li><code>0</code>: Default Verbosity (Information)</li>
+<li><code>1 - 5</code>: Increases the verbosity up to Debug messages</li>
+</ul>
+<div class="highlight"><table class="highlighttable"><tr><th colspan="2" class="filename"><span class="filename">Bash</span></th></tr><tr><td class="linenos"><div class="linenodiv"><pre><span></span><span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-13-1">1</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-13-2">2</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-13-3">3</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-13-4">4</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-13-5">5</a></span></pre></div></td><td class="code"><div><pre><span></span><code><a id="__codelineno-13-1" name="__codelineno-13-1"></a>db.getLogComponents<span class="o">()</span><span class="w">  </span><span class="c1"># get components and their verbosity</span>
+<a id="__codelineno-13-2" name="__codelineno-13-2"></a>db.adminCommand<span class="o">({</span><span class="s2">&quot;getLog&quot;</span>:<span class="w"> </span><span class="s2">&quot;&lt;scope&gt;&quot;</span><span class="o">})</span><span class="w">  </span><span class="c1"># retrieve logs (getLog must be run on admin db -&gt; adminCommand)</span>
+<a id="__codelineno-13-3" name="__codelineno-13-3"></a>db.setLogLevel<span class="o">(</span>&lt;level&gt;,<span class="w"> </span><span class="s2">&quot;&lt;component&gt;&quot;</span><span class="o">)</span><span class="p">;</span><span class="w">  </span><span class="c1"># set log level (output is OLD verbosity levels)</span>
+<a id="__codelineno-13-4" name="__codelineno-13-4"></a>
+<a id="__codelineno-13-5" name="__codelineno-13-5"></a>tail<span class="w"> </span>-f<span class="w"> </span>/path/to/mongod.log<span class="w">  </span><span class="c1"># read end og log file</span>
+</code></pre></div></td></tr></table></div>
+<blockquote>
+<p><strong>Note</strong>: Log Message Structure: <code>&lt;timestamp&gt; &lt;severity-level&gt; &lt;component&gt; &lt;connection&gt; &lt;event&gt; ...</code></p>
+</blockquote>
+<h3 id="database-profiling">Database Profiling</h3>
+<p>Profiling Levels:</p>
+<ul>
+<li><code>0</code>: no profiling</li>
+<li><code>1</code>: data on operations slower than <code>slowms</code> (default 100ms)</li>
+<li><code>2</code>: data on all operations</li>
+</ul>
+<p>Events captured by the profiler:</p>
+<ul>
+<li>CRUD operations</li>
+<li>Administrative operations</li>
+<li>Configuration operations</li>
+</ul>
+<blockquote>
+<p><strong>Note</strong>: Logs are saved in the <code>system.profile</code> <em>capped</em> collection.</p>
+</blockquote>
+<div class="highlight"><table class="highlighttable"><tr><th colspan="2" class="filename"><span class="filename">Bash</span></th></tr><tr><td class="linenos"><div class="linenodiv"><pre><span></span><span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-14-1">1</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-14-2">2</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-14-3">3</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-14-4">4</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-14-5">5</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-14-6">6</a></span></pre></div></td><td class="code"><div><pre><span></span><code><a id="__codelineno-14-1" name="__codelineno-14-1"></a>db.setProfilingLevel<span class="o">(</span>n<span class="o">)</span><span class="w">  </span><span class="c1"># set profiler level</span>
+<a id="__codelineno-14-2" name="__codelineno-14-2"></a>db.setProfilingLevel<span class="o">(</span><span class="m">1</span>,<span class="w"> </span><span class="o">{</span><span class="w"> </span>slowms:<span class="w"> </span>&lt;ms&gt;<span class="w"> </span><span class="o">})</span>
+<a id="__codelineno-14-3" name="__codelineno-14-3"></a>db.getProfilingStatus<span class="o">()</span><span class="w">  </span><span class="c1"># check profiler status</span>
+<a id="__codelineno-14-4" name="__codelineno-14-4"></a>
+<a id="__codelineno-14-5" name="__codelineno-14-5"></a>db.system.profile.find<span class="o">()</span>.limit<span class="o">(</span>n<span class="o">)</span>.sort<span class="o">(</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="o">{}</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="o">)</span>.pretty<span class="o">()</span><span class="w">  </span><span class="c1"># see logs</span>
+<a id="__codelineno-14-6" name="__codelineno-14-6"></a>db.system.profile.find<span class="o">()</span>.limit<span class="o">(</span>n<span class="o">)</span>.sort<span class="o">(</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="o">{</span><span class="w"> </span>ts<span class="w"> </span>:<span class="w"> </span>-1<span class="w"> </span><span class="o">}</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="o">)</span>.pretty<span class="o">()</span><span class="w">  </span><span class="c1"># sort by decreasing timestamp</span>
+</code></pre></div></td></tr></table></div>
+<h3 id="authentication">Authentication</h3>
+<p>Client Authentication Mechanisms:</p>
+<ul>
+<li><strong>SCRAM</strong> (Default): Salted Challenge Response Authentication Mechanism</li>
+<li><strong>X.509</strong>: <code>X.509</code> Certificate</li>
+<li><strong>LADP</strong>: Lightweight Directory Access Protocol (Enterprise Only)</li>
+<li><strong>KERBEROS</strong> (Enterprise Only)</li>
+</ul>
+<h3 id="authorization-role-based-access-control-rbac">Authorization: Role Based Access Control (RBAC)</h3>
+<p>Each user has one or more <strong>Roles</strong>. Each role has one or more <strong>Privileges</strong>.<br />
+A privilege represents a group of <em>actions</em> and the <em>resources</em> those actions apply to.</p>
+<p>By default no user exists so the ONLY way to act is to connect locally to the server.<br />
+This is the "localhost exception" and it closes after the <em>first</em> user is created.</p>
+<blockquote>
+<p><strong>Warn</strong>: Always create an admin user first (ideally with the <code>userAdmin</code> role)</p>
+</blockquote>
+<p>Role's <strong>Resources</strong>:</p>
+<ul>
+<li>specific database and collection: <code>{ "db": "&lt;database&gt;", "collection": "&lt;collection&gt;" }</code></li>
+<li>all databases and collections: <code>{ "db": "", "collection": "" }</code></li>
+<li>any databases and specific collection: <code>{ "db": "", "collection": "&lt;collections&gt;" }</code></li>
+<li>specific database and any collection: <code>{ "db": "&lt;database&gt;", "collection": "" }</code></li>
+<li>cluster resource: <code>{ "cluster": true }</code></li>
+</ul>
+<p>Role's <strong>Privileges</strong>: <code>{ resource: { &lt;resource&gt; }, actions: [ "&lt;action&gt;" ] }</code></p>
+<p>A role can <em>inherit</em> from multiple others and can define <strong>network restrictions</strong> such as <em>Server Address</em> and <em>Client Source</em>.</p>
+<p>Built-in Roles Groups and Names:</p>
+<ul>
+<li>Database User: <code>read</code>, <code>readWrite</code>, <code>readAnyDatabase</code>, <code>readWriteAnyDatabase</code></li>
+<li>Database Administration: <code>dbAdmin</code>, <code>userAdmin</code>, <code>dbOwner</code>, <code>dbAdminAnyDatabase</code>, <code>userAdminAnyDatabase</code></li>
+<li>Cluster Administration: <code>clusterAdmin</code>, <code>clusterManager</code>, <code>clusterMonitor</code>, <code>hostManager</code></li>
+<li>Backup/Restore: <code>backup</code>, <code>restore</code></li>
+<li>Super User: <code>root</code></li>
+</ul>
+<div class="highlight"><table class="highlighttable"><tr><th colspan="2" class="filename"><span class="filename">Bash</span></th></tr><tr><td class="linenos"><div class="linenodiv"><pre><span></span><span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-15-1"> 1</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-15-2"> 2</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-15-3"> 3</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-15-4"> 4</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-15-5"> 5</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-15-6"> 6</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-15-7"> 7</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-15-8"> 8</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-15-9"> 9</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-15-10">10</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-15-11">11</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-15-12">12</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-15-13">13</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-15-14">14</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-15-15">15</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-15-16">16</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-15-17">17</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-15-18">18</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-15-19">19</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-15-20">20</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-15-21">21</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-15-22">22</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-15-23">23</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-15-24">24</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-15-25">25</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-15-26">26</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-15-27">27</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-15-28">28</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-15-29">29</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-15-30">30</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-15-31">31</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-15-32">32</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-15-33">33</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-15-34">34</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-15-35">35</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-15-36">36</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-15-37">37</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-15-38">38</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-15-39">39</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-15-40">40</a></span></pre></div></td><td class="code"><div><pre><span></span><code><a id="__codelineno-15-1" name="__codelineno-15-1"></a>db.createUser<span class="o">({</span>
+<a id="__codelineno-15-2" name="__codelineno-15-2"></a><span class="w">    </span>user:<span class="w"> </span><span class="s2">&quot;&lt;username&gt;&quot;</span>,
+<a id="__codelineno-15-3" name="__codelineno-15-3"></a><span class="w">    </span>pwd:<span class="w"> </span><span class="s2">&quot;&lt;password&gt;&quot;</span>,
+<a id="__codelineno-15-4" name="__codelineno-15-4"></a><span class="w">    </span>roles:<span class="w"> </span><span class="o">[</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="o">{</span><span class="w"> </span>role:<span class="w"> </span><span class="s2">&quot;&lt;role&gt;&quot;</span>,<span class="w"> </span>db:<span class="w"> </span><span class="s2">&quot;&lt;database&gt;&quot;</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="o">}</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="o">]</span>
+<a id="__codelineno-15-5" name="__codelineno-15-5"></a><span class="o">})</span>
+<a id="__codelineno-15-6" name="__codelineno-15-6"></a>
+<a id="__codelineno-15-7" name="__codelineno-15-7"></a>db.createRole<span class="o">({</span>
+<a id="__codelineno-15-8" name="__codelineno-15-8"></a><span class="w">    </span>role:<span class="w"> </span><span class="s2">&quot;&lt;role&gt;&quot;</span>,
+<a id="__codelineno-15-9" name="__codelineno-15-9"></a><span class="w">    </span>privileges:<span class="w"> </span><span class="o">[</span>
+<a id="__codelineno-15-10" name="__codelineno-15-10"></a><span class="w">        </span><span class="o">{</span><span class="w"> </span>resource:<span class="w"> </span><span class="o">{</span><span class="w"> </span>cluster:<span class="w"> </span><span class="nb">true</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="o">}</span>,<span class="w"> </span>actions:<span class="w"> </span><span class="o">[</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="s2">&quot;&lt;action&gt;&quot;</span>,<span class="w"> </span>...<span class="w"> </span><span class="o">]</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="o">}</span>,
+<a id="__codelineno-15-11" name="__codelineno-15-11"></a><span class="w">        </span><span class="o">{</span>
+<a id="__codelineno-15-12" name="__codelineno-15-12"></a><span class="w">            </span>resource:<span class="w"> </span><span class="o">{</span><span class="w"> </span>
+<a id="__codelineno-15-13" name="__codelineno-15-13"></a><span class="w">                </span>db:<span class="w"> </span><span class="s2">&quot;&lt;database&gt;&quot;</span>,
+<a id="__codelineno-15-14" name="__codelineno-15-14"></a><span class="w">                </span>collection:<span class="w"> </span><span class="s2">&quot;&lt;collection&gt;&quot;</span>
+<a id="__codelineno-15-15" name="__codelineno-15-15"></a><span class="w">            </span><span class="o">}</span>,
+<a id="__codelineno-15-16" name="__codelineno-15-16"></a><span class="w">            </span>actions:<span class="w"> </span><span class="o">[</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="s2">&quot;&lt;action&gt;&quot;</span>,<span class="w"> </span>...<span class="w"> </span><span class="o">]</span>
+<a id="__codelineno-15-17" name="__codelineno-15-17"></a><span class="w">        </span><span class="o">}</span>,
+<a id="__codelineno-15-18" name="__codelineno-15-18"></a><span class="w">    </span><span class="o">]</span>,
+<a id="__codelineno-15-19" name="__codelineno-15-19"></a><span class="w">    </span>roles:<span class="w"> </span><span class="o">[</span>
+<a id="__codelineno-15-20" name="__codelineno-15-20"></a><span class="w">        </span><span class="o">{</span><span class="w"> </span>role:<span class="w"> </span><span class="s2">&quot;&lt;role&gt;&quot;</span>,<span class="w"> </span>db:<span class="w"> </span><span class="s2">&quot;&lt;database&gt;&quot;</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="o">}</span><span class="w">  </span><span class="c1"># inherited permissions</span>
+<a id="__codelineno-15-21" name="__codelineno-15-21"></a><span class="w">    </span><span class="o">]</span>
+<a id="__codelineno-15-22" name="__codelineno-15-22"></a><span class="o">})</span>
+<a id="__codelineno-15-23" name="__codelineno-15-23"></a>
+<a id="__codelineno-15-24" name="__codelineno-15-24"></a><span class="c1"># add role to existing user</span>
+<a id="__codelineno-15-25" name="__codelineno-15-25"></a>db.grantRolesToUser<span class="o">(</span>
+<a id="__codelineno-15-26" name="__codelineno-15-26"></a><span class="w">    </span><span class="s2">&quot;&lt;user&gt;&quot;</span>,
+<a id="__codelineno-15-27" name="__codelineno-15-27"></a><span class="w">    </span><span class="o">[</span>
+<a id="__codelineno-15-28" name="__codelineno-15-28"></a><span class="w">        </span><span class="o">{</span><span class="w"> </span>
+<a id="__codelineno-15-29" name="__codelineno-15-29"></a><span class="w">            </span>role:<span class="w"> </span><span class="s2">&quot;&lt;role&gt;&quot;</span>
+<a id="__codelineno-15-30" name="__codelineno-15-30"></a><span class="w">            </span>db:<span class="w"> </span><span class="s2">&quot;&lt;database&gt;&quot;</span>,
+<a id="__codelineno-15-31" name="__codelineno-15-31"></a><span class="w">            </span>collection:<span class="w"> </span><span class="s2">&quot;&lt;collection&gt;&quot;</span>,
+<a id="__codelineno-15-32" name="__codelineno-15-32"></a><span class="w">        </span><span class="o">}</span>
+<a id="__codelineno-15-33" name="__codelineno-15-33"></a><span class="w">    </span><span class="o">]</span>
+<a id="__codelineno-15-34" name="__codelineno-15-34"></a><span class="o">)</span>
+<a id="__codelineno-15-35" name="__codelineno-15-35"></a>
+<a id="__codelineno-15-36" name="__codelineno-15-36"></a><span class="c1"># show role privileges</span>
+<a id="__codelineno-15-37" name="__codelineno-15-37"></a>db.runCommand<span class="o">({</span>
+<a id="__codelineno-15-38" name="__codelineno-15-38"></a><span class="w">    </span>rolesInfo:<span class="w"> </span><span class="o">{</span><span class="w"> </span>db:<span class="w"> </span><span class="s2">&quot;&lt;database&gt;&quot;</span>,<span class="w"> </span>role:<span class="w"> </span><span class="s2">&quot;&lt;role&gt;&quot;</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="o">}</span>,
+<a id="__codelineno-15-39" name="__codelineno-15-39"></a><span class="w">    </span>showPrivileges:<span class="w"> </span><span class="nb">true</span><span class="w"> </span>
+<a id="__codelineno-15-40" name="__codelineno-15-40"></a><span class="o">})</span>
+</code></pre></div></td></tr></table></div>
+<h3 id="replica-set"><a href="https://docs.mongodb.com/manual/replication/">Replica set</a></h3>
+<p>A <strong>replica set</strong> in MongoDB is a group of <code>mongod</code> processes that maintain the <code>same dataset</code>. Replica sets provide redundancy and high availability, and are the basis for all production deployments.</p>
+<h3 id="sharding">Sharding</h3>
+<p><strong>Sharding</strong> is a MongoDB concept through which big datasets are subdivided in smaller sets and distributed towards multiple instances of MongoDB.<br />
+It's a technique used to improve the performances of large queries towards large quantities of data that require al lot of resources from the server.</p>
+<p>A collection containing several documents is splitted in more smaller collections (<em>shards</em>)
+Shards are implemented via cluster that are none other a group of MongoDB instances.</p>
+<p>Shard components are:</p>
+<ul>
+<li>Shards (min 2), instances of MongoDB that contain a subset of the data</li>
+<li>A config server, instance of MongoDB which contains metadata on the cluster, that is the set of instances that have the shard data.</li>
+<li>A router (or <code>mongos</code>), instance of MongoDB used to redirect the user instructions from the client to the correct server.</li>
+</ul>
+<p><img alt="Shared Cluster" src="../img/mongodb_shared-cluster.avif" title="Components of a shared cluster" /></p>
+<hr />
+<h2 id="aggregation-framework"><a href="https://docs.mongodb.com/manual/reference/operator/aggregation-pipeline/">Aggregation Framework</a></h2>
+<p>Sequence of operations applied to a collection as a <em>pipeline</em> to get a result: <code>db.collection.aggregate(pipeline, options)</code>.<br />
+Each step of the pipeline acts on its inputs and not on the original data in the collection.</p>
+<h3 id="variables">Variables</h3>
+<p>Variable syntax in aggregations:</p>
+<ul>
+<li><code>$key</code>: field path</li>
+<li><code>$$UPPERCASE</code>: system variable (e.g.: <code>$$CURRENT</code>)</li>
+<li><code>$$foo</code>: user defined variable</li>
+</ul>
+<h3 id="match-aggregation-stage"><a href="https://www.mongodb.com/docs/manual/reference/operator/aggregation/match/" title="$match operator docs"><code>$match</code> Aggregation Stage</a></h3>
+<p>Filters the documents to pass only the documents that match the specified condition(s) to the next pipeline stage.</p>
+<div class="highlight"><table class="highlighttable"><tr><th colspan="2" class="filename"><span class="filename">Bash</span></th></tr><tr><td class="linenos"><div class="linenodiv"><pre><span></span><span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-16-1">1</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-16-2">2</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-16-3">3</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-16-4">4</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-16-5">5</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-16-6">6</a></span></pre></div></td><td class="code"><div><pre><span></span><code><a id="__codelineno-16-1" name="__codelineno-16-1"></a>db.&lt;collection&gt;.aggregate<span class="o">([</span><span class="w"> </span>
+<a id="__codelineno-16-2" name="__codelineno-16-2"></a><span class="w">    </span><span class="o">{</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="s2">&quot;</span><span class="nv">$match</span><span class="s2">&quot;</span>:<span class="w"> </span><span class="o">{</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="s2">&quot;&lt;query&gt;&quot;</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="o">}</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="o">}</span>,
+<a id="__codelineno-16-3" name="__codelineno-16-3"></a>
+<a id="__codelineno-16-4" name="__codelineno-16-4"></a><span class="w">    </span><span class="c1"># key exists and is an array</span>
+<a id="__codelineno-16-5" name="__codelineno-16-5"></a><span class="w">    </span><span class="o">{</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="nv">$match</span>:<span class="w"> </span><span class="o">{</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="s2">&quot;&lt;array-key&gt;&quot;</span>:<span class="w"> </span><span class="o">{</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="nv">$elemMatch</span>:<span class="w"> </span><span class="o">{</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="nv">$exists</span>:<span class="w"> </span><span class="nb">true</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="o">}</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="o">}</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="o">}</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="o">}</span>
+<a id="__codelineno-16-6" name="__codelineno-16-6"></a><span class="o">})</span>
+</code></pre></div></td></tr></table></div>
+<blockquote>
+<p><strong>Note</strong>: <code>$match</code> can contain the <code>$text</code> query operation but it <strong>must</strong> ber the <em>first</em> in a pipeline<br />
+<strong>Note</strong>: <code>$match</code> cannot contain use <code>$where</code><br />
+<strong>Note</strong>: <code>$match</code> uses the same syntax as <code>find()</code></p>
+</blockquote>
+<h3 id="project-aggregation-stage"><a href="https://www.mongodb.com/docs/manual/reference/operator/aggregation/project/" title="$project operator docs"><code>$project</code> Aggregation Stage</a></h3>
+<p>Passes along the documents with the requested fields to the next stage in the pipeline. The specified fields can be existing fields from the input documents or newly computed fields.</p>
+<p><code>$project</code> Array Expression Operators:</p>
+<ul>
+<li><a href="https://www.mongodb.com/docs/v4.4/reference/operator/aggregation/filter/" title="$filter operator docs"><code>$filter</code></a></li>
+<li><a href="https://www.mongodb.com/docs/v4.4/reference/operator/aggregation/map/" title="$map operator docs"><code>$map</code></a></li>
+<li><a href="https://www.mongodb.com/docs/v5.0/reference/operator/aggregation/reduce/" title="$reduce operator docs"><code>$reduce</code></a></li>
+</ul>
+<p><code>$project</code> Arithmetic Expression Operators:</p>
+<ul>
+<li><a href="https://www.mongodb.com/docs/v5.0/reference/operator/aggregation/max/" title="$max operator docs"><code>$max</code></a></li>
+<li><a href="https://www.mongodb.com/docs/v5.0/reference/operator/aggregation/min/" title="$min operator docs"><code>$min</code></a></li>
+<li><a href="https://www.mongodb.com/docs/v5.0/reference/operator/aggregation/sum/" title="$sum operator docs"><code>$sum</code></a></li>
+<li><a href="https://www.mongodb.com/docs/v5.0/reference/operator/aggregation/avg/" title="$avg operator docs"><code>$avg</code></a></li>
+</ul>
+<div class="highlight"><table class="highlighttable"><tr><th colspan="2" class="filename"><span class="filename">Bash</span></th></tr><tr><td class="linenos"><div class="linenodiv"><pre><span></span><span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-17-1"> 1</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-17-2"> 2</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-17-3"> 3</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-17-4"> 4</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-17-5"> 5</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-17-6"> 6</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-17-7"> 7</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-17-8"> 8</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-17-9"> 9</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-17-10">10</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-17-11">11</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-17-12">12</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-17-13">13</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-17-14">14</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-17-15">15</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-17-16">16</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-17-17">17</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-17-18">18</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-17-19">19</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-17-20">20</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-17-21">21</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-17-22">22</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-17-23">23</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-17-24">24</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-17-25">25</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-17-26">26</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-17-27">27</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-17-28">28</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-17-29">29</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-17-30">30</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-17-31">31</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-17-32">32</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-17-33">33</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-17-34">34</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-17-35">35</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-17-36">36</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-17-37">37</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-17-38">38</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-17-39">39</a></span></pre></div></td><td class="code"><div><pre><span></span><code><a id="__codelineno-17-1" name="__codelineno-17-1"></a>db.&lt;collection&gt;.aggregate<span class="o">([</span><span class="w"> </span>
+<a id="__codelineno-17-2" name="__codelineno-17-2"></a><span class="w">     </span><span class="o">{</span><span class="w"> </span>
+<a id="__codelineno-17-3" name="__codelineno-17-3"></a><span class="w">        </span><span class="s2">&quot;</span><span class="nv">$project</span><span class="s2">&quot;</span>:<span class="w"> </span><span class="o">{</span><span class="w"> </span>
+<a id="__codelineno-17-4" name="__codelineno-17-4"></a><span class="w">            </span><span class="s2">&quot;_id&quot;</span>:<span class="w"> </span><span class="m">0</span>,<span class="w">  </span><span class="c1"># discard value</span>
+<a id="__codelineno-17-5" name="__codelineno-17-5"></a><span class="w">            </span><span class="s2">&quot;&lt;key&gt;&quot;</span>:<span class="w"> </span><span class="m">1</span>,<span class="w">  </span><span class="c1"># keep value</span>
+<a id="__codelineno-17-6" name="__codelineno-17-6"></a><span class="w">            </span><span class="s2">&quot;&lt;key&gt;&quot;</span>:<span class="w"> </span><span class="s2">&quot;</span>$<span class="s2">&lt;other-key&gt;&quot;</span><span class="w">  </span><span class="c1"># reassign or create field,</span>
+<a id="__codelineno-17-7" name="__codelineno-17-7"></a><span class="w">            </span><span class="s2">&quot;&lt;key&gt;&quot;</span>:<span class="w"> </span><span class="o">{</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="s2">&quot;&lt;expression&gt;&quot;</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="o">}</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="c1"># calculate field value.</span>
+<a id="__codelineno-17-8" name="__codelineno-17-8"></a>
+<a id="__codelineno-17-9" name="__codelineno-17-9"></a><span class="w">            </span><span class="c1"># filter elements in an array</span>
+<a id="__codelineno-17-10" name="__codelineno-17-10"></a><span class="w">            </span><span class="s2">&quot;&lt;key&gt;&quot;</span>:<span class="w"> </span><span class="o">{</span>
+<a id="__codelineno-17-11" name="__codelineno-17-11"></a><span class="w">                </span><span class="s2">&quot;</span><span class="nv">$filter</span><span class="s2">&quot;</span>:<span class="w"> </span><span class="o">{</span>
+<a id="__codelineno-17-12" name="__codelineno-17-12"></a><span class="w">                    </span><span class="s2">&quot;input&quot;</span>:<span class="w"> </span><span class="s2">&quot;</span>$<span class="s2">&lt;array-key&gt;&quot;</span>,
+<a id="__codelineno-17-13" name="__codelineno-17-13"></a><span class="w">                    </span><span class="s2">&quot;as&quot;</span>:<span class="w"> </span><span class="s2">&quot;&lt;name-of-item&gt;&quot;</span>,
+<a id="__codelineno-17-14" name="__codelineno-17-14"></a><span class="w">                    </span><span class="s2">&quot;cond&quot;</span>:<span class="w"> </span><span class="o">{</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="s2">&quot;&lt;bool-expression&gt;&quot;</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="o">}</span>
+<a id="__codelineno-17-15" name="__codelineno-17-15"></a><span class="w">                </span><span class="o">}</span>
+<a id="__codelineno-17-16" name="__codelineno-17-16"></a><span class="w">            </span><span class="o">}</span>,
+<a id="__codelineno-17-17" name="__codelineno-17-17"></a>
+<a id="__codelineno-17-18" name="__codelineno-17-18"></a><span class="w">            </span><span class="c1"># transform array items</span>
+<a id="__codelineno-17-19" name="__codelineno-17-19"></a><span class="w">            </span><span class="s2">&quot;&lt;key&gt;&quot;</span>:<span class="w"> </span><span class="o">{</span>
+<a id="__codelineno-17-20" name="__codelineno-17-20"></a><span class="w">                </span><span class="s2">&quot;</span><span class="nv">$map</span><span class="s2">&quot;</span>:<span class="w"> </span><span class="o">{</span>
+<a id="__codelineno-17-21" name="__codelineno-17-21"></a><span class="w">                    </span><span class="s2">&quot;input&quot;</span>:<span class="w"> </span><span class="s2">&quot;</span>$<span class="s2">&lt;array-key&gt;&quot;</span>,
+<a id="__codelineno-17-22" name="__codelineno-17-22"></a><span class="w">                    </span><span class="s2">&quot;as&quot;</span>:<span class="w"> </span><span class="s2">&quot;&lt;item&gt;&quot;</span>,
+<a id="__codelineno-17-23" name="__codelineno-17-23"></a><span class="w">                    </span><span class="s2">&quot;in&quot;</span>:<span class="w"> </span><span class="o">{</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="s2">&quot;&lt;expression&gt;&quot;</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="o">}</span>
+<a id="__codelineno-17-24" name="__codelineno-17-24"></a><span class="w">                    </span><span class="c1"># $$&lt;item&gt; is the current item&#39;s value</span>
+<a id="__codelineno-17-25" name="__codelineno-17-25"></a><span class="w">                </span><span class="o">}</span>
+<a id="__codelineno-17-26" name="__codelineno-17-26"></a><span class="w">            </span><span class="o">}</span>
+<a id="__codelineno-17-27" name="__codelineno-17-27"></a>
+<a id="__codelineno-17-28" name="__codelineno-17-28"></a><span class="w">            </span><span class="c1"># apply expression to each element in an array and combine them</span>
+<a id="__codelineno-17-29" name="__codelineno-17-29"></a><span class="w">            </span><span class="s2">&quot;&lt;key&gt;&quot;</span>:<span class="w"> </span><span class="o">{</span>
+<a id="__codelineno-17-30" name="__codelineno-17-30"></a><span class="w">                </span><span class="s2">&quot;</span><span class="nv">$reduce</span><span class="s2">&quot;</span>:<span class="w"> </span><span class="o">{</span>
+<a id="__codelineno-17-31" name="__codelineno-17-31"></a><span class="w">                    </span><span class="s2">&quot;input&quot;</span>:<span class="w"> </span><span class="s2">&quot;&lt;array-key&gt;&quot;</span>,
+<a id="__codelineno-17-32" name="__codelineno-17-32"></a><span class="w">                    </span><span class="s2">&quot;initialValue&quot;</span>:<span class="w"> </span><span class="s2">&quot;&lt;value&gt;&quot;</span>,
+<a id="__codelineno-17-33" name="__codelineno-17-33"></a><span class="w">                    </span><span class="s2">&quot;in&quot;</span>:<span class="w"> </span><span class="o">{</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="s2">&quot;&lt;expression&gt;&quot;</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="o">}</span>
+<a id="__codelineno-17-34" name="__codelineno-17-34"></a><span class="w">                    </span><span class="c1"># $$this is current document, $$value is current accumulated value</span>
+<a id="__codelineno-17-35" name="__codelineno-17-35"></a><span class="w">                </span><span class="o">}</span>
+<a id="__codelineno-17-36" name="__codelineno-17-36"></a><span class="w">            </span><span class="o">}</span>
+<a id="__codelineno-17-37" name="__codelineno-17-37"></a><span class="w">        </span><span class="o">}</span>
+<a id="__codelineno-17-38" name="__codelineno-17-38"></a><span class="w">    </span><span class="o">}</span><span class="w"> </span>
+<a id="__codelineno-17-39" name="__codelineno-17-39"></a><span class="o">])</span>
+</code></pre></div></td></tr></table></div>
+<h3 id="addfields-aggregation-stage"><a href="https://www.mongodb.com/docs/manual/reference/operator/aggregation/addFields/" title="$addFields operator docs"><code>$addFields</code> Aggregation Stage</a></h3>
+<p>Adds new fields to documents (can be result of computation).<br />
+<code>$addFields</code> outputs documents that contain <em>all existing fields</em> from the input documents and newly added fields.</p>
+<div class="highlight"><table class="highlighttable"><tr><th colspan="2" class="filename"><span class="filename">Bash</span></th></tr><tr><td class="linenos"><div class="linenodiv"><pre><span></span><span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-18-1">1</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-18-2">2</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-18-3">3</a></span></pre></div></td><td class="code"><div><pre><span></span><code><a id="__codelineno-18-1" name="__codelineno-18-1"></a>db.&lt;collection&gt;.aggregate<span class="o">({</span>
+<a id="__codelineno-18-2" name="__codelineno-18-2"></a><span class="w">    </span><span class="o">{</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="nv">$addFields</span>:<span class="w"> </span><span class="o">{</span><span class="w"> </span>&lt;newField&gt;:<span class="w"> </span>&lt;expression&gt;,<span class="w"> </span>...<span class="w"> </span><span class="o">}</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="o">}</span>
+<a id="__codelineno-18-3" name="__codelineno-18-3"></a><span class="o">})</span>
+</code></pre></div></td></tr></table></div>
+<h3 id="group-aggregation-stage"><a href="https://www.mongodb.com/docs/manual/reference/operator/aggregation/group/" title="$group operator docs"><code>$group</code> Aggregation Stage</a></h3>
+<p>The $<code>group</code> stage separates documents into groups according to a "group key". The output is one document for each unique group key.</p>
+<div class="highlight"><table class="highlighttable"><tr><th colspan="2" class="filename"><span class="filename">Bash</span></th></tr><tr><td class="linenos"><div class="linenodiv"><pre><span></span><span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-19-1">1</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-19-2">2</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-19-3">3</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-19-4">4</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-19-5">5</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-19-6">6</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-19-7">7</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-19-8">8</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-19-9">9</a></span></pre></div></td><td class="code"><div><pre><span></span><code><a id="__codelineno-19-1" name="__codelineno-19-1"></a>db.&lt;collection&gt;.aggregate<span class="o">([</span><span class="w"> </span>
+<a id="__codelineno-19-2" name="__codelineno-19-2"></a><span class="w">     </span><span class="o">{</span><span class="w"> </span>
+<a id="__codelineno-19-3" name="__codelineno-19-3"></a><span class="w">        </span><span class="s2">&quot;</span><span class="nv">$group</span><span class="s2">&quot;</span>:<span class="w"> </span><span class="o">{</span>
+<a id="__codelineno-19-4" name="__codelineno-19-4"></a><span class="w">            </span><span class="s2">&quot;_id&quot;</span>:<span class="w"> </span><span class="s2">&quot;&lt;expression&gt;&quot;</span>,<span class="w">  </span><span class="c1"># Group By Expression (Required)</span>
+<a id="__codelineno-19-5" name="__codelineno-19-5"></a><span class="w">            </span><span class="s2">&quot;&lt;key-1&gt;&quot;</span>:<span class="w"> </span><span class="o">{</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="s2">&quot;&lt;accumulator-1&gt;&quot;</span>:<span class="w"> </span><span class="s2">&quot;&lt;expression-1&gt;&quot;</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="o">}</span>,
+<a id="__codelineno-19-6" name="__codelineno-19-6"></a><span class="w">            </span>...
+<a id="__codelineno-19-7" name="__codelineno-19-7"></a><span class="w">        </span><span class="o">}</span><span class="w"> </span>
+<a id="__codelineno-19-8" name="__codelineno-19-8"></a><span class="w">    </span><span class="o">}</span>
+<a id="__codelineno-19-9" name="__codelineno-19-9"></a><span class="o">])</span>
+</code></pre></div></td></tr></table></div>
+<h3 id="unwind-aggregation-stage"><a href="https://www.mongodb.com/docs/manual/reference/operator/aggregation/unwind/" title="$unwind operator docs"><code>$unwind</code> Aggregation Stage</a></h3>
+<p>Deconstructs an array field from the input documents to output a document for each element.<br />
+Each output document is the input document with the value of the array field replaced by the element</p>
+<div class="highlight"><table class="highlighttable"><tr><th colspan="2" class="filename"><span class="filename">Bash</span></th></tr><tr><td class="linenos"><div class="linenodiv"><pre><span></span><span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-20-1"> 1</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-20-2"> 2</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-20-3"> 3</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-20-4"> 4</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-20-5"> 5</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-20-6"> 6</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-20-7"> 7</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-20-8"> 8</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-20-9"> 9</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-20-10">10</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-20-11">11</a></span></pre></div></td><td class="code"><div><pre><span></span><code><a id="__codelineno-20-1" name="__codelineno-20-1"></a>db.&lt;collection&gt;.aggregate<span class="o">([</span><span class="w"> </span>
+<a id="__codelineno-20-2" name="__codelineno-20-2"></a><span class="w">     </span><span class="o">{</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="s2">&quot;</span><span class="nv">$unwind</span><span class="s2">&quot;</span>:<span class="w"> </span><span class="s2">&quot;&lt;array-key&gt;&quot;</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="o">}</span>
+<a id="__codelineno-20-3" name="__codelineno-20-3"></a>
+<a id="__codelineno-20-4" name="__codelineno-20-4"></a><span class="w">     </span><span class="o">{</span><span class="w"> </span>
+<a id="__codelineno-20-5" name="__codelineno-20-5"></a><span class="w">        </span><span class="s2">&quot;</span><span class="nv">$unwind</span><span class="s2">&quot;</span>:<span class="w"> </span><span class="o">{</span>
+<a id="__codelineno-20-6" name="__codelineno-20-6"></a><span class="w">            </span><span class="s2">&quot;path&quot;</span>:<span class="w"> </span><span class="s2">&quot;&lt;array-key&gt;&quot;</span>,<span class="w">  </span><span class="c1"># array to unwind</span>
+<a id="__codelineno-20-7" name="__codelineno-20-7"></a><span class="w">            </span><span class="s2">&quot;includeArrayIndex&quot;</span>:<span class="w"> </span><span class="s2">&quot;&lt;string&gt;&quot;</span>,<span class="w">  </span><span class="c1"># name of index field</span>
+<a id="__codelineno-20-8" name="__codelineno-20-8"></a><span class="w">            </span><span class="s2">&quot;preserveNullAndEmptyArrays&quot;</span>:<span class="w"> </span>&lt;bool&gt;
+<a id="__codelineno-20-9" name="__codelineno-20-9"></a><span class="w">        </span><span class="o">}</span><span class="w"> </span>
+<a id="__codelineno-20-10" name="__codelineno-20-10"></a><span class="w">     </span><span class="o">}</span>
+<a id="__codelineno-20-11" name="__codelineno-20-11"></a><span class="o">]</span>,<span class="w"> </span><span class="o">{</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="s2">&quot;allowDiskUse&quot;</span>:<span class="w"> </span>&lt;bool&gt;<span class="w"> </span><span class="o">})</span>
+</code></pre></div></td></tr></table></div>
+<h3 id="count-aggregation-stage"><a href="https://www.mongodb.com/docs/manual/reference/operator/aggregation/count/" title="$count operator docs"><code>$count</code> Aggregation Stage</a></h3>
+<div class="highlight"><table class="highlighttable"><tr><th colspan="2" class="filename"><span class="filename">Bash</span></th></tr><tr><td class="linenos"><div class="linenodiv"><pre><span></span><span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-21-1">1</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-21-2">2</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-21-3">3</a></span></pre></div></td><td class="code"><div><pre><span></span><code><a id="__codelineno-21-1" name="__codelineno-21-1"></a>db.&lt;collection&gt;.aggregate<span class="o">([</span><span class="w"> </span>
+<a id="__codelineno-21-2" name="__codelineno-21-2"></a><span class="w">     </span><span class="o">{</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="s2">&quot;</span><span class="nv">$count</span><span class="s2">&quot;</span>:<span class="w"> </span><span class="s2">&quot;&lt;count-key&gt;&quot;</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="o">}</span>
+<a id="__codelineno-21-3" name="__codelineno-21-3"></a><span class="o">])</span>
+</code></pre></div></td></tr></table></div>
+<h3 id="sort-aggregation-stage"><a href="https://www.mongodb.com/docs/manual/reference/operator/aggregation/sort/" title="$sort operator docs"><code>$sort</code> Aggregation Stage</a></h3>
+<div class="highlight"><table class="highlighttable"><tr><th colspan="2" class="filename"><span class="filename">Bash</span></th></tr><tr><td class="linenos"><div class="linenodiv"><pre><span></span><span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-22-1">1</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-22-2">2</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-22-3">3</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-22-4">4</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-22-5">5</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-22-6">6</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-22-7">7</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-22-8">8</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-22-9">9</a></span></pre></div></td><td class="code"><div><pre><span></span><code><a id="__codelineno-22-1" name="__codelineno-22-1"></a>db.&lt;collection&gt;.aggregate<span class="o">([</span><span class="w"> </span>
+<a id="__codelineno-22-2" name="__codelineno-22-2"></a><span class="w">     </span><span class="o">{</span><span class="w"> </span>
+<a id="__codelineno-22-3" name="__codelineno-22-3"></a><span class="w">        </span><span class="s2">&quot;</span><span class="nv">$sort</span><span class="s2">&quot;</span>:<span class="w"> </span><span class="o">{</span><span class="w"> </span>
+<a id="__codelineno-22-4" name="__codelineno-22-4"></a><span class="w">            </span><span class="s2">&quot;&lt;key-1&gt;&quot;</span>:<span class="w"> </span><span class="s2">&quot;&lt;sort order&gt;&quot;</span>,<span class="w"> </span>
+<a id="__codelineno-22-5" name="__codelineno-22-5"></a><span class="w">            </span><span class="s2">&quot;&lt;key-2&gt;&quot;</span>:<span class="w"> </span><span class="s2">&quot;&lt;sort order&gt;&quot;</span>,<span class="w"> </span>
+<a id="__codelineno-22-6" name="__codelineno-22-6"></a><span class="w">            </span>...<span class="w"> </span>
+<a id="__codelineno-22-7" name="__codelineno-22-7"></a><span class="w">        </span><span class="o">}</span><span class="w"> </span>
+<a id="__codelineno-22-8" name="__codelineno-22-8"></a><span class="w">    </span><span class="o">}</span>
+<a id="__codelineno-22-9" name="__codelineno-22-9"></a><span class="o">]</span>,<span class="w"> </span><span class="o">{</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="s2">&quot;allowDiskUse&quot;</span>:<span class="w"> </span>&lt;bool&gt;<span class="w"> </span><span class="o">})</span>
+</code></pre></div></td></tr></table></div>
+<blockquote>
+<p><strong>Note</strong>: can take advantage of indexes if early int the pipeline and before any <code>%project</code>, <code>$group</code> and <code>$unwind</code><br />
+<strong>Note</strong>: By default <code>$sort</code> will use up to 10 MB of RAM. Setting <code>allowDiskUse: true</code> will allow for larger sorts</p>
+</blockquote>
+<h3 id="skip-aggregation-stage"><a href="https://www.mongodb.com/docs/manual/reference/operator/aggregation/skip/" title="$skip operator docs"><code>$skip</code> Aggregation Stage</a></h3>
+<div class="highlight"><table class="highlighttable"><tr><th colspan="2" class="filename"><span class="filename">Bash</span></th></tr><tr><td class="linenos"><div class="linenodiv"><pre><span></span><span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-23-1">1</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-23-2">2</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-23-3">3</a></span></pre></div></td><td class="code"><div><pre><span></span><code><a id="__codelineno-23-1" name="__codelineno-23-1"></a>db.&lt;collection&gt;.aggregate<span class="o">([</span><span class="w"> </span>
+<a id="__codelineno-23-2" name="__codelineno-23-2"></a><span class="w">     </span><span class="o">{</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="s2">&quot;</span><span class="nv">$skip</span><span class="s2">&quot;</span>:<span class="w"> </span><span class="s2">&quot;&lt;positive 64-bit integer&gt;&quot;</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="o">}</span>
+<a id="__codelineno-23-3" name="__codelineno-23-3"></a><span class="o">])</span>
+</code></pre></div></td></tr></table></div>
+<h3 id="limit-aggregation-stage"><a href="https://www.mongodb.com/docs/manual/reference/operator/aggregation/limit/" title="$limit operator docs"><code>$limit</code> Aggregation Stage</a></h3>
+<div class="highlight"><table class="highlighttable"><tr><th colspan="2" class="filename"><span class="filename">Bash</span></th></tr><tr><td class="linenos"><div class="linenodiv"><pre><span></span><span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-24-1">1</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-24-2">2</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-24-3">3</a></span></pre></div></td><td class="code"><div><pre><span></span><code><a id="__codelineno-24-1" name="__codelineno-24-1"></a>db.&lt;collection&gt;.aggregate<span class="o">([</span><span class="w"> </span>
+<a id="__codelineno-24-2" name="__codelineno-24-2"></a><span class="w">     </span><span class="o">{</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="s2">&quot;</span><span class="nv">$limit</span><span class="s2">&quot;</span>:<span class="w"> </span><span class="s2">&quot;&lt;positive 64-bit integer&gt;&quot;</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="o">}</span>
+<a id="__codelineno-24-3" name="__codelineno-24-3"></a><span class="o">])</span>
+</code></pre></div></td></tr></table></div>
+<h3 id="lookup-aggregation-stage"><a href="https://www.mongodb.com/docs/manual/reference/operator/aggregation/lookup/" title="$look operator docs"><code>$lookup</code> Aggregation Stage</a></h3>
+<p>Performs a left outer join to a collection <em>in the same database</em> to filter in documents from the "joined" collection for processing.<br />
+The <code>$lookup</code> stage adds a new array field to each input document. The new array field contains the matching documents from the "joined" collection.</p>
+<blockquote>
+<p><strong>Note</strong>: To combine elements from two different collections, use the <a href="https://www.mongodb.com/docs/manual/reference/operator/aggregation/unionWith/" title="$unionWith operator docs"><code>$unionWith</code></a> pipeline stage.</p>
+</blockquote>
+<div class="highlight"><table class="highlighttable"><tr><th colspan="2" class="filename"><span class="filename">Bash</span></th></tr><tr><td class="linenos"><div class="linenodiv"><pre><span></span><span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-25-1"> 1</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-25-2"> 2</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-25-3"> 3</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-25-4"> 4</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-25-5"> 5</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-25-6"> 6</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-25-7"> 7</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-25-8"> 8</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-25-9"> 9</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-25-10">10</a></span></pre></div></td><td class="code"><div><pre><span></span><code><a id="__codelineno-25-1" name="__codelineno-25-1"></a>db.&lt;collection&gt;.aggregate<span class="o">([</span><span class="w"> </span>
+<a id="__codelineno-25-2" name="__codelineno-25-2"></a><span class="w">    </span><span class="o">{</span>
+<a id="__codelineno-25-3" name="__codelineno-25-3"></a><span class="w">        </span><span class="s2">&quot;</span><span class="nv">$lookup</span><span class="s2">&quot;</span>:<span class="w"> </span><span class="o">{</span>
+<a id="__codelineno-25-4" name="__codelineno-25-4"></a><span class="w">            </span><span class="s2">&quot;from&quot;</span>:<span class="w"> </span><span class="s2">&quot;&lt;foreign-collection&gt;&quot;</span>,
+<a id="__codelineno-25-5" name="__codelineno-25-5"></a><span class="w">            </span><span class="s2">&quot;localField&quot;</span>:<span class="w"> </span><span class="s2">&quot;&lt;key&gt;&quot;</span>,
+<a id="__codelineno-25-6" name="__codelineno-25-6"></a><span class="w">            </span><span class="s2">&quot;foreignField&quot;</span>:<span class="w"> </span><span class="s2">&quot;&lt;foreign-collection&gt;.&lt;key&gt;&quot;</span>,
+<a id="__codelineno-25-7" name="__codelineno-25-7"></a><span class="w">            </span><span class="s2">&quot;as&quot;</span>:<span class="w"> </span><span class="s2">&quot;&lt;output array field&gt;&quot;</span>
+<a id="__codelineno-25-8" name="__codelineno-25-8"></a><span class="w">        </span><span class="o">}</span>
+<a id="__codelineno-25-9" name="__codelineno-25-9"></a><span class="w">    </span><span class="o">}</span>
+<a id="__codelineno-25-10" name="__codelineno-25-10"></a><span class="o">])</span>
+</code></pre></div></td></tr></table></div>
+<h3 id="graphlookup-aggregation-stage"><a href="https://www.mongodb.com/docs/upcoming/reference/operator/aggregation/graphLookup/" title="$graphLookup operator docs"><code>$graphLookup</code> Aggregation Stage</a></h3>
+<p>Performs a recursive search on a collection, with options for restricting the search by recursion depth and query filter.</p>
+<p>The collection on which the aggregation is performed and the <code>from</code> collection can be the same (in-collection search) or different (cross-collection search)</p>
+<div class="highlight"><table class="highlighttable"><tr><th colspan="2" class="filename"><span class="filename">Bash</span></th></tr><tr><td class="linenos"><div class="linenodiv"><pre><span></span><span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-26-1"> 1</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-26-2"> 2</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-26-3"> 3</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-26-4"> 4</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-26-5"> 5</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-26-6"> 6</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-26-7"> 7</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-26-8"> 8</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-26-9"> 9</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-26-10">10</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-26-11">11</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-26-12">12</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-26-13">13</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-26-14">14</a></span></pre></div></td><td class="code"><div><pre><span></span><code><a id="__codelineno-26-1" name="__codelineno-26-1"></a>db.&lt;collection&gt;.aggregate<span class="o">([</span>
+<a id="__codelineno-26-2" name="__codelineno-26-2"></a><span class="w">    </span><span class="o">{</span>
+<a id="__codelineno-26-3" name="__codelineno-26-3"></a><span class="w">        </span><span class="nv">$graphLookup</span>:<span class="w"> </span><span class="o">{</span>
+<a id="__codelineno-26-4" name="__codelineno-26-4"></a><span class="w">            </span>from:<span class="w"> </span>&lt;collection&gt;,<span class="w">  </span><span class="c1"># starting collection of the search</span>
+<a id="__codelineno-26-5" name="__codelineno-26-5"></a><span class="w">            </span>startWith:<span class="w"> </span>&lt;expression&gt;,<span class="w">  </span><span class="c1"># initial value(s) of search</span>
+<a id="__codelineno-26-6" name="__codelineno-26-6"></a><span class="w">            </span>connectFromField:<span class="w"> </span>&lt;string&gt;,<span class="w">  </span><span class="c1"># source of the connection</span>
+<a id="__codelineno-26-7" name="__codelineno-26-7"></a><span class="w">            </span>connectToField:<span class="w"> </span>&lt;string&gt;,<span class="w">  </span><span class="c1"># destination of the connection</span>
+<a id="__codelineno-26-8" name="__codelineno-26-8"></a><span class="w">            </span>as:<span class="w"> </span>&lt;string&gt;,<span class="w">  </span><span class="c1"># array of found documents</span>
+<a id="__codelineno-26-9" name="__codelineno-26-9"></a><span class="w">            </span>maxDepth:<span class="w"> </span>&lt;number&gt;,<span class="w">  </span><span class="c1"># recursive search depth limit (steps inside from collection)</span>
+<a id="__codelineno-26-10" name="__codelineno-26-10"></a><span class="w">            </span>depthField:<span class="w"> </span>&lt;string&gt;,<span class="w">  </span><span class="c1"># field containing distance from start</span>
+<a id="__codelineno-26-11" name="__codelineno-26-11"></a><span class="w">            </span>restrictSearchWithMatch:<span class="w"> </span>&lt;document&gt;<span class="w">  </span><span class="c1"># filter on found documents</span>
+<a id="__codelineno-26-12" name="__codelineno-26-12"></a><span class="w">        </span><span class="o">}</span>
+<a id="__codelineno-26-13" name="__codelineno-26-13"></a><span class="w">    </span><span class="o">}</span>
+<a id="__codelineno-26-14" name="__codelineno-26-14"></a><span class="o">]</span>,<span class="w"> </span><span class="o">{</span><span class="w"> </span>allowDiskUse:<span class="w"> </span><span class="nb">true</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="o">})</span>
+</code></pre></div></td></tr></table></div>
+<blockquote>
+<p><strong>Note</strong>: Having the <code>connectToField</code> indexed will improve search performance<br />
+<strong>Warn</strong>: Can exceed the <code>100 Mb</code> memory limit even with <code>{ allowDiskUse: true }</code></p>
+</blockquote>
+<h3 id="sortbycount-aggregation-stage"><a href="https://www.mongodb.com/docs/upcoming/reference/operator/aggregation/sortByCount/" title="$sortByCount operator docs"><code>$sortByCount</code> Aggregation Stage</a></h3>
+<p>Groups incoming documents based on the value of a specified expression, then computes the count of documents in each distinct group.</p>
+<p>Each output document contains two fields: an <code>_id</code> field containing the distinct grouping value, and a <code>count</code> field containing the number of documents belonging to that grouping or category.</p>
+<p>The documents are sorted by count in descending order.</p>
+<div class="highlight"><table class="highlighttable"><tr><th colspan="2" class="filename"><span class="filename">Bash</span></th></tr><tr><td class="linenos"><div class="linenodiv"><pre><span></span><span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-27-1">1</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-27-2">2</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-27-3">3</a></span></pre></div></td><td class="code"><div><pre><span></span><code><a id="__codelineno-27-1" name="__codelineno-27-1"></a>db.&lt;collection&gt;.aggregate<span class="o">([</span>
+<a id="__codelineno-27-2" name="__codelineno-27-2"></a><span class="w">    </span><span class="o">{</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="nv">$sortByCount</span>:<span class="w">  </span>&lt;expression&gt;<span class="w"> </span><span class="o">}</span>
+<a id="__codelineno-27-3" name="__codelineno-27-3"></a><span class="o">])</span>
+</code></pre></div></td></tr></table></div>
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new file mode 100644
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+      <a href="../containers/docker.html" class="md-nav__link">
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+    Docker
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+    <li class="md-nav__item">
+      <a href="../containers/kubernetes.html" class="md-nav__link">
+        
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+  <span class="md-ellipsis">
+    Kubernetes
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+        
+          
+          <label class="md-nav__link" for="__nav_3" id="__nav_3_label" tabindex="">
+            
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+  <span class="md-ellipsis">
+    Databases
+  </span>
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+            <span class="md-nav__icon md-icon"></span>
+          </label>
+        
+        <nav class="md-nav" data-md-level="1" aria-labelledby="__nav_3_label" aria-expanded="true">
+          <label class="md-nav__title" for="__nav_3">
+            <span class="md-nav__icon md-icon"></span>
+            Databases
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+    Redis
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+        </label>
+      
+      <a href="redis.html" class="md-nav__link md-nav__link--active">
+        
+  
+  <span class="md-ellipsis">
+    Redis
+  </span>
+  
+
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+      
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+
+<nav class="md-nav md-nav--secondary" aria-label="Table of contents">
+  
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+    <label class="md-nav__title" for="__toc">
+      <span class="md-nav__icon md-icon"></span>
+      Table of contents
+    </label>
+    <ul class="md-nav__list" data-md-component="toc" data-md-scrollfix>
+      
+        <li class="md-nav__item">
+  <a href="#redis-commands" class="md-nav__link">
+    <span class="md-ellipsis">
+      Redis Commands
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+    <nav class="md-nav" aria-label="Redis Commands">
+      <ul class="md-nav__list">
+        
+          <li class="md-nav__item">
+  <a href="#server-startup" class="md-nav__link">
+    <span class="md-ellipsis">
+      Server Startup
+    </span>
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+</li>
+        
+          <li class="md-nav__item">
+  <a href="#key-value-pairs" class="md-nav__link">
+    <span class="md-ellipsis">
+      Key-Value Pairs
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+          <li class="md-nav__item">
+  <a href="#lists" class="md-nav__link">
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+      Lists
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+  <a href="#sets" class="md-nav__link">
+    <span class="md-ellipsis">
+      Sets
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+  <a href="#sorted-sets" class="md-nav__link">
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+      Sorted Sets
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+      <a href="sql.html" class="md-nav__link">
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+  <span class="md-ellipsis">
+    MongoDB
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+            Languages
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+          <ul class="md-nav__list" data-md-scrollfix>
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+    <li class="md-nav__item">
+      <a href="../languages/html/html.html" class="md-nav__link">
+        
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+  <span class="md-ellipsis">
+    HTML
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+      <a href="../languages/markdown.html" class="md-nav__link">
+        
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+  <span class="md-ellipsis">
+    Markdown
+  </span>
+  
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+    <li class="md-nav__item">
+      <a href="../languages/css/css.html" class="md-nav__link">
+        
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+  <span class="md-ellipsis">
+    CSS
+  </span>
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+    </li>
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+    <li class="md-nav__item">
+      <a href="../languages/c/c.html" class="md-nav__link">
+        
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+  <span class="md-ellipsis">
+    C
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+    <li class="md-nav__item">
+      <a href="../languages/kotlin/kotlin.html" class="md-nav__link">
+        
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+  <span class="md-ellipsis">
+    Kotlin
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+  
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+    <li class="md-nav__item">
+      <a href="../languages/swift/swift.html" class="md-nav__link">
+        
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+  <span class="md-ellipsis">
+    Swift
+  </span>
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+    </li>
+  
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+          <label class="md-nav__link" for="__nav_4_7" id="__nav_4_7_label" tabindex="0">
+            
+  
+  <span class="md-ellipsis">
+    Assembly
+  </span>
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+        
+        <nav class="md-nav" data-md-level="2" aria-labelledby="__nav_4_7_label" aria-expanded="false">
+          <label class="md-nav__title" for="__nav_4_7">
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+            Assembly
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+    <li class="md-nav__item">
+      <a href="../languages/assembly/intel.html" class="md-nav__link">
+        
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+  <span class="md-ellipsis">
+    Intel
+  </span>
+  
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+      <a href="../languages/assembly/riscv.html" class="md-nav__link">
+        
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+  <span class="md-ellipsis">
+    RISC-V
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+      
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+  
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+        
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+          <label class="md-nav__link" for="__nav_4_8" id="__nav_4_8_label" tabindex="0">
+            
+  
+  <span class="md-ellipsis">
+    Python
+  </span>
+  
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+          </label>
+        
+        <nav class="md-nav" data-md-level="2" aria-labelledby="__nav_4_8_label" aria-expanded="false">
+          <label class="md-nav__title" for="__nav_4_8">
+            <span class="md-nav__icon md-icon"></span>
+            Python
+          </label>
+          <ul class="md-nav__list" data-md-scrollfix>
+            
+              
+                
+  
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+  
+    <li class="md-nav__item">
+      <a href="../languages/python/python.html" class="md-nav__link">
+        
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+  <span class="md-ellipsis">
+    Python
+  </span>
+  
+
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+    </li>
+  
+
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+            
+              
+                
+  
+  
+  
+  
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+      
+        
+      
+        
+      
+        
+      
+        
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+        
+      
+        
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+      
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+        
+          
+          <label class="md-nav__link" for="__nav_4_8_2" id="__nav_4_8_2_label" tabindex="0">
+            
+  
+  <span class="md-ellipsis">
+    Modules
+  </span>
+  
+
+            <span class="md-nav__icon md-icon"></span>
+          </label>
+        
+        <nav class="md-nav" data-md-level="3" aria-labelledby="__nav_4_8_2_label" aria-expanded="false">
+          <label class="md-nav__title" for="__nav_4_8_2">
+            <span class="md-nav__icon md-icon"></span>
+            Modules
+          </label>
+          <ul class="md-nav__list" data-md-scrollfix>
+            
+              
+                
+  
+  
+  
+  
+    <li class="md-nav__item">
+      <a href="../languages/python/modules/argparse.html" class="md-nav__link">
+        
+  
+  <span class="md-ellipsis">
+    argparse
+  </span>
+  
+
+      </a>
+    </li>
+  
+
+              
+            
+              
+                
+  
+  
+  
+  
+    <li class="md-nav__item">
+      <a href="../languages/python/modules/collections.html" class="md-nav__link">
+        
+  
+  <span class="md-ellipsis">
+    collection
+  </span>
+  
+
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+    </li>
+  
+
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+            
+              
+                
+  
+  
+  
+  
+    <li class="md-nav__item">
+      <a href="../languages/python/modules/csv.html" class="md-nav__link">
+        
+  
+  <span class="md-ellipsis">
+    csv
+  </span>
+  
+
+      </a>
+    </li>
+  
+
+              
+            
+              
+                
+  
+  
+  
+  
+    <li class="md-nav__item">
+      <a href="../languages/python/modules/ftplib.html" class="md-nav__link">
+        
+  
+  <span class="md-ellipsis">
+    ftplib
+  </span>
+  
+
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+    </li>
+  
+
+              
+            
+              
+                
+  
+  
+  
+  
+    <li class="md-nav__item">
+      <a href="../languages/python/modules/itertools.html" class="md-nav__link">
+        
+  
+  <span class="md-ellipsis">
+    itertools
+  </span>
+  
+
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+    </li>
+  
+
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+            
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+  
+  
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+    <li class="md-nav__item">
+      <a href="../languages/python/modules/json.html" class="md-nav__link">
+        
+  
+  <span class="md-ellipsis">
+    json
+  </span>
+  
+
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+    </li>
+  
+
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+            
+              
+                
+  
+  
+  
+  
+    <li class="md-nav__item">
+      <a href="../languages/python/modules/logging.html" class="md-nav__link">
+        
+  
+  <span class="md-ellipsis">
+    logging
+  </span>
+  
+
+      </a>
+    </li>
+  
+
+              
+            
+              
+                
+  
+  
+  
+  
+    <li class="md-nav__item">
+      <a href="../languages/python/modules/shutil.html" class="md-nav__link">
+        
+  
+  <span class="md-ellipsis">
+    shutil
+  </span>
+  
+
+      </a>
+    </li>
+  
+
+              
+            
+              
+                
+  
+  
+  
+  
+    <li class="md-nav__item">
+      <a href="../languages/python/modules/smtplib.html" class="md-nav__link">
+        
+  
+  <span class="md-ellipsis">
+    smtplib
+  </span>
+  
+
+      </a>
+    </li>
+  
+
+              
+            
+              
+                
+  
+  
+  
+  
+    <li class="md-nav__item">
+      <a href="../languages/python/modules/socket.html" class="md-nav__link">
+        
+  
+  <span class="md-ellipsis">
+    socket
+  </span>
+  
+
+      </a>
+    </li>
+  
+
+              
+            
+              
+                
+  
+  
+  
+  
+    <li class="md-nav__item">
+      <a href="../languages/python/modules/sqlite.html" class="md-nav__link">
+        
+  
+  <span class="md-ellipsis">
+    sqlite
+  </span>
+  
+
+      </a>
+    </li>
+  
+
+              
+            
+              
+                
+  
+  
+  
+  
+    <li class="md-nav__item">
+      <a href="../languages/python/modules/time-datetime.html" class="md-nav__link">
+        
+  
+  <span class="md-ellipsis">
+    time & datetime
+  </span>
+  
+
+      </a>
+    </li>
+  
+
+              
+            
+              
+                
+  
+  
+  
+  
+    <li class="md-nav__item">
+      <a href="../languages/python/modules/unittest.html" class="md-nav__link">
+        
+  
+  <span class="md-ellipsis">
+    unittest
+  </span>
+  
+
+      </a>
+    </li>
+  
+
+              
+            
+          </ul>
+        </nav>
+      
+    </li>
+  
+
+              
+            
+              
+                
+  
+  
+  
+  
+    
+    
+      
+        
+      
+        
+      
+        
+      
+        
+      
+        
+      
+        
+      
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+    
+      
+      
+        
+      
+    
+    
+    <li class="md-nav__item md-nav__item--nested">
+      
+        
+        
+        <input class="md-nav__toggle md-toggle " type="checkbox" id="__nav_4_8_3" >
+        
+          
+          <label class="md-nav__link" for="__nav_4_8_3" id="__nav_4_8_3_label" tabindex="0">
+            
+  
+  <span class="md-ellipsis">
+    Libraries
+  </span>
+  
+
+            <span class="md-nav__icon md-icon"></span>
+          </label>
+        
+        <nav class="md-nav" data-md-level="3" aria-labelledby="__nav_4_8_3_label" aria-expanded="false">
+          <label class="md-nav__title" for="__nav_4_8_3">
+            <span class="md-nav__icon md-icon"></span>
+            Libraries
+          </label>
+          <ul class="md-nav__list" data-md-scrollfix>
+            
+              
+                
+  
+  
+  
+  
+    <li class="md-nav__item">
+      <a href="../languages/python/libs/tkinter.html" class="md-nav__link">
+        
+  
+  <span class="md-ellipsis">
+    TKinter
+  </span>
+  
+
+      </a>
+    </li>
+  
+
+              
+            
+              
+                
+  
+  
+  
+  
+    <li class="md-nav__item">
+      <a href="../languages/python/libs/numpy.html" class="md-nav__link">
+        
+  
+  <span class="md-ellipsis">
+    Numpy
+  </span>
+  
+
+      </a>
+    </li>
+  
+
+              
+            
+              
+                
+  
+  
+  
+  
+    <li class="md-nav__item">
+      <a href="../languages/python/libs/pandas.html" class="md-nav__link">
+        
+  
+  <span class="md-ellipsis">
+    Pandas
+  </span>
+  
+
+      </a>
+    </li>
+  
+
+              
+            
+              
+                
+  
+  
+  
+  
+    <li class="md-nav__item">
+      <a href="../languages/python/libs/seaborn.html" class="md-nav__link">
+        
+  
+  <span class="md-ellipsis">
+    Seaborn
+  </span>
+  
+
+      </a>
+    </li>
+  
+
+              
+            
+              
+                
+  
+  
+  
+  
+    <li class="md-nav__item">
+      <a href="../languages/python/libs/requests.html" class="md-nav__link">
+        
+  
+  <span class="md-ellipsis">
+    Requests
+  </span>
+  
+
+      </a>
+    </li>
+  
+
+              
+            
+              
+                
+  
+  
+  
+  
+    <li class="md-nav__item">
+      <a href="../languages/python/libs/beautiful-soup.html" class="md-nav__link">
+        
+  
+  <span class="md-ellipsis">
+    Beatiful Soup
+  </span>
+  
+
+      </a>
+    </li>
+  
+
+              
+            
+          </ul>
+        </nav>
+      
+    </li>
+  
+
+              
+            
+          </ul>
+        </nav>
+      
+    </li>
+  
+
+              
+            
+              
+                
+  
+  
+  
+  
+    
+    
+      
+        
+      
+        
+      
+        
+      
+    
+    
+      
+      
+        
+      
+    
+    
+    <li class="md-nav__item md-nav__item--nested">
+      
+        
+        
+        <input class="md-nav__toggle md-toggle " type="checkbox" id="__nav_4_9" >
+        
+          
+          <label class="md-nav__link" for="__nav_4_9" id="__nav_4_9_label" tabindex="0">
+            
+  
+  <span class="md-ellipsis">
+    .NET
+  </span>
+  
+
+            <span class="md-nav__icon md-icon"></span>
+          </label>
+        
+        <nav class="md-nav" data-md-level="2" aria-labelledby="__nav_4_9_label" aria-expanded="false">
+          <label class="md-nav__title" for="__nav_4_9">
+            <span class="md-nav__icon md-icon"></span>
+            .NET
+          </label>
+          <ul class="md-nav__list" data-md-scrollfix>
+            
+              
+                
+  
+  
+  
+  
+    
+    
+      
+        
+      
+        
+      
+        
+      
+        
+      
+        
+      
+        
+      
+    
+    
+      
+      
+        
+      
+    
+    
+    <li class="md-nav__item md-nav__item--nested">
+      
+        
+        
+        <input class="md-nav__toggle md-toggle " type="checkbox" id="__nav_4_9_1" >
+        
+          
+          <label class="md-nav__link" for="__nav_4_9_1" id="__nav_4_9_1_label" tabindex="0">
+            
+  
+  <span class="md-ellipsis">
+    C#
+  </span>
+  
+
+            <span class="md-nav__icon md-icon"></span>
+          </label>
+        
+        <nav class="md-nav" data-md-level="3" aria-labelledby="__nav_4_9_1_label" aria-expanded="false">
+          <label class="md-nav__title" for="__nav_4_9_1">
+            <span class="md-nav__icon md-icon"></span>
+            C#
+          </label>
+          <ul class="md-nav__list" data-md-scrollfix>
+            
+              
+                
+  
+  
+  
+  
+    <li class="md-nav__item">
+      <a href="../languages/dotnet/csharp/csharp.html" class="md-nav__link">
+        
+  
+  <span class="md-ellipsis">
+    C#
+  </span>
+  
+
+      </a>
+    </li>
+  
+
+              
+            
+              
+                
+  
+  
+  
+  
+    <li class="md-nav__item">
+      <a href="../languages/dotnet/csharp/linq.html" class="md-nav__link">
+        
+  
+  <span class="md-ellipsis">
+    Linq
+  </span>
+  
+
+      </a>
+    </li>
+  
+
+              
+            
+              
+                
+  
+  
+  
+  
+    <li class="md-nav__item">
+      <a href="../languages/dotnet/csharp/collections.html" class="md-nav__link">
+        
+  
+  <span class="md-ellipsis">
+    Collections
+  </span>
+  
+
+      </a>
+    </li>
+  
+
+              
+            
+              
+                
+  
+  
+  
+  
+    <li class="md-nav__item">
+      <a href="../languages/dotnet/csharp/reactive-extensions.html" class="md-nav__link">
+        
+  
+  <span class="md-ellipsis">
+    Reactive Extensions
+  </span>
+  
+
+      </a>
+    </li>
+  
+
+              
+            
+              
+                
+  
+  
+  
+  
+    <li class="md-nav__item">
+      <a href="../languages/dotnet/csharp/async-programming.html" class="md-nav__link">
+        
+  
+  <span class="md-ellipsis">
+    Async Programming
+  </span>
+  
+
+      </a>
+    </li>
+  
+
+              
+            
+              
+                
+  
+  
+  
+  
+    <li class="md-nav__item">
+      <a href="../languages/dotnet/csharp/unit-tests.html" class="md-nav__link">
+        
+  
+  <span class="md-ellipsis">
+    Unit Tests
+  </span>
+  
+
+      </a>
+    </li>
+  
+
+              
+            
+          </ul>
+        </nav>
+      
+    </li>
+  
+
+              
+            
+              
+                
+  
+  
+  
+  
+    
+    
+      
+        
+      
+        
+      
+        
+      
+        
+      
+        
+      
+        
+      
+        
+      
+    
+    
+      
+      
+        
+      
+    
+    
+    <li class="md-nav__item md-nav__item--nested">
+      
+        
+        
+        <input class="md-nav__toggle md-toggle " type="checkbox" id="__nav_4_9_2" >
+        
+          
+          <label class="md-nav__link" for="__nav_4_9_2" id="__nav_4_9_2_label" tabindex="0">
+            
+  
+  <span class="md-ellipsis">
+    ASP.NET
+  </span>
+  
+
+            <span class="md-nav__icon md-icon"></span>
+          </label>
+        
+        <nav class="md-nav" data-md-level="3" aria-labelledby="__nav_4_9_2_label" aria-expanded="false">
+          <label class="md-nav__title" for="__nav_4_9_2">
+            <span class="md-nav__icon md-icon"></span>
+            ASP.NET
+          </label>
+          <ul class="md-nav__list" data-md-scrollfix>
+            
+              
+                
+  
+  
+  
+  
+    <li class="md-nav__item">
+      <a href="../languages/dotnet/asp.net/minimal-api.html" class="md-nav__link">
+        
+  
+  <span class="md-ellipsis">
+    Minimal API
+  </span>
+  
+
+      </a>
+    </li>
+  
+
+              
+            
+              
+                
+  
+  
+  
+  
+    <li class="md-nav__item">
+      <a href="../languages/dotnet/asp.net/filters.html" class="md-nav__link">
+        
+  
+  <span class="md-ellipsis">
+    FIlters
+  </span>
+  
+
+      </a>
+    </li>
+  
+
+              
+            
+              
+                
+  
+  
+  
+  
+    <li class="md-nav__item">
+      <a href="../languages/dotnet/asp.net/middleware.html" class="md-nav__link">
+        
+  
+  <span class="md-ellipsis">
+    Middleware
+  </span>
+  
+
+      </a>
+    </li>
+  
+
+              
+            
+              
+                
+  
+  
+  
+  
+    <li class="md-nav__item">
+      <a href="../languages/dotnet/asp.net/razor-syntax.html" class="md-nav__link">
+        
+  
+  <span class="md-ellipsis">
+    Razor Syntax
+  </span>
+  
+
+      </a>
+    </li>
+  
+
+              
+            
+              
+                
+  
+  
+  
+  
+    <li class="md-nav__item">
+      <a href="../languages/dotnet/asp.net/blazor.html" class="md-nav__link">
+        
+  
+  <span class="md-ellipsis">
+    Blazor
+  </span>
+  
+
+      </a>
+    </li>
+  
+
+              
+            
+              
+                
+  
+  
+  
+  
+    <li class="md-nav__item">
+      <a href="../languages/dotnet/asp.net/signalr.html" class="md-nav__link">
+        
+  
+  <span class="md-ellipsis">
+    SignalR
+  </span>
+  
+
+      </a>
+    </li>
+  
+
+              
+            
+              
+                
+  
+  
+  
+  
+    <li class="md-nav__item">
+      <a href="../languages/dotnet/asp.net/web-forms.html" class="md-nav__link">
+        
+  
+  <span class="md-ellipsis">
+    Web Forms
+  </span>
+  
+
+      </a>
+    </li>
+  
+
+              
+            
+          </ul>
+        </nav>
+      
+    </li>
+  
+
+              
+            
+              
+                
+  
+  
+  
+  
+    
+    
+      
+        
+      
+        
+      
+    
+    
+      
+      
+        
+      
+    
+    
+    <li class="md-nav__item md-nav__item--nested">
+      
+        
+        
+        <input class="md-nav__toggle md-toggle " type="checkbox" id="__nav_4_9_3" >
+        
+          
+          <label class="md-nav__link" for="__nav_4_9_3" id="__nav_4_9_3_label" tabindex="0">
+            
+  
+  <span class="md-ellipsis">
+    Database
+  </span>
+  
+
+            <span class="md-nav__icon md-icon"></span>
+          </label>
+        
+        <nav class="md-nav" data-md-level="3" aria-labelledby="__nav_4_9_3_label" aria-expanded="false">
+          <label class="md-nav__title" for="__nav_4_9_3">
+            <span class="md-nav__icon md-icon"></span>
+            Database
+          </label>
+          <ul class="md-nav__list" data-md-scrollfix>
+            
+              
+                
+  
+  
+  
+  
+    <li class="md-nav__item">
+      <a href="../languages/dotnet/database/ado.net.html" class="md-nav__link">
+        
+  
+  <span class="md-ellipsis">
+    ADO.NET
+  </span>
+  
+
+      </a>
+    </li>
+  
+
+              
+            
+              
+                
+  
+  
+  
+  
+    <li class="md-nav__item">
+      <a href="../languages/dotnet/database/entity-framework.html" class="md-nav__link">
+        
+  
+  <span class="md-ellipsis">
+    Entity Framework
+  </span>
+  
+
+      </a>
+    </li>
+  
+
+              
+            
+          </ul>
+        </nav>
+      
+    </li>
+  
+
+              
+            
+          </ul>
+        </nav>
+      
+    </li>
+  
+
+              
+            
+              
+                
+  
+  
+  
+  
+    
+    
+      
+        
+      
+        
+      
+        
+      
+        
+      
+    
+    
+      
+      
+        
+      
+    
+    
+    <li class="md-nav__item md-nav__item--nested">
+      
+        
+        
+        <input class="md-nav__toggle md-toggle " type="checkbox" id="__nav_4_10" >
+        
+          
+          <label class="md-nav__link" for="__nav_4_10" id="__nav_4_10_label" tabindex="0">
+            
+  
+  <span class="md-ellipsis">
+    Java
+  </span>
+  
+
+            <span class="md-nav__icon md-icon"></span>
+          </label>
+        
+        <nav class="md-nav" data-md-level="2" aria-labelledby="__nav_4_10_label" aria-expanded="false">
+          <label class="md-nav__title" for="__nav_4_10">
+            <span class="md-nav__icon md-icon"></span>
+            Java
+          </label>
+          <ul class="md-nav__list" data-md-scrollfix>
+            
+              
+                
+  
+  
+  
+  
+    <li class="md-nav__item">
+      <a href="../languages/java/java.html" class="md-nav__link">
+        
+  
+  <span class="md-ellipsis">
+    Java
+  </span>
+  
+
+      </a>
+    </li>
+  
+
+              
+            
+              
+                
+  
+  
+  
+  
+    <li class="md-nav__item">
+      <a href="../languages/java/java-collection-framework.html" class="md-nav__link">
+        
+  
+  <span class="md-ellipsis">
+    Java Collection Framework
+  </span>
+  
+
+      </a>
+    </li>
+  
+
+              
+            
+              
+                
+  
+  
+  
+  
+    <li class="md-nav__item">
+      <a href="../languages/java/dao.html" class="md-nav__link">
+        
+  
+  <span class="md-ellipsis">
+    DAO
+  </span>
+  
+
+      </a>
+    </li>
+  
+
+              
+            
+              
+                
+  
+  
+  
+  
+    
+    
+      
+        
+      
+        
+      
+    
+    
+      
+      
+        
+      
+    
+    
+    <li class="md-nav__item md-nav__item--nested">
+      
+        
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+        <input class="md-nav__toggle md-toggle " type="checkbox" id="__nav_4_10_4" >
+        
+          
+          <label class="md-nav__link" for="__nav_4_10_4" id="__nav_4_10_4_label" tabindex="0">
+            
+  
+  <span class="md-ellipsis">
+    Web
+  </span>
+  
+
+            <span class="md-nav__icon md-icon"></span>
+          </label>
+        
+        <nav class="md-nav" data-md-level="3" aria-labelledby="__nav_4_10_4_label" aria-expanded="false">
+          <label class="md-nav__title" for="__nav_4_10_4">
+            <span class="md-nav__icon md-icon"></span>
+            Web
+          </label>
+          <ul class="md-nav__list" data-md-scrollfix>
+            
+              
+                
+  
+  
+  
+  
+    <li class="md-nav__item">
+      <a href="../languages/java/web/servlet.html" class="md-nav__link">
+        
+  
+  <span class="md-ellipsis">
+    Serverlet
+  </span>
+  
+
+      </a>
+    </li>
+  
+
+              
+            
+              
+                
+  
+  
+  
+  
+    
+    
+      
+        
+      
+        
+      
+    
+    
+      
+      
+        
+      
+    
+    
+    <li class="md-nav__item md-nav__item--nested">
+      
+        
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+        <input class="md-nav__toggle md-toggle " type="checkbox" id="__nav_4_10_4_2" >
+        
+          
+          <label class="md-nav__link" for="__nav_4_10_4_2" id="__nav_4_10_4_2_label" tabindex="0">
+            
+  
+  <span class="md-ellipsis">
+    Spring
+  </span>
+  
+
+            <span class="md-nav__icon md-icon"></span>
+          </label>
+        
+        <nav class="md-nav" data-md-level="4" aria-labelledby="__nav_4_10_4_2_label" aria-expanded="false">
+          <label class="md-nav__title" for="__nav_4_10_4_2">
+            <span class="md-nav__icon md-icon"></span>
+            Spring
+          </label>
+          <ul class="md-nav__list" data-md-scrollfix>
+            
+              
+                
+  
+  
+  
+  
+    <li class="md-nav__item">
+      <a href="../languages/java/spring/pom.xml.html" class="md-nav__link">
+        
+  
+  <span class="md-ellipsis">
+    POM
+  </span>
+  
+
+      </a>
+    </li>
+  
+
+              
+            
+              
+                
+  
+  
+  
+  
+    <li class="md-nav__item">
+      <a href="../languages/java/spring/spring-project.html" class="md-nav__link">
+        
+  
+  <span class="md-ellipsis">
+    Project Structure
+  </span>
+  
+
+      </a>
+    </li>
+  
+
+              
+            
+          </ul>
+        </nav>
+      
+    </li>
+  
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+        </nav>
+      
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+  
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+            
+          </ul>
+        </nav>
+      
+    </li>
+  
+
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+            
+              
+                
+  
+  
+  
+  
+    
+    
+      
+        
+      
+        
+      
+        
+      
+        
+      
+        
+      
+        
+      
+        
+      
+        
+      
+        
+      
+    
+    
+      
+      
+        
+      
+    
+    
+    <li class="md-nav__item md-nav__item--nested">
+      
+        
+        
+        <input class="md-nav__toggle md-toggle " type="checkbox" id="__nav_4_11" >
+        
+          
+          <label class="md-nav__link" for="__nav_4_11" id="__nav_4_11_label" tabindex="0">
+            
+  
+  <span class="md-ellipsis">
+    PHP
+  </span>
+  
+
+            <span class="md-nav__icon md-icon"></span>
+          </label>
+        
+        <nav class="md-nav" data-md-level="2" aria-labelledby="__nav_4_11_label" aria-expanded="false">
+          <label class="md-nav__title" for="__nav_4_11">
+            <span class="md-nav__icon md-icon"></span>
+            PHP
+          </label>
+          <ul class="md-nav__list" data-md-scrollfix>
+            
+              
+                
+  
+  
+  
+  
+    <li class="md-nav__item">
+      <a href="../languages/php/php.html" class="md-nav__link">
+        
+  
+  <span class="md-ellipsis">
+    PHP
+  </span>
+  
+
+      </a>
+    </li>
+  
+
+              
+            
+              
+                
+  
+  
+  
+  
+    <li class="md-nav__item">
+      <a href="../languages/php/database.html" class="md-nav__link">
+        
+  
+  <span class="md-ellipsis">
+    Database
+  </span>
+  
+
+      </a>
+    </li>
+  
+
+              
+            
+              
+                
+  
+  
+  
+  
+    <li class="md-nav__item">
+      <a href="../languages/php/web.html" class="md-nav__link">
+        
+  
+  <span class="md-ellipsis">
+    Web
+  </span>
+  
+
+      </a>
+    </li>
+  
+
+              
+            
+              
+                
+  
+  
+  
+  
+    <li class="md-nav__item">
+      <a href="../languages/php/dependency-injection.html" class="md-nav__link">
+        
+  
+  <span class="md-ellipsis">
+    Dependency Injection
+  </span>
+  
+
+      </a>
+    </li>
+  
+
+              
+            
+              
+                
+  
+  
+  
+  
+    <li class="md-nav__item">
+      <a href="../languages/php/unit-tests.html" class="md-nav__link">
+        
+  
+  <span class="md-ellipsis">
+    Unit Tests
+  </span>
+  
+
+      </a>
+    </li>
+  
+
+              
+            
+              
+                
+  
+  
+  
+  
+    <li class="md-nav__item">
+      <a href="../languages/php/composer.html" class="md-nav__link">
+        
+  
+  <span class="md-ellipsis">
+    Composer
+  </span>
+  
+
+      </a>
+    </li>
+  
+
+              
+            
+              
+                
+  
+  
+  
+  
+    <li class="md-nav__item">
+      <a href="../languages/php/psr-7.html" class="md-nav__link">
+        
+  
+  <span class="md-ellipsis">
+    PSR 7
+  </span>
+  
+
+      </a>
+    </li>
+  
+
+              
+            
+              
+                
+  
+  
+  
+  
+    <li class="md-nav__item">
+      <a href="../languages/php/plates-templating.html" class="md-nav__link">
+        
+  
+  <span class="md-ellipsis">
+    Plates
+  </span>
+  
+
+      </a>
+    </li>
+  
+
+              
+            
+              
+                
+  
+  
+  
+  
+    
+    
+      
+        
+      
+        
+      
+    
+    
+      
+      
+        
+      
+    
+    
+    <li class="md-nav__item md-nav__item--nested">
+      
+        
+        
+        <input class="md-nav__toggle md-toggle " type="checkbox" id="__nav_4_11_9" >
+        
+          
+          <label class="md-nav__link" for="__nav_4_11_9" id="__nav_4_11_9_label" tabindex="0">
+            
+  
+  <span class="md-ellipsis">
+    Simple MVC
+  </span>
+  
+
+            <span class="md-nav__icon md-icon"></span>
+          </label>
+        
+        <nav class="md-nav" data-md-level="3" aria-labelledby="__nav_4_11_9_label" aria-expanded="false">
+          <label class="md-nav__title" for="__nav_4_11_9">
+            <span class="md-nav__icon md-icon"></span>
+            Simple MVC
+          </label>
+          <ul class="md-nav__list" data-md-scrollfix>
+            
+              
+                
+  
+  
+  
+  
+    <li class="md-nav__item">
+      <a href="../languages/php/simple-mvc/simple-mvc.html" class="md-nav__link">
+        
+  
+  <span class="md-ellipsis">
+    Simple MVC
+  </span>
+  
+
+      </a>
+    </li>
+  
+
+              
+            
+              
+                
+  
+  
+  
+  
+    <li class="md-nav__item">
+      <a href="../languages/php/simple-mvc/rest-api.html" class="md-nav__link">
+        
+  
+  <span class="md-ellipsis">
+    REST API
+  </span>
+  
+
+      </a>
+    </li>
+  
+
+              
+            
+          </ul>
+        </nav>
+      
+    </li>
+  
+
+              
+            
+          </ul>
+        </nav>
+      
+    </li>
+  
+
+              
+            
+              
+                
+  
+  
+  
+  
+    
+    
+      
+        
+      
+        
+      
+        
+      
+        
+      
+        
+      
+    
+    
+      
+      
+        
+      
+    
+    
+    <li class="md-nav__item md-nav__item--nested">
+      
+        
+        
+        <input class="md-nav__toggle md-toggle " type="checkbox" id="__nav_4_12" >
+        
+          
+          <label class="md-nav__link" for="__nav_4_12" id="__nav_4_12_label" tabindex="0">
+            
+  
+  <span class="md-ellipsis">
+    Rust
+  </span>
+  
+
+            <span class="md-nav__icon md-icon"></span>
+          </label>
+        
+        <nav class="md-nav" data-md-level="2" aria-labelledby="__nav_4_12_label" aria-expanded="false">
+          <label class="md-nav__title" for="__nav_4_12">
+            <span class="md-nav__icon md-icon"></span>
+            Rust
+          </label>
+          <ul class="md-nav__list" data-md-scrollfix>
+            
+              
+                
+  
+  
+  
+  
+    <li class="md-nav__item">
+      <a href="../languages/rust/rust.html" class="md-nav__link">
+        
+  
+  <span class="md-ellipsis">
+    Rust
+  </span>
+  
+
+      </a>
+    </li>
+  
+
+              
+            
+              
+                
+  
+  
+  
+  
+    <li class="md-nav__item">
+      <a href="../languages/rust/macros.html" class="md-nav__link">
+        
+  
+  <span class="md-ellipsis">
+    Macros
+  </span>
+  
+
+      </a>
+    </li>
+  
+
+              
+            
+              
+                
+  
+  
+  
+  
+    <li class="md-nav__item">
+      <a href="../languages/rust/cargo.html" class="md-nav__link">
+        
+  
+  <span class="md-ellipsis">
+    Cargo
+  </span>
+  
+
+      </a>
+    </li>
+  
+
+              
+            
+              
+                
+  
+  
+  
+  
+    <li class="md-nav__item">
+      <a href="../languages/rust/concurrency.html" class="md-nav__link">
+        
+  
+  <span class="md-ellipsis">
+    Concurrency
+  </span>
+  
+
+      </a>
+    </li>
+  
+
+              
+            
+              
+                
+  
+  
+  
+  
+    <li class="md-nav__item">
+      <a href="../languages/rust/unit-tests.html" class="md-nav__link">
+        
+  
+  <span class="md-ellipsis">
+    Unit Tests
+  </span>
+  
+
+      </a>
+    </li>
+  
+
+              
+            
+          </ul>
+        </nav>
+      
+    </li>
+  
+
+              
+            
+              
+                
+  
+  
+  
+  
+    
+    
+      
+        
+      
+        
+      
+        
+      
+        
+      
+        
+      
+        
+      
+        
+      
+    
+    
+      
+      
+        
+      
+    
+    
+    <li class="md-nav__item md-nav__item--nested">
+      
+        
+        
+        <input class="md-nav__toggle md-toggle " type="checkbox" id="__nav_4_13" >
+        
+          
+          <label class="md-nav__link" for="__nav_4_13" id="__nav_4_13_label" tabindex="0">
+            
+  
+  <span class="md-ellipsis">
+    Javascript
+  </span>
+  
+
+            <span class="md-nav__icon md-icon"></span>
+          </label>
+        
+        <nav class="md-nav" data-md-level="2" aria-labelledby="__nav_4_13_label" aria-expanded="false">
+          <label class="md-nav__title" for="__nav_4_13">
+            <span class="md-nav__icon md-icon"></span>
+            Javascript
+          </label>
+          <ul class="md-nav__list" data-md-scrollfix>
+            
+              
+                
+  
+  
+  
+  
+    <li class="md-nav__item">
+      <a href="../languages/javascript/javascript.html" class="md-nav__link">
+        
+  
+  <span class="md-ellipsis">
+    Javascript
+  </span>
+  
+
+      </a>
+    </li>
+  
+
+              
+            
+              
+                
+  
+  
+  
+  
+    <li class="md-nav__item">
+      <a href="../languages/javascript/dom.html" class="md-nav__link">
+        
+  
+  <span class="md-ellipsis">
+    DOM
+  </span>
+  
+
+      </a>
+    </li>
+  
+
+              
+            
+              
+                
+  
+  
+  
+  
+    <li class="md-nav__item">
+      <a href="../languages/javascript/events-animation.html" class="md-nav__link">
+        
+  
+  <span class="md-ellipsis">
+    Events & Animation
+  </span>
+  
+
+      </a>
+    </li>
+  
+
+              
+            
+              
+                
+  
+  
+  
+  
+    <li class="md-nav__item">
+      <a href="../languages/javascript/ajax.html" class="md-nav__link">
+        
+  
+  <span class="md-ellipsis">
+    AJAX
+  </span>
+  
+
+      </a>
+    </li>
+  
+
+              
+            
+              
+                
+  
+  
+  
+  
+    <li class="md-nav__item">
+      <a href="../languages/javascript/jquery.html" class="md-nav__link">
+        
+  
+  <span class="md-ellipsis">
+    jQuery
+  </span>
+  
+
+      </a>
+    </li>
+  
+
+              
+            
+              
+                
+  
+  
+  
+  
+    
+    
+      
+        
+      
+        
+      
+        
+      
+        
+      
+        
+      
+    
+    
+      
+      
+        
+      
+    
+    
+    <li class="md-nav__item md-nav__item--nested">
+      
+        
+        
+        <input class="md-nav__toggle md-toggle " type="checkbox" id="__nav_4_13_6" >
+        
+          
+          <label class="md-nav__link" for="__nav_4_13_6" id="__nav_4_13_6_label" tabindex="0">
+            
+  
+  <span class="md-ellipsis">
+    React
+  </span>
+  
+
+            <span class="md-nav__icon md-icon"></span>
+          </label>
+        
+        <nav class="md-nav" data-md-level="3" aria-labelledby="__nav_4_13_6_label" aria-expanded="false">
+          <label class="md-nav__title" for="__nav_4_13_6">
+            <span class="md-nav__icon md-icon"></span>
+            React
+          </label>
+          <ul class="md-nav__list" data-md-scrollfix>
+            
+              
+                
+  
+  
+  
+  
+    <li class="md-nav__item">
+      <a href="../languages/javascript/react/react.html" class="md-nav__link">
+        
+  
+  <span class="md-ellipsis">
+    React
+  </span>
+  
+
+      </a>
+    </li>
+  
+
+              
+            
+              
+                
+  
+  
+  
+  
+    <li class="md-nav__item">
+      <a href="../languages/javascript/react/react-router.html" class="md-nav__link">
+        
+  
+  <span class="md-ellipsis">
+    React Router
+  </span>
+  
+
+      </a>
+    </li>
+  
+
+              
+            
+              
+                
+  
+  
+  
+  
+    <li class="md-nav__item">
+      <a href="../languages/javascript/react/react-tests.html" class="md-nav__link">
+        
+  
+  <span class="md-ellipsis">
+    React Tests
+  </span>
+  
+
+      </a>
+    </li>
+  
+
+              
+            
+              
+                
+  
+  
+  
+  
+    <li class="md-nav__item">
+      <a href="../languages/javascript/react/redux.html" class="md-nav__link">
+        
+  
+  <span class="md-ellipsis">
+    Redux
+  </span>
+  
+
+      </a>
+    </li>
+  
+
+              
+            
+              
+                
+  
+  
+  
+  
+    <li class="md-nav__item">
+      <a href="../languages/javascript/react/redux-tests.html" class="md-nav__link">
+        
+  
+  <span class="md-ellipsis">
+    Redux Tests
+  </span>
+  
+
+      </a>
+    </li>
+  
+
+              
+            
+          </ul>
+        </nav>
+      
+    </li>
+  
+
+              
+            
+              
+                
+  
+  
+  
+  
+    <li class="md-nav__item">
+      <a href="../languages/javascript/svelte/svelte.html" class="md-nav__link">
+        
+  
+  <span class="md-ellipsis">
+    Svelte
+  </span>
+  
+
+      </a>
+    </li>
+  
+
+              
+            
+          </ul>
+        </nav>
+      
+    </li>
+  
+
+              
+            
+              
+                
+  
+  
+  
+  
+    
+    
+      
+        
+      
+        
+      
+    
+    
+      
+      
+        
+      
+    
+    
+    <li class="md-nav__item md-nav__item--nested">
+      
+        
+        
+        <input class="md-nav__toggle md-toggle " type="checkbox" id="__nav_4_14" >
+        
+          
+          <label class="md-nav__link" for="__nav_4_14" id="__nav_4_14_label" tabindex="0">
+            
+  
+  <span class="md-ellipsis">
+    PowerShell
+  </span>
+  
+
+            <span class="md-nav__icon md-icon"></span>
+          </label>
+        
+        <nav class="md-nav" data-md-level="2" aria-labelledby="__nav_4_14_label" aria-expanded="false">
+          <label class="md-nav__title" for="__nav_4_14">
+            <span class="md-nav__icon md-icon"></span>
+            PowerShell
+          </label>
+          <ul class="md-nav__list" data-md-scrollfix>
+            
+              
+                
+  
+  
+  
+  
+    <li class="md-nav__item">
+      <a href="../languages/powershell/scripting.html" class="md-nav__link">
+        
+  
+  <span class="md-ellipsis">
+    Scripting
+  </span>
+  
+
+      </a>
+    </li>
+  
+
+              
+            
+              
+                
+  
+  
+  
+  
+    <li class="md-nav__item">
+      <a href="../languages/powershell/commands.html" class="md-nav__link">
+        
+  
+  <span class="md-ellipsis">
+    Commands
+  </span>
+  
+
+      </a>
+    </li>
+  
+
+              
+            
+          </ul>
+        </nav>
+      
+    </li>
+  
+
+              
+            
+              
+                
+  
+  
+  
+  
+    
+    
+      
+        
+      
+        
+      
+    
+    
+      
+      
+        
+      
+    
+    
+    <li class="md-nav__item md-nav__item--nested">
+      
+        
+        
+        <input class="md-nav__toggle md-toggle " type="checkbox" id="__nav_4_15" >
+        
+          
+          <label class="md-nav__link" for="__nav_4_15" id="__nav_4_15_label" tabindex="0">
+            
+  
+  <span class="md-ellipsis">
+    Bash
+  </span>
+  
+
+            <span class="md-nav__icon md-icon"></span>
+          </label>
+        
+        <nav class="md-nav" data-md-level="2" aria-labelledby="__nav_4_15_label" aria-expanded="false">
+          <label class="md-nav__title" for="__nav_4_15">
+            <span class="md-nav__icon md-icon"></span>
+            Bash
+          </label>
+          <ul class="md-nav__list" data-md-scrollfix>
+            
+              
+                
+  
+  
+  
+  
+    <li class="md-nav__item">
+      <a href="../languages/bash/scripting.html" class="md-nav__link">
+        
+  
+  <span class="md-ellipsis">
+    Scripting
+  </span>
+  
+
+      </a>
+    </li>
+  
+
+              
+            
+              
+                
+  
+  
+  
+  
+    <li class="md-nav__item">
+      <a href="../languages/bash/commands.html" class="md-nav__link">
+        
+  
+  <span class="md-ellipsis">
+    Commands
+  </span>
+  
+
+      </a>
+    </li>
+  
+
+              
+            
+          </ul>
+        </nav>
+      
+    </li>
+  
+
+              
+            
+          </ul>
+        </nav>
+      
+    </li>
+  
+
+    
+      
+      
+  
+  
+  
+  
+    
+    
+      
+        
+      
+        
+      
+        
+      
+        
+      
+        
+      
+    
+    
+      
+      
+        
+      
+    
+    
+    <li class="md-nav__item md-nav__item--nested">
+      
+        
+        
+        <input class="md-nav__toggle md-toggle " type="checkbox" id="__nav_5" >
+        
+          
+          <label class="md-nav__link" for="__nav_5" id="__nav_5_label" tabindex="0">
+            
+  
+  <span class="md-ellipsis">
+    Misc
+  </span>
+  
+
+            <span class="md-nav__icon md-icon"></span>
+          </label>
+        
+        <nav class="md-nav" data-md-level="1" aria-labelledby="__nav_5_label" aria-expanded="false">
+          <label class="md-nav__title" for="__nav_5">
+            <span class="md-nav__icon md-icon"></span>
+            Misc
+          </label>
+          <ul class="md-nav__list" data-md-scrollfix>
+            
+              
+                
+  
+  
+  
+  
+    <li class="md-nav__item">
+      <a href="../misc/git.html" class="md-nav__link">
+        
+  
+  <span class="md-ellipsis">
+    Git
+  </span>
+  
+
+      </a>
+    </li>
+  
+
+              
+            
+              
+                
+  
+  
+  
+  
+    <li class="md-nav__item">
+      <a href="../misc/graph-ql.html" class="md-nav__link">
+        
+  
+  <span class="md-ellipsis">
+    GraphQL
+  </span>
+  
+
+      </a>
+    </li>
+  
+
+              
+            
+              
+                
+  
+  
+  
+  
+    <li class="md-nav__item">
+      <a href="../misc/regular-expressions.html" class="md-nav__link">
+        
+  
+  <span class="md-ellipsis">
+    RegEx
+  </span>
+  
+
+      </a>
+    </li>
+  
+
+              
+            
+              
+                
+  
+  
+  
+  
+    <li class="md-nav__item">
+      <a href="../misc/ssh.html" class="md-nav__link">
+        
+  
+  <span class="md-ellipsis">
+    SSH
+  </span>
+  
+
+      </a>
+    </li>
+  
+
+              
+            
+              
+                
+  
+  
+  
+  
+    <li class="md-nav__item">
+      <a href="../misc/web-components.html" class="md-nav__link">
+        
+  
+  <span class="md-ellipsis">
+    WebComponents
+  </span>
+  
+
+      </a>
+    </li>
+  
+
+              
+            
+          </ul>
+        </nav>
+      
+    </li>
+  
+
+    
+      
+      
+  
+  
+  
+  
+    
+    
+      
+        
+      
+        
+      
+    
+    
+      
+      
+        
+      
+    
+    
+    <li class="md-nav__item md-nav__item--nested">
+      
+        
+        
+        <input class="md-nav__toggle md-toggle " type="checkbox" id="__nav_6" >
+        
+          
+          <label class="md-nav__link" for="__nav_6" id="__nav_6_label" tabindex="0">
+            
+  
+  <span class="md-ellipsis">
+    Linux
+  </span>
+  
+
+            <span class="md-nav__icon md-icon"></span>
+          </label>
+        
+        <nav class="md-nav" data-md-level="1" aria-labelledby="__nav_6_label" aria-expanded="false">
+          <label class="md-nav__title" for="__nav_6">
+            <span class="md-nav__icon md-icon"></span>
+            Linux
+          </label>
+          <ul class="md-nav__list" data-md-scrollfix>
+            
+              
+                
+  
+  
+  
+  
+    
+    
+      
+        
+      
+        
+      
+        
+      
+    
+    
+      
+      
+        
+      
+    
+    
+    <li class="md-nav__item md-nav__item--nested">
+      
+        
+        
+        <input class="md-nav__toggle md-toggle " type="checkbox" id="__nav_6_1" >
+        
+          
+          <label class="md-nav__link" for="__nav_6_1" id="__nav_6_1_label" tabindex="0">
+            
+  
+  <span class="md-ellipsis">
+    Filesystem
+  </span>
+  
+
+            <span class="md-nav__icon md-icon"></span>
+          </label>
+        
+        <nav class="md-nav" data-md-level="2" aria-labelledby="__nav_6_1_label" aria-expanded="false">
+          <label class="md-nav__title" for="__nav_6_1">
+            <span class="md-nav__icon md-icon"></span>
+            Filesystem
+          </label>
+          <ul class="md-nav__list" data-md-scrollfix>
+            
+              
+                
+  
+  
+  
+  
+    <li class="md-nav__item">
+      <a href="../linux/filesystem/file-links.html" class="md-nav__link">
+        
+  
+  <span class="md-ellipsis">
+    File Links
+  </span>
+  
+
+      </a>
+    </li>
+  
+
+              
+            
+              
+                
+  
+  
+  
+  
+    <li class="md-nav__item">
+      <a href="../linux/filesystem/procfs.html" class="md-nav__link">
+        
+  
+  <span class="md-ellipsis">
+    /proc
+  </span>
+  
+
+      </a>
+    </li>
+  
+
+              
+            
+              
+                
+  
+  
+  
+  
+    <li class="md-nav__item">
+      <a href="../linux/filesystem/sysfs.html" class="md-nav__link">
+        
+  
+  <span class="md-ellipsis">
+    /sys
+  </span>
+  
+
+      </a>
+    </li>
+  
+
+              
+            
+          </ul>
+        </nav>
+      
+    </li>
+  
+
+              
+            
+              
+                
+  
+  
+  
+  
+    
+    
+      
+        
+      
+        
+      
+    
+    
+      
+      
+        
+      
+    
+    
+    <li class="md-nav__item md-nav__item--nested">
+      
+        
+        
+        <input class="md-nav__toggle md-toggle " type="checkbox" id="__nav_6_2" >
+        
+          
+          <label class="md-nav__link" for="__nav_6_2" id="__nav_6_2_label" tabindex="0">
+            
+  
+  <span class="md-ellipsis">
+    System Init
+  </span>
+  
+
+            <span class="md-nav__icon md-icon"></span>
+          </label>
+        
+        <nav class="md-nav" data-md-level="2" aria-labelledby="__nav_6_2_label" aria-expanded="false">
+          <label class="md-nav__title" for="__nav_6_2">
+            <span class="md-nav__icon md-icon"></span>
+            System Init
+          </label>
+          <ul class="md-nav__list" data-md-scrollfix>
+            
+              
+                
+  
+  
+  
+  
+    <li class="md-nav__item">
+      <a href="../linux/init/systemd.html" class="md-nav__link">
+        
+  
+  <span class="md-ellipsis">
+    Systemd
+  </span>
+  
+
+      </a>
+    </li>
+  
+
+              
+            
+              
+                
+  
+  
+  
+  
+    <li class="md-nav__item">
+      <a href="../linux/init/open-rc.html" class="md-nav__link">
+        
+  
+  <span class="md-ellipsis">
+    OpenRC
+  </span>
+  
+
+      </a>
+    </li>
+  
+
+              
+            
+          </ul>
+        </nav>
+      
+    </li>
+  
+
+              
+            
+          </ul>
+        </nav>
+      
+    </li>
+  
+
+    
+  </ul>
+</nav>
+                  </div>
+                </div>
+              </div>
+            
+            
+              
+              <div class="md-sidebar md-sidebar--secondary" data-md-component="sidebar" data-md-type="toc" >
+                <div class="md-sidebar__scrollwrap">
+                  <div class="md-sidebar__inner">
+                    
+
+<nav class="md-nav md-nav--secondary" aria-label="Table of contents">
+  
+  
+  
+    
+  
+  
+    <label class="md-nav__title" for="__toc">
+      <span class="md-nav__icon md-icon"></span>
+      Table of contents
+    </label>
+    <ul class="md-nav__list" data-md-component="toc" data-md-scrollfix>
+      
+        <li class="md-nav__item">
+  <a href="#redis-commands" class="md-nav__link">
+    <span class="md-ellipsis">
+      Redis Commands
+    </span>
+  </a>
+  
+    <nav class="md-nav" aria-label="Redis Commands">
+      <ul class="md-nav__list">
+        
+          <li class="md-nav__item">
+  <a href="#server-startup" class="md-nav__link">
+    <span class="md-ellipsis">
+      Server Startup
+    </span>
+  </a>
+  
+</li>
+        
+          <li class="md-nav__item">
+  <a href="#key-value-pairs" class="md-nav__link">
+    <span class="md-ellipsis">
+      Key-Value Pairs
+    </span>
+  </a>
+  
+</li>
+        
+          <li class="md-nav__item">
+  <a href="#lists" class="md-nav__link">
+    <span class="md-ellipsis">
+      Lists
+    </span>
+  </a>
+  
+</li>
+        
+          <li class="md-nav__item">
+  <a href="#sets" class="md-nav__link">
+    <span class="md-ellipsis">
+      Sets
+    </span>
+  </a>
+  
+</li>
+        
+          <li class="md-nav__item">
+  <a href="#sorted-sets" class="md-nav__link">
+    <span class="md-ellipsis">
+      Sorted Sets
+    </span>
+  </a>
+  
+</li>
+        
+          <li class="md-nav__item">
+  <a href="#hashes" class="md-nav__link">
+    <span class="md-ellipsis">
+      Hashes
+    </span>
+  </a>
+  
+</li>
+        
+      </ul>
+    </nav>
+  
+</li>
+      
+    </ul>
+  
+</nav>
+                  </div>
+                </div>
+              </div>
+            
+          
+          
+            <div class="md-content" data-md-component="content">
+              <article class="md-content__inner md-typeset">
+                
+                  
+
+  
+  
+
+
+<h1 id="redis"><a href="https://redis.io/">Redis</a></h1>
+<p>Redis is in the family of databases called <strong>key-value stores</strong>.</p>
+<p>The essence of a key-value store is the ability to store some data, called a value, inside a key. This data can later be retrieved only if we know the exact key used to store it.</p>
+<p>Often Redis it is called a <em>data structure</em> server because it has outer key-value shell, but each value can contain a complex data structure, such as a string, a list, a hashes, or ordered data structures called sorted sets as well as probabilistic data structures like <em>hyperloglog</em>.</p>
+<h2 id="redis-commands"><a href="https://redis.io/commands">Redis Commands</a></h2>
+<h3 id="server-startup">Server Startup</h3>
+<div class="highlight"><table class="highlighttable"><tr><th colspan="2" class="filename"><span class="filename">Bash</span></th></tr><tr><td class="linenos"><div class="linenodiv"><pre><span></span><span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-0-1">1</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-0-2">2</a></span></pre></div></td><td class="code"><div><pre><span></span><code><a id="__codelineno-0-1" name="__codelineno-0-1"></a>redis-server<span class="w">  </span><span class="c1"># start the server</span>
+<a id="__codelineno-0-2" name="__codelineno-0-2"></a>redis-cli
+</code></pre></div></td></tr></table></div>
+<h3 id="key-value-pairs"><a href="https://redis.io/commands#generic">Key-Value Pairs</a></h3>
+<div class="highlight"><table class="highlighttable"><tr><th colspan="2" class="filename"><span class="filename">Bash</span></th></tr><tr><td class="linenos"><div class="linenodiv"><pre><span></span><span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-1-1"> 1</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-1-2"> 2</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-1-3"> 3</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-1-4"> 4</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-1-5"> 5</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-1-6"> 6</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-1-7"> 7</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-1-8"> 8</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-1-9"> 9</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-1-10">10</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-1-11">11</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-1-12">12</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-1-13">13</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-1-14">14</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-1-15">15</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-1-16">16</a></span></pre></div></td><td class="code"><div><pre><span></span><code><a id="__codelineno-1-1" name="__codelineno-1-1"></a>SET<span class="w"> </span>&lt;key&gt;<span class="w"> </span>&lt;value&gt;<span class="w"> </span><span class="o">[</span><span class="w"> </span>EX<span class="w"> </span>&lt;seconds&gt;<span class="w"> </span><span class="o">]</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="c1"># store a key-value pair, TTL optional</span>
+<a id="__codelineno-1-2" name="__codelineno-1-2"></a>GET<span class="w"> </span>&lt;key&gt;<span class="w">  </span><span class="c1"># read a key content</span>
+<a id="__codelineno-1-3" name="__codelineno-1-3"></a>EXISTS<span class="w"> </span>&lt;key&gt;<span class="w">  </span><span class="c1"># check if a key exists</span>
+<a id="__codelineno-1-4" name="__codelineno-1-4"></a>DEL<span class="w"> </span>&lt;key&gt;<span class="w">  </span><span class="c1"># delete a key-value pair</span>
+<a id="__codelineno-1-5" name="__codelineno-1-5"></a>
+<a id="__codelineno-1-6" name="__codelineno-1-6"></a>INCR<span class="w"> </span>&lt;key&gt;<span class="w">  </span><span class="c1"># atomically increment a number stored at a given key</span>
+<a id="__codelineno-1-7" name="__codelineno-1-7"></a>INCRBY<span class="w"> </span>&lt;key&gt;<span class="w"> </span>&lt;amount&gt;<span class="w">  </span><span class="c1"># increment the number contained inside a key by a specific amount</span>
+<a id="__codelineno-1-8" name="__codelineno-1-8"></a>DECR<span class="w"> </span>&lt;key&gt;
+<a id="__codelineno-1-9" name="__codelineno-1-9"></a>DECRBY<span class="w"> </span>&lt;key&gt;<span class="w"> </span>&lt;amount&gt;
+<a id="__codelineno-1-10" name="__codelineno-1-10"></a>
+<a id="__codelineno-1-11" name="__codelineno-1-11"></a><span class="c1"># re-setting the key will make it permanent (TTL -1)</span>
+<a id="__codelineno-1-12" name="__codelineno-1-12"></a>EXPIRE<span class="w"> </span>&lt;key&gt;<span class="w"> </span>&lt;seconds&gt;<span class="w">  </span><span class="c1"># make the key expire after &lt;second&gt; seconds</span>
+<a id="__codelineno-1-13" name="__codelineno-1-13"></a>TTL<span class="w"> </span>&lt;key&gt;<span class="w">  </span><span class="c1"># see remaining seconds before expiry</span>
+<a id="__codelineno-1-14" name="__codelineno-1-14"></a>PEXPIRE<span class="w"> </span>&lt;key&gt;<span class="w"> </span>&lt;seconds&gt;<span class="w">  </span><span class="c1"># make the key expire after &lt;second&gt; milli-seconds</span>
+<a id="__codelineno-1-15" name="__codelineno-1-15"></a>PTTL<span class="w"> </span>&lt;key&gt;<span class="w">  </span><span class="c1"># see remaining milli-seconds before expiry</span>
+<a id="__codelineno-1-16" name="__codelineno-1-16"></a>PERSIST<span class="w"> </span>&lt;key&gt;<span class="w">  </span><span class="c1"># make the key permanent</span>
+</code></pre></div></td></tr></table></div>
+<h3 id="lists"><a href="https://redis.io/commands#list">Lists</a></h3>
+<p>A list is a series of ordered values.</p>
+<div class="highlight"><table class="highlighttable"><tr><th colspan="2" class="filename"><span class="filename">Bash</span></th></tr><tr><td class="linenos"><div class="linenodiv"><pre><span></span><span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-2-1">1</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-2-2">2</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-2-3">3</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-2-4">4</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-2-5">5</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-2-6">6</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-2-7">7</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-2-8">8</a></span></pre></div></td><td class="code"><div><pre><span></span><code><a id="__codelineno-2-1" name="__codelineno-2-1"></a>RPUSH<span class="w"> </span>&lt;key&gt;<span class="w"> </span>&lt;value1&gt;<span class="w"> </span>&lt;value2&gt;<span class="w"> </span>...<span class="w"> </span><span class="c1"># add one or more values to the end of the list</span>
+<a id="__codelineno-2-2" name="__codelineno-2-2"></a>LPUSH<span class="w"> </span>&lt;key&gt;<span class="w"> </span>&lt;value1&gt;<span class="w"> </span>&lt;value2&gt;<span class="w"> </span>...<span class="w">  </span><span class="c1"># add one or more values to the start of a list</span>
+<a id="__codelineno-2-3" name="__codelineno-2-3"></a>
+<a id="__codelineno-2-4" name="__codelineno-2-4"></a>LLEN<span class="w">  </span><span class="c1"># number of items in the list</span>
+<a id="__codelineno-2-5" name="__codelineno-2-5"></a>LRANGE<span class="w"> </span>&lt;key&gt;<span class="w"> </span>&lt;start_index&gt;<span class="w"> </span>&lt;end_index&gt;<span class="w">  </span><span class="c1"># return a subset of the list, end index included. Negative indexes count backwards from the end</span>
+<a id="__codelineno-2-6" name="__codelineno-2-6"></a>
+<a id="__codelineno-2-7" name="__codelineno-2-7"></a>LPOP<span class="w">  </span><span class="c1"># remove and return the first item fro the list</span>
+<a id="__codelineno-2-8" name="__codelineno-2-8"></a>RPOP<span class="w">  </span><span class="c1"># remove and return the last item fro the list</span>
+</code></pre></div></td></tr></table></div>
+<h3 id="sets"><a href="https://redis.io/commands#set">Sets</a></h3>
+<p>A set is similar to a list, except it does not have a specific order and each element may only appear once.</p>
+<div class="highlight"><table class="highlighttable"><tr><th colspan="2" class="filename"><span class="filename">Bash</span></th></tr><tr><td class="linenos"><div class="linenodiv"><pre><span></span><span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-3-1">1</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-3-2">2</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-3-3">3</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-3-4">4</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-3-5">5</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-3-6">6</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-3-7">7</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-3-8">8</a></span></pre></div></td><td class="code"><div><pre><span></span><code><a id="__codelineno-3-1" name="__codelineno-3-1"></a>SADD<span class="w"> </span>&lt;key&gt;<span class="w"> </span>&lt;value1&gt;<span class="w"> </span>&lt;value2&gt;<span class="w"> </span>...<span class="w"> </span><span class="c1"># add one or more values to the set (return 0 if values are already inside)</span>
+<a id="__codelineno-3-2" name="__codelineno-3-2"></a>SREM<span class="w"> </span>&lt;key&gt;<span class="w"> </span>&lt;value&gt;<span class="w">  </span><span class="c1"># remove the given member from the set, return 1 or 0 to signal if the member was actually there or not.</span>
+<a id="__codelineno-3-3" name="__codelineno-3-3"></a>SPOP<span class="w"> </span>&lt;key&gt;<span class="w"> </span>&lt;value&gt;<span class="w">  </span><span class="c1"># remove and return value from the set</span>
+<a id="__codelineno-3-4" name="__codelineno-3-4"></a>
+<a id="__codelineno-3-5" name="__codelineno-3-5"></a>SISMEMBER<span class="w"> </span>&lt;key&gt;<span class="w"> </span>&lt;value&gt;<span class="w">  </span><span class="c1"># test if value is in the set</span>
+<a id="__codelineno-3-6" name="__codelineno-3-6"></a>SMEMBERS<span class="w"> </span>&lt;key&gt;<span class="w">  </span><span class="c1"># lis of all set items</span>
+<a id="__codelineno-3-7" name="__codelineno-3-7"></a>
+<a id="__codelineno-3-8" name="__codelineno-3-8"></a>SUINION<span class="w"> </span>&lt;key1&gt;<span class="w"> </span>&lt;key2&gt;<span class="w"> </span>...<span class="w">  </span><span class="c1"># combine two or more sets and return the list of all elements.</span>
+</code></pre></div></td></tr></table></div>
+<h3 id="sorted-sets"><a href="https://redis.io/commands#sorted_set">Sorted Sets</a></h3>
+<p>Sets are a very handy data type, but as they are unsorted they don't work well for a number of problems. This is why Redis 1.2 introduced Sorted Sets.</p>
+<p>A sorted set is similar to a regular set, but now each value has an associated score. This score is used to sort the elements in the set.</p>
+<div class="highlight"><table class="highlighttable"><tr><th colspan="2" class="filename"><span class="filename">Bash</span></th></tr><tr><td class="linenos"><div class="linenodiv"><pre><span></span><span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-4-1">1</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-4-2">2</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-4-3">3</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-4-4">4</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-4-5">5</a></span></pre></div></td><td class="code"><div><pre><span></span><code><a id="__codelineno-4-1" name="__codelineno-4-1"></a>ZADD<span class="w"> </span>&lt;key&gt;<span class="w"> </span>&lt;score&gt;<span class="w"> </span>&lt;value&gt;<span class="w">  </span><span class="c1"># add a value with it&#39;s score</span>
+<a id="__codelineno-4-2" name="__codelineno-4-2"></a>
+<a id="__codelineno-4-3" name="__codelineno-4-3"></a>ZRANGE<span class="w"> </span>&lt;key&gt;<span class="w"> </span>&lt;start_index&gt;<span class="w"> </span>&lt;end_index&gt;<span class="w">  </span><span class="c1"># return a subset of the sortedSet</span>
+<a id="__codelineno-4-4" name="__codelineno-4-4"></a>
+<a id="__codelineno-4-5" name="__codelineno-4-5"></a>...
+</code></pre></div></td></tr></table></div>
+<h3 id="hashes"><a href="https://redis.io/commands#hash">Hashes</a></h3>
+<p>Hashes are maps between string fields and string values, so they are the perfect data type to represent objects.</p>
+<div class="highlight"><table class="highlighttable"><tr><th colspan="2" class="filename"><span class="filename">Bash</span></th></tr><tr><td class="linenos"><div class="linenodiv"><pre><span></span><span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-5-1"> 1</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-5-2"> 2</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-5-3"> 3</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-5-4"> 4</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-5-5"> 5</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-5-6"> 6</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-5-7"> 7</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-5-8"> 8</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-5-9"> 9</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-5-10">10</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-5-11">11</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-5-12">12</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-5-13">13</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-5-14">14</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-5-15">15</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-5-16">16</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-5-17">17</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-5-18">18</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-5-19">19</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-5-20">20</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-5-21">21</a></span></pre></div></td><td class="code"><div><pre><span></span><code><a id="__codelineno-5-1" name="__codelineno-5-1"></a>HSET<span class="w"> </span>&lt;key&gt;<span class="w"> </span>&lt;field&gt;<span class="w"> </span>&lt;value&gt;<span class="w"> </span><span class="o">[</span><span class="w"> </span>&lt;field&gt;<span class="w"> </span>&lt;value&gt;<span class="w"> </span>...<span class="w"> </span><span class="o">]</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="c1"># set the string of a hash field</span>
+<a id="__codelineno-5-2" name="__codelineno-5-2"></a>HSETNX<span class="w"> </span>&lt;key&gt;<span class="w"> </span>&lt;field&gt;<span class="w"> </span>&lt;value&gt;<span class="w">  </span><span class="c1"># set the value of a hash field, only if the field does not exist</span>
+<a id="__codelineno-5-3" name="__codelineno-5-3"></a>
+<a id="__codelineno-5-4" name="__codelineno-5-4"></a>HEXISTS<span class="w"> </span>&lt;key&gt;<span class="w"> </span>&lt;field&gt;<span class="w">  </span><span class="c1"># determine if a hash field exists</span>
+<a id="__codelineno-5-5" name="__codelineno-5-5"></a>
+<a id="__codelineno-5-6" name="__codelineno-5-6"></a>HLEN<span class="w"> </span>&lt;key&gt;<span class="w">  </span><span class="c1"># get the number of fields in a hash</span>
+<a id="__codelineno-5-7" name="__codelineno-5-7"></a>HSTRLEN<span class="w"> </span>&lt;key&gt;<span class="w"> </span>&lt;field&gt;<span class="w">  </span><span class="c1"># get the length of the value of a hash field</span>
+<a id="__codelineno-5-8" name="__codelineno-5-8"></a>HGETALL<span class="w"> </span>&lt;key&gt;<span class="w">  </span><span class="c1"># get all fields and values in a hash</span>
+<a id="__codelineno-5-9" name="__codelineno-5-9"></a>HGET<span class="w"> </span>&lt;key&gt;<span class="w"> </span>&lt;field&gt;<span class="w">  </span><span class="c1"># get data on a single field</span>
+<a id="__codelineno-5-10" name="__codelineno-5-10"></a>HKEYS<span class="w"> </span>&lt;key&gt;<span class="w">  </span><span class="c1"># get all the fields in a hash</span>
+<a id="__codelineno-5-11" name="__codelineno-5-11"></a>HVALS<span class="w"> </span>&lt;key&gt;<span class="w">  </span><span class="c1"># get all the values in a hash</span>
+<a id="__codelineno-5-12" name="__codelineno-5-12"></a>
+<a id="__codelineno-5-13" name="__codelineno-5-13"></a>HDEL<span class="w"> </span>&lt;key&gt;<span class="w"> </span>&lt;field_1&gt;<span class="w"> </span>&lt;field_2&gt;<span class="w"> </span>...<span class="w">  </span><span class="c1"># delete one or more field hashes</span>
+<a id="__codelineno-5-14" name="__codelineno-5-14"></a>
+<a id="__codelineno-5-15" name="__codelineno-5-15"></a>HMGET<span class="w"> </span>&lt;key&gt;<span class="w"> </span>&lt;field&gt;<span class="w"> </span><span class="o">[</span>&lt;field&gt;<span class="w"> </span>...<span class="o">]</span><span class="w">  </span><span class="c1"># get the values of all the given hash fields</span>
+<a id="__codelineno-5-16" name="__codelineno-5-16"></a>HMSET<span class="w"> </span>&lt;key&gt;<span class="w"> </span>&lt;field&gt;<span class="w"> </span>&lt;value&gt;<span class="w"> </span><span class="o">[</span>&lt;field&gt;<span class="w"> </span>&lt;value&gt;<span class="w"> </span>...<span class="o">]</span><span class="w">  </span><span class="c1"># set multiple hash fields to multiple values</span>
+<a id="__codelineno-5-17" name="__codelineno-5-17"></a>
+<a id="__codelineno-5-18" name="__codelineno-5-18"></a>HINCRBY<span class="w"> </span>&lt;key&gt;<span class="w"> </span>&lt;field&gt;<span class="w"> </span>&lt;amount&gt;<span class="w">  </span><span class="c1"># increment the integer value of a hash field by the given number</span>
+<a id="__codelineno-5-19" name="__codelineno-5-19"></a>HINCRBYFLOAT<span class="w"> </span>&lt;key&gt;<span class="w"> </span>&lt;field&gt;<span class="w"> </span>&lt;amount&gt;<span class="w"> </span><span class="c1"># increment the float value of a hash field by the given amount</span>
+<a id="__codelineno-5-20" name="__codelineno-5-20"></a>
+<a id="__codelineno-5-21" name="__codelineno-5-21"></a>HSCAN<span class="w"> </span>&lt;key&gt;<span class="w"> </span>&lt;cursor&gt;<span class="w"> </span><span class="o">[</span>MATCH<span class="w"> </span>&lt;pattern&gt;<span class="o">]</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="o">[</span>COUNT<span class="w"> </span>&lt;count&gt;<span class="o">]</span><span class="w">  </span><span class="c1"># incrementally iterate hash fields and associated values</span>
+</code></pre></div></td></tr></table></div>
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+        
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+        </button>
+      </nav>
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+    <div class="md-search__output">
+      <div class="md-search__scrollwrap" tabindex="0" data-md-scrollfix>
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+            Initializing search
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+        <a href="https://github.com/m-lamonaca/dev-notes" title="Go to repository" class="md-source" data-md-component="source">
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+        <a href="../misc/git.html" class="md-tabs__link">
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+        <a href="../linux/filesystem/file-links.html" class="md-tabs__link">
+          
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+    <a href="../index.html" title="Dev Notes" class="md-nav__button md-logo" aria-label="Dev Notes" data-md-component="logo">
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+
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+    Dev Notes
+  </label>
+  
+    <div class="md-nav__source">
+      <a href="https://github.com/m-lamonaca/dev-notes" title="Go to repository" class="md-source" data-md-component="source">
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+    <svg xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" viewBox="0 0 448 512"><!--! Font Awesome Free 6.6.0 by @fontawesome - https://fontawesome.com License - https://fontawesome.com/license/free (Icons: CC BY 4.0, Fonts: SIL OFL 1.1, Code: MIT License) Copyright 2024 Fonticons, Inc.--><path d="M439.55 236.05 244 40.45a28.87 28.87 0 0 0-40.81 0l-40.66 40.63 51.52 51.52c27.06-9.14 52.68 16.77 43.39 43.68l49.66 49.66c34.23-11.8 61.18 31 35.47 56.69-26.49 26.49-70.21-2.87-56-37.34L240.22 199v121.85c25.3 12.54 22.26 41.85 9.08 55a34.34 34.34 0 0 1-48.55 0c-17.57-17.6-11.07-46.91 11.25-56v-123c-20.8-8.51-24.6-30.74-18.64-45L142.57 101 8.45 235.14a28.86 28.86 0 0 0 0 40.81l195.61 195.6a28.86 28.86 0 0 0 40.8 0l194.69-194.69a28.86 28.86 0 0 0 0-40.81"/></svg>
+  </div>
+  <div class="md-source__repository">
+    GitHub
+  </div>
+</a>
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+  
+  <ul class="md-nav__list" data-md-scrollfix>
+    
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+  
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+    <li class="md-nav__item">
+      <a href="../index.html" class="md-nav__link">
+        
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+  <span class="md-ellipsis">
+    Home
+  </span>
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+      
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+        <input class="md-nav__toggle md-toggle " type="checkbox" id="__nav_2" >
+        
+          
+          <label class="md-nav__link" for="__nav_2" id="__nav_2_label" tabindex="0">
+            
+  
+  <span class="md-ellipsis">
+    Containers
+  </span>
+  
+
+            <span class="md-nav__icon md-icon"></span>
+          </label>
+        
+        <nav class="md-nav" data-md-level="1" aria-labelledby="__nav_2_label" aria-expanded="false">
+          <label class="md-nav__title" for="__nav_2">
+            <span class="md-nav__icon md-icon"></span>
+            Containers
+          </label>
+          <ul class="md-nav__list" data-md-scrollfix>
+            
+              
+                
+  
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+  
+  
+    <li class="md-nav__item">
+      <a href="../containers/docker.html" class="md-nav__link">
+        
+  
+  <span class="md-ellipsis">
+    Docker
+  </span>
+  
+
+      </a>
+    </li>
+  
+
+              
+            
+              
+                
+  
+  
+  
+  
+    <li class="md-nav__item">
+      <a href="../containers/kubernetes.html" class="md-nav__link">
+        
+  
+  <span class="md-ellipsis">
+    Kubernetes
+  </span>
+  
+
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+    </li>
+  
+
+              
+            
+          </ul>
+        </nav>
+      
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+  
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+  
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+      
+        
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+        
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+        
+      
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+    
+    <li class="md-nav__item md-nav__item--active md-nav__item--section md-nav__item--nested">
+      
+        
+        
+        <input class="md-nav__toggle md-toggle " type="checkbox" id="__nav_3" checked>
+        
+          
+          <label class="md-nav__link" for="__nav_3" id="__nav_3_label" tabindex="">
+            
+  
+  <span class="md-ellipsis">
+    Databases
+  </span>
+  
+
+            <span class="md-nav__icon md-icon"></span>
+          </label>
+        
+        <nav class="md-nav" data-md-level="1" aria-labelledby="__nav_3_label" aria-expanded="true">
+          <label class="md-nav__title" for="__nav_3">
+            <span class="md-nav__icon md-icon"></span>
+            Databases
+          </label>
+          <ul class="md-nav__list" data-md-scrollfix>
+            
+              
+                
+  
+  
+  
+  
+    <li class="md-nav__item">
+      <a href="redis.html" class="md-nav__link">
+        
+  
+  <span class="md-ellipsis">
+    Redis
+  </span>
+  
+
+      </a>
+    </li>
+  
+
+              
+            
+              
+                
+  
+  
+    
+  
+  
+  
+    <li class="md-nav__item md-nav__item--active">
+      
+      <input class="md-nav__toggle md-toggle" type="checkbox" id="__toc">
+      
+      
+        
+      
+      
+        <label class="md-nav__link md-nav__link--active" for="__toc">
+          
+  
+  <span class="md-ellipsis">
+    SQL
+  </span>
+  
+
+          <span class="md-nav__icon md-icon"></span>
+        </label>
+      
+      <a href="sql.html" class="md-nav__link md-nav__link--active">
+        
+  
+  <span class="md-ellipsis">
+    SQL
+  </span>
+  
+
+      </a>
+      
+        
+
+<nav class="md-nav md-nav--secondary" aria-label="Table of contents">
+  
+  
+  
+    
+  
+  
+    <label class="md-nav__title" for="__toc">
+      <span class="md-nav__icon md-icon"></span>
+      Table of contents
+    </label>
+    <ul class="md-nav__list" data-md-component="toc" data-md-scrollfix>
+      
+        <li class="md-nav__item">
+  <a href="#ddl" class="md-nav__link">
+    <span class="md-ellipsis">
+      DDL
+    </span>
+  </a>
+  
+    <nav class="md-nav" aria-label="DDL">
+      <ul class="md-nav__list">
+        
+          <li class="md-nav__item">
+  <a href="#table-creation" class="md-nav__link">
+    <span class="md-ellipsis">
+      Table Creation
+    </span>
+  </a>
+  
+</li>
+        
+          <li class="md-nav__item">
+  <a href="#primary-key-from-multiple-fields" class="md-nav__link">
+    <span class="md-ellipsis">
+      PRIMARY KEY from multiple fields
+    </span>
+  </a>
+  
+</li>
+        
+          <li class="md-nav__item">
+  <a href="#table-field-options" class="md-nav__link">
+    <span class="md-ellipsis">
+      Table Field Options
+    </span>
+  </a>
+  
+</li>
+        
+          <li class="md-nav__item">
+  <a href="#table-modification" class="md-nav__link">
+    <span class="md-ellipsis">
+      Table Modification
+    </span>
+  </a>
+  
+</li>
+        
+      </ul>
+    </nav>
+  
+</li>
+      
+        <li class="md-nav__item">
+  <a href="#dml" class="md-nav__link">
+    <span class="md-ellipsis">
+      DML
+    </span>
+  </a>
+  
+    <nav class="md-nav" aria-label="DML">
+      <ul class="md-nav__list">
+        
+          <li class="md-nav__item">
+  <a href="#data-insertion" class="md-nav__link">
+    <span class="md-ellipsis">
+      Data Insertion
+    </span>
+  </a>
+  
+</li>
+        
+          <li class="md-nav__item">
+  <a href="#data-update" class="md-nav__link">
+    <span class="md-ellipsis">
+      Data Update
+    </span>
+  </a>
+  
+</li>
+        
+          <li class="md-nav__item">
+  <a href="#data-elimination" class="md-nav__link">
+    <span class="md-ellipsis">
+      Data Elimination
+    </span>
+  </a>
+  
+</li>
+        
+      </ul>
+    </nav>
+  
+</li>
+      
+        <li class="md-nav__item">
+  <a href="#data-selection" class="md-nav__link">
+    <span class="md-ellipsis">
+      Data Selection
+    </span>
+  </a>
+  
+    <nav class="md-nav" aria-label="Data Selection">
+      <ul class="md-nav__list">
+        
+          <li class="md-nav__item">
+  <a href="#alias" class="md-nav__link">
+    <span class="md-ellipsis">
+      Alias
+    </span>
+  </a>
+  
+</li>
+        
+          <li class="md-nav__item">
+  <a href="#conditional-selection" class="md-nav__link">
+    <span class="md-ellipsis">
+      Conditional Selection
+    </span>
+  </a>
+  
+</li>
+        
+          <li class="md-nav__item">
+  <a href="#ordering" class="md-nav__link">
+    <span class="md-ellipsis">
+      Ordering
+    </span>
+  </a>
+  
+</li>
+        
+      </ul>
+    </nav>
+  
+</li>
+      
+        <li class="md-nav__item">
+  <a href="#grouping" class="md-nav__link">
+    <span class="md-ellipsis">
+      Grouping
+    </span>
+  </a>
+  
+    <nav class="md-nav" aria-label="Grouping">
+      <ul class="md-nav__list">
+        
+          <li class="md-nav__item">
+  <a href="#ricerca-caratteri-in-valori" class="md-nav__link">
+    <span class="md-ellipsis">
+      Ricerca caratteri in valori
+    </span>
+  </a>
+  
+</li>
+        
+          <li class="md-nav__item">
+  <a href="#selection-from-multiple-tables" class="md-nav__link">
+    <span class="md-ellipsis">
+      Selection from multiple tables
+    </span>
+  </a>
+  
+</li>
+        
+      </ul>
+    </nav>
+  
+</li>
+      
+        <li class="md-nav__item">
+  <a href="#functions" class="md-nav__link">
+    <span class="md-ellipsis">
+      Functions
+    </span>
+  </a>
+  
+</li>
+      
+        <li class="md-nav__item">
+  <a href="#nested-queries" class="md-nav__link">
+    <span class="md-ellipsis">
+      Nested Queries
+    </span>
+  </a>
+  
+</li>
+      
+        <li class="md-nav__item">
+  <a href="#new-table-from-data" class="md-nav__link">
+    <span class="md-ellipsis">
+      New table from data
+    </span>
+  </a>
+  
+</li>
+      
+        <li class="md-nav__item">
+  <a href="#join" class="md-nav__link">
+    <span class="md-ellipsis">
+      Join
+    </span>
+  </a>
+  
+</li>
+      
+        <li class="md-nav__item">
+  <a href="#multiple-join" class="md-nav__link">
+    <span class="md-ellipsis">
+      Multiple Join
+    </span>
+  </a>
+  
+</li>
+      
+        <li class="md-nav__item">
+  <a href="#t-sql-mssql-server" class="md-nav__link">
+    <span class="md-ellipsis">
+      T-SQL (MSSQL Server)
+    </span>
+  </a>
+  
+    <nav class="md-nav" aria-label="T-SQL (MSSQL Server)">
+      <ul class="md-nav__list">
+        
+          <li class="md-nav__item">
+  <a href="#t-sql-insert-from-table" class="md-nav__link">
+    <span class="md-ellipsis">
+      T-SQL Insert From table
+    </span>
+  </a>
+  
+</li>
+        
+          <li class="md-nav__item">
+  <a href="#t-sql-parametric-query" class="md-nav__link">
+    <span class="md-ellipsis">
+      T-SQL Parametric Query
+    </span>
+  </a>
+  
+</li>
+        
+          <li class="md-nav__item">
+  <a href="#t-sql-view" class="md-nav__link">
+    <span class="md-ellipsis">
+      T-SQL View
+    </span>
+  </a>
+  
+</li>
+        
+          <li class="md-nav__item">
+  <a href="#t-sql-stored-procedure" class="md-nav__link">
+    <span class="md-ellipsis">
+      T-SQL Stored Procedure
+    </span>
+  </a>
+  
+</li>
+        
+      </ul>
+    </nav>
+  
+</li>
+      
+    </ul>
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+    <li class="md-nav__item">
+      <a href="mongo-db.html" class="md-nav__link">
+        
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+  <span class="md-ellipsis">
+    MongoDB
+  </span>
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+        
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+        
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+        
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+          <label class="md-nav__link" for="__nav_4" id="__nav_4_label" tabindex="0">
+            
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+    Languages
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+          </label>
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+            <span class="md-nav__icon md-icon"></span>
+            Languages
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+          <ul class="md-nav__list" data-md-scrollfix>
+            
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+  
+    <li class="md-nav__item">
+      <a href="../languages/html/html.html" class="md-nav__link">
+        
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+  <span class="md-ellipsis">
+    HTML
+  </span>
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+    <li class="md-nav__item">
+      <a href="../languages/markdown.html" class="md-nav__link">
+        
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+  <span class="md-ellipsis">
+    Markdown
+  </span>
+  
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+    </li>
+  
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+  
+  
+  
+  
+    <li class="md-nav__item">
+      <a href="../languages/css/css.html" class="md-nav__link">
+        
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+  <span class="md-ellipsis">
+    CSS
+  </span>
+  
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+              
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+    <li class="md-nav__item">
+      <a href="../languages/c/c.html" class="md-nav__link">
+        
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+  <span class="md-ellipsis">
+    C
+  </span>
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+    <li class="md-nav__item">
+      <a href="../languages/kotlin/kotlin.html" class="md-nav__link">
+        
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+  <span class="md-ellipsis">
+    Kotlin
+  </span>
+  
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+    </li>
+  
+
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+    <li class="md-nav__item">
+      <a href="../languages/swift/swift.html" class="md-nav__link">
+        
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+  <span class="md-ellipsis">
+    Swift
+  </span>
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+    </li>
+  
+
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+                
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+          <label class="md-nav__link" for="__nav_4_7" id="__nav_4_7_label" tabindex="0">
+            
+  
+  <span class="md-ellipsis">
+    Assembly
+  </span>
+  
+
+            <span class="md-nav__icon md-icon"></span>
+          </label>
+        
+        <nav class="md-nav" data-md-level="2" aria-labelledby="__nav_4_7_label" aria-expanded="false">
+          <label class="md-nav__title" for="__nav_4_7">
+            <span class="md-nav__icon md-icon"></span>
+            Assembly
+          </label>
+          <ul class="md-nav__list" data-md-scrollfix>
+            
+              
+                
+  
+  
+  
+  
+    <li class="md-nav__item">
+      <a href="../languages/assembly/intel.html" class="md-nav__link">
+        
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+  <span class="md-ellipsis">
+    Intel
+  </span>
+  
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+    </li>
+  
+
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+                
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+  
+  
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+    <li class="md-nav__item">
+      <a href="../languages/assembly/riscv.html" class="md-nav__link">
+        
+  
+  <span class="md-ellipsis">
+    RISC-V
+  </span>
+  
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+        </nav>
+      
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+        
+      
+    
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+      
+        
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+    <li class="md-nav__item md-nav__item--nested">
+      
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+        <input class="md-nav__toggle md-toggle " type="checkbox" id="__nav_4_8" >
+        
+          
+          <label class="md-nav__link" for="__nav_4_8" id="__nav_4_8_label" tabindex="0">
+            
+  
+  <span class="md-ellipsis">
+    Python
+  </span>
+  
+
+            <span class="md-nav__icon md-icon"></span>
+          </label>
+        
+        <nav class="md-nav" data-md-level="2" aria-labelledby="__nav_4_8_label" aria-expanded="false">
+          <label class="md-nav__title" for="__nav_4_8">
+            <span class="md-nav__icon md-icon"></span>
+            Python
+          </label>
+          <ul class="md-nav__list" data-md-scrollfix>
+            
+              
+                
+  
+  
+  
+  
+    <li class="md-nav__item">
+      <a href="../languages/python/python.html" class="md-nav__link">
+        
+  
+  <span class="md-ellipsis">
+    Python
+  </span>
+  
+
+      </a>
+    </li>
+  
+
+              
+            
+              
+                
+  
+  
+  
+  
+    
+    
+      
+        
+      
+        
+      
+        
+      
+        
+      
+        
+      
+        
+      
+        
+      
+        
+      
+        
+      
+        
+      
+        
+      
+        
+      
+        
+      
+    
+    
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+      
+        
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+    
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+    <li class="md-nav__item md-nav__item--nested">
+      
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+        <input class="md-nav__toggle md-toggle " type="checkbox" id="__nav_4_8_2" >
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+          <label class="md-nav__link" for="__nav_4_8_2" id="__nav_4_8_2_label" tabindex="0">
+            
+  
+  <span class="md-ellipsis">
+    Modules
+  </span>
+  
+
+            <span class="md-nav__icon md-icon"></span>
+          </label>
+        
+        <nav class="md-nav" data-md-level="3" aria-labelledby="__nav_4_8_2_label" aria-expanded="false">
+          <label class="md-nav__title" for="__nav_4_8_2">
+            <span class="md-nav__icon md-icon"></span>
+            Modules
+          </label>
+          <ul class="md-nav__list" data-md-scrollfix>
+            
+              
+                
+  
+  
+  
+  
+    <li class="md-nav__item">
+      <a href="../languages/python/modules/argparse.html" class="md-nav__link">
+        
+  
+  <span class="md-ellipsis">
+    argparse
+  </span>
+  
+
+      </a>
+    </li>
+  
+
+              
+            
+              
+                
+  
+  
+  
+  
+    <li class="md-nav__item">
+      <a href="../languages/python/modules/collections.html" class="md-nav__link">
+        
+  
+  <span class="md-ellipsis">
+    collection
+  </span>
+  
+
+      </a>
+    </li>
+  
+
+              
+            
+              
+                
+  
+  
+  
+  
+    <li class="md-nav__item">
+      <a href="../languages/python/modules/csv.html" class="md-nav__link">
+        
+  
+  <span class="md-ellipsis">
+    csv
+  </span>
+  
+
+      </a>
+    </li>
+  
+
+              
+            
+              
+                
+  
+  
+  
+  
+    <li class="md-nav__item">
+      <a href="../languages/python/modules/ftplib.html" class="md-nav__link">
+        
+  
+  <span class="md-ellipsis">
+    ftplib
+  </span>
+  
+
+      </a>
+    </li>
+  
+
+              
+            
+              
+                
+  
+  
+  
+  
+    <li class="md-nav__item">
+      <a href="../languages/python/modules/itertools.html" class="md-nav__link">
+        
+  
+  <span class="md-ellipsis">
+    itertools
+  </span>
+  
+
+      </a>
+    </li>
+  
+
+              
+            
+              
+                
+  
+  
+  
+  
+    <li class="md-nav__item">
+      <a href="../languages/python/modules/json.html" class="md-nav__link">
+        
+  
+  <span class="md-ellipsis">
+    json
+  </span>
+  
+
+      </a>
+    </li>
+  
+
+              
+            
+              
+                
+  
+  
+  
+  
+    <li class="md-nav__item">
+      <a href="../languages/python/modules/logging.html" class="md-nav__link">
+        
+  
+  <span class="md-ellipsis">
+    logging
+  </span>
+  
+
+      </a>
+    </li>
+  
+
+              
+            
+              
+                
+  
+  
+  
+  
+    <li class="md-nav__item">
+      <a href="../languages/python/modules/shutil.html" class="md-nav__link">
+        
+  
+  <span class="md-ellipsis">
+    shutil
+  </span>
+  
+
+      </a>
+    </li>
+  
+
+              
+            
+              
+                
+  
+  
+  
+  
+    <li class="md-nav__item">
+      <a href="../languages/python/modules/smtplib.html" class="md-nav__link">
+        
+  
+  <span class="md-ellipsis">
+    smtplib
+  </span>
+  
+
+      </a>
+    </li>
+  
+
+              
+            
+              
+                
+  
+  
+  
+  
+    <li class="md-nav__item">
+      <a href="../languages/python/modules/socket.html" class="md-nav__link">
+        
+  
+  <span class="md-ellipsis">
+    socket
+  </span>
+  
+
+      </a>
+    </li>
+  
+
+              
+            
+              
+                
+  
+  
+  
+  
+    <li class="md-nav__item">
+      <a href="../languages/python/modules/sqlite.html" class="md-nav__link">
+        
+  
+  <span class="md-ellipsis">
+    sqlite
+  </span>
+  
+
+      </a>
+    </li>
+  
+
+              
+            
+              
+                
+  
+  
+  
+  
+    <li class="md-nav__item">
+      <a href="../languages/python/modules/time-datetime.html" class="md-nav__link">
+        
+  
+  <span class="md-ellipsis">
+    time & datetime
+  </span>
+  
+
+      </a>
+    </li>
+  
+
+              
+            
+              
+                
+  
+  
+  
+  
+    <li class="md-nav__item">
+      <a href="../languages/python/modules/unittest.html" class="md-nav__link">
+        
+  
+  <span class="md-ellipsis">
+    unittest
+  </span>
+  
+
+      </a>
+    </li>
+  
+
+              
+            
+          </ul>
+        </nav>
+      
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+        
+      
+        
+      
+        
+      
+        
+      
+        
+      
+        
+      
+    
+    
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+      
+        
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+    
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+      
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+        <input class="md-nav__toggle md-toggle " type="checkbox" id="__nav_4_8_3" >
+        
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+          <label class="md-nav__link" for="__nav_4_8_3" id="__nav_4_8_3_label" tabindex="0">
+            
+  
+  <span class="md-ellipsis">
+    Libraries
+  </span>
+  
+
+            <span class="md-nav__icon md-icon"></span>
+          </label>
+        
+        <nav class="md-nav" data-md-level="3" aria-labelledby="__nav_4_8_3_label" aria-expanded="false">
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+            <span class="md-nav__icon md-icon"></span>
+            Libraries
+          </label>
+          <ul class="md-nav__list" data-md-scrollfix>
+            
+              
+                
+  
+  
+  
+  
+    <li class="md-nav__item">
+      <a href="../languages/python/libs/tkinter.html" class="md-nav__link">
+        
+  
+  <span class="md-ellipsis">
+    TKinter
+  </span>
+  
+
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+
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+            
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+                
+  
+  
+  
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+    <li class="md-nav__item">
+      <a href="../languages/python/libs/numpy.html" class="md-nav__link">
+        
+  
+  <span class="md-ellipsis">
+    Numpy
+  </span>
+  
+
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+    </li>
+  
+
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+            
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+                
+  
+  
+  
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+    <li class="md-nav__item">
+      <a href="../languages/python/libs/pandas.html" class="md-nav__link">
+        
+  
+  <span class="md-ellipsis">
+    Pandas
+  </span>
+  
+
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+    </li>
+  
+
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+            
+              
+                
+  
+  
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+    <li class="md-nav__item">
+      <a href="../languages/python/libs/seaborn.html" class="md-nav__link">
+        
+  
+  <span class="md-ellipsis">
+    Seaborn
+  </span>
+  
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+    </li>
+  
+
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+            
+              
+                
+  
+  
+  
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+    <li class="md-nav__item">
+      <a href="../languages/python/libs/requests.html" class="md-nav__link">
+        
+  
+  <span class="md-ellipsis">
+    Requests
+  </span>
+  
+
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+
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+  
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+      <a href="../languages/python/libs/beautiful-soup.html" class="md-nav__link">
+        
+  
+  <span class="md-ellipsis">
+    Beatiful Soup
+  </span>
+  
+
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+    </li>
+  
+
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+            
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+        </nav>
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+          <label class="md-nav__link" for="__nav_4_9" id="__nav_4_9_label" tabindex="0">
+            
+  
+  <span class="md-ellipsis">
+    .NET
+  </span>
+  
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+        <nav class="md-nav" data-md-level="2" aria-labelledby="__nav_4_9_label" aria-expanded="false">
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+            .NET
+          </label>
+          <ul class="md-nav__list" data-md-scrollfix>
+            
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+  
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+        
+      
+        
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+      
+    
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+      
+        
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+    
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+      
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+          <label class="md-nav__link" for="__nav_4_9_1" id="__nav_4_9_1_label" tabindex="0">
+            
+  
+  <span class="md-ellipsis">
+    C#
+  </span>
+  
+
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+          </label>
+        
+        <nav class="md-nav" data-md-level="3" aria-labelledby="__nav_4_9_1_label" aria-expanded="false">
+          <label class="md-nav__title" for="__nav_4_9_1">
+            <span class="md-nav__icon md-icon"></span>
+            C#
+          </label>
+          <ul class="md-nav__list" data-md-scrollfix>
+            
+              
+                
+  
+  
+  
+  
+    <li class="md-nav__item">
+      <a href="../languages/dotnet/csharp/csharp.html" class="md-nav__link">
+        
+  
+  <span class="md-ellipsis">
+    C#
+  </span>
+  
+
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+    </li>
+  
+
+              
+            
+              
+                
+  
+  
+  
+  
+    <li class="md-nav__item">
+      <a href="../languages/dotnet/csharp/linq.html" class="md-nav__link">
+        
+  
+  <span class="md-ellipsis">
+    Linq
+  </span>
+  
+
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+    </li>
+  
+
+              
+            
+              
+                
+  
+  
+  
+  
+    <li class="md-nav__item">
+      <a href="../languages/dotnet/csharp/collections.html" class="md-nav__link">
+        
+  
+  <span class="md-ellipsis">
+    Collections
+  </span>
+  
+
+      </a>
+    </li>
+  
+
+              
+            
+              
+                
+  
+  
+  
+  
+    <li class="md-nav__item">
+      <a href="../languages/dotnet/csharp/reactive-extensions.html" class="md-nav__link">
+        
+  
+  <span class="md-ellipsis">
+    Reactive Extensions
+  </span>
+  
+
+      </a>
+    </li>
+  
+
+              
+            
+              
+                
+  
+  
+  
+  
+    <li class="md-nav__item">
+      <a href="../languages/dotnet/csharp/async-programming.html" class="md-nav__link">
+        
+  
+  <span class="md-ellipsis">
+    Async Programming
+  </span>
+  
+
+      </a>
+    </li>
+  
+
+              
+            
+              
+                
+  
+  
+  
+  
+    <li class="md-nav__item">
+      <a href="../languages/dotnet/csharp/unit-tests.html" class="md-nav__link">
+        
+  
+  <span class="md-ellipsis">
+    Unit Tests
+  </span>
+  
+
+      </a>
+    </li>
+  
+
+              
+            
+          </ul>
+        </nav>
+      
+    </li>
+  
+
+              
+            
+              
+                
+  
+  
+  
+  
+    
+    
+      
+        
+      
+        
+      
+        
+      
+        
+      
+        
+      
+        
+      
+        
+      
+    
+    
+      
+      
+        
+      
+    
+    
+    <li class="md-nav__item md-nav__item--nested">
+      
+        
+        
+        <input class="md-nav__toggle md-toggle " type="checkbox" id="__nav_4_9_2" >
+        
+          
+          <label class="md-nav__link" for="__nav_4_9_2" id="__nav_4_9_2_label" tabindex="0">
+            
+  
+  <span class="md-ellipsis">
+    ASP.NET
+  </span>
+  
+
+            <span class="md-nav__icon md-icon"></span>
+          </label>
+        
+        <nav class="md-nav" data-md-level="3" aria-labelledby="__nav_4_9_2_label" aria-expanded="false">
+          <label class="md-nav__title" for="__nav_4_9_2">
+            <span class="md-nav__icon md-icon"></span>
+            ASP.NET
+          </label>
+          <ul class="md-nav__list" data-md-scrollfix>
+            
+              
+                
+  
+  
+  
+  
+    <li class="md-nav__item">
+      <a href="../languages/dotnet/asp.net/minimal-api.html" class="md-nav__link">
+        
+  
+  <span class="md-ellipsis">
+    Minimal API
+  </span>
+  
+
+      </a>
+    </li>
+  
+
+              
+            
+              
+                
+  
+  
+  
+  
+    <li class="md-nav__item">
+      <a href="../languages/dotnet/asp.net/filters.html" class="md-nav__link">
+        
+  
+  <span class="md-ellipsis">
+    FIlters
+  </span>
+  
+
+      </a>
+    </li>
+  
+
+              
+            
+              
+                
+  
+  
+  
+  
+    <li class="md-nav__item">
+      <a href="../languages/dotnet/asp.net/middleware.html" class="md-nav__link">
+        
+  
+  <span class="md-ellipsis">
+    Middleware
+  </span>
+  
+
+      </a>
+    </li>
+  
+
+              
+            
+              
+                
+  
+  
+  
+  
+    <li class="md-nav__item">
+      <a href="../languages/dotnet/asp.net/razor-syntax.html" class="md-nav__link">
+        
+  
+  <span class="md-ellipsis">
+    Razor Syntax
+  </span>
+  
+
+      </a>
+    </li>
+  
+
+              
+            
+              
+                
+  
+  
+  
+  
+    <li class="md-nav__item">
+      <a href="../languages/dotnet/asp.net/blazor.html" class="md-nav__link">
+        
+  
+  <span class="md-ellipsis">
+    Blazor
+  </span>
+  
+
+      </a>
+    </li>
+  
+
+              
+            
+              
+                
+  
+  
+  
+  
+    <li class="md-nav__item">
+      <a href="../languages/dotnet/asp.net/signalr.html" class="md-nav__link">
+        
+  
+  <span class="md-ellipsis">
+    SignalR
+  </span>
+  
+
+      </a>
+    </li>
+  
+
+              
+            
+              
+                
+  
+  
+  
+  
+    <li class="md-nav__item">
+      <a href="../languages/dotnet/asp.net/web-forms.html" class="md-nav__link">
+        
+  
+  <span class="md-ellipsis">
+    Web Forms
+  </span>
+  
+
+      </a>
+    </li>
+  
+
+              
+            
+          </ul>
+        </nav>
+      
+    </li>
+  
+
+              
+            
+              
+                
+  
+  
+  
+  
+    
+    
+      
+        
+      
+        
+      
+    
+    
+      
+      
+        
+      
+    
+    
+    <li class="md-nav__item md-nav__item--nested">
+      
+        
+        
+        <input class="md-nav__toggle md-toggle " type="checkbox" id="__nav_4_9_3" >
+        
+          
+          <label class="md-nav__link" for="__nav_4_9_3" id="__nav_4_9_3_label" tabindex="0">
+            
+  
+  <span class="md-ellipsis">
+    Database
+  </span>
+  
+
+            <span class="md-nav__icon md-icon"></span>
+          </label>
+        
+        <nav class="md-nav" data-md-level="3" aria-labelledby="__nav_4_9_3_label" aria-expanded="false">
+          <label class="md-nav__title" for="__nav_4_9_3">
+            <span class="md-nav__icon md-icon"></span>
+            Database
+          </label>
+          <ul class="md-nav__list" data-md-scrollfix>
+            
+              
+                
+  
+  
+  
+  
+    <li class="md-nav__item">
+      <a href="../languages/dotnet/database/ado.net.html" class="md-nav__link">
+        
+  
+  <span class="md-ellipsis">
+    ADO.NET
+  </span>
+  
+
+      </a>
+    </li>
+  
+
+              
+            
+              
+                
+  
+  
+  
+  
+    <li class="md-nav__item">
+      <a href="../languages/dotnet/database/entity-framework.html" class="md-nav__link">
+        
+  
+  <span class="md-ellipsis">
+    Entity Framework
+  </span>
+  
+
+      </a>
+    </li>
+  
+
+              
+            
+          </ul>
+        </nav>
+      
+    </li>
+  
+
+              
+            
+          </ul>
+        </nav>
+      
+    </li>
+  
+
+              
+            
+              
+                
+  
+  
+  
+  
+    
+    
+      
+        
+      
+        
+      
+        
+      
+        
+      
+    
+    
+      
+      
+        
+      
+    
+    
+    <li class="md-nav__item md-nav__item--nested">
+      
+        
+        
+        <input class="md-nav__toggle md-toggle " type="checkbox" id="__nav_4_10" >
+        
+          
+          <label class="md-nav__link" for="__nav_4_10" id="__nav_4_10_label" tabindex="0">
+            
+  
+  <span class="md-ellipsis">
+    Java
+  </span>
+  
+
+            <span class="md-nav__icon md-icon"></span>
+          </label>
+        
+        <nav class="md-nav" data-md-level="2" aria-labelledby="__nav_4_10_label" aria-expanded="false">
+          <label class="md-nav__title" for="__nav_4_10">
+            <span class="md-nav__icon md-icon"></span>
+            Java
+          </label>
+          <ul class="md-nav__list" data-md-scrollfix>
+            
+              
+                
+  
+  
+  
+  
+    <li class="md-nav__item">
+      <a href="../languages/java/java.html" class="md-nav__link">
+        
+  
+  <span class="md-ellipsis">
+    Java
+  </span>
+  
+
+      </a>
+    </li>
+  
+
+              
+            
+              
+                
+  
+  
+  
+  
+    <li class="md-nav__item">
+      <a href="../languages/java/java-collection-framework.html" class="md-nav__link">
+        
+  
+  <span class="md-ellipsis">
+    Java Collection Framework
+  </span>
+  
+
+      </a>
+    </li>
+  
+
+              
+            
+              
+                
+  
+  
+  
+  
+    <li class="md-nav__item">
+      <a href="../languages/java/dao.html" class="md-nav__link">
+        
+  
+  <span class="md-ellipsis">
+    DAO
+  </span>
+  
+
+      </a>
+    </li>
+  
+
+              
+            
+              
+                
+  
+  
+  
+  
+    
+    
+      
+        
+      
+        
+      
+    
+    
+      
+      
+        
+      
+    
+    
+    <li class="md-nav__item md-nav__item--nested">
+      
+        
+        
+        <input class="md-nav__toggle md-toggle " type="checkbox" id="__nav_4_10_4" >
+        
+          
+          <label class="md-nav__link" for="__nav_4_10_4" id="__nav_4_10_4_label" tabindex="0">
+            
+  
+  <span class="md-ellipsis">
+    Web
+  </span>
+  
+
+            <span class="md-nav__icon md-icon"></span>
+          </label>
+        
+        <nav class="md-nav" data-md-level="3" aria-labelledby="__nav_4_10_4_label" aria-expanded="false">
+          <label class="md-nav__title" for="__nav_4_10_4">
+            <span class="md-nav__icon md-icon"></span>
+            Web
+          </label>
+          <ul class="md-nav__list" data-md-scrollfix>
+            
+              
+                
+  
+  
+  
+  
+    <li class="md-nav__item">
+      <a href="../languages/java/web/servlet.html" class="md-nav__link">
+        
+  
+  <span class="md-ellipsis">
+    Serverlet
+  </span>
+  
+
+      </a>
+    </li>
+  
+
+              
+            
+              
+                
+  
+  
+  
+  
+    
+    
+      
+        
+      
+        
+      
+    
+    
+      
+      
+        
+      
+    
+    
+    <li class="md-nav__item md-nav__item--nested">
+      
+        
+        
+        <input class="md-nav__toggle md-toggle " type="checkbox" id="__nav_4_10_4_2" >
+        
+          
+          <label class="md-nav__link" for="__nav_4_10_4_2" id="__nav_4_10_4_2_label" tabindex="0">
+            
+  
+  <span class="md-ellipsis">
+    Spring
+  </span>
+  
+
+            <span class="md-nav__icon md-icon"></span>
+          </label>
+        
+        <nav class="md-nav" data-md-level="4" aria-labelledby="__nav_4_10_4_2_label" aria-expanded="false">
+          <label class="md-nav__title" for="__nav_4_10_4_2">
+            <span class="md-nav__icon md-icon"></span>
+            Spring
+          </label>
+          <ul class="md-nav__list" data-md-scrollfix>
+            
+              
+                
+  
+  
+  
+  
+    <li class="md-nav__item">
+      <a href="../languages/java/spring/pom.xml.html" class="md-nav__link">
+        
+  
+  <span class="md-ellipsis">
+    POM
+  </span>
+  
+
+      </a>
+    </li>
+  
+
+              
+            
+              
+                
+  
+  
+  
+  
+    <li class="md-nav__item">
+      <a href="../languages/java/spring/spring-project.html" class="md-nav__link">
+        
+  
+  <span class="md-ellipsis">
+    Project Structure
+  </span>
+  
+
+      </a>
+    </li>
+  
+
+              
+            
+          </ul>
+        </nav>
+      
+    </li>
+  
+
+              
+            
+          </ul>
+        </nav>
+      
+    </li>
+  
+
+              
+            
+          </ul>
+        </nav>
+      
+    </li>
+  
+
+              
+            
+              
+                
+  
+  
+  
+  
+    
+    
+      
+        
+      
+        
+      
+        
+      
+        
+      
+        
+      
+        
+      
+        
+      
+        
+      
+        
+      
+    
+    
+      
+      
+        
+      
+    
+    
+    <li class="md-nav__item md-nav__item--nested">
+      
+        
+        
+        <input class="md-nav__toggle md-toggle " type="checkbox" id="__nav_4_11" >
+        
+          
+          <label class="md-nav__link" for="__nav_4_11" id="__nav_4_11_label" tabindex="0">
+            
+  
+  <span class="md-ellipsis">
+    PHP
+  </span>
+  
+
+            <span class="md-nav__icon md-icon"></span>
+          </label>
+        
+        <nav class="md-nav" data-md-level="2" aria-labelledby="__nav_4_11_label" aria-expanded="false">
+          <label class="md-nav__title" for="__nav_4_11">
+            <span class="md-nav__icon md-icon"></span>
+            PHP
+          </label>
+          <ul class="md-nav__list" data-md-scrollfix>
+            
+              
+                
+  
+  
+  
+  
+    <li class="md-nav__item">
+      <a href="../languages/php/php.html" class="md-nav__link">
+        
+  
+  <span class="md-ellipsis">
+    PHP
+  </span>
+  
+
+      </a>
+    </li>
+  
+
+              
+            
+              
+                
+  
+  
+  
+  
+    <li class="md-nav__item">
+      <a href="../languages/php/database.html" class="md-nav__link">
+        
+  
+  <span class="md-ellipsis">
+    Database
+  </span>
+  
+
+      </a>
+    </li>
+  
+
+              
+            
+              
+                
+  
+  
+  
+  
+    <li class="md-nav__item">
+      <a href="../languages/php/web.html" class="md-nav__link">
+        
+  
+  <span class="md-ellipsis">
+    Web
+  </span>
+  
+
+      </a>
+    </li>
+  
+
+              
+            
+              
+                
+  
+  
+  
+  
+    <li class="md-nav__item">
+      <a href="../languages/php/dependency-injection.html" class="md-nav__link">
+        
+  
+  <span class="md-ellipsis">
+    Dependency Injection
+  </span>
+  
+
+      </a>
+    </li>
+  
+
+              
+            
+              
+                
+  
+  
+  
+  
+    <li class="md-nav__item">
+      <a href="../languages/php/unit-tests.html" class="md-nav__link">
+        
+  
+  <span class="md-ellipsis">
+    Unit Tests
+  </span>
+  
+
+      </a>
+    </li>
+  
+
+              
+            
+              
+                
+  
+  
+  
+  
+    <li class="md-nav__item">
+      <a href="../languages/php/composer.html" class="md-nav__link">
+        
+  
+  <span class="md-ellipsis">
+    Composer
+  </span>
+  
+
+      </a>
+    </li>
+  
+
+              
+            
+              
+                
+  
+  
+  
+  
+    <li class="md-nav__item">
+      <a href="../languages/php/psr-7.html" class="md-nav__link">
+        
+  
+  <span class="md-ellipsis">
+    PSR 7
+  </span>
+  
+
+      </a>
+    </li>
+  
+
+              
+            
+              
+                
+  
+  
+  
+  
+    <li class="md-nav__item">
+      <a href="../languages/php/plates-templating.html" class="md-nav__link">
+        
+  
+  <span class="md-ellipsis">
+    Plates
+  </span>
+  
+
+      </a>
+    </li>
+  
+
+              
+            
+              
+                
+  
+  
+  
+  
+    
+    
+      
+        
+      
+        
+      
+    
+    
+      
+      
+        
+      
+    
+    
+    <li class="md-nav__item md-nav__item--nested">
+      
+        
+        
+        <input class="md-nav__toggle md-toggle " type="checkbox" id="__nav_4_11_9" >
+        
+          
+          <label class="md-nav__link" for="__nav_4_11_9" id="__nav_4_11_9_label" tabindex="0">
+            
+  
+  <span class="md-ellipsis">
+    Simple MVC
+  </span>
+  
+
+            <span class="md-nav__icon md-icon"></span>
+          </label>
+        
+        <nav class="md-nav" data-md-level="3" aria-labelledby="__nav_4_11_9_label" aria-expanded="false">
+          <label class="md-nav__title" for="__nav_4_11_9">
+            <span class="md-nav__icon md-icon"></span>
+            Simple MVC
+          </label>
+          <ul class="md-nav__list" data-md-scrollfix>
+            
+              
+                
+  
+  
+  
+  
+    <li class="md-nav__item">
+      <a href="../languages/php/simple-mvc/simple-mvc.html" class="md-nav__link">
+        
+  
+  <span class="md-ellipsis">
+    Simple MVC
+  </span>
+  
+
+      </a>
+    </li>
+  
+
+              
+            
+              
+                
+  
+  
+  
+  
+    <li class="md-nav__item">
+      <a href="../languages/php/simple-mvc/rest-api.html" class="md-nav__link">
+        
+  
+  <span class="md-ellipsis">
+    REST API
+  </span>
+  
+
+      </a>
+    </li>
+  
+
+              
+            
+          </ul>
+        </nav>
+      
+    </li>
+  
+
+              
+            
+          </ul>
+        </nav>
+      
+    </li>
+  
+
+              
+            
+              
+                
+  
+  
+  
+  
+    
+    
+      
+        
+      
+        
+      
+        
+      
+        
+      
+        
+      
+    
+    
+      
+      
+        
+      
+    
+    
+    <li class="md-nav__item md-nav__item--nested">
+      
+        
+        
+        <input class="md-nav__toggle md-toggle " type="checkbox" id="__nav_4_12" >
+        
+          
+          <label class="md-nav__link" for="__nav_4_12" id="__nav_4_12_label" tabindex="0">
+            
+  
+  <span class="md-ellipsis">
+    Rust
+  </span>
+  
+
+            <span class="md-nav__icon md-icon"></span>
+          </label>
+        
+        <nav class="md-nav" data-md-level="2" aria-labelledby="__nav_4_12_label" aria-expanded="false">
+          <label class="md-nav__title" for="__nav_4_12">
+            <span class="md-nav__icon md-icon"></span>
+            Rust
+          </label>
+          <ul class="md-nav__list" data-md-scrollfix>
+            
+              
+                
+  
+  
+  
+  
+    <li class="md-nav__item">
+      <a href="../languages/rust/rust.html" class="md-nav__link">
+        
+  
+  <span class="md-ellipsis">
+    Rust
+  </span>
+  
+
+      </a>
+    </li>
+  
+
+              
+            
+              
+                
+  
+  
+  
+  
+    <li class="md-nav__item">
+      <a href="../languages/rust/macros.html" class="md-nav__link">
+        
+  
+  <span class="md-ellipsis">
+    Macros
+  </span>
+  
+
+      </a>
+    </li>
+  
+
+              
+            
+              
+                
+  
+  
+  
+  
+    <li class="md-nav__item">
+      <a href="../languages/rust/cargo.html" class="md-nav__link">
+        
+  
+  <span class="md-ellipsis">
+    Cargo
+  </span>
+  
+
+      </a>
+    </li>
+  
+
+              
+            
+              
+                
+  
+  
+  
+  
+    <li class="md-nav__item">
+      <a href="../languages/rust/concurrency.html" class="md-nav__link">
+        
+  
+  <span class="md-ellipsis">
+    Concurrency
+  </span>
+  
+
+      </a>
+    </li>
+  
+
+              
+            
+              
+                
+  
+  
+  
+  
+    <li class="md-nav__item">
+      <a href="../languages/rust/unit-tests.html" class="md-nav__link">
+        
+  
+  <span class="md-ellipsis">
+    Unit Tests
+  </span>
+  
+
+      </a>
+    </li>
+  
+
+              
+            
+          </ul>
+        </nav>
+      
+    </li>
+  
+
+              
+            
+              
+                
+  
+  
+  
+  
+    
+    
+      
+        
+      
+        
+      
+        
+      
+        
+      
+        
+      
+        
+      
+        
+      
+    
+    
+      
+      
+        
+      
+    
+    
+    <li class="md-nav__item md-nav__item--nested">
+      
+        
+        
+        <input class="md-nav__toggle md-toggle " type="checkbox" id="__nav_4_13" >
+        
+          
+          <label class="md-nav__link" for="__nav_4_13" id="__nav_4_13_label" tabindex="0">
+            
+  
+  <span class="md-ellipsis">
+    Javascript
+  </span>
+  
+
+            <span class="md-nav__icon md-icon"></span>
+          </label>
+        
+        <nav class="md-nav" data-md-level="2" aria-labelledby="__nav_4_13_label" aria-expanded="false">
+          <label class="md-nav__title" for="__nav_4_13">
+            <span class="md-nav__icon md-icon"></span>
+            Javascript
+          </label>
+          <ul class="md-nav__list" data-md-scrollfix>
+            
+              
+                
+  
+  
+  
+  
+    <li class="md-nav__item">
+      <a href="../languages/javascript/javascript.html" class="md-nav__link">
+        
+  
+  <span class="md-ellipsis">
+    Javascript
+  </span>
+  
+
+      </a>
+    </li>
+  
+
+              
+            
+              
+                
+  
+  
+  
+  
+    <li class="md-nav__item">
+      <a href="../languages/javascript/dom.html" class="md-nav__link">
+        
+  
+  <span class="md-ellipsis">
+    DOM
+  </span>
+  
+
+      </a>
+    </li>
+  
+
+              
+            
+              
+                
+  
+  
+  
+  
+    <li class="md-nav__item">
+      <a href="../languages/javascript/events-animation.html" class="md-nav__link">
+        
+  
+  <span class="md-ellipsis">
+    Events & Animation
+  </span>
+  
+
+      </a>
+    </li>
+  
+
+              
+            
+              
+                
+  
+  
+  
+  
+    <li class="md-nav__item">
+      <a href="../languages/javascript/ajax.html" class="md-nav__link">
+        
+  
+  <span class="md-ellipsis">
+    AJAX
+  </span>
+  
+
+      </a>
+    </li>
+  
+
+              
+            
+              
+                
+  
+  
+  
+  
+    <li class="md-nav__item">
+      <a href="../languages/javascript/jquery.html" class="md-nav__link">
+        
+  
+  <span class="md-ellipsis">
+    jQuery
+  </span>
+  
+
+      </a>
+    </li>
+  
+
+              
+            
+              
+                
+  
+  
+  
+  
+    
+    
+      
+        
+      
+        
+      
+        
+      
+        
+      
+        
+      
+    
+    
+      
+      
+        
+      
+    
+    
+    <li class="md-nav__item md-nav__item--nested">
+      
+        
+        
+        <input class="md-nav__toggle md-toggle " type="checkbox" id="__nav_4_13_6" >
+        
+          
+          <label class="md-nav__link" for="__nav_4_13_6" id="__nav_4_13_6_label" tabindex="0">
+            
+  
+  <span class="md-ellipsis">
+    React
+  </span>
+  
+
+            <span class="md-nav__icon md-icon"></span>
+          </label>
+        
+        <nav class="md-nav" data-md-level="3" aria-labelledby="__nav_4_13_6_label" aria-expanded="false">
+          <label class="md-nav__title" for="__nav_4_13_6">
+            <span class="md-nav__icon md-icon"></span>
+            React
+          </label>
+          <ul class="md-nav__list" data-md-scrollfix>
+            
+              
+                
+  
+  
+  
+  
+    <li class="md-nav__item">
+      <a href="../languages/javascript/react/react.html" class="md-nav__link">
+        
+  
+  <span class="md-ellipsis">
+    React
+  </span>
+  
+
+      </a>
+    </li>
+  
+
+              
+            
+              
+                
+  
+  
+  
+  
+    <li class="md-nav__item">
+      <a href="../languages/javascript/react/react-router.html" class="md-nav__link">
+        
+  
+  <span class="md-ellipsis">
+    React Router
+  </span>
+  
+
+      </a>
+    </li>
+  
+
+              
+            
+              
+                
+  
+  
+  
+  
+    <li class="md-nav__item">
+      <a href="../languages/javascript/react/react-tests.html" class="md-nav__link">
+        
+  
+  <span class="md-ellipsis">
+    React Tests
+  </span>
+  
+
+      </a>
+    </li>
+  
+
+              
+            
+              
+                
+  
+  
+  
+  
+    <li class="md-nav__item">
+      <a href="../languages/javascript/react/redux.html" class="md-nav__link">
+        
+  
+  <span class="md-ellipsis">
+    Redux
+  </span>
+  
+
+      </a>
+    </li>
+  
+
+              
+            
+              
+                
+  
+  
+  
+  
+    <li class="md-nav__item">
+      <a href="../languages/javascript/react/redux-tests.html" class="md-nav__link">
+        
+  
+  <span class="md-ellipsis">
+    Redux Tests
+  </span>
+  
+
+      </a>
+    </li>
+  
+
+              
+            
+          </ul>
+        </nav>
+      
+    </li>
+  
+
+              
+            
+              
+                
+  
+  
+  
+  
+    <li class="md-nav__item">
+      <a href="../languages/javascript/svelte/svelte.html" class="md-nav__link">
+        
+  
+  <span class="md-ellipsis">
+    Svelte
+  </span>
+  
+
+      </a>
+    </li>
+  
+
+              
+            
+          </ul>
+        </nav>
+      
+    </li>
+  
+
+              
+            
+              
+                
+  
+  
+  
+  
+    
+    
+      
+        
+      
+        
+      
+    
+    
+      
+      
+        
+      
+    
+    
+    <li class="md-nav__item md-nav__item--nested">
+      
+        
+        
+        <input class="md-nav__toggle md-toggle " type="checkbox" id="__nav_4_14" >
+        
+          
+          <label class="md-nav__link" for="__nav_4_14" id="__nav_4_14_label" tabindex="0">
+            
+  
+  <span class="md-ellipsis">
+    PowerShell
+  </span>
+  
+
+            <span class="md-nav__icon md-icon"></span>
+          </label>
+        
+        <nav class="md-nav" data-md-level="2" aria-labelledby="__nav_4_14_label" aria-expanded="false">
+          <label class="md-nav__title" for="__nav_4_14">
+            <span class="md-nav__icon md-icon"></span>
+            PowerShell
+          </label>
+          <ul class="md-nav__list" data-md-scrollfix>
+            
+              
+                
+  
+  
+  
+  
+    <li class="md-nav__item">
+      <a href="../languages/powershell/scripting.html" class="md-nav__link">
+        
+  
+  <span class="md-ellipsis">
+    Scripting
+  </span>
+  
+
+      </a>
+    </li>
+  
+
+              
+            
+              
+                
+  
+  
+  
+  
+    <li class="md-nav__item">
+      <a href="../languages/powershell/commands.html" class="md-nav__link">
+        
+  
+  <span class="md-ellipsis">
+    Commands
+  </span>
+  
+
+      </a>
+    </li>
+  
+
+              
+            
+          </ul>
+        </nav>
+      
+    </li>
+  
+
+              
+            
+              
+                
+  
+  
+  
+  
+    
+    
+      
+        
+      
+        
+      
+    
+    
+      
+      
+        
+      
+    
+    
+    <li class="md-nav__item md-nav__item--nested">
+      
+        
+        
+        <input class="md-nav__toggle md-toggle " type="checkbox" id="__nav_4_15" >
+        
+          
+          <label class="md-nav__link" for="__nav_4_15" id="__nav_4_15_label" tabindex="0">
+            
+  
+  <span class="md-ellipsis">
+    Bash
+  </span>
+  
+
+            <span class="md-nav__icon md-icon"></span>
+          </label>
+        
+        <nav class="md-nav" data-md-level="2" aria-labelledby="__nav_4_15_label" aria-expanded="false">
+          <label class="md-nav__title" for="__nav_4_15">
+            <span class="md-nav__icon md-icon"></span>
+            Bash
+          </label>
+          <ul class="md-nav__list" data-md-scrollfix>
+            
+              
+                
+  
+  
+  
+  
+    <li class="md-nav__item">
+      <a href="../languages/bash/scripting.html" class="md-nav__link">
+        
+  
+  <span class="md-ellipsis">
+    Scripting
+  </span>
+  
+
+      </a>
+    </li>
+  
+
+              
+            
+              
+                
+  
+  
+  
+  
+    <li class="md-nav__item">
+      <a href="../languages/bash/commands.html" class="md-nav__link">
+        
+  
+  <span class="md-ellipsis">
+    Commands
+  </span>
+  
+
+      </a>
+    </li>
+  
+
+              
+            
+          </ul>
+        </nav>
+      
+    </li>
+  
+
+              
+            
+          </ul>
+        </nav>
+      
+    </li>
+  
+
+    
+      
+      
+  
+  
+  
+  
+    
+    
+      
+        
+      
+        
+      
+        
+      
+        
+      
+        
+      
+    
+    
+      
+      
+        
+      
+    
+    
+    <li class="md-nav__item md-nav__item--nested">
+      
+        
+        
+        <input class="md-nav__toggle md-toggle " type="checkbox" id="__nav_5" >
+        
+          
+          <label class="md-nav__link" for="__nav_5" id="__nav_5_label" tabindex="0">
+            
+  
+  <span class="md-ellipsis">
+    Misc
+  </span>
+  
+
+            <span class="md-nav__icon md-icon"></span>
+          </label>
+        
+        <nav class="md-nav" data-md-level="1" aria-labelledby="__nav_5_label" aria-expanded="false">
+          <label class="md-nav__title" for="__nav_5">
+            <span class="md-nav__icon md-icon"></span>
+            Misc
+          </label>
+          <ul class="md-nav__list" data-md-scrollfix>
+            
+              
+                
+  
+  
+  
+  
+    <li class="md-nav__item">
+      <a href="../misc/git.html" class="md-nav__link">
+        
+  
+  <span class="md-ellipsis">
+    Git
+  </span>
+  
+
+      </a>
+    </li>
+  
+
+              
+            
+              
+                
+  
+  
+  
+  
+    <li class="md-nav__item">
+      <a href="../misc/graph-ql.html" class="md-nav__link">
+        
+  
+  <span class="md-ellipsis">
+    GraphQL
+  </span>
+  
+
+      </a>
+    </li>
+  
+
+              
+            
+              
+                
+  
+  
+  
+  
+    <li class="md-nav__item">
+      <a href="../misc/regular-expressions.html" class="md-nav__link">
+        
+  
+  <span class="md-ellipsis">
+    RegEx
+  </span>
+  
+
+      </a>
+    </li>
+  
+
+              
+            
+              
+                
+  
+  
+  
+  
+    <li class="md-nav__item">
+      <a href="../misc/ssh.html" class="md-nav__link">
+        
+  
+  <span class="md-ellipsis">
+    SSH
+  </span>
+  
+
+      </a>
+    </li>
+  
+
+              
+            
+              
+                
+  
+  
+  
+  
+    <li class="md-nav__item">
+      <a href="../misc/web-components.html" class="md-nav__link">
+        
+  
+  <span class="md-ellipsis">
+    WebComponents
+  </span>
+  
+
+      </a>
+    </li>
+  
+
+              
+            
+          </ul>
+        </nav>
+      
+    </li>
+  
+
+    
+      
+      
+  
+  
+  
+  
+    
+    
+      
+        
+      
+        
+      
+    
+    
+      
+      
+        
+      
+    
+    
+    <li class="md-nav__item md-nav__item--nested">
+      
+        
+        
+        <input class="md-nav__toggle md-toggle " type="checkbox" id="__nav_6" >
+        
+          
+          <label class="md-nav__link" for="__nav_6" id="__nav_6_label" tabindex="0">
+            
+  
+  <span class="md-ellipsis">
+    Linux
+  </span>
+  
+
+            <span class="md-nav__icon md-icon"></span>
+          </label>
+        
+        <nav class="md-nav" data-md-level="1" aria-labelledby="__nav_6_label" aria-expanded="false">
+          <label class="md-nav__title" for="__nav_6">
+            <span class="md-nav__icon md-icon"></span>
+            Linux
+          </label>
+          <ul class="md-nav__list" data-md-scrollfix>
+            
+              
+                
+  
+  
+  
+  
+    
+    
+      
+        
+      
+        
+      
+        
+      
+    
+    
+      
+      
+        
+      
+    
+    
+    <li class="md-nav__item md-nav__item--nested">
+      
+        
+        
+        <input class="md-nav__toggle md-toggle " type="checkbox" id="__nav_6_1" >
+        
+          
+          <label class="md-nav__link" for="__nav_6_1" id="__nav_6_1_label" tabindex="0">
+            
+  
+  <span class="md-ellipsis">
+    Filesystem
+  </span>
+  
+
+            <span class="md-nav__icon md-icon"></span>
+          </label>
+        
+        <nav class="md-nav" data-md-level="2" aria-labelledby="__nav_6_1_label" aria-expanded="false">
+          <label class="md-nav__title" for="__nav_6_1">
+            <span class="md-nav__icon md-icon"></span>
+            Filesystem
+          </label>
+          <ul class="md-nav__list" data-md-scrollfix>
+            
+              
+                
+  
+  
+  
+  
+    <li class="md-nav__item">
+      <a href="../linux/filesystem/file-links.html" class="md-nav__link">
+        
+  
+  <span class="md-ellipsis">
+    File Links
+  </span>
+  
+
+      </a>
+    </li>
+  
+
+              
+            
+              
+                
+  
+  
+  
+  
+    <li class="md-nav__item">
+      <a href="../linux/filesystem/procfs.html" class="md-nav__link">
+        
+  
+  <span class="md-ellipsis">
+    /proc
+  </span>
+  
+
+      </a>
+    </li>
+  
+
+              
+            
+              
+                
+  
+  
+  
+  
+    <li class="md-nav__item">
+      <a href="../linux/filesystem/sysfs.html" class="md-nav__link">
+        
+  
+  <span class="md-ellipsis">
+    /sys
+  </span>
+  
+
+      </a>
+    </li>
+  
+
+              
+            
+          </ul>
+        </nav>
+      
+    </li>
+  
+
+              
+            
+              
+                
+  
+  
+  
+  
+    
+    
+      
+        
+      
+        
+      
+    
+    
+      
+      
+        
+      
+    
+    
+    <li class="md-nav__item md-nav__item--nested">
+      
+        
+        
+        <input class="md-nav__toggle md-toggle " type="checkbox" id="__nav_6_2" >
+        
+          
+          <label class="md-nav__link" for="__nav_6_2" id="__nav_6_2_label" tabindex="0">
+            
+  
+  <span class="md-ellipsis">
+    System Init
+  </span>
+  
+
+            <span class="md-nav__icon md-icon"></span>
+          </label>
+        
+        <nav class="md-nav" data-md-level="2" aria-labelledby="__nav_6_2_label" aria-expanded="false">
+          <label class="md-nav__title" for="__nav_6_2">
+            <span class="md-nav__icon md-icon"></span>
+            System Init
+          </label>
+          <ul class="md-nav__list" data-md-scrollfix>
+            
+              
+                
+  
+  
+  
+  
+    <li class="md-nav__item">
+      <a href="../linux/init/systemd.html" class="md-nav__link">
+        
+  
+  <span class="md-ellipsis">
+    Systemd
+  </span>
+  
+
+      </a>
+    </li>
+  
+
+              
+            
+              
+                
+  
+  
+  
+  
+    <li class="md-nav__item">
+      <a href="../linux/init/open-rc.html" class="md-nav__link">
+        
+  
+  <span class="md-ellipsis">
+    OpenRC
+  </span>
+  
+
+      </a>
+    </li>
+  
+
+              
+            
+          </ul>
+        </nav>
+      
+    </li>
+  
+
+              
+            
+          </ul>
+        </nav>
+      
+    </li>
+  
+
+    
+  </ul>
+</nav>
+                  </div>
+                </div>
+              </div>
+            
+            
+              
+              <div class="md-sidebar md-sidebar--secondary" data-md-component="sidebar" data-md-type="toc" >
+                <div class="md-sidebar__scrollwrap">
+                  <div class="md-sidebar__inner">
+                    
+
+<nav class="md-nav md-nav--secondary" aria-label="Table of contents">
+  
+  
+  
+    
+  
+  
+    <label class="md-nav__title" for="__toc">
+      <span class="md-nav__icon md-icon"></span>
+      Table of contents
+    </label>
+    <ul class="md-nav__list" data-md-component="toc" data-md-scrollfix>
+      
+        <li class="md-nav__item">
+  <a href="#ddl" class="md-nav__link">
+    <span class="md-ellipsis">
+      DDL
+    </span>
+  </a>
+  
+    <nav class="md-nav" aria-label="DDL">
+      <ul class="md-nav__list">
+        
+          <li class="md-nav__item">
+  <a href="#table-creation" class="md-nav__link">
+    <span class="md-ellipsis">
+      Table Creation
+    </span>
+  </a>
+  
+</li>
+        
+          <li class="md-nav__item">
+  <a href="#primary-key-from-multiple-fields" class="md-nav__link">
+    <span class="md-ellipsis">
+      PRIMARY KEY from multiple fields
+    </span>
+  </a>
+  
+</li>
+        
+          <li class="md-nav__item">
+  <a href="#table-field-options" class="md-nav__link">
+    <span class="md-ellipsis">
+      Table Field Options
+    </span>
+  </a>
+  
+</li>
+        
+          <li class="md-nav__item">
+  <a href="#table-modification" class="md-nav__link">
+    <span class="md-ellipsis">
+      Table Modification
+    </span>
+  </a>
+  
+</li>
+        
+      </ul>
+    </nav>
+  
+</li>
+      
+        <li class="md-nav__item">
+  <a href="#dml" class="md-nav__link">
+    <span class="md-ellipsis">
+      DML
+    </span>
+  </a>
+  
+    <nav class="md-nav" aria-label="DML">
+      <ul class="md-nav__list">
+        
+          <li class="md-nav__item">
+  <a href="#data-insertion" class="md-nav__link">
+    <span class="md-ellipsis">
+      Data Insertion
+    </span>
+  </a>
+  
+</li>
+        
+          <li class="md-nav__item">
+  <a href="#data-update" class="md-nav__link">
+    <span class="md-ellipsis">
+      Data Update
+    </span>
+  </a>
+  
+</li>
+        
+          <li class="md-nav__item">
+  <a href="#data-elimination" class="md-nav__link">
+    <span class="md-ellipsis">
+      Data Elimination
+    </span>
+  </a>
+  
+</li>
+        
+      </ul>
+    </nav>
+  
+</li>
+      
+        <li class="md-nav__item">
+  <a href="#data-selection" class="md-nav__link">
+    <span class="md-ellipsis">
+      Data Selection
+    </span>
+  </a>
+  
+    <nav class="md-nav" aria-label="Data Selection">
+      <ul class="md-nav__list">
+        
+          <li class="md-nav__item">
+  <a href="#alias" class="md-nav__link">
+    <span class="md-ellipsis">
+      Alias
+    </span>
+  </a>
+  
+</li>
+        
+          <li class="md-nav__item">
+  <a href="#conditional-selection" class="md-nav__link">
+    <span class="md-ellipsis">
+      Conditional Selection
+    </span>
+  </a>
+  
+</li>
+        
+          <li class="md-nav__item">
+  <a href="#ordering" class="md-nav__link">
+    <span class="md-ellipsis">
+      Ordering
+    </span>
+  </a>
+  
+</li>
+        
+      </ul>
+    </nav>
+  
+</li>
+      
+        <li class="md-nav__item">
+  <a href="#grouping" class="md-nav__link">
+    <span class="md-ellipsis">
+      Grouping
+    </span>
+  </a>
+  
+    <nav class="md-nav" aria-label="Grouping">
+      <ul class="md-nav__list">
+        
+          <li class="md-nav__item">
+  <a href="#ricerca-caratteri-in-valori" class="md-nav__link">
+    <span class="md-ellipsis">
+      Ricerca caratteri in valori
+    </span>
+  </a>
+  
+</li>
+        
+          <li class="md-nav__item">
+  <a href="#selection-from-multiple-tables" class="md-nav__link">
+    <span class="md-ellipsis">
+      Selection from multiple tables
+    </span>
+  </a>
+  
+</li>
+        
+      </ul>
+    </nav>
+  
+</li>
+      
+        <li class="md-nav__item">
+  <a href="#functions" class="md-nav__link">
+    <span class="md-ellipsis">
+      Functions
+    </span>
+  </a>
+  
+</li>
+      
+        <li class="md-nav__item">
+  <a href="#nested-queries" class="md-nav__link">
+    <span class="md-ellipsis">
+      Nested Queries
+    </span>
+  </a>
+  
+</li>
+      
+        <li class="md-nav__item">
+  <a href="#new-table-from-data" class="md-nav__link">
+    <span class="md-ellipsis">
+      New table from data
+    </span>
+  </a>
+  
+</li>
+      
+        <li class="md-nav__item">
+  <a href="#join" class="md-nav__link">
+    <span class="md-ellipsis">
+      Join
+    </span>
+  </a>
+  
+</li>
+      
+        <li class="md-nav__item">
+  <a href="#multiple-join" class="md-nav__link">
+    <span class="md-ellipsis">
+      Multiple Join
+    </span>
+  </a>
+  
+</li>
+      
+        <li class="md-nav__item">
+  <a href="#t-sql-mssql-server" class="md-nav__link">
+    <span class="md-ellipsis">
+      T-SQL (MSSQL Server)
+    </span>
+  </a>
+  
+    <nav class="md-nav" aria-label="T-SQL (MSSQL Server)">
+      <ul class="md-nav__list">
+        
+          <li class="md-nav__item">
+  <a href="#t-sql-insert-from-table" class="md-nav__link">
+    <span class="md-ellipsis">
+      T-SQL Insert From table
+    </span>
+  </a>
+  
+</li>
+        
+          <li class="md-nav__item">
+  <a href="#t-sql-parametric-query" class="md-nav__link">
+    <span class="md-ellipsis">
+      T-SQL Parametric Query
+    </span>
+  </a>
+  
+</li>
+        
+          <li class="md-nav__item">
+  <a href="#t-sql-view" class="md-nav__link">
+    <span class="md-ellipsis">
+      T-SQL View
+    </span>
+  </a>
+  
+</li>
+        
+          <li class="md-nav__item">
+  <a href="#t-sql-stored-procedure" class="md-nav__link">
+    <span class="md-ellipsis">
+      T-SQL Stored Procedure
+    </span>
+  </a>
+  
+</li>
+        
+      </ul>
+    </nav>
+  
+</li>
+      
+    </ul>
+  
+</nav>
+                  </div>
+                </div>
+              </div>
+            
+          
+          
+            <div class="md-content" data-md-component="content">
+              <article class="md-content__inner md-typeset">
+                
+                  
+
+  
+  
+
+
+<h1 id="sql">SQL</h1>
+<h2 id="ddl">DDL</h2>
+<div class="highlight"><table class="highlighttable"><tr><th colspan="2" class="filename"><span class="filename">SQL</span></th></tr><tr><td class="linenos"><div class="linenodiv"><pre><span></span><span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-0-1">1</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-0-2">2</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-0-3">3</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-0-4">4</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-0-5">5</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-0-6">6</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-0-7">7</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-0-8">8</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-0-9">9</a></span></pre></div></td><td class="code"><div><pre><span></span><code><a id="__codelineno-0-1" name="__codelineno-0-1"></a><span class="k">show</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="n">databases</span><span class="p">;</span><span class="w">    </span><span class="c1">-- mostra database</span>
+<a id="__codelineno-0-2" name="__codelineno-0-2"></a><span class="k">CREATE</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="k">DATABASE</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="o">&lt;</span><span class="k">database</span><span class="o">&gt;</span><span class="p">;</span><span class="w">    </span><span class="c1">-- database creation</span>
+<a id="__codelineno-0-3" name="__codelineno-0-3"></a><span class="n">use</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="o">&lt;</span><span class="n">database_name</span><span class="o">&gt;</span><span class="p">;</span><span class="w">    </span><span class="c1">-- usa un database particolare</span>
+<a id="__codelineno-0-4" name="__codelineno-0-4"></a><span class="n">exit</span><span class="p">;</span><span class="w">    </span><span class="c1">-- exit mysql</span>
+<a id="__codelineno-0-5" name="__codelineno-0-5"></a>
+<a id="__codelineno-0-6" name="__codelineno-0-6"></a><span class="k">show</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="n">tables</span><span class="p">;</span><span class="w">    </span><span class="c1">-- mostra tabelle del database</span>
+<a id="__codelineno-0-7" name="__codelineno-0-7"></a>
+<a id="__codelineno-0-8" name="__codelineno-0-8"></a><span class="c1">-- INLINE COMMENT</span>
+<a id="__codelineno-0-9" name="__codelineno-0-9"></a><span class="cm">/* MULTI-LINE COMMENT */</span>
+</code></pre></div></td></tr></table></div>
+<h3 id="table-creation">Table Creation</h3>
+<div class="highlight"><table class="highlighttable"><tr><th colspan="2" class="filename"><span class="filename">SQL</span></th></tr><tr><td class="linenos"><div class="linenodiv"><pre><span></span><span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-1-1">1</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-1-2">2</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-1-3">3</a></span></pre></div></td><td class="code"><div><pre><span></span><code><a id="__codelineno-1-1" name="__codelineno-1-1"></a><span class="k">CREATE</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="k">TABLE</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="o">&lt;</span><span class="k">table_name</span><span class="o">&gt;</span>
+<a id="__codelineno-1-2" name="__codelineno-1-2"></a><span class="w">    </span><span class="p">(</span><span class="o">&lt;</span><span class="n">field_name</span><span class="o">&gt;</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="o">&lt;</span><span class="n">field_type</span><span class="o">&gt;</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="o">&lt;</span><span class="k">option</span><span class="o">&gt;</span><span class="p">,</span>
+<a id="__codelineno-1-3" name="__codelineno-1-3"></a><span class="w">    </span><span class="p">...);</span>
+</code></pre></div></td></tr></table></div>
+<h3 id="primary-key-from-multiple-fields">PRIMARY KEY from multiple fields</h3>
+<div class="highlight"><table class="highlighttable"><tr><th colspan="2" class="filename"><span class="filename">SQL</span></th></tr><tr><td class="linenos"><div class="linenodiv"><pre><span></span><span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-2-1">1</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-2-2">2</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-2-3">3</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-2-4">4</a></span></pre></div></td><td class="code"><div><pre><span></span><code><a id="__codelineno-2-1" name="__codelineno-2-1"></a><span class="k">CREATE</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="k">TABLE</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="o">&lt;</span><span class="k">table_name</span><span class="o">&gt;</span><span class="p">(</span>
+<a id="__codelineno-2-2" name="__codelineno-2-2"></a><span class="w">    </span><span class="p">...,</span>
+<a id="__codelineno-2-3" name="__codelineno-2-3"></a><span class="w">    </span><span class="k">PRIMARY</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="k">KEY</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="p">(</span><span class="o">&lt;</span><span class="n">field1</span><span class="o">&gt;</span><span class="p">,</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="p">...),</span>
+<a id="__codelineno-2-4" name="__codelineno-2-4"></a><span class="p">);</span>
+</code></pre></div></td></tr></table></div>
+<h3 id="table-field-options">Table Field Options</h3>
+<div class="highlight"><table class="highlighttable"><tr><th colspan="2" class="filename"><span class="filename">SQL</span></th></tr><tr><td class="linenos"><div class="linenodiv"><pre><span></span><span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-3-1">1</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-3-2">2</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-3-3">3</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-3-4">4</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-3-5">5</a></span></pre></div></td><td class="code"><div><pre><span></span><code><a id="__codelineno-3-1" name="__codelineno-3-1"></a><span class="k">PRIMARY</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="k">KEY</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="c1">-- marks primary key as field option</span>
+<a id="__codelineno-3-2" name="__codelineno-3-2"></a><span class="k">NOT</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="k">NULL</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="c1">-- marks a necessary field</span>
+<a id="__codelineno-3-3" name="__codelineno-3-3"></a><span class="k">REFERENCES</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="o">&lt;</span><span class="k">table</span><span class="o">&gt;</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="p">(</span><span class="o">&lt;</span><span class="n">field</span><span class="o">&gt;</span><span class="p">)</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="c1">-- adds foreign key reference</span>
+<a id="__codelineno-3-4" name="__codelineno-3-4"></a><span class="k">UNIQUE</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="p">(</span><span class="o">&lt;</span><span class="n">field</span><span class="o">&gt;</span><span class="p">)</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="c1">-- set field as unique (MySQL)</span>
+<a id="__codelineno-3-5" name="__codelineno-3-5"></a><span class="o">&lt;</span><span class="n">field</span><span class="o">&gt;</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="k">UNIQUE</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="c1">-- T-SQL</span>
+</code></pre></div></td></tr></table></div>
+<h3 id="table-modification">Table Modification</h3>
+<div class="highlight"><table class="highlighttable"><tr><th colspan="2" class="filename"><span class="filename">SQL</span></th></tr><tr><td class="linenos"><div class="linenodiv"><pre><span></span><span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-4-1"> 1</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-4-2"> 2</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-4-3"> 3</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-4-4"> 4</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-4-5"> 5</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-4-6"> 6</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-4-7"> 7</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-4-8"> 8</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-4-9"> 9</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-4-10">10</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-4-11">11</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-4-12">12</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-4-13">13</a></span></pre></div></td><td class="code"><div><pre><span></span><code><a id="__codelineno-4-1" name="__codelineno-4-1"></a><span class="k">ALTER</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="k">TABLE</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="o">&lt;</span><span class="k">table</span><span class="o">&gt;</span>
+<a id="__codelineno-4-2" name="__codelineno-4-2"></a><span class="w">    </span><span class="k">ADD</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="k">PRIMARY</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="k">KEY</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="p">(</span><span class="o">&lt;</span><span class="n">field</span><span class="o">&gt;</span><span class="p">,</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="p">...),</span><span class="w">    </span><span class="c1">-- definition of PK after table creation</span>
+<a id="__codelineno-4-3" name="__codelineno-4-3"></a><span class="w">    </span><span class="k">ADD</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="o">&lt;</span><span class="n">field_name</span><span class="o">&gt;</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="o">&lt;</span><span class="n">field_type</span><span class="o">&gt;</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="o">&lt;</span><span class="k">option</span><span class="o">&gt;</span><span class="p">;</span><span class="w">    </span><span class="c1">-- addition of a new field, field will have no value in the table</span>
+<a id="__codelineno-4-4" name="__codelineno-4-4"></a>
+<a id="__codelineno-4-5" name="__codelineno-4-5"></a><span class="k">ALTER</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="k">TABLE</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="o">&lt;</span><span class="k">table</span><span class="o">&gt;</span>
+<a id="__codelineno-4-6" name="__codelineno-4-6"></a><span class="w">    </span><span class="n">CHANGE</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="o">&lt;</span><span class="n">field_name</span><span class="o">&gt;</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="o">&lt;</span><span class="n">new_name</span><span class="o">&gt;</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="o">&lt;</span><span class="n">new_type</span><span class="o">&gt;</span><span class="p">;</span>
+<a id="__codelineno-4-7" name="__codelineno-4-7"></a><span class="w">    </span><span class="k">ALTER</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="k">COLUMN</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="o">&lt;</span><span class="n">field_name</span><span class="o">&gt;</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="o">&lt;</span><span class="n">new_name</span><span class="o">&gt;</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="o">&lt;</span><span class="n">new_type</span><span class="o">&gt;</span><span class="p">;</span><span class="w">    </span><span class="c1">-- T-SQL</span>
+<a id="__codelineno-4-8" name="__codelineno-4-8"></a>
+<a id="__codelineno-4-9" name="__codelineno-4-9"></a><span class="k">ALTER</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="k">TABLE</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="o">&lt;</span><span class="k">table</span><span class="o">&gt;</span>
+<a id="__codelineno-4-10" name="__codelineno-4-10"></a><span class="w">    </span><span class="k">DROP</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="o">&lt;</span><span class="n">field</span><span class="o">&gt;</span><span class="p">;</span>
+<a id="__codelineno-4-11" name="__codelineno-4-11"></a>
+<a id="__codelineno-4-12" name="__codelineno-4-12"></a><span class="k">ALTER</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="k">TABLE</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="o">&lt;</span><span class="k">table</span><span class="o">&gt;</span>
+<a id="__codelineno-4-13" name="__codelineno-4-13"></a><span class="w">    </span><span class="k">ADD</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="k">FOREIGN</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="k">KEY</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="p">(</span><span class="o">&lt;</span><span class="n">field</span><span class="o">&gt;</span><span class="p">)</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="k">REFERENCES</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="o">&lt;</span><span class="k">TABLE</span><span class="o">&gt;</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="p">(</span><span class="o">&lt;</span><span class="n">FIELD</span><span class="o">&gt;</span><span class="p">);</span>
+</code></pre></div></td></tr></table></div>
+<h2 id="dml">DML</h2>
+<h3 id="data-insertion">Data Insertion</h3>
+<div class="highlight"><table class="highlighttable"><tr><th colspan="2" class="filename"><span class="filename">SQL</span></th></tr><tr><td class="linenos"><div class="linenodiv"><pre><span></span><span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-5-1">1</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-5-2">2</a></span></pre></div></td><td class="code"><div><pre><span></span><code><a id="__codelineno-5-1" name="__codelineno-5-1"></a><span class="k">INSERT</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="k">INTO</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="o">&lt;</span><span class="k">table</span><span class="o">&gt;</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="p">(</span><span class="n">field_1</span><span class="p">,</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="p">...)</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="k">VALUES</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="p">(</span><span class="n">value_1</span><span class="p">,</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="p">...),</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="p">(</span><span class="n">value_1</span><span class="p">,</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="p">...);</span>
+<a id="__codelineno-5-2" name="__codelineno-5-2"></a><span class="k">INSERT</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="k">INTO</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="o">&lt;</span><span class="k">table</span><span class="o">&gt;</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="k">VALUES</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="p">(</span><span class="n">value_1</span><span class="p">,</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="p">...),</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="p">(</span><span class="n">value_1</span><span class="p">,</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="p">...);</span><span class="w">    </span><span class="c1">-- field order MUST respect tables&#39;s columns order</span>
+</code></pre></div></td></tr></table></div>
+<h3 id="data-update">Data Update</h3>
+<div class="highlight"><table class="highlighttable"><tr><th colspan="2" class="filename"><span class="filename">SQL</span></th></tr><tr><td class="linenos"><div class="linenodiv"><pre><span></span><span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-6-1">1</a></span></pre></div></td><td class="code"><div><pre><span></span><code><a id="__codelineno-6-1" name="__codelineno-6-1"></a><span class="k">UPDATE</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="o">&lt;</span><span class="k">table</span><span class="o">&gt;</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="k">SET</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="o">&lt;</span><span class="n">field</span><span class="o">&gt;</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="o">=</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="o">&lt;</span><span class="n">value</span><span class="o">&gt;</span><span class="p">,</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="o">&lt;</span><span class="n">field</span><span class="o">&gt;</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="o">=</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="o">&lt;</span><span class="n">value</span><span class="o">&gt;</span><span class="p">,</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="p">...</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="k">WHERE</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="o">&lt;</span><span class="n">condition</span><span class="o">&gt;</span><span class="p">;</span>
+</code></pre></div></td></tr></table></div>
+<h3 id="data-elimination">Data Elimination</h3>
+<div class="highlight"><table class="highlighttable"><tr><th colspan="2" class="filename"><span class="filename">SQL</span></th></tr><tr><td class="linenos"><div class="linenodiv"><pre><span></span><span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-7-1">1</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-7-2">2</a></span></pre></div></td><td class="code"><div><pre><span></span><code><a id="__codelineno-7-1" name="__codelineno-7-1"></a><span class="k">DELETE</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="k">FROM</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="o">&lt;</span><span class="k">table</span><span class="o">&gt;</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="k">WHERE</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="o">&lt;</span><span class="n">condition</span><span class="o">&gt;</span>
+<a id="__codelineno-7-2" name="__codelineno-7-2"></a><span class="k">DELETE</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="k">FROM</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="o">&lt;</span><span class="k">table</span><span class="o">&gt;</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="c1">-- empty the table</span>
+</code></pre></div></td></tr></table></div>
+<h2 id="data-selection">Data Selection</h2>
+<p><code>*</code>: denotes all table fields</p>
+<div class="highlight"><table class="highlighttable"><tr><th colspan="2" class="filename"><span class="filename">SQL</span></th></tr><tr><td class="linenos"><div class="linenodiv"><pre><span></span><span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-8-1">1</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-8-2">2</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-8-3">3</a></span></pre></div></td><td class="code"><div><pre><span></span><code><a id="__codelineno-8-1" name="__codelineno-8-1"></a><span class="k">SELECT</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="o">*</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="k">FROM</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="o">&lt;</span><span class="k">table</span><span class="o">&gt;</span><span class="p">;</span><span class="w">    </span><span class="c1">-- show table contents</span>
+<a id="__codelineno-8-2" name="__codelineno-8-2"></a><span class="k">SHOW</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="n">columns</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="k">FROM</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="o">&lt;</span><span class="k">table</span><span class="o">&gt;</span><span class="p">;</span><span class="w">    </span><span class="c1">-- show table columns</span>
+<a id="__codelineno-8-3" name="__codelineno-8-3"></a><span class="k">DESCRIBE</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="o">&lt;</span><span class="k">table</span><span class="o">&gt;</span><span class="p">;</span><span class="w">    </span><span class="c1">-- shows table</span>
+</code></pre></div></td></tr></table></div>
+<h3 id="alias">Alias</h3>
+<div class="highlight"><table class="highlighttable"><tr><th colspan="2" class="filename"><span class="filename">SQL</span></th></tr><tr><td class="linenos"><div class="linenodiv"><pre><span></span><span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-9-1">1</a></span></pre></div></td><td class="code"><div><pre><span></span><code><a id="__codelineno-9-1" name="__codelineno-9-1"></a><span class="k">SELECT</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="o">&lt;</span><span class="n">field</span><span class="o">&gt;</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="k">as</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="o">&lt;</span><span class="k">alias</span><span class="o">&gt;</span><span class="p">;</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="c1">-- shows &lt;field/funzione&gt; with name &lt;alias&gt;</span>
+</code></pre></div></td></tr></table></div>
+<h3 id="conditional-selection">Conditional Selection</h3>
+<div class="highlight"><table class="highlighttable"><tr><th colspan="2" class="filename"><span class="filename">SQL</span></th></tr><tr><td class="linenos"><div class="linenodiv"><pre><span></span><span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-10-1">1</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-10-2">2</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-10-3">3</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-10-4">4</a></span></pre></div></td><td class="code"><div><pre><span></span><code><a id="__codelineno-10-1" name="__codelineno-10-1"></a><span class="k">SELECT</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="o">*</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="k">FROM</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="o">&lt;</span><span class="k">table</span><span class="o">&gt;</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="k">WHERE</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="o">&lt;</span><span class="n">condition</span><span class="o">&gt;</span><span class="p">;</span><span class="w">    </span><span class="c1">-- shows elements that satisfy the condition</span>
+<a id="__codelineno-10-2" name="__codelineno-10-2"></a><span class="k">AND</span><span class="p">,</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="k">OR</span><span class="p">,</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="k">NOT</span><span class="w">    </span><span class="c1">-- logic connectors</span>
+<a id="__codelineno-10-3" name="__codelineno-10-3"></a>
+<a id="__codelineno-10-4" name="__codelineno-10-4"></a><span class="k">SELECT</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="o">*</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="k">FROM</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="o">&lt;</span><span class="k">table</span><span class="o">&gt;</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="k">WHERE</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="o">&lt;</span><span class="n">field</span><span class="o">&gt;</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="k">Between</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="o">&lt;</span><span class="n">value_1</span><span class="o">&gt;</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="k">AND</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="o">&lt;</span><span class="n">value_2</span><span class="o">&gt;</span><span class="p">;</span>
+</code></pre></div></td></tr></table></div>
+<h3 id="ordering">Ordering</h3>
+<div class="highlight"><table class="highlighttable"><tr><th colspan="2" class="filename"><span class="filename">SQL</span></th></tr><tr><td class="linenos"><div class="linenodiv"><pre><span></span><span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-11-1">1</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-11-2">2</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-11-3">3</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-11-4">4</a></span></pre></div></td><td class="code"><div><pre><span></span><code><a id="__codelineno-11-1" name="__codelineno-11-1"></a><span class="k">SELECT</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="o">*</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="k">FROM</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="o">&lt;</span><span class="k">table</span><span class="o">&gt;</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="k">ORDER</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="k">BY</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="o">&lt;</span><span class="n">field</span><span class="o">&gt;</span><span class="p">,</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="p">...;</span><span class="w">    </span><span class="c1">-- shows the table ordered by &lt;field&gt;</span>
+<a id="__codelineno-11-2" name="__codelineno-11-2"></a><span class="k">SELECT</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="o">*</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="k">FROM</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="o">&lt;</span><span class="k">table</span><span class="o">&gt;</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="k">ORDER</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="k">BY</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="o">&lt;</span><span class="n">field</span><span class="o">&gt;</span><span class="p">,</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="p">...</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="k">DESC</span><span class="p">;</span><span class="w">    </span><span class="c1">-- shows the table ordered by &lt;field&gt;, decreasing order</span>
+<a id="__codelineno-11-3" name="__codelineno-11-3"></a><span class="k">SELECT</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="o">*</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="k">FROM</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="o">&lt;</span><span class="k">table</span><span class="o">&gt;</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="k">ORDER</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="k">BY</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="o">&lt;</span><span class="n">field</span><span class="o">&gt;</span><span class="p">,</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="p">...</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="k">LIMIT</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="n">n</span><span class="p">;</span><span class="w">    </span><span class="c1">-- shows the table ordered by &lt;field&gt;, shows n items</span>
+<a id="__codelineno-11-4" name="__codelineno-11-4"></a><span class="k">SELECT</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="n">TOP</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="n">n</span><span class="p">)</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="o">*</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="k">FROM</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="o">&lt;</span><span class="k">table</span><span class="o">&gt;</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="k">ORDER</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="k">BY</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="o">&lt;</span><span class="n">field</span><span class="o">&gt;</span><span class="p">,</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="p">...;</span><span class="w">    </span><span class="c1">-- T-SQL</span>
+</code></pre></div></td></tr></table></div>
+<h2 id="grouping">Grouping</h2>
+<div class="highlight"><table class="highlighttable"><tr><th colspan="2" class="filename"><span class="filename">SQL</span></th></tr><tr><td class="linenos"><div class="linenodiv"><pre><span></span><span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-12-1">1</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-12-2">2</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-12-3">3</a></span></pre></div></td><td class="code"><div><pre><span></span><code><a id="__codelineno-12-1" name="__codelineno-12-1"></a><span class="k">SELECT</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="o">*</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="k">FROM</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="o">&lt;</span><span class="k">table</span><span class="o">&gt;</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="k">GROUP</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="k">BY</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="o">&lt;</span><span class="n">field</span><span class="o">&gt;</span><span class="p">;</span>
+<a id="__codelineno-12-2" name="__codelineno-12-2"></a><span class="k">SELECT</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="o">*</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="k">FROM</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="o">&lt;</span><span class="k">table</span><span class="o">&gt;</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="k">GROUP</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="k">BY</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="o">&lt;</span><span class="n">field</span><span class="o">&gt;</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="k">HAVING</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="o">&lt;</span><span class="n">condition</span><span class="o">&gt;</span><span class="p">;</span>
+<a id="__codelineno-12-3" name="__codelineno-12-3"></a><span class="k">SELECT</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="k">DISTINCT</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="o">&lt;</span><span class="n">field</span><span class="o">&gt;</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="k">FROM</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="o">&lt;</span><span class="k">table</span><span class="o">&gt;</span><span class="p">;</span><span class="w">    </span><span class="c1">-- shows elements without repetitions</span>
+</code></pre></div></td></tr></table></div>
+<h3 id="ricerca-caratteri-in-valori">Ricerca caratteri in valori</h3>
+<p><code>%</code>: any number of characters</p>
+<div class="highlight"><table class="highlighttable"><tr><th colspan="2" class="filename"><span class="filename">SQL</span></th></tr><tr><td class="linenos"><div class="linenodiv"><pre><span></span><span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-13-1">1</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-13-2">2</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-13-3">3</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-13-4">4</a></span></pre></div></td><td class="code"><div><pre><span></span><code><a id="__codelineno-13-1" name="__codelineno-13-1"></a><span class="k">SELECT</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="o">*</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="k">FROM</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="o">&lt;</span><span class="k">table</span><span class="o">&gt;</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="k">WHERE</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="o">&lt;</span><span class="n">field</span><span class="o">&gt;</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="k">LIKE</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="s1">&#39;&lt;char&gt;%&#39;</span><span class="p">;</span><span class="w">    </span><span class="c1">-- selects items in &lt;field&gt; that start with &lt;char&gt;</span>
+<a id="__codelineno-13-2" name="__codelineno-13-2"></a><span class="k">SELECT</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="o">*</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="k">FROM</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="o">&lt;</span><span class="k">table</span><span class="o">&gt;</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="k">WHERE</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="o">&lt;</span><span class="n">field</span><span class="o">&gt;</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="k">LIKE</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="s1">&#39;%&lt;char&gt;&#39;</span><span class="p">;</span><span class="w">    </span><span class="c1">-- selects items in &lt;field&gt; that end with &lt;char&gt;</span>
+<a id="__codelineno-13-3" name="__codelineno-13-3"></a><span class="k">SELECT</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="o">*</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="k">FROM</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="o">&lt;</span><span class="k">table</span><span class="o">&gt;</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="k">WHERE</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="o">&lt;</span><span class="n">field</span><span class="o">&gt;</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="k">LIKE</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="s1">&#39;%&lt;char&gt;%&#39;</span><span class="p">;</span><span class="w">    </span><span class="c1">-- selects items in &lt;field&gt; that contain &lt;char&gt;</span>
+<a id="__codelineno-13-4" name="__codelineno-13-4"></a><span class="k">SELECT</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="o">*</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="k">FROM</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="o">&lt;</span><span class="k">table</span><span class="o">&gt;</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="k">WHERE</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="o">&lt;</span><span class="n">field</span><span class="o">&gt;</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="k">NOT</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="k">LIKE</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="s1">&#39;%&lt;char&gt;%&#39;</span><span class="p">;</span><span class="w">    </span><span class="c1">-- selects items in &lt;field&gt; that do not contain &lt;char&gt;</span>
+</code></pre></div></td></tr></table></div>
+<h3 id="selection-from-multiple-tables">Selection from multiple tables</h3>
+<div class="highlight"><table class="highlighttable"><tr><th colspan="2" class="filename"><span class="filename">SQL</span></th></tr><tr><td class="linenos"><div class="linenodiv"><pre><span></span><span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-14-1">1</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-14-2">2</a></span></pre></div></td><td class="code"><div><pre><span></span><code><a id="__codelineno-14-1" name="__codelineno-14-1"></a><span class="k">SELECT</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="n">a</span><span class="p">.</span><span class="o">&lt;</span><span class="n">field</span><span class="o">&gt;</span><span class="p">,</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="n">b</span><span class="p">.</span><span class="o">&lt;</span><span class="n">field</span><span class="o">&gt;</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="k">FROM</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="o">&lt;</span><span class="k">table</span><span class="o">&gt;</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="k">AS</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="n">a</span><span class="p">,</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="o">&lt;</span><span class="k">table</span><span class="o">&gt;</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="k">AS</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="n">b</span>
+<a id="__codelineno-14-2" name="__codelineno-14-2"></a><span class="w">    </span><span class="k">WHERE</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="n">a</span><span class="p">.</span><span class="o">&lt;</span><span class="n">field</span><span class="o">&gt;</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="p">...;</span>
+</code></pre></div></td></tr></table></div>
+<h2 id="functions">Functions</h2>
+<div class="highlight"><table class="highlighttable"><tr><th colspan="2" class="filename"><span class="filename">SQL</span></th></tr><tr><td class="linenos"><div class="linenodiv"><pre><span></span><span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-15-1">1</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-15-2">2</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-15-3">3</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-15-4">4</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-15-5">5</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-15-6">6</a></span></pre></div></td><td class="code"><div><pre><span></span><code><a id="__codelineno-15-1" name="__codelineno-15-1"></a><span class="k">SELECT</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="k">COUNT</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="o">*</span><span class="p">)</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="k">FROM</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="o">&lt;</span><span class="n">field</span><span class="o">&gt;</span><span class="p">;</span><span class="w">    </span><span class="c1">-- count of items in &lt;field&gt;</span>
+<a id="__codelineno-15-2" name="__codelineno-15-2"></a><span class="k">SELECT</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="k">MIN</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="o">*</span><span class="p">)</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="k">FROM</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="o">&lt;</span><span class="k">table</span><span class="o">&gt;</span><span class="p">;</span><span class="w">    </span><span class="c1">-- min value</span>
+<a id="__codelineno-15-3" name="__codelineno-15-3"></a><span class="k">SELECT</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="k">MAX</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="o">*</span><span class="p">)</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="k">FROM</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="o">&lt;</span><span class="k">table</span><span class="o">&gt;</span><span class="p">;</span><span class="w">    </span><span class="c1">-- max value</span>
+<a id="__codelineno-15-4" name="__codelineno-15-4"></a><span class="k">SELECT</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="k">AVG</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="o">*</span><span class="p">)</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="k">FROM</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="o">&lt;</span><span class="k">table</span><span class="o">&gt;</span><span class="p">;</span><span class="w">    </span><span class="c1">-- mean of values</span>
+<a id="__codelineno-15-5" name="__codelineno-15-5"></a><span class="k">ALL</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="p">(</span><span class="k">SELECT</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="p">...)</span>
+<a id="__codelineno-15-6" name="__codelineno-15-6"></a><span class="k">ANY</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="p">(</span><span class="k">SELECT</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="p">...)</span>
+</code></pre></div></td></tr></table></div>
+<h2 id="nested-queries">Nested Queries</h2>
+<div class="highlight"><table class="highlighttable"><tr><th colspan="2" class="filename"><span class="filename">SQL</span></th></tr><tr><td class="linenos"><div class="linenodiv"><pre><span></span><span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-16-1">1</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-16-2">2</a></span></pre></div></td><td class="code"><div><pre><span></span><code><a id="__codelineno-16-1" name="__codelineno-16-1"></a><span class="k">SELECT</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="o">*</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="k">FROM</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="o">&lt;</span><span class="k">table</span><span class="o">&gt;</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="k">WHERE</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="k">EXISTS</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="p">(</span><span class="k">SELECT</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="o">*</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="k">FROM</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="o">&lt;</span><span class="k">table</span><span class="o">&gt;</span><span class="p">)</span><span class="w">  </span><span class="c1">-- selected field existing in subquery</span>
+<a id="__codelineno-16-2" name="__codelineno-16-2"></a><span class="k">SELECT</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="o">*</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="k">FROM</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="o">&lt;</span><span class="k">table</span><span class="o">&gt;</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="k">WHERE</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="k">NOT</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="k">EXISTS</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="p">(</span><span class="k">SELECT</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="o">*</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="k">FROM</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="o">&lt;</span><span class="k">table</span><span class="o">&gt;</span><span class="p">)</span><span class="w">  </span><span class="c1">-- selected field not existing in subquery</span>
+</code></pre></div></td></tr></table></div>
+<h2 id="new-table-from-data">New table from data</h2>
+<p>Create new table with necessary fields:</p>
+<div class="highlight"><table class="highlighttable"><tr><th colspan="2" class="filename"><span class="filename">SQL</span></th></tr><tr><td class="linenos"><div class="linenodiv"><pre><span></span><span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-17-1">1</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-17-2">2</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-17-3">3</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-17-4">4</a></span></pre></div></td><td class="code"><div><pre><span></span><code><a id="__codelineno-17-1" name="__codelineno-17-1"></a><span class="k">CREATE</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="k">TABLE</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="o">&lt;</span><span class="k">table</span><span class="o">&gt;</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="p">(</span>
+<a id="__codelineno-17-2" name="__codelineno-17-2"></a><span class="w">    </span><span class="p">(</span><span class="o">&lt;</span><span class="n">field_name</span><span class="o">&gt;</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="o">&lt;</span><span class="n">field_type</span><span class="o">&gt;</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="o">&lt;</span><span class="k">option</span><span class="o">&gt;</span><span class="p">,</span>
+<a id="__codelineno-17-3" name="__codelineno-17-3"></a><span class="w">    </span><span class="p">...);</span>
+<a id="__codelineno-17-4" name="__codelineno-17-4"></a><span class="p">)</span>
+</code></pre></div></td></tr></table></div>
+<p>Fill fields with data from table:</p>
+<div class="highlight"><table class="highlighttable"><tr><th colspan="2" class="filename"><span class="filename">SQL</span></th></tr><tr><td class="linenos"><div class="linenodiv"><pre><span></span><span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-18-1">1</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-18-2">2</a></span></pre></div></td><td class="code"><div><pre><span></span><code><a id="__codelineno-18-1" name="__codelineno-18-1"></a><span class="k">INSERT</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="k">INTO</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="o">&lt;</span><span class="k">table</span><span class="o">&gt;</span>
+<a id="__codelineno-18-2" name="__codelineno-18-2"></a><span class="w">    </span><span class="k">SELECT</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="o">&lt;</span><span class="n">fields</span><span class="o">&gt;</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="k">FROM</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="o">&lt;</span><span class="k">TABLE</span><span class="o">&gt;</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="k">WHERE</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="o">&lt;</span><span class="n">condition</span><span class="o">&gt;</span><span class="p">;</span>
+</code></pre></div></td></tr></table></div>
+<h2 id="join">Join</h2>
+<div class="highlight"><table class="highlighttable"><tr><th colspan="2" class="filename"><span class="filename">SQL</span></th></tr><tr><td class="linenos"><div class="linenodiv"><pre><span></span><span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-19-1">1</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-19-2">2</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-19-3">3</a></span></pre></div></td><td class="code"><div><pre><span></span><code><a id="__codelineno-19-1" name="__codelineno-19-1"></a><span class="k">SELECT</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="o">*</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="k">FROM</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="o">&lt;</span><span class="n">table1</span><span class="o">&gt;</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="k">JOIN</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="o">&lt;</span><span class="n">table2</span><span class="o">&gt;</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="k">ON</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="o">&lt;</span><span class="n">table1</span><span class="o">&gt;</span><span class="p">.</span><span class="o">&lt;</span><span class="n">field</span><span class="o">&gt;</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="o">=</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="o">&lt;</span><span class="n">table2</span><span class="o">&gt;</span><span class="p">.</span><span class="o">&lt;</span><span class="n">field</span><span class="o">&gt;</span><span class="p">;</span>
+<a id="__codelineno-19-2" name="__codelineno-19-2"></a><span class="k">SELECT</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="o">*</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="k">FROM</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="o">&lt;</span><span class="n">table1</span><span class="o">&gt;</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="k">LEFT</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="k">JOIN</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="o">&lt;</span><span class="n">table2</span><span class="o">&gt;</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="k">ON</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="o">&lt;</span><span class="n">condition</span><span class="o">&gt;</span><span class="p">;</span>
+<a id="__codelineno-19-3" name="__codelineno-19-3"></a><span class="k">SELECT</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="o">*</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="k">FROM</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="o">&lt;</span><span class="n">table1</span><span class="o">&gt;</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="k">RIGHT</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="k">JOIN</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="o">&lt;</span><span class="n">table2</span><span class="o">&gt;</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="k">ON</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="o">&lt;</span><span class="n">condition</span><span class="o">&gt;</span>
+</code></pre></div></td></tr></table></div>
+<p><a href="https://www.diffen.com/difference/Inner_Join_vs_Outer_Join">Inner Join, Left Join, Right Join, Full Outer Join</a></p>
+<h2 id="multiple-join">Multiple Join</h2>
+<div class="highlight"><table class="highlighttable"><tr><th colspan="2" class="filename"><span class="filename">SQL</span></th></tr><tr><td class="linenos"><div class="linenodiv"><pre><span></span><span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-20-1">1</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-20-2">2</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-20-3">3</a></span></pre></div></td><td class="code"><div><pre><span></span><code><a id="__codelineno-20-1" name="__codelineno-20-1"></a><span class="k">SELECT</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="o">*</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="k">FROM</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="o">&lt;</span><span class="n">table1</span><span class="o">&gt;</span>
+<a id="__codelineno-20-2" name="__codelineno-20-2"></a><span class="k">JOIN</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="o">&lt;</span><span class="n">table2</span><span class="o">&gt;</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="k">ON</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="o">&lt;</span><span class="n">table1</span><span class="o">&gt;</span><span class="p">.</span><span class="o">&lt;</span><span class="n">field</span><span class="o">&gt;</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="o">=</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="o">&lt;</span><span class="n">table2</span><span class="o">&gt;</span><span class="p">.</span><span class="o">&lt;</span><span class="n">field</span><span class="o">&gt;</span>
+<a id="__codelineno-20-3" name="__codelineno-20-3"></a><span class="k">JOIN</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="o">&lt;</span><span class="n">table3</span><span class="o">&gt;</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="k">ON</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="o">&lt;</span><span class="n">table2</span><span class="o">&gt;</span><span class="p">.</span><span class="o">&lt;</span><span class="n">field</span><span class="o">&gt;</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="o">=</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="o">&lt;</span><span class="n">table3</span><span class="o">&gt;</span><span class="p">.</span><span class="o">&lt;</span><span class="n">field</span><span class="o">&gt;</span><span class="p">;</span>
+</code></pre></div></td></tr></table></div>
+<p><a href="https://stackoverflow.com/questions/176514/what-is-the-difference-between-char-nchar-varchar-and-nvarchar-in-sql-server">char, nchar, varchar, nvarchar</a></p>
+<hr />
+<h2 id="t-sql-mssql-server">T-SQL (MSSQL Server)</h2>
+<h3 id="t-sql-insert-from-table">T-SQL Insert From table</h3>
+<div class="highlight"><table class="highlighttable"><tr><th colspan="2" class="filename"><span class="filename">SQL</span></th></tr><tr><td class="linenos"><div class="linenodiv"><pre><span></span><span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-21-1">1</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-21-2">2</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-21-3">3</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-21-4">4</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-21-5">5</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-21-6">6</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-21-7">7</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-21-8">8</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-21-9">9</a></span></pre></div></td><td class="code"><div><pre><span></span><code><a id="__codelineno-21-1" name="__codelineno-21-1"></a><span class="n">USE</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="p">[</span><span class="o">&lt;</span><span class="n">db_name</span><span class="o">&gt;</span><span class="p">]</span>
+<a id="__codelineno-21-2" name="__codelineno-21-2"></a>
+<a id="__codelineno-21-3" name="__codelineno-21-3"></a><span class="k">SET</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="n">IDENTITY_INSERT</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="p">[</span><span class="o">&lt;</span><span class="n">destination_table</span><span class="o">&gt;</span><span class="p">]</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="k">ON</span>
+<a id="__codelineno-21-4" name="__codelineno-21-4"></a>
+<a id="__codelineno-21-5" name="__codelineno-21-5"></a><span class="k">INSERT</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="k">INTO</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="o">&lt;</span><span class="k">table</span><span class="o">&gt;</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="p">(</span><span class="n">field_1</span><span class="p">,</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="p">...)</span>
+<a id="__codelineno-21-6" name="__codelineno-21-6"></a>
+<a id="__codelineno-21-7" name="__codelineno-21-7"></a><span class="k">SELECT</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="p">(</span><span class="n">field_1</span><span class="p">,</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="p">...)</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="k">FROM</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="o">&lt;</span><span class="n">source_table</span><span class="o">&gt;</span>
+<a id="__codelineno-21-8" name="__codelineno-21-8"></a>
+<a id="__codelineno-21-9" name="__codelineno-21-9"></a><span class="k">SET</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="n">IDENTITY_INSERT</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="p">[</span><span class="o">&lt;</span><span class="n">destination_table</span><span class="o">&gt;</span><span class="p">]</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="k">OFF</span>
+</code></pre></div></td></tr></table></div>
+<h3 id="t-sql-parametric-query">T-SQL Parametric Query</h3>
+<div class="highlight"><table class="highlighttable"><tr><th colspan="2" class="filename"><span class="filename">SQL</span></th></tr><tr><td class="linenos"><div class="linenodiv"><pre><span></span><span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-22-1"> 1</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-22-2"> 2</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-22-3"> 3</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-22-4"> 4</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-22-5"> 5</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-22-6"> 6</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-22-7"> 7</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-22-8"> 8</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-22-9"> 9</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-22-10">10</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-22-11">11</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-22-12">12</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-22-13">13</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-22-14">14</a></span></pre></div></td><td class="code"><div><pre><span></span><code><a id="__codelineno-22-1" name="__codelineno-22-1"></a><span class="c1">-- variable declaration</span>
+<a id="__codelineno-22-2" name="__codelineno-22-2"></a><span class="k">DECLARE</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="o">@</span><span class="n">var_name</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="o">&lt;</span><span class="k">type</span><span class="o">&gt;</span>
+<a id="__codelineno-22-3" name="__codelineno-22-3"></a>
+<a id="__codelineno-22-4" name="__codelineno-22-4"></a><span class="c1">-- init variable (input parameter)</span>
+<a id="__codelineno-22-5" name="__codelineno-22-5"></a><span class="k">SET</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="o">@</span><span class="n">var_name</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="o">=</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="o">&lt;</span><span class="n">value</span><span class="o">&gt;</span>
+<a id="__codelineno-22-6" name="__codelineno-22-6"></a>
+<a id="__codelineno-22-7" name="__codelineno-22-7"></a><span class="c1">-- use in query (memorize data)</span>
+<a id="__codelineno-22-8" name="__codelineno-22-8"></a><span class="k">SELECT</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="o">@</span><span class="n">var_name</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="o">=</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="k">COUNT</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="o">*</span><span class="p">)</span><span class="w">  </span><span class="c1">-- query won&#39;t show results in the &quot;table view&quot; since param is used in SELECT</span>
+<a id="__codelineno-22-9" name="__codelineno-22-9"></a><span class="k">FROM</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="o">&lt;</span><span class="k">table</span><span class="o">&gt;</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="p">...</span>
+<a id="__codelineno-22-10" name="__codelineno-22-10"></a>
+<a id="__codelineno-22-11" name="__codelineno-22-11"></a><span class="c1">-- display message (query won&#39;t show results in the &quot;table view&quot;)</span>
+<a id="__codelineno-22-12" name="__codelineno-22-12"></a><span class="n">PRINT</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="s1">&#39;Text: &#39;</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="o">+</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="o">@</span><span class="n">var_name</span>
+<a id="__codelineno-22-13" name="__codelineno-22-13"></a><span class="n">PRINT</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="s1">&#39;Text: &#39;</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="o">+</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="k">CONVERT</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="k">type</span><span class="p">,</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="o">@</span><span class="n">var_name</span><span class="p">)</span><span class="w">  </span><span class="c1">-- convert data before printing</span>
+<a id="__codelineno-22-14" name="__codelineno-22-14"></a><span class="k">GO</span>
+</code></pre></div></td></tr></table></div>
+<h3 id="t-sql-view">T-SQL View</h3>
+<p>A view represents a virtual table. Join multiple tables in a view and use the view to present the data as if the data were coming from a single table.</p>
+<div class="highlight"><table class="highlighttable"><tr><th colspan="2" class="filename"><span class="filename">SQL</span></th></tr><tr><td class="linenos"><div class="linenodiv"><pre><span></span><span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-23-1">1</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-23-2">2</a></span></pre></div></td><td class="code"><div><pre><span></span><code><a id="__codelineno-23-1" name="__codelineno-23-1"></a><span class="k">CREATE</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="k">VIEW</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="o">&lt;</span><span class="n">name</span><span class="o">&gt;</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="k">AS</span>
+<a id="__codelineno-23-2" name="__codelineno-23-2"></a><span class="k">SELECT</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="o">*</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="k">FROM</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="o">&lt;</span><span class="k">table</span><span class="o">&gt;</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="p">...</span>
+</code></pre></div></td></tr></table></div>
+<h3 id="t-sql-stored-procedure">T-SQL Stored Procedure</h3>
+<p><a href="https://docs.microsoft.com/en-us/sql/relational-databases/stored-procedures/create-a-stored-procedure" title="Create a Stored Procedure - Microsoft Docs">Stored Procedure How-To</a>
+<a href="https://docs.microsoft.com/en-us/sql/t-sql/statements/create-procedure-transact-sql">T-SQL Stored Procedure</a></p>
+<p>Stored Procedure Definition:</p>
+<div class="highlight"><table class="highlighttable"><tr><th colspan="2" class="filename"><span class="filename">SQL</span></th></tr><tr><td class="linenos"><div class="linenodiv"><pre><span></span><span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-24-1"> 1</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-24-2"> 2</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-24-3"> 3</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-24-4"> 4</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-24-5"> 5</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-24-6"> 6</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-24-7"> 7</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-24-8"> 8</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-24-9"> 9</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-24-10">10</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-24-11">11</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-24-12">12</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-24-13">13</a></span></pre></div></td><td class="code"><div><pre><span></span><code><a id="__codelineno-24-1" name="__codelineno-24-1"></a><span class="k">CREATE</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="k">PROCEDURE</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="o">&lt;</span><span class="n">Procedure_Name</span><span class="o">&gt;</span>
+<a id="__codelineno-24-2" name="__codelineno-24-2"></a><span class="w">    </span><span class="c1">-- Add the parameters for the stored procedure here</span>
+<a id="__codelineno-24-3" name="__codelineno-24-3"></a><span class="w">    </span><span class="o">&lt;@</span><span class="n">Param1</span><span class="o">&gt;</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="o">&lt;</span><span class="n">Datatype_For_Param1</span><span class="o">&gt;</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="o">=</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="o">&lt;</span><span class="n">Default_Value_For_Param1</span><span class="o">&gt;</span><span class="p">,</span>
+<a id="__codelineno-24-4" name="__codelineno-24-4"></a><span class="w">    </span><span class="o">&lt;@</span><span class="n">Param2</span><span class="o">&gt;</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="o">&lt;</span><span class="n">Datatype_For_Param2</span><span class="o">&gt;</span>
+<a id="__codelineno-24-5" name="__codelineno-24-5"></a><span class="k">AS</span>
+<a id="__codelineno-24-6" name="__codelineno-24-6"></a><span class="k">BEGIN</span>
+<a id="__codelineno-24-7" name="__codelineno-24-7"></a><span class="w">    </span><span class="c1">-- SET NOCOUNT ON added to prevent extra result sets from interfering with SELECT statements.</span>
+<a id="__codelineno-24-8" name="__codelineno-24-8"></a><span class="w">    </span><span class="k">SET</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="n">NOCOUNT</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="k">ON</span><span class="p">;</span><span class="w">  </span><span class="c1">-- don&#39;t return number of selected rows</span>
+<a id="__codelineno-24-9" name="__codelineno-24-9"></a>
+<a id="__codelineno-24-10" name="__codelineno-24-10"></a><span class="w">    </span><span class="c1">-- Insert statements for procedure here</span>
+<a id="__codelineno-24-11" name="__codelineno-24-11"></a><span class="w">    </span><span class="k">SELECT</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="p">...</span>
+<a id="__codelineno-24-12" name="__codelineno-24-12"></a><span class="k">END</span>
+<a id="__codelineno-24-13" name="__codelineno-24-13"></a><span class="k">GO</span>
+</code></pre></div></td></tr></table></div>
+<p>Stored Procedure call in query:</p>
+<div class="highlight"><table class="highlighttable"><tr><th colspan="2" class="filename"><span class="filename">SQL</span></th></tr><tr><td class="linenos"><div class="linenodiv"><pre><span></span><span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-25-1">1</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-25-2">2</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-25-3">3</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-25-4">4</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-25-5">5</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-25-6">6</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-25-7">7</a></span></pre></div></td><td class="code"><div><pre><span></span><code><a id="__codelineno-25-1" name="__codelineno-25-1"></a><span class="n">USE</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="o">&lt;</span><span class="k">database</span><span class="o">&gt;</span>
+<a id="__codelineno-25-2" name="__codelineno-25-2"></a><span class="k">GO</span>
+<a id="__codelineno-25-3" name="__codelineno-25-3"></a>
+<a id="__codelineno-25-4" name="__codelineno-25-4"></a><span class="c1">-- Stored Procedure call</span>
+<a id="__codelineno-25-5" name="__codelineno-25-5"></a><span class="k">EXECUTE</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="o">&lt;</span><span class="n">Procedure_Name</span><span class="o">&gt;</span>
+<a id="__codelineno-25-6" name="__codelineno-25-6"></a><span class="c1">-- or</span>
+<a id="__codelineno-25-7" name="__codelineno-25-7"></a><span class="k">EXEC</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="o">&lt;</span><span class="n">Procedure_Name</span><span class="o">&gt;</span>
+</code></pre></div></td></tr></table></div>
+
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+  
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+              </article>
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+			<g id="shape12-26" v:mID="12" v:groupContext="shape" transform="translate(32.7318,-19.2468)">
+				<title>Multi-Line.172</title>
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+			<g id="shape13-29" v:mID="13" v:groupContext="shape" transform="translate(32.7318,-10.1898)">
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+			<g id="shape14-32" v:mID="14" v:groupContext="shape" transform="translate(-287.259,297.43) rotate(-90)">
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+			<g id="shape24-58" v:mID="24" v:groupContext="shape" transform="translate(34.574,-5.11479)">
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+			<g id="shape26-62" v:mID="26" v:groupContext="shape" transform="translate(49.1315,-5.11479)">
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+			<desc>Hardware</desc>
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+			<desc>Apps</desc>
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+			<desc>Services</desc>
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+						<v:ud v:nameU="CTypeTopRightSnip" v:prompt="" v:val="VT0(0):5"/>
+						<v:ud v:nameU="CTypeBotLeftSnip" v:prompt="" v:val="VT0(0):5"/>
+						<v:ud v:nameU="CTypeBotRightSnip" v:prompt="" v:val="VT0(0):5"/>
+						<v:ud v:nameU="CornerLockHoriz" v:prompt="" v:val="VT0(1):5"/>
+						<v:ud v:nameU="CornerLockVert" v:prompt="" v:val="VT0(1):5"/>
+						<v:ud v:nameU="CornerLockDiag" v:prompt="" v:val="VT0(0):5"/>
+						<v:ud v:nameU="TopLeftOffset" v:prompt="" v:val="VT0(0.15):1"/>
+						<v:ud v:nameU="TopRightOffset" v:prompt="" v:val="VT0(0.15):1"/>
+						<v:ud v:nameU="BotLeftOffset" v:prompt="" v:val="VT0(0.15):1"/>
+						<v:ud v:nameU="BotRightOffset" v:prompt="" v:val="VT0(0.15):1"/>
+						<v:ud v:nameU="visVersion" v:prompt="" v:val="VT0(15):26"/>
+						<v:ud v:nameU="TopLeftOffset" v:prompt="" v:val="VT0(0.023479938271605):1"/>
+						<v:ud v:nameU="TopRightOffset" v:prompt="" v:val="VT0(0.023479938271605):1"/>
+						<v:ud v:nameU="BotLeftOffset" v:prompt="" v:val="VT0(0.023479938271605):1"/>
+						<v:ud v:nameU="BotRightOffset" v:prompt="" v:val="VT0(0.023479938271605):1"/>
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+				</g>
+				<g id="shape99-238" v:mID="99" v:groupContext="shape" transform="translate(0,-20.2867)">
+					<title>Round Same Side Corner Rectangle</title>
+					<v:userDefs>
+						<v:ud v:nameU="CTypeTopLeftSnip" v:prompt="" v:val="VT0(0):5"/>
+						<v:ud v:nameU="CTypeTopRightSnip" v:prompt="" v:val="VT0(0):5"/>
+						<v:ud v:nameU="CTypeBotLeftSnip" v:prompt="" v:val="VT0(1):5"/>
+						<v:ud v:nameU="CTypeBotRightSnip" v:prompt="" v:val="VT0(0):5"/>
+						<v:ud v:nameU="CornerLockHoriz" v:prompt="" v:val="VT0(1):5"/>
+						<v:ud v:nameU="CornerLockVert" v:prompt="" v:val="VT0(0):5"/>
+						<v:ud v:nameU="CornerLockDiag" v:prompt="" v:val="VT0(0):5"/>
+						<v:ud v:nameU="TopLeftOffset" v:prompt="" v:val="VT0(0.15):1"/>
+						<v:ud v:nameU="TopRightOffset" v:prompt="" v:val="VT0(0.15):1"/>
+						<v:ud v:nameU="BotLeftOffset" v:prompt="" v:val="VT0(0):1"/>
+						<v:ud v:nameU="BotRightOffset" v:prompt="" v:val="VT0(0):1"/>
+						<v:ud v:nameU="visVersion" v:prompt="" v:val="VT0(15):26"/>
+						<v:ud v:nameU="TopLeftOffset" v:prompt="" v:val="VT0(0.023479938271605):1"/>
+						<v:ud v:nameU="TopRightOffset" v:prompt="" v:val="VT0(0.023479938271605):1"/>
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+				</g>
+				<g id="shape100-240" v:mID="100" v:groupContext="shape" transform="translate(32.1206,-22.8225)">
+					<title>Circle</title>
+					<v:userDefs>
+						<v:ud v:nameU="visVersion" v:val="VT0(15):26"/>
+					</v:userDefs>
+					<path d="M0 296.65 a0.845278 0.845278 0 0 1 1.69056 0 a0.845278 0.845278 0 1 1 -1.69056 0 Z" class="st7"/>
+				</g>
+				<g id="shape101-242" v:mID="101" v:groupContext="shape" transform="translate(34.6564,-22.8225)">
+					<title>Circle.83</title>
+					<v:userDefs>
+						<v:ud v:nameU="visVersion" v:val="VT0(15):26"/>
+					</v:userDefs>
+					<path d="M0 296.65 a0.845278 0.845278 0 0 1 1.69056 0 a0.845278 0.845278 0 1 1 -1.69056 0 Z" class="st7"/>
+				</g>
+				<g id="shape102-244" v:mID="102" v:groupContext="shape" transform="translate(37.1922,-22.8225)">
+					<title>Circle.84</title>
+					<v:userDefs>
+						<v:ud v:nameU="visVersion" v:val="VT0(15):26"/>
+					</v:userDefs>
+					<path d="M0 296.65 a0.845278 0.845278 0 0 1 1.69056 0 a0.845278 0.845278 0 1 1 -1.69056 0 Z" class="st7"/>
+				</g>
+			</g>
+			<g id="shape103-246" v:mID="103" v:groupContext="shape" transform="translate(158.607,-4.50001)">
+				<title>Rectangle.467</title>
+				<v:userDefs>
+					<v:ud v:nameU="visVersion" v:val="VT0(15):26"/>
+				</v:userDefs>
+				<rect x="0" y="240.692" width="142.857" height="56.8078" class="st2"/>
+			</g>
+			<g id="shape104-248" v:mID="104" v:groupContext="shape" transform="translate(216.037,-22.9039)">
+				<title>Sheet.104</title>
+				<desc>Services</desc>
+				<v:textBlock v:margins="rect(4,4,4,4)"/>
+				<v:textRect cx="42.7133" cy="287.5" width="85.43" height="20"/>
+				<rect x="0" y="277.5" width="85.4267" height="20" class="st5"/>
+				<text x="4" y="291.1" class="st6" v:langID="1033"><v:paragraph/><v:tabList/>Services</text>			</g>
+			<g id="group105-251" transform="translate(173.232,-17.7326)" v:mID="105" v:groupContext="group">
+				<title>Sheet.105</title>
+				<g id="shape106-252" v:mID="106" v:groupContext="shape" transform="translate(-283.926,295.189) rotate(-90)">
+					<title>Multi-Line</title>
+					<v:userDefs>
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+						<v:ud v:nameU="SegmentType" v:prompt="" v:val="VT0(1):26"/>
+						<v:ud v:nameU="DrawType" v:prompt="" v:val="VT0(1):26"/>
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+						<v:ud v:nameU="EndWidth" v:prompt="" v:val="VT0(0.1):0"/>
+						<v:ud v:nameU="LastAngle" v:prompt="" v:val="VT0(0.31445460881394):32"/>
+						<v:ud v:nameU="CtrlAngle" v:prompt="" v:val="VT0(-1.6821373411359):32"/>
+						<v:ud v:nameU="ArrowFeatherAngle" v:prompt="" v:val="VT0(8.5942318659433):32"/>
+						<v:ud v:nameU="ArrowFeatherDist" v:prompt="" v:val="VT0(0.20124611797498):0"/>
+						<v:ud v:nameU="Joint1_2Pcnt" v:prompt="" v:val="VT0(0.36115492854311):26"/>
+						<v:ud v:nameU="Joint1_2Angle" v:prompt="" v:val="VT0(1.4583288317516):32"/>
+						<v:ud v:nameU="Joint2_3Pcnt" v:prompt="" v:val="VT0(0.737773973763):26"/>
+						<v:ud v:nameU="Joint2_3Angle" v:prompt="" v:val="VT0(1.4437657331855):32"/>
+						<v:ud v:nameU="Joint3_4Pcnt" v:prompt="" v:val="VT0(1):26"/>
+						<v:ud v:nameU="Joint3_4Angle" v:prompt="" v:val="VT0(1.8852509356088):32"/>
+						<v:ud v:nameU="Joint4_5Pcnt" v:prompt="" v:val="VT0(1):26"/>
+						<v:ud v:nameU="Joint4_5Angle" v:prompt="" v:val="VT0(1.8852509356088):32"/>
+						<v:ud v:nameU="Joint5_6Pcnt" v:prompt="" v:val="VT0(1):26"/>
+						<v:ud v:nameU="Joint5_6Angle" v:prompt="" v:val="VT0(1.8852509356088):32"/>
+						<v:ud v:nameU="Joint6_7Pcnt" v:prompt="" v:val="VT0(1):26"/>
+						<v:ud v:nameU="Joint6_7Angle" v:prompt="" v:val="VT0(1.8852509356088):32"/>
+						<v:ud v:nameU="Joint7_8Pcnt" v:prompt="" v:val="VT0(1):26"/>
+						<v:ud v:nameU="Joint7_8Angle" v:prompt="" v:val="VT0(1.8852509356088):32"/>
+						<v:ud v:nameU="Joint8_9Pcnt" v:prompt="" v:val="VT0(1):26"/>
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+						<v:ud v:nameU="Joint3_4Pcnt" v:prompt="" v:val="VT0(0.99999996469102):26"/>
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+						<v:ud v:nameU="Joint4_5Pcnt" v:prompt="" v:val="VT0(0.99999996469102):26"/>
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+						<v:ud v:nameU="Joint8_9Pcnt" v:prompt="" v:val="VT0(0.99999996469102):26"/>
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+				<g id="shape107-255" v:mID="107" v:groupContext="shape" transform="translate(28.9452,580.333) rotate(180)">
+					<title>Multi-Line.209</title>
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+						<v:ud v:nameU="SegmentType" v:prompt="" v:val="VT0(1):26"/>
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+				<g id="shape109-261" v:mID="109" v:groupContext="shape" transform="translate(-14.1481,591.818) rotate(-171.612)">
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diff --git a/img/docker_virtual-machine-architecture.svg b/img/docker_virtual-machine-architecture.svg
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..87000f1
--- /dev/null
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+				<v:ud v:nameU="CTypeTopLeftSnip" v:prompt="" v:val="VT0(0):5"/>
+				<v:ud v:nameU="CTypeTopRightSnip" v:prompt="" v:val="VT0(0):5"/>
+				<v:ud v:nameU="CTypeBotLeftSnip" v:prompt="" v:val="VT0(0):5"/>
+				<v:ud v:nameU="CTypeBotRightSnip" v:prompt="" v:val="VT0(0):5"/>
+				<v:ud v:nameU="CornerLockHoriz" v:prompt="" v:val="VT0(1):5"/>
+				<v:ud v:nameU="CornerLockVert" v:prompt="" v:val="VT0(1):5"/>
+				<v:ud v:nameU="CornerLockDiag" v:prompt="" v:val="VT0(0):5"/>
+				<v:ud v:nameU="TopLeftOffset" v:prompt="" v:val="VT0(0.15):1"/>
+				<v:ud v:nameU="TopRightOffset" v:prompt="" v:val="VT0(0.15):1"/>
+				<v:ud v:nameU="BotLeftOffset" v:prompt="" v:val="VT0(0.15):1"/>
+				<v:ud v:nameU="BotRightOffset" v:prompt="" v:val="VT0(0.15):1"/>
+				<v:ud v:nameU="visVersion" v:prompt="" v:val="VT0(15):26"/>
+				<v:ud v:nameU="TopLeftOffset" v:prompt="" v:val="VT0(0.14785162974842):1"/>
+				<v:ud v:nameU="TopRightOffset" v:prompt="" v:val="VT0(0.14785162974842):1"/>
+				<v:ud v:nameU="BotLeftOffset" v:prompt="" v:val="VT0(0.14785162974842):1"/>
+				<v:ud v:nameU="BotRightOffset" v:prompt="" v:val="VT0(0.14785162974842):1"/>
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+		</g>
+		<g id="group10-3" transform="translate(35.1065,-103.75)" v:mID="10" v:groupContext="group">
+			<title>Sheet.10</title>
+			<g id="shape11-4" v:mID="11" v:groupContext="shape">
+				<title>Rounded Rectangle.305</title>
+				<v:userDefs>
+					<v:ud v:nameU="CTypeTopLeftSnip" v:prompt="" v:val="VT0(0):5"/>
+					<v:ud v:nameU="CTypeTopRightSnip" v:prompt="" v:val="VT0(0):5"/>
+					<v:ud v:nameU="CTypeBotLeftSnip" v:prompt="" v:val="VT0(0):5"/>
+					<v:ud v:nameU="CTypeBotRightSnip" v:prompt="" v:val="VT0(0):5"/>
+					<v:ud v:nameU="CornerLockHoriz" v:prompt="" v:val="VT0(1):5"/>
+					<v:ud v:nameU="CornerLockVert" v:prompt="" v:val="VT0(1):5"/>
+					<v:ud v:nameU="CornerLockDiag" v:prompt="" v:val="VT0(0):5"/>
+					<v:ud v:nameU="TopLeftOffset" v:prompt="" v:val="VT0(0.15):1"/>
+					<v:ud v:nameU="TopRightOffset" v:prompt="" v:val="VT0(0.15):1"/>
+					<v:ud v:nameU="BotLeftOffset" v:prompt="" v:val="VT0(0.15):1"/>
+					<v:ud v:nameU="BotRightOffset" v:prompt="" v:val="VT0(0.15):1"/>
+					<v:ud v:nameU="visVersion" v:prompt="" v:val="VT0(15):26"/>
+					<v:ud v:nameU="TopLeftOffset" v:prompt="" v:val="VT0(0.069297919332957):1"/>
+					<v:ud v:nameU="TopRightOffset" v:prompt="" v:val="VT0(0.069297919332957):1"/>
+					<v:ud v:nameU="BotLeftOffset" v:prompt="" v:val="VT0(0.069297919332957):1"/>
+					<v:ud v:nameU="BotRightOffset" v:prompt="" v:val="VT0(0.069297919332957):1"/>
+				</v:userDefs>
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+			</g>
+			<g id="shape12-6" v:mID="12" v:groupContext="shape" transform="translate(100.107,-21.0961)">
+				<title>Rectangle.307</title>
+				<v:userDefs>
+					<v:ud v:nameU="visVersion" v:val="VT0(15):26"/>
+				</v:userDefs>
+				<rect x="0" y="246.117" width="292.5" height="56.8078" class="st2"/>
+			</g>
+			<g id="group13-8" transform="translate(115.857,-30.0961)" v:mID="13" v:groupContext="group">
+				<title>Sheet.13</title>
+				<g id="shape14-9" v:mID="14" v:groupContext="shape" transform="translate(9.89966,-10.331)">
+					<title>Rounded Rectangle</title>
+					<v:userDefs>
+						<v:ud v:nameU="CTypeTopLeftSnip" v:prompt="" v:val="VT0(0):5"/>
+						<v:ud v:nameU="CTypeTopRightSnip" v:prompt="" v:val="VT0(0):5"/>
+						<v:ud v:nameU="CTypeBotLeftSnip" v:prompt="" v:val="VT0(0):5"/>
+						<v:ud v:nameU="CTypeBotRightSnip" v:prompt="" v:val="VT0(0):5"/>
+						<v:ud v:nameU="CornerLockHoriz" v:prompt="" v:val="VT0(1):5"/>
+						<v:ud v:nameU="CornerLockVert" v:prompt="" v:val="VT0(1):5"/>
+						<v:ud v:nameU="CornerLockDiag" v:prompt="" v:val="VT0(0):5"/>
+						<v:ud v:nameU="TopLeftOffset" v:prompt="" v:val="VT0(0.15):1"/>
+						<v:ud v:nameU="TopRightOffset" v:prompt="" v:val="VT0(0.15):1"/>
+						<v:ud v:nameU="BotLeftOffset" v:prompt="" v:val="VT0(0.15):1"/>
+						<v:ud v:nameU="BotRightOffset" v:prompt="" v:val="VT0(0.15):1"/>
+						<v:ud v:nameU="visVersion" v:prompt="" v:val="VT0(15):26"/>
+						<v:ud v:nameU="TopLeftOffset" v:prompt="" v:val="VT0(0.025603304159975):1"/>
+						<v:ud v:nameU="TopRightOffset" v:prompt="" v:val="VT0(0.025603304159975):1"/>
+						<v:ud v:nameU="BotLeftOffset" v:prompt="" v:val="VT0(0.025603304159975):1"/>
+						<v:ud v:nameU="BotRightOffset" v:prompt="" v:val="VT0(0.025603304159975):1"/>
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+				</g>
+				<g id="shape15-11" v:mID="15" v:groupContext="shape" transform="translate(5.59158,-5.66082)">
+					<title>Square</title>
+					<v:userDefs>
+						<v:ud v:nameU="visVersion" v:val="VT0(15):26"/>
+					</v:userDefs>
+					<rect x="0" y="275.752" width="27.1402" height="27.1719" class="st3"/>
+				</g>
+				<g id="shape16-13" v:mID="16" v:groupContext="shape" transform="translate(-292.684,270.092) rotate(-90)">
+					<title>Multi-Line</title>
+					<v:userDefs>
+						<v:ud v:nameU="VertexCount" v:prompt="" v:val="VT0(4):26"/>
+						<v:ud v:nameU="SegmentType" v:prompt="" v:val="VT0(1):26"/>
+						<v:ud v:nameU="DrawType" v:prompt="" v:val="VT0(1):26"/>
+						<v:ud v:nameU="StartWidth" v:prompt="" v:val="VT0(0.15):0"/>
+						<v:ud v:nameU="EndWidth" v:prompt="" v:val="VT0(0.1):0"/>
+						<v:ud v:nameU="LastAngle" v:prompt="" v:val="VT0(0.31445460881394):32"/>
+						<v:ud v:nameU="CtrlAngle" v:prompt="" v:val="VT0(-1.6821373411359):32"/>
+						<v:ud v:nameU="ArrowFeatherAngle" v:prompt="" v:val="VT0(8.5942318659433):32"/>
+						<v:ud v:nameU="ArrowFeatherDist" v:prompt="" v:val="VT0(0.20124611797498):0"/>
+						<v:ud v:nameU="Joint1_2Pcnt" v:prompt="" v:val="VT0(0.36115492854311):26"/>
+						<v:ud v:nameU="Joint1_2Angle" v:prompt="" v:val="VT0(1.4583288317516):32"/>
+						<v:ud v:nameU="Joint2_3Pcnt" v:prompt="" v:val="VT0(0.737773973763):26"/>
+						<v:ud v:nameU="Joint2_3Angle" v:prompt="" v:val="VT0(1.4437657331855):32"/>
+						<v:ud v:nameU="Joint3_4Pcnt" v:prompt="" v:val="VT0(1):26"/>
+						<v:ud v:nameU="Joint3_4Angle" v:prompt="" v:val="VT0(1.8852509356088):32"/>
+						<v:ud v:nameU="Joint4_5Pcnt" v:prompt="" v:val="VT0(1):26"/>
+						<v:ud v:nameU="Joint4_5Angle" v:prompt="" v:val="VT0(1.8852509356088):32"/>
+						<v:ud v:nameU="Joint5_6Pcnt" v:prompt="" v:val="VT0(1):26"/>
+						<v:ud v:nameU="Joint5_6Angle" v:prompt="" v:val="VT0(1.8852509356088):32"/>
+						<v:ud v:nameU="Joint6_7Pcnt" v:prompt="" v:val="VT0(1):26"/>
+						<v:ud v:nameU="Joint6_7Angle" v:prompt="" v:val="VT0(1.8852509356088):32"/>
+						<v:ud v:nameU="Joint7_8Pcnt" v:prompt="" v:val="VT0(1):26"/>
+						<v:ud v:nameU="Joint7_8Angle" v:prompt="" v:val="VT0(1.8852509356088):32"/>
+						<v:ud v:nameU="Joint8_9Pcnt" v:prompt="" v:val="VT0(1):26"/>
+						<v:ud v:nameU="Joint8_9Angle" v:prompt="" v:val="VT0(1.8852509356088):32"/>
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+						<v:ud v:nameU="LastAngle" v:prompt="" v:val="VT0(0):26"/>
+						<v:ud v:nameU="CtrlAngle" v:prompt="" v:val="VT0(-1.5785622483985):32"/>
+						<v:ud v:nameU="ArrowFeatherAngle" v:prompt="" v:val="VT0(7.8617475555781):32"/>
+						<v:ud v:nameU="ArrowFeatherDist" v:prompt="" v:val="VT0(0.20000603110539):0"/>
+						<v:ud v:nameU="Joint1_2Pcnt" v:prompt="" v:val="VT0(1):26"/>
+						<v:ud v:nameU="Joint1_2Angle" v:prompt="" v:val="VT0(1.5707963267949):37"/>
+						<v:ud v:nameU="Joint2_3Pcnt" v:prompt="" v:val="VT0(1):26"/>
+						<v:ud v:nameU="Joint2_3Angle" v:prompt="" v:val="VT0(1.5707963267949):37"/>
+						<v:ud v:nameU="Joint3_4Angle" v:prompt="" v:val="VT0(1.5707963267949):37"/>
+						<v:ud v:nameU="Joint4_5Angle" v:prompt="" v:val="VT0(1.5707963267949):37"/>
+						<v:ud v:nameU="Joint5_6Angle" v:prompt="" v:val="VT0(1.5707963267949):37"/>
+						<v:ud v:nameU="Joint6_7Angle" v:prompt="" v:val="VT0(1.5707963267949):37"/>
+						<v:ud v:nameU="Joint7_8Angle" v:prompt="" v:val="VT0(1.5707963267949):37"/>
+						<v:ud v:nameU="Joint8_9Angle" v:prompt="" v:val="VT0(1.5707963267949):37"/>
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+					<path d="M0 302.92 L5.59 302.92" class="st4"/>
+				</g>
+				<g id="shape17-16" v:mID="17" v:groupContext="shape" transform="translate(-274.59,270.092) rotate(-90)">
+					<title>Multi-Line.169</title>
+					<v:userDefs>
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+						<v:ud v:nameU="SegmentType" v:prompt="" v:val="VT0(1):26"/>
+						<v:ud v:nameU="DrawType" v:prompt="" v:val="VT0(1):26"/>
+						<v:ud v:nameU="StartWidth" v:prompt="" v:val="VT0(0.15):0"/>
+						<v:ud v:nameU="EndWidth" v:prompt="" v:val="VT0(0.1):0"/>
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+						<v:ud v:nameU="CtrlAngle" v:prompt="" v:val="VT0(-1.6821373411359):32"/>
+						<v:ud v:nameU="ArrowFeatherAngle" v:prompt="" v:val="VT0(8.5942318659433):32"/>
+						<v:ud v:nameU="ArrowFeatherDist" v:prompt="" v:val="VT0(0.20124611797498):0"/>
+						<v:ud v:nameU="Joint1_2Pcnt" v:prompt="" v:val="VT0(0.36115492854311):26"/>
+						<v:ud v:nameU="Joint1_2Angle" v:prompt="" v:val="VT0(1.4583288317516):32"/>
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+						<v:ud v:nameU="Joint2_3Angle" v:prompt="" v:val="VT0(1.4437657331855):32"/>
+						<v:ud v:nameU="Joint3_4Pcnt" v:prompt="" v:val="VT0(1):26"/>
+						<v:ud v:nameU="Joint3_4Angle" v:prompt="" v:val="VT0(1.8852509356088):32"/>
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+						<v:ud v:nameU="Joint7_8Pcnt" v:prompt="" v:val="VT0(1):26"/>
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+						<v:ud v:nameU="Joint8_9Pcnt" v:prompt="" v:val="VT0(1):26"/>
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+						<v:ud v:nameU="CtrlAngle" v:prompt="" v:val="VT0(-1.5785622483985):32"/>
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+						<v:ud v:nameU="Joint1_2Angle" v:prompt="" v:val="VT0(1.5707963267949):37"/>
+						<v:ud v:nameU="Joint2_3Pcnt" v:prompt="" v:val="VT0(1):26"/>
+						<v:ud v:nameU="Joint2_3Angle" v:prompt="" v:val="VT0(1.5707963267949):37"/>
+						<v:ud v:nameU="Joint3_4Angle" v:prompt="" v:val="VT0(1.5707963267949):37"/>
+						<v:ud v:nameU="Joint4_5Angle" v:prompt="" v:val="VT0(1.5707963267949):37"/>
+						<v:ud v:nameU="Joint5_6Angle" v:prompt="" v:val="VT0(1.5707963267949):37"/>
+						<v:ud v:nameU="Joint6_7Angle" v:prompt="" v:val="VT0(1.5707963267949):37"/>
+						<v:ud v:nameU="Joint7_8Angle" v:prompt="" v:val="VT0(1.5707963267949):37"/>
+						<v:ud v:nameU="Joint8_9Angle" v:prompt="" v:val="VT0(1.5707963267949):37"/>
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+				</g>
+				<g id="shape18-19" v:mID="18" v:groupContext="shape" transform="translate(-283.763,270.092) rotate(-90)">
+					<title>Multi-Line.170</title>
+					<v:userDefs>
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+						<v:ud v:nameU="SegmentType" v:prompt="" v:val="VT0(1):26"/>
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+						<v:ud v:nameU="CtrlAngle" v:prompt="" v:val="VT0(-1.6821373411359):32"/>
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+						<v:ud v:nameU="Joint6_7Angle" v:prompt="" v:val="VT0(1.5707963267949):37"/>
+						<v:ud v:nameU="Joint7_8Angle" v:prompt="" v:val="VT0(1.5707963267949):37"/>
+						<v:ud v:nameU="Joint8_9Angle" v:prompt="" v:val="VT0(1.5707963267949):37"/>
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+					<path d="M0 302.92 L5.59 302.92" class="st4"/>
+				</g>
+				<g id="shape19-22" v:mID="19" v:groupContext="shape" transform="translate(32.7318,-28.3041)">
+					<title>Multi-Line.171</title>
+					<v:userDefs>
+						<v:ud v:nameU="VertexCount" v:prompt="" v:val="VT0(4):26"/>
+						<v:ud v:nameU="SegmentType" v:prompt="" v:val="VT0(1):26"/>
+						<v:ud v:nameU="DrawType" v:prompt="" v:val="VT0(1):26"/>
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+						<v:ud v:nameU="EndWidth" v:prompt="" v:val="VT0(0.1):0"/>
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+				<g id="shape34-62" v:mID="34" v:groupContext="shape" transform="translate(32.1206,-22.8225)">
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+				<g id="shape36-66" v:mID="36" v:groupContext="shape" transform="translate(37.1922,-22.8225)">
+					<title>Circle.84</title>
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+			<g id="shape37-68" v:mID="37" v:groupContext="shape" transform="translate(248.607,-87.75)">
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+				<rect x="0" y="246.117" width="142.857" height="56.8078" class="st2"/>
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+			<g id="shape38-70" v:mID="38" v:groupContext="shape" transform="translate(306.037,-106.154)">
+				<title>Sheet.38</title>
+				<desc>Services</desc>
+				<v:textBlock v:margins="rect(4,4,4,4)"/>
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+			<g id="group39-73" transform="translate(263.232,-100.983)" v:mID="39" v:groupContext="group">
+				<title>Sheet.39</title>
+				<g id="shape40-74" v:mID="40" v:groupContext="shape" transform="translate(-289.35,300.613) rotate(-90)">
+					<title>Multi-Line</title>
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+			<g id="shape91-198" v:mID="91" v:groupContext="shape" transform="translate(248.607,-87.75)">
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+			<g id="shape92-200" v:mID="92" v:groupContext="shape" transform="translate(306.037,-106.154)">
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new file mode 100644
index 0000000..31d5e7f
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diff --git a/index.html b/index.html
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..3a725b8
--- /dev/null
+++ b/index.html
@@ -0,0 +1,4053 @@
+
+<!doctype html>
+<html lang="en" class="no-js">
+  <head>
+    
+      <meta charset="utf-8">
+      <meta name="viewport" content="width=device-width,initial-scale=1">
+      
+      
+        <meta name="author" content="Marcello Lamonaca">
+      
+      
+        <link rel="canonical" href="http://m-lamonaca.github.io/dev-notes/index.html">
+      
+      
+      
+        <link rel="next" href="containers/docker.html">
+      
+      
+      <link rel="icon" href="assets/images/favicon.png">
+      <meta name="generator" content="mkdocs-1.6.1, mkdocs-material-9.5.34">
+    
+    
+      
+        <title>Dev Notes</title>
+      
+    
+    
+      <link rel="stylesheet" href="assets/stylesheets/main.35f28582.min.css">
+      
+        
+        <link rel="stylesheet" href="assets/stylesheets/palette.06af60db.min.css">
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+
+
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+    
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+    
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+
+    
+    
+      
+        <meta  property="og:type"  content="website" >
+      
+        <meta  property="og:title"  content="Home" >
+      
+        <meta  property="og:description"  content="None" >
+      
+        <meta  property="og:image"  content="http://m-lamonaca.github.io/dev-notes/assets/images/social/README.png" >
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+        <meta  property="og:image:type"  content="image/png" >
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+        <meta  name="twitter:card"  content="summary_large_image" >
+      
+        <meta  name="twitter:title"  content="Home" >
+      
+        <meta  name="twitter:description"  content="None" >
+      
+        <meta  name="twitter:image"  content="http://m-lamonaca.github.io/dev-notes/assets/images/social/README.png" >
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+    <div data-md-component="skip">
+      
+        
+        <a href="#dev-notes" class="md-skip">
+          Skip to content
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+      
+    </div>
+    <div data-md-component="announce">
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+    </div>
+    
+    
+      
+
+  
+
+<header class="md-header md-header--shadow md-header--lifted" data-md-component="header">
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+          </span>
+        </div>
+        <div class="md-header__topic" data-md-component="header-topic">
+          <span class="md-ellipsis">
+            
+              Home
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+        </div>
+      </div>
+    </div>
+    
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+  
+    <li class="md-nav__item">
+      <a href="languages/python/modules/logging.html" class="md-nav__link">
+        
+  
+  <span class="md-ellipsis">
+    logging
+  </span>
+  
+
+      </a>
+    </li>
+  
+
+              
+            
+              
+                
+  
+  
+  
+  
+    <li class="md-nav__item">
+      <a href="languages/python/modules/shutil.html" class="md-nav__link">
+        
+  
+  <span class="md-ellipsis">
+    shutil
+  </span>
+  
+
+      </a>
+    </li>
+  
+
+              
+            
+              
+                
+  
+  
+  
+  
+    <li class="md-nav__item">
+      <a href="languages/python/modules/smtplib.html" class="md-nav__link">
+        
+  
+  <span class="md-ellipsis">
+    smtplib
+  </span>
+  
+
+      </a>
+    </li>
+  
+
+              
+            
+              
+                
+  
+  
+  
+  
+    <li class="md-nav__item">
+      <a href="languages/python/modules/socket.html" class="md-nav__link">
+        
+  
+  <span class="md-ellipsis">
+    socket
+  </span>
+  
+
+      </a>
+    </li>
+  
+
+              
+            
+              
+                
+  
+  
+  
+  
+    <li class="md-nav__item">
+      <a href="languages/python/modules/sqlite.html" class="md-nav__link">
+        
+  
+  <span class="md-ellipsis">
+    sqlite
+  </span>
+  
+
+      </a>
+    </li>
+  
+
+              
+            
+              
+                
+  
+  
+  
+  
+    <li class="md-nav__item">
+      <a href="languages/python/modules/time-datetime.html" class="md-nav__link">
+        
+  
+  <span class="md-ellipsis">
+    time & datetime
+  </span>
+  
+
+      </a>
+    </li>
+  
+
+              
+            
+              
+                
+  
+  
+  
+  
+    <li class="md-nav__item">
+      <a href="languages/python/modules/unittest.html" class="md-nav__link">
+        
+  
+  <span class="md-ellipsis">
+    unittest
+  </span>
+  
+
+      </a>
+    </li>
+  
+
+              
+            
+          </ul>
+        </nav>
+      
+    </li>
+  
+
+              
+            
+              
+                
+  
+  
+  
+  
+    
+    
+      
+        
+      
+        
+      
+        
+      
+        
+      
+        
+      
+        
+      
+    
+    
+      
+      
+        
+      
+    
+    
+    <li class="md-nav__item md-nav__item--nested">
+      
+        
+        
+        <input class="md-nav__toggle md-toggle " type="checkbox" id="__nav_4_8_3" >
+        
+          
+          <label class="md-nav__link" for="__nav_4_8_3" id="__nav_4_8_3_label" tabindex="0">
+            
+  
+  <span class="md-ellipsis">
+    Libraries
+  </span>
+  
+
+            <span class="md-nav__icon md-icon"></span>
+          </label>
+        
+        <nav class="md-nav" data-md-level="3" aria-labelledby="__nav_4_8_3_label" aria-expanded="false">
+          <label class="md-nav__title" for="__nav_4_8_3">
+            <span class="md-nav__icon md-icon"></span>
+            Libraries
+          </label>
+          <ul class="md-nav__list" data-md-scrollfix>
+            
+              
+                
+  
+  
+  
+  
+    <li class="md-nav__item">
+      <a href="languages/python/libs/tkinter.html" class="md-nav__link">
+        
+  
+  <span class="md-ellipsis">
+    TKinter
+  </span>
+  
+
+      </a>
+    </li>
+  
+
+              
+            
+              
+                
+  
+  
+  
+  
+    <li class="md-nav__item">
+      <a href="languages/python/libs/numpy.html" class="md-nav__link">
+        
+  
+  <span class="md-ellipsis">
+    Numpy
+  </span>
+  
+
+      </a>
+    </li>
+  
+
+              
+            
+              
+                
+  
+  
+  
+  
+    <li class="md-nav__item">
+      <a href="languages/python/libs/pandas.html" class="md-nav__link">
+        
+  
+  <span class="md-ellipsis">
+    Pandas
+  </span>
+  
+
+      </a>
+    </li>
+  
+
+              
+            
+              
+                
+  
+  
+  
+  
+    <li class="md-nav__item">
+      <a href="languages/python/libs/seaborn.html" class="md-nav__link">
+        
+  
+  <span class="md-ellipsis">
+    Seaborn
+  </span>
+  
+
+      </a>
+    </li>
+  
+
+              
+            
+              
+                
+  
+  
+  
+  
+    <li class="md-nav__item">
+      <a href="languages/python/libs/requests.html" class="md-nav__link">
+        
+  
+  <span class="md-ellipsis">
+    Requests
+  </span>
+  
+
+      </a>
+    </li>
+  
+
+              
+            
+              
+                
+  
+  
+  
+  
+    <li class="md-nav__item">
+      <a href="languages/python/libs/beautiful-soup.html" class="md-nav__link">
+        
+  
+  <span class="md-ellipsis">
+    Beatiful Soup
+  </span>
+  
+
+      </a>
+    </li>
+  
+
+              
+            
+          </ul>
+        </nav>
+      
+    </li>
+  
+
+              
+            
+          </ul>
+        </nav>
+      
+    </li>
+  
+
+              
+            
+              
+                
+  
+  
+  
+  
+    
+    
+      
+        
+      
+        
+      
+        
+      
+    
+    
+      
+      
+        
+      
+    
+    
+    <li class="md-nav__item md-nav__item--nested">
+      
+        
+        
+        <input class="md-nav__toggle md-toggle " type="checkbox" id="__nav_4_9" >
+        
+          
+          <label class="md-nav__link" for="__nav_4_9" id="__nav_4_9_label" tabindex="0">
+            
+  
+  <span class="md-ellipsis">
+    .NET
+  </span>
+  
+
+            <span class="md-nav__icon md-icon"></span>
+          </label>
+        
+        <nav class="md-nav" data-md-level="2" aria-labelledby="__nav_4_9_label" aria-expanded="false">
+          <label class="md-nav__title" for="__nav_4_9">
+            <span class="md-nav__icon md-icon"></span>
+            .NET
+          </label>
+          <ul class="md-nav__list" data-md-scrollfix>
+            
+              
+                
+  
+  
+  
+  
+    
+    
+      
+        
+      
+        
+      
+        
+      
+        
+      
+        
+      
+        
+      
+    
+    
+      
+      
+        
+      
+    
+    
+    <li class="md-nav__item md-nav__item--nested">
+      
+        
+        
+        <input class="md-nav__toggle md-toggle " type="checkbox" id="__nav_4_9_1" >
+        
+          
+          <label class="md-nav__link" for="__nav_4_9_1" id="__nav_4_9_1_label" tabindex="0">
+            
+  
+  <span class="md-ellipsis">
+    C#
+  </span>
+  
+
+            <span class="md-nav__icon md-icon"></span>
+          </label>
+        
+        <nav class="md-nav" data-md-level="3" aria-labelledby="__nav_4_9_1_label" aria-expanded="false">
+          <label class="md-nav__title" for="__nav_4_9_1">
+            <span class="md-nav__icon md-icon"></span>
+            C#
+          </label>
+          <ul class="md-nav__list" data-md-scrollfix>
+            
+              
+                
+  
+  
+  
+  
+    <li class="md-nav__item">
+      <a href="languages/dotnet/csharp/csharp.html" class="md-nav__link">
+        
+  
+  <span class="md-ellipsis">
+    C#
+  </span>
+  
+
+      </a>
+    </li>
+  
+
+              
+            
+              
+                
+  
+  
+  
+  
+    <li class="md-nav__item">
+      <a href="languages/dotnet/csharp/linq.html" class="md-nav__link">
+        
+  
+  <span class="md-ellipsis">
+    Linq
+  </span>
+  
+
+      </a>
+    </li>
+  
+
+              
+            
+              
+                
+  
+  
+  
+  
+    <li class="md-nav__item">
+      <a href="languages/dotnet/csharp/collections.html" class="md-nav__link">
+        
+  
+  <span class="md-ellipsis">
+    Collections
+  </span>
+  
+
+      </a>
+    </li>
+  
+
+              
+            
+              
+                
+  
+  
+  
+  
+    <li class="md-nav__item">
+      <a href="languages/dotnet/csharp/reactive-extensions.html" class="md-nav__link">
+        
+  
+  <span class="md-ellipsis">
+    Reactive Extensions
+  </span>
+  
+
+      </a>
+    </li>
+  
+
+              
+            
+              
+                
+  
+  
+  
+  
+    <li class="md-nav__item">
+      <a href="languages/dotnet/csharp/async-programming.html" class="md-nav__link">
+        
+  
+  <span class="md-ellipsis">
+    Async Programming
+  </span>
+  
+
+      </a>
+    </li>
+  
+
+              
+            
+              
+                
+  
+  
+  
+  
+    <li class="md-nav__item">
+      <a href="languages/dotnet/csharp/unit-tests.html" class="md-nav__link">
+        
+  
+  <span class="md-ellipsis">
+    Unit Tests
+  </span>
+  
+
+      </a>
+    </li>
+  
+
+              
+            
+          </ul>
+        </nav>
+      
+    </li>
+  
+
+              
+            
+              
+                
+  
+  
+  
+  
+    
+    
+      
+        
+      
+        
+      
+        
+      
+        
+      
+        
+      
+        
+      
+        
+      
+    
+    
+      
+      
+        
+      
+    
+    
+    <li class="md-nav__item md-nav__item--nested">
+      
+        
+        
+        <input class="md-nav__toggle md-toggle " type="checkbox" id="__nav_4_9_2" >
+        
+          
+          <label class="md-nav__link" for="__nav_4_9_2" id="__nav_4_9_2_label" tabindex="0">
+            
+  
+  <span class="md-ellipsis">
+    ASP.NET
+  </span>
+  
+
+            <span class="md-nav__icon md-icon"></span>
+          </label>
+        
+        <nav class="md-nav" data-md-level="3" aria-labelledby="__nav_4_9_2_label" aria-expanded="false">
+          <label class="md-nav__title" for="__nav_4_9_2">
+            <span class="md-nav__icon md-icon"></span>
+            ASP.NET
+          </label>
+          <ul class="md-nav__list" data-md-scrollfix>
+            
+              
+                
+  
+  
+  
+  
+    <li class="md-nav__item">
+      <a href="languages/dotnet/asp.net/minimal-api.html" class="md-nav__link">
+        
+  
+  <span class="md-ellipsis">
+    Minimal API
+  </span>
+  
+
+      </a>
+    </li>
+  
+
+              
+            
+              
+                
+  
+  
+  
+  
+    <li class="md-nav__item">
+      <a href="languages/dotnet/asp.net/filters.html" class="md-nav__link">
+        
+  
+  <span class="md-ellipsis">
+    FIlters
+  </span>
+  
+
+      </a>
+    </li>
+  
+
+              
+            
+              
+                
+  
+  
+  
+  
+    <li class="md-nav__item">
+      <a href="languages/dotnet/asp.net/middleware.html" class="md-nav__link">
+        
+  
+  <span class="md-ellipsis">
+    Middleware
+  </span>
+  
+
+      </a>
+    </li>
+  
+
+              
+            
+              
+                
+  
+  
+  
+  
+    <li class="md-nav__item">
+      <a href="languages/dotnet/asp.net/razor-syntax.html" class="md-nav__link">
+        
+  
+  <span class="md-ellipsis">
+    Razor Syntax
+  </span>
+  
+
+      </a>
+    </li>
+  
+
+              
+            
+              
+                
+  
+  
+  
+  
+    <li class="md-nav__item">
+      <a href="languages/dotnet/asp.net/blazor.html" class="md-nav__link">
+        
+  
+  <span class="md-ellipsis">
+    Blazor
+  </span>
+  
+
+      </a>
+    </li>
+  
+
+              
+            
+              
+                
+  
+  
+  
+  
+    <li class="md-nav__item">
+      <a href="languages/dotnet/asp.net/signalr.html" class="md-nav__link">
+        
+  
+  <span class="md-ellipsis">
+    SignalR
+  </span>
+  
+
+      </a>
+    </li>
+  
+
+              
+            
+              
+                
+  
+  
+  
+  
+    <li class="md-nav__item">
+      <a href="languages/dotnet/asp.net/web-forms.html" class="md-nav__link">
+        
+  
+  <span class="md-ellipsis">
+    Web Forms
+  </span>
+  
+
+      </a>
+    </li>
+  
+
+              
+            
+          </ul>
+        </nav>
+      
+    </li>
+  
+
+              
+            
+              
+                
+  
+  
+  
+  
+    
+    
+      
+        
+      
+        
+      
+    
+    
+      
+      
+        
+      
+    
+    
+    <li class="md-nav__item md-nav__item--nested">
+      
+        
+        
+        <input class="md-nav__toggle md-toggle " type="checkbox" id="__nav_4_9_3" >
+        
+          
+          <label class="md-nav__link" for="__nav_4_9_3" id="__nav_4_9_3_label" tabindex="0">
+            
+  
+  <span class="md-ellipsis">
+    Database
+  </span>
+  
+
+            <span class="md-nav__icon md-icon"></span>
+          </label>
+        
+        <nav class="md-nav" data-md-level="3" aria-labelledby="__nav_4_9_3_label" aria-expanded="false">
+          <label class="md-nav__title" for="__nav_4_9_3">
+            <span class="md-nav__icon md-icon"></span>
+            Database
+          </label>
+          <ul class="md-nav__list" data-md-scrollfix>
+            
+              
+                
+  
+  
+  
+  
+    <li class="md-nav__item">
+      <a href="languages/dotnet/database/ado.net.html" class="md-nav__link">
+        
+  
+  <span class="md-ellipsis">
+    ADO.NET
+  </span>
+  
+
+      </a>
+    </li>
+  
+
+              
+            
+              
+                
+  
+  
+  
+  
+    <li class="md-nav__item">
+      <a href="languages/dotnet/database/entity-framework.html" class="md-nav__link">
+        
+  
+  <span class="md-ellipsis">
+    Entity Framework
+  </span>
+  
+
+      </a>
+    </li>
+  
+
+              
+            
+          </ul>
+        </nav>
+      
+    </li>
+  
+
+              
+            
+          </ul>
+        </nav>
+      
+    </li>
+  
+
+              
+            
+              
+                
+  
+  
+  
+  
+    
+    
+      
+        
+      
+        
+      
+        
+      
+        
+      
+    
+    
+      
+      
+        
+      
+    
+    
+    <li class="md-nav__item md-nav__item--nested">
+      
+        
+        
+        <input class="md-nav__toggle md-toggle " type="checkbox" id="__nav_4_10" >
+        
+          
+          <label class="md-nav__link" for="__nav_4_10" id="__nav_4_10_label" tabindex="0">
+            
+  
+  <span class="md-ellipsis">
+    Java
+  </span>
+  
+
+            <span class="md-nav__icon md-icon"></span>
+          </label>
+        
+        <nav class="md-nav" data-md-level="2" aria-labelledby="__nav_4_10_label" aria-expanded="false">
+          <label class="md-nav__title" for="__nav_4_10">
+            <span class="md-nav__icon md-icon"></span>
+            Java
+          </label>
+          <ul class="md-nav__list" data-md-scrollfix>
+            
+              
+                
+  
+  
+  
+  
+    <li class="md-nav__item">
+      <a href="languages/java/java.html" class="md-nav__link">
+        
+  
+  <span class="md-ellipsis">
+    Java
+  </span>
+  
+
+      </a>
+    </li>
+  
+
+              
+            
+              
+                
+  
+  
+  
+  
+    <li class="md-nav__item">
+      <a href="languages/java/java-collection-framework.html" class="md-nav__link">
+        
+  
+  <span class="md-ellipsis">
+    Java Collection Framework
+  </span>
+  
+
+      </a>
+    </li>
+  
+
+              
+            
+              
+                
+  
+  
+  
+  
+    <li class="md-nav__item">
+      <a href="languages/java/dao.html" class="md-nav__link">
+        
+  
+  <span class="md-ellipsis">
+    DAO
+  </span>
+  
+
+      </a>
+    </li>
+  
+
+              
+            
+              
+                
+  
+  
+  
+  
+    
+    
+      
+        
+      
+        
+      
+    
+    
+      
+      
+        
+      
+    
+    
+    <li class="md-nav__item md-nav__item--nested">
+      
+        
+        
+        <input class="md-nav__toggle md-toggle " type="checkbox" id="__nav_4_10_4" >
+        
+          
+          <label class="md-nav__link" for="__nav_4_10_4" id="__nav_4_10_4_label" tabindex="0">
+            
+  
+  <span class="md-ellipsis">
+    Web
+  </span>
+  
+
+            <span class="md-nav__icon md-icon"></span>
+          </label>
+        
+        <nav class="md-nav" data-md-level="3" aria-labelledby="__nav_4_10_4_label" aria-expanded="false">
+          <label class="md-nav__title" for="__nav_4_10_4">
+            <span class="md-nav__icon md-icon"></span>
+            Web
+          </label>
+          <ul class="md-nav__list" data-md-scrollfix>
+            
+              
+                
+  
+  
+  
+  
+    <li class="md-nav__item">
+      <a href="languages/java/web/servlet.html" class="md-nav__link">
+        
+  
+  <span class="md-ellipsis">
+    Serverlet
+  </span>
+  
+
+      </a>
+    </li>
+  
+
+              
+            
+              
+                
+  
+  
+  
+  
+    
+    
+      
+        
+      
+        
+      
+    
+    
+      
+      
+        
+      
+    
+    
+    <li class="md-nav__item md-nav__item--nested">
+      
+        
+        
+        <input class="md-nav__toggle md-toggle " type="checkbox" id="__nav_4_10_4_2" >
+        
+          
+          <label class="md-nav__link" for="__nav_4_10_4_2" id="__nav_4_10_4_2_label" tabindex="0">
+            
+  
+  <span class="md-ellipsis">
+    Spring
+  </span>
+  
+
+            <span class="md-nav__icon md-icon"></span>
+          </label>
+        
+        <nav class="md-nav" data-md-level="4" aria-labelledby="__nav_4_10_4_2_label" aria-expanded="false">
+          <label class="md-nav__title" for="__nav_4_10_4_2">
+            <span class="md-nav__icon md-icon"></span>
+            Spring
+          </label>
+          <ul class="md-nav__list" data-md-scrollfix>
+            
+              
+                
+  
+  
+  
+  
+    <li class="md-nav__item">
+      <a href="languages/java/spring/pom.xml.html" class="md-nav__link">
+        
+  
+  <span class="md-ellipsis">
+    POM
+  </span>
+  
+
+      </a>
+    </li>
+  
+
+              
+            
+              
+                
+  
+  
+  
+  
+    <li class="md-nav__item">
+      <a href="languages/java/spring/spring-project.html" class="md-nav__link">
+        
+  
+  <span class="md-ellipsis">
+    Project Structure
+  </span>
+  
+
+      </a>
+    </li>
+  
+
+              
+            
+          </ul>
+        </nav>
+      
+    </li>
+  
+
+              
+            
+          </ul>
+        </nav>
+      
+    </li>
+  
+
+              
+            
+          </ul>
+        </nav>
+      
+    </li>
+  
+
+              
+            
+              
+                
+  
+  
+  
+  
+    
+    
+      
+        
+      
+        
+      
+        
+      
+        
+      
+        
+      
+        
+      
+        
+      
+        
+      
+        
+      
+    
+    
+      
+      
+        
+      
+    
+    
+    <li class="md-nav__item md-nav__item--nested">
+      
+        
+        
+        <input class="md-nav__toggle md-toggle " type="checkbox" id="__nav_4_11" >
+        
+          
+          <label class="md-nav__link" for="__nav_4_11" id="__nav_4_11_label" tabindex="0">
+            
+  
+  <span class="md-ellipsis">
+    PHP
+  </span>
+  
+
+            <span class="md-nav__icon md-icon"></span>
+          </label>
+        
+        <nav class="md-nav" data-md-level="2" aria-labelledby="__nav_4_11_label" aria-expanded="false">
+          <label class="md-nav__title" for="__nav_4_11">
+            <span class="md-nav__icon md-icon"></span>
+            PHP
+          </label>
+          <ul class="md-nav__list" data-md-scrollfix>
+            
+              
+                
+  
+  
+  
+  
+    <li class="md-nav__item">
+      <a href="languages/php/php.html" class="md-nav__link">
+        
+  
+  <span class="md-ellipsis">
+    PHP
+  </span>
+  
+
+      </a>
+    </li>
+  
+
+              
+            
+              
+                
+  
+  
+  
+  
+    <li class="md-nav__item">
+      <a href="languages/php/database.html" class="md-nav__link">
+        
+  
+  <span class="md-ellipsis">
+    Database
+  </span>
+  
+
+      </a>
+    </li>
+  
+
+              
+            
+              
+                
+  
+  
+  
+  
+    <li class="md-nav__item">
+      <a href="languages/php/web.html" class="md-nav__link">
+        
+  
+  <span class="md-ellipsis">
+    Web
+  </span>
+  
+
+      </a>
+    </li>
+  
+
+              
+            
+              
+                
+  
+  
+  
+  
+    <li class="md-nav__item">
+      <a href="languages/php/dependency-injection.html" class="md-nav__link">
+        
+  
+  <span class="md-ellipsis">
+    Dependency Injection
+  </span>
+  
+
+      </a>
+    </li>
+  
+
+              
+            
+              
+                
+  
+  
+  
+  
+    <li class="md-nav__item">
+      <a href="languages/php/unit-tests.html" class="md-nav__link">
+        
+  
+  <span class="md-ellipsis">
+    Unit Tests
+  </span>
+  
+
+      </a>
+    </li>
+  
+
+              
+            
+              
+                
+  
+  
+  
+  
+    <li class="md-nav__item">
+      <a href="languages/php/composer.html" class="md-nav__link">
+        
+  
+  <span class="md-ellipsis">
+    Composer
+  </span>
+  
+
+      </a>
+    </li>
+  
+
+              
+            
+              
+                
+  
+  
+  
+  
+    <li class="md-nav__item">
+      <a href="languages/php/psr-7.html" class="md-nav__link">
+        
+  
+  <span class="md-ellipsis">
+    PSR 7
+  </span>
+  
+
+      </a>
+    </li>
+  
+
+              
+            
+              
+                
+  
+  
+  
+  
+    <li class="md-nav__item">
+      <a href="languages/php/plates-templating.html" class="md-nav__link">
+        
+  
+  <span class="md-ellipsis">
+    Plates
+  </span>
+  
+
+      </a>
+    </li>
+  
+
+              
+            
+              
+                
+  
+  
+  
+  
+    
+    
+      
+        
+      
+        
+      
+    
+    
+      
+      
+        
+      
+    
+    
+    <li class="md-nav__item md-nav__item--nested">
+      
+        
+        
+        <input class="md-nav__toggle md-toggle " type="checkbox" id="__nav_4_11_9" >
+        
+          
+          <label class="md-nav__link" for="__nav_4_11_9" id="__nav_4_11_9_label" tabindex="0">
+            
+  
+  <span class="md-ellipsis">
+    Simple MVC
+  </span>
+  
+
+            <span class="md-nav__icon md-icon"></span>
+          </label>
+        
+        <nav class="md-nav" data-md-level="3" aria-labelledby="__nav_4_11_9_label" aria-expanded="false">
+          <label class="md-nav__title" for="__nav_4_11_9">
+            <span class="md-nav__icon md-icon"></span>
+            Simple MVC
+          </label>
+          <ul class="md-nav__list" data-md-scrollfix>
+            
+              
+                
+  
+  
+  
+  
+    <li class="md-nav__item">
+      <a href="languages/php/simple-mvc/simple-mvc.html" class="md-nav__link">
+        
+  
+  <span class="md-ellipsis">
+    Simple MVC
+  </span>
+  
+
+      </a>
+    </li>
+  
+
+              
+            
+              
+                
+  
+  
+  
+  
+    <li class="md-nav__item">
+      <a href="languages/php/simple-mvc/rest-api.html" class="md-nav__link">
+        
+  
+  <span class="md-ellipsis">
+    REST API
+  </span>
+  
+
+      </a>
+    </li>
+  
+
+              
+            
+          </ul>
+        </nav>
+      
+    </li>
+  
+
+              
+            
+          </ul>
+        </nav>
+      
+    </li>
+  
+
+              
+            
+              
+                
+  
+  
+  
+  
+    
+    
+      
+        
+      
+        
+      
+        
+      
+        
+      
+        
+      
+    
+    
+      
+      
+        
+      
+    
+    
+    <li class="md-nav__item md-nav__item--nested">
+      
+        
+        
+        <input class="md-nav__toggle md-toggle " type="checkbox" id="__nav_4_12" >
+        
+          
+          <label class="md-nav__link" for="__nav_4_12" id="__nav_4_12_label" tabindex="0">
+            
+  
+  <span class="md-ellipsis">
+    Rust
+  </span>
+  
+
+            <span class="md-nav__icon md-icon"></span>
+          </label>
+        
+        <nav class="md-nav" data-md-level="2" aria-labelledby="__nav_4_12_label" aria-expanded="false">
+          <label class="md-nav__title" for="__nav_4_12">
+            <span class="md-nav__icon md-icon"></span>
+            Rust
+          </label>
+          <ul class="md-nav__list" data-md-scrollfix>
+            
+              
+                
+  
+  
+  
+  
+    <li class="md-nav__item">
+      <a href="languages/rust/rust.html" class="md-nav__link">
+        
+  
+  <span class="md-ellipsis">
+    Rust
+  </span>
+  
+
+      </a>
+    </li>
+  
+
+              
+            
+              
+                
+  
+  
+  
+  
+    <li class="md-nav__item">
+      <a href="languages/rust/macros.html" class="md-nav__link">
+        
+  
+  <span class="md-ellipsis">
+    Macros
+  </span>
+  
+
+      </a>
+    </li>
+  
+
+              
+            
+              
+                
+  
+  
+  
+  
+    <li class="md-nav__item">
+      <a href="languages/rust/cargo.html" class="md-nav__link">
+        
+  
+  <span class="md-ellipsis">
+    Cargo
+  </span>
+  
+
+      </a>
+    </li>
+  
+
+              
+            
+              
+                
+  
+  
+  
+  
+    <li class="md-nav__item">
+      <a href="languages/rust/concurrency.html" class="md-nav__link">
+        
+  
+  <span class="md-ellipsis">
+    Concurrency
+  </span>
+  
+
+      </a>
+    </li>
+  
+
+              
+            
+              
+                
+  
+  
+  
+  
+    <li class="md-nav__item">
+      <a href="languages/rust/unit-tests.html" class="md-nav__link">
+        
+  
+  <span class="md-ellipsis">
+    Unit Tests
+  </span>
+  
+
+      </a>
+    </li>
+  
+
+              
+            
+          </ul>
+        </nav>
+      
+    </li>
+  
+
+              
+            
+              
+                
+  
+  
+  
+  
+    
+    
+      
+        
+      
+        
+      
+        
+      
+        
+      
+        
+      
+        
+      
+        
+      
+    
+    
+      
+      
+        
+      
+    
+    
+    <li class="md-nav__item md-nav__item--nested">
+      
+        
+        
+        <input class="md-nav__toggle md-toggle " type="checkbox" id="__nav_4_13" >
+        
+          
+          <label class="md-nav__link" for="__nav_4_13" id="__nav_4_13_label" tabindex="0">
+            
+  
+  <span class="md-ellipsis">
+    Javascript
+  </span>
+  
+
+            <span class="md-nav__icon md-icon"></span>
+          </label>
+        
+        <nav class="md-nav" data-md-level="2" aria-labelledby="__nav_4_13_label" aria-expanded="false">
+          <label class="md-nav__title" for="__nav_4_13">
+            <span class="md-nav__icon md-icon"></span>
+            Javascript
+          </label>
+          <ul class="md-nav__list" data-md-scrollfix>
+            
+              
+                
+  
+  
+  
+  
+    <li class="md-nav__item">
+      <a href="languages/javascript/javascript.html" class="md-nav__link">
+        
+  
+  <span class="md-ellipsis">
+    Javascript
+  </span>
+  
+
+      </a>
+    </li>
+  
+
+              
+            
+              
+                
+  
+  
+  
+  
+    <li class="md-nav__item">
+      <a href="languages/javascript/dom.html" class="md-nav__link">
+        
+  
+  <span class="md-ellipsis">
+    DOM
+  </span>
+  
+
+      </a>
+    </li>
+  
+
+              
+            
+              
+                
+  
+  
+  
+  
+    <li class="md-nav__item">
+      <a href="languages/javascript/events-animation.html" class="md-nav__link">
+        
+  
+  <span class="md-ellipsis">
+    Events & Animation
+  </span>
+  
+
+      </a>
+    </li>
+  
+
+              
+            
+              
+                
+  
+  
+  
+  
+    <li class="md-nav__item">
+      <a href="languages/javascript/ajax.html" class="md-nav__link">
+        
+  
+  <span class="md-ellipsis">
+    AJAX
+  </span>
+  
+
+      </a>
+    </li>
+  
+
+              
+            
+              
+                
+  
+  
+  
+  
+    <li class="md-nav__item">
+      <a href="languages/javascript/jquery.html" class="md-nav__link">
+        
+  
+  <span class="md-ellipsis">
+    jQuery
+  </span>
+  
+
+      </a>
+    </li>
+  
+
+              
+            
+              
+                
+  
+  
+  
+  
+    
+    
+      
+        
+      
+        
+      
+        
+      
+        
+      
+        
+      
+    
+    
+      
+      
+        
+      
+    
+    
+    <li class="md-nav__item md-nav__item--nested">
+      
+        
+        
+        <input class="md-nav__toggle md-toggle " type="checkbox" id="__nav_4_13_6" >
+        
+          
+          <label class="md-nav__link" for="__nav_4_13_6" id="__nav_4_13_6_label" tabindex="0">
+            
+  
+  <span class="md-ellipsis">
+    React
+  </span>
+  
+
+            <span class="md-nav__icon md-icon"></span>
+          </label>
+        
+        <nav class="md-nav" data-md-level="3" aria-labelledby="__nav_4_13_6_label" aria-expanded="false">
+          <label class="md-nav__title" for="__nav_4_13_6">
+            <span class="md-nav__icon md-icon"></span>
+            React
+          </label>
+          <ul class="md-nav__list" data-md-scrollfix>
+            
+              
+                
+  
+  
+  
+  
+    <li class="md-nav__item">
+      <a href="languages/javascript/react/react.html" class="md-nav__link">
+        
+  
+  <span class="md-ellipsis">
+    React
+  </span>
+  
+
+      </a>
+    </li>
+  
+
+              
+            
+              
+                
+  
+  
+  
+  
+    <li class="md-nav__item">
+      <a href="languages/javascript/react/react-router.html" class="md-nav__link">
+        
+  
+  <span class="md-ellipsis">
+    React Router
+  </span>
+  
+
+      </a>
+    </li>
+  
+
+              
+            
+              
+                
+  
+  
+  
+  
+    <li class="md-nav__item">
+      <a href="languages/javascript/react/react-tests.html" class="md-nav__link">
+        
+  
+  <span class="md-ellipsis">
+    React Tests
+  </span>
+  
+
+      </a>
+    </li>
+  
+
+              
+            
+              
+                
+  
+  
+  
+  
+    <li class="md-nav__item">
+      <a href="languages/javascript/react/redux.html" class="md-nav__link">
+        
+  
+  <span class="md-ellipsis">
+    Redux
+  </span>
+  
+
+      </a>
+    </li>
+  
+
+              
+            
+              
+                
+  
+  
+  
+  
+    <li class="md-nav__item">
+      <a href="languages/javascript/react/redux-tests.html" class="md-nav__link">
+        
+  
+  <span class="md-ellipsis">
+    Redux Tests
+  </span>
+  
+
+      </a>
+    </li>
+  
+
+              
+            
+          </ul>
+        </nav>
+      
+    </li>
+  
+
+              
+            
+              
+                
+  
+  
+  
+  
+    <li class="md-nav__item">
+      <a href="languages/javascript/svelte/svelte.html" class="md-nav__link">
+        
+  
+  <span class="md-ellipsis">
+    Svelte
+  </span>
+  
+
+      </a>
+    </li>
+  
+
+              
+            
+          </ul>
+        </nav>
+      
+    </li>
+  
+
+              
+            
+              
+                
+  
+  
+  
+  
+    
+    
+      
+        
+      
+        
+      
+    
+    
+      
+      
+        
+      
+    
+    
+    <li class="md-nav__item md-nav__item--nested">
+      
+        
+        
+        <input class="md-nav__toggle md-toggle " type="checkbox" id="__nav_4_14" >
+        
+          
+          <label class="md-nav__link" for="__nav_4_14" id="__nav_4_14_label" tabindex="0">
+            
+  
+  <span class="md-ellipsis">
+    PowerShell
+  </span>
+  
+
+            <span class="md-nav__icon md-icon"></span>
+          </label>
+        
+        <nav class="md-nav" data-md-level="2" aria-labelledby="__nav_4_14_label" aria-expanded="false">
+          <label class="md-nav__title" for="__nav_4_14">
+            <span class="md-nav__icon md-icon"></span>
+            PowerShell
+          </label>
+          <ul class="md-nav__list" data-md-scrollfix>
+            
+              
+                
+  
+  
+  
+  
+    <li class="md-nav__item">
+      <a href="languages/powershell/scripting.html" class="md-nav__link">
+        
+  
+  <span class="md-ellipsis">
+    Scripting
+  </span>
+  
+
+      </a>
+    </li>
+  
+
+              
+            
+              
+                
+  
+  
+  
+  
+    <li class="md-nav__item">
+      <a href="languages/powershell/commands.html" class="md-nav__link">
+        
+  
+  <span class="md-ellipsis">
+    Commands
+  </span>
+  
+
+      </a>
+    </li>
+  
+
+              
+            
+          </ul>
+        </nav>
+      
+    </li>
+  
+
+              
+            
+              
+                
+  
+  
+  
+  
+    
+    
+      
+        
+      
+        
+      
+    
+    
+      
+      
+        
+      
+    
+    
+    <li class="md-nav__item md-nav__item--nested">
+      
+        
+        
+        <input class="md-nav__toggle md-toggle " type="checkbox" id="__nav_4_15" >
+        
+          
+          <label class="md-nav__link" for="__nav_4_15" id="__nav_4_15_label" tabindex="0">
+            
+  
+  <span class="md-ellipsis">
+    Bash
+  </span>
+  
+
+            <span class="md-nav__icon md-icon"></span>
+          </label>
+        
+        <nav class="md-nav" data-md-level="2" aria-labelledby="__nav_4_15_label" aria-expanded="false">
+          <label class="md-nav__title" for="__nav_4_15">
+            <span class="md-nav__icon md-icon"></span>
+            Bash
+          </label>
+          <ul class="md-nav__list" data-md-scrollfix>
+            
+              
+                
+  
+  
+  
+  
+    <li class="md-nav__item">
+      <a href="languages/bash/scripting.html" class="md-nav__link">
+        
+  
+  <span class="md-ellipsis">
+    Scripting
+  </span>
+  
+
+      </a>
+    </li>
+  
+
+              
+            
+              
+                
+  
+  
+  
+  
+    <li class="md-nav__item">
+      <a href="languages/bash/commands.html" class="md-nav__link">
+        
+  
+  <span class="md-ellipsis">
+    Commands
+  </span>
+  
+
+      </a>
+    </li>
+  
+
+              
+            
+          </ul>
+        </nav>
+      
+    </li>
+  
+
+              
+            
+          </ul>
+        </nav>
+      
+    </li>
+  
+
+    
+      
+      
+  
+  
+  
+  
+    
+    
+      
+        
+      
+        
+      
+        
+      
+        
+      
+        
+      
+    
+    
+      
+      
+        
+      
+    
+    
+    <li class="md-nav__item md-nav__item--nested">
+      
+        
+        
+        <input class="md-nav__toggle md-toggle " type="checkbox" id="__nav_5" >
+        
+          
+          <label class="md-nav__link" for="__nav_5" id="__nav_5_label" tabindex="0">
+            
+  
+  <span class="md-ellipsis">
+    Misc
+  </span>
+  
+
+            <span class="md-nav__icon md-icon"></span>
+          </label>
+        
+        <nav class="md-nav" data-md-level="1" aria-labelledby="__nav_5_label" aria-expanded="false">
+          <label class="md-nav__title" for="__nav_5">
+            <span class="md-nav__icon md-icon"></span>
+            Misc
+          </label>
+          <ul class="md-nav__list" data-md-scrollfix>
+            
+              
+                
+  
+  
+  
+  
+    <li class="md-nav__item">
+      <a href="misc/git.html" class="md-nav__link">
+        
+  
+  <span class="md-ellipsis">
+    Git
+  </span>
+  
+
+      </a>
+    </li>
+  
+
+              
+            
+              
+                
+  
+  
+  
+  
+    <li class="md-nav__item">
+      <a href="misc/graph-ql.html" class="md-nav__link">
+        
+  
+  <span class="md-ellipsis">
+    GraphQL
+  </span>
+  
+
+      </a>
+    </li>
+  
+
+              
+            
+              
+                
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+<p>Personal notes on various programming languages, technologies, tools, etc. to be used as quick reference.</p>
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diff --git a/languages/assembly/intel.html b/languages/assembly/intel.html
new file mode 100644
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@@ -0,0 +1,4480 @@
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+      
+        <li class="md-nav__item">
+  <a href="#compiling-linking" class="md-nav__link">
+    <span class="md-ellipsis">
+      Compiling &amp; Linking
+    </span>
+  </a>
+  
+</li>
+      
+        <li class="md-nav__item">
+  <a href="#basics" class="md-nav__link">
+    <span class="md-ellipsis">
+      Basics
+    </span>
+  </a>
+  
+    <nav class="md-nav" aria-label="Basics">
+      <ul class="md-nav__list">
+        
+          <li class="md-nav__item">
+  <a href="#exports-sections" class="md-nav__link">
+    <span class="md-ellipsis">
+      Exports &amp; Sections
+    </span>
+  </a>
+  
+</li>
+        
+          <li class="md-nav__item">
+  <a href="#labels-declarations" class="md-nav__link">
+    <span class="md-ellipsis">
+      Labels &amp; Declarations
+    </span>
+  </a>
+  
+</li>
+        
+          <li class="md-nav__item">
+  <a href="#registers" class="md-nav__link">
+    <span class="md-ellipsis">
+      Registers
+    </span>
+  </a>
+  
+</li>
+        
+      </ul>
+    </nav>
+  
+</li>
+      
+        <li class="md-nav__item">
+  <a href="#instructions" class="md-nav__link">
+    <span class="md-ellipsis">
+      Instructions
+    </span>
+  </a>
+  
+    <nav class="md-nav" aria-label="Instructions">
+      <ul class="md-nav__list">
+        
+          <li class="md-nav__item">
+  <a href="#add" class="md-nav__link">
+    <span class="md-ellipsis">
+      add
+    </span>
+  </a>
+  
+</li>
+        
+          <li class="md-nav__item">
+  <a href="#sub" class="md-nav__link">
+    <span class="md-ellipsis">
+      sub
+    </span>
+  </a>
+  
+</li>
+        
+          <li class="md-nav__item">
+  <a href="#mul-div-imul-idiv" class="md-nav__link">
+    <span class="md-ellipsis">
+      mul, div, imul, idiv
+    </span>
+  </a>
+  
+</li>
+        
+          <li class="md-nav__item">
+  <a href="#and-or-xor" class="md-nav__link">
+    <span class="md-ellipsis">
+      and, or, xor
+    </span>
+  </a>
+  
+</li>
+        
+          <li class="md-nav__item">
+  <a href="#shr-shl" class="md-nav__link">
+    <span class="md-ellipsis">
+      shr, shl
+    </span>
+  </a>
+  
+</li>
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+      </ul>
+    </nav>
+  
+</li>
+      
+    </ul>
+  
+</nav>
+      
+    </li>
+  
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+            
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+  
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+  
+  
+    <li class="md-nav__item">
+      <a href="riscv.html" class="md-nav__link">
+        
+  
+  <span class="md-ellipsis">
+    RISC-V
+  </span>
+  
+
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+    </li>
+  
+
+              
+            
+          </ul>
+        </nav>
+      
+    </li>
+  
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+  
+  
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+  
+    
+    
+      
+        
+      
+        
+      
+        
+      
+    
+    
+      
+      
+        
+          
+          
+        
+      
+    
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+    <li class="md-nav__item md-nav__item--section md-nav__item--nested">
+      
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+        <input class="md-nav__toggle md-toggle " type="checkbox" id="__nav_4_8" >
+        
+          
+          <label class="md-nav__link" for="__nav_4_8" id="__nav_4_8_label" tabindex="">
+            
+  
+  <span class="md-ellipsis">
+    Python
+  </span>
+  
+
+            <span class="md-nav__icon md-icon"></span>
+          </label>
+        
+        <nav class="md-nav" data-md-level="2" aria-labelledby="__nav_4_8_label" aria-expanded="false">
+          <label class="md-nav__title" for="__nav_4_8">
+            <span class="md-nav__icon md-icon"></span>
+            Python
+          </label>
+          <ul class="md-nav__list" data-md-scrollfix>
+            
+              
+                
+  
+  
+  
+  
+    <li class="md-nav__item">
+      <a href="../python/python.html" class="md-nav__link">
+        
+  
+  <span class="md-ellipsis">
+    Python
+  </span>
+  
+
+      </a>
+    </li>
+  
+
+              
+            
+              
+                
+  
+  
+  
+  
+    
+    
+      
+        
+      
+        
+      
+        
+      
+        
+      
+        
+      
+        
+      
+        
+      
+        
+      
+        
+      
+        
+      
+        
+      
+        
+      
+        
+      
+    
+    
+      
+      
+        
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+    <li class="md-nav__item md-nav__item--nested">
+      
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+        
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+          <label class="md-nav__link" for="__nav_4_8_2" id="__nav_4_8_2_label" tabindex="0">
+            
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+  <span class="md-ellipsis">
+    Modules
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+            <span class="md-nav__icon md-icon"></span>
+          </label>
+        
+        <nav class="md-nav" data-md-level="3" aria-labelledby="__nav_4_8_2_label" aria-expanded="false">
+          <label class="md-nav__title" for="__nav_4_8_2">
+            <span class="md-nav__icon md-icon"></span>
+            Modules
+          </label>
+          <ul class="md-nav__list" data-md-scrollfix>
+            
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+  
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+  
+  
+    <li class="md-nav__item">
+      <a href="../python/modules/argparse.html" class="md-nav__link">
+        
+  
+  <span class="md-ellipsis">
+    argparse
+  </span>
+  
+
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+    </li>
+  
+
+              
+            
+              
+                
+  
+  
+  
+  
+    <li class="md-nav__item">
+      <a href="../python/modules/collections.html" class="md-nav__link">
+        
+  
+  <span class="md-ellipsis">
+    collection
+  </span>
+  
+
+      </a>
+    </li>
+  
+
+              
+            
+              
+                
+  
+  
+  
+  
+    <li class="md-nav__item">
+      <a href="../python/modules/csv.html" class="md-nav__link">
+        
+  
+  <span class="md-ellipsis">
+    csv
+  </span>
+  
+
+      </a>
+    </li>
+  
+
+              
+            
+              
+                
+  
+  
+  
+  
+    <li class="md-nav__item">
+      <a href="../python/modules/ftplib.html" class="md-nav__link">
+        
+  
+  <span class="md-ellipsis">
+    ftplib
+  </span>
+  
+
+      </a>
+    </li>
+  
+
+              
+            
+              
+                
+  
+  
+  
+  
+    <li class="md-nav__item">
+      <a href="../python/modules/itertools.html" class="md-nav__link">
+        
+  
+  <span class="md-ellipsis">
+    itertools
+  </span>
+  
+
+      </a>
+    </li>
+  
+
+              
+            
+              
+                
+  
+  
+  
+  
+    <li class="md-nav__item">
+      <a href="../python/modules/json.html" class="md-nav__link">
+        
+  
+  <span class="md-ellipsis">
+    json
+  </span>
+  
+
+      </a>
+    </li>
+  
+
+              
+            
+              
+                
+  
+  
+  
+  
+    <li class="md-nav__item">
+      <a href="../python/modules/logging.html" class="md-nav__link">
+        
+  
+  <span class="md-ellipsis">
+    logging
+  </span>
+  
+
+      </a>
+    </li>
+  
+
+              
+            
+              
+                
+  
+  
+  
+  
+    <li class="md-nav__item">
+      <a href="../python/modules/shutil.html" class="md-nav__link">
+        
+  
+  <span class="md-ellipsis">
+    shutil
+  </span>
+  
+
+      </a>
+    </li>
+  
+
+              
+            
+              
+                
+  
+  
+  
+  
+    <li class="md-nav__item">
+      <a href="../python/modules/smtplib.html" class="md-nav__link">
+        
+  
+  <span class="md-ellipsis">
+    smtplib
+  </span>
+  
+
+      </a>
+    </li>
+  
+
+              
+            
+              
+                
+  
+  
+  
+  
+    <li class="md-nav__item">
+      <a href="../python/modules/socket.html" class="md-nav__link">
+        
+  
+  <span class="md-ellipsis">
+    socket
+  </span>
+  
+
+      </a>
+    </li>
+  
+
+              
+            
+              
+                
+  
+  
+  
+  
+    <li class="md-nav__item">
+      <a href="../python/modules/sqlite.html" class="md-nav__link">
+        
+  
+  <span class="md-ellipsis">
+    sqlite
+  </span>
+  
+
+      </a>
+    </li>
+  
+
+              
+            
+              
+                
+  
+  
+  
+  
+    <li class="md-nav__item">
+      <a href="../python/modules/time-datetime.html" class="md-nav__link">
+        
+  
+  <span class="md-ellipsis">
+    time & datetime
+  </span>
+  
+
+      </a>
+    </li>
+  
+
+              
+            
+              
+                
+  
+  
+  
+  
+    <li class="md-nav__item">
+      <a href="../python/modules/unittest.html" class="md-nav__link">
+        
+  
+  <span class="md-ellipsis">
+    unittest
+  </span>
+  
+
+      </a>
+    </li>
+  
+
+              
+            
+          </ul>
+        </nav>
+      
+    </li>
+  
+
+              
+            
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+                
+  
+  
+  
+  
+    
+    
+      
+        
+      
+        
+      
+        
+      
+        
+      
+        
+      
+        
+      
+    
+    
+      
+      
+        
+      
+    
+    
+    <li class="md-nav__item md-nav__item--nested">
+      
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+        <input class="md-nav__toggle md-toggle " type="checkbox" id="__nav_4_8_3" >
+        
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+          <label class="md-nav__link" for="__nav_4_8_3" id="__nav_4_8_3_label" tabindex="0">
+            
+  
+  <span class="md-ellipsis">
+    Libraries
+  </span>
+  
+
+            <span class="md-nav__icon md-icon"></span>
+          </label>
+        
+        <nav class="md-nav" data-md-level="3" aria-labelledby="__nav_4_8_3_label" aria-expanded="false">
+          <label class="md-nav__title" for="__nav_4_8_3">
+            <span class="md-nav__icon md-icon"></span>
+            Libraries
+          </label>
+          <ul class="md-nav__list" data-md-scrollfix>
+            
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+                
+  
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+  
+  
+    <li class="md-nav__item">
+      <a href="../python/libs/tkinter.html" class="md-nav__link">
+        
+  
+  <span class="md-ellipsis">
+    TKinter
+  </span>
+  
+
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+    </li>
+  
+
+              
+            
+              
+                
+  
+  
+  
+  
+    <li class="md-nav__item">
+      <a href="../python/libs/numpy.html" class="md-nav__link">
+        
+  
+  <span class="md-ellipsis">
+    Numpy
+  </span>
+  
+
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+    </li>
+  
+
+              
+            
+              
+                
+  
+  
+  
+  
+    <li class="md-nav__item">
+      <a href="../python/libs/pandas.html" class="md-nav__link">
+        
+  
+  <span class="md-ellipsis">
+    Pandas
+  </span>
+  
+
+      </a>
+    </li>
+  
+
+              
+            
+              
+                
+  
+  
+  
+  
+    <li class="md-nav__item">
+      <a href="../python/libs/seaborn.html" class="md-nav__link">
+        
+  
+  <span class="md-ellipsis">
+    Seaborn
+  </span>
+  
+
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+    </li>
+  
+
+              
+            
+              
+                
+  
+  
+  
+  
+    <li class="md-nav__item">
+      <a href="../python/libs/requests.html" class="md-nav__link">
+        
+  
+  <span class="md-ellipsis">
+    Requests
+  </span>
+  
+
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+    </li>
+  
+
+              
+            
+              
+                
+  
+  
+  
+  
+    <li class="md-nav__item">
+      <a href="../python/libs/beautiful-soup.html" class="md-nav__link">
+        
+  
+  <span class="md-ellipsis">
+    Beatiful Soup
+  </span>
+  
+
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+    </li>
+  
+
+              
+            
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+        </nav>
+      
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+    
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+      
+        
+          
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+    <li class="md-nav__item md-nav__item--section md-nav__item--nested">
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+          <label class="md-nav__link" for="__nav_4_9" id="__nav_4_9_label" tabindex="">
+            
+  
+  <span class="md-ellipsis">
+    .NET
+  </span>
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+            .NET
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+            
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+    C#
+  </span>
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+            C#
+          </label>
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+    <li class="md-nav__item">
+      <a href="../dotnet/csharp/csharp.html" class="md-nav__link">
+        
+  
+  <span class="md-ellipsis">
+    C#
+  </span>
+  
+
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+    </li>
+  
+
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+    <li class="md-nav__item">
+      <a href="../dotnet/csharp/linq.html" class="md-nav__link">
+        
+  
+  <span class="md-ellipsis">
+    Linq
+  </span>
+  
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+
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+    <li class="md-nav__item">
+      <a href="../dotnet/csharp/collections.html" class="md-nav__link">
+        
+  
+  <span class="md-ellipsis">
+    Collections
+  </span>
+  
+
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+    </li>
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+
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+    <li class="md-nav__item">
+      <a href="../dotnet/csharp/reactive-extensions.html" class="md-nav__link">
+        
+  
+  <span class="md-ellipsis">
+    Reactive Extensions
+  </span>
+  
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+
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+            
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+  
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+    <li class="md-nav__item">
+      <a href="../dotnet/csharp/async-programming.html" class="md-nav__link">
+        
+  
+  <span class="md-ellipsis">
+    Async Programming
+  </span>
+  
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+    </li>
+  
+
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+            
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+      <a href="../dotnet/csharp/unit-tests.html" class="md-nav__link">
+        
+  
+  <span class="md-ellipsis">
+    Unit Tests
+  </span>
+  
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+  
+
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+        </nav>
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+    
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+        
+      
+        
+      
+        
+      
+        
+      
+        
+      
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+        
+      
+    
+    
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+      
+        
+      
+    
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+    <li class="md-nav__item md-nav__item--nested">
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+            
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+  <span class="md-ellipsis">
+    ASP.NET
+  </span>
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+            ASP.NET
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+    <li class="md-nav__item">
+      <a href="../dotnet/asp.net/minimal-api.html" class="md-nav__link">
+        
+  
+  <span class="md-ellipsis">
+    Minimal API
+  </span>
+  
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+    <li class="md-nav__item">
+      <a href="../dotnet/asp.net/filters.html" class="md-nav__link">
+        
+  
+  <span class="md-ellipsis">
+    FIlters
+  </span>
+  
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+    <li class="md-nav__item">
+      <a href="../dotnet/asp.net/middleware.html" class="md-nav__link">
+        
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+  <span class="md-ellipsis">
+    Middleware
+  </span>
+  
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+  
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+    <li class="md-nav__item">
+      <a href="../dotnet/asp.net/razor-syntax.html" class="md-nav__link">
+        
+  
+  <span class="md-ellipsis">
+    Razor Syntax
+  </span>
+  
+
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+  
+
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+            
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+  
+  
+  
+  
+    <li class="md-nav__item">
+      <a href="../dotnet/asp.net/blazor.html" class="md-nav__link">
+        
+  
+  <span class="md-ellipsis">
+    Blazor
+  </span>
+  
+
+      </a>
+    </li>
+  
+
+              
+            
+              
+                
+  
+  
+  
+  
+    <li class="md-nav__item">
+      <a href="../dotnet/asp.net/signalr.html" class="md-nav__link">
+        
+  
+  <span class="md-ellipsis">
+    SignalR
+  </span>
+  
+
+      </a>
+    </li>
+  
+
+              
+            
+              
+                
+  
+  
+  
+  
+    <li class="md-nav__item">
+      <a href="../dotnet/asp.net/web-forms.html" class="md-nav__link">
+        
+  
+  <span class="md-ellipsis">
+    Web Forms
+  </span>
+  
+
+      </a>
+    </li>
+  
+
+              
+            
+          </ul>
+        </nav>
+      
+    </li>
+  
+
+              
+            
+              
+                
+  
+  
+  
+  
+    
+    
+      
+        
+      
+        
+      
+    
+    
+      
+      
+        
+      
+    
+    
+    <li class="md-nav__item md-nav__item--nested">
+      
+        
+        
+        <input class="md-nav__toggle md-toggle " type="checkbox" id="__nav_4_9_3" >
+        
+          
+          <label class="md-nav__link" for="__nav_4_9_3" id="__nav_4_9_3_label" tabindex="0">
+            
+  
+  <span class="md-ellipsis">
+    Database
+  </span>
+  
+
+            <span class="md-nav__icon md-icon"></span>
+          </label>
+        
+        <nav class="md-nav" data-md-level="3" aria-labelledby="__nav_4_9_3_label" aria-expanded="false">
+          <label class="md-nav__title" for="__nav_4_9_3">
+            <span class="md-nav__icon md-icon"></span>
+            Database
+          </label>
+          <ul class="md-nav__list" data-md-scrollfix>
+            
+              
+                
+  
+  
+  
+  
+    <li class="md-nav__item">
+      <a href="../dotnet/database/ado.net.html" class="md-nav__link">
+        
+  
+  <span class="md-ellipsis">
+    ADO.NET
+  </span>
+  
+
+      </a>
+    </li>
+  
+
+              
+            
+              
+                
+  
+  
+  
+  
+    <li class="md-nav__item">
+      <a href="../dotnet/database/entity-framework.html" class="md-nav__link">
+        
+  
+  <span class="md-ellipsis">
+    Entity Framework
+  </span>
+  
+
+      </a>
+    </li>
+  
+
+              
+            
+          </ul>
+        </nav>
+      
+    </li>
+  
+
+              
+            
+          </ul>
+        </nav>
+      
+    </li>
+  
+
+              
+            
+              
+                
+  
+  
+  
+  
+    
+    
+      
+        
+      
+        
+      
+        
+      
+        
+      
+    
+    
+      
+      
+        
+          
+          
+        
+      
+    
+    
+    <li class="md-nav__item md-nav__item--section md-nav__item--nested">
+      
+        
+        
+        <input class="md-nav__toggle md-toggle " type="checkbox" id="__nav_4_10" >
+        
+          
+          <label class="md-nav__link" for="__nav_4_10" id="__nav_4_10_label" tabindex="">
+            
+  
+  <span class="md-ellipsis">
+    Java
+  </span>
+  
+
+            <span class="md-nav__icon md-icon"></span>
+          </label>
+        
+        <nav class="md-nav" data-md-level="2" aria-labelledby="__nav_4_10_label" aria-expanded="false">
+          <label class="md-nav__title" for="__nav_4_10">
+            <span class="md-nav__icon md-icon"></span>
+            Java
+          </label>
+          <ul class="md-nav__list" data-md-scrollfix>
+            
+              
+                
+  
+  
+  
+  
+    <li class="md-nav__item">
+      <a href="../java/java.html" class="md-nav__link">
+        
+  
+  <span class="md-ellipsis">
+    Java
+  </span>
+  
+
+      </a>
+    </li>
+  
+
+              
+            
+              
+                
+  
+  
+  
+  
+    <li class="md-nav__item">
+      <a href="../java/java-collection-framework.html" class="md-nav__link">
+        
+  
+  <span class="md-ellipsis">
+    Java Collection Framework
+  </span>
+  
+
+      </a>
+    </li>
+  
+
+              
+            
+              
+                
+  
+  
+  
+  
+    <li class="md-nav__item">
+      <a href="../java/dao.html" class="md-nav__link">
+        
+  
+  <span class="md-ellipsis">
+    DAO
+  </span>
+  
+
+      </a>
+    </li>
+  
+
+              
+            
+              
+                
+  
+  
+  
+  
+    
+    
+      
+        
+      
+        
+      
+    
+    
+      
+      
+        
+      
+    
+    
+    <li class="md-nav__item md-nav__item--nested">
+      
+        
+        
+        <input class="md-nav__toggle md-toggle " type="checkbox" id="__nav_4_10_4" >
+        
+          
+          <label class="md-nav__link" for="__nav_4_10_4" id="__nav_4_10_4_label" tabindex="0">
+            
+  
+  <span class="md-ellipsis">
+    Web
+  </span>
+  
+
+            <span class="md-nav__icon md-icon"></span>
+          </label>
+        
+        <nav class="md-nav" data-md-level="3" aria-labelledby="__nav_4_10_4_label" aria-expanded="false">
+          <label class="md-nav__title" for="__nav_4_10_4">
+            <span class="md-nav__icon md-icon"></span>
+            Web
+          </label>
+          <ul class="md-nav__list" data-md-scrollfix>
+            
+              
+                
+  
+  
+  
+  
+    <li class="md-nav__item">
+      <a href="../java/web/servlet.html" class="md-nav__link">
+        
+  
+  <span class="md-ellipsis">
+    Serverlet
+  </span>
+  
+
+      </a>
+    </li>
+  
+
+              
+            
+              
+                
+  
+  
+  
+  
+    
+    
+      
+        
+      
+        
+      
+    
+    
+      
+      
+        
+      
+    
+    
+    <li class="md-nav__item md-nav__item--nested">
+      
+        
+        
+        <input class="md-nav__toggle md-toggle " type="checkbox" id="__nav_4_10_4_2" >
+        
+          
+          <label class="md-nav__link" for="__nav_4_10_4_2" id="__nav_4_10_4_2_label" tabindex="0">
+            
+  
+  <span class="md-ellipsis">
+    Spring
+  </span>
+  
+
+            <span class="md-nav__icon md-icon"></span>
+          </label>
+        
+        <nav class="md-nav" data-md-level="4" aria-labelledby="__nav_4_10_4_2_label" aria-expanded="false">
+          <label class="md-nav__title" for="__nav_4_10_4_2">
+            <span class="md-nav__icon md-icon"></span>
+            Spring
+          </label>
+          <ul class="md-nav__list" data-md-scrollfix>
+            
+              
+                
+  
+  
+  
+  
+    <li class="md-nav__item">
+      <a href="../java/spring/pom.xml.html" class="md-nav__link">
+        
+  
+  <span class="md-ellipsis">
+    POM
+  </span>
+  
+
+      </a>
+    </li>
+  
+
+              
+            
+              
+                
+  
+  
+  
+  
+    <li class="md-nav__item">
+      <a href="../java/spring/spring-project.html" class="md-nav__link">
+        
+  
+  <span class="md-ellipsis">
+    Project Structure
+  </span>
+  
+
+      </a>
+    </li>
+  
+
+              
+            
+          </ul>
+        </nav>
+      
+    </li>
+  
+
+              
+            
+          </ul>
+        </nav>
+      
+    </li>
+  
+
+              
+            
+          </ul>
+        </nav>
+      
+    </li>
+  
+
+              
+            
+              
+                
+  
+  
+  
+  
+    
+    
+      
+        
+      
+        
+      
+        
+      
+        
+      
+        
+      
+        
+      
+        
+      
+        
+      
+        
+      
+    
+    
+      
+      
+        
+          
+          
+        
+      
+    
+    
+    <li class="md-nav__item md-nav__item--section md-nav__item--nested">
+      
+        
+        
+        <input class="md-nav__toggle md-toggle " type="checkbox" id="__nav_4_11" >
+        
+          
+          <label class="md-nav__link" for="__nav_4_11" id="__nav_4_11_label" tabindex="">
+            
+  
+  <span class="md-ellipsis">
+    PHP
+  </span>
+  
+
+            <span class="md-nav__icon md-icon"></span>
+          </label>
+        
+        <nav class="md-nav" data-md-level="2" aria-labelledby="__nav_4_11_label" aria-expanded="false">
+          <label class="md-nav__title" for="__nav_4_11">
+            <span class="md-nav__icon md-icon"></span>
+            PHP
+          </label>
+          <ul class="md-nav__list" data-md-scrollfix>
+            
+              
+                
+  
+  
+  
+  
+    <li class="md-nav__item">
+      <a href="../php/php.html" class="md-nav__link">
+        
+  
+  <span class="md-ellipsis">
+    PHP
+  </span>
+  
+
+      </a>
+    </li>
+  
+
+              
+            
+              
+                
+  
+  
+  
+  
+    <li class="md-nav__item">
+      <a href="../php/database.html" class="md-nav__link">
+        
+  
+  <span class="md-ellipsis">
+    Database
+  </span>
+  
+
+      </a>
+    </li>
+  
+
+              
+            
+              
+                
+  
+  
+  
+  
+    <li class="md-nav__item">
+      <a href="../php/web.html" class="md-nav__link">
+        
+  
+  <span class="md-ellipsis">
+    Web
+  </span>
+  
+
+      </a>
+    </li>
+  
+
+              
+            
+              
+                
+  
+  
+  
+  
+    <li class="md-nav__item">
+      <a href="../php/dependency-injection.html" class="md-nav__link">
+        
+  
+  <span class="md-ellipsis">
+    Dependency Injection
+  </span>
+  
+
+      </a>
+    </li>
+  
+
+              
+            
+              
+                
+  
+  
+  
+  
+    <li class="md-nav__item">
+      <a href="../php/unit-tests.html" class="md-nav__link">
+        
+  
+  <span class="md-ellipsis">
+    Unit Tests
+  </span>
+  
+
+      </a>
+    </li>
+  
+
+              
+            
+              
+                
+  
+  
+  
+  
+    <li class="md-nav__item">
+      <a href="../php/composer.html" class="md-nav__link">
+        
+  
+  <span class="md-ellipsis">
+    Composer
+  </span>
+  
+
+      </a>
+    </li>
+  
+
+              
+            
+              
+                
+  
+  
+  
+  
+    <li class="md-nav__item">
+      <a href="../php/psr-7.html" class="md-nav__link">
+        
+  
+  <span class="md-ellipsis">
+    PSR 7
+  </span>
+  
+
+      </a>
+    </li>
+  
+
+              
+            
+              
+                
+  
+  
+  
+  
+    <li class="md-nav__item">
+      <a href="../php/plates-templating.html" class="md-nav__link">
+        
+  
+  <span class="md-ellipsis">
+    Plates
+  </span>
+  
+
+      </a>
+    </li>
+  
+
+              
+            
+              
+                
+  
+  
+  
+  
+    
+    
+      
+        
+      
+        
+      
+    
+    
+      
+      
+        
+      
+    
+    
+    <li class="md-nav__item md-nav__item--nested">
+      
+        
+        
+        <input class="md-nav__toggle md-toggle " type="checkbox" id="__nav_4_11_9" >
+        
+          
+          <label class="md-nav__link" for="__nav_4_11_9" id="__nav_4_11_9_label" tabindex="0">
+            
+  
+  <span class="md-ellipsis">
+    Simple MVC
+  </span>
+  
+
+            <span class="md-nav__icon md-icon"></span>
+          </label>
+        
+        <nav class="md-nav" data-md-level="3" aria-labelledby="__nav_4_11_9_label" aria-expanded="false">
+          <label class="md-nav__title" for="__nav_4_11_9">
+            <span class="md-nav__icon md-icon"></span>
+            Simple MVC
+          </label>
+          <ul class="md-nav__list" data-md-scrollfix>
+            
+              
+                
+  
+  
+  
+  
+    <li class="md-nav__item">
+      <a href="../php/simple-mvc/simple-mvc.html" class="md-nav__link">
+        
+  
+  <span class="md-ellipsis">
+    Simple MVC
+  </span>
+  
+
+      </a>
+    </li>
+  
+
+              
+            
+              
+                
+  
+  
+  
+  
+    <li class="md-nav__item">
+      <a href="../php/simple-mvc/rest-api.html" class="md-nav__link">
+        
+  
+  <span class="md-ellipsis">
+    REST API
+  </span>
+  
+
+      </a>
+    </li>
+  
+
+              
+            
+          </ul>
+        </nav>
+      
+    </li>
+  
+
+              
+            
+          </ul>
+        </nav>
+      
+    </li>
+  
+
+              
+            
+              
+                
+  
+  
+  
+  
+    
+    
+      
+        
+      
+        
+      
+        
+      
+        
+      
+        
+      
+    
+    
+      
+      
+        
+          
+          
+        
+      
+    
+    
+    <li class="md-nav__item md-nav__item--section md-nav__item--nested">
+      
+        
+        
+        <input class="md-nav__toggle md-toggle " type="checkbox" id="__nav_4_12" >
+        
+          
+          <label class="md-nav__link" for="__nav_4_12" id="__nav_4_12_label" tabindex="">
+            
+  
+  <span class="md-ellipsis">
+    Rust
+  </span>
+  
+
+            <span class="md-nav__icon md-icon"></span>
+          </label>
+        
+        <nav class="md-nav" data-md-level="2" aria-labelledby="__nav_4_12_label" aria-expanded="false">
+          <label class="md-nav__title" for="__nav_4_12">
+            <span class="md-nav__icon md-icon"></span>
+            Rust
+          </label>
+          <ul class="md-nav__list" data-md-scrollfix>
+            
+              
+                
+  
+  
+  
+  
+    <li class="md-nav__item">
+      <a href="../rust/rust.html" class="md-nav__link">
+        
+  
+  <span class="md-ellipsis">
+    Rust
+  </span>
+  
+
+      </a>
+    </li>
+  
+
+              
+            
+              
+                
+  
+  
+  
+  
+    <li class="md-nav__item">
+      <a href="../rust/macros.html" class="md-nav__link">
+        
+  
+  <span class="md-ellipsis">
+    Macros
+  </span>
+  
+
+      </a>
+    </li>
+  
+
+              
+            
+              
+                
+  
+  
+  
+  
+    <li class="md-nav__item">
+      <a href="../rust/cargo.html" class="md-nav__link">
+        
+  
+  <span class="md-ellipsis">
+    Cargo
+  </span>
+  
+
+      </a>
+    </li>
+  
+
+              
+            
+              
+                
+  
+  
+  
+  
+    <li class="md-nav__item">
+      <a href="../rust/concurrency.html" class="md-nav__link">
+        
+  
+  <span class="md-ellipsis">
+    Concurrency
+  </span>
+  
+
+      </a>
+    </li>
+  
+
+              
+            
+              
+                
+  
+  
+  
+  
+    <li class="md-nav__item">
+      <a href="../rust/unit-tests.html" class="md-nav__link">
+        
+  
+  <span class="md-ellipsis">
+    Unit Tests
+  </span>
+  
+
+      </a>
+    </li>
+  
+
+              
+            
+          </ul>
+        </nav>
+      
+    </li>
+  
+
+              
+            
+              
+                
+  
+  
+  
+  
+    
+    
+      
+        
+      
+        
+      
+        
+      
+        
+      
+        
+      
+        
+      
+        
+      
+    
+    
+      
+      
+        
+          
+          
+        
+      
+    
+    
+    <li class="md-nav__item md-nav__item--section md-nav__item--nested">
+      
+        
+        
+        <input class="md-nav__toggle md-toggle " type="checkbox" id="__nav_4_13" >
+        
+          
+          <label class="md-nav__link" for="__nav_4_13" id="__nav_4_13_label" tabindex="">
+            
+  
+  <span class="md-ellipsis">
+    Javascript
+  </span>
+  
+
+            <span class="md-nav__icon md-icon"></span>
+          </label>
+        
+        <nav class="md-nav" data-md-level="2" aria-labelledby="__nav_4_13_label" aria-expanded="false">
+          <label class="md-nav__title" for="__nav_4_13">
+            <span class="md-nav__icon md-icon"></span>
+            Javascript
+          </label>
+          <ul class="md-nav__list" data-md-scrollfix>
+            
+              
+                
+  
+  
+  
+  
+    <li class="md-nav__item">
+      <a href="../javascript/javascript.html" class="md-nav__link">
+        
+  
+  <span class="md-ellipsis">
+    Javascript
+  </span>
+  
+
+      </a>
+    </li>
+  
+
+              
+            
+              
+                
+  
+  
+  
+  
+    <li class="md-nav__item">
+      <a href="../javascript/dom.html" class="md-nav__link">
+        
+  
+  <span class="md-ellipsis">
+    DOM
+  </span>
+  
+
+      </a>
+    </li>
+  
+
+              
+            
+              
+                
+  
+  
+  
+  
+    <li class="md-nav__item">
+      <a href="../javascript/events-animation.html" class="md-nav__link">
+        
+  
+  <span class="md-ellipsis">
+    Events & Animation
+  </span>
+  
+
+      </a>
+    </li>
+  
+
+              
+            
+              
+                
+  
+  
+  
+  
+    <li class="md-nav__item">
+      <a href="../javascript/ajax.html" class="md-nav__link">
+        
+  
+  <span class="md-ellipsis">
+    AJAX
+  </span>
+  
+
+      </a>
+    </li>
+  
+
+              
+            
+              
+                
+  
+  
+  
+  
+    <li class="md-nav__item">
+      <a href="../javascript/jquery.html" class="md-nav__link">
+        
+  
+  <span class="md-ellipsis">
+    jQuery
+  </span>
+  
+
+      </a>
+    </li>
+  
+
+              
+            
+              
+                
+  
+  
+  
+  
+    
+    
+      
+        
+      
+        
+      
+        
+      
+        
+      
+        
+      
+    
+    
+      
+      
+        
+      
+    
+    
+    <li class="md-nav__item md-nav__item--nested">
+      
+        
+        
+        <input class="md-nav__toggle md-toggle " type="checkbox" id="__nav_4_13_6" >
+        
+          
+          <label class="md-nav__link" for="__nav_4_13_6" id="__nav_4_13_6_label" tabindex="0">
+            
+  
+  <span class="md-ellipsis">
+    React
+  </span>
+  
+
+            <span class="md-nav__icon md-icon"></span>
+          </label>
+        
+        <nav class="md-nav" data-md-level="3" aria-labelledby="__nav_4_13_6_label" aria-expanded="false">
+          <label class="md-nav__title" for="__nav_4_13_6">
+            <span class="md-nav__icon md-icon"></span>
+            React
+          </label>
+          <ul class="md-nav__list" data-md-scrollfix>
+            
+              
+                
+  
+  
+  
+  
+    <li class="md-nav__item">
+      <a href="../javascript/react/react.html" class="md-nav__link">
+        
+  
+  <span class="md-ellipsis">
+    React
+  </span>
+  
+
+      </a>
+    </li>
+  
+
+              
+            
+              
+                
+  
+  
+  
+  
+    <li class="md-nav__item">
+      <a href="../javascript/react/react-router.html" class="md-nav__link">
+        
+  
+  <span class="md-ellipsis">
+    React Router
+  </span>
+  
+
+      </a>
+    </li>
+  
+
+              
+            
+              
+                
+  
+  
+  
+  
+    <li class="md-nav__item">
+      <a href="../javascript/react/react-tests.html" class="md-nav__link">
+        
+  
+  <span class="md-ellipsis">
+    React Tests
+  </span>
+  
+
+      </a>
+    </li>
+  
+
+              
+            
+              
+                
+  
+  
+  
+  
+    <li class="md-nav__item">
+      <a href="../javascript/react/redux.html" class="md-nav__link">
+        
+  
+  <span class="md-ellipsis">
+    Redux
+  </span>
+  
+
+      </a>
+    </li>
+  
+
+              
+            
+              
+                
+  
+  
+  
+  
+    <li class="md-nav__item">
+      <a href="../javascript/react/redux-tests.html" class="md-nav__link">
+        
+  
+  <span class="md-ellipsis">
+    Redux Tests
+  </span>
+  
+
+      </a>
+    </li>
+  
+
+              
+            
+          </ul>
+        </nav>
+      
+    </li>
+  
+
+              
+            
+              
+                
+  
+  
+  
+  
+    <li class="md-nav__item">
+      <a href="../javascript/svelte/svelte.html" class="md-nav__link">
+        
+  
+  <span class="md-ellipsis">
+    Svelte
+  </span>
+  
+
+      </a>
+    </li>
+  
+
+              
+            
+          </ul>
+        </nav>
+      
+    </li>
+  
+
+              
+            
+              
+                
+  
+  
+  
+  
+    
+    
+      
+        
+      
+        
+      
+    
+    
+      
+      
+        
+          
+          
+        
+      
+    
+    
+    <li class="md-nav__item md-nav__item--section md-nav__item--nested">
+      
+        
+        
+        <input class="md-nav__toggle md-toggle " type="checkbox" id="__nav_4_14" >
+        
+          
+          <label class="md-nav__link" for="__nav_4_14" id="__nav_4_14_label" tabindex="">
+            
+  
+  <span class="md-ellipsis">
+    PowerShell
+  </span>
+  
+
+            <span class="md-nav__icon md-icon"></span>
+          </label>
+        
+        <nav class="md-nav" data-md-level="2" aria-labelledby="__nav_4_14_label" aria-expanded="false">
+          <label class="md-nav__title" for="__nav_4_14">
+            <span class="md-nav__icon md-icon"></span>
+            PowerShell
+          </label>
+          <ul class="md-nav__list" data-md-scrollfix>
+            
+              
+                
+  
+  
+  
+  
+    <li class="md-nav__item">
+      <a href="../powershell/scripting.html" class="md-nav__link">
+        
+  
+  <span class="md-ellipsis">
+    Scripting
+  </span>
+  
+
+      </a>
+    </li>
+  
+
+              
+            
+              
+                
+  
+  
+  
+  
+    <li class="md-nav__item">
+      <a href="../powershell/commands.html" class="md-nav__link">
+        
+  
+  <span class="md-ellipsis">
+    Commands
+  </span>
+  
+
+      </a>
+    </li>
+  
+
+              
+            
+          </ul>
+        </nav>
+      
+    </li>
+  
+
+              
+            
+              
+                
+  
+  
+  
+  
+    
+    
+      
+        
+      
+        
+      
+    
+    
+      
+      
+        
+          
+          
+        
+      
+    
+    
+    <li class="md-nav__item md-nav__item--section md-nav__item--nested">
+      
+        
+        
+        <input class="md-nav__toggle md-toggle " type="checkbox" id="__nav_4_15" >
+        
+          
+          <label class="md-nav__link" for="__nav_4_15" id="__nav_4_15_label" tabindex="">
+            
+  
+  <span class="md-ellipsis">
+    Bash
+  </span>
+  
+
+            <span class="md-nav__icon md-icon"></span>
+          </label>
+        
+        <nav class="md-nav" data-md-level="2" aria-labelledby="__nav_4_15_label" aria-expanded="false">
+          <label class="md-nav__title" for="__nav_4_15">
+            <span class="md-nav__icon md-icon"></span>
+            Bash
+          </label>
+          <ul class="md-nav__list" data-md-scrollfix>
+            
+              
+                
+  
+  
+  
+  
+    <li class="md-nav__item">
+      <a href="../bash/scripting.html" class="md-nav__link">
+        
+  
+  <span class="md-ellipsis">
+    Scripting
+  </span>
+  
+
+      </a>
+    </li>
+  
+
+              
+            
+              
+                
+  
+  
+  
+  
+    <li class="md-nav__item">
+      <a href="../bash/commands.html" class="md-nav__link">
+        
+  
+  <span class="md-ellipsis">
+    Commands
+  </span>
+  
+
+      </a>
+    </li>
+  
+
+              
+            
+          </ul>
+        </nav>
+      
+    </li>
+  
+
+              
+            
+          </ul>
+        </nav>
+      
+    </li>
+  
+
+    
+      
+      
+  
+  
+  
+  
+    
+    
+      
+        
+      
+        
+      
+        
+      
+        
+      
+        
+      
+    
+    
+      
+      
+        
+      
+    
+    
+    <li class="md-nav__item md-nav__item--nested">
+      
+        
+        
+        <input class="md-nav__toggle md-toggle " type="checkbox" id="__nav_5" >
+        
+          
+          <label class="md-nav__link" for="__nav_5" id="__nav_5_label" tabindex="0">
+            
+  
+  <span class="md-ellipsis">
+    Misc
+  </span>
+  
+
+            <span class="md-nav__icon md-icon"></span>
+          </label>
+        
+        <nav class="md-nav" data-md-level="1" aria-labelledby="__nav_5_label" aria-expanded="false">
+          <label class="md-nav__title" for="__nav_5">
+            <span class="md-nav__icon md-icon"></span>
+            Misc
+          </label>
+          <ul class="md-nav__list" data-md-scrollfix>
+            
+              
+                
+  
+  
+  
+  
+    <li class="md-nav__item">
+      <a href="../../misc/git.html" class="md-nav__link">
+        
+  
+  <span class="md-ellipsis">
+    Git
+  </span>
+  
+
+      </a>
+    </li>
+  
+
+              
+            
+              
+                
+  
+  
+  
+  
+    <li class="md-nav__item">
+      <a href="../../misc/graph-ql.html" class="md-nav__link">
+        
+  
+  <span class="md-ellipsis">
+    GraphQL
+  </span>
+  
+
+      </a>
+    </li>
+  
+
+              
+            
+              
+                
+  
+  
+  
+  
+    <li class="md-nav__item">
+      <a href="../../misc/regular-expressions.html" class="md-nav__link">
+        
+  
+  <span class="md-ellipsis">
+    RegEx
+  </span>
+  
+
+      </a>
+    </li>
+  
+
+              
+            
+              
+                
+  
+  
+  
+  
+    <li class="md-nav__item">
+      <a href="../../misc/ssh.html" class="md-nav__link">
+        
+  
+  <span class="md-ellipsis">
+    SSH
+  </span>
+  
+
+      </a>
+    </li>
+  
+
+              
+            
+              
+                
+  
+  
+  
+  
+    <li class="md-nav__item">
+      <a href="../../misc/web-components.html" class="md-nav__link">
+        
+  
+  <span class="md-ellipsis">
+    WebComponents
+  </span>
+  
+
+      </a>
+    </li>
+  
+
+              
+            
+          </ul>
+        </nav>
+      
+    </li>
+  
+
+    
+      
+      
+  
+  
+  
+  
+    
+    
+      
+        
+      
+        
+      
+    
+    
+      
+      
+        
+      
+    
+    
+    <li class="md-nav__item md-nav__item--nested">
+      
+        
+        
+        <input class="md-nav__toggle md-toggle " type="checkbox" id="__nav_6" >
+        
+          
+          <label class="md-nav__link" for="__nav_6" id="__nav_6_label" tabindex="0">
+            
+  
+  <span class="md-ellipsis">
+    Linux
+  </span>
+  
+
+            <span class="md-nav__icon md-icon"></span>
+          </label>
+        
+        <nav class="md-nav" data-md-level="1" aria-labelledby="__nav_6_label" aria-expanded="false">
+          <label class="md-nav__title" for="__nav_6">
+            <span class="md-nav__icon md-icon"></span>
+            Linux
+          </label>
+          <ul class="md-nav__list" data-md-scrollfix>
+            
+              
+                
+  
+  
+  
+  
+    
+    
+      
+        
+      
+        
+      
+        
+      
+    
+    
+      
+      
+        
+      
+    
+    
+    <li class="md-nav__item md-nav__item--nested">
+      
+        
+        
+        <input class="md-nav__toggle md-toggle " type="checkbox" id="__nav_6_1" >
+        
+          
+          <label class="md-nav__link" for="__nav_6_1" id="__nav_6_1_label" tabindex="0">
+            
+  
+  <span class="md-ellipsis">
+    Filesystem
+  </span>
+  
+
+            <span class="md-nav__icon md-icon"></span>
+          </label>
+        
+        <nav class="md-nav" data-md-level="2" aria-labelledby="__nav_6_1_label" aria-expanded="false">
+          <label class="md-nav__title" for="__nav_6_1">
+            <span class="md-nav__icon md-icon"></span>
+            Filesystem
+          </label>
+          <ul class="md-nav__list" data-md-scrollfix>
+            
+              
+                
+  
+  
+  
+  
+    <li class="md-nav__item">
+      <a href="../../linux/filesystem/file-links.html" class="md-nav__link">
+        
+  
+  <span class="md-ellipsis">
+    File Links
+  </span>
+  
+
+      </a>
+    </li>
+  
+
+              
+            
+              
+                
+  
+  
+  
+  
+    <li class="md-nav__item">
+      <a href="../../linux/filesystem/procfs.html" class="md-nav__link">
+        
+  
+  <span class="md-ellipsis">
+    /proc
+  </span>
+  
+
+      </a>
+    </li>
+  
+
+              
+            
+              
+                
+  
+  
+  
+  
+    <li class="md-nav__item">
+      <a href="../../linux/filesystem/sysfs.html" class="md-nav__link">
+        
+  
+  <span class="md-ellipsis">
+    /sys
+  </span>
+  
+
+      </a>
+    </li>
+  
+
+              
+            
+          </ul>
+        </nav>
+      
+    </li>
+  
+
+              
+            
+              
+                
+  
+  
+  
+  
+    
+    
+      
+        
+      
+        
+      
+    
+    
+      
+      
+        
+      
+    
+    
+    <li class="md-nav__item md-nav__item--nested">
+      
+        
+        
+        <input class="md-nav__toggle md-toggle " type="checkbox" id="__nav_6_2" >
+        
+          
+          <label class="md-nav__link" for="__nav_6_2" id="__nav_6_2_label" tabindex="0">
+            
+  
+  <span class="md-ellipsis">
+    System Init
+  </span>
+  
+
+            <span class="md-nav__icon md-icon"></span>
+          </label>
+        
+        <nav class="md-nav" data-md-level="2" aria-labelledby="__nav_6_2_label" aria-expanded="false">
+          <label class="md-nav__title" for="__nav_6_2">
+            <span class="md-nav__icon md-icon"></span>
+            System Init
+          </label>
+          <ul class="md-nav__list" data-md-scrollfix>
+            
+              
+                
+  
+  
+  
+  
+    <li class="md-nav__item">
+      <a href="../../linux/init/systemd.html" class="md-nav__link">
+        
+  
+  <span class="md-ellipsis">
+    Systemd
+  </span>
+  
+
+      </a>
+    </li>
+  
+
+              
+            
+              
+                
+  
+  
+  
+  
+    <li class="md-nav__item">
+      <a href="../../linux/init/open-rc.html" class="md-nav__link">
+        
+  
+  <span class="md-ellipsis">
+    OpenRC
+  </span>
+  
+
+      </a>
+    </li>
+  
+
+              
+            
+          </ul>
+        </nav>
+      
+    </li>
+  
+
+              
+            
+          </ul>
+        </nav>
+      
+    </li>
+  
+
+    
+  </ul>
+</nav>
+                  </div>
+                </div>
+              </div>
+            
+            
+              
+              <div class="md-sidebar md-sidebar--secondary" data-md-component="sidebar" data-md-type="toc" >
+                <div class="md-sidebar__scrollwrap">
+                  <div class="md-sidebar__inner">
+                    
+
+<nav class="md-nav md-nav--secondary" aria-label="Table of contents">
+  
+  
+  
+    
+  
+  
+    <label class="md-nav__title" for="__toc">
+      <span class="md-nav__icon md-icon"></span>
+      Table of contents
+    </label>
+    <ul class="md-nav__list" data-md-component="toc" data-md-scrollfix>
+      
+        <li class="md-nav__item">
+  <a href="#compiling-linking" class="md-nav__link">
+    <span class="md-ellipsis">
+      Compiling &amp; Linking
+    </span>
+  </a>
+  
+</li>
+      
+        <li class="md-nav__item">
+  <a href="#basics" class="md-nav__link">
+    <span class="md-ellipsis">
+      Basics
+    </span>
+  </a>
+  
+    <nav class="md-nav" aria-label="Basics">
+      <ul class="md-nav__list">
+        
+          <li class="md-nav__item">
+  <a href="#exports-sections" class="md-nav__link">
+    <span class="md-ellipsis">
+      Exports &amp; Sections
+    </span>
+  </a>
+  
+</li>
+        
+          <li class="md-nav__item">
+  <a href="#labels-declarations" class="md-nav__link">
+    <span class="md-ellipsis">
+      Labels &amp; Declarations
+    </span>
+  </a>
+  
+</li>
+        
+          <li class="md-nav__item">
+  <a href="#registers" class="md-nav__link">
+    <span class="md-ellipsis">
+      Registers
+    </span>
+  </a>
+  
+</li>
+        
+      </ul>
+    </nav>
+  
+</li>
+      
+        <li class="md-nav__item">
+  <a href="#instructions" class="md-nav__link">
+    <span class="md-ellipsis">
+      Instructions
+    </span>
+  </a>
+  
+    <nav class="md-nav" aria-label="Instructions">
+      <ul class="md-nav__list">
+        
+          <li class="md-nav__item">
+  <a href="#add" class="md-nav__link">
+    <span class="md-ellipsis">
+      add
+    </span>
+  </a>
+  
+</li>
+        
+          <li class="md-nav__item">
+  <a href="#sub" class="md-nav__link">
+    <span class="md-ellipsis">
+      sub
+    </span>
+  </a>
+  
+</li>
+        
+          <li class="md-nav__item">
+  <a href="#mul-div-imul-idiv" class="md-nav__link">
+    <span class="md-ellipsis">
+      mul, div, imul, idiv
+    </span>
+  </a>
+  
+</li>
+        
+          <li class="md-nav__item">
+  <a href="#and-or-xor" class="md-nav__link">
+    <span class="md-ellipsis">
+      and, or, xor
+    </span>
+  </a>
+  
+</li>
+        
+          <li class="md-nav__item">
+  <a href="#shr-shl" class="md-nav__link">
+    <span class="md-ellipsis">
+      shr, shl
+    </span>
+  </a>
+  
+</li>
+        
+      </ul>
+    </nav>
+  
+</li>
+      
+    </ul>
+  
+</nav>
+                  </div>
+                </div>
+              </div>
+            
+          
+          
+            <div class="md-content" data-md-component="content">
+              <article class="md-content__inner md-typeset">
+                
+                  
+
+  
+  
+
+
+<h1 id="assembly-intel">Assembly (Intel)</h1>
+<h2 id="compiling-linking">Compiling &amp; Linking</h2>
+<div class="highlight"><table class="highlighttable"><tr><th colspan="2" class="filename"><span class="filename">Bash</span></th></tr><tr><td class="linenos"><div class="linenodiv"><pre><span></span><span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-0-1">1</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-0-2">2</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-0-3">3</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-0-4">4</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-0-5">5</a></span></pre></div></td><td class="code"><div><pre><span></span><code><a id="__codelineno-0-1" name="__codelineno-0-1"></a><span class="c1"># compiling</span>
+<a id="__codelineno-0-2" name="__codelineno-0-2"></a>nasm<span class="w"> </span>-g<span class="w"> </span>-f<span class="w"> </span>elf64<span class="w"> </span>src.asm<span class="w">  </span><span class="c1"># -g adds debug info, -f specifies the 64bit ELF format</span>
+<a id="__codelineno-0-3" name="__codelineno-0-3"></a>
+<a id="__codelineno-0-4" name="__codelineno-0-4"></a><span class="c1"># linking</span>
+<a id="__codelineno-0-5" name="__codelineno-0-5"></a>ld<span class="w"> </span>-o<span class="w"> </span>src<span class="w"> </span>src.o<span class="w">  </span><span class="c1"># -o specifies the output name</span>
+</code></pre></div></td></tr></table></div>
+<h2 id="basics">Basics</h2>
+<h3 id="exports-sections">Exports &amp; Sections</h3>
+<p>Symbols can be exported to be linked against with the linker</p>
+<p>Every program in ELF has several sections:</p>
+<ul>
+<li><code>data</code>: global variables</li>
+<li><code>rodata</code>: global constants (read-only data)</li>
+<li><code>bss</code>: space reserved at program startup</li>
+<li><code>text</code>: CPU instructions</li>
+</ul>
+<div class="highlight"><table class="highlighttable"><tr><th colspan="2" class="filename"><span class="filename">GAS</span></th></tr><tr><td class="linenos"><div class="linenodiv"><pre><span></span><span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-1-1">1</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-1-2">2</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-1-3">3</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-1-4">4</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-1-5">5</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-1-6">6</a></span></pre></div></td><td class="code"><div><pre><span></span><code><a id="__codelineno-1-1" name="__codelineno-1-1"></a><span class="c1">; export the &#39;_start&#39; symbol for linking</span>
+<a id="__codelineno-1-2" name="__codelineno-1-2"></a><span class="nf">global</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="no">_start</span>
+<a id="__codelineno-1-3" name="__codelineno-1-3"></a>
+<a id="__codelineno-1-4" name="__codelineno-1-4"></a><span class="c1">; specify a section</span>
+<a id="__codelineno-1-5" name="__codelineno-1-5"></a><span class="nf">section</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="no">.data</span>
+<a id="__codelineno-1-6" name="__codelineno-1-6"></a><span class="nf">section</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="no">.text</span>
+</code></pre></div></td></tr></table></div>
+<h3 id="labels-declarations">Labels &amp; Declarations</h3>
+<p>Anything that's on the beginning of a line and is followed by a colon (<code>:</code>) is a label. Labels generally store addresses.</p>
+<p>Declaration instructions:</p>
+<ul>
+<li><code>db</code>: declare bytes</li>
+<li><code>dw</code>: declare word (2 bytes)</li>
+<li><code>dd</code>: declare double word (4 bytes)</li>
+<li><code>dq</code>: declare quad word (8 bytes)</li>
+<li><code>equ</code>: set a name to the value of an expression</li>
+</ul>
+<blockquote>
+<p><strong>Note</strong>: See the NASM manual, section 3.2.1 for the full list.
+<strong>Note</strong>: all byte declarations are <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Endianness" title="Endiannes">Little Endian</a></p>
+</blockquote>
+<div class="highlight"><table class="highlighttable"><tr><th colspan="2" class="filename"><span class="filename">GAS</span></th></tr><tr><td class="linenos"><div class="linenodiv"><pre><span></span><span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-2-1">1</a></span></pre></div></td><td class="code"><div><pre><span></span><code><a id="__codelineno-2-1" name="__codelineno-2-1"></a><span class="nl">arr:</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="nf">db</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="mi">0x12</span><span class="p">,</span><span class="mi">0x34</span><span class="p">,</span><span class="mi">0x56</span><span class="p">,</span><span class="mi">0x78</span><span class="p">,</span><span class="mi">0x90</span>
+</code></pre></div></td></tr></table></div>
+<h3 id="registers">Registers</h3>
+<p>There are several registers available on x86_64.<br />
+Some serve a specific purposes (e.g. registers for storing floating point ; numbers), while others are called "general purpose" registers.</p>
+<p>There are 16 of them:</p>
+<ul>
+<li><code>rax</code>: accumulator</li>
+<li><code>rbx</code>: base</li>
+<li><code>rcx</code>: counter</li>
+<li><code>rdx</code>: destination</li>
+<li><code>rsp</code> and <code>rbp</code>: stack pointer and base pointer</li>
+<li><code>rsi</code> and <code>rdi</code>: source and destination index</li>
+<li><code>r8</code> through <code>r15</code>: lack of creativity</li>
+</ul>
+<p>The prefix <code>r</code> means that instructions will use <strong>all 64 bits</strong> in the registers.  </p>
+<p>For all those registers, except <code>r8</code> through <code>r15</code>, it's possible to access:</p>
+<ul>
+<li>the <strong>lowest 32 bits</strong> with <code>e</code> <em>prefix</em> (e.g. <code>eax</code>, <code>ebp</code>)</li>
+<li>the <strong>lowest 16 bits</strong> <em>without</em> any <em>prefix</em> (e.g. <code>ax</code>, <code>si</code>)</li>
+</ul>
+<p>For registers <code>rax</code> through <code>rdx</code>, it's possible to access:</p>
+<ul>
+<li>the <strong>lowest byte</strong> with the <code>l</code> <em>suffix</em>, replacing the trailing <code>x</code> (e.g. <code>al</code>)</li>
+<li>the <strong>highest byt</strong> in the 16 bits with the <code>h</code> <em>suffix</em>, in the same way (e.g. <code>ah</code>)</li>
+</ul>
+<h2 id="instructions">Instructions</h2>
+<p>Instructions are operations that the CPU knowns how to execute directly.<br />
+They are separated from their operands by whitespace, and the operands are separated from other with commas.</p>
+<div class="highlight"><table class="highlighttable"><tr><th colspan="2" class="filename"><span class="filename">GAS</span></th></tr><tr><td class="linenos"><div class="linenodiv"><pre><span></span><span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-3-1">1</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-3-2">2</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-3-3">3</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-3-4">4</a></span></pre></div></td><td class="code"><div><pre><span></span><code><a id="__codelineno-3-1" name="__codelineno-3-1"></a><span class="err">&lt;</span><span class="nf">instr</span><span class="err">&gt;</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="err">&lt;</span><span class="no">operand1</span><span class="err">&gt;</span><span class="p">,</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="err">&lt;</span><span class="no">operand2</span><span class="err">&gt;</span><span class="p">,</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="no">...</span><span class="p">,</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="err">&lt;</span><span class="no">operand_n</span><span class="err">&gt;</span>
+<a id="__codelineno-3-2" name="__codelineno-3-2"></a>
+<a id="__codelineno-3-3" name="__codelineno-3-3"></a><span class="c1">; Intel syntax dictates the first operand is the destination, and the second is the source</span>
+<a id="__codelineno-3-4" name="__codelineno-3-4"></a><span class="err">&lt;</span><span class="nf">instr</span><span class="err">&gt;</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="no">DEST</span><span class="p">,</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="no">SOURCE</span>
+</code></pre></div></td></tr></table></div>
+<div class="highlight"><table class="highlighttable"><tr><th colspan="2" class="filename"><span class="filename">GAS</span></th></tr><tr><td class="linenos"><div class="linenodiv"><pre><span></span><span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-4-1">1</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-4-2">2</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-4-3">3</a></span></pre></div></td><td class="code"><div><pre><span></span><code><a id="__codelineno-4-1" name="__codelineno-4-1"></a><span class="nf">mov</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="no">eax</span><span class="p">,</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="mi">0x12345678</span><span class="w">  </span><span class="c1">; copies 4 bytes to eax</span>
+<a id="__codelineno-4-2" name="__codelineno-4-2"></a><span class="nf">inc</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="no">rdi</span><span class="w">  </span><span class="c1">; INC: increment</span>
+<a id="__codelineno-4-3" name="__codelineno-4-3"></a><span class="nf">dec</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="no">rsi</span><span class="w">  </span><span class="c1">; DEC: decrement</span>
+</code></pre></div></td></tr></table></div>
+<h3 id="add"><code>add</code></h3>
+<p>Adds the two operands and stores the result in the <em>destination</em>.</p>
+<div class="highlight"><table class="highlighttable"><tr><th colspan="2" class="filename"><span class="filename">GAS</span></th></tr><tr><td class="linenos"><div class="linenodiv"><pre><span></span><span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-5-1">1</a></span></pre></div></td><td class="code"><div><pre><span></span><code><a id="__codelineno-5-1" name="__codelineno-5-1"></a><span class="nf">add</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="no">rdi</span><span class="p">,</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="no">rbx</span><span class="w">  </span><span class="c1">; Equivalent to rdi += rbx</span>
+</code></pre></div></td></tr></table></div>
+<h3 id="sub"><code>sub</code></h3>
+<p>Subtract the two operands and stores the result in the <em>destination</em>.</p>
+<div class="highlight"><table class="highlighttable"><tr><th colspan="2" class="filename"><span class="filename">GAS</span></th></tr><tr><td class="linenos"><div class="linenodiv"><pre><span></span><span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-6-1">1</a></span></pre></div></td><td class="code"><div><pre><span></span><code><a id="__codelineno-6-1" name="__codelineno-6-1"></a><span class="nf">sub</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="no">rsi</span><span class="p">,</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="no">rbx</span><span class="w">  </span><span class="c1">; Equivalent to rsi -= rbx</span>
+</code></pre></div></td></tr></table></div>
+<h3 id="mul-div-imul-idiv"><code>mul</code>, <code>div</code>, <code>imul</code>, <code>idiv</code></h3>
+<p><code>mul</code> and <code>div</code> interpret their  operands as unsigned integers.<br />
+<code>imul</code> and <code>idiv</code> interpret their operands as signed integers in two's complement.</p>
+<p><code>mul</code> and <code>div</code> instructions take a single operand because they use fixed registers for the other number.</p>
+<p>For <code>mul</code>, the result is <code>rax</code> * <code>&lt;operand&gt;</code>, and it's a <em>128-bit</em> value stored in <code>rdx:rax</code>,
+meaning the <em>64 lower bits</em> are stored in <code>rdx</code>, while the <em>64 upper bits</em> are stored in <code>rax</code>.</p>
+<p>For <code>div</code>, the operand is the <strong>divisor</strong> and the <strong>dividend</strong> is <code>rdx:rax</code>,
+meaning it's a <em>128-bit</em> value whose <em>64 upper bits</em> are in <code>rdx</code> and whose <em>64 lower bits</em> are in <code>rax</code>.<br />
+The <strong>quotient</strong> is a <em>64-bit</em> value stored in <code>rax</code>, and the <strong>remainder</strong> is also a <em>64-bit</em> value, stored in <code>rdx</code>.</p>
+<h3 id="and-or-xor"><code>and</code>, <code>or</code>, <code>xor</code></h3>
+<div class="highlight"><table class="highlighttable"><tr><th colspan="2" class="filename"><span class="filename">GAS</span></th></tr><tr><td class="linenos"><div class="linenodiv"><pre><span></span><span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-7-1">1</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-7-2">2</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-7-3">3</a></span></pre></div></td><td class="code"><div><pre><span></span><code><a id="__codelineno-7-1" name="__codelineno-7-1"></a><span class="nf">and</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="no">rdi</span><span class="p">,</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="no">rsi</span><span class="w">  </span><span class="c1">; bitwise AND</span>
+<a id="__codelineno-7-2" name="__codelineno-7-2"></a><span class="nf">or</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="no">rdi</span><span class="p">,</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="no">rsi</span><span class="w">  </span><span class="c1">; bitwise OR</span>
+<a id="__codelineno-7-3" name="__codelineno-7-3"></a><span class="nf">xor</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="no">rdi</span><span class="p">,</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="no">rsi</span><span class="w">  </span><span class="c1">; bitwise XOR</span>
+</code></pre></div></td></tr></table></div>
+<h3 id="shr-shl"><code>shr</code>, <code>shl</code></h3>
+<div class="highlight"><table class="highlighttable"><tr><th colspan="2" class="filename"><span class="filename">GAS</span></th></tr><tr><td class="linenos"><div class="linenodiv"><pre><span></span><span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-8-1">1</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-8-2">2</a></span></pre></div></td><td class="code"><div><pre><span></span><code><a id="__codelineno-8-1" name="__codelineno-8-1"></a><span class="nf">shr</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="no">rsi</span><span class="p">,</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="mi">2</span><span class="w">  </span><span class="c1">; right (logical) bitshift: equivalent to rsi &gt;&gt; 2</span>
+<a id="__codelineno-8-2" name="__codelineno-8-2"></a><span class="nf">shl</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="no">rsi</span><span class="p">,</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="mi">3</span><span class="w">  </span><span class="c1">; left (logical) bitshift: equivalent to rsi &lt;&lt; 3</span>
+</code></pre></div></td></tr></table></div>
+<p><strong>Note</strong>: there's <code>sar</code> for arithmetic right shift and <code>sal</code> for arithmetic shift left.</p>
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+
+            <span class="md-nav__icon md-icon"></span>
+          </label>
+        
+        <nav class="md-nav" data-md-level="1" aria-labelledby="__nav_4_label" aria-expanded="true">
+          <label class="md-nav__title" for="__nav_4">
+            <span class="md-nav__icon md-icon"></span>
+            Languages
+          </label>
+          <ul class="md-nav__list" data-md-scrollfix>
+            
+              
+                
+  
+  
+  
+  
+    <li class="md-nav__item">
+      <a href="../html/html.html" class="md-nav__link">
+        
+  
+  <span class="md-ellipsis">
+    HTML
+  </span>
+  
+
+      </a>
+    </li>
+  
+
+              
+            
+              
+                
+  
+  
+  
+  
+    <li class="md-nav__item">
+      <a href="../markdown.html" class="md-nav__link">
+        
+  
+  <span class="md-ellipsis">
+    Markdown
+  </span>
+  
+
+      </a>
+    </li>
+  
+
+              
+            
+              
+                
+  
+  
+  
+  
+    <li class="md-nav__item">
+      <a href="../css/css.html" class="md-nav__link">
+        
+  
+  <span class="md-ellipsis">
+    CSS
+  </span>
+  
+
+      </a>
+    </li>
+  
+
+              
+            
+              
+                
+  
+  
+  
+  
+    <li class="md-nav__item">
+      <a href="../c/c.html" class="md-nav__link">
+        
+  
+  <span class="md-ellipsis">
+    C
+  </span>
+  
+
+      </a>
+    </li>
+  
+
+              
+            
+              
+                
+  
+  
+  
+  
+    <li class="md-nav__item">
+      <a href="../kotlin/kotlin.html" class="md-nav__link">
+        
+  
+  <span class="md-ellipsis">
+    Kotlin
+  </span>
+  
+
+      </a>
+    </li>
+  
+
+              
+            
+              
+                
+  
+  
+  
+  
+    <li class="md-nav__item">
+      <a href="../swift/swift.html" class="md-nav__link">
+        
+  
+  <span class="md-ellipsis">
+    Swift
+  </span>
+  
+
+      </a>
+    </li>
+  
+
+              
+            
+              
+                
+  
+  
+    
+  
+  
+  
+    
+    
+      
+        
+      
+        
+      
+    
+    
+      
+      
+        
+          
+          
+        
+      
+    
+    
+    <li class="md-nav__item md-nav__item--active md-nav__item--section md-nav__item--nested">
+      
+        
+        
+        <input class="md-nav__toggle md-toggle " type="checkbox" id="__nav_4_7" checked>
+        
+          
+          <label class="md-nav__link" for="__nav_4_7" id="__nav_4_7_label" tabindex="">
+            
+  
+  <span class="md-ellipsis">
+    Assembly
+  </span>
+  
+
+            <span class="md-nav__icon md-icon"></span>
+          </label>
+        
+        <nav class="md-nav" data-md-level="2" aria-labelledby="__nav_4_7_label" aria-expanded="true">
+          <label class="md-nav__title" for="__nav_4_7">
+            <span class="md-nav__icon md-icon"></span>
+            Assembly
+          </label>
+          <ul class="md-nav__list" data-md-scrollfix>
+            
+              
+                
+  
+  
+  
+  
+    <li class="md-nav__item">
+      <a href="intel.html" class="md-nav__link">
+        
+  
+  <span class="md-ellipsis">
+    Intel
+  </span>
+  
+
+      </a>
+    </li>
+  
+
+              
+            
+              
+                
+  
+  
+    
+  
+  
+  
+    <li class="md-nav__item md-nav__item--active">
+      
+      <input class="md-nav__toggle md-toggle" type="checkbox" id="__toc">
+      
+      
+        
+      
+      
+        <label class="md-nav__link md-nav__link--active" for="__toc">
+          
+  
+  <span class="md-ellipsis">
+    RISC-V
+  </span>
+  
+
+          <span class="md-nav__icon md-icon"></span>
+        </label>
+      
+      <a href="riscv.html" class="md-nav__link md-nav__link--active">
+        
+  
+  <span class="md-ellipsis">
+    RISC-V
+  </span>
+  
+
+      </a>
+      
+        
+
+<nav class="md-nav md-nav--secondary" aria-label="Table of contents">
+  
+  
+  
+    
+  
+  
+    <label class="md-nav__title" for="__toc">
+      <span class="md-nav__icon md-icon"></span>
+      Table of contents
+    </label>
+    <ul class="md-nav__list" data-md-component="toc" data-md-scrollfix>
+      
+        <li class="md-nav__item">
+  <a href="#assembly-language" class="md-nav__link">
+    <span class="md-ellipsis">
+      Assembly Language
+    </span>
+  </a>
+  
+    <nav class="md-nav" aria-label="Assembly Language">
+      <ul class="md-nav__list">
+        
+          <li class="md-nav__item">
+  <a href="#labels" class="md-nav__link">
+    <span class="md-ellipsis">
+      Labels
+    </span>
+  </a>
+  
+</li>
+        
+          <li class="md-nav__item">
+  <a href="#symbols" class="md-nav__link">
+    <span class="md-ellipsis">
+      Symbols
+    </span>
+  </a>
+  
+</li>
+        
+          <li class="md-nav__item">
+  <a href="#references-relocations" class="md-nav__link">
+    <span class="md-ellipsis">
+      References &amp; Relocations
+    </span>
+  </a>
+  
+</li>
+        
+          <li class="md-nav__item">
+  <a href="#global-vs-local-symbols" class="md-nav__link">
+    <span class="md-ellipsis">
+      Global vs Local Symbols
+    </span>
+  </a>
+  
+</li>
+        
+          <li class="md-nav__item">
+  <a href="#program-entry-point" class="md-nav__link">
+    <span class="md-ellipsis">
+      Program Entry Point
+    </span>
+  </a>
+  
+</li>
+        
+      </ul>
+    </nav>
+  
+</li>
+      
+        <li class="md-nav__item">
+  <a href="#program-sections" class="md-nav__link">
+    <span class="md-ellipsis">
+      Program Sections
+    </span>
+  </a>
+  
+    <nav class="md-nav" aria-label="Program Sections">
+      <ul class="md-nav__list">
+        
+          <li class="md-nav__item">
+  <a href="#assembly-instructions" class="md-nav__link">
+    <span class="md-ellipsis">
+      Assembly Instructions
+    </span>
+  </a>
+  
+</li>
+        
+          <li class="md-nav__item">
+  <a href="#immediate-values" class="md-nav__link">
+    <span class="md-ellipsis">
+      Immediate Values
+    </span>
+  </a>
+  
+</li>
+        
+          <li class="md-nav__item">
+  <a href="#the-value-directives" class="md-nav__link">
+    <span class="md-ellipsis">
+      The .&lt;value&gt; Directives
+    </span>
+  </a>
+  
+</li>
+        
+          <li class="md-nav__item">
+  <a href="#the-set-and-equ-directives" class="md-nav__link">
+    <span class="md-ellipsis">
+      The .set and .equ directives
+    </span>
+  </a>
+  
+</li>
+        
+          <li class="md-nav__item">
+  <a href="#the-globl-directive" class="md-nav__link">
+    <span class="md-ellipsis">
+      The .globl directive
+    </span>
+  </a>
+  
+</li>
+        
+          <li class="md-nav__item">
+  <a href="#the-skip-directive" class="md-nav__link">
+    <span class="md-ellipsis">
+      The .skip directive
+    </span>
+  </a>
+  
+</li>
+        
+          <li class="md-nav__item">
+  <a href="#the-align-directive" class="md-nav__link">
+    <span class="md-ellipsis">
+      The .align directive
+    </span>
+  </a>
+  
+</li>
+        
+      </ul>
+    </nav>
+  
+</li>
+      
+    </ul>
+  
+</nav>
+      
+    </li>
+  
+
+              
+            
+          </ul>
+        </nav>
+      
+    </li>
+  
+
+              
+            
+              
+                
+  
+  
+  
+  
+    
+    
+      
+        
+      
+        
+      
+        
+      
+    
+    
+      
+      
+        
+          
+          
+        
+      
+    
+    
+    <li class="md-nav__item md-nav__item--section md-nav__item--nested">
+      
+        
+        
+        <input class="md-nav__toggle md-toggle " type="checkbox" id="__nav_4_8" >
+        
+          
+          <label class="md-nav__link" for="__nav_4_8" id="__nav_4_8_label" tabindex="">
+            
+  
+  <span class="md-ellipsis">
+    Python
+  </span>
+  
+
+            <span class="md-nav__icon md-icon"></span>
+          </label>
+        
+        <nav class="md-nav" data-md-level="2" aria-labelledby="__nav_4_8_label" aria-expanded="false">
+          <label class="md-nav__title" for="__nav_4_8">
+            <span class="md-nav__icon md-icon"></span>
+            Python
+          </label>
+          <ul class="md-nav__list" data-md-scrollfix>
+            
+              
+                
+  
+  
+  
+  
+    <li class="md-nav__item">
+      <a href="../python/python.html" class="md-nav__link">
+        
+  
+  <span class="md-ellipsis">
+    Python
+  </span>
+  
+
+      </a>
+    </li>
+  
+
+              
+            
+              
+                
+  
+  
+  
+  
+    
+    
+      
+        
+      
+        
+      
+        
+      
+        
+      
+        
+      
+        
+      
+        
+      
+        
+      
+        
+      
+        
+      
+        
+      
+        
+      
+        
+      
+    
+    
+      
+      
+        
+      
+    
+    
+    <li class="md-nav__item md-nav__item--nested">
+      
+        
+        
+        <input class="md-nav__toggle md-toggle " type="checkbox" id="__nav_4_8_2" >
+        
+          
+          <label class="md-nav__link" for="__nav_4_8_2" id="__nav_4_8_2_label" tabindex="0">
+            
+  
+  <span class="md-ellipsis">
+    Modules
+  </span>
+  
+
+            <span class="md-nav__icon md-icon"></span>
+          </label>
+        
+        <nav class="md-nav" data-md-level="3" aria-labelledby="__nav_4_8_2_label" aria-expanded="false">
+          <label class="md-nav__title" for="__nav_4_8_2">
+            <span class="md-nav__icon md-icon"></span>
+            Modules
+          </label>
+          <ul class="md-nav__list" data-md-scrollfix>
+            
+              
+                
+  
+  
+  
+  
+    <li class="md-nav__item">
+      <a href="../python/modules/argparse.html" class="md-nav__link">
+        
+  
+  <span class="md-ellipsis">
+    argparse
+  </span>
+  
+
+      </a>
+    </li>
+  
+
+              
+            
+              
+                
+  
+  
+  
+  
+    <li class="md-nav__item">
+      <a href="../python/modules/collections.html" class="md-nav__link">
+        
+  
+  <span class="md-ellipsis">
+    collection
+  </span>
+  
+
+      </a>
+    </li>
+  
+
+              
+            
+              
+                
+  
+  
+  
+  
+    <li class="md-nav__item">
+      <a href="../python/modules/csv.html" class="md-nav__link">
+        
+  
+  <span class="md-ellipsis">
+    csv
+  </span>
+  
+
+      </a>
+    </li>
+  
+
+              
+            
+              
+                
+  
+  
+  
+  
+    <li class="md-nav__item">
+      <a href="../python/modules/ftplib.html" class="md-nav__link">
+        
+  
+  <span class="md-ellipsis">
+    ftplib
+  </span>
+  
+
+      </a>
+    </li>
+  
+
+              
+            
+              
+                
+  
+  
+  
+  
+    <li class="md-nav__item">
+      <a href="../python/modules/itertools.html" class="md-nav__link">
+        
+  
+  <span class="md-ellipsis">
+    itertools
+  </span>
+  
+
+      </a>
+    </li>
+  
+
+              
+            
+              
+                
+  
+  
+  
+  
+    <li class="md-nav__item">
+      <a href="../python/modules/json.html" class="md-nav__link">
+        
+  
+  <span class="md-ellipsis">
+    json
+  </span>
+  
+
+      </a>
+    </li>
+  
+
+              
+            
+              
+                
+  
+  
+  
+  
+    <li class="md-nav__item">
+      <a href="../python/modules/logging.html" class="md-nav__link">
+        
+  
+  <span class="md-ellipsis">
+    logging
+  </span>
+  
+
+      </a>
+    </li>
+  
+
+              
+            
+              
+                
+  
+  
+  
+  
+    <li class="md-nav__item">
+      <a href="../python/modules/shutil.html" class="md-nav__link">
+        
+  
+  <span class="md-ellipsis">
+    shutil
+  </span>
+  
+
+      </a>
+    </li>
+  
+
+              
+            
+              
+                
+  
+  
+  
+  
+    <li class="md-nav__item">
+      <a href="../python/modules/smtplib.html" class="md-nav__link">
+        
+  
+  <span class="md-ellipsis">
+    smtplib
+  </span>
+  
+
+      </a>
+    </li>
+  
+
+              
+            
+              
+                
+  
+  
+  
+  
+    <li class="md-nav__item">
+      <a href="../python/modules/socket.html" class="md-nav__link">
+        
+  
+  <span class="md-ellipsis">
+    socket
+  </span>
+  
+
+      </a>
+    </li>
+  
+
+              
+            
+              
+                
+  
+  
+  
+  
+    <li class="md-nav__item">
+      <a href="../python/modules/sqlite.html" class="md-nav__link">
+        
+  
+  <span class="md-ellipsis">
+    sqlite
+  </span>
+  
+
+      </a>
+    </li>
+  
+
+              
+            
+              
+                
+  
+  
+  
+  
+    <li class="md-nav__item">
+      <a href="../python/modules/time-datetime.html" class="md-nav__link">
+        
+  
+  <span class="md-ellipsis">
+    time & datetime
+  </span>
+  
+
+      </a>
+    </li>
+  
+
+              
+            
+              
+                
+  
+  
+  
+  
+    <li class="md-nav__item">
+      <a href="../python/modules/unittest.html" class="md-nav__link">
+        
+  
+  <span class="md-ellipsis">
+    unittest
+  </span>
+  
+
+      </a>
+    </li>
+  
+
+              
+            
+          </ul>
+        </nav>
+      
+    </li>
+  
+
+              
+            
+              
+                
+  
+  
+  
+  
+    
+    
+      
+        
+      
+        
+      
+        
+      
+        
+      
+        
+      
+        
+      
+    
+    
+      
+      
+        
+      
+    
+    
+    <li class="md-nav__item md-nav__item--nested">
+      
+        
+        
+        <input class="md-nav__toggle md-toggle " type="checkbox" id="__nav_4_8_3" >
+        
+          
+          <label class="md-nav__link" for="__nav_4_8_3" id="__nav_4_8_3_label" tabindex="0">
+            
+  
+  <span class="md-ellipsis">
+    Libraries
+  </span>
+  
+
+            <span class="md-nav__icon md-icon"></span>
+          </label>
+        
+        <nav class="md-nav" data-md-level="3" aria-labelledby="__nav_4_8_3_label" aria-expanded="false">
+          <label class="md-nav__title" for="__nav_4_8_3">
+            <span class="md-nav__icon md-icon"></span>
+            Libraries
+          </label>
+          <ul class="md-nav__list" data-md-scrollfix>
+            
+              
+                
+  
+  
+  
+  
+    <li class="md-nav__item">
+      <a href="../python/libs/tkinter.html" class="md-nav__link">
+        
+  
+  <span class="md-ellipsis">
+    TKinter
+  </span>
+  
+
+      </a>
+    </li>
+  
+
+              
+            
+              
+                
+  
+  
+  
+  
+    <li class="md-nav__item">
+      <a href="../python/libs/numpy.html" class="md-nav__link">
+        
+  
+  <span class="md-ellipsis">
+    Numpy
+  </span>
+  
+
+      </a>
+    </li>
+  
+
+              
+            
+              
+                
+  
+  
+  
+  
+    <li class="md-nav__item">
+      <a href="../python/libs/pandas.html" class="md-nav__link">
+        
+  
+  <span class="md-ellipsis">
+    Pandas
+  </span>
+  
+
+      </a>
+    </li>
+  
+
+              
+            
+              
+                
+  
+  
+  
+  
+    <li class="md-nav__item">
+      <a href="../python/libs/seaborn.html" class="md-nav__link">
+        
+  
+  <span class="md-ellipsis">
+    Seaborn
+  </span>
+  
+
+      </a>
+    </li>
+  
+
+              
+            
+              
+                
+  
+  
+  
+  
+    <li class="md-nav__item">
+      <a href="../python/libs/requests.html" class="md-nav__link">
+        
+  
+  <span class="md-ellipsis">
+    Requests
+  </span>
+  
+
+      </a>
+    </li>
+  
+
+              
+            
+              
+                
+  
+  
+  
+  
+    <li class="md-nav__item">
+      <a href="../python/libs/beautiful-soup.html" class="md-nav__link">
+        
+  
+  <span class="md-ellipsis">
+    Beatiful Soup
+  </span>
+  
+
+      </a>
+    </li>
+  
+
+              
+            
+          </ul>
+        </nav>
+      
+    </li>
+  
+
+              
+            
+          </ul>
+        </nav>
+      
+    </li>
+  
+
+              
+            
+              
+                
+  
+  
+  
+  
+    
+    
+      
+        
+      
+        
+      
+        
+      
+    
+    
+      
+      
+        
+          
+          
+        
+      
+    
+    
+    <li class="md-nav__item md-nav__item--section md-nav__item--nested">
+      
+        
+        
+        <input class="md-nav__toggle md-toggle " type="checkbox" id="__nav_4_9" >
+        
+          
+          <label class="md-nav__link" for="__nav_4_9" id="__nav_4_9_label" tabindex="">
+            
+  
+  <span class="md-ellipsis">
+    .NET
+  </span>
+  
+
+            <span class="md-nav__icon md-icon"></span>
+          </label>
+        
+        <nav class="md-nav" data-md-level="2" aria-labelledby="__nav_4_9_label" aria-expanded="false">
+          <label class="md-nav__title" for="__nav_4_9">
+            <span class="md-nav__icon md-icon"></span>
+            .NET
+          </label>
+          <ul class="md-nav__list" data-md-scrollfix>
+            
+              
+                
+  
+  
+  
+  
+    
+    
+      
+        
+      
+        
+      
+        
+      
+        
+      
+        
+      
+        
+      
+    
+    
+      
+      
+        
+      
+    
+    
+    <li class="md-nav__item md-nav__item--nested">
+      
+        
+        
+        <input class="md-nav__toggle md-toggle " type="checkbox" id="__nav_4_9_1" >
+        
+          
+          <label class="md-nav__link" for="__nav_4_9_1" id="__nav_4_9_1_label" tabindex="0">
+            
+  
+  <span class="md-ellipsis">
+    C#
+  </span>
+  
+
+            <span class="md-nav__icon md-icon"></span>
+          </label>
+        
+        <nav class="md-nav" data-md-level="3" aria-labelledby="__nav_4_9_1_label" aria-expanded="false">
+          <label class="md-nav__title" for="__nav_4_9_1">
+            <span class="md-nav__icon md-icon"></span>
+            C#
+          </label>
+          <ul class="md-nav__list" data-md-scrollfix>
+            
+              
+                
+  
+  
+  
+  
+    <li class="md-nav__item">
+      <a href="../dotnet/csharp/csharp.html" class="md-nav__link">
+        
+  
+  <span class="md-ellipsis">
+    C#
+  </span>
+  
+
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+    </li>
+  
+
+              
+            
+              
+                
+  
+  
+  
+  
+    <li class="md-nav__item">
+      <a href="../dotnet/csharp/linq.html" class="md-nav__link">
+        
+  
+  <span class="md-ellipsis">
+    Linq
+  </span>
+  
+
+      </a>
+    </li>
+  
+
+              
+            
+              
+                
+  
+  
+  
+  
+    <li class="md-nav__item">
+      <a href="../dotnet/csharp/collections.html" class="md-nav__link">
+        
+  
+  <span class="md-ellipsis">
+    Collections
+  </span>
+  
+
+      </a>
+    </li>
+  
+
+              
+            
+              
+                
+  
+  
+  
+  
+    <li class="md-nav__item">
+      <a href="../dotnet/csharp/reactive-extensions.html" class="md-nav__link">
+        
+  
+  <span class="md-ellipsis">
+    Reactive Extensions
+  </span>
+  
+
+      </a>
+    </li>
+  
+
+              
+            
+              
+                
+  
+  
+  
+  
+    <li class="md-nav__item">
+      <a href="../dotnet/csharp/async-programming.html" class="md-nav__link">
+        
+  
+  <span class="md-ellipsis">
+    Async Programming
+  </span>
+  
+
+      </a>
+    </li>
+  
+
+              
+            
+              
+                
+  
+  
+  
+  
+    <li class="md-nav__item">
+      <a href="../dotnet/csharp/unit-tests.html" class="md-nav__link">
+        
+  
+  <span class="md-ellipsis">
+    Unit Tests
+  </span>
+  
+
+      </a>
+    </li>
+  
+
+              
+            
+          </ul>
+        </nav>
+      
+    </li>
+  
+
+              
+            
+              
+                
+  
+  
+  
+  
+    
+    
+      
+        
+      
+        
+      
+        
+      
+        
+      
+        
+      
+        
+      
+        
+      
+    
+    
+      
+      
+        
+      
+    
+    
+    <li class="md-nav__item md-nav__item--nested">
+      
+        
+        
+        <input class="md-nav__toggle md-toggle " type="checkbox" id="__nav_4_9_2" >
+        
+          
+          <label class="md-nav__link" for="__nav_4_9_2" id="__nav_4_9_2_label" tabindex="0">
+            
+  
+  <span class="md-ellipsis">
+    ASP.NET
+  </span>
+  
+
+            <span class="md-nav__icon md-icon"></span>
+          </label>
+        
+        <nav class="md-nav" data-md-level="3" aria-labelledby="__nav_4_9_2_label" aria-expanded="false">
+          <label class="md-nav__title" for="__nav_4_9_2">
+            <span class="md-nav__icon md-icon"></span>
+            ASP.NET
+          </label>
+          <ul class="md-nav__list" data-md-scrollfix>
+            
+              
+                
+  
+  
+  
+  
+    <li class="md-nav__item">
+      <a href="../dotnet/asp.net/minimal-api.html" class="md-nav__link">
+        
+  
+  <span class="md-ellipsis">
+    Minimal API
+  </span>
+  
+
+      </a>
+    </li>
+  
+
+              
+            
+              
+                
+  
+  
+  
+  
+    <li class="md-nav__item">
+      <a href="../dotnet/asp.net/filters.html" class="md-nav__link">
+        
+  
+  <span class="md-ellipsis">
+    FIlters
+  </span>
+  
+
+      </a>
+    </li>
+  
+
+              
+            
+              
+                
+  
+  
+  
+  
+    <li class="md-nav__item">
+      <a href="../dotnet/asp.net/middleware.html" class="md-nav__link">
+        
+  
+  <span class="md-ellipsis">
+    Middleware
+  </span>
+  
+
+      </a>
+    </li>
+  
+
+              
+            
+              
+                
+  
+  
+  
+  
+    <li class="md-nav__item">
+      <a href="../dotnet/asp.net/razor-syntax.html" class="md-nav__link">
+        
+  
+  <span class="md-ellipsis">
+    Razor Syntax
+  </span>
+  
+
+      </a>
+    </li>
+  
+
+              
+            
+              
+                
+  
+  
+  
+  
+    <li class="md-nav__item">
+      <a href="../dotnet/asp.net/blazor.html" class="md-nav__link">
+        
+  
+  <span class="md-ellipsis">
+    Blazor
+  </span>
+  
+
+      </a>
+    </li>
+  
+
+              
+            
+              
+                
+  
+  
+  
+  
+    <li class="md-nav__item">
+      <a href="../dotnet/asp.net/signalr.html" class="md-nav__link">
+        
+  
+  <span class="md-ellipsis">
+    SignalR
+  </span>
+  
+
+      </a>
+    </li>
+  
+
+              
+            
+              
+                
+  
+  
+  
+  
+    <li class="md-nav__item">
+      <a href="../dotnet/asp.net/web-forms.html" class="md-nav__link">
+        
+  
+  <span class="md-ellipsis">
+    Web Forms
+  </span>
+  
+
+      </a>
+    </li>
+  
+
+              
+            
+          </ul>
+        </nav>
+      
+    </li>
+  
+
+              
+            
+              
+                
+  
+  
+  
+  
+    
+    
+      
+        
+      
+        
+      
+    
+    
+      
+      
+        
+      
+    
+    
+    <li class="md-nav__item md-nav__item--nested">
+      
+        
+        
+        <input class="md-nav__toggle md-toggle " type="checkbox" id="__nav_4_9_3" >
+        
+          
+          <label class="md-nav__link" for="__nav_4_9_3" id="__nav_4_9_3_label" tabindex="0">
+            
+  
+  <span class="md-ellipsis">
+    Database
+  </span>
+  
+
+            <span class="md-nav__icon md-icon"></span>
+          </label>
+        
+        <nav class="md-nav" data-md-level="3" aria-labelledby="__nav_4_9_3_label" aria-expanded="false">
+          <label class="md-nav__title" for="__nav_4_9_3">
+            <span class="md-nav__icon md-icon"></span>
+            Database
+          </label>
+          <ul class="md-nav__list" data-md-scrollfix>
+            
+              
+                
+  
+  
+  
+  
+    <li class="md-nav__item">
+      <a href="../dotnet/database/ado.net.html" class="md-nav__link">
+        
+  
+  <span class="md-ellipsis">
+    ADO.NET
+  </span>
+  
+
+      </a>
+    </li>
+  
+
+              
+            
+              
+                
+  
+  
+  
+  
+    <li class="md-nav__item">
+      <a href="../dotnet/database/entity-framework.html" class="md-nav__link">
+        
+  
+  <span class="md-ellipsis">
+    Entity Framework
+  </span>
+  
+
+      </a>
+    </li>
+  
+
+              
+            
+          </ul>
+        </nav>
+      
+    </li>
+  
+
+              
+            
+          </ul>
+        </nav>
+      
+    </li>
+  
+
+              
+            
+              
+                
+  
+  
+  
+  
+    
+    
+      
+        
+      
+        
+      
+        
+      
+        
+      
+    
+    
+      
+      
+        
+          
+          
+        
+      
+    
+    
+    <li class="md-nav__item md-nav__item--section md-nav__item--nested">
+      
+        
+        
+        <input class="md-nav__toggle md-toggle " type="checkbox" id="__nav_4_10" >
+        
+          
+          <label class="md-nav__link" for="__nav_4_10" id="__nav_4_10_label" tabindex="">
+            
+  
+  <span class="md-ellipsis">
+    Java
+  </span>
+  
+
+            <span class="md-nav__icon md-icon"></span>
+          </label>
+        
+        <nav class="md-nav" data-md-level="2" aria-labelledby="__nav_4_10_label" aria-expanded="false">
+          <label class="md-nav__title" for="__nav_4_10">
+            <span class="md-nav__icon md-icon"></span>
+            Java
+          </label>
+          <ul class="md-nav__list" data-md-scrollfix>
+            
+              
+                
+  
+  
+  
+  
+    <li class="md-nav__item">
+      <a href="../java/java.html" class="md-nav__link">
+        
+  
+  <span class="md-ellipsis">
+    Java
+  </span>
+  
+
+      </a>
+    </li>
+  
+
+              
+            
+              
+                
+  
+  
+  
+  
+    <li class="md-nav__item">
+      <a href="../java/java-collection-framework.html" class="md-nav__link">
+        
+  
+  <span class="md-ellipsis">
+    Java Collection Framework
+  </span>
+  
+
+      </a>
+    </li>
+  
+
+              
+            
+              
+                
+  
+  
+  
+  
+    <li class="md-nav__item">
+      <a href="../java/dao.html" class="md-nav__link">
+        
+  
+  <span class="md-ellipsis">
+    DAO
+  </span>
+  
+
+      </a>
+    </li>
+  
+
+              
+            
+              
+                
+  
+  
+  
+  
+    
+    
+      
+        
+      
+        
+      
+    
+    
+      
+      
+        
+      
+    
+    
+    <li class="md-nav__item md-nav__item--nested">
+      
+        
+        
+        <input class="md-nav__toggle md-toggle " type="checkbox" id="__nav_4_10_4" >
+        
+          
+          <label class="md-nav__link" for="__nav_4_10_4" id="__nav_4_10_4_label" tabindex="0">
+            
+  
+  <span class="md-ellipsis">
+    Web
+  </span>
+  
+
+            <span class="md-nav__icon md-icon"></span>
+          </label>
+        
+        <nav class="md-nav" data-md-level="3" aria-labelledby="__nav_4_10_4_label" aria-expanded="false">
+          <label class="md-nav__title" for="__nav_4_10_4">
+            <span class="md-nav__icon md-icon"></span>
+            Web
+          </label>
+          <ul class="md-nav__list" data-md-scrollfix>
+            
+              
+                
+  
+  
+  
+  
+    <li class="md-nav__item">
+      <a href="../java/web/servlet.html" class="md-nav__link">
+        
+  
+  <span class="md-ellipsis">
+    Serverlet
+  </span>
+  
+
+      </a>
+    </li>
+  
+
+              
+            
+              
+                
+  
+  
+  
+  
+    
+    
+      
+        
+      
+        
+      
+    
+    
+      
+      
+        
+      
+    
+    
+    <li class="md-nav__item md-nav__item--nested">
+      
+        
+        
+        <input class="md-nav__toggle md-toggle " type="checkbox" id="__nav_4_10_4_2" >
+        
+          
+          <label class="md-nav__link" for="__nav_4_10_4_2" id="__nav_4_10_4_2_label" tabindex="0">
+            
+  
+  <span class="md-ellipsis">
+    Spring
+  </span>
+  
+
+            <span class="md-nav__icon md-icon"></span>
+          </label>
+        
+        <nav class="md-nav" data-md-level="4" aria-labelledby="__nav_4_10_4_2_label" aria-expanded="false">
+          <label class="md-nav__title" for="__nav_4_10_4_2">
+            <span class="md-nav__icon md-icon"></span>
+            Spring
+          </label>
+          <ul class="md-nav__list" data-md-scrollfix>
+            
+              
+                
+  
+  
+  
+  
+    <li class="md-nav__item">
+      <a href="../java/spring/pom.xml.html" class="md-nav__link">
+        
+  
+  <span class="md-ellipsis">
+    POM
+  </span>
+  
+
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+    </li>
+  
+
+              
+            
+              
+                
+  
+  
+  
+  
+    <li class="md-nav__item">
+      <a href="../java/spring/spring-project.html" class="md-nav__link">
+        
+  
+  <span class="md-ellipsis">
+    Project Structure
+  </span>
+  
+
+      </a>
+    </li>
+  
+
+              
+            
+          </ul>
+        </nav>
+      
+    </li>
+  
+
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+            
+          </ul>
+        </nav>
+      
+    </li>
+  
+
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+            
+          </ul>
+        </nav>
+      
+    </li>
+  
+
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+            
+              
+                
+  
+  
+  
+  
+    
+    
+      
+        
+      
+        
+      
+        
+      
+        
+      
+        
+      
+        
+      
+        
+      
+        
+      
+        
+      
+    
+    
+      
+      
+        
+          
+          
+        
+      
+    
+    
+    <li class="md-nav__item md-nav__item--section md-nav__item--nested">
+      
+        
+        
+        <input class="md-nav__toggle md-toggle " type="checkbox" id="__nav_4_11" >
+        
+          
+          <label class="md-nav__link" for="__nav_4_11" id="__nav_4_11_label" tabindex="">
+            
+  
+  <span class="md-ellipsis">
+    PHP
+  </span>
+  
+
+            <span class="md-nav__icon md-icon"></span>
+          </label>
+        
+        <nav class="md-nav" data-md-level="2" aria-labelledby="__nav_4_11_label" aria-expanded="false">
+          <label class="md-nav__title" for="__nav_4_11">
+            <span class="md-nav__icon md-icon"></span>
+            PHP
+          </label>
+          <ul class="md-nav__list" data-md-scrollfix>
+            
+              
+                
+  
+  
+  
+  
+    <li class="md-nav__item">
+      <a href="../php/php.html" class="md-nav__link">
+        
+  
+  <span class="md-ellipsis">
+    PHP
+  </span>
+  
+
+      </a>
+    </li>
+  
+
+              
+            
+              
+                
+  
+  
+  
+  
+    <li class="md-nav__item">
+      <a href="../php/database.html" class="md-nav__link">
+        
+  
+  <span class="md-ellipsis">
+    Database
+  </span>
+  
+
+      </a>
+    </li>
+  
+
+              
+            
+              
+                
+  
+  
+  
+  
+    <li class="md-nav__item">
+      <a href="../php/web.html" class="md-nav__link">
+        
+  
+  <span class="md-ellipsis">
+    Web
+  </span>
+  
+
+      </a>
+    </li>
+  
+
+              
+            
+              
+                
+  
+  
+  
+  
+    <li class="md-nav__item">
+      <a href="../php/dependency-injection.html" class="md-nav__link">
+        
+  
+  <span class="md-ellipsis">
+    Dependency Injection
+  </span>
+  
+
+      </a>
+    </li>
+  
+
+              
+            
+              
+                
+  
+  
+  
+  
+    <li class="md-nav__item">
+      <a href="../php/unit-tests.html" class="md-nav__link">
+        
+  
+  <span class="md-ellipsis">
+    Unit Tests
+  </span>
+  
+
+      </a>
+    </li>
+  
+
+              
+            
+              
+                
+  
+  
+  
+  
+    <li class="md-nav__item">
+      <a href="../php/composer.html" class="md-nav__link">
+        
+  
+  <span class="md-ellipsis">
+    Composer
+  </span>
+  
+
+      </a>
+    </li>
+  
+
+              
+            
+              
+                
+  
+  
+  
+  
+    <li class="md-nav__item">
+      <a href="../php/psr-7.html" class="md-nav__link">
+        
+  
+  <span class="md-ellipsis">
+    PSR 7
+  </span>
+  
+
+      </a>
+    </li>
+  
+
+              
+            
+              
+                
+  
+  
+  
+  
+    <li class="md-nav__item">
+      <a href="../php/plates-templating.html" class="md-nav__link">
+        
+  
+  <span class="md-ellipsis">
+    Plates
+  </span>
+  
+
+      </a>
+    </li>
+  
+
+              
+            
+              
+                
+  
+  
+  
+  
+    
+    
+      
+        
+      
+        
+      
+    
+    
+      
+      
+        
+      
+    
+    
+    <li class="md-nav__item md-nav__item--nested">
+      
+        
+        
+        <input class="md-nav__toggle md-toggle " type="checkbox" id="__nav_4_11_9" >
+        
+          
+          <label class="md-nav__link" for="__nav_4_11_9" id="__nav_4_11_9_label" tabindex="0">
+            
+  
+  <span class="md-ellipsis">
+    Simple MVC
+  </span>
+  
+
+            <span class="md-nav__icon md-icon"></span>
+          </label>
+        
+        <nav class="md-nav" data-md-level="3" aria-labelledby="__nav_4_11_9_label" aria-expanded="false">
+          <label class="md-nav__title" for="__nav_4_11_9">
+            <span class="md-nav__icon md-icon"></span>
+            Simple MVC
+          </label>
+          <ul class="md-nav__list" data-md-scrollfix>
+            
+              
+                
+  
+  
+  
+  
+    <li class="md-nav__item">
+      <a href="../php/simple-mvc/simple-mvc.html" class="md-nav__link">
+        
+  
+  <span class="md-ellipsis">
+    Simple MVC
+  </span>
+  
+
+      </a>
+    </li>
+  
+
+              
+            
+              
+                
+  
+  
+  
+  
+    <li class="md-nav__item">
+      <a href="../php/simple-mvc/rest-api.html" class="md-nav__link">
+        
+  
+  <span class="md-ellipsis">
+    REST API
+  </span>
+  
+
+      </a>
+    </li>
+  
+
+              
+            
+          </ul>
+        </nav>
+      
+    </li>
+  
+
+              
+            
+          </ul>
+        </nav>
+      
+    </li>
+  
+
+              
+            
+              
+                
+  
+  
+  
+  
+    
+    
+      
+        
+      
+        
+      
+        
+      
+        
+      
+        
+      
+    
+    
+      
+      
+        
+          
+          
+        
+      
+    
+    
+    <li class="md-nav__item md-nav__item--section md-nav__item--nested">
+      
+        
+        
+        <input class="md-nav__toggle md-toggle " type="checkbox" id="__nav_4_12" >
+        
+          
+          <label class="md-nav__link" for="__nav_4_12" id="__nav_4_12_label" tabindex="">
+            
+  
+  <span class="md-ellipsis">
+    Rust
+  </span>
+  
+
+            <span class="md-nav__icon md-icon"></span>
+          </label>
+        
+        <nav class="md-nav" data-md-level="2" aria-labelledby="__nav_4_12_label" aria-expanded="false">
+          <label class="md-nav__title" for="__nav_4_12">
+            <span class="md-nav__icon md-icon"></span>
+            Rust
+          </label>
+          <ul class="md-nav__list" data-md-scrollfix>
+            
+              
+                
+  
+  
+  
+  
+    <li class="md-nav__item">
+      <a href="../rust/rust.html" class="md-nav__link">
+        
+  
+  <span class="md-ellipsis">
+    Rust
+  </span>
+  
+
+      </a>
+    </li>
+  
+
+              
+            
+              
+                
+  
+  
+  
+  
+    <li class="md-nav__item">
+      <a href="../rust/macros.html" class="md-nav__link">
+        
+  
+  <span class="md-ellipsis">
+    Macros
+  </span>
+  
+
+      </a>
+    </li>
+  
+
+              
+            
+              
+                
+  
+  
+  
+  
+    <li class="md-nav__item">
+      <a href="../rust/cargo.html" class="md-nav__link">
+        
+  
+  <span class="md-ellipsis">
+    Cargo
+  </span>
+  
+
+      </a>
+    </li>
+  
+
+              
+            
+              
+                
+  
+  
+  
+  
+    <li class="md-nav__item">
+      <a href="../rust/concurrency.html" class="md-nav__link">
+        
+  
+  <span class="md-ellipsis">
+    Concurrency
+  </span>
+  
+
+      </a>
+    </li>
+  
+
+              
+            
+              
+                
+  
+  
+  
+  
+    <li class="md-nav__item">
+      <a href="../rust/unit-tests.html" class="md-nav__link">
+        
+  
+  <span class="md-ellipsis">
+    Unit Tests
+  </span>
+  
+
+      </a>
+    </li>
+  
+
+              
+            
+          </ul>
+        </nav>
+      
+    </li>
+  
+
+              
+            
+              
+                
+  
+  
+  
+  
+    
+    
+      
+        
+      
+        
+      
+        
+      
+        
+      
+        
+      
+        
+      
+        
+      
+    
+    
+      
+      
+        
+          
+          
+        
+      
+    
+    
+    <li class="md-nav__item md-nav__item--section md-nav__item--nested">
+      
+        
+        
+        <input class="md-nav__toggle md-toggle " type="checkbox" id="__nav_4_13" >
+        
+          
+          <label class="md-nav__link" for="__nav_4_13" id="__nav_4_13_label" tabindex="">
+            
+  
+  <span class="md-ellipsis">
+    Javascript
+  </span>
+  
+
+            <span class="md-nav__icon md-icon"></span>
+          </label>
+        
+        <nav class="md-nav" data-md-level="2" aria-labelledby="__nav_4_13_label" aria-expanded="false">
+          <label class="md-nav__title" for="__nav_4_13">
+            <span class="md-nav__icon md-icon"></span>
+            Javascript
+          </label>
+          <ul class="md-nav__list" data-md-scrollfix>
+            
+              
+                
+  
+  
+  
+  
+    <li class="md-nav__item">
+      <a href="../javascript/javascript.html" class="md-nav__link">
+        
+  
+  <span class="md-ellipsis">
+    Javascript
+  </span>
+  
+
+      </a>
+    </li>
+  
+
+              
+            
+              
+                
+  
+  
+  
+  
+    <li class="md-nav__item">
+      <a href="../javascript/dom.html" class="md-nav__link">
+        
+  
+  <span class="md-ellipsis">
+    DOM
+  </span>
+  
+
+      </a>
+    </li>
+  
+
+              
+            
+              
+                
+  
+  
+  
+  
+    <li class="md-nav__item">
+      <a href="../javascript/events-animation.html" class="md-nav__link">
+        
+  
+  <span class="md-ellipsis">
+    Events & Animation
+  </span>
+  
+
+      </a>
+    </li>
+  
+
+              
+            
+              
+                
+  
+  
+  
+  
+    <li class="md-nav__item">
+      <a href="../javascript/ajax.html" class="md-nav__link">
+        
+  
+  <span class="md-ellipsis">
+    AJAX
+  </span>
+  
+
+      </a>
+    </li>
+  
+
+              
+            
+              
+                
+  
+  
+  
+  
+    <li class="md-nav__item">
+      <a href="../javascript/jquery.html" class="md-nav__link">
+        
+  
+  <span class="md-ellipsis">
+    jQuery
+  </span>
+  
+
+      </a>
+    </li>
+  
+
+              
+            
+              
+                
+  
+  
+  
+  
+    
+    
+      
+        
+      
+        
+      
+        
+      
+        
+      
+        
+      
+    
+    
+      
+      
+        
+      
+    
+    
+    <li class="md-nav__item md-nav__item--nested">
+      
+        
+        
+        <input class="md-nav__toggle md-toggle " type="checkbox" id="__nav_4_13_6" >
+        
+          
+          <label class="md-nav__link" for="__nav_4_13_6" id="__nav_4_13_6_label" tabindex="0">
+            
+  
+  <span class="md-ellipsis">
+    React
+  </span>
+  
+
+            <span class="md-nav__icon md-icon"></span>
+          </label>
+        
+        <nav class="md-nav" data-md-level="3" aria-labelledby="__nav_4_13_6_label" aria-expanded="false">
+          <label class="md-nav__title" for="__nav_4_13_6">
+            <span class="md-nav__icon md-icon"></span>
+            React
+          </label>
+          <ul class="md-nav__list" data-md-scrollfix>
+            
+              
+                
+  
+  
+  
+  
+    <li class="md-nav__item">
+      <a href="../javascript/react/react.html" class="md-nav__link">
+        
+  
+  <span class="md-ellipsis">
+    React
+  </span>
+  
+
+      </a>
+    </li>
+  
+
+              
+            
+              
+                
+  
+  
+  
+  
+    <li class="md-nav__item">
+      <a href="../javascript/react/react-router.html" class="md-nav__link">
+        
+  
+  <span class="md-ellipsis">
+    React Router
+  </span>
+  
+
+      </a>
+    </li>
+  
+
+              
+            
+              
+                
+  
+  
+  
+  
+    <li class="md-nav__item">
+      <a href="../javascript/react/react-tests.html" class="md-nav__link">
+        
+  
+  <span class="md-ellipsis">
+    React Tests
+  </span>
+  
+
+      </a>
+    </li>
+  
+
+              
+            
+              
+                
+  
+  
+  
+  
+    <li class="md-nav__item">
+      <a href="../javascript/react/redux.html" class="md-nav__link">
+        
+  
+  <span class="md-ellipsis">
+    Redux
+  </span>
+  
+
+      </a>
+    </li>
+  
+
+              
+            
+              
+                
+  
+  
+  
+  
+    <li class="md-nav__item">
+      <a href="../javascript/react/redux-tests.html" class="md-nav__link">
+        
+  
+  <span class="md-ellipsis">
+    Redux Tests
+  </span>
+  
+
+      </a>
+    </li>
+  
+
+              
+            
+          </ul>
+        </nav>
+      
+    </li>
+  
+
+              
+            
+              
+                
+  
+  
+  
+  
+    <li class="md-nav__item">
+      <a href="../javascript/svelte/svelte.html" class="md-nav__link">
+        
+  
+  <span class="md-ellipsis">
+    Svelte
+  </span>
+  
+
+      </a>
+    </li>
+  
+
+              
+            
+          </ul>
+        </nav>
+      
+    </li>
+  
+
+              
+            
+              
+                
+  
+  
+  
+  
+    
+    
+      
+        
+      
+        
+      
+    
+    
+      
+      
+        
+          
+          
+        
+      
+    
+    
+    <li class="md-nav__item md-nav__item--section md-nav__item--nested">
+      
+        
+        
+        <input class="md-nav__toggle md-toggle " type="checkbox" id="__nav_4_14" >
+        
+          
+          <label class="md-nav__link" for="__nav_4_14" id="__nav_4_14_label" tabindex="">
+            
+  
+  <span class="md-ellipsis">
+    PowerShell
+  </span>
+  
+
+            <span class="md-nav__icon md-icon"></span>
+          </label>
+        
+        <nav class="md-nav" data-md-level="2" aria-labelledby="__nav_4_14_label" aria-expanded="false">
+          <label class="md-nav__title" for="__nav_4_14">
+            <span class="md-nav__icon md-icon"></span>
+            PowerShell
+          </label>
+          <ul class="md-nav__list" data-md-scrollfix>
+            
+              
+                
+  
+  
+  
+  
+    <li class="md-nav__item">
+      <a href="../powershell/scripting.html" class="md-nav__link">
+        
+  
+  <span class="md-ellipsis">
+    Scripting
+  </span>
+  
+
+      </a>
+    </li>
+  
+
+              
+            
+              
+                
+  
+  
+  
+  
+    <li class="md-nav__item">
+      <a href="../powershell/commands.html" class="md-nav__link">
+        
+  
+  <span class="md-ellipsis">
+    Commands
+  </span>
+  
+
+      </a>
+    </li>
+  
+
+              
+            
+          </ul>
+        </nav>
+      
+    </li>
+  
+
+              
+            
+              
+                
+  
+  
+  
+  
+    
+    
+      
+        
+      
+        
+      
+    
+    
+      
+      
+        
+          
+          
+        
+      
+    
+    
+    <li class="md-nav__item md-nav__item--section md-nav__item--nested">
+      
+        
+        
+        <input class="md-nav__toggle md-toggle " type="checkbox" id="__nav_4_15" >
+        
+          
+          <label class="md-nav__link" for="__nav_4_15" id="__nav_4_15_label" tabindex="">
+            
+  
+  <span class="md-ellipsis">
+    Bash
+  </span>
+  
+
+            <span class="md-nav__icon md-icon"></span>
+          </label>
+        
+        <nav class="md-nav" data-md-level="2" aria-labelledby="__nav_4_15_label" aria-expanded="false">
+          <label class="md-nav__title" for="__nav_4_15">
+            <span class="md-nav__icon md-icon"></span>
+            Bash
+          </label>
+          <ul class="md-nav__list" data-md-scrollfix>
+            
+              
+                
+  
+  
+  
+  
+    <li class="md-nav__item">
+      <a href="../bash/scripting.html" class="md-nav__link">
+        
+  
+  <span class="md-ellipsis">
+    Scripting
+  </span>
+  
+
+      </a>
+    </li>
+  
+
+              
+            
+              
+                
+  
+  
+  
+  
+    <li class="md-nav__item">
+      <a href="../bash/commands.html" class="md-nav__link">
+        
+  
+  <span class="md-ellipsis">
+    Commands
+  </span>
+  
+
+      </a>
+    </li>
+  
+
+              
+            
+          </ul>
+        </nav>
+      
+    </li>
+  
+
+              
+            
+          </ul>
+        </nav>
+      
+    </li>
+  
+
+    
+      
+      
+  
+  
+  
+  
+    
+    
+      
+        
+      
+        
+      
+        
+      
+        
+      
+        
+      
+    
+    
+      
+      
+        
+      
+    
+    
+    <li class="md-nav__item md-nav__item--nested">
+      
+        
+        
+        <input class="md-nav__toggle md-toggle " type="checkbox" id="__nav_5" >
+        
+          
+          <label class="md-nav__link" for="__nav_5" id="__nav_5_label" tabindex="0">
+            
+  
+  <span class="md-ellipsis">
+    Misc
+  </span>
+  
+
+            <span class="md-nav__icon md-icon"></span>
+          </label>
+        
+        <nav class="md-nav" data-md-level="1" aria-labelledby="__nav_5_label" aria-expanded="false">
+          <label class="md-nav__title" for="__nav_5">
+            <span class="md-nav__icon md-icon"></span>
+            Misc
+          </label>
+          <ul class="md-nav__list" data-md-scrollfix>
+            
+              
+                
+  
+  
+  
+  
+    <li class="md-nav__item">
+      <a href="../../misc/git.html" class="md-nav__link">
+        
+  
+  <span class="md-ellipsis">
+    Git
+  </span>
+  
+
+      </a>
+    </li>
+  
+
+              
+            
+              
+                
+  
+  
+  
+  
+    <li class="md-nav__item">
+      <a href="../../misc/graph-ql.html" class="md-nav__link">
+        
+  
+  <span class="md-ellipsis">
+    GraphQL
+  </span>
+  
+
+      </a>
+    </li>
+  
+
+              
+            
+              
+                
+  
+  
+  
+  
+    <li class="md-nav__item">
+      <a href="../../misc/regular-expressions.html" class="md-nav__link">
+        
+  
+  <span class="md-ellipsis">
+    RegEx
+  </span>
+  
+
+      </a>
+    </li>
+  
+
+              
+            
+              
+                
+  
+  
+  
+  
+    <li class="md-nav__item">
+      <a href="../../misc/ssh.html" class="md-nav__link">
+        
+  
+  <span class="md-ellipsis">
+    SSH
+  </span>
+  
+
+      </a>
+    </li>
+  
+
+              
+            
+              
+                
+  
+  
+  
+  
+    <li class="md-nav__item">
+      <a href="../../misc/web-components.html" class="md-nav__link">
+        
+  
+  <span class="md-ellipsis">
+    WebComponents
+  </span>
+  
+
+      </a>
+    </li>
+  
+
+              
+            
+          </ul>
+        </nav>
+      
+    </li>
+  
+
+    
+      
+      
+  
+  
+  
+  
+    
+    
+      
+        
+      
+        
+      
+    
+    
+      
+      
+        
+      
+    
+    
+    <li class="md-nav__item md-nav__item--nested">
+      
+        
+        
+        <input class="md-nav__toggle md-toggle " type="checkbox" id="__nav_6" >
+        
+          
+          <label class="md-nav__link" for="__nav_6" id="__nav_6_label" tabindex="0">
+            
+  
+  <span class="md-ellipsis">
+    Linux
+  </span>
+  
+
+            <span class="md-nav__icon md-icon"></span>
+          </label>
+        
+        <nav class="md-nav" data-md-level="1" aria-labelledby="__nav_6_label" aria-expanded="false">
+          <label class="md-nav__title" for="__nav_6">
+            <span class="md-nav__icon md-icon"></span>
+            Linux
+          </label>
+          <ul class="md-nav__list" data-md-scrollfix>
+            
+              
+                
+  
+  
+  
+  
+    
+    
+      
+        
+      
+        
+      
+        
+      
+    
+    
+      
+      
+        
+      
+    
+    
+    <li class="md-nav__item md-nav__item--nested">
+      
+        
+        
+        <input class="md-nav__toggle md-toggle " type="checkbox" id="__nav_6_1" >
+        
+          
+          <label class="md-nav__link" for="__nav_6_1" id="__nav_6_1_label" tabindex="0">
+            
+  
+  <span class="md-ellipsis">
+    Filesystem
+  </span>
+  
+
+            <span class="md-nav__icon md-icon"></span>
+          </label>
+        
+        <nav class="md-nav" data-md-level="2" aria-labelledby="__nav_6_1_label" aria-expanded="false">
+          <label class="md-nav__title" for="__nav_6_1">
+            <span class="md-nav__icon md-icon"></span>
+            Filesystem
+          </label>
+          <ul class="md-nav__list" data-md-scrollfix>
+            
+              
+                
+  
+  
+  
+  
+    <li class="md-nav__item">
+      <a href="../../linux/filesystem/file-links.html" class="md-nav__link">
+        
+  
+  <span class="md-ellipsis">
+    File Links
+  </span>
+  
+
+      </a>
+    </li>
+  
+
+              
+            
+              
+                
+  
+  
+  
+  
+    <li class="md-nav__item">
+      <a href="../../linux/filesystem/procfs.html" class="md-nav__link">
+        
+  
+  <span class="md-ellipsis">
+    /proc
+  </span>
+  
+
+      </a>
+    </li>
+  
+
+              
+            
+              
+                
+  
+  
+  
+  
+    <li class="md-nav__item">
+      <a href="../../linux/filesystem/sysfs.html" class="md-nav__link">
+        
+  
+  <span class="md-ellipsis">
+    /sys
+  </span>
+  
+
+      </a>
+    </li>
+  
+
+              
+            
+          </ul>
+        </nav>
+      
+    </li>
+  
+
+              
+            
+              
+                
+  
+  
+  
+  
+    
+    
+      
+        
+      
+        
+      
+    
+    
+      
+      
+        
+      
+    
+    
+    <li class="md-nav__item md-nav__item--nested">
+      
+        
+        
+        <input class="md-nav__toggle md-toggle " type="checkbox" id="__nav_6_2" >
+        
+          
+          <label class="md-nav__link" for="__nav_6_2" id="__nav_6_2_label" tabindex="0">
+            
+  
+  <span class="md-ellipsis">
+    System Init
+  </span>
+  
+
+            <span class="md-nav__icon md-icon"></span>
+          </label>
+        
+        <nav class="md-nav" data-md-level="2" aria-labelledby="__nav_6_2_label" aria-expanded="false">
+          <label class="md-nav__title" for="__nav_6_2">
+            <span class="md-nav__icon md-icon"></span>
+            System Init
+          </label>
+          <ul class="md-nav__list" data-md-scrollfix>
+            
+              
+                
+  
+  
+  
+  
+    <li class="md-nav__item">
+      <a href="../../linux/init/systemd.html" class="md-nav__link">
+        
+  
+  <span class="md-ellipsis">
+    Systemd
+  </span>
+  
+
+      </a>
+    </li>
+  
+
+              
+            
+              
+                
+  
+  
+  
+  
+    <li class="md-nav__item">
+      <a href="../../linux/init/open-rc.html" class="md-nav__link">
+        
+  
+  <span class="md-ellipsis">
+    OpenRC
+  </span>
+  
+
+      </a>
+    </li>
+  
+
+              
+            
+          </ul>
+        </nav>
+      
+    </li>
+  
+
+              
+            
+          </ul>
+        </nav>
+      
+    </li>
+  
+
+    
+  </ul>
+</nav>
+                  </div>
+                </div>
+              </div>
+            
+            
+              
+              <div class="md-sidebar md-sidebar--secondary" data-md-component="sidebar" data-md-type="toc" >
+                <div class="md-sidebar__scrollwrap">
+                  <div class="md-sidebar__inner">
+                    
+
+<nav class="md-nav md-nav--secondary" aria-label="Table of contents">
+  
+  
+  
+    
+  
+  
+    <label class="md-nav__title" for="__toc">
+      <span class="md-nav__icon md-icon"></span>
+      Table of contents
+    </label>
+    <ul class="md-nav__list" data-md-component="toc" data-md-scrollfix>
+      
+        <li class="md-nav__item">
+  <a href="#assembly-language" class="md-nav__link">
+    <span class="md-ellipsis">
+      Assembly Language
+    </span>
+  </a>
+  
+    <nav class="md-nav" aria-label="Assembly Language">
+      <ul class="md-nav__list">
+        
+          <li class="md-nav__item">
+  <a href="#labels" class="md-nav__link">
+    <span class="md-ellipsis">
+      Labels
+    </span>
+  </a>
+  
+</li>
+        
+          <li class="md-nav__item">
+  <a href="#symbols" class="md-nav__link">
+    <span class="md-ellipsis">
+      Symbols
+    </span>
+  </a>
+  
+</li>
+        
+          <li class="md-nav__item">
+  <a href="#references-relocations" class="md-nav__link">
+    <span class="md-ellipsis">
+      References &amp; Relocations
+    </span>
+  </a>
+  
+</li>
+        
+          <li class="md-nav__item">
+  <a href="#global-vs-local-symbols" class="md-nav__link">
+    <span class="md-ellipsis">
+      Global vs Local Symbols
+    </span>
+  </a>
+  
+</li>
+        
+          <li class="md-nav__item">
+  <a href="#program-entry-point" class="md-nav__link">
+    <span class="md-ellipsis">
+      Program Entry Point
+    </span>
+  </a>
+  
+</li>
+        
+      </ul>
+    </nav>
+  
+</li>
+      
+        <li class="md-nav__item">
+  <a href="#program-sections" class="md-nav__link">
+    <span class="md-ellipsis">
+      Program Sections
+    </span>
+  </a>
+  
+    <nav class="md-nav" aria-label="Program Sections">
+      <ul class="md-nav__list">
+        
+          <li class="md-nav__item">
+  <a href="#assembly-instructions" class="md-nav__link">
+    <span class="md-ellipsis">
+      Assembly Instructions
+    </span>
+  </a>
+  
+</li>
+        
+          <li class="md-nav__item">
+  <a href="#immediate-values" class="md-nav__link">
+    <span class="md-ellipsis">
+      Immediate Values
+    </span>
+  </a>
+  
+</li>
+        
+          <li class="md-nav__item">
+  <a href="#the-value-directives" class="md-nav__link">
+    <span class="md-ellipsis">
+      The .&lt;value&gt; Directives
+    </span>
+  </a>
+  
+</li>
+        
+          <li class="md-nav__item">
+  <a href="#the-set-and-equ-directives" class="md-nav__link">
+    <span class="md-ellipsis">
+      The .set and .equ directives
+    </span>
+  </a>
+  
+</li>
+        
+          <li class="md-nav__item">
+  <a href="#the-globl-directive" class="md-nav__link">
+    <span class="md-ellipsis">
+      The .globl directive
+    </span>
+  </a>
+  
+</li>
+        
+          <li class="md-nav__item">
+  <a href="#the-skip-directive" class="md-nav__link">
+    <span class="md-ellipsis">
+      The .skip directive
+    </span>
+  </a>
+  
+</li>
+        
+          <li class="md-nav__item">
+  <a href="#the-align-directive" class="md-nav__link">
+    <span class="md-ellipsis">
+      The .align directive
+    </span>
+  </a>
+  
+</li>
+        
+      </ul>
+    </nav>
+  
+</li>
+      
+    </ul>
+  
+</nav>
+                  </div>
+                </div>
+              </div>
+            
+          
+          
+            <div class="md-content" data-md-component="content">
+              <article class="md-content__inner md-typeset">
+                
+                  
+
+  
+  
+
+
+<h1 id="assembly-risc-v"><a href="https://riscv-programming.org/book/riscv-book.html" title="An Introduction to Assembly Programming with RISC-V">Assembly (RISC-V)</a></h1>
+<p>Assembly programs are encoded as plain text files and contain four main elements:</p>
+<ul>
+<li><strong>Comments</strong>: comments are textual notes that are often used to document information on the code.</li>
+<li><strong>Labels</strong>: labels are "markers" that represent program locations.</li>
+<li><strong>Instructions</strong>: Assembly instructions are instructions that are converted by the assembler into machine instructions.</li>
+<li><strong>Directives</strong>: Assembly directives are commands used to coordinate the assembling process.</li>
+</ul>
+<h2 id="assembly-language">Assembly Language</h2>
+<h3 id="labels">Labels</h3>
+<p><strong>Labels</strong> are "markers" that represent program <em>locations</em>. They can be inserted into an assembly program to "mark" a program position so that it can be referred to by assembly instructions.</p>
+<div class="highlight"><table class="highlighttable"><tr><th colspan="2" class="filename"><span class="filename">GAS</span></th></tr><tr><td class="linenos"><div class="linenodiv"><pre><span></span><span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-0-1">1</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-0-2">2</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-0-3">3</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-0-4">4</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-0-5">5</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-0-6">6</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-0-7">7</a></span></pre></div></td><td class="code"><div><pre><span></span><code><a id="__codelineno-0-1" name="__codelineno-0-1"></a><span class="nl">x:</span><span class="w">  </span><span class="c1"># &lt;-- label definition</span>
+<a id="__codelineno-0-2" name="__codelineno-0-2"></a><span class="w">  </span><span class="na">.word</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="mi">10</span>
+<a id="__codelineno-0-3" name="__codelineno-0-3"></a>
+<a id="__codelineno-0-4" name="__codelineno-0-4"></a><span class="nl">sum:</span>
+<a id="__codelineno-0-5" name="__codelineno-0-5"></a><span class="w">  </span><span class="nf">lw</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="no">a0</span><span class="p">,</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="no">x</span>
+<a id="__codelineno-0-6" name="__codelineno-0-6"></a><span class="w">  </span><span class="nf">addi</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="no">a0</span><span class="p">,</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="no">a0</span><span class="p">,</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="mi">10</span>
+<a id="__codelineno-0-7" name="__codelineno-0-7"></a><span class="w">  </span><span class="nf">ret</span>
+</code></pre></div></td></tr></table></div>
+<p>Assemblers usually accept two kinds of labels: <strong>symbolic</strong> and <strong>numeric</strong> labels.</p>
+<p>Symbolic labels are defined by an <em>identifier</em> followed by <code>:</code>.
+They are stored as symbols in the symbol table and are often used to identify global variables and routines.</p>
+<p>Numeric labels are defined by a <em>single decimal digit</em> followed by <code>:</code>.
+They are used for local reference and are <em>not included</em> in the symbol table of executable files. They can be redefined repeatedly in the same assembly program.  </p>
+<p>References to numeric labels contain a <em>suffix</em> that indicates whether the reference is to a numeric label positioned before (<code>b</code> suffix) or after (<code>f</code> suffix) the reference.</p>
+<h3 id="symbols">Symbols</h3>
+<p>Program <strong>symbols</strong> are "names" that are associated with <em>numerical values</em> and the <strong>symbol table</strong> is a data structure that maps each program symbol to its value.<br />
+Labels are automatically converted into program symbols by the assembler and associated with a numerical value that represents its position in the program, which is a memory address.</p>
+<p>It's possible to explicitly define symbols with the <code>.set</code> (or <code>.equ</code>) directive.</p>
+<div class="highlight"><table class="highlighttable"><tr><th colspan="2" class="filename"><span class="filename">GAS</span></th></tr><tr><td class="linenos"><div class="linenodiv"><pre><span></span><span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-1-1">1</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-1-2">2</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-1-3">3</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-1-4">4</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-1-5">5</a></span></pre></div></td><td class="code"><div><pre><span></span><code><a id="__codelineno-1-1" name="__codelineno-1-1"></a><span class="na">.set</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="no">answer</span><span class="p">,</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="mi">42</span>
+<a id="__codelineno-1-2" name="__codelineno-1-2"></a>
+<a id="__codelineno-1-3" name="__codelineno-1-3"></a><span class="nl">get_answer:</span>
+<a id="__codelineno-1-4" name="__codelineno-1-4"></a><span class="w">  </span><span class="nf">li</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="no">a0</span><span class="p">,</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="no">answer</span>
+<a id="__codelineno-1-5" name="__codelineno-1-5"></a><span class="w">  </span><span class="nf">ret</span>
+</code></pre></div></td></tr></table></div>
+<h3 id="references-relocations">References &amp; Relocations</h3>
+<p>Each reference to a label must be replaced by an address during the assembling and linking processes. <strong>Relocation</strong> is the process in which the code and data are assigned new memory addresses so that they do not conflict with addresses of coming from the other linked sources.</p>
+<p>The <strong>relocation table</strong> is a data structure that contains information that describes how the program instructions and data need to be modified to reflect the addresses reassignment. Each object file contains a relocation table and the linker uses their information to adjust the code when performing the relocation process.</p>
+<h3 id="global-vs-local-symbols">Global vs Local Symbols</h3>
+<p>Symbols are classified as <em>local</em> or <em>global</em> symbols.</p>
+<p><strong>Local symbols</strong> are only visible on the same file, i.e., the linker does not use them to resolve undefined references on other files.<br />
+<strong>Global symbols</strong>, on the other hand, are used by the linker to resolve undefined reference on other files.</p>
+<p>By default, the assembler registers labels as local symbols. The <code>.globl</code> directive instructs the assembler to register a label as a global symbol.</p>
+<div class="highlight"><table class="highlighttable"><tr><th colspan="2" class="filename"><span class="filename">GAS</span></th></tr><tr><td class="linenos"><div class="linenodiv"><pre><span></span><span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-2-1">1</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-2-2">2</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-2-3">3</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-2-4">4</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-2-5">5</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-2-6">6</a></span></pre></div></td><td class="code"><div><pre><span></span><code><a id="__codelineno-2-1" name="__codelineno-2-1"></a><span class="na">.globl</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="no">exit</span>
+<a id="__codelineno-2-2" name="__codelineno-2-2"></a>
+<a id="__codelineno-2-3" name="__codelineno-2-3"></a><span class="nl">exit:</span>
+<a id="__codelineno-2-4" name="__codelineno-2-4"></a><span class="w">  </span><span class="nf">li</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="no">a0</span><span class="p">,</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="mi">0</span>
+<a id="__codelineno-2-5" name="__codelineno-2-5"></a><span class="w">  </span><span class="nf">li</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="no">a7</span><span class="p">,</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="mi">93</span>
+<a id="__codelineno-2-6" name="__codelineno-2-6"></a><span class="w">  </span><span class="nf">ecall</span>
+</code></pre></div></td></tr></table></div>
+<h3 id="program-entry-point">Program Entry Point</h3>
+<p>Every program has an <strong>entry point</strong>: the point from which the CPU must start executing the program.
+The entry point is defined by an address, which is the address of the <em>first</em> instruction that must be executed.</p>
+<div class="highlight"><table class="highlighttable"><tr><th colspan="2" class="filename"><span class="filename">GAS</span></th></tr><tr><td class="linenos"><div class="linenodiv"><pre><span></span><span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-3-1">1</a></span></pre></div></td><td class="code"><div><pre><span></span><code><a id="__codelineno-3-1" name="__codelineno-3-1"></a><span class="na">.globl</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="no">start</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="c1"># &lt;-- program entry point </span>
+</code></pre></div></td></tr></table></div>
+<blockquote>
+<p><strong>Note</strong>: the <code>start</code> label <strong>must</strong> be registered as a <em>global</em> symbol for the linker to recognize it as the entry point.</p>
+</blockquote>
+<h2 id="program-sections">Program Sections</h2>
+<p>Executable and object files, and assembly programs are usually organized in <strong>sections</strong>.<br />
+A section may contain data or instructions, and the contents of each section are mapped to a set of consecutive main memory addresses.</p>
+<p>The following sections are often present on executable files generated for Linux-based systems:</p>
+<ul>
+<li><code>.text</code>: a section dedicated to store the program instructions.</li>
+<li><code>.data</code>: a section dedicated to store initialized global variables.</li>
+<li><code>.bss</code>: a section dedicated to store uninitialized global variables.</li>
+<li><code>.rodata</code>: a section dedicated to store constants.</li>
+</ul>
+<p>When linking multiple object files, the linker groups information from sections with the same name and places them together into a single section on the executable file.</p>
+<p>To instruct the assembler to add the assembled information into other sections, the programmer (or the compiler) may use the <code>.section &lt;name&gt;</code> directive.</p>
+<div class="highlight"><table class="highlighttable"><tr><th colspan="2" class="filename"><span class="filename">GAS</span></th></tr><tr><td class="linenos"><div class="linenodiv"><pre><span></span><span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-4-1"> 1</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-4-2"> 2</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-4-3"> 3</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-4-4"> 4</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-4-5"> 5</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-4-6"> 6</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-4-7"> 7</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-4-8"> 8</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-4-9"> 9</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-4-10">10</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-4-11">11</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-4-12">12</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-4-13">13</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-4-14">14</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-4-15">15</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-4-16">16</a></span></pre></div></td><td class="code"><div><pre><span></span><code><a id="__codelineno-4-1" name="__codelineno-4-1"></a><span class="na">.section</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="no">.text</span>
+<a id="__codelineno-4-2" name="__codelineno-4-2"></a>
+<a id="__codelineno-4-3" name="__codelineno-4-3"></a><span class="nl">update_y:</span>
+<a id="__codelineno-4-4" name="__codelineno-4-4"></a><span class="w">  </span><span class="nf">la</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="no">t1</span><span class="p">,</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="no">y</span>
+<a id="__codelineno-4-5" name="__codelineno-4-5"></a><span class="w">  </span><span class="nf">sw</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="no">a0</span><span class="p">,</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="p">(</span><span class="no">t1</span><span class="p">)</span>
+<a id="__codelineno-4-6" name="__codelineno-4-6"></a><span class="w">  </span><span class="nf">ret</span>
+<a id="__codelineno-4-7" name="__codelineno-4-7"></a>
+<a id="__codelineno-4-8" name="__codelineno-4-8"></a><span class="nl">update_x:</span>
+<a id="__codelineno-4-9" name="__codelineno-4-9"></a><span class="w">  </span><span class="nf">la</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="no">t1</span><span class="p">,</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="no">x</span>
+<a id="__codelineno-4-10" name="__codelineno-4-10"></a><span class="w">  </span><span class="nf">sw</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="no">a0</span><span class="p">,</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="p">(</span><span class="no">t1</span><span class="p">)</span>
+<a id="__codelineno-4-11" name="__codelineno-4-11"></a><span class="w">  </span><span class="nf">ret</span>
+<a id="__codelineno-4-12" name="__codelineno-4-12"></a>
+<a id="__codelineno-4-13" name="__codelineno-4-13"></a><span class="na">.section</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="no">.data</span>
+<a id="__codelineno-4-14" name="__codelineno-4-14"></a>
+<a id="__codelineno-4-15" name="__codelineno-4-15"></a><span class="nl">x:</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="na">.word</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="mi">10</span>
+<a id="__codelineno-4-16" name="__codelineno-4-16"></a><span class="nl">y:</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="na">.word</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="mi">12</span>
+</code></pre></div></td></tr></table></div>
+<h3 id="assembly-instructions">Assembly Instructions</h3>
+<p>Assembly instructions are instructions that are converted by the assembler into machine instructions.<br />
+They are usually encoded as a string that contains a <strong>mnemonic</strong> and a sequence of parameters, known as <strong>operands</strong>.</p>
+<p>A <strong>pseudo-instruction</strong> is an assembly instruction that does not have a corresponding machine instruction on the ISA, but can be translated automatically by the assembler into one or more alternative machine instructions to achieve the same effect.</p>
+<p>The operands of assembly instructions may contain:</p>
+<ul>
+<li><strong>A register name</strong>: a register name identifies one of the ISA registers.</li>
+</ul>
+<!-- RV32I ISA registers are numbered from 0 to 31 and are named x0, x1, ..., x31. 
+ RV32I registers may also be identified by their aliases, for example, a0, t1, ra, etc.-->
+
+<ul>
+<li><strong>An immediate value</strong>: an immediate value is a numerical constant that is directly encoded into the machine instruction as a sequence of bits.</li>
+<li><strong>A symbol name</strong>: symbol names identify symbols on the symbol table and are replaced by their respective values during the assembling and linking processes.
+  Their value are encoded into the machine instruction as a sequence of bits.</li>
+</ul>
+<h3 id="immediate-values">Immediate Values</h3>
+<p>Immediate values are represented on assembly language by a sequence of alphanumeric characters.</p>
+<ul>
+<li>Sequences started with the <code>0x</code> and the <code>0b</code> prefixes are interpreted as hexadecimal and binary numbers, respectively.  </li>
+<li>Octal numbers are represented by a sequence of numeric digits starting with digit <code>0</code>.  </li>
+<li>Sequences of numeric digits starting with digits <code>1</code> to <code>9</code> are interpreted as decimal numbers.</li>
+<li>Alphanumeric characters represented between single quotation marks are converted to numeric values using the ASCII table</li>
+<li>To denote a negative integer, it suffices to add the <code>-</code> prefix.</li>
+</ul>
+<div class="highlight"><table class="highlighttable"><tr><th colspan="2" class="filename"><span class="filename">GAS</span></th></tr><tr><td class="linenos"><div class="linenodiv"><pre><span></span><span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-5-1">1</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-5-2">2</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-5-3">3</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-5-4">4</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-5-5">5</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-5-6">6</a></span></pre></div></td><td class="code"><div><pre><span></span><code><a id="__codelineno-5-1" name="__codelineno-5-1"></a><span class="nf">li</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="no">a0</span><span class="p">,</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="mi">10</span><span class="w">        </span><span class="c1"># load value ten into register a0</span>
+<a id="__codelineno-5-2" name="__codelineno-5-2"></a><span class="err">2</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="nf">li</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="no">a1</span><span class="p">,</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="mi">0xa</span><span class="w">     </span><span class="c1"># load value ten into register a1</span>
+<a id="__codelineno-5-3" name="__codelineno-5-3"></a><span class="err">3</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="nf">li</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="no">a2</span><span class="p">,</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="mi">0</span><span class="no">b1010</span><span class="w">  </span><span class="c1"># load value ten into register a2</span>
+<a id="__codelineno-5-4" name="__codelineno-5-4"></a><span class="err">4</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="nf">li</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="no">a3</span><span class="p">,</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="mi">012</span><span class="w">     </span><span class="c1"># load value ten into register a3</span>
+<a id="__codelineno-5-5" name="__codelineno-5-5"></a><span class="err">5</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="nf">li</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="no">a4</span><span class="p">,</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="err">’</span><span class="mi">0</span><span class="err">’</span><span class="w">     </span><span class="c1"># load value forty eight into register a4</span>
+<a id="__codelineno-5-6" name="__codelineno-5-6"></a><span class="err">6</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="nf">li</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="no">a5</span><span class="p">,</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="err">’</span><span class="no">a</span><span class="err">’</span><span class="w">     </span><span class="c1"># load value ninety seven into register a5</span>
+</code></pre></div></td></tr></table></div>
+<h3 id="the-value-directives">The <code>.&lt;value&gt;</code> Directives</h3>
+<p>The <code>.byte</code>, <code>.half</code>, <code>.word</code>, and <code>.dword</code> directives add one or more values to the active section. Their arguments may be expressed as immediate
+values, symbols (which are replaced by their value during the assembling and linking processes) or by arithmetic expressions that combine both.</p>
+<p>The <code>.string</code>, <code>.asciz</code>, and <code>.ascii</code> directives add strings to the active section. The string is encoded as a sequence of bytes.</p>
+<table>
+<thead>
+<tr>
+<th style="text-align: center;">Directive</th>
+<th style="text-align: center;">Arguments</th>
+<th style="text-align: center;">Description</th>
+</tr>
+</thead>
+<tbody>
+<tr>
+<td style="text-align: center;"><code>.byte</code></td>
+<td style="text-align: center;"><code>expr [, expr]*</code></td>
+<td style="text-align: center;">Emit one or more <strong>8bit</strong> comma separated words</td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+<td style="text-align: center;"><code>.half</code></td>
+<td style="text-align: center;"><code>expr [, expr]*</code></td>
+<td style="text-align: center;">Emit one or more <strong>16bit</strong> comma separated words</td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+<td style="text-align: center;"><code>.word</code></td>
+<td style="text-align: center;"><code>expr [, expr]*</code></td>
+<td style="text-align: center;">Emit one or more <strong>32bit</strong> comma separated words</td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+<td style="text-align: center;"><code>.dword</code></td>
+<td style="text-align: center;"><code>expr [, expr]*</code></td>
+<td style="text-align: center;">Emit one or more <strong>64bit</strong> comma separated words</td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+<td style="text-align: center;"><code>.string</code></td>
+<td style="text-align: center;"><code>string</code></td>
+<td style="text-align: center;">Emit <code>NULL</code> terminated string</td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+<td style="text-align: center;"><code>.asciz</code></td>
+<td style="text-align: center;"><code>string</code></td>
+<td style="text-align: center;">Alias for <code>.string</code></td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+<td style="text-align: center;"><code>.ascii</code></td>
+<td style="text-align: center;"><code>string</code></td>
+<td style="text-align: center;">Emit string without <code>NULL</code> character</td>
+</tr>
+</tbody>
+</table>
+<h3 id="the-set-and-equ-directives">The <code>.set</code> and <code>.equ</code> directives</h3>
+<p>The <code>.set name, expression</code> directive adds a symbol to the symbol table.<br />
+It takes a name and an expression as arguments, evaluates an expression to a value and store the name and the resulting value into the symbol table.</p>
+<p>The <code>.equ</code> directive performs the same task as the .set directive.</p>
+<h3 id="the-globl-directive">The <code>.globl</code> directive</h3>
+<p>The <code>.globl</code> directive can be used to turn local symbols into global ones.</p>
+<div class="highlight"><table class="highlighttable"><tr><th colspan="2" class="filename"><span class="filename">GAS</span></th></tr><tr><td class="linenos"><div class="linenodiv"><pre><span></span><span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-6-1">1</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-6-2">2</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-6-3">3</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-6-4">4</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-6-5">5</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-6-6">6</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-6-7">7</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-6-8">8</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-6-9">9</a></span></pre></div></td><td class="code"><div><pre><span></span><code><a id="__codelineno-6-1" name="__codelineno-6-1"></a><span class="na">.global</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="no">start</span>
+<a id="__codelineno-6-2" name="__codelineno-6-2"></a><span class="na">.global</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="no">max_value</span>
+<a id="__codelineno-6-3" name="__codelineno-6-3"></a>
+<a id="__codelineno-6-4" name="__codelineno-6-4"></a><span class="na">.set</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="no">max_value</span><span class="p">,</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="mi">42</span>
+<a id="__codelineno-6-5" name="__codelineno-6-5"></a>
+<a id="__codelineno-6-6" name="__codelineno-6-6"></a><span class="nl">start:</span>
+<a id="__codelineno-6-7" name="__codelineno-6-7"></a><span class="w">  </span><span class="nf">li</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="no">a0</span><span class="p">,</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="no">max_value</span>
+<a id="__codelineno-6-8" name="__codelineno-6-8"></a><span class="w">  </span><span class="nf">jal</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="no">process_temp</span>
+<a id="__codelineno-6-9" name="__codelineno-6-9"></a><span class="w">  </span><span class="nf">ret</span>
+</code></pre></div></td></tr></table></div>
+<h3 id="the-skip-directive">The <code>.skip</code> directive</h3>
+<p>The <code>.bss</code> section is dedicated for storing <em>uninitialized</em> global variables.<br />
+These variables need to be allocated on memory, but they do not need to be initialized by the loader when a program is executed. As a consequence, their initial value do not need to be stored on executable nor object files.</p>
+<p>To allocate variables on the <code>.bss</code> section it suffices to declare a label to identify the variable and advance the <code>.bss</code> location counter by the amount of bytes the variable require, so further variables are allocated on other address.<br />
+The <code>.skip N</code> directive is a directive that advances the location counter by <code>N</code> units and can be used to allocate space for variables on the <code>.bss</code> section.</p>
+<div class="highlight"><table class="highlighttable"><tr><th colspan="2" class="filename"><span class="filename">GAS</span></th></tr><tr><td class="linenos"><div class="linenodiv"><pre><span></span><span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-7-1">1</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-7-2">2</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-7-3">3</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-7-4">4</a></span></pre></div></td><td class="code"><div><pre><span></span><code><a id="__codelineno-7-1" name="__codelineno-7-1"></a><span class="na">.section</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="no">.bss</span>
+<a id="__codelineno-7-2" name="__codelineno-7-2"></a><span class="nl">x:</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="na">.skip</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="mi">4</span>
+<a id="__codelineno-7-3" name="__codelineno-7-3"></a><span class="nl">y:</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="na">.skip</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="mi">80</span>
+<a id="__codelineno-7-4" name="__codelineno-7-4"></a><span class="nl">z:</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="na">.skip</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="mi">4</span>
+</code></pre></div></td></tr></table></div>
+<h3 id="the-align-directive">The <code>.align</code> directive</h3>
+<p>Some ISA's require instructions or multi-byte data to be stored on addresses that are multiple of a given number.</p>
+<p>The proper way of ensuring the location counter is aligned is by using the <code>.align N</code> directive.<br />
+The <code>.align N</code> directive checks if the location counter is a <em>multiple</em> of <code>2^N</code>, if it is, it has no effect on the program, otherwise, it advances the location counter to the next value that is a multiple of <code>2^N</code>.</p>
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+          <ul class="md-nav__list" data-md-scrollfix>
+            
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+  
+  
+    <li class="md-nav__item">
+      <a href="../python/python.html" class="md-nav__link">
+        
+  
+  <span class="md-ellipsis">
+    Python
+  </span>
+  
+
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+    </li>
+  
+
+              
+            
+              
+                
+  
+  
+  
+  
+    
+    
+      
+        
+      
+        
+      
+        
+      
+        
+      
+        
+      
+        
+      
+        
+      
+        
+      
+        
+      
+        
+      
+        
+      
+        
+      
+        
+      
+    
+    
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+      
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+    Modules
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+            
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+  
+    <li class="md-nav__item">
+      <a href="../python/modules/argparse.html" class="md-nav__link">
+        
+  
+  <span class="md-ellipsis">
+    argparse
+  </span>
+  
+
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+    </li>
+  
+
+              
+            
+              
+                
+  
+  
+  
+  
+    <li class="md-nav__item">
+      <a href="../python/modules/collections.html" class="md-nav__link">
+        
+  
+  <span class="md-ellipsis">
+    collection
+  </span>
+  
+
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+    </li>
+  
+
+              
+            
+              
+                
+  
+  
+  
+  
+    <li class="md-nav__item">
+      <a href="../python/modules/csv.html" class="md-nav__link">
+        
+  
+  <span class="md-ellipsis">
+    csv
+  </span>
+  
+
+      </a>
+    </li>
+  
+
+              
+            
+              
+                
+  
+  
+  
+  
+    <li class="md-nav__item">
+      <a href="../python/modules/ftplib.html" class="md-nav__link">
+        
+  
+  <span class="md-ellipsis">
+    ftplib
+  </span>
+  
+
+      </a>
+    </li>
+  
+
+              
+            
+              
+                
+  
+  
+  
+  
+    <li class="md-nav__item">
+      <a href="../python/modules/itertools.html" class="md-nav__link">
+        
+  
+  <span class="md-ellipsis">
+    itertools
+  </span>
+  
+
+      </a>
+    </li>
+  
+
+              
+            
+              
+                
+  
+  
+  
+  
+    <li class="md-nav__item">
+      <a href="../python/modules/json.html" class="md-nav__link">
+        
+  
+  <span class="md-ellipsis">
+    json
+  </span>
+  
+
+      </a>
+    </li>
+  
+
+              
+            
+              
+                
+  
+  
+  
+  
+    <li class="md-nav__item">
+      <a href="../python/modules/logging.html" class="md-nav__link">
+        
+  
+  <span class="md-ellipsis">
+    logging
+  </span>
+  
+
+      </a>
+    </li>
+  
+
+              
+            
+              
+                
+  
+  
+  
+  
+    <li class="md-nav__item">
+      <a href="../python/modules/shutil.html" class="md-nav__link">
+        
+  
+  <span class="md-ellipsis">
+    shutil
+  </span>
+  
+
+      </a>
+    </li>
+  
+
+              
+            
+              
+                
+  
+  
+  
+  
+    <li class="md-nav__item">
+      <a href="../python/modules/smtplib.html" class="md-nav__link">
+        
+  
+  <span class="md-ellipsis">
+    smtplib
+  </span>
+  
+
+      </a>
+    </li>
+  
+
+              
+            
+              
+                
+  
+  
+  
+  
+    <li class="md-nav__item">
+      <a href="../python/modules/socket.html" class="md-nav__link">
+        
+  
+  <span class="md-ellipsis">
+    socket
+  </span>
+  
+
+      </a>
+    </li>
+  
+
+              
+            
+              
+                
+  
+  
+  
+  
+    <li class="md-nav__item">
+      <a href="../python/modules/sqlite.html" class="md-nav__link">
+        
+  
+  <span class="md-ellipsis">
+    sqlite
+  </span>
+  
+
+      </a>
+    </li>
+  
+
+              
+            
+              
+                
+  
+  
+  
+  
+    <li class="md-nav__item">
+      <a href="../python/modules/time-datetime.html" class="md-nav__link">
+        
+  
+  <span class="md-ellipsis">
+    time & datetime
+  </span>
+  
+
+      </a>
+    </li>
+  
+
+              
+            
+              
+                
+  
+  
+  
+  
+    <li class="md-nav__item">
+      <a href="../python/modules/unittest.html" class="md-nav__link">
+        
+  
+  <span class="md-ellipsis">
+    unittest
+  </span>
+  
+
+      </a>
+    </li>
+  
+
+              
+            
+          </ul>
+        </nav>
+      
+    </li>
+  
+
+              
+            
+              
+                
+  
+  
+  
+  
+    
+    
+      
+        
+      
+        
+      
+        
+      
+        
+      
+        
+      
+        
+      
+    
+    
+      
+      
+        
+      
+    
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+    <li class="md-nav__item md-nav__item--nested">
+      
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+        <input class="md-nav__toggle md-toggle " type="checkbox" id="__nav_4_8_3" >
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+          <label class="md-nav__link" for="__nav_4_8_3" id="__nav_4_8_3_label" tabindex="0">
+            
+  
+  <span class="md-ellipsis">
+    Libraries
+  </span>
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+          </label>
+        
+        <nav class="md-nav" data-md-level="3" aria-labelledby="__nav_4_8_3_label" aria-expanded="false">
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+          </label>
+          <ul class="md-nav__list" data-md-scrollfix>
+            
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+  
+  
+  
+  
+    <li class="md-nav__item">
+      <a href="../python/libs/tkinter.html" class="md-nav__link">
+        
+  
+  <span class="md-ellipsis">
+    TKinter
+  </span>
+  
+
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+    </li>
+  
+
+              
+            
+              
+                
+  
+  
+  
+  
+    <li class="md-nav__item">
+      <a href="../python/libs/numpy.html" class="md-nav__link">
+        
+  
+  <span class="md-ellipsis">
+    Numpy
+  </span>
+  
+
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+    </li>
+  
+
+              
+            
+              
+                
+  
+  
+  
+  
+    <li class="md-nav__item">
+      <a href="../python/libs/pandas.html" class="md-nav__link">
+        
+  
+  <span class="md-ellipsis">
+    Pandas
+  </span>
+  
+
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+    </li>
+  
+
+              
+            
+              
+                
+  
+  
+  
+  
+    <li class="md-nav__item">
+      <a href="../python/libs/seaborn.html" class="md-nav__link">
+        
+  
+  <span class="md-ellipsis">
+    Seaborn
+  </span>
+  
+
+      </a>
+    </li>
+  
+
+              
+            
+              
+                
+  
+  
+  
+  
+    <li class="md-nav__item">
+      <a href="../python/libs/requests.html" class="md-nav__link">
+        
+  
+  <span class="md-ellipsis">
+    Requests
+  </span>
+  
+
+      </a>
+    </li>
+  
+
+              
+            
+              
+                
+  
+  
+  
+  
+    <li class="md-nav__item">
+      <a href="../python/libs/beautiful-soup.html" class="md-nav__link">
+        
+  
+  <span class="md-ellipsis">
+    Beatiful Soup
+  </span>
+  
+
+      </a>
+    </li>
+  
+
+              
+            
+          </ul>
+        </nav>
+      
+    </li>
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+  
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+  
+  
+  
+  
+    
+    
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+        
+      
+        
+      
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+      
+    
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+      
+        
+          
+          
+        
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+    
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+    <li class="md-nav__item md-nav__item--section md-nav__item--nested">
+      
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+        <input class="md-nav__toggle md-toggle " type="checkbox" id="__nav_4_9" >
+        
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+          <label class="md-nav__link" for="__nav_4_9" id="__nav_4_9_label" tabindex="">
+            
+  
+  <span class="md-ellipsis">
+    .NET
+  </span>
+  
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+          </label>
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+        <nav class="md-nav" data-md-level="2" aria-labelledby="__nav_4_9_label" aria-expanded="false">
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+            .NET
+          </label>
+          <ul class="md-nav__list" data-md-scrollfix>
+            
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+  
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+    
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+  <span class="md-ellipsis">
+    C#
+  </span>
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+            C#
+          </label>
+          <ul class="md-nav__list" data-md-scrollfix>
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+      <a href="../dotnet/csharp/csharp.html" class="md-nav__link">
+        
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+    C#
+  </span>
+  
+
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+
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+    <li class="md-nav__item">
+      <a href="../dotnet/csharp/linq.html" class="md-nav__link">
+        
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+  <span class="md-ellipsis">
+    Linq
+  </span>
+  
+
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+    <li class="md-nav__item">
+      <a href="../dotnet/csharp/collections.html" class="md-nav__link">
+        
+  
+  <span class="md-ellipsis">
+    Collections
+  </span>
+  
+
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+    </li>
+  
+
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+                
+  
+  
+  
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+    <li class="md-nav__item">
+      <a href="../dotnet/csharp/reactive-extensions.html" class="md-nav__link">
+        
+  
+  <span class="md-ellipsis">
+    Reactive Extensions
+  </span>
+  
+
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+    </li>
+  
+
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+            
+              
+                
+  
+  
+  
+  
+    <li class="md-nav__item">
+      <a href="../dotnet/csharp/async-programming.html" class="md-nav__link">
+        
+  
+  <span class="md-ellipsis">
+    Async Programming
+  </span>
+  
+
+      </a>
+    </li>
+  
+
+              
+            
+              
+                
+  
+  
+  
+  
+    <li class="md-nav__item">
+      <a href="../dotnet/csharp/unit-tests.html" class="md-nav__link">
+        
+  
+  <span class="md-ellipsis">
+    Unit Tests
+  </span>
+  
+
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+    </li>
+  
+
+              
+            
+          </ul>
+        </nav>
+      
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+  
+
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+  
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+    
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+        
+      
+        
+      
+        
+      
+        
+      
+        
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+        
+      
+    
+    
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+      
+        
+      
+    
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+      
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+          <label class="md-nav__link" for="__nav_4_9_2" id="__nav_4_9_2_label" tabindex="0">
+            
+  
+  <span class="md-ellipsis">
+    ASP.NET
+  </span>
+  
+
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+        
+        <nav class="md-nav" data-md-level="3" aria-labelledby="__nav_4_9_2_label" aria-expanded="false">
+          <label class="md-nav__title" for="__nav_4_9_2">
+            <span class="md-nav__icon md-icon"></span>
+            ASP.NET
+          </label>
+          <ul class="md-nav__list" data-md-scrollfix>
+            
+              
+                
+  
+  
+  
+  
+    <li class="md-nav__item">
+      <a href="../dotnet/asp.net/minimal-api.html" class="md-nav__link">
+        
+  
+  <span class="md-ellipsis">
+    Minimal API
+  </span>
+  
+
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+    </li>
+  
+
+              
+            
+              
+                
+  
+  
+  
+  
+    <li class="md-nav__item">
+      <a href="../dotnet/asp.net/filters.html" class="md-nav__link">
+        
+  
+  <span class="md-ellipsis">
+    FIlters
+  </span>
+  
+
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+    </li>
+  
+
+              
+            
+              
+                
+  
+  
+  
+  
+    <li class="md-nav__item">
+      <a href="../dotnet/asp.net/middleware.html" class="md-nav__link">
+        
+  
+  <span class="md-ellipsis">
+    Middleware
+  </span>
+  
+
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+    </li>
+  
+
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+            
+              
+                
+  
+  
+  
+  
+    <li class="md-nav__item">
+      <a href="../dotnet/asp.net/razor-syntax.html" class="md-nav__link">
+        
+  
+  <span class="md-ellipsis">
+    Razor Syntax
+  </span>
+  
+
+      </a>
+    </li>
+  
+
+              
+            
+              
+                
+  
+  
+  
+  
+    <li class="md-nav__item">
+      <a href="../dotnet/asp.net/blazor.html" class="md-nav__link">
+        
+  
+  <span class="md-ellipsis">
+    Blazor
+  </span>
+  
+
+      </a>
+    </li>
+  
+
+              
+            
+              
+                
+  
+  
+  
+  
+    <li class="md-nav__item">
+      <a href="../dotnet/asp.net/signalr.html" class="md-nav__link">
+        
+  
+  <span class="md-ellipsis">
+    SignalR
+  </span>
+  
+
+      </a>
+    </li>
+  
+
+              
+            
+              
+                
+  
+  
+  
+  
+    <li class="md-nav__item">
+      <a href="../dotnet/asp.net/web-forms.html" class="md-nav__link">
+        
+  
+  <span class="md-ellipsis">
+    Web Forms
+  </span>
+  
+
+      </a>
+    </li>
+  
+
+              
+            
+          </ul>
+        </nav>
+      
+    </li>
+  
+
+              
+            
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+                
+  
+  
+  
+  
+    
+    
+      
+        
+      
+        
+      
+    
+    
+      
+      
+        
+      
+    
+    
+    <li class="md-nav__item md-nav__item--nested">
+      
+        
+        
+        <input class="md-nav__toggle md-toggle " type="checkbox" id="__nav_4_9_3" >
+        
+          
+          <label class="md-nav__link" for="__nav_4_9_3" id="__nav_4_9_3_label" tabindex="0">
+            
+  
+  <span class="md-ellipsis">
+    Database
+  </span>
+  
+
+            <span class="md-nav__icon md-icon"></span>
+          </label>
+        
+        <nav class="md-nav" data-md-level="3" aria-labelledby="__nav_4_9_3_label" aria-expanded="false">
+          <label class="md-nav__title" for="__nav_4_9_3">
+            <span class="md-nav__icon md-icon"></span>
+            Database
+          </label>
+          <ul class="md-nav__list" data-md-scrollfix>
+            
+              
+                
+  
+  
+  
+  
+    <li class="md-nav__item">
+      <a href="../dotnet/database/ado.net.html" class="md-nav__link">
+        
+  
+  <span class="md-ellipsis">
+    ADO.NET
+  </span>
+  
+
+      </a>
+    </li>
+  
+
+              
+            
+              
+                
+  
+  
+  
+  
+    <li class="md-nav__item">
+      <a href="../dotnet/database/entity-framework.html" class="md-nav__link">
+        
+  
+  <span class="md-ellipsis">
+    Entity Framework
+  </span>
+  
+
+      </a>
+    </li>
+  
+
+              
+            
+          </ul>
+        </nav>
+      
+    </li>
+  
+
+              
+            
+          </ul>
+        </nav>
+      
+    </li>
+  
+
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+            
+              
+                
+  
+  
+  
+  
+    
+    
+      
+        
+      
+        
+      
+        
+      
+        
+      
+    
+    
+      
+      
+        
+          
+          
+        
+      
+    
+    
+    <li class="md-nav__item md-nav__item--section md-nav__item--nested">
+      
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+        <input class="md-nav__toggle md-toggle " type="checkbox" id="__nav_4_10" >
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+          <label class="md-nav__link" for="__nav_4_10" id="__nav_4_10_label" tabindex="">
+            
+  
+  <span class="md-ellipsis">
+    Java
+  </span>
+  
+
+            <span class="md-nav__icon md-icon"></span>
+          </label>
+        
+        <nav class="md-nav" data-md-level="2" aria-labelledby="__nav_4_10_label" aria-expanded="false">
+          <label class="md-nav__title" for="__nav_4_10">
+            <span class="md-nav__icon md-icon"></span>
+            Java
+          </label>
+          <ul class="md-nav__list" data-md-scrollfix>
+            
+              
+                
+  
+  
+  
+  
+    <li class="md-nav__item">
+      <a href="../java/java.html" class="md-nav__link">
+        
+  
+  <span class="md-ellipsis">
+    Java
+  </span>
+  
+
+      </a>
+    </li>
+  
+
+              
+            
+              
+                
+  
+  
+  
+  
+    <li class="md-nav__item">
+      <a href="../java/java-collection-framework.html" class="md-nav__link">
+        
+  
+  <span class="md-ellipsis">
+    Java Collection Framework
+  </span>
+  
+
+      </a>
+    </li>
+  
+
+              
+            
+              
+                
+  
+  
+  
+  
+    <li class="md-nav__item">
+      <a href="../java/dao.html" class="md-nav__link">
+        
+  
+  <span class="md-ellipsis">
+    DAO
+  </span>
+  
+
+      </a>
+    </li>
+  
+
+              
+            
+              
+                
+  
+  
+  
+  
+    
+    
+      
+        
+      
+        
+      
+    
+    
+      
+      
+        
+      
+    
+    
+    <li class="md-nav__item md-nav__item--nested">
+      
+        
+        
+        <input class="md-nav__toggle md-toggle " type="checkbox" id="__nav_4_10_4" >
+        
+          
+          <label class="md-nav__link" for="__nav_4_10_4" id="__nav_4_10_4_label" tabindex="0">
+            
+  
+  <span class="md-ellipsis">
+    Web
+  </span>
+  
+
+            <span class="md-nav__icon md-icon"></span>
+          </label>
+        
+        <nav class="md-nav" data-md-level="3" aria-labelledby="__nav_4_10_4_label" aria-expanded="false">
+          <label class="md-nav__title" for="__nav_4_10_4">
+            <span class="md-nav__icon md-icon"></span>
+            Web
+          </label>
+          <ul class="md-nav__list" data-md-scrollfix>
+            
+              
+                
+  
+  
+  
+  
+    <li class="md-nav__item">
+      <a href="../java/web/servlet.html" class="md-nav__link">
+        
+  
+  <span class="md-ellipsis">
+    Serverlet
+  </span>
+  
+
+      </a>
+    </li>
+  
+
+              
+            
+              
+                
+  
+  
+  
+  
+    
+    
+      
+        
+      
+        
+      
+    
+    
+      
+      
+        
+      
+    
+    
+    <li class="md-nav__item md-nav__item--nested">
+      
+        
+        
+        <input class="md-nav__toggle md-toggle " type="checkbox" id="__nav_4_10_4_2" >
+        
+          
+          <label class="md-nav__link" for="__nav_4_10_4_2" id="__nav_4_10_4_2_label" tabindex="0">
+            
+  
+  <span class="md-ellipsis">
+    Spring
+  </span>
+  
+
+            <span class="md-nav__icon md-icon"></span>
+          </label>
+        
+        <nav class="md-nav" data-md-level="4" aria-labelledby="__nav_4_10_4_2_label" aria-expanded="false">
+          <label class="md-nav__title" for="__nav_4_10_4_2">
+            <span class="md-nav__icon md-icon"></span>
+            Spring
+          </label>
+          <ul class="md-nav__list" data-md-scrollfix>
+            
+              
+                
+  
+  
+  
+  
+    <li class="md-nav__item">
+      <a href="../java/spring/pom.xml.html" class="md-nav__link">
+        
+  
+  <span class="md-ellipsis">
+    POM
+  </span>
+  
+
+      </a>
+    </li>
+  
+
+              
+            
+              
+                
+  
+  
+  
+  
+    <li class="md-nav__item">
+      <a href="../java/spring/spring-project.html" class="md-nav__link">
+        
+  
+  <span class="md-ellipsis">
+    Project Structure
+  </span>
+  
+
+      </a>
+    </li>
+  
+
+              
+            
+          </ul>
+        </nav>
+      
+    </li>
+  
+
+              
+            
+          </ul>
+        </nav>
+      
+    </li>
+  
+
+              
+            
+          </ul>
+        </nav>
+      
+    </li>
+  
+
+              
+            
+              
+                
+  
+  
+  
+  
+    
+    
+      
+        
+      
+        
+      
+        
+      
+        
+      
+        
+      
+        
+      
+        
+      
+        
+      
+        
+      
+    
+    
+      
+      
+        
+          
+          
+        
+      
+    
+    
+    <li class="md-nav__item md-nav__item--section md-nav__item--nested">
+      
+        
+        
+        <input class="md-nav__toggle md-toggle " type="checkbox" id="__nav_4_11" >
+        
+          
+          <label class="md-nav__link" for="__nav_4_11" id="__nav_4_11_label" tabindex="">
+            
+  
+  <span class="md-ellipsis">
+    PHP
+  </span>
+  
+
+            <span class="md-nav__icon md-icon"></span>
+          </label>
+        
+        <nav class="md-nav" data-md-level="2" aria-labelledby="__nav_4_11_label" aria-expanded="false">
+          <label class="md-nav__title" for="__nav_4_11">
+            <span class="md-nav__icon md-icon"></span>
+            PHP
+          </label>
+          <ul class="md-nav__list" data-md-scrollfix>
+            
+              
+                
+  
+  
+  
+  
+    <li class="md-nav__item">
+      <a href="../php/php.html" class="md-nav__link">
+        
+  
+  <span class="md-ellipsis">
+    PHP
+  </span>
+  
+
+      </a>
+    </li>
+  
+
+              
+            
+              
+                
+  
+  
+  
+  
+    <li class="md-nav__item">
+      <a href="../php/database.html" class="md-nav__link">
+        
+  
+  <span class="md-ellipsis">
+    Database
+  </span>
+  
+
+      </a>
+    </li>
+  
+
+              
+            
+              
+                
+  
+  
+  
+  
+    <li class="md-nav__item">
+      <a href="../php/web.html" class="md-nav__link">
+        
+  
+  <span class="md-ellipsis">
+    Web
+  </span>
+  
+
+      </a>
+    </li>
+  
+
+              
+            
+              
+                
+  
+  
+  
+  
+    <li class="md-nav__item">
+      <a href="../php/dependency-injection.html" class="md-nav__link">
+        
+  
+  <span class="md-ellipsis">
+    Dependency Injection
+  </span>
+  
+
+      </a>
+    </li>
+  
+
+              
+            
+              
+                
+  
+  
+  
+  
+    <li class="md-nav__item">
+      <a href="../php/unit-tests.html" class="md-nav__link">
+        
+  
+  <span class="md-ellipsis">
+    Unit Tests
+  </span>
+  
+
+      </a>
+    </li>
+  
+
+              
+            
+              
+                
+  
+  
+  
+  
+    <li class="md-nav__item">
+      <a href="../php/composer.html" class="md-nav__link">
+        
+  
+  <span class="md-ellipsis">
+    Composer
+  </span>
+  
+
+      </a>
+    </li>
+  
+
+              
+            
+              
+                
+  
+  
+  
+  
+    <li class="md-nav__item">
+      <a href="../php/psr-7.html" class="md-nav__link">
+        
+  
+  <span class="md-ellipsis">
+    PSR 7
+  </span>
+  
+
+      </a>
+    </li>
+  
+
+              
+            
+              
+                
+  
+  
+  
+  
+    <li class="md-nav__item">
+      <a href="../php/plates-templating.html" class="md-nav__link">
+        
+  
+  <span class="md-ellipsis">
+    Plates
+  </span>
+  
+
+      </a>
+    </li>
+  
+
+              
+            
+              
+                
+  
+  
+  
+  
+    
+    
+      
+        
+      
+        
+      
+    
+    
+      
+      
+        
+      
+    
+    
+    <li class="md-nav__item md-nav__item--nested">
+      
+        
+        
+        <input class="md-nav__toggle md-toggle " type="checkbox" id="__nav_4_11_9" >
+        
+          
+          <label class="md-nav__link" for="__nav_4_11_9" id="__nav_4_11_9_label" tabindex="0">
+            
+  
+  <span class="md-ellipsis">
+    Simple MVC
+  </span>
+  
+
+            <span class="md-nav__icon md-icon"></span>
+          </label>
+        
+        <nav class="md-nav" data-md-level="3" aria-labelledby="__nav_4_11_9_label" aria-expanded="false">
+          <label class="md-nav__title" for="__nav_4_11_9">
+            <span class="md-nav__icon md-icon"></span>
+            Simple MVC
+          </label>
+          <ul class="md-nav__list" data-md-scrollfix>
+            
+              
+                
+  
+  
+  
+  
+    <li class="md-nav__item">
+      <a href="../php/simple-mvc/simple-mvc.html" class="md-nav__link">
+        
+  
+  <span class="md-ellipsis">
+    Simple MVC
+  </span>
+  
+
+      </a>
+    </li>
+  
+
+              
+            
+              
+                
+  
+  
+  
+  
+    <li class="md-nav__item">
+      <a href="../php/simple-mvc/rest-api.html" class="md-nav__link">
+        
+  
+  <span class="md-ellipsis">
+    REST API
+  </span>
+  
+
+      </a>
+    </li>
+  
+
+              
+            
+          </ul>
+        </nav>
+      
+    </li>
+  
+
+              
+            
+          </ul>
+        </nav>
+      
+    </li>
+  
+
+              
+            
+              
+                
+  
+  
+  
+  
+    
+    
+      
+        
+      
+        
+      
+        
+      
+        
+      
+        
+      
+    
+    
+      
+      
+        
+          
+          
+        
+      
+    
+    
+    <li class="md-nav__item md-nav__item--section md-nav__item--nested">
+      
+        
+        
+        <input class="md-nav__toggle md-toggle " type="checkbox" id="__nav_4_12" >
+        
+          
+          <label class="md-nav__link" for="__nav_4_12" id="__nav_4_12_label" tabindex="">
+            
+  
+  <span class="md-ellipsis">
+    Rust
+  </span>
+  
+
+            <span class="md-nav__icon md-icon"></span>
+          </label>
+        
+        <nav class="md-nav" data-md-level="2" aria-labelledby="__nav_4_12_label" aria-expanded="false">
+          <label class="md-nav__title" for="__nav_4_12">
+            <span class="md-nav__icon md-icon"></span>
+            Rust
+          </label>
+          <ul class="md-nav__list" data-md-scrollfix>
+            
+              
+                
+  
+  
+  
+  
+    <li class="md-nav__item">
+      <a href="../rust/rust.html" class="md-nav__link">
+        
+  
+  <span class="md-ellipsis">
+    Rust
+  </span>
+  
+
+      </a>
+    </li>
+  
+
+              
+            
+              
+                
+  
+  
+  
+  
+    <li class="md-nav__item">
+      <a href="../rust/macros.html" class="md-nav__link">
+        
+  
+  <span class="md-ellipsis">
+    Macros
+  </span>
+  
+
+      </a>
+    </li>
+  
+
+              
+            
+              
+                
+  
+  
+  
+  
+    <li class="md-nav__item">
+      <a href="../rust/cargo.html" class="md-nav__link">
+        
+  
+  <span class="md-ellipsis">
+    Cargo
+  </span>
+  
+
+      </a>
+    </li>
+  
+
+              
+            
+              
+                
+  
+  
+  
+  
+    <li class="md-nav__item">
+      <a href="../rust/concurrency.html" class="md-nav__link">
+        
+  
+  <span class="md-ellipsis">
+    Concurrency
+  </span>
+  
+
+      </a>
+    </li>
+  
+
+              
+            
+              
+                
+  
+  
+  
+  
+    <li class="md-nav__item">
+      <a href="../rust/unit-tests.html" class="md-nav__link">
+        
+  
+  <span class="md-ellipsis">
+    Unit Tests
+  </span>
+  
+
+      </a>
+    </li>
+  
+
+              
+            
+          </ul>
+        </nav>
+      
+    </li>
+  
+
+              
+            
+              
+                
+  
+  
+  
+  
+    
+    
+      
+        
+      
+        
+      
+        
+      
+        
+      
+        
+      
+        
+      
+        
+      
+    
+    
+      
+      
+        
+          
+          
+        
+      
+    
+    
+    <li class="md-nav__item md-nav__item--section md-nav__item--nested">
+      
+        
+        
+        <input class="md-nav__toggle md-toggle " type="checkbox" id="__nav_4_13" >
+        
+          
+          <label class="md-nav__link" for="__nav_4_13" id="__nav_4_13_label" tabindex="">
+            
+  
+  <span class="md-ellipsis">
+    Javascript
+  </span>
+  
+
+            <span class="md-nav__icon md-icon"></span>
+          </label>
+        
+        <nav class="md-nav" data-md-level="2" aria-labelledby="__nav_4_13_label" aria-expanded="false">
+          <label class="md-nav__title" for="__nav_4_13">
+            <span class="md-nav__icon md-icon"></span>
+            Javascript
+          </label>
+          <ul class="md-nav__list" data-md-scrollfix>
+            
+              
+                
+  
+  
+  
+  
+    <li class="md-nav__item">
+      <a href="../javascript/javascript.html" class="md-nav__link">
+        
+  
+  <span class="md-ellipsis">
+    Javascript
+  </span>
+  
+
+      </a>
+    </li>
+  
+
+              
+            
+              
+                
+  
+  
+  
+  
+    <li class="md-nav__item">
+      <a href="../javascript/dom.html" class="md-nav__link">
+        
+  
+  <span class="md-ellipsis">
+    DOM
+  </span>
+  
+
+      </a>
+    </li>
+  
+
+              
+            
+              
+                
+  
+  
+  
+  
+    <li class="md-nav__item">
+      <a href="../javascript/events-animation.html" class="md-nav__link">
+        
+  
+  <span class="md-ellipsis">
+    Events & Animation
+  </span>
+  
+
+      </a>
+    </li>
+  
+
+              
+            
+              
+                
+  
+  
+  
+  
+    <li class="md-nav__item">
+      <a href="../javascript/ajax.html" class="md-nav__link">
+        
+  
+  <span class="md-ellipsis">
+    AJAX
+  </span>
+  
+
+      </a>
+    </li>
+  
+
+              
+            
+              
+                
+  
+  
+  
+  
+    <li class="md-nav__item">
+      <a href="../javascript/jquery.html" class="md-nav__link">
+        
+  
+  <span class="md-ellipsis">
+    jQuery
+  </span>
+  
+
+      </a>
+    </li>
+  
+
+              
+            
+              
+                
+  
+  
+  
+  
+    
+    
+      
+        
+      
+        
+      
+        
+      
+        
+      
+        
+      
+    
+    
+      
+      
+        
+      
+    
+    
+    <li class="md-nav__item md-nav__item--nested">
+      
+        
+        
+        <input class="md-nav__toggle md-toggle " type="checkbox" id="__nav_4_13_6" >
+        
+          
+          <label class="md-nav__link" for="__nav_4_13_6" id="__nav_4_13_6_label" tabindex="0">
+            
+  
+  <span class="md-ellipsis">
+    React
+  </span>
+  
+
+            <span class="md-nav__icon md-icon"></span>
+          </label>
+        
+        <nav class="md-nav" data-md-level="3" aria-labelledby="__nav_4_13_6_label" aria-expanded="false">
+          <label class="md-nav__title" for="__nav_4_13_6">
+            <span class="md-nav__icon md-icon"></span>
+            React
+          </label>
+          <ul class="md-nav__list" data-md-scrollfix>
+            
+              
+                
+  
+  
+  
+  
+    <li class="md-nav__item">
+      <a href="../javascript/react/react.html" class="md-nav__link">
+        
+  
+  <span class="md-ellipsis">
+    React
+  </span>
+  
+
+      </a>
+    </li>
+  
+
+              
+            
+              
+                
+  
+  
+  
+  
+    <li class="md-nav__item">
+      <a href="../javascript/react/react-router.html" class="md-nav__link">
+        
+  
+  <span class="md-ellipsis">
+    React Router
+  </span>
+  
+
+      </a>
+    </li>
+  
+
+              
+            
+              
+                
+  
+  
+  
+  
+    <li class="md-nav__item">
+      <a href="../javascript/react/react-tests.html" class="md-nav__link">
+        
+  
+  <span class="md-ellipsis">
+    React Tests
+  </span>
+  
+
+      </a>
+    </li>
+  
+
+              
+            
+              
+                
+  
+  
+  
+  
+    <li class="md-nav__item">
+      <a href="../javascript/react/redux.html" class="md-nav__link">
+        
+  
+  <span class="md-ellipsis">
+    Redux
+  </span>
+  
+
+      </a>
+    </li>
+  
+
+              
+            
+              
+                
+  
+  
+  
+  
+    <li class="md-nav__item">
+      <a href="../javascript/react/redux-tests.html" class="md-nav__link">
+        
+  
+  <span class="md-ellipsis">
+    Redux Tests
+  </span>
+  
+
+      </a>
+    </li>
+  
+
+              
+            
+          </ul>
+        </nav>
+      
+    </li>
+  
+
+              
+            
+              
+                
+  
+  
+  
+  
+    <li class="md-nav__item">
+      <a href="../javascript/svelte/svelte.html" class="md-nav__link">
+        
+  
+  <span class="md-ellipsis">
+    Svelte
+  </span>
+  
+
+      </a>
+    </li>
+  
+
+              
+            
+          </ul>
+        </nav>
+      
+    </li>
+  
+
+              
+            
+              
+                
+  
+  
+  
+  
+    
+    
+      
+        
+      
+        
+      
+    
+    
+      
+      
+        
+          
+          
+        
+      
+    
+    
+    <li class="md-nav__item md-nav__item--section md-nav__item--nested">
+      
+        
+        
+        <input class="md-nav__toggle md-toggle " type="checkbox" id="__nav_4_14" >
+        
+          
+          <label class="md-nav__link" for="__nav_4_14" id="__nav_4_14_label" tabindex="">
+            
+  
+  <span class="md-ellipsis">
+    PowerShell
+  </span>
+  
+
+            <span class="md-nav__icon md-icon"></span>
+          </label>
+        
+        <nav class="md-nav" data-md-level="2" aria-labelledby="__nav_4_14_label" aria-expanded="false">
+          <label class="md-nav__title" for="__nav_4_14">
+            <span class="md-nav__icon md-icon"></span>
+            PowerShell
+          </label>
+          <ul class="md-nav__list" data-md-scrollfix>
+            
+              
+                
+  
+  
+  
+  
+    <li class="md-nav__item">
+      <a href="../powershell/scripting.html" class="md-nav__link">
+        
+  
+  <span class="md-ellipsis">
+    Scripting
+  </span>
+  
+
+      </a>
+    </li>
+  
+
+              
+            
+              
+                
+  
+  
+  
+  
+    <li class="md-nav__item">
+      <a href="../powershell/commands.html" class="md-nav__link">
+        
+  
+  <span class="md-ellipsis">
+    Commands
+  </span>
+  
+
+      </a>
+    </li>
+  
+
+              
+            
+          </ul>
+        </nav>
+      
+    </li>
+  
+
+              
+            
+              
+                
+  
+  
+    
+  
+  
+  
+    
+    
+      
+        
+      
+        
+      
+    
+    
+      
+      
+        
+          
+          
+        
+      
+    
+    
+    <li class="md-nav__item md-nav__item--active md-nav__item--section md-nav__item--nested">
+      
+        
+        
+        <input class="md-nav__toggle md-toggle " type="checkbox" id="__nav_4_15" checked>
+        
+          
+          <label class="md-nav__link" for="__nav_4_15" id="__nav_4_15_label" tabindex="">
+            
+  
+  <span class="md-ellipsis">
+    Bash
+  </span>
+  
+
+            <span class="md-nav__icon md-icon"></span>
+          </label>
+        
+        <nav class="md-nav" data-md-level="2" aria-labelledby="__nav_4_15_label" aria-expanded="true">
+          <label class="md-nav__title" for="__nav_4_15">
+            <span class="md-nav__icon md-icon"></span>
+            Bash
+          </label>
+          <ul class="md-nav__list" data-md-scrollfix>
+            
+              
+                
+  
+  
+  
+  
+    <li class="md-nav__item">
+      <a href="scripting.html" class="md-nav__link">
+        
+  
+  <span class="md-ellipsis">
+    Scripting
+  </span>
+  
+
+      </a>
+    </li>
+  
+
+              
+            
+              
+                
+  
+  
+    
+  
+  
+  
+    <li class="md-nav__item md-nav__item--active">
+      
+      <input class="md-nav__toggle md-toggle" type="checkbox" id="__toc">
+      
+      
+        
+      
+      
+        <label class="md-nav__link md-nav__link--active" for="__toc">
+          
+  
+  <span class="md-ellipsis">
+    Commands
+  </span>
+  
+
+          <span class="md-nav__icon md-icon"></span>
+        </label>
+      
+      <a href="commands.html" class="md-nav__link md-nav__link--active">
+        
+  
+  <span class="md-ellipsis">
+    Commands
+  </span>
+  
+
+      </a>
+      
+        
+
+<nav class="md-nav md-nav--secondary" aria-label="Table of contents">
+  
+  
+  
+    
+  
+  
+    <label class="md-nav__title" for="__toc">
+      <span class="md-nav__icon md-icon"></span>
+      Table of contents
+    </label>
+    <ul class="md-nav__list" data-md-component="toc" data-md-scrollfix>
+      
+        <li class="md-nav__item">
+  <a href="#basic-commands" class="md-nav__link">
+    <span class="md-ellipsis">
+      Basic Commands
+    </span>
+  </a>
+  
+    <nav class="md-nav" aria-label="Basic Commands">
+      <ul class="md-nav__list">
+        
+          <li class="md-nav__item">
+  <a href="#elevated-privileges-and-users" class="md-nav__link">
+    <span class="md-ellipsis">
+      Elevated Privileges and Users
+    </span>
+  </a>
+  
+</li>
+        
+          <li class="md-nav__item">
+  <a href="#getting-info" class="md-nav__link">
+    <span class="md-ellipsis">
+      Getting Info
+    </span>
+  </a>
+  
+</li>
+        
+          <li class="md-nav__item">
+  <a href="#moving-showing-directory-contents" class="md-nav__link">
+    <span class="md-ellipsis">
+      Moving &amp; Showing Directory Contents
+    </span>
+  </a>
+  
+</li>
+        
+          <li class="md-nav__item">
+  <a href="#creating-reading-copying-moving-modifying-files-and-directories" class="md-nav__link">
+    <span class="md-ellipsis">
+      Creating, Reading, Copying, Moving, Modifying Files And Directories
+    </span>
+  </a>
+  
+</li>
+        
+          <li class="md-nav__item">
+  <a href="#files-permissions-ownership" class="md-nav__link">
+    <span class="md-ellipsis">
+      Files Permissions &amp; Ownership
+    </span>
+  </a>
+  
+</li>
+        
+          <li class="md-nav__item">
+  <a href="#finding-files-and-directories" class="md-nav__link">
+    <span class="md-ellipsis">
+      Finding Files And Directories
+    </span>
+  </a>
+  
+</li>
+        
+          <li class="md-nav__item">
+  <a href="#other" class="md-nav__link">
+    <span class="md-ellipsis">
+      Other
+    </span>
+  </a>
+  
+</li>
+        
+      </ul>
+    </nav>
+  
+</li>
+      
+        <li class="md-nav__item">
+  <a href="#data-wrangling" class="md-nav__link">
+    <span class="md-ellipsis">
+      Data Wrangling
+    </span>
+  </a>
+  
+</li>
+      
+    </ul>
+  
+</nav>
+      
+    </li>
+  
+
+              
+            
+          </ul>
+        </nav>
+      
+    </li>
+  
+
+              
+            
+          </ul>
+        </nav>
+      
+    </li>
+  
+
+    
+      
+      
+  
+  
+  
+  
+    
+    
+      
+        
+      
+        
+      
+        
+      
+        
+      
+        
+      
+    
+    
+      
+      
+        
+      
+    
+    
+    <li class="md-nav__item md-nav__item--nested">
+      
+        
+        
+        <input class="md-nav__toggle md-toggle " type="checkbox" id="__nav_5" >
+        
+          
+          <label class="md-nav__link" for="__nav_5" id="__nav_5_label" tabindex="0">
+            
+  
+  <span class="md-ellipsis">
+    Misc
+  </span>
+  
+
+            <span class="md-nav__icon md-icon"></span>
+          </label>
+        
+        <nav class="md-nav" data-md-level="1" aria-labelledby="__nav_5_label" aria-expanded="false">
+          <label class="md-nav__title" for="__nav_5">
+            <span class="md-nav__icon md-icon"></span>
+            Misc
+          </label>
+          <ul class="md-nav__list" data-md-scrollfix>
+            
+              
+                
+  
+  
+  
+  
+    <li class="md-nav__item">
+      <a href="../../misc/git.html" class="md-nav__link">
+        
+  
+  <span class="md-ellipsis">
+    Git
+  </span>
+  
+
+      </a>
+    </li>
+  
+
+              
+            
+              
+                
+  
+  
+  
+  
+    <li class="md-nav__item">
+      <a href="../../misc/graph-ql.html" class="md-nav__link">
+        
+  
+  <span class="md-ellipsis">
+    GraphQL
+  </span>
+  
+
+      </a>
+    </li>
+  
+
+              
+            
+              
+                
+  
+  
+  
+  
+    <li class="md-nav__item">
+      <a href="../../misc/regular-expressions.html" class="md-nav__link">
+        
+  
+  <span class="md-ellipsis">
+    RegEx
+  </span>
+  
+
+      </a>
+    </li>
+  
+
+              
+            
+              
+                
+  
+  
+  
+  
+    <li class="md-nav__item">
+      <a href="../../misc/ssh.html" class="md-nav__link">
+        
+  
+  <span class="md-ellipsis">
+    SSH
+  </span>
+  
+
+      </a>
+    </li>
+  
+
+              
+            
+              
+                
+  
+  
+  
+  
+    <li class="md-nav__item">
+      <a href="../../misc/web-components.html" class="md-nav__link">
+        
+  
+  <span class="md-ellipsis">
+    WebComponents
+  </span>
+  
+
+      </a>
+    </li>
+  
+
+              
+            
+          </ul>
+        </nav>
+      
+    </li>
+  
+
+    
+      
+      
+  
+  
+  
+  
+    
+    
+      
+        
+      
+        
+      
+    
+    
+      
+      
+        
+      
+    
+    
+    <li class="md-nav__item md-nav__item--nested">
+      
+        
+        
+        <input class="md-nav__toggle md-toggle " type="checkbox" id="__nav_6" >
+        
+          
+          <label class="md-nav__link" for="__nav_6" id="__nav_6_label" tabindex="0">
+            
+  
+  <span class="md-ellipsis">
+    Linux
+  </span>
+  
+
+            <span class="md-nav__icon md-icon"></span>
+          </label>
+        
+        <nav class="md-nav" data-md-level="1" aria-labelledby="__nav_6_label" aria-expanded="false">
+          <label class="md-nav__title" for="__nav_6">
+            <span class="md-nav__icon md-icon"></span>
+            Linux
+          </label>
+          <ul class="md-nav__list" data-md-scrollfix>
+            
+              
+                
+  
+  
+  
+  
+    
+    
+      
+        
+      
+        
+      
+        
+      
+    
+    
+      
+      
+        
+      
+    
+    
+    <li class="md-nav__item md-nav__item--nested">
+      
+        
+        
+        <input class="md-nav__toggle md-toggle " type="checkbox" id="__nav_6_1" >
+        
+          
+          <label class="md-nav__link" for="__nav_6_1" id="__nav_6_1_label" tabindex="0">
+            
+  
+  <span class="md-ellipsis">
+    Filesystem
+  </span>
+  
+
+            <span class="md-nav__icon md-icon"></span>
+          </label>
+        
+        <nav class="md-nav" data-md-level="2" aria-labelledby="__nav_6_1_label" aria-expanded="false">
+          <label class="md-nav__title" for="__nav_6_1">
+            <span class="md-nav__icon md-icon"></span>
+            Filesystem
+          </label>
+          <ul class="md-nav__list" data-md-scrollfix>
+            
+              
+                
+  
+  
+  
+  
+    <li class="md-nav__item">
+      <a href="../../linux/filesystem/file-links.html" class="md-nav__link">
+        
+  
+  <span class="md-ellipsis">
+    File Links
+  </span>
+  
+
+      </a>
+    </li>
+  
+
+              
+            
+              
+                
+  
+  
+  
+  
+    <li class="md-nav__item">
+      <a href="../../linux/filesystem/procfs.html" class="md-nav__link">
+        
+  
+  <span class="md-ellipsis">
+    /proc
+  </span>
+  
+
+      </a>
+    </li>
+  
+
+              
+            
+              
+                
+  
+  
+  
+  
+    <li class="md-nav__item">
+      <a href="../../linux/filesystem/sysfs.html" class="md-nav__link">
+        
+  
+  <span class="md-ellipsis">
+    /sys
+  </span>
+  
+
+      </a>
+    </li>
+  
+
+              
+            
+          </ul>
+        </nav>
+      
+    </li>
+  
+
+              
+            
+              
+                
+  
+  
+  
+  
+    
+    
+      
+        
+      
+        
+      
+    
+    
+      
+      
+        
+      
+    
+    
+    <li class="md-nav__item md-nav__item--nested">
+      
+        
+        
+        <input class="md-nav__toggle md-toggle " type="checkbox" id="__nav_6_2" >
+        
+          
+          <label class="md-nav__link" for="__nav_6_2" id="__nav_6_2_label" tabindex="0">
+            
+  
+  <span class="md-ellipsis">
+    System Init
+  </span>
+  
+
+            <span class="md-nav__icon md-icon"></span>
+          </label>
+        
+        <nav class="md-nav" data-md-level="2" aria-labelledby="__nav_6_2_label" aria-expanded="false">
+          <label class="md-nav__title" for="__nav_6_2">
+            <span class="md-nav__icon md-icon"></span>
+            System Init
+          </label>
+          <ul class="md-nav__list" data-md-scrollfix>
+            
+              
+                
+  
+  
+  
+  
+    <li class="md-nav__item">
+      <a href="../../linux/init/systemd.html" class="md-nav__link">
+        
+  
+  <span class="md-ellipsis">
+    Systemd
+  </span>
+  
+
+      </a>
+    </li>
+  
+
+              
+            
+              
+                
+  
+  
+  
+  
+    <li class="md-nav__item">
+      <a href="../../linux/init/open-rc.html" class="md-nav__link">
+        
+  
+  <span class="md-ellipsis">
+    OpenRC
+  </span>
+  
+
+      </a>
+    </li>
+  
+
+              
+            
+          </ul>
+        </nav>
+      
+    </li>
+  
+
+              
+            
+          </ul>
+        </nav>
+      
+    </li>
+  
+
+    
+  </ul>
+</nav>
+                  </div>
+                </div>
+              </div>
+            
+            
+              
+              <div class="md-sidebar md-sidebar--secondary" data-md-component="sidebar" data-md-type="toc" >
+                <div class="md-sidebar__scrollwrap">
+                  <div class="md-sidebar__inner">
+                    
+
+<nav class="md-nav md-nav--secondary" aria-label="Table of contents">
+  
+  
+  
+    
+  
+  
+    <label class="md-nav__title" for="__toc">
+      <span class="md-nav__icon md-icon"></span>
+      Table of contents
+    </label>
+    <ul class="md-nav__list" data-md-component="toc" data-md-scrollfix>
+      
+        <li class="md-nav__item">
+  <a href="#basic-commands" class="md-nav__link">
+    <span class="md-ellipsis">
+      Basic Commands
+    </span>
+  </a>
+  
+    <nav class="md-nav" aria-label="Basic Commands">
+      <ul class="md-nav__list">
+        
+          <li class="md-nav__item">
+  <a href="#elevated-privileges-and-users" class="md-nav__link">
+    <span class="md-ellipsis">
+      Elevated Privileges and Users
+    </span>
+  </a>
+  
+</li>
+        
+          <li class="md-nav__item">
+  <a href="#getting-info" class="md-nav__link">
+    <span class="md-ellipsis">
+      Getting Info
+    </span>
+  </a>
+  
+</li>
+        
+          <li class="md-nav__item">
+  <a href="#moving-showing-directory-contents" class="md-nav__link">
+    <span class="md-ellipsis">
+      Moving &amp; Showing Directory Contents
+    </span>
+  </a>
+  
+</li>
+        
+          <li class="md-nav__item">
+  <a href="#creating-reading-copying-moving-modifying-files-and-directories" class="md-nav__link">
+    <span class="md-ellipsis">
+      Creating, Reading, Copying, Moving, Modifying Files And Directories
+    </span>
+  </a>
+  
+</li>
+        
+          <li class="md-nav__item">
+  <a href="#files-permissions-ownership" class="md-nav__link">
+    <span class="md-ellipsis">
+      Files Permissions &amp; Ownership
+    </span>
+  </a>
+  
+</li>
+        
+          <li class="md-nav__item">
+  <a href="#finding-files-and-directories" class="md-nav__link">
+    <span class="md-ellipsis">
+      Finding Files And Directories
+    </span>
+  </a>
+  
+</li>
+        
+          <li class="md-nav__item">
+  <a href="#other" class="md-nav__link">
+    <span class="md-ellipsis">
+      Other
+    </span>
+  </a>
+  
+</li>
+        
+      </ul>
+    </nav>
+  
+</li>
+      
+        <li class="md-nav__item">
+  <a href="#data-wrangling" class="md-nav__link">
+    <span class="md-ellipsis">
+      Data Wrangling
+    </span>
+  </a>
+  
+</li>
+      
+    </ul>
+  
+</nav>
+                  </div>
+                </div>
+              </div>
+            
+          
+          
+            <div class="md-content" data-md-component="content">
+              <article class="md-content__inner md-typeset">
+                
+                  
+
+  
+  
+
+
+<h1 id="bash-commands">Bash Commands</h1>
+<blockquote>
+<p><strong>Note</strong>: Square brackets (<code>[]</code>) denotes optional commands/flags/arguments. Uppercase denotes placeholders for arguments.</p>
+</blockquote>
+<h2 id="basic-commands">Basic Commands</h2>
+<h3 id="elevated-privileges-and-users">Elevated Privileges and Users</h3>
+<p><a href="https://unix.stackexchange.com/questions/35338/su-vs-sudo-s-vs-sudo-i-vs-sudo-bash/35342">sudo vs su</a></p>
+<div class="highlight"><table class="highlighttable"><tr><th colspan="2" class="filename"><span class="filename">Bash</span></th></tr><tr><td class="linenos"><div class="linenodiv"><pre><span></span><span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-0-1">1</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-0-2">2</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-0-3">3</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-0-4">4</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-0-5">5</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-0-6">6</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-0-7">7</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-0-8">8</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-0-9">9</a></span></pre></div></td><td class="code"><div><pre><span></span><code><a id="__codelineno-0-1" name="__codelineno-0-1"></a>sudo<span class="w"> </span>su<span class="w">  </span><span class="c1"># login as root (user must be sudoers, root password not required) DANGEROUS</span>
+<a id="__codelineno-0-2" name="__codelineno-0-2"></a>sudo<span class="w"> </span>-s<span class="w">  </span><span class="c1"># act as root and inherit current user environment (env as is now, along current dir and env vars) SAFE (can modify user environment)</span>
+<a id="__codelineno-0-3" name="__codelineno-0-3"></a>sudo<span class="w"> </span>-i<span class="w">  </span><span class="c1"># act as root and and use a clean environment (goes to user&#39;s home, runs .bashrc) SAFEST</span>
+<a id="__codelineno-0-4" name="__codelineno-0-4"></a>sudo<span class="w"> </span>COMMAND<span class="w">  </span><span class="c1"># run a command w\ root permissions</span>
+<a id="__codelineno-0-5" name="__codelineno-0-5"></a>sudo<span class="w"> </span>-u<span class="w"> </span>USER<span class="w"> </span>COMMAND<span class="w"> </span><span class="c1"># run command as user</span>
+<a id="__codelineno-0-6" name="__codelineno-0-6"></a>
+<a id="__codelineno-0-7" name="__codelineno-0-7"></a>su<span class="w">  </span><span class="c1"># become root (must know root password) DANGEROUS</span>
+<a id="__codelineno-0-8" name="__codelineno-0-8"></a>su<span class="w"> </span>-<span class="w"> </span>USER<span class="w">  </span><span class="c1"># change user and load it&#39;s home folder</span>
+<a id="__codelineno-0-9" name="__codelineno-0-9"></a>su<span class="w"> </span>USER<span class="w">  </span><span class="c1"># change user but don&#39;t load it&#39;s home folder</span>
+</code></pre></div></td></tr></table></div>
+<h3 id="getting-info">Getting Info</h3>
+<div class="highlight"><table class="highlighttable"><tr><th colspan="2" class="filename"><span class="filename">Bash</span></th></tr><tr><td class="linenos"><div class="linenodiv"><pre><span></span><span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-1-1">1</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-1-2">2</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-1-3">3</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-1-4">4</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-1-5">5</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-1-6">6</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-1-7">7</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-1-8">8</a></span></pre></div></td><td class="code"><div><pre><span></span><code><a id="__codelineno-1-1" name="__codelineno-1-1"></a>man<span class="w"> </span>COMMAND<span class="w">  </span><span class="c1"># show command manual</span>
+<a id="__codelineno-1-2" name="__codelineno-1-2"></a><span class="nb">help</span><span class="w"> </span>COMMAND<span class="w">  </span><span class="c1"># show command info</span>
+<a id="__codelineno-1-3" name="__codelineno-1-3"></a>whatis<span class="w"> </span>COMMAND<span class="w">  </span><span class="c1"># one-line command explanation</span>
+<a id="__codelineno-1-4" name="__codelineno-1-4"></a>apropos<span class="w"> </span>COMMAND<span class="w">  </span><span class="c1"># search related commands</span>
+<a id="__codelineno-1-5" name="__codelineno-1-5"></a>which<span class="w"> </span>COMMAND<span class="w">  </span><span class="c1"># locate a command</span>
+<a id="__codelineno-1-6" name="__codelineno-1-6"></a><span class="nb">history</span><span class="w">  </span><span class="c1"># list of used commands</span>
+<a id="__codelineno-1-7" name="__codelineno-1-7"></a>
+<a id="__codelineno-1-8" name="__codelineno-1-8"></a>id<span class="w">  </span><span class="c1"># Print user and group information for the specified USER, or (when USER omitted) for the current user</span>
+</code></pre></div></td></tr></table></div>
+<h3 id="moving-showing-directory-contents">Moving &amp; Showing Directory Contents</h3>
+<div class="highlight"><table class="highlighttable"><tr><th colspan="2" class="filename"><span class="filename">Bash</span></th></tr><tr><td class="linenos"><div class="linenodiv"><pre><span></span><span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-2-1">1</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-2-2">2</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-2-3">3</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-2-4">4</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-2-5">5</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-2-6">6</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-2-7">7</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-2-8">8</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-2-9">9</a></span></pre></div></td><td class="code"><div><pre><span></span><code><a id="__codelineno-2-1" name="__codelineno-2-1"></a><span class="nb">pwd</span><span class="w">  </span><span class="c1"># print working (current) directory</span>
+<a id="__codelineno-2-2" name="__codelineno-2-2"></a>ls<span class="w"> </span><span class="o">[</span>option<span class="o">]</span>...<span class="w"> </span><span class="o">[</span>FILE<span class="o">]</span>...<span class="w">   </span><span class="c1"># list directory contents (&quot;list storage&quot;)</span>
+<a id="__codelineno-2-3" name="__codelineno-2-3"></a><span class="nb">cd</span><span class="w"> </span>rel_path<span class="w">  </span><span class="c1"># change directory to path (rel_path must be inside current directory)</span>
+<a id="__codelineno-2-4" name="__codelineno-2-4"></a><span class="nb">cd</span><span class="w"> </span>abs_path<span class="w">  </span><span class="c1"># change directory to path</span>
+<a id="__codelineno-2-5" name="__codelineno-2-5"></a><span class="nb">cd</span><span class="w"> </span>..<span class="w">  </span><span class="c1"># change directory to parent directory</span>
+<a id="__codelineno-2-6" name="__codelineno-2-6"></a><span class="nb">cd</span><span class="w"> </span>~<span class="w">  </span><span class="c1"># go to /home</span>
+<a id="__codelineno-2-7" name="__codelineno-2-7"></a><span class="nb">cd</span><span class="w"> </span>-<span class="w">  </span><span class="c1"># go to previous directory</span>
+<a id="__codelineno-2-8" name="__codelineno-2-8"></a><span class="nb">pushd</span><span class="w"> </span>PATH<span class="w">  </span><span class="c1"># go from current directory to path</span>
+<a id="__codelineno-2-9" name="__codelineno-2-9"></a><span class="nb">popd</span><span class="w">  </span><span class="c1"># return to previous directory (before pushd)</span>
+</code></pre></div></td></tr></table></div>
+<h3 id="creating-reading-copying-moving-modifying-files-and-directories">Creating, Reading, Copying, Moving, Modifying Files And Directories</h3>
+<div class="highlight"><table class="highlighttable"><tr><th colspan="2" class="filename"><span class="filename">Bash</span></th></tr><tr><td class="linenos"><div class="linenodiv"><pre><span></span><span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-3-1"> 1</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-3-2"> 2</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-3-3"> 3</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-3-4"> 4</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-3-5"> 5</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-3-6"> 6</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-3-7"> 7</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-3-8"> 8</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-3-9"> 9</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-3-10">10</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-3-11">11</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-3-12">12</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-3-13">13</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-3-14">14</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-3-15">15</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-3-16">16</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-3-17">17</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-3-18">18</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-3-19">19</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-3-20">20</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-3-21">21</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-3-22">22</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-3-23">23</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-3-24">24</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-3-25">25</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-3-26">26</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-3-27">27</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-3-28">28</a></span></pre></div></td><td class="code"><div><pre><span></span><code><a id="__codelineno-3-1" name="__codelineno-3-1"></a>touch<span class="w"> </span>FILE<span class="w">  </span><span class="c1"># change FILE timestamp fi exists, create file otherwise</span>
+<a id="__codelineno-3-2" name="__codelineno-3-2"></a>cat<span class="w"> </span><span class="o">[</span>FILE<span class="o">]</span><span class="w">  </span><span class="c1"># concatenate files and print on standard output (FD 1)</span>
+<a id="__codelineno-3-3" name="__codelineno-3-3"></a>cat<span class="w"> </span>&gt;&gt;<span class="w"> </span>FILE<span class="w">  </span><span class="c1"># append following content ot file (Ctrl+D to stop)</span>
+<a id="__codelineno-3-4" name="__codelineno-3-4"></a>file<span class="w"> </span>FILE<span class="w">  </span><span class="c1"># discover file extension and format</span>
+<a id="__codelineno-3-5" name="__codelineno-3-5"></a>stat<span class="w"> </span>FILE<span class="w">  </span><span class="c1"># display file or file system status</span>
+<a id="__codelineno-3-6" name="__codelineno-3-6"></a>
+<a id="__codelineno-3-7" name="__codelineno-3-7"></a>tail<span class="w">  </span><span class="c1"># output the last part of a file</span>
+<a id="__codelineno-3-8" name="__codelineno-3-8"></a>tail<span class="w"> </span><span class="o">[</span>-nNUM<span class="o">]</span><span class="w">  </span><span class="c1"># output the last NUM lines</span>
+<a id="__codelineno-3-9" name="__codelineno-3-9"></a>
+<a id="__codelineno-3-10" name="__codelineno-3-10"></a>more<span class="w">  </span><span class="c1"># filter for paging through text one screenful at a time</span>
+<a id="__codelineno-3-11" name="__codelineno-3-11"></a>less<span class="w">  </span><span class="c1"># opposite of more (display big file in pages), navigate with arrow keys or space bar</span>
+<a id="__codelineno-3-12" name="__codelineno-3-12"></a>
+<a id="__codelineno-3-13" name="__codelineno-3-13"></a>cut<span class="w">  </span><span class="c1"># remove sections from each line of files</span>
+<a id="__codelineno-3-14" name="__codelineno-3-14"></a>cut<span class="w"> </span>-<span class="o">[</span>d<span class="w"> </span>--delimiter<span class="o">=</span>DELIM<span class="o">]</span><span class="w">  </span><span class="c1"># use DELIM instead of TAB for field delimiter</span>
+<a id="__codelineno-3-15" name="__codelineno-3-15"></a>cut<span class="w"> </span><span class="o">[</span>-f<span class="w"> </span>--fields<span class="o">=</span>LIST<span class="o">]</span><span class="w">  </span><span class="c1"># select only these fields</span>
+<a id="__codelineno-3-16" name="__codelineno-3-16"></a>
+<a id="__codelineno-3-17" name="__codelineno-3-17"></a>df<span class="w">  </span><span class="c1"># report file system disk space usage</span>
+<a id="__codelineno-3-18" name="__codelineno-3-18"></a>
+<a id="__codelineno-3-19" name="__codelineno-3-19"></a>rm<span class="w"> </span>FILE<span class="w">  </span><span class="c1"># remove file or directories</span>
+<a id="__codelineno-3-20" name="__codelineno-3-20"></a>rm<span class="w"> </span>DIRECTORY<span class="w"> </span>-r<span class="w">  </span><span class="c1"># remove directory an all its contents (recursive)</span>
+<a id="__codelineno-3-21" name="__codelineno-3-21"></a>rmdir<span class="w"> </span>DIRECTORY<span class="w">  </span><span class="c1"># remove directory only if is empty</span>
+<a id="__codelineno-3-22" name="__codelineno-3-22"></a>
+<a id="__codelineno-3-23" name="__codelineno-3-23"></a>mkdir<span class="w"> </span>DIRECTORY<span class="w">  </span><span class="c1"># make directories</span>
+<a id="__codelineno-3-24" name="__codelineno-3-24"></a>
+<a id="__codelineno-3-25" name="__codelineno-3-25"></a>mv<span class="w"> </span>SOURCE<span class="w"> </span>DESTINATION<span class="w">  </span><span class="c1"># move or rename files</span>
+<a id="__codelineno-3-26" name="__codelineno-3-26"></a>mv<span class="w"> </span>SOURCE<span class="w"> </span>DIRECTORY<span class="w">  </span><span class="c1"># move FILE to DIRECTORY</span>
+<a id="__codelineno-3-27" name="__codelineno-3-27"></a>
+<a id="__codelineno-3-28" name="__codelineno-3-28"></a>cp<span class="w"> </span>SOURCE<span class="w"> </span>DESTINATION<span class="w">  </span><span class="c1"># copy SOURCE to DESTINATION</span>
+</code></pre></div></td></tr></table></div>
+<h3 id="files-permissions-ownership">Files Permissions &amp; Ownership</h3>
+<p><img alt="Linux Permissions" src="../../img/bash_files-permissions-and-ownership-basics-in-linux.avif" title="files info and permissions" /></p>
+<div class="highlight"><table class="highlighttable"><tr><th colspan="2" class="filename"><span class="filename">Bash</span></th></tr><tr><td class="linenos"><div class="linenodiv"><pre><span></span><span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-4-1">1</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-4-2">2</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-4-3">3</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-4-4">4</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-4-5">5</a></span></pre></div></td><td class="code"><div><pre><span></span><code><a id="__codelineno-4-1" name="__codelineno-4-1"></a>chmod<span class="w"> </span>MODE<span class="w"> </span>FILE<span class="w">  </span><span class="c1"># change file (or directory) permissions</span>
+<a id="__codelineno-4-2" name="__codelineno-4-2"></a>chmod<span class="w"> </span>OCTAL-MODE<span class="w"> </span>FILE<span class="w">  </span><span class="c1"># change file (or directory) permissions</span>
+<a id="__codelineno-4-3" name="__codelineno-4-3"></a>
+<a id="__codelineno-4-4" name="__codelineno-4-4"></a>chown<span class="w"> </span><span class="o">[</span>OPTION<span class="o">]</span>...<span class="w"> </span><span class="o">[</span>OWNER<span class="o">][</span>:<span class="o">[</span>GROUP<span class="o">]]</span><span class="w"> </span>FILE...<span class="w">  </span><span class="c1"># change file owner and group</span>
+<a id="__codelineno-4-5" name="__codelineno-4-5"></a>chgrp<span class="w"> </span><span class="o">[</span>OPTION<span class="o">]</span>...<span class="w"> </span>GROUP<span class="w"> </span>FILE...<span class="w">  </span><span class="c1"># change group ownership</span>
+</code></pre></div></td></tr></table></div>
+<p><strong>File Permissions</strong>:</p>
+<ul>
+<li><code>r</code>: Read. Can see file content</li>
+<li><code>w</code>: Write. Can modify file content</li>
+<li><code>x</code>: Execute. Can execute file</li>
+</ul>
+<p><strong>Directory Permissions</strong>:</p>
+<ul>
+<li><code>r</code>: Read. Can see dir contents</li>
+<li><code>w</code>: CRUD. Can create, rename and delete files</li>
+<li><code>x</code>: Search. Can access and navigate inside the dir. Necessary to operate on files</li>
+</ul>
+<p><strong><em>Common</em> Octal Files Permissions</strong>:</p>
+<ul>
+<li><code>777</code>: (<code>rwxrwxrwx</code>) No restrictions on permissions. Anybody may do anything. Generally not a desirable setting.</li>
+<li><code>755</code>: (<code>rwxr-xr-x</code>) The file's owner may read, write, and execute the file. All others may read and execute the file. This setting is common for programs that are used by all users.</li>
+<li><code>700</code>: (<code>rwx------</code>) The file's owner may read, write, and execute the file. Nobody else has any rights. This setting is useful for programs that only the owner may use and must be kept private from others.</li>
+<li><code>666</code>: (<code>rw-rw-rw-</code>) All users may read and write the file.</li>
+<li><code>644</code>: (<code>rw-r--r--</code>) The owner may read and write a file, while all others may only read the file. A common setting for data files that everybody may read, but only the owner may change.</li>
+<li><code>600</code>: (<code>rw-------</code>) The owner may read and write a file. All others have no rights. A common setting for data files that the owner wants to keep private.</li>
+</ul>
+<p><strong><em>Common</em> Octal Directory Permissions</strong>:</p>
+<ul>
+<li><code>777</code>: (<code>rwxrwxrwx</code>) No restrictions on permissions. Anybody may list files, create new files in the directory and delete files in the directory. Generally not a good setting.</li>
+<li><code>755</code>: (<code>rwxr-xr-x</code>) The directory owner has full access. All others may list the directory, but cannot create files nor delete them. This setting is common for directories that you wish to share with other users.</li>
+<li><code>700</code>: (<code>rwx------</code>) The directory owner has full access. Nobody else has any rights. This setting is useful for directories that only the owner may use and must be kept private from others.</li>
+</ul>
+<h3 id="finding-files-and-directories">Finding Files And Directories</h3>
+<div class="highlight"><table class="highlighttable"><tr><th colspan="2" class="filename"><span class="filename">Bash</span></th></tr><tr><td class="linenos"><div class="linenodiv"><pre><span></span><span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-5-1">1</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-5-2">2</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-5-3">3</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-5-4">4</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-5-5">5</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-5-6">6</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-5-7">7</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-5-8">8</a></span></pre></div></td><td class="code"><div><pre><span></span><code><a id="__codelineno-5-1" name="__codelineno-5-1"></a>find<span class="w"> </span><span class="o">[</span>path<span class="o">]</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="o">[</span>expression<span class="o">]</span><span class="w">   </span><span class="c1"># search file in directory hierarchy</span>
+<a id="__codelineno-5-2" name="__codelineno-5-2"></a>find<span class="w"> </span><span class="o">[</span>start-position<span class="o">]</span><span class="w"> </span>-type<span class="w"> </span>f<span class="w"> </span>-name<span class="w"> </span>FILENAME<span class="w">  </span><span class="c1"># search for a file named &quot;filename&quot;</span>
+<a id="__codelineno-5-3" name="__codelineno-5-3"></a>find<span class="w"> </span><span class="o">[</span>start-position<span class="o">]</span><span class="w"> </span>-type<span class="w"> </span>d<span class="w"> </span>-name<span class="w"> </span>DIRNAME<span class="w">  </span><span class="c1"># search for a directory named &quot;dirname&quot;</span>
+<a id="__codelineno-5-4" name="__codelineno-5-4"></a>find<span class="w"> </span><span class="o">[</span>path<span class="o">]</span><span class="w"> </span>-exec<span class="w"> </span>&lt;command&gt;<span class="w"> </span><span class="o">{}</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="se">\;</span><span class="w">  </span><span class="c1"># execute command on found items (identified by {})</span>
+<a id="__codelineno-5-5" name="__codelineno-5-5"></a>
+<a id="__codelineno-5-6" name="__codelineno-5-6"></a><span class="o">[[</span><span class="w"> </span>-f<span class="w"> </span><span class="s2">&quot;path&quot;</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="o">]]</span><span class="w">  </span><span class="c1"># test if a file exists</span>
+<a id="__codelineno-5-7" name="__codelineno-5-7"></a><span class="o">[[</span><span class="w"> </span>-d<span class="w"> </span><span class="s2">&quot;path&quot;</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="o">]]</span><span class="w">  </span><span class="c1"># test if a folder exists</span>
+<a id="__codelineno-5-8" name="__codelineno-5-8"></a><span class="o">[[</span><span class="w"> </span>-L<span class="w"> </span><span class="s2">&quot;path&quot;</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="o">]]</span><span class="w">  </span><span class="c1"># test if is symlink</span>
+</code></pre></div></td></tr></table></div>
+<h3 id="other">Other</h3>
+<div class="highlight"><table class="highlighttable"><tr><th colspan="2" class="filename"><span class="filename">Bash</span></th></tr><tr><td class="linenos"><div class="linenodiv"><pre><span></span><span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-6-1"> 1</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-6-2"> 2</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-6-3"> 3</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-6-4"> 4</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-6-5"> 5</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-6-6"> 6</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-6-7"> 7</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-6-8"> 8</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-6-9"> 9</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-6-10">10</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-6-11">11</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-6-12">12</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-6-13">13</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-6-14">14</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-6-15">15</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-6-16">16</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-6-17">17</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-6-18">18</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-6-19">19</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-6-20">20</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-6-21">21</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-6-22">22</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-6-23">23</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-6-24">24</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-6-25">25</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-6-26">26</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-6-27">27</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-6-28">28</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-6-29">29</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-6-30">30</a></span></pre></div></td><td class="code"><div><pre><span></span><code><a id="__codelineno-6-1" name="__codelineno-6-1"></a>tee<span class="w">  </span><span class="c1"># copy standard input and write to standard output AND files simultaneously</span>
+<a id="__codelineno-6-2" name="__codelineno-6-2"></a>tee<span class="w"> </span><span class="o">[</span>FILE<span class="o">]</span>
+<a id="__codelineno-6-3" name="__codelineno-6-3"></a><span class="nb">command</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="p">|</span><span class="w"> </span>sudo<span class="w"> </span>tee<span class="w"> </span>FILE<span class="w">  </span><span class="c1"># operate on file w/o using shell as su</span>
+<a id="__codelineno-6-4" name="__codelineno-6-4"></a>
+<a id="__codelineno-6-5" name="__codelineno-6-5"></a><span class="nb">echo</span><span class="w">  </span><span class="c1"># display a line of text</span>
+<a id="__codelineno-6-6" name="__codelineno-6-6"></a><span class="nb">echo</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="s2">&quot;string&quot;</span><span class="w"> </span>&gt;<span class="w"> </span>FILE<span class="w">  </span><span class="c1"># write lin of text to file</span>
+<a id="__codelineno-6-7" name="__codelineno-6-7"></a><span class="nb">echo</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="s2">&quot;string&quot;</span><span class="w"> </span>&gt;&gt;<span class="w"> </span>FILE<span class="w">  </span><span class="c1"># append line of text to end of file (EOF)</span>
+<a id="__codelineno-6-8" name="__codelineno-6-8"></a>
+<a id="__codelineno-6-9" name="__codelineno-6-9"></a>wget<span class="w"> </span>URL<span class="w">  </span><span class="c1"># download repositories to linux machine</span>
+<a id="__codelineno-6-10" name="__codelineno-6-10"></a>
+<a id="__codelineno-6-11" name="__codelineno-6-11"></a>curl<span class="w">  </span><span class="c1"># download the contents of a URL</span>
+<a id="__codelineno-6-12" name="__codelineno-6-12"></a>curl<span class="w"> </span><span class="o">[</span>-I<span class="w"> </span>--head<span class="o">]</span><span class="w">  </span><span class="c1"># Fetch the headers only</span>
+<a id="__codelineno-6-13" name="__codelineno-6-13"></a>
+<a id="__codelineno-6-14" name="__codelineno-6-14"></a>ps<span class="w"> </span><span class="o">[</span>-ax<span class="o">]</span><span class="w">  </span><span class="c1"># display processes</span>
+<a id="__codelineno-6-15" name="__codelineno-6-15"></a><span class="nb">kill</span><span class="w"> </span>&lt;PID&gt;<span class="w">   </span><span class="c1"># kill process w/ Process ID &lt;PID&gt;</span>
+<a id="__codelineno-6-16" name="__codelineno-6-16"></a>killall<span class="w"> </span>PROCESS<span class="w">  </span><span class="c1"># kill process by nane</span>
+<a id="__codelineno-6-17" name="__codelineno-6-17"></a>
+<a id="__codelineno-6-18" name="__codelineno-6-18"></a>grep<span class="w">  </span><span class="c1"># search through a string using a REGEX</span>
+<a id="__codelineno-6-19" name="__codelineno-6-19"></a>grep<span class="w"> </span><span class="o">[</span>-i<span class="o">]</span><span class="w">  </span><span class="c1"># grep ignore case</span>
+<a id="__codelineno-6-20" name="__codelineno-6-20"></a>
+<a id="__codelineno-6-21" name="__codelineno-6-21"></a><span class="nb">source</span><span class="w"> </span>script.sh<span class="w">  </span><span class="c1"># load script as a command</span>
+<a id="__codelineno-6-22" name="__codelineno-6-22"></a>diff<span class="w"> </span>FILES<span class="w">  </span><span class="c1"># compare files line by line</span>
+<a id="__codelineno-6-23" name="__codelineno-6-23"></a>
+<a id="__codelineno-6-24" name="__codelineno-6-24"></a><span class="c1"># sudo apt install shellcheck</span>
+<a id="__codelineno-6-25" name="__codelineno-6-25"></a>shellcheck<span class="w"> </span>FILE<span class="w">  </span><span class="c1"># shell linter</span>
+<a id="__codelineno-6-26" name="__codelineno-6-26"></a>
+<a id="__codelineno-6-27" name="__codelineno-6-27"></a>xargs<span class="w"> </span><span class="o">[</span>COMMAND<span class="o">]</span><span class="w">  </span><span class="c1"># build and execute command lines from standard input</span>
+<a id="__codelineno-6-28" name="__codelineno-6-28"></a><span class="c1"># xargs reads items form the standard input, delimited by blanks or newlines, and executes the COMMAND one or more times with the items as arguments</span>
+<a id="__codelineno-6-29" name="__codelineno-6-29"></a>watch<span class="w"> </span><span class="o">[</span>OPTIONS<span class="o">]</span><span class="w"> </span>COMMAND<span class="w">  </span><span class="c1"># execute a program periodically, showing output full-screen</span>
+<a id="__codelineno-6-30" name="__codelineno-6-30"></a>watch<span class="w"> </span>-n<span class="w"> </span>SECONDS<span class="w"> </span>COMMAND<span class="w">  </span><span class="c1"># execute command every SECONDS seconds (no less than 0.1 seconds)</span>
+</code></pre></div></td></tr></table></div>
+<h2 id="data-wrangling">Data Wrangling</h2>
+<p><strong>Data wrangling</strong> is the process of transforming and mapping data from one "raw" data form into another format with the intent of making it more appropriate and valuable for a variety of downstream purposes such as analytics.</p>
+<div class="highlight"><table class="highlighttable"><tr><th colspan="2" class="filename"><span class="filename">Bash</span></th></tr><tr><td class="linenos"><div class="linenodiv"><pre><span></span><span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-7-1"> 1</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-7-2"> 2</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-7-3"> 3</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-7-4"> 4</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-7-5"> 5</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-7-6"> 6</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-7-7"> 7</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-7-8"> 8</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-7-9"> 9</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-7-10">10</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-7-11">11</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-7-12">12</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-7-13">13</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-7-14">14</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-7-15">15</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-7-16">16</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-7-17">17</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-7-18">18</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-7-19">19</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-7-20">20</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-7-21">21</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-7-22">22</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-7-23">23</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-7-24">24</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-7-25">25</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-7-26">26</a></span></pre></div></td><td class="code"><div><pre><span></span><code><a id="__codelineno-7-1" name="__codelineno-7-1"></a>sed<span class="w">  </span><span class="c1"># stream editor for filtering and transforming text</span>
+<a id="__codelineno-7-2" name="__codelineno-7-2"></a>sed<span class="w"> </span>-E<span class="w"> </span><span class="s2">&quot;s/REGEX/replacement/&quot;</span><span class="w">  </span><span class="c1"># substitute text ONCE (-E uses modern REGEX)</span>
+<a id="__codelineno-7-3" name="__codelineno-7-3"></a>sed<span class="w"> </span>-E<span class="w"> </span><span class="s2">&quot;s/REGEX/replacement/g&quot;</span><span class="w">  </span><span class="c1"># substitute text multiple times (every match)</span>
+<a id="__codelineno-7-4" name="__codelineno-7-4"></a>
+<a id="__codelineno-7-5" name="__codelineno-7-5"></a>wc<span class="w"> </span><span class="o">[</span>FILE<span class="o">]</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="c1"># print newline, word and byte count for each file</span>
+<a id="__codelineno-7-6" name="__codelineno-7-6"></a>wc<span class="w"> </span><span class="o">[</span>-m<span class="w"> </span>--chars<span class="o">]</span><span class="w"> </span>FILE<span class="w">  </span><span class="c1"># print character count</span>
+<a id="__codelineno-7-7" name="__codelineno-7-7"></a>wc<span class="w"> </span><span class="o">[</span>-c<span class="w"> </span>--bytes<span class="o">]</span><span class="w"> </span>FILE<span class="w">  </span><span class="c1"># print bytes count</span>
+<a id="__codelineno-7-8" name="__codelineno-7-8"></a>wc<span class="w"> </span><span class="o">[</span>-l<span class="w"> </span>--lines<span class="o">]</span><span class="w"> </span>FILE<span class="w">  </span><span class="c1"># print lines count</span>
+<a id="__codelineno-7-9" name="__codelineno-7-9"></a>wc<span class="w"> </span><span class="o">[</span>-w<span class="w"> </span>--words<span class="o">]</span><span class="w"> </span>FILE<span class="w">  </span><span class="c1"># print word count</span>
+<a id="__codelineno-7-10" name="__codelineno-7-10"></a>
+<a id="__codelineno-7-11" name="__codelineno-7-11"></a>sort<span class="w"> </span><span class="o">[</span>FILE<span class="o">]</span><span class="w">  </span><span class="c1"># sort lines of a text file</span>
+<a id="__codelineno-7-12" name="__codelineno-7-12"></a>
+<a id="__codelineno-7-13" name="__codelineno-7-13"></a>uniq<span class="w"> </span><span class="o">[</span>INPUT<span class="w"> </span><span class="o">[</span>OUTPUT<span class="o">]]</span><span class="w">  </span><span class="c1"># report or omit repeated lines (from INPUT to OUTPUT)</span>
+<a id="__codelineno-7-14" name="__codelineno-7-14"></a>uniq<span class="w"> </span><span class="o">[</span>-c<span class="w"> </span>--count<span class="o">]</span><span class="w">  </span><span class="c1"># prefix lines w/ number of occurrences</span>
+<a id="__codelineno-7-15" name="__codelineno-7-15"></a>uniq<span class="w"> </span><span class="o">[</span>-d<span class="w"> </span>--repeated<span class="o">]</span><span class="w">  </span><span class="c1"># print only duplicare lines, one for each group</span>
+<a id="__codelineno-7-16" name="__codelineno-7-16"></a>uniq<span class="w"> </span><span class="o">[</span>-D<span class="o">]</span><span class="w">  </span><span class="c1"># print only duplicare lines</span>
+<a id="__codelineno-7-17" name="__codelineno-7-17"></a>
+<a id="__codelineno-7-18" name="__codelineno-7-18"></a>paste<span class="w"> </span><span class="o">[</span>FILE<span class="o">]</span><span class="w">  </span><span class="c1"># merge lines of files</span>
+<a id="__codelineno-7-19" name="__codelineno-7-19"></a>paste<span class="w"> </span><span class="o">[</span>-d<span class="w"> </span>--delimiters<span class="o">=</span>LIST<span class="o">]</span><span class="w">  </span><span class="c1"># use delimiters from LIST</span>
+<a id="__codelineno-7-20" name="__codelineno-7-20"></a>paste<span class="w"> </span><span class="o">[</span>-<span class="w"> </span>--serial<span class="o">]</span><span class="w">  </span><span class="c1"># paste one file at a time instead of in parallel</span>
+<a id="__codelineno-7-21" name="__codelineno-7-21"></a>
+<a id="__codelineno-7-22" name="__codelineno-7-22"></a>awk<span class="w"> </span><span class="s1">&#39;{program}&#39;</span><span class="w">  </span><span class="c1"># pattern scanning and processing language</span>
+<a id="__codelineno-7-23" name="__codelineno-7-23"></a>awk<span class="w"> </span><span class="o">[</span>-f<span class="w"> </span>--file<span class="w"> </span>PROGRAM_FILE<span class="o">]</span><span class="w">  </span><span class="c1"># read program source from PROGRAM_FILE instead of from first argument</span>
+<a id="__codelineno-7-24" name="__codelineno-7-24"></a>
+<a id="__codelineno-7-25" name="__codelineno-7-25"></a>bc<span class="w"> </span><span class="o">[</span>-hlwsqv<span class="w"> </span>long-options<span class="o">]</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="o">[</span>FILE<span class="o">]</span><span class="w">  </span><span class="c1"># arbitrary precision calculator language</span>
+<a id="__codelineno-7-26" name="__codelineno-7-26"></a>bc<span class="w"> </span><span class="o">[</span>-l<span class="w"> </span>--mathlib<span class="o">]</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="o">[</span>FILE<span class="o">]</span><span class="w">  </span><span class="c1"># use standard math library</span>
+</code></pre></div></td></tr></table></div>
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diff --git a/languages/bash/scripting.html b/languages/bash/scripting.html
new file mode 100644
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+    MongoDB
+  </span>
+  
+
+      </a>
+    </li>
+  
+
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+            
+          </ul>
+        </nav>
+      
+    </li>
+  
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+      
+        
+      
+        
+      
+        
+      
+        
+      
+        
+      
+        
+      
+        
+      
+        
+      
+        
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+        
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+        
+      
+        
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+        
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+        
+      
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+    
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+        
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+    Languages
+  </span>
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+          </label>
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+          <label class="md-nav__title" for="__nav_4">
+            <span class="md-nav__icon md-icon"></span>
+            Languages
+          </label>
+          <ul class="md-nav__list" data-md-scrollfix>
+            
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+    <li class="md-nav__item">
+      <a href="../html/html.html" class="md-nav__link">
+        
+  
+  <span class="md-ellipsis">
+    HTML
+  </span>
+  
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+    <li class="md-nav__item">
+      <a href="../markdown.html" class="md-nav__link">
+        
+  
+  <span class="md-ellipsis">
+    Markdown
+  </span>
+  
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+    </li>
+  
+
+              
+            
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+  
+  
+  
+    <li class="md-nav__item">
+      <a href="../css/css.html" class="md-nav__link">
+        
+  
+  <span class="md-ellipsis">
+    CSS
+  </span>
+  
+
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+    </li>
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+    <li class="md-nav__item">
+      <a href="../c/c.html" class="md-nav__link">
+        
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+  <span class="md-ellipsis">
+    C
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+    <li class="md-nav__item">
+      <a href="../kotlin/kotlin.html" class="md-nav__link">
+        
+  
+  <span class="md-ellipsis">
+    Kotlin
+  </span>
+  
+
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+    </li>
+  
+
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+            
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+  
+  
+  
+    <li class="md-nav__item">
+      <a href="../swift/swift.html" class="md-nav__link">
+        
+  
+  <span class="md-ellipsis">
+    Swift
+  </span>
+  
+
+      </a>
+    </li>
+  
+
+              
+            
+              
+                
+  
+  
+  
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+    
+      
+        
+      
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+      
+    
+    
+      
+      
+        
+          
+          
+        
+      
+    
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+    <li class="md-nav__item md-nav__item--section md-nav__item--nested">
+      
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+        <input class="md-nav__toggle md-toggle " type="checkbox" id="__nav_4_7" >
+        
+          
+          <label class="md-nav__link" for="__nav_4_7" id="__nav_4_7_label" tabindex="">
+            
+  
+  <span class="md-ellipsis">
+    Assembly
+  </span>
+  
+
+            <span class="md-nav__icon md-icon"></span>
+          </label>
+        
+        <nav class="md-nav" data-md-level="2" aria-labelledby="__nav_4_7_label" aria-expanded="false">
+          <label class="md-nav__title" for="__nav_4_7">
+            <span class="md-nav__icon md-icon"></span>
+            Assembly
+          </label>
+          <ul class="md-nav__list" data-md-scrollfix>
+            
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+                
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+  
+  
+    <li class="md-nav__item">
+      <a href="../assembly/intel.html" class="md-nav__link">
+        
+  
+  <span class="md-ellipsis">
+    Intel
+  </span>
+  
+
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+    </li>
+  
+
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+              
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+  
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+    <li class="md-nav__item">
+      <a href="../assembly/riscv.html" class="md-nav__link">
+        
+  
+  <span class="md-ellipsis">
+    RISC-V
+  </span>
+  
+
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+    </li>
+  
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+        </nav>
+      
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+        
+      
+        
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+      
+    
+    
+      
+      
+        
+          
+          
+        
+      
+    
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+    <li class="md-nav__item md-nav__item--section md-nav__item--nested">
+      
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+        <input class="md-nav__toggle md-toggle " type="checkbox" id="__nav_4_8" >
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+          <label class="md-nav__link" for="__nav_4_8" id="__nav_4_8_label" tabindex="">
+            
+  
+  <span class="md-ellipsis">
+    Python
+  </span>
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+            Python
+          </label>
+          <ul class="md-nav__list" data-md-scrollfix>
+            
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+    <li class="md-nav__item">
+      <a href="../python/python.html" class="md-nav__link">
+        
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+  <span class="md-ellipsis">
+    Python
+  </span>
+  
+
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+    </li>
+  
+
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+            
+              
+                
+  
+  
+  
+  
+    
+    
+      
+        
+      
+        
+      
+        
+      
+        
+      
+        
+      
+        
+      
+        
+      
+        
+      
+        
+      
+        
+      
+        
+      
+        
+      
+        
+      
+    
+    
+      
+      
+        
+      
+    
+    
+    <li class="md-nav__item md-nav__item--nested">
+      
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+        <input class="md-nav__toggle md-toggle " type="checkbox" id="__nav_4_8_2" >
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+          <label class="md-nav__link" for="__nav_4_8_2" id="__nav_4_8_2_label" tabindex="0">
+            
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+  <span class="md-ellipsis">
+    Modules
+  </span>
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+          </label>
+        
+        <nav class="md-nav" data-md-level="3" aria-labelledby="__nav_4_8_2_label" aria-expanded="false">
+          <label class="md-nav__title" for="__nav_4_8_2">
+            <span class="md-nav__icon md-icon"></span>
+            Modules
+          </label>
+          <ul class="md-nav__list" data-md-scrollfix>
+            
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+  
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+  
+  
+    <li class="md-nav__item">
+      <a href="../python/modules/argparse.html" class="md-nav__link">
+        
+  
+  <span class="md-ellipsis">
+    argparse
+  </span>
+  
+
+      </a>
+    </li>
+  
+
+              
+            
+              
+                
+  
+  
+  
+  
+    <li class="md-nav__item">
+      <a href="../python/modules/collections.html" class="md-nav__link">
+        
+  
+  <span class="md-ellipsis">
+    collection
+  </span>
+  
+
+      </a>
+    </li>
+  
+
+              
+            
+              
+                
+  
+  
+  
+  
+    <li class="md-nav__item">
+      <a href="../python/modules/csv.html" class="md-nav__link">
+        
+  
+  <span class="md-ellipsis">
+    csv
+  </span>
+  
+
+      </a>
+    </li>
+  
+
+              
+            
+              
+                
+  
+  
+  
+  
+    <li class="md-nav__item">
+      <a href="../python/modules/ftplib.html" class="md-nav__link">
+        
+  
+  <span class="md-ellipsis">
+    ftplib
+  </span>
+  
+
+      </a>
+    </li>
+  
+
+              
+            
+              
+                
+  
+  
+  
+  
+    <li class="md-nav__item">
+      <a href="../python/modules/itertools.html" class="md-nav__link">
+        
+  
+  <span class="md-ellipsis">
+    itertools
+  </span>
+  
+
+      </a>
+    </li>
+  
+
+              
+            
+              
+                
+  
+  
+  
+  
+    <li class="md-nav__item">
+      <a href="../python/modules/json.html" class="md-nav__link">
+        
+  
+  <span class="md-ellipsis">
+    json
+  </span>
+  
+
+      </a>
+    </li>
+  
+
+              
+            
+              
+                
+  
+  
+  
+  
+    <li class="md-nav__item">
+      <a href="../python/modules/logging.html" class="md-nav__link">
+        
+  
+  <span class="md-ellipsis">
+    logging
+  </span>
+  
+
+      </a>
+    </li>
+  
+
+              
+            
+              
+                
+  
+  
+  
+  
+    <li class="md-nav__item">
+      <a href="../python/modules/shutil.html" class="md-nav__link">
+        
+  
+  <span class="md-ellipsis">
+    shutil
+  </span>
+  
+
+      </a>
+    </li>
+  
+
+              
+            
+              
+                
+  
+  
+  
+  
+    <li class="md-nav__item">
+      <a href="../python/modules/smtplib.html" class="md-nav__link">
+        
+  
+  <span class="md-ellipsis">
+    smtplib
+  </span>
+  
+
+      </a>
+    </li>
+  
+
+              
+            
+              
+                
+  
+  
+  
+  
+    <li class="md-nav__item">
+      <a href="../python/modules/socket.html" class="md-nav__link">
+        
+  
+  <span class="md-ellipsis">
+    socket
+  </span>
+  
+
+      </a>
+    </li>
+  
+
+              
+            
+              
+                
+  
+  
+  
+  
+    <li class="md-nav__item">
+      <a href="../python/modules/sqlite.html" class="md-nav__link">
+        
+  
+  <span class="md-ellipsis">
+    sqlite
+  </span>
+  
+
+      </a>
+    </li>
+  
+
+              
+            
+              
+                
+  
+  
+  
+  
+    <li class="md-nav__item">
+      <a href="../python/modules/time-datetime.html" class="md-nav__link">
+        
+  
+  <span class="md-ellipsis">
+    time & datetime
+  </span>
+  
+
+      </a>
+    </li>
+  
+
+              
+            
+              
+                
+  
+  
+  
+  
+    <li class="md-nav__item">
+      <a href="../python/modules/unittest.html" class="md-nav__link">
+        
+  
+  <span class="md-ellipsis">
+    unittest
+  </span>
+  
+
+      </a>
+    </li>
+  
+
+              
+            
+          </ul>
+        </nav>
+      
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+  
+
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+  
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+  
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+        
+      
+        
+      
+        
+      
+        
+      
+        
+      
+        
+      
+    
+    
+      
+      
+        
+      
+    
+    
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+          <label class="md-nav__link" for="__nav_4_8_3" id="__nav_4_8_3_label" tabindex="0">
+            
+  
+  <span class="md-ellipsis">
+    Libraries
+  </span>
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+          </label>
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+            Libraries
+          </label>
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+    <li class="md-nav__item">
+      <a href="../python/libs/tkinter.html" class="md-nav__link">
+        
+  
+  <span class="md-ellipsis">
+    TKinter
+  </span>
+  
+
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+    </li>
+  
+
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+            
+              
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+  
+  
+  
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+    <li class="md-nav__item">
+      <a href="../python/libs/numpy.html" class="md-nav__link">
+        
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+    Numpy
+  </span>
+  
+
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+  
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+  
+    <li class="md-nav__item">
+      <a href="../python/libs/pandas.html" class="md-nav__link">
+        
+  
+  <span class="md-ellipsis">
+    Pandas
+  </span>
+  
+
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+    </li>
+  
+
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+            
+              
+                
+  
+  
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+  
+    <li class="md-nav__item">
+      <a href="../python/libs/seaborn.html" class="md-nav__link">
+        
+  
+  <span class="md-ellipsis">
+    Seaborn
+  </span>
+  
+
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+    </li>
+  
+
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+            
+              
+                
+  
+  
+  
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+    <li class="md-nav__item">
+      <a href="../python/libs/requests.html" class="md-nav__link">
+        
+  
+  <span class="md-ellipsis">
+    Requests
+  </span>
+  
+
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+    </li>
+  
+
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+            
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+                
+  
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+  
+    <li class="md-nav__item">
+      <a href="../python/libs/beautiful-soup.html" class="md-nav__link">
+        
+  
+  <span class="md-ellipsis">
+    Beatiful Soup
+  </span>
+  
+
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+    </li>
+  
+
+              
+            
+          </ul>
+        </nav>
+      
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+      
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+  
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+    
+    
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+        
+      
+        
+      
+        
+      
+    
+    
+      
+      
+        
+          
+          
+        
+      
+    
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+    <li class="md-nav__item md-nav__item--section md-nav__item--nested">
+      
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+        <input class="md-nav__toggle md-toggle " type="checkbox" id="__nav_4_9" >
+        
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+          <label class="md-nav__link" for="__nav_4_9" id="__nav_4_9_label" tabindex="">
+            
+  
+  <span class="md-ellipsis">
+    .NET
+  </span>
+  
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+        <nav class="md-nav" data-md-level="2" aria-labelledby="__nav_4_9_label" aria-expanded="false">
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+            .NET
+          </label>
+          <ul class="md-nav__list" data-md-scrollfix>
+            
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+    
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+      
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+    
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+      
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+            
+  
+  <span class="md-ellipsis">
+    C#
+  </span>
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+            <span class="md-nav__icon md-icon"></span>
+            C#
+          </label>
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+      <a href="../dotnet/csharp/csharp.html" class="md-nav__link">
+        
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+    C#
+  </span>
+  
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+
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+    <li class="md-nav__item">
+      <a href="../dotnet/csharp/linq.html" class="md-nav__link">
+        
+  
+  <span class="md-ellipsis">
+    Linq
+  </span>
+  
+
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+
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+    <li class="md-nav__item">
+      <a href="../dotnet/csharp/collections.html" class="md-nav__link">
+        
+  
+  <span class="md-ellipsis">
+    Collections
+  </span>
+  
+
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+    </li>
+  
+
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+            
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+                
+  
+  
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+  
+    <li class="md-nav__item">
+      <a href="../dotnet/csharp/reactive-extensions.html" class="md-nav__link">
+        
+  
+  <span class="md-ellipsis">
+    Reactive Extensions
+  </span>
+  
+
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+    </li>
+  
+
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+            
+              
+                
+  
+  
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+    <li class="md-nav__item">
+      <a href="../dotnet/csharp/async-programming.html" class="md-nav__link">
+        
+  
+  <span class="md-ellipsis">
+    Async Programming
+  </span>
+  
+
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+    </li>
+  
+
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+            
+              
+                
+  
+  
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+  
+    <li class="md-nav__item">
+      <a href="../dotnet/csharp/unit-tests.html" class="md-nav__link">
+        
+  
+  <span class="md-ellipsis">
+    Unit Tests
+  </span>
+  
+
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+    </li>
+  
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+          </ul>
+        </nav>
+      
+    </li>
+  
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+  
+  
+  
+  
+    
+    
+      
+        
+      
+        
+      
+        
+      
+        
+      
+        
+      
+        
+      
+        
+      
+    
+    
+      
+      
+        
+      
+    
+    
+    <li class="md-nav__item md-nav__item--nested">
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+        <input class="md-nav__toggle md-toggle " type="checkbox" id="__nav_4_9_2" >
+        
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+          <label class="md-nav__link" for="__nav_4_9_2" id="__nav_4_9_2_label" tabindex="0">
+            
+  
+  <span class="md-ellipsis">
+    ASP.NET
+  </span>
+  
+
+            <span class="md-nav__icon md-icon"></span>
+          </label>
+        
+        <nav class="md-nav" data-md-level="3" aria-labelledby="__nav_4_9_2_label" aria-expanded="false">
+          <label class="md-nav__title" for="__nav_4_9_2">
+            <span class="md-nav__icon md-icon"></span>
+            ASP.NET
+          </label>
+          <ul class="md-nav__list" data-md-scrollfix>
+            
+              
+                
+  
+  
+  
+  
+    <li class="md-nav__item">
+      <a href="../dotnet/asp.net/minimal-api.html" class="md-nav__link">
+        
+  
+  <span class="md-ellipsis">
+    Minimal API
+  </span>
+  
+
+      </a>
+    </li>
+  
+
+              
+            
+              
+                
+  
+  
+  
+  
+    <li class="md-nav__item">
+      <a href="../dotnet/asp.net/filters.html" class="md-nav__link">
+        
+  
+  <span class="md-ellipsis">
+    FIlters
+  </span>
+  
+
+      </a>
+    </li>
+  
+
+              
+            
+              
+                
+  
+  
+  
+  
+    <li class="md-nav__item">
+      <a href="../dotnet/asp.net/middleware.html" class="md-nav__link">
+        
+  
+  <span class="md-ellipsis">
+    Middleware
+  </span>
+  
+
+      </a>
+    </li>
+  
+
+              
+            
+              
+                
+  
+  
+  
+  
+    <li class="md-nav__item">
+      <a href="../dotnet/asp.net/razor-syntax.html" class="md-nav__link">
+        
+  
+  <span class="md-ellipsis">
+    Razor Syntax
+  </span>
+  
+
+      </a>
+    </li>
+  
+
+              
+            
+              
+                
+  
+  
+  
+  
+    <li class="md-nav__item">
+      <a href="../dotnet/asp.net/blazor.html" class="md-nav__link">
+        
+  
+  <span class="md-ellipsis">
+    Blazor
+  </span>
+  
+
+      </a>
+    </li>
+  
+
+              
+            
+              
+                
+  
+  
+  
+  
+    <li class="md-nav__item">
+      <a href="../dotnet/asp.net/signalr.html" class="md-nav__link">
+        
+  
+  <span class="md-ellipsis">
+    SignalR
+  </span>
+  
+
+      </a>
+    </li>
+  
+
+              
+            
+              
+                
+  
+  
+  
+  
+    <li class="md-nav__item">
+      <a href="../dotnet/asp.net/web-forms.html" class="md-nav__link">
+        
+  
+  <span class="md-ellipsis">
+    Web Forms
+  </span>
+  
+
+      </a>
+    </li>
+  
+
+              
+            
+          </ul>
+        </nav>
+      
+    </li>
+  
+
+              
+            
+              
+                
+  
+  
+  
+  
+    
+    
+      
+        
+      
+        
+      
+    
+    
+      
+      
+        
+      
+    
+    
+    <li class="md-nav__item md-nav__item--nested">
+      
+        
+        
+        <input class="md-nav__toggle md-toggle " type="checkbox" id="__nav_4_9_3" >
+        
+          
+          <label class="md-nav__link" for="__nav_4_9_3" id="__nav_4_9_3_label" tabindex="0">
+            
+  
+  <span class="md-ellipsis">
+    Database
+  </span>
+  
+
+            <span class="md-nav__icon md-icon"></span>
+          </label>
+        
+        <nav class="md-nav" data-md-level="3" aria-labelledby="__nav_4_9_3_label" aria-expanded="false">
+          <label class="md-nav__title" for="__nav_4_9_3">
+            <span class="md-nav__icon md-icon"></span>
+            Database
+          </label>
+          <ul class="md-nav__list" data-md-scrollfix>
+            
+              
+                
+  
+  
+  
+  
+    <li class="md-nav__item">
+      <a href="../dotnet/database/ado.net.html" class="md-nav__link">
+        
+  
+  <span class="md-ellipsis">
+    ADO.NET
+  </span>
+  
+
+      </a>
+    </li>
+  
+
+              
+            
+              
+                
+  
+  
+  
+  
+    <li class="md-nav__item">
+      <a href="../dotnet/database/entity-framework.html" class="md-nav__link">
+        
+  
+  <span class="md-ellipsis">
+    Entity Framework
+  </span>
+  
+
+      </a>
+    </li>
+  
+
+              
+            
+          </ul>
+        </nav>
+      
+    </li>
+  
+
+              
+            
+          </ul>
+        </nav>
+      
+    </li>
+  
+
+              
+            
+              
+                
+  
+  
+  
+  
+    
+    
+      
+        
+      
+        
+      
+        
+      
+        
+      
+    
+    
+      
+      
+        
+          
+          
+        
+      
+    
+    
+    <li class="md-nav__item md-nav__item--section md-nav__item--nested">
+      
+        
+        
+        <input class="md-nav__toggle md-toggle " type="checkbox" id="__nav_4_10" >
+        
+          
+          <label class="md-nav__link" for="__nav_4_10" id="__nav_4_10_label" tabindex="">
+            
+  
+  <span class="md-ellipsis">
+    Java
+  </span>
+  
+
+            <span class="md-nav__icon md-icon"></span>
+          </label>
+        
+        <nav class="md-nav" data-md-level="2" aria-labelledby="__nav_4_10_label" aria-expanded="false">
+          <label class="md-nav__title" for="__nav_4_10">
+            <span class="md-nav__icon md-icon"></span>
+            Java
+          </label>
+          <ul class="md-nav__list" data-md-scrollfix>
+            
+              
+                
+  
+  
+  
+  
+    <li class="md-nav__item">
+      <a href="../java/java.html" class="md-nav__link">
+        
+  
+  <span class="md-ellipsis">
+    Java
+  </span>
+  
+
+      </a>
+    </li>
+  
+
+              
+            
+              
+                
+  
+  
+  
+  
+    <li class="md-nav__item">
+      <a href="../java/java-collection-framework.html" class="md-nav__link">
+        
+  
+  <span class="md-ellipsis">
+    Java Collection Framework
+  </span>
+  
+
+      </a>
+    </li>
+  
+
+              
+            
+              
+                
+  
+  
+  
+  
+    <li class="md-nav__item">
+      <a href="../java/dao.html" class="md-nav__link">
+        
+  
+  <span class="md-ellipsis">
+    DAO
+  </span>
+  
+
+      </a>
+    </li>
+  
+
+              
+            
+              
+                
+  
+  
+  
+  
+    
+    
+      
+        
+      
+        
+      
+    
+    
+      
+      
+        
+      
+    
+    
+    <li class="md-nav__item md-nav__item--nested">
+      
+        
+        
+        <input class="md-nav__toggle md-toggle " type="checkbox" id="__nav_4_10_4" >
+        
+          
+          <label class="md-nav__link" for="__nav_4_10_4" id="__nav_4_10_4_label" tabindex="0">
+            
+  
+  <span class="md-ellipsis">
+    Web
+  </span>
+  
+
+            <span class="md-nav__icon md-icon"></span>
+          </label>
+        
+        <nav class="md-nav" data-md-level="3" aria-labelledby="__nav_4_10_4_label" aria-expanded="false">
+          <label class="md-nav__title" for="__nav_4_10_4">
+            <span class="md-nav__icon md-icon"></span>
+            Web
+          </label>
+          <ul class="md-nav__list" data-md-scrollfix>
+            
+              
+                
+  
+  
+  
+  
+    <li class="md-nav__item">
+      <a href="../java/web/servlet.html" class="md-nav__link">
+        
+  
+  <span class="md-ellipsis">
+    Serverlet
+  </span>
+  
+
+      </a>
+    </li>
+  
+
+              
+            
+              
+                
+  
+  
+  
+  
+    
+    
+      
+        
+      
+        
+      
+    
+    
+      
+      
+        
+      
+    
+    
+    <li class="md-nav__item md-nav__item--nested">
+      
+        
+        
+        <input class="md-nav__toggle md-toggle " type="checkbox" id="__nav_4_10_4_2" >
+        
+          
+          <label class="md-nav__link" for="__nav_4_10_4_2" id="__nav_4_10_4_2_label" tabindex="0">
+            
+  
+  <span class="md-ellipsis">
+    Spring
+  </span>
+  
+
+            <span class="md-nav__icon md-icon"></span>
+          </label>
+        
+        <nav class="md-nav" data-md-level="4" aria-labelledby="__nav_4_10_4_2_label" aria-expanded="false">
+          <label class="md-nav__title" for="__nav_4_10_4_2">
+            <span class="md-nav__icon md-icon"></span>
+            Spring
+          </label>
+          <ul class="md-nav__list" data-md-scrollfix>
+            
+              
+                
+  
+  
+  
+  
+    <li class="md-nav__item">
+      <a href="../java/spring/pom.xml.html" class="md-nav__link">
+        
+  
+  <span class="md-ellipsis">
+    POM
+  </span>
+  
+
+      </a>
+    </li>
+  
+
+              
+            
+              
+                
+  
+  
+  
+  
+    <li class="md-nav__item">
+      <a href="../java/spring/spring-project.html" class="md-nav__link">
+        
+  
+  <span class="md-ellipsis">
+    Project Structure
+  </span>
+  
+
+      </a>
+    </li>
+  
+
+              
+            
+          </ul>
+        </nav>
+      
+    </li>
+  
+
+              
+            
+          </ul>
+        </nav>
+      
+    </li>
+  
+
+              
+            
+          </ul>
+        </nav>
+      
+    </li>
+  
+
+              
+            
+              
+                
+  
+  
+  
+  
+    
+    
+      
+        
+      
+        
+      
+        
+      
+        
+      
+        
+      
+        
+      
+        
+      
+        
+      
+        
+      
+    
+    
+      
+      
+        
+          
+          
+        
+      
+    
+    
+    <li class="md-nav__item md-nav__item--section md-nav__item--nested">
+      
+        
+        
+        <input class="md-nav__toggle md-toggle " type="checkbox" id="__nav_4_11" >
+        
+          
+          <label class="md-nav__link" for="__nav_4_11" id="__nav_4_11_label" tabindex="">
+            
+  
+  <span class="md-ellipsis">
+    PHP
+  </span>
+  
+
+            <span class="md-nav__icon md-icon"></span>
+          </label>
+        
+        <nav class="md-nav" data-md-level="2" aria-labelledby="__nav_4_11_label" aria-expanded="false">
+          <label class="md-nav__title" for="__nav_4_11">
+            <span class="md-nav__icon md-icon"></span>
+            PHP
+          </label>
+          <ul class="md-nav__list" data-md-scrollfix>
+            
+              
+                
+  
+  
+  
+  
+    <li class="md-nav__item">
+      <a href="../php/php.html" class="md-nav__link">
+        
+  
+  <span class="md-ellipsis">
+    PHP
+  </span>
+  
+
+      </a>
+    </li>
+  
+
+              
+            
+              
+                
+  
+  
+  
+  
+    <li class="md-nav__item">
+      <a href="../php/database.html" class="md-nav__link">
+        
+  
+  <span class="md-ellipsis">
+    Database
+  </span>
+  
+
+      </a>
+    </li>
+  
+
+              
+            
+              
+                
+  
+  
+  
+  
+    <li class="md-nav__item">
+      <a href="../php/web.html" class="md-nav__link">
+        
+  
+  <span class="md-ellipsis">
+    Web
+  </span>
+  
+
+      </a>
+    </li>
+  
+
+              
+            
+              
+                
+  
+  
+  
+  
+    <li class="md-nav__item">
+      <a href="../php/dependency-injection.html" class="md-nav__link">
+        
+  
+  <span class="md-ellipsis">
+    Dependency Injection
+  </span>
+  
+
+      </a>
+    </li>
+  
+
+              
+            
+              
+                
+  
+  
+  
+  
+    <li class="md-nav__item">
+      <a href="../php/unit-tests.html" class="md-nav__link">
+        
+  
+  <span class="md-ellipsis">
+    Unit Tests
+  </span>
+  
+
+      </a>
+    </li>
+  
+
+              
+            
+              
+                
+  
+  
+  
+  
+    <li class="md-nav__item">
+      <a href="../php/composer.html" class="md-nav__link">
+        
+  
+  <span class="md-ellipsis">
+    Composer
+  </span>
+  
+
+      </a>
+    </li>
+  
+
+              
+            
+              
+                
+  
+  
+  
+  
+    <li class="md-nav__item">
+      <a href="../php/psr-7.html" class="md-nav__link">
+        
+  
+  <span class="md-ellipsis">
+    PSR 7
+  </span>
+  
+
+      </a>
+    </li>
+  
+
+              
+            
+              
+                
+  
+  
+  
+  
+    <li class="md-nav__item">
+      <a href="../php/plates-templating.html" class="md-nav__link">
+        
+  
+  <span class="md-ellipsis">
+    Plates
+  </span>
+  
+
+      </a>
+    </li>
+  
+
+              
+            
+              
+                
+  
+  
+  
+  
+    
+    
+      
+        
+      
+        
+      
+    
+    
+      
+      
+        
+      
+    
+    
+    <li class="md-nav__item md-nav__item--nested">
+      
+        
+        
+        <input class="md-nav__toggle md-toggle " type="checkbox" id="__nav_4_11_9" >
+        
+          
+          <label class="md-nav__link" for="__nav_4_11_9" id="__nav_4_11_9_label" tabindex="0">
+            
+  
+  <span class="md-ellipsis">
+    Simple MVC
+  </span>
+  
+
+            <span class="md-nav__icon md-icon"></span>
+          </label>
+        
+        <nav class="md-nav" data-md-level="3" aria-labelledby="__nav_4_11_9_label" aria-expanded="false">
+          <label class="md-nav__title" for="__nav_4_11_9">
+            <span class="md-nav__icon md-icon"></span>
+            Simple MVC
+          </label>
+          <ul class="md-nav__list" data-md-scrollfix>
+            
+              
+                
+  
+  
+  
+  
+    <li class="md-nav__item">
+      <a href="../php/simple-mvc/simple-mvc.html" class="md-nav__link">
+        
+  
+  <span class="md-ellipsis">
+    Simple MVC
+  </span>
+  
+
+      </a>
+    </li>
+  
+
+              
+            
+              
+                
+  
+  
+  
+  
+    <li class="md-nav__item">
+      <a href="../php/simple-mvc/rest-api.html" class="md-nav__link">
+        
+  
+  <span class="md-ellipsis">
+    REST API
+  </span>
+  
+
+      </a>
+    </li>
+  
+
+              
+            
+          </ul>
+        </nav>
+      
+    </li>
+  
+
+              
+            
+          </ul>
+        </nav>
+      
+    </li>
+  
+
+              
+            
+              
+                
+  
+  
+  
+  
+    
+    
+      
+        
+      
+        
+      
+        
+      
+        
+      
+        
+      
+    
+    
+      
+      
+        
+          
+          
+        
+      
+    
+    
+    <li class="md-nav__item md-nav__item--section md-nav__item--nested">
+      
+        
+        
+        <input class="md-nav__toggle md-toggle " type="checkbox" id="__nav_4_12" >
+        
+          
+          <label class="md-nav__link" for="__nav_4_12" id="__nav_4_12_label" tabindex="">
+            
+  
+  <span class="md-ellipsis">
+    Rust
+  </span>
+  
+
+            <span class="md-nav__icon md-icon"></span>
+          </label>
+        
+        <nav class="md-nav" data-md-level="2" aria-labelledby="__nav_4_12_label" aria-expanded="false">
+          <label class="md-nav__title" for="__nav_4_12">
+            <span class="md-nav__icon md-icon"></span>
+            Rust
+          </label>
+          <ul class="md-nav__list" data-md-scrollfix>
+            
+              
+                
+  
+  
+  
+  
+    <li class="md-nav__item">
+      <a href="../rust/rust.html" class="md-nav__link">
+        
+  
+  <span class="md-ellipsis">
+    Rust
+  </span>
+  
+
+      </a>
+    </li>
+  
+
+              
+            
+              
+                
+  
+  
+  
+  
+    <li class="md-nav__item">
+      <a href="../rust/macros.html" class="md-nav__link">
+        
+  
+  <span class="md-ellipsis">
+    Macros
+  </span>
+  
+
+      </a>
+    </li>
+  
+
+              
+            
+              
+                
+  
+  
+  
+  
+    <li class="md-nav__item">
+      <a href="../rust/cargo.html" class="md-nav__link">
+        
+  
+  <span class="md-ellipsis">
+    Cargo
+  </span>
+  
+
+      </a>
+    </li>
+  
+
+              
+            
+              
+                
+  
+  
+  
+  
+    <li class="md-nav__item">
+      <a href="../rust/concurrency.html" class="md-nav__link">
+        
+  
+  <span class="md-ellipsis">
+    Concurrency
+  </span>
+  
+
+      </a>
+    </li>
+  
+
+              
+            
+              
+                
+  
+  
+  
+  
+    <li class="md-nav__item">
+      <a href="../rust/unit-tests.html" class="md-nav__link">
+        
+  
+  <span class="md-ellipsis">
+    Unit Tests
+  </span>
+  
+
+      </a>
+    </li>
+  
+
+              
+            
+          </ul>
+        </nav>
+      
+    </li>
+  
+
+              
+            
+              
+                
+  
+  
+  
+  
+    
+    
+      
+        
+      
+        
+      
+        
+      
+        
+      
+        
+      
+        
+      
+        
+      
+    
+    
+      
+      
+        
+          
+          
+        
+      
+    
+    
+    <li class="md-nav__item md-nav__item--section md-nav__item--nested">
+      
+        
+        
+        <input class="md-nav__toggle md-toggle " type="checkbox" id="__nav_4_13" >
+        
+          
+          <label class="md-nav__link" for="__nav_4_13" id="__nav_4_13_label" tabindex="">
+            
+  
+  <span class="md-ellipsis">
+    Javascript
+  </span>
+  
+
+            <span class="md-nav__icon md-icon"></span>
+          </label>
+        
+        <nav class="md-nav" data-md-level="2" aria-labelledby="__nav_4_13_label" aria-expanded="false">
+          <label class="md-nav__title" for="__nav_4_13">
+            <span class="md-nav__icon md-icon"></span>
+            Javascript
+          </label>
+          <ul class="md-nav__list" data-md-scrollfix>
+            
+              
+                
+  
+  
+  
+  
+    <li class="md-nav__item">
+      <a href="../javascript/javascript.html" class="md-nav__link">
+        
+  
+  <span class="md-ellipsis">
+    Javascript
+  </span>
+  
+
+      </a>
+    </li>
+  
+
+              
+            
+              
+                
+  
+  
+  
+  
+    <li class="md-nav__item">
+      <a href="../javascript/dom.html" class="md-nav__link">
+        
+  
+  <span class="md-ellipsis">
+    DOM
+  </span>
+  
+
+      </a>
+    </li>
+  
+
+              
+            
+              
+                
+  
+  
+  
+  
+    <li class="md-nav__item">
+      <a href="../javascript/events-animation.html" class="md-nav__link">
+        
+  
+  <span class="md-ellipsis">
+    Events & Animation
+  </span>
+  
+
+      </a>
+    </li>
+  
+
+              
+            
+              
+                
+  
+  
+  
+  
+    <li class="md-nav__item">
+      <a href="../javascript/ajax.html" class="md-nav__link">
+        
+  
+  <span class="md-ellipsis">
+    AJAX
+  </span>
+  
+
+      </a>
+    </li>
+  
+
+              
+            
+              
+                
+  
+  
+  
+  
+    <li class="md-nav__item">
+      <a href="../javascript/jquery.html" class="md-nav__link">
+        
+  
+  <span class="md-ellipsis">
+    jQuery
+  </span>
+  
+
+      </a>
+    </li>
+  
+
+              
+            
+              
+                
+  
+  
+  
+  
+    
+    
+      
+        
+      
+        
+      
+        
+      
+        
+      
+        
+      
+    
+    
+      
+      
+        
+      
+    
+    
+    <li class="md-nav__item md-nav__item--nested">
+      
+        
+        
+        <input class="md-nav__toggle md-toggle " type="checkbox" id="__nav_4_13_6" >
+        
+          
+          <label class="md-nav__link" for="__nav_4_13_6" id="__nav_4_13_6_label" tabindex="0">
+            
+  
+  <span class="md-ellipsis">
+    React
+  </span>
+  
+
+            <span class="md-nav__icon md-icon"></span>
+          </label>
+        
+        <nav class="md-nav" data-md-level="3" aria-labelledby="__nav_4_13_6_label" aria-expanded="false">
+          <label class="md-nav__title" for="__nav_4_13_6">
+            <span class="md-nav__icon md-icon"></span>
+            React
+          </label>
+          <ul class="md-nav__list" data-md-scrollfix>
+            
+              
+                
+  
+  
+  
+  
+    <li class="md-nav__item">
+      <a href="../javascript/react/react.html" class="md-nav__link">
+        
+  
+  <span class="md-ellipsis">
+    React
+  </span>
+  
+
+      </a>
+    </li>
+  
+
+              
+            
+              
+                
+  
+  
+  
+  
+    <li class="md-nav__item">
+      <a href="../javascript/react/react-router.html" class="md-nav__link">
+        
+  
+  <span class="md-ellipsis">
+    React Router
+  </span>
+  
+
+      </a>
+    </li>
+  
+
+              
+            
+              
+                
+  
+  
+  
+  
+    <li class="md-nav__item">
+      <a href="../javascript/react/react-tests.html" class="md-nav__link">
+        
+  
+  <span class="md-ellipsis">
+    React Tests
+  </span>
+  
+
+      </a>
+    </li>
+  
+
+              
+            
+              
+                
+  
+  
+  
+  
+    <li class="md-nav__item">
+      <a href="../javascript/react/redux.html" class="md-nav__link">
+        
+  
+  <span class="md-ellipsis">
+    Redux
+  </span>
+  
+
+      </a>
+    </li>
+  
+
+              
+            
+              
+                
+  
+  
+  
+  
+    <li class="md-nav__item">
+      <a href="../javascript/react/redux-tests.html" class="md-nav__link">
+        
+  
+  <span class="md-ellipsis">
+    Redux Tests
+  </span>
+  
+
+      </a>
+    </li>
+  
+
+              
+            
+          </ul>
+        </nav>
+      
+    </li>
+  
+
+              
+            
+              
+                
+  
+  
+  
+  
+    <li class="md-nav__item">
+      <a href="../javascript/svelte/svelte.html" class="md-nav__link">
+        
+  
+  <span class="md-ellipsis">
+    Svelte
+  </span>
+  
+
+      </a>
+    </li>
+  
+
+              
+            
+          </ul>
+        </nav>
+      
+    </li>
+  
+
+              
+            
+              
+                
+  
+  
+  
+  
+    
+    
+      
+        
+      
+        
+      
+    
+    
+      
+      
+        
+          
+          
+        
+      
+    
+    
+    <li class="md-nav__item md-nav__item--section md-nav__item--nested">
+      
+        
+        
+        <input class="md-nav__toggle md-toggle " type="checkbox" id="__nav_4_14" >
+        
+          
+          <label class="md-nav__link" for="__nav_4_14" id="__nav_4_14_label" tabindex="">
+            
+  
+  <span class="md-ellipsis">
+    PowerShell
+  </span>
+  
+
+            <span class="md-nav__icon md-icon"></span>
+          </label>
+        
+        <nav class="md-nav" data-md-level="2" aria-labelledby="__nav_4_14_label" aria-expanded="false">
+          <label class="md-nav__title" for="__nav_4_14">
+            <span class="md-nav__icon md-icon"></span>
+            PowerShell
+          </label>
+          <ul class="md-nav__list" data-md-scrollfix>
+            
+              
+                
+  
+  
+  
+  
+    <li class="md-nav__item">
+      <a href="../powershell/scripting.html" class="md-nav__link">
+        
+  
+  <span class="md-ellipsis">
+    Scripting
+  </span>
+  
+
+      </a>
+    </li>
+  
+
+              
+            
+              
+                
+  
+  
+  
+  
+    <li class="md-nav__item">
+      <a href="../powershell/commands.html" class="md-nav__link">
+        
+  
+  <span class="md-ellipsis">
+    Commands
+  </span>
+  
+
+      </a>
+    </li>
+  
+
+              
+            
+          </ul>
+        </nav>
+      
+    </li>
+  
+
+              
+            
+              
+                
+  
+  
+    
+  
+  
+  
+    
+    
+      
+        
+      
+        
+      
+    
+    
+      
+      
+        
+          
+          
+        
+      
+    
+    
+    <li class="md-nav__item md-nav__item--active md-nav__item--section md-nav__item--nested">
+      
+        
+        
+        <input class="md-nav__toggle md-toggle " type="checkbox" id="__nav_4_15" checked>
+        
+          
+          <label class="md-nav__link" for="__nav_4_15" id="__nav_4_15_label" tabindex="">
+            
+  
+  <span class="md-ellipsis">
+    Bash
+  </span>
+  
+
+            <span class="md-nav__icon md-icon"></span>
+          </label>
+        
+        <nav class="md-nav" data-md-level="2" aria-labelledby="__nav_4_15_label" aria-expanded="true">
+          <label class="md-nav__title" for="__nav_4_15">
+            <span class="md-nav__icon md-icon"></span>
+            Bash
+          </label>
+          <ul class="md-nav__list" data-md-scrollfix>
+            
+              
+                
+  
+  
+    
+  
+  
+  
+    <li class="md-nav__item md-nav__item--active">
+      
+      <input class="md-nav__toggle md-toggle" type="checkbox" id="__toc">
+      
+      
+        
+      
+      
+        <label class="md-nav__link md-nav__link--active" for="__toc">
+          
+  
+  <span class="md-ellipsis">
+    Scripting
+  </span>
+  
+
+          <span class="md-nav__icon md-icon"></span>
+        </label>
+      
+      <a href="scripting.html" class="md-nav__link md-nav__link--active">
+        
+  
+  <span class="md-ellipsis">
+    Scripting
+  </span>
+  
+
+      </a>
+      
+        
+
+<nav class="md-nav md-nav--secondary" aria-label="Table of contents">
+  
+  
+  
+    
+  
+  
+    <label class="md-nav__title" for="__toc">
+      <span class="md-nav__icon md-icon"></span>
+      Table of contents
+    </label>
+    <ul class="md-nav__list" data-md-component="toc" data-md-scrollfix>
+      
+        <li class="md-nav__item">
+  <a href="#bash-use-modes" class="md-nav__link">
+    <span class="md-ellipsis">
+      Bash Use Modes
+    </span>
+  </a>
+  
+</li>
+      
+        <li class="md-nav__item">
+  <a href="#file-directories-permissions" class="md-nav__link">
+    <span class="md-ellipsis">
+      File &amp; Directories Permissions
+    </span>
+  </a>
+  
+</li>
+      
+        <li class="md-nav__item">
+  <a href="#file-descriptors" class="md-nav__link">
+    <span class="md-ellipsis">
+      File Descriptors
+    </span>
+  </a>
+  
+    <nav class="md-nav" aria-label="File Descriptors">
+      <ul class="md-nav__list">
+        
+          <li class="md-nav__item">
+  <a href="#first-line-of-bash" class="md-nav__link">
+    <span class="md-ellipsis">
+      First Line Of Bash
+    </span>
+  </a>
+  
+</li>
+        
+          <li class="md-nav__item">
+  <a href="#simple-command" class="md-nav__link">
+    <span class="md-ellipsis">
+      Simple Command
+    </span>
+  </a>
+  
+</li>
+        
+          <li class="md-nav__item">
+  <a href="#pipelines-commands-concatenation" class="md-nav__link">
+    <span class="md-ellipsis">
+      Pipelines (commands concatenation)
+    </span>
+  </a>
+  
+</li>
+        
+          <li class="md-nav__item">
+  <a href="#lists-sequence-of-commands" class="md-nav__link">
+    <span class="md-ellipsis">
+      Lists (sequence of commands)
+    </span>
+  </a>
+  
+</li>
+        
+          <li class="md-nav__item">
+  <a href="#compound-commands-multiple-commands-as-one" class="md-nav__link">
+    <span class="md-ellipsis">
+      COMPOUND COMMANDs (multiple commands as one)
+    </span>
+  </a>
+  
+</li>
+        
+          <li class="md-nav__item">
+  <a href="#functions-blocks-of-easily-reusable-code" class="md-nav__link">
+    <span class="md-ellipsis">
+      Functions (blocks of easily reusable code)
+    </span>
+  </a>
+  
+</li>
+        
+      </ul>
+    </nav>
+  
+</li>
+      
+        <li class="md-nav__item">
+  <a href="#command-names-running-programs" class="md-nav__link">
+    <span class="md-ellipsis">
+      Command names &amp; Running programs
+    </span>
+  </a>
+  
+</li>
+      
+        <li class="md-nav__item">
+  <a href="#the-path-to-a-program" class="md-nav__link">
+    <span class="md-ellipsis">
+      The path to a program
+    </span>
+  </a>
+  
+</li>
+      
+        <li class="md-nav__item">
+  <a href="#command-arguments-quoting-literals" class="md-nav__link">
+    <span class="md-ellipsis">
+      Command arguments &amp; Quoting literals
+    </span>
+  </a>
+  
+</li>
+      
+        <li class="md-nav__item">
+  <a href="#managing-a-commands-input-and-output-using-redirection" class="md-nav__link">
+    <span class="md-ellipsis">
+      Managing a command's input and output using redirection
+    </span>
+  </a>
+  
+    <nav class="md-nav" aria-label="Managing a command's input and output using redirection">
+      <ul class="md-nav__list">
+        
+          <li class="md-nav__item">
+  <a href="#redirections" class="md-nav__link">
+    <span class="md-ellipsis">
+      Redirections
+    </span>
+  </a>
+  
+</li>
+        
+      </ul>
+    </nav>
+  
+</li>
+      
+        <li class="md-nav__item">
+  <a href="#pathname-expansion-filname-pattern-glob-matching" class="md-nav__link">
+    <span class="md-ellipsis">
+      Pathname Expansion (filname pattern [glob] matching)
+    </span>
+  </a>
+  
+</li>
+      
+        <li class="md-nav__item">
+  <a href="#command-substitution" class="md-nav__link">
+    <span class="md-ellipsis">
+      Command Substitution
+    </span>
+  </a>
+  
+</li>
+      
+        <li class="md-nav__item">
+  <a href="#shell-variables" class="md-nav__link">
+    <span class="md-ellipsis">
+      Shell Variables
+    </span>
+  </a>
+  
+</li>
+      
+        <li class="md-nav__item">
+  <a href="#parameter-expansion-modifiers-in-double-quotes" class="md-nav__link">
+    <span class="md-ellipsis">
+      Parameter Expansion Modifiers (in double-quotes)
+    </span>
+  </a>
+  
+</li>
+      
+        <li class="md-nav__item">
+  <a href="#decision-statements" class="md-nav__link">
+    <span class="md-ellipsis">
+      Decision Statements
+    </span>
+  </a>
+  
+    <nav class="md-nav" aria-label="Decision Statements">
+      <ul class="md-nav__list">
+        
+          <li class="md-nav__item">
+  <a href="#if-statement" class="md-nav__link">
+    <span class="md-ellipsis">
+      If Statement
+    </span>
+  </a>
+  
+</li>
+        
+          <li class="md-nav__item">
+  <a href="#test-command" class="md-nav__link">
+    <span class="md-ellipsis">
+      Test Command
+    </span>
+  </a>
+  
+</li>
+        
+          <li class="md-nav__item">
+  <a href="#arithmetic-expansion-and-evaluation" class="md-nav__link">
+    <span class="md-ellipsis">
+      Arithmetic expansion and evaluation
+    </span>
+  </a>
+  
+</li>
+        
+          <li class="md-nav__item">
+  <a href="#comparison-operators" class="md-nav__link">
+    <span class="md-ellipsis">
+      Comparison Operators
+    </span>
+  </a>
+  
+</li>
+        
+          <li class="md-nav__item">
+  <a href="#arithmetic-comparison-operators" class="md-nav__link">
+    <span class="md-ellipsis">
+      Arithmetic Comparison Operators
+    </span>
+  </a>
+  
+</li>
+        
+          <li class="md-nav__item">
+  <a href="#string-comparison-operators" class="md-nav__link">
+    <span class="md-ellipsis">
+      String Comparison Operators
+    </span>
+  </a>
+  
+</li>
+        
+      </ul>
+    </nav>
+  
+</li>
+      
+        <li class="md-nav__item">
+  <a href="#commands-short-circuit-evaluation" class="md-nav__link">
+    <span class="md-ellipsis">
+      Commands short circuit evaluation
+    </span>
+  </a>
+  
+</li>
+      
+        <li class="md-nav__item">
+  <a href="#loops" class="md-nav__link">
+    <span class="md-ellipsis">
+      Loops
+    </span>
+  </a>
+  
+</li>
+      
+        <li class="md-nav__item">
+  <a href="#script-hardening" class="md-nav__link">
+    <span class="md-ellipsis">
+      Script Hardening
+    </span>
+  </a>
+  
+</li>
+      
+    </ul>
+  
+</nav>
+      
+    </li>
+  
+
+              
+            
+              
+                
+  
+  
+  
+  
+    <li class="md-nav__item">
+      <a href="commands.html" class="md-nav__link">
+        
+  
+  <span class="md-ellipsis">
+    Commands
+  </span>
+  
+
+      </a>
+    </li>
+  
+
+              
+            
+          </ul>
+        </nav>
+      
+    </li>
+  
+
+              
+            
+          </ul>
+        </nav>
+      
+    </li>
+  
+
+    
+      
+      
+  
+  
+  
+  
+    
+    
+      
+        
+      
+        
+      
+        
+      
+        
+      
+        
+      
+    
+    
+      
+      
+        
+      
+    
+    
+    <li class="md-nav__item md-nav__item--nested">
+      
+        
+        
+        <input class="md-nav__toggle md-toggle " type="checkbox" id="__nav_5" >
+        
+          
+          <label class="md-nav__link" for="__nav_5" id="__nav_5_label" tabindex="0">
+            
+  
+  <span class="md-ellipsis">
+    Misc
+  </span>
+  
+
+            <span class="md-nav__icon md-icon"></span>
+          </label>
+        
+        <nav class="md-nav" data-md-level="1" aria-labelledby="__nav_5_label" aria-expanded="false">
+          <label class="md-nav__title" for="__nav_5">
+            <span class="md-nav__icon md-icon"></span>
+            Misc
+          </label>
+          <ul class="md-nav__list" data-md-scrollfix>
+            
+              
+                
+  
+  
+  
+  
+    <li class="md-nav__item">
+      <a href="../../misc/git.html" class="md-nav__link">
+        
+  
+  <span class="md-ellipsis">
+    Git
+  </span>
+  
+
+      </a>
+    </li>
+  
+
+              
+            
+              
+                
+  
+  
+  
+  
+    <li class="md-nav__item">
+      <a href="../../misc/graph-ql.html" class="md-nav__link">
+        
+  
+  <span class="md-ellipsis">
+    GraphQL
+  </span>
+  
+
+      </a>
+    </li>
+  
+
+              
+            
+              
+                
+  
+  
+  
+  
+    <li class="md-nav__item">
+      <a href="../../misc/regular-expressions.html" class="md-nav__link">
+        
+  
+  <span class="md-ellipsis">
+    RegEx
+  </span>
+  
+
+      </a>
+    </li>
+  
+
+              
+            
+              
+                
+  
+  
+  
+  
+    <li class="md-nav__item">
+      <a href="../../misc/ssh.html" class="md-nav__link">
+        
+  
+  <span class="md-ellipsis">
+    SSH
+  </span>
+  
+
+      </a>
+    </li>
+  
+
+              
+            
+              
+                
+  
+  
+  
+  
+    <li class="md-nav__item">
+      <a href="../../misc/web-components.html" class="md-nav__link">
+        
+  
+  <span class="md-ellipsis">
+    WebComponents
+  </span>
+  
+
+      </a>
+    </li>
+  
+
+              
+            
+          </ul>
+        </nav>
+      
+    </li>
+  
+
+    
+      
+      
+  
+  
+  
+  
+    
+    
+      
+        
+      
+        
+      
+    
+    
+      
+      
+        
+      
+    
+    
+    <li class="md-nav__item md-nav__item--nested">
+      
+        
+        
+        <input class="md-nav__toggle md-toggle " type="checkbox" id="__nav_6" >
+        
+          
+          <label class="md-nav__link" for="__nav_6" id="__nav_6_label" tabindex="0">
+            
+  
+  <span class="md-ellipsis">
+    Linux
+  </span>
+  
+
+            <span class="md-nav__icon md-icon"></span>
+          </label>
+        
+        <nav class="md-nav" data-md-level="1" aria-labelledby="__nav_6_label" aria-expanded="false">
+          <label class="md-nav__title" for="__nav_6">
+            <span class="md-nav__icon md-icon"></span>
+            Linux
+          </label>
+          <ul class="md-nav__list" data-md-scrollfix>
+            
+              
+                
+  
+  
+  
+  
+    
+    
+      
+        
+      
+        
+      
+        
+      
+    
+    
+      
+      
+        
+      
+    
+    
+    <li class="md-nav__item md-nav__item--nested">
+      
+        
+        
+        <input class="md-nav__toggle md-toggle " type="checkbox" id="__nav_6_1" >
+        
+          
+          <label class="md-nav__link" for="__nav_6_1" id="__nav_6_1_label" tabindex="0">
+            
+  
+  <span class="md-ellipsis">
+    Filesystem
+  </span>
+  
+
+            <span class="md-nav__icon md-icon"></span>
+          </label>
+        
+        <nav class="md-nav" data-md-level="2" aria-labelledby="__nav_6_1_label" aria-expanded="false">
+          <label class="md-nav__title" for="__nav_6_1">
+            <span class="md-nav__icon md-icon"></span>
+            Filesystem
+          </label>
+          <ul class="md-nav__list" data-md-scrollfix>
+            
+              
+                
+  
+  
+  
+  
+    <li class="md-nav__item">
+      <a href="../../linux/filesystem/file-links.html" class="md-nav__link">
+        
+  
+  <span class="md-ellipsis">
+    File Links
+  </span>
+  
+
+      </a>
+    </li>
+  
+
+              
+            
+              
+                
+  
+  
+  
+  
+    <li class="md-nav__item">
+      <a href="../../linux/filesystem/procfs.html" class="md-nav__link">
+        
+  
+  <span class="md-ellipsis">
+    /proc
+  </span>
+  
+
+      </a>
+    </li>
+  
+
+              
+            
+              
+                
+  
+  
+  
+  
+    <li class="md-nav__item">
+      <a href="../../linux/filesystem/sysfs.html" class="md-nav__link">
+        
+  
+  <span class="md-ellipsis">
+    /sys
+  </span>
+  
+
+      </a>
+    </li>
+  
+
+              
+            
+          </ul>
+        </nav>
+      
+    </li>
+  
+
+              
+            
+              
+                
+  
+  
+  
+  
+    
+    
+      
+        
+      
+        
+      
+    
+    
+      
+      
+        
+      
+    
+    
+    <li class="md-nav__item md-nav__item--nested">
+      
+        
+        
+        <input class="md-nav__toggle md-toggle " type="checkbox" id="__nav_6_2" >
+        
+          
+          <label class="md-nav__link" for="__nav_6_2" id="__nav_6_2_label" tabindex="0">
+            
+  
+  <span class="md-ellipsis">
+    System Init
+  </span>
+  
+
+            <span class="md-nav__icon md-icon"></span>
+          </label>
+        
+        <nav class="md-nav" data-md-level="2" aria-labelledby="__nav_6_2_label" aria-expanded="false">
+          <label class="md-nav__title" for="__nav_6_2">
+            <span class="md-nav__icon md-icon"></span>
+            System Init
+          </label>
+          <ul class="md-nav__list" data-md-scrollfix>
+            
+              
+                
+  
+  
+  
+  
+    <li class="md-nav__item">
+      <a href="../../linux/init/systemd.html" class="md-nav__link">
+        
+  
+  <span class="md-ellipsis">
+    Systemd
+  </span>
+  
+
+      </a>
+    </li>
+  
+
+              
+            
+              
+                
+  
+  
+  
+  
+    <li class="md-nav__item">
+      <a href="../../linux/init/open-rc.html" class="md-nav__link">
+        
+  
+  <span class="md-ellipsis">
+    OpenRC
+  </span>
+  
+
+      </a>
+    </li>
+  
+
+              
+            
+          </ul>
+        </nav>
+      
+    </li>
+  
+
+              
+            
+          </ul>
+        </nav>
+      
+    </li>
+  
+
+    
+  </ul>
+</nav>
+                  </div>
+                </div>
+              </div>
+            
+            
+              
+              <div class="md-sidebar md-sidebar--secondary" data-md-component="sidebar" data-md-type="toc" >
+                <div class="md-sidebar__scrollwrap">
+                  <div class="md-sidebar__inner">
+                    
+
+<nav class="md-nav md-nav--secondary" aria-label="Table of contents">
+  
+  
+  
+    
+  
+  
+    <label class="md-nav__title" for="__toc">
+      <span class="md-nav__icon md-icon"></span>
+      Table of contents
+    </label>
+    <ul class="md-nav__list" data-md-component="toc" data-md-scrollfix>
+      
+        <li class="md-nav__item">
+  <a href="#bash-use-modes" class="md-nav__link">
+    <span class="md-ellipsis">
+      Bash Use Modes
+    </span>
+  </a>
+  
+</li>
+      
+        <li class="md-nav__item">
+  <a href="#file-directories-permissions" class="md-nav__link">
+    <span class="md-ellipsis">
+      File &amp; Directories Permissions
+    </span>
+  </a>
+  
+</li>
+      
+        <li class="md-nav__item">
+  <a href="#file-descriptors" class="md-nav__link">
+    <span class="md-ellipsis">
+      File Descriptors
+    </span>
+  </a>
+  
+    <nav class="md-nav" aria-label="File Descriptors">
+      <ul class="md-nav__list">
+        
+          <li class="md-nav__item">
+  <a href="#first-line-of-bash" class="md-nav__link">
+    <span class="md-ellipsis">
+      First Line Of Bash
+    </span>
+  </a>
+  
+</li>
+        
+          <li class="md-nav__item">
+  <a href="#simple-command" class="md-nav__link">
+    <span class="md-ellipsis">
+      Simple Command
+    </span>
+  </a>
+  
+</li>
+        
+          <li class="md-nav__item">
+  <a href="#pipelines-commands-concatenation" class="md-nav__link">
+    <span class="md-ellipsis">
+      Pipelines (commands concatenation)
+    </span>
+  </a>
+  
+</li>
+        
+          <li class="md-nav__item">
+  <a href="#lists-sequence-of-commands" class="md-nav__link">
+    <span class="md-ellipsis">
+      Lists (sequence of commands)
+    </span>
+  </a>
+  
+</li>
+        
+          <li class="md-nav__item">
+  <a href="#compound-commands-multiple-commands-as-one" class="md-nav__link">
+    <span class="md-ellipsis">
+      COMPOUND COMMANDs (multiple commands as one)
+    </span>
+  </a>
+  
+</li>
+        
+          <li class="md-nav__item">
+  <a href="#functions-blocks-of-easily-reusable-code" class="md-nav__link">
+    <span class="md-ellipsis">
+      Functions (blocks of easily reusable code)
+    </span>
+  </a>
+  
+</li>
+        
+      </ul>
+    </nav>
+  
+</li>
+      
+        <li class="md-nav__item">
+  <a href="#command-names-running-programs" class="md-nav__link">
+    <span class="md-ellipsis">
+      Command names &amp; Running programs
+    </span>
+  </a>
+  
+</li>
+      
+        <li class="md-nav__item">
+  <a href="#the-path-to-a-program" class="md-nav__link">
+    <span class="md-ellipsis">
+      The path to a program
+    </span>
+  </a>
+  
+</li>
+      
+        <li class="md-nav__item">
+  <a href="#command-arguments-quoting-literals" class="md-nav__link">
+    <span class="md-ellipsis">
+      Command arguments &amp; Quoting literals
+    </span>
+  </a>
+  
+</li>
+      
+        <li class="md-nav__item">
+  <a href="#managing-a-commands-input-and-output-using-redirection" class="md-nav__link">
+    <span class="md-ellipsis">
+      Managing a command's input and output using redirection
+    </span>
+  </a>
+  
+    <nav class="md-nav" aria-label="Managing a command's input and output using redirection">
+      <ul class="md-nav__list">
+        
+          <li class="md-nav__item">
+  <a href="#redirections" class="md-nav__link">
+    <span class="md-ellipsis">
+      Redirections
+    </span>
+  </a>
+  
+</li>
+        
+      </ul>
+    </nav>
+  
+</li>
+      
+        <li class="md-nav__item">
+  <a href="#pathname-expansion-filname-pattern-glob-matching" class="md-nav__link">
+    <span class="md-ellipsis">
+      Pathname Expansion (filname pattern [glob] matching)
+    </span>
+  </a>
+  
+</li>
+      
+        <li class="md-nav__item">
+  <a href="#command-substitution" class="md-nav__link">
+    <span class="md-ellipsis">
+      Command Substitution
+    </span>
+  </a>
+  
+</li>
+      
+        <li class="md-nav__item">
+  <a href="#shell-variables" class="md-nav__link">
+    <span class="md-ellipsis">
+      Shell Variables
+    </span>
+  </a>
+  
+</li>
+      
+        <li class="md-nav__item">
+  <a href="#parameter-expansion-modifiers-in-double-quotes" class="md-nav__link">
+    <span class="md-ellipsis">
+      Parameter Expansion Modifiers (in double-quotes)
+    </span>
+  </a>
+  
+</li>
+      
+        <li class="md-nav__item">
+  <a href="#decision-statements" class="md-nav__link">
+    <span class="md-ellipsis">
+      Decision Statements
+    </span>
+  </a>
+  
+    <nav class="md-nav" aria-label="Decision Statements">
+      <ul class="md-nav__list">
+        
+          <li class="md-nav__item">
+  <a href="#if-statement" class="md-nav__link">
+    <span class="md-ellipsis">
+      If Statement
+    </span>
+  </a>
+  
+</li>
+        
+          <li class="md-nav__item">
+  <a href="#test-command" class="md-nav__link">
+    <span class="md-ellipsis">
+      Test Command
+    </span>
+  </a>
+  
+</li>
+        
+          <li class="md-nav__item">
+  <a href="#arithmetic-expansion-and-evaluation" class="md-nav__link">
+    <span class="md-ellipsis">
+      Arithmetic expansion and evaluation
+    </span>
+  </a>
+  
+</li>
+        
+          <li class="md-nav__item">
+  <a href="#comparison-operators" class="md-nav__link">
+    <span class="md-ellipsis">
+      Comparison Operators
+    </span>
+  </a>
+  
+</li>
+        
+          <li class="md-nav__item">
+  <a href="#arithmetic-comparison-operators" class="md-nav__link">
+    <span class="md-ellipsis">
+      Arithmetic Comparison Operators
+    </span>
+  </a>
+  
+</li>
+        
+          <li class="md-nav__item">
+  <a href="#string-comparison-operators" class="md-nav__link">
+    <span class="md-ellipsis">
+      String Comparison Operators
+    </span>
+  </a>
+  
+</li>
+        
+      </ul>
+    </nav>
+  
+</li>
+      
+        <li class="md-nav__item">
+  <a href="#commands-short-circuit-evaluation" class="md-nav__link">
+    <span class="md-ellipsis">
+      Commands short circuit evaluation
+    </span>
+  </a>
+  
+</li>
+      
+        <li class="md-nav__item">
+  <a href="#loops" class="md-nav__link">
+    <span class="md-ellipsis">
+      Loops
+    </span>
+  </a>
+  
+</li>
+      
+        <li class="md-nav__item">
+  <a href="#script-hardening" class="md-nav__link">
+    <span class="md-ellipsis">
+      Script Hardening
+    </span>
+  </a>
+  
+</li>
+      
+    </ul>
+  
+</nav>
+                  </div>
+                </div>
+              </div>
+            
+          
+          
+            <div class="md-content" data-md-component="content">
+              <article class="md-content__inner md-typeset">
+                
+                  
+
+  
+  
+
+
+<h1 id="bash-scripting">Bash Scripting</h1>
+<p><a href="https://www.gnu.org/software/bash/manual/">Bash Manual</a></p>
+<p><code>Ctrl+Shift+C</code>: copy<br />
+<code>Ctrl+Shift+C</code>: paste</p>
+<h2 id="bash-use-modes">Bash Use Modes</h2>
+<p>Interactive mode &rarr; shell waits for user's commands
+Non-interactive mode &rarr; shell runs scripts</p>
+<h2 id="file-directories-permissions">File &amp; Directories Permissions</h2>
+<p>File:</p>
+<ul>
+<li><code>r</code>: Read. Can see file content</li>
+<li><code>w</code>: Write. Can modify file content</li>
+<li><code>x</code>: Execute. Can execute file</li>
+</ul>
+<p>Directory:</p>
+<ul>
+<li><code>r</code>: Read. Can see dir contents</li>
+<li><code>w</code>: CRD. Can create, rename and delete files</li>
+<li><code>x</code>: Search. Can access and navigate inside the dir. Necessary to operate on files</li>
+</ul>
+<h2 id="file-descriptors">File Descriptors</h2>
+<p><code>FD 0</code> "standard input"    &rarr; Channel for standard input (default keyboard)<br />
+<code>FD 1</code> "standard output"   &rarr; Channel for the default output (default screen)<br />
+<code>FD 2</code> "standard error"    &rarr; Channel for error messages, info messages, prompts (default keyboard)<br />
+File descriptors chan be joined to create streams that lead to files, devices or other processes.</p>
+<p>Bash gets commands by reading lines.<br />
+As soon as it's read enough lines to compose a complete command, bash begins running that command.<br />
+Usually, commands are just a single line long. An interactive bash session reads lines from you at the prompt.<br />
+Non-interactive bash processes read their commands from a file or stream.<br />
+Files with a shebang as their first line (and the executable permission) can be started by your system's kernel like any other program.</p>
+<h3 id="first-line-of-bash">First Line Of Bash</h3>
+<p><code>#!/bin/env bash</code><br />
+shebang indicating which interpreter to use</p>
+<h3 id="simple-command">Simple Command</h3>
+<div class="highlight"><table class="highlighttable"><tr><th colspan="2" class="filename"><span class="filename">Bash</span></th></tr><tr><td class="linenos"><div class="linenodiv"><pre><span></span><span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-0-1">1</a></span></pre></div></td><td class="code"><div><pre><span></span><code><a id="__codelineno-0-1" name="__codelineno-0-1"></a><span class="o">[</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="nv">var</span><span class="o">=</span>value<span class="w"> </span>...<span class="w"> </span><span class="o">]</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="nb">command</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="o">[</span><span class="w"> </span>arg<span class="w"> </span>...<span class="w"> </span><span class="o">]</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="o">[</span><span class="w"> </span>redirection<span class="w"> </span>...<span class="w"> </span><span class="o">]</span><span class="w">  </span><span class="c1"># [.] is optional component</span>
+</code></pre></div></td></tr></table></div>
+<h3 id="pipelines-commands-concatenation">Pipelines (commands concatenation)</h3>
+<div class="highlight"><table class="highlighttable"><tr><th colspan="2" class="filename"><span class="filename">Bash</span></th></tr><tr><td class="linenos"><div class="linenodiv"><pre><span></span><span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-1-1">1</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-1-2">2</a></span></pre></div></td><td class="code"><div><pre><span></span><code><a id="__codelineno-1-1" name="__codelineno-1-1"></a><span class="nb">command</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="p">|</span><span class="w"> </span>file.ext<span class="w">  </span><span class="c1"># link the first process&#39; standard output to the second process&#39; standard input</span>
+<a id="__codelineno-1-2" name="__codelineno-1-2"></a><span class="nb">command</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="p">|&amp;</span><span class="w"> </span>file.ext<span class="w">  </span><span class="c1"># link the first process&#39; standard output &amp; standard error to the second process&#39; standard input</span>
+</code></pre></div></td></tr></table></div>
+<h3 id="lists-sequence-of-commands">Lists (sequence of commands)</h3>
+<div class="highlight"><table class="highlighttable"><tr><th colspan="2" class="filename"><span class="filename">Bash</span></th></tr><tr><td class="linenos"><div class="linenodiv"><pre><span></span><span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-2-1">1</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-2-2">2</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-2-3">3</a></span></pre></div></td><td class="code"><div><pre><span></span><code><a id="__codelineno-2-1" name="__codelineno-2-1"></a>command_1<span class="p">;</span><span class="w"> </span>command_2<span class="p">;</span><span class="w"> </span>...<span class="w">  </span><span class="c1"># execute command in sequence, one after the other</span>
+<a id="__codelineno-2-2" name="__codelineno-2-2"></a>command_1<span class="w"> </span><span class="o">||</span><span class="w"> </span>command_2<span class="w"> </span><span class="o">||</span><span class="w"> </span>...<span class="w">  </span><span class="c1"># execute successive commands only if preceding ones fail</span>
+<a id="__codelineno-2-3" name="__codelineno-2-3"></a>command_1<span class="w"> </span><span class="o">&amp;&amp;</span><span class="w"> </span>command_2<span class="w"> </span><span class="o">&amp;&amp;</span><span class="w"> </span>..<span class="w">  </span><span class="c1"># execute successive commands only if preceding ones succeeds</span>
+</code></pre></div></td></tr></table></div>
+<h3 id="compound-commands-multiple-commands-as-one">COMPOUND COMMANDs (multiple commands as one)</h3>
+<div class="highlight"><table class="highlighttable"><tr><th colspan="2" class="filename"><span class="filename">Bash</span></th></tr><tr><td class="linenos"><div class="linenodiv"><pre><span></span><span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-3-1">1</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-3-2">2</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-3-3">3</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-3-4">4</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-3-5">5</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-3-6">6</a></span></pre></div></td><td class="code"><div><pre><span></span><code><a id="__codelineno-3-1" name="__codelineno-3-1"></a><span class="c1"># block of commands executed as one</span>
+<a id="__codelineno-3-2" name="__codelineno-3-2"></a>&lt;keyword&gt;
+<a id="__codelineno-3-3" name="__codelineno-3-3"></a><span class="w">    </span>command_1<span class="p">;</span><span class="w"> </span>command_2<span class="p">;</span><span class="w"> </span>...
+<a id="__codelineno-3-4" name="__codelineno-3-4"></a>&lt;end_keyword&gt;
+<a id="__codelineno-3-5" name="__codelineno-3-5"></a>
+<a id="__codelineno-3-6" name="__codelineno-3-6"></a><span class="o">{</span>command_1<span class="p">;</span><span class="w"> </span>command_2<span class="p">;</span><span class="w"> </span>...<span class="o">}</span><span class="w">  </span><span class="c1"># sequence of commands executed as one</span>
+</code></pre></div></td></tr></table></div>
+<h3 id="functions-blocks-of-easily-reusable-code">Functions (blocks of easily reusable code)</h3>
+<p><code>function_name () {compound_command}</code><br />
+Bash does not accept func arguments, parentheses must be empty</p>
+<h2 id="command-names-running-programs">Command names &amp; Running programs</h2>
+<p>To run a command, bash uses the name of your command and performs a search for how to execute that command.<br />
+In order, bash will check whether it has a function or builtin by that name.<br />
+Failing that, it will try to run the name as a program.<br />
+If bash finds no way to run your command, it will output an error message.  </p>
+<h2 id="the-path-to-a-program">The path to a program</h2>
+<p>When bash needs to run a program, it uses the command name to perform a search.<br />
+Bash searches the directories in your PATH environment variable, one by one, until it finds a directory that contains a program with the name of your command.<br />
+To run a program that is not installed in a PATH directory, use the path to that program as your command's name.</p>
+<h2 id="command-arguments-quoting-literals">Command arguments &amp; Quoting literals</h2>
+<p>To tell a command what to do, we pass it arguments. In bash, arguments are tokens, that are separated from each other by blank space.<br />
+To include blank space in an argument's value, you need to either quote the argument or escape the blank space within.<br />
+Failing that, bash will break your argument apart into multiple arguments at its blank space.<br />
+Quoting arguments also prevents other symbols in it from being accidentally interpreted as bash code.  </p>
+<h2 id="managing-a-commands-input-and-output-using-redirection">Managing a command's input and output using redirection</h2>
+<p>By default, new commands inherit the shell's current file descriptors.<br />
+We can use redirections to change where a command's input comes from and where its output should go to.<br />
+File redirection allows us to stream file descriptors to files.<br />
+We can copy file descriptors to make them share a stream. There are also many other more advanced redirection operators.  </p>
+<h3 id="redirections">Redirections</h3>
+<div class="highlight"><table class="highlighttable"><tr><th colspan="2" class="filename"><span class="filename">Bash</span></th></tr><tr><td class="linenos"><div class="linenodiv"><pre><span></span><span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-4-1"> 1</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-4-2"> 2</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-4-3"> 3</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-4-4"> 4</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-4-5"> 5</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-4-6"> 6</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-4-7"> 7</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-4-8"> 8</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-4-9"> 9</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-4-10">10</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-4-11">11</a></span></pre></div></td><td class="code"><div><pre><span></span><code><a id="__codelineno-4-1" name="__codelineno-4-1"></a><span class="o">[</span>x<span class="o">]</span>&gt;file<span class="w">  </span><span class="c1"># make FD x write to file</span>
+<a id="__codelineno-4-2" name="__codelineno-4-2"></a><span class="o">[</span>x<span class="o">]</span>&lt;file<span class="w">  </span><span class="c1"># make FD x read from file</span>
+<a id="__codelineno-4-3" name="__codelineno-4-3"></a>
+<a id="__codelineno-4-4" name="__codelineno-4-4"></a><span class="o">[</span>x<span class="o">]</span>&gt;<span class="p">&amp;</span>y<span class="w">  </span><span class="c1"># make FD x write to FD y&#39;s stream</span>
+<a id="__codelineno-4-5" name="__codelineno-4-5"></a><span class="o">[</span>x<span class="o">]</span>&lt;<span class="p">&amp;</span>y<span class="w">  </span><span class="c1"># make FD x read from FD y&#39;s stream</span>
+<a id="__codelineno-4-6" name="__codelineno-4-6"></a><span class="p">&amp;</span>&gt;file<span class="w">  </span><span class="c1"># make both FD 1 (standard output) &amp; FD 2 (standard error) write to file</span>
+<a id="__codelineno-4-7" name="__codelineno-4-7"></a>
+<a id="__codelineno-4-8" name="__codelineno-4-8"></a><span class="o">[</span>x<span class="o">]</span>&gt;&gt;file<span class="w">  </span><span class="c1"># make FD x append to end of file</span>
+<a id="__codelineno-4-9" name="__codelineno-4-9"></a>x&gt;<span class="p">&amp;</span>-,<span class="w"> </span>x&lt;<span class="p">&amp;</span>-<span class="w">  </span><span class="c1"># close FD x (stream disconnected from FD x)</span>
+<a id="__codelineno-4-10" name="__codelineno-4-10"></a><span class="o">[</span>x<span class="o">]</span>&gt;<span class="p">&amp;</span>y-,<span class="w"> </span><span class="o">[</span>x<span class="o">]</span>&lt;<span class="p">&amp;</span>y-<span class="w">  </span><span class="c1"># replace FD x with FD y</span>
+<a id="__codelineno-4-11" name="__codelineno-4-11"></a><span class="o">[</span>x<span class="o">]</span>&lt;&gt;file<span class="w">  </span><span class="c1"># open FD x for both reading and writing to file</span>
+</code></pre></div></td></tr></table></div>
+<h2 id="pathname-expansion-filname-pattern-glob-matching">Pathname Expansion (filname pattern [glob] matching)</h2>
+<p><code>*</code> matches any kind of text (even no text).<br />
+<code>?</code> matches any single character.<br />
+<code>[characters]</code> matches any single character in the given set.<br />
+<code>[[:classname:]]</code> specify class of characters to match.
+<code>{}</code> expand list of arguments (applies command to each one)</p>
+<p><code>shopt -s extglob</code> enables extended globs (patterns)</p>
+<p><code>+(pattern [| pattern ...])</code> matches when any of the patterns in the list appears, once or many times over. ("at least one of ...").<br />
+<code>*(pattern [| pattern ...])</code> matches when any of the patterns in the list appears, once, not at all, or many times over. ("however many of ...").<br />
+<code>?(pattern [| pattern ...])</code> matches when any of the patterns in the list appears, once, not at all, or many times over. ("however many of ...").<br />
+<code>@(pattern [| pattern ...])</code> matches when any of the patterns in the list appears just once. ("one of ...").<br />
+<code>!(pattern [| pattern ...])</code> matches only when none of the patterns in the list appear. ("none of ...").</p>
+<h2 id="command-substitution">Command Substitution</h2>
+<p>With Command Substitution, we effectively write a command within a command, and we ask bash to expand the inner command into its output and use that output as argument data for the main command.  </p>
+<div class="highlight"><table class="highlighttable"><tr><th colspan="2" class="filename"><span class="filename">Bash</span></th></tr><tr><td class="linenos"><div class="linenodiv"><pre><span></span><span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-5-1">1</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-5-2">2</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-5-3">3</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-5-4">4</a></span></pre></div></td><td class="code"><div><pre><span></span><code><a id="__codelineno-5-1" name="__codelineno-5-1"></a><span class="k">$(</span>inner_command<span class="k">)</span><span class="w">  </span><span class="c1"># $ --&gt; value-expansion prefix</span>
+<a id="__codelineno-5-2" name="__codelineno-5-2"></a><span class="nb">command</span><span class="w"> </span>!*<span class="w">  </span><span class="c1"># !* expands to everything except the first argument in the previous line</span>
+<a id="__codelineno-5-3" name="__codelineno-5-3"></a><span class="nb">command</span><span class="w"> </span>!$<span class="w">  </span><span class="c1"># refers to the last argument of the previous command</span>
+<a id="__codelineno-5-4" name="__codelineno-5-4"></a>sudo<span class="w"> </span>!!<span class="w"> </span><span class="c1"># !! expands to the entire previous command</span>
+</code></pre></div></td></tr></table></div>
+<h2 id="shell-variables">Shell Variables</h2>
+<div class="highlight"><table class="highlighttable"><tr><th colspan="2" class="filename"><span class="filename">Bash</span></th></tr><tr><td class="linenos"><div class="linenodiv"><pre><span></span><span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-6-1"> 1</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-6-2"> 2</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-6-3"> 3</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-6-4"> 4</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-6-5"> 5</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-6-6"> 6</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-6-7"> 7</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-6-8"> 8</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-6-9"> 9</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-6-10">10</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-6-11">11</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-6-12">12</a></span></pre></div></td><td class="code"><div><pre><span></span><code><a id="__codelineno-6-1" name="__codelineno-6-1"></a><span class="nv">varname</span><span class="o">=</span>value<span class="w">  </span><span class="c1"># variable assignment</span>
+<a id="__codelineno-6-2" name="__codelineno-6-2"></a><span class="nv">varname</span><span class="o">=</span><span class="s2">&quot;</span><span class="k">$(</span><span class="nb">command</span><span class="k">)</span><span class="s2">&quot;</span><span class="w">  </span><span class="c1"># command substitution, MUST be double-quoted</span>
+<a id="__codelineno-6-3" name="__codelineno-6-3"></a><span class="s2">&quot;</span><span class="nv">$varname</span><span class="s2">&quot;</span>,<span class="w"> </span><span class="s2">&quot;</span><span class="si">${</span><span class="nv">varname</span><span class="si">}</span><span class="s2">&quot;</span><span class="w">  </span><span class="c1"># variable expansion, MUST be double-quoted (name substituted w/ variable content)</span>
+<a id="__codelineno-6-4" name="__codelineno-6-4"></a>
+<a id="__codelineno-6-5" name="__codelineno-6-5"></a><span class="nv">$$</span><span class="w">  </span><span class="c1"># pid</span>
+<a id="__codelineno-6-6" name="__codelineno-6-6"></a><span class="nv">$#</span><span class="w">  </span><span class="c1"># number of arguments passed</span>
+<a id="__codelineno-6-7" name="__codelineno-6-7"></a><span class="nv">$@</span><span class="w">  </span><span class="c1"># all arguments passed</span>
+<a id="__codelineno-6-8" name="__codelineno-6-8"></a><span class="si">${</span><span class="nv">n</span><span class="si">}</span><span class="w">  </span><span class="c1"># n-th argument passed to the command</span>
+<a id="__codelineno-6-9" name="__codelineno-6-9"></a><span class="nv">$0</span><span class="w">  </span><span class="c1"># name of the script</span>
+<a id="__codelineno-6-10" name="__codelineno-6-10"></a><span class="nv">$_</span><span class="w">  </span><span class="c1"># last argument passed to the command</span>
+<a id="__codelineno-6-11" name="__codelineno-6-11"></a><span class="nv">$?</span><span class="w">  </span><span class="c1"># error message of the last (previous) command</span>
+<a id="__codelineno-6-12" name="__codelineno-6-12"></a>!!<span class="w">  </span><span class="c1"># executes last command used (echo !! prints the last command)</span>
+</code></pre></div></td></tr></table></div>
+<h2 id="parameter-expansion-modifiers-in-double-quotes">Parameter Expansion Modifiers (in double-quotes)</h2>
+<p><code>${parameter#pattern}</code> removes the shortest string that matches the pattern if it's at the start of the value.<br />
+<code>${parameter##pattern}</code> removes the longest string that matches the pattern if it's at the start of the value.<br />
+<code>${parameter%pattern}</code> removes the shortest string that matches the pattern if it's at the end of the value.<br />
+<code>${parameter%%pattern}</code> removes the longest string that matches the pattern if it's at the end of the value.<br />
+<code>${parameter/pattern/replacement}</code> replaces the first string that matches the pattern with the replacement.<br />
+<code>${parameter//pattern/replacement}</code> replaces each string that matches the pattern with the replacement.<br />
+<code>${parameter/#pattern/replacement}</code> replaces the string that matches the pattern at the beginning of the value with the replacement.<br />
+<code>${parameter/%pattern/replacement}</code> replaces the string that matches the pattern at the end of the value with the replacement.<br />
+<code>${#parameter}</code> expands the length of the value (in bytes).<br />
+<code>${parameter:start[:length]}</code> expands a part of the value, starting at start, length bytes long.<br />
+Counts from the end rather than the beginning by using a (space followed by a) negative value.<br />
+<code>${parameter[^|^^|,|,,][pattern]}</code> expands the transformed value, either upper-casing or lower-casing the first or all characters that match the pattern.
+Omit the pattern to match any character.</p>
+<h2 id="decision-statements">Decision Statements</h2>
+<h3 id="if-statement">If Statement</h3>
+<p>Only the final exit code after executing the entire list is relevant for the branch's evaluation.</p>
+<div class="highlight"><table class="highlighttable"><tr><th colspan="2" class="filename"><span class="filename">Bash</span></th></tr><tr><td class="linenos"><div class="linenodiv"><pre><span></span><span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-7-1">1</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-7-2">2</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-7-3">3</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-7-4">4</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-7-5">5</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-7-6">6</a></span></pre></div></td><td class="code"><div><pre><span></span><code><a id="__codelineno-7-1" name="__codelineno-7-1"></a><span class="k">if</span><span class="w"> </span>command_list<span class="p">;</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="k">then</span>
+<a id="__codelineno-7-2" name="__codelineno-7-2"></a><span class="w">    </span>command_list<span class="p">;</span>
+<a id="__codelineno-7-3" name="__codelineno-7-3"></a><span class="k">elif</span><span class="w"> </span>command_list<span class="p">;</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="k">then</span>
+<a id="__codelineno-7-4" name="__codelineno-7-4"></a><span class="w">    </span>command_list<span class="p">;</span>
+<a id="__codelineno-7-5" name="__codelineno-7-5"></a><span class="k">else</span><span class="w"> </span>command_list<span class="p">;</span>
+<a id="__codelineno-7-6" name="__codelineno-7-6"></a><span class="k">fi</span>
+</code></pre></div></td></tr></table></div>
+<h3 id="test-command">Test Command</h3>
+<p><code>[[ argument_1 &lt;operator&gt; argument_2 ]]</code></p>
+<h3 id="arithmetic-expansion-and-evaluation">Arithmetic expansion and evaluation</h3>
+<p><code>(( expression ))</code></p>
+<h3 id="comparison-operators">Comparison Operators</h3>
+<div class="highlight"><table class="highlighttable"><tr><th colspan="2" class="filename"><span class="filename">Bash</span></th></tr><tr><td class="linenos"><div class="linenodiv"><pre><span></span><span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-8-1">1</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-8-2">2</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-8-3">3</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-8-4">4</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-8-5">5</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-8-6">6</a></span></pre></div></td><td class="code"><div><pre><span></span><code><a id="__codelineno-8-1" name="__codelineno-8-1"></a><span class="o">[[</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="s2">&quot;</span><span class="nv">$a</span><span class="s2">&quot;</span><span class="w"> </span>-eq<span class="w"> </span><span class="s2">&quot;</span><span class="nv">$b</span><span class="s2">&quot;</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="o">]]</span><span class="w">  </span><span class="c1"># is equal to</span>
+<a id="__codelineno-8-2" name="__codelineno-8-2"></a><span class="o">[[</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="s2">&quot;</span><span class="nv">$a</span><span class="s2">&quot;</span><span class="w"> </span>-ne<span class="w"> </span><span class="s2">&quot;</span><span class="nv">$b</span><span class="s2">&quot;</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="o">]]</span><span class="w">  </span><span class="c1"># in not equal to</span>
+<a id="__codelineno-8-3" name="__codelineno-8-3"></a><span class="o">[[</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="s2">&quot;</span><span class="nv">$a</span><span class="s2">&quot;</span><span class="w"> </span>-gt<span class="w"> </span><span class="s2">&quot;</span><span class="nv">$b</span><span class="s2">&quot;</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="o">]]</span><span class="w">  </span><span class="c1"># greater than</span>
+<a id="__codelineno-8-4" name="__codelineno-8-4"></a><span class="o">[[</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="s2">&quot;</span><span class="nv">$a</span><span class="s2">&quot;</span><span class="w"> </span>-ge<span class="w"> </span><span class="s2">&quot;</span><span class="nv">$b</span><span class="s2">&quot;</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="o">]]</span><span class="w">  </span><span class="c1"># greater than or equal to</span>
+<a id="__codelineno-8-5" name="__codelineno-8-5"></a><span class="o">[[</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="s2">&quot;</span><span class="nv">$a</span><span class="s2">&quot;</span><span class="w"> </span>-lt<span class="w"> </span><span class="s2">&quot;</span><span class="nv">$b</span><span class="s2">&quot;</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="o">]]</span><span class="w">  </span><span class="c1"># less than</span>
+<a id="__codelineno-8-6" name="__codelineno-8-6"></a><span class="o">[[</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="s2">&quot;</span><span class="nv">$a</span><span class="s2">&quot;</span><span class="w"> </span>-le<span class="w"> </span><span class="s2">&quot;</span><span class="nv">$b</span><span class="s2">&quot;</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="o">]]</span><span class="w">  </span><span class="c1"># less than or equal to</span>
+</code></pre></div></td></tr></table></div>
+<h3 id="arithmetic-comparison-operators">Arithmetic Comparison Operators</h3>
+<div class="highlight"><table class="highlighttable"><tr><th colspan="2" class="filename"><span class="filename">Bash</span></th></tr><tr><td class="linenos"><div class="linenodiv"><pre><span></span><span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-9-1">1</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-9-2">2</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-9-3">3</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-9-4">4</a></span></pre></div></td><td class="code"><div><pre><span></span><code><a id="__codelineno-9-1" name="__codelineno-9-1"></a><span class="o">((</span><span class="s2">&quot;</span><span class="nv">$a</span><span class="s2">&quot;</span><span class="w"> </span>&gt;<span class="w"> </span><span class="s2">&quot;</span><span class="nv">$b</span><span class="s2">&quot;</span><span class="o">))</span><span class="w">  </span><span class="c1"># greater than</span>
+<a id="__codelineno-9-2" name="__codelineno-9-2"></a><span class="o">((</span><span class="s2">&quot;</span><span class="nv">$a</span><span class="s2">&quot;</span><span class="w"> </span>&gt;<span class="o">=</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="s2">&quot;</span><span class="nv">$b</span><span class="s2">&quot;</span><span class="o">))</span><span class="w">   </span><span class="c1"># greater than or equal to</span>
+<a id="__codelineno-9-3" name="__codelineno-9-3"></a><span class="o">((</span><span class="s2">&quot;</span><span class="nv">$a</span><span class="s2">&quot;</span><span class="w"> </span>&lt;<span class="w"> </span><span class="s2">&quot;</span><span class="nv">$b</span><span class="s2">&quot;</span><span class="o">))</span><span class="w">  </span><span class="c1"># less than</span>
+<a id="__codelineno-9-4" name="__codelineno-9-4"></a><span class="o">((</span><span class="s2">&quot;</span><span class="nv">$a</span><span class="s2">&quot;</span><span class="w"> </span>&lt;<span class="o">=</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="s2">&quot;</span><span class="nv">$b</span><span class="s2">&quot;</span><span class="o">))</span><span class="w">   </span><span class="c1"># less than or equal to</span>
+</code></pre></div></td></tr></table></div>
+<h3 id="string-comparison-operators">String Comparison Operators</h3>
+<div class="highlight"><table class="highlighttable"><tr><th colspan="2" class="filename"><span class="filename">Bash</span></th></tr><tr><td class="linenos"><div class="linenodiv"><pre><span></span><span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-10-1"> 1</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-10-2"> 2</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-10-3"> 3</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-10-4"> 4</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-10-5"> 5</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-10-6"> 6</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-10-7"> 7</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-10-8"> 8</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-10-9"> 9</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-10-10">10</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-10-11">11</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-10-12">12</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-10-13">13</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-10-14">14</a></span></pre></div></td><td class="code"><div><pre><span></span><code><a id="__codelineno-10-1" name="__codelineno-10-1"></a><span class="o">[</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="s2">&quot;</span><span class="nv">$a</span><span class="s2">&quot;</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="o">=</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="s2">&quot;</span><span class="nv">$b</span><span class="s2">&quot;</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="o">]</span><span class="w">    </span><span class="c1"># is equal to (whitespace around operator)</span>
+<a id="__codelineno-10-2" name="__codelineno-10-2"></a>
+<a id="__codelineno-10-3" name="__codelineno-10-3"></a><span class="o">[[</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="nv">$a</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="o">==</span><span class="w"> </span>z*<span class="w"> </span><span class="o">]]</span><span class="w">     </span><span class="c1"># True if $a starts with an &quot;z&quot; (pattern matching)</span>
+<a id="__codelineno-10-4" name="__codelineno-10-4"></a><span class="o">[[</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="nv">$a</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="o">==</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="s2">&quot;z*&quot;</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="o">]]</span><span class="w">   </span><span class="c1"># True if $a is equal to z* (literal matching)</span>
+<a id="__codelineno-10-5" name="__codelineno-10-5"></a><span class="o">[</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="nv">$a</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="o">==</span><span class="w"> </span>z*<span class="w"> </span><span class="o">]</span><span class="w">       </span><span class="c1"># File globbing and word splitting take place</span>
+<a id="__codelineno-10-6" name="__codelineno-10-6"></a><span class="o">[</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="s2">&quot;</span><span class="nv">$a</span><span class="s2">&quot;</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="o">==</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="s2">&quot;z*&quot;</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="o">]</span><span class="w">   </span><span class="c1"># True if $a is equal to z* (literal matching)</span>
+<a id="__codelineno-10-7" name="__codelineno-10-7"></a>
+<a id="__codelineno-10-8" name="__codelineno-10-8"></a><span class="o">[</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="s2">&quot;</span><span class="nv">$a</span><span class="s2">&quot;</span><span class="w"> </span>!<span class="o">=</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="s2">&quot;</span><span class="nv">$b</span><span class="s2">&quot;</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="o">]</span><span class="w">   </span><span class="c1"># is not equal to, pattern matching within a [[ ... ]] construct</span>
+<a id="__codelineno-10-9" name="__codelineno-10-9"></a>
+<a id="__codelineno-10-10" name="__codelineno-10-10"></a><span class="o">[[</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="s2">&quot;</span><span class="nv">$a</span><span class="s2">&quot;</span><span class="w"> </span>&lt;<span class="w"> </span><span class="s2">&quot;</span><span class="nv">$b</span><span class="s2">&quot;</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="o">]]</span><span class="w">  </span><span class="c1"># is less than, in ASCII alphabetical order</span>
+<a id="__codelineno-10-11" name="__codelineno-10-11"></a><span class="o">[</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="s2">&quot;</span><span class="nv">$a</span><span class="s2">&quot;</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="se">\&lt;</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="s2">&quot;</span><span class="nv">$b</span><span class="s2">&quot;</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="o">]</span><span class="w">   </span><span class="c1"># &quot;&lt;&quot; needs to be escaped within a [ ] construct.</span>
+<a id="__codelineno-10-12" name="__codelineno-10-12"></a>
+<a id="__codelineno-10-13" name="__codelineno-10-13"></a><span class="o">[[</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="s2">&quot;</span><span class="nv">$a</span><span class="s2">&quot;</span><span class="w"> </span>&gt;<span class="w"> </span><span class="s2">&quot;</span><span class="nv">$b</span><span class="s2">&quot;</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="o">]]</span><span class="w">  </span><span class="c1"># is greater than, in ASCII alphabetical order</span>
+<a id="__codelineno-10-14" name="__codelineno-10-14"></a><span class="o">[</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="s2">&quot;</span><span class="nv">$a</span><span class="s2">&quot;</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="se">\&gt;</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="s2">&quot;</span><span class="nv">$b</span><span class="s2">&quot;</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="o">]</span><span class="w">   </span><span class="c1"># &quot;&gt;&quot; needs to be escaped within a [ ] construct.</span>
+</code></pre></div></td></tr></table></div>
+<h2 id="commands-short-circuit-evaluation">Commands short circuit evaluation</h2>
+<div class="highlight"><table class="highlighttable"><tr><th colspan="2" class="filename"><span class="filename">Bash</span></th></tr><tr><td class="linenos"><div class="linenodiv"><pre><span></span><span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-11-1">1</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-11-2">2</a></span></pre></div></td><td class="code"><div><pre><span></span><code><a id="__codelineno-11-1" name="__codelineno-11-1"></a>command_1<span class="w"> </span><span class="o">||</span><span class="w"> </span>command_2<span class="w">  </span><span class="c1"># if command_1 fails executes command_2</span>
+<a id="__codelineno-11-2" name="__codelineno-11-2"></a>command_1<span class="w"> </span><span class="o">&amp;&amp;</span><span class="w"> </span>command_2<span class="w">  </span><span class="c1"># executes command_2 only if command_1 succeeds</span>
+</code></pre></div></td></tr></table></div>
+<h2 id="loops">Loops</h2>
+<div class="highlight"><table class="highlighttable"><tr><th colspan="2" class="filename"><span class="filename">Bash</span></th></tr><tr><td class="linenos"><div class="linenodiv"><pre><span></span><span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-12-1">1</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-12-2">2</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-12-3">3</a></span></pre></div></td><td class="code"><div><pre><span></span><code><a id="__codelineno-12-1" name="__codelineno-12-1"></a><span class="k">for</span><span class="w"> </span>var<span class="w"> </span><span class="k">in</span><span class="w"> </span>iterable<span class="w"> </span><span class="p">;</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="k">do</span>
+<a id="__codelineno-12-2" name="__codelineno-12-2"></a><span class="w">    </span><span class="c1"># command here</span>
+<a id="__codelineno-12-3" name="__codelineno-12-3"></a><span class="k">done</span>
+</code></pre></div></td></tr></table></div>
+<h2 id="script-hardening">Script Hardening</h2>
+<div class="highlight"><table class="highlighttable"><tr><th colspan="2" class="filename"><span class="filename">Bash</span></th></tr><tr><td class="linenos"><div class="linenodiv"><pre><span></span><span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-13-1">1</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-13-2">2</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-13-3">3</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-13-4">4</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-13-5">5</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-13-6">6</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-13-7">7</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-13-8">8</a></span></pre></div></td><td class="code"><div><pre><span></span><code><a id="__codelineno-13-1" name="__codelineno-13-1"></a><span class="nb">set</span><span class="w"> </span>-o<span class="w"> </span>errexit<span class="w">  </span><span class="c1"># exit on error</span>
+<a id="__codelineno-13-2" name="__codelineno-13-2"></a><span class="nb">set</span><span class="w"> </span>-o<span class="w"> </span>nounset<span class="w">  </span><span class="c1"># fail on unset variable (bypass with ${VAR:-})</span>
+<a id="__codelineno-13-3" name="__codelineno-13-3"></a><span class="nb">set</span><span class="w"> </span>-o<span class="w"> </span>pipefail<span class="w">  </span><span class="c1"># file entire pipeline if one step fails</span>
+<a id="__codelineno-13-4" name="__codelineno-13-4"></a>
+<a id="__codelineno-13-5" name="__codelineno-13-5"></a><span class="c1"># hook to enable tracing</span>
+<a id="__codelineno-13-6" name="__codelineno-13-6"></a><span class="k">if</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="o">[[</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="s2">&quot;</span><span class="si">${</span><span class="nv">TRACE</span><span class="p">-0</span><span class="si">}</span><span class="s2">&quot;</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="o">==</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="s2">&quot;1&quot;</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="o">]]</span><span class="p">;</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="k">then</span>
+<a id="__codelineno-13-7" name="__codelineno-13-7"></a><span class="w">    </span><span class="nb">set</span><span class="w"> </span>-o<span class="w"> </span>xtrace
+<a id="__codelineno-13-8" name="__codelineno-13-8"></a><span class="k">fi</span>
+</code></pre></div></td></tr></table></div>
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+      <a href="../../containers/kubernetes.html" class="md-nav__link">
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+    <li class="md-nav__item">
+      <a href="../../databases/mongo-db.html" class="md-nav__link">
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+  <a href="#library-import" class="md-nav__link">
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+  <a href="#special-operators" class="md-nav__link">
+    <span class="md-ellipsis">
+      Special Operators
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+  
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+      Main Function
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+  
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+  <a href="#variables-types" class="md-nav__link">
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+    <span class="md-ellipsis">
+      Constant Declaration
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+</li>
+        
+          <li class="md-nav__item">
+  <a href="#variable-declaration" class="md-nav__link">
+    <span class="md-ellipsis">
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+  
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+  <a href="#type-casting" class="md-nav__link">
+    <span class="md-ellipsis">
+      Type Casting
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+          <li class="md-nav__item">
+  <a href="#variable-types" class="md-nav__link">
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+  <a href="#integer-numerals" class="md-nav__link">
+    <span class="md-ellipsis">
+      Integer Numerals
+    </span>
+  </a>
+  
+</li>
+        
+          <li class="md-nav__item">
+  <a href="#floating-point-numerals" class="md-nav__link">
+    <span class="md-ellipsis">
+      Floating Point Numerals
+    </span>
+  </a>
+  
+</li>
+        
+          <li class="md-nav__item">
+  <a href="#characterstring-literals" class="md-nav__link">
+    <span class="md-ellipsis">
+      Character/String Literals
+    </span>
+  </a>
+  
+</li>
+        
+          <li class="md-nav__item">
+  <a href="#special-characters" class="md-nav__link">
+    <span class="md-ellipsis">
+      Special Characters
+    </span>
+  </a>
+  
+</li>
+        
+      </ul>
+    </nav>
+  
+</li>
+      
+        <li class="md-nav__item">
+  <a href="#standard-inputoutput" class="md-nav__link">
+    <span class="md-ellipsis">
+      Standard Input/Output
+    </span>
+  </a>
+  
+    <nav class="md-nav" aria-label="Standard Input/Output">
+      <ul class="md-nav__list">
+        
+          <li class="md-nav__item">
+  <a href="#standard-output" class="md-nav__link">
+    <span class="md-ellipsis">
+      Standard Output
+    </span>
+  </a>
+  
+</li>
+        
+          <li class="md-nav__item">
+  <a href="#standard-input" class="md-nav__link">
+    <span class="md-ellipsis">
+      Standard Input
+    </span>
+  </a>
+  
+</li>
+        
+          <li class="md-nav__item">
+  <a href="#format-specifiers-widthlengthspecifier" class="md-nav__link">
+    <span class="md-ellipsis">
+      Format Specifiers %[width].[length][specifier]
+    </span>
+  </a>
+  
+</li>
+        
+      </ul>
+    </nav>
+  
+</li>
+      
+        <li class="md-nav__item">
+  <a href="#operators" class="md-nav__link">
+    <span class="md-ellipsis">
+      Operators
+    </span>
+  </a>
+  
+    <nav class="md-nav" aria-label="Operators">
+      <ul class="md-nav__list">
+        
+          <li class="md-nav__item">
+  <a href="#arithmetic-operators" class="md-nav__link">
+    <span class="md-ellipsis">
+      Arithmetic Operators
+    </span>
+  </a>
+  
+</li>
+        
+          <li class="md-nav__item">
+  <a href="#comparison-operators" class="md-nav__link">
+    <span class="md-ellipsis">
+      Comparison Operators
+    </span>
+  </a>
+  
+</li>
+        
+          <li class="md-nav__item">
+  <a href="#logical-operator" class="md-nav__link">
+    <span class="md-ellipsis">
+      Logical Operator
+    </span>
+  </a>
+  
+</li>
+        
+          <li class="md-nav__item">
+  <a href="#conditional-ternary-operator" class="md-nav__link">
+    <span class="md-ellipsis">
+      Conditional Ternary Operator
+    </span>
+  </a>
+  
+</li>
+        
+          <li class="md-nav__item">
+  <a href="#bitwise-operators" class="md-nav__link">
+    <span class="md-ellipsis">
+      Bitwise Operators
+    </span>
+  </a>
+  
+</li>
+        
+          <li class="md-nav__item">
+  <a href="#compound-assignment-operators" class="md-nav__link">
+    <span class="md-ellipsis">
+      Compound Assignment Operators
+    </span>
+  </a>
+  
+</li>
+        
+          <li class="md-nav__item">
+  <a href="#operator-precedence" class="md-nav__link">
+    <span class="md-ellipsis">
+      Operator Precedence
+    </span>
+  </a>
+  
+</li>
+        
+      </ul>
+    </nav>
+  
+</li>
+      
+        <li class="md-nav__item">
+  <a href="#common-functions" class="md-nav__link">
+    <span class="md-ellipsis">
+      Common Functions
+    </span>
+  </a>
+  
+    <nav class="md-nav" aria-label="Common Functions">
+      <ul class="md-nav__list">
+        
+          <li class="md-nav__item">
+  <a href="#mathematical-functions" class="md-nav__link">
+    <span class="md-ellipsis">
+      Mathematical Functions
+    </span>
+  </a>
+  
+</li>
+        
+          <li class="md-nav__item">
+  <a href="#character-functions" class="md-nav__link">
+    <span class="md-ellipsis">
+      Character Functions
+    </span>
+  </a>
+  
+</li>
+        
+          <li class="md-nav__item">
+  <a href="#string-functions" class="md-nav__link">
+    <span class="md-ellipsis">
+      String Functions
+    </span>
+  </a>
+  
+</li>
+        
+          <li class="md-nav__item">
+  <a href="#string-conversion" class="md-nav__link">
+    <span class="md-ellipsis">
+      String Conversion
+    </span>
+  </a>
+  
+</li>
+        
+          <li class="md-nav__item">
+  <a href="#string-methods" class="md-nav__link">
+    <span class="md-ellipsis">
+      String Methods
+    </span>
+  </a>
+  
+</li>
+        
+      </ul>
+    </nav>
+  
+</li>
+      
+        <li class="md-nav__item">
+  <a href="#vectors" class="md-nav__link">
+    <span class="md-ellipsis">
+      Vectors
+    </span>
+  </a>
+  
+</li>
+      
+        <li class="md-nav__item">
+  <a href="#decision-statements" class="md-nav__link">
+    <span class="md-ellipsis">
+      Decision Statements
+    </span>
+  </a>
+  
+    <nav class="md-nav" aria-label="Decision Statements">
+      <ul class="md-nav__list">
+        
+          <li class="md-nav__item">
+  <a href="#if-statements" class="md-nav__link">
+    <span class="md-ellipsis">
+      If Statements
+    </span>
+  </a>
+  
+</li>
+        
+          <li class="md-nav__item">
+  <a href="#switch" class="md-nav__link">
+    <span class="md-ellipsis">
+      Switch
+    </span>
+  </a>
+  
+</li>
+        
+      </ul>
+    </nav>
+  
+</li>
+      
+        <li class="md-nav__item">
+  <a href="#loop-statements" class="md-nav__link">
+    <span class="md-ellipsis">
+      Loop Statements
+    </span>
+  </a>
+  
+    <nav class="md-nav" aria-label="Loop Statements">
+      <ul class="md-nav__list">
+        
+          <li class="md-nav__item">
+  <a href="#while-loop" class="md-nav__link">
+    <span class="md-ellipsis">
+      While Loop
+    </span>
+  </a>
+  
+</li>
+        
+          <li class="md-nav__item">
+  <a href="#do-while" class="md-nav__link">
+    <span class="md-ellipsis">
+      Do While
+    </span>
+  </a>
+  
+</li>
+        
+          <li class="md-nav__item">
+  <a href="#for-loop" class="md-nav__link">
+    <span class="md-ellipsis">
+      For Loop
+    </span>
+  </a>
+  
+</li>
+        
+          <li class="md-nav__item">
+  <a href="#break-statement" class="md-nav__link">
+    <span class="md-ellipsis">
+      Break Statement
+    </span>
+  </a>
+  
+</li>
+        
+          <li class="md-nav__item">
+  <a href="#continue-statement" class="md-nav__link">
+    <span class="md-ellipsis">
+      Continue Statement
+    </span>
+  </a>
+  
+</li>
+        
+      </ul>
+    </nav>
+  
+</li>
+      
+        <li class="md-nav__item">
+  <a href="#functions" class="md-nav__link">
+    <span class="md-ellipsis">
+      Functions
+    </span>
+  </a>
+  
+    <nav class="md-nav" aria-label="Functions">
+      <ul class="md-nav__list">
+        
+          <li class="md-nav__item">
+  <a href="#arguments-passed-by-reference-without-pointers" class="md-nav__link">
+    <span class="md-ellipsis">
+      Arguments passed by reference without pointers
+    </span>
+  </a>
+  
+</li>
+        
+          <li class="md-nav__item">
+  <a href="#arguments-passed-by-reference-with-pointers" class="md-nav__link">
+    <span class="md-ellipsis">
+      Arguments passed by reference with pointers
+    </span>
+  </a>
+  
+</li>
+        
+      </ul>
+    </nav>
+  
+</li>
+      
+        <li class="md-nav__item">
+  <a href="#arrays" class="md-nav__link">
+    <span class="md-ellipsis">
+      Arrays
+    </span>
+  </a>
+  
+</li>
+      
+        <li class="md-nav__item">
+  <a href="#array-as-function-parameter" class="md-nav__link">
+    <span class="md-ellipsis">
+      Array as function parameter
+    </span>
+  </a>
+  
+    <nav class="md-nav" aria-label="Array as function parameter">
+      <ul class="md-nav__list">
+        
+          <li class="md-nav__item">
+  <a href="#multi-dimensional-array-matrix" class="md-nav__link">
+    <span class="md-ellipsis">
+      Multi-Dimensional Array (Matrix)
+    </span>
+  </a>
+  
+</li>
+        
+          <li class="md-nav__item">
+  <a href="#matrix-as-function-parameter" class="md-nav__link">
+    <span class="md-ellipsis">
+      Matrix as function parameter
+    </span>
+  </a>
+  
+</li>
+        
+      </ul>
+    </nav>
+  
+</li>
+      
+        <li class="md-nav__item">
+  <a href="#structs" class="md-nav__link">
+    <span class="md-ellipsis">
+      Structs
+    </span>
+  </a>
+  
+    <nav class="md-nav" aria-label="Structs">
+      <ul class="md-nav__list">
+        
+          <li class="md-nav__item">
+  <a href="#struct-definition" class="md-nav__link">
+    <span class="md-ellipsis">
+      Struct Definition
+    </span>
+  </a>
+  
+</li>
+        
+      </ul>
+    </nav>
+  
+</li>
+      
+        <li class="md-nav__item">
+  <a href="#pointers" class="md-nav__link">
+    <span class="md-ellipsis">
+      Pointers
+    </span>
+  </a>
+  
+    <nav class="md-nav" aria-label="Pointers">
+      <ul class="md-nav__list">
+        
+          <li class="md-nav__item">
+  <a href="#pointer-to-array" class="md-nav__link">
+    <span class="md-ellipsis">
+      Pointer to array
+    </span>
+  </a>
+  
+</li>
+        
+          <li class="md-nav__item">
+  <a href="#pointers-arrays-functions" class="md-nav__link">
+    <span class="md-ellipsis">
+      Pointers, Arrays &amp; Functions
+    </span>
+  </a>
+  
+</li>
+        
+          <li class="md-nav__item">
+  <a href="#pointer-to-struct" class="md-nav__link">
+    <span class="md-ellipsis">
+      Pointer to Struct
+    </span>
+  </a>
+  
+</li>
+        
+      </ul>
+    </nav>
+  
+</li>
+      
+        <li class="md-nav__item">
+  <a href="#dynamic-structures" class="md-nav__link">
+    <span class="md-ellipsis">
+      Dynamic Structures
+    </span>
+  </a>
+  
+    <nav class="md-nav" aria-label="Dynamic Structures">
+      <ul class="md-nav__list">
+        
+          <li class="md-nav__item">
+  <a href="#stack" class="md-nav__link">
+    <span class="md-ellipsis">
+      Stack
+    </span>
+  </a>
+  
+    <nav class="md-nav" aria-label="Stack">
+      <ul class="md-nav__list">
+        
+          <li class="md-nav__item">
+  <a href="#node-insertion" class="md-nav__link">
+    <span class="md-ellipsis">
+      Node Insertion
+    </span>
+  </a>
+  
+</li>
+        
+          <li class="md-nav__item">
+  <a href="#node-deletion" class="md-nav__link">
+    <span class="md-ellipsis">
+      Node Deletion
+    </span>
+  </a>
+  
+</li>
+        
+          <li class="md-nav__item">
+  <a href="#passing-head-to-functions" class="md-nav__link">
+    <span class="md-ellipsis">
+      Passing Head To Functions
+    </span>
+  </a>
+  
+</li>
+        
+      </ul>
+    </nav>
+  
+</li>
+        
+          <li class="md-nav__item">
+  <a href="#queue" class="md-nav__link">
+    <span class="md-ellipsis">
+      Queue
+    </span>
+  </a>
+  
+</li>
+        
+          <li class="md-nav__item">
+  <a href="#linked-list" class="md-nav__link">
+    <span class="md-ellipsis">
+      Linked List
+    </span>
+  </a>
+  
+</li>
+        
+          <li class="md-nav__item">
+  <a href="#dynamic-memory-allocation" class="md-nav__link">
+    <span class="md-ellipsis">
+      Dynamic Memory Allocation
+    </span>
+  </a>
+  
+</li>
+        
+      </ul>
+    </nav>
+  
+</li>
+      
+        <li class="md-nav__item">
+  <a href="#files" class="md-nav__link">
+    <span class="md-ellipsis">
+      Files
+    </span>
+  </a>
+  
+    <nav class="md-nav" aria-label="Files">
+      <ul class="md-nav__list">
+        
+          <li class="md-nav__item">
+  <a href="#file-opening" class="md-nav__link">
+    <span class="md-ellipsis">
+      File Opening
+    </span>
+  </a>
+  
+</li>
+        
+          <li class="md-nav__item">
+  <a href="#stream-state-input-errors" class="md-nav__link">
+    <span class="md-ellipsis">
+      Stream state &amp; Input errors
+    </span>
+  </a>
+  
+</li>
+        
+      </ul>
+    </nav>
+  
+</li>
+      
+    </ul>
+  
+</nav>
+      
+    </li>
+  
+
+              
+            
+              
+                
+  
+  
+  
+  
+    <li class="md-nav__item">
+      <a href="../kotlin/kotlin.html" class="md-nav__link">
+        
+  
+  <span class="md-ellipsis">
+    Kotlin
+  </span>
+  
+
+      </a>
+    </li>
+  
+
+              
+            
+              
+                
+  
+  
+  
+  
+    <li class="md-nav__item">
+      <a href="../swift/swift.html" class="md-nav__link">
+        
+  
+  <span class="md-ellipsis">
+    Swift
+  </span>
+  
+
+      </a>
+    </li>
+  
+
+              
+            
+              
+                
+  
+  
+  
+  
+    
+    
+      
+        
+      
+        
+      
+    
+    
+      
+      
+        
+          
+          
+        
+      
+    
+    
+    <li class="md-nav__item md-nav__item--section md-nav__item--nested">
+      
+        
+        
+        <input class="md-nav__toggle md-toggle " type="checkbox" id="__nav_4_7" >
+        
+          
+          <label class="md-nav__link" for="__nav_4_7" id="__nav_4_7_label" tabindex="">
+            
+  
+  <span class="md-ellipsis">
+    Assembly
+  </span>
+  
+
+            <span class="md-nav__icon md-icon"></span>
+          </label>
+        
+        <nav class="md-nav" data-md-level="2" aria-labelledby="__nav_4_7_label" aria-expanded="false">
+          <label class="md-nav__title" for="__nav_4_7">
+            <span class="md-nav__icon md-icon"></span>
+            Assembly
+          </label>
+          <ul class="md-nav__list" data-md-scrollfix>
+            
+              
+                
+  
+  
+  
+  
+    <li class="md-nav__item">
+      <a href="../assembly/intel.html" class="md-nav__link">
+        
+  
+  <span class="md-ellipsis">
+    Intel
+  </span>
+  
+
+      </a>
+    </li>
+  
+
+              
+            
+              
+                
+  
+  
+  
+  
+    <li class="md-nav__item">
+      <a href="../assembly/riscv.html" class="md-nav__link">
+        
+  
+  <span class="md-ellipsis">
+    RISC-V
+  </span>
+  
+
+      </a>
+    </li>
+  
+
+              
+            
+          </ul>
+        </nav>
+      
+    </li>
+  
+
+              
+            
+              
+                
+  
+  
+  
+  
+    
+    
+      
+        
+      
+        
+      
+        
+      
+    
+    
+      
+      
+        
+          
+          
+        
+      
+    
+    
+    <li class="md-nav__item md-nav__item--section md-nav__item--nested">
+      
+        
+        
+        <input class="md-nav__toggle md-toggle " type="checkbox" id="__nav_4_8" >
+        
+          
+          <label class="md-nav__link" for="__nav_4_8" id="__nav_4_8_label" tabindex="">
+            
+  
+  <span class="md-ellipsis">
+    Python
+  </span>
+  
+
+            <span class="md-nav__icon md-icon"></span>
+          </label>
+        
+        <nav class="md-nav" data-md-level="2" aria-labelledby="__nav_4_8_label" aria-expanded="false">
+          <label class="md-nav__title" for="__nav_4_8">
+            <span class="md-nav__icon md-icon"></span>
+            Python
+          </label>
+          <ul class="md-nav__list" data-md-scrollfix>
+            
+              
+                
+  
+  
+  
+  
+    <li class="md-nav__item">
+      <a href="../python/python.html" class="md-nav__link">
+        
+  
+  <span class="md-ellipsis">
+    Python
+  </span>
+  
+
+      </a>
+    </li>
+  
+
+              
+            
+              
+                
+  
+  
+  
+  
+    
+    
+      
+        
+      
+        
+      
+        
+      
+        
+      
+        
+      
+        
+      
+        
+      
+        
+      
+        
+      
+        
+      
+        
+      
+        
+      
+        
+      
+    
+    
+      
+      
+        
+      
+    
+    
+    <li class="md-nav__item md-nav__item--nested">
+      
+        
+        
+        <input class="md-nav__toggle md-toggle " type="checkbox" id="__nav_4_8_2" >
+        
+          
+          <label class="md-nav__link" for="__nav_4_8_2" id="__nav_4_8_2_label" tabindex="0">
+            
+  
+  <span class="md-ellipsis">
+    Modules
+  </span>
+  
+
+            <span class="md-nav__icon md-icon"></span>
+          </label>
+        
+        <nav class="md-nav" data-md-level="3" aria-labelledby="__nav_4_8_2_label" aria-expanded="false">
+          <label class="md-nav__title" for="__nav_4_8_2">
+            <span class="md-nav__icon md-icon"></span>
+            Modules
+          </label>
+          <ul class="md-nav__list" data-md-scrollfix>
+            
+              
+                
+  
+  
+  
+  
+    <li class="md-nav__item">
+      <a href="../python/modules/argparse.html" class="md-nav__link">
+        
+  
+  <span class="md-ellipsis">
+    argparse
+  </span>
+  
+
+      </a>
+    </li>
+  
+
+              
+            
+              
+                
+  
+  
+  
+  
+    <li class="md-nav__item">
+      <a href="../python/modules/collections.html" class="md-nav__link">
+        
+  
+  <span class="md-ellipsis">
+    collection
+  </span>
+  
+
+      </a>
+    </li>
+  
+
+              
+            
+              
+                
+  
+  
+  
+  
+    <li class="md-nav__item">
+      <a href="../python/modules/csv.html" class="md-nav__link">
+        
+  
+  <span class="md-ellipsis">
+    csv
+  </span>
+  
+
+      </a>
+    </li>
+  
+
+              
+            
+              
+                
+  
+  
+  
+  
+    <li class="md-nav__item">
+      <a href="../python/modules/ftplib.html" class="md-nav__link">
+        
+  
+  <span class="md-ellipsis">
+    ftplib
+  </span>
+  
+
+      </a>
+    </li>
+  
+
+              
+            
+              
+                
+  
+  
+  
+  
+    <li class="md-nav__item">
+      <a href="../python/modules/itertools.html" class="md-nav__link">
+        
+  
+  <span class="md-ellipsis">
+    itertools
+  </span>
+  
+
+      </a>
+    </li>
+  
+
+              
+            
+              
+                
+  
+  
+  
+  
+    <li class="md-nav__item">
+      <a href="../python/modules/json.html" class="md-nav__link">
+        
+  
+  <span class="md-ellipsis">
+    json
+  </span>
+  
+
+      </a>
+    </li>
+  
+
+              
+            
+              
+                
+  
+  
+  
+  
+    <li class="md-nav__item">
+      <a href="../python/modules/logging.html" class="md-nav__link">
+        
+  
+  <span class="md-ellipsis">
+    logging
+  </span>
+  
+
+      </a>
+    </li>
+  
+
+              
+            
+              
+                
+  
+  
+  
+  
+    <li class="md-nav__item">
+      <a href="../python/modules/shutil.html" class="md-nav__link">
+        
+  
+  <span class="md-ellipsis">
+    shutil
+  </span>
+  
+
+      </a>
+    </li>
+  
+
+              
+            
+              
+                
+  
+  
+  
+  
+    <li class="md-nav__item">
+      <a href="../python/modules/smtplib.html" class="md-nav__link">
+        
+  
+  <span class="md-ellipsis">
+    smtplib
+  </span>
+  
+
+      </a>
+    </li>
+  
+
+              
+            
+              
+                
+  
+  
+  
+  
+    <li class="md-nav__item">
+      <a href="../python/modules/socket.html" class="md-nav__link">
+        
+  
+  <span class="md-ellipsis">
+    socket
+  </span>
+  
+
+      </a>
+    </li>
+  
+
+              
+            
+              
+                
+  
+  
+  
+  
+    <li class="md-nav__item">
+      <a href="../python/modules/sqlite.html" class="md-nav__link">
+        
+  
+  <span class="md-ellipsis">
+    sqlite
+  </span>
+  
+
+      </a>
+    </li>
+  
+
+              
+            
+              
+                
+  
+  
+  
+  
+    <li class="md-nav__item">
+      <a href="../python/modules/time-datetime.html" class="md-nav__link">
+        
+  
+  <span class="md-ellipsis">
+    time & datetime
+  </span>
+  
+
+      </a>
+    </li>
+  
+
+              
+            
+              
+                
+  
+  
+  
+  
+    <li class="md-nav__item">
+      <a href="../python/modules/unittest.html" class="md-nav__link">
+        
+  
+  <span class="md-ellipsis">
+    unittest
+  </span>
+  
+
+      </a>
+    </li>
+  
+
+              
+            
+          </ul>
+        </nav>
+      
+    </li>
+  
+
+              
+            
+              
+                
+  
+  
+  
+  
+    
+    
+      
+        
+      
+        
+      
+        
+      
+        
+      
+        
+      
+        
+      
+    
+    
+      
+      
+        
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+    
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+            
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+  <span class="md-ellipsis">
+    Libraries
+  </span>
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+            <span class="md-nav__icon md-icon"></span>
+          </label>
+        
+        <nav class="md-nav" data-md-level="3" aria-labelledby="__nav_4_8_3_label" aria-expanded="false">
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+          </label>
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+            
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+  
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+  
+  
+    <li class="md-nav__item">
+      <a href="../python/libs/tkinter.html" class="md-nav__link">
+        
+  
+  <span class="md-ellipsis">
+    TKinter
+  </span>
+  
+
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+    </li>
+  
+
+              
+            
+              
+                
+  
+  
+  
+  
+    <li class="md-nav__item">
+      <a href="../python/libs/numpy.html" class="md-nav__link">
+        
+  
+  <span class="md-ellipsis">
+    Numpy
+  </span>
+  
+
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+    </li>
+  
+
+              
+            
+              
+                
+  
+  
+  
+  
+    <li class="md-nav__item">
+      <a href="../python/libs/pandas.html" class="md-nav__link">
+        
+  
+  <span class="md-ellipsis">
+    Pandas
+  </span>
+  
+
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+    </li>
+  
+
+              
+            
+              
+                
+  
+  
+  
+  
+    <li class="md-nav__item">
+      <a href="../python/libs/seaborn.html" class="md-nav__link">
+        
+  
+  <span class="md-ellipsis">
+    Seaborn
+  </span>
+  
+
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+    </li>
+  
+
+              
+            
+              
+                
+  
+  
+  
+  
+    <li class="md-nav__item">
+      <a href="../python/libs/requests.html" class="md-nav__link">
+        
+  
+  <span class="md-ellipsis">
+    Requests
+  </span>
+  
+
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+    </li>
+  
+
+              
+            
+              
+                
+  
+  
+  
+  
+    <li class="md-nav__item">
+      <a href="../python/libs/beautiful-soup.html" class="md-nav__link">
+        
+  
+  <span class="md-ellipsis">
+    Beatiful Soup
+  </span>
+  
+
+      </a>
+    </li>
+  
+
+              
+            
+          </ul>
+        </nav>
+      
+    </li>
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+                
+  
+  
+  
+  
+    
+    
+      
+        
+      
+        
+      
+        
+      
+    
+    
+      
+      
+        
+          
+          
+        
+      
+    
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+        
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+          <label class="md-nav__link" for="__nav_4_9" id="__nav_4_9_label" tabindex="">
+            
+  
+  <span class="md-ellipsis">
+    .NET
+  </span>
+  
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+          </label>
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+        <nav class="md-nav" data-md-level="2" aria-labelledby="__nav_4_9_label" aria-expanded="false">
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+            .NET
+          </label>
+          <ul class="md-nav__list" data-md-scrollfix>
+            
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+  
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+  
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+        
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+  </span>
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+            C#
+          </label>
+          <ul class="md-nav__list" data-md-scrollfix>
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+    <li class="md-nav__item">
+      <a href="../dotnet/csharp/csharp.html" class="md-nav__link">
+        
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+  <span class="md-ellipsis">
+    C#
+  </span>
+  
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+  
+
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+  
+  
+    <li class="md-nav__item">
+      <a href="../dotnet/csharp/linq.html" class="md-nav__link">
+        
+  
+  <span class="md-ellipsis">
+    Linq
+  </span>
+  
+
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+  
+
+              
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+              
+                
+  
+  
+  
+  
+    <li class="md-nav__item">
+      <a href="../dotnet/csharp/collections.html" class="md-nav__link">
+        
+  
+  <span class="md-ellipsis">
+    Collections
+  </span>
+  
+
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+    </li>
+  
+
+              
+            
+              
+                
+  
+  
+  
+  
+    <li class="md-nav__item">
+      <a href="../dotnet/csharp/reactive-extensions.html" class="md-nav__link">
+        
+  
+  <span class="md-ellipsis">
+    Reactive Extensions
+  </span>
+  
+
+      </a>
+    </li>
+  
+
+              
+            
+              
+                
+  
+  
+  
+  
+    <li class="md-nav__item">
+      <a href="../dotnet/csharp/async-programming.html" class="md-nav__link">
+        
+  
+  <span class="md-ellipsis">
+    Async Programming
+  </span>
+  
+
+      </a>
+    </li>
+  
+
+              
+            
+              
+                
+  
+  
+  
+  
+    <li class="md-nav__item">
+      <a href="../dotnet/csharp/unit-tests.html" class="md-nav__link">
+        
+  
+  <span class="md-ellipsis">
+    Unit Tests
+  </span>
+  
+
+      </a>
+    </li>
+  
+
+              
+            
+          </ul>
+        </nav>
+      
+    </li>
+  
+
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+            
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+                
+  
+  
+  
+  
+    
+    
+      
+        
+      
+        
+      
+        
+      
+        
+      
+        
+      
+        
+      
+        
+      
+    
+    
+      
+      
+        
+      
+    
+    
+    <li class="md-nav__item md-nav__item--nested">
+      
+        
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+        <input class="md-nav__toggle md-toggle " type="checkbox" id="__nav_4_9_2" >
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+          <label class="md-nav__link" for="__nav_4_9_2" id="__nav_4_9_2_label" tabindex="0">
+            
+  
+  <span class="md-ellipsis">
+    ASP.NET
+  </span>
+  
+
+            <span class="md-nav__icon md-icon"></span>
+          </label>
+        
+        <nav class="md-nav" data-md-level="3" aria-labelledby="__nav_4_9_2_label" aria-expanded="false">
+          <label class="md-nav__title" for="__nav_4_9_2">
+            <span class="md-nav__icon md-icon"></span>
+            ASP.NET
+          </label>
+          <ul class="md-nav__list" data-md-scrollfix>
+            
+              
+                
+  
+  
+  
+  
+    <li class="md-nav__item">
+      <a href="../dotnet/asp.net/minimal-api.html" class="md-nav__link">
+        
+  
+  <span class="md-ellipsis">
+    Minimal API
+  </span>
+  
+
+      </a>
+    </li>
+  
+
+              
+            
+              
+                
+  
+  
+  
+  
+    <li class="md-nav__item">
+      <a href="../dotnet/asp.net/filters.html" class="md-nav__link">
+        
+  
+  <span class="md-ellipsis">
+    FIlters
+  </span>
+  
+
+      </a>
+    </li>
+  
+
+              
+            
+              
+                
+  
+  
+  
+  
+    <li class="md-nav__item">
+      <a href="../dotnet/asp.net/middleware.html" class="md-nav__link">
+        
+  
+  <span class="md-ellipsis">
+    Middleware
+  </span>
+  
+
+      </a>
+    </li>
+  
+
+              
+            
+              
+                
+  
+  
+  
+  
+    <li class="md-nav__item">
+      <a href="../dotnet/asp.net/razor-syntax.html" class="md-nav__link">
+        
+  
+  <span class="md-ellipsis">
+    Razor Syntax
+  </span>
+  
+
+      </a>
+    </li>
+  
+
+              
+            
+              
+                
+  
+  
+  
+  
+    <li class="md-nav__item">
+      <a href="../dotnet/asp.net/blazor.html" class="md-nav__link">
+        
+  
+  <span class="md-ellipsis">
+    Blazor
+  </span>
+  
+
+      </a>
+    </li>
+  
+
+              
+            
+              
+                
+  
+  
+  
+  
+    <li class="md-nav__item">
+      <a href="../dotnet/asp.net/signalr.html" class="md-nav__link">
+        
+  
+  <span class="md-ellipsis">
+    SignalR
+  </span>
+  
+
+      </a>
+    </li>
+  
+
+              
+            
+              
+                
+  
+  
+  
+  
+    <li class="md-nav__item">
+      <a href="../dotnet/asp.net/web-forms.html" class="md-nav__link">
+        
+  
+  <span class="md-ellipsis">
+    Web Forms
+  </span>
+  
+
+      </a>
+    </li>
+  
+
+              
+            
+          </ul>
+        </nav>
+      
+    </li>
+  
+
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+            
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+                
+  
+  
+  
+  
+    
+    
+      
+        
+      
+        
+      
+    
+    
+      
+      
+        
+      
+    
+    
+    <li class="md-nav__item md-nav__item--nested">
+      
+        
+        
+        <input class="md-nav__toggle md-toggle " type="checkbox" id="__nav_4_9_3" >
+        
+          
+          <label class="md-nav__link" for="__nav_4_9_3" id="__nav_4_9_3_label" tabindex="0">
+            
+  
+  <span class="md-ellipsis">
+    Database
+  </span>
+  
+
+            <span class="md-nav__icon md-icon"></span>
+          </label>
+        
+        <nav class="md-nav" data-md-level="3" aria-labelledby="__nav_4_9_3_label" aria-expanded="false">
+          <label class="md-nav__title" for="__nav_4_9_3">
+            <span class="md-nav__icon md-icon"></span>
+            Database
+          </label>
+          <ul class="md-nav__list" data-md-scrollfix>
+            
+              
+                
+  
+  
+  
+  
+    <li class="md-nav__item">
+      <a href="../dotnet/database/ado.net.html" class="md-nav__link">
+        
+  
+  <span class="md-ellipsis">
+    ADO.NET
+  </span>
+  
+
+      </a>
+    </li>
+  
+
+              
+            
+              
+                
+  
+  
+  
+  
+    <li class="md-nav__item">
+      <a href="../dotnet/database/entity-framework.html" class="md-nav__link">
+        
+  
+  <span class="md-ellipsis">
+    Entity Framework
+  </span>
+  
+
+      </a>
+    </li>
+  
+
+              
+            
+          </ul>
+        </nav>
+      
+    </li>
+  
+
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+            
+          </ul>
+        </nav>
+      
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+  
+
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+            
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+                
+  
+  
+  
+  
+    
+    
+      
+        
+      
+        
+      
+        
+      
+        
+      
+    
+    
+      
+      
+        
+          
+          
+        
+      
+    
+    
+    <li class="md-nav__item md-nav__item--section md-nav__item--nested">
+      
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+        <input class="md-nav__toggle md-toggle " type="checkbox" id="__nav_4_10" >
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+          <label class="md-nav__link" for="__nav_4_10" id="__nav_4_10_label" tabindex="">
+            
+  
+  <span class="md-ellipsis">
+    Java
+  </span>
+  
+
+            <span class="md-nav__icon md-icon"></span>
+          </label>
+        
+        <nav class="md-nav" data-md-level="2" aria-labelledby="__nav_4_10_label" aria-expanded="false">
+          <label class="md-nav__title" for="__nav_4_10">
+            <span class="md-nav__icon md-icon"></span>
+            Java
+          </label>
+          <ul class="md-nav__list" data-md-scrollfix>
+            
+              
+                
+  
+  
+  
+  
+    <li class="md-nav__item">
+      <a href="../java/java.html" class="md-nav__link">
+        
+  
+  <span class="md-ellipsis">
+    Java
+  </span>
+  
+
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+    </li>
+  
+
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+            
+              
+                
+  
+  
+  
+  
+    <li class="md-nav__item">
+      <a href="../java/java-collection-framework.html" class="md-nav__link">
+        
+  
+  <span class="md-ellipsis">
+    Java Collection Framework
+  </span>
+  
+
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+    </li>
+  
+
+              
+            
+              
+                
+  
+  
+  
+  
+    <li class="md-nav__item">
+      <a href="../java/dao.html" class="md-nav__link">
+        
+  
+  <span class="md-ellipsis">
+    DAO
+  </span>
+  
+
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+    </li>
+  
+
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+            
+              
+                
+  
+  
+  
+  
+    
+    
+      
+        
+      
+        
+      
+    
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+      
+        
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+            
+  
+  <span class="md-ellipsis">
+    Web
+  </span>
+  
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+          </label>
+        
+        <nav class="md-nav" data-md-level="3" aria-labelledby="__nav_4_10_4_label" aria-expanded="false">
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+            <span class="md-nav__icon md-icon"></span>
+            Web
+          </label>
+          <ul class="md-nav__list" data-md-scrollfix>
+            
+              
+                
+  
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+  
+  
+    <li class="md-nav__item">
+      <a href="../java/web/servlet.html" class="md-nav__link">
+        
+  
+  <span class="md-ellipsis">
+    Serverlet
+  </span>
+  
+
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+    </li>
+  
+
+              
+            
+              
+                
+  
+  
+  
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+    
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+        
+      
+    
+    
+      
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+            
+  
+  <span class="md-ellipsis">
+    Spring
+  </span>
+  
+
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+          </label>
+        
+        <nav class="md-nav" data-md-level="4" aria-labelledby="__nav_4_10_4_2_label" aria-expanded="false">
+          <label class="md-nav__title" for="__nav_4_10_4_2">
+            <span class="md-nav__icon md-icon"></span>
+            Spring
+          </label>
+          <ul class="md-nav__list" data-md-scrollfix>
+            
+              
+                
+  
+  
+  
+  
+    <li class="md-nav__item">
+      <a href="../java/spring/pom.xml.html" class="md-nav__link">
+        
+  
+  <span class="md-ellipsis">
+    POM
+  </span>
+  
+
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+    </li>
+  
+
+              
+            
+              
+                
+  
+  
+  
+  
+    <li class="md-nav__item">
+      <a href="../java/spring/spring-project.html" class="md-nav__link">
+        
+  
+  <span class="md-ellipsis">
+    Project Structure
+  </span>
+  
+
+      </a>
+    </li>
+  
+
+              
+            
+          </ul>
+        </nav>
+      
+    </li>
+  
+
+              
+            
+          </ul>
+        </nav>
+      
+    </li>
+  
+
+              
+            
+          </ul>
+        </nav>
+      
+    </li>
+  
+
+              
+            
+              
+                
+  
+  
+  
+  
+    
+    
+      
+        
+      
+        
+      
+        
+      
+        
+      
+        
+      
+        
+      
+        
+      
+        
+      
+        
+      
+    
+    
+      
+      
+        
+          
+          
+        
+      
+    
+    
+    <li class="md-nav__item md-nav__item--section md-nav__item--nested">
+      
+        
+        
+        <input class="md-nav__toggle md-toggle " type="checkbox" id="__nav_4_11" >
+        
+          
+          <label class="md-nav__link" for="__nav_4_11" id="__nav_4_11_label" tabindex="">
+            
+  
+  <span class="md-ellipsis">
+    PHP
+  </span>
+  
+
+            <span class="md-nav__icon md-icon"></span>
+          </label>
+        
+        <nav class="md-nav" data-md-level="2" aria-labelledby="__nav_4_11_label" aria-expanded="false">
+          <label class="md-nav__title" for="__nav_4_11">
+            <span class="md-nav__icon md-icon"></span>
+            PHP
+          </label>
+          <ul class="md-nav__list" data-md-scrollfix>
+            
+              
+                
+  
+  
+  
+  
+    <li class="md-nav__item">
+      <a href="../php/php.html" class="md-nav__link">
+        
+  
+  <span class="md-ellipsis">
+    PHP
+  </span>
+  
+
+      </a>
+    </li>
+  
+
+              
+            
+              
+                
+  
+  
+  
+  
+    <li class="md-nav__item">
+      <a href="../php/database.html" class="md-nav__link">
+        
+  
+  <span class="md-ellipsis">
+    Database
+  </span>
+  
+
+      </a>
+    </li>
+  
+
+              
+            
+              
+                
+  
+  
+  
+  
+    <li class="md-nav__item">
+      <a href="../php/web.html" class="md-nav__link">
+        
+  
+  <span class="md-ellipsis">
+    Web
+  </span>
+  
+
+      </a>
+    </li>
+  
+
+              
+            
+              
+                
+  
+  
+  
+  
+    <li class="md-nav__item">
+      <a href="../php/dependency-injection.html" class="md-nav__link">
+        
+  
+  <span class="md-ellipsis">
+    Dependency Injection
+  </span>
+  
+
+      </a>
+    </li>
+  
+
+              
+            
+              
+                
+  
+  
+  
+  
+    <li class="md-nav__item">
+      <a href="../php/unit-tests.html" class="md-nav__link">
+        
+  
+  <span class="md-ellipsis">
+    Unit Tests
+  </span>
+  
+
+      </a>
+    </li>
+  
+
+              
+            
+              
+                
+  
+  
+  
+  
+    <li class="md-nav__item">
+      <a href="../php/composer.html" class="md-nav__link">
+        
+  
+  <span class="md-ellipsis">
+    Composer
+  </span>
+  
+
+      </a>
+    </li>
+  
+
+              
+            
+              
+                
+  
+  
+  
+  
+    <li class="md-nav__item">
+      <a href="../php/psr-7.html" class="md-nav__link">
+        
+  
+  <span class="md-ellipsis">
+    PSR 7
+  </span>
+  
+
+      </a>
+    </li>
+  
+
+              
+            
+              
+                
+  
+  
+  
+  
+    <li class="md-nav__item">
+      <a href="../php/plates-templating.html" class="md-nav__link">
+        
+  
+  <span class="md-ellipsis">
+    Plates
+  </span>
+  
+
+      </a>
+    </li>
+  
+
+              
+            
+              
+                
+  
+  
+  
+  
+    
+    
+      
+        
+      
+        
+      
+    
+    
+      
+      
+        
+      
+    
+    
+    <li class="md-nav__item md-nav__item--nested">
+      
+        
+        
+        <input class="md-nav__toggle md-toggle " type="checkbox" id="__nav_4_11_9" >
+        
+          
+          <label class="md-nav__link" for="__nav_4_11_9" id="__nav_4_11_9_label" tabindex="0">
+            
+  
+  <span class="md-ellipsis">
+    Simple MVC
+  </span>
+  
+
+            <span class="md-nav__icon md-icon"></span>
+          </label>
+        
+        <nav class="md-nav" data-md-level="3" aria-labelledby="__nav_4_11_9_label" aria-expanded="false">
+          <label class="md-nav__title" for="__nav_4_11_9">
+            <span class="md-nav__icon md-icon"></span>
+            Simple MVC
+          </label>
+          <ul class="md-nav__list" data-md-scrollfix>
+            
+              
+                
+  
+  
+  
+  
+    <li class="md-nav__item">
+      <a href="../php/simple-mvc/simple-mvc.html" class="md-nav__link">
+        
+  
+  <span class="md-ellipsis">
+    Simple MVC
+  </span>
+  
+
+      </a>
+    </li>
+  
+
+              
+            
+              
+                
+  
+  
+  
+  
+    <li class="md-nav__item">
+      <a href="../php/simple-mvc/rest-api.html" class="md-nav__link">
+        
+  
+  <span class="md-ellipsis">
+    REST API
+  </span>
+  
+
+      </a>
+    </li>
+  
+
+              
+            
+          </ul>
+        </nav>
+      
+    </li>
+  
+
+              
+            
+          </ul>
+        </nav>
+      
+    </li>
+  
+
+              
+            
+              
+                
+  
+  
+  
+  
+    
+    
+      
+        
+      
+        
+      
+        
+      
+        
+      
+        
+      
+    
+    
+      
+      
+        
+          
+          
+        
+      
+    
+    
+    <li class="md-nav__item md-nav__item--section md-nav__item--nested">
+      
+        
+        
+        <input class="md-nav__toggle md-toggle " type="checkbox" id="__nav_4_12" >
+        
+          
+          <label class="md-nav__link" for="__nav_4_12" id="__nav_4_12_label" tabindex="">
+            
+  
+  <span class="md-ellipsis">
+    Rust
+  </span>
+  
+
+            <span class="md-nav__icon md-icon"></span>
+          </label>
+        
+        <nav class="md-nav" data-md-level="2" aria-labelledby="__nav_4_12_label" aria-expanded="false">
+          <label class="md-nav__title" for="__nav_4_12">
+            <span class="md-nav__icon md-icon"></span>
+            Rust
+          </label>
+          <ul class="md-nav__list" data-md-scrollfix>
+            
+              
+                
+  
+  
+  
+  
+    <li class="md-nav__item">
+      <a href="../rust/rust.html" class="md-nav__link">
+        
+  
+  <span class="md-ellipsis">
+    Rust
+  </span>
+  
+
+      </a>
+    </li>
+  
+
+              
+            
+              
+                
+  
+  
+  
+  
+    <li class="md-nav__item">
+      <a href="../rust/macros.html" class="md-nav__link">
+        
+  
+  <span class="md-ellipsis">
+    Macros
+  </span>
+  
+
+      </a>
+    </li>
+  
+
+              
+            
+              
+                
+  
+  
+  
+  
+    <li class="md-nav__item">
+      <a href="../rust/cargo.html" class="md-nav__link">
+        
+  
+  <span class="md-ellipsis">
+    Cargo
+  </span>
+  
+
+      </a>
+    </li>
+  
+
+              
+            
+              
+                
+  
+  
+  
+  
+    <li class="md-nav__item">
+      <a href="../rust/concurrency.html" class="md-nav__link">
+        
+  
+  <span class="md-ellipsis">
+    Concurrency
+  </span>
+  
+
+      </a>
+    </li>
+  
+
+              
+            
+              
+                
+  
+  
+  
+  
+    <li class="md-nav__item">
+      <a href="../rust/unit-tests.html" class="md-nav__link">
+        
+  
+  <span class="md-ellipsis">
+    Unit Tests
+  </span>
+  
+
+      </a>
+    </li>
+  
+
+              
+            
+          </ul>
+        </nav>
+      
+    </li>
+  
+
+              
+            
+              
+                
+  
+  
+  
+  
+    
+    
+      
+        
+      
+        
+      
+        
+      
+        
+      
+        
+      
+        
+      
+        
+      
+    
+    
+      
+      
+        
+          
+          
+        
+      
+    
+    
+    <li class="md-nav__item md-nav__item--section md-nav__item--nested">
+      
+        
+        
+        <input class="md-nav__toggle md-toggle " type="checkbox" id="__nav_4_13" >
+        
+          
+          <label class="md-nav__link" for="__nav_4_13" id="__nav_4_13_label" tabindex="">
+            
+  
+  <span class="md-ellipsis">
+    Javascript
+  </span>
+  
+
+            <span class="md-nav__icon md-icon"></span>
+          </label>
+        
+        <nav class="md-nav" data-md-level="2" aria-labelledby="__nav_4_13_label" aria-expanded="false">
+          <label class="md-nav__title" for="__nav_4_13">
+            <span class="md-nav__icon md-icon"></span>
+            Javascript
+          </label>
+          <ul class="md-nav__list" data-md-scrollfix>
+            
+              
+                
+  
+  
+  
+  
+    <li class="md-nav__item">
+      <a href="../javascript/javascript.html" class="md-nav__link">
+        
+  
+  <span class="md-ellipsis">
+    Javascript
+  </span>
+  
+
+      </a>
+    </li>
+  
+
+              
+            
+              
+                
+  
+  
+  
+  
+    <li class="md-nav__item">
+      <a href="../javascript/dom.html" class="md-nav__link">
+        
+  
+  <span class="md-ellipsis">
+    DOM
+  </span>
+  
+
+      </a>
+    </li>
+  
+
+              
+            
+              
+                
+  
+  
+  
+  
+    <li class="md-nav__item">
+      <a href="../javascript/events-animation.html" class="md-nav__link">
+        
+  
+  <span class="md-ellipsis">
+    Events & Animation
+  </span>
+  
+
+      </a>
+    </li>
+  
+
+              
+            
+              
+                
+  
+  
+  
+  
+    <li class="md-nav__item">
+      <a href="../javascript/ajax.html" class="md-nav__link">
+        
+  
+  <span class="md-ellipsis">
+    AJAX
+  </span>
+  
+
+      </a>
+    </li>
+  
+
+              
+            
+              
+                
+  
+  
+  
+  
+    <li class="md-nav__item">
+      <a href="../javascript/jquery.html" class="md-nav__link">
+        
+  
+  <span class="md-ellipsis">
+    jQuery
+  </span>
+  
+
+      </a>
+    </li>
+  
+
+              
+            
+              
+                
+  
+  
+  
+  
+    
+    
+      
+        
+      
+        
+      
+        
+      
+        
+      
+        
+      
+    
+    
+      
+      
+        
+      
+    
+    
+    <li class="md-nav__item md-nav__item--nested">
+      
+        
+        
+        <input class="md-nav__toggle md-toggle " type="checkbox" id="__nav_4_13_6" >
+        
+          
+          <label class="md-nav__link" for="__nav_4_13_6" id="__nav_4_13_6_label" tabindex="0">
+            
+  
+  <span class="md-ellipsis">
+    React
+  </span>
+  
+
+            <span class="md-nav__icon md-icon"></span>
+          </label>
+        
+        <nav class="md-nav" data-md-level="3" aria-labelledby="__nav_4_13_6_label" aria-expanded="false">
+          <label class="md-nav__title" for="__nav_4_13_6">
+            <span class="md-nav__icon md-icon"></span>
+            React
+          </label>
+          <ul class="md-nav__list" data-md-scrollfix>
+            
+              
+                
+  
+  
+  
+  
+    <li class="md-nav__item">
+      <a href="../javascript/react/react.html" class="md-nav__link">
+        
+  
+  <span class="md-ellipsis">
+    React
+  </span>
+  
+
+      </a>
+    </li>
+  
+
+              
+            
+              
+                
+  
+  
+  
+  
+    <li class="md-nav__item">
+      <a href="../javascript/react/react-router.html" class="md-nav__link">
+        
+  
+  <span class="md-ellipsis">
+    React Router
+  </span>
+  
+
+      </a>
+    </li>
+  
+
+              
+            
+              
+                
+  
+  
+  
+  
+    <li class="md-nav__item">
+      <a href="../javascript/react/react-tests.html" class="md-nav__link">
+        
+  
+  <span class="md-ellipsis">
+    React Tests
+  </span>
+  
+
+      </a>
+    </li>
+  
+
+              
+            
+              
+                
+  
+  
+  
+  
+    <li class="md-nav__item">
+      <a href="../javascript/react/redux.html" class="md-nav__link">
+        
+  
+  <span class="md-ellipsis">
+    Redux
+  </span>
+  
+
+      </a>
+    </li>
+  
+
+              
+            
+              
+                
+  
+  
+  
+  
+    <li class="md-nav__item">
+      <a href="../javascript/react/redux-tests.html" class="md-nav__link">
+        
+  
+  <span class="md-ellipsis">
+    Redux Tests
+  </span>
+  
+
+      </a>
+    </li>
+  
+
+              
+            
+          </ul>
+        </nav>
+      
+    </li>
+  
+
+              
+            
+              
+                
+  
+  
+  
+  
+    <li class="md-nav__item">
+      <a href="../javascript/svelte/svelte.html" class="md-nav__link">
+        
+  
+  <span class="md-ellipsis">
+    Svelte
+  </span>
+  
+
+      </a>
+    </li>
+  
+
+              
+            
+          </ul>
+        </nav>
+      
+    </li>
+  
+
+              
+            
+              
+                
+  
+  
+  
+  
+    
+    
+      
+        
+      
+        
+      
+    
+    
+      
+      
+        
+          
+          
+        
+      
+    
+    
+    <li class="md-nav__item md-nav__item--section md-nav__item--nested">
+      
+        
+        
+        <input class="md-nav__toggle md-toggle " type="checkbox" id="__nav_4_14" >
+        
+          
+          <label class="md-nav__link" for="__nav_4_14" id="__nav_4_14_label" tabindex="">
+            
+  
+  <span class="md-ellipsis">
+    PowerShell
+  </span>
+  
+
+            <span class="md-nav__icon md-icon"></span>
+          </label>
+        
+        <nav class="md-nav" data-md-level="2" aria-labelledby="__nav_4_14_label" aria-expanded="false">
+          <label class="md-nav__title" for="__nav_4_14">
+            <span class="md-nav__icon md-icon"></span>
+            PowerShell
+          </label>
+          <ul class="md-nav__list" data-md-scrollfix>
+            
+              
+                
+  
+  
+  
+  
+    <li class="md-nav__item">
+      <a href="../powershell/scripting.html" class="md-nav__link">
+        
+  
+  <span class="md-ellipsis">
+    Scripting
+  </span>
+  
+
+      </a>
+    </li>
+  
+
+              
+            
+              
+                
+  
+  
+  
+  
+    <li class="md-nav__item">
+      <a href="../powershell/commands.html" class="md-nav__link">
+        
+  
+  <span class="md-ellipsis">
+    Commands
+  </span>
+  
+
+      </a>
+    </li>
+  
+
+              
+            
+          </ul>
+        </nav>
+      
+    </li>
+  
+
+              
+            
+              
+                
+  
+  
+  
+  
+    
+    
+      
+        
+      
+        
+      
+    
+    
+      
+      
+        
+          
+          
+        
+      
+    
+    
+    <li class="md-nav__item md-nav__item--section md-nav__item--nested">
+      
+        
+        
+        <input class="md-nav__toggle md-toggle " type="checkbox" id="__nav_4_15" >
+        
+          
+          <label class="md-nav__link" for="__nav_4_15" id="__nav_4_15_label" tabindex="">
+            
+  
+  <span class="md-ellipsis">
+    Bash
+  </span>
+  
+
+            <span class="md-nav__icon md-icon"></span>
+          </label>
+        
+        <nav class="md-nav" data-md-level="2" aria-labelledby="__nav_4_15_label" aria-expanded="false">
+          <label class="md-nav__title" for="__nav_4_15">
+            <span class="md-nav__icon md-icon"></span>
+            Bash
+          </label>
+          <ul class="md-nav__list" data-md-scrollfix>
+            
+              
+                
+  
+  
+  
+  
+    <li class="md-nav__item">
+      <a href="../bash/scripting.html" class="md-nav__link">
+        
+  
+  <span class="md-ellipsis">
+    Scripting
+  </span>
+  
+
+      </a>
+    </li>
+  
+
+              
+            
+              
+                
+  
+  
+  
+  
+    <li class="md-nav__item">
+      <a href="../bash/commands.html" class="md-nav__link">
+        
+  
+  <span class="md-ellipsis">
+    Commands
+  </span>
+  
+
+      </a>
+    </li>
+  
+
+              
+            
+          </ul>
+        </nav>
+      
+    </li>
+  
+
+              
+            
+          </ul>
+        </nav>
+      
+    </li>
+  
+
+    
+      
+      
+  
+  
+  
+  
+    
+    
+      
+        
+      
+        
+      
+        
+      
+        
+      
+        
+      
+    
+    
+      
+      
+        
+      
+    
+    
+    <li class="md-nav__item md-nav__item--nested">
+      
+        
+        
+        <input class="md-nav__toggle md-toggle " type="checkbox" id="__nav_5" >
+        
+          
+          <label class="md-nav__link" for="__nav_5" id="__nav_5_label" tabindex="0">
+            
+  
+  <span class="md-ellipsis">
+    Misc
+  </span>
+  
+
+            <span class="md-nav__icon md-icon"></span>
+          </label>
+        
+        <nav class="md-nav" data-md-level="1" aria-labelledby="__nav_5_label" aria-expanded="false">
+          <label class="md-nav__title" for="__nav_5">
+            <span class="md-nav__icon md-icon"></span>
+            Misc
+          </label>
+          <ul class="md-nav__list" data-md-scrollfix>
+            
+              
+                
+  
+  
+  
+  
+    <li class="md-nav__item">
+      <a href="../../misc/git.html" class="md-nav__link">
+        
+  
+  <span class="md-ellipsis">
+    Git
+  </span>
+  
+
+      </a>
+    </li>
+  
+
+              
+            
+              
+                
+  
+  
+  
+  
+    <li class="md-nav__item">
+      <a href="../../misc/graph-ql.html" class="md-nav__link">
+        
+  
+  <span class="md-ellipsis">
+    GraphQL
+  </span>
+  
+
+      </a>
+    </li>
+  
+
+              
+            
+              
+                
+  
+  
+  
+  
+    <li class="md-nav__item">
+      <a href="../../misc/regular-expressions.html" class="md-nav__link">
+        
+  
+  <span class="md-ellipsis">
+    RegEx
+  </span>
+  
+
+      </a>
+    </li>
+  
+
+              
+            
+              
+                
+  
+  
+  
+  
+    <li class="md-nav__item">
+      <a href="../../misc/ssh.html" class="md-nav__link">
+        
+  
+  <span class="md-ellipsis">
+    SSH
+  </span>
+  
+
+      </a>
+    </li>
+  
+
+              
+            
+              
+                
+  
+  
+  
+  
+    <li class="md-nav__item">
+      <a href="../../misc/web-components.html" class="md-nav__link">
+        
+  
+  <span class="md-ellipsis">
+    WebComponents
+  </span>
+  
+
+      </a>
+    </li>
+  
+
+              
+            
+          </ul>
+        </nav>
+      
+    </li>
+  
+
+    
+      
+      
+  
+  
+  
+  
+    
+    
+      
+        
+      
+        
+      
+    
+    
+      
+      
+        
+      
+    
+    
+    <li class="md-nav__item md-nav__item--nested">
+      
+        
+        
+        <input class="md-nav__toggle md-toggle " type="checkbox" id="__nav_6" >
+        
+          
+          <label class="md-nav__link" for="__nav_6" id="__nav_6_label" tabindex="0">
+            
+  
+  <span class="md-ellipsis">
+    Linux
+  </span>
+  
+
+            <span class="md-nav__icon md-icon"></span>
+          </label>
+        
+        <nav class="md-nav" data-md-level="1" aria-labelledby="__nav_6_label" aria-expanded="false">
+          <label class="md-nav__title" for="__nav_6">
+            <span class="md-nav__icon md-icon"></span>
+            Linux
+          </label>
+          <ul class="md-nav__list" data-md-scrollfix>
+            
+              
+                
+  
+  
+  
+  
+    
+    
+      
+        
+      
+        
+      
+        
+      
+    
+    
+      
+      
+        
+      
+    
+    
+    <li class="md-nav__item md-nav__item--nested">
+      
+        
+        
+        <input class="md-nav__toggle md-toggle " type="checkbox" id="__nav_6_1" >
+        
+          
+          <label class="md-nav__link" for="__nav_6_1" id="__nav_6_1_label" tabindex="0">
+            
+  
+  <span class="md-ellipsis">
+    Filesystem
+  </span>
+  
+
+            <span class="md-nav__icon md-icon"></span>
+          </label>
+        
+        <nav class="md-nav" data-md-level="2" aria-labelledby="__nav_6_1_label" aria-expanded="false">
+          <label class="md-nav__title" for="__nav_6_1">
+            <span class="md-nav__icon md-icon"></span>
+            Filesystem
+          </label>
+          <ul class="md-nav__list" data-md-scrollfix>
+            
+              
+                
+  
+  
+  
+  
+    <li class="md-nav__item">
+      <a href="../../linux/filesystem/file-links.html" class="md-nav__link">
+        
+  
+  <span class="md-ellipsis">
+    File Links
+  </span>
+  
+
+      </a>
+    </li>
+  
+
+              
+            
+              
+                
+  
+  
+  
+  
+    <li class="md-nav__item">
+      <a href="../../linux/filesystem/procfs.html" class="md-nav__link">
+        
+  
+  <span class="md-ellipsis">
+    /proc
+  </span>
+  
+
+      </a>
+    </li>
+  
+
+              
+            
+              
+                
+  
+  
+  
+  
+    <li class="md-nav__item">
+      <a href="../../linux/filesystem/sysfs.html" class="md-nav__link">
+        
+  
+  <span class="md-ellipsis">
+    /sys
+  </span>
+  
+
+      </a>
+    </li>
+  
+
+              
+            
+          </ul>
+        </nav>
+      
+    </li>
+  
+
+              
+            
+              
+                
+  
+  
+  
+  
+    
+    
+      
+        
+      
+        
+      
+    
+    
+      
+      
+        
+      
+    
+    
+    <li class="md-nav__item md-nav__item--nested">
+      
+        
+        
+        <input class="md-nav__toggle md-toggle " type="checkbox" id="__nav_6_2" >
+        
+          
+          <label class="md-nav__link" for="__nav_6_2" id="__nav_6_2_label" tabindex="0">
+            
+  
+  <span class="md-ellipsis">
+    System Init
+  </span>
+  
+
+            <span class="md-nav__icon md-icon"></span>
+          </label>
+        
+        <nav class="md-nav" data-md-level="2" aria-labelledby="__nav_6_2_label" aria-expanded="false">
+          <label class="md-nav__title" for="__nav_6_2">
+            <span class="md-nav__icon md-icon"></span>
+            System Init
+          </label>
+          <ul class="md-nav__list" data-md-scrollfix>
+            
+              
+                
+  
+  
+  
+  
+    <li class="md-nav__item">
+      <a href="../../linux/init/systemd.html" class="md-nav__link">
+        
+  
+  <span class="md-ellipsis">
+    Systemd
+  </span>
+  
+
+      </a>
+    </li>
+  
+
+              
+            
+              
+                
+  
+  
+  
+  
+    <li class="md-nav__item">
+      <a href="../../linux/init/open-rc.html" class="md-nav__link">
+        
+  
+  <span class="md-ellipsis">
+    OpenRC
+  </span>
+  
+
+      </a>
+    </li>
+  
+
+              
+            
+          </ul>
+        </nav>
+      
+    </li>
+  
+
+              
+            
+          </ul>
+        </nav>
+      
+    </li>
+  
+
+    
+  </ul>
+</nav>
+                  </div>
+                </div>
+              </div>
+            
+            
+              
+              <div class="md-sidebar md-sidebar--secondary" data-md-component="sidebar" data-md-type="toc" >
+                <div class="md-sidebar__scrollwrap">
+                  <div class="md-sidebar__inner">
+                    
+
+<nav class="md-nav md-nav--secondary" aria-label="Table of contents">
+  
+  
+  
+    
+  
+  
+    <label class="md-nav__title" for="__toc">
+      <span class="md-nav__icon md-icon"></span>
+      Table of contents
+    </label>
+    <ul class="md-nav__list" data-md-component="toc" data-md-scrollfix>
+      
+        <li class="md-nav__item">
+  <a href="#library-import" class="md-nav__link">
+    <span class="md-ellipsis">
+      Library Import
+    </span>
+  </a>
+  
+</li>
+      
+        <li class="md-nav__item">
+  <a href="#special-operators" class="md-nav__link">
+    <span class="md-ellipsis">
+      Special Operators
+    </span>
+  </a>
+  
+</li>
+      
+        <li class="md-nav__item">
+  <a href="#namespace-definition" class="md-nav__link">
+    <span class="md-ellipsis">
+      Namespace definition
+    </span>
+  </a>
+  
+</li>
+      
+        <li class="md-nav__item">
+  <a href="#main-function" class="md-nav__link">
+    <span class="md-ellipsis">
+      Main Function
+    </span>
+  </a>
+  
+</li>
+      
+        <li class="md-nav__item">
+  <a href="#variables-types" class="md-nav__link">
+    <span class="md-ellipsis">
+      Variables &amp; Types
+    </span>
+  </a>
+  
+    <nav class="md-nav" aria-label="Variables & Types">
+      <ul class="md-nav__list">
+        
+          <li class="md-nav__item">
+  <a href="#constant-declaration" class="md-nav__link">
+    <span class="md-ellipsis">
+      Constant Declaration
+    </span>
+  </a>
+  
+</li>
+        
+          <li class="md-nav__item">
+  <a href="#variable-declaration" class="md-nav__link">
+    <span class="md-ellipsis">
+      Variable Declaration
+    </span>
+  </a>
+  
+</li>
+        
+          <li class="md-nav__item">
+  <a href="#type-casting" class="md-nav__link">
+    <span class="md-ellipsis">
+      Type Casting
+    </span>
+  </a>
+  
+</li>
+        
+          <li class="md-nav__item">
+  <a href="#variable-types" class="md-nav__link">
+    <span class="md-ellipsis">
+      Variable Types
+    </span>
+  </a>
+  
+</li>
+        
+          <li class="md-nav__item">
+  <a href="#integer-numerals" class="md-nav__link">
+    <span class="md-ellipsis">
+      Integer Numerals
+    </span>
+  </a>
+  
+</li>
+        
+          <li class="md-nav__item">
+  <a href="#floating-point-numerals" class="md-nav__link">
+    <span class="md-ellipsis">
+      Floating Point Numerals
+    </span>
+  </a>
+  
+</li>
+        
+          <li class="md-nav__item">
+  <a href="#characterstring-literals" class="md-nav__link">
+    <span class="md-ellipsis">
+      Character/String Literals
+    </span>
+  </a>
+  
+</li>
+        
+          <li class="md-nav__item">
+  <a href="#special-characters" class="md-nav__link">
+    <span class="md-ellipsis">
+      Special Characters
+    </span>
+  </a>
+  
+</li>
+        
+      </ul>
+    </nav>
+  
+</li>
+      
+        <li class="md-nav__item">
+  <a href="#standard-inputoutput" class="md-nav__link">
+    <span class="md-ellipsis">
+      Standard Input/Output
+    </span>
+  </a>
+  
+    <nav class="md-nav" aria-label="Standard Input/Output">
+      <ul class="md-nav__list">
+        
+          <li class="md-nav__item">
+  <a href="#standard-output" class="md-nav__link">
+    <span class="md-ellipsis">
+      Standard Output
+    </span>
+  </a>
+  
+</li>
+        
+          <li class="md-nav__item">
+  <a href="#standard-input" class="md-nav__link">
+    <span class="md-ellipsis">
+      Standard Input
+    </span>
+  </a>
+  
+</li>
+        
+          <li class="md-nav__item">
+  <a href="#format-specifiers-widthlengthspecifier" class="md-nav__link">
+    <span class="md-ellipsis">
+      Format Specifiers %[width].[length][specifier]
+    </span>
+  </a>
+  
+</li>
+        
+      </ul>
+    </nav>
+  
+</li>
+      
+        <li class="md-nav__item">
+  <a href="#operators" class="md-nav__link">
+    <span class="md-ellipsis">
+      Operators
+    </span>
+  </a>
+  
+    <nav class="md-nav" aria-label="Operators">
+      <ul class="md-nav__list">
+        
+          <li class="md-nav__item">
+  <a href="#arithmetic-operators" class="md-nav__link">
+    <span class="md-ellipsis">
+      Arithmetic Operators
+    </span>
+  </a>
+  
+</li>
+        
+          <li class="md-nav__item">
+  <a href="#comparison-operators" class="md-nav__link">
+    <span class="md-ellipsis">
+      Comparison Operators
+    </span>
+  </a>
+  
+</li>
+        
+          <li class="md-nav__item">
+  <a href="#logical-operator" class="md-nav__link">
+    <span class="md-ellipsis">
+      Logical Operator
+    </span>
+  </a>
+  
+</li>
+        
+          <li class="md-nav__item">
+  <a href="#conditional-ternary-operator" class="md-nav__link">
+    <span class="md-ellipsis">
+      Conditional Ternary Operator
+    </span>
+  </a>
+  
+</li>
+        
+          <li class="md-nav__item">
+  <a href="#bitwise-operators" class="md-nav__link">
+    <span class="md-ellipsis">
+      Bitwise Operators
+    </span>
+  </a>
+  
+</li>
+        
+          <li class="md-nav__item">
+  <a href="#compound-assignment-operators" class="md-nav__link">
+    <span class="md-ellipsis">
+      Compound Assignment Operators
+    </span>
+  </a>
+  
+</li>
+        
+          <li class="md-nav__item">
+  <a href="#operator-precedence" class="md-nav__link">
+    <span class="md-ellipsis">
+      Operator Precedence
+    </span>
+  </a>
+  
+</li>
+        
+      </ul>
+    </nav>
+  
+</li>
+      
+        <li class="md-nav__item">
+  <a href="#common-functions" class="md-nav__link">
+    <span class="md-ellipsis">
+      Common Functions
+    </span>
+  </a>
+  
+    <nav class="md-nav" aria-label="Common Functions">
+      <ul class="md-nav__list">
+        
+          <li class="md-nav__item">
+  <a href="#mathematical-functions" class="md-nav__link">
+    <span class="md-ellipsis">
+      Mathematical Functions
+    </span>
+  </a>
+  
+</li>
+        
+          <li class="md-nav__item">
+  <a href="#character-functions" class="md-nav__link">
+    <span class="md-ellipsis">
+      Character Functions
+    </span>
+  </a>
+  
+</li>
+        
+          <li class="md-nav__item">
+  <a href="#string-functions" class="md-nav__link">
+    <span class="md-ellipsis">
+      String Functions
+    </span>
+  </a>
+  
+</li>
+        
+          <li class="md-nav__item">
+  <a href="#string-conversion" class="md-nav__link">
+    <span class="md-ellipsis">
+      String Conversion
+    </span>
+  </a>
+  
+</li>
+        
+          <li class="md-nav__item">
+  <a href="#string-methods" class="md-nav__link">
+    <span class="md-ellipsis">
+      String Methods
+    </span>
+  </a>
+  
+</li>
+        
+      </ul>
+    </nav>
+  
+</li>
+      
+        <li class="md-nav__item">
+  <a href="#vectors" class="md-nav__link">
+    <span class="md-ellipsis">
+      Vectors
+    </span>
+  </a>
+  
+</li>
+      
+        <li class="md-nav__item">
+  <a href="#decision-statements" class="md-nav__link">
+    <span class="md-ellipsis">
+      Decision Statements
+    </span>
+  </a>
+  
+    <nav class="md-nav" aria-label="Decision Statements">
+      <ul class="md-nav__list">
+        
+          <li class="md-nav__item">
+  <a href="#if-statements" class="md-nav__link">
+    <span class="md-ellipsis">
+      If Statements
+    </span>
+  </a>
+  
+</li>
+        
+          <li class="md-nav__item">
+  <a href="#switch" class="md-nav__link">
+    <span class="md-ellipsis">
+      Switch
+    </span>
+  </a>
+  
+</li>
+        
+      </ul>
+    </nav>
+  
+</li>
+      
+        <li class="md-nav__item">
+  <a href="#loop-statements" class="md-nav__link">
+    <span class="md-ellipsis">
+      Loop Statements
+    </span>
+  </a>
+  
+    <nav class="md-nav" aria-label="Loop Statements">
+      <ul class="md-nav__list">
+        
+          <li class="md-nav__item">
+  <a href="#while-loop" class="md-nav__link">
+    <span class="md-ellipsis">
+      While Loop
+    </span>
+  </a>
+  
+</li>
+        
+          <li class="md-nav__item">
+  <a href="#do-while" class="md-nav__link">
+    <span class="md-ellipsis">
+      Do While
+    </span>
+  </a>
+  
+</li>
+        
+          <li class="md-nav__item">
+  <a href="#for-loop" class="md-nav__link">
+    <span class="md-ellipsis">
+      For Loop
+    </span>
+  </a>
+  
+</li>
+        
+          <li class="md-nav__item">
+  <a href="#break-statement" class="md-nav__link">
+    <span class="md-ellipsis">
+      Break Statement
+    </span>
+  </a>
+  
+</li>
+        
+          <li class="md-nav__item">
+  <a href="#continue-statement" class="md-nav__link">
+    <span class="md-ellipsis">
+      Continue Statement
+    </span>
+  </a>
+  
+</li>
+        
+      </ul>
+    </nav>
+  
+</li>
+      
+        <li class="md-nav__item">
+  <a href="#functions" class="md-nav__link">
+    <span class="md-ellipsis">
+      Functions
+    </span>
+  </a>
+  
+    <nav class="md-nav" aria-label="Functions">
+      <ul class="md-nav__list">
+        
+          <li class="md-nav__item">
+  <a href="#arguments-passed-by-reference-without-pointers" class="md-nav__link">
+    <span class="md-ellipsis">
+      Arguments passed by reference without pointers
+    </span>
+  </a>
+  
+</li>
+        
+          <li class="md-nav__item">
+  <a href="#arguments-passed-by-reference-with-pointers" class="md-nav__link">
+    <span class="md-ellipsis">
+      Arguments passed by reference with pointers
+    </span>
+  </a>
+  
+</li>
+        
+      </ul>
+    </nav>
+  
+</li>
+      
+        <li class="md-nav__item">
+  <a href="#arrays" class="md-nav__link">
+    <span class="md-ellipsis">
+      Arrays
+    </span>
+  </a>
+  
+</li>
+      
+        <li class="md-nav__item">
+  <a href="#array-as-function-parameter" class="md-nav__link">
+    <span class="md-ellipsis">
+      Array as function parameter
+    </span>
+  </a>
+  
+    <nav class="md-nav" aria-label="Array as function parameter">
+      <ul class="md-nav__list">
+        
+          <li class="md-nav__item">
+  <a href="#multi-dimensional-array-matrix" class="md-nav__link">
+    <span class="md-ellipsis">
+      Multi-Dimensional Array (Matrix)
+    </span>
+  </a>
+  
+</li>
+        
+          <li class="md-nav__item">
+  <a href="#matrix-as-function-parameter" class="md-nav__link">
+    <span class="md-ellipsis">
+      Matrix as function parameter
+    </span>
+  </a>
+  
+</li>
+        
+      </ul>
+    </nav>
+  
+</li>
+      
+        <li class="md-nav__item">
+  <a href="#structs" class="md-nav__link">
+    <span class="md-ellipsis">
+      Structs
+    </span>
+  </a>
+  
+    <nav class="md-nav" aria-label="Structs">
+      <ul class="md-nav__list">
+        
+          <li class="md-nav__item">
+  <a href="#struct-definition" class="md-nav__link">
+    <span class="md-ellipsis">
+      Struct Definition
+    </span>
+  </a>
+  
+</li>
+        
+      </ul>
+    </nav>
+  
+</li>
+      
+        <li class="md-nav__item">
+  <a href="#pointers" class="md-nav__link">
+    <span class="md-ellipsis">
+      Pointers
+    </span>
+  </a>
+  
+    <nav class="md-nav" aria-label="Pointers">
+      <ul class="md-nav__list">
+        
+          <li class="md-nav__item">
+  <a href="#pointer-to-array" class="md-nav__link">
+    <span class="md-ellipsis">
+      Pointer to array
+    </span>
+  </a>
+  
+</li>
+        
+          <li class="md-nav__item">
+  <a href="#pointers-arrays-functions" class="md-nav__link">
+    <span class="md-ellipsis">
+      Pointers, Arrays &amp; Functions
+    </span>
+  </a>
+  
+</li>
+        
+          <li class="md-nav__item">
+  <a href="#pointer-to-struct" class="md-nav__link">
+    <span class="md-ellipsis">
+      Pointer to Struct
+    </span>
+  </a>
+  
+</li>
+        
+      </ul>
+    </nav>
+  
+</li>
+      
+        <li class="md-nav__item">
+  <a href="#dynamic-structures" class="md-nav__link">
+    <span class="md-ellipsis">
+      Dynamic Structures
+    </span>
+  </a>
+  
+    <nav class="md-nav" aria-label="Dynamic Structures">
+      <ul class="md-nav__list">
+        
+          <li class="md-nav__item">
+  <a href="#stack" class="md-nav__link">
+    <span class="md-ellipsis">
+      Stack
+    </span>
+  </a>
+  
+    <nav class="md-nav" aria-label="Stack">
+      <ul class="md-nav__list">
+        
+          <li class="md-nav__item">
+  <a href="#node-insertion" class="md-nav__link">
+    <span class="md-ellipsis">
+      Node Insertion
+    </span>
+  </a>
+  
+</li>
+        
+          <li class="md-nav__item">
+  <a href="#node-deletion" class="md-nav__link">
+    <span class="md-ellipsis">
+      Node Deletion
+    </span>
+  </a>
+  
+</li>
+        
+          <li class="md-nav__item">
+  <a href="#passing-head-to-functions" class="md-nav__link">
+    <span class="md-ellipsis">
+      Passing Head To Functions
+    </span>
+  </a>
+  
+</li>
+        
+      </ul>
+    </nav>
+  
+</li>
+        
+          <li class="md-nav__item">
+  <a href="#queue" class="md-nav__link">
+    <span class="md-ellipsis">
+      Queue
+    </span>
+  </a>
+  
+</li>
+        
+          <li class="md-nav__item">
+  <a href="#linked-list" class="md-nav__link">
+    <span class="md-ellipsis">
+      Linked List
+    </span>
+  </a>
+  
+</li>
+        
+          <li class="md-nav__item">
+  <a href="#dynamic-memory-allocation" class="md-nav__link">
+    <span class="md-ellipsis">
+      Dynamic Memory Allocation
+    </span>
+  </a>
+  
+</li>
+        
+      </ul>
+    </nav>
+  
+</li>
+      
+        <li class="md-nav__item">
+  <a href="#files" class="md-nav__link">
+    <span class="md-ellipsis">
+      Files
+    </span>
+  </a>
+  
+    <nav class="md-nav" aria-label="Files">
+      <ul class="md-nav__list">
+        
+          <li class="md-nav__item">
+  <a href="#file-opening" class="md-nav__link">
+    <span class="md-ellipsis">
+      File Opening
+    </span>
+  </a>
+  
+</li>
+        
+          <li class="md-nav__item">
+  <a href="#stream-state-input-errors" class="md-nav__link">
+    <span class="md-ellipsis">
+      Stream state &amp; Input errors
+    </span>
+  </a>
+  
+</li>
+        
+      </ul>
+    </nav>
+  
+</li>
+      
+    </ul>
+  
+</nav>
+                  </div>
+                </div>
+              </div>
+            
+          
+          
+            <div class="md-content" data-md-component="content">
+              <article class="md-content__inner md-typeset">
+                
+                  
+
+  
+  
+
+
+<h1 id="cc">C/C++</h1>
+<h2 id="library-import">Library Import</h2>
+<div class="highlight"><table class="highlighttable"><tr><th colspan="2" class="filename"><span class="filename">C</span></th></tr><tr><td class="linenos"><div class="linenodiv"><pre><span></span><span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-0-1">1</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-0-2">2</a></span></pre></div></td><td class="code"><div><pre><span></span><code><a id="__codelineno-0-1" name="__codelineno-0-1"></a><span class="cp">#include</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="cpf">&lt;stdio.h&gt;</span><span class="c1">  // search in current + system directories</span>
+<a id="__codelineno-0-2" name="__codelineno-0-2"></a><span class="cp">#include</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="cpf">&quot;lib.h&quot;</span><span class="c1"> // search in current directory</span>
+</code></pre></div></td></tr></table></div>
+<h2 id="special-operators">Special Operators</h2>
+<table>
+<thead>
+<tr>
+<th>Operator</th>
+<th>Operator Name</th>
+</tr>
+</thead>
+<tbody>
+<tr>
+<td><code>::</code></td>
+<td>global reference operator</td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+<td><code>&amp;</code></td>
+<td>address operator (returns a memory address)</td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+<td><code>*</code></td>
+<td>deferentiation operator (returns the pointed value)</td>
+</tr>
+</tbody>
+</table>
+<h2 id="namespace-definition">Namespace definition</h2>
+<p>Can be omitted and replaced by namespace<code>::</code><br />
+<code>using namespace &lt;namespace&gt;;</code></p>
+<h2 id="main-function">Main Function</h2>
+<div class="highlight"><table class="highlighttable"><tr><th colspan="2" class="filename"><span class="filename">C</span></th></tr><tr><td class="linenos"><div class="linenodiv"><pre><span></span><span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-1-1">1</a></span></pre></div></td><td class="code"><div><pre><span></span><code><a id="__codelineno-1-1" name="__codelineno-1-1"></a><span class="kt">int</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="nf">main</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="kt">int</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="n">argc</span><span class="p">,</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="kt">char</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="o">*</span><span class="n">argv</span><span class="p">[])</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="p">{</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="p">}</span>
+</code></pre></div></td></tr></table></div>
+<h2 id="variables-types">Variables &amp; Types</h2>
+<h3 id="constant-declaration">Constant Declaration</h3>
+<div class="highlight"><table class="highlighttable"><tr><th colspan="2" class="filename"><span class="filename">C</span></th></tr><tr><td class="linenos"><div class="linenodiv"><pre><span></span><span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-2-1">1</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-2-2">2</a></span></pre></div></td><td class="code"><div><pre><span></span><code><a id="__codelineno-2-1" name="__codelineno-2-1"></a><span class="cp">#define constant_name value</span>
+<a id="__codelineno-2-2" name="__codelineno-2-2"></a><span class="k">const</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="n">type</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="n">constant_name</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="o">=</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="n">value</span><span class="p">;</span>
+</code></pre></div></td></tr></table></div>
+<h3 id="variable-declaration">Variable Declaration</h3>
+<div class="highlight"><table class="highlighttable"><tr><th colspan="2" class="filename"><span class="filename">C</span></th></tr><tr><td class="linenos"><div class="linenodiv"><pre><span></span><span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-3-1">1</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-3-2">2</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-3-3">3</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-3-4">4</a></span></pre></div></td><td class="code"><div><pre><span></span><code><a id="__codelineno-3-1" name="__codelineno-3-1"></a><span class="n">type</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="n">var_name</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="o">=</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="n">value</span><span class="p">;</span><span class="w">    </span><span class="c1">//c-like initialization</span>
+<a id="__codelineno-3-2" name="__codelineno-3-2"></a><span class="n">type</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="nf">var_name</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="p">(</span><span class="n">value</span><span class="p">);</span><span class="w">    </span><span class="c1">//constructor initialization</span>
+<a id="__codelineno-3-3" name="__codelineno-3-3"></a><span class="n">type</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="n">var_name</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="p">{</span><span class="n">value</span><span class="p">};</span><span class="w">    </span><span class="c1">//uniform initialization</span>
+<a id="__codelineno-3-4" name="__codelineno-3-4"></a><span class="n">type</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="n">var_1</span><span class="p">,</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="n">var_2</span><span class="p">,</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="p">...,</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="n">var_n</span><span class="p">;</span>
+</code></pre></div></td></tr></table></div>
+<h3 id="type-casting">Type Casting</h3>
+<p><code>(type) var;</code><br />
+<code>type(var);</code></p>
+<h3 id="variable-types">Variable Types</h3>
+<table>
+<thead>
+<tr>
+<th>Type</th>
+<th>Value Range</th>
+<th>Byte</th>
+</tr>
+</thead>
+<tbody>
+<tr>
+<td><code>short</code></td>
+<td>-32768 to 32765</td>
+<td>1</td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+<td><code>unsigned short</code></td>
+<td>0 to 65535</td>
+<td>1</td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+<td><code>int</code></td>
+<td>-2147483648 to 2147483647</td>
+<td>4</td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+<td><code>unsigned int</code></td>
+<td>0 to 4294967295</td>
+<td>4</td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+<td><code>long</code></td>
+<td>-2147483648 to 2147483647</td>
+<td>4</td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+<td><code>unsigned long</code></td>
+<td>0 to 4294967295</td>
+<td>4</td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+<td><code>long long</code></td>
+<td></td>
+<td>8</td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+<td><code>float</code></td>
+<td>&plusmn; 3.4e &plusmn; 38 (~7 digits)</td>
+<td>4</td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+<td><code>double</code></td>
+<td>&plusmn; 1.7e &plusmn; 308 (~15 digits)</td>
+<td>8</td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+<td><code>long double</code></td>
+<td></td>
+<td>16 (?)</td>
+</tr>
+</tbody>
+</table>
+<table>
+<thead>
+<tr>
+<th>Type</th>
+<th>Value</th>
+</tr>
+</thead>
+<tbody>
+<tr>
+<td><code>bool</code></td>
+<td>true or false</td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+<td><code>char</code></td>
+<td>ascii characters</td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+<td><code>string</code></td>
+<td>sequence of ascii characters</td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+<td><code>NULL</code></td>
+<td>empty value</td>
+</tr>
+</tbody>
+</table>
+<h3 id="integer-numerals">Integer Numerals</h3>
+<table>
+<thead>
+<tr>
+<th>Example</th>
+<th>Type</th>
+</tr>
+</thead>
+<tbody>
+<tr>
+<td><code>75</code></td>
+<td>decimal</td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+<td><code>0113</code></td>
+<td>octal (zero prefix)</td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+<td><code>0x4</code></td>
+<td>hexadecimal (0x prefix)</td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+<td><code>75</code></td>
+<td>int</td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+<td><code>75u</code></td>
+<td>unsigned int</td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+<td><code>75l</code></td>
+<td>long</td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+<td><code>75ul</code></td>
+<td>unsigned long</td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+<td><code>75lu</code></td>
+<td>unsigned long</td>
+</tr>
+</tbody>
+</table>
+<h3 id="floating-point-numerals">Floating Point Numerals</h3>
+<table>
+<thead>
+<tr>
+<th>Example</th>
+<th>Type</th>
+</tr>
+</thead>
+<tbody>
+<tr>
+<td><code>3.14159L</code></td>
+<td>long double</td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+<td><code>60.22e23f</code></td>
+<td>float</td>
+</tr>
+</tbody>
+</table>
+<table>
+<thead>
+<tr>
+<th>Code</th>
+<th>Value</th>
+</tr>
+</thead>
+<tbody>
+<tr>
+<td><code>3.14159</code></td>
+<td>3.14159</td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+<td><code>6.02e23</code></td>
+<td>6.022 * 10^23</td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+<td><code>1.6e-19</code></td>
+<td>1.6 * 10^-19</td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+<td><code>3.0</code></td>
+<td>3.0</td>
+</tr>
+</tbody>
+</table>
+<h3 id="characterstring-literals">Character/String Literals</h3>
+<p><code>'z'</code> single character literal<br />
+<code>"text here"</code> string literal</p>
+<h3 id="special-characters">Special Characters</h3>
+<table>
+<thead>
+<tr>
+<th>Escape Character</th>
+<th>Character</th>
+</tr>
+</thead>
+<tbody>
+<tr>
+<td><code>\n</code></td>
+<td>newline</td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+<td><code>\r</code></td>
+<td>carriage return</td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+<td><code>\t</code></td>
+<td>tab</td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+<td><code>\v</code></td>
+<td>vertical tab</td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+<td><code>\b</code></td>
+<td>backspace</td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+<td><code>\f</code></td>
+<td>form feed</td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+<td><code>\a</code></td>
+<td>alert (beep)</td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+<td><code>\'</code></td>
+<td>single quote (')</td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+<td><code>\"</code></td>
+<td>double quote (")</td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+<td><code>\?</code></td>
+<td>question mark (?)</td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+<td><code>\\</code></td>
+<td>backslash  ()</td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+<td><code>\0</code></td>
+<td>string termination character</td>
+</tr>
+</tbody>
+</table>
+<h2 id="standard-inputoutput">Standard Input/Output</h2>
+<h3 id="standard-output">Standard Output</h3>
+<div class="highlight"><table class="highlighttable"><tr><th colspan="2" class="filename"><span class="filename">C</span></th></tr><tr><td class="linenos"><div class="linenodiv"><pre><span></span><span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-4-1">1</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-4-2">2</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-4-3">3</a></span></pre></div></td><td class="code"><div><pre><span></span><code><a id="__codelineno-4-1" name="__codelineno-4-1"></a><span class="cp">#include</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="cpf">&lt;stdio.h&gt;</span>
+<a id="__codelineno-4-2" name="__codelineno-4-2"></a>
+<a id="__codelineno-4-3" name="__codelineno-4-3"></a><span class="n">printf_s</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="s">&quot;text %&lt;fmt_spec&gt;&quot;</span><span class="p">,</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="n">variable</span><span class="p">);</span>
+</code></pre></div></td></tr></table></div>
+<h3 id="standard-input">Standard Input</h3>
+<div class="highlight"><table class="highlighttable"><tr><th colspan="2" class="filename"><span class="filename">C</span></th></tr><tr><td class="linenos"><div class="linenodiv"><pre><span></span><span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-5-1">1</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-5-2">2</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-5-3">3</a></span></pre></div></td><td class="code"><div><pre><span></span><code><a id="__codelineno-5-1" name="__codelineno-5-1"></a><span class="cp">#include</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="cpf">&lt;stdio.h&gt;</span>
+<a id="__codelineno-5-2" name="__codelineno-5-2"></a>
+<a id="__codelineno-5-3" name="__codelineno-5-3"></a><span class="n">scanf_s</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="s">&quot;%&lt;fmt_spec&gt;&quot;</span><span class="p">,</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="o">&amp;</span><span class="n">variable</span><span class="p">);</span><span class="w">    </span><span class="c1">//return number of successfully accepted inputs</span>
+</code></pre></div></td></tr></table></div>
+<h3 id="format-specifiers-widthlengthspecifier">Format Specifiers <code>%[width].[length][specifier]</code></h3>
+<table>
+<thead>
+<tr>
+<th>Specifier</th>
+<th>Specified Format</th>
+</tr>
+</thead>
+<tbody>
+<tr>
+<td><code>%d</code>, <code>%i</code></td>
+<td>singed decimal integer</td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+<td><code>%u</code></td>
+<td>unsigned decimal integer</td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+<td><code>%o</code></td>
+<td>unsigned octal</td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+<td><code>%x</code></td>
+<td>unsigned hexadecimal integer</td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+<td><code>%X</code></td>
+<td>unsigned hexadecimal integer (UPPERCASE)</td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+<td><code>%f</code></td>
+<td>decimal floating point (lowercase)</td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+<td><code>%F</code></td>
+<td>decimal floating point (UPPERCASE)</td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+<td><code>%e</code></td>
+<td>scientific notation (lowercase)</td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+<td><code>%E</code></td>
+<td>scientific notation (UPPERCASE)</td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+<td><code>%a</code></td>
+<td>hexadecimal floating point (lowercase)</td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+<td><code>%A</code></td>
+<td>hexadecimal floating point (UPPERCASE)</td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+<td><code>%c</code></td>
+<td>character</td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+<td><code>%s</code></td>
+<td>string</td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+<td><code>%p</code></td>
+<td>pointer address</td>
+</tr>
+</tbody>
+</table>
+<h2 id="operators">Operators</h2>
+<h3 id="arithmetic-operators">Arithmetic Operators</h3>
+<table>
+<thead>
+<tr>
+<th>Operator</th>
+<th>Operation</th>
+</tr>
+</thead>
+<tbody>
+<tr>
+<td>a <code>+</code> b</td>
+<td>sum</td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+<td>a <code>-</code> b</td>
+<td>subtraction</td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+<td>a <code>*</code> b</td>
+<td>multiplication</td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+<td>a <code>/</code> b</td>
+<td>division</td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+<td>a <code>%</code> b</td>
+<td>modulo</td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+<td>a<code>++</code></td>
+<td>increment</td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+<td>a<code>--</code></td>
+<td>decrement</td>
+</tr>
+</tbody>
+</table>
+<h3 id="comparison-operators">Comparison Operators</h3>
+<table>
+<thead>
+<tr>
+<th>Operator</th>
+<th>Operation</th>
+</tr>
+</thead>
+<tbody>
+<tr>
+<td>a <code>==</code> b</td>
+<td>equal to</td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+<td>a <code>!=</code> b</td>
+<td>not equal to</td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+<td>a <code>&gt;</code> b</td>
+<td>greater than</td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+<td>a <code>&lt;</code> b</td>
+<td>lesser than</td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+<td>a <code>&gt;=</code> b</td>
+<td>greater than or equal to</td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+<td>a <code>&lt;=</code> b</td>
+<td>lesser than or equal to</td>
+</tr>
+</tbody>
+</table>
+<h3 id="logical-operator">Logical Operator</h3>
+<table>
+<thead>
+<tr>
+<th>Operator</th>
+<th>Operation</th>
+</tr>
+</thead>
+<tbody>
+<tr>
+<td><code>!</code>a, <code>not</code> a</td>
+<td>logical negation (NOT)</td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+<td>a <code>&amp;&amp;</code> b, a <code>and</code> b</td>
+<td>logical AND</td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+<td>a <code>||</code> b, a <code>or</code> b</td>
+<td>logical OR</td>
+</tr>
+</tbody>
+</table>
+<h3 id="conditional-ternary-operator">Conditional Ternary Operator</h3>
+<p><code>condition ? result_1 : result_2</code><br />
+If condition is true evaluates to result_1, and otherwise to result_2</p>
+<h3 id="bitwise-operators">Bitwise Operators</h3>
+<table>
+<thead>
+<tr>
+<th>Operator</th>
+<th>Operation</th>
+</tr>
+</thead>
+<tbody>
+<tr>
+<td><code>~</code>a, <code>compl</code> a</td>
+<td>bitwise <strong>NOT</strong></td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+<td>a <code>&amp;</code> b, a <code>bitand</code> b</td>
+<td>bitwise <strong>AND</strong></td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+<td>a <code>|</code> b, a <code>bitor</code> b</td>
+<td>bitwise <strong>OR</strong></td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+<td>a <code>^</code> b, a <code>xor</code> b,</td>
+<td>bitwise <strong>XOR</strong></td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+<td>a <code>&lt;&lt;</code> b</td>
+<td>bitwise left shift</td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+<td>a <code>&gt;&gt;</code> b</td>
+<td>bitwise right shift</td>
+</tr>
+</tbody>
+</table>
+<h3 id="compound-assignment-operators">Compound Assignment Operators</h3>
+<table>
+<thead>
+<tr>
+<th>Operator</th>
+<th>Operation</th>
+</tr>
+</thead>
+<tbody>
+<tr>
+<td>a <code>+=</code> b</td>
+<td>a = a + b</td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+<td>a <code>-=</code> b</td>
+<td>a = a - b</td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+<td>a <code>*=</code> b</td>
+<td>a = a * b</td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+<td>a <code>/=</code> b</td>
+<td>a = a / b</td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+<td>a <code>%=</code> b</td>
+<td>a = a % b</td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+<td>a <code>&amp;=</code> b</td>
+<td>a = a &amp; b</td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+<td>a <code>|=</code> b</td>
+<td>a = a</td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+<td>a <code>^=</code> b</td>
+<td>a = a ^ b</td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+<td>a <code>&lt;&lt;=</code> b</td>
+<td>a = a &lt;&lt; b</td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+<td>a <code>&gt;&gt;=</code> b</td>
+<td>a = a &gt;&gt; b</td>
+</tr>
+</tbody>
+</table>
+<h3 id="operator-precedence">Operator Precedence</h3>
+<ol>
+<li><code>!</code></li>
+<li><code>*</code>, <code>/</code>, <code>%</code></li>
+<li><code>+</code>, <code>-</code></li>
+<li><code>&lt;</code>, <code>&lt;=</code>, <code>&lt;</code>, <code>&gt;=</code></li>
+<li><code>==</code>, <code>!=</code></li>
+<li><code>&amp;&amp;</code></li>
+<li><code>||</code></li>
+<li><code>=</code></li>
+</ol>
+<h2 id="common-functions">Common Functions</h2>
+<h3 id="mathematical-functions">Mathematical Functions</h3>
+<div class="highlight"><table class="highlighttable"><tr><th colspan="2" class="filename"><span class="filename">C</span></th></tr><tr><td class="linenos"><div class="linenodiv"><pre><span></span><span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-6-1"> 1</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-6-2"> 2</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-6-3"> 3</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-6-4"> 4</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-6-5"> 5</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-6-6"> 6</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-6-7"> 7</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-6-8"> 8</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-6-9"> 9</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-6-10">10</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-6-11">11</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-6-12">12</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-6-13">13</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-6-14">14</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-6-15">15</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-6-16">16</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-6-17">17</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-6-18">18</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-6-19">19</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-6-20">20</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-6-21">21</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-6-22">22</a></span></pre></div></td><td class="code"><div><pre><span></span><code><a id="__codelineno-6-1" name="__codelineno-6-1"></a><span class="cp">#include</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="cpf">&lt;cmath&gt;</span>
+<a id="__codelineno-6-2" name="__codelineno-6-2"></a>
+<a id="__codelineno-6-3" name="__codelineno-6-3"></a><span class="n">abs</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="n">x</span><span class="p">);</span><span class="w">    </span><span class="c1">// absolute value</span>
+<a id="__codelineno-6-4" name="__codelineno-6-4"></a><span class="n">labs</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="n">x</span><span class="p">);</span><span class="w">    </span><span class="c1">//absolute value if x is long, result is long</span>
+<a id="__codelineno-6-5" name="__codelineno-6-5"></a><span class="n">fabs</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="n">x</span><span class="p">);</span><span class="w">    </span><span class="c1">//absolute value if x i float, result is float</span>
+<a id="__codelineno-6-6" name="__codelineno-6-6"></a><span class="n">sqrt</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="n">x</span><span class="p">);</span><span class="w">    </span><span class="c1">// square root</span>
+<a id="__codelineno-6-7" name="__codelineno-6-7"></a><span class="n">ceil</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="n">x</span><span class="p">);</span><span class="w">    </span><span class="c1">// ceil function (next integer)</span>
+<a id="__codelineno-6-8" name="__codelineno-6-8"></a><span class="n">floor</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="n">x</span><span class="p">);</span><span class="w">    </span><span class="c1">// floor function (integer part of x)</span>
+<a id="__codelineno-6-9" name="__codelineno-6-9"></a><span class="n">log</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="n">x</span><span class="p">);</span><span class="w">    </span><span class="c1">// natural log of x</span>
+<a id="__codelineno-6-10" name="__codelineno-6-10"></a><span class="n">log10</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="n">x</span><span class="p">);</span><span class="w">    </span><span class="c1">// log base 10 of x</span>
+<a id="__codelineno-6-11" name="__codelineno-6-11"></a><span class="n">exp</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="n">x</span><span class="p">);</span><span class="w">    </span><span class="c1">// e^x</span>
+<a id="__codelineno-6-12" name="__codelineno-6-12"></a><span class="n">pow</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="n">x</span><span class="p">,</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="n">y</span><span class="p">);</span><span class="w">    </span><span class="c1">// x^y</span>
+<a id="__codelineno-6-13" name="__codelineno-6-13"></a><span class="n">sin</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="n">x</span><span class="p">);</span>
+<a id="__codelineno-6-14" name="__codelineno-6-14"></a><span class="n">cos</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="n">x</span><span class="p">);</span>
+<a id="__codelineno-6-15" name="__codelineno-6-15"></a><span class="n">tan</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="n">x</span><span class="p">);</span>
+<a id="__codelineno-6-16" name="__codelineno-6-16"></a><span class="n">asin</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="n">x</span><span class="p">);</span><span class="w">    </span><span class="c1">//arcsin(x)</span>
+<a id="__codelineno-6-17" name="__codelineno-6-17"></a><span class="n">acos</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="n">x</span><span class="p">);</span><span class="w">    </span><span class="c1">//arccos(x)</span>
+<a id="__codelineno-6-18" name="__codelineno-6-18"></a><span class="n">atan</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="n">x</span><span class="p">);</span><span class="w">    </span><span class="c1">//arctan(x)</span>
+<a id="__codelineno-6-19" name="__codelineno-6-19"></a><span class="n">atan2</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="n">x</span><span class="p">,</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="n">y</span><span class="p">);</span><span class="w">    </span><span class="c1">//arctan(x / y)</span>
+<a id="__codelineno-6-20" name="__codelineno-6-20"></a><span class="n">sinh</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="n">x</span><span class="p">);</span><span class="w">    </span><span class="c1">//hyperbolic sin(x)</span>
+<a id="__codelineno-6-21" name="__codelineno-6-21"></a><span class="n">cosh</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="n">x</span><span class="p">);</span><span class="w">    </span><span class="c1">//hyperbolic cos(x)</span>
+<a id="__codelineno-6-22" name="__codelineno-6-22"></a><span class="n">tanh</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="n">x</span><span class="p">);</span><span class="w">    </span><span class="c1">//hyperbolic tan(X)</span>
+</code></pre></div></td></tr></table></div>
+<h3 id="character-functions">Character Functions</h3>
+<div class="highlight"><table class="highlighttable"><tr><th colspan="2" class="filename"><span class="filename">C</span></th></tr><tr><td class="linenos"><div class="linenodiv"><pre><span></span><span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-7-1"> 1</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-7-2"> 2</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-7-3"> 3</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-7-4"> 4</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-7-5"> 5</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-7-6"> 6</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-7-7"> 7</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-7-8"> 8</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-7-9"> 9</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-7-10">10</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-7-11">11</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-7-12">12</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-7-13">13</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-7-14">14</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-7-15">15</a></span></pre></div></td><td class="code"><div><pre><span></span><code><a id="__codelineno-7-1" name="__codelineno-7-1"></a><span class="n">isalnum</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="n">c</span><span class="p">);</span><span class="w">    </span><span class="c1">//true if c is alphanumeric</span>
+<a id="__codelineno-7-2" name="__codelineno-7-2"></a><span class="n">isalpha</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="n">c</span><span class="p">);</span><span class="w">    </span><span class="c1">//true if c is a letter</span>
+<a id="__codelineno-7-3" name="__codelineno-7-3"></a><span class="n">isdigit</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="n">c</span><span class="p">);</span><span class="w">    </span><span class="c1">//true if char is 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9</span>
+<a id="__codelineno-7-4" name="__codelineno-7-4"></a><span class="n">iscntrl</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="n">c</span><span class="p">);</span><span class="w">    </span><span class="c1">//true id c is DELETE or CONTROL CHARACTER</span>
+<a id="__codelineno-7-5" name="__codelineno-7-5"></a><span class="n">isascii</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="n">c</span><span class="p">);</span><span class="w">    </span><span class="c1">//true if c is a valid ASCII character</span>
+<a id="__codelineno-7-6" name="__codelineno-7-6"></a><span class="n">isprint</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="n">c</span><span class="p">);</span><span class="w">    </span><span class="c1">//true if c is printable</span>
+<a id="__codelineno-7-7" name="__codelineno-7-7"></a><span class="n">isgraph</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="n">c</span><span class="p">);</span><span class="w">    </span><span class="c1">//true id c is printable, SPACE excluded</span>
+<a id="__codelineno-7-8" name="__codelineno-7-8"></a><span class="n">islower</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="n">c</span><span class="p">);</span><span class="w">    </span><span class="c1">//true if c is lowercase</span>
+<a id="__codelineno-7-9" name="__codelineno-7-9"></a><span class="n">isupper</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="n">c</span><span class="p">);</span><span class="w">    </span><span class="c1">//true if c is uppercase</span>
+<a id="__codelineno-7-10" name="__codelineno-7-10"></a><span class="n">ispunct</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="n">c</span><span class="p">);</span><span class="w">    </span><span class="c1">//true if c is punctuation</span>
+<a id="__codelineno-7-11" name="__codelineno-7-11"></a><span class="n">isspace</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="n">c</span><span class="p">);</span><span class="w">    </span><span class="c1">//true if c is SPACE</span>
+<a id="__codelineno-7-12" name="__codelineno-7-12"></a><span class="n">isxdigit</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="n">c</span><span class="p">);</span><span class="w">    </span><span class="c1">//true if c is HEX DIGIT</span>
+<a id="__codelineno-7-13" name="__codelineno-7-13"></a>
+<a id="__codelineno-7-14" name="__codelineno-7-14"></a><span class="n">tolower</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="n">c</span><span class="p">);</span><span class="w">    </span><span class="c1">//transforms character in lowercase</span>
+<a id="__codelineno-7-15" name="__codelineno-7-15"></a><span class="n">toupper</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="n">c</span><span class="p">);</span><span class="w">    </span><span class="c1">//transform character in uppercase</span>
+</code></pre></div></td></tr></table></div>
+<h3 id="string-functions">String Functions</h3>
+<div class="highlight"><table class="highlighttable"><tr><th colspan="2" class="filename"><span class="filename">C</span></th></tr><tr><td class="linenos"><div class="linenodiv"><pre><span></span><span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-8-1"> 1</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-8-2"> 2</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-8-3"> 3</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-8-4"> 4</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-8-5"> 5</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-8-6"> 6</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-8-7"> 7</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-8-8"> 8</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-8-9"> 9</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-8-10">10</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-8-11">11</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-8-12">12</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-8-13">13</a></span></pre></div></td><td class="code"><div><pre><span></span><code><a id="__codelineno-8-1" name="__codelineno-8-1"></a><span class="n">strlen</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="n">string</span><span class="p">);</span><span class="w">    </span><span class="c1">//return length (num of chars) of the string</span>
+<a id="__codelineno-8-2" name="__codelineno-8-2"></a><span class="n">strcat</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="n">destination</span><span class="p">,</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="n">source</span><span class="p">);</span><span class="w">    </span><span class="c1">//appends chars of string2 to string1</span>
+<a id="__codelineno-8-3" name="__codelineno-8-3"></a><span class="n">strncat</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="n">string1</span><span class="p">,</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="n">string2</span><span class="p">,</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="n">nchar</span><span class="p">);</span><span class="w">    </span><span class="c1">//appends the first n chars of string 2 to string1</span>
+<a id="__codelineno-8-4" name="__codelineno-8-4"></a><span class="n">strcpy</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="n">string1</span><span class="p">,</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="n">string2</span><span class="p">.</span><span class="n">c_str</span><span class="p">());</span><span class="w">    </span><span class="c1">//copies string2 into string1 char by char</span>
+<a id="__codelineno-8-5" name="__codelineno-8-5"></a><span class="n">strncpy</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="n">string1</span><span class="p">,</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="n">string2</span><span class="p">,</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="n">n</span><span class="p">);</span><span class="w">    </span><span class="c1">//copy first n chars from string2 to string1</span>
+<a id="__codelineno-8-6" name="__codelineno-8-6"></a><span class="n">strcmp</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="n">string1</span><span class="p">,</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="n">string2</span><span class="p">);</span><span class="w">    </span><span class="c1">//compares string1 w/ string2</span>
+<a id="__codelineno-8-7" name="__codelineno-8-7"></a><span class="n">strncmp</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="n">string1</span><span class="p">,</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="n">string2</span><span class="p">,</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="n">n</span><span class="p">);</span><span class="w">    </span><span class="c1">//compares first n chars</span>
+<a id="__codelineno-8-8" name="__codelineno-8-8"></a><span class="c1">//returns &lt; 0 if string1 precedes string2</span>
+<a id="__codelineno-8-9" name="__codelineno-8-9"></a><span class="c1">//returns 0 if string1 == string2</span>
+<a id="__codelineno-8-10" name="__codelineno-8-10"></a><span class="c1">// returns &gt; 0 if string1 succeeds string2</span>
+<a id="__codelineno-8-11" name="__codelineno-8-11"></a><span class="n">strchr</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="n">string</span><span class="p">,</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="n">c</span><span class="p">);</span><span class="w">    </span><span class="c1">//returns index of c in string if it exists, NULL otherwise</span>
+<a id="__codelineno-8-12" name="__codelineno-8-12"></a><span class="n">strstr</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="n">string1</span><span class="p">,</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="n">string2</span><span class="p">);</span><span class="w">    </span><span class="c1">//returns pointer to starting index of string1 in string2</span>
+<a id="__codelineno-8-13" name="__codelineno-8-13"></a><span class="n">strpbrk</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="n">string</span><span class="p">,</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="n">charSet</span><span class="p">);</span><span class="w">    </span><span class="c1">//Returns a pointer to the first occurrence of any character from strCharSet in str, or a NULL pointer if the two string arguments have no characters in common.</span>
+</code></pre></div></td></tr></table></div>
+<h3 id="string-conversion">String Conversion</h3>
+<div class="highlight"><table class="highlighttable"><tr><th colspan="2" class="filename"><span class="filename">C</span></th></tr><tr><td class="linenos"><div class="linenodiv"><pre><span></span><span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-9-1">1</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-9-2">2</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-9-3">3</a></span></pre></div></td><td class="code"><div><pre><span></span><code><a id="__codelineno-9-1" name="__codelineno-9-1"></a><span class="n">atof</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="n">string</span><span class="p">);</span><span class="w">    </span><span class="c1">//converts string in double if possible</span>
+<a id="__codelineno-9-2" name="__codelineno-9-2"></a><span class="n">atoi</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="n">string</span><span class="p">);</span><span class="w">    </span><span class="c1">//converts string in integer if possible</span>
+<a id="__codelineno-9-3" name="__codelineno-9-3"></a><span class="n">atol</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="n">string</span><span class="p">);</span><span class="w">    </span><span class="c1">//converts string in long if possible</span>
+</code></pre></div></td></tr></table></div>
+<h3 id="string-methods">String Methods</h3>
+<div class="highlight"><table class="highlighttable"><tr><th colspan="2" class="filename"><span class="filename">C++</span></th></tr><tr><td class="linenos"><div class="linenodiv"><pre><span></span><span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-10-1">1</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-10-2">2</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-10-3">3</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-10-4">4</a></span></pre></div></td><td class="code"><div><pre><span></span><code><a id="__codelineno-10-1" name="__codelineno-10-1"></a><span class="n">string</span><span class="p">.</span><span class="n">at</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="n">pos</span><span class="p">);</span><span class="w">    </span><span class="c1">// returns char at index pos</span>
+<a id="__codelineno-10-2" name="__codelineno-10-2"></a><span class="n">string</span><span class="p">.</span><span class="n">substr</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="n">start</span><span class="p">,</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="n">end</span><span class="p">);</span><span class="w">    </span><span class="c1">// returns substring between indexes START and END</span>
+<a id="__codelineno-10-3" name="__codelineno-10-3"></a><span class="n">string</span><span class="p">.</span><span class="n">c_str</span><span class="p">();</span><span class="w">    </span><span class="c1">//reads string char by char</span>
+<a id="__codelineno-10-4" name="__codelineno-10-4"></a><span class="n">string</span><span class="p">.</span><span class="n">find</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="n">substring</span><span class="p">);</span><span class="w">    </span><span class="c1">// The zero-based index of the first character in string object that matches the requested substring or characters</span>
+</code></pre></div></td></tr></table></div>
+<h2 id="vectors">Vectors</h2>
+<div class="highlight"><table class="highlighttable"><tr><th colspan="2" class="filename"><span class="filename">C</span></th></tr><tr><td class="linenos"><div class="linenodiv"><pre><span></span><span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-11-1">1</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-11-2">2</a></span></pre></div></td><td class="code"><div><pre><span></span><code><a id="__codelineno-11-1" name="__codelineno-11-1"></a><span class="cp">#include</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="cpf">&lt;vector&gt;</span>
+<a id="__codelineno-11-2" name="__codelineno-11-2"></a><span class="n">vector</span><span class="o">&lt;</span><span class="n">type</span><span class="o">&gt;</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="n">vector_name</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="o">=</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="p">{</span><span class="n">values</span><span class="p">};</span><span class="w">    </span><span class="c1">//variable length array</span>
+</code></pre></div></td></tr></table></div>
+<h2 id="decision-statements">Decision Statements</h2>
+<h3 id="if-statements">If Statements</h3>
+<div class="highlight"><table class="highlighttable"><tr><th colspan="2" class="filename"><span class="filename">C</span></th></tr><tr><td class="linenos"><div class="linenodiv"><pre><span></span><span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-12-1"> 1</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-12-2"> 2</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-12-3"> 3</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-12-4"> 4</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-12-5"> 5</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-12-6"> 6</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-12-7"> 7</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-12-8"> 8</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-12-9"> 9</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-12-10">10</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-12-11">11</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-12-12">12</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-12-13">13</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-12-14">14</a></span></pre></div></td><td class="code"><div><pre><span></span><code><a id="__codelineno-12-1" name="__codelineno-12-1"></a><span class="k">if</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="p">(</span><span class="n">condition</span><span class="p">)</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="p">{</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="p">}</span>
+<a id="__codelineno-12-2" name="__codelineno-12-2"></a>
+<a id="__codelineno-12-3" name="__codelineno-12-3"></a><span class="k">if</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="p">(</span><span class="n">condition</span><span class="p">)</span><span class="w"> </span>
+<a id="__codelineno-12-4" name="__codelineno-12-4"></a><span class="p">{</span>
+<a id="__codelineno-12-5" name="__codelineno-12-5"></a>
+<a id="__codelineno-12-6" name="__codelineno-12-6"></a><span class="p">}</span>
+<a id="__codelineno-12-7" name="__codelineno-12-7"></a><span class="k">else</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="k">if</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="p">(</span><span class="n">condition</span><span class="p">)</span><span class="w"> </span>
+<a id="__codelineno-12-8" name="__codelineno-12-8"></a><span class="p">{</span>
+<a id="__codelineno-12-9" name="__codelineno-12-9"></a>
+<a id="__codelineno-12-10" name="__codelineno-12-10"></a><span class="p">}</span>
+<a id="__codelineno-12-11" name="__codelineno-12-11"></a><span class="k">else</span>
+<a id="__codelineno-12-12" name="__codelineno-12-12"></a><span class="p">{</span>
+<a id="__codelineno-12-13" name="__codelineno-12-13"></a>
+<a id="__codelineno-12-14" name="__codelineno-12-14"></a><span class="p">}</span>
+</code></pre></div></td></tr></table></div>
+<h3 id="switch">Switch</h3>
+<div class="highlight"><table class="highlighttable"><tr><th colspan="2" class="filename"><span class="filename">C</span></th></tr><tr><td class="linenos"><div class="linenodiv"><pre><span></span><span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-13-1"> 1</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-13-2"> 2</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-13-3"> 3</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-13-4"> 4</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-13-5"> 5</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-13-6"> 6</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-13-7"> 7</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-13-8"> 8</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-13-9"> 9</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-13-10">10</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-13-11">11</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-13-12">12</a></span></pre></div></td><td class="code"><div><pre><span></span><code><a id="__codelineno-13-1" name="__codelineno-13-1"></a><span class="k">switch</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="p">(</span><span class="n">expression</span><span class="p">)</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="p">{</span>
+<a id="__codelineno-13-2" name="__codelineno-13-2"></a><span class="w">    </span><span class="k">case</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="no">constant_1</span><span class="p">:</span>
+<a id="__codelineno-13-3" name="__codelineno-13-3"></a><span class="w">        </span><span class="c1">//code here</span>
+<a id="__codelineno-13-4" name="__codelineno-13-4"></a><span class="w">        </span><span class="k">break</span><span class="p">;</span>
+<a id="__codelineno-13-5" name="__codelineno-13-5"></a>
+<a id="__codelineno-13-6" name="__codelineno-13-6"></a><span class="w">    </span><span class="k">case</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="no">constant_2</span><span class="p">:</span>
+<a id="__codelineno-13-7" name="__codelineno-13-7"></a><span class="w">        </span><span class="c1">//code here</span>
+<a id="__codelineno-13-8" name="__codelineno-13-8"></a><span class="w">        </span><span class="k">break</span><span class="p">;</span>
+<a id="__codelineno-13-9" name="__codelineno-13-9"></a>
+<a id="__codelineno-13-10" name="__codelineno-13-10"></a><span class="w">    </span><span class="k">default</span><span class="o">:</span>
+<a id="__codelineno-13-11" name="__codelineno-13-11"></a><span class="w">        </span><span class="c1">//code here</span>
+<a id="__codelineno-13-12" name="__codelineno-13-12"></a><span class="p">}</span>
+</code></pre></div></td></tr></table></div>
+<h2 id="loop-statements">Loop Statements</h2>
+<h3 id="while-loop">While Loop</h3>
+<div class="highlight"><table class="highlighttable"><tr><th colspan="2" class="filename"><span class="filename">C</span></th></tr><tr><td class="linenos"><div class="linenodiv"><pre><span></span><span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-14-1">1</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-14-2">2</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-14-3">3</a></span></pre></div></td><td class="code"><div><pre><span></span><code><a id="__codelineno-14-1" name="__codelineno-14-1"></a><span class="k">while</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="p">(</span><span class="n">condition</span><span class="p">)</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="p">{</span>
+<a id="__codelineno-14-2" name="__codelineno-14-2"></a><span class="w">    </span><span class="c1">//code here</span>
+<a id="__codelineno-14-3" name="__codelineno-14-3"></a><span class="p">}</span>
+</code></pre></div></td></tr></table></div>
+<h3 id="do-while">Do While</h3>
+<div class="highlight"><table class="highlighttable"><tr><th colspan="2" class="filename"><span class="filename">C</span></th></tr><tr><td class="linenos"><div class="linenodiv"><pre><span></span><span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-15-1">1</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-15-2">2</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-15-3">3</a></span></pre></div></td><td class="code"><div><pre><span></span><code><a id="__codelineno-15-1" name="__codelineno-15-1"></a><span class="k">do</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="p">{</span>
+<a id="__codelineno-15-2" name="__codelineno-15-2"></a><span class="w">    </span><span class="c1">//code here</span>
+<a id="__codelineno-15-3" name="__codelineno-15-3"></a><span class="p">}</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="k">while</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="p">(</span><span class="n">condition</span><span class="p">);</span>
+</code></pre></div></td></tr></table></div>
+<h3 id="for-loop">For Loop</h3>
+<div class="highlight"><table class="highlighttable"><tr><th colspan="2" class="filename"><span class="filename">C</span></th></tr><tr><td class="linenos"><div class="linenodiv"><pre><span></span><span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-16-1">1</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-16-2">2</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-16-3">3</a></span></pre></div></td><td class="code"><div><pre><span></span><code><a id="__codelineno-16-1" name="__codelineno-16-1"></a><span class="k">for</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="p">(</span><span class="n">initialization</span><span class="p">;</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="n">condition</span><span class="p">;</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="n">increase</span><span class="p">)</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="p">{</span>
+<a id="__codelineno-16-2" name="__codelineno-16-2"></a><span class="w">    </span><span class="c1">//code here</span>
+<a id="__codelineno-16-3" name="__codelineno-16-3"></a><span class="p">}</span>
+</code></pre></div></td></tr></table></div>
+<h3 id="break-statement">Break Statement</h3>
+<p><code>break;</code> leaves a loop, even if the condition for its end is not fulfilled.</p>
+<h3 id="continue-statement">Continue Statement</h3>
+<p><code>continue;</code> causes the program to skip the rest of the loop in the current iteration.</p>
+<h2 id="functions">Functions</h2>
+<p>Functions <strong>must</strong> be declared <strong>before</strong> the main function.<br />
+It is possible to declare functions <strong>after</strong> the main only if the <em>prototype</em> is declared <strong>before</strong> the main.<br />
+To return multiple variables those variables can be passed by reference so that their values is adjourned in the main.</p>
+<div class="highlight"><table class="highlighttable"><tr><th colspan="2" class="filename"><span class="filename">C</span></th></tr><tr><td class="linenos"><div class="linenodiv"><pre><span></span><span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-17-1">1</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-17-2">2</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-17-3">3</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-17-4">4</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-17-5">5</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-17-6">6</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-17-7">7</a></span></pre></div></td><td class="code"><div><pre><span></span><code><a id="__codelineno-17-1" name="__codelineno-17-1"></a><span class="n">type</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="nf">function_name</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="n">type</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="n">argument1</span><span class="p">,</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="p">...);</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="c1">// function prototype</span>
+<a id="__codelineno-17-2" name="__codelineno-17-2"></a>
+<a id="__codelineno-17-3" name="__codelineno-17-3"></a><span class="n">type</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="nf">functionName</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="p">(</span><span class="n">parameters</span><span class="p">)</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="p">{</span>
+<a id="__codelineno-17-4" name="__codelineno-17-4"></a><span class="w">    </span><span class="k">return</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="o">&lt;</span><span class="n">expression</span><span class="o">&gt;</span><span class="p">;</span>
+<a id="__codelineno-17-5" name="__codelineno-17-5"></a><span class="p">}</span>
+<a id="__codelineno-17-6" name="__codelineno-17-6"></a>
+<a id="__codelineno-17-7" name="__codelineno-17-7"></a><span class="kt">void</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="nf">functionName</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="p">(</span><span class="n">parameters</span><span class="p">)</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="p">{</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="p">}</span>
+</code></pre></div></td></tr></table></div>
+<h3 id="arguments-passed-by-reference-without-pointers">Arguments passed by reference without pointers</h3>
+<p>Passing arguments by reference causes modifications made inside the function to be propagated to the values outside.<br />
+Passing arguments by values copies the values to the arguments: changes remain inside the function.  </p>
+<div class="highlight"><table class="highlighttable"><tr><th colspan="2" class="filename"><span class="filename">C</span></th></tr><tr><td class="linenos"><div class="linenodiv"><pre><span></span><span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-18-1">1</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-18-2">2</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-18-3">3</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-18-4">4</a></span></pre></div></td><td class="code"><div><pre><span></span><code><a id="__codelineno-18-1" name="__codelineno-18-1"></a><span class="n">type</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="nf">functionName</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="p">(</span><span class="n">type</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="o">&amp;</span><span class="n">argument1</span><span class="p">,</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="p">...)</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="p">{</span>
+<a id="__codelineno-18-2" name="__codelineno-18-2"></a><span class="w">    </span><span class="c1">//code here</span>
+<a id="__codelineno-18-3" name="__codelineno-18-3"></a><span class="w">    </span><span class="k">return</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="o">&lt;</span><span class="n">expression</span><span class="o">&gt;</span><span class="p">;</span>
+<a id="__codelineno-18-4" name="__codelineno-18-4"></a><span class="p">}</span>
+</code></pre></div></td></tr></table></div>
+<p><code>functionName (arguments);</code></p>
+<h3 id="arguments-passed-by-reference-with-pointers">Arguments passed by reference with pointers</h3>
+<p>Passing arguments by reference causes modifications made inside the function to be propagated to the values outside.<br />
+Passing arguments by values copies the values to the arguments: changes remain inside the function.</p>
+<div class="highlight"><table class="highlighttable"><tr><th colspan="2" class="filename"><span class="filename">C</span></th></tr><tr><td class="linenos"><div class="linenodiv"><pre><span></span><span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-19-1">1</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-19-2">2</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-19-3">3</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-19-4">4</a></span></pre></div></td><td class="code"><div><pre><span></span><code><a id="__codelineno-19-1" name="__codelineno-19-1"></a><span class="n">type</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="nf">function_name</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="p">(</span><span class="n">type</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="o">*</span><span class="n">argument_1</span><span class="p">,</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="p">...)</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="p">{</span>
+<a id="__codelineno-19-2" name="__codelineno-19-2"></a><span class="w">    </span><span class="n">instructions</span><span class="p">;</span>
+<a id="__codelineno-19-3" name="__codelineno-19-3"></a><span class="w">    </span><span class="k">return</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="o">&lt;</span><span class="n">expression</span><span class="o">&gt;</span><span class="p">;</span>
+<a id="__codelineno-19-4" name="__codelineno-19-4"></a><span class="p">}</span>
+</code></pre></div></td></tr></table></div>
+<p><code>function_name (&amp;argument_1, ...);</code></p>
+<h2 id="arrays">Arrays</h2>
+<div class="highlight"><table class="highlighttable"><tr><th colspan="2" class="filename"><span class="filename">C</span></th></tr><tr><td class="linenos"><div class="linenodiv"><pre><span></span><span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-20-1">1</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-20-2">2</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-20-3">3</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-20-4">4</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-20-5">5</a></span></pre></div></td><td class="code"><div><pre><span></span><code><a id="__codelineno-20-1" name="__codelineno-20-1"></a><span class="n">type</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="n">arrayName</span><span class="p">[</span><span class="n">dimension</span><span class="p">];</span><span class="w">    </span><span class="c1">//array declaration</span>
+<a id="__codelineno-20-2" name="__codelineno-20-2"></a><span class="n">type</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="n">arrayName</span><span class="p">[</span><span class="n">dimension</span><span class="p">]</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="o">=</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="p">{</span><span class="n">value1</span><span class="p">,</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="n">value2</span><span class="p">,</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="p">...};</span><span class="w">    </span><span class="c1">//array declaration &amp; initialization, values number must match dimension</span>
+<a id="__codelineno-20-3" name="__codelineno-20-3"></a>
+<a id="__codelineno-20-4" name="__codelineno-20-4"></a><span class="n">array</span><span class="p">[</span><span class="n">index</span><span class="p">]</span><span class="w">    </span><span class="c1">//item access, index starts at 0 (zero)</span>
+<a id="__codelineno-20-5" name="__codelineno-20-5"></a><span class="n">array</span><span class="p">[</span><span class="n">index</span><span class="p">]</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="o">=</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="n">value</span><span class="p">;</span><span class="w">    </span><span class="c1">//value assignment at position index</span>
+</code></pre></div></td></tr></table></div>
+<h2 id="array-as-function-parameter">Array as function parameter</h2>
+<p>The dimension is not specified because it is determined by the passed array.<br />
+The array is passed by reference.</p>
+<div class="highlight"><table class="highlighttable"><tr><th colspan="2" class="filename"><span class="filename">C</span></th></tr><tr><td class="linenos"><div class="linenodiv"><pre><span></span><span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-21-1"> 1</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-21-2"> 2</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-21-3"> 3</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-21-4"> 4</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-21-5"> 5</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-21-6"> 6</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-21-7"> 7</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-21-8"> 8</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-21-9"> 9</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-21-10">10</a></span></pre></div></td><td class="code"><div><pre><span></span><code><a id="__codelineno-21-1" name="__codelineno-21-1"></a><span class="n">type</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="nf">function</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="n">type</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="n">array</span><span class="p">[]){</span>
+<a id="__codelineno-21-2" name="__codelineno-21-2"></a><span class="w">    </span><span class="c1">//code here</span>
+<a id="__codelineno-21-3" name="__codelineno-21-3"></a><span class="p">}</span>
+<a id="__codelineno-21-4" name="__codelineno-21-4"></a>
+<a id="__codelineno-21-5" name="__codelineno-21-5"></a><span class="c1">//array is not modifiable inside the function (READ ONLY)</span>
+<a id="__codelineno-21-6" name="__codelineno-21-6"></a><span class="n">type</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="nf">function</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="k">const</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="n">type</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="n">array</span><span class="p">[]){</span>
+<a id="__codelineno-21-7" name="__codelineno-21-7"></a><span class="w">    </span><span class="c1">//code here</span>
+<a id="__codelineno-21-8" name="__codelineno-21-8"></a><span class="p">}</span>
+<a id="__codelineno-21-9" name="__codelineno-21-9"></a>
+<a id="__codelineno-21-10" name="__codelineno-21-10"></a><span class="n">function</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="n">array</span><span class="p">);</span><span class="w">    </span><span class="c1">//array passed w/out square brackets []</span>
+</code></pre></div></td></tr></table></div>
+<h3 id="multi-dimensional-array-matrix">Multi-Dimensional Array (Matrix)</h3>
+<div class="highlight"><table class="highlighttable"><tr><th colspan="2" class="filename"><span class="filename">C</span></th></tr><tr><td class="linenos"><div class="linenodiv"><pre><span></span><span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-22-1">1</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-22-2">2</a></span></pre></div></td><td class="code"><div><pre><span></span><code><a id="__codelineno-22-1" name="__codelineno-22-1"></a><span class="n">type</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="n">matrix</span><span class="p">[</span><span class="n">rows</span><span class="p">][</span><span class="n">columns</span><span class="p">];</span>
+<a id="__codelineno-22-2" name="__codelineno-22-2"></a><span class="n">matrix</span><span class="p">[</span><span class="n">i</span><span class="p">][</span><span class="n">j</span><span class="p">]</span><span class="w">    </span><span class="c1">//element A_ij of the matrix</span>
+</code></pre></div></td></tr></table></div>
+<h3 id="matrix-as-function-parameter">Matrix as function parameter</h3>
+<div class="highlight"><table class="highlighttable"><tr><th colspan="2" class="filename"><span class="filename">C</span></th></tr><tr><td class="linenos"><div class="linenodiv"><pre><span></span><span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-23-1"> 1</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-23-2"> 2</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-23-3"> 3</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-23-4"> 4</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-23-5"> 5</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-23-6"> 6</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-23-7"> 7</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-23-8"> 8</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-23-9"> 9</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-23-10">10</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-23-11">11</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-23-12">12</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-23-13">13</a></span></pre></div></td><td class="code"><div><pre><span></span><code><a id="__codelineno-23-1" name="__codelineno-23-1"></a><span class="c1">//matrix passed by reference, second dimension is mandatory</span>
+<a id="__codelineno-23-2" name="__codelineno-23-2"></a><span class="n">type</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="nf">function</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="n">type</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="n">matrix</span><span class="p">[][</span><span class="n">columns</span><span class="p">]){</span>
+<a id="__codelineno-23-3" name="__codelineno-23-3"></a><span class="w">    </span><span class="c1">//code here</span>
+<a id="__codelineno-23-4" name="__codelineno-23-4"></a><span class="p">};</span>
+<a id="__codelineno-23-5" name="__codelineno-23-5"></a>
+<a id="__codelineno-23-6" name="__codelineno-23-6"></a><span class="c1">//matrix values READ ONLY</span>
+<a id="__codelineno-23-7" name="__codelineno-23-7"></a><span class="n">type</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="nf">function</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="k">const</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="n">type</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="n">matrix</span><span class="p">[][</span><span class="n">columns</span><span class="p">]){</span>
+<a id="__codelineno-23-8" name="__codelineno-23-8"></a><span class="w">    </span><span class="c1">//code here</span>
+<a id="__codelineno-23-9" name="__codelineno-23-9"></a><span class="p">}</span>
+<a id="__codelineno-23-10" name="__codelineno-23-10"></a>
+<a id="__codelineno-23-11" name="__codelineno-23-11"></a><span class="n">type</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="nf">function</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="n">type</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="n">matrix</span><span class="p">[][</span><span class="n">dim2</span><span class="p">]...[</span><span class="n">dimN</span><span class="p">]){</span>
+<a id="__codelineno-23-12" name="__codelineno-23-12"></a><span class="w">    </span><span class="c1">//code here</span>
+<a id="__codelineno-23-13" name="__codelineno-23-13"></a><span class="p">}</span>
+</code></pre></div></td></tr></table></div>
+<h2 id="structs">Structs</h2>
+<h3 id="struct-definition">Struct Definition</h3>
+<div class="highlight"><table class="highlighttable"><tr><th colspan="2" class="filename"><span class="filename">C</span></th></tr><tr><td class="linenos"><div class="linenodiv"><pre><span></span><span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-24-1">1</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-24-2">2</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-24-3">3</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-24-4">4</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-24-5">5</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-24-6">6</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-24-7">7</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-24-8">8</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-24-9">9</a></span></pre></div></td><td class="code"><div><pre><span></span><code><a id="__codelineno-24-1" name="__codelineno-24-1"></a><span class="k">struct</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="nc">Struct</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="p">{</span>
+<a id="__codelineno-24-2" name="__codelineno-24-2"></a><span class="w">    </span><span class="n">type</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="n">field1</span><span class="p">;</span>
+<a id="__codelineno-24-3" name="__codelineno-24-3"></a><span class="w">    </span><span class="n">type</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="n">field2</span><span class="p">;</span>
+<a id="__codelineno-24-4" name="__codelineno-24-4"></a><span class="w">    </span><span class="n">type</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="n">field3</span><span class="p">;</span>
+<a id="__codelineno-24-5" name="__codelineno-24-5"></a><span class="w">    </span><span class="n">type</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="n">field4</span><span class="p">;</span>
+<a id="__codelineno-24-6" name="__codelineno-24-6"></a><span class="p">};</span>
+<a id="__codelineno-24-7" name="__codelineno-24-7"></a>
+<a id="__codelineno-24-8" name="__codelineno-24-8"></a><span class="n">Struct</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="n">variable</span><span class="p">;</span><span class="w">    </span><span class="c1">// struct-type variable</span>
+<a id="__codelineno-24-9" name="__codelineno-24-9"></a><span class="n">variable</span><span class="p">.</span><span class="n">field</span><span class="w">    </span><span class="c1">// field access</span>
+</code></pre></div></td></tr></table></div>
+<h2 id="pointers">Pointers</h2>
+<p>Pointers hold memory addresses of declared variables, they should be initialized to NULL.</p>
+<div class="highlight"><table class="highlighttable"><tr><th colspan="2" class="filename"><span class="filename">C</span></th></tr><tr><td class="linenos"><div class="linenodiv"><pre><span></span><span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-25-1">1</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-25-2">2</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-25-3">3</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-25-4">4</a></span></pre></div></td><td class="code"><div><pre><span></span><code><a id="__codelineno-25-1" name="__codelineno-25-1"></a><span class="n">type</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="o">*</span><span class="n">pointer</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="o">=</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="o">&amp;</span><span class="n">variable</span><span class="p">;</span><span class="w">     </span><span class="c1">//pointer init and assignment</span>
+<a id="__codelineno-25-2" name="__codelineno-25-2"></a><span class="n">type</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="o">*</span><span class="n">pointer</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="o">=</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="nb">NULL</span><span class="p">;</span>
+<a id="__codelineno-25-3" name="__codelineno-25-3"></a><span class="n">type</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="o">*</span><span class="n">pointer</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="o">=</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="n">otherPointer</span><span class="p">;</span>
+<a id="__codelineno-25-4" name="__codelineno-25-4"></a><span class="n">type</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="o">**</span><span class="n">pointerToPointer</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="o">=</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="o">&amp;</span><span class="n">pointer</span><span class="p">;</span><span class="w">    </span><span class="c1">// pointerToPointer -&gt; pointer -&gt; variable</span>
+</code></pre></div></td></tr></table></div>
+<p><code>&amp;variable</code> extracts the address, the pointer holds the address of the variable.<br />
+pointer type and variable type <strong>must</strong> match.<br />
+(*) &rarr; "value pointed to by"</p>
+<div class="highlight"><table class="highlighttable"><tr><th colspan="2" class="filename"><span class="filename">C</span></th></tr><tr><td class="linenos"><div class="linenodiv"><pre><span></span><span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-26-1">1</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-26-2">2</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-26-3">3</a></span></pre></div></td><td class="code"><div><pre><span></span><code><a id="__codelineno-26-1" name="__codelineno-26-1"></a><span class="n">pointer</span><span class="w">    </span><span class="c1">//address of pointed value (value of variable)</span>
+<a id="__codelineno-26-2" name="__codelineno-26-2"></a><span class="o">*</span><span class="n">pointer</span><span class="w">    </span><span class="c1">//value of pointed variable</span>
+<a id="__codelineno-26-3" name="__codelineno-26-3"></a><span class="o">**</span><span class="n">pointer</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="c1">//value pointed by *pointer (pointer to pointer)</span>
+</code></pre></div></td></tr></table></div>
+<h3 id="pointer-to-array">Pointer to array</h3>
+<div class="highlight"><table class="highlighttable"><tr><th colspan="2" class="filename"><span class="filename">C</span></th></tr><tr><td class="linenos"><div class="linenodiv"><pre><span></span><span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-27-1">1</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-27-2">2</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-27-3">3</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-27-4">4</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-27-5">5</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-27-6">6</a></span></pre></div></td><td class="code"><div><pre><span></span><code><a id="__codelineno-27-1" name="__codelineno-27-1"></a><span class="n">type</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="o">*</span><span class="n">pointer</span><span class="p">;</span>
+<a id="__codelineno-27-2" name="__codelineno-27-2"></a><span class="n">type</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="n">array</span><span class="p">[</span><span class="n">dim</span><span class="p">]</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="o">=</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="p">{};</span>
+<a id="__codelineno-27-3" name="__codelineno-27-3"></a>
+<a id="__codelineno-27-4" name="__codelineno-27-4"></a>
+<a id="__codelineno-27-5" name="__codelineno-27-5"></a><span class="n">pointer</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="o">=</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="n">array</span><span class="p">;</span><span class="w">    </span><span class="c1">//point to array (pointer points to first &quot;cell&quot; of array)</span>
+<a id="__codelineno-27-6" name="__codelineno-27-6"></a><span class="n">pointer</span><span class="o">++</span><span class="p">;</span><span class="w">    </span><span class="c1">//change pointed value to successive &quot;cell&quot; of array</span>
+</code></pre></div></td></tr></table></div>
+<h3 id="pointers-arrays-functions">Pointers, Arrays &amp; Functions</h3>
+<div class="highlight"><table class="highlighttable"><tr><th colspan="2" class="filename"><span class="filename">C</span></th></tr><tr><td class="linenos"><div class="linenodiv"><pre><span></span><span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-28-1">1</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-28-2">2</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-28-3">3</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-28-4">4</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-28-5">5</a></span></pre></div></td><td class="code"><div><pre><span></span><code><a id="__codelineno-28-1" name="__codelineno-28-1"></a><span class="n">func</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="n">array</span><span class="p">)</span><span class="w">    </span><span class="c1">//pass entire array to function (no need to use (&amp;) to extract address)</span>
+<a id="__codelineno-28-2" name="__codelineno-28-2"></a>
+<a id="__codelineno-28-3" name="__codelineno-28-3"></a><span class="n">type</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="n">func</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="n">type</span><span class="o">*</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="n">array</span><span class="p">){</span>
+<a id="__codelineno-28-4" name="__codelineno-28-4"></a><span class="w">    </span><span class="n">array</span><span class="p">[</span><span class="n">index</span><span class="p">]</span><span class="w">    </span><span class="c1">//access to item of array at index</span>
+<a id="__codelineno-28-5" name="__codelineno-28-5"></a><span class="p">}</span>
+</code></pre></div></td></tr></table></div>
+<h3 id="pointer-to-struct">Pointer to Struct</h3>
+<div class="highlight"><table class="highlighttable"><tr><th colspan="2" class="filename"><span class="filename">C</span></th></tr><tr><td class="linenos"><div class="linenodiv"><pre><span></span><span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-29-1">1</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-29-2">2</a></span></pre></div></td><td class="code"><div><pre><span></span><code><a id="__codelineno-29-1" name="__codelineno-29-1"></a><span class="p">(</span><span class="o">*</span><span class="n">structPointer</span><span class="p">).</span><span class="n">field</span><span class="w">    </span><span class="c1">//access to field value</span>
+<a id="__codelineno-29-2" name="__codelineno-29-2"></a><span class="n">structPointer</span><span class="o">-&gt;</span><span class="n">structField</span><span class="w">    </span><span class="c1">//access to field value</span>
+</code></pre></div></td></tr></table></div>
+<h2 id="dynamic-structures">Dynamic Structures</h2>
+<p>Dynamic structures are structures without a fixed number of items.  </p>
+<p>Every item in a dynamic structure is called <strong>node</strong>.<br />
+Every node is composed by two parts:</p>
+<ul>
+<li>the value (item)</li>
+<li>pointer to successive node</li>
+</ul>
+<p><strong>Lists</strong> are <em>linear</em> dynamic structures in which is only defined the preceding and succeeding item. A List is a group of homogeneous items (all of the same type).  </p>
+<p><strong>Trees</strong>, <strong>Graphs</strong> are non <em>linear</em> dynamic structures in which an item cha have multiple successors.  </p>
+<h3 id="stack">Stack</h3>
+<p>A <strong>Stack</strong> is a list in with nodes can be extracted from one <em>side</em> only (<em>LIFO</em>).
+The extraction of an item from the <em>top</em> is called <strong>pop</strong></p>
+<div class="highlight"><table class="highlighttable"><tr><th colspan="2" class="filename"><span class="filename">C</span></th></tr><tr><td class="linenos"><div class="linenodiv"><pre><span></span><span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-30-1">1</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-30-2">2</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-30-3">3</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-30-4">4</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-30-5">5</a></span></pre></div></td><td class="code"><div><pre><span></span><code><a id="__codelineno-30-1" name="__codelineno-30-1"></a><span class="c1">// node structure</span>
+<a id="__codelineno-30-2" name="__codelineno-30-2"></a><span class="k">struct</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="nc">Node</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="p">{</span>
+<a id="__codelineno-30-3" name="__codelineno-30-3"></a><span class="w">    </span><span class="n">type</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="n">value</span><span class="p">;</span>
+<a id="__codelineno-30-4" name="__codelineno-30-4"></a><span class="w">    </span><span class="n">stack</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="o">*</span><span class="n">next</span><span class="p">;</span>
+<a id="__codelineno-30-5" name="__codelineno-30-5"></a><span class="p">}</span>
+</code></pre></div></td></tr></table></div>
+<h4 id="node-insertion">Node Insertion</h4>
+<div class="highlight"><table class="highlighttable"><tr><th colspan="2" class="filename"><span class="filename">C</span></th></tr><tr><td class="linenos"><div class="linenodiv"><pre><span></span><span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-31-1"> 1</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-31-2"> 2</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-31-3"> 3</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-31-4"> 4</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-31-5"> 5</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-31-6"> 6</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-31-7"> 7</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-31-8"> 8</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-31-9"> 9</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-31-10">10</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-31-11">11</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-31-12">12</a></span></pre></div></td><td class="code"><div><pre><span></span><code><a id="__codelineno-31-1" name="__codelineno-31-1"></a><span class="n">Node</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="o">*</span><span class="n">stackNode</span><span class="p">;</span><span class="w">    </span><span class="c1">//current node</span>
+<a id="__codelineno-31-2" name="__codelineno-31-2"></a><span class="n">Node</span><span class="o">*</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="n">head</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="o">=</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="nb">NULL</span><span class="p">;</span><span class="w">    </span><span class="c1">//pointer to head of stack</span>
+<a id="__codelineno-31-3" name="__codelineno-31-3"></a>
+<a id="__codelineno-31-4" name="__codelineno-31-4"></a><span class="kt">int</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="n">nodeValue</span><span class="p">;</span>
+<a id="__codelineno-31-5" name="__codelineno-31-5"></a><span class="c1">//assign value to nodeValue</span>
+<a id="__codelineno-31-6" name="__codelineno-31-6"></a>
+<a id="__codelineno-31-7" name="__codelineno-31-7"></a><span class="n">stackNode</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="o">=</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="p">(</span><span class="o">*</span><span class="n">Node</span><span class="p">)</span><span class="n">malloc</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="k">sizeof</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="n">Node</span><span class="p">));</span><span class="w">    </span><span class="c1">//create new node</span>
+<a id="__codelineno-31-8" name="__codelineno-31-8"></a>
+<a id="__codelineno-31-9" name="__codelineno-31-9"></a><span class="n">stackNode</span><span class="o">-&gt;</span><span class="n">value</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="o">=</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="n">nodevalue</span><span class="p">;</span><span class="w">    </span><span class="c1">//valorize node</span>
+<a id="__codelineno-31-10" name="__codelineno-31-10"></a><span class="n">stackNode</span><span class="o">-&gt;</span><span class="n">next</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="o">=</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="n">head</span><span class="p">;</span><span class="w">    </span><span class="c1">//update node pointer to old head adding it to the stack</span>
+<a id="__codelineno-31-11" name="__codelineno-31-11"></a>
+<a id="__codelineno-31-12" name="__codelineno-31-12"></a><span class="n">head</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="o">=</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="n">stackNode</span><span class="p">;</span><span class="w">    </span><span class="c1">//update head to point to new first node</span>
+</code></pre></div></td></tr></table></div>
+<h4 id="node-deletion">Node Deletion</h4>
+<div class="highlight"><table class="highlighttable"><tr><th colspan="2" class="filename"><span class="filename">C</span></th></tr><tr><td class="linenos"><div class="linenodiv"><pre><span></span><span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-32-1">1</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-32-2">2</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-32-3">3</a></span></pre></div></td><td class="code"><div><pre><span></span><code><a id="__codelineno-32-1" name="__codelineno-32-1"></a><span class="n">stackNode</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="o">=</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="n">head</span><span class="o">-&gt;</span><span class="n">next</span><span class="p">;</span><span class="w">    </span><span class="c1">//memorize location of second node</span>
+<a id="__codelineno-32-2" name="__codelineno-32-2"></a><span class="n">free</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="n">head</span><span class="p">);</span><span class="w">    </span><span class="c1">//delete first node</span>
+<a id="__codelineno-32-3" name="__codelineno-32-3"></a><span class="n">head</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="o">=</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="n">stackNode</span><span class="p">;</span><span class="w">    </span><span class="c1">//update head to point to new first node</span>
+</code></pre></div></td></tr></table></div>
+<h4 id="passing-head-to-functions">Passing Head To Functions</h4>
+<div class="highlight"><table class="highlighttable"><tr><th colspan="2" class="filename"><span class="filename">C</span></th></tr><tr><td class="linenos"><div class="linenodiv"><pre><span></span><span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-33-1">1</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-33-2">2</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-33-3">3</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-33-4">4</a></span></pre></div></td><td class="code"><div><pre><span></span><code><a id="__codelineno-33-1" name="__codelineno-33-1"></a><span class="n">type</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="nf">function</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="n">Node</span><span class="o">**</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="n">head</span><span class="p">)</span><span class="w">    </span><span class="c1">//value of head passed by address (head is Node*)</span>
+<a id="__codelineno-33-2" name="__codelineno-33-2"></a><span class="p">{</span>
+<a id="__codelineno-33-3" name="__codelineno-33-3"></a><span class="w">    </span><span class="o">*</span><span class="n">head</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="o">=</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="p">...</span><span class="w">    </span><span class="c1">//update value of head (pointed variable/object/Node)</span>
+<a id="__codelineno-33-4" name="__codelineno-33-4"></a><span class="p">}</span>
+</code></pre></div></td></tr></table></div>
+<h3 id="queue">Queue</h3>
+<p>A <strong>Queue</strong> is a list in which nodes enter from one side and can be extracted only from the other side (<em>FIFO</em>).</p>
+<h3 id="linked-list">Linked List</h3>
+<p>A <strong>Linked List</strong> is list in which nodes can be extracted from each side and from inside the linked list.</p>
+<p>Linked lists can be <em>linear</em>, <em>circular</em> or <em>bidirectional</em>.<br />
+In circular linked lists the last node points to the first.</p>
+<p>Nodes of bidirectional linked lists are composed by three parts:</p>
+<ul>
+<li>the value (item)</li>
+<li>pointer to successive node</li>
+<li>pointer to previous item</li>
+</ul>
+<p>Thus the first and last node will have a component empty since they only point to a single node.</p>
+<h3 id="dynamic-memory-allocation">Dynamic Memory Allocation</h3>
+<p>C does not automatically free allocated memory when nodes are deleted. It must be done manually.  </p>
+<ul>
+<li><code>malloc()</code> returns a void pointer if the allocation is successful.</li>
+<li><code>free()</code> frees the memory</li>
+</ul>
+<div class="highlight"><table class="highlighttable"><tr><th colspan="2" class="filename"><span class="filename">C</span></th></tr><tr><td class="linenos"><div class="linenodiv"><pre><span></span><span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-34-1">1</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-34-2">2</a></span></pre></div></td><td class="code"><div><pre><span></span><code><a id="__codelineno-34-1" name="__codelineno-34-1"></a><span class="n">list</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="o">*</span><span class="n">pointer</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="o">=</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="p">(</span><span class="n">list</span><span class="o">*</span><span class="p">)</span><span class="n">malloc</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="k">sizeof</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="n">list</span><span class="p">));</span><span class="w">    </span><span class="c1">//memory allocation</span>
+<a id="__codelineno-34-2" name="__codelineno-34-2"></a><span class="n">free</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="n">pointer</span><span class="p">)</span><span class="w">    </span><span class="c1">//freeing of memory</span>
+</code></pre></div></td></tr></table></div>
+<p><code>malloc()</code> returns a <em>void pointer</em> thus the list must be casted to a void type with <code>(list*)</code></p>
+<h2 id="files">Files</h2>
+<p>The object oriented approach is based on the use of <em>streams</em>.<br />
+A <strong>Stream</strong> can be considered a stream of data that passes sequentially from a source to a destination.</p>
+<p>The available classes in C++ to operate on files are:</p>
+<ul>
+<li><code>ifstream</code> for the input (reading)</li>
+<li><code>ofstream</code> for the output (writing)</li>
+<li><code>fstream</code> for input or output</li>
+</ul>
+<h3 id="file-opening">File Opening</h3>
+<p>Filename can be string literal or CharArray (use <code>c_str()</code>).</p>
+<div class="highlight"><table class="highlighttable"><tr><th colspan="2" class="filename"><span class="filename">C</span></th></tr><tr><td class="linenos"><div class="linenodiv"><pre><span></span><span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-35-1"> 1</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-35-2"> 2</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-35-3"> 3</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-35-4"> 4</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-35-5"> 5</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-35-6"> 6</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-35-7"> 7</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-35-8"> 8</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-35-9"> 9</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-35-10">10</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-35-11">11</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-35-12">12</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-35-13">13</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-35-14">14</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-35-15">15</a></span></pre></div></td><td class="code"><div><pre><span></span><code><a id="__codelineno-35-1" name="__codelineno-35-1"></a><span class="n">ifstream</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="n">file</span><span class="p">;</span>
+<a id="__codelineno-35-2" name="__codelineno-35-2"></a><span class="n">file</span><span class="p">.</span><span class="n">open</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="s">&quot;filename&quot;</span><span class="p">);</span><span class="w">    </span><span class="c1">//read from file</span>
+<a id="__codelineno-35-3" name="__codelineno-35-3"></a>
+<a id="__codelineno-35-4" name="__codelineno-35-4"></a><span class="n">ofstream</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="n">file</span><span class="p">;</span>
+<a id="__codelineno-35-5" name="__codelineno-35-5"></a><span class="n">file</span><span class="p">.</span><span class="n">open</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="s">&quot;filename&quot;</span><span class="p">);</span><span class="w">    </span><span class="c1">//write to file</span>
+<a id="__codelineno-35-6" name="__codelineno-35-6"></a>
+<a id="__codelineno-35-7" name="__codelineno-35-7"></a>
+<a id="__codelineno-35-8" name="__codelineno-35-8"></a><span class="n">fstream</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="n">file</span><span class="p">;</span>
+<a id="__codelineno-35-9" name="__codelineno-35-9"></a><span class="n">file</span><span class="p">.</span><span class="n">open</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="s">&quot;filename&quot;</span><span class="p">,</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="n">ios</span><span class="o">::</span><span class="n">in</span><span class="p">);</span><span class="w">    </span><span class="c1">//read form file</span>
+<a id="__codelineno-35-10" name="__codelineno-35-10"></a><span class="n">file</span><span class="p">.</span><span class="n">open</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="s">&quot;filename&quot;</span><span class="p">,</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="n">ios</span><span class="o">::</span><span class="n">out</span><span class="p">);</span><span class="w">    </span><span class="c1">//write to file</span>
+<a id="__codelineno-35-11" name="__codelineno-35-11"></a><span class="n">file</span><span class="p">.</span><span class="n">open</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="s">&quot;filename&quot;</span><span class="p">,</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="n">ios</span><span class="o">::</span><span class="n">app</span><span class="p">);</span><span class="w">    </span><span class="c1">//append to file</span>
+<a id="__codelineno-35-12" name="__codelineno-35-12"></a><span class="n">file</span><span class="p">.</span><span class="n">open</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="s">&quot;filename&quot;</span><span class="p">,</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="n">ios</span><span class="o">::</span><span class="n">trunc</span><span class="p">);</span><span class="w">    </span><span class="c1">//overwrite file</span>
+<a id="__codelineno-35-13" name="__codelineno-35-13"></a><span class="n">file</span><span class="p">.</span><span class="n">open</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="s">&quot;filename&quot;</span><span class="p">,</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="n">ios</span><span class="o">::</span><span class="n">nocreate</span><span class="p">);</span><span class="w">    </span><span class="c1">//opens file only if it exists, error otherwise. Does not create new file</span>
+<a id="__codelineno-35-14" name="__codelineno-35-14"></a><span class="n">file</span><span class="p">.</span><span class="n">open</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="s">&quot;filename&quot;</span><span class="p">,</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="n">ios</span><span class="o">::</span><span class="n">noreplace</span><span class="p">);</span><span class="w">    </span><span class="c1">//opens file only if it not exists, error otherwise. If it not exists the file is created.</span>
+<a id="__codelineno-35-15" name="__codelineno-35-15"></a><span class="n">file</span><span class="p">.</span><span class="n">open</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="s">&quot;filename&quot;</span><span class="p">,</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="n">ios</span><span class="o">::</span><span class="n">binary</span><span class="p">);</span><span class="w">    </span><span class="c1">//opens file in binary format</span>
+</code></pre></div></td></tr></table></div>
+<p>If file opening fails the stream has value 0, otherwise the value is the assigned memory address.<br />
+Opening modes can be combined with the OR operator: <code>ios::mode | ios::mode</code>.</p>
+<h3 id="stream-state-input-errors">Stream state &amp; Input errors</h3>
+<p>Once a stream is in a <strong>state of error</strong> it will remain so until the status flags are <em>explicitly resetted</em>. The input operations on such a stream are <em>void</em> until the reset happens.<br />
+To clear the status of a stream the <code>clear()</code> method is used.<br />
+Furthermore, when an error on the stream happens <strong>the stream is not cleared</strong> of it's characters contents.<br />
+To clear the stream contents the <code>ignore()</code> method is used.</p>
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+    <script id="__config" type="application/json">{"base": "../..", "features": ["navigation.instant", "navigation.indexes", "navigation.tracking", "navigation.pruning", "navigation.sections", "navigation.top", "navigation.tabs", "navigation.tabs.sticky", "navigation.footer", "toc.follow", "content.code.copy"], "search": "../../assets/javascripts/workers/search.07f07601.min.js", "translations": {"clipboard.copied": "Copied to clipboard", "clipboard.copy": "Copy to clipboard", "search.result.more.one": "1 more on this page", "search.result.more.other": "# more on this page", "search.result.none": "No matching documents", "search.result.one": "1 matching document", "search.result.other": "# matching documents", "search.result.placeholder": "Type to start searching", "search.result.term.missing": "Missing", "select.version": "Select version"}}</script>
+    
+    
+      <script src="../../assets/javascripts/bundle.56dfad97.min.js"></script>
+      
+    
+  </body>
+</html>
\ No newline at end of file
diff --git a/languages/css/css.html b/languages/css/css.html
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..0968422
--- /dev/null
+++ b/languages/css/css.html
@@ -0,0 +1,6558 @@
+
+<!doctype html>
+<html lang="en" class="no-js">
+  <head>
+    
+      <meta charset="utf-8">
+      <meta name="viewport" content="width=device-width,initial-scale=1">
+      
+      
+        <meta name="author" content="Marcello Lamonaca">
+      
+      
+        <link rel="canonical" href="http://m-lamonaca.github.io/dev-notes/languages/css/css.html">
+      
+      
+        <link rel="prev" href="../markdown.html">
+      
+      
+        <link rel="next" href="../c/c.html">
+      
+      
+      <link rel="icon" href="../../assets/images/favicon.png">
+      <meta name="generator" content="mkdocs-1.6.1, mkdocs-material-9.5.34">
+    
+    
+      
+        <title>CSS - Dev Notes</title>
+      
+    
+    
+      <link rel="stylesheet" href="../../assets/stylesheets/main.35f28582.min.css">
+      
+        
+        <link rel="stylesheet" href="../../assets/stylesheets/palette.06af60db.min.css">
+      
+      
+
+
+    
+    
+      
+        <script src="https://unpkg.com/iframe-worker/shim"></script>
+      
+    
+    
+      
+        
+        
+        <link rel="preconnect" href="https://fonts.gstatic.com" crossorigin>
+        <link rel="stylesheet" href="https://fonts.googleapis.com/css?family=Roboto:300,300i,400,400i,700,700i%7CRoboto+Mono:400,400i,700,700i&display=fallback">
+        <style>:root{--md-text-font:"Roboto";--md-code-font:"Roboto Mono"}</style>
+      
+    
+    
+    <script>__md_scope=new URL("../..",location),__md_hash=e=>[...e].reduce(((e,_)=>(e<<5)-e+_.charCodeAt(0)),0),__md_get=(e,_=localStorage,t=__md_scope)=>JSON.parse(_.getItem(t.pathname+"."+e)),__md_set=(e,_,t=localStorage,a=__md_scope)=>{try{t.setItem(a.pathname+"."+e,JSON.stringify(_))}catch(e){}}</script>
+    
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+      
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+        <meta  property="og:title"  content="CSS - Dev Notes" >
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+        <meta  property="og:description"  content="None" >
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+        <meta  property="og:image"  content="http://m-lamonaca.github.io/dev-notes/assets/images/social/languages/css/css.png" >
+      
+        <meta  property="og:image:type"  content="image/png" >
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+        <meta  property="og:image:width"  content="1200" >
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+    
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+  </head>
+  
+  
+    
+    
+      
+    
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+    
+    
+    <body dir="ltr" data-md-color-scheme="default" data-md-color-primary="orange" data-md-color-accent="deep-orange">
+  
+    
+    <input class="md-toggle" data-md-toggle="drawer" type="checkbox" id="__drawer" autocomplete="off">
+    <input class="md-toggle" data-md-toggle="search" type="checkbox" id="__search" autocomplete="off">
+    <label class="md-overlay" for="__drawer"></label>
+    <div data-md-component="skip">
+      
+        
+        <a href="#css" class="md-skip">
+          Skip to content
+        </a>
+      
+    </div>
+    <div data-md-component="announce">
+      
+    </div>
+    
+    
+      
+
+  
+
+<header class="md-header md-header--shadow md-header--lifted" data-md-component="header">
+  <nav class="md-header__inner md-grid" aria-label="Header">
+    <a href="../../index.html" title="Dev Notes" class="md-header__button md-logo" aria-label="Dev Notes" data-md-component="logo">
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+  
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+
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+    <label class="md-header__button md-icon" for="__drawer">
+      
+      <svg xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" viewBox="0 0 24 24"><path d="M3 6h18v2H3zm0 5h18v2H3zm0 5h18v2H3z"/></svg>
+    </label>
+    <div class="md-header__title" data-md-component="header-title">
+      <div class="md-header__ellipsis">
+        <div class="md-header__topic">
+          <span class="md-ellipsis">
+            Dev Notes
+          </span>
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+        <div class="md-header__topic" data-md-component="header-topic">
+          <span class="md-ellipsis">
+            
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+        </div>
+      </div>
+    </div>
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+        <form class="md-header__option" data-md-component="palette">
+  
+    
+    
+    
+    <input class="md-option" data-md-color-media="(prefers-color-scheme: light)" data-md-color-scheme="default" data-md-color-primary="orange" data-md-color-accent="deep-orange"  aria-label="Switch to dark mode"  type="radio" name="__palette" id="__palette_0">
+    
+      <label class="md-header__button md-icon" title="Switch to dark mode" for="__palette_1" hidden>
+        <svg xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" viewBox="0 0 24 24"><path d="M12 8a4 4 0 0 0-4 4 4 4 0 0 0 4 4 4 4 0 0 0 4-4 4 4 0 0 0-4-4m0 10a6 6 0 0 1-6-6 6 6 0 0 1 6-6 6 6 0 0 1 6 6 6 6 0 0 1-6 6m8-9.31V4h-4.69L12 .69 8.69 4H4v4.69L.69 12 4 15.31V20h4.69L12 23.31 15.31 20H20v-4.69L23.31 12z"/></svg>
+      </label>
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+  
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+    
+    <input class="md-option" data-md-color-media="(prefers-color-scheme: dark)" data-md-color-scheme="slate" data-md-color-primary="orange" data-md-color-accent="deep-orange"  aria-label="Switch to light mode"  type="radio" name="__palette" id="__palette_1">
+    
+      <label class="md-header__button md-icon" title="Switch to light mode" for="__palette_0" hidden>
+        <svg xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" viewBox="0 0 24 24"><path d="M12 18c-.89 0-1.74-.2-2.5-.55C11.56 16.5 13 14.42 13 12s-1.44-4.5-3.5-5.45C10.26 6.2 11.11 6 12 6a6 6 0 0 1 6 6 6 6 0 0 1-6 6m8-9.31V4h-4.69L12 .69 8.69 4H4v4.69L.69 12 4 15.31V20h4.69L12 23.31 15.31 20H20v-4.69L23.31 12z"/></svg>
+      </label>
+    
+  
+</form>
+      
+    
+    
+      <script>var palette=__md_get("__palette");if(palette&&palette.color){if("(prefers-color-scheme)"===palette.color.media){var media=matchMedia("(prefers-color-scheme: light)"),input=document.querySelector(media.matches?"[data-md-color-media='(prefers-color-scheme: light)']":"[data-md-color-media='(prefers-color-scheme: dark)']");palette.color.media=input.getAttribute("data-md-color-media"),palette.color.scheme=input.getAttribute("data-md-color-scheme"),palette.color.primary=input.getAttribute("data-md-color-primary"),palette.color.accent=input.getAttribute("data-md-color-accent")}for(var[key,value]of Object.entries(palette.color))document.body.setAttribute("data-md-color-"+key,value)}</script>
+    
+    
+    
+      <label class="md-header__button md-icon" for="__search">
+        
+        <svg xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" viewBox="0 0 24 24"><path d="M9.5 3A6.5 6.5 0 0 1 16 9.5c0 1.61-.59 3.09-1.56 4.23l.27.27h.79l5 5-1.5 1.5-5-5v-.79l-.27-.27A6.52 6.52 0 0 1 9.5 16 6.5 6.5 0 0 1 3 9.5 6.5 6.5 0 0 1 9.5 3m0 2C7 5 5 7 5 9.5S7 14 9.5 14 14 12 14 9.5 12 5 9.5 5"/></svg>
+      </label>
+      <div class="md-search" data-md-component="search" role="dialog">
+  <label class="md-search__overlay" for="__search"></label>
+  <div class="md-search__inner" role="search">
+    <form class="md-search__form" name="search">
+      <input type="text" class="md-search__input" name="query" aria-label="Search" placeholder="Search" autocapitalize="off" autocorrect="off" autocomplete="off" spellcheck="false" data-md-component="search-query" required>
+      <label class="md-search__icon md-icon" for="__search">
+        
+        <svg xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" viewBox="0 0 24 24"><path d="M9.5 3A6.5 6.5 0 0 1 16 9.5c0 1.61-.59 3.09-1.56 4.23l.27.27h.79l5 5-1.5 1.5-5-5v-.79l-.27-.27A6.52 6.52 0 0 1 9.5 16 6.5 6.5 0 0 1 3 9.5 6.5 6.5 0 0 1 9.5 3m0 2C7 5 5 7 5 9.5S7 14 9.5 14 14 12 14 9.5 12 5 9.5 5"/></svg>
+        
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+      <nav class="md-search__options" aria-label="Search">
+        
+        <button type="reset" class="md-search__icon md-icon" title="Clear" aria-label="Clear" tabindex="-1">
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+          <svg xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" viewBox="0 0 24 24"><path d="M19 6.41 17.59 5 12 10.59 6.41 5 5 6.41 10.59 12 5 17.59 6.41 19 12 13.41 17.59 19 19 17.59 13.41 12z"/></svg>
+        </button>
+      </nav>
+      
+    </form>
+    <div class="md-search__output">
+      <div class="md-search__scrollwrap" tabindex="0" data-md-scrollfix>
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+            Initializing search
+          </div>
+          <ol class="md-search-result__list" role="presentation"></ol>
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+        <a href="https://github.com/m-lamonaca/dev-notes" title="Go to repository" class="md-source" data-md-component="source">
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+  </div>
+  <div class="md-source__repository">
+    GitHub
+  </div>
+</a>
+      </div>
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+  </nav>
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+<nav class="md-tabs" aria-label="Tabs" data-md-component="tabs">
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+      <a href="../../index.html" class="md-tabs__link">
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+        <a href="../../containers/docker.html" class="md-tabs__link">
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+        <a href="../../databases/redis.html" class="md-tabs__link">
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+      <li class="md-tabs__item md-tabs__item--active">
+        <a href="../html/html.html" class="md-tabs__link">
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+  
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+  
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+      <li class="md-tabs__item">
+        <a href="../../misc/git.html" class="md-tabs__link">
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+        <a href="../../linux/filesystem/file-links.html" class="md-tabs__link">
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+              
+              <div class="md-sidebar md-sidebar--primary" data-md-component="sidebar" data-md-type="navigation" >
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+  
+  <ul class="md-nav__list" data-md-scrollfix>
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+      <a href="../../index.html" class="md-nav__link">
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+    <li class="md-nav__item md-nav__item--nested">
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+        <input class="md-nav__toggle md-toggle " type="checkbox" id="__nav_2" >
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+  <span class="md-ellipsis">
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+      <a href="../../containers/docker.html" class="md-nav__link">
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+      <a href="../../containers/kubernetes.html" class="md-nav__link">
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+  
+
+            <span class="md-nav__icon md-icon"></span>
+          </label>
+        
+        <nav class="md-nav" data-md-level="1" aria-labelledby="__nav_3_label" aria-expanded="false">
+          <label class="md-nav__title" for="__nav_3">
+            <span class="md-nav__icon md-icon"></span>
+            Databases
+          </label>
+          <ul class="md-nav__list" data-md-scrollfix>
+            
+              
+                
+  
+  
+  
+  
+    <li class="md-nav__item">
+      <a href="../../databases/redis.html" class="md-nav__link">
+        
+  
+  <span class="md-ellipsis">
+    Redis
+  </span>
+  
+
+      </a>
+    </li>
+  
+
+              
+            
+              
+                
+  
+  
+  
+  
+    <li class="md-nav__item">
+      <a href="../../databases/sql.html" class="md-nav__link">
+        
+  
+  <span class="md-ellipsis">
+    SQL
+  </span>
+  
+
+      </a>
+    </li>
+  
+
+              
+            
+              
+                
+  
+  
+  
+  
+    <li class="md-nav__item">
+      <a href="../../databases/mongo-db.html" class="md-nav__link">
+        
+  
+  <span class="md-ellipsis">
+    MongoDB
+  </span>
+  
+
+      </a>
+    </li>
+  
+
+              
+            
+          </ul>
+        </nav>
+      
+    </li>
+  
+
+    
+      
+      
+  
+  
+    
+  
+  
+  
+    
+    
+      
+        
+      
+        
+      
+        
+      
+        
+      
+        
+      
+        
+      
+        
+      
+        
+      
+        
+      
+        
+      
+        
+      
+        
+      
+        
+      
+        
+      
+        
+      
+    
+    
+      
+        
+        
+      
+      
+        
+      
+    
+    
+    <li class="md-nav__item md-nav__item--active md-nav__item--section md-nav__item--nested">
+      
+        
+        
+        <input class="md-nav__toggle md-toggle " type="checkbox" id="__nav_4" checked>
+        
+          
+          <label class="md-nav__link" for="__nav_4" id="__nav_4_label" tabindex="">
+            
+  
+  <span class="md-ellipsis">
+    Languages
+  </span>
+  
+
+            <span class="md-nav__icon md-icon"></span>
+          </label>
+        
+        <nav class="md-nav" data-md-level="1" aria-labelledby="__nav_4_label" aria-expanded="true">
+          <label class="md-nav__title" for="__nav_4">
+            <span class="md-nav__icon md-icon"></span>
+            Languages
+          </label>
+          <ul class="md-nav__list" data-md-scrollfix>
+            
+              
+                
+  
+  
+  
+  
+    <li class="md-nav__item">
+      <a href="../html/html.html" class="md-nav__link">
+        
+  
+  <span class="md-ellipsis">
+    HTML
+  </span>
+  
+
+      </a>
+    </li>
+  
+
+              
+            
+              
+                
+  
+  
+  
+  
+    <li class="md-nav__item">
+      <a href="../markdown.html" class="md-nav__link">
+        
+  
+  <span class="md-ellipsis">
+    Markdown
+  </span>
+  
+
+      </a>
+    </li>
+  
+
+              
+            
+              
+                
+  
+  
+    
+  
+  
+  
+    <li class="md-nav__item md-nav__item--active">
+      
+      <input class="md-nav__toggle md-toggle" type="checkbox" id="__toc">
+      
+      
+        
+      
+      
+        <label class="md-nav__link md-nav__link--active" for="__toc">
+          
+  
+  <span class="md-ellipsis">
+    CSS
+  </span>
+  
+
+          <span class="md-nav__icon md-icon"></span>
+        </label>
+      
+      <a href="css.html" class="md-nav__link md-nav__link--active">
+        
+  
+  <span class="md-ellipsis">
+    CSS
+  </span>
+  
+
+      </a>
+      
+        
+
+<nav class="md-nav md-nav--secondary" aria-label="Table of contents">
+  
+  
+  
+    
+  
+  
+    <label class="md-nav__title" for="__toc">
+      <span class="md-nav__icon md-icon"></span>
+      Table of contents
+    </label>
+    <ul class="md-nav__list" data-md-component="toc" data-md-scrollfix>
+      
+        <li class="md-nav__item">
+  <a href="#applying-css-to-html" class="md-nav__link">
+    <span class="md-ellipsis">
+      Applying CSS to HTML
+    </span>
+  </a>
+  
+    <nav class="md-nav" aria-label="Applying CSS to HTML">
+      <ul class="md-nav__list">
+        
+          <li class="md-nav__item">
+  <a href="#inline-css" class="md-nav__link">
+    <span class="md-ellipsis">
+      Inline CSS
+    </span>
+  </a>
+  
+</li>
+        
+          <li class="md-nav__item">
+  <a href="#embedded-css" class="md-nav__link">
+    <span class="md-ellipsis">
+      Embedded CSS
+    </span>
+  </a>
+  
+</li>
+        
+          <li class="md-nav__item">
+  <a href="#external-css" class="md-nav__link">
+    <span class="md-ellipsis">
+      External CSS
+    </span>
+  </a>
+  
+</li>
+        
+      </ul>
+    </nav>
+  
+</li>
+      
+        <li class="md-nav__item">
+  <a href="#css-selectors" class="md-nav__link">
+    <span class="md-ellipsis">
+      CSS Selectors
+    </span>
+  </a>
+  
+    <nav class="md-nav" aria-label="CSS Selectors">
+      <ul class="md-nav__list">
+        
+          <li class="md-nav__item">
+  <a href="#multiple-selectors" class="md-nav__link">
+    <span class="md-ellipsis">
+      Multiple Selectors
+    </span>
+  </a>
+  
+</li>
+        
+          <li class="md-nav__item">
+  <a href="#nested-selectors" class="md-nav__link">
+    <span class="md-ellipsis">
+      Nested Selectors
+    </span>
+  </a>
+  
+</li>
+        
+          <li class="md-nav__item">
+  <a href="#id-selector" class="md-nav__link">
+    <span class="md-ellipsis">
+      ID Selector
+    </span>
+  </a>
+  
+</li>
+        
+          <li class="md-nav__item">
+  <a href="#class-selector" class="md-nav__link">
+    <span class="md-ellipsis">
+      Class Selector
+    </span>
+  </a>
+  
+</li>
+        
+          <li class="md-nav__item">
+  <a href="#universal-selector" class="md-nav__link">
+    <span class="md-ellipsis">
+      Universal Selector
+    </span>
+  </a>
+  
+</li>
+        
+          <li class="md-nav__item">
+  <a href="#descendant-selector-space" class="md-nav__link">
+    <span class="md-ellipsis">
+      Descendant selector (space)
+    </span>
+  </a>
+  
+</li>
+        
+          <li class="md-nav__item">
+  <a href="#direct-child-selector" class="md-nav__link">
+    <span class="md-ellipsis">
+      Direct child selector (&gt;)
+    </span>
+  </a>
+  
+</li>
+        
+          <li class="md-nav__item">
+  <a href="#general-sibling-selector" class="md-nav__link">
+    <span class="md-ellipsis">
+      General sibling selector (~)
+    </span>
+  </a>
+  
+</li>
+        
+          <li class="md-nav__item">
+  <a href="#adjacent-sibling-selector" class="md-nav__link">
+    <span class="md-ellipsis">
+      Adjacent sibling selector (+)
+    </span>
+  </a>
+  
+</li>
+        
+          <li class="md-nav__item">
+  <a href="#namespace-separator" class="md-nav__link">
+    <span class="md-ellipsis">
+      Namespace Separator (|)
+    </span>
+  </a>
+  
+</li>
+        
+          <li class="md-nav__item">
+  <a href="#column-selector" class="md-nav__link">
+    <span class="md-ellipsis">
+      Column Selector (||)
+    </span>
+  </a>
+  
+</li>
+        
+          <li class="md-nav__item">
+  <a href="#attribute-present-selector-tagattr" class="md-nav__link">
+    <span class="md-ellipsis">
+      Attribute Present Selector (tag[attr])
+    </span>
+  </a>
+  
+</li>
+        
+          <li class="md-nav__item">
+  <a href="#attribute-equals-selector" class="md-nav__link">
+    <span class="md-ellipsis">
+      Attribute Equals Selector (=)
+    </span>
+  </a>
+  
+</li>
+        
+          <li class="md-nav__item">
+  <a href="#attribute-contains-selector" class="md-nav__link">
+    <span class="md-ellipsis">
+      Attribute Contains Selector (*=)
+    </span>
+  </a>
+  
+</li>
+        
+          <li class="md-nav__item">
+  <a href="#attribute-begins-with-selector" class="md-nav__link">
+    <span class="md-ellipsis">
+      Attribute Begins With Selector (^=)
+    </span>
+  </a>
+  
+</li>
+        
+          <li class="md-nav__item">
+  <a href="#attribute-ends-with-selector" class="md-nav__link">
+    <span class="md-ellipsis">
+      Attribute Ends With Selector ($=)
+    </span>
+  </a>
+  
+</li>
+        
+          <li class="md-nav__item">
+  <a href="#attribute-spaced-selector" class="md-nav__link">
+    <span class="md-ellipsis">
+      Attribute Spaced Selector (~=)
+    </span>
+  </a>
+  
+</li>
+        
+          <li class="md-nav__item">
+  <a href="#attribute-hyphenated-selector" class="md-nav__link">
+    <span class="md-ellipsis">
+      Attribute Hyphenated Selector (|=)
+    </span>
+  </a>
+  
+</li>
+        
+      </ul>
+    </nav>
+  
+</li>
+      
+        <li class="md-nav__item">
+  <a href="#pseudo-classes" class="md-nav__link">
+    <span class="md-ellipsis">
+      Pseudo-Classes
+    </span>
+  </a>
+  
+    <nav class="md-nav" aria-label="Pseudo-Classes">
+      <ul class="md-nav__list">
+        
+          <li class="md-nav__item">
+  <a href="#link-pseudo-classes" class="md-nav__link">
+    <span class="md-ellipsis">
+      Link Pseudo-Classes
+    </span>
+  </a>
+  
+</li>
+        
+          <li class="md-nav__item">
+  <a href="#user-action-pseudo-classes" class="md-nav__link">
+    <span class="md-ellipsis">
+      User Action Pseudo-Classes
+    </span>
+  </a>
+  
+</li>
+        
+          <li class="md-nav__item">
+  <a href="#user-interface-state-pseudo-classes" class="md-nav__link">
+    <span class="md-ellipsis">
+      User Interface State Pseudo-Classes
+    </span>
+  </a>
+  
+</li>
+        
+          <li class="md-nav__item">
+  <a href="#structural-position-pseudo-classes" class="md-nav__link">
+    <span class="md-ellipsis">
+      Structural &amp; Position Pseudo-Classes
+    </span>
+  </a>
+  
+</li>
+        
+          <li class="md-nav__item">
+  <a href="#empty-negation-pseudo-classes" class="md-nav__link">
+    <span class="md-ellipsis">
+      Empty &amp; Negation Pseudo-Classes
+    </span>
+  </a>
+  
+</li>
+        
+      </ul>
+    </nav>
+  
+</li>
+      
+        <li class="md-nav__item">
+  <a href="#pseudo-elements" class="md-nav__link">
+    <span class="md-ellipsis">
+      Pseudo-Elements
+    </span>
+  </a>
+  
+    <nav class="md-nav" aria-label="Pseudo-Elements">
+      <ul class="md-nav__list">
+        
+          <li class="md-nav__item">
+  <a href="#textual-pseudo-elements" class="md-nav__link">
+    <span class="md-ellipsis">
+      Textual Pseudo-Elements
+    </span>
+  </a>
+  
+</li>
+        
+          <li class="md-nav__item">
+  <a href="#content-pseudo-elements" class="md-nav__link">
+    <span class="md-ellipsis">
+      Content Pseudo-Elements
+    </span>
+  </a>
+  
+</li>
+        
+          <li class="md-nav__item">
+  <a href="#fragment-pseudo-elements" class="md-nav__link">
+    <span class="md-ellipsis">
+      Fragment Pseudo-Elements
+    </span>
+  </a>
+  
+</li>
+        
+      </ul>
+    </nav>
+  
+</li>
+      
+        <li class="md-nav__item">
+  <a href="#css-cascading" class="md-nav__link">
+    <span class="md-ellipsis">
+      CSS Cascading
+    </span>
+  </a>
+  
+    <nav class="md-nav" aria-label="CSS Cascading">
+      <ul class="md-nav__list">
+        
+          <li class="md-nav__item">
+  <a href="#cascading-override-with-important" class="md-nav__link">
+    <span class="md-ellipsis">
+      Cascading Override With !important
+    </span>
+  </a>
+  
+</li>
+        
+          <li class="md-nav__item">
+  <a href="#specificity" class="md-nav__link">
+    <span class="md-ellipsis">
+      Specificity
+    </span>
+  </a>
+  
+</li>
+        
+      </ul>
+    </nav>
+  
+</li>
+      
+        <li class="md-nav__item">
+  <a href="#units" class="md-nav__link">
+    <span class="md-ellipsis">
+      Units
+    </span>
+  </a>
+  
+    <nav class="md-nav" aria-label="Units">
+      <ul class="md-nav__list">
+        
+          <li class="md-nav__item">
+  <a href="#absolute-length-units" class="md-nav__link">
+    <span class="md-ellipsis">
+      Absolute Length units
+    </span>
+  </a>
+  
+</li>
+        
+          <li class="md-nav__item">
+  <a href="#relative-length-units" class="md-nav__link">
+    <span class="md-ellipsis">
+      Relative Length Units
+    </span>
+  </a>
+  
+</li>
+        
+      </ul>
+    </nav>
+  
+</li>
+      
+        <li class="md-nav__item">
+  <a href="#common-element-properties" class="md-nav__link">
+    <span class="md-ellipsis">
+      Common Element Properties
+    </span>
+  </a>
+  
+    <nav class="md-nav" aria-label="Common Element Properties">
+      <ul class="md-nav__list">
+        
+          <li class="md-nav__item">
+  <a href="#color" class="md-nav__link">
+    <span class="md-ellipsis">
+      Color
+    </span>
+  </a>
+  
+</li>
+        
+          <li class="md-nav__item">
+  <a href="#background" class="md-nav__link">
+    <span class="md-ellipsis">
+      Background
+    </span>
+  </a>
+  
+</li>
+        
+          <li class="md-nav__item">
+  <a href="#font" class="md-nav__link">
+    <span class="md-ellipsis">
+      Font
+    </span>
+  </a>
+  
+</li>
+        
+          <li class="md-nav__item">
+  <a href="#text-decoration-aliment" class="md-nav__link">
+    <span class="md-ellipsis">
+      Text Decoration &amp; Aliment
+    </span>
+  </a>
+  
+</li>
+        
+          <li class="md-nav__item">
+  <a href="#size" class="md-nav__link">
+    <span class="md-ellipsis">
+      Size
+    </span>
+  </a>
+  
+</li>
+        
+          <li class="md-nav__item">
+  <a href="#hiding-elements" class="md-nav__link">
+    <span class="md-ellipsis">
+      Hiding Elements
+    </span>
+  </a>
+  
+</li>
+        
+      </ul>
+    </nav>
+  
+</li>
+      
+        <li class="md-nav__item">
+  <a href="#box-model" class="md-nav__link">
+    <span class="md-ellipsis">
+      Box Model
+    </span>
+  </a>
+  
+    <nav class="md-nav" aria-label="Box Model">
+      <ul class="md-nav__list">
+        
+          <li class="md-nav__item">
+  <a href="#padding" class="md-nav__link">
+    <span class="md-ellipsis">
+      Padding
+    </span>
+  </a>
+  
+</li>
+        
+          <li class="md-nav__item">
+  <a href="#border" class="md-nav__link">
+    <span class="md-ellipsis">
+      Border
+    </span>
+  </a>
+  
+</li>
+        
+          <li class="md-nav__item">
+  <a href="#box-sizing" class="md-nav__link">
+    <span class="md-ellipsis">
+      Box Sizing
+    </span>
+  </a>
+  
+</li>
+        
+          <li class="md-nav__item">
+  <a href="#margin" class="md-nav__link">
+    <span class="md-ellipsis">
+      Margin
+    </span>
+  </a>
+  
+</li>
+        
+      </ul>
+    </nav>
+  
+</li>
+      
+        <li class="md-nav__item">
+  <a href="#element-positioning" class="md-nav__link">
+    <span class="md-ellipsis">
+      Element Positioning
+    </span>
+  </a>
+  
+    <nav class="md-nav" aria-label="Element Positioning">
+      <ul class="md-nav__list">
+        
+          <li class="md-nav__item">
+  <a href="#static-positioning" class="md-nav__link">
+    <span class="md-ellipsis">
+      Static Positioning
+    </span>
+  </a>
+  
+</li>
+        
+          <li class="md-nav__item">
+  <a href="#relative-positioning" class="md-nav__link">
+    <span class="md-ellipsis">
+      Relative positioning
+    </span>
+  </a>
+  
+</li>
+        
+          <li class="md-nav__item">
+  <a href="#absolute-positioning" class="md-nav__link">
+    <span class="md-ellipsis">
+      Absolute Positioning
+    </span>
+  </a>
+  
+</li>
+        
+          <li class="md-nav__item">
+  <a href="#fixed-positioning" class="md-nav__link">
+    <span class="md-ellipsis">
+      Fixed Positioning
+    </span>
+  </a>
+  
+</li>
+        
+          <li class="md-nav__item">
+  <a href="#sticky-positioning" class="md-nav__link">
+    <span class="md-ellipsis">
+      Sticky Positioning
+    </span>
+  </a>
+  
+</li>
+        
+          <li class="md-nav__item">
+  <a href="#z-index" class="md-nav__link">
+    <span class="md-ellipsis">
+      Z-Index
+    </span>
+  </a>
+  
+</li>
+        
+      </ul>
+    </nav>
+  
+</li>
+      
+        <li class="md-nav__item">
+  <a href="#layouts" class="md-nav__link">
+    <span class="md-ellipsis">
+      Layouts
+    </span>
+  </a>
+  
+    <nav class="md-nav" aria-label="Layouts">
+      <ul class="md-nav__list">
+        
+          <li class="md-nav__item">
+  <a href="#inline" class="md-nav__link">
+    <span class="md-ellipsis">
+      Inline
+    </span>
+  </a>
+  
+</li>
+        
+          <li class="md-nav__item">
+  <a href="#block" class="md-nav__link">
+    <span class="md-ellipsis">
+      Block
+    </span>
+  </a>
+  
+</li>
+        
+          <li class="md-nav__item">
+  <a href="#inline-block" class="md-nav__link">
+    <span class="md-ellipsis">
+      Inline Block
+    </span>
+  </a>
+  
+</li>
+        
+          <li class="md-nav__item">
+  <a href="#none" class="md-nav__link">
+    <span class="md-ellipsis">
+      None
+    </span>
+  </a>
+  
+</li>
+        
+          <li class="md-nav__item">
+  <a href="#flex" class="md-nav__link">
+    <span class="md-ellipsis">
+      Flex
+    </span>
+  </a>
+  
+</li>
+        
+          <li class="md-nav__item">
+  <a href="#grid" class="md-nav__link">
+    <span class="md-ellipsis">
+      Grid
+    </span>
+  </a>
+  
+</li>
+        
+      </ul>
+    </nav>
+  
+</li>
+      
+        <li class="md-nav__item">
+  <a href="#variables" class="md-nav__link">
+    <span class="md-ellipsis">
+      Variables
+    </span>
+  </a>
+  
+</li>
+      
+        <li class="md-nav__item">
+  <a href="#responsive-design" class="md-nav__link">
+    <span class="md-ellipsis">
+      Responsive Design
+    </span>
+  </a>
+  
+    <nav class="md-nav" aria-label="Responsive Design">
+      <ul class="md-nav__list">
+        
+          <li class="md-nav__item">
+  <a href="#viewport-meta-tag" class="md-nav__link">
+    <span class="md-ellipsis">
+      Viewport Meta-Tag
+    </span>
+  </a>
+  
+</li>
+        
+          <li class="md-nav__item">
+  <a href="#media-queries" class="md-nav__link">
+    <span class="md-ellipsis">
+      Media Queries
+    </span>
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+    </nav>
+  
+</li>
+      
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+  
+</nav>
+      
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+    <li class="md-nav__item">
+      <a href="../c/c.html" class="md-nav__link">
+        
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+  <span class="md-ellipsis">
+    C
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+    <li class="md-nav__item">
+      <a href="../kotlin/kotlin.html" class="md-nav__link">
+        
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+    Kotlin
+  </span>
+  
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+    <li class="md-nav__item">
+      <a href="../swift/swift.html" class="md-nav__link">
+        
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+  <span class="md-ellipsis">
+    Swift
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+    </li>
+  
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+            
+              
+                
+  
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+          
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+          <label class="md-nav__link" for="__nav_4_7" id="__nav_4_7_label" tabindex="">
+            
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+  <span class="md-ellipsis">
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+  </span>
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+      <a href="../assembly/intel.html" class="md-nav__link">
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+    Intel
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+      <a href="../assembly/riscv.html" class="md-nav__link">
+        
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+          
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+      <a href="../python/python.html" class="md-nav__link">
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+  
+    
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+        
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+        
+      
+        
+      
+        
+      
+        
+      
+        
+      
+        
+      
+        
+      
+        
+      
+        
+      
+        
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+      
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+          </label>
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+    <li class="md-nav__item">
+      <a href="../python/modules/argparse.html" class="md-nav__link">
+        
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+  <span class="md-ellipsis">
+    argparse
+  </span>
+  
+
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+    </li>
+  
+
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+            
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+  
+  
+  
+  
+    <li class="md-nav__item">
+      <a href="../python/modules/collections.html" class="md-nav__link">
+        
+  
+  <span class="md-ellipsis">
+    collection
+  </span>
+  
+
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+    </li>
+  
+
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+              
+                
+  
+  
+  
+  
+    <li class="md-nav__item">
+      <a href="../python/modules/csv.html" class="md-nav__link">
+        
+  
+  <span class="md-ellipsis">
+    csv
+  </span>
+  
+
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+    </li>
+  
+
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+            
+              
+                
+  
+  
+  
+  
+    <li class="md-nav__item">
+      <a href="../python/modules/ftplib.html" class="md-nav__link">
+        
+  
+  <span class="md-ellipsis">
+    ftplib
+  </span>
+  
+
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+    </li>
+  
+
+              
+            
+              
+                
+  
+  
+  
+  
+    <li class="md-nav__item">
+      <a href="../python/modules/itertools.html" class="md-nav__link">
+        
+  
+  <span class="md-ellipsis">
+    itertools
+  </span>
+  
+
+      </a>
+    </li>
+  
+
+              
+            
+              
+                
+  
+  
+  
+  
+    <li class="md-nav__item">
+      <a href="../python/modules/json.html" class="md-nav__link">
+        
+  
+  <span class="md-ellipsis">
+    json
+  </span>
+  
+
+      </a>
+    </li>
+  
+
+              
+            
+              
+                
+  
+  
+  
+  
+    <li class="md-nav__item">
+      <a href="../python/modules/logging.html" class="md-nav__link">
+        
+  
+  <span class="md-ellipsis">
+    logging
+  </span>
+  
+
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+    </li>
+  
+
+              
+            
+              
+                
+  
+  
+  
+  
+    <li class="md-nav__item">
+      <a href="../python/modules/shutil.html" class="md-nav__link">
+        
+  
+  <span class="md-ellipsis">
+    shutil
+  </span>
+  
+
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+    </li>
+  
+
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+              
+                
+  
+  
+  
+  
+    <li class="md-nav__item">
+      <a href="../python/modules/smtplib.html" class="md-nav__link">
+        
+  
+  <span class="md-ellipsis">
+    smtplib
+  </span>
+  
+
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+    </li>
+  
+
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+            
+              
+                
+  
+  
+  
+  
+    <li class="md-nav__item">
+      <a href="../python/modules/socket.html" class="md-nav__link">
+        
+  
+  <span class="md-ellipsis">
+    socket
+  </span>
+  
+
+      </a>
+    </li>
+  
+
+              
+            
+              
+                
+  
+  
+  
+  
+    <li class="md-nav__item">
+      <a href="../python/modules/sqlite.html" class="md-nav__link">
+        
+  
+  <span class="md-ellipsis">
+    sqlite
+  </span>
+  
+
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+    </li>
+  
+
+              
+            
+              
+                
+  
+  
+  
+  
+    <li class="md-nav__item">
+      <a href="../python/modules/time-datetime.html" class="md-nav__link">
+        
+  
+  <span class="md-ellipsis">
+    time & datetime
+  </span>
+  
+
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+    </li>
+  
+
+              
+            
+              
+                
+  
+  
+  
+  
+    <li class="md-nav__item">
+      <a href="../python/modules/unittest.html" class="md-nav__link">
+        
+  
+  <span class="md-ellipsis">
+    unittest
+  </span>
+  
+
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+    </li>
+  
+
+              
+            
+          </ul>
+        </nav>
+      
+    </li>
+  
+
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+  
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+  
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+    
+    
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+        
+      
+        
+      
+        
+      
+        
+      
+        
+      
+        
+      
+    
+    
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+      
+        
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+          <label class="md-nav__link" for="__nav_4_8_3" id="__nav_4_8_3_label" tabindex="0">
+            
+  
+  <span class="md-ellipsis">
+    Libraries
+  </span>
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+          </label>
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+          </label>
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+  
+    <li class="md-nav__item">
+      <a href="../python/libs/tkinter.html" class="md-nav__link">
+        
+  
+  <span class="md-ellipsis">
+    TKinter
+  </span>
+  
+
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+    </li>
+  
+
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+            
+              
+                
+  
+  
+  
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+    <li class="md-nav__item">
+      <a href="../python/libs/numpy.html" class="md-nav__link">
+        
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+    Numpy
+  </span>
+  
+
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+  
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+              
+                
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+  
+  
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+    <li class="md-nav__item">
+      <a href="../python/libs/pandas.html" class="md-nav__link">
+        
+  
+  <span class="md-ellipsis">
+    Pandas
+  </span>
+  
+
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+  
+
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+            
+              
+                
+  
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+  
+    <li class="md-nav__item">
+      <a href="../python/libs/seaborn.html" class="md-nav__link">
+        
+  
+  <span class="md-ellipsis">
+    Seaborn
+  </span>
+  
+
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+    </li>
+  
+
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+            
+              
+                
+  
+  
+  
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+    <li class="md-nav__item">
+      <a href="../python/libs/requests.html" class="md-nav__link">
+        
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+  <span class="md-ellipsis">
+    Requests
+  </span>
+  
+
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+  
+
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+  
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+    <li class="md-nav__item">
+      <a href="../python/libs/beautiful-soup.html" class="md-nav__link">
+        
+  
+  <span class="md-ellipsis">
+    Beatiful Soup
+  </span>
+  
+
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+    </li>
+  
+
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+            
+          </ul>
+        </nav>
+      
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+  </span>
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+      <a href="../dotnet/csharp/collections.html" class="md-nav__link">
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+      <a href="../dotnet/csharp/reactive-extensions.html" class="md-nav__link">
+        
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+  </span>
+  
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+      <a href="../dotnet/csharp/async-programming.html" class="md-nav__link">
+        
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+    Async Programming
+  </span>
+  
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+    </li>
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+      <a href="../dotnet/csharp/unit-tests.html" class="md-nav__link">
+        
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+  <span class="md-ellipsis">
+    Unit Tests
+  </span>
+  
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+    </li>
+  
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+          </ul>
+        </nav>
+      
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+  
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+        
+      
+        
+      
+        
+      
+        
+      
+        
+      
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+        
+      
+    
+    
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+      
+        
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+    ASP.NET
+  </span>
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+      <a href="../dotnet/asp.net/minimal-api.html" class="md-nav__link">
+        
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+  <span class="md-ellipsis">
+    Minimal API
+  </span>
+  
+
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+      <a href="../dotnet/asp.net/filters.html" class="md-nav__link">
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+    FIlters
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+  
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+      <a href="../dotnet/asp.net/middleware.html" class="md-nav__link">
+        
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+  <span class="md-ellipsis">
+    Middleware
+  </span>
+  
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+      <a href="../dotnet/asp.net/razor-syntax.html" class="md-nav__link">
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+  <span class="md-ellipsis">
+    Razor Syntax
+  </span>
+  
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+  
+  <span class="md-ellipsis">
+    Blazor
+  </span>
+  
+
+      </a>
+    </li>
+  
+
+              
+            
+              
+                
+  
+  
+  
+  
+    <li class="md-nav__item">
+      <a href="../dotnet/asp.net/signalr.html" class="md-nav__link">
+        
+  
+  <span class="md-ellipsis">
+    SignalR
+  </span>
+  
+
+      </a>
+    </li>
+  
+
+              
+            
+              
+                
+  
+  
+  
+  
+    <li class="md-nav__item">
+      <a href="../dotnet/asp.net/web-forms.html" class="md-nav__link">
+        
+  
+  <span class="md-ellipsis">
+    Web Forms
+  </span>
+  
+
+      </a>
+    </li>
+  
+
+              
+            
+          </ul>
+        </nav>
+      
+    </li>
+  
+
+              
+            
+              
+                
+  
+  
+  
+  
+    
+    
+      
+        
+      
+        
+      
+    
+    
+      
+      
+        
+      
+    
+    
+    <li class="md-nav__item md-nav__item--nested">
+      
+        
+        
+        <input class="md-nav__toggle md-toggle " type="checkbox" id="__nav_4_9_3" >
+        
+          
+          <label class="md-nav__link" for="__nav_4_9_3" id="__nav_4_9_3_label" tabindex="0">
+            
+  
+  <span class="md-ellipsis">
+    Database
+  </span>
+  
+
+            <span class="md-nav__icon md-icon"></span>
+          </label>
+        
+        <nav class="md-nav" data-md-level="3" aria-labelledby="__nav_4_9_3_label" aria-expanded="false">
+          <label class="md-nav__title" for="__nav_4_9_3">
+            <span class="md-nav__icon md-icon"></span>
+            Database
+          </label>
+          <ul class="md-nav__list" data-md-scrollfix>
+            
+              
+                
+  
+  
+  
+  
+    <li class="md-nav__item">
+      <a href="../dotnet/database/ado.net.html" class="md-nav__link">
+        
+  
+  <span class="md-ellipsis">
+    ADO.NET
+  </span>
+  
+
+      </a>
+    </li>
+  
+
+              
+            
+              
+                
+  
+  
+  
+  
+    <li class="md-nav__item">
+      <a href="../dotnet/database/entity-framework.html" class="md-nav__link">
+        
+  
+  <span class="md-ellipsis">
+    Entity Framework
+  </span>
+  
+
+      </a>
+    </li>
+  
+
+              
+            
+          </ul>
+        </nav>
+      
+    </li>
+  
+
+              
+            
+          </ul>
+        </nav>
+      
+    </li>
+  
+
+              
+            
+              
+                
+  
+  
+  
+  
+    
+    
+      
+        
+      
+        
+      
+        
+      
+        
+      
+    
+    
+      
+      
+        
+          
+          
+        
+      
+    
+    
+    <li class="md-nav__item md-nav__item--section md-nav__item--nested">
+      
+        
+        
+        <input class="md-nav__toggle md-toggle " type="checkbox" id="__nav_4_10" >
+        
+          
+          <label class="md-nav__link" for="__nav_4_10" id="__nav_4_10_label" tabindex="">
+            
+  
+  <span class="md-ellipsis">
+    Java
+  </span>
+  
+
+            <span class="md-nav__icon md-icon"></span>
+          </label>
+        
+        <nav class="md-nav" data-md-level="2" aria-labelledby="__nav_4_10_label" aria-expanded="false">
+          <label class="md-nav__title" for="__nav_4_10">
+            <span class="md-nav__icon md-icon"></span>
+            Java
+          </label>
+          <ul class="md-nav__list" data-md-scrollfix>
+            
+              
+                
+  
+  
+  
+  
+    <li class="md-nav__item">
+      <a href="../java/java.html" class="md-nav__link">
+        
+  
+  <span class="md-ellipsis">
+    Java
+  </span>
+  
+
+      </a>
+    </li>
+  
+
+              
+            
+              
+                
+  
+  
+  
+  
+    <li class="md-nav__item">
+      <a href="../java/java-collection-framework.html" class="md-nav__link">
+        
+  
+  <span class="md-ellipsis">
+    Java Collection Framework
+  </span>
+  
+
+      </a>
+    </li>
+  
+
+              
+            
+              
+                
+  
+  
+  
+  
+    <li class="md-nav__item">
+      <a href="../java/dao.html" class="md-nav__link">
+        
+  
+  <span class="md-ellipsis">
+    DAO
+  </span>
+  
+
+      </a>
+    </li>
+  
+
+              
+            
+              
+                
+  
+  
+  
+  
+    
+    
+      
+        
+      
+        
+      
+    
+    
+      
+      
+        
+      
+    
+    
+    <li class="md-nav__item md-nav__item--nested">
+      
+        
+        
+        <input class="md-nav__toggle md-toggle " type="checkbox" id="__nav_4_10_4" >
+        
+          
+          <label class="md-nav__link" for="__nav_4_10_4" id="__nav_4_10_4_label" tabindex="0">
+            
+  
+  <span class="md-ellipsis">
+    Web
+  </span>
+  
+
+            <span class="md-nav__icon md-icon"></span>
+          </label>
+        
+        <nav class="md-nav" data-md-level="3" aria-labelledby="__nav_4_10_4_label" aria-expanded="false">
+          <label class="md-nav__title" for="__nav_4_10_4">
+            <span class="md-nav__icon md-icon"></span>
+            Web
+          </label>
+          <ul class="md-nav__list" data-md-scrollfix>
+            
+              
+                
+  
+  
+  
+  
+    <li class="md-nav__item">
+      <a href="../java/web/servlet.html" class="md-nav__link">
+        
+  
+  <span class="md-ellipsis">
+    Serverlet
+  </span>
+  
+
+      </a>
+    </li>
+  
+
+              
+            
+              
+                
+  
+  
+  
+  
+    
+    
+      
+        
+      
+        
+      
+    
+    
+      
+      
+        
+      
+    
+    
+    <li class="md-nav__item md-nav__item--nested">
+      
+        
+        
+        <input class="md-nav__toggle md-toggle " type="checkbox" id="__nav_4_10_4_2" >
+        
+          
+          <label class="md-nav__link" for="__nav_4_10_4_2" id="__nav_4_10_4_2_label" tabindex="0">
+            
+  
+  <span class="md-ellipsis">
+    Spring
+  </span>
+  
+
+            <span class="md-nav__icon md-icon"></span>
+          </label>
+        
+        <nav class="md-nav" data-md-level="4" aria-labelledby="__nav_4_10_4_2_label" aria-expanded="false">
+          <label class="md-nav__title" for="__nav_4_10_4_2">
+            <span class="md-nav__icon md-icon"></span>
+            Spring
+          </label>
+          <ul class="md-nav__list" data-md-scrollfix>
+            
+              
+                
+  
+  
+  
+  
+    <li class="md-nav__item">
+      <a href="../java/spring/pom.xml.html" class="md-nav__link">
+        
+  
+  <span class="md-ellipsis">
+    POM
+  </span>
+  
+
+      </a>
+    </li>
+  
+
+              
+            
+              
+                
+  
+  
+  
+  
+    <li class="md-nav__item">
+      <a href="../java/spring/spring-project.html" class="md-nav__link">
+        
+  
+  <span class="md-ellipsis">
+    Project Structure
+  </span>
+  
+
+      </a>
+    </li>
+  
+
+              
+            
+          </ul>
+        </nav>
+      
+    </li>
+  
+
+              
+            
+          </ul>
+        </nav>
+      
+    </li>
+  
+
+              
+            
+          </ul>
+        </nav>
+      
+    </li>
+  
+
+              
+            
+              
+                
+  
+  
+  
+  
+    
+    
+      
+        
+      
+        
+      
+        
+      
+        
+      
+        
+      
+        
+      
+        
+      
+        
+      
+        
+      
+    
+    
+      
+      
+        
+          
+          
+        
+      
+    
+    
+    <li class="md-nav__item md-nav__item--section md-nav__item--nested">
+      
+        
+        
+        <input class="md-nav__toggle md-toggle " type="checkbox" id="__nav_4_11" >
+        
+          
+          <label class="md-nav__link" for="__nav_4_11" id="__nav_4_11_label" tabindex="">
+            
+  
+  <span class="md-ellipsis">
+    PHP
+  </span>
+  
+
+            <span class="md-nav__icon md-icon"></span>
+          </label>
+        
+        <nav class="md-nav" data-md-level="2" aria-labelledby="__nav_4_11_label" aria-expanded="false">
+          <label class="md-nav__title" for="__nav_4_11">
+            <span class="md-nav__icon md-icon"></span>
+            PHP
+          </label>
+          <ul class="md-nav__list" data-md-scrollfix>
+            
+              
+                
+  
+  
+  
+  
+    <li class="md-nav__item">
+      <a href="../php/php.html" class="md-nav__link">
+        
+  
+  <span class="md-ellipsis">
+    PHP
+  </span>
+  
+
+      </a>
+    </li>
+  
+
+              
+            
+              
+                
+  
+  
+  
+  
+    <li class="md-nav__item">
+      <a href="../php/database.html" class="md-nav__link">
+        
+  
+  <span class="md-ellipsis">
+    Database
+  </span>
+  
+
+      </a>
+    </li>
+  
+
+              
+            
+              
+                
+  
+  
+  
+  
+    <li class="md-nav__item">
+      <a href="../php/web.html" class="md-nav__link">
+        
+  
+  <span class="md-ellipsis">
+    Web
+  </span>
+  
+
+      </a>
+    </li>
+  
+
+              
+            
+              
+                
+  
+  
+  
+  
+    <li class="md-nav__item">
+      <a href="../php/dependency-injection.html" class="md-nav__link">
+        
+  
+  <span class="md-ellipsis">
+    Dependency Injection
+  </span>
+  
+
+      </a>
+    </li>
+  
+
+              
+            
+              
+                
+  
+  
+  
+  
+    <li class="md-nav__item">
+      <a href="../php/unit-tests.html" class="md-nav__link">
+        
+  
+  <span class="md-ellipsis">
+    Unit Tests
+  </span>
+  
+
+      </a>
+    </li>
+  
+
+              
+            
+              
+                
+  
+  
+  
+  
+    <li class="md-nav__item">
+      <a href="../php/composer.html" class="md-nav__link">
+        
+  
+  <span class="md-ellipsis">
+    Composer
+  </span>
+  
+
+      </a>
+    </li>
+  
+
+              
+            
+              
+                
+  
+  
+  
+  
+    <li class="md-nav__item">
+      <a href="../php/psr-7.html" class="md-nav__link">
+        
+  
+  <span class="md-ellipsis">
+    PSR 7
+  </span>
+  
+
+      </a>
+    </li>
+  
+
+              
+            
+              
+                
+  
+  
+  
+  
+    <li class="md-nav__item">
+      <a href="../php/plates-templating.html" class="md-nav__link">
+        
+  
+  <span class="md-ellipsis">
+    Plates
+  </span>
+  
+
+      </a>
+    </li>
+  
+
+              
+            
+              
+                
+  
+  
+  
+  
+    
+    
+      
+        
+      
+        
+      
+    
+    
+      
+      
+        
+      
+    
+    
+    <li class="md-nav__item md-nav__item--nested">
+      
+        
+        
+        <input class="md-nav__toggle md-toggle " type="checkbox" id="__nav_4_11_9" >
+        
+          
+          <label class="md-nav__link" for="__nav_4_11_9" id="__nav_4_11_9_label" tabindex="0">
+            
+  
+  <span class="md-ellipsis">
+    Simple MVC
+  </span>
+  
+
+            <span class="md-nav__icon md-icon"></span>
+          </label>
+        
+        <nav class="md-nav" data-md-level="3" aria-labelledby="__nav_4_11_9_label" aria-expanded="false">
+          <label class="md-nav__title" for="__nav_4_11_9">
+            <span class="md-nav__icon md-icon"></span>
+            Simple MVC
+          </label>
+          <ul class="md-nav__list" data-md-scrollfix>
+            
+              
+                
+  
+  
+  
+  
+    <li class="md-nav__item">
+      <a href="../php/simple-mvc/simple-mvc.html" class="md-nav__link">
+        
+  
+  <span class="md-ellipsis">
+    Simple MVC
+  </span>
+  
+
+      </a>
+    </li>
+  
+
+              
+            
+              
+                
+  
+  
+  
+  
+    <li class="md-nav__item">
+      <a href="../php/simple-mvc/rest-api.html" class="md-nav__link">
+        
+  
+  <span class="md-ellipsis">
+    REST API
+  </span>
+  
+
+      </a>
+    </li>
+  
+
+              
+            
+          </ul>
+        </nav>
+      
+    </li>
+  
+
+              
+            
+          </ul>
+        </nav>
+      
+    </li>
+  
+
+              
+            
+              
+                
+  
+  
+  
+  
+    
+    
+      
+        
+      
+        
+      
+        
+      
+        
+      
+        
+      
+    
+    
+      
+      
+        
+          
+          
+        
+      
+    
+    
+    <li class="md-nav__item md-nav__item--section md-nav__item--nested">
+      
+        
+        
+        <input class="md-nav__toggle md-toggle " type="checkbox" id="__nav_4_12" >
+        
+          
+          <label class="md-nav__link" for="__nav_4_12" id="__nav_4_12_label" tabindex="">
+            
+  
+  <span class="md-ellipsis">
+    Rust
+  </span>
+  
+
+            <span class="md-nav__icon md-icon"></span>
+          </label>
+        
+        <nav class="md-nav" data-md-level="2" aria-labelledby="__nav_4_12_label" aria-expanded="false">
+          <label class="md-nav__title" for="__nav_4_12">
+            <span class="md-nav__icon md-icon"></span>
+            Rust
+          </label>
+          <ul class="md-nav__list" data-md-scrollfix>
+            
+              
+                
+  
+  
+  
+  
+    <li class="md-nav__item">
+      <a href="../rust/rust.html" class="md-nav__link">
+        
+  
+  <span class="md-ellipsis">
+    Rust
+  </span>
+  
+
+      </a>
+    </li>
+  
+
+              
+            
+              
+                
+  
+  
+  
+  
+    <li class="md-nav__item">
+      <a href="../rust/macros.html" class="md-nav__link">
+        
+  
+  <span class="md-ellipsis">
+    Macros
+  </span>
+  
+
+      </a>
+    </li>
+  
+
+              
+            
+              
+                
+  
+  
+  
+  
+    <li class="md-nav__item">
+      <a href="../rust/cargo.html" class="md-nav__link">
+        
+  
+  <span class="md-ellipsis">
+    Cargo
+  </span>
+  
+
+      </a>
+    </li>
+  
+
+              
+            
+              
+                
+  
+  
+  
+  
+    <li class="md-nav__item">
+      <a href="../rust/concurrency.html" class="md-nav__link">
+        
+  
+  <span class="md-ellipsis">
+    Concurrency
+  </span>
+  
+
+      </a>
+    </li>
+  
+
+              
+            
+              
+                
+  
+  
+  
+  
+    <li class="md-nav__item">
+      <a href="../rust/unit-tests.html" class="md-nav__link">
+        
+  
+  <span class="md-ellipsis">
+    Unit Tests
+  </span>
+  
+
+      </a>
+    </li>
+  
+
+              
+            
+          </ul>
+        </nav>
+      
+    </li>
+  
+
+              
+            
+              
+                
+  
+  
+  
+  
+    
+    
+      
+        
+      
+        
+      
+        
+      
+        
+      
+        
+      
+        
+      
+        
+      
+    
+    
+      
+      
+        
+          
+          
+        
+      
+    
+    
+    <li class="md-nav__item md-nav__item--section md-nav__item--nested">
+      
+        
+        
+        <input class="md-nav__toggle md-toggle " type="checkbox" id="__nav_4_13" >
+        
+          
+          <label class="md-nav__link" for="__nav_4_13" id="__nav_4_13_label" tabindex="">
+            
+  
+  <span class="md-ellipsis">
+    Javascript
+  </span>
+  
+
+            <span class="md-nav__icon md-icon"></span>
+          </label>
+        
+        <nav class="md-nav" data-md-level="2" aria-labelledby="__nav_4_13_label" aria-expanded="false">
+          <label class="md-nav__title" for="__nav_4_13">
+            <span class="md-nav__icon md-icon"></span>
+            Javascript
+          </label>
+          <ul class="md-nav__list" data-md-scrollfix>
+            
+              
+                
+  
+  
+  
+  
+    <li class="md-nav__item">
+      <a href="../javascript/javascript.html" class="md-nav__link">
+        
+  
+  <span class="md-ellipsis">
+    Javascript
+  </span>
+  
+
+      </a>
+    </li>
+  
+
+              
+            
+              
+                
+  
+  
+  
+  
+    <li class="md-nav__item">
+      <a href="../javascript/dom.html" class="md-nav__link">
+        
+  
+  <span class="md-ellipsis">
+    DOM
+  </span>
+  
+
+      </a>
+    </li>
+  
+
+              
+            
+              
+                
+  
+  
+  
+  
+    <li class="md-nav__item">
+      <a href="../javascript/events-animation.html" class="md-nav__link">
+        
+  
+  <span class="md-ellipsis">
+    Events & Animation
+  </span>
+  
+
+      </a>
+    </li>
+  
+
+              
+            
+              
+                
+  
+  
+  
+  
+    <li class="md-nav__item">
+      <a href="../javascript/ajax.html" class="md-nav__link">
+        
+  
+  <span class="md-ellipsis">
+    AJAX
+  </span>
+  
+
+      </a>
+    </li>
+  
+
+              
+            
+              
+                
+  
+  
+  
+  
+    <li class="md-nav__item">
+      <a href="../javascript/jquery.html" class="md-nav__link">
+        
+  
+  <span class="md-ellipsis">
+    jQuery
+  </span>
+  
+
+      </a>
+    </li>
+  
+
+              
+            
+              
+                
+  
+  
+  
+  
+    
+    
+      
+        
+      
+        
+      
+        
+      
+        
+      
+        
+      
+    
+    
+      
+      
+        
+      
+    
+    
+    <li class="md-nav__item md-nav__item--nested">
+      
+        
+        
+        <input class="md-nav__toggle md-toggle " type="checkbox" id="__nav_4_13_6" >
+        
+          
+          <label class="md-nav__link" for="__nav_4_13_6" id="__nav_4_13_6_label" tabindex="0">
+            
+  
+  <span class="md-ellipsis">
+    React
+  </span>
+  
+
+            <span class="md-nav__icon md-icon"></span>
+          </label>
+        
+        <nav class="md-nav" data-md-level="3" aria-labelledby="__nav_4_13_6_label" aria-expanded="false">
+          <label class="md-nav__title" for="__nav_4_13_6">
+            <span class="md-nav__icon md-icon"></span>
+            React
+          </label>
+          <ul class="md-nav__list" data-md-scrollfix>
+            
+              
+                
+  
+  
+  
+  
+    <li class="md-nav__item">
+      <a href="../javascript/react/react.html" class="md-nav__link">
+        
+  
+  <span class="md-ellipsis">
+    React
+  </span>
+  
+
+      </a>
+    </li>
+  
+
+              
+            
+              
+                
+  
+  
+  
+  
+    <li class="md-nav__item">
+      <a href="../javascript/react/react-router.html" class="md-nav__link">
+        
+  
+  <span class="md-ellipsis">
+    React Router
+  </span>
+  
+
+      </a>
+    </li>
+  
+
+              
+            
+              
+                
+  
+  
+  
+  
+    <li class="md-nav__item">
+      <a href="../javascript/react/react-tests.html" class="md-nav__link">
+        
+  
+  <span class="md-ellipsis">
+    React Tests
+  </span>
+  
+
+      </a>
+    </li>
+  
+
+              
+            
+              
+                
+  
+  
+  
+  
+    <li class="md-nav__item">
+      <a href="../javascript/react/redux.html" class="md-nav__link">
+        
+  
+  <span class="md-ellipsis">
+    Redux
+  </span>
+  
+
+      </a>
+    </li>
+  
+
+              
+            
+              
+                
+  
+  
+  
+  
+    <li class="md-nav__item">
+      <a href="../javascript/react/redux-tests.html" class="md-nav__link">
+        
+  
+  <span class="md-ellipsis">
+    Redux Tests
+  </span>
+  
+
+      </a>
+    </li>
+  
+
+              
+            
+          </ul>
+        </nav>
+      
+    </li>
+  
+
+              
+            
+              
+                
+  
+  
+  
+  
+    <li class="md-nav__item">
+      <a href="../javascript/svelte/svelte.html" class="md-nav__link">
+        
+  
+  <span class="md-ellipsis">
+    Svelte
+  </span>
+  
+
+      </a>
+    </li>
+  
+
+              
+            
+          </ul>
+        </nav>
+      
+    </li>
+  
+
+              
+            
+              
+                
+  
+  
+  
+  
+    
+    
+      
+        
+      
+        
+      
+    
+    
+      
+      
+        
+          
+          
+        
+      
+    
+    
+    <li class="md-nav__item md-nav__item--section md-nav__item--nested">
+      
+        
+        
+        <input class="md-nav__toggle md-toggle " type="checkbox" id="__nav_4_14" >
+        
+          
+          <label class="md-nav__link" for="__nav_4_14" id="__nav_4_14_label" tabindex="">
+            
+  
+  <span class="md-ellipsis">
+    PowerShell
+  </span>
+  
+
+            <span class="md-nav__icon md-icon"></span>
+          </label>
+        
+        <nav class="md-nav" data-md-level="2" aria-labelledby="__nav_4_14_label" aria-expanded="false">
+          <label class="md-nav__title" for="__nav_4_14">
+            <span class="md-nav__icon md-icon"></span>
+            PowerShell
+          </label>
+          <ul class="md-nav__list" data-md-scrollfix>
+            
+              
+                
+  
+  
+  
+  
+    <li class="md-nav__item">
+      <a href="../powershell/scripting.html" class="md-nav__link">
+        
+  
+  <span class="md-ellipsis">
+    Scripting
+  </span>
+  
+
+      </a>
+    </li>
+  
+
+              
+            
+              
+                
+  
+  
+  
+  
+    <li class="md-nav__item">
+      <a href="../powershell/commands.html" class="md-nav__link">
+        
+  
+  <span class="md-ellipsis">
+    Commands
+  </span>
+  
+
+      </a>
+    </li>
+  
+
+              
+            
+          </ul>
+        </nav>
+      
+    </li>
+  
+
+              
+            
+              
+                
+  
+  
+  
+  
+    
+    
+      
+        
+      
+        
+      
+    
+    
+      
+      
+        
+          
+          
+        
+      
+    
+    
+    <li class="md-nav__item md-nav__item--section md-nav__item--nested">
+      
+        
+        
+        <input class="md-nav__toggle md-toggle " type="checkbox" id="__nav_4_15" >
+        
+          
+          <label class="md-nav__link" for="__nav_4_15" id="__nav_4_15_label" tabindex="">
+            
+  
+  <span class="md-ellipsis">
+    Bash
+  </span>
+  
+
+            <span class="md-nav__icon md-icon"></span>
+          </label>
+        
+        <nav class="md-nav" data-md-level="2" aria-labelledby="__nav_4_15_label" aria-expanded="false">
+          <label class="md-nav__title" for="__nav_4_15">
+            <span class="md-nav__icon md-icon"></span>
+            Bash
+          </label>
+          <ul class="md-nav__list" data-md-scrollfix>
+            
+              
+                
+  
+  
+  
+  
+    <li class="md-nav__item">
+      <a href="../bash/scripting.html" class="md-nav__link">
+        
+  
+  <span class="md-ellipsis">
+    Scripting
+  </span>
+  
+
+      </a>
+    </li>
+  
+
+              
+            
+              
+                
+  
+  
+  
+  
+    <li class="md-nav__item">
+      <a href="../bash/commands.html" class="md-nav__link">
+        
+  
+  <span class="md-ellipsis">
+    Commands
+  </span>
+  
+
+      </a>
+    </li>
+  
+
+              
+            
+          </ul>
+        </nav>
+      
+    </li>
+  
+
+              
+            
+          </ul>
+        </nav>
+      
+    </li>
+  
+
+    
+      
+      
+  
+  
+  
+  
+    
+    
+      
+        
+      
+        
+      
+        
+      
+        
+      
+        
+      
+    
+    
+      
+      
+        
+      
+    
+    
+    <li class="md-nav__item md-nav__item--nested">
+      
+        
+        
+        <input class="md-nav__toggle md-toggle " type="checkbox" id="__nav_5" >
+        
+          
+          <label class="md-nav__link" for="__nav_5" id="__nav_5_label" tabindex="0">
+            
+  
+  <span class="md-ellipsis">
+    Misc
+  </span>
+  
+
+            <span class="md-nav__icon md-icon"></span>
+          </label>
+        
+        <nav class="md-nav" data-md-level="1" aria-labelledby="__nav_5_label" aria-expanded="false">
+          <label class="md-nav__title" for="__nav_5">
+            <span class="md-nav__icon md-icon"></span>
+            Misc
+          </label>
+          <ul class="md-nav__list" data-md-scrollfix>
+            
+              
+                
+  
+  
+  
+  
+    <li class="md-nav__item">
+      <a href="../../misc/git.html" class="md-nav__link">
+        
+  
+  <span class="md-ellipsis">
+    Git
+  </span>
+  
+
+      </a>
+    </li>
+  
+
+              
+            
+              
+                
+  
+  
+  
+  
+    <li class="md-nav__item">
+      <a href="../../misc/graph-ql.html" class="md-nav__link">
+        
+  
+  <span class="md-ellipsis">
+    GraphQL
+  </span>
+  
+
+      </a>
+    </li>
+  
+
+              
+            
+              
+                
+  
+  
+  
+  
+    <li class="md-nav__item">
+      <a href="../../misc/regular-expressions.html" class="md-nav__link">
+        
+  
+  <span class="md-ellipsis">
+    RegEx
+  </span>
+  
+
+      </a>
+    </li>
+  
+
+              
+            
+              
+                
+  
+  
+  
+  
+    <li class="md-nav__item">
+      <a href="../../misc/ssh.html" class="md-nav__link">
+        
+  
+  <span class="md-ellipsis">
+    SSH
+  </span>
+  
+
+      </a>
+    </li>
+  
+
+              
+            
+              
+                
+  
+  
+  
+  
+    <li class="md-nav__item">
+      <a href="../../misc/web-components.html" class="md-nav__link">
+        
+  
+  <span class="md-ellipsis">
+    WebComponents
+  </span>
+  
+
+      </a>
+    </li>
+  
+
+              
+            
+          </ul>
+        </nav>
+      
+    </li>
+  
+
+    
+      
+      
+  
+  
+  
+  
+    
+    
+      
+        
+      
+        
+      
+    
+    
+      
+      
+        
+      
+    
+    
+    <li class="md-nav__item md-nav__item--nested">
+      
+        
+        
+        <input class="md-nav__toggle md-toggle " type="checkbox" id="__nav_6" >
+        
+          
+          <label class="md-nav__link" for="__nav_6" id="__nav_6_label" tabindex="0">
+            
+  
+  <span class="md-ellipsis">
+    Linux
+  </span>
+  
+
+            <span class="md-nav__icon md-icon"></span>
+          </label>
+        
+        <nav class="md-nav" data-md-level="1" aria-labelledby="__nav_6_label" aria-expanded="false">
+          <label class="md-nav__title" for="__nav_6">
+            <span class="md-nav__icon md-icon"></span>
+            Linux
+          </label>
+          <ul class="md-nav__list" data-md-scrollfix>
+            
+              
+                
+  
+  
+  
+  
+    
+    
+      
+        
+      
+        
+      
+        
+      
+    
+    
+      
+      
+        
+      
+    
+    
+    <li class="md-nav__item md-nav__item--nested">
+      
+        
+        
+        <input class="md-nav__toggle md-toggle " type="checkbox" id="__nav_6_1" >
+        
+          
+          <label class="md-nav__link" for="__nav_6_1" id="__nav_6_1_label" tabindex="0">
+            
+  
+  <span class="md-ellipsis">
+    Filesystem
+  </span>
+  
+
+            <span class="md-nav__icon md-icon"></span>
+          </label>
+        
+        <nav class="md-nav" data-md-level="2" aria-labelledby="__nav_6_1_label" aria-expanded="false">
+          <label class="md-nav__title" for="__nav_6_1">
+            <span class="md-nav__icon md-icon"></span>
+            Filesystem
+          </label>
+          <ul class="md-nav__list" data-md-scrollfix>
+            
+              
+                
+  
+  
+  
+  
+    <li class="md-nav__item">
+      <a href="../../linux/filesystem/file-links.html" class="md-nav__link">
+        
+  
+  <span class="md-ellipsis">
+    File Links
+  </span>
+  
+
+      </a>
+    </li>
+  
+
+              
+            
+              
+                
+  
+  
+  
+  
+    <li class="md-nav__item">
+      <a href="../../linux/filesystem/procfs.html" class="md-nav__link">
+        
+  
+  <span class="md-ellipsis">
+    /proc
+  </span>
+  
+
+      </a>
+    </li>
+  
+
+              
+            
+              
+                
+  
+  
+  
+  
+    <li class="md-nav__item">
+      <a href="../../linux/filesystem/sysfs.html" class="md-nav__link">
+        
+  
+  <span class="md-ellipsis">
+    /sys
+  </span>
+  
+
+      </a>
+    </li>
+  
+
+              
+            
+          </ul>
+        </nav>
+      
+    </li>
+  
+
+              
+            
+              
+                
+  
+  
+  
+  
+    
+    
+      
+        
+      
+        
+      
+    
+    
+      
+      
+        
+      
+    
+    
+    <li class="md-nav__item md-nav__item--nested">
+      
+        
+        
+        <input class="md-nav__toggle md-toggle " type="checkbox" id="__nav_6_2" >
+        
+          
+          <label class="md-nav__link" for="__nav_6_2" id="__nav_6_2_label" tabindex="0">
+            
+  
+  <span class="md-ellipsis">
+    System Init
+  </span>
+  
+
+            <span class="md-nav__icon md-icon"></span>
+          </label>
+        
+        <nav class="md-nav" data-md-level="2" aria-labelledby="__nav_6_2_label" aria-expanded="false">
+          <label class="md-nav__title" for="__nav_6_2">
+            <span class="md-nav__icon md-icon"></span>
+            System Init
+          </label>
+          <ul class="md-nav__list" data-md-scrollfix>
+            
+              
+                
+  
+  
+  
+  
+    <li class="md-nav__item">
+      <a href="../../linux/init/systemd.html" class="md-nav__link">
+        
+  
+  <span class="md-ellipsis">
+    Systemd
+  </span>
+  
+
+      </a>
+    </li>
+  
+
+              
+            
+              
+                
+  
+  
+  
+  
+    <li class="md-nav__item">
+      <a href="../../linux/init/open-rc.html" class="md-nav__link">
+        
+  
+  <span class="md-ellipsis">
+    OpenRC
+  </span>
+  
+
+      </a>
+    </li>
+  
+
+              
+            
+          </ul>
+        </nav>
+      
+    </li>
+  
+
+              
+            
+          </ul>
+        </nav>
+      
+    </li>
+  
+
+    
+  </ul>
+</nav>
+                  </div>
+                </div>
+              </div>
+            
+            
+              
+              <div class="md-sidebar md-sidebar--secondary" data-md-component="sidebar" data-md-type="toc" >
+                <div class="md-sidebar__scrollwrap">
+                  <div class="md-sidebar__inner">
+                    
+
+<nav class="md-nav md-nav--secondary" aria-label="Table of contents">
+  
+  
+  
+    
+  
+  
+    <label class="md-nav__title" for="__toc">
+      <span class="md-nav__icon md-icon"></span>
+      Table of contents
+    </label>
+    <ul class="md-nav__list" data-md-component="toc" data-md-scrollfix>
+      
+        <li class="md-nav__item">
+  <a href="#applying-css-to-html" class="md-nav__link">
+    <span class="md-ellipsis">
+      Applying CSS to HTML
+    </span>
+  </a>
+  
+    <nav class="md-nav" aria-label="Applying CSS to HTML">
+      <ul class="md-nav__list">
+        
+          <li class="md-nav__item">
+  <a href="#inline-css" class="md-nav__link">
+    <span class="md-ellipsis">
+      Inline CSS
+    </span>
+  </a>
+  
+</li>
+        
+          <li class="md-nav__item">
+  <a href="#embedded-css" class="md-nav__link">
+    <span class="md-ellipsis">
+      Embedded CSS
+    </span>
+  </a>
+  
+</li>
+        
+          <li class="md-nav__item">
+  <a href="#external-css" class="md-nav__link">
+    <span class="md-ellipsis">
+      External CSS
+    </span>
+  </a>
+  
+</li>
+        
+      </ul>
+    </nav>
+  
+</li>
+      
+        <li class="md-nav__item">
+  <a href="#css-selectors" class="md-nav__link">
+    <span class="md-ellipsis">
+      CSS Selectors
+    </span>
+  </a>
+  
+    <nav class="md-nav" aria-label="CSS Selectors">
+      <ul class="md-nav__list">
+        
+          <li class="md-nav__item">
+  <a href="#multiple-selectors" class="md-nav__link">
+    <span class="md-ellipsis">
+      Multiple Selectors
+    </span>
+  </a>
+  
+</li>
+        
+          <li class="md-nav__item">
+  <a href="#nested-selectors" class="md-nav__link">
+    <span class="md-ellipsis">
+      Nested Selectors
+    </span>
+  </a>
+  
+</li>
+        
+          <li class="md-nav__item">
+  <a href="#id-selector" class="md-nav__link">
+    <span class="md-ellipsis">
+      ID Selector
+    </span>
+  </a>
+  
+</li>
+        
+          <li class="md-nav__item">
+  <a href="#class-selector" class="md-nav__link">
+    <span class="md-ellipsis">
+      Class Selector
+    </span>
+  </a>
+  
+</li>
+        
+          <li class="md-nav__item">
+  <a href="#universal-selector" class="md-nav__link">
+    <span class="md-ellipsis">
+      Universal Selector
+    </span>
+  </a>
+  
+</li>
+        
+          <li class="md-nav__item">
+  <a href="#descendant-selector-space" class="md-nav__link">
+    <span class="md-ellipsis">
+      Descendant selector (space)
+    </span>
+  </a>
+  
+</li>
+        
+          <li class="md-nav__item">
+  <a href="#direct-child-selector" class="md-nav__link">
+    <span class="md-ellipsis">
+      Direct child selector (&gt;)
+    </span>
+  </a>
+  
+</li>
+        
+          <li class="md-nav__item">
+  <a href="#general-sibling-selector" class="md-nav__link">
+    <span class="md-ellipsis">
+      General sibling selector (~)
+    </span>
+  </a>
+  
+</li>
+        
+          <li class="md-nav__item">
+  <a href="#adjacent-sibling-selector" class="md-nav__link">
+    <span class="md-ellipsis">
+      Adjacent sibling selector (+)
+    </span>
+  </a>
+  
+</li>
+        
+          <li class="md-nav__item">
+  <a href="#namespace-separator" class="md-nav__link">
+    <span class="md-ellipsis">
+      Namespace Separator (|)
+    </span>
+  </a>
+  
+</li>
+        
+          <li class="md-nav__item">
+  <a href="#column-selector" class="md-nav__link">
+    <span class="md-ellipsis">
+      Column Selector (||)
+    </span>
+  </a>
+  
+</li>
+        
+          <li class="md-nav__item">
+  <a href="#attribute-present-selector-tagattr" class="md-nav__link">
+    <span class="md-ellipsis">
+      Attribute Present Selector (tag[attr])
+    </span>
+  </a>
+  
+</li>
+        
+          <li class="md-nav__item">
+  <a href="#attribute-equals-selector" class="md-nav__link">
+    <span class="md-ellipsis">
+      Attribute Equals Selector (=)
+    </span>
+  </a>
+  
+</li>
+        
+          <li class="md-nav__item">
+  <a href="#attribute-contains-selector" class="md-nav__link">
+    <span class="md-ellipsis">
+      Attribute Contains Selector (*=)
+    </span>
+  </a>
+  
+</li>
+        
+          <li class="md-nav__item">
+  <a href="#attribute-begins-with-selector" class="md-nav__link">
+    <span class="md-ellipsis">
+      Attribute Begins With Selector (^=)
+    </span>
+  </a>
+  
+</li>
+        
+          <li class="md-nav__item">
+  <a href="#attribute-ends-with-selector" class="md-nav__link">
+    <span class="md-ellipsis">
+      Attribute Ends With Selector ($=)
+    </span>
+  </a>
+  
+</li>
+        
+          <li class="md-nav__item">
+  <a href="#attribute-spaced-selector" class="md-nav__link">
+    <span class="md-ellipsis">
+      Attribute Spaced Selector (~=)
+    </span>
+  </a>
+  
+</li>
+        
+          <li class="md-nav__item">
+  <a href="#attribute-hyphenated-selector" class="md-nav__link">
+    <span class="md-ellipsis">
+      Attribute Hyphenated Selector (|=)
+    </span>
+  </a>
+  
+</li>
+        
+      </ul>
+    </nav>
+  
+</li>
+      
+        <li class="md-nav__item">
+  <a href="#pseudo-classes" class="md-nav__link">
+    <span class="md-ellipsis">
+      Pseudo-Classes
+    </span>
+  </a>
+  
+    <nav class="md-nav" aria-label="Pseudo-Classes">
+      <ul class="md-nav__list">
+        
+          <li class="md-nav__item">
+  <a href="#link-pseudo-classes" class="md-nav__link">
+    <span class="md-ellipsis">
+      Link Pseudo-Classes
+    </span>
+  </a>
+  
+</li>
+        
+          <li class="md-nav__item">
+  <a href="#user-action-pseudo-classes" class="md-nav__link">
+    <span class="md-ellipsis">
+      User Action Pseudo-Classes
+    </span>
+  </a>
+  
+</li>
+        
+          <li class="md-nav__item">
+  <a href="#user-interface-state-pseudo-classes" class="md-nav__link">
+    <span class="md-ellipsis">
+      User Interface State Pseudo-Classes
+    </span>
+  </a>
+  
+</li>
+        
+          <li class="md-nav__item">
+  <a href="#structural-position-pseudo-classes" class="md-nav__link">
+    <span class="md-ellipsis">
+      Structural &amp; Position Pseudo-Classes
+    </span>
+  </a>
+  
+</li>
+        
+          <li class="md-nav__item">
+  <a href="#empty-negation-pseudo-classes" class="md-nav__link">
+    <span class="md-ellipsis">
+      Empty &amp; Negation Pseudo-Classes
+    </span>
+  </a>
+  
+</li>
+        
+      </ul>
+    </nav>
+  
+</li>
+      
+        <li class="md-nav__item">
+  <a href="#pseudo-elements" class="md-nav__link">
+    <span class="md-ellipsis">
+      Pseudo-Elements
+    </span>
+  </a>
+  
+    <nav class="md-nav" aria-label="Pseudo-Elements">
+      <ul class="md-nav__list">
+        
+          <li class="md-nav__item">
+  <a href="#textual-pseudo-elements" class="md-nav__link">
+    <span class="md-ellipsis">
+      Textual Pseudo-Elements
+    </span>
+  </a>
+  
+</li>
+        
+          <li class="md-nav__item">
+  <a href="#content-pseudo-elements" class="md-nav__link">
+    <span class="md-ellipsis">
+      Content Pseudo-Elements
+    </span>
+  </a>
+  
+</li>
+        
+          <li class="md-nav__item">
+  <a href="#fragment-pseudo-elements" class="md-nav__link">
+    <span class="md-ellipsis">
+      Fragment Pseudo-Elements
+    </span>
+  </a>
+  
+</li>
+        
+      </ul>
+    </nav>
+  
+</li>
+      
+        <li class="md-nav__item">
+  <a href="#css-cascading" class="md-nav__link">
+    <span class="md-ellipsis">
+      CSS Cascading
+    </span>
+  </a>
+  
+    <nav class="md-nav" aria-label="CSS Cascading">
+      <ul class="md-nav__list">
+        
+          <li class="md-nav__item">
+  <a href="#cascading-override-with-important" class="md-nav__link">
+    <span class="md-ellipsis">
+      Cascading Override With !important
+    </span>
+  </a>
+  
+</li>
+        
+          <li class="md-nav__item">
+  <a href="#specificity" class="md-nav__link">
+    <span class="md-ellipsis">
+      Specificity
+    </span>
+  </a>
+  
+</li>
+        
+      </ul>
+    </nav>
+  
+</li>
+      
+        <li class="md-nav__item">
+  <a href="#units" class="md-nav__link">
+    <span class="md-ellipsis">
+      Units
+    </span>
+  </a>
+  
+    <nav class="md-nav" aria-label="Units">
+      <ul class="md-nav__list">
+        
+          <li class="md-nav__item">
+  <a href="#absolute-length-units" class="md-nav__link">
+    <span class="md-ellipsis">
+      Absolute Length units
+    </span>
+  </a>
+  
+</li>
+        
+          <li class="md-nav__item">
+  <a href="#relative-length-units" class="md-nav__link">
+    <span class="md-ellipsis">
+      Relative Length Units
+    </span>
+  </a>
+  
+</li>
+        
+      </ul>
+    </nav>
+  
+</li>
+      
+        <li class="md-nav__item">
+  <a href="#common-element-properties" class="md-nav__link">
+    <span class="md-ellipsis">
+      Common Element Properties
+    </span>
+  </a>
+  
+    <nav class="md-nav" aria-label="Common Element Properties">
+      <ul class="md-nav__list">
+        
+          <li class="md-nav__item">
+  <a href="#color" class="md-nav__link">
+    <span class="md-ellipsis">
+      Color
+    </span>
+  </a>
+  
+</li>
+        
+          <li class="md-nav__item">
+  <a href="#background" class="md-nav__link">
+    <span class="md-ellipsis">
+      Background
+    </span>
+  </a>
+  
+</li>
+        
+          <li class="md-nav__item">
+  <a href="#font" class="md-nav__link">
+    <span class="md-ellipsis">
+      Font
+    </span>
+  </a>
+  
+</li>
+        
+          <li class="md-nav__item">
+  <a href="#text-decoration-aliment" class="md-nav__link">
+    <span class="md-ellipsis">
+      Text Decoration &amp; Aliment
+    </span>
+  </a>
+  
+</li>
+        
+          <li class="md-nav__item">
+  <a href="#size" class="md-nav__link">
+    <span class="md-ellipsis">
+      Size
+    </span>
+  </a>
+  
+</li>
+        
+          <li class="md-nav__item">
+  <a href="#hiding-elements" class="md-nav__link">
+    <span class="md-ellipsis">
+      Hiding Elements
+    </span>
+  </a>
+  
+</li>
+        
+      </ul>
+    </nav>
+  
+</li>
+      
+        <li class="md-nav__item">
+  <a href="#box-model" class="md-nav__link">
+    <span class="md-ellipsis">
+      Box Model
+    </span>
+  </a>
+  
+    <nav class="md-nav" aria-label="Box Model">
+      <ul class="md-nav__list">
+        
+          <li class="md-nav__item">
+  <a href="#padding" class="md-nav__link">
+    <span class="md-ellipsis">
+      Padding
+    </span>
+  </a>
+  
+</li>
+        
+          <li class="md-nav__item">
+  <a href="#border" class="md-nav__link">
+    <span class="md-ellipsis">
+      Border
+    </span>
+  </a>
+  
+</li>
+        
+          <li class="md-nav__item">
+  <a href="#box-sizing" class="md-nav__link">
+    <span class="md-ellipsis">
+      Box Sizing
+    </span>
+  </a>
+  
+</li>
+        
+          <li class="md-nav__item">
+  <a href="#margin" class="md-nav__link">
+    <span class="md-ellipsis">
+      Margin
+    </span>
+  </a>
+  
+</li>
+        
+      </ul>
+    </nav>
+  
+</li>
+      
+        <li class="md-nav__item">
+  <a href="#element-positioning" class="md-nav__link">
+    <span class="md-ellipsis">
+      Element Positioning
+    </span>
+  </a>
+  
+    <nav class="md-nav" aria-label="Element Positioning">
+      <ul class="md-nav__list">
+        
+          <li class="md-nav__item">
+  <a href="#static-positioning" class="md-nav__link">
+    <span class="md-ellipsis">
+      Static Positioning
+    </span>
+  </a>
+  
+</li>
+        
+          <li class="md-nav__item">
+  <a href="#relative-positioning" class="md-nav__link">
+    <span class="md-ellipsis">
+      Relative positioning
+    </span>
+  </a>
+  
+</li>
+        
+          <li class="md-nav__item">
+  <a href="#absolute-positioning" class="md-nav__link">
+    <span class="md-ellipsis">
+      Absolute Positioning
+    </span>
+  </a>
+  
+</li>
+        
+          <li class="md-nav__item">
+  <a href="#fixed-positioning" class="md-nav__link">
+    <span class="md-ellipsis">
+      Fixed Positioning
+    </span>
+  </a>
+  
+</li>
+        
+          <li class="md-nav__item">
+  <a href="#sticky-positioning" class="md-nav__link">
+    <span class="md-ellipsis">
+      Sticky Positioning
+    </span>
+  </a>
+  
+</li>
+        
+          <li class="md-nav__item">
+  <a href="#z-index" class="md-nav__link">
+    <span class="md-ellipsis">
+      Z-Index
+    </span>
+  </a>
+  
+</li>
+        
+      </ul>
+    </nav>
+  
+</li>
+      
+        <li class="md-nav__item">
+  <a href="#layouts" class="md-nav__link">
+    <span class="md-ellipsis">
+      Layouts
+    </span>
+  </a>
+  
+    <nav class="md-nav" aria-label="Layouts">
+      <ul class="md-nav__list">
+        
+          <li class="md-nav__item">
+  <a href="#inline" class="md-nav__link">
+    <span class="md-ellipsis">
+      Inline
+    </span>
+  </a>
+  
+</li>
+        
+          <li class="md-nav__item">
+  <a href="#block" class="md-nav__link">
+    <span class="md-ellipsis">
+      Block
+    </span>
+  </a>
+  
+</li>
+        
+          <li class="md-nav__item">
+  <a href="#inline-block" class="md-nav__link">
+    <span class="md-ellipsis">
+      Inline Block
+    </span>
+  </a>
+  
+</li>
+        
+          <li class="md-nav__item">
+  <a href="#none" class="md-nav__link">
+    <span class="md-ellipsis">
+      None
+    </span>
+  </a>
+  
+</li>
+        
+          <li class="md-nav__item">
+  <a href="#flex" class="md-nav__link">
+    <span class="md-ellipsis">
+      Flex
+    </span>
+  </a>
+  
+</li>
+        
+          <li class="md-nav__item">
+  <a href="#grid" class="md-nav__link">
+    <span class="md-ellipsis">
+      Grid
+    </span>
+  </a>
+  
+</li>
+        
+      </ul>
+    </nav>
+  
+</li>
+      
+        <li class="md-nav__item">
+  <a href="#variables" class="md-nav__link">
+    <span class="md-ellipsis">
+      Variables
+    </span>
+  </a>
+  
+</li>
+      
+        <li class="md-nav__item">
+  <a href="#responsive-design" class="md-nav__link">
+    <span class="md-ellipsis">
+      Responsive Design
+    </span>
+  </a>
+  
+    <nav class="md-nav" aria-label="Responsive Design">
+      <ul class="md-nav__list">
+        
+          <li class="md-nav__item">
+  <a href="#viewport-meta-tag" class="md-nav__link">
+    <span class="md-ellipsis">
+      Viewport Meta-Tag
+    </span>
+  </a>
+  
+</li>
+        
+          <li class="md-nav__item">
+  <a href="#media-queries" class="md-nav__link">
+    <span class="md-ellipsis">
+      Media Queries
+    </span>
+  </a>
+  
+</li>
+        
+      </ul>
+    </nav>
+  
+</li>
+      
+    </ul>
+  
+</nav>
+                  </div>
+                </div>
+              </div>
+            
+          
+          
+            <div class="md-content" data-md-component="content">
+              <article class="md-content__inner md-typeset">
+                
+                  
+
+  
+  
+
+
+<h1 id="css">CSS</h1>
+<h2 id="applying-css-to-html">Applying CSS to HTML</h2>
+<h3 id="inline-css">Inline CSS</h3>
+<p>The style only applies to one element at a time.</p>
+<div class="highlight"><table class="highlighttable"><tr><th colspan="2" class="filename"><span class="filename">HTML</span></th></tr><tr><td class="linenos"><div class="linenodiv"><pre><span></span><span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-0-1">1</a></span></pre></div></td><td class="code"><div><pre><span></span><code><a id="__codelineno-0-1" name="__codelineno-0-1"></a><span class="p">&lt;</span><span class="nt">tag</span> <span class="na">style</span><span class="o">=</span><span class="s">&quot;property:value&quot;</span><span class="p">&gt;&lt;/</span><span class="nt">tag</span><span class="p">&gt;</span>
+</code></pre></div></td></tr></table></div>
+<h3 id="embedded-css">Embedded CSS</h3>
+<p>The style is not shared but only applies to one HTML file.</p>
+<div class="highlight"><table class="highlighttable"><tr><th colspan="2" class="filename"><span class="filename">HTML</span></th></tr><tr><td class="linenos"><div class="linenodiv"><pre><span></span><span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-1-1">1</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-1-2">2</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-1-3">3</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-1-4">4</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-1-5">5</a></span></pre></div></td><td class="code"><div><pre><span></span><code><a id="__codelineno-1-1" name="__codelineno-1-1"></a><span class="p">&lt;</span><span class="nt">style</span><span class="p">&gt;</span>
+<a id="__codelineno-1-2" name="__codelineno-1-2"></a><span class="w">    </span><span class="nt">selector</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="p">{</span>
+<a id="__codelineno-1-3" name="__codelineno-1-3"></a><span class="w">        </span><span class="n">property</span><span class="p">:</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="n">value</span><span class="p">;</span>
+<a id="__codelineno-1-4" name="__codelineno-1-4"></a><span class="w">    </span><span class="p">}</span>
+<a id="__codelineno-1-5" name="__codelineno-1-5"></a><span class="p">&lt;/</span><span class="nt">style</span><span class="p">&gt;</span>
+</code></pre></div></td></tr></table></div>
+<h3 id="external-css">External CSS</h3>
+<ul>
+<li>Shared resource, can be referenced from multiple pages.  </li>
+<li>Can be cached, reduced HTML file size &amp; bandwidth.  </li>
+</ul>
+<div class="highlight"><table class="highlighttable"><tr><th colspan="2" class="filename"><span class="filename">HTML</span></th></tr><tr><td class="linenos"><div class="linenodiv"><pre><span></span><span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-2-1">1</a></span></pre></div></td><td class="code"><div><pre><span></span><code><a id="__codelineno-2-1" name="__codelineno-2-1"></a><span class="p">&lt;</span><span class="nt">link</span> <span class="na">rel</span><span class="o">=</span><span class="s">&quot;stylesheet&quot;</span> <span class="na">href</span><span class="o">=</span><span class="s">&quot;style.css&quot;</span><span class="p">&gt;</span>
+</code></pre></div></td></tr></table></div>
+<h2 id="css-selectors"><a href="https://developer.mozilla.org/en-US/docs/Learn/CSS/Building_blocks/Selectors">CSS Selectors</a></h2>
+<p>A CSS selector points to an html element to style.</p>
+<div class="highlight"><table class="highlighttable"><tr><th colspan="2" class="filename"><span class="filename">CSS</span></th></tr><tr><td class="linenos"><div class="linenodiv"><pre><span></span><span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-3-1">1</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-3-2">2</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-3-3">3</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-3-4">4</a></span></pre></div></td><td class="code"><div><pre><span></span><code><a id="__codelineno-3-1" name="__codelineno-3-1"></a><span class="nt">selector</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="p">{</span>
+<a id="__codelineno-3-2" name="__codelineno-3-2"></a><span class="w">    </span><span class="n">property</span><span class="p">:</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="n">value</span><span class="p">;</span>
+<a id="__codelineno-3-3" name="__codelineno-3-3"></a><span class="w">    </span><span class="n">property</span><span class="p">:</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="n">value</span><span class="p">;</span>
+<a id="__codelineno-3-4" name="__codelineno-3-4"></a><span class="p">}</span>
+</code></pre></div></td></tr></table></div>
+<h3 id="multiple-selectors">Multiple Selectors</h3>
+<div class="highlight"><table class="highlighttable"><tr><th colspan="2" class="filename"><span class="filename">CSS</span></th></tr><tr><td class="linenos"><div class="linenodiv"><pre><span></span><span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-4-1">1</a></span></pre></div></td><td class="code"><div><pre><span></span><code><a id="__codelineno-4-1" name="__codelineno-4-1"></a><span class="nt">selector1</span><span class="o">,</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="nt">selector2</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="p">{</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="n">property</span><span class="p">:</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="n">value</span><span class="p">;</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="p">}</span>
+</code></pre></div></td></tr></table></div>
+<h3 id="nested-selectors">Nested Selectors</h3>
+<p>Used to select tags nested in other tags.</p>
+<div class="highlight"><table class="highlighttable"><tr><th colspan="2" class="filename"><span class="filename">CSS</span></th></tr><tr><td class="linenos"><div class="linenodiv"><pre><span></span><span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-5-1">1</a></span></pre></div></td><td class="code"><div><pre><span></span><code><a id="__codelineno-5-1" name="__codelineno-5-1"></a><span class="nt">outerSelector</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="nt">innerSelector</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="p">{</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="n">property</span><span class="p">:</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="n">value</span><span class="p">;</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="p">}</span>
+</code></pre></div></td></tr></table></div>
+<h3 id="id-selector">ID Selector</h3>
+<p>Can only apply to one element in a page.</p>
+<div class="highlight"><table class="highlighttable"><tr><th colspan="2" class="filename"><span class="filename">CSS</span></th></tr><tr><td class="linenos"><div class="linenodiv"><pre><span></span><span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-6-1">1</a></span></pre></div></td><td class="code"><div><pre><span></span><code><a id="__codelineno-6-1" name="__codelineno-6-1"></a><span class="p">#</span><span class="nn">selector</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="p">{</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="n">property</span><span class="p">:</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="n">value</span><span class="p">;</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="p">}</span><span class="w">    </span><span class="c">/* selects &lt;tag id=&quot;selector&quot;&gt; */</span>
+</code></pre></div></td></tr></table></div>
+<h3 id="class-selector">Class Selector</h3>
+<p>Many elements can have the same class, classes are used to group HTML elements together.</p>
+<div class="highlight"><table class="highlighttable"><tr><th colspan="2" class="filename"><span class="filename">CSS</span></th></tr><tr><td class="linenos"><div class="linenodiv"><pre><span></span><span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-7-1">1</a></span></pre></div></td><td class="code"><div><pre><span></span><code><a id="__codelineno-7-1" name="__codelineno-7-1"></a><span class="p">.</span><span class="nc">selector</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="p">{</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="n">property</span><span class="p">:</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="n">value</span><span class="p">;</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="p">}</span><span class="w">    </span><span class="c">/* selects &lt;tag class=&quot;selector&quot;&gt; */</span>
+</code></pre></div></td></tr></table></div>
+<h3 id="universal-selector">Universal Selector</h3>
+<div class="highlight"><table class="highlighttable"><tr><th colspan="2" class="filename"><span class="filename">CSS</span></th></tr><tr><td class="linenos"><div class="linenodiv"><pre><span></span><span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-8-1">1</a></span></pre></div></td><td class="code"><div><pre><span></span><code><a id="__codelineno-8-1" name="__codelineno-8-1"></a><span class="o">*</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="p">{</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="n">property</span><span class="p">:</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="n">value</span><span class="p">;</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="p">}</span><span class="w">    </span><span class="c">/* selects every HTML element */</span>
+</code></pre></div></td></tr></table></div>
+<h3 id="descendant-selector-space">Descendant selector (space)</h3>
+<p>Selects an element that resides anywhere within an identified ancestor element.</p>
+<div class="highlight"><table class="highlighttable"><tr><th colspan="2" class="filename"><span class="filename">CSS</span></th></tr><tr><td class="linenos"><div class="linenodiv"><pre><span></span><span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-9-1">1</a></span></pre></div></td><td class="code"><div><pre><span></span><code><a id="__codelineno-9-1" name="__codelineno-9-1"></a><span class="nt">article</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="nt">h2</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="p">{</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="n">property</span><span class="p">:</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="n">value</span><span class="p">;</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="p">}</span>
+</code></pre></div></td></tr></table></div>
+<div class="highlight"><table class="highlighttable"><tr><th colspan="2" class="filename"><span class="filename">HTML</span></th></tr><tr><td class="linenos"><div class="linenodiv"><pre><span></span><span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-10-1"> 1</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-10-2"> 2</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-10-3"> 3</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-10-4"> 4</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-10-5"> 5</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-10-6"> 6</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-10-7"> 7</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-10-8"> 8</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-10-9"> 9</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-10-10">10</a></span></pre></div></td><td class="code"><div><pre><span></span><code><a id="__codelineno-10-1" name="__codelineno-10-1"></a><span class="cm">&lt;!-- Will NOT match --&gt;</span>
+<a id="__codelineno-10-2" name="__codelineno-10-2"></a><span class="p">&lt;</span><span class="nt">h2</span><span class="p">&gt;</span>title<span class="p">&lt;/</span><span class="nt">h2</span><span class="p">&gt;</span>
+<a id="__codelineno-10-3" name="__codelineno-10-3"></a><span class="p">&lt;</span><span class="nt">article</span><span class="p">&gt;</span>
+<a id="__codelineno-10-4" name="__codelineno-10-4"></a>    <span class="cm">&lt;!-- WILL match --&gt;</span>
+<a id="__codelineno-10-5" name="__codelineno-10-5"></a>    <span class="p">&lt;</span><span class="nt">h2</span><span class="p">&gt;</span>subtitle<span class="p">&lt;/</span><span class="nt">h2</span><span class="p">&gt;</span>
+<a id="__codelineno-10-6" name="__codelineno-10-6"></a>    <span class="p">&lt;</span><span class="nt">div</span><span class="p">&gt;</span>
+<a id="__codelineno-10-7" name="__codelineno-10-7"></a>        <span class="cm">&lt;!-- WILL match --&gt;</span>
+<a id="__codelineno-10-8" name="__codelineno-10-8"></a>        <span class="p">&lt;</span><span class="nt">h2</span><span class="p">&gt;</span>subtitle<span class="p">&lt;/</span><span class="nt">h2</span><span class="p">&gt;</span>
+<a id="__codelineno-10-9" name="__codelineno-10-9"></a>    <span class="p">&lt;/</span><span class="nt">div</span><span class="p">&gt;</span>
+<a id="__codelineno-10-10" name="__codelineno-10-10"></a><span class="p">&lt;/</span><span class="nt">article</span><span class="p">&gt;</span>
+</code></pre></div></td></tr></table></div>
+<h3 id="direct-child-selector">Direct child selector (<code>&gt;</code>)</h3>
+<p>Selects an elements that resides immediately inside an identified parent element.</p>
+<div class="highlight"><table class="highlighttable"><tr><th colspan="2" class="filename"><span class="filename">CSS</span></th></tr><tr><td class="linenos"><div class="linenodiv"><pre><span></span><span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-11-1">1</a></span></pre></div></td><td class="code"><div><pre><span></span><code><a id="__codelineno-11-1" name="__codelineno-11-1"></a><span class="nt">article</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="o">&gt;</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="nt">p</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="p">{</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="n">property</span><span class="p">:</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="n">value</span><span class="p">;</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="p">}</span>
+</code></pre></div></td></tr></table></div>
+<div class="highlight"><table class="highlighttable"><tr><th colspan="2" class="filename"><span class="filename">HTML</span></th></tr><tr><td class="linenos"><div class="linenodiv"><pre><span></span><span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-12-1"> 1</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-12-2"> 2</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-12-3"> 3</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-12-4"> 4</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-12-5"> 5</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-12-6"> 6</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-12-7"> 7</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-12-8"> 8</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-12-9"> 9</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-12-10">10</a></span></pre></div></td><td class="code"><div><pre><span></span><code><a id="__codelineno-12-1" name="__codelineno-12-1"></a><span class="cm">&lt;!-- Will NOT match --&gt;</span>
+<a id="__codelineno-12-2" name="__codelineno-12-2"></a><span class="p">&lt;</span><span class="nt">p</span><span class="p">&gt;</span>Lorem ipsum dolor sit amet<span class="p">&lt;/</span><span class="nt">p</span><span class="p">&gt;</span>
+<a id="__codelineno-12-3" name="__codelineno-12-3"></a><span class="p">&lt;</span><span class="nt">article</span><span class="p">&gt;</span>
+<a id="__codelineno-12-4" name="__codelineno-12-4"></a>    <span class="cm">&lt;!-- WILL match --&gt;</span>
+<a id="__codelineno-12-5" name="__codelineno-12-5"></a>    <span class="p">&lt;</span><span class="nt">p</span><span class="p">&gt;</span>This paragraph will be selected<span class="p">&lt;/</span><span class="nt">p</span><span class="p">&gt;</span>
+<a id="__codelineno-12-6" name="__codelineno-12-6"></a>    <span class="p">&lt;</span><span class="nt">div</span><span class="p">&gt;</span>
+<a id="__codelineno-12-7" name="__codelineno-12-7"></a>        <span class="cm">&lt;!-- Will NOT match --&gt;</span>
+<a id="__codelineno-12-8" name="__codelineno-12-8"></a>        <span class="p">&lt;</span><span class="nt">p</span><span class="p">&gt;</span>Lorem ipsum dolor sit amet<span class="p">&lt;/</span><span class="nt">p</span><span class="p">&gt;</span>
+<a id="__codelineno-12-9" name="__codelineno-12-9"></a>    <span class="p">&lt;/</span><span class="nt">div</span><span class="p">&gt;</span>
+<a id="__codelineno-12-10" name="__codelineno-12-10"></a><span class="p">&lt;/</span><span class="nt">article</span><span class="p">&gt;</span>
+</code></pre></div></td></tr></table></div>
+<h3 id="general-sibling-selector">General sibling selector (<code>~</code>)</h3>
+<p>Selects an element that follows anywhere after the prior element.<br />
+Both elements share the same parent.</p>
+<div class="highlight"><table class="highlighttable"><tr><th colspan="2" class="filename"><span class="filename">CSS</span></th></tr><tr><td class="linenos"><div class="linenodiv"><pre><span></span><span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-13-1">1</a></span></pre></div></td><td class="code"><div><pre><span></span><code><a id="__codelineno-13-1" name="__codelineno-13-1"></a><span class="nt">h2</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="o">~</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="nt">p</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="p">{</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="n">property</span><span class="p">:</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="n">value</span><span class="p">;</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="p">}</span>
+</code></pre></div></td></tr></table></div>
+<div class="highlight"><table class="highlighttable"><tr><th colspan="2" class="filename"><span class="filename">HTML</span></th></tr><tr><td class="linenos"><div class="linenodiv"><pre><span></span><span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-14-1"> 1</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-14-2"> 2</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-14-3"> 3</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-14-4"> 4</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-14-5"> 5</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-14-6"> 6</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-14-7"> 7</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-14-8"> 8</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-14-9"> 9</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-14-10">10</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-14-11">11</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-14-12">12</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-14-13">13</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-14-14">14</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-14-15">15</a></span></pre></div></td><td class="code"><div><pre><span></span><code><a id="__codelineno-14-1" name="__codelineno-14-1"></a><span class="p">&lt;</span><span class="nt">section</span><span class="p">&gt;</span>
+<a id="__codelineno-14-2" name="__codelineno-14-2"></a>    <span class="cm">&lt;!-- Will NOT match --&gt;</span>
+<a id="__codelineno-14-3" name="__codelineno-14-3"></a>    <span class="p">&lt;</span><span class="nt">p</span><span class="p">&gt;</span>Lorem ipsum dolor sit amet<span class="p">&lt;/</span><span class="nt">p</span><span class="p">&gt;</span>
+<a id="__codelineno-14-4" name="__codelineno-14-4"></a>    <span class="p">&lt;</span><span class="nt">h2</span><span class="p">&gt;</span>title<span class="p">&lt;/</span><span class="nt">h2</span><span class="p">&gt;</span>
+<a id="__codelineno-14-5" name="__codelineno-14-5"></a>    <span class="cm">&lt;!-- WILL match --&gt;</span>
+<a id="__codelineno-14-6" name="__codelineno-14-6"></a>    <span class="p">&lt;</span><span class="nt">p</span><span class="p">&gt;</span>This paragraph will be selected<span class="p">&lt;/</span><span class="nt">p</span><span class="p">&gt;</span>
+<a id="__codelineno-14-7" name="__codelineno-14-7"></a>    <span class="p">&lt;</span><span class="nt">div</span><span class="p">&gt;</span>
+<a id="__codelineno-14-8" name="__codelineno-14-8"></a>        <span class="cm">&lt;!-- Will NOT match --&gt;</span>
+<a id="__codelineno-14-9" name="__codelineno-14-9"></a>        <span class="p">&lt;</span><span class="nt">p</span><span class="p">&gt;</span>Lorem ipsum dolor sit amet<span class="p">&lt;/</span><span class="nt">p</span><span class="p">&gt;</span>
+<a id="__codelineno-14-10" name="__codelineno-14-10"></a>    <span class="p">&lt;/</span><span class="nt">div</span><span class="p">&gt;</span>
+<a id="__codelineno-14-11" name="__codelineno-14-11"></a>    <span class="cm">&lt;!-- WILL match --&gt;</span>
+<a id="__codelineno-14-12" name="__codelineno-14-12"></a>    <span class="p">&lt;</span><span class="nt">p</span><span class="p">&gt;</span>This paragraph will be selected<span class="p">&lt;/</span><span class="nt">p</span><span class="p">&gt;</span>
+<a id="__codelineno-14-13" name="__codelineno-14-13"></a><span class="p">&lt;/</span><span class="nt">section</span><span class="p">&gt;</span>
+<a id="__codelineno-14-14" name="__codelineno-14-14"></a><span class="cm">&lt;!-- Will NOT match --&gt;</span>
+<a id="__codelineno-14-15" name="__codelineno-14-15"></a><span class="p">&lt;</span><span class="nt">p</span><span class="p">&gt;</span>Lorem ipsum dolor sit amet<span class="p">&lt;/</span><span class="nt">p</span><span class="p">&gt;</span>
+</code></pre></div></td></tr></table></div>
+<h3 id="adjacent-sibling-selector">Adjacent sibling selector (<code>+</code>)</h3>
+<p>Selects an element that follows directly after the prior element.<br />
+Both elements share the same parent.</p>
+<div class="highlight"><table class="highlighttable"><tr><th colspan="2" class="filename"><span class="filename">CSS</span></th></tr><tr><td class="linenos"><div class="linenodiv"><pre><span></span><span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-15-1">1</a></span></pre></div></td><td class="code"><div><pre><span></span><code><a id="__codelineno-15-1" name="__codelineno-15-1"></a><span class="nt">h2</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="o">+</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="nt">p</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="p">{</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="n">property</span><span class="p">:</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="n">value</span><span class="p">;</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="p">}</span>
+</code></pre></div></td></tr></table></div>
+<div class="highlight"><table class="highlighttable"><tr><th colspan="2" class="filename"><span class="filename">HTML</span></th></tr><tr><td class="linenos"><div class="linenodiv"><pre><span></span><span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-16-1"> 1</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-16-2"> 2</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-16-3"> 3</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-16-4"> 4</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-16-5"> 5</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-16-6"> 6</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-16-7"> 7</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-16-8"> 8</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-16-9"> 9</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-16-10">10</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-16-11">11</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-16-12">12</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-16-13">13</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-16-14">14</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-16-15">15</a></span></pre></div></td><td class="code"><div><pre><span></span><code><a id="__codelineno-16-1" name="__codelineno-16-1"></a><span class="p">&lt;</span><span class="nt">section</span><span class="p">&gt;</span>
+<a id="__codelineno-16-2" name="__codelineno-16-2"></a>    <span class="cm">&lt;!-- Will NOT match --&gt;</span>
+<a id="__codelineno-16-3" name="__codelineno-16-3"></a>    <span class="p">&lt;</span><span class="nt">p</span><span class="p">&gt;</span>Lorem ipsum dolor sit amet<span class="p">&lt;/</span><span class="nt">p</span><span class="p">&gt;</span>
+<a id="__codelineno-16-4" name="__codelineno-16-4"></a>    <span class="p">&lt;</span><span class="nt">h2</span><span class="p">&gt;</span>title<span class="p">&lt;/</span><span class="nt">h2</span><span class="p">&gt;</span>
+<a id="__codelineno-16-5" name="__codelineno-16-5"></a>    <span class="cm">&lt;!-- WILL match --&gt;</span>
+<a id="__codelineno-16-6" name="__codelineno-16-6"></a>    <span class="p">&lt;</span><span class="nt">p</span><span class="p">&gt;</span>This paragraph will be selected<span class="p">&lt;/</span><span class="nt">p</span><span class="p">&gt;</span>
+<a id="__codelineno-16-7" name="__codelineno-16-7"></a>    <span class="p">&lt;</span><span class="nt">div</span><span class="p">&gt;</span>
+<a id="__codelineno-16-8" name="__codelineno-16-8"></a>        <span class="cm">&lt;!-- Will NOT match --&gt;</span>
+<a id="__codelineno-16-9" name="__codelineno-16-9"></a>        <span class="p">&lt;</span><span class="nt">p</span><span class="p">&gt;</span>Lorem ipsum dolor sit amet<span class="p">&lt;/</span><span class="nt">p</span><span class="p">&gt;</span>
+<a id="__codelineno-16-10" name="__codelineno-16-10"></a>    <span class="p">&lt;/</span><span class="nt">div</span><span class="p">&gt;</span>
+<a id="__codelineno-16-11" name="__codelineno-16-11"></a>    <span class="cm">&lt;!-- Will NOT match --&gt;</span>
+<a id="__codelineno-16-12" name="__codelineno-16-12"></a>    <span class="p">&lt;</span><span class="nt">p</span><span class="p">&gt;</span>Lorem ipsum dolor sit amet<span class="p">&lt;/</span><span class="nt">p</span><span class="p">&gt;</span>
+<a id="__codelineno-16-13" name="__codelineno-16-13"></a><span class="p">&lt;/</span><span class="nt">section</span><span class="p">&gt;</span>
+<a id="__codelineno-16-14" name="__codelineno-16-14"></a><span class="cm">&lt;!-- Will NOT match --&gt;</span>
+<a id="__codelineno-16-15" name="__codelineno-16-15"></a><span class="p">&lt;</span><span class="nt">p</span><span class="p">&gt;</span>Lorem ipsum dolor sit amet<span class="p">&lt;/</span><span class="nt">p</span><span class="p">&gt;</span>
+</code></pre></div></td></tr></table></div>
+<h3 id="namespace-separator">Namespace Separator (<code>|</code>)</h3>
+<p>The <strong>namespace</strong> separator separates the selector from the namespace, identifying the namespace, or lack thereof, for a type selector.</p>
+<div class="highlight"><table class="highlighttable"><tr><th colspan="2" class="filename"><span class="filename">CSS</span></th></tr><tr><td class="linenos"><div class="linenodiv"><pre><span></span><span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-17-1"> 1</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-17-2"> 2</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-17-3"> 3</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-17-4"> 4</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-17-5"> 5</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-17-6"> 6</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-17-7"> 7</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-17-8"> 8</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-17-9"> 9</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-17-10">10</a></span></pre></div></td><td class="code"><div><pre><span></span><code><a id="__codelineno-17-1" name="__codelineno-17-1"></a><span class="p">@</span><span class="k">namespace</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="o">&lt;</span><span class="nt">namespace</span><span class="o">&gt;</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="nt">url</span><span class="o">(</span><span class="s2">&quot;&lt;XML-namespace-URL&gt;&quot;</span><span class="o">)</span><span class="p">;</span>
+<a id="__codelineno-17-2" name="__codelineno-17-2"></a>
+<a id="__codelineno-17-3" name="__codelineno-17-3"></a><span class="c">/* specific namespace */</span>
+<a id="__codelineno-17-4" name="__codelineno-17-4"></a><span class="nt">namespace</span><span class="o">|</span><span class="nt">selector</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="p">{</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="n">property</span><span class="p">:</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="n">value</span><span class="p">;</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="p">}</span>
+<a id="__codelineno-17-5" name="__codelineno-17-5"></a>
+<a id="__codelineno-17-6" name="__codelineno-17-6"></a><span class="c">/* any namespace */</span>
+<a id="__codelineno-17-7" name="__codelineno-17-7"></a><span class="o">*|</span><span class="nt">selector</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="p">{</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="n">property</span><span class="p">:</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="n">value</span><span class="p">;</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="p">}</span>
+<a id="__codelineno-17-8" name="__codelineno-17-8"></a>
+<a id="__codelineno-17-9" name="__codelineno-17-9"></a><span class="c">/* no namespace */</span>
+<a id="__codelineno-17-10" name="__codelineno-17-10"></a><span class="o">|</span><span class="nt">selector</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="p">{</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="n">property</span><span class="p">:</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="n">value</span><span class="p">;</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="p">}</span>
+</code></pre></div></td></tr></table></div>
+<div class="highlight"><table class="highlighttable"><tr><th colspan="2" class="filename"><span class="filename">CSS</span></th></tr><tr><td class="linenos"><div class="linenodiv"><pre><span></span><span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-18-1"> 1</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-18-2"> 2</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-18-3"> 3</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-18-4"> 4</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-18-5"> 5</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-18-6"> 6</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-18-7"> 7</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-18-8"> 8</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-18-9"> 9</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-18-10">10</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-18-11">11</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-18-12">12</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-18-13">13</a></span></pre></div></td><td class="code"><div><pre><span></span><code><a id="__codelineno-18-1" name="__codelineno-18-1"></a><span class="p">@</span><span class="k">namespace</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="nt">svg</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="nt">url</span><span class="o">(</span><span class="s1">&#39;http://www.w3.org/2000/svg&#39;</span><span class="o">)</span><span class="p">;</span>
+<a id="__codelineno-18-2" name="__codelineno-18-2"></a>
+<a id="__codelineno-18-3" name="__codelineno-18-3"></a><span class="nt">a</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="p">{</span>
+<a id="__codelineno-18-4" name="__codelineno-18-4"></a><span class="w">  </span><span class="k">color</span><span class="p">:</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="kc">orangered</span><span class="p">;</span>
+<a id="__codelineno-18-5" name="__codelineno-18-5"></a><span class="w">  </span><span class="k">text-decoration</span><span class="p">:</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="kc">underline</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="kc">dashed</span><span class="p">;</span>
+<a id="__codelineno-18-6" name="__codelineno-18-6"></a><span class="w">  </span><span class="k">font-weight</span><span class="p">:</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="kc">bold</span><span class="p">;</span>
+<a id="__codelineno-18-7" name="__codelineno-18-7"></a><span class="p">}</span>
+<a id="__codelineno-18-8" name="__codelineno-18-8"></a>
+<a id="__codelineno-18-9" name="__codelineno-18-9"></a><span class="nt">svg</span><span class="o">|</span><span class="nt">a</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="p">{</span>
+<a id="__codelineno-18-10" name="__codelineno-18-10"></a><span class="w">  </span><span class="k">fill</span><span class="p">:</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="kc">blueviolet</span><span class="p">;</span>
+<a id="__codelineno-18-11" name="__codelineno-18-11"></a><span class="w">  </span><span class="k">text-decoration</span><span class="p">:</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="kc">underline</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="kc">solid</span><span class="p">;</span>
+<a id="__codelineno-18-12" name="__codelineno-18-12"></a><span class="w">  </span><span class="k">text-transform</span><span class="p">:</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="kc">uppercase</span><span class="p">;</span>
+<a id="__codelineno-18-13" name="__codelineno-18-13"></a><span class="p">}</span>
+</code></pre></div></td></tr></table></div>
+<div class="highlight"><table class="highlighttable"><tr><th colspan="2" class="filename"><span class="filename">HTML</span></th></tr><tr><td class="linenos"><div class="linenodiv"><pre><span></span><span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-19-1"> 1</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-19-2"> 2</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-19-3"> 3</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-19-4"> 4</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-19-5"> 5</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-19-6"> 6</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-19-7"> 7</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-19-8"> 8</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-19-9"> 9</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-19-10">10</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-19-11">11</a></span></pre></div></td><td class="code"><div><pre><span></span><code><a id="__codelineno-19-1" name="__codelineno-19-1"></a><span class="p">&lt;</span><span class="nt">p</span><span class="p">&gt;</span>This paragraph 
+<a id="__codelineno-19-2" name="__codelineno-19-2"></a>    <span class="cm">&lt;!-- will be colored orangered --&gt;</span>
+<a id="__codelineno-19-3" name="__codelineno-19-3"></a>    <span class="p">&lt;</span><span class="nt">a</span> <span class="na">href</span><span class="o">=</span><span class="s">&quot;#&quot;</span><span class="p">&gt;</span>has a link<span class="p">&lt;/</span><span class="nt">a</span><span class="p">&gt;</span>.
+<a id="__codelineno-19-4" name="__codelineno-19-4"></a><span class="p">&lt;/</span><span class="nt">p</span><span class="p">&gt;</span>
+<a id="__codelineno-19-5" name="__codelineno-19-5"></a>
+<a id="__codelineno-19-6" name="__codelineno-19-6"></a><span class="p">&lt;</span><span class="nt">svg</span> <span class="na">width</span><span class="o">=</span><span class="s">&quot;400&quot;</span> <span class="na">viewBox</span><span class="o">=</span><span class="s">&quot;0 0 400 20&quot;</span><span class="p">&gt;</span>
+<a id="__codelineno-19-7" name="__codelineno-19-7"></a>  <span class="cm">&lt;!-- will be colored blueviolet --&gt;</span>
+<a id="__codelineno-19-8" name="__codelineno-19-8"></a>  <span class="p">&lt;</span><span class="nt">a</span> <span class="na">href</span><span class="o">=</span><span class="s">&quot;#&quot;</span><span class="p">&gt;</span>
+<a id="__codelineno-19-9" name="__codelineno-19-9"></a>    <span class="p">&lt;</span><span class="nt">text</span> <span class="na">x</span><span class="o">=</span><span class="s">&quot;0&quot;</span> <span class="na">y</span><span class="o">=</span><span class="s">&quot;15&quot;</span><span class="p">&gt;</span>Link created in SVG<span class="p">&lt;/</span><span class="nt">text</span><span class="p">&gt;</span>
+<a id="__codelineno-19-10" name="__codelineno-19-10"></a>  <span class="p">&lt;/</span><span class="nt">a</span><span class="p">&gt;</span>
+<a id="__codelineno-19-11" name="__codelineno-19-11"></a><span class="p">&lt;/</span><span class="nt">svg</span><span class="p">&gt;</span>
+</code></pre></div></td></tr></table></div>
+<h3 id="column-selector">Column Selector (<code>||</code>)</h3>
+<p>The column combinator (||) is placed between two CSS selectors. It matches only those elements matched by the second selector that belong to the column elements matched by the first.</p>
+<div class="highlight"><table class="highlighttable"><tr><th colspan="2" class="filename"><span class="filename">CSS</span></th></tr><tr><td class="linenos"><div class="linenodiv"><pre><span></span><span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-20-1">1</a></span></pre></div></td><td class="code"><div><pre><span></span><code><a id="__codelineno-20-1" name="__codelineno-20-1"></a><span class="nt">column-selector</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="o">||</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="nt">cell-selector</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="p">{</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="n">property</span><span class="p">:</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="n">value</span><span class="p">;</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="p">}</span>
+</code></pre></div></td></tr></table></div>
+<h3 id="attribute-present-selector-tagattr">Attribute Present Selector (<code>tag[attr]</code>)</h3>
+<p><code>a[target]{ property: value; }</code> will match</p>
+<div class="highlight"><table class="highlighttable"><tr><th colspan="2" class="filename"><span class="filename">HTML</span></th></tr><tr><td class="linenos"><div class="linenodiv"><pre><span></span><span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-21-1">1</a></span></pre></div></td><td class="code"><div><pre><span></span><code><a id="__codelineno-21-1" name="__codelineno-21-1"></a><span class="p">&lt;</span><span class="nt">a</span> <span class="na">href</span><span class="o">=</span><span class="s">&quot;#&quot;</span> <span class="na">target</span><span class="o">=</span><span class="s">&quot;_blank&quot;</span><span class="p">&gt;</span>click here<span class="p">&lt;/</span><span class="nt">a</span><span class="p">&gt;</span>
+</code></pre></div></td></tr></table></div>
+<h3 id="attribute-equals-selector">Attribute Equals Selector (<code>=</code>)</h3>
+<p><code>a[href="https://google.com"] { property: value; }</code> will match</p>
+<div class="highlight"><table class="highlighttable"><tr><th colspan="2" class="filename"><span class="filename">HTML</span></th></tr><tr><td class="linenos"><div class="linenodiv"><pre><span></span><span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-22-1">1</a></span></pre></div></td><td class="code"><div><pre><span></span><code><a id="__codelineno-22-1" name="__codelineno-22-1"></a><span class="p">&lt;</span><span class="nt">a</span> <span class="na">href</span><span class="o">=</span><span class="s">&quot;http://google.com/&quot;</span><span class="p">&gt;</span>search on google<span class="p">&lt;/</span><span class="nt">a</span><span class="p">&gt;</span>
+</code></pre></div></td></tr></table></div>
+<h3 id="attribute-contains-selector">Attribute Contains Selector (<code>*=</code>)</h3>
+<p><code>a[href*="login"] { property: value; }</code> will match</p>
+<div class="highlight"><table class="highlighttable"><tr><th colspan="2" class="filename"><span class="filename">HTML</span></th></tr><tr><td class="linenos"><div class="linenodiv"><pre><span></span><span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-23-1">1</a></span></pre></div></td><td class="code"><div><pre><span></span><code><a id="__codelineno-23-1" name="__codelineno-23-1"></a><span class="p">&lt;</span><span class="nt">a</span> <span class="na">href</span><span class="o">=</span><span class="s">&quot;/login.php&quot;</span><span class="p">&gt;</span>login page<span class="p">&lt;/</span><span class="nt">a</span><span class="p">&gt;</span>
+</code></pre></div></td></tr></table></div>
+<h3 id="attribute-begins-with-selector">Attribute Begins With Selector (<code>^=</code>)</h3>
+<p><code>a[href^="Https://"] { property: value; }</code> will match</p>
+<div class="highlight"><table class="highlighttable"><tr><th colspan="2" class="filename"><span class="filename">HTML</span></th></tr><tr><td class="linenos"><div class="linenodiv"><pre><span></span><span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-24-1">1</a></span></pre></div></td><td class="code"><div><pre><span></span><code><a id="__codelineno-24-1" name="__codelineno-24-1"></a><span class="p">&lt;</span><span class="nt">a</span> <span class="na">href</span><span class="o">=</span><span class="s">&quot;https://www.bbc.com/&quot;</span><span class="p">&gt;</span>The BBC<span class="p">&lt;/</span><span class="nt">a</span><span class="p">&gt;</span>
+</code></pre></div></td></tr></table></div>
+<h3 id="attribute-ends-with-selector">Attribute Ends With Selector (<code>$=</code>)</h3>
+<p><code>a[href$=".pdf"] { property: value; }</code></p>
+<div class="highlight"><table class="highlighttable"><tr><th colspan="2" class="filename"><span class="filename">HTML</span></th></tr><tr><td class="linenos"><div class="linenodiv"><pre><span></span><span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-25-1">1</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-25-2">2</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-25-3">3</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-25-4">4</a></span></pre></div></td><td class="code"><div><pre><span></span><code><a id="__codelineno-25-1" name="__codelineno-25-1"></a><span class="cm">&lt;!-- WILL match --&gt;</span>
+<a id="__codelineno-25-2" name="__codelineno-25-2"></a><span class="p">&lt;</span><span class="nt">a</span> <span class="na">href</span><span class="o">=</span><span class="s">&quot;/docs/menu.pdf&quot;</span><span class="p">&gt;</span>download menu<span class="p">&lt;/</span><span class="nt">a</span><span class="p">&gt;</span>
+<a id="__codelineno-25-3" name="__codelineno-25-3"></a><span class="cm">&lt;!-- Will NOT match --&gt;</span>
+<a id="__codelineno-25-4" name="__codelineno-25-4"></a><span class="p">&lt;</span><span class="nt">a</span> <span class="na">href</span><span class="o">=</span><span class="s">&quot;/audio/song.mp3&quot;</span><span class="p">&gt;</span>download song<span class="p">&lt;/</span><span class="nt">a</span><span class="p">&gt;</span>
+</code></pre></div></td></tr></table></div>
+<h3 id="attribute-spaced-selector">Attribute Spaced Selector (<code>~=</code>)</h3>
+<p><code>img[alt~="child"] { property: value; }</code></p>
+<div class="highlight"><table class="highlighttable"><tr><th colspan="2" class="filename"><span class="filename">HTML</span></th></tr><tr><td class="linenos"><div class="linenodiv"><pre><span></span><span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-26-1">1</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-26-2">2</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-26-3">3</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-26-4">4</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-26-5">5</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-26-6">6</a></span></pre></div></td><td class="code"><div><pre><span></span><code><a id="__codelineno-26-1" name="__codelineno-26-1"></a><span class="cm">&lt;!-- WILL match --&gt;</span>
+<a id="__codelineno-26-2" name="__codelineno-26-2"></a><span class="p">&lt;</span><span class="nt">img</span> <span class="na">src</span><span class="o">=</span><span class="s">&quot;child.jpg&quot;</span> <span class="na">alt</span><span class="o">=</span><span class="s">&#39;a small child&#39;</span><span class="p">&gt;</span>
+<a id="__codelineno-26-3" name="__codelineno-26-3"></a><span class="cm">&lt;!-- Will NOT match --&gt;</span>
+<a id="__codelineno-26-4" name="__codelineno-26-4"></a><span class="p">&lt;</span><span class="nt">img</span> <span class="na">src</span><span class="o">=</span><span class="s">&quot;child.jpg&quot;</span> <span class="na">alt</span><span class="o">=</span><span class="s">&#39;a-small-child&#39;</span><span class="p">&gt;</span>
+<a id="__codelineno-26-5" name="__codelineno-26-5"></a><span class="cm">&lt;!-- Will NOT match --&gt;</span>
+<a id="__codelineno-26-6" name="__codelineno-26-6"></a><span class="p">&lt;</span><span class="nt">img</span> <span class="na">src</span><span class="o">=</span><span class="s">&quot;child.jpg&quot;</span> <span class="na">alt</span><span class="o">=</span><span class="s">&#39;asmallchild&#39;</span><span class="p">&gt;</span>
+</code></pre></div></td></tr></table></div>
+<h3 id="attribute-hyphenated-selector">Attribute Hyphenated Selector (<code>|=</code>)</h3>
+<p><code>p[lang|="en"] { property: value; }</code></p>
+<div class="highlight"><table class="highlighttable"><tr><th colspan="2" class="filename"><span class="filename">HTML</span></th></tr><tr><td class="linenos"><div class="linenodiv"><pre><span></span><span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-27-1">1</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-27-2">2</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-27-3">3</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-27-4">4</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-27-5">5</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-27-6">6</a></span></pre></div></td><td class="code"><div><pre><span></span><code><a id="__codelineno-27-1" name="__codelineno-27-1"></a><span class="cm">&lt;!-- WILL match --&gt;</span>
+<a id="__codelineno-27-2" name="__codelineno-27-2"></a><span class="p">&lt;</span><span class="nt">p</span> <span class="na">lang</span><span class="o">=</span><span class="s">&quot;en&quot;</span><span class="p">&gt;</span>English<span class="p">&lt;/</span><span class="nt">p</span><span class="p">&gt;</span>
+<a id="__codelineno-27-3" name="__codelineno-27-3"></a><span class="cm">&lt;!-- WILL match --&gt;</span>
+<a id="__codelineno-27-4" name="__codelineno-27-4"></a><span class="p">&lt;</span><span class="nt">p</span> <span class="na">lang</span><span class="o">=</span><span class="s">&quot;en-US&quot;</span><span class="p">&gt;</span>American english<span class="p">&lt;/</span><span class="nt">p</span><span class="p">&gt;</span>
+<a id="__codelineno-27-5" name="__codelineno-27-5"></a><span class="cm">&lt;!-- Will NOT match --&gt;</span>
+<a id="__codelineno-27-6" name="__codelineno-27-6"></a><span class="p">&lt;</span><span class="nt">p</span> <span class="na">lang</span><span class="o">=</span><span class="s">&quot;fr&quot;</span><span class="p">&gt;</span>Français<span class="p">&lt;/</span><span class="nt">p</span><span class="p">&gt;</span>
+</code></pre></div></td></tr></table></div>
+<h2 id="pseudo-classes"><a href="https://developer.mozilla.org/en-US/docs/Web/CSS/Pseudo-classes">Pseudo-Classes</a></h2>
+<p>Pseudo-classes can style elements based on their current state. They must be specified after the base case.</p>
+<div class="highlight"><table class="highlighttable"><tr><th colspan="2" class="filename"><span class="filename">CSS</span></th></tr><tr><td class="linenos"><div class="linenodiv"><pre><span></span><span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-28-1">1</a></span></pre></div></td><td class="code"><div><pre><span></span><code><a id="__codelineno-28-1" name="__codelineno-28-1"></a><span class="nt">selector</span><span class="p">:</span><span class="nd">pseudo-class</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="p">{</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="n">property</span><span class="p">:</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="n">value</span><span class="p">;</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="p">}</span>
+</code></pre></div></td></tr></table></div>
+<h3 id="link-pseudo-classes">Link Pseudo-Classes</h3>
+<p><code>a:link {...}</code> selects only <code>&lt;a&gt;</code> tags that have <code>href</code> attribute, same as <code>a[href]</code>.<br />
+<code>a:visited {...}</code> selects links that have already been visited by the current browser.</p>
+<h3 id="user-action-pseudo-classes">User Action Pseudo-Classes</h3>
+<p><code>a:hover {...}</code> selects a link when the mouse rolls over it (hover state).<br />
+<code>a:active {...}</code> selects the link while it's being activated (clicked or otherwise).<br />
+<code>selector:focus {...}</code> selects an element when the user focuses on it (e.g. tab w/ keyboard). Often used on links, inputs, text-areas.</p>
+<h3 id="user-interface-state-pseudo-classes">User Interface State Pseudo-Classes</h3>
+<p><code>input:enabled {...}</code> selects an input that is in the default state of enabled and available for use.<br />
+<code>input:disabled {...}</code> selects an input that has the attribute.<br />
+<code>input:checked {...}</code> selects checkboxes or radio buttons that are checked.<br />
+<code>input:indeterminate {...}</code> selects checkboxes or radio button that has neither selected nor unselected.</p>
+<h3 id="structural-position-pseudo-classes">Structural &amp; Position Pseudo-Classes</h3>
+<p><code>selector:first-child {...}</code> selects an element if it's the first child within its parent.<br />
+<code>selector:last-child {...}</code> selects an element if it's the last element within its parent.<br />
+<code>selector:only-child {...}</code> will select an element if it is the only element within a parent.  </p>
+<p><code>selector:first-of-type {...}</code> selects the first element of its type within a parent.<br />
+<code>selector:last-of-type {...}</code> selects the last element of its type within a parent.<br />
+<code>selector:only-of-type {...}</code> selects an element if it is the only of its type within a parent.</p>
+<p><code>selector:nth-child() {...}</code> selects elements based on a simple provided algebraic expression (e.g. "2n" or "4n-1").
+Can select even/odd elements, "every third", "the first five", etc.<br />
+<code>selector:nth-of-type() {...}</code> works like <code>:nth-child</code> in places where the elements at the same level are of different types.<br />
+<code>selector:nth-last-of-type() {...}</code> like <code>:nth-of-type</code> but counts up from the bottom instead of the top.<br />
+<code>selector:nth-last-child() {...}</code> like <code>:nth-child</code> but counts up from the bottom instead of the top.</p>
+<h3 id="empty-negation-pseudo-classes">Empty &amp; Negation Pseudo-Classes</h3>
+<p><code>selector:empty {...}</code> selects elements with no content (empty tags).<br />
+<code>selector:not() {...}</code> selects elements that do not have a certain tag, attribute, class, ID, etc.</p>
+<h2 id="pseudo-elements"><a href="https://developer.mozilla.org/en-US/docs/Web/CSS/Pseudo-elements">Pseudo-Elements</a></h2>
+<p>Dynamic elements that don't exist in the document tree.
+When used within selectors allow unique parts of the page to be stylized. Only one pseudo-element may be used within a selector at a given time.</p>
+<h3 id="textual-pseudo-elements">Textual Pseudo-Elements</h3>
+<p><code>selector::first-letter {...}</code> selects the first letter of the text within an element.<br />
+<code>selector::first-line {...}</code> selects the first line of text within an element.</p>
+<h3 id="content-pseudo-elements">Content Pseudo-Elements</h3>
+<p><code>selector::before {...}</code> creates a pseudo-element before, or in front of, the selected element.<br />
+<code>selector::after {...}</code> creates a pseudo-element after, or behind, the selected element.<br />
+<strong>These pseudo-elements appear nested within the selected element, not outside of it.</strong></p>
+<div class="highlight"><table class="highlighttable"><tr><th colspan="2" class="filename"><span class="filename">CSS</span></th></tr><tr><td class="linenos"><div class="linenodiv"><pre><span></span><span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-29-1">1</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-29-2">2</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-29-3">3</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-29-4">4</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-29-5">5</a></span></pre></div></td><td class="code"><div><pre><span></span><code><a id="__codelineno-29-1" name="__codelineno-29-1"></a><span class="nt">selector</span><span class="o">::&lt;</span><span class="nt">after</span><span class="o">|</span><span class="nt">before</span><span class="o">&gt;</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="p">{</span>
+<a id="__codelineno-29-2" name="__codelineno-29-2"></a><span class="w">    </span><span class="n">property</span><span class="p">:</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="n">value</span><span class="p">;</span>
+<a id="__codelineno-29-3" name="__codelineno-29-3"></a><span class="w">    </span><span class="k">content</span><span class="p">:</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="s2">&quot; (&quot;</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="nb">attr</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="n">attribute_name</span><span class="p">)</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="s2">&quot;)&quot;</span><span class="p">;</span>
+<a id="__codelineno-29-4" name="__codelineno-29-4"></a><span class="w">    </span><span class="n">property</span><span class="p">:</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="n">value</span><span class="p">;</span>
+<a id="__codelineno-29-5" name="__codelineno-29-5"></a><span class="p">}</span>
+</code></pre></div></td></tr></table></div>
+<h3 id="fragment-pseudo-elements">Fragment Pseudo-Elements</h3>
+<p><code>selector::selection {...}</code> identifies part of the document that has been selected, or highlighted, by a user's actions.  </p>
+<h2 id="css-cascading">CSS Cascading</h2>
+<p>The browser assigns different priorities to CSS depending on the type of selector.</p>
+<ol>
+<li>Inline CSS (Most Important)</li>
+<li>ID selector</li>
+<li>Class selector</li>
+<li>Element selector (Least Important)</li>
+</ol>
+<p>The browser also assigns priority based on the specificity of the selection. More specific selectors have higher priority.<br />
+Rules lower in the file overwrite higher rules in the file.</p>
+<h3 id="cascading-override-with-important">Cascading Override With <code>!important</code></h3>
+<p>The <code>!important</code> declaration overrides any other declaration.<br />
+Using it is very bad practice because it makes debugging more difficult by breaking the natural cascading in stylesheets.</p>
+<p>Only use <code>!important</code> when:</p>
+<ul>
+<li>overriding foreign CSS (e.g. from a library)</li>
+<li>overriding inline CSS</li>
+</ul>
+<div class="highlight"><table class="highlighttable"><tr><th colspan="2" class="filename"><span class="filename">CSS</span></th></tr><tr><td class="linenos"><div class="linenodiv"><pre><span></span><span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-30-1">1</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-30-2">2</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-30-3">3</a></span></pre></div></td><td class="code"><div><pre><span></span><code><a id="__codelineno-30-1" name="__codelineno-30-1"></a><span class="nt">selector</span><span class="o">[</span><span class="nt">style</span><span class="o">*=</span><span class="s2">&quot;property:value&quot;</span><span class="o">]</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="p">{</span>
+<a id="__codelineno-30-2" name="__codelineno-30-2"></a><span class="w">    </span><span class="n">property</span><span class="p">:</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="n">value</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="cp">!important</span><span class="p">;</span>
+<a id="__codelineno-30-3" name="__codelineno-30-3"></a><span class="p">}</span>
+</code></pre></div></td></tr></table></div>
+<h3 id="specificity">Specificity</h3>
+<p>A weight is applied to a CSS declaration, determined by the number of each selector type:</p>
+<ul>
+<li><code>1-0-0</code>: ID selector  </li>
+<li><code>0-1-0</code>: Class selector, Attribute selector, Pseudo-class  </li>
+<li><code>0-0-1</code>: Element Selector, Pseudo-element  </li>
+<li><code>0-0-0</code>: Universal selector (<code>*</code>), combinators (<code>+</code>, <code>&gt;</code>, <code>~</code>, <code>||</code>) and negation pseudo-class <code>:not()</code>  </li>
+</ul>
+<blockquote>
+<p><strong>Note</strong>: The selectors declared inside <code>:not()</code> contribute to the weight.</p>
+</blockquote>
+<h2 id="units"><a href="https://developer.mozilla.org/en-US/docs/Learn/CSS/Building_blocks/Values_and_units">Units</a></h2>
+<h3 id="absolute-length-units">Absolute Length units</h3>
+<table>
+<thead>
+<tr>
+<th>Unit</th>
+<th>Name</th>
+<th>Equivalent to</th>
+</tr>
+</thead>
+<tbody>
+<tr>
+<td><code>cm</code></td>
+<td>centimeters</td>
+<td>1cm = 38px = 25/64in</td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+<td><code>mm</code></td>
+<td>Millimeters</td>
+<td>1mm = 1/10<sup>th</sup> of 1cm</td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+<td><code>Q</code></td>
+<td>Quarter-millimeters</td>
+<td>1Q = 1/40<sup>th</sup> of 1cm</td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+<td><code>in</code></td>
+<td>Inches</td>
+<td>1in = 2.54cm = 96px</td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+<td><code>pc</code></td>
+<td>Picas</td>
+<td>1pc = &#8537;th of 1in</td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+<td><code>pt</code></td>
+<td>Points</td>
+<td>1pt = 1/72th of 1in</td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+<td><code>px</code></td>
+<td>Pixels</td>
+<td>1px = 1/96<sup>th</sup> of 1in</td>
+</tr>
+</tbody>
+</table>
+<h3 id="relative-length-units">Relative Length Units</h3>
+<table>
+<thead>
+<tr>
+<th>Unit</th>
+<th>Relative to</th>
+</tr>
+</thead>
+<tbody>
+<tr>
+<td><code>rem</code></td>
+<td>Font size of the root element.</td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+<td><code>em</code></td>
+<td>Font size of the parent or the element itself</td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+<td><code>ex</code></td>
+<td>x-height of the element's font.</td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+<td><code>ch</code></td>
+<td>The advance measure (width) of the glyph "0" of the element's font.</td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+<td><code>lh</code></td>
+<td>Line height of the element.</td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+<td><code>vw</code></td>
+<td>1% of the viewport's width.</td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+<td><code>vh</code></td>
+<td>1% of the viewport's height.</td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+<td><code>vmin</code></td>
+<td>1% of the viewport's smaller dimension.</td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+<td><code>vmax</code></td>
+<td>1% of the viewport's larger dimension.</td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+<td><code>%</code></td>
+<td>Relative to the parent element</td>
+</tr>
+</tbody>
+</table>
+<h2 id="common-element-properties">Common Element Properties</h2>
+<h3 id="color">Color</h3>
+<div class="highlight"><table class="highlighttable"><tr><th colspan="2" class="filename"><span class="filename">CSS</span></th></tr><tr><td class="linenos"><div class="linenodiv"><pre><span></span><span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-31-1">1</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-31-2">2</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-31-3">3</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-31-4">4</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-31-5">5</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-31-6">6</a></span></pre></div></td><td class="code"><div><pre><span></span><code><a id="__codelineno-31-1" name="__codelineno-31-1"></a><span class="nt">selector</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="p">{</span>
+<a id="__codelineno-31-2" name="__codelineno-31-2"></a><span class="w">    </span><span class="k">color</span><span class="p">:</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="kc">color</span><span class="o">-</span><span class="n">name</span><span class="p">;</span>
+<a id="__codelineno-31-3" name="__codelineno-31-3"></a><span class="w">    </span><span class="k">color</span><span class="p">:</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="err">#</span><span class="o">&lt;</span><span class="n">hex-digits</span><span class="o">&gt;</span><span class="p">;</span>
+<a id="__codelineno-31-4" name="__codelineno-31-4"></a><span class="w">    </span><span class="k">color</span><span class="p">:</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="nb">rgb</span><span class="p">();</span>
+<a id="__codelineno-31-5" name="__codelineno-31-5"></a><span class="w">    </span><span class="k">color</span><span class="p">:</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="nb">hsl</span><span class="p">();</span>
+<a id="__codelineno-31-6" name="__codelineno-31-6"></a><span class="p">}</span>
+</code></pre></div></td></tr></table></div>
+<h3 id="background">Background</h3>
+<div class="highlight"><table class="highlighttable"><tr><th colspan="2" class="filename"><span class="filename">CSS</span></th></tr><tr><td class="linenos"><div class="linenodiv"><pre><span></span><span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-32-1"> 1</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-32-2"> 2</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-32-3"> 3</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-32-4"> 4</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-32-5"> 5</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-32-6"> 6</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-32-7"> 7</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-32-8"> 8</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-32-9"> 9</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-32-10">10</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-32-11">11</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-32-12">12</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-32-13">13</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-32-14">14</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-32-15">15</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-32-16">16</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-32-17">17</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-32-18">18</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-32-19">19</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-32-20">20</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-32-21">21</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-32-22">22</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-32-23">23</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-32-24">24</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-32-25">25</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-32-26">26</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-32-27">27</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-32-28">28</a></span></pre></div></td><td class="code"><div><pre><span></span><code><a id="__codelineno-32-1" name="__codelineno-32-1"></a><span class="nt">selector</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="p">{</span>
+<a id="__codelineno-32-2" name="__codelineno-32-2"></a><span class="w">    </span><span class="k">background</span><span class="p">:</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="o">&lt;</span><span class="n">image</span><span class="o">&gt;</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="o">&lt;</span><span class="k">position</span><span class="o">&gt;</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="o">/</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="o">&lt;</span><span class="n">size</span><span class="o">&gt;</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="o">&lt;</span><span class="kc">repeat</span><span class="o">&gt;</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="o">&lt;</span><span class="n">attachment</span><span class="o">&gt;</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="o">&lt;</span><span class="n">origin</span><span class="o">&gt;</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="o">&lt;</span><span class="kc">clip</span><span class="o">&gt;</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="o">&lt;</span><span class="kc">color</span><span class="o">&gt;</span><span class="p">;</span>
+<a id="__codelineno-32-3" name="__codelineno-32-3"></a>
+<a id="__codelineno-32-4" name="__codelineno-32-4"></a><span class="w">    </span><span class="k">background-image</span><span class="p">:</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="o">&lt;</span><span class="n">image-path</span><span class="o">&gt;</span><span class="p">;</span>
+<a id="__codelineno-32-5" name="__codelineno-32-5"></a>
+<a id="__codelineno-32-6" name="__codelineno-32-6"></a><span class="w">    </span><span class="k">background-position</span><span class="p">:</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="o">&lt;</span><span class="kc">top</span><span class="o">|</span><span class="kc">bottom</span><span class="o">|</span><span class="kc">left</span><span class="o">|</span><span class="kc">right</span><span class="o">|</span><span class="kc">center</span><span class="o">&gt;</span><span class="p">;</span>
+<a id="__codelineno-32-7" name="__codelineno-32-7"></a><span class="w">    </span><span class="k">background-position</span><span class="p">:</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="o">&lt;</span><span class="kc">inherit</span><span class="o">|</span><span class="kc">initial</span><span class="o">|</span><span class="n">revert</span><span class="o">|</span><span class="n">revert-layer</span><span class="o">|</span><span class="kc">unset</span><span class="o">&gt;</span><span class="p">;</span>
+<a id="__codelineno-32-8" name="__codelineno-32-8"></a><span class="w">    </span><span class="k">background-position</span><span class="p">:</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="o">&lt;</span><span class="n">x</span><span class="o">&gt;</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="o">&lt;</span><span class="n">y</span><span class="o">&gt;</span>
+<a id="__codelineno-32-9" name="__codelineno-32-9"></a>
+<a id="__codelineno-32-10" name="__codelineno-32-10"></a><span class="w">    </span><span class="k">background-size</span><span class="o">:</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="o">&lt;</span><span class="n">size</span><span class="o">&gt;</span><span class="p">;</span>
+<a id="__codelineno-32-11" name="__codelineno-32-11"></a><span class="w">    </span><span class="k">background-size</span><span class="p">:</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="o">&lt;</span><span class="k">width</span><span class="o">&gt;</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="o">&lt;</span><span class="k">height</span><span class="o">&gt;</span><span class="p">;</span>
+<a id="__codelineno-32-12" name="__codelineno-32-12"></a><span class="w">    </span><span class="k">background-size</span><span class="p">:</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="o">&lt;</span><span class="n">size</span><span class="o">&gt;</span><span class="p">,</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="o">&lt;</span><span class="n">size</span><span class="o">&gt;</span><span class="p">;</span><span class="w">  </span><span class="c">/* multiple background */</span>
+<a id="__codelineno-32-13" name="__codelineno-32-13"></a>
+<a id="__codelineno-32-14" name="__codelineno-32-14"></a>
+<a id="__codelineno-32-15" name="__codelineno-32-15"></a><span class="w">    </span><span class="k">background-repeat</span><span class="p">:</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="o">&lt;</span><span class="kc">horizontal</span><span class="o">&gt;</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="o">&lt;</span><span class="kc">vertical</span><span class="o">&gt;</span><span class="p">;</span>
+<a id="__codelineno-32-16" name="__codelineno-32-16"></a><span class="w">    </span><span class="k">background-repeat</span><span class="p">:</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="o">&lt;</span><span class="kc">repeat</span><span class="o">|</span><span class="kc">no-repeat</span><span class="o">|</span><span class="kc">repeat-x</span><span class="o">|</span><span class="kc">repeat-y</span><span class="o">|</span><span class="kc">space</span><span class="o">|</span><span class="kc">round</span><span class="o">&gt;</span><span class="p">;</span>
+<a id="__codelineno-32-17" name="__codelineno-32-17"></a>
+<a id="__codelineno-32-18" name="__codelineno-32-18"></a><span class="w">    </span><span class="k">background-attachment</span><span class="p">:</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="o">&lt;</span><span class="kc">scroll</span><span class="o">|</span><span class="kc">fixed</span><span class="o">|</span><span class="kc">local</span><span class="o">&gt;</span><span class="p">;</span>
+<a id="__codelineno-32-19" name="__codelineno-32-19"></a>
+<a id="__codelineno-32-20" name="__codelineno-32-20"></a><span class="w">    </span><span class="k">background-origin</span><span class="p">:</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="o">&lt;</span><span class="kc">border-box</span><span class="o">|</span><span class="kc">padding-box</span><span class="o">|</span><span class="kc">content-box</span><span class="o">&gt;</span><span class="p">;</span>
+<a id="__codelineno-32-21" name="__codelineno-32-21"></a><span class="w">    </span><span class="k">background-clip</span><span class="p">:</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="o">&lt;</span><span class="kc">border-box</span><span class="o">|</span><span class="kc">padding-box</span><span class="o">|</span><span class="kc">content-box</span><span class="o">|</span><span class="kc">text</span><span class="o">&gt;</span>
+<a id="__codelineno-32-22" name="__codelineno-32-22"></a>
+<a id="__codelineno-32-23" name="__codelineno-32-23"></a><span class="w">    </span><span class="k">background-color</span><span class="o">:</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="o">&lt;</span><span class="kc">color</span><span class="o">&gt;</span><span class="p">;</span>
+<a id="__codelineno-32-24" name="__codelineno-32-24"></a><span class="w">    </span><span class="k">background-color</span><span class="p">:</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="kc">color</span><span class="o">-</span><span class="n">name</span><span class="p">;</span>
+<a id="__codelineno-32-25" name="__codelineno-32-25"></a><span class="w">    </span><span class="k">background-color</span><span class="p">:</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="err">#</span><span class="o">&lt;</span><span class="n">hex-digits</span><span class="o">&gt;</span><span class="p">;</span>
+<a id="__codelineno-32-26" name="__codelineno-32-26"></a><span class="w">    </span><span class="k">background-color</span><span class="p">:</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="nb">rgb</span><span class="p">();</span>
+<a id="__codelineno-32-27" name="__codelineno-32-27"></a><span class="w">    </span><span class="k">background-color</span><span class="p">:</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="nb">hsl</span><span class="p">();</span>
+<a id="__codelineno-32-28" name="__codelineno-32-28"></a><span class="p">}</span>
+</code></pre></div></td></tr></table></div>
+<h3 id="font">Font</h3>
+<div class="highlight"><table class="highlighttable"><tr><th colspan="2" class="filename"><span class="filename">CSS</span></th></tr><tr><td class="linenos"><div class="linenodiv"><pre><span></span><span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-33-1"> 1</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-33-2"> 2</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-33-3"> 3</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-33-4"> 4</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-33-5"> 5</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-33-6"> 6</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-33-7"> 7</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-33-8"> 8</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-33-9"> 9</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-33-10">10</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-33-11">11</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-33-12">12</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-33-13">13</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-33-14">14</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-33-15">15</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-33-16">16</a></span></pre></div></td><td class="code"><div><pre><span></span><code><a id="__codelineno-33-1" name="__codelineno-33-1"></a><span class="nt">selector</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="p">{</span>
+<a id="__codelineno-33-2" name="__codelineno-33-2"></a><span class="w">    </span><span class="k">font</span><span class="p">:</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="o">&lt;</span><span class="kc">style</span><span class="o">&gt;</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="o">&lt;</span><span class="kc">weight</span><span class="o">&gt;</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="o">&lt;</span><span class="n">size</span><span class="o">&gt;</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="o">&lt;</span><span class="n">family</span><span class="o">&gt;</span><span class="p">;</span>
+<a id="__codelineno-33-3" name="__codelineno-33-3"></a><span class="w">    </span><span class="k">font-style</span><span class="p">:</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="o">&lt;</span><span class="kc">style</span><span class="o">&gt;</span><span class="p">;</span>
+<a id="__codelineno-33-4" name="__codelineno-33-4"></a><span class="w">    </span><span class="k">font-weight</span><span class="p">:</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="o">&lt;</span><span class="kc">weight</span><span class="o">&gt;</span><span class="p">;</span>
+<a id="__codelineno-33-5" name="__codelineno-33-5"></a><span class="w">    </span><span class="k">font-size</span><span class="p">:</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="o">&lt;</span><span class="n">size</span><span class="o">&gt;</span><span class="p">;</span>
+<a id="__codelineno-33-6" name="__codelineno-33-6"></a><span class="w">    </span><span class="k">font-family</span><span class="p">:</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="o">&lt;</span><span class="n">family</span><span class="o">&gt;</span><span class="p">;</span>
+<a id="__codelineno-33-7" name="__codelineno-33-7"></a>
+<a id="__codelineno-33-8" name="__codelineno-33-8"></a><span class="w">    </span><span class="c">/* specific font name */</span>
+<a id="__codelineno-33-9" name="__codelineno-33-9"></a><span class="w">    </span><span class="k">font-family</span><span class="p">:</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="s2">&quot;Font Name&quot;</span><span class="p">;</span>
+<a id="__codelineno-33-10" name="__codelineno-33-10"></a>
+<a id="__codelineno-33-11" name="__codelineno-33-11"></a><span class="w">    </span><span class="c">/* generic name */</span>
+<a id="__codelineno-33-12" name="__codelineno-33-12"></a><span class="w">    </span><span class="k">font-family</span><span class="p">:</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="n">generic-name</span><span class="p">;</span>
+<a id="__codelineno-33-13" name="__codelineno-33-13"></a>
+<a id="__codelineno-33-14" name="__codelineno-33-14"></a><span class="w">    </span><span class="c">/* comma separated list */</span>
+<a id="__codelineno-33-15" name="__codelineno-33-15"></a><span class="w">    </span><span class="k">font-family</span><span class="p">:</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="s2">&quot;Font Name&quot;</span><span class="p">,</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="n">generic-name</span><span class="p">;</span>
+<a id="__codelineno-33-16" name="__codelineno-33-16"></a><span class="p">}</span>
+</code></pre></div></td></tr></table></div>
+<h3 id="text-decoration-aliment">Text Decoration &amp; Aliment</h3>
+<div class="highlight"><table class="highlighttable"><tr><th colspan="2" class="filename"><span class="filename">CSS</span></th></tr><tr><td class="linenos"><div class="linenodiv"><pre><span></span><span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-34-1">1</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-34-2">2</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-34-3">3</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-34-4">4</a></span></pre></div></td><td class="code"><div><pre><span></span><code><a id="__codelineno-34-1" name="__codelineno-34-1"></a><span class="nt">selector</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="p">{</span>
+<a id="__codelineno-34-2" name="__codelineno-34-2"></a><span class="w">    </span><span class="k">text-decoration</span><span class="p">:</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="o">&lt;</span><span class="n">line</span><span class="o">&gt;</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="o">&lt;</span><span class="kc">color</span><span class="o">&gt;</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="o">&lt;</span><span class="kc">style</span><span class="o">&gt;</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="o">&lt;</span><span class="n">thickness</span><span class="o">&gt;</span><span class="p">;</span>
+<a id="__codelineno-34-3" name="__codelineno-34-3"></a><span class="w">    </span><span class="k">text-align</span><span class="p">:</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="n">alignment</span><span class="p">;</span>
+<a id="__codelineno-34-4" name="__codelineno-34-4"></a><span class="p">}</span>
+</code></pre></div></td></tr></table></div>
+<p><code>text-decoration</code> values:</p>
+<ul>
+<li><code>text-decoration-line</code>: Sets the kind of decoration used, such as underline or line-through.</li>
+<li><code>text-decoration-color</code>: Sets the color of the decoration.</li>
+<li><code>text-decoration-style</code>: Sets the style of the line used for the decoration, such as solid, wavy, or dashed.</li>
+<li><code>text-decoration-thickness</code>: Sets the thickness of the line used for the decoration.</li>
+</ul>
+<p><code>text-align</code> values:</p>
+<ul>
+<li><code>start</code>: The same as left if direction is left-to-right and right if direction is right-to-left.</li>
+<li><code>end</code>: The same as right if direction is left-to-right and left if direction is right-to-left.</li>
+<li><code>left</code>: The inline contents are aligned to the left edge of the line box.</li>
+<li><code>right</code>: The inline contents are aligned to the right edge of the line box.</li>
+<li><code>center</code>: The inline contents are centered within the line box.</li>
+<li><code>justify</code>: The inline contents are justified. Text should be spaced to line up its left and right edges to the left and right edges of the line box, except for the last line.</li>
+<li><code>justify-all</code>: Same as justify, but also forces the last line to be justified.</li>
+<li><code>match-parent</code>: Similar to inherit, but the values start and end are calculated according to the parent's direction and are replaced by the appropriate left or right value.</li>
+</ul>
+<h3 id="size">Size</h3>
+<div class="highlight"><table class="highlighttable"><tr><th colspan="2" class="filename"><span class="filename">CSS</span></th></tr><tr><td class="linenos"><div class="linenodiv"><pre><span></span><span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-35-1"> 1</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-35-2"> 2</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-35-3"> 3</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-35-4"> 4</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-35-5"> 5</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-35-6"> 6</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-35-7"> 7</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-35-8"> 8</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-35-9"> 9</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-35-10">10</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-35-11">11</a></span></pre></div></td><td class="code"><div><pre><span></span><code><a id="__codelineno-35-1" name="__codelineno-35-1"></a><span class="nt">selector</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="p">{</span>
+<a id="__codelineno-35-2" name="__codelineno-35-2"></a><span class="w">    </span><span class="k">width</span><span class="p">:</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="o">&lt;</span><span class="n">size</span><span class="o">&gt;</span><span class="p">;</span>
+<a id="__codelineno-35-3" name="__codelineno-35-3"></a><span class="w">    </span><span class="k">max-width</span><span class="p">:</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="o">&lt;</span><span class="n">size</span><span class="o">&gt;</span><span class="p">;</span>
+<a id="__codelineno-35-4" name="__codelineno-35-4"></a><span class="w">    </span><span class="k">min-width</span><span class="p">:</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="o">&lt;</span><span class="n">size</span><span class="o">&gt;</span><span class="p">;</span>
+<a id="__codelineno-35-5" name="__codelineno-35-5"></a>
+<a id="__codelineno-35-6" name="__codelineno-35-6"></a><span class="w">    </span><span class="k">height</span><span class="p">:</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="o">&lt;</span><span class="n">size</span><span class="o">&gt;</span><span class="p">;</span>
+<a id="__codelineno-35-7" name="__codelineno-35-7"></a><span class="w">    </span><span class="k">max-height</span><span class="p">:</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="o">&lt;</span><span class="n">size</span><span class="o">&gt;</span><span class="p">;</span>
+<a id="__codelineno-35-8" name="__codelineno-35-8"></a><span class="w">    </span><span class="k">min-height</span><span class="p">:</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="o">&lt;</span><span class="n">size</span><span class="o">&gt;</span><span class="p">;</span>
+<a id="__codelineno-35-9" name="__codelineno-35-9"></a>
+<a id="__codelineno-35-10" name="__codelineno-35-10"></a><span class="w">    </span><span class="k">aspect-ratio</span><span class="p">:</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="o">&lt;</span><span class="k">width</span><span class="o">&gt;</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="o">/</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="o">&lt;</span><span class="k">height</span><span class="o">&gt;</span><span class="p">;</span>
+<a id="__codelineno-35-11" name="__codelineno-35-11"></a><span class="p">}</span>
+</code></pre></div></td></tr></table></div>
+<blockquote>
+<p><strong>Note</strong>: <code>width</code> and <code>height</code> properties do not have effect on inline elements.</p>
+</blockquote>
+<h3 id="hiding-elements">Hiding Elements</h3>
+<p>There are several methods to 'hide' elements:</p>
+<ul>
+<li><code>display: none</code> removes the element from the document flow</li>
+<li><code>visibility: hidden</code> hides the element, but it still takes up space in the layout</li>
+<li><code>opacity: 0</code> hides the element, still takes up space in the layout, events work</li>
+</ul>
+<table>
+<thead>
+<tr>
+<th>Rule</th>
+<th>Collapse</th>
+<th>Events</th>
+<th>Tab Order</th>
+</tr>
+</thead>
+<tbody>
+<tr>
+<td><code>display: none</code></td>
+<td>Yes</td>
+<td>No</td>
+<td>No</td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+<td><code>visibility: hidden</code></td>
+<td>No</td>
+<td>No</td>
+<td>No</td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+<td><code>opacity: 0</code></td>
+<td>No</td>
+<td>Yes</td>
+<td>Yes</td>
+</tr>
+</tbody>
+</table>
+<h2 id="box-model"><a href="https://developer.mozilla.org/en-US/docs/Learn/CSS/Building_blocks/The_box_model">Box Model</a></h2>
+<p><img alt="Box Model" src="../../img/css_box-model.avif" /></p>
+<h3 id="padding">Padding</h3>
+<p>Space between the border and the content.</p>
+<p>It's possible to specify the padding for each side of the element:</p>
+<div class="highlight"><table class="highlighttable"><tr><th colspan="2" class="filename"><span class="filename">CSS</span></th></tr><tr><td class="linenos"><div class="linenodiv"><pre><span></span><span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-36-1"> 1</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-36-2"> 2</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-36-3"> 3</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-36-4"> 4</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-36-5"> 5</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-36-6"> 6</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-36-7"> 7</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-36-8"> 8</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-36-9"> 9</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-36-10">10</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-36-11">11</a></span></pre></div></td><td class="code"><div><pre><span></span><code><a id="__codelineno-36-1" name="__codelineno-36-1"></a><span class="nt">selector</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="p">{</span>
+<a id="__codelineno-36-2" name="__codelineno-36-2"></a><span class="w">    </span><span class="k">padding-top</span><span class="p">:</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="o">&lt;</span><span class="n">size</span><span class="o">&gt;</span><span class="p">;</span>
+<a id="__codelineno-36-3" name="__codelineno-36-3"></a><span class="w">    </span><span class="k">padding-right</span><span class="p">:</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="o">&lt;</span><span class="n">size</span><span class="o">&gt;</span><span class="p">;</span>
+<a id="__codelineno-36-4" name="__codelineno-36-4"></a><span class="w">    </span><span class="k">padding-bottom</span><span class="p">:</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="o">&lt;</span><span class="n">size</span><span class="o">&gt;</span><span class="p">;</span>
+<a id="__codelineno-36-5" name="__codelineno-36-5"></a><span class="w">    </span><span class="k">padding-left</span><span class="p">:</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="o">&lt;</span><span class="n">size</span><span class="o">&gt;</span><span class="p">;</span>
+<a id="__codelineno-36-6" name="__codelineno-36-6"></a>
+<a id="__codelineno-36-7" name="__codelineno-36-7"></a><span class="w">    </span><span class="k">padding</span><span class="p">:</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="o">&lt;</span><span class="kc">top</span><span class="o">&gt;</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="o">&lt;</span><span class="kc">right</span><span class="o">&gt;</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="o">&lt;</span><span class="kc">bottom</span><span class="o">&gt;</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="o">&lt;</span><span class="kc">left</span><span class="o">&gt;</span><span class="p">;</span><span class="w">  </span><span class="c">/* Four values (TRBL) */</span>
+<a id="__codelineno-36-8" name="__codelineno-36-8"></a><span class="w">    </span><span class="k">padding</span><span class="p">:</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="o">&lt;</span><span class="kc">top</span><span class="o">&gt;</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="o">&lt;</span><span class="kc">right</span><span class="o">/</span><span class="kc">left</span><span class="o">&gt;</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="o">&lt;</span><span class="kc">bottom</span><span class="o">&gt;</span><span class="p">;</span><span class="w">  </span><span class="c">/* Three values (T/TL/B) */</span>
+<a id="__codelineno-36-9" name="__codelineno-36-9"></a><span class="w">    </span><span class="k">padding</span><span class="p">:</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="o">&lt;</span><span class="kc">top</span><span class="o">/</span><span class="kc">bottom</span><span class="o">&gt;</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="o">&lt;</span><span class="kc">right</span><span class="o">/</span><span class="kc">left</span><span class="o">&gt;</span><span class="p">;</span><span class="w">    </span><span class="c">/* Two values (TB/RL) */</span>
+<a id="__codelineno-36-10" name="__codelineno-36-10"></a><span class="w">    </span><span class="k">padding</span><span class="p">:</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="o">&lt;</span><span class="kc">all</span><span class="o">&gt;</span><span class="p">;</span><span class="w">    </span><span class="c">/* One value */</span>
+<a id="__codelineno-36-11" name="__codelineno-36-11"></a><span class="p">}</span>
+</code></pre></div></td></tr></table></div>
+<blockquote>
+<p><strong>Note</strong>: Padding adds to the total size of the box, unless <code>box-sizing: border-box;</code> is used.</p>
+</blockquote>
+<h3 id="border">Border</h3>
+<p>Borders are specified as "size, style, color".</p>
+<div class="highlight"><table class="highlighttable"><tr><th colspan="2" class="filename"><span class="filename">CSS</span></th></tr><tr><td class="linenos"><div class="linenodiv"><pre><span></span><span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-37-1"> 1</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-37-2"> 2</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-37-3"> 3</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-37-4"> 4</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-37-5"> 5</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-37-6"> 6</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-37-7"> 7</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-37-8"> 8</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-37-9"> 9</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-37-10">10</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-37-11">11</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-37-12">12</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-37-13">13</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-37-14">14</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-37-15">15</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-37-16">16</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-37-17">17</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-37-18">18</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-37-19">19</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-37-20">20</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-37-21">21</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-37-22">22</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-37-23">23</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-37-24">24</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-37-25">25</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-37-26">26</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-37-27">27</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-37-28">28</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-37-29">29</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-37-30">30</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-37-31">31</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-37-32">32</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-37-33">33</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-37-34">34</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-37-35">35</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-37-36">36</a></span></pre></div></td><td class="code"><div><pre><span></span><code><a id="__codelineno-37-1" name="__codelineno-37-1"></a><span class="nt">selector</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="p">{</span>
+<a id="__codelineno-37-2" name="__codelineno-37-2"></a><span class="w">    </span><span class="k">border</span><span class="p">:</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="o">&lt;</span><span class="n">size</span><span class="o">&gt;</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="o">&lt;</span><span class="kc">style</span><span class="o">&gt;</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="o">&lt;</span><span class="kc">color</span><span class="o">&gt;</span><span class="p">;</span>
+<a id="__codelineno-37-3" name="__codelineno-37-3"></a><span class="w">    </span><span class="k">border-width</span><span class="p">:</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="o">&lt;</span><span class="n">size</span><span class="o">&gt;</span><span class="p">;</span>
+<a id="__codelineno-37-4" name="__codelineno-37-4"></a><span class="w">    </span><span class="k">border-style</span><span class="p">:</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="o">&lt;</span><span class="kc">style</span><span class="o">&gt;</span><span class="p">;</span>
+<a id="__codelineno-37-5" name="__codelineno-37-5"></a><span class="w">    </span><span class="k">border-color</span><span class="p">:</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="o">&lt;</span><span class="kc">color</span><span class="o">&gt;</span><span class="p">;</span>
+<a id="__codelineno-37-6" name="__codelineno-37-6"></a>
+<a id="__codelineno-37-7" name="__codelineno-37-7"></a><span class="w">    </span><span class="k">border-top</span><span class="p">:</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="o">&lt;</span><span class="n">size</span><span class="o">&gt;</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="o">&lt;</span><span class="kc">style</span><span class="o">&gt;</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="o">&lt;</span><span class="kc">color</span><span class="o">&gt;</span><span class="p">;</span>
+<a id="__codelineno-37-8" name="__codelineno-37-8"></a><span class="w">    </span><span class="k">border-right</span><span class="p">:</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="o">&lt;</span><span class="n">size</span><span class="o">&gt;</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="o">&lt;</span><span class="kc">style</span><span class="o">&gt;</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="o">&lt;</span><span class="kc">color</span><span class="o">&gt;</span><span class="p">;</span>
+<a id="__codelineno-37-9" name="__codelineno-37-9"></a><span class="w">    </span><span class="k">border-bottom</span><span class="p">:</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="o">&lt;</span><span class="n">size</span><span class="o">&gt;</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="o">&lt;</span><span class="kc">style</span><span class="o">&gt;</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="o">&lt;</span><span class="kc">color</span><span class="o">&gt;</span><span class="p">;</span>
+<a id="__codelineno-37-10" name="__codelineno-37-10"></a><span class="w">    </span><span class="k">border-left</span><span class="p">:</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="o">&lt;</span><span class="n">size</span><span class="o">&gt;</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="o">&lt;</span><span class="kc">style</span><span class="o">&gt;</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="o">&lt;</span><span class="kc">color</span><span class="o">&gt;</span><span class="p">;</span>
+<a id="__codelineno-37-11" name="__codelineno-37-11"></a>
+<a id="__codelineno-37-12" name="__codelineno-37-12"></a><span class="w">    </span><span class="k">border-top-width</span><span class="p">:</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="o">&lt;</span><span class="n">size</span><span class="o">&gt;</span><span class="p">;</span>
+<a id="__codelineno-37-13" name="__codelineno-37-13"></a><span class="w">    </span><span class="k">border-right-width</span><span class="p">:</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="o">&lt;</span><span class="n">size</span><span class="o">&gt;</span><span class="p">;</span>
+<a id="__codelineno-37-14" name="__codelineno-37-14"></a><span class="w">    </span><span class="k">border-bottom-width</span><span class="p">:</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="o">&lt;</span><span class="n">size</span><span class="o">&gt;</span><span class="p">;</span>
+<a id="__codelineno-37-15" name="__codelineno-37-15"></a><span class="w">    </span><span class="k">border-left-width</span><span class="p">:</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="o">&lt;</span><span class="n">size</span><span class="o">&gt;</span><span class="p">;</span>
+<a id="__codelineno-37-16" name="__codelineno-37-16"></a>
+<a id="__codelineno-37-17" name="__codelineno-37-17"></a><span class="w">    </span><span class="k">border-top-style</span><span class="p">:</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="o">&lt;</span><span class="n">size</span><span class="o">&gt;</span><span class="p">;</span>
+<a id="__codelineno-37-18" name="__codelineno-37-18"></a><span class="w">    </span><span class="k">border-right-style</span><span class="p">:</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="o">&lt;</span><span class="n">size</span><span class="o">&gt;</span><span class="p">;</span>
+<a id="__codelineno-37-19" name="__codelineno-37-19"></a><span class="w">    </span><span class="k">border-bottom-style</span><span class="p">:</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="o">&lt;</span><span class="n">size</span><span class="o">&gt;</span><span class="p">;</span>
+<a id="__codelineno-37-20" name="__codelineno-37-20"></a><span class="w">    </span><span class="k">border-left-style</span><span class="p">:</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="o">&lt;</span><span class="n">size</span><span class="o">&gt;</span><span class="p">;</span>
+<a id="__codelineno-37-21" name="__codelineno-37-21"></a>
+<a id="__codelineno-37-22" name="__codelineno-37-22"></a><span class="w">    </span><span class="k">border-top-color</span><span class="p">:</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="o">&lt;</span><span class="n">size</span><span class="o">&gt;</span><span class="p">;</span>
+<a id="__codelineno-37-23" name="__codelineno-37-23"></a><span class="w">    </span><span class="k">border-right-color</span><span class="p">:</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="o">&lt;</span><span class="n">size</span><span class="o">&gt;</span><span class="p">;</span>
+<a id="__codelineno-37-24" name="__codelineno-37-24"></a><span class="w">    </span><span class="k">border-bottom-color</span><span class="p">:</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="o">&lt;</span><span class="n">size</span><span class="o">&gt;</span><span class="p">;</span>
+<a id="__codelineno-37-25" name="__codelineno-37-25"></a><span class="w">    </span><span class="k">border-left-color</span><span class="p">:</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="o">&lt;</span><span class="n">size</span><span class="o">&gt;</span><span class="p">;</span>
+<a id="__codelineno-37-26" name="__codelineno-37-26"></a>
+<a id="__codelineno-37-27" name="__codelineno-37-27"></a><span class="w">    </span><span class="k">border-radius</span><span class="p">:</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="o">&lt;</span><span class="kc">top</span><span class="o">-</span><span class="kc">left</span><span class="o">&gt;</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="o">&lt;</span><span class="kc">top</span><span class="o">-</span><span class="kc">right</span><span class="o">&gt;</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="o">&lt;</span><span class="kc">bottom</span><span class="o">-</span><span class="n">tight</span><span class="o">&gt;</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="o">&lt;</span><span class="kc">bottom</span><span class="o">-</span><span class="kc">left</span><span class="o">&gt;</span><span class="p">;</span>
+<a id="__codelineno-37-28" name="__codelineno-37-28"></a><span class="w">    </span><span class="k">border-radius</span><span class="p">:</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="o">&lt;</span><span class="kc">top</span><span class="o">-</span><span class="kc">left</span><span class="o">&gt;</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="o">&lt;</span><span class="kc">top</span><span class="o">-</span><span class="kc">right</span><span class="o">/</span><span class="kc">bottom</span><span class="o">-</span><span class="kc">left</span><span class="o">&gt;</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="o">&lt;</span><span class="kc">bottom</span><span class="o">-</span><span class="kc">right</span><span class="o">&gt;</span><span class="p">;</span>
+<a id="__codelineno-37-29" name="__codelineno-37-29"></a><span class="w">    </span><span class="k">border-radius</span><span class="p">:</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="o">&lt;</span><span class="kc">top</span><span class="o">-</span><span class="kc">left</span><span class="o">/</span><span class="kc">bottom</span><span class="o">-</span><span class="kc">right</span><span class="o">&gt;</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="o">&lt;</span><span class="kc">top</span><span class="o">-</span><span class="kc">right</span><span class="o">/</span><span class="kc">bottom</span><span class="o">-</span><span class="kc">left</span><span class="o">&gt;</span><span class="p">;</span>
+<a id="__codelineno-37-30" name="__codelineno-37-30"></a><span class="w">    </span><span class="k">border-radius</span><span class="p">:</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="o">&lt;</span><span class="kc">all</span><span class="o">&gt;</span><span class="p">;</span>
+<a id="__codelineno-37-31" name="__codelineno-37-31"></a>
+<a id="__codelineno-37-32" name="__codelineno-37-32"></a><span class="w">    </span><span class="k">border-top-left-radius</span><span class="p">:</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="o">&lt;</span><span class="n">size</span><span class="o">&gt;</span><span class="p">;</span>
+<a id="__codelineno-37-33" name="__codelineno-37-33"></a><span class="w">    </span><span class="k">border-top-right-radius</span><span class="p">:</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="o">&lt;</span><span class="n">size</span><span class="o">&gt;</span><span class="p">;</span>
+<a id="__codelineno-37-34" name="__codelineno-37-34"></a><span class="w">    </span><span class="k">border-bottom-right-radius</span><span class="p">:</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="o">&lt;</span><span class="n">size</span><span class="o">&gt;</span><span class="p">;</span>
+<a id="__codelineno-37-35" name="__codelineno-37-35"></a><span class="w">    </span><span class="k">border-bottom-left-radius</span><span class="p">:</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="o">&lt;</span><span class="n">size</span><span class="o">&gt;</span><span class="p">;</span>
+<a id="__codelineno-37-36" name="__codelineno-37-36"></a><span class="p">}</span>
+</code></pre></div></td></tr></table></div>
+<blockquote>
+<p><strong>Note</strong>: Border adds to the total size of the box, <code>unless box-sizing: border-box;</code> is used</p>
+</blockquote>
+<h3 id="box-sizing">Box Sizing</h3>
+<p>Defines whether the width and height (and min/max) of an element should include padding and borders or not.</p>
+<div class="highlight"><table class="highlighttable"><tr><th colspan="2" class="filename"><span class="filename">CSS</span></th></tr><tr><td class="linenos"><div class="linenodiv"><pre><span></span><span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-38-1">1</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-38-2">2</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-38-3">3</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-38-4">4</a></span></pre></div></td><td class="code"><div><pre><span></span><code><a id="__codelineno-38-1" name="__codelineno-38-1"></a><span class="nt">selector</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="p">{</span>
+<a id="__codelineno-38-2" name="__codelineno-38-2"></a><span class="w">    </span><span class="k">box-sizing</span><span class="p">:</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="kc">content-box</span><span class="p">;</span><span class="w">    </span><span class="c">/* Border and padding are not included */</span>
+<a id="__codelineno-38-3" name="__codelineno-38-3"></a><span class="w">    </span><span class="k">box-sizing</span><span class="p">:</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="kc">border-box</span><span class="p">;</span><span class="w">    </span><span class="c">/* Include the content, padding and border */</span>
+<a id="__codelineno-38-4" name="__codelineno-38-4"></a><span class="p">}</span>
+</code></pre></div></td></tr></table></div>
+<h3 id="margin">Margin</h3>
+<p>Transparent area around the box that separates it from other elements.</p>
+<p>It's possible to specify the margin for each side of the element.</p>
+<div class="highlight"><table class="highlighttable"><tr><th colspan="2" class="filename"><span class="filename">CSS</span></th></tr><tr><td class="linenos"><div class="linenodiv"><pre><span></span><span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-39-1"> 1</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-39-2"> 2</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-39-3"> 3</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-39-4"> 4</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-39-5"> 5</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-39-6"> 6</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-39-7"> 7</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-39-8"> 8</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-39-9"> 9</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-39-10">10</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-39-11">11</a></span></pre></div></td><td class="code"><div><pre><span></span><code><a id="__codelineno-39-1" name="__codelineno-39-1"></a><span class="nt">selector</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="p">{</span>
+<a id="__codelineno-39-2" name="__codelineno-39-2"></a><span class="w">    </span><span class="k">margin-top</span><span class="p">:</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="o">&lt;</span><span class="n">size</span><span class="o">&gt;</span><span class="p">;</span>
+<a id="__codelineno-39-3" name="__codelineno-39-3"></a><span class="w">    </span><span class="k">margin-right</span><span class="p">:</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="o">&lt;</span><span class="n">size</span><span class="o">&gt;</span><span class="p">;</span>
+<a id="__codelineno-39-4" name="__codelineno-39-4"></a><span class="w">    </span><span class="k">margin-bottom</span><span class="p">:</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="o">&lt;</span><span class="n">size</span><span class="o">&gt;</span><span class="p">;</span>
+<a id="__codelineno-39-5" name="__codelineno-39-5"></a><span class="w">    </span><span class="k">margin-left</span><span class="p">:</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="o">&lt;</span><span class="n">size</span><span class="o">&gt;</span><span class="p">;</span>
+<a id="__codelineno-39-6" name="__codelineno-39-6"></a>
+<a id="__codelineno-39-7" name="__codelineno-39-7"></a><span class="w">    </span><span class="k">margin</span><span class="p">:</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="o">&lt;</span><span class="kc">top</span><span class="o">&gt;</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="o">&lt;</span><span class="kc">right</span><span class="o">&gt;</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="o">&lt;</span><span class="kc">bottom</span><span class="o">&gt;</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="o">&lt;</span><span class="kc">left</span><span class="o">&gt;</span><span class="p">;</span><span class="w">  </span><span class="c">/* Four values (TRBL) */</span>
+<a id="__codelineno-39-8" name="__codelineno-39-8"></a><span class="w">    </span><span class="k">margin</span><span class="p">:</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="o">&lt;</span><span class="kc">top</span><span class="o">&gt;</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="o">&lt;</span><span class="kc">right</span><span class="o">/</span><span class="kc">left</span><span class="o">&gt;</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="o">&lt;</span><span class="kc">bottom</span><span class="o">&gt;</span><span class="p">;</span><span class="w">  </span><span class="c">/* Three values (T/TL/B) */</span>
+<a id="__codelineno-39-9" name="__codelineno-39-9"></a><span class="w">    </span><span class="k">margin</span><span class="p">:</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="o">&lt;</span><span class="kc">top</span><span class="o">/</span><span class="kc">bottom</span><span class="o">&gt;</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="o">&lt;</span><span class="kc">right</span><span class="o">/</span><span class="kc">left</span><span class="o">&gt;</span><span class="p">;</span><span class="w">    </span><span class="c">/* Two values (TB/RL) */</span>
+<a id="__codelineno-39-10" name="__codelineno-39-10"></a><span class="w">    </span><span class="k">margin</span><span class="p">:</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="o">&lt;</span><span class="kc">all</span><span class="o">&gt;</span><span class="p">;</span><span class="w">    </span><span class="c">/* One value */</span>
+<a id="__codelineno-39-11" name="__codelineno-39-11"></a><span class="p">}</span>
+</code></pre></div></td></tr></table></div>
+<blockquote>
+<p><strong>Note</strong>: Top and bottom margins of near elements are collapsed into a single margin that is equal to the largest of the two margins.</p>
+</blockquote>
+<h2 id="element-positioning"><a href="https://developer.mozilla.org/en-US/docs/Web/CSS/position">Element Positioning</a></h2>
+<h3 id="static-positioning">Static Positioning</h3>
+<p>All HTML elements are positioned static by default.<br />
+Static elements are positioned in the normal flow of the page.<br />
+Static elements ignore top, bottom, right, or left property specifications.</p>
+<p>In normal flow block elements flow from top to bottom making a new line after every element.
+In normal flow inline elements flow from left to right wrapping to next line when needed.</p>
+<div class="highlight"><table class="highlighttable"><tr><th colspan="2" class="filename"><span class="filename">CSS</span></th></tr><tr><td class="linenos"><div class="linenodiv"><pre><span></span><span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-40-1">1</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-40-2">2</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-40-3">3</a></span></pre></div></td><td class="code"><div><pre><span></span><code><a id="__codelineno-40-1" name="__codelineno-40-1"></a><span class="nt">selector</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="p">{</span>
+<a id="__codelineno-40-2" name="__codelineno-40-2"></a><span class="w">    </span><span class="k">position</span><span class="p">:</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="kc">static</span><span class="p">;</span>
+<a id="__codelineno-40-3" name="__codelineno-40-3"></a><span class="p">}</span>
+</code></pre></div></td></tr></table></div>
+<h3 id="relative-positioning">Relative positioning</h3>
+<p>Takes the element out of the normal flow, allowing it to be moved in relation to the top, bottom, right, or left but does not affect the elements surrounding it.<br />
+Makes an element a "positioning context" in which to position other elements relative to it.<br />
+The relative value will still put the element in the normal flow, but then offset it according to top, bottom, right and left properties.</p>
+<div class="highlight"><table class="highlighttable"><tr><th colspan="2" class="filename"><span class="filename">CSS</span></th></tr><tr><td class="linenos"><div class="linenodiv"><pre><span></span><span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-41-1">1</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-41-2">2</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-41-3">3</a></span></pre></div></td><td class="code"><div><pre><span></span><code><a id="__codelineno-41-1" name="__codelineno-41-1"></a><span class="nt">selector</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="p">{</span>
+<a id="__codelineno-41-2" name="__codelineno-41-2"></a><span class="w">    </span><span class="k">position</span><span class="p">:</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="kc">relative</span><span class="p">;</span>
+<a id="__codelineno-41-3" name="__codelineno-41-3"></a><span class="p">}</span>
+</code></pre></div></td></tr></table></div>
+<h3 id="absolute-positioning">Absolute Positioning</h3>
+<p>Positions element outside of the normal flow and other elements act as if it's not there.<br />
+An absolutely positioned element is offset from its container block, set with the properties top, bottom, right and left.<br />
+Its container block is the first surrounding element that has any position other than static.<br />
+If no such element is found, the container block is <code>&lt;html&gt;</code>.</p>
+<div class="highlight"><table class="highlighttable"><tr><th colspan="2" class="filename"><span class="filename">CSS</span></th></tr><tr><td class="linenos"><div class="linenodiv"><pre><span></span><span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-42-1">1</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-42-2">2</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-42-3">3</a></span></pre></div></td><td class="code"><div><pre><span></span><code><a id="__codelineno-42-1" name="__codelineno-42-1"></a><span class="nt">selector</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="p">{</span>
+<a id="__codelineno-42-2" name="__codelineno-42-2"></a><span class="w">    </span><span class="k">position</span><span class="p">:</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="kc">absolute</span><span class="p">;</span>
+<a id="__codelineno-42-3" name="__codelineno-42-3"></a><span class="p">}</span>
+</code></pre></div></td></tr></table></div>
+<h3 id="fixed-positioning">Fixed Positioning</h3>
+<p>The fixed value takes an element out of the normal flow, it positions it relative to the viewport.<br />
+Parent positioning will no longer affect fixed elements.</p>
+<div class="highlight"><table class="highlighttable"><tr><th colspan="2" class="filename"><span class="filename">CSS</span></th></tr><tr><td class="linenos"><div class="linenodiv"><pre><span></span><span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-43-1">1</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-43-2">2</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-43-3">3</a></span></pre></div></td><td class="code"><div><pre><span></span><code><a id="__codelineno-43-1" name="__codelineno-43-1"></a><span class="nt">selector</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="p">{</span>
+<a id="__codelineno-43-2" name="__codelineno-43-2"></a><span class="w">    </span><span class="k">position</span><span class="p">:</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="kc">fixed</span><span class="p">;</span>
+<a id="__codelineno-43-3" name="__codelineno-43-3"></a><span class="p">}</span>
+</code></pre></div></td></tr></table></div>
+<h3 id="sticky-positioning">Sticky Positioning</h3>
+<p>Sticky positioning is a hybrid of relative and fixed positioning.<br />
+The element is treated as relative positioned until it crosses a specified threshold, at which point it is treated as fixed positioned.</p>
+<div class="highlight"><table class="highlighttable"><tr><th colspan="2" class="filename"><span class="filename">CSS</span></th></tr><tr><td class="linenos"><div class="linenodiv"><pre><span></span><span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-44-1">1</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-44-2">2</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-44-3">3</a></span></pre></div></td><td class="code"><div><pre><span></span><code><a id="__codelineno-44-1" name="__codelineno-44-1"></a><span class="nt">selector</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="p">{</span>
+<a id="__codelineno-44-2" name="__codelineno-44-2"></a><span class="w">    </span><span class="k">position</span><span class="p">:</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="kc">sticky</span><span class="p">;</span>
+<a id="__codelineno-44-3" name="__codelineno-44-3"></a><span class="p">}</span>
+</code></pre></div></td></tr></table></div>
+<p><code>Note</code>: sticky is not supported by IE and still needs to be prefixed for webkit based browsers</p>
+<h3 id="z-index">Z-Index</h3>
+<p>When elements overlap, the order of overlapping can be changed with z-index:</p>
+<ul>
+<li>The element with highest z-index goes on top</li>
+<li>Without z-index, elements stack in the order that they appear in the DOM</li>
+<li>Elements with non-static positioning will always appear on top of elements with default static positioning</li>
+</ul>
+<p><strong>Nesting is important</strong>: if element <em>B</em> is on top of element <em>A</em>, a child of element <em>A</em> can never be higher than element <em>B</em>.</p>
+<div class="highlight"><table class="highlighttable"><tr><th colspan="2" class="filename"><span class="filename">CSS</span></th></tr><tr><td class="linenos"><div class="linenodiv"><pre><span></span><span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-45-1">1</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-45-2">2</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-45-3">3</a></span></pre></div></td><td class="code"><div><pre><span></span><code><a id="__codelineno-45-1" name="__codelineno-45-1"></a><span class="nt">selector</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="p">{</span>
+<a id="__codelineno-45-2" name="__codelineno-45-2"></a><span class="w">    </span><span class="k">z-index</span><span class="p">:</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="o">&lt;</span><span class="n">int</span><span class="o">&gt;</span><span class="p">;</span>
+<a id="__codelineno-45-3" name="__codelineno-45-3"></a><span class="p">}</span>
+</code></pre></div></td></tr></table></div>
+<h2 id="layouts"><a href="https://developer.mozilla.org/en-US/docs/Web/CSS/display">Layouts</a></h2>
+<div class="highlight"><table class="highlighttable"><tr><th colspan="2" class="filename"><span class="filename">CSS</span></th></tr><tr><td class="linenos"><div class="linenodiv"><pre><span></span><span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-46-1">1</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-46-2">2</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-46-3">3</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-46-4">4</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-46-5">5</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-46-6">6</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-46-7">7</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-46-8">8</a></span></pre></div></td><td class="code"><div><pre><span></span><code><a id="__codelineno-46-1" name="__codelineno-46-1"></a><span class="nt">div</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="p">{</span>
+<a id="__codelineno-46-2" name="__codelineno-46-2"></a><span class="w">    </span><span class="k">display</span><span class="p">:</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="kc">inline</span><span class="p">;</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="c">/* Default of all elements, unless UA (user agent) stylesheet overrides */</span>
+<a id="__codelineno-46-3" name="__codelineno-46-3"></a><span class="w">    </span><span class="k">display</span><span class="p">:</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="kc">block</span><span class="p">;</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="c">/* block is default for elements like &lt;div&gt; and &lt;section&gt;*/</span>
+<a id="__codelineno-46-4" name="__codelineno-46-4"></a><span class="w">    </span><span class="k">display</span><span class="p">:</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="kc">inline-block</span><span class="p">;</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="c">/* Characteristics of block, but sits on a line */</span>
+<a id="__codelineno-46-5" name="__codelineno-46-5"></a><span class="w">    </span><span class="k">display</span><span class="p">:</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="kc">flex</span><span class="p">;</span>
+<a id="__codelineno-46-6" name="__codelineno-46-6"></a><span class="w">    </span><span class="k">display</span><span class="p">:</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="k">grid</span><span class="p">;</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="c">/* divide page into major regions or define the relationship in terms of size */</span>
+<a id="__codelineno-46-7" name="__codelineno-46-7"></a><span class="w">    </span><span class="k">display</span><span class="p">:</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="kc">none</span><span class="p">;</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="c">/* Hide */</span>
+<a id="__codelineno-46-8" name="__codelineno-46-8"></a><span class="p">}</span>
+</code></pre></div></td></tr></table></div>
+<h3 id="inline">Inline</h3>
+<ul>
+<li>The default value for elements (e.g. <code>&lt;span&gt;</code>, <code>&lt;em&gt;</code>, <code>&lt;b&gt;</code>, etc.)</li>
+<li>Doesn't break the flow of the text</li>
+<li>The element will accept margin and padding, but the element still sits inline</li>
+<li>Margin and padding will only push other elements horizontally, not vertically</li>
+<li>An inline element will not accept height and width.</li>
+</ul>
+<h3 id="block">Block</h3>
+<ul>
+<li>Some elements are set to block by the browser UA (user agent) stylesheet</li>
+<li>Container elements, like <code>&lt;div&gt;</code>, <code>&lt;section&gt;</code>, <code>&lt;ul&gt;</code>, etc.</li>
+<li>Text block elements like <code>&lt;p&gt;</code>, <code>&lt;h1&gt;</code>, <code>&lt;h2&gt;</code>, etc.</li>
+<li>Do not sit inline</li>
+<li>By default take up as much horizontal space as they can</li>
+</ul>
+<h3 id="inline-block">Inline Block</h3>
+<ul>
+<li>Combines aspects of inline and block</li>
+<li>Very similar to inline in that it will sit inline with the natural flow of text</li>
+<li>Able to set a width and height</li>
+</ul>
+<h3 id="none">None</h3>
+<ul>
+<li><code>display: none</code> removes the element from the document flow</li>
+<li>The element does not take up any space</li>
+</ul>
+<h3 id="flex"><a href="https://developer.mozilla.org/en-US/docs/Web/CSS/CSS_flexible_box_layout">Flex</a></h3>
+<div class="highlight"><table class="highlighttable"><tr><th colspan="2" class="filename"><span class="filename">CSS</span></th></tr><tr><td class="linenos"><div class="linenodiv"><pre><span></span><span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-47-1">1</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-47-2">2</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-47-3">3</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-47-4">4</a></span></pre></div></td><td class="code"><div><pre><span></span><code><a id="__codelineno-47-1" name="__codelineno-47-1"></a><span class="nt">selector</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="p">{</span>
+<a id="__codelineno-47-2" name="__codelineno-47-2"></a><span class="w">    </span><span class="k">display</span><span class="p">:</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="s2">&quot;flex&quot;</span><span class="p">;</span>
+<a id="__codelineno-47-3" name="__codelineno-47-3"></a><span class="w">    </span><span class="k">flex-direction</span><span class="p">:</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="o">&lt;</span><span class="kc">row</span><span class="o">|</span><span class="kc">column</span><span class="o">&gt;</span><span class="p">;</span>
+<a id="__codelineno-47-4" name="__codelineno-47-4"></a><span class="p">}</span>
+</code></pre></div></td></tr></table></div>
+<h3 id="grid"><a href="https://developer.mozilla.org/en-US/docs/Web/CSS/CSS_Grid_Layout">Grid</a></h3>
+<div class="highlight"><table class="highlighttable"><tr><th colspan="2" class="filename"><span class="filename">CSS</span></th></tr><tr><td class="linenos"><div class="linenodiv"><pre><span></span><span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-48-1">1</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-48-2">2</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-48-3">3</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-48-4">4</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-48-5">5</a></span></pre></div></td><td class="code"><div><pre><span></span><code><a id="__codelineno-48-1" name="__codelineno-48-1"></a><span class="nt">selector</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="p">{</span>
+<a id="__codelineno-48-2" name="__codelineno-48-2"></a><span class="w">    </span><span class="k">display</span><span class="p">:</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="k">grid</span><span class="p">;</span>
+<a id="__codelineno-48-3" name="__codelineno-48-3"></a><span class="w">    </span><span class="k">grid-template-columns</span><span class="p">:</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="mi">1</span><span class="n">fr</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="mi">1</span><span class="n">fr</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="mi">1</span><span class="n">fr</span><span class="p">;</span><span class="w">  </span><span class="c">/* 3 equal columns */</span>
+<a id="__codelineno-48-4" name="__codelineno-48-4"></a><span class="w">    </span><span class="k">grid-template-rows</span><span class="p">:</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="mi">1</span><span class="n">fr</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="mi">1</span><span class="n">fr</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="mi">1</span><span class="n">fr</span><span class="p">;</span><span class="w">  </span><span class="c">/* 3 equal rows */</span>
+<a id="__codelineno-48-5" name="__codelineno-48-5"></a><span class="p">}</span>
+</code></pre></div></td></tr></table></div>
+<h2 id="variables">Variables</h2>
+<div class="highlight"><table class="highlighttable"><tr><th colspan="2" class="filename"><span class="filename">CSS</span></th></tr><tr><td class="linenos"><div class="linenodiv"><pre><span></span><span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-49-1">1</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-49-2">2</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-49-3">3</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-49-4">4</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-49-5">5</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-49-6">6</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-49-7">7</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-49-8">8</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-49-9">9</a></span></pre></div></td><td class="code"><div><pre><span></span><code><a id="__codelineno-49-1" name="__codelineno-49-1"></a><span class="p">:</span><span class="nd">root</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="p">{</span>
+<a id="__codelineno-49-2" name="__codelineno-49-2"></a><span class="w">    </span><span class="c">/* define variables on :root element */</span>
+<a id="__codelineno-49-3" name="__codelineno-49-3"></a><span class="w">    </span><span class="nv">--variable</span><span class="p">:</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="n">value</span><span class="p">;</span>
+<a id="__codelineno-49-4" name="__codelineno-49-4"></a><span class="p">}</span>
+<a id="__codelineno-49-5" name="__codelineno-49-5"></a>
+<a id="__codelineno-49-6" name="__codelineno-49-6"></a><span class="nt">selector</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="p">{</span>
+<a id="__codelineno-49-7" name="__codelineno-49-7"></a><span class="w">    </span><span class="nv">--variable</span><span class="p">:</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="n">value</span><span class="p">;</span><span class="w">  </span><span class="c">/* overwrite value */</span>
+<a id="__codelineno-49-8" name="__codelineno-49-8"></a><span class="w">    </span><span class="n">prop</span><span class="p">:</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="nf">var</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="nv">--variable</span><span class="p">);</span><span class="w">  </span><span class="c">/* use value of variable */</span>
+<a id="__codelineno-49-9" name="__codelineno-49-9"></a><span class="p">}</span>
+</code></pre></div></td></tr></table></div>
+<h2 id="responsive-design">Responsive Design</h2>
+<p>A <strong>responsive</strong> website or application automatically adjusts to the screen and adapts to any device.</p>
+<h3 id="viewport-meta-tag">Viewport Meta-Tag</h3>
+<p>Is located in the <code>&lt;head&gt;</code> of the HTML document. It defines how a site should render in a web browser for mobile devices and makes media queries will work as intended.</p>
+<div class="highlight"><table class="highlighttable"><tr><th colspan="2" class="filename"><span class="filename">HTML</span></th></tr><tr><td class="linenos"><div class="linenodiv"><pre><span></span><span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-50-1">1</a></span></pre></div></td><td class="code"><div><pre><span></span><code><a id="__codelineno-50-1" name="__codelineno-50-1"></a><span class="p">&lt;</span><span class="nt">meta</span> <span class="na">name</span><span class="o">=</span><span class="s">&quot;viewport&quot;</span> <span class="na">content</span><span class="o">=</span><span class="s">&quot;width=device-width, initial-scale=1&quot;</span><span class="p">&gt;</span>
+</code></pre></div></td></tr></table></div>
+<ul>
+<li><code>device-width</code>: indicates the width should match with the viewport of the device</li>
+<li><code>initial-scale</code>: ensure the zoom will not be applied and the layout will always show on a <code>1:1</code> scale</li>
+</ul>
+<h3 id="media-queries">Media Queries</h3>
+<p><strong>Media queries</strong> allow the customization of web pages for specific devices screen sizes.
+A media query is a logical expression: true or false; if a media query is true, the related rules are applied to the target device.</p>
+<div class="highlight"><table class="highlighttable"><tr><th colspan="2" class="filename"><span class="filename">CSS</span></th></tr><tr><td class="linenos"><div class="linenodiv"><pre><span></span><span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-51-1"> 1</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-51-2"> 2</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-51-3"> 3</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-51-4"> 4</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-51-5"> 5</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-51-6"> 6</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-51-7"> 7</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-51-8"> 8</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-51-9"> 9</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-51-10">10</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-51-11">11</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-51-12">12</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-51-13">13</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-51-14">14</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-51-15">15</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-51-16">16</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-51-17">17</a></span></pre></div></td><td class="code"><div><pre><span></span><code><a id="__codelineno-51-1" name="__codelineno-51-1"></a><span class="p">@</span><span class="k">media</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="nt">type</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="nt">operator</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="o">(</span><span class="nt">feature</span><span class="o">)</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="p">{</span>
+<a id="__codelineno-51-2" name="__codelineno-51-2"></a><span class="w">    </span><span class="nt">selector</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="p">{</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="n">property</span><span class="p">:</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="n">value</span><span class="p">;</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="p">}</span>
+<a id="__codelineno-51-3" name="__codelineno-51-3"></a><span class="p">}</span>
+<a id="__codelineno-51-4" name="__codelineno-51-4"></a>
+<a id="__codelineno-51-5" name="__codelineno-51-5"></a><span class="c">/* AND logic: Both conditions must be true */</span>
+<a id="__codelineno-51-6" name="__codelineno-51-6"></a><span class="p">@</span><span class="k">media</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="nt">screen</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="nt">and</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="o">(</span><span class="nt">min-width</span><span class="o">:</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="nt">400px</span><span class="o">)</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="nt">and</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="o">(</span><span class="nt">orientation</span><span class="o">:</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="nt">landscape</span><span class="o">)</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="p">{</span>
+<a id="__codelineno-51-7" name="__codelineno-51-7"></a><span class="w">    </span><span class="nt">selector</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="p">{</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="n">property</span><span class="p">:</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="n">value</span><span class="p">;</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="p">}</span>
+<a id="__codelineno-51-8" name="__codelineno-51-8"></a><span class="p">}</span>
+<a id="__codelineno-51-9" name="__codelineno-51-9"></a><span class="c">/* OR logic: At least one conditions should be true */</span>
+<a id="__codelineno-51-10" name="__codelineno-51-10"></a><span class="p">@</span><span class="k">media</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="nt">screen</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="nt">and</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="o">(</span><span class="nt">min-width</span><span class="o">:</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="nt">400px</span><span class="o">),</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="nt">screen</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="nt">and</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="o">(</span><span class="nt">orientation</span><span class="o">:</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="nt">landscape</span><span class="o">)</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="p">{</span>
+<a id="__codelineno-51-11" name="__codelineno-51-11"></a><span class="w">    </span><span class="nt">selector</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="p">{</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="n">property</span><span class="p">:</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="n">value</span><span class="p">;</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="p">}</span>
+<a id="__codelineno-51-12" name="__codelineno-51-12"></a><span class="p">}</span>
+<a id="__codelineno-51-13" name="__codelineno-51-13"></a>
+<a id="__codelineno-51-14" name="__codelineno-51-14"></a><span class="c">/* NOT logic: Negates the entire condition */</span>
+<a id="__codelineno-51-15" name="__codelineno-51-15"></a><span class="p">@</span><span class="k">media</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="nt">not</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="nt">all</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="nt">and</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="o">(</span><span class="nt">orientation</span><span class="o">:</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="nt">landscape</span><span class="o">)</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="p">{</span>
+<a id="__codelineno-51-16" name="__codelineno-51-16"></a><span class="w">    </span><span class="nt">selector</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="p">{</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="n">property</span><span class="p">:</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="n">value</span><span class="p">;</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="p">}</span>
+<a id="__codelineno-51-17" name="__codelineno-51-17"></a><span class="p">}</span>
+</code></pre></div></td></tr></table></div>
+<p>Types:</p>
+<ul>
+<li><code>all</code>: all media type devices.</li>
+<li><code>print</code>: printers.</li>
+<li><code>screen</code>: computer screens, tablets, smart-phones, etc.</li>
+<li><code>speech</code>: screen readers that "reads" the page out loud.</li>
+</ul>
+<p>Features:</p>
+<ul>
+<li><code>width</code></li>
+<li><code>min-width</code></li>
+<li><code>max-width</code></li>
+<li><code>height</code></li>
+<li><code>min-height</code></li>
+<li><code>max-height</code></li>
+<li><code>orientation</code></li>
+</ul>
+<p>It's possible to specify a media attribute in the link element. This applies a whole stylesheet when the condition is true:</p>
+<div class="highlight"><table class="highlighttable"><tr><th colspan="2" class="filename"><span class="filename">HTML</span></th></tr><tr><td class="linenos"><div class="linenodiv"><pre><span></span><span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-52-1">1</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-52-2">2</a></span></pre></div></td><td class="code"><div><pre><span></span><code><a id="__codelineno-52-1" name="__codelineno-52-1"></a><span class="p">&lt;</span><span class="nt">link</span> <span class="na">rel</span><span class="o">=</span><span class="s">&quot;stylesheet&quot;</span> <span class="na">media</span><span class="o">=</span><span class="s">&quot;screen and (min-width: 900px)&quot;</span> <span class="na">href</span><span class="o">=</span><span class="s">&quot;widescreen.css&quot;</span><span class="p">&gt;</span>
+<a id="__codelineno-52-2" name="__codelineno-52-2"></a><span class="p">&lt;</span><span class="nt">link</span> <span class="na">rel</span><span class="o">=</span><span class="s">&quot;stylesheet&quot;</span> <span class="na">media</span><span class="o">=</span><span class="s">&quot;screen and (max-width: 600px)&quot;</span> <span class="na">href</span><span class="o">=</span><span class="s">&quot;smallscreen.css&quot;</span><span class="p">&gt;</span>
+</code></pre></div></td></tr></table></div>
+<p>It's also possible to have different stylesheets based on media type:</p>
+<div class="highlight"><table class="highlighttable"><tr><th colspan="2" class="filename"><span class="filename">HTML</span></th></tr><tr><td class="linenos"><div class="linenodiv"><pre><span></span><span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-53-1">1</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-53-2">2</a></span></pre></div></td><td class="code"><div><pre><span></span><code><a id="__codelineno-53-1" name="__codelineno-53-1"></a><span class="p">&lt;</span><span class="nt">link</span> <span class="na">rel</span><span class="o">=</span><span class="s">&quot;stylesheet&quot;</span> <span class="na">type</span><span class="o">=</span><span class="s">&quot;text/css&quot;</span> <span class="na">href</span><span class="o">=</span><span class="s">&quot;screen.css&quot;</span> <span class="na">media</span><span class="o">=</span><span class="s">&quot;screen&quot;</span><span class="p">&gt;</span>
+<a id="__codelineno-53-2" name="__codelineno-53-2"></a><span class="p">&lt;</span><span class="nt">link</span> <span class="na">rel</span><span class="o">=</span><span class="s">&quot;stylesheet&quot;</span> <span class="na">type</span><span class="o">=</span><span class="s">&quot;text/css&quot;</span> <span class="na">href</span><span class="o">=</span><span class="s">&quot;print.css&quot;</span> <span class="na">media</span><span class="o">=</span><span class="s">&quot;print&quot;</span><span class="p">&gt;</span>
+</code></pre></div></td></tr></table></div>
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+  
+  
+
+
+
+
+
+
+                
+              </article>
+            </div>
+          
+          
+<script>var target=document.getElementById(location.hash.slice(1));target&&target.name&&(target.checked=target.name.startsWith("__tabbed_"))</script>
+        </div>
+        
+          <button type="button" class="md-top md-icon" data-md-component="top" hidden>
+  
+  <svg xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" viewBox="0 0 24 24"><path d="M13 20h-2V8l-5.5 5.5-1.42-1.42L12 4.16l7.92 7.92-1.42 1.42L13 8z"/></svg>
+  Back to top
+</button>
+        
+      </main>
+      
+        <footer class="md-footer">
+  
+    
+      
+      <nav class="md-footer__inner md-grid" aria-label="Footer" >
+        
+          
+          <a href="../markdown.html" class="md-footer__link md-footer__link--prev" aria-label="Previous: Markdown">
+            <div class="md-footer__button md-icon">
+              
+              <svg xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" viewBox="0 0 24 24"><path d="M20 11v2H8l5.5 5.5-1.42 1.42L4.16 12l7.92-7.92L13.5 5.5 8 11z"/></svg>
+            </div>
+            <div class="md-footer__title">
+              <span class="md-footer__direction">
+                Previous
+              </span>
+              <div class="md-ellipsis">
+                Markdown
+              </div>
+            </div>
+          </a>
+        
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new file mode 100644
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+    <li class="md-nav__item">
+      <a href="../../python/libs/tkinter.html" class="md-nav__link">
+        
+  
+  <span class="md-ellipsis">
+    TKinter
+  </span>
+  
+
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+    </li>
+  
+
+              
+            
+              
+                
+  
+  
+  
+  
+    <li class="md-nav__item">
+      <a href="../../python/libs/numpy.html" class="md-nav__link">
+        
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+  <span class="md-ellipsis">
+    Numpy
+  </span>
+  
+
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+    </li>
+  
+
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+              
+                
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+  
+  
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+    <li class="md-nav__item">
+      <a href="../../python/libs/pandas.html" class="md-nav__link">
+        
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+  <span class="md-ellipsis">
+    Pandas
+  </span>
+  
+
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+    </li>
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+
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+  
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+    <li class="md-nav__item">
+      <a href="../../python/libs/seaborn.html" class="md-nav__link">
+        
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+  <span class="md-ellipsis">
+    Seaborn
+  </span>
+  
+
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+    </li>
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+
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+              
+                
+  
+  
+  
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+    <li class="md-nav__item">
+      <a href="../../python/libs/requests.html" class="md-nav__link">
+        
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+  <span class="md-ellipsis">
+    Requests
+  </span>
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+
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+    <li class="md-nav__item">
+      <a href="../../python/libs/beautiful-soup.html" class="md-nav__link">
+        
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+  <span class="md-ellipsis">
+    Beatiful Soup
+  </span>
+  
+
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+    </li>
+  
+
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+          </ul>
+        </nav>
+      
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+    
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+        
+      
+        
+      
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+      
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+          <label class="md-nav__link" for="__nav_4_9" id="__nav_4_9_label" tabindex="">
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+  <span class="md-ellipsis">
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+            
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+  
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+            
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+  <span class="md-ellipsis">
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+    <li class="md-nav__item">
+      <a href="../csharp/csharp.html" class="md-nav__link">
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+    C#
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+  
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+    <li class="md-nav__item">
+      <a href="../csharp/linq.html" class="md-nav__link">
+        
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+  <span class="md-ellipsis">
+    Linq
+  </span>
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+              
+                
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+  
+  
+    <li class="md-nav__item">
+      <a href="../csharp/collections.html" class="md-nav__link">
+        
+  
+  <span class="md-ellipsis">
+    Collections
+  </span>
+  
+
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+    </li>
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+
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+              
+                
+  
+  
+  
+  
+    <li class="md-nav__item">
+      <a href="../csharp/reactive-extensions.html" class="md-nav__link">
+        
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+  <span class="md-ellipsis">
+    Reactive Extensions
+  </span>
+  
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+
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+    <li class="md-nav__item">
+      <a href="../csharp/async-programming.html" class="md-nav__link">
+        
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+  <span class="md-ellipsis">
+    Async Programming
+  </span>
+  
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+
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+    <li class="md-nav__item">
+      <a href="../csharp/unit-tests.html" class="md-nav__link">
+        
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+  <span class="md-ellipsis">
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+
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+          </ul>
+        </nav>
+      
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+  
+
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+  
+  
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+    
+      
+        
+      
+        
+      
+        
+      
+        
+      
+        
+      
+        
+      
+        
+      
+    
+    
+      
+      
+        
+      
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+            
+  
+  <span class="md-ellipsis">
+    ASP.NET
+  </span>
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+        
+        <nav class="md-nav" data-md-level="3" aria-labelledby="__nav_4_9_2_label" aria-expanded="true">
+          <label class="md-nav__title" for="__nav_4_9_2">
+            <span class="md-nav__icon md-icon"></span>
+            ASP.NET
+          </label>
+          <ul class="md-nav__list" data-md-scrollfix>
+            
+              
+                
+  
+  
+  
+  
+    <li class="md-nav__item">
+      <a href="minimal-api.html" class="md-nav__link">
+        
+  
+  <span class="md-ellipsis">
+    Minimal API
+  </span>
+  
+
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+    </li>
+  
+
+              
+            
+              
+                
+  
+  
+  
+  
+    <li class="md-nav__item">
+      <a href="filters.html" class="md-nav__link">
+        
+  
+  <span class="md-ellipsis">
+    FIlters
+  </span>
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+    </li>
+  
+
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+  
+  
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+    <li class="md-nav__item">
+      <a href="middleware.html" class="md-nav__link">
+        
+  
+  <span class="md-ellipsis">
+    Middleware
+  </span>
+  
+
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+    </li>
+  
+
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+              
+                
+  
+  
+  
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+    <li class="md-nav__item">
+      <a href="razor-syntax.html" class="md-nav__link">
+        
+  
+  <span class="md-ellipsis">
+    Razor Syntax
+  </span>
+  
+
+      </a>
+    </li>
+  
+
+              
+            
+              
+                
+  
+  
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+    <li class="md-nav__item md-nav__item--active">
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+      
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+      
+        <label class="md-nav__link md-nav__link--active" for="__toc">
+          
+  
+  <span class="md-ellipsis">
+    Blazor
+  </span>
+  
+
+          <span class="md-nav__icon md-icon"></span>
+        </label>
+      
+      <a href="blazor.html" class="md-nav__link md-nav__link--active">
+        
+  
+  <span class="md-ellipsis">
+    Blazor
+  </span>
+  
+
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+      
+        
+
+<nav class="md-nav md-nav--secondary" aria-label="Table of contents">
+  
+  
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+    
+  
+  
+    <label class="md-nav__title" for="__toc">
+      <span class="md-nav__icon md-icon"></span>
+      Table of contents
+    </label>
+    <ul class="md-nav__list" data-md-component="toc" data-md-scrollfix>
+      
+        <li class="md-nav__item">
+  <a href="#components-razor" class="md-nav__link">
+    <span class="md-ellipsis">
+      Components (.razor)
+    </span>
+  </a>
+  
+</li>
+      
+        <li class="md-nav__item">
+  <a href="#state-management" class="md-nav__link">
+    <span class="md-ellipsis">
+      State Management
+    </span>
+  </a>
+  
+</li>
+      
+        <li class="md-nav__item">
+  <a href="#passing-state-with-navigationmanager" class="md-nav__link">
+    <span class="md-ellipsis">
+      Passing state with NavigationManager
+    </span>
+  </a>
+  
+    <nav class="md-nav" aria-label="Passing state with NavigationManager">
+      <ul class="md-nav__list">
+        
+          <li class="md-nav__item">
+  <a href="#blazor-wasm" class="md-nav__link">
+    <span class="md-ellipsis">
+      Blazor WASM
+    </span>
+  </a>
+  
+</li>
+        
+      </ul>
+    </nav>
+  
+</li>
+      
+        <li class="md-nav__item">
+  <a href="#data-binding-events" class="md-nav__link">
+    <span class="md-ellipsis">
+      Data Binding &amp; Events
+    </span>
+  </a>
+  
+</li>
+      
+        <li class="md-nav__item">
+  <a href="#javascriptnet-interop" class="md-nav__link">
+    <span class="md-ellipsis">
+      Javascript/.NET Interop
+    </span>
+  </a>
+  
+    <nav class="md-nav" aria-label="Javascript/.NET Interop">
+      <ul class="md-nav__list">
+        
+          <li class="md-nav__item">
+  <a href="#render-blazor-components-from-javascript" class="md-nav__link">
+    <span class="md-ellipsis">
+      Render Blazor components from JavaScript
+    </span>
+  </a>
+  
+</li>
+        
+          <li class="md-nav__item">
+  <a href="#blazor-custom-elements" class="md-nav__link">
+    <span class="md-ellipsis">
+      Blazor custom elements
+    </span>
+  </a>
+  
+</li>
+        
+      </ul>
+    </nav>
+  
+</li>
+      
+    </ul>
+  
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+      
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+
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+            
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+  
+  
+    <li class="md-nav__item">
+      <a href="signalr.html" class="md-nav__link">
+        
+  
+  <span class="md-ellipsis">
+    SignalR
+  </span>
+  
+
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+
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+  
+  
+    <li class="md-nav__item">
+      <a href="web-forms.html" class="md-nav__link">
+        
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+  <span class="md-ellipsis">
+    Web Forms
+  </span>
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+      
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+  <span class="md-ellipsis">
+    Database
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+    <li class="md-nav__item">
+      <a href="../database/ado.net.html" class="md-nav__link">
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+    ADO.NET
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+      <a href="../database/entity-framework.html" class="md-nav__link">
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+      <a href="../../java/java.html" class="md-nav__link">
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+  <span class="md-ellipsis">
+    Java
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+  
+    <li class="md-nav__item">
+      <a href="../../java/java-collection-framework.html" class="md-nav__link">
+        
+  
+  <span class="md-ellipsis">
+    Java Collection Framework
+  </span>
+  
+
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+    </li>
+  
+
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+              
+                
+  
+  
+  
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+    <li class="md-nav__item">
+      <a href="../../java/dao.html" class="md-nav__link">
+        
+  
+  <span class="md-ellipsis">
+    DAO
+  </span>
+  
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+  
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+                
+  
+  
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+    <li class="md-nav__item">
+      <a href="../../java/web/servlet.html" class="md-nav__link">
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+  <span class="md-ellipsis">
+    Serverlet
+  </span>
+  
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+            
+  
+  <span class="md-ellipsis">
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+        <nav class="md-nav" data-md-level="4" aria-labelledby="__nav_4_10_4_2_label" aria-expanded="false">
+          <label class="md-nav__title" for="__nav_4_10_4_2">
+            <span class="md-nav__icon md-icon"></span>
+            Spring
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+            
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+      <a href="../../java/spring/pom.xml.html" class="md-nav__link">
+        
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+  <span class="md-ellipsis">
+    POM
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+      <a href="../../java/spring/spring-project.html" class="md-nav__link">
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+      
+        
+      
+        
+      
+        
+      
+        
+      
+        
+      
+    
+    
+      
+      
+        
+          
+          
+        
+      
+    
+    
+    <li class="md-nav__item md-nav__item--section md-nav__item--nested">
+      
+        
+        
+        <input class="md-nav__toggle md-toggle " type="checkbox" id="__nav_4_11" >
+        
+          
+          <label class="md-nav__link" for="__nav_4_11" id="__nav_4_11_label" tabindex="">
+            
+  
+  <span class="md-ellipsis">
+    PHP
+  </span>
+  
+
+            <span class="md-nav__icon md-icon"></span>
+          </label>
+        
+        <nav class="md-nav" data-md-level="2" aria-labelledby="__nav_4_11_label" aria-expanded="false">
+          <label class="md-nav__title" for="__nav_4_11">
+            <span class="md-nav__icon md-icon"></span>
+            PHP
+          </label>
+          <ul class="md-nav__list" data-md-scrollfix>
+            
+              
+                
+  
+  
+  
+  
+    <li class="md-nav__item">
+      <a href="../../php/php.html" class="md-nav__link">
+        
+  
+  <span class="md-ellipsis">
+    PHP
+  </span>
+  
+
+      </a>
+    </li>
+  
+
+              
+            
+              
+                
+  
+  
+  
+  
+    <li class="md-nav__item">
+      <a href="../../php/database.html" class="md-nav__link">
+        
+  
+  <span class="md-ellipsis">
+    Database
+  </span>
+  
+
+      </a>
+    </li>
+  
+
+              
+            
+              
+                
+  
+  
+  
+  
+    <li class="md-nav__item">
+      <a href="../../php/web.html" class="md-nav__link">
+        
+  
+  <span class="md-ellipsis">
+    Web
+  </span>
+  
+
+      </a>
+    </li>
+  
+
+              
+            
+              
+                
+  
+  
+  
+  
+    <li class="md-nav__item">
+      <a href="../../php/dependency-injection.html" class="md-nav__link">
+        
+  
+  <span class="md-ellipsis">
+    Dependency Injection
+  </span>
+  
+
+      </a>
+    </li>
+  
+
+              
+            
+              
+                
+  
+  
+  
+  
+    <li class="md-nav__item">
+      <a href="../../php/unit-tests.html" class="md-nav__link">
+        
+  
+  <span class="md-ellipsis">
+    Unit Tests
+  </span>
+  
+
+      </a>
+    </li>
+  
+
+              
+            
+              
+                
+  
+  
+  
+  
+    <li class="md-nav__item">
+      <a href="../../php/composer.html" class="md-nav__link">
+        
+  
+  <span class="md-ellipsis">
+    Composer
+  </span>
+  
+
+      </a>
+    </li>
+  
+
+              
+            
+              
+                
+  
+  
+  
+  
+    <li class="md-nav__item">
+      <a href="../../php/psr-7.html" class="md-nav__link">
+        
+  
+  <span class="md-ellipsis">
+    PSR 7
+  </span>
+  
+
+      </a>
+    </li>
+  
+
+              
+            
+              
+                
+  
+  
+  
+  
+    <li class="md-nav__item">
+      <a href="../../php/plates-templating.html" class="md-nav__link">
+        
+  
+  <span class="md-ellipsis">
+    Plates
+  </span>
+  
+
+      </a>
+    </li>
+  
+
+              
+            
+              
+                
+  
+  
+  
+  
+    
+    
+      
+        
+      
+        
+      
+    
+    
+      
+      
+        
+      
+    
+    
+    <li class="md-nav__item md-nav__item--nested">
+      
+        
+        
+        <input class="md-nav__toggle md-toggle " type="checkbox" id="__nav_4_11_9" >
+        
+          
+          <label class="md-nav__link" for="__nav_4_11_9" id="__nav_4_11_9_label" tabindex="0">
+            
+  
+  <span class="md-ellipsis">
+    Simple MVC
+  </span>
+  
+
+            <span class="md-nav__icon md-icon"></span>
+          </label>
+        
+        <nav class="md-nav" data-md-level="3" aria-labelledby="__nav_4_11_9_label" aria-expanded="false">
+          <label class="md-nav__title" for="__nav_4_11_9">
+            <span class="md-nav__icon md-icon"></span>
+            Simple MVC
+          </label>
+          <ul class="md-nav__list" data-md-scrollfix>
+            
+              
+                
+  
+  
+  
+  
+    <li class="md-nav__item">
+      <a href="../../php/simple-mvc/simple-mvc.html" class="md-nav__link">
+        
+  
+  <span class="md-ellipsis">
+    Simple MVC
+  </span>
+  
+
+      </a>
+    </li>
+  
+
+              
+            
+              
+                
+  
+  
+  
+  
+    <li class="md-nav__item">
+      <a href="../../php/simple-mvc/rest-api.html" class="md-nav__link">
+        
+  
+  <span class="md-ellipsis">
+    REST API
+  </span>
+  
+
+      </a>
+    </li>
+  
+
+              
+            
+          </ul>
+        </nav>
+      
+    </li>
+  
+
+              
+            
+          </ul>
+        </nav>
+      
+    </li>
+  
+
+              
+            
+              
+                
+  
+  
+  
+  
+    
+    
+      
+        
+      
+        
+      
+        
+      
+        
+      
+        
+      
+    
+    
+      
+      
+        
+          
+          
+        
+      
+    
+    
+    <li class="md-nav__item md-nav__item--section md-nav__item--nested">
+      
+        
+        
+        <input class="md-nav__toggle md-toggle " type="checkbox" id="__nav_4_12" >
+        
+          
+          <label class="md-nav__link" for="__nav_4_12" id="__nav_4_12_label" tabindex="">
+            
+  
+  <span class="md-ellipsis">
+    Rust
+  </span>
+  
+
+            <span class="md-nav__icon md-icon"></span>
+          </label>
+        
+        <nav class="md-nav" data-md-level="2" aria-labelledby="__nav_4_12_label" aria-expanded="false">
+          <label class="md-nav__title" for="__nav_4_12">
+            <span class="md-nav__icon md-icon"></span>
+            Rust
+          </label>
+          <ul class="md-nav__list" data-md-scrollfix>
+            
+              
+                
+  
+  
+  
+  
+    <li class="md-nav__item">
+      <a href="../../rust/rust.html" class="md-nav__link">
+        
+  
+  <span class="md-ellipsis">
+    Rust
+  </span>
+  
+
+      </a>
+    </li>
+  
+
+              
+            
+              
+                
+  
+  
+  
+  
+    <li class="md-nav__item">
+      <a href="../../rust/macros.html" class="md-nav__link">
+        
+  
+  <span class="md-ellipsis">
+    Macros
+  </span>
+  
+
+      </a>
+    </li>
+  
+
+              
+            
+              
+                
+  
+  
+  
+  
+    <li class="md-nav__item">
+      <a href="../../rust/cargo.html" class="md-nav__link">
+        
+  
+  <span class="md-ellipsis">
+    Cargo
+  </span>
+  
+
+      </a>
+    </li>
+  
+
+              
+            
+              
+                
+  
+  
+  
+  
+    <li class="md-nav__item">
+      <a href="../../rust/concurrency.html" class="md-nav__link">
+        
+  
+  <span class="md-ellipsis">
+    Concurrency
+  </span>
+  
+
+      </a>
+    </li>
+  
+
+              
+            
+              
+                
+  
+  
+  
+  
+    <li class="md-nav__item">
+      <a href="../../rust/unit-tests.html" class="md-nav__link">
+        
+  
+  <span class="md-ellipsis">
+    Unit Tests
+  </span>
+  
+
+      </a>
+    </li>
+  
+
+              
+            
+          </ul>
+        </nav>
+      
+    </li>
+  
+
+              
+            
+              
+                
+  
+  
+  
+  
+    
+    
+      
+        
+      
+        
+      
+        
+      
+        
+      
+        
+      
+        
+      
+        
+      
+    
+    
+      
+      
+        
+          
+          
+        
+      
+    
+    
+    <li class="md-nav__item md-nav__item--section md-nav__item--nested">
+      
+        
+        
+        <input class="md-nav__toggle md-toggle " type="checkbox" id="__nav_4_13" >
+        
+          
+          <label class="md-nav__link" for="__nav_4_13" id="__nav_4_13_label" tabindex="">
+            
+  
+  <span class="md-ellipsis">
+    Javascript
+  </span>
+  
+
+            <span class="md-nav__icon md-icon"></span>
+          </label>
+        
+        <nav class="md-nav" data-md-level="2" aria-labelledby="__nav_4_13_label" aria-expanded="false">
+          <label class="md-nav__title" for="__nav_4_13">
+            <span class="md-nav__icon md-icon"></span>
+            Javascript
+          </label>
+          <ul class="md-nav__list" data-md-scrollfix>
+            
+              
+                
+  
+  
+  
+  
+    <li class="md-nav__item">
+      <a href="../../javascript/javascript.html" class="md-nav__link">
+        
+  
+  <span class="md-ellipsis">
+    Javascript
+  </span>
+  
+
+      </a>
+    </li>
+  
+
+              
+            
+              
+                
+  
+  
+  
+  
+    <li class="md-nav__item">
+      <a href="../../javascript/dom.html" class="md-nav__link">
+        
+  
+  <span class="md-ellipsis">
+    DOM
+  </span>
+  
+
+      </a>
+    </li>
+  
+
+              
+            
+              
+                
+  
+  
+  
+  
+    <li class="md-nav__item">
+      <a href="../../javascript/events-animation.html" class="md-nav__link">
+        
+  
+  <span class="md-ellipsis">
+    Events & Animation
+  </span>
+  
+
+      </a>
+    </li>
+  
+
+              
+            
+              
+                
+  
+  
+  
+  
+    <li class="md-nav__item">
+      <a href="../../javascript/ajax.html" class="md-nav__link">
+        
+  
+  <span class="md-ellipsis">
+    AJAX
+  </span>
+  
+
+      </a>
+    </li>
+  
+
+              
+            
+              
+                
+  
+  
+  
+  
+    <li class="md-nav__item">
+      <a href="../../javascript/jquery.html" class="md-nav__link">
+        
+  
+  <span class="md-ellipsis">
+    jQuery
+  </span>
+  
+
+      </a>
+    </li>
+  
+
+              
+            
+              
+                
+  
+  
+  
+  
+    
+    
+      
+        
+      
+        
+      
+        
+      
+        
+      
+        
+      
+    
+    
+      
+      
+        
+      
+    
+    
+    <li class="md-nav__item md-nav__item--nested">
+      
+        
+        
+        <input class="md-nav__toggle md-toggle " type="checkbox" id="__nav_4_13_6" >
+        
+          
+          <label class="md-nav__link" for="__nav_4_13_6" id="__nav_4_13_6_label" tabindex="0">
+            
+  
+  <span class="md-ellipsis">
+    React
+  </span>
+  
+
+            <span class="md-nav__icon md-icon"></span>
+          </label>
+        
+        <nav class="md-nav" data-md-level="3" aria-labelledby="__nav_4_13_6_label" aria-expanded="false">
+          <label class="md-nav__title" for="__nav_4_13_6">
+            <span class="md-nav__icon md-icon"></span>
+            React
+          </label>
+          <ul class="md-nav__list" data-md-scrollfix>
+            
+              
+                
+  
+  
+  
+  
+    <li class="md-nav__item">
+      <a href="../../javascript/react/react.html" class="md-nav__link">
+        
+  
+  <span class="md-ellipsis">
+    React
+  </span>
+  
+
+      </a>
+    </li>
+  
+
+              
+            
+              
+                
+  
+  
+  
+  
+    <li class="md-nav__item">
+      <a href="../../javascript/react/react-router.html" class="md-nav__link">
+        
+  
+  <span class="md-ellipsis">
+    React Router
+  </span>
+  
+
+      </a>
+    </li>
+  
+
+              
+            
+              
+                
+  
+  
+  
+  
+    <li class="md-nav__item">
+      <a href="../../javascript/react/react-tests.html" class="md-nav__link">
+        
+  
+  <span class="md-ellipsis">
+    React Tests
+  </span>
+  
+
+      </a>
+    </li>
+  
+
+              
+            
+              
+                
+  
+  
+  
+  
+    <li class="md-nav__item">
+      <a href="../../javascript/react/redux.html" class="md-nav__link">
+        
+  
+  <span class="md-ellipsis">
+    Redux
+  </span>
+  
+
+      </a>
+    </li>
+  
+
+              
+            
+              
+                
+  
+  
+  
+  
+    <li class="md-nav__item">
+      <a href="../../javascript/react/redux-tests.html" class="md-nav__link">
+        
+  
+  <span class="md-ellipsis">
+    Redux Tests
+  </span>
+  
+
+      </a>
+    </li>
+  
+
+              
+            
+          </ul>
+        </nav>
+      
+    </li>
+  
+
+              
+            
+              
+                
+  
+  
+  
+  
+    <li class="md-nav__item">
+      <a href="../../javascript/svelte/svelte.html" class="md-nav__link">
+        
+  
+  <span class="md-ellipsis">
+    Svelte
+  </span>
+  
+
+      </a>
+    </li>
+  
+
+              
+            
+          </ul>
+        </nav>
+      
+    </li>
+  
+
+              
+            
+              
+                
+  
+  
+  
+  
+    
+    
+      
+        
+      
+        
+      
+    
+    
+      
+      
+        
+          
+          
+        
+      
+    
+    
+    <li class="md-nav__item md-nav__item--section md-nav__item--nested">
+      
+        
+        
+        <input class="md-nav__toggle md-toggle " type="checkbox" id="__nav_4_14" >
+        
+          
+          <label class="md-nav__link" for="__nav_4_14" id="__nav_4_14_label" tabindex="">
+            
+  
+  <span class="md-ellipsis">
+    PowerShell
+  </span>
+  
+
+            <span class="md-nav__icon md-icon"></span>
+          </label>
+        
+        <nav class="md-nav" data-md-level="2" aria-labelledby="__nav_4_14_label" aria-expanded="false">
+          <label class="md-nav__title" for="__nav_4_14">
+            <span class="md-nav__icon md-icon"></span>
+            PowerShell
+          </label>
+          <ul class="md-nav__list" data-md-scrollfix>
+            
+              
+                
+  
+  
+  
+  
+    <li class="md-nav__item">
+      <a href="../../powershell/scripting.html" class="md-nav__link">
+        
+  
+  <span class="md-ellipsis">
+    Scripting
+  </span>
+  
+
+      </a>
+    </li>
+  
+
+              
+            
+              
+                
+  
+  
+  
+  
+    <li class="md-nav__item">
+      <a href="../../powershell/commands.html" class="md-nav__link">
+        
+  
+  <span class="md-ellipsis">
+    Commands
+  </span>
+  
+
+      </a>
+    </li>
+  
+
+              
+            
+          </ul>
+        </nav>
+      
+    </li>
+  
+
+              
+            
+              
+                
+  
+  
+  
+  
+    
+    
+      
+        
+      
+        
+      
+    
+    
+      
+      
+        
+          
+          
+        
+      
+    
+    
+    <li class="md-nav__item md-nav__item--section md-nav__item--nested">
+      
+        
+        
+        <input class="md-nav__toggle md-toggle " type="checkbox" id="__nav_4_15" >
+        
+          
+          <label class="md-nav__link" for="__nav_4_15" id="__nav_4_15_label" tabindex="">
+            
+  
+  <span class="md-ellipsis">
+    Bash
+  </span>
+  
+
+            <span class="md-nav__icon md-icon"></span>
+          </label>
+        
+        <nav class="md-nav" data-md-level="2" aria-labelledby="__nav_4_15_label" aria-expanded="false">
+          <label class="md-nav__title" for="__nav_4_15">
+            <span class="md-nav__icon md-icon"></span>
+            Bash
+          </label>
+          <ul class="md-nav__list" data-md-scrollfix>
+            
+              
+                
+  
+  
+  
+  
+    <li class="md-nav__item">
+      <a href="../../bash/scripting.html" class="md-nav__link">
+        
+  
+  <span class="md-ellipsis">
+    Scripting
+  </span>
+  
+
+      </a>
+    </li>
+  
+
+              
+            
+              
+                
+  
+  
+  
+  
+    <li class="md-nav__item">
+      <a href="../../bash/commands.html" class="md-nav__link">
+        
+  
+  <span class="md-ellipsis">
+    Commands
+  </span>
+  
+
+      </a>
+    </li>
+  
+
+              
+            
+          </ul>
+        </nav>
+      
+    </li>
+  
+
+              
+            
+          </ul>
+        </nav>
+      
+    </li>
+  
+
+    
+      
+      
+  
+  
+  
+  
+    
+    
+      
+        
+      
+        
+      
+        
+      
+        
+      
+        
+      
+    
+    
+      
+      
+        
+      
+    
+    
+    <li class="md-nav__item md-nav__item--nested">
+      
+        
+        
+        <input class="md-nav__toggle md-toggle " type="checkbox" id="__nav_5" >
+        
+          
+          <label class="md-nav__link" for="__nav_5" id="__nav_5_label" tabindex="0">
+            
+  
+  <span class="md-ellipsis">
+    Misc
+  </span>
+  
+
+            <span class="md-nav__icon md-icon"></span>
+          </label>
+        
+        <nav class="md-nav" data-md-level="1" aria-labelledby="__nav_5_label" aria-expanded="false">
+          <label class="md-nav__title" for="__nav_5">
+            <span class="md-nav__icon md-icon"></span>
+            Misc
+          </label>
+          <ul class="md-nav__list" data-md-scrollfix>
+            
+              
+                
+  
+  
+  
+  
+    <li class="md-nav__item">
+      <a href="../../../misc/git.html" class="md-nav__link">
+        
+  
+  <span class="md-ellipsis">
+    Git
+  </span>
+  
+
+      </a>
+    </li>
+  
+
+              
+            
+              
+                
+  
+  
+  
+  
+    <li class="md-nav__item">
+      <a href="../../../misc/graph-ql.html" class="md-nav__link">
+        
+  
+  <span class="md-ellipsis">
+    GraphQL
+  </span>
+  
+
+      </a>
+    </li>
+  
+
+              
+            
+              
+                
+  
+  
+  
+  
+    <li class="md-nav__item">
+      <a href="../../../misc/regular-expressions.html" class="md-nav__link">
+        
+  
+  <span class="md-ellipsis">
+    RegEx
+  </span>
+  
+
+      </a>
+    </li>
+  
+
+              
+            
+              
+                
+  
+  
+  
+  
+    <li class="md-nav__item">
+      <a href="../../../misc/ssh.html" class="md-nav__link">
+        
+  
+  <span class="md-ellipsis">
+    SSH
+  </span>
+  
+
+      </a>
+    </li>
+  
+
+              
+            
+              
+                
+  
+  
+  
+  
+    <li class="md-nav__item">
+      <a href="../../../misc/web-components.html" class="md-nav__link">
+        
+  
+  <span class="md-ellipsis">
+    WebComponents
+  </span>
+  
+
+      </a>
+    </li>
+  
+
+              
+            
+          </ul>
+        </nav>
+      
+    </li>
+  
+
+    
+      
+      
+  
+  
+  
+  
+    
+    
+      
+        
+      
+        
+      
+    
+    
+      
+      
+        
+      
+    
+    
+    <li class="md-nav__item md-nav__item--nested">
+      
+        
+        
+        <input class="md-nav__toggle md-toggle " type="checkbox" id="__nav_6" >
+        
+          
+          <label class="md-nav__link" for="__nav_6" id="__nav_6_label" tabindex="0">
+            
+  
+  <span class="md-ellipsis">
+    Linux
+  </span>
+  
+
+            <span class="md-nav__icon md-icon"></span>
+          </label>
+        
+        <nav class="md-nav" data-md-level="1" aria-labelledby="__nav_6_label" aria-expanded="false">
+          <label class="md-nav__title" for="__nav_6">
+            <span class="md-nav__icon md-icon"></span>
+            Linux
+          </label>
+          <ul class="md-nav__list" data-md-scrollfix>
+            
+              
+                
+  
+  
+  
+  
+    
+    
+      
+        
+      
+        
+      
+        
+      
+    
+    
+      
+      
+        
+      
+    
+    
+    <li class="md-nav__item md-nav__item--nested">
+      
+        
+        
+        <input class="md-nav__toggle md-toggle " type="checkbox" id="__nav_6_1" >
+        
+          
+          <label class="md-nav__link" for="__nav_6_1" id="__nav_6_1_label" tabindex="0">
+            
+  
+  <span class="md-ellipsis">
+    Filesystem
+  </span>
+  
+
+            <span class="md-nav__icon md-icon"></span>
+          </label>
+        
+        <nav class="md-nav" data-md-level="2" aria-labelledby="__nav_6_1_label" aria-expanded="false">
+          <label class="md-nav__title" for="__nav_6_1">
+            <span class="md-nav__icon md-icon"></span>
+            Filesystem
+          </label>
+          <ul class="md-nav__list" data-md-scrollfix>
+            
+              
+                
+  
+  
+  
+  
+    <li class="md-nav__item">
+      <a href="../../../linux/filesystem/file-links.html" class="md-nav__link">
+        
+  
+  <span class="md-ellipsis">
+    File Links
+  </span>
+  
+
+      </a>
+    </li>
+  
+
+              
+            
+              
+                
+  
+  
+  
+  
+    <li class="md-nav__item">
+      <a href="../../../linux/filesystem/procfs.html" class="md-nav__link">
+        
+  
+  <span class="md-ellipsis">
+    /proc
+  </span>
+  
+
+      </a>
+    </li>
+  
+
+              
+            
+              
+                
+  
+  
+  
+  
+    <li class="md-nav__item">
+      <a href="../../../linux/filesystem/sysfs.html" class="md-nav__link">
+        
+  
+  <span class="md-ellipsis">
+    /sys
+  </span>
+  
+
+      </a>
+    </li>
+  
+
+              
+            
+          </ul>
+        </nav>
+      
+    </li>
+  
+
+              
+            
+              
+                
+  
+  
+  
+  
+    
+    
+      
+        
+      
+        
+      
+    
+    
+      
+      
+        
+      
+    
+    
+    <li class="md-nav__item md-nav__item--nested">
+      
+        
+        
+        <input class="md-nav__toggle md-toggle " type="checkbox" id="__nav_6_2" >
+        
+          
+          <label class="md-nav__link" for="__nav_6_2" id="__nav_6_2_label" tabindex="0">
+            
+  
+  <span class="md-ellipsis">
+    System Init
+  </span>
+  
+
+            <span class="md-nav__icon md-icon"></span>
+          </label>
+        
+        <nav class="md-nav" data-md-level="2" aria-labelledby="__nav_6_2_label" aria-expanded="false">
+          <label class="md-nav__title" for="__nav_6_2">
+            <span class="md-nav__icon md-icon"></span>
+            System Init
+          </label>
+          <ul class="md-nav__list" data-md-scrollfix>
+            
+              
+                
+  
+  
+  
+  
+    <li class="md-nav__item">
+      <a href="../../../linux/init/systemd.html" class="md-nav__link">
+        
+  
+  <span class="md-ellipsis">
+    Systemd
+  </span>
+  
+
+      </a>
+    </li>
+  
+
+              
+            
+              
+                
+  
+  
+  
+  
+    <li class="md-nav__item">
+      <a href="../../../linux/init/open-rc.html" class="md-nav__link">
+        
+  
+  <span class="md-ellipsis">
+    OpenRC
+  </span>
+  
+
+      </a>
+    </li>
+  
+
+              
+            
+          </ul>
+        </nav>
+      
+    </li>
+  
+
+              
+            
+          </ul>
+        </nav>
+      
+    </li>
+  
+
+    
+  </ul>
+</nav>
+                  </div>
+                </div>
+              </div>
+            
+            
+              
+              <div class="md-sidebar md-sidebar--secondary" data-md-component="sidebar" data-md-type="toc" >
+                <div class="md-sidebar__scrollwrap">
+                  <div class="md-sidebar__inner">
+                    
+
+<nav class="md-nav md-nav--secondary" aria-label="Table of contents">
+  
+  
+  
+    
+  
+  
+    <label class="md-nav__title" for="__toc">
+      <span class="md-nav__icon md-icon"></span>
+      Table of contents
+    </label>
+    <ul class="md-nav__list" data-md-component="toc" data-md-scrollfix>
+      
+        <li class="md-nav__item">
+  <a href="#components-razor" class="md-nav__link">
+    <span class="md-ellipsis">
+      Components (.razor)
+    </span>
+  </a>
+  
+</li>
+      
+        <li class="md-nav__item">
+  <a href="#state-management" class="md-nav__link">
+    <span class="md-ellipsis">
+      State Management
+    </span>
+  </a>
+  
+</li>
+      
+        <li class="md-nav__item">
+  <a href="#passing-state-with-navigationmanager" class="md-nav__link">
+    <span class="md-ellipsis">
+      Passing state with NavigationManager
+    </span>
+  </a>
+  
+    <nav class="md-nav" aria-label="Passing state with NavigationManager">
+      <ul class="md-nav__list">
+        
+          <li class="md-nav__item">
+  <a href="#blazor-wasm" class="md-nav__link">
+    <span class="md-ellipsis">
+      Blazor WASM
+    </span>
+  </a>
+  
+</li>
+        
+      </ul>
+    </nav>
+  
+</li>
+      
+        <li class="md-nav__item">
+  <a href="#data-binding-events" class="md-nav__link">
+    <span class="md-ellipsis">
+      Data Binding &amp; Events
+    </span>
+  </a>
+  
+</li>
+      
+        <li class="md-nav__item">
+  <a href="#javascriptnet-interop" class="md-nav__link">
+    <span class="md-ellipsis">
+      Javascript/.NET Interop
+    </span>
+  </a>
+  
+    <nav class="md-nav" aria-label="Javascript/.NET Interop">
+      <ul class="md-nav__list">
+        
+          <li class="md-nav__item">
+  <a href="#render-blazor-components-from-javascript" class="md-nav__link">
+    <span class="md-ellipsis">
+      Render Blazor components from JavaScript
+    </span>
+  </a>
+  
+</li>
+        
+          <li class="md-nav__item">
+  <a href="#blazor-custom-elements" class="md-nav__link">
+    <span class="md-ellipsis">
+      Blazor custom elements
+    </span>
+  </a>
+  
+</li>
+        
+      </ul>
+    </nav>
+  
+</li>
+      
+    </ul>
+  
+</nav>
+                  </div>
+                </div>
+              </div>
+            
+          
+          
+            <div class="md-content" data-md-component="content">
+              <article class="md-content__inner md-typeset">
+                
+                  
+
+  
+  
+
+
+<h1 id="blazor">Blazor</h1>
+<p>Blazor apps are based on <em>components</em>. A <strong>component</strong> in Blazor is an element of UI, such as a page, dialog, or data entry form.</p>
+<p>Components are .NET C# classes built into .NET assemblies that:</p>
+<ul>
+<li>Define flexible UI rendering logic.</li>
+<li>Handle user events.</li>
+<li>Can be nested and reused.</li>
+<li>Can be shared and distributed as Razor class libraries or NuGet packages.</li>
+</ul>
+<p><img alt="Blazor Server Architecture" src="../../../img/dotnet_blazor-server.avif" />
+<img alt="Blazor WASM Architecture" src="../../../img/dotnet_blazor-webassembly.avif" /></p>
+<p>The component class is usually written in the form of a Razor markup page with a <code>.razor</code> file extension. Components in Blazor are formally referred to as <em>Razor components</em>.</p>
+<h2 id="components-razor">Components (<code>.razor</code>)</h2>
+<p><a href="https://docs.microsoft.com/en-us/aspnet/core/blazor/components/">Blazor Components</a></p>
+<div class="highlight"><table class="highlighttable"><tr><th colspan="2" class="filename"><span class="filename">C#</span></th></tr><tr><td class="linenos"><div class="linenodiv"><pre><span></span><span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-0-1"> 1</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-0-2"> 2</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-0-3"> 3</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-0-4"> 4</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-0-5"> 5</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-0-6"> 6</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-0-7"> 7</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-0-8"> 8</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-0-9"> 9</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-0-10">10</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-0-11">11</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-0-12">12</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-0-13">13</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-0-14">14</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-0-15">15</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-0-16">16</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-0-17">17</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-0-18">18</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-0-19">19</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-0-20">20</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-0-21">21</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-0-22">22</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-0-23">23</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-0-24">24</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-0-25">25</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-0-26">26</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-0-27">27</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-0-28">28</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-0-29">29</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-0-30">30</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-0-31">31</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-0-32">32</a></span></pre></div></td><td class="code"><div><pre><span></span><code><a id="__codelineno-0-1" name="__codelineno-0-1"></a><span class="n">@page</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="s">&quot;/route/{RouteParameter}&quot;</span><span class="w">  </span><span class="c1">// make component accessible from a URL</span>
+<a id="__codelineno-0-2" name="__codelineno-0-2"></a><span class="n">@page</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="s">&quot;/route/{RouteParameter?}&quot;</span><span class="w">  </span><span class="c1">// specify route parameter as optional</span>
+<a id="__codelineno-0-3" name="__codelineno-0-3"></a><span class="n">@page</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="s">&quot;/route/{RouteParameter:&lt;type&gt;}&quot;</span><span class="w">  </span><span class="c1">// specify route parameter type</span>
+<a id="__codelineno-0-4" name="__codelineno-0-4"></a>
+<a id="__codelineno-0-5" name="__codelineno-0-5"></a><span class="n">@namespace</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="o">&lt;</span><span class="n">Namespace</span><span class="o">&gt;</span><span class="w">  </span><span class="c1">// set the component namespace</span>
+<a id="__codelineno-0-6" name="__codelineno-0-6"></a><span class="n">@using</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="o">&lt;</span><span class="n">Namespace</span><span class="o">&gt;</span><span class="w">  </span><span class="c1">// using statement</span>
+<a id="__codelineno-0-7" name="__codelineno-0-7"></a><span class="n">@inherits</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="n">BaseType</span><span class="w">  </span><span class="c1">// inheritance</span>
+<a id="__codelineno-0-8" name="__codelineno-0-8"></a><span class="n">@attribute</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="p">[</span><span class="n">Attribute</span><span class="p">]</span><span class="w">  </span><span class="c1">// apply an attribute</span>
+<a id="__codelineno-0-9" name="__codelineno-0-9"></a><span class="n">@inject</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="n">Type</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="n">objectName</span><span class="w">  </span><span class="c1">// dependency injection</span>
+<a id="__codelineno-0-10" name="__codelineno-0-10"></a>
+<a id="__codelineno-0-11" name="__codelineno-0-11"></a><span class="c1">// html of the page here</span>
+<a id="__codelineno-0-12" name="__codelineno-0-12"></a>
+<a id="__codelineno-0-13" name="__codelineno-0-13"></a><span class="o">&lt;</span><span class="n">Namespace</span><span class="p">.</span><span class="n">ComponentFolder</span><span class="p">.</span><span class="n">Component</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="o">/&gt;</span><span class="w">  </span><span class="c1">// access component w/o @using</span>
+<a id="__codelineno-0-14" name="__codelineno-0-14"></a><span class="o">&lt;</span><span class="n">Component</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="n">Property</span><span class="o">=</span><span class="s">&quot;value&quot;</span><span class="o">/&gt;</span><span class="w">  </span><span class="c1">// insert component into page, passing attributes</span>
+<a id="__codelineno-0-15" name="__codelineno-0-15"></a><span class="o">&lt;</span><span class="n">Component</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="n">@onclick</span><span class="o">=</span><span class="s">&quot;@CallbackMethod&quot;</span><span class="o">&gt;</span>
+<a id="__codelineno-0-16" name="__codelineno-0-16"></a><span class="w">    </span><span class="n">@ChildContent</span><span class="w">  </span><span class="c1">// segment of UI content</span>
+<a id="__codelineno-0-17" name="__codelineno-0-17"></a><span class="o">&lt;/</span><span class="n">Component</span><span class="o">&gt;</span>
+<a id="__codelineno-0-18" name="__codelineno-0-18"></a>
+<a id="__codelineno-0-19" name="__codelineno-0-19"></a><span class="n">@code</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="p">{</span>
+<a id="__codelineno-0-20" name="__codelineno-0-20"></a><span class="w">    </span><span class="c1">// component model (Properties, Methods, ...)</span>
+<a id="__codelineno-0-21" name="__codelineno-0-21"></a>
+<a id="__codelineno-0-22" name="__codelineno-0-22"></a><span class="w">    </span><span class="na">[Parameter]</span><span class="w">  </span><span class="c1">// capture attribute </span>
+<a id="__codelineno-0-23" name="__codelineno-0-23"></a><span class="w">    </span><span class="k">public</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="n">Type</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="n">Property</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="p">{</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="k">get</span><span class="p">;</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="k">set</span><span class="p">;</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="p">}</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="o">=</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="n">defaultValue</span><span class="p">;</span>
+<a id="__codelineno-0-24" name="__codelineno-0-24"></a>
+<a id="__codelineno-0-25" name="__codelineno-0-25"></a><span class="w">    </span><span class="na">[Parameter]</span><span class="w">  </span><span class="c1">// capture route parameters</span>
+<a id="__codelineno-0-26" name="__codelineno-0-26"></a><span class="w">    </span><span class="k">public</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="n">type</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="n">RouteParameter</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="p">{</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="k">get</span><span class="p">;</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="k">set</span><span class="p">;}</span>
+<a id="__codelineno-0-27" name="__codelineno-0-27"></a>
+<a id="__codelineno-0-28" name="__codelineno-0-28"></a><span class="w">    </span><span class="na">[Parameter]</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="c1">// segment of UI content</span>
+<a id="__codelineno-0-29" name="__codelineno-0-29"></a><span class="w">    </span><span class="k">public</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="n">RenderFragment</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="n">ChildContent</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="p">{</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="k">get</span><span class="p">;</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="k">set</span><span class="p">;}</span>
+<a id="__codelineno-0-30" name="__codelineno-0-30"></a>
+<a id="__codelineno-0-31" name="__codelineno-0-31"></a><span class="w">    </span><span class="k">private</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="k">void</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="nf">CallbackMethod</span><span class="p">()</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="p">{</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="p">}</span>
+<a id="__codelineno-0-32" name="__codelineno-0-32"></a><span class="p">}</span>
+</code></pre></div></td></tr></table></div>
+<h2 id="state-management">State Management</h2>
+<h2 id="passing-state-with-navigationmanager">Passing state with <code>NavigationManager</code></h2>
+<p>It's now possible to pass state when navigating in Blazor apps using the <code>NavigationManager</code>.</p>
+<div class="highlight"><table class="highlighttable"><tr><th colspan="2" class="filename"><span class="filename">C#</span></th></tr><tr><td class="linenos"><div class="linenodiv"><pre><span></span><span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-1-1">1</a></span></pre></div></td><td class="code"><div><pre><span></span><code><a id="__codelineno-1-1" name="__codelineno-1-1"></a><span class="n">navigationManager</span><span class="p">.</span><span class="n">NavigateTo</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="s">&quot;/&lt;route&gt;&quot;</span><span class="p">,</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="k">new</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="n">NavigationOptions</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="p">{</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="n">HistoryEntryState</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="o">=</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="k">value</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="p">});</span>
+</code></pre></div></td></tr></table></div>
+<p>This mechanism allows for simple communication between different pages. The specified state is pushed onto the browser’s history stack so that it can be accessed later using either the <code>NavigationManager.HistoryEntryState</code> property or the <code>LocationChangedEventArgs.HistoryEntryState</code> property when listening for location changed events.</p>
+<h3 id="blazor-wasm">Blazor WASM</h3>
+<div class="highlight"><table class="highlighttable"><tr><th colspan="2" class="filename"><span class="filename">C#</span></th></tr><tr><td class="linenos"><div class="linenodiv"><pre><span></span><span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-2-1">1</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-2-2">2</a></span></pre></div></td><td class="code"><div><pre><span></span><code><a id="__codelineno-2-1" name="__codelineno-2-1"></a><span class="c1">// setup state singleton</span>
+<a id="__codelineno-2-2" name="__codelineno-2-2"></a><span class="n">builder</span><span class="p">.</span><span class="n">Services</span><span class="p">.</span><span class="n">AddSingleton</span><span class="o">&lt;</span><span class="n">StateContainer</span><span class="o">&gt;</span><span class="p">();</span>
+</code></pre></div></td></tr></table></div>
+<div class="highlight"><table class="highlighttable"><tr><th colspan="2" class="filename"><span class="filename">C#</span></th></tr><tr><td class="linenos"><div class="linenodiv"><pre><span></span><span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-3-1"> 1</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-3-2"> 2</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-3-3"> 3</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-3-4"> 4</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-3-5"> 5</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-3-6"> 6</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-3-7"> 7</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-3-8"> 8</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-3-9"> 9</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-3-10">10</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-3-11">11</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-3-12">12</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-3-13">13</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-3-14">14</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-3-15">15</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-3-16">16</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-3-17">17</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-3-18">18</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-3-19">19</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-3-20">20</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-3-21">21</a></span></pre></div></td><td class="code"><div><pre><span></span><code><a id="__codelineno-3-1" name="__codelineno-3-1"></a><span class="c1">// StateContainer singleton</span>
+<a id="__codelineno-3-2" name="__codelineno-3-2"></a><span class="k">using</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="nn">System</span><span class="p">;</span>
+<a id="__codelineno-3-3" name="__codelineno-3-3"></a>
+<a id="__codelineno-3-4" name="__codelineno-3-4"></a><span class="k">public</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="k">class</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="nc">StateContainer</span>
+<a id="__codelineno-3-5" name="__codelineno-3-5"></a><span class="p">{</span>
+<a id="__codelineno-3-6" name="__codelineno-3-6"></a><span class="w">    </span><span class="k">private</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="kt">int</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="n">_counter</span><span class="p">;</span>
+<a id="__codelineno-3-7" name="__codelineno-3-7"></a>
+<a id="__codelineno-3-8" name="__codelineno-3-8"></a><span class="w">    </span><span class="k">public</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="kt">string</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="n">Property</span>
+<a id="__codelineno-3-9" name="__codelineno-3-9"></a><span class="w">    </span><span class="p">{</span>
+<a id="__codelineno-3-10" name="__codelineno-3-10"></a><span class="w">        </span><span class="k">get</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="o">=&gt;</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="n">_counter</span><span class="p">;</span>
+<a id="__codelineno-3-11" name="__codelineno-3-11"></a><span class="w">        </span><span class="k">set</span>
+<a id="__codelineno-3-12" name="__codelineno-3-12"></a><span class="w">        </span><span class="p">{</span>
+<a id="__codelineno-3-13" name="__codelineno-3-13"></a><span class="w">            </span><span class="n">_counter</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="o">=</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="k">value</span><span class="p">;</span>
+<a id="__codelineno-3-14" name="__codelineno-3-14"></a><span class="w">            </span><span class="n">NotifyStateChanged</span><span class="p">();</span><span class="w">  </span><span class="c1">// will trigger StateHasChanged(), causing a render </span>
+<a id="__codelineno-3-15" name="__codelineno-3-15"></a><span class="w">        </span><span class="p">}</span>
+<a id="__codelineno-3-16" name="__codelineno-3-16"></a><span class="w">    </span><span class="p">}</span>
+<a id="__codelineno-3-17" name="__codelineno-3-17"></a>
+<a id="__codelineno-3-18" name="__codelineno-3-18"></a><span class="w">    </span><span class="k">public</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="k">event</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="n">Action</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="n">OnChange</span><span class="p">;</span>
+<a id="__codelineno-3-19" name="__codelineno-3-19"></a>
+<a id="__codelineno-3-20" name="__codelineno-3-20"></a><span class="w">    </span><span class="k">private</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="k">void</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="nf">NotifyStateChanged</span><span class="p">()</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="o">=&gt;</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="n">OnChange</span><span class="o">?.</span><span class="n">Invoke</span><span class="p">();</span>
+<a id="__codelineno-3-21" name="__codelineno-3-21"></a><span class="p">}</span>
+</code></pre></div></td></tr></table></div>
+<div class="highlight"><table class="highlighttable"><tr><th colspan="2" class="filename"><span class="filename">C#</span></th></tr><tr><td class="linenos"><div class="linenodiv"><pre><span></span><span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-4-1"> 1</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-4-2"> 2</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-4-3"> 3</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-4-4"> 4</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-4-5"> 5</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-4-6"> 6</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-4-7"> 7</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-4-8"> 8</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-4-9"> 9</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-4-10">10</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-4-11">11</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-4-12">12</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-4-13">13</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-4-14">14</a></span></pre></div></td><td class="code"><div><pre><span></span><code><a id="__codelineno-4-1" name="__codelineno-4-1"></a><span class="c1">// component that changes the state</span>
+<a id="__codelineno-4-2" name="__codelineno-4-2"></a><span class="n">@inject</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="n">StateContainer</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="n">State</span>
+<a id="__codelineno-4-3" name="__codelineno-4-3"></a>
+<a id="__codelineno-4-4" name="__codelineno-4-4"></a><span class="c1">// Delegate event handlers automatically trigger a UI render</span>
+<a id="__codelineno-4-5" name="__codelineno-4-5"></a><span class="o">&lt;</span><span class="n">button</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="n">@onClick</span><span class="o">=</span><span class="s">&quot;@HandleClick&quot;</span><span class="o">&gt;</span>
+<a id="__codelineno-4-6" name="__codelineno-4-6"></a><span class="w">    </span><span class="n">Change</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="n">State</span>
+<a id="__codelineno-4-7" name="__codelineno-4-7"></a><span class="o">&lt;/</span><span class="n">button</span><span class="o">&gt;</span>
+<a id="__codelineno-4-8" name="__codelineno-4-8"></a>
+<a id="__codelineno-4-9" name="__codelineno-4-9"></a><span class="n">@code</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="p">{</span>
+<a id="__codelineno-4-10" name="__codelineno-4-10"></a><span class="w">    </span><span class="k">private</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="k">void</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="nf">HandleClick</span><span class="p">()</span>
+<a id="__codelineno-4-11" name="__codelineno-4-11"></a><span class="w">    </span><span class="p">{</span>
+<a id="__codelineno-4-12" name="__codelineno-4-12"></a><span class="w">        </span><span class="n">State</span><span class="p">.</span><span class="n">Property</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="o">+=</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="m">1</span><span class="p">;</span><span class="w">  </span><span class="c1">// update state</span>
+<a id="__codelineno-4-13" name="__codelineno-4-13"></a><span class="w">    </span><span class="p">}</span>
+<a id="__codelineno-4-14" name="__codelineno-4-14"></a><span class="p">}</span>
+</code></pre></div></td></tr></table></div>
+<div class="highlight"><table class="highlighttable"><tr><th colspan="2" class="filename"><span class="filename">C#</span></th></tr><tr><td class="linenos"><div class="linenodiv"><pre><span></span><span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-5-1"> 1</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-5-2"> 2</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-5-3"> 3</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-5-4"> 4</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-5-5"> 5</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-5-6"> 6</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-5-7"> 7</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-5-8"> 8</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-5-9"> 9</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-5-10">10</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-5-11">11</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-5-12">12</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-5-13">13</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-5-14">14</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-5-15">15</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-5-16">16</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-5-17">17</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-5-18">18</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-5-19">19</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-5-20">20</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-5-21">21</a></span></pre></div></td><td class="code"><div><pre><span></span><code><a id="__codelineno-5-1" name="__codelineno-5-1"></a><span class="c1">// component that should be update on state change</span>
+<a id="__codelineno-5-2" name="__codelineno-5-2"></a><span class="n">@implements</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="n">IDisposable</span>
+<a id="__codelineno-5-3" name="__codelineno-5-3"></a><span class="n">@inject</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="n">StateContainer</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="n">State</span>
+<a id="__codelineno-5-4" name="__codelineno-5-4"></a>
+<a id="__codelineno-5-5" name="__codelineno-5-5"></a><span class="o">&lt;</span><span class="n">p</span><span class="o">&gt;</span><span class="n">Property</span><span class="p">:</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="o">&lt;</span><span class="n">b</span><span class="o">&gt;</span><span class="n">@State</span><span class="p">.</span><span class="n">Property</span><span class="o">&lt;/</span><span class="n">b</span><span class="o">&gt;&lt;/</span><span class="n">p</span><span class="o">&gt;</span>
+<a id="__codelineno-5-6" name="__codelineno-5-6"></a>
+<a id="__codelineno-5-7" name="__codelineno-5-7"></a><span class="n">@code</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="p">{</span>
+<a id="__codelineno-5-8" name="__codelineno-5-8"></a>
+<a id="__codelineno-5-9" name="__codelineno-5-9"></a><span class="w">    </span><span class="c1">// StateHasChanged notifies the component that its state has changed. </span>
+<a id="__codelineno-5-10" name="__codelineno-5-10"></a><span class="w">    </span><span class="c1">// When applicable, calling StateHasChanged causes the component to be rerendered.</span>
+<a id="__codelineno-5-11" name="__codelineno-5-11"></a>
+<a id="__codelineno-5-12" name="__codelineno-5-12"></a><span class="w">    </span><span class="k">protected</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="k">override</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="k">void</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="nf">OnInitialized</span><span class="p">()</span>
+<a id="__codelineno-5-13" name="__codelineno-5-13"></a><span class="w">    </span><span class="p">{</span>
+<a id="__codelineno-5-14" name="__codelineno-5-14"></a><span class="w">        </span><span class="n">State</span><span class="p">.</span><span class="n">OnChange</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="o">+=</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="n">StateHasChanged</span><span class="p">;</span>
+<a id="__codelineno-5-15" name="__codelineno-5-15"></a><span class="w">    </span><span class="p">}</span>
+<a id="__codelineno-5-16" name="__codelineno-5-16"></a>
+<a id="__codelineno-5-17" name="__codelineno-5-17"></a><span class="w">    </span><span class="k">public</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="k">void</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="nf">Dispose</span><span class="p">()</span>
+<a id="__codelineno-5-18" name="__codelineno-5-18"></a><span class="w">    </span><span class="p">{</span>
+<a id="__codelineno-5-19" name="__codelineno-5-19"></a><span class="w">        </span><span class="n">State</span><span class="p">.</span><span class="n">OnChange</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="o">-=</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="n">StateHasChanged</span><span class="p">;</span>
+<a id="__codelineno-5-20" name="__codelineno-5-20"></a><span class="w">    </span><span class="p">}</span>
+<a id="__codelineno-5-21" name="__codelineno-5-21"></a><span class="p">}</span>
+</code></pre></div></td></tr></table></div>
+<h2 id="data-binding-events">Data Binding &amp; Events</h2>
+<div class="highlight"><table class="highlighttable"><tr><th colspan="2" class="filename"><span class="filename">C#</span></th></tr><tr><td class="linenos"><div class="linenodiv"><pre><span></span><span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-6-1"> 1</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-6-2"> 2</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-6-3"> 3</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-6-4"> 4</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-6-5"> 5</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-6-6"> 6</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-6-7"> 7</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-6-8"> 8</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-6-9"> 9</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-6-10">10</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-6-11">11</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-6-12">12</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-6-13">13</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-6-14">14</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-6-15">15</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-6-16">16</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-6-17">17</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-6-18">18</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-6-19">19</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-6-20">20</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-6-21">21</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-6-22">22</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-6-23">23</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-6-24">24</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-6-25">25</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-6-26">26</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-6-27">27</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-6-28">28</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-6-29">29</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-6-30">30</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-6-31">31</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-6-32">32</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-6-33">33</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-6-34">34</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-6-35">35</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-6-36">36</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-6-37">37</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-6-38">38</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-6-39">39</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-6-40">40</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-6-41">41</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-6-42">42</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-6-43">43</a></span></pre></div></td><td class="code"><div><pre><span></span><code><a id="__codelineno-6-1" name="__codelineno-6-1"></a><span class="o">&lt;</span><span class="n">p</span><span class="o">&gt;</span>
+<a id="__codelineno-6-2" name="__codelineno-6-2"></a><span class="w">    </span><span class="o">&lt;</span><span class="n">button</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="n">@on</span><span class="p">{</span><span class="n">DOM</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="n">EVENT</span><span class="p">}</span><span class="o">=</span><span class="s">&quot;{DELEGATE}&quot;</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="o">/&gt;</span>
+<a id="__codelineno-6-3" name="__codelineno-6-3"></a><span class="w">    </span><span class="o">&lt;</span><span class="n">button</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="n">@on</span><span class="p">{</span><span class="n">DOM</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="n">EVENT</span><span class="p">}</span><span class="o">=</span><span class="s">&quot;{DELEGATE}&quot;</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="n">@on</span><span class="p">{</span><span class="n">DOM</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="n">EVENT</span><span class="p">}:</span><span class="n">preventDefault</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="o">/&gt;</span><span class="w">  </span><span class="c1">// prevent default action</span>
+<a id="__codelineno-6-4" name="__codelineno-6-4"></a><span class="w">    </span><span class="o">&lt;</span><span class="n">button</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="n">@on</span><span class="p">{</span><span class="n">DOM</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="n">EVENT</span><span class="p">}</span><span class="o">=</span><span class="s">&quot;{DELEGATE}&quot;</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="n">@on</span><span class="p">{</span><span class="n">DOM</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="n">EVENT</span><span class="p">}:</span><span class="n">preventDefault</span><span class="o">=</span><span class="s">&quot;{CONDITION}&quot;</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="o">/&gt;</span><span class="w">  </span><span class="c1">// prevent default action if CONDITION is true</span>
+<a id="__codelineno-6-5" name="__codelineno-6-5"></a>
+<a id="__codelineno-6-6" name="__codelineno-6-6"></a><span class="w">    </span><span class="o">&lt;</span><span class="n">button</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="n">@on</span><span class="p">{</span><span class="n">DOM</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="n">EVENT</span><span class="p">}</span><span class="o">=</span><span class="s">&quot;{DELEGATE}&quot;</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="n">@on</span><span class="p">{</span><span class="n">DOM</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="n">EVENT</span><span class="p">}:</span><span class="n">stopPropagation</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="o">/&gt;</span>
+<a id="__codelineno-6-7" name="__codelineno-6-7"></a><span class="w">    </span><span class="o">&lt;</span><span class="n">button</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="n">@on</span><span class="p">{</span><span class="n">DOM</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="n">EVENT</span><span class="p">}</span><span class="o">=</span><span class="s">&quot;{DELEGATE}&quot;</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="n">@on</span><span class="p">{</span><span class="n">DOM</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="n">EVENT</span><span class="p">}:</span><span class="n">stopPropagation</span><span class="o">=</span><span class="s">&quot;{CONDITION}&quot;</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="o">/&gt;</span><span class="w">  </span><span class="c1">// stop event propagation if CONDITION is true</span>
+<a id="__codelineno-6-8" name="__codelineno-6-8"></a>
+<a id="__codelineno-6-9" name="__codelineno-6-9"></a><span class="w">    </span><span class="o">&lt;</span><span class="n">button</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="n">@on</span><span class="p">{</span><span class="n">DOM</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="n">EVENT</span><span class="p">}</span><span class="o">=</span><span class="s">&quot;@(e =&gt; Property = value)&quot;</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="o">/&gt;</span><span class="w">  </span><span class="c1">// change internal state w/ lambda</span>
+<a id="__codelineno-6-10" name="__codelineno-6-10"></a><span class="w">    </span><span class="o">&lt;</span><span class="n">button</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="n">@on</span><span class="p">{</span><span class="n">DOM</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="n">EVENT</span><span class="p">}</span><span class="o">=</span><span class="s">&quot;@(e =&gt; DelegateAsync(e, value))&quot;</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="o">/&gt;</span><span class="w">  </span><span class="c1">// invoke delegate w/ lambda</span>
+<a id="__codelineno-6-11" name="__codelineno-6-11"></a>
+<a id="__codelineno-6-12" name="__codelineno-6-12"></a><span class="w">    </span><span class="o">&lt;</span><span class="n">input</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="n">@ref</span><span class="o">=</span><span class="s">&quot;elementReference&quot;</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="o">/&gt;</span>
+<a id="__codelineno-6-13" name="__codelineno-6-13"></a>
+<a id="__codelineno-6-14" name="__codelineno-6-14"></a><span class="w">    </span><span class="o">&lt;</span><span class="n">input</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="n">@bind</span><span class="o">=</span><span class="s">&quot;{PROPERTY}&quot;</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="o">/&gt;</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="c1">// updates variable on ONCHANGE event (focus loss)</span>
+<a id="__codelineno-6-15" name="__codelineno-6-15"></a><span class="w">    </span><span class="o">&lt;</span><span class="n">input</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="n">@bind</span><span class="o">=</span><span class="s">&quot;{PROPERTY}&quot;</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="n">@bind</span><span class="p">:</span><span class="k">event</span><span class="o">=</span><span class="s">&quot;{DOM EVENT}&quot;</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="o">/&gt;</span><span class="w">  </span><span class="c1">// updates value on DOM EVENT</span>
+<a id="__codelineno-6-16" name="__codelineno-6-16"></a><span class="w">    </span><span class="o">&lt;</span><span class="n">input</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="n">@bind</span><span class="o">=</span><span class="s">&quot;{PROPERTY}&quot;</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="n">@bind</span><span class="p">:</span><span class="n">format</span><span class="o">=</span><span class="s">&quot;{FORMAT STRING}&quot;</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="o">/&gt;</span><span class="w">  </span><span class="c1">// use FORMAT STRING to display value</span>
+<a id="__codelineno-6-17" name="__codelineno-6-17"></a>
+<a id="__codelineno-6-18" name="__codelineno-6-18"></a><span class="w">    </span><span class="o">&lt;</span><span class="n">ChildComponent</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="n">@bind</span><span class="o">-</span><span class="p">{</span><span class="n">PROPERTY</span><span class="p">}</span><span class="o">=</span><span class="s">&quot;{PROPERTY}&quot;</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="n">@bind</span><span class="o">-</span><span class="p">{</span><span class="n">PROPERTY</span><span class="p">}:</span><span class="k">event</span><span class="o">=</span><span class="s">&quot;{EVENT}&quot;</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="o">/&gt;</span><span class="w">  </span><span class="c1">// bind to child component {PROPERTY}</span>
+<a id="__codelineno-6-19" name="__codelineno-6-19"></a><span class="w">    </span><span class="o">&lt;</span><span class="n">ChildComponent</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="n">@bind</span><span class="o">-</span><span class="p">{</span><span class="n">PROPERTY</span><span class="p">}</span><span class="o">=</span><span class="s">&quot;{PROPERTY}&quot;</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="n">@bind</span><span class="o">-</span><span class="p">{</span><span class="n">PROPERTY</span><span class="p">}:</span><span class="k">event</span><span class="o">=</span><span class="s">&quot;{PROPERTY}Changed&quot;</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="o">/&gt;</span><span class="w">  </span><span class="c1">// bind to child component {PROPERTY}, listen for custom event</span>
+<a id="__codelineno-6-20" name="__codelineno-6-20"></a>
+<a id="__codelineno-6-21" name="__codelineno-6-21"></a><span class="w">    </span><span class="o">&lt;</span><span class="n">input</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="n">@bind</span><span class="o">=</span><span class="s">&quot;{PROPERTY}&quot;</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="n">@bind</span><span class="p">:</span><span class="n">after</span><span class="o">=</span><span class="s">&quot;{DELEGATE}&quot;</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="o">/&gt;</span><span class="w">  </span><span class="c1">// run async logic after bind event completion</span>
+<a id="__codelineno-6-22" name="__codelineno-6-22"></a><span class="w">    </span><span class="o">&lt;</span><span class="n">input</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="n">@bind</span><span class="p">:</span><span class="k">get</span><span class="o">=</span><span class="s">&quot;{PROPERTY}&quot;</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="n">@bind</span><span class="p">:</span><span class="k">set</span><span class="o">=</span><span class="s">&quot;PropertyChanged&quot;</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="o">/&gt;</span><span class="w">  </span><span class="c1">// two-way data binding</span>
+<a id="__codelineno-6-23" name="__codelineno-6-23"></a><span class="o">&lt;/</span><span class="n">p</span><span class="o">&gt;</span>
+<a id="__codelineno-6-24" name="__codelineno-6-24"></a>
+<a id="__codelineno-6-25" name="__codelineno-6-25"></a><span class="n">@code</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="p">{</span>
+<a id="__codelineno-6-26" name="__codelineno-6-26"></a><span class="w">    </span><span class="k">private</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="n">ElementReference</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="n">elementReference</span><span class="p">;</span>
+<a id="__codelineno-6-27" name="__codelineno-6-27"></a>
+<a id="__codelineno-6-28" name="__codelineno-6-28"></a><span class="w">    </span><span class="k">public</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="kt">string</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="n">Property</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="p">{</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="k">get</span><span class="p">;</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="k">set</span><span class="p">;</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="p">}</span>
+<a id="__codelineno-6-29" name="__codelineno-6-29"></a>
+<a id="__codelineno-6-30" name="__codelineno-6-30"></a><span class="w">    </span><span class="k">public</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="n">EventCallback</span><span class="o">&lt;</span><span class="n">Type</span><span class="o">&gt;</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="n">PropertyChanged</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="p">{</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="k">get</span><span class="p">;</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="k">set</span><span class="p">;</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="p">}</span><span class="w">  </span><span class="c1">// custom event {PROPERTY}Changed</span>
+<a id="__codelineno-6-31" name="__codelineno-6-31"></a>
+<a id="__codelineno-6-32" name="__codelineno-6-32"></a><span class="w">    </span><span class="c1">// invoke custom event</span>
+<a id="__codelineno-6-33" name="__codelineno-6-33"></a><span class="w">    </span><span class="k">public</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="k">async</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="n">Task</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="nf">DelegateAsync</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="n">EventArgs</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="n">e</span><span class="p">,</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="n">Type</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="n">argument</span><span class="p">)</span>
+<a id="__codelineno-6-34" name="__codelineno-6-34"></a><span class="w">    </span><span class="p">{</span><span class="w">   </span>
+<a id="__codelineno-6-35" name="__codelineno-6-35"></a><span class="w">        </span><span class="cm">/* ... */</span>
+<a id="__codelineno-6-36" name="__codelineno-6-36"></a>
+<a id="__codelineno-6-37" name="__codelineno-6-37"></a><span class="w">        </span><span class="k">await</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="n">PropertyChanged</span><span class="p">.</span><span class="n">InvokeAsync</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="n">e</span><span class="p">,</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="n">argument</span><span class="p">);</span><span class="w">  </span><span class="c1">// notify parent bound prop has changed</span>
+<a id="__codelineno-6-38" name="__codelineno-6-38"></a><span class="w">        </span><span class="k">await</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="n">elementReference</span><span class="p">.</span><span class="n">FocusAsync</span><span class="p">();</span><span class="w">  </span><span class="c1">// focus an element in code</span>
+<a id="__codelineno-6-39" name="__codelineno-6-39"></a><span class="w">    </span><span class="p">}</span>
+<a id="__codelineno-6-40" name="__codelineno-6-40"></a>
+<a id="__codelineno-6-41" name="__codelineno-6-41"></a><span class="w">    </span><span class="na">[Parameter]</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="k">public</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="n">TValue</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="n">Value</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="p">{</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="k">get</span><span class="p">;</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="k">set</span><span class="p">;</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="p">}</span>
+<a id="__codelineno-6-42" name="__codelineno-6-42"></a><span class="w">    </span><span class="na">[Parameter]</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="k">public</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="n">EventCallback</span><span class="o">&lt;</span><span class="n">TValue</span><span class="o">&gt;</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="n">ValueChanged</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="p">{</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="k">get</span><span class="p">;</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="k">set</span><span class="p">;</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="p">}</span>
+<a id="__codelineno-6-43" name="__codelineno-6-43"></a><span class="p">}</span>
+</code></pre></div></td></tr></table></div>
+<blockquote>
+<p><strong>Note</strong>: When a user provides an unparsable value to a data-bound element, the unparsable value is automatically reverted to its previous value when the bind event is triggered.
+<strong>Note</strong>: The <code>@bind:get</code> and <code>@bind:set</code> modifiers are always used together.<br />
+<code>The @bind:get</code> modifier specifies the value to bind to and the <code>@bind:set</code> modifier specifies a callback that is called when the value changes</p>
+</blockquote>
+<h2 id="javascriptnet-interop">Javascript/.NET Interop</h2>
+<p><a href="https://docs.microsoft.com/en-us/aspnet/core/blazor/call-javascript-from-dotnet">Call Javascript from .NET</a><br />
+<a href="https://docs.microsoft.com/en-us/aspnet/core/blazor/call-dotnet-from-javascript">Call .NET from Javascript</a></p>
+<h3 id="render-blazor-components-from-javascript">Render Blazor components from JavaScript</h3>
+<p>To render a Blazor component from JavaScript, first register it as a root component for JavaScript rendering and assign it an identifier:</p>
+<div class="highlight"><table class="highlighttable"><tr><th colspan="2" class="filename"><span class="filename">C#</span></th></tr><tr><td class="linenos"><div class="linenodiv"><pre><span></span><span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-7-1">1</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-7-2">2</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-7-3">3</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-7-4">4</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-7-5">5</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-7-6">6</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-7-7">7</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-7-8">8</a></span></pre></div></td><td class="code"><div><pre><span></span><code><a id="__codelineno-7-1" name="__codelineno-7-1"></a><span class="c1">// Blazor Server</span>
+<a id="__codelineno-7-2" name="__codelineno-7-2"></a><span class="n">builder</span><span class="p">.</span><span class="n">Services</span><span class="p">.</span><span class="n">AddServerSideBlazor</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="n">options</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="o">=&gt;</span>
+<a id="__codelineno-7-3" name="__codelineno-7-3"></a><span class="p">{</span>
+<a id="__codelineno-7-4" name="__codelineno-7-4"></a><span class="w">    </span><span class="n">options</span><span class="p">.</span><span class="n">RootComponents</span><span class="p">.</span><span class="n">RegisterForJavaScript</span><span class="o">&lt;</span><span class="n">Counter</span><span class="o">&gt;</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="n">identifier</span><span class="p">:</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="s">&quot;counter&quot;</span><span class="p">);</span>
+<a id="__codelineno-7-5" name="__codelineno-7-5"></a><span class="p">});</span>
+<a id="__codelineno-7-6" name="__codelineno-7-6"></a>
+<a id="__codelineno-7-7" name="__codelineno-7-7"></a><span class="c1">// Blazor WebAssembly</span>
+<a id="__codelineno-7-8" name="__codelineno-7-8"></a><span class="n">builder</span><span class="p">.</span><span class="n">RootComponents</span><span class="p">.</span><span class="n">RegisterForJavaScript</span><span class="o">&lt;</span><span class="n">Counter</span><span class="o">&gt;</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="n">identifier</span><span class="p">:</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="s">&quot;counter&quot;</span><span class="p">);</span>
+</code></pre></div></td></tr></table></div>
+<p>Load Blazor into the JavaScript app (<code>blazor.server.js</code> or <code>blazor.webassembly.js</code>) and then render the component from JavaScript into a container element using the registered identifier, passing component parameters as needed:</p>
+<div class="highlight"><table class="highlighttable"><tr><th colspan="2" class="filename"><span class="filename">JavaScript</span></th></tr><tr><td class="linenos"><div class="linenodiv"><pre><span></span><span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-8-1">1</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-8-2">2</a></span></pre></div></td><td class="code"><div><pre><span></span><code><a id="__codelineno-8-1" name="__codelineno-8-1"></a><span class="kd">let</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="nx">containerElement</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="o">=</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="nb">document</span><span class="p">.</span><span class="nx">getElementById</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="s1">&#39;my-counter&#39;</span><span class="p">);</span>
+<a id="__codelineno-8-2" name="__codelineno-8-2"></a><span class="k">await</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="nx">Blazor</span><span class="p">.</span><span class="nx">rootComponents</span><span class="p">.</span><span class="nx">add</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="nx">containerElement</span><span class="p">,</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="s1">&#39;counter&#39;</span><span class="p">,</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="p">{</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="nx">incrementAmount</span><span class="o">:</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="mf">10</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="p">});</span>
+</code></pre></div></td></tr></table></div>
+<h3 id="blazor-custom-elements">Blazor custom elements</h3>
+<p>Experimental support is also now available for building custom elements with Blazor using the Microsoft.AspNetCore.Components.CustomElements NuGet package.<br />
+Custom elements use standard HTML interfaces to implement custom HTML elements.</p>
+<p>To create a custom element using Blazor, register a Blazor root component as custom elements like this:</p>
+<div class="highlight"><table class="highlighttable"><tr><th colspan="2" class="filename"><span class="filename">C#</span></th></tr><tr><td class="linenos"><div class="linenodiv"><pre><span></span><span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-9-1">1</a></span></pre></div></td><td class="code"><div><pre><span></span><code><a id="__codelineno-9-1" name="__codelineno-9-1"></a><span class="n">options</span><span class="p">.</span><span class="n">RootComponents</span><span class="p">.</span><span class="n">RegisterAsCustomElement</span><span class="o">&lt;</span><span class="n">Counter</span><span class="o">&gt;</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="s">&quot;my-counter&quot;</span><span class="p">);</span>
+</code></pre></div></td></tr></table></div>
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new file mode 100644
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+          </ul>
+        </nav>
+      
+    </li>
+  
+
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+  
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+    
+      
+        
+      
+        
+      
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+      
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+    <li class="md-nav__item md-nav__item--active md-nav__item--section md-nav__item--nested">
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+          <label class="md-nav__link" for="__nav_4_9" id="__nav_4_9_label" tabindex="">
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+  <span class="md-ellipsis">
+    .NET
+  </span>
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+            <span class="md-nav__icon md-icon"></span>
+            .NET
+          </label>
+          <ul class="md-nav__list" data-md-scrollfix>
+            
+              
+                
+  
+  
+  
+  
+    
+    
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+        
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+        
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+            
+  
+  <span class="md-ellipsis">
+    C#
+  </span>
+  
+
+            <span class="md-nav__icon md-icon"></span>
+          </label>
+        
+        <nav class="md-nav" data-md-level="3" aria-labelledby="__nav_4_9_1_label" aria-expanded="false">
+          <label class="md-nav__title" for="__nav_4_9_1">
+            <span class="md-nav__icon md-icon"></span>
+            C#
+          </label>
+          <ul class="md-nav__list" data-md-scrollfix>
+            
+              
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+    <li class="md-nav__item">
+      <a href="../csharp/csharp.html" class="md-nav__link">
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+  <span class="md-ellipsis">
+    C#
+  </span>
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+
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+              
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+  
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+    <li class="md-nav__item">
+      <a href="../csharp/linq.html" class="md-nav__link">
+        
+  
+  <span class="md-ellipsis">
+    Linq
+  </span>
+  
+
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+    </li>
+  
+
+              
+            
+              
+                
+  
+  
+  
+  
+    <li class="md-nav__item">
+      <a href="../csharp/collections.html" class="md-nav__link">
+        
+  
+  <span class="md-ellipsis">
+    Collections
+  </span>
+  
+
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+    </li>
+  
+
+              
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+              
+                
+  
+  
+  
+  
+    <li class="md-nav__item">
+      <a href="../csharp/reactive-extensions.html" class="md-nav__link">
+        
+  
+  <span class="md-ellipsis">
+    Reactive Extensions
+  </span>
+  
+
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+  
+
+              
+            
+              
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+  
+  
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+  
+    <li class="md-nav__item">
+      <a href="../csharp/async-programming.html" class="md-nav__link">
+        
+  
+  <span class="md-ellipsis">
+    Async Programming
+  </span>
+  
+
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+    </li>
+  
+
+              
+            
+              
+                
+  
+  
+  
+  
+    <li class="md-nav__item">
+      <a href="../csharp/unit-tests.html" class="md-nav__link">
+        
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+  <span class="md-ellipsis">
+    Unit Tests
+  </span>
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+
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+  
+
+              
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+          </ul>
+        </nav>
+      
+    </li>
+  
+
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+  
+  
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+  
+  
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+    
+    
+      
+        
+      
+        
+      
+        
+      
+        
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+        
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+        
+      
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+      
+    
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+      
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+          <label class="md-nav__link" for="__nav_4_9_2" id="__nav_4_9_2_label" tabindex="0">
+            
+  
+  <span class="md-ellipsis">
+    ASP.NET
+  </span>
+  
+
+            <span class="md-nav__icon md-icon"></span>
+          </label>
+        
+        <nav class="md-nav" data-md-level="3" aria-labelledby="__nav_4_9_2_label" aria-expanded="true">
+          <label class="md-nav__title" for="__nav_4_9_2">
+            <span class="md-nav__icon md-icon"></span>
+            ASP.NET
+          </label>
+          <ul class="md-nav__list" data-md-scrollfix>
+            
+              
+                
+  
+  
+  
+  
+    <li class="md-nav__item">
+      <a href="minimal-api.html" class="md-nav__link">
+        
+  
+  <span class="md-ellipsis">
+    Minimal API
+  </span>
+  
+
+      </a>
+    </li>
+  
+
+              
+            
+              
+                
+  
+  
+    
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+    <li class="md-nav__item md-nav__item--active">
+      
+      <input class="md-nav__toggle md-toggle" type="checkbox" id="__toc">
+      
+      
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+      
+      
+        <label class="md-nav__link md-nav__link--active" for="__toc">
+          
+  
+  <span class="md-ellipsis">
+    FIlters
+  </span>
+  
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+          <span class="md-nav__icon md-icon"></span>
+        </label>
+      
+      <a href="filters.html" class="md-nav__link md-nav__link--active">
+        
+  
+  <span class="md-ellipsis">
+    FIlters
+  </span>
+  
+
+      </a>
+      
+        
+
+<nav class="md-nav md-nav--secondary" aria-label="Table of contents">
+  
+  
+  
+    
+  
+  
+    <label class="md-nav__title" for="__toc">
+      <span class="md-nav__icon md-icon"></span>
+      Table of contents
+    </label>
+    <ul class="md-nav__list" data-md-component="toc" data-md-scrollfix>
+      
+        <li class="md-nav__item">
+  <a href="#how-filters-work" class="md-nav__link">
+    <span class="md-ellipsis">
+      How filters work
+    </span>
+  </a>
+  
+</li>
+      
+        <li class="md-nav__item">
+  <a href="#filter-types" class="md-nav__link">
+    <span class="md-ellipsis">
+      Filter types
+    </span>
+  </a>
+  
+</li>
+      
+        <li class="md-nav__item">
+  <a href="#implementation" class="md-nav__link">
+    <span class="md-ellipsis">
+      Implementation
+    </span>
+  </a>
+  
+</li>
+      
+        <li class="md-nav__item">
+  <a href="#built-in-filter-attributes" class="md-nav__link">
+    <span class="md-ellipsis">
+      Built-in filter attributes
+    </span>
+  </a>
+  
+</li>
+      
+        <li class="md-nav__item">
+  <a href="#filter-scopes" class="md-nav__link">
+    <span class="md-ellipsis">
+      Filter scopes
+    </span>
+  </a>
+  
+</li>
+      
+        <li class="md-nav__item">
+  <a href="#filter-order-of-execution" class="md-nav__link">
+    <span class="md-ellipsis">
+      Filter Order of Execution
+    </span>
+  </a>
+  
+    <nav class="md-nav" aria-label="Filter Order of Execution">
+      <ul class="md-nav__list">
+        
+          <li class="md-nav__item">
+  <a href="#cancellation-and-short-circuiting" class="md-nav__link">
+    <span class="md-ellipsis">
+      Cancellation and Short-Circuiting
+    </span>
+  </a>
+  
+</li>
+        
+      </ul>
+    </nav>
+  
+</li>
+      
+        <li class="md-nav__item">
+  <a href="#dependency-injection" class="md-nav__link">
+    <span class="md-ellipsis">
+      Dependency Injection
+    </span>
+  </a>
+  
+    <nav class="md-nav" aria-label="Dependency Injection">
+      <ul class="md-nav__list">
+        
+          <li class="md-nav__item">
+  <a href="#servicefilterattribute" class="md-nav__link">
+    <span class="md-ellipsis">
+      ServiceFilterAttribute
+    </span>
+  </a>
+  
+</li>
+        
+      </ul>
+    </nav>
+  
+</li>
+      
+    </ul>
+  
+</nav>
+      
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+  
+
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+            
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+                
+  
+  
+  
+  
+    <li class="md-nav__item">
+      <a href="middleware.html" class="md-nav__link">
+        
+  
+  <span class="md-ellipsis">
+    Middleware
+  </span>
+  
+
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+  
+
+              
+            
+              
+                
+  
+  
+  
+  
+    <li class="md-nav__item">
+      <a href="razor-syntax.html" class="md-nav__link">
+        
+  
+  <span class="md-ellipsis">
+    Razor Syntax
+  </span>
+  
+
+      </a>
+    </li>
+  
+
+              
+            
+              
+                
+  
+  
+  
+  
+    <li class="md-nav__item">
+      <a href="blazor.html" class="md-nav__link">
+        
+  
+  <span class="md-ellipsis">
+    Blazor
+  </span>
+  
+
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+    </li>
+  
+
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+            
+              
+                
+  
+  
+  
+  
+    <li class="md-nav__item">
+      <a href="signalr.html" class="md-nav__link">
+        
+  
+  <span class="md-ellipsis">
+    SignalR
+  </span>
+  
+
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+    </li>
+  
+
+              
+            
+              
+                
+  
+  
+  
+  
+    <li class="md-nav__item">
+      <a href="web-forms.html" class="md-nav__link">
+        
+  
+  <span class="md-ellipsis">
+    Web Forms
+  </span>
+  
+
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+    </li>
+  
+
+              
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+          </ul>
+        </nav>
+      
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+            
+  
+  <span class="md-ellipsis">
+    Database
+  </span>
+  
+
+            <span class="md-nav__icon md-icon"></span>
+          </label>
+        
+        <nav class="md-nav" data-md-level="3" aria-labelledby="__nav_4_9_3_label" aria-expanded="false">
+          <label class="md-nav__title" for="__nav_4_9_3">
+            <span class="md-nav__icon md-icon"></span>
+            Database
+          </label>
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+    <li class="md-nav__item">
+      <a href="../database/ado.net.html" class="md-nav__link">
+        
+  
+  <span class="md-ellipsis">
+    ADO.NET
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+  
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+
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+    <li class="md-nav__item">
+      <a href="../database/entity-framework.html" class="md-nav__link">
+        
+  
+  <span class="md-ellipsis">
+    Entity Framework
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+  
+  
+  
+  
+    
+    
+      
+        
+      
+        
+      
+        
+      
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+      
+        
+          
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+          <label class="md-nav__link" for="__nav_4_10" id="__nav_4_10_label" tabindex="">
+            
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+  <span class="md-ellipsis">
+    Java
+  </span>
+  
+
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+          </label>
+        
+        <nav class="md-nav" data-md-level="2" aria-labelledby="__nav_4_10_label" aria-expanded="false">
+          <label class="md-nav__title" for="__nav_4_10">
+            <span class="md-nav__icon md-icon"></span>
+            Java
+          </label>
+          <ul class="md-nav__list" data-md-scrollfix>
+            
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+  
+  
+  
+  
+    <li class="md-nav__item">
+      <a href="../../java/java.html" class="md-nav__link">
+        
+  
+  <span class="md-ellipsis">
+    Java
+  </span>
+  
+
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+  
+
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+            
+              
+                
+  
+  
+  
+  
+    <li class="md-nav__item">
+      <a href="../../java/java-collection-framework.html" class="md-nav__link">
+        
+  
+  <span class="md-ellipsis">
+    Java Collection Framework
+  </span>
+  
+
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+    </li>
+  
+
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+            
+              
+                
+  
+  
+  
+  
+    <li class="md-nav__item">
+      <a href="../../java/dao.html" class="md-nav__link">
+        
+  
+  <span class="md-ellipsis">
+    DAO
+  </span>
+  
+
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+    </li>
+  
+
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+              
+                
+  
+  
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+            
+  
+  <span class="md-ellipsis">
+    Web
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+        
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+            Web
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+            
+              
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+    <li class="md-nav__item">
+      <a href="../../java/web/servlet.html" class="md-nav__link">
+        
+  
+  <span class="md-ellipsis">
+    Serverlet
+  </span>
+  
+
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+    </li>
+  
+
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+                
+  
+  
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+            
+  
+  <span class="md-ellipsis">
+    Spring
+  </span>
+  
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+          </label>
+        
+        <nav class="md-nav" data-md-level="4" aria-labelledby="__nav_4_10_4_2_label" aria-expanded="false">
+          <label class="md-nav__title" for="__nav_4_10_4_2">
+            <span class="md-nav__icon md-icon"></span>
+            Spring
+          </label>
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+            
+              
+                
+  
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+    <li class="md-nav__item">
+      <a href="../../java/spring/pom.xml.html" class="md-nav__link">
+        
+  
+  <span class="md-ellipsis">
+    POM
+  </span>
+  
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+
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+    <li class="md-nav__item">
+      <a href="../../java/spring/spring-project.html" class="md-nav__link">
+        
+  
+  <span class="md-ellipsis">
+    Project Structure
+  </span>
+  
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+      
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+      
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+  
+
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+                
+  
+  
+  
+  
+    
+    
+      
+        
+      
+        
+      
+        
+      
+        
+      
+        
+      
+        
+      
+        
+      
+        
+      
+        
+      
+    
+    
+      
+      
+        
+          
+          
+        
+      
+    
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+    <li class="md-nav__item md-nav__item--section md-nav__item--nested">
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+          <label class="md-nav__link" for="__nav_4_11" id="__nav_4_11_label" tabindex="">
+            
+  
+  <span class="md-ellipsis">
+    PHP
+  </span>
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+          </label>
+        
+        <nav class="md-nav" data-md-level="2" aria-labelledby="__nav_4_11_label" aria-expanded="false">
+          <label class="md-nav__title" for="__nav_4_11">
+            <span class="md-nav__icon md-icon"></span>
+            PHP
+          </label>
+          <ul class="md-nav__list" data-md-scrollfix>
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+              
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+  
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+    <li class="md-nav__item">
+      <a href="../../php/php.html" class="md-nav__link">
+        
+  
+  <span class="md-ellipsis">
+    PHP
+  </span>
+  
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+            
+              
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+  
+  
+  
+  
+    <li class="md-nav__item">
+      <a href="../../php/database.html" class="md-nav__link">
+        
+  
+  <span class="md-ellipsis">
+    Database
+  </span>
+  
+
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+  
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+    <li class="md-nav__item">
+      <a href="../../php/web.html" class="md-nav__link">
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+    Web
+  </span>
+  
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+    <li class="md-nav__item">
+      <a href="../../php/dependency-injection.html" class="md-nav__link">
+        
+  
+  <span class="md-ellipsis">
+    Dependency Injection
+  </span>
+  
+
+      </a>
+    </li>
+  
+
+              
+            
+              
+                
+  
+  
+  
+  
+    <li class="md-nav__item">
+      <a href="../../php/unit-tests.html" class="md-nav__link">
+        
+  
+  <span class="md-ellipsis">
+    Unit Tests
+  </span>
+  
+
+      </a>
+    </li>
+  
+
+              
+            
+              
+                
+  
+  
+  
+  
+    <li class="md-nav__item">
+      <a href="../../php/composer.html" class="md-nav__link">
+        
+  
+  <span class="md-ellipsis">
+    Composer
+  </span>
+  
+
+      </a>
+    </li>
+  
+
+              
+            
+              
+                
+  
+  
+  
+  
+    <li class="md-nav__item">
+      <a href="../../php/psr-7.html" class="md-nav__link">
+        
+  
+  <span class="md-ellipsis">
+    PSR 7
+  </span>
+  
+
+      </a>
+    </li>
+  
+
+              
+            
+              
+                
+  
+  
+  
+  
+    <li class="md-nav__item">
+      <a href="../../php/plates-templating.html" class="md-nav__link">
+        
+  
+  <span class="md-ellipsis">
+    Plates
+  </span>
+  
+
+      </a>
+    </li>
+  
+
+              
+            
+              
+                
+  
+  
+  
+  
+    
+    
+      
+        
+      
+        
+      
+    
+    
+      
+      
+        
+      
+    
+    
+    <li class="md-nav__item md-nav__item--nested">
+      
+        
+        
+        <input class="md-nav__toggle md-toggle " type="checkbox" id="__nav_4_11_9" >
+        
+          
+          <label class="md-nav__link" for="__nav_4_11_9" id="__nav_4_11_9_label" tabindex="0">
+            
+  
+  <span class="md-ellipsis">
+    Simple MVC
+  </span>
+  
+
+            <span class="md-nav__icon md-icon"></span>
+          </label>
+        
+        <nav class="md-nav" data-md-level="3" aria-labelledby="__nav_4_11_9_label" aria-expanded="false">
+          <label class="md-nav__title" for="__nav_4_11_9">
+            <span class="md-nav__icon md-icon"></span>
+            Simple MVC
+          </label>
+          <ul class="md-nav__list" data-md-scrollfix>
+            
+              
+                
+  
+  
+  
+  
+    <li class="md-nav__item">
+      <a href="../../php/simple-mvc/simple-mvc.html" class="md-nav__link">
+        
+  
+  <span class="md-ellipsis">
+    Simple MVC
+  </span>
+  
+
+      </a>
+    </li>
+  
+
+              
+            
+              
+                
+  
+  
+  
+  
+    <li class="md-nav__item">
+      <a href="../../php/simple-mvc/rest-api.html" class="md-nav__link">
+        
+  
+  <span class="md-ellipsis">
+    REST API
+  </span>
+  
+
+      </a>
+    </li>
+  
+
+              
+            
+          </ul>
+        </nav>
+      
+    </li>
+  
+
+              
+            
+          </ul>
+        </nav>
+      
+    </li>
+  
+
+              
+            
+              
+                
+  
+  
+  
+  
+    
+    
+      
+        
+      
+        
+      
+        
+      
+        
+      
+        
+      
+    
+    
+      
+      
+        
+          
+          
+        
+      
+    
+    
+    <li class="md-nav__item md-nav__item--section md-nav__item--nested">
+      
+        
+        
+        <input class="md-nav__toggle md-toggle " type="checkbox" id="__nav_4_12" >
+        
+          
+          <label class="md-nav__link" for="__nav_4_12" id="__nav_4_12_label" tabindex="">
+            
+  
+  <span class="md-ellipsis">
+    Rust
+  </span>
+  
+
+            <span class="md-nav__icon md-icon"></span>
+          </label>
+        
+        <nav class="md-nav" data-md-level="2" aria-labelledby="__nav_4_12_label" aria-expanded="false">
+          <label class="md-nav__title" for="__nav_4_12">
+            <span class="md-nav__icon md-icon"></span>
+            Rust
+          </label>
+          <ul class="md-nav__list" data-md-scrollfix>
+            
+              
+                
+  
+  
+  
+  
+    <li class="md-nav__item">
+      <a href="../../rust/rust.html" class="md-nav__link">
+        
+  
+  <span class="md-ellipsis">
+    Rust
+  </span>
+  
+
+      </a>
+    </li>
+  
+
+              
+            
+              
+                
+  
+  
+  
+  
+    <li class="md-nav__item">
+      <a href="../../rust/macros.html" class="md-nav__link">
+        
+  
+  <span class="md-ellipsis">
+    Macros
+  </span>
+  
+
+      </a>
+    </li>
+  
+
+              
+            
+              
+                
+  
+  
+  
+  
+    <li class="md-nav__item">
+      <a href="../../rust/cargo.html" class="md-nav__link">
+        
+  
+  <span class="md-ellipsis">
+    Cargo
+  </span>
+  
+
+      </a>
+    </li>
+  
+
+              
+            
+              
+                
+  
+  
+  
+  
+    <li class="md-nav__item">
+      <a href="../../rust/concurrency.html" class="md-nav__link">
+        
+  
+  <span class="md-ellipsis">
+    Concurrency
+  </span>
+  
+
+      </a>
+    </li>
+  
+
+              
+            
+              
+                
+  
+  
+  
+  
+    <li class="md-nav__item">
+      <a href="../../rust/unit-tests.html" class="md-nav__link">
+        
+  
+  <span class="md-ellipsis">
+    Unit Tests
+  </span>
+  
+
+      </a>
+    </li>
+  
+
+              
+            
+          </ul>
+        </nav>
+      
+    </li>
+  
+
+              
+            
+              
+                
+  
+  
+  
+  
+    
+    
+      
+        
+      
+        
+      
+        
+      
+        
+      
+        
+      
+        
+      
+        
+      
+    
+    
+      
+      
+        
+          
+          
+        
+      
+    
+    
+    <li class="md-nav__item md-nav__item--section md-nav__item--nested">
+      
+        
+        
+        <input class="md-nav__toggle md-toggle " type="checkbox" id="__nav_4_13" >
+        
+          
+          <label class="md-nav__link" for="__nav_4_13" id="__nav_4_13_label" tabindex="">
+            
+  
+  <span class="md-ellipsis">
+    Javascript
+  </span>
+  
+
+            <span class="md-nav__icon md-icon"></span>
+          </label>
+        
+        <nav class="md-nav" data-md-level="2" aria-labelledby="__nav_4_13_label" aria-expanded="false">
+          <label class="md-nav__title" for="__nav_4_13">
+            <span class="md-nav__icon md-icon"></span>
+            Javascript
+          </label>
+          <ul class="md-nav__list" data-md-scrollfix>
+            
+              
+                
+  
+  
+  
+  
+    <li class="md-nav__item">
+      <a href="../../javascript/javascript.html" class="md-nav__link">
+        
+  
+  <span class="md-ellipsis">
+    Javascript
+  </span>
+  
+
+      </a>
+    </li>
+  
+
+              
+            
+              
+                
+  
+  
+  
+  
+    <li class="md-nav__item">
+      <a href="../../javascript/dom.html" class="md-nav__link">
+        
+  
+  <span class="md-ellipsis">
+    DOM
+  </span>
+  
+
+      </a>
+    </li>
+  
+
+              
+            
+              
+                
+  
+  
+  
+  
+    <li class="md-nav__item">
+      <a href="../../javascript/events-animation.html" class="md-nav__link">
+        
+  
+  <span class="md-ellipsis">
+    Events & Animation
+  </span>
+  
+
+      </a>
+    </li>
+  
+
+              
+            
+              
+                
+  
+  
+  
+  
+    <li class="md-nav__item">
+      <a href="../../javascript/ajax.html" class="md-nav__link">
+        
+  
+  <span class="md-ellipsis">
+    AJAX
+  </span>
+  
+
+      </a>
+    </li>
+  
+
+              
+            
+              
+                
+  
+  
+  
+  
+    <li class="md-nav__item">
+      <a href="../../javascript/jquery.html" class="md-nav__link">
+        
+  
+  <span class="md-ellipsis">
+    jQuery
+  </span>
+  
+
+      </a>
+    </li>
+  
+
+              
+            
+              
+                
+  
+  
+  
+  
+    
+    
+      
+        
+      
+        
+      
+        
+      
+        
+      
+        
+      
+    
+    
+      
+      
+        
+      
+    
+    
+    <li class="md-nav__item md-nav__item--nested">
+      
+        
+        
+        <input class="md-nav__toggle md-toggle " type="checkbox" id="__nav_4_13_6" >
+        
+          
+          <label class="md-nav__link" for="__nav_4_13_6" id="__nav_4_13_6_label" tabindex="0">
+            
+  
+  <span class="md-ellipsis">
+    React
+  </span>
+  
+
+            <span class="md-nav__icon md-icon"></span>
+          </label>
+        
+        <nav class="md-nav" data-md-level="3" aria-labelledby="__nav_4_13_6_label" aria-expanded="false">
+          <label class="md-nav__title" for="__nav_4_13_6">
+            <span class="md-nav__icon md-icon"></span>
+            React
+          </label>
+          <ul class="md-nav__list" data-md-scrollfix>
+            
+              
+                
+  
+  
+  
+  
+    <li class="md-nav__item">
+      <a href="../../javascript/react/react.html" class="md-nav__link">
+        
+  
+  <span class="md-ellipsis">
+    React
+  </span>
+  
+
+      </a>
+    </li>
+  
+
+              
+            
+              
+                
+  
+  
+  
+  
+    <li class="md-nav__item">
+      <a href="../../javascript/react/react-router.html" class="md-nav__link">
+        
+  
+  <span class="md-ellipsis">
+    React Router
+  </span>
+  
+
+      </a>
+    </li>
+  
+
+              
+            
+              
+                
+  
+  
+  
+  
+    <li class="md-nav__item">
+      <a href="../../javascript/react/react-tests.html" class="md-nav__link">
+        
+  
+  <span class="md-ellipsis">
+    React Tests
+  </span>
+  
+
+      </a>
+    </li>
+  
+
+              
+            
+              
+                
+  
+  
+  
+  
+    <li class="md-nav__item">
+      <a href="../../javascript/react/redux.html" class="md-nav__link">
+        
+  
+  <span class="md-ellipsis">
+    Redux
+  </span>
+  
+
+      </a>
+    </li>
+  
+
+              
+            
+              
+                
+  
+  
+  
+  
+    <li class="md-nav__item">
+      <a href="../../javascript/react/redux-tests.html" class="md-nav__link">
+        
+  
+  <span class="md-ellipsis">
+    Redux Tests
+  </span>
+  
+
+      </a>
+    </li>
+  
+
+              
+            
+          </ul>
+        </nav>
+      
+    </li>
+  
+
+              
+            
+              
+                
+  
+  
+  
+  
+    <li class="md-nav__item">
+      <a href="../../javascript/svelte/svelte.html" class="md-nav__link">
+        
+  
+  <span class="md-ellipsis">
+    Svelte
+  </span>
+  
+
+      </a>
+    </li>
+  
+
+              
+            
+          </ul>
+        </nav>
+      
+    </li>
+  
+
+              
+            
+              
+                
+  
+  
+  
+  
+    
+    
+      
+        
+      
+        
+      
+    
+    
+      
+      
+        
+          
+          
+        
+      
+    
+    
+    <li class="md-nav__item md-nav__item--section md-nav__item--nested">
+      
+        
+        
+        <input class="md-nav__toggle md-toggle " type="checkbox" id="__nav_4_14" >
+        
+          
+          <label class="md-nav__link" for="__nav_4_14" id="__nav_4_14_label" tabindex="">
+            
+  
+  <span class="md-ellipsis">
+    PowerShell
+  </span>
+  
+
+            <span class="md-nav__icon md-icon"></span>
+          </label>
+        
+        <nav class="md-nav" data-md-level="2" aria-labelledby="__nav_4_14_label" aria-expanded="false">
+          <label class="md-nav__title" for="__nav_4_14">
+            <span class="md-nav__icon md-icon"></span>
+            PowerShell
+          </label>
+          <ul class="md-nav__list" data-md-scrollfix>
+            
+              
+                
+  
+  
+  
+  
+    <li class="md-nav__item">
+      <a href="../../powershell/scripting.html" class="md-nav__link">
+        
+  
+  <span class="md-ellipsis">
+    Scripting
+  </span>
+  
+
+      </a>
+    </li>
+  
+
+              
+            
+              
+                
+  
+  
+  
+  
+    <li class="md-nav__item">
+      <a href="../../powershell/commands.html" class="md-nav__link">
+        
+  
+  <span class="md-ellipsis">
+    Commands
+  </span>
+  
+
+      </a>
+    </li>
+  
+
+              
+            
+          </ul>
+        </nav>
+      
+    </li>
+  
+
+              
+            
+              
+                
+  
+  
+  
+  
+    
+    
+      
+        
+      
+        
+      
+    
+    
+      
+      
+        
+          
+          
+        
+      
+    
+    
+    <li class="md-nav__item md-nav__item--section md-nav__item--nested">
+      
+        
+        
+        <input class="md-nav__toggle md-toggle " type="checkbox" id="__nav_4_15" >
+        
+          
+          <label class="md-nav__link" for="__nav_4_15" id="__nav_4_15_label" tabindex="">
+            
+  
+  <span class="md-ellipsis">
+    Bash
+  </span>
+  
+
+            <span class="md-nav__icon md-icon"></span>
+          </label>
+        
+        <nav class="md-nav" data-md-level="2" aria-labelledby="__nav_4_15_label" aria-expanded="false">
+          <label class="md-nav__title" for="__nav_4_15">
+            <span class="md-nav__icon md-icon"></span>
+            Bash
+          </label>
+          <ul class="md-nav__list" data-md-scrollfix>
+            
+              
+                
+  
+  
+  
+  
+    <li class="md-nav__item">
+      <a href="../../bash/scripting.html" class="md-nav__link">
+        
+  
+  <span class="md-ellipsis">
+    Scripting
+  </span>
+  
+
+      </a>
+    </li>
+  
+
+              
+            
+              
+                
+  
+  
+  
+  
+    <li class="md-nav__item">
+      <a href="../../bash/commands.html" class="md-nav__link">
+        
+  
+  <span class="md-ellipsis">
+    Commands
+  </span>
+  
+
+      </a>
+    </li>
+  
+
+              
+            
+          </ul>
+        </nav>
+      
+    </li>
+  
+
+              
+            
+          </ul>
+        </nav>
+      
+    </li>
+  
+
+    
+      
+      
+  
+  
+  
+  
+    
+    
+      
+        
+      
+        
+      
+        
+      
+        
+      
+        
+      
+    
+    
+      
+      
+        
+      
+    
+    
+    <li class="md-nav__item md-nav__item--nested">
+      
+        
+        
+        <input class="md-nav__toggle md-toggle " type="checkbox" id="__nav_5" >
+        
+          
+          <label class="md-nav__link" for="__nav_5" id="__nav_5_label" tabindex="0">
+            
+  
+  <span class="md-ellipsis">
+    Misc
+  </span>
+  
+
+            <span class="md-nav__icon md-icon"></span>
+          </label>
+        
+        <nav class="md-nav" data-md-level="1" aria-labelledby="__nav_5_label" aria-expanded="false">
+          <label class="md-nav__title" for="__nav_5">
+            <span class="md-nav__icon md-icon"></span>
+            Misc
+          </label>
+          <ul class="md-nav__list" data-md-scrollfix>
+            
+              
+                
+  
+  
+  
+  
+    <li class="md-nav__item">
+      <a href="../../../misc/git.html" class="md-nav__link">
+        
+  
+  <span class="md-ellipsis">
+    Git
+  </span>
+  
+
+      </a>
+    </li>
+  
+
+              
+            
+              
+                
+  
+  
+  
+  
+    <li class="md-nav__item">
+      <a href="../../../misc/graph-ql.html" class="md-nav__link">
+        
+  
+  <span class="md-ellipsis">
+    GraphQL
+  </span>
+  
+
+      </a>
+    </li>
+  
+
+              
+            
+              
+                
+  
+  
+  
+  
+    <li class="md-nav__item">
+      <a href="../../../misc/regular-expressions.html" class="md-nav__link">
+        
+  
+  <span class="md-ellipsis">
+    RegEx
+  </span>
+  
+
+      </a>
+    </li>
+  
+
+              
+            
+              
+                
+  
+  
+  
+  
+    <li class="md-nav__item">
+      <a href="../../../misc/ssh.html" class="md-nav__link">
+        
+  
+  <span class="md-ellipsis">
+    SSH
+  </span>
+  
+
+      </a>
+    </li>
+  
+
+              
+            
+              
+                
+  
+  
+  
+  
+    <li class="md-nav__item">
+      <a href="../../../misc/web-components.html" class="md-nav__link">
+        
+  
+  <span class="md-ellipsis">
+    WebComponents
+  </span>
+  
+
+      </a>
+    </li>
+  
+
+              
+            
+          </ul>
+        </nav>
+      
+    </li>
+  
+
+    
+      
+      
+  
+  
+  
+  
+    
+    
+      
+        
+      
+        
+      
+    
+    
+      
+      
+        
+      
+    
+    
+    <li class="md-nav__item md-nav__item--nested">
+      
+        
+        
+        <input class="md-nav__toggle md-toggle " type="checkbox" id="__nav_6" >
+        
+          
+          <label class="md-nav__link" for="__nav_6" id="__nav_6_label" tabindex="0">
+            
+  
+  <span class="md-ellipsis">
+    Linux
+  </span>
+  
+
+            <span class="md-nav__icon md-icon"></span>
+          </label>
+        
+        <nav class="md-nav" data-md-level="1" aria-labelledby="__nav_6_label" aria-expanded="false">
+          <label class="md-nav__title" for="__nav_6">
+            <span class="md-nav__icon md-icon"></span>
+            Linux
+          </label>
+          <ul class="md-nav__list" data-md-scrollfix>
+            
+              
+                
+  
+  
+  
+  
+    
+    
+      
+        
+      
+        
+      
+        
+      
+    
+    
+      
+      
+        
+      
+    
+    
+    <li class="md-nav__item md-nav__item--nested">
+      
+        
+        
+        <input class="md-nav__toggle md-toggle " type="checkbox" id="__nav_6_1" >
+        
+          
+          <label class="md-nav__link" for="__nav_6_1" id="__nav_6_1_label" tabindex="0">
+            
+  
+  <span class="md-ellipsis">
+    Filesystem
+  </span>
+  
+
+            <span class="md-nav__icon md-icon"></span>
+          </label>
+        
+        <nav class="md-nav" data-md-level="2" aria-labelledby="__nav_6_1_label" aria-expanded="false">
+          <label class="md-nav__title" for="__nav_6_1">
+            <span class="md-nav__icon md-icon"></span>
+            Filesystem
+          </label>
+          <ul class="md-nav__list" data-md-scrollfix>
+            
+              
+                
+  
+  
+  
+  
+    <li class="md-nav__item">
+      <a href="../../../linux/filesystem/file-links.html" class="md-nav__link">
+        
+  
+  <span class="md-ellipsis">
+    File Links
+  </span>
+  
+
+      </a>
+    </li>
+  
+
+              
+            
+              
+                
+  
+  
+  
+  
+    <li class="md-nav__item">
+      <a href="../../../linux/filesystem/procfs.html" class="md-nav__link">
+        
+  
+  <span class="md-ellipsis">
+    /proc
+  </span>
+  
+
+      </a>
+    </li>
+  
+
+              
+            
+              
+                
+  
+  
+  
+  
+    <li class="md-nav__item">
+      <a href="../../../linux/filesystem/sysfs.html" class="md-nav__link">
+        
+  
+  <span class="md-ellipsis">
+    /sys
+  </span>
+  
+
+      </a>
+    </li>
+  
+
+              
+            
+          </ul>
+        </nav>
+      
+    </li>
+  
+
+              
+            
+              
+                
+  
+  
+  
+  
+    
+    
+      
+        
+      
+        
+      
+    
+    
+      
+      
+        
+      
+    
+    
+    <li class="md-nav__item md-nav__item--nested">
+      
+        
+        
+        <input class="md-nav__toggle md-toggle " type="checkbox" id="__nav_6_2" >
+        
+          
+          <label class="md-nav__link" for="__nav_6_2" id="__nav_6_2_label" tabindex="0">
+            
+  
+  <span class="md-ellipsis">
+    System Init
+  </span>
+  
+
+            <span class="md-nav__icon md-icon"></span>
+          </label>
+        
+        <nav class="md-nav" data-md-level="2" aria-labelledby="__nav_6_2_label" aria-expanded="false">
+          <label class="md-nav__title" for="__nav_6_2">
+            <span class="md-nav__icon md-icon"></span>
+            System Init
+          </label>
+          <ul class="md-nav__list" data-md-scrollfix>
+            
+              
+                
+  
+  
+  
+  
+    <li class="md-nav__item">
+      <a href="../../../linux/init/systemd.html" class="md-nav__link">
+        
+  
+  <span class="md-ellipsis">
+    Systemd
+  </span>
+  
+
+      </a>
+    </li>
+  
+
+              
+            
+              
+                
+  
+  
+  
+  
+    <li class="md-nav__item">
+      <a href="../../../linux/init/open-rc.html" class="md-nav__link">
+        
+  
+  <span class="md-ellipsis">
+    OpenRC
+  </span>
+  
+
+      </a>
+    </li>
+  
+
+              
+            
+          </ul>
+        </nav>
+      
+    </li>
+  
+
+              
+            
+          </ul>
+        </nav>
+      
+    </li>
+  
+
+    
+  </ul>
+</nav>
+                  </div>
+                </div>
+              </div>
+            
+            
+              
+              <div class="md-sidebar md-sidebar--secondary" data-md-component="sidebar" data-md-type="toc" >
+                <div class="md-sidebar__scrollwrap">
+                  <div class="md-sidebar__inner">
+                    
+
+<nav class="md-nav md-nav--secondary" aria-label="Table of contents">
+  
+  
+  
+    
+  
+  
+    <label class="md-nav__title" for="__toc">
+      <span class="md-nav__icon md-icon"></span>
+      Table of contents
+    </label>
+    <ul class="md-nav__list" data-md-component="toc" data-md-scrollfix>
+      
+        <li class="md-nav__item">
+  <a href="#how-filters-work" class="md-nav__link">
+    <span class="md-ellipsis">
+      How filters work
+    </span>
+  </a>
+  
+</li>
+      
+        <li class="md-nav__item">
+  <a href="#filter-types" class="md-nav__link">
+    <span class="md-ellipsis">
+      Filter types
+    </span>
+  </a>
+  
+</li>
+      
+        <li class="md-nav__item">
+  <a href="#implementation" class="md-nav__link">
+    <span class="md-ellipsis">
+      Implementation
+    </span>
+  </a>
+  
+</li>
+      
+        <li class="md-nav__item">
+  <a href="#built-in-filter-attributes" class="md-nav__link">
+    <span class="md-ellipsis">
+      Built-in filter attributes
+    </span>
+  </a>
+  
+</li>
+      
+        <li class="md-nav__item">
+  <a href="#filter-scopes" class="md-nav__link">
+    <span class="md-ellipsis">
+      Filter scopes
+    </span>
+  </a>
+  
+</li>
+      
+        <li class="md-nav__item">
+  <a href="#filter-order-of-execution" class="md-nav__link">
+    <span class="md-ellipsis">
+      Filter Order of Execution
+    </span>
+  </a>
+  
+    <nav class="md-nav" aria-label="Filter Order of Execution">
+      <ul class="md-nav__list">
+        
+          <li class="md-nav__item">
+  <a href="#cancellation-and-short-circuiting" class="md-nav__link">
+    <span class="md-ellipsis">
+      Cancellation and Short-Circuiting
+    </span>
+  </a>
+  
+</li>
+        
+      </ul>
+    </nav>
+  
+</li>
+      
+        <li class="md-nav__item">
+  <a href="#dependency-injection" class="md-nav__link">
+    <span class="md-ellipsis">
+      Dependency Injection
+    </span>
+  </a>
+  
+    <nav class="md-nav" aria-label="Dependency Injection">
+      <ul class="md-nav__list">
+        
+          <li class="md-nav__item">
+  <a href="#servicefilterattribute" class="md-nav__link">
+    <span class="md-ellipsis">
+      ServiceFilterAttribute
+    </span>
+  </a>
+  
+</li>
+        
+      </ul>
+    </nav>
+  
+</li>
+      
+    </ul>
+  
+</nav>
+                  </div>
+                </div>
+              </div>
+            
+          
+          
+            <div class="md-content" data-md-component="content">
+              <article class="md-content__inner md-typeset">
+                
+                  
+
+  
+  
+
+
+<h1 id="filters"><a href="https://docs.microsoft.com/en-us/aspnet/core/mvc/controllers/filters">Filters</a></h1>
+<p><strong>Filters</strong> in ASP.NET Core allow code to be run <em>before</em> or <em>after</em> specific stages in the request processing pipeline.</p>
+<p>Built-in filters handle tasks such as:</p>
+<ul>
+<li>Authorization (preventing access to resources a user isn't authorized for).</li>
+<li>Response caching (short-circuiting the request pipeline to return a cached response).</li>
+</ul>
+<p>Custom filters can be created to handle cross-cutting concerns. Examples of cross-cutting concerns include error handling, caching, configuration, authorization, and logging. Filters avoid duplicating code.</p>
+<h2 id="how-filters-work"><strong>How filters work</strong></h2>
+<p>Filters run within the <em>ASP.NET Core action invocation pipeline</em>, sometimes referred to as the <em>filter pipeline</em>. The filter pipeline runs after ASP.NET Core selects the action to execute.</p>
+<p><img alt="filter-pipeline-1" src="../../../img/dotnet_filter-pipeline-1.avif" />
+<img alt="filter-pipeline-2" src="../../../img/dotnet_filter-pipeline-2.avif" /></p>
+<h2 id="filter-types"><strong>Filter types</strong></h2>
+<p>Each filter type is executed at a different stage in the filter pipeline:</p>
+<ul>
+<li><strong>Authorization filters</strong> run first and are used to determine whether the user is authorized for the request. Authorization filters short-circuit the pipeline if the request is not authorized.</li>
+<li><strong>Resource filters</strong>:</li>
+<li>Run after authorization.</li>
+<li><code>OnResourceExecuting</code> runs code before the rest of the filter pipeline. For example, <code>OnResourceExecuting</code> runs code before model binding.</li>
+<li><code>OnResourceExecuted</code> runs code after the rest of the pipeline has completed.</li>
+<li><strong>Action filters</strong>:</li>
+<li>Run code immediately before and after an action method is called.</li>
+<li>Can change the arguments passed into an action.</li>
+<li>Can change the result returned from the action.</li>
+<li>Are <strong>not</strong> supported in Razor Pages.</li>
+<li><strong>Exception filters</strong> apply global policies to unhandled exceptions that occur before the response body has been written to.</li>
+<li><strong>Result filters</strong> run code immediately before and after the execution of action results. They run only when the action method has executed successfully. They are useful for logic that must surround view or formatter execution.</li>
+</ul>
+<h2 id="implementation"><strong>Implementation</strong></h2>
+<p>Filters support both synchronous and asynchronous implementations through different interface definitions.</p>
+<p>For example, <code>OnActionExecuting</code> is called before the action method is called. <code>OnActionExecuted</code> is called after the action method returns.
+Asynchronous filters define an <code>On-Stage-ExecutionAsync</code> method, for example <code>OnActionExecutionAsync</code>.</p>
+<p>Interfaces for multiple filter stages can be implemented in a single class.</p>
+<div class="highlight"><table class="highlighttable"><tr><th colspan="2" class="filename"><span class="filename">C#</span></th></tr><tr><td class="linenos"><div class="linenodiv"><pre><span></span><span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-0-1"> 1</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-0-2"> 2</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-0-3"> 3</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-0-4"> 4</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-0-5"> 5</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-0-6"> 6</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-0-7"> 7</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-0-8"> 8</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-0-9"> 9</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-0-10">10</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-0-11">11</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-0-12">12</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-0-13">13</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-0-14">14</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-0-15">15</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-0-16">16</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-0-17">17</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-0-18">18</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-0-19">19</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-0-20">20</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-0-21">21</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-0-22">22</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-0-23">23</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-0-24">24</a></span></pre></div></td><td class="code"><div><pre><span></span><code><a id="__codelineno-0-1" name="__codelineno-0-1"></a><span class="k">public</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="k">class</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="nc">SampleActionFilter</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="p">:</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="n">IActionFilter</span>
+<a id="__codelineno-0-2" name="__codelineno-0-2"></a><span class="p">{</span>
+<a id="__codelineno-0-3" name="__codelineno-0-3"></a><span class="w">    </span><span class="k">public</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="k">void</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="nf">OnActionExecuting</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="n">ActionExecutingContext</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="n">context</span><span class="p">)</span>
+<a id="__codelineno-0-4" name="__codelineno-0-4"></a><span class="w">    </span><span class="p">{</span>
+<a id="__codelineno-0-5" name="__codelineno-0-5"></a><span class="w">        </span><span class="c1">// Do something before the action executes.</span>
+<a id="__codelineno-0-6" name="__codelineno-0-6"></a><span class="w">    </span><span class="p">}</span>
+<a id="__codelineno-0-7" name="__codelineno-0-7"></a>
+<a id="__codelineno-0-8" name="__codelineno-0-8"></a><span class="w">    </span><span class="k">public</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="k">void</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="nf">OnActionExecuted</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="n">ActionExecutedContext</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="n">context</span><span class="p">)</span>
+<a id="__codelineno-0-9" name="__codelineno-0-9"></a><span class="w">    </span><span class="p">{</span>
+<a id="__codelineno-0-10" name="__codelineno-0-10"></a><span class="w">        </span><span class="c1">// Do something after the action executes.</span>
+<a id="__codelineno-0-11" name="__codelineno-0-11"></a><span class="w">    </span><span class="p">}</span>
+<a id="__codelineno-0-12" name="__codelineno-0-12"></a><span class="p">}</span>
+<a id="__codelineno-0-13" name="__codelineno-0-13"></a>
+<a id="__codelineno-0-14" name="__codelineno-0-14"></a>
+<a id="__codelineno-0-15" name="__codelineno-0-15"></a><span class="k">public</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="k">class</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="nc">SampleAsyncActionFilter</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="p">:</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="n">IAsyncActionFilter</span>
+<a id="__codelineno-0-16" name="__codelineno-0-16"></a><span class="p">{</span>
+<a id="__codelineno-0-17" name="__codelineno-0-17"></a><span class="w">    </span><span class="k">public</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="k">async</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="n">Task</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="nf">OnActionExecutionAsync</span><span class="p">(</span>
+<a id="__codelineno-0-18" name="__codelineno-0-18"></a><span class="w">        </span><span class="n">ActionExecutingContext</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="n">context</span><span class="p">,</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="n">ActionExecutionDelegate</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="n">next</span><span class="p">)</span>
+<a id="__codelineno-0-19" name="__codelineno-0-19"></a><span class="w">    </span><span class="p">{</span>
+<a id="__codelineno-0-20" name="__codelineno-0-20"></a><span class="w">        </span><span class="c1">// Do something before the action executes.</span>
+<a id="__codelineno-0-21" name="__codelineno-0-21"></a><span class="w">        </span><span class="k">await</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="nf">next</span><span class="p">();</span>
+<a id="__codelineno-0-22" name="__codelineno-0-22"></a><span class="w">        </span><span class="c1">// Do something after the action executes.</span>
+<a id="__codelineno-0-23" name="__codelineno-0-23"></a><span class="w">    </span><span class="p">}</span>
+<a id="__codelineno-0-24" name="__codelineno-0-24"></a><span class="p">}</span>
+</code></pre></div></td></tr></table></div>
+<h2 id="built-in-filter-attributes"><strong>Built-in filter attributes</strong></h2>
+<p>ASP.NET Core includes built-in <em>attribute-based</em> filters that can be subclassed and customized.
+Several of the filter interfaces have corresponding attributes that can be used as base classes for custom implementations.</p>
+<p>Filter attributes:</p>
+<ul>
+<li><a href="https://docs.microsoft.com/en-us/dotnet/api/microsoft.aspnetcore.mvc.filters.actionfilterattribute">ActionFilterAttribute</a></li>
+<li><a href="https://docs.microsoft.com/en-us/dotnet/api/microsoft.aspnetcore.mvc.filters.exceptionfilterattribute">ExceptionFilterAttribute</a></li>
+<li><a href="https://docs.microsoft.com/en-us/dotnet/api/microsoft.aspnetcore.mvc.filters.resultfilterattribute">ResultFilterAttribute</a></li>
+<li><a href="https://docs.microsoft.com/en-us/dotnet/api/microsoft.aspnetcore.mvc.formatfilterattribute">FormatFilterAttribute</a></li>
+<li><a href="https://docs.microsoft.com/en-us/dotnet/api/microsoft.aspnetcore.mvc.servicefilterattribute">ServiceFilterAttribute</a></li>
+<li><a href="https://docs.microsoft.com/en-us/dotnet/api/microsoft.aspnetcore.mvc.typefilterattribute">TypeFilterAttribute</a></li>
+</ul>
+<h2 id="filter-scopes"><strong>Filter scopes</strong></h2>
+<p>A filter can be added to the pipeline at one of three <em>scopes</em>:</p>
+<ul>
+<li>Using an attribute on a controller action. Filter attributes cannot be applied to Razor Pages handler methods.</li>
+</ul>
+<div class="highlight"><table class="highlighttable"><tr><th colspan="2" class="filename"><span class="filename">C#</span></th></tr><tr><td class="linenos"><div class="linenodiv"><pre><span></span><span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-1-1">1</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-1-2">2</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-1-3">3</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-1-4">4</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-1-5">5</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-1-6">6</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-1-7">7</a></span></pre></div></td><td class="code"><div><pre><span></span><code><a id="__codelineno-1-1" name="__codelineno-1-1"></a><span class="n">services</span><span class="p">.</span><span class="n">AddScoped</span><span class="o">&lt;</span><span class="n">CustomActionFilterAttribute</span><span class="o">&gt;</span><span class="p">();</span>
+<a id="__codelineno-1-2" name="__codelineno-1-2"></a>
+<a id="__codelineno-1-3" name="__codelineno-1-3"></a><span class="na">[ServiceFilter(typeof(CustomActionFilterAttribute))]</span>
+<a id="__codelineno-1-4" name="__codelineno-1-4"></a><span class="k">public</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="n">IActionResult</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="nf">Action</span><span class="p">()</span>
+<a id="__codelineno-1-5" name="__codelineno-1-5"></a><span class="p">{</span>
+<a id="__codelineno-1-6" name="__codelineno-1-6"></a><span class="w">    </span><span class="k">return</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="nf">Ok</span><span class="p">();</span>
+<a id="__codelineno-1-7" name="__codelineno-1-7"></a><span class="p">}</span>
+</code></pre></div></td></tr></table></div>
+<ul>
+<li>Using an attribute on a controller or Razor Page.</li>
+</ul>
+<div class="highlight"><table class="highlighttable"><tr><th colspan="2" class="filename"><span class="filename">C#</span></th></tr><tr><td class="linenos"><div class="linenodiv"><pre><span></span><span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-2-1">1</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-2-2">2</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-2-3">3</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-2-4">4</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-2-5">5</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-2-6">6</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-2-7">7</a></span></pre></div></td><td class="code"><div><pre><span></span><code><a id="__codelineno-2-1" name="__codelineno-2-1"></a><span class="n">services</span><span class="p">.</span><span class="n">AddControllersWithViews</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="n">options</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="o">=&gt;</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="p">{</span><span class="w"> </span>
+<a id="__codelineno-2-2" name="__codelineno-2-2"></a><span class="w">    </span><span class="n">options</span><span class="p">.</span><span class="n">Filters</span><span class="p">.</span><span class="n">Add</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="k">new</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="n">CustomResponseFilterAttribute</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="n">args</span><span class="p">));</span><span class="w"> </span>
+<a id="__codelineno-2-3" name="__codelineno-2-3"></a><span class="p">});</span>
+<a id="__codelineno-2-4" name="__codelineno-2-4"></a>
+<a id="__codelineno-2-5" name="__codelineno-2-5"></a>
+<a id="__codelineno-2-6" name="__codelineno-2-6"></a><span class="na">[CustomResponseFilterAttribute(args)]</span>
+<a id="__codelineno-2-7" name="__codelineno-2-7"></a><span class="k">public</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="k">class</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="nc">SampleController</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="p">:</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="n">Controller</span>
+</code></pre></div></td></tr></table></div>
+<ul>
+<li>Globally for all controllers, actions, and Razor Pages.</li>
+</ul>
+<div class="highlight"><table class="highlighttable"><tr><th colspan="2" class="filename"><span class="filename">C#</span></th></tr><tr><td class="linenos"><div class="linenodiv"><pre><span></span><span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-3-1">1</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-3-2">2</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-3-3">3</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-3-4">4</a></span></pre></div></td><td class="code"><div><pre><span></span><code><a id="__codelineno-3-1" name="__codelineno-3-1"></a><span class="n">builder</span><span class="p">.</span><span class="n">Services</span><span class="p">.</span><span class="n">AddControllersWithViews</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="n">options</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="o">=&gt;</span>
+<a id="__codelineno-3-2" name="__codelineno-3-2"></a><span class="p">{</span>
+<a id="__codelineno-3-3" name="__codelineno-3-3"></a><span class="w">    </span><span class="n">options</span><span class="p">.</span><span class="n">Filters</span><span class="p">.</span><span class="n">Add</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="k">typeof</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="n">CustomActionFilter</span><span class="p">));</span>
+<a id="__codelineno-3-4" name="__codelineno-3-4"></a><span class="p">});</span>
+</code></pre></div></td></tr></table></div>
+<h2 id="filter-order-of-execution">Filter Order of Execution</h2>
+<p>When there are multiple filters for a particular stage of the pipeline, scope determines the default order of filter execution. Global filters surround class filters, which in turn surround method filters.</p>
+<p>As a result of filter nesting, the <em>after</em> code of filters runs in the reverse order of the <em>before</em> code. The filter sequence:</p>
+<ul>
+<li>The <em>before</em> code of global filters.</li>
+<li>The <em>before</em> code of controller and Razor Page filters.<ul>
+<li>The <em>before</em> code of action method filters.</li>
+<li>The <em>after</em> code of action method filters.</li>
+</ul>
+</li>
+<li>The <em>after</em> code of controller and Razor Page filters.</li>
+<li>The <em>after</em> code of global filters.</li>
+</ul>
+<h3 id="cancellation-and-short-circuiting">Cancellation and Short-Circuiting</h3>
+<p>The filter pipeline can be short-circuited by setting the <code>Result</code> property on the <code>ResourceExecutingContext</code> parameter provided to the filter method.</p>
+<div class="highlight"><table class="highlighttable"><tr><th colspan="2" class="filename"><span class="filename">C#</span></th></tr><tr><td class="linenos"><div class="linenodiv"><pre><span></span><span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-4-1"> 1</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-4-2"> 2</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-4-3"> 3</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-4-4"> 4</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-4-5"> 5</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-4-6"> 6</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-4-7"> 7</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-4-8"> 8</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-4-9"> 9</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-4-10">10</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-4-11">11</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-4-12">12</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-4-13">13</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-4-14">14</a></span></pre></div></td><td class="code"><div><pre><span></span><code><a id="__codelineno-4-1" name="__codelineno-4-1"></a><span class="k">public</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="k">class</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="nc">ShortCircuitingResourceFilterAttribute</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="p">:</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="n">Attribute</span><span class="p">,</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="n">IResourceFilter</span>
+<a id="__codelineno-4-2" name="__codelineno-4-2"></a><span class="p">{</span>
+<a id="__codelineno-4-3" name="__codelineno-4-3"></a><span class="w">    </span><span class="k">public</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="k">void</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="nf">OnResourceExecuting</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="n">ResourceExecutingContext</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="n">context</span><span class="p">)</span>
+<a id="__codelineno-4-4" name="__codelineno-4-4"></a><span class="w">    </span><span class="p">{</span>
+<a id="__codelineno-4-5" name="__codelineno-4-5"></a><span class="w">        </span><span class="n">context</span><span class="p">.</span><span class="n">Result</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="o">=</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="k">new</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="n">ContentResult</span><span class="p">()</span>
+<a id="__codelineno-4-6" name="__codelineno-4-6"></a><span class="w">        </span><span class="p">{</span>
+<a id="__codelineno-4-7" name="__codelineno-4-7"></a><span class="w">            </span><span class="n">Content</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="o">=</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="s">&quot;Resource unavailable - header not set.&quot;</span>
+<a id="__codelineno-4-8" name="__codelineno-4-8"></a><span class="w">        </span><span class="p">};</span>
+<a id="__codelineno-4-9" name="__codelineno-4-9"></a><span class="w">    </span><span class="p">}</span>
+<a id="__codelineno-4-10" name="__codelineno-4-10"></a>
+<a id="__codelineno-4-11" name="__codelineno-4-11"></a><span class="w">    </span><span class="k">public</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="k">void</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="nf">OnResourceExecuted</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="n">ResourceExecutedContext</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="n">context</span><span class="p">)</span>
+<a id="__codelineno-4-12" name="__codelineno-4-12"></a><span class="w">    </span><span class="p">{</span>
+<a id="__codelineno-4-13" name="__codelineno-4-13"></a><span class="w">    </span><span class="p">}</span>
+<a id="__codelineno-4-14" name="__codelineno-4-14"></a><span class="p">}</span>
+</code></pre></div></td></tr></table></div>
+<h2 id="dependency-injection">Dependency Injection</h2>
+<p>Filters can be added <em>by type</em> or <em>by instance</em>. If an instance is added, that instance is used for every request. If a type is added, it's type-activated.</p>
+<p>A type-activated filter means:</p>
+<ul>
+<li>An instance is created for each request.</li>
+<li>Any constructor dependencies are populated by dependency injection (DI).</li>
+</ul>
+<p>Filters that are implemented as attributes and added directly to controller classes or action methods cannot have constructor dependencies provided by dependency injection (DI). Constructor dependencies cannot be provided by DI because attributes must have their constructor parameters supplied where they're applied.</p>
+<p>The following filters support constructor dependencies provided from DI:</p>
+<ul>
+<li>ServiceFilterAttribute</li>
+<li>TypeFilterAttribute</li>
+<li>IFilterFactory implemented on the attribute.</li>
+</ul>
+<h3 id="servicefilterattribute"><a href="https://learn.microsoft.com/en-us/aspnet/core/mvc/controllers/filters?view=aspnetcore-7.0#servicefilterattribute" title="ServiceFilterAttribute Docs"><code>ServiceFilterAttribute</code></a></h3>
+<div class="highlight"><table class="highlighttable"><tr><th colspan="2" class="filename"><span class="filename">C#</span></th></tr><tr><td class="linenos"><div class="linenodiv"><pre><span></span><span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-5-1"> 1</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-5-2"> 2</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-5-3"> 3</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-5-4"> 4</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-5-5"> 5</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-5-6"> 6</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-5-7"> 7</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-5-8"> 8</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-5-9"> 9</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-5-10">10</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-5-11">11</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-5-12">12</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-5-13">13</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-5-14">14</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-5-15">15</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-5-16">16</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-5-17">17</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-5-18">18</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-5-19">19</a></span></pre></div></td><td class="code"><div><pre><span></span><code><a id="__codelineno-5-1" name="__codelineno-5-1"></a><span class="n">builder</span><span class="p">.</span><span class="n">Services</span><span class="p">.</span><span class="n">AddScoped</span><span class="o">&lt;</span><span class="n">CustomFilterFromDI</span><span class="o">&gt;</span><span class="p">();</span>
+<a id="__codelineno-5-2" name="__codelineno-5-2"></a>
+<a id="__codelineno-5-3" name="__codelineno-5-3"></a><span class="k">public</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="k">class</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="nc">CustomFilterFromDI</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="p">:</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="n">IResultFilter</span>
+<a id="__codelineno-5-4" name="__codelineno-5-4"></a><span class="p">{</span>
+<a id="__codelineno-5-5" name="__codelineno-5-5"></a><span class="w">    </span><span class="k">private</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="k">readonly</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="n">ILogger</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="n">_logger</span><span class="p">;</span>
+<a id="__codelineno-5-6" name="__codelineno-5-6"></a>
+<a id="__codelineno-5-7" name="__codelineno-5-7"></a><span class="w">    </span><span class="k">public</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="nf">CustomFilterFromDI</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="n">ILogger</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="n">logger</span><span class="p">)</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="o">=&gt;</span><span class="w">  </span><span class="n">_logger</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="o">=</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="n">logger</span><span class="p">;</span>
+<a id="__codelineno-5-8" name="__codelineno-5-8"></a>
+<a id="__codelineno-5-9" name="__codelineno-5-9"></a><span class="w">    </span><span class="k">public</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="k">void</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="nf">OnResultExecuting</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="n">ResultExecutingContext</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="n">context</span><span class="p">)</span>
+<a id="__codelineno-5-10" name="__codelineno-5-10"></a><span class="w">    </span><span class="p">{</span>
+<a id="__codelineno-5-11" name="__codelineno-5-11"></a><span class="w">    </span><span class="p">}</span>
+<a id="__codelineno-5-12" name="__codelineno-5-12"></a>
+<a id="__codelineno-5-13" name="__codelineno-5-13"></a><span class="w">    </span><span class="k">public</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="k">void</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="nf">OnResultExecuted</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="n">ResultExecutedContext</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="n">context</span><span class="p">)</span>
+<a id="__codelineno-5-14" name="__codelineno-5-14"></a><span class="w">    </span><span class="p">{</span>
+<a id="__codelineno-5-15" name="__codelineno-5-15"></a><span class="w">    </span><span class="p">}</span>
+<a id="__codelineno-5-16" name="__codelineno-5-16"></a><span class="p">}</span>
+<a id="__codelineno-5-17" name="__codelineno-5-17"></a>
+<a id="__codelineno-5-18" name="__codelineno-5-18"></a><span class="na">[ServiceFilter(typeof(CustomFilterFromDI))]</span>
+<a id="__codelineno-5-19" name="__codelineno-5-19"></a><span class="k">public</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="n">IActionResult</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="nf">Action</span><span class="p">()</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="o">=&gt;</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="n">OK</span><span class="p">();</span>
+</code></pre></div></td></tr></table></div>
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+            <span class="md-nav__icon md-icon"></span>
+            ASP.NET
+          </label>
+          <ul class="md-nav__list" data-md-scrollfix>
+            
+              
+                
+  
+  
+  
+  
+    <li class="md-nav__item">
+      <a href="minimal-api.html" class="md-nav__link">
+        
+  
+  <span class="md-ellipsis">
+    Minimal API
+  </span>
+  
+
+      </a>
+    </li>
+  
+
+              
+            
+              
+                
+  
+  
+  
+  
+    <li class="md-nav__item">
+      <a href="filters.html" class="md-nav__link">
+        
+  
+  <span class="md-ellipsis">
+    FIlters
+  </span>
+  
+
+      </a>
+    </li>
+  
+
+              
+            
+              
+                
+  
+  
+    
+  
+  
+  
+    <li class="md-nav__item md-nav__item--active">
+      
+      <input class="md-nav__toggle md-toggle" type="checkbox" id="__toc">
+      
+      
+        
+      
+      
+        <label class="md-nav__link md-nav__link--active" for="__toc">
+          
+  
+  <span class="md-ellipsis">
+    Middleware
+  </span>
+  
+
+          <span class="md-nav__icon md-icon"></span>
+        </label>
+      
+      <a href="middleware.html" class="md-nav__link md-nav__link--active">
+        
+  
+  <span class="md-ellipsis">
+    Middleware
+  </span>
+  
+
+      </a>
+      
+        
+
+<nav class="md-nav md-nav--secondary" aria-label="Table of contents">
+  
+  
+  
+    
+  
+  
+    <label class="md-nav__title" for="__toc">
+      <span class="md-nav__icon md-icon"></span>
+      Table of contents
+    </label>
+    <ul class="md-nav__list" data-md-component="toc" data-md-scrollfix>
+      
+        <li class="md-nav__item">
+  <a href="#middleware-pipeline" class="md-nav__link">
+    <span class="md-ellipsis">
+      Middleware Pipeline
+    </span>
+  </a>
+  
+</li>
+      
+        <li class="md-nav__item">
+  <a href="#middleware-order" class="md-nav__link">
+    <span class="md-ellipsis">
+      Middleware Order
+    </span>
+  </a>
+  
+</li>
+      
+        <li class="md-nav__item">
+  <a href="#branching-the-middleware-pipeline" class="md-nav__link">
+    <span class="md-ellipsis">
+      Branching the Middleware Pipeline
+    </span>
+  </a>
+  
+</li>
+      
+        <li class="md-nav__item">
+  <a href="#custom-middleware-classes" class="md-nav__link">
+    <span class="md-ellipsis">
+      Custom Middleware Classes
+    </span>
+  </a>
+  
+</li>
+      
+        <li class="md-nav__item">
+  <a href="#middleware-extension-methods" class="md-nav__link">
+    <span class="md-ellipsis">
+      Middleware Extension Methods
+    </span>
+  </a>
+  
+</li>
+      
+    </ul>
+  
+</nav>
+      
+    </li>
+  
+
+              
+            
+              
+                
+  
+  
+  
+  
+    <li class="md-nav__item">
+      <a href="razor-syntax.html" class="md-nav__link">
+        
+  
+  <span class="md-ellipsis">
+    Razor Syntax
+  </span>
+  
+
+      </a>
+    </li>
+  
+
+              
+            
+              
+                
+  
+  
+  
+  
+    <li class="md-nav__item">
+      <a href="blazor.html" class="md-nav__link">
+        
+  
+  <span class="md-ellipsis">
+    Blazor
+  </span>
+  
+
+      </a>
+    </li>
+  
+
+              
+            
+              
+                
+  
+  
+  
+  
+    <li class="md-nav__item">
+      <a href="signalr.html" class="md-nav__link">
+        
+  
+  <span class="md-ellipsis">
+    SignalR
+  </span>
+  
+
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+    </li>
+  
+
+              
+            
+              
+                
+  
+  
+  
+  
+    <li class="md-nav__item">
+      <a href="web-forms.html" class="md-nav__link">
+        
+  
+  <span class="md-ellipsis">
+    Web Forms
+  </span>
+  
+
+      </a>
+    </li>
+  
+
+              
+            
+          </ul>
+        </nav>
+      
+    </li>
+  
+
+              
+            
+              
+                
+  
+  
+  
+  
+    
+    
+      
+        
+      
+        
+      
+    
+    
+      
+      
+        
+      
+    
+    
+    <li class="md-nav__item md-nav__item--nested">
+      
+        
+        
+        <input class="md-nav__toggle md-toggle " type="checkbox" id="__nav_4_9_3" >
+        
+          
+          <label class="md-nav__link" for="__nav_4_9_3" id="__nav_4_9_3_label" tabindex="0">
+            
+  
+  <span class="md-ellipsis">
+    Database
+  </span>
+  
+
+            <span class="md-nav__icon md-icon"></span>
+          </label>
+        
+        <nav class="md-nav" data-md-level="3" aria-labelledby="__nav_4_9_3_label" aria-expanded="false">
+          <label class="md-nav__title" for="__nav_4_9_3">
+            <span class="md-nav__icon md-icon"></span>
+            Database
+          </label>
+          <ul class="md-nav__list" data-md-scrollfix>
+            
+              
+                
+  
+  
+  
+  
+    <li class="md-nav__item">
+      <a href="../database/ado.net.html" class="md-nav__link">
+        
+  
+  <span class="md-ellipsis">
+    ADO.NET
+  </span>
+  
+
+      </a>
+    </li>
+  
+
+              
+            
+              
+                
+  
+  
+  
+  
+    <li class="md-nav__item">
+      <a href="../database/entity-framework.html" class="md-nav__link">
+        
+  
+  <span class="md-ellipsis">
+    Entity Framework
+  </span>
+  
+
+      </a>
+    </li>
+  
+
+              
+            
+          </ul>
+        </nav>
+      
+    </li>
+  
+
+              
+            
+          </ul>
+        </nav>
+      
+    </li>
+  
+
+              
+            
+              
+                
+  
+  
+  
+  
+    
+    
+      
+        
+      
+        
+      
+        
+      
+        
+      
+    
+    
+      
+      
+        
+          
+          
+        
+      
+    
+    
+    <li class="md-nav__item md-nav__item--section md-nav__item--nested">
+      
+        
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+        <input class="md-nav__toggle md-toggle " type="checkbox" id="__nav_4_10" >
+        
+          
+          <label class="md-nav__link" for="__nav_4_10" id="__nav_4_10_label" tabindex="">
+            
+  
+  <span class="md-ellipsis">
+    Java
+  </span>
+  
+
+            <span class="md-nav__icon md-icon"></span>
+          </label>
+        
+        <nav class="md-nav" data-md-level="2" aria-labelledby="__nav_4_10_label" aria-expanded="false">
+          <label class="md-nav__title" for="__nav_4_10">
+            <span class="md-nav__icon md-icon"></span>
+            Java
+          </label>
+          <ul class="md-nav__list" data-md-scrollfix>
+            
+              
+                
+  
+  
+  
+  
+    <li class="md-nav__item">
+      <a href="../../java/java.html" class="md-nav__link">
+        
+  
+  <span class="md-ellipsis">
+    Java
+  </span>
+  
+
+      </a>
+    </li>
+  
+
+              
+            
+              
+                
+  
+  
+  
+  
+    <li class="md-nav__item">
+      <a href="../../java/java-collection-framework.html" class="md-nav__link">
+        
+  
+  <span class="md-ellipsis">
+    Java Collection Framework
+  </span>
+  
+
+      </a>
+    </li>
+  
+
+              
+            
+              
+                
+  
+  
+  
+  
+    <li class="md-nav__item">
+      <a href="../../java/dao.html" class="md-nav__link">
+        
+  
+  <span class="md-ellipsis">
+    DAO
+  </span>
+  
+
+      </a>
+    </li>
+  
+
+              
+            
+              
+                
+  
+  
+  
+  
+    
+    
+      
+        
+      
+        
+      
+    
+    
+      
+      
+        
+      
+    
+    
+    <li class="md-nav__item md-nav__item--nested">
+      
+        
+        
+        <input class="md-nav__toggle md-toggle " type="checkbox" id="__nav_4_10_4" >
+        
+          
+          <label class="md-nav__link" for="__nav_4_10_4" id="__nav_4_10_4_label" tabindex="0">
+            
+  
+  <span class="md-ellipsis">
+    Web
+  </span>
+  
+
+            <span class="md-nav__icon md-icon"></span>
+          </label>
+        
+        <nav class="md-nav" data-md-level="3" aria-labelledby="__nav_4_10_4_label" aria-expanded="false">
+          <label class="md-nav__title" for="__nav_4_10_4">
+            <span class="md-nav__icon md-icon"></span>
+            Web
+          </label>
+          <ul class="md-nav__list" data-md-scrollfix>
+            
+              
+                
+  
+  
+  
+  
+    <li class="md-nav__item">
+      <a href="../../java/web/servlet.html" class="md-nav__link">
+        
+  
+  <span class="md-ellipsis">
+    Serverlet
+  </span>
+  
+
+      </a>
+    </li>
+  
+
+              
+            
+              
+                
+  
+  
+  
+  
+    
+    
+      
+        
+      
+        
+      
+    
+    
+      
+      
+        
+      
+    
+    
+    <li class="md-nav__item md-nav__item--nested">
+      
+        
+        
+        <input class="md-nav__toggle md-toggle " type="checkbox" id="__nav_4_10_4_2" >
+        
+          
+          <label class="md-nav__link" for="__nav_4_10_4_2" id="__nav_4_10_4_2_label" tabindex="0">
+            
+  
+  <span class="md-ellipsis">
+    Spring
+  </span>
+  
+
+            <span class="md-nav__icon md-icon"></span>
+          </label>
+        
+        <nav class="md-nav" data-md-level="4" aria-labelledby="__nav_4_10_4_2_label" aria-expanded="false">
+          <label class="md-nav__title" for="__nav_4_10_4_2">
+            <span class="md-nav__icon md-icon"></span>
+            Spring
+          </label>
+          <ul class="md-nav__list" data-md-scrollfix>
+            
+              
+                
+  
+  
+  
+  
+    <li class="md-nav__item">
+      <a href="../../java/spring/pom.xml.html" class="md-nav__link">
+        
+  
+  <span class="md-ellipsis">
+    POM
+  </span>
+  
+
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+    </li>
+  
+
+              
+            
+              
+                
+  
+  
+  
+  
+    <li class="md-nav__item">
+      <a href="../../java/spring/spring-project.html" class="md-nav__link">
+        
+  
+  <span class="md-ellipsis">
+    Project Structure
+  </span>
+  
+
+      </a>
+    </li>
+  
+
+              
+            
+          </ul>
+        </nav>
+      
+    </li>
+  
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+      
+    </li>
+  
+
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+            
+          </ul>
+        </nav>
+      
+    </li>
+  
+
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+            
+              
+                
+  
+  
+  
+  
+    
+    
+      
+        
+      
+        
+      
+        
+      
+        
+      
+        
+      
+        
+      
+        
+      
+        
+      
+        
+      
+    
+    
+      
+      
+        
+          
+          
+        
+      
+    
+    
+    <li class="md-nav__item md-nav__item--section md-nav__item--nested">
+      
+        
+        
+        <input class="md-nav__toggle md-toggle " type="checkbox" id="__nav_4_11" >
+        
+          
+          <label class="md-nav__link" for="__nav_4_11" id="__nav_4_11_label" tabindex="">
+            
+  
+  <span class="md-ellipsis">
+    PHP
+  </span>
+  
+
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+          </label>
+        
+        <nav class="md-nav" data-md-level="2" aria-labelledby="__nav_4_11_label" aria-expanded="false">
+          <label class="md-nav__title" for="__nav_4_11">
+            <span class="md-nav__icon md-icon"></span>
+            PHP
+          </label>
+          <ul class="md-nav__list" data-md-scrollfix>
+            
+              
+                
+  
+  
+  
+  
+    <li class="md-nav__item">
+      <a href="../../php/php.html" class="md-nav__link">
+        
+  
+  <span class="md-ellipsis">
+    PHP
+  </span>
+  
+
+      </a>
+    </li>
+  
+
+              
+            
+              
+                
+  
+  
+  
+  
+    <li class="md-nav__item">
+      <a href="../../php/database.html" class="md-nav__link">
+        
+  
+  <span class="md-ellipsis">
+    Database
+  </span>
+  
+
+      </a>
+    </li>
+  
+
+              
+            
+              
+                
+  
+  
+  
+  
+    <li class="md-nav__item">
+      <a href="../../php/web.html" class="md-nav__link">
+        
+  
+  <span class="md-ellipsis">
+    Web
+  </span>
+  
+
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+    </li>
+  
+
+              
+            
+              
+                
+  
+  
+  
+  
+    <li class="md-nav__item">
+      <a href="../../php/dependency-injection.html" class="md-nav__link">
+        
+  
+  <span class="md-ellipsis">
+    Dependency Injection
+  </span>
+  
+
+      </a>
+    </li>
+  
+
+              
+            
+              
+                
+  
+  
+  
+  
+    <li class="md-nav__item">
+      <a href="../../php/unit-tests.html" class="md-nav__link">
+        
+  
+  <span class="md-ellipsis">
+    Unit Tests
+  </span>
+  
+
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+    </li>
+  
+
+              
+            
+              
+                
+  
+  
+  
+  
+    <li class="md-nav__item">
+      <a href="../../php/composer.html" class="md-nav__link">
+        
+  
+  <span class="md-ellipsis">
+    Composer
+  </span>
+  
+
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+    </li>
+  
+
+              
+            
+              
+                
+  
+  
+  
+  
+    <li class="md-nav__item">
+      <a href="../../php/psr-7.html" class="md-nav__link">
+        
+  
+  <span class="md-ellipsis">
+    PSR 7
+  </span>
+  
+
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+    </li>
+  
+
+              
+            
+              
+                
+  
+  
+  
+  
+    <li class="md-nav__item">
+      <a href="../../php/plates-templating.html" class="md-nav__link">
+        
+  
+  <span class="md-ellipsis">
+    Plates
+  </span>
+  
+
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+    </li>
+  
+
+              
+            
+              
+                
+  
+  
+  
+  
+    
+    
+      
+        
+      
+        
+      
+    
+    
+      
+      
+        
+      
+    
+    
+    <li class="md-nav__item md-nav__item--nested">
+      
+        
+        
+        <input class="md-nav__toggle md-toggle " type="checkbox" id="__nav_4_11_9" >
+        
+          
+          <label class="md-nav__link" for="__nav_4_11_9" id="__nav_4_11_9_label" tabindex="0">
+            
+  
+  <span class="md-ellipsis">
+    Simple MVC
+  </span>
+  
+
+            <span class="md-nav__icon md-icon"></span>
+          </label>
+        
+        <nav class="md-nav" data-md-level="3" aria-labelledby="__nav_4_11_9_label" aria-expanded="false">
+          <label class="md-nav__title" for="__nav_4_11_9">
+            <span class="md-nav__icon md-icon"></span>
+            Simple MVC
+          </label>
+          <ul class="md-nav__list" data-md-scrollfix>
+            
+              
+                
+  
+  
+  
+  
+    <li class="md-nav__item">
+      <a href="../../php/simple-mvc/simple-mvc.html" class="md-nav__link">
+        
+  
+  <span class="md-ellipsis">
+    Simple MVC
+  </span>
+  
+
+      </a>
+    </li>
+  
+
+              
+            
+              
+                
+  
+  
+  
+  
+    <li class="md-nav__item">
+      <a href="../../php/simple-mvc/rest-api.html" class="md-nav__link">
+        
+  
+  <span class="md-ellipsis">
+    REST API
+  </span>
+  
+
+      </a>
+    </li>
+  
+
+              
+            
+          </ul>
+        </nav>
+      
+    </li>
+  
+
+              
+            
+          </ul>
+        </nav>
+      
+    </li>
+  
+
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+            
+              
+                
+  
+  
+  
+  
+    
+    
+      
+        
+      
+        
+      
+        
+      
+        
+      
+        
+      
+    
+    
+      
+      
+        
+          
+          
+        
+      
+    
+    
+    <li class="md-nav__item md-nav__item--section md-nav__item--nested">
+      
+        
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+        <input class="md-nav__toggle md-toggle " type="checkbox" id="__nav_4_12" >
+        
+          
+          <label class="md-nav__link" for="__nav_4_12" id="__nav_4_12_label" tabindex="">
+            
+  
+  <span class="md-ellipsis">
+    Rust
+  </span>
+  
+
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+          </label>
+        
+        <nav class="md-nav" data-md-level="2" aria-labelledby="__nav_4_12_label" aria-expanded="false">
+          <label class="md-nav__title" for="__nav_4_12">
+            <span class="md-nav__icon md-icon"></span>
+            Rust
+          </label>
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+            
+              
+                
+  
+  
+  
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+    <li class="md-nav__item">
+      <a href="../../rust/rust.html" class="md-nav__link">
+        
+  
+  <span class="md-ellipsis">
+    Rust
+  </span>
+  
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+  
+
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+            
+              
+                
+  
+  
+  
+  
+    <li class="md-nav__item">
+      <a href="../../rust/macros.html" class="md-nav__link">
+        
+  
+  <span class="md-ellipsis">
+    Macros
+  </span>
+  
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+  
+
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+              
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+  
+  
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+    <li class="md-nav__item">
+      <a href="../../rust/cargo.html" class="md-nav__link">
+        
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+  <span class="md-ellipsis">
+    Cargo
+  </span>
+  
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+  
+
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+              
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+  
+  
+  
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+    <li class="md-nav__item">
+      <a href="../../rust/concurrency.html" class="md-nav__link">
+        
+  
+  <span class="md-ellipsis">
+    Concurrency
+  </span>
+  
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+  
+
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+              
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+  
+  
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+    <li class="md-nav__item">
+      <a href="../../rust/unit-tests.html" class="md-nav__link">
+        
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+  <span class="md-ellipsis">
+    Unit Tests
+  </span>
+  
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+  
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+          </ul>
+        </nav>
+      
+    </li>
+  
+
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+            
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+                
+  
+  
+  
+  
+    
+    
+      
+        
+      
+        
+      
+        
+      
+        
+      
+        
+      
+        
+      
+        
+      
+    
+    
+      
+      
+        
+          
+          
+        
+      
+    
+    
+    <li class="md-nav__item md-nav__item--section md-nav__item--nested">
+      
+        
+        
+        <input class="md-nav__toggle md-toggle " type="checkbox" id="__nav_4_13" >
+        
+          
+          <label class="md-nav__link" for="__nav_4_13" id="__nav_4_13_label" tabindex="">
+            
+  
+  <span class="md-ellipsis">
+    Javascript
+  </span>
+  
+
+            <span class="md-nav__icon md-icon"></span>
+          </label>
+        
+        <nav class="md-nav" data-md-level="2" aria-labelledby="__nav_4_13_label" aria-expanded="false">
+          <label class="md-nav__title" for="__nav_4_13">
+            <span class="md-nav__icon md-icon"></span>
+            Javascript
+          </label>
+          <ul class="md-nav__list" data-md-scrollfix>
+            
+              
+                
+  
+  
+  
+  
+    <li class="md-nav__item">
+      <a href="../../javascript/javascript.html" class="md-nav__link">
+        
+  
+  <span class="md-ellipsis">
+    Javascript
+  </span>
+  
+
+      </a>
+    </li>
+  
+
+              
+            
+              
+                
+  
+  
+  
+  
+    <li class="md-nav__item">
+      <a href="../../javascript/dom.html" class="md-nav__link">
+        
+  
+  <span class="md-ellipsis">
+    DOM
+  </span>
+  
+
+      </a>
+    </li>
+  
+
+              
+            
+              
+                
+  
+  
+  
+  
+    <li class="md-nav__item">
+      <a href="../../javascript/events-animation.html" class="md-nav__link">
+        
+  
+  <span class="md-ellipsis">
+    Events & Animation
+  </span>
+  
+
+      </a>
+    </li>
+  
+
+              
+            
+              
+                
+  
+  
+  
+  
+    <li class="md-nav__item">
+      <a href="../../javascript/ajax.html" class="md-nav__link">
+        
+  
+  <span class="md-ellipsis">
+    AJAX
+  </span>
+  
+
+      </a>
+    </li>
+  
+
+              
+            
+              
+                
+  
+  
+  
+  
+    <li class="md-nav__item">
+      <a href="../../javascript/jquery.html" class="md-nav__link">
+        
+  
+  <span class="md-ellipsis">
+    jQuery
+  </span>
+  
+
+      </a>
+    </li>
+  
+
+              
+            
+              
+                
+  
+  
+  
+  
+    
+    
+      
+        
+      
+        
+      
+        
+      
+        
+      
+        
+      
+    
+    
+      
+      
+        
+      
+    
+    
+    <li class="md-nav__item md-nav__item--nested">
+      
+        
+        
+        <input class="md-nav__toggle md-toggle " type="checkbox" id="__nav_4_13_6" >
+        
+          
+          <label class="md-nav__link" for="__nav_4_13_6" id="__nav_4_13_6_label" tabindex="0">
+            
+  
+  <span class="md-ellipsis">
+    React
+  </span>
+  
+
+            <span class="md-nav__icon md-icon"></span>
+          </label>
+        
+        <nav class="md-nav" data-md-level="3" aria-labelledby="__nav_4_13_6_label" aria-expanded="false">
+          <label class="md-nav__title" for="__nav_4_13_6">
+            <span class="md-nav__icon md-icon"></span>
+            React
+          </label>
+          <ul class="md-nav__list" data-md-scrollfix>
+            
+              
+                
+  
+  
+  
+  
+    <li class="md-nav__item">
+      <a href="../../javascript/react/react.html" class="md-nav__link">
+        
+  
+  <span class="md-ellipsis">
+    React
+  </span>
+  
+
+      </a>
+    </li>
+  
+
+              
+            
+              
+                
+  
+  
+  
+  
+    <li class="md-nav__item">
+      <a href="../../javascript/react/react-router.html" class="md-nav__link">
+        
+  
+  <span class="md-ellipsis">
+    React Router
+  </span>
+  
+
+      </a>
+    </li>
+  
+
+              
+            
+              
+                
+  
+  
+  
+  
+    <li class="md-nav__item">
+      <a href="../../javascript/react/react-tests.html" class="md-nav__link">
+        
+  
+  <span class="md-ellipsis">
+    React Tests
+  </span>
+  
+
+      </a>
+    </li>
+  
+
+              
+            
+              
+                
+  
+  
+  
+  
+    <li class="md-nav__item">
+      <a href="../../javascript/react/redux.html" class="md-nav__link">
+        
+  
+  <span class="md-ellipsis">
+    Redux
+  </span>
+  
+
+      </a>
+    </li>
+  
+
+              
+            
+              
+                
+  
+  
+  
+  
+    <li class="md-nav__item">
+      <a href="../../javascript/react/redux-tests.html" class="md-nav__link">
+        
+  
+  <span class="md-ellipsis">
+    Redux Tests
+  </span>
+  
+
+      </a>
+    </li>
+  
+
+              
+            
+          </ul>
+        </nav>
+      
+    </li>
+  
+
+              
+            
+              
+                
+  
+  
+  
+  
+    <li class="md-nav__item">
+      <a href="../../javascript/svelte/svelte.html" class="md-nav__link">
+        
+  
+  <span class="md-ellipsis">
+    Svelte
+  </span>
+  
+
+      </a>
+    </li>
+  
+
+              
+            
+          </ul>
+        </nav>
+      
+    </li>
+  
+
+              
+            
+              
+                
+  
+  
+  
+  
+    
+    
+      
+        
+      
+        
+      
+    
+    
+      
+      
+        
+          
+          
+        
+      
+    
+    
+    <li class="md-nav__item md-nav__item--section md-nav__item--nested">
+      
+        
+        
+        <input class="md-nav__toggle md-toggle " type="checkbox" id="__nav_4_14" >
+        
+          
+          <label class="md-nav__link" for="__nav_4_14" id="__nav_4_14_label" tabindex="">
+            
+  
+  <span class="md-ellipsis">
+    PowerShell
+  </span>
+  
+
+            <span class="md-nav__icon md-icon"></span>
+          </label>
+        
+        <nav class="md-nav" data-md-level="2" aria-labelledby="__nav_4_14_label" aria-expanded="false">
+          <label class="md-nav__title" for="__nav_4_14">
+            <span class="md-nav__icon md-icon"></span>
+            PowerShell
+          </label>
+          <ul class="md-nav__list" data-md-scrollfix>
+            
+              
+                
+  
+  
+  
+  
+    <li class="md-nav__item">
+      <a href="../../powershell/scripting.html" class="md-nav__link">
+        
+  
+  <span class="md-ellipsis">
+    Scripting
+  </span>
+  
+
+      </a>
+    </li>
+  
+
+              
+            
+              
+                
+  
+  
+  
+  
+    <li class="md-nav__item">
+      <a href="../../powershell/commands.html" class="md-nav__link">
+        
+  
+  <span class="md-ellipsis">
+    Commands
+  </span>
+  
+
+      </a>
+    </li>
+  
+
+              
+            
+          </ul>
+        </nav>
+      
+    </li>
+  
+
+              
+            
+              
+                
+  
+  
+  
+  
+    
+    
+      
+        
+      
+        
+      
+    
+    
+      
+      
+        
+          
+          
+        
+      
+    
+    
+    <li class="md-nav__item md-nav__item--section md-nav__item--nested">
+      
+        
+        
+        <input class="md-nav__toggle md-toggle " type="checkbox" id="__nav_4_15" >
+        
+          
+          <label class="md-nav__link" for="__nav_4_15" id="__nav_4_15_label" tabindex="">
+            
+  
+  <span class="md-ellipsis">
+    Bash
+  </span>
+  
+
+            <span class="md-nav__icon md-icon"></span>
+          </label>
+        
+        <nav class="md-nav" data-md-level="2" aria-labelledby="__nav_4_15_label" aria-expanded="false">
+          <label class="md-nav__title" for="__nav_4_15">
+            <span class="md-nav__icon md-icon"></span>
+            Bash
+          </label>
+          <ul class="md-nav__list" data-md-scrollfix>
+            
+              
+                
+  
+  
+  
+  
+    <li class="md-nav__item">
+      <a href="../../bash/scripting.html" class="md-nav__link">
+        
+  
+  <span class="md-ellipsis">
+    Scripting
+  </span>
+  
+
+      </a>
+    </li>
+  
+
+              
+            
+              
+                
+  
+  
+  
+  
+    <li class="md-nav__item">
+      <a href="../../bash/commands.html" class="md-nav__link">
+        
+  
+  <span class="md-ellipsis">
+    Commands
+  </span>
+  
+
+      </a>
+    </li>
+  
+
+              
+            
+          </ul>
+        </nav>
+      
+    </li>
+  
+
+              
+            
+          </ul>
+        </nav>
+      
+    </li>
+  
+
+    
+      
+      
+  
+  
+  
+  
+    
+    
+      
+        
+      
+        
+      
+        
+      
+        
+      
+        
+      
+    
+    
+      
+      
+        
+      
+    
+    
+    <li class="md-nav__item md-nav__item--nested">
+      
+        
+        
+        <input class="md-nav__toggle md-toggle " type="checkbox" id="__nav_5" >
+        
+          
+          <label class="md-nav__link" for="__nav_5" id="__nav_5_label" tabindex="0">
+            
+  
+  <span class="md-ellipsis">
+    Misc
+  </span>
+  
+
+            <span class="md-nav__icon md-icon"></span>
+          </label>
+        
+        <nav class="md-nav" data-md-level="1" aria-labelledby="__nav_5_label" aria-expanded="false">
+          <label class="md-nav__title" for="__nav_5">
+            <span class="md-nav__icon md-icon"></span>
+            Misc
+          </label>
+          <ul class="md-nav__list" data-md-scrollfix>
+            
+              
+                
+  
+  
+  
+  
+    <li class="md-nav__item">
+      <a href="../../../misc/git.html" class="md-nav__link">
+        
+  
+  <span class="md-ellipsis">
+    Git
+  </span>
+  
+
+      </a>
+    </li>
+  
+
+              
+            
+              
+                
+  
+  
+  
+  
+    <li class="md-nav__item">
+      <a href="../../../misc/graph-ql.html" class="md-nav__link">
+        
+  
+  <span class="md-ellipsis">
+    GraphQL
+  </span>
+  
+
+      </a>
+    </li>
+  
+
+              
+            
+              
+                
+  
+  
+  
+  
+    <li class="md-nav__item">
+      <a href="../../../misc/regular-expressions.html" class="md-nav__link">
+        
+  
+  <span class="md-ellipsis">
+    RegEx
+  </span>
+  
+
+      </a>
+    </li>
+  
+
+              
+            
+              
+                
+  
+  
+  
+  
+    <li class="md-nav__item">
+      <a href="../../../misc/ssh.html" class="md-nav__link">
+        
+  
+  <span class="md-ellipsis">
+    SSH
+  </span>
+  
+
+      </a>
+    </li>
+  
+
+              
+            
+              
+                
+  
+  
+  
+  
+    <li class="md-nav__item">
+      <a href="../../../misc/web-components.html" class="md-nav__link">
+        
+  
+  <span class="md-ellipsis">
+    WebComponents
+  </span>
+  
+
+      </a>
+    </li>
+  
+
+              
+            
+          </ul>
+        </nav>
+      
+    </li>
+  
+
+    
+      
+      
+  
+  
+  
+  
+    
+    
+      
+        
+      
+        
+      
+    
+    
+      
+      
+        
+      
+    
+    
+    <li class="md-nav__item md-nav__item--nested">
+      
+        
+        
+        <input class="md-nav__toggle md-toggle " type="checkbox" id="__nav_6" >
+        
+          
+          <label class="md-nav__link" for="__nav_6" id="__nav_6_label" tabindex="0">
+            
+  
+  <span class="md-ellipsis">
+    Linux
+  </span>
+  
+
+            <span class="md-nav__icon md-icon"></span>
+          </label>
+        
+        <nav class="md-nav" data-md-level="1" aria-labelledby="__nav_6_label" aria-expanded="false">
+          <label class="md-nav__title" for="__nav_6">
+            <span class="md-nav__icon md-icon"></span>
+            Linux
+          </label>
+          <ul class="md-nav__list" data-md-scrollfix>
+            
+              
+                
+  
+  
+  
+  
+    
+    
+      
+        
+      
+        
+      
+        
+      
+    
+    
+      
+      
+        
+      
+    
+    
+    <li class="md-nav__item md-nav__item--nested">
+      
+        
+        
+        <input class="md-nav__toggle md-toggle " type="checkbox" id="__nav_6_1" >
+        
+          
+          <label class="md-nav__link" for="__nav_6_1" id="__nav_6_1_label" tabindex="0">
+            
+  
+  <span class="md-ellipsis">
+    Filesystem
+  </span>
+  
+
+            <span class="md-nav__icon md-icon"></span>
+          </label>
+        
+        <nav class="md-nav" data-md-level="2" aria-labelledby="__nav_6_1_label" aria-expanded="false">
+          <label class="md-nav__title" for="__nav_6_1">
+            <span class="md-nav__icon md-icon"></span>
+            Filesystem
+          </label>
+          <ul class="md-nav__list" data-md-scrollfix>
+            
+              
+                
+  
+  
+  
+  
+    <li class="md-nav__item">
+      <a href="../../../linux/filesystem/file-links.html" class="md-nav__link">
+        
+  
+  <span class="md-ellipsis">
+    File Links
+  </span>
+  
+
+      </a>
+    </li>
+  
+
+              
+            
+              
+                
+  
+  
+  
+  
+    <li class="md-nav__item">
+      <a href="../../../linux/filesystem/procfs.html" class="md-nav__link">
+        
+  
+  <span class="md-ellipsis">
+    /proc
+  </span>
+  
+
+      </a>
+    </li>
+  
+
+              
+            
+              
+                
+  
+  
+  
+  
+    <li class="md-nav__item">
+      <a href="../../../linux/filesystem/sysfs.html" class="md-nav__link">
+        
+  
+  <span class="md-ellipsis">
+    /sys
+  </span>
+  
+
+      </a>
+    </li>
+  
+
+              
+            
+          </ul>
+        </nav>
+      
+    </li>
+  
+
+              
+            
+              
+                
+  
+  
+  
+  
+    
+    
+      
+        
+      
+        
+      
+    
+    
+      
+      
+        
+      
+    
+    
+    <li class="md-nav__item md-nav__item--nested">
+      
+        
+        
+        <input class="md-nav__toggle md-toggle " type="checkbox" id="__nav_6_2" >
+        
+          
+          <label class="md-nav__link" for="__nav_6_2" id="__nav_6_2_label" tabindex="0">
+            
+  
+  <span class="md-ellipsis">
+    System Init
+  </span>
+  
+
+            <span class="md-nav__icon md-icon"></span>
+          </label>
+        
+        <nav class="md-nav" data-md-level="2" aria-labelledby="__nav_6_2_label" aria-expanded="false">
+          <label class="md-nav__title" for="__nav_6_2">
+            <span class="md-nav__icon md-icon"></span>
+            System Init
+          </label>
+          <ul class="md-nav__list" data-md-scrollfix>
+            
+              
+                
+  
+  
+  
+  
+    <li class="md-nav__item">
+      <a href="../../../linux/init/systemd.html" class="md-nav__link">
+        
+  
+  <span class="md-ellipsis">
+    Systemd
+  </span>
+  
+
+      </a>
+    </li>
+  
+
+              
+            
+              
+                
+  
+  
+  
+  
+    <li class="md-nav__item">
+      <a href="../../../linux/init/open-rc.html" class="md-nav__link">
+        
+  
+  <span class="md-ellipsis">
+    OpenRC
+  </span>
+  
+
+      </a>
+    </li>
+  
+
+              
+            
+          </ul>
+        </nav>
+      
+    </li>
+  
+
+              
+            
+          </ul>
+        </nav>
+      
+    </li>
+  
+
+    
+  </ul>
+</nav>
+                  </div>
+                </div>
+              </div>
+            
+            
+              
+              <div class="md-sidebar md-sidebar--secondary" data-md-component="sidebar" data-md-type="toc" >
+                <div class="md-sidebar__scrollwrap">
+                  <div class="md-sidebar__inner">
+                    
+
+<nav class="md-nav md-nav--secondary" aria-label="Table of contents">
+  
+  
+  
+    
+  
+  
+    <label class="md-nav__title" for="__toc">
+      <span class="md-nav__icon md-icon"></span>
+      Table of contents
+    </label>
+    <ul class="md-nav__list" data-md-component="toc" data-md-scrollfix>
+      
+        <li class="md-nav__item">
+  <a href="#middleware-pipeline" class="md-nav__link">
+    <span class="md-ellipsis">
+      Middleware Pipeline
+    </span>
+  </a>
+  
+</li>
+      
+        <li class="md-nav__item">
+  <a href="#middleware-order" class="md-nav__link">
+    <span class="md-ellipsis">
+      Middleware Order
+    </span>
+  </a>
+  
+</li>
+      
+        <li class="md-nav__item">
+  <a href="#branching-the-middleware-pipeline" class="md-nav__link">
+    <span class="md-ellipsis">
+      Branching the Middleware Pipeline
+    </span>
+  </a>
+  
+</li>
+      
+        <li class="md-nav__item">
+  <a href="#custom-middleware-classes" class="md-nav__link">
+    <span class="md-ellipsis">
+      Custom Middleware Classes
+    </span>
+  </a>
+  
+</li>
+      
+        <li class="md-nav__item">
+  <a href="#middleware-extension-methods" class="md-nav__link">
+    <span class="md-ellipsis">
+      Middleware Extension Methods
+    </span>
+  </a>
+  
+</li>
+      
+    </ul>
+  
+</nav>
+                  </div>
+                </div>
+              </div>
+            
+          
+          
+            <div class="md-content" data-md-component="content">
+              <article class="md-content__inner md-typeset">
+                
+                  
+
+  
+  
+
+
+<h1 id="middleware"><a href="https://docs.microsoft.com/en-us/aspnet/core/fundamentals/middleware">Middleware</a></h1>
+<p>Middleware is software that's assembled into an app pipeline to handle requests and responses. Each component:</p>
+<ul>
+<li>Chooses whether to pass the request to the next component in the pipeline.</li>
+<li>Can perform work before and after the next component in the pipeline.</li>
+</ul>
+<p>Request delegates are used to build the request pipeline. The request delegates handle each HTTP request.</p>
+<p>Request delegates are configured using <a href="https://docs.microsoft.com/en-us/dotnet/api/microsoft.aspnetcore.builder.runextensions.run">Run</a>, <a href="https://docs.microsoft.com/en-us/dotnet/api/microsoft.aspnetcore.builder.mapextensions.map">Map</a>, and <a href="https://docs.microsoft.com/en-us/dotnet/api/microsoft.aspnetcore.builder.useextensions.use">Use</a> extension methods.</p>
+<p>An individual request delegate can be specified in-line as an anonymous method (called in-line middleware), or it can be defined in a reusable class.
+These reusable classes and in-line anonymous methods are <em>middleware</em>, also called <em>middleware components</em>.</p>
+<p>Each middleware component in the request pipeline is responsible for invoking the next component in the pipeline or short-circuiting the pipeline.
+When a middleware short-circuits, it's called a <em>terminal middleware</em> because it prevents further middleware from processing the request.</p>
+<h2 id="middleware-pipeline">Middleware Pipeline</h2>
+<p>The ASP.NET Core request pipeline consists of a sequence of request delegates, called one after the other.</p>
+<p><img alt="request-delegate-pipeline" src="../../../img/dotnet_request-delegate-pipeline.avif" /></p>
+<p>Each delegate can perform operations before and after the next delegate. Exception-handling delegates should be called early in the pipeline, so they can catch exceptions that occur in later stages of the pipeline. It's possible to chain multiple request delegates together with <code>Use</code>.</p>
+<p>The <em>next</em> parameter represents the next delegate in the pipeline. It's possible to short-circuit the pipeline by <em>not calling</em> the next parameter.
+When a delegate doesn't pass a request to the next delegate, it's called <em>short-circuiting the request pipeline</em>.
+Short-circuiting is often desirable because it avoids unnecessary work.</p>
+<p>It's possible to perform actions both <em>before</em> and <em>after</em> the next delegate:</p>
+<div class="highlight"><table class="highlighttable"><tr><th colspan="2" class="filename"><span class="filename">C#</span></th></tr><tr><td class="linenos"><div class="linenodiv"><pre><span></span><span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-0-1">1</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-0-2">2</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-0-3">3</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-0-4">4</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-0-5">5</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-0-6">6</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-0-7">7</a></span></pre></div></td><td class="code"><div><pre><span></span><code><a id="__codelineno-0-1" name="__codelineno-0-1"></a><span class="c1">// &quot;inline&quot; middleware, best if in own class</span>
+<a id="__codelineno-0-2" name="__codelineno-0-2"></a><span class="n">app</span><span class="p">.</span><span class="n">Use</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="k">async</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="p">(</span><span class="n">context</span><span class="p">,</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="n">next</span><span class="p">)</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="o">=&gt;</span>
+<a id="__codelineno-0-3" name="__codelineno-0-3"></a><span class="p">{</span>
+<a id="__codelineno-0-4" name="__codelineno-0-4"></a><span class="w">    </span><span class="c1">// Do work that doesn&#39;t write to the Response.</span>
+<a id="__codelineno-0-5" name="__codelineno-0-5"></a><span class="w">    </span><span class="k">await</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="n">next</span><span class="p">.</span><span class="n">Invoke</span><span class="p">();</span>
+<a id="__codelineno-0-6" name="__codelineno-0-6"></a><span class="w">    </span><span class="c1">// Do logging or other work that doesn&#39;t write to the Response.</span>
+<a id="__codelineno-0-7" name="__codelineno-0-7"></a><span class="p">});</span>
+</code></pre></div></td></tr></table></div>
+<p><code>Run</code> delegates don't receive a next parameter. The first <code>Run</code> delegate is always terminal and terminates the pipeline.</p>
+<div class="highlight"><table class="highlighttable"><tr><th colspan="2" class="filename"><span class="filename">C#</span></th></tr><tr><td class="linenos"><div class="linenodiv"><pre><span></span><span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-1-1"> 1</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-1-2"> 2</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-1-3"> 3</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-1-4"> 4</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-1-5"> 5</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-1-6"> 6</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-1-7"> 7</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-1-8"> 8</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-1-9"> 9</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-1-10">10</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-1-11">11</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-1-12">12</a></span></pre></div></td><td class="code"><div><pre><span></span><code><a id="__codelineno-1-1" name="__codelineno-1-1"></a><span class="c1">// &quot;inline&quot; middleware, best if in own class</span>
+<a id="__codelineno-1-2" name="__codelineno-1-2"></a><span class="n">app</span><span class="p">.</span><span class="n">Use</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="k">async</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="p">(</span><span class="n">context</span><span class="p">,</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="n">next</span><span class="p">)</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="o">=&gt;</span>
+<a id="__codelineno-1-3" name="__codelineno-1-3"></a><span class="p">{</span>
+<a id="__codelineno-1-4" name="__codelineno-1-4"></a><span class="w">    </span><span class="c1">// Do work that doesn&#39;t write to the Response.</span>
+<a id="__codelineno-1-5" name="__codelineno-1-5"></a><span class="w">    </span><span class="k">await</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="n">next</span><span class="p">.</span><span class="n">Invoke</span><span class="p">();</span>
+<a id="__codelineno-1-6" name="__codelineno-1-6"></a><span class="w">    </span><span class="c1">// Do logging or other work that doesn&#39;t write to the Response.</span>
+<a id="__codelineno-1-7" name="__codelineno-1-7"></a><span class="p">});</span>
+<a id="__codelineno-1-8" name="__codelineno-1-8"></a>
+<a id="__codelineno-1-9" name="__codelineno-1-9"></a><span class="n">app</span><span class="p">.</span><span class="n">Run</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="k">async</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="n">context</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="o">=&gt;</span>
+<a id="__codelineno-1-10" name="__codelineno-1-10"></a><span class="p">{</span>
+<a id="__codelineno-1-11" name="__codelineno-1-11"></a><span class="w">    </span><span class="c1">// no invocation of next</span>
+<a id="__codelineno-1-12" name="__codelineno-1-12"></a><span class="p">});</span>
+</code></pre></div></td></tr></table></div>
+<h2 id="middleware-order">Middleware Order</h2>
+<p><img alt="middleware-pipeline" src="../../../img/dotnet_middleware-pipeline.avif" />
+<img alt="mvc-endpoint" src="../../../img/dotnet_mvc-endpoint.avif" /></p>
+<p>The Endpoint middleware executes the filter pipeline for the corresponding app type.</p>
+<p>The order that middleware components are added in the <code>Startup.Configure</code> method defines the order in which the middleware components are invoked on requests and the reverse order for the response. The order is <strong>critical</strong> for security, performance, and functionality.</p>
+<div class="highlight"><table class="highlighttable"><tr><th colspan="2" class="filename"><span class="filename">C#</span></th></tr><tr><td class="linenos"><div class="linenodiv"><pre><span></span><span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-2-1"> 1</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-2-2"> 2</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-2-3"> 3</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-2-4"> 4</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-2-5"> 5</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-2-6"> 6</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-2-7"> 7</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-2-8"> 8</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-2-9"> 9</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-2-10">10</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-2-11">11</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-2-12">12</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-2-13">13</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-2-14">14</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-2-15">15</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-2-16">16</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-2-17">17</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-2-18">18</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-2-19">19</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-2-20">20</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-2-21">21</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-2-22">22</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-2-23">23</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-2-24">24</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-2-25">25</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-2-26">26</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-2-27">27</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-2-28">28</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-2-29">29</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-2-30">30</a></span></pre></div></td><td class="code"><div><pre><span></span><code><a id="__codelineno-2-1" name="__codelineno-2-1"></a><span class="k">if</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="p">(</span><span class="n">env</span><span class="p">.</span><span class="n">IsDevelopment</span><span class="p">())</span>
+<a id="__codelineno-2-2" name="__codelineno-2-2"></a><span class="p">{</span>
+<a id="__codelineno-2-3" name="__codelineno-2-3"></a><span class="w">    </span><span class="n">app</span><span class="p">.</span><span class="n">UseDeveloperExceptionPage</span><span class="p">();</span>
+<a id="__codelineno-2-4" name="__codelineno-2-4"></a><span class="w">    </span><span class="n">app</span><span class="p">.</span><span class="n">UseDatabaseErrorPage</span><span class="p">();</span>
+<a id="__codelineno-2-5" name="__codelineno-2-5"></a><span class="p">}</span>
+<a id="__codelineno-2-6" name="__codelineno-2-6"></a><span class="k">else</span>
+<a id="__codelineno-2-7" name="__codelineno-2-7"></a><span class="p">{</span>
+<a id="__codelineno-2-8" name="__codelineno-2-8"></a><span class="w">    </span><span class="n">app</span><span class="p">.</span><span class="n">UseExceptionHandler</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="s">&quot;/Error&quot;</span><span class="p">);</span>
+<a id="__codelineno-2-9" name="__codelineno-2-9"></a><span class="w">    </span><span class="n">app</span><span class="p">.</span><span class="n">UseHsts</span><span class="p">();</span>
+<a id="__codelineno-2-10" name="__codelineno-2-10"></a><span class="p">}</span>
+<a id="__codelineno-2-11" name="__codelineno-2-11"></a>
+<a id="__codelineno-2-12" name="__codelineno-2-12"></a><span class="n">app</span><span class="p">.</span><span class="n">UseHttpsRedirection</span><span class="p">();</span>
+<a id="__codelineno-2-13" name="__codelineno-2-13"></a><span class="n">app</span><span class="p">.</span><span class="n">UseStaticFiles</span><span class="p">();</span>
+<a id="__codelineno-2-14" name="__codelineno-2-14"></a><span class="n">app</span><span class="p">.</span><span class="n">UseCookiePolicy</span><span class="p">();</span>
+<a id="__codelineno-2-15" name="__codelineno-2-15"></a>
+<a id="__codelineno-2-16" name="__codelineno-2-16"></a><span class="n">app</span><span class="p">.</span><span class="n">UseRouting</span><span class="p">();</span>
+<a id="__codelineno-2-17" name="__codelineno-2-17"></a><span class="n">app</span><span class="p">.</span><span class="n">UseRequestLocalization</span><span class="p">();</span>
+<a id="__codelineno-2-18" name="__codelineno-2-18"></a><span class="n">app</span><span class="p">.</span><span class="n">UseCors</span><span class="p">();</span>
+<a id="__codelineno-2-19" name="__codelineno-2-19"></a>
+<a id="__codelineno-2-20" name="__codelineno-2-20"></a><span class="n">app</span><span class="p">.</span><span class="n">UseAuthentication</span><span class="p">();</span>
+<a id="__codelineno-2-21" name="__codelineno-2-21"></a><span class="n">app</span><span class="p">.</span><span class="n">UseAuthorization</span><span class="p">();</span>
+<a id="__codelineno-2-22" name="__codelineno-2-22"></a><span class="n">app</span><span class="p">.</span><span class="n">UseSession</span><span class="p">();</span>
+<a id="__codelineno-2-23" name="__codelineno-2-23"></a><span class="n">app</span><span class="p">.</span><span class="n">UseResponseCompression</span><span class="p">();</span>
+<a id="__codelineno-2-24" name="__codelineno-2-24"></a><span class="n">app</span><span class="p">.</span><span class="n">UseResponseCaching</span><span class="p">();</span>
+<a id="__codelineno-2-25" name="__codelineno-2-25"></a>
+<a id="__codelineno-2-26" name="__codelineno-2-26"></a><span class="n">app</span><span class="p">.</span><span class="n">UseEndpoints</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="n">endpoints</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="o">=&gt;</span>
+<a id="__codelineno-2-27" name="__codelineno-2-27"></a><span class="p">{</span>
+<a id="__codelineno-2-28" name="__codelineno-2-28"></a><span class="w">    </span><span class="n">endpoints</span><span class="p">.</span><span class="n">MapRazorPages</span><span class="p">();</span>
+<a id="__codelineno-2-29" name="__codelineno-2-29"></a><span class="w">    </span><span class="n">endpoints</span><span class="p">.</span><span class="n">MapControllers</span><span class="p">();</span>
+<a id="__codelineno-2-30" name="__codelineno-2-30"></a><span class="p">});</span>
+</code></pre></div></td></tr></table></div>
+<p><a href="https://docs.microsoft.com/en-us/aspnet/core/fundamentals/middleware/#built-in-middleware">Built-in Middleware</a></p>
+<h2 id="branching-the-middleware-pipeline">Branching the Middleware Pipeline</h2>
+<p><code>Map</code> extensions are used as a convention for branching the pipeline. <code>Map</code> branches the request pipeline based on matches of the given request path.
+If the request path starts with the given path, the branch is executed.</p>
+<p>When <code>Map</code> is used, the matched path segments are removed from <code>HttpRequest.Path</code> and appended to <code>HttpRequest.PathBase</code> for each request.</p>
+<p><code>MapWhen</code> branches the request pipeline based on the result of the given predicate.
+Any <em>predicate</em> of type <code>Func&lt;HttpContext, bool&gt;</code> can be used to map requests to a new branch of the pipeline.</p>
+<p><code>UseWhen</code> also branches the request pipeline based on the result of the given predicate.
+Unlike with <code>MapWhen</code>, this branch is rejoined to the main pipeline if it doesn't short-circuit or contain a terminal middleware.</p>
+<h2 id="custom-middleware-classes">Custom Middleware Classes</h2>
+<p>Middleware is generally encapsulated in a class and exposed with an extension method.</p>
+<div class="highlight"><table class="highlighttable"><tr><th colspan="2" class="filename"><span class="filename">C#</span></th></tr><tr><td class="linenos"><div class="linenodiv"><pre><span></span><span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-3-1"> 1</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-3-2"> 2</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-3-3"> 3</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-3-4"> 4</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-3-5"> 5</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-3-6"> 6</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-3-7"> 7</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-3-8"> 8</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-3-9"> 9</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-3-10">10</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-3-11">11</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-3-12">12</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-3-13">13</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-3-14">14</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-3-15">15</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-3-16">16</a></span></pre></div></td><td class="code"><div><pre><span></span><code><a id="__codelineno-3-1" name="__codelineno-3-1"></a><span class="k">public</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="k">class</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="nc">CustomMiddleware</span>
+<a id="__codelineno-3-2" name="__codelineno-3-2"></a><span class="p">{</span>
+<a id="__codelineno-3-3" name="__codelineno-3-3"></a><span class="w">    </span><span class="k">private</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="k">readonly</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="n">RequestDelegate</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="n">_next</span><span class="p">;</span>
+<a id="__codelineno-3-4" name="__codelineno-3-4"></a>
+<a id="__codelineno-3-5" name="__codelineno-3-5"></a><span class="w">    </span><span class="k">public</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="nf">CustomMiddleware</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="n">RequestDelegate</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="n">next</span><span class="p">)</span>
+<a id="__codelineno-3-6" name="__codelineno-3-6"></a><span class="w">    </span><span class="p">{</span>
+<a id="__codelineno-3-7" name="__codelineno-3-7"></a><span class="w">        </span><span class="n">_next</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="o">=</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="n">next</span><span class="p">;</span>
+<a id="__codelineno-3-8" name="__codelineno-3-8"></a><span class="w">    </span><span class="p">}</span>
+<a id="__codelineno-3-9" name="__codelineno-3-9"></a>
+<a id="__codelineno-3-10" name="__codelineno-3-10"></a><span class="w">    </span><span class="k">public</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="k">async</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="n">Task</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="nf">InvokeAsync</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="n">HttpContext</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="n">context</span><span class="p">)</span>
+<a id="__codelineno-3-11" name="__codelineno-3-11"></a><span class="w">    </span><span class="p">{</span>
+<a id="__codelineno-3-12" name="__codelineno-3-12"></a><span class="w">        </span><span class="c1">// Do work that doesn&#39;t write to the Response.</span>
+<a id="__codelineno-3-13" name="__codelineno-3-13"></a><span class="w">        </span><span class="k">await</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="nf">_next</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="n">context</span><span class="p">);</span><span class="w">  </span><span class="c1">// Call the next delegate/middleware in the pipeline</span>
+<a id="__codelineno-3-14" name="__codelineno-3-14"></a><span class="w">        </span><span class="c1">// Do logging or other work that doesn&#39;t write to the Response.</span>
+<a id="__codelineno-3-15" name="__codelineno-3-15"></a><span class="w">    </span><span class="p">}</span>
+<a id="__codelineno-3-16" name="__codelineno-3-16"></a><span class="p">}</span>
+</code></pre></div></td></tr></table></div>
+<p>The middleware class <strong>must</strong> include:</p>
+<ul>
+<li>A public constructor with a parameter of type <a href="https://docs.microsoft.com/en-us/dotnet/api/microsoft.aspnetcore.http.requestdelegate">RequestDelegate</a>.</li>
+<li>A public method named <code>Invoke</code> or <code>InvokeAsync</code>. This method must:</li>
+<li>Return a <code>Task</code>.</li>
+<li>Accept a first parameter of type <a href="https://docs.microsoft.com/en-us/dotnet/api/microsoft.aspnetcore.http.httpcontext">HttpContext</a>.</li>
+</ul>
+<h2 id="middleware-extension-methods">Middleware Extension Methods</h2>
+<div class="highlight"><table class="highlighttable"><tr><th colspan="2" class="filename"><span class="filename">C#</span></th></tr><tr><td class="linenos"><div class="linenodiv"><pre><span></span><span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-4-1">1</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-4-2">2</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-4-3">3</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-4-4">4</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-4-5">5</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-4-6">6</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-4-7">7</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-4-8">8</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-4-9">9</a></span></pre></div></td><td class="code"><div><pre><span></span><code><a id="__codelineno-4-1" name="__codelineno-4-1"></a><span class="k">using</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="nn">Microsoft.AspNetCore.Builder</span><span class="p">;</span>
+<a id="__codelineno-4-2" name="__codelineno-4-2"></a>
+<a id="__codelineno-4-3" name="__codelineno-4-3"></a><span class="k">public</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="k">static</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="k">class</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="nc">MiddlewareExtensions</span>
+<a id="__codelineno-4-4" name="__codelineno-4-4"></a><span class="p">{</span>
+<a id="__codelineno-4-5" name="__codelineno-4-5"></a><span class="w">    </span><span class="k">public</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="k">static</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="n">IApplicationBuilder</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="nf">UseCustom</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="k">this</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="n">IApplicationBuilder</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="n">builder</span><span class="p">)</span>
+<a id="__codelineno-4-6" name="__codelineno-4-6"></a><span class="w">    </span><span class="p">{</span>
+<a id="__codelineno-4-7" name="__codelineno-4-7"></a><span class="w">        </span><span class="k">return</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="n">builder</span><span class="p">.</span><span class="n">UseMiddleware</span><span class="o">&lt;</span><span class="n">CustomMiddleware</span><span class="o">&gt;</span><span class="p">();</span>
+<a id="__codelineno-4-8" name="__codelineno-4-8"></a><span class="w">    </span><span class="p">}</span>
+<a id="__codelineno-4-9" name="__codelineno-4-9"></a><span class="p">}</span>
+</code></pre></div></td></tr></table></div>
+<div class="highlight"><table class="highlighttable"><tr><th colspan="2" class="filename"><span class="filename">C#</span></th></tr><tr><td class="linenos"><div class="linenodiv"><pre><span></span><span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-5-1">1</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-5-2">2</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-5-3">3</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-5-4">4</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-5-5">5</a></span></pre></div></td><td class="code"><div><pre><span></span><code><a id="__codelineno-5-1" name="__codelineno-5-1"></a><span class="c1">// other middlewares</span>
+<a id="__codelineno-5-2" name="__codelineno-5-2"></a>
+<a id="__codelineno-5-3" name="__codelineno-5-3"></a><span class="n">app</span><span class="p">.</span><span class="n">UseCustom</span><span class="p">();</span><span class="w">  </span><span class="c1">// add custom middleware in the pipeline</span>
+<a id="__codelineno-5-4" name="__codelineno-5-4"></a>
+<a id="__codelineno-5-5" name="__codelineno-5-5"></a><span class="n">app</span><span class="p">.</span><span class="n">UseEndpoints</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="n">endpoints</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="o">=&gt;</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="n">endpoints</span><span class="p">.</span><span class="n">MapControllers</span><span class="p">());</span>
+</code></pre></div></td></tr></table></div>
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+  <span class="md-ellipsis">
+    csv
+  </span>
+  
+
+      </a>
+    </li>
+  
+
+              
+            
+              
+                
+  
+  
+  
+  
+    <li class="md-nav__item">
+      <a href="../../python/modules/ftplib.html" class="md-nav__link">
+        
+  
+  <span class="md-ellipsis">
+    ftplib
+  </span>
+  
+
+      </a>
+    </li>
+  
+
+              
+            
+              
+                
+  
+  
+  
+  
+    <li class="md-nav__item">
+      <a href="../../python/modules/itertools.html" class="md-nav__link">
+        
+  
+  <span class="md-ellipsis">
+    itertools
+  </span>
+  
+
+      </a>
+    </li>
+  
+
+              
+            
+              
+                
+  
+  
+  
+  
+    <li class="md-nav__item">
+      <a href="../../python/modules/json.html" class="md-nav__link">
+        
+  
+  <span class="md-ellipsis">
+    json
+  </span>
+  
+
+      </a>
+    </li>
+  
+
+              
+            
+              
+                
+  
+  
+  
+  
+    <li class="md-nav__item">
+      <a href="../../python/modules/logging.html" class="md-nav__link">
+        
+  
+  <span class="md-ellipsis">
+    logging
+  </span>
+  
+
+      </a>
+    </li>
+  
+
+              
+            
+              
+                
+  
+  
+  
+  
+    <li class="md-nav__item">
+      <a href="../../python/modules/shutil.html" class="md-nav__link">
+        
+  
+  <span class="md-ellipsis">
+    shutil
+  </span>
+  
+
+      </a>
+    </li>
+  
+
+              
+            
+              
+                
+  
+  
+  
+  
+    <li class="md-nav__item">
+      <a href="../../python/modules/smtplib.html" class="md-nav__link">
+        
+  
+  <span class="md-ellipsis">
+    smtplib
+  </span>
+  
+
+      </a>
+    </li>
+  
+
+              
+            
+              
+                
+  
+  
+  
+  
+    <li class="md-nav__item">
+      <a href="../../python/modules/socket.html" class="md-nav__link">
+        
+  
+  <span class="md-ellipsis">
+    socket
+  </span>
+  
+
+      </a>
+    </li>
+  
+
+              
+            
+              
+                
+  
+  
+  
+  
+    <li class="md-nav__item">
+      <a href="../../python/modules/sqlite.html" class="md-nav__link">
+        
+  
+  <span class="md-ellipsis">
+    sqlite
+  </span>
+  
+
+      </a>
+    </li>
+  
+
+              
+            
+              
+                
+  
+  
+  
+  
+    <li class="md-nav__item">
+      <a href="../../python/modules/time-datetime.html" class="md-nav__link">
+        
+  
+  <span class="md-ellipsis">
+    time & datetime
+  </span>
+  
+
+      </a>
+    </li>
+  
+
+              
+            
+              
+                
+  
+  
+  
+  
+    <li class="md-nav__item">
+      <a href="../../python/modules/unittest.html" class="md-nav__link">
+        
+  
+  <span class="md-ellipsis">
+    unittest
+  </span>
+  
+
+      </a>
+    </li>
+  
+
+              
+            
+          </ul>
+        </nav>
+      
+    </li>
+  
+
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+            
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+                
+  
+  
+  
+  
+    
+    
+      
+        
+      
+        
+      
+        
+      
+        
+      
+        
+      
+        
+      
+    
+    
+      
+      
+        
+      
+    
+    
+    <li class="md-nav__item md-nav__item--nested">
+      
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+        <input class="md-nav__toggle md-toggle " type="checkbox" id="__nav_4_8_3" >
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+          <label class="md-nav__link" for="__nav_4_8_3" id="__nav_4_8_3_label" tabindex="0">
+            
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+  <span class="md-ellipsis">
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+          </label>
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+        <nav class="md-nav" data-md-level="3" aria-labelledby="__nav_4_8_3_label" aria-expanded="false">
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+    <li class="md-nav__item">
+      <a href="../../python/libs/tkinter.html" class="md-nav__link">
+        
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+  <span class="md-ellipsis">
+    TKinter
+  </span>
+  
+
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+    </li>
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+
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+            
+              
+                
+  
+  
+  
+  
+    <li class="md-nav__item">
+      <a href="../../python/libs/numpy.html" class="md-nav__link">
+        
+  
+  <span class="md-ellipsis">
+    Numpy
+  </span>
+  
+
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+    </li>
+  
+
+              
+            
+              
+                
+  
+  
+  
+  
+    <li class="md-nav__item">
+      <a href="../../python/libs/pandas.html" class="md-nav__link">
+        
+  
+  <span class="md-ellipsis">
+    Pandas
+  </span>
+  
+
+      </a>
+    </li>
+  
+
+              
+            
+              
+                
+  
+  
+  
+  
+    <li class="md-nav__item">
+      <a href="../../python/libs/seaborn.html" class="md-nav__link">
+        
+  
+  <span class="md-ellipsis">
+    Seaborn
+  </span>
+  
+
+      </a>
+    </li>
+  
+
+              
+            
+              
+                
+  
+  
+  
+  
+    <li class="md-nav__item">
+      <a href="../../python/libs/requests.html" class="md-nav__link">
+        
+  
+  <span class="md-ellipsis">
+    Requests
+  </span>
+  
+
+      </a>
+    </li>
+  
+
+              
+            
+              
+                
+  
+  
+  
+  
+    <li class="md-nav__item">
+      <a href="../../python/libs/beautiful-soup.html" class="md-nav__link">
+        
+  
+  <span class="md-ellipsis">
+    Beatiful Soup
+  </span>
+  
+
+      </a>
+    </li>
+  
+
+              
+            
+          </ul>
+        </nav>
+      
+    </li>
+  
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+          </ul>
+        </nav>
+      
+    </li>
+  
+
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+            
+              
+                
+  
+  
+    
+  
+  
+  
+    
+    
+      
+        
+      
+        
+      
+        
+      
+    
+    
+      
+      
+        
+          
+          
+        
+      
+    
+    
+    <li class="md-nav__item md-nav__item--active md-nav__item--section md-nav__item--nested">
+      
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+        <input class="md-nav__toggle md-toggle " type="checkbox" id="__nav_4_9" checked>
+        
+          
+          <label class="md-nav__link" for="__nav_4_9" id="__nav_4_9_label" tabindex="">
+            
+  
+  <span class="md-ellipsis">
+    .NET
+  </span>
+  
+
+            <span class="md-nav__icon md-icon"></span>
+          </label>
+        
+        <nav class="md-nav" data-md-level="2" aria-labelledby="__nav_4_9_label" aria-expanded="true">
+          <label class="md-nav__title" for="__nav_4_9">
+            <span class="md-nav__icon md-icon"></span>
+            .NET
+          </label>
+          <ul class="md-nav__list" data-md-scrollfix>
+            
+              
+                
+  
+  
+  
+  
+    
+    
+      
+        
+      
+        
+      
+        
+      
+        
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+        
+      
+    
+    
+      
+      
+        
+      
+    
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+    <li class="md-nav__item md-nav__item--nested">
+      
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+        <input class="md-nav__toggle md-toggle " type="checkbox" id="__nav_4_9_1" >
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+          <label class="md-nav__link" for="__nav_4_9_1" id="__nav_4_9_1_label" tabindex="0">
+            
+  
+  <span class="md-ellipsis">
+    C#
+  </span>
+  
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+          </label>
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+        <nav class="md-nav" data-md-level="3" aria-labelledby="__nav_4_9_1_label" aria-expanded="false">
+          <label class="md-nav__title" for="__nav_4_9_1">
+            <span class="md-nav__icon md-icon"></span>
+            C#
+          </label>
+          <ul class="md-nav__list" data-md-scrollfix>
+            
+              
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+  
+  
+  
+  
+    <li class="md-nav__item">
+      <a href="../csharp/csharp.html" class="md-nav__link">
+        
+  
+  <span class="md-ellipsis">
+    C#
+  </span>
+  
+
+      </a>
+    </li>
+  
+
+              
+            
+              
+                
+  
+  
+  
+  
+    <li class="md-nav__item">
+      <a href="../csharp/linq.html" class="md-nav__link">
+        
+  
+  <span class="md-ellipsis">
+    Linq
+  </span>
+  
+
+      </a>
+    </li>
+  
+
+              
+            
+              
+                
+  
+  
+  
+  
+    <li class="md-nav__item">
+      <a href="../csharp/collections.html" class="md-nav__link">
+        
+  
+  <span class="md-ellipsis">
+    Collections
+  </span>
+  
+
+      </a>
+    </li>
+  
+
+              
+            
+              
+                
+  
+  
+  
+  
+    <li class="md-nav__item">
+      <a href="../csharp/reactive-extensions.html" class="md-nav__link">
+        
+  
+  <span class="md-ellipsis">
+    Reactive Extensions
+  </span>
+  
+
+      </a>
+    </li>
+  
+
+              
+            
+              
+                
+  
+  
+  
+  
+    <li class="md-nav__item">
+      <a href="../csharp/async-programming.html" class="md-nav__link">
+        
+  
+  <span class="md-ellipsis">
+    Async Programming
+  </span>
+  
+
+      </a>
+    </li>
+  
+
+              
+            
+              
+                
+  
+  
+  
+  
+    <li class="md-nav__item">
+      <a href="../csharp/unit-tests.html" class="md-nav__link">
+        
+  
+  <span class="md-ellipsis">
+    Unit Tests
+  </span>
+  
+
+      </a>
+    </li>
+  
+
+              
+            
+          </ul>
+        </nav>
+      
+    </li>
+  
+
+              
+            
+              
+                
+  
+  
+    
+  
+  
+  
+    
+    
+      
+        
+      
+        
+      
+        
+      
+        
+      
+        
+      
+        
+      
+        
+      
+    
+    
+      
+      
+        
+      
+    
+    
+    <li class="md-nav__item md-nav__item--active md-nav__item--nested">
+      
+        
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+        <input class="md-nav__toggle md-toggle " type="checkbox" id="__nav_4_9_2" checked>
+        
+          
+          <label class="md-nav__link" for="__nav_4_9_2" id="__nav_4_9_2_label" tabindex="0">
+            
+  
+  <span class="md-ellipsis">
+    ASP.NET
+  </span>
+  
+
+            <span class="md-nav__icon md-icon"></span>
+          </label>
+        
+        <nav class="md-nav" data-md-level="3" aria-labelledby="__nav_4_9_2_label" aria-expanded="true">
+          <label class="md-nav__title" for="__nav_4_9_2">
+            <span class="md-nav__icon md-icon"></span>
+            ASP.NET
+          </label>
+          <ul class="md-nav__list" data-md-scrollfix>
+            
+              
+                
+  
+  
+    
+  
+  
+  
+    <li class="md-nav__item md-nav__item--active">
+      
+      <input class="md-nav__toggle md-toggle" type="checkbox" id="__toc">
+      
+      
+        
+      
+      
+        <label class="md-nav__link md-nav__link--active" for="__toc">
+          
+  
+  <span class="md-ellipsis">
+    Minimal API
+  </span>
+  
+
+          <span class="md-nav__icon md-icon"></span>
+        </label>
+      
+      <a href="minimal-api.html" class="md-nav__link md-nav__link--active">
+        
+  
+  <span class="md-ellipsis">
+    Minimal API
+  </span>
+  
+
+      </a>
+      
+        
+
+<nav class="md-nav md-nav--secondary" aria-label="Table of contents">
+  
+  
+  
+    
+  
+  
+    <label class="md-nav__title" for="__toc">
+      <span class="md-nav__icon md-icon"></span>
+      Table of contents
+    </label>
+    <ul class="md-nav__list" data-md-component="toc" data-md-scrollfix>
+      
+        <li class="md-nav__item">
+  <a href="#application-settings" class="md-nav__link">
+    <span class="md-ellipsis">
+      Application Settings
+    </span>
+  </a>
+  
+    <nav class="md-nav" aria-label="Application Settings">
+      <ul class="md-nav__list">
+        
+          <li class="md-nav__item">
+  <a href="#user-secrets" class="md-nav__link">
+    <span class="md-ellipsis">
+      User Secrets
+    </span>
+  </a>
+  
+</li>
+        
+      </ul>
+    </nav>
+  
+</li>
+      
+        <li class="md-nav__item">
+  <a href="#swagger" class="md-nav__link">
+    <span class="md-ellipsis">
+      Swagger
+    </span>
+  </a>
+  
+</li>
+      
+        <li class="md-nav__item">
+  <a href="#mvc" class="md-nav__link">
+    <span class="md-ellipsis">
+      MVC
+    </span>
+  </a>
+  
+</li>
+      
+        <li class="md-nav__item">
+  <a href="#routing-handlers-results" class="md-nav__link">
+    <span class="md-ellipsis">
+      Routing, Handlers &amp; Results
+    </span>
+  </a>
+  
+    <nav class="md-nav" aria-label="Routing, Handlers & Results">
+      <ul class="md-nav__list">
+        
+          <li class="md-nav__item">
+  <a href="#route-groups" class="md-nav__link">
+    <span class="md-ellipsis">
+      Route Groups
+    </span>
+  </a>
+  
+</li>
+        
+          <li class="md-nav__item">
+  <a href="#typedresults" class="md-nav__link">
+    <span class="md-ellipsis">
+      TypedResults
+    </span>
+  </a>
+  
+</li>
+        
+          <li class="md-nav__item">
+  <a href="#multiple-result-types" class="md-nav__link">
+    <span class="md-ellipsis">
+      Multiple Result Types
+    </span>
+  </a>
+  
+</li>
+        
+      </ul>
+    </nav>
+  
+</li>
+      
+        <li class="md-nav__item">
+  <a href="#filters" class="md-nav__link">
+    <span class="md-ellipsis">
+      Filters
+    </span>
+  </a>
+  
+</li>
+      
+        <li class="md-nav__item">
+  <a href="#context" class="md-nav__link">
+    <span class="md-ellipsis">
+      Context
+    </span>
+  </a>
+  
+</li>
+      
+        <li class="md-nav__item">
+  <a href="#openapi" class="md-nav__link">
+    <span class="md-ellipsis">
+      OpenAPI
+    </span>
+  </a>
+  
+</li>
+      
+        <li class="md-nav__item">
+  <a href="#validation" class="md-nav__link">
+    <span class="md-ellipsis">
+      Validation
+    </span>
+  </a>
+  
+</li>
+      
+        <li class="md-nav__item">
+  <a href="#json-serialization" class="md-nav__link">
+    <span class="md-ellipsis">
+      JSON Serialization
+    </span>
+  </a>
+  
+</li>
+      
+        <li class="md-nav__item">
+  <a href="#authorization" class="md-nav__link">
+    <span class="md-ellipsis">
+      Authorization
+    </span>
+  </a>
+  
+    <nav class="md-nav" aria-label="Authorization">
+      <ul class="md-nav__list">
+        
+          <li class="md-nav__item">
+  <a href="#local-jwt-tokens" class="md-nav__link">
+    <span class="md-ellipsis">
+      Local JWT Tokens
+    </span>
+  </a>
+  
+</li>
+        
+      </ul>
+    </nav>
+  
+</li>
+      
+        <li class="md-nav__item">
+  <a href="#output-caching" class="md-nav__link">
+    <span class="md-ellipsis">
+      Output Caching
+    </span>
+  </a>
+  
+    <nav class="md-nav" aria-label="Output Caching">
+      <ul class="md-nav__list">
+        
+          <li class="md-nav__item">
+  <a href="#cache-eviction" class="md-nav__link">
+    <span class="md-ellipsis">
+      Cache Eviction
+    </span>
+  </a>
+  
+</li>
+        
+          <li class="md-nav__item">
+  <a href="#custom-cache-policy" class="md-nav__link">
+    <span class="md-ellipsis">
+      Custom Cache Policy
+    </span>
+  </a>
+  
+</li>
+        
+      </ul>
+    </nav>
+  
+</li>
+      
+        <li class="md-nav__item">
+  <a href="#options-pattern" class="md-nav__link">
+    <span class="md-ellipsis">
+      Options Pattern
+    </span>
+  </a>
+  
+    <nav class="md-nav" aria-label="Options Pattern">
+      <ul class="md-nav__list">
+        
+          <li class="md-nav__item">
+  <a href="#options-interfaces" class="md-nav__link">
+    <span class="md-ellipsis">
+      Options interfaces
+    </span>
+  </a>
+  
+</li>
+        
+      </ul>
+    </nav>
+  
+</li>
+      
+    </ul>
+  
+</nav>
+      
+    </li>
+  
+
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+            
+              
+                
+  
+  
+  
+  
+    <li class="md-nav__item">
+      <a href="filters.html" class="md-nav__link">
+        
+  
+  <span class="md-ellipsis">
+    FIlters
+  </span>
+  
+
+      </a>
+    </li>
+  
+
+              
+            
+              
+                
+  
+  
+  
+  
+    <li class="md-nav__item">
+      <a href="middleware.html" class="md-nav__link">
+        
+  
+  <span class="md-ellipsis">
+    Middleware
+  </span>
+  
+
+      </a>
+    </li>
+  
+
+              
+            
+              
+                
+  
+  
+  
+  
+    <li class="md-nav__item">
+      <a href="razor-syntax.html" class="md-nav__link">
+        
+  
+  <span class="md-ellipsis">
+    Razor Syntax
+  </span>
+  
+
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+    </li>
+  
+
+              
+            
+              
+                
+  
+  
+  
+  
+    <li class="md-nav__item">
+      <a href="blazor.html" class="md-nav__link">
+        
+  
+  <span class="md-ellipsis">
+    Blazor
+  </span>
+  
+
+      </a>
+    </li>
+  
+
+              
+            
+              
+                
+  
+  
+  
+  
+    <li class="md-nav__item">
+      <a href="signalr.html" class="md-nav__link">
+        
+  
+  <span class="md-ellipsis">
+    SignalR
+  </span>
+  
+
+      </a>
+    </li>
+  
+
+              
+            
+              
+                
+  
+  
+  
+  
+    <li class="md-nav__item">
+      <a href="web-forms.html" class="md-nav__link">
+        
+  
+  <span class="md-ellipsis">
+    Web Forms
+  </span>
+  
+
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+    </li>
+  
+
+              
+            
+          </ul>
+        </nav>
+      
+    </li>
+  
+
+              
+            
+              
+                
+  
+  
+  
+  
+    
+    
+      
+        
+      
+        
+      
+    
+    
+      
+      
+        
+      
+    
+    
+    <li class="md-nav__item md-nav__item--nested">
+      
+        
+        
+        <input class="md-nav__toggle md-toggle " type="checkbox" id="__nav_4_9_3" >
+        
+          
+          <label class="md-nav__link" for="__nav_4_9_3" id="__nav_4_9_3_label" tabindex="0">
+            
+  
+  <span class="md-ellipsis">
+    Database
+  </span>
+  
+
+            <span class="md-nav__icon md-icon"></span>
+          </label>
+        
+        <nav class="md-nav" data-md-level="3" aria-labelledby="__nav_4_9_3_label" aria-expanded="false">
+          <label class="md-nav__title" for="__nav_4_9_3">
+            <span class="md-nav__icon md-icon"></span>
+            Database
+          </label>
+          <ul class="md-nav__list" data-md-scrollfix>
+            
+              
+                
+  
+  
+  
+  
+    <li class="md-nav__item">
+      <a href="../database/ado.net.html" class="md-nav__link">
+        
+  
+  <span class="md-ellipsis">
+    ADO.NET
+  </span>
+  
+
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+    </li>
+  
+
+              
+            
+              
+                
+  
+  
+  
+  
+    <li class="md-nav__item">
+      <a href="../database/entity-framework.html" class="md-nav__link">
+        
+  
+  <span class="md-ellipsis">
+    Entity Framework
+  </span>
+  
+
+      </a>
+    </li>
+  
+
+              
+            
+          </ul>
+        </nav>
+      
+    </li>
+  
+
+              
+            
+          </ul>
+        </nav>
+      
+    </li>
+  
+
+              
+            
+              
+                
+  
+  
+  
+  
+    
+    
+      
+        
+      
+        
+      
+        
+      
+        
+      
+    
+    
+      
+      
+        
+          
+          
+        
+      
+    
+    
+    <li class="md-nav__item md-nav__item--section md-nav__item--nested">
+      
+        
+        
+        <input class="md-nav__toggle md-toggle " type="checkbox" id="__nav_4_10" >
+        
+          
+          <label class="md-nav__link" for="__nav_4_10" id="__nav_4_10_label" tabindex="">
+            
+  
+  <span class="md-ellipsis">
+    Java
+  </span>
+  
+
+            <span class="md-nav__icon md-icon"></span>
+          </label>
+        
+        <nav class="md-nav" data-md-level="2" aria-labelledby="__nav_4_10_label" aria-expanded="false">
+          <label class="md-nav__title" for="__nav_4_10">
+            <span class="md-nav__icon md-icon"></span>
+            Java
+          </label>
+          <ul class="md-nav__list" data-md-scrollfix>
+            
+              
+                
+  
+  
+  
+  
+    <li class="md-nav__item">
+      <a href="../../java/java.html" class="md-nav__link">
+        
+  
+  <span class="md-ellipsis">
+    Java
+  </span>
+  
+
+      </a>
+    </li>
+  
+
+              
+            
+              
+                
+  
+  
+  
+  
+    <li class="md-nav__item">
+      <a href="../../java/java-collection-framework.html" class="md-nav__link">
+        
+  
+  <span class="md-ellipsis">
+    Java Collection Framework
+  </span>
+  
+
+      </a>
+    </li>
+  
+
+              
+            
+              
+                
+  
+  
+  
+  
+    <li class="md-nav__item">
+      <a href="../../java/dao.html" class="md-nav__link">
+        
+  
+  <span class="md-ellipsis">
+    DAO
+  </span>
+  
+
+      </a>
+    </li>
+  
+
+              
+            
+              
+                
+  
+  
+  
+  
+    
+    
+      
+        
+      
+        
+      
+    
+    
+      
+      
+        
+      
+    
+    
+    <li class="md-nav__item md-nav__item--nested">
+      
+        
+        
+        <input class="md-nav__toggle md-toggle " type="checkbox" id="__nav_4_10_4" >
+        
+          
+          <label class="md-nav__link" for="__nav_4_10_4" id="__nav_4_10_4_label" tabindex="0">
+            
+  
+  <span class="md-ellipsis">
+    Web
+  </span>
+  
+
+            <span class="md-nav__icon md-icon"></span>
+          </label>
+        
+        <nav class="md-nav" data-md-level="3" aria-labelledby="__nav_4_10_4_label" aria-expanded="false">
+          <label class="md-nav__title" for="__nav_4_10_4">
+            <span class="md-nav__icon md-icon"></span>
+            Web
+          </label>
+          <ul class="md-nav__list" data-md-scrollfix>
+            
+              
+                
+  
+  
+  
+  
+    <li class="md-nav__item">
+      <a href="../../java/web/servlet.html" class="md-nav__link">
+        
+  
+  <span class="md-ellipsis">
+    Serverlet
+  </span>
+  
+
+      </a>
+    </li>
+  
+
+              
+            
+              
+                
+  
+  
+  
+  
+    
+    
+      
+        
+      
+        
+      
+    
+    
+      
+      
+        
+      
+    
+    
+    <li class="md-nav__item md-nav__item--nested">
+      
+        
+        
+        <input class="md-nav__toggle md-toggle " type="checkbox" id="__nav_4_10_4_2" >
+        
+          
+          <label class="md-nav__link" for="__nav_4_10_4_2" id="__nav_4_10_4_2_label" tabindex="0">
+            
+  
+  <span class="md-ellipsis">
+    Spring
+  </span>
+  
+
+            <span class="md-nav__icon md-icon"></span>
+          </label>
+        
+        <nav class="md-nav" data-md-level="4" aria-labelledby="__nav_4_10_4_2_label" aria-expanded="false">
+          <label class="md-nav__title" for="__nav_4_10_4_2">
+            <span class="md-nav__icon md-icon"></span>
+            Spring
+          </label>
+          <ul class="md-nav__list" data-md-scrollfix>
+            
+              
+                
+  
+  
+  
+  
+    <li class="md-nav__item">
+      <a href="../../java/spring/pom.xml.html" class="md-nav__link">
+        
+  
+  <span class="md-ellipsis">
+    POM
+  </span>
+  
+
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+    </li>
+  
+
+              
+            
+              
+                
+  
+  
+  
+  
+    <li class="md-nav__item">
+      <a href="../../java/spring/spring-project.html" class="md-nav__link">
+        
+  
+  <span class="md-ellipsis">
+    Project Structure
+  </span>
+  
+
+      </a>
+    </li>
+  
+
+              
+            
+          </ul>
+        </nav>
+      
+    </li>
+  
+
+              
+            
+          </ul>
+        </nav>
+      
+    </li>
+  
+
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+            
+          </ul>
+        </nav>
+      
+    </li>
+  
+
+              
+            
+              
+                
+  
+  
+  
+  
+    
+    
+      
+        
+      
+        
+      
+        
+      
+        
+      
+        
+      
+        
+      
+        
+      
+        
+      
+        
+      
+    
+    
+      
+      
+        
+          
+          
+        
+      
+    
+    
+    <li class="md-nav__item md-nav__item--section md-nav__item--nested">
+      
+        
+        
+        <input class="md-nav__toggle md-toggle " type="checkbox" id="__nav_4_11" >
+        
+          
+          <label class="md-nav__link" for="__nav_4_11" id="__nav_4_11_label" tabindex="">
+            
+  
+  <span class="md-ellipsis">
+    PHP
+  </span>
+  
+
+            <span class="md-nav__icon md-icon"></span>
+          </label>
+        
+        <nav class="md-nav" data-md-level="2" aria-labelledby="__nav_4_11_label" aria-expanded="false">
+          <label class="md-nav__title" for="__nav_4_11">
+            <span class="md-nav__icon md-icon"></span>
+            PHP
+          </label>
+          <ul class="md-nav__list" data-md-scrollfix>
+            
+              
+                
+  
+  
+  
+  
+    <li class="md-nav__item">
+      <a href="../../php/php.html" class="md-nav__link">
+        
+  
+  <span class="md-ellipsis">
+    PHP
+  </span>
+  
+
+      </a>
+    </li>
+  
+
+              
+            
+              
+                
+  
+  
+  
+  
+    <li class="md-nav__item">
+      <a href="../../php/database.html" class="md-nav__link">
+        
+  
+  <span class="md-ellipsis">
+    Database
+  </span>
+  
+
+      </a>
+    </li>
+  
+
+              
+            
+              
+                
+  
+  
+  
+  
+    <li class="md-nav__item">
+      <a href="../../php/web.html" class="md-nav__link">
+        
+  
+  <span class="md-ellipsis">
+    Web
+  </span>
+  
+
+      </a>
+    </li>
+  
+
+              
+            
+              
+                
+  
+  
+  
+  
+    <li class="md-nav__item">
+      <a href="../../php/dependency-injection.html" class="md-nav__link">
+        
+  
+  <span class="md-ellipsis">
+    Dependency Injection
+  </span>
+  
+
+      </a>
+    </li>
+  
+
+              
+            
+              
+                
+  
+  
+  
+  
+    <li class="md-nav__item">
+      <a href="../../php/unit-tests.html" class="md-nav__link">
+        
+  
+  <span class="md-ellipsis">
+    Unit Tests
+  </span>
+  
+
+      </a>
+    </li>
+  
+
+              
+            
+              
+                
+  
+  
+  
+  
+    <li class="md-nav__item">
+      <a href="../../php/composer.html" class="md-nav__link">
+        
+  
+  <span class="md-ellipsis">
+    Composer
+  </span>
+  
+
+      </a>
+    </li>
+  
+
+              
+            
+              
+                
+  
+  
+  
+  
+    <li class="md-nav__item">
+      <a href="../../php/psr-7.html" class="md-nav__link">
+        
+  
+  <span class="md-ellipsis">
+    PSR 7
+  </span>
+  
+
+      </a>
+    </li>
+  
+
+              
+            
+              
+                
+  
+  
+  
+  
+    <li class="md-nav__item">
+      <a href="../../php/plates-templating.html" class="md-nav__link">
+        
+  
+  <span class="md-ellipsis">
+    Plates
+  </span>
+  
+
+      </a>
+    </li>
+  
+
+              
+            
+              
+                
+  
+  
+  
+  
+    
+    
+      
+        
+      
+        
+      
+    
+    
+      
+      
+        
+      
+    
+    
+    <li class="md-nav__item md-nav__item--nested">
+      
+        
+        
+        <input class="md-nav__toggle md-toggle " type="checkbox" id="__nav_4_11_9" >
+        
+          
+          <label class="md-nav__link" for="__nav_4_11_9" id="__nav_4_11_9_label" tabindex="0">
+            
+  
+  <span class="md-ellipsis">
+    Simple MVC
+  </span>
+  
+
+            <span class="md-nav__icon md-icon"></span>
+          </label>
+        
+        <nav class="md-nav" data-md-level="3" aria-labelledby="__nav_4_11_9_label" aria-expanded="false">
+          <label class="md-nav__title" for="__nav_4_11_9">
+            <span class="md-nav__icon md-icon"></span>
+            Simple MVC
+          </label>
+          <ul class="md-nav__list" data-md-scrollfix>
+            
+              
+                
+  
+  
+  
+  
+    <li class="md-nav__item">
+      <a href="../../php/simple-mvc/simple-mvc.html" class="md-nav__link">
+        
+  
+  <span class="md-ellipsis">
+    Simple MVC
+  </span>
+  
+
+      </a>
+    </li>
+  
+
+              
+            
+              
+                
+  
+  
+  
+  
+    <li class="md-nav__item">
+      <a href="../../php/simple-mvc/rest-api.html" class="md-nav__link">
+        
+  
+  <span class="md-ellipsis">
+    REST API
+  </span>
+  
+
+      </a>
+    </li>
+  
+
+              
+            
+          </ul>
+        </nav>
+      
+    </li>
+  
+
+              
+            
+          </ul>
+        </nav>
+      
+    </li>
+  
+
+              
+            
+              
+                
+  
+  
+  
+  
+    
+    
+      
+        
+      
+        
+      
+        
+      
+        
+      
+        
+      
+    
+    
+      
+      
+        
+          
+          
+        
+      
+    
+    
+    <li class="md-nav__item md-nav__item--section md-nav__item--nested">
+      
+        
+        
+        <input class="md-nav__toggle md-toggle " type="checkbox" id="__nav_4_12" >
+        
+          
+          <label class="md-nav__link" for="__nav_4_12" id="__nav_4_12_label" tabindex="">
+            
+  
+  <span class="md-ellipsis">
+    Rust
+  </span>
+  
+
+            <span class="md-nav__icon md-icon"></span>
+          </label>
+        
+        <nav class="md-nav" data-md-level="2" aria-labelledby="__nav_4_12_label" aria-expanded="false">
+          <label class="md-nav__title" for="__nav_4_12">
+            <span class="md-nav__icon md-icon"></span>
+            Rust
+          </label>
+          <ul class="md-nav__list" data-md-scrollfix>
+            
+              
+                
+  
+  
+  
+  
+    <li class="md-nav__item">
+      <a href="../../rust/rust.html" class="md-nav__link">
+        
+  
+  <span class="md-ellipsis">
+    Rust
+  </span>
+  
+
+      </a>
+    </li>
+  
+
+              
+            
+              
+                
+  
+  
+  
+  
+    <li class="md-nav__item">
+      <a href="../../rust/macros.html" class="md-nav__link">
+        
+  
+  <span class="md-ellipsis">
+    Macros
+  </span>
+  
+
+      </a>
+    </li>
+  
+
+              
+            
+              
+                
+  
+  
+  
+  
+    <li class="md-nav__item">
+      <a href="../../rust/cargo.html" class="md-nav__link">
+        
+  
+  <span class="md-ellipsis">
+    Cargo
+  </span>
+  
+
+      </a>
+    </li>
+  
+
+              
+            
+              
+                
+  
+  
+  
+  
+    <li class="md-nav__item">
+      <a href="../../rust/concurrency.html" class="md-nav__link">
+        
+  
+  <span class="md-ellipsis">
+    Concurrency
+  </span>
+  
+
+      </a>
+    </li>
+  
+
+              
+            
+              
+                
+  
+  
+  
+  
+    <li class="md-nav__item">
+      <a href="../../rust/unit-tests.html" class="md-nav__link">
+        
+  
+  <span class="md-ellipsis">
+    Unit Tests
+  </span>
+  
+
+      </a>
+    </li>
+  
+
+              
+            
+          </ul>
+        </nav>
+      
+    </li>
+  
+
+              
+            
+              
+                
+  
+  
+  
+  
+    
+    
+      
+        
+      
+        
+      
+        
+      
+        
+      
+        
+      
+        
+      
+        
+      
+    
+    
+      
+      
+        
+          
+          
+        
+      
+    
+    
+    <li class="md-nav__item md-nav__item--section md-nav__item--nested">
+      
+        
+        
+        <input class="md-nav__toggle md-toggle " type="checkbox" id="__nav_4_13" >
+        
+          
+          <label class="md-nav__link" for="__nav_4_13" id="__nav_4_13_label" tabindex="">
+            
+  
+  <span class="md-ellipsis">
+    Javascript
+  </span>
+  
+
+            <span class="md-nav__icon md-icon"></span>
+          </label>
+        
+        <nav class="md-nav" data-md-level="2" aria-labelledby="__nav_4_13_label" aria-expanded="false">
+          <label class="md-nav__title" for="__nav_4_13">
+            <span class="md-nav__icon md-icon"></span>
+            Javascript
+          </label>
+          <ul class="md-nav__list" data-md-scrollfix>
+            
+              
+                
+  
+  
+  
+  
+    <li class="md-nav__item">
+      <a href="../../javascript/javascript.html" class="md-nav__link">
+        
+  
+  <span class="md-ellipsis">
+    Javascript
+  </span>
+  
+
+      </a>
+    </li>
+  
+
+              
+            
+              
+                
+  
+  
+  
+  
+    <li class="md-nav__item">
+      <a href="../../javascript/dom.html" class="md-nav__link">
+        
+  
+  <span class="md-ellipsis">
+    DOM
+  </span>
+  
+
+      </a>
+    </li>
+  
+
+              
+            
+              
+                
+  
+  
+  
+  
+    <li class="md-nav__item">
+      <a href="../../javascript/events-animation.html" class="md-nav__link">
+        
+  
+  <span class="md-ellipsis">
+    Events & Animation
+  </span>
+  
+
+      </a>
+    </li>
+  
+
+              
+            
+              
+                
+  
+  
+  
+  
+    <li class="md-nav__item">
+      <a href="../../javascript/ajax.html" class="md-nav__link">
+        
+  
+  <span class="md-ellipsis">
+    AJAX
+  </span>
+  
+
+      </a>
+    </li>
+  
+
+              
+            
+              
+                
+  
+  
+  
+  
+    <li class="md-nav__item">
+      <a href="../../javascript/jquery.html" class="md-nav__link">
+        
+  
+  <span class="md-ellipsis">
+    jQuery
+  </span>
+  
+
+      </a>
+    </li>
+  
+
+              
+            
+              
+                
+  
+  
+  
+  
+    
+    
+      
+        
+      
+        
+      
+        
+      
+        
+      
+        
+      
+    
+    
+      
+      
+        
+      
+    
+    
+    <li class="md-nav__item md-nav__item--nested">
+      
+        
+        
+        <input class="md-nav__toggle md-toggle " type="checkbox" id="__nav_4_13_6" >
+        
+          
+          <label class="md-nav__link" for="__nav_4_13_6" id="__nav_4_13_6_label" tabindex="0">
+            
+  
+  <span class="md-ellipsis">
+    React
+  </span>
+  
+
+            <span class="md-nav__icon md-icon"></span>
+          </label>
+        
+        <nav class="md-nav" data-md-level="3" aria-labelledby="__nav_4_13_6_label" aria-expanded="false">
+          <label class="md-nav__title" for="__nav_4_13_6">
+            <span class="md-nav__icon md-icon"></span>
+            React
+          </label>
+          <ul class="md-nav__list" data-md-scrollfix>
+            
+              
+                
+  
+  
+  
+  
+    <li class="md-nav__item">
+      <a href="../../javascript/react/react.html" class="md-nav__link">
+        
+  
+  <span class="md-ellipsis">
+    React
+  </span>
+  
+
+      </a>
+    </li>
+  
+
+              
+            
+              
+                
+  
+  
+  
+  
+    <li class="md-nav__item">
+      <a href="../../javascript/react/react-router.html" class="md-nav__link">
+        
+  
+  <span class="md-ellipsis">
+    React Router
+  </span>
+  
+
+      </a>
+    </li>
+  
+
+              
+            
+              
+                
+  
+  
+  
+  
+    <li class="md-nav__item">
+      <a href="../../javascript/react/react-tests.html" class="md-nav__link">
+        
+  
+  <span class="md-ellipsis">
+    React Tests
+  </span>
+  
+
+      </a>
+    </li>
+  
+
+              
+            
+              
+                
+  
+  
+  
+  
+    <li class="md-nav__item">
+      <a href="../../javascript/react/redux.html" class="md-nav__link">
+        
+  
+  <span class="md-ellipsis">
+    Redux
+  </span>
+  
+
+      </a>
+    </li>
+  
+
+              
+            
+              
+                
+  
+  
+  
+  
+    <li class="md-nav__item">
+      <a href="../../javascript/react/redux-tests.html" class="md-nav__link">
+        
+  
+  <span class="md-ellipsis">
+    Redux Tests
+  </span>
+  
+
+      </a>
+    </li>
+  
+
+              
+            
+          </ul>
+        </nav>
+      
+    </li>
+  
+
+              
+            
+              
+                
+  
+  
+  
+  
+    <li class="md-nav__item">
+      <a href="../../javascript/svelte/svelte.html" class="md-nav__link">
+        
+  
+  <span class="md-ellipsis">
+    Svelte
+  </span>
+  
+
+      </a>
+    </li>
+  
+
+              
+            
+          </ul>
+        </nav>
+      
+    </li>
+  
+
+              
+            
+              
+                
+  
+  
+  
+  
+    
+    
+      
+        
+      
+        
+      
+    
+    
+      
+      
+        
+          
+          
+        
+      
+    
+    
+    <li class="md-nav__item md-nav__item--section md-nav__item--nested">
+      
+        
+        
+        <input class="md-nav__toggle md-toggle " type="checkbox" id="__nav_4_14" >
+        
+          
+          <label class="md-nav__link" for="__nav_4_14" id="__nav_4_14_label" tabindex="">
+            
+  
+  <span class="md-ellipsis">
+    PowerShell
+  </span>
+  
+
+            <span class="md-nav__icon md-icon"></span>
+          </label>
+        
+        <nav class="md-nav" data-md-level="2" aria-labelledby="__nav_4_14_label" aria-expanded="false">
+          <label class="md-nav__title" for="__nav_4_14">
+            <span class="md-nav__icon md-icon"></span>
+            PowerShell
+          </label>
+          <ul class="md-nav__list" data-md-scrollfix>
+            
+              
+                
+  
+  
+  
+  
+    <li class="md-nav__item">
+      <a href="../../powershell/scripting.html" class="md-nav__link">
+        
+  
+  <span class="md-ellipsis">
+    Scripting
+  </span>
+  
+
+      </a>
+    </li>
+  
+
+              
+            
+              
+                
+  
+  
+  
+  
+    <li class="md-nav__item">
+      <a href="../../powershell/commands.html" class="md-nav__link">
+        
+  
+  <span class="md-ellipsis">
+    Commands
+  </span>
+  
+
+      </a>
+    </li>
+  
+
+              
+            
+          </ul>
+        </nav>
+      
+    </li>
+  
+
+              
+            
+              
+                
+  
+  
+  
+  
+    
+    
+      
+        
+      
+        
+      
+    
+    
+      
+      
+        
+          
+          
+        
+      
+    
+    
+    <li class="md-nav__item md-nav__item--section md-nav__item--nested">
+      
+        
+        
+        <input class="md-nav__toggle md-toggle " type="checkbox" id="__nav_4_15" >
+        
+          
+          <label class="md-nav__link" for="__nav_4_15" id="__nav_4_15_label" tabindex="">
+            
+  
+  <span class="md-ellipsis">
+    Bash
+  </span>
+  
+
+            <span class="md-nav__icon md-icon"></span>
+          </label>
+        
+        <nav class="md-nav" data-md-level="2" aria-labelledby="__nav_4_15_label" aria-expanded="false">
+          <label class="md-nav__title" for="__nav_4_15">
+            <span class="md-nav__icon md-icon"></span>
+            Bash
+          </label>
+          <ul class="md-nav__list" data-md-scrollfix>
+            
+              
+                
+  
+  
+  
+  
+    <li class="md-nav__item">
+      <a href="../../bash/scripting.html" class="md-nav__link">
+        
+  
+  <span class="md-ellipsis">
+    Scripting
+  </span>
+  
+
+      </a>
+    </li>
+  
+
+              
+            
+              
+                
+  
+  
+  
+  
+    <li class="md-nav__item">
+      <a href="../../bash/commands.html" class="md-nav__link">
+        
+  
+  <span class="md-ellipsis">
+    Commands
+  </span>
+  
+
+      </a>
+    </li>
+  
+
+              
+            
+          </ul>
+        </nav>
+      
+    </li>
+  
+
+              
+            
+          </ul>
+        </nav>
+      
+    </li>
+  
+
+    
+      
+      
+  
+  
+  
+  
+    
+    
+      
+        
+      
+        
+      
+        
+      
+        
+      
+        
+      
+    
+    
+      
+      
+        
+      
+    
+    
+    <li class="md-nav__item md-nav__item--nested">
+      
+        
+        
+        <input class="md-nav__toggle md-toggle " type="checkbox" id="__nav_5" >
+        
+          
+          <label class="md-nav__link" for="__nav_5" id="__nav_5_label" tabindex="0">
+            
+  
+  <span class="md-ellipsis">
+    Misc
+  </span>
+  
+
+            <span class="md-nav__icon md-icon"></span>
+          </label>
+        
+        <nav class="md-nav" data-md-level="1" aria-labelledby="__nav_5_label" aria-expanded="false">
+          <label class="md-nav__title" for="__nav_5">
+            <span class="md-nav__icon md-icon"></span>
+            Misc
+          </label>
+          <ul class="md-nav__list" data-md-scrollfix>
+            
+              
+                
+  
+  
+  
+  
+    <li class="md-nav__item">
+      <a href="../../../misc/git.html" class="md-nav__link">
+        
+  
+  <span class="md-ellipsis">
+    Git
+  </span>
+  
+
+      </a>
+    </li>
+  
+
+              
+            
+              
+                
+  
+  
+  
+  
+    <li class="md-nav__item">
+      <a href="../../../misc/graph-ql.html" class="md-nav__link">
+        
+  
+  <span class="md-ellipsis">
+    GraphQL
+  </span>
+  
+
+      </a>
+    </li>
+  
+
+              
+            
+              
+                
+  
+  
+  
+  
+    <li class="md-nav__item">
+      <a href="../../../misc/regular-expressions.html" class="md-nav__link">
+        
+  
+  <span class="md-ellipsis">
+    RegEx
+  </span>
+  
+
+      </a>
+    </li>
+  
+
+              
+            
+              
+                
+  
+  
+  
+  
+    <li class="md-nav__item">
+      <a href="../../../misc/ssh.html" class="md-nav__link">
+        
+  
+  <span class="md-ellipsis">
+    SSH
+  </span>
+  
+
+      </a>
+    </li>
+  
+
+              
+            
+              
+                
+  
+  
+  
+  
+    <li class="md-nav__item">
+      <a href="../../../misc/web-components.html" class="md-nav__link">
+        
+  
+  <span class="md-ellipsis">
+    WebComponents
+  </span>
+  
+
+      </a>
+    </li>
+  
+
+              
+            
+          </ul>
+        </nav>
+      
+    </li>
+  
+
+    
+      
+      
+  
+  
+  
+  
+    
+    
+      
+        
+      
+        
+      
+    
+    
+      
+      
+        
+      
+    
+    
+    <li class="md-nav__item md-nav__item--nested">
+      
+        
+        
+        <input class="md-nav__toggle md-toggle " type="checkbox" id="__nav_6" >
+        
+          
+          <label class="md-nav__link" for="__nav_6" id="__nav_6_label" tabindex="0">
+            
+  
+  <span class="md-ellipsis">
+    Linux
+  </span>
+  
+
+            <span class="md-nav__icon md-icon"></span>
+          </label>
+        
+        <nav class="md-nav" data-md-level="1" aria-labelledby="__nav_6_label" aria-expanded="false">
+          <label class="md-nav__title" for="__nav_6">
+            <span class="md-nav__icon md-icon"></span>
+            Linux
+          </label>
+          <ul class="md-nav__list" data-md-scrollfix>
+            
+              
+                
+  
+  
+  
+  
+    
+    
+      
+        
+      
+        
+      
+        
+      
+    
+    
+      
+      
+        
+      
+    
+    
+    <li class="md-nav__item md-nav__item--nested">
+      
+        
+        
+        <input class="md-nav__toggle md-toggle " type="checkbox" id="__nav_6_1" >
+        
+          
+          <label class="md-nav__link" for="__nav_6_1" id="__nav_6_1_label" tabindex="0">
+            
+  
+  <span class="md-ellipsis">
+    Filesystem
+  </span>
+  
+
+            <span class="md-nav__icon md-icon"></span>
+          </label>
+        
+        <nav class="md-nav" data-md-level="2" aria-labelledby="__nav_6_1_label" aria-expanded="false">
+          <label class="md-nav__title" for="__nav_6_1">
+            <span class="md-nav__icon md-icon"></span>
+            Filesystem
+          </label>
+          <ul class="md-nav__list" data-md-scrollfix>
+            
+              
+                
+  
+  
+  
+  
+    <li class="md-nav__item">
+      <a href="../../../linux/filesystem/file-links.html" class="md-nav__link">
+        
+  
+  <span class="md-ellipsis">
+    File Links
+  </span>
+  
+
+      </a>
+    </li>
+  
+
+              
+            
+              
+                
+  
+  
+  
+  
+    <li class="md-nav__item">
+      <a href="../../../linux/filesystem/procfs.html" class="md-nav__link">
+        
+  
+  <span class="md-ellipsis">
+    /proc
+  </span>
+  
+
+      </a>
+    </li>
+  
+
+              
+            
+              
+                
+  
+  
+  
+  
+    <li class="md-nav__item">
+      <a href="../../../linux/filesystem/sysfs.html" class="md-nav__link">
+        
+  
+  <span class="md-ellipsis">
+    /sys
+  </span>
+  
+
+      </a>
+    </li>
+  
+
+              
+            
+          </ul>
+        </nav>
+      
+    </li>
+  
+
+              
+            
+              
+                
+  
+  
+  
+  
+    
+    
+      
+        
+      
+        
+      
+    
+    
+      
+      
+        
+      
+    
+    
+    <li class="md-nav__item md-nav__item--nested">
+      
+        
+        
+        <input class="md-nav__toggle md-toggle " type="checkbox" id="__nav_6_2" >
+        
+          
+          <label class="md-nav__link" for="__nav_6_2" id="__nav_6_2_label" tabindex="0">
+            
+  
+  <span class="md-ellipsis">
+    System Init
+  </span>
+  
+
+            <span class="md-nav__icon md-icon"></span>
+          </label>
+        
+        <nav class="md-nav" data-md-level="2" aria-labelledby="__nav_6_2_label" aria-expanded="false">
+          <label class="md-nav__title" for="__nav_6_2">
+            <span class="md-nav__icon md-icon"></span>
+            System Init
+          </label>
+          <ul class="md-nav__list" data-md-scrollfix>
+            
+              
+                
+  
+  
+  
+  
+    <li class="md-nav__item">
+      <a href="../../../linux/init/systemd.html" class="md-nav__link">
+        
+  
+  <span class="md-ellipsis">
+    Systemd
+  </span>
+  
+
+      </a>
+    </li>
+  
+
+              
+            
+              
+                
+  
+  
+  
+  
+    <li class="md-nav__item">
+      <a href="../../../linux/init/open-rc.html" class="md-nav__link">
+        
+  
+  <span class="md-ellipsis">
+    OpenRC
+  </span>
+  
+
+      </a>
+    </li>
+  
+
+              
+            
+          </ul>
+        </nav>
+      
+    </li>
+  
+
+              
+            
+          </ul>
+        </nav>
+      
+    </li>
+  
+
+    
+  </ul>
+</nav>
+                  </div>
+                </div>
+              </div>
+            
+            
+              
+              <div class="md-sidebar md-sidebar--secondary" data-md-component="sidebar" data-md-type="toc" >
+                <div class="md-sidebar__scrollwrap">
+                  <div class="md-sidebar__inner">
+                    
+
+<nav class="md-nav md-nav--secondary" aria-label="Table of contents">
+  
+  
+  
+    
+  
+  
+    <label class="md-nav__title" for="__toc">
+      <span class="md-nav__icon md-icon"></span>
+      Table of contents
+    </label>
+    <ul class="md-nav__list" data-md-component="toc" data-md-scrollfix>
+      
+        <li class="md-nav__item">
+  <a href="#application-settings" class="md-nav__link">
+    <span class="md-ellipsis">
+      Application Settings
+    </span>
+  </a>
+  
+    <nav class="md-nav" aria-label="Application Settings">
+      <ul class="md-nav__list">
+        
+          <li class="md-nav__item">
+  <a href="#user-secrets" class="md-nav__link">
+    <span class="md-ellipsis">
+      User Secrets
+    </span>
+  </a>
+  
+</li>
+        
+      </ul>
+    </nav>
+  
+</li>
+      
+        <li class="md-nav__item">
+  <a href="#swagger" class="md-nav__link">
+    <span class="md-ellipsis">
+      Swagger
+    </span>
+  </a>
+  
+</li>
+      
+        <li class="md-nav__item">
+  <a href="#mvc" class="md-nav__link">
+    <span class="md-ellipsis">
+      MVC
+    </span>
+  </a>
+  
+</li>
+      
+        <li class="md-nav__item">
+  <a href="#routing-handlers-results" class="md-nav__link">
+    <span class="md-ellipsis">
+      Routing, Handlers &amp; Results
+    </span>
+  </a>
+  
+    <nav class="md-nav" aria-label="Routing, Handlers & Results">
+      <ul class="md-nav__list">
+        
+          <li class="md-nav__item">
+  <a href="#route-groups" class="md-nav__link">
+    <span class="md-ellipsis">
+      Route Groups
+    </span>
+  </a>
+  
+</li>
+        
+          <li class="md-nav__item">
+  <a href="#typedresults" class="md-nav__link">
+    <span class="md-ellipsis">
+      TypedResults
+    </span>
+  </a>
+  
+</li>
+        
+          <li class="md-nav__item">
+  <a href="#multiple-result-types" class="md-nav__link">
+    <span class="md-ellipsis">
+      Multiple Result Types
+    </span>
+  </a>
+  
+</li>
+        
+      </ul>
+    </nav>
+  
+</li>
+      
+        <li class="md-nav__item">
+  <a href="#filters" class="md-nav__link">
+    <span class="md-ellipsis">
+      Filters
+    </span>
+  </a>
+  
+</li>
+      
+        <li class="md-nav__item">
+  <a href="#context" class="md-nav__link">
+    <span class="md-ellipsis">
+      Context
+    </span>
+  </a>
+  
+</li>
+      
+        <li class="md-nav__item">
+  <a href="#openapi" class="md-nav__link">
+    <span class="md-ellipsis">
+      OpenAPI
+    </span>
+  </a>
+  
+</li>
+      
+        <li class="md-nav__item">
+  <a href="#validation" class="md-nav__link">
+    <span class="md-ellipsis">
+      Validation
+    </span>
+  </a>
+  
+</li>
+      
+        <li class="md-nav__item">
+  <a href="#json-serialization" class="md-nav__link">
+    <span class="md-ellipsis">
+      JSON Serialization
+    </span>
+  </a>
+  
+</li>
+      
+        <li class="md-nav__item">
+  <a href="#authorization" class="md-nav__link">
+    <span class="md-ellipsis">
+      Authorization
+    </span>
+  </a>
+  
+    <nav class="md-nav" aria-label="Authorization">
+      <ul class="md-nav__list">
+        
+          <li class="md-nav__item">
+  <a href="#local-jwt-tokens" class="md-nav__link">
+    <span class="md-ellipsis">
+      Local JWT Tokens
+    </span>
+  </a>
+  
+</li>
+        
+      </ul>
+    </nav>
+  
+</li>
+      
+        <li class="md-nav__item">
+  <a href="#output-caching" class="md-nav__link">
+    <span class="md-ellipsis">
+      Output Caching
+    </span>
+  </a>
+  
+    <nav class="md-nav" aria-label="Output Caching">
+      <ul class="md-nav__list">
+        
+          <li class="md-nav__item">
+  <a href="#cache-eviction" class="md-nav__link">
+    <span class="md-ellipsis">
+      Cache Eviction
+    </span>
+  </a>
+  
+</li>
+        
+          <li class="md-nav__item">
+  <a href="#custom-cache-policy" class="md-nav__link">
+    <span class="md-ellipsis">
+      Custom Cache Policy
+    </span>
+  </a>
+  
+</li>
+        
+      </ul>
+    </nav>
+  
+</li>
+      
+        <li class="md-nav__item">
+  <a href="#options-pattern" class="md-nav__link">
+    <span class="md-ellipsis">
+      Options Pattern
+    </span>
+  </a>
+  
+    <nav class="md-nav" aria-label="Options Pattern">
+      <ul class="md-nav__list">
+        
+          <li class="md-nav__item">
+  <a href="#options-interfaces" class="md-nav__link">
+    <span class="md-ellipsis">
+      Options interfaces
+    </span>
+  </a>
+  
+</li>
+        
+      </ul>
+    </nav>
+  
+</li>
+      
+    </ul>
+  
+</nav>
+                  </div>
+                </div>
+              </div>
+            
+          
+          
+            <div class="md-content" data-md-component="content">
+              <article class="md-content__inner md-typeset">
+                
+                  
+
+  
+  
+
+
+<h1 id="minimal-api">Minimal API</h1>
+<blockquote>
+<p><strong>Note</strong>: Requires .NET 6+</p>
+</blockquote>
+<div class="highlight"><table class="highlighttable"><tr><th colspan="2" class="filename"><span class="filename">C#</span></th></tr><tr><td class="linenos"><div class="linenodiv"><pre><span></span><span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-0-1"> 1</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-0-2"> 2</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-0-3"> 3</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-0-4"> 4</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-0-5"> 5</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-0-6"> 6</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-0-7"> 7</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-0-8"> 8</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-0-9"> 9</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-0-10">10</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-0-11">11</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-0-12">12</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-0-13">13</a></span></pre></div></td><td class="code"><div><pre><span></span><code><a id="__codelineno-0-1" name="__codelineno-0-1"></a><span class="kt">var</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="n">builder</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="o">=</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="n">WebApplication</span><span class="p">.</span><span class="n">CreateBuilder</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="n">args</span><span class="p">);</span>
+<a id="__codelineno-0-2" name="__codelineno-0-2"></a>
+<a id="__codelineno-0-3" name="__codelineno-0-3"></a><span class="n">builder</span><span class="p">.</span><span class="n">Services</span><span class="p">.</span><span class="n">AddSingleton</span><span class="o">&lt;</span><span class="n">IService</span><span class="p">,</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="n">Service</span><span class="o">&gt;</span><span class="p">();</span>
+<a id="__codelineno-0-4" name="__codelineno-0-4"></a><span class="n">builder</span><span class="p">.</span><span class="n">Services</span><span class="p">.</span><span class="n">AddScoped</span><span class="o">&lt;</span><span class="n">IService</span><span class="p">,</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="n">Service</span><span class="o">&gt;</span><span class="p">();</span>
+<a id="__codelineno-0-5" name="__codelineno-0-5"></a><span class="n">builder</span><span class="p">.</span><span class="n">Services</span><span class="p">.</span><span class="n">AddTransient</span><span class="o">&lt;</span><span class="n">IService</span><span class="p">,</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="n">Service</span><span class="o">&gt;</span><span class="p">();</span>
+<a id="__codelineno-0-6" name="__codelineno-0-6"></a>
+<a id="__codelineno-0-7" name="__codelineno-0-7"></a><span class="kt">var</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="n">app</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="o">=</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="n">builder</span><span class="p">.</span><span class="n">Build</span><span class="p">();</span>
+<a id="__codelineno-0-8" name="__codelineno-0-8"></a>
+<a id="__codelineno-0-9" name="__codelineno-0-9"></a><span class="c1">// [...]</span>
+<a id="__codelineno-0-10" name="__codelineno-0-10"></a>
+<a id="__codelineno-0-11" name="__codelineno-0-11"></a><span class="n">app</span><span class="p">.</span><span class="n">Run</span><span class="p">();</span>
+<a id="__codelineno-0-12" name="__codelineno-0-12"></a><span class="c1">//or</span>
+<a id="__codelineno-0-13" name="__codelineno-0-13"></a><span class="n">app</span><span class="p">.</span><span class="n">RunAsync</span><span class="p">();</span>
+</code></pre></div></td></tr></table></div>
+<h2 id="application-settings">Application Settings</h2>
+<p>App settings are loaded (in order) from:</p>
+<ol>
+<li><code>appsettings.json</code></li>
+<li><code>appsettings.&lt;Environment&gt;.json</code></li>
+<li>User Secrets</li>
+</ol>
+<p>The environment is controlled by the env var <code>ASPNETCORE_ENVIRONMENT</code>. If a setting is present in multiple locations, the last one is used and overrides the previous ones.</p>
+<h3 id="user-secrets">User Secrets</h3>
+<p>User secrets are specific to each machine and can be initialized with <code>dotnet user-secrets init</code>. Each application is linked with it's settings by a guid.</p>
+<p>The settings are stored in:</p>
+<ul>
+<li><code>%APPDATA%\Microsoft\UserSecrets\&lt;user_secrets_id&gt;\secrets.json</code> (Windows)</li>
+<li><code>~/.microsoft/usersecrets/&lt;user_secrets_id&gt;/secrets.json</code> (Linux/macOS)</li>
+</ul>
+<p>Setting a value is done with <code>dotnet user-secrets set &lt;key&gt; &lt;value&gt;</code>, keys can be nested by separating each level with <code>:</code> or <code>__</code>.</p>
+<h2 id="swagger">Swagger</h2>
+<div class="highlight"><table class="highlighttable"><tr><th colspan="2" class="filename"><span class="filename">C#</span></th></tr><tr><td class="linenos"><div class="linenodiv"><pre><span></span><span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-1-1"> 1</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-1-2"> 2</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-1-3"> 3</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-1-4"> 4</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-1-5"> 5</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-1-6"> 6</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-1-7"> 7</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-1-8"> 8</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-1-9"> 9</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-1-10">10</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-1-11">11</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-1-12">12</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-1-13">13</a></span></pre></div></td><td class="code"><div><pre><span></span><code><a id="__codelineno-1-1" name="__codelineno-1-1"></a><span class="n">builder</span><span class="p">.</span><span class="n">Services</span><span class="p">.</span><span class="n">AddEndpointsApiExplorer</span><span class="p">();</span>
+<a id="__codelineno-1-2" name="__codelineno-1-2"></a><span class="n">builder</span><span class="p">.</span><span class="n">Services</span><span class="p">.</span><span class="n">AddSwaggerGen</span><span class="p">();</span>
+<a id="__codelineno-1-3" name="__codelineno-1-3"></a>
+<a id="__codelineno-1-4" name="__codelineno-1-4"></a><span class="c1">// [...]</span>
+<a id="__codelineno-1-5" name="__codelineno-1-5"></a>
+<a id="__codelineno-1-6" name="__codelineno-1-6"></a><span class="n">app</span><span class="p">.</span><span class="n">UseSwagger</span><span class="p">();</span>
+<a id="__codelineno-1-7" name="__codelineno-1-7"></a><span class="n">app</span><span class="p">.</span><span class="n">UseSwaggerUI</span><span class="p">();</span>
+<a id="__codelineno-1-8" name="__codelineno-1-8"></a>
+<a id="__codelineno-1-9" name="__codelineno-1-9"></a><span class="c1">// add returned content metadata to Swagger</span>
+<a id="__codelineno-1-10" name="__codelineno-1-10"></a><span class="n">app</span><span class="p">.</span><span class="n">MapGet</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="s">&quot;/route&quot;</span><span class="p">,</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="n">Handler</span><span class="p">).</span><span class="n">Produces</span><span class="o">&lt;</span><span class="n">Type</span><span class="o">&gt;</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="n">statusCode</span><span class="p">);</span>
+<a id="__codelineno-1-11" name="__codelineno-1-11"></a>
+<a id="__codelineno-1-12" name="__codelineno-1-12"></a><span class="c1">// add request body contents metadata to Swagger</span>
+<a id="__codelineno-1-13" name="__codelineno-1-13"></a><span class="n">app</span><span class="p">.</span><span class="n">MapPost</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="s">&quot;/route&quot;</span><span class="p">,</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="n">Handler</span><span class="p">).</span><span class="n">Accepts</span><span class="o">&lt;</span><span class="n">Type</span><span class="o">&gt;</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="n">contentType</span><span class="p">);</span>
+</code></pre></div></td></tr></table></div>
+<h2 id="mvc">MVC</h2>
+<div class="highlight"><table class="highlighttable"><tr><th colspan="2" class="filename"><span class="filename">C#</span></th></tr><tr><td class="linenos"><div class="linenodiv"><pre><span></span><span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-2-1"> 1</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-2-2"> 2</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-2-3"> 3</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-2-4"> 4</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-2-5"> 5</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-2-6"> 6</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-2-7"> 7</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-2-8"> 8</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-2-9"> 9</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-2-10">10</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-2-11">11</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-2-12">12</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-2-13">13</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-2-14">14</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-2-15">15</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-2-16">16</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-2-17">17</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-2-18">18</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-2-19">19</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-2-20">20</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-2-21">21</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-2-22">22</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-2-23">23</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-2-24">24</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-2-25">25</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-2-26">26</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-2-27">27</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-2-28">28</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-2-29">29</a></span></pre></div></td><td class="code"><div><pre><span></span><code><a id="__codelineno-2-1" name="__codelineno-2-1"></a><span class="n">builder</span><span class="p">.</span><span class="n">Services</span><span class="p">.</span><span class="n">AddControllersWithViews</span><span class="p">();</span>
+<a id="__codelineno-2-2" name="__codelineno-2-2"></a><span class="c1">//or</span>
+<a id="__codelineno-2-3" name="__codelineno-2-3"></a><span class="n">builder</span><span class="p">.</span><span class="n">Services</span><span class="p">.</span><span class="n">AddControllers</span><span class="p">();</span>
+<a id="__codelineno-2-4" name="__codelineno-2-4"></a>
+<a id="__codelineno-2-5" name="__codelineno-2-5"></a><span class="c1">// Configure the HTTP request pipeline.</span>
+<a id="__codelineno-2-6" name="__codelineno-2-6"></a><span class="k">if</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="p">(</span><span class="n">app</span><span class="p">.</span><span class="n">Environment</span><span class="p">.</span><span class="n">IsDevelopment</span><span class="p">())</span>
+<a id="__codelineno-2-7" name="__codelineno-2-7"></a><span class="p">{</span>
+<a id="__codelineno-2-8" name="__codelineno-2-8"></a><span class="w">    </span><span class="n">app</span><span class="p">.</span><span class="n">UseDeveloperExceptionPage</span><span class="p">();</span>
+<a id="__codelineno-2-9" name="__codelineno-2-9"></a><span class="p">}</span>
+<a id="__codelineno-2-10" name="__codelineno-2-10"></a><span class="k">else</span>
+<a id="__codelineno-2-11" name="__codelineno-2-11"></a><span class="p">{</span>
+<a id="__codelineno-2-12" name="__codelineno-2-12"></a><span class="w">    </span><span class="n">app</span><span class="p">.</span><span class="n">UseExceptionHandler</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="s">&quot;/Home/Error&quot;</span><span class="p">);</span>
+<a id="__codelineno-2-13" name="__codelineno-2-13"></a>
+<a id="__codelineno-2-14" name="__codelineno-2-14"></a><span class="w">    </span><span class="c1">// The default HSTS value is 30 days. You may want to change this for production scenarios, see https://aka.ms/aspnetcore-hsts.</span>
+<a id="__codelineno-2-15" name="__codelineno-2-15"></a><span class="w">    </span><span class="n">app</span><span class="p">.</span><span class="n">UseHsts</span><span class="p">();</span>
+<a id="__codelineno-2-16" name="__codelineno-2-16"></a><span class="p">}</span>
+<a id="__codelineno-2-17" name="__codelineno-2-17"></a>
+<a id="__codelineno-2-18" name="__codelineno-2-18"></a><span class="n">app</span><span class="p">.</span><span class="n">UseHttpsRedirection</span><span class="p">();</span>
+<a id="__codelineno-2-19" name="__codelineno-2-19"></a><span class="n">app</span><span class="p">.</span><span class="n">UseStaticFiles</span><span class="p">();</span>
+<a id="__codelineno-2-20" name="__codelineno-2-20"></a>
+<a id="__codelineno-2-21" name="__codelineno-2-21"></a><span class="n">app</span><span class="p">.</span><span class="n">UseRouting</span><span class="p">();</span>
+<a id="__codelineno-2-22" name="__codelineno-2-22"></a>
+<a id="__codelineno-2-23" name="__codelineno-2-23"></a><span class="n">app</span><span class="p">.</span><span class="n">UseAuthorization</span><span class="p">();</span>
+<a id="__codelineno-2-24" name="__codelineno-2-24"></a>
+<a id="__codelineno-2-25" name="__codelineno-2-25"></a><span class="n">app</span><span class="p">.</span><span class="n">MapControllers</span><span class="p">();</span>
+<a id="__codelineno-2-26" name="__codelineno-2-26"></a><span class="c1">// or</span>
+<a id="__codelineno-2-27" name="__codelineno-2-27"></a><span class="n">app</span><span class="p">.</span><span class="n">MapControllerRoute</span><span class="p">(</span>
+<a id="__codelineno-2-28" name="__codelineno-2-28"></a><span class="w">    </span><span class="n">name</span><span class="p">:</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="s">&quot;default&quot;</span><span class="p">,</span>
+<a id="__codelineno-2-29" name="__codelineno-2-29"></a><span class="w">    </span><span class="n">pattern</span><span class="p">:</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="s">&quot;{controller=Home}/{action=Index}/{id?}&quot;</span><span class="p">);</span>
+</code></pre></div></td></tr></table></div>
+<h2 id="routing-handlers-results">Routing, Handlers &amp; Results</h2>
+<p>To define routes and handlers using Minimal APIs, use the <code>Map(Get|Post|Put|Delete)</code> methods.</p>
+<div class="highlight"><table class="highlighttable"><tr><th colspan="2" class="filename"><span class="filename">C#</span></th></tr><tr><td class="linenos"><div class="linenodiv"><pre><span></span><span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-3-1">1</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-3-2">2</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-3-3">3</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-3-4">4</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-3-5">5</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-3-6">6</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-3-7">7</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-3-8">8</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-3-9">9</a></span></pre></div></td><td class="code"><div><pre><span></span><code><a id="__codelineno-3-1" name="__codelineno-3-1"></a><span class="c1">// the dependencies are passed as parameters in the handler delegate</span>
+<a id="__codelineno-3-2" name="__codelineno-3-2"></a><span class="n">app</span><span class="p">.</span><span class="n">MapGet</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="s">&quot;/route/{id}&quot;</span><span class="p">,</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="p">(</span><span class="n">IService</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="n">service</span><span class="p">,</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="kt">int</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="n">id</span><span class="p">)</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="o">=&gt;</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="p">{</span>
+<a id="__codelineno-3-3" name="__codelineno-3-3"></a>
+<a id="__codelineno-3-4" name="__codelineno-3-4"></a><span class="w">    </span><span class="k">return</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="n">entity</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="k">is</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="n">not</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="k">null</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="o">?</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="n">Results</span><span class="p">.</span><span class="n">Ok</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="n">entity</span><span class="p">)</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="p">:</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="n">Results</span><span class="p">.</span><span class="n">NotFound</span><span class="p">();</span>
+<a id="__codelineno-3-5" name="__codelineno-3-5"></a><span class="p">});</span>
+<a id="__codelineno-3-6" name="__codelineno-3-6"></a>
+<a id="__codelineno-3-7" name="__codelineno-3-7"></a><span class="c1">// pass delegate to use default values</span>
+<a id="__codelineno-3-8" name="__codelineno-3-8"></a><span class="n">app</span><span class="p">.</span><span class="n">MapGet</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="s">&quot;/search/{id}&quot;</span><span class="p">,</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="n">Search</span><span class="p">);</span>
+<a id="__codelineno-3-9" name="__codelineno-3-9"></a><span class="n">IResult</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="nf">Search</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="kt">int</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="n">id</span><span class="p">,</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="kt">int?</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="n">page</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="o">=</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="m">1</span><span class="p">,</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="kt">int?</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="n">pageSize</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="o">=</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="m">10</span><span class="p">)</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="p">{</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="cm">/* ... */</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="p">}</span>
+</code></pre></div></td></tr></table></div>
+<h3 id="route-groups">Route Groups</h3>
+<p>The <code>MapGroup()</code> extension method, which helps organize groups of endpoints with a common prefix.<br />
+It allows for customizing entire groups of endpoints with a singe call to methods like <code>RequireAuthorization()</code> and <code>WithMetadata()</code>.</p>
+<div class="highlight"><table class="highlighttable"><tr><th colspan="2" class="filename"><span class="filename">C#</span></th></tr><tr><td class="linenos"><div class="linenodiv"><pre><span></span><span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-4-1">1</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-4-2">2</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-4-3">3</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-4-4">4</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-4-5">5</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-4-6">6</a></span></pre></div></td><td class="code"><div><pre><span></span><code><a id="__codelineno-4-1" name="__codelineno-4-1"></a><span class="kt">var</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="k">group</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="o">=</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="n">app</span><span class="p">.</span><span class="n">MapGroup</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="s">&quot;&lt;route-prefix&gt;&quot;</span><span class="p">);</span>
+<a id="__codelineno-4-2" name="__codelineno-4-2"></a>
+<a id="__codelineno-4-3" name="__codelineno-4-3"></a><span class="k">group</span><span class="p">.</span><span class="n">MapGet</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="s">&quot;/&quot;</span><span class="p">,</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="n">GetAllTodos</span><span class="p">);</span><span class="w">  </span><span class="c1">// route: /&lt;route-prefix&gt;</span>
+<a id="__codelineno-4-4" name="__codelineno-4-4"></a><span class="k">group</span><span class="p">.</span><span class="n">MapGet</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="s">&quot;/{id}&quot;</span><span class="p">,</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="n">GetTodo</span><span class="p">);</span><span class="w">  </span><span class="c1">// route: /&lt;route-prefix&gt;/{id}</span>
+<a id="__codelineno-4-5" name="__codelineno-4-5"></a>
+<a id="__codelineno-4-6" name="__codelineno-4-6"></a><span class="c1">// [...]</span>
+</code></pre></div></td></tr></table></div>
+<h3 id="typedresults"><code>TypedResults</code></h3>
+<p>The <code>Microsoft.AspNetCore.Http.TypedResults</code> static class is the “typed” equivalent of the existing <code>Microsoft.AspNetCore.Http.Results</code> class.<br />
+It's possible to use <code>TypedResults</code> in minimal APIs to create instances of the in-framework <code>IResult</code>-implementing types and preserve the concrete type information.</p>
+<div class="highlight"><table class="highlighttable"><tr><th colspan="2" class="filename"><span class="filename">C#</span></th></tr><tr><td class="linenos"><div class="linenodiv"><pre><span></span><span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-5-1">1</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-5-2">2</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-5-3">3</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-5-4">4</a></span></pre></div></td><td class="code"><div><pre><span></span><code><a id="__codelineno-5-1" name="__codelineno-5-1"></a><span class="k">public</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="k">static</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="k">async</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="n">Task</span><span class="o">&lt;</span><span class="n">IResult</span><span class="o">&gt;</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="n">GetAllTodos</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="n">TodoDb</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="n">db</span><span class="p">)</span>
+<a id="__codelineno-5-2" name="__codelineno-5-2"></a><span class="p">{</span>
+<a id="__codelineno-5-3" name="__codelineno-5-3"></a><span class="w">    </span><span class="k">return</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="n">TypedResults</span><span class="p">.</span><span class="n">Ok</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="k">await</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="n">db</span><span class="p">.</span><span class="n">Todos</span><span class="p">.</span><span class="n">ToArrayAsync</span><span class="p">());</span>
+<a id="__codelineno-5-4" name="__codelineno-5-4"></a><span class="p">}</span>
+</code></pre></div></td></tr></table></div>
+<div class="highlight"><table class="highlighttable"><tr><th colspan="2" class="filename"><span class="filename">C#</span></th></tr><tr><td class="linenos"><div class="linenodiv"><pre><span></span><span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-6-1"> 1</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-6-2"> 2</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-6-3"> 3</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-6-4"> 4</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-6-5"> 5</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-6-6"> 6</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-6-7"> 7</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-6-8"> 8</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-6-9"> 9</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-6-10">10</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-6-11">11</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-6-12">12</a></span></pre></div></td><td class="code"><div><pre><span></span><code><a id="__codelineno-6-1" name="__codelineno-6-1"></a><span class="na">[Fact]</span>
+<a id="__codelineno-6-2" name="__codelineno-6-2"></a><span class="k">public</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="k">async</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="n">Task</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="nf">GetAllTodos_ReturnsOkOfObjectResult</span><span class="p">()</span>
+<a id="__codelineno-6-3" name="__codelineno-6-3"></a><span class="p">{</span>
+<a id="__codelineno-6-4" name="__codelineno-6-4"></a><span class="w">    </span><span class="c1">// Arrange</span>
+<a id="__codelineno-6-5" name="__codelineno-6-5"></a><span class="w">    </span><span class="kt">var</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="n">db</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="o">=</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="n">CreateDbContext</span><span class="p">();</span>
+<a id="__codelineno-6-6" name="__codelineno-6-6"></a>
+<a id="__codelineno-6-7" name="__codelineno-6-7"></a><span class="w">    </span><span class="c1">// Act</span>
+<a id="__codelineno-6-8" name="__codelineno-6-8"></a><span class="w">    </span><span class="kt">var</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="n">result</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="o">=</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="k">await</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="n">TodosApi</span><span class="p">.</span><span class="n">GetAllTodos</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="n">db</span><span class="p">);</span>
+<a id="__codelineno-6-9" name="__codelineno-6-9"></a>
+<a id="__codelineno-6-10" name="__codelineno-6-10"></a><span class="w">    </span><span class="c1">// Assert: Check the returned result type is correct</span>
+<a id="__codelineno-6-11" name="__codelineno-6-11"></a><span class="w">    </span><span class="n">Assert</span><span class="p">.</span><span class="n">IsType</span><span class="o">&lt;</span><span class="n">Ok</span><span class="o">&lt;</span><span class="n">Todo</span><span class="p">[]</span><span class="o">&gt;&gt;</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="n">result</span><span class="p">);</span>
+<a id="__codelineno-6-12" name="__codelineno-6-12"></a><span class="p">}</span>
+</code></pre></div></td></tr></table></div>
+<h3 id="multiple-result-types">Multiple Result Types</h3>
+<p>The <code>Results&lt;TResult1, TResult2, TResultN&gt;</code> generic union types, along with the <code>TypesResults</code> class, can be used to declare that a route handler returns multiple <code>IResult</code>-implementing concrete types.</p>
+<div class="highlight"><table class="highlighttable"><tr><th colspan="2" class="filename"><span class="filename">C#</span></th></tr><tr><td class="linenos"><div class="linenodiv"><pre><span></span><span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-7-1">1</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-7-2">2</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-7-3">3</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-7-4">4</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-7-5">5</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-7-6">6</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-7-7">7</a></span></pre></div></td><td class="code"><div><pre><span></span><code><a id="__codelineno-7-1" name="__codelineno-7-1"></a><span class="c1">// Declare that the lambda returns multiple IResult types</span>
+<a id="__codelineno-7-2" name="__codelineno-7-2"></a><span class="n">app</span><span class="p">.</span><span class="n">MapGet</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="s">&quot;/todos/{id}&quot;</span><span class="p">,</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="k">async</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="n">Results</span><span class="o">&lt;</span><span class="n">Ok</span><span class="o">&lt;</span><span class="n">Todo</span><span class="o">&gt;</span><span class="p">,</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="n">NotFound</span><span class="o">&gt;</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="p">(</span><span class="kt">int</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="n">id</span><span class="p">,</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="n">TodoDb</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="n">db</span><span class="p">)</span>
+<a id="__codelineno-7-3" name="__codelineno-7-3"></a><span class="p">{</span>
+<a id="__codelineno-7-4" name="__codelineno-7-4"></a><span class="w">    </span><span class="k">return</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="k">await</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="n">db</span><span class="p">.</span><span class="n">Todos</span><span class="p">.</span><span class="n">FindAsync</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="n">id</span><span class="p">)</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="k">is</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="n">Todo</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="n">todo</span>
+<a id="__codelineno-7-5" name="__codelineno-7-5"></a><span class="w">        </span><span class="o">?</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="n">TypedResults</span><span class="p">.</span><span class="n">Ok</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="n">todo</span><span class="p">)</span>
+<a id="__codelineno-7-6" name="__codelineno-7-6"></a><span class="w">        </span><span class="p">:</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="n">TypedResults</span><span class="p">.</span><span class="n">NotFound</span><span class="p">();</span>
+<a id="__codelineno-7-7" name="__codelineno-7-7"></a><span class="p">});</span>
+</code></pre></div></td></tr></table></div>
+<h2 id="filters">Filters</h2>
+<div class="highlight"><table class="highlighttable"><tr><th colspan="2" class="filename"><span class="filename">C#</span></th></tr><tr><td class="linenos"><div class="linenodiv"><pre><span></span><span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-8-1"> 1</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-8-2"> 2</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-8-3"> 3</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-8-4"> 4</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-8-5"> 5</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-8-6"> 6</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-8-7"> 7</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-8-8"> 8</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-8-9"> 9</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-8-10">10</a></span></pre></div></td><td class="code"><div><pre><span></span><code><a id="__codelineno-8-1" name="__codelineno-8-1"></a><span class="k">public</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="k">class</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="nc">ExampleFilter</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="p">:</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="n">IRouteHandlerFilter</span>
+<a id="__codelineno-8-2" name="__codelineno-8-2"></a><span class="p">{</span>
+<a id="__codelineno-8-3" name="__codelineno-8-3"></a><span class="w">    </span><span class="k">public</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="k">async</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="n">ValueTask</span><span class="o">&lt;</span><span class="kt">object?</span><span class="o">&gt;</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="n">InvokeAsync</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="n">RouteHandlerInvocationContext</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="n">context</span><span class="p">,</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="n">RouteHandlerFilterDelegate</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="n">next</span><span class="p">)</span>
+<a id="__codelineno-8-4" name="__codelineno-8-4"></a><span class="w">    </span><span class="p">{</span>
+<a id="__codelineno-8-5" name="__codelineno-8-5"></a><span class="w">        </span><span class="c1">// before endpoint call</span>
+<a id="__codelineno-8-6" name="__codelineno-8-6"></a><span class="w">        </span><span class="kt">var</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="n">result</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="o">=</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="n">next</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="n">context</span><span class="p">);</span>
+<a id="__codelineno-8-7" name="__codelineno-8-7"></a><span class="w">        </span><span class="c1">/// after endpoint call</span>
+<a id="__codelineno-8-8" name="__codelineno-8-8"></a><span class="w">        </span><span class="k">return</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="n">result</span><span class="p">;</span>
+<a id="__codelineno-8-9" name="__codelineno-8-9"></a><span class="w">    </span><span class="p">}</span>
+<a id="__codelineno-8-10" name="__codelineno-8-10"></a><span class="p">}</span>
+</code></pre></div></td></tr></table></div>
+<div class="highlight"><table class="highlighttable"><tr><th colspan="2" class="filename"><span class="filename">C#</span></th></tr><tr><td class="linenos"><div class="linenodiv"><pre><span></span><span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-9-1">1</a></span></pre></div></td><td class="code"><div><pre><span></span><code><a id="__codelineno-9-1" name="__codelineno-9-1"></a><span class="n">app</span><span class="p">.</span><span class="n">MapPost</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="s">&quot;/route&quot;</span><span class="p">,</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="n">Handler</span><span class="p">).</span><span class="n">AddFilter</span><span class="o">&lt;</span><span class="n">ExampleFilter</span><span class="o">&gt;</span><span class="p">();</span>
+</code></pre></div></td></tr></table></div>
+<h2 id="context">Context</h2>
+<p>With Minimal APIs it's possible to access the contextual information by passing one of the following types as a parameter to your handler delegate:</p>
+<ul>
+<li><code>HttpContext</code></li>
+<li><code>HttpRequest</code></li>
+<li><code>HttpResponse</code></li>
+<li><code>ClaimsPrincipal</code></li>
+<li><code>CancellationToken</code> (RequestAborted)</li>
+</ul>
+<div class="highlight"><table class="highlighttable"><tr><th colspan="2" class="filename"><span class="filename">C#</span></th></tr><tr><td class="linenos"><div class="linenodiv"><pre><span></span><span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-10-1">1</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-10-2">2</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-10-3">3</a></span></pre></div></td><td class="code"><div><pre><span></span><code><a id="__codelineno-10-1" name="__codelineno-10-1"></a><span class="n">app</span><span class="p">.</span><span class="n">MapGet</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="s">&quot;/hello&quot;</span><span class="p">,</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="p">(</span><span class="n">ClaimsPrincipal</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="n">user</span><span class="p">)</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="o">=&gt;</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="p">{</span>
+<a id="__codelineno-10-2" name="__codelineno-10-2"></a><span class="w">    </span><span class="k">return</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="s">&quot;Hello &quot;</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="o">+</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="n">user</span><span class="p">.</span><span class="n">FindFirstValue</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="s">&quot;sub&quot;</span><span class="p">);</span>
+<a id="__codelineno-10-3" name="__codelineno-10-3"></a><span class="p">});</span>
+</code></pre></div></td></tr></table></div>
+<h2 id="openapi">OpenAPI</h2>
+<p>The <code>Microsoft.AspNetCore.OpenApi</code> package exposes a <code>WithOpenApi</code> extension method that generates an <code>OpenApiOperation</code> derived from a given endpoint’s route handler and metadata.</p>
+<div class="highlight"><table class="highlighttable"><tr><th colspan="2" class="filename"><span class="filename">C#</span></th></tr><tr><td class="linenos"><div class="linenodiv"><pre><span></span><span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-11-1">1</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-11-2">2</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-11-3">3</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-11-4">4</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-11-5">5</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-11-6">6</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-11-7">7</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-11-8">8</a></span></pre></div></td><td class="code"><div><pre><span></span><code><a id="__codelineno-11-1" name="__codelineno-11-1"></a><span class="n">app</span><span class="p">.</span><span class="n">MapGet</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="s">&quot;/todos/{id}&quot;</span><span class="p">,</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="p">(</span><span class="kt">int</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="n">id</span><span class="p">)</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="o">=&gt;</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="p">...)</span>
+<a id="__codelineno-11-2" name="__codelineno-11-2"></a><span class="w">    </span><span class="p">.</span><span class="n">WithOpenApi</span><span class="p">();</span>
+<a id="__codelineno-11-3" name="__codelineno-11-3"></a>
+<a id="__codelineno-11-4" name="__codelineno-11-4"></a><span class="n">app</span><span class="p">.</span><span class="n">MapGet</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="s">&quot;/todos/{id}&quot;</span><span class="p">,</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="p">(</span><span class="kt">int</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="n">id</span><span class="p">)</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="o">=&gt;</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="p">...)</span>
+<a id="__codelineno-11-5" name="__codelineno-11-5"></a><span class="w">    </span><span class="p">.</span><span class="n">WithOpenApi</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="n">operation</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="o">=&gt;</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="p">{</span>
+<a id="__codelineno-11-6" name="__codelineno-11-6"></a><span class="w">        </span><span class="n">operation</span><span class="p">.</span><span class="n">Summary</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="o">=</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="s">&quot;Retrieve a Todo given its ID&quot;</span><span class="p">;</span>
+<a id="__codelineno-11-7" name="__codelineno-11-7"></a><span class="w">        </span><span class="n">operation</span><span class="p">.</span><span class="n">Parameters</span><span class="p">[</span><span class="m">0</span><span class="p">].</span><span class="n">AllowEmptyValue</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="o">=</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="k">false</span><span class="p">;</span>
+<a id="__codelineno-11-8" name="__codelineno-11-8"></a><span class="w">    </span><span class="p">});</span>
+</code></pre></div></td></tr></table></div>
+<h2 id="validation">Validation</h2>
+<p>Using <a href="https://github.com/DamianEdwards/MinimalValidation">Minimal Validation</a> by Damian Edwards.<br />
+Alternatively it's possible to use <a href="https://fluentvalidation.net/">Fluent Validation</a>.</p>
+<div class="highlight"><table class="highlighttable"><tr><th colspan="2" class="filename"><span class="filename">C#</span></th></tr><tr><td class="linenos"><div class="linenodiv"><pre><span></span><span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-12-1"> 1</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-12-2"> 2</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-12-3"> 3</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-12-4"> 4</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-12-5"> 5</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-12-6"> 6</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-12-7"> 7</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-12-8"> 8</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-12-9"> 9</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-12-10">10</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-12-11">11</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-12-12">12</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-12-13">13</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-12-14">14</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-12-15">15</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-12-16">16</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-12-17">17</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-12-18">18</a></span></pre></div></td><td class="code"><div><pre><span></span><code><a id="__codelineno-12-1" name="__codelineno-12-1"></a><span class="n">app</span><span class="p">.</span><span class="n">MapPost</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="s">&quot;/widgets&quot;</span><span class="p">,</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="p">(</span><span class="n">Widget</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="n">widget</span><span class="p">)</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="o">=&gt;</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="p">{</span>
+<a id="__codelineno-12-2" name="__codelineno-12-2"></a><span class="w">    </span><span class="kt">var</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="n">isValid</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="o">=</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="n">MinimalValidation</span><span class="p">.</span><span class="n">TryValidate</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="n">widget</span><span class="p">,</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="k">out</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="kt">var</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="n">errors</span><span class="p">);</span>
+<a id="__codelineno-12-3" name="__codelineno-12-3"></a>
+<a id="__codelineno-12-4" name="__codelineno-12-4"></a><span class="w">    </span><span class="k">if</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="n">isValid</span><span class="p">)</span>
+<a id="__codelineno-12-5" name="__codelineno-12-5"></a><span class="w">    </span><span class="p">{</span>
+<a id="__codelineno-12-6" name="__codelineno-12-6"></a><span class="w">        </span><span class="k">return</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="n">Results</span><span class="p">.</span><span class="n">Created</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="s">$&quot;/widgets/{widget.Name}&quot;</span><span class="p">,</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="n">widget</span><span class="p">);</span>
+<a id="__codelineno-12-7" name="__codelineno-12-7"></a><span class="w">    </span><span class="p">}</span>
+<a id="__codelineno-12-8" name="__codelineno-12-8"></a>
+<a id="__codelineno-12-9" name="__codelineno-12-9"></a><span class="w">    </span><span class="k">return</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="n">Results</span><span class="p">.</span><span class="n">BadRequest</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="n">errors</span><span class="p">);</span>
+<a id="__codelineno-12-10" name="__codelineno-12-10"></a><span class="p">});</span>
+<a id="__codelineno-12-11" name="__codelineno-12-11"></a>
+<a id="__codelineno-12-12" name="__codelineno-12-12"></a><span class="k">class</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="nc">Widget</span>
+<a id="__codelineno-12-13" name="__codelineno-12-13"></a><span class="p">{</span>
+<a id="__codelineno-12-14" name="__codelineno-12-14"></a><span class="w">    </span><span class="na">[Required, MinLength(3)]</span>
+<a id="__codelineno-12-15" name="__codelineno-12-15"></a><span class="w">    </span><span class="k">public</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="kt">string?</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="n">Name</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="p">{</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="k">get</span><span class="p">;</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="k">set</span><span class="p">;</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="p">}</span>
+<a id="__codelineno-12-16" name="__codelineno-12-16"></a>
+<a id="__codelineno-12-17" name="__codelineno-12-17"></a><span class="w">    </span><span class="k">public</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="k">override</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="kt">string?</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="n">ToString</span><span class="p">()</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="o">=&gt;</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="n">Name</span><span class="p">;</span>
+<a id="__codelineno-12-18" name="__codelineno-12-18"></a><span class="p">}</span>
+</code></pre></div></td></tr></table></div>
+<h2 id="json-serialization">JSON Serialization</h2>
+<div class="highlight"><table class="highlighttable"><tr><th colspan="2" class="filename"><span class="filename">C#</span></th></tr><tr><td class="linenos"><div class="linenodiv"><pre><span></span><span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-13-1">1</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-13-2">2</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-13-3">3</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-13-4">4</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-13-5">5</a></span></pre></div></td><td class="code"><div><pre><span></span><code><a id="__codelineno-13-1" name="__codelineno-13-1"></a><span class="c1">// Microsoft.AspNetCore.Http.Json.JsonOptions</span>
+<a id="__codelineno-13-2" name="__codelineno-13-2"></a><span class="n">builder</span><span class="p">.</span><span class="n">Services</span><span class="p">.</span><span class="n">Configure</span><span class="o">&lt;</span><span class="n">JsonOptions</span><span class="o">&gt;</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="n">opt</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="o">=&gt;</span>
+<a id="__codelineno-13-3" name="__codelineno-13-3"></a><span class="p">{</span>
+<a id="__codelineno-13-4" name="__codelineno-13-4"></a><span class="w">    </span><span class="n">opt</span><span class="p">.</span><span class="n">SerializerOptions</span><span class="p">.</span><span class="n">PropertyNamingPolicy</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="o">=</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="k">new</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="n">SnakeCaseNamingPolicy</span><span class="p">();</span>
+<a id="__codelineno-13-5" name="__codelineno-13-5"></a><span class="p">});</span>
+</code></pre></div></td></tr></table></div>
+<h2 id="authorization">Authorization</h2>
+<div class="highlight"><table class="highlighttable"><tr><th colspan="2" class="filename"><span class="filename">C#</span></th></tr><tr><td class="linenos"><div class="linenodiv"><pre><span></span><span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-14-1"> 1</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-14-2"> 2</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-14-3"> 3</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-14-4"> 4</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-14-5"> 5</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-14-6"> 6</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-14-7"> 7</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-14-8"> 8</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-14-9"> 9</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-14-10">10</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-14-11">11</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-14-12">12</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-14-13">13</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-14-14">14</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-14-15">15</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-14-16">16</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-14-17">17</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-14-18">18</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-14-19">19</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-14-20">20</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-14-21">21</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-14-22">22</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-14-23">23</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-14-24">24</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-14-25">25</a></span></pre></div></td><td class="code"><div><pre><span></span><code><a id="__codelineno-14-1" name="__codelineno-14-1"></a><span class="n">builder</span><span class="p">.</span><span class="n">Services</span><span class="p">.</span><span class="n">AddAuthentication</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="n">JwtBearerDefaults</span><span class="p">.</span><span class="n">AuthenticationScheme</span><span class="p">).</span><span class="n">AddJwtBearer</span><span class="p">();</span>
+<a id="__codelineno-14-2" name="__codelineno-14-2"></a>
+<a id="__codelineno-14-3" name="__codelineno-14-3"></a><span class="n">builder</span><span class="p">.</span><span class="n">Services</span><span class="p">.</span><span class="n">AddAuthorization</span><span class="p">();</span>
+<a id="__codelineno-14-4" name="__codelineno-14-4"></a><span class="c1">// or</span>
+<a id="__codelineno-14-5" name="__codelineno-14-5"></a><span class="n">builder</span><span class="p">.</span><span class="n">Services</span><span class="p">.</span><span class="n">AddAuthorization</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="n">options</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="o">=&gt;</span>
+<a id="__codelineno-14-6" name="__codelineno-14-6"></a><span class="p">{</span>
+<a id="__codelineno-14-7" name="__codelineno-14-7"></a><span class="w">    </span><span class="c1">// for all endpoints</span>
+<a id="__codelineno-14-8" name="__codelineno-14-8"></a><span class="w">    </span><span class="n">options</span><span class="p">.</span><span class="n">FallbackPolicy</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="o">=</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="k">new</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="n">AuthorizationPolicyBuilder</span><span class="p">()</span>
+<a id="__codelineno-14-9" name="__codelineno-14-9"></a><span class="w">      </span><span class="p">.</span><span class="n">AddAuthenticationSchemes</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="n">JwtBearerDefaults</span><span class="p">.</span><span class="n">AuthenticationScheme</span><span class="p">)</span>
+<a id="__codelineno-14-10" name="__codelineno-14-10"></a><span class="w">      </span><span class="p">.</span><span class="n">RequireAuthenticatedUser</span><span class="p">();</span>
+<a id="__codelineno-14-11" name="__codelineno-14-11"></a><span class="p">})</span>
+<a id="__codelineno-14-12" name="__codelineno-14-12"></a><span class="c1">// or</span>
+<a id="__codelineno-14-13" name="__codelineno-14-13"></a><span class="n">builder</span><span class="p">.</span><span class="n">Authentication</span><span class="p">.</span><span class="n">AddJwtBearer</span><span class="p">();</span><span class="w">  </span><span class="c1">// will automatically add required middlewares</span>
+<a id="__codelineno-14-14" name="__codelineno-14-14"></a>
+<a id="__codelineno-14-15" name="__codelineno-14-15"></a><span class="c1">// [...]</span>
+<a id="__codelineno-14-16" name="__codelineno-14-16"></a>
+<a id="__codelineno-14-17" name="__codelineno-14-17"></a><span class="n">app</span><span class="p">.</span><span class="n">UseAuthentication</span><span class="p">();</span>
+<a id="__codelineno-14-18" name="__codelineno-14-18"></a><span class="n">app</span><span class="p">.</span><span class="n">UseAuthorization</span><span class="p">();</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="c1">// must come before routes</span>
+<a id="__codelineno-14-19" name="__codelineno-14-19"></a>
+<a id="__codelineno-14-20" name="__codelineno-14-20"></a><span class="c1">// [...]</span>
+<a id="__codelineno-14-21" name="__codelineno-14-21"></a>
+<a id="__codelineno-14-22" name="__codelineno-14-22"></a><span class="n">app</span><span class="p">.</span><span class="n">MapGet</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="s">&quot;/alcohol&quot;</span><span class="p">,</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="p">()</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="o">=&gt;</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="n">Results</span><span class="p">.</span><span class="n">Ok</span><span class="p">()).</span><span class="n">RequireAuthorization</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="s">&quot;&lt;policy&gt;&quot;</span><span class="p">);</span><span class="w">  </span><span class="c1">// on specific endpoints</span>
+<a id="__codelineno-14-23" name="__codelineno-14-23"></a><span class="n">app</span><span class="p">.</span><span class="n">MapGet</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="s">&quot;/free-for-all&quot;</span><span class="p">,</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="p">()</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="o">=&gt;</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="n">Results</span><span class="p">.</span><span class="n">Ok</span><span class="p">()).</span><span class="n">AllowAnonymous</span><span class="p">();</span>
+<a id="__codelineno-14-24" name="__codelineno-14-24"></a><span class="n">app</span><span class="p">.</span><span class="n">MapGet</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="s">&quot;/special-secret&quot;</span><span class="p">,</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="p">()</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="o">=&gt;</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="s">&quot;This is a special secret!&quot;</span><span class="p">)</span>
+<a id="__codelineno-14-25" name="__codelineno-14-25"></a><span class="w">    </span><span class="p">.</span><span class="n">RequireAuthorization</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="n">p</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="o">=&gt;</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="n">p</span><span class="p">.</span><span class="n">RequireClaim</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="s">&quot;scope&quot;</span><span class="p">,</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="s">&quot;myapi:secrets&quot;</span><span class="p">));</span>
+</code></pre></div></td></tr></table></div>
+<h3 id="local-jwt-tokens">Local JWT Tokens</h3>
+<p>The <code>user-jwts</code> tool is similar in concept to the existing <code>user-secrets</code> tools, in that it can be used to manage values for the app that are only valid for the current user (the developer) on the current machine.<br />
+In fact, the <code>user-jwts</code> tool utilizes the <code>user-secrets</code> infrastructure to manage the key that the JWTs will be signed with, ensuring it’s stored safely in the user profile.</p>
+<div class="highlight"><table class="highlighttable"><tr><th colspan="2" class="filename"><span class="filename">Bash</span></th></tr><tr><td class="linenos"><div class="linenodiv"><pre><span></span><span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-15-1">1</a></span></pre></div></td><td class="code"><div><pre><span></span><code><a id="__codelineno-15-1" name="__codelineno-15-1"></a>dotnet<span class="w"> </span>user-jwts<span class="w"> </span>create<span class="w">  </span><span class="c1"># configure a dev JWT fot the current user</span>
+</code></pre></div></td></tr></table></div>
+<h2 id="output-caching">Output Caching</h2>
+<div class="highlight"><table class="highlighttable"><tr><th colspan="2" class="filename"><span class="filename">C#</span></th></tr><tr><td class="linenos"><div class="linenodiv"><pre><span></span><span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-16-1"> 1</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-16-2"> 2</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-16-3"> 3</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-16-4"> 4</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-16-5"> 5</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-16-6"> 6</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-16-7"> 7</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-16-8"> 8</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-16-9"> 9</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-16-10">10</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-16-11">11</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-16-12">12</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-16-13">13</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-16-14">14</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-16-15">15</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-16-16">16</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-16-17">17</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-16-18">18</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-16-19">19</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-16-20">20</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-16-21">21</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-16-22">22</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-16-23">23</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-16-24">24</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-16-25">25</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-16-26">26</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-16-27">27</a></span></pre></div></td><td class="code"><div><pre><span></span><code><a id="__codelineno-16-1" name="__codelineno-16-1"></a><span class="n">builder</span><span class="p">.</span><span class="n">Services</span><span class="p">.</span><span class="n">AddOutputCaching</span><span class="p">();</span><span class="w">  </span><span class="c1">// no special options</span>
+<a id="__codelineno-16-2" name="__codelineno-16-2"></a><span class="n">builder</span><span class="p">.</span><span class="n">Services</span><span class="p">.</span><span class="n">AddOutputCaching</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="n">options</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="o">=&gt;</span><span class="w"> </span>
+<a id="__codelineno-16-3" name="__codelineno-16-3"></a><span class="p">{</span>
+<a id="__codelineno-16-4" name="__codelineno-16-4"></a><span class="w">    </span><span class="n">options</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="o">=&gt;</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="n">options</span><span class="p">.</span><span class="n">AddBasePolicy</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="n">x</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="o">=&gt;</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="n">x</span><span class="p">.</span><span class="n">NoCache</span><span class="p">())</span><span class="w">  </span><span class="c1">// no cache policy</span>
+<a id="__codelineno-16-5" name="__codelineno-16-5"></a>
+<a id="__codelineno-16-6" name="__codelineno-16-6"></a><span class="w">    </span><span class="n">Func</span><span class="o">&lt;</span><span class="n">OutputCacheContext</span><span class="p">,</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="kt">bool</span><span class="o">&gt;</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="n">predicate</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="o">=</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="cm">/* discriminate requests */</span>
+<a id="__codelineno-16-7" name="__codelineno-16-7"></a><span class="w">    </span><span class="n">options</span><span class="p">.</span><span class="n">AddBasePolicy</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="n">x</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="o">=&gt;</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="n">x</span><span class="p">.</span><span class="n">With</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="n">predicate</span><span class="p">).</span><span class="n">CachePolicy</span><span class="p">());</span>
+<a id="__codelineno-16-8" name="__codelineno-16-8"></a><span class="w">    </span><span class="n">options</span><span class="p">.</span><span class="n">AddBasePolicy</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="s">&quot;&lt;policy-name&gt;&quot;</span><span class="p">,</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="n">x</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="o">=&gt;</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="n">x</span><span class="p">.</span><span class="n">CachePolicy</span><span class="p">());</span><span class="w">  </span><span class="c1">// named policy</span>
+<a id="__codelineno-16-9" name="__codelineno-16-9"></a><span class="p">});</span>
+<a id="__codelineno-16-10" name="__codelineno-16-10"></a>
+<a id="__codelineno-16-11" name="__codelineno-16-11"></a><span class="c1">// [...]</span>
+<a id="__codelineno-16-12" name="__codelineno-16-12"></a>
+<a id="__codelineno-16-13" name="__codelineno-16-13"></a><span class="n">app</span><span class="p">.</span><span class="n">UseOutputCaching</span><span class="p">();</span><span class="w">  </span><span class="c1">// following middlewares can use output cache</span>
+<a id="__codelineno-16-14" name="__codelineno-16-14"></a>
+<a id="__codelineno-16-15" name="__codelineno-16-15"></a><span class="c1">// [...]</span>
+<a id="__codelineno-16-16" name="__codelineno-16-16"></a>
+<a id="__codelineno-16-17" name="__codelineno-16-17"></a><span class="n">app</span><span class="p">.</span><span class="n">MapGet</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="s">&quot;/&lt;route&gt;&quot;</span><span class="p">,</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="n">RouteHandler</span><span class="p">).</span><span class="n">CacheOutput</span><span class="p">();</span><span class="w">  </span><span class="c1">// cache forever</span>
+<a id="__codelineno-16-18" name="__codelineno-16-18"></a><span class="n">app</span><span class="p">.</span><span class="n">MapGet</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="s">&quot;/&lt;route&gt;&quot;</span><span class="p">,</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="n">RouteHandler</span><span class="p">).</span><span class="n">CacheOutput</span><span class="p">().</span><span class="n">Expire</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="n">timespan</span><span class="p">);</span>
+<a id="__codelineno-16-19" name="__codelineno-16-19"></a>
+<a id="__codelineno-16-20" name="__codelineno-16-20"></a><span class="n">app</span><span class="p">.</span><span class="n">MapGet</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="s">&quot;/&lt;route&gt;&quot;</span><span class="p">,</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="n">RouteHandler</span><span class="p">).</span><span class="n">CacheOutput</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="n">x</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="o">=&gt;</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="n">x</span><span class="p">.</span><span class="n">CachePolicy</span><span class="p">());</span>
+<a id="__codelineno-16-21" name="__codelineno-16-21"></a><span class="n">app</span><span class="p">.</span><span class="n">MapGet</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="s">&quot;/&lt;route&gt;&quot;</span><span class="p">,</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="n">RouteHandler</span><span class="p">).</span><span class="n">CacheOutput</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="s">&quot;&lt;policy-name&gt;&quot;</span><span class="p">);</span>
+<a id="__codelineno-16-22" name="__codelineno-16-22"></a>
+<a id="__codelineno-16-23" name="__codelineno-16-23"></a><span class="n">app</span><span class="p">.</span><span class="n">MapGet</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="s">&quot;/&lt;route&gt;&quot;</span><span class="p">,</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="n">RouteHandler</span><span class="p">).</span><span class="n">CacheOutput</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="n">x</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="o">=&gt;</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="n">x</span><span class="p">.</span><span class="n">VaryByHeader</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="cm">/* headers list */</span><span class="p">));</span>
+<a id="__codelineno-16-24" name="__codelineno-16-24"></a><span class="n">app</span><span class="p">.</span><span class="n">MapGet</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="s">&quot;/&lt;route&gt;&quot;</span><span class="p">,</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="n">RouteHandler</span><span class="p">).</span><span class="n">CacheOutput</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="n">x</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="o">=&gt;</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="n">x</span><span class="p">.</span><span class="n">VaryByQuery</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="cm">/* query key */</span><span class="p">));</span>
+<a id="__codelineno-16-25" name="__codelineno-16-25"></a><span class="n">app</span><span class="p">.</span><span class="n">MapGet</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="s">&quot;/&lt;route&gt;&quot;</span><span class="p">,</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="n">RouteHandler</span><span class="p">).</span><span class="n">CacheOutput</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="n">x</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="o">=&gt;</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="n">x</span><span class="p">.</span><span class="n">VaryByValue</span><span class="p">());</span>
+<a id="__codelineno-16-26" name="__codelineno-16-26"></a>
+<a id="__codelineno-16-27" name="__codelineno-16-27"></a><span class="n">app</span><span class="p">.</span><span class="n">MapGet</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="s">&quot;/&lt;route&gt;&quot;</span><span class="p">,</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="p">[</span><span class="n">OutputCache</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="cm">/* options */</span><span class="p">)]</span><span class="n">RouteHandler</span><span class="p">);</span>
+</code></pre></div></td></tr></table></div>
+<h3 id="cache-eviction">Cache Eviction</h3>
+<div class="highlight"><table class="highlighttable"><tr><th colspan="2" class="filename"><span class="filename">C#</span></th></tr><tr><td class="linenos"><div class="linenodiv"><pre><span></span><span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-17-1">1</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-17-2">2</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-17-3">3</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-17-4">4</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-17-5">5</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-17-6">6</a></span></pre></div></td><td class="code"><div><pre><span></span><code><a id="__codelineno-17-1" name="__codelineno-17-1"></a><span class="n">app</span><span class="p">.</span><span class="n">MapGet</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="s">&quot;/&lt;route-one&gt;&quot;</span><span class="p">,</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="n">RouteHandler</span><span class="p">).</span><span class="n">CacheOutput</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="n">x</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="o">=&gt;</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="n">x</span><span class="p">.</span><span class="n">Tag</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="s">&quot;&lt;tag&gt;&quot;</span><span class="p">));</span><span class="w">  </span><span class="c1">// tag cache portion</span>
+<a id="__codelineno-17-2" name="__codelineno-17-2"></a>
+<a id="__codelineno-17-3" name="__codelineno-17-3"></a><span class="n">app</span><span class="p">.</span><span class="n">MapGet</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="s">&quot;/&lt;route-two&gt;&quot;</span><span class="p">,</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="p">(</span><span class="n">IOutputCacheStore</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="n">cache</span><span class="p">,</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="n">CancellationToken</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="n">token</span><span class="p">)</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="o">=&gt;</span><span class="w"> </span>
+<a id="__codelineno-17-4" name="__codelineno-17-4"></a><span class="p">{</span>
+<a id="__codelineno-17-5" name="__codelineno-17-5"></a><span class="w">    </span><span class="k">await</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="n">cache</span><span class="p">.</span><span class="n">EvictByTag</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="s">&quot;&lt;tag&gt;&quot;</span><span class="p">,</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="n">token</span><span class="p">);</span><span class="w">  </span><span class="c1">// invalidate a portion of the cache</span>
+<a id="__codelineno-17-6" name="__codelineno-17-6"></a><span class="p">});</span>
+</code></pre></div></td></tr></table></div>
+<h3 id="custom-cache-policy">Custom Cache Policy</h3>
+<div class="highlight"><table class="highlighttable"><tr><th colspan="2" class="filename"><span class="filename">C#</span></th></tr><tr><td class="linenos"><div class="linenodiv"><pre><span></span><span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-18-1">1</a></span></pre></div></td><td class="code"><div><pre><span></span><code><a id="__codelineno-18-1" name="__codelineno-18-1"></a><span class="n">app</span><span class="p">.</span><span class="n">MapGet</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="s">&quot;/&lt;route-one&gt;&quot;</span><span class="p">,</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="n">RouteHandler</span><span class="p">).</span><span class="n">CacheOutput</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="n">x</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="o">=&gt;</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="n">x</span><span class="p">.</span><span class="n">AddCachePolicy</span><span class="o">&lt;</span><span class="n">CustomCachePolicy</span><span class="o">&gt;</span><span class="p">());</span>
+</code></pre></div></td></tr></table></div>
+<div class="highlight"><table class="highlighttable"><tr><th colspan="2" class="filename"><span class="filename">C#</span></th></tr><tr><td class="linenos"><div class="linenodiv"><pre><span></span><span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-19-1">1</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-19-2">2</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-19-3">3</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-19-4">4</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-19-5">5</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-19-6">6</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-19-7">7</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-19-8">8</a></span></pre></div></td><td class="code"><div><pre><span></span><code><a id="__codelineno-19-1" name="__codelineno-19-1"></a><span class="k">class</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="nc">CustomCachePolicy</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="p">:</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="n">IOutputCachePolicy</span>
+<a id="__codelineno-19-2" name="__codelineno-19-2"></a><span class="p">{</span>
+<a id="__codelineno-19-3" name="__codelineno-19-3"></a><span class="w">    </span><span class="k">public</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="n">ValueTask</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="nf">CacheRequestAsync</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="n">OutputCacheContext</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="n">context</span><span class="p">,</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="n">CancellationToken</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="n">cancellationToken</span><span class="p">)</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="p">{</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="p">}</span>
+<a id="__codelineno-19-4" name="__codelineno-19-4"></a>
+<a id="__codelineno-19-5" name="__codelineno-19-5"></a><span class="w">    </span><span class="k">public</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="n">ValueTask</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="nf">ServeFromCacheAsync</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="n">OutputCacheContext</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="n">context</span><span class="p">,</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="n">CancellationToken</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="n">cancellationToken</span><span class="p">)</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="p">{</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="p">}</span>
+<a id="__codelineno-19-6" name="__codelineno-19-6"></a>
+<a id="__codelineno-19-7" name="__codelineno-19-7"></a><span class="w">    </span><span class="k">public</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="n">ValueTask</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="nf">ServeResponseAsync</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="n">OutputCacheContext</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="n">context</span><span class="p">,</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="n">CancellationToken</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="n">cancellationToken</span><span class="p">)</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="p">{</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="p">}</span>
+<a id="__codelineno-19-8" name="__codelineno-19-8"></a><span class="p">}</span>
+</code></pre></div></td></tr></table></div>
+<h2 id="options-pattern">Options Pattern</h2>
+<p>The <em>options pattern</em> uses classes to provide strongly-typed access to groups of related settings.</p>
+<div class="highlight"><table class="highlighttable"><tr><th colspan="2" class="filename"><span class="filename">JSON</span></th></tr><tr><td class="linenos"><div class="linenodiv"><pre><span></span><span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-20-1"> 1</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-20-2"> 2</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-20-3"> 3</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-20-4"> 4</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-20-5"> 5</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-20-6"> 6</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-20-7"> 7</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-20-8"> 8</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-20-9"> 9</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-20-10">10</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-20-11">11</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-20-12">12</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-20-13">13</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-20-14">14</a></span></pre></div></td><td class="code"><div><pre><span></span><code><a id="__codelineno-20-1" name="__codelineno-20-1"></a><span class="p">{</span>
+<a id="__codelineno-20-2" name="__codelineno-20-2"></a><span class="w">    </span><span class="nt">&quot;SecretKey&quot;</span><span class="p">:</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="s2">&quot;Secret key value&quot;</span><span class="p">,</span>
+<a id="__codelineno-20-3" name="__codelineno-20-3"></a><span class="w">    </span><span class="nt">&quot;TransientFaultHandlingOptions&quot;</span><span class="p">:</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="p">{</span>
+<a id="__codelineno-20-4" name="__codelineno-20-4"></a><span class="w">        </span><span class="nt">&quot;Enabled&quot;</span><span class="p">:</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="kc">true</span><span class="p">,</span>
+<a id="__codelineno-20-5" name="__codelineno-20-5"></a><span class="w">        </span><span class="nt">&quot;AutoRetryDelay&quot;</span><span class="p">:</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="s2">&quot;00:00:07&quot;</span>
+<a id="__codelineno-20-6" name="__codelineno-20-6"></a><span class="w">    </span><span class="p">},</span>
+<a id="__codelineno-20-7" name="__codelineno-20-7"></a><span class="w">    </span><span class="nt">&quot;Logging&quot;</span><span class="p">:</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="p">{</span>
+<a id="__codelineno-20-8" name="__codelineno-20-8"></a><span class="w">        </span><span class="nt">&quot;LogLevel&quot;</span><span class="p">:</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="p">{</span>
+<a id="__codelineno-20-9" name="__codelineno-20-9"></a><span class="w">            </span><span class="nt">&quot;Default&quot;</span><span class="p">:</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="s2">&quot;Information&quot;</span><span class="p">,</span>
+<a id="__codelineno-20-10" name="__codelineno-20-10"></a><span class="w">            </span><span class="nt">&quot;Microsoft&quot;</span><span class="p">:</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="s2">&quot;Warning&quot;</span><span class="p">,</span>
+<a id="__codelineno-20-11" name="__codelineno-20-11"></a><span class="w">            </span><span class="nt">&quot;Microsoft.Hosting.Lifetime&quot;</span><span class="p">:</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="s2">&quot;Information&quot;</span>
+<a id="__codelineno-20-12" name="__codelineno-20-12"></a><span class="w">        </span><span class="p">}</span>
+<a id="__codelineno-20-13" name="__codelineno-20-13"></a><span class="w">    </span><span class="p">}</span>
+<a id="__codelineno-20-14" name="__codelineno-20-14"></a><span class="p">}</span>
+</code></pre></div></td></tr></table></div>
+<div class="highlight"><table class="highlighttable"><tr><th colspan="2" class="filename"><span class="filename">C#</span></th></tr><tr><td class="linenos"><div class="linenodiv"><pre><span></span><span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-21-1">1</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-21-2">2</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-21-3">3</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-21-4">4</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-21-5">5</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-21-6">6</a></span></pre></div></td><td class="code"><div><pre><span></span><code><a id="__codelineno-21-1" name="__codelineno-21-1"></a><span class="c1">// options model for binding</span>
+<a id="__codelineno-21-2" name="__codelineno-21-2"></a><span class="k">public</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="k">class</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="nc">TransientFaultHandlingOptions</span>
+<a id="__codelineno-21-3" name="__codelineno-21-3"></a><span class="p">{</span>
+<a id="__codelineno-21-4" name="__codelineno-21-4"></a><span class="w">    </span><span class="k">public</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="kt">bool</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="n">Enabled</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="p">{</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="k">get</span><span class="p">;</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="k">set</span><span class="p">;</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="p">}</span>
+<a id="__codelineno-21-5" name="__codelineno-21-5"></a><span class="w">    </span><span class="k">public</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="n">TimeSpan</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="n">AutoRetryDelay</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="p">{</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="k">get</span><span class="p">;</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="k">set</span><span class="p">;</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="p">}</span>
+<a id="__codelineno-21-6" name="__codelineno-21-6"></a><span class="p">}</span>
+</code></pre></div></td></tr></table></div>
+<div class="highlight"><table class="highlighttable"><tr><th colspan="2" class="filename"><span class="filename">C#</span></th></tr><tr><td class="linenos"><div class="linenodiv"><pre><span></span><span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-22-1">1</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-22-2">2</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-22-3">3</a></span></pre></div></td><td class="code"><div><pre><span></span><code><a id="__codelineno-22-1" name="__codelineno-22-1"></a><span class="c1">// setup the options</span>
+<a id="__codelineno-22-2" name="__codelineno-22-2"></a><span class="n">builder</span><span class="p">.</span><span class="n">Services</span><span class="p">.</span><span class="n">Configure</span><span class="o">&lt;</span><span class="n">TransientFaultHandlingOptions</span><span class="o">&gt;</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="n">builder</span><span class="p">.</span><span class="n">Configuration</span><span class="p">.</span><span class="n">GetSection</span><span class="o">&lt;</span><span class="n">TransientFaultHandlingOptions</span><span class="o">&gt;</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="n">nameof</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="n">Options</span><span class="p">)));</span>
+<a id="__codelineno-22-3" name="__codelineno-22-3"></a><span class="n">builder</span><span class="p">.</span><span class="n">Services</span><span class="p">.</span><span class="n">Configure</span><span class="o">&lt;</span><span class="n">TransientFaultHandlingOptions</span><span class="o">&gt;</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="n">builder</span><span class="p">.</span><span class="n">Configuration</span><span class="p">.</span><span class="n">GetSection</span><span class="o">&lt;</span><span class="n">TransientFaultHandlingOptions</span><span class="o">&gt;</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="n">key</span><span class="p">));</span>
+</code></pre></div></td></tr></table></div>
+<div class="highlight"><table class="highlighttable"><tr><th colspan="2" class="filename"><span class="filename">C#</span></th></tr><tr><td class="linenos"><div class="linenodiv"><pre><span></span><span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-23-1">1</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-23-2">2</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-23-3">3</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-23-4">4</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-23-5">5</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-23-6">6</a></span></pre></div></td><td class="code"><div><pre><span></span><code><a id="__codelineno-23-1" name="__codelineno-23-1"></a><span class="k">class</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="nc">DependsOnOptions</span>
+<a id="__codelineno-23-2" name="__codelineno-23-2"></a><span class="p">{</span>
+<a id="__codelineno-23-3" name="__codelineno-23-3"></a><span class="w">  </span><span class="k">private</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="k">readonly</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="n">IOptions</span><span class="o">&lt;</span><span class="n">TransientFaultHandlingOptions</span><span class="o">&gt;</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="n">_options</span><span class="p">;</span>
+<a id="__codelineno-23-4" name="__codelineno-23-4"></a>
+<a id="__codelineno-23-5" name="__codelineno-23-5"></a><span class="w">  </span><span class="k">public</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="nf">DependsOnOptions</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="n">IOptions</span><span class="o">&lt;</span><span class="n">TransientFaultHandlingOptions</span><span class="o">&gt;</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="n">options</span><span class="p">)</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="o">=&gt;</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="n">_options</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="o">=</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="n">options</span><span class="p">;</span>
+<a id="__codelineno-23-6" name="__codelineno-23-6"></a><span class="p">}</span>
+</code></pre></div></td></tr></table></div>
+<h3 id="options-interfaces"><a href="https://docs.microsoft.com/en-us/dotnet/core/extensions/options#options-interfaces">Options interfaces</a></h3>
+<p><code>IOptions&lt;TOptions&gt;</code>:</p>
+<ul>
+<li>Does not support:</li>
+<li>Reading of configuration data after the app has started.</li>
+<li>Named options</li>
+<li>Is registered as a Singleton and can be injected into any service lifetime.</li>
+</ul>
+<p><code>IOptionsSnapshot&lt;TOptions&gt;</code>:</p>
+<ul>
+<li>Is useful in scenarios where options should be recomputed on every injection resolution, in scoped or transient lifetimes.</li>
+<li>Is registered as Scoped and therefore cannot be injected into a Singleton service.</li>
+<li>Supports named options</li>
+</ul>
+<p><code>IOptionsMonitor&lt;TOptions&gt;</code>:</p>
+<ul>
+<li>Is used to retrieve options and manage options notifications for <code>TOptions</code> instances.</li>
+<li>Is registered as a Singleton and can be injected into any service lifetime.</li>
+<li>Supports:</li>
+<li>Change notifications</li>
+<li>Named options</li>
+<li>Reloadable configuration</li>
+<li>Selective options invalidation (<code>IOptionsMonitorCache&lt;TOptions&gt;</code>)</li>
+</ul>
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+  
+  
+
+
+
+
+
+
+                
+              </article>
+            </div>
+          
+          
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+              
+            
+              
+                
+  
+  
+  
+  
+    
+    
+      
+        
+      
+        
+      
+        
+      
+        
+      
+        
+      
+        
+      
+        
+      
+        
+      
+        
+      
+    
+    
+      
+      
+        
+          
+          
+        
+      
+    
+    
+    <li class="md-nav__item md-nav__item--section md-nav__item--nested">
+      
+        
+        
+        <input class="md-nav__toggle md-toggle " type="checkbox" id="__nav_4_11" >
+        
+          
+          <label class="md-nav__link" for="__nav_4_11" id="__nav_4_11_label" tabindex="">
+            
+  
+  <span class="md-ellipsis">
+    PHP
+  </span>
+  
+
+            <span class="md-nav__icon md-icon"></span>
+          </label>
+        
+        <nav class="md-nav" data-md-level="2" aria-labelledby="__nav_4_11_label" aria-expanded="false">
+          <label class="md-nav__title" for="__nav_4_11">
+            <span class="md-nav__icon md-icon"></span>
+            PHP
+          </label>
+          <ul class="md-nav__list" data-md-scrollfix>
+            
+              
+                
+  
+  
+  
+  
+    <li class="md-nav__item">
+      <a href="../../php/php.html" class="md-nav__link">
+        
+  
+  <span class="md-ellipsis">
+    PHP
+  </span>
+  
+
+      </a>
+    </li>
+  
+
+              
+            
+              
+                
+  
+  
+  
+  
+    <li class="md-nav__item">
+      <a href="../../php/database.html" class="md-nav__link">
+        
+  
+  <span class="md-ellipsis">
+    Database
+  </span>
+  
+
+      </a>
+    </li>
+  
+
+              
+            
+              
+                
+  
+  
+  
+  
+    <li class="md-nav__item">
+      <a href="../../php/web.html" class="md-nav__link">
+        
+  
+  <span class="md-ellipsis">
+    Web
+  </span>
+  
+
+      </a>
+    </li>
+  
+
+              
+            
+              
+                
+  
+  
+  
+  
+    <li class="md-nav__item">
+      <a href="../../php/dependency-injection.html" class="md-nav__link">
+        
+  
+  <span class="md-ellipsis">
+    Dependency Injection
+  </span>
+  
+
+      </a>
+    </li>
+  
+
+              
+            
+              
+                
+  
+  
+  
+  
+    <li class="md-nav__item">
+      <a href="../../php/unit-tests.html" class="md-nav__link">
+        
+  
+  <span class="md-ellipsis">
+    Unit Tests
+  </span>
+  
+
+      </a>
+    </li>
+  
+
+              
+            
+              
+                
+  
+  
+  
+  
+    <li class="md-nav__item">
+      <a href="../../php/composer.html" class="md-nav__link">
+        
+  
+  <span class="md-ellipsis">
+    Composer
+  </span>
+  
+
+      </a>
+    </li>
+  
+
+              
+            
+              
+                
+  
+  
+  
+  
+    <li class="md-nav__item">
+      <a href="../../php/psr-7.html" class="md-nav__link">
+        
+  
+  <span class="md-ellipsis">
+    PSR 7
+  </span>
+  
+
+      </a>
+    </li>
+  
+
+              
+            
+              
+                
+  
+  
+  
+  
+    <li class="md-nav__item">
+      <a href="../../php/plates-templating.html" class="md-nav__link">
+        
+  
+  <span class="md-ellipsis">
+    Plates
+  </span>
+  
+
+      </a>
+    </li>
+  
+
+              
+            
+              
+                
+  
+  
+  
+  
+    
+    
+      
+        
+      
+        
+      
+    
+    
+      
+      
+        
+      
+    
+    
+    <li class="md-nav__item md-nav__item--nested">
+      
+        
+        
+        <input class="md-nav__toggle md-toggle " type="checkbox" id="__nav_4_11_9" >
+        
+          
+          <label class="md-nav__link" for="__nav_4_11_9" id="__nav_4_11_9_label" tabindex="0">
+            
+  
+  <span class="md-ellipsis">
+    Simple MVC
+  </span>
+  
+
+            <span class="md-nav__icon md-icon"></span>
+          </label>
+        
+        <nav class="md-nav" data-md-level="3" aria-labelledby="__nav_4_11_9_label" aria-expanded="false">
+          <label class="md-nav__title" for="__nav_4_11_9">
+            <span class="md-nav__icon md-icon"></span>
+            Simple MVC
+          </label>
+          <ul class="md-nav__list" data-md-scrollfix>
+            
+              
+                
+  
+  
+  
+  
+    <li class="md-nav__item">
+      <a href="../../php/simple-mvc/simple-mvc.html" class="md-nav__link">
+        
+  
+  <span class="md-ellipsis">
+    Simple MVC
+  </span>
+  
+
+      </a>
+    </li>
+  
+
+              
+            
+              
+                
+  
+  
+  
+  
+    <li class="md-nav__item">
+      <a href="../../php/simple-mvc/rest-api.html" class="md-nav__link">
+        
+  
+  <span class="md-ellipsis">
+    REST API
+  </span>
+  
+
+      </a>
+    </li>
+  
+
+              
+            
+          </ul>
+        </nav>
+      
+    </li>
+  
+
+              
+            
+          </ul>
+        </nav>
+      
+    </li>
+  
+
+              
+            
+              
+                
+  
+  
+  
+  
+    
+    
+      
+        
+      
+        
+      
+        
+      
+        
+      
+        
+      
+    
+    
+      
+      
+        
+          
+          
+        
+      
+    
+    
+    <li class="md-nav__item md-nav__item--section md-nav__item--nested">
+      
+        
+        
+        <input class="md-nav__toggle md-toggle " type="checkbox" id="__nav_4_12" >
+        
+          
+          <label class="md-nav__link" for="__nav_4_12" id="__nav_4_12_label" tabindex="">
+            
+  
+  <span class="md-ellipsis">
+    Rust
+  </span>
+  
+
+            <span class="md-nav__icon md-icon"></span>
+          </label>
+        
+        <nav class="md-nav" data-md-level="2" aria-labelledby="__nav_4_12_label" aria-expanded="false">
+          <label class="md-nav__title" for="__nav_4_12">
+            <span class="md-nav__icon md-icon"></span>
+            Rust
+          </label>
+          <ul class="md-nav__list" data-md-scrollfix>
+            
+              
+                
+  
+  
+  
+  
+    <li class="md-nav__item">
+      <a href="../../rust/rust.html" class="md-nav__link">
+        
+  
+  <span class="md-ellipsis">
+    Rust
+  </span>
+  
+
+      </a>
+    </li>
+  
+
+              
+            
+              
+                
+  
+  
+  
+  
+    <li class="md-nav__item">
+      <a href="../../rust/macros.html" class="md-nav__link">
+        
+  
+  <span class="md-ellipsis">
+    Macros
+  </span>
+  
+
+      </a>
+    </li>
+  
+
+              
+            
+              
+                
+  
+  
+  
+  
+    <li class="md-nav__item">
+      <a href="../../rust/cargo.html" class="md-nav__link">
+        
+  
+  <span class="md-ellipsis">
+    Cargo
+  </span>
+  
+
+      </a>
+    </li>
+  
+
+              
+            
+              
+                
+  
+  
+  
+  
+    <li class="md-nav__item">
+      <a href="../../rust/concurrency.html" class="md-nav__link">
+        
+  
+  <span class="md-ellipsis">
+    Concurrency
+  </span>
+  
+
+      </a>
+    </li>
+  
+
+              
+            
+              
+                
+  
+  
+  
+  
+    <li class="md-nav__item">
+      <a href="../../rust/unit-tests.html" class="md-nav__link">
+        
+  
+  <span class="md-ellipsis">
+    Unit Tests
+  </span>
+  
+
+      </a>
+    </li>
+  
+
+              
+            
+          </ul>
+        </nav>
+      
+    </li>
+  
+
+              
+            
+              
+                
+  
+  
+  
+  
+    
+    
+      
+        
+      
+        
+      
+        
+      
+        
+      
+        
+      
+        
+      
+        
+      
+    
+    
+      
+      
+        
+          
+          
+        
+      
+    
+    
+    <li class="md-nav__item md-nav__item--section md-nav__item--nested">
+      
+        
+        
+        <input class="md-nav__toggle md-toggle " type="checkbox" id="__nav_4_13" >
+        
+          
+          <label class="md-nav__link" for="__nav_4_13" id="__nav_4_13_label" tabindex="">
+            
+  
+  <span class="md-ellipsis">
+    Javascript
+  </span>
+  
+
+            <span class="md-nav__icon md-icon"></span>
+          </label>
+        
+        <nav class="md-nav" data-md-level="2" aria-labelledby="__nav_4_13_label" aria-expanded="false">
+          <label class="md-nav__title" for="__nav_4_13">
+            <span class="md-nav__icon md-icon"></span>
+            Javascript
+          </label>
+          <ul class="md-nav__list" data-md-scrollfix>
+            
+              
+                
+  
+  
+  
+  
+    <li class="md-nav__item">
+      <a href="../../javascript/javascript.html" class="md-nav__link">
+        
+  
+  <span class="md-ellipsis">
+    Javascript
+  </span>
+  
+
+      </a>
+    </li>
+  
+
+              
+            
+              
+                
+  
+  
+  
+  
+    <li class="md-nav__item">
+      <a href="../../javascript/dom.html" class="md-nav__link">
+        
+  
+  <span class="md-ellipsis">
+    DOM
+  </span>
+  
+
+      </a>
+    </li>
+  
+
+              
+            
+              
+                
+  
+  
+  
+  
+    <li class="md-nav__item">
+      <a href="../../javascript/events-animation.html" class="md-nav__link">
+        
+  
+  <span class="md-ellipsis">
+    Events & Animation
+  </span>
+  
+
+      </a>
+    </li>
+  
+
+              
+            
+              
+                
+  
+  
+  
+  
+    <li class="md-nav__item">
+      <a href="../../javascript/ajax.html" class="md-nav__link">
+        
+  
+  <span class="md-ellipsis">
+    AJAX
+  </span>
+  
+
+      </a>
+    </li>
+  
+
+              
+            
+              
+                
+  
+  
+  
+  
+    <li class="md-nav__item">
+      <a href="../../javascript/jquery.html" class="md-nav__link">
+        
+  
+  <span class="md-ellipsis">
+    jQuery
+  </span>
+  
+
+      </a>
+    </li>
+  
+
+              
+            
+              
+                
+  
+  
+  
+  
+    
+    
+      
+        
+      
+        
+      
+        
+      
+        
+      
+        
+      
+    
+    
+      
+      
+        
+      
+    
+    
+    <li class="md-nav__item md-nav__item--nested">
+      
+        
+        
+        <input class="md-nav__toggle md-toggle " type="checkbox" id="__nav_4_13_6" >
+        
+          
+          <label class="md-nav__link" for="__nav_4_13_6" id="__nav_4_13_6_label" tabindex="0">
+            
+  
+  <span class="md-ellipsis">
+    React
+  </span>
+  
+
+            <span class="md-nav__icon md-icon"></span>
+          </label>
+        
+        <nav class="md-nav" data-md-level="3" aria-labelledby="__nav_4_13_6_label" aria-expanded="false">
+          <label class="md-nav__title" for="__nav_4_13_6">
+            <span class="md-nav__icon md-icon"></span>
+            React
+          </label>
+          <ul class="md-nav__list" data-md-scrollfix>
+            
+              
+                
+  
+  
+  
+  
+    <li class="md-nav__item">
+      <a href="../../javascript/react/react.html" class="md-nav__link">
+        
+  
+  <span class="md-ellipsis">
+    React
+  </span>
+  
+
+      </a>
+    </li>
+  
+
+              
+            
+              
+                
+  
+  
+  
+  
+    <li class="md-nav__item">
+      <a href="../../javascript/react/react-router.html" class="md-nav__link">
+        
+  
+  <span class="md-ellipsis">
+    React Router
+  </span>
+  
+
+      </a>
+    </li>
+  
+
+              
+            
+              
+                
+  
+  
+  
+  
+    <li class="md-nav__item">
+      <a href="../../javascript/react/react-tests.html" class="md-nav__link">
+        
+  
+  <span class="md-ellipsis">
+    React Tests
+  </span>
+  
+
+      </a>
+    </li>
+  
+
+              
+            
+              
+                
+  
+  
+  
+  
+    <li class="md-nav__item">
+      <a href="../../javascript/react/redux.html" class="md-nav__link">
+        
+  
+  <span class="md-ellipsis">
+    Redux
+  </span>
+  
+
+      </a>
+    </li>
+  
+
+              
+            
+              
+                
+  
+  
+  
+  
+    <li class="md-nav__item">
+      <a href="../../javascript/react/redux-tests.html" class="md-nav__link">
+        
+  
+  <span class="md-ellipsis">
+    Redux Tests
+  </span>
+  
+
+      </a>
+    </li>
+  
+
+              
+            
+          </ul>
+        </nav>
+      
+    </li>
+  
+
+              
+            
+              
+                
+  
+  
+  
+  
+    <li class="md-nav__item">
+      <a href="../../javascript/svelte/svelte.html" class="md-nav__link">
+        
+  
+  <span class="md-ellipsis">
+    Svelte
+  </span>
+  
+
+      </a>
+    </li>
+  
+
+              
+            
+          </ul>
+        </nav>
+      
+    </li>
+  
+
+              
+            
+              
+                
+  
+  
+  
+  
+    
+    
+      
+        
+      
+        
+      
+    
+    
+      
+      
+        
+          
+          
+        
+      
+    
+    
+    <li class="md-nav__item md-nav__item--section md-nav__item--nested">
+      
+        
+        
+        <input class="md-nav__toggle md-toggle " type="checkbox" id="__nav_4_14" >
+        
+          
+          <label class="md-nav__link" for="__nav_4_14" id="__nav_4_14_label" tabindex="">
+            
+  
+  <span class="md-ellipsis">
+    PowerShell
+  </span>
+  
+
+            <span class="md-nav__icon md-icon"></span>
+          </label>
+        
+        <nav class="md-nav" data-md-level="2" aria-labelledby="__nav_4_14_label" aria-expanded="false">
+          <label class="md-nav__title" for="__nav_4_14">
+            <span class="md-nav__icon md-icon"></span>
+            PowerShell
+          </label>
+          <ul class="md-nav__list" data-md-scrollfix>
+            
+              
+                
+  
+  
+  
+  
+    <li class="md-nav__item">
+      <a href="../../powershell/scripting.html" class="md-nav__link">
+        
+  
+  <span class="md-ellipsis">
+    Scripting
+  </span>
+  
+
+      </a>
+    </li>
+  
+
+              
+            
+              
+                
+  
+  
+  
+  
+    <li class="md-nav__item">
+      <a href="../../powershell/commands.html" class="md-nav__link">
+        
+  
+  <span class="md-ellipsis">
+    Commands
+  </span>
+  
+
+      </a>
+    </li>
+  
+
+              
+            
+          </ul>
+        </nav>
+      
+    </li>
+  
+
+              
+            
+              
+                
+  
+  
+  
+  
+    
+    
+      
+        
+      
+        
+      
+    
+    
+      
+      
+        
+          
+          
+        
+      
+    
+    
+    <li class="md-nav__item md-nav__item--section md-nav__item--nested">
+      
+        
+        
+        <input class="md-nav__toggle md-toggle " type="checkbox" id="__nav_4_15" >
+        
+          
+          <label class="md-nav__link" for="__nav_4_15" id="__nav_4_15_label" tabindex="">
+            
+  
+  <span class="md-ellipsis">
+    Bash
+  </span>
+  
+
+            <span class="md-nav__icon md-icon"></span>
+          </label>
+        
+        <nav class="md-nav" data-md-level="2" aria-labelledby="__nav_4_15_label" aria-expanded="false">
+          <label class="md-nav__title" for="__nav_4_15">
+            <span class="md-nav__icon md-icon"></span>
+            Bash
+          </label>
+          <ul class="md-nav__list" data-md-scrollfix>
+            
+              
+                
+  
+  
+  
+  
+    <li class="md-nav__item">
+      <a href="../../bash/scripting.html" class="md-nav__link">
+        
+  
+  <span class="md-ellipsis">
+    Scripting
+  </span>
+  
+
+      </a>
+    </li>
+  
+
+              
+            
+              
+                
+  
+  
+  
+  
+    <li class="md-nav__item">
+      <a href="../../bash/commands.html" class="md-nav__link">
+        
+  
+  <span class="md-ellipsis">
+    Commands
+  </span>
+  
+
+      </a>
+    </li>
+  
+
+              
+            
+          </ul>
+        </nav>
+      
+    </li>
+  
+
+              
+            
+          </ul>
+        </nav>
+      
+    </li>
+  
+
+    
+      
+      
+  
+  
+  
+  
+    
+    
+      
+        
+      
+        
+      
+        
+      
+        
+      
+        
+      
+    
+    
+      
+      
+        
+      
+    
+    
+    <li class="md-nav__item md-nav__item--nested">
+      
+        
+        
+        <input class="md-nav__toggle md-toggle " type="checkbox" id="__nav_5" >
+        
+          
+          <label class="md-nav__link" for="__nav_5" id="__nav_5_label" tabindex="0">
+            
+  
+  <span class="md-ellipsis">
+    Misc
+  </span>
+  
+
+            <span class="md-nav__icon md-icon"></span>
+          </label>
+        
+        <nav class="md-nav" data-md-level="1" aria-labelledby="__nav_5_label" aria-expanded="false">
+          <label class="md-nav__title" for="__nav_5">
+            <span class="md-nav__icon md-icon"></span>
+            Misc
+          </label>
+          <ul class="md-nav__list" data-md-scrollfix>
+            
+              
+                
+  
+  
+  
+  
+    <li class="md-nav__item">
+      <a href="../../../misc/git.html" class="md-nav__link">
+        
+  
+  <span class="md-ellipsis">
+    Git
+  </span>
+  
+
+      </a>
+    </li>
+  
+
+              
+            
+              
+                
+  
+  
+  
+  
+    <li class="md-nav__item">
+      <a href="../../../misc/graph-ql.html" class="md-nav__link">
+        
+  
+  <span class="md-ellipsis">
+    GraphQL
+  </span>
+  
+
+      </a>
+    </li>
+  
+
+              
+            
+              
+                
+  
+  
+  
+  
+    <li class="md-nav__item">
+      <a href="../../../misc/regular-expressions.html" class="md-nav__link">
+        
+  
+  <span class="md-ellipsis">
+    RegEx
+  </span>
+  
+
+      </a>
+    </li>
+  
+
+              
+            
+              
+                
+  
+  
+  
+  
+    <li class="md-nav__item">
+      <a href="../../../misc/ssh.html" class="md-nav__link">
+        
+  
+  <span class="md-ellipsis">
+    SSH
+  </span>
+  
+
+      </a>
+    </li>
+  
+
+              
+            
+              
+                
+  
+  
+  
+  
+    <li class="md-nav__item">
+      <a href="../../../misc/web-components.html" class="md-nav__link">
+        
+  
+  <span class="md-ellipsis">
+    WebComponents
+  </span>
+  
+
+      </a>
+    </li>
+  
+
+              
+            
+          </ul>
+        </nav>
+      
+    </li>
+  
+
+    
+      
+      
+  
+  
+  
+  
+    
+    
+      
+        
+      
+        
+      
+    
+    
+      
+      
+        
+      
+    
+    
+    <li class="md-nav__item md-nav__item--nested">
+      
+        
+        
+        <input class="md-nav__toggle md-toggle " type="checkbox" id="__nav_6" >
+        
+          
+          <label class="md-nav__link" for="__nav_6" id="__nav_6_label" tabindex="0">
+            
+  
+  <span class="md-ellipsis">
+    Linux
+  </span>
+  
+
+            <span class="md-nav__icon md-icon"></span>
+          </label>
+        
+        <nav class="md-nav" data-md-level="1" aria-labelledby="__nav_6_label" aria-expanded="false">
+          <label class="md-nav__title" for="__nav_6">
+            <span class="md-nav__icon md-icon"></span>
+            Linux
+          </label>
+          <ul class="md-nav__list" data-md-scrollfix>
+            
+              
+                
+  
+  
+  
+  
+    
+    
+      
+        
+      
+        
+      
+        
+      
+    
+    
+      
+      
+        
+      
+    
+    
+    <li class="md-nav__item md-nav__item--nested">
+      
+        
+        
+        <input class="md-nav__toggle md-toggle " type="checkbox" id="__nav_6_1" >
+        
+          
+          <label class="md-nav__link" for="__nav_6_1" id="__nav_6_1_label" tabindex="0">
+            
+  
+  <span class="md-ellipsis">
+    Filesystem
+  </span>
+  
+
+            <span class="md-nav__icon md-icon"></span>
+          </label>
+        
+        <nav class="md-nav" data-md-level="2" aria-labelledby="__nav_6_1_label" aria-expanded="false">
+          <label class="md-nav__title" for="__nav_6_1">
+            <span class="md-nav__icon md-icon"></span>
+            Filesystem
+          </label>
+          <ul class="md-nav__list" data-md-scrollfix>
+            
+              
+                
+  
+  
+  
+  
+    <li class="md-nav__item">
+      <a href="../../../linux/filesystem/file-links.html" class="md-nav__link">
+        
+  
+  <span class="md-ellipsis">
+    File Links
+  </span>
+  
+
+      </a>
+    </li>
+  
+
+              
+            
+              
+                
+  
+  
+  
+  
+    <li class="md-nav__item">
+      <a href="../../../linux/filesystem/procfs.html" class="md-nav__link">
+        
+  
+  <span class="md-ellipsis">
+    /proc
+  </span>
+  
+
+      </a>
+    </li>
+  
+
+              
+            
+              
+                
+  
+  
+  
+  
+    <li class="md-nav__item">
+      <a href="../../../linux/filesystem/sysfs.html" class="md-nav__link">
+        
+  
+  <span class="md-ellipsis">
+    /sys
+  </span>
+  
+
+      </a>
+    </li>
+  
+
+              
+            
+          </ul>
+        </nav>
+      
+    </li>
+  
+
+              
+            
+              
+                
+  
+  
+  
+  
+    
+    
+      
+        
+      
+        
+      
+    
+    
+      
+      
+        
+      
+    
+    
+    <li class="md-nav__item md-nav__item--nested">
+      
+        
+        
+        <input class="md-nav__toggle md-toggle " type="checkbox" id="__nav_6_2" >
+        
+          
+          <label class="md-nav__link" for="__nav_6_2" id="__nav_6_2_label" tabindex="0">
+            
+  
+  <span class="md-ellipsis">
+    System Init
+  </span>
+  
+
+            <span class="md-nav__icon md-icon"></span>
+          </label>
+        
+        <nav class="md-nav" data-md-level="2" aria-labelledby="__nav_6_2_label" aria-expanded="false">
+          <label class="md-nav__title" for="__nav_6_2">
+            <span class="md-nav__icon md-icon"></span>
+            System Init
+          </label>
+          <ul class="md-nav__list" data-md-scrollfix>
+            
+              
+                
+  
+  
+  
+  
+    <li class="md-nav__item">
+      <a href="../../../linux/init/systemd.html" class="md-nav__link">
+        
+  
+  <span class="md-ellipsis">
+    Systemd
+  </span>
+  
+
+      </a>
+    </li>
+  
+
+              
+            
+              
+                
+  
+  
+  
+  
+    <li class="md-nav__item">
+      <a href="../../../linux/init/open-rc.html" class="md-nav__link">
+        
+  
+  <span class="md-ellipsis">
+    OpenRC
+  </span>
+  
+
+      </a>
+    </li>
+  
+
+              
+            
+          </ul>
+        </nav>
+      
+    </li>
+  
+
+              
+            
+          </ul>
+        </nav>
+      
+    </li>
+  
+
+    
+  </ul>
+</nav>
+                  </div>
+                </div>
+              </div>
+            
+            
+              
+              <div class="md-sidebar md-sidebar--secondary" data-md-component="sidebar" data-md-type="toc" >
+                <div class="md-sidebar__scrollwrap">
+                  <div class="md-sidebar__inner">
+                    
+
+<nav class="md-nav md-nav--secondary" aria-label="Table of contents">
+  
+  
+  
+    
+  
+  
+    <label class="md-nav__title" for="__toc">
+      <span class="md-nav__icon md-icon"></span>
+      Table of contents
+    </label>
+    <ul class="md-nav__list" data-md-component="toc" data-md-scrollfix>
+      
+        <li class="md-nav__item">
+  <a href="#markup" class="md-nav__link">
+    <span class="md-ellipsis">
+      Markup
+    </span>
+  </a>
+  
+</li>
+      
+        <li class="md-nav__item">
+  <a href="#tag-helpers-aspnet-core" class="md-nav__link">
+    <span class="md-ellipsis">
+      Tag Helpers (ASP.NET Core)
+    </span>
+  </a>
+  
+    <nav class="md-nav" aria-label="Tag Helpers (ASP.NET Core)">
+      <ul class="md-nav__list">
+        
+          <li class="md-nav__item">
+  <a href="#managing-tag-helpers" class="md-nav__link">
+    <span class="md-ellipsis">
+      Managing Tag Helpers
+    </span>
+  </a>
+  
+    <nav class="md-nav" aria-label="Managing Tag Helpers">
+      <ul class="md-nav__list">
+        
+          <li class="md-nav__item">
+  <a href="#opting-out-of-individual-elements" class="md-nav__link">
+    <span class="md-ellipsis">
+      Opting out of individual elements
+    </span>
+  </a>
+  
+</li>
+        
+      </ul>
+    </nav>
+  
+</li>
+        
+          <li class="md-nav__item">
+  <a href="#explicit-tag-helpers" class="md-nav__link">
+    <span class="md-ellipsis">
+      Explicit Tag Helpers
+    </span>
+  </a>
+  
+</li>
+        
+          <li class="md-nav__item">
+  <a href="#important-tag-helpers-asp-html-helpers-html" class="md-nav__link">
+    <span class="md-ellipsis">
+      Important Tag Helpers (asp-) &amp; HTML Helpers (@Html)
+    </span>
+  </a>
+  
+</li>
+        
+          <li class="md-nav__item">
+  <a href="#select-tag-helper" class="md-nav__link">
+    <span class="md-ellipsis">
+      Select Tag Helper
+    </span>
+  </a>
+  
+</li>
+        
+      </ul>
+    </nav>
+  
+</li>
+      
+    </ul>
+  
+</nav>
+                  </div>
+                </div>
+              </div>
+            
+          
+          
+            <div class="md-content" data-md-component="content">
+              <article class="md-content__inner md-typeset">
+                
+                  
+
+  
+  
+
+
+<h1 id="razor-syntax"><a href="https://docs.microsoft.com/en-us/aspnet/core/mvc/views/razor">Razor Syntax</a></h1>
+<h2 id="markup">Markup</h2>
+<div class="highlight"><table class="highlighttable"><tr><th colspan="2" class="filename"><span class="filename">C#</span></th></tr><tr><td class="linenos"><div class="linenodiv"><pre><span></span><span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-0-1"> 1</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-0-2"> 2</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-0-3"> 3</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-0-4"> 4</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-0-5"> 5</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-0-6"> 6</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-0-7"> 7</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-0-8"> 8</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-0-9"> 9</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-0-10">10</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-0-11">11</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-0-12">12</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-0-13">13</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-0-14">14</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-0-15">15</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-0-16">16</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-0-17">17</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-0-18">18</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-0-19">19</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-0-20">20</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-0-21">21</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-0-22">22</a></span></pre></div></td><td class="code"><div><pre><span></span><code><a id="__codelineno-0-1" name="__codelineno-0-1"></a><span class="n">@page</span><span class="w">  </span><span class="c1">// set this as razor page</span>
+<a id="__codelineno-0-2" name="__codelineno-0-2"></a>
+<a id="__codelineno-0-3" name="__codelineno-0-3"></a><span class="n">@model</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="o">&lt;</span><span class="n">App</span><span class="o">&gt;</span><span class="p">.</span><span class="n">Models</span><span class="p">.</span><span class="n">Entity</span><span class="w">  </span><span class="c1">// if MVC set type of elements passed to the view </span>
+<a id="__codelineno-0-4" name="__codelineno-0-4"></a><span class="n">@model</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="o">&lt;</span><span class="n">Page</span><span class="o">&gt;</span><span class="n">Model</span><span class="w">  </span><span class="c1">// if Razor page set underlying class</span>
+<a id="__codelineno-0-5" name="__codelineno-0-5"></a>
+<a id="__codelineno-0-6" name="__codelineno-0-6"></a><span class="err">@</span><span class="o">*</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="n">razor</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="n">comment</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="o">*</span><span class="err">@</span>
+<a id="__codelineno-0-7" name="__codelineno-0-7"></a>
+<a id="__codelineno-0-8" name="__codelineno-0-8"></a><span class="c1">// substitute @variable with it&#39;s value</span>
+<a id="__codelineno-0-9" name="__codelineno-0-9"></a><span class="o">&lt;</span><span class="n">tag</span><span class="o">&gt;</span><span class="n">@variable</span><span class="o">&lt;/</span><span class="n">tag</span><span class="o">&gt;</span>
+<a id="__codelineno-0-10" name="__codelineno-0-10"></a>
+<a id="__codelineno-0-11" name="__codelineno-0-11"></a><span class="err">@</span><span class="p">{</span>
+<a id="__codelineno-0-12" name="__codelineno-0-12"></a><span class="w">    </span><span class="c1">// razor code block</span>
+<a id="__codelineno-0-13" name="__codelineno-0-13"></a><span class="w">    </span><span class="c1">// can contain C# or HTML</span>
+<a id="__codelineno-0-14" name="__codelineno-0-14"></a>
+<a id="__codelineno-0-15" name="__codelineno-0-15"></a><span class="w">    </span><span class="n">Model</span><span class="w">  </span><span class="c1">// access to passed @model (MVC)</span>
+<a id="__codelineno-0-16" name="__codelineno-0-16"></a><span class="p">}</span>
+<a id="__codelineno-0-17" name="__codelineno-0-17"></a>
+<a id="__codelineno-0-18" name="__codelineno-0-18"></a><span class="n">@if</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="p">(</span><span class="n">condition</span><span class="p">)</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="p">{</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="p">}</span>
+<a id="__codelineno-0-19" name="__codelineno-0-19"></a>
+<a id="__codelineno-0-20" name="__codelineno-0-20"></a><span class="n">@for</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="p">(</span><span class="n">init</span><span class="p">,</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="n">condition</span><span class="p">,</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="n">iteration</span><span class="p">)</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="p">{</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="p">}</span>
+<a id="__codelineno-0-21" name="__codelineno-0-21"></a>
+<a id="__codelineno-0-22" name="__codelineno-0-22"></a><span class="n">@Model</span><span class="p">.</span><span class="n">Property</span><span class="w">  </span><span class="c1">// display Property value (MVC)</span>
+</code></pre></div></td></tr></table></div>
+<hr />
+<h2 id="tag-helpers-aspnet-core">Tag Helpers (ASP.NET Core)</h2>
+<p><strong>Tag helpers</strong> are reusable components for automating the generation of HTML in Razor Pages. Tag helpers target specific HTML tags.</p>
+<p>Example:</p>
+<div class="highlight"><table class="highlighttable"><tr><th colspan="2" class="filename"><span class="filename">HTML</span></th></tr><tr><td class="linenos"><div class="linenodiv"><pre><span></span><span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-1-1">1</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-1-2">2</a></span></pre></div></td><td class="code"><div><pre><span></span><code><a id="__codelineno-1-1" name="__codelineno-1-1"></a><span class="cm">&lt;!-- tag helpers for a lin in ASP.NET MVC --&gt;</span>
+<a id="__codelineno-1-2" name="__codelineno-1-2"></a><span class="p">&lt;</span><span class="nt">a</span> <span class="na">class</span><span class="o">=</span><span class="s">&quot;nav-link text-dark&quot;</span> <span class="na">asp-area</span><span class="o">=</span><span class="s">&quot;&quot;</span> <span class="na">asp-controller</span><span class="o">=</span><span class="s">&quot;Home&quot;</span> <span class="na">asp-action</span><span class="o">=</span><span class="s">&quot;Index&quot;</span><span class="p">&gt;</span>Home<span class="p">&lt;/</span><span class="nt">a</span><span class="p">&gt;</span>
+</code></pre></div></td></tr></table></div>
+<h3 id="managing-tag-helpers">Managing Tag Helpers</h3>
+<p>The <code>@addTagHelper</code> directive makes Tag Helpers available to the view. Generally, the view file is <code>Pages/_ViewImports.cshtml</code>, which by default is inherited by all files in the <code>Pages</code> folder and subfolders, making Tag Helpers available.</p>
+<div class="highlight"><table class="highlighttable"><tr><th colspan="2" class="filename"><span class="filename">C#</span></th></tr><tr><td class="linenos"><div class="linenodiv"><pre><span></span><span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-2-1">1</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-2-2">2</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-2-3">3</a></span></pre></div></td><td class="code"><div><pre><span></span><code><a id="__codelineno-2-1" name="__codelineno-2-1"></a><span class="n">@using</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="o">&lt;</span><span class="n">App</span><span class="o">&gt;</span>
+<a id="__codelineno-2-2" name="__codelineno-2-2"></a><span class="n">@namespace</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="o">&lt;</span><span class="n">App</span><span class="o">&gt;</span><span class="p">.</span><span class="n">Pages</span><span class="w">  </span><span class="c1">// or &lt;Project&gt;.Models</span>
+<a id="__codelineno-2-3" name="__codelineno-2-3"></a><span class="n">@addTagHelper</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="o">*</span><span class="p">,</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="n">Microsoft</span><span class="p">.</span><span class="n">AspNetCore</span><span class="p">.</span><span class="n">Mvc</span><span class="p">.</span><span class="n">TagHelpers</span>
+</code></pre></div></td></tr></table></div>
+<p>The first parameter after <code>@addTagHelper</code> specifies the Tag Helpers to load (<code>*</code> for all Tag Helpers), and the second parameter (e.g. <code>Microsoft.AspNetCore.Mvc.TagHelpers</code>) specifies the assembly containing the Tag Helpers.
+<code>Microsoft.AspNetCore.Mvc.TagHelpers</code> is the assembly for the built-in ASP.NET Core Tag Helpers.</p>
+<h4 id="opting-out-of-individual-elements">Opting out of individual elements</h4>
+<p>It's possible to disable a Tag Helper at the element level with the Tag Helper opt-out character (<code>!</code>)</p>
+<div class="highlight"><table class="highlighttable"><tr><th colspan="2" class="filename"><span class="filename">Text Only</span></th></tr><tr><td class="linenos"><div class="linenodiv"><pre><span></span><span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-3-1">1</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-3-2">2</a></span></pre></div></td><td class="code"><div><pre><span></span><code><a id="__codelineno-3-1" name="__codelineno-3-1"></a>&lt;!-- disable email validation --&gt;
+<a id="__codelineno-3-2" name="__codelineno-3-2"></a>&lt;!span asp-validation-for=&quot;Email&quot; &gt;&lt;/!span&gt;
+</code></pre></div></td></tr></table></div>
+<h3 id="explicit-tag-helpers">Explicit Tag Helpers</h3>
+<p>The <code>@tagHelperPrefix</code> directive allows to specify a tag prefix string to enable Tag Helper support and to make Tag Helper usage explicit.</p>
+<div class="highlight"><table class="highlighttable"><tr><th colspan="2" class="filename"><span class="filename">Text Only</span></th></tr><tr><td class="linenos"><div class="linenodiv"><pre><span></span><span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-4-1">1</a></span></pre></div></td><td class="code"><div><pre><span></span><code><a id="__codelineno-4-1" name="__codelineno-4-1"></a>@tagHelpersPrefix th:
+</code></pre></div></td></tr></table></div>
+<h3 id="important-tag-helpers-asp-html-helpers-html">Important Tag Helpers (<code>asp-</code>) &amp; HTML Helpers (<code>@Html</code>)</h3>
+<p><a href="https://stephenwalther.com/archive/2009/03/03/chapter-6-understanding-html-helpers">Understanding Html Helpers</a></p>
+<div class="highlight"><table class="highlighttable"><tr><th colspan="2" class="filename"><span class="filename">C#</span></th></tr><tr><td class="linenos"><div class="linenodiv"><pre><span></span><span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-5-1"> 1</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-5-2"> 2</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-5-3"> 3</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-5-4"> 4</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-5-5"> 5</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-5-6"> 6</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-5-7"> 7</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-5-8"> 8</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-5-9"> 9</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-5-10">10</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-5-11">11</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-5-12">12</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-5-13">13</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-5-14">14</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-5-15">15</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-5-16">16</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-5-17">17</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-5-18">18</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-5-19">19</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-5-20">20</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-5-21">21</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-5-22">22</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-5-23">23</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-5-24">24</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-5-25">25</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-5-26">26</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-5-27">27</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-5-28">28</a></span></pre></div></td><td class="code"><div><pre><span></span><code><a id="__codelineno-5-1" name="__codelineno-5-1"></a><span class="n">@model</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="o">&lt;</span><span class="n">App</span><span class="o">&gt;</span><span class="p">.</span><span class="n">Models</span><span class="p">.</span><span class="n">Entity</span>
+<a id="__codelineno-5-2" name="__codelineno-5-2"></a>
+<a id="__codelineno-5-3" name="__codelineno-5-3"></a><span class="c1">// Display the name of the property</span>
+<a id="__codelineno-5-4" name="__codelineno-5-4"></a><span class="n">@Html</span><span class="p">.</span><span class="n">DisplayNameFor</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="n">model</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="o">=&gt;</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="n">model</span><span class="p">.</span><span class="n">EntityProp</span><span class="p">)</span>
+<a id="__codelineno-5-5" name="__codelineno-5-5"></a><span class="n">@nameof</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="n">Model</span><span class="p">.</span><span class="n">EntityProp</span><span class="p">)</span>
+<a id="__codelineno-5-6" name="__codelineno-5-6"></a>
+<a id="__codelineno-5-7" name="__codelineno-5-7"></a><span class="c1">// Display the value of the property</span>
+<a id="__codelineno-5-8" name="__codelineno-5-8"></a><span class="n">@Html</span><span class="p">.</span><span class="n">DisplayFor</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="n">model</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="o">=&gt;</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="n">model</span><span class="p">.</span><span class="n">EntityProp</span><span class="p">)</span>
+<a id="__codelineno-5-9" name="__codelineno-5-9"></a><span class="n">@Model</span><span class="p">.</span><span class="n">EntityProp</span>
+<a id="__codelineno-5-10" name="__codelineno-5-10"></a>
+<a id="__codelineno-5-11" name="__codelineno-5-11"></a><span class="o">&lt;</span><span class="k">from</span><span class="o">&gt;</span>
+<a id="__codelineno-5-12" name="__codelineno-5-12"></a><span class="w">    </span><span class="c1">// use the property as the label, eventually w/ [DisplayName(&quot;...&quot;)]</span>
+<a id="__codelineno-5-13" name="__codelineno-5-13"></a><span class="w">    </span><span class="o">&lt;</span><span class="n">label</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="n">asp</span><span class="o">-</span><span class="k">for</span><span class="o">=</span><span class="s">&quot;EntityProp&quot;</span><span class="o">&gt;&lt;/</span><span class="n">label</span><span class="o">&gt;</span>
+<a id="__codelineno-5-14" name="__codelineno-5-14"></a><span class="w">    </span><span class="n">@Html</span><span class="p">.</span><span class="n">LabelFor</span><span class="p">()</span>
+<a id="__codelineno-5-15" name="__codelineno-5-15"></a>
+<a id="__codelineno-5-16" name="__codelineno-5-16"></a><span class="w">    </span><span class="c1">// automatically set the value at form compilation and submission</span>
+<a id="__codelineno-5-17" name="__codelineno-5-17"></a><span class="w">    </span><span class="o">&lt;</span><span class="n">input</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="n">asp</span><span class="o">-</span><span class="k">for</span><span class="o">=</span><span class="s">&quot;EntityProp&quot;</span><span class="o">/&gt;</span>
+<a id="__codelineno-5-18" name="__codelineno-5-18"></a><span class="w">    </span><span class="n">@Html</span><span class="p">.</span><span class="n">EditorFor</span><span class="p">()</span>
+<a id="__codelineno-5-19" name="__codelineno-5-19"></a><span class="o">&lt;/</span><span class="k">from</span><span class="o">&gt;</span>
+<a id="__codelineno-5-20" name="__codelineno-5-20"></a>
+<a id="__codelineno-5-21" name="__codelineno-5-21"></a><span class="c1">// route config is {Controller}/{Action}/{Id?}</span>
+<a id="__codelineno-5-22" name="__codelineno-5-22"></a><span class="o">&lt;</span><span class="n">a</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="n">asp</span><span class="o">-</span><span class="n">controller</span><span class="o">=</span><span class="s">&quot;&lt;Controller&gt;&quot;</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="n">asp</span><span class="o">-</span><span class="n">action</span><span class="o">=</span><span class="s">&quot;&lt;Action&gt;&quot;</span><span class="o">&gt;</span><span class="n">Link</span><span class="o">&lt;/</span><span class="n">a</span><span class="o">&gt;</span><span class="w">  </span><span class="c1">// link to /Controller/Action</span>
+<a id="__codelineno-5-23" name="__codelineno-5-23"></a><span class="o">&lt;</span><span class="n">a</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="n">asp</span><span class="o">-</span><span class="n">controller</span><span class="o">=</span><span class="s">&quot;&lt;Controller&gt;&quot;</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="n">asp</span><span class="o">-</span><span class="n">action</span><span class="o">=</span><span class="s">&quot;&lt;Action&gt;&quot;</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="n">asp</span><span class="o">-</span><span class="n">route</span><span class="o">-</span><span class="n">Id</span><span class="o">=</span><span class="s">&quot;@model.Id&quot;</span><span class="o">&gt;</span><span class="n">Link</span><span class="o">&lt;/</span><span class="n">a</span><span class="o">&gt;</span><span class="w">  </span><span class="c1">// link to /Controller/Action/Id</span>
+<a id="__codelineno-5-24" name="__codelineno-5-24"></a><span class="n">@Html</span><span class="p">.</span><span class="n">ActionLink</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="s">&quot;&lt;Link Text&gt;&quot;</span><span class="p">,</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="s">&quot;&lt;Action&gt;&quot;</span><span class="p">,</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="s">&quot;&lt;Controller&gt;&quot;</span><span class="p">,</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="k">new</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="p">{</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="n">@HTmlAttribute</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="o">=</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="k">value</span><span class="p">,</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="n">Id</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="o">=</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="k">value</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="p">})</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="c1">// link to /Controller/Action/Id</span>
+<a id="__codelineno-5-25" name="__codelineno-5-25"></a>
+<a id="__codelineno-5-26" name="__codelineno-5-26"></a><span class="c1">// link to /Controller/Action?queryParameter=value</span>
+<a id="__codelineno-5-27" name="__codelineno-5-27"></a><span class="n">@Html</span><span class="p">.</span><span class="n">ActionLink</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="s">&quot;&lt;Link Text&gt;&quot;</span><span class="p">,</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="s">&quot;&lt;Action&gt;&quot;</span><span class="p">,</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="s">&quot;&lt;Controller&gt;&quot;</span><span class="p">,</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="k">new</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="p">{</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="n">@HTmlAttribute</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="o">=</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="k">value</span><span class="p">,</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="n">queryParameter</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="o">=</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="k">value</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="p">})</span>
+<a id="__codelineno-5-28" name="__codelineno-5-28"></a><span class="o">&lt;</span><span class="n">a</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="n">asp</span><span class="o">-</span><span class="n">controller</span><span class="o">=</span><span class="s">&quot;&lt;Controller&gt;&quot;</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="n">asp</span><span class="o">-</span><span class="n">action</span><span class="o">=</span><span class="s">&quot;&lt;Action&gt;&quot;</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="n">asp</span><span class="o">-</span><span class="n">route</span><span class="o">-</span><span class="n">queryParameter</span><span class="o">=</span><span class="s">&quot;value&quot;</span><span class="o">&gt;</span><span class="n">Link</span><span class="o">&lt;/</span><span class="n">a</span><span class="o">&gt;</span><span class="w">  </span><span class="c1">// asp-route-* for query strings</span>
+</code></pre></div></td></tr></table></div>
+<h3 id="select-tag-helper"><a href="https://docs.microsoft.com/en-us/aspnet/core/mvc/views/working-with-forms">Select Tag Helper</a></h3>
+<p><a href="https://stackoverflow.com/a/34624217">StackOverflow</a>
+<a href="https://docs.microsoft.com/en-us/dotnet/api/system.web.mvc.selectlist">SelectList Docs</a></p>
+<p>In <code>ViewModel.cs</code>:</p>
+<div class="highlight"><table class="highlighttable"><tr><th colspan="2" class="filename"><span class="filename">C#</span></th></tr><tr><td class="linenos"><div class="linenodiv"><pre><span></span><span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-6-1">1</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-6-2">2</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-6-3">3</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-6-4">4</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-6-5">5</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-6-6">6</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-6-7">7</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-6-8">8</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-6-9">9</a></span></pre></div></td><td class="code"><div><pre><span></span><code><a id="__codelineno-6-1" name="__codelineno-6-1"></a><span class="k">class</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="nc">ViewModel</span><span class="w"> </span>
+<a id="__codelineno-6-2" name="__codelineno-6-2"></a><span class="p">{</span>
+<a id="__codelineno-6-3" name="__codelineno-6-3"></a><span class="w">    </span><span class="k">public</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="kt">int</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="n">EntityId</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="p">{</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="k">get</span><span class="p">;</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="k">set</span><span class="p">;</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="p">}</span><span class="w">  </span><span class="c1">// value selected in form ends up here</span>
+<a id="__codelineno-6-4" name="__codelineno-6-4"></a>
+<a id="__codelineno-6-5" name="__codelineno-6-5"></a><span class="w">    </span><span class="c1">// object has numeric id and other props</span>
+<a id="__codelineno-6-6" name="__codelineno-6-6"></a><span class="w">    </span><span class="k">public</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="n">SelectList</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="n">Entities</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="o">=</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="k">new</span><span class="p">()</span>
+<a id="__codelineno-6-7" name="__codelineno-6-7"></a>
+<a id="__codelineno-6-8" name="__codelineno-6-8"></a><span class="w">    </span><span class="k">public</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="nf">ViewModel</span><span class="p">(){</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="p">}</span><span class="w">  </span><span class="c1">// parameterless constructor (NEEDED)</span>
+<a id="__codelineno-6-9" name="__codelineno-6-9"></a><span class="p">}</span>
+</code></pre></div></td></tr></table></div>
+<p>In <code>View.cs</code></p>
+<div class="highlight"><table class="highlighttable"><tr><th colspan="2" class="filename"><span class="filename">C#</span></th></tr><tr><td class="linenos"><div class="linenodiv"><pre><span></span><span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-7-1">1</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-7-2">2</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-7-3">3</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-7-4">4</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-7-5">5</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-7-6">6</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-7-7">7</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-7-8">8</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-7-9">9</a></span></pre></div></td><td class="code"><div><pre><span></span><code><a id="__codelineno-7-1" name="__codelineno-7-1"></a><span class="n">@model</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="n">ViewModel</span>
+<a id="__codelineno-7-2" name="__codelineno-7-2"></a>
+<a id="__codelineno-7-3" name="__codelineno-7-3"></a><span class="o">&lt;</span><span class="n">form</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="n">asp</span><span class="o">-</span><span class="n">controller</span><span class="o">=</span><span class="s">&quot;Controller&quot;</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="n">asp</span><span class="o">-</span><span class="n">action</span><span class="o">=</span><span class="s">&quot;PostAction&quot;</span><span class="o">&gt;</span>
+<a id="__codelineno-7-4" name="__codelineno-7-4"></a>
+<a id="__codelineno-7-5" name="__codelineno-7-5"></a><span class="w">    </span><span class="o">&lt;</span><span class="k">select</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="n">asp</span><span class="o">-</span><span class="k">for</span><span class="s">&quot;EntityId&quot;</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="n">asp</span><span class="o">-</span><span class="n">items</span><span class="o">=</span><span class="s">&quot;Model.Entities&quot;</span><span class="o">&gt;</span>
+<a id="__codelineno-7-6" name="__codelineno-7-6"></a><span class="w">    </span><span class="o">&lt;/</span><span class="k">select</span><span class="o">&gt;</span>
+<a id="__codelineno-7-7" name="__codelineno-7-7"></a>
+<a id="__codelineno-7-8" name="__codelineno-7-8"></a><span class="w">    </span><span class="o">&lt;</span><span class="n">button</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="n">type</span><span class="o">=</span><span class="s">&quot;submit&quot;</span><span class="o">&gt;</span><span class="n">Send</span><span class="o">&lt;</span><span class="n">button</span><span class="o">&gt;</span>
+<a id="__codelineno-7-9" name="__codelineno-7-9"></a><span class="o">&lt;/</span><span class="n">form</span><span class="o">&gt;</span>
+</code></pre></div></td></tr></table></div>
+<p>In <code>Controller.cs</code>:</p>
+<div class="highlight"><table class="highlighttable"><tr><th colspan="2" class="filename"><span class="filename">C#</span></th></tr><tr><td class="linenos"><div class="linenodiv"><pre><span></span><span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-8-1"> 1</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-8-2"> 2</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-8-3"> 3</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-8-4"> 4</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-8-5"> 5</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-8-6"> 6</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-8-7"> 7</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-8-8"> 8</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-8-9"> 9</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-8-10">10</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-8-11">11</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-8-12">12</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-8-13">13</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-8-14">14</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-8-15">15</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-8-16">16</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-8-17">17</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-8-18">18</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-8-19">19</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-8-20">20</a></span></pre></div></td><td class="code"><div><pre><span></span><code><a id="__codelineno-8-1" name="__codelineno-8-1"></a><span class="k">public</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="n">IActionResult</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="nf">GetAction</span><span class="p">()</span>
+<a id="__codelineno-8-2" name="__codelineno-8-2"></a><span class="p">{</span>
+<a id="__codelineno-8-3" name="__codelineno-8-3"></a><span class="w">    </span><span class="kt">var</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="n">vm</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="o">=</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="k">new</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="n">ViewModel</span><span class="p">();</span>
+<a id="__codelineno-8-4" name="__codelineno-8-4"></a>
+<a id="__codelineno-8-5" name="__codelineno-8-5"></a><span class="w">    </span><span class="n">vm</span><span class="p">.</span><span class="n">Entities</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="o">=</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="k">new</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="n">SelectList</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="n">_context</span><span class="p">.</span><span class="n">Entities</span><span class="p">,</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="s">&quot;Id&quot;</span><span class="p">,</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="s">&quot;Text&quot;</span><span class="p">);</span><span class="w">  </span><span class="c1">// fill SelectList</span>
+<a id="__codelineno-8-6" name="__codelineno-8-6"></a><span class="w">    </span><span class="n">vm</span><span class="p">.</span><span class="n">EntityId</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="o">=</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="k">value</span><span class="p">;</span><span class="w">  </span><span class="c1">// set selected option (OPTIONAL)</span>
+<a id="__codelineno-8-7" name="__codelineno-8-7"></a>
+<a id="__codelineno-8-8" name="__codelineno-8-8"></a><span class="w">    </span><span class="k">return</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="nf">View</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="n">vm</span><span class="p">);</span>
+<a id="__codelineno-8-9" name="__codelineno-8-9"></a><span class="p">}</span>
+<a id="__codelineno-8-10" name="__codelineno-8-10"></a>
+<a id="__codelineno-8-11" name="__codelineno-8-11"></a>
+<a id="__codelineno-8-12" name="__codelineno-8-12"></a><span class="na">[HttpPost]</span>
+<a id="__codelineno-8-13" name="__codelineno-8-13"></a><span class="k">public</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="n">IActionResult</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="nf">PostAction</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="n">ViewModel</span><span class="p">)</span>
+<a id="__codelineno-8-14" name="__codelineno-8-14"></a><span class="p">{</span>
+<a id="__codelineno-8-15" name="__codelineno-8-15"></a><span class="w">    </span><span class="k">if</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="n">ModelState</span><span class="p">.</span><span class="n">IsValid</span><span class="p">)</span>
+<a id="__codelineno-8-16" name="__codelineno-8-16"></a><span class="w">    </span><span class="p">{</span>
+<a id="__codelineno-8-17" name="__codelineno-8-17"></a><span class="w">        </span><span class="c1">// extract info from view model</span>
+<a id="__codelineno-8-18" name="__codelineno-8-18"></a><span class="w">        </span><span class="c1">// save to db</span>
+<a id="__codelineno-8-19" name="__codelineno-8-19"></a><span class="w">    </span><span class="p">}</span>
+<a id="__codelineno-8-20" name="__codelineno-8-20"></a><span class="p">}</span>
+</code></pre></div></td></tr></table></div>
+
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+  
+  
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+              </article>
+            </div>
+          
+          
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+        </div>
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+          <button type="button" class="md-top md-icon" data-md-component="top" hidden>
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+  <svg xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" viewBox="0 0 24 24"><path d="M13 20h-2V8l-5.5 5.5-1.42-1.42L12 4.16l7.92 7.92-1.42 1.42L13 8z"/></svg>
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+        <footer class="md-footer">
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+          <label class="md-nav__title" for="__nav_4_8_3">
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+            Libraries
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+            
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+  
+  
+  
+  
+    <li class="md-nav__item">
+      <a href="../../python/libs/tkinter.html" class="md-nav__link">
+        
+  
+  <span class="md-ellipsis">
+    TKinter
+  </span>
+  
+
+      </a>
+    </li>
+  
+
+              
+            
+              
+                
+  
+  
+  
+  
+    <li class="md-nav__item">
+      <a href="../../python/libs/numpy.html" class="md-nav__link">
+        
+  
+  <span class="md-ellipsis">
+    Numpy
+  </span>
+  
+
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+    </li>
+  
+
+              
+            
+              
+                
+  
+  
+  
+  
+    <li class="md-nav__item">
+      <a href="../../python/libs/pandas.html" class="md-nav__link">
+        
+  
+  <span class="md-ellipsis">
+    Pandas
+  </span>
+  
+
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+    </li>
+  
+
+              
+            
+              
+                
+  
+  
+  
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+    <li class="md-nav__item">
+      <a href="../../python/libs/seaborn.html" class="md-nav__link">
+        
+  
+  <span class="md-ellipsis">
+    Seaborn
+  </span>
+  
+
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+    </li>
+  
+
+              
+            
+              
+                
+  
+  
+  
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+    <li class="md-nav__item">
+      <a href="../../python/libs/requests.html" class="md-nav__link">
+        
+  
+  <span class="md-ellipsis">
+    Requests
+  </span>
+  
+
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+    </li>
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+
+              
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+              
+                
+  
+  
+  
+  
+    <li class="md-nav__item">
+      <a href="../../python/libs/beautiful-soup.html" class="md-nav__link">
+        
+  
+  <span class="md-ellipsis">
+    Beatiful Soup
+  </span>
+  
+
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+    </li>
+  
+
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+            
+          </ul>
+        </nav>
+      
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+        
+      
+        
+      
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+          <label class="md-nav__link" for="__nav_4_9" id="__nav_4_9_label" tabindex="">
+            
+  
+  <span class="md-ellipsis">
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+            .NET
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+            
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+  
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+        
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+        
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+            
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+  <span class="md-ellipsis">
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+          <label class="md-nav__title" for="__nav_4_9_1">
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+            C#
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+    <li class="md-nav__item">
+      <a href="../csharp/csharp.html" class="md-nav__link">
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+    C#
+  </span>
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+
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+              
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+  
+  
+  
+  
+    <li class="md-nav__item">
+      <a href="../csharp/linq.html" class="md-nav__link">
+        
+  
+  <span class="md-ellipsis">
+    Linq
+  </span>
+  
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+  
+
+              
+            
+              
+                
+  
+  
+  
+  
+    <li class="md-nav__item">
+      <a href="../csharp/collections.html" class="md-nav__link">
+        
+  
+  <span class="md-ellipsis">
+    Collections
+  </span>
+  
+
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+    </li>
+  
+
+              
+            
+              
+                
+  
+  
+  
+  
+    <li class="md-nav__item">
+      <a href="../csharp/reactive-extensions.html" class="md-nav__link">
+        
+  
+  <span class="md-ellipsis">
+    Reactive Extensions
+  </span>
+  
+
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+    </li>
+  
+
+              
+            
+              
+                
+  
+  
+  
+  
+    <li class="md-nav__item">
+      <a href="../csharp/async-programming.html" class="md-nav__link">
+        
+  
+  <span class="md-ellipsis">
+    Async Programming
+  </span>
+  
+
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+    </li>
+  
+
+              
+            
+              
+                
+  
+  
+  
+  
+    <li class="md-nav__item">
+      <a href="../csharp/unit-tests.html" class="md-nav__link">
+        
+  
+  <span class="md-ellipsis">
+    Unit Tests
+  </span>
+  
+
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+
+              
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+          </ul>
+        </nav>
+      
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+  
+
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+                
+  
+  
+    
+  
+  
+  
+    
+    
+      
+        
+      
+        
+      
+        
+      
+        
+      
+        
+      
+        
+      
+        
+      
+    
+    
+      
+      
+        
+      
+    
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+    <li class="md-nav__item md-nav__item--active md-nav__item--nested">
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+            
+  
+  <span class="md-ellipsis">
+    ASP.NET
+  </span>
+  
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+          </label>
+        
+        <nav class="md-nav" data-md-level="3" aria-labelledby="__nav_4_9_2_label" aria-expanded="true">
+          <label class="md-nav__title" for="__nav_4_9_2">
+            <span class="md-nav__icon md-icon"></span>
+            ASP.NET
+          </label>
+          <ul class="md-nav__list" data-md-scrollfix>
+            
+              
+                
+  
+  
+  
+  
+    <li class="md-nav__item">
+      <a href="minimal-api.html" class="md-nav__link">
+        
+  
+  <span class="md-ellipsis">
+    Minimal API
+  </span>
+  
+
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+    </li>
+  
+
+              
+            
+              
+                
+  
+  
+  
+  
+    <li class="md-nav__item">
+      <a href="filters.html" class="md-nav__link">
+        
+  
+  <span class="md-ellipsis">
+    FIlters
+  </span>
+  
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+    </li>
+  
+
+              
+            
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+                
+  
+  
+  
+  
+    <li class="md-nav__item">
+      <a href="middleware.html" class="md-nav__link">
+        
+  
+  <span class="md-ellipsis">
+    Middleware
+  </span>
+  
+
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+    </li>
+  
+
+              
+            
+              
+                
+  
+  
+  
+  
+    <li class="md-nav__item">
+      <a href="razor-syntax.html" class="md-nav__link">
+        
+  
+  <span class="md-ellipsis">
+    Razor Syntax
+  </span>
+  
+
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+    </li>
+  
+
+              
+            
+              
+                
+  
+  
+  
+  
+    <li class="md-nav__item">
+      <a href="blazor.html" class="md-nav__link">
+        
+  
+  <span class="md-ellipsis">
+    Blazor
+  </span>
+  
+
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+    </li>
+  
+
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+            
+              
+                
+  
+  
+    
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+    <li class="md-nav__item md-nav__item--active">
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+          
+  
+  <span class="md-ellipsis">
+    SignalR
+  </span>
+  
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+        </label>
+      
+      <a href="signalr.html" class="md-nav__link md-nav__link--active">
+        
+  
+  <span class="md-ellipsis">
+    SignalR
+  </span>
+  
+
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+      
+        
+
+<nav class="md-nav md-nav--secondary" aria-label="Table of contents">
+  
+  
+  
+    
+  
+  
+    <label class="md-nav__title" for="__toc">
+      <span class="md-nav__icon md-icon"></span>
+      Table of contents
+    </label>
+    <ul class="md-nav__list" data-md-component="toc" data-md-scrollfix>
+      
+        <li class="md-nav__item">
+  <a href="#server-side" class="md-nav__link">
+    <span class="md-ellipsis">
+      Server-Side
+    </span>
+  </a>
+  
+    <nav class="md-nav" aria-label="Server-Side">
+      <ul class="md-nav__list">
+        
+          <li class="md-nav__item">
+  <a href="#configuration" class="md-nav__link">
+    <span class="md-ellipsis">
+      Configuration
+    </span>
+  </a>
+  
+</li>
+        
+          <li class="md-nav__item">
+  <a href="#creating-hubs" class="md-nav__link">
+    <span class="md-ellipsis">
+      Creating Hubs
+    </span>
+  </a>
+  
+</li>
+        
+          <li class="md-nav__item">
+  <a href="#strongly-typed-hubs" class="md-nav__link">
+    <span class="md-ellipsis">
+      Strongly Typed Hubs
+    </span>
+  </a>
+  
+</li>
+        
+          <li class="md-nav__item">
+  <a href="#handling-connection-events" class="md-nav__link">
+    <span class="md-ellipsis">
+      Handling Connection Events
+    </span>
+  </a>
+  
+</li>
+        
+          <li class="md-nav__item">
+  <a href="#sending-errors-to-the-client" class="md-nav__link">
+    <span class="md-ellipsis">
+      Sending Errors to the client
+    </span>
+  </a>
+  
+</li>
+        
+          <li class="md-nav__item">
+  <a href="#client-side-javascript" class="md-nav__link">
+    <span class="md-ellipsis">
+      Client-Side (JavaScript)
+    </span>
+  </a>
+  
+</li>
+        
+          <li class="md-nav__item">
+  <a href="#installing-the-client-package" class="md-nav__link">
+    <span class="md-ellipsis">
+      Installing the client package
+    </span>
+  </a>
+  
+</li>
+        
+          <li class="md-nav__item">
+  <a href="#connecting-to-a-hub" class="md-nav__link">
+    <span class="md-ellipsis">
+      Connecting to a Hub
+    </span>
+  </a>
+  
+</li>
+        
+          <li class="md-nav__item">
+  <a href="#call-hub-methods-fom-the-client" class="md-nav__link">
+    <span class="md-ellipsis">
+      Call hub methods fom the client
+    </span>
+  </a>
+  
+</li>
+        
+          <li class="md-nav__item">
+  <a href="#call-client-methods-from-the-hub" class="md-nav__link">
+    <span class="md-ellipsis">
+      Call client methods from the hub
+    </span>
+  </a>
+  
+</li>
+        
+      </ul>
+    </nav>
+  
+</li>
+      
+    </ul>
+  
+</nav>
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+  
+  
+  
+  
+    <li class="md-nav__item">
+      <a href="web-forms.html" class="md-nav__link">
+        
+  
+  <span class="md-ellipsis">
+    Web Forms
+  </span>
+  
+
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+    </li>
+  
+
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+        </nav>
+      
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+            
+  
+  <span class="md-ellipsis">
+    Database
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+        
+        <nav class="md-nav" data-md-level="3" aria-labelledby="__nav_4_9_3_label" aria-expanded="false">
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+            <span class="md-nav__icon md-icon"></span>
+            Database
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+            
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+    <li class="md-nav__item">
+      <a href="../database/ado.net.html" class="md-nav__link">
+        
+  
+  <span class="md-ellipsis">
+    ADO.NET
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+  
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+    <li class="md-nav__item">
+      <a href="../database/entity-framework.html" class="md-nav__link">
+        
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+  <span class="md-ellipsis">
+    Entity Framework
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+          <label class="md-nav__link" for="__nav_4_10" id="__nav_4_10_label" tabindex="">
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+  <span class="md-ellipsis">
+    Java
+  </span>
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+        
+        <nav class="md-nav" data-md-level="2" aria-labelledby="__nav_4_10_label" aria-expanded="false">
+          <label class="md-nav__title" for="__nav_4_10">
+            <span class="md-nav__icon md-icon"></span>
+            Java
+          </label>
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+    <li class="md-nav__item">
+      <a href="../../java/java.html" class="md-nav__link">
+        
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+  <span class="md-ellipsis">
+    Java
+  </span>
+  
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+  
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+            
+              
+                
+  
+  
+  
+  
+    <li class="md-nav__item">
+      <a href="../../java/java-collection-framework.html" class="md-nav__link">
+        
+  
+  <span class="md-ellipsis">
+    Java Collection Framework
+  </span>
+  
+
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+    </li>
+  
+
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+            
+              
+                
+  
+  
+  
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+    <li class="md-nav__item">
+      <a href="../../java/dao.html" class="md-nav__link">
+        
+  
+  <span class="md-ellipsis">
+    DAO
+  </span>
+  
+
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+    </li>
+  
+
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+            
+              
+                
+  
+  
+  
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+            
+  
+  <span class="md-ellipsis">
+    Web
+  </span>
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+        
+        <nav class="md-nav" data-md-level="3" aria-labelledby="__nav_4_10_4_label" aria-expanded="false">
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+            Web
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+    <li class="md-nav__item">
+      <a href="../../java/web/servlet.html" class="md-nav__link">
+        
+  
+  <span class="md-ellipsis">
+    Serverlet
+  </span>
+  
+
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+    </li>
+  
+
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+                
+  
+  
+  
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+            
+  
+  <span class="md-ellipsis">
+    Spring
+  </span>
+  
+
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+          </label>
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+        <nav class="md-nav" data-md-level="4" aria-labelledby="__nav_4_10_4_2_label" aria-expanded="false">
+          <label class="md-nav__title" for="__nav_4_10_4_2">
+            <span class="md-nav__icon md-icon"></span>
+            Spring
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+      <a href="../../java/spring/pom.xml.html" class="md-nav__link">
+        
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+  <span class="md-ellipsis">
+    POM
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+  
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+
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+  
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+  
+    <li class="md-nav__item">
+      <a href="../../java/spring/spring-project.html" class="md-nav__link">
+        
+  
+  <span class="md-ellipsis">
+    Project Structure
+  </span>
+  
+
+      </a>
+    </li>
+  
+
+              
+            
+          </ul>
+        </nav>
+      
+    </li>
+  
+
+              
+            
+          </ul>
+        </nav>
+      
+    </li>
+  
+
+              
+            
+          </ul>
+        </nav>
+      
+    </li>
+  
+
+              
+            
+              
+                
+  
+  
+  
+  
+    
+    
+      
+        
+      
+        
+      
+        
+      
+        
+      
+        
+      
+        
+      
+        
+      
+        
+      
+        
+      
+    
+    
+      
+      
+        
+          
+          
+        
+      
+    
+    
+    <li class="md-nav__item md-nav__item--section md-nav__item--nested">
+      
+        
+        
+        <input class="md-nav__toggle md-toggle " type="checkbox" id="__nav_4_11" >
+        
+          
+          <label class="md-nav__link" for="__nav_4_11" id="__nav_4_11_label" tabindex="">
+            
+  
+  <span class="md-ellipsis">
+    PHP
+  </span>
+  
+
+            <span class="md-nav__icon md-icon"></span>
+          </label>
+        
+        <nav class="md-nav" data-md-level="2" aria-labelledby="__nav_4_11_label" aria-expanded="false">
+          <label class="md-nav__title" for="__nav_4_11">
+            <span class="md-nav__icon md-icon"></span>
+            PHP
+          </label>
+          <ul class="md-nav__list" data-md-scrollfix>
+            
+              
+                
+  
+  
+  
+  
+    <li class="md-nav__item">
+      <a href="../../php/php.html" class="md-nav__link">
+        
+  
+  <span class="md-ellipsis">
+    PHP
+  </span>
+  
+
+      </a>
+    </li>
+  
+
+              
+            
+              
+                
+  
+  
+  
+  
+    <li class="md-nav__item">
+      <a href="../../php/database.html" class="md-nav__link">
+        
+  
+  <span class="md-ellipsis">
+    Database
+  </span>
+  
+
+      </a>
+    </li>
+  
+
+              
+            
+              
+                
+  
+  
+  
+  
+    <li class="md-nav__item">
+      <a href="../../php/web.html" class="md-nav__link">
+        
+  
+  <span class="md-ellipsis">
+    Web
+  </span>
+  
+
+      </a>
+    </li>
+  
+
+              
+            
+              
+                
+  
+  
+  
+  
+    <li class="md-nav__item">
+      <a href="../../php/dependency-injection.html" class="md-nav__link">
+        
+  
+  <span class="md-ellipsis">
+    Dependency Injection
+  </span>
+  
+
+      </a>
+    </li>
+  
+
+              
+            
+              
+                
+  
+  
+  
+  
+    <li class="md-nav__item">
+      <a href="../../php/unit-tests.html" class="md-nav__link">
+        
+  
+  <span class="md-ellipsis">
+    Unit Tests
+  </span>
+  
+
+      </a>
+    </li>
+  
+
+              
+            
+              
+                
+  
+  
+  
+  
+    <li class="md-nav__item">
+      <a href="../../php/composer.html" class="md-nav__link">
+        
+  
+  <span class="md-ellipsis">
+    Composer
+  </span>
+  
+
+      </a>
+    </li>
+  
+
+              
+            
+              
+                
+  
+  
+  
+  
+    <li class="md-nav__item">
+      <a href="../../php/psr-7.html" class="md-nav__link">
+        
+  
+  <span class="md-ellipsis">
+    PSR 7
+  </span>
+  
+
+      </a>
+    </li>
+  
+
+              
+            
+              
+                
+  
+  
+  
+  
+    <li class="md-nav__item">
+      <a href="../../php/plates-templating.html" class="md-nav__link">
+        
+  
+  <span class="md-ellipsis">
+    Plates
+  </span>
+  
+
+      </a>
+    </li>
+  
+
+              
+            
+              
+                
+  
+  
+  
+  
+    
+    
+      
+        
+      
+        
+      
+    
+    
+      
+      
+        
+      
+    
+    
+    <li class="md-nav__item md-nav__item--nested">
+      
+        
+        
+        <input class="md-nav__toggle md-toggle " type="checkbox" id="__nav_4_11_9" >
+        
+          
+          <label class="md-nav__link" for="__nav_4_11_9" id="__nav_4_11_9_label" tabindex="0">
+            
+  
+  <span class="md-ellipsis">
+    Simple MVC
+  </span>
+  
+
+            <span class="md-nav__icon md-icon"></span>
+          </label>
+        
+        <nav class="md-nav" data-md-level="3" aria-labelledby="__nav_4_11_9_label" aria-expanded="false">
+          <label class="md-nav__title" for="__nav_4_11_9">
+            <span class="md-nav__icon md-icon"></span>
+            Simple MVC
+          </label>
+          <ul class="md-nav__list" data-md-scrollfix>
+            
+              
+                
+  
+  
+  
+  
+    <li class="md-nav__item">
+      <a href="../../php/simple-mvc/simple-mvc.html" class="md-nav__link">
+        
+  
+  <span class="md-ellipsis">
+    Simple MVC
+  </span>
+  
+
+      </a>
+    </li>
+  
+
+              
+            
+              
+                
+  
+  
+  
+  
+    <li class="md-nav__item">
+      <a href="../../php/simple-mvc/rest-api.html" class="md-nav__link">
+        
+  
+  <span class="md-ellipsis">
+    REST API
+  </span>
+  
+
+      </a>
+    </li>
+  
+
+              
+            
+          </ul>
+        </nav>
+      
+    </li>
+  
+
+              
+            
+          </ul>
+        </nav>
+      
+    </li>
+  
+
+              
+            
+              
+                
+  
+  
+  
+  
+    
+    
+      
+        
+      
+        
+      
+        
+      
+        
+      
+        
+      
+    
+    
+      
+      
+        
+          
+          
+        
+      
+    
+    
+    <li class="md-nav__item md-nav__item--section md-nav__item--nested">
+      
+        
+        
+        <input class="md-nav__toggle md-toggle " type="checkbox" id="__nav_4_12" >
+        
+          
+          <label class="md-nav__link" for="__nav_4_12" id="__nav_4_12_label" tabindex="">
+            
+  
+  <span class="md-ellipsis">
+    Rust
+  </span>
+  
+
+            <span class="md-nav__icon md-icon"></span>
+          </label>
+        
+        <nav class="md-nav" data-md-level="2" aria-labelledby="__nav_4_12_label" aria-expanded="false">
+          <label class="md-nav__title" for="__nav_4_12">
+            <span class="md-nav__icon md-icon"></span>
+            Rust
+          </label>
+          <ul class="md-nav__list" data-md-scrollfix>
+            
+              
+                
+  
+  
+  
+  
+    <li class="md-nav__item">
+      <a href="../../rust/rust.html" class="md-nav__link">
+        
+  
+  <span class="md-ellipsis">
+    Rust
+  </span>
+  
+
+      </a>
+    </li>
+  
+
+              
+            
+              
+                
+  
+  
+  
+  
+    <li class="md-nav__item">
+      <a href="../../rust/macros.html" class="md-nav__link">
+        
+  
+  <span class="md-ellipsis">
+    Macros
+  </span>
+  
+
+      </a>
+    </li>
+  
+
+              
+            
+              
+                
+  
+  
+  
+  
+    <li class="md-nav__item">
+      <a href="../../rust/cargo.html" class="md-nav__link">
+        
+  
+  <span class="md-ellipsis">
+    Cargo
+  </span>
+  
+
+      </a>
+    </li>
+  
+
+              
+            
+              
+                
+  
+  
+  
+  
+    <li class="md-nav__item">
+      <a href="../../rust/concurrency.html" class="md-nav__link">
+        
+  
+  <span class="md-ellipsis">
+    Concurrency
+  </span>
+  
+
+      </a>
+    </li>
+  
+
+              
+            
+              
+                
+  
+  
+  
+  
+    <li class="md-nav__item">
+      <a href="../../rust/unit-tests.html" class="md-nav__link">
+        
+  
+  <span class="md-ellipsis">
+    Unit Tests
+  </span>
+  
+
+      </a>
+    </li>
+  
+
+              
+            
+          </ul>
+        </nav>
+      
+    </li>
+  
+
+              
+            
+              
+                
+  
+  
+  
+  
+    
+    
+      
+        
+      
+        
+      
+        
+      
+        
+      
+        
+      
+        
+      
+        
+      
+    
+    
+      
+      
+        
+          
+          
+        
+      
+    
+    
+    <li class="md-nav__item md-nav__item--section md-nav__item--nested">
+      
+        
+        
+        <input class="md-nav__toggle md-toggle " type="checkbox" id="__nav_4_13" >
+        
+          
+          <label class="md-nav__link" for="__nav_4_13" id="__nav_4_13_label" tabindex="">
+            
+  
+  <span class="md-ellipsis">
+    Javascript
+  </span>
+  
+
+            <span class="md-nav__icon md-icon"></span>
+          </label>
+        
+        <nav class="md-nav" data-md-level="2" aria-labelledby="__nav_4_13_label" aria-expanded="false">
+          <label class="md-nav__title" for="__nav_4_13">
+            <span class="md-nav__icon md-icon"></span>
+            Javascript
+          </label>
+          <ul class="md-nav__list" data-md-scrollfix>
+            
+              
+                
+  
+  
+  
+  
+    <li class="md-nav__item">
+      <a href="../../javascript/javascript.html" class="md-nav__link">
+        
+  
+  <span class="md-ellipsis">
+    Javascript
+  </span>
+  
+
+      </a>
+    </li>
+  
+
+              
+            
+              
+                
+  
+  
+  
+  
+    <li class="md-nav__item">
+      <a href="../../javascript/dom.html" class="md-nav__link">
+        
+  
+  <span class="md-ellipsis">
+    DOM
+  </span>
+  
+
+      </a>
+    </li>
+  
+
+              
+            
+              
+                
+  
+  
+  
+  
+    <li class="md-nav__item">
+      <a href="../../javascript/events-animation.html" class="md-nav__link">
+        
+  
+  <span class="md-ellipsis">
+    Events & Animation
+  </span>
+  
+
+      </a>
+    </li>
+  
+
+              
+            
+              
+                
+  
+  
+  
+  
+    <li class="md-nav__item">
+      <a href="../../javascript/ajax.html" class="md-nav__link">
+        
+  
+  <span class="md-ellipsis">
+    AJAX
+  </span>
+  
+
+      </a>
+    </li>
+  
+
+              
+            
+              
+                
+  
+  
+  
+  
+    <li class="md-nav__item">
+      <a href="../../javascript/jquery.html" class="md-nav__link">
+        
+  
+  <span class="md-ellipsis">
+    jQuery
+  </span>
+  
+
+      </a>
+    </li>
+  
+
+              
+            
+              
+                
+  
+  
+  
+  
+    
+    
+      
+        
+      
+        
+      
+        
+      
+        
+      
+        
+      
+    
+    
+      
+      
+        
+      
+    
+    
+    <li class="md-nav__item md-nav__item--nested">
+      
+        
+        
+        <input class="md-nav__toggle md-toggle " type="checkbox" id="__nav_4_13_6" >
+        
+          
+          <label class="md-nav__link" for="__nav_4_13_6" id="__nav_4_13_6_label" tabindex="0">
+            
+  
+  <span class="md-ellipsis">
+    React
+  </span>
+  
+
+            <span class="md-nav__icon md-icon"></span>
+          </label>
+        
+        <nav class="md-nav" data-md-level="3" aria-labelledby="__nav_4_13_6_label" aria-expanded="false">
+          <label class="md-nav__title" for="__nav_4_13_6">
+            <span class="md-nav__icon md-icon"></span>
+            React
+          </label>
+          <ul class="md-nav__list" data-md-scrollfix>
+            
+              
+                
+  
+  
+  
+  
+    <li class="md-nav__item">
+      <a href="../../javascript/react/react.html" class="md-nav__link">
+        
+  
+  <span class="md-ellipsis">
+    React
+  </span>
+  
+
+      </a>
+    </li>
+  
+
+              
+            
+              
+                
+  
+  
+  
+  
+    <li class="md-nav__item">
+      <a href="../../javascript/react/react-router.html" class="md-nav__link">
+        
+  
+  <span class="md-ellipsis">
+    React Router
+  </span>
+  
+
+      </a>
+    </li>
+  
+
+              
+            
+              
+                
+  
+  
+  
+  
+    <li class="md-nav__item">
+      <a href="../../javascript/react/react-tests.html" class="md-nav__link">
+        
+  
+  <span class="md-ellipsis">
+    React Tests
+  </span>
+  
+
+      </a>
+    </li>
+  
+
+              
+            
+              
+                
+  
+  
+  
+  
+    <li class="md-nav__item">
+      <a href="../../javascript/react/redux.html" class="md-nav__link">
+        
+  
+  <span class="md-ellipsis">
+    Redux
+  </span>
+  
+
+      </a>
+    </li>
+  
+
+              
+            
+              
+                
+  
+  
+  
+  
+    <li class="md-nav__item">
+      <a href="../../javascript/react/redux-tests.html" class="md-nav__link">
+        
+  
+  <span class="md-ellipsis">
+    Redux Tests
+  </span>
+  
+
+      </a>
+    </li>
+  
+
+              
+            
+          </ul>
+        </nav>
+      
+    </li>
+  
+
+              
+            
+              
+                
+  
+  
+  
+  
+    <li class="md-nav__item">
+      <a href="../../javascript/svelte/svelte.html" class="md-nav__link">
+        
+  
+  <span class="md-ellipsis">
+    Svelte
+  </span>
+  
+
+      </a>
+    </li>
+  
+
+              
+            
+          </ul>
+        </nav>
+      
+    </li>
+  
+
+              
+            
+              
+                
+  
+  
+  
+  
+    
+    
+      
+        
+      
+        
+      
+    
+    
+      
+      
+        
+          
+          
+        
+      
+    
+    
+    <li class="md-nav__item md-nav__item--section md-nav__item--nested">
+      
+        
+        
+        <input class="md-nav__toggle md-toggle " type="checkbox" id="__nav_4_14" >
+        
+          
+          <label class="md-nav__link" for="__nav_4_14" id="__nav_4_14_label" tabindex="">
+            
+  
+  <span class="md-ellipsis">
+    PowerShell
+  </span>
+  
+
+            <span class="md-nav__icon md-icon"></span>
+          </label>
+        
+        <nav class="md-nav" data-md-level="2" aria-labelledby="__nav_4_14_label" aria-expanded="false">
+          <label class="md-nav__title" for="__nav_4_14">
+            <span class="md-nav__icon md-icon"></span>
+            PowerShell
+          </label>
+          <ul class="md-nav__list" data-md-scrollfix>
+            
+              
+                
+  
+  
+  
+  
+    <li class="md-nav__item">
+      <a href="../../powershell/scripting.html" class="md-nav__link">
+        
+  
+  <span class="md-ellipsis">
+    Scripting
+  </span>
+  
+
+      </a>
+    </li>
+  
+
+              
+            
+              
+                
+  
+  
+  
+  
+    <li class="md-nav__item">
+      <a href="../../powershell/commands.html" class="md-nav__link">
+        
+  
+  <span class="md-ellipsis">
+    Commands
+  </span>
+  
+
+      </a>
+    </li>
+  
+
+              
+            
+          </ul>
+        </nav>
+      
+    </li>
+  
+
+              
+            
+              
+                
+  
+  
+  
+  
+    
+    
+      
+        
+      
+        
+      
+    
+    
+      
+      
+        
+          
+          
+        
+      
+    
+    
+    <li class="md-nav__item md-nav__item--section md-nav__item--nested">
+      
+        
+        
+        <input class="md-nav__toggle md-toggle " type="checkbox" id="__nav_4_15" >
+        
+          
+          <label class="md-nav__link" for="__nav_4_15" id="__nav_4_15_label" tabindex="">
+            
+  
+  <span class="md-ellipsis">
+    Bash
+  </span>
+  
+
+            <span class="md-nav__icon md-icon"></span>
+          </label>
+        
+        <nav class="md-nav" data-md-level="2" aria-labelledby="__nav_4_15_label" aria-expanded="false">
+          <label class="md-nav__title" for="__nav_4_15">
+            <span class="md-nav__icon md-icon"></span>
+            Bash
+          </label>
+          <ul class="md-nav__list" data-md-scrollfix>
+            
+              
+                
+  
+  
+  
+  
+    <li class="md-nav__item">
+      <a href="../../bash/scripting.html" class="md-nav__link">
+        
+  
+  <span class="md-ellipsis">
+    Scripting
+  </span>
+  
+
+      </a>
+    </li>
+  
+
+              
+            
+              
+                
+  
+  
+  
+  
+    <li class="md-nav__item">
+      <a href="../../bash/commands.html" class="md-nav__link">
+        
+  
+  <span class="md-ellipsis">
+    Commands
+  </span>
+  
+
+      </a>
+    </li>
+  
+
+              
+            
+          </ul>
+        </nav>
+      
+    </li>
+  
+
+              
+            
+          </ul>
+        </nav>
+      
+    </li>
+  
+
+    
+      
+      
+  
+  
+  
+  
+    
+    
+      
+        
+      
+        
+      
+        
+      
+        
+      
+        
+      
+    
+    
+      
+      
+        
+      
+    
+    
+    <li class="md-nav__item md-nav__item--nested">
+      
+        
+        
+        <input class="md-nav__toggle md-toggle " type="checkbox" id="__nav_5" >
+        
+          
+          <label class="md-nav__link" for="__nav_5" id="__nav_5_label" tabindex="0">
+            
+  
+  <span class="md-ellipsis">
+    Misc
+  </span>
+  
+
+            <span class="md-nav__icon md-icon"></span>
+          </label>
+        
+        <nav class="md-nav" data-md-level="1" aria-labelledby="__nav_5_label" aria-expanded="false">
+          <label class="md-nav__title" for="__nav_5">
+            <span class="md-nav__icon md-icon"></span>
+            Misc
+          </label>
+          <ul class="md-nav__list" data-md-scrollfix>
+            
+              
+                
+  
+  
+  
+  
+    <li class="md-nav__item">
+      <a href="../../../misc/git.html" class="md-nav__link">
+        
+  
+  <span class="md-ellipsis">
+    Git
+  </span>
+  
+
+      </a>
+    </li>
+  
+
+              
+            
+              
+                
+  
+  
+  
+  
+    <li class="md-nav__item">
+      <a href="../../../misc/graph-ql.html" class="md-nav__link">
+        
+  
+  <span class="md-ellipsis">
+    GraphQL
+  </span>
+  
+
+      </a>
+    </li>
+  
+
+              
+            
+              
+                
+  
+  
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+      <a href="../../../misc/regular-expressions.html" class="md-nav__link">
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+      <a href="../../../misc/ssh.html" class="md-nav__link">
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+      <a href="../../../misc/web-components.html" class="md-nav__link">
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+    <li class="md-nav__item">
+      <a href="../../../linux/init/open-rc.html" class="md-nav__link">
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+    OpenRC
+  </span>
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+  </ul>
+</nav>
+                  </div>
+                </div>
+              </div>
+            
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+              <div class="md-sidebar md-sidebar--secondary" data-md-component="sidebar" data-md-type="toc" >
+                <div class="md-sidebar__scrollwrap">
+                  <div class="md-sidebar__inner">
+                    
+
+<nav class="md-nav md-nav--secondary" aria-label="Table of contents">
+  
+  
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+    
+  
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+    <label class="md-nav__title" for="__toc">
+      <span class="md-nav__icon md-icon"></span>
+      Table of contents
+    </label>
+    <ul class="md-nav__list" data-md-component="toc" data-md-scrollfix>
+      
+        <li class="md-nav__item">
+  <a href="#server-side" class="md-nav__link">
+    <span class="md-ellipsis">
+      Server-Side
+    </span>
+  </a>
+  
+    <nav class="md-nav" aria-label="Server-Side">
+      <ul class="md-nav__list">
+        
+          <li class="md-nav__item">
+  <a href="#configuration" class="md-nav__link">
+    <span class="md-ellipsis">
+      Configuration
+    </span>
+  </a>
+  
+</li>
+        
+          <li class="md-nav__item">
+  <a href="#creating-hubs" class="md-nav__link">
+    <span class="md-ellipsis">
+      Creating Hubs
+    </span>
+  </a>
+  
+</li>
+        
+          <li class="md-nav__item">
+  <a href="#strongly-typed-hubs" class="md-nav__link">
+    <span class="md-ellipsis">
+      Strongly Typed Hubs
+    </span>
+  </a>
+  
+</li>
+        
+          <li class="md-nav__item">
+  <a href="#handling-connection-events" class="md-nav__link">
+    <span class="md-ellipsis">
+      Handling Connection Events
+    </span>
+  </a>
+  
+</li>
+        
+          <li class="md-nav__item">
+  <a href="#sending-errors-to-the-client" class="md-nav__link">
+    <span class="md-ellipsis">
+      Sending Errors to the client
+    </span>
+  </a>
+  
+</li>
+        
+          <li class="md-nav__item">
+  <a href="#client-side-javascript" class="md-nav__link">
+    <span class="md-ellipsis">
+      Client-Side (JavaScript)
+    </span>
+  </a>
+  
+</li>
+        
+          <li class="md-nav__item">
+  <a href="#installing-the-client-package" class="md-nav__link">
+    <span class="md-ellipsis">
+      Installing the client package
+    </span>
+  </a>
+  
+</li>
+        
+          <li class="md-nav__item">
+  <a href="#connecting-to-a-hub" class="md-nav__link">
+    <span class="md-ellipsis">
+      Connecting to a Hub
+    </span>
+  </a>
+  
+</li>
+        
+          <li class="md-nav__item">
+  <a href="#call-hub-methods-fom-the-client" class="md-nav__link">
+    <span class="md-ellipsis">
+      Call hub methods fom the client
+    </span>
+  </a>
+  
+</li>
+        
+          <li class="md-nav__item">
+  <a href="#call-client-methods-from-the-hub" class="md-nav__link">
+    <span class="md-ellipsis">
+      Call client methods from the hub
+    </span>
+  </a>
+  
+</li>
+        
+      </ul>
+    </nav>
+  
+</li>
+      
+    </ul>
+  
+</nav>
+                  </div>
+                </div>
+              </div>
+            
+          
+          
+            <div class="md-content" data-md-component="content">
+              <article class="md-content__inner md-typeset">
+                
+                  
+
+  
+  
+
+
+<h1 id="signalr">SignalR</h1>
+<p>The SignalR Hubs API enables to call methods on connected clients from the server. In the server code, define methods that are called by client. In the client code, define methods that are called from the server. SignalR takes care of everything behind the scenes that makes real-time client-to-server and server-to-client communications possible.</p>
+<h2 id="server-side">Server-Side</h2>
+<h3 id="configuration">Configuration</h3>
+<p>In <code>Startup.cs</code>:</p>
+<div class="highlight"><table class="highlighttable"><tr><th colspan="2" class="filename"><span class="filename">C#</span></th></tr><tr><td class="linenos"><div class="linenodiv"><pre><span></span><span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-0-1">1</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-0-2">2</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-0-3">3</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-0-4">4</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-0-5">5</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-0-6">6</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-0-7">7</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-0-8">8</a></span></pre></div></td><td class="code"><div><pre><span></span><code><a id="__codelineno-0-1" name="__codelineno-0-1"></a><span class="n">builder</span><span class="p">.</span><span class="n">Services</span><span class="p">.</span><span class="n">AddSignalR</span><span class="p">();</span>
+<a id="__codelineno-0-2" name="__codelineno-0-2"></a>
+<a id="__codelineno-0-3" name="__codelineno-0-3"></a><span class="kt">var</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="n">app</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="o">=</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="n">builder</span><span class="p">.</span><span class="n">Build</span><span class="p">();</span>
+<a id="__codelineno-0-4" name="__codelineno-0-4"></a>
+<a id="__codelineno-0-5" name="__codelineno-0-5"></a><span class="n">app</span><span class="p">.</span><span class="n">UseEndpoints</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="n">endpoints</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="o">=&gt;</span>
+<a id="__codelineno-0-6" name="__codelineno-0-6"></a><span class="p">{</span>
+<a id="__codelineno-0-7" name="__codelineno-0-7"></a><span class="w">    </span><span class="n">endpoints</span><span class="p">.</span><span class="n">MapHub</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="s">&quot;/hub/endpoint&quot;</span><span class="p">);</span>
+<a id="__codelineno-0-8" name="__codelineno-0-8"></a><span class="p">});</span>
+</code></pre></div></td></tr></table></div>
+<h3 id="creating-hubs">Creating Hubs</h3>
+<div class="highlight"><table class="highlighttable"><tr><th colspan="2" class="filename"><span class="filename">C#</span></th></tr><tr><td class="linenos"><div class="linenodiv"><pre><span></span><span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-1-1"> 1</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-1-2"> 2</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-1-3"> 3</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-1-4"> 4</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-1-5"> 5</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-1-6"> 6</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-1-7"> 7</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-1-8"> 8</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-1-9"> 9</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-1-10">10</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-1-11">11</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-1-12">12</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-1-13">13</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-1-14">14</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-1-15">15</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-1-16">16</a></span></pre></div></td><td class="code"><div><pre><span></span><code><a id="__codelineno-1-1" name="__codelineno-1-1"></a><span class="k">public</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="k">class</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="nc">CustomHub</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="p">:</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="n">Hub</span>
+<a id="__codelineno-1-2" name="__codelineno-1-2"></a><span class="p">{</span>
+<a id="__codelineno-1-3" name="__codelineno-1-3"></a><span class="w">    </span><span class="k">public</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="n">task</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="nf">HubMethod</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="n">Type</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="n">args</span><span class="p">)</span>
+<a id="__codelineno-1-4" name="__codelineno-1-4"></a><span class="w">    </span><span class="p">{</span>
+<a id="__codelineno-1-5" name="__codelineno-1-5"></a><span class="w">        </span><span class="c1">// trigger function on all clients and pass args to it</span>
+<a id="__codelineno-1-6" name="__codelineno-1-6"></a><span class="w">        </span><span class="k">return</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="n">Clients</span><span class="p">.</span><span class="n">All</span><span class="p">.</span><span class="n">SendAsync</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="s">&quot;CLientMethod&quot;</span><span class="p">,</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="n">args</span><span class="p">);</span>
+<a id="__codelineno-1-7" name="__codelineno-1-7"></a>
+<a id="__codelineno-1-8" name="__codelineno-1-8"></a><span class="w">        </span><span class="c1">// trigger function on caller client and pass args to it</span>
+<a id="__codelineno-1-9" name="__codelineno-1-9"></a><span class="w">        </span><span class="k">return</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="n">Clients</span><span class="p">.</span><span class="n">Caller</span><span class="p">.</span><span class="n">SendAsync</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="s">&quot;CLientMethod&quot;</span><span class="p">,</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="n">args</span><span class="p">);</span>
+<a id="__codelineno-1-10" name="__codelineno-1-10"></a>
+<a id="__codelineno-1-11" name="__codelineno-1-11"></a><span class="w">        </span><span class="c1">// trigger function on clients of a group and pass args to it</span>
+<a id="__codelineno-1-12" name="__codelineno-1-12"></a><span class="w">        </span><span class="k">return</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="n">Clients</span><span class="p">.</span><span class="n">Group</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="s">&quot;GroupName&quot;</span><span class="p">).</span><span class="n">SendAsync</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="s">&quot;CLientMethod&quot;</span><span class="p">,</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="n">args</span><span class="p">);</span>
+<a id="__codelineno-1-13" name="__codelineno-1-13"></a>
+<a id="__codelineno-1-14" name="__codelineno-1-14"></a><span class="w">        </span><span class="c1">// other operations</span>
+<a id="__codelineno-1-15" name="__codelineno-1-15"></a><span class="w">    </span><span class="p">}</span>
+<a id="__codelineno-1-16" name="__codelineno-1-16"></a><span class="p">}</span>
+</code></pre></div></td></tr></table></div>
+<h3 id="strongly-typed-hubs">Strongly Typed Hubs</h3>
+<p>A drawback of using <code>SendAsync</code> is that it relies on a magic string to specify the client method to be called. This leaves code open to runtime errors if the method name is misspelled or missing from the client.</p>
+<p>An alternative to using SendAsync is to strongly type the Hub with <code>Hub&lt;T&gt;</code>.</p>
+<div class="highlight"><table class="highlighttable"><tr><th colspan="2" class="filename"><span class="filename">C#</span></th></tr><tr><td class="linenos"><div class="linenodiv"><pre><span></span><span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-2-1">1</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-2-2">2</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-2-3">3</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-2-4">4</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-2-5">5</a></span></pre></div></td><td class="code"><div><pre><span></span><code><a id="__codelineno-2-1" name="__codelineno-2-1"></a><span class="k">public</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="k">interface</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="n">IHubClient</span>
+<a id="__codelineno-2-2" name="__codelineno-2-2"></a><span class="p">{</span>
+<a id="__codelineno-2-3" name="__codelineno-2-3"></a><span class="w">    </span><span class="c1">// matches method to be called on the client</span>
+<a id="__codelineno-2-4" name="__codelineno-2-4"></a><span class="w">    </span><span class="n">Task</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="nf">ClientMethod</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="n">Type</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="n">args</span><span class="p">);</span>
+<a id="__codelineno-2-5" name="__codelineno-2-5"></a><span class="p">}</span>
+</code></pre></div></td></tr></table></div>
+<div class="highlight"><table class="highlighttable"><tr><th colspan="2" class="filename"><span class="filename">C#</span></th></tr><tr><td class="linenos"><div class="linenodiv"><pre><span></span><span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-3-1">1</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-3-2">2</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-3-3">3</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-3-4">4</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-3-5">5</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-3-6">6</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-3-7">7</a></span></pre></div></td><td class="code"><div><pre><span></span><code><a id="__codelineno-3-1" name="__codelineno-3-1"></a><span class="k">public</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="k">class</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="nc">CustomHub</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="p">:</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="n">Hub</span><span class="o">&lt;</span><span class="n">IHubClient</span><span class="o">&gt;</span>
+<a id="__codelineno-3-2" name="__codelineno-3-2"></a><span class="p">{</span>
+<a id="__codelineno-3-3" name="__codelineno-3-3"></a><span class="w">    </span><span class="k">public</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="n">Task</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="nf">HubMethod</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="n">Type</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="n">args</span><span class="p">)</span>
+<a id="__codelineno-3-4" name="__codelineno-3-4"></a><span class="w">    </span><span class="p">{</span>
+<a id="__codelineno-3-5" name="__codelineno-3-5"></a><span class="w">        </span><span class="k">return</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="n">Clients</span><span class="p">.</span><span class="n">All</span><span class="p">.</span><span class="n">ClientMethod</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="n">args</span><span class="p">);</span>
+<a id="__codelineno-3-6" name="__codelineno-3-6"></a><span class="w">    </span><span class="p">}</span>
+<a id="__codelineno-3-7" name="__codelineno-3-7"></a><span class="p">}</span>
+</code></pre></div></td></tr></table></div>
+<p>Using <code>Hub&lt;T&gt;</code> enables compile-time checking of the client methods. This prevents issues caused by using magic strings, since <code>Hub&lt;T&gt;</code> can only provide access to the methods defined in the interface.</p>
+<p>Using a strongly typed <code>Hub&lt;T&gt;</code> disables the ability to use <code>SendAsync</code>. Any methods defined on the interface can still be defined as asynchronous. In fact, each of these methods should return a <code>Task</code>. Since it's an interface, don't use the <code>async</code> keyword.</p>
+<h3 id="handling-connection-events">Handling Connection Events</h3>
+<p>The SignalR Hubs API provides the OnConnectedAsync and OnDisconnectedAsync virtual methods to manage and track connections. Override the OnConnectedAsync virtual method to perform actions when a client connects to the Hub, such as adding it to a group.</p>
+<div class="highlight"><table class="highlighttable"><tr><th colspan="2" class="filename"><span class="filename">C#</span></th></tr><tr><td class="linenos"><div class="linenodiv"><pre><span></span><span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-4-1"> 1</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-4-2"> 2</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-4-3"> 3</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-4-4"> 4</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-4-5"> 5</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-4-6"> 6</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-4-7"> 7</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-4-8"> 8</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-4-9"> 9</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-4-10">10</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-4-11">11</a></span></pre></div></td><td class="code"><div><pre><span></span><code><a id="__codelineno-4-1" name="__codelineno-4-1"></a><span class="k">public</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="k">override</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="k">async</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="n">Task</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="nf">OnConnectedAsync</span><span class="p">()</span>
+<a id="__codelineno-4-2" name="__codelineno-4-2"></a><span class="p">{</span>
+<a id="__codelineno-4-3" name="__codelineno-4-3"></a><span class="w">    </span><span class="k">await</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="n">Groups</span><span class="p">.</span><span class="n">AddToGroupAsync</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="n">Context</span><span class="p">.</span><span class="n">ConnectionId</span><span class="p">,</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="s">&quot;GroupName&quot;</span><span class="p">);</span>
+<a id="__codelineno-4-4" name="__codelineno-4-4"></a><span class="w">    </span><span class="k">await</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="k">base</span><span class="p">.</span><span class="n">OnConnectedAsync</span><span class="p">();</span>
+<a id="__codelineno-4-5" name="__codelineno-4-5"></a><span class="p">}</span>
+<a id="__codelineno-4-6" name="__codelineno-4-6"></a>
+<a id="__codelineno-4-7" name="__codelineno-4-7"></a><span class="k">public</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="k">override</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="k">async</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="n">Task</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="nf">OnDisconnectedAsync</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="n">Exception</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="n">exception</span><span class="p">)</span>
+<a id="__codelineno-4-8" name="__codelineno-4-8"></a><span class="p">{</span>
+<a id="__codelineno-4-9" name="__codelineno-4-9"></a><span class="w">    </span><span class="k">await</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="n">Groups</span><span class="p">.</span><span class="n">RemoveFromGroupAsync</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="n">Context</span><span class="p">.</span><span class="n">ConnectionId</span><span class="p">,</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="s">&quot;GroupName&quot;</span><span class="p">);</span>
+<a id="__codelineno-4-10" name="__codelineno-4-10"></a><span class="w">    </span><span class="k">await</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="k">base</span><span class="p">.</span><span class="n">OnDisconnectedAsync</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="n">exception</span><span class="p">);</span>
+<a id="__codelineno-4-11" name="__codelineno-4-11"></a><span class="p">}</span>
+</code></pre></div></td></tr></table></div>
+<p>Override the <code>OnDisconnectedAsync</code> virtual method to perform actions when a client disconnects.<br />
+If the client disconnects intentionally (by calling <code>connection.stop()</code>, for example), the exception parameter will be null.<br />
+However, if the client is disconnected due to an error (such as a network failure), the exception parameter will contain an exception describing the failure.</p>
+<h3 id="sending-errors-to-the-client">Sending Errors to the client</h3>
+<p>Exceptions thrown in the hub methods are sent to the client that invoked the method. On the JavaScript client, the <code>invoke</code> method returns a JavaScript Promise. When the client receives an error with a handler attached to the promise using catch, it's invoked and passed as a JavaScript <code>Error</code> object.</p>
+<p>If the Hub throws an exception, connections aren't closed. By default, SignalR returns a generic error message to the client.</p>
+<p>If you have an exceptional condition you <em>do</em> want to propagate to the client, use the <code>HubException</code> class. If you throw a <code>HubException</code> from your hub method, SignalR will send the entire message to the client, unmodified.</p>
+<div class="highlight"><table class="highlighttable"><tr><th colspan="2" class="filename"><span class="filename">C#</span></th></tr><tr><td class="linenos"><div class="linenodiv"><pre><span></span><span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-5-1">1</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-5-2">2</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-5-3">3</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-5-4">4</a></span></pre></div></td><td class="code"><div><pre><span></span><code><a id="__codelineno-5-1" name="__codelineno-5-1"></a><span class="k">public</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="n">Task</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="nf">ThrowException</span><span class="p">()</span>
+<a id="__codelineno-5-2" name="__codelineno-5-2"></a><span class="p">{</span>
+<a id="__codelineno-5-3" name="__codelineno-5-3"></a><span class="w">    </span><span class="k">throw</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="k">new</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="nf">HubException</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="s">&quot;This error will be sent to the client!&quot;</span><span class="p">);</span>
+<a id="__codelineno-5-4" name="__codelineno-5-4"></a><span class="p">}</span>
+</code></pre></div></td></tr></table></div>
+<h3 id="client-side-javascript">Client-Side (JavaScript)</h3>
+<h3 id="installing-the-client-package">Installing the client package</h3>
+<div class="highlight"><table class="highlighttable"><tr><th colspan="2" class="filename"><span class="filename">Bash</span></th></tr><tr><td class="linenos"><div class="linenodiv"><pre><span></span><span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-6-1">1</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-6-2">2</a></span></pre></div></td><td class="code"><div><pre><span></span><code><a id="__codelineno-6-1" name="__codelineno-6-1"></a>npm<span class="w"> </span>init<span class="w"> </span>-y
+<a id="__codelineno-6-2" name="__codelineno-6-2"></a>npm<span class="w"> </span>install<span class="w"> </span>@microsoft/signalr
+</code></pre></div></td></tr></table></div>
+<p>npm installs the package contents in the <code>node_modules\@microsoft\signalr\dist\browser</code> folder. Create a new folder named signalr under the <code>wwwroot\lib</code> folder. Copy the signalr.js file to the <code>wwwroot\lib\signalr</code> folder.</p>
+<p>Reference the SignalR JavaScript client in the <code>&lt;script&gt;</code> element. For example:</p>
+<div class="highlight"><table class="highlighttable"><tr><th colspan="2" class="filename"><span class="filename">HTML</span></th></tr><tr><td class="linenos"><div class="linenodiv"><pre><span></span><span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-7-1">1</a></span></pre></div></td><td class="code"><div><pre><span></span><code><a id="__codelineno-7-1" name="__codelineno-7-1"></a><span class="p">&lt;</span><span class="nt">script</span> <span class="na">src</span><span class="o">=</span><span class="s">&quot;~/lib/signalr/signalr.js&quot;</span><span class="p">&gt;&lt;/</span><span class="nt">script</span><span class="p">&gt;</span>
+</code></pre></div></td></tr></table></div>
+<h3 id="connecting-to-a-hub">Connecting to a Hub</h3>
+<p><a href="https://docs.microsoft.com/en-us/aspnet/core/signalr/javascript-client#reconnect-clients">Reconnect Clients Docs</a></p>
+<div class="highlight"><table class="highlighttable"><tr><th colspan="2" class="filename"><span class="filename">JavaScript</span></th></tr><tr><td class="linenos"><div class="linenodiv"><pre><span></span><span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-8-1"> 1</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-8-2"> 2</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-8-3"> 3</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-8-4"> 4</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-8-5"> 5</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-8-6"> 6</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-8-7"> 7</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-8-8"> 8</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-8-9"> 9</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-8-10">10</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-8-11">11</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-8-12">12</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-8-13">13</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-8-14">14</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-8-15">15</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-8-16">16</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-8-17">17</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-8-18">18</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-8-19">19</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-8-20">20</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-8-21">21</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-8-22">22</a></span></pre></div></td><td class="code"><div><pre><span></span><code><a id="__codelineno-8-1" name="__codelineno-8-1"></a><span class="kd">const</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="nx">connection</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="o">=</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="ow">new</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="nx">signalR</span><span class="p">.</span><span class="nx">HubConnectionBuilder</span><span class="p">()</span>
+<a id="__codelineno-8-2" name="__codelineno-8-2"></a><span class="w">    </span><span class="p">.</span><span class="nx">withUrl</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="s2">&quot;/hub/endpoint&quot;</span><span class="p">)</span>
+<a id="__codelineno-8-3" name="__codelineno-8-3"></a><span class="w">    </span><span class="p">.</span><span class="nx">configureLogging</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="nx">signalR</span><span class="p">.</span><span class="nx">LogLevel</span><span class="p">.</span><span class="nx">Information</span><span class="p">)</span>
+<a id="__codelineno-8-4" name="__codelineno-8-4"></a><span class="w">    </span><span class="p">.</span><span class="nx">withAutomaticReconnect</span><span class="p">()</span><span class="w">  </span><span class="c1">// optional</span>
+<a id="__codelineno-8-5" name="__codelineno-8-5"></a><span class="w">    </span><span class="p">.</span><span class="nx">build</span><span class="p">();</span>
+<a id="__codelineno-8-6" name="__codelineno-8-6"></a>
+<a id="__codelineno-8-7" name="__codelineno-8-7"></a><span class="c1">// async/await connection start</span>
+<a id="__codelineno-8-8" name="__codelineno-8-8"></a><span class="k">async</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="kd">function</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="nx">connect</span><span class="p">()</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="p">{</span>
+<a id="__codelineno-8-9" name="__codelineno-8-9"></a><span class="w">    </span><span class="k">try</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="p">{</span>
+<a id="__codelineno-8-10" name="__codelineno-8-10"></a><span class="w">        </span><span class="k">await</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="nx">connection</span><span class="p">.</span><span class="nx">start</span><span class="p">();</span>
+<a id="__codelineno-8-11" name="__codelineno-8-11"></a><span class="w">        </span><span class="nx">console</span><span class="p">.</span><span class="nx">log</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="s2">&quot;SignalR Connected.&quot;</span><span class="p">);</span>
+<a id="__codelineno-8-12" name="__codelineno-8-12"></a><span class="w">    </span><span class="p">}</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="k">catch</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="p">(</span><span class="nx">err</span><span class="p">)</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="p">{</span>
+<a id="__codelineno-8-13" name="__codelineno-8-13"></a><span class="w">        </span><span class="nx">console</span><span class="p">.</span><span class="nx">error</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="nx">err</span><span class="p">);</span>
+<a id="__codelineno-8-14" name="__codelineno-8-14"></a><span class="w">    </span><span class="p">}</span>
+<a id="__codelineno-8-15" name="__codelineno-8-15"></a><span class="p">};</span>
+<a id="__codelineno-8-16" name="__codelineno-8-16"></a>
+<a id="__codelineno-8-17" name="__codelineno-8-17"></a><span class="c1">// promise connection start</span>
+<a id="__codelineno-8-18" name="__codelineno-8-18"></a><span class="kd">function</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="nx">connect</span><span class="p">()</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="p">{</span>
+<a id="__codelineno-8-19" name="__codelineno-8-19"></a><span class="w">    </span><span class="nx">connection</span><span class="p">.</span><span class="nx">start</span><span class="p">()</span>
+<a id="__codelineno-8-20" name="__codelineno-8-20"></a><span class="w">    </span><span class="p">.</span><span class="nx">then</span><span class="p">(()</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="p">=&gt;</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="p">{})</span>
+<a id="__codelineno-8-21" name="__codelineno-8-21"></a><span class="w">    </span><span class="p">.</span><span class="k">catch</span><span class="p">((</span><span class="nx">err</span><span class="p">)</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="p">=&gt;</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="p">{</span><span class="nx">console</span><span class="p">.</span><span class="nx">error</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="nx">err</span><span class="p">)});</span>
+<a id="__codelineno-8-22" name="__codelineno-8-22"></a><span class="p">}</span>
+</code></pre></div></td></tr></table></div>
+<h3 id="call-hub-methods-fom-the-client">Call hub methods fom the client</h3>
+<p>JavaScript clients call public methods on hubs via the <code>invoke</code> method of the <code>HubConnection</code>. The <code>invoke</code> method accepts:</p>
+<ul>
+<li>The name of the hub method.</li>
+<li>Any arguments defined in the hub method.</li>
+</ul>
+<div class="highlight"><table class="highlighttable"><tr><th colspan="2" class="filename"><span class="filename">JavaScript</span></th></tr><tr><td class="linenos"><div class="linenodiv"><pre><span></span><span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-9-1">1</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-9-2">2</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-9-3">3</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-9-4">4</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-9-5">5</a></span></pre></div></td><td class="code"><div><pre><span></span><code><a id="__codelineno-9-1" name="__codelineno-9-1"></a><span class="k">try</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="p">{</span>
+<a id="__codelineno-9-2" name="__codelineno-9-2"></a><span class="w">    </span><span class="k">await</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="nx">connection</span><span class="p">.</span><span class="nx">invoke</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="s2">&quot;HubMethod&quot;</span><span class="p">,</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="nx">args</span><span class="p">);</span>
+<a id="__codelineno-9-3" name="__codelineno-9-3"></a><span class="p">}</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="k">catch</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="p">(</span><span class="nx">err</span><span class="p">)</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="p">{</span>
+<a id="__codelineno-9-4" name="__codelineno-9-4"></a><span class="w">    </span><span class="nx">console</span><span class="p">.</span><span class="nx">error</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="nx">err</span><span class="p">);</span>
+<a id="__codelineno-9-5" name="__codelineno-9-5"></a><span class="p">}</span>
+</code></pre></div></td></tr></table></div>
+<p>The <code>invoke</code> method returns a JavaScript <code>Promise</code>. The <code>Promise</code> is resolved with the return value (if any) when the method on the server returns. If the method on the server throws an error, the <code>Promise</code> is rejected with the error message. Use <code>async</code> and <code>await</code> or the <code>Promise</code>'s then and catch methods to handle these cases.</p>
+<p>JavaScript clients can also call public methods on hubs via the the <code>send</code> method of the <code>HubConnection</code>. Unlike the <code>invoke</code> method, the send method doesn't wait for a response from the server. The send method returns a JavaScript <code>Promise</code>. The <code>Promise</code> is resolved when the message has been sent to the server. If there is an error sending the message, the <code>Promise</code> is rejected with the error message. Use <code>async</code> and <code>await</code> or the <code>Promise</code>'s then and catch methods to handle these cases.</p>
+<h3 id="call-client-methods-from-the-hub">Call client methods from the hub</h3>
+<p>To receive messages from the hub, define a method using the <code>on</code> method of the <code>HubConnection</code>. The <code>on</code> method accepts:</p>
+<ul>
+<li>The name of the JavaScript client method.</li>
+<li>Arguments the hub passes to the method.</li>
+</ul>
+<div class="highlight"><table class="highlighttable"><tr><th colspan="2" class="filename"><span class="filename">C#</span></th></tr><tr><td class="linenos"><div class="linenodiv"><pre><span></span><span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-10-1">1</a></span></pre></div></td><td class="code"><div><pre><span></span><code><a id="__codelineno-10-1" name="__codelineno-10-1"></a><span class="n">connection</span><span class="p">.</span><span class="k">on</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="s">&quot;ClientMethod&quot;</span><span class="p">,</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="p">(</span><span class="n">args</span><span class="p">)</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="o">=&gt;</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="p">{</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="cm">/* ... */</span><span class="p">});</span>
+</code></pre></div></td></tr></table></div>
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diff --git a/languages/dotnet/asp.net/web-forms.html b/languages/dotnet/asp.net/web-forms.html
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..38cb1d6
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+++ b/languages/dotnet/asp.net/web-forms.html
@@ -0,0 +1,4333 @@
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+      <a href="../csharp/collections.html" class="md-nav__link">
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+    <li class="md-nav__item">
+      <a href="minimal-api.html" class="md-nav__link">
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+    <li class="md-nav__item">
+      <a href="filters.html" class="md-nav__link">
+        
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+    FIlters
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+    <li class="md-nav__item">
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+      <a href="../../java/java-collection-framework.html" class="md-nav__link">
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+  
+  
+    <li class="md-nav__item">
+      <a href="../../php/dependency-injection.html" class="md-nav__link">
+        
+  
+  <span class="md-ellipsis">
+    Dependency Injection
+  </span>
+  
+
+      </a>
+    </li>
+  
+
+              
+            
+              
+                
+  
+  
+  
+  
+    <li class="md-nav__item">
+      <a href="../../php/unit-tests.html" class="md-nav__link">
+        
+  
+  <span class="md-ellipsis">
+    Unit Tests
+  </span>
+  
+
+      </a>
+    </li>
+  
+
+              
+            
+              
+                
+  
+  
+  
+  
+    <li class="md-nav__item">
+      <a href="../../php/composer.html" class="md-nav__link">
+        
+  
+  <span class="md-ellipsis">
+    Composer
+  </span>
+  
+
+      </a>
+    </li>
+  
+
+              
+            
+              
+                
+  
+  
+  
+  
+    <li class="md-nav__item">
+      <a href="../../php/psr-7.html" class="md-nav__link">
+        
+  
+  <span class="md-ellipsis">
+    PSR 7
+  </span>
+  
+
+      </a>
+    </li>
+  
+
+              
+            
+              
+                
+  
+  
+  
+  
+    <li class="md-nav__item">
+      <a href="../../php/plates-templating.html" class="md-nav__link">
+        
+  
+  <span class="md-ellipsis">
+    Plates
+  </span>
+  
+
+      </a>
+    </li>
+  
+
+              
+            
+              
+                
+  
+  
+  
+  
+    
+    
+      
+        
+      
+        
+      
+    
+    
+      
+      
+        
+      
+    
+    
+    <li class="md-nav__item md-nav__item--nested">
+      
+        
+        
+        <input class="md-nav__toggle md-toggle " type="checkbox" id="__nav_4_11_9" >
+        
+          
+          <label class="md-nav__link" for="__nav_4_11_9" id="__nav_4_11_9_label" tabindex="0">
+            
+  
+  <span class="md-ellipsis">
+    Simple MVC
+  </span>
+  
+
+            <span class="md-nav__icon md-icon"></span>
+          </label>
+        
+        <nav class="md-nav" data-md-level="3" aria-labelledby="__nav_4_11_9_label" aria-expanded="false">
+          <label class="md-nav__title" for="__nav_4_11_9">
+            <span class="md-nav__icon md-icon"></span>
+            Simple MVC
+          </label>
+          <ul class="md-nav__list" data-md-scrollfix>
+            
+              
+                
+  
+  
+  
+  
+    <li class="md-nav__item">
+      <a href="../../php/simple-mvc/simple-mvc.html" class="md-nav__link">
+        
+  
+  <span class="md-ellipsis">
+    Simple MVC
+  </span>
+  
+
+      </a>
+    </li>
+  
+
+              
+            
+              
+                
+  
+  
+  
+  
+    <li class="md-nav__item">
+      <a href="../../php/simple-mvc/rest-api.html" class="md-nav__link">
+        
+  
+  <span class="md-ellipsis">
+    REST API
+  </span>
+  
+
+      </a>
+    </li>
+  
+
+              
+            
+          </ul>
+        </nav>
+      
+    </li>
+  
+
+              
+            
+          </ul>
+        </nav>
+      
+    </li>
+  
+
+              
+            
+              
+                
+  
+  
+  
+  
+    
+    
+      
+        
+      
+        
+      
+        
+      
+        
+      
+        
+      
+    
+    
+      
+      
+        
+          
+          
+        
+      
+    
+    
+    <li class="md-nav__item md-nav__item--section md-nav__item--nested">
+      
+        
+        
+        <input class="md-nav__toggle md-toggle " type="checkbox" id="__nav_4_12" >
+        
+          
+          <label class="md-nav__link" for="__nav_4_12" id="__nav_4_12_label" tabindex="">
+            
+  
+  <span class="md-ellipsis">
+    Rust
+  </span>
+  
+
+            <span class="md-nav__icon md-icon"></span>
+          </label>
+        
+        <nav class="md-nav" data-md-level="2" aria-labelledby="__nav_4_12_label" aria-expanded="false">
+          <label class="md-nav__title" for="__nav_4_12">
+            <span class="md-nav__icon md-icon"></span>
+            Rust
+          </label>
+          <ul class="md-nav__list" data-md-scrollfix>
+            
+              
+                
+  
+  
+  
+  
+    <li class="md-nav__item">
+      <a href="../../rust/rust.html" class="md-nav__link">
+        
+  
+  <span class="md-ellipsis">
+    Rust
+  </span>
+  
+
+      </a>
+    </li>
+  
+
+              
+            
+              
+                
+  
+  
+  
+  
+    <li class="md-nav__item">
+      <a href="../../rust/macros.html" class="md-nav__link">
+        
+  
+  <span class="md-ellipsis">
+    Macros
+  </span>
+  
+
+      </a>
+    </li>
+  
+
+              
+            
+              
+                
+  
+  
+  
+  
+    <li class="md-nav__item">
+      <a href="../../rust/cargo.html" class="md-nav__link">
+        
+  
+  <span class="md-ellipsis">
+    Cargo
+  </span>
+  
+
+      </a>
+    </li>
+  
+
+              
+            
+              
+                
+  
+  
+  
+  
+    <li class="md-nav__item">
+      <a href="../../rust/concurrency.html" class="md-nav__link">
+        
+  
+  <span class="md-ellipsis">
+    Concurrency
+  </span>
+  
+
+      </a>
+    </li>
+  
+
+              
+            
+              
+                
+  
+  
+  
+  
+    <li class="md-nav__item">
+      <a href="../../rust/unit-tests.html" class="md-nav__link">
+        
+  
+  <span class="md-ellipsis">
+    Unit Tests
+  </span>
+  
+
+      </a>
+    </li>
+  
+
+              
+            
+          </ul>
+        </nav>
+      
+    </li>
+  
+
+              
+            
+              
+                
+  
+  
+  
+  
+    
+    
+      
+        
+      
+        
+      
+        
+      
+        
+      
+        
+      
+        
+      
+        
+      
+    
+    
+      
+      
+        
+          
+          
+        
+      
+    
+    
+    <li class="md-nav__item md-nav__item--section md-nav__item--nested">
+      
+        
+        
+        <input class="md-nav__toggle md-toggle " type="checkbox" id="__nav_4_13" >
+        
+          
+          <label class="md-nav__link" for="__nav_4_13" id="__nav_4_13_label" tabindex="">
+            
+  
+  <span class="md-ellipsis">
+    Javascript
+  </span>
+  
+
+            <span class="md-nav__icon md-icon"></span>
+          </label>
+        
+        <nav class="md-nav" data-md-level="2" aria-labelledby="__nav_4_13_label" aria-expanded="false">
+          <label class="md-nav__title" for="__nav_4_13">
+            <span class="md-nav__icon md-icon"></span>
+            Javascript
+          </label>
+          <ul class="md-nav__list" data-md-scrollfix>
+            
+              
+                
+  
+  
+  
+  
+    <li class="md-nav__item">
+      <a href="../../javascript/javascript.html" class="md-nav__link">
+        
+  
+  <span class="md-ellipsis">
+    Javascript
+  </span>
+  
+
+      </a>
+    </li>
+  
+
+              
+            
+              
+                
+  
+  
+  
+  
+    <li class="md-nav__item">
+      <a href="../../javascript/dom.html" class="md-nav__link">
+        
+  
+  <span class="md-ellipsis">
+    DOM
+  </span>
+  
+
+      </a>
+    </li>
+  
+
+              
+            
+              
+                
+  
+  
+  
+  
+    <li class="md-nav__item">
+      <a href="../../javascript/events-animation.html" class="md-nav__link">
+        
+  
+  <span class="md-ellipsis">
+    Events & Animation
+  </span>
+  
+
+      </a>
+    </li>
+  
+
+              
+            
+              
+                
+  
+  
+  
+  
+    <li class="md-nav__item">
+      <a href="../../javascript/ajax.html" class="md-nav__link">
+        
+  
+  <span class="md-ellipsis">
+    AJAX
+  </span>
+  
+
+      </a>
+    </li>
+  
+
+              
+            
+              
+                
+  
+  
+  
+  
+    <li class="md-nav__item">
+      <a href="../../javascript/jquery.html" class="md-nav__link">
+        
+  
+  <span class="md-ellipsis">
+    jQuery
+  </span>
+  
+
+      </a>
+    </li>
+  
+
+              
+            
+              
+                
+  
+  
+  
+  
+    
+    
+      
+        
+      
+        
+      
+        
+      
+        
+      
+        
+      
+    
+    
+      
+      
+        
+      
+    
+    
+    <li class="md-nav__item md-nav__item--nested">
+      
+        
+        
+        <input class="md-nav__toggle md-toggle " type="checkbox" id="__nav_4_13_6" >
+        
+          
+          <label class="md-nav__link" for="__nav_4_13_6" id="__nav_4_13_6_label" tabindex="0">
+            
+  
+  <span class="md-ellipsis">
+    React
+  </span>
+  
+
+            <span class="md-nav__icon md-icon"></span>
+          </label>
+        
+        <nav class="md-nav" data-md-level="3" aria-labelledby="__nav_4_13_6_label" aria-expanded="false">
+          <label class="md-nav__title" for="__nav_4_13_6">
+            <span class="md-nav__icon md-icon"></span>
+            React
+          </label>
+          <ul class="md-nav__list" data-md-scrollfix>
+            
+              
+                
+  
+  
+  
+  
+    <li class="md-nav__item">
+      <a href="../../javascript/react/react.html" class="md-nav__link">
+        
+  
+  <span class="md-ellipsis">
+    React
+  </span>
+  
+
+      </a>
+    </li>
+  
+
+              
+            
+              
+                
+  
+  
+  
+  
+    <li class="md-nav__item">
+      <a href="../../javascript/react/react-router.html" class="md-nav__link">
+        
+  
+  <span class="md-ellipsis">
+    React Router
+  </span>
+  
+
+      </a>
+    </li>
+  
+
+              
+            
+              
+                
+  
+  
+  
+  
+    <li class="md-nav__item">
+      <a href="../../javascript/react/react-tests.html" class="md-nav__link">
+        
+  
+  <span class="md-ellipsis">
+    React Tests
+  </span>
+  
+
+      </a>
+    </li>
+  
+
+              
+            
+              
+                
+  
+  
+  
+  
+    <li class="md-nav__item">
+      <a href="../../javascript/react/redux.html" class="md-nav__link">
+        
+  
+  <span class="md-ellipsis">
+    Redux
+  </span>
+  
+
+      </a>
+    </li>
+  
+
+              
+            
+              
+                
+  
+  
+  
+  
+    <li class="md-nav__item">
+      <a href="../../javascript/react/redux-tests.html" class="md-nav__link">
+        
+  
+  <span class="md-ellipsis">
+    Redux Tests
+  </span>
+  
+
+      </a>
+    </li>
+  
+
+              
+            
+          </ul>
+        </nav>
+      
+    </li>
+  
+
+              
+            
+              
+                
+  
+  
+  
+  
+    <li class="md-nav__item">
+      <a href="../../javascript/svelte/svelte.html" class="md-nav__link">
+        
+  
+  <span class="md-ellipsis">
+    Svelte
+  </span>
+  
+
+      </a>
+    </li>
+  
+
+              
+            
+          </ul>
+        </nav>
+      
+    </li>
+  
+
+              
+            
+              
+                
+  
+  
+  
+  
+    
+    
+      
+        
+      
+        
+      
+    
+    
+      
+      
+        
+          
+          
+        
+      
+    
+    
+    <li class="md-nav__item md-nav__item--section md-nav__item--nested">
+      
+        
+        
+        <input class="md-nav__toggle md-toggle " type="checkbox" id="__nav_4_14" >
+        
+          
+          <label class="md-nav__link" for="__nav_4_14" id="__nav_4_14_label" tabindex="">
+            
+  
+  <span class="md-ellipsis">
+    PowerShell
+  </span>
+  
+
+            <span class="md-nav__icon md-icon"></span>
+          </label>
+        
+        <nav class="md-nav" data-md-level="2" aria-labelledby="__nav_4_14_label" aria-expanded="false">
+          <label class="md-nav__title" for="__nav_4_14">
+            <span class="md-nav__icon md-icon"></span>
+            PowerShell
+          </label>
+          <ul class="md-nav__list" data-md-scrollfix>
+            
+              
+                
+  
+  
+  
+  
+    <li class="md-nav__item">
+      <a href="../../powershell/scripting.html" class="md-nav__link">
+        
+  
+  <span class="md-ellipsis">
+    Scripting
+  </span>
+  
+
+      </a>
+    </li>
+  
+
+              
+            
+              
+                
+  
+  
+  
+  
+    <li class="md-nav__item">
+      <a href="../../powershell/commands.html" class="md-nav__link">
+        
+  
+  <span class="md-ellipsis">
+    Commands
+  </span>
+  
+
+      </a>
+    </li>
+  
+
+              
+            
+          </ul>
+        </nav>
+      
+    </li>
+  
+
+              
+            
+              
+                
+  
+  
+  
+  
+    
+    
+      
+        
+      
+        
+      
+    
+    
+      
+      
+        
+          
+          
+        
+      
+    
+    
+    <li class="md-nav__item md-nav__item--section md-nav__item--nested">
+      
+        
+        
+        <input class="md-nav__toggle md-toggle " type="checkbox" id="__nav_4_15" >
+        
+          
+          <label class="md-nav__link" for="__nav_4_15" id="__nav_4_15_label" tabindex="">
+            
+  
+  <span class="md-ellipsis">
+    Bash
+  </span>
+  
+
+            <span class="md-nav__icon md-icon"></span>
+          </label>
+        
+        <nav class="md-nav" data-md-level="2" aria-labelledby="__nav_4_15_label" aria-expanded="false">
+          <label class="md-nav__title" for="__nav_4_15">
+            <span class="md-nav__icon md-icon"></span>
+            Bash
+          </label>
+          <ul class="md-nav__list" data-md-scrollfix>
+            
+              
+                
+  
+  
+  
+  
+    <li class="md-nav__item">
+      <a href="../../bash/scripting.html" class="md-nav__link">
+        
+  
+  <span class="md-ellipsis">
+    Scripting
+  </span>
+  
+
+      </a>
+    </li>
+  
+
+              
+            
+              
+                
+  
+  
+  
+  
+    <li class="md-nav__item">
+      <a href="../../bash/commands.html" class="md-nav__link">
+        
+  
+  <span class="md-ellipsis">
+    Commands
+  </span>
+  
+
+      </a>
+    </li>
+  
+
+              
+            
+          </ul>
+        </nav>
+      
+    </li>
+  
+
+              
+            
+          </ul>
+        </nav>
+      
+    </li>
+  
+
+    
+      
+      
+  
+  
+  
+  
+    
+    
+      
+        
+      
+        
+      
+        
+      
+        
+      
+        
+      
+    
+    
+      
+      
+        
+      
+    
+    
+    <li class="md-nav__item md-nav__item--nested">
+      
+        
+        
+        <input class="md-nav__toggle md-toggle " type="checkbox" id="__nav_5" >
+        
+          
+          <label class="md-nav__link" for="__nav_5" id="__nav_5_label" tabindex="0">
+            
+  
+  <span class="md-ellipsis">
+    Misc
+  </span>
+  
+
+            <span class="md-nav__icon md-icon"></span>
+          </label>
+        
+        <nav class="md-nav" data-md-level="1" aria-labelledby="__nav_5_label" aria-expanded="false">
+          <label class="md-nav__title" for="__nav_5">
+            <span class="md-nav__icon md-icon"></span>
+            Misc
+          </label>
+          <ul class="md-nav__list" data-md-scrollfix>
+            
+              
+                
+  
+  
+  
+  
+    <li class="md-nav__item">
+      <a href="../../../misc/git.html" class="md-nav__link">
+        
+  
+  <span class="md-ellipsis">
+    Git
+  </span>
+  
+
+      </a>
+    </li>
+  
+
+              
+            
+              
+                
+  
+  
+  
+  
+    <li class="md-nav__item">
+      <a href="../../../misc/graph-ql.html" class="md-nav__link">
+        
+  
+  <span class="md-ellipsis">
+    GraphQL
+  </span>
+  
+
+      </a>
+    </li>
+  
+
+              
+            
+              
+                
+  
+  
+  
+  
+    <li class="md-nav__item">
+      <a href="../../../misc/regular-expressions.html" class="md-nav__link">
+        
+  
+  <span class="md-ellipsis">
+    RegEx
+  </span>
+  
+
+      </a>
+    </li>
+  
+
+              
+            
+              
+                
+  
+  
+  
+  
+    <li class="md-nav__item">
+      <a href="../../../misc/ssh.html" class="md-nav__link">
+        
+  
+  <span class="md-ellipsis">
+    SSH
+  </span>
+  
+
+      </a>
+    </li>
+  
+
+              
+            
+              
+                
+  
+  
+  
+  
+    <li class="md-nav__item">
+      <a href="../../../misc/web-components.html" class="md-nav__link">
+        
+  
+  <span class="md-ellipsis">
+    WebComponents
+  </span>
+  
+
+      </a>
+    </li>
+  
+
+              
+            
+          </ul>
+        </nav>
+      
+    </li>
+  
+
+    
+      
+      
+  
+  
+  
+  
+    
+    
+      
+        
+      
+        
+      
+    
+    
+      
+      
+        
+      
+    
+    
+    <li class="md-nav__item md-nav__item--nested">
+      
+        
+        
+        <input class="md-nav__toggle md-toggle " type="checkbox" id="__nav_6" >
+        
+          
+          <label class="md-nav__link" for="__nav_6" id="__nav_6_label" tabindex="0">
+            
+  
+  <span class="md-ellipsis">
+    Linux
+  </span>
+  
+
+            <span class="md-nav__icon md-icon"></span>
+          </label>
+        
+        <nav class="md-nav" data-md-level="1" aria-labelledby="__nav_6_label" aria-expanded="false">
+          <label class="md-nav__title" for="__nav_6">
+            <span class="md-nav__icon md-icon"></span>
+            Linux
+          </label>
+          <ul class="md-nav__list" data-md-scrollfix>
+            
+              
+                
+  
+  
+  
+  
+    
+    
+      
+        
+      
+        
+      
+        
+      
+    
+    
+      
+      
+        
+      
+    
+    
+    <li class="md-nav__item md-nav__item--nested">
+      
+        
+        
+        <input class="md-nav__toggle md-toggle " type="checkbox" id="__nav_6_1" >
+        
+          
+          <label class="md-nav__link" for="__nav_6_1" id="__nav_6_1_label" tabindex="0">
+            
+  
+  <span class="md-ellipsis">
+    Filesystem
+  </span>
+  
+
+            <span class="md-nav__icon md-icon"></span>
+          </label>
+        
+        <nav class="md-nav" data-md-level="2" aria-labelledby="__nav_6_1_label" aria-expanded="false">
+          <label class="md-nav__title" for="__nav_6_1">
+            <span class="md-nav__icon md-icon"></span>
+            Filesystem
+          </label>
+          <ul class="md-nav__list" data-md-scrollfix>
+            
+              
+                
+  
+  
+  
+  
+    <li class="md-nav__item">
+      <a href="../../../linux/filesystem/file-links.html" class="md-nav__link">
+        
+  
+  <span class="md-ellipsis">
+    File Links
+  </span>
+  
+
+      </a>
+    </li>
+  
+
+              
+            
+              
+                
+  
+  
+  
+  
+    <li class="md-nav__item">
+      <a href="../../../linux/filesystem/procfs.html" class="md-nav__link">
+        
+  
+  <span class="md-ellipsis">
+    /proc
+  </span>
+  
+
+      </a>
+    </li>
+  
+
+              
+            
+              
+                
+  
+  
+  
+  
+    <li class="md-nav__item">
+      <a href="../../../linux/filesystem/sysfs.html" class="md-nav__link">
+        
+  
+  <span class="md-ellipsis">
+    /sys
+  </span>
+  
+
+      </a>
+    </li>
+  
+
+              
+            
+          </ul>
+        </nav>
+      
+    </li>
+  
+
+              
+            
+              
+                
+  
+  
+  
+  
+    
+    
+      
+        
+      
+        
+      
+    
+    
+      
+      
+        
+      
+    
+    
+    <li class="md-nav__item md-nav__item--nested">
+      
+        
+        
+        <input class="md-nav__toggle md-toggle " type="checkbox" id="__nav_6_2" >
+        
+          
+          <label class="md-nav__link" for="__nav_6_2" id="__nav_6_2_label" tabindex="0">
+            
+  
+  <span class="md-ellipsis">
+    System Init
+  </span>
+  
+
+            <span class="md-nav__icon md-icon"></span>
+          </label>
+        
+        <nav class="md-nav" data-md-level="2" aria-labelledby="__nav_6_2_label" aria-expanded="false">
+          <label class="md-nav__title" for="__nav_6_2">
+            <span class="md-nav__icon md-icon"></span>
+            System Init
+          </label>
+          <ul class="md-nav__list" data-md-scrollfix>
+            
+              
+                
+  
+  
+  
+  
+    <li class="md-nav__item">
+      <a href="../../../linux/init/systemd.html" class="md-nav__link">
+        
+  
+  <span class="md-ellipsis">
+    Systemd
+  </span>
+  
+
+      </a>
+    </li>
+  
+
+              
+            
+              
+                
+  
+  
+  
+  
+    <li class="md-nav__item">
+      <a href="../../../linux/init/open-rc.html" class="md-nav__link">
+        
+  
+  <span class="md-ellipsis">
+    OpenRC
+  </span>
+  
+
+      </a>
+    </li>
+  
+
+              
+            
+          </ul>
+        </nav>
+      
+    </li>
+  
+
+              
+            
+          </ul>
+        </nav>
+      
+    </li>
+  
+
+    
+  </ul>
+</nav>
+                  </div>
+                </div>
+              </div>
+            
+            
+              
+              <div class="md-sidebar md-sidebar--secondary" data-md-component="sidebar" data-md-type="toc" >
+                <div class="md-sidebar__scrollwrap">
+                  <div class="md-sidebar__inner">
+                    
+
+<nav class="md-nav md-nav--secondary" aria-label="Table of contents">
+  
+  
+  
+    
+  
+  
+    <label class="md-nav__title" for="__toc">
+      <span class="md-nav__icon md-icon"></span>
+      Table of contents
+    </label>
+    <ul class="md-nav__list" data-md-component="toc" data-md-scrollfix>
+      
+        <li class="md-nav__item">
+  <a href="#pageaspx" class="md-nav__link">
+    <span class="md-ellipsis">
+      Page.aspx
+    </span>
+  </a>
+  
+    <nav class="md-nav" aria-label="Page.aspx">
+      <ul class="md-nav__list">
+        
+          <li class="md-nav__item">
+  <a href="#page-directive" class="md-nav__link">
+    <span class="md-ellipsis">
+      Page Directive
+    </span>
+  </a>
+  
+</li>
+        
+          <li class="md-nav__item">
+  <a href="#web-controls" class="md-nav__link">
+    <span class="md-ellipsis">
+      Web Controls
+    </span>
+  </a>
+  
+</li>
+        
+      </ul>
+    </nav>
+  
+</li>
+      
+        <li class="md-nav__item">
+  <a href="#pageaspxcs" class="md-nav__link">
+    <span class="md-ellipsis">
+      Page.aspx.cs
+    </span>
+  </a>
+  
+</li>
+      
+    </ul>
+  
+</nav>
+                  </div>
+                </div>
+              </div>
+            
+          
+          
+            <div class="md-content" data-md-component="content">
+              <article class="md-content__inner md-typeset">
+                
+                  
+
+  
+  
+
+
+<h1 id="webforms">WebForms</h1>
+<h2 id="pageaspx"><code>Page.aspx</code></h2>
+<p>The fist loaded page is <code>Default.aspx</code> and its underlying code.</p>
+<div class="highlight"><table class="highlighttable"><tr><th colspan="2" class="filename"><span class="filename">HTML</span></th></tr><tr><td class="linenos"><div class="linenodiv"><pre><span></span><span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-0-1"> 1</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-0-2"> 2</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-0-3"> 3</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-0-4"> 4</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-0-5"> 5</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-0-6"> 6</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-0-7"> 7</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-0-8"> 8</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-0-9"> 9</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-0-10">10</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-0-11">11</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-0-12">12</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-0-13">13</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-0-14">14</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-0-15">15</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-0-16">16</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-0-17">17</a></span></pre></div></td><td class="code"><div><pre><span></span><code><a id="__codelineno-0-1" name="__codelineno-0-1"></a><span class="cm">&lt;!-- directive --&gt;</span>
+<a id="__codelineno-0-2" name="__codelineno-0-2"></a><span class="err">&lt;</span>%@ Page Language=&quot;C#&quot; AutoEventWireup=&quot;true&quot; CodeBehind=&quot;Default.aspx.cs&quot; Inherits=&quot;Project.Default&quot; %&gt;
+<a id="__codelineno-0-3" name="__codelineno-0-3"></a>
+<a id="__codelineno-0-4" name="__codelineno-0-4"></a><span class="cp">&lt;!DOCTYPE html&gt;</span>
+<a id="__codelineno-0-5" name="__codelineno-0-5"></a>
+<a id="__codelineno-0-6" name="__codelineno-0-6"></a><span class="p">&lt;</span><span class="nt">html</span> <span class="na">xmlns</span><span class="o">=</span><span class="s">&quot;http://www.w3.org/1999/xhtml&quot;</span><span class="p">&gt;</span>  <span class="cm">&lt;!-- XML Namespace --&gt;</span>
+<a id="__codelineno-0-7" name="__codelineno-0-7"></a><span class="p">&lt;</span><span class="nt">head</span> <span class="na">runat</span><span class="o">=</span><span class="s">&quot;server&quot;</span><span class="p">&gt;</span>  <span class="cm">&lt;!-- runat: handle as ASP code --&gt;</span>
+<a id="__codelineno-0-8" name="__codelineno-0-8"></a>    <span class="p">&lt;</span><span class="nt">title</span><span class="p">&gt;&lt;/</span><span class="nt">title</span><span class="p">&gt;</span>
+<a id="__codelineno-0-9" name="__codelineno-0-9"></a><span class="p">&lt;/</span><span class="nt">head</span><span class="p">&gt;</span>
+<a id="__codelineno-0-10" name="__codelineno-0-10"></a><span class="p">&lt;</span><span class="nt">body</span><span class="p">&gt;</span>
+<a id="__codelineno-0-11" name="__codelineno-0-11"></a>    <span class="cm">&lt;!-- web forms require a form tag to be the whole body --&gt;</span>
+<a id="__codelineno-0-12" name="__codelineno-0-12"></a>    <span class="p">&lt;</span><span class="nt">form</span> <span class="na">id</span><span class="o">=</span><span class="s">&quot;form1&quot;</span> <span class="na">runat</span><span class="o">=</span><span class="s">&quot;server&quot;</span><span class="p">&gt;</span>  <span class="cm">&lt;!-- runat: handle as ASP code --&gt;</span>
+<a id="__codelineno-0-13" name="__codelineno-0-13"></a>        <span class="p">&lt;</span><span class="nt">div</span><span class="p">&gt;</span>
+<a id="__codelineno-0-14" name="__codelineno-0-14"></a>        <span class="p">&lt;/</span><span class="nt">div</span><span class="p">&gt;</span>
+<a id="__codelineno-0-15" name="__codelineno-0-15"></a>    <span class="p">&lt;/</span><span class="nt">form</span><span class="p">&gt;</span>
+<a id="__codelineno-0-16" name="__codelineno-0-16"></a><span class="p">&lt;/</span><span class="nt">body</span><span class="p">&gt;</span>
+<a id="__codelineno-0-17" name="__codelineno-0-17"></a><span class="p">&lt;/</span><span class="nt">html</span><span class="p">&gt;</span>
+</code></pre></div></td></tr></table></div>
+<h3 id="page-directive">Page Directive</h3>
+<div class="highlight"><table class="highlighttable"><tr><th colspan="2" class="filename"><span class="filename">C#</span></th></tr><tr><td class="linenos"><div class="linenodiv"><pre><span></span><span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-1-1">1</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-1-2">2</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-1-3">3</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-1-4">4</a></span></pre></div></td><td class="code"><div><pre><span></span><code><a id="__codelineno-1-1" name="__codelineno-1-1"></a><span class="o">&lt;%</span><span class="err">@</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="n">Page</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="n">Language</span><span class="o">=</span><span class="s">&quot;C#&quot;</span><span class="w">  </span><span class="c1">// define language used (can be C# or VB)</span>
+<a id="__codelineno-1-2" name="__codelineno-1-2"></a><span class="w">    </span><span class="n">AutoEventWireup</span><span class="o">=</span><span class="s">&quot;true&quot;</span><span class="w">  </span><span class="c1">// automatically create and setup event handlers</span>
+<a id="__codelineno-1-3" name="__codelineno-1-3"></a><span class="w">    </span><span class="n">CodeBehind</span><span class="o">=</span><span class="s">&quot;Default.aspx.cs&quot;</span><span class="w">  </span><span class="c1">// define the underlying code file</span>
+<a id="__codelineno-1-4" name="__codelineno-1-4"></a><span class="w">    </span><span class="n">Inherits</span><span class="o">=</span><span class="s">&quot;EmptyWebForm.Default&quot;</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="o">%&gt;</span>
+</code></pre></div></td></tr></table></div>
+<h3 id="web-controls">Web Controls</h3>
+<div class="highlight"><table class="highlighttable"><tr><th colspan="2" class="filename"><span class="filename">XML</span></th></tr><tr><td class="linenos"><div class="linenodiv"><pre><span></span><span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-2-1"> 1</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-2-2"> 2</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-2-3"> 3</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-2-4"> 4</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-2-5"> 5</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-2-6"> 6</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-2-7"> 7</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-2-8"> 8</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-2-9"> 9</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-2-10">10</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-2-11">11</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-2-12">12</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-2-13">13</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-2-14">14</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-2-15">15</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-2-16">16</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-2-17">17</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-2-18">18</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-2-19">19</a></span></pre></div></td><td class="code"><div><pre><span></span><code><a id="__codelineno-2-1" name="__codelineno-2-1"></a><span class="nt">&lt;asp:Control</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="na">ID=</span><span class="s">&quot;&quot;</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="na">runat=</span><span class="s">&quot;server&quot;</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="err">...</span><span class="nt">&gt;&lt;/asp:Control&gt;</span>
+<a id="__codelineno-2-2" name="__codelineno-2-2"></a>
+<a id="__codelineno-2-3" name="__codelineno-2-3"></a><span class="cm">&lt;!-- Label: empty text will diplay ID, use empty space as text for empty label --&gt;</span>
+<a id="__codelineno-2-4" name="__codelineno-2-4"></a><span class="nt">&lt;asp:Label</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="na">ID=</span><span class="s">&quot;lbl_&quot;</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="na">runat=</span><span class="s">&quot;server&quot;</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="na">Text=</span><span class="s">&quot; &quot;</span><span class="nt">&gt;&lt;/asp:Label&gt;</span>
+<a id="__codelineno-2-5" name="__codelineno-2-5"></a><span class="cm">&lt;!-- TextBox --&gt;</span>
+<a id="__codelineno-2-6" name="__codelineno-2-6"></a><span class="nt">&lt;asp:TextBox</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="na">ID=</span><span class="s">&quot;txt_&quot;</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="na">runat=</span><span class="s">&quot;server&quot;</span><span class="nt">&gt;&lt;/asp:TextBox&gt;</span>
+<a id="__codelineno-2-7" name="__codelineno-2-7"></a><span class="cm">&lt;!-- Button --&gt;</span>
+<a id="__codelineno-2-8" name="__codelineno-2-8"></a><span class="nt">&lt;asp:Button</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="na">ID=</span><span class="s">&quot;btn_&quot;</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="na">runat=</span><span class="s">&quot;server&quot;</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="na">Text=</span><span class="s">&quot;ButtonText&quot;</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="na">OnClick=</span><span class="s">&quot;btn_Click&quot;</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="nt">/&gt;</span>
+<a id="__codelineno-2-9" name="__codelineno-2-9"></a><span class="cm">&lt;!-- HyperLink --&gt;</span>
+<a id="__codelineno-2-10" name="__codelineno-2-10"></a><span class="nt">&lt;asp:HyperLink</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="na">ID=</span><span class="s">&quot;lnk_&quot;</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="na">runat=</span><span class="s">&quot;server&quot;</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="na">NavigateUrl=</span><span class="s">&quot;~/Page.aspx&quot;</span><span class="nt">&gt;</span>LINK<span class="w"> </span>TEXT<span class="nt">&lt;/asp:HyperLink&gt;</span>
+<a id="__codelineno-2-11" name="__codelineno-2-11"></a><span class="cm">&lt;!-- LinkButton: POstBackEvent reloads the page --&gt;</span>
+<a id="__codelineno-2-12" name="__codelineno-2-12"></a><span class="nt">&lt;asp:LinkButton</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="na">ID=</span><span class="s">&quot;lbtHome&quot;</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="na">runat=</span><span class="s">&quot;server&quot;</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="na">PostBackUrl=</span><span class="s">&quot;~/Page.aspx&quot;</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="na">OnClick=</span><span class="s">&quot;lbt_Click&quot;</span><span class="nt">&gt;</span>BUTTON<span class="w"> </span>TEXT<span class="nt">&lt;/asp:LinkButton&gt;</span>
+<a id="__codelineno-2-13" name="__codelineno-2-13"></a><span class="cm">&lt;!-- Image --&gt;</span>
+<a id="__codelineno-2-14" name="__codelineno-2-14"></a><span class="nt">&lt;asp:Image</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="na">ID=</span><span class="s">&quot;img_&quot;</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="na">runat=</span><span class="s">&quot;server&quot;</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="na">ImageUrl=</span><span class="s">&quot;~/Images/image.avif&quot;</span><span class="nt">/&gt;</span>
+<a id="__codelineno-2-15" name="__codelineno-2-15"></a><span class="cm">&lt;!-- ImageButton --&gt;</span>
+<a id="__codelineno-2-16" name="__codelineno-2-16"></a><span class="nt">&lt;asp:ImageButton</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="na">ID=</span><span class="s">&quot;imb_&quot;</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="na">runat=</span><span class="s">&quot;server&quot;</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="na">ImageUrl=</span><span class="s">&quot;~/Images/image.avif&quot;</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="na">PostBackUrl=</span><span class="s">&quot;~/Page.aspx&quot;</span><span class="nt">/&gt;</span>
+<a id="__codelineno-2-17" name="__codelineno-2-17"></a>
+<a id="__codelineno-2-18" name="__codelineno-2-18"></a><span class="cm">&lt;!-- SqlSataSource; connection string specified in Web.config --&gt;</span>
+<a id="__codelineno-2-19" name="__codelineno-2-19"></a><span class="nt">&lt;asp:SqlDataSource</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="na">ID=</span><span class="s">&quot;sds_&quot;</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="na">runat=</span><span class="s">&quot;server&quot;</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="na">ConnectionString=</span><span class="s">&quot;&lt;%$ ConnectionStrings:ConnectionString %&gt;&quot;</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="na">SelectCommand=</span><span class="s">&quot;SQL Query&quot;</span><span class="nt">&gt;&lt;/asp:SqlDataSource&gt;</span>
+</code></pre></div></td></tr></table></div>
+<h2 id="pageaspxcs"><code>Page.aspx.cs</code></h2>
+<div class="highlight"><table class="highlighttable"><tr><th colspan="2" class="filename"><span class="filename">C#</span></th></tr><tr><td class="linenos"><div class="linenodiv"><pre><span></span><span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-3-1"> 1</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-3-2"> 2</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-3-3"> 3</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-3-4"> 4</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-3-5"> 5</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-3-6"> 6</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-3-7"> 7</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-3-8"> 8</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-3-9"> 9</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-3-10">10</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-3-11">11</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-3-12">12</a></span></pre></div></td><td class="code"><div><pre><span></span><code><a id="__codelineno-3-1" name="__codelineno-3-1"></a><span class="k">public</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="k">partial</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="k">class</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="nc">Default</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="p">:</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="n">System</span><span class="p">.</span><span class="n">Web</span><span class="p">.</span><span class="n">UI</span><span class="p">.</span><span class="n">Page</span>
+<a id="__codelineno-3-2" name="__codelineno-3-2"></a><span class="p">{</span>
+<a id="__codelineno-3-3" name="__codelineno-3-3"></a><span class="w">    </span><span class="k">protected</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="k">void</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="nf">Page_Load</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="kt">object</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="n">sender</span><span class="p">,</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="n">EventArgs</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="n">e</span><span class="p">)</span>
+<a id="__codelineno-3-4" name="__codelineno-3-4"></a><span class="w">    </span><span class="p">{</span>
+<a id="__codelineno-3-5" name="__codelineno-3-5"></a>
+<a id="__codelineno-3-6" name="__codelineno-3-6"></a><span class="w">    </span><span class="p">}</span>
+<a id="__codelineno-3-7" name="__codelineno-3-7"></a>
+<a id="__codelineno-3-8" name="__codelineno-3-8"></a><span class="w">    </span><span class="k">protected</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="k">void</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="nf">Control_Event</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="kt">object</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="n">sender</span><span class="p">,</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="n">EventArgs</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="n">e</span><span class="p">)</span>
+<a id="__codelineno-3-9" name="__codelineno-3-9"></a><span class="w">    </span><span class="p">{</span>
+<a id="__codelineno-3-10" name="__codelineno-3-10"></a><span class="w">        </span><span class="c1">// actions on event trigger</span>
+<a id="__codelineno-3-11" name="__codelineno-3-11"></a><span class="w">    </span><span class="p">}</span>
+<a id="__codelineno-3-12" name="__codelineno-3-12"></a><span class="p">}</span>
+</code></pre></div></td></tr></table></div>
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+    shutil
+  </span>
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+
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+  
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+      <a href="../../python/modules/smtplib.html" class="md-nav__link">
+        
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+  
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+  
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+    <li class="md-nav__item">
+      <a href="../../python/modules/socket.html" class="md-nav__link">
+        
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+    socket
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+    <li class="md-nav__item">
+      <a href="../../python/modules/sqlite.html" class="md-nav__link">
+        
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+  <span class="md-ellipsis">
+    sqlite
+  </span>
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+
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+  
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+  
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+    <li class="md-nav__item">
+      <a href="../../python/modules/time-datetime.html" class="md-nav__link">
+        
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+  </span>
+  
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+    </li>
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+  
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+    <li class="md-nav__item">
+      <a href="../../python/modules/unittest.html" class="md-nav__link">
+        
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+  <span class="md-ellipsis">
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+        </nav>
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+      <a href="../../python/libs/tkinter.html" class="md-nav__link">
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+    <li class="md-nav__item">
+      <a href="../../python/libs/numpy.html" class="md-nav__link">
+        
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+    <li class="md-nav__item">
+      <a href="../../python/libs/pandas.html" class="md-nav__link">
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+    <li class="md-nav__item">
+      <a href="../../python/libs/seaborn.html" class="md-nav__link">
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+    Seaborn
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+  
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+
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+                
+  
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+    <li class="md-nav__item">
+      <a href="../../python/libs/requests.html" class="md-nav__link">
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+    Requests
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+    <li class="md-nav__item">
+      <a href="../../python/libs/beautiful-soup.html" class="md-nav__link">
+        
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+  
+  
+    <li class="md-nav__item">
+      <a href="csharp.html" class="md-nav__link">
+        
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+  <span class="md-ellipsis">
+    C#
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+  
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+    <li class="md-nav__item">
+      <a href="linq.html" class="md-nav__link">
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+    Linq
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+    <li class="md-nav__item">
+      <a href="collections.html" class="md-nav__link">
+        
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+  <span class="md-ellipsis">
+    Collections
+  </span>
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+  
+  
+  
+    <li class="md-nav__item">
+      <a href="reactive-extensions.html" class="md-nav__link">
+        
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+  <span class="md-ellipsis">
+    Reactive Extensions
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+  
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+                
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+  
+  <span class="md-ellipsis">
+    Async Programming
+  </span>
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+        </label>
+      
+      <a href="async-programming.html" class="md-nav__link md-nav__link--active">
+        
+  
+  <span class="md-ellipsis">
+    Async Programming
+  </span>
+  
+
+      </a>
+      
+        
+
+<nav class="md-nav md-nav--secondary" aria-label="Table of contents">
+  
+  
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+    
+  
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+    <label class="md-nav__title" for="__toc">
+      <span class="md-nav__icon md-icon"></span>
+      Table of contents
+    </label>
+    <ul class="md-nav__list" data-md-component="toc" data-md-scrollfix>
+      
+        <li class="md-nav__item">
+  <a href="#task-asynchronous-programming-model-tap" class="md-nav__link">
+    <span class="md-ellipsis">
+      Task Asynchronous Programming Model (TAP)
+    </span>
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+  
+    <nav class="md-nav" aria-label="Task Asynchronous Programming Model (TAP)">
+      <ul class="md-nav__list">
+        
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+  <a href="#threads" class="md-nav__link">
+    <span class="md-ellipsis">
+      Threads
+    </span>
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+</li>
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+          <li class="md-nav__item">
+  <a href="#naming-convention" class="md-nav__link">
+    <span class="md-ellipsis">
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+</li>
+      
+        <li class="md-nav__item">
+  <a href="#async-return-types" class="md-nav__link">
+    <span class="md-ellipsis">
+      Async Return Types
+    </span>
+  </a>
+  
+    <nav class="md-nav" aria-label="Async Return Types">
+      <ul class="md-nav__list">
+        
+          <li class="md-nav__item">
+  <a href="#task-return-type" class="md-nav__link">
+    <span class="md-ellipsis">
+      Task return type
+    </span>
+  </a>
+  
+</li>
+        
+          <li class="md-nav__item">
+  <a href="#tasktresult-return-type" class="md-nav__link">
+    <span class="md-ellipsis">
+      Task&lt;TResult&gt; return type
+    </span>
+  </a>
+  
+</li>
+        
+          <li class="md-nav__item">
+  <a href="#void-return-type" class="md-nav__link">
+    <span class="md-ellipsis">
+      void return type
+    </span>
+  </a>
+  
+</li>
+        
+          <li class="md-nav__item">
+  <a href="#generalized-async-return-types-and-valuetasktresult" class="md-nav__link">
+    <span class="md-ellipsis">
+      Generalized async return types and ValueTask&lt;TResult&gt;
+    </span>
+  </a>
+  
+</li>
+        
+          <li class="md-nav__item">
+  <a href="#async-composition" class="md-nav__link">
+    <span class="md-ellipsis">
+      Async Composition
+    </span>
+  </a>
+  
+</li>
+        
+          <li class="md-nav__item">
+  <a href="#execution-synchronization-context" class="md-nav__link">
+    <span class="md-ellipsis">
+      Execution &amp; Synchronization Context
+    </span>
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+  
+</li>
+        
+      </ul>
+    </nav>
+  
+</li>
+      
+        <li class="md-nav__item">
+  <a href="#error-handling" class="md-nav__link">
+    <span class="md-ellipsis">
+      Error Handling
+    </span>
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+  
+    <nav class="md-nav" aria-label="Error Handling">
+      <ul class="md-nav__list">
+        
+          <li class="md-nav__item">
+  <a href="#argument-validation" class="md-nav__link">
+    <span class="md-ellipsis">
+      Argument Validation
+    </span>
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+      <a href="unit-tests.html" class="md-nav__link">
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+  <span class="md-ellipsis">
+    ASP.NET
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+    <li class="md-nav__item">
+      <a href="../asp.net/minimal-api.html" class="md-nav__link">
+        
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+  <span class="md-ellipsis">
+    Minimal API
+  </span>
+  
+
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+    <li class="md-nav__item">
+      <a href="../asp.net/filters.html" class="md-nav__link">
+        
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+  <span class="md-ellipsis">
+    FIlters
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+    <li class="md-nav__item">
+      <a href="../asp.net/middleware.html" class="md-nav__link">
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+    Middleware
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+      <a href="../asp.net/razor-syntax.html" class="md-nav__link">
+        
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+    Razor Syntax
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+  
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+
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+    <li class="md-nav__item">
+      <a href="../asp.net/blazor.html" class="md-nav__link">
+        
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+  <span class="md-ellipsis">
+    Blazor
+  </span>
+  
+
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+    </li>
+  
+
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+    <li class="md-nav__item">
+      <a href="../asp.net/signalr.html" class="md-nav__link">
+        
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+  <span class="md-ellipsis">
+    SignalR
+  </span>
+  
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+    <li class="md-nav__item">
+      <a href="../asp.net/web-forms.html" class="md-nav__link">
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+  <span class="md-ellipsis">
+    Web Forms
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+            
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+  <span class="md-ellipsis">
+    Database
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+    <li class="md-nav__item">
+      <a href="../database/ado.net.html" class="md-nav__link">
+        
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+  <span class="md-ellipsis">
+    ADO.NET
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+  
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+    <li class="md-nav__item">
+      <a href="../database/entity-framework.html" class="md-nav__link">
+        
+  
+  <span class="md-ellipsis">
+    Entity Framework
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+  <span class="md-ellipsis">
+    Java
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+            Java
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+    Java
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+      <a href="../../java/java-collection-framework.html" class="md-nav__link">
+        
+  
+  <span class="md-ellipsis">
+    Java Collection Framework
+  </span>
+  
+
+      </a>
+    </li>
+  
+
+              
+            
+              
+                
+  
+  
+  
+  
+    <li class="md-nav__item">
+      <a href="../../java/dao.html" class="md-nav__link">
+        
+  
+  <span class="md-ellipsis">
+    DAO
+  </span>
+  
+
+      </a>
+    </li>
+  
+
+              
+            
+              
+                
+  
+  
+  
+  
+    
+    
+      
+        
+      
+        
+      
+    
+    
+      
+      
+        
+      
+    
+    
+    <li class="md-nav__item md-nav__item--nested">
+      
+        
+        
+        <input class="md-nav__toggle md-toggle " type="checkbox" id="__nav_4_10_4" >
+        
+          
+          <label class="md-nav__link" for="__nav_4_10_4" id="__nav_4_10_4_label" tabindex="0">
+            
+  
+  <span class="md-ellipsis">
+    Web
+  </span>
+  
+
+            <span class="md-nav__icon md-icon"></span>
+          </label>
+        
+        <nav class="md-nav" data-md-level="3" aria-labelledby="__nav_4_10_4_label" aria-expanded="false">
+          <label class="md-nav__title" for="__nav_4_10_4">
+            <span class="md-nav__icon md-icon"></span>
+            Web
+          </label>
+          <ul class="md-nav__list" data-md-scrollfix>
+            
+              
+                
+  
+  
+  
+  
+    <li class="md-nav__item">
+      <a href="../../java/web/servlet.html" class="md-nav__link">
+        
+  
+  <span class="md-ellipsis">
+    Serverlet
+  </span>
+  
+
+      </a>
+    </li>
+  
+
+              
+            
+              
+                
+  
+  
+  
+  
+    
+    
+      
+        
+      
+        
+      
+    
+    
+      
+      
+        
+      
+    
+    
+    <li class="md-nav__item md-nav__item--nested">
+      
+        
+        
+        <input class="md-nav__toggle md-toggle " type="checkbox" id="__nav_4_10_4_2" >
+        
+          
+          <label class="md-nav__link" for="__nav_4_10_4_2" id="__nav_4_10_4_2_label" tabindex="0">
+            
+  
+  <span class="md-ellipsis">
+    Spring
+  </span>
+  
+
+            <span class="md-nav__icon md-icon"></span>
+          </label>
+        
+        <nav class="md-nav" data-md-level="4" aria-labelledby="__nav_4_10_4_2_label" aria-expanded="false">
+          <label class="md-nav__title" for="__nav_4_10_4_2">
+            <span class="md-nav__icon md-icon"></span>
+            Spring
+          </label>
+          <ul class="md-nav__list" data-md-scrollfix>
+            
+              
+                
+  
+  
+  
+  
+    <li class="md-nav__item">
+      <a href="../../java/spring/pom.xml.html" class="md-nav__link">
+        
+  
+  <span class="md-ellipsis">
+    POM
+  </span>
+  
+
+      </a>
+    </li>
+  
+
+              
+            
+              
+                
+  
+  
+  
+  
+    <li class="md-nav__item">
+      <a href="../../java/spring/spring-project.html" class="md-nav__link">
+        
+  
+  <span class="md-ellipsis">
+    Project Structure
+  </span>
+  
+
+      </a>
+    </li>
+  
+
+              
+            
+          </ul>
+        </nav>
+      
+    </li>
+  
+
+              
+            
+          </ul>
+        </nav>
+      
+    </li>
+  
+
+              
+            
+          </ul>
+        </nav>
+      
+    </li>
+  
+
+              
+            
+              
+                
+  
+  
+  
+  
+    
+    
+      
+        
+      
+        
+      
+        
+      
+        
+      
+        
+      
+        
+      
+        
+      
+        
+      
+        
+      
+    
+    
+      
+      
+        
+          
+          
+        
+      
+    
+    
+    <li class="md-nav__item md-nav__item--section md-nav__item--nested">
+      
+        
+        
+        <input class="md-nav__toggle md-toggle " type="checkbox" id="__nav_4_11" >
+        
+          
+          <label class="md-nav__link" for="__nav_4_11" id="__nav_4_11_label" tabindex="">
+            
+  
+  <span class="md-ellipsis">
+    PHP
+  </span>
+  
+
+            <span class="md-nav__icon md-icon"></span>
+          </label>
+        
+        <nav class="md-nav" data-md-level="2" aria-labelledby="__nav_4_11_label" aria-expanded="false">
+          <label class="md-nav__title" for="__nav_4_11">
+            <span class="md-nav__icon md-icon"></span>
+            PHP
+          </label>
+          <ul class="md-nav__list" data-md-scrollfix>
+            
+              
+                
+  
+  
+  
+  
+    <li class="md-nav__item">
+      <a href="../../php/php.html" class="md-nav__link">
+        
+  
+  <span class="md-ellipsis">
+    PHP
+  </span>
+  
+
+      </a>
+    </li>
+  
+
+              
+            
+              
+                
+  
+  
+  
+  
+    <li class="md-nav__item">
+      <a href="../../php/database.html" class="md-nav__link">
+        
+  
+  <span class="md-ellipsis">
+    Database
+  </span>
+  
+
+      </a>
+    </li>
+  
+
+              
+            
+              
+                
+  
+  
+  
+  
+    <li class="md-nav__item">
+      <a href="../../php/web.html" class="md-nav__link">
+        
+  
+  <span class="md-ellipsis">
+    Web
+  </span>
+  
+
+      </a>
+    </li>
+  
+
+              
+            
+              
+                
+  
+  
+  
+  
+    <li class="md-nav__item">
+      <a href="../../php/dependency-injection.html" class="md-nav__link">
+        
+  
+  <span class="md-ellipsis">
+    Dependency Injection
+  </span>
+  
+
+      </a>
+    </li>
+  
+
+              
+            
+              
+                
+  
+  
+  
+  
+    <li class="md-nav__item">
+      <a href="../../php/unit-tests.html" class="md-nav__link">
+        
+  
+  <span class="md-ellipsis">
+    Unit Tests
+  </span>
+  
+
+      </a>
+    </li>
+  
+
+              
+            
+              
+                
+  
+  
+  
+  
+    <li class="md-nav__item">
+      <a href="../../php/composer.html" class="md-nav__link">
+        
+  
+  <span class="md-ellipsis">
+    Composer
+  </span>
+  
+
+      </a>
+    </li>
+  
+
+              
+            
+              
+                
+  
+  
+  
+  
+    <li class="md-nav__item">
+      <a href="../../php/psr-7.html" class="md-nav__link">
+        
+  
+  <span class="md-ellipsis">
+    PSR 7
+  </span>
+  
+
+      </a>
+    </li>
+  
+
+              
+            
+              
+                
+  
+  
+  
+  
+    <li class="md-nav__item">
+      <a href="../../php/plates-templating.html" class="md-nav__link">
+        
+  
+  <span class="md-ellipsis">
+    Plates
+  </span>
+  
+
+      </a>
+    </li>
+  
+
+              
+            
+              
+                
+  
+  
+  
+  
+    
+    
+      
+        
+      
+        
+      
+    
+    
+      
+      
+        
+      
+    
+    
+    <li class="md-nav__item md-nav__item--nested">
+      
+        
+        
+        <input class="md-nav__toggle md-toggle " type="checkbox" id="__nav_4_11_9" >
+        
+          
+          <label class="md-nav__link" for="__nav_4_11_9" id="__nav_4_11_9_label" tabindex="0">
+            
+  
+  <span class="md-ellipsis">
+    Simple MVC
+  </span>
+  
+
+            <span class="md-nav__icon md-icon"></span>
+          </label>
+        
+        <nav class="md-nav" data-md-level="3" aria-labelledby="__nav_4_11_9_label" aria-expanded="false">
+          <label class="md-nav__title" for="__nav_4_11_9">
+            <span class="md-nav__icon md-icon"></span>
+            Simple MVC
+          </label>
+          <ul class="md-nav__list" data-md-scrollfix>
+            
+              
+                
+  
+  
+  
+  
+    <li class="md-nav__item">
+      <a href="../../php/simple-mvc/simple-mvc.html" class="md-nav__link">
+        
+  
+  <span class="md-ellipsis">
+    Simple MVC
+  </span>
+  
+
+      </a>
+    </li>
+  
+
+              
+            
+              
+                
+  
+  
+  
+  
+    <li class="md-nav__item">
+      <a href="../../php/simple-mvc/rest-api.html" class="md-nav__link">
+        
+  
+  <span class="md-ellipsis">
+    REST API
+  </span>
+  
+
+      </a>
+    </li>
+  
+
+              
+            
+          </ul>
+        </nav>
+      
+    </li>
+  
+
+              
+            
+          </ul>
+        </nav>
+      
+    </li>
+  
+
+              
+            
+              
+                
+  
+  
+  
+  
+    
+    
+      
+        
+      
+        
+      
+        
+      
+        
+      
+        
+      
+    
+    
+      
+      
+        
+          
+          
+        
+      
+    
+    
+    <li class="md-nav__item md-nav__item--section md-nav__item--nested">
+      
+        
+        
+        <input class="md-nav__toggle md-toggle " type="checkbox" id="__nav_4_12" >
+        
+          
+          <label class="md-nav__link" for="__nav_4_12" id="__nav_4_12_label" tabindex="">
+            
+  
+  <span class="md-ellipsis">
+    Rust
+  </span>
+  
+
+            <span class="md-nav__icon md-icon"></span>
+          </label>
+        
+        <nav class="md-nav" data-md-level="2" aria-labelledby="__nav_4_12_label" aria-expanded="false">
+          <label class="md-nav__title" for="__nav_4_12">
+            <span class="md-nav__icon md-icon"></span>
+            Rust
+          </label>
+          <ul class="md-nav__list" data-md-scrollfix>
+            
+              
+                
+  
+  
+  
+  
+    <li class="md-nav__item">
+      <a href="../../rust/rust.html" class="md-nav__link">
+        
+  
+  <span class="md-ellipsis">
+    Rust
+  </span>
+  
+
+      </a>
+    </li>
+  
+
+              
+            
+              
+                
+  
+  
+  
+  
+    <li class="md-nav__item">
+      <a href="../../rust/macros.html" class="md-nav__link">
+        
+  
+  <span class="md-ellipsis">
+    Macros
+  </span>
+  
+
+      </a>
+    </li>
+  
+
+              
+            
+              
+                
+  
+  
+  
+  
+    <li class="md-nav__item">
+      <a href="../../rust/cargo.html" class="md-nav__link">
+        
+  
+  <span class="md-ellipsis">
+    Cargo
+  </span>
+  
+
+      </a>
+    </li>
+  
+
+              
+            
+              
+                
+  
+  
+  
+  
+    <li class="md-nav__item">
+      <a href="../../rust/concurrency.html" class="md-nav__link">
+        
+  
+  <span class="md-ellipsis">
+    Concurrency
+  </span>
+  
+
+      </a>
+    </li>
+  
+
+              
+            
+              
+                
+  
+  
+  
+  
+    <li class="md-nav__item">
+      <a href="../../rust/unit-tests.html" class="md-nav__link">
+        
+  
+  <span class="md-ellipsis">
+    Unit Tests
+  </span>
+  
+
+      </a>
+    </li>
+  
+
+              
+            
+          </ul>
+        </nav>
+      
+    </li>
+  
+
+              
+            
+              
+                
+  
+  
+  
+  
+    
+    
+      
+        
+      
+        
+      
+        
+      
+        
+      
+        
+      
+        
+      
+        
+      
+    
+    
+      
+      
+        
+          
+          
+        
+      
+    
+    
+    <li class="md-nav__item md-nav__item--section md-nav__item--nested">
+      
+        
+        
+        <input class="md-nav__toggle md-toggle " type="checkbox" id="__nav_4_13" >
+        
+          
+          <label class="md-nav__link" for="__nav_4_13" id="__nav_4_13_label" tabindex="">
+            
+  
+  <span class="md-ellipsis">
+    Javascript
+  </span>
+  
+
+            <span class="md-nav__icon md-icon"></span>
+          </label>
+        
+        <nav class="md-nav" data-md-level="2" aria-labelledby="__nav_4_13_label" aria-expanded="false">
+          <label class="md-nav__title" for="__nav_4_13">
+            <span class="md-nav__icon md-icon"></span>
+            Javascript
+          </label>
+          <ul class="md-nav__list" data-md-scrollfix>
+            
+              
+                
+  
+  
+  
+  
+    <li class="md-nav__item">
+      <a href="../../javascript/javascript.html" class="md-nav__link">
+        
+  
+  <span class="md-ellipsis">
+    Javascript
+  </span>
+  
+
+      </a>
+    </li>
+  
+
+              
+            
+              
+                
+  
+  
+  
+  
+    <li class="md-nav__item">
+      <a href="../../javascript/dom.html" class="md-nav__link">
+        
+  
+  <span class="md-ellipsis">
+    DOM
+  </span>
+  
+
+      </a>
+    </li>
+  
+
+              
+            
+              
+                
+  
+  
+  
+  
+    <li class="md-nav__item">
+      <a href="../../javascript/events-animation.html" class="md-nav__link">
+        
+  
+  <span class="md-ellipsis">
+    Events & Animation
+  </span>
+  
+
+      </a>
+    </li>
+  
+
+              
+            
+              
+                
+  
+  
+  
+  
+    <li class="md-nav__item">
+      <a href="../../javascript/ajax.html" class="md-nav__link">
+        
+  
+  <span class="md-ellipsis">
+    AJAX
+  </span>
+  
+
+      </a>
+    </li>
+  
+
+              
+            
+              
+                
+  
+  
+  
+  
+    <li class="md-nav__item">
+      <a href="../../javascript/jquery.html" class="md-nav__link">
+        
+  
+  <span class="md-ellipsis">
+    jQuery
+  </span>
+  
+
+      </a>
+    </li>
+  
+
+              
+            
+              
+                
+  
+  
+  
+  
+    
+    
+      
+        
+      
+        
+      
+        
+      
+        
+      
+        
+      
+    
+    
+      
+      
+        
+      
+    
+    
+    <li class="md-nav__item md-nav__item--nested">
+      
+        
+        
+        <input class="md-nav__toggle md-toggle " type="checkbox" id="__nav_4_13_6" >
+        
+          
+          <label class="md-nav__link" for="__nav_4_13_6" id="__nav_4_13_6_label" tabindex="0">
+            
+  
+  <span class="md-ellipsis">
+    React
+  </span>
+  
+
+            <span class="md-nav__icon md-icon"></span>
+          </label>
+        
+        <nav class="md-nav" data-md-level="3" aria-labelledby="__nav_4_13_6_label" aria-expanded="false">
+          <label class="md-nav__title" for="__nav_4_13_6">
+            <span class="md-nav__icon md-icon"></span>
+            React
+          </label>
+          <ul class="md-nav__list" data-md-scrollfix>
+            
+              
+                
+  
+  
+  
+  
+    <li class="md-nav__item">
+      <a href="../../javascript/react/react.html" class="md-nav__link">
+        
+  
+  <span class="md-ellipsis">
+    React
+  </span>
+  
+
+      </a>
+    </li>
+  
+
+              
+            
+              
+                
+  
+  
+  
+  
+    <li class="md-nav__item">
+      <a href="../../javascript/react/react-router.html" class="md-nav__link">
+        
+  
+  <span class="md-ellipsis">
+    React Router
+  </span>
+  
+
+      </a>
+    </li>
+  
+
+              
+            
+              
+                
+  
+  
+  
+  
+    <li class="md-nav__item">
+      <a href="../../javascript/react/react-tests.html" class="md-nav__link">
+        
+  
+  <span class="md-ellipsis">
+    React Tests
+  </span>
+  
+
+      </a>
+    </li>
+  
+
+              
+            
+              
+                
+  
+  
+  
+  
+    <li class="md-nav__item">
+      <a href="../../javascript/react/redux.html" class="md-nav__link">
+        
+  
+  <span class="md-ellipsis">
+    Redux
+  </span>
+  
+
+      </a>
+    </li>
+  
+
+              
+            
+              
+                
+  
+  
+  
+  
+    <li class="md-nav__item">
+      <a href="../../javascript/react/redux-tests.html" class="md-nav__link">
+        
+  
+  <span class="md-ellipsis">
+    Redux Tests
+  </span>
+  
+
+      </a>
+    </li>
+  
+
+              
+            
+          </ul>
+        </nav>
+      
+    </li>
+  
+
+              
+            
+              
+                
+  
+  
+  
+  
+    <li class="md-nav__item">
+      <a href="../../javascript/svelte/svelte.html" class="md-nav__link">
+        
+  
+  <span class="md-ellipsis">
+    Svelte
+  </span>
+  
+
+      </a>
+    </li>
+  
+
+              
+            
+          </ul>
+        </nav>
+      
+    </li>
+  
+
+              
+            
+              
+                
+  
+  
+  
+  
+    
+    
+      
+        
+      
+        
+      
+    
+    
+      
+      
+        
+          
+          
+        
+      
+    
+    
+    <li class="md-nav__item md-nav__item--section md-nav__item--nested">
+      
+        
+        
+        <input class="md-nav__toggle md-toggle " type="checkbox" id="__nav_4_14" >
+        
+          
+          <label class="md-nav__link" for="__nav_4_14" id="__nav_4_14_label" tabindex="">
+            
+  
+  <span class="md-ellipsis">
+    PowerShell
+  </span>
+  
+
+            <span class="md-nav__icon md-icon"></span>
+          </label>
+        
+        <nav class="md-nav" data-md-level="2" aria-labelledby="__nav_4_14_label" aria-expanded="false">
+          <label class="md-nav__title" for="__nav_4_14">
+            <span class="md-nav__icon md-icon"></span>
+            PowerShell
+          </label>
+          <ul class="md-nav__list" data-md-scrollfix>
+            
+              
+                
+  
+  
+  
+  
+    <li class="md-nav__item">
+      <a href="../../powershell/scripting.html" class="md-nav__link">
+        
+  
+  <span class="md-ellipsis">
+    Scripting
+  </span>
+  
+
+      </a>
+    </li>
+  
+
+              
+            
+              
+                
+  
+  
+  
+  
+    <li class="md-nav__item">
+      <a href="../../powershell/commands.html" class="md-nav__link">
+        
+  
+  <span class="md-ellipsis">
+    Commands
+  </span>
+  
+
+      </a>
+    </li>
+  
+
+              
+            
+          </ul>
+        </nav>
+      
+    </li>
+  
+
+              
+            
+              
+                
+  
+  
+  
+  
+    
+    
+      
+        
+      
+        
+      
+    
+    
+      
+      
+        
+          
+          
+        
+      
+    
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+      
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+  <a href="#task-asynchronous-programming-model-tap" class="md-nav__link">
+    <span class="md-ellipsis">
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+    </span>
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+    <nav class="md-nav" aria-label="Task Asynchronous Programming Model (TAP)">
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+    </span>
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+  
+</li>
+        
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+  <a href="#async-composition" class="md-nav__link">
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+                  
+
+  
+  
+
+
+<h1 id="async-programming"><a href="https://docs.microsoft.com/en-us/dotnet/csharp/programming-guide/concepts/async/">Async Programming</a></h1>
+<h2 id="task-asynchronous-programming-model-tap">Task Asynchronous Programming Model (<a href="https://docs.microsoft.com/en-us/dotnet/csharp/programming-guide/concepts/async/task-asynchronous-programming-model">TAP</a>)</h2>
+<p>It's possible to avoid performance bottlenecks and enhance the overall responsiveness of an application by using asynchronous programming.<br />
+However, traditional techniques for writing asynchronous applications can be complicated, making them difficult to write, debug, and maintain.</p>
+<p>C# 5 introduced a simplified approach, <strong>async programming</strong>, that leverages asynchronous support in the .NET Runtime.<br />
+The compiler does the difficult work that the developer used to do, and the application retains a logical structure that resembles synchronous code.</p>
+<p>In performance-sensitive code, asynchronous APIs are useful, because instead of wasting resources by forcing a thread to sit and wait for I/O to complete, a thread can kick off the work and then do something else productive in the meantime.</p>
+<p>The <code>async</code> and <code>await</code> keywords in C# are the heart of async programming.</p>
+<div class="highlight"><table class="highlighttable"><tr><th colspan="2" class="filename"><span class="filename">C#</span></th></tr><tr><td class="linenos"><div class="linenodiv"><pre><span></span><span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-0-1"> 1</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-0-2"> 2</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-0-3"> 3</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-0-4"> 4</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-0-5"> 5</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-0-6"> 6</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-0-7"> 7</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-0-8"> 8</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-0-9"> 9</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-0-10">10</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-0-11">11</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-0-12">12</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-0-13">13</a></span></pre></div></td><td class="code"><div><pre><span></span><code><a id="__codelineno-0-1" name="__codelineno-0-1"></a><span class="k">public</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="k">async</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="n">Task</span><span class="o">&lt;</span><span class="n">TResult</span><span class="o">&gt;</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="n">MethodAsync</span>
+<a id="__codelineno-0-2" name="__codelineno-0-2"></a><span class="p">{</span>
+<a id="__codelineno-0-3" name="__codelineno-0-3"></a><span class="w">    </span><span class="n">Task</span><span class="o">&lt;</span><span class="n">TResult</span><span class="o">&gt;</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="n">resultTask</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="o">=</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="n">obj</span><span class="p">.</span><span class="n">OtherMethodAsync</span><span class="p">();</span>
+<a id="__codelineno-0-4" name="__codelineno-0-4"></a>
+<a id="__codelineno-0-5" name="__codelineno-0-5"></a><span class="w">    </span><span class="n">DoIndependentWork</span><span class="p">();</span>
+<a id="__codelineno-0-6" name="__codelineno-0-6"></a>
+<a id="__codelineno-0-7" name="__codelineno-0-7"></a><span class="w">    </span><span class="n">TResult</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="n">result</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="o">=</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="k">await</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="n">resultTask</span><span class="p">;</span>
+<a id="__codelineno-0-8" name="__codelineno-0-8"></a>
+<a id="__codelineno-0-9" name="__codelineno-0-9"></a><span class="w">    </span><span class="c1">// if the is no work to be done before awaiting</span>
+<a id="__codelineno-0-10" name="__codelineno-0-10"></a><span class="w">    </span><span class="n">TResult</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="n">result</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="o">=</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="k">await</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="n">obj</span><span class="p">.</span><span class="n">OtherMethodAsync</span><span class="p">();</span>
+<a id="__codelineno-0-11" name="__codelineno-0-11"></a>
+<a id="__codelineno-0-12" name="__codelineno-0-12"></a><span class="w">    </span><span class="k">return</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="n">result</span><span class="p">;</span>
+<a id="__codelineno-0-13" name="__codelineno-0-13"></a><span class="p">}</span>
+</code></pre></div></td></tr></table></div>
+<p>Characteristics of Async Methods:</p>
+<ul>
+<li>The method signature includes an <code>async</code> modifier.</li>
+<li>The name of an async method, by convention, ends with an "Async" suffix.</li>
+<li>The return type is one of the following types:</li>
+<li><code>Task&lt;TResult&gt;</code> if the method has a return statement in which the operand has type <code>TResult</code>.</li>
+<li><code>Task</code> if the method has no return statement or has a return statement with no operand.</li>
+<li><code>void</code> if it's an async event handler.</li>
+<li>Any other type that has a <code>GetAwaiter</code> method (starting with C# 7.0).</li>
+<li>Starting with C# 8.0, <code>IAsyncEnumerable&lt;T&gt;</code>, for an async method that returns an async stream.</li>
+</ul>
+<p>The method usually includes at least one <code>await</code> expression, which marks a point where the method can't continue until the awaited asynchronous operation is complete.<br />
+In the meantime, the method is suspended, and control returns to the method's caller.</p>
+<h3 id="threads">Threads</h3>
+<p>Async methods are intended to be non-blocking operations. An <code>await</code> expression in an async method doesn't block the current thread while the awaited task is running. Instead, the expression signs up the rest of the method as a continuation and returns control to the caller of the async method.</p>
+<p>The <code>async</code> and <code>await</code> keywords don't cause additional threads to be created. Async methods don't require multithreading because an async method doesn't run on its own thread. The method runs on the current synchronization context and uses time on the thread only when the method is active. It's possible to use <code>Task.Run</code> to move CPU-bound work to a background thread, but a background thread doesn't help with a process that's just waiting for results to become available.</p>
+<p>The async-based approach to asynchronous programming is preferable to existing approaches in almost every case. In particular, this approach is better than the <code>BackgroundWorker</code> class for I/O-bound operations because the code is simpler and there is no need to guard against race conditions.<br />
+In combination with the <code>Task.Run</code> method, async programming is better than <code>BackgroundWorker</code> for CPU-bound operations because async programming separates the coordination details of running the code from the work that <code>Task.Run</code> transfers to the thread pool.</p>
+<h3 id="naming-convention">Naming Convention</h3>
+<p>By convention, methods that return commonly awaitable types (for example, <code>Task</code>, <code>Task&lt;T&gt;</code>, <code>ValueTask</code>, <code>ValueTask&lt;T&gt;</code>) should have names that end with <em>Async</em>. Methods that start an asynchronous operation but do not return an awaitable type should not have names that end with <em>Async</em>, but may start with "Begin", "Start", or some other verb to suggest this method does not return or throw the result of the operation.</p>
+<h2 id="async-return-types"><a href="https://docs.microsoft.com/en-us/dotnet/csharp/programming-guide/concepts/async/async-return-types">Async Return Types</a></h2>
+<h3 id="task-return-type"><code>Task</code> return type</h3>
+<p>Async methods that don't contain a return statement or that contain a return statement that doesn't return an operand usually have a return type of <code>Task</code>. Such methods return <code>void</code> if they run synchronously.<br />
+If a <code>Task</code> return type is used for an async method, a calling method can use an <code>await</code> operator to suspend the caller's completion until the called async method has finished.</p>
+<h3 id="tasktresult-return-type"><code>Task&lt;TResult&gt;</code> return type</h3>
+<p>The <code>Task&lt;TResult&gt;</code> return type is used for an async method that contains a return statement in which the operand is <code>TResult</code>.</p>
+<p>The <code>Task&lt;TResult&gt;.Result</code> property is a <strong>blocking property</strong>. If it's accessed it before its task is finished, the thread that's currently active is blocked until the task completes and the value is available.<br />
+In most cases, access the value by using <code>await</code> instead of accessing the property directly.</p>
+<h3 id="void-return-type"><code>void</code> return type</h3>
+<p>The <code>void</code> return type is used in asynchronous event handlers, which require a <code>void</code> return type. For methods other than event handlers that don't return a value, it's best to return a <code>Task</code> instead, because an async method that returns <code>void</code> can't be awaited.<br />
+Any caller of such a method must continue to completion without waiting for the called async method to finish. The caller must be independent of any values or exceptions that the async method generates.</p>
+<p>The caller of a void-returning async method <em>can't catch exceptions thrown from the method</em>, and such unhandled exceptions are likely to cause the application to fail.<br />
+If a method that returns a <code>Task</code> or <code>Task&lt;TResult&gt;</code> throws an exception, the exception is stored in the returned task. The exception is re-thrown when the task is awaited.<br />
+Therefore, make sure that any async method that can produce an exception has a return type of <code>Task</code> or <code>Task&lt;TResult&gt;</code> and that calls to the method are awaited.</p>
+<h3 id="generalized-async-return-types-and-valuetasktresult">Generalized async return types and <code>ValueTask&lt;TResult&gt;</code></h3>
+<p>Starting with C# 7.0, an async method can return any type that has an accessible <code>GetAwaiter</code> method.</p>
+<p>Because <code>Task</code> and <code>Task&lt;TResult&gt;</code> are <strong>reference types</strong>, memory allocation in performance-critical paths, particularly when allocations occur in tight loops, can adversely affect performance. Support for generalized return types means that it's possible to return a lightweight <strong>value type</strong> instead of a reference type to avoid additional memory allocations.</p>
+<p>.NET provides the <code>System.Threading.Tasks.ValueTask&lt;TResult&gt;</code> structure as a lightweight implementation of a generalized task-returning value. To use the <code>System.Threading.Tasks.ValueTask&lt;TResult&gt;</code> type, add the <strong>System.Threading.Tasks.Extensions</strong> NuGet package to the project.</p>
+<h3 id="async-composition">Async Composition</h3>
+<div class="highlight"><table class="highlighttable"><tr><th colspan="2" class="filename"><span class="filename">C#</span></th></tr><tr><td class="linenos"><div class="linenodiv"><pre><span></span><span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-1-1"> 1</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-1-2"> 2</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-1-3"> 3</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-1-4"> 4</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-1-5"> 5</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-1-6"> 6</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-1-7"> 7</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-1-8"> 8</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-1-9"> 9</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-1-10">10</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-1-11">11</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-1-12">12</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-1-13">13</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-1-14">14</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-1-15">15</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-1-16">16</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-1-17">17</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-1-18">18</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-1-19">19</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-1-20">20</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-1-21">21</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-1-22">22</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-1-23">23</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-1-24">24</a></span></pre></div></td><td class="code"><div><pre><span></span><code><a id="__codelineno-1-1" name="__codelineno-1-1"></a><span class="k">public</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="k">async</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="n">Task</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="nf">DoOperationsConcurrentlyAsync</span><span class="p">()</span>
+<a id="__codelineno-1-2" name="__codelineno-1-2"></a><span class="p">{</span>
+<a id="__codelineno-1-3" name="__codelineno-1-3"></a><span class="w">  </span><span class="n">Task</span><span class="p">[]</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="n">tasks</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="o">=</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="k">new</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="n">Task</span><span class="p">[</span><span class="m">3</span><span class="p">];</span>
+<a id="__codelineno-1-4" name="__codelineno-1-4"></a><span class="w">  </span><span class="n">tasks</span><span class="p">[</span><span class="m">0</span><span class="p">]</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="o">=</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="n">DoOperation0Async</span><span class="p">();</span>
+<a id="__codelineno-1-5" name="__codelineno-1-5"></a><span class="w">  </span><span class="n">tasks</span><span class="p">[</span><span class="m">1</span><span class="p">]</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="o">=</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="n">DoOperation1Async</span><span class="p">();</span>
+<a id="__codelineno-1-6" name="__codelineno-1-6"></a><span class="w">  </span><span class="n">tasks</span><span class="p">[</span><span class="m">2</span><span class="p">]</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="o">=</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="n">DoOperation2Async</span><span class="p">();</span>
+<a id="__codelineno-1-7" name="__codelineno-1-7"></a>
+<a id="__codelineno-1-8" name="__codelineno-1-8"></a><span class="w">  </span><span class="c1">// At this point, all three tasks are running at the same time.</span>
+<a id="__codelineno-1-9" name="__codelineno-1-9"></a>
+<a id="__codelineno-1-10" name="__codelineno-1-10"></a><span class="w">  </span><span class="c1">// Now, we await them all.</span>
+<a id="__codelineno-1-11" name="__codelineno-1-11"></a><span class="w">  </span><span class="k">await</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="n">Task</span><span class="p">.</span><span class="n">WhenAll</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="n">tasks</span><span class="p">);</span>
+<a id="__codelineno-1-12" name="__codelineno-1-12"></a><span class="p">}</span>
+<a id="__codelineno-1-13" name="__codelineno-1-13"></a>
+<a id="__codelineno-1-14" name="__codelineno-1-14"></a><span class="k">public</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="k">async</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="n">Task</span><span class="o">&lt;</span><span class="kt">int</span><span class="o">&gt;</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="n">GetFirstToRespondAsync</span><span class="p">()</span>
+<a id="__codelineno-1-15" name="__codelineno-1-15"></a><span class="p">{</span>
+<a id="__codelineno-1-16" name="__codelineno-1-16"></a><span class="w">  </span><span class="c1">// Call two web services; take the first response.</span>
+<a id="__codelineno-1-17" name="__codelineno-1-17"></a><span class="w">  </span><span class="n">Task</span><span class="o">&lt;</span><span class="kt">int</span><span class="o">&gt;</span><span class="p">[]</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="n">tasks</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="o">=</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="k">new</span><span class="p">[]</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="p">{</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="n">WebService1Async</span><span class="p">(),</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="n">WebService2Async</span><span class="p">()</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="p">};</span>
+<a id="__codelineno-1-18" name="__codelineno-1-18"></a>
+<a id="__codelineno-1-19" name="__codelineno-1-19"></a><span class="w">  </span><span class="c1">// Await for the first one to respond.</span>
+<a id="__codelineno-1-20" name="__codelineno-1-20"></a><span class="w">  </span><span class="n">Task</span><span class="o">&lt;</span><span class="kt">int</span><span class="o">&gt;</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="n">firstTask</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="o">=</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="k">await</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="n">Task</span><span class="p">.</span><span class="n">WhenAny</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="n">tasks</span><span class="p">);</span>
+<a id="__codelineno-1-21" name="__codelineno-1-21"></a>
+<a id="__codelineno-1-22" name="__codelineno-1-22"></a><span class="w">  </span><span class="c1">// Return the result.</span>
+<a id="__codelineno-1-23" name="__codelineno-1-23"></a><span class="w">  </span><span class="k">return</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="k">await</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="n">firstTask</span><span class="p">;</span>
+<a id="__codelineno-1-24" name="__codelineno-1-24"></a><span class="p">}</span>
+</code></pre></div></td></tr></table></div>
+<h3 id="execution-synchronization-context">Execution &amp; Synchronization Context</h3>
+<p>When the program’s execution reaches an <code>await</code> expression for an operation that doesn’t complete immediately, the code generated for that <code>await</code> will ensure that the
+current execution context has been captured.<br />
+When the asynchronous operation completes, the remainder of the method will be executed through the execution context.
+The execution context handles certain contextual information that needs to flow when one method invokes another (even when it does so indirectly)</p>
+<p>While all <code>await</code> expressions capture the <em>execution context</em>, the decision of whether to flow <em>synchronization context</em> as well is controlled by the type being awaited.</p>
+<p>Sometimes, it's better to avoid getting the synchronization context involved.<br />
+If work starting from a UI thread is performed, but there is no particular need to remain on that thread, scheduling every continuation through the synchronization context is unnecessary overhead.</p>
+<p>If the asynchronous operation is a <code>Task</code>, <code>Task&lt;T&gt;</code>, <code>ValueTask</code> or <code>ValueTask&lt;T&gt;</code>, it's possible to discard the <em>synchronization context</em> by calling the <code>ConfigureAwait(false)</code>.<br />
+This returns a different representation of the asynchronous operation, and if this iss awaited that instead of the original task, it will ignore the current <code>SynchronizationContext</code> if there is one.</p>
+<div class="highlight"><table class="highlighttable"><tr><th colspan="2" class="filename"><span class="filename">C#</span></th></tr><tr><td class="linenos"><div class="linenodiv"><pre><span></span><span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-2-1">1</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-2-2">2</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-2-3">3</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-2-4">4</a></span></pre></div></td><td class="code"><div><pre><span></span><code><a id="__codelineno-2-1" name="__codelineno-2-1"></a><span class="k">private</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="k">async</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="n">Task</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="nf">DownloadFileAsync</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="kt">string</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="n">fileName</span><span class="p">)</span>
+<a id="__codelineno-2-2" name="__codelineno-2-2"></a><span class="p">{</span>
+<a id="__codelineno-2-3" name="__codelineno-2-3"></a><span class="w">  </span><span class="k">await</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="nf">OperationAsync</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="n">fileName</span><span class="p">).</span><span class="n">ConfigureAwait</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="k">false</span><span class="p">);</span><span class="w">  </span><span class="c1">// discarding original context</span>
+<a id="__codelineno-2-4" name="__codelineno-2-4"></a><span class="p">}</span>
+</code></pre></div></td></tr></table></div>
+<p>When writing libraries in most cases you it'ss best to call <code>ConfigureAwait(false)</code> anywhere <code>await</code> is used.<br />
+This is because continuing via the synchronization context can be expensive, and in some cases it can introduce the possibility of deadlock occurring.</p>
+<p>The only exceptions are when are doing something that positively requires the synchronization context to be preserved, or it's know for certain that the library will only ever be used in
+application frameworks that do not set up a synchronization context.<br />
+(ASP.NET Core applications do not use synchronization contexts, so it generally doesn’t matter whether or not <code>ConfigureAwait(false)</code> is called in those)</p>
+<h2 id="error-handling">Error Handling</h2>
+<h3 id="argument-validation">Argument Validation</h3>
+<p>Inside an <code>async</code> method, the compiler treats all exceptions in the same way: none are allowed to pass up the stack as in a normal method, and they will always be reported by faulting the returned task.<br />
+This is true even of exceptions thrown before the first <code>await</code>.</p>
+<p>If the calling method immediately calls <code>await</code> on the return task, this won’t matter much—it will see the exception in any case.<br />
+But some code may choose not to wait immediately, in which case it won’t see the argument exception until later.</p>
+<div class="highlight"><table class="highlighttable"><tr><th colspan="2" class="filename"><span class="filename">C#</span></th></tr><tr><td class="linenos"><div class="linenodiv"><pre><span></span><span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-3-1"> 1</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-3-2"> 2</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-3-3"> 3</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-3-4"> 4</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-3-5"> 5</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-3-6"> 6</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-3-7"> 7</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-3-8"> 8</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-3-9"> 9</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-3-10">10</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-3-11">11</a></span></pre></div></td><td class="code"><div><pre><span></span><code><a id="__codelineno-3-1" name="__codelineno-3-1"></a><span class="k">async</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="n">Task</span><span class="o">&lt;</span><span class="kt">string</span><span class="o">&gt;</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="n">MethodWithValidationAsync</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="kt">string</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="n">argument</span><span class="p">)</span>
+<a id="__codelineno-3-2" name="__codelineno-3-2"></a><span class="p">{</span>
+<a id="__codelineno-3-3" name="__codelineno-3-3"></a><span class="w">  </span><span class="k">if</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="n">sting</span><span class="p">.</span><span class="n">IsNullOrEmpty</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="n">argument</span><span class="p">))</span>
+<a id="__codelineno-3-4" name="__codelineno-3-4"></a><span class="w">  </span><span class="p">{</span>
+<a id="__codelineno-3-5" name="__codelineno-3-5"></a><span class="w">     </span><span class="k">throw</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="k">new</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="nf">ArgumentNullException</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="n">nameof</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="n">argument</span><span class="p">));</span><span class="w">  </span><span class="c1">// will be thrown on await of MethodWithValidationAsync</span>
+<a id="__codelineno-3-6" name="__codelineno-3-6"></a><span class="w">  </span><span class="p">}</span>
+<a id="__codelineno-3-7" name="__codelineno-3-7"></a>
+<a id="__codelineno-3-8" name="__codelineno-3-8"></a><span class="w">  </span><span class="c1">// [...]</span>
+<a id="__codelineno-3-9" name="__codelineno-3-9"></a>
+<a id="__codelineno-3-10" name="__codelineno-3-10"></a><span class="w">  </span><span class="k">return</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="k">await</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="nf">LongOperationAsync</span><span class="p">();</span>
+<a id="__codelineno-3-11" name="__codelineno-3-11"></a><span class="p">}</span>
+</code></pre></div></td></tr></table></div>
+<p>In cases where you want to throw this kind of exception straightaway, the usual technique is to write a normal method that validates the arguments before calling an async method that does the
+work, and to make that second method either private or local.</p>
+<div class="highlight"><table class="highlighttable"><tr><th colspan="2" class="filename"><span class="filename">C#</span></th></tr><tr><td class="linenos"><div class="linenodiv"><pre><span></span><span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-4-1"> 1</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-4-2"> 2</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-4-3"> 3</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-4-4"> 4</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-4-5"> 5</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-4-6"> 6</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-4-7"> 7</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-4-8"> 8</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-4-9"> 9</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-4-10">10</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-4-11">11</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-4-12">12</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-4-13">13</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-4-14">14</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-4-15">15</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-4-16">16</a></span></pre></div></td><td class="code"><div><pre><span></span><code><a id="__codelineno-4-1" name="__codelineno-4-1"></a><span class="c1">// not marked with async, exception propagate directly to caller</span>
+<a id="__codelineno-4-2" name="__codelineno-4-2"></a><span class="k">public</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="k">static</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="n">Task</span><span class="o">&lt;</span><span class="kt">string</span><span class="o">&gt;</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="n">MethodWithValidationAsync</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="kt">string</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="n">argument</span><span class="p">)</span>
+<a id="__codelineno-4-3" name="__codelineno-4-3"></a><span class="p">{</span>
+<a id="__codelineno-4-4" name="__codelineno-4-4"></a><span class="w">  </span><span class="k">if</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="n">sting</span><span class="p">.</span><span class="n">IsNullOrEmpty</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="n">argument</span><span class="p">))</span>
+<a id="__codelineno-4-5" name="__codelineno-4-5"></a><span class="w">  </span><span class="p">{</span>
+<a id="__codelineno-4-6" name="__codelineno-4-6"></a><span class="w">     </span><span class="k">throw</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="k">new</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="nf">ArgumentNullException</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="n">nameof</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="n">argument</span><span class="p">));</span><span class="w">  </span><span class="c1">// thrown immediately</span>
+<a id="__codelineno-4-7" name="__codelineno-4-7"></a><span class="w">  </span><span class="p">}</span>
+<a id="__codelineno-4-8" name="__codelineno-4-8"></a>
+<a id="__codelineno-4-9" name="__codelineno-4-9"></a><span class="w">  </span><span class="k">return</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="nf">ActualMethodAsync</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="n">argument</span><span class="p">);</span><span class="w">  </span><span class="c1">// pass up task of inner method</span>
+<a id="__codelineno-4-10" name="__codelineno-4-10"></a><span class="p">}</span>
+<a id="__codelineno-4-11" name="__codelineno-4-11"></a>
+<a id="__codelineno-4-12" name="__codelineno-4-12"></a><span class="k">private</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="k">static</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="k">async</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="n">Task</span><span class="o">&lt;</span><span class="kt">string</span><span class="o">&gt;</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="n">ActualMethodAsync</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="kt">string</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="n">argument</span><span class="p">)</span>
+<a id="__codelineno-4-13" name="__codelineno-4-13"></a><span class="p">{</span>
+<a id="__codelineno-4-14" name="__codelineno-4-14"></a><span class="w">  </span><span class="c1">// [...]</span>
+<a id="__codelineno-4-15" name="__codelineno-4-15"></a><span class="w">  </span><span class="k">return</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="k">await</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="nf">LongOperationAsync</span><span class="p">();</span>
+<a id="__codelineno-4-16" name="__codelineno-4-16"></a><span class="p">}</span>
+</code></pre></div></td></tr></table></div>
+<blockquote>
+<p><strong>Note</strong>: <code>await</code> extracts only the first exception of an <code>AggregateException</code>, this can cause the loss of information if a task (or group of tasks) has more than one error.</p>
+</blockquote>
+
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+    <span class="md-ellipsis">
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+  <a href="#icollectiont" class="md-nav__link">
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+    <li class="md-nav__item">
+      <a href="../asp.net/filters.html" class="md-nav__link">
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+      <a href="../asp.net/middleware.html" class="md-nav__link">
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+      <a href="../asp.net/razor-syntax.html" class="md-nav__link">
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+      <a href="../asp.net/blazor.html" class="md-nav__link">
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+      <a href="../asp.net/signalr.html" class="md-nav__link">
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+    ADO.NET
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+      <a href="../../java/java-collection-framework.html" class="md-nav__link">
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+        
+        <nav class="md-nav" data-md-level="4" aria-labelledby="__nav_4_10_4_2_label" aria-expanded="false">
+          <label class="md-nav__title" for="__nav_4_10_4_2">
+            <span class="md-nav__icon md-icon"></span>
+            Spring
+          </label>
+          <ul class="md-nav__list" data-md-scrollfix>
+            
+              
+                
+  
+  
+  
+  
+    <li class="md-nav__item">
+      <a href="../../java/spring/pom.xml.html" class="md-nav__link">
+        
+  
+  <span class="md-ellipsis">
+    POM
+  </span>
+  
+
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+    </li>
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+
+              
+            
+              
+                
+  
+  
+  
+  
+    <li class="md-nav__item">
+      <a href="../../java/spring/spring-project.html" class="md-nav__link">
+        
+  
+  <span class="md-ellipsis">
+    Project Structure
+  </span>
+  
+
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+    </li>
+  
+
+              
+            
+          </ul>
+        </nav>
+      
+    </li>
+  
+
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+        </nav>
+      
+    </li>
+  
+
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+            
+          </ul>
+        </nav>
+      
+    </li>
+  
+
+              
+            
+              
+                
+  
+  
+  
+  
+    
+    
+      
+        
+      
+        
+      
+        
+      
+        
+      
+        
+      
+        
+      
+        
+      
+        
+      
+        
+      
+    
+    
+      
+      
+        
+          
+          
+        
+      
+    
+    
+    <li class="md-nav__item md-nav__item--section md-nav__item--nested">
+      
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+        <input class="md-nav__toggle md-toggle " type="checkbox" id="__nav_4_11" >
+        
+          
+          <label class="md-nav__link" for="__nav_4_11" id="__nav_4_11_label" tabindex="">
+            
+  
+  <span class="md-ellipsis">
+    PHP
+  </span>
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+
+            <span class="md-nav__icon md-icon"></span>
+          </label>
+        
+        <nav class="md-nav" data-md-level="2" aria-labelledby="__nav_4_11_label" aria-expanded="false">
+          <label class="md-nav__title" for="__nav_4_11">
+            <span class="md-nav__icon md-icon"></span>
+            PHP
+          </label>
+          <ul class="md-nav__list" data-md-scrollfix>
+            
+              
+                
+  
+  
+  
+  
+    <li class="md-nav__item">
+      <a href="../../php/php.html" class="md-nav__link">
+        
+  
+  <span class="md-ellipsis">
+    PHP
+  </span>
+  
+
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+    </li>
+  
+
+              
+            
+              
+                
+  
+  
+  
+  
+    <li class="md-nav__item">
+      <a href="../../php/database.html" class="md-nav__link">
+        
+  
+  <span class="md-ellipsis">
+    Database
+  </span>
+  
+
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+    </li>
+  
+
+              
+            
+              
+                
+  
+  
+  
+  
+    <li class="md-nav__item">
+      <a href="../../php/web.html" class="md-nav__link">
+        
+  
+  <span class="md-ellipsis">
+    Web
+  </span>
+  
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+    </li>
+  
+
+              
+            
+              
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+  
+  
+  
+  
+    <li class="md-nav__item">
+      <a href="../../php/dependency-injection.html" class="md-nav__link">
+        
+  
+  <span class="md-ellipsis">
+    Dependency Injection
+  </span>
+  
+
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+    </li>
+  
+
+              
+            
+              
+                
+  
+  
+  
+  
+    <li class="md-nav__item">
+      <a href="../../php/unit-tests.html" class="md-nav__link">
+        
+  
+  <span class="md-ellipsis">
+    Unit Tests
+  </span>
+  
+
+      </a>
+    </li>
+  
+
+              
+            
+              
+                
+  
+  
+  
+  
+    <li class="md-nav__item">
+      <a href="../../php/composer.html" class="md-nav__link">
+        
+  
+  <span class="md-ellipsis">
+    Composer
+  </span>
+  
+
+      </a>
+    </li>
+  
+
+              
+            
+              
+                
+  
+  
+  
+  
+    <li class="md-nav__item">
+      <a href="../../php/psr-7.html" class="md-nav__link">
+        
+  
+  <span class="md-ellipsis">
+    PSR 7
+  </span>
+  
+
+      </a>
+    </li>
+  
+
+              
+            
+              
+                
+  
+  
+  
+  
+    <li class="md-nav__item">
+      <a href="../../php/plates-templating.html" class="md-nav__link">
+        
+  
+  <span class="md-ellipsis">
+    Plates
+  </span>
+  
+
+      </a>
+    </li>
+  
+
+              
+            
+              
+                
+  
+  
+  
+  
+    
+    
+      
+        
+      
+        
+      
+    
+    
+      
+      
+        
+      
+    
+    
+    <li class="md-nav__item md-nav__item--nested">
+      
+        
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+        <input class="md-nav__toggle md-toggle " type="checkbox" id="__nav_4_11_9" >
+        
+          
+          <label class="md-nav__link" for="__nav_4_11_9" id="__nav_4_11_9_label" tabindex="0">
+            
+  
+  <span class="md-ellipsis">
+    Simple MVC
+  </span>
+  
+
+            <span class="md-nav__icon md-icon"></span>
+          </label>
+        
+        <nav class="md-nav" data-md-level="3" aria-labelledby="__nav_4_11_9_label" aria-expanded="false">
+          <label class="md-nav__title" for="__nav_4_11_9">
+            <span class="md-nav__icon md-icon"></span>
+            Simple MVC
+          </label>
+          <ul class="md-nav__list" data-md-scrollfix>
+            
+              
+                
+  
+  
+  
+  
+    <li class="md-nav__item">
+      <a href="../../php/simple-mvc/simple-mvc.html" class="md-nav__link">
+        
+  
+  <span class="md-ellipsis">
+    Simple MVC
+  </span>
+  
+
+      </a>
+    </li>
+  
+
+              
+            
+              
+                
+  
+  
+  
+  
+    <li class="md-nav__item">
+      <a href="../../php/simple-mvc/rest-api.html" class="md-nav__link">
+        
+  
+  <span class="md-ellipsis">
+    REST API
+  </span>
+  
+
+      </a>
+    </li>
+  
+
+              
+            
+          </ul>
+        </nav>
+      
+    </li>
+  
+
+              
+            
+          </ul>
+        </nav>
+      
+    </li>
+  
+
+              
+            
+              
+                
+  
+  
+  
+  
+    
+    
+      
+        
+      
+        
+      
+        
+      
+        
+      
+        
+      
+    
+    
+      
+      
+        
+          
+          
+        
+      
+    
+    
+    <li class="md-nav__item md-nav__item--section md-nav__item--nested">
+      
+        
+        
+        <input class="md-nav__toggle md-toggle " type="checkbox" id="__nav_4_12" >
+        
+          
+          <label class="md-nav__link" for="__nav_4_12" id="__nav_4_12_label" tabindex="">
+            
+  
+  <span class="md-ellipsis">
+    Rust
+  </span>
+  
+
+            <span class="md-nav__icon md-icon"></span>
+          </label>
+        
+        <nav class="md-nav" data-md-level="2" aria-labelledby="__nav_4_12_label" aria-expanded="false">
+          <label class="md-nav__title" for="__nav_4_12">
+            <span class="md-nav__icon md-icon"></span>
+            Rust
+          </label>
+          <ul class="md-nav__list" data-md-scrollfix>
+            
+              
+                
+  
+  
+  
+  
+    <li class="md-nav__item">
+      <a href="../../rust/rust.html" class="md-nav__link">
+        
+  
+  <span class="md-ellipsis">
+    Rust
+  </span>
+  
+
+      </a>
+    </li>
+  
+
+              
+            
+              
+                
+  
+  
+  
+  
+    <li class="md-nav__item">
+      <a href="../../rust/macros.html" class="md-nav__link">
+        
+  
+  <span class="md-ellipsis">
+    Macros
+  </span>
+  
+
+      </a>
+    </li>
+  
+
+              
+            
+              
+                
+  
+  
+  
+  
+    <li class="md-nav__item">
+      <a href="../../rust/cargo.html" class="md-nav__link">
+        
+  
+  <span class="md-ellipsis">
+    Cargo
+  </span>
+  
+
+      </a>
+    </li>
+  
+
+              
+            
+              
+                
+  
+  
+  
+  
+    <li class="md-nav__item">
+      <a href="../../rust/concurrency.html" class="md-nav__link">
+        
+  
+  <span class="md-ellipsis">
+    Concurrency
+  </span>
+  
+
+      </a>
+    </li>
+  
+
+              
+            
+              
+                
+  
+  
+  
+  
+    <li class="md-nav__item">
+      <a href="../../rust/unit-tests.html" class="md-nav__link">
+        
+  
+  <span class="md-ellipsis">
+    Unit Tests
+  </span>
+  
+
+      </a>
+    </li>
+  
+
+              
+            
+          </ul>
+        </nav>
+      
+    </li>
+  
+
+              
+            
+              
+                
+  
+  
+  
+  
+    
+    
+      
+        
+      
+        
+      
+        
+      
+        
+      
+        
+      
+        
+      
+        
+      
+    
+    
+      
+      
+        
+          
+          
+        
+      
+    
+    
+    <li class="md-nav__item md-nav__item--section md-nav__item--nested">
+      
+        
+        
+        <input class="md-nav__toggle md-toggle " type="checkbox" id="__nav_4_13" >
+        
+          
+          <label class="md-nav__link" for="__nav_4_13" id="__nav_4_13_label" tabindex="">
+            
+  
+  <span class="md-ellipsis">
+    Javascript
+  </span>
+  
+
+            <span class="md-nav__icon md-icon"></span>
+          </label>
+        
+        <nav class="md-nav" data-md-level="2" aria-labelledby="__nav_4_13_label" aria-expanded="false">
+          <label class="md-nav__title" for="__nav_4_13">
+            <span class="md-nav__icon md-icon"></span>
+            Javascript
+          </label>
+          <ul class="md-nav__list" data-md-scrollfix>
+            
+              
+                
+  
+  
+  
+  
+    <li class="md-nav__item">
+      <a href="../../javascript/javascript.html" class="md-nav__link">
+        
+  
+  <span class="md-ellipsis">
+    Javascript
+  </span>
+  
+
+      </a>
+    </li>
+  
+
+              
+            
+              
+                
+  
+  
+  
+  
+    <li class="md-nav__item">
+      <a href="../../javascript/dom.html" class="md-nav__link">
+        
+  
+  <span class="md-ellipsis">
+    DOM
+  </span>
+  
+
+      </a>
+    </li>
+  
+
+              
+            
+              
+                
+  
+  
+  
+  
+    <li class="md-nav__item">
+      <a href="../../javascript/events-animation.html" class="md-nav__link">
+        
+  
+  <span class="md-ellipsis">
+    Events & Animation
+  </span>
+  
+
+      </a>
+    </li>
+  
+
+              
+            
+              
+                
+  
+  
+  
+  
+    <li class="md-nav__item">
+      <a href="../../javascript/ajax.html" class="md-nav__link">
+        
+  
+  <span class="md-ellipsis">
+    AJAX
+  </span>
+  
+
+      </a>
+    </li>
+  
+
+              
+            
+              
+                
+  
+  
+  
+  
+    <li class="md-nav__item">
+      <a href="../../javascript/jquery.html" class="md-nav__link">
+        
+  
+  <span class="md-ellipsis">
+    jQuery
+  </span>
+  
+
+      </a>
+    </li>
+  
+
+              
+            
+              
+                
+  
+  
+  
+  
+    
+    
+      
+        
+      
+        
+      
+        
+      
+        
+      
+        
+      
+    
+    
+      
+      
+        
+      
+    
+    
+    <li class="md-nav__item md-nav__item--nested">
+      
+        
+        
+        <input class="md-nav__toggle md-toggle " type="checkbox" id="__nav_4_13_6" >
+        
+          
+          <label class="md-nav__link" for="__nav_4_13_6" id="__nav_4_13_6_label" tabindex="0">
+            
+  
+  <span class="md-ellipsis">
+    React
+  </span>
+  
+
+            <span class="md-nav__icon md-icon"></span>
+          </label>
+        
+        <nav class="md-nav" data-md-level="3" aria-labelledby="__nav_4_13_6_label" aria-expanded="false">
+          <label class="md-nav__title" for="__nav_4_13_6">
+            <span class="md-nav__icon md-icon"></span>
+            React
+          </label>
+          <ul class="md-nav__list" data-md-scrollfix>
+            
+              
+                
+  
+  
+  
+  
+    <li class="md-nav__item">
+      <a href="../../javascript/react/react.html" class="md-nav__link">
+        
+  
+  <span class="md-ellipsis">
+    React
+  </span>
+  
+
+      </a>
+    </li>
+  
+
+              
+            
+              
+                
+  
+  
+  
+  
+    <li class="md-nav__item">
+      <a href="../../javascript/react/react-router.html" class="md-nav__link">
+        
+  
+  <span class="md-ellipsis">
+    React Router
+  </span>
+  
+
+      </a>
+    </li>
+  
+
+              
+            
+              
+                
+  
+  
+  
+  
+    <li class="md-nav__item">
+      <a href="../../javascript/react/react-tests.html" class="md-nav__link">
+        
+  
+  <span class="md-ellipsis">
+    React Tests
+  </span>
+  
+
+      </a>
+    </li>
+  
+
+              
+            
+              
+                
+  
+  
+  
+  
+    <li class="md-nav__item">
+      <a href="../../javascript/react/redux.html" class="md-nav__link">
+        
+  
+  <span class="md-ellipsis">
+    Redux
+  </span>
+  
+
+      </a>
+    </li>
+  
+
+              
+            
+              
+                
+  
+  
+  
+  
+    <li class="md-nav__item">
+      <a href="../../javascript/react/redux-tests.html" class="md-nav__link">
+        
+  
+  <span class="md-ellipsis">
+    Redux Tests
+  </span>
+  
+
+      </a>
+    </li>
+  
+
+              
+            
+          </ul>
+        </nav>
+      
+    </li>
+  
+
+              
+            
+              
+                
+  
+  
+  
+  
+    <li class="md-nav__item">
+      <a href="../../javascript/svelte/svelte.html" class="md-nav__link">
+        
+  
+  <span class="md-ellipsis">
+    Svelte
+  </span>
+  
+
+      </a>
+    </li>
+  
+
+              
+            
+          </ul>
+        </nav>
+      
+    </li>
+  
+
+              
+            
+              
+                
+  
+  
+  
+  
+    
+    
+      
+        
+      
+        
+      
+    
+    
+      
+      
+        
+          
+          
+        
+      
+    
+    
+    <li class="md-nav__item md-nav__item--section md-nav__item--nested">
+      
+        
+        
+        <input class="md-nav__toggle md-toggle " type="checkbox" id="__nav_4_14" >
+        
+          
+          <label class="md-nav__link" for="__nav_4_14" id="__nav_4_14_label" tabindex="">
+            
+  
+  <span class="md-ellipsis">
+    PowerShell
+  </span>
+  
+
+            <span class="md-nav__icon md-icon"></span>
+          </label>
+        
+        <nav class="md-nav" data-md-level="2" aria-labelledby="__nav_4_14_label" aria-expanded="false">
+          <label class="md-nav__title" for="__nav_4_14">
+            <span class="md-nav__icon md-icon"></span>
+            PowerShell
+          </label>
+          <ul class="md-nav__list" data-md-scrollfix>
+            
+              
+                
+  
+  
+  
+  
+    <li class="md-nav__item">
+      <a href="../../powershell/scripting.html" class="md-nav__link">
+        
+  
+  <span class="md-ellipsis">
+    Scripting
+  </span>
+  
+
+      </a>
+    </li>
+  
+
+              
+            
+              
+                
+  
+  
+  
+  
+    <li class="md-nav__item">
+      <a href="../../powershell/commands.html" class="md-nav__link">
+        
+  
+  <span class="md-ellipsis">
+    Commands
+  </span>
+  
+
+      </a>
+    </li>
+  
+
+              
+            
+          </ul>
+        </nav>
+      
+    </li>
+  
+
+              
+            
+              
+                
+  
+  
+  
+  
+    
+    
+      
+        
+      
+        
+      
+    
+    
+      
+      
+        
+          
+          
+        
+      
+    
+    
+    <li class="md-nav__item md-nav__item--section md-nav__item--nested">
+      
+        
+        
+        <input class="md-nav__toggle md-toggle " type="checkbox" id="__nav_4_15" >
+        
+          
+          <label class="md-nav__link" for="__nav_4_15" id="__nav_4_15_label" tabindex="">
+            
+  
+  <span class="md-ellipsis">
+    Bash
+  </span>
+  
+
+            <span class="md-nav__icon md-icon"></span>
+          </label>
+        
+        <nav class="md-nav" data-md-level="2" aria-labelledby="__nav_4_15_label" aria-expanded="false">
+          <label class="md-nav__title" for="__nav_4_15">
+            <span class="md-nav__icon md-icon"></span>
+            Bash
+          </label>
+          <ul class="md-nav__list" data-md-scrollfix>
+            
+              
+                
+  
+  
+  
+  
+    <li class="md-nav__item">
+      <a href="../../bash/scripting.html" class="md-nav__link">
+        
+  
+  <span class="md-ellipsis">
+    Scripting
+  </span>
+  
+
+      </a>
+    </li>
+  
+
+              
+            
+              
+                
+  
+  
+  
+  
+    <li class="md-nav__item">
+      <a href="../../bash/commands.html" class="md-nav__link">
+        
+  
+  <span class="md-ellipsis">
+    Commands
+  </span>
+  
+
+      </a>
+    </li>
+  
+
+              
+            
+          </ul>
+        </nav>
+      
+    </li>
+  
+
+              
+            
+          </ul>
+        </nav>
+      
+    </li>
+  
+
+    
+      
+      
+  
+  
+  
+  
+    
+    
+      
+        
+      
+        
+      
+        
+      
+        
+      
+        
+      
+    
+    
+      
+      
+        
+      
+    
+    
+    <li class="md-nav__item md-nav__item--nested">
+      
+        
+        
+        <input class="md-nav__toggle md-toggle " type="checkbox" id="__nav_5" >
+        
+          
+          <label class="md-nav__link" for="__nav_5" id="__nav_5_label" tabindex="0">
+            
+  
+  <span class="md-ellipsis">
+    Misc
+  </span>
+  
+
+            <span class="md-nav__icon md-icon"></span>
+          </label>
+        
+        <nav class="md-nav" data-md-level="1" aria-labelledby="__nav_5_label" aria-expanded="false">
+          <label class="md-nav__title" for="__nav_5">
+            <span class="md-nav__icon md-icon"></span>
+            Misc
+          </label>
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+      
+        <li class="md-nav__item">
+  <a href="#arrays" class="md-nav__link">
+    <span class="md-ellipsis">
+      Arrays
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+    <nav class="md-nav" aria-label="Arrays">
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+        
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+  <a href="#array-methods" class="md-nav__link">
+    <span class="md-ellipsis">
+      Array Methods
+    </span>
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+</li>
+        
+          <li class="md-nav__item">
+  <a href="#multidimensional-arrays" class="md-nav__link">
+    <span class="md-ellipsis">
+      Multidimensional Arrays
+    </span>
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+      Lists
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+  
+</li>
+      
+        <li class="md-nav__item">
+  <a href="#iterators" class="md-nav__link">
+    <span class="md-ellipsis">
+      Iterators
+    </span>
+  </a>
+  
+</li>
+      
+        <li class="md-nav__item">
+  <a href="#list-sequence-interfaces" class="md-nav__link">
+    <span class="md-ellipsis">
+      List &amp; Sequence Interfaces
+    </span>
+  </a>
+  
+    <nav class="md-nav" aria-label="List & Sequence Interfaces">
+      <ul class="md-nav__list">
+        
+          <li class="md-nav__item">
+  <a href="#ienumerablet" class="md-nav__link">
+    <span class="md-ellipsis">
+      IEnumerable&lt;T&gt;
+    </span>
+  </a>
+  
+</li>
+        
+          <li class="md-nav__item">
+  <a href="#icollectiont" class="md-nav__link">
+    <span class="md-ellipsis">
+      ICollection&lt;T&gt;
+    </span>
+  </a>
+  
+</li>
+        
+          <li class="md-nav__item">
+  <a href="#ilistt" class="md-nav__link">
+    <span class="md-ellipsis">
+      IList&lt;T&gt;
+    </span>
+  </a>
+  
+</li>
+        
+      </ul>
+    </nav>
+  
+</li>
+      
+        <li class="md-nav__item">
+  <a href="#dictionaries" class="md-nav__link">
+    <span class="md-ellipsis">
+      Dictionaries
+    </span>
+  </a>
+  
+</li>
+      
+        <li class="md-nav__item">
+  <a href="#sets" class="md-nav__link">
+    <span class="md-ellipsis">
+      Sets
+    </span>
+  </a>
+  
+</li>
+      
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+  
+</nav>
+                  </div>
+                </div>
+              </div>
+            
+          
+          
+            <div class="md-content" data-md-component="content">
+              <article class="md-content__inner md-typeset">
+                
+                  
+
+  
+  
+
+
+<h1 id="c-collections">C# Collections</h1>
+<h2 id="arrays">Arrays</h2>
+<p>An array is an object that contains multiple elements of a particular type. The number of elements is fixed for the lifetime of the array, so it must be specified when the array is created.</p>
+<p>An array type is always a reference type, regardless of the element type. Nonetheless, the choice between reference type and value type elements makes a significant difference in an array's behavior.</p>
+<div class="highlight"><table class="highlighttable"><tr><th colspan="2" class="filename"><span class="filename">C#</span></th></tr><tr><td class="linenos"><div class="linenodiv"><pre><span></span><span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-0-1"> 1</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-0-2"> 2</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-0-3"> 3</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-0-4"> 4</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-0-5"> 5</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-0-6"> 6</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-0-7"> 7</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-0-8"> 8</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-0-9"> 9</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-0-10">10</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-0-11">11</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-0-12">12</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-0-13">13</a></span></pre></div></td><td class="code"><div><pre><span></span><code><a id="__codelineno-0-1" name="__codelineno-0-1"></a><span class="n">type</span><span class="p">[]</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="n">array</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="o">=</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="k">new</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="n">type</span><span class="p">[</span><span class="n">dimension</span><span class="p">];</span>
+<a id="__codelineno-0-2" name="__codelineno-0-2"></a><span class="n">type</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="n">array</span><span class="p">[]</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="o">=</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="k">new</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="n">type</span><span class="p">[</span><span class="n">dimension</span><span class="p">];</span><span class="w">  </span><span class="c1">//invalid</span>
+<a id="__codelineno-0-3" name="__codelineno-0-3"></a>
+<a id="__codelineno-0-4" name="__codelineno-0-4"></a><span class="n">type</span><span class="p">[]</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="n">array</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="o">=</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="p">{</span><span class="n">value1</span><span class="p">,</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="n">value2</span><span class="p">,</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="p">...,</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="n">valueN</span><span class="p">};</span><span class="w">  </span><span class="c1">// initializer</span>
+<a id="__codelineno-0-5" name="__codelineno-0-5"></a><span class="kt">var</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="n">array</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="o">=</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="k">new</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="n">type</span><span class="p">[]</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="p">{</span><span class="n">value1</span><span class="p">,</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="n">value2</span><span class="p">,</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="p">...,</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="n">valueN</span><span class="p">};</span><span class="w">  </span><span class="c1">// initializer (var type needs new operator)</span>
+<a id="__codelineno-0-6" name="__codelineno-0-6"></a><span class="kt">var</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="n">array</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="o">=</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="k">new</span><span class="p">[]</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="p">{</span><span class="n">value1</span><span class="p">,</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="n">value2</span><span class="p">,</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="p">...,</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="n">valueN</span><span class="p">};</span><span class="w">  </span><span class="c1">// initializer w/ element type inference (var type needs new operator), can be used as method arg</span>
+<a id="__codelineno-0-7" name="__codelineno-0-7"></a>
+<a id="__codelineno-0-8" name="__codelineno-0-8"></a><span class="n">array</span><span class="p">[</span><span class="n">index</span><span class="p">];</span><span class="w">    </span><span class="c1">// value access</span>
+<a id="__codelineno-0-9" name="__codelineno-0-9"></a><span class="n">array</span><span class="p">[</span><span class="n">index</span><span class="p">]</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="o">=</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="k">value</span><span class="p">;</span><span class="w">    </span><span class="c1">// value assignment</span>
+<a id="__codelineno-0-10" name="__codelineno-0-10"></a><span class="n">array</span><span class="p">.</span><span class="n">Length</span><span class="p">;</span><span class="w">  </span><span class="c1">// dimension of the array</span>
+<a id="__codelineno-0-11" name="__codelineno-0-11"></a>
+<a id="__codelineno-0-12" name="__codelineno-0-12"></a><span class="c1">// from IEnumerable&lt;T&gt;</span>
+<a id="__codelineno-0-13" name="__codelineno-0-13"></a><span class="n">array</span><span class="p">.</span><span class="n">OfType</span><span class="o">&lt;</span><span class="n">Type</span><span class="o">&gt;</span><span class="p">();</span><span class="w">  </span><span class="c1">// filter array based on type, returns IEnumerable&lt;Type&gt;</span>
+</code></pre></div></td></tr></table></div>
+<h3 id="array-methods"><a href="https://docs.microsoft.com/en-us/dotnet/api/system.array?view=netcore-3.1#methods">Array Methods</a></h3>
+<div class="highlight"><table class="highlighttable"><tr><th colspan="2" class="filename"><span class="filename">C#</span></th></tr><tr><td class="linenos"><div class="linenodiv"><pre><span></span><span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-1-1"> 1</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-1-2"> 2</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-1-3"> 3</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-1-4"> 4</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-1-5"> 5</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-1-6"> 6</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-1-7"> 7</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-1-8"> 8</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-1-9"> 9</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-1-10">10</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-1-11">11</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-1-12">12</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-1-13">13</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-1-14">14</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-1-15">15</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-1-16">16</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-1-17">17</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-1-18">18</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-1-19">19</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-1-20">20</a></span></pre></div></td><td class="code"><div><pre><span></span><code><a id="__codelineno-1-1" name="__codelineno-1-1"></a><span class="c1">// overloaded search methods</span>
+<a id="__codelineno-1-2" name="__codelineno-1-2"></a><span class="n">Array</span><span class="p">.</span><span class="n">IndexOf</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="n">array</span><span class="p">,</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="n">item</span><span class="p">);</span><span class="w">  </span><span class="c1">// return index of searched item in passed array</span>
+<a id="__codelineno-1-3" name="__codelineno-1-3"></a><span class="n">Array</span><span class="p">.</span><span class="n">LastIndexOf</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="n">array</span><span class="p">,</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="n">item</span><span class="p">);</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="c1">// return index of searched item staring from the end of the array</span>
+<a id="__codelineno-1-4" name="__codelineno-1-4"></a><span class="n">Array</span><span class="p">.</span><span class="n">FindIndex</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="n">array</span><span class="p">,</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="n">Predicate</span><span class="o">&lt;</span><span class="n">T</span><span class="o">&gt;</span><span class="p">)</span><span class="w">  </span><span class="c1">// returns the index of the first item matching the predicate (can be lambda function)</span>
+<a id="__codelineno-1-5" name="__codelineno-1-5"></a><span class="n">Array</span><span class="p">.</span><span class="n">FindLastIndex</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="n">array</span><span class="p">,</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="n">Predicate</span><span class="o">&lt;</span><span class="n">T</span><span class="o">&gt;</span><span class="p">)</span><span class="w">  </span><span class="c1">// returns the index of the last item matching the predicate (can be lambda function)</span>
+<a id="__codelineno-1-6" name="__codelineno-1-6"></a><span class="n">Array</span><span class="p">.</span><span class="n">Find</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="n">array</span><span class="p">,</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="n">Predicate</span><span class="o">&lt;</span><span class="n">T</span><span class="o">&gt;</span><span class="p">)</span><span class="w">  </span><span class="c1">// returns the value of the first item matching the predicate (can be lambda function)</span>
+<a id="__codelineno-1-7" name="__codelineno-1-7"></a><span class="n">Array</span><span class="p">.</span><span class="n">FindLast</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="n">array</span><span class="p">,</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="n">Predicate</span><span class="o">&lt;</span><span class="n">T</span><span class="o">&gt;</span><span class="p">)</span><span class="w">  </span><span class="c1">// returns the value of the last item matching the predicate (can be lambda function)</span>
+<a id="__codelineno-1-8" name="__codelineno-1-8"></a><span class="n">Array</span><span class="p">.</span><span class="n">FindAll</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="n">array</span><span class="p">,</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="n">Predicate</span><span class="o">&lt;</span><span class="n">T</span><span class="o">&gt;</span><span class="p">)</span><span class="w">  </span><span class="c1">// returns array of all items matching the predicate (can be lambda function)</span>
+<a id="__codelineno-1-9" name="__codelineno-1-9"></a><span class="n">Array</span><span class="p">.</span><span class="n">BinarySearch</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="n">array</span><span class="p">,</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="k">value</span><span class="p">)</span><span class="w">  </span><span class="c1">// Searches a  SORTED array for a value, using a binary search algorithm; returns the index of the found item</span>
+<a id="__codelineno-1-10" name="__codelineno-1-10"></a>
+<a id="__codelineno-1-11" name="__codelineno-1-11"></a><span class="n">Array</span><span class="p">.</span><span class="n">Sort</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="n">array</span><span class="p">);</span>
+<a id="__codelineno-1-12" name="__codelineno-1-12"></a><span class="n">Array</span><span class="p">.</span><span class="n">Reverse</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="n">array</span><span class="p">);</span><span class="w">  </span><span class="c1">// reverses the  order of array elements</span>
+<a id="__codelineno-1-13" name="__codelineno-1-13"></a><span class="n">Array</span><span class="p">.</span><span class="n">Clear</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="n">start_index</span><span class="p">,</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="n">x</span><span class="p">);</span><span class="w">  </span><span class="c1">//removes reference to x elements starting at start index. Dimension of array unchanged (cleared elements value is set tu null)</span>
+<a id="__codelineno-1-14" name="__codelineno-1-14"></a><span class="n">Array</span><span class="p">.</span><span class="n">Resize</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="k">ref</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="n">array</span><span class="p">,</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="n">target_dimension</span><span class="p">);</span><span class="w">  </span><span class="c1">//expands or shrinks the array dimension. Shrinking drops trailing values. Array passed by reference.</span>
+<a id="__codelineno-1-15" name="__codelineno-1-15"></a>
+<a id="__codelineno-1-16" name="__codelineno-1-16"></a><span class="c1">// Copies elements from an Array starting at the specified index and pastes them to another Array starting at the specified destination index.</span>
+<a id="__codelineno-1-17" name="__codelineno-1-17"></a><span class="n">Array</span><span class="p">.</span><span class="n">Copy</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="n">sourceArray</span><span class="p">,</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="n">sourceStartIndex</span><span class="p">,</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="n">destinationArray</span><span class="p">,</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="n">destinationStartIndex</span><span class="p">,</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="n">numItemsToCopy</span><span class="p">);</span>
+<a id="__codelineno-1-18" name="__codelineno-1-18"></a><span class="c1">// Copies elements from an Array starting at the first element and pastes them into another Array starting at the first element.</span>
+<a id="__codelineno-1-19" name="__codelineno-1-19"></a><span class="n">Array</span><span class="p">.</span><span class="n">Copy</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="n">sourceArray</span><span class="p">,</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="n">destinationArray</span><span class="p">,</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="n">numItemsToCopy</span><span class="p">);</span>
+<a id="__codelineno-1-20" name="__codelineno-1-20"></a><span class="n">Array</span><span class="p">.</span><span class="n">Clone</span><span class="p">();</span><span class="w">  </span><span class="c1">// returns a shallow copy of the array</span>
+</code></pre></div></td></tr></table></div>
+<h3 id="multidimensional-arrays">Multidimensional Arrays</h3>
+<p>C# supports two multidimensional array forms: <a href="https://docs.microsoft.com/en-us/dotnet/csharp/programming-guide/arrays/jagged-arrays">jagged</a> arrays and <a href="https://docs.microsoft.com/en-us/dotnet/csharp/programming-guide/arrays/multidimensional-arrays">rectangular</a> arrays (<em>matrices</em>).</p>
+<div class="highlight"><table class="highlighttable"><tr><th colspan="2" class="filename"><span class="filename">C#</span></th></tr><tr><td class="linenos"><div class="linenodiv"><pre><span></span><span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-2-1"> 1</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-2-2"> 2</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-2-3"> 3</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-2-4"> 4</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-2-5"> 5</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-2-6"> 6</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-2-7"> 7</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-2-8"> 8</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-2-9"> 9</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-2-10">10</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-2-11">11</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-2-12">12</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-2-13">13</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-2-14">14</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-2-15">15</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-2-16">16</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-2-17">17</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-2-18">18</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-2-19">19</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-2-20">20</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-2-21">21</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-2-22">22</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-2-23">23</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-2-24">24</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-2-25">25</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-2-26">26</a></span></pre></div></td><td class="code"><div><pre><span></span><code><a id="__codelineno-2-1" name="__codelineno-2-1"></a><span class="c1">//specify first dimension</span>
+<a id="__codelineno-2-2" name="__codelineno-2-2"></a><span class="n">type</span><span class="p">[][]</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="n">jagged</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="o">=</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="k">new</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="n">type</span><span class="p">[][]</span>
+<a id="__codelineno-2-3" name="__codelineno-2-3"></a><span class="p">{</span>
+<a id="__codelineno-2-4" name="__codelineno-2-4"></a><span class="w">    </span><span class="k">new</span><span class="p">[]</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="p">{</span><span class="n">item1</span><span class="p">,</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="n">item2</span><span class="p">,</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="n">item3</span><span class="p">},</span>
+<a id="__codelineno-2-5" name="__codelineno-2-5"></a><span class="w">    </span><span class="k">new</span><span class="p">[]</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="p">{</span><span class="n">item1</span><span class="p">},</span>
+<a id="__codelineno-2-6" name="__codelineno-2-6"></a><span class="w">    </span><span class="k">new</span><span class="p">[]</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="p">{</span><span class="n">item1</span><span class="p">,</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="n">item2</span><span class="p">},</span>
+<a id="__codelineno-2-7" name="__codelineno-2-7"></a><span class="w">    </span><span class="p">...</span>
+<a id="__codelineno-2-8" name="__codelineno-2-8"></a><span class="p">}</span>
+<a id="__codelineno-2-9" name="__codelineno-2-9"></a>
+<a id="__codelineno-2-10" name="__codelineno-2-10"></a><span class="c1">// shorthand</span>
+<a id="__codelineno-2-11" name="__codelineno-2-11"></a><span class="n">type</span><span class="p">[][]</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="n">jagged</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="o">=</span>
+<a id="__codelineno-2-12" name="__codelineno-2-12"></a><span class="p">{</span>
+<a id="__codelineno-2-13" name="__codelineno-2-13"></a><span class="w">    </span><span class="k">new</span><span class="p">[]</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="p">{</span><span class="n">item1</span><span class="p">,</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="n">item2</span><span class="p">,</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="n">item3</span><span class="p">},</span>
+<a id="__codelineno-2-14" name="__codelineno-2-14"></a><span class="w">    </span><span class="k">new</span><span class="p">[]</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="p">{</span><span class="n">item1</span><span class="p">},</span>
+<a id="__codelineno-2-15" name="__codelineno-2-15"></a><span class="w">    </span><span class="k">new</span><span class="p">[]</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="p">{</span><span class="n">item1</span><span class="p">,</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="n">item2</span><span class="p">},</span>
+<a id="__codelineno-2-16" name="__codelineno-2-16"></a><span class="w">    </span><span class="p">...</span>
+<a id="__codelineno-2-17" name="__codelineno-2-17"></a><span class="p">}</span>
+<a id="__codelineno-2-18" name="__codelineno-2-18"></a>
+<a id="__codelineno-2-19" name="__codelineno-2-19"></a><span class="c1">// matrices</span>
+<a id="__codelineno-2-20" name="__codelineno-2-20"></a><span class="n">type</span><span class="p">[,]</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="n">matrix</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="o">=</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="k">new</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="n">type</span><span class="p">[</span><span class="n">n</span><span class="p">,</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="n">m</span><span class="p">];</span><span class="w">  </span><span class="c1">// n * m matrix</span>
+<a id="__codelineno-2-21" name="__codelineno-2-21"></a><span class="n">type</span><span class="p">[,]</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="n">matrix</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="o">=</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="p">{{},</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="p">{},</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="p">{},</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="p">...};</span><span class="w">  </span><span class="c1">// {} for each row to initialize</span>
+<a id="__codelineno-2-22" name="__codelineno-2-22"></a><span class="n">type</span><span class="p">[,</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="p">,]</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="n">tensor</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="o">=</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="k">new</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="n">type</span><span class="p">[</span><span class="n">n</span><span class="p">,</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="n">m</span><span class="p">,</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="n">o</span><span class="p">]</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="c1">// n * m * o tensor</span>
+<a id="__codelineno-2-23" name="__codelineno-2-23"></a>
+<a id="__codelineno-2-24" name="__codelineno-2-24"></a><span class="n">matrix</span><span class="p">.</span><span class="n">Length</span><span class="p">;</span><span class="w">  </span><span class="c1">// total number of elements (n * m)</span>
+<a id="__codelineno-2-25" name="__codelineno-2-25"></a><span class="n">matrix</span><span class="p">.</span><span class="n">GetLength</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="kt">int</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="n">dimension</span><span class="p">);</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="c1">// get the size of a particular direction</span>
+<a id="__codelineno-2-26" name="__codelineno-2-26"></a><span class="c1">// row = 0, column = 1, ...</span>
+</code></pre></div></td></tr></table></div>
+<h2 id="lists"><a href="https://docs.microsoft.com/en-us/dotnet/api/system.collections.generic.list-1">Lists</a></h2>
+<p><code>List&lt;T&gt;</code> stores sequences of elements. It can grow or shrink, allowing to add or remove elements.</p>
+<div class="highlight"><table class="highlighttable"><tr><th colspan="2" class="filename"><span class="filename">C#</span></th></tr><tr><td class="linenos"><div class="linenodiv"><pre><span></span><span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-3-1"> 1</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-3-2"> 2</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-3-3"> 3</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-3-4"> 4</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-3-5"> 5</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-3-6"> 6</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-3-7"> 7</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-3-8"> 8</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-3-9"> 9</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-3-10">10</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-3-11">11</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-3-12">12</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-3-13">13</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-3-14">14</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-3-15">15</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-3-16">16</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-3-17">17</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-3-18">18</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-3-19">19</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-3-20">20</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-3-21">21</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-3-22">22</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-3-23">23</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-3-24">24</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-3-25">25</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-3-26">26</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-3-27">27</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-3-28">28</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-3-29">29</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-3-30">30</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-3-31">31</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-3-32">32</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-3-33">33</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-3-34">34</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-3-35">35</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-3-36">36</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-3-37">37</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-3-38">38</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-3-39">39</a></span></pre></div></td><td class="code"><div><pre><span></span><code><a id="__codelineno-3-1" name="__codelineno-3-1"></a><span class="k">using</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="nn">System.Collections.Generics</span><span class="p">;</span>
+<a id="__codelineno-3-2" name="__codelineno-3-2"></a>
+<a id="__codelineno-3-3" name="__codelineno-3-3"></a><span class="n">List</span><span class="o">&lt;</span><span class="n">T</span><span class="o">&gt;</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="n">list</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="o">=</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="k">new</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="n">List</span><span class="o">&lt;</span><span class="n">T</span><span class="o">&gt;</span><span class="p">();</span>
+<a id="__codelineno-3-4" name="__codelineno-3-4"></a><span class="n">List</span><span class="o">&lt;</span><span class="n">T</span><span class="o">&gt;</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="n">list</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="o">=</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="k">new</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="n">List</span><span class="o">&lt;</span><span class="n">T</span><span class="o">&gt;</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="p">{</span><span class="n">item_1</span><span class="p">,</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="p">...};</span><span class="w">  </span><span class="c1">// initialized usable since list implements IEnumerable&lt;T&gt; and has Add() method (even extension method)</span>
+<a id="__codelineno-3-5" name="__codelineno-3-5"></a><span class="n">List</span><span class="o">&lt;</span><span class="n">T</span><span class="o">&gt;</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="n">list</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="o">=</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="k">new</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="n">List</span><span class="o">&lt;</span><span class="n">T</span><span class="o">&gt;</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="n">dimension</span><span class="p">);</span><span class="w">  </span><span class="c1">// set list starting dimension</span>
+<a id="__codelineno-3-6" name="__codelineno-3-6"></a><span class="n">List</span><span class="o">&lt;</span><span class="n">T</span><span class="o">&gt;</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="n">list</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="o">=</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="k">new</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="n">List</span><span class="o">&lt;</span><span class="n">T</span><span class="o">&gt;</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="n">IEnumerable</span><span class="o">&lt;</span><span class="n">T</span><span class="o">&gt;</span><span class="p">);</span><span class="w">  </span><span class="c1">// create a list from an enumerable collection</span>
+<a id="__codelineno-3-7" name="__codelineno-3-7"></a>
+<a id="__codelineno-3-8" name="__codelineno-3-8"></a>
+<a id="__codelineno-3-9" name="__codelineno-3-9"></a><span class="n">list</span><span class="p">.</span><span class="n">Add</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="n">item</span><span class="p">);</span><span class="w">    </span><span class="c1">//item insertion into the list</span>
+<a id="__codelineno-3-10" name="__codelineno-3-10"></a><span class="n">list</span><span class="p">.</span><span class="n">AddRange</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="n">IEnumerable</span><span class="o">&lt;</span><span class="n">T</span><span class="o">&gt;</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="n">collection</span><span class="p">);</span><span class="w">  </span><span class="c1">// insert multiple items</span>
+<a id="__codelineno-3-11" name="__codelineno-3-11"></a><span class="n">list</span><span class="p">.</span><span class="n">Insert</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="n">index</span><span class="p">,</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="n">item</span><span class="p">);</span><span class="w">  </span><span class="c1">// insert an item at the specified index</span>
+<a id="__codelineno-3-12" name="__codelineno-3-12"></a><span class="n">list</span><span class="p">.</span><span class="n">InsertRange</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="n">index</span><span class="p">,</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="n">item</span><span class="p">);</span><span class="w">  </span><span class="c1">// insert items at the specified index</span>
+<a id="__codelineno-3-13" name="__codelineno-3-13"></a>
+<a id="__codelineno-3-14" name="__codelineno-3-14"></a><span class="n">list</span><span class="p">.</span><span class="n">IndexOf</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="n">item</span><span class="p">);</span><span class="w">  </span><span class="c1">// return index of searched item in passed list</span>
+<a id="__codelineno-3-15" name="__codelineno-3-15"></a><span class="n">list</span><span class="p">.</span><span class="n">LastIndexOf</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="n">item</span><span class="p">);</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="c1">// return index of searched item staring from the end of the array</span>
+<a id="__codelineno-3-16" name="__codelineno-3-16"></a><span class="n">list</span><span class="p">.</span><span class="n">FindIndex</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="n">Predicate</span><span class="o">&lt;</span><span class="n">T</span><span class="o">&gt;</span><span class="p">)</span><span class="w">  </span><span class="c1">// returns the index of the first item matching the predicate (can be lambda function)</span>
+<a id="__codelineno-3-17" name="__codelineno-3-17"></a><span class="n">list</span><span class="p">.</span><span class="n">FindLastIndex</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="n">Predicate</span><span class="o">&lt;</span><span class="n">T</span><span class="o">&gt;</span><span class="p">)</span><span class="w">  </span><span class="c1">// returns the index of the last item matching the predicate (can be lambda function)</span>
+<a id="__codelineno-3-18" name="__codelineno-3-18"></a><span class="n">list</span><span class="p">.</span><span class="n">Find</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="n">Predicate</span><span class="o">&lt;</span><span class="n">T</span><span class="o">&gt;</span><span class="p">)</span><span class="w">  </span><span class="c1">// returns the value of the first item matching the predicate (can be lambda function)</span>
+<a id="__codelineno-3-19" name="__codelineno-3-19"></a><span class="n">list</span><span class="p">.</span><span class="n">FindLast</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="n">Predicate</span><span class="o">&lt;</span><span class="n">T</span><span class="o">&gt;</span><span class="p">)</span><span class="w">  </span><span class="c1">// returns the value of the last item matching the predicate (can be lambda function)</span>
+<a id="__codelineno-3-20" name="__codelineno-3-20"></a><span class="n">list</span><span class="p">.</span><span class="n">FindAll</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="n">Predicate</span><span class="o">&lt;</span><span class="n">T</span><span class="o">&gt;</span><span class="p">)</span><span class="w">  </span><span class="c1">// returns list of all items matching the predicate (can be lambda function)</span>
+<a id="__codelineno-3-21" name="__codelineno-3-21"></a><span class="n">list</span><span class="p">.</span><span class="n">BinarySearch</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="k">value</span><span class="p">)</span><span class="w">  </span><span class="c1">// Searches a  SORTED list for a value, using a binary search algorithm; returns the index of the found item</span>
+<a id="__codelineno-3-22" name="__codelineno-3-22"></a>
+<a id="__codelineno-3-23" name="__codelineno-3-23"></a><span class="n">list</span><span class="p">.</span><span class="n">Remove</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="n">item</span><span class="p">);</span><span class="w">  </span><span class="c1">// remove item from list</span>
+<a id="__codelineno-3-24" name="__codelineno-3-24"></a><span class="n">list</span><span class="p">.</span><span class="n">RemoveAt</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="n">index</span><span class="p">);</span><span class="w">  </span><span class="c1">// remove item at specified position</span>
+<a id="__codelineno-3-25" name="__codelineno-3-25"></a><span class="n">list</span><span class="p">.</span><span class="n">RemoveRange</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="n">index</span><span class="p">,</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="n">quantity</span><span class="p">);</span><span class="w">  </span><span class="c1">// remove quantity items at specified position</span>
+<a id="__codelineno-3-26" name="__codelineno-3-26"></a>
+<a id="__codelineno-3-27" name="__codelineno-3-27"></a><span class="n">list</span><span class="p">.</span><span class="n">Contains</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="n">item</span><span class="p">);</span><span class="w">  </span><span class="c1">// check if item is in the list</span>
+<a id="__codelineno-3-28" name="__codelineno-3-28"></a><span class="n">list</span><span class="p">.</span><span class="n">TrueForAll</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="n">Predicate</span><span class="o">&lt;</span><span class="n">T</span><span class="o">&gt;</span><span class="p">);</span><span class="w">  </span><span class="c1">// Determines whether every element matches the conditions defined by the specified predicate</span>
+<a id="__codelineno-3-29" name="__codelineno-3-29"></a>
+<a id="__codelineno-3-30" name="__codelineno-3-30"></a><span class="n">list</span><span class="p">[</span><span class="n">index</span><span class="p">];</span><span class="w">  </span><span class="c1">// access to items by index</span>
+<a id="__codelineno-3-31" name="__codelineno-3-31"></a><span class="n">list</span><span class="p">[</span><span class="n">index</span><span class="p">]</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="o">=</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="k">value</span><span class="p">;</span><span class="w">  </span><span class="c1">// modify to items by index</span>
+<a id="__codelineno-3-32" name="__codelineno-3-32"></a><span class="n">list</span><span class="p">.</span><span class="n">Count</span><span class="p">;</span><span class="w">  </span><span class="c1">// number of items in the list</span>
+<a id="__codelineno-3-33" name="__codelineno-3-33"></a>
+<a id="__codelineno-3-34" name="__codelineno-3-34"></a><span class="n">list</span><span class="p">.</span><span class="n">Sort</span><span class="p">();</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="c1">// sorts item in crescent order</span>
+<a id="__codelineno-3-35" name="__codelineno-3-35"></a><span class="n">list</span><span class="p">.</span><span class="n">Reverse</span><span class="p">();</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="c1">// Reverses the order of the elements in the list</span>
+<a id="__codelineno-3-36" name="__codelineno-3-36"></a>
+<a id="__codelineno-3-37" name="__codelineno-3-37"></a><span class="c1">// from IEnumerable&lt;T&gt;</span>
+<a id="__codelineno-3-38" name="__codelineno-3-38"></a><span class="n">list</span><span class="p">.</span><span class="n">OfType</span><span class="o">&lt;</span><span class="n">Type</span><span class="o">&gt;</span><span class="p">();</span><span class="w">  </span><span class="c1">// filter list based on type, returns IEnumerable&lt;Type&gt;</span>
+<a id="__codelineno-3-39" name="__codelineno-3-39"></a><span class="n">list</span><span class="p">.</span><span class="n">OfType</span><span class="o">&lt;</span><span class="n">Type</span><span class="o">&gt;</span><span class="p">().</span><span class="n">ToList</span><span class="p">();</span><span class="w">  </span><span class="c1">// filter list based on type, returns List&lt;Type&gt;</span>
+</code></pre></div></td></tr></table></div>
+<h2 id="iterators"><a href="https://docs.microsoft.com/en-us/dotnet/csharp/programming-guide/concepts/iterators">Iterators</a></h2>
+<p>An iterator can be used to step through collections such as lists and arrays.</p>
+<p>An iterator method or <code>get</code> accessor performs a custom iteration over a collection. An iterator method uses the <code>yield return</code> statement to return each element one at a time.
+When a <code>yield return</code> statement is reached, the current location in code is remembered. Execution is restarted from that location the next time the iterator function is called.</p>
+<p>It's possible to use a <code>yield break</code> statement or exception to end the iteration.</p>
+<p><strong>Note</strong>: Since an iterator returns an <code>IEnumerable&lt;T&gt;</code> is can be used to implement a <code>GetEnumerator()</code>.</p>
+<div class="highlight"><table class="highlighttable"><tr><th colspan="2" class="filename"><span class="filename">C#</span></th></tr><tr><td class="linenos"><div class="linenodiv"><pre><span></span><span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-4-1">1</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-4-2">2</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-4-3">3</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-4-4">4</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-4-5">5</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-4-6">6</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-4-7">7</a></span></pre></div></td><td class="code"><div><pre><span></span><code><a id="__codelineno-4-1" name="__codelineno-4-1"></a><span class="c1">// simple iterator</span>
+<a id="__codelineno-4-2" name="__codelineno-4-2"></a><span class="k">public</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="k">static</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="n">System</span><span class="p">.</span><span class="n">Collections</span><span class="p">.</span><span class="n">IEnumerable</span><span class="o">&lt;</span><span class="kt">int</span><span class="o">&gt;</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="n">IterateRange</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="kt">int</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="n">start</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="o">=</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="m">0</span><span class="p">,</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="kt">int</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="n">end</span><span class="p">)</span>
+<a id="__codelineno-4-3" name="__codelineno-4-3"></a><span class="p">{</span>
+<a id="__codelineno-4-4" name="__codelineno-4-4"></a><span class="w">    </span><span class="k">for</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="kt">int</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="n">i</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="o">=</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="n">start</span><span class="p">;</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="n">i</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="o">&lt;</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="n">end</span><span class="p">;</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="n">i</span><span class="o">++</span><span class="p">){</span>
+<a id="__codelineno-4-5" name="__codelineno-4-5"></a><span class="w">        </span><span class="k">yield</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="k">return</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="n">i</span><span class="p">;</span>
+<a id="__codelineno-4-6" name="__codelineno-4-6"></a><span class="w">    </span><span class="p">}</span>
+<a id="__codelineno-4-7" name="__codelineno-4-7"></a><span class="p">}</span>
+</code></pre></div></td></tr></table></div>
+<h2 id="list-sequence-interfaces">List &amp; Sequence Interfaces</h2>
+<h3 id="ienumerablet"><a href="https://docs.microsoft.com/en-us/dotnet/api/system.collections.generic.ienumerable-1"><code>IEnumerable&lt;T&gt;</code></a></h3>
+<p>Exposes the enumerator, which supports a simple iteration over a collection of a specified type.</p>
+<div class="highlight"><table class="highlighttable"><tr><th colspan="2" class="filename"><span class="filename">C#</span></th></tr><tr><td class="linenos"><div class="linenodiv"><pre><span></span><span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-5-1"> 1</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-5-2"> 2</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-5-3"> 3</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-5-4"> 4</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-5-5"> 5</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-5-6"> 6</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-5-7"> 7</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-5-8"> 8</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-5-9"> 9</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-5-10">10</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-5-11">11</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-5-12">12</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-5-13">13</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-5-14">14</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-5-15">15</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-5-16">16</a></span></pre></div></td><td class="code"><div><pre><span></span><code><a id="__codelineno-5-1" name="__codelineno-5-1"></a><span class="k">public</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="k">interface</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="n">IEnumerable</span><span class="o">&lt;</span><span class="k">out</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="n">T</span><span class="o">&gt;</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="p">:</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="n">IEnumerable</span>
+<a id="__codelineno-5-2" name="__codelineno-5-2"></a><span class="p">{</span>
+<a id="__codelineno-5-3" name="__codelineno-5-3"></a><span class="w">    </span><span class="n">IEnumerator</span><span class="o">&lt;</span><span class="n">T</span><span class="o">&gt;</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="n">GetEnumerator</span><span class="p">();</span><span class="w">  </span><span class="c1">// return an enumerator</span>
+<a id="__codelineno-5-4" name="__codelineno-5-4"></a><span class="p">}</span>
+<a id="__codelineno-5-5" name="__codelineno-5-5"></a>
+<a id="__codelineno-5-6" name="__codelineno-5-6"></a><span class="c1">// iterate through a collection</span>
+<a id="__codelineno-5-7" name="__codelineno-5-7"></a><span class="k">public</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="k">interface</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="n">IEnumerator</span><span class="o">&lt;</span><span class="n">T</span><span class="o">&gt;</span>
+<a id="__codelineno-5-8" name="__codelineno-5-8"></a><span class="p">{</span>
+<a id="__codelineno-5-9" name="__codelineno-5-9"></a><span class="w">    </span><span class="c1">// properties</span>
+<a id="__codelineno-5-10" name="__codelineno-5-10"></a><span class="w">    </span><span class="kt">object</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="n">Current</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="p">{</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="k">get</span><span class="p">;</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="p">}</span><span class="w">  </span><span class="c1">// Get the element in the collection at the current position of the enumerator.</span>
+<a id="__codelineno-5-11" name="__codelineno-5-11"></a>
+<a id="__codelineno-5-12" name="__codelineno-5-12"></a><span class="w">    </span><span class="c1">// methods</span>
+<a id="__codelineno-5-13" name="__codelineno-5-13"></a><span class="w">    </span><span class="k">void</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="n">IDisposable</span><span class="p">.</span><span class="n">Dispose</span><span class="p">();</span><span class="w">  </span><span class="c1">// Perform application-defined tasks associated with freeing, releasing, or resetting unmanaged resources</span>
+<a id="__codelineno-5-14" name="__codelineno-5-14"></a><span class="w">    </span><span class="kt">bool</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="nf">MoveNext</span><span class="p">();</span><span class="w">  </span><span class="c1">// Advance the enumerator to the next element of the collection.</span>
+<a id="__codelineno-5-15" name="__codelineno-5-15"></a><span class="w">    </span><span class="k">void</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="nf">Reset</span><span class="p">();</span><span class="w">  </span><span class="c1">// Set the enumerator to its initial position, which is before the first element in the collection.</span>
+<a id="__codelineno-5-16" name="__codelineno-5-16"></a><span class="p">}</span>
+</code></pre></div></td></tr></table></div>
+<p><strong>Note</strong>: must call <code>Dispose()</code> on enumerators once finished with them, because many of them rely on this. <code>Reset()</code> is legacy and can, in some situations, throw <code>NotSupportedException()</code>.</p>
+<h3 id="icollectiont"><a href="https://docs.microsoft.com/en-us/dotnet/api/system.collections.generic.icollection-1"><code>ICollection&lt;T&gt;</code></a></h3>
+<div class="highlight"><table class="highlighttable"><tr><th colspan="2" class="filename"><span class="filename">C#</span></th></tr><tr><td class="linenos"><div class="linenodiv"><pre><span></span><span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-6-1"> 1</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-6-2"> 2</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-6-3"> 3</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-6-4"> 4</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-6-5"> 5</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-6-6"> 6</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-6-7"> 7</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-6-8"> 8</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-6-9"> 9</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-6-10">10</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-6-11">11</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-6-12">12</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-6-13">13</a></span></pre></div></td><td class="code"><div><pre><span></span><code><a id="__codelineno-6-1" name="__codelineno-6-1"></a><span class="k">public</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="k">interface</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="n">ICollection</span><span class="o">&lt;</span><span class="n">T</span><span class="o">&gt;</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="p">:</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="n">IEnumerable</span><span class="o">&lt;</span><span class="n">T</span><span class="o">&gt;</span>
+<a id="__codelineno-6-2" name="__codelineno-6-2"></a><span class="p">{</span>
+<a id="__codelineno-6-3" name="__codelineno-6-3"></a><span class="w">    </span><span class="c1">// properties</span>
+<a id="__codelineno-6-4" name="__codelineno-6-4"></a><span class="w">    </span><span class="kt">int</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="n">Count</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="p">{</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="k">get</span><span class="p">;</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="p">}</span><span class="w">  </span><span class="c1">// Get the number of elements contained in the ICollection&lt;T&gt;</span>
+<a id="__codelineno-6-5" name="__codelineno-6-5"></a><span class="w">    </span><span class="kt">bool</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="n">IsReadOnly</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="p">{</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="k">get</span><span class="p">;</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="p">}</span><span class="w">  </span><span class="c1">// Get a value indicating whether the ICollection&lt;T&gt; is read-only</span>
+<a id="__codelineno-6-6" name="__codelineno-6-6"></a>
+<a id="__codelineno-6-7" name="__codelineno-6-7"></a><span class="w">    </span><span class="c1">// methods</span>
+<a id="__codelineno-6-8" name="__codelineno-6-8"></a><span class="w">    </span><span class="k">void</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="nf">Add</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="p">(</span><span class="n">T</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="n">item</span><span class="p">);</span><span class="w">  </span><span class="c1">// Add an item to the ICollection&lt;T&gt;</span>
+<a id="__codelineno-6-9" name="__codelineno-6-9"></a><span class="w">    </span><span class="k">void</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="nf">Clear</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="p">();</span><span class="w">  </span><span class="c1">// Removes all items from the ICollection&lt;T&gt;</span>
+<a id="__codelineno-6-10" name="__codelineno-6-10"></a><span class="w">    </span><span class="kt">bool</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="nf">Contains</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="p">(</span><span class="n">T</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="n">item</span><span class="p">);</span><span class="w">  </span><span class="c1">// Determines whether the ICollection&lt;T&gt; contains a specific value</span>
+<a id="__codelineno-6-11" name="__codelineno-6-11"></a><span class="w">    </span><span class="n">IEnumerator</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="nf">GetEnumerator</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="p">();</span><span class="w">  </span><span class="c1">// Returns an enumerator that iterates through a collection</span>
+<a id="__codelineno-6-12" name="__codelineno-6-12"></a><span class="w">    </span><span class="kt">bool</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="nf">Remove</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="p">(</span><span class="n">T</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="n">item</span><span class="p">);</span><span class="w">  </span><span class="c1">// Removes the first occurrence of a specific object from the ICollection&lt;T&gt;</span>
+<a id="__codelineno-6-13" name="__codelineno-6-13"></a><span class="p">}</span>
+</code></pre></div></td></tr></table></div>
+<h3 id="ilistt"><a href="https://docs.microsoft.com/en-us/dotnet/api/system.collections.generic.ilist-1"><code>IList&lt;T&gt;</code></a></h3>
+<div class="highlight"><table class="highlighttable"><tr><th colspan="2" class="filename"><span class="filename">C#</span></th></tr><tr><td class="linenos"><div class="linenodiv"><pre><span></span><span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-7-1"> 1</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-7-2"> 2</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-7-3"> 3</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-7-4"> 4</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-7-5"> 5</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-7-6"> 6</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-7-7"> 7</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-7-8"> 8</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-7-9"> 9</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-7-10">10</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-7-11">11</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-7-12">12</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-7-13">13</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-7-14">14</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-7-15">15</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-7-16">16</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-7-17">17</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-7-18">18</a></span></pre></div></td><td class="code"><div><pre><span></span><code><a id="__codelineno-7-1" name="__codelineno-7-1"></a><span class="k">public</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="k">interface</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="n">IList</span><span class="o">&lt;</span><span class="n">T</span><span class="o">&gt;</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="p">:</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="n">ICollection</span><span class="o">&lt;</span><span class="n">T</span><span class="o">&gt;</span><span class="p">,</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="n">IEnumerable</span><span class="o">&lt;</span><span class="n">T</span><span class="o">&gt;</span>
+<a id="__codelineno-7-2" name="__codelineno-7-2"></a><span class="p">{</span>
+<a id="__codelineno-7-3" name="__codelineno-7-3"></a><span class="w">    </span><span class="c1">// properties</span>
+<a id="__codelineno-7-4" name="__codelineno-7-4"></a><span class="w">    </span><span class="kt">int</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="n">Count</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="p">{</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="k">get</span><span class="p">;</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="p">}</span><span class="w">  </span><span class="c1">// Get the number of elements contained in the ICollection&lt;T&gt;</span>
+<a id="__codelineno-7-5" name="__codelineno-7-5"></a><span class="w">    </span><span class="kt">bool</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="n">IsReadOnly</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="p">{</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="k">get</span><span class="p">;</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="p">}</span><span class="w">  </span><span class="c1">// Get a value indicating whether the ICollection&lt;T&gt; is read-only</span>
+<a id="__codelineno-7-6" name="__codelineno-7-6"></a><span class="w">    </span><span class="n">T</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="k">this</span><span class="p">[</span><span class="kt">int</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="n">index</span><span class="p">]</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="p">{</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="k">get</span><span class="p">;</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="k">set</span><span class="p">;</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="p">}</span><span class="w">  </span><span class="c1">// Get or set the element at the specified index</span>
+<a id="__codelineno-7-7" name="__codelineno-7-7"></a>
+<a id="__codelineno-7-8" name="__codelineno-7-8"></a><span class="w">    </span><span class="c1">// methods</span>
+<a id="__codelineno-7-9" name="__codelineno-7-9"></a><span class="w">    </span><span class="k">void</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="nf">Add</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="p">(</span><span class="n">T</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="n">item</span><span class="p">);</span><span class="w">  </span><span class="c1">// Add an item to the ICollection&lt;T&gt;</span>
+<a id="__codelineno-7-10" name="__codelineno-7-10"></a><span class="w">    </span><span class="k">void</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="nf">Clear</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="p">();</span><span class="w">  </span><span class="c1">// Remove all items from the ICollection&lt;T&gt;</span>
+<a id="__codelineno-7-11" name="__codelineno-7-11"></a><span class="w">    </span><span class="kt">bool</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="nf">Contains</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="p">(</span><span class="n">T</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="n">item</span><span class="p">);</span><span class="w">  </span><span class="c1">// Determine whether the ICollection&lt;T&gt; contains a specific value</span>
+<a id="__codelineno-7-12" name="__codelineno-7-12"></a><span class="w">    </span><span class="k">void</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="nf">CopyTo</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="p">(</span><span class="n">T</span><span class="p">[]</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="n">array</span><span class="p">,</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="kt">int</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="n">arrayIndex</span><span class="p">);</span><span class="w">  </span><span class="c1">// Copy the elements of the ICollection&lt;T&gt; to an Array, starting at a particular Array index</span>
+<a id="__codelineno-7-13" name="__codelineno-7-13"></a><span class="w">    </span><span class="n">IEnumerator</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="nf">GetEnumerator</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="p">();</span><span class="w">  </span><span class="c1">// Return an enumerator that iterates through a collection</span>
+<a id="__codelineno-7-14" name="__codelineno-7-14"></a><span class="w">    </span><span class="kt">int</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="nf">IndexOf</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="p">(</span><span class="n">T</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="n">item</span><span class="p">);</span><span class="w">  </span><span class="c1">// Determine the index of a specific item in the IList&lt;T&gt;</span>
+<a id="__codelineno-7-15" name="__codelineno-7-15"></a><span class="w">    </span><span class="k">void</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="nf">Insert</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="p">(</span><span class="kt">int</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="n">index</span><span class="p">,</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="n">T</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="n">item</span><span class="p">);</span><span class="w">  </span><span class="c1">// Insert an item to the IList&lt;T&gt; at the specified index</span>
+<a id="__codelineno-7-16" name="__codelineno-7-16"></a><span class="w">    </span><span class="kt">bool</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="nf">Remove</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="p">(</span><span class="n">T</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="n">item</span><span class="p">);</span><span class="w">  </span><span class="c1">// Remove the first occurrence of a specific object from the ICollection&lt;T&gt;</span>
+<a id="__codelineno-7-17" name="__codelineno-7-17"></a><span class="w">    </span><span class="n">oid</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="nf">RemoveAt</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="p">(</span><span class="kt">int</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="n">index</span><span class="p">);</span><span class="w">  </span><span class="c1">// Remove the IList&lt;T&gt; item at the specified index</span>
+<a id="__codelineno-7-18" name="__codelineno-7-18"></a><span class="p">}</span>
+</code></pre></div></td></tr></table></div>
+<h2 id="dictionaries"><a href="https://docs.microsoft.com/en-us/dotnet/api/system.collections.generic.dictionary-2">Dictionaries</a></h2>
+<p><a href="https://docs.microsoft.com/en-us/dotnet/api/system.collections.generic.dictionary-2.valuecollection">ValueCollection</a>
+<a href="https://docs.microsoft.com/en-us/dotnet/api/system.collections.generic.dictionary-2.keycollection">KeyCollection</a></p>
+<p><strong>Notes</strong>:</p>
+<ul>
+<li>Enumerating a dictionary will return <code>KeyValuePair&lt;TKey, TValue&gt;</code>.</li>
+<li>The <code>Dictionary&lt;TKey, TValue&gt;</code> collection class relies on hashes to offer fast lookup (<code>TKey</code> should have a good <code>GetHashCode()</code>).</li>
+</ul>
+<div class="highlight"><table class="highlighttable"><tr><th colspan="2" class="filename"><span class="filename">C#</span></th></tr><tr><td class="linenos"><div class="linenodiv"><pre><span></span><span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-8-1"> 1</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-8-2"> 2</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-8-3"> 3</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-8-4"> 4</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-8-5"> 5</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-8-6"> 6</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-8-7"> 7</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-8-8"> 8</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-8-9"> 9</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-8-10">10</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-8-11">11</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-8-12">12</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-8-13">13</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-8-14">14</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-8-15">15</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-8-16">16</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-8-17">17</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-8-18">18</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-8-19">19</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-8-20">20</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-8-21">21</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-8-22">22</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-8-23">23</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-8-24">24</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-8-25">25</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-8-26">26</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-8-27">27</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-8-28">28</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-8-29">29</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-8-30">30</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-8-31">31</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-8-32">32</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-8-33">33</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-8-34">34</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-8-35">35</a></span></pre></div></td><td class="code"><div><pre><span></span><code><a id="__codelineno-8-1" name="__codelineno-8-1"></a><span class="n">Dictionary</span><span class="o">&lt;</span><span class="n">TKey</span><span class="p">,</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="n">TValue</span><span class="o">&gt;</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="n">dict</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="o">=</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="k">new</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="n">Dictionary</span><span class="o">&lt;</span><span class="n">TKey</span><span class="p">,</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="n">TValue</span><span class="o">&gt;</span><span class="p">();</span><span class="w">  </span><span class="c1">// init empty dict</span>
+<a id="__codelineno-8-2" name="__codelineno-8-2"></a><span class="n">Dictionary</span><span class="o">&lt;</span><span class="n">TKey</span><span class="p">,</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="n">TValue</span><span class="o">&gt;</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="n">dict</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="o">=</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="k">new</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="n">Dictionary</span><span class="o">&lt;</span><span class="n">TKey</span><span class="p">,</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="n">TValue</span><span class="o">&gt;</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="n">IEqualityComparer</span><span class="o">&lt;</span><span class="n">TKey</span><span class="o">&gt;</span><span class="p">);</span><span class="w">  </span><span class="c1">// specify key comparer (TKey must implement Equals() and GetHashCode())</span>
+<a id="__codelineno-8-3" name="__codelineno-8-3"></a>
+<a id="__codelineno-8-4" name="__codelineno-8-4"></a><span class="c1">// initializer (implicitly uses Add method)</span>
+<a id="__codelineno-8-5" name="__codelineno-8-5"></a><span class="n">Dictionary</span><span class="o">&lt;</span><span class="n">TKey</span><span class="p">,</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="n">TValue</span><span class="o">&gt;</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="n">dict</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="o">=</span>
+<a id="__codelineno-8-6" name="__codelineno-8-6"></a><span class="p">{</span>
+<a id="__codelineno-8-7" name="__codelineno-8-7"></a><span class="w">    </span><span class="p">{</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="n">key</span><span class="p">,</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="k">value</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="p">}</span>
+<a id="__codelineno-8-8" name="__codelineno-8-8"></a><span class="w">    </span><span class="p">{</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="n">key</span><span class="p">,</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="k">value</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="p">},</span>
+<a id="__codelineno-8-9" name="__codelineno-8-9"></a><span class="w">    </span><span class="p">...</span>
+<a id="__codelineno-8-10" name="__codelineno-8-10"></a><span class="p">}</span>
+<a id="__codelineno-8-11" name="__codelineno-8-11"></a>
+<a id="__codelineno-8-12" name="__codelineno-8-12"></a><span class="c1">// object initializer</span>
+<a id="__codelineno-8-13" name="__codelineno-8-13"></a><span class="n">Dictionary</span><span class="o">&lt;</span><span class="n">TKey</span><span class="p">,</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="n">TValue</span><span class="o">&gt;</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="n">dict</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="o">=</span>
+<a id="__codelineno-8-14" name="__codelineno-8-14"></a><span class="p">{</span>
+<a id="__codelineno-8-15" name="__codelineno-8-15"></a><span class="w">    </span><span class="na">[key]</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="o">=</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="k">value</span><span class="p">,</span>
+<a id="__codelineno-8-16" name="__codelineno-8-16"></a><span class="w">    </span><span class="na">[key]</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="o">=</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="k">value</span><span class="p">,</span>
+<a id="__codelineno-8-17" name="__codelineno-8-17"></a><span class="w">    </span><span class="p">...</span>
+<a id="__codelineno-8-18" name="__codelineno-8-18"></a><span class="p">}</span>
+<a id="__codelineno-8-19" name="__codelineno-8-19"></a>
+<a id="__codelineno-8-20" name="__codelineno-8-20"></a><span class="c1">// indexer access</span>
+<a id="__codelineno-8-21" name="__codelineno-8-21"></a><span class="n">dict</span><span class="p">[</span><span class="n">key</span><span class="p">];</span><span class="w">  </span><span class="c1">// read value associated with key (throws KeyNotFoundException if key does not exist)</span>
+<a id="__codelineno-8-22" name="__codelineno-8-22"></a><span class="n">dict</span><span class="p">[</span><span class="n">key</span><span class="p">]</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="o">=</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="k">value</span><span class="p">;</span><span class="w">  </span><span class="c1">// modify value associated with key (throws KeyNotFoundException if key does not exist)</span>
+<a id="__codelineno-8-23" name="__codelineno-8-23"></a>
+<a id="__codelineno-8-24" name="__codelineno-8-24"></a><span class="n">dict</span><span class="p">.</span><span class="n">Count</span><span class="p">;</span><span class="w">  </span><span class="c1">// number of key-value pair stored in the dict</span>
+<a id="__codelineno-8-25" name="__codelineno-8-25"></a><span class="n">dict</span><span class="p">.</span><span class="n">Keys</span><span class="p">;</span><span class="w">  </span><span class="c1">// Dictionary&lt;TKey,TValue&gt;.KeyCollection containing the keys of the dict</span>
+<a id="__codelineno-8-26" name="__codelineno-8-26"></a><span class="n">dict</span><span class="p">.</span><span class="n">Values</span><span class="p">;</span><span class="w">  </span><span class="c1">// Dictionary&lt;TKey,TValue&gt;.ValueCollection containing the values of the dict</span>
+<a id="__codelineno-8-27" name="__codelineno-8-27"></a>
+<a id="__codelineno-8-28" name="__codelineno-8-28"></a><span class="n">dict</span><span class="p">.</span><span class="n">Add</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="n">key</span><span class="p">,</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="k">value</span><span class="p">);</span><span class="w">  </span><span class="c1">// ArgumentException if the key already exists</span>
+<a id="__codelineno-8-29" name="__codelineno-8-29"></a><span class="n">dict</span><span class="p">.</span><span class="n">Clear</span><span class="p">();</span><span class="w">  </span><span class="c1">// empty the dictionary</span>
+<a id="__codelineno-8-30" name="__codelineno-8-30"></a><span class="n">dict</span><span class="p">.</span><span class="n">ContainsKey</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="n">key</span><span class="p">);</span><span class="w">  </span><span class="c1">// check if a key is in the dictionary</span>
+<a id="__codelineno-8-31" name="__codelineno-8-31"></a><span class="n">dict</span><span class="p">.</span><span class="n">ContainsValue</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="k">value</span><span class="p">);</span><span class="w">  </span><span class="c1">// check if a value is in the dictionary</span>
+<a id="__codelineno-8-32" name="__codelineno-8-32"></a><span class="n">dict</span><span class="p">.</span><span class="n">Remove</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="n">key</span><span class="p">);</span><span class="w">  </span><span class="c1">// remove a key-value pair</span>
+<a id="__codelineno-8-33" name="__codelineno-8-33"></a><span class="n">dict</span><span class="p">.</span><span class="n">Remove</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="n">key</span><span class="p">,</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="k">out</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="kt">var</span><span class="p">);</span><span class="w">  </span><span class="c1">// remove key-value pair and copy TValue to var parameter</span>
+<a id="__codelineno-8-34" name="__codelineno-8-34"></a><span class="n">dict</span><span class="p">.</span><span class="n">TryAdd</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="n">key</span><span class="p">,</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="k">value</span><span class="p">);</span><span class="w">  </span><span class="c1">// adds a key-value pair; returns true if pair is added, false otherwise</span>
+<a id="__codelineno-8-35" name="__codelineno-8-35"></a><span class="n">dict</span><span class="p">.</span><span class="n">TryGetValue</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="n">key</span><span class="p">,</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="k">out</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="kt">var</span><span class="p">);</span><span class="w">  </span><span class="c1">// put the value associated with kay in the var parameter; true if the dict contains an element with the specified key, false otherwise.</span>
+</code></pre></div></td></tr></table></div>
+<h2 id="sets"><a href="https://docs.microsoft.com/en-us/dotnet/api/system.collections.generic.hashset-1">Sets</a></h2>
+<p>Collection of non duplicate items.</p>
+<div class="highlight"><table class="highlighttable"><tr><th colspan="2" class="filename"><span class="filename">C#</span></th></tr><tr><td class="linenos"><div class="linenodiv"><pre><span></span><span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-9-1"> 1</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-9-2"> 2</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-9-3"> 3</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-9-4"> 4</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-9-5"> 5</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-9-6"> 6</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-9-7"> 7</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-9-8"> 8</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-9-9"> 9</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-9-10">10</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-9-11">11</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-9-12">12</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-9-13">13</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-9-14">14</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-9-15">15</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-9-16">16</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-9-17">17</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-9-18">18</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-9-19">19</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-9-20">20</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-9-21">21</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-9-22">22</a></span></pre></div></td><td class="code"><div><pre><span></span><code><a id="__codelineno-9-1" name="__codelineno-9-1"></a><span class="n">HashSet</span><span class="o">&lt;</span><span class="n">T</span><span class="o">&gt;</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="k">set</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="o">=</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="k">new</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="n">HashSet</span><span class="o">&lt;</span><span class="n">T</span><span class="o">&gt;</span><span class="p">();</span>
+<a id="__codelineno-9-2" name="__codelineno-9-2"></a>
+<a id="__codelineno-9-3" name="__codelineno-9-3"></a><span class="k">set</span><span class="p">.</span><span class="n">Add</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="n">T</span><span class="p">);</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="c1">// adds an item to the set; true if the element is added, false if the element is already present.</span>
+<a id="__codelineno-9-4" name="__codelineno-9-4"></a><span class="k">set</span><span class="p">.</span><span class="n">Clear</span><span class="p">();</span><span class="w">  </span><span class="c1">//Remove all elements from a HashSet&lt;T&gt; object.</span>
+<a id="__codelineno-9-5" name="__codelineno-9-5"></a><span class="k">set</span><span class="p">.</span><span class="n">Contains</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="n">T</span><span class="p">);</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="c1">// Determine whether a HashSet&lt;T&gt; object contains the specified element.</span>
+<a id="__codelineno-9-6" name="__codelineno-9-6"></a><span class="k">set</span><span class="p">.</span><span class="n">CopyTo</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="n">T</span><span class="p">[]);</span><span class="w">  </span><span class="c1">// Coy the elements of a HashSet&lt;T&gt; object to an array.</span>
+<a id="__codelineno-9-7" name="__codelineno-9-7"></a><span class="k">set</span><span class="p">.</span><span class="n">CopyTo</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="n">T</span><span class="p">[],</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="n">arrayIndex</span><span class="p">);</span><span class="w">  </span><span class="c1">// Copy the elements of a HashSet&lt;T&gt; object to an array, starting at the specified array index.</span>
+<a id="__codelineno-9-8" name="__codelineno-9-8"></a><span class="k">set</span><span class="p">.</span><span class="n">CopyTo</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="n">T</span><span class="p">[],</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="n">arrayIndex</span><span class="p">,</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="n">count</span><span class="p">);</span><span class="w">  </span><span class="c1">// Copies the specified number of elements of a HashSet&lt;T&gt; object to an array, starting at the specified array index.</span>
+<a id="__codelineno-9-9" name="__codelineno-9-9"></a><span class="k">set</span><span class="p">.</span><span class="n">CreateSetComparer</span><span class="p">();</span><span class="w">  </span><span class="c1">// Return an IEqualityComparer object that can be used for equality testing of a HashSet&lt;T&gt; object.</span>
+<a id="__codelineno-9-10" name="__codelineno-9-10"></a><span class="k">set</span><span class="p">.</span><span class="n">ExceptWith</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="n">IEnumerable</span><span class="o">&lt;</span><span class="n">T</span><span class="o">&gt;</span><span class="p">);</span><span class="w">  </span><span class="c1">// Remove all elements in the specified collection from the current HashSet&lt;T&gt; object.</span>
+<a id="__codelineno-9-11" name="__codelineno-9-11"></a><span class="k">set</span><span class="p">.</span><span class="n">IntersectWith</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="n">IEnumerable</span><span class="o">&lt;</span><span class="n">T</span><span class="o">&gt;</span><span class="p">);</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="c1">// Modify the current HashSet&lt;T&gt; object to contain only elements that are present in that object and in the specified collection.</span>
+<a id="__codelineno-9-12" name="__codelineno-9-12"></a><span class="k">set</span><span class="p">.</span><span class="n">IsProperSubsetOf</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="n">IEnumerable</span><span class="o">&lt;</span><span class="n">T</span><span class="o">&gt;</span><span class="p">);</span><span class="w">  </span><span class="c1">// Determine whether a HashSet&lt;T&gt; object is a proper subset of the specified collection.</span>
+<a id="__codelineno-9-13" name="__codelineno-9-13"></a><span class="k">set</span><span class="p">.</span><span class="n">IsProperSupersetOf</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="n">IEnumerable</span><span class="o">&lt;</span><span class="n">T</span><span class="o">&gt;</span><span class="p">);</span><span class="w">  </span><span class="c1">// Determine whether a HashSet&lt;T&gt; object is a proper superset of the specified collection.</span>
+<a id="__codelineno-9-14" name="__codelineno-9-14"></a><span class="k">set</span><span class="p">.</span><span class="n">IsSubsetOf</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="n">IEnumerable</span><span class="o">&lt;</span><span class="n">T</span><span class="o">&gt;</span><span class="p">);</span><span class="w">  </span><span class="c1">// Determine whether a HashSet&lt;T&gt; object is a subset of the specified collection.</span>
+<a id="__codelineno-9-15" name="__codelineno-9-15"></a><span class="k">set</span><span class="p">.</span><span class="n">IsSupersetOf</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="n">IEnumerable</span><span class="o">&lt;</span><span class="n">T</span><span class="o">&gt;</span><span class="p">);</span><span class="w">  </span><span class="c1">// Determine whether a HashSet&lt;T&gt; object is a superset of the specified collection.</span>
+<a id="__codelineno-9-16" name="__codelineno-9-16"></a><span class="k">set</span><span class="p">.</span><span class="n">Overlaps</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="n">IEnumerable</span><span class="o">&lt;</span><span class="n">T</span><span class="o">&gt;</span><span class="p">);</span><span class="w">  </span><span class="c1">// Determine whether the current HashSet&lt;T&gt; object and a specified collection share common elements.</span>
+<a id="__codelineno-9-17" name="__codelineno-9-17"></a><span class="k">set</span><span class="p">.</span><span class="n">Remove</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="n">T</span><span class="p">);</span><span class="w">  </span><span class="c1">// Remove the specified element from a HashSet&lt;T&gt; object.</span>
+<a id="__codelineno-9-18" name="__codelineno-9-18"></a><span class="k">set</span><span class="p">.</span><span class="n">RemoveWhere</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="n">Predicate</span><span class="o">&lt;</span><span class="n">T</span><span class="o">&gt;</span><span class="p">);</span><span class="w">  </span><span class="c1">// Remove all elements that match the conditions defined by the specified predicate from a HashSet&lt;T&gt; collection.</span>
+<a id="__codelineno-9-19" name="__codelineno-9-19"></a><span class="k">set</span><span class="p">.</span><span class="n">SetEquals</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="n">IEnumerable</span><span class="o">&lt;</span><span class="n">T</span><span class="o">&gt;</span><span class="p">);</span><span class="w">  </span><span class="c1">// Determine whether a HashSet&lt;T&gt; object and the specified collection contain the same elements.</span>
+<a id="__codelineno-9-20" name="__codelineno-9-20"></a><span class="k">set</span><span class="p">.</span><span class="n">SymmetricExceptWith</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="n">IEnumerable</span><span class="o">&lt;</span><span class="n">T</span><span class="o">&gt;</span><span class="p">);</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="c1">// Modify the current HashSet&lt;T&gt; object to contain only elements that are present either in that object or in the specified collection, but not both.</span>
+<a id="__codelineno-9-21" name="__codelineno-9-21"></a><span class="k">set</span><span class="p">.</span><span class="n">UnionWith</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="n">IEnumerable</span><span class="o">&lt;</span><span class="n">T</span><span class="o">&gt;</span><span class="p">);</span><span class="w">  </span><span class="c1">// Modify the current HashSet&lt;T&gt; object to contain all elements that are present in itself, the specified collection, or both.</span>
+<a id="__codelineno-9-22" name="__codelineno-9-22"></a><span class="k">set</span><span class="p">.</span><span class="n">TryGetValue</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="n">T</span><span class="p">,</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="k">out</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="n">T</span><span class="p">);</span><span class="w">  </span><span class="c1">// Search the set for a given value and returns the equal value it finds, if any.</span>
+</code></pre></div></td></tr></table></div>
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+  
+    
+    
+      
+        
+      
+        
+      
+    
+    
+      
+      
+        
+          
+          
+        
+      
+    
+    
+    <li class="md-nav__item md-nav__item--section md-nav__item--nested">
+      
+        
+        
+        <input class="md-nav__toggle md-toggle " type="checkbox" id="__nav_4_7" >
+        
+          
+          <label class="md-nav__link" for="__nav_4_7" id="__nav_4_7_label" tabindex="">
+            
+  
+  <span class="md-ellipsis">
+    Assembly
+  </span>
+  
+
+            <span class="md-nav__icon md-icon"></span>
+          </label>
+        
+        <nav class="md-nav" data-md-level="2" aria-labelledby="__nav_4_7_label" aria-expanded="false">
+          <label class="md-nav__title" for="__nav_4_7">
+            <span class="md-nav__icon md-icon"></span>
+            Assembly
+          </label>
+          <ul class="md-nav__list" data-md-scrollfix>
+            
+              
+                
+  
+  
+  
+  
+    <li class="md-nav__item">
+      <a href="../../assembly/intel.html" class="md-nav__link">
+        
+  
+  <span class="md-ellipsis">
+    Intel
+  </span>
+  
+
+      </a>
+    </li>
+  
+
+              
+            
+              
+                
+  
+  
+  
+  
+    <li class="md-nav__item">
+      <a href="../../assembly/riscv.html" class="md-nav__link">
+        
+  
+  <span class="md-ellipsis">
+    RISC-V
+  </span>
+  
+
+      </a>
+    </li>
+  
+
+              
+            
+          </ul>
+        </nav>
+      
+    </li>
+  
+
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+                
+  
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+  
+  
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+    
+      
+        
+      
+        
+      
+        
+      
+    
+    
+      
+      
+        
+          
+          
+        
+      
+    
+    
+    <li class="md-nav__item md-nav__item--section md-nav__item--nested">
+      
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+        <input class="md-nav__toggle md-toggle " type="checkbox" id="__nav_4_8" >
+        
+          
+          <label class="md-nav__link" for="__nav_4_8" id="__nav_4_8_label" tabindex="">
+            
+  
+  <span class="md-ellipsis">
+    Python
+  </span>
+  
+
+            <span class="md-nav__icon md-icon"></span>
+          </label>
+        
+        <nav class="md-nav" data-md-level="2" aria-labelledby="__nav_4_8_label" aria-expanded="false">
+          <label class="md-nav__title" for="__nav_4_8">
+            <span class="md-nav__icon md-icon"></span>
+            Python
+          </label>
+          <ul class="md-nav__list" data-md-scrollfix>
+            
+              
+                
+  
+  
+  
+  
+    <li class="md-nav__item">
+      <a href="../../python/python.html" class="md-nav__link">
+        
+  
+  <span class="md-ellipsis">
+    Python
+  </span>
+  
+
+      </a>
+    </li>
+  
+
+              
+            
+              
+                
+  
+  
+  
+  
+    
+    
+      
+        
+      
+        
+      
+        
+      
+        
+      
+        
+      
+        
+      
+        
+      
+        
+      
+        
+      
+        
+      
+        
+      
+        
+      
+        
+      
+    
+    
+      
+      
+        
+      
+    
+    
+    <li class="md-nav__item md-nav__item--nested">
+      
+        
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+        <input class="md-nav__toggle md-toggle " type="checkbox" id="__nav_4_8_2" >
+        
+          
+          <label class="md-nav__link" for="__nav_4_8_2" id="__nav_4_8_2_label" tabindex="0">
+            
+  
+  <span class="md-ellipsis">
+    Modules
+  </span>
+  
+
+            <span class="md-nav__icon md-icon"></span>
+          </label>
+        
+        <nav class="md-nav" data-md-level="3" aria-labelledby="__nav_4_8_2_label" aria-expanded="false">
+          <label class="md-nav__title" for="__nav_4_8_2">
+            <span class="md-nav__icon md-icon"></span>
+            Modules
+          </label>
+          <ul class="md-nav__list" data-md-scrollfix>
+            
+              
+                
+  
+  
+  
+  
+    <li class="md-nav__item">
+      <a href="../../python/modules/argparse.html" class="md-nav__link">
+        
+  
+  <span class="md-ellipsis">
+    argparse
+  </span>
+  
+
+      </a>
+    </li>
+  
+
+              
+            
+              
+                
+  
+  
+  
+  
+    <li class="md-nav__item">
+      <a href="../../python/modules/collections.html" class="md-nav__link">
+        
+  
+  <span class="md-ellipsis">
+    collection
+  </span>
+  
+
+      </a>
+    </li>
+  
+
+              
+            
+              
+                
+  
+  
+  
+  
+    <li class="md-nav__item">
+      <a href="../../python/modules/csv.html" class="md-nav__link">
+        
+  
+  <span class="md-ellipsis">
+    csv
+  </span>
+  
+
+      </a>
+    </li>
+  
+
+              
+            
+              
+                
+  
+  
+  
+  
+    <li class="md-nav__item">
+      <a href="../../python/modules/ftplib.html" class="md-nav__link">
+        
+  
+  <span class="md-ellipsis">
+    ftplib
+  </span>
+  
+
+      </a>
+    </li>
+  
+
+              
+            
+              
+                
+  
+  
+  
+  
+    <li class="md-nav__item">
+      <a href="../../python/modules/itertools.html" class="md-nav__link">
+        
+  
+  <span class="md-ellipsis">
+    itertools
+  </span>
+  
+
+      </a>
+    </li>
+  
+
+              
+            
+              
+                
+  
+  
+  
+  
+    <li class="md-nav__item">
+      <a href="../../python/modules/json.html" class="md-nav__link">
+        
+  
+  <span class="md-ellipsis">
+    json
+  </span>
+  
+
+      </a>
+    </li>
+  
+
+              
+            
+              
+                
+  
+  
+  
+  
+    <li class="md-nav__item">
+      <a href="../../python/modules/logging.html" class="md-nav__link">
+        
+  
+  <span class="md-ellipsis">
+    logging
+  </span>
+  
+
+      </a>
+    </li>
+  
+
+              
+            
+              
+                
+  
+  
+  
+  
+    <li class="md-nav__item">
+      <a href="../../python/modules/shutil.html" class="md-nav__link">
+        
+  
+  <span class="md-ellipsis">
+    shutil
+  </span>
+  
+
+      </a>
+    </li>
+  
+
+              
+            
+              
+                
+  
+  
+  
+  
+    <li class="md-nav__item">
+      <a href="../../python/modules/smtplib.html" class="md-nav__link">
+        
+  
+  <span class="md-ellipsis">
+    smtplib
+  </span>
+  
+
+      </a>
+    </li>
+  
+
+              
+            
+              
+                
+  
+  
+  
+  
+    <li class="md-nav__item">
+      <a href="../../python/modules/socket.html" class="md-nav__link">
+        
+  
+  <span class="md-ellipsis">
+    socket
+  </span>
+  
+
+      </a>
+    </li>
+  
+
+              
+            
+              
+                
+  
+  
+  
+  
+    <li class="md-nav__item">
+      <a href="../../python/modules/sqlite.html" class="md-nav__link">
+        
+  
+  <span class="md-ellipsis">
+    sqlite
+  </span>
+  
+
+      </a>
+    </li>
+  
+
+              
+            
+              
+                
+  
+  
+  
+  
+    <li class="md-nav__item">
+      <a href="../../python/modules/time-datetime.html" class="md-nav__link">
+        
+  
+  <span class="md-ellipsis">
+    time & datetime
+  </span>
+  
+
+      </a>
+    </li>
+  
+
+              
+            
+              
+                
+  
+  
+  
+  
+    <li class="md-nav__item">
+      <a href="../../python/modules/unittest.html" class="md-nav__link">
+        
+  
+  <span class="md-ellipsis">
+    unittest
+  </span>
+  
+
+      </a>
+    </li>
+  
+
+              
+            
+          </ul>
+        </nav>
+      
+    </li>
+  
+
+              
+            
+              
+                
+  
+  
+  
+  
+    
+    
+      
+        
+      
+        
+      
+        
+      
+        
+      
+        
+      
+        
+      
+    
+    
+      
+      
+        
+      
+    
+    
+    <li class="md-nav__item md-nav__item--nested">
+      
+        
+        
+        <input class="md-nav__toggle md-toggle " type="checkbox" id="__nav_4_8_3" >
+        
+          
+          <label class="md-nav__link" for="__nav_4_8_3" id="__nav_4_8_3_label" tabindex="0">
+            
+  
+  <span class="md-ellipsis">
+    Libraries
+  </span>
+  
+
+            <span class="md-nav__icon md-icon"></span>
+          </label>
+        
+        <nav class="md-nav" data-md-level="3" aria-labelledby="__nav_4_8_3_label" aria-expanded="false">
+          <label class="md-nav__title" for="__nav_4_8_3">
+            <span class="md-nav__icon md-icon"></span>
+            Libraries
+          </label>
+          <ul class="md-nav__list" data-md-scrollfix>
+            
+              
+                
+  
+  
+  
+  
+    <li class="md-nav__item">
+      <a href="../../python/libs/tkinter.html" class="md-nav__link">
+        
+  
+  <span class="md-ellipsis">
+    TKinter
+  </span>
+  
+
+      </a>
+    </li>
+  
+
+              
+            
+              
+                
+  
+  
+  
+  
+    <li class="md-nav__item">
+      <a href="../../python/libs/numpy.html" class="md-nav__link">
+        
+  
+  <span class="md-ellipsis">
+    Numpy
+  </span>
+  
+
+      </a>
+    </li>
+  
+
+              
+            
+              
+                
+  
+  
+  
+  
+    <li class="md-nav__item">
+      <a href="../../python/libs/pandas.html" class="md-nav__link">
+        
+  
+  <span class="md-ellipsis">
+    Pandas
+  </span>
+  
+
+      </a>
+    </li>
+  
+
+              
+            
+              
+                
+  
+  
+  
+  
+    <li class="md-nav__item">
+      <a href="../../python/libs/seaborn.html" class="md-nav__link">
+        
+  
+  <span class="md-ellipsis">
+    Seaborn
+  </span>
+  
+
+      </a>
+    </li>
+  
+
+              
+            
+              
+                
+  
+  
+  
+  
+    <li class="md-nav__item">
+      <a href="../../python/libs/requests.html" class="md-nav__link">
+        
+  
+  <span class="md-ellipsis">
+    Requests
+  </span>
+  
+
+      </a>
+    </li>
+  
+
+              
+            
+              
+                
+  
+  
+  
+  
+    <li class="md-nav__item">
+      <a href="../../python/libs/beautiful-soup.html" class="md-nav__link">
+        
+  
+  <span class="md-ellipsis">
+    Beatiful Soup
+  </span>
+  
+
+      </a>
+    </li>
+  
+
+              
+            
+          </ul>
+        </nav>
+      
+    </li>
+  
+
+              
+            
+          </ul>
+        </nav>
+      
+    </li>
+  
+
+              
+            
+              
+                
+  
+  
+    
+  
+  
+  
+    
+    
+      
+        
+      
+        
+      
+        
+      
+    
+    
+      
+      
+        
+          
+          
+        
+      
+    
+    
+    <li class="md-nav__item md-nav__item--active md-nav__item--section md-nav__item--nested">
+      
+        
+        
+        <input class="md-nav__toggle md-toggle " type="checkbox" id="__nav_4_9" checked>
+        
+          
+          <label class="md-nav__link" for="__nav_4_9" id="__nav_4_9_label" tabindex="">
+            
+  
+  <span class="md-ellipsis">
+    .NET
+  </span>
+  
+
+            <span class="md-nav__icon md-icon"></span>
+          </label>
+        
+        <nav class="md-nav" data-md-level="2" aria-labelledby="__nav_4_9_label" aria-expanded="true">
+          <label class="md-nav__title" for="__nav_4_9">
+            <span class="md-nav__icon md-icon"></span>
+            .NET
+          </label>
+          <ul class="md-nav__list" data-md-scrollfix>
+            
+              
+                
+  
+  
+    
+  
+  
+  
+    
+    
+      
+        
+      
+        
+      
+        
+      
+        
+      
+        
+      
+        
+      
+    
+    
+      
+      
+        
+      
+    
+    
+    <li class="md-nav__item md-nav__item--active md-nav__item--nested">
+      
+        
+        
+        <input class="md-nav__toggle md-toggle " type="checkbox" id="__nav_4_9_1" checked>
+        
+          
+          <label class="md-nav__link" for="__nav_4_9_1" id="__nav_4_9_1_label" tabindex="0">
+            
+  
+  <span class="md-ellipsis">
+    C#
+  </span>
+  
+
+            <span class="md-nav__icon md-icon"></span>
+          </label>
+        
+        <nav class="md-nav" data-md-level="3" aria-labelledby="__nav_4_9_1_label" aria-expanded="true">
+          <label class="md-nav__title" for="__nav_4_9_1">
+            <span class="md-nav__icon md-icon"></span>
+            C#
+          </label>
+          <ul class="md-nav__list" data-md-scrollfix>
+            
+              
+                
+  
+  
+    
+  
+  
+  
+    <li class="md-nav__item md-nav__item--active">
+      
+      <input class="md-nav__toggle md-toggle" type="checkbox" id="__toc">
+      
+      
+        
+      
+      
+        <label class="md-nav__link md-nav__link--active" for="__toc">
+          
+  
+  <span class="md-ellipsis">
+    C#
+  </span>
+  
+
+          <span class="md-nav__icon md-icon"></span>
+        </label>
+      
+      <a href="csharp.html" class="md-nav__link md-nav__link--active">
+        
+  
+  <span class="md-ellipsis">
+    C#
+  </span>
+  
+
+      </a>
+      
+        
+
+<nav class="md-nav md-nav--secondary" aria-label="Table of contents">
+  
+  
+  
+    
+  
+  
+    <label class="md-nav__title" for="__toc">
+      <span class="md-nav__icon md-icon"></span>
+      Table of contents
+    </label>
+    <ul class="md-nav__list" data-md-component="toc" data-md-scrollfix>
+      
+        <li class="md-nav__item">
+  <a href="#basics" class="md-nav__link">
+    <span class="md-ellipsis">
+      Basics
+    </span>
+  </a>
+  
+    <nav class="md-nav" aria-label="Basics">
+      <ul class="md-nav__list">
+        
+          <li class="md-nav__item">
+  <a href="#comments" class="md-nav__link">
+    <span class="md-ellipsis">
+      Comments
+    </span>
+  </a>
+  
+</li>
+        
+          <li class="md-nav__item">
+  <a href="#docstring-structure" class="md-nav__link">
+    <span class="md-ellipsis">
+      Docstring Structure
+    </span>
+  </a>
+  
+</li>
+        
+          <li class="md-nav__item">
+  <a href="#naming-convention" class="md-nav__link">
+    <span class="md-ellipsis">
+      Naming Convention
+    </span>
+  </a>
+  
+</li>
+        
+          <li class="md-nav__item">
+  <a href="#namespaces-imports-aliases" class="md-nav__link">
+    <span class="md-ellipsis">
+      Namespaces, Imports &amp; Aliases
+    </span>
+  </a>
+  
+</li>
+        
+          <li class="md-nav__item">
+  <a href="#top-level-statementsprograms-c-9" class="md-nav__link">
+    <span class="md-ellipsis">
+      Top Level Statements/Programs (C# 9)
+    </span>
+  </a>
+  
+</li>
+        
+          <li class="md-nav__item">
+  <a href="#main-method" class="md-nav__link">
+    <span class="md-ellipsis">
+      Main Method
+    </span>
+  </a>
+  
+</li>
+        
+          <li class="md-nav__item">
+  <a href="#constant-declaration" class="md-nav__link">
+    <span class="md-ellipsis">
+      Constant Declaration
+    </span>
+  </a>
+  
+</li>
+        
+          <li class="md-nav__item">
+  <a href="#assignment-operation" class="md-nav__link">
+    <span class="md-ellipsis">
+      Assignment Operation
+    </span>
+  </a>
+  
+</li>
+        
+          <li class="md-nav__item">
+  <a href="#input" class="md-nav__link">
+    <span class="md-ellipsis">
+      Input
+    </span>
+  </a>
+  
+</li>
+        
+          <li class="md-nav__item">
+  <a href="#screen-output" class="md-nav__link">
+    <span class="md-ellipsis">
+      Screen Output
+    </span>
+  </a>
+  
+</li>
+        
+          <li class="md-nav__item">
+  <a href="#string-formatting" class="md-nav__link">
+    <span class="md-ellipsis">
+      String Formatting
+    </span>
+  </a>
+  
+</li>
+        
+          <li class="md-nav__item">
+  <a href="#number-format-string" class="md-nav__link">
+    <span class="md-ellipsis">
+      Number Format String
+    </span>
+  </a>
+  
+</li>
+        
+      </ul>
+    </nav>
+  
+</li>
+      
+        <li class="md-nav__item">
+  <a href="#variable-types" class="md-nav__link">
+    <span class="md-ellipsis">
+      Variable Types
+    </span>
+  </a>
+  
+    <nav class="md-nav" aria-label="Variable Types">
+      <ul class="md-nav__list">
+        
+          <li class="md-nav__item">
+  <a href="#value-type" class="md-nav__link">
+    <span class="md-ellipsis">
+      Value Type
+    </span>
+  </a>
+  
+</li>
+        
+          <li class="md-nav__item">
+  <a href="#reference-type" class="md-nav__link">
+    <span class="md-ellipsis">
+      Reference Type
+    </span>
+  </a>
+  
+</li>
+        
+          <li class="md-nav__item">
+  <a href="#integer-numeric-types" class="md-nav__link">
+    <span class="md-ellipsis">
+      Integer Numeric Types
+    </span>
+  </a>
+  
+</li>
+        
+          <li class="md-nav__item">
+  <a href="#floating-point-numeric-types" class="md-nav__link">
+    <span class="md-ellipsis">
+      Floating-Point Numeric Types
+    </span>
+  </a>
+  
+</li>
+        
+          <li class="md-nav__item">
+  <a href="#biginteger" class="md-nav__link">
+    <span class="md-ellipsis">
+      BigInteger
+    </span>
+  </a>
+  
+</li>
+        
+          <li class="md-nav__item">
+  <a href="#binary-hexadecimal-numbers" class="md-nav__link">
+    <span class="md-ellipsis">
+      Binary &amp; Hexadecimal Numbers
+    </span>
+  </a>
+  
+</li>
+        
+          <li class="md-nav__item">
+  <a href="#boolean-type-systemboolean" class="md-nav__link">
+    <span class="md-ellipsis">
+      Boolean Type (System.Boolean)
+    </span>
+  </a>
+  
+</li>
+        
+          <li class="md-nav__item">
+  <a href="#text-type-systemchar-systemstring" class="md-nav__link">
+    <span class="md-ellipsis">
+      Text Type (System.Char &amp; System.String)
+    </span>
+  </a>
+  
+</li>
+        
+          <li class="md-nav__item">
+  <a href="#implicit-type" class="md-nav__link">
+    <span class="md-ellipsis">
+      Implicit Type
+    </span>
+  </a>
+  
+</li>
+        
+          <li class="md-nav__item">
+  <a href="#dynamic-type" class="md-nav__link">
+    <span class="md-ellipsis">
+      Dynamic Type
+    </span>
+  </a>
+  
+</li>
+        
+          <li class="md-nav__item">
+  <a href="#anonymous-types-reference-type" class="md-nav__link">
+    <span class="md-ellipsis">
+      Anonymous types (Reference Type)
+    </span>
+  </a>
+  
+</li>
+        
+          <li class="md-nav__item">
+  <a href="#index-range-types-structs" class="md-nav__link">
+    <span class="md-ellipsis">
+      Index &amp; Range Types (Structs)
+    </span>
+  </a>
+  
+</li>
+        
+      </ul>
+    </nav>
+  
+</li>
+      
+        <li class="md-nav__item">
+  <a href="#tuples-value-type" class="md-nav__link">
+    <span class="md-ellipsis">
+      Tuples (Value Type)
+    </span>
+  </a>
+  
+    <nav class="md-nav" aria-label="Tuples (Value Type)">
+      <ul class="md-nav__list">
+        
+          <li class="md-nav__item">
+  <a href="#tuple-deconstruction" class="md-nav__link">
+    <span class="md-ellipsis">
+      Tuple Deconstruction
+    </span>
+  </a>
+  
+</li>
+        
+      </ul>
+    </nav>
+  
+</li>
+      
+        <li class="md-nav__item">
+  <a href="#records" class="md-nav__link">
+    <span class="md-ellipsis">
+      Records
+    </span>
+  </a>
+  
+    <nav class="md-nav" aria-label="Records">
+      <ul class="md-nav__list">
+        
+          <li class="md-nav__item">
+  <a href="#with-expressions" class="md-nav__link">
+    <span class="md-ellipsis">
+      with-expressions
+    </span>
+  </a>
+  
+</li>
+        
+          <li class="md-nav__item">
+  <a href="#with-expressions-inheritance" class="md-nav__link">
+    <span class="md-ellipsis">
+      with-expressions &amp; Inheritance
+    </span>
+  </a>
+  
+</li>
+        
+          <li class="md-nav__item">
+  <a href="#value-based-equality-inheritance" class="md-nav__link">
+    <span class="md-ellipsis">
+      Value-based Equality &amp; Inheritance
+    </span>
+  </a>
+  
+</li>
+        
+      </ul>
+    </nav>
+  
+</li>
+      
+        <li class="md-nav__item">
+  <a href="#strings" class="md-nav__link">
+    <span class="md-ellipsis">
+      Strings
+    </span>
+  </a>
+  
+    <nav class="md-nav" aria-label="Strings">
+      <ul class="md-nav__list">
+        
+          <li class="md-nav__item">
+  <a href="#string-methods-not-in-place" class="md-nav__link">
+    <span class="md-ellipsis">
+      String Methods (Not In-Place)
+    </span>
+  </a>
+  
+</li>
+        
+          <li class="md-nav__item">
+  <a href="#raw-string-literals" class="md-nav__link">
+    <span class="md-ellipsis">
+      Raw string literals
+    </span>
+  </a>
+  
+</li>
+        
+      </ul>
+    </nav>
+  
+</li>
+      
+        <li class="md-nav__item">
+  <a href="#nullable-types" class="md-nav__link">
+    <span class="md-ellipsis">
+      Nullable Types
+    </span>
+  </a>
+  
+    <nav class="md-nav" aria-label="Nullable Types">
+      <ul class="md-nav__list">
+        
+          <li class="md-nav__item">
+  <a href="#nullable-value-types" class="md-nav__link">
+    <span class="md-ellipsis">
+      Nullable value types
+    </span>
+  </a>
+  
+</li>
+        
+          <li class="md-nav__item">
+  <a href="#nullable-reference-types" class="md-nav__link">
+    <span class="md-ellipsis">
+      Nullable reference types
+    </span>
+  </a>
+  
+    <nav class="md-nav" aria-label="Nullable reference types">
+      <ul class="md-nav__list">
+        
+          <li class="md-nav__item">
+  <a href="#nullability-of-types" class="md-nav__link">
+    <span class="md-ellipsis">
+      Nullability of types
+    </span>
+  </a>
+  
+</li>
+        
+          <li class="md-nav__item">
+  <a href="#nullable-context" class="md-nav__link">
+    <span class="md-ellipsis">
+      Nullable Context
+    </span>
+  </a>
+  
+</li>
+        
+      </ul>
+    </nav>
+  
+</li>
+        
+          <li class="md-nav__item">
+  <a href="#null-conditional-null-coalescing-null-forgiving-operator-null-checks" class="md-nav__link">
+    <span class="md-ellipsis">
+      Null Conditional, Null Coalescing, Null Forgiving Operator, Null Checks
+    </span>
+  </a>
+  
+</li>
+        
+          <li class="md-nav__item">
+  <a href="#nullable-attributes" class="md-nav__link">
+    <span class="md-ellipsis">
+      Nullable Attributes
+    </span>
+  </a>
+  
+</li>
+        
+      </ul>
+    </nav>
+  
+</li>
+      
+        <li class="md-nav__item">
+  <a href="#type-conversion" class="md-nav__link">
+    <span class="md-ellipsis">
+      Type Conversion
+    </span>
+  </a>
+  
+    <nav class="md-nav" aria-label="Type Conversion">
+      <ul class="md-nav__list">
+        
+          <li class="md-nav__item">
+  <a href="#converting-from-any-type-to-a-string" class="md-nav__link">
+    <span class="md-ellipsis">
+      Converting from any type to a string
+    </span>
+  </a>
+  
+</li>
+        
+          <li class="md-nav__item">
+  <a href="#number-downcasting" class="md-nav__link">
+    <span class="md-ellipsis">
+      Number Downcasting
+    </span>
+  </a>
+  
+</li>
+        
+          <li class="md-nav__item">
+  <a href="#converting-from-a-binary-object-to-a-string" class="md-nav__link">
+    <span class="md-ellipsis">
+      Converting from a binary object to a string
+    </span>
+  </a>
+  
+</li>
+        
+          <li class="md-nav__item">
+  <a href="#parsing-from-strings-to-numbers-or-dates-and-times" class="md-nav__link">
+    <span class="md-ellipsis">
+      Parsing from strings to numbers or dates and times
+    </span>
+  </a>
+  
+</li>
+        
+      </ul>
+    </nav>
+  
+</li>
+      
+        <li class="md-nav__item">
+  <a href="#preprocessor-directives" class="md-nav__link">
+    <span class="md-ellipsis">
+      Preprocessor Directives
+    </span>
+  </a>
+  
+    <nav class="md-nav" aria-label="Preprocessor Directives">
+      <ul class="md-nav__list">
+        
+          <li class="md-nav__item">
+  <a href="#error-and-warning" class="md-nav__link">
+    <span class="md-ellipsis">
+      #error and #warning
+    </span>
+  </a>
+  
+</li>
+        
+          <li class="md-nav__item">
+  <a href="#pragma" class="md-nav__link">
+    <span class="md-ellipsis">
+      #pragma
+    </span>
+  </a>
+  
+</li>
+        
+      </ul>
+    </nav>
+  
+</li>
+      
+        <li class="md-nav__item">
+  <a href="#expressions-operators" class="md-nav__link">
+    <span class="md-ellipsis">
+      Expressions &amp; Operators
+    </span>
+  </a>
+  
+    <nav class="md-nav" aria-label="Expressions & Operators">
+      <ul class="md-nav__list">
+        
+          <li class="md-nav__item">
+  <a href="#primary-expressions" class="md-nav__link">
+    <span class="md-ellipsis">
+      Primary Expressions
+    </span>
+  </a>
+  
+</li>
+        
+          <li class="md-nav__item">
+  <a href="#unary-operators" class="md-nav__link">
+    <span class="md-ellipsis">
+      Unary Operators
+    </span>
+  </a>
+  
+</li>
+        
+          <li class="md-nav__item">
+  <a href="#mathematical-operators" class="md-nav__link">
+    <span class="md-ellipsis">
+      Mathematical Operators
+    </span>
+  </a>
+  
+</li>
+        
+          <li class="md-nav__item">
+  <a href="#relational-operators" class="md-nav__link">
+    <span class="md-ellipsis">
+      Relational Operators
+    </span>
+  </a>
+  
+</li>
+        
+          <li class="md-nav__item">
+  <a href="#logical-operators" class="md-nav__link">
+    <span class="md-ellipsis">
+      Logical Operators
+    </span>
+  </a>
+  
+</li>
+        
+          <li class="md-nav__item">
+  <a href="#assignment" class="md-nav__link">
+    <span class="md-ellipsis">
+      Assignment
+    </span>
+  </a>
+  
+</li>
+        
+          <li class="md-nav__item">
+  <a href="#conditional-operator" class="md-nav__link">
+    <span class="md-ellipsis">
+      Conditional Operator
+    </span>
+  </a>
+  
+</li>
+        
+      </ul>
+    </nav>
+  
+</li>
+      
+        <li class="md-nav__item">
+  <a href="#decision-statements" class="md-nav__link">
+    <span class="md-ellipsis">
+      Decision Statements
+    </span>
+  </a>
+  
+    <nav class="md-nav" aria-label="Decision Statements">
+      <ul class="md-nav__list">
+        
+          <li class="md-nav__item">
+  <a href="#if-else-if-else" class="md-nav__link">
+    <span class="md-ellipsis">
+      If-Else If-Else
+    </span>
+  </a>
+  
+</li>
+        
+          <li class="md-nav__item">
+  <a href="#pattern-matching" class="md-nav__link">
+    <span class="md-ellipsis">
+      Pattern Matching
+    </span>
+  </a>
+  
+</li>
+        
+          <li class="md-nav__item">
+  <a href="#switch" class="md-nav__link">
+    <span class="md-ellipsis">
+      Switch
+    </span>
+  </a>
+  
+</li>
+        
+      </ul>
+    </nav>
+  
+</li>
+      
+        <li class="md-nav__item">
+  <a href="#loop-statements" class="md-nav__link">
+    <span class="md-ellipsis">
+      Loop Statements
+    </span>
+  </a>
+  
+    <nav class="md-nav" aria-label="Loop Statements">
+      <ul class="md-nav__list">
+        
+          <li class="md-nav__item">
+  <a href="#while-loop" class="md-nav__link">
+    <span class="md-ellipsis">
+      While Loop
+    </span>
+  </a>
+  
+</li>
+        
+      </ul>
+    </nav>
+  
+</li>
+      
+        <li class="md-nav__item">
+  <a href="#do-while-loop" class="md-nav__link">
+    <span class="md-ellipsis">
+      Do-While Loop
+    </span>
+  </a>
+  
+    <nav class="md-nav" aria-label="Do-While Loop">
+      <ul class="md-nav__list">
+        
+          <li class="md-nav__item">
+  <a href="#for-loop" class="md-nav__link">
+    <span class="md-ellipsis">
+      For Loop
+    </span>
+  </a>
+  
+</li>
+        
+          <li class="md-nav__item">
+  <a href="#foreach-loop" class="md-nav__link">
+    <span class="md-ellipsis">
+      Foreach Loop
+    </span>
+  </a>
+  
+</li>
+        
+          <li class="md-nav__item">
+  <a href="#break-continue" class="md-nav__link">
+    <span class="md-ellipsis">
+      Break, Continue
+    </span>
+  </a>
+  
+</li>
+        
+          <li class="md-nav__item">
+  <a href="#yield-statement" class="md-nav__link">
+    <span class="md-ellipsis">
+      Yield Statement
+    </span>
+  </a>
+  
+</li>
+        
+          <li class="md-nav__item">
+  <a href="#context-statement-using-declarations" class="md-nav__link">
+    <span class="md-ellipsis">
+      Context Statement &amp; Using Declarations
+    </span>
+  </a>
+  
+</li>
+        
+          <li class="md-nav__item">
+  <a href="#checkedunchecked-statements" class="md-nav__link">
+    <span class="md-ellipsis">
+      Checked/Unchecked Statements
+    </span>
+  </a>
+  
+</li>
+        
+      </ul>
+    </nav>
+  
+</li>
+      
+        <li class="md-nav__item">
+  <a href="#exception-handling" class="md-nav__link">
+    <span class="md-ellipsis">
+      Exception Handling
+    </span>
+  </a>
+  
+    <nav class="md-nav" aria-label="Exception Handling">
+      <ul class="md-nav__list">
+        
+          <li class="md-nav__item">
+  <a href="#throwing-exceptions" class="md-nav__link">
+    <span class="md-ellipsis">
+      Throwing Exceptions
+    </span>
+  </a>
+  
+</li>
+        
+          <li class="md-nav__item">
+  <a href="#custom-exceptions" class="md-nav__link">
+    <span class="md-ellipsis">
+      Custom Exceptions
+    </span>
+  </a>
+  
+</li>
+        
+      </ul>
+    </nav>
+  
+</li>
+      
+        <li class="md-nav__item">
+  <a href="#enums" class="md-nav__link">
+    <span class="md-ellipsis">
+      Enums
+    </span>
+  </a>
+  
+</li>
+      
+        <li class="md-nav__item">
+  <a href="#methods" class="md-nav__link">
+    <span class="md-ellipsis">
+      Methods
+    </span>
+  </a>
+  
+    <nav class="md-nav" aria-label="Methods">
+      <ul class="md-nav__list">
+        
+          <li class="md-nav__item">
+  <a href="#expression-body-definition" class="md-nav__link">
+    <span class="md-ellipsis">
+      Expression Body Definition
+    </span>
+  </a>
+  
+</li>
+        
+          <li class="md-nav__item">
+  <a href="#arbitrary-number-of-parameter-in-methods" class="md-nav__link">
+    <span class="md-ellipsis">
+      Arbitrary Number Of Parameter In Methods
+    </span>
+  </a>
+  
+</li>
+        
+          <li class="md-nav__item">
+  <a href="#named-arguments" class="md-nav__link">
+    <span class="md-ellipsis">
+      Named Arguments
+    </span>
+  </a>
+  
+</li>
+        
+          <li class="md-nav__item">
+  <a href="#optional-arguments" class="md-nav__link">
+    <span class="md-ellipsis">
+      Optional Arguments
+    </span>
+  </a>
+  
+</li>
+        
+          <li class="md-nav__item">
+  <a href="#passing-values-by-reference-ref-out-in" class="md-nav__link">
+    <span class="md-ellipsis">
+      Passing Values By Reference (ref, out, in)
+    </span>
+  </a>
+  
+</li>
+        
+          <li class="md-nav__item">
+  <a href="#returning-multiple-values-with-tuples" class="md-nav__link">
+    <span class="md-ellipsis">
+      Returning Multiple Values with Tuples
+    </span>
+  </a>
+  
+</li>
+        
+          <li class="md-nav__item">
+  <a href="#returning-multiple-values-w-structs-return-struct-variable" class="md-nav__link">
+    <span class="md-ellipsis">
+      Returning Multiple Values W/ Structs (Return Struct Variable)
+    </span>
+  </a>
+  
+</li>
+        
+          <li class="md-nav__item">
+  <a href="#local-functions" class="md-nav__link">
+    <span class="md-ellipsis">
+      Local Functions
+    </span>
+  </a>
+  
+</li>
+        
+          <li class="md-nav__item">
+  <a href="#extension-methods" class="md-nav__link">
+    <span class="md-ellipsis">
+      Extension Methods
+    </span>
+  </a>
+  
+</li>
+        
+      </ul>
+    </nav>
+  
+</li>
+      
+        <li class="md-nav__item">
+  <a href="#iterators" class="md-nav__link">
+    <span class="md-ellipsis">
+      Iterators
+    </span>
+  </a>
+  
+</li>
+      
+        <li class="md-nav__item">
+  <a href="#structs-custom-value-types-classes-custom-reference-types" class="md-nav__link">
+    <span class="md-ellipsis">
+      Structs (Custom Value Types) &amp; Classes (Custom Reference Types)
+    </span>
+  </a>
+  
+    <nav class="md-nav" aria-label="Structs (Custom Value Types) & Classes (Custom Reference Types)">
+      <ul class="md-nav__list">
+        
+          <li class="md-nav__item">
+  <a href="#modifiers-methods-variables" class="md-nav__link">
+    <span class="md-ellipsis">
+      Modifiers (Methods &amp; Variables)
+    </span>
+  </a>
+  
+</li>
+        
+          <li class="md-nav__item">
+  <a href="#methods_1" class="md-nav__link">
+    <span class="md-ellipsis">
+      Methods
+    </span>
+  </a>
+  
+</li>
+        
+          <li class="md-nav__item">
+  <a href="#properties-fields" class="md-nav__link">
+    <span class="md-ellipsis">
+      Properties &amp; Fields
+    </span>
+  </a>
+  
+</li>
+        
+          <li class="md-nav__item">
+  <a href="#object-and-collection-initializers" class="md-nav__link">
+    <span class="md-ellipsis">
+      Object and Collection Initializers
+    </span>
+  </a>
+  
+</li>
+        
+          <li class="md-nav__item">
+  <a href="#static-class" class="md-nav__link">
+    <span class="md-ellipsis">
+      Static Class
+    </span>
+  </a>
+  
+</li>
+        
+          <li class="md-nav__item">
+  <a href="#class-members-init-order" class="md-nav__link">
+    <span class="md-ellipsis">
+      Class Members Init Order
+    </span>
+  </a>
+  
+</li>
+        
+          <li class="md-nav__item">
+  <a href="#indexers" class="md-nav__link">
+    <span class="md-ellipsis">
+      Indexers
+    </span>
+  </a>
+  
+</li>
+        
+          <li class="md-nav__item">
+  <a href="#abstract-classes" class="md-nav__link">
+    <span class="md-ellipsis">
+      Abstract Classes
+    </span>
+  </a>
+  
+</li>
+        
+          <li class="md-nav__item">
+  <a href="#cloning" class="md-nav__link">
+    <span class="md-ellipsis">
+      Cloning
+    </span>
+  </a>
+  
+</li>
+        
+          <li class="md-nav__item">
+  <a href="#deconstruction" class="md-nav__link">
+    <span class="md-ellipsis">
+      Deconstruction
+    </span>
+  </a>
+  
+</li>
+        
+      </ul>
+    </nav>
+  
+</li>
+      
+        <li class="md-nav__item">
+  <a href="#operator-overloading" class="md-nav__link">
+    <span class="md-ellipsis">
+      Operator Overloading
+    </span>
+  </a>
+  
+    <nav class="md-nav" aria-label="Operator Overloading">
+      <ul class="md-nav__list">
+        
+          <li class="md-nav__item">
+  <a href="#nested-types" class="md-nav__link">
+    <span class="md-ellipsis">
+      Nested Types
+    </span>
+  </a>
+  
+</li>
+        
+      </ul>
+    </nav>
+  
+</li>
+      
+        <li class="md-nav__item">
+  <a href="#interfaces" class="md-nav__link">
+    <span class="md-ellipsis">
+      Interfaces
+    </span>
+  </a>
+  
+</li>
+      
+        <li class="md-nav__item">
+  <a href="#generics" class="md-nav__link">
+    <span class="md-ellipsis">
+      Generics
+    </span>
+  </a>
+  
+    <nav class="md-nav" aria-label="Generics">
+      <ul class="md-nav__list">
+        
+          <li class="md-nav__item">
+  <a href="#multiple-generics" class="md-nav__link">
+    <span class="md-ellipsis">
+      Multiple Generics
+    </span>
+  </a>
+  
+</li>
+        
+          <li class="md-nav__item">
+  <a href="#parameters-constraints" class="md-nav__link">
+    <span class="md-ellipsis">
+      Parameters Constraints
+    </span>
+  </a>
+  
+</li>
+        
+      </ul>
+    </nav>
+  
+</li>
+      
+        <li class="md-nav__item">
+  <a href="#inheritance" class="md-nav__link">
+    <span class="md-ellipsis">
+      Inheritance
+    </span>
+  </a>
+  
+    <nav class="md-nav" aria-label="Inheritance">
+      <ul class="md-nav__list">
+        
+          <li class="md-nav__item">
+  <a href="#downcasting" class="md-nav__link">
+    <span class="md-ellipsis">
+      Downcasting
+    </span>
+  </a>
+  
+</li>
+        
+          <li class="md-nav__item">
+  <a href="#inheritance-constructors" class="md-nav__link">
+    <span class="md-ellipsis">
+      Inheritance &amp; Constructors
+    </span>
+  </a>
+  
+</li>
+        
+          <li class="md-nav__item">
+  <a href="#generics-inheritance" class="md-nav__link">
+    <span class="md-ellipsis">
+      Generics Inheritance
+    </span>
+  </a>
+  
+</li>
+        
+          <li class="md-nav__item">
+  <a href="#covariance-contravariance-only-for-interfaces" class="md-nav__link">
+    <span class="md-ellipsis">
+      Covariance &amp; Contravariance (only for interfaces)
+    </span>
+  </a>
+  
+</li>
+        
+      </ul>
+    </nav>
+  
+</li>
+      
+        <li class="md-nav__item">
+  <a href="#delegates" class="md-nav__link">
+    <span class="md-ellipsis">
+      Delegates
+    </span>
+  </a>
+  
+    <nav class="md-nav" aria-label="Delegates">
+      <ul class="md-nav__list">
+        
+          <li class="md-nav__item">
+  <a href="#multicast-delegates" class="md-nav__link">
+    <span class="md-ellipsis">
+      Multicast Delegates
+    </span>
+  </a>
+  
+</li>
+        
+          <li class="md-nav__item">
+  <a href="#delegate-invocation" class="md-nav__link">
+    <span class="md-ellipsis">
+      Delegate Invocation
+    </span>
+  </a>
+  
+</li>
+        
+          <li class="md-nav__item">
+  <a href="#common-delegate-types" class="md-nav__link">
+    <span class="md-ellipsis">
+      Common Delegate Types
+    </span>
+  </a>
+  
+</li>
+        
+          <li class="md-nav__item">
+  <a href="#type-compatibility" class="md-nav__link">
+    <span class="md-ellipsis">
+      Type Compatibility
+    </span>
+  </a>
+  
+</li>
+        
+      </ul>
+    </nav>
+  
+</li>
+      
+        <li class="md-nav__item">
+  <a href="#anonymous-functions-lambda-expressions" class="md-nav__link">
+    <span class="md-ellipsis">
+      Anonymous Functions (Lambda Expressions)
+    </span>
+  </a>
+  
+</li>
+      
+        <li class="md-nav__item">
+  <a href="#events" class="md-nav__link">
+    <span class="md-ellipsis">
+      Events
+    </span>
+  </a>
+  
+    <nav class="md-nav" aria-label="Events">
+      <ul class="md-nav__list">
+        
+          <li class="md-nav__item">
+  <a href="#registering-event-handlers" class="md-nav__link">
+    <span class="md-ellipsis">
+      Registering Event Handlers
+    </span>
+  </a>
+  
+</li>
+        
+          <li class="md-nav__item">
+  <a href="#built-in-eventhandler-delegate" class="md-nav__link">
+    <span class="md-ellipsis">
+      Built-In EventHandler Delegate
+    </span>
+  </a>
+  
+</li>
+        
+          <li class="md-nav__item">
+  <a href="#custom-event-args" class="md-nav__link">
+    <span class="md-ellipsis">
+      Custom Event Args
+    </span>
+  </a>
+  
+</li>
+        
+      </ul>
+    </nav>
+  
+</li>
+      
+        <li class="md-nav__item">
+  <a href="#assemblies" class="md-nav__link">
+    <span class="md-ellipsis">
+      Assemblies
+    </span>
+  </a>
+  
+    <nav class="md-nav" aria-label="Assemblies">
+      <ul class="md-nav__list">
+        
+          <li class="md-nav__item">
+  <a href="#anatomy-of-an-assembly" class="md-nav__link">
+    <span class="md-ellipsis">
+      Anatomy of an Assembly
+    </span>
+  </a>
+  
+</li>
+        
+          <li class="md-nav__item">
+  <a href="#net-metadata" class="md-nav__link">
+    <span class="md-ellipsis">
+      .NET MEtadata
+    </span>
+  </a>
+  
+</li>
+        
+          <li class="md-nav__item">
+  <a href="#resources" class="md-nav__link">
+    <span class="md-ellipsis">
+      Resources
+    </span>
+  </a>
+  
+</li>
+        
+          <li class="md-nav__item">
+  <a href="#multifile-assembly" class="md-nav__link">
+    <span class="md-ellipsis">
+      Multifile Assembly
+    </span>
+  </a>
+  
+</li>
+        
+          <li class="md-nav__item">
+  <a href="#assembly-resolution" class="md-nav__link">
+    <span class="md-ellipsis">
+      Assembly Resolution
+    </span>
+  </a>
+  
+</li>
+        
+          <li class="md-nav__item">
+  <a href="#self-contained-deployment" class="md-nav__link">
+    <span class="md-ellipsis">
+      Self-Contained Deployment
+    </span>
+  </a>
+  
+    <nav class="md-nav" aria-label="Self-Contained Deployment">
+      <ul class="md-nav__list">
+        
+          <li class="md-nav__item">
+  <a href="#framework-dependent-deployment" class="md-nav__link">
+    <span class="md-ellipsis">
+      Framework-Dependent Deployment
+    </span>
+  </a>
+  
+</li>
+        
+      </ul>
+    </nav>
+  
+</li>
+        
+          <li class="md-nav__item">
+  <a href="#assembly-names" class="md-nav__link">
+    <span class="md-ellipsis">
+      Assembly Names
+    </span>
+  </a>
+  
+    <nav class="md-nav" aria-label="Assembly Names">
+      <ul class="md-nav__list">
+        
+          <li class="md-nav__item">
+  <a href="#strong-names" class="md-nav__link">
+    <span class="md-ellipsis">
+      Strong Names
+    </span>
+  </a>
+  
+</li>
+        
+          <li class="md-nav__item">
+  <a href="#version" class="md-nav__link">
+    <span class="md-ellipsis">
+      Version
+    </span>
+  </a>
+  
+</li>
+        
+          <li class="md-nav__item">
+  <a href="#culture" class="md-nav__link">
+    <span class="md-ellipsis">
+      Culture
+    </span>
+  </a>
+  
+</li>
+        
+      </ul>
+    </nav>
+  
+</li>
+        
+      </ul>
+    </nav>
+  
+</li>
+      
+        <li class="md-nav__item">
+  <a href="#reflection" class="md-nav__link">
+    <span class="md-ellipsis">
+      Reflection
+    </span>
+  </a>
+  
+    <nav class="md-nav" aria-label="Reflection">
+      <ul class="md-nav__list">
+        
+          <li class="md-nav__item">
+  <a href="#assembly" class="md-nav__link">
+    <span class="md-ellipsis">
+      Assembly
+    </span>
+  </a>
+  
+</li>
+        
+      </ul>
+    </nav>
+  
+</li>
+      
+        <li class="md-nav__item">
+  <a href="#attributes" class="md-nav__link">
+    <span class="md-ellipsis">
+      Attributes
+    </span>
+  </a>
+  
+    <nav class="md-nav" aria-label="Attributes">
+      <ul class="md-nav__list">
+        
+          <li class="md-nav__item">
+  <a href="#applying-attributes" class="md-nav__link">
+    <span class="md-ellipsis">
+      Applying Attributes
+    </span>
+  </a>
+  
+</li>
+        
+          <li class="md-nav__item">
+  <a href="#multiple-attributes" class="md-nav__link">
+    <span class="md-ellipsis">
+      Multiple Attributes
+    </span>
+  </a>
+  
+</li>
+        
+          <li class="md-nav__item">
+  <a href="#defining-custom-attribute-types" class="md-nav__link">
+    <span class="md-ellipsis">
+      Defining Custom Attribute Types
+    </span>
+  </a>
+  
+</li>
+        
+          <li class="md-nav__item">
+  <a href="#retrieving-attributes" class="md-nav__link">
+    <span class="md-ellipsis">
+      Retrieving Attributes
+    </span>
+  </a>
+  
+</li>
+        
+      </ul>
+    </nav>
+  
+</li>
+      
+        <li class="md-nav__item">
+  <a href="#files-streams" class="md-nav__link">
+    <span class="md-ellipsis">
+      Files &amp; Streams
+    </span>
+  </a>
+  
+    <nav class="md-nav" aria-label="Files & Streams">
+      <ul class="md-nav__list">
+        
+          <li class="md-nav__item">
+  <a href="#position-seeking" class="md-nav__link">
+    <span class="md-ellipsis">
+      Position &amp; Seeking
+    </span>
+  </a>
+  
+</li>
+        
+          <li class="md-nav__item">
+  <a href="#flushing" class="md-nav__link">
+    <span class="md-ellipsis">
+      Flushing
+    </span>
+  </a>
+  
+</li>
+        
+          <li class="md-nav__item">
+  <a href="#streamreader-streamwriter-text-files" class="md-nav__link">
+    <span class="md-ellipsis">
+      StreamReader &amp; StreamWriter (Text Files)
+    </span>
+  </a>
+  
+</li>
+        
+          <li class="md-nav__item">
+  <a href="#stringreader-stringwriter" class="md-nav__link">
+    <span class="md-ellipsis">
+      StringReader &amp; StringWriter
+    </span>
+  </a>
+  
+</li>
+        
+      </ul>
+    </nav>
+  
+</li>
+      
+        <li class="md-nav__item">
+  <a href="#files-directories" class="md-nav__link">
+    <span class="md-ellipsis">
+      Files &amp; Directories
+    </span>
+  </a>
+  
+    <nav class="md-nav" aria-label="Files & Directories">
+      <ul class="md-nav__list">
+        
+          <li class="md-nav__item">
+  <a href="#filestream-class-binary-files" class="md-nav__link">
+    <span class="md-ellipsis">
+      FileStream Class (Binary Files)
+    </span>
+  </a>
+  
+</li>
+        
+          <li class="md-nav__item">
+  <a href="#file-class" class="md-nav__link">
+    <span class="md-ellipsis">
+      File Class
+    </span>
+  </a>
+  
+</li>
+        
+          <li class="md-nav__item">
+  <a href="#directory-class" class="md-nav__link">
+    <span class="md-ellipsis">
+      Directory Class
+    </span>
+  </a>
+  
+</li>
+        
+          <li class="md-nav__item">
+  <a href="#path-class" class="md-nav__link">
+    <span class="md-ellipsis">
+      Path Class
+    </span>
+  </a>
+  
+</li>
+        
+          <li class="md-nav__item">
+  <a href="#fileinfo-directoryinfo-filesysteminfo" class="md-nav__link">
+    <span class="md-ellipsis">
+      FileInfo, DirectoryInfo &amp; FileSystemInfo
+    </span>
+  </a>
+  
+</li>
+        
+          <li class="md-nav__item">
+  <a href="#clr-serialization" class="md-nav__link">
+    <span class="md-ellipsis">
+      CLR Serialization
+    </span>
+  </a>
+  
+</li>
+        
+      </ul>
+    </nav>
+  
+</li>
+      
+        <li class="md-nav__item">
+  <a href="#datetime-timespan" class="md-nav__link">
+    <span class="md-ellipsis">
+      DateTime &amp; TimeSpan
+    </span>
+  </a>
+  
+    <nav class="md-nav" aria-label="DateTime & TimeSpan">
+      <ul class="md-nav__list">
+        
+          <li class="md-nav__item">
+  <a href="#timespan-struct" class="md-nav__link">
+    <span class="md-ellipsis">
+      TimeSpan Struct
+    </span>
+  </a>
+  
+</li>
+        
+      </ul>
+    </nav>
+  
+</li>
+      
+        <li class="md-nav__item">
+  <a href="#memory-efficiency" class="md-nav__link">
+    <span class="md-ellipsis">
+      Memory Efficiency
+    </span>
+  </a>
+  
+    <nav class="md-nav" aria-label="Memory Efficiency">
+      <ul class="md-nav__list">
+        
+          <li class="md-nav__item">
+  <a href="#spant" class="md-nav__link">
+    <span class="md-ellipsis">
+      Span&lt;T&gt;
+    </span>
+  </a>
+  
+</li>
+        
+      </ul>
+    </nav>
+  
+</li>
+      
+        <li class="md-nav__item">
+  <a href="#memoryt" class="md-nav__link">
+    <span class="md-ellipsis">
+      Memory&lt;T&gt;
+    </span>
+  </a>
+  
+</li>
+      
+        <li class="md-nav__item">
+  <a href="#regular-expressions" class="md-nav__link">
+    <span class="md-ellipsis">
+      Regular Expressions
+    </span>
+  </a>
+  
+</li>
+      
+        <li class="md-nav__item">
+  <a href="#unsafe-code-pointers" class="md-nav__link">
+    <span class="md-ellipsis">
+      Unsafe Code &amp; Pointers
+    </span>
+  </a>
+  
+    <nav class="md-nav" aria-label="Unsafe Code & Pointers">
+      <ul class="md-nav__list">
+        
+          <li class="md-nav__item">
+  <a href="#native-memory" class="md-nav__link">
+    <span class="md-ellipsis">
+      Native Memory
+    </span>
+  </a>
+  
+</li>
+        
+          <li class="md-nav__item">
+  <a href="#external-code" class="md-nav__link">
+    <span class="md-ellipsis">
+      External Code
+    </span>
+  </a>
+  
+</li>
+        
+      </ul>
+    </nav>
+  
+</li>
+      
+        <li class="md-nav__item">
+  <a href="#magic-methods" class="md-nav__link">
+    <span class="md-ellipsis">
+      Magic Methods
+    </span>
+  </a>
+  
+    <nav class="md-nav" aria-label="Magic Methods">
+      <ul class="md-nav__list">
+        
+          <li class="md-nav__item">
+  <a href="#enumerable" class="md-nav__link">
+    <span class="md-ellipsis">
+      Enumerable
+    </span>
+  </a>
+  
+</li>
+        
+          <li class="md-nav__item">
+  <a href="#awaitable" class="md-nav__link">
+    <span class="md-ellipsis">
+      Awaitable
+    </span>
+  </a>
+  
+</li>
+        
+      </ul>
+    </nav>
+  
+</li>
+      
+        <li class="md-nav__item">
+  <a href="#code-quality" class="md-nav__link">
+    <span class="md-ellipsis">
+      Code Quality
+    </span>
+  </a>
+  
+    <nav class="md-nav" aria-label="Code Quality">
+      <ul class="md-nav__list">
+        
+          <li class="md-nav__item">
+  <a href="#code-analysis" class="md-nav__link">
+    <span class="md-ellipsis">
+      Code Analysis
+    </span>
+  </a>
+  
+</li>
+        
+          <li class="md-nav__item">
+  <a href="#dependency-auditing" class="md-nav__link">
+    <span class="md-ellipsis">
+      Dependency Auditing
+    </span>
+  </a>
+  
+</li>
+        
+      </ul>
+    </nav>
+  
+</li>
+      
+    </ul>
+  
+</nav>
+      
+    </li>
+  
+
+              
+            
+              
+                
+  
+  
+  
+  
+    <li class="md-nav__item">
+      <a href="linq.html" class="md-nav__link">
+        
+  
+  <span class="md-ellipsis">
+    Linq
+  </span>
+  
+
+      </a>
+    </li>
+  
+
+              
+            
+              
+                
+  
+  
+  
+  
+    <li class="md-nav__item">
+      <a href="collections.html" class="md-nav__link">
+        
+  
+  <span class="md-ellipsis">
+    Collections
+  </span>
+  
+
+      </a>
+    </li>
+  
+
+              
+            
+              
+                
+  
+  
+  
+  
+    <li class="md-nav__item">
+      <a href="reactive-extensions.html" class="md-nav__link">
+        
+  
+  <span class="md-ellipsis">
+    Reactive Extensions
+  </span>
+  
+
+      </a>
+    </li>
+  
+
+              
+            
+              
+                
+  
+  
+  
+  
+    <li class="md-nav__item">
+      <a href="async-programming.html" class="md-nav__link">
+        
+  
+  <span class="md-ellipsis">
+    Async Programming
+  </span>
+  
+
+      </a>
+    </li>
+  
+
+              
+            
+              
+                
+  
+  
+  
+  
+    <li class="md-nav__item">
+      <a href="unit-tests.html" class="md-nav__link">
+        
+  
+  <span class="md-ellipsis">
+    Unit Tests
+  </span>
+  
+
+      </a>
+    </li>
+  
+
+              
+            
+          </ul>
+        </nav>
+      
+    </li>
+  
+
+              
+            
+              
+                
+  
+  
+  
+  
+    
+    
+      
+        
+      
+        
+      
+        
+      
+        
+      
+        
+      
+        
+      
+        
+      
+    
+    
+      
+      
+        
+      
+    
+    
+    <li class="md-nav__item md-nav__item--nested">
+      
+        
+        
+        <input class="md-nav__toggle md-toggle " type="checkbox" id="__nav_4_9_2" >
+        
+          
+          <label class="md-nav__link" for="__nav_4_9_2" id="__nav_4_9_2_label" tabindex="0">
+            
+  
+  <span class="md-ellipsis">
+    ASP.NET
+  </span>
+  
+
+            <span class="md-nav__icon md-icon"></span>
+          </label>
+        
+        <nav class="md-nav" data-md-level="3" aria-labelledby="__nav_4_9_2_label" aria-expanded="false">
+          <label class="md-nav__title" for="__nav_4_9_2">
+            <span class="md-nav__icon md-icon"></span>
+            ASP.NET
+          </label>
+          <ul class="md-nav__list" data-md-scrollfix>
+            
+              
+                
+  
+  
+  
+  
+    <li class="md-nav__item">
+      <a href="../asp.net/minimal-api.html" class="md-nav__link">
+        
+  
+  <span class="md-ellipsis">
+    Minimal API
+  </span>
+  
+
+      </a>
+    </li>
+  
+
+              
+            
+              
+                
+  
+  
+  
+  
+    <li class="md-nav__item">
+      <a href="../asp.net/filters.html" class="md-nav__link">
+        
+  
+  <span class="md-ellipsis">
+    FIlters
+  </span>
+  
+
+      </a>
+    </li>
+  
+
+              
+            
+              
+                
+  
+  
+  
+  
+    <li class="md-nav__item">
+      <a href="../asp.net/middleware.html" class="md-nav__link">
+        
+  
+  <span class="md-ellipsis">
+    Middleware
+  </span>
+  
+
+      </a>
+    </li>
+  
+
+              
+            
+              
+                
+  
+  
+  
+  
+    <li class="md-nav__item">
+      <a href="../asp.net/razor-syntax.html" class="md-nav__link">
+        
+  
+  <span class="md-ellipsis">
+    Razor Syntax
+  </span>
+  
+
+      </a>
+    </li>
+  
+
+              
+            
+              
+                
+  
+  
+  
+  
+    <li class="md-nav__item">
+      <a href="../asp.net/blazor.html" class="md-nav__link">
+        
+  
+  <span class="md-ellipsis">
+    Blazor
+  </span>
+  
+
+      </a>
+    </li>
+  
+
+              
+            
+              
+                
+  
+  
+  
+  
+    <li class="md-nav__item">
+      <a href="../asp.net/signalr.html" class="md-nav__link">
+        
+  
+  <span class="md-ellipsis">
+    SignalR
+  </span>
+  
+
+      </a>
+    </li>
+  
+
+              
+            
+              
+                
+  
+  
+  
+  
+    <li class="md-nav__item">
+      <a href="../asp.net/web-forms.html" class="md-nav__link">
+        
+  
+  <span class="md-ellipsis">
+    Web Forms
+  </span>
+  
+
+      </a>
+    </li>
+  
+
+              
+            
+          </ul>
+        </nav>
+      
+    </li>
+  
+
+              
+            
+              
+                
+  
+  
+  
+  
+    
+    
+      
+        
+      
+        
+      
+    
+    
+      
+      
+        
+      
+    
+    
+    <li class="md-nav__item md-nav__item--nested">
+      
+        
+        
+        <input class="md-nav__toggle md-toggle " type="checkbox" id="__nav_4_9_3" >
+        
+          
+          <label class="md-nav__link" for="__nav_4_9_3" id="__nav_4_9_3_label" tabindex="0">
+            
+  
+  <span class="md-ellipsis">
+    Database
+  </span>
+  
+
+            <span class="md-nav__icon md-icon"></span>
+          </label>
+        
+        <nav class="md-nav" data-md-level="3" aria-labelledby="__nav_4_9_3_label" aria-expanded="false">
+          <label class="md-nav__title" for="__nav_4_9_3">
+            <span class="md-nav__icon md-icon"></span>
+            Database
+          </label>
+          <ul class="md-nav__list" data-md-scrollfix>
+            
+              
+                
+  
+  
+  
+  
+    <li class="md-nav__item">
+      <a href="../database/ado.net.html" class="md-nav__link">
+        
+  
+  <span class="md-ellipsis">
+    ADO.NET
+  </span>
+  
+
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+    </li>
+  
+
+              
+            
+              
+                
+  
+  
+  
+  
+    <li class="md-nav__item">
+      <a href="../database/entity-framework.html" class="md-nav__link">
+        
+  
+  <span class="md-ellipsis">
+    Entity Framework
+  </span>
+  
+
+      </a>
+    </li>
+  
+
+              
+            
+          </ul>
+        </nav>
+      
+    </li>
+  
+
+              
+            
+          </ul>
+        </nav>
+      
+    </li>
+  
+
+              
+            
+              
+                
+  
+  
+  
+  
+    
+    
+      
+        
+      
+        
+      
+        
+      
+        
+      
+    
+    
+      
+      
+        
+          
+          
+        
+      
+    
+    
+    <li class="md-nav__item md-nav__item--section md-nav__item--nested">
+      
+        
+        
+        <input class="md-nav__toggle md-toggle " type="checkbox" id="__nav_4_10" >
+        
+          
+          <label class="md-nav__link" for="__nav_4_10" id="__nav_4_10_label" tabindex="">
+            
+  
+  <span class="md-ellipsis">
+    Java
+  </span>
+  
+
+            <span class="md-nav__icon md-icon"></span>
+          </label>
+        
+        <nav class="md-nav" data-md-level="2" aria-labelledby="__nav_4_10_label" aria-expanded="false">
+          <label class="md-nav__title" for="__nav_4_10">
+            <span class="md-nav__icon md-icon"></span>
+            Java
+          </label>
+          <ul class="md-nav__list" data-md-scrollfix>
+            
+              
+                
+  
+  
+  
+  
+    <li class="md-nav__item">
+      <a href="../../java/java.html" class="md-nav__link">
+        
+  
+  <span class="md-ellipsis">
+    Java
+  </span>
+  
+
+      </a>
+    </li>
+  
+
+              
+            
+              
+                
+  
+  
+  
+  
+    <li class="md-nav__item">
+      <a href="../../java/java-collection-framework.html" class="md-nav__link">
+        
+  
+  <span class="md-ellipsis">
+    Java Collection Framework
+  </span>
+  
+
+      </a>
+    </li>
+  
+
+              
+            
+              
+                
+  
+  
+  
+  
+    <li class="md-nav__item">
+      <a href="../../java/dao.html" class="md-nav__link">
+        
+  
+  <span class="md-ellipsis">
+    DAO
+  </span>
+  
+
+      </a>
+    </li>
+  
+
+              
+            
+              
+                
+  
+  
+  
+  
+    
+    
+      
+        
+      
+        
+      
+    
+    
+      
+      
+        
+      
+    
+    
+    <li class="md-nav__item md-nav__item--nested">
+      
+        
+        
+        <input class="md-nav__toggle md-toggle " type="checkbox" id="__nav_4_10_4" >
+        
+          
+          <label class="md-nav__link" for="__nav_4_10_4" id="__nav_4_10_4_label" tabindex="0">
+            
+  
+  <span class="md-ellipsis">
+    Web
+  </span>
+  
+
+            <span class="md-nav__icon md-icon"></span>
+          </label>
+        
+        <nav class="md-nav" data-md-level="3" aria-labelledby="__nav_4_10_4_label" aria-expanded="false">
+          <label class="md-nav__title" for="__nav_4_10_4">
+            <span class="md-nav__icon md-icon"></span>
+            Web
+          </label>
+          <ul class="md-nav__list" data-md-scrollfix>
+            
+              
+                
+  
+  
+  
+  
+    <li class="md-nav__item">
+      <a href="../../java/web/servlet.html" class="md-nav__link">
+        
+  
+  <span class="md-ellipsis">
+    Serverlet
+  </span>
+  
+
+      </a>
+    </li>
+  
+
+              
+            
+              
+                
+  
+  
+  
+  
+    
+    
+      
+        
+      
+        
+      
+    
+    
+      
+      
+        
+      
+    
+    
+    <li class="md-nav__item md-nav__item--nested">
+      
+        
+        
+        <input class="md-nav__toggle md-toggle " type="checkbox" id="__nav_4_10_4_2" >
+        
+          
+          <label class="md-nav__link" for="__nav_4_10_4_2" id="__nav_4_10_4_2_label" tabindex="0">
+            
+  
+  <span class="md-ellipsis">
+    Spring
+  </span>
+  
+
+            <span class="md-nav__icon md-icon"></span>
+          </label>
+        
+        <nav class="md-nav" data-md-level="4" aria-labelledby="__nav_4_10_4_2_label" aria-expanded="false">
+          <label class="md-nav__title" for="__nav_4_10_4_2">
+            <span class="md-nav__icon md-icon"></span>
+            Spring
+          </label>
+          <ul class="md-nav__list" data-md-scrollfix>
+            
+              
+                
+  
+  
+  
+  
+    <li class="md-nav__item">
+      <a href="../../java/spring/pom.xml.html" class="md-nav__link">
+        
+  
+  <span class="md-ellipsis">
+    POM
+  </span>
+  
+
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+    </li>
+  
+
+              
+            
+              
+                
+  
+  
+  
+  
+    <li class="md-nav__item">
+      <a href="../../java/spring/spring-project.html" class="md-nav__link">
+        
+  
+  <span class="md-ellipsis">
+    Project Structure
+  </span>
+  
+
+      </a>
+    </li>
+  
+
+              
+            
+          </ul>
+        </nav>
+      
+    </li>
+  
+
+              
+            
+          </ul>
+        </nav>
+      
+    </li>
+  
+
+              
+            
+          </ul>
+        </nav>
+      
+    </li>
+  
+
+              
+            
+              
+                
+  
+  
+  
+  
+    
+    
+      
+        
+      
+        
+      
+        
+      
+        
+      
+        
+      
+        
+      
+        
+      
+        
+      
+        
+      
+    
+    
+      
+      
+        
+          
+          
+        
+      
+    
+    
+    <li class="md-nav__item md-nav__item--section md-nav__item--nested">
+      
+        
+        
+        <input class="md-nav__toggle md-toggle " type="checkbox" id="__nav_4_11" >
+        
+          
+          <label class="md-nav__link" for="__nav_4_11" id="__nav_4_11_label" tabindex="">
+            
+  
+  <span class="md-ellipsis">
+    PHP
+  </span>
+  
+
+            <span class="md-nav__icon md-icon"></span>
+          </label>
+        
+        <nav class="md-nav" data-md-level="2" aria-labelledby="__nav_4_11_label" aria-expanded="false">
+          <label class="md-nav__title" for="__nav_4_11">
+            <span class="md-nav__icon md-icon"></span>
+            PHP
+          </label>
+          <ul class="md-nav__list" data-md-scrollfix>
+            
+              
+                
+  
+  
+  
+  
+    <li class="md-nav__item">
+      <a href="../../php/php.html" class="md-nav__link">
+        
+  
+  <span class="md-ellipsis">
+    PHP
+  </span>
+  
+
+      </a>
+    </li>
+  
+
+              
+            
+              
+                
+  
+  
+  
+  
+    <li class="md-nav__item">
+      <a href="../../php/database.html" class="md-nav__link">
+        
+  
+  <span class="md-ellipsis">
+    Database
+  </span>
+  
+
+      </a>
+    </li>
+  
+
+              
+            
+              
+                
+  
+  
+  
+  
+    <li class="md-nav__item">
+      <a href="../../php/web.html" class="md-nav__link">
+        
+  
+  <span class="md-ellipsis">
+    Web
+  </span>
+  
+
+      </a>
+    </li>
+  
+
+              
+            
+              
+                
+  
+  
+  
+  
+    <li class="md-nav__item">
+      <a href="../../php/dependency-injection.html" class="md-nav__link">
+        
+  
+  <span class="md-ellipsis">
+    Dependency Injection
+  </span>
+  
+
+      </a>
+    </li>
+  
+
+              
+            
+              
+                
+  
+  
+  
+  
+    <li class="md-nav__item">
+      <a href="../../php/unit-tests.html" class="md-nav__link">
+        
+  
+  <span class="md-ellipsis">
+    Unit Tests
+  </span>
+  
+
+      </a>
+    </li>
+  
+
+              
+            
+              
+                
+  
+  
+  
+  
+    <li class="md-nav__item">
+      <a href="../../php/composer.html" class="md-nav__link">
+        
+  
+  <span class="md-ellipsis">
+    Composer
+  </span>
+  
+
+      </a>
+    </li>
+  
+
+              
+            
+              
+                
+  
+  
+  
+  
+    <li class="md-nav__item">
+      <a href="../../php/psr-7.html" class="md-nav__link">
+        
+  
+  <span class="md-ellipsis">
+    PSR 7
+  </span>
+  
+
+      </a>
+    </li>
+  
+
+              
+            
+              
+                
+  
+  
+  
+  
+    <li class="md-nav__item">
+      <a href="../../php/plates-templating.html" class="md-nav__link">
+        
+  
+  <span class="md-ellipsis">
+    Plates
+  </span>
+  
+
+      </a>
+    </li>
+  
+
+              
+            
+              
+                
+  
+  
+  
+  
+    
+    
+      
+        
+      
+        
+      
+    
+    
+      
+      
+        
+      
+    
+    
+    <li class="md-nav__item md-nav__item--nested">
+      
+        
+        
+        <input class="md-nav__toggle md-toggle " type="checkbox" id="__nav_4_11_9" >
+        
+          
+          <label class="md-nav__link" for="__nav_4_11_9" id="__nav_4_11_9_label" tabindex="0">
+            
+  
+  <span class="md-ellipsis">
+    Simple MVC
+  </span>
+  
+
+            <span class="md-nav__icon md-icon"></span>
+          </label>
+        
+        <nav class="md-nav" data-md-level="3" aria-labelledby="__nav_4_11_9_label" aria-expanded="false">
+          <label class="md-nav__title" for="__nav_4_11_9">
+            <span class="md-nav__icon md-icon"></span>
+            Simple MVC
+          </label>
+          <ul class="md-nav__list" data-md-scrollfix>
+            
+              
+                
+  
+  
+  
+  
+    <li class="md-nav__item">
+      <a href="../../php/simple-mvc/simple-mvc.html" class="md-nav__link">
+        
+  
+  <span class="md-ellipsis">
+    Simple MVC
+  </span>
+  
+
+      </a>
+    </li>
+  
+
+              
+            
+              
+                
+  
+  
+  
+  
+    <li class="md-nav__item">
+      <a href="../../php/simple-mvc/rest-api.html" class="md-nav__link">
+        
+  
+  <span class="md-ellipsis">
+    REST API
+  </span>
+  
+
+      </a>
+    </li>
+  
+
+              
+            
+          </ul>
+        </nav>
+      
+    </li>
+  
+
+              
+            
+          </ul>
+        </nav>
+      
+    </li>
+  
+
+              
+            
+              
+                
+  
+  
+  
+  
+    
+    
+      
+        
+      
+        
+      
+        
+      
+        
+      
+        
+      
+    
+    
+      
+      
+        
+          
+          
+        
+      
+    
+    
+    <li class="md-nav__item md-nav__item--section md-nav__item--nested">
+      
+        
+        
+        <input class="md-nav__toggle md-toggle " type="checkbox" id="__nav_4_12" >
+        
+          
+          <label class="md-nav__link" for="__nav_4_12" id="__nav_4_12_label" tabindex="">
+            
+  
+  <span class="md-ellipsis">
+    Rust
+  </span>
+  
+
+            <span class="md-nav__icon md-icon"></span>
+          </label>
+        
+        <nav class="md-nav" data-md-level="2" aria-labelledby="__nav_4_12_label" aria-expanded="false">
+          <label class="md-nav__title" for="__nav_4_12">
+            <span class="md-nav__icon md-icon"></span>
+            Rust
+          </label>
+          <ul class="md-nav__list" data-md-scrollfix>
+            
+              
+                
+  
+  
+  
+  
+    <li class="md-nav__item">
+      <a href="../../rust/rust.html" class="md-nav__link">
+        
+  
+  <span class="md-ellipsis">
+    Rust
+  </span>
+  
+
+      </a>
+    </li>
+  
+
+              
+            
+              
+                
+  
+  
+  
+  
+    <li class="md-nav__item">
+      <a href="../../rust/macros.html" class="md-nav__link">
+        
+  
+  <span class="md-ellipsis">
+    Macros
+  </span>
+  
+
+      </a>
+    </li>
+  
+
+              
+            
+              
+                
+  
+  
+  
+  
+    <li class="md-nav__item">
+      <a href="../../rust/cargo.html" class="md-nav__link">
+        
+  
+  <span class="md-ellipsis">
+    Cargo
+  </span>
+  
+
+      </a>
+    </li>
+  
+
+              
+            
+              
+                
+  
+  
+  
+  
+    <li class="md-nav__item">
+      <a href="../../rust/concurrency.html" class="md-nav__link">
+        
+  
+  <span class="md-ellipsis">
+    Concurrency
+  </span>
+  
+
+      </a>
+    </li>
+  
+
+              
+            
+              
+                
+  
+  
+  
+  
+    <li class="md-nav__item">
+      <a href="../../rust/unit-tests.html" class="md-nav__link">
+        
+  
+  <span class="md-ellipsis">
+    Unit Tests
+  </span>
+  
+
+      </a>
+    </li>
+  
+
+              
+            
+          </ul>
+        </nav>
+      
+    </li>
+  
+
+              
+            
+              
+                
+  
+  
+  
+  
+    
+    
+      
+        
+      
+        
+      
+        
+      
+        
+      
+        
+      
+        
+      
+        
+      
+    
+    
+      
+      
+        
+          
+          
+        
+      
+    
+    
+    <li class="md-nav__item md-nav__item--section md-nav__item--nested">
+      
+        
+        
+        <input class="md-nav__toggle md-toggle " type="checkbox" id="__nav_4_13" >
+        
+          
+          <label class="md-nav__link" for="__nav_4_13" id="__nav_4_13_label" tabindex="">
+            
+  
+  <span class="md-ellipsis">
+    Javascript
+  </span>
+  
+
+            <span class="md-nav__icon md-icon"></span>
+          </label>
+        
+        <nav class="md-nav" data-md-level="2" aria-labelledby="__nav_4_13_label" aria-expanded="false">
+          <label class="md-nav__title" for="__nav_4_13">
+            <span class="md-nav__icon md-icon"></span>
+            Javascript
+          </label>
+          <ul class="md-nav__list" data-md-scrollfix>
+            
+              
+                
+  
+  
+  
+  
+    <li class="md-nav__item">
+      <a href="../../javascript/javascript.html" class="md-nav__link">
+        
+  
+  <span class="md-ellipsis">
+    Javascript
+  </span>
+  
+
+      </a>
+    </li>
+  
+
+              
+            
+              
+                
+  
+  
+  
+  
+    <li class="md-nav__item">
+      <a href="../../javascript/dom.html" class="md-nav__link">
+        
+  
+  <span class="md-ellipsis">
+    DOM
+  </span>
+  
+
+      </a>
+    </li>
+  
+
+              
+            
+              
+                
+  
+  
+  
+  
+    <li class="md-nav__item">
+      <a href="../../javascript/events-animation.html" class="md-nav__link">
+        
+  
+  <span class="md-ellipsis">
+    Events & Animation
+  </span>
+  
+
+      </a>
+    </li>
+  
+
+              
+            
+              
+                
+  
+  
+  
+  
+    <li class="md-nav__item">
+      <a href="../../javascript/ajax.html" class="md-nav__link">
+        
+  
+  <span class="md-ellipsis">
+    AJAX
+  </span>
+  
+
+      </a>
+    </li>
+  
+
+              
+            
+              
+                
+  
+  
+  
+  
+    <li class="md-nav__item">
+      <a href="../../javascript/jquery.html" class="md-nav__link">
+        
+  
+  <span class="md-ellipsis">
+    jQuery
+  </span>
+  
+
+      </a>
+    </li>
+  
+
+              
+            
+              
+                
+  
+  
+  
+  
+    
+    
+      
+        
+      
+        
+      
+        
+      
+        
+      
+        
+      
+    
+    
+      
+      
+        
+      
+    
+    
+    <li class="md-nav__item md-nav__item--nested">
+      
+        
+        
+        <input class="md-nav__toggle md-toggle " type="checkbox" id="__nav_4_13_6" >
+        
+          
+          <label class="md-nav__link" for="__nav_4_13_6" id="__nav_4_13_6_label" tabindex="0">
+            
+  
+  <span class="md-ellipsis">
+    React
+  </span>
+  
+
+            <span class="md-nav__icon md-icon"></span>
+          </label>
+        
+        <nav class="md-nav" data-md-level="3" aria-labelledby="__nav_4_13_6_label" aria-expanded="false">
+          <label class="md-nav__title" for="__nav_4_13_6">
+            <span class="md-nav__icon md-icon"></span>
+            React
+          </label>
+          <ul class="md-nav__list" data-md-scrollfix>
+            
+              
+                
+  
+  
+  
+  
+    <li class="md-nav__item">
+      <a href="../../javascript/react/react.html" class="md-nav__link">
+        
+  
+  <span class="md-ellipsis">
+    React
+  </span>
+  
+
+      </a>
+    </li>
+  
+
+              
+            
+              
+                
+  
+  
+  
+  
+    <li class="md-nav__item">
+      <a href="../../javascript/react/react-router.html" class="md-nav__link">
+        
+  
+  <span class="md-ellipsis">
+    React Router
+  </span>
+  
+
+      </a>
+    </li>
+  
+
+              
+            
+              
+                
+  
+  
+  
+  
+    <li class="md-nav__item">
+      <a href="../../javascript/react/react-tests.html" class="md-nav__link">
+        
+  
+  <span class="md-ellipsis">
+    React Tests
+  </span>
+  
+
+      </a>
+    </li>
+  
+
+              
+            
+              
+                
+  
+  
+  
+  
+    <li class="md-nav__item">
+      <a href="../../javascript/react/redux.html" class="md-nav__link">
+        
+  
+  <span class="md-ellipsis">
+    Redux
+  </span>
+  
+
+      </a>
+    </li>
+  
+
+              
+            
+              
+                
+  
+  
+  
+  
+    <li class="md-nav__item">
+      <a href="../../javascript/react/redux-tests.html" class="md-nav__link">
+        
+  
+  <span class="md-ellipsis">
+    Redux Tests
+  </span>
+  
+
+      </a>
+    </li>
+  
+
+              
+            
+          </ul>
+        </nav>
+      
+    </li>
+  
+
+              
+            
+              
+                
+  
+  
+  
+  
+    <li class="md-nav__item">
+      <a href="../../javascript/svelte/svelte.html" class="md-nav__link">
+        
+  
+  <span class="md-ellipsis">
+    Svelte
+  </span>
+  
+
+      </a>
+    </li>
+  
+
+              
+            
+          </ul>
+        </nav>
+      
+    </li>
+  
+
+              
+            
+              
+                
+  
+  
+  
+  
+    
+    
+      
+        
+      
+        
+      
+    
+    
+      
+      
+        
+          
+          
+        
+      
+    
+    
+    <li class="md-nav__item md-nav__item--section md-nav__item--nested">
+      
+        
+        
+        <input class="md-nav__toggle md-toggle " type="checkbox" id="__nav_4_14" >
+        
+          
+          <label class="md-nav__link" for="__nav_4_14" id="__nav_4_14_label" tabindex="">
+            
+  
+  <span class="md-ellipsis">
+    PowerShell
+  </span>
+  
+
+            <span class="md-nav__icon md-icon"></span>
+          </label>
+        
+        <nav class="md-nav" data-md-level="2" aria-labelledby="__nav_4_14_label" aria-expanded="false">
+          <label class="md-nav__title" for="__nav_4_14">
+            <span class="md-nav__icon md-icon"></span>
+            PowerShell
+          </label>
+          <ul class="md-nav__list" data-md-scrollfix>
+            
+              
+                
+  
+  
+  
+  
+    <li class="md-nav__item">
+      <a href="../../powershell/scripting.html" class="md-nav__link">
+        
+  
+  <span class="md-ellipsis">
+    Scripting
+  </span>
+  
+
+      </a>
+    </li>
+  
+
+              
+            
+              
+                
+  
+  
+  
+  
+    <li class="md-nav__item">
+      <a href="../../powershell/commands.html" class="md-nav__link">
+        
+  
+  <span class="md-ellipsis">
+    Commands
+  </span>
+  
+
+      </a>
+    </li>
+  
+
+              
+            
+          </ul>
+        </nav>
+      
+    </li>
+  
+
+              
+            
+              
+                
+  
+  
+  
+  
+    
+    
+      
+        
+      
+        
+      
+    
+    
+      
+      
+        
+          
+          
+        
+      
+    
+    
+    <li class="md-nav__item md-nav__item--section md-nav__item--nested">
+      
+        
+        
+        <input class="md-nav__toggle md-toggle " type="checkbox" id="__nav_4_15" >
+        
+          
+          <label class="md-nav__link" for="__nav_4_15" id="__nav_4_15_label" tabindex="">
+            
+  
+  <span class="md-ellipsis">
+    Bash
+  </span>
+  
+
+            <span class="md-nav__icon md-icon"></span>
+          </label>
+        
+        <nav class="md-nav" data-md-level="2" aria-labelledby="__nav_4_15_label" aria-expanded="false">
+          <label class="md-nav__title" for="__nav_4_15">
+            <span class="md-nav__icon md-icon"></span>
+            Bash
+          </label>
+          <ul class="md-nav__list" data-md-scrollfix>
+            
+              
+                
+  
+  
+  
+  
+    <li class="md-nav__item">
+      <a href="../../bash/scripting.html" class="md-nav__link">
+        
+  
+  <span class="md-ellipsis">
+    Scripting
+  </span>
+  
+
+      </a>
+    </li>
+  
+
+              
+            
+              
+                
+  
+  
+  
+  
+    <li class="md-nav__item">
+      <a href="../../bash/commands.html" class="md-nav__link">
+        
+  
+  <span class="md-ellipsis">
+    Commands
+  </span>
+  
+
+      </a>
+    </li>
+  
+
+              
+            
+          </ul>
+        </nav>
+      
+    </li>
+  
+
+              
+            
+          </ul>
+        </nav>
+      
+    </li>
+  
+
+    
+      
+      
+  
+  
+  
+  
+    
+    
+      
+        
+      
+        
+      
+        
+      
+        
+      
+        
+      
+    
+    
+      
+      
+        
+      
+    
+    
+    <li class="md-nav__item md-nav__item--nested">
+      
+        
+        
+        <input class="md-nav__toggle md-toggle " type="checkbox" id="__nav_5" >
+        
+          
+          <label class="md-nav__link" for="__nav_5" id="__nav_5_label" tabindex="0">
+            
+  
+  <span class="md-ellipsis">
+    Misc
+  </span>
+  
+
+            <span class="md-nav__icon md-icon"></span>
+          </label>
+        
+        <nav class="md-nav" data-md-level="1" aria-labelledby="__nav_5_label" aria-expanded="false">
+          <label class="md-nav__title" for="__nav_5">
+            <span class="md-nav__icon md-icon"></span>
+            Misc
+          </label>
+          <ul class="md-nav__list" data-md-scrollfix>
+            
+              
+                
+  
+  
+  
+  
+    <li class="md-nav__item">
+      <a href="../../../misc/git.html" class="md-nav__link">
+        
+  
+  <span class="md-ellipsis">
+    Git
+  </span>
+  
+
+      </a>
+    </li>
+  
+
+              
+            
+              
+                
+  
+  
+  
+  
+    <li class="md-nav__item">
+      <a href="../../../misc/graph-ql.html" class="md-nav__link">
+        
+  
+  <span class="md-ellipsis">
+    GraphQL
+  </span>
+  
+
+      </a>
+    </li>
+  
+
+              
+            
+              
+                
+  
+  
+  
+  
+    <li class="md-nav__item">
+      <a href="../../../misc/regular-expressions.html" class="md-nav__link">
+        
+  
+  <span class="md-ellipsis">
+    RegEx
+  </span>
+  
+
+      </a>
+    </li>
+  
+
+              
+            
+              
+                
+  
+  
+  
+  
+    <li class="md-nav__item">
+      <a href="../../../misc/ssh.html" class="md-nav__link">
+        
+  
+  <span class="md-ellipsis">
+    SSH
+  </span>
+  
+
+      </a>
+    </li>
+  
+
+              
+            
+              
+                
+  
+  
+  
+  
+    <li class="md-nav__item">
+      <a href="../../../misc/web-components.html" class="md-nav__link">
+        
+  
+  <span class="md-ellipsis">
+    WebComponents
+  </span>
+  
+
+      </a>
+    </li>
+  
+
+              
+            
+          </ul>
+        </nav>
+      
+    </li>
+  
+
+    
+      
+      
+  
+  
+  
+  
+    
+    
+      
+        
+      
+        
+      
+    
+    
+      
+      
+        
+      
+    
+    
+    <li class="md-nav__item md-nav__item--nested">
+      
+        
+        
+        <input class="md-nav__toggle md-toggle " type="checkbox" id="__nav_6" >
+        
+          
+          <label class="md-nav__link" for="__nav_6" id="__nav_6_label" tabindex="0">
+            
+  
+  <span class="md-ellipsis">
+    Linux
+  </span>
+  
+
+            <span class="md-nav__icon md-icon"></span>
+          </label>
+        
+        <nav class="md-nav" data-md-level="1" aria-labelledby="__nav_6_label" aria-expanded="false">
+          <label class="md-nav__title" for="__nav_6">
+            <span class="md-nav__icon md-icon"></span>
+            Linux
+          </label>
+          <ul class="md-nav__list" data-md-scrollfix>
+            
+              
+                
+  
+  
+  
+  
+    
+    
+      
+        
+      
+        
+      
+        
+      
+    
+    
+      
+      
+        
+      
+    
+    
+    <li class="md-nav__item md-nav__item--nested">
+      
+        
+        
+        <input class="md-nav__toggle md-toggle " type="checkbox" id="__nav_6_1" >
+        
+          
+          <label class="md-nav__link" for="__nav_6_1" id="__nav_6_1_label" tabindex="0">
+            
+  
+  <span class="md-ellipsis">
+    Filesystem
+  </span>
+  
+
+            <span class="md-nav__icon md-icon"></span>
+          </label>
+        
+        <nav class="md-nav" data-md-level="2" aria-labelledby="__nav_6_1_label" aria-expanded="false">
+          <label class="md-nav__title" for="__nav_6_1">
+            <span class="md-nav__icon md-icon"></span>
+            Filesystem
+          </label>
+          <ul class="md-nav__list" data-md-scrollfix>
+            
+              
+                
+  
+  
+  
+  
+    <li class="md-nav__item">
+      <a href="../../../linux/filesystem/file-links.html" class="md-nav__link">
+        
+  
+  <span class="md-ellipsis">
+    File Links
+  </span>
+  
+
+      </a>
+    </li>
+  
+
+              
+            
+              
+                
+  
+  
+  
+  
+    <li class="md-nav__item">
+      <a href="../../../linux/filesystem/procfs.html" class="md-nav__link">
+        
+  
+  <span class="md-ellipsis">
+    /proc
+  </span>
+  
+
+      </a>
+    </li>
+  
+
+              
+            
+              
+                
+  
+  
+  
+  
+    <li class="md-nav__item">
+      <a href="../../../linux/filesystem/sysfs.html" class="md-nav__link">
+        
+  
+  <span class="md-ellipsis">
+    /sys
+  </span>
+  
+
+      </a>
+    </li>
+  
+
+              
+            
+          </ul>
+        </nav>
+      
+    </li>
+  
+
+              
+            
+              
+                
+  
+  
+  
+  
+    
+    
+      
+        
+      
+        
+      
+    
+    
+      
+      
+        
+      
+    
+    
+    <li class="md-nav__item md-nav__item--nested">
+      
+        
+        
+        <input class="md-nav__toggle md-toggle " type="checkbox" id="__nav_6_2" >
+        
+          
+          <label class="md-nav__link" for="__nav_6_2" id="__nav_6_2_label" tabindex="0">
+            
+  
+  <span class="md-ellipsis">
+    System Init
+  </span>
+  
+
+            <span class="md-nav__icon md-icon"></span>
+          </label>
+        
+        <nav class="md-nav" data-md-level="2" aria-labelledby="__nav_6_2_label" aria-expanded="false">
+          <label class="md-nav__title" for="__nav_6_2">
+            <span class="md-nav__icon md-icon"></span>
+            System Init
+          </label>
+          <ul class="md-nav__list" data-md-scrollfix>
+            
+              
+                
+  
+  
+  
+  
+    <li class="md-nav__item">
+      <a href="../../../linux/init/systemd.html" class="md-nav__link">
+        
+  
+  <span class="md-ellipsis">
+    Systemd
+  </span>
+  
+
+      </a>
+    </li>
+  
+
+              
+            
+              
+                
+  
+  
+  
+  
+    <li class="md-nav__item">
+      <a href="../../../linux/init/open-rc.html" class="md-nav__link">
+        
+  
+  <span class="md-ellipsis">
+    OpenRC
+  </span>
+  
+
+      </a>
+    </li>
+  
+
+              
+            
+          </ul>
+        </nav>
+      
+    </li>
+  
+
+              
+            
+          </ul>
+        </nav>
+      
+    </li>
+  
+
+    
+  </ul>
+</nav>
+                  </div>
+                </div>
+              </div>
+            
+            
+              
+              <div class="md-sidebar md-sidebar--secondary" data-md-component="sidebar" data-md-type="toc" >
+                <div class="md-sidebar__scrollwrap">
+                  <div class="md-sidebar__inner">
+                    
+
+<nav class="md-nav md-nav--secondary" aria-label="Table of contents">
+  
+  
+  
+    
+  
+  
+    <label class="md-nav__title" for="__toc">
+      <span class="md-nav__icon md-icon"></span>
+      Table of contents
+    </label>
+    <ul class="md-nav__list" data-md-component="toc" data-md-scrollfix>
+      
+        <li class="md-nav__item">
+  <a href="#basics" class="md-nav__link">
+    <span class="md-ellipsis">
+      Basics
+    </span>
+  </a>
+  
+    <nav class="md-nav" aria-label="Basics">
+      <ul class="md-nav__list">
+        
+          <li class="md-nav__item">
+  <a href="#comments" class="md-nav__link">
+    <span class="md-ellipsis">
+      Comments
+    </span>
+  </a>
+  
+</li>
+        
+          <li class="md-nav__item">
+  <a href="#docstring-structure" class="md-nav__link">
+    <span class="md-ellipsis">
+      Docstring Structure
+    </span>
+  </a>
+  
+</li>
+        
+          <li class="md-nav__item">
+  <a href="#naming-convention" class="md-nav__link">
+    <span class="md-ellipsis">
+      Naming Convention
+    </span>
+  </a>
+  
+</li>
+        
+          <li class="md-nav__item">
+  <a href="#namespaces-imports-aliases" class="md-nav__link">
+    <span class="md-ellipsis">
+      Namespaces, Imports &amp; Aliases
+    </span>
+  </a>
+  
+</li>
+        
+          <li class="md-nav__item">
+  <a href="#top-level-statementsprograms-c-9" class="md-nav__link">
+    <span class="md-ellipsis">
+      Top Level Statements/Programs (C# 9)
+    </span>
+  </a>
+  
+</li>
+        
+          <li class="md-nav__item">
+  <a href="#main-method" class="md-nav__link">
+    <span class="md-ellipsis">
+      Main Method
+    </span>
+  </a>
+  
+</li>
+        
+          <li class="md-nav__item">
+  <a href="#constant-declaration" class="md-nav__link">
+    <span class="md-ellipsis">
+      Constant Declaration
+    </span>
+  </a>
+  
+</li>
+        
+          <li class="md-nav__item">
+  <a href="#assignment-operation" class="md-nav__link">
+    <span class="md-ellipsis">
+      Assignment Operation
+    </span>
+  </a>
+  
+</li>
+        
+          <li class="md-nav__item">
+  <a href="#input" class="md-nav__link">
+    <span class="md-ellipsis">
+      Input
+    </span>
+  </a>
+  
+</li>
+        
+          <li class="md-nav__item">
+  <a href="#screen-output" class="md-nav__link">
+    <span class="md-ellipsis">
+      Screen Output
+    </span>
+  </a>
+  
+</li>
+        
+          <li class="md-nav__item">
+  <a href="#string-formatting" class="md-nav__link">
+    <span class="md-ellipsis">
+      String Formatting
+    </span>
+  </a>
+  
+</li>
+        
+          <li class="md-nav__item">
+  <a href="#number-format-string" class="md-nav__link">
+    <span class="md-ellipsis">
+      Number Format String
+    </span>
+  </a>
+  
+</li>
+        
+      </ul>
+    </nav>
+  
+</li>
+      
+        <li class="md-nav__item">
+  <a href="#variable-types" class="md-nav__link">
+    <span class="md-ellipsis">
+      Variable Types
+    </span>
+  </a>
+  
+    <nav class="md-nav" aria-label="Variable Types">
+      <ul class="md-nav__list">
+        
+          <li class="md-nav__item">
+  <a href="#value-type" class="md-nav__link">
+    <span class="md-ellipsis">
+      Value Type
+    </span>
+  </a>
+  
+</li>
+        
+          <li class="md-nav__item">
+  <a href="#reference-type" class="md-nav__link">
+    <span class="md-ellipsis">
+      Reference Type
+    </span>
+  </a>
+  
+</li>
+        
+          <li class="md-nav__item">
+  <a href="#integer-numeric-types" class="md-nav__link">
+    <span class="md-ellipsis">
+      Integer Numeric Types
+    </span>
+  </a>
+  
+</li>
+        
+          <li class="md-nav__item">
+  <a href="#floating-point-numeric-types" class="md-nav__link">
+    <span class="md-ellipsis">
+      Floating-Point Numeric Types
+    </span>
+  </a>
+  
+</li>
+        
+          <li class="md-nav__item">
+  <a href="#biginteger" class="md-nav__link">
+    <span class="md-ellipsis">
+      BigInteger
+    </span>
+  </a>
+  
+</li>
+        
+          <li class="md-nav__item">
+  <a href="#binary-hexadecimal-numbers" class="md-nav__link">
+    <span class="md-ellipsis">
+      Binary &amp; Hexadecimal Numbers
+    </span>
+  </a>
+  
+</li>
+        
+          <li class="md-nav__item">
+  <a href="#boolean-type-systemboolean" class="md-nav__link">
+    <span class="md-ellipsis">
+      Boolean Type (System.Boolean)
+    </span>
+  </a>
+  
+</li>
+        
+          <li class="md-nav__item">
+  <a href="#text-type-systemchar-systemstring" class="md-nav__link">
+    <span class="md-ellipsis">
+      Text Type (System.Char &amp; System.String)
+    </span>
+  </a>
+  
+</li>
+        
+          <li class="md-nav__item">
+  <a href="#implicit-type" class="md-nav__link">
+    <span class="md-ellipsis">
+      Implicit Type
+    </span>
+  </a>
+  
+</li>
+        
+          <li class="md-nav__item">
+  <a href="#dynamic-type" class="md-nav__link">
+    <span class="md-ellipsis">
+      Dynamic Type
+    </span>
+  </a>
+  
+</li>
+        
+          <li class="md-nav__item">
+  <a href="#anonymous-types-reference-type" class="md-nav__link">
+    <span class="md-ellipsis">
+      Anonymous types (Reference Type)
+    </span>
+  </a>
+  
+</li>
+        
+          <li class="md-nav__item">
+  <a href="#index-range-types-structs" class="md-nav__link">
+    <span class="md-ellipsis">
+      Index &amp; Range Types (Structs)
+    </span>
+  </a>
+  
+</li>
+        
+      </ul>
+    </nav>
+  
+</li>
+      
+        <li class="md-nav__item">
+  <a href="#tuples-value-type" class="md-nav__link">
+    <span class="md-ellipsis">
+      Tuples (Value Type)
+    </span>
+  </a>
+  
+    <nav class="md-nav" aria-label="Tuples (Value Type)">
+      <ul class="md-nav__list">
+        
+          <li class="md-nav__item">
+  <a href="#tuple-deconstruction" class="md-nav__link">
+    <span class="md-ellipsis">
+      Tuple Deconstruction
+    </span>
+  </a>
+  
+</li>
+        
+      </ul>
+    </nav>
+  
+</li>
+      
+        <li class="md-nav__item">
+  <a href="#records" class="md-nav__link">
+    <span class="md-ellipsis">
+      Records
+    </span>
+  </a>
+  
+    <nav class="md-nav" aria-label="Records">
+      <ul class="md-nav__list">
+        
+          <li class="md-nav__item">
+  <a href="#with-expressions" class="md-nav__link">
+    <span class="md-ellipsis">
+      with-expressions
+    </span>
+  </a>
+  
+</li>
+        
+          <li class="md-nav__item">
+  <a href="#with-expressions-inheritance" class="md-nav__link">
+    <span class="md-ellipsis">
+      with-expressions &amp; Inheritance
+    </span>
+  </a>
+  
+</li>
+        
+          <li class="md-nav__item">
+  <a href="#value-based-equality-inheritance" class="md-nav__link">
+    <span class="md-ellipsis">
+      Value-based Equality &amp; Inheritance
+    </span>
+  </a>
+  
+</li>
+        
+      </ul>
+    </nav>
+  
+</li>
+      
+        <li class="md-nav__item">
+  <a href="#strings" class="md-nav__link">
+    <span class="md-ellipsis">
+      Strings
+    </span>
+  </a>
+  
+    <nav class="md-nav" aria-label="Strings">
+      <ul class="md-nav__list">
+        
+          <li class="md-nav__item">
+  <a href="#string-methods-not-in-place" class="md-nav__link">
+    <span class="md-ellipsis">
+      String Methods (Not In-Place)
+    </span>
+  </a>
+  
+</li>
+        
+          <li class="md-nav__item">
+  <a href="#raw-string-literals" class="md-nav__link">
+    <span class="md-ellipsis">
+      Raw string literals
+    </span>
+  </a>
+  
+</li>
+        
+      </ul>
+    </nav>
+  
+</li>
+      
+        <li class="md-nav__item">
+  <a href="#nullable-types" class="md-nav__link">
+    <span class="md-ellipsis">
+      Nullable Types
+    </span>
+  </a>
+  
+    <nav class="md-nav" aria-label="Nullable Types">
+      <ul class="md-nav__list">
+        
+          <li class="md-nav__item">
+  <a href="#nullable-value-types" class="md-nav__link">
+    <span class="md-ellipsis">
+      Nullable value types
+    </span>
+  </a>
+  
+</li>
+        
+          <li class="md-nav__item">
+  <a href="#nullable-reference-types" class="md-nav__link">
+    <span class="md-ellipsis">
+      Nullable reference types
+    </span>
+  </a>
+  
+    <nav class="md-nav" aria-label="Nullable reference types">
+      <ul class="md-nav__list">
+        
+          <li class="md-nav__item">
+  <a href="#nullability-of-types" class="md-nav__link">
+    <span class="md-ellipsis">
+      Nullability of types
+    </span>
+  </a>
+  
+</li>
+        
+          <li class="md-nav__item">
+  <a href="#nullable-context" class="md-nav__link">
+    <span class="md-ellipsis">
+      Nullable Context
+    </span>
+  </a>
+  
+</li>
+        
+      </ul>
+    </nav>
+  
+</li>
+        
+          <li class="md-nav__item">
+  <a href="#null-conditional-null-coalescing-null-forgiving-operator-null-checks" class="md-nav__link">
+    <span class="md-ellipsis">
+      Null Conditional, Null Coalescing, Null Forgiving Operator, Null Checks
+    </span>
+  </a>
+  
+</li>
+        
+          <li class="md-nav__item">
+  <a href="#nullable-attributes" class="md-nav__link">
+    <span class="md-ellipsis">
+      Nullable Attributes
+    </span>
+  </a>
+  
+</li>
+        
+      </ul>
+    </nav>
+  
+</li>
+      
+        <li class="md-nav__item">
+  <a href="#type-conversion" class="md-nav__link">
+    <span class="md-ellipsis">
+      Type Conversion
+    </span>
+  </a>
+  
+    <nav class="md-nav" aria-label="Type Conversion">
+      <ul class="md-nav__list">
+        
+          <li class="md-nav__item">
+  <a href="#converting-from-any-type-to-a-string" class="md-nav__link">
+    <span class="md-ellipsis">
+      Converting from any type to a string
+    </span>
+  </a>
+  
+</li>
+        
+          <li class="md-nav__item">
+  <a href="#number-downcasting" class="md-nav__link">
+    <span class="md-ellipsis">
+      Number Downcasting
+    </span>
+  </a>
+  
+</li>
+        
+          <li class="md-nav__item">
+  <a href="#converting-from-a-binary-object-to-a-string" class="md-nav__link">
+    <span class="md-ellipsis">
+      Converting from a binary object to a string
+    </span>
+  </a>
+  
+</li>
+        
+          <li class="md-nav__item">
+  <a href="#parsing-from-strings-to-numbers-or-dates-and-times" class="md-nav__link">
+    <span class="md-ellipsis">
+      Parsing from strings to numbers or dates and times
+    </span>
+  </a>
+  
+</li>
+        
+      </ul>
+    </nav>
+  
+</li>
+      
+        <li class="md-nav__item">
+  <a href="#preprocessor-directives" class="md-nav__link">
+    <span class="md-ellipsis">
+      Preprocessor Directives
+    </span>
+  </a>
+  
+    <nav class="md-nav" aria-label="Preprocessor Directives">
+      <ul class="md-nav__list">
+        
+          <li class="md-nav__item">
+  <a href="#error-and-warning" class="md-nav__link">
+    <span class="md-ellipsis">
+      #error and #warning
+    </span>
+  </a>
+  
+</li>
+        
+          <li class="md-nav__item">
+  <a href="#pragma" class="md-nav__link">
+    <span class="md-ellipsis">
+      #pragma
+    </span>
+  </a>
+  
+</li>
+        
+      </ul>
+    </nav>
+  
+</li>
+      
+        <li class="md-nav__item">
+  <a href="#expressions-operators" class="md-nav__link">
+    <span class="md-ellipsis">
+      Expressions &amp; Operators
+    </span>
+  </a>
+  
+    <nav class="md-nav" aria-label="Expressions & Operators">
+      <ul class="md-nav__list">
+        
+          <li class="md-nav__item">
+  <a href="#primary-expressions" class="md-nav__link">
+    <span class="md-ellipsis">
+      Primary Expressions
+    </span>
+  </a>
+  
+</li>
+        
+          <li class="md-nav__item">
+  <a href="#unary-operators" class="md-nav__link">
+    <span class="md-ellipsis">
+      Unary Operators
+    </span>
+  </a>
+  
+</li>
+        
+          <li class="md-nav__item">
+  <a href="#mathematical-operators" class="md-nav__link">
+    <span class="md-ellipsis">
+      Mathematical Operators
+    </span>
+  </a>
+  
+</li>
+        
+          <li class="md-nav__item">
+  <a href="#relational-operators" class="md-nav__link">
+    <span class="md-ellipsis">
+      Relational Operators
+    </span>
+  </a>
+  
+</li>
+        
+          <li class="md-nav__item">
+  <a href="#logical-operators" class="md-nav__link">
+    <span class="md-ellipsis">
+      Logical Operators
+    </span>
+  </a>
+  
+</li>
+        
+          <li class="md-nav__item">
+  <a href="#assignment" class="md-nav__link">
+    <span class="md-ellipsis">
+      Assignment
+    </span>
+  </a>
+  
+</li>
+        
+          <li class="md-nav__item">
+  <a href="#conditional-operator" class="md-nav__link">
+    <span class="md-ellipsis">
+      Conditional Operator
+    </span>
+  </a>
+  
+</li>
+        
+      </ul>
+    </nav>
+  
+</li>
+      
+        <li class="md-nav__item">
+  <a href="#decision-statements" class="md-nav__link">
+    <span class="md-ellipsis">
+      Decision Statements
+    </span>
+  </a>
+  
+    <nav class="md-nav" aria-label="Decision Statements">
+      <ul class="md-nav__list">
+        
+          <li class="md-nav__item">
+  <a href="#if-else-if-else" class="md-nav__link">
+    <span class="md-ellipsis">
+      If-Else If-Else
+    </span>
+  </a>
+  
+</li>
+        
+          <li class="md-nav__item">
+  <a href="#pattern-matching" class="md-nav__link">
+    <span class="md-ellipsis">
+      Pattern Matching
+    </span>
+  </a>
+  
+</li>
+        
+          <li class="md-nav__item">
+  <a href="#switch" class="md-nav__link">
+    <span class="md-ellipsis">
+      Switch
+    </span>
+  </a>
+  
+</li>
+        
+      </ul>
+    </nav>
+  
+</li>
+      
+        <li class="md-nav__item">
+  <a href="#loop-statements" class="md-nav__link">
+    <span class="md-ellipsis">
+      Loop Statements
+    </span>
+  </a>
+  
+    <nav class="md-nav" aria-label="Loop Statements">
+      <ul class="md-nav__list">
+        
+          <li class="md-nav__item">
+  <a href="#while-loop" class="md-nav__link">
+    <span class="md-ellipsis">
+      While Loop
+    </span>
+  </a>
+  
+</li>
+        
+      </ul>
+    </nav>
+  
+</li>
+      
+        <li class="md-nav__item">
+  <a href="#do-while-loop" class="md-nav__link">
+    <span class="md-ellipsis">
+      Do-While Loop
+    </span>
+  </a>
+  
+    <nav class="md-nav" aria-label="Do-While Loop">
+      <ul class="md-nav__list">
+        
+          <li class="md-nav__item">
+  <a href="#for-loop" class="md-nav__link">
+    <span class="md-ellipsis">
+      For Loop
+    </span>
+  </a>
+  
+</li>
+        
+          <li class="md-nav__item">
+  <a href="#foreach-loop" class="md-nav__link">
+    <span class="md-ellipsis">
+      Foreach Loop
+    </span>
+  </a>
+  
+</li>
+        
+          <li class="md-nav__item">
+  <a href="#break-continue" class="md-nav__link">
+    <span class="md-ellipsis">
+      Break, Continue
+    </span>
+  </a>
+  
+</li>
+        
+          <li class="md-nav__item">
+  <a href="#yield-statement" class="md-nav__link">
+    <span class="md-ellipsis">
+      Yield Statement
+    </span>
+  </a>
+  
+</li>
+        
+          <li class="md-nav__item">
+  <a href="#context-statement-using-declarations" class="md-nav__link">
+    <span class="md-ellipsis">
+      Context Statement &amp; Using Declarations
+    </span>
+  </a>
+  
+</li>
+        
+          <li class="md-nav__item">
+  <a href="#checkedunchecked-statements" class="md-nav__link">
+    <span class="md-ellipsis">
+      Checked/Unchecked Statements
+    </span>
+  </a>
+  
+</li>
+        
+      </ul>
+    </nav>
+  
+</li>
+      
+        <li class="md-nav__item">
+  <a href="#exception-handling" class="md-nav__link">
+    <span class="md-ellipsis">
+      Exception Handling
+    </span>
+  </a>
+  
+    <nav class="md-nav" aria-label="Exception Handling">
+      <ul class="md-nav__list">
+        
+          <li class="md-nav__item">
+  <a href="#throwing-exceptions" class="md-nav__link">
+    <span class="md-ellipsis">
+      Throwing Exceptions
+    </span>
+  </a>
+  
+</li>
+        
+          <li class="md-nav__item">
+  <a href="#custom-exceptions" class="md-nav__link">
+    <span class="md-ellipsis">
+      Custom Exceptions
+    </span>
+  </a>
+  
+</li>
+        
+      </ul>
+    </nav>
+  
+</li>
+      
+        <li class="md-nav__item">
+  <a href="#enums" class="md-nav__link">
+    <span class="md-ellipsis">
+      Enums
+    </span>
+  </a>
+  
+</li>
+      
+        <li class="md-nav__item">
+  <a href="#methods" class="md-nav__link">
+    <span class="md-ellipsis">
+      Methods
+    </span>
+  </a>
+  
+    <nav class="md-nav" aria-label="Methods">
+      <ul class="md-nav__list">
+        
+          <li class="md-nav__item">
+  <a href="#expression-body-definition" class="md-nav__link">
+    <span class="md-ellipsis">
+      Expression Body Definition
+    </span>
+  </a>
+  
+</li>
+        
+          <li class="md-nav__item">
+  <a href="#arbitrary-number-of-parameter-in-methods" class="md-nav__link">
+    <span class="md-ellipsis">
+      Arbitrary Number Of Parameter In Methods
+    </span>
+  </a>
+  
+</li>
+        
+          <li class="md-nav__item">
+  <a href="#named-arguments" class="md-nav__link">
+    <span class="md-ellipsis">
+      Named Arguments
+    </span>
+  </a>
+  
+</li>
+        
+          <li class="md-nav__item">
+  <a href="#optional-arguments" class="md-nav__link">
+    <span class="md-ellipsis">
+      Optional Arguments
+    </span>
+  </a>
+  
+</li>
+        
+          <li class="md-nav__item">
+  <a href="#passing-values-by-reference-ref-out-in" class="md-nav__link">
+    <span class="md-ellipsis">
+      Passing Values By Reference (ref, out, in)
+    </span>
+  </a>
+  
+</li>
+        
+          <li class="md-nav__item">
+  <a href="#returning-multiple-values-with-tuples" class="md-nav__link">
+    <span class="md-ellipsis">
+      Returning Multiple Values with Tuples
+    </span>
+  </a>
+  
+</li>
+        
+          <li class="md-nav__item">
+  <a href="#returning-multiple-values-w-structs-return-struct-variable" class="md-nav__link">
+    <span class="md-ellipsis">
+      Returning Multiple Values W/ Structs (Return Struct Variable)
+    </span>
+  </a>
+  
+</li>
+        
+          <li class="md-nav__item">
+  <a href="#local-functions" class="md-nav__link">
+    <span class="md-ellipsis">
+      Local Functions
+    </span>
+  </a>
+  
+</li>
+        
+          <li class="md-nav__item">
+  <a href="#extension-methods" class="md-nav__link">
+    <span class="md-ellipsis">
+      Extension Methods
+    </span>
+  </a>
+  
+</li>
+        
+      </ul>
+    </nav>
+  
+</li>
+      
+        <li class="md-nav__item">
+  <a href="#iterators" class="md-nav__link">
+    <span class="md-ellipsis">
+      Iterators
+    </span>
+  </a>
+  
+</li>
+      
+        <li class="md-nav__item">
+  <a href="#structs-custom-value-types-classes-custom-reference-types" class="md-nav__link">
+    <span class="md-ellipsis">
+      Structs (Custom Value Types) &amp; Classes (Custom Reference Types)
+    </span>
+  </a>
+  
+    <nav class="md-nav" aria-label="Structs (Custom Value Types) & Classes (Custom Reference Types)">
+      <ul class="md-nav__list">
+        
+          <li class="md-nav__item">
+  <a href="#modifiers-methods-variables" class="md-nav__link">
+    <span class="md-ellipsis">
+      Modifiers (Methods &amp; Variables)
+    </span>
+  </a>
+  
+</li>
+        
+          <li class="md-nav__item">
+  <a href="#methods_1" class="md-nav__link">
+    <span class="md-ellipsis">
+      Methods
+    </span>
+  </a>
+  
+</li>
+        
+          <li class="md-nav__item">
+  <a href="#properties-fields" class="md-nav__link">
+    <span class="md-ellipsis">
+      Properties &amp; Fields
+    </span>
+  </a>
+  
+</li>
+        
+          <li class="md-nav__item">
+  <a href="#object-and-collection-initializers" class="md-nav__link">
+    <span class="md-ellipsis">
+      Object and Collection Initializers
+    </span>
+  </a>
+  
+</li>
+        
+          <li class="md-nav__item">
+  <a href="#static-class" class="md-nav__link">
+    <span class="md-ellipsis">
+      Static Class
+    </span>
+  </a>
+  
+</li>
+        
+          <li class="md-nav__item">
+  <a href="#class-members-init-order" class="md-nav__link">
+    <span class="md-ellipsis">
+      Class Members Init Order
+    </span>
+  </a>
+  
+</li>
+        
+          <li class="md-nav__item">
+  <a href="#indexers" class="md-nav__link">
+    <span class="md-ellipsis">
+      Indexers
+    </span>
+  </a>
+  
+</li>
+        
+          <li class="md-nav__item">
+  <a href="#abstract-classes" class="md-nav__link">
+    <span class="md-ellipsis">
+      Abstract Classes
+    </span>
+  </a>
+  
+</li>
+        
+          <li class="md-nav__item">
+  <a href="#cloning" class="md-nav__link">
+    <span class="md-ellipsis">
+      Cloning
+    </span>
+  </a>
+  
+</li>
+        
+          <li class="md-nav__item">
+  <a href="#deconstruction" class="md-nav__link">
+    <span class="md-ellipsis">
+      Deconstruction
+    </span>
+  </a>
+  
+</li>
+        
+      </ul>
+    </nav>
+  
+</li>
+      
+        <li class="md-nav__item">
+  <a href="#operator-overloading" class="md-nav__link">
+    <span class="md-ellipsis">
+      Operator Overloading
+    </span>
+  </a>
+  
+    <nav class="md-nav" aria-label="Operator Overloading">
+      <ul class="md-nav__list">
+        
+          <li class="md-nav__item">
+  <a href="#nested-types" class="md-nav__link">
+    <span class="md-ellipsis">
+      Nested Types
+    </span>
+  </a>
+  
+</li>
+        
+      </ul>
+    </nav>
+  
+</li>
+      
+        <li class="md-nav__item">
+  <a href="#interfaces" class="md-nav__link">
+    <span class="md-ellipsis">
+      Interfaces
+    </span>
+  </a>
+  
+</li>
+      
+        <li class="md-nav__item">
+  <a href="#generics" class="md-nav__link">
+    <span class="md-ellipsis">
+      Generics
+    </span>
+  </a>
+  
+    <nav class="md-nav" aria-label="Generics">
+      <ul class="md-nav__list">
+        
+          <li class="md-nav__item">
+  <a href="#multiple-generics" class="md-nav__link">
+    <span class="md-ellipsis">
+      Multiple Generics
+    </span>
+  </a>
+  
+</li>
+        
+          <li class="md-nav__item">
+  <a href="#parameters-constraints" class="md-nav__link">
+    <span class="md-ellipsis">
+      Parameters Constraints
+    </span>
+  </a>
+  
+</li>
+        
+      </ul>
+    </nav>
+  
+</li>
+      
+        <li class="md-nav__item">
+  <a href="#inheritance" class="md-nav__link">
+    <span class="md-ellipsis">
+      Inheritance
+    </span>
+  </a>
+  
+    <nav class="md-nav" aria-label="Inheritance">
+      <ul class="md-nav__list">
+        
+          <li class="md-nav__item">
+  <a href="#downcasting" class="md-nav__link">
+    <span class="md-ellipsis">
+      Downcasting
+    </span>
+  </a>
+  
+</li>
+        
+          <li class="md-nav__item">
+  <a href="#inheritance-constructors" class="md-nav__link">
+    <span class="md-ellipsis">
+      Inheritance &amp; Constructors
+    </span>
+  </a>
+  
+</li>
+        
+          <li class="md-nav__item">
+  <a href="#generics-inheritance" class="md-nav__link">
+    <span class="md-ellipsis">
+      Generics Inheritance
+    </span>
+  </a>
+  
+</li>
+        
+          <li class="md-nav__item">
+  <a href="#covariance-contravariance-only-for-interfaces" class="md-nav__link">
+    <span class="md-ellipsis">
+      Covariance &amp; Contravariance (only for interfaces)
+    </span>
+  </a>
+  
+</li>
+        
+      </ul>
+    </nav>
+  
+</li>
+      
+        <li class="md-nav__item">
+  <a href="#delegates" class="md-nav__link">
+    <span class="md-ellipsis">
+      Delegates
+    </span>
+  </a>
+  
+    <nav class="md-nav" aria-label="Delegates">
+      <ul class="md-nav__list">
+        
+          <li class="md-nav__item">
+  <a href="#multicast-delegates" class="md-nav__link">
+    <span class="md-ellipsis">
+      Multicast Delegates
+    </span>
+  </a>
+  
+</li>
+        
+          <li class="md-nav__item">
+  <a href="#delegate-invocation" class="md-nav__link">
+    <span class="md-ellipsis">
+      Delegate Invocation
+    </span>
+  </a>
+  
+</li>
+        
+          <li class="md-nav__item">
+  <a href="#common-delegate-types" class="md-nav__link">
+    <span class="md-ellipsis">
+      Common Delegate Types
+    </span>
+  </a>
+  
+</li>
+        
+          <li class="md-nav__item">
+  <a href="#type-compatibility" class="md-nav__link">
+    <span class="md-ellipsis">
+      Type Compatibility
+    </span>
+  </a>
+  
+</li>
+        
+      </ul>
+    </nav>
+  
+</li>
+      
+        <li class="md-nav__item">
+  <a href="#anonymous-functions-lambda-expressions" class="md-nav__link">
+    <span class="md-ellipsis">
+      Anonymous Functions (Lambda Expressions)
+    </span>
+  </a>
+  
+</li>
+      
+        <li class="md-nav__item">
+  <a href="#events" class="md-nav__link">
+    <span class="md-ellipsis">
+      Events
+    </span>
+  </a>
+  
+    <nav class="md-nav" aria-label="Events">
+      <ul class="md-nav__list">
+        
+          <li class="md-nav__item">
+  <a href="#registering-event-handlers" class="md-nav__link">
+    <span class="md-ellipsis">
+      Registering Event Handlers
+    </span>
+  </a>
+  
+</li>
+        
+          <li class="md-nav__item">
+  <a href="#built-in-eventhandler-delegate" class="md-nav__link">
+    <span class="md-ellipsis">
+      Built-In EventHandler Delegate
+    </span>
+  </a>
+  
+</li>
+        
+          <li class="md-nav__item">
+  <a href="#custom-event-args" class="md-nav__link">
+    <span class="md-ellipsis">
+      Custom Event Args
+    </span>
+  </a>
+  
+</li>
+        
+      </ul>
+    </nav>
+  
+</li>
+      
+        <li class="md-nav__item">
+  <a href="#assemblies" class="md-nav__link">
+    <span class="md-ellipsis">
+      Assemblies
+    </span>
+  </a>
+  
+    <nav class="md-nav" aria-label="Assemblies">
+      <ul class="md-nav__list">
+        
+          <li class="md-nav__item">
+  <a href="#anatomy-of-an-assembly" class="md-nav__link">
+    <span class="md-ellipsis">
+      Anatomy of an Assembly
+    </span>
+  </a>
+  
+</li>
+        
+          <li class="md-nav__item">
+  <a href="#net-metadata" class="md-nav__link">
+    <span class="md-ellipsis">
+      .NET MEtadata
+    </span>
+  </a>
+  
+</li>
+        
+          <li class="md-nav__item">
+  <a href="#resources" class="md-nav__link">
+    <span class="md-ellipsis">
+      Resources
+    </span>
+  </a>
+  
+</li>
+        
+          <li class="md-nav__item">
+  <a href="#multifile-assembly" class="md-nav__link">
+    <span class="md-ellipsis">
+      Multifile Assembly
+    </span>
+  </a>
+  
+</li>
+        
+          <li class="md-nav__item">
+  <a href="#assembly-resolution" class="md-nav__link">
+    <span class="md-ellipsis">
+      Assembly Resolution
+    </span>
+  </a>
+  
+</li>
+        
+          <li class="md-nav__item">
+  <a href="#self-contained-deployment" class="md-nav__link">
+    <span class="md-ellipsis">
+      Self-Contained Deployment
+    </span>
+  </a>
+  
+    <nav class="md-nav" aria-label="Self-Contained Deployment">
+      <ul class="md-nav__list">
+        
+          <li class="md-nav__item">
+  <a href="#framework-dependent-deployment" class="md-nav__link">
+    <span class="md-ellipsis">
+      Framework-Dependent Deployment
+    </span>
+  </a>
+  
+</li>
+        
+      </ul>
+    </nav>
+  
+</li>
+        
+          <li class="md-nav__item">
+  <a href="#assembly-names" class="md-nav__link">
+    <span class="md-ellipsis">
+      Assembly Names
+    </span>
+  </a>
+  
+    <nav class="md-nav" aria-label="Assembly Names">
+      <ul class="md-nav__list">
+        
+          <li class="md-nav__item">
+  <a href="#strong-names" class="md-nav__link">
+    <span class="md-ellipsis">
+      Strong Names
+    </span>
+  </a>
+  
+</li>
+        
+          <li class="md-nav__item">
+  <a href="#version" class="md-nav__link">
+    <span class="md-ellipsis">
+      Version
+    </span>
+  </a>
+  
+</li>
+        
+          <li class="md-nav__item">
+  <a href="#culture" class="md-nav__link">
+    <span class="md-ellipsis">
+      Culture
+    </span>
+  </a>
+  
+</li>
+        
+      </ul>
+    </nav>
+  
+</li>
+        
+      </ul>
+    </nav>
+  
+</li>
+      
+        <li class="md-nav__item">
+  <a href="#reflection" class="md-nav__link">
+    <span class="md-ellipsis">
+      Reflection
+    </span>
+  </a>
+  
+    <nav class="md-nav" aria-label="Reflection">
+      <ul class="md-nav__list">
+        
+          <li class="md-nav__item">
+  <a href="#assembly" class="md-nav__link">
+    <span class="md-ellipsis">
+      Assembly
+    </span>
+  </a>
+  
+</li>
+        
+      </ul>
+    </nav>
+  
+</li>
+      
+        <li class="md-nav__item">
+  <a href="#attributes" class="md-nav__link">
+    <span class="md-ellipsis">
+      Attributes
+    </span>
+  </a>
+  
+    <nav class="md-nav" aria-label="Attributes">
+      <ul class="md-nav__list">
+        
+          <li class="md-nav__item">
+  <a href="#applying-attributes" class="md-nav__link">
+    <span class="md-ellipsis">
+      Applying Attributes
+    </span>
+  </a>
+  
+</li>
+        
+          <li class="md-nav__item">
+  <a href="#multiple-attributes" class="md-nav__link">
+    <span class="md-ellipsis">
+      Multiple Attributes
+    </span>
+  </a>
+  
+</li>
+        
+          <li class="md-nav__item">
+  <a href="#defining-custom-attribute-types" class="md-nav__link">
+    <span class="md-ellipsis">
+      Defining Custom Attribute Types
+    </span>
+  </a>
+  
+</li>
+        
+          <li class="md-nav__item">
+  <a href="#retrieving-attributes" class="md-nav__link">
+    <span class="md-ellipsis">
+      Retrieving Attributes
+    </span>
+  </a>
+  
+</li>
+        
+      </ul>
+    </nav>
+  
+</li>
+      
+        <li class="md-nav__item">
+  <a href="#files-streams" class="md-nav__link">
+    <span class="md-ellipsis">
+      Files &amp; Streams
+    </span>
+  </a>
+  
+    <nav class="md-nav" aria-label="Files & Streams">
+      <ul class="md-nav__list">
+        
+          <li class="md-nav__item">
+  <a href="#position-seeking" class="md-nav__link">
+    <span class="md-ellipsis">
+      Position &amp; Seeking
+    </span>
+  </a>
+  
+</li>
+        
+          <li class="md-nav__item">
+  <a href="#flushing" class="md-nav__link">
+    <span class="md-ellipsis">
+      Flushing
+    </span>
+  </a>
+  
+</li>
+        
+          <li class="md-nav__item">
+  <a href="#streamreader-streamwriter-text-files" class="md-nav__link">
+    <span class="md-ellipsis">
+      StreamReader &amp; StreamWriter (Text Files)
+    </span>
+  </a>
+  
+</li>
+        
+          <li class="md-nav__item">
+  <a href="#stringreader-stringwriter" class="md-nav__link">
+    <span class="md-ellipsis">
+      StringReader &amp; StringWriter
+    </span>
+  </a>
+  
+</li>
+        
+      </ul>
+    </nav>
+  
+</li>
+      
+        <li class="md-nav__item">
+  <a href="#files-directories" class="md-nav__link">
+    <span class="md-ellipsis">
+      Files &amp; Directories
+    </span>
+  </a>
+  
+    <nav class="md-nav" aria-label="Files & Directories">
+      <ul class="md-nav__list">
+        
+          <li class="md-nav__item">
+  <a href="#filestream-class-binary-files" class="md-nav__link">
+    <span class="md-ellipsis">
+      FileStream Class (Binary Files)
+    </span>
+  </a>
+  
+</li>
+        
+          <li class="md-nav__item">
+  <a href="#file-class" class="md-nav__link">
+    <span class="md-ellipsis">
+      File Class
+    </span>
+  </a>
+  
+</li>
+        
+          <li class="md-nav__item">
+  <a href="#directory-class" class="md-nav__link">
+    <span class="md-ellipsis">
+      Directory Class
+    </span>
+  </a>
+  
+</li>
+        
+          <li class="md-nav__item">
+  <a href="#path-class" class="md-nav__link">
+    <span class="md-ellipsis">
+      Path Class
+    </span>
+  </a>
+  
+</li>
+        
+          <li class="md-nav__item">
+  <a href="#fileinfo-directoryinfo-filesysteminfo" class="md-nav__link">
+    <span class="md-ellipsis">
+      FileInfo, DirectoryInfo &amp; FileSystemInfo
+    </span>
+  </a>
+  
+</li>
+        
+          <li class="md-nav__item">
+  <a href="#clr-serialization" class="md-nav__link">
+    <span class="md-ellipsis">
+      CLR Serialization
+    </span>
+  </a>
+  
+</li>
+        
+      </ul>
+    </nav>
+  
+</li>
+      
+        <li class="md-nav__item">
+  <a href="#datetime-timespan" class="md-nav__link">
+    <span class="md-ellipsis">
+      DateTime &amp; TimeSpan
+    </span>
+  </a>
+  
+    <nav class="md-nav" aria-label="DateTime & TimeSpan">
+      <ul class="md-nav__list">
+        
+          <li class="md-nav__item">
+  <a href="#timespan-struct" class="md-nav__link">
+    <span class="md-ellipsis">
+      TimeSpan Struct
+    </span>
+  </a>
+  
+</li>
+        
+      </ul>
+    </nav>
+  
+</li>
+      
+        <li class="md-nav__item">
+  <a href="#memory-efficiency" class="md-nav__link">
+    <span class="md-ellipsis">
+      Memory Efficiency
+    </span>
+  </a>
+  
+    <nav class="md-nav" aria-label="Memory Efficiency">
+      <ul class="md-nav__list">
+        
+          <li class="md-nav__item">
+  <a href="#spant" class="md-nav__link">
+    <span class="md-ellipsis">
+      Span&lt;T&gt;
+    </span>
+  </a>
+  
+</li>
+        
+      </ul>
+    </nav>
+  
+</li>
+      
+        <li class="md-nav__item">
+  <a href="#memoryt" class="md-nav__link">
+    <span class="md-ellipsis">
+      Memory&lt;T&gt;
+    </span>
+  </a>
+  
+</li>
+      
+        <li class="md-nav__item">
+  <a href="#regular-expressions" class="md-nav__link">
+    <span class="md-ellipsis">
+      Regular Expressions
+    </span>
+  </a>
+  
+</li>
+      
+        <li class="md-nav__item">
+  <a href="#unsafe-code-pointers" class="md-nav__link">
+    <span class="md-ellipsis">
+      Unsafe Code &amp; Pointers
+    </span>
+  </a>
+  
+    <nav class="md-nav" aria-label="Unsafe Code & Pointers">
+      <ul class="md-nav__list">
+        
+          <li class="md-nav__item">
+  <a href="#native-memory" class="md-nav__link">
+    <span class="md-ellipsis">
+      Native Memory
+    </span>
+  </a>
+  
+</li>
+        
+          <li class="md-nav__item">
+  <a href="#external-code" class="md-nav__link">
+    <span class="md-ellipsis">
+      External Code
+    </span>
+  </a>
+  
+</li>
+        
+      </ul>
+    </nav>
+  
+</li>
+      
+        <li class="md-nav__item">
+  <a href="#magic-methods" class="md-nav__link">
+    <span class="md-ellipsis">
+      Magic Methods
+    </span>
+  </a>
+  
+    <nav class="md-nav" aria-label="Magic Methods">
+      <ul class="md-nav__list">
+        
+          <li class="md-nav__item">
+  <a href="#enumerable" class="md-nav__link">
+    <span class="md-ellipsis">
+      Enumerable
+    </span>
+  </a>
+  
+</li>
+        
+          <li class="md-nav__item">
+  <a href="#awaitable" class="md-nav__link">
+    <span class="md-ellipsis">
+      Awaitable
+    </span>
+  </a>
+  
+</li>
+        
+      </ul>
+    </nav>
+  
+</li>
+      
+        <li class="md-nav__item">
+  <a href="#code-quality" class="md-nav__link">
+    <span class="md-ellipsis">
+      Code Quality
+    </span>
+  </a>
+  
+    <nav class="md-nav" aria-label="Code Quality">
+      <ul class="md-nav__list">
+        
+          <li class="md-nav__item">
+  <a href="#code-analysis" class="md-nav__link">
+    <span class="md-ellipsis">
+      Code Analysis
+    </span>
+  </a>
+  
+</li>
+        
+          <li class="md-nav__item">
+  <a href="#dependency-auditing" class="md-nav__link">
+    <span class="md-ellipsis">
+      Dependency Auditing
+    </span>
+  </a>
+  
+</li>
+        
+      </ul>
+    </nav>
+  
+</li>
+      
+    </ul>
+  
+</nav>
+                  </div>
+                </div>
+              </div>
+            
+          
+          
+            <div class="md-content" data-md-component="content">
+              <article class="md-content__inner md-typeset">
+                
+                  
+
+  
+  
+
+
+<h1 id="c"><code>C#</code></h1>
+<p><strong>.NET</strong> Core is a development platform that includes a <strong>Common Language Runtime</strong> (<strong>CoreCLR</strong>), which manages the execution of code, and a <strong>Base Class Library</strong> (<strong>BCL</strong>), which provides a rich library of classes to build applications from.</p>
+<p>The C# compiler (named <strong>Roslyn</strong>) used by the dotnet CLI tool converts C# source code into <strong>intermediate language</strong> (<strong>IL</strong>) code and stores the IL in an <em>assembly</em> (a DLL or EXE file).<br />
+IL code statements are like assembly language instructions, which are executed by .NET Core's virtual machine, known as <strong>CoreCLR</strong>.</p>
+<p>At runtime, CoreCLR loads the IL code from the assembly, the <strong>just-in-time</strong> (JIT) compiler compiles it into native CPU instructions, and then it is executed by the CPU on your machine.<br />
+The benefit of this three-step compilation process is that Microsoft's able to create CLRs for Linux and macOS, as well as for Windows.<br />
+The same IL code runs everywhere because of the second compilation process, which generates code for the native operating system and CPU instruction set.<br />
+Regardless of which language the source code is written in, for example, C#, Visual Basic or F#, all .NET applications use IL code for their instructions stored in an assembly.</p>
+<p>Another .NET initiative is called <em>.NET Native</em>. This compiles C# code to native CPU instructions <strong>ahead of time</strong> (<strong>AoT</strong>), rather than using the CLR to compile IL code JIT
+to native code later.<br />
+.NET Native improves execution speed and reduces the memory footprint for applications because the native code is generated at build time and then deployed instead of the IL code.</p>
+<h2 id="basics">Basics</h2>
+<h3 id="comments">Comments</h3>
+<div class="highlight"><table class="highlighttable"><tr><th colspan="2" class="filename"><span class="filename">C#</span></th></tr><tr><td class="linenos"><div class="linenodiv"><pre><span></span><span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-0-1">1</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-0-2">2</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-0-3">3</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-0-4">4</a></span></pre></div></td><td class="code"><div><pre><span></span><code><a id="__codelineno-0-1" name="__codelineno-0-1"></a><span class="c1">// comment</span>
+<a id="__codelineno-0-2" name="__codelineno-0-2"></a><span class="cm">/* multi line comment */</span>
+<a id="__codelineno-0-3" name="__codelineno-0-3"></a><span class="c1">/// single line xml comment (docstring)</span>
+<a id="__codelineno-0-4" name="__codelineno-0-4"></a><span class="cm">/** multi line xml string (docstring) */</span>
+</code></pre></div></td></tr></table></div>
+<h3 id="docstring-structure">Docstring Structure</h3>
+<p><code>/** &lt;tag&gt; content &lt;/tag&gt; **/</code></p>
+<h3 id="naming-convention">Naming Convention</h3>
+<table>
+<thead>
+<tr>
+<th>Element</th>
+<th>Case</th>
+</tr>
+</thead>
+<tbody>
+<tr>
+<td>Namespace</td>
+<td>PascalCase</td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+<td>Class, Interface</td>
+<td>PascalCase</td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+<td>Method</td>
+<td>PascalCase</td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+<td>Field, Property</td>
+<td>PascalCase</td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+<td>Event, Enum, Enum Value,</td>
+<td>PascalCase</td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+<td>Variables, Parameters</td>
+<td>camelCase</td>
+</tr>
+</tbody>
+</table>
+<h3 id="namespaces-imports-aliases">Namespaces, Imports &amp; Aliases</h3>
+<p>Hierarchic organization of programs an libraries.</p>
+<div class="highlight"><table class="highlighttable"><tr><th colspan="2" class="filename"><span class="filename">C#</span></th></tr><tr><td class="linenos"><div class="linenodiv"><pre><span></span><span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-1-1"> 1</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-1-2"> 2</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-1-3"> 3</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-1-4"> 4</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-1-5"> 5</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-1-6"> 6</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-1-7"> 7</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-1-8"> 8</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-1-9"> 9</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-1-10">10</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-1-11">11</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-1-12">12</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-1-13">13</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-1-14">14</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-1-15">15</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-1-16">16</a></span></pre></div></td><td class="code"><div><pre><span></span><code><a id="__codelineno-1-1" name="__codelineno-1-1"></a><span class="k">using</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="nn">System</span><span class="p">;</span><span class="w">  </span><span class="c1">// import the System Namespace</span>
+<a id="__codelineno-1-2" name="__codelineno-1-2"></a><span class="k">using</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="nn">static</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="n">System</span><span class="p">.</span><span class="n">Console</span><span class="p">;</span><span class="w">  </span><span class="c1">// statically import a class to use its static methods w/o qualification</span>
+<a id="__codelineno-1-3" name="__codelineno-1-3"></a>
+<a id="__codelineno-1-4" name="__codelineno-1-4"></a><span class="c1">// type aliases</span>
+<a id="__codelineno-1-5" name="__codelineno-1-5"></a><span class="k">using</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="nn">Alias</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="o">=</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="n">Namespace</span><span class="p">.</span><span class="n">SubNamespace</span><span class="p">.</span><span class="n">Type</span><span class="p">;</span>
+<a id="__codelineno-1-6" name="__codelineno-1-6"></a><span class="k">using</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="nn">LookupTable</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="o">=</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="n">Dictionary</span><span class="o">&lt;</span><span class="kt">string</span><span class="p">,</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="kt">string</span><span class="o">&gt;</span><span class="p">;</span>
+<a id="__codelineno-1-7" name="__codelineno-1-7"></a><span class="k">using</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="nn">Points</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="o">=</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="p">(</span><span class="kt">int</span><span class="p">,</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="kt">int</span><span class="p">,</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="kt">int</span><span class="p">)[];</span>
+<a id="__codelineno-1-8" name="__codelineno-1-8"></a>
+<a id="__codelineno-1-9" name="__codelineno-1-9"></a><span class="c1">// global using [C# 10], should be in dedicated file</span>
+<a id="__codelineno-1-10" name="__codelineno-1-10"></a><span class="n">global</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="k">using</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="err">&lt;</span><span class="nn">namespace</span><span class="o">&gt;</span><span class="p">;</span>
+<a id="__codelineno-1-11" name="__codelineno-1-11"></a>
+<a id="__codelineno-1-12" name="__codelineno-1-12"></a><span class="k">namespace</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="nn">Namespace</span><span class="p">;</span><span class="w">  </span><span class="c1">// [C# 10]</span>
+<a id="__codelineno-1-13" name="__codelineno-1-13"></a><span class="c1">//or</span>
+<a id="__codelineno-1-14" name="__codelineno-1-14"></a><span class="k">namespace</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="nn">Namespace</span><span class="w"> </span>
+<a id="__codelineno-1-15" name="__codelineno-1-15"></a><span class="p">{</span>
+<a id="__codelineno-1-16" name="__codelineno-1-16"></a><span class="p">}</span>
+</code></pre></div></td></tr></table></div>
+<p>To enable .NET 6/C# 10 <strong>implicit namespace imports</strong>:</p>
+<div class="highlight"><table class="highlighttable"><tr><th colspan="2" class="filename"><span class="filename">XML</span></th></tr><tr><td class="linenos"><div class="linenodiv"><pre><span></span><span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-2-1">1</a></span></pre></div></td><td class="code"><div><pre><span></span><code><a id="__codelineno-2-1" name="__codelineno-2-1"></a><span class="nt">&lt;ImplicitUsings&gt;</span>enable<span class="nt">&lt;/ImplicitUsings&gt;</span>
+</code></pre></div></td></tr></table></div>
+<h3 id="top-level-statementsprograms-c-9">Top Level Statements/Programs (C# 9)</h3>
+<div class="highlight"><table class="highlighttable"><tr><th colspan="2" class="filename"><span class="filename">C#</span></th></tr><tr><td class="linenos"><div class="linenodiv"><pre><span></span><span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-3-1">1</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-3-2">2</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-3-3">3</a></span></pre></div></td><td class="code"><div><pre><span></span><code><a id="__codelineno-3-1" name="__codelineno-3-1"></a><span class="c1">// imports</span>
+<a id="__codelineno-3-2" name="__codelineno-3-2"></a>
+<a id="__codelineno-3-3" name="__codelineno-3-3"></a><span class="c1">// code here, no main, no namespace</span>
+</code></pre></div></td></tr></table></div>
+<h3 id="main-method">Main Method</h3>
+<div class="highlight"><table class="highlighttable"><tr><th colspan="2" class="filename"><span class="filename">C#</span></th></tr><tr><td class="linenos"><div class="linenodiv"><pre><span></span><span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-4-1">1</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-4-2">2</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-4-3">3</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-4-4">4</a></span></pre></div></td><td class="code"><div><pre><span></span><code><a id="__codelineno-4-1" name="__codelineno-4-1"></a><span class="k">public</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="k">static</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="k">void</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="nf">Main</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="kt">string</span><span class="p">[]</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="n">args</span><span class="p">)</span>
+<a id="__codelineno-4-2" name="__codelineno-4-2"></a><span class="p">{</span>
+<a id="__codelineno-4-3" name="__codelineno-4-3"></a><span class="w">    </span><span class="c1">// code here</span>
+<a id="__codelineno-4-4" name="__codelineno-4-4"></a><span class="p">}</span>
+</code></pre></div></td></tr></table></div>
+<h3 id="constant-declaration">Constant Declaration</h3>
+<div class="highlight"><table class="highlighttable"><tr><th colspan="2" class="filename"><span class="filename">C#</span></th></tr><tr><td class="linenos"><div class="linenodiv"><pre><span></span><span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-5-1">1</a></span></pre></div></td><td class="code"><div><pre><span></span><code><a id="__codelineno-5-1" name="__codelineno-5-1"></a><span class="k">const</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="n">type</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="n">CONSTANT_NAME</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="o">=</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="k">value</span><span class="p">;</span>
+</code></pre></div></td></tr></table></div>
+<h3 id="assignment-operation">Assignment Operation</h3>
+<p><code>type variable1 = value1, variable2 = value2, ...;</code></p>
+<p>If a variable has not been assigned it assumes the <code>default</code> value.</p>
+<h3 id="input">Input</h3>
+<div class="highlight"><table class="highlighttable"><tr><th colspan="2" class="filename"><span class="filename">C#</span></th></tr><tr><td class="linenos"><div class="linenodiv"><pre><span></span><span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-6-1"> 1</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-6-2"> 2</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-6-3"> 3</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-6-4"> 4</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-6-5"> 5</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-6-6"> 6</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-6-7"> 7</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-6-8"> 8</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-6-9"> 9</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-6-10">10</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-6-11">11</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-6-12">12</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-6-13">13</a></span></pre></div></td><td class="code"><div><pre><span></span><code><a id="__codelineno-6-1" name="__codelineno-6-1"></a><span class="c1">// input is a string, convert before saving in a non String variable</span>
+<a id="__codelineno-6-2" name="__codelineno-6-2"></a><span class="n">Console</span><span class="p">.</span><span class="n">ReadLines</span><span class="p">();</span><span class="w">    </span><span class="c1">// read util &lt;Return&gt;  is pressed</span>
+<a id="__codelineno-6-3" name="__codelineno-6-3"></a><span class="n">Console</span><span class="p">.</span><span class="n">Read</span><span class="p">();</span><span class="w">    </span><span class="c1">// read until space</span>
+<a id="__codelineno-6-4" name="__codelineno-6-4"></a>
+<a id="__codelineno-6-5" name="__codelineno-6-5"></a><span class="c1">// reading non string input</span>
+<a id="__codelineno-6-6" name="__codelineno-6-6"></a><span class="o">&lt;</span><span class="n">SystemType</span><span class="o">/</span><span class="n">Type</span><span class="o">&gt;</span><span class="p">.</span><span class="n">Parse</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="n">Console</span><span class="p">.</span><span class="n">ReadLines</span><span class="p">());</span><span class="w">    </span><span class="c1">// convert string to numerical data type (can cause exception at runtime)</span>
+<a id="__codelineno-6-7" name="__codelineno-6-7"></a><span class="n">Convert</span><span class="p">.</span><span class="n">To</span><span class="o">&lt;</span><span class="n">SystemType</span><span class="o">&gt;</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="n">Console</span><span class="p">.</span><span class="n">ReadLines</span><span class="p">());</span><span class="w">    </span><span class="c1">// proper conversion and round-up of values (no truncation of values), NULL returns 0 (zero)</span>
+<a id="__codelineno-6-8" name="__codelineno-6-8"></a>
+<a id="__codelineno-6-9" name="__codelineno-6-9"></a><span class="c1">// integers numeric base conversion</span>
+<a id="__codelineno-6-10" name="__codelineno-6-10"></a><span class="n">Convert</span><span class="p">.</span><span class="n">ToString</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="n">num</span><span class="p">,</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="o">&lt;</span><span class="k">base</span><span class="o">&gt;</span><span class="p">);</span><span class="w">  </span><span class="c1">//  to specified numeric base</span>
+<a id="__codelineno-6-11" name="__codelineno-6-11"></a><span class="n">Convert</span><span class="p">.</span><span class="n">ToInt32</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="kt">string</span><span class="p">,</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="o">&lt;</span><span class="k">base</span><span class="o">&gt;</span><span class="p">);</span><span class="w">  </span><span class="c1">// parse from numeric base</span>
+<a id="__codelineno-6-12" name="__codelineno-6-12"></a>
+<a id="__codelineno-6-13" name="__codelineno-6-13"></a><span class="n">Console</span><span class="p">.</span><span class="n">ReadKey</span><span class="p">();</span><span class="w">    </span><span class="c1">// read a key from keyboard and display pressed kay immediately</span>
+</code></pre></div></td></tr></table></div>
+<h3 id="screen-output">Screen Output</h3>
+<div class="highlight"><table class="highlighttable"><tr><th colspan="2" class="filename"><span class="filename">C#</span></th></tr><tr><td class="linenos"><div class="linenodiv"><pre><span></span><span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-7-1">1</a></span></pre></div></td><td class="code"><div><pre><span></span><code><a id="__codelineno-7-1" name="__codelineno-7-1"></a><span class="n">Console</span><span class="p">.</span><span class="n">WriteLine</span><span class="p">();</span><span class="w">    </span><span class="c1">// single line output</span>
+</code></pre></div></td></tr></table></div>
+<h3 id="string-formatting">String Formatting</h3>
+<p><code>{index[,alignment][:&lt;formatString&gt;&lt;num_decimal_digits&gt;]}</code></p>
+<div class="highlight"><table class="highlighttable"><tr><th colspan="2" class="filename"><span class="filename">C#</span></th></tr><tr><td class="linenos"><div class="linenodiv"><pre><span></span><span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-8-1">1</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-8-2">2</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-8-3">3</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-8-4">4</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-8-5">5</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-8-6">6</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-8-7">7</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-8-8">8</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-8-9">9</a></span></pre></div></td><td class="code"><div><pre><span></span><code><a id="__codelineno-8-1" name="__codelineno-8-1"></a><span class="n">Console</span><span class="p">.</span><span class="n">WriteLine</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="s">&quot;Name is {0}, Marks are {1}&quot;</span><span class="p">,</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="n">name</span><span class="p">,</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="n">marks</span><span class="p">);</span><span class="w">    </span><span class="c1">// string composite formatting</span>
+<a id="__codelineno-8-2" name="__codelineno-8-2"></a><span class="n">Console</span><span class="p">.</span><span class="n">WriteLine</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="s">$&quot;Name is {name}, Marks are {marks}&quot;</span><span class="p">);</span><span class="w">    </span><span class="c1">// string interpolation</span>
+<a id="__codelineno-8-3" name="__codelineno-8-3"></a>
+<a id="__codelineno-8-4" name="__codelineno-8-4"></a><span class="n">Console</span><span class="p">.</span><span class="n">WriteLine</span><span class="p">(</span>
+<a id="__codelineno-8-5" name="__codelineno-8-5"></a><span class="w">    </span><span class="n">format</span><span class="p">:</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="s">&quot;{0} {1}&quot;</span><span class="w">  </span><span class="c1">// format can be omitted and passed as first argument of WriteLine/Write</span>
+<a id="__codelineno-8-6" name="__codelineno-8-6"></a><span class="w">    </span><span class="n">arg0</span><span class="p">:</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="s">&quot;String Literal&quot;</span><span class="p">,</span>
+<a id="__codelineno-8-7" name="__codelineno-8-7"></a><span class="w">    </span><span class="n">arg1</span><span class="p">:</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="n">string_variable</span><span class="p">,</span>
+<a id="__codelineno-8-8" name="__codelineno-8-8"></a><span class="w">    </span><span class="p">...</span>
+<a id="__codelineno-8-9" name="__codelineno-8-9"></a><span class="p">);</span>
+</code></pre></div></td></tr></table></div>
+<h3 id="number-format-string">Number Format String</h3>
+<p><a href="https://docs.microsoft.com/en-us/dotnet/standard/base-types/standard-numeric-format-strings">Numeric Format Strings Docs</a>
+<a href="https://docs.microsoft.com/en-us/dotnet/api/system.globalization.cultureinfo">CultureInfo Docs</a></p>
+<p><code>{index[,alignment][:&lt;formatString&gt;&lt;num_decimal_digits&gt;]}</code></p>
+<p><code>$"{number:C}"</code> formats the number as a <em>currency</em>. Currency symbol &amp; symbol position are determined by <code>CultureInfo</code>.<br />
+<code>$"{number:D}"</code> formats the number with decimal digits.<br />
+<code>$"{number:F}"</code> formats the number with a fixed number of decimal digits.<br />
+<code>$"{number:E}"</code> formats the number in <em>scientific notation</em>.<br />
+<code>$"{number:E}"</code> formats the number in the more compact of either fixed-point or scientific notation.<br />
+<code>$"{number:N}"</code> formats the number as a <em>measure</em>. Digits separators are determined by <code>CultureInfo</code>.<br />
+<code>$"{number:P}"</code> formats the number as a <em>percentage</em>.<br />
+<code>$"{number:X}"</code> formats the number as a <em>hexadecimal</em>.</p>
+<h2 id="variable-types">Variable Types</h2>
+<h3 id="value-type">Value Type</h3>
+<p>A value type variable will store its values directly in an area of storage called the <em>STACK</em>.<br />
+The stack is memory allocated to the code that is currently running on the CPU.<br />
+When the stack frame has finished executing, the values in the stack are removed.</p>
+<h3 id="reference-type">Reference Type</h3>
+<p>A reference type variable will store its values in a separate memory region called the <em>HEAP</em>.<br />
+The heap is a memory area that is shared across many applications running on the operating system at the same time.<br />
+The .NET Runtime communicates with the operating system to determine what memory addresses are available, and requests an address where it can store the value.<br />
+The .NET Runtime stores the value, then returns the memory address to the variable.<br />
+When your code uses the variable, the .NET Runtime seamlessly looks up the address stored in the variable and retrieves the value that's stored there.</p>
+<h3 id="integer-numeric-types">Integer Numeric Types</h3>
+<table>
+<thead>
+<tr>
+<th style="text-align: center;">Keyword</th>
+<th style="text-align: center;">System Type</th>
+<th style="text-align: center;">Example</th>
+<th style="text-align: center;">Bit/Byte</th>
+<th>Min Value</th>
+<th>Max Value</th>
+</tr>
+</thead>
+<tbody>
+<tr>
+<td style="text-align: center;"><code>sbyte</code></td>
+<td style="text-align: center;"><code>System.SByte</code></td>
+<td style="text-align: center;"></td>
+<td style="text-align: center;">8 bit</td>
+<td>-128</td>
+<td>127</td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+<td style="text-align: center;"><code>byte</code></td>
+<td style="text-align: center;"><code>System.Byte</code></td>
+<td style="text-align: center;"></td>
+<td style="text-align: center;">8 bit</td>
+<td>0</td>
+<td>255</td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+<td style="text-align: center;"><code>short</code></td>
+<td style="text-align: center;"><code>System.Int16</code></td>
+<td style="text-align: center;"></td>
+<td style="text-align: center;">16 bit</td>
+<td>-32'786</td>
+<td>32'767</td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+<td style="text-align: center;"><code>ushort</code></td>
+<td style="text-align: center;"><code>System.UInt16</code></td>
+<td style="text-align: center;"></td>
+<td style="text-align: center;">16 bit</td>
+<td>0</td>
+<td>65'535</td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+<td style="text-align: center;"><code>int</code></td>
+<td style="text-align: center;"><code>System.Int32</code></td>
+<td style="text-align: center;">123</td>
+<td style="text-align: center;">32 bit</td>
+<td>-2'47'483'648</td>
+<td>2'147'483'647</td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+<td style="text-align: center;"><code>uint</code></td>
+<td style="text-align: center;"><code>System.UInt32</code></td>
+<td style="text-align: center;">123u</td>
+<td style="text-align: center;">32 bit</td>
+<td>0</td>
+<td>4'294'967'296</td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+<td style="text-align: center;"><code>nint</code></td>
+<td style="text-align: center;"><code>System.IntPtr</code></td>
+<td style="text-align: center;"></td>
+<td style="text-align: center;">Arch</td>
+<td>0</td>
+<td>18'446'744'073'709'551'615</td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+<td style="text-align: center;"><code>nuint</code></td>
+<td style="text-align: center;"><code>System.UIntPtr</code></td>
+<td style="text-align: center;"></td>
+<td style="text-align: center;">Arch</td>
+<td>-9'223'372'036'854'775'808</td>
+<td>9'223'372'036'854'775'807</td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+<td style="text-align: center;"><code>long</code></td>
+<td style="text-align: center;"><code>System.Int64</code></td>
+<td style="text-align: center;">123l</td>
+<td style="text-align: center;">64 bit</td>
+<td>-9'223'372'036'854'775'808</td>
+<td>9'223'372'036'854'775'807</td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+<td style="text-align: center;"><code>ulong</code></td>
+<td style="text-align: center;"><code>System.UInt64</code></td>
+<td style="text-align: center;">123ul</td>
+<td style="text-align: center;">64 bit</td>
+<td>0</td>
+<td>18'446'744'073'709'551'615</td>
+</tr>
+</tbody>
+</table>
+<h3 id="floating-point-numeric-types">Floating-Point Numeric Types</h3>
+<table>
+<thead>
+<tr>
+<th style="text-align: center;">Keyword</th>
+<th style="text-align: center;">System Types</th>
+<th style="text-align: center;">Example</th>
+<th style="text-align: center;">Bit/Byte</th>
+<th style="text-align: center;">Digits</th>
+<th>Min Value</th>
+<th>Max Value</th>
+</tr>
+</thead>
+<tbody>
+<tr>
+<td style="text-align: center;"><code>float</code></td>
+<td style="text-align: center;"><code>System.Single</code></td>
+<td style="text-align: center;">3.14f</td>
+<td style="text-align: center;">4 byte</td>
+<td style="text-align: center;">6-9</td>
+<td>-3.402823 E+38</td>
+<td>3.402823 E+38</td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+<td style="text-align: center;"><code>double</code></td>
+<td style="text-align: center;"><code>System.Double</code></td>
+<td style="text-align: center;">3.14</td>
+<td style="text-align: center;">8 byte</td>
+<td style="text-align: center;">15-17</td>
+<td>-1.79769313486232 E+308</td>
+<td>1.79769313486232 E+308</td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+<td style="text-align: center;"><code>decimal</code></td>
+<td style="text-align: center;"><code>System.Decimal</code></td>
+<td style="text-align: center;">3.14m</td>
+<td style="text-align: center;">16 byte</td>
+<td style="text-align: center;">28-29</td>
+<td>-79'228'162'514'264'337'593'543'950'335</td>
+<td>79'228'162'514'264'337'593'543'950'335</td>
+</tr>
+</tbody>
+</table>
+<p>The static fields and methods of the <code>MathF</code> class correspond to those of the <code>Math</code> class, except that their parameters are of type <code>Single</code> rather than <code>Double</code>, and they return <code>Single</code> rather than <code>Double</code> values.</p>
+<h3 id="biginteger">BigInteger</h3>
+<p><code>BigInteger</code> represents an integer that will grow as large as is necessary to accommodate values.<br />
+Unlike the builtin numeric types, it has no theoretical limit on its range.</p>
+<div class="highlight"><table class="highlighttable"><tr><th colspan="2" class="filename"><span class="filename">C#</span></th></tr><tr><td class="linenos"><div class="linenodiv"><pre><span></span><span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-9-1">1</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-9-2">2</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-9-3">3</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-9-4">4</a></span></pre></div></td><td class="code"><div><pre><span></span><code><a id="__codelineno-9-1" name="__codelineno-9-1"></a><span class="k">using</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="nn">System</span><span class="p">;</span>
+<a id="__codelineno-9-2" name="__codelineno-9-2"></a><span class="k">using</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="nn">System.Numerics</span><span class="p">;</span>
+<a id="__codelineno-9-3" name="__codelineno-9-3"></a>
+<a id="__codelineno-9-4" name="__codelineno-9-4"></a><span class="n">BigInteger</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="n">bi</span><span class="p">;</span>
+</code></pre></div></td></tr></table></div>
+<h3 id="binary-hexadecimal-numbers">Binary &amp; Hexadecimal Numbers</h3>
+<p>Binary literal: <code>0b&lt;digits&gt;</code>
+Hexadecimal literal: <code>0x&lt;digits&gt;</code></p>
+<div class="highlight"><table class="highlighttable"><tr><th colspan="2" class="filename"><span class="filename">C#</span></th></tr><tr><td class="linenos"><div class="linenodiv"><pre><span></span><span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-10-1">1</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-10-2">2</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-10-3">3</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-10-4">4</a></span></pre></div></td><td class="code"><div><pre><span></span><code><a id="__codelineno-10-1" name="__codelineno-10-1"></a><span class="c1">// three variables that store the number 2 million</span>
+<a id="__codelineno-10-2" name="__codelineno-10-2"></a><span class="kt">int</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="n">decimalNotation</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="o">=</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="m">2</span><span class="n">_000_000</span><span class="p">;</span>
+<a id="__codelineno-10-3" name="__codelineno-10-3"></a><span class="kt">int</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="n">binaryNotation</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="o">=</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="m">0</span><span class="n">b_0001_1110_1000_0100_1000_0000</span><span class="p">;</span>
+<a id="__codelineno-10-4" name="__codelineno-10-4"></a><span class="kt">int</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="n">hexadecimalNotation</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="o">=</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="m">0</span><span class="n">x_001E_8480</span><span class="p">;</span>
+</code></pre></div></td></tr></table></div>
+<h3 id="boolean-type-systemboolean">Boolean Type (<code>System.Boolean</code>)</h3>
+<p><code>bool</code>: <code>true</code> or <code>false</code></p>
+<h3 id="text-type-systemchar-systemstring">Text Type (<code>System.Char</code> &amp; <code>System.String</code>)</h3>
+<p><code>char</code>: single unicode character<br />
+<code>string</code>: multiple Unicode characters</p>
+<h3 id="implicit-type">Implicit Type</h3>
+<p>The compiler determines the required type based on the assigned value.</p>
+<div class="highlight"><table class="highlighttable"><tr><th colspan="2" class="filename"><span class="filename">C#</span></th></tr><tr><td class="linenos"><div class="linenodiv"><pre><span></span><span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-11-1">1</a></span></pre></div></td><td class="code"><div><pre><span></span><code><a id="__codelineno-11-1" name="__codelineno-11-1"></a><span class="kt">var</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="n">variable</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="o">=</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="k">value</span><span class="p">;</span><span class="w">  </span><span class="c1">// Inferred tipe cant change after first assignment</span>
+</code></pre></div></td></tr></table></div>
+<h3 id="dynamic-type">Dynamic Type</h3>
+<div class="highlight"><table class="highlighttable"><tr><th colspan="2" class="filename"><span class="filename">C#</span></th></tr><tr><td class="linenos"><div class="linenodiv"><pre><span></span><span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-12-1">1</a></span></pre></div></td><td class="code"><div><pre><span></span><code><a id="__codelineno-12-1" name="__codelineno-12-1"></a><span class="kt">dynamic</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="n">variable</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="o">=</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="k">value</span><span class="p">;</span>
+</code></pre></div></td></tr></table></div>
+<h3 id="anonymous-types-reference-type">Anonymous types (Reference Type)</h3>
+<div class="highlight"><table class="highlighttable"><tr><th colspan="2" class="filename"><span class="filename">C#</span></th></tr><tr><td class="linenos"><div class="linenodiv"><pre><span></span><span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-13-1">1</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-13-2">2</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-13-3">3</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-13-4">4</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-13-5">5</a></span></pre></div></td><td class="code"><div><pre><span></span><code><a id="__codelineno-13-1" name="__codelineno-13-1"></a><span class="c1">// cannot be used as return types</span>
+<a id="__codelineno-13-2" name="__codelineno-13-2"></a><span class="kt">var</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="n">x</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="o">=</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="k">new</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="p">{</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="n">Key</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="o">=</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="k">value</span><span class="p">,</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="p">...};</span><span class="w">  </span><span class="c1">// read only properties</span>
+<a id="__codelineno-13-3" name="__codelineno-13-3"></a><span class="n">x</span><span class="p">.</span><span class="n">Key</span><span class="p">;</span><span class="w">  </span><span class="c1">// member access</span>
+<a id="__codelineno-13-4" name="__codelineno-13-4"></a>
+<a id="__codelineno-13-5" name="__codelineno-13-5"></a><span class="kt">var</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="n">y</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="o">=</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="n">x</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="n">with</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="p">{</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="n">Key</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="o">=</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="k">value</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="p">};</span><span class="w">  </span><span class="c1">// with expression [C# 10]</span>
+</code></pre></div></td></tr></table></div>
+<h3 id="index-range-types-structs">Index &amp; Range Types (Structs)</h3>
+<p>A <a href="https://docs.microsoft.com/en-us/dotnet/api/system.index">System.Index</a> represents a type that can be used to index a collection either from the start or the end.<br />
+A <a href="https://docs.microsoft.com/en-us/dotnet/api/system.range">System.Range</a> represents a range that has start and end indexes.</p>
+<div class="highlight"><table class="highlighttable"><tr><th colspan="2" class="filename"><span class="filename">C#</span></th></tr><tr><td class="linenos"><div class="linenodiv"><pre><span></span><span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-14-1"> 1</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-14-2"> 2</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-14-3"> 3</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-14-4"> 4</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-14-5"> 5</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-14-6"> 6</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-14-7"> 7</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-14-8"> 8</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-14-9"> 9</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-14-10">10</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-14-11">11</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-14-12">12</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-14-13">13</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-14-14">14</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-14-15">15</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-14-16">16</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-14-17">17</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-14-18">18</a></span></pre></div></td><td class="code"><div><pre><span></span><code><a id="__codelineno-14-1" name="__codelineno-14-1"></a><span class="n">Index</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="n">i</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="o">=</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="n">position</span><span class="p">;</span>
+<a id="__codelineno-14-2" name="__codelineno-14-2"></a><span class="n">Index</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="n">i</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="o">=</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="k">new</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="n">Index</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="n">position</span><span class="p">,</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="n">IsFromEnd</span><span class="p">:</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="k">false</span><span class="p">);</span><span class="w">  </span><span class="c1">// start-relative index</span>
+<a id="__codelineno-14-3" name="__codelineno-14-3"></a>
+<a id="__codelineno-14-4" name="__codelineno-14-4"></a><span class="n">Index</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="n">e</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="o">=</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="o">^</span><span class="n">position</span><span class="p">;</span><span class="w">  </span><span class="c1">// end-elative index</span>
+<a id="__codelineno-14-5" name="__codelineno-14-5"></a><span class="n">Index</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="n">e</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="o">=</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="k">new</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="n">Index</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="n">position</span><span class="p">,</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="n">IsFromEnd</span><span class="p">:</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="k">true</span><span class="p">);</span><span class="w">  </span><span class="c1">// end-elative index</span>
+<a id="__codelineno-14-6" name="__codelineno-14-6"></a><span class="n">array</span><span class="p">[</span><span class="o">^</span><span class="n">n</span><span class="p">];</span><span class="w">  </span><span class="c1">// n-th last item</span>
+<a id="__codelineno-14-7" name="__codelineno-14-7"></a><span class="n">array</span><span class="p">[</span><span class="n">array</span><span class="p">.</span><span class="n">Length</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="o">-</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="n">n</span><span class="p">];</span><span class="w">  </span><span class="c1">// n-th last item</span>
+<a id="__codelineno-14-8" name="__codelineno-14-8"></a>
+<a id="__codelineno-14-9" name="__codelineno-14-9"></a><span class="c1">// range syntax (supported by System.Range struct)</span>
+<a id="__codelineno-14-10" name="__codelineno-14-10"></a><span class="n">Range</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="n">all</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="o">=</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="m">0.</span><span class="p">.</span><span class="o">^</span><span class="m">0</span><span class="p">;</span>
+<a id="__codelineno-14-11" name="__codelineno-14-11"></a><span class="n">Range</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="n">all</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="o">=</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="m">0.</span><span class="p">.;</span>
+<a id="__codelineno-14-12" name="__codelineno-14-12"></a><span class="n">Range</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="n">all</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="o">=</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="p">..</span><span class="o">^</span><span class="m">0</span><span class="p">;</span>
+<a id="__codelineno-14-13" name="__codelineno-14-13"></a><span class="n">Range</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="n">all</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="o">=</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="p">..;</span>
+<a id="__codelineno-14-14" name="__codelineno-14-14"></a><span class="kt">var</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="n">all</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="o">=</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="n">Range</span><span class="p">.</span><span class="n">All</span><span class="p">;</span>
+<a id="__codelineno-14-15" name="__codelineno-14-15"></a>
+<a id="__codelineno-14-16" name="__codelineno-14-16"></a><span class="c1">// slicing</span>
+<a id="__codelineno-14-17" name="__codelineno-14-17"></a><span class="n">array</span><span class="p">[</span><span class="n">start</span><span class="p">..</span><span class="n">end</span><span class="p">];</span><span class="w">  </span><span class="c1">// select elements between start index and end index (non inclusive)</span>
+<a id="__codelineno-14-18" name="__codelineno-14-18"></a><span class="n">array</span><span class="p">[</span><span class="n">start</span><span class="p">..</span><span class="o">^</span><span class="n">n</span><span class="p">];</span><span class="w">  </span><span class="c1">// select elements between start index and n-th last item (non inclusive)</span>
+</code></pre></div></td></tr></table></div>
+<h2 id="tuples-value-type">Tuples (Value Type)</h2>
+<p>Tuples are designed as a convenient way to package together a few values in cases where defining a whole new type wouldn't really be justified.</p>
+<p>Tuples support comparison, so it's possible to use the <code>==</code> and <code>!=</code> relational operators.<br />
+To be considered equal, two tuples must have the same shape and each value in the first tuple must be equal to its counterpart in the second tuple.</p>
+<div class="highlight"><table class="highlighttable"><tr><th colspan="2" class="filename"><span class="filename">C#</span></th></tr><tr><td class="linenos"><div class="linenodiv"><pre><span></span><span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-15-1">1</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-15-2">2</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-15-3">3</a></span></pre></div></td><td class="code"><div><pre><span></span><code><a id="__codelineno-15-1" name="__codelineno-15-1"></a><span class="p">(</span><span class="n">Type</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="n">Var1</span><span class="p">,</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="n">Type</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="n">Var2</span><span class="p">,</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="p">...)</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="n">variable</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="o">=</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="p">(</span><span class="n">value1</span><span class="p">,</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="n">value2</span><span class="p">,</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="p">...);</span>
+<a id="__codelineno-15-2" name="__codelineno-15-2"></a><span class="kt">var</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="n">variable</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="o">=</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="p">(</span><span class="n">Var1</span><span class="p">:</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="n">value1</span><span class="p">,</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="n">Var2</span><span class="p">:</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="n">value2</span><span class="p">,</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="p">...);</span><span class="w">  </span><span class="c1">// if name are not supplied they default to Item1, Item2, ...</span>
+<a id="__codelineno-15-3" name="__codelineno-15-3"></a><span class="kt">var</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="n">variable</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="o">=</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="p">(</span><span class="n">var1</span><span class="p">,</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="n">var2</span><span class="p">);</span><span class="w">  </span><span class="c1">// constructed w/ pre-existing values, tuple attributes named after the variables</span>
+</code></pre></div></td></tr></table></div>
+<p>Since the names of the attributes of a tuple do not matter (a tuple is an instance of <code>ValueTuple&lt;Type, Type, ...&gt;</code>) it's possible to assign any tuple to another tuple with the same structure.</p>
+<div class="highlight"><table class="highlighttable"><tr><th colspan="2" class="filename"><span class="filename">C#</span></th></tr><tr><td class="linenos"><div class="linenodiv"><pre><span></span><span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-16-1">1</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-16-2">2</a></span></pre></div></td><td class="code"><div><pre><span></span><code><a id="__codelineno-16-1" name="__codelineno-16-1"></a><span class="p">(</span><span class="kt">int</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="n">X</span><span class="p">,</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="n">Int</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="n">Y</span><span class="p">)</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="n">a</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="o">=</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="p">(</span><span class="m">1</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="p">,</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="m">0</span><span class="p">);</span>
+<a id="__codelineno-16-2" name="__codelineno-16-2"></a><span class="p">(</span><span class="kt">int</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="n">Width</span><span class="p">,</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="kt">int</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="n">Height</span><span class="p">)</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="n">b</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="o">=</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="n">a</span><span class="p">;</span>
+</code></pre></div></td></tr></table></div>
+<h3 id="tuple-deconstruction">Tuple Deconstruction</h3>
+<div class="highlight"><table class="highlighttable"><tr><th colspan="2" class="filename"><span class="filename">C#</span></th></tr><tr><td class="linenos"><div class="linenodiv"><pre><span></span><span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-17-1">1</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-17-2">2</a></span></pre></div></td><td class="code"><div><pre><span></span><code><a id="__codelineno-17-1" name="__codelineno-17-1"></a><span class="p">(</span><span class="kt">int</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="n">X</span><span class="p">,</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="kt">int</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="n">Y</span><span class="p">)</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="n">point</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="o">=</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="p">(</span><span class="m">10</span><span class="p">,</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="m">35</span><span class="p">);</span>
+<a id="__codelineno-17-2" name="__codelineno-17-2"></a><span class="p">(</span><span class="kt">int</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="n">a</span><span class="p">,</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="kt">int</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="n">b</span><span class="p">)</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="o">=</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="n">point</span><span class="p">;</span><span class="w">  </span><span class="c1">// extract data based on position into two variables</span>
+</code></pre></div></td></tr></table></div>
+<h2 id="records">Records</h2>
+<p>I'ts possible to create record types with immutable properties by using standard property syntax or positional parameters:</p>
+<div class="highlight"><table class="highlighttable"><tr><th colspan="2" class="filename"><span class="filename">C#</span></th></tr><tr><td class="linenos"><div class="linenodiv"><pre><span></span><span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-18-1"> 1</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-18-2"> 2</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-18-3"> 3</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-18-4"> 4</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-18-5"> 5</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-18-6"> 6</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-18-7"> 7</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-18-8"> 8</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-18-9"> 9</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-18-10">10</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-18-11">11</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-18-12">12</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-18-13">13</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-18-14">14</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-18-15">15</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-18-16">16</a></span></pre></div></td><td class="code"><div><pre><span></span><code><a id="__codelineno-18-1" name="__codelineno-18-1"></a><span class="k">public</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="n">record</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="n">Person</span>
+<a id="__codelineno-18-2" name="__codelineno-18-2"></a><span class="p">{</span>
+<a id="__codelineno-18-3" name="__codelineno-18-3"></a><span class="w">    </span><span class="k">public</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="kt">string</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="n">FirstName</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="p">{</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="k">get</span><span class="p">;</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="n">init</span><span class="p">;</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="p">}</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="o">=</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="k">default</span><span class="o">!</span><span class="p">;</span>
+<a id="__codelineno-18-4" name="__codelineno-18-4"></a><span class="w">    </span><span class="k">public</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="kt">string</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="n">LastName</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="p">{</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="k">get</span><span class="p">;</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="n">init</span><span class="p">;</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="p">}</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="o">=</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="k">default</span><span class="o">!</span><span class="p">;</span>
+<a id="__codelineno-18-5" name="__codelineno-18-5"></a><span class="p">};</span>
+<a id="__codelineno-18-6" name="__codelineno-18-6"></a><span class="c1">// same as</span>
+<a id="__codelineno-18-7" name="__codelineno-18-7"></a><span class="k">public</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="n">record</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="nf">Person</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="kt">string</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="n">FirstName</span><span class="p">,</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="kt">string</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="n">LastName</span><span class="p">);</span>
+<a id="__codelineno-18-8" name="__codelineno-18-8"></a>
+<a id="__codelineno-18-9" name="__codelineno-18-9"></a><span class="k">public</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="n">record</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="k">struct</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="nc">Point</span>
+<a id="__codelineno-18-10" name="__codelineno-18-10"></a><span class="p">{</span>
+<a id="__codelineno-18-11" name="__codelineno-18-11"></a><span class="w">    </span><span class="k">public</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="kt">double</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="n">X</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="p">{</span><span class="w">  </span><span class="k">get</span><span class="p">;</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="n">init</span><span class="p">;</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="p">}</span>
+<a id="__codelineno-18-12" name="__codelineno-18-12"></a><span class="w">    </span><span class="k">public</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="kt">double</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="n">Y</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="p">{</span><span class="w">  </span><span class="k">get</span><span class="p">;</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="n">init</span><span class="p">;</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="p">}</span>
+<a id="__codelineno-18-13" name="__codelineno-18-13"></a><span class="w">    </span><span class="k">public</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="kt">double</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="n">Z</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="p">{</span><span class="w">  </span><span class="k">get</span><span class="p">;</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="n">init</span><span class="p">;</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="p">}</span>
+<a id="__codelineno-18-14" name="__codelineno-18-14"></a><span class="p">}</span>
+<a id="__codelineno-18-15" name="__codelineno-18-15"></a><span class="c1">// same as</span>
+<a id="__codelineno-18-16" name="__codelineno-18-16"></a><span class="k">public</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="k">readonly</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="n">record</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="k">struct</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="nf">Point</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="kt">double</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="n">X</span><span class="p">,</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="kt">double</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="n">Y</span><span class="p">,</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="kt">double</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="n">Z</span><span class="p">);</span>
+</code></pre></div></td></tr></table></div>
+<p>it's also possible to create record types with mutable properties and fields:</p>
+<div class="highlight"><table class="highlighttable"><tr><th colspan="2" class="filename"><span class="filename">C#</span></th></tr><tr><td class="linenos"><div class="linenodiv"><pre><span></span><span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-19-1">1</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-19-2">2</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-19-3">3</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-19-4">4</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-19-5">5</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-19-6">6</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-19-7">7</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-19-8">8</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-19-9">9</a></span></pre></div></td><td class="code"><div><pre><span></span><code><a id="__codelineno-19-1" name="__codelineno-19-1"></a><span class="c1">// mutable record</span>
+<a id="__codelineno-19-2" name="__codelineno-19-2"></a><span class="k">public</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="n">record</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="n">Person</span>
+<a id="__codelineno-19-3" name="__codelineno-19-3"></a><span class="p">{</span>
+<a id="__codelineno-19-4" name="__codelineno-19-4"></a><span class="w">    </span><span class="k">public</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="kt">string</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="n">FirstName</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="p">{</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="k">get</span><span class="p">;</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="k">set</span><span class="p">;</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="p">}</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="o">=</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="k">default</span><span class="o">!</span><span class="p">;</span>
+<a id="__codelineno-19-5" name="__codelineno-19-5"></a><span class="w">    </span><span class="k">public</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="kt">string</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="n">LastName</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="p">{</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="k">get</span><span class="p">;</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="k">set</span><span class="p">;</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="p">}</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="o">=</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="k">default</span><span class="o">!</span><span class="p">;</span>
+<a id="__codelineno-19-6" name="__codelineno-19-6"></a><span class="p">};</span>
+<a id="__codelineno-19-7" name="__codelineno-19-7"></a>
+<a id="__codelineno-19-8" name="__codelineno-19-8"></a><span class="c1">// mutable record struct</span>
+<a id="__codelineno-19-9" name="__codelineno-19-9"></a><span class="k">public</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="k">readonly</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="n">record</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="k">struct</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="nf">Point</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="kt">double</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="n">X</span><span class="p">,</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="kt">double</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="n">Y</span><span class="p">,</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="kt">double</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="n">Z</span><span class="p">);</span>
+</code></pre></div></td></tr></table></div>
+<p>While records can be mutable, they're primarily intended for supporting immutable data models. The record type offers the following features:</p>
+<ul>
+<li>Concise syntax for creating a reference type with immutable properties</li>
+<li>Built-in behavior useful for a data-centric reference type:</li>
+<li>Value equality</li>
+<li>Concise syntax for nondestructive mutation</li>
+<li>Built-in formatting for display</li>
+<li>Support for inheritance hierarchies</li>
+</ul>
+<blockquote>
+<p><strong>Note</strong>: A <em>positional record</em> and a <em>positional readonly record struct</em> declare init-only properties. A <em>positional record struct</em> declares read-write properties.</p>
+</blockquote>
+<h3 id="with-expressions"><code>with</code>-expressions</h3>
+<p>When working with immutable data, a common pattern is to create new values from existing ones to represent a new state.<br />
+To help with this style of programming, records allow for a new kind of expression; the with-expression.</p>
+<div class="highlight"><table class="highlighttable"><tr><th colspan="2" class="filename"><span class="filename">C#</span></th></tr><tr><td class="linenos"><div class="linenodiv"><pre><span></span><span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-20-1">1</a></span></pre></div></td><td class="code"><div><pre><span></span><code><a id="__codelineno-20-1" name="__codelineno-20-1"></a><span class="kt">var</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="n">newRecord</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="o">=</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="n">oldRecord</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="n">with</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="p">{</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="n">Property</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="o">=</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="k">value</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="p">};</span>
+</code></pre></div></td></tr></table></div>
+<p>With-expressions use object initializer syntax to state what's different in the new object from the old object. it's possible to specify multiple properties.<br />
+A record implicitly defines a protected "copy constructor", a constructor that takes an existing record object and copies it field by field to the new one.<br />
+The <code>with</code> expression causes the copy constructor to get called, and then applies the object initializer on top to change the properties accordingly.</p>
+<div class="highlight"><table class="highlighttable"><tr><th colspan="2" class="filename"><span class="filename">C#</span></th></tr><tr><td class="linenos"><div class="linenodiv"><pre><span></span><span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-21-1">1</a></span></pre></div></td><td class="code"><div><pre><span></span><code><a id="__codelineno-21-1" name="__codelineno-21-1"></a><span class="k">protected</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="nf">Record</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="n">Record</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="n">original</span><span class="p">)</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="p">{</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="cm">/* copy all the fields */</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="p">}</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="c1">// generated</span>
+</code></pre></div></td></tr></table></div>
+<blockquote>
+<p><strong>Note</strong>: it's possible to define a custom copy constructor tha will be picked up by the <code>with</code> expression.</p>
+</blockquote>
+<h3 id="with-expressions-inheritance"><code>with</code>-expressions &amp; Inheritance</h3>
+<p>Records have a hidden virtual method that is entrusted with "cloning" the whole object.<br />
+Every derived record type overrides this method to call the copy constructor of that type, and the copy constructor of a derived record chains to the copy constructor of the base record.<br />
+A with-expression simply calls the hidden "clone" method and applies the object initializer to the result.</p>
+<div class="highlight"><table class="highlighttable"><tr><th colspan="2" class="filename"><span class="filename">C#</span></th></tr><tr><td class="linenos"><div class="linenodiv"><pre><span></span><span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-22-1">1</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-22-2">2</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-22-3">3</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-22-4">4</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-22-5">5</a></span></pre></div></td><td class="code"><div><pre><span></span><code><a id="__codelineno-22-1" name="__codelineno-22-1"></a><span class="k">public</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="n">record</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="n">Base</span><span class="p">{</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="n">Type</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="n">Prop1</span><span class="p">,</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="n">Type</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="n">Prop2</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="p">};</span>
+<a id="__codelineno-22-2" name="__codelineno-22-2"></a><span class="k">public</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="n">record</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="n">Derived</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="p">:</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="n">Base</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="p">{</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="n">Type</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="n">Prop3</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="p">};</span>
+<a id="__codelineno-22-3" name="__codelineno-22-3"></a>
+<a id="__codelineno-22-4" name="__codelineno-22-4"></a><span class="n">Base</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="n">@base</span><span class="w">  </span><span class="o">=</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="k">new</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="n">Derived</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="p">{</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="n">Prop1</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="o">=</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="n">value1</span><span class="p">,</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="n">Prop2</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="o">=</span><span class="w">  </span><span class="n">value2</span><span class="p">,</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="n">Prop3</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="o">=</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="n">value3</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="p">};</span>
+<a id="__codelineno-22-5" name="__codelineno-22-5"></a><span class="kt">var</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="n">newBase</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="o">=</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="n">@base</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="n">with</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="p">{</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="n">Prop2</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="o">=</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="k">value</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="p">};</span><span class="w">  </span><span class="c1">// new Derived record even if type of _base is Base since _base contains a Derived record</span>
+</code></pre></div></td></tr></table></div>
+<h3 id="value-based-equality-inheritance">Value-based Equality &amp; Inheritance</h3>
+<p>Records have a virtual protected property called <code>EqualityContract</code>.<br />
+Every derived record overrides it, and in order to compare equal, the two objects musts have the same <code>EqualityContract</code>.</p>
+<div class="highlight"><table class="highlighttable"><tr><th colspan="2" class="filename"><span class="filename">C#</span></th></tr><tr><td class="linenos"><div class="linenodiv"><pre><span></span><span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-23-1">1</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-23-2">2</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-23-3">3</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-23-4">4</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-23-5">5</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-23-6">6</a></span></pre></div></td><td class="code"><div><pre><span></span><code><a id="__codelineno-23-1" name="__codelineno-23-1"></a><span class="k">public</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="n">record</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="n">Base</span><span class="p">{</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="n">Type</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="n">Prop1</span><span class="p">,</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="n">Type</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="n">Prop2</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="p">};</span>
+<a id="__codelineno-23-2" name="__codelineno-23-2"></a><span class="k">public</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="n">record</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="n">Derived</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="p">:</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="n">Base</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="p">{</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="n">Type</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="n">Prop3</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="p">};</span>
+<a id="__codelineno-23-3" name="__codelineno-23-3"></a>
+<a id="__codelineno-23-4" name="__codelineno-23-4"></a><span class="n">Base</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="n">rec1</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="o">=</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="k">new</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="n">Base</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="p">{</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="n">Prop1</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="o">=</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="n">value1</span><span class="p">,</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="n">Prop2</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="o">=</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="n">value2</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="p">};</span>
+<a id="__codelineno-23-5" name="__codelineno-23-5"></a><span class="n">Base</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="n">rec2</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="o">=</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="k">new</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="n">Derived</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="p">{</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="n">Prop1</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="o">=</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="n">value1</span><span class="p">,</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="n">Prop2</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="o">=</span><span class="w">  </span><span class="n">value2</span><span class="p">,</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="n">Prop3</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="o">=</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="n">value3</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="p">};</span>
+<a id="__codelineno-23-6" name="__codelineno-23-6"></a><span class="c1">// will result not equal even if container is of same type</span>
+</code></pre></div></td></tr></table></div>
+<h2 id="strings">Strings</h2>
+<p>.NET strings are <em>immutable</em>. The downside of immutability is that string processing can be inefficient.<br />
+If a work performs a series of modifications to a string it will end up allocating a lot of memory, because it will return a separate string for each modification.<br />
+This creates a lot of extra work for .NET's garbage collector, causing the program to use more CPU time than necessary.</p>
+<p>In these situations, it's possible to can use a type called <code>StringBuilder</code>. This is conceptually similar to a string but it is modifiable.</p>
+<div class="highlight"><table class="highlighttable"><tr><th colspan="2" class="filename"><span class="filename">C#</span></th></tr><tr><td class="linenos"><div class="linenodiv"><pre><span></span><span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-24-1">1</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-24-2">2</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-24-3">3</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-24-4">4</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-24-5">5</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-24-6">6</a></span></pre></div></td><td class="code"><div><pre><span></span><code><a id="__codelineno-24-1" name="__codelineno-24-1"></a><span class="s">&quot;string contents here&quot;</span><span class="w">    </span><span class="c1">// string literal</span>
+<a id="__codelineno-24-2" name="__codelineno-24-2"></a><span class="s">@&quot;string contents here&quot;</span><span class="w">    </span><span class="c1">// verbatim string, escape characters printed as-is (raw string literal)</span>
+<a id="__codelineno-24-3" name="__codelineno-24-3"></a><span class="s">$&quot;{variable} contents here&quot;</span><span class="w">    </span><span class="c1">// string interpolation</span>
+<a id="__codelineno-24-4" name="__codelineno-24-4"></a><span class="err">$</span><span class="s">@&quot;{variable} \n contents here&quot;</span><span class="w">    </span><span class="c1">// verbatim string interpolation</span>
+<a id="__codelineno-24-5" name="__codelineno-24-5"></a><span class="kt">string</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="n">stringa_1</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="o">=</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="n">stringa_2</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="o">+</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="s">&quot;string contents here&quot;</span><span class="p">;</span><span class="w">    </span><span class="c1">// string concatenation</span>
+<a id="__codelineno-24-6" name="__codelineno-24-6"></a><span class="n">String</span><span class="p">.</span><span class="n">Length</span><span class="w">    </span><span class="c1">// returns the length of the string</span>
+</code></pre></div></td></tr></table></div>
+<h3 id="string-methods-not-in-place">String Methods (Not In-Place)</h3>
+<div class="highlight"><table class="highlighttable"><tr><th colspan="2" class="filename"><span class="filename">C#</span></th></tr><tr><td class="linenos"><div class="linenodiv"><pre><span></span><span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-25-1"> 1</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-25-2"> 2</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-25-3"> 3</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-25-4"> 4</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-25-5"> 5</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-25-6"> 6</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-25-7"> 7</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-25-8"> 8</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-25-9"> 9</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-25-10">10</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-25-11">11</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-25-12">12</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-25-13">13</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-25-14">14</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-25-15">15</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-25-16">16</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-25-17">17</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-25-18">18</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-25-19">19</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-25-20">20</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-25-21">21</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-25-22">22</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-25-23">23</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-25-24">24</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-25-25">25</a></span></pre></div></td><td class="code"><div><pre><span></span><code><a id="__codelineno-25-1" name="__codelineno-25-1"></a><span class="n">string_</span><span class="p">.</span><span class="n">IndexOf</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="o">&lt;</span><span class="n">character</span><span class="o">/</span><span class="kt">string</span><span class="o">&gt;</span><span class="p">,</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="n">startIndex</span><span class="p">,</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="n">endIndex</span><span class="p">);</span><span class="w">    </span><span class="c1">// index of first occurrence of character/string, -1 otherwise</span>
+<a id="__codelineno-25-2" name="__codelineno-25-2"></a><span class="n">string_</span><span class="p">.</span><span class="n">LastIndexOf</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="o">&lt;</span><span class="n">character</span><span class="o">/</span><span class="kt">string</span><span class="o">&gt;</span><span class="p">,</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="n">startIndex</span><span class="p">,</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="n">endIndex</span><span class="p">);</span><span class="w">    </span><span class="c1">// index last occurrence of character/string, -1 otherwise</span>
+<a id="__codelineno-25-3" name="__codelineno-25-3"></a><span class="n">string_</span><span class="p">.</span><span class="n">IndexOfAny</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="n">char_array</span><span class="p">,</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="n">startIndex</span><span class="p">,</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="n">endIndex</span><span class="p">);</span><span class="w">    </span><span class="c1">// index of any of the characters in the supplied array</span>
+<a id="__codelineno-25-4" name="__codelineno-25-4"></a><span class="n">string_</span><span class="p">.</span><span class="n">Substring</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="n">startIndex</span><span class="p">,</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="n">length</span><span class="p">);</span><span class="w">    </span><span class="c1">// extract substring</span>
+<a id="__codelineno-25-5" name="__codelineno-25-5"></a><span class="n">string_</span><span class="p">.</span><span class="n">Substring</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="n">startIndex</span><span class="p">);</span><span class="w">    </span><span class="c1">// return every character after startIndex</span>
+<a id="__codelineno-25-6" name="__codelineno-25-6"></a><span class="n">string_</span><span class="p">.</span><span class="n">Replace</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="n">oldString</span><span class="p">,</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="n">newString</span><span class="p">);</span><span class="w">    </span><span class="c1">// returns string_ with oldString replaced with newString</span>
+<a id="__codelineno-25-7" name="__codelineno-25-7"></a><span class="n">string_</span><span class="p">.</span><span class="n">Insert</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="n">startIndex</span><span class="p">,</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="n">substring</span><span class="p">);</span><span class="w">    </span><span class="c1">// return string_ inserting substring at position startIndex</span>
+<a id="__codelineno-25-8" name="__codelineno-25-8"></a><span class="n">string_</span><span class="p">.</span><span class="n">Remove</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="n">startIndex</span><span class="p">,</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="n">length</span><span class="p">);</span><span class="w">    </span><span class="c1">// return string_ removing a substring of length length at position startIndex</span>
+<a id="__codelineno-25-9" name="__codelineno-25-9"></a><span class="n">string_</span><span class="p">.</span><span class="n">ToUpper</span><span class="p">();</span><span class="w">    </span><span class="c1">// transforms all string in uppercase characters</span>
+<a id="__codelineno-25-10" name="__codelineno-25-10"></a><span class="n">string_</span><span class="p">.</span><span class="n">ToLower</span><span class="p">();</span><span class="w">    </span><span class="c1">// transforms all string to lowercase characters</span>
+<a id="__codelineno-25-11" name="__codelineno-25-11"></a><span class="n">string_</span><span class="p">.</span><span class="n">Contains</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="n">target</span><span class="p">);</span><span class="w">    </span><span class="c1">// returns True if string contains the target, False otherwise</span>
+<a id="__codelineno-25-12" name="__codelineno-25-12"></a><span class="n">string_</span><span class="p">.</span><span class="n">StartsWith</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="n">substring</span><span class="p">);</span><span class="w">    </span><span class="c1">// Determines whether the start of the string matches the substring.</span>
+<a id="__codelineno-25-13" name="__codelineno-25-13"></a><span class="n">string_</span><span class="p">.</span><span class="n">EndsWith</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="n">substring</span><span class="p">);</span><span class="w">    </span><span class="c1">// Determines whether the end of the string matches the substring.</span>
+<a id="__codelineno-25-14" name="__codelineno-25-14"></a><span class="n">string_</span><span class="p">.</span><span class="n">PadLeft</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="n">n</span><span class="p">,</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="err">&#39;</span><span class="n">character</span><span class="err">&#39;</span><span class="p">);</span><span class="w">    </span><span class="c1">// insert character n times as left padding. In-place operation</span>
+<a id="__codelineno-25-15" name="__codelineno-25-15"></a><span class="n">string_</span><span class="p">.</span><span class="n">PadRight</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="n">n</span><span class="p">,</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="err">&#39;</span><span class="n">character</span><span class="err">&#39;</span><span class="p">);</span><span class="w">    </span><span class="c1">// insert character n times as right padding. In-place operation</span>
+<a id="__codelineno-25-16" name="__codelineno-25-16"></a><span class="n">string_</span><span class="p">.</span><span class="n">TrimStart</span><span class="p">();</span><span class="w">    </span><span class="c1">// trim leading spaces before text</span>
+<a id="__codelineno-25-17" name="__codelineno-25-17"></a><span class="n">string_</span><span class="p">.</span><span class="n">TrimEnd</span><span class="p">();</span><span class="w">    </span><span class="c1">// trim following spaces after text</span>
+<a id="__codelineno-25-18" name="__codelineno-25-18"></a><span class="n">string_</span><span class="p">.</span><span class="n">Trim</span><span class="p">();</span><span class="w">    </span><span class="c1">// trim spaces around text</span>
+<a id="__codelineno-25-19" name="__codelineno-25-19"></a><span class="n">string_</span><span class="p">.</span><span class="n">GetHashCode</span><span class="p">()</span>
+<a id="__codelineno-25-20" name="__codelineno-25-20"></a><span class="n">string_</span><span class="p">.</span><span class="n">Spit</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="err">&#39;</span><span class="o">&lt;</span><span class="n">separator</span><span class="o">&gt;</span><span class="err">&#39;</span><span class="p">);</span><span class="w">    </span><span class="c1">// returns an array separating the string at the occurrences of &lt;separator&gt; (&lt;separator&gt; MUST BE char)</span>
+<a id="__codelineno-25-21" name="__codelineno-25-21"></a>
+<a id="__codelineno-25-22" name="__codelineno-25-22"></a><span class="n">String</span><span class="p">.</span><span class="n">Join</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="err">&#39;</span><span class="o">&lt;</span><span class="n">separator</span><span class="o">&gt;</span><span class="err">&#39;</span><span class="p">,</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="p">(</span><span class="kt">object</span><span class="p">)</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="n">iterable</span><span class="p">);</span><span class="w">    </span><span class="c1">// returns a string from iterable. values separated by &lt;separator&gt; (&lt;separator&gt; MUST BE char)</span>
+<a id="__codelineno-25-23" name="__codelineno-25-23"></a><span class="n">String</span><span class="p">.</span><span class="n">Format</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="s">$&quot;{variable}&quot;</span><span class="p">);</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="c1">// string interpolation outside of a Write/WriteLine</span>
+<a id="__codelineno-25-24" name="__codelineno-25-24"></a>
+<a id="__codelineno-25-25" name="__codelineno-25-25"></a><span class="n">String</span><span class="p">.</span><span class="n">Empty</span><span class="p">;</span><span class="w">  </span><span class="c1">// value of an empty string, used for string init</span>
+</code></pre></div></td></tr></table></div>
+<h3 id="raw-string-literals">Raw string literals</h3>
+<p>Raw string literals can contain arbitrary text, including whitespace, new lines, embedded quotes, and other special characters without requiring escape sequences.<br />
+A raw string literal starts with at least three double-quote (<code>"""</code>) characters. It ends with the same number of double-quote characters.<br />
+Typically, a raw string literal uses three double quotes on a single line to start the string, and three double quotes on a separate line to end the string.
+The newlines following the opening quote and preceding the closing quote aren't included in the final content:</p>
+<div class="highlight"><table class="highlighttable"><tr><th colspan="2" class="filename"><span class="filename">C#</span></th></tr><tr><td class="linenos"><div class="linenodiv"><pre><span></span><span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-26-1">1</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-26-2">2</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-26-3">3</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-26-4">4</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-26-5">5</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-26-6">6</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-26-7">7</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-26-8">8</a></span></pre></div></td><td class="code"><div><pre><span></span><code><a id="__codelineno-26-1" name="__codelineno-26-1"></a><span class="kt">string</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="n">longMessage</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="o">=</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="s">&quot;&quot;&quot;</span>
+<a id="__codelineno-26-2" name="__codelineno-26-2"></a><span class="w">    </span><span class="n">This</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="k">is</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="n">a</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="kt">long</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="n">message</span><span class="p">.</span>
+<a id="__codelineno-26-3" name="__codelineno-26-3"></a><span class="w">    </span><span class="n">It</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="n">has</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="n">several</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="n">lines</span><span class="p">.</span>
+<a id="__codelineno-26-4" name="__codelineno-26-4"></a><span class="w">        </span><span class="n">Some</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="n">are</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="n">indented</span>
+<a id="__codelineno-26-5" name="__codelineno-26-5"></a><span class="w">                </span><span class="n">more</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="n">than</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="n">others</span><span class="p">.</span>
+<a id="__codelineno-26-6" name="__codelineno-26-6"></a><span class="w">    </span><span class="n">Some</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="n">should</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="n">start</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="n">at</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="n">the</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="n">first</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="n">column</span><span class="p">.</span>
+<a id="__codelineno-26-7" name="__codelineno-26-7"></a><span class="w">    </span><span class="n">Some</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="n">have</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="s">&quot;quoted text&quot;</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="k">in</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="n">them</span><span class="p">.</span>
+<a id="__codelineno-26-8" name="__codelineno-26-8"></a><span class="w">    </span><span class="s">&quot;&quot;&quot;;</span>
+</code></pre></div></td></tr></table></div>
+<blockquote>
+<p><strong>Note</strong>: Any whitespace to the left of the closing double quotes will be removed from the string literal.</p>
+</blockquote>
+<p>Raw string literals can be combined with <em>string interpolation</em> to include braces in the output text. Multiple <code>$</code> characters denote how many consecutive braces start and end the interpolation</p>
+<div class="highlight"><table class="highlighttable"><tr><th colspan="2" class="filename"><span class="filename">C#</span></th></tr><tr><td class="linenos"><div class="linenodiv"><pre><span></span><span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-27-1">1</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-27-2">2</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-27-3">3</a></span></pre></div></td><td class="code"><div><pre><span></span><code><a id="__codelineno-27-1" name="__codelineno-27-1"></a><span class="kt">var</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="n">location</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="o">=</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="err">$</span><span class="s">$&quot;&quot;&quot;</span>
+<a id="__codelineno-27-2" name="__codelineno-27-2"></a><span class="w">    </span><span class="n">You</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="n">are</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="n">at</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="p">{{{</span><span class="n">Longitude</span><span class="p">}},</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="p">{{</span><span class="n">Latitude</span><span class="p">}}}</span>
+<a id="__codelineno-27-3" name="__codelineno-27-3"></a><span class="w">    </span><span class="s">&quot;&quot;&quot;;</span>
+</code></pre></div></td></tr></table></div>
+<hr />
+<h2 id="nullable-types">Nullable Types</h2>
+<h3 id="nullable-value-types"><a href="https://docs.microsoft.com/en-us/dotnet/csharp/language-reference/builtin-types/nullable-value-types">Nullable value types</a></h3>
+<p>A <strong>nullable value type</strong> <code>T?</code> represents all values of its underlying value type <code>T</code> and an additional <code>null</code> value.</p>
+<p>Any nullable value type is an instance of the generic <code>System.Nullable&lt;T&gt;</code> structure.<br />
+Refer to a nullable value type with an underlying type <code>T</code> in any of the following interchangeable forms: <code>Nullable&lt;T&gt;</code> or <code>T?</code>.</p>
+<p><strong>Note</strong>: Nullable Value Types default to <code>null</code>.</p>
+<p>When a nullable type is boxed, the common language runtime automatically boxes the underlying value of the <code>Nullable&lt;T&gt;</code> object, not the <code>Nullable&lt;T&gt;</code> object itself. That is, if the HasValue property is true, the contents of the <code>Value</code> property is boxed. When the underlying value of a nullable type is unboxed, the common language runtime creates a new <code>Nullable&lt;T&gt;</code> structure initialized to the underlying value.</p>
+<p>If the <code>HasValue</code> property of a nullable type is <code>false</code>, the result of a boxing operation is <code>null</code>. Consequently, if a boxed nullable type is passed to a method that expects an object argument, that method must be prepared to handle the case where the argument is <code>null</code>. When <code>null</code> is unboxed into a nullable type, the common language runtime creates a new <code>Nullable&lt;T&gt;</code> structure and initializes its <code>HasValue</code> property to <code>false</code>.</p>
+<div class="highlight"><table class="highlighttable"><tr><th colspan="2" class="filename"><span class="filename">C#</span></th></tr><tr><td class="linenos"><div class="linenodiv"><pre><span></span><span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-28-1">1</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-28-2">2</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-28-3">3</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-28-4">4</a></span></pre></div></td><td class="code"><div><pre><span></span><code><a id="__codelineno-28-1" name="__codelineno-28-1"></a><span class="n">Type</span><span class="o">?</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="n">nullableValueType</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="o">=</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="k">default</span><span class="p">;</span><span class="w">  </span><span class="c1">// assigns null</span>
+<a id="__codelineno-28-2" name="__codelineno-28-2"></a>
+<a id="__codelineno-28-3" name="__codelineno-28-3"></a><span class="n">nullableValueType</span><span class="p">.</span><span class="n">HasValue</span><span class="w">  </span><span class="c1">// boolean, use for null check</span>
+<a id="__codelineno-28-4" name="__codelineno-28-4"></a><span class="n">nullableValueType</span><span class="p">.</span><span class="n">Value</span><span class="w">  </span><span class="c1">// underlying value type contents</span>
+</code></pre></div></td></tr></table></div>
+<h3 id="nullable-reference-types"><a href="https://docs.microsoft.com/en-us/dotnet/csharp/nullable-references">Nullable reference types</a></h3>
+<p>C# 8.0 introduces nullable reference types and non-nullable reference types that enable to make important statements about the properties for reference type variables:</p>
+<ul>
+<li>
+<p><strong>A reference isn't supposed to be null</strong>. When variables aren't supposed to be null, the compiler enforces rules that ensure it's safe to dereference these variables without first checking that it isn't null:</p>
+</li>
+<li>
+<p>The variable must be initialized to a non-null value.</p>
+</li>
+<li>
+<p>The variable can never be assigned the value null.</p>
+</li>
+<li>
+<p><strong>A reference may be null</strong>. When variables may be null, the compiler enforces different rules to ensure that you've correctly checked for a null reference:</p>
+</li>
+<li>The variable may only be dereferenced when the compiler can guarantee that the value isn't null.</li>
+<li>These variables may be initialized with the default null value and may be assigned the value null in other code.</li>
+</ul>
+<p>The <code>?</code> character appended to a reference type declares a nullable reference type.
+The <strong>null-forgiving operator</strong> <code>!</code> may be appended to an expression to declare that the expression isn't null.
+Any variable where the <code>?</code> isn't appended to the type name is a non-nullable reference type.</p>
+<h4 id="nullability-of-types">Nullability of types</h4>
+<p>Any reference type can have one of four <em>nullabilities</em>, which describes when warnings are generated:</p>
+<ul>
+<li><em>Nonnullable</em>: Null can't be assigned to variables of this type. Variables of this type don't need to be null-checked before dereferencing.</li>
+<li><em>Nullable</em>: Null can be assigned to variables of this type. Dereferencing variables of this type without first checking for null causes a warning.</li>
+<li><em>Oblivious</em>: Oblivious is the pre-C# 8.0 state. Variables of this type can be dereferenced or assigned without warnings.</li>
+<li><em>Unknown</em>: Unknown is generally for type parameters where constraints don't tell the compiler that the type must be nullable or nonnullable.</li>
+</ul>
+<p>The nullability of a type in a variable declaration is controlled by the nullable context in which the variable is declared.</p>
+<h4 id="nullable-context">Nullable Context</h4>
+<p>Nullable contexts enable fine-grained control for how the compiler interprets reference type variables.</p>
+<p>Valid settings are:</p>
+<ul>
+<li><em>enable</em>: The nullable annotation context is <em>enabled</em>. The nullable warning context is <em>enabled</em>.
+  Variables of a reference type are non-nullable, all nullability warnings are enabled.</li>
+<li><em>warnings</em>: The nullable annotation context is <em>disabled</em>. The nullable warning context is <em>enabled</em>.
+  Variables of a reference type are oblivious; all nullability warnings are enabled.</li>
+<li><em>annotations</em>: The nullable annotation context is <em>enabled</em>. The nullable warning context is <em>disabled</em>.
+  Variables of a reference type are non-nullable; all nullability warnings are disabled.</li>
+<li><em>disable</em>: The nullable annotation context is <em>disabled</em>. The nullable warning context is <em>disabled</em>.
+  Variables of a reference type are oblivious, just like earlier versions of C#; all nullability warnings are disabled.</li>
+</ul>
+<p>In <code>Project.csproj</code>:</p>
+<div class="highlight"><table class="highlighttable"><tr><th colspan="2" class="filename"><span class="filename">XML</span></th></tr><tr><td class="linenos"><div class="linenodiv"><pre><span></span><span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-29-1">1</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-29-2">2</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-29-3">3</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-29-4">4</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-29-5">5</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-29-6">6</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-29-7">7</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-29-8">8</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-29-9">9</a></span></pre></div></td><td class="code"><div><pre><span></span><code><a id="__codelineno-29-1" name="__codelineno-29-1"></a><span class="nt">&lt;Project</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="na">Sdk=</span><span class="s">&quot;Microsoft.NET.Sdk&quot;</span><span class="nt">&gt;</span>
+<a id="__codelineno-29-2" name="__codelineno-29-2"></a><span class="w">    </span><span class="nt">&lt;PropertyGroup&gt;</span>
+<a id="__codelineno-29-3" name="__codelineno-29-3"></a><span class="w">        </span><span class="nt">&lt;OutputType&gt;</span>Exe<span class="nt">&lt;/OutputType&gt;</span>
+<a id="__codelineno-29-4" name="__codelineno-29-4"></a><span class="w">        </span><span class="nt">&lt;TargetFramework&gt;</span>...<span class="nt">&lt;/TargetFramework&gt;</span>
+<a id="__codelineno-29-5" name="__codelineno-29-5"></a>
+<a id="__codelineno-29-6" name="__codelineno-29-6"></a><span class="w">        </span><span class="cm">&lt;!-- set nullabilty context at project level --&gt;</span>
+<a id="__codelineno-29-7" name="__codelineno-29-7"></a><span class="w">        </span><span class="nt">&lt;Nullable&gt;</span>enable<span class="w"> </span>|<span class="w"> </span>warning<span class="w"> </span>|<span class="w"> </span>annotations<span class="w"> </span>|<span class="w"> </span>disable<span class="nt">&lt;/Nullable&gt;</span>
+<a id="__codelineno-29-8" name="__codelineno-29-8"></a><span class="w">    </span><span class="nt">&lt;/PropertyGroup&gt;</span>
+<a id="__codelineno-29-9" name="__codelineno-29-9"></a><span class="nt">&lt;/Project&gt;</span>
+</code></pre></div></td></tr></table></div>
+<p>In <code>Program.cs</code>:</p>
+<div class="highlight"><table class="highlighttable"><tr><th colspan="2" class="filename"><span class="filename">C#</span></th></tr><tr><td class="linenos"><div class="linenodiv"><pre><span></span><span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-30-1">1</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-30-2">2</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-30-3">3</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-30-4">4</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-30-5">5</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-30-6">6</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-30-7">7</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-30-8">8</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-30-9">9</a></span></pre></div></td><td class="code"><div><pre><span></span><code><a id="__codelineno-30-1" name="__codelineno-30-1"></a><span class="err">#</span><span class="n">nullable</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="n">enable</span><span class="w">  </span><span class="c1">// Sets the nullable annotation context and nullable warning context to enabled.</span>
+<a id="__codelineno-30-2" name="__codelineno-30-2"></a><span class="err">#</span><span class="n">nullable</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="n">disable</span><span class="w">  </span><span class="c1">// Sets the nullable annotation context and nullable warning context to disabled.</span>
+<a id="__codelineno-30-3" name="__codelineno-30-3"></a><span class="err">#</span><span class="n">nullable</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="n">restore</span><span class="w">  </span><span class="c1">// Restores the nullable annotation context and nullable warning context to the project settings.</span>
+<a id="__codelineno-30-4" name="__codelineno-30-4"></a><span class="err">#</span><span class="n">nullable</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="n">disable</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="n">warnings</span><span class="w">  </span><span class="c1">// Set the nullable warning context to disabled.</span>
+<a id="__codelineno-30-5" name="__codelineno-30-5"></a><span class="err">#</span><span class="n">nullable</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="n">enable</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="n">warnings</span><span class="w">  </span><span class="c1">// Set the nullable warning context to enabled.</span>
+<a id="__codelineno-30-6" name="__codelineno-30-6"></a><span class="err">#</span><span class="n">nullable</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="n">restore</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="n">warnings</span><span class="w">  </span><span class="c1">// Restores the nullable warning context to the project settings.</span>
+<a id="__codelineno-30-7" name="__codelineno-30-7"></a><span class="err">#</span><span class="n">nullable</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="n">disable</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="n">annotations</span><span class="w">  </span><span class="c1">// Set the nullable annotation context to disabled.</span>
+<a id="__codelineno-30-8" name="__codelineno-30-8"></a><span class="err">#</span><span class="n">nullable</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="n">enable</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="n">annotations</span><span class="w">  </span><span class="c1">// Set the nullable annotation context to enabled.</span>
+<a id="__codelineno-30-9" name="__codelineno-30-9"></a><span class="err">#</span><span class="n">nullable</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="n">restore</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="n">annotations</span><span class="w">  </span><span class="c1">// Restores the annotation warning context to the project settings.</span>
+</code></pre></div></td></tr></table></div>
+<h3 id="null-conditional-null-coalescing-null-forgiving-operator-null-checks">Null Conditional, Null Coalescing, Null Forgiving Operator, Null Checks</h3>
+<div class="highlight"><table class="highlighttable"><tr><th colspan="2" class="filename"><span class="filename">C#</span></th></tr><tr><td class="linenos"><div class="linenodiv"><pre><span></span><span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-31-1"> 1</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-31-2"> 2</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-31-3"> 3</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-31-4"> 4</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-31-5"> 5</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-31-6"> 6</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-31-7"> 7</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-31-8"> 8</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-31-9"> 9</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-31-10">10</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-31-11">11</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-31-12">12</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-31-13">13</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-31-14">14</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-31-15">15</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-31-16">16</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-31-17">17</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-31-18">18</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-31-19">19</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-31-20">20</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-31-21">21</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-31-22">22</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-31-23">23</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-31-24">24</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-31-25">25</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-31-26">26</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-31-27">27</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-31-28">28</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-31-29">29</a></span></pre></div></td><td class="code"><div><pre><span></span><code><a id="__codelineno-31-1" name="__codelineno-31-1"></a><span class="n">Type</span><span class="o">?</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="n">variable</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="o">=</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="k">null</span><span class="p">;</span><span class="w">  </span><span class="c1">// the variable can also contain the NULL value (nullable type)</span>
+<a id="__codelineno-31-2" name="__codelineno-31-2"></a>
+<a id="__codelineno-31-3" name="__codelineno-31-3"></a><span class="o">&lt;</span><span class="n">expr</span><span class="o">&gt;!</span><span class="w">  </span><span class="c1">// declare explicitly that the expression is not null (null forgiving operator)</span>
+<a id="__codelineno-31-4" name="__codelineno-31-4"></a>
+<a id="__codelineno-31-5" name="__codelineno-31-5"></a><span class="p">(</span><span class="n">variable</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="o">==</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="k">null</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="o">?</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="k">null</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="p">:</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="n">variable</span><span class="p">.</span><span class="n">property</span><span class="p">)</span>
+<a id="__codelineno-31-6" name="__codelineno-31-6"></a><span class="c1">// same as</span>
+<a id="__codelineno-31-7" name="__codelineno-31-7"></a><span class="n">variable</span><span class="o">?.</span><span class="n">property</span><span class="w">  </span><span class="c1">// if variable != null access it&#39;s property (null conditional), return null otherwise</span>
+<a id="__codelineno-31-8" name="__codelineno-31-8"></a>
+<a id="__codelineno-31-9" name="__codelineno-31-9"></a><span class="k">if</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="p">(</span><span class="n">variable</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="o">!=</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="k">null</span><span class="p">)</span>
+<a id="__codelineno-31-10" name="__codelineno-31-10"></a><span class="p">{</span>
+<a id="__codelineno-31-11" name="__codelineno-31-11"></a><span class="w">    </span><span class="k">return</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="n">variable</span><span class="p">;</span>
+<a id="__codelineno-31-12" name="__codelineno-31-12"></a><span class="p">}</span>
+<a id="__codelineno-31-13" name="__codelineno-31-13"></a><span class="k">else</span>
+<a id="__codelineno-31-14" name="__codelineno-31-14"></a><span class="p">{</span>
+<a id="__codelineno-31-15" name="__codelineno-31-15"></a><span class="w">    </span><span class="k">return</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="k">value</span><span class="p">;</span>
+<a id="__codelineno-31-16" name="__codelineno-31-16"></a><span class="p">}</span>
+<a id="__codelineno-31-17" name="__codelineno-31-17"></a><span class="c1">// same as</span>
+<a id="__codelineno-31-18" name="__codelineno-31-18"></a><span class="kt">var</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="n">variable</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="o">=</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="kt">var</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="o">??</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="k">value</span><span class="w">  </span><span class="c1">// return var if var != null, return value otherwise</span>
+<a id="__codelineno-31-19" name="__codelineno-31-19"></a>
+<a id="__codelineno-31-20" name="__codelineno-31-20"></a><span class="n">variable</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="o">=</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="n">variable</span><span class="o">?.</span><span class="n">property</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="o">??</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="k">value</span><span class="w">  </span><span class="c1">// if (variable == null) -&gt; variable = value -- null coalescing</span>
+<a id="__codelineno-31-21" name="__codelineno-31-21"></a><span class="c1">// same as</span>
+<a id="__codelineno-31-22" name="__codelineno-31-22"></a><span class="n">variable</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="o">??=</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="k">value</span><span class="p">;</span><span class="w">  </span><span class="c1">// if (variable == null) -&gt; variable = value -- null coalescing</span>
+<a id="__codelineno-31-23" name="__codelineno-31-23"></a>
+<a id="__codelineno-31-24" name="__codelineno-31-24"></a><span class="c1">// null checks through patter matching</span>
+<a id="__codelineno-31-25" name="__codelineno-31-25"></a><span class="n">variable</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="k">is</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="k">null</span>
+<a id="__codelineno-31-26" name="__codelineno-31-26"></a><span class="n">variable</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="k">is</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="n">not</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="k">null</span>
+<a id="__codelineno-31-27" name="__codelineno-31-27"></a>
+<a id="__codelineno-31-28" name="__codelineno-31-28"></a><span class="c1">// null parameter checking [C# 10]</span>
+<a id="__codelineno-31-29" name="__codelineno-31-29"></a><span class="n">ArgumentNullException</span><span class="p">.</span><span class="n">ThrowIfNull</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="n">obj</span><span class="p">);</span>
+</code></pre></div></td></tr></table></div>
+<h3 id="nullable-attributes">Nullable Attributes</h3>
+<p>It's possible to apply a number of attributes that provide information to the compiler about the semantics of APIs.
+That information helps the compiler perform static analysis and determine when a variable is not null.</p>
+<ul>
+<li><code>AllowNull</code>: A non-nullable input argument may be null.</li>
+<li><code>DisallowNull</code>: A nullable input argument should never be null.</li>
+<li><code>MaybeNull</code>: A non-nullable return value may be null.</li>
+<li><code>NotNull</code>: A nullable return value will never be null.</li>
+<li><code>MaybeNullWhen</code>: A non-nullable input argument may be null when the method returns the specified bool value.</li>
+<li><code>NotNullWhen</code>: A nullable input argument will not be null when the method returns the specified bool value.</li>
+<li><code>NotNullIfNotNull</code>: A return value isn't null if the argument for the specified parameter isn't null.</li>
+<li><code>DoesNotReturn</code>: A method never returns. In other words, it always throws an exception.</li>
+<li><code>DoesNotReturnIf</code>: This method never returns if the associated bool parameter has the specified value.</li>
+</ul>
+<hr />
+<h2 id="type-conversion">Type Conversion</h2>
+<div class="highlight"><table class="highlighttable"><tr><th colspan="2" class="filename"><span class="filename">C#</span></th></tr><tr><td class="linenos"><div class="linenodiv"><pre><span></span><span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-32-1"> 1</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-32-2"> 2</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-32-3"> 3</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-32-4"> 4</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-32-5"> 5</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-32-6"> 6</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-32-7"> 7</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-32-8"> 8</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-32-9"> 9</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-32-10">10</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-32-11">11</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-32-12">12</a></span></pre></div></td><td class="code"><div><pre><span></span><code><a id="__codelineno-32-1" name="__codelineno-32-1"></a><span class="n">variable</span><span class="p">.</span><span class="n">GetType</span><span class="p">();</span><span class="w">  </span><span class="c1">// System type of variable</span>
+<a id="__codelineno-32-2" name="__codelineno-32-2"></a>
+<a id="__codelineno-32-3" name="__codelineno-32-3"></a><span class="p">(</span><span class="n">type</span><span class="p">)</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="n">variable</span><span class="w">  </span><span class="c1">// explicit conversion</span>
+<a id="__codelineno-32-4" name="__codelineno-32-4"></a><span class="n">numericalType</span><span class="p">.</span><span class="n">ToSting</span><span class="p">();</span><span class="w">     </span><span class="c1">// convert numerical value to a string</span>
+<a id="__codelineno-32-5" name="__codelineno-32-5"></a><span class="n">numericalType</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="n">variable</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="o">=</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="o">&lt;</span><span class="n">SystemType</span><span class="o">/</span><span class="n">Type</span><span class="o">&gt;</span><span class="p">.</span><span class="n">Parse</span><span class="p">();</span><span class="w">    </span><span class="c1">// convert string to numerical data type (can cause exception at runtime)</span>
+<a id="__codelineno-32-6" name="__codelineno-32-6"></a>
+<a id="__codelineno-32-7" name="__codelineno-32-7"></a><span class="o">&lt;</span><span class="n">SystemType</span><span class="o">/</span><span class="n">Type</span><span class="o">&gt;</span><span class="p">.</span><span class="n">TryParse</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="k">value</span><span class="p">,</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="k">out</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="n">variable</span><span class="p">);</span><span class="w">    </span><span class="c1">// improved version of Parse()</span>
+<a id="__codelineno-32-8" name="__codelineno-32-8"></a><span class="cm">/* attempts to parse a string into the given numeric data type.</span>
+<a id="__codelineno-32-9" name="__codelineno-32-9"></a><span class="cm">If successful, it will store the converted value in an OUT PARAMETER.</span>
+<a id="__codelineno-32-10" name="__codelineno-32-10"></a><span class="cm">It returns a bool to indicate if it was successful or not */</span>
+<a id="__codelineno-32-11" name="__codelineno-32-11"></a>
+<a id="__codelineno-32-12" name="__codelineno-32-12"></a><span class="n">Convert</span><span class="p">.</span><span class="n">To</span><span class="o">&lt;</span><span class="n">SystemType</span><span class="o">&gt;</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="n">variable</span><span class="p">);</span><span class="w">    </span><span class="c1">// proper conversion and round-up of values (no truncation of values)</span>
+</code></pre></div></td></tr></table></div>
+<h3 id="converting-from-any-type-to-a-string">Converting from any type to a string</h3>
+<p>The <code>ToString</code> method converts the current value of any variable into a textual representation. Some types can't be sensibly represented as text, so they return their namespace and type name.</p>
+<h3 id="number-downcasting">Number Downcasting</h3>
+<p>The rule for rounding (in explicit casting) in C# is subtly different from the primary school rule:</p>
+<ul>
+<li>It always rounds <em>down</em> if the decimal part is less than the midpoint <code>.5</code>.</li>
+<li>It always rounds <em>up</em> if the decimal part is more than the midpoint <code>.5</code>.</li>
+<li>It will round <em>up</em> if the decimal part is the midpoint <code>.5</code> and the non-decimal part is odd, but it will round <em>down</em> if the non-decimal part is even.</li>
+</ul>
+<p>This rule is known as <strong>Banker's Rounding</strong>, and it is preferred because it reduces bias by alternating when it rounds up or down.</p>
+<h3 id="converting-from-a-binary-object-to-a-string">Converting from a binary object to a string</h3>
+<p>The safest thing to do is to convert the binary object into a string of safe characters. Programmers call this <strong>Base64 encoding</strong>.<br />
+The <code>Convert</code> type has a pair of methods, <code>ToBase64String</code> and <code>FromBase64String</code>, that perform this conversion.</p>
+<h3 id="parsing-from-strings-to-numbers-or-dates-and-times">Parsing from strings to numbers or dates and times</h3>
+<p>The second most common conversion is from strings to numbers or date and time values.<br />
+The opposite of <code>ToString</code> is <code>Parse</code>. Only a few types have a <code>Parse</code> method, including all the number types and <code>DateTime</code>.</p>
+<hr />
+<h2 id="preprocessor-directives">Preprocessor Directives</h2>
+<p>C# offers a <code>#define</code> directive that lets you define a compilation symbol.<br />
+These symbols are commonly used in conjunction with the <code>#if</code> directive to compile code in different ways for different situations.<br />
+It's common to define compilation symbols through the <em>compiler build settings</em>: open up the <code>.csproj</code> file and define the values you want in a <code>&lt;DefineConstants&gt;</code> element of any <code>&lt;PropertyGroup&gt;</code>.</p>
+<p>Compilation symbols are typically used in conjunction with the <code>#if</code>, <code>#else</code>, <code>#elif</code>, and <code>#endif</code> directives (<code>#if false</code> also exists).</p>
+<p>The <em>.NET SDK</em> defines certain symbols by default. It supports two configurations: <strong>Debug</strong> and <strong>Release</strong>.<br />
+It defines a <code>DEBUG</code> compilation symbol in the Debug configuration, whereas Release will define <code>RELEASE</code> instead.<br />
+It defines a symbol called <code>TRACE</code> in both configurations.</p>
+<div class="highlight"><table class="highlighttable"><tr><th colspan="2" class="filename"><span class="filename">C#</span></th></tr><tr><td class="linenos"><div class="linenodiv"><pre><span></span><span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-33-1">1</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-33-2">2</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-33-3">3</a></span></pre></div></td><td class="code"><div><pre><span></span><code><a id="__codelineno-33-1" name="__codelineno-33-1"></a><span class="cp">#if DEBUG</span>
+<a id="__codelineno-33-2" name="__codelineno-33-2"></a><span class="w">    </span><span class="c1">// instructions</span>
+<a id="__codelineno-33-3" name="__codelineno-33-3"></a><span class="cp">#endif</span>
+</code></pre></div></td></tr></table></div>
+<p>C# provides a more subtle mechanism to support this sort of thing, called a <em>conditional method</em>.<br />
+The compiler recognizes an attribute defined by the .NET class libraries, called <code>ConditionalAttribute</code>, for which it provides special compile time behavior.<br />
+Method annotated with this attribute will not be present in a non-Debug release.</p>
+<div class="highlight"><table class="highlighttable"><tr><th colspan="2" class="filename"><span class="filename">C#</span></th></tr><tr><td class="linenos"><div class="linenodiv"><pre><span></span><span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-34-1">1</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-34-2">2</a></span></pre></div></td><td class="code"><div><pre><span></span><code><a id="__codelineno-34-1" name="__codelineno-34-1"></a><span class="na">[System.Diagnostics.Conditional(&quot;DEBUG&quot;)]</span>
+<a id="__codelineno-34-2" name="__codelineno-34-2"></a><span class="n">Type</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="nf">Method</span><span class="p">()</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="p">{</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="p">...</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="p">}</span>
+</code></pre></div></td></tr></table></div>
+<h3 id="error-and-warning"><code>#error</code> and <code>#warning</code></h3>
+<p>C# allows choose to generate <em>compiler errors</em> or warnings with the <code>#error</code> and <code>#warning</code> directives. These are typically used inside conditional regions.</p>
+<div class="highlight"><table class="highlighttable"><tr><th colspan="2" class="filename"><span class="filename">C#</span></th></tr><tr><td class="linenos"><div class="linenodiv"><pre><span></span><span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-35-1">1</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-35-2">2</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-35-3">3</a></span></pre></div></td><td class="code"><div><pre><span></span><code><a id="__codelineno-35-1" name="__codelineno-35-1"></a><span class="cp">#if NETSTANDARD</span>
+<a id="__codelineno-35-2" name="__codelineno-35-2"></a><span class="w">    </span><span class="cp">#error .NET Standard is not a supported target for this source file</span>
+<a id="__codelineno-35-3" name="__codelineno-35-3"></a><span class="cp">#endif</span>
+</code></pre></div></td></tr></table></div>
+<h3 id="pragma"><code>#pragma</code></h3>
+<p>The <code>#pragma</code> directive provides two features: it can be used to disable selected compiler warnings, and it can also be used to override the checksum values the compiler puts into the <code>.pdb</code> file it generates containing debug information.<br />
+Both of these are designed primarily for code generation scenarios, although they can occasionally be useful to disable warnings in ordinary code.</p>
+<div class="highlight"><table class="highlighttable"><tr><th colspan="2" class="filename"><span class="filename">C#</span></th></tr><tr><td class="linenos"><div class="linenodiv"><pre><span></span><span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-36-1">1</a></span></pre></div></td><td class="code"><div><pre><span></span><code><a id="__codelineno-36-1" name="__codelineno-36-1"></a><span class="cp">#pragma warning disable CS&lt;number&gt;</span>
+</code></pre></div></td></tr></table></div>
+<hr />
+<h2 id="expressions-operators">Expressions &amp; Operators</h2>
+<h3 id="primary-expressions">Primary Expressions</h3>
+<table>
+<thead>
+<tr>
+<th>Syntax</th>
+<th>Operation</th>
+</tr>
+</thead>
+<tbody>
+<tr>
+<td>x<code>.</code>m</td>
+<td>access to member <code>m</code> of object <code>x</code> ("." &rarr; member access operator)</td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+<td>x<code>(...)</code></td>
+<td>method invocation ("()" &rarr; method invocation operator)</td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+<td>x<code>[...]</code></td>
+<td>array access</td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+<td><code>new</code> T(...)</td>
+<td>object instantiation</td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+<td><code>new</code> T(...)<code>{...}</code></td>
+<td>object instantiation with initial values</td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+<td><code>new</code> T[...]</td>
+<td>array creation</td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+<td><code>typeof(T)</code></td>
+<td>System.Type of object x</td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+<td><code>nameof(x)</code></td>
+<td>name of variable x</td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+<td><code>sizeof(x)</code></td>
+<td>size of variable x</td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+<td><code>default(T)</code></td>
+<td>default value of <code>T</code></td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+<td><code>x!</code></td>
+<td>declare x as not null</td>
+</tr>
+</tbody>
+</table>
+<h3 id="unary-operators">Unary Operators</h3>
+<table>
+<thead>
+<tr>
+<th>Operator</th>
+<th>Operation</th>
+</tr>
+</thead>
+<tbody>
+<tr>
+<td><code>+</code>x</td>
+<td>identity</td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+<td><code>-</code>x</td>
+<td>negation</td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+<td><code>!</code>x</td>
+<td>logic negation</td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+<td><code>~</code>x</td>
+<td>binary negation</td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+<td><code>++</code>x</td>
+<td>pre-increment</td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+<td><code>--</code>x</td>
+<td>pre-decrement</td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+<td>x<code>++</code></td>
+<td>post-increment</td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+<td>x<code>--</code></td>
+<td>post decrement</td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+<td><code>(type)</code>x</td>
+<td>explicit casting</td>
+</tr>
+</tbody>
+</table>
+<h3 id="mathematical-operators">Mathematical Operators</h3>
+<table>
+<thead>
+<tr>
+<th>Operator</th>
+<th>Operation</th>
+</tr>
+</thead>
+<tbody>
+<tr>
+<td>x <code>+</code> y</td>
+<td>addition, string concatenation</td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+<td>x <code>-</code> y</td>
+<td>subtraction</td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+<td>x <code>*</code> y</td>
+<td>multiplication</td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+<td>x <code>/</code> y</td>
+<td>integer division,</td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+<td>x <code>%</code> y</td>
+<td>modulo, remainder</td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+<td>x <code>&lt;&lt;</code> y</td>
+<td>left bit shift</td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+<td>x <code>&gt;&gt;</code> y</td>
+<td>right bit shift</td>
+</tr>
+</tbody>
+</table>
+<h3 id="relational-operators">Relational Operators</h3>
+<table>
+<thead>
+<tr>
+<th>Operator</th>
+<th>Operation</th>
+</tr>
+</thead>
+<tbody>
+<tr>
+<td>x <code>&lt;</code> y</td>
+<td>less than</td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+<td>x <code>&lt;=</code> y</td>
+<td>less or equal to</td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+<td>x <code>&gt;</code> y</td>
+<td>greater than</td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+<td>x <code>&gt;=</code> y</td>
+<td>greater or equal to</td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+<td>x <code>is</code> T</td>
+<td><code>true</code> if <code>x</code> is an object of type <code>T</code></td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+<td>x <code>==</code> y</td>
+<td>equality</td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+<td>x <code>!=</code> y</td>
+<td>inequality</td>
+</tr>
+</tbody>
+</table>
+<h3 id="logical-operators">Logical Operators</h3>
+<table>
+<thead>
+<tr>
+<th>Operator</th>
+<th>Operation</th>
+<th>Name</th>
+</tr>
+</thead>
+<tbody>
+<tr>
+<td><code>~</code>x</td>
+<td>bitwise NOT</td>
+<td></td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+<td>x <code>&amp;</code> y</td>
+<td>bitwise AND</td>
+<td></td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+<td>x <code>^</code> y</td>
+<td>bitwise XOR</td>
+<td></td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+<td>x <code>|</code> y</td>
+<td>bitwise OR</td>
+<td></td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+<td>x <code>&amp;&amp;</code> y</td>
+<td>evaluate <code>y</code> only if <code>x</code> is <code>true</code></td>
+<td></td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+<td>x <code>||</code> y</td>
+<td>evaluate <code>y</code> only if <code>x</code> is <code>false</code></td>
+<td></td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+<td>x <code>??</code> y</td>
+<td>evaluates to <code>y</code> only if <code>x</code> is <code>null</code>, <code>x</code> otherwise</td>
+<td>Null coalescing</td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+<td>x<code>?.</code>y</td>
+<td>stop if <code>x == null</code>, evaluate <code>x.y</code> otherwise</td>
+<td>Null conditional</td>
+</tr>
+</tbody>
+</table>
+<h3 id="assignment">Assignment</h3>
+<table>
+<thead>
+<tr>
+<th>Operator</th>
+<th>Operation</th>
+</tr>
+</thead>
+<tbody>
+<tr>
+<td>x <code>+=</code> y</td>
+<td>x = x + y</td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+<td>x <code>-=</code> y</td>
+<td>x = x - y</td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+<td>x <code>*=</code> y</td>
+<td>x = x * y</td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+<td>x <code>/=</code> y</td>
+<td>x = x / y</td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+<td>x <code>%=</code> y</td>
+<td>x = x % y</td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+<td>x <code>&lt;&lt;=</code> y</td>
+<td>x = x &lt;&lt; y</td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+<td>x <code>&gt;&gt;=</code> y</td>
+<td>x = x &gt;&gt; y</td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+<td>x <code>&amp;=</code> y</td>
+<td>x = x &amp; y</td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+<td>x <code>|=</code> y</td>
+<td>x = x</td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+<td>x <code>^=</code> y</td>
+<td>x = x ^ y</td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+<td>x <code>??=</code> y</td>
+<td>if (x == null) {x = y}</td>
+</tr>
+</tbody>
+</table>
+<h3 id="conditional-operator">Conditional Operator</h3>
+<p><code>&lt;condition&gt; ? &lt;return_if_condition_true&gt; : &lt;return_if_condition_false&gt;;</code></p>
+<h2 id="decision-statements">Decision Statements</h2>
+<h3 id="if-else-if-else"><code>If</code>-<code>Else If</code>-<code>Else</code></h3>
+<div class="highlight"><table class="highlighttable"><tr><th colspan="2" class="filename"><span class="filename">C#</span></th></tr><tr><td class="linenos"><div class="linenodiv"><pre><span></span><span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-37-1"> 1</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-37-2"> 2</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-37-3"> 3</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-37-4"> 4</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-37-5"> 5</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-37-6"> 6</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-37-7"> 7</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-37-8"> 8</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-37-9"> 9</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-37-10">10</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-37-11">11</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-37-12">12</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-37-13">13</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-37-14">14</a></span></pre></div></td><td class="code"><div><pre><span></span><code><a id="__codelineno-37-1" name="__codelineno-37-1"></a><span class="n">Object</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="n">o</span><span class="p">;</span>
+<a id="__codelineno-37-2" name="__codelineno-37-2"></a>
+<a id="__codelineno-37-3" name="__codelineno-37-3"></a><span class="k">if</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="p">(</span><span class="n">condition</span><span class="p">)</span>
+<a id="__codelineno-37-4" name="__codelineno-37-4"></a><span class="p">{</span>
+<a id="__codelineno-37-5" name="__codelineno-37-5"></a><span class="w">    </span><span class="c1">// code here</span>
+<a id="__codelineno-37-6" name="__codelineno-37-6"></a><span class="p">}</span>
+<a id="__codelineno-37-7" name="__codelineno-37-7"></a><span class="k">else</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="nf">if</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="p">(</span><span class="n">o</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="k">is</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="n">Type</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="n">t</span><span class="p">)</span><span class="w">  </span><span class="c1">// test variable to determine if matches a type</span>
+<a id="__codelineno-37-8" name="__codelineno-37-8"></a><span class="p">{</span>
+<a id="__codelineno-37-9" name="__codelineno-37-9"></a><span class="w">    </span><span class="c1">// t gets the value of o if the test succeeds</span>
+<a id="__codelineno-37-10" name="__codelineno-37-10"></a><span class="p">}</span>
+<a id="__codelineno-37-11" name="__codelineno-37-11"></a><span class="k">else</span>
+<a id="__codelineno-37-12" name="__codelineno-37-12"></a><span class="p">{</span>
+<a id="__codelineno-37-13" name="__codelineno-37-13"></a><span class="w">    </span><span class="c1">// code here</span>
+<a id="__codelineno-37-14" name="__codelineno-37-14"></a><span class="p">}</span>
+</code></pre></div></td></tr></table></div>
+<h3 id="pattern-matching">Pattern Matching</h3>
+<p><a href="https://learn.microsoft.com/en-us/dotnet/csharp/language-reference/operators/patterns">Pattern Matching</a></p>
+<p>A pattern describes one or more criteria that a value can be tested against. It's usable in switch statements, switch expressions and if statements.</p>
+<div class="highlight"><table class="highlighttable"><tr><th colspan="2" class="filename"><span class="filename">C#</span></th></tr><tr><td class="linenos"><div class="linenodiv"><pre><span></span><span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-38-1"> 1</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-38-2"> 2</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-38-3"> 3</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-38-4"> 4</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-38-5"> 5</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-38-6"> 6</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-38-7"> 7</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-38-8"> 8</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-38-9"> 9</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-38-10">10</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-38-11">11</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-38-12">12</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-38-13">13</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-38-14">14</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-38-15">15</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-38-16">16</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-38-17">17</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-38-18">18</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-38-19">19</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-38-20">20</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-38-21">21</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-38-22">22</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-38-23">23</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-38-24">24</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-38-25">25</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-38-26">26</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-38-27">27</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-38-28">28</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-38-29">29</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-38-30">30</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-38-31">31</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-38-32">32</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-38-33">33</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-38-34">34</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-38-35">35</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-38-36">36</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-38-37">37</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-38-38">38</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-38-39">39</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-38-40">40</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-38-41">41</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-38-42">42</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-38-43">43</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-38-44">44</a></span></pre></div></td><td class="code"><div><pre><span></span><code><a id="__codelineno-38-1" name="__codelineno-38-1"></a><span class="c1">// type pattern</span>
+<a id="__codelineno-38-2" name="__codelineno-38-2"></a><span class="o">&lt;</span><span class="n">expr</span><span class="o">&gt;</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="k">is</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="n">Type</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="n">t</span><span class="w">  </span><span class="c1">// type pattern</span>
+<a id="__codelineno-38-3" name="__codelineno-38-3"></a>
+<a id="__codelineno-38-4" name="__codelineno-38-4"></a><span class="c1">// positional pattern</span>
+<a id="__codelineno-38-5" name="__codelineno-38-5"></a><span class="o">&lt;</span><span class="n">expr</span><span class="o">&gt;</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="k">is</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="p">(</span><span class="n">Type</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="n">X</span><span class="p">,</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="n">Type</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="n">Y</span><span class="p">):</span><span class="w">  </span><span class="c1">// positional pattern</span>
+<a id="__codelineno-38-6" name="__codelineno-38-6"></a><span class="o">&lt;</span><span class="n">expr</span><span class="o">&gt;</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="k">is</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="p">(</span><span class="n">Type</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="n">X</span><span class="p">,</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="n">_</span><span class="p">):</span><span class="w">  </span><span class="c1">// discard pattern</span>
+<a id="__codelineno-38-7" name="__codelineno-38-7"></a>
+<a id="__codelineno-38-8" name="__codelineno-38-8"></a><span class="c1">// property pattern</span>
+<a id="__codelineno-38-9" name="__codelineno-38-9"></a><span class="o">&lt;</span><span class="n">expr</span><span class="o">&gt;</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="k">is</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="n">Type</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="p">{</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="n">Property</span><span class="p">:</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="k">value</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="p">}:</span><span class="w">  </span><span class="c1">// is type and property has a certain value</span>
+<a id="__codelineno-38-10" name="__codelineno-38-10"></a><span class="o">&lt;</span><span class="n">expr</span><span class="o">&gt;</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="k">is</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="n">Type</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="p">{</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="n">Property</span><span class="p">:</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="k">value</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="p">}</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="k">out</span><span class="p">:</span><span class="w">  </span><span class="c1">// output variable is usable in the block</span>
+<a id="__codelineno-38-11" name="__codelineno-38-11"></a><span class="o">&lt;</span><span class="n">expr</span><span class="o">&gt;</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="k">is</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="p">{</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="n">Property</span><span class="p">.</span><span class="n">InnerProperty</span><span class="p">:</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="k">value</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="p">}</span><span class="w">  </span><span class="c1">// match nested properties</span>
+<a id="__codelineno-38-12" name="__codelineno-38-12"></a>
+<a id="__codelineno-38-13" name="__codelineno-38-13"></a><span class="c1">// constant pattern</span>
+<a id="__codelineno-38-14" name="__codelineno-38-14"></a><span class="o">&lt;</span><span class="n">expr</span><span class="o">&gt;</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="k">is</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="n">literalValue</span><span class="w">  </span><span class="c1">// e.g. 1, &#39;c&#39;, &quot;literal&quot;</span>
+<a id="__codelineno-38-15" name="__codelineno-38-15"></a><span class="o">&lt;</span><span class="n">expr</span><span class="o">&gt;</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="k">is</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="n">CONSTANT</span>
+<a id="__codelineno-38-16" name="__codelineno-38-16"></a><span class="o">&lt;</span><span class="n">expr</span><span class="o">&gt;</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="k">is</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="n">Enum</span><span class="p">.</span><span class="n">Value</span>
+<a id="__codelineno-38-17" name="__codelineno-38-17"></a>
+<a id="__codelineno-38-18" name="__codelineno-38-18"></a><span class="c1">// logical patterns</span>
+<a id="__codelineno-38-19" name="__codelineno-38-19"></a><span class="o">&lt;</span><span class="n">expr</span><span class="o">&gt;</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="k">is</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="n">not</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="n">pattern</span>
+<a id="__codelineno-38-20" name="__codelineno-38-20"></a><span class="o">&lt;</span><span class="n">expr</span><span class="o">&gt;</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="k">is</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="n">pattern</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="n">and</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="n">pattern</span>
+<a id="__codelineno-38-21" name="__codelineno-38-21"></a><span class="o">&lt;</span><span class="n">expr</span><span class="o">&gt;</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="k">is</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="n">pattern</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="n">or</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="n">pattern</span>
+<a id="__codelineno-38-22" name="__codelineno-38-22"></a>
+<a id="__codelineno-38-23" name="__codelineno-38-23"></a><span class="c1">// relational pattern</span>
+<a id="__codelineno-38-24" name="__codelineno-38-24"></a><span class="o">&lt;</span><span class="n">expr</span><span class="o">&gt;</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="k">is</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="o">&gt;</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="k">value</span>
+<a id="__codelineno-38-25" name="__codelineno-38-25"></a><span class="o">&lt;</span><span class="n">expr</span><span class="o">&gt;</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="k">is</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="o">&lt;</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="k">value</span>
+<a id="__codelineno-38-26" name="__codelineno-38-26"></a><span class="o">&lt;</span><span class="n">expr</span><span class="o">&gt;</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="k">is</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="o">&lt;=</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="k">value</span>
+<a id="__codelineno-38-27" name="__codelineno-38-27"></a><span class="o">&lt;</span><span class="n">expr</span><span class="o">&gt;</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="k">is</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="o">&gt;=</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="k">value</span>
+<a id="__codelineno-38-28" name="__codelineno-38-28"></a>
+<a id="__codelineno-38-29" name="__codelineno-38-29"></a><span class="c1">// multiple value &amp; nested value patterns</span>
+<a id="__codelineno-38-30" name="__codelineno-38-30"></a><span class="o">&lt;</span><span class="n">expr</span><span class="o">&gt;</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="k">is</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="p">{</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="n">Property</span><span class="p">.</span><span class="n">InnerProperty</span><span class="p">:</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="k">value</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="p">}</span><span class="w">  </span><span class="c1">// match in nested properties</span>
+<a id="__codelineno-38-31" name="__codelineno-38-31"></a><span class="o">&lt;</span><span class="n">expr</span><span class="o">&gt;</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="k">is</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="p">{</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="n">Property1</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="p">:</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="n">value1</span><span class="p">,</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="n">Property2</span><span class="p">:</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="n">value2</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="p">}</span><span class="w">  </span><span class="c1">// multiple inputs</span>
+<a id="__codelineno-38-32" name="__codelineno-38-32"></a><span class="o">&lt;</span><span class="n">expr</span><span class="o">&gt;</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="k">is</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="p">(</span><span class="n">value1</span><span class="p">,</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="n">value2</span><span class="p">)</span><span class="w">  </span><span class="c1">// multiple inputs (with deconstruction)</span>
+<a id="__codelineno-38-33" name="__codelineno-38-33"></a>
+<a id="__codelineno-38-34" name="__codelineno-38-34"></a><span class="c1">// multiple values and relations</span>
+<a id="__codelineno-38-35" name="__codelineno-38-35"></a><span class="o">&lt;</span><span class="n">expr</span><span class="o">&gt;</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="k">is</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="p">(</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="o">&gt;</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="n">value1</span><span class="p">,</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="o">&gt;</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="n">value2</span><span class="p">),</span>
+<a id="__codelineno-38-36" name="__codelineno-38-36"></a><span class="o">&lt;</span><span class="n">expr</span><span class="o">&gt;</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="k">is</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="p">{</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="n">Property1</span><span class="p">:</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="o">&gt;</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="n">value1</span><span class="p">,</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="n">Property2</span><span class="p">:</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="o">&gt;</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="n">value2</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="p">}</span>
+<a id="__codelineno-38-37" name="__codelineno-38-37"></a>
+<a id="__codelineno-38-38" name="__codelineno-38-38"></a><span class="c1">// list patterns</span>
+<a id="__codelineno-38-39" name="__codelineno-38-39"></a><span class="o">&lt;</span><span class="n">expr</span><span class="o">&gt;</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="k">is</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="p">[</span><span class="n">value1</span><span class="p">,</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="n">value2</span><span class="p">,</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="n">value1</span><span class="p">]</span><span class="w">  </span><span class="c1">// positional match</span>
+<a id="__codelineno-38-40" name="__codelineno-38-40"></a><span class="o">&lt;</span><span class="n">expr</span><span class="o">&gt;</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="k">is</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="p">[</span><span class="n">value1</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="n">or</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="n">value2</span><span class="p">,</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="o">&lt;=</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="n">value3</span><span class="p">,</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="o">&gt;=</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="n">value4</span><span class="p">]</span><span class="w">  </span><span class="c1">// relational comparison</span>
+<a id="__codelineno-38-41" name="__codelineno-38-41"></a><span class="o">&lt;</span><span class="n">expr</span><span class="o">&gt;</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="k">is</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="p">[</span><span class="o">&lt;</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="m">0</span><span class="p">,</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="p">..</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="p">{</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="n">Length</span><span class="p">:</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="m">2</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="n">or</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="m">4</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="p">},</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="o">&gt;</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="m">0</span><span class="p">]</span><span class="w">  </span><span class="c1">// item property match</span>
+<a id="__codelineno-38-42" name="__codelineno-38-42"></a><span class="o">&lt;</span><span class="n">expr</span><span class="o">&gt;</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="k">is</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="p">[</span><span class="n">_</span><span class="p">,</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="kt">var</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="n">middle</span><span class="p">,</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="n">_</span><span class="p">]</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="c1">// discarding &amp; capturing</span>
+<a id="__codelineno-38-43" name="__codelineno-38-43"></a><span class="o">&lt;</span><span class="n">expr</span><span class="o">&gt;</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="k">is</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="p">[</span><span class="n">value1</span><span class="p">,</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="p">..,</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="n">valueN</span><span class="p">]</span><span class="w">  </span><span class="c1">// match any number of items</span>
+<a id="__codelineno-38-44" name="__codelineno-38-44"></a><span class="o">&lt;</span><span class="n">expr</span><span class="o">&gt;</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="k">is</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="p">[</span><span class="n">value1</span><span class="p">,</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="p">..</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="kt">var</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="n">rest</span><span class="p">]</span><span class="w">  </span><span class="c1">// capture any number of items</span>
+</code></pre></div></td></tr></table></div>
+<h3 id="switch">Switch</h3>
+<p>The <code>when</code> keyword can be used to specify a filter condition that causes its associated case label to be true only if the filter condition is also true.</p>
+<p><a href="https://dotnetcoretutorials.com/2019/06/25/switch-expressions-in-c-8/">Switch Expressions</a></p>
+<div class="highlight"><table class="highlighttable"><tr><th colspan="2" class="filename"><span class="filename">C#</span></th></tr><tr><td class="linenos"><div class="linenodiv"><pre><span></span><span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-39-1"> 1</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-39-2"> 2</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-39-3"> 3</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-39-4"> 4</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-39-5"> 5</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-39-6"> 6</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-39-7"> 7</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-39-8"> 8</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-39-9"> 9</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-39-10">10</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-39-11">11</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-39-12">12</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-39-13">13</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-39-14">14</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-39-15">15</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-39-16">16</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-39-17">17</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-39-18">18</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-39-19">19</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-39-20">20</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-39-21">21</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-39-22">22</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-39-23">23</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-39-24">24</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-39-25">25</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-39-26">26</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-39-27">27</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-39-28">28</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-39-29">29</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-39-30">30</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-39-31">31</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-39-32">32</a></span></pre></div></td><td class="code"><div><pre><span></span><code><a id="__codelineno-39-1" name="__codelineno-39-1"></a><span class="k">switch</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="p">(</span><span class="n">expr</span><span class="p">)</span>
+<a id="__codelineno-39-2" name="__codelineno-39-2"></a><span class="p">{</span>
+<a id="__codelineno-39-3" name="__codelineno-39-3"></a><span class="w">    </span><span class="c1">// multiple labels for same block</span>
+<a id="__codelineno-39-4" name="__codelineno-39-4"></a><span class="w">    </span><span class="k">case</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="n">key_0</span><span class="p">:</span>
+<a id="__codelineno-39-5" name="__codelineno-39-5"></a><span class="w">    </span><span class="k">case</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="n">key_1</span><span class="p">:</span>
+<a id="__codelineno-39-6" name="__codelineno-39-6"></a><span class="w">        </span><span class="c1">// code here</span>
+<a id="__codelineno-39-7" name="__codelineno-39-7"></a><span class="w">        </span><span class="k">break</span><span class="p">;</span><span class="w">  </span><span class="c1">// or return or goto</span>
+<a id="__codelineno-39-8" name="__codelineno-39-8"></a>
+<a id="__codelineno-39-9" name="__codelineno-39-9"></a><span class="w">    </span><span class="k">case</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="n">key_2</span><span class="p">:</span>
+<a id="__codelineno-39-10" name="__codelineno-39-10"></a><span class="w">        </span><span class="c1">// code here</span>
+<a id="__codelineno-39-11" name="__codelineno-39-11"></a><span class="w">        </span><span class="k">goto</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="k">case</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="n">key_2</span><span class="p">;</span><span class="w">  </span><span class="c1">// explicit fall-through (omitting break is not possible in c#)</span>
+<a id="__codelineno-39-12" name="__codelineno-39-12"></a>
+<a id="__codelineno-39-13" name="__codelineno-39-13"></a><span class="w">    </span><span class="k">case</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="n">key_3</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="nf">when</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="p">(</span><span class="n">when</span><span class="o">-</span><span class="n">condition</span><span class="p">):</span>
+<a id="__codelineno-39-14" name="__codelineno-39-14"></a><span class="w">        </span><span class="c1">// code here</span>
+<a id="__codelineno-39-15" name="__codelineno-39-15"></a><span class="w">        </span><span class="k">break</span><span class="p">;</span>
+<a id="__codelineno-39-16" name="__codelineno-39-16"></a>
+<a id="__codelineno-39-17" name="__codelineno-39-17"></a><span class="w">    </span><span class="c1">// cases using pattern matching</span>
+<a id="__codelineno-39-18" name="__codelineno-39-18"></a>
+<a id="__codelineno-39-19" name="__codelineno-39-19"></a><span class="w">    </span><span class="k">default</span><span class="p">:</span>
+<a id="__codelineno-39-20" name="__codelineno-39-20"></a><span class="w">        </span><span class="c1">// code here</span>
+<a id="__codelineno-39-21" name="__codelineno-39-21"></a><span class="w">        </span><span class="k">break</span><span class="p">;</span>
+<a id="__codelineno-39-22" name="__codelineno-39-22"></a><span class="p">}</span>
+<a id="__codelineno-39-23" name="__codelineno-39-23"></a>
+<a id="__codelineno-39-24" name="__codelineno-39-24"></a><span class="c1">// return a value based on the value of an input variable or tuple</span>
+<a id="__codelineno-39-25" name="__codelineno-39-25"></a><span class="n">variable</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="k">switch</span>
+<a id="__codelineno-39-26" name="__codelineno-39-26"></a><span class="p">{</span>
+<a id="__codelineno-39-27" name="__codelineno-39-27"></a><span class="w">    </span><span class="n">key_1</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="o">=&gt;</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="k">value</span><span class="p">,</span>
+<a id="__codelineno-39-28" name="__codelineno-39-28"></a><span class="w">    </span><span class="n">key_2</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="o">=&gt;</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="k">value</span><span class="p">,</span>
+<a id="__codelineno-39-29" name="__codelineno-39-29"></a><span class="w">    </span><span class="c1">// cases using pattern matching</span>
+<a id="__codelineno-39-30" name="__codelineno-39-30"></a><span class="w">    </span><span class="p">...</span>
+<a id="__codelineno-39-31" name="__codelineno-39-31"></a><span class="w">    </span><span class="n">_</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="o">=&gt;</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="n">default_value</span><span class="w">  </span><span class="c1">// underscore (_) discard pattern as default case</span>
+<a id="__codelineno-39-32" name="__codelineno-39-32"></a><span class="p">};</span>
+</code></pre></div></td></tr></table></div>
+<h2 id="loop-statements">Loop Statements</h2>
+<h3 id="while-loop"><code>While</code> Loop</h3>
+<div class="highlight"><table class="highlighttable"><tr><th colspan="2" class="filename"><span class="filename">C#</span></th></tr><tr><td class="linenos"><div class="linenodiv"><pre><span></span><span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-40-1">1</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-40-2">2</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-40-3">3</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-40-4">4</a></span></pre></div></td><td class="code"><div><pre><span></span><code><a id="__codelineno-40-1" name="__codelineno-40-1"></a><span class="k">while</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="p">(</span><span class="n">condition</span><span class="p">)</span>
+<a id="__codelineno-40-2" name="__codelineno-40-2"></a><span class="p">{</span>
+<a id="__codelineno-40-3" name="__codelineno-40-3"></a><span class="w">    </span><span class="c1">// code here</span>
+<a id="__codelineno-40-4" name="__codelineno-40-4"></a><span class="p">}</span>
+</code></pre></div></td></tr></table></div>
+<h2 id="do-while-loop"><code>Do</code>-<code>While</code> Loop</h2>
+<p>Executes at least one time.</p>
+<div class="highlight"><table class="highlighttable"><tr><th colspan="2" class="filename"><span class="filename">C#</span></th></tr><tr><td class="linenos"><div class="linenodiv"><pre><span></span><span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-41-1">1</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-41-2">2</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-41-3">3</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-41-4">4</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-41-5">5</a></span></pre></div></td><td class="code"><div><pre><span></span><code><a id="__codelineno-41-1" name="__codelineno-41-1"></a><span class="k">do</span>
+<a id="__codelineno-41-2" name="__codelineno-41-2"></a><span class="p">{</span>
+<a id="__codelineno-41-3" name="__codelineno-41-3"></a><span class="w">    </span><span class="c1">// code here</span>
+<a id="__codelineno-41-4" name="__codelineno-41-4"></a><span class="p">}</span>
+<a id="__codelineno-41-5" name="__codelineno-41-5"></a><span class="k">while</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="p">(</span><span class="n">condition</span><span class="p">);</span>
+</code></pre></div></td></tr></table></div>
+<h3 id="for-loop"><code>For</code> Loop</h3>
+<div class="highlight"><table class="highlighttable"><tr><th colspan="2" class="filename"><span class="filename">C#</span></th></tr><tr><td class="linenos"><div class="linenodiv"><pre><span></span><span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-42-1">1</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-42-2">2</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-42-3">3</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-42-4">4</a></span></pre></div></td><td class="code"><div><pre><span></span><code><a id="__codelineno-42-1" name="__codelineno-42-1"></a><span class="k">for</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="p">(</span><span class="n">initializer</span><span class="p">;</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="n">condition</span><span class="p">;</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="n">iterator</span><span class="p">)</span>
+<a id="__codelineno-42-2" name="__codelineno-42-2"></a><span class="p">{</span>
+<a id="__codelineno-42-3" name="__codelineno-42-3"></a><span class="w">    </span><span class="c1">// code here</span>
+<a id="__codelineno-42-4" name="__codelineno-42-4"></a><span class="p">}</span>
+</code></pre></div></td></tr></table></div>
+<h3 id="foreach-loop"><code>Foreach</code> Loop</h3>
+<p>Technically, the <code>foreach</code> statement will work on any type that follows these rules:</p>
+<ol>
+<li>The type must have a method named <code>GetEnumerator</code> that returns an object.</li>
+<li>The returned object must have a property named <code>Current</code> and a method named <code>MoveNext</code>.</li>
+<li>The <code>MoveNext</code> method must return <em>true</em> if there are more items to enumerate through or <em>false</em> if there are no more items.</li>
+</ol>
+<p>There are interfaces named <code>IEnumerable</code> and <code>IEnumerable&lt;T&gt;</code> that formally define these rules but technically the compiler does not require the type to implement these interfaces.</p>
+<div class="highlight"><table class="highlighttable"><tr><th colspan="2" class="filename"><span class="filename">C#</span></th></tr><tr><td class="linenos"><div class="linenodiv"><pre><span></span><span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-43-1">1</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-43-2">2</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-43-3">3</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-43-4">4</a></span></pre></div></td><td class="code"><div><pre><span></span><code><a id="__codelineno-43-1" name="__codelineno-43-1"></a><span class="k">foreach</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="p">(</span><span class="n">type</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="n">item</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="k">in</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="n">iterabile</span><span class="p">)</span>
+<a id="__codelineno-43-2" name="__codelineno-43-2"></a><span class="p">{</span>
+<a id="__codelineno-43-3" name="__codelineno-43-3"></a><span class="w">    </span><span class="c1">// code here</span>
+<a id="__codelineno-43-4" name="__codelineno-43-4"></a><span class="p">}</span>
+</code></pre></div></td></tr></table></div>
+<blockquote>
+<p><strong>Note</strong>: Due to the use of an <em>iterator</em>, the variable declared in a foreach statement cannot be used to modify the value of the current item.<br />
+<strong>Note</strong>: From C# 9 it's possible to implement <code>GetEnumerator()</code> as an <em>extension method</em> making enumerable an class that normally isn't.</p>
+</blockquote>
+<p>Example:</p>
+<div class="highlight"><table class="highlighttable"><tr><th colspan="2" class="filename"><span class="filename">C#</span></th></tr><tr><td class="linenos"><div class="linenodiv"><pre><span></span><span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-44-1">1</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-44-2">2</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-44-3">3</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-44-4">4</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-44-5">5</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-44-6">6</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-44-7">7</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-44-8">8</a></span></pre></div></td><td class="code"><div><pre><span></span><code><a id="__codelineno-44-1" name="__codelineno-44-1"></a><span class="c1">// make integers enumerable</span>
+<a id="__codelineno-44-2" name="__codelineno-44-2"></a><span class="k">public</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="k">static</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="n">IEnumerator</span><span class="o">&lt;</span><span class="kt">int</span><span class="o">&gt;</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="n">GetEnumerator</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="k">this</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="kt">int</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="n">source</span><span class="p">)</span>
+<a id="__codelineno-44-3" name="__codelineno-44-3"></a><span class="p">{</span>
+<a id="__codelineno-44-4" name="__codelineno-44-4"></a><span class="w">    </span><span class="k">for</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="kt">int</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="n">i</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="o">=</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="m">0</span><span class="p">;</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="n">i</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="o">&lt;</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="n">number</span><span class="p">;</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="n">i</span><span class="o">++</span><span class="p">)</span>
+<a id="__codelineno-44-5" name="__codelineno-44-5"></a><span class="w">    </span><span class="p">{</span>
+<a id="__codelineno-44-6" name="__codelineno-44-6"></a><span class="w">        </span><span class="k">yield</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="k">return</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="n">i</span><span class="p">;</span>
+<a id="__codelineno-44-7" name="__codelineno-44-7"></a><span class="w">    </span><span class="p">}</span>
+<a id="__codelineno-44-8" name="__codelineno-44-8"></a><span class="p">}</span>
+</code></pre></div></td></tr></table></div>
+<h3 id="break-continue"><code>Break</code>, <code>Continue</code></h3>
+<p><code>break;</code> interrupts and exits the loop.<br />
+<code>continue;</code> restarts the loop cycle without evaluating the instructions.</p>
+<h3 id="yield-statement">Yield Statement</h3>
+<div class="highlight"><table class="highlighttable"><tr><th colspan="2" class="filename"><span class="filename">C#</span></th></tr><tr><td class="linenos"><div class="linenodiv"><pre><span></span><span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-45-1">1</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-45-2">2</a></span></pre></div></td><td class="code"><div><pre><span></span><code><a id="__codelineno-45-1" name="__codelineno-45-1"></a><span class="k">yield</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="k">return</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="o">&lt;</span><span class="n">expression</span><span class="o">&gt;</span><span class="p">;</span><span class="w">    </span><span class="c1">// returns the results one at a time.</span>
+<a id="__codelineno-45-2" name="__codelineno-45-2"></a><span class="k">yield</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="k">break</span><span class="p">;</span><span class="w">    </span><span class="c1">// concludes the iteration</span>
+</code></pre></div></td></tr></table></div>
+<h3 id="context-statement-using-declarations">Context Statement &amp; Using Declarations</h3>
+<div class="highlight"><table class="highlighttable"><tr><th colspan="2" class="filename"><span class="filename">C#</span></th></tr><tr><td class="linenos"><div class="linenodiv"><pre><span></span><span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-46-1"> 1</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-46-2"> 2</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-46-3"> 3</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-46-4"> 4</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-46-5"> 5</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-46-6"> 6</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-46-7"> 7</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-46-8"> 8</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-46-9"> 9</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-46-10">10</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-46-11">11</a></span></pre></div></td><td class="code"><div><pre><span></span><code><a id="__codelineno-46-1" name="__codelineno-46-1"></a><span class="k">using</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="p">(</span><span class="n">Type</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="n">obj</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="o">=</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="k">new</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="n">Type</span><span class="p">())</span><span class="w">  </span><span class="c1">// obj disposed at the end of the using block</span>
+<a id="__codelineno-46-2" name="__codelineno-46-2"></a><span class="p">{</span>
+<a id="__codelineno-46-3" name="__codelineno-46-3"></a><span class="w">    </span><span class="c1">// code here</span>
+<a id="__codelineno-46-4" name="__codelineno-46-4"></a><span class="p">}</span>
+<a id="__codelineno-46-5" name="__codelineno-46-5"></a>
+<a id="__codelineno-46-6" name="__codelineno-46-6"></a><span class="c1">// or (C# 8+)</span>
+<a id="__codelineno-46-7" name="__codelineno-46-7"></a><span class="p">{</span>
+<a id="__codelineno-46-8" name="__codelineno-46-8"></a><span class="w">    </span><span class="c1">// inside a code block (if, loop, function)</span>
+<a id="__codelineno-46-9" name="__codelineno-46-9"></a><span class="w">    </span><span class="k">using</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="nn">Type</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="n">obj</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="o">=</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="k">new</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="n">Type</span><span class="p">();</span><span class="w">  </span><span class="c1">// disposed at the end of the block</span>
+<a id="__codelineno-46-10" name="__codelineno-46-10"></a>
+<a id="__codelineno-46-11" name="__codelineno-46-11"></a><span class="p">}</span>
+</code></pre></div></td></tr></table></div>
+<h3 id="checkedunchecked-statements"><code>Checked</code>/<code>Unchecked</code> Statements</h3>
+<p>In checked code block ore expression the mathematic overflow causes an <code>OverflowException</code>.<br />
+In unchecked code block the mathematic overflow is <em>ignored</em> end the result is <em>truncated</em>.</p>
+<p>It's possible configure the C# compiler to put everything into a checked context by default, so that only explicitly unchecked expressions and statements will be able to overflow silently.<br />
+It is done by editing the <code>.csproj</code> file, adding <code>&lt;CheckForOverflowUnderflow&gt;true&lt;/CheckForOverflowUnderflow&gt;</code> inside a <code>&lt;PropertyGroup&gt;</code>.</p>
+<blockquote>
+<p><strong>Note</strong>: checking can make individual integer operations several times slower.</p>
+</blockquote>
+<div class="highlight"><table class="highlighttable"><tr><th colspan="2" class="filename"><span class="filename">C#</span></th></tr><tr><td class="linenos"><div class="linenodiv"><pre><span></span><span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-47-1"> 1</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-47-2"> 2</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-47-3"> 3</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-47-4"> 4</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-47-5"> 5</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-47-6"> 6</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-47-7"> 7</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-47-8"> 8</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-47-9"> 9</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-47-10">10</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-47-11">11</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-47-12">12</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-47-13">13</a></span></pre></div></td><td class="code"><div><pre><span></span><code><a id="__codelineno-47-1" name="__codelineno-47-1"></a><span class="k">checked</span>
+<a id="__codelineno-47-2" name="__codelineno-47-2"></a><span class="p">{</span>
+<a id="__codelineno-47-3" name="__codelineno-47-3"></a><span class="w">    </span><span class="c1">// code here</span>
+<a id="__codelineno-47-4" name="__codelineno-47-4"></a><span class="p">}</span>
+<a id="__codelineno-47-5" name="__codelineno-47-5"></a>
+<a id="__codelineno-47-6" name="__codelineno-47-6"></a><span class="k">checked</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="o">&lt;</span><span class="n">expr</span><span class="o">&gt;</span><span class="p">);</span>
+<a id="__codelineno-47-7" name="__codelineno-47-7"></a>
+<a id="__codelineno-47-8" name="__codelineno-47-8"></a><span class="k">unchecked</span>
+<a id="__codelineno-47-9" name="__codelineno-47-9"></a><span class="p">{</span>
+<a id="__codelineno-47-10" name="__codelineno-47-10"></a><span class="w">    </span><span class="c1">// code here</span>
+<a id="__codelineno-47-11" name="__codelineno-47-11"></a><span class="p">}</span>
+<a id="__codelineno-47-12" name="__codelineno-47-12"></a>
+<a id="__codelineno-47-13" name="__codelineno-47-13"></a><span class="k">unchecked</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="o">&lt;</span><span class="n">expr</span><span class="o">&gt;</span><span class="p">);</span>
+</code></pre></div></td></tr></table></div>
+<hr />
+<h2 id="exception-handling">Exception Handling</h2>
+<p><a href="https://docs.microsoft.com/en-us/dotnet/api/system.exception">Exception Object</a></p>
+<div class="highlight"><table class="highlighttable"><tr><th colspan="2" class="filename"><span class="filename">C#</span></th></tr><tr><td class="linenos"><div class="linenodiv"><pre><span></span><span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-48-1"> 1</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-48-2"> 2</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-48-3"> 3</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-48-4"> 4</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-48-5"> 5</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-48-6"> 6</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-48-7"> 7</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-48-8"> 8</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-48-9"> 9</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-48-10">10</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-48-11">11</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-48-12">12</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-48-13">13</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-48-14">14</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-48-15">15</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-48-16">16</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-48-17">17</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-48-18">18</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-48-19">19</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-48-20">20</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-48-21">21</a></span></pre></div></td><td class="code"><div><pre><span></span><code><a id="__codelineno-48-1" name="__codelineno-48-1"></a><span class="k">try</span>
+<a id="__codelineno-48-2" name="__codelineno-48-2"></a><span class="p">{</span>
+<a id="__codelineno-48-3" name="__codelineno-48-3"></a><span class="w">    </span><span class="c1">// &quot;dangerous&quot; code</span>
+<a id="__codelineno-48-4" name="__codelineno-48-4"></a><span class="p">}</span>
+<a id="__codelineno-48-5" name="__codelineno-48-5"></a><span class="k">catch</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="p">(</span><span class="n">SpecificException</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="n">e</span><span class="p">)</span>
+<a id="__codelineno-48-6" name="__codelineno-48-6"></a><span class="p">{</span>
+<a id="__codelineno-48-7" name="__codelineno-48-7"></a><span class="p">}</span>
+<a id="__codelineno-48-8" name="__codelineno-48-8"></a><span class="k">catch</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="p">(</span><span class="n">SpecificException</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="n">e</span><span class="p">)</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="n">when</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="p">(</span><span class="n">condition</span><span class="p">)</span><span class="w">  </span><span class="c1">// exception filter</span>
+<a id="__codelineno-48-9" name="__codelineno-48-9"></a><span class="p">{</span>
+<a id="__codelineno-48-10" name="__codelineno-48-10"></a><span class="p">}</span>
+<a id="__codelineno-48-11" name="__codelineno-48-11"></a><span class="k">catch</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="p">(</span><span class="n">Exception</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="n">e</span><span class="p">)</span>
+<a id="__codelineno-48-12" name="__codelineno-48-12"></a><span class="p">{</span>
+<a id="__codelineno-48-13" name="__codelineno-48-13"></a><span class="w">    </span><span class="c1">// code executed if Exception happens</span>
+<a id="__codelineno-48-14" name="__codelineno-48-14"></a><span class="w">    </span><span class="n">e</span><span class="p">.</span><span class="n">Message</span><span class="w">  </span><span class="c1">// exception message</span>
+<a id="__codelineno-48-15" name="__codelineno-48-15"></a><span class="w">    </span><span class="n">e</span><span class="p">.</span><span class="n">InnerException</span><span class="w">  </span><span class="c1">// Exception instance that caused the current exception</span>
+<a id="__codelineno-48-16" name="__codelineno-48-16"></a><span class="w">    </span><span class="n">e</span><span class="p">.</span><span class="n">Source</span><span class="w">  </span><span class="c1">// Get or set the name of the application or the object that causes the error</span>
+<a id="__codelineno-48-17" name="__codelineno-48-17"></a><span class="p">}</span>
+<a id="__codelineno-48-18" name="__codelineno-48-18"></a><span class="k">finally</span>
+<a id="__codelineno-48-19" name="__codelineno-48-19"></a><span class="p">{</span>
+<a id="__codelineno-48-20" name="__codelineno-48-20"></a><span class="w">    </span><span class="c1">// code executed anyway</span>
+<a id="__codelineno-48-21" name="__codelineno-48-21"></a><span class="p">}</span>
+</code></pre></div></td></tr></table></div>
+<h3 id="throwing-exceptions">Throwing Exceptions</h3>
+<div class="highlight"><table class="highlighttable"><tr><th colspan="2" class="filename"><span class="filename">C#</span></th></tr><tr><td class="linenos"><div class="linenodiv"><pre><span></span><span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-49-1"> 1</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-49-2"> 2</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-49-3"> 3</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-49-4"> 4</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-49-5"> 5</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-49-6"> 6</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-49-7"> 7</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-49-8"> 8</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-49-9"> 9</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-49-10">10</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-49-11">11</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-49-12">12</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-49-13">13</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-49-14">14</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-49-15">15</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-49-16">16</a></span></pre></div></td><td class="code"><div><pre><span></span><code><a id="__codelineno-49-1" name="__codelineno-49-1"></a><span class="k">throw</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="k">new</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="nf">ExceptionClass</span><span class="p">();</span>
+<a id="__codelineno-49-2" name="__codelineno-49-2"></a><span class="k">throw</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="k">new</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="nf">ExceptionClass</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="s">&quot;message&quot;</span><span class="p">);</span>
+<a id="__codelineno-49-3" name="__codelineno-49-3"></a>
+<a id="__codelineno-49-4" name="__codelineno-49-4"></a><span class="c1">// RE-THROWING EXCEPTIONS</span>
+<a id="__codelineno-49-5" name="__codelineno-49-5"></a><span class="k">try</span>
+<a id="__codelineno-49-6" name="__codelineno-49-6"></a><span class="p">{</span>
+<a id="__codelineno-49-7" name="__codelineno-49-7"></a><span class="w">    </span><span class="c1">// dangerous code</span>
+<a id="__codelineno-49-8" name="__codelineno-49-8"></a><span class="p">}</span>
+<a id="__codelineno-49-9" name="__codelineno-49-9"></a><span class="k">catch</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="p">(</span><span class="n">SpecificException</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="n">e</span><span class="p">)</span>
+<a id="__codelineno-49-10" name="__codelineno-49-10"></a><span class="p">{</span>
+<a id="__codelineno-49-11" name="__codelineno-49-11"></a><span class="w">    </span><span class="c1">// log error</span>
+<a id="__codelineno-49-12" name="__codelineno-49-12"></a><span class="w">    </span><span class="k">throw</span><span class="p">;</span><span class="w">  </span><span class="c1">// rethrow exception w/o loosing StackTrace &amp; TargetSite information (usable only inside catch)</span>
+<a id="__codelineno-49-13" name="__codelineno-49-13"></a><span class="p">}</span>
+<a id="__codelineno-49-14" name="__codelineno-49-14"></a>
+<a id="__codelineno-49-15" name="__codelineno-49-15"></a><span class="c1">// Immediately terminate a process after writing a message to the Windows Application event log, and then include the message and optional exception information in error reporting to Microsoft.</span>
+<a id="__codelineno-49-16" name="__codelineno-49-16"></a><span class="n">Environment</span><span class="p">.</span><span class="n">FailFast</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="n">causeOfFailure</span><span class="p">);</span>
+</code></pre></div></td></tr></table></div>
+<h3 id="custom-exceptions">Custom Exceptions</h3>
+<div class="highlight"><table class="highlighttable"><tr><th colspan="2" class="filename"><span class="filename">C#</span></th></tr><tr><td class="linenos"><div class="linenodiv"><pre><span></span><span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-50-1"> 1</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-50-2"> 2</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-50-3"> 3</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-50-4"> 4</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-50-5"> 5</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-50-6"> 6</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-50-7"> 7</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-50-8"> 8</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-50-9"> 9</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-50-10">10</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-50-11">11</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-50-12">12</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-50-13">13</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-50-14">14</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-50-15">15</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-50-16">16</a></span></pre></div></td><td class="code"><div><pre><span></span><code><a id="__codelineno-50-1" name="__codelineno-50-1"></a><span class="k">public</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="k">class</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="nc">CustomException</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="p">:</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="n">Exception</span><span class="w">  </span><span class="c1">// must derive from Exception (either directly or indirectly)</span>
+<a id="__codelineno-50-2" name="__codelineno-50-2"></a><span class="p">{</span>
+<a id="__codelineno-50-3" name="__codelineno-50-3"></a><span class="w">    </span><span class="k">public</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="nf">CustomException</span><span class="p">()</span>
+<a id="__codelineno-50-4" name="__codelineno-50-4"></a><span class="w">    </span><span class="p">{</span>
+<a id="__codelineno-50-5" name="__codelineno-50-5"></a><span class="w">    </span><span class="p">}</span>
+<a id="__codelineno-50-6" name="__codelineno-50-6"></a>
+<a id="__codelineno-50-7" name="__codelineno-50-7"></a><span class="w">    </span><span class="k">public</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="nf">CustomException</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="kt">string</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="n">message</span><span class="p">)</span>
+<a id="__codelineno-50-8" name="__codelineno-50-8"></a><span class="w">        </span><span class="p">:</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="k">base</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="n">message</span><span class="p">)</span>
+<a id="__codelineno-50-9" name="__codelineno-50-9"></a><span class="w">    </span><span class="p">{</span>
+<a id="__codelineno-50-10" name="__codelineno-50-10"></a><span class="w">    </span><span class="p">}</span>
+<a id="__codelineno-50-11" name="__codelineno-50-11"></a>
+<a id="__codelineno-50-12" name="__codelineno-50-12"></a><span class="w">    </span><span class="k">public</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="nf">CustomException</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="kt">string</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="n">message</span><span class="p">,</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="n">Exception</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="n">inner</span><span class="p">)</span>
+<a id="__codelineno-50-13" name="__codelineno-50-13"></a><span class="w">        </span><span class="p">:</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="k">base</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="n">message</span><span class="p">,</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="n">inner</span><span class="p">)</span>
+<a id="__codelineno-50-14" name="__codelineno-50-14"></a><span class="w">    </span><span class="p">{</span>
+<a id="__codelineno-50-15" name="__codelineno-50-15"></a><span class="w">    </span><span class="p">}</span>
+<a id="__codelineno-50-16" name="__codelineno-50-16"></a><span class="p">}</span>
+</code></pre></div></td></tr></table></div>
+<hr />
+<h2 id="enums">Enums</h2>
+<p>An enumeration type (or enum type) is a value type defined by a set of <strong>named constants</strong> of the underlying <em>integral numeric</em> type (<code>int</code>, <code>long</code>, <code>byte</code>, ...).<br />
+Consecutive names increase the value by one.</p>
+<div class="highlight"><table class="highlighttable"><tr><th colspan="2" class="filename"><span class="filename">C#</span></th></tr><tr><td class="linenos"><div class="linenodiv"><pre><span></span><span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-51-1"> 1</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-51-2"> 2</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-51-3"> 3</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-51-4"> 4</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-51-5"> 5</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-51-6"> 6</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-51-7"> 7</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-51-8"> 8</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-51-9"> 9</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-51-10">10</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-51-11">11</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-51-12">12</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-51-13">13</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-51-14">14</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-51-15">15</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-51-16">16</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-51-17">17</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-51-18">18</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-51-19">19</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-51-20">20</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-51-21">21</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-51-22">22</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-51-23">23</a></span></pre></div></td><td class="code"><div><pre><span></span><code><a id="__codelineno-51-1" name="__codelineno-51-1"></a><span class="na">[Flags]</span><span class="w">  </span><span class="c1">// indicate that the flag can be combined (best if values are binary) as a bit mask</span>
+<a id="__codelineno-51-2" name="__codelineno-51-2"></a><span class="k">enum</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="n">EnumType</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="p">:</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="n">IntegralNumericType</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="c1">// named values MUST match IntegerNumericType allowed values</span>
+<a id="__codelineno-51-3" name="__codelineno-51-3"></a><span class="p">{</span>
+<a id="__codelineno-51-4" name="__codelineno-51-4"></a><span class="w">    </span><span class="n">None</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="o">=</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="m">0</span><span class="p">,</span><span class="w">            </span><span class="c1">// if uninitiated value is zero</span>
+<a id="__codelineno-51-5" name="__codelineno-51-5"></a><span class="w">    </span><span class="n">Const</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="o">=</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="m">2</span><span class="p">,</span><span class="w">     </span><span class="c1">// value is 2</span>
+<a id="__codelineno-51-6" name="__codelineno-51-6"></a><span class="w">    </span><span class="n">Const2</span><span class="p">,</span><span class="w">          </span><span class="c1">// value is Const + 1</span>
+<a id="__codelineno-51-7" name="__codelineno-51-7"></a><span class="w">    </span><span class="p">...</span>
+<a id="__codelineno-51-8" name="__codelineno-51-8"></a><span class="p">}</span>
+<a id="__codelineno-51-9" name="__codelineno-51-9"></a>
+<a id="__codelineno-51-10" name="__codelineno-51-10"></a><span class="p">(</span><span class="n">Type</span><span class="p">)</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="n">EnumType</span><span class="p">.</span><span class="n">Const</span><span class="p">;</span><span class="w">  </span><span class="c1">// extract the value, will return the name otherwise</span>
+<a id="__codelineno-51-11" name="__codelineno-51-11"></a><span class="p">(</span><span class="n">EnumType</span><span class="p">)</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="k">value</span><span class="p">;</span><span class="w">  </span><span class="c1">// convert from associated value to enum</span>
+<a id="__codelineno-51-12" name="__codelineno-51-12"></a>
+<a id="__codelineno-51-13" name="__codelineno-51-13"></a><span class="n">Enum</span><span class="p">.</span><span class="n">IsDefined</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="k">typeof</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="n">EnumType</span><span class="p">),</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="k">value</span><span class="p">);</span><span class="w">  </span><span class="c1">// whether a given integral value, or its name as a string, exists in a specified enumeration.</span>
+<a id="__codelineno-51-14" name="__codelineno-51-14"></a><span class="n">enumObj</span><span class="p">.</span><span class="n">HasValue</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="n">enumType</span><span class="p">.</span><span class="n">Const</span><span class="p">)</span><span class="w">  </span><span class="c1">// test whether a flag is set in a numeric value</span>
+<a id="__codelineno-51-15" name="__codelineno-51-15"></a>
+<a id="__codelineno-51-16" name="__codelineno-51-16"></a><span class="n">EnumType</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="n">instance</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="o">=</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="p">(</span><span class="n">EnumType</span><span class="p">)</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="n">EnumType</span><span class="p">.</span><span class="n">ToObject</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="k">typeof</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="n">EnumType</span><span class="p">),</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="k">value</span><span class="p">);</span><span class="w">  </span><span class="c1">// convert a value of any integral type to an enumeration value</span>
+<a id="__codelineno-51-17" name="__codelineno-51-17"></a>
+<a id="__codelineno-51-18" name="__codelineno-51-18"></a><span class="c1">// Converts the string representation of the name or numeric value of one or more enumerated constants to an equivalent enumerated object</span>
+<a id="__codelineno-51-19" name="__codelineno-51-19"></a><span class="n">Enum</span><span class="p">.</span><span class="n">Parse</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="k">typeof</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="n">EnumType</span><span class="p">),</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="k">value</span><span class="p">);</span>
+<a id="__codelineno-51-20" name="__codelineno-51-20"></a><span class="n">Enum</span><span class="p">.</span><span class="n">TryParse</span><span class="o">&lt;</span><span class="n">EnumType</span><span class="o">&gt;</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="kt">string</span><span class="p">,</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="k">out</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="n">EnumType</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="n">enumObj</span><span class="p">);</span>
+<a id="__codelineno-51-21" name="__codelineno-51-21"></a>
+<a id="__codelineno-51-22" name="__codelineno-51-22"></a><span class="c1">// retrieve a string array containing the names of the enumeration members</span>
+<a id="__codelineno-51-23" name="__codelineno-51-23"></a><span class="kt">string</span><span class="p">[]</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="n">enumNames</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="o">=</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="n">Enum</span><span class="p">.</span><span class="n">GetNames</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="k">typeof</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="n">EnumType</span><span class="p">));</span>
+</code></pre></div></td></tr></table></div>
+<hr />
+<h2 id="methods">Methods</h2>
+<p>The method signature is the number &amp; type of the input parameters defined for the method.</p>
+<p>C# makes the fairly common distinction between <em>parameters</em> and <em>arguments</em>: a method defines a list of the inputs it expects (the parameters) and the code inside the method refers to these parameters by name.<br />
+The values seen by the code could be different each time the method is invoked, and the term argument refers to the specific value supplied for a parameter in a particular invocation.</p>
+<div class="highlight"><table class="highlighttable"><tr><th colspan="2" class="filename"><span class="filename">C#</span></th></tr><tr><td class="linenos"><div class="linenodiv"><pre><span></span><span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-52-1"> 1</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-52-2"> 2</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-52-3"> 3</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-52-4"> 4</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-52-5"> 5</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-52-6"> 6</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-52-7"> 7</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-52-8"> 8</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-52-9"> 9</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-52-10">10</a></span></pre></div></td><td class="code"><div><pre><span></span><code><a id="__codelineno-52-1" name="__codelineno-52-1"></a><span class="n">type</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="nf">MethodName</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="p">(</span><span class="n">type</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="n">parameter</span><span class="p">,</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="p">...)</span>
+<a id="__codelineno-52-2" name="__codelineno-52-2"></a><span class="p">{</span>
+<a id="__codelineno-52-3" name="__codelineno-52-3"></a><span class="w">    </span><span class="c1">// code here</span>
+<a id="__codelineno-52-4" name="__codelineno-52-4"></a><span class="w">    </span><span class="k">return</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="o">&lt;</span><span class="n">expression</span><span class="o">&gt;</span><span class="p">;</span>
+<a id="__codelineno-52-5" name="__codelineno-52-5"></a><span class="p">}</span>
+<a id="__codelineno-52-6" name="__codelineno-52-6"></a>
+<a id="__codelineno-52-7" name="__codelineno-52-7"></a><span class="k">void</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="nf">MethodName</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="p">(</span><span class="n">type</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="n">parameter</span><span class="p">,</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="p">...)</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="p">{</span>
+<a id="__codelineno-52-8" name="__codelineno-52-8"></a><span class="w">    </span><span class="c1">// code here</span>
+<a id="__codelineno-52-9" name="__codelineno-52-9"></a><span class="w">    </span><span class="k">return</span><span class="p">;</span><span class="w">  </span><span class="c1">// if type is void return can be used to force early termination or can be omitted</span>
+<a id="__codelineno-52-10" name="__codelineno-52-10"></a><span class="p">}</span>
+</code></pre></div></td></tr></table></div>
+<h3 id="expression-body-definition">Expression Body Definition</h3>
+<div class="highlight"><table class="highlighttable"><tr><th colspan="2" class="filename"><span class="filename">C#</span></th></tr><tr><td class="linenos"><div class="linenodiv"><pre><span></span><span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-53-1">1</a></span></pre></div></td><td class="code"><div><pre><span></span><code><a id="__codelineno-53-1" name="__codelineno-53-1"></a><span class="n">type</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="nf">MethodName</span><span class="p">()</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="o">=&gt;</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="o">&lt;</span><span class="n">expression</span><span class="o">&gt;</span><span class="p">;</span><span class="w">    </span><span class="c1">// expression result type MUST match method type</span>
+</code></pre></div></td></tr></table></div>
+<h3 id="arbitrary-number-of-parameter-in-methods">Arbitrary Number Of Parameter In Methods</h3>
+<div class="highlight"><table class="highlighttable"><tr><th colspan="2" class="filename"><span class="filename">C#</span></th></tr><tr><td class="linenos"><div class="linenodiv"><pre><span></span><span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-54-1">1</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-54-2">2</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-54-3">3</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-54-4">4</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-54-5">5</a></span></pre></div></td><td class="code"><div><pre><span></span><code><a id="__codelineno-54-1" name="__codelineno-54-1"></a><span class="c1">// params keyword must be last parameter and must be an array</span>
+<a id="__codelineno-54-2" name="__codelineno-54-2"></a><span class="n">type</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="nf">MethodName</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="p">(</span><span class="n">type</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="n">parameter</span><span class="p">,</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="k">params</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="n">type</span><span class="p">[]</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="n">args</span><span class="p">)</span>
+<a id="__codelineno-54-3" name="__codelineno-54-3"></a><span class="p">{</span>
+<a id="__codelineno-54-4" name="__codelineno-54-4"></a><span class="w">    </span><span class="c1">// code here</span>
+<a id="__codelineno-54-5" name="__codelineno-54-5"></a><span class="p">}</span>
+</code></pre></div></td></tr></table></div>
+<h3 id="named-arguments"><a href="https://docs.microsoft.com/en-us/dotnet/csharp/programming-guide/classes-and-structs/named-and-optional-arguments#named-arguments">Named Arguments</a></h3>
+<div class="highlight"><table class="highlighttable"><tr><th colspan="2" class="filename"><span class="filename">C#</span></th></tr><tr><td class="linenos"><div class="linenodiv"><pre><span></span><span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-55-1">1</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-55-2">2</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-55-3">3</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-55-4">4</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-55-5">5</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-55-6">6</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-55-7">7</a></span></pre></div></td><td class="code"><div><pre><span></span><code><a id="__codelineno-55-1" name="__codelineno-55-1"></a><span class="n">type</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="nf">MethodName</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="p">(</span><span class="n">type</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="n">param1</span><span class="p">,</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="n">type</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="n">param2</span><span class="p">,</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="p">...)</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="p">{</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="p">}</span>
+<a id="__codelineno-55-2" name="__codelineno-55-2"></a>
+<a id="__codelineno-55-3" name="__codelineno-55-3"></a><span class="n">MethodName</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="n">param1</span><span class="p">:</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="k">value</span><span class="p">,</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="n">param2</span><span class="p">:</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="k">value</span><span class="p">);</span>
+<a id="__codelineno-55-4" name="__codelineno-55-4"></a><span class="n">MethodName</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="n">param2</span><span class="p">:</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="k">value</span><span class="p">,</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="n">param1</span><span class="p">:</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="k">value</span><span class="p">);</span><span class="w">  </span><span class="c1">// order can be any</span>
+<a id="__codelineno-55-5" name="__codelineno-55-5"></a>
+<a id="__codelineno-55-6" name="__codelineno-55-6"></a><span class="c1">// Named arguments, when used with positional arguments, are valid as long as they&#39;re not followed by any positional arguments, or they&#39;re used in the correct position.</span>
+<a id="__codelineno-55-7" name="__codelineno-55-7"></a><span class="n">MethodName</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="k">value</span><span class="p">,</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="n">param2</span><span class="p">:</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="k">value</span><span class="p">);</span>
+</code></pre></div></td></tr></table></div>
+<h3 id="optional-arguments"><a href="https://docs.microsoft.com/en-us/dotnet/csharp/programming-guide/classes-and-structs/named-and-optional-arguments#optional-arguments">Optional Arguments</a></h3>
+<p>The definition of a method, constructor, indexer, or delegate can specify that its parameters are required or that they are optional.<br />
+Any call must provide arguments for all required parameters, but can omit arguments for optional parameters.</p>
+<p>Each optional parameter has a default value as part of its definition. If no argument is sent for that parameter, the default value is used.<br />
+Optional parameters are defined at the end of the parameter list, after any required parameters.</p>
+<p>A default value must be one of the following types of expressions:</p>
+<ul>
+<li>a constant expression;</li>
+<li>an expression of the form new ValType(), where ValType is a value type, such as an enum or a struct;</li>
+<li>an expression of the form default(ValType), where ValType is a value type.</li>
+</ul>
+<div class="highlight"><table class="highlighttable"><tr><th colspan="2" class="filename"><span class="filename">C#</span></th></tr><tr><td class="linenos"><div class="linenodiv"><pre><span></span><span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-56-1">1</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-56-2">2</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-56-3">3</a></span></pre></div></td><td class="code"><div><pre><span></span><code><a id="__codelineno-56-1" name="__codelineno-56-1"></a><span class="n">type</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="nf">MethodName</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="p">(</span><span class="n">type</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="n">required</span><span class="p">,</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="n">type</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="n">firstOptional</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="o">=</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="n">default_value</span><span class="p">,</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="n">type</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="n">secondOptional</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="o">=</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="n">default_value</span><span class="p">,</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="p">...)</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="p">{</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="p">}</span>
+<a id="__codelineno-56-2" name="__codelineno-56-2"></a><span class="n">MethodName</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="n">value1</span><span class="p">);</span><span class="w">  </span><span class="c1">// use defaults for optional arguments</span>
+<a id="__codelineno-56-3" name="__codelineno-56-3"></a><span class="n">MethodName</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="n">required</span><span class="p">:</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="k">value</span><span class="p">,</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="n">secondOptional</span><span class="p">:</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="k">value</span><span class="p">);</span><span class="w">  </span><span class="c1">// use default for first optional but pass second optional</span>
+</code></pre></div></td></tr></table></div>
+<blockquote>
+<p><strong>Note</strong>: If the caller provides an argument for any one of a succession of optional parameters, it must provide arguments for all preceding optional parameters. Comma-separated gaps in the argument list are not supported.</p>
+</blockquote>
+<h3 id="passing-values-by-reference-ref-out-in">Passing Values By Reference (<code>ref</code>, <code>out</code>, <code>in</code>)</h3>
+<p><a href="https://docs.microsoft.com/en-us/dotnet/csharp/language-reference/keywords/ref">Ref Docs</a>, <a href="https://docs.microsoft.com/en-us/dotnet/csharp/language-reference/keywords/out-parameter-modifier">Out Docs</a>, <a href="https://docs.microsoft.com/en-us/dotnet/csharp/language-reference/keywords/in-parameter-modifier">In Docs</a></p>
+<p>The <code>out</code>, <code>in</code>, <code>ref</code> keywords cause arguments to be <em>passed by reference</em>. It makes the <em>formal parameter</em> an alias for the argument, which must be a variable.<br />
+In other words, any operation on the parameter is made <em>on the argument</em>. This behaviour is the same for classes and structs.</p>
+<p>An argument that is passed to a <code>ref</code> or <code>in</code> parameter <strong>must be initialized</strong> before it is passed. However <code>in</code> arguments <em>cannot be modified</em> by the called method.<br />
+Variables passed as <code>out</code> arguments do not have to be initialized before being passed in a method call. However, the called method is <strong>required to assign a value</strong> before the method returns.</p>
+<p>Use cases:</p>
+<ul>
+<li><code>out</code>: return multiple values from a method (move data into method)</li>
+<li><code>ref</code>: move data bidirectionally between method and call scope</li>
+<li><code>in</code>: pass large value type (e,g, struct) as a reference avoiding copying large amounts of data (must be readonly, copied regardless otherwise)</li>
+</ul>
+<blockquote>
+<p><strong>Note</strong>: use <code>in</code> only with readonly value types, because mutable value types can undo the performance benefits. (Mutable value types are typically a bad idea in any case.)</p>
+</blockquote>
+<p>While the method can use members of the passed reference type, it can't normally replace it with a different object.<br />
+But if a reference type argument is marked with ref, the method has access to the variable, so it could replace it with a reference to a completely different object.</p>
+<div class="highlight"><table class="highlighttable"><tr><th colspan="2" class="filename"><span class="filename">C#</span></th></tr><tr><td class="linenos"><div class="linenodiv"><pre><span></span><span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-57-1"> 1</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-57-2"> 2</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-57-3"> 3</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-57-4"> 4</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-57-5"> 5</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-57-6"> 6</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-57-7"> 7</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-57-8"> 8</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-57-9"> 9</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-57-10">10</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-57-11">11</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-57-12">12</a></span></pre></div></td><td class="code"><div><pre><span></span><code><a id="__codelineno-57-1" name="__codelineno-57-1"></a><span class="c1">// method declaration</span>
+<a id="__codelineno-57-2" name="__codelineno-57-2"></a><span class="n">type</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="nf">MethodName</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="p">(</span><span class="n">type</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="n">param1</span><span class="p">,</span><span class="w">  </span><span class="k">ref</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="n">type</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="n">param2</span><span class="p">,</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="k">out</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="n">type</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="n">param3</span><span class="p">,</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="k">in</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="n">type</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="n">param4</span><span class="p">,</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="p">...)</span>
+<a id="__codelineno-57-3" name="__codelineno-57-3"></a><span class="p">{</span>
+<a id="__codelineno-57-4" name="__codelineno-57-4"></a><span class="w">    </span><span class="c1">// code here</span>
+<a id="__codelineno-57-5" name="__codelineno-57-5"></a><span class="p">}</span>
+<a id="__codelineno-57-6" name="__codelineno-57-6"></a>
+<a id="__codelineno-57-7" name="__codelineno-57-7"></a><span class="c1">// method call needs REF &amp; OUT keywords, IN keyword is optional (pass by reference regardless)</span>
+<a id="__codelineno-57-8" name="__codelineno-57-8"></a><span class="n">MethodName</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="n">arg1</span><span class="p">,</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="k">ref</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="n">arg2</span><span class="p">,</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="k">out</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="n">arg3</span><span class="p">,</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="k">in</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="n">arg4</span><span class="p">);</span>
+<a id="__codelineno-57-9" name="__codelineno-57-9"></a><span class="n">MethodName</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="n">arg1</span><span class="p">,</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="k">ref</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="n">arg2</span><span class="p">,</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="k">out</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="n">arg3</span><span class="p">,</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="n">arg4</span><span class="p">);</span>
+<a id="__codelineno-57-10" name="__codelineno-57-10"></a>
+<a id="__codelineno-57-11" name="__codelineno-57-11"></a><span class="n">type</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="nf">OutMethod</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="n">type</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="n">param1</span><span class="p">,</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="k">out</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="n">type</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="n">param2</span><span class="p">){}</span>
+<a id="__codelineno-57-12" name="__codelineno-57-12"></a><span class="n">OutMethod</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="n">arg1</span><span class="p">,</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="k">out</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="kt">var</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="n">arg2</span><span class="p">);</span><span class="w">  </span><span class="c1">// create out variable on the fly</span>
+</code></pre></div></td></tr></table></div>
+<h3 id="returning-multiple-values-with-tuples">Returning Multiple Values with Tuples</h3>
+<p><strong>Must</strong> be C# 7+.<br />
+The retuned tuple MUST match the tuple-type in the instantiation</p>
+<div class="highlight"><table class="highlighttable"><tr><th colspan="2" class="filename"><span class="filename">C#</span></th></tr><tr><td class="linenos"><div class="linenodiv"><pre><span></span><span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-58-1">1</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-58-2">2</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-58-3">3</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-58-4">4</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-58-5">5</a></span></pre></div></td><td class="code"><div><pre><span></span><code><a id="__codelineno-58-1" name="__codelineno-58-1"></a><span class="p">(</span><span class="n">type</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="n">returnedVar1</span><span class="p">,</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="n">type</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="n">returnedVar2</span><span class="p">,</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="p">...)</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="n">MethodName</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="p">(</span><span class="n">type</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="n">parameter</span><span class="p">,</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="p">...)</span>
+<a id="__codelineno-58-2" name="__codelineno-58-2"></a><span class="p">{</span>
+<a id="__codelineno-58-3" name="__codelineno-58-3"></a><span class="w">   </span><span class="c1">// code here</span>
+<a id="__codelineno-58-4" name="__codelineno-58-4"></a><span class="w">   </span><span class="k">return</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="p">(</span><span class="n">expression</span><span class="p">,</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="n">expression</span><span class="p">,</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="p">...)</span>
+<a id="__codelineno-58-5" name="__codelineno-58-5"></a><span class="p">}</span>
+</code></pre></div></td></tr></table></div>
+<h3 id="returning-multiple-values-w-structs-return-struct-variable">Returning Multiple Values W/ Structs (Return Struct Variable)</h3>
+<div class="highlight"><table class="highlighttable"><tr><th colspan="2" class="filename"><span class="filename">C#</span></th></tr><tr><td class="linenos"><div class="linenodiv"><pre><span></span><span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-59-1">1</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-59-2">2</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-59-3">3</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-59-4">4</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-59-5">5</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-59-6">6</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-59-7">7</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-59-8">8</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-59-9">9</a></span></pre></div></td><td class="code"><div><pre><span></span><code><a id="__codelineno-59-1" name="__codelineno-59-1"></a><span class="n">StructName</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="nf">MethodName</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="p">(</span><span class="n">args</span><span class="p">)</span>
+<a id="__codelineno-59-2" name="__codelineno-59-2"></a><span class="p">{</span>
+<a id="__codelineno-59-3" name="__codelineno-59-3"></a><span class="w">   </span><span class="c1">// code here</span>
+<a id="__codelineno-59-4" name="__codelineno-59-4"></a><span class="w">   </span><span class="kt">var</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="n">variable</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="o">=</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="k">new</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="n">StructName</span><span class="w">     </span><span class="p">{</span>
+<a id="__codelineno-59-5" name="__codelineno-59-5"></a><span class="w">       </span><span class="c1">// code here</span>
+<a id="__codelineno-59-6" name="__codelineno-59-6"></a><span class="w">   </span><span class="p">}</span>
+<a id="__codelineno-59-7" name="__codelineno-59-7"></a>
+<a id="__codelineno-59-8" name="__codelineno-59-8"></a><span class="w">   </span><span class="k">return</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="n">variable</span><span class="p">;</span>
+<a id="__codelineno-59-9" name="__codelineno-59-9"></a><span class="p">}</span>
+</code></pre></div></td></tr></table></div>
+<h3 id="local-functions">Local Functions</h3>
+<div class="highlight"><table class="highlighttable"><tr><th colspan="2" class="filename"><span class="filename">C#</span></th></tr><tr><td class="linenos"><div class="linenodiv"><pre><span></span><span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-60-1">1</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-60-2">2</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-60-3">3</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-60-4">4</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-60-5">5</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-60-6">6</a></span></pre></div></td><td class="code"><div><pre><span></span><code><a id="__codelineno-60-1" name="__codelineno-60-1"></a><span class="n">type</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="nf">OuterMethod</span><span class="p">(...)</span>
+<a id="__codelineno-60-2" name="__codelineno-60-2"></a><span class="p">{</span>
+<a id="__codelineno-60-3" name="__codelineno-60-3"></a><span class="w">    </span><span class="kt">var</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="n">foo</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="o">=</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="n">InnerMethod</span><span class="p">();</span>
+<a id="__codelineno-60-4" name="__codelineno-60-4"></a>
+<a id="__codelineno-60-5" name="__codelineno-60-5"></a><span class="w">    </span><span class="n">type</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="nf">InnerMethod</span><span class="p">(...)</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="p">{</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="p">}</span>
+<a id="__codelineno-60-6" name="__codelineno-60-6"></a><span class="p">}</span>
+</code></pre></div></td></tr></table></div>
+<h3 id="extension-methods">Extension Methods</h3>
+<p>Extension methods allow their usage applied to the extended type as if their declaration was inside the object's class.<br />
+Extension methods are not really members of the class for which they are defined.<br />
+It's just an illusion maintained by the C# compiler, one that it keeps up even in situations where method invocation happens implicitly.</p>
+<blockquote>
+<p><strong>Note</strong>: Extension Method can be declared only inside static classes. Extension methods are available only if their namespace is imported with the <code>using</code> keyword.</p>
+</blockquote>
+<div class="highlight"><table class="highlighttable"><tr><th colspan="2" class="filename"><span class="filename">C#</span></th></tr><tr><td class="linenos"><div class="linenodiv"><pre><span></span><span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-61-1"> 1</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-61-2"> 2</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-61-3"> 3</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-61-4"> 4</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-61-5"> 5</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-61-6"> 6</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-61-7"> 7</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-61-8"> 8</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-61-9"> 9</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-61-10">10</a></span></pre></div></td><td class="code"><div><pre><span></span><code><a id="__codelineno-61-1" name="__codelineno-61-1"></a><span class="k">public</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="k">static</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="k">class</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="nc">ExtensionMethods</span>
+<a id="__codelineno-61-2" name="__codelineno-61-2"></a><span class="p">{</span>
+<a id="__codelineno-61-3" name="__codelineno-61-3"></a><span class="w">    </span><span class="n">type</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="nf">ExtensionMethod</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="k">this</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="n">type</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="n">param</span><span class="p">)</span>
+<a id="__codelineno-61-4" name="__codelineno-61-4"></a><span class="w">    </span><span class="p">{</span>
+<a id="__codelineno-61-5" name="__codelineno-61-5"></a><span class="w">        </span><span class="c1">// code here</span>
+<a id="__codelineno-61-6" name="__codelineno-61-6"></a><span class="w">    </span><span class="p">}</span>
+<a id="__codelineno-61-7" name="__codelineno-61-7"></a><span class="p">}</span>
+<a id="__codelineno-61-8" name="__codelineno-61-8"></a>
+<a id="__codelineno-61-9" name="__codelineno-61-9"></a><span class="n">type</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="kt">var</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="o">=</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="k">value</span><span class="p">;</span>
+<a id="__codelineno-61-10" name="__codelineno-61-10"></a><span class="kt">var</span><span class="p">.</span><span class="n">ExtensionMethod</span><span class="p">();</span><span class="w">  </span><span class="c1">// use the method on a object as if the method belongs to the object</span>
+</code></pre></div></td></tr></table></div>
+<hr />
+<h2 id="iterators"><a href="https://docs.microsoft.com/en-us/dotnet/csharp/programming-guide/concepts/iterators">Iterators</a></h2>
+<p>An iterator can be used to step through collections such as lists and arrays.</p>
+<p>An iterator method or <code>get</code> accessor performs a custom iteration over a collection. An iterator method uses the <code>yield return</code> statement to return each element one at a time.<br />
+When a <code>yield return</code> statement is reached, the current location in code is remembered. Execution is restarted from that location the next time the iterator function is called.</p>
+<p>It's possible to use a <code>yield break</code> statement or exception to end the iteration.</p>
+<blockquote>
+<p><strong>Note</strong>: Since an iterator returns an <code>IEnumerable&lt;T&gt;</code> is can be used to implement a <code>GetEnumerator()</code>.</p>
+</blockquote>
+<div class="highlight"><table class="highlighttable"><tr><th colspan="2" class="filename"><span class="filename">C#</span></th></tr><tr><td class="linenos"><div class="linenodiv"><pre><span></span><span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-62-1">1</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-62-2">2</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-62-3">3</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-62-4">4</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-62-5">5</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-62-6">6</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-62-7">7</a></span></pre></div></td><td class="code"><div><pre><span></span><code><a id="__codelineno-62-1" name="__codelineno-62-1"></a><span class="c1">// simple iterator</span>
+<a id="__codelineno-62-2" name="__codelineno-62-2"></a><span class="k">public</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="k">static</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="n">System</span><span class="p">.</span><span class="n">Collections</span><span class="p">.</span><span class="n">IEnumerable</span><span class="o">&lt;</span><span class="kt">int</span><span class="o">&gt;</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="n">IterateRange</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="kt">int</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="n">start</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="o">=</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="m">0</span><span class="p">,</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="kt">int</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="n">end</span><span class="p">)</span>
+<a id="__codelineno-62-3" name="__codelineno-62-3"></a><span class="p">{</span>
+<a id="__codelineno-62-4" name="__codelineno-62-4"></a><span class="w">    </span><span class="k">for</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="kt">int</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="n">i</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="o">=</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="n">start</span><span class="p">;</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="n">i</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="o">&lt;</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="n">end</span><span class="p">;</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="n">i</span><span class="o">++</span><span class="p">){</span>
+<a id="__codelineno-62-5" name="__codelineno-62-5"></a><span class="w">        </span><span class="k">yield</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="k">return</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="n">i</span><span class="p">;</span>
+<a id="__codelineno-62-6" name="__codelineno-62-6"></a><span class="w">    </span><span class="p">}</span>
+<a id="__codelineno-62-7" name="__codelineno-62-7"></a><span class="p">}</span>
+</code></pre></div></td></tr></table></div>
+<hr />
+<h2 id="structs-custom-value-types-classes-custom-reference-types">Structs (Custom Value Types) &amp; Classes (Custom Reference Types)</h2>
+<p><img alt="reference-vs-value" src="../../../img/dotnet_pass-by-reference-vs-pass-by-value-animation.gif" /></p>
+<p><strong>Structure</strong> types have <em>value semantics</em>. That is, a variable of a structure type contains an <em>instance</em> of the type.</p>
+<p><strong>Class</strong> types have <em>reference semantics</em>. That is, a variable of a class type contains a <em>reference to an instance</em> of the type, not the instance itself.</p>
+<p>Typically, you use structure types to design small data-centric types that provide little or no behavior. If you're focused on the behavior of a type, consider defining a class.<br />
+Because structure types have value semantics, we recommend you to define immutable structure types.</p>
+<p>Creating a new instance of a value type doesn't necessarily mean allocating more memory, whereas with reference types, a new instance means anew heap block.<br />
+This is why it's OK for each operation performed with a value type to produce a new instance.</p>
+<p>The most important question is : does the identity of an instance matter? In other words, is the distinction between one object and another object important?</p>
+<p>An important and related question is: does an instance of the type contain state that changes over time?<br />
+Modifiable value types tend to be problematic, because it's all too easy to end up working with some copy of a value, and not the correct instance.<br />
+So it's usually a good idea for value types to be immutable. This doesn't mean that variables of these types cannot be modified;<br />
+it just means that to modify the variable, its contents must be replaced entirely with a different value.</p>
+<div class="highlight"><table class="highlighttable"><tr><th colspan="2" class="filename"><span class="filename">C#</span></th></tr><tr><td class="linenos"><div class="linenodiv"><pre><span></span><span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-63-1"> 1</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-63-2"> 2</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-63-3"> 3</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-63-4"> 4</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-63-5"> 5</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-63-6"> 6</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-63-7"> 7</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-63-8"> 8</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-63-9"> 9</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-63-10">10</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-63-11">11</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-63-12">12</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-63-13">13</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-63-14">14</a></span></pre></div></td><td class="code"><div><pre><span></span><code><a id="__codelineno-63-1" name="__codelineno-63-1"></a><span class="k">public</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="k">struct</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="nc">Point</span>
+<a id="__codelineno-63-2" name="__codelineno-63-2"></a><span class="p">{</span>
+<a id="__codelineno-63-3" name="__codelineno-63-3"></a><span class="w">    </span><span class="k">public</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="nf">Point</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="kt">double</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="n">x</span><span class="p">,</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="kt">double</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="n">y</span><span class="p">)</span>
+<a id="__codelineno-63-4" name="__codelineno-63-4"></a><span class="w">    </span><span class="p">{</span>
+<a id="__codelineno-63-5" name="__codelineno-63-5"></a><span class="w">        </span><span class="n">X</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="o">=</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="n">x</span><span class="p">;</span>
+<a id="__codelineno-63-6" name="__codelineno-63-6"></a><span class="w">        </span><span class="n">Y</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="o">=</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="n">y</span><span class="p">;</span>
+<a id="__codelineno-63-7" name="__codelineno-63-7"></a><span class="w">    </span><span class="p">}</span>
+<a id="__codelineno-63-8" name="__codelineno-63-8"></a>
+<a id="__codelineno-63-9" name="__codelineno-63-9"></a><span class="w">    </span><span class="k">public</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="kt">double</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="n">X</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="p">{</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="k">get</span><span class="p">;</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="k">set</span><span class="p">;</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="p">}</span>
+<a id="__codelineno-63-10" name="__codelineno-63-10"></a><span class="w">    </span><span class="k">public</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="kt">double</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="n">Y</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="p">{</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="k">get</span><span class="p">;</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="k">set</span><span class="p">;</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="p">}</span>
+<a id="__codelineno-63-11" name="__codelineno-63-11"></a>
+<a id="__codelineno-63-12" name="__codelineno-63-12"></a><span class="w">    </span><span class="k">public</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="k">override</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="kt">string</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="nf">ToString</span><span class="p">()</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="o">=&gt;</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="s">$&quot;({X}, {Y})&quot;</span><span class="p">;</span>
+<a id="__codelineno-63-13" name="__codelineno-63-13"></a>
+<a id="__codelineno-63-14" name="__codelineno-63-14"></a><span class="p">}</span>
+</code></pre></div></td></tr></table></div>
+<blockquote>
+<p><strong>Note</strong>: From C# 10 is possible to have a parameterless constructor and make a new struct using a <code>with</code> statement.
+<strong>Note</strong>: From C# 11 uninitialized values will be filed with their defaults</p>
+</blockquote>
+<p>The only way to affect a struct variable both inside a method and outside is to use the <code>ref</code> keyword;</p>
+<h3 id="modifiers-methods-variables">Modifiers (Methods &amp; Variables)</h3>
+<p>A locally scoped variable is only accessible inside of the code block in which it's defined.<br />
+If you attempt to access the variable outside of the code block, you'll get a compiler error.</p>
+<p><a href="https://docs.microsoft.com/en-us/dotnet/csharp/programming-guide/classes-and-structs/access-modifiers">Access Modifiers</a></p>
+<div class="highlight"><table class="highlighttable"><tr><th colspan="2" class="filename"><span class="filename">C#</span></th></tr><tr><td class="linenos"><div class="linenodiv"><pre><span></span><span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-64-1"> 1</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-64-2"> 2</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-64-3"> 3</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-64-4"> 4</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-64-5"> 5</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-64-6"> 6</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-64-7"> 7</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-64-8"> 8</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-64-9"> 9</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-64-10">10</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-64-11">11</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-64-12">12</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-64-13">13</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-64-14">14</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-64-15">15</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-64-16">16</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-64-17">17</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-64-18">18</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-64-19">19</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-64-20">20</a></span></pre></div></td><td class="code"><div><pre><span></span><code><a id="__codelineno-64-1" name="__codelineno-64-1"></a><span class="c1">// ACCESS MODIFIERS</span>
+<a id="__codelineno-64-2" name="__codelineno-64-2"></a><span class="k">public</span><span class="w">    </span><span class="c1">// visible from everywhere</span>
+<a id="__codelineno-64-3" name="__codelineno-64-3"></a><span class="k">private</span><span class="w">    </span><span class="c1">// not visible outside of the class (default for members)</span>
+<a id="__codelineno-64-4" name="__codelineno-64-4"></a><span class="k">protected</span><span class="w">    </span><span class="c1">// visible only to the same class and extending classes</span>
+<a id="__codelineno-64-5" name="__codelineno-64-5"></a><span class="k">internal</span><span class="w">  </span><span class="c1">// available for use only within the assembly (default for classes)</span>
+<a id="__codelineno-64-6" name="__codelineno-64-6"></a><span class="k">protected</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="k">internal</span><span class="w">  </span><span class="c1">// can be accessed by any code in the assembly in which it&#39;s declared, or from within a derived class in another assembly</span>
+<a id="__codelineno-64-7" name="__codelineno-64-7"></a><span class="k">private</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="k">protected</span><span class="w">  </span><span class="c1">// can be accessed only within its declaring assembly, by code in the same class or in a type that is derived from that class</span>
+<a id="__codelineno-64-8" name="__codelineno-64-8"></a><span class="n">file</span><span class="w">  </span><span class="c1">// can be accessed only in the same file in which is declared. Will not clash with other classes/method/interface with the same name</span>
+<a id="__codelineno-64-9" name="__codelineno-64-9"></a>
+<a id="__codelineno-64-10" name="__codelineno-64-10"></a><span class="k">readonly</span><span class="w">  </span><span class="c1">// value can be read but not modified</span>
+<a id="__codelineno-64-11" name="__codelineno-64-11"></a><span class="k">static</span><span class="w">  </span><span class="c1">// not of the instance of a class</span>
+<a id="__codelineno-64-12" name="__codelineno-64-12"></a><span class="k">sealed</span><span class="w">  </span><span class="c1">// cannot be inherited or overridden (default case), sealing a virtual class/method prevents further modifications (on methods sealed must always be used with override)</span>
+<a id="__codelineno-64-13" name="__codelineno-64-13"></a><span class="k">abstract</span><span class="w">  </span><span class="c1">// derived classes MUST implement this</span>
+<a id="__codelineno-64-14" name="__codelineno-64-14"></a><span class="k">virtual</span><span class="w">  </span><span class="c1">// can be overridden by derived classes (applicable to Properties)</span>
+<a id="__codelineno-64-15" name="__codelineno-64-15"></a><span class="k">new</span><span class="w">  </span><span class="c1">// hide base&#39;s (parent&#39;s) method</span>
+<a id="__codelineno-64-16" name="__codelineno-64-16"></a>
+<a id="__codelineno-64-17" name="__codelineno-64-17"></a><span class="k">async</span><span class="w">  </span><span class="c1">// method, lambda expression, or anonymous method is asynchronous</span>
+<a id="__codelineno-64-18" name="__codelineno-64-18"></a><span class="n">volatile</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="c1">// field might be modified by multiple threads that are executing at the same time</span>
+<a id="__codelineno-64-19" name="__codelineno-64-19"></a><span class="k">unsafe</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="c1">// unsafe context, required for any operation involving pointers</span>
+<a id="__codelineno-64-20" name="__codelineno-64-20"></a><span class="k">extern</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="c1">// method is implemented externally</span>
+</code></pre></div></td></tr></table></div>
+<p><code>partial</code> indicates that other parts of the class, struct, or interface can be defined in the namespace.<br />
+All the parts must use the partial keyword.<br />
+All the parts must be available at compile time to form the final type.<br />
+All the parts must have the same accessibility.</p>
+<p>If any part is declared abstract, then the whole type is considered abstract.<br />
+If any part is declared sealed, then the whole type is considered sealed.<br />
+If any part declares a base type, then the whole type inherits that class.</p>
+<h3 id="methods_1">Methods</h3>
+<div class="highlight"><table class="highlighttable"><tr><th colspan="2" class="filename"><span class="filename">C#</span></th></tr><tr><td class="linenos"><div class="linenodiv"><pre><span></span><span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-65-1"> 1</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-65-2"> 2</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-65-3"> 3</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-65-4"> 4</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-65-5"> 5</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-65-6"> 6</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-65-7"> 7</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-65-8"> 8</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-65-9"> 9</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-65-10">10</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-65-11">11</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-65-12">12</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-65-13">13</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-65-14">14</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-65-15">15</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-65-16">16</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-65-17">17</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-65-18">18</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-65-19">19</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-65-20">20</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-65-21">21</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-65-22">22</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-65-23">23</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-65-24">24</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-65-25">25</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-65-26">26</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-65-27">27</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-65-28">28</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-65-29">29</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-65-30">30</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-65-31">31</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-65-32">32</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-65-33">33</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-65-34">34</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-65-35">35</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-65-36">36</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-65-37">37</a></span></pre></div></td><td class="code"><div><pre><span></span><code><a id="__codelineno-65-1" name="__codelineno-65-1"></a><span class="k">class</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="nc">Class</span>
+<a id="__codelineno-65-2" name="__codelineno-65-2"></a><span class="p">{</span>
+<a id="__codelineno-65-3" name="__codelineno-65-3"></a><span class="w">    </span><span class="k">static</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="n">Type</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="nf">Method</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="n">Type</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="n">Argument</span><span class="p">,</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="p">...)</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="p">{}</span><span class="w">  </span><span class="c1">// static method, can operate ONLY on STATIC VARIABLES</span>
+<a id="__codelineno-65-4" name="__codelineno-65-4"></a>
+<a id="__codelineno-65-5" name="__codelineno-65-5"></a><span class="w">    </span><span class="n">Type</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="nf">Method</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="n">Type</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="n">Argument</span><span class="p">,</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="p">...)</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="p">{}</span><span class="w">  </span><span class="c1">// instance method, can operate on INSTANCE VARIABLES</span>
+<a id="__codelineno-65-6" name="__codelineno-65-6"></a>
+<a id="__codelineno-65-7" name="__codelineno-65-7"></a><span class="w">    </span><span class="c1">// override inherited method</span>
+<a id="__codelineno-65-8" name="__codelineno-65-8"></a><span class="w">    </span><span class="k">public</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="k">override</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="n">Type</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="nf">Method</span><span class="p">()</span>
+<a id="__codelineno-65-9" name="__codelineno-65-9"></a><span class="w">    </span><span class="p">{</span>
+<a id="__codelineno-65-10" name="__codelineno-65-10"></a><span class="w">    </span><span class="p">}</span>
+<a id="__codelineno-65-11" name="__codelineno-65-11"></a>
+<a id="__codelineno-65-12" name="__codelineno-65-12"></a><span class="w">    </span><span class="c1">// visrual methods CAN be overridden</span>
+<a id="__codelineno-65-13" name="__codelineno-65-13"></a><span class="w">    </span><span class="k">public</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="k">virtual</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="n">Type</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="nf">Method</span><span class="p">()</span>
+<a id="__codelineno-65-14" name="__codelineno-65-14"></a><span class="w">    </span><span class="p">{</span>
+<a id="__codelineno-65-15" name="__codelineno-65-15"></a><span class="w">    </span><span class="p">}</span>
+<a id="__codelineno-65-16" name="__codelineno-65-16"></a><span class="p">}</span><span class="err">```</span>
+<a id="__codelineno-65-17" name="__codelineno-65-17"></a>
+<a id="__codelineno-65-18" name="__codelineno-65-18"></a><span class="err">###</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="n">Constructors</span>
+<a id="__codelineno-65-19" name="__codelineno-65-19"></a>
+<a id="__codelineno-65-20" name="__codelineno-65-20"></a><span class="err">```</span><span class="n">cs</span>
+<a id="__codelineno-65-21" name="__codelineno-65-21"></a><span class="k">class</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="nf">Class</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="n">Type</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="n">Parameter</span><span class="p">,</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="p">...)</span><span class="w">  </span><span class="c1">// primary constructor (like records)</span>
+<a id="__codelineno-65-22" name="__codelineno-65-22"></a><span class="p">{</span>
+<a id="__codelineno-65-23" name="__codelineno-65-23"></a>
+<a id="__codelineno-65-24" name="__codelineno-65-24"></a><span class="w">    </span><span class="k">public</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="nf">Class</span><span class="p">()</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="p">{</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="p">}</span><span class="w">  </span><span class="c1">// parameterless constructor</span>
+<a id="__codelineno-65-25" name="__codelineno-65-25"></a>
+<a id="__codelineno-65-26" name="__codelineno-65-26"></a><span class="w">    </span><span class="c1">// standard constructor</span>
+<a id="__codelineno-65-27" name="__codelineno-65-27"></a><span class="w">    </span><span class="k">public</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="nf">Class</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="n">type</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="n">parameter</span><span class="p">)</span>
+<a id="__codelineno-65-28" name="__codelineno-65-28"></a><span class="w">    </span><span class="p">{</span>
+<a id="__codelineno-65-29" name="__codelineno-65-29"></a><span class="w">        </span><span class="n">_field</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="o">=</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="n">field</span><span class="p">;</span>
+<a id="__codelineno-65-30" name="__codelineno-65-30"></a><span class="w">    </span><span class="p">}</span>
+<a id="__codelineno-65-31" name="__codelineno-65-31"></a>
+<a id="__codelineno-65-32" name="__codelineno-65-32"></a><span class="w">    </span><span class="c1">// extends an existing constructor adding parameters to the existing ones</span>
+<a id="__codelineno-65-33" name="__codelineno-65-33"></a><span class="w">    </span><span class="k">public</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="nf">Class</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="n">type</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="n">parameter</span><span class="p">,</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="n">type</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="n">other</span><span class="p">)</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="p">:</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="k">this</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="n">parameter</span><span class="p">)</span>
+<a id="__codelineno-65-34" name="__codelineno-65-34"></a><span class="w">    </span><span class="p">{</span>
+<a id="__codelineno-65-35" name="__codelineno-65-35"></a><span class="w">        </span><span class="n">_other</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="o">=</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="n">other</span><span class="p">;</span>
+<a id="__codelineno-65-36" name="__codelineno-65-36"></a><span class="w">    </span><span class="p">}</span>
+<a id="__codelineno-65-37" name="__codelineno-65-37"></a><span class="p">}</span>
+</code></pre></div></td></tr></table></div>
+<blockquote>
+<p><strong>Note</strong>: if a <em>primary constructor</em> is used all other constructors must use <code>this(...)</code> to invoke it</p>
+</blockquote>
+<h3 id="properties-fields">Properties &amp; Fields</h3>
+<p><a href="https://docs.microsoft.com/en-us/dotnet/csharp/programming-guide/classes-and-structs/properties">Properties Docs</a></p>
+<p>A <em>field</em> is a variable of any type that is declared directly in a class or struct. Fields are members of their containing type.<br />
+A <em>property</em> is a member that provides a flexible mechanism to read, write, or compute the value of a private field.</p>
+<div class="highlight"><table class="highlighttable"><tr><th colspan="2" class="filename"><span class="filename">C#</span></th></tr><tr><td class="linenos"><div class="linenodiv"><pre><span></span><span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-66-1"> 1</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-66-2"> 2</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-66-3"> 3</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-66-4"> 4</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-66-5"> 5</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-66-6"> 6</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-66-7"> 7</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-66-8"> 8</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-66-9"> 9</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-66-10">10</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-66-11">11</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-66-12">12</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-66-13">13</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-66-14">14</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-66-15">15</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-66-16">16</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-66-17">17</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-66-18">18</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-66-19">19</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-66-20">20</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-66-21">21</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-66-22">22</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-66-23">23</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-66-24">24</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-66-25">25</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-66-26">26</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-66-27">27</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-66-28">28</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-66-29">29</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-66-30">30</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-66-31">31</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-66-32">32</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-66-33">33</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-66-34">34</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-66-35">35</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-66-36">36</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-66-37">37</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-66-38">38</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-66-39">39</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-66-40">40</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-66-41">41</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-66-42">42</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-66-43">43</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-66-44">44</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-66-45">45</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-66-46">46</a></span></pre></div></td><td class="code"><div><pre><span></span><code><a id="__codelineno-66-1" name="__codelineno-66-1"></a><span class="k">class</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="nc">Class</span>
+<a id="__codelineno-66-2" name="__codelineno-66-2"></a><span class="p">{</span>
+<a id="__codelineno-66-3" name="__codelineno-66-3"></a>
+<a id="__codelineno-66-4" name="__codelineno-66-4"></a><span class="w">    </span><span class="k">public</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="k">static</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="n">Type</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="n">Field</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="o">=</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="k">value</span><span class="p">;</span><span class="w">    </span><span class="c1">// static (non-instance) public field  w/ initializer</span>
+<a id="__codelineno-66-5" name="__codelineno-66-5"></a>
+<a id="__codelineno-66-6" name="__codelineno-66-6"></a><span class="w">    </span><span class="k">private</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="n">Type</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="n">_field</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="o">=</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="k">value</span><span class="p">;</span><span class="w">    </span><span class="c1">// private instance field w/ initializer</span>
+<a id="__codelineno-66-7" name="__codelineno-66-7"></a><span class="w">    </span><span class="k">private</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="n">Type</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="n">_field</span><span class="p">;</span><span class="w">  </span><span class="c1">// private instance field, initialized by constructor</span>
+<a id="__codelineno-66-8" name="__codelineno-66-8"></a>
+<a id="__codelineno-66-9" name="__codelineno-66-9"></a><span class="w">    </span><span class="k">private</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="n">type</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="n">_backingField</span><span class="p">;</span>
+<a id="__codelineno-66-10" name="__codelineno-66-10"></a>
+<a id="__codelineno-66-11" name="__codelineno-66-11"></a><span class="w">    </span><span class="c1">// PROPERTY</span>
+<a id="__codelineno-66-12" name="__codelineno-66-12"></a><span class="w">    </span><span class="k">public</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="n">type</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="n">Property</span>
+<a id="__codelineno-66-13" name="__codelineno-66-13"></a><span class="w">    </span><span class="p">{</span>
+<a id="__codelineno-66-14" name="__codelineno-66-14"></a><span class="w">        </span><span class="k">get</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="p">{</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="k">return</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="n">_backingField</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="p">}</span>
+<a id="__codelineno-66-15" name="__codelineno-66-15"></a><span class="w">        </span><span class="k">set</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="p">{</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="n">_backingField</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="o">=</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="k">value</span><span class="p">;</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="p">}</span>
+<a id="__codelineno-66-16" name="__codelineno-66-16"></a><span class="w">    </span><span class="p">}</span>
+<a id="__codelineno-66-17" name="__codelineno-66-17"></a>
+<a id="__codelineno-66-18" name="__codelineno-66-18"></a><span class="w">    </span><span class="c1">// PROPERTY WITH EXPRESSION BODY DEFINITIONS</span>
+<a id="__codelineno-66-19" name="__codelineno-66-19"></a><span class="w">    </span><span class="k">public</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="n">type</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="n">Property</span>
+<a id="__codelineno-66-20" name="__codelineno-66-20"></a><span class="w">    </span><span class="p">{</span>
+<a id="__codelineno-66-21" name="__codelineno-66-21"></a><span class="w">        </span><span class="k">get</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="o">=&gt;</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="n">_backingField</span><span class="p">;</span>
+<a id="__codelineno-66-22" name="__codelineno-66-22"></a><span class="w">        </span><span class="k">set</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="o">=&gt;</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="n">_backingField</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="o">=</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="k">value</span><span class="p">;</span>
+<a id="__codelineno-66-23" name="__codelineno-66-23"></a><span class="w">    </span><span class="p">}</span>
+<a id="__codelineno-66-24" name="__codelineno-66-24"></a>
+<a id="__codelineno-66-25" name="__codelineno-66-25"></a><span class="w">    </span><span class="c1">// REQUIRED PROPERTY prop must be set at obj init (in constructor or initializer)</span>
+<a id="__codelineno-66-26" name="__codelineno-66-26"></a><span class="w">    </span><span class="k">public</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="n">required</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="n">Type</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="n">Property</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="p">{</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="k">get</span><span class="p">;</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="k">set</span><span class="p">;</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="p">}</span>
+<a id="__codelineno-66-27" name="__codelineno-66-27"></a>
+<a id="__codelineno-66-28" name="__codelineno-66-28"></a><span class="w">    </span><span class="c1">// EXPRESSION-BODIED READ-ONLY PROPERTY</span>
+<a id="__codelineno-66-29" name="__codelineno-66-29"></a><span class="w">    </span><span class="k">public</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="n">type</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="n">Property</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="o">=&gt;</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="o">&lt;</span><span class="n">expr</span><span class="o">&gt;</span><span class="p">;</span>
+<a id="__codelineno-66-30" name="__codelineno-66-30"></a>
+<a id="__codelineno-66-31" name="__codelineno-66-31"></a><span class="w">    </span><span class="c1">// AUTO-PROPERTIES</span>
+<a id="__codelineno-66-32" name="__codelineno-66-32"></a><span class="w">    </span><span class="k">public</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="n">Property</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="p">{</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="k">get</span><span class="p">;</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="k">set</span><span class="p">;</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="p">}</span>
+<a id="__codelineno-66-33" name="__codelineno-66-33"></a><span class="w">    </span><span class="k">public</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="n">Property</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="p">{</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="k">get</span><span class="p">;</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="k">private</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="k">set</span><span class="p">;</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="p">}</span><span class="w">  </span><span class="c1">// settable only inside class</span>
+<a id="__codelineno-66-34" name="__codelineno-66-34"></a><span class="w">    </span><span class="k">public</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="n">Property</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="p">{</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="k">get</span><span class="p">;</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="n">init</span><span class="p">;</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="p">}</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="c1">// settable only in constructor, initializer, keyword with</span>
+<a id="__codelineno-66-35" name="__codelineno-66-35"></a><span class="w">    </span><span class="k">public</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="n">Property</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="p">{</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="k">get</span><span class="p">;</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="p">}</span><span class="w">  </span><span class="c1">// can only be setted by constructor</span>
+<a id="__codelineno-66-36" name="__codelineno-66-36"></a>
+<a id="__codelineno-66-37" name="__codelineno-66-37"></a><span class="w">    </span><span class="c1">// MIXED</span>
+<a id="__codelineno-66-38" name="__codelineno-66-38"></a><span class="w">    </span><span class="k">public</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="n">type</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="n">Property</span>
+<a id="__codelineno-66-39" name="__codelineno-66-39"></a><span class="w">    </span><span class="p">{</span>
+<a id="__codelineno-66-40" name="__codelineno-66-40"></a><span class="w">        </span><span class="k">get</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="o">=&gt;</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="n">_backingField</span><span class="p">;</span>
+<a id="__codelineno-66-41" name="__codelineno-66-41"></a><span class="w">        </span><span class="k">set</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="o">=&gt;</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="p">{</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="p">...</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="p">}</span>
+<a id="__codelineno-66-42" name="__codelineno-66-42"></a><span class="w">    </span><span class="p">}</span>
+<a id="__codelineno-66-43" name="__codelineno-66-43"></a>
+<a id="__codelineno-66-44" name="__codelineno-66-44"></a><span class="w">    </span><span class="n">Property</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="o">=</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="k">value</span><span class="p">;</span><span class="w">  </span><span class="c1">// set</span>
+<a id="__codelineno-66-45" name="__codelineno-66-45"></a><span class="w">    </span><span class="n">Property</span><span class="p">;</span><span class="w">  </span><span class="c1">// get</span>
+<a id="__codelineno-66-46" name="__codelineno-66-46"></a><span class="p">}</span>
+</code></pre></div></td></tr></table></div>
+<blockquote>
+<p><strong>Note</strong>: The <code>init</code> accessor is a variant of the <code>set</code> accessor which can only be called during object initialization.<br />
+Because <code>init</code> accessors can only be called during initialization, they are allowed to <em>mutate</em> <code>readonly</code> fields of the enclosing class, just like in a constructor.
+<strong>Note</strong>: creating at least one constructor hides the one provided by default (w/ zero parameters).</p>
+</blockquote>
+<h3 id="object-and-collection-initializers"><a href="https://docs.microsoft.com/en-us/dotnet/csharp/programming-guide/classes-and-structs/object-and-collection-initializers">Object and Collection Initializers</a></h3>
+<p><strong>Object initializers</strong> allow to assign values to any accessible fields or properties of an object at creation time without having to invoke a constructor followed by lines of assignment statements.<br />
+The object initializer syntax enables to specify arguments for a constructor or omit the arguments (and parentheses syntax).</p>
+<div class="highlight"><table class="highlighttable"><tr><th colspan="2" class="filename"><span class="filename">C#</span></th></tr><tr><td class="linenos"><div class="linenodiv"><pre><span></span><span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-67-1"> 1</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-67-2"> 2</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-67-3"> 3</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-67-4"> 4</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-67-5"> 5</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-67-6"> 6</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-67-7"> 7</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-67-8"> 8</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-67-9"> 9</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-67-10">10</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-67-11">11</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-67-12">12</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-67-13">13</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-67-14">14</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-67-15">15</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-67-16">16</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-67-17">17</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-67-18">18</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-67-19">19</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-67-20">20</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-67-21">21</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-67-22">22</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-67-23">23</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-67-24">24</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-67-25">25</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-67-26">26</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-67-27">27</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-67-28">28</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-67-29">29</a></span></pre></div></td><td class="code"><div><pre><span></span><code><a id="__codelineno-67-1" name="__codelineno-67-1"></a><span class="k">public</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="k">class</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="nc">Class</span>
+<a id="__codelineno-67-2" name="__codelineno-67-2"></a><span class="p">{</span>
+<a id="__codelineno-67-3" name="__codelineno-67-3"></a><span class="w">    </span><span class="c1">// Auto-implemented properties.</span>
+<a id="__codelineno-67-4" name="__codelineno-67-4"></a><span class="w">    </span><span class="k">public</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="n">Type</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="n">Prop1</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="p">{</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="k">get</span><span class="p">;</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="k">set</span><span class="p">;</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="p">}</span>
+<a id="__codelineno-67-5" name="__codelineno-67-5"></a><span class="w">    </span><span class="k">public</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="n">Type</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="n">Prop2</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="p">{</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="k">get</span><span class="p">;</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="k">set</span><span class="p">;</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="p">}</span>
+<a id="__codelineno-67-6" name="__codelineno-67-6"></a>
+<a id="__codelineno-67-7" name="__codelineno-67-7"></a><span class="w">    </span><span class="k">public</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="nf">Class</span><span class="p">()</span>
+<a id="__codelineno-67-8" name="__codelineno-67-8"></a><span class="w">    </span><span class="p">{</span>
+<a id="__codelineno-67-9" name="__codelineno-67-9"></a><span class="w">    </span><span class="p">}</span>
+<a id="__codelineno-67-10" name="__codelineno-67-10"></a>
+<a id="__codelineno-67-11" name="__codelineno-67-11"></a><span class="w">    </span><span class="k">public</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="nf">Class</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="n">Type</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="n">arg</span><span class="p">)</span>
+<a id="__codelineno-67-12" name="__codelineno-67-12"></a><span class="w">    </span><span class="p">{</span>
+<a id="__codelineno-67-13" name="__codelineno-67-13"></a><span class="w">        </span><span class="n">Prop1</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="o">=</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="n">arg</span><span class="p">;</span>
+<a id="__codelineno-67-14" name="__codelineno-67-14"></a><span class="w">    </span><span class="p">}</span>
+<a id="__codelineno-67-15" name="__codelineno-67-15"></a><span class="p">}</span>
+<a id="__codelineno-67-16" name="__codelineno-67-16"></a>
+<a id="__codelineno-67-17" name="__codelineno-67-17"></a><span class="c1">// standard way</span>
+<a id="__codelineno-67-18" name="__codelineno-67-18"></a><span class="n">Class</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="n">obj</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="o">=</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="k">new</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="n">Class</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="n">arg1</span><span class="p">)</span>
+<a id="__codelineno-67-19" name="__codelineno-67-19"></a><span class="n">obj</span><span class="p">.</span><span class="n">Prop2</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="o">=</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="n">arg2</span><span class="p">;</span>
+<a id="__codelineno-67-20" name="__codelineno-67-20"></a>
+<a id="__codelineno-67-21" name="__codelineno-67-21"></a><span class="c1">// known target type</span>
+<a id="__codelineno-67-22" name="__codelineno-67-22"></a><span class="n">Class</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="n">obj</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="o">=</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="k">new</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="n">arg1</span><span class="p">,</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="p">...)</span>
+<a id="__codelineno-67-23" name="__codelineno-67-23"></a>
+<a id="__codelineno-67-24" name="__codelineno-67-24"></a><span class="c1">// object initializers</span>
+<a id="__codelineno-67-25" name="__codelineno-67-25"></a><span class="n">Class</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="n">obj</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="o">=</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="k">new</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="n">Class</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="p">{</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="n">Prop2</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="o">=</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="n">arg2</span><span class="p">,</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="n">Prop1</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="o">=</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="n">arg1</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="p">};</span><span class="w">  </span><span class="c1">// w/o constructor</span>
+<a id="__codelineno-67-26" name="__codelineno-67-26"></a><span class="n">Class</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="n">obj</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="o">=</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="k">new</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="n">Class</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="n">arg1</span><span class="p">)</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="p">{</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="n">Prop2</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="o">=</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="n">arg2</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="p">};</span><span class="w">  </span><span class="c1">// w/ constructor</span>
+<a id="__codelineno-67-27" name="__codelineno-67-27"></a>
+<a id="__codelineno-67-28" name="__codelineno-67-28"></a><span class="c1">// with keyword</span>
+<a id="__codelineno-67-29" name="__codelineno-67-29"></a><span class="kt">var</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="n">copy</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="o">=</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="n">original</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="n">with</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="p">{</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="n">Prop</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="o">=</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="n">newValue</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="p">};</span><span class="w">  </span><span class="c1">// other props are copies of the original</span>
+</code></pre></div></td></tr></table></div>
+<div class="highlight"><table class="highlighttable"><tr><th colspan="2" class="filename"><span class="filename">C#</span></th></tr><tr><td class="linenos"><div class="linenodiv"><pre><span></span><span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-68-1"> 1</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-68-2"> 2</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-68-3"> 3</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-68-4"> 4</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-68-5"> 5</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-68-6"> 6</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-68-7"> 7</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-68-8"> 8</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-68-9"> 9</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-68-10">10</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-68-11">11</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-68-12">12</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-68-13">13</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-68-14">14</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-68-15">15</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-68-16">16</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-68-17">17</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-68-18">18</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-68-19">19</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-68-20">20</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-68-21">21</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-68-22">22</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-68-23">23</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-68-24">24</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-68-25">25</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-68-26">26</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-68-27">27</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-68-28">28</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-68-29">29</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-68-30">30</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-68-31">31</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-68-32">32</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-68-33">33</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-68-34">34</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-68-35">35</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-68-36">36</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-68-37">37</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-68-38">38</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-68-39">39</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-68-40">40</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-68-41">41</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-68-42">42</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-68-43">43</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-68-44">44</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-68-45">45</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-68-46">46</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-68-47">47</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-68-48">48</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-68-49">49</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-68-50">50</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-68-51">51</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-68-52">52</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-68-53">53</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-68-54">54</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-68-55">55</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-68-56">56</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-68-57">57</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-68-58">58</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-68-59">59</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-68-60">60</a></span></pre></div></td><td class="code"><div><pre><span></span><code><a id="__codelineno-68-1" name="__codelineno-68-1"></a><span class="k">public</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="k">class</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="nc">Matrix</span>
+<a id="__codelineno-68-2" name="__codelineno-68-2"></a><span class="p">{</span>
+<a id="__codelineno-68-3" name="__codelineno-68-3"></a><span class="w">    </span><span class="k">private</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="kt">double</span><span class="p">[,]</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="n">matrix</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="o">=</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="k">new</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="kt">double</span><span class="p">[</span><span class="m">3</span><span class="p">,</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="m">3</span><span class="p">];</span>
+<a id="__codelineno-68-4" name="__codelineno-68-4"></a>
+<a id="__codelineno-68-5" name="__codelineno-68-5"></a><span class="w">    </span><span class="k">public</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="kt">double</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="k">this</span><span class="p">[</span><span class="kt">int</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="n">row</span><span class="p">,</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="kt">int</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="n">column</span><span class="p">]</span>
+<a id="__codelineno-68-6" name="__codelineno-68-6"></a><span class="w">    </span><span class="p">{</span>
+<a id="__codelineno-68-7" name="__codelineno-68-7"></a><span class="w">        </span><span class="c1">// The embedded array will throw out of range exceptions as appropriate.</span>
+<a id="__codelineno-68-8" name="__codelineno-68-8"></a><span class="w">        </span><span class="k">get</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="p">{</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="k">return</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="n">matrix</span><span class="p">[</span><span class="n">row</span><span class="p">,</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="n">column</span><span class="p">];</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="p">}</span>
+<a id="__codelineno-68-9" name="__codelineno-68-9"></a><span class="w">        </span><span class="k">set</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="p">{</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="n">matrix</span><span class="p">[</span><span class="n">row</span><span class="p">,</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="n">column</span><span class="p">]</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="o">=</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="k">value</span><span class="p">;</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="p">}</span>
+<a id="__codelineno-68-10" name="__codelineno-68-10"></a><span class="w">    </span><span class="p">}</span>
+<a id="__codelineno-68-11" name="__codelineno-68-11"></a><span class="p">}</span>
+<a id="__codelineno-68-12" name="__codelineno-68-12"></a>
+<a id="__codelineno-68-13" name="__codelineno-68-13"></a><span class="c1">// collection initializer</span>
+<a id="__codelineno-68-14" name="__codelineno-68-14"></a><span class="kt">var</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="n">identity</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="o">=</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="k">new</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="n">Matrix</span>
+<a id="__codelineno-68-15" name="__codelineno-68-15"></a><span class="p">{</span>
+<a id="__codelineno-68-16" name="__codelineno-68-16"></a><span class="w">    </span><span class="na">[0, 0]</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="o">=</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="m">1.0</span><span class="p">,</span>
+<a id="__codelineno-68-17" name="__codelineno-68-17"></a><span class="w">    </span><span class="na">[0, 1]</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="o">=</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="m">0.0</span><span class="p">,</span>
+<a id="__codelineno-68-18" name="__codelineno-68-18"></a><span class="w">    </span><span class="na">[0, 2]</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="o">=</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="m">0.0</span><span class="p">,</span>
+<a id="__codelineno-68-19" name="__codelineno-68-19"></a>
+<a id="__codelineno-68-20" name="__codelineno-68-20"></a><span class="w">    </span><span class="na">[1, 0]</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="o">=</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="m">0.0</span><span class="p">,</span>
+<a id="__codelineno-68-21" name="__codelineno-68-21"></a><span class="w">    </span><span class="na">[1, 1]</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="o">=</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="m">1.0</span><span class="p">,</span>
+<a id="__codelineno-68-22" name="__codelineno-68-22"></a><span class="w">    </span><span class="na">[1, 2]</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="o">=</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="m">0.0</span><span class="p">,</span>
+<a id="__codelineno-68-23" name="__codelineno-68-23"></a>
+<a id="__codelineno-68-24" name="__codelineno-68-24"></a><span class="w">    </span><span class="na">[2, 0]</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="o">=</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="m">0.0</span><span class="p">,</span>
+<a id="__codelineno-68-25" name="__codelineno-68-25"></a><span class="w">    </span><span class="na">[2, 1]</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="o">=</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="m">0.0</span><span class="p">,</span>
+<a id="__codelineno-68-26" name="__codelineno-68-26"></a><span class="w">    </span><span class="na">[2, 2]</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="o">=</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="m">1.0</span><span class="p">,</span>
+<a id="__codelineno-68-27" name="__codelineno-68-27"></a><span class="p">};</span>
+<a id="__codelineno-68-28" name="__codelineno-68-28"></a>
+<a id="__codelineno-68-29" name="__codelineno-68-29"></a><span class="n">List</span><span class="o">&lt;</span><span class="kt">int</span><span class="o">&gt;</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="n">digits</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="o">=</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="k">new</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="n">List</span><span class="o">&lt;</span><span class="kt">int</span><span class="o">&gt;</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="p">{</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="m">0</span><span class="p">,</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="m">1</span><span class="p">,</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="m">2</span><span class="p">,</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="m">3</span><span class="p">,</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="m">4</span><span class="p">,</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="m">5</span><span class="p">,</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="m">6</span><span class="p">,</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="m">7</span><span class="p">,</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="m">8</span><span class="p">,</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="m">9</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="p">};</span>
+<a id="__codelineno-68-30" name="__codelineno-68-30"></a><span class="n">List</span><span class="o">&lt;</span><span class="kt">int</span><span class="o">&gt;</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="n">digits</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="o">=</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="p">[</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="m">0</span><span class="p">,</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="m">1</span><span class="p">,</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="m">2</span><span class="p">,</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="m">3</span><span class="p">,</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="m">4</span><span class="p">,</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="m">5</span><span class="p">,</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="m">6</span><span class="p">,</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="m">7</span><span class="p">,</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="m">8</span><span class="p">,</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="m">9</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="p">];</span>
+<a id="__codelineno-68-31" name="__codelineno-68-31"></a>
+<a id="__codelineno-68-32" name="__codelineno-68-32"></a><span class="kt">int</span><span class="p">[]</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="n">digits</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="o">=</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="k">new</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="kt">int</span><span class="p">[]</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="p">{</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="m">0</span><span class="p">,</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="m">1</span><span class="p">,</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="m">2</span><span class="p">,</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="m">3</span><span class="p">,</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="m">4</span><span class="p">,</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="m">5</span><span class="p">,</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="m">6</span><span class="p">,</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="m">7</span><span class="p">,</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="m">8</span><span class="p">,</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="m">9</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="p">};</span>
+<a id="__codelineno-68-33" name="__codelineno-68-33"></a><span class="kt">int</span><span class="p">[]</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="n">digits</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="o">=</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="p">{</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="m">0</span><span class="p">,</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="m">1</span><span class="p">,</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="m">2</span><span class="p">,</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="m">3</span><span class="p">,</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="m">4</span><span class="p">,</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="m">5</span><span class="p">,</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="m">6</span><span class="p">,</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="m">7</span><span class="p">,</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="m">8</span><span class="p">,</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="m">9</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="p">};</span>
+<a id="__codelineno-68-34" name="__codelineno-68-34"></a><span class="kt">int</span><span class="p">[]</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="n">digits</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="o">=</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="p">[</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="m">0</span><span class="p">,</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="m">1</span><span class="p">,</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="m">2</span><span class="p">,</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="m">3</span><span class="p">,</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="m">4</span><span class="p">,</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="m">5</span><span class="p">,</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="m">6</span><span class="p">,</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="m">7</span><span class="p">,</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="m">8</span><span class="p">,</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="m">9</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="p">];</span>
+<a id="__codelineno-68-35" name="__codelineno-68-35"></a>
+<a id="__codelineno-68-36" name="__codelineno-68-36"></a><span class="n">Dictionary</span><span class="o">&lt;</span><span class="kt">int</span><span class="p">,</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="kt">string</span><span class="o">&gt;</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="n">digits</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="o">=</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="k">new</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="n">Dictionary</span><span class="o">&lt;</span><span class="kt">int</span><span class="p">,</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="kt">string</span><span class="o">&gt;</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="p">{</span>
+<a id="__codelineno-68-37" name="__codelineno-68-37"></a><span class="w">    </span><span class="p">{</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="m">0</span><span class="p">,</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="s">&quot;zero&quot;</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="p">},</span>
+<a id="__codelineno-68-38" name="__codelineno-68-38"></a><span class="w">    </span><span class="p">{</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="m">1</span><span class="p">,</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="s">&quot;one&quot;</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="p">},</span>
+<a id="__codelineno-68-39" name="__codelineno-68-39"></a><span class="w">    </span><span class="p">{</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="m">2</span><span class="p">,</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="s">&quot;two&quot;</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="p">},</span>
+<a id="__codelineno-68-40" name="__codelineno-68-40"></a><span class="w">    </span><span class="p">{</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="m">3</span><span class="p">,</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="s">&quot;three&quot;</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="p">},</span>
+<a id="__codelineno-68-41" name="__codelineno-68-41"></a><span class="w">    </span><span class="p">{</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="m">4</span><span class="p">,</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="s">&quot;four&quot;</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="p">},</span>
+<a id="__codelineno-68-42" name="__codelineno-68-42"></a><span class="w">    </span><span class="p">{</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="m">5</span><span class="p">,</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="s">&quot;five&quot;</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="p">},</span>
+<a id="__codelineno-68-43" name="__codelineno-68-43"></a><span class="w">    </span><span class="p">{</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="m">6</span><span class="p">,</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="s">&quot;six&quot;</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="p">},</span>
+<a id="__codelineno-68-44" name="__codelineno-68-44"></a><span class="w">    </span><span class="p">{</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="m">7</span><span class="p">,</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="s">&quot;seven&quot;</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="p">},</span>
+<a id="__codelineno-68-45" name="__codelineno-68-45"></a><span class="w">    </span><span class="p">{</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="m">8</span><span class="p">,</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="s">&quot;eight&quot;</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="p">},</span>
+<a id="__codelineno-68-46" name="__codelineno-68-46"></a><span class="w">    </span><span class="p">{</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="m">9</span><span class="p">,</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="s">&quot;nine&quot;</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="p">}</span>
+<a id="__codelineno-68-47" name="__codelineno-68-47"></a><span class="p">};</span>
+<a id="__codelineno-68-48" name="__codelineno-68-48"></a>
+<a id="__codelineno-68-49" name="__codelineno-68-49"></a><span class="n">Dictionary</span><span class="o">&lt;</span><span class="kt">int</span><span class="p">,</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="kt">string</span><span class="o">&gt;</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="n">digits</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="o">=</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="p">[</span>
+<a id="__codelineno-68-50" name="__codelineno-68-50"></a><span class="w">    </span><span class="m">0</span><span class="p">:</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="s">&quot;zero&quot;</span><span class="p">,</span>
+<a id="__codelineno-68-51" name="__codelineno-68-51"></a><span class="w">    </span><span class="m">1</span><span class="p">:</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="s">&quot;one&quot;</span><span class="p">,</span>
+<a id="__codelineno-68-52" name="__codelineno-68-52"></a><span class="w">    </span><span class="m">2</span><span class="p">:</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="s">&quot;two&quot;</span><span class="p">,</span>
+<a id="__codelineno-68-53" name="__codelineno-68-53"></a><span class="w">    </span><span class="m">3</span><span class="p">:</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="s">&quot;three&quot;</span><span class="p">,</span>
+<a id="__codelineno-68-54" name="__codelineno-68-54"></a><span class="w">    </span><span class="m">4</span><span class="p">:</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="s">&quot;four&quot;</span><span class="p">,</span>
+<a id="__codelineno-68-55" name="__codelineno-68-55"></a><span class="w">    </span><span class="m">5</span><span class="p">:</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="s">&quot;five&quot;</span><span class="p">,</span>
+<a id="__codelineno-68-56" name="__codelineno-68-56"></a><span class="w">    </span><span class="m">6</span><span class="p">:</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="s">&quot;six&quot;</span><span class="p">,</span>
+<a id="__codelineno-68-57" name="__codelineno-68-57"></a><span class="w">    </span><span class="m">7</span><span class="p">:</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="s">&quot;seven&quot;</span><span class="p">,</span>
+<a id="__codelineno-68-58" name="__codelineno-68-58"></a><span class="w">    </span><span class="m">8</span><span class="p">:</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="s">&quot;eight&quot;</span><span class="p">,</span>
+<a id="__codelineno-68-59" name="__codelineno-68-59"></a><span class="w">    </span><span class="m">9</span><span class="p">:</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="s">&quot;nine&quot;</span>
+<a id="__codelineno-68-60" name="__codelineno-68-60"></a><span class="p">];</span>
+</code></pre></div></td></tr></table></div>
+<h3 id="static-class"><code>Static</code> Class</h3>
+<p>The <code>static</code> keyword declares that a member is not associated with any particular instance of the class.<br />
+Static classes <strong>can't</strong> instantiate objects and all their methods <strong>must</strong> be static.</p>
+<div class="highlight"><table class="highlighttable"><tr><th colspan="2" class="filename"><span class="filename">C#</span></th></tr><tr><td class="linenos"><div class="linenodiv"><pre><span></span><span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-69-1"> 1</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-69-2"> 2</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-69-3"> 3</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-69-4"> 4</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-69-5"> 5</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-69-6"> 6</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-69-7"> 7</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-69-8"> 8</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-69-9"> 9</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-69-10">10</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-69-11">11</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-69-12">12</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-69-13">13</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-69-14">14</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-69-15">15</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-69-16">16</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-69-17">17</a></span></pre></div></td><td class="code"><div><pre><span></span><code><a id="__codelineno-69-1" name="__codelineno-69-1"></a><span class="k">static</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="k">class</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="nc">Class</span>
+<a id="__codelineno-69-2" name="__codelineno-69-2"></a><span class="p">{</span>
+<a id="__codelineno-69-3" name="__codelineno-69-3"></a><span class="w">    </span><span class="c1">// static constructor, not called explicitly, has no arguments</span>
+<a id="__codelineno-69-4" name="__codelineno-69-4"></a><span class="w">    </span><span class="c1">// triggered by one of two events, whichever occurs first: creating an instance, or accessing any static member of the class.</span>
+<a id="__codelineno-69-5" name="__codelineno-69-5"></a><span class="w">    </span><span class="c1">// since it&#39;s static and takes no arguments there can be at most one for each class</span>
+<a id="__codelineno-69-6" name="__codelineno-69-6"></a><span class="w">    </span><span class="k">static</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="nf">Class</span><span class="p">()</span>
+<a id="__codelineno-69-7" name="__codelineno-69-7"></a><span class="w">    </span><span class="p">{</span>
+<a id="__codelineno-69-8" name="__codelineno-69-8"></a><span class="w">    </span><span class="p">}</span>
+<a id="__codelineno-69-9" name="__codelineno-69-9"></a>
+<a id="__codelineno-69-10" name="__codelineno-69-10"></a><span class="w">    </span><span class="k">static</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="n">Type</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="n">_field</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="o">=</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="k">value</span><span class="p">;</span>
+<a id="__codelineno-69-11" name="__codelineno-69-11"></a>
+<a id="__codelineno-69-12" name="__codelineno-69-12"></a><span class="w">    </span><span class="k">static</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="n">Type</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="n">Property</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="p">{</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="k">get</span><span class="p">;</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="k">set</span><span class="p">;</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="p">}</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="o">=</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="k">value</span><span class="p">;</span>
+<a id="__codelineno-69-13" name="__codelineno-69-13"></a>
+<a id="__codelineno-69-14" name="__codelineno-69-14"></a><span class="w">    </span><span class="k">static</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="n">Type</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="nf">Method</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="p">(</span><span class="n">Type</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="n">parameter</span><span class="p">,</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="p">...)</span>
+<a id="__codelineno-69-15" name="__codelineno-69-15"></a><span class="w">    </span><span class="p">{</span>
+<a id="__codelineno-69-16" name="__codelineno-69-16"></a><span class="w">    </span><span class="p">}</span>
+<a id="__codelineno-69-17" name="__codelineno-69-17"></a><span class="p">}</span>
+</code></pre></div></td></tr></table></div>
+<h3 id="class-members-init-order">Class Members Init Order</h3>
+<p><strong>Static Field or Method Usage</strong>:</p>
+<ol>
+<li>Static field initializers in order of apparition</li>
+<li>Static Constructor</li>
+</ol>
+<p><strong>Class Instantiation (<code>new</code> operator)</strong>:</p>
+<ol>
+<li>Instance field initializers in order of apparition</li>
+<li>Instance Constructor</li>
+</ol>
+<p><strong>Object Creation</strong>: <code>Class object = new Class(arguments);</code>
+<strong>Instance Method Usage</strong>: <code>object.method(arguments);</code>
+<strong>Static Method Usage</strong>: <code>Class.method(arguments);</code></p>
+<h3 id="indexers">Indexers</h3>
+<p>An <strong>indexer</strong> is a property that takes one or more arguments, and is accessed with the same syntax as is used for arrays.<br />
+This is useful when writing a class that contains a collection of objects.</p>
+<div class="highlight"><table class="highlighttable"><tr><th colspan="2" class="filename"><span class="filename">C#</span></th></tr><tr><td class="linenos"><div class="linenodiv"><pre><span></span><span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-70-1"> 1</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-70-2"> 2</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-70-3"> 3</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-70-4"> 4</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-70-5"> 5</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-70-6"> 6</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-70-7"> 7</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-70-8"> 8</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-70-9"> 9</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-70-10">10</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-70-11">11</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-70-12">12</a></span></pre></div></td><td class="code"><div><pre><span></span><code><a id="__codelineno-70-1" name="__codelineno-70-1"></a><span class="k">public</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="k">class</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="nc">Class</span><span class="o">&lt;</span><span class="n">T</span><span class="o">&gt;</span>
+<a id="__codelineno-70-2" name="__codelineno-70-2"></a><span class="p">{</span>
+<a id="__codelineno-70-3" name="__codelineno-70-3"></a><span class="w">    </span><span class="k">public</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="n">T</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="k">this</span><span class="p">[</span><span class="kt">int</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="n">i</span><span class="p">]</span>
+<a id="__codelineno-70-4" name="__codelineno-70-4"></a><span class="w">    </span><span class="p">{</span>
+<a id="__codelineno-70-5" name="__codelineno-70-5"></a><span class="w">        </span><span class="k">get</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="o">=&gt;</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="p">...;</span><span class="w">  </span><span class="c1">// return the i-th element in the collection</span>
+<a id="__codelineno-70-6" name="__codelineno-70-6"></a><span class="w">    </span><span class="p">}</span>
+<a id="__codelineno-70-7" name="__codelineno-70-7"></a><span class="p">}</span>
+<a id="__codelineno-70-8" name="__codelineno-70-8"></a>
+<a id="__codelineno-70-9" name="__codelineno-70-9"></a><span class="c1">// null conditional index access</span>
+<a id="__codelineno-70-10" name="__codelineno-70-10"></a><span class="n">Class</span><span class="o">?</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="n">c</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="o">=</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="n">objWithIndexer</span><span class="o">?</span><span class="p">[</span><span class="n">index</span><span class="p">];</span>
+<a id="__codelineno-70-11" name="__codelineno-70-11"></a><span class="c1">// same as</span>
+<a id="__codelineno-70-12" name="__codelineno-70-12"></a><span class="n">Class</span><span class="o">?</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="n">c</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="o">=</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="n">objWithIndexer</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="o">==</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="k">null</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="o">?</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="k">null</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="p">:</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="n">objWithIndexer</span><span class="p">[</span><span class="n">index</span><span class="p">];</span>
+</code></pre></div></td></tr></table></div>
+<h3 id="abstract-classes">Abstract Classes</h3>
+<p>The <code>abstract</code> modifier indicates that the thing being modified has a missing or incomplete implementation.<br />
+The <code>abstract</code> modifier can be used with classes, methods, properties, indexers, and events.<br />
+Use the <code>abstract</code> modifier in a class declaration to indicate that a class is intended only to be a base class of other classes, not instantiated on its own.<br />
+Members marked as <code>abstract</code> must be implemented by non-abstract classes that derive from the abstract class.</p>
+<p><code>abstract</code> classes have the following features:</p>
+<ul>
+<li>An <code>abstract</code> class cannot be instantiated.</li>
+<li>An <code>abstract</code> class may contain <code>abstract</code> methods and accessors.</li>
+<li>It is not possible to modify an <code>abstract</code> class with the <code>sealed</code> modifier because the two modifiers have opposite meanings.
+  The <code>sealed</code> modifier prevents a class from being inherited and the <code>abstract</code> modifier requires a class to be inherited.</li>
+<li>A <em>non-abstract</em> class derived from an <code>abstract</code> class must include actual implementations of all inherited <code>abstract</code> methods and accessors.</li>
+</ul>
+<blockquote>
+<p><strong>Note</strong>: Use the <code>abstract</code> modifier in a method or property declaration to indicate that the method or property does not contain implementation.</p>
+</blockquote>
+<p><code>abstract</code> methods have the following features:</p>
+<ul>
+<li>An <code>abstract</code> method is implicitly a <code>virtual</code> method.</li>
+<li>
+<p><code>abstract</code> method declarations are only permitted in <code>abstract</code> classes.</p>
+</li>
+<li>
+<p>Because an <code>abstract</code> method declaration provides no actual implementation, there is no method body; the method declaration simply ends with a semicolon and there are no curly braces following the signature.</p>
+</li>
+<li>The implementation is provided by a method <em>override</em>, which is a member of a non-abstract class.</li>
+<li>It is an error to use the <code>static</code> or <code>virtual</code> modifiers in an <code>abstract</code> method declaration.</li>
+</ul>
+<p><code>abstract</code> properties behave like <code>abstract</code> methods, except for the differences in declaration and invocation syntax.</p>
+<ul>
+<li>It is an error to use the <code>abstract</code> modifier on a <code>static</code> property.</li>
+<li>An <code>abstract</code> inherited property can be overridden in a derived class by including a property declaration that uses the <code>override</code> modifier.</li>
+</ul>
+<div class="highlight"><table class="highlighttable"><tr><th colspan="2" class="filename"><span class="filename">C#</span></th></tr><tr><td class="linenos"><div class="linenodiv"><pre><span></span><span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-71-1"> 1</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-71-2"> 2</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-71-3"> 3</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-71-4"> 4</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-71-5"> 5</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-71-6"> 6</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-71-7"> 7</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-71-8"> 8</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-71-9"> 9</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-71-10">10</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-71-11">11</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-71-12">12</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-71-13">13</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-71-14">14</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-71-15">15</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-71-16">16</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-71-17">17</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-71-18">18</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-71-19">19</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-71-20">20</a></span></pre></div></td><td class="code"><div><pre><span></span><code><a id="__codelineno-71-1" name="__codelineno-71-1"></a><span class="k">public</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="k">abstract</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="k">class</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="nc">Abstract</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="p">:</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="n">Interface</span>
+<a id="__codelineno-71-2" name="__codelineno-71-2"></a><span class="p">{</span>
+<a id="__codelineno-71-3" name="__codelineno-71-3"></a><span class="w">    </span><span class="k">public</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="k">abstract</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="n">Type</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="n">Property</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="p">{</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="k">get</span><span class="p">;</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="k">set</span><span class="p">;</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="p">}</span>
+<a id="__codelineno-71-4" name="__codelineno-71-4"></a>
+<a id="__codelineno-71-5" name="__codelineno-71-5"></a><span class="w">    </span><span class="c1">// interface methods can be mapped to abstract methods</span>
+<a id="__codelineno-71-6" name="__codelineno-71-6"></a><span class="w">    </span><span class="k">public</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="k">abstract</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="n">Type</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="nf">Method</span><span class="p">();</span>
+<a id="__codelineno-71-7" name="__codelineno-71-7"></a><span class="w">    </span><span class="k">public</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="k">abstract</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="k">override</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="n">Type</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="nf">Method</span><span class="p">();</span><span class="w">  </span><span class="c1">// force overriding (derived classes must provide new implementation)</span>
+<a id="__codelineno-71-8" name="__codelineno-71-8"></a><span class="p">}</span>
+<a id="__codelineno-71-9" name="__codelineno-71-9"></a>
+<a id="__codelineno-71-10" name="__codelineno-71-10"></a><span class="k">public</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="k">class</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="nc">Derived</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="p">:</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="n">Abstract</span>
+<a id="__codelineno-71-11" name="__codelineno-71-11"></a><span class="p">{</span>
+<a id="__codelineno-71-12" name="__codelineno-71-12"></a><span class="w">    </span><span class="k">public</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="k">override</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="n">Type</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="n">Property</span>
+<a id="__codelineno-71-13" name="__codelineno-71-13"></a><span class="w">    </span><span class="p">{</span>
+<a id="__codelineno-71-14" name="__codelineno-71-14"></a><span class="w">        </span><span class="c1">// new behaviour</span>
+<a id="__codelineno-71-15" name="__codelineno-71-15"></a><span class="w">        </span><span class="k">get</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="o">=&gt;</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="o">&lt;</span><span class="n">expr</span><span class="o">&gt;</span><span class="p">;</span>
+<a id="__codelineno-71-16" name="__codelineno-71-16"></a><span class="w">        </span><span class="k">set</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="o">=&gt;</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="o">&lt;</span><span class="n">expr</span><span class="o">&gt;</span><span class="p">;</span>
+<a id="__codelineno-71-17" name="__codelineno-71-17"></a><span class="w">    </span><span class="p">}</span>
+<a id="__codelineno-71-18" name="__codelineno-71-18"></a>
+<a id="__codelineno-71-19" name="__codelineno-71-19"></a><span class="w">    </span><span class="k">public</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="k">override</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="n">Type</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="nf">Method</span><span class="p">()</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="p">{</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="cm">/* statements */</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="p">}</span><span class="w">  </span><span class="c1">// implementation of abstract method</span>
+<a id="__codelineno-71-20" name="__codelineno-71-20"></a><span class="p">}</span>
+</code></pre></div></td></tr></table></div>
+<h3 id="cloning">Cloning</h3>
+<div class="highlight"><table class="highlighttable"><tr><th colspan="2" class="filename"><span class="filename">C#</span></th></tr><tr><td class="linenos"><div class="linenodiv"><pre><span></span><span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-72-1">1</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-72-2">2</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-72-3">3</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-72-4">4</a></span></pre></div></td><td class="code"><div><pre><span></span><code><a id="__codelineno-72-1" name="__codelineno-72-1"></a><span class="n">Class</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="n">obj</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="o">=</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="k">new</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="n">Class</span><span class="p">()</span>
+<a id="__codelineno-72-2" name="__codelineno-72-2"></a>
+<a id="__codelineno-72-3" name="__codelineno-72-3"></a><span class="n">Object</span><span class="p">.</span><span class="n">MemberwiseClone</span><span class="p">();</span><span class="w">  </span><span class="c1">// Returns shallow copy of the object</span>
+<a id="__codelineno-72-4" name="__codelineno-72-4"></a><span class="n">IClonable</span><span class="p">.</span><span class="n">Clone</span><span class="p">();</span><span class="w">  </span><span class="c1">//  Creates a new object that is a copy of the current instance.</span>
+</code></pre></div></td></tr></table></div>
+<h3 id="deconstruction">Deconstruction</h3>
+<p>Deconstruction is not limited to tuples. By providing a <code>Deconstruct(...)</code> method(s) C# allows to use the same syntax with the users types.</p>
+<blockquote>
+<p><strong>Note</strong>: Types with a deconstructor can also use <em>positional pattern matching</em>.</p>
+</blockquote>
+<div class="highlight"><table class="highlighttable"><tr><th colspan="2" class="filename"><span class="filename">C#</span></th></tr><tr><td class="linenos"><div class="linenodiv"><pre><span></span><span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-73-1"> 1</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-73-2"> 2</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-73-3"> 3</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-73-4"> 4</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-73-5"> 5</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-73-6"> 6</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-73-7"> 7</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-73-8"> 8</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-73-9"> 9</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-73-10">10</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-73-11">11</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-73-12">12</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-73-13">13</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-73-14">14</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-73-15">15</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-73-16">16</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-73-17">17</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-73-18">18</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-73-19">19</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-73-20">20</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-73-21">21</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-73-22">22</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-73-23">23</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-73-24">24</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-73-25">25</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-73-26">26</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-73-27">27</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-73-28">28</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-73-29">29</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-73-30">30</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-73-31">31</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-73-32">32</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-73-33">33</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-73-34">34</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-73-35">35</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-73-36">36</a></span></pre></div></td><td class="code"><div><pre><span></span><code><a id="__codelineno-73-1" name="__codelineno-73-1"></a><span class="k">public</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="k">readonly</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="k">struct</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="nc">Size</span>
+<a id="__codelineno-73-2" name="__codelineno-73-2"></a><span class="p">{</span>
+<a id="__codelineno-73-3" name="__codelineno-73-3"></a><span class="w">    </span><span class="k">public</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="nf">Size</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="kt">double</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="n">w</span><span class="p">,</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="kt">double</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="n">h</span><span class="p">)</span>
+<a id="__codelineno-73-4" name="__codelineno-73-4"></a><span class="w">    </span><span class="p">{</span>
+<a id="__codelineno-73-5" name="__codelineno-73-5"></a><span class="w">        </span><span class="n">W</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="o">=</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="n">w</span><span class="p">;</span>
+<a id="__codelineno-73-6" name="__codelineno-73-6"></a><span class="w">        </span><span class="n">H</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="o">=</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="n">h</span><span class="p">;</span>
+<a id="__codelineno-73-7" name="__codelineno-73-7"></a><span class="w">    </span><span class="p">}</span>
+<a id="__codelineno-73-8" name="__codelineno-73-8"></a>
+<a id="__codelineno-73-9" name="__codelineno-73-9"></a><span class="w">    </span><span class="k">public</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="k">void</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="nf">Deconstruct</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="k">out</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="kt">double</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="n">w</span><span class="p">,</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="k">out</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="kt">double</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="n">h</span><span class="p">)</span>
+<a id="__codelineno-73-10" name="__codelineno-73-10"></a><span class="w">    </span><span class="p">{</span>
+<a id="__codelineno-73-11" name="__codelineno-73-11"></a><span class="w">        </span><span class="n">w</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="o">=</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="n">W</span><span class="p">;</span>
+<a id="__codelineno-73-12" name="__codelineno-73-12"></a><span class="w">        </span><span class="n">h</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="o">=</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="n">H</span><span class="p">;</span>
+<a id="__codelineno-73-13" name="__codelineno-73-13"></a><span class="w">    </span><span class="p">}</span>
+<a id="__codelineno-73-14" name="__codelineno-73-14"></a>
+<a id="__codelineno-73-15" name="__codelineno-73-15"></a><span class="w">    </span><span class="k">public</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="kt">double</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="n">W</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="p">{</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="k">get</span><span class="p">;</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="p">}</span>
+<a id="__codelineno-73-16" name="__codelineno-73-16"></a><span class="w">    </span><span class="k">public</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="kt">double</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="n">H</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="p">{</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="k">get</span><span class="p">;</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="p">}</span>
+<a id="__codelineno-73-17" name="__codelineno-73-17"></a><span class="p">}</span>
+<a id="__codelineno-73-18" name="__codelineno-73-18"></a>
+<a id="__codelineno-73-19" name="__codelineno-73-19"></a><span class="c1">// deconstruction</span>
+<a id="__codelineno-73-20" name="__codelineno-73-20"></a><span class="kt">var</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="n">s</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="o">=</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="k">new</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="n">Size</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="m">1</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="p">,</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="m">2</span><span class="p">);</span>
+<a id="__codelineno-73-21" name="__codelineno-73-21"></a><span class="p">(</span><span class="kt">double</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="n">w</span><span class="p">,</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="kt">double</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="n">h</span><span class="p">)</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="o">=</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="n">s</span><span class="p">;</span><span class="w">  </span><span class="c1">// w = 1, h = 2</span>
+<a id="__codelineno-73-22" name="__codelineno-73-22"></a>
+<a id="__codelineno-73-23" name="__codelineno-73-23"></a>
+<a id="__codelineno-73-24" name="__codelineno-73-24"></a><span class="c1">// positional patter matching</span>
+<a id="__codelineno-73-25" name="__codelineno-73-25"></a><span class="n">s</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="k">switch</span>
+<a id="__codelineno-73-26" name="__codelineno-73-26"></a><span class="p">{</span>
+<a id="__codelineno-73-27" name="__codelineno-73-27"></a><span class="w">    </span><span class="p">(</span><span class="m">0</span><span class="p">,</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="m">0</span><span class="p">)</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="o">=&gt;</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="s">&quot;Empty&quot;</span><span class="p">,</span>
+<a id="__codelineno-73-28" name="__codelineno-73-28"></a><span class="w">    </span><span class="p">(</span><span class="m">0</span><span class="p">,</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="n">_</span><span class="p">)</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="o">=&gt;</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="s">&quot;Extremely narrow&quot;</span><span class="p">,</span>
+<a id="__codelineno-73-29" name="__codelineno-73-29"></a><span class="w">    </span><span class="p">(</span><span class="kt">double</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="n">w</span><span class="p">,</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="m">0</span><span class="p">)</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="o">=&gt;</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="s">$&quot;Extremely short, and this wide: {w}&quot;</span><span class="p">,</span>
+<a id="__codelineno-73-30" name="__codelineno-73-30"></a><span class="w">    </span><span class="n">Size</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="n">_</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="o">=&gt;</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="s">&quot;Normal&quot;</span><span class="p">,</span>
+<a id="__codelineno-73-31" name="__codelineno-73-31"></a><span class="w">    </span><span class="n">_</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="o">=&gt;</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="s">&quot;Not a shape&quot;</span>
+<a id="__codelineno-73-32" name="__codelineno-73-32"></a><span class="p">};</span>
+<a id="__codelineno-73-33" name="__codelineno-73-33"></a>
+<a id="__codelineno-73-34" name="__codelineno-73-34"></a><span class="c1">// Assignment &amp; Declaration</span>
+<a id="__codelineno-73-35" name="__codelineno-73-35"></a><span class="kt">int</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="n">height</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="o">=</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="m">0</span><span class="p">;</span>
+<a id="__codelineno-73-36" name="__codelineno-73-36"></a><span class="p">(</span><span class="kt">int</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="n">width</span><span class="p">,</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="n">height</span><span class="p">)</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="o">=</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="n">size</span><span class="p">;</span>
+</code></pre></div></td></tr></table></div>
+<hr />
+<h2 id="operator-overloading">Operator Overloading</h2>
+<p>A user-defined type can overload a predefined C# operator. That is, a type can provide the custom implementation of an operation in case one or both of the operands are of that type.</p>
+<p>Use the operator keyword to declare an operator. An operator declaration must satisfy the following rules:</p>
+<ul>
+<li>It includes both a public and a static modifier.</li>
+<li>A unary operator has one input parameter. A binary operator has two input parameters.
+  In each case, at least one parameter must have type <code>T</code> or <code>T?</code> where <code>T</code> is the type that contains the operator declaration.</li>
+</ul>
+<p><a href="https://docs.microsoft.com/en-us/dotnet/csharp/language-reference/operators/operator-overloading#overloadable-operators">Overloadable operators</a></p>
+<div class="highlight"><table class="highlighttable"><tr><th colspan="2" class="filename"><span class="filename">C#</span></th></tr><tr><td class="linenos"><div class="linenodiv"><pre><span></span><span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-74-1"> 1</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-74-2"> 2</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-74-3"> 3</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-74-4"> 4</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-74-5"> 5</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-74-6"> 6</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-74-7"> 7</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-74-8"> 8</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-74-9"> 9</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-74-10">10</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-74-11">11</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-74-12">12</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-74-13">13</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-74-14">14</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-74-15">15</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-74-16">16</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-74-17">17</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-74-18">18</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-74-19">19</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-74-20">20</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-74-21">21</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-74-22">22</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-74-23">23</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-74-24">24</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-74-25">25</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-74-26">26</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-74-27">27</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-74-28">28</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-74-29">29</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-74-30">30</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-74-31">31</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-74-32">32</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-74-33">33</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-74-34">34</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-74-35">35</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-74-36">36</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-74-37">37</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-74-38">38</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-74-39">39</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-74-40">40</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-74-41">41</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-74-42">42</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-74-43">43</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-74-44">44</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-74-45">45</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-74-46">46</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-74-47">47</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-74-48">48</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-74-49">49</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-74-50">50</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-74-51">51</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-74-52">52</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-74-53">53</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-74-54">54</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-74-55">55</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-74-56">56</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-74-57">57</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-74-58">58</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-74-59">59</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-74-60">60</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-74-61">61</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-74-62">62</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-74-63">63</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-74-64">64</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-74-65">65</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-74-66">66</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-74-67">67</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-74-68">68</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-74-69">69</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-74-70">70</a></span></pre></div></td><td class="code"><div><pre><span></span><code><a id="__codelineno-74-1" name="__codelineno-74-1"></a><span class="k">using</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="nn">System</span><span class="p">;</span>
+<a id="__codelineno-74-2" name="__codelineno-74-2"></a>
+<a id="__codelineno-74-3" name="__codelineno-74-3"></a><span class="k">public</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="k">readonly</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="k">struct</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="nc">Fraction</span>
+<a id="__codelineno-74-4" name="__codelineno-74-4"></a><span class="p">{</span>
+<a id="__codelineno-74-5" name="__codelineno-74-5"></a><span class="w">    </span><span class="k">private</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="k">readonly</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="kt">int</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="n">num</span><span class="p">;</span>
+<a id="__codelineno-74-6" name="__codelineno-74-6"></a><span class="w">    </span><span class="k">private</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="k">readonly</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="kt">int</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="n">den</span><span class="p">;</span>
+<a id="__codelineno-74-7" name="__codelineno-74-7"></a>
+<a id="__codelineno-74-8" name="__codelineno-74-8"></a><span class="w">    </span><span class="k">public</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="nf">Fraction</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="kt">int</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="n">numerator</span><span class="p">,</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="kt">int</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="n">denominator</span><span class="p">)</span>
+<a id="__codelineno-74-9" name="__codelineno-74-9"></a><span class="w">    </span><span class="p">{</span>
+<a id="__codelineno-74-10" name="__codelineno-74-10"></a><span class="w">        </span><span class="k">if</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="p">(</span><span class="n">denominator</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="o">==</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="m">0</span><span class="p">)</span>
+<a id="__codelineno-74-11" name="__codelineno-74-11"></a><span class="w">        </span><span class="p">{</span>
+<a id="__codelineno-74-12" name="__codelineno-74-12"></a><span class="w">            </span><span class="k">throw</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="k">new</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="nf">ArgumentException</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="s">&quot;Denominator cannot be zero.&quot;</span><span class="p">,</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="n">nameof</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="n">denominator</span><span class="p">));</span>
+<a id="__codelineno-74-13" name="__codelineno-74-13"></a><span class="w">        </span><span class="p">}</span>
+<a id="__codelineno-74-14" name="__codelineno-74-14"></a><span class="w">        </span><span class="n">num</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="o">=</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="n">numerator</span><span class="p">;</span>
+<a id="__codelineno-74-15" name="__codelineno-74-15"></a><span class="w">        </span><span class="n">den</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="o">=</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="n">denominator</span><span class="p">;</span>
+<a id="__codelineno-74-16" name="__codelineno-74-16"></a><span class="w">    </span><span class="p">}</span>
+<a id="__codelineno-74-17" name="__codelineno-74-17"></a>
+<a id="__codelineno-74-18" name="__codelineno-74-18"></a><span class="w">    </span><span class="c1">// unary arithmetic operators overloading</span>
+<a id="__codelineno-74-19" name="__codelineno-74-19"></a><span class="w">    </span><span class="k">public</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="k">static</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="n">Fraction</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="k">operator</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="o">+</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="n">Fraction</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="n">a</span><span class="p">)</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="o">=&gt;</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="n">a</span><span class="p">;</span>
+<a id="__codelineno-74-20" name="__codelineno-74-20"></a><span class="w">    </span><span class="k">public</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="k">static</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="n">Fraction</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="k">operator</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="o">-</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="n">Fraction</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="n">a</span><span class="p">)</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="o">=&gt;</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="k">new</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="n">Fraction</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="o">-</span><span class="n">a</span><span class="p">.</span><span class="n">num</span><span class="p">,</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="n">a</span><span class="p">.</span><span class="n">den</span><span class="p">);</span>
+<a id="__codelineno-74-21" name="__codelineno-74-21"></a>
+<a id="__codelineno-74-22" name="__codelineno-74-22"></a><span class="w">    </span><span class="c1">// binary arithmetic operators overloading</span>
+<a id="__codelineno-74-23" name="__codelineno-74-23"></a><span class="w">    </span><span class="k">public</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="k">static</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="n">Fraction</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="k">operator</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="o">+</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="n">Fraction</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="n">a</span><span class="p">,</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="n">Fraction</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="n">b</span><span class="p">)</span>
+<a id="__codelineno-74-24" name="__codelineno-74-24"></a><span class="w">        </span><span class="o">=&gt;</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="k">new</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="n">Fraction</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="n">a</span><span class="p">.</span><span class="n">num</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="o">*</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="n">b</span><span class="p">.</span><span class="n">den</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="o">+</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="n">b</span><span class="p">.</span><span class="n">num</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="o">*</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="n">a</span><span class="p">.</span><span class="n">den</span><span class="p">,</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="n">a</span><span class="p">.</span><span class="n">den</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="o">*</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="n">b</span><span class="p">.</span><span class="n">den</span><span class="p">);</span>
+<a id="__codelineno-74-25" name="__codelineno-74-25"></a>
+<a id="__codelineno-74-26" name="__codelineno-74-26"></a><span class="w">    </span><span class="k">public</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="k">static</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="n">Fraction</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="k">operator</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="o">-</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="n">Fraction</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="n">a</span><span class="p">,</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="n">Fraction</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="n">b</span><span class="p">)</span>
+<a id="__codelineno-74-27" name="__codelineno-74-27"></a><span class="w">        </span><span class="o">=&gt;</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="n">a</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="o">+</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="p">(</span><span class="o">-</span><span class="n">b</span><span class="p">);</span>
+<a id="__codelineno-74-28" name="__codelineno-74-28"></a>
+<a id="__codelineno-74-29" name="__codelineno-74-29"></a><span class="w">    </span><span class="k">public</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="k">static</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="n">Fraction</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="k">operator</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="o">*</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="n">Fraction</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="n">a</span><span class="p">,</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="n">Fraction</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="n">b</span><span class="p">)</span>
+<a id="__codelineno-74-30" name="__codelineno-74-30"></a><span class="w">        </span><span class="o">=&gt;</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="k">new</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="n">Fraction</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="n">a</span><span class="p">.</span><span class="n">num</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="o">*</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="n">b</span><span class="p">.</span><span class="n">num</span><span class="p">,</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="n">a</span><span class="p">.</span><span class="n">den</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="o">*</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="n">b</span><span class="p">.</span><span class="n">den</span><span class="p">);</span>
+<a id="__codelineno-74-31" name="__codelineno-74-31"></a>
+<a id="__codelineno-74-32" name="__codelineno-74-32"></a><span class="w">    </span><span class="k">public</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="k">static</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="n">Fraction</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="k">operator</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="o">/</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="n">Fraction</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="n">a</span><span class="p">,</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="n">Fraction</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="n">b</span><span class="p">)</span>
+<a id="__codelineno-74-33" name="__codelineno-74-33"></a><span class="w">    </span><span class="p">{</span>
+<a id="__codelineno-74-34" name="__codelineno-74-34"></a><span class="w">        </span><span class="k">if</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="p">(</span><span class="n">b</span><span class="p">.</span><span class="n">num</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="o">==</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="m">0</span><span class="p">)</span>
+<a id="__codelineno-74-35" name="__codelineno-74-35"></a><span class="w">        </span><span class="p">{</span>
+<a id="__codelineno-74-36" name="__codelineno-74-36"></a><span class="w">            </span><span class="k">throw</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="k">new</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="nf">DivideByZeroException</span><span class="p">();</span>
+<a id="__codelineno-74-37" name="__codelineno-74-37"></a><span class="w">        </span><span class="p">}</span>
+<a id="__codelineno-74-38" name="__codelineno-74-38"></a><span class="w">        </span><span class="k">return</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="k">new</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="nf">Fraction</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="n">a</span><span class="p">.</span><span class="n">num</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="o">*</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="n">b</span><span class="p">.</span><span class="n">den</span><span class="p">,</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="n">a</span><span class="p">.</span><span class="n">den</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="o">*</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="n">b</span><span class="p">.</span><span class="n">num</span><span class="p">);</span>
+<a id="__codelineno-74-39" name="__codelineno-74-39"></a><span class="w">    </span><span class="p">}</span>
+<a id="__codelineno-74-40" name="__codelineno-74-40"></a>
+<a id="__codelineno-74-41" name="__codelineno-74-41"></a><span class="w">    </span><span class="c1">// conversion operator overloading</span>
+<a id="__codelineno-74-42" name="__codelineno-74-42"></a><span class="w">    </span><span class="k">public</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="k">static</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="k">implicit</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="k">operator</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="nf">float</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="n">Fraction</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="n">f</span><span class="p">)</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="o">=&gt;</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="n">f</span><span class="p">.</span><span class="n">num</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="o">/</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="n">f</span><span class="p">.</span><span class="n">den</span><span class="p">;</span>
+<a id="__codelineno-74-43" name="__codelineno-74-43"></a><span class="w">    </span><span class="k">public</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="k">static</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="k">explicit</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="k">operator</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="nf">Fraction</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="kt">int</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="n">i</span><span class="p">)</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="o">=&gt;</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="k">new</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="n">Fraction</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="n">i</span><span class="p">,</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="m">1</span><span class="p">);</span>
+<a id="__codelineno-74-44" name="__codelineno-74-44"></a>
+<a id="__codelineno-74-45" name="__codelineno-74-45"></a><span class="w">    </span><span class="c1">// true &amp; false operator overloading (truthiness and falseness more than exact boolean value)</span>
+<a id="__codelineno-74-46" name="__codelineno-74-46"></a><span class="w">    </span><span class="k">public</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="k">static</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="kt">bool</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="k">operator</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="nf">true</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="n">Fraction</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="n">f</span><span class="p">)</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="o">=&gt;</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="n">f</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="o">!=</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="m">0</span><span class="p">;</span>
+<a id="__codelineno-74-47" name="__codelineno-74-47"></a><span class="w">    </span><span class="k">public</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="k">static</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="kt">bool</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="k">operator</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="nf">false</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="n">Fraction</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="n">f</span><span class="p">)</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="o">=&gt;</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="n">f</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="o">==</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="m">0</span><span class="p">;</span>
+<a id="__codelineno-74-48" name="__codelineno-74-48"></a><span class="w">    </span><span class="c1">// if &amp;, |, true, false are overloaded than &amp;&amp; and || will work</span>
+<a id="__codelineno-74-49" name="__codelineno-74-49"></a>
+<a id="__codelineno-74-50" name="__codelineno-74-50"></a><span class="w">    </span><span class="c1">// comparison operators overloading</span>
+<a id="__codelineno-74-51" name="__codelineno-74-51"></a><span class="w">    </span><span class="k">public</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="k">static</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="kt">bool</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="k">operator</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="o">==</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="n">Fraction</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="n">f1</span><span class="p">,</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="n">Fraction</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="n">f2</span><span class="p">)</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="o">=&gt;</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="n">f1</span><span class="p">.</span><span class="n">num</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="o">==</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="n">f2</span><span class="p">.</span><span class="n">num</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="o">&amp;&amp;</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="n">f1</span><span class="p">.</span><span class="n">den</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="o">==</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="n">f2</span><span class="p">.</span><span class="n">den</span><span class="p">;</span>
+<a id="__codelineno-74-52" name="__codelineno-74-52"></a><span class="w">    </span><span class="k">public</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="k">static</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="kt">bool</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="k">operator</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="o">!=</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="n">Fraction</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="n">f1</span><span class="p">,</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="n">Fraction</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="n">f2</span><span class="p">)</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="o">=&gt;</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="n">f1</span><span class="p">.</span><span class="n">num</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="o">!=</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="n">f2</span><span class="p">.</span><span class="n">num</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="o">||</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="n">f1</span><span class="p">.</span><span class="n">den</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="o">!=</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="n">f2</span><span class="p">.</span><span class="n">den</span><span class="p">;</span>
+<a id="__codelineno-74-53" name="__codelineno-74-53"></a><span class="w">    </span><span class="k">public</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="k">static</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="kt">bool</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="k">operator</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="o">&gt;</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="n">Fraction</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="n">f1</span><span class="p">,</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="n">Fraction</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="n">f2</span><span class="p">)</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="o">=&gt;</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="p">...;</span>
+<a id="__codelineno-74-54" name="__codelineno-74-54"></a><span class="w">    </span><span class="k">public</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="k">static</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="kt">bool</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="k">operator</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="o">&gt;=</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="n">Fraction</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="n">f1</span><span class="p">,</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="n">Fraction</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="n">f2</span><span class="p">)</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="o">=&gt;</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="p">...;</span>
+<a id="__codelineno-74-55" name="__codelineno-74-55"></a><span class="w">    </span><span class="k">public</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="k">static</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="kt">bool</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="k">operator</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="o">&lt;</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="n">Fraction</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="n">f1</span><span class="p">,</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="n">Fraction</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="n">f2</span><span class="p">)</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="o">=&gt;</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="p">...;</span>
+<a id="__codelineno-74-56" name="__codelineno-74-56"></a><span class="w">    </span><span class="k">public</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="k">static</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="kt">bool</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="k">operator</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="o">&lt;=</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="n">Fraction</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="n">f1</span><span class="p">,</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="n">Fraction</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="n">f2</span><span class="p">)</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="o">=&gt;</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="p">...;</span>
+<a id="__codelineno-74-57" name="__codelineno-74-57"></a>
+<a id="__codelineno-74-58" name="__codelineno-74-58"></a><span class="w">    </span><span class="k">public</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="k">override</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="kt">bool</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="nf">Equals</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="kt">object</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="n">obj</span><span class="p">)</span>
+<a id="__codelineno-74-59" name="__codelineno-74-59"></a><span class="w">    </span><span class="p">{</span>
+<a id="__codelineno-74-60" name="__codelineno-74-60"></a><span class="w">        </span><span class="k">return</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="n">obj</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="k">is</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="n">Fraction</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="n">f</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="o">&amp;&amp;</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="k">this</span><span class="p">.</span><span class="n">num</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="o">==</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="n">f</span><span class="p">.</span><span class="n">num</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="o">&amp;&amp;</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="k">this</span><span class="p">.</span><span class="n">den</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="o">==</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="n">f</span><span class="p">.</span><span class="n">den</span><span class="p">;</span><span class="w">  </span><span class="c1">// same type + same values</span>
+<a id="__codelineno-74-61" name="__codelineno-74-61"></a><span class="w">    </span><span class="p">}</span>
+<a id="__codelineno-74-62" name="__codelineno-74-62"></a>
+<a id="__codelineno-74-63" name="__codelineno-74-63"></a><span class="w">    </span><span class="c1">// required if Equals has been implemented</span>
+<a id="__codelineno-74-64" name="__codelineno-74-64"></a><span class="w">    </span><span class="k">public</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="k">override</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="kt">int</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="nf">GetHashCode</span><span class="p">()</span>
+<a id="__codelineno-74-65" name="__codelineno-74-65"></a><span class="w">    </span><span class="p">{</span>
+<a id="__codelineno-74-66" name="__codelineno-74-66"></a><span class="w">        </span><span class="k">return</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="p">(</span><span class="n">num</span><span class="p">,</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="n">den</span><span class="p">).</span><span class="n">GetHashCode</span><span class="p">();</span>
+<a id="__codelineno-74-67" name="__codelineno-74-67"></a><span class="w">    </span><span class="p">}</span>
+<a id="__codelineno-74-68" name="__codelineno-74-68"></a>
+<a id="__codelineno-74-69" name="__codelineno-74-69"></a><span class="w">    </span><span class="k">public</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="k">override</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="kt">string</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="nf">ToString</span><span class="p">()</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="o">=&gt;</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="s">$&quot;{num} / {den}&quot;</span><span class="p">;</span>
+<a id="__codelineno-74-70" name="__codelineno-74-70"></a><span class="p">}</span>
+</code></pre></div></td></tr></table></div>
+<h3 id="nested-types">Nested Types</h3>
+<p>A type defined at <em>global scope</em> can be only <code>public</code>or <code>internal</code>.
+private wouldn't make sense since that makes something accessible only from within its containing type, and there is no containing type at global scope.<br />
+But a nested type does have a containing type, so if a nested type is <code>private</code>, that type can be used only from inside the type within which it is nested.</p>
+<blockquote>
+<p><strong>Note</strong>: Code in a nested type is allowed to use nonpublic members of its containing type. However, an instance of a nested type does not automatically get a reference to an instance of its containing type.</p>
+</blockquote>
+<hr />
+<h2 id="interfaces">Interfaces</h2>
+<p>An interface declares methods, properties, and events, but it doesn't have to define their bodies.<br />
+An interface is effectively a list of the members that a type will need to provide if it wants to implement the interface.</p>
+<p>C# 8.0 adds the ability to define default implementations for some or all methods, and also to define nested types and static fields.</p>
+<div class="highlight"><table class="highlighttable"><tr><th colspan="2" class="filename"><span class="filename">C#</span></th></tr><tr><td class="linenos"><div class="linenodiv"><pre><span></span><span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-75-1"> 1</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-75-2"> 2</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-75-3"> 3</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-75-4"> 4</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-75-5"> 5</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-75-6"> 6</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-75-7"> 7</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-75-8"> 8</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-75-9"> 9</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-75-10">10</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-75-11">11</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-75-12">12</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-75-13">13</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-75-14">14</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-75-15">15</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-75-16">16</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-75-17">17</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-75-18">18</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-75-19">19</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-75-20">20</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-75-21">21</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-75-22">22</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-75-23">23</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-75-24">24</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-75-25">25</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-75-26">26</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-75-27">27</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-75-28">28</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-75-29">29</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-75-30">30</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-75-31">31</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-75-32">32</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-75-33">33</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-75-34">34</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-75-35">35</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-75-36">36</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-75-37">37</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-75-38">38</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-75-39">39</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-75-40">40</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-75-41">41</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-75-42">42</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-75-43">43</a></span></pre></div></td><td class="code"><div><pre><span></span><code><a id="__codelineno-75-1" name="__codelineno-75-1"></a><span class="c1">// can only be public or internal if not nested, any accessibility otherwise</span>
+<a id="__codelineno-75-2" name="__codelineno-75-2"></a><span class="k">public</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="k">interface</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="n">IContract</span>
+<a id="__codelineno-75-3" name="__codelineno-75-3"></a><span class="p">{</span>
+<a id="__codelineno-75-4" name="__codelineno-75-4"></a><span class="w">    </span><span class="c1">// properties</span>
+<a id="__codelineno-75-5" name="__codelineno-75-5"></a><span class="w">    </span><span class="n">Type</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="n">Property</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="p">{</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="k">get</span><span class="p">;</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="k">set</span><span class="p">;</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="p">}</span>
+<a id="__codelineno-75-6" name="__codelineno-75-6"></a>
+<a id="__codelineno-75-7" name="__codelineno-75-7"></a><span class="w">    </span><span class="c1">// methods (only signature)</span>
+<a id="__codelineno-75-8" name="__codelineno-75-8"></a><span class="w">    </span><span class="n">Type</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="nf">Method</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="n">Type</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="n">param</span><span class="p">,</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="p">...);</span>
+<a id="__codelineno-75-9" name="__codelineno-75-9"></a>
+<a id="__codelineno-75-10" name="__codelineno-75-10"></a><span class="w">    </span><span class="c1">// default interface implementations</span>
+<a id="__codelineno-75-11" name="__codelineno-75-11"></a><span class="w">    </span><span class="c1">// (method has body), if not implemented in inheriting class the implementation will be this</span>
+<a id="__codelineno-75-12" name="__codelineno-75-12"></a><span class="w">    </span><span class="n">Type</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="nf">Method</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="n">Type</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="n">param</span><span class="p">,</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="p">...)</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="o">=&gt;</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="o">&lt;</span><span class="n">expr</span><span class="o">&gt;</span><span class="p">;</span>
+<a id="__codelineno-75-13" name="__codelineno-75-13"></a>
+<a id="__codelineno-75-14" name="__codelineno-75-14"></a><span class="w">    </span><span class="c1">// constants</span>
+<a id="__codelineno-75-15" name="__codelineno-75-15"></a><span class="w">    </span><span class="k">const</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="n">Type</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="n">CONSTANT</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="o">=</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="k">value</span><span class="p">;</span>
+<a id="__codelineno-75-16" name="__codelineno-75-16"></a>
+<a id="__codelineno-75-17" name="__codelineno-75-17"></a><span class="w">    </span><span class="c1">// static properties</span>
+<a id="__codelineno-75-18" name="__codelineno-75-18"></a><span class="w">    </span><span class="k">static</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="n">Type</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="n">StaticProperty</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="p">{</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="k">get</span><span class="p">;</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="k">set</span><span class="p">;</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="p">}</span>
+<a id="__codelineno-75-19" name="__codelineno-75-19"></a><span class="w">    </span><span class="k">static</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="n">Type</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="nf">StaticMethod</span><span class="p">();</span>
+<a id="__codelineno-75-20" name="__codelineno-75-20"></a>
+<a id="__codelineno-75-21" name="__codelineno-75-21"></a><span class="w">    </span><span class="c1">// static abstract members</span>
+<a id="__codelineno-75-22" name="__codelineno-75-22"></a><span class="w">    </span><span class="k">static</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="k">abstract</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="n">Type</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="n">AbstractProperty</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="p">{</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="k">get</span><span class="p">;</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="k">set</span><span class="p">;</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="p">}</span>
+<a id="__codelineno-75-23" name="__codelineno-75-23"></a><span class="w">    </span><span class="k">static</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="k">abstract</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="n">Type</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="nf">AbstractMethod</span><span class="p">();</span>
+<a id="__codelineno-75-24" name="__codelineno-75-24"></a>
+<a id="__codelineno-75-25" name="__codelineno-75-25"></a><span class="w">    </span><span class="k">static</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="k">abstract</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="n">IContract</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="k">operator</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="o">+</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="n">IContract</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="n">source</span><span class="p">);</span>
+<a id="__codelineno-75-26" name="__codelineno-75-26"></a>
+<a id="__codelineno-75-27" name="__codelineno-75-27"></a><span class="w">    </span><span class="c1">// nested types are valid, accessibility is needed</span>
+<a id="__codelineno-75-28" name="__codelineno-75-28"></a><span class="p">}</span>
+<a id="__codelineno-75-29" name="__codelineno-75-29"></a>
+<a id="__codelineno-75-30" name="__codelineno-75-30"></a><span class="k">public</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="k">interface</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="n">IContract</span><span class="o">&lt;</span><span class="n">T</span><span class="o">&gt;</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="p">{}</span><span class="w">  </span><span class="c1">// interfaces can be generic</span>
+<a id="__codelineno-75-31" name="__codelineno-75-31"></a>
+<a id="__codelineno-75-32" name="__codelineno-75-32"></a><span class="k">public</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="k">class</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="nc">Contract</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="p">:</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="n">IContract</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="p">{</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="cm">/* ... */</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="p">}</span>
+<a id="__codelineno-75-33" name="__codelineno-75-33"></a>
+<a id="__codelineno-75-34" name="__codelineno-75-34"></a><span class="kt">var</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="n">contract</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="o">=</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="k">new</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="n">Contract</span><span class="p">();</span>
+<a id="__codelineno-75-35" name="__codelineno-75-35"></a><span class="n">contract</span><span class="p">.</span><span class="n">Property</span><span class="p">;</span>
+<a id="__codelineno-75-36" name="__codelineno-75-36"></a><span class="n">contract</span><span class="p">.</span><span class="n">Method</span><span class="p">();</span>
+<a id="__codelineno-75-37" name="__codelineno-75-37"></a>
+<a id="__codelineno-75-38" name="__codelineno-75-38"></a><span class="n">contract</span><span class="p">.</span><span class="n">AbstractProperty</span><span class="p">;</span>
+<a id="__codelineno-75-39" name="__codelineno-75-39"></a><span class="n">contract</span><span class="p">.</span><span class="n">AbstractMethod</span><span class="p">();</span>
+<a id="__codelineno-75-40" name="__codelineno-75-40"></a>
+<a id="__codelineno-75-41" name="__codelineno-75-41"></a><span class="n">IContract</span><span class="p">.</span><span class="n">CONSTANT</span><span class="p">;</span>
+<a id="__codelineno-75-42" name="__codelineno-75-42"></a><span class="n">IContract</span><span class="p">.</span><span class="n">StaticProperty</span><span class="p">;</span>
+<a id="__codelineno-75-43" name="__codelineno-75-43"></a><span class="n">IContract</span><span class="p">.</span><span class="n">StaticMethod</span><span class="p">();</span>
+</code></pre></div></td></tr></table></div>
+<blockquote>
+<p><strong>Note</strong>: Interfaces are reference types. Despite this, it's possible tp implement interfaces on both classes and structs.<br />
+However, be careful when doing so with a struct, because when getting hold of an interface-typed reference to a struct, it will be a reference to a <em>box</em>,<br />
+which is effectively an object that holds a copy of a struct in a way that can be referred to via a reference.</p>
+</blockquote>
+<hr />
+<h2 id="generics">Generics</h2>
+<p><a href="https://docs.microsoft.com/en-us/dotnet/csharp/programming-guide/generics/">Generics Docs</a>
+<a href="https://docs.microsoft.com/en-us/dotnet/csharp/programming-guide/generics/generic-methods">Generic Methods Docs</a></p>
+<div class="highlight"><table class="highlighttable"><tr><th colspan="2" class="filename"><span class="filename">C#</span></th></tr><tr><td class="linenos"><div class="linenodiv"><pre><span></span><span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-76-1"> 1</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-76-2"> 2</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-76-3"> 3</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-76-4"> 4</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-76-5"> 5</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-76-6"> 6</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-76-7"> 7</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-76-8"> 8</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-76-9"> 9</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-76-10">10</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-76-11">11</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-76-12">12</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-76-13">13</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-76-14">14</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-76-15">15</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-76-16">16</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-76-17">17</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-76-18">18</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-76-19">19</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-76-20">20</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-76-21">21</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-76-22">22</a></span></pre></div></td><td class="code"><div><pre><span></span><code><a id="__codelineno-76-1" name="__codelineno-76-1"></a><span class="c1">// type parameter T in angle brackets</span>
+<a id="__codelineno-76-2" name="__codelineno-76-2"></a><span class="c1">// WARNING: T is not instantiable, new t(), new t[] are INVALID</span>
+<a id="__codelineno-76-3" name="__codelineno-76-3"></a><span class="k">public</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="k">class</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="nc">GenericClass</span><span class="o">&lt;</span><span class="n">T</span><span class="o">&gt;</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="p">{</span>
+<a id="__codelineno-76-4" name="__codelineno-76-4"></a>
+<a id="__codelineno-76-5" name="__codelineno-76-5"></a><span class="w">    </span><span class="c1">// constructors</span>
+<a id="__codelineno-76-6" name="__codelineno-76-6"></a><span class="w">    </span><span class="k">public</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="nf">GenericClass</span><span class="p">()</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="p">{</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="p">}</span>
+<a id="__codelineno-76-7" name="__codelineno-76-7"></a>
+<a id="__codelineno-76-8" name="__codelineno-76-8"></a><span class="w">    </span><span class="k">public</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="nf">GenericClass</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="n">T</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="n">data</span><span class="p">){</span>
+<a id="__codelineno-76-9" name="__codelineno-76-9"></a><span class="w">        </span><span class="n">Generic</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="o">=</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="n">data</span><span class="p">;</span>
+<a id="__codelineno-76-10" name="__codelineno-76-10"></a><span class="w">    </span><span class="p">}</span>
+<a id="__codelineno-76-11" name="__codelineno-76-11"></a>
+<a id="__codelineno-76-12" name="__codelineno-76-12"></a><span class="w">    </span><span class="k">public</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="n">T</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="n">Generic</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="p">{</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="k">get</span><span class="p">;</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="k">set</span><span class="p">;</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="p">}</span><span class="w">  </span><span class="c1">// generic type auto-property</span>
+<a id="__codelineno-76-13" name="__codelineno-76-13"></a>
+<a id="__codelineno-76-14" name="__codelineno-76-14"></a><span class="w">    </span><span class="k">void</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="nf">GenericMethodName</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="n">T</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="n">t</span><span class="p">)</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="p">{</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="p">}</span><span class="w">  </span><span class="c1">// same generic as class</span>
+<a id="__codelineno-76-15" name="__codelineno-76-15"></a><span class="w">    </span><span class="k">void</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="n">GenericMethodName</span><span class="o">&lt;</span><span class="n">S</span><span class="o">&gt;</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="n">S</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="n">s</span><span class="p">)</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="p">{</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="p">}</span><span class="w">  </span><span class="c1">// new generic type</span>
+<a id="__codelineno-76-16" name="__codelineno-76-16"></a><span class="p">}</span>
+<a id="__codelineno-76-17" name="__codelineno-76-17"></a>
+<a id="__codelineno-76-18" name="__codelineno-76-18"></a><span class="n">GenericClass</span><span class="o">&lt;</span><span class="n">Type</span><span class="o">&gt;</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="n">obj</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="o">=</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="k">new</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="n">GenericClass</span><span class="o">&lt;&gt;</span><span class="p">();</span>
+<a id="__codelineno-76-19" name="__codelineno-76-19"></a><span class="n">GenericClass</span><span class="o">&lt;</span><span class="n">Type</span><span class="o">&gt;</span><span class="p">[]</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="n">obj</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="o">=</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="k">new</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="n">GenericClass</span><span class="o">&lt;&gt;</span><span class="p">[];</span><span class="w">  </span><span class="c1">// invalid</span>
+<a id="__codelineno-76-20" name="__codelineno-76-20"></a>
+<a id="__codelineno-76-21" name="__codelineno-76-21"></a><span class="n">obj</span><span class="p">.</span><span class="n">GenericMethodName</span><span class="o">&lt;</span><span class="n">Type</span><span class="o">&gt;</span><span class="p">();</span><span class="w">  </span><span class="c1">// generic method call</span>
+<a id="__codelineno-76-22" name="__codelineno-76-22"></a><span class="n">obj</span><span class="p">.</span><span class="n">GenericMethodName</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="n">Type</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="n">param</span><span class="p">);</span><span class="w">  </span><span class="c1">// type deduced by input, input type and generic method type must match</span>
+</code></pre></div></td></tr></table></div>
+<h3 id="multiple-generics">Multiple Generics</h3>
+<div class="highlight"><table class="highlighttable"><tr><th colspan="2" class="filename"><span class="filename">C#</span></th></tr><tr><td class="linenos"><div class="linenodiv"><pre><span></span><span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-77-1">1</a></span></pre></div></td><td class="code"><div><pre><span></span><code><a id="__codelineno-77-1" name="__codelineno-77-1"></a><span class="k">public</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="k">class</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="nc">GenericClass</span><span class="o">&lt;</span><span class="n">T1</span><span class="p">,</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="n">T2</span><span class="p">,</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="p">...</span><span class="o">&gt;</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="p">{</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="p">}</span><span class="w">  </span><span class="c1">// number of generic types is not limited</span>
+</code></pre></div></td></tr></table></div>
+<h3 id="parameters-constraints">Parameters Constraints</h3>
+<p>Specify an interface or class that the generic type must implement/inherit.</p>
+<p>C# supports only six kinds of constraints on a type argument:</p>
+<ul>
+<li>type constraint</li>
+<li>reference type constraint</li>
+<li>value type constraint</li>
+<li><code>notnull</code></li>
+<li><code>unmanaged</code></li>
+<li><code>new()</code></li>
+</ul>
+<div class="highlight"><table class="highlighttable"><tr><th colspan="2" class="filename"><span class="filename">C#</span></th></tr><tr><td class="linenos"><div class="linenodiv"><pre><span></span><span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-78-1"> 1</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-78-2"> 2</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-78-3"> 3</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-78-4"> 4</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-78-5"> 5</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-78-6"> 6</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-78-7"> 7</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-78-8"> 8</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-78-9"> 9</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-78-10">10</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-78-11">11</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-78-12">12</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-78-13">13</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-78-14">14</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-78-15">15</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-78-16">16</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-78-17">17</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-78-18">18</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-78-19">19</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-78-20">20</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-78-21">21</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-78-22">22</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-78-23">23</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-78-24">24</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-78-25">25</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-78-26">26</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-78-27">27</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-78-28">28</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-78-29">29</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-78-30">30</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-78-31">31</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-78-32">32</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-78-33">33</a></span></pre></div></td><td class="code"><div><pre><span></span><code><a id="__codelineno-78-1" name="__codelineno-78-1"></a><span class="c1">// type constraints</span>
+<a id="__codelineno-78-2" name="__codelineno-78-2"></a><span class="k">public</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="k">class</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="nc">GenericClass</span><span class="o">&lt;</span><span class="n">T</span><span class="o">&gt;</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="k">where</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="n">T</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="p">:</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="n">Interface</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="p">{</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="p">}</span>
+<a id="__codelineno-78-3" name="__codelineno-78-3"></a><span class="k">public</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="k">class</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="nc">GenericClass</span><span class="o">&lt;</span><span class="n">T</span><span class="o">&gt;</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="k">where</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="n">T</span><span class="p">:</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="n">GenericClass</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="p">{</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="p">}</span>
+<a id="__codelineno-78-4" name="__codelineno-78-4"></a>
+<a id="__codelineno-78-5" name="__codelineno-78-5"></a><span class="c1">// Enums and Delegates (type constraints)</span>
+<a id="__codelineno-78-6" name="__codelineno-78-6"></a><span class="k">public</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="k">class</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="nc">GenericClass</span><span class="o">&lt;</span><span class="n">T</span><span class="o">&gt;</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="k">where</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="n">T</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="p">:</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="n">Enum</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="p">{</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="p">}</span>
+<a id="__codelineno-78-7" name="__codelineno-78-7"></a><span class="k">public</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="k">class</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="nc">GenericClass</span><span class="o">&lt;</span><span class="n">T</span><span class="o">&gt;</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="k">where</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="n">T</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="p">:</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="n">Delegate</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="p">{</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="p">}</span>
+<a id="__codelineno-78-8" name="__codelineno-78-8"></a>
+<a id="__codelineno-78-9" name="__codelineno-78-9"></a><span class="c1">// reference type constraints (cannot be primitives or structs) --&gt; can test nullability, can use AS operator</span>
+<a id="__codelineno-78-10" name="__codelineno-78-10"></a><span class="k">public</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="k">class</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="nc">GenericClass</span><span class="o">&lt;</span><span class="n">T</span><span class="o">&gt;</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="k">where</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="n">T</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="p">:</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="k">class</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="p">{</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="p">}</span><span class="w">  </span><span class="c1">// T must be not nullable reference type</span>
+<a id="__codelineno-78-11" name="__codelineno-78-11"></a><span class="k">public</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="k">class</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="nc">GenericClass</span><span class="o">&lt;</span><span class="n">T</span><span class="o">&gt;</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="k">where</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="n">T</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="p">:</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="n">class</span><span class="o">?</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="p">{</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="p">}</span><span class="w">  </span><span class="c1">// T can be (not)nullable reference type</span>
+<a id="__codelineno-78-12" name="__codelineno-78-12"></a>
+<a id="__codelineno-78-13" name="__codelineno-78-13"></a><span class="c1">// value type constraint</span>
+<a id="__codelineno-78-14" name="__codelineno-78-14"></a><span class="k">public</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="k">class</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="nc">GenericClass</span><span class="o">&lt;</span><span class="n">T</span><span class="o">&gt;</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="k">where</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="n">T</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="p">:</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="k">struct</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="p">{</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="p">}</span><span class="w">  </span><span class="c1">// T must be a struct or a primitive type</span>
+<a id="__codelineno-78-15" name="__codelineno-78-15"></a><span class="k">public</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="k">class</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="nc">GenericClass</span><span class="o">&lt;</span><span class="n">T</span><span class="o">&gt;</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="k">where</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="n">T</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="p">:</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="n">unmanaged</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="p">{</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="p">}</span><span class="w">  </span><span class="c1">// T must be a value type and its contents can only be value types, recursively</span>
+<a id="__codelineno-78-16" name="__codelineno-78-16"></a>
+<a id="__codelineno-78-17" name="__codelineno-78-17"></a><span class="c1">// no nulls</span>
+<a id="__codelineno-78-18" name="__codelineno-78-18"></a><span class="k">public</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="k">class</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="nc">GenericClass</span><span class="o">&lt;</span><span class="n">T</span><span class="o">&gt;</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="k">where</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="n">T</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="p">:</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="n">notnull</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="p">{</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="p">}</span><span class="w">  </span><span class="c1">// T must be a value type or a not nullable reference type</span>
+<a id="__codelineno-78-19" name="__codelineno-78-19"></a>
+<a id="__codelineno-78-20" name="__codelineno-78-20"></a><span class="k">public</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="k">class</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="nc">GenericClass</span><span class="o">&lt;</span><span class="n">T</span><span class="o">&gt;</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="k">where</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="n">T</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="p">:</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="k">new</span><span class="p">()</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="p">{</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="p">}</span><span class="w">  </span><span class="c1">// T must provide a parameterless constructor, cannot be abstract</span>
+<a id="__codelineno-78-21" name="__codelineno-78-21"></a>
+<a id="__codelineno-78-22" name="__codelineno-78-22"></a><span class="c1">// multiple constraints</span>
+<a id="__codelineno-78-23" name="__codelineno-78-23"></a><span class="k">public</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="k">class</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="nc">GenericClass</span><span class="o">&lt;</span><span class="n">T1</span><span class="p">,</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="n">T2</span><span class="o">&gt;</span>
+<a id="__codelineno-78-24" name="__codelineno-78-24"></a><span class="w">    </span><span class="k">where</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="n">T1</span><span class="p">:</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="n">Interface</span>
+<a id="__codelineno-78-25" name="__codelineno-78-25"></a><span class="w">    </span><span class="k">where</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="n">T2</span><span class="p">:</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="n">Interface1</span><span class="p">,</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="n">Interface2</span>
+<a id="__codelineno-78-26" name="__codelineno-78-26"></a><span class="p">{</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="p">}</span>
+<a id="__codelineno-78-27" name="__codelineno-78-27"></a>
+<a id="__codelineno-78-28" name="__codelineno-78-28"></a><span class="c1">// generic methods constraints</span>
+<a id="__codelineno-78-29" name="__codelineno-78-29"></a><span class="k">public</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="n">T</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="n">GenericMethod</span><span class="o">&lt;</span><span class="n">T</span><span class="o">&gt;</span><span class="p">()</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="k">where</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="n">T</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="p">:</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="n">class</span><span class="o">?</span>
+<a id="__codelineno-78-30" name="__codelineno-78-30"></a><span class="p">{</span>
+<a id="__codelineno-78-31" name="__codelineno-78-31"></a><span class="w">    </span><span class="c1">// code here</span>
+<a id="__codelineno-78-32" name="__codelineno-78-32"></a><span class="w">    </span><span class="k">return</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="o">&lt;</span><span class="n">expr</span><span class="o">&gt;</span><span class="p">;</span>
+<a id="__codelineno-78-33" name="__codelineno-78-33"></a><span class="p">}</span>
+</code></pre></div></td></tr></table></div>
+<hr />
+<h2 id="inheritance">Inheritance</h2>
+<p>Classes support only single inheritance. Interfaces offer a form of multiple inheritance. Value types do not support inheritance at all.<br />
+One reason for this is that value types are not normally used by reference, which removes one of the main benefits of inheritance: runtime polymorphism.</p>
+<p>Since a derived class inherits everything the base class has—all its fields, methods, and other members,<br />
+both public and private—an instance of the derived class can do anything an instance of the base could do.</p>
+<blockquote>
+<p><strong>Note</strong>: When deriving from a class, it's not possible to make the derived class more visible than its base. This restriction does not apply to interfaces.<br />
+A <code>public</code> class is free to implement <code>internal</code> or <code>private</code> interfaces. However, it does apply to an interface's bases: a <code>public</code> interface cannot derive from an <code>internal</code> interface.</p>
+</blockquote>
+<div class="highlight"><table class="highlighttable"><tr><th colspan="2" class="filename"><span class="filename">C#</span></th></tr><tr><td class="linenos"><div class="linenodiv"><pre><span></span><span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-79-1"> 1</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-79-2"> 2</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-79-3"> 3</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-79-4"> 4</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-79-5"> 5</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-79-6"> 6</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-79-7"> 7</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-79-8"> 8</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-79-9"> 9</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-79-10">10</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-79-11">11</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-79-12">12</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-79-13">13</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-79-14">14</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-79-15">15</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-79-16">16</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-79-17">17</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-79-18">18</a></span></pre></div></td><td class="code"><div><pre><span></span><code><a id="__codelineno-79-1" name="__codelineno-79-1"></a><span class="k">class</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="nc">BaseClass</span>
+<a id="__codelineno-79-2" name="__codelineno-79-2"></a><span class="p">{</span>
+<a id="__codelineno-79-3" name="__codelineno-79-3"></a><span class="w">    </span><span class="k">public</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="k">virtual</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="n">Property</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="p">{</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="k">get</span><span class="p">;</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="k">set</span><span class="p">;</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="p">}</span>
+<a id="__codelineno-79-4" name="__codelineno-79-4"></a>
+<a id="__codelineno-79-5" name="__codelineno-79-5"></a><span class="w">    </span><span class="c1">// to be overridden method must be ABSTRACT or VIRTUAL</span>
+<a id="__codelineno-79-6" name="__codelineno-79-6"></a><span class="w">    </span><span class="k">public</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="k">virtual</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="n">Type</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="nf">Method</span><span class="p">()</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="p">{</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="p">}</span>
+<a id="__codelineno-79-7" name="__codelineno-79-7"></a><span class="p">}</span>
+<a id="__codelineno-79-8" name="__codelineno-79-8"></a>
+<a id="__codelineno-79-9" name="__codelineno-79-9"></a><span class="c1">// the base class is ALWAYS the first after the colons</span>
+<a id="__codelineno-79-10" name="__codelineno-79-10"></a><span class="k">class</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="nc">ChildClass</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="p">:</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="n">BaseClass</span><span class="p">,</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="n">Interface</span><span class="p">,</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="n">Interface</span><span class="o">&lt;</span><span class="n">Type</span><span class="o">&gt;</span>
+<a id="__codelineno-79-11" name="__codelineno-79-11"></a><span class="p">{</span>
+<a id="__codelineno-79-12" name="__codelineno-79-12"></a><span class="w">    </span><span class="k">public</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="k">override</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="n">Type</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="nf">Method</span><span class="p">()</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="p">{</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="p">}</span><span class="w">  </span><span class="c1">// override base&#39;s method (same signature)</span>
+<a id="__codelineno-79-13" name="__codelineno-79-13"></a><span class="w">    </span><span class="k">public</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="k">override</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="n">DerivedType</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="nf">Method</span><span class="p">()</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="p">{</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="p">}</span><span class="w">  </span><span class="c1">// override base&#39;s method, can return more specific type (covariant return type, C# 9)</span>
+<a id="__codelineno-79-14" name="__codelineno-79-14"></a><span class="w">    </span><span class="k">public</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="k">new</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="n">Type</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="nf">Method</span><span class="p">()</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="p">{}</span><span class="w">  </span><span class="c1">// hide base&#39;s method and prevent name conflict warning (hiding method can change signature)</span>
+<a id="__codelineno-79-15" name="__codelineno-79-15"></a>
+<a id="__codelineno-79-16" name="__codelineno-79-16"></a><span class="w">    </span><span class="k">base</span><span class="p">.</span><span class="n">Method</span><span class="p">();</span><span class="w">  </span><span class="c1">// call base method</span>
+<a id="__codelineno-79-17" name="__codelineno-79-17"></a><span class="w">    </span><span class="n">type</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="n">Interface</span><span class="p">.</span><span class="n">Method</span><span class="p">()</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="p">{</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="p">}</span><span class="w">  </span><span class="c1">// explicit implementation of an interface member (resolve name conflict between interfaces)</span>
+<a id="__codelineno-79-18" name="__codelineno-79-18"></a><span class="p">}</span>
+</code></pre></div></td></tr></table></div>
+<h3 id="downcasting">Downcasting</h3>
+<p>Downcasting is the conversion from a base class type to one of it's derived types.</p>
+<div class="highlight"><table class="highlighttable"><tr><th colspan="2" class="filename"><span class="filename">C#</span></th></tr><tr><td class="linenos"><div class="linenodiv"><pre><span></span><span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-80-1">1</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-80-2">2</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-80-3">3</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-80-4">4</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-80-5">5</a></span></pre></div></td><td class="code"><div><pre><span></span><code><a id="__codelineno-80-1" name="__codelineno-80-1"></a><span class="n">Base</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="n">b</span><span class="p">;</span>
+<a id="__codelineno-80-2" name="__codelineno-80-2"></a><span class="kt">var</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="n">d</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="o">=</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="p">(</span><span class="n">Derived</span><span class="p">)</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="n">b</span><span class="p">;</span><span class="w">  </span><span class="c1">// explicit casting (if conversion fails throws InvalidCastException)</span>
+<a id="__codelineno-80-3" name="__codelineno-80-3"></a><span class="kt">var</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="n">d</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="o">=</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="n">b</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="k">as</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="n">Derived</span><span class="p">;</span><span class="w">  </span><span class="c1">// as operator (if conversion fails AS will return NULL)</span>
+<a id="__codelineno-80-4" name="__codelineno-80-4"></a><span class="k">if</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="n">b</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="k">is</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="n">Derived</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="n">d</span><span class="p">)</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="p">{}</span><span class="w">  </span><span class="c1">// type pattern, d contains converted obj (if conversion fails IS returns FALSE)</span>
+<a id="__codelineno-80-5" name="__codelineno-80-5"></a><span class="k">if</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="n">b</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="k">is</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="n">Derived</span><span class="p">)</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="p">{}</span><span class="w">  </span><span class="c1">// simple type pattern (if conversion fails IS returns FALSE)</span>
+</code></pre></div></td></tr></table></div>
+<h3 id="inheritance-constructors">Inheritance &amp; Constructors</h3>
+<p>All of a base class's constructors are available to a derived type, but they can be invoked only by constructors in the derived class.<br />
+All constructors are required to invoke a constructor on their base class, and if it's not specified which to invoke, the compiler invokes the base's zero-argument constructor.<br />
+If the base has not a zero-argument constructor the compilation will cause an error. It's possible to invoke a base constructor explicitly to avoid this error.</p>
+<p>Initialization order:</p>
+<ol>
+<li>Derived class field initializers</li>
+<li>Base class field initializers</li>
+<li>Base class constructor</li>
+<li>Derived class constructor</li>
+</ol>
+<div class="highlight"><table class="highlighttable"><tr><th colspan="2" class="filename"><span class="filename">C#</span></th></tr><tr><td class="linenos"><div class="linenodiv"><pre><span></span><span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-81-1"> 1</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-81-2"> 2</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-81-3"> 3</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-81-4"> 4</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-81-5"> 5</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-81-6"> 6</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-81-7"> 7</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-81-8"> 8</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-81-9"> 9</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-81-10">10</a></span></pre></div></td><td class="code"><div><pre><span></span><code><a id="__codelineno-81-1" name="__codelineno-81-1"></a><span class="k">public</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="k">class</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="nc">Base</span>
+<a id="__codelineno-81-2" name="__codelineno-81-2"></a><span class="p">{</span>
+<a id="__codelineno-81-3" name="__codelineno-81-3"></a><span class="w">    </span><span class="k">public</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="nf">Base</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="n">Type</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="n">param</span><span class="p">)</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="p">{}</span>
+<a id="__codelineno-81-4" name="__codelineno-81-4"></a><span class="p">}</span>
+<a id="__codelineno-81-5" name="__codelineno-81-5"></a>
+<a id="__codelineno-81-6" name="__codelineno-81-6"></a><span class="k">public</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="k">class</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="nc">Derived</span>
+<a id="__codelineno-81-7" name="__codelineno-81-7"></a><span class="p">{</span>
+<a id="__codelineno-81-8" name="__codelineno-81-8"></a><span class="w">    </span><span class="k">public</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="nf">Derived</span><span class="p">()</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="p">:</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="k">base</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="k">value</span><span class="p">)</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="p">{}</span><span class="w">  </span><span class="c1">// invoke base constructor explicitly passing a fixed value (base has no zero-arg constructor)</span>
+<a id="__codelineno-81-9" name="__codelineno-81-9"></a><span class="w">    </span><span class="k">public</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="nf">Derived</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="n">Type</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="n">param</span><span class="p">)</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="p">:</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="k">base</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="n">param</span><span class="p">)</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="p">{}</span><span class="w">  </span><span class="c1">// invoke base constructor explicitly</span>
+<a id="__codelineno-81-10" name="__codelineno-81-10"></a><span class="p">}</span>
+</code></pre></div></td></tr></table></div>
+<h3 id="generics-inheritance">Generics Inheritance</h3>
+<p>If you derive from a generic class, you must supply the type arguments it requires.<br />
+You must provide concrete types unless your derived type is generic, in which case it can use its own type parameters as arguments.</p>
+<div class="highlight"><table class="highlighttable"><tr><th colspan="2" class="filename"><span class="filename">C#</span></th></tr><tr><td class="linenos"><div class="linenodiv"><pre><span></span><span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-82-1"> 1</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-82-2"> 2</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-82-3"> 3</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-82-4"> 4</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-82-5"> 5</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-82-6"> 6</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-82-7"> 7</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-82-8"> 8</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-82-9"> 9</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-82-10">10</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-82-11">11</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-82-12">12</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-82-13">13</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-82-14">14</a></span></pre></div></td><td class="code"><div><pre><span></span><code><a id="__codelineno-82-1" name="__codelineno-82-1"></a><span class="k">public</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="k">class</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="nc">GenericBase1</span><span class="o">&lt;</span><span class="n">T</span><span class="o">&gt;</span>
+<a id="__codelineno-82-2" name="__codelineno-82-2"></a><span class="p">{</span>
+<a id="__codelineno-82-3" name="__codelineno-82-3"></a><span class="w">    </span><span class="k">public</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="n">T</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="n">Item</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="p">{</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="k">get</span><span class="p">;</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="k">set</span><span class="p">;</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="p">}</span>
+<a id="__codelineno-82-4" name="__codelineno-82-4"></a><span class="p">}</span>
+<a id="__codelineno-82-5" name="__codelineno-82-5"></a>
+<a id="__codelineno-82-6" name="__codelineno-82-6"></a><span class="k">public</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="k">class</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="nc">GenericBase2</span><span class="o">&lt;</span><span class="n">TKey</span><span class="p">,</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="n">TValue</span><span class="o">&gt;</span>
+<a id="__codelineno-82-7" name="__codelineno-82-7"></a><span class="p">{</span>
+<a id="__codelineno-82-8" name="__codelineno-82-8"></a><span class="w">    </span><span class="k">public</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="n">TKey</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="n">Key</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="p">{</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="k">get</span><span class="p">;</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="k">set</span><span class="p">;</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="p">}</span>
+<a id="__codelineno-82-9" name="__codelineno-82-9"></a><span class="w">    </span><span class="k">public</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="n">TValue</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="n">Value</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="p">{</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="k">get</span><span class="p">;</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="k">set</span><span class="p">;</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="p">}</span>
+<a id="__codelineno-82-10" name="__codelineno-82-10"></a><span class="p">}</span>
+<a id="__codelineno-82-11" name="__codelineno-82-11"></a>
+<a id="__codelineno-82-12" name="__codelineno-82-12"></a><span class="k">public</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="k">class</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="nc">NonGenericDerived</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="p">:</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="n">GenericBase1</span><span class="o">&lt;</span><span class="n">Type</span><span class="o">&gt;</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="p">{}</span><span class="w">  </span><span class="c1">// derived is not generic, must use concrete type for base class</span>
+<a id="__codelineno-82-13" name="__codelineno-82-13"></a><span class="k">public</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="k">class</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="nc">GenericDerived</span><span class="o">&lt;</span><span class="n">T</span><span class="o">&gt;</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="p">:</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="n">GenericBase1</span><span class="o">&lt;</span><span class="n">T</span><span class="o">&gt;</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="p">{}</span><span class="w">  </span><span class="c1">// derived is generic, can use it&#39;s generic type</span>
+<a id="__codelineno-82-14" name="__codelineno-82-14"></a><span class="k">public</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="k">class</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="nc">MixedDerived</span><span class="o">&lt;</span><span class="n">T</span><span class="o">&gt;</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="p">:</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="n">GenericBase2</span><span class="o">&lt;</span><span class="n">T</span><span class="p">,</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="n">Type</span><span class="o">&gt;</span><span class="w">  </span><span class="c1">// derived is generic but base has two types, can use it&#39;s generic type but</span>
+</code></pre></div></td></tr></table></div>
+<p>It's allowed to use derived type as a type argument to the base class. And it's also possible to specify a constraint on a type argument requiring it to derive from the derived type.</p>
+<div class="highlight"><table class="highlighttable"><tr><th colspan="2" class="filename"><span class="filename">C#</span></th></tr><tr><td class="linenos"><div class="linenodiv"><pre><span></span><span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-83-1">1</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-83-2">2</a></span></pre></div></td><td class="code"><div><pre><span></span><code><a id="__codelineno-83-1" name="__codelineno-83-1"></a><span class="k">public</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="k">class</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="nc">Derived</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="p">:</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="k">base</span><span class="o">&lt;</span><span class="n">Derived</span><span class="o">&gt;</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="p">{}</span>
+<a id="__codelineno-83-2" name="__codelineno-83-2"></a><span class="k">public</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="k">class</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="nc">Derived</span><span class="o">&lt;</span><span class="n">T</span><span class="o">&gt;</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="k">where</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="n">T</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="p">:</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="n">Derived</span><span class="o">&lt;</span><span class="n">T</span><span class="o">&gt;</span>
+</code></pre></div></td></tr></table></div>
+<h3 id="covariance-contravariance-only-for-interfaces">Covariance &amp; Contravariance (only for interfaces)</h3>
+<p><a href="http://tomasp.net/blog/variance-explained.aspx/">The theory behind covariance and contravariance in C#</a></p>
+<p><strong>Covariance</strong> and <strong>Contravariance</strong> are terms that refer to the ability to use a more derived type (more specific) or a less derived type (less specific) than originally specified.<br />
+Generic type parameters support covariance and contravariance to provide greater flexibility in assigning and using generic types.</p>
+<ul>
+<li><strong>Covariance</strong>: Enables to use a more derived type than originally specified.</li>
+<li><strong>Contravariance</strong>: Enables to use a more generic (less derived) type than originally specified.</li>
+<li><strong>Invariance</strong>: it's possible to use <em>only</em> the type originally specified; so an invariant generic type parameter is neither covariant nor contravariant.</li>
+</ul>
+<p><img alt="covariance-vs-contravariance" src="../../../img/dotnet_covariant_contravariant.avif" /></p>
+<blockquote>
+<p><strong>Note</strong>: annotate generic type parameters with <code>out</code> and <code>in</code> annotations to specify whether they should behave covariantly or contravariantly.</p>
+</blockquote>
+<div class="highlight"><table class="highlighttable"><tr><th colspan="2" class="filename"><span class="filename">C#</span></th></tr><tr><td class="linenos"><div class="linenodiv"><pre><span></span><span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-84-1"> 1</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-84-2"> 2</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-84-3"> 3</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-84-4"> 4</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-84-5"> 5</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-84-6"> 6</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-84-7"> 7</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-84-8"> 8</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-84-9"> 9</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-84-10">10</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-84-11">11</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-84-12">12</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-84-13">13</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-84-14">14</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-84-15">15</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-84-16">16</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-84-17">17</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-84-18">18</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-84-19">19</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-84-20">20</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-84-21">21</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-84-22">22</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-84-23">23</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-84-24">24</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-84-25">25</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-84-26">26</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-84-27">27</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-84-28">28</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-84-29">29</a></span></pre></div></td><td class="code"><div><pre><span></span><code><a id="__codelineno-84-1" name="__codelineno-84-1"></a><span class="k">public</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="k">class</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="nc">Base</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="p">{};</span>
+<a id="__codelineno-84-2" name="__codelineno-84-2"></a><span class="k">public</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="k">class</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="nc">Derived</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="p">:</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="n">Base</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="p">{}</span>
+<a id="__codelineno-84-3" name="__codelineno-84-3"></a>
+<a id="__codelineno-84-4" name="__codelineno-84-4"></a><span class="c1">// COVARIANCE (supply more specific type)</span>
+<a id="__codelineno-84-5" name="__codelineno-84-5"></a><span class="c1">// method is &quot;read only&quot; since it does not modify its argument</span>
+<a id="__codelineno-84-6" name="__codelineno-84-6"></a><span class="c1">// IEnumerable is covariant (has out parameter) since only &quot;provides&quot; objects</span>
+<a id="__codelineno-84-7" name="__codelineno-84-7"></a><span class="k">void</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="nf">PrintBase</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="n">IEnumerable</span><span class="o">&lt;</span><span class="n">Base</span><span class="o">&gt;</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="n">bases</span><span class="p">)</span>
+<a id="__codelineno-84-8" name="__codelineno-84-8"></a><span class="p">{</span>
+<a id="__codelineno-84-9" name="__codelineno-84-9"></a><span class="w">    </span><span class="k">foreach</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="n">Base</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="k">base</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="k">in</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="n">bases</span><span class="p">)</span>
+<a id="__codelineno-84-10" name="__codelineno-84-10"></a><span class="w">    </span><span class="p">{</span>
+<a id="__codelineno-84-11" name="__codelineno-84-11"></a><span class="w">        </span><span class="n">Console</span><span class="p">.</span><span class="n">WritLine</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="k">base</span><span class="p">);</span>
+<a id="__codelineno-84-12" name="__codelineno-84-12"></a><span class="w">    </span><span class="p">}</span>
+<a id="__codelineno-84-13" name="__codelineno-84-13"></a><span class="p">}</span>
+<a id="__codelineno-84-14" name="__codelineno-84-14"></a>
+<a id="__codelineno-84-15" name="__codelineno-84-15"></a><span class="n">IEnumerable</span><span class="o">&lt;</span><span class="n">Derived</span><span class="o">&gt;</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="n">derivedItems</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="o">=</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="k">new</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="n">Derived</span><span class="p">[]</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="p">{...};</span><span class="w">  </span><span class="c1">// array is enumerable of Derived objects</span>
+<a id="__codelineno-84-16" name="__codelineno-84-16"></a><span class="n">Method</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="n">derivedItems</span><span class="p">);</span><span class="w">  </span><span class="c1">// valid since Derived objects are also Base objects and operation is read only</span>
+<a id="__codelineno-84-17" name="__codelineno-84-17"></a>
+<a id="__codelineno-84-18" name="__codelineno-84-18"></a>
+<a id="__codelineno-84-19" name="__codelineno-84-19"></a><span class="c1">// CONTRAVARIANCE (supply less specific type)</span>
+<a id="__codelineno-84-20" name="__codelineno-84-20"></a><span class="c1">// IComparer is contravariant (has in parameter) since &quot;takes in&quot; objects</span>
+<a id="__codelineno-84-21" name="__codelineno-84-21"></a><span class="k">void</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="nf">CompareDerived</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="n">IComparer</span><span class="o">&lt;</span><span class="n">Derived</span><span class="o">&gt;</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="n">comparer</span><span class="p">)</span>
+<a id="__codelineno-84-22" name="__codelineno-84-22"></a><span class="p">{</span>
+<a id="__codelineno-84-23" name="__codelineno-84-23"></a><span class="w">    </span><span class="kt">var</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="n">d1</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="o">=</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="k">new</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="n">Derived</span><span class="p">();</span>
+<a id="__codelineno-84-24" name="__codelineno-84-24"></a><span class="w">    </span><span class="kt">var</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="n">d2</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="o">=</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="k">new</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="n">Derived</span><span class="p">();</span>
+<a id="__codelineno-84-25" name="__codelineno-84-25"></a><span class="w">    </span><span class="k">if</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="n">comparer</span><span class="p">.</span><span class="n">Compare</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="n">d1</span><span class="p">,</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="n">d2</span><span class="p">))</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="p">{</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="cm">/* some action */</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="p">}</span>
+<a id="__codelineno-84-26" name="__codelineno-84-26"></a><span class="p">}</span>
+<a id="__codelineno-84-27" name="__codelineno-84-27"></a>
+<a id="__codelineno-84-28" name="__codelineno-84-28"></a><span class="n">IComparator</span><span class="o">&lt;</span><span class="n">Base</span><span class="o">&gt;</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="n">baseComparator</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="o">=</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="k">new</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="n">BaseComparator</span><span class="p">();</span>
+<a id="__codelineno-84-29" name="__codelineno-84-29"></a><span class="n">CompareDerived</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="n">baseComparator</span><span class="p">);</span><span class="w">  </span><span class="c1">// valid since baseComparator can compare Base objects and thus can compare Derived objects</span>
+</code></pre></div></td></tr></table></div>
+<hr />
+<h2 id="delegates">Delegates</h2>
+<p>A <strong>delegate</strong> is a type that represents a <em>reference to a method</em> with a particular parameter list and return type. Delegates are used to pass methods as arguments to other methods.<br />
+This ability to refer to a method as a parameter makes delegates ideal for defining callback methods.</p>
+<p>Any method from any accessible class or struct that matches the delegate type can be assigned to the delegate. The method can be either static or an instance method.<br />
+This makes it possible to programmatically change method calls, and also plug new code into existing classes.</p>
+<div class="highlight"><table class="highlighttable"><tr><th colspan="2" class="filename"><span class="filename">C#</span></th></tr><tr><td class="linenos"><div class="linenodiv"><pre><span></span><span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-85-1">1</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-85-2">2</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-85-3">3</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-85-4">4</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-85-5">5</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-85-6">6</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-85-7">7</a></span></pre></div></td><td class="code"><div><pre><span></span><code><a id="__codelineno-85-1" name="__codelineno-85-1"></a><span class="c1">// delegate definition</span>
+<a id="__codelineno-85-2" name="__codelineno-85-2"></a><span class="k">public</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="k">delegate</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="n">Type</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="nf">Delegate</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="n">Type</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="n">param</span><span class="p">,</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="p">...);</span><span class="w">  </span><span class="c1">// can take any method with specified type params and return type</span>
+<a id="__codelineno-85-3" name="__codelineno-85-3"></a><span class="k">public</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="k">delegate</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="n">Type</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="n">Delegate</span><span class="o">&lt;</span><span class="n">T</span><span class="o">&gt;</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="n">T</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="n">param</span><span class="p">);</span><span class="w">  </span><span class="c1">// generic delegate</span>
+<a id="__codelineno-85-4" name="__codelineno-85-4"></a>
+<a id="__codelineno-85-5" name="__codelineno-85-5"></a><span class="c1">// delegate creation</span>
+<a id="__codelineno-85-6" name="__codelineno-85-6"></a><span class="kt">var</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="k">delegate</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="o">=</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="k">new</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="n">Delegate</span><span class="o">&lt;</span><span class="n">Type</span><span class="o">&gt;</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="n">Method</span><span class="p">);</span><span class="w">  </span><span class="c1">// explicit creation, useful when compiler cannot infer delegate type</span>
+<a id="__codelineno-85-7" name="__codelineno-85-7"></a><span class="n">Delegate</span><span class="o">&lt;</span><span class="n">Type</span><span class="o">&gt;</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="k">delegate</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="o">=</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="n">Method</span><span class="p">;</span><span class="w">  </span><span class="c1">// implicit creation</span>
+</code></pre></div></td></tr></table></div>
+<h3 id="multicast-delegates"><a href="https://docs.microsoft.com/en-us/dotnet/api/system.multicastdelegate">Multicast Delegates</a></h3>
+<p><strong>Multicast Delegates</strong> are delegates that can have more than one element in their invocation list.</p>
+<div class="highlight"><table class="highlighttable"><tr><th colspan="2" class="filename"><span class="filename">C#</span></th></tr><tr><td class="linenos"><div class="linenodiv"><pre><span></span><span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-86-1">1</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-86-2">2</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-86-3">3</a></span></pre></div></td><td class="code"><div><pre><span></span><code><a id="__codelineno-86-1" name="__codelineno-86-1"></a><span class="n">Delegate</span><span class="o">&lt;</span><span class="n">Type</span><span class="o">&gt;</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="n">multicastDelegate</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="o">=</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="n">Method1</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="o">+</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="n">Method2</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="o">+</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="p">...;</span><span class="w">  </span><span class="c1">// multicast delegate creation</span>
+<a id="__codelineno-86-2" name="__codelineno-86-2"></a><span class="n">multicastDelegate</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="o">+=</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="n">Method</span><span class="p">;</span><span class="w">  </span><span class="c1">// add method to delegate</span>
+<a id="__codelineno-86-3" name="__codelineno-86-3"></a><span class="n">multicastDelegate</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="o">-=</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="n">Method</span><span class="p">;</span><span class="w">  </span><span class="c1">// remove method from delegate</span>
+</code></pre></div></td></tr></table></div>
+<blockquote>
+<p><strong>Note</strong>: Delegate removal behaves in a potentially surprising way if the delegate removed refers to multiple methods.<br />
+Subtraction of a multicast delegate succeeds only if the delegate from which subtract contains all of the methods in the delegate being subtracted <em>sequentially and in the same order</em>.</p>
+</blockquote>
+<h3 id="delegate-invocation">Delegate Invocation</h3>
+<p>Invoking a delegate with a single target method works as though the code had called the target method in the conventional way.<br />
+Invoking a multicast delegate is just like calling each of its target methods in turn.</p>
+<div class="highlight"><table class="highlighttable"><tr><th colspan="2" class="filename"><span class="filename">C#</span></th></tr><tr><td class="linenos"><div class="linenodiv"><pre><span></span><span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-87-1">1</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-87-2">2</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-87-3">3</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-87-4">4</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-87-5">5</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-87-6">6</a></span></pre></div></td><td class="code"><div><pre><span></span><code><a id="__codelineno-87-1" name="__codelineno-87-1"></a><span class="n">Delegate</span><span class="o">&lt;</span><span class="n">Type</span><span class="o">&gt;</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="k">delegate</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="o">=</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="n">Method</span><span class="p">;</span>
+<a id="__codelineno-87-2" name="__codelineno-87-2"></a>
+<a id="__codelineno-87-3" name="__codelineno-87-3"></a><span class="k">delegate</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="n">args</span><span class="p">);</span><span class="w">  </span><span class="c1">// use delegate as standard method</span>
+<a id="__codelineno-87-4" name="__codelineno-87-4"></a><span class="k">delegate</span><span class="p">.</span><span class="n">DynamicInvoke</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="n">argsArray</span><span class="p">);</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="c1">// Dynamically invokes the method represented by the current delegate.</span>
+<a id="__codelineno-87-5" name="__codelineno-87-5"></a>
+<a id="__codelineno-87-6" name="__codelineno-87-6"></a><span class="n">multicastDelegate</span><span class="p">.</span><span class="n">GetInvocationList</span><span class="p">();</span><span class="w">  </span><span class="c1">// list of methods called by the delegate</span>
+</code></pre></div></td></tr></table></div>
+<h3 id="common-delegate-types">Common Delegate Types</h3>
+<blockquote>
+<p><strong>Note</strong>: Each delegate has an overload taking from zero to 16 arguments;</p>
+</blockquote>
+<div class="highlight"><table class="highlighttable"><tr><th colspan="2" class="filename"><span class="filename">C#</span></th></tr><tr><td class="linenos"><div class="linenodiv"><pre><span></span><span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-88-1">1</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-88-2">2</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-88-3">3</a></span></pre></div></td><td class="code"><div><pre><span></span><code><a id="__codelineno-88-1" name="__codelineno-88-1"></a><span class="k">public</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="k">delegate</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="k">void</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="n">Action</span><span class="o">&lt;</span><span class="k">in</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="n">T1</span><span class="p">,</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="p">...</span><span class="o">&gt;</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="n">T1</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="n">arg1</span><span class="p">,</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="p">...);</span>
+<a id="__codelineno-88-2" name="__codelineno-88-2"></a><span class="k">public</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="k">delegate</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="n">TResult</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="n">Func</span><span class="o">&lt;</span><span class="k">in</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="n">T1</span><span class="p">,</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="p">...,</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="k">out</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="n">TResult</span><span class="o">&gt;</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="n">T1</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="n">arg1</span><span class="p">,</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="p">...);</span>
+<a id="__codelineno-88-3" name="__codelineno-88-3"></a><span class="k">public</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="k">delegate</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="kt">bool</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="n">Predicate</span><span class="o">&lt;</span><span class="k">in</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="n">T1</span><span class="p">,</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="p">...</span><span class="o">&gt;</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="n">T1</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="n">arg1</span><span class="p">,</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="p">...);</span>
+</code></pre></div></td></tr></table></div>
+<h3 id="type-compatibility">Type Compatibility</h3>
+<p>Delegate types do not derive from one another. Any delegate type defined in C# will derive directly from <code>MulticastDelegate</code>.<br />
+However, the type system supports certain implicit reference conversions for generic delegate types through covariance and contravariance. The rules are very similar to those for interfaces.</p>
+<h2 id="anonymous-functions-lambda-expressions">Anonymous Functions (Lambda Expressions)</h2>
+<p>Delegates without explicit separated method.</p>
+<div class="highlight"><table class="highlighttable"><tr><th colspan="2" class="filename"><span class="filename">C#</span></th></tr><tr><td class="linenos"><div class="linenodiv"><pre><span></span><span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-89-1"> 1</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-89-2"> 2</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-89-3"> 3</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-89-4"> 4</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-89-5"> 5</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-89-6"> 6</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-89-7"> 7</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-89-8"> 8</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-89-9"> 9</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-89-10">10</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-89-11">11</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-89-12">12</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-89-13">13</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-89-14">14</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-89-15">15</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-89-16">16</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-89-17">17</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-89-18">18</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-89-19">19</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-89-20">20</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-89-21">21</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-89-22">22</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-89-23">23</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-89-24">24</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-89-25">25</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-89-26">26</a></span></pre></div></td><td class="code"><div><pre><span></span><code><a id="__codelineno-89-1" name="__codelineno-89-1"></a><span class="c1">// lambda variations</span>
+<a id="__codelineno-89-2" name="__codelineno-89-2"></a><span class="n">Delegate</span><span class="o">&lt;</span><span class="n">Type</span><span class="o">&gt;</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="n">lambda</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="o">=</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="p">()</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="o">=&gt;</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="o">&lt;</span><span class="n">expr</span><span class="o">&gt;</span><span class="p">;</span>
+<a id="__codelineno-89-3" name="__codelineno-89-3"></a><span class="n">Delegate</span><span class="o">&lt;</span><span class="n">Type</span><span class="o">&gt;</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="n">lambda</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="o">=</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="n">input</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="o">=&gt;</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="o">&lt;</span><span class="n">expr</span><span class="o">&gt;</span><span class="p">;</span>
+<a id="__codelineno-89-4" name="__codelineno-89-4"></a><span class="n">Delegate</span><span class="o">&lt;</span><span class="n">Type</span><span class="o">&gt;</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="n">lambda</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="o">=</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="p">(</span><span class="n">input</span><span class="p">)</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="o">=&gt;</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="o">&lt;</span><span class="n">expr</span><span class="o">&gt;</span><span class="p">;</span>
+<a id="__codelineno-89-5" name="__codelineno-89-5"></a><span class="n">Delegate</span><span class="o">&lt;</span><span class="n">Type</span><span class="o">&gt;</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="n">lambda</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="o">=</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="p">(</span><span class="n">Type</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="n">input</span><span class="p">)</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="o">=&gt;</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="o">&lt;</span><span class="n">expr</span><span class="o">&gt;</span><span class="p">;</span>
+<a id="__codelineno-89-6" name="__codelineno-89-6"></a><span class="n">Delegate</span><span class="o">&lt;</span><span class="n">Type</span><span class="o">&gt;</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="n">lambda</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="o">=</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="n">input</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="o">=&gt;</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="p">{</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="k">return</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="o">&lt;</span><span class="n">expr</span><span class="o">&gt;</span><span class="p">;</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="p">};</span>
+<a id="__codelineno-89-7" name="__codelineno-89-7"></a><span class="n">Delegate</span><span class="o">&lt;</span><span class="n">Type</span><span class="o">&gt;</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="n">lambda</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="o">=</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="p">(</span><span class="n">input</span><span class="p">)</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="o">=&gt;</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="p">{</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="k">return</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="o">&lt;</span><span class="n">expr</span><span class="o">&gt;</span><span class="p">;</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="p">};</span>
+<a id="__codelineno-89-8" name="__codelineno-89-8"></a><span class="n">Delegate</span><span class="o">&lt;</span><span class="n">Type</span><span class="o">&gt;</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="n">lambda</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="o">=</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="p">(</span><span class="n">Type</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="n">input</span><span class="p">)</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="o">=&gt;</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="p">{</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="k">return</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="o">&lt;</span><span class="n">expr</span><span class="o">&gt;</span><span class="p">;</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="p">};</span>
+<a id="__codelineno-89-9" name="__codelineno-89-9"></a><span class="n">Delegate</span><span class="o">&lt;</span><span class="n">Type</span><span class="o">&gt;</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="n">lambda</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="o">=</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="p">(</span><span class="n">Type</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="n">input</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="o">=</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="k">default</span><span class="p">)</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="o">=&gt;</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="p">{</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="k">return</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="o">&lt;</span><span class="n">expr</span><span class="o">&gt;</span><span class="p">;</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="p">};</span><span class="w">  </span><span class="c1">// lambda default parameter</span>
+<a id="__codelineno-89-10" name="__codelineno-89-10"></a>
+<a id="__codelineno-89-11" name="__codelineno-89-11"></a><span class="c1">// static modifier prevents unintentional capture of local variables or instance state by the lambda</span>
+<a id="__codelineno-89-12" name="__codelineno-89-12"></a><span class="n">Delegate</span><span class="o">&lt;</span><span class="n">Type</span><span class="o">&gt;</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="n">lambda</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="o">=</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="p">(</span><span class="k">static</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="n">Type</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="n">input</span><span class="p">)</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="o">=&gt;</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="o">&lt;</span><span class="n">expr</span><span class="o">&gt;</span><span class="p">;</span>
+<a id="__codelineno-89-13" name="__codelineno-89-13"></a>
+<a id="__codelineno-89-14" name="__codelineno-89-14"></a><span class="n">Type</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="n">variable</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="o">=</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="k">delegate</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="p">{</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="o">&lt;</span><span class="n">expression</span><span class="o">&gt;</span><span class="p">;</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="p">};</span><span class="w">  </span><span class="c1">// ignore arguments of the method passed to the delegate</span>
+<a id="__codelineno-89-15" name="__codelineno-89-15"></a>
+<a id="__codelineno-89-16" name="__codelineno-89-16"></a><span class="c1">// lambda type inference</span>
+<a id="__codelineno-89-17" name="__codelineno-89-17"></a><span class="kt">var</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="n">f</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="o">=</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="n">Console</span><span class="p">.</span><span class="n">WriteLine</span><span class="p">;</span>
+<a id="__codelineno-89-18" name="__codelineno-89-18"></a><span class="kt">var</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="n">f</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="o">=</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="n">x</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="o">=&gt;</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="n">x</span><span class="p">;</span><span class="w">  </span><span class="c1">// inferring the return type</span>
+<a id="__codelineno-89-19" name="__codelineno-89-19"></a><span class="kt">var</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="n">f</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="o">=</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="p">(</span><span class="kt">string</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="n">x</span><span class="p">)</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="o">=&gt;</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="n">x</span><span class="p">;</span><span class="w">  </span><span class="c1">// inferring the signature</span>
+<a id="__codelineno-89-20" name="__codelineno-89-20"></a><span class="kt">var</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="n">f</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="o">=</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="p">[</span><span class="n">Required</span><span class="p">]</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="n">x</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="o">=&gt;</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="n">x</span><span class="p">;</span><span class="w">  </span><span class="c1">// adding attributes on parameters</span>
+<a id="__codelineno-89-21" name="__codelineno-89-21"></a><span class="kt">var</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="n">f</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="o">=</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="p">[</span><span class="n">Required</span><span class="p">]</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="p">(</span><span class="kt">int</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="n">x</span><span class="p">)</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="o">=&gt;</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="n">x</span><span class="p">;</span>
+<a id="__codelineno-89-22" name="__codelineno-89-22"></a><span class="kt">var</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="n">f</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="o">=</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="p">[</span><span class="k">return</span><span class="p">:</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="n">Required</span><span class="p">]</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="k">static</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="n">x</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="o">=&gt;</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="n">x</span><span class="p">;</span><span class="w">  </span><span class="c1">// adding attribute for a return type</span>
+<a id="__codelineno-89-23" name="__codelineno-89-23"></a><span class="kt">var</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="n">f</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="o">=</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="n">Type</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="p">()</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="o">=&gt;</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="k">default</span><span class="p">;</span><span class="w">  </span><span class="c1">// explicit return type</span>
+<a id="__codelineno-89-24" name="__codelineno-89-24"></a><span class="kt">var</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="n">f</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="o">=</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="k">ref</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="kt">int</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="p">(</span><span class="k">ref</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="kt">int</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="n">x</span><span class="p">)</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="o">=&gt;</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="k">ref</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="n">x</span><span class="p">;</span><span class="w">  </span><span class="c1">// using ref on structs</span>
+<a id="__codelineno-89-25" name="__codelineno-89-25"></a><span class="kt">var</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="n">f</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="o">=</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="kt">int</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="p">(</span><span class="n">x</span><span class="p">)</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="o">=&gt;</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="n">x</span><span class="p">;</span><span class="w">  </span><span class="c1">// explicitly specifying the return type of an implicit input</span>
+<a id="__codelineno-89-26" name="__codelineno-89-26"></a><span class="kt">var</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="n">f</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="o">=</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="k">static</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="k">void</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="p">(</span><span class="n">_</span><span class="p">)</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="o">=&gt;</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="n">Console</span><span class="p">.</span><span class="n">Write</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="s">&quot;Help&quot;</span><span class="p">);</span>
+</code></pre></div></td></tr></table></div>
+<hr />
+<h2 id="events"><a href="https://www.tutorialsteacher.com/csharp/csharp-event">Events</a></h2>
+<p>Structs and classes can declare events. This kind of member enables a type to provide notifications when interesting things happen, using a subscription-based model.</p>
+<p>The class who raises events is called <em>Publisher</em>, and the class who receives the notification is called <em>Subscriber</em>. There can be multiple subscribers of a single event.<br />
+Typically, a publisher raises an event when some action occurred. The subscribers, who are interested in getting a notification when an action occurred, should register with an event and handle it.</p>
+<div class="highlight"><table class="highlighttable"><tr><th colspan="2" class="filename"><span class="filename">C#</span></th></tr><tr><td class="linenos"><div class="linenodiv"><pre><span></span><span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-90-1"> 1</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-90-2"> 2</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-90-3"> 3</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-90-4"> 4</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-90-5"> 5</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-90-6"> 6</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-90-7"> 7</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-90-8"> 8</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-90-9"> 9</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-90-10">10</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-90-11">11</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-90-12">12</a></span></pre></div></td><td class="code"><div><pre><span></span><code><a id="__codelineno-90-1" name="__codelineno-90-1"></a><span class="k">public</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="k">delegate</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="k">void</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="nf">EventDelegate</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="kt">object</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="n">sender</span><span class="p">,</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="n">CustomEventArgs</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="n">args</span><span class="p">);</span><span class="w">  </span><span class="c1">// called on event trigger</span>
+<a id="__codelineno-90-2" name="__codelineno-90-2"></a>
+<a id="__codelineno-90-3" name="__codelineno-90-3"></a><span class="k">public</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="k">class</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="nc">Publisher</span>
+<a id="__codelineno-90-4" name="__codelineno-90-4"></a><span class="p">{</span>
+<a id="__codelineno-90-5" name="__codelineno-90-5"></a><span class="w">    </span><span class="k">public</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="k">event</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="n">EventDelegate</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="n">Event</span><span class="p">;</span>
+<a id="__codelineno-90-6" name="__codelineno-90-6"></a>
+<a id="__codelineno-90-7" name="__codelineno-90-7"></a><span class="w">    </span><span class="c1">// A derived class should always call the On&lt;EventName&gt; method of the base class to ensure that registered delegates receive the event.</span>
+<a id="__codelineno-90-8" name="__codelineno-90-8"></a><span class="w">    </span><span class="k">public</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="k">virtual</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="k">void</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="nf">OnEvent</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="n">Type</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="n">param</span><span class="p">)</span>
+<a id="__codelineno-90-9" name="__codelineno-90-9"></a><span class="w">    </span><span class="p">{</span>
+<a id="__codelineno-90-10" name="__codelineno-90-10"></a><span class="w">        </span><span class="n">Event</span><span class="o">?.</span><span class="n">Invoke</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="n">param</span><span class="p">);</span>
+<a id="__codelineno-90-11" name="__codelineno-90-11"></a><span class="w">    </span><span class="p">}</span>
+<a id="__codelineno-90-12" name="__codelineno-90-12"></a><span class="p">}</span>
+</code></pre></div></td></tr></table></div>
+<h3 id="registering-event-handlers">Registering Event Handlers</h3>
+<div class="highlight"><table class="highlighttable"><tr><th colspan="2" class="filename"><span class="filename">C#</span></th></tr><tr><td class="linenos"><div class="linenodiv"><pre><span></span><span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-91-1"> 1</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-91-2"> 2</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-91-3"> 3</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-91-4"> 4</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-91-5"> 5</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-91-6"> 6</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-91-7"> 7</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-91-8"> 8</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-91-9"> 9</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-91-10">10</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-91-11">11</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-91-12">12</a></span></pre></div></td><td class="code"><div><pre><span></span><code><a id="__codelineno-91-1" name="__codelineno-91-1"></a><span class="k">public</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="k">class</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="nc">Subscriber</span>
+<a id="__codelineno-91-2" name="__codelineno-91-2"></a><span class="p">{</span>
+<a id="__codelineno-91-3" name="__codelineno-91-3"></a><span class="w">    </span><span class="n">Publisher</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="n">publisher</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="o">=</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="k">new</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="n">Publisher</span><span class="p">();</span>
+<a id="__codelineno-91-4" name="__codelineno-91-4"></a>
+<a id="__codelineno-91-5" name="__codelineno-91-5"></a><span class="w">    </span><span class="k">public</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="nf">Subscriber</span><span class="p">()</span>
+<a id="__codelineno-91-6" name="__codelineno-91-6"></a><span class="w">    </span><span class="p">{</span>
+<a id="__codelineno-91-7" name="__codelineno-91-7"></a><span class="w">        </span><span class="n">publisher</span><span class="p">.</span><span class="n">OnEvent</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="o">+=</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="n">Handler</span><span class="p">;</span><span class="w">  </span><span class="c1">// register handler (+= syntax)</span>
+<a id="__codelineno-91-8" name="__codelineno-91-8"></a><span class="w">    </span><span class="p">}</span>
+<a id="__codelineno-91-9" name="__codelineno-91-9"></a>
+<a id="__codelineno-91-10" name="__codelineno-91-10"></a><span class="w">    </span><span class="c1">// event handler, matches the signature of the Event delegate.</span>
+<a id="__codelineno-91-11" name="__codelineno-91-11"></a><span class="w">    </span><span class="k">public</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="n">Type</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="nf">Handler</span><span class="p">()</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="p">{</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="cm">/* act */</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="p">}</span>
+<a id="__codelineno-91-12" name="__codelineno-91-12"></a><span class="p">}</span>
+</code></pre></div></td></tr></table></div>
+<h3 id="built-in-eventhandler-delegate">Built-In EventHandler Delegate</h3>
+<p>.NET includes built-in delegate types <code>EventHandler</code> and <code>EventHandler&lt;TEventArgs&gt;</code> for the most common events.<br />
+Typically, any event should include two parameters: the <em>source</em> of the event and event <em>data</em>.<br />
+The <code>EventHandler</code> delegate is used for all events that do not include event data, the <code>EventHandler&lt;TEventArgs&gt;</code> delegate is used for events that include data to be sent to handlers.</p>
+<div class="highlight"><table class="highlighttable"><tr><th colspan="2" class="filename"><span class="filename">C#</span></th></tr><tr><td class="linenos"><div class="linenodiv"><pre><span></span><span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-92-1"> 1</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-92-2"> 2</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-92-3"> 3</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-92-4"> 4</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-92-5"> 5</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-92-6"> 6</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-92-7"> 7</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-92-8"> 8</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-92-9"> 9</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-92-10">10</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-92-11">11</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-92-12">12</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-92-13">13</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-92-14">14</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-92-15">15</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-92-16">16</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-92-17">17</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-92-18">18</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-92-19">19</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-92-20">20</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-92-21">21</a></span></pre></div></td><td class="code"><div><pre><span></span><code><a id="__codelineno-92-1" name="__codelineno-92-1"></a><span class="k">public</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="k">class</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="nc">Publisher</span>
+<a id="__codelineno-92-2" name="__codelineno-92-2"></a><span class="p">{</span>
+<a id="__codelineno-92-3" name="__codelineno-92-3"></a><span class="w">    </span><span class="k">public</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="k">event</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="n">EventHandler</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="n">Event</span><span class="p">;</span>
+<a id="__codelineno-92-4" name="__codelineno-92-4"></a>
+<a id="__codelineno-92-5" name="__codelineno-92-5"></a><span class="w">    </span><span class="k">public</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="k">virtual</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="k">void</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="nf">OnEvent</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="n">EventArgs</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="n">e</span><span class="p">)</span>
+<a id="__codelineno-92-6" name="__codelineno-92-6"></a><span class="w">    </span><span class="p">{</span>
+<a id="__codelineno-92-7" name="__codelineno-92-7"></a><span class="w">        </span><span class="n">Event</span><span class="o">?.</span><span class="n">Invoke</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="k">this</span><span class="p">,</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="n">e</span><span class="p">);</span>
+<a id="__codelineno-92-8" name="__codelineno-92-8"></a><span class="w">    </span><span class="p">}</span>
+<a id="__codelineno-92-9" name="__codelineno-92-9"></a><span class="p">}</span>
+<a id="__codelineno-92-10" name="__codelineno-92-10"></a>
+<a id="__codelineno-92-11" name="__codelineno-92-11"></a><span class="k">public</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="k">class</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="nc">Subscriber</span>
+<a id="__codelineno-92-12" name="__codelineno-92-12"></a><span class="p">{</span>
+<a id="__codelineno-92-13" name="__codelineno-92-13"></a><span class="w">    </span><span class="n">Publisher</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="n">publisher</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="o">=</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="k">new</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="n">Publisher</span><span class="p">();</span>
+<a id="__codelineno-92-14" name="__codelineno-92-14"></a>
+<a id="__codelineno-92-15" name="__codelineno-92-15"></a><span class="w">    </span><span class="k">public</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="nf">Subscriber</span><span class="p">()</span>
+<a id="__codelineno-92-16" name="__codelineno-92-16"></a><span class="w">    </span><span class="p">{</span>
+<a id="__codelineno-92-17" name="__codelineno-92-17"></a><span class="w">        </span><span class="n">publisher</span><span class="p">.</span><span class="n">OnEvent</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="o">+=</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="n">Handler</span><span class="p">;</span><span class="w">  </span><span class="c1">// register handler (+= syntax)</span>
+<a id="__codelineno-92-18" name="__codelineno-92-18"></a><span class="w">    </span><span class="p">}</span>
+<a id="__codelineno-92-19" name="__codelineno-92-19"></a>
+<a id="__codelineno-92-20" name="__codelineno-92-20"></a><span class="w">    </span><span class="k">public</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="n">Type</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="nf">Handler</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="kt">object</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="n">sender</span><span class="p">,</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="n">EventArgs</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="n">e</span><span class="p">)</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="p">{</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="cm">/* act */</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="p">}</span>
+<a id="__codelineno-92-21" name="__codelineno-92-21"></a><span class="p">}</span>
+</code></pre></div></td></tr></table></div>
+<h3 id="custom-event-args">Custom Event Args</h3>
+<div class="highlight"><table class="highlighttable"><tr><th colspan="2" class="filename"><span class="filename">C#</span></th></tr><tr><td class="linenos"><div class="linenodiv"><pre><span></span><span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-93-1"> 1</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-93-2"> 2</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-93-3"> 3</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-93-4"> 4</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-93-5"> 5</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-93-6"> 6</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-93-7"> 7</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-93-8"> 8</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-93-9"> 9</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-93-10">10</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-93-11">11</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-93-12">12</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-93-13">13</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-93-14">14</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-93-15">15</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-93-16">16</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-93-17">17</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-93-18">18</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-93-19">19</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-93-20">20</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-93-21">21</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-93-22">22</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-93-23">23</a></span></pre></div></td><td class="code"><div><pre><span></span><code><a id="__codelineno-93-1" name="__codelineno-93-1"></a><span class="k">public</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="k">class</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="nc">CustomEventArgs</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="p">:</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="n">EventArgs</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="p">{</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="p">}</span>
+<a id="__codelineno-93-2" name="__codelineno-93-2"></a>
+<a id="__codelineno-93-3" name="__codelineno-93-3"></a><span class="k">public</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="k">class</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="nc">Publisher</span>
+<a id="__codelineno-93-4" name="__codelineno-93-4"></a><span class="p">{</span>
+<a id="__codelineno-93-5" name="__codelineno-93-5"></a><span class="w">    </span><span class="k">public</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="k">event</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="n">EventHandler</span><span class="o">&lt;</span><span class="n">CustomEventArgs</span><span class="o">&gt;</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="n">Event</span><span class="p">;</span>
+<a id="__codelineno-93-6" name="__codelineno-93-6"></a>
+<a id="__codelineno-93-7" name="__codelineno-93-7"></a><span class="w">    </span><span class="k">public</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="k">virtual</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="k">void</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="nf">OnEvent</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="n">CustomEventArgs</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="n">e</span><span class="p">)</span>
+<a id="__codelineno-93-8" name="__codelineno-93-8"></a><span class="w">    </span><span class="p">{</span>
+<a id="__codelineno-93-9" name="__codelineno-93-9"></a><span class="w">        </span><span class="n">Event</span><span class="o">?.</span><span class="n">Invoke</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="k">this</span><span class="p">,</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="n">e</span><span class="p">);</span>
+<a id="__codelineno-93-10" name="__codelineno-93-10"></a><span class="w">    </span><span class="p">}</span>
+<a id="__codelineno-93-11" name="__codelineno-93-11"></a><span class="p">}</span>
+<a id="__codelineno-93-12" name="__codelineno-93-12"></a>
+<a id="__codelineno-93-13" name="__codelineno-93-13"></a><span class="k">public</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="k">class</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="nc">Subscriber</span>
+<a id="__codelineno-93-14" name="__codelineno-93-14"></a><span class="p">{</span>
+<a id="__codelineno-93-15" name="__codelineno-93-15"></a><span class="w">    </span><span class="n">Publisher</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="n">publisher</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="o">=</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="k">new</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="n">Publisher</span><span class="p">();</span>
+<a id="__codelineno-93-16" name="__codelineno-93-16"></a>
+<a id="__codelineno-93-17" name="__codelineno-93-17"></a><span class="w">    </span><span class="k">public</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="nf">Subscriber</span><span class="p">()</span>
+<a id="__codelineno-93-18" name="__codelineno-93-18"></a><span class="w">    </span><span class="p">{</span>
+<a id="__codelineno-93-19" name="__codelineno-93-19"></a><span class="w">        </span><span class="n">publisher</span><span class="p">.</span><span class="n">OnEvent</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="o">+=</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="n">Handler</span><span class="p">;</span><span class="w">  </span><span class="c1">// register handler (+= syntax)</span>
+<a id="__codelineno-93-20" name="__codelineno-93-20"></a><span class="w">    </span><span class="p">}</span>
+<a id="__codelineno-93-21" name="__codelineno-93-21"></a>
+<a id="__codelineno-93-22" name="__codelineno-93-22"></a><span class="w">    </span><span class="k">public</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="n">Type</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="nf">Handler</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="kt">object</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="n">sender</span><span class="p">,</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="n">CustomEventArgs</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="n">e</span><span class="p">)</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="p">{</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="cm">/* act */</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="p">}</span>
+<a id="__codelineno-93-23" name="__codelineno-93-23"></a><span class="p">}</span>
+</code></pre></div></td></tr></table></div>
+<hr />
+<h2 id="assemblies">Assemblies</h2>
+<p>In .NET the proper term for a software component is an <strong>assembly</strong>, and it is typically a <code>.dll</code> or <code>.exe</code> file.<br />
+Occasionally, an assembly will be split into multiple files, but even then it is an indivisible unit of deployment: it has to be wholly available to the runtime, or not at all.</p>
+<p>Assemblies are an important aspect of the type system, because each type is identified not just by its <em>name</em> and <em>namespace</em>, but also by its containing <em>assembly</em>.<br />
+Assemblies provide a kind of encapsulation that operates at a larger scale than individual types, thanks to the <code>internal</code> accessibility specifier, which works at the assembly level.</p>
+<p>The runtime provides an <em>assembly loader</em>, which automatically finds and loads the assemblies a program needs.<br />
+To ensure that the loader can find the right components, assemblies have structured names that include version information, and they can optionally contain a globally unique element to prevent ambiguity.</p>
+<h3 id="anatomy-of-an-assembly">Anatomy of an Assembly</h3>
+<p>Assemblies use the <strong>Win32 Portable Executable</strong> (PE) file format, the same format that executables (EXEs) and dynamic link libraries (DLLs) have always used in "modern" (since NT) versions of Windows.</p>
+<p>The C# compiler produces an assembly as its output, with an extension of either <code>.dll</code> or <code>.exe</code>.<br />
+Tools that understand the PE file format will recognize a .NET assembly as a valid, but rather dull, PE file.<br />
+The CLR essentially uses PE files as containers for a .NET-specific data format, so to classic Win32 tools, a C# DLL will not appear to export any APIs.</p>
+<p>With .NET Core 3.0 or later, .NET assemblies won't be built with an extension of <code>.exe</code>.<br />
+Even project types that produce directly runnable outputs (such as console or WPF applications) produce a <code>.dll</code> as their primary output.<br />
+They also generate an executable file too, but it's not a .NET assembly. It's just a bootstrapper that starts the runtime and then loads and executes your application's main assembly.</p>
+<blockquote>
+<p><strong>Note</strong>: C# compiles to a binary intermediate language (IL), which is not directly executable.<br />
+The normal Windows mechanisms for loading and running the code in an executable or DLL won't work with IL, because that can run only with the help of the CLR.</p>
+</blockquote>
+<h3 id="net-metadata">.NET MEtadata</h3>
+<p>As well as containing the compiled IL, an assembly contains metadata, which provides a full description of all of the types it defines, whether <code>public</code> or <code>private</code>.<br />
+The CLR needs to have complete knowledge of all the types that the code uses to be able to make sense of the IL and turn it into running code, the binary format for IL frequently refers to the containing assembly's metadata and is meaningless without it.</p>
+<h3 id="resources">Resources</h3>
+<p>It's possible to embed binary resources in a DLL alongside the code and metadata. To embed a file select "Embedded Resource" as it's <em>Build Action</em> in the file properties.<br />
+This compiles a copy of the file into the assembly.</p>
+<p>To extract the resource at runtime use the <code>Assembly</code> class's <code>GetManifestResourceStream</code> method which is par of the <strong>Reflection API</strong>.</p>
+<h3 id="multifile-assembly">Multifile Assembly</h3>
+<p>.NET Framework allowed an assembly to span multiple files.<br />
+It was possible to split the code and metadata across multiple modules, and it was also possible for some binary streams that are logically embedded in an assembly to be put in separate files.<br />
+This feature was rarely used, and .NET Core does not support it. However, it's necessary to know about it because some of its consequences persist.<br />
+In particular, parts of the design of the Reflection API make no sense unless this feature is known.</p>
+<p>With a multifile assembly, there's always one master file that represents the assembly. This will be a PE file, and it contains a particular element of the metadata called the <strong>assembly manifest</strong>.<br />
+This is not to be confused with the Win32-style manifest that most executables contain.<br />
+The assembly manifest is just a description of what's in the assembly, including a list of any external modules or other external files; in a multimodule assembly, the manifest describes which types are defined in which files.</p>
+<h3 id="assembly-resolution">Assembly Resolution</h3>
+<p>When the runtime needs to load an assembly, it goes through a process called <em>assembly resolution</em>.</p>
+<p>.NET Core supports two deployment options for applications:</p>
+<ul>
+<li><strong>self-contained</strong></li>
+<li><strong>framework-dependent</strong></li>
+</ul>
+<h3 id="self-contained-deployment">Self-Contained Deployment</h3>
+<p>When publishing a self-contained application, it includes a complete copy of .NET Core, the whole of the CLR and all the built-in assemblies.<br />
+When building this way, assembly resolution is pretty straightforward because everything ends up in one folder.</p>
+<p>There are two main advantages to self-contained deployment:</p>
+<ul>
+<li>there is no need to install .NET on target machines</li>
+<li>it's known exactly what version of .NET and which versions of all DLLs are running</li>
+</ul>
+<p>With self-contained deployment, unless the application directs the CLR to look elsewhere everything will load from the application folder, including all assemblies built into .NET.</p>
+<h4 id="framework-dependent-deployment">Framework-Dependent Deployment</h4>
+<p>The default build behavior for applications is to create a framework-dependent executable. In this case, the code relies on a suitable version of .NET Core already being installed on the machine.<br />
+Framework-dependent applications necessarily use a more complex resolution mechanism than self-contained ones.</p>
+<p>When such an application starts up it will first determine exactly which version of .NET Core to run.<br />
+The chosen runtime version selects not just the CLR, but also the assemblies making up the parts of the class library built into .NET.</p>
+<h3 id="assembly-names">Assembly Names</h3>
+<p>Assembly names are structured. They always include a <strong>simple name</strong>, which is the name by which normally refer to the DLL.<br />
+This is usually the same as the filename but without the extension. It doesn't technically have to be but the assembly resolution mechanism assumes that it is.</p>
+<p>Assembly names always include a <strong>version number</strong>. There are also some optional components, including <strong>the public key token</strong>, a string of <em>hexadecimal digits</em>, which is required to have a unique name.</p>
+<h4 id="strong-names">Strong Names</h4>
+<p>If an assembly's name includes a public key token, it is said to be a <strong>strong name</strong>. Microsoft advises that any .NET component that is published for shared use (e.g: made available via NuGet) should have a strong name.</p>
+<p>As the terminology suggests, an assembly name's public key token has a connection with cryptography. It is the hexadecimal representation of a 64-bit hash of a public key.<br />
+Strongly named assemblies are required to contain a copy of the full public key from which the hash was generated.<br />
+The assembly file format also provides space fora digital signature, generated with the corresponding private key.</p>
+<p>The uniqueness of a strong name relies on the fact that key generation systems use cryptographically secure random-number generators, and the chances of two people generating two key pairs with the same public key token are vanishingly small.<br />
+The assurance that the assembly has ot been tampered with comes from the fact that a strongly named assembly must be signed, and only someone in possession of the private key can generate a valid signature. Any attempt to modify the assembly after signing it will invalidate the signature.</p>
+<h4 id="version">Version</h4>
+<p>All assembly names include a four-part version number: <code>major.minor.build.revision</code>. However, there's no particular significance to any of these.<br />
+The binary format that IL uses for assembly names and references limits the range of these numbers, each part must fit in a 16-bit unsigned integer (a <code>ushort</code>), and the highest allowable value in a version part is actually one less than the maximum value that would fit, making the highest legal version number <code>65534.65534.65534.65534</code>.</p>
+<p>As far as the CLR is concerned, there's really only one interesting thing you can do with a version number, which is to compare it with some other version number, either they match or one is higher than the other.</p>
+<p>The build system tells the compiler which version number to use for the assembly name via an assembly-level attribute.</p>
+<blockquote>
+<p><strong>Note</strong>: NuGet packages also have version numbers, and these do not need to be connected in any way to assembly versions. NuGet does treat the components of a package version number as having particular significance: it has adopted the widely used <em>semantic versioning</em> rules.</p>
+</blockquote>
+<h4 id="culture">Culture</h4>
+<p>All assembly names include a <strong>culture</strong> component.<br />
+This is not optional, although the most common value for this is the default <code>neutral</code>, indicating that the assembly contains no culture-specific code or data.</p>
+<p>The culture is usually set to something else only on assemblies that contain culture-specific resources. The culture of an assembly's name is designed to support localization of resources such as images and strings.</p>
+<hr />
+<h2 id="reflection">Reflection</h2>
+<p>The CLR knows a great deal about the types the programs define and use. It requires all assemblies to provide detailed metadata, describing each member of every type, including private implementation details.<br />
+It relies on this information to perform critical functions, such as JIT compilation and garbage collection. However, it does not keep this knowledge to itself.</p>
+<p>The <strong>reflection API</strong> grants access to this detailed type information, so the code can discover everything that the runtime can see.</p>
+<p>Reflection is particularly useful in extensible frameworks, because they can use it to adapt their behavior at runtime based on the structure of the code.</p>
+<p>The reflection API defines various classes in the <code>System.Reflection</code> namespace. These classes have a structural relationship that mirrors the way that assemblies and the type system work.</p>
+<h3 id="assembly">Assembly</h3>
+<p>The <code>Assembly</code> class defines three context-sensitive static methods that each return an <code>Assembly</code>.<br />
+The <code>GetEntryAssembly</code> method returns the object representing the EXE file containing the program's <code>Main</code> method.<br />
+The <code>GetExecutingAssembly</code> method returns the assembly that contains the method from which it has been called it.<br />
+<code>GetCallingAssembly</code> walks up the stack by one level, and returns the assembly containing the code that called the method that called <code>GetCallingAssembly</code>.</p>
+<p>To inspect an assembly info use the <code>ReflectionOnlyLoadFrom</code> (or <code>ReflectionOnlyLoad</code>) method of the <code>Assembly</code> class.<br />
+This loads the assembly in such a way that it's possible to inspect its type information, but no code in the assembly will execute, nor will any assemblies it depends on be loaded automatically.</p>
+<hr />
+<h2 id="attributes">Attributes</h2>
+<p>In .NET, it's possible to <em>annotate</em> components, types, and their members with attributes.<br />
+An attribute's purpose is to control or modify the behavior of a framework, a tool, the compiler, or the CLR.</p>
+<p>Attributes are passive containers of information that do nothing on their own.</p>
+<h3 id="applying-attributes">Applying Attributes</h3>
+<p>To avoid having to introduce an extra set of concepts into the type system, .NET models attributes as instances of .NET types.<br />
+To be used as an attribute, a type must derive from the <code>System.Attribute</code> class, but it can otherwise be entirely ordinary.</p>
+<p>It's possible to pass arguments to the attribute <em>constructor</em> in the annotation.</p>
+<div class="highlight"><table class="highlighttable"><tr><th colspan="2" class="filename"><span class="filename">C#</span></th></tr><tr><td class="linenos"><div class="linenodiv"><pre><span></span><span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-94-1">1</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-94-2">2</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-94-3">3</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-94-4">4</a></span></pre></div></td><td class="code"><div><pre><span></span><code><a id="__codelineno-94-1" name="__codelineno-94-1"></a><span class="na">[AttName]</span><span class="w">  </span><span class="c1">// simple attribute</span>
+<a id="__codelineno-94-2" name="__codelineno-94-2"></a>
+<a id="__codelineno-94-3" name="__codelineno-94-3"></a><span class="na">[AttName(value)]</span><span class="w">  </span><span class="c1">// valorize private fields (through the constructor)</span>
+<a id="__codelineno-94-4" name="__codelineno-94-4"></a><span class="na">[AttrName(Name = value)]</span><span class="w">  </span><span class="c1">// valorize public properties or fields (no constructor needed)</span>
+</code></pre></div></td></tr></table></div>
+<blockquote>
+<p><strong>Note</strong>: The real name of an attribute ends with "Attribute" (<code>[AttrName]</code> refers to the <code>AttrNameAttribute</code> class)</p>
+</blockquote>
+<h3 id="multiple-attributes">Multiple Attributes</h3>
+<div class="highlight"><table class="highlighttable"><tr><th colspan="2" class="filename"><span class="filename">C#</span></th></tr><tr><td class="linenos"><div class="linenodiv"><pre><span></span><span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-95-1">1</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-95-2">2</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-95-3">3</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-95-4">4</a></span></pre></div></td><td class="code"><div><pre><span></span><code><a id="__codelineno-95-1" name="__codelineno-95-1"></a><span class="na">[Attribute1]</span>
+<a id="__codelineno-95-2" name="__codelineno-95-2"></a><span class="na">[Attribute2]</span>
+<a id="__codelineno-95-3" name="__codelineno-95-3"></a>
+<a id="__codelineno-95-4" name="__codelineno-95-4"></a><span class="na">[Attribute1, Attribute2]</span>
+</code></pre></div></td></tr></table></div>
+<h3 id="defining-custom-attribute-types">Defining Custom Attribute Types</h3>
+<div class="highlight"><table class="highlighttable"><tr><th colspan="2" class="filename"><span class="filename">C#</span></th></tr><tr><td class="linenos"><div class="linenodiv"><pre><span></span><span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-96-1">1</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-96-2">2</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-96-3">3</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-96-4">4</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-96-5">5</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-96-6">6</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-96-7">7</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-96-8">8</a></span></pre></div></td><td class="code"><div><pre><span></span><code><a id="__codelineno-96-1" name="__codelineno-96-1"></a><span class="c1">// specify what the attribute can be applied to (enforced by c# compiler)</span>
+<a id="__codelineno-96-2" name="__codelineno-96-2"></a><span class="na">[AttributeUsage(AttributeTargets.&lt;TargetType&gt;)]</span>
+<a id="__codelineno-96-3" name="__codelineno-96-3"></a><span class="k">public</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="k">class</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="nc">CustomAttribute</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="p">:</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="n">Attribute</span>
+<a id="__codelineno-96-4" name="__codelineno-96-4"></a><span class="p">{</span>
+<a id="__codelineno-96-5" name="__codelineno-96-5"></a><span class="w">    </span><span class="c1">// properties to hold information</span>
+<a id="__codelineno-96-6" name="__codelineno-96-6"></a>
+<a id="__codelineno-96-7" name="__codelineno-96-7"></a><span class="w">    </span><span class="c1">// constructor (used to valorize private fields)</span>
+<a id="__codelineno-96-8" name="__codelineno-96-8"></a><span class="p">}</span>
+</code></pre></div></td></tr></table></div>
+<blockquote>
+<p><strong>NOTE</strong>: From C# 11 attributes can be generic and have type constraints</p>
+</blockquote>
+<h3 id="retrieving-attributes">Retrieving Attributes</h3>
+<p>It's possible to discover which attributes have been applied through the reflection API.<br />
+The various targets of attribute have a reflection type representing them (<code>MethodInfo</code>, <code>PropertyInfo</code>, ...) which all implement the interface <code>ICustomAttributeProvider</code>.</p>
+<div class="highlight"><table class="highlighttable"><tr><th colspan="2" class="filename"><span class="filename">C#</span></th></tr><tr><td class="linenos"><div class="linenodiv"><pre><span></span><span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-97-1">1</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-97-2">2</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-97-3">3</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-97-4">4</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-97-5">5</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-97-6">6</a></span></pre></div></td><td class="code"><div><pre><span></span><code><a id="__codelineno-97-1" name="__codelineno-97-1"></a><span class="k">public</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="k">interface</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="n">ICustomAttributeProvider</span>
+<a id="__codelineno-97-2" name="__codelineno-97-2"></a><span class="p">{</span>
+<a id="__codelineno-97-3" name="__codelineno-97-3"></a><span class="w">    </span><span class="kt">object</span><span class="p">[]</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="nf">GetCustomAttributes</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="kt">bool</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="n">inherit</span><span class="p">);</span>
+<a id="__codelineno-97-4" name="__codelineno-97-4"></a><span class="w">    </span><span class="kt">object</span><span class="p">[]</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="nf">GetCustomAttributes</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="n">Type</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="n">attributeType</span><span class="p">,</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="kt">bool</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="n">inherit</span><span class="p">);</span>
+<a id="__codelineno-97-5" name="__codelineno-97-5"></a><span class="w">    </span><span class="kt">bool</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="nf">IsDefined</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="n">Type</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="n">attribueType</span><span class="p">,</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="kt">bool</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="n">inherit</span><span class="p">);</span>
+<a id="__codelineno-97-6" name="__codelineno-97-6"></a><span class="p">}</span>
+</code></pre></div></td></tr></table></div>
+<hr />
+<h2 id="files-streams">Files &amp; Streams</h2>
+<p>A .NET <strong>stream</strong> is simply a <em>sequence of bytes</em>. That makes a stream a useful abstraction for many commonly encountered features such as a file on disk, or the body of an HTTP response.<br />
+A console application uses streams to represent its input and output.</p>
+<p>The <code>Stream</code> class is defined in the <code>System.IO</code> namespace.<br />
+It is an abstract base class, with concrete derived types such as <code>FileStream</code> or <code>GZipStream</code> representing particular kinds of streams.</p>
+<div class="highlight"><table class="highlighttable"><tr><th colspan="2" class="filename"><span class="filename">C#</span></th></tr><tr><td class="linenos"><div class="linenodiv"><pre><span></span><span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-98-1">1</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-98-2">2</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-98-3">3</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-98-4">4</a></span></pre></div></td><td class="code"><div><pre><span></span><code><a id="__codelineno-98-1" name="__codelineno-98-1"></a><span class="c1">// The most important members of Stream</span>
+<a id="__codelineno-98-2" name="__codelineno-98-2"></a><span class="k">public</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="k">abstract</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="kt">int</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="nf">Read</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="kt">byte</span><span class="p">[]</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="n">buffer</span><span class="p">,</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="kt">int</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="n">offset</span><span class="p">,</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="kt">int</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="n">count</span><span class="p">);</span>
+<a id="__codelineno-98-3" name="__codelineno-98-3"></a><span class="k">public</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="k">abstract</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="k">void</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="nf">Write</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="kt">byte</span><span class="p">[]</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="n">buffer</span><span class="p">,</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="kt">int</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="n">offset</span><span class="p">,</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="kt">int</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="n">count</span><span class="p">);</span>
+<a id="__codelineno-98-4" name="__codelineno-98-4"></a><span class="k">public</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="k">abstract</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="kt">long</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="n">Position</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="p">{</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="k">get</span><span class="p">;</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="k">set</span><span class="p">;</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="p">}</span>
+</code></pre></div></td></tr></table></div>
+<p>Some streams are <em>read-only</em>. For example, if input stream for a console app represents the keyboard or the output of some other program, there's no meaningful way for the program to write to that stream.<br />
+Some streams are <em>write-only</em>, such as the output stream of a console application.<br />
+If <code>Read</code> is called on a write-only stream or <code>Write</code> on a read-only one, these methods throw a <code>NotSupportedException</code>.</p>
+<p>Both <code>Read</code> and <code>Write</code> take a <code>byte[]</code> array as their first argument, and these methods copy data into or out of that array, respectively.<br />
+The <code>offset</code> and <code>count</code> arguments that follow indicate the array element at which to start, and the number of bytes to read or write.<br />
+There are no arguments to specify the <em>offset</em> within the stream at which to read or write. This is managed by the <code>Position</code> property.<br />
+This starts at zero, but at each read or write, the position advances by the number of bytes processed.</p>
+<p>The <code>Read</code> method returns an <code>int</code>. This tells how many bytes were read from the stream, the method <em>does not guarantee</em> to provide the amount of data requested.<br />
+The reason <code>Read</code> is slightly tricky is that some streams are live, representing a source of information that produces data gradually as the program runs.</p>
+<blockquote>
+<p><strong>Note</strong>: If asked for more than one byte at a time, a <code>Stream</code> is always free to return less data than requested from Read for any reason. Never presume that a call to <code>Read</code> returned as much data as it could.</p>
+</blockquote>
+<h3 id="position-seeking">Position &amp; Seeking</h3>
+<p>Streams automatically update their current position each time a read or write operation is completed. The <code>Position</code> property can be set to move to the desired location.<br />
+This is not guaranteed to work because it's not always possible to support it. Some streams will throw <code>NotSupportedException</code> when trying to set the <code>Position</code> property.</p>
+<p>Stream also defines a Seek method, this allows to specify the position required relative to the stream's current position.<br />
+Passing <code>SeekOrigin.Current</code> as second argument will set the position by adding the first argument to the current position.</p>
+<div class="highlight"><table class="highlighttable"><tr><th colspan="2" class="filename"><span class="filename">C#</span></th></tr><tr><td class="linenos"><div class="linenodiv"><pre><span></span><span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-99-1">1</a></span></pre></div></td><td class="code"><div><pre><span></span><code><a id="__codelineno-99-1" name="__codelineno-99-1"></a><span class="k">public</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="k">abstract</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="kt">long</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="nf">Seek</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="kt">long</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="n">offset</span><span class="p">,</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="n">SeekOrigin</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="n">origin</span><span class="p">);</span><span class="w">  </span><span class="c1">// offset can be negative</span>
+</code></pre></div></td></tr></table></div>
+<h3 id="flushing">Flushing</h3>
+<p>Writing data to a Stream does not necessarily cause the data to reach its destination immediately.<br />
+When a call to <code>Write</code> returns, all that is known is that it has copied the data <em>somewhere</em>; but that might be a buffer in memory, not the final target.</p>
+<p>The Stream class therefore offers a <code>Flush</code> method. This tells the stream that it has to do whatever work is required to ensure that any buffered data is written to its target, even if that means making suboptimal use of the buffer.</p>
+<p>A stream automatically flushes its contents when calling <code>Dispose</code>. Flush only when it's needed to keep a stream open after writing out buffered data.<br />
+It is particularly important if there will be extended periods during which the stream is open but inactive.</p>
+<blockquote>
+<p><strong>Note</strong>: When using a <code>FileStream</code>, the <code>Flush</code> method does not necessarily guarantee that the data being flushed has made it to disk yet. It merely makes the stream pass the data to the OS.<br />
+Before calling <code>Flush</code>, the OS hasn't even seen the data, so if the process terminates suddenly, the data would be lost.<br />
+After <code>Flush</code> has returned, the OS has everything the code has written, so the process could be terminated without loss of data.<br />
+However, the OS may perform additional buffering of its own, so if the power fails before the OS gets around to writing everything to disk, the data will still be lost.</p>
+</blockquote>
+<p>To guarantee that data has been written persistently (rather than merely ensuring that it has been handed it to the OS), use either the <code>WriteThrough</code> flag, or call the <code>Flush</code> overload that takes a bool, passing <code>true</code> to force flushing to disk.</p>
+<h3 id="streamreader-streamwriter-text-files"><a href="https://docs.microsoft.com/en-us/dotnet/api/system.io.streamreader">StreamReader</a> &amp; <a href="https://docs.microsoft.com/en-us/dotnet/api/system.io.streamwriter">StreamWriter</a> (Text Files)</h3>
+<p>The most useful concrete text-oriented streams types are <code>StreamReader</code> and <code>StreamWriter</code>, which wrap a <code>Stream</code> object.<br />
+It's possible to constructing them by passing a <code>Stream</code> as a constructor argument, or a string containing the path of a file, in which case they will automatically construct a <code>FileStream</code> and then wrap that.</p>
+<p><a href="https://docs.microsoft.com/en-us/dotnet/api/system.text.encoding">Encoding</a></p>
+<div class="highlight"><table class="highlighttable"><tr><th colspan="2" class="filename"><span class="filename">C#</span></th></tr><tr><td class="linenos"><div class="linenodiv"><pre><span></span><span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-100-1"> 1</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-100-2"> 2</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-100-3"> 3</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-100-4"> 4</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-100-5"> 5</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-100-6"> 6</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-100-7"> 7</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-100-8"> 8</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-100-9"> 9</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-100-10">10</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-100-11">11</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-100-12">12</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-100-13">13</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-100-14">14</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-100-15">15</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-100-16">16</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-100-17">17</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-100-18">18</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-100-19">19</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-100-20">20</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-100-21">21</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-100-22">22</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-100-23">23</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-100-24">24</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-100-25">25</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-100-26">26</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-100-27">27</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-100-28">28</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-100-29">29</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-100-30">30</a></span></pre></div></td><td class="code"><div><pre><span></span><code><a id="__codelineno-100-1" name="__codelineno-100-1"></a><span class="c1">// Will detect encoding from stream contents</span>
+<a id="__codelineno-100-2" name="__codelineno-100-2"></a><span class="n">StreamReader</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="n">file</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="o">=</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="k">new</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="n">StreamReader</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="kt">string</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="n">path</span><span class="p">);</span>
+<a id="__codelineno-100-3" name="__codelineno-100-3"></a><span class="n">StreamReader</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="n">file</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="o">=</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="k">new</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="n">StreamReader</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="kt">string</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="n">path</span><span class="p">,</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="n">System</span><span class="p">.</span><span class="n">Text</span><span class="p">.</span><span class="n">Encoding</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="n">encoding</span><span class="p">);</span><span class="w">  </span><span class="c1">// encoding is System.Text.Encoding</span>
+<a id="__codelineno-100-4" name="__codelineno-100-4"></a>
+<a id="__codelineno-100-5" name="__codelineno-100-5"></a><span class="c1">// Default Encoding: UTF-8 w/o BOM (Byte Order Mark)</span>
+<a id="__codelineno-100-6" name="__codelineno-100-6"></a><span class="n">StreamWriter</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="n">file</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="o">=</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="k">new</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="n">StreamWriter</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="kt">string</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="n">path</span><span class="p">);</span>
+<a id="__codelineno-100-7" name="__codelineno-100-7"></a><span class="n">StreamWriter</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="n">file</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="o">=</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="k">new</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="n">StreamWriter</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="kt">string</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="n">path</span><span class="p">,</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="kt">bool</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="n">boolean</span><span class="p">);</span><span class="w">  </span><span class="c1">// true to append data to the file; false to overwrite the file.</span>
+<a id="__codelineno-100-8" name="__codelineno-100-8"></a><span class="n">StreamReader</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="n">file</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="o">=</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="k">new</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="n">StreamReader</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="kt">string</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="n">path</span><span class="p">,</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="n">System</span><span class="p">.</span><span class="n">Text</span><span class="p">.</span><span class="n">Encoding</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="n">encoding</span><span class="p">);</span><span class="w">  </span><span class="c1">// encoding is System.Text.Encoding</span>
+<a id="__codelineno-100-9" name="__codelineno-100-9"></a><span class="n">StreamReader</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="n">file</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="o">=</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="k">new</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="n">StreamReader</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="kt">string</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="n">path</span><span class="p">,</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="kt">bool</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="n">append</span><span class="p">,</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="n">System</span><span class="p">.</span><span class="n">Text</span><span class="p">.</span><span class="n">Encoding</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="n">encoding</span><span class="p">);</span><span class="w">  </span><span class="c1">// encoding is System.Text.Encoding</span>
+<a id="__codelineno-100-10" name="__codelineno-100-10"></a>
+<a id="__codelineno-100-11" name="__codelineno-100-11"></a><span class="c1">// USAGE</span>
+<a id="__codelineno-100-12" name="__codelineno-100-12"></a><span class="k">try</span>
+<a id="__codelineno-100-13" name="__codelineno-100-13"></a><span class="p">{</span>
+<a id="__codelineno-100-14" name="__codelineno-100-14"></a><span class="w">    </span><span class="k">using</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="p">(</span><span class="n">StreamReader</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="n">file</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="o">=</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="k">new</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="n">StreamReader</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="n">path</span><span class="p">))</span><span class="w">  </span><span class="c1">// stream to read</span>
+<a id="__codelineno-100-15" name="__codelineno-100-15"></a><span class="w">    </span><span class="p">{</span>
+<a id="__codelineno-100-16" name="__codelineno-100-16"></a><span class="w">        </span><span class="k">while</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="o">!</span><span class="n">file</span><span class="p">.</span><span class="n">EndOfStream</span><span class="p">)</span><span class="w">  </span><span class="c1">// keep reading until the end op file</span>
+<a id="__codelineno-100-17" name="__codelineno-100-17"></a><span class="w">        </span><span class="p">{</span>
+<a id="__codelineno-100-18" name="__codelineno-100-18"></a><span class="w">            </span><span class="n">file</span><span class="p">.</span><span class="n">ReadLine</span><span class="p">();</span><span class="w">  </span><span class="c1">// read a whole line from the file</span>
+<a id="__codelineno-100-19" name="__codelineno-100-19"></a><span class="w">        </span><span class="p">}</span>
+<a id="__codelineno-100-20" name="__codelineno-100-20"></a><span class="w">    </span><span class="p">}</span>
+<a id="__codelineno-100-21" name="__codelineno-100-21"></a>
+<a id="__codelineno-100-22" name="__codelineno-100-22"></a><span class="w">    </span><span class="k">using</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="p">(</span><span class="n">StreamWriter</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="n">file</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="o">=</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="k">new</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="n">StreamWriter</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="n">path</span><span class="p">))</span><span class="w">  </span><span class="c1">// stream to write</span>
+<a id="__codelineno-100-23" name="__codelineno-100-23"></a><span class="w">    </span><span class="p">{</span>
+<a id="__codelineno-100-24" name="__codelineno-100-24"></a><span class="w">        </span><span class="n">file</span><span class="p">.</span><span class="n">write</span><span class="p">();</span><span class="w">  </span><span class="c1">// write to file</span>
+<a id="__codelineno-100-25" name="__codelineno-100-25"></a><span class="w">    </span><span class="p">}</span>
+<a id="__codelineno-100-26" name="__codelineno-100-26"></a><span class="p">}</span>
+<a id="__codelineno-100-27" name="__codelineno-100-27"></a><span class="k">catch</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="p">(</span><span class="n">Exception</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="n">e</span><span class="p">)</span>
+<a id="__codelineno-100-28" name="__codelineno-100-28"></a><span class="p">{</span>
+<a id="__codelineno-100-29" name="__codelineno-100-29"></a><span class="w">    </span><span class="c1">// handle exception</span>
+<a id="__codelineno-100-30" name="__codelineno-100-30"></a><span class="p">}</span>
+</code></pre></div></td></tr></table></div>
+<h3 id="stringreader-stringwriter">StringReader &amp; StringWriter</h3>
+<p>The <code>StringReader</code> and <code>StringWriter</code> classes serve a similar purpose to <code>MemoryStream</code>: they are useful when working with an API that requires either a <code>TextReader</code> or <code>TextWriter</code> (abstract text streams), but you want to work entirely in memory.<br />
+Whereas <code>MemoryStream</code> presents a Stream API on top of a <code>byte[]</code> array, <code>StringReader</code> wraps a string as a <code>TextReader</code>, while <code>StringWriter</code> presents a <code>TextWriter</code> API on top of a <code>StringBuilder</code>.</p>
+<h2 id="files-directories">Files &amp; Directories</h2>
+<h3 id="filestream-class-binary-files"><a href="https://docs.microsoft.com/en-us/dotnet/api/system.io.filestream">FileStream</a> Class (Binary Files)</h3>
+<p>The <code>FileStream</code> class derives from <code>Stream</code> and represents a file from the filesystem.</p>
+<p>It' common to use the constructors in which the <code>FileStream</code> uses OS APIs to create the file handle. It's possible to provide varying levels of detail on how this si to be done.<br />
+At a minimum the file's path and a value from the <code>FileMode</code> enumeration must be provided.</p>
+<div class="highlight"><table class="highlighttable"><tr><th colspan="2" class="filename"><span class="filename">C#</span></th></tr><tr><td class="linenos"><div class="linenodiv"><pre><span></span><span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-101-1">1</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-101-2">2</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-101-3">3</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-101-4">4</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-101-5">5</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-101-6">6</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-101-7">7</a></span></pre></div></td><td class="code"><div><pre><span></span><code><a id="__codelineno-101-1" name="__codelineno-101-1"></a><span class="c1">// overloaded FileStream Constructors</span>
+<a id="__codelineno-101-2" name="__codelineno-101-2"></a><span class="k">public</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="nf">FileStream</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="kt">string</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="n">path</span><span class="p">,</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="n">FileMode</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="n">mode</span><span class="p">);</span>
+<a id="__codelineno-101-3" name="__codelineno-101-3"></a><span class="k">public</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="nf">FileStream</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="kt">string</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="n">path</span><span class="p">,</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="n">FileMode</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="n">mode</span><span class="p">,</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="n">FileAccess</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="n">access</span><span class="p">);</span>
+<a id="__codelineno-101-4" name="__codelineno-101-4"></a><span class="k">public</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="nf">FileStream</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="kt">string</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="n">path</span><span class="p">,</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="n">FileMode</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="n">mode</span><span class="p">,</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="n">FileAccess</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="n">access</span><span class="p">,</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="n">FileShare</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="n">share</span><span class="p">);</span>
+<a id="__codelineno-101-5" name="__codelineno-101-5"></a><span class="k">public</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="nf">FileStream</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="kt">string</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="n">path</span><span class="p">,</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="n">FileMode</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="n">mode</span><span class="p">,</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="n">FileAccess</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="n">access</span><span class="p">,</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="n">FileShare</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="n">share</span><span class="p">,</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="kt">int</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="n">bufferSize</span><span class="p">);</span>
+<a id="__codelineno-101-6" name="__codelineno-101-6"></a><span class="k">public</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="nf">FileStream</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="kt">string</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="n">path</span><span class="p">,</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="n">FileMode</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="n">mode</span><span class="p">,</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="n">FileAccess</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="n">access</span><span class="p">,</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="n">FileShare</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="n">share</span><span class="p">,</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="kt">int</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="n">bufferSize</span><span class="p">,</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="kt">bool</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="n">useAsync</span><span class="p">);</span>
+<a id="__codelineno-101-7" name="__codelineno-101-7"></a><span class="k">public</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="nf">FileStream</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="kt">string</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="n">path</span><span class="p">,</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="n">FileMode</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="n">mode</span><span class="p">,</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="n">FileAccess</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="n">access</span><span class="p">,</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="n">FileShare</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="n">share</span><span class="p">,</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="kt">int</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="n">bufferSize</span><span class="p">,</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="n">FileOptions</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="n">options</span><span class="p">);</span>
+</code></pre></div></td></tr></table></div>
+<table>
+<thead>
+<tr>
+<th><code>FileMode</code></th>
+<th>Behavior if file exists</th>
+<th>Behavior if file does not exist</th>
+</tr>
+</thead>
+<tbody>
+<tr>
+<td><code>CreateNew</code></td>
+<td>Throws <code>IOException</code></td>
+<td>Creates new file</td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+<td><code>Create</code></td>
+<td>Replaces existing file</td>
+<td>Creates new file</td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+<td><code>Open</code></td>
+<td>Opens existing file</td>
+<td>Throws <code>FileNotFoundException</code></td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+<td><code>OpenOrCreate</code></td>
+<td>Opens existing file</td>
+<td>Creates new file</td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+<td><code>Truncate</code></td>
+<td>Replaces existing file</td>
+<td>Throws <code>FileNotFoundException</code></td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+<td><code>Append</code></td>
+<td>Opens existing file, setting Position to end of file</td>
+<td>Creates new file</td>
+</tr>
+</tbody>
+</table>
+<p><strong><code>FileAccess</code> Enumeration</strong>:</p>
+<ul>
+<li><code>Read</code>: Read access to the file. Data can be read from the file. Combine with Write for read/write access.</li>
+<li><code>Write</code>: Write access to the file. Data can be written to the file. Combine with Read for read/write access.</li>
+<li><code>ReadWrite</code>: Read and write access to the file. Data can be written to and read from the file.</li>
+</ul>
+<p><strong><code>FileShare</code> Enumeration</strong>:</p>
+<ul>
+<li><code>Delete</code>: Allows subsequent deleting of a file.</li>
+<li><code>None</code>: Declines sharing of the current file. Any request to open the file (by this process or another process) will fail until the file is closed.</li>
+<li><code>Read</code>: Allows subsequent opening of the file for reading. If this flag is not specified, any request to open the file for reading (by this process or another process) will fail until the file is closed. However, even if this flag is specified, additional permissions might still be needed to access the file.</li>
+<li><code>ReadWrite</code>: Allows subsequent opening of the file for reading or writing. If this flag is not specified, any request to open the file for reading or writing (by this process or another process) will fail until the file is closed. However, even if this flag is specified, additional permissions might still be needed to access the file.</li>
+<li><code>Write</code>: Allows subsequent opening of the file for writing. If this flag is not specified, any request to open the file for writing (by this process or another process) will fail until the file is closed. However, even if this flag is specified, additional permissions might still be needed to access the file.</li>
+</ul>
+<p><strong><code>FileOptions</code> Enumeration</strong>:</p>
+<ul>
+<li><code>WriteThrough</code>: Disables OS write buffering so data goes straight to disk when you flush the stream.</li>
+<li><code>AsynchronousSpecifies</code>: the use of asynchronous I/O.</li>
+<li><code>RandomAccessHints</code>: to filesystem cache that you will be seeking, not reading or writing data in order.</li>
+<li><code>SequentialScanHints</code>: to filesystem cache that you will be reading or writing data in order.</li>
+<li><code>DeleteOnCloseTells</code>: <code>FileStream</code> to delete the file when you call <code>Dispose</code>.</li>
+<li><code>EncryptedEncrypts</code>: the file so that its contents cannot be read by other users.</li>
+</ul>
+<blockquote>
+<p><strong>Note</strong>: The <code>WriteThrough</code> flag will ensure that when the stream is disposed or flushed, all the data written will have been delivered to the drive, but the drive will not necessarily have written that data persistently (drives can defer writing for performance), so data loss id still possible if the power fails.</p>
+</blockquote>
+<div class="highlight"><table class="highlighttable"><tr><th colspan="2" class="filename"><span class="filename">C#</span></th></tr><tr><td class="linenos"><div class="linenodiv"><pre><span></span><span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-102-1">1</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-102-2">2</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-102-3">3</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-102-4">4</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-102-5">5</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-102-6">6</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-102-7">7</a></span></pre></div></td><td class="code"><div><pre><span></span><code><a id="__codelineno-102-1" name="__codelineno-102-1"></a><span class="c1">// object to read or write to a file (file can be binary)</span>
+<a id="__codelineno-102-2" name="__codelineno-102-2"></a><span class="p">{</span>
+<a id="__codelineno-102-3" name="__codelineno-102-3"></a><span class="w">    </span><span class="n">using</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="n">FileStream</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="n">fstream</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="o">=</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="k">new</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="n">FileStream</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="n">path</span><span class="p">,</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="n">FileMode</span><span class="p">.</span><span class="n">OpenOrCreate</span><span class="p">,</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="n">FileAccess</span><span class="p">.</span><span class="n">ReadWrite</span><span class="p">))</span>
+<a id="__codelineno-102-4" name="__codelineno-102-4"></a><span class="w">    </span><span class="p">{</span>
+<a id="__codelineno-102-5" name="__codelineno-102-5"></a><span class="w">        </span><span class="c1">// operations on file stream</span>
+<a id="__codelineno-102-6" name="__codelineno-102-6"></a><span class="w">    </span><span class="p">}</span>
+<a id="__codelineno-102-7" name="__codelineno-102-7"></a><span class="p">}</span>
+</code></pre></div></td></tr></table></div>
+<h3 id="file-class"><a href="https://docs.microsoft.com/en-us/dotnet/api/system.io.file">File</a> Class</h3>
+<p>The static <code>File</code> class provides methods for performing various operations on files.</p>
+<div class="highlight"><table class="highlighttable"><tr><th colspan="2" class="filename"><span class="filename">C#</span></th></tr><tr><td class="linenos"><div class="linenodiv"><pre><span></span><span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-103-1"> 1</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-103-2"> 2</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-103-3"> 3</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-103-4"> 4</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-103-5"> 5</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-103-6"> 6</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-103-7"> 7</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-103-8"> 8</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-103-9"> 9</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-103-10">10</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-103-11">11</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-103-12">12</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-103-13">13</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-103-14">14</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-103-15">15</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-103-16">16</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-103-17">17</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-103-18">18</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-103-19">19</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-103-20">20</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-103-21">21</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-103-22">22</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-103-23">23</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-103-24">24</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-103-25">25</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-103-26">26</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-103-27">27</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-103-28">28</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-103-29">29</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-103-30">30</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-103-31">31</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-103-32">32</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-103-33">33</a></span></pre></div></td><td class="code"><div><pre><span></span><code><a id="__codelineno-103-1" name="__codelineno-103-1"></a><span class="n">File</span><span class="p">.</span><span class="n">Create</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="kt">string</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="n">path</span><span class="p">);</span><span class="w">  </span><span class="c1">// Return Read/Write FileStream to file</span>
+<a id="__codelineno-103-2" name="__codelineno-103-2"></a><span class="n">File</span><span class="p">.</span><span class="n">Open</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="kt">string</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="n">path</span><span class="p">,</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="n">System</span><span class="p">.</span><span class="n">IO</span><span class="p">.</span><span class="n">FileMode</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="n">mode</span><span class="p">);</span><span class="w">  </span><span class="c1">// Open a FileStream on the specified path with read/write access with no sharing.</span>
+<a id="__codelineno-103-3" name="__codelineno-103-3"></a><span class="n">File</span><span class="p">.</span><span class="n">Open</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="kt">string</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="n">path</span><span class="p">,</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="n">System</span><span class="p">.</span><span class="n">IO</span><span class="p">.</span><span class="n">FileMode</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="n">mode</span><span class="p">,</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="n">System</span><span class="p">.</span><span class="n">IO</span><span class="p">.</span><span class="n">FileAccess</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="n">access</span><span class="p">);</span><span class="w">  </span><span class="c1">// Opens a FileStream on the specified path, with the specified mode and access with no sharing.</span>
+<a id="__codelineno-103-4" name="__codelineno-103-4"></a><span class="n">File</span><span class="p">.</span><span class="n">Open</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="kt">string</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="n">path</span><span class="p">,</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="n">System</span><span class="p">.</span><span class="n">IO</span><span class="p">.</span><span class="n">FileMode</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="n">mode</span><span class="p">,</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="n">System</span><span class="p">.</span><span class="n">IO</span><span class="p">.</span><span class="n">FileAccess</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="n">access</span><span class="p">,</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="n">System</span><span class="p">.</span><span class="n">IO</span><span class="p">.</span><span class="n">FileShare</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="n">share</span><span class="p">);</span>
+<a id="__codelineno-103-5" name="__codelineno-103-5"></a><span class="n">File</span><span class="p">.</span><span class="n">OpenRead</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="kt">string</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="n">path</span><span class="p">);</span><span class="w">  </span><span class="c1">// Open an existing file for reading, returns a FileStream</span>
+<a id="__codelineno-103-6" name="__codelineno-103-6"></a><span class="n">File</span><span class="p">.</span><span class="n">OpenText</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="kt">string</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="n">path</span><span class="p">);</span><span class="w">  </span><span class="c1">// Open an existing UTF-8 encoded text file for reading, returns a StreamReader</span>
+<a id="__codelineno-103-7" name="__codelineno-103-7"></a><span class="n">File</span><span class="p">.</span><span class="n">OpenWrite</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="kt">string</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="n">path</span><span class="p">);</span><span class="w">  </span><span class="c1">// Open an existing file for writing, returns a FileStream</span>
+<a id="__codelineno-103-8" name="__codelineno-103-8"></a>
+<a id="__codelineno-103-9" name="__codelineno-103-9"></a><span class="n">File</span><span class="p">.</span><span class="n">Delete</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="kt">string</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="n">path</span><span class="p">);</span><span class="w">  </span><span class="c1">// Delete the specified file</span>
+<a id="__codelineno-103-10" name="__codelineno-103-10"></a><span class="n">File</span><span class="p">.</span><span class="n">Move</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="kt">string</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="n">sourceFileName</span><span class="p">,</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="kt">string</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="n">destFileName</span><span class="p">,</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="kt">bool</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="n">overwrite</span><span class="p">);</span><span class="w">  </span><span class="c1">// Move specified file to a new location (can specify a new filename and to overwrite the destination file if it already exists)</span>
+<a id="__codelineno-103-11" name="__codelineno-103-11"></a><span class="n">File</span><span class="p">.</span><span class="n">Exists</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="kt">string</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="n">path</span><span class="p">);</span><span class="w">  </span><span class="c1">// Whether the specified file exists.</span>
+<a id="__codelineno-103-12" name="__codelineno-103-12"></a>
+<a id="__codelineno-103-13" name="__codelineno-103-13"></a><span class="n">File</span><span class="p">.</span><span class="n">GetCreationTime</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="kt">string</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="n">path</span><span class="p">);</span><span class="w">  </span><span class="c1">// Return DateTime set to the creation date and time for the specified file</span>
+<a id="__codelineno-103-14" name="__codelineno-103-14"></a><span class="n">File</span><span class="p">.</span><span class="n">GetLastAccessTime</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="kt">string</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="n">path</span><span class="p">);</span><span class="w">  </span><span class="c1">// Return DateTime set to the date and time that the specified file was last accessed</span>
+<a id="__codelineno-103-15" name="__codelineno-103-15"></a><span class="n">File</span><span class="p">.</span><span class="n">GetLastWriteTime</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="kt">string</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="n">path</span><span class="p">);</span><span class="w">  </span><span class="c1">// Return DateTime set to the date and time that the specified file was last written to</span>
+<a id="__codelineno-103-16" name="__codelineno-103-16"></a><span class="n">File</span><span class="p">.</span><span class="n">GetAttributes</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="kt">string</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="n">path</span><span class="p">);</span><span class="w">  </span><span class="c1">// Return FileAttributes of the file</span>
+<a id="__codelineno-103-17" name="__codelineno-103-17"></a>
+<a id="__codelineno-103-18" name="__codelineno-103-18"></a><span class="n">File</span><span class="p">.</span><span class="n">Encrypt</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="kt">string</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="n">path</span><span class="p">);</span><span class="w">  </span><span class="c1">// Encrypt a file so that only the account used to encrypt the file can decrypt it.</span>
+<a id="__codelineno-103-19" name="__codelineno-103-19"></a><span class="n">File</span><span class="p">.</span><span class="n">Decrypt</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="kt">string</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="n">path</span><span class="p">);</span><span class="w">  </span><span class="c1">// Decrypt a file that was encrypted by the current account using the Encrypt() method.</span>
+<a id="__codelineno-103-20" name="__codelineno-103-20"></a>
+<a id="__codelineno-103-21" name="__codelineno-103-21"></a><span class="n">File</span><span class="p">.</span><span class="n">ReadAllText</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="kt">string</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="n">path</span><span class="p">);</span><span class="w">  </span><span class="c1">// Return a string containing all the text in the file</span>
+<a id="__codelineno-103-22" name="__codelineno-103-22"></a><span class="n">File</span><span class="p">.</span><span class="n">ReadAllLines</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="kt">string</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="n">path</span><span class="p">);</span><span class="w">  </span><span class="c1">// Returns a string[] containing all lines of the file</span>
+<a id="__codelineno-103-23" name="__codelineno-103-23"></a><span class="n">File</span><span class="p">.</span><span class="n">ReadLines</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="kt">string</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="n">path</span><span class="p">);</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="c1">// Returns IEnumerable&lt;string&gt; containing all the text in the file</span>
+<a id="__codelineno-103-24" name="__codelineno-103-24"></a><span class="n">File</span><span class="p">.</span><span class="n">ReadAllBytes</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="kt">string</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="n">path</span><span class="p">);</span><span class="w">  </span><span class="c1">// Returns a byte[] containing the contents of the file.</span>
+<a id="__codelineno-103-25" name="__codelineno-103-25"></a>
+<a id="__codelineno-103-26" name="__codelineno-103-26"></a><span class="n">File</span><span class="p">.</span><span class="n">WriteAllLines</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="kt">string</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="n">path</span><span class="p">,</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="n">IEnumerable</span><span class="o">&lt;</span><span class="kt">string</span><span class="o">&gt;</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="n">contents</span><span class="p">);</span><span class="w">  </span><span class="c1">// writes a collection of strings to the file</span>
+<a id="__codelineno-103-27" name="__codelineno-103-27"></a><span class="n">File</span><span class="p">.</span><span class="n">WriteAllLines</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="kt">string</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="n">path</span><span class="p">,</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="kt">string</span><span class="p">[]</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="n">contents</span><span class="p">);</span><span class="w">  </span><span class="c1">// writes a collection of strings to the file</span>
+<a id="__codelineno-103-28" name="__codelineno-103-28"></a>
+<a id="__codelineno-103-29" name="__codelineno-103-29"></a><span class="n">File</span><span class="p">.</span><span class="n">AppendAllText</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="kt">string</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="n">path</span><span class="p">,</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="kt">string</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="n">contents</span><span class="p">);</span><span class="w">  </span><span class="c1">// appends the specified string to the file</span>
+<a id="__codelineno-103-30" name="__codelineno-103-30"></a><span class="n">File</span><span class="p">.</span><span class="n">AppendAllLines</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="kt">string</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="n">path</span><span class="p">,</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="n">IEnumerable</span><span class="o">&lt;</span><span class="kt">string</span><span class="o">&gt;</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="n">contents</span><span class="p">);</span><span class="w">  </span><span class="c1">// appends a collection of strings to the file</span>
+<a id="__codelineno-103-31" name="__codelineno-103-31"></a>
+<a id="__codelineno-103-32" name="__codelineno-103-32"></a><span class="c1">// Replace the contents of a specified file with the contents of another file, deleting the original file, and creating a backup of the replaced file.</span>
+<a id="__codelineno-103-33" name="__codelineno-103-33"></a><span class="n">File</span><span class="p">.</span><span class="n">Replace</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="kt">string</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="n">sourceFileName</span><span class="p">,</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="kt">string</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="n">destinationFileName</span><span class="p">,</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="kt">string</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="n">destinationBackupFileName</span><span class="p">);</span>
+</code></pre></div></td></tr></table></div>
+<h3 id="directory-class"><a href="https://docs.microsoft.com/en-us/dotnet/api/system.io.directory">Directory</a> Class</h3>
+<p>Exposes static methods for creating, moving, and enumerating through directories and subdirectories.</p>
+<div class="highlight"><table class="highlighttable"><tr><th colspan="2" class="filename"><span class="filename">C#</span></th></tr><tr><td class="linenos"><div class="linenodiv"><pre><span></span><span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-104-1"> 1</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-104-2"> 2</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-104-3"> 3</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-104-4"> 4</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-104-5"> 5</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-104-6"> 6</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-104-7"> 7</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-104-8"> 8</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-104-9"> 9</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-104-10">10</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-104-11">11</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-104-12">12</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-104-13">13</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-104-14">14</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-104-15">15</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-104-16">16</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-104-17">17</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-104-18">18</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-104-19">19</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-104-20">20</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-104-21">21</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-104-22">22</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-104-23">23</a></span></pre></div></td><td class="code"><div><pre><span></span><code><a id="__codelineno-104-1" name="__codelineno-104-1"></a><span class="n">Directory</span><span class="p">.</span><span class="n">CreateDirectory</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="kt">string</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="n">path</span><span class="p">);</span><span class="w">  </span><span class="c1">// Create directory as specified</span>
+<a id="__codelineno-104-2" name="__codelineno-104-2"></a><span class="n">Directory</span><span class="p">.</span><span class="n">Delete</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="kt">string</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="n">path</span><span class="p">);</span><span class="w">  </span><span class="c1">// Delete an empty directory from a specified path (dir must be writable)</span>
+<a id="__codelineno-104-3" name="__codelineno-104-3"></a><span class="n">Directory</span><span class="p">.</span><span class="n">Delete</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="kt">string</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="n">path</span><span class="p">,</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="kt">bool</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="n">recursive</span><span class="p">);</span><span class="w">  </span><span class="c1">// Delete the specified directory and, if indicated, any subdirectories and files in the directory</span>
+<a id="__codelineno-104-4" name="__codelineno-104-4"></a><span class="n">Directory</span><span class="p">.</span><span class="n">Move</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="kt">string</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="n">sourceDirName</span><span class="p">,</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="kt">string</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="n">destDirName</span><span class="p">);</span><span class="w">  </span><span class="c1">// Move a file or a directory and its contents to a new location</span>
+<a id="__codelineno-104-5" name="__codelineno-104-5"></a><span class="n">Directory</span><span class="p">.</span><span class="n">Exists</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="p">(</span><span class="kt">string</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="n">path</span><span class="p">);</span><span class="w">  </span><span class="c1">// Whether the given path refers to an existing directory on disk</span>
+<a id="__codelineno-104-6" name="__codelineno-104-6"></a>
+<a id="__codelineno-104-7" name="__codelineno-104-7"></a><span class="n">Directory</span><span class="p">.</span><span class="n">GetLogicalDrives</span><span class="p">();</span><span class="w">  </span><span class="c1">// string[] of names of the logical drives on the computer in the form &quot;&lt;drive letter&gt;:\&quot;</span>
+<a id="__codelineno-104-8" name="__codelineno-104-8"></a><span class="n">Directory</span><span class="p">.</span><span class="n">GetParent</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="kt">string</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="n">path</span><span class="p">);</span><span class="w">  </span><span class="c1">// DirectoryInfo of parent directory of the specified path, including both absolute and relative paths</span>
+<a id="__codelineno-104-9" name="__codelineno-104-9"></a><span class="n">Directory</span><span class="p">.</span><span class="n">GetCurrentDirectory</span><span class="p">();</span><span class="w">  </span><span class="c1">// string of current working directory of the application</span>
+<a id="__codelineno-104-10" name="__codelineno-104-10"></a><span class="n">Directory</span><span class="p">.</span><span class="n">SetCurrentDirectory</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="kt">string</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="n">path</span><span class="p">);</span><span class="w">  </span><span class="c1">// Set the application&#39;s current working directory to the specified directory</span>
+<a id="__codelineno-104-11" name="__codelineno-104-11"></a>
+<a id="__codelineno-104-12" name="__codelineno-104-12"></a><span class="n">Directory</span><span class="p">.</span><span class="n">GetCreationTime</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="kt">string</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="n">path</span><span class="p">);</span><span class="w">  </span><span class="c1">// DateTime set to the creation date and time for the specified directory</span>
+<a id="__codelineno-104-13" name="__codelineno-104-13"></a><span class="n">Directory</span><span class="p">.</span><span class="n">GetLastAccessTime</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="kt">string</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="n">path</span><span class="p">);</span><span class="w">  </span><span class="c1">// DateTime set to the date and time the specified file or directory was last accessed</span>
+<a id="__codelineno-104-14" name="__codelineno-104-14"></a><span class="n">Directory</span><span class="p">.</span><span class="n">GetLastWriteTime</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="kt">string</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="n">path</span><span class="p">);</span><span class="w">  </span><span class="c1">// DateTime set to the date and time the specified file or directory was last written to</span>
+<a id="__codelineno-104-15" name="__codelineno-104-15"></a>
+<a id="__codelineno-104-16" name="__codelineno-104-16"></a><span class="n">Directory</span><span class="p">.</span><span class="n">EnumerateDirectories</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="p">(</span><span class="kt">string</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="n">path</span><span class="p">,</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="kt">string</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="n">searchPattern</span><span class="p">,</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="n">SearchOption</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="n">searchOption</span><span class="p">);</span><span class="w">  </span><span class="c1">// IEnumerable&lt;string&gt; of directory full names that match a search pattern in a specified path</span>
+<a id="__codelineno-104-17" name="__codelineno-104-17"></a><span class="n">Directory</span><span class="p">.</span><span class="n">GetDirectories</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="p">(</span><span class="kt">string</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="n">path</span><span class="p">,</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="kt">string</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="n">searchPattern</span><span class="p">,</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="n">System</span><span class="p">.</span><span class="n">IO</span><span class="p">.</span><span class="n">SearchOption</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="n">searchOption</span><span class="p">);</span><span class="w">  </span><span class="c1">// string[] of directory full names that match a search pattern in a specified path</span>
+<a id="__codelineno-104-18" name="__codelineno-104-18"></a>
+<a id="__codelineno-104-19" name="__codelineno-104-19"></a><span class="n">Directory</span><span class="p">.</span><span class="n">EnumerateFiles</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="kt">string</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="n">path</span><span class="p">,</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="kt">string</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="n">searchPattern</span><span class="p">,</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="n">SearchOption</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="n">searchOption</span><span class="p">);</span><span class="w">  </span><span class="c1">// IEnumerable&lt;string&gt; of full file names that match a search pattern in a specified path</span>
+<a id="__codelineno-104-20" name="__codelineno-104-20"></a><span class="n">Directory</span><span class="p">.</span><span class="n">GetFiles</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="kt">string</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="n">path</span><span class="p">,</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="kt">string</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="n">searchPattern</span><span class="p">,</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="n">SearchOption</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="n">searchOption</span><span class="p">);</span><span class="w">  </span><span class="c1">// string[] of full file names that match a search pattern in a specified path</span>
+<a id="__codelineno-104-21" name="__codelineno-104-21"></a>
+<a id="__codelineno-104-22" name="__codelineno-104-22"></a><span class="n">Directory</span><span class="p">.</span><span class="n">EnumerateFileSystemEntries</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="kt">string</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="n">path</span><span class="p">,</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="kt">string</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="n">searchPattern</span><span class="p">,</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="n">SearchOption</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="n">searchOption</span><span class="p">);</span><span class="w">  </span><span class="c1">// IEnumerable&lt;string&gt; array of file names and directory names that match a search pattern in a specified path</span>
+<a id="__codelineno-104-23" name="__codelineno-104-23"></a><span class="n">Directory</span><span class="p">.</span><span class="n">GetFileSystemEntries</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="p">(</span><span class="kt">string</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="n">path</span><span class="p">,</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="kt">string</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="n">searchPattern</span><span class="p">,</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="n">SearchOption</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="n">searchOption</span><span class="p">);</span><span class="w">  </span><span class="c1">// string[] array of file names and directory names that match a search pattern in a specified path</span>
+</code></pre></div></td></tr></table></div>
+<h3 id="path-class"><a href="https://docs.microsoft.com/en-us/dotnet/api/system.io.path">Path</a> Class</h3>
+<div class="highlight"><table class="highlighttable"><tr><th colspan="2" class="filename"><span class="filename">C#</span></th></tr><tr><td class="linenos"><div class="linenodiv"><pre><span></span><span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-105-1"> 1</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-105-2"> 2</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-105-3"> 3</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-105-4"> 4</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-105-5"> 5</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-105-6"> 6</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-105-7"> 7</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-105-8"> 8</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-105-9"> 9</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-105-10">10</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-105-11">11</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-105-12">12</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-105-13">13</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-105-14">14</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-105-15">15</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-105-16">16</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-105-17">17</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-105-18">18</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-105-19">19</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-105-20">20</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-105-21">21</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-105-22">22</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-105-23">23</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-105-24">24</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-105-25">25</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-105-26">26</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-105-27">27</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-105-28">28</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-105-29">29</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-105-30">30</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-105-31">31</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-105-32">32</a></span></pre></div></td><td class="code"><div><pre><span></span><code><a id="__codelineno-105-1" name="__codelineno-105-1"></a><span class="n">Combine</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="kt">string</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="n">path1</span><span class="p">,</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="kt">string</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="n">path2</span><span class="p">);</span><span class="w">  </span><span class="c1">// Combine two strings into a path</span>
+<a id="__codelineno-105-2" name="__codelineno-105-2"></a><span class="n">Combine</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="kt">string</span><span class="p">[]</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="n">paths</span><span class="p">);</span><span class="w">  </span><span class="c1">// Combine strings into a path</span>
+<a id="__codelineno-105-3" name="__codelineno-105-3"></a>
+<a id="__codelineno-105-4" name="__codelineno-105-4"></a><span class="n">GetFullPath</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="kt">string</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="n">path</span><span class="p">);</span><span class="w">  </span><span class="c1">// absolute path for the specified path string</span>
+<a id="__codelineno-105-5" name="__codelineno-105-5"></a><span class="n">GetFullPath</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="kt">string</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="n">path</span><span class="p">,</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="kt">string</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="n">basePath</span><span class="p">);</span><span class="w">  </span><span class="c1">// absolute path from a relative path and a fully qualified base path</span>
+<a id="__codelineno-105-6" name="__codelineno-105-6"></a><span class="n">GetRelativePath</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="p">(</span><span class="kt">string</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="n">relativeTo</span><span class="p">,</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="kt">string</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="n">path</span><span class="p">);</span><span class="w">  </span><span class="c1">// relative path from one path to another</span>
+<a id="__codelineno-105-7" name="__codelineno-105-7"></a><span class="n">GetPathRoot</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="p">(</span><span class="kt">string</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="n">path</span><span class="p">);</span><span class="w">  </span><span class="c1">// Get the root directory information from the path contained in the specified string</span>
+<a id="__codelineno-105-8" name="__codelineno-105-8"></a><span class="n">GetDirectoryName</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="p">(</span><span class="kt">string</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="n">path</span><span class="p">);</span><span class="w">  </span><span class="c1">// directory information for the specified path string</span>
+<a id="__codelineno-105-9" name="__codelineno-105-9"></a>
+<a id="__codelineno-105-10" name="__codelineno-105-10"></a><span class="n">GetExtension</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="p">(</span><span class="kt">string</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="n">path</span><span class="p">);</span><span class="w">  </span><span class="c1">// extension (including the period &quot;.&quot;) of the specified path string</span>
+<a id="__codelineno-105-11" name="__codelineno-105-11"></a><span class="n">GetFileName</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="p">(</span><span class="kt">string</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="n">path</span><span class="p">);</span><span class="w">  </span><span class="c1">// file name and extension of the specified path string</span>
+<a id="__codelineno-105-12" name="__codelineno-105-12"></a><span class="n">GetFileNameWithoutExtension</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="p">(</span><span class="kt">string</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="n">path</span><span class="p">);</span><span class="w">  </span><span class="c1">// file name of the specified path string without the extension</span>
+<a id="__codelineno-105-13" name="__codelineno-105-13"></a>
+<a id="__codelineno-105-14" name="__codelineno-105-14"></a><span class="n">HasExtension</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="p">(</span><span class="kt">string</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="n">path</span><span class="p">);</span><span class="w">  </span><span class="c1">// whether a path includes a file name extension</span>
+<a id="__codelineno-105-15" name="__codelineno-105-15"></a><span class="n">IsPathFullyQualified</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="p">(</span><span class="kt">string</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="n">path</span><span class="p">);</span><span class="w">  </span><span class="c1">// whether the specified file path is fixed to a specific drive or UNC path</span>
+<a id="__codelineno-105-16" name="__codelineno-105-16"></a><span class="n">IsPathRooted</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="p">(</span><span class="kt">string</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="n">path</span><span class="p">);</span><span class="w">  </span><span class="c1">// whether the specified path string contains a root</span>
+<a id="__codelineno-105-17" name="__codelineno-105-17"></a>
+<a id="__codelineno-105-18" name="__codelineno-105-18"></a><span class="n">EndsInDirectorySeparator</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="p">(</span><span class="kt">string</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="n">path</span><span class="p">);</span><span class="w">  </span><span class="c1">// true if the path ends in a directory separator; otherwise, false</span>
+<a id="__codelineno-105-19" name="__codelineno-105-19"></a><span class="n">TrimEndingDirectorySeparator</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="p">(</span><span class="kt">string</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="n">path</span><span class="p">);</span><span class="w">  </span><span class="c1">// Trim one trailing directory separator beyond the root of the specified path</span>
+<a id="__codelineno-105-20" name="__codelineno-105-20"></a>
+<a id="__codelineno-105-21" name="__codelineno-105-21"></a><span class="n">GetInvalidFileNameChar</span><span class="p">();</span><span class="w">  </span><span class="c1">// char[] containing the characters that are not allowed in file names</span>
+<a id="__codelineno-105-22" name="__codelineno-105-22"></a><span class="n">GetInvalidPathChars</span><span class="p">();</span><span class="w">  </span><span class="c1">// char[] containing the characters that are not allowed in path names</span>
+<a id="__codelineno-105-23" name="__codelineno-105-23"></a>
+<a id="__codelineno-105-24" name="__codelineno-105-24"></a><span class="n">GetTempPath</span><span class="p">();</span><span class="w">  </span><span class="c1">// path of the current user&#39;s temporary folder</span>
+<a id="__codelineno-105-25" name="__codelineno-105-25"></a><span class="n">GetTempFileName</span><span class="p">();</span><span class="w">  </span><span class="c1">// Create a uniquely named, zero-byte temporary file on disk and returns the full path of that file</span>
+<a id="__codelineno-105-26" name="__codelineno-105-26"></a><span class="n">GetRandomFileName</span><span class="p">();</span><span class="w">  </span><span class="c1">// random folder name or file name</span>
+<a id="__codelineno-105-27" name="__codelineno-105-27"></a>
+<a id="__codelineno-105-28" name="__codelineno-105-28"></a><span class="c1">// get full path from relative</span>
+<a id="__codelineno-105-29" name="__codelineno-105-29"></a><span class="kt">string</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="n">path</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="o">=</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="n">Path</span><span class="p">.</span><span class="n">Combine</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="n">Path</span><span class="p">.</span><span class="n">GetDirectoryName</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="n">Assembly</span><span class="p">.</span><span class="n">GetExecutingAssembly</span><span class="p">().</span><span class="n">Location</span><span class="p">),</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="s">@&quot;relative_path.ext&quot;</span><span class="p">);</span><span class="w">  </span><span class="c1">// path to a file in the project directory</span>
+<a id="__codelineno-105-30" name="__codelineno-105-30"></a>
+<a id="__codelineno-105-31" name="__codelineno-105-31"></a><span class="c1">// get special folder location</span>
+<a id="__codelineno-105-32" name="__codelineno-105-32"></a><span class="kt">string</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="n">appDataPath</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="o">=</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="n">Environment</span><span class="p">.</span><span class="n">GetFolderPath</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="n">Environment</span><span class="p">.</span><span class="n">SpecialFolder</span><span class="p">.</span><span class="n">ApplicationData</span><span class="p">);</span>
+</code></pre></div></td></tr></table></div>
+<h3 id="fileinfo-directoryinfo-filesysteminfo"><a href="https://docs.microsoft.com/en-us/dotnet/api/system.io.fileinfo">FileInfo</a>, <a href="https://docs.microsoft.com/en-us/dotnet/api/system.io.directoryinfo">DirectoryInfo</a> &amp; <a href="https://docs.microsoft.com/en-us/dotnet/api/system.io.filesysteminfo">FileSystemInfo</a></h3>
+<p>Classes to hold multiple info about a file or directory. If some property changes using the method <code>Refresh()</code> will update the data.</p>
+<h3 id="clr-serialization">CLR Serialization</h3>
+<p>Types are required to opt into CLR serialization. .NET defines a <code>[Serializable]</code> attribute that must be present before the CLR will serialize the type (class).</p>
+<div class="highlight"><table class="highlighttable"><tr><th colspan="2" class="filename"><span class="filename">C#</span></th></tr><tr><td class="linenos"><div class="linenodiv"><pre><span></span><span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-106-1">1</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-106-2">2</a></span></pre></div></td><td class="code"><div><pre><span></span><code><a id="__codelineno-106-1" name="__codelineno-106-1"></a><span class="na">[Serializable]</span>
+<a id="__codelineno-106-2" name="__codelineno-106-2"></a><span class="k">class</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="nc">Class</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="p">{</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="p">}</span>
+</code></pre></div></td></tr></table></div>
+<p>Serialization works directly with an object's fields. It uses reflection, which enables it to access all members, whether public or private.</p>
+<blockquote>
+<p><strong>Note</strong>: CLR Serialization produces binary streams in a .NET specific format</p>
+</blockquote>
+<hr />
+<h2 id="datetime-timespan">DateTime &amp; TimeSpan</h2>
+<h3 id="timespan-struct"><a href="https://docs.microsoft.com/en-us/dotnet/api/system.timespan">TimeSpan Struct</a></h3>
+<p>Object that represents the difference between two dates</p>
+<div class="highlight"><table class="highlighttable"><tr><th colspan="2" class="filename"><span class="filename">C#</span></th></tr><tr><td class="linenos"><div class="linenodiv"><pre><span></span><span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-107-1"> 1</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-107-2"> 2</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-107-3"> 3</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-107-4"> 4</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-107-5"> 5</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-107-6"> 6</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-107-7"> 7</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-107-8"> 8</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-107-9"> 9</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-107-10">10</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-107-11">11</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-107-12">12</a></span></pre></div></td><td class="code"><div><pre><span></span><code><a id="__codelineno-107-1" name="__codelineno-107-1"></a><span class="n">TimeSpan</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="n">Interval</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="o">=</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="k">new</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="n">DateTime</span><span class="p">()</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="o">-</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="k">new</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="n">DateTime</span><span class="p">()</span><span class="w">  </span><span class="c1">// difference between dates</span>
+<a id="__codelineno-107-2" name="__codelineno-107-2"></a>
+<a id="__codelineno-107-3" name="__codelineno-107-3"></a><span class="c1">// constructors</span>
+<a id="__codelineno-107-4" name="__codelineno-107-4"></a><span class="n">TimeSpan</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="n">hours</span><span class="p">,</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="n">minutes</span><span class="p">,</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="n">seconds</span><span class="p">);</span><span class="w">  </span><span class="c1">// all parameters are integers</span>
+<a id="__codelineno-107-5" name="__codelineno-107-5"></a><span class="n">TimeSpan</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="n">days</span><span class="p">,</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="n">hours</span><span class="p">,</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="n">minutes</span><span class="p">,</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="n">seconds</span><span class="p">);</span><span class="w">  </span><span class="c1">// all parameters are integers</span>
+<a id="__codelineno-107-6" name="__codelineno-107-6"></a><span class="n">TimeSpan</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="n">days</span><span class="p">,</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="n">hours</span><span class="p">,</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="n">minutes</span><span class="p">,</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="n">seconds</span><span class="p">,</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="n">milliseconds</span><span class="p">);</span><span class="w">  </span><span class="c1">// all parameters are integers</span>
+<a id="__codelineno-107-7" name="__codelineno-107-7"></a>
+<a id="__codelineno-107-8" name="__codelineno-107-8"></a><span class="c1">// from primitive types</span>
+<a id="__codelineno-107-9" name="__codelineno-107-9"></a><span class="n">TimeSpan</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="n">interval</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="o">=</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="n">TimeSpan</span><span class="p">.</span><span class="n">FromSeconds</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="n">seconds</span><span class="p">);</span>
+<a id="__codelineno-107-10" name="__codelineno-107-10"></a><span class="n">TimeSpan</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="n">interval</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="o">=</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="n">TimeSpan</span><span class="p">.</span><span class="n">FromMinutes</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="n">minutes</span><span class="p">);</span>
+<a id="__codelineno-107-11" name="__codelineno-107-11"></a><span class="n">TimeSpan</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="n">interval</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="o">=</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="n">TimeSpan</span><span class="p">.</span><span class="n">FromHours</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="n">hours</span><span class="p">);</span>
+<a id="__codelineno-107-12" name="__codelineno-107-12"></a><span class="n">TimeSpan</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="n">interval</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="o">=</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="n">TimeSpan</span><span class="p">.</span><span class="n">FromDays</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="n">days</span><span class="p">);</span>
+</code></pre></div></td></tr></table></div>
+<hr />
+<h2 id="memory-efficiency">Memory Efficiency</h2>
+<p>The CLR is able to perform automatic memory management thanks to its garbage collector (GC). This comes at a price: when a CPU spends time on garbage collection, that stops it from getting on with more productive work.<br />
+In many cases, this time will be small enough not to cause visible problems. However, when certain kinds of programs experience heavy load, GC costs can come to dominate the overall execution time.</p>
+<p>C# 7.2 introduced various features that can enable dramatic reductions in the number of allocations. Fewer allocations means fewer blocks of memory for the GC to recover, so this translates directly to lower GC overhead. There is a price to pay, of course: these GC-efficient techniques add significant complication to the code.</p>
+<h3 id="spant"><code>Span&lt;T&gt;</code></h3>
+<p>The <code>System.Span&lt;T&gt;</code> (a <code>ref struct</code>) value type represents a sequence of elements of type <code>T</code> stored contiguously in memory. Those elements can live inside an array, a string, a managed block of memory allocated in a stack frame, or unmanaged memory.</p>
+<p>A <code>Span&lt;T&gt;</code> encapsulates three things: a pointer or reference to the containing memory (e.g., the string or array), the position of the data within that memory, and its
+length.  </p>
+<p>Access to a span contents is done like an and since a <code>Span&lt;T&gt;</code> knows its own length, its indexer checks that the index is in range, just as the built-in array type does.</p>
+<div class="highlight"><table class="highlighttable"><tr><th colspan="2" class="filename"><span class="filename">C#</span></th></tr><tr><td class="linenos"><div class="linenodiv"><pre><span></span><span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-108-1">1</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-108-2">2</a></span></pre></div></td><td class="code"><div><pre><span></span><code><a id="__codelineno-108-1" name="__codelineno-108-1"></a><span class="n">Span</span><span class="o">&lt;</span><span class="kt">int</span><span class="o">&gt;</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="n">numbers</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="o">=</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="k">stackalloc</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="kt">int</span><span class="p">[]</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="p">{</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="m">1</span><span class="p">,</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="m">2</span><span class="p">,</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="m">3</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="p">};</span>
+<a id="__codelineno-108-2" name="__codelineno-108-2"></a><span class="kt">var</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="n">first</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="o">=</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="n">numbers</span><span class="p">[</span><span class="m">0</span><span class="p">];</span>
+</code></pre></div></td></tr></table></div>
+<blockquote>
+<p><strong>Note</strong>: Normally, C# won’t allow to use <code>stackalloc</code> outside of code marked as unsafe, since it allocates memory on the stack producing a pointer. However, the compiler makes an exception to this rule when assigning the pointer produced by a <code>stackalloc</code> expression directly into a span.</p>
+</blockquote>
+<p>The fact that <code>Span&lt;T&gt;</code> and <code>ReadOnlySpan&lt;T&gt;</code> are both <code>ref struct</code> types ensures that a span cannot outlive its containing stack frame, guaranteeing that the stack frame on which the stack-allocated memory lives will not vanish while there are still outstanding references to it.</p>
+<p>In addition to the array-like indexer and <code>Length</code> properties, <code>Span&lt;T&gt;</code> offers a few useful methods.<br />
+The <code>Clear</code> and <code>Fill</code> methods provide convenient ways to initialize all the elements in a span either to the default value or a specific value.<br />
+Obviously, these are not available on <code>ReadOnlySpan&lt;T&gt;</code>.</p>
+<p>The <code>Span&lt;T&gt;</code> and <code>ReadOnlySpan&lt;T&gt;</code> types are both declared as <code>ref struct</code>. This means that not only are they value types, they are value types that can live only on the
+stack. So it's not possible to have fields with span types in a class, or any struct that is not also a <code>ref struct</code>.</p>
+<p>This also imposes some potentially more surprising restrictions:</p>
+<ul>
+<li>it's  not possible to use a span in a variable in an async method.</li>
+<li>there are restrictions on using spans in anonymous functions and in iterator methods</li>
+</ul>
+<p>This restriction is necessary for .NET to be able to offer the combination of array-like performance, type safety, and the flexibility to work with multiple different containers.</p>
+<blockquote>
+<p><strong>Note</strong>: it's possible to use spans in local methods, and even declare a ref struct variable in the outer method and use it from the nested one, but with one restriction: it's not possible a delegate that refers to that local method, because this would cause the compiler to move shared variables into an object that lives on the heap.</p>
+</blockquote>
+<h2 id="memoryt"><code>Memory&lt;T&gt;</code></h2>
+<p>The <code>Memory&lt;T&gt;</code> type and its counterpart, <code>ReadOnlyMemory&lt;T&gt;</code>, represent the same basic concept as <code>Span&lt;T&gt;</code> and <code>ReadOnlySpan&lt;T&gt;</code>: these types provide a uniform view
+over a contiguous sequence of elements of type <code>T</code> that could reside in an array, unmanaged memory, or, if the element type is char, a string.<br />
+But unlike spans, these are not <code>ref struct</code> types, so they can be used anywhere. The downside is that this means they cannot offer the same high performance as spans.</p>
+<p>It's possible to convert a <code>Memory&lt;T&gt;</code> to a <code>Span&lt;T&gt;</code>, and likewise a <code>ReadOnlyMemory&lt;T&gt;</code> to a <code>ReadOnlySpan&lt;T&gt;</code>.<br />
+This makes these memory types useful when you want something span-like, but in a context where spans are not allowed.</p>
+<hr />
+<h2 id="regular-expressions">Regular Expressions</h2>
+<p><a href="https://docs.microsoft.com/en-us/dotnet/standard/base-types/regular-expression-language-quick-reference">regex reference</a></p>
+<div class="highlight"><table class="highlighttable"><tr><th colspan="2" class="filename"><span class="filename">C#</span></th></tr><tr><td class="linenos"><div class="linenodiv"><pre><span></span><span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-109-1"> 1</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-109-2"> 2</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-109-3"> 3</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-109-4"> 4</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-109-5"> 5</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-109-6"> 6</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-109-7"> 7</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-109-8"> 8</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-109-9"> 9</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-109-10">10</a></span></pre></div></td><td class="code"><div><pre><span></span><code><a id="__codelineno-109-1" name="__codelineno-109-1"></a><span class="n">Match</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="n">match</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="o">=</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="n">Regex</span><span class="p">.</span><span class="n">Match</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="kt">string</span><span class="p">,</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="n">pattern</span><span class="p">,</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="n">regexOptions</span><span class="p">);</span>
+<a id="__codelineno-109-2" name="__codelineno-109-2"></a>
+<a id="__codelineno-109-3" name="__codelineno-109-3"></a><span class="n">match</span><span class="p">.</span><span class="n">Success</span><span class="p">;</span><span class="w">  </span><span class="c1">// whether there was a match or not</span>
+<a id="__codelineno-109-4" name="__codelineno-109-4"></a>
+<a id="__codelineno-109-5" name="__codelineno-109-5"></a><span class="n">match</span><span class="p">.</span><span class="n">Groups</span><span class="p">[</span><span class="n">index</span><span class="p">];</span><span class="w">  </span><span class="c1">// numbered capture group (first group is always whole match)</span>
+<a id="__codelineno-109-6" name="__codelineno-109-6"></a><span class="n">match</span><span class="p">.</span><span class="n">Groups</span><span class="p">[</span><span class="n">name</span><span class="p">];</span><span class="w">  </span><span class="c1">// named capture group</span>
+<a id="__codelineno-109-7" name="__codelineno-109-7"></a>
+<a id="__codelineno-109-8" name="__codelineno-109-8"></a><span class="n">match</span><span class="p">.</span><span class="n">Groups</span><span class="p">[</span><span class="n">index</span><span class="p">].</span><span class="n">Value</span><span class="p">;</span><span class="w">  </span><span class="c1">// whole captured string</span>
+<a id="__codelineno-109-9" name="__codelineno-109-9"></a><span class="n">match</span><span class="p">.</span><span class="n">Groups</span><span class="p">[</span><span class="n">index</span><span class="p">].</span><span class="n">Captures</span><span class="p">;</span><span class="w">  </span><span class="c1">// list of strings in the matched group</span>
+<a id="__codelineno-109-10" name="__codelineno-109-10"></a><span class="n">match</span><span class="p">.</span><span class="n">Groups</span><span class="p">[</span><span class="n">index</span><span class="p">].</span><span class="n">Index</span><span class="p">;</span><span class="w">  </span><span class="c1">// position in the input string of the matched group</span>
+</code></pre></div></td></tr></table></div>
+<hr />
+<h2 id="unsafe-code-pointers">Unsafe Code &amp; Pointers</h2>
+<p>The <code>unsafe</code> keyword denotes an <em>unsafe context</em>, which is required for any operation involving pointers.</p>
+<p>In an unsafe context, several constructs are available for operating on pointers:</p>
+<ul>
+<li>The <code>*</code> operator may be used to perform pointer indirection (<a href="https://docs.microsoft.com/en-us/dotnet/csharp/language-reference/language-specification/unsafe-code#pointer-indirection">Pointer indirection</a>).</li>
+<li>The <code>-&gt;</code> operator may be used to access a member of a struct through a pointer (<a href="https://docs.microsoft.com/en-us/dotnet/csharp/language-reference/language-specification/unsafe-code#pointer-member-access">Pointer member access</a>).</li>
+<li>The <code>[]</code> operator may be used to index a pointer (<a href="https://docs.microsoft.com/en-us/dotnet/csharp/language-reference/language-specification/unsafe-code#pointer-element-access">Pointer element access</a>).</li>
+<li>The <code>&amp;</code> operator may be used to obtain the address of a variable (<a href="https://docs.microsoft.com/en-us/dotnet/csharp/language-reference/language-specification/unsafe-code#the-address-of-operator">The address-of operator</a>).</li>
+<li>The <code>++</code> and <code>--</code> operators may be used to increment and decrement pointers (<a href="https://docs.microsoft.com/en-us/dotnet/csharp/language-reference/language-specification/unsafe-code#pointer-increment-and-decrement">Pointer increment and decrement</a>).</li>
+<li>The <code>+</code> and <code>-</code> operators may be used to perform pointer arithmetic (<a href="https://docs.microsoft.com/en-us/dotnet/csharp/language-reference/language-specification/unsafe-code#pointer-arithmetic">Pointer arithmetic</a>).</li>
+<li>The <code>==</code>, <code>!=</code>, <code>&lt;</code>, <code>&gt;</code>, <code>&lt;=</code>, and <code>&gt;=</code> operators may be used to compare pointers (<a href="https://docs.microsoft.com/en-us/dotnet/csharp/language-reference/language-specification/unsafe-code#pointer-comparison">Pointer comparison</a>).</li>
+<li>The <code>stackalloc</code> operator may be used to allocate memory from the call stack (<a href="https://docs.microsoft.com/en-us/dotnet/csharp/language-reference/language-specification/unsafe-code#stack-allocation">Stack allocation</a>).</li>
+</ul>
+<p>The <code>fixed</code> statement prevents the garbage collector from relocating a movable variable. It's only permitted in an unsafe context.<br />
+It's also possible to use the fixed keyword to create fixed size buffers.</p>
+<p>The <code>fixed</code> statement sets a pointer to a managed variable and "pins" that variable during the execution of the statement.<br />
+Pointers to movable managed variables are useful only in a fixed context. Without a fixed context, garbage collection could relocate the variables unpredictably.<br />
+The C# compiler only allows to assign a pointer to a managed variable in a fixed statement.</p>
+<div class="highlight"><table class="highlighttable"><tr><th colspan="2" class="filename"><span class="filename">C#</span></th></tr><tr><td class="linenos"><div class="linenodiv"><pre><span></span><span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-110-1"> 1</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-110-2"> 2</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-110-3"> 3</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-110-4"> 4</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-110-5"> 5</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-110-6"> 6</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-110-7"> 7</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-110-8"> 8</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-110-9"> 9</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-110-10">10</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-110-11">11</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-110-12">12</a></span></pre></div></td><td class="code"><div><pre><span></span><code><a id="__codelineno-110-1" name="__codelineno-110-1"></a><span class="k">unsafe</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="n">Type</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="nf">UnsafeMethod</span><span class="p">()</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="p">{</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="cm">/* unsafe context */</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="p">}</span>
+<a id="__codelineno-110-2" name="__codelineno-110-2"></a><span class="c1">// or</span>
+<a id="__codelineno-110-3" name="__codelineno-110-3"></a><span class="k">unsafe</span>
+<a id="__codelineno-110-4" name="__codelineno-110-4"></a><span class="p">{</span>
+<a id="__codelineno-110-5" name="__codelineno-110-5"></a><span class="w">    </span><span class="c1">// Using fixed allows the address of pt members to be taken,</span>
+<a id="__codelineno-110-6" name="__codelineno-110-6"></a><span class="w">    </span><span class="c1">// and &quot;pins&quot; pt so that it is not relocated.</span>
+<a id="__codelineno-110-7" name="__codelineno-110-7"></a><span class="w">    </span><span class="n">Point</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="n">pt</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="o">=</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="k">new</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="n">Point</span><span class="p">();</span>
+<a id="__codelineno-110-8" name="__codelineno-110-8"></a><span class="w">    </span><span class="k">fixed</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="p">(</span><span class="kt">int</span><span class="o">*</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="n">p</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="o">=</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="o">&amp;</span><span class="n">pt</span><span class="p">.</span><span class="n">x</span><span class="p">)</span>
+<a id="__codelineno-110-9" name="__codelineno-110-9"></a><span class="w">    </span><span class="p">{</span>
+<a id="__codelineno-110-10" name="__codelineno-110-10"></a><span class="w">        </span><span class="o">*</span><span class="n">p</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="o">=</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="m">1</span><span class="p">;</span>
+<a id="__codelineno-110-11" name="__codelineno-110-11"></a><span class="w">    </span><span class="p">}</span>
+<a id="__codelineno-110-12" name="__codelineno-110-12"></a><span class="p">}</span>
+</code></pre></div></td></tr></table></div>
+<h3 id="native-memory">Native Memory</h3>
+<div class="highlight"><table class="highlighttable"><tr><th colspan="2" class="filename"><span class="filename">C#</span></th></tr><tr><td class="linenos"><div class="linenodiv"><pre><span></span><span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-111-1">1</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-111-2">2</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-111-3">3</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-111-4">4</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-111-5">5</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-111-6">6</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-111-7">7</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-111-8">8</a></span></pre></div></td><td class="code"><div><pre><span></span><code><a id="__codelineno-111-1" name="__codelineno-111-1"></a><span class="k">using</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="nn">System.Runtime.InteropServices</span><span class="p">;</span>
+<a id="__codelineno-111-2" name="__codelineno-111-2"></a>
+<a id="__codelineno-111-3" name="__codelineno-111-3"></a><span class="k">unsafe</span>
+<a id="__codelineno-111-4" name="__codelineno-111-4"></a><span class="p">{</span>
+<a id="__codelineno-111-5" name="__codelineno-111-5"></a><span class="w">    </span><span class="kt">byte</span><span class="o">*</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="n">buffer</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="o">=</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="p">(</span><span class="kt">byte</span><span class="o">*</span><span class="p">)</span><span class="n">NativeMemory</span><span class="p">.</span><span class="n">Alloc</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="m">100</span><span class="p">);</span>
+<a id="__codelineno-111-6" name="__codelineno-111-6"></a>
+<a id="__codelineno-111-7" name="__codelineno-111-7"></a><span class="w">    </span><span class="n">NativeMemory</span><span class="p">.</span><span class="n">Free</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="n">buffer</span><span class="p">);</span>
+<a id="__codelineno-111-8" name="__codelineno-111-8"></a><span class="p">}</span>
+</code></pre></div></td></tr></table></div>
+<h3 id="external-code">External Code</h3>
+<p>The <code>extern</code> modifier is used to declare a method that is implemented externally.<br />
+A common use of the extern modifier is with the <code>DllImport</code> attribute when using Interop services to call into <em>unmanaged</em> code.<br />
+In this case, the method must also be declared as <code>static</code>.</p>
+<div class="highlight"><table class="highlighttable"><tr><th colspan="2" class="filename"><span class="filename">C#</span></th></tr><tr><td class="linenos"><div class="linenodiv"><pre><span></span><span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-112-1">1</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-112-2">2</a></span></pre></div></td><td class="code"><div><pre><span></span><code><a id="__codelineno-112-1" name="__codelineno-112-1"></a><span class="na">[DllImport(&quot;avifil32.dll&quot;)]</span>
+<a id="__codelineno-112-2" name="__codelineno-112-2"></a><span class="k">private</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="k">static</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="k">extern</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="k">void</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="nf">AVIFileInit</span><span class="p">();</span>
+</code></pre></div></td></tr></table></div>
+<h2 id="magic-methods">Magic Methods</h2>
+<p>Methods needed to implement a behaviour which do not need an interface to work. The methods <strong>must</strong> be named <em>appropriately</em> and have the  correct <em>return type</em>.</p>
+<h3 id="enumerable">Enumerable</h3>
+<div class="highlight"><table class="highlighttable"><tr><th colspan="2" class="filename"><span class="filename">C#</span></th></tr><tr><td class="linenos"><div class="linenodiv"><pre><span></span><span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-113-1">1</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-113-2">2</a></span></pre></div></td><td class="code"><div><pre><span></span><code><a id="__codelineno-113-1" name="__codelineno-113-1"></a><span class="k">public</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="kt">bool</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="nf">MoveNext</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="cm">/* ... */</span><span class="p">);</span>
+<a id="__codelineno-113-2" name="__codelineno-113-2"></a><span class="k">public</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="n">T</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="n">Current</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="p">{</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="k">get</span><span class="p">;</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="p">}</span>
+</code></pre></div></td></tr></table></div>
+<h3 id="awaitable">Awaitable</h3>
+<div class="highlight"><table class="highlighttable"><tr><th colspan="2" class="filename"><span class="filename">C#</span></th></tr><tr><td class="linenos"><div class="linenodiv"><pre><span></span><span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-114-1">1</a></span></pre></div></td><td class="code"><div><pre><span></span><code><a id="__codelineno-114-1" name="__codelineno-114-1"></a><span class="k">public</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="n">TaskAwaiter</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="nf">GetAwaiter</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="cm">/* ... */</span><span class="p">);</span>
+</code></pre></div></td></tr></table></div>
+<h2 id="code-quality">Code Quality</h2>
+<h3 id="code-analysis"><a href="https://learn.microsoft.com/en-us/dotnet/fundamentals/code-analysis/overview">Code Analysis</a></h3>
+<div class="highlight"><table class="highlighttable"><tr><th colspan="2" class="filename"><span class="filename">XML</span></th></tr><tr><td class="linenos"><div class="linenodiv"><pre><span></span><span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-115-1">1</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-115-2">2</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-115-3">3</a></span></pre></div></td><td class="code"><div><pre><span></span><code><a id="__codelineno-115-1" name="__codelineno-115-1"></a><span class="nt">&lt;PropertyGroup&gt;</span>
+<a id="__codelineno-115-2" name="__codelineno-115-2"></a><span class="w">  </span><span class="nt">&lt;AnalisysMode&gt;</span>All<span class="nt">&lt;/NugetAuditMode&gt;</span>
+<a id="__codelineno-115-3" name="__codelineno-115-3"></a><span class="nt">&lt;/PropertyGroup&gt;</span>
+</code></pre></div></td></tr></table></div>
+<table>
+<thead>
+<tr>
+<th style="text-align: center;">Level</th>
+<th>Description</th>
+</tr>
+</thead>
+<tbody>
+<tr>
+<td style="text-align: center;"><code>None</code></td>
+<td>All rules are disabled. Can selectively <a href="https://learn.microsoft.com/en-us/dotnet/fundamentals/code-analysis/configuration-options" title="Coda Analysis Configuration Options">opt in</a> to individual rules to enable them.</td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+<td style="text-align: center;"><code>Default</code></td>
+<td>Default mode, where certain rules are enabled as build warnings, certain rules are enabled as options IDE suggestions, and the remainder are disabled.</td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+<td style="text-align: center;"><code>Minimum</code></td>
+<td>More aggressive mode than <code>Default</code> mode. Certain suggestions that are highly recommended for build enforcement are enabled as build warnings.</td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+<td style="text-align: center;"><code>Recommended</code></td>
+<td>More aggressive mode than <code>Minimum</code> mode, where more rules are enabled as build warnings.</td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+<td style="text-align: center;"><code>All</code></td>
+<td>All rules are enabled as build warnings<em>. </em>Can selectively <a href="https://learn.microsoft.com/en-us/dotnet/fundamentals/code-analysis/configuration-options" title="Coda Analysis Configuration Options">opt out</a> of individual rules to disable them.</td>
+</tr>
+</tbody>
+</table>
+<h3 id="dependency-auditing"><a href="https://learn.microsoft.com/en-us/nuget/concepts/auditing-packages">Dependency Auditing</a></h3>
+<div class="highlight"><table class="highlighttable"><tr><th colspan="2" class="filename"><span class="filename">XML</span></th></tr><tr><td class="linenos"><div class="linenodiv"><pre><span></span><span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-116-1"> 1</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-116-2"> 2</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-116-3"> 3</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-116-4"> 4</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-116-5"> 5</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-116-6"> 6</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-116-7"> 7</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-116-8"> 8</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-116-9"> 9</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-116-10">10</a></span></pre></div></td><td class="code"><div><pre><span></span><code><a id="__codelineno-116-1" name="__codelineno-116-1"></a><span class="nt">&lt;PropertyGroup&gt;</span>
+<a id="__codelineno-116-2" name="__codelineno-116-2"></a><span class="w">  </span><span class="cm">&lt;!-- required --&gt;</span>
+<a id="__codelineno-116-3" name="__codelineno-116-3"></a><span class="w">  </span><span class="nt">&lt;NugetAuditMode&gt;</span>all|direct<span class="nt">&lt;/NugetAuditMode&gt;</span>
+<a id="__codelineno-116-4" name="__codelineno-116-4"></a>
+<a id="__codelineno-116-5" name="__codelineno-116-5"></a><span class="w">  </span><span class="cm">&lt;!-- suggested --&gt;</span>
+<a id="__codelineno-116-6" name="__codelineno-116-6"></a><span class="w">  </span><span class="nt">&lt;NugetAuditLevel&gt;</span>low|moderate|high|critical<span class="nt">&lt;/NugetAuditLevel&gt;</span>
+<a id="__codelineno-116-7" name="__codelineno-116-7"></a>
+<a id="__codelineno-116-8" name="__codelineno-116-8"></a><span class="w">  </span><span class="cm">&lt;!-- optional --&gt;</span>
+<a id="__codelineno-116-9" name="__codelineno-116-9"></a><span class="w">  </span><span class="nt">&lt;WarningsAsErrors&gt;</span>NU1901;NU1902;NU1903;NU1904<span class="nt">&lt;/WarningAsErrors&gt;</span>
+<a id="__codelineno-116-10" name="__codelineno-116-10"></a><span class="nt">&lt;/PropertyGroup&gt;</span>
+</code></pre></div></td></tr></table></div>
+<p>The auditing of dependencies is done during the <code>dotnet restore</code> step.
+A description of the dependencies is checked against a report of known vulnerabilities on the <a href="https://github.com/advisories?query=type%3Areviewed+ecosystem%3Anuget" title="Github Advisory Database">GitHub Advisory Database</a>.</p>
+<p>Audit Mode:</p>
+<ul>
+<li><strong>all</strong>: audit direct <em>and</em> transitive dependencies for vulnerabilities.</li>
+<li><strong>direct</strong>: audit <em>only</em> direct dependencies for vulnerabilities.</li>
+</ul>
+
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+      <a href="../../python/libs/seaborn.html" class="md-nav__link">
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+      <a href="../../python/libs/requests.html" class="md-nav__link">
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+      <a href="../../python/libs/beautiful-soup.html" class="md-nav__link">
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+      
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+  <a href="#linq-to-objects" class="md-nav__link">
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+    <nav class="md-nav" aria-label="LINQ to Objects">
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+          <li class="md-nav__item">
+  <a href="#query-expressions" class="md-nav__link">
+    <span class="md-ellipsis">
+      Query Expressions
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+</li>
+        
+          <li class="md-nav__item">
+  <a href="#how-query-expressions-expand" class="md-nav__link">
+    <span class="md-ellipsis">
+      How Query Expressions Expand
+    </span>
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+  
+</li>
+        
+          <li class="md-nav__item">
+  <a href="#methods-on-enumerable-or-ienumerablet" class="md-nav__link">
+    <span class="md-ellipsis">
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+</li>
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+      <a href="collections.html" class="md-nav__link">
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+    <li class="md-nav__item">
+      <a href="reactive-extensions.html" class="md-nav__link">
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+    <li class="md-nav__item">
+      <a href="async-programming.html" class="md-nav__link">
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+      <a href="unit-tests.html" class="md-nav__link">
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+        
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+  
+    <li class="md-nav__item">
+      <a href="../asp.net/minimal-api.html" class="md-nav__link">
+        
+  
+  <span class="md-ellipsis">
+    Minimal API
+  </span>
+  
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+
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+            
+              
+                
+  
+  
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+  
+    <li class="md-nav__item">
+      <a href="../asp.net/filters.html" class="md-nav__link">
+        
+  
+  <span class="md-ellipsis">
+    FIlters
+  </span>
+  
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+    </li>
+  
+
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+  
+  
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+  
+    <li class="md-nav__item">
+      <a href="../asp.net/middleware.html" class="md-nav__link">
+        
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+  <span class="md-ellipsis">
+    Middleware
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+  
+  
+  
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+    <li class="md-nav__item">
+      <a href="../asp.net/razor-syntax.html" class="md-nav__link">
+        
+  
+  <span class="md-ellipsis">
+    Razor Syntax
+  </span>
+  
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+    </li>
+  
+
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+            
+              
+                
+  
+  
+  
+  
+    <li class="md-nav__item">
+      <a href="../asp.net/blazor.html" class="md-nav__link">
+        
+  
+  <span class="md-ellipsis">
+    Blazor
+  </span>
+  
+
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+    </li>
+  
+
+              
+            
+              
+                
+  
+  
+  
+  
+    <li class="md-nav__item">
+      <a href="../asp.net/signalr.html" class="md-nav__link">
+        
+  
+  <span class="md-ellipsis">
+    SignalR
+  </span>
+  
+
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+    </li>
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+
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+                
+  
+  
+  
+  
+    <li class="md-nav__item">
+      <a href="../asp.net/web-forms.html" class="md-nav__link">
+        
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+  <span class="md-ellipsis">
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+      
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+            
+  
+  <span class="md-ellipsis">
+    Database
+  </span>
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+        <nav class="md-nav" data-md-level="3" aria-labelledby="__nav_4_9_3_label" aria-expanded="false">
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+            Database
+          </label>
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+            
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+                
+  
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+  
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+    <li class="md-nav__item">
+      <a href="../database/ado.net.html" class="md-nav__link">
+        
+  
+  <span class="md-ellipsis">
+    ADO.NET
+  </span>
+  
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+  
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+    <li class="md-nav__item">
+      <a href="../database/entity-framework.html" class="md-nav__link">
+        
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+  <span class="md-ellipsis">
+    Entity Framework
+  </span>
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+            Java
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+      <a href="../../java/java.html" class="md-nav__link">
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+    Java
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+    <li class="md-nav__item">
+      <a href="../../java/java-collection-framework.html" class="md-nav__link">
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+      <a href="../../java/dao.html" class="md-nav__link">
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+    <li class="md-nav__item">
+      <a href="../../java/web/servlet.html" class="md-nav__link">
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+    Serverlet
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+            
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+  <span class="md-ellipsis">
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+      <a href="../../java/spring/pom.xml.html" class="md-nav__link">
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+    POM
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+      <a href="../../java/spring/spring-project.html" class="md-nav__link">
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+    <li class="md-nav__item">
+      <a href="../../php/database.html" class="md-nav__link">
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+  <span class="md-ellipsis">
+    Database
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+      <a href="../../php/web.html" class="md-nav__link">
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+      </a>
+    </li>
+  
+
+              
+            
+              
+                
+  
+  
+  
+  
+    <li class="md-nav__item">
+      <a href="../../php/dependency-injection.html" class="md-nav__link">
+        
+  
+  <span class="md-ellipsis">
+    Dependency Injection
+  </span>
+  
+
+      </a>
+    </li>
+  
+
+              
+            
+              
+                
+  
+  
+  
+  
+    <li class="md-nav__item">
+      <a href="../../php/unit-tests.html" class="md-nav__link">
+        
+  
+  <span class="md-ellipsis">
+    Unit Tests
+  </span>
+  
+
+      </a>
+    </li>
+  
+
+              
+            
+              
+                
+  
+  
+  
+  
+    <li class="md-nav__item">
+      <a href="../../php/composer.html" class="md-nav__link">
+        
+  
+  <span class="md-ellipsis">
+    Composer
+  </span>
+  
+
+      </a>
+    </li>
+  
+
+              
+            
+              
+                
+  
+  
+  
+  
+    <li class="md-nav__item">
+      <a href="../../php/psr-7.html" class="md-nav__link">
+        
+  
+  <span class="md-ellipsis">
+    PSR 7
+  </span>
+  
+
+      </a>
+    </li>
+  
+
+              
+            
+              
+                
+  
+  
+  
+  
+    <li class="md-nav__item">
+      <a href="../../php/plates-templating.html" class="md-nav__link">
+        
+  
+  <span class="md-ellipsis">
+    Plates
+  </span>
+  
+
+      </a>
+    </li>
+  
+
+              
+            
+              
+                
+  
+  
+  
+  
+    
+    
+      
+        
+      
+        
+      
+    
+    
+      
+      
+        
+      
+    
+    
+    <li class="md-nav__item md-nav__item--nested">
+      
+        
+        
+        <input class="md-nav__toggle md-toggle " type="checkbox" id="__nav_4_11_9" >
+        
+          
+          <label class="md-nav__link" for="__nav_4_11_9" id="__nav_4_11_9_label" tabindex="0">
+            
+  
+  <span class="md-ellipsis">
+    Simple MVC
+  </span>
+  
+
+            <span class="md-nav__icon md-icon"></span>
+          </label>
+        
+        <nav class="md-nav" data-md-level="3" aria-labelledby="__nav_4_11_9_label" aria-expanded="false">
+          <label class="md-nav__title" for="__nav_4_11_9">
+            <span class="md-nav__icon md-icon"></span>
+            Simple MVC
+          </label>
+          <ul class="md-nav__list" data-md-scrollfix>
+            
+              
+                
+  
+  
+  
+  
+    <li class="md-nav__item">
+      <a href="../../php/simple-mvc/simple-mvc.html" class="md-nav__link">
+        
+  
+  <span class="md-ellipsis">
+    Simple MVC
+  </span>
+  
+
+      </a>
+    </li>
+  
+
+              
+            
+              
+                
+  
+  
+  
+  
+    <li class="md-nav__item">
+      <a href="../../php/simple-mvc/rest-api.html" class="md-nav__link">
+        
+  
+  <span class="md-ellipsis">
+    REST API
+  </span>
+  
+
+      </a>
+    </li>
+  
+
+              
+            
+          </ul>
+        </nav>
+      
+    </li>
+  
+
+              
+            
+          </ul>
+        </nav>
+      
+    </li>
+  
+
+              
+            
+              
+                
+  
+  
+  
+  
+    
+    
+      
+        
+      
+        
+      
+        
+      
+        
+      
+        
+      
+    
+    
+      
+      
+        
+          
+          
+        
+      
+    
+    
+    <li class="md-nav__item md-nav__item--section md-nav__item--nested">
+      
+        
+        
+        <input class="md-nav__toggle md-toggle " type="checkbox" id="__nav_4_12" >
+        
+          
+          <label class="md-nav__link" for="__nav_4_12" id="__nav_4_12_label" tabindex="">
+            
+  
+  <span class="md-ellipsis">
+    Rust
+  </span>
+  
+
+            <span class="md-nav__icon md-icon"></span>
+          </label>
+        
+        <nav class="md-nav" data-md-level="2" aria-labelledby="__nav_4_12_label" aria-expanded="false">
+          <label class="md-nav__title" for="__nav_4_12">
+            <span class="md-nav__icon md-icon"></span>
+            Rust
+          </label>
+          <ul class="md-nav__list" data-md-scrollfix>
+            
+              
+                
+  
+  
+  
+  
+    <li class="md-nav__item">
+      <a href="../../rust/rust.html" class="md-nav__link">
+        
+  
+  <span class="md-ellipsis">
+    Rust
+  </span>
+  
+
+      </a>
+    </li>
+  
+
+              
+            
+              
+                
+  
+  
+  
+  
+    <li class="md-nav__item">
+      <a href="../../rust/macros.html" class="md-nav__link">
+        
+  
+  <span class="md-ellipsis">
+    Macros
+  </span>
+  
+
+      </a>
+    </li>
+  
+
+              
+            
+              
+                
+  
+  
+  
+  
+    <li class="md-nav__item">
+      <a href="../../rust/cargo.html" class="md-nav__link">
+        
+  
+  <span class="md-ellipsis">
+    Cargo
+  </span>
+  
+
+      </a>
+    </li>
+  
+
+              
+            
+              
+                
+  
+  
+  
+  
+    <li class="md-nav__item">
+      <a href="../../rust/concurrency.html" class="md-nav__link">
+        
+  
+  <span class="md-ellipsis">
+    Concurrency
+  </span>
+  
+
+      </a>
+    </li>
+  
+
+              
+            
+              
+                
+  
+  
+  
+  
+    <li class="md-nav__item">
+      <a href="../../rust/unit-tests.html" class="md-nav__link">
+        
+  
+  <span class="md-ellipsis">
+    Unit Tests
+  </span>
+  
+
+      </a>
+    </li>
+  
+
+              
+            
+          </ul>
+        </nav>
+      
+    </li>
+  
+
+              
+            
+              
+                
+  
+  
+  
+  
+    
+    
+      
+        
+      
+        
+      
+        
+      
+        
+      
+        
+      
+        
+      
+        
+      
+    
+    
+      
+      
+        
+          
+          
+        
+      
+    
+    
+    <li class="md-nav__item md-nav__item--section md-nav__item--nested">
+      
+        
+        
+        <input class="md-nav__toggle md-toggle " type="checkbox" id="__nav_4_13" >
+        
+          
+          <label class="md-nav__link" for="__nav_4_13" id="__nav_4_13_label" tabindex="">
+            
+  
+  <span class="md-ellipsis">
+    Javascript
+  </span>
+  
+
+            <span class="md-nav__icon md-icon"></span>
+          </label>
+        
+        <nav class="md-nav" data-md-level="2" aria-labelledby="__nav_4_13_label" aria-expanded="false">
+          <label class="md-nav__title" for="__nav_4_13">
+            <span class="md-nav__icon md-icon"></span>
+            Javascript
+          </label>
+          <ul class="md-nav__list" data-md-scrollfix>
+            
+              
+                
+  
+  
+  
+  
+    <li class="md-nav__item">
+      <a href="../../javascript/javascript.html" class="md-nav__link">
+        
+  
+  <span class="md-ellipsis">
+    Javascript
+  </span>
+  
+
+      </a>
+    </li>
+  
+
+              
+            
+              
+                
+  
+  
+  
+  
+    <li class="md-nav__item">
+      <a href="../../javascript/dom.html" class="md-nav__link">
+        
+  
+  <span class="md-ellipsis">
+    DOM
+  </span>
+  
+
+      </a>
+    </li>
+  
+
+              
+            
+              
+                
+  
+  
+  
+  
+    <li class="md-nav__item">
+      <a href="../../javascript/events-animation.html" class="md-nav__link">
+        
+  
+  <span class="md-ellipsis">
+    Events & Animation
+  </span>
+  
+
+      </a>
+    </li>
+  
+
+              
+            
+              
+                
+  
+  
+  
+  
+    <li class="md-nav__item">
+      <a href="../../javascript/ajax.html" class="md-nav__link">
+        
+  
+  <span class="md-ellipsis">
+    AJAX
+  </span>
+  
+
+      </a>
+    </li>
+  
+
+              
+            
+              
+                
+  
+  
+  
+  
+    <li class="md-nav__item">
+      <a href="../../javascript/jquery.html" class="md-nav__link">
+        
+  
+  <span class="md-ellipsis">
+    jQuery
+  </span>
+  
+
+      </a>
+    </li>
+  
+
+              
+            
+              
+                
+  
+  
+  
+  
+    
+    
+      
+        
+      
+        
+      
+        
+      
+        
+      
+        
+      
+    
+    
+      
+      
+        
+      
+    
+    
+    <li class="md-nav__item md-nav__item--nested">
+      
+        
+        
+        <input class="md-nav__toggle md-toggle " type="checkbox" id="__nav_4_13_6" >
+        
+          
+          <label class="md-nav__link" for="__nav_4_13_6" id="__nav_4_13_6_label" tabindex="0">
+            
+  
+  <span class="md-ellipsis">
+    React
+  </span>
+  
+
+            <span class="md-nav__icon md-icon"></span>
+          </label>
+        
+        <nav class="md-nav" data-md-level="3" aria-labelledby="__nav_4_13_6_label" aria-expanded="false">
+          <label class="md-nav__title" for="__nav_4_13_6">
+            <span class="md-nav__icon md-icon"></span>
+            React
+          </label>
+          <ul class="md-nav__list" data-md-scrollfix>
+            
+              
+                
+  
+  
+  
+  
+    <li class="md-nav__item">
+      <a href="../../javascript/react/react.html" class="md-nav__link">
+        
+  
+  <span class="md-ellipsis">
+    React
+  </span>
+  
+
+      </a>
+    </li>
+  
+
+              
+            
+              
+                
+  
+  
+  
+  
+    <li class="md-nav__item">
+      <a href="../../javascript/react/react-router.html" class="md-nav__link">
+        
+  
+  <span class="md-ellipsis">
+    React Router
+  </span>
+  
+
+      </a>
+    </li>
+  
+
+              
+            
+              
+                
+  
+  
+  
+  
+    <li class="md-nav__item">
+      <a href="../../javascript/react/react-tests.html" class="md-nav__link">
+        
+  
+  <span class="md-ellipsis">
+    React Tests
+  </span>
+  
+
+      </a>
+    </li>
+  
+
+              
+            
+              
+                
+  
+  
+  
+  
+    <li class="md-nav__item">
+      <a href="../../javascript/react/redux.html" class="md-nav__link">
+        
+  
+  <span class="md-ellipsis">
+    Redux
+  </span>
+  
+
+      </a>
+    </li>
+  
+
+              
+            
+              
+                
+  
+  
+  
+  
+    <li class="md-nav__item">
+      <a href="../../javascript/react/redux-tests.html" class="md-nav__link">
+        
+  
+  <span class="md-ellipsis">
+    Redux Tests
+  </span>
+  
+
+      </a>
+    </li>
+  
+
+              
+            
+          </ul>
+        </nav>
+      
+    </li>
+  
+
+              
+            
+              
+                
+  
+  
+  
+  
+    <li class="md-nav__item">
+      <a href="../../javascript/svelte/svelte.html" class="md-nav__link">
+        
+  
+  <span class="md-ellipsis">
+    Svelte
+  </span>
+  
+
+      </a>
+    </li>
+  
+
+              
+            
+          </ul>
+        </nav>
+      
+    </li>
+  
+
+              
+            
+              
+                
+  
+  
+  
+  
+    
+    
+      
+        
+      
+        
+      
+    
+    
+      
+      
+        
+          
+          
+        
+      
+    
+    
+    <li class="md-nav__item md-nav__item--section md-nav__item--nested">
+      
+        
+        
+        <input class="md-nav__toggle md-toggle " type="checkbox" id="__nav_4_14" >
+        
+          
+          <label class="md-nav__link" for="__nav_4_14" id="__nav_4_14_label" tabindex="">
+            
+  
+  <span class="md-ellipsis">
+    PowerShell
+  </span>
+  
+
+            <span class="md-nav__icon md-icon"></span>
+          </label>
+        
+        <nav class="md-nav" data-md-level="2" aria-labelledby="__nav_4_14_label" aria-expanded="false">
+          <label class="md-nav__title" for="__nav_4_14">
+            <span class="md-nav__icon md-icon"></span>
+            PowerShell
+          </label>
+          <ul class="md-nav__list" data-md-scrollfix>
+            
+              
+                
+  
+  
+  
+  
+    <li class="md-nav__item">
+      <a href="../../powershell/scripting.html" class="md-nav__link">
+        
+  
+  <span class="md-ellipsis">
+    Scripting
+  </span>
+  
+
+      </a>
+    </li>
+  
+
+              
+            
+              
+                
+  
+  
+  
+  
+    <li class="md-nav__item">
+      <a href="../../powershell/commands.html" class="md-nav__link">
+        
+  
+  <span class="md-ellipsis">
+    Commands
+  </span>
+  
+
+      </a>
+    </li>
+  
+
+              
+            
+          </ul>
+        </nav>
+      
+    </li>
+  
+
+              
+            
+              
+                
+  
+  
+  
+  
+    
+    
+      
+        
+      
+        
+      
+    
+    
+      
+      
+        
+          
+          
+        
+      
+    
+    
+    <li class="md-nav__item md-nav__item--section md-nav__item--nested">
+      
+        
+        
+        <input class="md-nav__toggle md-toggle " type="checkbox" id="__nav_4_15" >
+        
+          
+          <label class="md-nav__link" for="__nav_4_15" id="__nav_4_15_label" tabindex="">
+            
+  
+  <span class="md-ellipsis">
+    Bash
+  </span>
+  
+
+            <span class="md-nav__icon md-icon"></span>
+          </label>
+        
+        <nav class="md-nav" data-md-level="2" aria-labelledby="__nav_4_15_label" aria-expanded="false">
+          <label class="md-nav__title" for="__nav_4_15">
+            <span class="md-nav__icon md-icon"></span>
+            Bash
+          </label>
+          <ul class="md-nav__list" data-md-scrollfix>
+            
+              
+                
+  
+  
+  
+  
+    <li class="md-nav__item">
+      <a href="../../bash/scripting.html" class="md-nav__link">
+        
+  
+  <span class="md-ellipsis">
+    Scripting
+  </span>
+  
+
+      </a>
+    </li>
+  
+
+              
+            
+              
+                
+  
+  
+  
+  
+    <li class="md-nav__item">
+      <a href="../../bash/commands.html" class="md-nav__link">
+        
+  
+  <span class="md-ellipsis">
+    Commands
+  </span>
+  
+
+      </a>
+    </li>
+  
+
+              
+            
+          </ul>
+        </nav>
+      
+    </li>
+  
+
+              
+            
+          </ul>
+        </nav>
+      
+    </li>
+  
+
+    
+      
+      
+  
+  
+  
+  
+    
+    
+      
+        
+      
+        
+      
+        
+      
+        
+      
+        
+      
+    
+    
+      
+      
+        
+      
+    
+    
+    <li class="md-nav__item md-nav__item--nested">
+      
+        
+        
+        <input class="md-nav__toggle md-toggle " type="checkbox" id="__nav_5" >
+        
+          
+          <label class="md-nav__link" for="__nav_5" id="__nav_5_label" tabindex="0">
+            
+  
+  <span class="md-ellipsis">
+    Misc
+  </span>
+  
+
+            <span class="md-nav__icon md-icon"></span>
+          </label>
+        
+        <nav class="md-nav" data-md-level="1" aria-labelledby="__nav_5_label" aria-expanded="false">
+          <label class="md-nav__title" for="__nav_5">
+            <span class="md-nav__icon md-icon"></span>
+            Misc
+          </label>
+          <ul class="md-nav__list" data-md-scrollfix>
+            
+              
+                
+  
+  
+  
+  
+    <li class="md-nav__item">
+      <a href="../../../misc/git.html" class="md-nav__link">
+        
+  
+  <span class="md-ellipsis">
+    Git
+  </span>
+  
+
+      </a>
+    </li>
+  
+
+              
+            
+              
+                
+  
+  
+  
+  
+    <li class="md-nav__item">
+      <a href="../../../misc/graph-ql.html" class="md-nav__link">
+        
+  
+  <span class="md-ellipsis">
+    GraphQL
+  </span>
+  
+
+      </a>
+    </li>
+  
+
+              
+            
+              
+                
+  
+  
+  
+  
+    <li class="md-nav__item">
+      <a href="../../../misc/regular-expressions.html" class="md-nav__link">
+        
+  
+  <span class="md-ellipsis">
+    RegEx
+  </span>
+  
+
+      </a>
+    </li>
+  
+
+              
+            
+              
+                
+  
+  
+  
+  
+    <li class="md-nav__item">
+      <a href="../../../misc/ssh.html" class="md-nav__link">
+        
+  
+  <span class="md-ellipsis">
+    SSH
+  </span>
+  
+
+      </a>
+    </li>
+  
+
+              
+            
+              
+                
+  
+  
+  
+  
+    <li class="md-nav__item">
+      <a href="../../../misc/web-components.html" class="md-nav__link">
+        
+  
+  <span class="md-ellipsis">
+    WebComponents
+  </span>
+  
+
+      </a>
+    </li>
+  
+
+              
+            
+          </ul>
+        </nav>
+      
+    </li>
+  
+
+    
+      
+      
+  
+  
+  
+  
+    
+    
+      
+        
+      
+        
+      
+    
+    
+      
+      
+        
+      
+    
+    
+    <li class="md-nav__item md-nav__item--nested">
+      
+        
+        
+        <input class="md-nav__toggle md-toggle " type="checkbox" id="__nav_6" >
+        
+          
+          <label class="md-nav__link" for="__nav_6" id="__nav_6_label" tabindex="0">
+            
+  
+  <span class="md-ellipsis">
+    Linux
+  </span>
+  
+
+            <span class="md-nav__icon md-icon"></span>
+          </label>
+        
+        <nav class="md-nav" data-md-level="1" aria-labelledby="__nav_6_label" aria-expanded="false">
+          <label class="md-nav__title" for="__nav_6">
+            <span class="md-nav__icon md-icon"></span>
+            Linux
+          </label>
+          <ul class="md-nav__list" data-md-scrollfix>
+            
+              
+                
+  
+  
+  
+  
+    
+    
+      
+        
+      
+        
+      
+        
+      
+    
+    
+      
+      
+        
+      
+    
+    
+    <li class="md-nav__item md-nav__item--nested">
+      
+        
+        
+        <input class="md-nav__toggle md-toggle " type="checkbox" id="__nav_6_1" >
+        
+          
+          <label class="md-nav__link" for="__nav_6_1" id="__nav_6_1_label" tabindex="0">
+            
+  
+  <span class="md-ellipsis">
+    Filesystem
+  </span>
+  
+
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+  <a href="#linq-to-objects" class="md-nav__link">
+    <span class="md-ellipsis">
+      LINQ to Objects
+    </span>
+  </a>
+  
+    <nav class="md-nav" aria-label="LINQ to Objects">
+      <ul class="md-nav__list">
+        
+          <li class="md-nav__item">
+  <a href="#query-expressions" class="md-nav__link">
+    <span class="md-ellipsis">
+      Query Expressions
+    </span>
+  </a>
+  
+</li>
+        
+          <li class="md-nav__item">
+  <a href="#how-query-expressions-expand" class="md-nav__link">
+    <span class="md-ellipsis">
+      How Query Expressions Expand
+    </span>
+  </a>
+  
+</li>
+        
+          <li class="md-nav__item">
+  <a href="#methods-on-enumerable-or-ienumerablet" class="md-nav__link">
+    <span class="md-ellipsis">
+      Methods on Enumerable or IEnumerable&lt;T&gt;
+    </span>
+  </a>
+  
+</li>
+        
+      </ul>
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+  
+</li>
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+              <article class="md-content__inner md-typeset">
+                
+                  
+
+  
+  
+
+
+<h1 id="linq">LINQ</h1>
+<h2 id="linq-to-objects">LINQ to Objects</h2>
+<!-- Page: 423/761 of "Ian Griffiths - Programming C# 8.0 - Build Cloud, Web, and Desktop Applications.pdf" -->
+
+<p>The term <strong>LINQ to Objects</strong> refers to the use of LINQ queries with any <code>IEnumerable</code> or <code>IEnumerable&lt;T&gt;</code> collection directly, without the use of an intermediate LINQ provider or API such as <a href="https://docs.microsoft.com/en-us/dotnet/framework/data/adonet/sql/linq/">LINQ to SQL</a> or <a href="https://docs.microsoft.com/en-us/dotnet/standard/linq/linq-xml-overview">LINQ to XML</a>.</p>
+<p>LINQ to Objects will be used when any <code>IEnumerable&lt;T&gt;</code> is specified as the source, unless a more specialized provider is available.</p>
+<h3 id="query-expressions">Query Expressions</h3>
+<p>All query expressions are required to begin with a <code>from</code> clause, which specifies the source of the query.<br />
+The final part of the query is a <code>select</code> (or <code>group</code>) clause. This determines the final output of the query and its system type.</p>
+<div class="highlight"><table class="highlighttable"><tr><th colspan="2" class="filename"><span class="filename">C#</span></th></tr><tr><td class="linenos"><div class="linenodiv"><pre><span></span><span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-0-1"> 1</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-0-2"> 2</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-0-3"> 3</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-0-4"> 4</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-0-5"> 5</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-0-6"> 6</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-0-7"> 7</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-0-8"> 8</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-0-9"> 9</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-0-10">10</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-0-11">11</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-0-12">12</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-0-13">13</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-0-14">14</a></span></pre></div></td><td class="code"><div><pre><span></span><code><a id="__codelineno-0-1" name="__codelineno-0-1"></a><span class="c1">// query expression</span>
+<a id="__codelineno-0-2" name="__codelineno-0-2"></a><span class="kt">var</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="n">result</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="o">=</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="k">from</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="n">item</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="k">in</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="n">enumerable</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="k">select</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="n">item</span><span class="p">;</span>
+<a id="__codelineno-0-3" name="__codelineno-0-3"></a>
+<a id="__codelineno-0-4" name="__codelineno-0-4"></a><span class="c1">// where clause</span>
+<a id="__codelineno-0-5" name="__codelineno-0-5"></a><span class="kt">var</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="n">result</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="o">=</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="k">from</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="n">item</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="k">in</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="n">enumerable</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="k">where</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="n">condition</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="k">select</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="n">item</span><span class="p">;</span>
+<a id="__codelineno-0-6" name="__codelineno-0-6"></a>
+<a id="__codelineno-0-7" name="__codelineno-0-7"></a><span class="c1">// ordering</span>
+<a id="__codelineno-0-8" name="__codelineno-0-8"></a><span class="kt">var</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="n">result</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="o">=</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="k">from</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="n">item</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="k">in</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="n">enumerable</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="k">orderby</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="n">item</span><span class="p">.</span><span class="n">property</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="k">select</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="n">item</span><span class="p">;</span><span class="w">  </span><span class="c1">// ordered IEnumerable</span>
+<a id="__codelineno-0-9" name="__codelineno-0-9"></a>
+<a id="__codelineno-0-10" name="__codelineno-0-10"></a><span class="c1">// let clause, assign expression to variable to avoid re-evaluation on each cycle</span>
+<a id="__codelineno-0-11" name="__codelineno-0-11"></a><span class="kt">var</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="n">result</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="o">=</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="k">from</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="n">item</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="k">in</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="n">enumerable</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="k">let</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="n">tmp</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="o">=</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="o">&lt;</span><span class="n">sub</span><span class="o">-</span><span class="n">expr</span><span class="o">&gt;</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="p">...</span><span class="w">  </span><span class="c1">// BEWARE: compiled code has a lot of overhead to satisfy let clause</span>
+<a id="__codelineno-0-12" name="__codelineno-0-12"></a>
+<a id="__codelineno-0-13" name="__codelineno-0-13"></a><span class="c1">// grouping (difficult to re-implement to obtain better performance)</span>
+<a id="__codelineno-0-14" name="__codelineno-0-14"></a><span class="kt">var</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="n">result</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="o">=</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="k">from</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="n">item</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="k">in</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="n">enumerable</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="k">group</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="n">item</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="k">by</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="n">item</span><span class="p">.</span><span class="n">property</span><span class="p">;</span><span class="w">  </span><span class="c1">// returns IEnumerable&lt;IGrouping&lt;TKey,TElement&gt;&gt;</span>
+</code></pre></div></td></tr></table></div>
+<h3 id="how-query-expressions-expand">How Query Expressions Expand</h3>
+<p>The compiler converts all query expressions into one or more method calls. Once it has done that, the LINQ provider is selected through exactly the same mechanisms that C# uses for any other method call.<br />
+The compiler does not have any built-in concept of what constitutes a LINQ provider.</p>
+<div class="highlight"><table class="highlighttable"><tr><th colspan="2" class="filename"><span class="filename">C#</span></th></tr><tr><td class="linenos"><div class="linenodiv"><pre><span></span><span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-1-1">1</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-1-2">2</a></span></pre></div></td><td class="code"><div><pre><span></span><code><a id="__codelineno-1-1" name="__codelineno-1-1"></a><span class="c1">// expanded query expression</span>
+<a id="__codelineno-1-2" name="__codelineno-1-2"></a><span class="kt">var</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="n">result</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="o">=</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="n">Enumerable</span><span class="p">.</span><span class="n">Where</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="n">item</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="o">=&gt;</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="n">condition</span><span class="p">).</span><span class="n">Select</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="n">item</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="o">=&gt;</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="n">item</span><span class="p">);</span>
+</code></pre></div></td></tr></table></div>
+<p>The <code>Where</code> and <code>Select</code> methods are examples of LINQ operators. A LINQ operator is nothing more than a method that conforms to one of the standard patterns.</p>
+<h3 id="methods-on-enumerable-or-ienumerablet">Methods on <code>Enumerable</code> or <code>IEnumerable&lt;T&gt;</code></h3>
+<div class="highlight"><table class="highlighttable"><tr><th colspan="2" class="filename"><span class="filename">C#</span></th></tr><tr><td class="linenos"><div class="linenodiv"><pre><span></span><span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-2-1"> 1</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-2-2"> 2</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-2-3"> 3</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-2-4"> 4</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-2-5"> 5</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-2-6"> 6</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-2-7"> 7</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-2-8"> 8</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-2-9"> 9</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-2-10">10</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-2-11">11</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-2-12">12</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-2-13">13</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-2-14">14</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-2-15">15</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-2-16">16</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-2-17">17</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-2-18">18</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-2-19">19</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-2-20">20</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-2-21">21</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-2-22">22</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-2-23">23</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-2-24">24</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-2-25">25</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-2-26">26</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-2-27">27</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-2-28">28</a></span></pre></div></td><td class="code"><div><pre><span></span><code><a id="__codelineno-2-1" name="__codelineno-2-1"></a><span class="n">Enumerable</span><span class="p">.</span><span class="n">Range</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="kt">int</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="n">start</span><span class="p">,</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="kt">int</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="n">end</span><span class="p">);</span><span class="w">  </span><span class="c1">// IEnumerable&lt;int&gt; of values between start &amp; end</span>
+<a id="__codelineno-2-2" name="__codelineno-2-2"></a>
+<a id="__codelineno-2-3" name="__codelineno-2-3"></a><span class="n">IEnumerable</span><span class="o">&lt;</span><span class="n">TSource</span><span class="o">&gt;</span><span class="p">.</span><span class="n">Select</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="n">Func</span><span class="o">&lt;</span><span class="n">TSource</span><span class="p">,</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="n">TResult</span><span class="o">&gt;</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="n">selector</span><span class="p">);</span><span class="w">  </span><span class="c1">// map</span>
+<a id="__codelineno-2-4" name="__codelineno-2-4"></a><span class="n">IEnumerable</span><span class="o">&lt;</span><span class="n">TSource</span><span class="o">&gt;</span><span class="p">.</span><span class="n">Where</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="n">Func</span><span class="o">&lt;</span><span class="n">T</span><span class="p">,</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="kt">bool</span><span class="o">&gt;</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="n">predicate</span><span class="p">);</span><span class="w">  </span><span class="c1">// filter</span>
+<a id="__codelineno-2-5" name="__codelineno-2-5"></a>
+<a id="__codelineno-2-6" name="__codelineno-2-6"></a><span class="n">IEnumerable</span><span class="o">&lt;</span><span class="n">T</span><span class="o">&gt;</span><span class="p">.</span><span class="n">FirstOrDefault</span><span class="p">();</span><span class="w">  </span><span class="c1">// first element of IEnumerable or default(T) if empty</span>
+<a id="__codelineno-2-7" name="__codelineno-2-7"></a><span class="n">IEnumerable</span><span class="o">&lt;</span><span class="n">T</span><span class="o">&gt;</span><span class="p">.</span><span class="n">FirstOrDefault</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="n">T</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="k">default</span><span class="p">);</span><span class="w">  </span><span class="c1">// specify returned default</span>
+<a id="__codelineno-2-8" name="__codelineno-2-8"></a><span class="n">IEnumerable</span><span class="o">&lt;</span><span class="n">T</span><span class="o">&gt;</span><span class="p">.</span><span class="n">FirstOrDefault</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="n">Func</span><span class="o">&lt;</span><span class="n">T</span><span class="p">,</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="kt">bool</span><span class="o">&gt;</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="n">predicate</span><span class="p">);</span><span class="w">  </span><span class="c1">// first element to match predicate or default(T)</span>
+<a id="__codelineno-2-9" name="__codelineno-2-9"></a><span class="c1">// same for LastOrDefault &amp; SingleOrDefault</span>
+<a id="__codelineno-2-10" name="__codelineno-2-10"></a>
+<a id="__codelineno-2-11" name="__codelineno-2-11"></a><span class="n">IEnumerable</span><span class="o">&lt;</span><span class="n">T</span><span class="o">&gt;</span><span class="p">.</span><span class="n">Chunk</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="n">size</span><span class="p">);</span><span class="w">  </span><span class="c1">// chunk an enumerable into slices of a fixed size</span>
+<a id="__codelineno-2-12" name="__codelineno-2-12"></a>
+<a id="__codelineno-2-13" name="__codelineno-2-13"></a><span class="c1">// T must implement IComparable&lt;T&gt;</span>
+<a id="__codelineno-2-14" name="__codelineno-2-14"></a><span class="n">IEnumerable</span><span class="o">&lt;</span><span class="n">T</span><span class="o">&gt;</span><span class="p">.</span><span class="n">Max</span><span class="p">();</span>
+<a id="__codelineno-2-15" name="__codelineno-2-15"></a><span class="n">IEnumerable</span><span class="o">&lt;</span><span class="n">T</span><span class="o">&gt;</span><span class="p">.</span><span class="n">Min</span><span class="p">();</span>
+<a id="__codelineno-2-16" name="__codelineno-2-16"></a>
+<a id="__codelineno-2-17" name="__codelineno-2-17"></a><span class="c1">// allow finding maximal or minimal elements using a key selector</span>
+<a id="__codelineno-2-18" name="__codelineno-2-18"></a><span class="n">IEnumerable</span><span class="o">&lt;</span><span class="n">TSource</span><span class="o">&gt;</span><span class="p">.</span><span class="n">MaxBy</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="n">Func</span><span class="o">&lt;</span><span class="n">TSource</span><span class="p">,</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="n">TResult</span><span class="o">&gt;</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="n">selector</span><span class="p">);</span>
+<a id="__codelineno-2-19" name="__codelineno-2-19"></a><span class="n">IEnumerable</span><span class="o">&lt;</span><span class="n">TSource</span><span class="o">&gt;</span><span class="p">.</span><span class="n">MinBy</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="n">Func</span><span class="o">&lt;</span><span class="n">TSource</span><span class="p">,</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="n">TResult</span><span class="o">&gt;</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="n">selector</span><span class="p">);</span>
+<a id="__codelineno-2-20" name="__codelineno-2-20"></a>
+<a id="__codelineno-2-21" name="__codelineno-2-21"></a><span class="n">IEnumerable</span><span class="o">&lt;</span><span class="n">T</span><span class="o">&gt;</span><span class="p">.</span><span class="n">All</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="n">Func</span><span class="o">&lt;</span><span class="n">T</span><span class="p">,</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="kt">bool</span><span class="o">&gt;</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="n">predicate</span><span class="p">);</span><span class="w">  </span><span class="c1">// check if condition is true for all elements</span>
+<a id="__codelineno-2-22" name="__codelineno-2-22"></a><span class="n">IEnumerable</span><span class="o">&lt;</span><span class="n">T</span><span class="o">&gt;</span><span class="p">.</span><span class="n">Any</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="n">Func</span><span class="o">&lt;</span><span class="n">T</span><span class="p">,</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="kt">bool</span><span class="o">&gt;</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="n">predicate</span><span class="p">);</span><span class="w">  </span><span class="c1">// check if condition is true for at least one element</span>
+<a id="__codelineno-2-23" name="__codelineno-2-23"></a>
+<a id="__codelineno-2-24" name="__codelineno-2-24"></a><span class="n">IEnumerable</span><span class="o">&lt;</span><span class="n">T</span><span class="o">&gt;</span><span class="p">.</span><span class="n">Concat</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="n">IEnumerable</span><span class="o">&lt;</span><span class="n">T</span><span class="o">&gt;</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="n">enumerable</span><span class="p">);</span>
+<a id="__codelineno-2-25" name="__codelineno-2-25"></a>
+<a id="__codelineno-2-26" name="__codelineno-2-26"></a><span class="c1">// Applies a specified function to the corresponding elements of two sequences, producing a sequence of the results.</span>
+<a id="__codelineno-2-27" name="__codelineno-2-27"></a><span class="n">IEnumerable</span><span class="o">&lt;</span><span class="n">TFirst</span><span class="o">&gt;</span><span class="p">.</span><span class="n">Zip</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="n">IEnumerable</span><span class="o">&lt;</span><span class="n">TSecond</span><span class="o">&gt;</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="n">enumerable</span><span class="p">,</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="n">Func</span><span class="o">&lt;</span><span class="n">TFirst</span><span class="p">,</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="n">TSecond</span><span class="p">,</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="n">TResult</span><span class="o">&gt;</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="n">func</span><span class="p">);</span>
+<a id="__codelineno-2-28" name="__codelineno-2-28"></a><span class="n">IEnumerable</span><span class="o">&lt;</span><span class="n">TFirst</span><span class="o">&gt;</span><span class="p">.</span><span class="n">Zip</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="n">IEnumerable</span><span class="o">&lt;</span><span class="n">TSecond</span><span class="o">&gt;</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="n">enumerable</span><span class="p">);</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="c1">// Produces a sequence of tuples with elements from the two specified sequences.</span>
+</code></pre></div></td></tr></table></div>
+<blockquote>
+<p><strong>Note</strong>: <code>Enumerable</code> provides a set of <code>static</code> methods for querying objects that implement <code>IEnumerable&lt;T&gt;</code>. Most methods are extensions of <code>IEnumerable&lt;T&gt;</code></p>
+</blockquote>
+<div class="highlight"><table class="highlighttable"><tr><th colspan="2" class="filename"><span class="filename">C#</span></th></tr><tr><td class="linenos"><div class="linenodiv"><pre><span></span><span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-3-1">1</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-3-2">2</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-3-3">3</a></span></pre></div></td><td class="code"><div><pre><span></span><code><a id="__codelineno-3-1" name="__codelineno-3-1"></a><span class="n">Enumerable</span><span class="p">.</span><span class="n">Method</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="n">IEnumerable</span><span class="o">&lt;</span><span class="n">T</span><span class="o">&gt;</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="n">source</span><span class="p">,</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="n">args</span><span class="p">);</span>
+<a id="__codelineno-3-2" name="__codelineno-3-2"></a><span class="c1">// if extension method same as</span>
+<a id="__codelineno-3-3" name="__codelineno-3-3"></a><span class="n">IEnumerable</span><span class="o">&lt;</span><span class="n">T</span><span class="o">&gt;</span><span class="p">.</span><span class="n">Method</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="n">args</span><span class="p">);</span>
+</code></pre></div></td></tr></table></div>
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+      <a href="../../python/modules/ftplib.html" class="md-nav__link">
+        
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+      <a href="../../python/modules/itertools.html" class="md-nav__link">
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+    <li class="md-nav__item">
+      <a href="../../python/modules/json.html" class="md-nav__link">
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+    <li class="md-nav__item">
+      <a href="../../python/modules/logging.html" class="md-nav__link">
+        
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+    <li class="md-nav__item">
+      <a href="../../python/modules/shutil.html" class="md-nav__link">
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+    <li class="md-nav__item">
+      <a href="../../python/modules/socket.html" class="md-nav__link">
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+      <a href="../../python/modules/sqlite.html" class="md-nav__link">
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+      <a href="../../python/modules/time-datetime.html" class="md-nav__link">
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+      <a href="../../python/modules/unittest.html" class="md-nav__link">
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+      <a href="../../python/libs/pandas.html" class="md-nav__link">
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+      <a href="../../python/libs/seaborn.html" class="md-nav__link">
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+      <a href="../../python/libs/beautiful-soup.html" class="md-nav__link">
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+      <a href="csharp.html" class="md-nav__link">
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+      
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+<nav class="md-nav md-nav--secondary" aria-label="Table of contents">
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+      Table of contents
+    </label>
+    <ul class="md-nav__list" data-md-component="toc" data-md-scrollfix>
+      
+        <li class="md-nav__item">
+  <a href="#fundamental-interfaces" class="md-nav__link">
+    <span class="md-ellipsis">
+      Fundamental Interfaces
+    </span>
+  </a>
+  
+</li>
+      
+        <li class="md-nav__item">
+  <a href="#operators" class="md-nav__link">
+    <span class="md-ellipsis">
+      Operators
+    </span>
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+  
+    <nav class="md-nav" aria-label="Operators">
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+        
+          <li class="md-nav__item">
+  <a href="#chaining-operators" class="md-nav__link">
+    <span class="md-ellipsis">
+      Chaining Operators
+    </span>
+  </a>
+  
+</li>
+        
+          <li class="md-nav__item">
+  <a href="#creating-observables" class="md-nav__link">
+    <span class="md-ellipsis">
+      Creating Observables
+    </span>
+  </a>
+  
+</li>
+        
+          <li class="md-nav__item">
+  <a href="#transforming-observables" class="md-nav__link">
+    <span class="md-ellipsis">
+      Transforming Observables
+    </span>
+  </a>
+  
+</li>
+        
+          <li class="md-nav__item">
+  <a href="#filtering-observables" class="md-nav__link">
+    <span class="md-ellipsis">
+      Filtering Observables
+    </span>
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+  
+</li>
+        
+          <li class="md-nav__item">
+  <a href="#combining-observables" class="md-nav__link">
+    <span class="md-ellipsis">
+      Combining Observables
+    </span>
+  </a>
+  
+</li>
+        
+          <li class="md-nav__item">
+  <a href="#error-handling-operators" class="md-nav__link">
+    <span class="md-ellipsis">
+      Error Handling Operators
+    </span>
+  </a>
+  
+</li>
+        
+          <li class="md-nav__item">
+  <a href="#observable-utility-operators" class="md-nav__link">
+    <span class="md-ellipsis">
+      Observable Utility Operators
+    </span>
+  </a>
+  
+</li>
+        
+          <li class="md-nav__item">
+  <a href="#conditional-and-boolean-operators" class="md-nav__link">
+    <span class="md-ellipsis">
+      Conditional and Boolean Operators
+    </span>
+  </a>
+  
+</li>
+        
+          <li class="md-nav__item">
+  <a href="#mathematical-and-aggregate-operators" class="md-nav__link">
+    <span class="md-ellipsis">
+      Mathematical and Aggregate Operators
+    </span>
+  </a>
+  
+</li>
+        
+          <li class="md-nav__item">
+  <a href="#connectable-observable-operators" class="md-nav__link">
+    <span class="md-ellipsis">
+      Connectable Observable Operators
+    </span>
+  </a>
+  
+</li>
+        
+          <li class="md-nav__item">
+  <a href="#operators-to-convert-observables" class="md-nav__link">
+    <span class="md-ellipsis">
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+  
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+      
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+      <a href="../asp.net/blazor.html" class="md-nav__link">
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+    
+    
+    <li class="md-nav__item md-nav__item--nested">
+      
+        
+        
+        <input class="md-nav__toggle md-toggle " type="checkbox" id="__nav_4_9_3" >
+        
+          
+          <label class="md-nav__link" for="__nav_4_9_3" id="__nav_4_9_3_label" tabindex="0">
+            
+  
+  <span class="md-ellipsis">
+    Database
+  </span>
+  
+
+            <span class="md-nav__icon md-icon"></span>
+          </label>
+        
+        <nav class="md-nav" data-md-level="3" aria-labelledby="__nav_4_9_3_label" aria-expanded="false">
+          <label class="md-nav__title" for="__nav_4_9_3">
+            <span class="md-nav__icon md-icon"></span>
+            Database
+          </label>
+          <ul class="md-nav__list" data-md-scrollfix>
+            
+              
+                
+  
+  
+  
+  
+    <li class="md-nav__item">
+      <a href="../database/ado.net.html" class="md-nav__link">
+        
+  
+  <span class="md-ellipsis">
+    ADO.NET
+  </span>
+  
+
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+    </li>
+  
+
+              
+            
+              
+                
+  
+  
+  
+  
+    <li class="md-nav__item">
+      <a href="../database/entity-framework.html" class="md-nav__link">
+        
+  
+  <span class="md-ellipsis">
+    Entity Framework
+  </span>
+  
+
+      </a>
+    </li>
+  
+
+              
+            
+          </ul>
+        </nav>
+      
+    </li>
+  
+
+              
+            
+          </ul>
+        </nav>
+      
+    </li>
+  
+
+              
+            
+              
+                
+  
+  
+  
+  
+    
+    
+      
+        
+      
+        
+      
+        
+      
+        
+      
+    
+    
+      
+      
+        
+          
+          
+        
+      
+    
+    
+    <li class="md-nav__item md-nav__item--section md-nav__item--nested">
+      
+        
+        
+        <input class="md-nav__toggle md-toggle " type="checkbox" id="__nav_4_10" >
+        
+          
+          <label class="md-nav__link" for="__nav_4_10" id="__nav_4_10_label" tabindex="">
+            
+  
+  <span class="md-ellipsis">
+    Java
+  </span>
+  
+
+            <span class="md-nav__icon md-icon"></span>
+          </label>
+        
+        <nav class="md-nav" data-md-level="2" aria-labelledby="__nav_4_10_label" aria-expanded="false">
+          <label class="md-nav__title" for="__nav_4_10">
+            <span class="md-nav__icon md-icon"></span>
+            Java
+          </label>
+          <ul class="md-nav__list" data-md-scrollfix>
+            
+              
+                
+  
+  
+  
+  
+    <li class="md-nav__item">
+      <a href="../../java/java.html" class="md-nav__link">
+        
+  
+  <span class="md-ellipsis">
+    Java
+  </span>
+  
+
+      </a>
+    </li>
+  
+
+              
+            
+              
+                
+  
+  
+  
+  
+    <li class="md-nav__item">
+      <a href="../../java/java-collection-framework.html" class="md-nav__link">
+        
+  
+  <span class="md-ellipsis">
+    Java Collection Framework
+  </span>
+  
+
+      </a>
+    </li>
+  
+
+              
+            
+              
+                
+  
+  
+  
+  
+    <li class="md-nav__item">
+      <a href="../../java/dao.html" class="md-nav__link">
+        
+  
+  <span class="md-ellipsis">
+    DAO
+  </span>
+  
+
+      </a>
+    </li>
+  
+
+              
+            
+              
+                
+  
+  
+  
+  
+    
+    
+      
+        
+      
+        
+      
+    
+    
+      
+      
+        
+      
+    
+    
+    <li class="md-nav__item md-nav__item--nested">
+      
+        
+        
+        <input class="md-nav__toggle md-toggle " type="checkbox" id="__nav_4_10_4" >
+        
+          
+          <label class="md-nav__link" for="__nav_4_10_4" id="__nav_4_10_4_label" tabindex="0">
+            
+  
+  <span class="md-ellipsis">
+    Web
+  </span>
+  
+
+            <span class="md-nav__icon md-icon"></span>
+          </label>
+        
+        <nav class="md-nav" data-md-level="3" aria-labelledby="__nav_4_10_4_label" aria-expanded="false">
+          <label class="md-nav__title" for="__nav_4_10_4">
+            <span class="md-nav__icon md-icon"></span>
+            Web
+          </label>
+          <ul class="md-nav__list" data-md-scrollfix>
+            
+              
+                
+  
+  
+  
+  
+    <li class="md-nav__item">
+      <a href="../../java/web/servlet.html" class="md-nav__link">
+        
+  
+  <span class="md-ellipsis">
+    Serverlet
+  </span>
+  
+
+      </a>
+    </li>
+  
+
+              
+            
+              
+                
+  
+  
+  
+  
+    
+    
+      
+        
+      
+        
+      
+    
+    
+      
+      
+        
+      
+    
+    
+    <li class="md-nav__item md-nav__item--nested">
+      
+        
+        
+        <input class="md-nav__toggle md-toggle " type="checkbox" id="__nav_4_10_4_2" >
+        
+          
+          <label class="md-nav__link" for="__nav_4_10_4_2" id="__nav_4_10_4_2_label" tabindex="0">
+            
+  
+  <span class="md-ellipsis">
+    Spring
+  </span>
+  
+
+            <span class="md-nav__icon md-icon"></span>
+          </label>
+        
+        <nav class="md-nav" data-md-level="4" aria-labelledby="__nav_4_10_4_2_label" aria-expanded="false">
+          <label class="md-nav__title" for="__nav_4_10_4_2">
+            <span class="md-nav__icon md-icon"></span>
+            Spring
+          </label>
+          <ul class="md-nav__list" data-md-scrollfix>
+            
+              
+                
+  
+  
+  
+  
+    <li class="md-nav__item">
+      <a href="../../java/spring/pom.xml.html" class="md-nav__link">
+        
+  
+  <span class="md-ellipsis">
+    POM
+  </span>
+  
+
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+    </li>
+  
+
+              
+            
+              
+                
+  
+  
+  
+  
+    <li class="md-nav__item">
+      <a href="../../java/spring/spring-project.html" class="md-nav__link">
+        
+  
+  <span class="md-ellipsis">
+    Project Structure
+  </span>
+  
+
+      </a>
+    </li>
+  
+
+              
+            
+          </ul>
+        </nav>
+      
+    </li>
+  
+
+              
+            
+          </ul>
+        </nav>
+      
+    </li>
+  
+
+              
+            
+          </ul>
+        </nav>
+      
+    </li>
+  
+
+              
+            
+              
+                
+  
+  
+  
+  
+    
+    
+      
+        
+      
+        
+      
+        
+      
+        
+      
+        
+      
+        
+      
+        
+      
+        
+      
+        
+      
+    
+    
+      
+      
+        
+          
+          
+        
+      
+    
+    
+    <li class="md-nav__item md-nav__item--section md-nav__item--nested">
+      
+        
+        
+        <input class="md-nav__toggle md-toggle " type="checkbox" id="__nav_4_11" >
+        
+          
+          <label class="md-nav__link" for="__nav_4_11" id="__nav_4_11_label" tabindex="">
+            
+  
+  <span class="md-ellipsis">
+    PHP
+  </span>
+  
+
+            <span class="md-nav__icon md-icon"></span>
+          </label>
+        
+        <nav class="md-nav" data-md-level="2" aria-labelledby="__nav_4_11_label" aria-expanded="false">
+          <label class="md-nav__title" for="__nav_4_11">
+            <span class="md-nav__icon md-icon"></span>
+            PHP
+          </label>
+          <ul class="md-nav__list" data-md-scrollfix>
+            
+              
+                
+  
+  
+  
+  
+    <li class="md-nav__item">
+      <a href="../../php/php.html" class="md-nav__link">
+        
+  
+  <span class="md-ellipsis">
+    PHP
+  </span>
+  
+
+      </a>
+    </li>
+  
+
+              
+            
+              
+                
+  
+  
+  
+  
+    <li class="md-nav__item">
+      <a href="../../php/database.html" class="md-nav__link">
+        
+  
+  <span class="md-ellipsis">
+    Database
+  </span>
+  
+
+      </a>
+    </li>
+  
+
+              
+            
+              
+                
+  
+  
+  
+  
+    <li class="md-nav__item">
+      <a href="../../php/web.html" class="md-nav__link">
+        
+  
+  <span class="md-ellipsis">
+    Web
+  </span>
+  
+
+      </a>
+    </li>
+  
+
+              
+            
+              
+                
+  
+  
+  
+  
+    <li class="md-nav__item">
+      <a href="../../php/dependency-injection.html" class="md-nav__link">
+        
+  
+  <span class="md-ellipsis">
+    Dependency Injection
+  </span>
+  
+
+      </a>
+    </li>
+  
+
+              
+            
+              
+                
+  
+  
+  
+  
+    <li class="md-nav__item">
+      <a href="../../php/unit-tests.html" class="md-nav__link">
+        
+  
+  <span class="md-ellipsis">
+    Unit Tests
+  </span>
+  
+
+      </a>
+    </li>
+  
+
+              
+            
+              
+                
+  
+  
+  
+  
+    <li class="md-nav__item">
+      <a href="../../php/composer.html" class="md-nav__link">
+        
+  
+  <span class="md-ellipsis">
+    Composer
+  </span>
+  
+
+      </a>
+    </li>
+  
+
+              
+            
+              
+                
+  
+  
+  
+  
+    <li class="md-nav__item">
+      <a href="../../php/psr-7.html" class="md-nav__link">
+        
+  
+  <span class="md-ellipsis">
+    PSR 7
+  </span>
+  
+
+      </a>
+    </li>
+  
+
+              
+            
+              
+                
+  
+  
+  
+  
+    <li class="md-nav__item">
+      <a href="../../php/plates-templating.html" class="md-nav__link">
+        
+  
+  <span class="md-ellipsis">
+    Plates
+  </span>
+  
+
+      </a>
+    </li>
+  
+
+              
+            
+              
+                
+  
+  
+  
+  
+    
+    
+      
+        
+      
+        
+      
+    
+    
+      
+      
+        
+      
+    
+    
+    <li class="md-nav__item md-nav__item--nested">
+      
+        
+        
+        <input class="md-nav__toggle md-toggle " type="checkbox" id="__nav_4_11_9" >
+        
+          
+          <label class="md-nav__link" for="__nav_4_11_9" id="__nav_4_11_9_label" tabindex="0">
+            
+  
+  <span class="md-ellipsis">
+    Simple MVC
+  </span>
+  
+
+            <span class="md-nav__icon md-icon"></span>
+          </label>
+        
+        <nav class="md-nav" data-md-level="3" aria-labelledby="__nav_4_11_9_label" aria-expanded="false">
+          <label class="md-nav__title" for="__nav_4_11_9">
+            <span class="md-nav__icon md-icon"></span>
+            Simple MVC
+          </label>
+          <ul class="md-nav__list" data-md-scrollfix>
+            
+              
+                
+  
+  
+  
+  
+    <li class="md-nav__item">
+      <a href="../../php/simple-mvc/simple-mvc.html" class="md-nav__link">
+        
+  
+  <span class="md-ellipsis">
+    Simple MVC
+  </span>
+  
+
+      </a>
+    </li>
+  
+
+              
+            
+              
+                
+  
+  
+  
+  
+    <li class="md-nav__item">
+      <a href="../../php/simple-mvc/rest-api.html" class="md-nav__link">
+        
+  
+  <span class="md-ellipsis">
+    REST API
+  </span>
+  
+
+      </a>
+    </li>
+  
+
+              
+            
+          </ul>
+        </nav>
+      
+    </li>
+  
+
+              
+            
+          </ul>
+        </nav>
+      
+    </li>
+  
+
+              
+            
+              
+                
+  
+  
+  
+  
+    
+    
+      
+        
+      
+        
+      
+        
+      
+        
+      
+        
+      
+    
+    
+      
+      
+        
+          
+          
+        
+      
+    
+    
+    <li class="md-nav__item md-nav__item--section md-nav__item--nested">
+      
+        
+        
+        <input class="md-nav__toggle md-toggle " type="checkbox" id="__nav_4_12" >
+        
+          
+          <label class="md-nav__link" for="__nav_4_12" id="__nav_4_12_label" tabindex="">
+            
+  
+  <span class="md-ellipsis">
+    Rust
+  </span>
+  
+
+            <span class="md-nav__icon md-icon"></span>
+          </label>
+        
+        <nav class="md-nav" data-md-level="2" aria-labelledby="__nav_4_12_label" aria-expanded="false">
+          <label class="md-nav__title" for="__nav_4_12">
+            <span class="md-nav__icon md-icon"></span>
+            Rust
+          </label>
+          <ul class="md-nav__list" data-md-scrollfix>
+            
+              
+                
+  
+  
+  
+  
+    <li class="md-nav__item">
+      <a href="../../rust/rust.html" class="md-nav__link">
+        
+  
+  <span class="md-ellipsis">
+    Rust
+  </span>
+  
+
+      </a>
+    </li>
+  
+
+              
+            
+              
+                
+  
+  
+  
+  
+    <li class="md-nav__item">
+      <a href="../../rust/macros.html" class="md-nav__link">
+        
+  
+  <span class="md-ellipsis">
+    Macros
+  </span>
+  
+
+      </a>
+    </li>
+  
+
+              
+            
+              
+                
+  
+  
+  
+  
+    <li class="md-nav__item">
+      <a href="../../rust/cargo.html" class="md-nav__link">
+        
+  
+  <span class="md-ellipsis">
+    Cargo
+  </span>
+  
+
+      </a>
+    </li>
+  
+
+              
+            
+              
+                
+  
+  
+  
+  
+    <li class="md-nav__item">
+      <a href="../../rust/concurrency.html" class="md-nav__link">
+        
+  
+  <span class="md-ellipsis">
+    Concurrency
+  </span>
+  
+
+      </a>
+    </li>
+  
+
+              
+            
+              
+                
+  
+  
+  
+  
+    <li class="md-nav__item">
+      <a href="../../rust/unit-tests.html" class="md-nav__link">
+        
+  
+  <span class="md-ellipsis">
+    Unit Tests
+  </span>
+  
+
+      </a>
+    </li>
+  
+
+              
+            
+          </ul>
+        </nav>
+      
+    </li>
+  
+
+              
+            
+              
+                
+  
+  
+  
+  
+    
+    
+      
+        
+      
+        
+      
+        
+      
+        
+      
+        
+      
+        
+      
+        
+      
+    
+    
+      
+      
+        
+          
+          
+        
+      
+    
+    
+    <li class="md-nav__item md-nav__item--section md-nav__item--nested">
+      
+        
+        
+        <input class="md-nav__toggle md-toggle " type="checkbox" id="__nav_4_13" >
+        
+          
+          <label class="md-nav__link" for="__nav_4_13" id="__nav_4_13_label" tabindex="">
+            
+  
+  <span class="md-ellipsis">
+    Javascript
+  </span>
+  
+
+            <span class="md-nav__icon md-icon"></span>
+          </label>
+        
+        <nav class="md-nav" data-md-level="2" aria-labelledby="__nav_4_13_label" aria-expanded="false">
+          <label class="md-nav__title" for="__nav_4_13">
+            <span class="md-nav__icon md-icon"></span>
+            Javascript
+          </label>
+          <ul class="md-nav__list" data-md-scrollfix>
+            
+              
+                
+  
+  
+  
+  
+    <li class="md-nav__item">
+      <a href="../../javascript/javascript.html" class="md-nav__link">
+        
+  
+  <span class="md-ellipsis">
+    Javascript
+  </span>
+  
+
+      </a>
+    </li>
+  
+
+              
+            
+              
+                
+  
+  
+  
+  
+    <li class="md-nav__item">
+      <a href="../../javascript/dom.html" class="md-nav__link">
+        
+  
+  <span class="md-ellipsis">
+    DOM
+  </span>
+  
+
+      </a>
+    </li>
+  
+
+              
+            
+              
+                
+  
+  
+  
+  
+    <li class="md-nav__item">
+      <a href="../../javascript/events-animation.html" class="md-nav__link">
+        
+  
+  <span class="md-ellipsis">
+    Events & Animation
+  </span>
+  
+
+      </a>
+    </li>
+  
+
+              
+            
+              
+                
+  
+  
+  
+  
+    <li class="md-nav__item">
+      <a href="../../javascript/ajax.html" class="md-nav__link">
+        
+  
+  <span class="md-ellipsis">
+    AJAX
+  </span>
+  
+
+      </a>
+    </li>
+  
+
+              
+            
+              
+                
+  
+  
+  
+  
+    <li class="md-nav__item">
+      <a href="../../javascript/jquery.html" class="md-nav__link">
+        
+  
+  <span class="md-ellipsis">
+    jQuery
+  </span>
+  
+
+      </a>
+    </li>
+  
+
+              
+            
+              
+                
+  
+  
+  
+  
+    
+    
+      
+        
+      
+        
+      
+        
+      
+        
+      
+        
+      
+    
+    
+      
+      
+        
+      
+    
+    
+    <li class="md-nav__item md-nav__item--nested">
+      
+        
+        
+        <input class="md-nav__toggle md-toggle " type="checkbox" id="__nav_4_13_6" >
+        
+          
+          <label class="md-nav__link" for="__nav_4_13_6" id="__nav_4_13_6_label" tabindex="0">
+            
+  
+  <span class="md-ellipsis">
+    React
+  </span>
+  
+
+            <span class="md-nav__icon md-icon"></span>
+          </label>
+        
+        <nav class="md-nav" data-md-level="3" aria-labelledby="__nav_4_13_6_label" aria-expanded="false">
+          <label class="md-nav__title" for="__nav_4_13_6">
+            <span class="md-nav__icon md-icon"></span>
+            React
+          </label>
+          <ul class="md-nav__list" data-md-scrollfix>
+            
+              
+                
+  
+  
+  
+  
+    <li class="md-nav__item">
+      <a href="../../javascript/react/react.html" class="md-nav__link">
+        
+  
+  <span class="md-ellipsis">
+    React
+  </span>
+  
+
+      </a>
+    </li>
+  
+
+              
+            
+              
+                
+  
+  
+  
+  
+    <li class="md-nav__item">
+      <a href="../../javascript/react/react-router.html" class="md-nav__link">
+        
+  
+  <span class="md-ellipsis">
+    React Router
+  </span>
+  
+
+      </a>
+    </li>
+  
+
+              
+            
+              
+                
+  
+  
+  
+  
+    <li class="md-nav__item">
+      <a href="../../javascript/react/react-tests.html" class="md-nav__link">
+        
+  
+  <span class="md-ellipsis">
+    React Tests
+  </span>
+  
+
+      </a>
+    </li>
+  
+
+              
+            
+              
+                
+  
+  
+  
+  
+    <li class="md-nav__item">
+      <a href="../../javascript/react/redux.html" class="md-nav__link">
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+      <a href="../../javascript/svelte/svelte.html" class="md-nav__link">
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+      <a href="../../powershell/commands.html" class="md-nav__link">
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+    <li class="md-nav__item">
+      <a href="../../bash/scripting.html" class="md-nav__link">
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+    <li class="md-nav__item">
+      <a href="../../bash/commands.html" class="md-nav__link">
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+    Commands
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+    Misc
+  </span>
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+        <nav class="md-nav" data-md-level="1" aria-labelledby="__nav_5_label" aria-expanded="false">
+          <label class="md-nav__title" for="__nav_5">
+            <span class="md-nav__icon md-icon"></span>
+            Misc
+          </label>
+          <ul class="md-nav__list" data-md-scrollfix>
+            
+              
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+  
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+  
+  
+    <li class="md-nav__item">
+      <a href="../../../misc/git.html" class="md-nav__link">
+        
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+  <span class="md-ellipsis">
+    Git
+  </span>
+  
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+    </li>
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+              
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+  
+  
+  
+    <li class="md-nav__item">
+      <a href="../../../misc/graph-ql.html" class="md-nav__link">
+        
+  
+  <span class="md-ellipsis">
+    GraphQL
+  </span>
+  
+
+      </a>
+    </li>
+  
+
+              
+            
+              
+                
+  
+  
+  
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+    <li class="md-nav__item">
+      <a href="../../../misc/regular-expressions.html" class="md-nav__link">
+        
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+  <span class="md-ellipsis">
+    RegEx
+  </span>
+  
+
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+    </li>
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+    <li class="md-nav__item">
+      <a href="../../../misc/ssh.html" class="md-nav__link">
+        
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+  <span class="md-ellipsis">
+    SSH
+  </span>
+  
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+    </li>
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+    <li class="md-nav__item">
+      <a href="../../../misc/web-components.html" class="md-nav__link">
+        
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+  <span class="md-ellipsis">
+    WebComponents
+  </span>
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+          <label class="md-nav__link" for="__nav_6" id="__nav_6_label" tabindex="0">
+            
+  
+  <span class="md-ellipsis">
+    Linux
+  </span>
+  
+
+            <span class="md-nav__icon md-icon"></span>
+          </label>
+        
+        <nav class="md-nav" data-md-level="1" aria-labelledby="__nav_6_label" aria-expanded="false">
+          <label class="md-nav__title" for="__nav_6">
+            <span class="md-nav__icon md-icon"></span>
+            Linux
+          </label>
+          <ul class="md-nav__list" data-md-scrollfix>
+            
+              
+                
+  
+  
+  
+  
+    
+    
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+    
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+      
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+        <input class="md-nav__toggle md-toggle " type="checkbox" id="__nav_6_1" >
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+          <label class="md-nav__link" for="__nav_6_1" id="__nav_6_1_label" tabindex="0">
+            
+  
+  <span class="md-ellipsis">
+    Filesystem
+  </span>
+  
+
+            <span class="md-nav__icon md-icon"></span>
+          </label>
+        
+        <nav class="md-nav" data-md-level="2" aria-labelledby="__nav_6_1_label" aria-expanded="false">
+          <label class="md-nav__title" for="__nav_6_1">
+            <span class="md-nav__icon md-icon"></span>
+            Filesystem
+          </label>
+          <ul class="md-nav__list" data-md-scrollfix>
+            
+              
+                
+  
+  
+  
+  
+    <li class="md-nav__item">
+      <a href="../../../linux/filesystem/file-links.html" class="md-nav__link">
+        
+  
+  <span class="md-ellipsis">
+    File Links
+  </span>
+  
+
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+    </li>
+  
+
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+                
+  
+  
+  
+  
+    <li class="md-nav__item">
+      <a href="../../../linux/filesystem/procfs.html" class="md-nav__link">
+        
+  
+  <span class="md-ellipsis">
+    /proc
+  </span>
+  
+
+      </a>
+    </li>
+  
+
+              
+            
+              
+                
+  
+  
+  
+  
+    <li class="md-nav__item">
+      <a href="../../../linux/filesystem/sysfs.html" class="md-nav__link">
+        
+  
+  <span class="md-ellipsis">
+    /sys
+  </span>
+  
+
+      </a>
+    </li>
+  
+
+              
+            
+          </ul>
+        </nav>
+      
+    </li>
+  
+
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+                
+  
+  
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+      
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+        <input class="md-nav__toggle md-toggle " type="checkbox" id="__nav_6_2" >
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+          <label class="md-nav__link" for="__nav_6_2" id="__nav_6_2_label" tabindex="0">
+            
+  
+  <span class="md-ellipsis">
+    System Init
+  </span>
+  
+
+            <span class="md-nav__icon md-icon"></span>
+          </label>
+        
+        <nav class="md-nav" data-md-level="2" aria-labelledby="__nav_6_2_label" aria-expanded="false">
+          <label class="md-nav__title" for="__nav_6_2">
+            <span class="md-nav__icon md-icon"></span>
+            System Init
+          </label>
+          <ul class="md-nav__list" data-md-scrollfix>
+            
+              
+                
+  
+  
+  
+  
+    <li class="md-nav__item">
+      <a href="../../../linux/init/systemd.html" class="md-nav__link">
+        
+  
+  <span class="md-ellipsis">
+    Systemd
+  </span>
+  
+
+      </a>
+    </li>
+  
+
+              
+            
+              
+                
+  
+  
+  
+  
+    <li class="md-nav__item">
+      <a href="../../../linux/init/open-rc.html" class="md-nav__link">
+        
+  
+  <span class="md-ellipsis">
+    OpenRC
+  </span>
+  
+
+      </a>
+    </li>
+  
+
+              
+            
+          </ul>
+        </nav>
+      
+    </li>
+  
+
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+          </ul>
+        </nav>
+      
+    </li>
+  
+
+    
+  </ul>
+</nav>
+                  </div>
+                </div>
+              </div>
+            
+            
+              
+              <div class="md-sidebar md-sidebar--secondary" data-md-component="sidebar" data-md-type="toc" >
+                <div class="md-sidebar__scrollwrap">
+                  <div class="md-sidebar__inner">
+                    
+
+<nav class="md-nav md-nav--secondary" aria-label="Table of contents">
+  
+  
+  
+    
+  
+  
+    <label class="md-nav__title" for="__toc">
+      <span class="md-nav__icon md-icon"></span>
+      Table of contents
+    </label>
+    <ul class="md-nav__list" data-md-component="toc" data-md-scrollfix>
+      
+        <li class="md-nav__item">
+  <a href="#fundamental-interfaces" class="md-nav__link">
+    <span class="md-ellipsis">
+      Fundamental Interfaces
+    </span>
+  </a>
+  
+</li>
+      
+        <li class="md-nav__item">
+  <a href="#operators" class="md-nav__link">
+    <span class="md-ellipsis">
+      Operators
+    </span>
+  </a>
+  
+    <nav class="md-nav" aria-label="Operators">
+      <ul class="md-nav__list">
+        
+          <li class="md-nav__item">
+  <a href="#chaining-operators" class="md-nav__link">
+    <span class="md-ellipsis">
+      Chaining Operators
+    </span>
+  </a>
+  
+</li>
+        
+          <li class="md-nav__item">
+  <a href="#creating-observables" class="md-nav__link">
+    <span class="md-ellipsis">
+      Creating Observables
+    </span>
+  </a>
+  
+</li>
+        
+          <li class="md-nav__item">
+  <a href="#transforming-observables" class="md-nav__link">
+    <span class="md-ellipsis">
+      Transforming Observables
+    </span>
+  </a>
+  
+</li>
+        
+          <li class="md-nav__item">
+  <a href="#filtering-observables" class="md-nav__link">
+    <span class="md-ellipsis">
+      Filtering Observables
+    </span>
+  </a>
+  
+</li>
+        
+          <li class="md-nav__item">
+  <a href="#combining-observables" class="md-nav__link">
+    <span class="md-ellipsis">
+      Combining Observables
+    </span>
+  </a>
+  
+</li>
+        
+          <li class="md-nav__item">
+  <a href="#error-handling-operators" class="md-nav__link">
+    <span class="md-ellipsis">
+      Error Handling Operators
+    </span>
+  </a>
+  
+</li>
+        
+          <li class="md-nav__item">
+  <a href="#observable-utility-operators" class="md-nav__link">
+    <span class="md-ellipsis">
+      Observable Utility Operators
+    </span>
+  </a>
+  
+</li>
+        
+          <li class="md-nav__item">
+  <a href="#conditional-and-boolean-operators" class="md-nav__link">
+    <span class="md-ellipsis">
+      Conditional and Boolean Operators
+    </span>
+  </a>
+  
+</li>
+        
+          <li class="md-nav__item">
+  <a href="#mathematical-and-aggregate-operators" class="md-nav__link">
+    <span class="md-ellipsis">
+      Mathematical and Aggregate Operators
+    </span>
+  </a>
+  
+</li>
+        
+          <li class="md-nav__item">
+  <a href="#connectable-observable-operators" class="md-nav__link">
+    <span class="md-ellipsis">
+      Connectable Observable Operators
+    </span>
+  </a>
+  
+</li>
+        
+          <li class="md-nav__item">
+  <a href="#operators-to-convert-observables" class="md-nav__link">
+    <span class="md-ellipsis">
+      Operators to Convert Observables
+    </span>
+  </a>
+  
+</li>
+        
+      </ul>
+    </nav>
+  
+</li>
+      
+    </ul>
+  
+</nav>
+                  </div>
+                </div>
+              </div>
+            
+          
+          
+            <div class="md-content" data-md-component="content">
+              <article class="md-content__inner md-typeset">
+                
+                  
+
+  
+  
+
+
+<h1 id="reactive-extensions-rx">Reactive Extensions (Rx)</h1>
+<p><a href="https://reactivex.io" title="ReactiveX website">ReactiveX</a></p>
+<p>The <strong>Reactive Extensions</strong> for .NET, or <strong>Rx</strong>, are designed for working with asynchronous and event-based sources of information.
+Rx provides services that help orchestrate and synchronize the way code reacts to data from these kinds of sources.</p>
+<p>Rx's fundamental abstraction, <code>IObservable&lt;T&gt;</code>, represents a sequence of items, and its operators are defined as extension methods for this interface.</p>
+<p>This might sound a lot like LINQ to Objects, and there are similarities, not only does <code>IObservable&lt;T&gt;</code> have a lot in common with <code>IEnumerable&lt;T&gt;</code>, but Rx also supports almost all of the standard LINQ operators.</p>
+<p>The difference is that in Rx, sequences are less passive. Unlike <code>IEnumerable&lt;T&gt;</code>, Rx sources do not wait to be asked for their items, nor can the consumer
+of an Rx source demand to be given the next item. Instead, Rx uses a <em>push</em> model in which <em>the source notifies</em> its recipients when items are available.</p>
+<p>Because Rx implements standard LINQ operators, it's possible to write queries against a live source. Rx goes beyond standard LINQ, adding its own operators that take into account the temporal nature of a live event source.</p>
+<h2 id="fundamental-interfaces">Fundamental Interfaces</h2>
+<p>The two most important types in Rx are the <code>IObservable&lt;T&gt;</code> and <code>IObserver&lt;T&gt;</code> interfaces.<br />
+They are important enough to be in the System namespace. The other parts of Rx are in the <code>System.Reactive</code> NuGet package.</p>
+<div class="highlight"><table class="highlighttable"><tr><th colspan="2" class="filename"><span class="filename">C#</span></th></tr><tr><td class="linenos"><div class="linenodiv"><pre><span></span><span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-0-1"> 1</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-0-2"> 2</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-0-3"> 3</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-0-4"> 4</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-0-5"> 5</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-0-6"> 6</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-0-7"> 7</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-0-8"> 8</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-0-9"> 9</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-0-10">10</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-0-11">11</a></span></pre></div></td><td class="code"><div><pre><span></span><code><a id="__codelineno-0-1" name="__codelineno-0-1"></a><span class="k">public</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="k">interface</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="n">IObservable</span><span class="o">&lt;</span><span class="k">out</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="n">T</span><span class="o">&gt;</span>
+<a id="__codelineno-0-2" name="__codelineno-0-2"></a><span class="p">{</span>
+<a id="__codelineno-0-3" name="__codelineno-0-3"></a><span class="w">    </span><span class="n">IDisposable</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="nf">Subscribe</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="n">IObserver</span><span class="o">&lt;</span><span class="n">T</span><span class="o">&gt;</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="n">observer</span><span class="p">);</span>
+<a id="__codelineno-0-4" name="__codelineno-0-4"></a><span class="p">}</span>
+<a id="__codelineno-0-5" name="__codelineno-0-5"></a>
+<a id="__codelineno-0-6" name="__codelineno-0-6"></a><span class="k">public</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="k">interface</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="n">IObserver</span><span class="o">&lt;</span><span class="k">in</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="n">T</span><span class="o">&gt;</span>
+<a id="__codelineno-0-7" name="__codelineno-0-7"></a><span class="p">{</span>
+<a id="__codelineno-0-8" name="__codelineno-0-8"></a><span class="w">    </span><span class="k">void</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="nf">OnCompleted</span><span class="p">();</span>
+<a id="__codelineno-0-9" name="__codelineno-0-9"></a><span class="w">    </span><span class="k">void</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="nf">OnError</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="n">Exception</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="n">error</span><span class="p">);</span>
+<a id="__codelineno-0-10" name="__codelineno-0-10"></a><span class="w">    </span><span class="k">void</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="nf">OnNext</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="n">T</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="k">value</span><span class="p">);</span>
+<a id="__codelineno-0-11" name="__codelineno-0-11"></a><span class="p">}</span>
+</code></pre></div></td></tr></table></div>
+<p>The fundamental abstraction in Rx, <code>IObservable&lt;T&gt;</code>, is implemented by <em>event sources</em>. Instead of using the <code>event</code> keyword, it models events as a <em>sequence of items</em>.<br />
+An <code>IObservable&lt;T&gt;</code> provides items to subscribers as and when it’s ready to do so.</p>
+<p>It's possible to subscribe to a source by passing an implementation of <code>IObserver&lt;T&gt;</code> to the <code>Subscribe</code> method.
+The source will invoke <code>OnNext</code> when it wants to report events, and it can call <code>OnCompleted</code> to indicate that there will be no further activity.
+If the source wants to report an error, it can call <code>OnError</code>.
+Both <code>OnCompleted</code> and <code>OnError</code> indicate the end of the stream, an observable should not call any further methods on the observer after that.</p>
+<h2 id="operators">Operators</h2>
+<h3 id="chaining-operators">Chaining Operators</h3>
+<p>Most operators operate on an Observable and return an Observable. This allows to apply these operators one after the other, in a chain.
+Each operator in the chain modifies the Observable that results from the operation of the previous operator.<br />
+A chain of Observable operators do not operate independently on the original Observable that originates the chain,
+but they operate <em>in turn</em>, each one operating on the Observable generated by the operator immediately previous in the chain.</p>
+<h3 id="creating-observables">Creating Observables</h3>
+<p>Operators that originate new Observables.</p>
+<ul>
+<li><code>Create</code>: create an Observable from scratch by calling observer methods programmatically</li>
+<li><code>Defer</code>: do not create the Observable until the observer subscribes, and create a fresh Observable for each observer</li>
+<li><code>Empty/Never/Throw</code>: create Observables that have very precise and limited behavior</li>
+<li><code>From*</code>: convert some other object or data structure into an Observable</li>
+<li><code>Interval</code>: create an Observable that emits a sequence of integers spaced by a particular time interval</li>
+<li><code>Return (aka Just)</code>: convert an object or a set of objects into an Observable that emits that or those objects</li>
+<li><code>Range</code>: create an Observable that emits a range of sequential integers</li>
+<li><code>Repeat</code>: create an Observable that emits a particular item or sequence of items repeatedly</li>
+<li><code>Start</code>: create an Observable that emits the return value of a function</li>
+<li><code>Timer</code>: create an Observable that emits a single item after a given delay</li>
+</ul>
+<h3 id="transforming-observables">Transforming Observables</h3>
+<p>Operators that transform items that are emitted by an Observable.</p>
+<ul>
+<li><code>Buffer</code>: periodically gather items from an Observable into bundles and emit these bundles rather than emitting the items one at a time</li>
+<li><code>SelectMany (aka FlatMap)</code>: transform the items emitted by an Observable into Observables, then flatten the emissions from those into a single Observable</li>
+<li><code>GroupBy</code>: divide an Observable into a set of Observables that each emit a different group of items from the original Observable, organized by key</li>
+<li><code>Select (aka Map)</code>: transform the items emitted by an Observable by applying a function to each item</li>
+<li><code>Scan</code>: apply a function to each item emitted by an Observable, sequentially, and emit each successive value</li>
+<li><code>Window</code>: periodically subdivide items from an Observable into Observable windows and emit these windows rather than emitting the items one at a time</li>
+</ul>
+<h3 id="filtering-observables">Filtering Observables</h3>
+<p>Operators that selectively emit items from a source Observable.</p>
+<ul>
+<li><code>Throttle (aka Debounce)</code>: only emit an item from an Observable if a particular timespan has passed without it emitting another item</li>
+<li><code>Distinct</code>: suppress duplicate items emitted by an Observable</li>
+<li><code>ElementAt</code>: emit only item n emitted by an Observable</li>
+<li><code>Where (aka Filter)</code>: emit only those items from an Observable that pass a predicate test</li>
+<li><code>First</code>: emit only the first item, or the first item that meets a condition, from an Observable</li>
+<li><code>IgnoreElements</code>: do not emit any items from an Observable but mirror its termination notification</li>
+<li><code>Last</code>: emit only the last item emitted by an Observable</li>
+<li><code>Sample</code>: emit the most recent item emitted by an Observable within periodic time intervals</li>
+<li><code>Skip</code>: suppress the first n items emitted by an Observable</li>
+<li><code>SkipLast</code>: suppress the last n items emitted by an Observable</li>
+<li><code>Take</code>: emit only the first n items emitted by an Observable</li>
+<li><code>TakeLast</code>: emit only the last n items emitted by an Observable</li>
+</ul>
+<h3 id="combining-observables">Combining Observables</h3>
+<p>Operators that work with multiple source Observables to create a single Observable</p>
+<ul>
+<li><code>And/Then/When</code>: combine sets of items emitted by two or more Observables by means of Pattern and Plan intermediaries</li>
+<li><code>CombineLatest</code>: when an item is emitted by either of two Observables, combine the latest item emitted by each Observable via a specified function and emit items based on the results of this function</li>
+<li><code>Join</code>: combine items emitted by two Observables whenever an item from one Observable is emitted during a time window defined according to an item emitted by the other Observable</li>
+<li><code>Merge</code>: combine multiple Observables into one by merging their emissions</li>
+<li><code>StartWith</code>: emit a specified sequence of items before beginning to emit the items from the source Observable</li>
+<li><code>Switch</code>: convert an Observable that emits Observables into a single Observable that emits the items emitted by the most-recently-emitted of those Observables</li>
+<li><code>Zip</code>: combine the emissions of multiple Observables together via a specified function and emit single items for each combination based on the results of this function</li>
+</ul>
+<h3 id="error-handling-operators">Error Handling Operators</h3>
+<p>Operators that help to recover from error notifications from an Observable</p>
+<ul>
+<li><code>Catch</code>: recover from an onError notification by continuing the sequence without error</li>
+<li><code>Retry</code>: if a source Observable sends an onError notification, resubscribe to it in the hopes that it will complete without error</li>
+</ul>
+<h3 id="observable-utility-operators">Observable Utility Operators</h3>
+<p>A toolbox of useful Operators for working with Observables</p>
+<ul>
+<li><code>Delay</code>: shift the emissions from an Observable forward in time by a particular amount</li>
+<li><code>Do</code>: register an action to take upon a variety of Observable lifecycle events</li>
+<li><code>Materialize/Dematerialize</code>: represent both the items emitted and the notifications sent as emitted items, or reverse this process</li>
+<li><code>ObserveOn</code>: specify the scheduler on which an observer will observe this Observable</li>
+<li><code>Synchronize (aka Serialize)</code>: force an Observable to make serialized calls and to be well-behaved</li>
+<li><code>Subscribe</code>: operate upon the emissions and notifications from an Observable</li>
+<li><code>SubscribeOn</code>: specify the scheduler an Observable should use when it is subscribed to</li>
+<li><code>TimeInterval</code>: convert an Observable that emits items into one that emits indications of the amount of time elapsed between those emissions</li>
+<li><code>Timeout</code>: mirror the source Observable, but issue an error notification if a particular period of time elapses without any emitted items</li>
+<li><code>Timestamp</code>: attach a timestamp to each item emitted by an Observable</li>
+<li><code>Using</code>: create a disposable resource that has the same lifespan as the Observable</li>
+</ul>
+<h3 id="conditional-and-boolean-operators">Conditional and Boolean Operators</h3>
+<p>Operators that evaluate one or more Observables or items emitted by Observables</p>
+<ul>
+<li><code>All</code>: determine whether all items emitted by an Observable meet some criteria</li>
+<li><code>Amb</code>: given two or more source Observables, emit all of the items from only the first of these Observables to emit an item</li>
+<li><code>Contains</code>: determine whether an Observable emits a particular item or not</li>
+<li><code>DefaultIfEmpty</code>: emit items from the source Observable, or a default item if the source Observable emits nothing</li>
+<li><code>SequenceEqual</code>: determine whether two Observables emit the same sequence of items</li>
+<li><code>SkipUntil</code>: discard items emitted by an Observable until a second Observable emits an item</li>
+<li><code>SkipWhile</code>: discard items emitted by an Observable until a specified condition becomes false</li>
+<li><code>TakeUntil</code>: discard items emitted by an Observable after a second Observable emits an item or terminates</li>
+<li><code>TakeWhile</code>: discard items emitted by an Observable after a specified condition becomes false</li>
+</ul>
+<h3 id="mathematical-and-aggregate-operators">Mathematical and Aggregate Operators</h3>
+<p>Operators that operate on the entire sequence of items emitted by an Observable</p>
+<ul>
+<li><code>Average</code>: calculates the average of numbers emitted by an Observable and emits this average</li>
+<li><code>Concat</code>: emit the emissions from two or more Observables without interleaving them</li>
+<li><code>Count</code>: count the number of items emitted by the source Observable and emit only this value</li>
+<li><code>Max</code>: determine, and emit, the maximum-valued item emitted by an Observable</li>
+<li><code>Min</code>: determine, and emit, the minimum-valued item emitted by an Observable</li>
+<li><code>Aggregate (aka Reduce)</code>: apply a function to each item emitted by an Observable, sequentially, and emit the final value</li>
+<li><code>Sum</code>: calculate the sum of numbers emitted by an Observable and emit this sum</li>
+</ul>
+<h3 id="connectable-observable-operators">Connectable Observable Operators</h3>
+<p>Specialty Observables that have more precisely-controlled subscription dynamics</p>
+<ul>
+<li><code>Connect</code>: instruct a connectable Observable to begin emitting items to its subscribers</li>
+<li><code>Publish</code>: convert an ordinary Observable into a connectable Observable</li>
+<li><code>RefCount</code>: make a Connectable Observable behave like an ordinary Observable</li>
+<li><code>Replay</code>: ensure that all observers see the same sequence of emitted items, even if they subscribe after the Observable has begun emitting items</li>
+</ul>
+<h3 id="operators-to-convert-observables">Operators to Convert Observables</h3>
+<ul>
+<li><code>To*</code>: convert an Observable into another object or data structure</li>
+</ul>
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+      <a href="../../python/modules/logging.html" class="md-nav__link">
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+      <a href="../../python/modules/shutil.html" class="md-nav__link">
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+  
+    <li class="md-nav__item">
+      <a href="../asp.net/razor-syntax.html" class="md-nav__link">
+        
+  
+  <span class="md-ellipsis">
+    Razor Syntax
+  </span>
+  
+
+      </a>
+    </li>
+  
+
+              
+            
+              
+                
+  
+  
+  
+  
+    <li class="md-nav__item">
+      <a href="../asp.net/blazor.html" class="md-nav__link">
+        
+  
+  <span class="md-ellipsis">
+    Blazor
+  </span>
+  
+
+      </a>
+    </li>
+  
+
+              
+            
+              
+                
+  
+  
+  
+  
+    <li class="md-nav__item">
+      <a href="../asp.net/signalr.html" class="md-nav__link">
+        
+  
+  <span class="md-ellipsis">
+    SignalR
+  </span>
+  
+
+      </a>
+    </li>
+  
+
+              
+            
+              
+                
+  
+  
+  
+  
+    <li class="md-nav__item">
+      <a href="../asp.net/web-forms.html" class="md-nav__link">
+        
+  
+  <span class="md-ellipsis">
+    Web Forms
+  </span>
+  
+
+      </a>
+    </li>
+  
+
+              
+            
+          </ul>
+        </nav>
+      
+    </li>
+  
+
+              
+            
+              
+                
+  
+  
+  
+  
+    
+    
+      
+        
+      
+        
+      
+    
+    
+      
+      
+        
+      
+    
+    
+    <li class="md-nav__item md-nav__item--nested">
+      
+        
+        
+        <input class="md-nav__toggle md-toggle " type="checkbox" id="__nav_4_9_3" >
+        
+          
+          <label class="md-nav__link" for="__nav_4_9_3" id="__nav_4_9_3_label" tabindex="0">
+            
+  
+  <span class="md-ellipsis">
+    Database
+  </span>
+  
+
+            <span class="md-nav__icon md-icon"></span>
+          </label>
+        
+        <nav class="md-nav" data-md-level="3" aria-labelledby="__nav_4_9_3_label" aria-expanded="false">
+          <label class="md-nav__title" for="__nav_4_9_3">
+            <span class="md-nav__icon md-icon"></span>
+            Database
+          </label>
+          <ul class="md-nav__list" data-md-scrollfix>
+            
+              
+                
+  
+  
+  
+  
+    <li class="md-nav__item">
+      <a href="../database/ado.net.html" class="md-nav__link">
+        
+  
+  <span class="md-ellipsis">
+    ADO.NET
+  </span>
+  
+
+      </a>
+    </li>
+  
+
+              
+            
+              
+                
+  
+  
+  
+  
+    <li class="md-nav__item">
+      <a href="../database/entity-framework.html" class="md-nav__link">
+        
+  
+  <span class="md-ellipsis">
+    Entity Framework
+  </span>
+  
+
+      </a>
+    </li>
+  
+
+              
+            
+          </ul>
+        </nav>
+      
+    </li>
+  
+
+              
+            
+          </ul>
+        </nav>
+      
+    </li>
+  
+
+              
+            
+              
+                
+  
+  
+  
+  
+    
+    
+      
+        
+      
+        
+      
+        
+      
+        
+      
+    
+    
+      
+      
+        
+          
+          
+        
+      
+    
+    
+    <li class="md-nav__item md-nav__item--section md-nav__item--nested">
+      
+        
+        
+        <input class="md-nav__toggle md-toggle " type="checkbox" id="__nav_4_10" >
+        
+          
+          <label class="md-nav__link" for="__nav_4_10" id="__nav_4_10_label" tabindex="">
+            
+  
+  <span class="md-ellipsis">
+    Java
+  </span>
+  
+
+            <span class="md-nav__icon md-icon"></span>
+          </label>
+        
+        <nav class="md-nav" data-md-level="2" aria-labelledby="__nav_4_10_label" aria-expanded="false">
+          <label class="md-nav__title" for="__nav_4_10">
+            <span class="md-nav__icon md-icon"></span>
+            Java
+          </label>
+          <ul class="md-nav__list" data-md-scrollfix>
+            
+              
+                
+  
+  
+  
+  
+    <li class="md-nav__item">
+      <a href="../../java/java.html" class="md-nav__link">
+        
+  
+  <span class="md-ellipsis">
+    Java
+  </span>
+  
+
+      </a>
+    </li>
+  
+
+              
+            
+              
+                
+  
+  
+  
+  
+    <li class="md-nav__item">
+      <a href="../../java/java-collection-framework.html" class="md-nav__link">
+        
+  
+  <span class="md-ellipsis">
+    Java Collection Framework
+  </span>
+  
+
+      </a>
+    </li>
+  
+
+              
+            
+              
+                
+  
+  
+  
+  
+    <li class="md-nav__item">
+      <a href="../../java/dao.html" class="md-nav__link">
+        
+  
+  <span class="md-ellipsis">
+    DAO
+  </span>
+  
+
+      </a>
+    </li>
+  
+
+              
+            
+              
+                
+  
+  
+  
+  
+    
+    
+      
+        
+      
+        
+      
+    
+    
+      
+      
+        
+      
+    
+    
+    <li class="md-nav__item md-nav__item--nested">
+      
+        
+        
+        <input class="md-nav__toggle md-toggle " type="checkbox" id="__nav_4_10_4" >
+        
+          
+          <label class="md-nav__link" for="__nav_4_10_4" id="__nav_4_10_4_label" tabindex="0">
+            
+  
+  <span class="md-ellipsis">
+    Web
+  </span>
+  
+
+            <span class="md-nav__icon md-icon"></span>
+          </label>
+        
+        <nav class="md-nav" data-md-level="3" aria-labelledby="__nav_4_10_4_label" aria-expanded="false">
+          <label class="md-nav__title" for="__nav_4_10_4">
+            <span class="md-nav__icon md-icon"></span>
+            Web
+          </label>
+          <ul class="md-nav__list" data-md-scrollfix>
+            
+              
+                
+  
+  
+  
+  
+    <li class="md-nav__item">
+      <a href="../../java/web/servlet.html" class="md-nav__link">
+        
+  
+  <span class="md-ellipsis">
+    Serverlet
+  </span>
+  
+
+      </a>
+    </li>
+  
+
+              
+            
+              
+                
+  
+  
+  
+  
+    
+    
+      
+        
+      
+        
+      
+    
+    
+      
+      
+        
+      
+    
+    
+    <li class="md-nav__item md-nav__item--nested">
+      
+        
+        
+        <input class="md-nav__toggle md-toggle " type="checkbox" id="__nav_4_10_4_2" >
+        
+          
+          <label class="md-nav__link" for="__nav_4_10_4_2" id="__nav_4_10_4_2_label" tabindex="0">
+            
+  
+  <span class="md-ellipsis">
+    Spring
+  </span>
+  
+
+            <span class="md-nav__icon md-icon"></span>
+          </label>
+        
+        <nav class="md-nav" data-md-level="4" aria-labelledby="__nav_4_10_4_2_label" aria-expanded="false">
+          <label class="md-nav__title" for="__nav_4_10_4_2">
+            <span class="md-nav__icon md-icon"></span>
+            Spring
+          </label>
+          <ul class="md-nav__list" data-md-scrollfix>
+            
+              
+                
+  
+  
+  
+  
+    <li class="md-nav__item">
+      <a href="../../java/spring/pom.xml.html" class="md-nav__link">
+        
+  
+  <span class="md-ellipsis">
+    POM
+  </span>
+  
+
+      </a>
+    </li>
+  
+
+              
+            
+              
+                
+  
+  
+  
+  
+    <li class="md-nav__item">
+      <a href="../../java/spring/spring-project.html" class="md-nav__link">
+        
+  
+  <span class="md-ellipsis">
+    Project Structure
+  </span>
+  
+
+      </a>
+    </li>
+  
+
+              
+            
+          </ul>
+        </nav>
+      
+    </li>
+  
+
+              
+            
+          </ul>
+        </nav>
+      
+    </li>
+  
+
+              
+            
+          </ul>
+        </nav>
+      
+    </li>
+  
+
+              
+            
+              
+                
+  
+  
+  
+  
+    
+    
+      
+        
+      
+        
+      
+        
+      
+        
+      
+        
+      
+        
+      
+        
+      
+        
+      
+        
+      
+    
+    
+      
+      
+        
+          
+          
+        
+      
+    
+    
+    <li class="md-nav__item md-nav__item--section md-nav__item--nested">
+      
+        
+        
+        <input class="md-nav__toggle md-toggle " type="checkbox" id="__nav_4_11" >
+        
+          
+          <label class="md-nav__link" for="__nav_4_11" id="__nav_4_11_label" tabindex="">
+            
+  
+  <span class="md-ellipsis">
+    PHP
+  </span>
+  
+
+            <span class="md-nav__icon md-icon"></span>
+          </label>
+        
+        <nav class="md-nav" data-md-level="2" aria-labelledby="__nav_4_11_label" aria-expanded="false">
+          <label class="md-nav__title" for="__nav_4_11">
+            <span class="md-nav__icon md-icon"></span>
+            PHP
+          </label>
+          <ul class="md-nav__list" data-md-scrollfix>
+            
+              
+                
+  
+  
+  
+  
+    <li class="md-nav__item">
+      <a href="../../php/php.html" class="md-nav__link">
+        
+  
+  <span class="md-ellipsis">
+    PHP
+  </span>
+  
+
+      </a>
+    </li>
+  
+
+              
+            
+              
+                
+  
+  
+  
+  
+    <li class="md-nav__item">
+      <a href="../../php/database.html" class="md-nav__link">
+        
+  
+  <span class="md-ellipsis">
+    Database
+  </span>
+  
+
+      </a>
+    </li>
+  
+
+              
+            
+              
+                
+  
+  
+  
+  
+    <li class="md-nav__item">
+      <a href="../../php/web.html" class="md-nav__link">
+        
+  
+  <span class="md-ellipsis">
+    Web
+  </span>
+  
+
+      </a>
+    </li>
+  
+
+              
+            
+              
+                
+  
+  
+  
+  
+    <li class="md-nav__item">
+      <a href="../../php/dependency-injection.html" class="md-nav__link">
+        
+  
+  <span class="md-ellipsis">
+    Dependency Injection
+  </span>
+  
+
+      </a>
+    </li>
+  
+
+              
+            
+              
+                
+  
+  
+  
+  
+    <li class="md-nav__item">
+      <a href="../../php/unit-tests.html" class="md-nav__link">
+        
+  
+  <span class="md-ellipsis">
+    Unit Tests
+  </span>
+  
+
+      </a>
+    </li>
+  
+
+              
+            
+              
+                
+  
+  
+  
+  
+    <li class="md-nav__item">
+      <a href="../../php/composer.html" class="md-nav__link">
+        
+  
+  <span class="md-ellipsis">
+    Composer
+  </span>
+  
+
+      </a>
+    </li>
+  
+
+              
+            
+              
+                
+  
+  
+  
+  
+    <li class="md-nav__item">
+      <a href="../../php/psr-7.html" class="md-nav__link">
+        
+  
+  <span class="md-ellipsis">
+    PSR 7
+  </span>
+  
+
+      </a>
+    </li>
+  
+
+              
+            
+              
+                
+  
+  
+  
+  
+    <li class="md-nav__item">
+      <a href="../../php/plates-templating.html" class="md-nav__link">
+        
+  
+  <span class="md-ellipsis">
+    Plates
+  </span>
+  
+
+      </a>
+    </li>
+  
+
+              
+            
+              
+                
+  
+  
+  
+  
+    
+    
+      
+        
+      
+        
+      
+    
+    
+      
+      
+        
+      
+    
+    
+    <li class="md-nav__item md-nav__item--nested">
+      
+        
+        
+        <input class="md-nav__toggle md-toggle " type="checkbox" id="__nav_4_11_9" >
+        
+          
+          <label class="md-nav__link" for="__nav_4_11_9" id="__nav_4_11_9_label" tabindex="0">
+            
+  
+  <span class="md-ellipsis">
+    Simple MVC
+  </span>
+  
+
+            <span class="md-nav__icon md-icon"></span>
+          </label>
+        
+        <nav class="md-nav" data-md-level="3" aria-labelledby="__nav_4_11_9_label" aria-expanded="false">
+          <label class="md-nav__title" for="__nav_4_11_9">
+            <span class="md-nav__icon md-icon"></span>
+            Simple MVC
+          </label>
+          <ul class="md-nav__list" data-md-scrollfix>
+            
+              
+                
+  
+  
+  
+  
+    <li class="md-nav__item">
+      <a href="../../php/simple-mvc/simple-mvc.html" class="md-nav__link">
+        
+  
+  <span class="md-ellipsis">
+    Simple MVC
+  </span>
+  
+
+      </a>
+    </li>
+  
+
+              
+            
+              
+                
+  
+  
+  
+  
+    <li class="md-nav__item">
+      <a href="../../php/simple-mvc/rest-api.html" class="md-nav__link">
+        
+  
+  <span class="md-ellipsis">
+    REST API
+  </span>
+  
+
+      </a>
+    </li>
+  
+
+              
+            
+          </ul>
+        </nav>
+      
+    </li>
+  
+
+              
+            
+          </ul>
+        </nav>
+      
+    </li>
+  
+
+              
+            
+              
+                
+  
+  
+  
+  
+    
+    
+      
+        
+      
+        
+      
+        
+      
+        
+      
+        
+      
+    
+    
+      
+      
+        
+          
+          
+        
+      
+    
+    
+    <li class="md-nav__item md-nav__item--section md-nav__item--nested">
+      
+        
+        
+        <input class="md-nav__toggle md-toggle " type="checkbox" id="__nav_4_12" >
+        
+          
+          <label class="md-nav__link" for="__nav_4_12" id="__nav_4_12_label" tabindex="">
+            
+  
+  <span class="md-ellipsis">
+    Rust
+  </span>
+  
+
+            <span class="md-nav__icon md-icon"></span>
+          </label>
+        
+        <nav class="md-nav" data-md-level="2" aria-labelledby="__nav_4_12_label" aria-expanded="false">
+          <label class="md-nav__title" for="__nav_4_12">
+            <span class="md-nav__icon md-icon"></span>
+            Rust
+          </label>
+          <ul class="md-nav__list" data-md-scrollfix>
+            
+              
+                
+  
+  
+  
+  
+    <li class="md-nav__item">
+      <a href="../../rust/rust.html" class="md-nav__link">
+        
+  
+  <span class="md-ellipsis">
+    Rust
+  </span>
+  
+
+      </a>
+    </li>
+  
+
+              
+            
+              
+                
+  
+  
+  
+  
+    <li class="md-nav__item">
+      <a href="../../rust/macros.html" class="md-nav__link">
+        
+  
+  <span class="md-ellipsis">
+    Macros
+  </span>
+  
+
+      </a>
+    </li>
+  
+
+              
+            
+              
+                
+  
+  
+  
+  
+    <li class="md-nav__item">
+      <a href="../../rust/cargo.html" class="md-nav__link">
+        
+  
+  <span class="md-ellipsis">
+    Cargo
+  </span>
+  
+
+      </a>
+    </li>
+  
+
+              
+            
+              
+                
+  
+  
+  
+  
+    <li class="md-nav__item">
+      <a href="../../rust/concurrency.html" class="md-nav__link">
+        
+  
+  <span class="md-ellipsis">
+    Concurrency
+  </span>
+  
+
+      </a>
+    </li>
+  
+
+              
+            
+              
+                
+  
+  
+  
+  
+    <li class="md-nav__item">
+      <a href="../../rust/unit-tests.html" class="md-nav__link">
+        
+  
+  <span class="md-ellipsis">
+    Unit Tests
+  </span>
+  
+
+      </a>
+    </li>
+  
+
+              
+            
+          </ul>
+        </nav>
+      
+    </li>
+  
+
+              
+            
+              
+                
+  
+  
+  
+  
+    
+    
+      
+        
+      
+        
+      
+        
+      
+        
+      
+        
+      
+        
+      
+        
+      
+    
+    
+      
+      
+        
+          
+          
+        
+      
+    
+    
+    <li class="md-nav__item md-nav__item--section md-nav__item--nested">
+      
+        
+        
+        <input class="md-nav__toggle md-toggle " type="checkbox" id="__nav_4_13" >
+        
+          
+          <label class="md-nav__link" for="__nav_4_13" id="__nav_4_13_label" tabindex="">
+            
+  
+  <span class="md-ellipsis">
+    Javascript
+  </span>
+  
+
+            <span class="md-nav__icon md-icon"></span>
+          </label>
+        
+        <nav class="md-nav" data-md-level="2" aria-labelledby="__nav_4_13_label" aria-expanded="false">
+          <label class="md-nav__title" for="__nav_4_13">
+            <span class="md-nav__icon md-icon"></span>
+            Javascript
+          </label>
+          <ul class="md-nav__list" data-md-scrollfix>
+            
+              
+                
+  
+  
+  
+  
+    <li class="md-nav__item">
+      <a href="../../javascript/javascript.html" class="md-nav__link">
+        
+  
+  <span class="md-ellipsis">
+    Javascript
+  </span>
+  
+
+      </a>
+    </li>
+  
+
+              
+            
+              
+                
+  
+  
+  
+  
+    <li class="md-nav__item">
+      <a href="../../javascript/dom.html" class="md-nav__link">
+        
+  
+  <span class="md-ellipsis">
+    DOM
+  </span>
+  
+
+      </a>
+    </li>
+  
+
+              
+            
+              
+                
+  
+  
+  
+  
+    <li class="md-nav__item">
+      <a href="../../javascript/events-animation.html" class="md-nav__link">
+        
+  
+  <span class="md-ellipsis">
+    Events & Animation
+  </span>
+  
+
+      </a>
+    </li>
+  
+
+              
+            
+              
+                
+  
+  
+  
+  
+    <li class="md-nav__item">
+      <a href="../../javascript/ajax.html" class="md-nav__link">
+        
+  
+  <span class="md-ellipsis">
+    AJAX
+  </span>
+  
+
+      </a>
+    </li>
+  
+
+              
+            
+              
+                
+  
+  
+  
+  
+    <li class="md-nav__item">
+      <a href="../../javascript/jquery.html" class="md-nav__link">
+        
+  
+  <span class="md-ellipsis">
+    jQuery
+  </span>
+  
+
+      </a>
+    </li>
+  
+
+              
+            
+              
+                
+  
+  
+  
+  
+    
+    
+      
+        
+      
+        
+      
+        
+      
+        
+      
+        
+      
+    
+    
+      
+      
+        
+      
+    
+    
+    <li class="md-nav__item md-nav__item--nested">
+      
+        
+        
+        <input class="md-nav__toggle md-toggle " type="checkbox" id="__nav_4_13_6" >
+        
+          
+          <label class="md-nav__link" for="__nav_4_13_6" id="__nav_4_13_6_label" tabindex="0">
+            
+  
+  <span class="md-ellipsis">
+    React
+  </span>
+  
+
+            <span class="md-nav__icon md-icon"></span>
+          </label>
+        
+        <nav class="md-nav" data-md-level="3" aria-labelledby="__nav_4_13_6_label" aria-expanded="false">
+          <label class="md-nav__title" for="__nav_4_13_6">
+            <span class="md-nav__icon md-icon"></span>
+            React
+          </label>
+          <ul class="md-nav__list" data-md-scrollfix>
+            
+              
+                
+  
+  
+  
+  
+    <li class="md-nav__item">
+      <a href="../../javascript/react/react.html" class="md-nav__link">
+        
+  
+  <span class="md-ellipsis">
+    React
+  </span>
+  
+
+      </a>
+    </li>
+  
+
+              
+            
+              
+                
+  
+  
+  
+  
+    <li class="md-nav__item">
+      <a href="../../javascript/react/react-router.html" class="md-nav__link">
+        
+  
+  <span class="md-ellipsis">
+    React Router
+  </span>
+  
+
+      </a>
+    </li>
+  
+
+              
+            
+              
+                
+  
+  
+  
+  
+    <li class="md-nav__item">
+      <a href="../../javascript/react/react-tests.html" class="md-nav__link">
+        
+  
+  <span class="md-ellipsis">
+    React Tests
+  </span>
+  
+
+      </a>
+    </li>
+  
+
+              
+            
+              
+                
+  
+  
+  
+  
+    <li class="md-nav__item">
+      <a href="../../javascript/react/redux.html" class="md-nav__link">
+        
+  
+  <span class="md-ellipsis">
+    Redux
+  </span>
+  
+
+      </a>
+    </li>
+  
+
+              
+            
+              
+                
+  
+  
+  
+  
+    <li class="md-nav__item">
+      <a href="../../javascript/react/redux-tests.html" class="md-nav__link">
+        
+  
+  <span class="md-ellipsis">
+    Redux Tests
+  </span>
+  
+
+      </a>
+    </li>
+  
+
+              
+            
+          </ul>
+        </nav>
+      
+    </li>
+  
+
+              
+            
+              
+                
+  
+  
+  
+  
+    <li class="md-nav__item">
+      <a href="../../javascript/svelte/svelte.html" class="md-nav__link">
+        
+  
+  <span class="md-ellipsis">
+    Svelte
+  </span>
+  
+
+      </a>
+    </li>
+  
+
+              
+            
+          </ul>
+        </nav>
+      
+    </li>
+  
+
+              
+            
+              
+                
+  
+  
+  
+  
+    
+    
+      
+        
+      
+        
+      
+    
+    
+      
+      
+        
+          
+          
+        
+      
+    
+    
+    <li class="md-nav__item md-nav__item--section md-nav__item--nested">
+      
+        
+        
+        <input class="md-nav__toggle md-toggle " type="checkbox" id="__nav_4_14" >
+        
+          
+          <label class="md-nav__link" for="__nav_4_14" id="__nav_4_14_label" tabindex="">
+            
+  
+  <span class="md-ellipsis">
+    PowerShell
+  </span>
+  
+
+            <span class="md-nav__icon md-icon"></span>
+          </label>
+        
+        <nav class="md-nav" data-md-level="2" aria-labelledby="__nav_4_14_label" aria-expanded="false">
+          <label class="md-nav__title" for="__nav_4_14">
+            <span class="md-nav__icon md-icon"></span>
+            PowerShell
+          </label>
+          <ul class="md-nav__list" data-md-scrollfix>
+            
+              
+                
+  
+  
+  
+  
+    <li class="md-nav__item">
+      <a href="../../powershell/scripting.html" class="md-nav__link">
+        
+  
+  <span class="md-ellipsis">
+    Scripting
+  </span>
+  
+
+      </a>
+    </li>
+  
+
+              
+            
+              
+                
+  
+  
+  
+  
+    <li class="md-nav__item">
+      <a href="../../powershell/commands.html" class="md-nav__link">
+        
+  
+  <span class="md-ellipsis">
+    Commands
+  </span>
+  
+
+      </a>
+    </li>
+  
+
+              
+            
+          </ul>
+        </nav>
+      
+    </li>
+  
+
+              
+            
+              
+                
+  
+  
+  
+  
+    
+    
+      
+        
+      
+        
+      
+    
+    
+      
+      
+        
+          
+          
+        
+      
+    
+    
+    <li class="md-nav__item md-nav__item--section md-nav__item--nested">
+      
+        
+        
+        <input class="md-nav__toggle md-toggle " type="checkbox" id="__nav_4_15" >
+        
+          
+          <label class="md-nav__link" for="__nav_4_15" id="__nav_4_15_label" tabindex="">
+            
+  
+  <span class="md-ellipsis">
+    Bash
+  </span>
+  
+
+            <span class="md-nav__icon md-icon"></span>
+          </label>
+        
+        <nav class="md-nav" data-md-level="2" aria-labelledby="__nav_4_15_label" aria-expanded="false">
+          <label class="md-nav__title" for="__nav_4_15">
+            <span class="md-nav__icon md-icon"></span>
+            Bash
+          </label>
+          <ul class="md-nav__list" data-md-scrollfix>
+            
+              
+                
+  
+  
+  
+  
+    <li class="md-nav__item">
+      <a href="../../bash/scripting.html" class="md-nav__link">
+        
+  
+  <span class="md-ellipsis">
+    Scripting
+  </span>
+  
+
+      </a>
+    </li>
+  
+
+              
+            
+              
+                
+  
+  
+  
+  
+    <li class="md-nav__item">
+      <a href="../../bash/commands.html" class="md-nav__link">
+        
+  
+  <span class="md-ellipsis">
+    Commands
+  </span>
+  
+
+      </a>
+    </li>
+  
+
+              
+            
+          </ul>
+        </nav>
+      
+    </li>
+  
+
+              
+            
+          </ul>
+        </nav>
+      
+    </li>
+  
+
+    
+      
+      
+  
+  
+  
+  
+    
+    
+      
+        
+      
+        
+      
+        
+      
+        
+      
+        
+      
+    
+    
+      
+      
+        
+      
+    
+    
+    <li class="md-nav__item md-nav__item--nested">
+      
+        
+        
+        <input class="md-nav__toggle md-toggle " type="checkbox" id="__nav_5" >
+        
+          
+          <label class="md-nav__link" for="__nav_5" id="__nav_5_label" tabindex="0">
+            
+  
+  <span class="md-ellipsis">
+    Misc
+  </span>
+  
+
+            <span class="md-nav__icon md-icon"></span>
+          </label>
+        
+        <nav class="md-nav" data-md-level="1" aria-labelledby="__nav_5_label" aria-expanded="false">
+          <label class="md-nav__title" for="__nav_5">
+            <span class="md-nav__icon md-icon"></span>
+            Misc
+          </label>
+          <ul class="md-nav__list" data-md-scrollfix>
+            
+              
+                
+  
+  
+  
+  
+    <li class="md-nav__item">
+      <a href="../../../misc/git.html" class="md-nav__link">
+        
+  
+  <span class="md-ellipsis">
+    Git
+  </span>
+  
+
+      </a>
+    </li>
+  
+
+              
+            
+              
+                
+  
+  
+  
+  
+    <li class="md-nav__item">
+      <a href="../../../misc/graph-ql.html" class="md-nav__link">
+        
+  
+  <span class="md-ellipsis">
+    GraphQL
+  </span>
+  
+
+      </a>
+    </li>
+  
+
+              
+            
+              
+                
+  
+  
+  
+  
+    <li class="md-nav__item">
+      <a href="../../../misc/regular-expressions.html" class="md-nav__link">
+        
+  
+  <span class="md-ellipsis">
+    RegEx
+  </span>
+  
+
+      </a>
+    </li>
+  
+
+              
+            
+              
+                
+  
+  
+  
+  
+    <li class="md-nav__item">
+      <a href="../../../misc/ssh.html" class="md-nav__link">
+        
+  
+  <span class="md-ellipsis">
+    SSH
+  </span>
+  
+
+      </a>
+    </li>
+  
+
+              
+            
+              
+                
+  
+  
+  
+  
+    <li class="md-nav__item">
+      <a href="../../../misc/web-components.html" class="md-nav__link">
+        
+  
+  <span class="md-ellipsis">
+    WebComponents
+  </span>
+  
+
+      </a>
+    </li>
+  
+
+              
+            
+          </ul>
+        </nav>
+      
+    </li>
+  
+
+    
+      
+      
+  
+  
+  
+  
+    
+    
+      
+        
+      
+        
+      
+    
+    
+      
+      
+        
+      
+    
+    
+    <li class="md-nav__item md-nav__item--nested">
+      
+        
+        
+        <input class="md-nav__toggle md-toggle " type="checkbox" id="__nav_6" >
+        
+          
+          <label class="md-nav__link" for="__nav_6" id="__nav_6_label" tabindex="0">
+            
+  
+  <span class="md-ellipsis">
+    Linux
+  </span>
+  
+
+            <span class="md-nav__icon md-icon"></span>
+          </label>
+        
+        <nav class="md-nav" data-md-level="1" aria-labelledby="__nav_6_label" aria-expanded="false">
+          <label class="md-nav__title" for="__nav_6">
+            <span class="md-nav__icon md-icon"></span>
+            Linux
+          </label>
+          <ul class="md-nav__list" data-md-scrollfix>
+            
+              
+                
+  
+  
+  
+  
+    
+    
+      
+        
+      
+        
+      
+        
+      
+    
+    
+      
+      
+        
+      
+    
+    
+    <li class="md-nav__item md-nav__item--nested">
+      
+        
+        
+        <input class="md-nav__toggle md-toggle " type="checkbox" id="__nav_6_1" >
+        
+          
+          <label class="md-nav__link" for="__nav_6_1" id="__nav_6_1_label" tabindex="0">
+            
+  
+  <span class="md-ellipsis">
+    Filesystem
+  </span>
+  
+
+            <span class="md-nav__icon md-icon"></span>
+          </label>
+        
+        <nav class="md-nav" data-md-level="2" aria-labelledby="__nav_6_1_label" aria-expanded="false">
+          <label class="md-nav__title" for="__nav_6_1">
+            <span class="md-nav__icon md-icon"></span>
+            Filesystem
+          </label>
+          <ul class="md-nav__list" data-md-scrollfix>
+            
+              
+                
+  
+  
+  
+  
+    <li class="md-nav__item">
+      <a href="../../../linux/filesystem/file-links.html" class="md-nav__link">
+        
+  
+  <span class="md-ellipsis">
+    File Links
+  </span>
+  
+
+      </a>
+    </li>
+  
+
+              
+            
+              
+                
+  
+  
+  
+  
+    <li class="md-nav__item">
+      <a href="../../../linux/filesystem/procfs.html" class="md-nav__link">
+        
+  
+  <span class="md-ellipsis">
+    /proc
+  </span>
+  
+
+      </a>
+    </li>
+  
+
+              
+            
+              
+                
+  
+  
+  
+  
+    <li class="md-nav__item">
+      <a href="../../../linux/filesystem/sysfs.html" class="md-nav__link">
+        
+  
+  <span class="md-ellipsis">
+    /sys
+  </span>
+  
+
+      </a>
+    </li>
+  
+
+              
+            
+          </ul>
+        </nav>
+      
+    </li>
+  
+
+              
+            
+              
+                
+  
+  
+  
+  
+    
+    
+      
+        
+      
+        
+      
+    
+    
+      
+      
+        
+      
+    
+    
+    <li class="md-nav__item md-nav__item--nested">
+      
+        
+        
+        <input class="md-nav__toggle md-toggle " type="checkbox" id="__nav_6_2" >
+        
+          
+          <label class="md-nav__link" for="__nav_6_2" id="__nav_6_2_label" tabindex="0">
+            
+  
+  <span class="md-ellipsis">
+    System Init
+  </span>
+  
+
+            <span class="md-nav__icon md-icon"></span>
+          </label>
+        
+        <nav class="md-nav" data-md-level="2" aria-labelledby="__nav_6_2_label" aria-expanded="false">
+          <label class="md-nav__title" for="__nav_6_2">
+            <span class="md-nav__icon md-icon"></span>
+            System Init
+          </label>
+          <ul class="md-nav__list" data-md-scrollfix>
+            
+              
+                
+  
+  
+  
+  
+    <li class="md-nav__item">
+      <a href="../../../linux/init/systemd.html" class="md-nav__link">
+        
+  
+  <span class="md-ellipsis">
+    Systemd
+  </span>
+  
+
+      </a>
+    </li>
+  
+
+              
+            
+              
+                
+  
+  
+  
+  
+    <li class="md-nav__item">
+      <a href="../../../linux/init/open-rc.html" class="md-nav__link">
+        
+  
+  <span class="md-ellipsis">
+    OpenRC
+  </span>
+  
+
+      </a>
+    </li>
+  
+
+              
+            
+          </ul>
+        </nav>
+      
+    </li>
+  
+
+              
+            
+          </ul>
+        </nav>
+      
+    </li>
+  
+
+    
+  </ul>
+</nav>
+                  </div>
+                </div>
+              </div>
+            
+            
+              
+              <div class="md-sidebar md-sidebar--secondary" data-md-component="sidebar" data-md-type="toc" >
+                <div class="md-sidebar__scrollwrap">
+                  <div class="md-sidebar__inner">
+                    
+
+<nav class="md-nav md-nav--secondary" aria-label="Table of contents">
+  
+  
+  
+    
+  
+  
+    <label class="md-nav__title" for="__toc">
+      <span class="md-nav__icon md-icon"></span>
+      Table of contents
+    </label>
+    <ul class="md-nav__list" data-md-component="toc" data-md-scrollfix>
+      
+        <li class="md-nav__item">
+  <a href="#xunit" class="md-nav__link">
+    <span class="md-ellipsis">
+      xUnit
+    </span>
+  </a>
+  
+    <nav class="md-nav" aria-label="xUnit">
+      <ul class="md-nav__list">
+        
+          <li class="md-nav__item">
+  <a href="#test-setup-teardown" class="md-nav__link">
+    <span class="md-ellipsis">
+      Test Setup &amp; Teardown
+    </span>
+  </a>
+  
+</li>
+        
+      </ul>
+    </nav>
+  
+</li>
+      
+        <li class="md-nav__item">
+  <a href="#mocking-with-moq" class="md-nav__link">
+    <span class="md-ellipsis">
+      Mocking with Moq
+    </span>
+  </a>
+  
+</li>
+      
+    </ul>
+  
+</nav>
+                  </div>
+                </div>
+              </div>
+            
+          
+          
+            <div class="md-content" data-md-component="content">
+              <article class="md-content__inner md-typeset">
+                
+                  
+
+  
+  
+
+
+<h1 id="unit-testing">Unit Testing</h1>
+<p><a href="https://stackoverflow.com/a/5666591/8319610">UnitTest Overloaded Methods</a>
+<a href="https://osherove.com/blog/2005/4/3/naming-standards-for-unit-tests.html">Naming standards for unit tests</a></p>
+<h2 id="xunit">xUnit</h2>
+<div class="highlight"><table class="highlighttable"><tr><th colspan="2" class="filename"><span class="filename">C#</span></th></tr><tr><td class="linenos"><div class="linenodiv"><pre><span></span><span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-0-1"> 1</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-0-2"> 2</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-0-3"> 3</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-0-4"> 4</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-0-5"> 5</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-0-6"> 6</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-0-7"> 7</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-0-8"> 8</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-0-9"> 9</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-0-10">10</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-0-11">11</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-0-12">12</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-0-13">13</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-0-14">14</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-0-15">15</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-0-16">16</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-0-17">17</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-0-18">18</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-0-19">19</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-0-20">20</a></span></pre></div></td><td class="code"><div><pre><span></span><code><a id="__codelineno-0-1" name="__codelineno-0-1"></a><span class="k">using</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="nn">System</span><span class="p">;</span>
+<a id="__codelineno-0-2" name="__codelineno-0-2"></a><span class="k">using</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="nn">Xunit</span><span class="p">;</span>
+<a id="__codelineno-0-3" name="__codelineno-0-3"></a>
+<a id="__codelineno-0-4" name="__codelineno-0-4"></a><span class="k">namespace</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="nn">Project.Tests</span>
+<a id="__codelineno-0-5" name="__codelineno-0-5"></a><span class="p">{</span>
+<a id="__codelineno-0-6" name="__codelineno-0-6"></a><span class="w">    </span><span class="k">public</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="k">class</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="nc">ClassTest</span>
+<a id="__codelineno-0-7" name="__codelineno-0-7"></a><span class="w">    </span><span class="p">{</span>
+<a id="__codelineno-0-8" name="__codelineno-0-8"></a><span class="w">        </span><span class="na">[Fact]</span>
+<a id="__codelineno-0-9" name="__codelineno-0-9"></a><span class="w">        </span><span class="k">public</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="k">void</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="nf">TestMethod</span><span class="p">()</span>
+<a id="__codelineno-0-10" name="__codelineno-0-10"></a><span class="w">        </span><span class="p">{</span>
+<a id="__codelineno-0-11" name="__codelineno-0-11"></a><span class="w">            </span><span class="n">Assert</span><span class="p">.</span><span class="n">Equal</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="n">expected</span><span class="p">,</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="n">actual</span><span class="p">);</span><span class="w">  </span><span class="c1">// works on collections</span>
+<a id="__codelineno-0-12" name="__codelineno-0-12"></a><span class="w">            </span><span class="n">Assert</span><span class="p">.</span><span class="n">True</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="kt">bool</span><span class="p">);</span>
+<a id="__codelineno-0-13" name="__codelineno-0-13"></a><span class="w">            </span><span class="n">Assert</span><span class="p">.</span><span class="n">False</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="kt">bool</span><span class="p">);</span>
+<a id="__codelineno-0-14" name="__codelineno-0-14"></a><span class="w">            </span><span class="n">Assert</span><span class="p">.</span><span class="n">NotNull</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="n">nullable</span><span class="p">);</span>
+<a id="__codelineno-0-15" name="__codelineno-0-15"></a>
+<a id="__codelineno-0-16" name="__codelineno-0-16"></a><span class="w">            </span><span class="c1">// Verifies that all items in the collection pass when executed against action</span>
+<a id="__codelineno-0-17" name="__codelineno-0-17"></a><span class="w">            </span><span class="n">Assert</span><span class="p">.</span><span class="n">All</span><span class="o">&lt;</span><span class="n">T</span><span class="o">&gt;</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="n">IEnumerable</span><span class="o">&lt;</span><span class="n">T</span><span class="o">&gt;</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="n">collection</span><span class="p">,</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="n">Action</span><span class="o">&lt;</span><span class="n">T</span><span class="o">&gt;</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="n">action</span><span class="p">);</span>
+<a id="__codelineno-0-18" name="__codelineno-0-18"></a><span class="w">        </span><span class="p">}</span>
+<a id="__codelineno-0-19" name="__codelineno-0-19"></a><span class="w">    </span><span class="p">}</span>
+<a id="__codelineno-0-20" name="__codelineno-0-20"></a><span class="p">}</span>
+</code></pre></div></td></tr></table></div>
+<h3 id="test-setup-teardown">Test Setup &amp; Teardown</h3>
+<p>xUnit.net creates a new instance of the test class for every test that is run, so any code which is placed into the constructor of the test class will be run for every single test.<br />
+This makes the constructor a convenient place to put reusable context setup code.</p>
+<p>For context cleanup, add the <code>IDisposable</code> interface to the test class, and put the cleanup code in the <code>Dispose()</code> method.</p>
+<h2 id="mocking-with-moq">Mocking with Moq</h2>
+<div class="highlight"><table class="highlighttable"><tr><th colspan="2" class="filename"><span class="filename">C#</span></th></tr><tr><td class="linenos"><div class="linenodiv"><pre><span></span><span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-1-1"> 1</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-1-2"> 2</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-1-3"> 3</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-1-4"> 4</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-1-5"> 5</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-1-6"> 6</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-1-7"> 7</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-1-8"> 8</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-1-9"> 9</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-1-10">10</a></span></pre></div></td><td class="code"><div><pre><span></span><code><a id="__codelineno-1-1" name="__codelineno-1-1"></a><span class="kt">var</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="n">mockObj</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="o">=</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="k">new</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="n">Mock</span><span class="o">&lt;</span><span class="n">MockedType</span><span class="o">&gt;</span><span class="p">();</span>
+<a id="__codelineno-1-2" name="__codelineno-1-2"></a>
+<a id="__codelineno-1-3" name="__codelineno-1-3"></a><span class="n">mockObj</span><span class="p">.</span><span class="n">Setup</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="n">m</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="o">=&gt;</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="n">m</span><span class="p">.</span><span class="n">Method</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="n">It</span><span class="p">.</span><span class="n">IsAny</span><span class="o">&lt;</span><span class="n">InputType</span><span class="o">&gt;</span><span class="p">())).</span><span class="n">Returns</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="k">value</span><span class="p">);</span>
+<a id="__codelineno-1-4" name="__codelineno-1-4"></a><span class="n">mockObj</span><span class="p">.</span><span class="n">Object</span><span class="p">;</span><span class="w">  </span><span class="c1">// get mock</span>
+<a id="__codelineno-1-5" name="__codelineno-1-5"></a>
+<a id="__codelineno-1-6" name="__codelineno-1-6"></a><span class="c1">// check that the invocation is forwarded to the mock, n times</span>
+<a id="__codelineno-1-7" name="__codelineno-1-7"></a><span class="n">mockObj</span><span class="p">.</span><span class="n">Verify</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="n">m</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="o">=&gt;</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="n">m</span><span class="p">.</span><span class="n">Method</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="n">It</span><span class="p">.</span><span class="n">IsAny</span><span class="o">&lt;</span><span class="n">InputType</span><span class="o">&gt;</span><span class="p">()),</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="n">Times</span><span class="p">.</span><span class="n">Once</span><span class="p">());</span>
+<a id="__codelineno-1-8" name="__codelineno-1-8"></a>
+<a id="__codelineno-1-9" name="__codelineno-1-9"></a><span class="c1">// check that the invocation is forwarded to the mock with a specific input</span>
+<a id="__codelineno-1-10" name="__codelineno-1-10"></a><span class="n">mockObj</span><span class="p">.</span><span class="n">Verify</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="n">m</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="o">=&gt;</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="n">m</span><span class="p">.</span><span class="n">Method</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="n">input</span><span class="p">),</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="n">Times</span><span class="p">.</span><span class="n">Once</span><span class="p">());</span>
+</code></pre></div></td></tr></table></div>
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+    Python
+  </span>
+  
+
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+    </li>
+  
+
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+                
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+  
+  
+  
+    
+    
+      
+        
+      
+        
+      
+        
+      
+        
+      
+        
+      
+        
+      
+        
+      
+        
+      
+        
+      
+        
+      
+        
+      
+        
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+      
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+    
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+    <li class="md-nav__item">
+      <a href="../../python/modules/argparse.html" class="md-nav__link">
+        
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+  <span class="md-ellipsis">
+    argparse
+  </span>
+  
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+
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+  
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+  
+  
+    <li class="md-nav__item">
+      <a href="../../python/modules/collections.html" class="md-nav__link">
+        
+  
+  <span class="md-ellipsis">
+    collection
+  </span>
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+  
+  
+  
+  
+    <li class="md-nav__item">
+      <a href="../../python/modules/csv.html" class="md-nav__link">
+        
+  
+  <span class="md-ellipsis">
+    csv
+  </span>
+  
+
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+    </li>
+  
+
+              
+            
+              
+                
+  
+  
+  
+  
+    <li class="md-nav__item">
+      <a href="../../python/modules/ftplib.html" class="md-nav__link">
+        
+  
+  <span class="md-ellipsis">
+    ftplib
+  </span>
+  
+
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+    </li>
+  
+
+              
+            
+              
+                
+  
+  
+  
+  
+    <li class="md-nav__item">
+      <a href="../../python/modules/itertools.html" class="md-nav__link">
+        
+  
+  <span class="md-ellipsis">
+    itertools
+  </span>
+  
+
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+    </li>
+  
+
+              
+            
+              
+                
+  
+  
+  
+  
+    <li class="md-nav__item">
+      <a href="../../python/modules/json.html" class="md-nav__link">
+        
+  
+  <span class="md-ellipsis">
+    json
+  </span>
+  
+
+      </a>
+    </li>
+  
+
+              
+            
+              
+                
+  
+  
+  
+  
+    <li class="md-nav__item">
+      <a href="../../python/modules/logging.html" class="md-nav__link">
+        
+  
+  <span class="md-ellipsis">
+    logging
+  </span>
+  
+
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+    </li>
+  
+
+              
+            
+              
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+  
+  
+  
+  
+    <li class="md-nav__item">
+      <a href="../../python/modules/shutil.html" class="md-nav__link">
+        
+  
+  <span class="md-ellipsis">
+    shutil
+  </span>
+  
+
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+    </li>
+  
+
+              
+            
+              
+                
+  
+  
+  
+  
+    <li class="md-nav__item">
+      <a href="../../python/modules/smtplib.html" class="md-nav__link">
+        
+  
+  <span class="md-ellipsis">
+    smtplib
+  </span>
+  
+
+      </a>
+    </li>
+  
+
+              
+            
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+                
+  
+  
+  
+  
+    <li class="md-nav__item">
+      <a href="../../python/modules/socket.html" class="md-nav__link">
+        
+  
+  <span class="md-ellipsis">
+    socket
+  </span>
+  
+
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+    </li>
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+
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+            
+              
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+  
+  
+  
+  
+    <li class="md-nav__item">
+      <a href="../../python/modules/sqlite.html" class="md-nav__link">
+        
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+  <span class="md-ellipsis">
+    sqlite
+  </span>
+  
+
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+    </li>
+  
+
+              
+            
+              
+                
+  
+  
+  
+  
+    <li class="md-nav__item">
+      <a href="../../python/modules/time-datetime.html" class="md-nav__link">
+        
+  
+  <span class="md-ellipsis">
+    time & datetime
+  </span>
+  
+
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+    </li>
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+
+              
+            
+              
+                
+  
+  
+  
+  
+    <li class="md-nav__item">
+      <a href="../../python/modules/unittest.html" class="md-nav__link">
+        
+  
+  <span class="md-ellipsis">
+    unittest
+  </span>
+  
+
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+    </li>
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+
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+          </ul>
+        </nav>
+      
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+        
+      
+        
+      
+        
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+      
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+        
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+    <li class="md-nav__item">
+      <a href="../../python/libs/tkinter.html" class="md-nav__link">
+        
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+  <span class="md-ellipsis">
+    TKinter
+  </span>
+  
+
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+  
+  
+  
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+    <li class="md-nav__item">
+      <a href="../../python/libs/numpy.html" class="md-nav__link">
+        
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+    <li class="md-nav__item">
+      <a href="../../python/libs/pandas.html" class="md-nav__link">
+        
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+    Pandas
+  </span>
+  
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+
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+                
+  
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+  
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+    <li class="md-nav__item">
+      <a href="../../python/libs/seaborn.html" class="md-nav__link">
+        
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+  <span class="md-ellipsis">
+    Seaborn
+  </span>
+  
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+    </li>
+  
+
+              
+            
+              
+                
+  
+  
+  
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+    <li class="md-nav__item">
+      <a href="../../python/libs/requests.html" class="md-nav__link">
+        
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+  <span class="md-ellipsis">
+    Requests
+  </span>
+  
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+
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+  
+  
+  
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+    <li class="md-nav__item">
+      <a href="../../python/libs/beautiful-soup.html" class="md-nav__link">
+        
+  
+  <span class="md-ellipsis">
+    Beatiful Soup
+  </span>
+  
+
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+    </li>
+  
+
+              
+            
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+        </nav>
+      
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+        
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+    
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+    <li class="md-nav__item md-nav__item--active md-nav__item--section md-nav__item--nested">
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+          <label class="md-nav__link" for="__nav_4_9" id="__nav_4_9_label" tabindex="">
+            
+  
+  <span class="md-ellipsis">
+    .NET
+  </span>
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+            .NET
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+      <a href="../csharp/csharp.html" class="md-nav__link">
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+    C#
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+    <li class="md-nav__item">
+      <a href="../csharp/linq.html" class="md-nav__link">
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+    Linq
+  </span>
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+    <li class="md-nav__item">
+      <a href="../csharp/collections.html" class="md-nav__link">
+        
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+  <span class="md-ellipsis">
+    Collections
+  </span>
+  
+
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+    </li>
+  
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+                
+  
+  
+  
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+    <li class="md-nav__item">
+      <a href="../csharp/reactive-extensions.html" class="md-nav__link">
+        
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+  <span class="md-ellipsis">
+    Reactive Extensions
+  </span>
+  
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+  
+
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+  
+  
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+    <li class="md-nav__item">
+      <a href="../csharp/async-programming.html" class="md-nav__link">
+        
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+  <span class="md-ellipsis">
+    Async Programming
+  </span>
+  
+
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+    </li>
+  
+
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+            
+              
+                
+  
+  
+  
+  
+    <li class="md-nav__item">
+      <a href="../csharp/unit-tests.html" class="md-nav__link">
+        
+  
+  <span class="md-ellipsis">
+    Unit Tests
+  </span>
+  
+
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+    </li>
+  
+
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+        </nav>
+      
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+    
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+            
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+  <span class="md-ellipsis">
+    ASP.NET
+  </span>
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+            ASP.NET
+          </label>
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+    <li class="md-nav__item">
+      <a href="../asp.net/minimal-api.html" class="md-nav__link">
+        
+  
+  <span class="md-ellipsis">
+    Minimal API
+  </span>
+  
+
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+    </li>
+  
+
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+            
+              
+                
+  
+  
+  
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+    <li class="md-nav__item">
+      <a href="../asp.net/filters.html" class="md-nav__link">
+        
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+  <span class="md-ellipsis">
+    FIlters
+  </span>
+  
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+    <li class="md-nav__item">
+      <a href="../asp.net/middleware.html" class="md-nav__link">
+        
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+  <span class="md-ellipsis">
+    Middleware
+  </span>
+  
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+    </li>
+  
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+  
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+    <li class="md-nav__item">
+      <a href="../asp.net/razor-syntax.html" class="md-nav__link">
+        
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+  <span class="md-ellipsis">
+    Razor Syntax
+  </span>
+  
+
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+    </li>
+  
+
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+            
+              
+                
+  
+  
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+    <li class="md-nav__item">
+      <a href="../asp.net/blazor.html" class="md-nav__link">
+        
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+  <span class="md-ellipsis">
+    Blazor
+  </span>
+  
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+    </li>
+  
+
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+                
+  
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+    <li class="md-nav__item">
+      <a href="../asp.net/signalr.html" class="md-nav__link">
+        
+  
+  <span class="md-ellipsis">
+    SignalR
+  </span>
+  
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+    </li>
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+      <a href="../asp.net/web-forms.html" class="md-nav__link">
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+            
+  
+  <span class="md-ellipsis">
+    Database
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+            Database
+          </label>
+          <ul class="md-nav__list" data-md-scrollfix>
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+    <li class="md-nav__item md-nav__item--active">
+      
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+        <label class="md-nav__link md-nav__link--active" for="__toc">
+          
+  
+  <span class="md-ellipsis">
+    ADO.NET
+  </span>
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+        </label>
+      
+      <a href="ado.net.html" class="md-nav__link md-nav__link--active">
+        
+  
+  <span class="md-ellipsis">
+    ADO.NET
+  </span>
+  
+
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+      
+        
+
+<nav class="md-nav md-nav--secondary" aria-label="Table of contents">
+  
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+    
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+    <label class="md-nav__title" for="__toc">
+      <span class="md-nav__icon md-icon"></span>
+      Table of contents
+    </label>
+    <ul class="md-nav__list" data-md-component="toc" data-md-scrollfix>
+      
+        <li class="md-nav__item">
+  <a href="#connection-strings" class="md-nav__link">
+    <span class="md-ellipsis">
+      Connection Strings
+    </span>
+  </a>
+  
+    <nav class="md-nav" aria-label="Connection Strings">
+      <ul class="md-nav__list">
+        
+          <li class="md-nav__item">
+  <a href="#sql-server-2019" class="md-nav__link">
+    <span class="md-ellipsis">
+      SQL Server 2019
+    </span>
+  </a>
+  
+</li>
+        
+          <li class="md-nav__item">
+  <a href="#sqlite" class="md-nav__link">
+    <span class="md-ellipsis">
+      SQLite
+    </span>
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+  
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+    </nav>
+  
+</li>
+      
+        <li class="md-nav__item">
+  <a href="#connection-to-db" class="md-nav__link">
+    <span class="md-ellipsis">
+      Connection to DB
+    </span>
+  </a>
+  
+</li>
+      
+        <li class="md-nav__item">
+  <a href="#db-interrogation" class="md-nav__link">
+    <span class="md-ellipsis">
+      DB Interrogation
+    </span>
+  </a>
+  
+    <nav class="md-nav" aria-label="DB Interrogation">
+      <ul class="md-nav__list">
+        
+          <li class="md-nav__item">
+  <a href="#sqlconnection" class="md-nav__link">
+    <span class="md-ellipsis">
+      SqlConnection
+    </span>
+  </a>
+  
+</li>
+        
+          <li class="md-nav__item">
+  <a href="#sqlcommand" class="md-nav__link">
+    <span class="md-ellipsis">
+      SqlCommand
+    </span>
+  </a>
+  
+</li>
+        
+          <li class="md-nav__item">
+  <a href="#sqldatareader" class="md-nav__link">
+    <span class="md-ellipsis">
+      SqlDataReader
+    </span>
+  </a>
+  
+</li>
+        
+      </ul>
+    </nav>
+  
+</li>
+      
+    </ul>
+  
+</nav>
+      
+    </li>
+  
+
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+  
+  
+    <li class="md-nav__item">
+      <a href="entity-framework.html" class="md-nav__link">
+        
+  
+  <span class="md-ellipsis">
+    Entity Framework
+  </span>
+  
+
+      </a>
+    </li>
+  
+
+              
+            
+          </ul>
+        </nav>
+      
+    </li>
+  
+
+              
+            
+          </ul>
+        </nav>
+      
+    </li>
+  
+
+              
+            
+              
+                
+  
+  
+  
+  
+    
+    
+      
+        
+      
+        
+      
+        
+      
+        
+      
+    
+    
+      
+      
+        
+          
+          
+        
+      
+    
+    
+    <li class="md-nav__item md-nav__item--section md-nav__item--nested">
+      
+        
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+        <input class="md-nav__toggle md-toggle " type="checkbox" id="__nav_4_10" >
+        
+          
+          <label class="md-nav__link" for="__nav_4_10" id="__nav_4_10_label" tabindex="">
+            
+  
+  <span class="md-ellipsis">
+    Java
+  </span>
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+
+            <span class="md-nav__icon md-icon"></span>
+          </label>
+        
+        <nav class="md-nav" data-md-level="2" aria-labelledby="__nav_4_10_label" aria-expanded="false">
+          <label class="md-nav__title" for="__nav_4_10">
+            <span class="md-nav__icon md-icon"></span>
+            Java
+          </label>
+          <ul class="md-nav__list" data-md-scrollfix>
+            
+              
+                
+  
+  
+  
+  
+    <li class="md-nav__item">
+      <a href="../../java/java.html" class="md-nav__link">
+        
+  
+  <span class="md-ellipsis">
+    Java
+  </span>
+  
+
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+    </li>
+  
+
+              
+            
+              
+                
+  
+  
+  
+  
+    <li class="md-nav__item">
+      <a href="../../java/java-collection-framework.html" class="md-nav__link">
+        
+  
+  <span class="md-ellipsis">
+    Java Collection Framework
+  </span>
+  
+
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+    </li>
+  
+
+              
+            
+              
+                
+  
+  
+  
+  
+    <li class="md-nav__item">
+      <a href="../../java/dao.html" class="md-nav__link">
+        
+  
+  <span class="md-ellipsis">
+    DAO
+  </span>
+  
+
+      </a>
+    </li>
+  
+
+              
+            
+              
+                
+  
+  
+  
+  
+    
+    
+      
+        
+      
+        
+      
+    
+    
+      
+      
+        
+      
+    
+    
+    <li class="md-nav__item md-nav__item--nested">
+      
+        
+        
+        <input class="md-nav__toggle md-toggle " type="checkbox" id="__nav_4_10_4" >
+        
+          
+          <label class="md-nav__link" for="__nav_4_10_4" id="__nav_4_10_4_label" tabindex="0">
+            
+  
+  <span class="md-ellipsis">
+    Web
+  </span>
+  
+
+            <span class="md-nav__icon md-icon"></span>
+          </label>
+        
+        <nav class="md-nav" data-md-level="3" aria-labelledby="__nav_4_10_4_label" aria-expanded="false">
+          <label class="md-nav__title" for="__nav_4_10_4">
+            <span class="md-nav__icon md-icon"></span>
+            Web
+          </label>
+          <ul class="md-nav__list" data-md-scrollfix>
+            
+              
+                
+  
+  
+  
+  
+    <li class="md-nav__item">
+      <a href="../../java/web/servlet.html" class="md-nav__link">
+        
+  
+  <span class="md-ellipsis">
+    Serverlet
+  </span>
+  
+
+      </a>
+    </li>
+  
+
+              
+            
+              
+                
+  
+  
+  
+  
+    
+    
+      
+        
+      
+        
+      
+    
+    
+      
+      
+        
+      
+    
+    
+    <li class="md-nav__item md-nav__item--nested">
+      
+        
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+        <input class="md-nav__toggle md-toggle " type="checkbox" id="__nav_4_10_4_2" >
+        
+          
+          <label class="md-nav__link" for="__nav_4_10_4_2" id="__nav_4_10_4_2_label" tabindex="0">
+            
+  
+  <span class="md-ellipsis">
+    Spring
+  </span>
+  
+
+            <span class="md-nav__icon md-icon"></span>
+          </label>
+        
+        <nav class="md-nav" data-md-level="4" aria-labelledby="__nav_4_10_4_2_label" aria-expanded="false">
+          <label class="md-nav__title" for="__nav_4_10_4_2">
+            <span class="md-nav__icon md-icon"></span>
+            Spring
+          </label>
+          <ul class="md-nav__list" data-md-scrollfix>
+            
+              
+                
+  
+  
+  
+  
+    <li class="md-nav__item">
+      <a href="../../java/spring/pom.xml.html" class="md-nav__link">
+        
+  
+  <span class="md-ellipsis">
+    POM
+  </span>
+  
+
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+    </li>
+  
+
+              
+            
+              
+                
+  
+  
+  
+  
+    <li class="md-nav__item">
+      <a href="../../java/spring/spring-project.html" class="md-nav__link">
+        
+  
+  <span class="md-ellipsis">
+    Project Structure
+  </span>
+  
+
+      </a>
+    </li>
+  
+
+              
+            
+          </ul>
+        </nav>
+      
+    </li>
+  
+
+              
+            
+          </ul>
+        </nav>
+      
+    </li>
+  
+
+              
+            
+          </ul>
+        </nav>
+      
+    </li>
+  
+
+              
+            
+              
+                
+  
+  
+  
+  
+    
+    
+      
+        
+      
+        
+      
+        
+      
+        
+      
+        
+      
+        
+      
+        
+      
+        
+      
+        
+      
+    
+    
+      
+      
+        
+          
+          
+        
+      
+    
+    
+    <li class="md-nav__item md-nav__item--section md-nav__item--nested">
+      
+        
+        
+        <input class="md-nav__toggle md-toggle " type="checkbox" id="__nav_4_11" >
+        
+          
+          <label class="md-nav__link" for="__nav_4_11" id="__nav_4_11_label" tabindex="">
+            
+  
+  <span class="md-ellipsis">
+    PHP
+  </span>
+  
+
+            <span class="md-nav__icon md-icon"></span>
+          </label>
+        
+        <nav class="md-nav" data-md-level="2" aria-labelledby="__nav_4_11_label" aria-expanded="false">
+          <label class="md-nav__title" for="__nav_4_11">
+            <span class="md-nav__icon md-icon"></span>
+            PHP
+          </label>
+          <ul class="md-nav__list" data-md-scrollfix>
+            
+              
+                
+  
+  
+  
+  
+    <li class="md-nav__item">
+      <a href="../../php/php.html" class="md-nav__link">
+        
+  
+  <span class="md-ellipsis">
+    PHP
+  </span>
+  
+
+      </a>
+    </li>
+  
+
+              
+            
+              
+                
+  
+  
+  
+  
+    <li class="md-nav__item">
+      <a href="../../php/database.html" class="md-nav__link">
+        
+  
+  <span class="md-ellipsis">
+    Database
+  </span>
+  
+
+      </a>
+    </li>
+  
+
+              
+            
+              
+                
+  
+  
+  
+  
+    <li class="md-nav__item">
+      <a href="../../php/web.html" class="md-nav__link">
+        
+  
+  <span class="md-ellipsis">
+    Web
+  </span>
+  
+
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+    </li>
+  
+
+              
+            
+              
+                
+  
+  
+  
+  
+    <li class="md-nav__item">
+      <a href="../../php/dependency-injection.html" class="md-nav__link">
+        
+  
+  <span class="md-ellipsis">
+    Dependency Injection
+  </span>
+  
+
+      </a>
+    </li>
+  
+
+              
+            
+              
+                
+  
+  
+  
+  
+    <li class="md-nav__item">
+      <a href="../../php/unit-tests.html" class="md-nav__link">
+        
+  
+  <span class="md-ellipsis">
+    Unit Tests
+  </span>
+  
+
+      </a>
+    </li>
+  
+
+              
+            
+              
+                
+  
+  
+  
+  
+    <li class="md-nav__item">
+      <a href="../../php/composer.html" class="md-nav__link">
+        
+  
+  <span class="md-ellipsis">
+    Composer
+  </span>
+  
+
+      </a>
+    </li>
+  
+
+              
+            
+              
+                
+  
+  
+  
+  
+    <li class="md-nav__item">
+      <a href="../../php/psr-7.html" class="md-nav__link">
+        
+  
+  <span class="md-ellipsis">
+    PSR 7
+  </span>
+  
+
+      </a>
+    </li>
+  
+
+              
+            
+              
+                
+  
+  
+  
+  
+    <li class="md-nav__item">
+      <a href="../../php/plates-templating.html" class="md-nav__link">
+        
+  
+  <span class="md-ellipsis">
+    Plates
+  </span>
+  
+
+      </a>
+    </li>
+  
+
+              
+            
+              
+                
+  
+  
+  
+  
+    
+    
+      
+        
+      
+        
+      
+    
+    
+      
+      
+        
+      
+    
+    
+    <li class="md-nav__item md-nav__item--nested">
+      
+        
+        
+        <input class="md-nav__toggle md-toggle " type="checkbox" id="__nav_4_11_9" >
+        
+          
+          <label class="md-nav__link" for="__nav_4_11_9" id="__nav_4_11_9_label" tabindex="0">
+            
+  
+  <span class="md-ellipsis">
+    Simple MVC
+  </span>
+  
+
+            <span class="md-nav__icon md-icon"></span>
+          </label>
+        
+        <nav class="md-nav" data-md-level="3" aria-labelledby="__nav_4_11_9_label" aria-expanded="false">
+          <label class="md-nav__title" for="__nav_4_11_9">
+            <span class="md-nav__icon md-icon"></span>
+            Simple MVC
+          </label>
+          <ul class="md-nav__list" data-md-scrollfix>
+            
+              
+                
+  
+  
+  
+  
+    <li class="md-nav__item">
+      <a href="../../php/simple-mvc/simple-mvc.html" class="md-nav__link">
+        
+  
+  <span class="md-ellipsis">
+    Simple MVC
+  </span>
+  
+
+      </a>
+    </li>
+  
+
+              
+            
+              
+                
+  
+  
+  
+  
+    <li class="md-nav__item">
+      <a href="../../php/simple-mvc/rest-api.html" class="md-nav__link">
+        
+  
+  <span class="md-ellipsis">
+    REST API
+  </span>
+  
+
+      </a>
+    </li>
+  
+
+              
+            
+          </ul>
+        </nav>
+      
+    </li>
+  
+
+              
+            
+          </ul>
+        </nav>
+      
+    </li>
+  
+
+              
+            
+              
+                
+  
+  
+  
+  
+    
+    
+      
+        
+      
+        
+      
+        
+      
+        
+      
+        
+      
+    
+    
+      
+      
+        
+          
+          
+        
+      
+    
+    
+    <li class="md-nav__item md-nav__item--section md-nav__item--nested">
+      
+        
+        
+        <input class="md-nav__toggle md-toggle " type="checkbox" id="__nav_4_12" >
+        
+          
+          <label class="md-nav__link" for="__nav_4_12" id="__nav_4_12_label" tabindex="">
+            
+  
+  <span class="md-ellipsis">
+    Rust
+  </span>
+  
+
+            <span class="md-nav__icon md-icon"></span>
+          </label>
+        
+        <nav class="md-nav" data-md-level="2" aria-labelledby="__nav_4_12_label" aria-expanded="false">
+          <label class="md-nav__title" for="__nav_4_12">
+            <span class="md-nav__icon md-icon"></span>
+            Rust
+          </label>
+          <ul class="md-nav__list" data-md-scrollfix>
+            
+              
+                
+  
+  
+  
+  
+    <li class="md-nav__item">
+      <a href="../../rust/rust.html" class="md-nav__link">
+        
+  
+  <span class="md-ellipsis">
+    Rust
+  </span>
+  
+
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+    </li>
+  
+
+              
+            
+              
+                
+  
+  
+  
+  
+    <li class="md-nav__item">
+      <a href="../../rust/macros.html" class="md-nav__link">
+        
+  
+  <span class="md-ellipsis">
+    Macros
+  </span>
+  
+
+      </a>
+    </li>
+  
+
+              
+            
+              
+                
+  
+  
+  
+  
+    <li class="md-nav__item">
+      <a href="../../rust/cargo.html" class="md-nav__link">
+        
+  
+  <span class="md-ellipsis">
+    Cargo
+  </span>
+  
+
+      </a>
+    </li>
+  
+
+              
+            
+              
+                
+  
+  
+  
+  
+    <li class="md-nav__item">
+      <a href="../../rust/concurrency.html" class="md-nav__link">
+        
+  
+  <span class="md-ellipsis">
+    Concurrency
+  </span>
+  
+
+      </a>
+    </li>
+  
+
+              
+            
+              
+                
+  
+  
+  
+  
+    <li class="md-nav__item">
+      <a href="../../rust/unit-tests.html" class="md-nav__link">
+        
+  
+  <span class="md-ellipsis">
+    Unit Tests
+  </span>
+  
+
+      </a>
+    </li>
+  
+
+              
+            
+          </ul>
+        </nav>
+      
+    </li>
+  
+
+              
+            
+              
+                
+  
+  
+  
+  
+    
+    
+      
+        
+      
+        
+      
+        
+      
+        
+      
+        
+      
+        
+      
+        
+      
+    
+    
+      
+      
+        
+          
+          
+        
+      
+    
+    
+    <li class="md-nav__item md-nav__item--section md-nav__item--nested">
+      
+        
+        
+        <input class="md-nav__toggle md-toggle " type="checkbox" id="__nav_4_13" >
+        
+          
+          <label class="md-nav__link" for="__nav_4_13" id="__nav_4_13_label" tabindex="">
+            
+  
+  <span class="md-ellipsis">
+    Javascript
+  </span>
+  
+
+            <span class="md-nav__icon md-icon"></span>
+          </label>
+        
+        <nav class="md-nav" data-md-level="2" aria-labelledby="__nav_4_13_label" aria-expanded="false">
+          <label class="md-nav__title" for="__nav_4_13">
+            <span class="md-nav__icon md-icon"></span>
+            Javascript
+          </label>
+          <ul class="md-nav__list" data-md-scrollfix>
+            
+              
+                
+  
+  
+  
+  
+    <li class="md-nav__item">
+      <a href="../../javascript/javascript.html" class="md-nav__link">
+        
+  
+  <span class="md-ellipsis">
+    Javascript
+  </span>
+  
+
+      </a>
+    </li>
+  
+
+              
+            
+              
+                
+  
+  
+  
+  
+    <li class="md-nav__item">
+      <a href="../../javascript/dom.html" class="md-nav__link">
+        
+  
+  <span class="md-ellipsis">
+    DOM
+  </span>
+  
+
+      </a>
+    </li>
+  
+
+              
+            
+              
+                
+  
+  
+  
+  
+    <li class="md-nav__item">
+      <a href="../../javascript/events-animation.html" class="md-nav__link">
+        
+  
+  <span class="md-ellipsis">
+    Events & Animation
+  </span>
+  
+
+      </a>
+    </li>
+  
+
+              
+            
+              
+                
+  
+  
+  
+  
+    <li class="md-nav__item">
+      <a href="../../javascript/ajax.html" class="md-nav__link">
+        
+  
+  <span class="md-ellipsis">
+    AJAX
+  </span>
+  
+
+      </a>
+    </li>
+  
+
+              
+            
+              
+                
+  
+  
+  
+  
+    <li class="md-nav__item">
+      <a href="../../javascript/jquery.html" class="md-nav__link">
+        
+  
+  <span class="md-ellipsis">
+    jQuery
+  </span>
+  
+
+      </a>
+    </li>
+  
+
+              
+            
+              
+                
+  
+  
+  
+  
+    
+    
+      
+        
+      
+        
+      
+        
+      
+        
+      
+        
+      
+    
+    
+      
+      
+        
+      
+    
+    
+    <li class="md-nav__item md-nav__item--nested">
+      
+        
+        
+        <input class="md-nav__toggle md-toggle " type="checkbox" id="__nav_4_13_6" >
+        
+          
+          <label class="md-nav__link" for="__nav_4_13_6" id="__nav_4_13_6_label" tabindex="0">
+            
+  
+  <span class="md-ellipsis">
+    React
+  </span>
+  
+
+            <span class="md-nav__icon md-icon"></span>
+          </label>
+        
+        <nav class="md-nav" data-md-level="3" aria-labelledby="__nav_4_13_6_label" aria-expanded="false">
+          <label class="md-nav__title" for="__nav_4_13_6">
+            <span class="md-nav__icon md-icon"></span>
+            React
+          </label>
+          <ul class="md-nav__list" data-md-scrollfix>
+            
+              
+                
+  
+  
+  
+  
+    <li class="md-nav__item">
+      <a href="../../javascript/react/react.html" class="md-nav__link">
+        
+  
+  <span class="md-ellipsis">
+    React
+  </span>
+  
+
+      </a>
+    </li>
+  
+
+              
+            
+              
+                
+  
+  
+  
+  
+    <li class="md-nav__item">
+      <a href="../../javascript/react/react-router.html" class="md-nav__link">
+        
+  
+  <span class="md-ellipsis">
+    React Router
+  </span>
+  
+
+      </a>
+    </li>
+  
+
+              
+            
+              
+                
+  
+  
+  
+  
+    <li class="md-nav__item">
+      <a href="../../javascript/react/react-tests.html" class="md-nav__link">
+        
+  
+  <span class="md-ellipsis">
+    React Tests
+  </span>
+  
+
+      </a>
+    </li>
+  
+
+              
+            
+              
+                
+  
+  
+  
+  
+    <li class="md-nav__item">
+      <a href="../../javascript/react/redux.html" class="md-nav__link">
+        
+  
+  <span class="md-ellipsis">
+    Redux
+  </span>
+  
+
+      </a>
+    </li>
+  
+
+              
+            
+              
+                
+  
+  
+  
+  
+    <li class="md-nav__item">
+      <a href="../../javascript/react/redux-tests.html" class="md-nav__link">
+        
+  
+  <span class="md-ellipsis">
+    Redux Tests
+  </span>
+  
+
+      </a>
+    </li>
+  
+
+              
+            
+          </ul>
+        </nav>
+      
+    </li>
+  
+
+              
+            
+              
+                
+  
+  
+  
+  
+    <li class="md-nav__item">
+      <a href="../../javascript/svelte/svelte.html" class="md-nav__link">
+        
+  
+  <span class="md-ellipsis">
+    Svelte
+  </span>
+  
+
+      </a>
+    </li>
+  
+
+              
+            
+          </ul>
+        </nav>
+      
+    </li>
+  
+
+              
+            
+              
+                
+  
+  
+  
+  
+    
+    
+      
+        
+      
+        
+      
+    
+    
+      
+      
+        
+          
+          
+        
+      
+    
+    
+    <li class="md-nav__item md-nav__item--section md-nav__item--nested">
+      
+        
+        
+        <input class="md-nav__toggle md-toggle " type="checkbox" id="__nav_4_14" >
+        
+          
+          <label class="md-nav__link" for="__nav_4_14" id="__nav_4_14_label" tabindex="">
+            
+  
+  <span class="md-ellipsis">
+    PowerShell
+  </span>
+  
+
+            <span class="md-nav__icon md-icon"></span>
+          </label>
+        
+        <nav class="md-nav" data-md-level="2" aria-labelledby="__nav_4_14_label" aria-expanded="false">
+          <label class="md-nav__title" for="__nav_4_14">
+            <span class="md-nav__icon md-icon"></span>
+            PowerShell
+          </label>
+          <ul class="md-nav__list" data-md-scrollfix>
+            
+              
+                
+  
+  
+  
+  
+    <li class="md-nav__item">
+      <a href="../../powershell/scripting.html" class="md-nav__link">
+        
+  
+  <span class="md-ellipsis">
+    Scripting
+  </span>
+  
+
+      </a>
+    </li>
+  
+
+              
+            
+              
+                
+  
+  
+  
+  
+    <li class="md-nav__item">
+      <a href="../../powershell/commands.html" class="md-nav__link">
+        
+  
+  <span class="md-ellipsis">
+    Commands
+  </span>
+  
+
+      </a>
+    </li>
+  
+
+              
+            
+          </ul>
+        </nav>
+      
+    </li>
+  
+
+              
+            
+              
+                
+  
+  
+  
+  
+    
+    
+      
+        
+      
+        
+      
+    
+    
+      
+      
+        
+          
+          
+        
+      
+    
+    
+    <li class="md-nav__item md-nav__item--section md-nav__item--nested">
+      
+        
+        
+        <input class="md-nav__toggle md-toggle " type="checkbox" id="__nav_4_15" >
+        
+          
+          <label class="md-nav__link" for="__nav_4_15" id="__nav_4_15_label" tabindex="">
+            
+  
+  <span class="md-ellipsis">
+    Bash
+  </span>
+  
+
+            <span class="md-nav__icon md-icon"></span>
+          </label>
+        
+        <nav class="md-nav" data-md-level="2" aria-labelledby="__nav_4_15_label" aria-expanded="false">
+          <label class="md-nav__title" for="__nav_4_15">
+            <span class="md-nav__icon md-icon"></span>
+            Bash
+          </label>
+          <ul class="md-nav__list" data-md-scrollfix>
+            
+              
+                
+  
+  
+  
+  
+    <li class="md-nav__item">
+      <a href="../../bash/scripting.html" class="md-nav__link">
+        
+  
+  <span class="md-ellipsis">
+    Scripting
+  </span>
+  
+
+      </a>
+    </li>
+  
+
+              
+            
+              
+                
+  
+  
+  
+  
+    <li class="md-nav__item">
+      <a href="../../bash/commands.html" class="md-nav__link">
+        
+  
+  <span class="md-ellipsis">
+    Commands
+  </span>
+  
+
+      </a>
+    </li>
+  
+
+              
+            
+          </ul>
+        </nav>
+      
+    </li>
+  
+
+              
+            
+          </ul>
+        </nav>
+      
+    </li>
+  
+
+    
+      
+      
+  
+  
+  
+  
+    
+    
+      
+        
+      
+        
+      
+        
+      
+        
+      
+        
+      
+    
+    
+      
+      
+        
+      
+    
+    
+    <li class="md-nav__item md-nav__item--nested">
+      
+        
+        
+        <input class="md-nav__toggle md-toggle " type="checkbox" id="__nav_5" >
+        
+          
+          <label class="md-nav__link" for="__nav_5" id="__nav_5_label" tabindex="0">
+            
+  
+  <span class="md-ellipsis">
+    Misc
+  </span>
+  
+
+            <span class="md-nav__icon md-icon"></span>
+          </label>
+        
+        <nav class="md-nav" data-md-level="1" aria-labelledby="__nav_5_label" aria-expanded="false">
+          <label class="md-nav__title" for="__nav_5">
+            <span class="md-nav__icon md-icon"></span>
+            Misc
+          </label>
+          <ul class="md-nav__list" data-md-scrollfix>
+            
+              
+                
+  
+  
+  
+  
+    <li class="md-nav__item">
+      <a href="../../../misc/git.html" class="md-nav__link">
+        
+  
+  <span class="md-ellipsis">
+    Git
+  </span>
+  
+
+      </a>
+    </li>
+  
+
+              
+            
+              
+                
+  
+  
+  
+  
+    <li class="md-nav__item">
+      <a href="../../../misc/graph-ql.html" class="md-nav__link">
+        
+  
+  <span class="md-ellipsis">
+    GraphQL
+  </span>
+  
+
+      </a>
+    </li>
+  
+
+              
+            
+              
+                
+  
+  
+  
+  
+    <li class="md-nav__item">
+      <a href="../../../misc/regular-expressions.html" class="md-nav__link">
+        
+  
+  <span class="md-ellipsis">
+    RegEx
+  </span>
+  
+
+      </a>
+    </li>
+  
+
+              
+            
+              
+                
+  
+  
+  
+  
+    <li class="md-nav__item">
+      <a href="../../../misc/ssh.html" class="md-nav__link">
+        
+  
+  <span class="md-ellipsis">
+    SSH
+  </span>
+  
+
+      </a>
+    </li>
+  
+
+              
+            
+              
+                
+  
+  
+  
+  
+    <li class="md-nav__item">
+      <a href="../../../misc/web-components.html" class="md-nav__link">
+        
+  
+  <span class="md-ellipsis">
+    WebComponents
+  </span>
+  
+
+      </a>
+    </li>
+  
+
+              
+            
+          </ul>
+        </nav>
+      
+    </li>
+  
+
+    
+      
+      
+  
+  
+  
+  
+    
+    
+      
+        
+      
+        
+      
+    
+    
+      
+      
+        
+      
+    
+    
+    <li class="md-nav__item md-nav__item--nested">
+      
+        
+        
+        <input class="md-nav__toggle md-toggle " type="checkbox" id="__nav_6" >
+        
+          
+          <label class="md-nav__link" for="__nav_6" id="__nav_6_label" tabindex="0">
+            
+  
+  <span class="md-ellipsis">
+    Linux
+  </span>
+  
+
+            <span class="md-nav__icon md-icon"></span>
+          </label>
+        
+        <nav class="md-nav" data-md-level="1" aria-labelledby="__nav_6_label" aria-expanded="false">
+          <label class="md-nav__title" for="__nav_6">
+            <span class="md-nav__icon md-icon"></span>
+            Linux
+          </label>
+          <ul class="md-nav__list" data-md-scrollfix>
+            
+              
+                
+  
+  
+  
+  
+    
+    
+      
+        
+      
+        
+      
+        
+      
+    
+    
+      
+      
+        
+      
+    
+    
+    <li class="md-nav__item md-nav__item--nested">
+      
+        
+        
+        <input class="md-nav__toggle md-toggle " type="checkbox" id="__nav_6_1" >
+        
+          
+          <label class="md-nav__link" for="__nav_6_1" id="__nav_6_1_label" tabindex="0">
+            
+  
+  <span class="md-ellipsis">
+    Filesystem
+  </span>
+  
+
+            <span class="md-nav__icon md-icon"></span>
+          </label>
+        
+        <nav class="md-nav" data-md-level="2" aria-labelledby="__nav_6_1_label" aria-expanded="false">
+          <label class="md-nav__title" for="__nav_6_1">
+            <span class="md-nav__icon md-icon"></span>
+            Filesystem
+          </label>
+          <ul class="md-nav__list" data-md-scrollfix>
+            
+              
+                
+  
+  
+  
+  
+    <li class="md-nav__item">
+      <a href="../../../linux/filesystem/file-links.html" class="md-nav__link">
+        
+  
+  <span class="md-ellipsis">
+    File Links
+  </span>
+  
+
+      </a>
+    </li>
+  
+
+              
+            
+              
+                
+  
+  
+  
+  
+    <li class="md-nav__item">
+      <a href="../../../linux/filesystem/procfs.html" class="md-nav__link">
+        
+  
+  <span class="md-ellipsis">
+    /proc
+  </span>
+  
+
+      </a>
+    </li>
+  
+
+              
+            
+              
+                
+  
+  
+  
+  
+    <li class="md-nav__item">
+      <a href="../../../linux/filesystem/sysfs.html" class="md-nav__link">
+        
+  
+  <span class="md-ellipsis">
+    /sys
+  </span>
+  
+
+      </a>
+    </li>
+  
+
+              
+            
+          </ul>
+        </nav>
+      
+    </li>
+  
+
+              
+            
+              
+                
+  
+  
+  
+  
+    
+    
+      
+        
+      
+        
+      
+    
+    
+      
+      
+        
+      
+    
+    
+    <li class="md-nav__item md-nav__item--nested">
+      
+        
+        
+        <input class="md-nav__toggle md-toggle " type="checkbox" id="__nav_6_2" >
+        
+          
+          <label class="md-nav__link" for="__nav_6_2" id="__nav_6_2_label" tabindex="0">
+            
+  
+  <span class="md-ellipsis">
+    System Init
+  </span>
+  
+
+            <span class="md-nav__icon md-icon"></span>
+          </label>
+        
+        <nav class="md-nav" data-md-level="2" aria-labelledby="__nav_6_2_label" aria-expanded="false">
+          <label class="md-nav__title" for="__nav_6_2">
+            <span class="md-nav__icon md-icon"></span>
+            System Init
+          </label>
+          <ul class="md-nav__list" data-md-scrollfix>
+            
+              
+                
+  
+  
+  
+  
+    <li class="md-nav__item">
+      <a href="../../../linux/init/systemd.html" class="md-nav__link">
+        
+  
+  <span class="md-ellipsis">
+    Systemd
+  </span>
+  
+
+      </a>
+    </li>
+  
+
+              
+            
+              
+                
+  
+  
+  
+  
+    <li class="md-nav__item">
+      <a href="../../../linux/init/open-rc.html" class="md-nav__link">
+        
+  
+  <span class="md-ellipsis">
+    OpenRC
+  </span>
+  
+
+      </a>
+    </li>
+  
+
+              
+            
+          </ul>
+        </nav>
+      
+    </li>
+  
+
+              
+            
+          </ul>
+        </nav>
+      
+    </li>
+  
+
+    
+  </ul>
+</nav>
+                  </div>
+                </div>
+              </div>
+            
+            
+              
+              <div class="md-sidebar md-sidebar--secondary" data-md-component="sidebar" data-md-type="toc" >
+                <div class="md-sidebar__scrollwrap">
+                  <div class="md-sidebar__inner">
+                    
+
+<nav class="md-nav md-nav--secondary" aria-label="Table of contents">
+  
+  
+  
+    
+  
+  
+    <label class="md-nav__title" for="__toc">
+      <span class="md-nav__icon md-icon"></span>
+      Table of contents
+    </label>
+    <ul class="md-nav__list" data-md-component="toc" data-md-scrollfix>
+      
+        <li class="md-nav__item">
+  <a href="#connection-strings" class="md-nav__link">
+    <span class="md-ellipsis">
+      Connection Strings
+    </span>
+  </a>
+  
+    <nav class="md-nav" aria-label="Connection Strings">
+      <ul class="md-nav__list">
+        
+          <li class="md-nav__item">
+  <a href="#sql-server-2019" class="md-nav__link">
+    <span class="md-ellipsis">
+      SQL Server 2019
+    </span>
+  </a>
+  
+</li>
+        
+          <li class="md-nav__item">
+  <a href="#sqlite" class="md-nav__link">
+    <span class="md-ellipsis">
+      SQLite
+    </span>
+  </a>
+  
+</li>
+        
+      </ul>
+    </nav>
+  
+</li>
+      
+        <li class="md-nav__item">
+  <a href="#connection-to-db" class="md-nav__link">
+    <span class="md-ellipsis">
+      Connection to DB
+    </span>
+  </a>
+  
+</li>
+      
+        <li class="md-nav__item">
+  <a href="#db-interrogation" class="md-nav__link">
+    <span class="md-ellipsis">
+      DB Interrogation
+    </span>
+  </a>
+  
+    <nav class="md-nav" aria-label="DB Interrogation">
+      <ul class="md-nav__list">
+        
+          <li class="md-nav__item">
+  <a href="#sqlconnection" class="md-nav__link">
+    <span class="md-ellipsis">
+      SqlConnection
+    </span>
+  </a>
+  
+</li>
+        
+          <li class="md-nav__item">
+  <a href="#sqlcommand" class="md-nav__link">
+    <span class="md-ellipsis">
+      SqlCommand
+    </span>
+  </a>
+  
+</li>
+        
+          <li class="md-nav__item">
+  <a href="#sqldatareader" class="md-nav__link">
+    <span class="md-ellipsis">
+      SqlDataReader
+    </span>
+  </a>
+  
+</li>
+        
+      </ul>
+    </nav>
+  
+</li>
+      
+    </ul>
+  
+</nav>
+                  </div>
+                </div>
+              </div>
+            
+          
+          
+            <div class="md-content" data-md-component="content">
+              <article class="md-content__inner md-typeset">
+                
+                  
+
+  
+  
+
+
+<h1 id="adonet"><a href="https://docs.microsoft.com/en-us/dotnet/framework/data/adonet/" title="ADO.NET Docs">ADO.NET</a></h1>
+<p><code>ADO.NET</code> is a set of classes that expose data access services for .NET.
+The <code>ADO.NET</code> classes are found in <code>System.Data.dll</code>, and are integrated with the XML classes found in <code>System.Xml.dll</code>.</p>
+<p><a href="https://system.data.sqlite.org/index.html/doc/trunk/www/index.wiki" title="System.Data.SQLite">ADO.NET provider for SQLite</a></p>
+<h2 id="connection-strings"><a href="https://www.connectionstrings.com">Connection Strings</a></h2>
+<h3 id="sql-server-2019"><a href="https://www.connectionstrings.com/sql-server-2019/">SQL Server 2019</a></h3>
+<ul>
+<li>Standard Security:</li>
+<li><code>Server=&lt;server_name&gt;; Database=&lt;database&gt;; UID=&lt;user&gt;; Pwd=&lt;password&gt;;</code></li>
+<li><code>Server=&lt;server_name&gt;; Database=&lt;database&gt;; User ID=&lt;user&gt;; Password=&lt;password&gt;;</code></li>
+<li><code>Data Source=&lt;server_name&gt;; Initial Catalog=&lt;database&gt;; UID=&lt;user&gt;; Pwd=&lt;password&gt;;</code></li>
+<li>Specific Instance: <code>Server=&lt;server_name&gt;\&lt;instance_name&gt;; Database=&lt;database&gt;; User ID=&lt;user&gt;; Password=&lt;password&gt;;</code></li>
+<li>Trusted Connection (WinAuth): <code>Server=&lt;server_name&gt;; Database=&lt;database&gt;; Trusted_Connection=True;</code></li>
+<li>MARS: <code>Server=&lt;server_name&gt;; Database=&lt;database&gt;; Trusted_Connection=True; MultipleActiveResultSets=True;</code></li>
+</ul>
+<blockquote>
+<p><strong>Note</strong>: <em>Multiple Active Result Sets</em> (MARS) is a feature that works with SQL Server to allow the execution of multiple batches on a single connection.</p>
+</blockquote>
+<h3 id="sqlite"><a href="https://www.connectionstrings.com/sqlite/">SQLite</a></h3>
+<ul>
+<li>Basic: <code>Data Source: path\to\db.sqlite3; Version=3;</code></li>
+<li>In-Memory Database: <code>Data Source=:memory:; Version=3; New=True</code></li>
+<li>With Password: <code>Data Source: path\to\db.sqlite3; Version=3; Password=&lt;password&gt;</code></li>
+</ul>
+<h2 id="connection-to-db">Connection to DB</h2>
+<div class="highlight"><table class="highlighttable"><tr><th colspan="2" class="filename"><span class="filename">C#</span></th></tr><tr><td class="linenos"><div class="linenodiv"><pre><span></span><span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-0-1"> 1</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-0-2"> 2</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-0-3"> 3</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-0-4"> 4</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-0-5"> 5</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-0-6"> 6</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-0-7"> 7</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-0-8"> 8</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-0-9"> 9</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-0-10">10</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-0-11">11</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-0-12">12</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-0-13">13</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-0-14">14</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-0-15">15</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-0-16">16</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-0-17">17</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-0-18">18</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-0-19">19</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-0-20">20</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-0-21">21</a></span></pre></div></td><td class="code"><div><pre><span></span><code><a id="__codelineno-0-1" name="__codelineno-0-1"></a><span class="k">using</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="nn">System</span><span class="p">;</span>
+<a id="__codelineno-0-2" name="__codelineno-0-2"></a><span class="k">using</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="nn">System.Data.SqlClient</span><span class="p">;</span><span class="w">  </span><span class="c1">// ADO.NET Provider, installed through NuGet</span>
+<a id="__codelineno-0-3" name="__codelineno-0-3"></a>
+<a id="__codelineno-0-4" name="__codelineno-0-4"></a><span class="k">namespace</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="err">&lt;</span><span class="nn">namespace</span><span class="o">&gt;</span>
+<a id="__codelineno-0-5" name="__codelineno-0-5"></a><span class="p">{</span>
+<a id="__codelineno-0-6" name="__codelineno-0-6"></a><span class="w">    </span><span class="k">class</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="nc">Program</span>
+<a id="__codelineno-0-7" name="__codelineno-0-7"></a><span class="w">    </span><span class="p">{</span>
+<a id="__codelineno-0-8" name="__codelineno-0-8"></a><span class="w">        </span><span class="k">static</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="k">void</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="nf">Main</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="kt">string</span><span class="p">[]</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="n">args</span><span class="p">)</span>
+<a id="__codelineno-0-9" name="__codelineno-0-9"></a><span class="w">        </span><span class="p">{</span>
+<a id="__codelineno-0-10" name="__codelineno-0-10"></a><span class="w">            </span><span class="c1">// Connection to SQL Server DBMS</span>
+<a id="__codelineno-0-11" name="__codelineno-0-11"></a><span class="w">            </span><span class="n">SqlConnectionStringBuilder</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="n">connectionString</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="o">=</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="k">new</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="n">SqlConnectionStringBuilder</span><span class="p">();</span>
+<a id="__codelineno-0-12" name="__codelineno-0-12"></a><span class="w">            </span><span class="n">connectionString</span><span class="p">.</span><span class="n">DataSource</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="o">=</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="s">&quot;&lt;server_name&gt;&quot;</span><span class="p">;</span>
+<a id="__codelineno-0-13" name="__codelineno-0-13"></a><span class="w">            </span><span class="n">connectionString</span><span class="p">.</span><span class="n">UserID</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="o">=</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="s">&quot;&lt;user&gt;&quot;</span><span class="p">;</span>
+<a id="__codelineno-0-14" name="__codelineno-0-14"></a><span class="w">            </span><span class="n">connectionString</span><span class="p">.</span><span class="n">Password</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="o">=</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="s">&quot;&lt;password&gt;&quot;</span><span class="p">;</span>
+<a id="__codelineno-0-15" name="__codelineno-0-15"></a><span class="w">            </span><span class="n">connectionString</span><span class="p">.</span><span class="n">InitialCatalog</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="o">=</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="s">&quot;&lt;database&gt;&quot;</span><span class="p">;</span>
+<a id="__codelineno-0-16" name="__codelineno-0-16"></a>
+<a id="__codelineno-0-17" name="__codelineno-0-17"></a><span class="w">            </span><span class="c1">// more compact</span>
+<a id="__codelineno-0-18" name="__codelineno-0-18"></a><span class="w">            </span><span class="n">SqlConnectionStringBuilder</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="n">connectionString</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="o">=</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="k">new</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="n">SqlConnectionStringBuilder</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="s">&quot;Server=&lt;server_name&gt;;Database=&lt;database&gt;;UID=&lt;user&gt;;Pwd=&lt;password&gt;&quot;</span><span class="p">)</span>
+<a id="__codelineno-0-19" name="__codelineno-0-19"></a><span class="w">        </span><span class="p">}</span>
+<a id="__codelineno-0-20" name="__codelineno-0-20"></a><span class="w">    </span><span class="p">}</span>
+<a id="__codelineno-0-21" name="__codelineno-0-21"></a><span class="p">}</span>
+</code></pre></div></td></tr></table></div>
+<h2 id="db-interrogation">DB Interrogation</h2>
+<h3 id="sqlconnection"><code>SqlConnection</code></h3>
+<div class="highlight"><table class="highlighttable"><tr><th colspan="2" class="filename"><span class="filename">C#</span></th></tr><tr><td class="linenos"><div class="linenodiv"><pre><span></span><span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-1-1"> 1</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-1-2"> 2</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-1-3"> 3</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-1-4"> 4</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-1-5"> 5</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-1-6"> 6</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-1-7"> 7</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-1-8"> 8</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-1-9"> 9</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-1-10">10</a></span></pre></div></td><td class="code"><div><pre><span></span><code><a id="__codelineno-1-1" name="__codelineno-1-1"></a><span class="k">using</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="p">(</span><span class="n">SqlConnection</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="n">connection</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="o">=</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="k">new</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="n">SqlConnection</span><span class="p">())</span>
+<a id="__codelineno-1-2" name="__codelineno-1-2"></a><span class="p">{</span>
+<a id="__codelineno-1-3" name="__codelineno-1-3"></a><span class="w">    </span><span class="n">connection</span><span class="p">.</span><span class="n">ConnectionString</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="o">=</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="n">connectionString</span><span class="p">.</span><span class="n">ConnectionString</span><span class="p">;</span>
+<a id="__codelineno-1-4" name="__codelineno-1-4"></a><span class="w">    </span><span class="n">connection</span><span class="p">.</span><span class="n">Open</span><span class="p">();</span><span class="w">  </span><span class="c1">// start communication w/ sql server</span>
+<a id="__codelineno-1-5" name="__codelineno-1-5"></a><span class="p">}</span>
+<a id="__codelineno-1-6" name="__codelineno-1-6"></a>
+<a id="__codelineno-1-7" name="__codelineno-1-7"></a><span class="c1">// more compact</span>
+<a id="__codelineno-1-8" name="__codelineno-1-8"></a><span class="k">using</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="p">(</span><span class="n">SqlConnection</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="n">connection</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="o">=</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="k">new</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="n">SqlConnection</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="n">connectionString</span><span class="p">))</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="p">{</span>
+<a id="__codelineno-1-9" name="__codelineno-1-9"></a><span class="w">    </span><span class="n">connection</span><span class="p">.</span><span class="n">Open</span><span class="p">()</span>
+<a id="__codelineno-1-10" name="__codelineno-1-10"></a><span class="p">}</span>
+</code></pre></div></td></tr></table></div>
+<h3 id="sqlcommand"><a href="https://docs.microsoft.com/en-us/dotnet/api/system.data.sqlclient.sqlcommand">SqlCommand</a></h3>
+<div class="highlight"><table class="highlighttable"><tr><th colspan="2" class="filename"><span class="filename">C#</span></th></tr><tr><td class="linenos"><div class="linenodiv"><pre><span></span><span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-2-1"> 1</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-2-2"> 2</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-2-3"> 3</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-2-4"> 4</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-2-5"> 5</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-2-6"> 6</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-2-7"> 7</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-2-8"> 8</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-2-9"> 9</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-2-10">10</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-2-11">11</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-2-12">12</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-2-13">13</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-2-14">14</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-2-15">15</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-2-16">16</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-2-17">17</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-2-18">18</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-2-19">19</a></span></pre></div></td><td class="code"><div><pre><span></span><code><a id="__codelineno-2-1" name="__codelineno-2-1"></a><span class="kt">string</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="n">sql</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="o">=</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="s">&quot;&lt;sql_instruction&gt;&quot;</span><span class="p">;</span>
+<a id="__codelineno-2-2" name="__codelineno-2-2"></a>
+<a id="__codelineno-2-3" name="__codelineno-2-3"></a><span class="k">using</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="p">(</span><span class="n">SqlCommand</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="n">command</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="o">=</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="k">new</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="n">SqlCommand</span><span class="p">())</span>
+<a id="__codelineno-2-4" name="__codelineno-2-4"></a><span class="p">{</span>
+<a id="__codelineno-2-5" name="__codelineno-2-5"></a><span class="w">    </span><span class="n">command</span><span class="p">.</span><span class="n">Connection</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="o">=</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="n">connection</span><span class="p">;</span><span class="w">  </span><span class="c1">// SqlConnection</span>
+<a id="__codelineno-2-6" name="__codelineno-2-6"></a><span class="w">    </span><span class="n">command</span><span class="p">.</span><span class="n">CommandText</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="o">=</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="s">&quot;... @Parameter&quot;</span><span class="p">;</span><span class="w">  </span><span class="c1">// or name of StoredProcedure</span>
+<a id="__codelineno-2-7" name="__codelineno-2-7"></a>
+<a id="__codelineno-2-8" name="__codelineno-2-8"></a><span class="w">    </span><span class="c1">// add parameters to the SqlParameterCollection, WARNING: table names or columns cannot be parameters</span>
+<a id="__codelineno-2-9" name="__codelineno-2-9"></a><span class="w">    </span><span class="n">command</span><span class="p">.</span><span class="n">Parameters</span><span class="p">.</span><span class="n">Add</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="s">&quot;@Parameter&quot;</span><span class="p">,</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="n">SqlDbType</span><span class="p">.</span><span class="o">&lt;</span><span class="n">DBType</span><span class="o">&gt;</span><span class="p">,</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="n">columnLength</span><span class="p">).</span><span class="n">Value</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="o">=</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="k">value</span><span class="p">;</span>
+<a id="__codelineno-2-10" name="__codelineno-2-10"></a><span class="w">    </span><span class="n">command</span><span class="p">.</span><span class="n">Parameters</span><span class="p">.</span><span class="n">AddWithValue</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="s">&quot;@Parameter&quot;</span><span class="p">,</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="k">value</span><span class="p">);</span>
+<a id="__codelineno-2-11" name="__codelineno-2-11"></a><span class="w">    </span><span class="n">command</span><span class="p">.</span><span class="n">Parameters</span><span class="p">.</span><span class="n">AddWithValue</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="s">&quot;@Parameter&quot;</span><span class="p">,</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="p">(</span><span class="kt">object</span><span class="p">)</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="k">value</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="o">??</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="n">DBNull</span><span class="p">.</span><span class="n">Value</span><span class="p">);</span><span class="w">  </span><span class="c1">// if Parameter is nullable</span>
+<a id="__codelineno-2-12" name="__codelineno-2-12"></a>
+<a id="__codelineno-2-13" name="__codelineno-2-13"></a><span class="w">    </span><span class="c1">// Create an instance of a SqlParameter object.</span>
+<a id="__codelineno-2-14" name="__codelineno-2-14"></a><span class="w">    </span><span class="n">command</span><span class="p">.</span><span class="n">CreateParameter</span><span class="p">();</span>
+<a id="__codelineno-2-15" name="__codelineno-2-15"></a>
+<a id="__codelineno-2-16" name="__codelineno-2-16"></a><span class="w">    </span><span class="n">command</span><span class="p">.</span><span class="n">CommandType</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="o">=</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="n">CommandType</span><span class="p">.</span><span class="n">Text</span><span class="p">;</span><span class="w">  </span><span class="c1">// or StoredProcedure</span>
+<a id="__codelineno-2-17" name="__codelineno-2-17"></a>
+<a id="__codelineno-2-18" name="__codelineno-2-18"></a><span class="w">    </span><span class="kt">int</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="n">affectedRows</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="o">=</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="n">command</span><span class="p">.</span><span class="n">ExecuteNonQuery</span><span class="p">();</span><span class="w">  </span><span class="c1">// execute the query and return the number of affected rows</span>
+<a id="__codelineno-2-19" name="__codelineno-2-19"></a><span class="p">}</span>
+</code></pre></div></td></tr></table></div>
+<h3 id="sqldatareader"><code>SqlDataReader</code></h3>
+<div class="highlight"><table class="highlighttable"><tr><th colspan="2" class="filename"><span class="filename">C#</span></th></tr><tr><td class="linenos"><div class="linenodiv"><pre><span></span><span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-3-1"> 1</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-3-2"> 2</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-3-3"> 3</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-3-4"> 4</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-3-5"> 5</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-3-6"> 6</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-3-7"> 7</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-3-8"> 8</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-3-9"> 9</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-3-10">10</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-3-11">11</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-3-12">12</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-3-13">13</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-3-14">14</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-3-15">15</a></span></pre></div></td><td class="code"><div><pre><span></span><code><a id="__codelineno-3-1" name="__codelineno-3-1"></a><span class="k">using</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="p">(</span><span class="n">SqlDataReader</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="n">cursor</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="o">=</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="n">command</span><span class="p">.</span><span class="n">ExecuteReader</span><span class="p">())</span><span class="w">  </span><span class="c1">// object to get data from db</span>
+<a id="__codelineno-3-2" name="__codelineno-3-2"></a><span class="p">{</span>
+<a id="__codelineno-3-3" name="__codelineno-3-3"></a><span class="w">    </span><span class="k">while</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="p">(</span><span class="n">cursor</span><span class="p">.</span><span class="n">Read</span><span class="p">())</span><span class="w">  </span><span class="c1">// get data till possible</span>
+<a id="__codelineno-3-4" name="__codelineno-3-4"></a><span class="w">    </span><span class="p">{</span>
+<a id="__codelineno-3-5" name="__codelineno-3-5"></a><span class="w">        </span><span class="c1">// preferred methodology</span>
+<a id="__codelineno-3-6" name="__codelineno-3-6"></a><span class="w">        </span><span class="n">cursor</span><span class="p">[</span><span class="s">&quot;&lt;column_name&gt;&quot;</span><span class="p">].</span><span class="n">ToString</span><span class="p">();</span><span class="w">  </span><span class="c1">// retrieve data form the column</span>
+<a id="__codelineno-3-7" name="__codelineno-3-7"></a><span class="w">        </span><span class="n">cursor</span><span class="p">[</span><span class="o">&lt;</span><span class="n">column_index</span><span class="o">&gt;</span><span class="p">].</span><span class="n">ToString</span><span class="p">();</span><span class="w">  </span><span class="c1">// retrieve data form the column</span>
+<a id="__codelineno-3-8" name="__codelineno-3-8"></a>
+<a id="__codelineno-3-9" name="__codelineno-3-9"></a><span class="w">        </span><span class="c1">// check for null before retrieving the value</span>
+<a id="__codelineno-3-10" name="__codelineno-3-10"></a><span class="w">        </span><span class="k">if</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="o">!</span><span class="n">cursor</span><span class="p">.</span><span class="n">IsDBNull</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="n">n</span><span class="p">))</span>
+<a id="__codelineno-3-11" name="__codelineno-3-11"></a><span class="w">        </span><span class="p">{</span>
+<a id="__codelineno-3-12" name="__codelineno-3-12"></a><span class="w">            </span><span class="n">cursor</span><span class="p">.</span><span class="n">Get</span><span class="o">&lt;</span><span class="n">SystemType</span><span class="o">&gt;</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="n">index</span><span class="p">);</span><span class="w">  </span><span class="c1">// retrieve data form the n-th column</span>
+<a id="__codelineno-3-13" name="__codelineno-3-13"></a><span class="w">        </span><span class="p">}</span>
+<a id="__codelineno-3-14" name="__codelineno-3-14"></a><span class="w">    </span><span class="p">}</span>
+<a id="__codelineno-3-15" name="__codelineno-3-15"></a><span class="p">}</span>
+</code></pre></div></td></tr></table></div>
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+  
+  <span class="md-ellipsis">
+    Pandas
+  </span>
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+    </li>
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+
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+    <li class="md-nav__item">
+      <a href="../../python/libs/seaborn.html" class="md-nav__link">
+        
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+  
+
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+    </li>
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+
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+              
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+  
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+    <li class="md-nav__item">
+      <a href="../../python/libs/requests.html" class="md-nav__link">
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+    <li class="md-nav__item">
+      <a href="../../python/libs/beautiful-soup.html" class="md-nav__link">
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+  
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+    </li>
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+
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+        </nav>
+      
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+        
+      
+        
+      
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+    <li class="md-nav__item">
+      <a href="../csharp/linq.html" class="md-nav__link">
+        
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+    Linq
+  </span>
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+  
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+    <li class="md-nav__item">
+      <a href="../csharp/collections.html" class="md-nav__link">
+        
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+  <span class="md-ellipsis">
+    Collections
+  </span>
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+  
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+  
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+    <li class="md-nav__item">
+      <a href="../csharp/reactive-extensions.html" class="md-nav__link">
+        
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+  <span class="md-ellipsis">
+    Reactive Extensions
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+    <li class="md-nav__item">
+      <a href="../csharp/async-programming.html" class="md-nav__link">
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+    <li class="md-nav__item">
+      <a href="../csharp/unit-tests.html" class="md-nav__link">
+        
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+        
+      
+        
+      
+        
+      
+        
+      
+        
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+      
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+            
+  
+  <span class="md-ellipsis">
+    ASP.NET
+  </span>
+  
+
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+          </label>
+        
+        <nav class="md-nav" data-md-level="3" aria-labelledby="__nav_4_9_2_label" aria-expanded="false">
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+            <span class="md-nav__icon md-icon"></span>
+            ASP.NET
+          </label>
+          <ul class="md-nav__list" data-md-scrollfix>
+            
+              
+                
+  
+  
+  
+  
+    <li class="md-nav__item">
+      <a href="../asp.net/minimal-api.html" class="md-nav__link">
+        
+  
+  <span class="md-ellipsis">
+    Minimal API
+  </span>
+  
+
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+    </li>
+  
+
+              
+            
+              
+                
+  
+  
+  
+  
+    <li class="md-nav__item">
+      <a href="../asp.net/filters.html" class="md-nav__link">
+        
+  
+  <span class="md-ellipsis">
+    FIlters
+  </span>
+  
+
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+    </li>
+  
+
+              
+            
+              
+                
+  
+  
+  
+  
+    <li class="md-nav__item">
+      <a href="../asp.net/middleware.html" class="md-nav__link">
+        
+  
+  <span class="md-ellipsis">
+    Middleware
+  </span>
+  
+
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+    </li>
+  
+
+              
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+              
+                
+  
+  
+  
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+    <li class="md-nav__item">
+      <a href="../asp.net/razor-syntax.html" class="md-nav__link">
+        
+  
+  <span class="md-ellipsis">
+    Razor Syntax
+  </span>
+  
+
+      </a>
+    </li>
+  
+
+              
+            
+              
+                
+  
+  
+  
+  
+    <li class="md-nav__item">
+      <a href="../asp.net/blazor.html" class="md-nav__link">
+        
+  
+  <span class="md-ellipsis">
+    Blazor
+  </span>
+  
+
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+    </li>
+  
+
+              
+            
+              
+                
+  
+  
+  
+  
+    <li class="md-nav__item">
+      <a href="../asp.net/signalr.html" class="md-nav__link">
+        
+  
+  <span class="md-ellipsis">
+    SignalR
+  </span>
+  
+
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+    </li>
+  
+
+              
+            
+              
+                
+  
+  
+  
+  
+    <li class="md-nav__item">
+      <a href="../asp.net/web-forms.html" class="md-nav__link">
+        
+  
+  <span class="md-ellipsis">
+    Web Forms
+  </span>
+  
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+
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+        </nav>
+      
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+  
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+  
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+    
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+    
+    
+      
+        
+      
+        
+      
+    
+    
+      
+      
+        
+      
+    
+    
+    <li class="md-nav__item md-nav__item--active md-nav__item--nested">
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+        <input class="md-nav__toggle md-toggle " type="checkbox" id="__nav_4_9_3" checked>
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+          <label class="md-nav__link" for="__nav_4_9_3" id="__nav_4_9_3_label" tabindex="0">
+            
+  
+  <span class="md-ellipsis">
+    Database
+  </span>
+  
+
+            <span class="md-nav__icon md-icon"></span>
+          </label>
+        
+        <nav class="md-nav" data-md-level="3" aria-labelledby="__nav_4_9_3_label" aria-expanded="true">
+          <label class="md-nav__title" for="__nav_4_9_3">
+            <span class="md-nav__icon md-icon"></span>
+            Database
+          </label>
+          <ul class="md-nav__list" data-md-scrollfix>
+            
+              
+                
+  
+  
+  
+  
+    <li class="md-nav__item">
+      <a href="ado.net.html" class="md-nav__link">
+        
+  
+  <span class="md-ellipsis">
+    ADO.NET
+  </span>
+  
+
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+    </li>
+  
+
+              
+            
+              
+                
+  
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+    <li class="md-nav__item md-nav__item--active">
+      
+      <input class="md-nav__toggle md-toggle" type="checkbox" id="__toc">
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+      
+      
+        <label class="md-nav__link md-nav__link--active" for="__toc">
+          
+  
+  <span class="md-ellipsis">
+    Entity Framework
+  </span>
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+
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+        </label>
+      
+      <a href="entity-framework.html" class="md-nav__link md-nav__link--active">
+        
+  
+  <span class="md-ellipsis">
+    Entity Framework
+  </span>
+  
+
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+      
+        
+
+<nav class="md-nav md-nav--secondary" aria-label="Table of contents">
+  
+  
+  
+    
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+  
+    <label class="md-nav__title" for="__toc">
+      <span class="md-nav__icon md-icon"></span>
+      Table of contents
+    </label>
+    <ul class="md-nav__list" data-md-component="toc" data-md-scrollfix>
+      
+        <li class="md-nav__item">
+  <a href="#model-data-annotations" class="md-nav__link">
+    <span class="md-ellipsis">
+      Model &amp; Data Annotations
+    </span>
+  </a>
+  
+</li>
+      
+        <li class="md-nav__item">
+  <a href="#context" class="md-nav__link">
+    <span class="md-ellipsis">
+      Context
+    </span>
+  </a>
+  
+</li>
+      
+        <li class="md-nav__item">
+  <a href="#migrations" class="md-nav__link">
+    <span class="md-ellipsis">
+      Migrations
+    </span>
+  </a>
+  
+</li>
+      
+        <li class="md-nav__item">
+  <a href="#crud" class="md-nav__link">
+    <span class="md-ellipsis">
+      CRUD
+    </span>
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+  
+    <nav class="md-nav" aria-label="CRUD">
+      <ul class="md-nav__list">
+        
+          <li class="md-nav__item">
+  <a href="#create" class="md-nav__link">
+    <span class="md-ellipsis">
+      Create
+    </span>
+  </a>
+  
+</li>
+        
+          <li class="md-nav__item">
+  <a href="#read" class="md-nav__link">
+    <span class="md-ellipsis">
+      Read
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+          <li class="md-nav__item">
+  <a href="#update" class="md-nav__link">
+    <span class="md-ellipsis">
+      Update
+    </span>
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+  
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+        
+          <li class="md-nav__item">
+  <a href="#delete" class="md-nav__link">
+    <span class="md-ellipsis">
+      Delete
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+  <span class="md-ellipsis">
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+            Java
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+    <li class="md-nav__item">
+      <a href="../../java/java.html" class="md-nav__link">
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+    Java
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+    <li class="md-nav__item">
+      <a href="../../java/java-collection-framework.html" class="md-nav__link">
+        
+  
+  <span class="md-ellipsis">
+    Java Collection Framework
+  </span>
+  
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+
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+    <li class="md-nav__item">
+      <a href="../../java/dao.html" class="md-nav__link">
+        
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+  <span class="md-ellipsis">
+    DAO
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+
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+                
+  
+  
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+    <li class="md-nav__item">
+      <a href="../../java/web/servlet.html" class="md-nav__link">
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+  <span class="md-ellipsis">
+    Serverlet
+  </span>
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+            
+  
+  <span class="md-ellipsis">
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+        <nav class="md-nav" data-md-level="4" aria-labelledby="__nav_4_10_4_2_label" aria-expanded="false">
+          <label class="md-nav__title" for="__nav_4_10_4_2">
+            <span class="md-nav__icon md-icon"></span>
+            Spring
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+      <a href="../../java/spring/pom.xml.html" class="md-nav__link">
+        
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+  <span class="md-ellipsis">
+    POM
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+  
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+      <a href="../../java/spring/spring-project.html" class="md-nav__link">
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+  
+  <span class="md-ellipsis">
+    Project Structure
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+  
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+        
+      
+        
+      
+        
+      
+        
+      
+        
+      
+        
+      
+        
+      
+        
+      
+        
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+    
+    
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+      
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+          
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+  <span class="md-ellipsis">
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+            PHP
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+        
+  
+  <span class="md-ellipsis">
+    PHP
+  </span>
+  
+
+      </a>
+    </li>
+  
+
+              
+            
+              
+                
+  
+  
+  
+  
+    <li class="md-nav__item">
+      <a href="../../php/database.html" class="md-nav__link">
+        
+  
+  <span class="md-ellipsis">
+    Database
+  </span>
+  
+
+      </a>
+    </li>
+  
+
+              
+            
+              
+                
+  
+  
+  
+  
+    <li class="md-nav__item">
+      <a href="../../php/web.html" class="md-nav__link">
+        
+  
+  <span class="md-ellipsis">
+    Web
+  </span>
+  
+
+      </a>
+    </li>
+  
+
+              
+            
+              
+                
+  
+  
+  
+  
+    <li class="md-nav__item">
+      <a href="../../php/dependency-injection.html" class="md-nav__link">
+        
+  
+  <span class="md-ellipsis">
+    Dependency Injection
+  </span>
+  
+
+      </a>
+    </li>
+  
+
+              
+            
+              
+                
+  
+  
+  
+  
+    <li class="md-nav__item">
+      <a href="../../php/unit-tests.html" class="md-nav__link">
+        
+  
+  <span class="md-ellipsis">
+    Unit Tests
+  </span>
+  
+
+      </a>
+    </li>
+  
+
+              
+            
+              
+                
+  
+  
+  
+  
+    <li class="md-nav__item">
+      <a href="../../php/composer.html" class="md-nav__link">
+        
+  
+  <span class="md-ellipsis">
+    Composer
+  </span>
+  
+
+      </a>
+    </li>
+  
+
+              
+            
+              
+                
+  
+  
+  
+  
+    <li class="md-nav__item">
+      <a href="../../php/psr-7.html" class="md-nav__link">
+        
+  
+  <span class="md-ellipsis">
+    PSR 7
+  </span>
+  
+
+      </a>
+    </li>
+  
+
+              
+            
+              
+                
+  
+  
+  
+  
+    <li class="md-nav__item">
+      <a href="../../php/plates-templating.html" class="md-nav__link">
+        
+  
+  <span class="md-ellipsis">
+    Plates
+  </span>
+  
+
+      </a>
+    </li>
+  
+
+              
+            
+              
+                
+  
+  
+  
+  
+    
+    
+      
+        
+      
+        
+      
+    
+    
+      
+      
+        
+      
+    
+    
+    <li class="md-nav__item md-nav__item--nested">
+      
+        
+        
+        <input class="md-nav__toggle md-toggle " type="checkbox" id="__nav_4_11_9" >
+        
+          
+          <label class="md-nav__link" for="__nav_4_11_9" id="__nav_4_11_9_label" tabindex="0">
+            
+  
+  <span class="md-ellipsis">
+    Simple MVC
+  </span>
+  
+
+            <span class="md-nav__icon md-icon"></span>
+          </label>
+        
+        <nav class="md-nav" data-md-level="3" aria-labelledby="__nav_4_11_9_label" aria-expanded="false">
+          <label class="md-nav__title" for="__nav_4_11_9">
+            <span class="md-nav__icon md-icon"></span>
+            Simple MVC
+          </label>
+          <ul class="md-nav__list" data-md-scrollfix>
+            
+              
+                
+  
+  
+  
+  
+    <li class="md-nav__item">
+      <a href="../../php/simple-mvc/simple-mvc.html" class="md-nav__link">
+        
+  
+  <span class="md-ellipsis">
+    Simple MVC
+  </span>
+  
+
+      </a>
+    </li>
+  
+
+              
+            
+              
+                
+  
+  
+  
+  
+    <li class="md-nav__item">
+      <a href="../../php/simple-mvc/rest-api.html" class="md-nav__link">
+        
+  
+  <span class="md-ellipsis">
+    REST API
+  </span>
+  
+
+      </a>
+    </li>
+  
+
+              
+            
+          </ul>
+        </nav>
+      
+    </li>
+  
+
+              
+            
+          </ul>
+        </nav>
+      
+    </li>
+  
+
+              
+            
+              
+                
+  
+  
+  
+  
+    
+    
+      
+        
+      
+        
+      
+        
+      
+        
+      
+        
+      
+    
+    
+      
+      
+        
+          
+          
+        
+      
+    
+    
+    <li class="md-nav__item md-nav__item--section md-nav__item--nested">
+      
+        
+        
+        <input class="md-nav__toggle md-toggle " type="checkbox" id="__nav_4_12" >
+        
+          
+          <label class="md-nav__link" for="__nav_4_12" id="__nav_4_12_label" tabindex="">
+            
+  
+  <span class="md-ellipsis">
+    Rust
+  </span>
+  
+
+            <span class="md-nav__icon md-icon"></span>
+          </label>
+        
+        <nav class="md-nav" data-md-level="2" aria-labelledby="__nav_4_12_label" aria-expanded="false">
+          <label class="md-nav__title" for="__nav_4_12">
+            <span class="md-nav__icon md-icon"></span>
+            Rust
+          </label>
+          <ul class="md-nav__list" data-md-scrollfix>
+            
+              
+                
+  
+  
+  
+  
+    <li class="md-nav__item">
+      <a href="../../rust/rust.html" class="md-nav__link">
+        
+  
+  <span class="md-ellipsis">
+    Rust
+  </span>
+  
+
+      </a>
+    </li>
+  
+
+              
+            
+              
+                
+  
+  
+  
+  
+    <li class="md-nav__item">
+      <a href="../../rust/macros.html" class="md-nav__link">
+        
+  
+  <span class="md-ellipsis">
+    Macros
+  </span>
+  
+
+      </a>
+    </li>
+  
+
+              
+            
+              
+                
+  
+  
+  
+  
+    <li class="md-nav__item">
+      <a href="../../rust/cargo.html" class="md-nav__link">
+        
+  
+  <span class="md-ellipsis">
+    Cargo
+  </span>
+  
+
+      </a>
+    </li>
+  
+
+              
+            
+              
+                
+  
+  
+  
+  
+    <li class="md-nav__item">
+      <a href="../../rust/concurrency.html" class="md-nav__link">
+        
+  
+  <span class="md-ellipsis">
+    Concurrency
+  </span>
+  
+
+      </a>
+    </li>
+  
+
+              
+            
+              
+                
+  
+  
+  
+  
+    <li class="md-nav__item">
+      <a href="../../rust/unit-tests.html" class="md-nav__link">
+        
+  
+  <span class="md-ellipsis">
+    Unit Tests
+  </span>
+  
+
+      </a>
+    </li>
+  
+
+              
+            
+          </ul>
+        </nav>
+      
+    </li>
+  
+
+              
+            
+              
+                
+  
+  
+  
+  
+    
+    
+      
+        
+      
+        
+      
+        
+      
+        
+      
+        
+      
+        
+      
+        
+      
+    
+    
+      
+      
+        
+          
+          
+        
+      
+    
+    
+    <li class="md-nav__item md-nav__item--section md-nav__item--nested">
+      
+        
+        
+        <input class="md-nav__toggle md-toggle " type="checkbox" id="__nav_4_13" >
+        
+          
+          <label class="md-nav__link" for="__nav_4_13" id="__nav_4_13_label" tabindex="">
+            
+  
+  <span class="md-ellipsis">
+    Javascript
+  </span>
+  
+
+            <span class="md-nav__icon md-icon"></span>
+          </label>
+        
+        <nav class="md-nav" data-md-level="2" aria-labelledby="__nav_4_13_label" aria-expanded="false">
+          <label class="md-nav__title" for="__nav_4_13">
+            <span class="md-nav__icon md-icon"></span>
+            Javascript
+          </label>
+          <ul class="md-nav__list" data-md-scrollfix>
+            
+              
+                
+  
+  
+  
+  
+    <li class="md-nav__item">
+      <a href="../../javascript/javascript.html" class="md-nav__link">
+        
+  
+  <span class="md-ellipsis">
+    Javascript
+  </span>
+  
+
+      </a>
+    </li>
+  
+
+              
+            
+              
+                
+  
+  
+  
+  
+    <li class="md-nav__item">
+      <a href="../../javascript/dom.html" class="md-nav__link">
+        
+  
+  <span class="md-ellipsis">
+    DOM
+  </span>
+  
+
+      </a>
+    </li>
+  
+
+              
+            
+              
+                
+  
+  
+  
+  
+    <li class="md-nav__item">
+      <a href="../../javascript/events-animation.html" class="md-nav__link">
+        
+  
+  <span class="md-ellipsis">
+    Events & Animation
+  </span>
+  
+
+      </a>
+    </li>
+  
+
+              
+            
+              
+                
+  
+  
+  
+  
+    <li class="md-nav__item">
+      <a href="../../javascript/ajax.html" class="md-nav__link">
+        
+  
+  <span class="md-ellipsis">
+    AJAX
+  </span>
+  
+
+      </a>
+    </li>
+  
+
+              
+            
+              
+                
+  
+  
+  
+  
+    <li class="md-nav__item">
+      <a href="../../javascript/jquery.html" class="md-nav__link">
+        
+  
+  <span class="md-ellipsis">
+    jQuery
+  </span>
+  
+
+      </a>
+    </li>
+  
+
+              
+            
+              
+                
+  
+  
+  
+  
+    
+    
+      
+        
+      
+        
+      
+        
+      
+        
+      
+        
+      
+    
+    
+      
+      
+        
+      
+    
+    
+    <li class="md-nav__item md-nav__item--nested">
+      
+        
+        
+        <input class="md-nav__toggle md-toggle " type="checkbox" id="__nav_4_13_6" >
+        
+          
+          <label class="md-nav__link" for="__nav_4_13_6" id="__nav_4_13_6_label" tabindex="0">
+            
+  
+  <span class="md-ellipsis">
+    React
+  </span>
+  
+
+            <span class="md-nav__icon md-icon"></span>
+          </label>
+        
+        <nav class="md-nav" data-md-level="3" aria-labelledby="__nav_4_13_6_label" aria-expanded="false">
+          <label class="md-nav__title" for="__nav_4_13_6">
+            <span class="md-nav__icon md-icon"></span>
+            React
+          </label>
+          <ul class="md-nav__list" data-md-scrollfix>
+            
+              
+                
+  
+  
+  
+  
+    <li class="md-nav__item">
+      <a href="../../javascript/react/react.html" class="md-nav__link">
+        
+  
+  <span class="md-ellipsis">
+    React
+  </span>
+  
+
+      </a>
+    </li>
+  
+
+              
+            
+              
+                
+  
+  
+  
+  
+    <li class="md-nav__item">
+      <a href="../../javascript/react/react-router.html" class="md-nav__link">
+        
+  
+  <span class="md-ellipsis">
+    React Router
+  </span>
+  
+
+      </a>
+    </li>
+  
+
+              
+            
+              
+                
+  
+  
+  
+  
+    <li class="md-nav__item">
+      <a href="../../javascript/react/react-tests.html" class="md-nav__link">
+        
+  
+  <span class="md-ellipsis">
+    React Tests
+  </span>
+  
+
+      </a>
+    </li>
+  
+
+              
+            
+              
+                
+  
+  
+  
+  
+    <li class="md-nav__item">
+      <a href="../../javascript/react/redux.html" class="md-nav__link">
+        
+  
+  <span class="md-ellipsis">
+    Redux
+  </span>
+  
+
+      </a>
+    </li>
+  
+
+              
+            
+              
+                
+  
+  
+  
+  
+    <li class="md-nav__item">
+      <a href="../../javascript/react/redux-tests.html" class="md-nav__link">
+        
+  
+  <span class="md-ellipsis">
+    Redux Tests
+  </span>
+  
+
+      </a>
+    </li>
+  
+
+              
+            
+          </ul>
+        </nav>
+      
+    </li>
+  
+
+              
+            
+              
+                
+  
+  
+  
+  
+    <li class="md-nav__item">
+      <a href="../../javascript/svelte/svelte.html" class="md-nav__link">
+        
+  
+  <span class="md-ellipsis">
+    Svelte
+  </span>
+  
+
+      </a>
+    </li>
+  
+
+              
+            
+          </ul>
+        </nav>
+      
+    </li>
+  
+
+              
+            
+              
+                
+  
+  
+  
+  
+    
+    
+      
+        
+      
+        
+      
+    
+    
+      
+      
+        
+          
+          
+        
+      
+    
+    
+    <li class="md-nav__item md-nav__item--section md-nav__item--nested">
+      
+        
+        
+        <input class="md-nav__toggle md-toggle " type="checkbox" id="__nav_4_14" >
+        
+          
+          <label class="md-nav__link" for="__nav_4_14" id="__nav_4_14_label" tabindex="">
+            
+  
+  <span class="md-ellipsis">
+    PowerShell
+  </span>
+  
+
+            <span class="md-nav__icon md-icon"></span>
+          </label>
+        
+        <nav class="md-nav" data-md-level="2" aria-labelledby="__nav_4_14_label" aria-expanded="false">
+          <label class="md-nav__title" for="__nav_4_14">
+            <span class="md-nav__icon md-icon"></span>
+            PowerShell
+          </label>
+          <ul class="md-nav__list" data-md-scrollfix>
+            
+              
+                
+  
+  
+  
+  
+    <li class="md-nav__item">
+      <a href="../../powershell/scripting.html" class="md-nav__link">
+        
+  
+  <span class="md-ellipsis">
+    Scripting
+  </span>
+  
+
+      </a>
+    </li>
+  
+
+              
+            
+              
+                
+  
+  
+  
+  
+    <li class="md-nav__item">
+      <a href="../../powershell/commands.html" class="md-nav__link">
+        
+  
+  <span class="md-ellipsis">
+    Commands
+  </span>
+  
+
+      </a>
+    </li>
+  
+
+              
+            
+          </ul>
+        </nav>
+      
+    </li>
+  
+
+              
+            
+              
+                
+  
+  
+  
+  
+    
+    
+      
+        
+      
+        
+      
+    
+    
+      
+      
+        
+          
+          
+        
+      
+    
+    
+    <li class="md-nav__item md-nav__item--section md-nav__item--nested">
+      
+        
+        
+        <input class="md-nav__toggle md-toggle " type="checkbox" id="__nav_4_15" >
+        
+          
+          <label class="md-nav__link" for="__nav_4_15" id="__nav_4_15_label" tabindex="">
+            
+  
+  <span class="md-ellipsis">
+    Bash
+  </span>
+  
+
+            <span class="md-nav__icon md-icon"></span>
+          </label>
+        
+        <nav class="md-nav" data-md-level="2" aria-labelledby="__nav_4_15_label" aria-expanded="false">
+          <label class="md-nav__title" for="__nav_4_15">
+            <span class="md-nav__icon md-icon"></span>
+            Bash
+          </label>
+          <ul class="md-nav__list" data-md-scrollfix>
+            
+              
+                
+  
+  
+  
+  
+    <li class="md-nav__item">
+      <a href="../../bash/scripting.html" class="md-nav__link">
+        
+  
+  <span class="md-ellipsis">
+    Scripting
+  </span>
+  
+
+      </a>
+    </li>
+  
+
+              
+            
+              
+                
+  
+  
+  
+  
+    <li class="md-nav__item">
+      <a href="../../bash/commands.html" class="md-nav__link">
+        
+  
+  <span class="md-ellipsis">
+    Commands
+  </span>
+  
+
+      </a>
+    </li>
+  
+
+              
+            
+          </ul>
+        </nav>
+      
+    </li>
+  
+
+              
+            
+          </ul>
+        </nav>
+      
+    </li>
+  
+
+    
+      
+      
+  
+  
+  
+  
+    
+    
+      
+        
+      
+        
+      
+        
+      
+        
+      
+        
+      
+    
+    
+      
+      
+        
+      
+    
+    
+    <li class="md-nav__item md-nav__item--nested">
+      
+        
+        
+        <input class="md-nav__toggle md-toggle " type="checkbox" id="__nav_5" >
+        
+          
+          <label class="md-nav__link" for="__nav_5" id="__nav_5_label" tabindex="0">
+            
+  
+  <span class="md-ellipsis">
+    Misc
+  </span>
+  
+
+            <span class="md-nav__icon md-icon"></span>
+          </label>
+        
+        <nav class="md-nav" data-md-level="1" aria-labelledby="__nav_5_label" aria-expanded="false">
+          <label class="md-nav__title" for="__nav_5">
+            <span class="md-nav__icon md-icon"></span>
+            Misc
+          </label>
+          <ul class="md-nav__list" data-md-scrollfix>
+            
+              
+                
+  
+  
+  
+  
+    <li class="md-nav__item">
+      <a href="../../../misc/git.html" class="md-nav__link">
+        
+  
+  <span class="md-ellipsis">
+    Git
+  </span>
+  
+
+      </a>
+    </li>
+  
+
+              
+            
+              
+                
+  
+  
+  
+  
+    <li class="md-nav__item">
+      <a href="../../../misc/graph-ql.html" class="md-nav__link">
+        
+  
+  <span class="md-ellipsis">
+    GraphQL
+  </span>
+  
+
+      </a>
+    </li>
+  
+
+              
+            
+              
+                
+  
+  
+  
+  
+    <li class="md-nav__item">
+      <a href="../../../misc/regular-expressions.html" class="md-nav__link">
+        
+  
+  <span class="md-ellipsis">
+    RegEx
+  </span>
+  
+
+      </a>
+    </li>
+  
+
+              
+            
+              
+                
+  
+  
+  
+  
+    <li class="md-nav__item">
+      <a href="../../../misc/ssh.html" class="md-nav__link">
+        
+  
+  <span class="md-ellipsis">
+    SSH
+  </span>
+  
+
+      </a>
+    </li>
+  
+
+              
+            
+              
+                
+  
+  
+  
+  
+    <li class="md-nav__item">
+      <a href="../../../misc/web-components.html" class="md-nav__link">
+        
+  
+  <span class="md-ellipsis">
+    WebComponents
+  </span>
+  
+
+      </a>
+    </li>
+  
+
+              
+            
+          </ul>
+        </nav>
+      
+    </li>
+  
+
+    
+      
+      
+  
+  
+  
+  
+    
+    
+      
+        
+      
+        
+      
+    
+    
+      
+      
+        
+      
+    
+    
+    <li class="md-nav__item md-nav__item--nested">
+      
+        
+        
+        <input class="md-nav__toggle md-toggle " type="checkbox" id="__nav_6" >
+        
+          
+          <label class="md-nav__link" for="__nav_6" id="__nav_6_label" tabindex="0">
+            
+  
+  <span class="md-ellipsis">
+    Linux
+  </span>
+  
+
+            <span class="md-nav__icon md-icon"></span>
+          </label>
+        
+        <nav class="md-nav" data-md-level="1" aria-labelledby="__nav_6_label" aria-expanded="false">
+          <label class="md-nav__title" for="__nav_6">
+            <span class="md-nav__icon md-icon"></span>
+            Linux
+          </label>
+          <ul class="md-nav__list" data-md-scrollfix>
+            
+              
+                
+  
+  
+  
+  
+    
+    
+      
+        
+      
+        
+      
+        
+      
+    
+    
+      
+      
+        
+      
+    
+    
+    <li class="md-nav__item md-nav__item--nested">
+      
+        
+        
+        <input class="md-nav__toggle md-toggle " type="checkbox" id="__nav_6_1" >
+        
+          
+          <label class="md-nav__link" for="__nav_6_1" id="__nav_6_1_label" tabindex="0">
+            
+  
+  <span class="md-ellipsis">
+    Filesystem
+  </span>
+  
+
+            <span class="md-nav__icon md-icon"></span>
+          </label>
+        
+        <nav class="md-nav" data-md-level="2" aria-labelledby="__nav_6_1_label" aria-expanded="false">
+          <label class="md-nav__title" for="__nav_6_1">
+            <span class="md-nav__icon md-icon"></span>
+            Filesystem
+          </label>
+          <ul class="md-nav__list" data-md-scrollfix>
+            
+              
+                
+  
+  
+  
+  
+    <li class="md-nav__item">
+      <a href="../../../linux/filesystem/file-links.html" class="md-nav__link">
+        
+  
+  <span class="md-ellipsis">
+    File Links
+  </span>
+  
+
+      </a>
+    </li>
+  
+
+              
+            
+              
+                
+  
+  
+  
+  
+    <li class="md-nav__item">
+      <a href="../../../linux/filesystem/procfs.html" class="md-nav__link">
+        
+  
+  <span class="md-ellipsis">
+    /proc
+  </span>
+  
+
+      </a>
+    </li>
+  
+
+              
+            
+              
+                
+  
+  
+  
+  
+    <li class="md-nav__item">
+      <a href="../../../linux/filesystem/sysfs.html" class="md-nav__link">
+        
+  
+  <span class="md-ellipsis">
+    /sys
+  </span>
+  
+
+      </a>
+    </li>
+  
+
+              
+            
+          </ul>
+        </nav>
+      
+    </li>
+  
+
+              
+            
+              
+                
+  
+  
+  
+  
+    
+    
+      
+        
+      
+        
+      
+    
+    
+      
+      
+        
+      
+    
+    
+    <li class="md-nav__item md-nav__item--nested">
+      
+        
+        
+        <input class="md-nav__toggle md-toggle " type="checkbox" id="__nav_6_2" >
+        
+          
+          <label class="md-nav__link" for="__nav_6_2" id="__nav_6_2_label" tabindex="0">
+            
+  
+  <span class="md-ellipsis">
+    System Init
+  </span>
+  
+
+            <span class="md-nav__icon md-icon"></span>
+          </label>
+        
+        <nav class="md-nav" data-md-level="2" aria-labelledby="__nav_6_2_label" aria-expanded="false">
+          <label class="md-nav__title" for="__nav_6_2">
+            <span class="md-nav__icon md-icon"></span>
+            System Init
+          </label>
+          <ul class="md-nav__list" data-md-scrollfix>
+            
+              
+                
+  
+  
+  
+  
+    <li class="md-nav__item">
+      <a href="../../../linux/init/systemd.html" class="md-nav__link">
+        
+  
+  <span class="md-ellipsis">
+    Systemd
+  </span>
+  
+
+      </a>
+    </li>
+  
+
+              
+            
+              
+                
+  
+  
+  
+  
+    <li class="md-nav__item">
+      <a href="../../../linux/init/open-rc.html" class="md-nav__link">
+        
+  
+  <span class="md-ellipsis">
+    OpenRC
+  </span>
+  
+
+      </a>
+    </li>
+  
+
+              
+            
+          </ul>
+        </nav>
+      
+    </li>
+  
+
+              
+            
+          </ul>
+        </nav>
+      
+    </li>
+  
+
+    
+  </ul>
+</nav>
+                  </div>
+                </div>
+              </div>
+            
+            
+              
+              <div class="md-sidebar md-sidebar--secondary" data-md-component="sidebar" data-md-type="toc" >
+                <div class="md-sidebar__scrollwrap">
+                  <div class="md-sidebar__inner">
+                    
+
+<nav class="md-nav md-nav--secondary" aria-label="Table of contents">
+  
+  
+  
+    
+  
+  
+    <label class="md-nav__title" for="__toc">
+      <span class="md-nav__icon md-icon"></span>
+      Table of contents
+    </label>
+    <ul class="md-nav__list" data-md-component="toc" data-md-scrollfix>
+      
+        <li class="md-nav__item">
+  <a href="#model-data-annotations" class="md-nav__link">
+    <span class="md-ellipsis">
+      Model &amp; Data Annotations
+    </span>
+  </a>
+  
+</li>
+      
+        <li class="md-nav__item">
+  <a href="#context" class="md-nav__link">
+    <span class="md-ellipsis">
+      Context
+    </span>
+  </a>
+  
+</li>
+      
+        <li class="md-nav__item">
+  <a href="#migrations" class="md-nav__link">
+    <span class="md-ellipsis">
+      Migrations
+    </span>
+  </a>
+  
+</li>
+      
+        <li class="md-nav__item">
+  <a href="#crud" class="md-nav__link">
+    <span class="md-ellipsis">
+      CRUD
+    </span>
+  </a>
+  
+    <nav class="md-nav" aria-label="CRUD">
+      <ul class="md-nav__list">
+        
+          <li class="md-nav__item">
+  <a href="#create" class="md-nav__link">
+    <span class="md-ellipsis">
+      Create
+    </span>
+  </a>
+  
+</li>
+        
+          <li class="md-nav__item">
+  <a href="#read" class="md-nav__link">
+    <span class="md-ellipsis">
+      Read
+    </span>
+  </a>
+  
+</li>
+        
+          <li class="md-nav__item">
+  <a href="#update" class="md-nav__link">
+    <span class="md-ellipsis">
+      Update
+    </span>
+  </a>
+  
+</li>
+        
+          <li class="md-nav__item">
+  <a href="#delete" class="md-nav__link">
+    <span class="md-ellipsis">
+      Delete
+    </span>
+  </a>
+  
+</li>
+        
+      </ul>
+    </nav>
+  
+</li>
+      
+    </ul>
+  
+</nav>
+                  </div>
+                </div>
+              </div>
+            
+          
+          
+            <div class="md-content" data-md-component="content">
+              <article class="md-content__inner md-typeset">
+                
+                  
+
+  
+  
+
+
+<h1 id="entity-framework">Entity Framework</h1>
+<h2 id="model-data-annotations">Model &amp; Data Annotations</h2>
+<div class="highlight"><table class="highlighttable"><tr><th colspan="2" class="filename"><span class="filename">C#</span></th></tr><tr><td class="linenos"><div class="linenodiv"><pre><span></span><span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-0-1"> 1</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-0-2"> 2</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-0-3"> 3</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-0-4"> 4</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-0-5"> 5</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-0-6"> 6</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-0-7"> 7</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-0-8"> 8</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-0-9"> 9</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-0-10">10</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-0-11">11</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-0-12">12</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-0-13">13</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-0-14">14</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-0-15">15</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-0-16">16</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-0-17">17</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-0-18">18</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-0-19">19</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-0-20">20</a></span></pre></div></td><td class="code"><div><pre><span></span><code><a id="__codelineno-0-1" name="__codelineno-0-1"></a><span class="k">using</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="nn">System</span><span class="p">;</span>
+<a id="__codelineno-0-2" name="__codelineno-0-2"></a><span class="k">using</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="nn">System.Collections.Generic</span><span class="p">;</span>
+<a id="__codelineno-0-3" name="__codelineno-0-3"></a><span class="k">using</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="nn">System.ComponentModel.DataAnnotations</span><span class="p">;</span>
+<a id="__codelineno-0-4" name="__codelineno-0-4"></a><span class="k">using</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="nn">System.Linq</span><span class="p">;</span>
+<a id="__codelineno-0-5" name="__codelineno-0-5"></a>
+<a id="__codelineno-0-6" name="__codelineno-0-6"></a><span class="k">namespace</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="err">&lt;</span><span class="nn">Project</span><span class="o">&gt;</span><span class="p">.</span><span class="n">Model</span>
+<a id="__codelineno-0-7" name="__codelineno-0-7"></a><span class="p">{</span>
+<a id="__codelineno-0-8" name="__codelineno-0-8"></a><span class="w">    </span><span class="k">public</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="k">class</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="nc">Entity</span>
+<a id="__codelineno-0-9" name="__codelineno-0-9"></a><span class="w">    </span><span class="p">{</span>
+<a id="__codelineno-0-10" name="__codelineno-0-10"></a><span class="w">        </span><span class="na">[Key]</span><span class="w">  </span><span class="c1">// set as PK (Id &amp; EntityId are automatically detected to be PKs)</span>
+<a id="__codelineno-0-11" name="__codelineno-0-11"></a><span class="w">        </span><span class="k">public</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="kt">int</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="n">Id</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="p">{</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="k">get</span><span class="p">;</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="k">set</span><span class="p">;</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="p">}</span>
+<a id="__codelineno-0-12" name="__codelineno-0-12"></a>
+<a id="__codelineno-0-13" name="__codelineno-0-13"></a><span class="w">        </span><span class="na">[Required]</span>
+<a id="__codelineno-0-14" name="__codelineno-0-14"></a><span class="w">        </span><span class="k">public</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="n">Type</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="n">ForeignObject</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="p">{</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="k">get</span><span class="p">;</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="k">set</span><span class="p">;</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="p">}</span><span class="w">  </span><span class="c1">// Not Null in DB</span>
+<a id="__codelineno-0-15" name="__codelineno-0-15"></a><span class="w">        </span><span class="k">public</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="n">Type</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="n">ForeignObject</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="p">{</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="k">get</span><span class="p">;</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="k">set</span><span class="p">;</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="p">}</span><span class="w">  </span><span class="c1">// Allow Null in DB</span>
+<a id="__codelineno-0-16" name="__codelineno-0-16"></a>
+<a id="__codelineno-0-17" name="__codelineno-0-17"></a><span class="w">        </span><span class="k">public</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="kt">int</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="n">Prop</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="p">{</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="k">get</span><span class="p">;</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="k">set</span><span class="p">;</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="p">}</span><span class="w">  </span><span class="c1">// Not Null in DB (primitive are not nullable)</span>
+<a id="__codelineno-0-18" name="__codelineno-0-18"></a><span class="w">        </span><span class="k">public</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="kt">int?</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="n">Prop</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="p">{</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="k">get</span><span class="p">;</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="k">set</span><span class="p">;</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="p">}</span><span class="w">  </span><span class="c1">// Allow Null in DB</span>
+<a id="__codelineno-0-19" name="__codelineno-0-19"></a><span class="w">    </span><span class="p">}</span>
+<a id="__codelineno-0-20" name="__codelineno-0-20"></a><span class="p">}</span>
+</code></pre></div></td></tr></table></div>
+<h2 id="context">Context</h2>
+<p>NuGet Packages to install:</p>
+<ul>
+<li><code>Microsoft.EntityFrameworkCore</code></li>
+<li><code>Microsoft.EntityFrameworkCore.Tools</code> to use migrations in Visual Studio</li>
+<li><code>Microsoft.EntityFrameworkCore.Tools.DotNet</code> to use migrations in <code>dotnet</code> cli (<code>dotnet-ef</code>)</li>
+<li><code>Microsoft.EntityFrameworkCore.Design</code> <em>or</em> <code>Microsoft.EntityFrameworkCore.&lt;db_provider&gt;.Design</code> needed for tools to work (bundled w\ tools)</li>
+<li><code>Microsoft.EntityFrameworkCore.&lt;db_provider&gt;</code></li>
+</ul>
+<div class="highlight"><table class="highlighttable"><tr><th colspan="2" class="filename"><span class="filename">C#</span></th></tr><tr><td class="linenos"><div class="linenodiv"><pre><span></span><span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-1-1"> 1</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-1-2"> 2</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-1-3"> 3</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-1-4"> 4</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-1-5"> 5</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-1-6"> 6</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-1-7"> 7</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-1-8"> 8</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-1-9"> 9</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-1-10">10</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-1-11">11</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-1-12">12</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-1-13">13</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-1-14">14</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-1-15">15</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-1-16">16</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-1-17">17</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-1-18">18</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-1-19">19</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-1-20">20</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-1-21">21</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-1-22">22</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-1-23">23</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-1-24">24</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-1-25">25</a></span></pre></div></td><td class="code"><div><pre><span></span><code><a id="__codelineno-1-1" name="__codelineno-1-1"></a><span class="k">using</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="nn">Microsoft.EntityFrameworkCore</span><span class="p">;</span>
+<a id="__codelineno-1-2" name="__codelineno-1-2"></a>
+<a id="__codelineno-1-3" name="__codelineno-1-3"></a><span class="k">namespace</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="err">&lt;</span><span class="nn">Project</span><span class="o">&gt;</span><span class="p">.</span><span class="n">Model</span>
+<a id="__codelineno-1-4" name="__codelineno-1-4"></a><span class="p">{</span>
+<a id="__codelineno-1-5" name="__codelineno-1-5"></a><span class="w">    </span><span class="k">class</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="nc">Context</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="p">:</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="n">DbContext</span>
+<a id="__codelineno-1-6" name="__codelineno-1-6"></a><span class="w">    </span><span class="p">{</span>
+<a id="__codelineno-1-7" name="__codelineno-1-7"></a><span class="w">        </span><span class="k">private</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="k">const</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="kt">string</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="n">_connectionString</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="o">=</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="s">&quot;Server=&lt;server_name&gt;;Database=&lt;database&gt;;UID=&lt;user&gt;;Pwd=&lt;password&gt;&quot;</span><span class="p">;</span>
+<a id="__codelineno-1-8" name="__codelineno-1-8"></a>
+<a id="__codelineno-1-9" name="__codelineno-1-9"></a><span class="w">        </span><span class="c1">// connect to db</span>
+<a id="__codelineno-1-10" name="__codelineno-1-10"></a><span class="w">        </span><span class="k">protected</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="k">override</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="k">void</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="nf">OnConfiguring</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="n">DbContextOptionsBuilder</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="n">optionsBuilder</span><span class="p">)</span>
+<a id="__codelineno-1-11" name="__codelineno-1-11"></a><span class="w">        </span><span class="p">{</span>
+<a id="__codelineno-1-12" name="__codelineno-1-12"></a><span class="w">            </span><span class="n">optionsBuilder</span><span class="p">.</span><span class="n">UseSqlServer</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="n">_connectionString</span><span class="p">);</span><span class="w">  </span><span class="c1">// specify connection</span>
+<a id="__codelineno-1-13" name="__codelineno-1-13"></a><span class="w">        </span><span class="p">}</span>
+<a id="__codelineno-1-14" name="__codelineno-1-14"></a>
+<a id="__codelineno-1-15" name="__codelineno-1-15"></a><span class="w">        </span><span class="c1">// or</span>
+<a id="__codelineno-1-16" name="__codelineno-1-16"></a>
+<a id="__codelineno-1-17" name="__codelineno-1-17"></a><span class="w">        </span><span class="k">public</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="nf">Context</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="n">DbContextOptions</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="n">options</span><span class="p">)</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="p">:</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="k">base</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="n">options</span><span class="p">)</span>
+<a id="__codelineno-1-18" name="__codelineno-1-18"></a><span class="w">        </span><span class="p">{</span>
+<a id="__codelineno-1-19" name="__codelineno-1-19"></a><span class="w">        </span><span class="p">}</span>
+<a id="__codelineno-1-20" name="__codelineno-1-20"></a>
+<a id="__codelineno-1-21" name="__codelineno-1-21"></a><span class="w">        </span><span class="c1">//DBSet&lt;TEntity&gt; represents the collection of all entities in the context (or that can be queried from the database) of a given type</span>
+<a id="__codelineno-1-22" name="__codelineno-1-22"></a><span class="w">        </span><span class="k">public</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="n">DbSet</span><span class="o">&lt;</span><span class="n">Entity</span><span class="o">&gt;</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="n">Entities</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="p">{</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="k">get</span><span class="p">;</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="k">set</span><span class="p">;</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="p">}</span>
+<a id="__codelineno-1-23" name="__codelineno-1-23"></a><span class="w">        </span><span class="k">public</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="n">DbSet</span><span class="o">&lt;</span><span class="n">Entity</span><span class="o">&gt;</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="n">Entities</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="o">=&gt;</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="n">Set</span><span class="o">&lt;</span><span class="n">Entity</span><span class="o">&gt;</span><span class="p">();</span><span class="w">  </span><span class="c1">// with nullable reference types</span>
+<a id="__codelineno-1-24" name="__codelineno-1-24"></a><span class="w">    </span><span class="p">}</span>
+<a id="__codelineno-1-25" name="__codelineno-1-25"></a><span class="p">}</span>
+</code></pre></div></td></tr></table></div>
+<h2 id="migrations">Migrations</h2>
+<p>Create &amp; Update DB Schema if necessary.</p>
+<p>In Package Manager Shell:</p>
+<div class="highlight"><table class="highlighttable"><tr><th colspan="2" class="filename"><span class="filename">PowerShell</span></th></tr><tr><td class="linenos"><div class="linenodiv"><pre><span></span><span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-2-1">1</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-2-2">2</a></span></pre></div></td><td class="code"><div><pre><span></span><code><a id="__codelineno-2-1" name="__codelineno-2-1"></a><span class="n">PM</span><span class="p">&gt;</span> <span class="nb">Add-Migration</span> <span class="p">&lt;</span><span class="n">migration_name</span><span class="p">&gt;</span>
+<a id="__codelineno-2-2" name="__codelineno-2-2"></a><span class="n">PM</span><span class="p">&gt;</span> <span class="nb">update-database</span> <span class="p">[</span><span class="n">-Verbose</span><span class="p">]</span> <span class="c"># use the migrations to modify the db, -Verbose to show SQL queries</span>
+</code></pre></div></td></tr></table></div>
+<p>In dotnet cli:</p>
+<div class="highlight"><table class="highlighttable"><tr><th colspan="2" class="filename"><span class="filename">PowerShell</span></th></tr><tr><td class="linenos"><div class="linenodiv"><pre><span></span><span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-3-1">1</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-3-2">2</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-3-3">3</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-3-4">4</a></span></pre></div></td><td class="code"><div><pre><span></span><code><a id="__codelineno-3-1" name="__codelineno-3-1"></a><span class="n">dotnet</span> <span class="n">tool</span> <span class="n">install</span> <span class="p">-</span><span class="n">-global</span> <span class="n">dotnet-ef</span>  <span class="c"># if not already installed</span>
+<a id="__codelineno-3-2" name="__codelineno-3-2"></a>
+<a id="__codelineno-3-3" name="__codelineno-3-3"></a><span class="n">dotnet</span> <span class="n">ef</span> <span class="n">migrations</span> <span class="n">add</span> <span class="p">&lt;</span><span class="n">migration_name</span><span class="p">&gt;</span>
+<a id="__codelineno-3-4" name="__codelineno-3-4"></a><span class="n">dotnet</span> <span class="n">ef</span> <span class="n">database</span> <span class="n">update</span>
+</code></pre></div></td></tr></table></div>
+<h2 id="crud">CRUD</h2>
+<h3 id="create">Create</h3>
+<div class="highlight"><table class="highlighttable"><tr><th colspan="2" class="filename"><span class="filename">C#</span></th></tr><tr><td class="linenos"><div class="linenodiv"><pre><span></span><span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-4-1">1</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-4-2">2</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-4-3">3</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-4-4">4</a></span></pre></div></td><td class="code"><div><pre><span></span><code><a id="__codelineno-4-1" name="__codelineno-4-1"></a><span class="n">context</span><span class="p">.</span><span class="n">Add</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="n">entity</span><span class="p">);</span>
+<a id="__codelineno-4-2" name="__codelineno-4-2"></a><span class="n">context</span><span class="p">.</span><span class="n">AddRange</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="n">entities</span><span class="p">);</span>
+<a id="__codelineno-4-3" name="__codelineno-4-3"></a>
+<a id="__codelineno-4-4" name="__codelineno-4-4"></a><span class="n">context</span><span class="p">.</span><span class="n">SaveChanges</span><span class="p">();</span>
+</code></pre></div></td></tr></table></div>
+<h3 id="read">Read</h3>
+<p><a href="https://stackoverflow.com/a/5385288">Referenced Object Not Loading Fix</a></p>
+<div class="highlight"><table class="highlighttable"><tr><th colspan="2" class="filename"><span class="filename">C#</span></th></tr><tr><td class="linenos"><div class="linenodiv"><pre><span></span><span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-5-1">1</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-5-2">2</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-5-3">3</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-5-4">4</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-5-5">5</a></span></pre></div></td><td class="code"><div><pre><span></span><code><a id="__codelineno-5-1" name="__codelineno-5-1"></a><span class="n">context</span><span class="p">.</span><span class="n">Entities</span><span class="p">.</span><span class="n">ToList</span><span class="p">();</span>
+<a id="__codelineno-5-2" name="__codelineno-5-2"></a><span class="n">context</span><span class="p">.</span><span class="n">Entities</span><span class="p">.</span><span class="n">Find</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="n">id</span><span class="p">);</span>
+<a id="__codelineno-5-3" name="__codelineno-5-3"></a>
+<a id="__codelineno-5-4" name="__codelineno-5-4"></a><span class="c1">// force read of foreign key identifying referenced obj</span>
+<a id="__codelineno-5-5" name="__codelineno-5-5"></a><span class="n">context</span><span class="p">.</span><span class="n">Entities</span><span class="p">.</span><span class="n">Include</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="n">c</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="o">=&gt;</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="n">c</span><span class="p">.</span><span class="n">ForeignObject</span><span class="p">).</span><span class="n">Find</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="n">id</span><span class="p">);</span>
+</code></pre></div></td></tr></table></div>
+<h3 id="update">Update</h3>
+<div class="highlight"><table class="highlighttable"><tr><th colspan="2" class="filename"><span class="filename">C#</span></th></tr><tr><td class="linenos"><div class="linenodiv"><pre><span></span><span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-6-1">1</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-6-2">2</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-6-3">3</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-6-4">4</a></span></pre></div></td><td class="code"><div><pre><span></span><code><a id="__codelineno-6-1" name="__codelineno-6-1"></a><span class="n">context</span><span class="p">.</span><span class="n">Entities</span><span class="p">.</span><span class="n">Update</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="n">entity</span><span class="p">);</span>
+<a id="__codelineno-6-2" name="__codelineno-6-2"></a><span class="n">context</span><span class="p">.</span><span class="n">UpdateRange</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="n">entities</span><span class="p">);</span>
+<a id="__codelineno-6-3" name="__codelineno-6-3"></a>
+<a id="__codelineno-6-4" name="__codelineno-6-4"></a><span class="n">context</span><span class="p">.</span><span class="n">SaveChanges</span><span class="p">();</span>
+</code></pre></div></td></tr></table></div>
+<h3 id="delete">Delete</h3>
+<div class="highlight"><table class="highlighttable"><tr><th colspan="2" class="filename"><span class="filename">C#</span></th></tr><tr><td class="linenos"><div class="linenodiv"><pre><span></span><span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-7-1">1</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-7-2">2</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-7-3">3</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-7-4">4</a></span></pre></div></td><td class="code"><div><pre><span></span><code><a id="__codelineno-7-1" name="__codelineno-7-1"></a><span class="n">context</span><span class="p">.</span><span class="n">Entities</span><span class="p">.</span><span class="n">Remove</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="n">entity</span><span class="p">);</span>
+<a id="__codelineno-7-2" name="__codelineno-7-2"></a><span class="n">context</span><span class="p">.</span><span class="n">RemoveRange</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="n">entities</span><span class="p">);</span>
+<a id="__codelineno-7-3" name="__codelineno-7-3"></a>
+<a id="__codelineno-7-4" name="__codelineno-7-4"></a><span class="n">context</span><span class="p">.</span><span class="n">SaveChanges</span><span class="p">();</span>
+</code></pre></div></td></tr></table></div>
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\ No newline at end of file
diff --git a/languages/html/html.html b/languages/html/html.html
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..2494e97
--- /dev/null
+++ b/languages/html/html.html
@@ -0,0 +1,5795 @@
+
+<!doctype html>
+<html lang="en" class="no-js">
+  <head>
+    
+      <meta charset="utf-8">
+      <meta name="viewport" content="width=device-width,initial-scale=1">
+      
+      
+        <meta name="author" content="Marcello Lamonaca">
+      
+      
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+      
+      
+        <link rel="prev" href="../../databases/mongo-db.html">
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+      
+      
+      <link rel="icon" href="../../assets/images/favicon.png">
+      <meta name="generator" content="mkdocs-1.6.1, mkdocs-material-9.5.34">
+    
+    
+      
+        <title>HTML - Dev Notes</title>
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+      
+        
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+        
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+        <link rel="stylesheet" href="https://fonts.googleapis.com/css?family=Roboto:300,300i,400,400i,700,700i%7CRoboto+Mono:400,400i,700,700i&display=fallback">
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+      
+    
+    
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+      
+    
+    
+  </head>
+  
+  
+    
+    
+      
+    
+    
+    
+    
+    <body dir="ltr" data-md-color-scheme="default" data-md-color-primary="orange" data-md-color-accent="deep-orange">
+  
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+      
+        <li class="md-nav__item">
+  <a href="#anatomy-of-an-html-element" class="md-nav__link">
+    <span class="md-ellipsis">
+      Anatomy of an HTML Element
+    </span>
+  </a>
+  
+</li>
+      
+        <li class="md-nav__item">
+  <a href="#the-doctype" class="md-nav__link">
+    <span class="md-ellipsis">
+      The Doctype
+    </span>
+  </a>
+  
+    <nav class="md-nav" aria-label="The Doctype">
+      <ul class="md-nav__list">
+        
+          <li class="md-nav__item">
+  <a href="#xhtml-10-strict" class="md-nav__link">
+    <span class="md-ellipsis">
+      XHTML 1.0 Strict
+    </span>
+  </a>
+  
+</li>
+        
+          <li class="md-nav__item">
+  <a href="#html4-transitional" class="md-nav__link">
+    <span class="md-ellipsis">
+      HTML4 Transitional
+    </span>
+  </a>
+  
+</li>
+        
+          <li class="md-nav__item">
+  <a href="#html5" class="md-nav__link">
+    <span class="md-ellipsis">
+      HTML5
+    </span>
+  </a>
+  
+</li>
+        
+      </ul>
+    </nav>
+  
+</li>
+      
+        <li class="md-nav__item">
+  <a href="#the-html-element" class="md-nav__link">
+    <span class="md-ellipsis">
+      The HTML Element
+    </span>
+  </a>
+  
+    <nav class="md-nav" aria-label="The HTML Element">
+      <ul class="md-nav__list">
+        
+          <li class="md-nav__item">
+  <a href="#the-head-element" class="md-nav__link">
+    <span class="md-ellipsis">
+      The HEAD Element
+    </span>
+  </a>
+  
+</li>
+        
+          <li class="md-nav__item">
+  <a href="#html-shiv-polyfill" class="md-nav__link">
+    <span class="md-ellipsis">
+      HTML Shiv (Polyfill)
+    </span>
+  </a>
+  
+</li>
+        
+      </ul>
+    </nav>
+  
+</li>
+      
+        <li class="md-nav__item">
+  <a href="#the-body-element" class="md-nav__link">
+    <span class="md-ellipsis">
+      The BODY Element
+    </span>
+  </a>
+  
+</li>
+      
+        <li class="md-nav__item">
+  <a href="#javascript" class="md-nav__link">
+    <span class="md-ellipsis">
+      JavaScript
+    </span>
+  </a>
+  
+    <nav class="md-nav" aria-label="JavaScript">
+      <ul class="md-nav__list">
+        
+          <li class="md-nav__item">
+  <a href="#local-remote-or-inline-javascript" class="md-nav__link">
+    <span class="md-ellipsis">
+      Local, Remote or Inline JavaScript
+    </span>
+  </a>
+  
+</li>
+        
+      </ul>
+    </nav>
+  
+</li>
+      
+        <li class="md-nav__item">
+  <a href="#forms" class="md-nav__link">
+    <span class="md-ellipsis">
+      Forms
+    </span>
+  </a>
+  
+    <nav class="md-nav" aria-label="Forms">
+      <ul class="md-nav__list">
+        
+          <li class="md-nav__item">
+  <a href="#form-validation" class="md-nav__link">
+    <span class="md-ellipsis">
+      Form Validation
+    </span>
+  </a>
+  
+    <nav class="md-nav" aria-label="Form Validation">
+      <ul class="md-nav__list">
+        
+          <li class="md-nav__item">
+  <a href="#front-end-validation" class="md-nav__link">
+    <span class="md-ellipsis">
+      Front-End Validation
+    </span>
+  </a>
+  
+</li>
+        
+      </ul>
+    </nav>
+  
+</li>
+        
+          <li class="md-nav__item">
+  <a href="#back-end-validation" class="md-nav__link">
+    <span class="md-ellipsis">
+      Back-End Validation
+    </span>
+  </a>
+  
+    <nav class="md-nav" aria-label="Back-End Validation">
+      <ul class="md-nav__list">
+        
+          <li class="md-nav__item">
+  <a href="#built-in-validation" class="md-nav__link">
+    <span class="md-ellipsis">
+      Built-In Validation
+    </span>
+  </a>
+  
+</li>
+        
+          <li class="md-nav__item">
+  <a href="#validation-with-javascript" class="md-nav__link">
+    <span class="md-ellipsis">
+      Validation with JavaScript
+    </span>
+  </a>
+  
+</li>
+        
+      </ul>
+    </nav>
+  
+</li>
+        
+      </ul>
+    </nav>
+  
+</li>
+      
+        <li class="md-nav__item">
+  <a href="#general-structure-of-html-page" class="md-nav__link">
+    <span class="md-ellipsis">
+      General structure of HTML page
+    </span>
+  </a>
+  
+    <nav class="md-nav" aria-label="General structure of HTML page">
+      <ul class="md-nav__list">
+        
+          <li class="md-nav__item">
+  <a href="#meta-tag-structure" class="md-nav__link">
+    <span class="md-ellipsis">
+      Meta Tag Structure
+    </span>
+  </a>
+  
+</li>
+        
+          <li class="md-nav__item">
+  <a href="#paragraph" class="md-nav__link">
+    <span class="md-ellipsis">
+      Paragraph
+    </span>
+  </a>
+  
+</li>
+        
+          <li class="md-nav__item">
+  <a href="#headings" class="md-nav__link">
+    <span class="md-ellipsis">
+      Headings
+    </span>
+  </a>
+  
+</li>
+        
+          <li class="md-nav__item">
+  <a href="#formatted-text" class="md-nav__link">
+    <span class="md-ellipsis">
+      Formatted Text
+    </span>
+  </a>
+  
+</li>
+        
+      </ul>
+    </nav>
+  
+</li>
+      
+        <li class="md-nav__item">
+  <a href="#elements" class="md-nav__link">
+    <span class="md-ellipsis">
+      Elements
+    </span>
+  </a>
+  
+    <nav class="md-nav" aria-label="Elements">
+      <ul class="md-nav__list">
+        
+          <li class="md-nav__item">
+  <a href="#linksanchor" class="md-nav__link">
+    <span class="md-ellipsis">
+      Links/Anchor
+    </span>
+  </a>
+  
+</li>
+        
+          <li class="md-nav__item">
+  <a href="#images" class="md-nav__link">
+    <span class="md-ellipsis">
+      Images
+    </span>
+  </a>
+  
+</li>
+        
+          <li class="md-nav__item">
+  <a href="#unordered-list-bullet-list" class="md-nav__link">
+    <span class="md-ellipsis">
+      Unordered list (bullet list)
+    </span>
+  </a>
+  
+</li>
+        
+          <li class="md-nav__item">
+  <a href="#ordered-list-numbered-list" class="md-nav__link">
+    <span class="md-ellipsis">
+      Ordered list (numbered list)
+    </span>
+  </a>
+  
+</li>
+        
+          <li class="md-nav__item">
+  <a href="#description-list-list-of-terms-and-descriptions" class="md-nav__link">
+    <span class="md-ellipsis">
+      Description list (list of terms and descriptions)
+    </span>
+  </a>
+  
+</li>
+        
+          <li class="md-nav__item">
+  <a href="#tables" class="md-nav__link">
+    <span class="md-ellipsis">
+      Tables
+    </span>
+  </a>
+  
+</li>
+        
+          <li class="md-nav__item">
+  <a href="#character-codes" class="md-nav__link">
+    <span class="md-ellipsis">
+      Character Codes
+    </span>
+  </a>
+  
+</li>
+        
+          <li class="md-nav__item">
+  <a href="#block-element" class="md-nav__link">
+    <span class="md-ellipsis">
+      Block Element
+    </span>
+  </a>
+  
+</li>
+        
+          <li class="md-nav__item">
+  <a href="#inline-element" class="md-nav__link">
+    <span class="md-ellipsis">
+      Inline Element
+    </span>
+  </a>
+  
+</li>
+        
+          <li class="md-nav__item">
+  <a href="#html5-new-tags" class="md-nav__link">
+    <span class="md-ellipsis">
+      HTML5 new tags
+    </span>
+  </a>
+  
+</li>
+        
+      </ul>
+    </nav>
+  
+</li>
+      
+        <li class="md-nav__item">
+  <a href="#html-forms-inputs" class="md-nav__link">
+    <span class="md-ellipsis">
+      HTML Forms &amp; Inputs
+    </span>
+  </a>
+  
+    <nav class="md-nav" aria-label="HTML Forms & Inputs">
+      <ul class="md-nav__list">
+        
+          <li class="md-nav__item">
+  <a href="#basic-form-elements" class="md-nav__link">
+    <span class="md-ellipsis">
+      Basic Form Elements
+    </span>
+  </a>
+  
+</li>
+        
+          <li class="md-nav__item">
+  <a href="#text-field" class="md-nav__link">
+    <span class="md-ellipsis">
+      Text Field
+    </span>
+  </a>
+  
+</li>
+        
+          <li class="md-nav__item">
+  <a href="#password-field" class="md-nav__link">
+    <span class="md-ellipsis">
+      Password Field
+    </span>
+  </a>
+  
+</li>
+        
+          <li class="md-nav__item">
+  <a href="#radio-buttons" class="md-nav__link">
+    <span class="md-ellipsis">
+      Radio Buttons
+    </span>
+  </a>
+  
+</li>
+        
+          <li class="md-nav__item">
+  <a href="#checkboxes" class="md-nav__link">
+    <span class="md-ellipsis">
+      Checkboxes
+    </span>
+  </a>
+  
+</li>
+        
+          <li class="md-nav__item">
+  <a href="#dropdown-menus" class="md-nav__link">
+    <span class="md-ellipsis">
+      Dropdown Menus
+    </span>
+  </a>
+  
+</li>
+        
+          <li class="md-nav__item">
+  <a href="#file-select" class="md-nav__link">
+    <span class="md-ellipsis">
+      File Select
+    </span>
+  </a>
+  
+</li>
+        
+          <li class="md-nav__item">
+  <a href="#text-area" class="md-nav__link">
+    <span class="md-ellipsis">
+      Text Area
+    </span>
+  </a>
+  
+</li>
+        
+          <li class="md-nav__item">
+  <a href="#submit-reset" class="md-nav__link">
+    <span class="md-ellipsis">
+      Submit &amp; Reset
+    </span>
+  </a>
+  
+</li>
+        
+          <li class="md-nav__item">
+  <a href="#button" class="md-nav__link">
+    <span class="md-ellipsis">
+      Button
+    </span>
+  </a>
+  
+</li>
+        
+          <li class="md-nav__item">
+  <a href="#fieldset" class="md-nav__link">
+    <span class="md-ellipsis">
+      Fieldset
+    </span>
+  </a>
+  
+</li>
+        
+          <li class="md-nav__item">
+  <a href="#email-field" class="md-nav__link">
+    <span class="md-ellipsis">
+      Email Field
+    </span>
+  </a>
+  
+</li>
+        
+          <li class="md-nav__item">
+  <a href="#progress-bar" class="md-nav__link">
+    <span class="md-ellipsis">
+      Progress Bar
+    </span>
+  </a>
+  
+</li>
+        
+          <li class="md-nav__item">
+  <a href="#slider" class="md-nav__link">
+    <span class="md-ellipsis">
+      Slider
+    </span>
+  </a>
+  
+</li>
+        
+          <li class="md-nav__item">
+  <a href="#meter" class="md-nav__link">
+    <span class="md-ellipsis">
+      Meter
+    </span>
+  </a>
+  
+</li>
+        
+          <li class="md-nav__item">
+  <a href="#datalist-autocomplete" class="md-nav__link">
+    <span class="md-ellipsis">
+      Datalist (Autocomplete)
+    </span>
+  </a>
+  
+</li>
+        
+          <li class="md-nav__item">
+  <a href="#more-input-types" class="md-nav__link">
+    <span class="md-ellipsis">
+      More Input Types
+    </span>
+  </a>
+  
+</li>
+        
+          <li class="md-nav__item">
+  <a href="#using-built-in-form-validation" class="md-nav__link">
+    <span class="md-ellipsis">
+      Using Built-In Form Validation
+    </span>
+  </a>
+  
+</li>
+        
+      </ul>
+    </nav>
+  
+</li>
+      
+    </ul>
+  
+</nav>
+      
+    </li>
+  
+
+              
+            
+              
+                
+  
+  
+  
+  
+    <li class="md-nav__item">
+      <a href="../markdown.html" class="md-nav__link">
+        
+  
+  <span class="md-ellipsis">
+    Markdown
+  </span>
+  
+
+      </a>
+    </li>
+  
+
+              
+            
+              
+                
+  
+  
+  
+  
+    <li class="md-nav__item">
+      <a href="../css/css.html" class="md-nav__link">
+        
+  
+  <span class="md-ellipsis">
+    CSS
+  </span>
+  
+
+      </a>
+    </li>
+  
+
+              
+            
+              
+                
+  
+  
+  
+  
+    <li class="md-nav__item">
+      <a href="../c/c.html" class="md-nav__link">
+        
+  
+  <span class="md-ellipsis">
+    C
+  </span>
+  
+
+      </a>
+    </li>
+  
+
+              
+            
+              
+                
+  
+  
+  
+  
+    <li class="md-nav__item">
+      <a href="../kotlin/kotlin.html" class="md-nav__link">
+        
+  
+  <span class="md-ellipsis">
+    Kotlin
+  </span>
+  
+
+      </a>
+    </li>
+  
+
+              
+            
+              
+                
+  
+  
+  
+  
+    <li class="md-nav__item">
+      <a href="../swift/swift.html" class="md-nav__link">
+        
+  
+  <span class="md-ellipsis">
+    Swift
+  </span>
+  
+
+      </a>
+    </li>
+  
+
+              
+            
+              
+                
+  
+  
+  
+  
+    
+    
+      
+        
+      
+        
+      
+    
+    
+      
+      
+        
+          
+          
+        
+      
+    
+    
+    <li class="md-nav__item md-nav__item--section md-nav__item--nested">
+      
+        
+        
+        <input class="md-nav__toggle md-toggle " type="checkbox" id="__nav_4_7" >
+        
+          
+          <label class="md-nav__link" for="__nav_4_7" id="__nav_4_7_label" tabindex="">
+            
+  
+  <span class="md-ellipsis">
+    Assembly
+  </span>
+  
+
+            <span class="md-nav__icon md-icon"></span>
+          </label>
+        
+        <nav class="md-nav" data-md-level="2" aria-labelledby="__nav_4_7_label" aria-expanded="false">
+          <label class="md-nav__title" for="__nav_4_7">
+            <span class="md-nav__icon md-icon"></span>
+            Assembly
+          </label>
+          <ul class="md-nav__list" data-md-scrollfix>
+            
+              
+                
+  
+  
+  
+  
+    <li class="md-nav__item">
+      <a href="../assembly/intel.html" class="md-nav__link">
+        
+  
+  <span class="md-ellipsis">
+    Intel
+  </span>
+  
+
+      </a>
+    </li>
+  
+
+              
+            
+              
+                
+  
+  
+  
+  
+    <li class="md-nav__item">
+      <a href="../assembly/riscv.html" class="md-nav__link">
+        
+  
+  <span class="md-ellipsis">
+    RISC-V
+  </span>
+  
+
+      </a>
+    </li>
+  
+
+              
+            
+          </ul>
+        </nav>
+      
+    </li>
+  
+
+              
+            
+              
+                
+  
+  
+  
+  
+    
+    
+      
+        
+      
+        
+      
+        
+      
+    
+    
+      
+      
+        
+          
+          
+        
+      
+    
+    
+    <li class="md-nav__item md-nav__item--section md-nav__item--nested">
+      
+        
+        
+        <input class="md-nav__toggle md-toggle " type="checkbox" id="__nav_4_8" >
+        
+          
+          <label class="md-nav__link" for="__nav_4_8" id="__nav_4_8_label" tabindex="">
+            
+  
+  <span class="md-ellipsis">
+    Python
+  </span>
+  
+
+            <span class="md-nav__icon md-icon"></span>
+          </label>
+        
+        <nav class="md-nav" data-md-level="2" aria-labelledby="__nav_4_8_label" aria-expanded="false">
+          <label class="md-nav__title" for="__nav_4_8">
+            <span class="md-nav__icon md-icon"></span>
+            Python
+          </label>
+          <ul class="md-nav__list" data-md-scrollfix>
+            
+              
+                
+  
+  
+  
+  
+    <li class="md-nav__item">
+      <a href="../python/python.html" class="md-nav__link">
+        
+  
+  <span class="md-ellipsis">
+    Python
+  </span>
+  
+
+      </a>
+    </li>
+  
+
+              
+            
+              
+                
+  
+  
+  
+  
+    
+    
+      
+        
+      
+        
+      
+        
+      
+        
+      
+        
+      
+        
+      
+        
+      
+        
+      
+        
+      
+        
+      
+        
+      
+        
+      
+        
+      
+    
+    
+      
+      
+        
+      
+    
+    
+    <li class="md-nav__item md-nav__item--nested">
+      
+        
+        
+        <input class="md-nav__toggle md-toggle " type="checkbox" id="__nav_4_8_2" >
+        
+          
+          <label class="md-nav__link" for="__nav_4_8_2" id="__nav_4_8_2_label" tabindex="0">
+            
+  
+  <span class="md-ellipsis">
+    Modules
+  </span>
+  
+
+            <span class="md-nav__icon md-icon"></span>
+          </label>
+        
+        <nav class="md-nav" data-md-level="3" aria-labelledby="__nav_4_8_2_label" aria-expanded="false">
+          <label class="md-nav__title" for="__nav_4_8_2">
+            <span class="md-nav__icon md-icon"></span>
+            Modules
+          </label>
+          <ul class="md-nav__list" data-md-scrollfix>
+            
+              
+                
+  
+  
+  
+  
+    <li class="md-nav__item">
+      <a href="../python/modules/argparse.html" class="md-nav__link">
+        
+  
+  <span class="md-ellipsis">
+    argparse
+  </span>
+  
+
+      </a>
+    </li>
+  
+
+              
+            
+              
+                
+  
+  
+  
+  
+    <li class="md-nav__item">
+      <a href="../python/modules/collections.html" class="md-nav__link">
+        
+  
+  <span class="md-ellipsis">
+    collection
+  </span>
+  
+
+      </a>
+    </li>
+  
+
+              
+            
+              
+                
+  
+  
+  
+  
+    <li class="md-nav__item">
+      <a href="../python/modules/csv.html" class="md-nav__link">
+        
+  
+  <span class="md-ellipsis">
+    csv
+  </span>
+  
+
+      </a>
+    </li>
+  
+
+              
+            
+              
+                
+  
+  
+  
+  
+    <li class="md-nav__item">
+      <a href="../python/modules/ftplib.html" class="md-nav__link">
+        
+  
+  <span class="md-ellipsis">
+    ftplib
+  </span>
+  
+
+      </a>
+    </li>
+  
+
+              
+            
+              
+                
+  
+  
+  
+  
+    <li class="md-nav__item">
+      <a href="../python/modules/itertools.html" class="md-nav__link">
+        
+  
+  <span class="md-ellipsis">
+    itertools
+  </span>
+  
+
+      </a>
+    </li>
+  
+
+              
+            
+              
+                
+  
+  
+  
+  
+    <li class="md-nav__item">
+      <a href="../python/modules/json.html" class="md-nav__link">
+        
+  
+  <span class="md-ellipsis">
+    json
+  </span>
+  
+
+      </a>
+    </li>
+  
+
+              
+            
+              
+                
+  
+  
+  
+  
+    <li class="md-nav__item">
+      <a href="../python/modules/logging.html" class="md-nav__link">
+        
+  
+  <span class="md-ellipsis">
+    logging
+  </span>
+  
+
+      </a>
+    </li>
+  
+
+              
+            
+              
+                
+  
+  
+  
+  
+    <li class="md-nav__item">
+      <a href="../python/modules/shutil.html" class="md-nav__link">
+        
+  
+  <span class="md-ellipsis">
+    shutil
+  </span>
+  
+
+      </a>
+    </li>
+  
+
+              
+            
+              
+                
+  
+  
+  
+  
+    <li class="md-nav__item">
+      <a href="../python/modules/smtplib.html" class="md-nav__link">
+        
+  
+  <span class="md-ellipsis">
+    smtplib
+  </span>
+  
+
+      </a>
+    </li>
+  
+
+              
+            
+              
+                
+  
+  
+  
+  
+    <li class="md-nav__item">
+      <a href="../python/modules/socket.html" class="md-nav__link">
+        
+  
+  <span class="md-ellipsis">
+    socket
+  </span>
+  
+
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+    </li>
+  
+
+              
+            
+              
+                
+  
+  
+  
+  
+    <li class="md-nav__item">
+      <a href="../python/modules/sqlite.html" class="md-nav__link">
+        
+  
+  <span class="md-ellipsis">
+    sqlite
+  </span>
+  
+
+      </a>
+    </li>
+  
+
+              
+            
+              
+                
+  
+  
+  
+  
+    <li class="md-nav__item">
+      <a href="../python/modules/time-datetime.html" class="md-nav__link">
+        
+  
+  <span class="md-ellipsis">
+    time & datetime
+  </span>
+  
+
+      </a>
+    </li>
+  
+
+              
+            
+              
+                
+  
+  
+  
+  
+    <li class="md-nav__item">
+      <a href="../python/modules/unittest.html" class="md-nav__link">
+        
+  
+  <span class="md-ellipsis">
+    unittest
+  </span>
+  
+
+      </a>
+    </li>
+  
+
+              
+            
+          </ul>
+        </nav>
+      
+    </li>
+  
+
+              
+            
+              
+                
+  
+  
+  
+  
+    
+    
+      
+        
+      
+        
+      
+        
+      
+        
+      
+        
+      
+        
+      
+    
+    
+      
+      
+        
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+    
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+          <label class="md-nav__link" for="__nav_4_8_3" id="__nav_4_8_3_label" tabindex="0">
+            
+  
+  <span class="md-ellipsis">
+    Libraries
+  </span>
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+
+            <span class="md-nav__icon md-icon"></span>
+          </label>
+        
+        <nav class="md-nav" data-md-level="3" aria-labelledby="__nav_4_8_3_label" aria-expanded="false">
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+            <span class="md-nav__icon md-icon"></span>
+            Libraries
+          </label>
+          <ul class="md-nav__list" data-md-scrollfix>
+            
+              
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+  
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+  
+  
+    <li class="md-nav__item">
+      <a href="../python/libs/tkinter.html" class="md-nav__link">
+        
+  
+  <span class="md-ellipsis">
+    TKinter
+  </span>
+  
+
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+    </li>
+  
+
+              
+            
+              
+                
+  
+  
+  
+  
+    <li class="md-nav__item">
+      <a href="../python/libs/numpy.html" class="md-nav__link">
+        
+  
+  <span class="md-ellipsis">
+    Numpy
+  </span>
+  
+
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+    </li>
+  
+
+              
+            
+              
+                
+  
+  
+  
+  
+    <li class="md-nav__item">
+      <a href="../python/libs/pandas.html" class="md-nav__link">
+        
+  
+  <span class="md-ellipsis">
+    Pandas
+  </span>
+  
+
+      </a>
+    </li>
+  
+
+              
+            
+              
+                
+  
+  
+  
+  
+    <li class="md-nav__item">
+      <a href="../python/libs/seaborn.html" class="md-nav__link">
+        
+  
+  <span class="md-ellipsis">
+    Seaborn
+  </span>
+  
+
+      </a>
+    </li>
+  
+
+              
+            
+              
+                
+  
+  
+  
+  
+    <li class="md-nav__item">
+      <a href="../python/libs/requests.html" class="md-nav__link">
+        
+  
+  <span class="md-ellipsis">
+    Requests
+  </span>
+  
+
+      </a>
+    </li>
+  
+
+              
+            
+              
+                
+  
+  
+  
+  
+    <li class="md-nav__item">
+      <a href="../python/libs/beautiful-soup.html" class="md-nav__link">
+        
+  
+  <span class="md-ellipsis">
+    Beatiful Soup
+  </span>
+  
+
+      </a>
+    </li>
+  
+
+              
+            
+          </ul>
+        </nav>
+      
+    </li>
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+            
+          </ul>
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+    </li>
+  
+
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+            
+              
+                
+  
+  
+  
+  
+    
+    
+      
+        
+      
+        
+      
+        
+      
+    
+    
+      
+      
+        
+          
+          
+        
+      
+    
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+        
+          
+          <label class="md-nav__link" for="__nav_4_9" id="__nav_4_9_label" tabindex="">
+            
+  
+  <span class="md-ellipsis">
+    .NET
+  </span>
+  
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+          </label>
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+        <nav class="md-nav" data-md-level="2" aria-labelledby="__nav_4_9_label" aria-expanded="false">
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+            .NET
+          </label>
+          <ul class="md-nav__list" data-md-scrollfix>
+            
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+  
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+  
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+    
+    
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+        
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+        
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+  <span class="md-ellipsis">
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+  </span>
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+            C#
+          </label>
+          <ul class="md-nav__list" data-md-scrollfix>
+            
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+    <li class="md-nav__item">
+      <a href="../dotnet/csharp/csharp.html" class="md-nav__link">
+        
+  
+  <span class="md-ellipsis">
+    C#
+  </span>
+  
+
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+  
+
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+  
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+  
+  
+    <li class="md-nav__item">
+      <a href="../dotnet/csharp/linq.html" class="md-nav__link">
+        
+  
+  <span class="md-ellipsis">
+    Linq
+  </span>
+  
+
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+    </li>
+  
+
+              
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+              
+                
+  
+  
+  
+  
+    <li class="md-nav__item">
+      <a href="../dotnet/csharp/collections.html" class="md-nav__link">
+        
+  
+  <span class="md-ellipsis">
+    Collections
+  </span>
+  
+
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+    </li>
+  
+
+              
+            
+              
+                
+  
+  
+  
+  
+    <li class="md-nav__item">
+      <a href="../dotnet/csharp/reactive-extensions.html" class="md-nav__link">
+        
+  
+  <span class="md-ellipsis">
+    Reactive Extensions
+  </span>
+  
+
+      </a>
+    </li>
+  
+
+              
+            
+              
+                
+  
+  
+  
+  
+    <li class="md-nav__item">
+      <a href="../dotnet/csharp/async-programming.html" class="md-nav__link">
+        
+  
+  <span class="md-ellipsis">
+    Async Programming
+  </span>
+  
+
+      </a>
+    </li>
+  
+
+              
+            
+              
+                
+  
+  
+  
+  
+    <li class="md-nav__item">
+      <a href="../dotnet/csharp/unit-tests.html" class="md-nav__link">
+        
+  
+  <span class="md-ellipsis">
+    Unit Tests
+  </span>
+  
+
+      </a>
+    </li>
+  
+
+              
+            
+          </ul>
+        </nav>
+      
+    </li>
+  
+
+              
+            
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+                
+  
+  
+  
+  
+    
+    
+      
+        
+      
+        
+      
+        
+      
+        
+      
+        
+      
+        
+      
+        
+      
+    
+    
+      
+      
+        
+      
+    
+    
+    <li class="md-nav__item md-nav__item--nested">
+      
+        
+        
+        <input class="md-nav__toggle md-toggle " type="checkbox" id="__nav_4_9_2" >
+        
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+          <label class="md-nav__link" for="__nav_4_9_2" id="__nav_4_9_2_label" tabindex="0">
+            
+  
+  <span class="md-ellipsis">
+    ASP.NET
+  </span>
+  
+
+            <span class="md-nav__icon md-icon"></span>
+          </label>
+        
+        <nav class="md-nav" data-md-level="3" aria-labelledby="__nav_4_9_2_label" aria-expanded="false">
+          <label class="md-nav__title" for="__nav_4_9_2">
+            <span class="md-nav__icon md-icon"></span>
+            ASP.NET
+          </label>
+          <ul class="md-nav__list" data-md-scrollfix>
+            
+              
+                
+  
+  
+  
+  
+    <li class="md-nav__item">
+      <a href="../dotnet/asp.net/minimal-api.html" class="md-nav__link">
+        
+  
+  <span class="md-ellipsis">
+    Minimal API
+  </span>
+  
+
+      </a>
+    </li>
+  
+
+              
+            
+              
+                
+  
+  
+  
+  
+    <li class="md-nav__item">
+      <a href="../dotnet/asp.net/filters.html" class="md-nav__link">
+        
+  
+  <span class="md-ellipsis">
+    FIlters
+  </span>
+  
+
+      </a>
+    </li>
+  
+
+              
+            
+              
+                
+  
+  
+  
+  
+    <li class="md-nav__item">
+      <a href="../dotnet/asp.net/middleware.html" class="md-nav__link">
+        
+  
+  <span class="md-ellipsis">
+    Middleware
+  </span>
+  
+
+      </a>
+    </li>
+  
+
+              
+            
+              
+                
+  
+  
+  
+  
+    <li class="md-nav__item">
+      <a href="../dotnet/asp.net/razor-syntax.html" class="md-nav__link">
+        
+  
+  <span class="md-ellipsis">
+    Razor Syntax
+  </span>
+  
+
+      </a>
+    </li>
+  
+
+              
+            
+              
+                
+  
+  
+  
+  
+    <li class="md-nav__item">
+      <a href="../dotnet/asp.net/blazor.html" class="md-nav__link">
+        
+  
+  <span class="md-ellipsis">
+    Blazor
+  </span>
+  
+
+      </a>
+    </li>
+  
+
+              
+            
+              
+                
+  
+  
+  
+  
+    <li class="md-nav__item">
+      <a href="../dotnet/asp.net/signalr.html" class="md-nav__link">
+        
+  
+  <span class="md-ellipsis">
+    SignalR
+  </span>
+  
+
+      </a>
+    </li>
+  
+
+              
+            
+              
+                
+  
+  
+  
+  
+    <li class="md-nav__item">
+      <a href="../dotnet/asp.net/web-forms.html" class="md-nav__link">
+        
+  
+  <span class="md-ellipsis">
+    Web Forms
+  </span>
+  
+
+      </a>
+    </li>
+  
+
+              
+            
+          </ul>
+        </nav>
+      
+    </li>
+  
+
+              
+            
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+                
+  
+  
+  
+  
+    
+    
+      
+        
+      
+        
+      
+    
+    
+      
+      
+        
+      
+    
+    
+    <li class="md-nav__item md-nav__item--nested">
+      
+        
+        
+        <input class="md-nav__toggle md-toggle " type="checkbox" id="__nav_4_9_3" >
+        
+          
+          <label class="md-nav__link" for="__nav_4_9_3" id="__nav_4_9_3_label" tabindex="0">
+            
+  
+  <span class="md-ellipsis">
+    Database
+  </span>
+  
+
+            <span class="md-nav__icon md-icon"></span>
+          </label>
+        
+        <nav class="md-nav" data-md-level="3" aria-labelledby="__nav_4_9_3_label" aria-expanded="false">
+          <label class="md-nav__title" for="__nav_4_9_3">
+            <span class="md-nav__icon md-icon"></span>
+            Database
+          </label>
+          <ul class="md-nav__list" data-md-scrollfix>
+            
+              
+                
+  
+  
+  
+  
+    <li class="md-nav__item">
+      <a href="../dotnet/database/ado.net.html" class="md-nav__link">
+        
+  
+  <span class="md-ellipsis">
+    ADO.NET
+  </span>
+  
+
+      </a>
+    </li>
+  
+
+              
+            
+              
+                
+  
+  
+  
+  
+    <li class="md-nav__item">
+      <a href="../dotnet/database/entity-framework.html" class="md-nav__link">
+        
+  
+  <span class="md-ellipsis">
+    Entity Framework
+  </span>
+  
+
+      </a>
+    </li>
+  
+
+              
+            
+          </ul>
+        </nav>
+      
+    </li>
+  
+
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+            
+          </ul>
+        </nav>
+      
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+  
+
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+            
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+                
+  
+  
+  
+  
+    
+    
+      
+        
+      
+        
+      
+        
+      
+        
+      
+    
+    
+      
+      
+        
+          
+          
+        
+      
+    
+    
+    <li class="md-nav__item md-nav__item--section md-nav__item--nested">
+      
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+        <input class="md-nav__toggle md-toggle " type="checkbox" id="__nav_4_10" >
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+          <label class="md-nav__link" for="__nav_4_10" id="__nav_4_10_label" tabindex="">
+            
+  
+  <span class="md-ellipsis">
+    Java
+  </span>
+  
+
+            <span class="md-nav__icon md-icon"></span>
+          </label>
+        
+        <nav class="md-nav" data-md-level="2" aria-labelledby="__nav_4_10_label" aria-expanded="false">
+          <label class="md-nav__title" for="__nav_4_10">
+            <span class="md-nav__icon md-icon"></span>
+            Java
+          </label>
+          <ul class="md-nav__list" data-md-scrollfix>
+            
+              
+                
+  
+  
+  
+  
+    <li class="md-nav__item">
+      <a href="../java/java.html" class="md-nav__link">
+        
+  
+  <span class="md-ellipsis">
+    Java
+  </span>
+  
+
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+    </li>
+  
+
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+            
+              
+                
+  
+  
+  
+  
+    <li class="md-nav__item">
+      <a href="../java/java-collection-framework.html" class="md-nav__link">
+        
+  
+  <span class="md-ellipsis">
+    Java Collection Framework
+  </span>
+  
+
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+    </li>
+  
+
+              
+            
+              
+                
+  
+  
+  
+  
+    <li class="md-nav__item">
+      <a href="../java/dao.html" class="md-nav__link">
+        
+  
+  <span class="md-ellipsis">
+    DAO
+  </span>
+  
+
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+    </li>
+  
+
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+            
+              
+                
+  
+  
+  
+  
+    
+    
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+        
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+        
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+    
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+      
+        
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+            
+  
+  <span class="md-ellipsis">
+    Web
+  </span>
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+          </label>
+        
+        <nav class="md-nav" data-md-level="3" aria-labelledby="__nav_4_10_4_label" aria-expanded="false">
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+            <span class="md-nav__icon md-icon"></span>
+            Web
+          </label>
+          <ul class="md-nav__list" data-md-scrollfix>
+            
+              
+                
+  
+  
+  
+  
+    <li class="md-nav__item">
+      <a href="../java/web/servlet.html" class="md-nav__link">
+        
+  
+  <span class="md-ellipsis">
+    Serverlet
+  </span>
+  
+
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+    </li>
+  
+
+              
+            
+              
+                
+  
+  
+  
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+    
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+    
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+            
+  
+  <span class="md-ellipsis">
+    Spring
+  </span>
+  
+
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+          </label>
+        
+        <nav class="md-nav" data-md-level="4" aria-labelledby="__nav_4_10_4_2_label" aria-expanded="false">
+          <label class="md-nav__title" for="__nav_4_10_4_2">
+            <span class="md-nav__icon md-icon"></span>
+            Spring
+          </label>
+          <ul class="md-nav__list" data-md-scrollfix>
+            
+              
+                
+  
+  
+  
+  
+    <li class="md-nav__item">
+      <a href="../java/spring/pom.xml.html" class="md-nav__link">
+        
+  
+  <span class="md-ellipsis">
+    POM
+  </span>
+  
+
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+    </li>
+  
+
+              
+            
+              
+                
+  
+  
+  
+  
+    <li class="md-nav__item">
+      <a href="../java/spring/spring-project.html" class="md-nav__link">
+        
+  
+  <span class="md-ellipsis">
+    Project Structure
+  </span>
+  
+
+      </a>
+    </li>
+  
+
+              
+            
+          </ul>
+        </nav>
+      
+    </li>
+  
+
+              
+            
+          </ul>
+        </nav>
+      
+    </li>
+  
+
+              
+            
+          </ul>
+        </nav>
+      
+    </li>
+  
+
+              
+            
+              
+                
+  
+  
+  
+  
+    
+    
+      
+        
+      
+        
+      
+        
+      
+        
+      
+        
+      
+        
+      
+        
+      
+        
+      
+        
+      
+    
+    
+      
+      
+        
+          
+          
+        
+      
+    
+    
+    <li class="md-nav__item md-nav__item--section md-nav__item--nested">
+      
+        
+        
+        <input class="md-nav__toggle md-toggle " type="checkbox" id="__nav_4_11" >
+        
+          
+          <label class="md-nav__link" for="__nav_4_11" id="__nav_4_11_label" tabindex="">
+            
+  
+  <span class="md-ellipsis">
+    PHP
+  </span>
+  
+
+            <span class="md-nav__icon md-icon"></span>
+          </label>
+        
+        <nav class="md-nav" data-md-level="2" aria-labelledby="__nav_4_11_label" aria-expanded="false">
+          <label class="md-nav__title" for="__nav_4_11">
+            <span class="md-nav__icon md-icon"></span>
+            PHP
+          </label>
+          <ul class="md-nav__list" data-md-scrollfix>
+            
+              
+                
+  
+  
+  
+  
+    <li class="md-nav__item">
+      <a href="../php/php.html" class="md-nav__link">
+        
+  
+  <span class="md-ellipsis">
+    PHP
+  </span>
+  
+
+      </a>
+    </li>
+  
+
+              
+            
+              
+                
+  
+  
+  
+  
+    <li class="md-nav__item">
+      <a href="../php/database.html" class="md-nav__link">
+        
+  
+  <span class="md-ellipsis">
+    Database
+  </span>
+  
+
+      </a>
+    </li>
+  
+
+              
+            
+              
+                
+  
+  
+  
+  
+    <li class="md-nav__item">
+      <a href="../php/web.html" class="md-nav__link">
+        
+  
+  <span class="md-ellipsis">
+    Web
+  </span>
+  
+
+      </a>
+    </li>
+  
+
+              
+            
+              
+                
+  
+  
+  
+  
+    <li class="md-nav__item">
+      <a href="../php/dependency-injection.html" class="md-nav__link">
+        
+  
+  <span class="md-ellipsis">
+    Dependency Injection
+  </span>
+  
+
+      </a>
+    </li>
+  
+
+              
+            
+              
+                
+  
+  
+  
+  
+    <li class="md-nav__item">
+      <a href="../php/unit-tests.html" class="md-nav__link">
+        
+  
+  <span class="md-ellipsis">
+    Unit Tests
+  </span>
+  
+
+      </a>
+    </li>
+  
+
+              
+            
+              
+                
+  
+  
+  
+  
+    <li class="md-nav__item">
+      <a href="../php/composer.html" class="md-nav__link">
+        
+  
+  <span class="md-ellipsis">
+    Composer
+  </span>
+  
+
+      </a>
+    </li>
+  
+
+              
+            
+              
+                
+  
+  
+  
+  
+    <li class="md-nav__item">
+      <a href="../php/psr-7.html" class="md-nav__link">
+        
+  
+  <span class="md-ellipsis">
+    PSR 7
+  </span>
+  
+
+      </a>
+    </li>
+  
+
+              
+            
+              
+                
+  
+  
+  
+  
+    <li class="md-nav__item">
+      <a href="../php/plates-templating.html" class="md-nav__link">
+        
+  
+  <span class="md-ellipsis">
+    Plates
+  </span>
+  
+
+      </a>
+    </li>
+  
+
+              
+            
+              
+                
+  
+  
+  
+  
+    
+    
+      
+        
+      
+        
+      
+    
+    
+      
+      
+        
+      
+    
+    
+    <li class="md-nav__item md-nav__item--nested">
+      
+        
+        
+        <input class="md-nav__toggle md-toggle " type="checkbox" id="__nav_4_11_9" >
+        
+          
+          <label class="md-nav__link" for="__nav_4_11_9" id="__nav_4_11_9_label" tabindex="0">
+            
+  
+  <span class="md-ellipsis">
+    Simple MVC
+  </span>
+  
+
+            <span class="md-nav__icon md-icon"></span>
+          </label>
+        
+        <nav class="md-nav" data-md-level="3" aria-labelledby="__nav_4_11_9_label" aria-expanded="false">
+          <label class="md-nav__title" for="__nav_4_11_9">
+            <span class="md-nav__icon md-icon"></span>
+            Simple MVC
+          </label>
+          <ul class="md-nav__list" data-md-scrollfix>
+            
+              
+                
+  
+  
+  
+  
+    <li class="md-nav__item">
+      <a href="../php/simple-mvc/simple-mvc.html" class="md-nav__link">
+        
+  
+  <span class="md-ellipsis">
+    Simple MVC
+  </span>
+  
+
+      </a>
+    </li>
+  
+
+              
+            
+              
+                
+  
+  
+  
+  
+    <li class="md-nav__item">
+      <a href="../php/simple-mvc/rest-api.html" class="md-nav__link">
+        
+  
+  <span class="md-ellipsis">
+    REST API
+  </span>
+  
+
+      </a>
+    </li>
+  
+
+              
+            
+          </ul>
+        </nav>
+      
+    </li>
+  
+
+              
+            
+          </ul>
+        </nav>
+      
+    </li>
+  
+
+              
+            
+              
+                
+  
+  
+  
+  
+    
+    
+      
+        
+      
+        
+      
+        
+      
+        
+      
+        
+      
+    
+    
+      
+      
+        
+          
+          
+        
+      
+    
+    
+    <li class="md-nav__item md-nav__item--section md-nav__item--nested">
+      
+        
+        
+        <input class="md-nav__toggle md-toggle " type="checkbox" id="__nav_4_12" >
+        
+          
+          <label class="md-nav__link" for="__nav_4_12" id="__nav_4_12_label" tabindex="">
+            
+  
+  <span class="md-ellipsis">
+    Rust
+  </span>
+  
+
+            <span class="md-nav__icon md-icon"></span>
+          </label>
+        
+        <nav class="md-nav" data-md-level="2" aria-labelledby="__nav_4_12_label" aria-expanded="false">
+          <label class="md-nav__title" for="__nav_4_12">
+            <span class="md-nav__icon md-icon"></span>
+            Rust
+          </label>
+          <ul class="md-nav__list" data-md-scrollfix>
+            
+              
+                
+  
+  
+  
+  
+    <li class="md-nav__item">
+      <a href="../rust/rust.html" class="md-nav__link">
+        
+  
+  <span class="md-ellipsis">
+    Rust
+  </span>
+  
+
+      </a>
+    </li>
+  
+
+              
+            
+              
+                
+  
+  
+  
+  
+    <li class="md-nav__item">
+      <a href="../rust/macros.html" class="md-nav__link">
+        
+  
+  <span class="md-ellipsis">
+    Macros
+  </span>
+  
+
+      </a>
+    </li>
+  
+
+              
+            
+              
+                
+  
+  
+  
+  
+    <li class="md-nav__item">
+      <a href="../rust/cargo.html" class="md-nav__link">
+        
+  
+  <span class="md-ellipsis">
+    Cargo
+  </span>
+  
+
+      </a>
+    </li>
+  
+
+              
+            
+              
+                
+  
+  
+  
+  
+    <li class="md-nav__item">
+      <a href="../rust/concurrency.html" class="md-nav__link">
+        
+  
+  <span class="md-ellipsis">
+    Concurrency
+  </span>
+  
+
+      </a>
+    </li>
+  
+
+              
+            
+              
+                
+  
+  
+  
+  
+    <li class="md-nav__item">
+      <a href="../rust/unit-tests.html" class="md-nav__link">
+        
+  
+  <span class="md-ellipsis">
+    Unit Tests
+  </span>
+  
+
+      </a>
+    </li>
+  
+
+              
+            
+          </ul>
+        </nav>
+      
+    </li>
+  
+
+              
+            
+              
+                
+  
+  
+  
+  
+    
+    
+      
+        
+      
+        
+      
+        
+      
+        
+      
+        
+      
+        
+      
+        
+      
+    
+    
+      
+      
+        
+          
+          
+        
+      
+    
+    
+    <li class="md-nav__item md-nav__item--section md-nav__item--nested">
+      
+        
+        
+        <input class="md-nav__toggle md-toggle " type="checkbox" id="__nav_4_13" >
+        
+          
+          <label class="md-nav__link" for="__nav_4_13" id="__nav_4_13_label" tabindex="">
+            
+  
+  <span class="md-ellipsis">
+    Javascript
+  </span>
+  
+
+            <span class="md-nav__icon md-icon"></span>
+          </label>
+        
+        <nav class="md-nav" data-md-level="2" aria-labelledby="__nav_4_13_label" aria-expanded="false">
+          <label class="md-nav__title" for="__nav_4_13">
+            <span class="md-nav__icon md-icon"></span>
+            Javascript
+          </label>
+          <ul class="md-nav__list" data-md-scrollfix>
+            
+              
+                
+  
+  
+  
+  
+    <li class="md-nav__item">
+      <a href="../javascript/javascript.html" class="md-nav__link">
+        
+  
+  <span class="md-ellipsis">
+    Javascript
+  </span>
+  
+
+      </a>
+    </li>
+  
+
+              
+            
+              
+                
+  
+  
+  
+  
+    <li class="md-nav__item">
+      <a href="../javascript/dom.html" class="md-nav__link">
+        
+  
+  <span class="md-ellipsis">
+    DOM
+  </span>
+  
+
+      </a>
+    </li>
+  
+
+              
+            
+              
+                
+  
+  
+  
+  
+    <li class="md-nav__item">
+      <a href="../javascript/events-animation.html" class="md-nav__link">
+        
+  
+  <span class="md-ellipsis">
+    Events & Animation
+  </span>
+  
+
+      </a>
+    </li>
+  
+
+              
+            
+              
+                
+  
+  
+  
+  
+    <li class="md-nav__item">
+      <a href="../javascript/ajax.html" class="md-nav__link">
+        
+  
+  <span class="md-ellipsis">
+    AJAX
+  </span>
+  
+
+      </a>
+    </li>
+  
+
+              
+            
+              
+                
+  
+  
+  
+  
+    <li class="md-nav__item">
+      <a href="../javascript/jquery.html" class="md-nav__link">
+        
+  
+  <span class="md-ellipsis">
+    jQuery
+  </span>
+  
+
+      </a>
+    </li>
+  
+
+              
+            
+              
+                
+  
+  
+  
+  
+    
+    
+      
+        
+      
+        
+      
+        
+      
+        
+      
+        
+      
+    
+    
+      
+      
+        
+      
+    
+    
+    <li class="md-nav__item md-nav__item--nested">
+      
+        
+        
+        <input class="md-nav__toggle md-toggle " type="checkbox" id="__nav_4_13_6" >
+        
+          
+          <label class="md-nav__link" for="__nav_4_13_6" id="__nav_4_13_6_label" tabindex="0">
+            
+  
+  <span class="md-ellipsis">
+    React
+  </span>
+  
+
+            <span class="md-nav__icon md-icon"></span>
+          </label>
+        
+        <nav class="md-nav" data-md-level="3" aria-labelledby="__nav_4_13_6_label" aria-expanded="false">
+          <label class="md-nav__title" for="__nav_4_13_6">
+            <span class="md-nav__icon md-icon"></span>
+            React
+          </label>
+          <ul class="md-nav__list" data-md-scrollfix>
+            
+              
+                
+  
+  
+  
+  
+    <li class="md-nav__item">
+      <a href="../javascript/react/react.html" class="md-nav__link">
+        
+  
+  <span class="md-ellipsis">
+    React
+  </span>
+  
+
+      </a>
+    </li>
+  
+
+              
+            
+              
+                
+  
+  
+  
+  
+    <li class="md-nav__item">
+      <a href="../javascript/react/react-router.html" class="md-nav__link">
+        
+  
+  <span class="md-ellipsis">
+    React Router
+  </span>
+  
+
+      </a>
+    </li>
+  
+
+              
+            
+              
+                
+  
+  
+  
+  
+    <li class="md-nav__item">
+      <a href="../javascript/react/react-tests.html" class="md-nav__link">
+        
+  
+  <span class="md-ellipsis">
+    React Tests
+  </span>
+  
+
+      </a>
+    </li>
+  
+
+              
+            
+              
+                
+  
+  
+  
+  
+    <li class="md-nav__item">
+      <a href="../javascript/react/redux.html" class="md-nav__link">
+        
+  
+  <span class="md-ellipsis">
+    Redux
+  </span>
+  
+
+      </a>
+    </li>
+  
+
+              
+            
+              
+                
+  
+  
+  
+  
+    <li class="md-nav__item">
+      <a href="../javascript/react/redux-tests.html" class="md-nav__link">
+        
+  
+  <span class="md-ellipsis">
+    Redux Tests
+  </span>
+  
+
+      </a>
+    </li>
+  
+
+              
+            
+          </ul>
+        </nav>
+      
+    </li>
+  
+
+              
+            
+              
+                
+  
+  
+  
+  
+    <li class="md-nav__item">
+      <a href="../javascript/svelte/svelte.html" class="md-nav__link">
+        
+  
+  <span class="md-ellipsis">
+    Svelte
+  </span>
+  
+
+      </a>
+    </li>
+  
+
+              
+            
+          </ul>
+        </nav>
+      
+    </li>
+  
+
+              
+            
+              
+                
+  
+  
+  
+  
+    
+    
+      
+        
+      
+        
+      
+    
+    
+      
+      
+        
+          
+          
+        
+      
+    
+    
+    <li class="md-nav__item md-nav__item--section md-nav__item--nested">
+      
+        
+        
+        <input class="md-nav__toggle md-toggle " type="checkbox" id="__nav_4_14" >
+        
+          
+          <label class="md-nav__link" for="__nav_4_14" id="__nav_4_14_label" tabindex="">
+            
+  
+  <span class="md-ellipsis">
+    PowerShell
+  </span>
+  
+
+            <span class="md-nav__icon md-icon"></span>
+          </label>
+        
+        <nav class="md-nav" data-md-level="2" aria-labelledby="__nav_4_14_label" aria-expanded="false">
+          <label class="md-nav__title" for="__nav_4_14">
+            <span class="md-nav__icon md-icon"></span>
+            PowerShell
+          </label>
+          <ul class="md-nav__list" data-md-scrollfix>
+            
+              
+                
+  
+  
+  
+  
+    <li class="md-nav__item">
+      <a href="../powershell/scripting.html" class="md-nav__link">
+        
+  
+  <span class="md-ellipsis">
+    Scripting
+  </span>
+  
+
+      </a>
+    </li>
+  
+
+              
+            
+              
+                
+  
+  
+  
+  
+    <li class="md-nav__item">
+      <a href="../powershell/commands.html" class="md-nav__link">
+        
+  
+  <span class="md-ellipsis">
+    Commands
+  </span>
+  
+
+      </a>
+    </li>
+  
+
+              
+            
+          </ul>
+        </nav>
+      
+    </li>
+  
+
+              
+            
+              
+                
+  
+  
+  
+  
+    
+    
+      
+        
+      
+        
+      
+    
+    
+      
+      
+        
+          
+          
+        
+      
+    
+    
+    <li class="md-nav__item md-nav__item--section md-nav__item--nested">
+      
+        
+        
+        <input class="md-nav__toggle md-toggle " type="checkbox" id="__nav_4_15" >
+        
+          
+          <label class="md-nav__link" for="__nav_4_15" id="__nav_4_15_label" tabindex="">
+            
+  
+  <span class="md-ellipsis">
+    Bash
+  </span>
+  
+
+            <span class="md-nav__icon md-icon"></span>
+          </label>
+        
+        <nav class="md-nav" data-md-level="2" aria-labelledby="__nav_4_15_label" aria-expanded="false">
+          <label class="md-nav__title" for="__nav_4_15">
+            <span class="md-nav__icon md-icon"></span>
+            Bash
+          </label>
+          <ul class="md-nav__list" data-md-scrollfix>
+            
+              
+                
+  
+  
+  
+  
+    <li class="md-nav__item">
+      <a href="../bash/scripting.html" class="md-nav__link">
+        
+  
+  <span class="md-ellipsis">
+    Scripting
+  </span>
+  
+
+      </a>
+    </li>
+  
+
+              
+            
+              
+                
+  
+  
+  
+  
+    <li class="md-nav__item">
+      <a href="../bash/commands.html" class="md-nav__link">
+        
+  
+  <span class="md-ellipsis">
+    Commands
+  </span>
+  
+
+      </a>
+    </li>
+  
+
+              
+            
+          </ul>
+        </nav>
+      
+    </li>
+  
+
+              
+            
+          </ul>
+        </nav>
+      
+    </li>
+  
+
+    
+      
+      
+  
+  
+  
+  
+    
+    
+      
+        
+      
+        
+      
+        
+      
+        
+      
+        
+      
+    
+    
+      
+      
+        
+      
+    
+    
+    <li class="md-nav__item md-nav__item--nested">
+      
+        
+        
+        <input class="md-nav__toggle md-toggle " type="checkbox" id="__nav_5" >
+        
+          
+          <label class="md-nav__link" for="__nav_5" id="__nav_5_label" tabindex="0">
+            
+  
+  <span class="md-ellipsis">
+    Misc
+  </span>
+  
+
+            <span class="md-nav__icon md-icon"></span>
+          </label>
+        
+        <nav class="md-nav" data-md-level="1" aria-labelledby="__nav_5_label" aria-expanded="false">
+          <label class="md-nav__title" for="__nav_5">
+            <span class="md-nav__icon md-icon"></span>
+            Misc
+          </label>
+          <ul class="md-nav__list" data-md-scrollfix>
+            
+              
+                
+  
+  
+  
+  
+    <li class="md-nav__item">
+      <a href="../../misc/git.html" class="md-nav__link">
+        
+  
+  <span class="md-ellipsis">
+    Git
+  </span>
+  
+
+      </a>
+    </li>
+  
+
+              
+            
+              
+                
+  
+  
+  
+  
+    <li class="md-nav__item">
+      <a href="../../misc/graph-ql.html" class="md-nav__link">
+        
+  
+  <span class="md-ellipsis">
+    GraphQL
+  </span>
+  
+
+      </a>
+    </li>
+  
+
+              
+            
+              
+                
+  
+  
+  
+  
+    <li class="md-nav__item">
+      <a href="../../misc/regular-expressions.html" class="md-nav__link">
+        
+  
+  <span class="md-ellipsis">
+    RegEx
+  </span>
+  
+
+      </a>
+    </li>
+  
+
+              
+            
+              
+                
+  
+  
+  
+  
+    <li class="md-nav__item">
+      <a href="../../misc/ssh.html" class="md-nav__link">
+        
+  
+  <span class="md-ellipsis">
+    SSH
+  </span>
+  
+
+      </a>
+    </li>
+  
+
+              
+            
+              
+                
+  
+  
+  
+  
+    <li class="md-nav__item">
+      <a href="../../misc/web-components.html" class="md-nav__link">
+        
+  
+  <span class="md-ellipsis">
+    WebComponents
+  </span>
+  
+
+      </a>
+    </li>
+  
+
+              
+            
+          </ul>
+        </nav>
+      
+    </li>
+  
+
+    
+      
+      
+  
+  
+  
+  
+    
+    
+      
+        
+      
+        
+      
+    
+    
+      
+      
+        
+      
+    
+    
+    <li class="md-nav__item md-nav__item--nested">
+      
+        
+        
+        <input class="md-nav__toggle md-toggle " type="checkbox" id="__nav_6" >
+        
+          
+          <label class="md-nav__link" for="__nav_6" id="__nav_6_label" tabindex="0">
+            
+  
+  <span class="md-ellipsis">
+    Linux
+  </span>
+  
+
+            <span class="md-nav__icon md-icon"></span>
+          </label>
+        
+        <nav class="md-nav" data-md-level="1" aria-labelledby="__nav_6_label" aria-expanded="false">
+          <label class="md-nav__title" for="__nav_6">
+            <span class="md-nav__icon md-icon"></span>
+            Linux
+          </label>
+          <ul class="md-nav__list" data-md-scrollfix>
+            
+              
+                
+  
+  
+  
+  
+    
+    
+      
+        
+      
+        
+      
+        
+      
+    
+    
+      
+      
+        
+      
+    
+    
+    <li class="md-nav__item md-nav__item--nested">
+      
+        
+        
+        <input class="md-nav__toggle md-toggle " type="checkbox" id="__nav_6_1" >
+        
+          
+          <label class="md-nav__link" for="__nav_6_1" id="__nav_6_1_label" tabindex="0">
+            
+  
+  <span class="md-ellipsis">
+    Filesystem
+  </span>
+  
+
+            <span class="md-nav__icon md-icon"></span>
+          </label>
+        
+        <nav class="md-nav" data-md-level="2" aria-labelledby="__nav_6_1_label" aria-expanded="false">
+          <label class="md-nav__title" for="__nav_6_1">
+            <span class="md-nav__icon md-icon"></span>
+            Filesystem
+          </label>
+          <ul class="md-nav__list" data-md-scrollfix>
+            
+              
+                
+  
+  
+  
+  
+    <li class="md-nav__item">
+      <a href="../../linux/filesystem/file-links.html" class="md-nav__link">
+        
+  
+  <span class="md-ellipsis">
+    File Links
+  </span>
+  
+
+      </a>
+    </li>
+  
+
+              
+            
+              
+                
+  
+  
+  
+  
+    <li class="md-nav__item">
+      <a href="../../linux/filesystem/procfs.html" class="md-nav__link">
+        
+  
+  <span class="md-ellipsis">
+    /proc
+  </span>
+  
+
+      </a>
+    </li>
+  
+
+              
+            
+              
+                
+  
+  
+  
+  
+    <li class="md-nav__item">
+      <a href="../../linux/filesystem/sysfs.html" class="md-nav__link">
+        
+  
+  <span class="md-ellipsis">
+    /sys
+  </span>
+  
+
+      </a>
+    </li>
+  
+
+              
+            
+          </ul>
+        </nav>
+      
+    </li>
+  
+
+              
+            
+              
+                
+  
+  
+  
+  
+    
+    
+      
+        
+      
+        
+      
+    
+    
+      
+      
+        
+      
+    
+    
+    <li class="md-nav__item md-nav__item--nested">
+      
+        
+        
+        <input class="md-nav__toggle md-toggle " type="checkbox" id="__nav_6_2" >
+        
+          
+          <label class="md-nav__link" for="__nav_6_2" id="__nav_6_2_label" tabindex="0">
+            
+  
+  <span class="md-ellipsis">
+    System Init
+  </span>
+  
+
+            <span class="md-nav__icon md-icon"></span>
+          </label>
+        
+        <nav class="md-nav" data-md-level="2" aria-labelledby="__nav_6_2_label" aria-expanded="false">
+          <label class="md-nav__title" for="__nav_6_2">
+            <span class="md-nav__icon md-icon"></span>
+            System Init
+          </label>
+          <ul class="md-nav__list" data-md-scrollfix>
+            
+              
+                
+  
+  
+  
+  
+    <li class="md-nav__item">
+      <a href="../../linux/init/systemd.html" class="md-nav__link">
+        
+  
+  <span class="md-ellipsis">
+    Systemd
+  </span>
+  
+
+      </a>
+    </li>
+  
+
+              
+            
+              
+                
+  
+  
+  
+  
+    <li class="md-nav__item">
+      <a href="../../linux/init/open-rc.html" class="md-nav__link">
+        
+  
+  <span class="md-ellipsis">
+    OpenRC
+  </span>
+  
+
+      </a>
+    </li>
+  
+
+              
+            
+          </ul>
+        </nav>
+      
+    </li>
+  
+
+              
+            
+          </ul>
+        </nav>
+      
+    </li>
+  
+
+    
+  </ul>
+</nav>
+                  </div>
+                </div>
+              </div>
+            
+            
+              
+              <div class="md-sidebar md-sidebar--secondary" data-md-component="sidebar" data-md-type="toc" >
+                <div class="md-sidebar__scrollwrap">
+                  <div class="md-sidebar__inner">
+                    
+
+<nav class="md-nav md-nav--secondary" aria-label="Table of contents">
+  
+  
+  
+    
+  
+  
+    <label class="md-nav__title" for="__toc">
+      <span class="md-nav__icon md-icon"></span>
+      Table of contents
+    </label>
+    <ul class="md-nav__list" data-md-component="toc" data-md-scrollfix>
+      
+        <li class="md-nav__item">
+  <a href="#terminology" class="md-nav__link">
+    <span class="md-ellipsis">
+      Terminology
+    </span>
+  </a>
+  
+</li>
+      
+        <li class="md-nav__item">
+  <a href="#anatomy-of-an-html-element" class="md-nav__link">
+    <span class="md-ellipsis">
+      Anatomy of an HTML Element
+    </span>
+  </a>
+  
+</li>
+      
+        <li class="md-nav__item">
+  <a href="#the-doctype" class="md-nav__link">
+    <span class="md-ellipsis">
+      The Doctype
+    </span>
+  </a>
+  
+    <nav class="md-nav" aria-label="The Doctype">
+      <ul class="md-nav__list">
+        
+          <li class="md-nav__item">
+  <a href="#xhtml-10-strict" class="md-nav__link">
+    <span class="md-ellipsis">
+      XHTML 1.0 Strict
+    </span>
+  </a>
+  
+</li>
+        
+          <li class="md-nav__item">
+  <a href="#html4-transitional" class="md-nav__link">
+    <span class="md-ellipsis">
+      HTML4 Transitional
+    </span>
+  </a>
+  
+</li>
+        
+          <li class="md-nav__item">
+  <a href="#html5" class="md-nav__link">
+    <span class="md-ellipsis">
+      HTML5
+    </span>
+  </a>
+  
+</li>
+        
+      </ul>
+    </nav>
+  
+</li>
+      
+        <li class="md-nav__item">
+  <a href="#the-html-element" class="md-nav__link">
+    <span class="md-ellipsis">
+      The HTML Element
+    </span>
+  </a>
+  
+    <nav class="md-nav" aria-label="The HTML Element">
+      <ul class="md-nav__list">
+        
+          <li class="md-nav__item">
+  <a href="#the-head-element" class="md-nav__link">
+    <span class="md-ellipsis">
+      The HEAD Element
+    </span>
+  </a>
+  
+</li>
+        
+          <li class="md-nav__item">
+  <a href="#html-shiv-polyfill" class="md-nav__link">
+    <span class="md-ellipsis">
+      HTML Shiv (Polyfill)
+    </span>
+  </a>
+  
+</li>
+        
+      </ul>
+    </nav>
+  
+</li>
+      
+        <li class="md-nav__item">
+  <a href="#the-body-element" class="md-nav__link">
+    <span class="md-ellipsis">
+      The BODY Element
+    </span>
+  </a>
+  
+</li>
+      
+        <li class="md-nav__item">
+  <a href="#javascript" class="md-nav__link">
+    <span class="md-ellipsis">
+      JavaScript
+    </span>
+  </a>
+  
+    <nav class="md-nav" aria-label="JavaScript">
+      <ul class="md-nav__list">
+        
+          <li class="md-nav__item">
+  <a href="#local-remote-or-inline-javascript" class="md-nav__link">
+    <span class="md-ellipsis">
+      Local, Remote or Inline JavaScript
+    </span>
+  </a>
+  
+</li>
+        
+      </ul>
+    </nav>
+  
+</li>
+      
+        <li class="md-nav__item">
+  <a href="#forms" class="md-nav__link">
+    <span class="md-ellipsis">
+      Forms
+    </span>
+  </a>
+  
+    <nav class="md-nav" aria-label="Forms">
+      <ul class="md-nav__list">
+        
+          <li class="md-nav__item">
+  <a href="#form-validation" class="md-nav__link">
+    <span class="md-ellipsis">
+      Form Validation
+    </span>
+  </a>
+  
+    <nav class="md-nav" aria-label="Form Validation">
+      <ul class="md-nav__list">
+        
+          <li class="md-nav__item">
+  <a href="#front-end-validation" class="md-nav__link">
+    <span class="md-ellipsis">
+      Front-End Validation
+    </span>
+  </a>
+  
+</li>
+        
+      </ul>
+    </nav>
+  
+</li>
+        
+          <li class="md-nav__item">
+  <a href="#back-end-validation" class="md-nav__link">
+    <span class="md-ellipsis">
+      Back-End Validation
+    </span>
+  </a>
+  
+    <nav class="md-nav" aria-label="Back-End Validation">
+      <ul class="md-nav__list">
+        
+          <li class="md-nav__item">
+  <a href="#built-in-validation" class="md-nav__link">
+    <span class="md-ellipsis">
+      Built-In Validation
+    </span>
+  </a>
+  
+</li>
+        
+          <li class="md-nav__item">
+  <a href="#validation-with-javascript" class="md-nav__link">
+    <span class="md-ellipsis">
+      Validation with JavaScript
+    </span>
+  </a>
+  
+</li>
+        
+      </ul>
+    </nav>
+  
+</li>
+        
+      </ul>
+    </nav>
+  
+</li>
+      
+        <li class="md-nav__item">
+  <a href="#general-structure-of-html-page" class="md-nav__link">
+    <span class="md-ellipsis">
+      General structure of HTML page
+    </span>
+  </a>
+  
+    <nav class="md-nav" aria-label="General structure of HTML page">
+      <ul class="md-nav__list">
+        
+          <li class="md-nav__item">
+  <a href="#meta-tag-structure" class="md-nav__link">
+    <span class="md-ellipsis">
+      Meta Tag Structure
+    </span>
+  </a>
+  
+</li>
+        
+          <li class="md-nav__item">
+  <a href="#paragraph" class="md-nav__link">
+    <span class="md-ellipsis">
+      Paragraph
+    </span>
+  </a>
+  
+</li>
+        
+          <li class="md-nav__item">
+  <a href="#headings" class="md-nav__link">
+    <span class="md-ellipsis">
+      Headings
+    </span>
+  </a>
+  
+</li>
+        
+          <li class="md-nav__item">
+  <a href="#formatted-text" class="md-nav__link">
+    <span class="md-ellipsis">
+      Formatted Text
+    </span>
+  </a>
+  
+</li>
+        
+      </ul>
+    </nav>
+  
+</li>
+      
+        <li class="md-nav__item">
+  <a href="#elements" class="md-nav__link">
+    <span class="md-ellipsis">
+      Elements
+    </span>
+  </a>
+  
+    <nav class="md-nav" aria-label="Elements">
+      <ul class="md-nav__list">
+        
+          <li class="md-nav__item">
+  <a href="#linksanchor" class="md-nav__link">
+    <span class="md-ellipsis">
+      Links/Anchor
+    </span>
+  </a>
+  
+</li>
+        
+          <li class="md-nav__item">
+  <a href="#images" class="md-nav__link">
+    <span class="md-ellipsis">
+      Images
+    </span>
+  </a>
+  
+</li>
+        
+          <li class="md-nav__item">
+  <a href="#unordered-list-bullet-list" class="md-nav__link">
+    <span class="md-ellipsis">
+      Unordered list (bullet list)
+    </span>
+  </a>
+  
+</li>
+        
+          <li class="md-nav__item">
+  <a href="#ordered-list-numbered-list" class="md-nav__link">
+    <span class="md-ellipsis">
+      Ordered list (numbered list)
+    </span>
+  </a>
+  
+</li>
+        
+          <li class="md-nav__item">
+  <a href="#description-list-list-of-terms-and-descriptions" class="md-nav__link">
+    <span class="md-ellipsis">
+      Description list (list of terms and descriptions)
+    </span>
+  </a>
+  
+</li>
+        
+          <li class="md-nav__item">
+  <a href="#tables" class="md-nav__link">
+    <span class="md-ellipsis">
+      Tables
+    </span>
+  </a>
+  
+</li>
+        
+          <li class="md-nav__item">
+  <a href="#character-codes" class="md-nav__link">
+    <span class="md-ellipsis">
+      Character Codes
+    </span>
+  </a>
+  
+</li>
+        
+          <li class="md-nav__item">
+  <a href="#block-element" class="md-nav__link">
+    <span class="md-ellipsis">
+      Block Element
+    </span>
+  </a>
+  
+</li>
+        
+          <li class="md-nav__item">
+  <a href="#inline-element" class="md-nav__link">
+    <span class="md-ellipsis">
+      Inline Element
+    </span>
+  </a>
+  
+</li>
+        
+          <li class="md-nav__item">
+  <a href="#html5-new-tags" class="md-nav__link">
+    <span class="md-ellipsis">
+      HTML5 new tags
+    </span>
+  </a>
+  
+</li>
+        
+      </ul>
+    </nav>
+  
+</li>
+      
+        <li class="md-nav__item">
+  <a href="#html-forms-inputs" class="md-nav__link">
+    <span class="md-ellipsis">
+      HTML Forms &amp; Inputs
+    </span>
+  </a>
+  
+    <nav class="md-nav" aria-label="HTML Forms & Inputs">
+      <ul class="md-nav__list">
+        
+          <li class="md-nav__item">
+  <a href="#basic-form-elements" class="md-nav__link">
+    <span class="md-ellipsis">
+      Basic Form Elements
+    </span>
+  </a>
+  
+</li>
+        
+          <li class="md-nav__item">
+  <a href="#text-field" class="md-nav__link">
+    <span class="md-ellipsis">
+      Text Field
+    </span>
+  </a>
+  
+</li>
+        
+          <li class="md-nav__item">
+  <a href="#password-field" class="md-nav__link">
+    <span class="md-ellipsis">
+      Password Field
+    </span>
+  </a>
+  
+</li>
+        
+          <li class="md-nav__item">
+  <a href="#radio-buttons" class="md-nav__link">
+    <span class="md-ellipsis">
+      Radio Buttons
+    </span>
+  </a>
+  
+</li>
+        
+          <li class="md-nav__item">
+  <a href="#checkboxes" class="md-nav__link">
+    <span class="md-ellipsis">
+      Checkboxes
+    </span>
+  </a>
+  
+</li>
+        
+          <li class="md-nav__item">
+  <a href="#dropdown-menus" class="md-nav__link">
+    <span class="md-ellipsis">
+      Dropdown Menus
+    </span>
+  </a>
+  
+</li>
+        
+          <li class="md-nav__item">
+  <a href="#file-select" class="md-nav__link">
+    <span class="md-ellipsis">
+      File Select
+    </span>
+  </a>
+  
+</li>
+        
+          <li class="md-nav__item">
+  <a href="#text-area" class="md-nav__link">
+    <span class="md-ellipsis">
+      Text Area
+    </span>
+  </a>
+  
+</li>
+        
+          <li class="md-nav__item">
+  <a href="#submit-reset" class="md-nav__link">
+    <span class="md-ellipsis">
+      Submit &amp; Reset
+    </span>
+  </a>
+  
+</li>
+        
+          <li class="md-nav__item">
+  <a href="#button" class="md-nav__link">
+    <span class="md-ellipsis">
+      Button
+    </span>
+  </a>
+  
+</li>
+        
+          <li class="md-nav__item">
+  <a href="#fieldset" class="md-nav__link">
+    <span class="md-ellipsis">
+      Fieldset
+    </span>
+  </a>
+  
+</li>
+        
+          <li class="md-nav__item">
+  <a href="#email-field" class="md-nav__link">
+    <span class="md-ellipsis">
+      Email Field
+    </span>
+  </a>
+  
+</li>
+        
+          <li class="md-nav__item">
+  <a href="#progress-bar" class="md-nav__link">
+    <span class="md-ellipsis">
+      Progress Bar
+    </span>
+  </a>
+  
+</li>
+        
+          <li class="md-nav__item">
+  <a href="#slider" class="md-nav__link">
+    <span class="md-ellipsis">
+      Slider
+    </span>
+  </a>
+  
+</li>
+        
+          <li class="md-nav__item">
+  <a href="#meter" class="md-nav__link">
+    <span class="md-ellipsis">
+      Meter
+    </span>
+  </a>
+  
+</li>
+        
+          <li class="md-nav__item">
+  <a href="#datalist-autocomplete" class="md-nav__link">
+    <span class="md-ellipsis">
+      Datalist (Autocomplete)
+    </span>
+  </a>
+  
+</li>
+        
+          <li class="md-nav__item">
+  <a href="#more-input-types" class="md-nav__link">
+    <span class="md-ellipsis">
+      More Input Types
+    </span>
+  </a>
+  
+</li>
+        
+          <li class="md-nav__item">
+  <a href="#using-built-in-form-validation" class="md-nav__link">
+    <span class="md-ellipsis">
+      Using Built-In Form Validation
+    </span>
+  </a>
+  
+</li>
+        
+      </ul>
+    </nav>
+  
+</li>
+      
+    </ul>
+  
+</nav>
+                  </div>
+                </div>
+              </div>
+            
+          
+          
+            <div class="md-content" data-md-component="content">
+              <article class="md-content__inner md-typeset">
+                
+                  
+
+  
+  
+
+
+<h1 id="html">HTML</h1>
+<h2 id="terminology">Terminology</h2>
+<p><strong>Web design</strong>: The process of planning, structuring and creating a website.<br />
+<strong>Web development</strong>: The process of programming dynamic web applications.<br />
+<strong>Front end</strong>: The outwardly visible elements of a website or application.<br />
+<strong>Back end</strong>: The inner workings and functionality of a website or application.</p>
+<h2 id="anatomy-of-an-html-element">Anatomy of an HTML Element</h2>
+<p><strong>Element</strong>: Building blocks of web pages, an individual component of HTML.<br />
+<strong>Tag</strong>: Opening tag marks the beginning of an element &amp; closing tag marks the end.
+Tags contain characters that indicate the tag's purpose content.</p>
+<p><code>&lt;tagname&gt; content &lt;/tagname&gt;</code>  </p>
+<p><strong>Container Element</strong>: An element that can contain other elements or content.<br />
+<strong>Stand Alone Element</strong>: An element that cannot contain anything else.<br />
+<strong>Attribute</strong>: Provides additional information about the HTML element. Placed inside an opening tag, before the right angle bracket.<br />
+<strong>Value</strong>: Value is the value assigned to a given attribute. Values must be contained inside quotation marks (“”).</p>
+<h2 id="the-doctype">The Doctype</h2>
+<p>The first thing on an HTML page is the doctype, which tells the browser which version of the markup language the page is using.</p>
+<h3 id="xhtml-10-strict">XHTML 1.0 Strict</h3>
+<div class="highlight"><table class="highlighttable"><tr><th colspan="2" class="filename"><span class="filename">HTML</span></th></tr><tr><td class="linenos"><div class="linenodiv"><pre><span></span><span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-0-1">1</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-0-2">2</a></span></pre></div></td><td class="code"><div><pre><span></span><code><a id="__codelineno-0-1" name="__codelineno-0-1"></a><span class="cp">&lt;!DOCTYPE html PUBLIC &quot;-//W3C//DTD XHTML 1.0 Strict//EN&quot;</span>
+<a id="__codelineno-0-2" name="__codelineno-0-2"></a><span class="cp"> &quot;http://www.w3.org/TR/xhtml1/DTD/xhtml1-strict.dtd&quot;&gt;</span>
+</code></pre></div></td></tr></table></div>
+<h3 id="html4-transitional">HTML4 Transitional</h3>
+<div class="highlight"><table class="highlighttable"><tr><th colspan="2" class="filename"><span class="filename">HTML</span></th></tr><tr><td class="linenos"><div class="linenodiv"><pre><span></span><span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-1-1">1</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-1-2">2</a></span></pre></div></td><td class="code"><div><pre><span></span><code><a id="__codelineno-1-1" name="__codelineno-1-1"></a><span class="cp">&lt;!DOCTYPE HTML PUBLIC &quot;-//W3C//DTD HTML 4.01 Transitional//EN&quot;</span>
+<a id="__codelineno-1-2" name="__codelineno-1-2"></a><span class="cp"> &quot;http://www.w3.org/TR/html4/loose.dtd&quot;&gt;</span>
+</code></pre></div></td></tr></table></div>
+<h3 id="html5">HTML5</h3>
+<p><code>&lt;!doctype html&gt;</code></p>
+<h2 id="the-html-element">The HTML Element</h2>
+<p>After <code>&lt;doctype&gt;</code>, the page content must be contained between tags.</p>
+<div class="highlight"><table class="highlighttable"><tr><th colspan="2" class="filename"><span class="filename">HTML</span></th></tr><tr><td class="linenos"><div class="linenodiv"><pre><span></span><span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-2-1">1</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-2-2">2</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-2-3">3</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-2-4">4</a></span></pre></div></td><td class="code"><div><pre><span></span><code><a id="__codelineno-2-1" name="__codelineno-2-1"></a><span class="cp">&lt;!doctype html&gt;</span>
+<a id="__codelineno-2-2" name="__codelineno-2-2"></a><span class="p">&lt;</span><span class="nt">html</span> <span class="na">lang</span><span class="o">=</span><span class="s">&quot;en&quot;</span><span class="p">&gt;</span>
+<a id="__codelineno-2-3" name="__codelineno-2-3"></a>    <span class="cm">&lt;!-- page contents --&gt;</span>
+<a id="__codelineno-2-4" name="__codelineno-2-4"></a><span class="p">&lt;/</span><span class="nt">html</span><span class="p">&gt;</span>
+</code></pre></div></td></tr></table></div>
+<h3 id="the-head-element">The HEAD Element</h3>
+<p>The head contains the title of the page &amp; meta information about the page. Meta information is not visible to the user, but has many purposes, like providing information to search engines.<br />
+UTF-8 is a character encoding capable of encoding all possible characters, or code points, defined by Unicode. The encoding is variable-length and uses 8-bit code units.</p>
+<p>XHTML and HTML4: <code>&lt;meta http-equiv="Content-Type" content="text/html; charset=utf-8"&gt;&lt;/meta&gt;</code></p>
+<p>HTML5: <code>&lt;meta charset="utf-8"&gt;</code></p>
+<h3 id="html-shiv-polyfill">HTML Shiv (Polyfill)</h3>
+<p>Used to make old browsers understand newer HTML5 and newer components.</p>
+<div class="highlight"><table class="highlighttable"><tr><th colspan="2" class="filename"><span class="filename">HTML</span></th></tr><tr><td class="linenos"><div class="linenodiv"><pre><span></span><span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-3-1">1</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-3-2">2</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-3-3">3</a></span></pre></div></td><td class="code"><div><pre><span></span><code><a id="__codelineno-3-1" name="__codelineno-3-1"></a><span class="cm">&lt;!--[if lt IE 9]&gt;</span>
+<a id="__codelineno-3-2" name="__codelineno-3-2"></a><span class="cm">    &lt;script src=&quot;https://cdnjs.cloudflare.com/ajax/libs/html5shiv/3.7.3/html5shiv.js&quot;&gt;&lt;/script&gt;</span>
+<a id="__codelineno-3-3" name="__codelineno-3-3"></a><span class="cm">&lt;![endif]--&gt;</span>
+</code></pre></div></td></tr></table></div>
+<h2 id="the-body-element">The BODY Element</h2>
+<p>The body contains the actual content of the page. Everything that is contained in the body is visible to the user.</p>
+<div class="highlight"><table class="highlighttable"><tr><th colspan="2" class="filename"><span class="filename">HTML</span></th></tr><tr><td class="linenos"><div class="linenodiv"><pre><span></span><span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-4-1">1</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-4-2">2</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-4-3">3</a></span></pre></div></td><td class="code"><div><pre><span></span><code><a id="__codelineno-4-1" name="__codelineno-4-1"></a><span class="p">&lt;</span><span class="nt">body</span><span class="p">&gt;</span>
+<a id="__codelineno-4-2" name="__codelineno-4-2"></a>    <span class="cm">&lt;!-- page contents --&gt;</span>
+<a id="__codelineno-4-3" name="__codelineno-4-3"></a><span class="p">&lt;/</span><span class="nt">body</span><span class="p">&gt;</span>
+</code></pre></div></td></tr></table></div>
+<h2 id="javascript">JavaScript</h2>
+<p>XHTML and older: <code>&lt;script src="js/scripts.js" type="text/javascript"&gt;&lt;/script&gt;</code><br />
+HTML5: <code>&lt;script src="js/scripts.js"&gt;&lt;/script&gt;</code>  (HTML5 spec states that <code>type</code> attribute is redundant and should be omitted)<br />
+The <code>&lt;script&gt;</code> tag is used to define a client-side script (JavaScript).<br />
+The <code>&lt;script&gt;</code> element either contains scripting statements, or it points to an external script file through the src attribute.</p>
+<h3 id="local-remote-or-inline-javascript">Local, Remote or Inline JavaScript</h3>
+<p><strong>Remote</strong>: <code>&lt;script src="//ajax.googleapis.com/ajax/libs/jquery/1.10.2/jquery.min.js"&gt;&lt;/script&gt;</code><br />
+<strong>Local</strong>: <code>&lt;script src="js/main.js"&gt;&lt;/script&gt;</code><br />
+<strong>Inline</strong>: <code>&lt;script&gt; javascript-code-here &lt;/script&gt;</code></p>
+<h2 id="forms">Forms</h2>
+<p>Forms allow to collect data from the user:</p>
+<ul>
+<li>signing up and logging in to websites</li>
+<li>entering personal information</li>
+<li>filtering content (using dropdowns, checkboxes)</li>
+<li>performing a search</li>
+<li>uploading files</li>
+</ul>
+<p>Forms contain elements called controls (text inputs, checkboxes, radio buttons, submit buttons).<br />
+When users complete a form the data is usually submitted to a web server for processing.  </p>
+<h3 id="form-validation"><a href="https://developer.mozilla.org/en-US/docs/Learn/Forms/Form_validation">Form Validation</a></h3>
+<p>Validation is a mechanism to ensure the correctness of user input.</p>
+<p>Uses of Validation:</p>
+<ul>
+<li>Make sure that all required information has been entered</li>
+<li>Limit the information to certain types (e.g. only numbers)</li>
+<li>Make sure that the information follows a standard (e.g. email, credit card number)</li>
+<li>Limit the information to a certain length</li>
+<li>Other validation required by the application or the back-end services</li>
+</ul>
+<h4 id="front-end-validation">Front-End Validation</h4>
+<p>The application should validate all information to make sure that it is complete, free of errors and conforms to the specifications required by the back-end.<br />
+It should contain mechanisms to warn users if input is not complete or correct.<br />
+It should avoid to send "bad" data to the back-end.  </p>
+<h3 id="back-end-validation">Back-End Validation</h3>
+<p>It should never trust that the front-end has done validation since some clever users can bypass the front-end mechanisms easily.<br />
+Back-end services can receive data from other services, not necessarily front-end, that don't perform validation.  </p>
+<h4 id="built-in-validation">Built-In Validation</h4>
+<p>Not all browsers validate in the same way and some follow the specs partially. Some browsers don't have validation at all (older desktop browsers, some mobile browsers).<br />
+Apart from declaring validation intention with HTML5 developers don't have much control over what the browser actually does.<br />
+Before using build-in validation make sure that it's supported by the target browsers.</p>
+<h4 id="validation-with-javascript">Validation with JavaScript</h4>
+<ul>
+<li>Gives the developer more control.</li>
+<li>The developer can make sure it works on all target browsers.</li>
+<li>Requires a lot of custom coding, or using a library (common practice).</li>
+</ul>
+<hr />
+<h2 id="general-structure-of-html-page">General structure of HTML page</h2>
+<div class="highlight"><table class="highlighttable"><tr><th colspan="2" class="filename"><span class="filename">HTML</span></th></tr><tr><td class="linenos"><div class="linenodiv"><pre><span></span><span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-5-1"> 1</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-5-2"> 2</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-5-3"> 3</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-5-4"> 4</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-5-5"> 5</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-5-6"> 6</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-5-7"> 7</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-5-8"> 8</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-5-9"> 9</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-5-10">10</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-5-11">11</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-5-12">12</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-5-13">13</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-5-14">14</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-5-15">15</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-5-16">16</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-5-17">17</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-5-18">18</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-5-19">19</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-5-20">20</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-5-21">21</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-5-22">22</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-5-23">23</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-5-24">24</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-5-25">25</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-5-26">26</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-5-27">27</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-5-28">28</a></span></pre></div></td><td class="code"><div><pre><span></span><code><a id="__codelineno-5-1" name="__codelineno-5-1"></a><span class="cm">&lt;!-- HTML Boilerplate --&gt;</span>
+<a id="__codelineno-5-2" name="__codelineno-5-2"></a><span class="cp">&lt;!DOCTYPE html&gt;</span>
+<a id="__codelineno-5-3" name="__codelineno-5-3"></a><span class="p">&lt;</span><span class="nt">html</span> <span class="na">lang</span><span class="o">=</span><span class="s">&quot;en&quot;</span><span class="p">&gt;</span>
+<a id="__codelineno-5-4" name="__codelineno-5-4"></a>    <span class="p">&lt;</span><span class="nt">head</span><span class="p">&gt;</span>
+<a id="__codelineno-5-5" name="__codelineno-5-5"></a>        <span class="cm">&lt;!-- meta tag --&gt;</span>
+<a id="__codelineno-5-6" name="__codelineno-5-6"></a>        <span class="p">&lt;</span><span class="nt">meta</span> <span class="na">charset</span><span class="o">=</span><span class="s">&quot;utf-8&quot;</span><span class="p">&gt;</span>
+<a id="__codelineno-5-7" name="__codelineno-5-7"></a>        <span class="p">&lt;</span><span class="nt">title</span><span class="p">&gt;&lt;/</span><span class="nt">title</span><span class="p">&gt;</span>
+<a id="__codelineno-5-8" name="__codelineno-5-8"></a>        <span class="p">&lt;</span><span class="nt">meta</span> <span class="na">name</span><span class="o">=</span><span class="s">&quot;description&quot;</span> <span class="na">content</span><span class="o">=</span><span class="s">&quot;&quot;</span><span class="p">&gt;</span>
+<a id="__codelineno-5-9" name="__codelineno-5-9"></a>        <span class="p">&lt;</span><span class="nt">meta</span> <span class="na">name</span><span class="o">=</span><span class="s">&quot;author&quot;</span> <span class="na">content</span><span class="o">=</span><span class="s">&quot;&quot;</span><span class="p">&gt;</span>
+<a id="__codelineno-5-10" name="__codelineno-5-10"></a>
+<a id="__codelineno-5-11" name="__codelineno-5-11"></a>        <span class="cm">&lt;!-- adapt page dimensions to device --&gt;</span>
+<a id="__codelineno-5-12" name="__codelineno-5-12"></a>        <span class="p">&lt;</span><span class="nt">meta</span> <span class="na">name</span><span class="o">=</span><span class="s">&quot;viewport&quot;</span> <span class="na">content</span><span class="o">=</span><span class="s">&quot;width=device-width, initial-scale=1.0&quot;</span><span class="p">&gt;</span>
+<a id="__codelineno-5-13" name="__codelineno-5-13"></a>
+<a id="__codelineno-5-14" name="__codelineno-5-14"></a>        <span class="cm">&lt;!-- external style sheet here --&gt;</span>
+<a id="__codelineno-5-15" name="__codelineno-5-15"></a>        <span class="p">&lt;</span><span class="nt">link</span> <span class="na">rel</span><span class="o">=</span><span class="s">&quot;stylesheet&quot;</span> <span class="na">href</span><span class="o">=</span><span class="s">&quot;path/style-sheet.css&quot;</span><span class="p">&gt;</span>
+<a id="__codelineno-5-16" name="__codelineno-5-16"></a>
+<a id="__codelineno-5-17" name="__codelineno-5-17"></a>        <span class="cm">&lt;!-- script if necessary --&gt;</span>
+<a id="__codelineno-5-18" name="__codelineno-5-18"></a>        <span class="p">&lt;</span><span class="nt">script</span> <span class="na">src</span><span class="o">=</span><span class="s">&quot;_.js&quot;</span> <span class="na">type</span><span class="o">=</span><span class="s">&quot;text/javascript&quot;</span><span class="p">&gt;&lt;/</span><span class="nt">script</span><span class="p">&gt;</span>
+<a id="__codelineno-5-19" name="__codelineno-5-19"></a>
+<a id="__codelineno-5-20" name="__codelineno-5-20"></a>        <span class="cm">&lt;!-- script is executed only after the page finishes loading--&gt;</span>
+<a id="__codelineno-5-21" name="__codelineno-5-21"></a>        <span class="p">&lt;</span><span class="nt">script</span> <span class="na">src</span><span class="o">=</span><span class="s">&quot;_.js&quot;</span> <span class="na">defer</span> <span class="na">type</span><span class="o">=</span><span class="s">&quot;text/javascript&quot;</span><span class="p">&gt;&lt;/</span><span class="nt">script</span><span class="p">&gt;</span>
+<a id="__codelineno-5-22" name="__codelineno-5-22"></a>    <span class="p">&lt;/</span><span class="nt">head</span><span class="p">&gt;</span>
+<a id="__codelineno-5-23" name="__codelineno-5-23"></a>    <span class="p">&lt;</span><span class="nt">body</span><span class="p">&gt;</span>
+<a id="__codelineno-5-24" name="__codelineno-5-24"></a>
+<a id="__codelineno-5-25" name="__codelineno-5-25"></a>        <span class="cm">&lt;!-- end of body --&gt;</span>
+<a id="__codelineno-5-26" name="__codelineno-5-26"></a>        <span class="p">&lt;</span><span class="nt">script</span> <span class="na">src</span><span class="o">=</span><span class="s">&quot;_.js&quot;</span> <span class="na">type</span><span class="o">=</span><span class="s">&quot;text/javascript&quot;</span><span class="p">&gt;&lt;/</span><span class="nt">script</span><span class="p">&gt;</span>
+<a id="__codelineno-5-27" name="__codelineno-5-27"></a>    <span class="p">&lt;/</span><span class="nt">body</span><span class="p">&gt;</span>
+<a id="__codelineno-5-28" name="__codelineno-5-28"></a><span class="p">&lt;/</span><span class="nt">html</span><span class="p">&gt;</span>
+</code></pre></div></td></tr></table></div>
+<p>Attributes describe additional characteristics of an HTML element.<br />
+<code>&lt;tagname attribute="value"&gt; content &lt;/tagname&gt;</code></p>
+<h3 id="meta-tag-structure">Meta Tag Structure</h3>
+<p><code>&lt;meta name="info-name" content="info-content"&gt;</code></p>
+<h3 id="paragraph">Paragraph</h3>
+<p>Paragraphs allow to format the content in a readable fashion.</p>
+<div class="highlight"><table class="highlighttable"><tr><th colspan="2" class="filename"><span class="filename">HTML</span></th></tr><tr><td class="linenos"><div class="linenodiv"><pre><span></span><span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-6-1">1</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-6-2">2</a></span></pre></div></td><td class="code"><div><pre><span></span><code><a id="__codelineno-6-1" name="__codelineno-6-1"></a><span class="p">&lt;</span><span class="nt">p</span><span class="p">&gt;</span> paragraph-content <span class="p">&lt;/</span><span class="nt">p</span><span class="p">&gt;</span>
+<a id="__codelineno-6-2" name="__codelineno-6-2"></a><span class="p">&lt;</span><span class="nt">p</span><span class="p">&gt;</span> paragraph-content <span class="p">&lt;/</span><span class="nt">p</span><span class="p">&gt;</span>
+</code></pre></div></td></tr></table></div>
+<h3 id="headings">Headings</h3>
+<p>Heading numbers indicates hierarchy, not size.</p>
+<div class="highlight"><table class="highlighttable"><tr><th colspan="2" class="filename"><span class="filename">HTML</span></th></tr><tr><td class="linenos"><div class="linenodiv"><pre><span></span><span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-7-1">1</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-7-2">2</a></span></pre></div></td><td class="code"><div><pre><span></span><code><a id="__codelineno-7-1" name="__codelineno-7-1"></a><span class="p">&lt;</span><span class="nt">h1</span><span class="p">&gt;</span> Heading 1 <span class="p">&lt;/</span><span class="nt">h1</span><span class="p">&gt;</span>
+<a id="__codelineno-7-2" name="__codelineno-7-2"></a><span class="p">&lt;</span><span class="nt">h2</span><span class="p">&gt;</span> Heading 2 <span class="p">&lt;/</span><span class="nt">h2</span><span class="p">&gt;</span>
+</code></pre></div></td></tr></table></div>
+<h3 id="formatted-text">Formatted Text</h3>
+<p>With semantic value:</p>
+<ul>
+<li>Emphasized text (default cursive): <code>&lt;em&gt;&lt;/em&gt;</code>  </li>
+<li>Important text (default bold): <code>&lt;strong&gt;&lt;/strong&gt;</code>  </li>
+</ul>
+<p>Without semantic value, used as last resort:</p>
+<ul>
+<li>Italic text: <code>&lt;i&gt;&lt;/i&gt;</code>  </li>
+<li>Bold text: <code>&lt;b&gt;&lt;/b&gt;</code></li>
+</ul>
+<h2 id="elements">Elements</h2>
+<p><code>&lt;br/&gt;</code>: Line break (carriage return). It's not good practice to put line breaks inside paragraphs.  </p>
+<p><code>&lt;hr&gt;</code>: horizontal rule (line). Used to define a thematic change in the content.</p>
+<h3 id="linksanchor">Links/Anchor</h3>
+<p>Surround content to turn into links.</p>
+<div class="highlight"><table class="highlighttable"><tr><th colspan="2" class="filename"><span class="filename">HTML</span></th></tr><tr><td class="linenos"><div class="linenodiv"><pre><span></span><span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-8-1"> 1</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-8-2"> 2</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-8-3"> 3</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-8-4"> 4</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-8-5"> 5</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-8-6"> 6</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-8-7"> 7</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-8-8"> 8</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-8-9"> 9</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-8-10">10</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-8-11">11</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-8-12">12</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-8-13">13</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-8-14">14</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-8-15">15</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-8-16">16</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-8-17">17</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-8-18">18</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-8-19">19</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-8-20">20</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-8-21">21</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-8-22">22</a></span></pre></div></td><td class="code"><div><pre><span></span><code><a id="__codelineno-8-1" name="__codelineno-8-1"></a><span class="cm">&lt;!-- Link to absolute URL --&gt;</span>
+<a id="__codelineno-8-2" name="__codelineno-8-2"></a><span class="p">&lt;</span><span class="nt">a</span> <span class="na">href</span><span class="o">=</span><span class="s">&quot;uri/url&quot;</span> <span class="na">title</span><span class="o">=</span><span class="s">&quot;content-title&quot;</span> <span class="na">target</span><span class="o">=</span><span class="s">&quot;_self&quot;</span><span class="p">&gt;</span> text/image <span class="p">&lt;/</span><span class="nt">a</span><span class="p">&gt;</span>
+<a id="__codelineno-8-3" name="__codelineno-8-3"></a>
+<a id="__codelineno-8-4" name="__codelineno-8-4"></a><span class="cm">&lt;!-- links to relative URL --&gt;</span>
+<a id="__codelineno-8-5" name="__codelineno-8-5"></a><span class="p">&lt;</span><span class="nt">a</span> <span class="na">href</span><span class="o">=</span><span class="s">&quot;//example.com&quot;</span><span class="p">&gt;</span>Scheme-relative URL<span class="p">&lt;/</span><span class="nt">a</span><span class="p">&gt;</span>
+<a id="__codelineno-8-6" name="__codelineno-8-6"></a><span class="p">&lt;</span><span class="nt">a</span> <span class="na">href</span><span class="o">=</span><span class="s">&quot;/en-US/docs/Web/HTML&quot;</span><span class="p">&gt;</span>Origin-relative URL<span class="p">&lt;/</span><span class="nt">a</span><span class="p">&gt;</span>
+<a id="__codelineno-8-7" name="__codelineno-8-7"></a><span class="p">&lt;</span><span class="nt">a</span> <span class="na">href</span><span class="o">=</span><span class="s">&quot;./file&quot;</span><span class="p">&gt;</span>Directory-relative URL<span class="p">&lt;/</span><span class="nt">a</span><span class="p">&gt;</span>
+<a id="__codelineno-8-8" name="__codelineno-8-8"></a>
+<a id="__codelineno-8-9" name="__codelineno-8-9"></a><span class="cm">&lt;!-- Link to element on the same page --&gt;</span>
+<a id="__codelineno-8-10" name="__codelineno-8-10"></a><span class="p">&lt;</span><span class="nt">a</span> <span class="na">href</span><span class="o">=</span><span class="s">&quot;#element-id&quot;</span><span class="p">&gt;&lt;/</span><span class="nt">a</span><span class="p">&gt;</span>
+<a id="__codelineno-8-11" name="__codelineno-8-11"></a>
+<a id="__codelineno-8-12" name="__codelineno-8-12"></a><span class="cm">&lt;!-- Link to top of page --&gt;</span>
+<a id="__codelineno-8-13" name="__codelineno-8-13"></a><span class="p">&lt;</span><span class="nt">a</span> <span class="na">href</span><span class="o">=</span><span class="s">&quot;#top&quot;</span><span class="p">&gt;</span> Back to Top <span class="p">&lt;/</span><span class="nt">a</span><span class="p">&gt;</span>
+<a id="__codelineno-8-14" name="__codelineno-8-14"></a>
+<a id="__codelineno-8-15" name="__codelineno-8-15"></a><span class="cm">&lt;!-- link to email --&gt;</span>
+<a id="__codelineno-8-16" name="__codelineno-8-16"></a><span class="p">&lt;</span><span class="nt">a</span> <span class="na">href</span><span class="o">=</span><span class="s">&quot;mailto:address@domain&quot;</span><span class="p">&gt;</span>address@domain<span class="p">&lt;/</span><span class="nt">a</span><span class="p">&gt;</span>
+<a id="__codelineno-8-17" name="__codelineno-8-17"></a>
+<a id="__codelineno-8-18" name="__codelineno-8-18"></a><span class="cm">&lt;!-- link to telephone number --&gt;</span>
+<a id="__codelineno-8-19" name="__codelineno-8-19"></a><span class="p">&lt;</span><span class="nt">a</span> <span class="na">href</span><span class="o">=</span><span class="s">&quot;tel:+39(111)2223334&quot;</span><span class="p">&gt;</span>+39 111 2223334<span class="p">&lt;/</span><span class="nt">a</span><span class="p">&gt;</span>
+<a id="__codelineno-8-20" name="__codelineno-8-20"></a>
+<a id="__codelineno-8-21" name="__codelineno-8-21"></a><span class="cm">&lt;!-- download link --&gt;</span>
+<a id="__codelineno-8-22" name="__codelineno-8-22"></a><span class="p">&lt;</span><span class="nt">a</span> <span class="na">href</span><span class="o">=</span><span class="s">&quot;./folder/filename&quot;</span> <span class="na">download</span><span class="p">&gt;</span>Download<span class="p">&lt;/</span><span class="nt">a</span><span class="p">&gt;</span>
+</code></pre></div></td></tr></table></div>
+<p><code>target</code>:</p>
+<ul>
+<li><code>_blank</code>: opens linked document in a new window or <em>tab</em></li>
+<li><code>_self</code>: opens linked document in the same frame as it was clicked (DEFAULT)</li>
+<li><code>_parent</code>: opens the linked document in the parent frame</li>
+<li><code>_top</code>: opens linked document in the full body of the window</li>
+<li><code>frame-name</code>: opens the linked document in the specified frame</li>
+</ul>
+<h3 id="images">Images</h3>
+<div class="highlight"><table class="highlighttable"><tr><th colspan="2" class="filename"><span class="filename">HTML</span></th></tr><tr><td class="linenos"><div class="linenodiv"><pre><span></span><span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-9-1">1</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-9-2">2</a></span></pre></div></td><td class="code"><div><pre><span></span><code><a id="__codelineno-9-1" name="__codelineno-9-1"></a><span class="p">&lt;</span><span class="nt">img</span> <span class="na">src</span><span class="o">=</span><span class="s">&quot;image-location&quot;</span> <span class="na">alt</span><span class="o">=</span><span class="s">&quot;brief-description&quot;</span><span class="p">/&gt;</span>    <span class="cm">&lt;!-- image element --&gt;</span>
+<a id="__codelineno-9-2" name="__codelineno-9-2"></a><span class="cm">&lt;!-- alt should be always be populated for accessibility and SEO purposes --&gt;</span>
+</code></pre></div></td></tr></table></div>
+<div class="highlight"><table class="highlighttable"><tr><th colspan="2" class="filename"><span class="filename">HTML</span></th></tr><tr><td class="linenos"><div class="linenodiv"><pre><span></span><span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-10-1">1</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-10-2">2</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-10-3">3</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-10-4">4</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-10-5">5</a></span></pre></div></td><td class="code"><div><pre><span></span><code><a id="__codelineno-10-1" name="__codelineno-10-1"></a><span class="cm">&lt;!-- supported by modern browsers --&gt;</span>
+<a id="__codelineno-10-2" name="__codelineno-10-2"></a><span class="p">&lt;</span><span class="nt">figure</span><span class="p">&gt;</span>
+<a id="__codelineno-10-3" name="__codelineno-10-3"></a>    <span class="p">&lt;</span><span class="nt">img</span> <span class="na">src</span><span class="o">=</span><span class="s">&quot;img-location&quot;</span> <span class="na">alt</span><span class="o">=</span><span class="s">&quot;description&quot;</span><span class="p">&gt;</span>
+<a id="__codelineno-10-4" name="__codelineno-10-4"></a>    <span class="p">&lt;</span><span class="nt">figcaption</span><span class="p">&gt;</span> caption of the figure <span class="p">&lt;/</span><span class="nt">figcaption</span><span class="p">&gt;</span>
+<a id="__codelineno-10-5" name="__codelineno-10-5"></a><span class="p">&lt;/</span><span class="nt">figure</span><span class="p">&gt;</span>
+</code></pre></div></td></tr></table></div>
+<h3 id="unordered-list-bullet-list">Unordered list (bullet list)</h3>
+<div class="highlight"><table class="highlighttable"><tr><th colspan="2" class="filename"><span class="filename">HTML</span></th></tr><tr><td class="linenos"><div class="linenodiv"><pre><span></span><span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-11-1">1</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-11-2">2</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-11-3">3</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-11-4">4</a></span></pre></div></td><td class="code"><div><pre><span></span><code><a id="__codelineno-11-1" name="__codelineno-11-1"></a><span class="p">&lt;</span><span class="nt">ul</span><span class="p">&gt;</span>
+<a id="__codelineno-11-2" name="__codelineno-11-2"></a>    <span class="p">&lt;</span><span class="nt">li</span><span class="p">&gt;&lt;/</span><span class="nt">li</span><span class="p">&gt;</span>    <span class="cm">&lt;!-- list element --&gt;</span>
+<a id="__codelineno-11-3" name="__codelineno-11-3"></a>    <span class="p">&lt;</span><span class="nt">li</span><span class="p">&gt;&lt;/</span><span class="nt">li</span><span class="p">&gt;</span>
+<a id="__codelineno-11-4" name="__codelineno-11-4"></a><span class="p">&lt;/</span><span class="nt">ul</span><span class="p">&gt;</span>
+</code></pre></div></td></tr></table></div>
+<h3 id="ordered-list-numbered-list">Ordered list (numbered list)</h3>
+<div class="highlight"><table class="highlighttable"><tr><th colspan="2" class="filename"><span class="filename">HTML</span></th></tr><tr><td class="linenos"><div class="linenodiv"><pre><span></span><span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-12-1">1</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-12-2">2</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-12-3">3</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-12-4">4</a></span></pre></div></td><td class="code"><div><pre><span></span><code><a id="__codelineno-12-1" name="__codelineno-12-1"></a><span class="p">&lt;</span><span class="nt">ol</span><span class="p">&gt;</span>
+<a id="__codelineno-12-2" name="__codelineno-12-2"></a>    <span class="p">&lt;</span><span class="nt">li</span><span class="p">&gt;&lt;/</span><span class="nt">li</span><span class="p">&gt;</span>
+<a id="__codelineno-12-3" name="__codelineno-12-3"></a>    <span class="p">&lt;</span><span class="nt">li</span><span class="p">&gt;&lt;/</span><span class="nt">li</span><span class="p">&gt;</span>
+<a id="__codelineno-12-4" name="__codelineno-12-4"></a><span class="p">&lt;/</span><span class="nt">ol</span><span class="p">&gt;</span>
+</code></pre></div></td></tr></table></div>
+<h3 id="description-list-list-of-terms-and-descriptions">Description list (list of terms and descriptions)</h3>
+<div class="highlight"><table class="highlighttable"><tr><th colspan="2" class="filename"><span class="filename">HTML</span></th></tr><tr><td class="linenos"><div class="linenodiv"><pre><span></span><span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-13-1">1</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-13-2">2</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-13-3">3</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-13-4">4</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-13-5">5</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-13-6">6</a></span></pre></div></td><td class="code"><div><pre><span></span><code><a id="__codelineno-13-1" name="__codelineno-13-1"></a><span class="p">&lt;</span><span class="nt">dl</span><span class="p">&gt;</span>
+<a id="__codelineno-13-2" name="__codelineno-13-2"></a>    <span class="p">&lt;</span><span class="nt">dt</span><span class="p">&gt;</span>term<span class="p">&lt;/</span><span class="nt">dt</span><span class="p">&gt;</span>    <span class="cm">&lt;!-- define term/name --&gt;</span>
+<a id="__codelineno-13-3" name="__codelineno-13-3"></a>    <span class="p">&lt;</span><span class="nt">dd</span><span class="p">&gt;</span>definition<span class="p">&lt;/</span><span class="nt">dd</span><span class="p">&gt;</span> <span class="cm">&lt;!-- describe term/name --&gt;</span>
+<a id="__codelineno-13-4" name="__codelineno-13-4"></a>    <span class="p">&lt;</span><span class="nt">dt</span><span class="p">&gt;</span>term<span class="p">&lt;/</span><span class="nt">dt</span><span class="p">&gt;</span>
+<a id="__codelineno-13-5" name="__codelineno-13-5"></a>    <span class="p">&lt;</span><span class="nt">dd</span><span class="p">&gt;</span>definition<span class="p">&lt;/</span><span class="nt">dd</span><span class="p">&gt;</span>
+<a id="__codelineno-13-6" name="__codelineno-13-6"></a><span class="p">&lt;/</span><span class="nt">dl</span><span class="p">&gt;</span>
+</code></pre></div></td></tr></table></div>
+<h3 id="tables">Tables</h3>
+<div class="highlight"><table class="highlighttable"><tr><th colspan="2" class="filename"><span class="filename">HTML</span></th></tr><tr><td class="linenos"><div class="linenodiv"><pre><span></span><span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-14-1"> 1</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-14-2"> 2</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-14-3"> 3</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-14-4"> 4</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-14-5"> 5</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-14-6"> 6</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-14-7"> 7</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-14-8"> 8</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-14-9"> 9</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-14-10">10</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-14-11">11</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-14-12">12</a></span></pre></div></td><td class="code"><div><pre><span></span><code><a id="__codelineno-14-1" name="__codelineno-14-1"></a><span class="p">&lt;</span><span class="nt">table</span><span class="p">&gt;</span>
+<a id="__codelineno-14-2" name="__codelineno-14-2"></a>    <span class="p">&lt;</span><span class="nt">thead</span><span class="p">&gt;</span>    <span class="cm">&lt;!-- table head row --&gt;</span>
+<a id="__codelineno-14-3" name="__codelineno-14-3"></a>        <span class="p">&lt;</span><span class="nt">th</span><span class="p">&gt;&lt;/</span><span class="nt">th</span><span class="p">&gt;</span> <span class="cm">&lt;!-- table head, one for each column--&gt;</span>
+<a id="__codelineno-14-4" name="__codelineno-14-4"></a>        <span class="p">&lt;</span><span class="nt">th</span><span class="p">&gt;&lt;/</span><span class="nt">th</span><span class="p">&gt;</span>
+<a id="__codelineno-14-5" name="__codelineno-14-5"></a>    <span class="p">&lt;/</span><span class="nt">thead</span><span class="p">&gt;</span>
+<a id="__codelineno-14-6" name="__codelineno-14-6"></a>    <span class="p">&lt;</span><span class="nt">tbody</span><span class="p">&gt;</span>    <span class="cm">&lt;!-- table content (body) --&gt;</span>
+<a id="__codelineno-14-7" name="__codelineno-14-7"></a>        <span class="p">&lt;</span><span class="nt">tr</span><span class="p">&gt;</span> <span class="cm">&lt;!-- table row --&gt;</span>
+<a id="__codelineno-14-8" name="__codelineno-14-8"></a>            <span class="p">&lt;</span><span class="nt">td</span><span class="p">&gt;&lt;/</span><span class="nt">td</span><span class="p">&gt;</span> <span class="cm">&lt;!-- table cell --&gt;</span>
+<a id="__codelineno-14-9" name="__codelineno-14-9"></a>            <span class="p">&lt;</span><span class="nt">td</span><span class="p">&gt;&lt;/</span><span class="nt">td</span><span class="p">&gt;</span>
+<a id="__codelineno-14-10" name="__codelineno-14-10"></a>        <span class="p">&lt;/</span><span class="nt">tr</span><span class="p">&gt;</span>
+<a id="__codelineno-14-11" name="__codelineno-14-11"></a>    <span class="p">&lt;/</span><span class="nt">tbody</span><span class="p">&gt;</span>
+<a id="__codelineno-14-12" name="__codelineno-14-12"></a><span class="p">&lt;/</span><span class="nt">table</span><span class="p">&gt;</span>
+</code></pre></div></td></tr></table></div>
+<h3 id="character-codes">Character Codes</h3>
+<table>
+<thead>
+<tr>
+<th>Code</th>
+<th>Character</th>
+</tr>
+</thead>
+<tbody>
+<tr>
+<td><code>&amp;copy;</code></td>
+<td>Copyright</td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+<td><code>&amp;lt;</code></td>
+<td>less than (<code>&lt;</code>)</td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+<td><code>&amp;gt;</code></td>
+<td>greater than (<code>&gt;</code>)</td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+<td><code>&amp;amp;</code></td>
+<td>ampersand (<code>&amp;</code>)</td>
+</tr>
+</tbody>
+</table>
+<h3 id="block-element">Block Element</h3>
+<p>Used to group elements together into sections, eventually to style them differently.</p>
+<div class="highlight"><table class="highlighttable"><tr><th colspan="2" class="filename"><span class="filename">HTML</span></th></tr><tr><td class="linenos"><div class="linenodiv"><pre><span></span><span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-15-1">1</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-15-2">2</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-15-3">3</a></span></pre></div></td><td class="code"><div><pre><span></span><code><a id="__codelineno-15-1" name="__codelineno-15-1"></a><span class="p">&lt;</span><span class="nt">div</span><span class="p">&gt;</span>
+<a id="__codelineno-15-2" name="__codelineno-15-2"></a>    <span class="cm">&lt;!-- content here --&gt;</span>
+<a id="__codelineno-15-3" name="__codelineno-15-3"></a><span class="p">&lt;/</span><span class="nt">div</span><span class="p">&gt;</span>
+</code></pre></div></td></tr></table></div>
+<h3 id="inline-element">Inline Element</h3>
+<p>Used to apply a specific style inline.</p>
+<div class="highlight"><table class="highlighttable"><tr><th colspan="2" class="filename"><span class="filename">HTML</span></th></tr><tr><td class="linenos"><div class="linenodiv"><pre><span></span><span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-16-1">1</a></span></pre></div></td><td class="code"><div><pre><span></span><code><a id="__codelineno-16-1" name="__codelineno-16-1"></a><span class="p">&lt;</span><span class="nt">p</span><span class="p">&gt;</span> non-styled content <span class="p">&lt;</span><span class="nt">span</span> <span class="na">class</span><span class="o">=</span><span class="s">&quot;...&quot;</span><span class="p">&gt;</span> styled content <span class="p">&lt;/</span><span class="nt">span</span><span class="p">&gt;</span> non-styled content <span class="p">&lt;/</span><span class="nt">p</span><span class="p">&gt;</span>
+</code></pre></div></td></tr></table></div>
+<h3 id="html5-new-tags">HTML5 new tags</h3>
+<div class="highlight"><table class="highlighttable"><tr><th colspan="2" class="filename"><span class="filename">HTML</span></th></tr><tr><td class="linenos"><div class="linenodiv"><pre><span></span><span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-17-1">1</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-17-2">2</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-17-3">3</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-17-4">4</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-17-5">5</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-17-6">6</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-17-7">7</a></span></pre></div></td><td class="code"><div><pre><span></span><code><a id="__codelineno-17-1" name="__codelineno-17-1"></a><span class="p">&lt;</span><span class="nt">header</span><span class="p">&gt;&lt;/</span><span class="nt">header</span><span class="p">&gt;</span>
+<a id="__codelineno-17-2" name="__codelineno-17-2"></a><span class="p">&lt;</span><span class="nt">nav</span><span class="p">&gt;&lt;/</span><span class="nt">nav</span><span class="p">&gt;</span>
+<a id="__codelineno-17-3" name="__codelineno-17-3"></a><span class="p">&lt;</span><span class="nt">main</span><span class="p">&gt;&lt;/</span><span class="nt">main</span><span class="p">&gt;</span>
+<a id="__codelineno-17-4" name="__codelineno-17-4"></a><span class="p">&lt;</span><span class="nt">section</span><span class="p">&gt;&lt;/</span><span class="nt">section</span><span class="p">&gt;</span>
+<a id="__codelineno-17-5" name="__codelineno-17-5"></a><span class="p">&lt;</span><span class="nt">article</span><span class="p">&gt;&lt;/</span><span class="nt">article</span><span class="p">&gt;</span>
+<a id="__codelineno-17-6" name="__codelineno-17-6"></a><span class="p">&lt;</span><span class="nt">aside</span><span class="p">&gt;&lt;/</span><span class="nt">aside</span><span class="p">&gt;</span>
+<a id="__codelineno-17-7" name="__codelineno-17-7"></a><span class="p">&lt;</span><span class="nt">footer</span><span class="p">&gt;&lt;/</span><span class="nt">footer</span><span class="p">&gt;</span>
+</code></pre></div></td></tr></table></div>
+<h2 id="html-forms-inputs">HTML Forms &amp; Inputs</h2>
+<div class="highlight"><table class="highlighttable"><tr><th colspan="2" class="filename"><span class="filename">HTML</span></th></tr><tr><td class="linenos"><div class="linenodiv"><pre><span></span><span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-18-1">1</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-18-2">2</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-18-3">3</a></span></pre></div></td><td class="code"><div><pre><span></span><code><a id="__codelineno-18-1" name="__codelineno-18-1"></a><span class="p">&lt;</span><span class="nt">form</span> <span class="na">action</span><span class="o">=</span><span class="s">&quot;data-receiver&quot;</span> <span class="na">target</span><span class="o">=</span><span class="s">&quot;&quot;</span> <span class="na">method</span><span class="o">=</span><span class="s">&quot;http-method&quot;</span><span class="p">&gt;</span>
+<a id="__codelineno-18-2" name="__codelineno-18-2"></a>    <span class="cm">&lt;!-- ALL form elements go here --&gt;</span>
+<a id="__codelineno-18-3" name="__codelineno-18-3"></a><span class="p">&lt;/</span><span class="nt">form</span><span class="p">&gt;</span>
+</code></pre></div></td></tr></table></div>
+<p>Target:</p>
+<ul>
+<li><code>_blank</code>: submitted result will open in a new browser tab</li>
+<li><code>_self</code>: submitted result will open in the same page (<em>default</em>)</li>
+</ul>
+<p>Method:</p>
+<ul>
+<li><code>get</code>: data sent via get method is visible in the browser's address bar</li>
+<li><code>post</code>: data sent via post in not visible to the user</li>
+</ul>
+<p>PROs &amp; CONs of <code>GET</code> method:</p>
+<ul>
+<li>Data sent by the GET method is displayed in the URL</li>
+<li>It is possible to bookmark the page with specific query string values</li>
+<li>Not suitable for passing sensitive information such as the username and password</li>
+<li>The length of the URL is limited</li>
+</ul>
+<p>PROs &amp; CONs of <code>POST</code> method:</p>
+<ul>
+<li>More secure than GET; information is never visible in the URL query string or in the server logs</li>
+<li>Has a much larger limit on the amount of data that can be sent</li>
+<li>Can send text data as well as binary data (uploading a file)</li>
+<li>Not possible to bookmark the page with the query</li>
+</ul>
+<h3 id="basic-form-elements">Basic Form Elements</h3>
+<div class="highlight"><table class="highlighttable"><tr><th colspan="2" class="filename"><span class="filename">HTML</span></th></tr><tr><td class="linenos"><div class="linenodiv"><pre><span></span><span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-19-1"> 1</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-19-2"> 2</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-19-3"> 3</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-19-4"> 4</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-19-5"> 5</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-19-6"> 6</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-19-7"> 7</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-19-8"> 8</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-19-9"> 9</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-19-10">10</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-19-11">11</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-19-12">12</a></span></pre></div></td><td class="code"><div><pre><span></span><code><a id="__codelineno-19-1" name="__codelineno-19-1"></a><span class="p">&lt;</span><span class="nt">form</span> <span class="na">action</span><span class="o">=</span><span class="s">&quot;&quot;</span> <span class="na">method</span><span class="o">=</span><span class="s">&quot;&quot;</span><span class="p">&gt;</span>
+<a id="__codelineno-19-2" name="__codelineno-19-2"></a>    <span class="p">&lt;</span><span class="nt">label</span> <span class="na">for</span><span class="o">=</span><span class="s">&quot;target-identifier&quot;</span><span class="p">&gt;</span>label-here<span class="p">&lt;/</span><span class="nt">label</span><span class="p">&gt;</span>
+<a id="__codelineno-19-3" name="__codelineno-19-3"></a>    <span class="p">&lt;</span><span class="nt">input</span> <span class="na">type</span><span class="o">=</span><span class="s">&quot;input-type&quot;</span> <span class="na">name</span><span class="o">=</span><span class="s">&quot;input-name&quot;</span> <span class="na">value</span><span class="o">=</span><span class="s">&quot;value-sent&quot;</span> <span class="na">id</span><span class="o">=</span><span class="s">&quot;target-identifier&quot;</span><span class="p">&gt;</span>
+<a id="__codelineno-19-4" name="__codelineno-19-4"></a><span class="p">&lt;/</span><span class="nt">form</span><span class="p">&gt;</span>
+<a id="__codelineno-19-5" name="__codelineno-19-5"></a>
+<a id="__codelineno-19-6" name="__codelineno-19-6"></a><span class="cm">&lt;!-- SAME AS --&gt;</span>
+<a id="__codelineno-19-7" name="__codelineno-19-7"></a>
+<a id="__codelineno-19-8" name="__codelineno-19-8"></a><span class="p">&lt;</span><span class="nt">form</span><span class="p">&gt;</span>
+<a id="__codelineno-19-9" name="__codelineno-19-9"></a>    <span class="p">&lt;</span><span class="nt">label</span><span class="p">&gt;</span>Label:
+<a id="__codelineno-19-10" name="__codelineno-19-10"></a>        <span class="p">&lt;</span><span class="nt">input</span> <span class="na">type</span><span class="o">=</span><span class="s">&quot;input-type&quot;</span> <span class="na">name</span><span class="o">=</span><span class="s">&quot;input-name&quot;</span> <span class="na">value</span><span class="o">=</span><span class="s">&quot;value-sent&quot;</span> <span class="na">id</span><span class="o">=</span><span class="s">&quot;target-identifier&quot;</span><span class="p">&gt;</span>
+<a id="__codelineno-19-11" name="__codelineno-19-11"></a>    <span class="p">&lt;/</span><span class="nt">label</span><span class="p">&gt;</span>
+<a id="__codelineno-19-12" name="__codelineno-19-12"></a><span class="p">&lt;/</span><span class="nt">form</span><span class="p">&gt;</span>
+</code></pre></div></td></tr></table></div>
+<blockquote>
+<p><strong>Note</strong>: The <code>&lt;label&gt;</code> tag is used to define the labels for <code>&lt;input&gt;</code> elements.</p>
+</blockquote>
+<p>Input Attributes:</p>
+<ul>
+<li><code>name</code>: assigns a name to the form control (used by JavaScript and queries)</li>
+<li><code>value</code>: value to be sent to the server when the option is selected</li>
+<li><code>id</code>: identifier for CSS and linking tags</li>
+<li><code>checked</code>: initially selected or not (radiobutton, checkboxes, ...)</li>
+<li><code>selected</code>: default selection of a dropdown</li>
+</ul>
+<h3 id="text-field">Text Field</h3>
+<p>One line areas that allow the user to input text.  </p>
+<div class="highlight"><table class="highlighttable"><tr><th colspan="2" class="filename"><span class="filename">HTML</span></th></tr><tr><td class="linenos"><div class="linenodiv"><pre><span></span><span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-20-1">1</a></span></pre></div></td><td class="code"><div><pre><span></span><code><a id="__codelineno-20-1" name="__codelineno-20-1"></a><span class="p">&lt;</span><span class="nt">input</span> <span class="na">type</span><span class="o">=</span><span class="s">&quot;text&quot;</span> <span class="na">placeholder</span><span class="o">=</span><span class="s">&quot;placeholder-text&quot;</span> <span class="na">spellcheck</span><span class="o">=</span><span class="s">&quot;true&quot;</span> <span class="na">pattern</span><span class="o">=</span><span class="s">&quot;\regex\&quot;</span><span class="p">&gt;</span>
+</code></pre></div></td></tr></table></div>
+<blockquote>
+<p><strong>Note</strong>: Text inputs can display a placeholder text that will disappear as soon as some text is entered</p>
+</blockquote>
+<h3 id="password-field">Password Field</h3>
+<div class="highlight"><table class="highlighttable"><tr><th colspan="2" class="filename"><span class="filename">HTML</span></th></tr><tr><td class="linenos"><div class="linenodiv"><pre><span></span><span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-21-1">1</a></span></pre></div></td><td class="code"><div><pre><span></span><code><a id="__codelineno-21-1" name="__codelineno-21-1"></a><span class="p">&lt;</span><span class="nt">input</span> <span class="na">type</span><span class="o">=</span><span class="s">&quot;password&quot;</span><span class="p">&gt;</span>
+</code></pre></div></td></tr></table></div>
+<h3 id="radio-buttons">Radio Buttons</h3>
+<div class="highlight"><table class="highlighttable"><tr><th colspan="2" class="filename"><span class="filename">HTML</span></th></tr><tr><td class="linenos"><div class="linenodiv"><pre><span></span><span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-22-1">1</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-22-2">2</a></span></pre></div></td><td class="code"><div><pre><span></span><code><a id="__codelineno-22-1" name="__codelineno-22-1"></a><span class="p">&lt;</span><span class="nt">input</span> <span class="na">type</span><span class="o">=</span><span class="s">&quot;radio&quot;</span> <span class="na">value</span><span class="o">=</span><span class="s">&quot;value&quot;</span><span class="p">&gt;</span>
+<a id="__codelineno-22-2" name="__codelineno-22-2"></a><span class="p">&lt;</span><span class="nt">input</span> <span class="na">type</span><span class="o">=</span><span class="s">&quot;radio&quot;</span> <span class="na">value</span><span class="o">=</span><span class="s">&quot;value&quot;</span> <span class="na">checked</span><span class="p">&gt;</span>
+</code></pre></div></td></tr></table></div>
+<h3 id="checkboxes">Checkboxes</h3>
+<div class="highlight"><table class="highlighttable"><tr><th colspan="2" class="filename"><span class="filename">HTML</span></th></tr><tr><td class="linenos"><div class="linenodiv"><pre><span></span><span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-23-1">1</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-23-2">2</a></span></pre></div></td><td class="code"><div><pre><span></span><code><a id="__codelineno-23-1" name="__codelineno-23-1"></a><span class="p">&lt;</span><span class="nt">input</span> <span class="na">type</span><span class="o">=</span><span class="s">&quot;checkbox&quot;</span><span class="p">&gt;</span>
+<a id="__codelineno-23-2" name="__codelineno-23-2"></a><span class="p">&lt;</span><span class="nt">input</span> <span class="na">type</span><span class="o">=</span><span class="s">&quot;checkbox&quot;</span> <span class="na">checked</span><span class="p">&gt;</span>
+</code></pre></div></td></tr></table></div>
+<h3 id="dropdown-menus">Dropdown Menus</h3>
+<div class="highlight"><table class="highlighttable"><tr><th colspan="2" class="filename"><span class="filename">HTML</span></th></tr><tr><td class="linenos"><div class="linenodiv"><pre><span></span><span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-24-1">1</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-24-2">2</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-24-3">3</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-24-4">4</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-24-5">5</a></span></pre></div></td><td class="code"><div><pre><span></span><code><a id="__codelineno-24-1" name="__codelineno-24-1"></a><span class="p">&lt;</span><span class="nt">select</span> <span class="na">multiple</span><span class="p">&gt;</span>
+<a id="__codelineno-24-2" name="__codelineno-24-2"></a>    <span class="p">&lt;</span><span class="nt">option</span> <span class="na">value</span><span class="o">=</span><span class="s">&quot;value&quot;</span><span class="p">&gt;</span>Value<span class="p">&lt;/</span><span class="nt">option</span><span class="p">&gt;</span>
+<a id="__codelineno-24-3" name="__codelineno-24-3"></a>    <span class="p">&lt;</span><span class="nt">option</span> <span class="na">value</span><span class="o">=</span><span class="s">&quot;value&quot;</span><span class="p">&gt;</span>Value<span class="p">&lt;/</span><span class="nt">option</span><span class="p">&gt;</span>
+<a id="__codelineno-24-4" name="__codelineno-24-4"></a>    <span class="p">&lt;</span><span class="nt">option</span> <span class="na">value</span><span class="o">=</span><span class="s">&quot;value&quot;</span> <span class="na">selected</span><span class="p">&gt;</span>Value<span class="p">&lt;/</span><span class="nt">option</span><span class="p">&gt;</span>
+<a id="__codelineno-24-5" name="__codelineno-24-5"></a><span class="p">&lt;/</span><span class="nt">select</span><span class="p">&gt;</span>
+</code></pre></div></td></tr></table></div>
+<p>Use <code>&lt;select&gt;</code> rather than radio buttons when the number of options to choose from is large
+<code>selected</code> is used rather than checked.<br />
+Provides the ability to select multiple options.<br />
+Conceptually, <code>&lt;select&gt;</code> becomes more similar to checkboxes.</p>
+<h3 id="file-select">File Select</h3>
+<p>Upload a local file as an attachment. The <code>accept</code> attribute value is a string that defines the file types the file input should accept.<br />
+This string is a comma-separated list of <a href="https://developer.mozilla.org/en-US/docs/Web/HTML/Element/input/file#unique_file_type_specifiers">unique file type specifiers</a>.</p>
+<div class="highlight"><table class="highlighttable"><tr><th colspan="2" class="filename"><span class="filename">HTML</span></th></tr><tr><td class="linenos"><div class="linenodiv"><pre><span></span><span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-25-1">1</a></span></pre></div></td><td class="code"><div><pre><span></span><code><a id="__codelineno-25-1" name="__codelineno-25-1"></a><span class="p">&lt;</span><span class="nt">input</span> <span class="na">type</span><span class="o">=</span><span class="s">&quot;file&quot;</span> <span class="na">value</span><span class="o">=</span><span class="s">&quot;filename&quot;</span> <span class="na">accept</span><span class="o">=</span><span class="s">&quot;.txt,application/json,audio/*&quot;</span><span class="p">&gt;</span>
+</code></pre></div></td></tr></table></div>
+<h3 id="text-area">Text Area</h3>
+<p>Multi line text input.</p>
+<div class="highlight"><table class="highlighttable"><tr><th colspan="2" class="filename"><span class="filename">HTML</span></th></tr><tr><td class="linenos"><div class="linenodiv"><pre><span></span><span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-26-1">1</a></span></pre></div></td><td class="code"><div><pre><span></span><code><a id="__codelineno-26-1" name="__codelineno-26-1"></a><span class="p">&lt;</span><span class="nt">textarea</span> <span class="na">rows</span><span class="o">=</span><span class="s">&quot;row-number&quot;</span> <span class="na">cols</span><span class="o">=</span><span class="s">&quot;column-number&quot;</span> <span class="p">&gt;</span>pre-existing editable test<span class="p">&lt;/</span><span class="nt">textarea</span><span class="p">&gt;</span>
+</code></pre></div></td></tr></table></div>
+<h3 id="submit-reset">Submit &amp; Reset</h3>
+<div class="highlight"><table class="highlighttable"><tr><th colspan="2" class="filename"><span class="filename">HTML</span></th></tr><tr><td class="linenos"><div class="linenodiv"><pre><span></span><span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-27-1">1</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-27-2">2</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-27-3">3</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-27-4">4</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-27-5">5</a></span></pre></div></td><td class="code"><div><pre><span></span><code><a id="__codelineno-27-1" name="__codelineno-27-1"></a><span class="p">&lt;</span><span class="nt">input</span> <span class="na">type</span><span class="o">=</span><span class="s">&quot;submit&quot;</span> <span class="na">value</span><span class="o">=</span><span class="s">&quot;label&quot;</span><span class="p">&gt;</span>
+<a id="__codelineno-27-2" name="__codelineno-27-2"></a><span class="p">&lt;</span><span class="nt">input</span> <span class="na">type</span><span class="o">=</span><span class="s">&quot;reset&quot;</span> <span class="na">value</span><span class="o">=</span><span class="s">&quot;label&quot;</span><span class="p">&gt;</span>
+<a id="__codelineno-27-3" name="__codelineno-27-3"></a><span class="cm">&lt;!-- OR --&gt;</span>
+<a id="__codelineno-27-4" name="__codelineno-27-4"></a><span class="p">&lt;</span><span class="nt">button</span> <span class="na">type</span><span class="o">=</span><span class="s">&quot;submit&quot;</span> <span class="na">value</span><span class="o">=</span><span class="s">&quot;label&quot;</span><span class="p">&gt;</span>
+<a id="__codelineno-27-5" name="__codelineno-27-5"></a><span class="p">&lt;</span><span class="nt">button</span> <span class="na">type</span><span class="o">=</span><span class="s">&quot;reset&quot;</span> <span class="na">value</span><span class="o">=</span><span class="s">&quot;label&quot;</span><span class="p">&gt;</span>
+</code></pre></div></td></tr></table></div>
+<p><code>submit</code>: sends the form data to the location specified in the action attribute.<br />
+<code>reset</code>: resets all forms controls to the default values.</p>
+<h3 id="button">Button</h3>
+<div class="highlight"><table class="highlighttable"><tr><th colspan="2" class="filename"><span class="filename">HTML</span></th></tr><tr><td class="linenos"><div class="linenodiv"><pre><span></span><span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-28-1">1</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-28-2">2</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-28-3">3</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-28-4">4</a></span></pre></div></td><td class="code"><div><pre><span></span><code><a id="__codelineno-28-1" name="__codelineno-28-1"></a><span class="p">&lt;</span><span class="nt">button</span> <span class="na">type</span><span class="o">=</span><span class="s">&quot;button/reset/submit&quot;</span> <span class="na">value</span><span class="o">=</span><span class="s">&quot;label&quot;</span><span class="p">/&gt;</span>
+<a id="__codelineno-28-2" name="__codelineno-28-2"></a>
+<a id="__codelineno-28-3" name="__codelineno-28-3"></a><span class="cm">&lt;!-- can contain HTML --&gt;</span>
+<a id="__codelineno-28-4" name="__codelineno-28-4"></a><span class="p">&lt;</span><span class="nt">button</span> <span class="na">type</span><span class="o">=</span><span class="s">&quot;button/reset/submit&quot;</span> <span class="na">value</span><span class="o">=</span><span class="s">&quot;lebel&quot;</span><span class="p">&gt;&lt;/</span><span class="nt">button</span><span class="p">&gt;</span>
+</code></pre></div></td></tr></table></div>
+<h3 id="fieldset">Fieldset</h3>
+<p>Group controls into categories. Particularly important for screen readers.</p>
+<div class="highlight"><table class="highlighttable"><tr><th colspan="2" class="filename"><span class="filename">HTML</span></th></tr><tr><td class="linenos"><div class="linenodiv"><pre><span></span><span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-29-1">1</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-29-2">2</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-29-3">3</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-29-4">4</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-29-5">5</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-29-6">6</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-29-7">7</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-29-8">8</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-29-9">9</a></span></pre></div></td><td class="code"><div><pre><span></span><code><a id="__codelineno-29-1" name="__codelineno-29-1"></a><span class="p">&lt;</span><span class="nt">fieldset</span><span class="p">&gt;</span>
+<a id="__codelineno-29-2" name="__codelineno-29-2"></a>    <span class="p">&lt;</span><span class="nt">legend</span><span class="p">&gt;</span>Color<span class="p">&lt;/</span><span class="nt">legend</span><span class="p">&gt;</span>
+<a id="__codelineno-29-3" name="__codelineno-29-3"></a>    <span class="p">&lt;</span><span class="nt">input</span> <span class="na">type</span><span class="o">=</span><span class="s">&quot;radio&quot;</span> <span class="na">name</span><span class="o">=</span><span class="s">&quot;colour&quot;</span> <span class="na">value</span><span class="o">=</span><span class="s">&quot;red&quot;</span> <span class="na">id</span><span class="o">=</span><span class="s">&quot;colour_red&quot;</span><span class="p">&gt;</span>
+<a id="__codelineno-29-4" name="__codelineno-29-4"></a>    <span class="p">&lt;</span><span class="nt">label</span> <span class="na">for</span><span class="o">=</span><span class="s">&quot;colour_red&quot;</span><span class="p">&gt;</span>Red<span class="p">&lt;/</span><span class="nt">label</span><span class="p">&gt;</span>
+<a id="__codelineno-29-5" name="__codelineno-29-5"></a>    <span class="p">&lt;</span><span class="nt">input</span> <span class="na">type</span><span class="o">=</span><span class="s">&quot;radio&quot;</span> <span class="na">name</span><span class="o">=</span><span class="s">&quot;colour&quot;</span> <span class="na">value</span><span class="o">=</span><span class="s">&quot;green&quot;</span> <span class="na">id</span><span class="o">=</span><span class="s">&quot;colour_green&quot;</span><span class="p">&gt;</span>
+<a id="__codelineno-29-6" name="__codelineno-29-6"></a>    <span class="p">&lt;</span><span class="nt">label</span> <span class="na">for</span><span class="o">=</span><span class="s">&quot;colour_green&quot;</span><span class="p">&gt;</span>Green<span class="p">&lt;/</span><span class="nt">label</span><span class="p">&gt;</span>
+<a id="__codelineno-29-7" name="__codelineno-29-7"></a>    <span class="p">&lt;</span><span class="nt">input</span> <span class="na">type</span><span class="o">=</span><span class="s">&quot;radio&quot;</span> <span class="na">name</span><span class="o">=</span><span class="s">&quot;colour&quot;</span> <span class="na">value</span><span class="o">=</span><span class="s">&quot;blue&quot;</span> <span class="na">id</span><span class="o">=</span><span class="s">&quot;colour_blue&quot;</span><span class="p">&gt;</span>
+<a id="__codelineno-29-8" name="__codelineno-29-8"></a>    <span class="p">&lt;</span><span class="nt">label</span> <span class="na">for</span><span class="o">=</span><span class="s">&quot;colour_blue&quot;</span><span class="p">&gt;</span>Red<span class="p">&lt;/</span><span class="nt">label</span><span class="p">&gt;</span>
+<a id="__codelineno-29-9" name="__codelineno-29-9"></a><span class="p">&lt;/</span><span class="nt">fieldset</span><span class="p">&gt;</span>
+</code></pre></div></td></tr></table></div>
+<h3 id="email-field">Email Field</h3>
+<p>Used to receive a valid e-mail address from the user. Most browsers can validate this without needing javascript.
+Older browsers don't support this input type.</p>
+<div class="highlight"><table class="highlighttable"><tr><th colspan="2" class="filename"><span class="filename">HTML</span></th></tr><tr><td class="linenos"><div class="linenodiv"><pre><span></span><span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-30-1">1</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-30-2">2</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-30-3">3</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-30-4">4</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-30-5">5</a></span></pre></div></td><td class="code"><div><pre><span></span><code><a id="__codelineno-30-1" name="__codelineno-30-1"></a><span class="p">&lt;</span><span class="nt">form</span><span class="p">&gt;</span>
+<a id="__codelineno-30-2" name="__codelineno-30-2"></a>    <span class="p">&lt;</span><span class="nt">label</span> <span class="na">for</span><span class="o">=</span><span class="s">&quot;user-email&quot;</span><span class="p">&gt;</span>Email:<span class="p">&lt;/</span><span class="nt">label</span><span class="p">&gt;</span>
+<a id="__codelineno-30-3" name="__codelineno-30-3"></a>    <span class="p">&lt;</span><span class="nt">input</span> <span class="na">type</span><span class="o">=</span><span class="s">&quot;email&quot;</span> <span class="na">name</span><span class="o">=</span><span class="s">&quot;user-email&quot;</span> <span class="na">id</span><span class="o">=</span><span class="s">&quot;form-email&quot;</span><span class="p">&gt;</span>
+<a id="__codelineno-30-4" name="__codelineno-30-4"></a>    <span class="p">&lt;</span><span class="nt">button</span> <span class="na">type</span><span class="o">=</span><span class="s">&quot;submit&quot;</span><span class="p">&gt;</span>Send<span class="p">&lt;/</span><span class="nt">button</span><span class="p">&gt;</span>
+<a id="__codelineno-30-5" name="__codelineno-30-5"></a><span class="p">&lt;/</span><span class="nt">form</span><span class="p">&gt;</span>
+</code></pre></div></td></tr></table></div>
+<h3 id="progress-bar">Progress Bar</h3>
+<div class="highlight"><table class="highlighttable"><tr><th colspan="2" class="filename"><span class="filename">HTML</span></th></tr><tr><td class="linenos"><div class="linenodiv"><pre><span></span><span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-31-1">1</a></span></pre></div></td><td class="code"><div><pre><span></span><code><a id="__codelineno-31-1" name="__codelineno-31-1"></a><span class="p">&lt;</span><span class="nt">progress</span> <span class="na">max</span><span class="o">=</span><span class="s">&quot;100&quot;</span> <span class="na">value</span><span class="o">=</span><span class="s">&quot;70&quot;</span><span class="p">&gt;</span> 70% <span class="p">&lt;/</span><span class="nt">progress</span><span class="p">&gt;</span>
+</code></pre></div></td></tr></table></div>
+<h3 id="slider">Slider</h3>
+<div class="highlight"><table class="highlighttable"><tr><th colspan="2" class="filename"><span class="filename">HTML</span></th></tr><tr><td class="linenos"><div class="linenodiv"><pre><span></span><span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-32-1">1</a></span></pre></div></td><td class="code"><div><pre><span></span><code><a id="__codelineno-32-1" name="__codelineno-32-1"></a><span class="p">&lt;</span><span class="nt">input</span> <span class="na">type</span><span class="o">=</span><span class="s">&quot;range&quot;</span> <span class="na">min</span><span class="o">=</span><span class="s">&quot;0&quot;</span> <span class="na">max</span><span class="o">=</span><span class="s">&quot;20&quot;</span><span class="p">&gt;</span>
+</code></pre></div></td></tr></table></div>
+<h3 id="meter">Meter</h3>
+<p>The <code>&lt;meter&gt;</code> HTML element represents either a scalar value within a known range or a fractional value.</p>
+<div class="highlight"><table class="highlighttable"><tr><th colspan="2" class="filename"><span class="filename">HTML</span></th></tr><tr><td class="linenos"><div class="linenodiv"><pre><span></span><span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-33-1">1</a></span></pre></div></td><td class="code"><div><pre><span></span><code><a id="__codelineno-33-1" name="__codelineno-33-1"></a><span class="p">&lt;</span><span class="nt">meter</span> <span class="na">min</span><span class="o">=</span><span class="s">&quot;0&quot;</span> <span class="na">max</span><span class="o">=</span><span class="s">&quot;100&quot;</span> <span class="na">low</span><span class="o">=</span><span class="s">&quot;33&quot;</span> <span class="na">high</span><span class="o">=</span><span class="s">&quot;66&quot;</span> <span class="na">optimum</span><span class="o">=</span><span class="s">&quot;80&quot;</span> <span class="na">value</span><span class="o">=</span><span class="s">&quot;50&quot;</span><span class="p">&gt;</span>current value<span class="p">&lt;/</span><span class="nt">meter</span><span class="p">&gt;</span>
+</code></pre></div></td></tr></table></div>
+<h3 id="datalist-autocomplete">Datalist (Autocomplete)</h3>
+<p>The <code>datalist</code> HTML element can provide suggestions to an input that targets it's <code>id</code> with the <code>list</code> attribute.</p>
+<div class="highlight"><table class="highlighttable"><tr><th colspan="2" class="filename"><span class="filename">HTML</span></th></tr><tr><td class="linenos"><div class="linenodiv"><pre><span></span><span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-34-1">1</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-34-2">2</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-34-3">3</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-34-4">4</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-34-5">5</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-34-6">6</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-34-7">7</a></span></pre></div></td><td class="code"><div><pre><span></span><code><a id="__codelineno-34-1" name="__codelineno-34-1"></a><span class="p">&lt;</span><span class="nt">input</span> <span class="na">list</span><span class="o">=</span><span class="s">&quot;items&quot;</span><span class="p">&gt;</span>
+<a id="__codelineno-34-2" name="__codelineno-34-2"></a>
+<a id="__codelineno-34-3" name="__codelineno-34-3"></a><span class="p">&lt;</span><span class="nt">datalist</span> <span class="na">id</span><span class="o">=</span><span class="s">&quot;items&quot;</span><span class="p">&gt;</span>
+<a id="__codelineno-34-4" name="__codelineno-34-4"></a>    <span class="p">&lt;</span><span class="nt">option</span> <span class="na">value</span><span class="o">=</span><span class="s">&quot;value-1&quot;</span><span class="p">&gt;</span>
+<a id="__codelineno-34-5" name="__codelineno-34-5"></a>    <span class="p">&lt;</span><span class="nt">option</span> <span class="na">value</span><span class="o">=</span><span class="s">&quot;value-2&quot;</span><span class="p">&gt;</span>
+<a id="__codelineno-34-6" name="__codelineno-34-6"></a>    <span class="p">&lt;</span><span class="nt">option</span> <span class="na">value</span><span class="o">=</span><span class="s">&quot;value-3&quot;</span><span class="p">&gt;</span>
+<a id="__codelineno-34-7" name="__codelineno-34-7"></a><span class="p">&lt;/</span><span class="nt">datalist</span><span class="p">&gt;</span>
+</code></pre></div></td></tr></table></div>
+<h3 id="more-input-types">More Input Types</h3>
+<div class="highlight"><table class="highlighttable"><tr><th colspan="2" class="filename"><span class="filename">HTML</span></th></tr><tr><td class="linenos"><div class="linenodiv"><pre><span></span><span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-35-1">1</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-35-2">2</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-35-3">3</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-35-4">4</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-35-5">5</a></span></pre></div></td><td class="code"><div><pre><span></span><code><a id="__codelineno-35-1" name="__codelineno-35-1"></a><span class="p">&lt;</span><span class="nt">input</span> <span class="na">type</span><span class="o">=</span><span class="s">&quot;email&quot;</span> <span class="na">id</span><span class="o">=</span><span class="s">&quot;email&quot;</span> <span class="na">name</span><span class="o">=</span><span class="s">&quot;email&quot;</span> <span class="p">/&gt;</span>
+<a id="__codelineno-35-2" name="__codelineno-35-2"></a><span class="p">&lt;</span><span class="nt">input</span> <span class="na">type</span><span class="o">=</span><span class="s">&quot;url&quot;</span> <span class="na">id</span><span class="o">=</span><span class="s">&quot;url&quot;</span> <span class="na">name</span><span class="o">=</span><span class="s">&quot;url&quot;</span> <span class="p">/&gt;</span>
+<a id="__codelineno-35-3" name="__codelineno-35-3"></a><span class="p">&lt;</span><span class="nt">input</span> <span class="na">type</span><span class="o">=</span><span class="s">&quot;number&quot;</span> <span class="na">name</span><span class="o">=</span><span class="s">&quot;&quot;</span> <span class="na">id</span><span class="o">=</span><span class="s">&quot;identifier&quot;</span> <span class="na">min</span><span class="o">=</span><span class="s">&quot;min-value&quot;</span> <span class="na">max</span><span class="o">=</span><span class="s">&quot;max-value&quot;</span> <span class="na">step</span><span class="o">=</span><span class="s">&quot;&quot;</span> <span class="p">/&gt;</span>
+<a id="__codelineno-35-4" name="__codelineno-35-4"></a><span class="p">&lt;</span><span class="nt">input</span> <span class="na">type</span><span class="o">=</span><span class="s">&quot;search&quot;</span> <span class="na">id</span><span class="o">=</span><span class="s">&quot;identifier&quot;</span> <span class="na">name</span><span class="o">=</span><span class="s">&quot;&quot;</span><span class="p">&gt;</span>
+<a id="__codelineno-35-5" name="__codelineno-35-5"></a><span class="p">&lt;</span><span class="nt">input</span> <span class="na">type</span><span class="o">=</span><span class="s">&quot;color&quot;</span> <span class="p">/&gt;</span>
+</code></pre></div></td></tr></table></div>
+<h3 id="using-built-in-form-validation"><a href="https://developer.mozilla.org/en-US/docs/Learn/Forms/Form_validation">Using Built-In Form Validation</a></h3>
+<p>One of the most significant features of HTML5 form controls is the ability to validate most user data without relying on JavaScript.<br />
+This is done by using validation attributes on form elements.</p>
+<ul>
+<li><code>required</code>: Specifies whether a form field needs to be filled in before the form can be submitted.</li>
+<li><code>minlength</code>, <code>maxlength</code>: Specifies the minimum and maximum length of textual data (strings)</li>
+<li><code>min</code>, <code>max</code>: Specifies the minimum and maximum values of numerical input types</li>
+<li><code>type</code>: Specifies whether the data needs to be a number, an email address, or some other specific preset type.</li>
+<li><code>pattern</code>: Specifies a regular expression that defines a pattern the entered data needs to follow.</li>
+</ul>
+<p>If the data entered in an form field follows all of the rules specified by the above attributes, it is considered valid. If not, it is considered invalid.</p>
+<p>When an element is valid, the following things are true:</p>
+<ul>
+<li>The element matches the <code>:valid</code> CSS <em>pseudo-class</em>, which lets you apply a specific style to valid elements.</li>
+<li>If the user tries to send the data, the browser will submit the form, provided there is nothing else stopping it from doing so (e.g. JavaScript).</li>
+</ul>
+<p>When an element is invalid, the following things are true:</p>
+<ul>
+<li>The element matches the <code>:invalid</code> CSS <em>pseudo-class</em>, and sometimes other UI <em>pseudo-classes</em> (e.g. <code>:out-of-range</code>) depending on the error, which lets you apply a specific style to invalid elements.</li>
+<li>If the user tries to send the data, the browser will block the form and display an error message.</li>
+</ul>
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diff --git a/languages/java/dao.html b/languages/java/dao.html
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..ea4bf97
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+          </label>
+        
+        <nav class="md-nav" data-md-level="1" aria-labelledby="__nav_3_label" aria-expanded="false">
+          <label class="md-nav__title" for="__nav_3">
+            <span class="md-nav__icon md-icon"></span>
+            Databases
+          </label>
+          <ul class="md-nav__list" data-md-scrollfix>
+            
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+                
+  
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+  
+  
+    <li class="md-nav__item">
+      <a href="../../databases/redis.html" class="md-nav__link">
+        
+  
+  <span class="md-ellipsis">
+    Redis
+  </span>
+  
+
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+    </li>
+  
+
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+              
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+  
+  
+  
+  
+    <li class="md-nav__item">
+      <a href="../../databases/sql.html" class="md-nav__link">
+        
+  
+  <span class="md-ellipsis">
+    SQL
+  </span>
+  
+
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+    </li>
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+  
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+  
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+    <li class="md-nav__item">
+      <a href="../../databases/mongo-db.html" class="md-nav__link">
+        
+  
+  <span class="md-ellipsis">
+    MongoDB
+  </span>
+  
+
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+    </li>
+  
+
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+          </ul>
+        </nav>
+      
+    </li>
+  
+
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+        
+      
+        
+      
+        
+      
+        
+      
+        
+      
+        
+      
+        
+      
+        
+      
+        
+      
+        
+      
+        
+      
+        
+      
+        
+      
+        
+      
+        
+      
+    
+    
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+        
+        
+      
+      
+        
+      
+    
+    
+    <li class="md-nav__item md-nav__item--active md-nav__item--section md-nav__item--nested">
+      
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+        
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+          <label class="md-nav__link" for="__nav_4" id="__nav_4_label" tabindex="">
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+    Languages
+  </span>
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+          </label>
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+          <label class="md-nav__title" for="__nav_4">
+            <span class="md-nav__icon md-icon"></span>
+            Languages
+          </label>
+          <ul class="md-nav__list" data-md-scrollfix>
+            
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+  
+    <li class="md-nav__item">
+      <a href="../html/html.html" class="md-nav__link">
+        
+  
+  <span class="md-ellipsis">
+    HTML
+  </span>
+  
+
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+    </li>
+  
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+            
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+  
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+  
+    <li class="md-nav__item">
+      <a href="../markdown.html" class="md-nav__link">
+        
+  
+  <span class="md-ellipsis">
+    Markdown
+  </span>
+  
+
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+    </li>
+  
+
+              
+            
+              
+                
+  
+  
+  
+  
+    <li class="md-nav__item">
+      <a href="../css/css.html" class="md-nav__link">
+        
+  
+  <span class="md-ellipsis">
+    CSS
+  </span>
+  
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+    </li>
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+  
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+    <li class="md-nav__item">
+      <a href="../c/c.html" class="md-nav__link">
+        
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+  <span class="md-ellipsis">
+    C
+  </span>
+  
+
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+    </li>
+  
+
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+  
+  
+  
+    <li class="md-nav__item">
+      <a href="../kotlin/kotlin.html" class="md-nav__link">
+        
+  
+  <span class="md-ellipsis">
+    Kotlin
+  </span>
+  
+
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+    </li>
+  
+
+              
+            
+              
+                
+  
+  
+  
+  
+    <li class="md-nav__item">
+      <a href="../swift/swift.html" class="md-nav__link">
+        
+  
+  <span class="md-ellipsis">
+    Swift
+  </span>
+  
+
+      </a>
+    </li>
+  
+
+              
+            
+              
+                
+  
+  
+  
+  
+    
+    
+      
+        
+      
+        
+      
+    
+    
+      
+      
+        
+          
+          
+        
+      
+    
+    
+    <li class="md-nav__item md-nav__item--section md-nav__item--nested">
+      
+        
+        
+        <input class="md-nav__toggle md-toggle " type="checkbox" id="__nav_4_7" >
+        
+          
+          <label class="md-nav__link" for="__nav_4_7" id="__nav_4_7_label" tabindex="">
+            
+  
+  <span class="md-ellipsis">
+    Assembly
+  </span>
+  
+
+            <span class="md-nav__icon md-icon"></span>
+          </label>
+        
+        <nav class="md-nav" data-md-level="2" aria-labelledby="__nav_4_7_label" aria-expanded="false">
+          <label class="md-nav__title" for="__nav_4_7">
+            <span class="md-nav__icon md-icon"></span>
+            Assembly
+          </label>
+          <ul class="md-nav__list" data-md-scrollfix>
+            
+              
+                
+  
+  
+  
+  
+    <li class="md-nav__item">
+      <a href="../assembly/intel.html" class="md-nav__link">
+        
+  
+  <span class="md-ellipsis">
+    Intel
+  </span>
+  
+
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+    </li>
+  
+
+              
+            
+              
+                
+  
+  
+  
+  
+    <li class="md-nav__item">
+      <a href="../assembly/riscv.html" class="md-nav__link">
+        
+  
+  <span class="md-ellipsis">
+    RISC-V
+  </span>
+  
+
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+    </li>
+  
+
+              
+            
+          </ul>
+        </nav>
+      
+    </li>
+  
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+  
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+  
+    
+    
+      
+        
+      
+        
+      
+        
+      
+    
+    
+      
+      
+        
+          
+          
+        
+      
+    
+    
+    <li class="md-nav__item md-nav__item--section md-nav__item--nested">
+      
+        
+        
+        <input class="md-nav__toggle md-toggle " type="checkbox" id="__nav_4_8" >
+        
+          
+          <label class="md-nav__link" for="__nav_4_8" id="__nav_4_8_label" tabindex="">
+            
+  
+  <span class="md-ellipsis">
+    Python
+  </span>
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+
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+          </label>
+        
+        <nav class="md-nav" data-md-level="2" aria-labelledby="__nav_4_8_label" aria-expanded="false">
+          <label class="md-nav__title" for="__nav_4_8">
+            <span class="md-nav__icon md-icon"></span>
+            Python
+          </label>
+          <ul class="md-nav__list" data-md-scrollfix>
+            
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+                
+  
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+  
+  
+    <li class="md-nav__item">
+      <a href="../python/python.html" class="md-nav__link">
+        
+  
+  <span class="md-ellipsis">
+    Python
+  </span>
+  
+
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+    </li>
+  
+
+              
+            
+              
+                
+  
+  
+  
+  
+    
+    
+      
+        
+      
+        
+      
+        
+      
+        
+      
+        
+      
+        
+      
+        
+      
+        
+      
+        
+      
+        
+      
+        
+      
+        
+      
+        
+      
+    
+    
+      
+      
+        
+      
+    
+    
+    <li class="md-nav__item md-nav__item--nested">
+      
+        
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+        <input class="md-nav__toggle md-toggle " type="checkbox" id="__nav_4_8_2" >
+        
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+          <label class="md-nav__link" for="__nav_4_8_2" id="__nav_4_8_2_label" tabindex="0">
+            
+  
+  <span class="md-ellipsis">
+    Modules
+  </span>
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+
+            <span class="md-nav__icon md-icon"></span>
+          </label>
+        
+        <nav class="md-nav" data-md-level="3" aria-labelledby="__nav_4_8_2_label" aria-expanded="false">
+          <label class="md-nav__title" for="__nav_4_8_2">
+            <span class="md-nav__icon md-icon"></span>
+            Modules
+          </label>
+          <ul class="md-nav__list" data-md-scrollfix>
+            
+              
+                
+  
+  
+  
+  
+    <li class="md-nav__item">
+      <a href="../python/modules/argparse.html" class="md-nav__link">
+        
+  
+  <span class="md-ellipsis">
+    argparse
+  </span>
+  
+
+      </a>
+    </li>
+  
+
+              
+            
+              
+                
+  
+  
+  
+  
+    <li class="md-nav__item">
+      <a href="../python/modules/collections.html" class="md-nav__link">
+        
+  
+  <span class="md-ellipsis">
+    collection
+  </span>
+  
+
+      </a>
+    </li>
+  
+
+              
+            
+              
+                
+  
+  
+  
+  
+    <li class="md-nav__item">
+      <a href="../python/modules/csv.html" class="md-nav__link">
+        
+  
+  <span class="md-ellipsis">
+    csv
+  </span>
+  
+
+      </a>
+    </li>
+  
+
+              
+            
+              
+                
+  
+  
+  
+  
+    <li class="md-nav__item">
+      <a href="../python/modules/ftplib.html" class="md-nav__link">
+        
+  
+  <span class="md-ellipsis">
+    ftplib
+  </span>
+  
+
+      </a>
+    </li>
+  
+
+              
+            
+              
+                
+  
+  
+  
+  
+    <li class="md-nav__item">
+      <a href="../python/modules/itertools.html" class="md-nav__link">
+        
+  
+  <span class="md-ellipsis">
+    itertools
+  </span>
+  
+
+      </a>
+    </li>
+  
+
+              
+            
+              
+                
+  
+  
+  
+  
+    <li class="md-nav__item">
+      <a href="../python/modules/json.html" class="md-nav__link">
+        
+  
+  <span class="md-ellipsis">
+    json
+  </span>
+  
+
+      </a>
+    </li>
+  
+
+              
+            
+              
+                
+  
+  
+  
+  
+    <li class="md-nav__item">
+      <a href="../python/modules/logging.html" class="md-nav__link">
+        
+  
+  <span class="md-ellipsis">
+    logging
+  </span>
+  
+
+      </a>
+    </li>
+  
+
+              
+            
+              
+                
+  
+  
+  
+  
+    <li class="md-nav__item">
+      <a href="../python/modules/shutil.html" class="md-nav__link">
+        
+  
+  <span class="md-ellipsis">
+    shutil
+  </span>
+  
+
+      </a>
+    </li>
+  
+
+              
+            
+              
+                
+  
+  
+  
+  
+    <li class="md-nav__item">
+      <a href="../python/modules/smtplib.html" class="md-nav__link">
+        
+  
+  <span class="md-ellipsis">
+    smtplib
+  </span>
+  
+
+      </a>
+    </li>
+  
+
+              
+            
+              
+                
+  
+  
+  
+  
+    <li class="md-nav__item">
+      <a href="../python/modules/socket.html" class="md-nav__link">
+        
+  
+  <span class="md-ellipsis">
+    socket
+  </span>
+  
+
+      </a>
+    </li>
+  
+
+              
+            
+              
+                
+  
+  
+  
+  
+    <li class="md-nav__item">
+      <a href="../python/modules/sqlite.html" class="md-nav__link">
+        
+  
+  <span class="md-ellipsis">
+    sqlite
+  </span>
+  
+
+      </a>
+    </li>
+  
+
+              
+            
+              
+                
+  
+  
+  
+  
+    <li class="md-nav__item">
+      <a href="../python/modules/time-datetime.html" class="md-nav__link">
+        
+  
+  <span class="md-ellipsis">
+    time & datetime
+  </span>
+  
+
+      </a>
+    </li>
+  
+
+              
+            
+              
+                
+  
+  
+  
+  
+    <li class="md-nav__item">
+      <a href="../python/modules/unittest.html" class="md-nav__link">
+        
+  
+  <span class="md-ellipsis">
+    unittest
+  </span>
+  
+
+      </a>
+    </li>
+  
+
+              
+            
+          </ul>
+        </nav>
+      
+    </li>
+  
+
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+            
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+                
+  
+  
+  
+  
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+    
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+        
+      
+        
+      
+        
+      
+        
+      
+        
+      
+        
+      
+    
+    
+      
+      
+        
+      
+    
+    
+    <li class="md-nav__item md-nav__item--nested">
+      
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+        <input class="md-nav__toggle md-toggle " type="checkbox" id="__nav_4_8_3" >
+        
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+          <label class="md-nav__link" for="__nav_4_8_3" id="__nav_4_8_3_label" tabindex="0">
+            
+  
+  <span class="md-ellipsis">
+    Libraries
+  </span>
+  
+
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+          </label>
+        
+        <nav class="md-nav" data-md-level="3" aria-labelledby="__nav_4_8_3_label" aria-expanded="false">
+          <label class="md-nav__title" for="__nav_4_8_3">
+            <span class="md-nav__icon md-icon"></span>
+            Libraries
+          </label>
+          <ul class="md-nav__list" data-md-scrollfix>
+            
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+                
+  
+  
+  
+  
+    <li class="md-nav__item">
+      <a href="../python/libs/tkinter.html" class="md-nav__link">
+        
+  
+  <span class="md-ellipsis">
+    TKinter
+  </span>
+  
+
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+    </li>
+  
+
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+            
+              
+                
+  
+  
+  
+  
+    <li class="md-nav__item">
+      <a href="../python/libs/numpy.html" class="md-nav__link">
+        
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+  <span class="md-ellipsis">
+    Numpy
+  </span>
+  
+
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+    </li>
+  
+
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+            
+              
+                
+  
+  
+  
+  
+    <li class="md-nav__item">
+      <a href="../python/libs/pandas.html" class="md-nav__link">
+        
+  
+  <span class="md-ellipsis">
+    Pandas
+  </span>
+  
+
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+    </li>
+  
+
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+            
+              
+                
+  
+  
+  
+  
+    <li class="md-nav__item">
+      <a href="../python/libs/seaborn.html" class="md-nav__link">
+        
+  
+  <span class="md-ellipsis">
+    Seaborn
+  </span>
+  
+
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+    </li>
+  
+
+              
+            
+              
+                
+  
+  
+  
+  
+    <li class="md-nav__item">
+      <a href="../python/libs/requests.html" class="md-nav__link">
+        
+  
+  <span class="md-ellipsis">
+    Requests
+  </span>
+  
+
+      </a>
+    </li>
+  
+
+              
+            
+              
+                
+  
+  
+  
+  
+    <li class="md-nav__item">
+      <a href="../python/libs/beautiful-soup.html" class="md-nav__link">
+        
+  
+  <span class="md-ellipsis">
+    Beatiful Soup
+  </span>
+  
+
+      </a>
+    </li>
+  
+
+              
+            
+          </ul>
+        </nav>
+      
+    </li>
+  
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+            
+          </ul>
+        </nav>
+      
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+  
+
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+            
+              
+                
+  
+  
+  
+  
+    
+    
+      
+        
+      
+        
+      
+        
+      
+    
+    
+      
+      
+        
+          
+          
+        
+      
+    
+    
+    <li class="md-nav__item md-nav__item--section md-nav__item--nested">
+      
+        
+        
+        <input class="md-nav__toggle md-toggle " type="checkbox" id="__nav_4_9" >
+        
+          
+          <label class="md-nav__link" for="__nav_4_9" id="__nav_4_9_label" tabindex="">
+            
+  
+  <span class="md-ellipsis">
+    .NET
+  </span>
+  
+
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+          </label>
+        
+        <nav class="md-nav" data-md-level="2" aria-labelledby="__nav_4_9_label" aria-expanded="false">
+          <label class="md-nav__title" for="__nav_4_9">
+            <span class="md-nav__icon md-icon"></span>
+            .NET
+          </label>
+          <ul class="md-nav__list" data-md-scrollfix>
+            
+              
+                
+  
+  
+  
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+    
+    
+      
+        
+      
+        
+      
+        
+      
+        
+      
+        
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+        
+      
+    
+    
+      
+      
+        
+      
+    
+    
+    <li class="md-nav__item md-nav__item--nested">
+      
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+        <input class="md-nav__toggle md-toggle " type="checkbox" id="__nav_4_9_1" >
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+          <label class="md-nav__link" for="__nav_4_9_1" id="__nav_4_9_1_label" tabindex="0">
+            
+  
+  <span class="md-ellipsis">
+    C#
+  </span>
+  
+
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+          </label>
+        
+        <nav class="md-nav" data-md-level="3" aria-labelledby="__nav_4_9_1_label" aria-expanded="false">
+          <label class="md-nav__title" for="__nav_4_9_1">
+            <span class="md-nav__icon md-icon"></span>
+            C#
+          </label>
+          <ul class="md-nav__list" data-md-scrollfix>
+            
+              
+                
+  
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+    <li class="md-nav__item">
+      <a href="../dotnet/csharp/csharp.html" class="md-nav__link">
+        
+  
+  <span class="md-ellipsis">
+    C#
+  </span>
+  
+
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+    </li>
+  
+
+              
+            
+              
+                
+  
+  
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+  
+    <li class="md-nav__item">
+      <a href="../dotnet/csharp/linq.html" class="md-nav__link">
+        
+  
+  <span class="md-ellipsis">
+    Linq
+  </span>
+  
+
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+    </li>
+  
+
+              
+            
+              
+                
+  
+  
+  
+  
+    <li class="md-nav__item">
+      <a href="../dotnet/csharp/collections.html" class="md-nav__link">
+        
+  
+  <span class="md-ellipsis">
+    Collections
+  </span>
+  
+
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+    </li>
+  
+
+              
+            
+              
+                
+  
+  
+  
+  
+    <li class="md-nav__item">
+      <a href="../dotnet/csharp/reactive-extensions.html" class="md-nav__link">
+        
+  
+  <span class="md-ellipsis">
+    Reactive Extensions
+  </span>
+  
+
+      </a>
+    </li>
+  
+
+              
+            
+              
+                
+  
+  
+  
+  
+    <li class="md-nav__item">
+      <a href="../dotnet/csharp/async-programming.html" class="md-nav__link">
+        
+  
+  <span class="md-ellipsis">
+    Async Programming
+  </span>
+  
+
+      </a>
+    </li>
+  
+
+              
+            
+              
+                
+  
+  
+  
+  
+    <li class="md-nav__item">
+      <a href="../dotnet/csharp/unit-tests.html" class="md-nav__link">
+        
+  
+  <span class="md-ellipsis">
+    Unit Tests
+  </span>
+  
+
+      </a>
+    </li>
+  
+
+              
+            
+          </ul>
+        </nav>
+      
+    </li>
+  
+
+              
+            
+              
+                
+  
+  
+  
+  
+    
+    
+      
+        
+      
+        
+      
+        
+      
+        
+      
+        
+      
+        
+      
+        
+      
+    
+    
+      
+      
+        
+      
+    
+    
+    <li class="md-nav__item md-nav__item--nested">
+      
+        
+        
+        <input class="md-nav__toggle md-toggle " type="checkbox" id="__nav_4_9_2" >
+        
+          
+          <label class="md-nav__link" for="__nav_4_9_2" id="__nav_4_9_2_label" tabindex="0">
+            
+  
+  <span class="md-ellipsis">
+    ASP.NET
+  </span>
+  
+
+            <span class="md-nav__icon md-icon"></span>
+          </label>
+        
+        <nav class="md-nav" data-md-level="3" aria-labelledby="__nav_4_9_2_label" aria-expanded="false">
+          <label class="md-nav__title" for="__nav_4_9_2">
+            <span class="md-nav__icon md-icon"></span>
+            ASP.NET
+          </label>
+          <ul class="md-nav__list" data-md-scrollfix>
+            
+              
+                
+  
+  
+  
+  
+    <li class="md-nav__item">
+      <a href="../dotnet/asp.net/minimal-api.html" class="md-nav__link">
+        
+  
+  <span class="md-ellipsis">
+    Minimal API
+  </span>
+  
+
+      </a>
+    </li>
+  
+
+              
+            
+              
+                
+  
+  
+  
+  
+    <li class="md-nav__item">
+      <a href="../dotnet/asp.net/filters.html" class="md-nav__link">
+        
+  
+  <span class="md-ellipsis">
+    FIlters
+  </span>
+  
+
+      </a>
+    </li>
+  
+
+              
+            
+              
+                
+  
+  
+  
+  
+    <li class="md-nav__item">
+      <a href="../dotnet/asp.net/middleware.html" class="md-nav__link">
+        
+  
+  <span class="md-ellipsis">
+    Middleware
+  </span>
+  
+
+      </a>
+    </li>
+  
+
+              
+            
+              
+                
+  
+  
+  
+  
+    <li class="md-nav__item">
+      <a href="../dotnet/asp.net/razor-syntax.html" class="md-nav__link">
+        
+  
+  <span class="md-ellipsis">
+    Razor Syntax
+  </span>
+  
+
+      </a>
+    </li>
+  
+
+              
+            
+              
+                
+  
+  
+  
+  
+    <li class="md-nav__item">
+      <a href="../dotnet/asp.net/blazor.html" class="md-nav__link">
+        
+  
+  <span class="md-ellipsis">
+    Blazor
+  </span>
+  
+
+      </a>
+    </li>
+  
+
+              
+            
+              
+                
+  
+  
+  
+  
+    <li class="md-nav__item">
+      <a href="../dotnet/asp.net/signalr.html" class="md-nav__link">
+        
+  
+  <span class="md-ellipsis">
+    SignalR
+  </span>
+  
+
+      </a>
+    </li>
+  
+
+              
+            
+              
+                
+  
+  
+  
+  
+    <li class="md-nav__item">
+      <a href="../dotnet/asp.net/web-forms.html" class="md-nav__link">
+        
+  
+  <span class="md-ellipsis">
+    Web Forms
+  </span>
+  
+
+      </a>
+    </li>
+  
+
+              
+            
+          </ul>
+        </nav>
+      
+    </li>
+  
+
+              
+            
+              
+                
+  
+  
+  
+  
+    
+    
+      
+        
+      
+        
+      
+    
+    
+      
+      
+        
+      
+    
+    
+    <li class="md-nav__item md-nav__item--nested">
+      
+        
+        
+        <input class="md-nav__toggle md-toggle " type="checkbox" id="__nav_4_9_3" >
+        
+          
+          <label class="md-nav__link" for="__nav_4_9_3" id="__nav_4_9_3_label" tabindex="0">
+            
+  
+  <span class="md-ellipsis">
+    Database
+  </span>
+  
+
+            <span class="md-nav__icon md-icon"></span>
+          </label>
+        
+        <nav class="md-nav" data-md-level="3" aria-labelledby="__nav_4_9_3_label" aria-expanded="false">
+          <label class="md-nav__title" for="__nav_4_9_3">
+            <span class="md-nav__icon md-icon"></span>
+            Database
+          </label>
+          <ul class="md-nav__list" data-md-scrollfix>
+            
+              
+                
+  
+  
+  
+  
+    <li class="md-nav__item">
+      <a href="../dotnet/database/ado.net.html" class="md-nav__link">
+        
+  
+  <span class="md-ellipsis">
+    ADO.NET
+  </span>
+  
+
+      </a>
+    </li>
+  
+
+              
+            
+              
+                
+  
+  
+  
+  
+    <li class="md-nav__item">
+      <a href="../dotnet/database/entity-framework.html" class="md-nav__link">
+        
+  
+  <span class="md-ellipsis">
+    Entity Framework
+  </span>
+  
+
+      </a>
+    </li>
+  
+
+              
+            
+          </ul>
+        </nav>
+      
+    </li>
+  
+
+              
+            
+          </ul>
+        </nav>
+      
+    </li>
+  
+
+              
+            
+              
+                
+  
+  
+    
+  
+  
+  
+    
+    
+      
+        
+      
+        
+      
+        
+      
+        
+      
+    
+    
+      
+      
+        
+          
+          
+        
+      
+    
+    
+    <li class="md-nav__item md-nav__item--active md-nav__item--section md-nav__item--nested">
+      
+        
+        
+        <input class="md-nav__toggle md-toggle " type="checkbox" id="__nav_4_10" checked>
+        
+          
+          <label class="md-nav__link" for="__nav_4_10" id="__nav_4_10_label" tabindex="">
+            
+  
+  <span class="md-ellipsis">
+    Java
+  </span>
+  
+
+            <span class="md-nav__icon md-icon"></span>
+          </label>
+        
+        <nav class="md-nav" data-md-level="2" aria-labelledby="__nav_4_10_label" aria-expanded="true">
+          <label class="md-nav__title" for="__nav_4_10">
+            <span class="md-nav__icon md-icon"></span>
+            Java
+          </label>
+          <ul class="md-nav__list" data-md-scrollfix>
+            
+              
+                
+  
+  
+  
+  
+    <li class="md-nav__item">
+      <a href="java.html" class="md-nav__link">
+        
+  
+  <span class="md-ellipsis">
+    Java
+  </span>
+  
+
+      </a>
+    </li>
+  
+
+              
+            
+              
+                
+  
+  
+  
+  
+    <li class="md-nav__item">
+      <a href="java-collection-framework.html" class="md-nav__link">
+        
+  
+  <span class="md-ellipsis">
+    Java Collection Framework
+  </span>
+  
+
+      </a>
+    </li>
+  
+
+              
+            
+              
+                
+  
+  
+    
+  
+  
+  
+    <li class="md-nav__item md-nav__item--active">
+      
+      <input class="md-nav__toggle md-toggle" type="checkbox" id="__toc">
+      
+      
+        
+      
+      
+        <label class="md-nav__link md-nav__link--active" for="__toc">
+          
+  
+  <span class="md-ellipsis">
+    DAO
+  </span>
+  
+
+          <span class="md-nav__icon md-icon"></span>
+        </label>
+      
+      <a href="dao.html" class="md-nav__link md-nav__link--active">
+        
+  
+  <span class="md-ellipsis">
+    DAO
+  </span>
+  
+
+      </a>
+      
+        
+
+<nav class="md-nav md-nav--secondary" aria-label="Table of contents">
+  
+  
+  
+    
+  
+  
+    <label class="md-nav__title" for="__toc">
+      <span class="md-nav__icon md-icon"></span>
+      Table of contents
+    </label>
+    <ul class="md-nav__list" data-md-component="toc" data-md-scrollfix>
+      
+        <li class="md-nav__item">
+  <a href="#db" class="md-nav__link">
+    <span class="md-ellipsis">
+      DB
+    </span>
+  </a>
+  
+</li>
+      
+        <li class="md-nav__item">
+  <a href="#itypedao" class="md-nav__link">
+    <span class="md-ellipsis">
+      I&lt;Type&gt;DAO
+    </span>
+  </a>
+  
+</li>
+      
+        <li class="md-nav__item">
+  <a href="#typedao" class="md-nav__link">
+    <span class="md-ellipsis">
+      &lt;Type&gt;DAO
+    </span>
+  </a>
+  
+</li>
+      
+    </ul>
+  
+</nav>
+      
+    </li>
+  
+
+              
+            
+              
+                
+  
+  
+  
+  
+    
+    
+      
+        
+      
+        
+      
+    
+    
+      
+      
+        
+      
+    
+    
+    <li class="md-nav__item md-nav__item--nested">
+      
+        
+        
+        <input class="md-nav__toggle md-toggle " type="checkbox" id="__nav_4_10_4" >
+        
+          
+          <label class="md-nav__link" for="__nav_4_10_4" id="__nav_4_10_4_label" tabindex="0">
+            
+  
+  <span class="md-ellipsis">
+    Web
+  </span>
+  
+
+            <span class="md-nav__icon md-icon"></span>
+          </label>
+        
+        <nav class="md-nav" data-md-level="3" aria-labelledby="__nav_4_10_4_label" aria-expanded="false">
+          <label class="md-nav__title" for="__nav_4_10_4">
+            <span class="md-nav__icon md-icon"></span>
+            Web
+          </label>
+          <ul class="md-nav__list" data-md-scrollfix>
+            
+              
+                
+  
+  
+  
+  
+    <li class="md-nav__item">
+      <a href="web/servlet.html" class="md-nav__link">
+        
+  
+  <span class="md-ellipsis">
+    Serverlet
+  </span>
+  
+
+      </a>
+    </li>
+  
+
+              
+            
+              
+                
+  
+  
+  
+  
+    
+    
+      
+        
+      
+        
+      
+    
+    
+      
+      
+        
+      
+    
+    
+    <li class="md-nav__item md-nav__item--nested">
+      
+        
+        
+        <input class="md-nav__toggle md-toggle " type="checkbox" id="__nav_4_10_4_2" >
+        
+          
+          <label class="md-nav__link" for="__nav_4_10_4_2" id="__nav_4_10_4_2_label" tabindex="0">
+            
+  
+  <span class="md-ellipsis">
+    Spring
+  </span>
+  
+
+            <span class="md-nav__icon md-icon"></span>
+          </label>
+        
+        <nav class="md-nav" data-md-level="4" aria-labelledby="__nav_4_10_4_2_label" aria-expanded="false">
+          <label class="md-nav__title" for="__nav_4_10_4_2">
+            <span class="md-nav__icon md-icon"></span>
+            Spring
+          </label>
+          <ul class="md-nav__list" data-md-scrollfix>
+            
+              
+                
+  
+  
+  
+  
+    <li class="md-nav__item">
+      <a href="spring/pom.xml.html" class="md-nav__link">
+        
+  
+  <span class="md-ellipsis">
+    POM
+  </span>
+  
+
+      </a>
+    </li>
+  
+
+              
+            
+              
+                
+  
+  
+  
+  
+    <li class="md-nav__item">
+      <a href="spring/spring-project.html" class="md-nav__link">
+        
+  
+  <span class="md-ellipsis">
+    Project Structure
+  </span>
+  
+
+      </a>
+    </li>
+  
+
+              
+            
+          </ul>
+        </nav>
+      
+    </li>
+  
+
+              
+            
+          </ul>
+        </nav>
+      
+    </li>
+  
+
+              
+            
+          </ul>
+        </nav>
+      
+    </li>
+  
+
+              
+            
+              
+                
+  
+  
+  
+  
+    
+    
+      
+        
+      
+        
+      
+        
+      
+        
+      
+        
+      
+        
+      
+        
+      
+        
+      
+        
+      
+    
+    
+      
+      
+        
+          
+          
+        
+      
+    
+    
+    <li class="md-nav__item md-nav__item--section md-nav__item--nested">
+      
+        
+        
+        <input class="md-nav__toggle md-toggle " type="checkbox" id="__nav_4_11" >
+        
+          
+          <label class="md-nav__link" for="__nav_4_11" id="__nav_4_11_label" tabindex="">
+            
+  
+  <span class="md-ellipsis">
+    PHP
+  </span>
+  
+
+            <span class="md-nav__icon md-icon"></span>
+          </label>
+        
+        <nav class="md-nav" data-md-level="2" aria-labelledby="__nav_4_11_label" aria-expanded="false">
+          <label class="md-nav__title" for="__nav_4_11">
+            <span class="md-nav__icon md-icon"></span>
+            PHP
+          </label>
+          <ul class="md-nav__list" data-md-scrollfix>
+            
+              
+                
+  
+  
+  
+  
+    <li class="md-nav__item">
+      <a href="../php/php.html" class="md-nav__link">
+        
+  
+  <span class="md-ellipsis">
+    PHP
+  </span>
+  
+
+      </a>
+    </li>
+  
+
+              
+            
+              
+                
+  
+  
+  
+  
+    <li class="md-nav__item">
+      <a href="../php/database.html" class="md-nav__link">
+        
+  
+  <span class="md-ellipsis">
+    Database
+  </span>
+  
+
+      </a>
+    </li>
+  
+
+              
+            
+              
+                
+  
+  
+  
+  
+    <li class="md-nav__item">
+      <a href="../php/web.html" class="md-nav__link">
+        
+  
+  <span class="md-ellipsis">
+    Web
+  </span>
+  
+
+      </a>
+    </li>
+  
+
+              
+            
+              
+                
+  
+  
+  
+  
+    <li class="md-nav__item">
+      <a href="../php/dependency-injection.html" class="md-nav__link">
+        
+  
+  <span class="md-ellipsis">
+    Dependency Injection
+  </span>
+  
+
+      </a>
+    </li>
+  
+
+              
+            
+              
+                
+  
+  
+  
+  
+    <li class="md-nav__item">
+      <a href="../php/unit-tests.html" class="md-nav__link">
+        
+  
+  <span class="md-ellipsis">
+    Unit Tests
+  </span>
+  
+
+      </a>
+    </li>
+  
+
+              
+            
+              
+                
+  
+  
+  
+  
+    <li class="md-nav__item">
+      <a href="../php/composer.html" class="md-nav__link">
+        
+  
+  <span class="md-ellipsis">
+    Composer
+  </span>
+  
+
+      </a>
+    </li>
+  
+
+              
+            
+              
+                
+  
+  
+  
+  
+    <li class="md-nav__item">
+      <a href="../php/psr-7.html" class="md-nav__link">
+        
+  
+  <span class="md-ellipsis">
+    PSR 7
+  </span>
+  
+
+      </a>
+    </li>
+  
+
+              
+            
+              
+                
+  
+  
+  
+  
+    <li class="md-nav__item">
+      <a href="../php/plates-templating.html" class="md-nav__link">
+        
+  
+  <span class="md-ellipsis">
+    Plates
+  </span>
+  
+
+      </a>
+    </li>
+  
+
+              
+            
+              
+                
+  
+  
+  
+  
+    
+    
+      
+        
+      
+        
+      
+    
+    
+      
+      
+        
+      
+    
+    
+    <li class="md-nav__item md-nav__item--nested">
+      
+        
+        
+        <input class="md-nav__toggle md-toggle " type="checkbox" id="__nav_4_11_9" >
+        
+          
+          <label class="md-nav__link" for="__nav_4_11_9" id="__nav_4_11_9_label" tabindex="0">
+            
+  
+  <span class="md-ellipsis">
+    Simple MVC
+  </span>
+  
+
+            <span class="md-nav__icon md-icon"></span>
+          </label>
+        
+        <nav class="md-nav" data-md-level="3" aria-labelledby="__nav_4_11_9_label" aria-expanded="false">
+          <label class="md-nav__title" for="__nav_4_11_9">
+            <span class="md-nav__icon md-icon"></span>
+            Simple MVC
+          </label>
+          <ul class="md-nav__list" data-md-scrollfix>
+            
+              
+                
+  
+  
+  
+  
+    <li class="md-nav__item">
+      <a href="../php/simple-mvc/simple-mvc.html" class="md-nav__link">
+        
+  
+  <span class="md-ellipsis">
+    Simple MVC
+  </span>
+  
+
+      </a>
+    </li>
+  
+
+              
+            
+              
+                
+  
+  
+  
+  
+    <li class="md-nav__item">
+      <a href="../php/simple-mvc/rest-api.html" class="md-nav__link">
+        
+  
+  <span class="md-ellipsis">
+    REST API
+  </span>
+  
+
+      </a>
+    </li>
+  
+
+              
+            
+          </ul>
+        </nav>
+      
+    </li>
+  
+
+              
+            
+          </ul>
+        </nav>
+      
+    </li>
+  
+
+              
+            
+              
+                
+  
+  
+  
+  
+    
+    
+      
+        
+      
+        
+      
+        
+      
+        
+      
+        
+      
+    
+    
+      
+      
+        
+          
+          
+        
+      
+    
+    
+    <li class="md-nav__item md-nav__item--section md-nav__item--nested">
+      
+        
+        
+        <input class="md-nav__toggle md-toggle " type="checkbox" id="__nav_4_12" >
+        
+          
+          <label class="md-nav__link" for="__nav_4_12" id="__nav_4_12_label" tabindex="">
+            
+  
+  <span class="md-ellipsis">
+    Rust
+  </span>
+  
+
+            <span class="md-nav__icon md-icon"></span>
+          </label>
+        
+        <nav class="md-nav" data-md-level="2" aria-labelledby="__nav_4_12_label" aria-expanded="false">
+          <label class="md-nav__title" for="__nav_4_12">
+            <span class="md-nav__icon md-icon"></span>
+            Rust
+          </label>
+          <ul class="md-nav__list" data-md-scrollfix>
+            
+              
+                
+  
+  
+  
+  
+    <li class="md-nav__item">
+      <a href="../rust/rust.html" class="md-nav__link">
+        
+  
+  <span class="md-ellipsis">
+    Rust
+  </span>
+  
+
+      </a>
+    </li>
+  
+
+              
+            
+              
+                
+  
+  
+  
+  
+    <li class="md-nav__item">
+      <a href="../rust/macros.html" class="md-nav__link">
+        
+  
+  <span class="md-ellipsis">
+    Macros
+  </span>
+  
+
+      </a>
+    </li>
+  
+
+              
+            
+              
+                
+  
+  
+  
+  
+    <li class="md-nav__item">
+      <a href="../rust/cargo.html" class="md-nav__link">
+        
+  
+  <span class="md-ellipsis">
+    Cargo
+  </span>
+  
+
+      </a>
+    </li>
+  
+
+              
+            
+              
+                
+  
+  
+  
+  
+    <li class="md-nav__item">
+      <a href="../rust/concurrency.html" class="md-nav__link">
+        
+  
+  <span class="md-ellipsis">
+    Concurrency
+  </span>
+  
+
+      </a>
+    </li>
+  
+
+              
+            
+              
+                
+  
+  
+  
+  
+    <li class="md-nav__item">
+      <a href="../rust/unit-tests.html" class="md-nav__link">
+        
+  
+  <span class="md-ellipsis">
+    Unit Tests
+  </span>
+  
+
+      </a>
+    </li>
+  
+
+              
+            
+          </ul>
+        </nav>
+      
+    </li>
+  
+
+              
+            
+              
+                
+  
+  
+  
+  
+    
+    
+      
+        
+      
+        
+      
+        
+      
+        
+      
+        
+      
+        
+      
+        
+      
+    
+    
+      
+      
+        
+          
+          
+        
+      
+    
+    
+    <li class="md-nav__item md-nav__item--section md-nav__item--nested">
+      
+        
+        
+        <input class="md-nav__toggle md-toggle " type="checkbox" id="__nav_4_13" >
+        
+          
+          <label class="md-nav__link" for="__nav_4_13" id="__nav_4_13_label" tabindex="">
+            
+  
+  <span class="md-ellipsis">
+    Javascript
+  </span>
+  
+
+            <span class="md-nav__icon md-icon"></span>
+          </label>
+        
+        <nav class="md-nav" data-md-level="2" aria-labelledby="__nav_4_13_label" aria-expanded="false">
+          <label class="md-nav__title" for="__nav_4_13">
+            <span class="md-nav__icon md-icon"></span>
+            Javascript
+          </label>
+          <ul class="md-nav__list" data-md-scrollfix>
+            
+              
+                
+  
+  
+  
+  
+    <li class="md-nav__item">
+      <a href="../javascript/javascript.html" class="md-nav__link">
+        
+  
+  <span class="md-ellipsis">
+    Javascript
+  </span>
+  
+
+      </a>
+    </li>
+  
+
+              
+            
+              
+                
+  
+  
+  
+  
+    <li class="md-nav__item">
+      <a href="../javascript/dom.html" class="md-nav__link">
+        
+  
+  <span class="md-ellipsis">
+    DOM
+  </span>
+  
+
+      </a>
+    </li>
+  
+
+              
+            
+              
+                
+  
+  
+  
+  
+    <li class="md-nav__item">
+      <a href="../javascript/events-animation.html" class="md-nav__link">
+        
+  
+  <span class="md-ellipsis">
+    Events & Animation
+  </span>
+  
+
+      </a>
+    </li>
+  
+
+              
+            
+              
+                
+  
+  
+  
+  
+    <li class="md-nav__item">
+      <a href="../javascript/ajax.html" class="md-nav__link">
+        
+  
+  <span class="md-ellipsis">
+    AJAX
+  </span>
+  
+
+      </a>
+    </li>
+  
+
+              
+            
+              
+                
+  
+  
+  
+  
+    <li class="md-nav__item">
+      <a href="../javascript/jquery.html" class="md-nav__link">
+        
+  
+  <span class="md-ellipsis">
+    jQuery
+  </span>
+  
+
+      </a>
+    </li>
+  
+
+              
+            
+              
+                
+  
+  
+  
+  
+    
+    
+      
+        
+      
+        
+      
+        
+      
+        
+      
+        
+      
+    
+    
+      
+      
+        
+      
+    
+    
+    <li class="md-nav__item md-nav__item--nested">
+      
+        
+        
+        <input class="md-nav__toggle md-toggle " type="checkbox" id="__nav_4_13_6" >
+        
+          
+          <label class="md-nav__link" for="__nav_4_13_6" id="__nav_4_13_6_label" tabindex="0">
+            
+  
+  <span class="md-ellipsis">
+    React
+  </span>
+  
+
+            <span class="md-nav__icon md-icon"></span>
+          </label>
+        
+        <nav class="md-nav" data-md-level="3" aria-labelledby="__nav_4_13_6_label" aria-expanded="false">
+          <label class="md-nav__title" for="__nav_4_13_6">
+            <span class="md-nav__icon md-icon"></span>
+            React
+          </label>
+          <ul class="md-nav__list" data-md-scrollfix>
+            
+              
+                
+  
+  
+  
+  
+    <li class="md-nav__item">
+      <a href="../javascript/react/react.html" class="md-nav__link">
+        
+  
+  <span class="md-ellipsis">
+    React
+  </span>
+  
+
+      </a>
+    </li>
+  
+
+              
+            
+              
+                
+  
+  
+  
+  
+    <li class="md-nav__item">
+      <a href="../javascript/react/react-router.html" class="md-nav__link">
+        
+  
+  <span class="md-ellipsis">
+    React Router
+  </span>
+  
+
+      </a>
+    </li>
+  
+
+              
+            
+              
+                
+  
+  
+  
+  
+    <li class="md-nav__item">
+      <a href="../javascript/react/react-tests.html" class="md-nav__link">
+        
+  
+  <span class="md-ellipsis">
+    React Tests
+  </span>
+  
+
+      </a>
+    </li>
+  
+
+              
+            
+              
+                
+  
+  
+  
+  
+    <li class="md-nav__item">
+      <a href="../javascript/react/redux.html" class="md-nav__link">
+        
+  
+  <span class="md-ellipsis">
+    Redux
+  </span>
+  
+
+      </a>
+    </li>
+  
+
+              
+            
+              
+                
+  
+  
+  
+  
+    <li class="md-nav__item">
+      <a href="../javascript/react/redux-tests.html" class="md-nav__link">
+        
+  
+  <span class="md-ellipsis">
+    Redux Tests
+  </span>
+  
+
+      </a>
+    </li>
+  
+
+              
+            
+          </ul>
+        </nav>
+      
+    </li>
+  
+
+              
+            
+              
+                
+  
+  
+  
+  
+    <li class="md-nav__item">
+      <a href="../javascript/svelte/svelte.html" class="md-nav__link">
+        
+  
+  <span class="md-ellipsis">
+    Svelte
+  </span>
+  
+
+      </a>
+    </li>
+  
+
+              
+            
+          </ul>
+        </nav>
+      
+    </li>
+  
+
+              
+            
+              
+                
+  
+  
+  
+  
+    
+    
+      
+        
+      
+        
+      
+    
+    
+      
+      
+        
+          
+          
+        
+      
+    
+    
+    <li class="md-nav__item md-nav__item--section md-nav__item--nested">
+      
+        
+        
+        <input class="md-nav__toggle md-toggle " type="checkbox" id="__nav_4_14" >
+        
+          
+          <label class="md-nav__link" for="__nav_4_14" id="__nav_4_14_label" tabindex="">
+            
+  
+  <span class="md-ellipsis">
+    PowerShell
+  </span>
+  
+
+            <span class="md-nav__icon md-icon"></span>
+          </label>
+        
+        <nav class="md-nav" data-md-level="2" aria-labelledby="__nav_4_14_label" aria-expanded="false">
+          <label class="md-nav__title" for="__nav_4_14">
+            <span class="md-nav__icon md-icon"></span>
+            PowerShell
+          </label>
+          <ul class="md-nav__list" data-md-scrollfix>
+            
+              
+                
+  
+  
+  
+  
+    <li class="md-nav__item">
+      <a href="../powershell/scripting.html" class="md-nav__link">
+        
+  
+  <span class="md-ellipsis">
+    Scripting
+  </span>
+  
+
+      </a>
+    </li>
+  
+
+              
+            
+              
+                
+  
+  
+  
+  
+    <li class="md-nav__item">
+      <a href="../powershell/commands.html" class="md-nav__link">
+        
+  
+  <span class="md-ellipsis">
+    Commands
+  </span>
+  
+
+      </a>
+    </li>
+  
+
+              
+            
+          </ul>
+        </nav>
+      
+    </li>
+  
+
+              
+            
+              
+                
+  
+  
+  
+  
+    
+    
+      
+        
+      
+        
+      
+    
+    
+      
+      
+        
+          
+          
+        
+      
+    
+    
+    <li class="md-nav__item md-nav__item--section md-nav__item--nested">
+      
+        
+        
+        <input class="md-nav__toggle md-toggle " type="checkbox" id="__nav_4_15" >
+        
+          
+          <label class="md-nav__link" for="__nav_4_15" id="__nav_4_15_label" tabindex="">
+            
+  
+  <span class="md-ellipsis">
+    Bash
+  </span>
+  
+
+            <span class="md-nav__icon md-icon"></span>
+          </label>
+        
+        <nav class="md-nav" data-md-level="2" aria-labelledby="__nav_4_15_label" aria-expanded="false">
+          <label class="md-nav__title" for="__nav_4_15">
+            <span class="md-nav__icon md-icon"></span>
+            Bash
+          </label>
+          <ul class="md-nav__list" data-md-scrollfix>
+            
+              
+                
+  
+  
+  
+  
+    <li class="md-nav__item">
+      <a href="../bash/scripting.html" class="md-nav__link">
+        
+  
+  <span class="md-ellipsis">
+    Scripting
+  </span>
+  
+
+      </a>
+    </li>
+  
+
+              
+            
+              
+                
+  
+  
+  
+  
+    <li class="md-nav__item">
+      <a href="../bash/commands.html" class="md-nav__link">
+        
+  
+  <span class="md-ellipsis">
+    Commands
+  </span>
+  
+
+      </a>
+    </li>
+  
+
+              
+            
+          </ul>
+        </nav>
+      
+    </li>
+  
+
+              
+            
+          </ul>
+        </nav>
+      
+    </li>
+  
+
+    
+      
+      
+  
+  
+  
+  
+    
+    
+      
+        
+      
+        
+      
+        
+      
+        
+      
+        
+      
+    
+    
+      
+      
+        
+      
+    
+    
+    <li class="md-nav__item md-nav__item--nested">
+      
+        
+        
+        <input class="md-nav__toggle md-toggle " type="checkbox" id="__nav_5" >
+        
+          
+          <label class="md-nav__link" for="__nav_5" id="__nav_5_label" tabindex="0">
+            
+  
+  <span class="md-ellipsis">
+    Misc
+  </span>
+  
+
+            <span class="md-nav__icon md-icon"></span>
+          </label>
+        
+        <nav class="md-nav" data-md-level="1" aria-labelledby="__nav_5_label" aria-expanded="false">
+          <label class="md-nav__title" for="__nav_5">
+            <span class="md-nav__icon md-icon"></span>
+            Misc
+          </label>
+          <ul class="md-nav__list" data-md-scrollfix>
+            
+              
+                
+  
+  
+  
+  
+    <li class="md-nav__item">
+      <a href="../../misc/git.html" class="md-nav__link">
+        
+  
+  <span class="md-ellipsis">
+    Git
+  </span>
+  
+
+      </a>
+    </li>
+  
+
+              
+            
+              
+                
+  
+  
+  
+  
+    <li class="md-nav__item">
+      <a href="../../misc/graph-ql.html" class="md-nav__link">
+        
+  
+  <span class="md-ellipsis">
+    GraphQL
+  </span>
+  
+
+      </a>
+    </li>
+  
+
+              
+            
+              
+                
+  
+  
+  
+  
+    <li class="md-nav__item">
+      <a href="../../misc/regular-expressions.html" class="md-nav__link">
+        
+  
+  <span class="md-ellipsis">
+    RegEx
+  </span>
+  
+
+      </a>
+    </li>
+  
+
+              
+            
+              
+                
+  
+  
+  
+  
+    <li class="md-nav__item">
+      <a href="../../misc/ssh.html" class="md-nav__link">
+        
+  
+  <span class="md-ellipsis">
+    SSH
+  </span>
+  
+
+      </a>
+    </li>
+  
+
+              
+            
+              
+                
+  
+  
+  
+  
+    <li class="md-nav__item">
+      <a href="../../misc/web-components.html" class="md-nav__link">
+        
+  
+  <span class="md-ellipsis">
+    WebComponents
+  </span>
+  
+
+      </a>
+    </li>
+  
+
+              
+            
+          </ul>
+        </nav>
+      
+    </li>
+  
+
+    
+      
+      
+  
+  
+  
+  
+    
+    
+      
+        
+      
+        
+      
+    
+    
+      
+      
+        
+      
+    
+    
+    <li class="md-nav__item md-nav__item--nested">
+      
+        
+        
+        <input class="md-nav__toggle md-toggle " type="checkbox" id="__nav_6" >
+        
+          
+          <label class="md-nav__link" for="__nav_6" id="__nav_6_label" tabindex="0">
+            
+  
+  <span class="md-ellipsis">
+    Linux
+  </span>
+  
+
+            <span class="md-nav__icon md-icon"></span>
+          </label>
+        
+        <nav class="md-nav" data-md-level="1" aria-labelledby="__nav_6_label" aria-expanded="false">
+          <label class="md-nav__title" for="__nav_6">
+            <span class="md-nav__icon md-icon"></span>
+            Linux
+          </label>
+          <ul class="md-nav__list" data-md-scrollfix>
+            
+              
+                
+  
+  
+  
+  
+    
+    
+      
+        
+      
+        
+      
+        
+      
+    
+    
+      
+      
+        
+      
+    
+    
+    <li class="md-nav__item md-nav__item--nested">
+      
+        
+        
+        <input class="md-nav__toggle md-toggle " type="checkbox" id="__nav_6_1" >
+        
+          
+          <label class="md-nav__link" for="__nav_6_1" id="__nav_6_1_label" tabindex="0">
+            
+  
+  <span class="md-ellipsis">
+    Filesystem
+  </span>
+  
+
+            <span class="md-nav__icon md-icon"></span>
+          </label>
+        
+        <nav class="md-nav" data-md-level="2" aria-labelledby="__nav_6_1_label" aria-expanded="false">
+          <label class="md-nav__title" for="__nav_6_1">
+            <span class="md-nav__icon md-icon"></span>
+            Filesystem
+          </label>
+          <ul class="md-nav__list" data-md-scrollfix>
+            
+              
+                
+  
+  
+  
+  
+    <li class="md-nav__item">
+      <a href="../../linux/filesystem/file-links.html" class="md-nav__link">
+        
+  
+  <span class="md-ellipsis">
+    File Links
+  </span>
+  
+
+      </a>
+    </li>
+  
+
+              
+            
+              
+                
+  
+  
+  
+  
+    <li class="md-nav__item">
+      <a href="../../linux/filesystem/procfs.html" class="md-nav__link">
+        
+  
+  <span class="md-ellipsis">
+    /proc
+  </span>
+  
+
+      </a>
+    </li>
+  
+
+              
+            
+              
+                
+  
+  
+  
+  
+    <li class="md-nav__item">
+      <a href="../../linux/filesystem/sysfs.html" class="md-nav__link">
+        
+  
+  <span class="md-ellipsis">
+    /sys
+  </span>
+  
+
+      </a>
+    </li>
+  
+
+              
+            
+          </ul>
+        </nav>
+      
+    </li>
+  
+
+              
+            
+              
+                
+  
+  
+  
+  
+    
+    
+      
+        
+      
+        
+      
+    
+    
+      
+      
+        
+      
+    
+    
+    <li class="md-nav__item md-nav__item--nested">
+      
+        
+        
+        <input class="md-nav__toggle md-toggle " type="checkbox" id="__nav_6_2" >
+        
+          
+          <label class="md-nav__link" for="__nav_6_2" id="__nav_6_2_label" tabindex="0">
+            
+  
+  <span class="md-ellipsis">
+    System Init
+  </span>
+  
+
+            <span class="md-nav__icon md-icon"></span>
+          </label>
+        
+        <nav class="md-nav" data-md-level="2" aria-labelledby="__nav_6_2_label" aria-expanded="false">
+          <label class="md-nav__title" for="__nav_6_2">
+            <span class="md-nav__icon md-icon"></span>
+            System Init
+          </label>
+          <ul class="md-nav__list" data-md-scrollfix>
+            
+              
+                
+  
+  
+  
+  
+    <li class="md-nav__item">
+      <a href="../../linux/init/systemd.html" class="md-nav__link">
+        
+  
+  <span class="md-ellipsis">
+    Systemd
+  </span>
+  
+
+      </a>
+    </li>
+  
+
+              
+            
+              
+                
+  
+  
+  
+  
+    <li class="md-nav__item">
+      <a href="../../linux/init/open-rc.html" class="md-nav__link">
+        
+  
+  <span class="md-ellipsis">
+    OpenRC
+  </span>
+  
+
+      </a>
+    </li>
+  
+
+              
+            
+          </ul>
+        </nav>
+      
+    </li>
+  
+
+              
+            
+          </ul>
+        </nav>
+      
+    </li>
+  
+
+    
+  </ul>
+</nav>
+                  </div>
+                </div>
+              </div>
+            
+            
+              
+              <div class="md-sidebar md-sidebar--secondary" data-md-component="sidebar" data-md-type="toc" >
+                <div class="md-sidebar__scrollwrap">
+                  <div class="md-sidebar__inner">
+                    
+
+<nav class="md-nav md-nav--secondary" aria-label="Table of contents">
+  
+  
+  
+    
+  
+  
+    <label class="md-nav__title" for="__toc">
+      <span class="md-nav__icon md-icon"></span>
+      Table of contents
+    </label>
+    <ul class="md-nav__list" data-md-component="toc" data-md-scrollfix>
+      
+        <li class="md-nav__item">
+  <a href="#db" class="md-nav__link">
+    <span class="md-ellipsis">
+      DB
+    </span>
+  </a>
+  
+</li>
+      
+        <li class="md-nav__item">
+  <a href="#itypedao" class="md-nav__link">
+    <span class="md-ellipsis">
+      I&lt;Type&gt;DAO
+    </span>
+  </a>
+  
+</li>
+      
+        <li class="md-nav__item">
+  <a href="#typedao" class="md-nav__link">
+    <span class="md-ellipsis">
+      &lt;Type&gt;DAO
+    </span>
+  </a>
+  
+</li>
+      
+    </ul>
+  
+</nav>
+                  </div>
+                </div>
+              </div>
+            
+          
+          
+            <div class="md-content" data-md-component="content">
+              <article class="md-content__inner md-typeset">
+                
+                  
+
+  
+  
+
+
+<h1 id="database-access-object">Database Access Object</h1>
+<h2 id="db">DB</h2>
+<p>Connection to the DB.</p>
+<div class="highlight"><table class="highlighttable"><tr><th colspan="2" class="filename"><span class="filename">Java</span></th></tr><tr><td class="linenos"><div class="linenodiv"><pre><span></span><span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-0-1"> 1</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-0-2"> 2</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-0-3"> 3</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-0-4"> 4</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-0-5"> 5</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-0-6"> 6</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-0-7"> 7</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-0-8"> 8</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-0-9"> 9</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-0-10">10</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-0-11">11</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-0-12">12</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-0-13">13</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-0-14">14</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-0-15">15</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-0-16">16</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-0-17">17</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-0-18">18</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-0-19">19</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-0-20">20</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-0-21">21</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-0-22">22</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-0-23">23</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-0-24">24</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-0-25">25</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-0-26">26</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-0-27">27</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-0-28">28</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-0-29">29</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-0-30">30</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-0-31">31</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-0-32">32</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-0-33">33</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-0-34">34</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-0-35">35</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-0-36">36</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-0-37">37</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-0-38">38</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-0-39">39</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-0-40">40</a></span></pre></div></td><td class="code"><div><pre><span></span><code><a id="__codelineno-0-1" name="__codelineno-0-1"></a><span class="kn">package</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="nn">dao</span><span class="p">;</span>
+<a id="__codelineno-0-2" name="__codelineno-0-2"></a>
+<a id="__codelineno-0-3" name="__codelineno-0-3"></a><span class="kn">import</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="nn">java.sql.Connection</span><span class="p">;</span>
+<a id="__codelineno-0-4" name="__codelineno-0-4"></a><span class="kn">import</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="nn">java.sql.DriverManager</span><span class="p">;</span>
+<a id="__codelineno-0-5" name="__codelineno-0-5"></a><span class="kn">import</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="nn">java.sql.SQLException</span><span class="p">;</span>
+<a id="__codelineno-0-6" name="__codelineno-0-6"></a>
+<a id="__codelineno-0-7" name="__codelineno-0-7"></a><span class="kd">public</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="kd">class</span> <span class="nc">DB</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="p">{</span>
+<a id="__codelineno-0-8" name="__codelineno-0-8"></a>
+<a id="__codelineno-0-9" name="__codelineno-0-9"></a><span class="w">    </span><span class="kd">private</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="n">Connection</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="n">conn</span><span class="p">;</span><span class="w">  </span><span class="c1">// db connection obj</span>
+<a id="__codelineno-0-10" name="__codelineno-0-10"></a>
+<a id="__codelineno-0-11" name="__codelineno-0-11"></a><span class="w">    </span><span class="kd">private</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="kd">final</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="n">String</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="n">URL</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="o">=</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="s">&quot;jdbc:&lt;dbms&gt;:&lt;db_url&gt;/&lt;database&gt;&quot;</span><span class="p">;</span>
+<a id="__codelineno-0-12" name="__codelineno-0-12"></a><span class="w">    </span><span class="kd">private</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="kd">final</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="n">String</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="n">USER</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="o">=</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="s">&quot;&quot;</span><span class="p">;</span>
+<a id="__codelineno-0-13" name="__codelineno-0-13"></a><span class="w">    </span><span class="kd">private</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="kd">final</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="n">String</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="n">PWD</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="o">=</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="s">&quot;&quot;</span><span class="p">;</span>
+<a id="__codelineno-0-14" name="__codelineno-0-14"></a>
+<a id="__codelineno-0-15" name="__codelineno-0-15"></a><span class="w">    </span><span class="kd">public</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="nf">DB</span><span class="p">()</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="p">{</span>
+<a id="__codelineno-0-16" name="__codelineno-0-16"></a><span class="w">        </span><span class="k">this</span><span class="p">.</span><span class="na">conn</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="o">=</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="kc">null</span><span class="p">;</span>
+<a id="__codelineno-0-17" name="__codelineno-0-17"></a><span class="w">    </span><span class="p">}</span>
+<a id="__codelineno-0-18" name="__codelineno-0-18"></a>
+<a id="__codelineno-0-19" name="__codelineno-0-19"></a><span class="w">    </span><span class="kd">public</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="kt">void</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="nf">connect</span><span class="p">()</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="p">{</span>
+<a id="__codelineno-0-20" name="__codelineno-0-20"></a><span class="w">        </span><span class="k">try</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="p">{</span>
+<a id="__codelineno-0-21" name="__codelineno-0-21"></a><span class="w">            </span><span class="k">this</span><span class="p">.</span><span class="na">conn</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="o">=</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="n">DriverManager</span><span class="p">.</span><span class="na">getConnection</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="n">URL</span><span class="p">,</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="n">USER</span><span class="p">,</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="n">PWD</span><span class="p">);</span>
+<a id="__codelineno-0-22" name="__codelineno-0-22"></a><span class="w">        </span><span class="p">}</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="k">catch</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="p">(</span><span class="n">SQLException</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="n">e</span><span class="p">)</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="p">{</span>
+<a id="__codelineno-0-23" name="__codelineno-0-23"></a><span class="w">            </span><span class="n">e</span><span class="p">.</span><span class="na">printStackTrace</span><span class="p">();</span>
+<a id="__codelineno-0-24" name="__codelineno-0-24"></a><span class="w">        </span><span class="p">}</span>
+<a id="__codelineno-0-25" name="__codelineno-0-25"></a><span class="w">    </span><span class="p">}</span>
+<a id="__codelineno-0-26" name="__codelineno-0-26"></a>
+<a id="__codelineno-0-27" name="__codelineno-0-27"></a><span class="w">    </span><span class="kd">public</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="kt">void</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="nf">disconnect</span><span class="p">()</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="p">{</span>
+<a id="__codelineno-0-28" name="__codelineno-0-28"></a><span class="w">        </span><span class="k">if</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="n">conn</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="o">!=</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="kc">null</span><span class="p">)</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="p">{</span>
+<a id="__codelineno-0-29" name="__codelineno-0-29"></a><span class="w">            </span><span class="k">try</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="p">{</span>
+<a id="__codelineno-0-30" name="__codelineno-0-30"></a><span class="w">                </span><span class="k">this</span><span class="p">.</span><span class="na">conn</span><span class="p">.</span><span class="na">close</span><span class="p">();</span>
+<a id="__codelineno-0-31" name="__codelineno-0-31"></a><span class="w">            </span><span class="p">}</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="k">catch</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="p">(</span><span class="n">SQLException</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="n">e</span><span class="p">)</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="p">{</span>
+<a id="__codelineno-0-32" name="__codelineno-0-32"></a><span class="w">                </span><span class="n">e</span><span class="p">.</span><span class="na">printStackTrace</span><span class="p">();</span>
+<a id="__codelineno-0-33" name="__codelineno-0-33"></a><span class="w">            </span><span class="p">}</span>
+<a id="__codelineno-0-34" name="__codelineno-0-34"></a><span class="w">        </span><span class="p">}</span>
+<a id="__codelineno-0-35" name="__codelineno-0-35"></a><span class="w">    </span><span class="p">}</span>
+<a id="__codelineno-0-36" name="__codelineno-0-36"></a>
+<a id="__codelineno-0-37" name="__codelineno-0-37"></a><span class="w">    </span><span class="kd">public</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="n">Connection</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="nf">getConn</span><span class="p">()</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="p">{</span>
+<a id="__codelineno-0-38" name="__codelineno-0-38"></a><span class="w">        </span><span class="k">return</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="n">conn</span><span class="p">;</span>
+<a id="__codelineno-0-39" name="__codelineno-0-39"></a><span class="w">    </span><span class="p">}</span>
+<a id="__codelineno-0-40" name="__codelineno-0-40"></a><span class="p">}</span>
+</code></pre></div></td></tr></table></div>
+<h2 id="itypedao"><code>I&lt;Type&gt;DAO</code></h2>
+<p>Interface for CRUD methods on a database.</p>
+<div class="highlight"><table class="highlighttable"><tr><th colspan="2" class="filename"><span class="filename">Java</span></th></tr><tr><td class="linenos"><div class="linenodiv"><pre><span></span><span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-1-1"> 1</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-1-2"> 2</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-1-3"> 3</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-1-4"> 4</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-1-5"> 5</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-1-6"> 6</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-1-7"> 7</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-1-8"> 8</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-1-9"> 9</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-1-10">10</a></span></pre></div></td><td class="code"><div><pre><span></span><code><a id="__codelineno-1-1" name="__codelineno-1-1"></a><span class="kn">package</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="nn">dao</span><span class="p">;</span>
+<a id="__codelineno-1-2" name="__codelineno-1-2"></a>
+<a id="__codelineno-1-3" name="__codelineno-1-3"></a><span class="kn">import</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="nn">java.sql.SQLException</span><span class="p">;</span>
+<a id="__codelineno-1-4" name="__codelineno-1-4"></a><span class="kn">import</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="nn">java.util.List</span><span class="p">;</span>
+<a id="__codelineno-1-5" name="__codelineno-1-5"></a>
+<a id="__codelineno-1-6" name="__codelineno-1-6"></a><span class="kd">public</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="kd">interface</span> <span class="nc">I</span><span class="o">&lt;</span><span class="n">Type</span><span class="o">&gt;</span><span class="n">DAO</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="p">{</span>
+<a id="__codelineno-1-7" name="__codelineno-1-7"></a>
+<a id="__codelineno-1-8" name="__codelineno-1-8"></a><span class="w">    </span><span class="n">String</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="n">RAW_QUERY</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="o">=</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="s">&quot;SELECT * ...&quot;</span>
+<a id="__codelineno-1-9" name="__codelineno-1-9"></a><span class="w">    </span><span class="kd">public</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="n">Type</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="nf">Query</span><span class="p">()</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="kd">throws</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="n">SQLException</span><span class="p">;</span>
+<a id="__codelineno-1-10" name="__codelineno-1-10"></a><span class="p">}</span>
+</code></pre></div></td></tr></table></div>
+<h2 id="typedao"><code>&lt;Type&gt;DAO</code></h2>
+<p>Class implementing <code>I&lt;Type&gt;DAO</code> and handling the communication with the db.</p>
+<div class="highlight"><table class="highlighttable"><tr><th colspan="2" class="filename"><span class="filename">Java</span></th></tr><tr><td class="linenos"><div class="linenodiv"><pre><span></span><span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-2-1"> 1</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-2-2"> 2</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-2-3"> 3</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-2-4"> 4</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-2-5"> 5</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-2-6"> 6</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-2-7"> 7</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-2-8"> 8</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-2-9"> 9</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-2-10">10</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-2-11">11</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-2-12">12</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-2-13">13</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-2-14">14</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-2-15">15</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-2-16">16</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-2-17">17</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-2-18">18</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-2-19">19</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-2-20">20</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-2-21">21</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-2-22">22</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-2-23">23</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-2-24">24</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-2-25">25</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-2-26">26</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-2-27">27</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-2-28">28</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-2-29">29</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-2-30">30</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-2-31">31</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-2-32">32</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-2-33">33</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-2-34">34</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-2-35">35</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-2-36">36</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-2-37">37</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-2-38">38</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-2-39">39</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-2-40">40</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-2-41">41</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-2-42">42</a></span></pre></div></td><td class="code"><div><pre><span></span><code><a id="__codelineno-2-1" name="__codelineno-2-1"></a><span class="kn">package</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="nn">dao</span><span class="p">;</span>
+<a id="__codelineno-2-2" name="__codelineno-2-2"></a>
+<a id="__codelineno-2-3" name="__codelineno-2-3"></a><span class="kn">import</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="nn">java.sql.ResultSet</span><span class="p">;</span>
+<a id="__codelineno-2-4" name="__codelineno-2-4"></a><span class="kn">import</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="nn">java.sql.SQLException</span><span class="p">;</span>
+<a id="__codelineno-2-5" name="__codelineno-2-5"></a><span class="kn">import</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="nn">java.sql.Statement</span><span class="p">;</span>
+<a id="__codelineno-2-6" name="__codelineno-2-6"></a>
+<a id="__codelineno-2-7" name="__codelineno-2-7"></a><span class="kd">public</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="kd">class</span> <span class="err">&lt;</span><span class="nc">Type</span><span class="o">&gt;</span><span class="n">DAO</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="kd">implements</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="n">I</span><span class="o">&lt;</span><span class="n">Type</span><span class="o">&gt;</span><span class="n">DAO</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="p">{</span>
+<a id="__codelineno-2-8" name="__codelineno-2-8"></a>
+<a id="__codelineno-2-9" name="__codelineno-2-9"></a><span class="w">    </span><span class="kd">private</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="o">&lt;</span><span class="n">Type</span><span class="o">&gt;</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="n">results</span><span class="p">;</span>
+<a id="__codelineno-2-10" name="__codelineno-2-10"></a>
+<a id="__codelineno-2-11" name="__codelineno-2-11"></a><span class="w">    </span><span class="kd">private</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="n">Statement</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="n">statement</span><span class="p">;</span><span class="w">  </span><span class="c1">// SQL instruction container</span>
+<a id="__codelineno-2-12" name="__codelineno-2-12"></a><span class="w">    </span><span class="kd">private</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="n">ResultSet</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="n">rs</span><span class="p">;</span><span class="w">  </span><span class="c1">// Query results container</span>
+<a id="__codelineno-2-13" name="__codelineno-2-13"></a><span class="w">    </span><span class="kd">private</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="n">DB</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="n">db</span><span class="p">;</span>
+<a id="__codelineno-2-14" name="__codelineno-2-14"></a>
+<a id="__codelineno-2-15" name="__codelineno-2-15"></a><span class="w">    </span><span class="kd">public</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="o">&lt;</span><span class="n">Type</span><span class="o">&gt;</span><span class="n">DAO</span><span class="p">()</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="p">{</span>
+<a id="__codelineno-2-16" name="__codelineno-2-16"></a><span class="w">        </span><span class="n">db</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="o">=</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="k">new</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="n">DB</span><span class="p">();</span>
+<a id="__codelineno-2-17" name="__codelineno-2-17"></a><span class="w">    </span><span class="p">}</span>
+<a id="__codelineno-2-18" name="__codelineno-2-18"></a>
+<a id="__codelineno-2-19" name="__codelineno-2-19"></a><span class="w">    </span><span class="nd">@Override</span>
+<a id="__codelineno-2-20" name="__codelineno-2-20"></a><span class="w">    </span><span class="kd">public</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="n">Type</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="nf">Query</span><span class="p">()</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="kd">throws</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="n">SQLException</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="p">{</span>
+<a id="__codelineno-2-21" name="__codelineno-2-21"></a><span class="w">        </span><span class="c1">// 1. connection</span>
+<a id="__codelineno-2-22" name="__codelineno-2-22"></a><span class="w">        </span><span class="n">db</span><span class="p">.</span><span class="na">connect</span><span class="p">();</span>
+<a id="__codelineno-2-23" name="__codelineno-2-23"></a>
+<a id="__codelineno-2-24" name="__codelineno-2-24"></a><span class="w">        </span><span class="c1">// 2. instruction</span>
+<a id="__codelineno-2-25" name="__codelineno-2-25"></a><span class="w">        </span><span class="n">statement</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="o">=</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="n">db</span><span class="p">.</span><span class="na">getConn</span><span class="p">().</span><span class="na">createStatement</span><span class="p">();</span><span class="w">  </span><span class="c1">// statement creation</span>
+<a id="__codelineno-2-26" name="__codelineno-2-26"></a>
+<a id="__codelineno-2-27" name="__codelineno-2-27"></a><span class="w">        </span><span class="c1">// 3. query</span>
+<a id="__codelineno-2-28" name="__codelineno-2-28"></a><span class="w">        </span><span class="n">rs</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="o">=</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="n">statement</span><span class="p">.</span><span class="na">executeQuery</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="n">RAW_QUERY</span><span class="p">);</span><span class="w">  </span><span class="c1">// set the query</span>
+<a id="__codelineno-2-29" name="__codelineno-2-29"></a>
+<a id="__codelineno-2-30" name="__codelineno-2-30"></a><span class="w">        </span><span class="c1">// 4. results</span>
+<a id="__codelineno-2-31" name="__codelineno-2-31"></a><span class="w">        </span><span class="k">while</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="n">rs</span><span class="p">.</span><span class="na">next</span><span class="p">())</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="p">{</span>
+<a id="__codelineno-2-32" name="__codelineno-2-32"></a><span class="w">            </span><span class="c1">// create and valorize Obj</span>
+<a id="__codelineno-2-33" name="__codelineno-2-33"></a><span class="w">            </span><span class="c1">// add to results</span>
+<a id="__codelineno-2-34" name="__codelineno-2-34"></a><span class="w">        </span><span class="p">}</span>
+<a id="__codelineno-2-35" name="__codelineno-2-35"></a>
+<a id="__codelineno-2-36" name="__codelineno-2-36"></a><span class="w">        </span><span class="c1">// 5. disconnection</span>
+<a id="__codelineno-2-37" name="__codelineno-2-37"></a><span class="w">        </span><span class="n">db</span><span class="p">.</span><span class="na">disconnect</span><span class="p">()</span>
+<a id="__codelineno-2-38" name="__codelineno-2-38"></a>
+<a id="__codelineno-2-39" name="__codelineno-2-39"></a><span class="w">        </span><span class="c1">// 6. return results</span>
+<a id="__codelineno-2-40" name="__codelineno-2-40"></a><span class="w">        </span><span class="k">return</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="n">results</span><span class="p">;</span>
+<a id="__codelineno-2-41" name="__codelineno-2-41"></a><span class="w">    </span><span class="p">}</span>
+<a id="__codelineno-2-42" name="__codelineno-2-42"></a><span class="p">}</span>
+</code></pre></div></td></tr></table></div>
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+            Modules
+          </label>
+          <ul class="md-nav__list" data-md-scrollfix>
+            
+              
+                
+  
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+  
+  
+    <li class="md-nav__item">
+      <a href="../python/modules/argparse.html" class="md-nav__link">
+        
+  
+  <span class="md-ellipsis">
+    argparse
+  </span>
+  
+
+      </a>
+    </li>
+  
+
+              
+            
+              
+                
+  
+  
+  
+  
+    <li class="md-nav__item">
+      <a href="../python/modules/collections.html" class="md-nav__link">
+        
+  
+  <span class="md-ellipsis">
+    collection
+  </span>
+  
+
+      </a>
+    </li>
+  
+
+              
+            
+              
+                
+  
+  
+  
+  
+    <li class="md-nav__item">
+      <a href="../python/modules/csv.html" class="md-nav__link">
+        
+  
+  <span class="md-ellipsis">
+    csv
+  </span>
+  
+
+      </a>
+    </li>
+  
+
+              
+            
+              
+                
+  
+  
+  
+  
+    <li class="md-nav__item">
+      <a href="../python/modules/ftplib.html" class="md-nav__link">
+        
+  
+  <span class="md-ellipsis">
+    ftplib
+  </span>
+  
+
+      </a>
+    </li>
+  
+
+              
+            
+              
+                
+  
+  
+  
+  
+    <li class="md-nav__item">
+      <a href="../python/modules/itertools.html" class="md-nav__link">
+        
+  
+  <span class="md-ellipsis">
+    itertools
+  </span>
+  
+
+      </a>
+    </li>
+  
+
+              
+            
+              
+                
+  
+  
+  
+  
+    <li class="md-nav__item">
+      <a href="../python/modules/json.html" class="md-nav__link">
+        
+  
+  <span class="md-ellipsis">
+    json
+  </span>
+  
+
+      </a>
+    </li>
+  
+
+              
+            
+              
+                
+  
+  
+  
+  
+    <li class="md-nav__item">
+      <a href="../python/modules/logging.html" class="md-nav__link">
+        
+  
+  <span class="md-ellipsis">
+    logging
+  </span>
+  
+
+      </a>
+    </li>
+  
+
+              
+            
+              
+                
+  
+  
+  
+  
+    <li class="md-nav__item">
+      <a href="../python/modules/shutil.html" class="md-nav__link">
+        
+  
+  <span class="md-ellipsis">
+    shutil
+  </span>
+  
+
+      </a>
+    </li>
+  
+
+              
+            
+              
+                
+  
+  
+  
+  
+    <li class="md-nav__item">
+      <a href="../python/modules/smtplib.html" class="md-nav__link">
+        
+  
+  <span class="md-ellipsis">
+    smtplib
+  </span>
+  
+
+      </a>
+    </li>
+  
+
+              
+            
+              
+                
+  
+  
+  
+  
+    <li class="md-nav__item">
+      <a href="../python/modules/socket.html" class="md-nav__link">
+        
+  
+  <span class="md-ellipsis">
+    socket
+  </span>
+  
+
+      </a>
+    </li>
+  
+
+              
+            
+              
+                
+  
+  
+  
+  
+    <li class="md-nav__item">
+      <a href="../python/modules/sqlite.html" class="md-nav__link">
+        
+  
+  <span class="md-ellipsis">
+    sqlite
+  </span>
+  
+
+      </a>
+    </li>
+  
+
+              
+            
+              
+                
+  
+  
+  
+  
+    <li class="md-nav__item">
+      <a href="../python/modules/time-datetime.html" class="md-nav__link">
+        
+  
+  <span class="md-ellipsis">
+    time & datetime
+  </span>
+  
+
+      </a>
+    </li>
+  
+
+              
+            
+              
+                
+  
+  
+  
+  
+    <li class="md-nav__item">
+      <a href="../python/modules/unittest.html" class="md-nav__link">
+        
+  
+  <span class="md-ellipsis">
+    unittest
+  </span>
+  
+
+      </a>
+    </li>
+  
+
+              
+            
+          </ul>
+        </nav>
+      
+    </li>
+  
+
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+            
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+                
+  
+  
+  
+  
+    
+    
+      
+        
+      
+        
+      
+        
+      
+        
+      
+        
+      
+        
+      
+    
+    
+      
+      
+        
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+          <label class="md-nav__link" for="__nav_4_8_3" id="__nav_4_8_3_label" tabindex="0">
+            
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+  <span class="md-ellipsis">
+    Libraries
+  </span>
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+          </label>
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+  
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+  
+    <li class="md-nav__item">
+      <a href="../python/libs/tkinter.html" class="md-nav__link">
+        
+  
+  <span class="md-ellipsis">
+    TKinter
+  </span>
+  
+
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+    </li>
+  
+
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+            
+              
+                
+  
+  
+  
+  
+    <li class="md-nav__item">
+      <a href="../python/libs/numpy.html" class="md-nav__link">
+        
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+  <span class="md-ellipsis">
+    Numpy
+  </span>
+  
+
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+  
+
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+            
+              
+                
+  
+  
+  
+  
+    <li class="md-nav__item">
+      <a href="../python/libs/pandas.html" class="md-nav__link">
+        
+  
+  <span class="md-ellipsis">
+    Pandas
+  </span>
+  
+
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+    </li>
+  
+
+              
+            
+              
+                
+  
+  
+  
+  
+    <li class="md-nav__item">
+      <a href="../python/libs/seaborn.html" class="md-nav__link">
+        
+  
+  <span class="md-ellipsis">
+    Seaborn
+  </span>
+  
+
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+    </li>
+  
+
+              
+            
+              
+                
+  
+  
+  
+  
+    <li class="md-nav__item">
+      <a href="../python/libs/requests.html" class="md-nav__link">
+        
+  
+  <span class="md-ellipsis">
+    Requests
+  </span>
+  
+
+      </a>
+    </li>
+  
+
+              
+            
+              
+                
+  
+  
+  
+  
+    <li class="md-nav__item">
+      <a href="../python/libs/beautiful-soup.html" class="md-nav__link">
+        
+  
+  <span class="md-ellipsis">
+    Beatiful Soup
+  </span>
+  
+
+      </a>
+    </li>
+  
+
+              
+            
+          </ul>
+        </nav>
+      
+    </li>
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+          </ul>
+        </nav>
+      
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+  
+
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+            
+              
+                
+  
+  
+  
+  
+    
+    
+      
+        
+      
+        
+      
+        
+      
+    
+    
+      
+      
+        
+          
+          
+        
+      
+    
+    
+    <li class="md-nav__item md-nav__item--section md-nav__item--nested">
+      
+        
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+        <input class="md-nav__toggle md-toggle " type="checkbox" id="__nav_4_9" >
+        
+          
+          <label class="md-nav__link" for="__nav_4_9" id="__nav_4_9_label" tabindex="">
+            
+  
+  <span class="md-ellipsis">
+    .NET
+  </span>
+  
+
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+          </label>
+        
+        <nav class="md-nav" data-md-level="2" aria-labelledby="__nav_4_9_label" aria-expanded="false">
+          <label class="md-nav__title" for="__nav_4_9">
+            <span class="md-nav__icon md-icon"></span>
+            .NET
+          </label>
+          <ul class="md-nav__list" data-md-scrollfix>
+            
+              
+                
+  
+  
+  
+  
+    
+    
+      
+        
+      
+        
+      
+        
+      
+        
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+        
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+      
+    
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+      
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+        
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+  </span>
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+            <span class="md-nav__icon md-icon"></span>
+            C#
+          </label>
+          <ul class="md-nav__list" data-md-scrollfix>
+            
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+  
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+  
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+    <li class="md-nav__item">
+      <a href="../dotnet/csharp/csharp.html" class="md-nav__link">
+        
+  
+  <span class="md-ellipsis">
+    C#
+  </span>
+  
+
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+    </li>
+  
+
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+  
+  
+  
+  
+    <li class="md-nav__item">
+      <a href="../dotnet/csharp/linq.html" class="md-nav__link">
+        
+  
+  <span class="md-ellipsis">
+    Linq
+  </span>
+  
+
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+    </li>
+  
+
+              
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+              
+                
+  
+  
+  
+  
+    <li class="md-nav__item">
+      <a href="../dotnet/csharp/collections.html" class="md-nav__link">
+        
+  
+  <span class="md-ellipsis">
+    Collections
+  </span>
+  
+
+      </a>
+    </li>
+  
+
+              
+            
+              
+                
+  
+  
+  
+  
+    <li class="md-nav__item">
+      <a href="../dotnet/csharp/reactive-extensions.html" class="md-nav__link">
+        
+  
+  <span class="md-ellipsis">
+    Reactive Extensions
+  </span>
+  
+
+      </a>
+    </li>
+  
+
+              
+            
+              
+                
+  
+  
+  
+  
+    <li class="md-nav__item">
+      <a href="../dotnet/csharp/async-programming.html" class="md-nav__link">
+        
+  
+  <span class="md-ellipsis">
+    Async Programming
+  </span>
+  
+
+      </a>
+    </li>
+  
+
+              
+            
+              
+                
+  
+  
+  
+  
+    <li class="md-nav__item">
+      <a href="../dotnet/csharp/unit-tests.html" class="md-nav__link">
+        
+  
+  <span class="md-ellipsis">
+    Unit Tests
+  </span>
+  
+
+      </a>
+    </li>
+  
+
+              
+            
+          </ul>
+        </nav>
+      
+    </li>
+  
+
+              
+            
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+                
+  
+  
+  
+  
+    
+    
+      
+        
+      
+        
+      
+        
+      
+        
+      
+        
+      
+        
+      
+        
+      
+    
+    
+      
+      
+        
+      
+    
+    
+    <li class="md-nav__item md-nav__item--nested">
+      
+        
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+        <input class="md-nav__toggle md-toggle " type="checkbox" id="__nav_4_9_2" >
+        
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+          <label class="md-nav__link" for="__nav_4_9_2" id="__nav_4_9_2_label" tabindex="0">
+            
+  
+  <span class="md-ellipsis">
+    ASP.NET
+  </span>
+  
+
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+          </label>
+        
+        <nav class="md-nav" data-md-level="3" aria-labelledby="__nav_4_9_2_label" aria-expanded="false">
+          <label class="md-nav__title" for="__nav_4_9_2">
+            <span class="md-nav__icon md-icon"></span>
+            ASP.NET
+          </label>
+          <ul class="md-nav__list" data-md-scrollfix>
+            
+              
+                
+  
+  
+  
+  
+    <li class="md-nav__item">
+      <a href="../dotnet/asp.net/minimal-api.html" class="md-nav__link">
+        
+  
+  <span class="md-ellipsis">
+    Minimal API
+  </span>
+  
+
+      </a>
+    </li>
+  
+
+              
+            
+              
+                
+  
+  
+  
+  
+    <li class="md-nav__item">
+      <a href="../dotnet/asp.net/filters.html" class="md-nav__link">
+        
+  
+  <span class="md-ellipsis">
+    FIlters
+  </span>
+  
+
+      </a>
+    </li>
+  
+
+              
+            
+              
+                
+  
+  
+  
+  
+    <li class="md-nav__item">
+      <a href="../dotnet/asp.net/middleware.html" class="md-nav__link">
+        
+  
+  <span class="md-ellipsis">
+    Middleware
+  </span>
+  
+
+      </a>
+    </li>
+  
+
+              
+            
+              
+                
+  
+  
+  
+  
+    <li class="md-nav__item">
+      <a href="../dotnet/asp.net/razor-syntax.html" class="md-nav__link">
+        
+  
+  <span class="md-ellipsis">
+    Razor Syntax
+  </span>
+  
+
+      </a>
+    </li>
+  
+
+              
+            
+              
+                
+  
+  
+  
+  
+    <li class="md-nav__item">
+      <a href="../dotnet/asp.net/blazor.html" class="md-nav__link">
+        
+  
+  <span class="md-ellipsis">
+    Blazor
+  </span>
+  
+
+      </a>
+    </li>
+  
+
+              
+            
+              
+                
+  
+  
+  
+  
+    <li class="md-nav__item">
+      <a href="../dotnet/asp.net/signalr.html" class="md-nav__link">
+        
+  
+  <span class="md-ellipsis">
+    SignalR
+  </span>
+  
+
+      </a>
+    </li>
+  
+
+              
+            
+              
+                
+  
+  
+  
+  
+    <li class="md-nav__item">
+      <a href="../dotnet/asp.net/web-forms.html" class="md-nav__link">
+        
+  
+  <span class="md-ellipsis">
+    Web Forms
+  </span>
+  
+
+      </a>
+    </li>
+  
+
+              
+            
+          </ul>
+        </nav>
+      
+    </li>
+  
+
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+            
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+                
+  
+  
+  
+  
+    
+    
+      
+        
+      
+        
+      
+    
+    
+      
+      
+        
+      
+    
+    
+    <li class="md-nav__item md-nav__item--nested">
+      
+        
+        
+        <input class="md-nav__toggle md-toggle " type="checkbox" id="__nav_4_9_3" >
+        
+          
+          <label class="md-nav__link" for="__nav_4_9_3" id="__nav_4_9_3_label" tabindex="0">
+            
+  
+  <span class="md-ellipsis">
+    Database
+  </span>
+  
+
+            <span class="md-nav__icon md-icon"></span>
+          </label>
+        
+        <nav class="md-nav" data-md-level="3" aria-labelledby="__nav_4_9_3_label" aria-expanded="false">
+          <label class="md-nav__title" for="__nav_4_9_3">
+            <span class="md-nav__icon md-icon"></span>
+            Database
+          </label>
+          <ul class="md-nav__list" data-md-scrollfix>
+            
+              
+                
+  
+  
+  
+  
+    <li class="md-nav__item">
+      <a href="../dotnet/database/ado.net.html" class="md-nav__link">
+        
+  
+  <span class="md-ellipsis">
+    ADO.NET
+  </span>
+  
+
+      </a>
+    </li>
+  
+
+              
+            
+              
+                
+  
+  
+  
+  
+    <li class="md-nav__item">
+      <a href="../dotnet/database/entity-framework.html" class="md-nav__link">
+        
+  
+  <span class="md-ellipsis">
+    Entity Framework
+  </span>
+  
+
+      </a>
+    </li>
+  
+
+              
+            
+          </ul>
+        </nav>
+      
+    </li>
+  
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+          </ul>
+        </nav>
+      
+    </li>
+  
+
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+            
+              
+                
+  
+  
+    
+  
+  
+  
+    
+    
+      
+        
+      
+        
+      
+        
+      
+        
+      
+    
+    
+      
+      
+        
+          
+          
+        
+      
+    
+    
+    <li class="md-nav__item md-nav__item--active md-nav__item--section md-nav__item--nested">
+      
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+        <input class="md-nav__toggle md-toggle " type="checkbox" id="__nav_4_10" checked>
+        
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+          <label class="md-nav__link" for="__nav_4_10" id="__nav_4_10_label" tabindex="">
+            
+  
+  <span class="md-ellipsis">
+    Java
+  </span>
+  
+
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+          </label>
+        
+        <nav class="md-nav" data-md-level="2" aria-labelledby="__nav_4_10_label" aria-expanded="true">
+          <label class="md-nav__title" for="__nav_4_10">
+            <span class="md-nav__icon md-icon"></span>
+            Java
+          </label>
+          <ul class="md-nav__list" data-md-scrollfix>
+            
+              
+                
+  
+  
+  
+  
+    <li class="md-nav__item">
+      <a href="java.html" class="md-nav__link">
+        
+  
+  <span class="md-ellipsis">
+    Java
+  </span>
+  
+
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+    </li>
+  
+
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+            
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+                
+  
+  
+    
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+      
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+      
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+        
+      
+      
+        <label class="md-nav__link md-nav__link--active" for="__toc">
+          
+  
+  <span class="md-ellipsis">
+    Java Collection Framework
+  </span>
+  
+
+          <span class="md-nav__icon md-icon"></span>
+        </label>
+      
+      <a href="java-collection-framework.html" class="md-nav__link md-nav__link--active">
+        
+  
+  <span class="md-ellipsis">
+    Java Collection Framework
+  </span>
+  
+
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+      
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+
+<nav class="md-nav md-nav--secondary" aria-label="Table of contents">
+  
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+    <label class="md-nav__title" for="__toc">
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+      Table of contents
+    </label>
+    <ul class="md-nav__list" data-md-component="toc" data-md-scrollfix>
+      
+        <li class="md-nav__item">
+  <a href="#javautilcollections" class="md-nav__link">
+    <span class="md-ellipsis">
+      java.util.Collections
+    </span>
+  </a>
+  
+    <nav class="md-nav" aria-label="java.util.Collections">
+      <ul class="md-nav__list">
+        
+          <li class="md-nav__item">
+  <a href="#collection-functions" class="md-nav__link">
+    <span class="md-ellipsis">
+      Collection Functions
+    </span>
+  </a>
+  
+</li>
+        
+          <li class="md-nav__item">
+  <a href="#collections-methods" class="md-nav__link">
+    <span class="md-ellipsis">
+      Collections Methods
+    </span>
+  </a>
+  
+</li>
+        
+          <li class="md-nav__item">
+  <a href="#iterator" class="md-nav__link">
+    <span class="md-ellipsis">
+      Iterator
+    </span>
+  </a>
+  
+</li>
+        
+          <li class="md-nav__item">
+  <a href="#arraylist" class="md-nav__link">
+    <span class="md-ellipsis">
+      ArrayList
+    </span>
+  </a>
+  
+</li>
+        
+          <li class="md-nav__item">
+  <a href="#collection-sorting" class="md-nav__link">
+    <span class="md-ellipsis">
+      Collection Sorting
+    </span>
+  </a>
+  
+</li>
+        
+      </ul>
+    </nav>
+  
+</li>
+      
+    </ul>
+  
+</nav>
+      
+    </li>
+  
+
+              
+            
+              
+                
+  
+  
+  
+  
+    <li class="md-nav__item">
+      <a href="dao.html" class="md-nav__link">
+        
+  
+  <span class="md-ellipsis">
+    DAO
+  </span>
+  
+
+      </a>
+    </li>
+  
+
+              
+            
+              
+                
+  
+  
+  
+  
+    
+    
+      
+        
+      
+        
+      
+    
+    
+      
+      
+        
+      
+    
+    
+    <li class="md-nav__item md-nav__item--nested">
+      
+        
+        
+        <input class="md-nav__toggle md-toggle " type="checkbox" id="__nav_4_10_4" >
+        
+          
+          <label class="md-nav__link" for="__nav_4_10_4" id="__nav_4_10_4_label" tabindex="0">
+            
+  
+  <span class="md-ellipsis">
+    Web
+  </span>
+  
+
+            <span class="md-nav__icon md-icon"></span>
+          </label>
+        
+        <nav class="md-nav" data-md-level="3" aria-labelledby="__nav_4_10_4_label" aria-expanded="false">
+          <label class="md-nav__title" for="__nav_4_10_4">
+            <span class="md-nav__icon md-icon"></span>
+            Web
+          </label>
+          <ul class="md-nav__list" data-md-scrollfix>
+            
+              
+                
+  
+  
+  
+  
+    <li class="md-nav__item">
+      <a href="web/servlet.html" class="md-nav__link">
+        
+  
+  <span class="md-ellipsis">
+    Serverlet
+  </span>
+  
+
+      </a>
+    </li>
+  
+
+              
+            
+              
+                
+  
+  
+  
+  
+    
+    
+      
+        
+      
+        
+      
+    
+    
+      
+      
+        
+      
+    
+    
+    <li class="md-nav__item md-nav__item--nested">
+      
+        
+        
+        <input class="md-nav__toggle md-toggle " type="checkbox" id="__nav_4_10_4_2" >
+        
+          
+          <label class="md-nav__link" for="__nav_4_10_4_2" id="__nav_4_10_4_2_label" tabindex="0">
+            
+  
+  <span class="md-ellipsis">
+    Spring
+  </span>
+  
+
+            <span class="md-nav__icon md-icon"></span>
+          </label>
+        
+        <nav class="md-nav" data-md-level="4" aria-labelledby="__nav_4_10_4_2_label" aria-expanded="false">
+          <label class="md-nav__title" for="__nav_4_10_4_2">
+            <span class="md-nav__icon md-icon"></span>
+            Spring
+          </label>
+          <ul class="md-nav__list" data-md-scrollfix>
+            
+              
+                
+  
+  
+  
+  
+    <li class="md-nav__item">
+      <a href="spring/pom.xml.html" class="md-nav__link">
+        
+  
+  <span class="md-ellipsis">
+    POM
+  </span>
+  
+
+      </a>
+    </li>
+  
+
+              
+            
+              
+                
+  
+  
+  
+  
+    <li class="md-nav__item">
+      <a href="spring/spring-project.html" class="md-nav__link">
+        
+  
+  <span class="md-ellipsis">
+    Project Structure
+  </span>
+  
+
+      </a>
+    </li>
+  
+
+              
+            
+          </ul>
+        </nav>
+      
+    </li>
+  
+
+              
+            
+          </ul>
+        </nav>
+      
+    </li>
+  
+
+              
+            
+          </ul>
+        </nav>
+      
+    </li>
+  
+
+              
+            
+              
+                
+  
+  
+  
+  
+    
+    
+      
+        
+      
+        
+      
+        
+      
+        
+      
+        
+      
+        
+      
+        
+      
+        
+      
+        
+      
+    
+    
+      
+      
+        
+          
+          
+        
+      
+    
+    
+    <li class="md-nav__item md-nav__item--section md-nav__item--nested">
+      
+        
+        
+        <input class="md-nav__toggle md-toggle " type="checkbox" id="__nav_4_11" >
+        
+          
+          <label class="md-nav__link" for="__nav_4_11" id="__nav_4_11_label" tabindex="">
+            
+  
+  <span class="md-ellipsis">
+    PHP
+  </span>
+  
+
+            <span class="md-nav__icon md-icon"></span>
+          </label>
+        
+        <nav class="md-nav" data-md-level="2" aria-labelledby="__nav_4_11_label" aria-expanded="false">
+          <label class="md-nav__title" for="__nav_4_11">
+            <span class="md-nav__icon md-icon"></span>
+            PHP
+          </label>
+          <ul class="md-nav__list" data-md-scrollfix>
+            
+              
+                
+  
+  
+  
+  
+    <li class="md-nav__item">
+      <a href="../php/php.html" class="md-nav__link">
+        
+  
+  <span class="md-ellipsis">
+    PHP
+  </span>
+  
+
+      </a>
+    </li>
+  
+
+              
+            
+              
+                
+  
+  
+  
+  
+    <li class="md-nav__item">
+      <a href="../php/database.html" class="md-nav__link">
+        
+  
+  <span class="md-ellipsis">
+    Database
+  </span>
+  
+
+      </a>
+    </li>
+  
+
+              
+            
+              
+                
+  
+  
+  
+  
+    <li class="md-nav__item">
+      <a href="../php/web.html" class="md-nav__link">
+        
+  
+  <span class="md-ellipsis">
+    Web
+  </span>
+  
+
+      </a>
+    </li>
+  
+
+              
+            
+              
+                
+  
+  
+  
+  
+    <li class="md-nav__item">
+      <a href="../php/dependency-injection.html" class="md-nav__link">
+        
+  
+  <span class="md-ellipsis">
+    Dependency Injection
+  </span>
+  
+
+      </a>
+    </li>
+  
+
+              
+            
+              
+                
+  
+  
+  
+  
+    <li class="md-nav__item">
+      <a href="../php/unit-tests.html" class="md-nav__link">
+        
+  
+  <span class="md-ellipsis">
+    Unit Tests
+  </span>
+  
+
+      </a>
+    </li>
+  
+
+              
+            
+              
+                
+  
+  
+  
+  
+    <li class="md-nav__item">
+      <a href="../php/composer.html" class="md-nav__link">
+        
+  
+  <span class="md-ellipsis">
+    Composer
+  </span>
+  
+
+      </a>
+    </li>
+  
+
+              
+            
+              
+                
+  
+  
+  
+  
+    <li class="md-nav__item">
+      <a href="../php/psr-7.html" class="md-nav__link">
+        
+  
+  <span class="md-ellipsis">
+    PSR 7
+  </span>
+  
+
+      </a>
+    </li>
+  
+
+              
+            
+              
+                
+  
+  
+  
+  
+    <li class="md-nav__item">
+      <a href="../php/plates-templating.html" class="md-nav__link">
+        
+  
+  <span class="md-ellipsis">
+    Plates
+  </span>
+  
+
+      </a>
+    </li>
+  
+
+              
+            
+              
+                
+  
+  
+  
+  
+    
+    
+      
+        
+      
+        
+      
+    
+    
+      
+      
+        
+      
+    
+    
+    <li class="md-nav__item md-nav__item--nested">
+      
+        
+        
+        <input class="md-nav__toggle md-toggle " type="checkbox" id="__nav_4_11_9" >
+        
+          
+          <label class="md-nav__link" for="__nav_4_11_9" id="__nav_4_11_9_label" tabindex="0">
+            
+  
+  <span class="md-ellipsis">
+    Simple MVC
+  </span>
+  
+
+            <span class="md-nav__icon md-icon"></span>
+          </label>
+        
+        <nav class="md-nav" data-md-level="3" aria-labelledby="__nav_4_11_9_label" aria-expanded="false">
+          <label class="md-nav__title" for="__nav_4_11_9">
+            <span class="md-nav__icon md-icon"></span>
+            Simple MVC
+          </label>
+          <ul class="md-nav__list" data-md-scrollfix>
+            
+              
+                
+  
+  
+  
+  
+    <li class="md-nav__item">
+      <a href="../php/simple-mvc/simple-mvc.html" class="md-nav__link">
+        
+  
+  <span class="md-ellipsis">
+    Simple MVC
+  </span>
+  
+
+      </a>
+    </li>
+  
+
+              
+            
+              
+                
+  
+  
+  
+  
+    <li class="md-nav__item">
+      <a href="../php/simple-mvc/rest-api.html" class="md-nav__link">
+        
+  
+  <span class="md-ellipsis">
+    REST API
+  </span>
+  
+
+      </a>
+    </li>
+  
+
+              
+            
+          </ul>
+        </nav>
+      
+    </li>
+  
+
+              
+            
+          </ul>
+        </nav>
+      
+    </li>
+  
+
+              
+            
+              
+                
+  
+  
+  
+  
+    
+    
+      
+        
+      
+        
+      
+        
+      
+        
+      
+        
+      
+    
+    
+      
+      
+        
+          
+          
+        
+      
+    
+    
+    <li class="md-nav__item md-nav__item--section md-nav__item--nested">
+      
+        
+        
+        <input class="md-nav__toggle md-toggle " type="checkbox" id="__nav_4_12" >
+        
+          
+          <label class="md-nav__link" for="__nav_4_12" id="__nav_4_12_label" tabindex="">
+            
+  
+  <span class="md-ellipsis">
+    Rust
+  </span>
+  
+
+            <span class="md-nav__icon md-icon"></span>
+          </label>
+        
+        <nav class="md-nav" data-md-level="2" aria-labelledby="__nav_4_12_label" aria-expanded="false">
+          <label class="md-nav__title" for="__nav_4_12">
+            <span class="md-nav__icon md-icon"></span>
+            Rust
+          </label>
+          <ul class="md-nav__list" data-md-scrollfix>
+            
+              
+                
+  
+  
+  
+  
+    <li class="md-nav__item">
+      <a href="../rust/rust.html" class="md-nav__link">
+        
+  
+  <span class="md-ellipsis">
+    Rust
+  </span>
+  
+
+      </a>
+    </li>
+  
+
+              
+            
+              
+                
+  
+  
+  
+  
+    <li class="md-nav__item">
+      <a href="../rust/macros.html" class="md-nav__link">
+        
+  
+  <span class="md-ellipsis">
+    Macros
+  </span>
+  
+
+      </a>
+    </li>
+  
+
+              
+            
+              
+                
+  
+  
+  
+  
+    <li class="md-nav__item">
+      <a href="../rust/cargo.html" class="md-nav__link">
+        
+  
+  <span class="md-ellipsis">
+    Cargo
+  </span>
+  
+
+      </a>
+    </li>
+  
+
+              
+            
+              
+                
+  
+  
+  
+  
+    <li class="md-nav__item">
+      <a href="../rust/concurrency.html" class="md-nav__link">
+        
+  
+  <span class="md-ellipsis">
+    Concurrency
+  </span>
+  
+
+      </a>
+    </li>
+  
+
+              
+            
+              
+                
+  
+  
+  
+  
+    <li class="md-nav__item">
+      <a href="../rust/unit-tests.html" class="md-nav__link">
+        
+  
+  <span class="md-ellipsis">
+    Unit Tests
+  </span>
+  
+
+      </a>
+    </li>
+  
+
+              
+            
+          </ul>
+        </nav>
+      
+    </li>
+  
+
+              
+            
+              
+                
+  
+  
+  
+  
+    
+    
+      
+        
+      
+        
+      
+        
+      
+        
+      
+        
+      
+        
+      
+        
+      
+    
+    
+      
+      
+        
+          
+          
+        
+      
+    
+    
+    <li class="md-nav__item md-nav__item--section md-nav__item--nested">
+      
+        
+        
+        <input class="md-nav__toggle md-toggle " type="checkbox" id="__nav_4_13" >
+        
+          
+          <label class="md-nav__link" for="__nav_4_13" id="__nav_4_13_label" tabindex="">
+            
+  
+  <span class="md-ellipsis">
+    Javascript
+  </span>
+  
+
+            <span class="md-nav__icon md-icon"></span>
+          </label>
+        
+        <nav class="md-nav" data-md-level="2" aria-labelledby="__nav_4_13_label" aria-expanded="false">
+          <label class="md-nav__title" for="__nav_4_13">
+            <span class="md-nav__icon md-icon"></span>
+            Javascript
+          </label>
+          <ul class="md-nav__list" data-md-scrollfix>
+            
+              
+                
+  
+  
+  
+  
+    <li class="md-nav__item">
+      <a href="../javascript/javascript.html" class="md-nav__link">
+        
+  
+  <span class="md-ellipsis">
+    Javascript
+  </span>
+  
+
+      </a>
+    </li>
+  
+
+              
+            
+              
+                
+  
+  
+  
+  
+    <li class="md-nav__item">
+      <a href="../javascript/dom.html" class="md-nav__link">
+        
+  
+  <span class="md-ellipsis">
+    DOM
+  </span>
+  
+
+      </a>
+    </li>
+  
+
+              
+            
+              
+                
+  
+  
+  
+  
+    <li class="md-nav__item">
+      <a href="../javascript/events-animation.html" class="md-nav__link">
+        
+  
+  <span class="md-ellipsis">
+    Events & Animation
+  </span>
+  
+
+      </a>
+    </li>
+  
+
+              
+            
+              
+                
+  
+  
+  
+  
+    <li class="md-nav__item">
+      <a href="../javascript/ajax.html" class="md-nav__link">
+        
+  
+  <span class="md-ellipsis">
+    AJAX
+  </span>
+  
+
+      </a>
+    </li>
+  
+
+              
+            
+              
+                
+  
+  
+  
+  
+    <li class="md-nav__item">
+      <a href="../javascript/jquery.html" class="md-nav__link">
+        
+  
+  <span class="md-ellipsis">
+    jQuery
+  </span>
+  
+
+      </a>
+    </li>
+  
+
+              
+            
+              
+                
+  
+  
+  
+  
+    
+    
+      
+        
+      
+        
+      
+        
+      
+        
+      
+        
+      
+    
+    
+      
+      
+        
+      
+    
+    
+    <li class="md-nav__item md-nav__item--nested">
+      
+        
+        
+        <input class="md-nav__toggle md-toggle " type="checkbox" id="__nav_4_13_6" >
+        
+          
+          <label class="md-nav__link" for="__nav_4_13_6" id="__nav_4_13_6_label" tabindex="0">
+            
+  
+  <span class="md-ellipsis">
+    React
+  </span>
+  
+
+            <span class="md-nav__icon md-icon"></span>
+          </label>
+        
+        <nav class="md-nav" data-md-level="3" aria-labelledby="__nav_4_13_6_label" aria-expanded="false">
+          <label class="md-nav__title" for="__nav_4_13_6">
+            <span class="md-nav__icon md-icon"></span>
+            React
+          </label>
+          <ul class="md-nav__list" data-md-scrollfix>
+            
+              
+                
+  
+  
+  
+  
+    <li class="md-nav__item">
+      <a href="../javascript/react/react.html" class="md-nav__link">
+        
+  
+  <span class="md-ellipsis">
+    React
+  </span>
+  
+
+      </a>
+    </li>
+  
+
+              
+            
+              
+                
+  
+  
+  
+  
+    <li class="md-nav__item">
+      <a href="../javascript/react/react-router.html" class="md-nav__link">
+        
+  
+  <span class="md-ellipsis">
+    React Router
+  </span>
+  
+
+      </a>
+    </li>
+  
+
+              
+            
+              
+                
+  
+  
+  
+  
+    <li class="md-nav__item">
+      <a href="../javascript/react/react-tests.html" class="md-nav__link">
+        
+  
+  <span class="md-ellipsis">
+    React Tests
+  </span>
+  
+
+      </a>
+    </li>
+  
+
+              
+            
+              
+                
+  
+  
+  
+  
+    <li class="md-nav__item">
+      <a href="../javascript/react/redux.html" class="md-nav__link">
+        
+  
+  <span class="md-ellipsis">
+    Redux
+  </span>
+  
+
+      </a>
+    </li>
+  
+
+              
+            
+              
+                
+  
+  
+  
+  
+    <li class="md-nav__item">
+      <a href="../javascript/react/redux-tests.html" class="md-nav__link">
+        
+  
+  <span class="md-ellipsis">
+    Redux Tests
+  </span>
+  
+
+      </a>
+    </li>
+  
+
+              
+            
+          </ul>
+        </nav>
+      
+    </li>
+  
+
+              
+            
+              
+                
+  
+  
+  
+  
+    <li class="md-nav__item">
+      <a href="../javascript/svelte/svelte.html" class="md-nav__link">
+        
+  
+  <span class="md-ellipsis">
+    Svelte
+  </span>
+  
+
+      </a>
+    </li>
+  
+
+              
+            
+          </ul>
+        </nav>
+      
+    </li>
+  
+
+              
+            
+              
+                
+  
+  
+  
+  
+    
+    
+      
+        
+      
+        
+      
+    
+    
+      
+      
+        
+          
+          
+        
+      
+    
+    
+    <li class="md-nav__item md-nav__item--section md-nav__item--nested">
+      
+        
+        
+        <input class="md-nav__toggle md-toggle " type="checkbox" id="__nav_4_14" >
+        
+          
+          <label class="md-nav__link" for="__nav_4_14" id="__nav_4_14_label" tabindex="">
+            
+  
+  <span class="md-ellipsis">
+    PowerShell
+  </span>
+  
+
+            <span class="md-nav__icon md-icon"></span>
+          </label>
+        
+        <nav class="md-nav" data-md-level="2" aria-labelledby="__nav_4_14_label" aria-expanded="false">
+          <label class="md-nav__title" for="__nav_4_14">
+            <span class="md-nav__icon md-icon"></span>
+            PowerShell
+          </label>
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+      <a href="../bash/commands.html" class="md-nav__link">
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+      <a href="../../misc/graph-ql.html" class="md-nav__link">
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+      <a href="../../misc/regular-expressions.html" class="md-nav__link">
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+  </span>
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+      <a href="../../misc/ssh.html" class="md-nav__link">
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+      <a href="../../misc/web-components.html" class="md-nav__link">
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+            Linux
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+  </span>
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+    <li class="md-nav__item">
+      <a href="../../linux/filesystem/procfs.html" class="md-nav__link">
+        
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+  </span>
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+      <a href="../../linux/filesystem/sysfs.html" class="md-nav__link">
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+    System Init
+  </span>
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+          </label>
+        
+        <nav class="md-nav" data-md-level="2" aria-labelledby="__nav_6_2_label" aria-expanded="false">
+          <label class="md-nav__title" for="__nav_6_2">
+            <span class="md-nav__icon md-icon"></span>
+            System Init
+          </label>
+          <ul class="md-nav__list" data-md-scrollfix>
+            
+              
+                
+  
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+  
+  
+    <li class="md-nav__item">
+      <a href="../../linux/init/systemd.html" class="md-nav__link">
+        
+  
+  <span class="md-ellipsis">
+    Systemd
+  </span>
+  
+
+      </a>
+    </li>
+  
+
+              
+            
+              
+                
+  
+  
+  
+  
+    <li class="md-nav__item">
+      <a href="../../linux/init/open-rc.html" class="md-nav__link">
+        
+  
+  <span class="md-ellipsis">
+    OpenRC
+  </span>
+  
+
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+    </li>
+  
+
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+      
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+</nav>
+                  </div>
+                </div>
+              </div>
+            
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+              <div class="md-sidebar md-sidebar--secondary" data-md-component="sidebar" data-md-type="toc" >
+                <div class="md-sidebar__scrollwrap">
+                  <div class="md-sidebar__inner">
+                    
+
+<nav class="md-nav md-nav--secondary" aria-label="Table of contents">
+  
+  
+  
+    
+  
+  
+    <label class="md-nav__title" for="__toc">
+      <span class="md-nav__icon md-icon"></span>
+      Table of contents
+    </label>
+    <ul class="md-nav__list" data-md-component="toc" data-md-scrollfix>
+      
+        <li class="md-nav__item">
+  <a href="#javautilcollections" class="md-nav__link">
+    <span class="md-ellipsis">
+      java.util.Collections
+    </span>
+  </a>
+  
+    <nav class="md-nav" aria-label="java.util.Collections">
+      <ul class="md-nav__list">
+        
+          <li class="md-nav__item">
+  <a href="#collection-functions" class="md-nav__link">
+    <span class="md-ellipsis">
+      Collection Functions
+    </span>
+  </a>
+  
+</li>
+        
+          <li class="md-nav__item">
+  <a href="#collections-methods" class="md-nav__link">
+    <span class="md-ellipsis">
+      Collections Methods
+    </span>
+  </a>
+  
+</li>
+        
+          <li class="md-nav__item">
+  <a href="#iterator" class="md-nav__link">
+    <span class="md-ellipsis">
+      Iterator
+    </span>
+  </a>
+  
+</li>
+        
+          <li class="md-nav__item">
+  <a href="#arraylist" class="md-nav__link">
+    <span class="md-ellipsis">
+      ArrayList
+    </span>
+  </a>
+  
+</li>
+        
+          <li class="md-nav__item">
+  <a href="#collection-sorting" class="md-nav__link">
+    <span class="md-ellipsis">
+      Collection Sorting
+    </span>
+  </a>
+  
+</li>
+        
+      </ul>
+    </nav>
+  
+</li>
+      
+    </ul>
+  
+</nav>
+                  </div>
+                </div>
+              </div>
+            
+          
+          
+            <div class="md-content" data-md-component="content">
+              <article class="md-content__inner md-typeset">
+                
+                  
+
+  
+  
+
+
+<h1 id="java-collection-framework-jcf">Java Collection Framework - JCF</h1>
+<p>All classes that permit the handling of groups of objects constitute the Java Collection Framework.</p>
+<p>A Collection is a <em>container</em> in which several objects are grouped in a <em>single entity</em>.</p>
+<p>The <strong>Java Collection Framework</strong> is constituted by:</p>
+<ul>
+<li><strong>Interfaces</strong> the define the operations of a generic collection. They can be split into two categories:</li>
+<li><strong>Collection</strong>: used to optimize operations of insertion, modification and deletion of elements in a group of objects.</li>
+<li><strong>Map</strong>: optimized for look-up operations.</li>
+<li><strong>Classes</strong> that implement the interfaces using different data structures.</li>
+<li><strong>Algorithms</strong> consisting in methods to operate over a collection.</li>
+</ul>
+<p><img alt="Java Collection Hierarchy" src="../../img/java_java-collection-framework.avif" title="Java Collection Hierarchy" /></p>
+<h2 id="javautilcollections">java.util.Collections</h2>
+<h3 id="collection-functions">Collection Functions</h3>
+<div class="highlight"><table class="highlighttable"><tr><th colspan="2" class="filename"><span class="filename">Java</span></th></tr><tr><td class="linenos"><div class="linenodiv"><pre><span></span><span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-0-1"> 1</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-0-2"> 2</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-0-3"> 3</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-0-4"> 4</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-0-5"> 5</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-0-6"> 6</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-0-7"> 7</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-0-8"> 8</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-0-9"> 9</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-0-10">10</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-0-11">11</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-0-12">12</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-0-13">13</a></span></pre></div></td><td class="code"><div><pre><span></span><code><a id="__codelineno-0-1" name="__codelineno-0-1"></a><span class="kt">boolean</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="nf">add</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="p">(</span><span class="n">Object</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="n">o</span><span class="p">)</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="n">e</span><span class="p">.</span><span class="na">g</span><span class="p">.,</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="o">&lt;</span><span class="n">x</span><span class="o">&gt;</span><span class="p">.</span><span class="na">add</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="p">(</span><span class="o">&lt;</span><span class="n">y</span><span class="o">&gt;</span><span class="p">)</span><span class="w">    </span><span class="c1">//append to collection, false if fails</span>
+<a id="__codelineno-0-2" name="__codelineno-0-2"></a><span class="kt">boolean</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="nf">add</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="p">(</span><span class="kt">int</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="n">index</span><span class="p">,</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="n">Object</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="n">o</span><span class="p">)</span><span class="w">    </span><span class="c1">//insertion at given index</span>
+<a id="__codelineno-0-3" name="__codelineno-0-3"></a><span class="kt">boolean</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="nf">addAll</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="p">(</span><span class="n">Collection</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="n">c</span><span class="p">)</span><span class="w">    </span><span class="c1">//appends a collection to another</span>
+<a id="__codelineno-0-4" name="__codelineno-0-4"></a><span class="kt">void</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="nf">clear</span><span class="p">()</span><span class="w">     </span><span class="c1">//remove items from container</span>
+<a id="__codelineno-0-5" name="__codelineno-0-5"></a><span class="kt">boolean</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="nf">contains</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="p">(</span><span class="n">Object</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="n">o</span><span class="p">)</span><span class="w">    </span><span class="c1">//true if object is in collection</span>
+<a id="__codelineno-0-6" name="__codelineno-0-6"></a><span class="kt">boolean</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="nf">containsAll</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="p">(</span><span class="n">Collection</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="n">c</span><span class="p">)</span><span class="w">    </span><span class="c1">//true if all items of collection are in another</span>
+<a id="__codelineno-0-7" name="__codelineno-0-7"></a><span class="kt">boolean</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="nf">isEmpty</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="p">(</span><span class="n">Object</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="n">o</span><span class="p">)</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="n">e</span><span class="p">.</span><span class="na">g</span><span class="p">.,</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="k">if</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="p">(</span><span class="o">&lt;</span><span class="n">x</span><span class="o">&gt;</span><span class="p">.</span><span class="na">isEmpty</span><span class="p">())</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="p">...</span><span class="w">    </span><span class="c1">//true if collection is empty</span>
+<a id="__codelineno-0-8" name="__codelineno-0-8"></a><span class="kt">boolean</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="nf">remove</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="p">(</span><span class="n">Object</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="n">o</span><span class="p">)</span><span class="w">    </span><span class="c1">//remove object from collection</span>
+<a id="__codelineno-0-9" name="__codelineno-0-9"></a><span class="n">Object</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="nf">remove</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="p">(</span><span class="kt">int</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="n">index</span><span class="p">)</span><span class="w">    </span><span class="c1">//remove object at given index</span>
+<a id="__codelineno-0-10" name="__codelineno-0-10"></a><span class="kt">void</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="nf">removeAll</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="p">(</span><span class="n">Collection</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="n">c</span><span class="p">)</span><span class="w">    </span><span class="c1">//remove all items form collection</span>
+<a id="__codelineno-0-11" name="__codelineno-0-11"></a><span class="kt">int</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="nf">size</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="p">()</span><span class="w">    </span><span class="c1">//number og items in collection</span>
+<a id="__codelineno-0-12" name="__codelineno-0-12"></a><span class="n">Object</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="o">[]</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="n">toArray</span><span class="p">()</span><span class="w">    </span><span class="c1">//transform collection in array</span>
+<a id="__codelineno-0-13" name="__codelineno-0-13"></a><span class="n">Iterator</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="nf">iterator</span><span class="p">()</span><span class="w">    </span><span class="c1">//returns iterator to iterate over the collection</span>
+</code></pre></div></td></tr></table></div>
+<h3 id="collections-methods">Collections Methods</h3>
+<div class="highlight"><table class="highlighttable"><tr><th colspan="2" class="filename"><span class="filename">Java</span></th></tr><tr><td class="linenos"><div class="linenodiv"><pre><span></span><span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-1-1">1</a></span></pre></div></td><td class="code"><div><pre><span></span><code><a id="__codelineno-1-1" name="__codelineno-1-1"></a><span class="n">Collection</span><span class="o">&lt;</span><span class="n">E</span><span class="o">&gt;</span><span class="p">.</span><span class="na">forEach</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="n">Consumer</span><span class="o">&lt;?</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="kd">super</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="n">T</span><span class="o">&gt;</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="n">action</span><span class="p">);</span>
+</code></pre></div></td></tr></table></div>
+<h3 id="iterator">Iterator</h3>
+<p>Abstracts the problem of iterating over all the elements of a collection;</p>
+<ul>
+<li><code>public Iterator (Collection c)</code> creates the Iterator</li>
+<li><code>public boolean hasNext()</code> checks if there is a successive element</li>
+<li><code>public Object next()</code> extracts the successive element</li>
+</ul>
+<h3 id="arraylist">ArrayList</h3>
+<p><strong>Note</strong>: ArrayLists can't contain <em>primitive</em> values. <em>Use wrapper classes</em> instead.</p>
+<div class="highlight"><table class="highlighttable"><tr><th colspan="2" class="filename"><span class="filename">Java</span></th></tr><tr><td class="linenos"><div class="linenodiv"><pre><span></span><span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-2-1"> 1</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-2-2"> 2</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-2-3"> 3</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-2-4"> 4</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-2-5"> 5</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-2-6"> 6</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-2-7"> 7</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-2-8"> 8</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-2-9"> 9</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-2-10">10</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-2-11">11</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-2-12">12</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-2-13">13</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-2-14">14</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-2-15">15</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-2-16">16</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-2-17">17</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-2-18">18</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-2-19">19</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-2-20">20</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-2-21">21</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-2-22">22</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-2-23">23</a></span></pre></div></td><td class="code"><div><pre><span></span><code><a id="__codelineno-2-1" name="__codelineno-2-1"></a><span class="kn">import</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="nn">java.util.ArrayList</span><span class="p">;</span>
+<a id="__codelineno-2-2" name="__codelineno-2-2"></a><span class="n">ArrayList</span><span class="o">&lt;</span><span class="n">Type</span><span class="o">&gt;</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="n">ArrayListName</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="o">=</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="k">new</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="n">ArrayList</span><span class="o">&lt;</span><span class="n">Type</span><span class="o">&gt;</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="n">starting_dim</span><span class="p">);</span><span class="w">    </span><span class="c1">//resizable array</span>
+<a id="__codelineno-2-3" name="__codelineno-2-3"></a><span class="n">ArrayList</span><span class="o">&lt;</span><span class="n">Type</span><span class="o">&gt;</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="n">ArrayListName</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="o">=</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="k">new</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="n">ArrayList</span><span class="o">&lt;</span><span class="n">Type</span><span class="o">&gt;</span><span class="p">();</span><span class="w">    </span><span class="c1">//resizable array</span>
+<a id="__codelineno-2-4" name="__codelineno-2-4"></a><span class="n">ArrayList</span><span class="o">&lt;</span><span class="n">Type</span><span class="o">&gt;</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="n">ArrayListName</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="o">=</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="k">new</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="n">ArrayList</span><span class="o">&lt;&gt;</span><span class="p">();</span><span class="w">    </span><span class="c1">//resizable array (JAVA 1.8+)</span>
+<a id="__codelineno-2-5" name="__codelineno-2-5"></a>
+<a id="__codelineno-2-6" name="__codelineno-2-6"></a>
+<a id="__codelineno-2-7" name="__codelineno-2-7"></a><span class="n">ArrayListName</span><span class="p">.</span><span class="na">add</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="n">item</span><span class="p">);</span><span class="w">    </span><span class="c1">//append item to collection</span>
+<a id="__codelineno-2-8" name="__codelineno-2-8"></a><span class="n">ArrayListName</span><span class="p">.</span><span class="na">add</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="n">index</span><span class="p">,</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="n">item</span><span class="p">);</span><span class="w">  </span><span class="c1">// add item at position index, shift all item from index and successive towards the end af the ArrayList</span>
+<a id="__codelineno-2-9" name="__codelineno-2-9"></a><span class="n">ArrayListName</span><span class="p">.</span><span class="na">set</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="n">index</span><span class="p">,</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="n">item</span><span class="p">);</span><span class="w">  </span><span class="c1">// substitute EXISTING item</span>
+<a id="__codelineno-2-10" name="__codelineno-2-10"></a><span class="n">ArrayListName</span><span class="p">.</span><span class="na">get</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="n">index</span><span class="p">);</span><span class="w">    </span><span class="c1">//access to collection item</span>
+<a id="__codelineno-2-11" name="__codelineno-2-11"></a><span class="n">ArrayListName</span><span class="p">.</span><span class="na">remove</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="n">item</span><span class="p">)</span><span class="w">    </span><span class="c1">//remove first occurrence of item from collection</span>
+<a id="__codelineno-2-12" name="__codelineno-2-12"></a><span class="n">ArrayListName</span><span class="p">.</span><span class="na">remove</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="n">index</span><span class="p">)</span><span class="w">    </span><span class="c1">//remove item at position index</span>
+<a id="__codelineno-2-13" name="__codelineno-2-13"></a><span class="n">ArrayListName</span><span class="p">.</span><span class="na">clear</span><span class="p">()</span><span class="w">    </span><span class="c1">//empties the ArrayList</span>
+<a id="__codelineno-2-14" name="__codelineno-2-14"></a><span class="n">ArrayListName</span><span class="p">.</span><span class="na">contains</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="n">object</span><span class="p">);</span><span class="w">  </span><span class="c1">// check if object is in the ArrayList</span>
+<a id="__codelineno-2-15" name="__codelineno-2-15"></a><span class="n">ArrayListName</span><span class="p">.</span><span class="na">IndexOf</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="n">object</span><span class="p">);</span><span class="w">  </span><span class="c1">// returns the index of the object</span>
+<a id="__codelineno-2-16" name="__codelineno-2-16"></a><span class="n">ArrayListName</span><span class="p">.</span><span class="na">isEmpty</span><span class="p">();</span><span class="w">  </span><span class="c1">// check wether the list is empty</span>
+<a id="__codelineno-2-17" name="__codelineno-2-17"></a>
+<a id="__codelineno-2-18" name="__codelineno-2-18"></a><span class="n">ArrayListName</span><span class="p">.</span><span class="na">size</span><span class="p">();</span><span class="w">    </span><span class="c1">//dimension of the ArrayList</span>
+<a id="__codelineno-2-19" name="__codelineno-2-19"></a><span class="n">ArrayListName</span><span class="p">.</span><span class="na">tirmToSize</span><span class="p">();</span><span class="w">  </span><span class="c1">// reduce ArrayList size to minimum needed</span>
+<a id="__codelineno-2-20" name="__codelineno-2-20"></a><span class="c1">// ArrayList size doubles when a resize is needed.</span>
+<a id="__codelineno-2-21" name="__codelineno-2-21"></a>
+<a id="__codelineno-2-22" name="__codelineno-2-22"></a><span class="c1">//run through to the collection with functional programming (JAVA 1.8+)</span>
+<a id="__codelineno-2-23" name="__codelineno-2-23"></a><span class="n">ArrayListName</span><span class="p">.</span><span class="na">forEach</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="n">item</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="o">-&gt;</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="n">function</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="n">v</span><span class="p">));</span>
+</code></pre></div></td></tr></table></div>
+<h3 id="collection-sorting">Collection Sorting</h3>
+<p>To sort a collection it's items must implement <code>Comparable&lt;T&gt;</code>:</p>
+<div class="highlight"><table class="highlighttable"><tr><th colspan="2" class="filename"><span class="filename">Java</span></th></tr><tr><td class="linenos"><div class="linenodiv"><pre><span></span><span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-3-1"> 1</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-3-2"> 2</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-3-3"> 3</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-3-4"> 4</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-3-5"> 5</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-3-6"> 6</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-3-7"> 7</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-3-8"> 8</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-3-9"> 9</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-3-10">10</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-3-11">11</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-3-12">12</a></span></pre></div></td><td class="code"><div><pre><span></span><code><a id="__codelineno-3-1" name="__codelineno-3-1"></a><span class="kd">class</span> <span class="nc">ClassName</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="kd">implements</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="n">Comparable</span><span class="o">&lt;</span><span class="n">ClassName</span><span class="o">&gt;</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="p">{</span>
+<a id="__codelineno-3-2" name="__codelineno-3-2"></a>
+<a id="__codelineno-3-3" name="__codelineno-3-3"></a><span class="w">    </span><span class="nd">@override</span>
+<a id="__codelineno-3-4" name="__codelineno-3-4"></a><span class="w">    </span><span class="kd">public</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="kt">int</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="nf">compareTo</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="n">Classname</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="n">other</span><span class="p">){</span>
+<a id="__codelineno-3-5" name="__codelineno-3-5"></a><span class="w">        </span><span class="c1">//compare logic</span>
+<a id="__codelineno-3-6" name="__codelineno-3-6"></a><span class="w">        </span><span class="k">return</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="o">&lt;</span><span class="kt">int</span><span class="o">&gt;</span><span class="p">;</span>
+<a id="__codelineno-3-7" name="__codelineno-3-7"></a><span class="w">    </span><span class="p">}</span>
+<a id="__codelineno-3-8" name="__codelineno-3-8"></a><span class="p">}</span>
+<a id="__codelineno-3-9" name="__codelineno-3-9"></a>
+<a id="__codelineno-3-10" name="__codelineno-3-10"></a><span class="n">List</span><span class="o">&lt;</span><span class="n">ClassName</span><span class="o">&gt;</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="n">list</span><span class="p">;</span>
+<a id="__codelineno-3-11" name="__codelineno-3-11"></a><span class="c1">//valorize List</span>
+<a id="__codelineno-3-12" name="__codelineno-3-12"></a><span class="n">Collections</span><span class="p">.</span><span class="na">sort</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="n">list</span><span class="p">);</span><span class="w">    </span><span class="c1">//&quot;natural&quot; sorting uses compareTo()</span>
+</code></pre></div></td></tr></table></div>
+<p>Otherwise a <code>Comparator()</code> must be implemented:</p>
+<div class="highlight"><table class="highlighttable"><tr><th colspan="2" class="filename"><span class="filename">Java</span></th></tr><tr><td class="linenos"><div class="linenodiv"><pre><span></span><span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-4-1"> 1</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-4-2"> 2</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-4-3"> 3</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-4-4"> 4</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-4-5"> 5</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-4-6"> 6</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-4-7"> 7</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-4-8"> 8</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-4-9"> 9</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-4-10">10</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-4-11">11</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-4-12">12</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-4-13">13</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-4-14">14</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-4-15">15</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-4-16">16</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-4-17">17</a></span></pre></div></td><td class="code"><div><pre><span></span><code><a id="__codelineno-4-1" name="__codelineno-4-1"></a><span class="kd">class</span> <span class="nc">Classname</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="p">{</span>
+<a id="__codelineno-4-2" name="__codelineno-4-2"></a><span class="w">    </span><span class="c1">//code here</span>
+<a id="__codelineno-4-3" name="__codelineno-4-3"></a><span class="p">}</span>
+<a id="__codelineno-4-4" name="__codelineno-4-4"></a>
+<a id="__codelineno-4-5" name="__codelineno-4-5"></a><span class="c1">// Interface object (!) implements directly a method</span>
+<a id="__codelineno-4-6" name="__codelineno-4-6"></a><span class="n">Comparator</span><span class="o">&lt;</span><span class="n">ClassName</span><span class="o">&gt;</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="n">comparator</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="o">=</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="k">new</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="n">Comparator</span><span class="o">&lt;</span><span class="n">ClassName</span><span class="o">&gt;</span><span class="p">()</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="p">{</span>
+<a id="__codelineno-4-7" name="__codelineno-4-7"></a>
+<a id="__codelineno-4-8" name="__codelineno-4-8"></a><span class="w">    </span><span class="nd">@Override</span>
+<a id="__codelineno-4-9" name="__codelineno-4-9"></a><span class="w">    </span><span class="kd">public</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="kt">int</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="nf">compare</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="n">ClassName</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="n">o1</span><span class="p">,</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="n">Classname</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="n">o2</span><span class="p">)</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="p">{</span>
+<a id="__codelineno-4-10" name="__codelineno-4-10"></a><span class="w">        </span><span class="c1">//compare logic</span>
+<a id="__codelineno-4-11" name="__codelineno-4-11"></a><span class="w">        </span><span class="k">return</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="o">&lt;</span><span class="kt">int</span><span class="o">&gt;</span><span class="p">;</span>
+<a id="__codelineno-4-12" name="__codelineno-4-12"></a><span class="w">    </span><span class="p">}</span>
+<a id="__codelineno-4-13" name="__codelineno-4-13"></a><span class="p">};</span>
+<a id="__codelineno-4-14" name="__codelineno-4-14"></a>
+<a id="__codelineno-4-15" name="__codelineno-4-15"></a><span class="n">List</span><span class="o">&lt;</span><span class="n">ClassName</span><span class="o">&gt;</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="n">list</span><span class="p">;</span>
+<a id="__codelineno-4-16" name="__codelineno-4-16"></a><span class="c1">//valorize List</span>
+<a id="__codelineno-4-17" name="__codelineno-4-17"></a><span class="n">Collections</span><span class="p">.</span><span class="na">sort</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="n">list</span><span class="p">,</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="n">comparator</span><span class="p">);</span><span class="w">    </span><span class="c1">//&quot;natural&quot; sorting uses compareTo()</span>
+</code></pre></div></td></tr></table></div>
+<p><code>Comparator&lt;T&gt;</code> and <code>Comparable&lt;T&gt;</code> are functional interfaces</p>
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+          </ul>
+        </nav>
+      
+    </li>
+  
+
+              
+            
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+                
+  
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+        
+      
+        
+      
+        
+      
+    
+    
+      
+      
+        
+          
+          
+        
+      
+    
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+    <li class="md-nav__item md-nav__item--section md-nav__item--nested">
+      
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+        
+        <input class="md-nav__toggle md-toggle " type="checkbox" id="__nav_4_9" >
+        
+          
+          <label class="md-nav__link" for="__nav_4_9" id="__nav_4_9_label" tabindex="">
+            
+  
+  <span class="md-ellipsis">
+    .NET
+  </span>
+  
+
+            <span class="md-nav__icon md-icon"></span>
+          </label>
+        
+        <nav class="md-nav" data-md-level="2" aria-labelledby="__nav_4_9_label" aria-expanded="false">
+          <label class="md-nav__title" for="__nav_4_9">
+            <span class="md-nav__icon md-icon"></span>
+            .NET
+          </label>
+          <ul class="md-nav__list" data-md-scrollfix>
+            
+              
+                
+  
+  
+  
+  
+    
+    
+      
+        
+      
+        
+      
+        
+      
+        
+      
+        
+      
+        
+      
+    
+    
+      
+      
+        
+      
+    
+    
+    <li class="md-nav__item md-nav__item--nested">
+      
+        
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+        <input class="md-nav__toggle md-toggle " type="checkbox" id="__nav_4_9_1" >
+        
+          
+          <label class="md-nav__link" for="__nav_4_9_1" id="__nav_4_9_1_label" tabindex="0">
+            
+  
+  <span class="md-ellipsis">
+    C#
+  </span>
+  
+
+            <span class="md-nav__icon md-icon"></span>
+          </label>
+        
+        <nav class="md-nav" data-md-level="3" aria-labelledby="__nav_4_9_1_label" aria-expanded="false">
+          <label class="md-nav__title" for="__nav_4_9_1">
+            <span class="md-nav__icon md-icon"></span>
+            C#
+          </label>
+          <ul class="md-nav__list" data-md-scrollfix>
+            
+              
+                
+  
+  
+  
+  
+    <li class="md-nav__item">
+      <a href="../dotnet/csharp/csharp.html" class="md-nav__link">
+        
+  
+  <span class="md-ellipsis">
+    C#
+  </span>
+  
+
+      </a>
+    </li>
+  
+
+              
+            
+              
+                
+  
+  
+  
+  
+    <li class="md-nav__item">
+      <a href="../dotnet/csharp/linq.html" class="md-nav__link">
+        
+  
+  <span class="md-ellipsis">
+    Linq
+  </span>
+  
+
+      </a>
+    </li>
+  
+
+              
+            
+              
+                
+  
+  
+  
+  
+    <li class="md-nav__item">
+      <a href="../dotnet/csharp/collections.html" class="md-nav__link">
+        
+  
+  <span class="md-ellipsis">
+    Collections
+  </span>
+  
+
+      </a>
+    </li>
+  
+
+              
+            
+              
+                
+  
+  
+  
+  
+    <li class="md-nav__item">
+      <a href="../dotnet/csharp/reactive-extensions.html" class="md-nav__link">
+        
+  
+  <span class="md-ellipsis">
+    Reactive Extensions
+  </span>
+  
+
+      </a>
+    </li>
+  
+
+              
+            
+              
+                
+  
+  
+  
+  
+    <li class="md-nav__item">
+      <a href="../dotnet/csharp/async-programming.html" class="md-nav__link">
+        
+  
+  <span class="md-ellipsis">
+    Async Programming
+  </span>
+  
+
+      </a>
+    </li>
+  
+
+              
+            
+              
+                
+  
+  
+  
+  
+    <li class="md-nav__item">
+      <a href="../dotnet/csharp/unit-tests.html" class="md-nav__link">
+        
+  
+  <span class="md-ellipsis">
+    Unit Tests
+  </span>
+  
+
+      </a>
+    </li>
+  
+
+              
+            
+          </ul>
+        </nav>
+      
+    </li>
+  
+
+              
+            
+              
+                
+  
+  
+  
+  
+    
+    
+      
+        
+      
+        
+      
+        
+      
+        
+      
+        
+      
+        
+      
+        
+      
+    
+    
+      
+      
+        
+      
+    
+    
+    <li class="md-nav__item md-nav__item--nested">
+      
+        
+        
+        <input class="md-nav__toggle md-toggle " type="checkbox" id="__nav_4_9_2" >
+        
+          
+          <label class="md-nav__link" for="__nav_4_9_2" id="__nav_4_9_2_label" tabindex="0">
+            
+  
+  <span class="md-ellipsis">
+    ASP.NET
+  </span>
+  
+
+            <span class="md-nav__icon md-icon"></span>
+          </label>
+        
+        <nav class="md-nav" data-md-level="3" aria-labelledby="__nav_4_9_2_label" aria-expanded="false">
+          <label class="md-nav__title" for="__nav_4_9_2">
+            <span class="md-nav__icon md-icon"></span>
+            ASP.NET
+          </label>
+          <ul class="md-nav__list" data-md-scrollfix>
+            
+              
+                
+  
+  
+  
+  
+    <li class="md-nav__item">
+      <a href="../dotnet/asp.net/minimal-api.html" class="md-nav__link">
+        
+  
+  <span class="md-ellipsis">
+    Minimal API
+  </span>
+  
+
+      </a>
+    </li>
+  
+
+              
+            
+              
+                
+  
+  
+  
+  
+    <li class="md-nav__item">
+      <a href="../dotnet/asp.net/filters.html" class="md-nav__link">
+        
+  
+  <span class="md-ellipsis">
+    FIlters
+  </span>
+  
+
+      </a>
+    </li>
+  
+
+              
+            
+              
+                
+  
+  
+  
+  
+    <li class="md-nav__item">
+      <a href="../dotnet/asp.net/middleware.html" class="md-nav__link">
+        
+  
+  <span class="md-ellipsis">
+    Middleware
+  </span>
+  
+
+      </a>
+    </li>
+  
+
+              
+            
+              
+                
+  
+  
+  
+  
+    <li class="md-nav__item">
+      <a href="../dotnet/asp.net/razor-syntax.html" class="md-nav__link">
+        
+  
+  <span class="md-ellipsis">
+    Razor Syntax
+  </span>
+  
+
+      </a>
+    </li>
+  
+
+              
+            
+              
+                
+  
+  
+  
+  
+    <li class="md-nav__item">
+      <a href="../dotnet/asp.net/blazor.html" class="md-nav__link">
+        
+  
+  <span class="md-ellipsis">
+    Blazor
+  </span>
+  
+
+      </a>
+    </li>
+  
+
+              
+            
+              
+                
+  
+  
+  
+  
+    <li class="md-nav__item">
+      <a href="../dotnet/asp.net/signalr.html" class="md-nav__link">
+        
+  
+  <span class="md-ellipsis">
+    SignalR
+  </span>
+  
+
+      </a>
+    </li>
+  
+
+              
+            
+              
+                
+  
+  
+  
+  
+    <li class="md-nav__item">
+      <a href="../dotnet/asp.net/web-forms.html" class="md-nav__link">
+        
+  
+  <span class="md-ellipsis">
+    Web Forms
+  </span>
+  
+
+      </a>
+    </li>
+  
+
+              
+            
+          </ul>
+        </nav>
+      
+    </li>
+  
+
+              
+            
+              
+                
+  
+  
+  
+  
+    
+    
+      
+        
+      
+        
+      
+    
+    
+      
+      
+        
+      
+    
+    
+    <li class="md-nav__item md-nav__item--nested">
+      
+        
+        
+        <input class="md-nav__toggle md-toggle " type="checkbox" id="__nav_4_9_3" >
+        
+          
+          <label class="md-nav__link" for="__nav_4_9_3" id="__nav_4_9_3_label" tabindex="0">
+            
+  
+  <span class="md-ellipsis">
+    Database
+  </span>
+  
+
+            <span class="md-nav__icon md-icon"></span>
+          </label>
+        
+        <nav class="md-nav" data-md-level="3" aria-labelledby="__nav_4_9_3_label" aria-expanded="false">
+          <label class="md-nav__title" for="__nav_4_9_3">
+            <span class="md-nav__icon md-icon"></span>
+            Database
+          </label>
+          <ul class="md-nav__list" data-md-scrollfix>
+            
+              
+                
+  
+  
+  
+  
+    <li class="md-nav__item">
+      <a href="../dotnet/database/ado.net.html" class="md-nav__link">
+        
+  
+  <span class="md-ellipsis">
+    ADO.NET
+  </span>
+  
+
+      </a>
+    </li>
+  
+
+              
+            
+              
+                
+  
+  
+  
+  
+    <li class="md-nav__item">
+      <a href="../dotnet/database/entity-framework.html" class="md-nav__link">
+        
+  
+  <span class="md-ellipsis">
+    Entity Framework
+  </span>
+  
+
+      </a>
+    </li>
+  
+
+              
+            
+          </ul>
+        </nav>
+      
+    </li>
+  
+
+              
+            
+          </ul>
+        </nav>
+      
+    </li>
+  
+
+              
+            
+              
+                
+  
+  
+    
+  
+  
+  
+    
+    
+      
+        
+      
+        
+      
+        
+      
+        
+      
+    
+    
+      
+      
+        
+          
+          
+        
+      
+    
+    
+    <li class="md-nav__item md-nav__item--active md-nav__item--section md-nav__item--nested">
+      
+        
+        
+        <input class="md-nav__toggle md-toggle " type="checkbox" id="__nav_4_10" checked>
+        
+          
+          <label class="md-nav__link" for="__nav_4_10" id="__nav_4_10_label" tabindex="">
+            
+  
+  <span class="md-ellipsis">
+    Java
+  </span>
+  
+
+            <span class="md-nav__icon md-icon"></span>
+          </label>
+        
+        <nav class="md-nav" data-md-level="2" aria-labelledby="__nav_4_10_label" aria-expanded="true">
+          <label class="md-nav__title" for="__nav_4_10">
+            <span class="md-nav__icon md-icon"></span>
+            Java
+          </label>
+          <ul class="md-nav__list" data-md-scrollfix>
+            
+              
+                
+  
+  
+    
+  
+  
+  
+    <li class="md-nav__item md-nav__item--active">
+      
+      <input class="md-nav__toggle md-toggle" type="checkbox" id="__toc">
+      
+      
+        
+      
+      
+        <label class="md-nav__link md-nav__link--active" for="__toc">
+          
+  
+  <span class="md-ellipsis">
+    Java
+  </span>
+  
+
+          <span class="md-nav__icon md-icon"></span>
+        </label>
+      
+      <a href="java.html" class="md-nav__link md-nav__link--active">
+        
+  
+  <span class="md-ellipsis">
+    Java
+  </span>
+  
+
+      </a>
+      
+        
+
+<nav class="md-nav md-nav--secondary" aria-label="Table of contents">
+  
+  
+  
+    
+  
+  
+    <label class="md-nav__title" for="__toc">
+      <span class="md-nav__icon md-icon"></span>
+      Table of contents
+    </label>
+    <ul class="md-nav__list" data-md-component="toc" data-md-scrollfix>
+      
+        <li class="md-nav__item">
+  <a href="#basics" class="md-nav__link">
+    <span class="md-ellipsis">
+      Basics
+    </span>
+  </a>
+  
+    <nav class="md-nav" aria-label="Basics">
+      <ul class="md-nav__list">
+        
+          <li class="md-nav__item">
+  <a href="#main-method-entry-point-of-algorithm" class="md-nav__link">
+    <span class="md-ellipsis">
+      Main Method (entry point of algorithm)
+    </span>
+  </a>
+  
+</li>
+        
+          <li class="md-nav__item">
+  <a href="#variable-assignment" class="md-nav__link">
+    <span class="md-ellipsis">
+      Variable Assignment
+    </span>
+  </a>
+  
+</li>
+        
+          <li class="md-nav__item">
+  <a href="#constant-definition-outside-of-main-methodfunction" class="md-nav__link">
+    <span class="md-ellipsis">
+      Constant Definition (outside of main method/function)
+    </span>
+  </a>
+  
+</li>
+        
+          <li class="md-nav__item">
+  <a href="#constant-definition-inside-main-methodfunction" class="md-nav__link">
+    <span class="md-ellipsis">
+      Constant Definition (inside main method/function)
+    </span>
+  </a>
+  
+</li>
+        
+          <li class="md-nav__item">
+  <a href="#screen-output" class="md-nav__link">
+    <span class="md-ellipsis">
+      Screen Output
+    </span>
+  </a>
+  
+</li>
+        
+          <li class="md-nav__item">
+  <a href="#output-formatting" class="md-nav__link">
+    <span class="md-ellipsis">
+      Output Formatting
+    </span>
+  </a>
+  
+</li>
+        
+      </ul>
+    </nav>
+  
+</li>
+      
+        <li class="md-nav__item">
+  <a href="#keyboard-input" class="md-nav__link">
+    <span class="md-ellipsis">
+      Keyboard Input
+    </span>
+  </a>
+  
+    <nav class="md-nav" aria-label="Keyboard Input">
+      <ul class="md-nav__list">
+        
+          <li class="md-nav__item">
+  <a href="#primitive-types" class="md-nav__link">
+    <span class="md-ellipsis">
+      Primitive Types
+    </span>
+  </a>
+  
+</li>
+        
+          <li class="md-nav__item">
+  <a href="#floating-point-numbers-precision-calcs" class="md-nav__link">
+    <span class="md-ellipsis">
+      Floating-Point numbers &amp; Precision Calcs
+    </span>
+  </a>
+  
+</li>
+        
+          <li class="md-nav__item">
+  <a href="#type-conversion-casting-type-checking" class="md-nav__link">
+    <span class="md-ellipsis">
+      Type Conversion (casting) &amp; Type checking
+    </span>
+  </a>
+  
+</li>
+        
+          <li class="md-nav__item">
+  <a href="#wrapper-classes" class="md-nav__link">
+    <span class="md-ellipsis">
+      Wrapper Classes
+    </span>
+  </a>
+  
+</li>
+        
+          <li class="md-nav__item">
+  <a href="#string-char" class="md-nav__link">
+    <span class="md-ellipsis">
+      String &amp; Char
+    </span>
+  </a>
+  
+</li>
+        
+          <li class="md-nav__item">
+  <a href="#special-characters" class="md-nav__link">
+    <span class="md-ellipsis">
+      Special Characters
+    </span>
+  </a>
+  
+</li>
+        
+          <li class="md-nav__item">
+  <a href="#string-concatenation" class="md-nav__link">
+    <span class="md-ellipsis">
+      String Concatenation
+    </span>
+  </a>
+  
+</li>
+        
+          <li class="md-nav__item">
+  <a href="#string-conversion-to-number" class="md-nav__link">
+    <span class="md-ellipsis">
+      String Conversion to Number
+    </span>
+  </a>
+  
+</li>
+        
+          <li class="md-nav__item">
+  <a href="#string-class-methods" class="md-nav__link">
+    <span class="md-ellipsis">
+      String Class Methods
+    </span>
+  </a>
+  
+</li>
+        
+          <li class="md-nav__item">
+  <a href="#mathematical-operations" class="md-nav__link">
+    <span class="md-ellipsis">
+      Mathematical Operations
+    </span>
+  </a>
+  
+</li>
+        
+          <li class="md-nav__item">
+  <a href="#arithmetic-operators" class="md-nav__link">
+    <span class="md-ellipsis">
+      Arithmetic Operators
+    </span>
+  </a>
+  
+</li>
+        
+          <li class="md-nav__item">
+  <a href="#comparison-operators" class="md-nav__link">
+    <span class="md-ellipsis">
+      Comparison Operators
+    </span>
+  </a>
+  
+</li>
+        
+          <li class="md-nav__item">
+  <a href="#logical-operators" class="md-nav__link">
+    <span class="md-ellipsis">
+      Logical Operators
+    </span>
+  </a>
+  
+</li>
+        
+          <li class="md-nav__item">
+  <a href="#bitwise-operators" class="md-nav__link">
+    <span class="md-ellipsis">
+      Bitwise Operators
+    </span>
+  </a>
+  
+</li>
+        
+          <li class="md-nav__item">
+  <a href="#compound-assignment-operators" class="md-nav__link">
+    <span class="md-ellipsis">
+      Compound Assignment Operators
+    </span>
+  </a>
+  
+</li>
+        
+          <li class="md-nav__item">
+  <a href="#operator-precedence" class="md-nav__link">
+    <span class="md-ellipsis">
+      Operator Precedence
+    </span>
+  </a>
+  
+</li>
+        
+          <li class="md-nav__item">
+  <a href="#short-circuit-evaluation" class="md-nav__link">
+    <span class="md-ellipsis">
+      Short Circuit Evaluation
+    </span>
+  </a>
+  
+</li>
+        
+      </ul>
+    </nav>
+  
+</li>
+      
+        <li class="md-nav__item">
+  <a href="#decision-statements" class="md-nav__link">
+    <span class="md-ellipsis">
+      Decision Statements
+    </span>
+  </a>
+  
+    <nav class="md-nav" aria-label="Decision Statements">
+      <ul class="md-nav__list">
+        
+          <li class="md-nav__item">
+  <a href="#if-else" class="md-nav__link">
+    <span class="md-ellipsis">
+      If Else
+    </span>
+  </a>
+  
+</li>
+        
+          <li class="md-nav__item">
+  <a href="#if-else-if-else" class="md-nav__link">
+    <span class="md-ellipsis">
+      If, Else If, Else
+    </span>
+  </a>
+  
+</li>
+        
+          <li class="md-nav__item">
+  <a href="#ternary-operator" class="md-nav__link">
+    <span class="md-ellipsis">
+      Ternary Operator
+    </span>
+  </a>
+  
+</li>
+        
+          <li class="md-nav__item">
+  <a href="#switch" class="md-nav__link">
+    <span class="md-ellipsis">
+      Switch
+    </span>
+  </a>
+  
+</li>
+        
+      </ul>
+    </nav>
+  
+</li>
+      
+        <li class="md-nav__item">
+  <a href="#loop-statements" class="md-nav__link">
+    <span class="md-ellipsis">
+      Loop Statements
+    </span>
+  </a>
+  
+    <nav class="md-nav" aria-label="Loop Statements">
+      <ul class="md-nav__list">
+        
+          <li class="md-nav__item">
+  <a href="#while-loop" class="md-nav__link">
+    <span class="md-ellipsis">
+      While Loop
+    </span>
+  </a>
+  
+</li>
+        
+          <li class="md-nav__item">
+  <a href="#do-while-loop" class="md-nav__link">
+    <span class="md-ellipsis">
+      Do While Loop
+    </span>
+  </a>
+  
+</li>
+        
+          <li class="md-nav__item">
+  <a href="#for-loop" class="md-nav__link">
+    <span class="md-ellipsis">
+      For Loop
+    </span>
+  </a>
+  
+</li>
+        
+          <li class="md-nav__item">
+  <a href="#foreach-loop" class="md-nav__link">
+    <span class="md-ellipsis">
+      Foreach Loop
+    </span>
+  </a>
+  
+</li>
+        
+          <li class="md-nav__item">
+  <a href="#multiple-iterators-in-for-loop" class="md-nav__link">
+    <span class="md-ellipsis">
+      Multiple iterators in For Loop
+    </span>
+  </a>
+  
+</li>
+        
+          <li class="md-nav__item">
+  <a href="#forced-program-termination" class="md-nav__link">
+    <span class="md-ellipsis">
+      Forced Program Termination
+    </span>
+  </a>
+  
+</li>
+        
+          <li class="md-nav__item">
+  <a href="#assertion-checks" class="md-nav__link">
+    <span class="md-ellipsis">
+      Assertion Checks
+    </span>
+  </a>
+  
+</li>
+        
+      </ul>
+    </nav>
+  
+</li>
+      
+        <li class="md-nav__item">
+  <a href="#static-methods" class="md-nav__link">
+    <span class="md-ellipsis">
+      Static Methods
+    </span>
+  </a>
+  
+    <nav class="md-nav" aria-label="Static Methods">
+      <ul class="md-nav__list">
+        
+          <li class="md-nav__item">
+  <a href="#static-void-method-definition" class="md-nav__link">
+    <span class="md-ellipsis">
+      Static Void Method Definition
+    </span>
+  </a>
+  
+</li>
+        
+          <li class="md-nav__item">
+  <a href="#static-method-definition" class="md-nav__link">
+    <span class="md-ellipsis">
+      Static Method Definition
+    </span>
+  </a>
+  
+</li>
+        
+          <li class="md-nav__item">
+  <a href="#static-method-invocation" class="md-nav__link">
+    <span class="md-ellipsis">
+      Static Method Invocation
+    </span>
+  </a>
+  
+</li>
+        
+      </ul>
+    </nav>
+  
+</li>
+      
+        <li class="md-nav__item">
+  <a href="#array" class="md-nav__link">
+    <span class="md-ellipsis">
+      Array
+    </span>
+  </a>
+  
+</li>
+      
+        <li class="md-nav__item">
+  <a href="#array-declaration" class="md-nav__link">
+    <span class="md-ellipsis">
+      Array Declaration
+    </span>
+  </a>
+  
+</li>
+      
+        <li class="md-nav__item">
+  <a href="#array-creation-by-initialization" class="md-nav__link">
+    <span class="md-ellipsis">
+      Array Creation by Initialization
+    </span>
+  </a>
+  
+    <nav class="md-nav" aria-label="Array Creation by Initialization">
+      <ul class="md-nav__list">
+        
+          <li class="md-nav__item">
+  <a href="#arrays-as-method-parameters" class="md-nav__link">
+    <span class="md-ellipsis">
+      Arrays as method parameters
+    </span>
+  </a>
+  
+</li>
+        
+          <li class="md-nav__item">
+  <a href="#equality-of-arrays" class="md-nav__link">
+    <span class="md-ellipsis">
+      Equality of Arrays
+    </span>
+  </a>
+  
+</li>
+        
+          <li class="md-nav__item">
+  <a href="#methods-returning-arrays" class="md-nav__link">
+    <span class="md-ellipsis">
+      Methods returning Arrays
+    </span>
+  </a>
+  
+</li>
+        
+      </ul>
+    </nav>
+  
+</li>
+      
+        <li class="md-nav__item">
+  <a href="#variable-numbers-of-parameters-in-a-method" class="md-nav__link">
+    <span class="md-ellipsis">
+      Variable numbers of parameters in a method
+    </span>
+  </a>
+  
+    <nav class="md-nav" aria-label="Variable numbers of parameters in a method">
+      <ul class="md-nav__list">
+        
+          <li class="md-nav__item">
+  <a href="#multi-dimensional-arrays" class="md-nav__link">
+    <span class="md-ellipsis">
+      Multi-Dimensional Arrays
+    </span>
+  </a>
+  
+</li>
+        
+          <li class="md-nav__item">
+  <a href="#multi-dimensional-arrays-as-parameters" class="md-nav__link">
+    <span class="md-ellipsis">
+      Multi-Dimensional Arrays as parameters
+    </span>
+  </a>
+  
+</li>
+        
+          <li class="md-nav__item">
+  <a href="#methods-returning-multi-dimensional-arrays" class="md-nav__link">
+    <span class="md-ellipsis">
+      Methods returning multi-dimensional arrays
+    </span>
+  </a>
+  
+</li>
+        
+          <li class="md-nav__item">
+  <a href="#array-length-of-multi-dimensional-arrays" class="md-nav__link">
+    <span class="md-ellipsis">
+      Array Length of multi-dimensional arrays
+    </span>
+  </a>
+  
+</li>
+        
+          <li class="md-nav__item">
+  <a href="#irregular-table-visualization" class="md-nav__link">
+    <span class="md-ellipsis">
+      Irregular Table Visualization
+    </span>
+  </a>
+  
+</li>
+        
+      </ul>
+    </nav>
+  
+</li>
+      
+        <li class="md-nav__item">
+  <a href="#recursion-guidelines" class="md-nav__link">
+    <span class="md-ellipsis">
+      Recursion Guidelines
+    </span>
+  </a>
+  
+</li>
+      
+        <li class="md-nav__item">
+  <a href="#exception-handling" class="md-nav__link">
+    <span class="md-ellipsis">
+      Exception Handling
+    </span>
+  </a>
+  
+    <nav class="md-nav" aria-label="Exception Handling">
+      <ul class="md-nav__list">
+        
+          <li class="md-nav__item">
+  <a href="#try-catch-finally" class="md-nav__link">
+    <span class="md-ellipsis">
+      Try-Catch-Finally
+    </span>
+  </a>
+  
+</li>
+        
+          <li class="md-nav__item">
+  <a href="#try-with-resources" class="md-nav__link">
+    <span class="md-ellipsis">
+      Try with Resources
+    </span>
+  </a>
+  
+</li>
+        
+          <li class="md-nav__item">
+  <a href="#throw-throws" class="md-nav__link">
+    <span class="md-ellipsis">
+      Throw &amp; Throws
+    </span>
+  </a>
+  
+</li>
+        
+          <li class="md-nav__item">
+  <a href="#defining-personalized-exceptions" class="md-nav__link">
+    <span class="md-ellipsis">
+      Defining Personalized Exceptions
+    </span>
+  </a>
+  
+</li>
+        
+      </ul>
+    </nav>
+  
+</li>
+      
+        <li class="md-nav__item">
+  <a href="#object-oriented-programming" class="md-nav__link">
+    <span class="md-ellipsis">
+      Object Oriented Programming
+    </span>
+  </a>
+  
+    <nav class="md-nav" aria-label="Object Oriented Programming">
+      <ul class="md-nav__list">
+        
+          <li class="md-nav__item">
+  <a href="#access-modifiers" class="md-nav__link">
+    <span class="md-ellipsis">
+      Access Modifiers
+    </span>
+  </a>
+  
+</li>
+        
+          <li class="md-nav__item">
+  <a href="#instance-method-definition" class="md-nav__link">
+    <span class="md-ellipsis">
+      Instance Method Definition
+    </span>
+  </a>
+  
+</li>
+        
+          <li class="md-nav__item">
+  <a href="#void-instance-method" class="md-nav__link">
+    <span class="md-ellipsis">
+      Void Instance Method
+    </span>
+  </a>
+  
+</li>
+        
+          <li class="md-nav__item">
+  <a href="#class-definition" class="md-nav__link">
+    <span class="md-ellipsis">
+      Class Definition
+    </span>
+  </a>
+  
+</li>
+        
+          <li class="md-nav__item">
+  <a href="#this-identifier" class="md-nav__link">
+    <span class="md-ellipsis">
+      This identifier
+    </span>
+  </a>
+  
+</li>
+        
+          <li class="md-nav__item">
+  <a href="#classes-and-reference-addresses" class="md-nav__link">
+    <span class="md-ellipsis">
+      Classes and Reference Addresses
+    </span>
+  </a>
+  
+</li>
+        
+          <li class="md-nav__item">
+  <a href="#constructors" class="md-nav__link">
+    <span class="md-ellipsis">
+      Constructors
+    </span>
+  </a>
+  
+</li>
+        
+          <li class="md-nav__item">
+  <a href="#static-variables" class="md-nav__link">
+    <span class="md-ellipsis">
+      Static Variables
+    </span>
+  </a>
+  
+</li>
+        
+          <li class="md-nav__item">
+  <a href="#getters-setter-methods" class="md-nav__link">
+    <span class="md-ellipsis">
+      Getters &amp; Setter Methods
+    </span>
+  </a>
+  
+</li>
+        
+          <li class="md-nav__item">
+  <a href="#tostring-method" class="md-nav__link">
+    <span class="md-ellipsis">
+      ToString() Method
+    </span>
+  </a>
+  
+</li>
+        
+          <li class="md-nav__item">
+  <a href="#static-methods-in-classes" class="md-nav__link">
+    <span class="md-ellipsis">
+      Static Methods in Classes
+    </span>
+  </a>
+  
+</li>
+        
+          <li class="md-nav__item">
+  <a href="#method-overloading" class="md-nav__link">
+    <span class="md-ellipsis">
+      Method Overloading
+    </span>
+  </a>
+  
+</li>
+        
+          <li class="md-nav__item">
+  <a href="#inheritance-method-overriding" class="md-nav__link">
+    <span class="md-ellipsis">
+      Inheritance &amp; Method Overriding
+    </span>
+  </a>
+  
+</li>
+        
+          <li class="md-nav__item">
+  <a href="#abstract-classes-abstract-methods" class="md-nav__link">
+    <span class="md-ellipsis">
+      Abstract Classes &amp; Abstract Methods
+    </span>
+  </a>
+  
+</li>
+        
+          <li class="md-nav__item">
+  <a href="#interfaces" class="md-nav__link">
+    <span class="md-ellipsis">
+      Interfaces
+    </span>
+  </a>
+  
+</li>
+        
+          <li class="md-nav__item">
+  <a href="#enumerations" class="md-nav__link">
+    <span class="md-ellipsis">
+      Enumerations
+    </span>
+  </a>
+  
+</li>
+        
+          <li class="md-nav__item">
+  <a href="#anonymous-classes" class="md-nav__link">
+    <span class="md-ellipsis">
+      Anonymous Classes
+    </span>
+  </a>
+  
+</li>
+        
+          <li class="md-nav__item">
+  <a href="#cloning" class="md-nav__link">
+    <span class="md-ellipsis">
+      Cloning
+    </span>
+  </a>
+  
+</li>
+        
+      </ul>
+    </nav>
+  
+</li>
+      
+        <li class="md-nav__item">
+  <a href="#generics" class="md-nav__link">
+    <span class="md-ellipsis">
+      Generics
+    </span>
+  </a>
+  
+    <nav class="md-nav" aria-label="Generics">
+      <ul class="md-nav__list">
+        
+          <li class="md-nav__item">
+  <a href="#multiple-generics" class="md-nav__link">
+    <span class="md-ellipsis">
+      Multiple Generics
+    </span>
+  </a>
+  
+</li>
+        
+          <li class="md-nav__item">
+  <a href="#parameters-constraints" class="md-nav__link">
+    <span class="md-ellipsis">
+      Parameters Constraints
+    </span>
+  </a>
+  
+</li>
+        
+          <li class="md-nav__item">
+  <a href="#generic-methods" class="md-nav__link">
+    <span class="md-ellipsis">
+      Generic Methods
+    </span>
+  </a>
+  
+</li>
+        
+      </ul>
+    </nav>
+  
+</li>
+      
+        <li class="md-nav__item">
+  <a href="#file-io" class="md-nav__link">
+    <span class="md-ellipsis">
+      File I/O
+    </span>
+  </a>
+  
+    <nav class="md-nav" aria-label="File I/O">
+      <ul class="md-nav__list">
+        
+          <li class="md-nav__item">
+  <a href="#text-files" class="md-nav__link">
+    <span class="md-ellipsis">
+      Text Files
+    </span>
+  </a>
+  
+    <nav class="md-nav" aria-label="Text Files">
+      <ul class="md-nav__list">
+        
+          <li class="md-nav__item">
+  <a href="#writing-on-a-file" class="md-nav__link">
+    <span class="md-ellipsis">
+      Writing on a file
+    </span>
+  </a>
+  
+</li>
+        
+          <li class="md-nav__item">
+  <a href="#reading-from-a-file" class="md-nav__link">
+    <span class="md-ellipsis">
+      Reading from a file
+    </span>
+  </a>
+  
+</li>
+        
+          <li class="md-nav__item">
+  <a href="#file-class" class="md-nav__link">
+    <span class="md-ellipsis">
+      File() class
+    </span>
+  </a>
+  
+</li>
+        
+      </ul>
+    </nav>
+  
+</li>
+        
+          <li class="md-nav__item">
+  <a href="#binary-files" class="md-nav__link">
+    <span class="md-ellipsis">
+      Binary Files
+    </span>
+  </a>
+  
+    <nav class="md-nav" aria-label="Binary Files">
+      <ul class="md-nav__list">
+        
+          <li class="md-nav__item">
+  <a href="#writing-to-a-binary-file" class="md-nav__link">
+    <span class="md-ellipsis">
+      Writing to a binary file
+    </span>
+  </a>
+  
+</li>
+        
+          <li class="md-nav__item">
+  <a href="#reading-from-a-binary-file" class="md-nav__link">
+    <span class="md-ellipsis">
+      Reading from a binary file
+    </span>
+  </a>
+  
+</li>
+        
+      </ul>
+    </nav>
+  
+</li>
+        
+          <li class="md-nav__item">
+  <a href="#object-array-io-with-binary-files-serialization" class="md-nav__link">
+    <span class="md-ellipsis">
+      Object &amp; Array I/O with Binary Files (Serialization)
+    </span>
+  </a>
+  
+</li>
+        
+      </ul>
+    </nav>
+  
+</li>
+      
+        <li class="md-nav__item">
+  <a href="#functional-programming-in-java" class="md-nav__link">
+    <span class="md-ellipsis">
+      Functional Programming in Java
+    </span>
+  </a>
+  
+    <nav class="md-nav" aria-label="Functional Programming in Java">
+      <ul class="md-nav__list">
+        
+          <li class="md-nav__item">
+  <a href="#functional-interfaces" class="md-nav__link">
+    <span class="md-ellipsis">
+      Functional Interfaces
+    </span>
+  </a>
+  
+</li>
+        
+          <li class="md-nav__item">
+  <a href="#streams" class="md-nav__link">
+    <span class="md-ellipsis">
+      Streams
+    </span>
+  </a>
+  
+</li>
+        
+          <li class="md-nav__item">
+  <a href="#lambda-expressions" class="md-nav__link">
+    <span class="md-ellipsis">
+      Lambda Expressions
+    </span>
+  </a>
+  
+</li>
+        
+      </ul>
+    </nav>
+  
+</li>
+      
+    </ul>
+  
+</nav>
+      
+    </li>
+  
+
+              
+            
+              
+                
+  
+  
+  
+  
+    <li class="md-nav__item">
+      <a href="java-collection-framework.html" class="md-nav__link">
+        
+  
+  <span class="md-ellipsis">
+    Java Collection Framework
+  </span>
+  
+
+      </a>
+    </li>
+  
+
+              
+            
+              
+                
+  
+  
+  
+  
+    <li class="md-nav__item">
+      <a href="dao.html" class="md-nav__link">
+        
+  
+  <span class="md-ellipsis">
+    DAO
+  </span>
+  
+
+      </a>
+    </li>
+  
+
+              
+            
+              
+                
+  
+  
+  
+  
+    
+    
+      
+        
+      
+        
+      
+    
+    
+      
+      
+        
+      
+    
+    
+    <li class="md-nav__item md-nav__item--nested">
+      
+        
+        
+        <input class="md-nav__toggle md-toggle " type="checkbox" id="__nav_4_10_4" >
+        
+          
+          <label class="md-nav__link" for="__nav_4_10_4" id="__nav_4_10_4_label" tabindex="0">
+            
+  
+  <span class="md-ellipsis">
+    Web
+  </span>
+  
+
+            <span class="md-nav__icon md-icon"></span>
+          </label>
+        
+        <nav class="md-nav" data-md-level="3" aria-labelledby="__nav_4_10_4_label" aria-expanded="false">
+          <label class="md-nav__title" for="__nav_4_10_4">
+            <span class="md-nav__icon md-icon"></span>
+            Web
+          </label>
+          <ul class="md-nav__list" data-md-scrollfix>
+            
+              
+                
+  
+  
+  
+  
+    <li class="md-nav__item">
+      <a href="web/servlet.html" class="md-nav__link">
+        
+  
+  <span class="md-ellipsis">
+    Serverlet
+  </span>
+  
+
+      </a>
+    </li>
+  
+
+              
+            
+              
+                
+  
+  
+  
+  
+    
+    
+      
+        
+      
+        
+      
+    
+    
+      
+      
+        
+      
+    
+    
+    <li class="md-nav__item md-nav__item--nested">
+      
+        
+        
+        <input class="md-nav__toggle md-toggle " type="checkbox" id="__nav_4_10_4_2" >
+        
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+          <label class="md-nav__link" for="__nav_4_10_4_2" id="__nav_4_10_4_2_label" tabindex="0">
+            
+  
+  <span class="md-ellipsis">
+    Spring
+  </span>
+  
+
+            <span class="md-nav__icon md-icon"></span>
+          </label>
+        
+        <nav class="md-nav" data-md-level="4" aria-labelledby="__nav_4_10_4_2_label" aria-expanded="false">
+          <label class="md-nav__title" for="__nav_4_10_4_2">
+            <span class="md-nav__icon md-icon"></span>
+            Spring
+          </label>
+          <ul class="md-nav__list" data-md-scrollfix>
+            
+              
+                
+  
+  
+  
+  
+    <li class="md-nav__item">
+      <a href="spring/pom.xml.html" class="md-nav__link">
+        
+  
+  <span class="md-ellipsis">
+    POM
+  </span>
+  
+
+      </a>
+    </li>
+  
+
+              
+            
+              
+                
+  
+  
+  
+  
+    <li class="md-nav__item">
+      <a href="spring/spring-project.html" class="md-nav__link">
+        
+  
+  <span class="md-ellipsis">
+    Project Structure
+  </span>
+  
+
+      </a>
+    </li>
+  
+
+              
+            
+          </ul>
+        </nav>
+      
+    </li>
+  
+
+              
+            
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+        </nav>
+      
+    </li>
+  
+
+              
+            
+          </ul>
+        </nav>
+      
+    </li>
+  
+
+              
+            
+              
+                
+  
+  
+  
+  
+    
+    
+      
+        
+      
+        
+      
+        
+      
+        
+      
+        
+      
+        
+      
+        
+      
+        
+      
+        
+      
+    
+    
+      
+      
+        
+          
+          
+        
+      
+    
+    
+    <li class="md-nav__item md-nav__item--section md-nav__item--nested">
+      
+        
+        
+        <input class="md-nav__toggle md-toggle " type="checkbox" id="__nav_4_11" >
+        
+          
+          <label class="md-nav__link" for="__nav_4_11" id="__nav_4_11_label" tabindex="">
+            
+  
+  <span class="md-ellipsis">
+    PHP
+  </span>
+  
+
+            <span class="md-nav__icon md-icon"></span>
+          </label>
+        
+        <nav class="md-nav" data-md-level="2" aria-labelledby="__nav_4_11_label" aria-expanded="false">
+          <label class="md-nav__title" for="__nav_4_11">
+            <span class="md-nav__icon md-icon"></span>
+            PHP
+          </label>
+          <ul class="md-nav__list" data-md-scrollfix>
+            
+              
+                
+  
+  
+  
+  
+    <li class="md-nav__item">
+      <a href="../php/php.html" class="md-nav__link">
+        
+  
+  <span class="md-ellipsis">
+    PHP
+  </span>
+  
+
+      </a>
+    </li>
+  
+
+              
+            
+              
+                
+  
+  
+  
+  
+    <li class="md-nav__item">
+      <a href="../php/database.html" class="md-nav__link">
+        
+  
+  <span class="md-ellipsis">
+    Database
+  </span>
+  
+
+      </a>
+    </li>
+  
+
+              
+            
+              
+                
+  
+  
+  
+  
+    <li class="md-nav__item">
+      <a href="../php/web.html" class="md-nav__link">
+        
+  
+  <span class="md-ellipsis">
+    Web
+  </span>
+  
+
+      </a>
+    </li>
+  
+
+              
+            
+              
+                
+  
+  
+  
+  
+    <li class="md-nav__item">
+      <a href="../php/dependency-injection.html" class="md-nav__link">
+        
+  
+  <span class="md-ellipsis">
+    Dependency Injection
+  </span>
+  
+
+      </a>
+    </li>
+  
+
+              
+            
+              
+                
+  
+  
+  
+  
+    <li class="md-nav__item">
+      <a href="../php/unit-tests.html" class="md-nav__link">
+        
+  
+  <span class="md-ellipsis">
+    Unit Tests
+  </span>
+  
+
+      </a>
+    </li>
+  
+
+              
+            
+              
+                
+  
+  
+  
+  
+    <li class="md-nav__item">
+      <a href="../php/composer.html" class="md-nav__link">
+        
+  
+  <span class="md-ellipsis">
+    Composer
+  </span>
+  
+
+      </a>
+    </li>
+  
+
+              
+            
+              
+                
+  
+  
+  
+  
+    <li class="md-nav__item">
+      <a href="../php/psr-7.html" class="md-nav__link">
+        
+  
+  <span class="md-ellipsis">
+    PSR 7
+  </span>
+  
+
+      </a>
+    </li>
+  
+
+              
+            
+              
+                
+  
+  
+  
+  
+    <li class="md-nav__item">
+      <a href="../php/plates-templating.html" class="md-nav__link">
+        
+  
+  <span class="md-ellipsis">
+    Plates
+  </span>
+  
+
+      </a>
+    </li>
+  
+
+              
+            
+              
+                
+  
+  
+  
+  
+    
+    
+      
+        
+      
+        
+      
+    
+    
+      
+      
+        
+      
+    
+    
+    <li class="md-nav__item md-nav__item--nested">
+      
+        
+        
+        <input class="md-nav__toggle md-toggle " type="checkbox" id="__nav_4_11_9" >
+        
+          
+          <label class="md-nav__link" for="__nav_4_11_9" id="__nav_4_11_9_label" tabindex="0">
+            
+  
+  <span class="md-ellipsis">
+    Simple MVC
+  </span>
+  
+
+            <span class="md-nav__icon md-icon"></span>
+          </label>
+        
+        <nav class="md-nav" data-md-level="3" aria-labelledby="__nav_4_11_9_label" aria-expanded="false">
+          <label class="md-nav__title" for="__nav_4_11_9">
+            <span class="md-nav__icon md-icon"></span>
+            Simple MVC
+          </label>
+          <ul class="md-nav__list" data-md-scrollfix>
+            
+              
+                
+  
+  
+  
+  
+    <li class="md-nav__item">
+      <a href="../php/simple-mvc/simple-mvc.html" class="md-nav__link">
+        
+  
+  <span class="md-ellipsis">
+    Simple MVC
+  </span>
+  
+
+      </a>
+    </li>
+  
+
+              
+            
+              
+                
+  
+  
+  
+  
+    <li class="md-nav__item">
+      <a href="../php/simple-mvc/rest-api.html" class="md-nav__link">
+        
+  
+  <span class="md-ellipsis">
+    REST API
+  </span>
+  
+
+      </a>
+    </li>
+  
+
+              
+            
+          </ul>
+        </nav>
+      
+    </li>
+  
+
+              
+            
+          </ul>
+        </nav>
+      
+    </li>
+  
+
+              
+            
+              
+                
+  
+  
+  
+  
+    
+    
+      
+        
+      
+        
+      
+        
+      
+        
+      
+        
+      
+    
+    
+      
+      
+        
+          
+          
+        
+      
+    
+    
+    <li class="md-nav__item md-nav__item--section md-nav__item--nested">
+      
+        
+        
+        <input class="md-nav__toggle md-toggle " type="checkbox" id="__nav_4_12" >
+        
+          
+          <label class="md-nav__link" for="__nav_4_12" id="__nav_4_12_label" tabindex="">
+            
+  
+  <span class="md-ellipsis">
+    Rust
+  </span>
+  
+
+            <span class="md-nav__icon md-icon"></span>
+          </label>
+        
+        <nav class="md-nav" data-md-level="2" aria-labelledby="__nav_4_12_label" aria-expanded="false">
+          <label class="md-nav__title" for="__nav_4_12">
+            <span class="md-nav__icon md-icon"></span>
+            Rust
+          </label>
+          <ul class="md-nav__list" data-md-scrollfix>
+            
+              
+                
+  
+  
+  
+  
+    <li class="md-nav__item">
+      <a href="../rust/rust.html" class="md-nav__link">
+        
+  
+  <span class="md-ellipsis">
+    Rust
+  </span>
+  
+
+      </a>
+    </li>
+  
+
+              
+            
+              
+                
+  
+  
+  
+  
+    <li class="md-nav__item">
+      <a href="../rust/macros.html" class="md-nav__link">
+        
+  
+  <span class="md-ellipsis">
+    Macros
+  </span>
+  
+
+      </a>
+    </li>
+  
+
+              
+            
+              
+                
+  
+  
+  
+  
+    <li class="md-nav__item">
+      <a href="../rust/cargo.html" class="md-nav__link">
+        
+  
+  <span class="md-ellipsis">
+    Cargo
+  </span>
+  
+
+      </a>
+    </li>
+  
+
+              
+            
+              
+                
+  
+  
+  
+  
+    <li class="md-nav__item">
+      <a href="../rust/concurrency.html" class="md-nav__link">
+        
+  
+  <span class="md-ellipsis">
+    Concurrency
+  </span>
+  
+
+      </a>
+    </li>
+  
+
+              
+            
+              
+                
+  
+  
+  
+  
+    <li class="md-nav__item">
+      <a href="../rust/unit-tests.html" class="md-nav__link">
+        
+  
+  <span class="md-ellipsis">
+    Unit Tests
+  </span>
+  
+
+      </a>
+    </li>
+  
+
+              
+            
+          </ul>
+        </nav>
+      
+    </li>
+  
+
+              
+            
+              
+                
+  
+  
+  
+  
+    
+    
+      
+        
+      
+        
+      
+        
+      
+        
+      
+        
+      
+        
+      
+        
+      
+    
+    
+      
+      
+        
+          
+          
+        
+      
+    
+    
+    <li class="md-nav__item md-nav__item--section md-nav__item--nested">
+      
+        
+        
+        <input class="md-nav__toggle md-toggle " type="checkbox" id="__nav_4_13" >
+        
+          
+          <label class="md-nav__link" for="__nav_4_13" id="__nav_4_13_label" tabindex="">
+            
+  
+  <span class="md-ellipsis">
+    Javascript
+  </span>
+  
+
+            <span class="md-nav__icon md-icon"></span>
+          </label>
+        
+        <nav class="md-nav" data-md-level="2" aria-labelledby="__nav_4_13_label" aria-expanded="false">
+          <label class="md-nav__title" for="__nav_4_13">
+            <span class="md-nav__icon md-icon"></span>
+            Javascript
+          </label>
+          <ul class="md-nav__list" data-md-scrollfix>
+            
+              
+                
+  
+  
+  
+  
+    <li class="md-nav__item">
+      <a href="../javascript/javascript.html" class="md-nav__link">
+        
+  
+  <span class="md-ellipsis">
+    Javascript
+  </span>
+  
+
+      </a>
+    </li>
+  
+
+              
+            
+              
+                
+  
+  
+  
+  
+    <li class="md-nav__item">
+      <a href="../javascript/dom.html" class="md-nav__link">
+        
+  
+  <span class="md-ellipsis">
+    DOM
+  </span>
+  
+
+      </a>
+    </li>
+  
+
+              
+            
+              
+                
+  
+  
+  
+  
+    <li class="md-nav__item">
+      <a href="../javascript/events-animation.html" class="md-nav__link">
+        
+  
+  <span class="md-ellipsis">
+    Events & Animation
+  </span>
+  
+
+      </a>
+    </li>
+  
+
+              
+            
+              
+                
+  
+  
+  
+  
+    <li class="md-nav__item">
+      <a href="../javascript/ajax.html" class="md-nav__link">
+        
+  
+  <span class="md-ellipsis">
+    AJAX
+  </span>
+  
+
+      </a>
+    </li>
+  
+
+              
+            
+              
+                
+  
+  
+  
+  
+    <li class="md-nav__item">
+      <a href="../javascript/jquery.html" class="md-nav__link">
+        
+  
+  <span class="md-ellipsis">
+    jQuery
+  </span>
+  
+
+      </a>
+    </li>
+  
+
+              
+            
+              
+                
+  
+  
+  
+  
+    
+    
+      
+        
+      
+        
+      
+        
+      
+        
+      
+        
+      
+    
+    
+      
+      
+        
+      
+    
+    
+    <li class="md-nav__item md-nav__item--nested">
+      
+        
+        
+        <input class="md-nav__toggle md-toggle " type="checkbox" id="__nav_4_13_6" >
+        
+          
+          <label class="md-nav__link" for="__nav_4_13_6" id="__nav_4_13_6_label" tabindex="0">
+            
+  
+  <span class="md-ellipsis">
+    React
+  </span>
+  
+
+            <span class="md-nav__icon md-icon"></span>
+          </label>
+        
+        <nav class="md-nav" data-md-level="3" aria-labelledby="__nav_4_13_6_label" aria-expanded="false">
+          <label class="md-nav__title" for="__nav_4_13_6">
+            <span class="md-nav__icon md-icon"></span>
+            React
+          </label>
+          <ul class="md-nav__list" data-md-scrollfix>
+            
+              
+                
+  
+  
+  
+  
+    <li class="md-nav__item">
+      <a href="../javascript/react/react.html" class="md-nav__link">
+        
+  
+  <span class="md-ellipsis">
+    React
+  </span>
+  
+
+      </a>
+    </li>
+  
+
+              
+            
+              
+                
+  
+  
+  
+  
+    <li class="md-nav__item">
+      <a href="../javascript/react/react-router.html" class="md-nav__link">
+        
+  
+  <span class="md-ellipsis">
+    React Router
+  </span>
+  
+
+      </a>
+    </li>
+  
+
+              
+            
+              
+                
+  
+  
+  
+  
+    <li class="md-nav__item">
+      <a href="../javascript/react/react-tests.html" class="md-nav__link">
+        
+  
+  <span class="md-ellipsis">
+    React Tests
+  </span>
+  
+
+      </a>
+    </li>
+  
+
+              
+            
+              
+                
+  
+  
+  
+  
+    <li class="md-nav__item">
+      <a href="../javascript/react/redux.html" class="md-nav__link">
+        
+  
+  <span class="md-ellipsis">
+    Redux
+  </span>
+  
+
+      </a>
+    </li>
+  
+
+              
+            
+              
+                
+  
+  
+  
+  
+    <li class="md-nav__item">
+      <a href="../javascript/react/redux-tests.html" class="md-nav__link">
+        
+  
+  <span class="md-ellipsis">
+    Redux Tests
+  </span>
+  
+
+      </a>
+    </li>
+  
+
+              
+            
+          </ul>
+        </nav>
+      
+    </li>
+  
+
+              
+            
+              
+                
+  
+  
+  
+  
+    <li class="md-nav__item">
+      <a href="../javascript/svelte/svelte.html" class="md-nav__link">
+        
+  
+  <span class="md-ellipsis">
+    Svelte
+  </span>
+  
+
+      </a>
+    </li>
+  
+
+              
+            
+          </ul>
+        </nav>
+      
+    </li>
+  
+
+              
+            
+              
+                
+  
+  
+  
+  
+    
+    
+      
+        
+      
+        
+      
+    
+    
+      
+      
+        
+          
+          
+        
+      
+    
+    
+    <li class="md-nav__item md-nav__item--section md-nav__item--nested">
+      
+        
+        
+        <input class="md-nav__toggle md-toggle " type="checkbox" id="__nav_4_14" >
+        
+          
+          <label class="md-nav__link" for="__nav_4_14" id="__nav_4_14_label" tabindex="">
+            
+  
+  <span class="md-ellipsis">
+    PowerShell
+  </span>
+  
+
+            <span class="md-nav__icon md-icon"></span>
+          </label>
+        
+        <nav class="md-nav" data-md-level="2" aria-labelledby="__nav_4_14_label" aria-expanded="false">
+          <label class="md-nav__title" for="__nav_4_14">
+            <span class="md-nav__icon md-icon"></span>
+            PowerShell
+          </label>
+          <ul class="md-nav__list" data-md-scrollfix>
+            
+              
+                
+  
+  
+  
+  
+    <li class="md-nav__item">
+      <a href="../powershell/scripting.html" class="md-nav__link">
+        
+  
+  <span class="md-ellipsis">
+    Scripting
+  </span>
+  
+
+      </a>
+    </li>
+  
+
+              
+            
+              
+                
+  
+  
+  
+  
+    <li class="md-nav__item">
+      <a href="../powershell/commands.html" class="md-nav__link">
+        
+  
+  <span class="md-ellipsis">
+    Commands
+  </span>
+  
+
+      </a>
+    </li>
+  
+
+              
+            
+          </ul>
+        </nav>
+      
+    </li>
+  
+
+              
+            
+              
+                
+  
+  
+  
+  
+    
+    
+      
+        
+      
+        
+      
+    
+    
+      
+      
+        
+          
+          
+        
+      
+    
+    
+    <li class="md-nav__item md-nav__item--section md-nav__item--nested">
+      
+        
+        
+        <input class="md-nav__toggle md-toggle " type="checkbox" id="__nav_4_15" >
+        
+          
+          <label class="md-nav__link" for="__nav_4_15" id="__nav_4_15_label" tabindex="">
+            
+  
+  <span class="md-ellipsis">
+    Bash
+  </span>
+  
+
+            <span class="md-nav__icon md-icon"></span>
+          </label>
+        
+        <nav class="md-nav" data-md-level="2" aria-labelledby="__nav_4_15_label" aria-expanded="false">
+          <label class="md-nav__title" for="__nav_4_15">
+            <span class="md-nav__icon md-icon"></span>
+            Bash
+          </label>
+          <ul class="md-nav__list" data-md-scrollfix>
+            
+              
+                
+  
+  
+  
+  
+    <li class="md-nav__item">
+      <a href="../bash/scripting.html" class="md-nav__link">
+        
+  
+  <span class="md-ellipsis">
+    Scripting
+  </span>
+  
+
+      </a>
+    </li>
+  
+
+              
+            
+              
+                
+  
+  
+  
+  
+    <li class="md-nav__item">
+      <a href="../bash/commands.html" class="md-nav__link">
+        
+  
+  <span class="md-ellipsis">
+    Commands
+  </span>
+  
+
+      </a>
+    </li>
+  
+
+              
+            
+          </ul>
+        </nav>
+      
+    </li>
+  
+
+              
+            
+          </ul>
+        </nav>
+      
+    </li>
+  
+
+    
+      
+      
+  
+  
+  
+  
+    
+    
+      
+        
+      
+        
+      
+        
+      
+        
+      
+        
+      
+    
+    
+      
+      
+        
+      
+    
+    
+    <li class="md-nav__item md-nav__item--nested">
+      
+        
+        
+        <input class="md-nav__toggle md-toggle " type="checkbox" id="__nav_5" >
+        
+          
+          <label class="md-nav__link" for="__nav_5" id="__nav_5_label" tabindex="0">
+            
+  
+  <span class="md-ellipsis">
+    Misc
+  </span>
+  
+
+            <span class="md-nav__icon md-icon"></span>
+          </label>
+        
+        <nav class="md-nav" data-md-level="1" aria-labelledby="__nav_5_label" aria-expanded="false">
+          <label class="md-nav__title" for="__nav_5">
+            <span class="md-nav__icon md-icon"></span>
+            Misc
+          </label>
+          <ul class="md-nav__list" data-md-scrollfix>
+            
+              
+                
+  
+  
+  
+  
+    <li class="md-nav__item">
+      <a href="../../misc/git.html" class="md-nav__link">
+        
+  
+  <span class="md-ellipsis">
+    Git
+  </span>
+  
+
+      </a>
+    </li>
+  
+
+              
+            
+              
+                
+  
+  
+  
+  
+    <li class="md-nav__item">
+      <a href="../../misc/graph-ql.html" class="md-nav__link">
+        
+  
+  <span class="md-ellipsis">
+    GraphQL
+  </span>
+  
+
+      </a>
+    </li>
+  
+
+              
+            
+              
+                
+  
+  
+  
+  
+    <li class="md-nav__item">
+      <a href="../../misc/regular-expressions.html" class="md-nav__link">
+        
+  
+  <span class="md-ellipsis">
+    RegEx
+  </span>
+  
+
+      </a>
+    </li>
+  
+
+              
+            
+              
+                
+  
+  
+  
+  
+    <li class="md-nav__item">
+      <a href="../../misc/ssh.html" class="md-nav__link">
+        
+  
+  <span class="md-ellipsis">
+    SSH
+  </span>
+  
+
+      </a>
+    </li>
+  
+
+              
+            
+              
+                
+  
+  
+  
+  
+    <li class="md-nav__item">
+      <a href="../../misc/web-components.html" class="md-nav__link">
+        
+  
+  <span class="md-ellipsis">
+    WebComponents
+  </span>
+  
+
+      </a>
+    </li>
+  
+
+              
+            
+          </ul>
+        </nav>
+      
+    </li>
+  
+
+    
+      
+      
+  
+  
+  
+  
+    
+    
+      
+        
+      
+        
+      
+    
+    
+      
+      
+        
+      
+    
+    
+    <li class="md-nav__item md-nav__item--nested">
+      
+        
+        
+        <input class="md-nav__toggle md-toggle " type="checkbox" id="__nav_6" >
+        
+          
+          <label class="md-nav__link" for="__nav_6" id="__nav_6_label" tabindex="0">
+            
+  
+  <span class="md-ellipsis">
+    Linux
+  </span>
+  
+
+            <span class="md-nav__icon md-icon"></span>
+          </label>
+        
+        <nav class="md-nav" data-md-level="1" aria-labelledby="__nav_6_label" aria-expanded="false">
+          <label class="md-nav__title" for="__nav_6">
+            <span class="md-nav__icon md-icon"></span>
+            Linux
+          </label>
+          <ul class="md-nav__list" data-md-scrollfix>
+            
+              
+                
+  
+  
+  
+  
+    
+    
+      
+        
+      
+        
+      
+        
+      
+    
+    
+      
+      
+        
+      
+    
+    
+    <li class="md-nav__item md-nav__item--nested">
+      
+        
+        
+        <input class="md-nav__toggle md-toggle " type="checkbox" id="__nav_6_1" >
+        
+          
+          <label class="md-nav__link" for="__nav_6_1" id="__nav_6_1_label" tabindex="0">
+            
+  
+  <span class="md-ellipsis">
+    Filesystem
+  </span>
+  
+
+            <span class="md-nav__icon md-icon"></span>
+          </label>
+        
+        <nav class="md-nav" data-md-level="2" aria-labelledby="__nav_6_1_label" aria-expanded="false">
+          <label class="md-nav__title" for="__nav_6_1">
+            <span class="md-nav__icon md-icon"></span>
+            Filesystem
+          </label>
+          <ul class="md-nav__list" data-md-scrollfix>
+            
+              
+                
+  
+  
+  
+  
+    <li class="md-nav__item">
+      <a href="../../linux/filesystem/file-links.html" class="md-nav__link">
+        
+  
+  <span class="md-ellipsis">
+    File Links
+  </span>
+  
+
+      </a>
+    </li>
+  
+
+              
+            
+              
+                
+  
+  
+  
+  
+    <li class="md-nav__item">
+      <a href="../../linux/filesystem/procfs.html" class="md-nav__link">
+        
+  
+  <span class="md-ellipsis">
+    /proc
+  </span>
+  
+
+      </a>
+    </li>
+  
+
+              
+            
+              
+                
+  
+  
+  
+  
+    <li class="md-nav__item">
+      <a href="../../linux/filesystem/sysfs.html" class="md-nav__link">
+        
+  
+  <span class="md-ellipsis">
+    /sys
+  </span>
+  
+
+      </a>
+    </li>
+  
+
+              
+            
+          </ul>
+        </nav>
+      
+    </li>
+  
+
+              
+            
+              
+                
+  
+  
+  
+  
+    
+    
+      
+        
+      
+        
+      
+    
+    
+      
+      
+        
+      
+    
+    
+    <li class="md-nav__item md-nav__item--nested">
+      
+        
+        
+        <input class="md-nav__toggle md-toggle " type="checkbox" id="__nav_6_2" >
+        
+          
+          <label class="md-nav__link" for="__nav_6_2" id="__nav_6_2_label" tabindex="0">
+            
+  
+  <span class="md-ellipsis">
+    System Init
+  </span>
+  
+
+            <span class="md-nav__icon md-icon"></span>
+          </label>
+        
+        <nav class="md-nav" data-md-level="2" aria-labelledby="__nav_6_2_label" aria-expanded="false">
+          <label class="md-nav__title" for="__nav_6_2">
+            <span class="md-nav__icon md-icon"></span>
+            System Init
+          </label>
+          <ul class="md-nav__list" data-md-scrollfix>
+            
+              
+                
+  
+  
+  
+  
+    <li class="md-nav__item">
+      <a href="../../linux/init/systemd.html" class="md-nav__link">
+        
+  
+  <span class="md-ellipsis">
+    Systemd
+  </span>
+  
+
+      </a>
+    </li>
+  
+
+              
+            
+              
+                
+  
+  
+  
+  
+    <li class="md-nav__item">
+      <a href="../../linux/init/open-rc.html" class="md-nav__link">
+        
+  
+  <span class="md-ellipsis">
+    OpenRC
+  </span>
+  
+
+      </a>
+    </li>
+  
+
+              
+            
+          </ul>
+        </nav>
+      
+    </li>
+  
+
+              
+            
+          </ul>
+        </nav>
+      
+    </li>
+  
+
+    
+  </ul>
+</nav>
+                  </div>
+                </div>
+              </div>
+            
+            
+              
+              <div class="md-sidebar md-sidebar--secondary" data-md-component="sidebar" data-md-type="toc" >
+                <div class="md-sidebar__scrollwrap">
+                  <div class="md-sidebar__inner">
+                    
+
+<nav class="md-nav md-nav--secondary" aria-label="Table of contents">
+  
+  
+  
+    
+  
+  
+    <label class="md-nav__title" for="__toc">
+      <span class="md-nav__icon md-icon"></span>
+      Table of contents
+    </label>
+    <ul class="md-nav__list" data-md-component="toc" data-md-scrollfix>
+      
+        <li class="md-nav__item">
+  <a href="#basics" class="md-nav__link">
+    <span class="md-ellipsis">
+      Basics
+    </span>
+  </a>
+  
+    <nav class="md-nav" aria-label="Basics">
+      <ul class="md-nav__list">
+        
+          <li class="md-nav__item">
+  <a href="#main-method-entry-point-of-algorithm" class="md-nav__link">
+    <span class="md-ellipsis">
+      Main Method (entry point of algorithm)
+    </span>
+  </a>
+  
+</li>
+        
+          <li class="md-nav__item">
+  <a href="#variable-assignment" class="md-nav__link">
+    <span class="md-ellipsis">
+      Variable Assignment
+    </span>
+  </a>
+  
+</li>
+        
+          <li class="md-nav__item">
+  <a href="#constant-definition-outside-of-main-methodfunction" class="md-nav__link">
+    <span class="md-ellipsis">
+      Constant Definition (outside of main method/function)
+    </span>
+  </a>
+  
+</li>
+        
+          <li class="md-nav__item">
+  <a href="#constant-definition-inside-main-methodfunction" class="md-nav__link">
+    <span class="md-ellipsis">
+      Constant Definition (inside main method/function)
+    </span>
+  </a>
+  
+</li>
+        
+          <li class="md-nav__item">
+  <a href="#screen-output" class="md-nav__link">
+    <span class="md-ellipsis">
+      Screen Output
+    </span>
+  </a>
+  
+</li>
+        
+          <li class="md-nav__item">
+  <a href="#output-formatting" class="md-nav__link">
+    <span class="md-ellipsis">
+      Output Formatting
+    </span>
+  </a>
+  
+</li>
+        
+      </ul>
+    </nav>
+  
+</li>
+      
+        <li class="md-nav__item">
+  <a href="#keyboard-input" class="md-nav__link">
+    <span class="md-ellipsis">
+      Keyboard Input
+    </span>
+  </a>
+  
+    <nav class="md-nav" aria-label="Keyboard Input">
+      <ul class="md-nav__list">
+        
+          <li class="md-nav__item">
+  <a href="#primitive-types" class="md-nav__link">
+    <span class="md-ellipsis">
+      Primitive Types
+    </span>
+  </a>
+  
+</li>
+        
+          <li class="md-nav__item">
+  <a href="#floating-point-numbers-precision-calcs" class="md-nav__link">
+    <span class="md-ellipsis">
+      Floating-Point numbers &amp; Precision Calcs
+    </span>
+  </a>
+  
+</li>
+        
+          <li class="md-nav__item">
+  <a href="#type-conversion-casting-type-checking" class="md-nav__link">
+    <span class="md-ellipsis">
+      Type Conversion (casting) &amp; Type checking
+    </span>
+  </a>
+  
+</li>
+        
+          <li class="md-nav__item">
+  <a href="#wrapper-classes" class="md-nav__link">
+    <span class="md-ellipsis">
+      Wrapper Classes
+    </span>
+  </a>
+  
+</li>
+        
+          <li class="md-nav__item">
+  <a href="#string-char" class="md-nav__link">
+    <span class="md-ellipsis">
+      String &amp; Char
+    </span>
+  </a>
+  
+</li>
+        
+          <li class="md-nav__item">
+  <a href="#special-characters" class="md-nav__link">
+    <span class="md-ellipsis">
+      Special Characters
+    </span>
+  </a>
+  
+</li>
+        
+          <li class="md-nav__item">
+  <a href="#string-concatenation" class="md-nav__link">
+    <span class="md-ellipsis">
+      String Concatenation
+    </span>
+  </a>
+  
+</li>
+        
+          <li class="md-nav__item">
+  <a href="#string-conversion-to-number" class="md-nav__link">
+    <span class="md-ellipsis">
+      String Conversion to Number
+    </span>
+  </a>
+  
+</li>
+        
+          <li class="md-nav__item">
+  <a href="#string-class-methods" class="md-nav__link">
+    <span class="md-ellipsis">
+      String Class Methods
+    </span>
+  </a>
+  
+</li>
+        
+          <li class="md-nav__item">
+  <a href="#mathematical-operations" class="md-nav__link">
+    <span class="md-ellipsis">
+      Mathematical Operations
+    </span>
+  </a>
+  
+</li>
+        
+          <li class="md-nav__item">
+  <a href="#arithmetic-operators" class="md-nav__link">
+    <span class="md-ellipsis">
+      Arithmetic Operators
+    </span>
+  </a>
+  
+</li>
+        
+          <li class="md-nav__item">
+  <a href="#comparison-operators" class="md-nav__link">
+    <span class="md-ellipsis">
+      Comparison Operators
+    </span>
+  </a>
+  
+</li>
+        
+          <li class="md-nav__item">
+  <a href="#logical-operators" class="md-nav__link">
+    <span class="md-ellipsis">
+      Logical Operators
+    </span>
+  </a>
+  
+</li>
+        
+          <li class="md-nav__item">
+  <a href="#bitwise-operators" class="md-nav__link">
+    <span class="md-ellipsis">
+      Bitwise Operators
+    </span>
+  </a>
+  
+</li>
+        
+          <li class="md-nav__item">
+  <a href="#compound-assignment-operators" class="md-nav__link">
+    <span class="md-ellipsis">
+      Compound Assignment Operators
+    </span>
+  </a>
+  
+</li>
+        
+          <li class="md-nav__item">
+  <a href="#operator-precedence" class="md-nav__link">
+    <span class="md-ellipsis">
+      Operator Precedence
+    </span>
+  </a>
+  
+</li>
+        
+          <li class="md-nav__item">
+  <a href="#short-circuit-evaluation" class="md-nav__link">
+    <span class="md-ellipsis">
+      Short Circuit Evaluation
+    </span>
+  </a>
+  
+</li>
+        
+      </ul>
+    </nav>
+  
+</li>
+      
+        <li class="md-nav__item">
+  <a href="#decision-statements" class="md-nav__link">
+    <span class="md-ellipsis">
+      Decision Statements
+    </span>
+  </a>
+  
+    <nav class="md-nav" aria-label="Decision Statements">
+      <ul class="md-nav__list">
+        
+          <li class="md-nav__item">
+  <a href="#if-else" class="md-nav__link">
+    <span class="md-ellipsis">
+      If Else
+    </span>
+  </a>
+  
+</li>
+        
+          <li class="md-nav__item">
+  <a href="#if-else-if-else" class="md-nav__link">
+    <span class="md-ellipsis">
+      If, Else If, Else
+    </span>
+  </a>
+  
+</li>
+        
+          <li class="md-nav__item">
+  <a href="#ternary-operator" class="md-nav__link">
+    <span class="md-ellipsis">
+      Ternary Operator
+    </span>
+  </a>
+  
+</li>
+        
+          <li class="md-nav__item">
+  <a href="#switch" class="md-nav__link">
+    <span class="md-ellipsis">
+      Switch
+    </span>
+  </a>
+  
+</li>
+        
+      </ul>
+    </nav>
+  
+</li>
+      
+        <li class="md-nav__item">
+  <a href="#loop-statements" class="md-nav__link">
+    <span class="md-ellipsis">
+      Loop Statements
+    </span>
+  </a>
+  
+    <nav class="md-nav" aria-label="Loop Statements">
+      <ul class="md-nav__list">
+        
+          <li class="md-nav__item">
+  <a href="#while-loop" class="md-nav__link">
+    <span class="md-ellipsis">
+      While Loop
+    </span>
+  </a>
+  
+</li>
+        
+          <li class="md-nav__item">
+  <a href="#do-while-loop" class="md-nav__link">
+    <span class="md-ellipsis">
+      Do While Loop
+    </span>
+  </a>
+  
+</li>
+        
+          <li class="md-nav__item">
+  <a href="#for-loop" class="md-nav__link">
+    <span class="md-ellipsis">
+      For Loop
+    </span>
+  </a>
+  
+</li>
+        
+          <li class="md-nav__item">
+  <a href="#foreach-loop" class="md-nav__link">
+    <span class="md-ellipsis">
+      Foreach Loop
+    </span>
+  </a>
+  
+</li>
+        
+          <li class="md-nav__item">
+  <a href="#multiple-iterators-in-for-loop" class="md-nav__link">
+    <span class="md-ellipsis">
+      Multiple iterators in For Loop
+    </span>
+  </a>
+  
+</li>
+        
+          <li class="md-nav__item">
+  <a href="#forced-program-termination" class="md-nav__link">
+    <span class="md-ellipsis">
+      Forced Program Termination
+    </span>
+  </a>
+  
+</li>
+        
+          <li class="md-nav__item">
+  <a href="#assertion-checks" class="md-nav__link">
+    <span class="md-ellipsis">
+      Assertion Checks
+    </span>
+  </a>
+  
+</li>
+        
+      </ul>
+    </nav>
+  
+</li>
+      
+        <li class="md-nav__item">
+  <a href="#static-methods" class="md-nav__link">
+    <span class="md-ellipsis">
+      Static Methods
+    </span>
+  </a>
+  
+    <nav class="md-nav" aria-label="Static Methods">
+      <ul class="md-nav__list">
+        
+          <li class="md-nav__item">
+  <a href="#static-void-method-definition" class="md-nav__link">
+    <span class="md-ellipsis">
+      Static Void Method Definition
+    </span>
+  </a>
+  
+</li>
+        
+          <li class="md-nav__item">
+  <a href="#static-method-definition" class="md-nav__link">
+    <span class="md-ellipsis">
+      Static Method Definition
+    </span>
+  </a>
+  
+</li>
+        
+          <li class="md-nav__item">
+  <a href="#static-method-invocation" class="md-nav__link">
+    <span class="md-ellipsis">
+      Static Method Invocation
+    </span>
+  </a>
+  
+</li>
+        
+      </ul>
+    </nav>
+  
+</li>
+      
+        <li class="md-nav__item">
+  <a href="#array" class="md-nav__link">
+    <span class="md-ellipsis">
+      Array
+    </span>
+  </a>
+  
+</li>
+      
+        <li class="md-nav__item">
+  <a href="#array-declaration" class="md-nav__link">
+    <span class="md-ellipsis">
+      Array Declaration
+    </span>
+  </a>
+  
+</li>
+      
+        <li class="md-nav__item">
+  <a href="#array-creation-by-initialization" class="md-nav__link">
+    <span class="md-ellipsis">
+      Array Creation by Initialization
+    </span>
+  </a>
+  
+    <nav class="md-nav" aria-label="Array Creation by Initialization">
+      <ul class="md-nav__list">
+        
+          <li class="md-nav__item">
+  <a href="#arrays-as-method-parameters" class="md-nav__link">
+    <span class="md-ellipsis">
+      Arrays as method parameters
+    </span>
+  </a>
+  
+</li>
+        
+          <li class="md-nav__item">
+  <a href="#equality-of-arrays" class="md-nav__link">
+    <span class="md-ellipsis">
+      Equality of Arrays
+    </span>
+  </a>
+  
+</li>
+        
+          <li class="md-nav__item">
+  <a href="#methods-returning-arrays" class="md-nav__link">
+    <span class="md-ellipsis">
+      Methods returning Arrays
+    </span>
+  </a>
+  
+</li>
+        
+      </ul>
+    </nav>
+  
+</li>
+      
+        <li class="md-nav__item">
+  <a href="#variable-numbers-of-parameters-in-a-method" class="md-nav__link">
+    <span class="md-ellipsis">
+      Variable numbers of parameters in a method
+    </span>
+  </a>
+  
+    <nav class="md-nav" aria-label="Variable numbers of parameters in a method">
+      <ul class="md-nav__list">
+        
+          <li class="md-nav__item">
+  <a href="#multi-dimensional-arrays" class="md-nav__link">
+    <span class="md-ellipsis">
+      Multi-Dimensional Arrays
+    </span>
+  </a>
+  
+</li>
+        
+          <li class="md-nav__item">
+  <a href="#multi-dimensional-arrays-as-parameters" class="md-nav__link">
+    <span class="md-ellipsis">
+      Multi-Dimensional Arrays as parameters
+    </span>
+  </a>
+  
+</li>
+        
+          <li class="md-nav__item">
+  <a href="#methods-returning-multi-dimensional-arrays" class="md-nav__link">
+    <span class="md-ellipsis">
+      Methods returning multi-dimensional arrays
+    </span>
+  </a>
+  
+</li>
+        
+          <li class="md-nav__item">
+  <a href="#array-length-of-multi-dimensional-arrays" class="md-nav__link">
+    <span class="md-ellipsis">
+      Array Length of multi-dimensional arrays
+    </span>
+  </a>
+  
+</li>
+        
+          <li class="md-nav__item">
+  <a href="#irregular-table-visualization" class="md-nav__link">
+    <span class="md-ellipsis">
+      Irregular Table Visualization
+    </span>
+  </a>
+  
+</li>
+        
+      </ul>
+    </nav>
+  
+</li>
+      
+        <li class="md-nav__item">
+  <a href="#recursion-guidelines" class="md-nav__link">
+    <span class="md-ellipsis">
+      Recursion Guidelines
+    </span>
+  </a>
+  
+</li>
+      
+        <li class="md-nav__item">
+  <a href="#exception-handling" class="md-nav__link">
+    <span class="md-ellipsis">
+      Exception Handling
+    </span>
+  </a>
+  
+    <nav class="md-nav" aria-label="Exception Handling">
+      <ul class="md-nav__list">
+        
+          <li class="md-nav__item">
+  <a href="#try-catch-finally" class="md-nav__link">
+    <span class="md-ellipsis">
+      Try-Catch-Finally
+    </span>
+  </a>
+  
+</li>
+        
+          <li class="md-nav__item">
+  <a href="#try-with-resources" class="md-nav__link">
+    <span class="md-ellipsis">
+      Try with Resources
+    </span>
+  </a>
+  
+</li>
+        
+          <li class="md-nav__item">
+  <a href="#throw-throws" class="md-nav__link">
+    <span class="md-ellipsis">
+      Throw &amp; Throws
+    </span>
+  </a>
+  
+</li>
+        
+          <li class="md-nav__item">
+  <a href="#defining-personalized-exceptions" class="md-nav__link">
+    <span class="md-ellipsis">
+      Defining Personalized Exceptions
+    </span>
+  </a>
+  
+</li>
+        
+      </ul>
+    </nav>
+  
+</li>
+      
+        <li class="md-nav__item">
+  <a href="#object-oriented-programming" class="md-nav__link">
+    <span class="md-ellipsis">
+      Object Oriented Programming
+    </span>
+  </a>
+  
+    <nav class="md-nav" aria-label="Object Oriented Programming">
+      <ul class="md-nav__list">
+        
+          <li class="md-nav__item">
+  <a href="#access-modifiers" class="md-nav__link">
+    <span class="md-ellipsis">
+      Access Modifiers
+    </span>
+  </a>
+  
+</li>
+        
+          <li class="md-nav__item">
+  <a href="#instance-method-definition" class="md-nav__link">
+    <span class="md-ellipsis">
+      Instance Method Definition
+    </span>
+  </a>
+  
+</li>
+        
+          <li class="md-nav__item">
+  <a href="#void-instance-method" class="md-nav__link">
+    <span class="md-ellipsis">
+      Void Instance Method
+    </span>
+  </a>
+  
+</li>
+        
+          <li class="md-nav__item">
+  <a href="#class-definition" class="md-nav__link">
+    <span class="md-ellipsis">
+      Class Definition
+    </span>
+  </a>
+  
+</li>
+        
+          <li class="md-nav__item">
+  <a href="#this-identifier" class="md-nav__link">
+    <span class="md-ellipsis">
+      This identifier
+    </span>
+  </a>
+  
+</li>
+        
+          <li class="md-nav__item">
+  <a href="#classes-and-reference-addresses" class="md-nav__link">
+    <span class="md-ellipsis">
+      Classes and Reference Addresses
+    </span>
+  </a>
+  
+</li>
+        
+          <li class="md-nav__item">
+  <a href="#constructors" class="md-nav__link">
+    <span class="md-ellipsis">
+      Constructors
+    </span>
+  </a>
+  
+</li>
+        
+          <li class="md-nav__item">
+  <a href="#static-variables" class="md-nav__link">
+    <span class="md-ellipsis">
+      Static Variables
+    </span>
+  </a>
+  
+</li>
+        
+          <li class="md-nav__item">
+  <a href="#getters-setter-methods" class="md-nav__link">
+    <span class="md-ellipsis">
+      Getters &amp; Setter Methods
+    </span>
+  </a>
+  
+</li>
+        
+          <li class="md-nav__item">
+  <a href="#tostring-method" class="md-nav__link">
+    <span class="md-ellipsis">
+      ToString() Method
+    </span>
+  </a>
+  
+</li>
+        
+          <li class="md-nav__item">
+  <a href="#static-methods-in-classes" class="md-nav__link">
+    <span class="md-ellipsis">
+      Static Methods in Classes
+    </span>
+  </a>
+  
+</li>
+        
+          <li class="md-nav__item">
+  <a href="#method-overloading" class="md-nav__link">
+    <span class="md-ellipsis">
+      Method Overloading
+    </span>
+  </a>
+  
+</li>
+        
+          <li class="md-nav__item">
+  <a href="#inheritance-method-overriding" class="md-nav__link">
+    <span class="md-ellipsis">
+      Inheritance &amp; Method Overriding
+    </span>
+  </a>
+  
+</li>
+        
+          <li class="md-nav__item">
+  <a href="#abstract-classes-abstract-methods" class="md-nav__link">
+    <span class="md-ellipsis">
+      Abstract Classes &amp; Abstract Methods
+    </span>
+  </a>
+  
+</li>
+        
+          <li class="md-nav__item">
+  <a href="#interfaces" class="md-nav__link">
+    <span class="md-ellipsis">
+      Interfaces
+    </span>
+  </a>
+  
+</li>
+        
+          <li class="md-nav__item">
+  <a href="#enumerations" class="md-nav__link">
+    <span class="md-ellipsis">
+      Enumerations
+    </span>
+  </a>
+  
+</li>
+        
+          <li class="md-nav__item">
+  <a href="#anonymous-classes" class="md-nav__link">
+    <span class="md-ellipsis">
+      Anonymous Classes
+    </span>
+  </a>
+  
+</li>
+        
+          <li class="md-nav__item">
+  <a href="#cloning" class="md-nav__link">
+    <span class="md-ellipsis">
+      Cloning
+    </span>
+  </a>
+  
+</li>
+        
+      </ul>
+    </nav>
+  
+</li>
+      
+        <li class="md-nav__item">
+  <a href="#generics" class="md-nav__link">
+    <span class="md-ellipsis">
+      Generics
+    </span>
+  </a>
+  
+    <nav class="md-nav" aria-label="Generics">
+      <ul class="md-nav__list">
+        
+          <li class="md-nav__item">
+  <a href="#multiple-generics" class="md-nav__link">
+    <span class="md-ellipsis">
+      Multiple Generics
+    </span>
+  </a>
+  
+</li>
+        
+          <li class="md-nav__item">
+  <a href="#parameters-constraints" class="md-nav__link">
+    <span class="md-ellipsis">
+      Parameters Constraints
+    </span>
+  </a>
+  
+</li>
+        
+          <li class="md-nav__item">
+  <a href="#generic-methods" class="md-nav__link">
+    <span class="md-ellipsis">
+      Generic Methods
+    </span>
+  </a>
+  
+</li>
+        
+      </ul>
+    </nav>
+  
+</li>
+      
+        <li class="md-nav__item">
+  <a href="#file-io" class="md-nav__link">
+    <span class="md-ellipsis">
+      File I/O
+    </span>
+  </a>
+  
+    <nav class="md-nav" aria-label="File I/O">
+      <ul class="md-nav__list">
+        
+          <li class="md-nav__item">
+  <a href="#text-files" class="md-nav__link">
+    <span class="md-ellipsis">
+      Text Files
+    </span>
+  </a>
+  
+    <nav class="md-nav" aria-label="Text Files">
+      <ul class="md-nav__list">
+        
+          <li class="md-nav__item">
+  <a href="#writing-on-a-file" class="md-nav__link">
+    <span class="md-ellipsis">
+      Writing on a file
+    </span>
+  </a>
+  
+</li>
+        
+          <li class="md-nav__item">
+  <a href="#reading-from-a-file" class="md-nav__link">
+    <span class="md-ellipsis">
+      Reading from a file
+    </span>
+  </a>
+  
+</li>
+        
+          <li class="md-nav__item">
+  <a href="#file-class" class="md-nav__link">
+    <span class="md-ellipsis">
+      File() class
+    </span>
+  </a>
+  
+</li>
+        
+      </ul>
+    </nav>
+  
+</li>
+        
+          <li class="md-nav__item">
+  <a href="#binary-files" class="md-nav__link">
+    <span class="md-ellipsis">
+      Binary Files
+    </span>
+  </a>
+  
+    <nav class="md-nav" aria-label="Binary Files">
+      <ul class="md-nav__list">
+        
+          <li class="md-nav__item">
+  <a href="#writing-to-a-binary-file" class="md-nav__link">
+    <span class="md-ellipsis">
+      Writing to a binary file
+    </span>
+  </a>
+  
+</li>
+        
+          <li class="md-nav__item">
+  <a href="#reading-from-a-binary-file" class="md-nav__link">
+    <span class="md-ellipsis">
+      Reading from a binary file
+    </span>
+  </a>
+  
+</li>
+        
+      </ul>
+    </nav>
+  
+</li>
+        
+          <li class="md-nav__item">
+  <a href="#object-array-io-with-binary-files-serialization" class="md-nav__link">
+    <span class="md-ellipsis">
+      Object &amp; Array I/O with Binary Files (Serialization)
+    </span>
+  </a>
+  
+</li>
+        
+      </ul>
+    </nav>
+  
+</li>
+      
+        <li class="md-nav__item">
+  <a href="#functional-programming-in-java" class="md-nav__link">
+    <span class="md-ellipsis">
+      Functional Programming in Java
+    </span>
+  </a>
+  
+    <nav class="md-nav" aria-label="Functional Programming in Java">
+      <ul class="md-nav__list">
+        
+          <li class="md-nav__item">
+  <a href="#functional-interfaces" class="md-nav__link">
+    <span class="md-ellipsis">
+      Functional Interfaces
+    </span>
+  </a>
+  
+</li>
+        
+          <li class="md-nav__item">
+  <a href="#streams" class="md-nav__link">
+    <span class="md-ellipsis">
+      Streams
+    </span>
+  </a>
+  
+</li>
+        
+          <li class="md-nav__item">
+  <a href="#lambda-expressions" class="md-nav__link">
+    <span class="md-ellipsis">
+      Lambda Expressions
+    </span>
+  </a>
+  
+</li>
+        
+      </ul>
+    </nav>
+  
+</li>
+      
+    </ul>
+  
+</nav>
+                  </div>
+                </div>
+              </div>
+            
+          
+          
+            <div class="md-content" data-md-component="content">
+              <article class="md-content__inner md-typeset">
+                
+                  
+
+  
+  
+
+
+<h1 id="java">Java</h1>
+<div class="highlight"><table class="highlighttable"><tr><th colspan="2" class="filename"><span class="filename">Java</span></th></tr><tr><td class="linenos"><div class="linenodiv"><pre><span></span><span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-0-1">1</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-0-2">2</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-0-3">3</a></span></pre></div></td><td class="code"><div><pre><span></span><code><a id="__codelineno-0-1" name="__codelineno-0-1"></a><span class="c1">//single line comment</span>
+<a id="__codelineno-0-2" name="__codelineno-0-2"></a><span class="cm">/* multi line comment */</span>
+<a id="__codelineno-0-3" name="__codelineno-0-3"></a><span class="cm">/** javaDoc docstring */</span>
+</code></pre></div></td></tr></table></div>
+<table>
+<thead>
+<tr>
+<th>Java element</th>
+<th>Case</th>
+</tr>
+</thead>
+<tbody>
+<tr>
+<td>package</td>
+<td>lowercase</td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+<td>class</td>
+<td>PascalCase</td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+<td>variable</td>
+<td>camelCase</td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+<td>method</td>
+<td>camelCase</td>
+</tr>
+</tbody>
+</table>
+<h2 id="basics">Basics</h2>
+<p>Package definition: <code>package &lt;package_location&gt;;</code></p>
+<h3 id="main-method-entry-point-of-algorithm">Main Method (entry point of algorithm)</h3>
+<div class="highlight"><table class="highlighttable"><tr><th colspan="2" class="filename"><span class="filename">Java</span></th></tr><tr><td class="linenos"><div class="linenodiv"><pre><span></span><span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-1-1">1</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-1-2">2</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-1-3">3</a></span></pre></div></td><td class="code"><div><pre><span></span><code><a id="__codelineno-1-1" name="__codelineno-1-1"></a><span class="kd">public</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="kd">static</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="kt">void</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="nf">main</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="p">(</span><span class="n">String</span><span class="o">[]</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="n">args</span><span class="p">)</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="p">{</span>
+<a id="__codelineno-1-2" name="__codelineno-1-2"></a><span class="w">    </span><span class="c1">//code here</span>
+<a id="__codelineno-1-3" name="__codelineno-1-3"></a><span class="p">}</span>
+</code></pre></div></td></tr></table></div>
+<h3 id="variable-assignment">Variable Assignment</h3>
+<p><code>Type variable_1 = &lt;expr&gt;, ..., variable_n = &lt;expr&gt;;</code></p>
+<h3 id="constant-definition-outside-of-main-methodfunction">Constant Definition (outside of main method/function)</h3>
+<div class="highlight"><table class="highlighttable"><tr><th colspan="2" class="filename"><span class="filename">Java</span></th></tr><tr><td class="linenos"><div class="linenodiv"><pre><span></span><span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-2-1">1</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-2-2">2</a></span></pre></div></td><td class="code"><div><pre><span></span><code><a id="__codelineno-2-1" name="__codelineno-2-1"></a><span class="kd">public</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="kd">static</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="kd">final</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="n">Type</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="n">CONSTANT_NAME</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="o">=</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="n">value</span><span class="p">;</span>
+<a id="__codelineno-2-2" name="__codelineno-2-2"></a><span class="kd">public</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="kd">static</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="kd">final</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="kt">double</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="n">PI</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="o">=</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="mf">3.14159</span><span class="p">;</span><span class="w">   </span><span class="c1">//example</span>
+</code></pre></div></td></tr></table></div>
+<h3 id="constant-definition-inside-main-methodfunction">Constant Definition (inside main method/function)</h3>
+<div class="highlight"><table class="highlighttable"><tr><th colspan="2" class="filename"><span class="filename">Java</span></th></tr><tr><td class="linenos"><div class="linenodiv"><pre><span></span><span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-3-1">1</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-3-2">2</a></span></pre></div></td><td class="code"><div><pre><span></span><code><a id="__codelineno-3-1" name="__codelineno-3-1"></a><span class="kd">final</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="n">Type</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="n">CONSTANT_NAME</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="o">=</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="n">value</span><span class="p">;</span>
+<a id="__codelineno-3-2" name="__codelineno-3-2"></a><span class="kd">final</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="kt">double</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="n">PI</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="o">=</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="mf">3.14159</span><span class="p">;</span><span class="w">   </span><span class="c1">//example</span>
+</code></pre></div></td></tr></table></div>
+<h3 id="screen-output">Screen Output</h3>
+<div class="highlight"><table class="highlighttable"><tr><th colspan="2" class="filename"><span class="filename">Java</span></th></tr><tr><td class="linenos"><div class="linenodiv"><pre><span></span><span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-4-1">1</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-4-2">2</a></span></pre></div></td><td class="code"><div><pre><span></span><code><a id="__codelineno-4-1" name="__codelineno-4-1"></a><span class="n">System</span><span class="p">.</span><span class="na">out</span><span class="p">.</span><span class="na">println</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="n">output_1</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="o">+</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="n">_</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="o">+</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="n">output_n</span><span class="p">);</span><span class="w">   </span><span class="c1">//newline at every invocation</span>
+<a id="__codelineno-4-2" name="__codelineno-4-2"></a><span class="n">System</span><span class="p">.</span><span class="na">out</span><span class="p">.</span><span class="na">print</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="n">output_1</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="o">+</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="n">_</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="o">+</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="n">output_n</span><span class="p">);</span>
+</code></pre></div></td></tr></table></div>
+<h3 id="output-formatting">Output Formatting</h3>
+<p><a href="https://dzone.com/articles/java-string-format-examples">String.format() Examples</a></p>
+<div class="highlight"><table class="highlighttable"><tr><th colspan="2" class="filename"><span class="filename">Java</span></th></tr><tr><td class="linenos"><div class="linenodiv"><pre><span></span><span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-5-1">1</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-5-2">2</a></span></pre></div></td><td class="code"><div><pre><span></span><code><a id="__codelineno-5-1" name="__codelineno-5-1"></a><span class="n">System</span><span class="p">.</span><span class="na">out</span><span class="p">.</span><span class="na">printf</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="s">&quot;string %..&quot;</span><span class="p">,</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="n">variable</span><span class="p">);</span>
+<a id="__codelineno-5-2" name="__codelineno-5-2"></a><span class="n">System</span><span class="p">.</span><span class="na">out</span><span class="p">.</span><span class="na">println</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="n">String</span><span class="p">.</span><span class="na">format</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="n">format</span><span class="p">,</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="n">args</span><span class="p">));</span>
+</code></pre></div></td></tr></table></div>
+<p>Methods inherited from C. The value pf the variable substitutes %.<br />
+<code>%d</code> int, <code>%f</code> float, <code>%c</code> char, <code>%s</code> string, <code>%e</code> scientific notation.<br />
+<code>%digitNumber.decimalDigitNumber</code> specifies the space occupied by the output.</p>
+<p><code>NumberFormat</code> class is used to format a number output.</p>
+<div class="highlight"><table class="highlighttable"><tr><th colspan="2" class="filename"><span class="filename">Java</span></th></tr><tr><td class="linenos"><div class="linenodiv"><pre><span></span><span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-6-1">1</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-6-2">2</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-6-3">3</a></span></pre></div></td><td class="code"><div><pre><span></span><code><a id="__codelineno-6-1" name="__codelineno-6-1"></a><span class="n">Locale</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="n">locale</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="o">=</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="k">new</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="n">Locale</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="s">&quot;language&quot;</span><span class="p">,</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="s">&quot;country&quot;</span><span class="p">);</span><span class="w">  </span><span class="c1">// as defined by IETF lang tag, RCF 5646, RCF 4647</span>
+<a id="__codelineno-6-2" name="__codelineno-6-2"></a><span class="n">NumberFormat</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="n">fmt</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="o">=</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="n">NumberFormat</span><span class="p">.</span><span class="na">getCurrencyInstance</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="n">locale</span><span class="p">);</span><span class="w">  </span><span class="c1">// format a number as a currency based on a Locale</span>
+<a id="__codelineno-6-3" name="__codelineno-6-3"></a><span class="n">fmt</span><span class="p">.</span><span class="na">format</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="n">number</span><span class="p">);</span><span class="w">  </span><span class="c1">// apply format to a number, returns a String</span>
+</code></pre></div></td></tr></table></div>
+<h2 id="keyboard-input">Keyboard Input</h2>
+<div class="highlight"><table class="highlighttable"><tr><th colspan="2" class="filename"><span class="filename">Java</span></th></tr><tr><td class="linenos"><div class="linenodiv"><pre><span></span><span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-7-1"> 1</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-7-2"> 2</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-7-3"> 3</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-7-4"> 4</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-7-5"> 5</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-7-6"> 6</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-7-7"> 7</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-7-8"> 8</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-7-9"> 9</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-7-10">10</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-7-11">11</a></span></pre></div></td><td class="code"><div><pre><span></span><code><a id="__codelineno-7-1" name="__codelineno-7-1"></a><span class="kn">import</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="nn">java.util.Scanner</span><span class="p">;</span><span class="w">   </span><span class="c1">//package import</span>
+<a id="__codelineno-7-2" name="__codelineno-7-2"></a><span class="n">Scanner</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="n">scanner</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="o">=</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="k">new</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="n">Scanner</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="n">System</span><span class="p">.</span><span class="na">in</span><span class="p">);</span><span class="w">  </span><span class="c1">//Scanner obj init</span>
+<a id="__codelineno-7-3" name="__codelineno-7-3"></a><span class="n">scanner</span><span class="p">.</span><span class="na">useDelimiter</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="s">&quot;delimitatore&quot;</span><span class="p">);</span><span class="w">   </span><span class="c1">//delimiter setting</span>
+<a id="__codelineno-7-4" name="__codelineno-7-4"></a><span class="n">scanner</span><span class="p">.</span><span class="na">close</span><span class="p">()</span><span class="w">  </span><span class="c1">//closing of Scanner, releases memory</span>
+<a id="__codelineno-7-5" name="__codelineno-7-5"></a>
+<a id="__codelineno-7-6" name="__codelineno-7-6"></a><span class="kt">int</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="n">variable_int_1</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="o">=</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="n">scanner</span><span class="p">.</span><span class="na">nextInt</span><span class="p">();</span><span class="w">   </span><span class="c1">//takes integer number</span>
+<a id="__codelineno-7-7" name="__codelineno-7-7"></a><span class="n">String</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="n">string_1</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="o">=</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="n">scanner</span><span class="p">.</span><span class="na">nextLine</span><span class="p">();</span><span class="w">   </span><span class="c1">//takes line of text (\n ends line)</span>
+<a id="__codelineno-7-8" name="__codelineno-7-8"></a><span class="n">String</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="n">string_1</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="o">=</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="n">scanner</span><span class="p">.</span><span class="na">next</span><span class="p">();</span><span class="w">   </span><span class="c1">//takes text (space ends word)</span>
+<a id="__codelineno-7-9" name="__codelineno-7-9"></a><span class="kt">double</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="n">variable_double_1</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="o">=</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="n">scanner</span><span class="p">.</span><span class="na">nextDouble</span><span class="p">();</span><span class="w">  </span><span class="c1">//takes double decimal number</span>
+<a id="__codelineno-7-10" name="__codelineno-7-10"></a><span class="kt">boolean</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="n">variable_bool</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="o">=</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="n">scanner</span><span class="p">.</span><span class="na">nextBoolean</span><span class="p">();</span><span class="w">  </span><span class="c1">//takes boolean value</span>
+<a id="__codelineno-7-11" name="__codelineno-7-11"></a><span class="c1">//(TRUE, FALSE, true, false, True, False)</span>
+</code></pre></div></td></tr></table></div>
+<p>The <code>nextLine()</code> method imports from the <strong>last</strong> <code>\n</code>.<br />
+Thus when switching to a different input method is necessary to call <code>nextLine()</code> one more time to avoid errors.</p>
+<h3 id="primitive-types">Primitive Types</h3>
+<div class="highlight"><table class="highlighttable"><tr><th colspan="2" class="filename"><span class="filename">Java</span></th></tr><tr><td class="linenos"><div class="linenodiv"><pre><span></span><span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-8-1">1</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-8-2">2</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-8-3">3</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-8-4">4</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-8-5">5</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-8-6">6</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-8-7">7</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-8-8">8</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-8-9">9</a></span></pre></div></td><td class="code"><div><pre><span></span><code><a id="__codelineno-8-1" name="__codelineno-8-1"></a><span class="n">TYPE</span><span class="w">        </span><span class="n">WRAPPER</span><span class="w">     </span><span class="n">SIZE</span><span class="w">        </span><span class="n">MIN_VALUE</span><span class="w">               </span><span class="n">MAX_VALUE</span>
+<a id="__codelineno-8-2" name="__codelineno-8-2"></a><span class="kt">int</span><span class="w">         </span><span class="n">Integer</span><span class="w">                 </span><span class="o">-</span><span class="mi">2147483648</span><span class="w">             </span><span class="mi">2147483647</span>
+<a id="__codelineno-8-3" name="__codelineno-8-3"></a><span class="kt">byte</span><span class="w">        </span><span class="n">Byte</span><span class="w">        </span><span class="mi">8</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="n">bit</span><span class="w">       </span><span class="o">-</span><span class="mi">128</span><span class="w">                    </span><span class="mi">127</span>
+<a id="__codelineno-8-4" name="__codelineno-8-4"></a><span class="kt">short</span><span class="w">       </span><span class="n">Short</span><span class="w">       </span><span class="mi">16</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="n">bit</span><span class="w">      </span><span class="o">-</span><span class="mi">32768</span><span class="w">                  </span><span class="mi">32767</span>
+<a id="__codelineno-8-5" name="__codelineno-8-5"></a><span class="kt">long</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="o">-</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="n">L</span><span class="w">    </span><span class="n">Long</span><span class="w">        </span><span class="mi">32</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="n">bit</span><span class="w">      </span><span class="o">-</span><span class="mi">9223372036854775808</span><span class="w">    </span><span class="mi">9223372036854775807</span>
+<a id="__codelineno-8-6" name="__codelineno-8-6"></a><span class="kt">float</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="o">-</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="n">f</span><span class="w">   </span><span class="n">Float</span><span class="w">       </span><span class="mi">32</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="n">bit</span><span class="w">      </span><span class="mf">1.4</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="o">*</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="mi">10</span><span class="o">^-</span><span class="mi">45</span><span class="w">            </span><span class="mf">3.4028235</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="o">*</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="mi">10</span><span class="o">^</span><span class="mi">38</span>
+<a id="__codelineno-8-7" name="__codelineno-8-7"></a><span class="kt">double</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="o">-</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="n">d</span><span class="w">  </span><span class="n">Double</span><span class="w">      </span><span class="mi">64</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="n">bit</span><span class="w">      </span><span class="mf">4.9</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="o">*</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="mi">10</span><span class="o">^-</span><span class="mi">324</span><span class="w">           </span><span class="mf">1.7976931348623157</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="o">*</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="mi">10</span><span class="o">^</span><span class="mi">308</span>
+<a id="__codelineno-8-8" name="__codelineno-8-8"></a><span class="kt">char</span><span class="w">        </span><span class="n">Character</span><span class="w">   </span><span class="mi">16</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="n">bit</span><span class="w">      </span><span class="n">U</span><span class="o">+</span><span class="mo">0000</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="p">(</span><span class="mi">0</span><span class="p">)</span><span class="w">              </span><span class="n">U</span><span class="o">+</span><span class="n">FFFF</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="p">(</span><span class="mi">65535</span><span class="p">)</span>
+<a id="__codelineno-8-9" name="__codelineno-8-9"></a><span class="kt">boolean</span><span class="w">     </span><span class="n">Boolean</span><span class="w">                 </span><span class="kc">false</span><span class="w">                   </span><span class="kc">true</span>
+</code></pre></div></td></tr></table></div>
+<p>Digits can be separated by _ (underscore).<br />
+If not specified int &amp; double are the default types.</p>
+<h3 id="floating-point-numbers-precision-calcs">Floating-Point numbers &amp; Precision Calcs</h3>
+<p>Don't use <code>==</code> or <code>!=</code> to confront floating value numbers since they use approximation or have a lot of digits.<br />
+It's best to check if the difference between two numbers is small enough.<br />
+For high precision calcs is best to use <code>BigDecimal</code>.</p>
+<h3 id="type-conversion-casting-type-checking">Type Conversion (casting) &amp; Type checking</h3>
+<div class="highlight"><table class="highlighttable"><tr><th colspan="2" class="filename"><span class="filename">Java</span></th></tr><tr><td class="linenos"><div class="linenodiv"><pre><span></span><span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-9-1">1</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-9-2">2</a></span></pre></div></td><td class="code"><div><pre><span></span><code><a id="__codelineno-9-1" name="__codelineno-9-1"></a><span class="n">Type</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="n">variable</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="o">=</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="p">(</span><span class="n">Type</span><span class="p">)</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="o">&lt;</span><span class="n">expression</span><span class="o">&gt;</span><span class="p">;</span><span class="w">  </span><span class="c1">// convert to other Type</span>
+<a id="__codelineno-9-2" name="__codelineno-9-2"></a><span class="kd">var</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="n">instanceof</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="n">Type</span><span class="p">;</span><span class="w">  </span><span class="c1">// true if var is an instance of Type</span>
+</code></pre></div></td></tr></table></div>
+<h3 id="wrapper-classes">Wrapper Classes</h3>
+<p>Every primitive type has a corresponding wrapper class.<br />
+Wrapper classes permits the creation of an object with the same type of a primitive type but with added methods and constants.</p>
+<div class="highlight"><table class="highlighttable"><tr><th colspan="2" class="filename"><span class="filename">Java</span></th></tr><tr><td class="linenos"><div class="linenodiv"><pre><span></span><span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-10-1"> 1</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-10-2"> 2</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-10-3"> 3</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-10-4"> 4</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-10-5"> 5</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-10-6"> 6</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-10-7"> 7</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-10-8"> 8</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-10-9"> 9</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-10-10">10</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-10-11">11</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-10-12">12</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-10-13">13</a></span></pre></div></td><td class="code"><div><pre><span></span><code><a id="__codelineno-10-1" name="__codelineno-10-1"></a><span class="n">WrapperClass</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="n">objectName</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="o">=</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="k">new</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="n">WrapperClass</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="n">primitiveValue</span><span class="p">);</span><span class="w">  </span><span class="c1">//declaration</span>
+<a id="__codelineno-10-2" name="__codelineno-10-2"></a><span class="n">WrapperClass</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="n">objectName</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="o">=</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="n">primitiveValue</span><span class="p">;</span><span class="w">  </span><span class="c1">//shortened declaration</span>
+<a id="__codelineno-10-3" name="__codelineno-10-3"></a>
+<a id="__codelineno-10-4" name="__codelineno-10-4"></a>
+<a id="__codelineno-10-5" name="__codelineno-10-5"></a><span class="n">Type</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="n">variable</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="o">=</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="n">object</span><span class="p">.</span><span class="o">&lt;</span><span class="n">Type</span><span class="o">&gt;</span><span class="n">Value</span><span class="p">();</span><span class="w">  </span><span class="c1">//unboxing</span>
+<a id="__codelineno-10-6" name="__codelineno-10-6"></a><span class="n">Type</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="n">variable</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="o">=</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="n">object</span><span class="p">;</span><span class="w">  </span><span class="c1">//autoboxing</span>
+<a id="__codelineno-10-7" name="__codelineno-10-7"></a><span class="n">Type</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="n">variable</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="o">=</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="k">new</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="n">WrapperClass</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="n">primitiveValue</span><span class="p">);</span><span class="w">  </span><span class="c1">//automatic unboxing</span>
+<a id="__codelineno-10-8" name="__codelineno-10-8"></a>
+<a id="__codelineno-10-9" name="__codelineno-10-9"></a><span class="n">WrapperClass</span><span class="p">.</span><span class="na">MIN_VALUE</span><span class="w">  </span><span class="c1">//constant holding min possible value of wrapper class</span>
+<a id="__codelineno-10-10" name="__codelineno-10-10"></a><span class="n">WrapperClass</span><span class="p">.</span><span class="na">MAX_VALUE</span><span class="w">  </span><span class="c1">//constant holding man possible value of wrapper class</span>
+<a id="__codelineno-10-11" name="__codelineno-10-11"></a>
+<a id="__codelineno-10-12" name="__codelineno-10-12"></a><span class="n">WrapperClass</span><span class="p">.</span><span class="na">parseClasseWrapper</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="n">string</span><span class="p">);</span><span class="w">  </span><span class="c1">// converts the tring to the wrapper class, NumberFOrmatException on error</span>
+<a id="__codelineno-10-13" name="__codelineno-10-13"></a><span class="n">WrapperClass</span><span class="p">.</span><span class="na">toString</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="n">primitive</span><span class="p">);</span><span class="w">  </span><span class="c1">// converts the wrapper class value to a string</span>
+</code></pre></div></td></tr></table></div>
+<h3 id="string-char">String &amp; Char</h3>
+<div class="highlight"><table class="highlighttable"><tr><th colspan="2" class="filename"><span class="filename">Java</span></th></tr><tr><td class="linenos"><div class="linenodiv"><pre><span></span><span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-11-1">1</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-11-2">2</a></span></pre></div></td><td class="code"><div><pre><span></span><code><a id="__codelineno-11-1" name="__codelineno-11-1"></a><span class="n">String</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="n">string</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="o">=</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="s">&quot;text&quot;</span><span class="p">;</span><span class="w">  </span><span class="c1">//strings always in double quotes</span>
+<a id="__codelineno-11-2" name="__codelineno-11-2"></a><span class="kt">char</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="n">character</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="o">=</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="sc">&#39;C&#39;</span><span class="p">;</span><span class="w">  </span><span class="c1">//chars always in single quotes</span>
+</code></pre></div></td></tr></table></div>
+<h3 id="special-characters">Special Characters</h3>
+<table>
+<thead>
+<tr>
+<th>Escape Character</th>
+<th>Character</th>
+</tr>
+</thead>
+<tbody>
+<tr>
+<td><code>\n</code></td>
+<td>new line</td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+<td><code>\t</code></td>
+<td>tab</td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+<td><code>\b</code></td>
+<td>backspace</td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+<td><code>\r</code></td>
+<td>carriage return</td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+<td><code>\f</code></td>
+<td>form feed</td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+<td><code>\\</code></td>
+<td>backslash</td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+<td><code>\"</code></td>
+<td>double quote</td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+<td><code>\u&lt;4_hex_digits&gt;</code></td>
+<td>unicode characters</td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+<td><code>\x&lt;digits&gt;</code></td>
+<td>hexadecimal characters</td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+<td><code>\o&lt;digits&gt;</code></td>
+<td>octal characters</td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+<td><code>\&lt;digits&gt;</code></td>
+<td>ASCII character</td>
+</tr>
+</tbody>
+</table>
+<h3 id="string-concatenation">String Concatenation</h3>
+<p>The value of the variable is appende to the string literal.<br />
+<code>"text" + variable</code><br />
+String are immutable. Concatenation creates a new string.</p>
+<h3 id="string-conversion-to-number">String Conversion to Number</h3>
+<div class="highlight"><table class="highlighttable"><tr><th colspan="2" class="filename"><span class="filename">Java</span></th></tr><tr><td class="linenos"><div class="linenodiv"><pre><span></span><span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-12-1">1</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-12-2">2</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-12-3">3</a></span></pre></div></td><td class="code"><div><pre><span></span><code><a id="__codelineno-12-1" name="__codelineno-12-1"></a><span class="kt">double</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="n">d</span><span class="w">  </span><span class="o">=</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="n">Double</span><span class="p">.</span><span class="na">parseDouble</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="n">string</span><span class="p">);</span>
+<a id="__codelineno-12-2" name="__codelineno-12-2"></a><span class="kt">float</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="n">f</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="o">=</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="n">Float</span><span class="p">.</span><span class="na">parseFloat</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="n">string</span><span class="p">);</span>
+<a id="__codelineno-12-3" name="__codelineno-12-3"></a><span class="kt">int</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="n">i</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="o">=</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="n">integer</span><span class="p">.</span><span class="na">parseInt</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="n">string</span><span class="p">);</span>
+</code></pre></div></td></tr></table></div>
+<h3 id="string-class-methods">String Class Methods</h3>
+<div class="highlight"><table class="highlighttable"><tr><th colspan="2" class="filename"><span class="filename">Java</span></th></tr><tr><td class="linenos"><div class="linenodiv"><pre><span></span><span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-13-1"> 1</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-13-2"> 2</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-13-3"> 3</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-13-4"> 4</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-13-5"> 5</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-13-6"> 6</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-13-7"> 7</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-13-8"> 8</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-13-9"> 9</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-13-10">10</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-13-11">11</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-13-12">12</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-13-13">13</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-13-14">14</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-13-15">15</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-13-16">16</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-13-17">17</a></span></pre></div></td><td class="code"><div><pre><span></span><code><a id="__codelineno-13-1" name="__codelineno-13-1"></a><span class="n">string</span><span class="p">.</span><span class="na">equals</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="n">otherString</span><span class="p">);</span><span class="w">   </span><span class="c1">// returns TRUE if the strings are equal</span>
+<a id="__codelineno-13-2" name="__codelineno-13-2"></a><span class="n">string</span><span class="p">.</span><span class="na">equalsIgnoreCase</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="n">otherString</span><span class="p">);</span><span class="w">   </span><span class="c1">// returns TRUE if the strings are equals ignoring the case</span>
+<a id="__codelineno-13-3" name="__codelineno-13-3"></a><span class="n">string</span><span class="p">.</span><span class="na">charAt</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="n">index</span><span class="p">);</span><span class="w">  </span><span class="c1">// returns the character at position INDEX</span>
+<a id="__codelineno-13-4" name="__codelineno-13-4"></a><span class="n">string</span><span class="p">.</span><span class="na">startsWith</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="n">otherString</span><span class="p">);</span><span class="w">  </span><span class="c1">// returns TRUE if string starts with otherString</span>
+<a id="__codelineno-13-5" name="__codelineno-13-5"></a><span class="n">string</span><span class="p">.</span><span class="na">endsWith</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="n">otherString</span><span class="p">)</span><span class="w">  </span><span class="c1">// returns TRUE if string ends with otherString</span>
+<a id="__codelineno-13-6" name="__codelineno-13-6"></a><span class="n">string</span><span class="p">.</span><span class="na">concat</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="n">otherString</span><span class="p">);</span><span class="w">   </span><span class="c1">// concatenation of two strings</span>
+<a id="__codelineno-13-7" name="__codelineno-13-7"></a><span class="n">string</span><span class="p">.</span><span class="na">indexOf</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="n">otherString</span><span class="p">);</span><span class="w">  </span><span class="c1">// returns index of the first occurrence of other string</span>
+<a id="__codelineno-13-8" name="__codelineno-13-8"></a><span class="n">string</span><span class="p">.</span><span class="na">lastIndexOf</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="n">otherString</span><span class="p">);</span><span class="w">  </span><span class="c1">// returns index of the last occurrence of other string</span>
+<a id="__codelineno-13-9" name="__codelineno-13-9"></a><span class="n">string</span><span class="p">.</span><span class="na">length</span><span class="p">();</span><span class="w">    </span><span class="c1">// returns the length of the string</span>
+<a id="__codelineno-13-10" name="__codelineno-13-10"></a><span class="n">string</span><span class="p">.</span><span class="na">toLowerCase</span><span class="p">();</span><span class="w">   </span><span class="c1">// transform the string in uppercase characters</span>
+<a id="__codelineno-13-11" name="__codelineno-13-11"></a><span class="n">string</span><span class="p">.</span><span class="na">toUpperCase</span><span class="p">();</span><span class="w">   </span><span class="c1">// transform the string in lowercase characters</span>
+<a id="__codelineno-13-12" name="__codelineno-13-12"></a><span class="n">string</span><span class="p">.</span><span class="na">replace</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="n">character</span><span class="p">,</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="n">newCharacter</span><span class="p">);</span><span class="w">   </span><span class="c1">// substitutes character with newCharacter</span>
+<a id="__codelineno-13-13" name="__codelineno-13-13"></a><span class="n">string</span><span class="p">.</span><span class="na">replaceAll</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="n">regex</span><span class="p">,</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="n">replacement</span><span class="p">);</span>
+<a id="__codelineno-13-14" name="__codelineno-13-14"></a><span class="n">string</span><span class="p">.</span><span class="na">substring</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="n">start</span><span class="p">,</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="n">end</span><span class="p">);</span><span class="w">   </span><span class="c1">// returns a substring starting as START and ending at END (included)</span>
+<a id="__codelineno-13-15" name="__codelineno-13-15"></a><span class="n">string</span><span class="p">.</span><span class="na">trim</span><span class="p">();</span><span class="w">   </span><span class="c1">// removes spaces before and after the string</span>
+<a id="__codelineno-13-16" name="__codelineno-13-16"></a><span class="n">string</span><span class="p">.</span><span class="na">Split</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="n">delimiter</span><span class="p">);</span><span class="w">  </span><span class="c1">// return a String[] generated by splitting string at the occurrence of delimiter</span>
+<a id="__codelineno-13-17" name="__codelineno-13-17"></a><span class="n">string</span><span class="p">.</span><span class="na">compareTo</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="n">otherString</span><span class="p">);</span>
+</code></pre></div></td></tr></table></div>
+<p><code>compareTo()</code> returns a number:  </p>
+<ul>
+<li><code>-1</code> if <code>string</code> precedes <code>otherString</code></li>
+<li><code>0</code> if the strings are equal  </li>
+<li><code>1</code> if <code>otherString</code> precedes <code>string</code></li>
+</ul>
+<p><code>compareTo()</code> compares the lexicographic order (based on UNICODE).<br />
+To compare in alphabetical order both strings must have the same case.</p>
+<h3 id="mathematical-operations">Mathematical Operations</h3>
+<div class="highlight"><table class="highlighttable"><tr><th colspan="2" class="filename"><span class="filename">Java</span></th></tr><tr><td class="linenos"><div class="linenodiv"><pre><span></span><span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-14-1"> 1</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-14-2"> 2</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-14-3"> 3</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-14-4"> 4</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-14-5"> 5</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-14-6"> 6</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-14-7"> 7</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-14-8"> 8</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-14-9"> 9</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-14-10">10</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-14-11">11</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-14-12">12</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-14-13">13</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-14-14">14</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-14-15">15</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-14-16">16</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-14-17">17</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-14-18">18</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-14-19">19</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-14-20">20</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-14-21">21</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-14-22">22</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-14-23">23</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-14-24">24</a></span></pre></div></td><td class="code"><div><pre><span></span><code><a id="__codelineno-14-1" name="__codelineno-14-1"></a><span class="n">Math</span><span class="p">.</span><span class="na">PI</span><span class="w">  </span><span class="c1">// value of pi</span>
+<a id="__codelineno-14-2" name="__codelineno-14-2"></a><span class="n">Math</span><span class="p">.</span><span class="na">E</span><span class="w">  </span><span class="c1">// value of e</span>
+<a id="__codelineno-14-3" name="__codelineno-14-3"></a>
+<a id="__codelineno-14-4" name="__codelineno-14-4"></a><span class="n">Math</span><span class="p">.</span><span class="na">abs</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="n">x</span><span class="p">);</span><span class="w">  </span><span class="c1">//absolute value of x</span>
+<a id="__codelineno-14-5" name="__codelineno-14-5"></a><span class="n">Math</span><span class="p">.</span><span class="na">acos</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="n">x</span><span class="p">);</span>
+<a id="__codelineno-14-6" name="__codelineno-14-6"></a><span class="n">Math</span><span class="p">.</span><span class="na">asin</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="n">x</span><span class="p">)</span>
+<a id="__codelineno-14-7" name="__codelineno-14-7"></a><span class="n">Math</span><span class="p">.</span><span class="na">atan</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="n">x</span><span class="p">)</span>
+<a id="__codelineno-14-8" name="__codelineno-14-8"></a><span class="n">Math</span><span class="p">.</span><span class="na">atan2</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="n">y</span><span class="p">,</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="n">x</span><span class="p">)</span>
+<a id="__codelineno-14-9" name="__codelineno-14-9"></a><span class="n">Math</span><span class="p">.</span><span class="na">ceil</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="n">x</span><span class="p">)</span>
+<a id="__codelineno-14-10" name="__codelineno-14-10"></a><span class="n">Math</span><span class="p">.</span><span class="na">cos</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="n">x</span><span class="p">)</span>
+<a id="__codelineno-14-11" name="__codelineno-14-11"></a><span class="n">Math</span><span class="p">.</span><span class="na">exp</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="n">x</span><span class="p">);</span><span class="w">  </span><span class="c1">//e^x</span>
+<a id="__codelineno-14-12" name="__codelineno-14-12"></a><span class="n">Math</span><span class="p">.</span><span class="na">floor</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="n">x</span><span class="p">)</span>
+<a id="__codelineno-14-13" name="__codelineno-14-13"></a><span class="n">Math</span><span class="p">.</span><span class="na">log</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="n">x</span><span class="p">)</span>
+<a id="__codelineno-14-14" name="__codelineno-14-14"></a><span class="n">Math</span><span class="p">.</span><span class="na">max</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="n">x</span><span class="p">,</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="n">y</span><span class="p">)</span>
+<a id="__codelineno-14-15" name="__codelineno-14-15"></a><span class="n">Math</span><span class="p">.</span><span class="na">min</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="n">x</span><span class="p">,</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="n">y</span><span class="p">)</span>
+<a id="__codelineno-14-16" name="__codelineno-14-16"></a><span class="n">Math</span><span class="p">.</span><span class="na">pow</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="n">x</span><span class="p">,</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="n">y</span><span class="p">);</span><span class="w">  </span><span class="c1">//x^y</span>
+<a id="__codelineno-14-17" name="__codelineno-14-17"></a><span class="n">Math</span><span class="p">.</span><span class="na">random</span><span class="p">()</span>
+<a id="__codelineno-14-18" name="__codelineno-14-18"></a><span class="n">Math</span><span class="p">.</span><span class="na">rint</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="n">x</span><span class="p">)</span>
+<a id="__codelineno-14-19" name="__codelineno-14-19"></a><span class="n">Math</span><span class="p">.</span><span class="na">round</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="n">x</span><span class="p">)</span>
+<a id="__codelineno-14-20" name="__codelineno-14-20"></a><span class="n">Math</span><span class="p">.</span><span class="na">sin</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="n">x</span><span class="p">)</span>
+<a id="__codelineno-14-21" name="__codelineno-14-21"></a><span class="n">Math</span><span class="p">.</span><span class="na">sqrt</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="n">x</span><span class="p">);</span><span class="w">  </span><span class="c1">//square root, x^(1/2)</span>
+<a id="__codelineno-14-22" name="__codelineno-14-22"></a><span class="n">Math</span><span class="p">.</span><span class="na">tan</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="n">x</span><span class="p">)</span>
+<a id="__codelineno-14-23" name="__codelineno-14-23"></a><span class="n">Math</span><span class="p">.</span><span class="na">toDegrees</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="n">rad</span><span class="p">)</span>
+<a id="__codelineno-14-24" name="__codelineno-14-24"></a><span class="n">Math</span><span class="p">.</span><span class="na">toRadians</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="n">deg</span><span class="p">)</span>
+</code></pre></div></td></tr></table></div>
+<h3 id="arithmetic-operators">Arithmetic Operators</h3>
+<table>
+<thead>
+<tr>
+<th>operator</th>
+<th>operation</th>
+</tr>
+</thead>
+<tbody>
+<tr>
+<td>a <code>+</code> b</td>
+<td>sum</td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+<td>a <code>-</code> b</td>
+<td>subtraction</td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+<td>a <code>*</code> b</td>
+<td>multiplication</td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+<td>a <code>/</code> b</td>
+<td>division</td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+<td>a <code>%</code> b</td>
+<td>modulo</td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+<td>a<code>++</code></td>
+<td>increment</td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+<td>a<code>--</code></td>
+<td>decrement</td>
+</tr>
+</tbody>
+</table>
+<h3 id="comparison-operators">Comparison Operators</h3>
+<table>
+<thead>
+<tr>
+<th>operator</th>
+<th>operation</th>
+</tr>
+</thead>
+<tbody>
+<tr>
+<td>a <code>==</code> b</td>
+<td>equal to</td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+<td>a <code>!=</code> b</td>
+<td>not equal to</td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+<td>a <code>&gt;</code> b</td>
+<td>greater than</td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+<td>a <code>&lt;</code> b</td>
+<td>lesser than</td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+<td>a <code>&gt;=</code> b</td>
+<td>greater than or equal to</td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+<td>a <code>&lt;=</code> b</td>
+<td>lesser than or equal to</td>
+</tr>
+</tbody>
+</table>
+<h3 id="logical-operators">Logical Operators</h3>
+<table>
+<thead>
+<tr>
+<th>operator</th>
+<th>operation</th>
+</tr>
+</thead>
+<tbody>
+<tr>
+<td><code>!</code>a</td>
+<td>logical negation (<strong>NOT</strong>)</td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+<td>a <code>&amp;&amp;</code> b,</td>
+<td>logical <strong>AND</strong></td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+<td>a <code>||</code> b,</td>
+<td>logical <strong>OR</strong></td>
+</tr>
+</tbody>
+</table>
+<h3 id="bitwise-operators">Bitwise Operators</h3>
+<table>
+<thead>
+<tr>
+<th>operator</th>
+<th>operation</th>
+</tr>
+</thead>
+<tbody>
+<tr>
+<td><code>~</code>a</td>
+<td>bitwise <strong>NOT</strong></td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+<td>a <code>&amp;</code> b</td>
+<td>bitwise <strong>AND</strong></td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+<td>a <code>|</code> b</td>
+<td>bitwise <strong>OR</strong></td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+<td>a <code>^</code> b</td>
+<td>bitwise <strong>XOR</strong></td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+<td>a <code>&lt;&lt;</code> b</td>
+<td>bitwise left shift</td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+<td>a <code>&gt;&gt;</code> b</td>
+<td>bitwise right shift</td>
+</tr>
+</tbody>
+</table>
+<h3 id="compound-assignment-operators">Compound Assignment Operators</h3>
+<table>
+<thead>
+<tr>
+<th>operator</th>
+<th>operation</th>
+</tr>
+</thead>
+<tbody>
+<tr>
+<td>a <code>+=</code> b</td>
+<td>a = a + b</td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+<td>a <code>-=</code> b</td>
+<td>a = a - b</td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+<td>a <code>*=</code> b</td>
+<td>a = a * b</td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+<td>a <code>/=</code> b</td>
+<td>a = a / b</td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+<td>a <code>%=</code> b</td>
+<td>a = a % b</td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+<td>a <code>&amp;=</code> b</td>
+<td>a = a &amp; b</td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+<td>a <code>|=</code> b</td>
+<td>a = a</td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+<td>a <code>^=</code> b</td>
+<td>a = a ^ b</td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+<td>a <code>&lt;&lt;=</code> b</td>
+<td>a = a &lt;&lt; b</td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+<td>a <code>&gt;&gt;=</code> b</td>
+<td>a = a &gt;&gt; b</td>
+</tr>
+</tbody>
+</table>
+<h3 id="operator-precedence">Operator Precedence</h3>
+<ol>
+<li>unary operators <code>++</code> , <code>--</code>, <code>!</code></li>
+<li>binary arithmetic operators <code>*</code>, <code>/</code>, <code>%</code></li>
+<li>binary arithmetic operators <code>+</code>, <code>-</code></li>
+<li>boolean operators <code>&lt;</code>, <code>&gt;</code> , <code>&lt;=</code>, <code>&gt;=</code></li>
+<li>boolean operators <code>==</code>, <code>!=</code></li>
+<li>bitwise operator <code>&amp;</code></li>
+<li>bitwise operator <code>|</code></li>
+<li>logical operator <code>&amp;&amp;</code></li>
+<li>logical operator <code>||</code></li>
+</ol>
+<h3 id="short-circuit-evaluation">Short Circuit Evaluation</h3>
+<p>If in <code>(expressionA || expressionB)</code> expressionA results <code>true</code>, Java returns <code>true</code> without evaluating expressionB.<br />
+If in <code>(expressionA &amp;&amp; expressionB)</code> expressionA results <code>false</code>, Java returns <code>false</code> without evaluating expressionB.<br />
+Full evaluation can be forced using <code>&amp;</code> and <code>|</code>.</p>
+<h2 id="decision-statements">Decision Statements</h2>
+<h3 id="if-else"><code>If Else</code></h3>
+<div class="highlight"><table class="highlighttable"><tr><th colspan="2" class="filename"><span class="filename">Java</span></th></tr><tr><td class="linenos"><div class="linenodiv"><pre><span></span><span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-15-1">1</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-15-2">2</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-15-3">3</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-15-4">4</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-15-5">5</a></span></pre></div></td><td class="code"><div><pre><span></span><code><a id="__codelineno-15-1" name="__codelineno-15-1"></a><span class="k">if</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="p">(</span><span class="n">condition</span><span class="p">)</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="p">{</span>
+<a id="__codelineno-15-2" name="__codelineno-15-2"></a><span class="w">    </span><span class="c1">//code here</span>
+<a id="__codelineno-15-3" name="__codelineno-15-3"></a><span class="p">}</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="k">else</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="p">{</span>
+<a id="__codelineno-15-4" name="__codelineno-15-4"></a><span class="w">    </span><span class="c1">//code here</span>
+<a id="__codelineno-15-5" name="__codelineno-15-5"></a><span class="p">}</span>
+</code></pre></div></td></tr></table></div>
+<h3 id="if-else-if-else"><code>If, Else If, Else</code></h3>
+<div class="highlight"><table class="highlighttable"><tr><th colspan="2" class="filename"><span class="filename">Java</span></th></tr><tr><td class="linenos"><div class="linenodiv"><pre><span></span><span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-16-1">1</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-16-2">2</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-16-3">3</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-16-4">4</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-16-5">5</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-16-6">6</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-16-7">7</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-16-8">8</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-16-9">9</a></span></pre></div></td><td class="code"><div><pre><span></span><code><a id="__codelineno-16-1" name="__codelineno-16-1"></a><span class="k">if</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="p">(</span><span class="n">condition</span><span class="p">)</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="p">{</span>
+<a id="__codelineno-16-2" name="__codelineno-16-2"></a><span class="w">    </span><span class="c1">//code here</span>
+<a id="__codelineno-16-3" name="__codelineno-16-3"></a><span class="p">}</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="k">else</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="k">if</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="p">(</span><span class="n">condition</span><span class="p">)</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="p">{</span>
+<a id="__codelineno-16-4" name="__codelineno-16-4"></a><span class="w">    </span><span class="c1">//code here</span>
+<a id="__codelineno-16-5" name="__codelineno-16-5"></a><span class="p">}</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="k">else</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="k">if</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="p">(</span><span class="n">condition</span><span class="p">){</span>
+<a id="__codelineno-16-6" name="__codelineno-16-6"></a><span class="w">    </span><span class="c1">//code here</span>
+<a id="__codelineno-16-7" name="__codelineno-16-7"></a><span class="p">}</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="k">else</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="p">{</span>
+<a id="__codelineno-16-8" name="__codelineno-16-8"></a><span class="w">    </span><span class="c1">//code here</span>
+<a id="__codelineno-16-9" name="__codelineno-16-9"></a><span class="p">}</span>
+</code></pre></div></td></tr></table></div>
+<h3 id="ternary-operator">Ternary Operator</h3>
+<p><code>(condition) ? istruzione_1 : istruzione_2;</code><br />
+if condition is <code>true</code> executes instruction1 otherwise executes instruction2.</p>
+<h3 id="switch"><code>Switch</code></h3>
+<div class="highlight"><table class="highlighttable"><tr><th colspan="2" class="filename"><span class="filename">Java</span></th></tr><tr><td class="linenos"><div class="linenodiv"><pre><span></span><span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-17-1"> 1</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-17-2"> 2</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-17-3"> 3</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-17-4"> 4</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-17-5"> 5</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-17-6"> 6</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-17-7"> 7</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-17-8"> 8</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-17-9"> 9</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-17-10">10</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-17-11">11</a></span></pre></div></td><td class="code"><div><pre><span></span><code><a id="__codelineno-17-1" name="__codelineno-17-1"></a><span class="k">switch</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="p">(</span><span class="n">matchExpression</span><span class="p">)</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="p">{</span>
+<a id="__codelineno-17-2" name="__codelineno-17-2"></a><span class="w">    </span><span class="k">case</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="n">matchingPattern</span><span class="p">:</span>
+<a id="__codelineno-17-3" name="__codelineno-17-3"></a><span class="w">        </span><span class="c1">//code here</span>
+<a id="__codelineno-17-4" name="__codelineno-17-4"></a><span class="w">        </span><span class="k">break</span><span class="p">;</span>
+<a id="__codelineno-17-5" name="__codelineno-17-5"></a><span class="w">    </span><span class="k">case</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="n">matchingPattern</span><span class="p">:</span>
+<a id="__codelineno-17-6" name="__codelineno-17-6"></a><span class="w">        </span><span class="c1">//code here</span>
+<a id="__codelineno-17-7" name="__codelineno-17-7"></a><span class="w">        </span><span class="k">break</span><span class="p">;</span>
+<a id="__codelineno-17-8" name="__codelineno-17-8"></a><span class="w">    </span><span class="k">default</span><span class="p">:</span>
+<a id="__codelineno-17-9" name="__codelineno-17-9"></a><span class="w">        </span><span class="c1">//code here</span>
+<a id="__codelineno-17-10" name="__codelineno-17-10"></a><span class="w">        </span><span class="k">break</span><span class="p">;</span>
+<a id="__codelineno-17-11" name="__codelineno-17-11"></a><span class="p">}</span>
+</code></pre></div></td></tr></table></div>
+<p>Omitting the <code>break</code> keyword causes multiple branches to execute the same code.</p>
+<h2 id="loop-statements">Loop Statements</h2>
+<h3 id="while-loop"><code>While</code> Loop</h3>
+<div class="highlight"><table class="highlighttable"><tr><th colspan="2" class="filename"><span class="filename">Java</span></th></tr><tr><td class="linenos"><div class="linenodiv"><pre><span></span><span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-18-1">1</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-18-2">2</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-18-3">3</a></span></pre></div></td><td class="code"><div><pre><span></span><code><a id="__codelineno-18-1" name="__codelineno-18-1"></a><span class="k">while</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="p">(</span><span class="n">condition</span><span class="p">)</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="p">{</span>
+<a id="__codelineno-18-2" name="__codelineno-18-2"></a><span class="w">   </span><span class="c1">//code here</span>
+<a id="__codelineno-18-3" name="__codelineno-18-3"></a><span class="p">}</span>
+</code></pre></div></td></tr></table></div>
+<h3 id="do-while-loop"><code>Do While</code> Loop</h3>
+<div class="highlight"><table class="highlighttable"><tr><th colspan="2" class="filename"><span class="filename">Java</span></th></tr><tr><td class="linenos"><div class="linenodiv"><pre><span></span><span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-19-1">1</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-19-2">2</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-19-3">3</a></span></pre></div></td><td class="code"><div><pre><span></span><code><a id="__codelineno-19-1" name="__codelineno-19-1"></a><span class="k">do</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="p">{</span>
+<a id="__codelineno-19-2" name="__codelineno-19-2"></a><span class="w">    </span><span class="c1">//code here</span>
+<a id="__codelineno-19-3" name="__codelineno-19-3"></a><span class="p">}</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="k">while</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="p">(</span><span class="n">espressione_booleana</span><span class="p">);</span>
+</code></pre></div></td></tr></table></div>
+<p>Loop body executed <em>at least</em> one time</p>
+<h3 id="for-loop"><code>For</code> Loop</h3>
+<div class="highlight"><table class="highlighttable"><tr><th colspan="2" class="filename"><span class="filename">Java</span></th></tr><tr><td class="linenos"><div class="linenodiv"><pre><span></span><span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-20-1">1</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-20-2">2</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-20-3">3</a></span></pre></div></td><td class="code"><div><pre><span></span><code><a id="__codelineno-20-1" name="__codelineno-20-1"></a><span class="k">for</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="p">(</span><span class="n">initializer</span><span class="p">;</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="n">condition</span><span class="p">;</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="n">iterator</span><span class="p">)</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="p">{</span>
+<a id="__codelineno-20-2" name="__codelineno-20-2"></a><span class="w">    </span><span class="c1">//code here</span>
+<a id="__codelineno-20-3" name="__codelineno-20-3"></a><span class="p">}</span>
+</code></pre></div></td></tr></table></div>
+<h3 id="foreach-loop"><code>Foreach</code> Loop</h3>
+<div class="highlight"><table class="highlighttable"><tr><th colspan="2" class="filename"><span class="filename">Java</span></th></tr><tr><td class="linenos"><div class="linenodiv"><pre><span></span><span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-21-1">1</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-21-2">2</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-21-3">3</a></span></pre></div></td><td class="code"><div><pre><span></span><code><a id="__codelineno-21-1" name="__codelineno-21-1"></a><span class="k">for</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="p">(</span><span class="n">Type</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="n">variable</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="p">:</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="n">iterable</span><span class="p">){</span>
+<a id="__codelineno-21-2" name="__codelineno-21-2"></a><span class="w">    </span><span class="c1">//code here</span>
+<a id="__codelineno-21-3" name="__codelineno-21-3"></a><span class="p">}</span>
+</code></pre></div></td></tr></table></div>
+<h3 id="multiple-iterators-in-for-loop">Multiple iterators in <code>For</code> Loop</h3>
+<div class="highlight"><table class="highlighttable"><tr><th colspan="2" class="filename"><span class="filename">Java</span></th></tr><tr><td class="linenos"><div class="linenodiv"><pre><span></span><span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-22-1">1</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-22-2">2</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-22-3">3</a></span></pre></div></td><td class="code"><div><pre><span></span><code><a id="__codelineno-22-1" name="__codelineno-22-1"></a><span class="k">for</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="p">(</span><span class="n">initializer1</span><span class="p">,</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="n">initializer2</span><span class="p">;</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="n">condition</span><span class="p">;</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="n">iterator1</span><span class="p">,</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="n">iterator2</span><span class="p">)</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="p">{</span>
+<a id="__codelineno-22-2" name="__codelineno-22-2"></a><span class="w">    </span><span class="c1">//code here</span>
+<a id="__codelineno-22-3" name="__codelineno-22-3"></a><span class="p">}</span>
+</code></pre></div></td></tr></table></div>
+<p>The iterator declared in the for is a local variable and can be used only in the for loop block.</p>
+<h3 id="forced-program-termination">Forced Program Termination</h3>
+<p><code>System.exit(returnedValue);</code> forces the termination of the program execution returning a specified value.</p>
+<h3 id="assertion-checks">Assertion Checks</h3>
+<p>If the assertion check is enabled (<code>java -ebableassetrions programName</code>) the execution of the algorithm is terminated if an assertion fails.<br />
+Assertions can be used to check if a variable has a wanted value in a precise point in the code (Sanity Check).</p>
+<div class="highlight"><table class="highlighttable"><tr><th colspan="2" class="filename"><span class="filename">Java</span></th></tr><tr><td class="linenos"><div class="linenodiv"><pre><span></span><span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-23-1">1</a></span></pre></div></td><td class="code"><div><pre><span></span><code><a id="__codelineno-23-1" name="__codelineno-23-1"></a><span class="k">assert</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="o">&lt;</span><span class="n">booleanExpression</span><span class="o">&gt;</span><span class="p">;</span>
+</code></pre></div></td></tr></table></div>
+<h2 id="static-methods">Static Methods</h2>
+<p>Static methods are not bound to an <em>instance</em> of a class but they act on the class <em>itself</em>.  </p>
+<h3 id="static-void-method-definition">Static Void Method Definition</h3>
+<div class="highlight"><table class="highlighttable"><tr><th colspan="2" class="filename"><span class="filename">Java</span></th></tr><tr><td class="linenos"><div class="linenodiv"><pre><span></span><span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-24-1">1</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-24-2">2</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-24-3">3</a></span></pre></div></td><td class="code"><div><pre><span></span><code><a id="__codelineno-24-1" name="__codelineno-24-1"></a><span class="kd">static</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="kt">void</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="nf">methodName</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="p">(</span><span class="n">parameters</span><span class="p">)</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="p">{</span>
+<a id="__codelineno-24-2" name="__codelineno-24-2"></a><span class="w">    </span><span class="c1">//code here</span>
+<a id="__codelineno-24-3" name="__codelineno-24-3"></a><span class="p">}</span>
+</code></pre></div></td></tr></table></div>
+<h3 id="static-method-definition">Static Method Definition</h3>
+<div class="highlight"><table class="highlighttable"><tr><th colspan="2" class="filename"><span class="filename">Java</span></th></tr><tr><td class="linenos"><div class="linenodiv"><pre><span></span><span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-25-1">1</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-25-2">2</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-25-3">3</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-25-4">4</a></span></pre></div></td><td class="code"><div><pre><span></span><code><a id="__codelineno-25-1" name="__codelineno-25-1"></a><span class="kd">static</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="n">tipo_metodo</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="nf">methodName</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="p">(</span><span class="n">parameters</span><span class="p">)</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="p">{</span>
+<a id="__codelineno-25-2" name="__codelineno-25-2"></a><span class="w">    </span><span class="c1">//code here</span>
+<a id="__codelineno-25-3" name="__codelineno-25-3"></a><span class="w">    </span><span class="k">return</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="o">&lt;</span><span class="n">espressione</span><span class="o">&gt;</span><span class="p">;</span><span class="w">   </span><span class="c1">//returned type MUST match method type</span>
+<a id="__codelineno-25-4" name="__codelineno-25-4"></a><span class="p">}</span>
+</code></pre></div></td></tr></table></div>
+<h3 id="static-method-invocation">Static Method Invocation</h3>
+<div class="highlight"><table class="highlighttable"><tr><th colspan="2" class="filename"><span class="filename">Java</span></th></tr><tr><td class="linenos"><div class="linenodiv"><pre><span></span><span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-26-1">1</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-26-2">2</a></span></pre></div></td><td class="code"><div><pre><span></span><code><a id="__codelineno-26-1" name="__codelineno-26-1"></a><span class="n">methodName</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="n">arguments</span><span class="p">);</span>
+<a id="__codelineno-26-2" name="__codelineno-26-2"></a><span class="n">ClassName</span><span class="p">.</span><span class="na">methodName</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="n">arguments</span><span class="p">);</span><span class="w">    </span><span class="c1">//if method is used outside its class</span>
+</code></pre></div></td></tr></table></div>
+<h2 id="array">Array</h2>
+<h2 id="array-declaration">Array Declaration</h2>
+<div class="highlight"><table class="highlighttable"><tr><th colspan="2" class="filename"><span class="filename">Java</span></th></tr><tr><td class="linenos"><div class="linenodiv"><pre><span></span><span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-27-1">1</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-27-2">2</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-27-3">3</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-27-4">4</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-27-5">5</a></span></pre></div></td><td class="code"><div><pre><span></span><code><a id="__codelineno-27-1" name="__codelineno-27-1"></a><span class="n">Type</span><span class="o">[]</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="n">arrayName</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="o">=</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="k">new</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="n">Type</span><span class="o">[</span><span class="n">dimension</span><span class="o">]</span><span class="p">;</span>
+<a id="__codelineno-27-2" name="__codelineno-27-2"></a>
+<a id="__codelineno-27-3" name="__codelineno-27-3"></a><span class="n">Type</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="n">arrayName</span><span class="o">[]</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="o">=</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="k">new</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="n">Type</span><span class="o">[</span><span class="n">dimension</span><span class="o">]</span><span class="p">;</span>
+<a id="__codelineno-27-4" name="__codelineno-27-4"></a>
+<a id="__codelineno-27-5" name="__codelineno-27-5"></a><span class="n">arrayName</span><span class="p">.</span><span class="na">length</span><span class="w">  </span><span class="c1">//length of the array</span>
+</code></pre></div></td></tr></table></div>
+<p>Its possible to break the declaration in two lines  </p>
+<div class="highlight"><table class="highlighttable"><tr><th colspan="2" class="filename"><span class="filename">Java</span></th></tr><tr><td class="linenos"><div class="linenodiv"><pre><span></span><span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-28-1">1</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-28-2">2</a></span></pre></div></td><td class="code"><div><pre><span></span><code><a id="__codelineno-28-1" name="__codelineno-28-1"></a><span class="n">Type</span><span class="o">[]</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="n">arrayName</span><span class="p">;</span>
+<a id="__codelineno-28-2" name="__codelineno-28-2"></a><span class="n">arrayType</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="o">=</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="k">new</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="n">Type</span><span class="o">[</span><span class="n">dimension</span><span class="o">]</span><span class="p">;</span>
+</code></pre></div></td></tr></table></div>
+<h2 id="array-creation-by-initialization">Array Creation by Initialization</h2>
+<p><code>Type[] arrayName = {value1, value2, ...}</code><br />
+Array dimension is determined by the number of values.</p>
+<h3 id="arrays-as-method-parameters">Arrays as method parameters</h3>
+<div class="highlight"><table class="highlighttable"><tr><th colspan="2" class="filename"><span class="filename">Java</span></th></tr><tr><td class="linenos"><div class="linenodiv"><pre><span></span><span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-29-1">1</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-29-2">2</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-29-3">3</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-29-4">4</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-29-5">5</a></span></pre></div></td><td class="code"><div><pre><span></span><code><a id="__codelineno-29-1" name="__codelineno-29-1"></a><span class="kd">static</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="n">Type</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="nf">methodName</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="p">(</span><span class="n">Type</span><span class="o">[]</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="n">arrayName</span><span class="p">)</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="p">{</span>
+<a id="__codelineno-29-2" name="__codelineno-29-2"></a><span class="w">    </span><span class="c1">//code here</span>
+<a id="__codelineno-29-3" name="__codelineno-29-3"></a><span class="p">}</span>
+<a id="__codelineno-29-4" name="__codelineno-29-4"></a>
+<a id="__codelineno-29-5" name="__codelineno-29-5"></a><span class="n">methodName</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="n">arrayName</span><span class="p">);</span><span class="w">  </span><span class="c1">//[] omitted when passing array as argument</span>
+</code></pre></div></td></tr></table></div>
+<p>Single elements of an array can be passed to a method. Array dimension can be omitted.  </p>
+<h3 id="equality-of-arrays">Equality of Arrays</h3>
+<p>As arrays ar object in Java, the operators <code>==</code> and <code>!=</code> confront the memory address of the arrays.<br />
+Array contents must be confronted by looping through the array.</p>
+<h3 id="methods-returning-arrays">Methods returning Arrays</h3>
+<div class="highlight"><table class="highlighttable"><tr><th colspan="2" class="filename"><span class="filename">Java</span></th></tr><tr><td class="linenos"><div class="linenodiv"><pre><span></span><span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-30-1">1</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-30-2">2</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-30-3">3</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-30-4">4</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-30-5">5</a></span></pre></div></td><td class="code"><div><pre><span></span><code><a id="__codelineno-30-1" name="__codelineno-30-1"></a><span class="kd">static</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="n">Type</span><span class="o">[]</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="nf">methodName</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="p">(</span><span class="n">parameters</span><span class="p">)</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="p">{</span>
+<a id="__codelineno-30-2" name="__codelineno-30-2"></a><span class="w">    </span><span class="n">Type</span><span class="o">[]</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="n">arrayName</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="o">=</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="k">new</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="n">Type</span><span class="o">[</span><span class="n">dimension</span><span class="o">]</span><span class="p">;</span><span class="w">  </span><span class="c1">//array declaration</span>
+<a id="__codelineno-30-3" name="__codelineno-30-3"></a><span class="w">    </span><span class="c1">//array valorization</span>
+<a id="__codelineno-30-4" name="__codelineno-30-4"></a><span class="w">    </span><span class="k">return</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="n">arrayName</span><span class="p">;</span>
+<a id="__codelineno-30-5" name="__codelineno-30-5"></a><span class="p">}</span>
+</code></pre></div></td></tr></table></div>
+<h2 id="variable-numbers-of-parameters-in-a-method">Variable numbers of parameters in a method</h2>
+<div class="highlight"><table class="highlighttable"><tr><th colspan="2" class="filename"><span class="filename">Java</span></th></tr><tr><td class="linenos"><div class="linenodiv"><pre><span></span><span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-31-1">1</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-31-2">2</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-31-3">3</a></span></pre></div></td><td class="code"><div><pre><span></span><code><a id="__codelineno-31-1" name="__codelineno-31-1"></a><span class="kd">static</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="n">Type</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="nf">methodName</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="p">(</span><span class="n">parameters</span><span class="p">,</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="n">tipo</span><span class="o">[]</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="n">ArrayName</span><span class="p">)</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="p">{</span>
+<a id="__codelineno-31-2" name="__codelineno-31-2"></a><span class="w">    </span><span class="c1">//code here</span>
+<a id="__codelineno-31-3" name="__codelineno-31-3"></a><span class="p">}</span>
+</code></pre></div></td></tr></table></div>
+<p>It's not necessary to specify a dimension of the array, it's determined by Java</p>
+<h3 id="multi-dimensional-arrays">Multi-Dimensional Arrays</h3>
+<div class="highlight"><table class="highlighttable"><tr><th colspan="2" class="filename"><span class="filename">Java</span></th></tr><tr><td class="linenos"><div class="linenodiv"><pre><span></span><span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-32-1">1</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-32-2">2</a></span></pre></div></td><td class="code"><div><pre><span></span><code><a id="__codelineno-32-1" name="__codelineno-32-1"></a><span class="n">Type</span><span class="o">[]</span><span class="p">...</span><span class="o">[]</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="n">arrayName</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="o">=</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="k">new</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="n">Type</span><span class="o">[</span><span class="n">dimension1</span><span class="o">]</span><span class="p">...</span><span class="o">[</span><span class="n">dimensionN</span><span class="o">]</span><span class="p">;</span>
+<a id="__codelineno-32-2" name="__codelineno-32-2"></a><span class="n">Type</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="n">arrayName</span><span class="o">[]</span><span class="p">...</span><span class="o">[]</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="o">=</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="k">new</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="n">Type</span><span class="o">[</span><span class="n">dimension1</span><span class="o">]</span><span class="p">...</span><span class="o">[</span><span class="n">dimensionN</span><span class="o">]</span><span class="p">;</span>
+</code></pre></div></td></tr></table></div>
+<h3 id="multi-dimensional-arrays-as-parameters">Multi-Dimensional Arrays as parameters</h3>
+<div class="highlight"><table class="highlighttable"><tr><th colspan="2" class="filename"><span class="filename">Java</span></th></tr><tr><td class="linenos"><div class="linenodiv"><pre><span></span><span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-33-1">1</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-33-2">2</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-33-3">3</a></span></pre></div></td><td class="code"><div><pre><span></span><code><a id="__codelineno-33-1" name="__codelineno-33-1"></a><span class="kd">static</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="n">Type</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="nf">methodName</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="p">(</span><span class="n">Type</span><span class="o">[]</span><span class="p">...</span><span class="o">[]</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="n">ArrayName</span><span class="p">)</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="p">{</span>
+<a id="__codelineno-33-2" name="__codelineno-33-2"></a><span class="w">    </span><span class="c1">//code here</span>
+<a id="__codelineno-33-3" name="__codelineno-33-3"></a><span class="p">}</span>
+</code></pre></div></td></tr></table></div>
+<h3 id="methods-returning-multi-dimensional-arrays">Methods returning multi-dimensional arrays</h3>
+<div class="highlight"><table class="highlighttable"><tr><th colspan="2" class="filename"><span class="filename">Java</span></th></tr><tr><td class="linenos"><div class="linenodiv"><pre><span></span><span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-34-1">1</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-34-2">2</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-34-3">3</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-34-4">4</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-34-5">5</a></span></pre></div></td><td class="code"><div><pre><span></span><code><a id="__codelineno-34-1" name="__codelineno-34-1"></a><span class="kd">static</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="n">Type</span><span class="o">[]</span><span class="p">...</span><span class="o">[]</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="nf">methodName</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="p">(</span><span class="n">parameters</span><span class="p">)</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="p">{</span>
+<a id="__codelineno-34-2" name="__codelineno-34-2"></a><span class="w">    </span><span class="n">Type</span><span class="o">[]</span><span class="p">...</span><span class="o">[]</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="n">array</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="o">=</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="k">new</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="n">Type</span><span class="o">[</span><span class="n">dimension1</span><span class="o">]</span><span class="p">...</span><span class="o">[</span><span class="n">dimensionN</span><span class="o">]</span><span class="p">;</span>
+<a id="__codelineno-34-3" name="__codelineno-34-3"></a><span class="w">    </span><span class="c1">//array valorization</span>
+<a id="__codelineno-34-4" name="__codelineno-34-4"></a><span class="w">    </span><span class="k">return</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="n">array</span><span class="p">;</span>
+<a id="__codelineno-34-5" name="__codelineno-34-5"></a><span class="p">}</span>
+</code></pre></div></td></tr></table></div>
+<h3 id="array-length-of-multi-dimensional-arrays">Array Length of multi-dimensional arrays</h3>
+<div class="highlight"><table class="highlighttable"><tr><th colspan="2" class="filename"><span class="filename">Java</span></th></tr><tr><td class="linenos"><div class="linenodiv"><pre><span></span><span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-35-1">1</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-35-2">2</a></span></pre></div></td><td class="code"><div><pre><span></span><code><a id="__codelineno-35-1" name="__codelineno-35-1"></a><span class="n">array</span><span class="p">.</span><span class="na">length</span><span class="w">  </span><span class="c1">//row length</span>
+<a id="__codelineno-35-2" name="__codelineno-35-2"></a><span class="n">array</span><span class="o">[</span><span class="n">rowIndex</span><span class="o">]</span><span class="p">.</span><span class="na">length</span><span class="w">  </span><span class="c1">//column length</span>
+</code></pre></div></td></tr></table></div>
+<h3 id="irregular-table-visualization">Irregular Table Visualization</h3>
+<div class="highlight"><table class="highlighttable"><tr><th colspan="2" class="filename"><span class="filename">Java</span></th></tr><tr><td class="linenos"><div class="linenodiv"><pre><span></span><span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-36-1">1</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-36-2">2</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-36-3">3</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-36-4">4</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-36-5">5</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-36-6">6</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-36-7">7</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-36-8">8</a></span></pre></div></td><td class="code"><div><pre><span></span><code><a id="__codelineno-36-1" name="__codelineno-36-1"></a><span class="kd">static</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="kt">void</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="nf">viewTable</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="p">(</span><span class="n">Type</span><span class="o">[][]</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="n">matrix</span><span class="p">){</span>
+<a id="__codelineno-36-2" name="__codelineno-36-2"></a><span class="w">    </span><span class="k">for</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="p">(</span><span class="kt">int</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="n">row</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="o">=</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="mi">0</span><span class="p">;</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="n">row</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="o">&lt;</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="n">matrix</span><span class="p">.</span><span class="na">length</span><span class="p">;</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="n">row</span><span class="o">++</span><span class="p">){</span><span class="w">   </span><span class="c1">//run through the rows</span>
+<a id="__codelineno-36-3" name="__codelineno-36-3"></a><span class="w">        </span><span class="k">for</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="p">(</span><span class="kt">int</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="n">column</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="o">=</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="mi">0</span><span class="p">;</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="n">column</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="o">&lt;</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="n">arrayName</span><span class="o">[</span><span class="n">row</span><span class="o">]</span><span class="p">.</span><span class="na">length</span><span class="p">;</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="n">column</span><span class="o">++</span><span class="p">){</span><span class="w">   </span><span class="c1">//run through the columns</span>
+<a id="__codelineno-36-4" name="__codelineno-36-4"></a><span class="w">            </span><span class="n">System</span><span class="p">.</span><span class="na">put</span><span class="p">.</span><span class="na">print</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="n">arrayName</span><span class="o">[</span><span class="n">row</span><span class="o">][</span><span class="n">column</span><span class="o">]</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="o">+</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="s">&quot;\t&quot;</span><span class="p">);</span><span class="w">   </span><span class="c1">//print item followed by a tab</span>
+<a id="__codelineno-36-5" name="__codelineno-36-5"></a><span class="w">        </span><span class="p">}</span>
+<a id="__codelineno-36-6" name="__codelineno-36-6"></a><span class="w">        </span><span class="n">System</span><span class="p">.</span><span class="na">out</span><span class="p">.</span><span class="na">println</span><span class="p">();</span><span class="w">   </span><span class="c1">//newline after each matrix row</span>
+<a id="__codelineno-36-7" name="__codelineno-36-7"></a><span class="w">    </span><span class="p">}</span>
+<a id="__codelineno-36-8" name="__codelineno-36-8"></a><span class="p">}</span>
+</code></pre></div></td></tr></table></div>
+<h2 id="recursion-guidelines">Recursion Guidelines</h2>
+<p>The core of the recursion must be constituted by a <em>conditional instruction</em> that permits to handle the cases based on the method argument.<br />
+<em>At least one</em> of the alternatives must contain a recursive call to che method. The call must resolve reduced version of the task handled by the method.<br />
+<em>At leats one</em> of the alternatives must not contain a recursive call or it must produce a value that constitutes a base case or an arrest value.</p>
+<h2 id="exception-handling">Exception Handling</h2>
+<p>An <strong>Exception</strong> is an object used to signal an anomalous event.
+<strong>Checked Exceptions</strong> must be handled in a catch meanwhile <strong>Unchecked Exceptions</strong> do not need to be cached like <code>RuntimeException</code>.
+Unchecked exceptions usually mean that there is an error in the logic of the program that must be fixed.</p>
+<h3 id="try-catch-finally"><code>Try-Catch-Finally</code></h3>
+<p>This construct permits to monitor what happens in a block of code and to specify what to do in case of errors (<em>exceptions</em>).</p>
+<div class="highlight"><table class="highlighttable"><tr><th colspan="2" class="filename"><span class="filename">Java</span></th></tr><tr><td class="linenos"><div class="linenodiv"><pre><span></span><span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-37-1"> 1</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-37-2"> 2</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-37-3"> 3</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-37-4"> 4</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-37-5"> 5</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-37-6"> 6</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-37-7"> 7</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-37-8"> 8</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-37-9"> 9</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-37-10">10</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-37-11">11</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-37-12">12</a></span></pre></div></td><td class="code"><div><pre><span></span><code><a id="__codelineno-37-1" name="__codelineno-37-1"></a><span class="k">try</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="p">{</span>
+<a id="__codelineno-37-2" name="__codelineno-37-2"></a><span class="w">    </span><span class="c1">//monitored code</span>
+<a id="__codelineno-37-3" name="__codelineno-37-3"></a><span class="p">}</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="k">catch</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="p">(</span><span class="n">SpecificException</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="n">e</span><span class="p">)</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="p">{</span>
+<a id="__codelineno-37-4" name="__codelineno-37-4"></a><span class="w">    </span><span class="c1">//in case of errors use this</span>
+<a id="__codelineno-37-5" name="__codelineno-37-5"></a><span class="p">}</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="k">catch</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="p">(</span><span class="n">SpecificException1</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="o">|</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="n">SpecificException2</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="o">|</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="p">...</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="o">|</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="n">SpecificExceptionN</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="n">e</span><span class="p">)</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="p">{</span>
+<a id="__codelineno-37-6" name="__codelineno-37-6"></a><span class="w">    </span><span class="c1">//in case of errors use this</span>
+<a id="__codelineno-37-7" name="__codelineno-37-7"></a><span class="p">}</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="k">catch</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="p">(</span><span class="n">Exception</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="n">e</span><span class="p">)</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="p">{</span>
+<a id="__codelineno-37-8" name="__codelineno-37-8"></a><span class="w">    </span><span class="c1">//in case of error use this</span>
+<a id="__codelineno-37-9" name="__codelineno-37-9"></a><span class="w">    </span><span class="n">e</span><span class="p">.</span><span class="na">getMessage</span><span class="p">();</span><span class="w">  </span><span class="c1">// access to Exception error message</span>
+<a id="__codelineno-37-10" name="__codelineno-37-10"></a><span class="p">}</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="k">finally</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="p">{</span>
+<a id="__codelineno-37-11" name="__codelineno-37-11"></a><span class="w">    </span><span class="c1">//code executed anyways</span>
+<a id="__codelineno-37-12" name="__codelineno-37-12"></a><span class="p">}</span>
+</code></pre></div></td></tr></table></div>
+<p>A <code>try-catch</code> construct can handle multiple exceptions at once.  Every <code>catch</code> is analyzed in sequence and is executed the first to happen thus is best to leave a generic exception last.</p>
+<h3 id="try-with-resources">Try with Resources</h3>
+<div class="highlight"><table class="highlighttable"><tr><th colspan="2" class="filename"><span class="filename">Java</span></th></tr><tr><td class="linenos"><div class="linenodiv"><pre><span></span><span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-38-1">1</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-38-2">2</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-38-3">3</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-38-4">4</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-38-5">5</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-38-6">6</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-38-7">7</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-38-8">8</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-38-9">9</a></span></pre></div></td><td class="code"><div><pre><span></span><code><a id="__codelineno-38-1" name="__codelineno-38-1"></a><span class="k">try</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="p">(</span>
+<a id="__codelineno-38-2" name="__codelineno-38-2"></a><span class="w">    </span><span class="c1">//resource definition</span>
+<a id="__codelineno-38-3" name="__codelineno-38-3"></a><span class="p">){</span>
+<a id="__codelineno-38-4" name="__codelineno-38-4"></a><span class="w">    </span><span class="c1">//dangerous code</span>
+<a id="__codelineno-38-5" name="__codelineno-38-5"></a><span class="p">}</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="k">catch</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="p">(</span><span class="n">Exception</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="n">e</span><span class="p">)</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="p">{</span>
+<a id="__codelineno-38-6" name="__codelineno-38-6"></a><span class="w">    </span><span class="c1">//in case of error use this</span>
+<a id="__codelineno-38-7" name="__codelineno-38-7"></a><span class="p">}</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="k">finally</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="p">{</span>
+<a id="__codelineno-38-8" name="__codelineno-38-8"></a><span class="w">    </span><span class="c1">//code executed anyway</span>
+<a id="__codelineno-38-9" name="__codelineno-38-9"></a><span class="p">}</span>
+</code></pre></div></td></tr></table></div>
+<h3 id="throw-throws"><code>Throw</code> &amp; <code>Throws</code></h3>
+<p>The <code>throw</code> keyword is used to generate a custom exception in a point of the code.<br />
+<code>throw</code> is used together with an exception type.</p>
+<div class="highlight"><table class="highlighttable"><tr><th colspan="2" class="filename"><span class="filename">Java</span></th></tr><tr><td class="linenos"><div class="linenodiv"><pre><span></span><span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-39-1">1</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-39-2">2</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-39-3">3</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-39-4">4</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-39-5">5</a></span></pre></div></td><td class="code"><div><pre><span></span><code><a id="__codelineno-39-1" name="__codelineno-39-1"></a><span class="n">Type</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="nf">methodName</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="n">parameters</span><span class="p">)</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="p">{</span>
+<a id="__codelineno-39-2" name="__codelineno-39-2"></a><span class="w">    </span><span class="k">if</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="p">(</span><span class="n">condition</span><span class="p">)</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="p">{</span>
+<a id="__codelineno-39-3" name="__codelineno-39-3"></a><span class="w">      </span><span class="k">throw</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="k">new</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="n">Exception</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="s">&quot;error message&quot;</span><span class="p">);</span>
+<a id="__codelineno-39-4" name="__codelineno-39-4"></a><span class="w">    </span><span class="p">}</span>
+<a id="__codelineno-39-5" name="__codelineno-39-5"></a><span class="p">}</span>
+</code></pre></div></td></tr></table></div>
+<p>The <code>throws</code> keyword is used to indicate what exception Type may be thrown by a method.<br />
+<code>throws</code> is used together with a exception class. It's used to send the exception to the method caller.</p>
+<div class="highlight"><table class="highlighttable"><tr><th colspan="2" class="filename"><span class="filename">Java</span></th></tr><tr><td class="linenos"><div class="linenodiv"><pre><span></span><span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-40-1">1</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-40-2">2</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-40-3">3</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-40-4">4</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-40-5">5</a></span></pre></div></td><td class="code"><div><pre><span></span><code><a id="__codelineno-40-1" name="__codelineno-40-1"></a><span class="n">Type</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="nf">methodName</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="n">parameters</span><span class="p">)</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="kd">throws</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="n">ExceptionClass</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="p">{</span>
+<a id="__codelineno-40-2" name="__codelineno-40-2"></a><span class="w">    </span><span class="k">if</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="p">(</span><span class="n">condition</span><span class="p">)</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="p">{</span>
+<a id="__codelineno-40-3" name="__codelineno-40-3"></a><span class="w">      </span><span class="k">throw</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="k">new</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="n">SpecificException</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="s">&quot;error message&quot;</span><span class="p">);</span>
+<a id="__codelineno-40-4" name="__codelineno-40-4"></a><span class="w">    </span><span class="p">}</span>
+<a id="__codelineno-40-5" name="__codelineno-40-5"></a><span class="p">}</span>
+</code></pre></div></td></tr></table></div>
+<h3 id="defining-personalized-exceptions">Defining Personalized Exceptions</h3>
+<p>A user-defined exception has to inherit from <code>Exception</code> or one of it's descendants.</p>
+<div class="highlight"><table class="highlighttable"><tr><th colspan="2" class="filename"><span class="filename">Java</span></th></tr><tr><td class="linenos"><div class="linenodiv"><pre><span></span><span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-41-1"> 1</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-41-2"> 2</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-41-3"> 3</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-41-4"> 4</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-41-5"> 5</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-41-6"> 6</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-41-7"> 7</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-41-8"> 8</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-41-9"> 9</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-41-10">10</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-41-11">11</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-41-12">12</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-41-13">13</a></span></pre></div></td><td class="code"><div><pre><span></span><code><a id="__codelineno-41-1" name="__codelineno-41-1"></a><span class="kd">public</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="kd">class</span> <span class="nc">CustomException</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="kd">extends</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="n">Exception</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="p">{</span>
+<a id="__codelineno-41-2" name="__codelineno-41-2"></a>
+<a id="__codelineno-41-3" name="__codelineno-41-3"></a><span class="w">    </span><span class="kd">public</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="nf">CustomException</span><span class="p">(){</span>
+<a id="__codelineno-41-4" name="__codelineno-41-4"></a><span class="w">        </span><span class="kd">super</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="s">&quot;Base Message&quot;</span><span class="p">);</span><span class="w">  </span><span class="c1">// ese Exception constructor</span>
+<a id="__codelineno-41-5" name="__codelineno-41-5"></a><span class="w">    </span><span class="p">}</span>
+<a id="__codelineno-41-6" name="__codelineno-41-6"></a>
+<a id="__codelineno-41-7" name="__codelineno-41-7"></a><span class="w">    </span><span class="kd">public</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="nf">CustomException</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="n">string</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="n">message</span><span class="p">){</span>
+<a id="__codelineno-41-8" name="__codelineno-41-8"></a><span class="w">        </span><span class="kd">super</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="n">message</span><span class="p">);</span>
+<a id="__codelineno-41-9" name="__codelineno-41-9"></a><span class="w">    </span><span class="p">}</span>
+<a id="__codelineno-41-10" name="__codelineno-41-10"></a>
+<a id="__codelineno-41-11" name="__codelineno-41-11"></a><span class="w">    </span><span class="c1">// CustomException inherits getMessage() from Exception</span>
+<a id="__codelineno-41-12" name="__codelineno-41-12"></a>
+<a id="__codelineno-41-13" name="__codelineno-41-13"></a><span class="p">}</span>
+</code></pre></div></td></tr></table></div>
+<h2 id="object-oriented-programming">Object Oriented Programming</h2>
+<h3 id="access-modifiers">Access Modifiers</h3>
+<p><code>public</code> variables, methods, classes are usable outside of class of definition.<br />
+<code>private</code>    variables, methods, classes are  <em>only</em> usable inside class of definition.<br />
+<code>protected</code> variables, methods, classes can be accessed <em>only</em> by defining class, it's descendants and the package.<br />
+<code>final</code> classes and methods cannot be extended or overridden.
+If not specified variables, methods and classes are <em>only</em> accessible from the same package.</p>
+<h3 id="instance-method-definition">Instance Method Definition</h3>
+<div class="highlight"><table class="highlighttable"><tr><th colspan="2" class="filename"><span class="filename">Java</span></th></tr><tr><td class="linenos"><div class="linenodiv"><pre><span></span><span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-42-1">1</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-42-2">2</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-42-3">3</a></span></pre></div></td><td class="code"><div><pre><span></span><code><a id="__codelineno-42-1" name="__codelineno-42-1"></a><span class="n">Type</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="nf">methodName</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="p">(</span><span class="n">parameters</span><span class="p">)</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="p">{</span>
+<a id="__codelineno-42-2" name="__codelineno-42-2"></a><span class="w">    </span><span class="c1">//code here</span>
+<a id="__codelineno-42-3" name="__codelineno-42-3"></a><span class="p">}</span>
+</code></pre></div></td></tr></table></div>
+<h3 id="void-instance-method"><code>Void</code> Instance Method</h3>
+<div class="highlight"><table class="highlighttable"><tr><th colspan="2" class="filename"><span class="filename">Java</span></th></tr><tr><td class="linenos"><div class="linenodiv"><pre><span></span><span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-43-1">1</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-43-2">2</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-43-3">3</a></span></pre></div></td><td class="code"><div><pre><span></span><code><a id="__codelineno-43-1" name="__codelineno-43-1"></a><span class="kt">void</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="nf">methodName</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="p">(</span><span class="n">parameters</span><span class="p">)</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="p">{</span>
+<a id="__codelineno-43-2" name="__codelineno-43-2"></a><span class="w">    </span><span class="c1">//code here</span>
+<a id="__codelineno-43-3" name="__codelineno-43-3"></a><span class="p">}</span>
+</code></pre></div></td></tr></table></div>
+<h3 id="class-definition">Class Definition</h3>
+<div class="highlight"><table class="highlighttable"><tr><th colspan="2" class="filename"><span class="filename">Java</span></th></tr><tr><td class="linenos"><div class="linenodiv"><pre><span></span><span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-44-1"> 1</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-44-2"> 2</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-44-3"> 3</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-44-4"> 4</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-44-5"> 5</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-44-6"> 6</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-44-7"> 7</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-44-8"> 8</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-44-9"> 9</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-44-10">10</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-44-11">11</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-44-12">12</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-44-13">13</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-44-14">14</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-44-15">15</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-44-16">16</a></span></pre></div></td><td class="code"><div><pre><span></span><code><a id="__codelineno-44-1" name="__codelineno-44-1"></a><span class="kd">public</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="kd">class</span> <span class="nc">ClassName</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="p">{</span>
+<a id="__codelineno-44-2" name="__codelineno-44-2"></a><span class="w">    </span><span class="c1">//instance variables declaration</span>
+<a id="__codelineno-44-3" name="__codelineno-44-3"></a>
+<a id="__codelineno-44-4" name="__codelineno-44-4"></a><span class="w">    </span><span class="c1">//instantiation block</span>
+<a id="__codelineno-44-5" name="__codelineno-44-5"></a><span class="w">    </span><span class="p">{</span>
+<a id="__codelineno-44-6" name="__codelineno-44-6"></a><span class="w">        </span><span class="c1">// this code is called before the constructor when an object is instantiated</span>
+<a id="__codelineno-44-7" name="__codelineno-44-7"></a><span class="w">    </span><span class="p">}</span>
+<a id="__codelineno-44-8" name="__codelineno-44-8"></a>
+<a id="__codelineno-44-9" name="__codelineno-44-9"></a><span class="w">    </span><span class="c1">//constructors definition</span>
+<a id="__codelineno-44-10" name="__codelineno-44-10"></a>
+<a id="__codelineno-44-11" name="__codelineno-44-11"></a><span class="w">    </span><span class="c1">// getters &amp; setters</span>
+<a id="__codelineno-44-12" name="__codelineno-44-12"></a>
+<a id="__codelineno-44-13" name="__codelineno-44-13"></a><span class="w">    </span><span class="c1">// override of superclass&#39; methods</span>
+<a id="__codelineno-44-14" name="__codelineno-44-14"></a>
+<a id="__codelineno-44-15" name="__codelineno-44-15"></a><span class="w">    </span><span class="c1">//instance methods definition</span>
+<a id="__codelineno-44-16" name="__codelineno-44-16"></a><span class="p">}</span>
+</code></pre></div></td></tr></table></div>
+<h3 id="this-identifier"><code>This</code> identifier</h3>
+<p><code>this.instanceVariable</code> identifies the instance variable
+It's possible to use <code>this</code> to distinguish between instance and static variables with the same name.</p>
+<h3 id="classes-and-reference-addresses">Classes and Reference Addresses</h3>
+<p>A an instance of a class doesn't contain an object of that class but a memory address in which the object is memorized.<br />
+operations of assignment (<code>=</code>) and confront (<code>==</code>) act on the memory address  and not on the values of the objects.<br />
+To confront object is necessary to define a <code>equals()</code> method that checks if the values of the object attributes are equal.  </p>
+<h3 id="constructors">Constructors</h3>
+<p>Constructors are special methods that are invoked with the <code>new</code> operator when an object is instantiated.<br />
+Constructors assign the starting values of the object attributes.<br />
+If a constructor id defined Java doesn't create the default constructor.</p>
+<div class="highlight"><table class="highlighttable"><tr><th colspan="2" class="filename"><span class="filename">Java</span></th></tr><tr><td class="linenos"><div class="linenodiv"><pre><span></span><span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-45-1"> 1</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-45-2"> 2</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-45-3"> 3</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-45-4"> 4</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-45-5"> 5</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-45-6"> 6</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-45-7"> 7</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-45-8"> 8</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-45-9"> 9</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-45-10">10</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-45-11">11</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-45-12">12</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-45-13">13</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-45-14">14</a></span></pre></div></td><td class="code"><div><pre><span></span><code><a id="__codelineno-45-1" name="__codelineno-45-1"></a><span class="kd">class</span> <span class="nf">ClassName</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="p">(){</span>
+<a id="__codelineno-45-2" name="__codelineno-45-2"></a>
+<a id="__codelineno-45-3" name="__codelineno-45-3"></a><span class="w">    </span><span class="c1">//attributes declaration (aka instance variables)</span>
+<a id="__codelineno-45-4" name="__codelineno-45-4"></a>
+<a id="__codelineno-45-5" name="__codelineno-45-5"></a><span class="w">    </span><span class="c1">//constructor</span>
+<a id="__codelineno-45-6" name="__codelineno-45-6"></a><span class="w">    </span><span class="kd">public</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="nf">ClassName</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="n">parameters</span><span class="p">){</span>
+<a id="__codelineno-45-7" name="__codelineno-45-7"></a><span class="w">        </span><span class="k">this</span><span class="p">.</span><span class="na">attribute</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="o">=</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="n">value</span><span class="p">;</span><span class="w">  </span><span class="c1">//value is passed to the constructor at obj instantiation</span>
+<a id="__codelineno-45-8" name="__codelineno-45-8"></a><span class="w">    </span><span class="p">}</span>
+<a id="__codelineno-45-9" name="__codelineno-45-9"></a>
+<a id="__codelineno-45-10" name="__codelineno-45-10"></a><span class="w">    </span><span class="kd">public</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="nf">ClassName</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="n">parameters</span><span class="p">,</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="n">otherParameters</span><span class="p">){</span>
+<a id="__codelineno-45-11" name="__codelineno-45-11"></a><span class="w">        </span><span class="k">this</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="n">parameters</span><span class="p">);</span><span class="w">  </span><span class="c1">// invoke other constructor for subset of parameters, must be FIRST INSTRUCTION</span>
+<a id="__codelineno-45-12" name="__codelineno-45-12"></a><span class="w">        </span><span class="k">this</span><span class="p">.</span><span class="na">attribute</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="o">=</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="n">value</span><span class="p">;</span><span class="w">  </span><span class="c1">// deal with the remaining parameters</span>
+<a id="__codelineno-45-13" name="__codelineno-45-13"></a><span class="w">    </span><span class="p">}</span>
+<a id="__codelineno-45-14" name="__codelineno-45-14"></a><span class="p">}</span>
+</code></pre></div></td></tr></table></div>
+<h3 id="static-variables">Static Variables</h3>
+<p><code>Type staticVariable = value;</code><br />
+Static variables are shared by all objects of a class and all static method can act upon them.<br />
+Static variable do not belong to the class objects.</p>
+<h3 id="getters-setter-methods">Getters &amp; Setter Methods</h3>
+<div class="highlight"><table class="highlighttable"><tr><th colspan="2" class="filename"><span class="filename">Java</span></th></tr><tr><td class="linenos"><div class="linenodiv"><pre><span></span><span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-46-1">1</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-46-2">2</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-46-3">3</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-46-4">4</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-46-5">5</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-46-6">6</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-46-7">7</a></span></pre></div></td><td class="code"><div><pre><span></span><code><a id="__codelineno-46-1" name="__codelineno-46-1"></a><span class="kd">public</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="kt">void</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="nf">setAttribute</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="n">Type</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="n">attribute</span><span class="p">){</span>
+<a id="__codelineno-46-2" name="__codelineno-46-2"></a><span class="w">    </span><span class="k">this</span><span class="p">.</span><span class="na">attribute</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="o">=</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="n">attribute</span><span class="p">;</span>
+<a id="__codelineno-46-3" name="__codelineno-46-3"></a><span class="p">}</span>
+<a id="__codelineno-46-4" name="__codelineno-46-4"></a>
+<a id="__codelineno-46-5" name="__codelineno-46-5"></a><span class="kd">public</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="n">Type</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="nf">getAttribute</span><span class="p">(){</span>
+<a id="__codelineno-46-6" name="__codelineno-46-6"></a><span class="w">    </span><span class="k">return</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="k">this</span><span class="p">.</span><span class="na">attribute</span><span class="p">;</span>
+<a id="__codelineno-46-7" name="__codelineno-46-7"></a><span class="p">}</span>
+</code></pre></div></td></tr></table></div>
+<h3 id="tostring-method"><code>ToString()</code> Method</h3>
+<p>Automatically returns a string if the object is directly called in a print method.</p>
+<div class="highlight"><table class="highlighttable"><tr><th colspan="2" class="filename"><span class="filename">Java</span></th></tr><tr><td class="linenos"><div class="linenodiv"><pre><span></span><span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-47-1">1</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-47-2">2</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-47-3">3</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-47-4">4</a></span></pre></div></td><td class="code"><div><pre><span></span><code><a id="__codelineno-47-1" name="__codelineno-47-1"></a><span class="nd">@Override</span>
+<a id="__codelineno-47-2" name="__codelineno-47-2"></a><span class="n">Public</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="n">String</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="nf">toString</span><span class="p">(){</span>
+<a id="__codelineno-47-3" name="__codelineno-47-3"></a><span class="w">    </span><span class="k">return</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="s">&quot;string-representation-of-object&quot;</span>
+<a id="__codelineno-47-4" name="__codelineno-47-4"></a><span class="p">}</span>
+</code></pre></div></td></tr></table></div>
+<h3 id="static-methods-in-classes">Static Methods in Classes</h3>
+<p>Static methods are used to effectuate operations not applied to objects.<br />
+Outside of the class of definition that are invoked with ClassName.methodName()<br />
+Static method <strong>cannot</strong> act on instance variables.  </p>
+<h3 id="method-overloading">Method Overloading</h3>
+<p>A class can have multiple methods with the same name given that each method has a different number or type of parameters (different method <em>signature</em>).  </p>
+<h3 id="inheritance-method-overriding">Inheritance &amp; Method Overriding</h3>
+<p>Child classes inherit all methods and attributes from parent class.<br />
+Child methods can <em>override</em> parent methods to adapt their functionality.<br />
+Overriding and overridden classes <strong>must</strong> have the same name.
+A child class can inherit from <em>only</em> one parent class.</p>
+<p>Child class <strong>must</strong> implement a constructor that instantiates the parent (super) class.<br />
+<code>super()</code> instantiates the superclass of the child class.</p>
+<div class="highlight"><table class="highlighttable"><tr><th colspan="2" class="filename"><span class="filename">Java</span></th></tr><tr><td class="linenos"><div class="linenodiv"><pre><span></span><span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-48-1"> 1</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-48-2"> 2</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-48-3"> 3</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-48-4"> 4</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-48-5"> 5</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-48-6"> 6</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-48-7"> 7</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-48-8"> 8</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-48-9"> 9</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-48-10">10</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-48-11">11</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-48-12">12</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-48-13">13</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-48-14">14</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-48-15">15</a></span></pre></div></td><td class="code"><div><pre><span></span><code><a id="__codelineno-48-1" name="__codelineno-48-1"></a><span class="kd">class</span> <span class="nc">ChildClass</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="kd">extends</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="n">ParentClass</span><span class="p">{</span>
+<a id="__codelineno-48-2" name="__codelineno-48-2"></a>
+<a id="__codelineno-48-3" name="__codelineno-48-3"></a><span class="w">    </span><span class="kd">public</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="nf">ChildClass</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="n">parentParameters</span><span class="p">,</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="n">childParameters</span><span class="p">){</span>
+<a id="__codelineno-48-4" name="__codelineno-48-4"></a><span class="w">        </span><span class="kd">super</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="n">parentParameters</span><span class="p">);</span><span class="w">  </span><span class="c1">// if omitted super() is calls (parent&#39;s default constructor)</span>
+<a id="__codelineno-48-5" name="__codelineno-48-5"></a><span class="w">        </span><span class="c1">// assignments of child attributes</span>
+<a id="__codelineno-48-6" name="__codelineno-48-6"></a><span class="w">    </span><span class="p">}</span>
+<a id="__codelineno-48-7" name="__codelineno-48-7"></a>
+<a id="__codelineno-48-8" name="__codelineno-48-8"></a><span class="w">    </span><span class="c1">//calls overrides parent class (must have same name)</span>
+<a id="__codelineno-48-9" name="__codelineno-48-9"></a><span class="w">    </span><span class="nd">@Override</span>
+<a id="__codelineno-48-10" name="__codelineno-48-10"></a><span class="w">    </span><span class="n">Type</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="nf">methodName</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="n">parameters</span><span class="p">){</span>
+<a id="__codelineno-48-11" name="__codelineno-48-11"></a><span class="w">        </span><span class="c1">//code here</span>
+<a id="__codelineno-48-12" name="__codelineno-48-12"></a><span class="w">    </span><span class="p">}</span>
+<a id="__codelineno-48-13" name="__codelineno-48-13"></a>
+<a id="__codelineno-48-14" name="__codelineno-48-14"></a><span class="w">    </span><span class="kd">super</span><span class="p">().</span><span class="na">methodName</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="n">parameters</span><span class="p">);</span><span class="w">  </span><span class="c1">// calls the parent&#39;s method</span>
+<a id="__codelineno-48-15" name="__codelineno-48-15"></a><span class="p">}</span>
+</code></pre></div></td></tr></table></div>
+<p>An overridden method that returns a <code>ParentClass</code> can be overridden to return a <code>ChildClass</code>. This is the only case in which an overridden method can change the returned type.
+An overridden method can change the access modifier as long as the new modifier is more "permissive".</p>
+<p>A <code>ParentClass</code> type can contain a <code>ChildClass</code> object. This is useful for using collections and arrays of objects.</p>
+<div class="highlight"><table class="highlighttable"><tr><th colspan="2" class="filename"><span class="filename">Java</span></th></tr><tr><td class="linenos"><div class="linenodiv"><pre><span></span><span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-49-1">1</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-49-2">2</a></span></pre></div></td><td class="code"><div><pre><span></span><code><a id="__codelineno-49-1" name="__codelineno-49-1"></a><span class="n">ParentClass</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="n">objectName</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="o">=</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="n">ChildClass</span><span class="p">();</span><span class="w">  </span><span class="c1">// upcast</span>
+<a id="__codelineno-49-2" name="__codelineno-49-2"></a><span class="p">(</span><span class="n">ChildClass</span><span class="p">)</span><span class="n">ParentClassObject</span><span class="p">;</span><span class="w">  </span><span class="c1">// downcast</span>
+</code></pre></div></td></tr></table></div>
+<h3 id="abstract-classes-abstract-methods">Abstract Classes &amp; Abstract Methods</h3>
+<p>An Abstract Class is a particular class that contains an Abstract Method.
+This type of class cannot be instantiated but is used leave the specific implementation of some of it's methods to extending classes.
+Abstract classes are marked by the <code>abstract</code> keyword.</p>
+<p>An abstract method is a method without implementation.<br />
+The methods <strong>must</strong> be <code>public</code> and marked with the <code>abstract</code> keyword.</p>
+<div class="highlight"><table class="highlighttable"><tr><th colspan="2" class="filename"><span class="filename">Java</span></th></tr><tr><td class="linenos"><div class="linenodiv"><pre><span></span><span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-50-1">1</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-50-2">2</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-50-3">3</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-50-4">4</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-50-5">5</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-50-6">6</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-50-7">7</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-50-8">8</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-50-9">9</a></span></pre></div></td><td class="code"><div><pre><span></span><code><a id="__codelineno-50-1" name="__codelineno-50-1"></a><span class="c1">//abstract class</span>
+<a id="__codelineno-50-2" name="__codelineno-50-2"></a><span class="kd">abstract</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="kd">class</span> <span class="nc">className</span><span class="p">{</span>
+<a id="__codelineno-50-3" name="__codelineno-50-3"></a><span class="w">    </span><span class="c1">//attributes here</span>
+<a id="__codelineno-50-4" name="__codelineno-50-4"></a><span class="w">    </span><span class="c1">//constructor here</span>
+<a id="__codelineno-50-5" name="__codelineno-50-5"></a><span class="w">    </span><span class="c1">//getters &amp; setters here</span>
+<a id="__codelineno-50-6" name="__codelineno-50-6"></a>
+<a id="__codelineno-50-7" name="__codelineno-50-7"></a><span class="w">    </span><span class="kd">public</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="kd">abstract</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="n">Type</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="nf">methodName</span><span class="p">();</span><span class="w">  </span><span class="c1">//no method code</span>
+<a id="__codelineno-50-8" name="__codelineno-50-8"></a>
+<a id="__codelineno-50-9" name="__codelineno-50-9"></a><span class="p">}</span>
+</code></pre></div></td></tr></table></div>
+<h3 id="interfaces">Interfaces</h3>
+<p>An Interface is a class with <em>only</em> abstract methods. An interface has more flexibility than an abstract class.<br />
+Interfaces are used to set requirements for child classes without specifying how to satisfy those requirements since it's methods will be implemented in child classes.<br />
+An Interface is marked by the <code>interface</code> keyword.
+If an implementing class implements only <code>some</code> of the interface's method than the class <strong>must be abstract</strong>.</p>
+<p>Interfaces' methods are always <code>abstract</code> and <code>public</code>, no need for the keyword.
+Interfaces' attributes are always <code>public static final</code>, no need for the keyword.</p>
+<p>A class can implement <em>more than one</em> Interface.</p>
+<div class="highlight"><table class="highlighttable"><tr><th colspan="2" class="filename"><span class="filename">Java</span></th></tr><tr><td class="linenos"><div class="linenodiv"><pre><span></span><span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-51-1"> 1</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-51-2"> 2</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-51-3"> 3</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-51-4"> 4</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-51-5"> 5</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-51-6"> 6</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-51-7"> 7</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-51-8"> 8</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-51-9"> 9</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-51-10">10</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-51-11">11</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-51-12">12</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-51-13">13</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-51-14">14</a></span></pre></div></td><td class="code"><div><pre><span></span><code><a id="__codelineno-51-1" name="__codelineno-51-1"></a><span class="kd">public</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="kd">interface</span> <span class="nc">InterfaceName</span><span class="p">{</span>
+<a id="__codelineno-51-2" name="__codelineno-51-2"></a><span class="w">    </span><span class="c1">//attributes here</span>
+<a id="__codelineno-51-3" name="__codelineno-51-3"></a>
+<a id="__codelineno-51-4" name="__codelineno-51-4"></a><span class="w">    </span><span class="n">Type</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="nf">methodName</span><span class="p">();</span><span class="w">  </span><span class="c1">//no method code</span>
+<a id="__codelineno-51-5" name="__codelineno-51-5"></a><span class="p">}</span>
+<a id="__codelineno-51-6" name="__codelineno-51-6"></a>
+<a id="__codelineno-51-7" name="__codelineno-51-7"></a><span class="c1">// interfaces can extend interfaces</span>
+<a id="__codelineno-51-8" name="__codelineno-51-8"></a><span class="kd">public</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="kd">interface</span> <span class="nc">OtherInterface</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="kd">extends</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="n">InterfaceName</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="p">{</span>
+<a id="__codelineno-51-9" name="__codelineno-51-9"></a><span class="w">    </span><span class="c1">//attributes here</span>
+<a id="__codelineno-51-10" name="__codelineno-51-10"></a><span class="w">    </span><span class="n">Type</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="nf">methodName</span><span class="p">();</span><span class="w">  </span><span class="c1">// inherited from extended interface</span>
+<a id="__codelineno-51-11" name="__codelineno-51-11"></a><span class="w">    </span><span class="n">Type</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="nf">otherMethod</span><span class="p">();</span><span class="w">  </span><span class="c1">// defined in the interface</span>
+<a id="__codelineno-51-12" name="__codelineno-51-12"></a><span class="p">}</span>
+<a id="__codelineno-51-13" name="__codelineno-51-13"></a>
+<a id="__codelineno-51-14" name="__codelineno-51-14"></a><span class="kd">class</span> <span class="nc">ClassName</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="kd">implements</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="n">Interface1</span><span class="p">,</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="n">Interface2</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="p">{...}</span>
+</code></pre></div></td></tr></table></div>
+<p>Types of Interfaces:</p>
+<ul>
+<li>Normal (multiple methods)</li>
+<li>Single Abstract Method (<code>@FunctionalInterface</code>, used with <em>Lambda Expressions</em>)</li>
+<li>Marker (Empty, <em>no methods</em>)</li>
+</ul>
+<p>Since Java 1.8 interfaces can implements also <code>static</code> methods.</p>
+<h3 id="enumerations">Enumerations</h3>
+<p>Enums are used to restrict the type of data to a set of the possible constant values.
+Enums are classes which constructor is private by default.
+It's still possible to create a custom constructor to add values.</p>
+<div class="highlight"><table class="highlighttable"><tr><th colspan="2" class="filename"><span class="filename">Java</span></th></tr><tr><td class="linenos"><div class="linenodiv"><pre><span></span><span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-52-1"> 1</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-52-2"> 2</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-52-3"> 3</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-52-4"> 4</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-52-5"> 5</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-52-6"> 6</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-52-7"> 7</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-52-8"> 8</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-52-9"> 9</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-52-10">10</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-52-11">11</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-52-12">12</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-52-13">13</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-52-14">14</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-52-15">15</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-52-16">16</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-52-17">17</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-52-18">18</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-52-19">19</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-52-20">20</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-52-21">21</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-52-22">22</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-52-23">23</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-52-24">24</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-52-25">25</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-52-26">26</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-52-27">27</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-52-28">28</a></span></pre></div></td><td class="code"><div><pre><span></span><code><a id="__codelineno-52-1" name="__codelineno-52-1"></a><span class="kd">enum</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="n">enumName</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="p">{</span>
+<a id="__codelineno-52-2" name="__codelineno-52-2"></a><span class="w">    </span><span class="n">value1</span><span class="p">,</span>
+<a id="__codelineno-52-3" name="__codelineno-52-3"></a><span class="w">    </span><span class="n">value2</span><span class="p">,</span>
+<a id="__codelineno-52-4" name="__codelineno-52-4"></a><span class="w">    </span><span class="p">...</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="p">,</span>
+<a id="__codelineno-52-5" name="__codelineno-52-5"></a><span class="w">    </span><span class="n">valueN</span><span class="p">;</span>
+<a id="__codelineno-52-6" name="__codelineno-52-6"></a><span class="p">}</span>
+<a id="__codelineno-52-7" name="__codelineno-52-7"></a>
+<a id="__codelineno-52-8" name="__codelineno-52-8"></a><span class="c1">//definition of an enumeration w/ custom constructor for valorization</span>
+<a id="__codelineno-52-9" name="__codelineno-52-9"></a><span class="c1">//constructor is not usable outside enum definition</span>
+<a id="__codelineno-52-10" name="__codelineno-52-10"></a><span class="kd">enum</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="n">enumName</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="p">{</span>
+<a id="__codelineno-52-11" name="__codelineno-52-11"></a><span class="w">    </span><span class="n">value1</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="n">value</span><span class="p">),</span><span class="w">  </span><span class="c1">//call constructor to valorize</span>
+<a id="__codelineno-52-12" name="__codelineno-52-12"></a><span class="w">    </span><span class="n">value2</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="n">value</span><span class="p">),</span>
+<a id="__codelineno-52-13" name="__codelineno-52-13"></a><span class="w">    </span><span class="p">...</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="p">,</span>
+<a id="__codelineno-52-14" name="__codelineno-52-14"></a><span class="w">    </span><span class="n">valueN</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="n">value</span><span class="p">);</span>
+<a id="__codelineno-52-15" name="__codelineno-52-15"></a>
+<a id="__codelineno-52-16" name="__codelineno-52-16"></a><span class="w">    </span><span class="kd">private</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="n">Type</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="n">value</span><span class="p">;</span>
+<a id="__codelineno-52-17" name="__codelineno-52-17"></a>
+<a id="__codelineno-52-18" name="__codelineno-52-18"></a><span class="w">    </span><span class="n">Type</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="nf">enumName</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="n">Type</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="n">parameter</span><span class="p">)</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="p">{</span>
+<a id="__codelineno-52-19" name="__codelineno-52-19"></a><span class="w">        </span><span class="k">this</span><span class="p">.</span><span class="na">value</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="o">=</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="n">parameter</span><span class="p">;</span>
+<a id="__codelineno-52-20" name="__codelineno-52-20"></a><span class="w">    </span><span class="p">}</span>
+<a id="__codelineno-52-21" name="__codelineno-52-21"></a>
+<a id="__codelineno-52-22" name="__codelineno-52-22"></a><span class="w">    </span><span class="c1">//getters are allowed, the values is a constant --&gt; no setters</span>
+<a id="__codelineno-52-23" name="__codelineno-52-23"></a><span class="w">    </span><span class="kd">public</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="n">Type</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="nf">getValue</span><span class="p">(){</span>
+<a id="__codelineno-52-24" name="__codelineno-52-24"></a><span class="w">        </span><span class="k">return</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="k">this</span><span class="p">.</span><span class="na">value</span><span class="p">;</span>
+<a id="__codelineno-52-25" name="__codelineno-52-25"></a><span class="w">    </span><span class="p">}</span>
+<a id="__codelineno-52-26" name="__codelineno-52-26"></a><span class="p">}</span>
+<a id="__codelineno-52-27" name="__codelineno-52-27"></a>
+<a id="__codelineno-52-28" name="__codelineno-52-28"></a><span class="n">enumName</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="n">variable</span><span class="p">;</span><span class="w">  </span><span class="c1">//creation of a variable of type enumName</span>
+</code></pre></div></td></tr></table></div>
+<h3 id="anonymous-classes">Anonymous Classes</h3>
+<p><em>Anonymous classes</em> make the code more concise. They enable to declare and instantiate a class at the same time. They are like local classes except that they do not have a name. Useful if is needed a local class that is used once.</p>
+<div class="highlight"><table class="highlighttable"><tr><th colspan="2" class="filename"><span class="filename">Java</span></th></tr><tr><td class="linenos"><div class="linenodiv"><pre><span></span><span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-53-1">1</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-53-2">2</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-53-3">3</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-53-4">4</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-53-5">5</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-53-6">6</a></span></pre></div></td><td class="code"><div><pre><span></span><code><a id="__codelineno-53-1" name="__codelineno-53-1"></a><span class="n">AnonymousClass</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="n">objectName</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="o">=</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="k">new</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="n">AnonymousClass</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="n">Type</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="n">parameter</span><span class="p">,</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="p">...)</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="p">{</span>
+<a id="__codelineno-53-2" name="__codelineno-53-2"></a>
+<a id="__codelineno-53-3" name="__codelineno-53-3"></a><span class="w">    </span><span class="c1">// attributes</span>
+<a id="__codelineno-53-4" name="__codelineno-53-4"></a>
+<a id="__codelineno-53-5" name="__codelineno-53-5"></a><span class="w">    </span><span class="c1">// methods</span>
+<a id="__codelineno-53-6" name="__codelineno-53-6"></a><span class="p">};</span>
+</code></pre></div></td></tr></table></div>
+<h3 id="cloning">Cloning</h3>
+<div class="highlight"><table class="highlighttable"><tr><th colspan="2" class="filename"><span class="filename">Java</span></th></tr><tr><td class="linenos"><div class="linenodiv"><pre><span></span><span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-54-1">1</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-54-2">2</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-54-3">3</a></span></pre></div></td><td class="code"><div><pre><span></span><code><a id="__codelineno-54-1" name="__codelineno-54-1"></a><span class="kd">class</span> <span class="nc">ClassName</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="kd">implements</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="n">Clonable</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="p">{</span>
+<a id="__codelineno-54-2" name="__codelineno-54-2"></a>
+<a id="__codelineno-54-3" name="__codelineno-54-3"></a><span class="p">}</span>
+</code></pre></div></td></tr></table></div>
+<h2 id="generics">Generics</h2>
+<div class="highlight"><table class="highlighttable"><tr><th colspan="2" class="filename"><span class="filename">Java</span></th></tr><tr><td class="linenos"><div class="linenodiv"><pre><span></span><span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-55-1"> 1</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-55-2"> 2</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-55-3"> 3</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-55-4"> 4</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-55-5"> 5</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-55-6"> 6</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-55-7"> 7</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-55-8"> 8</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-55-9"> 9</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-55-10">10</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-55-11">11</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-55-12">12</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-55-13">13</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-55-14">14</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-55-15">15</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-55-16">16</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-55-17">17</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-55-18">18</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-55-19">19</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-55-20">20</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-55-21">21</a></span></pre></div></td><td class="code"><div><pre><span></span><code><a id="__codelineno-55-1" name="__codelineno-55-1"></a><span class="c1">// WARNING: T is not instantiable, new t(), new t[] are INVALID</span>
+<a id="__codelineno-55-2" name="__codelineno-55-2"></a><span class="kd">public</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="kd">class</span> <span class="nc">GenericClass</span><span class="o">&lt;</span><span class="n">T</span><span class="o">&gt;</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="p">{</span>
+<a id="__codelineno-55-3" name="__codelineno-55-3"></a><span class="w">    </span><span class="kd">private</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="n">T</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="n">generic</span><span class="p">;</span>
+<a id="__codelineno-55-4" name="__codelineno-55-4"></a>
+<a id="__codelineno-55-5" name="__codelineno-55-5"></a><span class="w">    </span><span class="kd">public</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="nf">GenericClass</span><span class="p">()</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="p">{</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="p">}</span>
+<a id="__codelineno-55-6" name="__codelineno-55-6"></a><span class="w">    </span><span class="kd">public</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="nf">GenericClass</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="n">T</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="n">data</span><span class="p">){</span>
+<a id="__codelineno-55-7" name="__codelineno-55-7"></a><span class="w">        </span><span class="k">this</span><span class="p">.</span><span class="na">generic</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="o">=</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="n">data</span><span class="p">;</span>
+<a id="__codelineno-55-8" name="__codelineno-55-8"></a><span class="w">    </span><span class="p">}</span>
+<a id="__codelineno-55-9" name="__codelineno-55-9"></a>
+<a id="__codelineno-55-10" name="__codelineno-55-10"></a><span class="w">    </span><span class="kd">public</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="n">T</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="nf">getGeneric</span><span class="p">()</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="p">{</span>
+<a id="__codelineno-55-11" name="__codelineno-55-11"></a><span class="w">        </span><span class="k">return</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="n">generic</span><span class="p">;</span>
+<a id="__codelineno-55-12" name="__codelineno-55-12"></a><span class="w">    </span><span class="p">}</span>
+<a id="__codelineno-55-13" name="__codelineno-55-13"></a>
+<a id="__codelineno-55-14" name="__codelineno-55-14"></a><span class="w">    </span><span class="kd">public</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="kt">void</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="nf">setGeneric</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="n">T</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="n">data</span><span class="p">)</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="p">{</span>
+<a id="__codelineno-55-15" name="__codelineno-55-15"></a><span class="w">        </span><span class="k">this</span><span class="p">.</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="n">generic</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="o">=</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="n">data</span><span class="p">;</span>
+<a id="__codelineno-55-16" name="__codelineno-55-16"></a><span class="w">    </span><span class="p">}</span>
+<a id="__codelineno-55-17" name="__codelineno-55-17"></a>
+<a id="__codelineno-55-18" name="__codelineno-55-18"></a><span class="p">}</span>
+<a id="__codelineno-55-19" name="__codelineno-55-19"></a>
+<a id="__codelineno-55-20" name="__codelineno-55-20"></a><span class="n">GenericClass</span><span class="o">&lt;</span><span class="n">Type</span><span class="o">&gt;</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="n">obj</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="o">=</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="k">new</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="n">GenericClass</span><span class="o">&lt;&gt;</span><span class="p">();</span>
+<a id="__codelineno-55-21" name="__codelineno-55-21"></a><span class="n">GenericClass</span><span class="o">&lt;</span><span class="n">Type</span><span class="o">&gt;[]</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="n">obj</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="o">=</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="k">new</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="n">GenericClass</span><span class="o">&lt;&gt;[]</span><span class="p">;</span><span class="w">  </span><span class="c1">// invalid</span>
+</code></pre></div></td></tr></table></div>
+<h3 id="multiple-generics">Multiple Generics</h3>
+<div class="highlight"><table class="highlighttable"><tr><th colspan="2" class="filename"><span class="filename">Java</span></th></tr><tr><td class="linenos"><div class="linenodiv"><pre><span></span><span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-56-1">1</a></span></pre></div></td><td class="code"><div><pre><span></span><code><a id="__codelineno-56-1" name="__codelineno-56-1"></a><span class="kd">public</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="kd">class</span> <span class="nc">GenericClass</span><span class="o">&lt;</span><span class="n">T1</span><span class="p">,</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="n">T2</span><span class="p">,</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="p">...</span><span class="o">&gt;</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="p">{</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="p">}</span><span class="w">  </span><span class="c1">// number of generic types is not limited</span>
+</code></pre></div></td></tr></table></div>
+<h3 id="parameters-constraints">Parameters Constraints</h3>
+<p>Specify an interface or class that the generic type must implement/inherit.</p>
+<div class="highlight"><table class="highlighttable"><tr><th colspan="2" class="filename"><span class="filename">Java</span></th></tr><tr><td class="linenos"><div class="linenodiv"><pre><span></span><span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-57-1">1</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-57-2">2</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-57-3">3</a></span></pre></div></td><td class="code"><div><pre><span></span><code><a id="__codelineno-57-1" name="__codelineno-57-1"></a><span class="kd">public</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="kd">class</span> <span class="nc">GenericClass</span><span class="o">&lt;</span><span class="n">T</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="kd">extends</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="n">Interface1</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="o">&amp;</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="n">Interface2</span><span class="o">&gt;</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="p">{</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="p">}</span>
+<a id="__codelineno-57-2" name="__codelineno-57-2"></a><span class="kd">public</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="kd">class</span> <span class="nc">GenericClass</span><span class="o">&lt;</span><span class="n">T1</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="kd">extends</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="n">Interface1</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="o">&amp;</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="n">Interface2</span><span class="p">,</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="n">T2</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="kd">extends</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="n">Class1</span><span class="o">&gt;</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="p">{</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="p">}</span>
+<a id="__codelineno-57-3" name="__codelineno-57-3"></a><span class="kd">public</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="kd">class</span> <span class="nc">GenericClass</span><span class="o">&lt;</span><span class="n">T</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="kd">extends</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="n">Class1</span><span class="o">&gt;</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="p">{</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="p">}</span>
+</code></pre></div></td></tr></table></div>
+<h3 id="generic-methods">Generic Methods</h3>
+<div class="highlight"><table class="highlighttable"><tr><th colspan="2" class="filename"><span class="filename">Java</span></th></tr><tr><td class="linenos"><div class="linenodiv"><pre><span></span><span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-58-1"> 1</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-58-2"> 2</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-58-3"> 3</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-58-4"> 4</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-58-5"> 5</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-58-6"> 6</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-58-7"> 7</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-58-8"> 8</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-58-9"> 9</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-58-10">10</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-58-11">11</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-58-12">12</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-58-13">13</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-58-14">14</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-58-15">15</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-58-16">16</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-58-17">17</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-58-18">18</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-58-19">19</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-58-20">20</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-58-21">21</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-58-22">22</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-58-23">23</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-58-24">24</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-58-25">25</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-58-26">26</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-58-27">27</a></span></pre></div></td><td class="code"><div><pre><span></span><code><a id="__codelineno-58-1" name="__codelineno-58-1"></a><span class="kd">public</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="kd">class</span> <span class="nc">ClassName</span><span class="p">{</span>
+<a id="__codelineno-58-2" name="__codelineno-58-2"></a>
+<a id="__codelineno-58-3" name="__codelineno-58-3"></a><span class="w">    </span><span class="kd">public</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="o">&lt;</span><span class="n">T</span><span class="o">&gt;</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="nf">methodName</span><span class="p">()</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="p">{</span>
+<a id="__codelineno-58-4" name="__codelineno-58-4"></a><span class="w">        </span><span class="c1">// code here</span>
+<a id="__codelineno-58-5" name="__codelineno-58-5"></a><span class="w">        </span><span class="k">return</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="o">&lt;</span><span class="n">T</span><span class="o">&gt;</span><span class="n">_obj</span>
+<a id="__codelineno-58-6" name="__codelineno-58-6"></a><span class="w">    </span><span class="p">}</span>
+<a id="__codelineno-58-7" name="__codelineno-58-7"></a>
+<a id="__codelineno-58-8" name="__codelineno-58-8"></a><span class="w">    </span><span class="kd">public</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="o">&lt;</span><span class="n">T</span><span class="o">&gt;</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="nf">methodName</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="n">T</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="n">obj</span><span class="p">)</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="p">{</span>
+<a id="__codelineno-58-9" name="__codelineno-58-9"></a><span class="w">        </span><span class="c1">// code here</span>
+<a id="__codelineno-58-10" name="__codelineno-58-10"></a><span class="w">        </span><span class="k">return</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="k">return</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="o">&lt;</span><span class="n">T</span><span class="o">&gt;</span><span class="n">_obj</span>
+<a id="__codelineno-58-11" name="__codelineno-58-11"></a><span class="w">    </span><span class="p">}</span>
+<a id="__codelineno-58-12" name="__codelineno-58-12"></a><span class="p">}</span>
+<a id="__codelineno-58-13" name="__codelineno-58-13"></a>
+<a id="__codelineno-58-14" name="__codelineno-58-14"></a><span class="kd">public</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="kd">class</span> <span class="nc">GenericClass</span><span class="o">&lt;</span><span class="n">S</span><span class="o">&gt;</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="p">{</span>
+<a id="__codelineno-58-15" name="__codelineno-58-15"></a>
+<a id="__codelineno-58-16" name="__codelineno-58-16"></a><span class="w">    </span><span class="kd">public</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="o">&lt;</span><span class="n">T</span><span class="o">&gt;</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="nf">methodName</span><span class="p">()</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="p">{</span>
+<a id="__codelineno-58-17" name="__codelineno-58-17"></a><span class="w">        </span><span class="c1">// code here</span>
+<a id="__codelineno-58-18" name="__codelineno-58-18"></a><span class="w">        </span><span class="k">return</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="o">&lt;</span><span class="n">T</span><span class="o">&gt;</span><span class="n">_obj</span>
+<a id="__codelineno-58-19" name="__codelineno-58-19"></a><span class="w">    </span><span class="p">}</span>
+<a id="__codelineno-58-20" name="__codelineno-58-20"></a>
+<a id="__codelineno-58-21" name="__codelineno-58-21"></a><span class="w">    </span><span class="kd">public</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="o">&lt;</span><span class="n">T</span><span class="o">&gt;</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="nf">methodName</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="n">T</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="n">obj</span><span class="p">)</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="p">{</span>
+<a id="__codelineno-58-22" name="__codelineno-58-22"></a><span class="w">        </span><span class="c1">// code here</span>
+<a id="__codelineno-58-23" name="__codelineno-58-23"></a><span class="w">        </span><span class="k">return</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="k">return</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="o">&lt;</span><span class="n">T</span><span class="o">&gt;</span><span class="n">_obj</span>
+<a id="__codelineno-58-24" name="__codelineno-58-24"></a><span class="w">    </span><span class="p">}</span>
+<a id="__codelineno-58-25" name="__codelineno-58-25"></a><span class="p">}</span>
+<a id="__codelineno-58-26" name="__codelineno-58-26"></a>
+<a id="__codelineno-58-27" name="__codelineno-58-27"></a><span class="n">obj</span><span class="p">.</span><span class="o">&lt;</span><span class="n">Type</span><span class="o">&gt;</span><span class="n">methodName</span><span class="p">();</span><span class="w">  </span><span class="c1">// generic method call</span>
+</code></pre></div></td></tr></table></div>
+<h2 id="file-io">File I/O</h2>
+<h3 id="text-files">Text Files</h3>
+<h4 id="writing-on-a-file">Writing on a file</h4>
+<div class="highlight"><table class="highlighttable"><tr><th colspan="2" class="filename"><span class="filename">Java</span></th></tr><tr><td class="linenos"><div class="linenodiv"><pre><span></span><span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-59-1"> 1</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-59-2"> 2</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-59-3"> 3</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-59-4"> 4</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-59-5"> 5</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-59-6"> 6</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-59-7"> 7</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-59-8"> 8</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-59-9"> 9</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-59-10">10</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-59-11">11</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-59-12">12</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-59-13">13</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-59-14">14</a></span></pre></div></td><td class="code"><div><pre><span></span><code><a id="__codelineno-59-1" name="__codelineno-59-1"></a><span class="c1">// opening/creating the file for writing</span>
+<a id="__codelineno-59-2" name="__codelineno-59-2"></a><span class="n">PrintWriter</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="n">outStream</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="o">=</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="kc">null</span><span class="p">;</span><span class="w">  </span><span class="c1">// output stream creation</span>
+<a id="__codelineno-59-3" name="__codelineno-59-3"></a><span class="k">try</span><span class="p">{</span>
+<a id="__codelineno-59-4" name="__codelineno-59-4"></a><span class="w">    </span><span class="n">outStream</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="o">=</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="k">new</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="n">PrintWriter</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="n">filename</span><span class="p">);</span><span class="w">  </span><span class="c1">// file-stream binding, file will be empty (creates or overwrites file)</span>
+<a id="__codelineno-59-5" name="__codelineno-59-5"></a><span class="w">    </span><span class="n">outStream</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="o">=</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="k">new</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="n">PrintWriter</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="k">new</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="n">FileOutputStream</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="n">filename</span><span class="p">,</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="kc">true</span><span class="p">));</span><span class="w">  </span><span class="c1">// stream for appending text</span>
+<a id="__codelineno-59-6" name="__codelineno-59-6"></a><span class="p">}</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="k">catch</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="p">(</span><span class="n">FileNotFoundException</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="n">e</span><span class="p">)</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="p">{</span>
+<a id="__codelineno-59-7" name="__codelineno-59-7"></a><span class="w">    </span><span class="c1">// code here</span>
+<a id="__codelineno-59-8" name="__codelineno-59-8"></a><span class="p">}</span>
+<a id="__codelineno-59-9" name="__codelineno-59-9"></a>
+<a id="__codelineno-59-10" name="__codelineno-59-10"></a><span class="c1">// write on the file</span>
+<a id="__codelineno-59-11" name="__codelineno-59-11"></a><span class="n">outStream</span><span class="p">.</span><span class="na">print</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="s">&quot;&quot;</span><span class="p">);</span>
+<a id="__codelineno-59-12" name="__codelineno-59-12"></a><span class="n">outStream</span><span class="p">.</span><span class="na">println</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="s">&quot;&quot;</span><span class="p">);</span>
+<a id="__codelineno-59-13" name="__codelineno-59-13"></a>
+<a id="__codelineno-59-14" name="__codelineno-59-14"></a><span class="n">outStream</span><span class="p">.</span><span class="na">close</span><span class="p">()</span><span class="w">  </span><span class="c1">// close stream and write buffer contents.</span>
+</code></pre></div></td></tr></table></div>
+<p><strong>Note</strong>: writing operations do not write directly on the file. The sent data is collected in a <strong>buffer</strong>. When the buffer is <em>full</em> the data is written in the file. This is called <em>buffering</em> and is used to append up operations.</p>
+<h4 id="reading-from-a-file">Reading from a file</h4>
+<div class="highlight"><table class="highlighttable"><tr><th colspan="2" class="filename"><span class="filename">Java</span></th></tr><tr><td class="linenos"><div class="linenodiv"><pre><span></span><span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-60-1"> 1</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-60-2"> 2</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-60-3"> 3</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-60-4"> 4</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-60-5"> 5</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-60-6"> 6</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-60-7"> 7</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-60-8"> 8</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-60-9"> 9</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-60-10">10</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-60-11">11</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-60-12">12</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-60-13">13</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-60-14">14</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-60-15">15</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-60-16">16</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-60-17">17</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-60-18">18</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-60-19">19</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-60-20">20</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-60-21">21</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-60-22">22</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-60-23">23</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-60-24">24</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-60-25">25</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-60-26">26</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-60-27">27</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-60-28">28</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-60-29">29</a></span></pre></div></td><td class="code"><div><pre><span></span><code><a id="__codelineno-60-1" name="__codelineno-60-1"></a><span class="n">Filereader</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="n">filereader</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="o">=</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="k">new</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="n">Filereader</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="s">&quot;filename&quot;</span><span class="p">);</span><span class="w">  </span><span class="c1">//open the file</span>
+<a id="__codelineno-60-2" name="__codelineno-60-2"></a><span class="n">Scanner</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="n">scanner</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="o">=</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="k">new</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="n">Scanner</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="n">filereader</span><span class="p">);</span><span class="w">  </span><span class="c1">//scanner for the file</span>
+<a id="__codelineno-60-3" name="__codelineno-60-3"></a>
+<a id="__codelineno-60-4" name="__codelineno-60-4"></a>
+<a id="__codelineno-60-5" name="__codelineno-60-5"></a><span class="n">Scanner</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="n">inStream</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="o">=</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="kc">null</span><span class="p">;</span>
+<a id="__codelineno-60-6" name="__codelineno-60-6"></a><span class="k">try</span><span class="p">{</span>
+<a id="__codelineno-60-7" name="__codelineno-60-7"></a><span class="w">    </span><span class="n">inStream</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="o">=</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="k">new</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="n">Scanner</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="n">File</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="n">filename</span><span class="p">));</span>
+<a id="__codelineno-60-8" name="__codelineno-60-8"></a><span class="p">}</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="k">catch</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="p">(</span><span class="n">FileNotFoundException</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="n">e</span><span class="p">)</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="p">{</span>
+<a id="__codelineno-60-9" name="__codelineno-60-9"></a><span class="w">    </span><span class="c1">// code here</span>
+<a id="__codelineno-60-10" name="__codelineno-60-10"></a><span class="p">}</span>
+<a id="__codelineno-60-11" name="__codelineno-60-11"></a>
+<a id="__codelineno-60-12" name="__codelineno-60-12"></a><span class="n">inStream</span><span class="p">.</span><span class="na">hasNext</span><span class="p">();</span><span class="w">  </span><span class="c1">// true if there is data to be read with next()</span>
+<a id="__codelineno-60-13" name="__codelineno-60-13"></a><span class="n">inStream</span><span class="p">.</span><span class="na">hasNextDouble</span><span class="p">();</span><span class="w">  </span><span class="c1">// true if there is data to be read with nextDouble()</span>
+<a id="__codelineno-60-14" name="__codelineno-60-14"></a><span class="n">inStream</span><span class="p">.</span><span class="na">hasNextInt</span><span class="p">();</span><span class="w">  </span><span class="c1">// true if there is data to be read with nextInt()</span>
+<a id="__codelineno-60-15" name="__codelineno-60-15"></a><span class="n">inStream</span><span class="p">.</span><span class="na">hasNextLine</span><span class="p">();</span><span class="w">  </span><span class="c1">// true if there is data to be read with nextLine()</span>
+<a id="__codelineno-60-16" name="__codelineno-60-16"></a>
+<a id="__codelineno-60-17" name="__codelineno-60-17"></a>
+<a id="__codelineno-60-18" name="__codelineno-60-18"></a><span class="n">BufferedReader</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="n">inStream</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="o">=</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="kc">null</span><span class="p">;</span>
+<a id="__codelineno-60-19" name="__codelineno-60-19"></a><span class="k">try</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="p">{</span>
+<a id="__codelineno-60-20" name="__codelineno-60-20"></a><span class="w">    </span><span class="n">inStream</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="o">=</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="k">new</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="n">BufferReader</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="k">new</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="n">Filereader</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="n">filename</span><span class="p">));</span><span class="w">  </span><span class="c1">//buffed reader for file</span>
+<a id="__codelineno-60-21" name="__codelineno-60-21"></a><span class="p">}</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="k">catch</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="p">(</span><span class="n">FileNotFoundException</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="n">e</span><span class="p">)</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="p">{</span>
+<a id="__codelineno-60-22" name="__codelineno-60-22"></a><span class="w">    </span><span class="c1">// code here</span>
+<a id="__codelineno-60-23" name="__codelineno-60-23"></a><span class="p">}</span>
+<a id="__codelineno-60-24" name="__codelineno-60-24"></a>
+<a id="__codelineno-60-25" name="__codelineno-60-25"></a><span class="c1">// BufferedReader Methods</span>
+<a id="__codelineno-60-26" name="__codelineno-60-26"></a><span class="kd">public</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="n">String</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="nf">readLine</span><span class="p">()</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="kd">throws</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="n">IOException</span><span class="w">  </span><span class="c1">// return file line or null (file has ended)</span>
+<a id="__codelineno-60-27" name="__codelineno-60-27"></a><span class="kd">public</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="kt">int</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="nf">read</span><span class="p">()</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="kd">throws</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="n">IOException</span><span class="w">  </span><span class="c1">// return an integer representing a char or -1 (file has ended)</span>
+<a id="__codelineno-60-28" name="__codelineno-60-28"></a><span class="kd">public</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="kt">long</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="nf">skip</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="n">n</span><span class="p">)</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="kd">throws</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="n">IOException</span><span class="w">  </span><span class="c1">// skip n characters</span>
+<a id="__codelineno-60-29" name="__codelineno-60-29"></a><span class="kd">public</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="kt">void</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="nf">close</span><span class="p">()</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="kd">throws</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="n">IOException</span><span class="w">  </span><span class="c1">// closes the stream</span>
+</code></pre></div></td></tr></table></div>
+<h4 id="file-class"><code>File()</code> class</h4>
+<p>The File class is an abstraction of the file and it's path. The abstraction is independent from the OS.</p>
+<div class="highlight"><table class="highlighttable"><tr><th colspan="2" class="filename"><span class="filename">Java</span></th></tr><tr><td class="linenos"><div class="linenodiv"><pre><span></span><span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-61-1"> 1</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-61-2"> 2</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-61-3"> 3</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-61-4"> 4</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-61-5"> 5</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-61-6"> 6</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-61-7"> 7</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-61-8"> 8</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-61-9"> 9</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-61-10">10</a></span></pre></div></td><td class="code"><div><pre><span></span><code><a id="__codelineno-61-1" name="__codelineno-61-1"></a><span class="n">File</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="s">&quot;path/to/file&quot;</span><span class="p">)</span><span class="w">  </span><span class="c1">// UNIX like path</span>
+<a id="__codelineno-61-2" name="__codelineno-61-2"></a><span class="n">File</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="s">&quot;path\\to\\file&quot;</span><span class="p">)</span><span class="w">  </span><span class="c1">// Windows path</span>
+<a id="__codelineno-61-3" name="__codelineno-61-3"></a>
+<a id="__codelineno-61-4" name="__codelineno-61-4"></a><span class="n">file</span><span class="p">.</span><span class="na">canRead</span><span class="p">()</span><span class="w">  </span><span class="c1">// true if file is readable</span>
+<a id="__codelineno-61-5" name="__codelineno-61-5"></a><span class="n">file</span><span class="p">.</span><span class="na">canWrite</span><span class="p">()</span><span class="w">  </span><span class="c1">// true if file is writable</span>
+<a id="__codelineno-61-6" name="__codelineno-61-6"></a><span class="n">file</span><span class="p">.</span><span class="na">delete</span><span class="p">()</span><span class="w">  </span><span class="c1">// true if file has been deleted</span>
+<a id="__codelineno-61-7" name="__codelineno-61-7"></a><span class="n">file</span><span class="p">.</span><span class="na">exists</span><span class="p">()</span><span class="w">  </span><span class="c1">// check if exist a file with the filename used in the constructor</span>
+<a id="__codelineno-61-8" name="__codelineno-61-8"></a><span class="n">file</span><span class="p">.</span><span class="na">getName</span><span class="p">()</span><span class="w">  </span><span class="c1">// returns the filename</span>
+<a id="__codelineno-61-9" name="__codelineno-61-9"></a><span class="n">file</span><span class="p">.</span><span class="na">getPath</span><span class="p">()</span><span class="w">  </span><span class="c1">// returns the file&#39;s path</span>
+<a id="__codelineno-61-10" name="__codelineno-61-10"></a><span class="n">file</span><span class="p">.</span><span class="na">length</span><span class="p">()</span><span class="w">  </span><span class="c1">// file length in bytes</span>
+</code></pre></div></td></tr></table></div>
+<h3 id="binary-files">Binary Files</h3>
+<h4 id="writing-to-a-binary-file">Writing to a binary file</h4>
+<div class="highlight"><table class="highlighttable"><tr><th colspan="2" class="filename"><span class="filename">Java</span></th></tr><tr><td class="linenos"><div class="linenodiv"><pre><span></span><span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-62-1"> 1</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-62-2"> 2</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-62-3"> 3</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-62-4"> 4</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-62-5"> 5</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-62-6"> 6</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-62-7"> 7</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-62-8"> 8</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-62-9"> 9</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-62-10">10</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-62-11">11</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-62-12">12</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-62-13">13</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-62-14">14</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-62-15">15</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-62-16">16</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-62-17">17</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-62-18">18</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-62-19">19</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-62-20">20</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-62-21">21</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-62-22">22</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-62-23">23</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-62-24">24</a></span></pre></div></td><td class="code"><div><pre><span></span><code><a id="__codelineno-62-1" name="__codelineno-62-1"></a><span class="n">ObjectOutputStream</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="n">outStream</span><span class="p">;</span>
+<a id="__codelineno-62-2" name="__codelineno-62-2"></a><span class="k">try</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="p">{</span>
+<a id="__codelineno-62-3" name="__codelineno-62-3"></a><span class="w">    </span><span class="n">outStream</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="o">=</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="k">new</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="n">ObjectOutputStream</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="k">new</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="n">FileOutputSteam</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="n">filename</span><span class="p">));</span>
+<a id="__codelineno-62-4" name="__codelineno-62-4"></a><span class="w">    </span><span class="c1">// write operations here since they can cause IOException</span>
+<a id="__codelineno-62-5" name="__codelineno-62-5"></a><span class="p">}</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="k">catch</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="p">(</span><span class="n">FileNotFoundException</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="n">e</span><span class="p">)</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="p">{</span>
+<a id="__codelineno-62-6" name="__codelineno-62-6"></a>
+<a id="__codelineno-62-7" name="__codelineno-62-7"></a><span class="p">}</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="k">catch</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="p">(</span><span class="n">IOException</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="n">e</span><span class="p">){</span>
+<a id="__codelineno-62-8" name="__codelineno-62-8"></a>
+<a id="__codelineno-62-9" name="__codelineno-62-9"></a><span class="p">}</span>
+<a id="__codelineno-62-10" name="__codelineno-62-10"></a>
+<a id="__codelineno-62-11" name="__codelineno-62-11"></a><span class="c1">// ObjectOutputStream Methods</span>
+<a id="__codelineno-62-12" name="__codelineno-62-12"></a><span class="kd">public</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="nf">ObjectOutputStream</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="n">OutputStream</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="n">streamObj</span><span class="p">)</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="kd">throws</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="n">IOException</span><span class="p">,</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="n">FileNotFoundException</span>
+<a id="__codelineno-62-13" name="__codelineno-62-13"></a><span class="kd">public</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="nf">ObjectOutputStream</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="k">new</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="n">FileOutputStream</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="n">filename</span><span class="p">))</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="kd">throws</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="n">IOException</span><span class="p">,</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="n">FileNotFoundException</span>
+<a id="__codelineno-62-14" name="__codelineno-62-14"></a><span class="kd">public</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="nf">ObjectOutputStream</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="k">new</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="n">FileOutputStream</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="k">new</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="n">File</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="n">filename</span><span class="p">)))</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="kd">throws</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="n">IOException</span><span class="p">,</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="n">FileNotFoundException</span>
+<a id="__codelineno-62-15" name="__codelineno-62-15"></a><span class="kd">public</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="kt">void</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="nf">writeInt</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="kt">int</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="n">n</span><span class="p">)</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="kd">throws</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="n">IOException</span>
+<a id="__codelineno-62-16" name="__codelineno-62-16"></a><span class="kd">public</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="kt">void</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="nf">writeLong</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="kt">long</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="n">n</span><span class="p">)</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="kd">throws</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="n">IOException</span>
+<a id="__codelineno-62-17" name="__codelineno-62-17"></a><span class="kd">public</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="kt">void</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="nf">writeDouble</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="kt">double</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="n">x</span><span class="p">)</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="kd">throws</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="n">IOException</span>
+<a id="__codelineno-62-18" name="__codelineno-62-18"></a><span class="kd">public</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="kt">void</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="nf">writeFloat</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="kt">float</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="n">x</span><span class="p">)</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="kd">throws</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="n">IOException</span>
+<a id="__codelineno-62-19" name="__codelineno-62-19"></a><span class="kd">public</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="kt">void</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="nf">writeChar</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="kt">int</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="n">c</span><span class="p">)</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="kd">throws</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="n">IOException</span>
+<a id="__codelineno-62-20" name="__codelineno-62-20"></a><span class="kd">public</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="kt">void</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="nf">writeChar</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="kt">char</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="n">c</span><span class="p">)</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="kd">throws</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="n">IOException</span>
+<a id="__codelineno-62-21" name="__codelineno-62-21"></a><span class="kd">public</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="kt">void</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="nf">writeBoolean</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="kt">boolean</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="n">b</span><span class="p">)</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="kd">throws</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="n">IOException</span>
+<a id="__codelineno-62-22" name="__codelineno-62-22"></a><span class="kd">public</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="kt">void</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="nf">writeUTF</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="n">String</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="n">s</span><span class="p">)</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="kd">throws</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="n">IOException</span>
+<a id="__codelineno-62-23" name="__codelineno-62-23"></a><span class="kd">public</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="kt">void</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="nf">writeObject</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="n">Object</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="n">obj</span><span class="p">)</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="kd">throws</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="n">IOException</span><span class="p">,</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="n">NotSerializableException</span><span class="p">,</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="n">InvalidClassException</span><span class="w">  </span><span class="c1">// Object must be serializable</span>
+<a id="__codelineno-62-24" name="__codelineno-62-24"></a><span class="kd">public</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="kt">void</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="nf">close</span><span class="p">()</span>
+</code></pre></div></td></tr></table></div>
+<h4 id="reading-from-a-binary-file">Reading from a binary file</h4>
+<div class="highlight"><table class="highlighttable"><tr><th colspan="2" class="filename"><span class="filename">Java</span></th></tr><tr><td class="linenos"><div class="linenodiv"><pre><span></span><span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-63-1"> 1</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-63-2"> 2</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-63-3"> 3</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-63-4"> 4</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-63-5"> 5</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-63-6"> 6</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-63-7"> 7</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-63-8"> 8</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-63-9"> 9</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-63-10">10</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-63-11">11</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-63-12">12</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-63-13">13</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-63-14">14</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-63-15">15</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-63-16">16</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-63-17">17</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-63-18">18</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-63-19">19</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-63-20">20</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-63-21">21</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-63-22">22</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-63-23">23</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-63-24">24</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-63-25">25</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-63-26">26</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-63-27">27</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-63-28">28</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-63-29">29</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-63-30">30</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-63-31">31</a></span></pre></div></td><td class="code"><div><pre><span></span><code><a id="__codelineno-63-1" name="__codelineno-63-1"></a><span class="n">ObjectInputStream</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="n">inStream</span><span class="p">;</span>
+<a id="__codelineno-63-2" name="__codelineno-63-2"></a><span class="k">try</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="p">{</span>
+<a id="__codelineno-63-3" name="__codelineno-63-3"></a><span class="w">    </span><span class="n">inStream</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="o">=</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="k">new</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="n">ObjectInputStream</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="k">new</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="n">FileinputSteam</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="n">filename</span><span class="p">));</span>
+<a id="__codelineno-63-4" name="__codelineno-63-4"></a><span class="p">}</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="k">catch</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="p">(</span><span class="n">FileNotFoundException</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="n">e</span><span class="p">)</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="p">{</span>
+<a id="__codelineno-63-5" name="__codelineno-63-5"></a>
+<a id="__codelineno-63-6" name="__codelineno-63-6"></a><span class="p">}</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="k">catch</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="p">(</span><span class="n">IOException</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="n">e</span><span class="p">){</span>
+<a id="__codelineno-63-7" name="__codelineno-63-7"></a>
+<a id="__codelineno-63-8" name="__codelineno-63-8"></a><span class="p">}</span>
+<a id="__codelineno-63-9" name="__codelineno-63-9"></a>
+<a id="__codelineno-63-10" name="__codelineno-63-10"></a><span class="k">try</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="p">{</span>
+<a id="__codelineno-63-11" name="__codelineno-63-11"></a><span class="w">    </span><span class="k">while</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="kc">true</span><span class="p">){</span>
+<a id="__codelineno-63-12" name="__codelineno-63-12"></a><span class="w">        </span><span class="c1">// read fom file</span>
+<a id="__codelineno-63-13" name="__codelineno-63-13"></a><span class="w">    </span><span class="p">}</span>
+<a id="__codelineno-63-14" name="__codelineno-63-14"></a><span class="p">}</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="k">catch</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="p">(</span><span class="n">EOFException</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="n">e</span><span class="p">)</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="p">{</span><span class="w">  </span><span class="c1">// thrown when and of file has been reached</span>
+<a id="__codelineno-63-15" name="__codelineno-63-15"></a><span class="w">    </span><span class="c1">// do nothing, only used to stop the cycle</span>
+<a id="__codelineno-63-16" name="__codelineno-63-16"></a><span class="p">}</span>
+<a id="__codelineno-63-17" name="__codelineno-63-17"></a>
+<a id="__codelineno-63-18" name="__codelineno-63-18"></a><span class="c1">// ObjectOutputStream Methods</span>
+<a id="__codelineno-63-19" name="__codelineno-63-19"></a><span class="kd">public</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="nf">ObjectOutputStream</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="n">InputStream</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="n">streamObj</span><span class="p">)</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="kd">throws</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="n">IOException</span><span class="p">,</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="n">FileNotFoundException</span>
+<a id="__codelineno-63-20" name="__codelineno-63-20"></a><span class="kd">public</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="nf">ObjectOutputStream</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="k">new</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="n">FileInputStream</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="n">filename</span><span class="p">))</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="kd">throws</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="n">IOException</span><span class="p">,</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="n">FileNotFoundException</span>
+<a id="__codelineno-63-21" name="__codelineno-63-21"></a><span class="kd">public</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="nf">ObjectOutputStream</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="k">new</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="n">FileInputStream</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="k">new</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="n">File</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="n">filename</span><span class="p">)))</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="kd">throws</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="n">IOException</span><span class="p">,</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="n">FileNotFoundException</span>
+<a id="__codelineno-63-22" name="__codelineno-63-22"></a><span class="kd">public</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="kt">void</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="nf">readInt</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="kt">int</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="n">n</span><span class="p">)</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="kd">throws</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="n">IOException</span>
+<a id="__codelineno-63-23" name="__codelineno-63-23"></a><span class="kd">public</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="kt">void</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="nf">readLong</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="kt">long</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="n">n</span><span class="p">)</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="kd">throws</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="n">IOException</span>
+<a id="__codelineno-63-24" name="__codelineno-63-24"></a><span class="kd">public</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="kt">void</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="nf">readDouble</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="kt">double</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="n">x</span><span class="p">)</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="kd">throws</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="n">IOException</span>
+<a id="__codelineno-63-25" name="__codelineno-63-25"></a><span class="kd">public</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="kt">void</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="nf">readFloat</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="kt">float</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="n">x</span><span class="p">)</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="kd">throws</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="n">IOException</span>
+<a id="__codelineno-63-26" name="__codelineno-63-26"></a><span class="kd">public</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="kt">void</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="nf">readChar</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="kt">int</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="n">c</span><span class="p">)</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="kd">throws</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="n">IOException</span>
+<a id="__codelineno-63-27" name="__codelineno-63-27"></a><span class="kd">public</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="kt">void</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="nf">readChar</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="kt">char</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="n">c</span><span class="p">)</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="kd">throws</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="n">IOException</span>
+<a id="__codelineno-63-28" name="__codelineno-63-28"></a><span class="kd">public</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="kt">void</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="nf">readBoolean</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="kt">boolean</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="n">b</span><span class="p">)</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="kd">throws</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="n">IOException</span>
+<a id="__codelineno-63-29" name="__codelineno-63-29"></a><span class="kd">public</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="kt">void</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="nf">readUTF</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="n">String</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="n">s</span><span class="p">)</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="kd">throws</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="n">IOException</span>
+<a id="__codelineno-63-30" name="__codelineno-63-30"></a><span class="kd">public</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="kt">void</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="nf">readObject</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="n">Object</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="n">obj</span><span class="p">)</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="kd">throws</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="n">IOException</span><span class="p">,</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="n">NotSerializableException</span><span class="p">,</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="n">InvalidClassException</span><span class="w">  </span><span class="c1">// Object must be serializable</span>
+<a id="__codelineno-63-31" name="__codelineno-63-31"></a><span class="kd">public</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="kt">void</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="nf">close</span><span class="p">()</span>
+</code></pre></div></td></tr></table></div>
+<h3 id="object-array-io-with-binary-files-serialization">Object &amp; Array I/O with Binary Files (Serialization)</h3>
+<p>Needed for a class to be <em>serializable</em>:</p>
+<ul>
+<li>implements the <code>Serializable</code> interface</li>
+<li>all instance variables are serializable</li>
+<li>superclass, if exists, is serializable or has default constructor</li>
+</ul>
+<p>An array is serializable if it's base type is a serializable object.</p>
+<div class="highlight"><table class="highlighttable"><tr><th colspan="2" class="filename"><span class="filename">Java</span></th></tr><tr><td class="linenos"><div class="linenodiv"><pre><span></span><span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-64-1">1</a></span></pre></div></td><td class="code"><div><pre><span></span><code><a id="__codelineno-64-1" name="__codelineno-64-1"></a><span class="n">SerializableObject</span><span class="o">[]</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="n">array</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="o">=</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="p">(</span><span class="n">SerializableObject</span><span class="o">[]</span><span class="p">)</span><span class="n">inStream</span><span class="p">.</span><span class="na">readObject</span><span class="p">();</span><span class="w">  </span><span class="c1">// read returns Object, cast needed</span>
+</code></pre></div></td></tr></table></div>
+<h2 id="functional-programming-in-java">Functional Programming in Java</h2>
+<h3 id="functional-interfaces">Functional Interfaces</h3>
+<p>Functional interfaces provide target types for <em>lambda expressions</em>.</p>
+<p>General purpose <code>@functionalInterfaces</code>:</p>
+<div class="highlight"><table class="highlighttable"><tr><th colspan="2" class="filename"><span class="filename">Java</span></th></tr><tr><td class="linenos"><div class="linenodiv"><pre><span></span><span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-65-1"> 1</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-65-2"> 2</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-65-3"> 3</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-65-4"> 4</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-65-5"> 5</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-65-6"> 6</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-65-7"> 7</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-65-8"> 8</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-65-9"> 9</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-65-10">10</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-65-11">11</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-65-12">12</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-65-13">13</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-65-14">14</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-65-15">15</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-65-16">16</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-65-17">17</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-65-18">18</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-65-19">19</a></span></pre></div></td><td class="code"><div><pre><span></span><code><a id="__codelineno-65-1" name="__codelineno-65-1"></a><span class="c1">// takes input, performs actions, return boolean</span>
+<a id="__codelineno-65-2" name="__codelineno-65-2"></a><span class="kd">public</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="kd">interface</span> <span class="nc">Predicate</span><span class="o">&lt;</span><span class="n">T</span><span class="o">&gt;</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="p">{</span>
+<a id="__codelineno-65-3" name="__codelineno-65-3"></a><span class="w">    </span><span class="kt">boolean</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="nf">test</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="n">T</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="n">t</span><span class="p">);</span>
+<a id="__codelineno-65-4" name="__codelineno-65-4"></a><span class="p">}</span>
+<a id="__codelineno-65-5" name="__codelineno-65-5"></a>
+<a id="__codelineno-65-6" name="__codelineno-65-6"></a><span class="c1">// takes input, performs action, no output returned</span>
+<a id="__codelineno-65-7" name="__codelineno-65-7"></a><span class="kd">public</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="kd">interface</span> <span class="nc">Consumer</span><span class="o">&lt;</span><span class="n">T</span><span class="o">&gt;</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="p">{</span>
+<a id="__codelineno-65-8" name="__codelineno-65-8"></a><span class="w">    </span><span class="kt">void</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="nf">accept</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="n">T</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="n">t</span><span class="p">);</span>
+<a id="__codelineno-65-9" name="__codelineno-65-9"></a><span class="p">}</span>
+<a id="__codelineno-65-10" name="__codelineno-65-10"></a>
+<a id="__codelineno-65-11" name="__codelineno-65-11"></a><span class="c1">// takes no input, performs action, returns an output</span>
+<a id="__codelineno-65-12" name="__codelineno-65-12"></a><span class="kd">public</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="kd">interface</span> <span class="nc">Supplier</span><span class="o">&lt;</span><span class="n">T</span><span class="o">&gt;</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="p">{</span>
+<a id="__codelineno-65-13" name="__codelineno-65-13"></a><span class="w">    </span><span class="n">T</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="nf">get</span><span class="p">();</span>
+<a id="__codelineno-65-14" name="__codelineno-65-14"></a><span class="p">}</span>
+<a id="__codelineno-65-15" name="__codelineno-65-15"></a>
+<a id="__codelineno-65-16" name="__codelineno-65-16"></a><span class="c1">// takes T as input, performs action, returns R as output</span>
+<a id="__codelineno-65-17" name="__codelineno-65-17"></a><span class="kd">public</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="kd">interface</span> <span class="nc">Function</span><span class="o">&lt;</span><span class="n">T</span><span class="p">,</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="n">R</span><span class="o">&gt;</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="p">{</span>
+<a id="__codelineno-65-18" name="__codelineno-65-18"></a><span class="w">    </span><span class="n">R</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="nf">apply</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="n">T</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="n">t</span><span class="p">);</span>
+<a id="__codelineno-65-19" name="__codelineno-65-19"></a><span class="p">}</span>
+</code></pre></div></td></tr></table></div>
+<h3 id="streams">Streams</h3>
+<p>In java a <em>stream</em> is a <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Monad_%28functional_programming%29#Usage">Monad</a>. Monads allow the programmer to compose a sequence of operations, similar to a pipeline chaining expressions together.</p>
+<p>The features of Java stream are:</p>
+<ul>
+<li>A stream is not a data structure instead it takes input from the Collections, Arrays or I/O channels.</li>
+<li>Streams don't change the original data structure, they only provide the result as per the pipelined methods.</li>
+<li>Each intermediate operation is lazily executed and returns a stream as a result, hence various intermediate operations can be pipelined. Terminal operations mark the end of the stream and return the result.</li>
+</ul>
+<p><strong>Intermediate Operations</strong>:</p>
+<ul>
+<li><code>anyMatch()</code></li>
+<li><code>distinct()</code></li>
+<li><code>filter()</code></li>
+<li><code>findFirst()</code></li>
+<li><code>flatmap()</code></li>
+<li><code>map()</code></li>
+<li><code>skip()</code></li>
+<li><code>sorted()</code></li>
+</ul>
+<p><strong>Terminal Operations</strong>:</p>
+<ul>
+<li><code>forEach()</code> applies the same operation on each element</li>
+<li><code>collect()</code> saves the elements in a new collection</li>
+<li>reduce to a single summary element: <code>count()</code>, <code>max()</code>, <code>min()</code>, <code>reduce()</code>, <code>summaryStatistics()</code></li>
+</ul>
+<h3 id="lambda-expressions">Lambda Expressions</h3>
+<p>Usable only by a <code>@FunctionalInterface</code>'s method or a method of a <em>stream</em>.</p>
+<div class="highlight"><table class="highlighttable"><tr><th colspan="2" class="filename"><span class="filename">Java</span></th></tr><tr><td class="linenos"><div class="linenodiv"><pre><span></span><span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-66-1"> 1</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-66-2"> 2</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-66-3"> 3</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-66-4"> 4</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-66-5"> 5</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-66-6"> 6</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-66-7"> 7</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-66-8"> 8</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-66-9"> 9</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-66-10">10</a></span></pre></div></td><td class="code"><div><pre><span></span><code><a id="__codelineno-66-1" name="__codelineno-66-1"></a><span class="n">lambda</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="n">operator</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="o">-&gt;</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="n">body</span><span class="p">;</span>
+<a id="__codelineno-66-2" name="__codelineno-66-2"></a>
+<a id="__codelineno-66-3" name="__codelineno-66-3"></a><span class="c1">//zero parameter</span>
+<a id="__codelineno-66-4" name="__codelineno-66-4"></a><span class="p">()</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="o">-&gt;</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="n">body</span><span class="p">;</span>
+<a id="__codelineno-66-5" name="__codelineno-66-5"></a>
+<a id="__codelineno-66-6" name="__codelineno-66-6"></a><span class="c1">//one parameter</span>
+<a id="__codelineno-66-7" name="__codelineno-66-7"></a><span class="p">(</span><span class="n">p</span><span class="p">)</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="o">-&gt;</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="n">body</span>
+<a id="__codelineno-66-8" name="__codelineno-66-8"></a>
+<a id="__codelineno-66-9" name="__codelineno-66-9"></a><span class="c1">// multiple parameter</span>
+<a id="__codelineno-66-10" name="__codelineno-66-10"></a><span class="p">(</span><span class="n">p1</span><span class="p">,</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="n">p2</span><span class="p">,</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="p">...)</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="o">-&gt;</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="n">body</span>
+</code></pre></div></td></tr></table></div>
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+  
+  <span class="md-ellipsis">
+    shutil
+  </span>
+  
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+
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+  
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+  
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+    <li class="md-nav__item">
+      <a href="../../python/modules/smtplib.html" class="md-nav__link">
+        
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+  
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+    <li class="md-nav__item">
+      <a href="../../python/modules/socket.html" class="md-nav__link">
+        
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+  <span class="md-ellipsis">
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+    <li class="md-nav__item">
+      <a href="../../python/modules/sqlite.html" class="md-nav__link">
+        
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+    <li class="md-nav__item">
+      <a href="../../python/modules/time-datetime.html" class="md-nav__link">
+        
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+    <li class="md-nav__item">
+      <a href="../../python/modules/unittest.html" class="md-nav__link">
+        
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+    </li>
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+        </nav>
+      
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+      
+        
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+        
+      
+        
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+      <a href="../../python/libs/tkinter.html" class="md-nav__link">
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+  </span>
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+    <li class="md-nav__item">
+      <a href="../../python/libs/numpy.html" class="md-nav__link">
+        
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+    <li class="md-nav__item">
+      <a href="../../python/libs/pandas.html" class="md-nav__link">
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+  </span>
+  
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+    <li class="md-nav__item">
+      <a href="../../python/libs/seaborn.html" class="md-nav__link">
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+      <a href="../../python/libs/requests.html" class="md-nav__link">
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+      <a href="../../python/libs/beautiful-soup.html" class="md-nav__link">
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+  
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+        
+      
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+    <li class="md-nav__item">
+      <a href="../../dotnet/csharp/linq.html" class="md-nav__link">
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+    <li class="md-nav__item">
+      <a href="../../dotnet/csharp/collections.html" class="md-nav__link">
+        
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+  <span class="md-ellipsis">
+    Collections
+  </span>
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+    <li class="md-nav__item">
+      <a href="../../dotnet/csharp/reactive-extensions.html" class="md-nav__link">
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+    Reactive Extensions
+  </span>
+  
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+    <li class="md-nav__item">
+      <a href="../../dotnet/csharp/async-programming.html" class="md-nav__link">
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+  </span>
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+      <a href="../../dotnet/csharp/unit-tests.html" class="md-nav__link">
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+        
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+    <li class="md-nav__item">
+      <a href="../../dotnet/asp.net/minimal-api.html" class="md-nav__link">
+        
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+  <span class="md-ellipsis">
+    Minimal API
+  </span>
+  
+
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+
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+  
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+    <li class="md-nav__item">
+      <a href="../../dotnet/asp.net/filters.html" class="md-nav__link">
+        
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+  <span class="md-ellipsis">
+    FIlters
+  </span>
+  
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+  
+
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+    <li class="md-nav__item">
+      <a href="../../dotnet/asp.net/middleware.html" class="md-nav__link">
+        
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+  <span class="md-ellipsis">
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+  </span>
+  
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+    <li class="md-nav__item">
+      <a href="../../dotnet/asp.net/razor-syntax.html" class="md-nav__link">
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+  <span class="md-ellipsis">
+    Razor Syntax
+  </span>
+  
+
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+
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+            
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+  
+  
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+    <li class="md-nav__item">
+      <a href="../../dotnet/asp.net/blazor.html" class="md-nav__link">
+        
+  
+  <span class="md-ellipsis">
+    Blazor
+  </span>
+  
+
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+
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+  
+  
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+    <li class="md-nav__item">
+      <a href="../../dotnet/asp.net/signalr.html" class="md-nav__link">
+        
+  
+  <span class="md-ellipsis">
+    SignalR
+  </span>
+  
+
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+    </li>
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+
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+      <a href="../../dotnet/asp.net/web-forms.html" class="md-nav__link">
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+  <span class="md-ellipsis">
+    Web Forms
+  </span>
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+            
+  
+  <span class="md-ellipsis">
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+  </span>
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+    <li class="md-nav__item">
+      <a href="../../dotnet/database/ado.net.html" class="md-nav__link">
+        
+  
+  <span class="md-ellipsis">
+    ADO.NET
+  </span>
+  
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+    <li class="md-nav__item">
+      <a href="../../dotnet/database/entity-framework.html" class="md-nav__link">
+        
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+  <span class="md-ellipsis">
+    Entity Framework
+  </span>
+  
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+    </li>
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+        
+      
+        
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+        
+      
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+      
+    
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+      <a href="../java.html" class="md-nav__link">
+        
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+  <span class="md-ellipsis">
+    Java
+  </span>
+  
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+    <li class="md-nav__item">
+      <a href="../java-collection-framework.html" class="md-nav__link">
+        
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+    Java Collection Framework
+  </span>
+  
+
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+      <a href="../dao.html" class="md-nav__link">
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+    DAO
+  </span>
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+  
+
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+  
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+        
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+  <span class="md-ellipsis">
+    POM
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+  
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+      <a href="spring-project.html" class="md-nav__link">
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+      
+    </li>
+  
+
+              
+            
+          </ul>
+        </nav>
+      
+    </li>
+  
+
+              
+            
+          </ul>
+        </nav>
+      
+    </li>
+  
+
+              
+            
+              
+                
+  
+  
+  
+  
+    
+    
+      
+        
+      
+        
+      
+        
+      
+        
+      
+        
+      
+        
+      
+        
+      
+        
+      
+        
+      
+    
+    
+      
+      
+        
+          
+          
+        
+      
+    
+    
+    <li class="md-nav__item md-nav__item--section md-nav__item--nested">
+      
+        
+        
+        <input class="md-nav__toggle md-toggle " type="checkbox" id="__nav_4_11" >
+        
+          
+          <label class="md-nav__link" for="__nav_4_11" id="__nav_4_11_label" tabindex="">
+            
+  
+  <span class="md-ellipsis">
+    PHP
+  </span>
+  
+
+            <span class="md-nav__icon md-icon"></span>
+          </label>
+        
+        <nav class="md-nav" data-md-level="2" aria-labelledby="__nav_4_11_label" aria-expanded="false">
+          <label class="md-nav__title" for="__nav_4_11">
+            <span class="md-nav__icon md-icon"></span>
+            PHP
+          </label>
+          <ul class="md-nav__list" data-md-scrollfix>
+            
+              
+                
+  
+  
+  
+  
+    <li class="md-nav__item">
+      <a href="../../php/php.html" class="md-nav__link">
+        
+  
+  <span class="md-ellipsis">
+    PHP
+  </span>
+  
+
+      </a>
+    </li>
+  
+
+              
+            
+              
+                
+  
+  
+  
+  
+    <li class="md-nav__item">
+      <a href="../../php/database.html" class="md-nav__link">
+        
+  
+  <span class="md-ellipsis">
+    Database
+  </span>
+  
+
+      </a>
+    </li>
+  
+
+              
+            
+              
+                
+  
+  
+  
+  
+    <li class="md-nav__item">
+      <a href="../../php/web.html" class="md-nav__link">
+        
+  
+  <span class="md-ellipsis">
+    Web
+  </span>
+  
+
+      </a>
+    </li>
+  
+
+              
+            
+              
+                
+  
+  
+  
+  
+    <li class="md-nav__item">
+      <a href="../../php/dependency-injection.html" class="md-nav__link">
+        
+  
+  <span class="md-ellipsis">
+    Dependency Injection
+  </span>
+  
+
+      </a>
+    </li>
+  
+
+              
+            
+              
+                
+  
+  
+  
+  
+    <li class="md-nav__item">
+      <a href="../../php/unit-tests.html" class="md-nav__link">
+        
+  
+  <span class="md-ellipsis">
+    Unit Tests
+  </span>
+  
+
+      </a>
+    </li>
+  
+
+              
+            
+              
+                
+  
+  
+  
+  
+    <li class="md-nav__item">
+      <a href="../../php/composer.html" class="md-nav__link">
+        
+  
+  <span class="md-ellipsis">
+    Composer
+  </span>
+  
+
+      </a>
+    </li>
+  
+
+              
+            
+              
+                
+  
+  
+  
+  
+    <li class="md-nav__item">
+      <a href="../../php/psr-7.html" class="md-nav__link">
+        
+  
+  <span class="md-ellipsis">
+    PSR 7
+  </span>
+  
+
+      </a>
+    </li>
+  
+
+              
+            
+              
+                
+  
+  
+  
+  
+    <li class="md-nav__item">
+      <a href="../../php/plates-templating.html" class="md-nav__link">
+        
+  
+  <span class="md-ellipsis">
+    Plates
+  </span>
+  
+
+      </a>
+    </li>
+  
+
+              
+            
+              
+                
+  
+  
+  
+  
+    
+    
+      
+        
+      
+        
+      
+    
+    
+      
+      
+        
+      
+    
+    
+    <li class="md-nav__item md-nav__item--nested">
+      
+        
+        
+        <input class="md-nav__toggle md-toggle " type="checkbox" id="__nav_4_11_9" >
+        
+          
+          <label class="md-nav__link" for="__nav_4_11_9" id="__nav_4_11_9_label" tabindex="0">
+            
+  
+  <span class="md-ellipsis">
+    Simple MVC
+  </span>
+  
+
+            <span class="md-nav__icon md-icon"></span>
+          </label>
+        
+        <nav class="md-nav" data-md-level="3" aria-labelledby="__nav_4_11_9_label" aria-expanded="false">
+          <label class="md-nav__title" for="__nav_4_11_9">
+            <span class="md-nav__icon md-icon"></span>
+            Simple MVC
+          </label>
+          <ul class="md-nav__list" data-md-scrollfix>
+            
+              
+                
+  
+  
+  
+  
+    <li class="md-nav__item">
+      <a href="../../php/simple-mvc/simple-mvc.html" class="md-nav__link">
+        
+  
+  <span class="md-ellipsis">
+    Simple MVC
+  </span>
+  
+
+      </a>
+    </li>
+  
+
+              
+            
+              
+                
+  
+  
+  
+  
+    <li class="md-nav__item">
+      <a href="../../php/simple-mvc/rest-api.html" class="md-nav__link">
+        
+  
+  <span class="md-ellipsis">
+    REST API
+  </span>
+  
+
+      </a>
+    </li>
+  
+
+              
+            
+          </ul>
+        </nav>
+      
+    </li>
+  
+
+              
+            
+          </ul>
+        </nav>
+      
+    </li>
+  
+
+              
+            
+              
+                
+  
+  
+  
+  
+    
+    
+      
+        
+      
+        
+      
+        
+      
+        
+      
+        
+      
+    
+    
+      
+      
+        
+          
+          
+        
+      
+    
+    
+    <li class="md-nav__item md-nav__item--section md-nav__item--nested">
+      
+        
+        
+        <input class="md-nav__toggle md-toggle " type="checkbox" id="__nav_4_12" >
+        
+          
+          <label class="md-nav__link" for="__nav_4_12" id="__nav_4_12_label" tabindex="">
+            
+  
+  <span class="md-ellipsis">
+    Rust
+  </span>
+  
+
+            <span class="md-nav__icon md-icon"></span>
+          </label>
+        
+        <nav class="md-nav" data-md-level="2" aria-labelledby="__nav_4_12_label" aria-expanded="false">
+          <label class="md-nav__title" for="__nav_4_12">
+            <span class="md-nav__icon md-icon"></span>
+            Rust
+          </label>
+          <ul class="md-nav__list" data-md-scrollfix>
+            
+              
+                
+  
+  
+  
+  
+    <li class="md-nav__item">
+      <a href="../../rust/rust.html" class="md-nav__link">
+        
+  
+  <span class="md-ellipsis">
+    Rust
+  </span>
+  
+
+      </a>
+    </li>
+  
+
+              
+            
+              
+                
+  
+  
+  
+  
+    <li class="md-nav__item">
+      <a href="../../rust/macros.html" class="md-nav__link">
+        
+  
+  <span class="md-ellipsis">
+    Macros
+  </span>
+  
+
+      </a>
+    </li>
+  
+
+              
+            
+              
+                
+  
+  
+  
+  
+    <li class="md-nav__item">
+      <a href="../../rust/cargo.html" class="md-nav__link">
+        
+  
+  <span class="md-ellipsis">
+    Cargo
+  </span>
+  
+
+      </a>
+    </li>
+  
+
+              
+            
+              
+                
+  
+  
+  
+  
+    <li class="md-nav__item">
+      <a href="../../rust/concurrency.html" class="md-nav__link">
+        
+  
+  <span class="md-ellipsis">
+    Concurrency
+  </span>
+  
+
+      </a>
+    </li>
+  
+
+              
+            
+              
+                
+  
+  
+  
+  
+    <li class="md-nav__item">
+      <a href="../../rust/unit-tests.html" class="md-nav__link">
+        
+  
+  <span class="md-ellipsis">
+    Unit Tests
+  </span>
+  
+
+      </a>
+    </li>
+  
+
+              
+            
+          </ul>
+        </nav>
+      
+    </li>
+  
+
+              
+            
+              
+                
+  
+  
+  
+  
+    
+    
+      
+        
+      
+        
+      
+        
+      
+        
+      
+        
+      
+        
+      
+        
+      
+    
+    
+      
+      
+        
+          
+          
+        
+      
+    
+    
+    <li class="md-nav__item md-nav__item--section md-nav__item--nested">
+      
+        
+        
+        <input class="md-nav__toggle md-toggle " type="checkbox" id="__nav_4_13" >
+        
+          
+          <label class="md-nav__link" for="__nav_4_13" id="__nav_4_13_label" tabindex="">
+            
+  
+  <span class="md-ellipsis">
+    Javascript
+  </span>
+  
+
+            <span class="md-nav__icon md-icon"></span>
+          </label>
+        
+        <nav class="md-nav" data-md-level="2" aria-labelledby="__nav_4_13_label" aria-expanded="false">
+          <label class="md-nav__title" for="__nav_4_13">
+            <span class="md-nav__icon md-icon"></span>
+            Javascript
+          </label>
+          <ul class="md-nav__list" data-md-scrollfix>
+            
+              
+                
+  
+  
+  
+  
+    <li class="md-nav__item">
+      <a href="../../javascript/javascript.html" class="md-nav__link">
+        
+  
+  <span class="md-ellipsis">
+    Javascript
+  </span>
+  
+
+      </a>
+    </li>
+  
+
+              
+            
+              
+                
+  
+  
+  
+  
+    <li class="md-nav__item">
+      <a href="../../javascript/dom.html" class="md-nav__link">
+        
+  
+  <span class="md-ellipsis">
+    DOM
+  </span>
+  
+
+      </a>
+    </li>
+  
+
+              
+            
+              
+                
+  
+  
+  
+  
+    <li class="md-nav__item">
+      <a href="../../javascript/events-animation.html" class="md-nav__link">
+        
+  
+  <span class="md-ellipsis">
+    Events & Animation
+  </span>
+  
+
+      </a>
+    </li>
+  
+
+              
+            
+              
+                
+  
+  
+  
+  
+    <li class="md-nav__item">
+      <a href="../../javascript/ajax.html" class="md-nav__link">
+        
+  
+  <span class="md-ellipsis">
+    AJAX
+  </span>
+  
+
+      </a>
+    </li>
+  
+
+              
+            
+              
+                
+  
+  
+  
+  
+    <li class="md-nav__item">
+      <a href="../../javascript/jquery.html" class="md-nav__link">
+        
+  
+  <span class="md-ellipsis">
+    jQuery
+  </span>
+  
+
+      </a>
+    </li>
+  
+
+              
+            
+              
+                
+  
+  
+  
+  
+    
+    
+      
+        
+      
+        
+      
+        
+      
+        
+      
+        
+      
+    
+    
+      
+      
+        
+      
+    
+    
+    <li class="md-nav__item md-nav__item--nested">
+      
+        
+        
+        <input class="md-nav__toggle md-toggle " type="checkbox" id="__nav_4_13_6" >
+        
+          
+          <label class="md-nav__link" for="__nav_4_13_6" id="__nav_4_13_6_label" tabindex="0">
+            
+  
+  <span class="md-ellipsis">
+    React
+  </span>
+  
+
+            <span class="md-nav__icon md-icon"></span>
+          </label>
+        
+        <nav class="md-nav" data-md-level="3" aria-labelledby="__nav_4_13_6_label" aria-expanded="false">
+          <label class="md-nav__title" for="__nav_4_13_6">
+            <span class="md-nav__icon md-icon"></span>
+            React
+          </label>
+          <ul class="md-nav__list" data-md-scrollfix>
+            
+              
+                
+  
+  
+  
+  
+    <li class="md-nav__item">
+      <a href="../../javascript/react/react.html" class="md-nav__link">
+        
+  
+  <span class="md-ellipsis">
+    React
+  </span>
+  
+
+      </a>
+    </li>
+  
+
+              
+            
+              
+                
+  
+  
+  
+  
+    <li class="md-nav__item">
+      <a href="../../javascript/react/react-router.html" class="md-nav__link">
+        
+  
+  <span class="md-ellipsis">
+    React Router
+  </span>
+  
+
+      </a>
+    </li>
+  
+
+              
+            
+              
+                
+  
+  
+  
+  
+    <li class="md-nav__item">
+      <a href="../../javascript/react/react-tests.html" class="md-nav__link">
+        
+  
+  <span class="md-ellipsis">
+    React Tests
+  </span>
+  
+
+      </a>
+    </li>
+  
+
+              
+            
+              
+                
+  
+  
+  
+  
+    <li class="md-nav__item">
+      <a href="../../javascript/react/redux.html" class="md-nav__link">
+        
+  
+  <span class="md-ellipsis">
+    Redux
+  </span>
+  
+
+      </a>
+    </li>
+  
+
+              
+            
+              
+                
+  
+  
+  
+  
+    <li class="md-nav__item">
+      <a href="../../javascript/react/redux-tests.html" class="md-nav__link">
+        
+  
+  <span class="md-ellipsis">
+    Redux Tests
+  </span>
+  
+
+      </a>
+    </li>
+  
+
+              
+            
+          </ul>
+        </nav>
+      
+    </li>
+  
+
+              
+            
+              
+                
+  
+  
+  
+  
+    <li class="md-nav__item">
+      <a href="../../javascript/svelte/svelte.html" class="md-nav__link">
+        
+  
+  <span class="md-ellipsis">
+    Svelte
+  </span>
+  
+
+      </a>
+    </li>
+  
+
+              
+            
+          </ul>
+        </nav>
+      
+    </li>
+  
+
+              
+            
+              
+                
+  
+  
+  
+  
+    
+    
+      
+        
+      
+        
+      
+    
+    
+      
+      
+        
+          
+          
+        
+      
+    
+    
+    <li class="md-nav__item md-nav__item--section md-nav__item--nested">
+      
+        
+        
+        <input class="md-nav__toggle md-toggle " type="checkbox" id="__nav_4_14" >
+        
+          
+          <label class="md-nav__link" for="__nav_4_14" id="__nav_4_14_label" tabindex="">
+            
+  
+  <span class="md-ellipsis">
+    PowerShell
+  </span>
+  
+
+            <span class="md-nav__icon md-icon"></span>
+          </label>
+        
+        <nav class="md-nav" data-md-level="2" aria-labelledby="__nav_4_14_label" aria-expanded="false">
+          <label class="md-nav__title" for="__nav_4_14">
+            <span class="md-nav__icon md-icon"></span>
+            PowerShell
+          </label>
+          <ul class="md-nav__list" data-md-scrollfix>
+            
+              
+                
+  
+  
+  
+  
+    <li class="md-nav__item">
+      <a href="../../powershell/scripting.html" class="md-nav__link">
+        
+  
+  <span class="md-ellipsis">
+    Scripting
+  </span>
+  
+
+      </a>
+    </li>
+  
+
+              
+            
+              
+                
+  
+  
+  
+  
+    <li class="md-nav__item">
+      <a href="../../powershell/commands.html" class="md-nav__link">
+        
+  
+  <span class="md-ellipsis">
+    Commands
+  </span>
+  
+
+      </a>
+    </li>
+  
+
+              
+            
+          </ul>
+        </nav>
+      
+    </li>
+  
+
+              
+            
+              
+                
+  
+  
+  
+  
+    
+    
+      
+        
+      
+        
+      
+    
+    
+      
+      
+        
+          
+          
+        
+      
+    
+    
+    <li class="md-nav__item md-nav__item--section md-nav__item--nested">
+      
+        
+        
+        <input class="md-nav__toggle md-toggle " type="checkbox" id="__nav_4_15" >
+        
+          
+          <label class="md-nav__link" for="__nav_4_15" id="__nav_4_15_label" tabindex="">
+            
+  
+  <span class="md-ellipsis">
+    Bash
+  </span>
+  
+
+            <span class="md-nav__icon md-icon"></span>
+          </label>
+        
+        <nav class="md-nav" data-md-level="2" aria-labelledby="__nav_4_15_label" aria-expanded="false">
+          <label class="md-nav__title" for="__nav_4_15">
+            <span class="md-nav__icon md-icon"></span>
+            Bash
+          </label>
+          <ul class="md-nav__list" data-md-scrollfix>
+            
+              
+                
+  
+  
+  
+  
+    <li class="md-nav__item">
+      <a href="../../bash/scripting.html" class="md-nav__link">
+        
+  
+  <span class="md-ellipsis">
+    Scripting
+  </span>
+  
+
+      </a>
+    </li>
+  
+
+              
+            
+              
+                
+  
+  
+  
+  
+    <li class="md-nav__item">
+      <a href="../../bash/commands.html" class="md-nav__link">
+        
+  
+  <span class="md-ellipsis">
+    Commands
+  </span>
+  
+
+      </a>
+    </li>
+  
+
+              
+            
+          </ul>
+        </nav>
+      
+    </li>
+  
+
+              
+            
+          </ul>
+        </nav>
+      
+    </li>
+  
+
+    
+      
+      
+  
+  
+  
+  
+    
+    
+      
+        
+      
+        
+      
+        
+      
+        
+      
+        
+      
+    
+    
+      
+      
+        
+      
+    
+    
+    <li class="md-nav__item md-nav__item--nested">
+      
+        
+        
+        <input class="md-nav__toggle md-toggle " type="checkbox" id="__nav_5" >
+        
+          
+          <label class="md-nav__link" for="__nav_5" id="__nav_5_label" tabindex="0">
+            
+  
+  <span class="md-ellipsis">
+    Misc
+  </span>
+  
+
+            <span class="md-nav__icon md-icon"></span>
+          </label>
+        
+        <nav class="md-nav" data-md-level="1" aria-labelledby="__nav_5_label" aria-expanded="false">
+          <label class="md-nav__title" for="__nav_5">
+            <span class="md-nav__icon md-icon"></span>
+            Misc
+          </label>
+          <ul class="md-nav__list" data-md-scrollfix>
+            
+              
+                
+  
+  
+  
+  
+    <li class="md-nav__item">
+      <a href="../../../misc/git.html" class="md-nav__link">
+        
+  
+  <span class="md-ellipsis">
+    Git
+  </span>
+  
+
+      </a>
+    </li>
+  
+
+              
+            
+              
+                
+  
+  
+  
+  
+    <li class="md-nav__item">
+      <a href="../../../misc/graph-ql.html" class="md-nav__link">
+        
+  
+  <span class="md-ellipsis">
+    GraphQL
+  </span>
+  
+
+      </a>
+    </li>
+  
+
+              
+            
+              
+                
+  
+  
+  
+  
+    <li class="md-nav__item">
+      <a href="../../../misc/regular-expressions.html" class="md-nav__link">
+        
+  
+  <span class="md-ellipsis">
+    RegEx
+  </span>
+  
+
+      </a>
+    </li>
+  
+
+              
+            
+              
+                
+  
+  
+  
+  
+    <li class="md-nav__item">
+      <a href="../../../misc/ssh.html" class="md-nav__link">
+        
+  
+  <span class="md-ellipsis">
+    SSH
+  </span>
+  
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+    </li>
+  
+
+              
+            
+              
+                
+  
+  
+  
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+    <li class="md-nav__item">
+      <a href="../../../misc/web-components.html" class="md-nav__link">
+        
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+  <span class="md-ellipsis">
+    WebComponents
+  </span>
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+    <li class="md-nav__item md-nav__item--nested">
+      
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+        <input class="md-nav__toggle md-toggle " type="checkbox" id="__nav_6" >
+        
+          
+          <label class="md-nav__link" for="__nav_6" id="__nav_6_label" tabindex="0">
+            
+  
+  <span class="md-ellipsis">
+    Linux
+  </span>
+  
+
+            <span class="md-nav__icon md-icon"></span>
+          </label>
+        
+        <nav class="md-nav" data-md-level="1" aria-labelledby="__nav_6_label" aria-expanded="false">
+          <label class="md-nav__title" for="__nav_6">
+            <span class="md-nav__icon md-icon"></span>
+            Linux
+          </label>
+          <ul class="md-nav__list" data-md-scrollfix>
+            
+              
+                
+  
+  
+  
+  
+    
+    
+      
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+      
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+    <li class="md-nav__item md-nav__item--nested">
+      
+        
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+        <input class="md-nav__toggle md-toggle " type="checkbox" id="__nav_6_1" >
+        
+          
+          <label class="md-nav__link" for="__nav_6_1" id="__nav_6_1_label" tabindex="0">
+            
+  
+  <span class="md-ellipsis">
+    Filesystem
+  </span>
+  
+
+            <span class="md-nav__icon md-icon"></span>
+          </label>
+        
+        <nav class="md-nav" data-md-level="2" aria-labelledby="__nav_6_1_label" aria-expanded="false">
+          <label class="md-nav__title" for="__nav_6_1">
+            <span class="md-nav__icon md-icon"></span>
+            Filesystem
+          </label>
+          <ul class="md-nav__list" data-md-scrollfix>
+            
+              
+                
+  
+  
+  
+  
+    <li class="md-nav__item">
+      <a href="../../../linux/filesystem/file-links.html" class="md-nav__link">
+        
+  
+  <span class="md-ellipsis">
+    File Links
+  </span>
+  
+
+      </a>
+    </li>
+  
+
+              
+            
+              
+                
+  
+  
+  
+  
+    <li class="md-nav__item">
+      <a href="../../../linux/filesystem/procfs.html" class="md-nav__link">
+        
+  
+  <span class="md-ellipsis">
+    /proc
+  </span>
+  
+
+      </a>
+    </li>
+  
+
+              
+            
+              
+                
+  
+  
+  
+  
+    <li class="md-nav__item">
+      <a href="../../../linux/filesystem/sysfs.html" class="md-nav__link">
+        
+  
+  <span class="md-ellipsis">
+    /sys
+  </span>
+  
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+          </ul>
+        </nav>
+      
+    </li>
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+      
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+        <input class="md-nav__toggle md-toggle " type="checkbox" id="__nav_6_2" >
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+          <label class="md-nav__link" for="__nav_6_2" id="__nav_6_2_label" tabindex="0">
+            
+  
+  <span class="md-ellipsis">
+    System Init
+  </span>
+  
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+            <span class="md-nav__icon md-icon"></span>
+          </label>
+        
+        <nav class="md-nav" data-md-level="2" aria-labelledby="__nav_6_2_label" aria-expanded="false">
+          <label class="md-nav__title" for="__nav_6_2">
+            <span class="md-nav__icon md-icon"></span>
+            System Init
+          </label>
+          <ul class="md-nav__list" data-md-scrollfix>
+            
+              
+                
+  
+  
+  
+  
+    <li class="md-nav__item">
+      <a href="../../../linux/init/systemd.html" class="md-nav__link">
+        
+  
+  <span class="md-ellipsis">
+    Systemd
+  </span>
+  
+
+      </a>
+    </li>
+  
+
+              
+            
+              
+                
+  
+  
+  
+  
+    <li class="md-nav__item">
+      <a href="../../../linux/init/open-rc.html" class="md-nav__link">
+        
+  
+  <span class="md-ellipsis">
+    OpenRC
+  </span>
+  
+
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+
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+          </ul>
+        </nav>
+      
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+      
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+  
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+  </ul>
+</nav>
+                  </div>
+                </div>
+              </div>
+            
+            
+              
+              <div class="md-sidebar md-sidebar--secondary" data-md-component="sidebar" data-md-type="toc" >
+                <div class="md-sidebar__scrollwrap">
+                  <div class="md-sidebar__inner">
+                    
+
+<nav class="md-nav md-nav--secondary" aria-label="Table of contents">
+  
+  
+  
+    
+  
+  
+</nav>
+                  </div>
+                </div>
+              </div>
+            
+          
+          
+            <div class="md-content" data-md-component="content">
+              <article class="md-content__inner md-typeset">
+                
+                  
+
+  
+  
+
+
+<h1 id="pomxml">pom.xml</h1>
+<p>File specifing project dependencies.</p>
+<div class="highlight"><table class="highlighttable"><tr><th colspan="2" class="filename"><span class="filename">XML</span></th></tr><tr><td class="linenos"><div class="linenodiv"><pre><span></span><span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-0-1"> 1</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-0-2"> 2</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-0-3"> 3</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-0-4"> 4</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-0-5"> 5</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-0-6"> 6</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-0-7"> 7</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-0-8"> 8</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-0-9"> 9</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-0-10">10</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-0-11">11</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-0-12">12</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-0-13">13</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-0-14">14</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-0-15">15</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-0-16">16</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-0-17">17</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-0-18">18</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-0-19">19</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-0-20">20</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-0-21">21</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-0-22">22</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-0-23">23</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-0-24">24</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-0-25">25</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-0-26">26</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-0-27">27</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-0-28">28</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-0-29">29</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-0-30">30</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-0-31">31</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-0-32">32</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-0-33">33</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-0-34">34</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-0-35">35</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-0-36">36</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-0-37">37</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-0-38">38</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-0-39">39</a></span></pre></div></td><td class="code"><div><pre><span></span><code><a id="__codelineno-0-1" name="__codelineno-0-1"></a><span class="cp">&lt;?xml version=&quot;1.0&quot; encoding=&quot;UTF-8&quot;?&gt;</span>
+<a id="__codelineno-0-2" name="__codelineno-0-2"></a><span class="nt">&lt;project</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="na">xmlns=</span><span class="s">&quot;http://maven.apache.org/POM/4.0.0&quot;</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="na">xmlns:xsi=</span><span class="s">&quot;http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema-instance&quot;</span>
+<a id="__codelineno-0-3" name="__codelineno-0-3"></a><span class="w">    </span><span class="na">xsi:schemaLocation=</span><span class="s">&quot;http://maven.apache.org/POM/4.0.0 https://maven.apache.org/xsd/maven-4.0.0.xsd&quot;</span><span class="nt">&gt;</span>
+<a id="__codelineno-0-4" name="__codelineno-0-4"></a><span class="w">    </span><span class="nt">&lt;modelVersion&gt;</span>major.minor.patch<span class="nt">&lt;/modelVersion&gt;</span>
+<a id="__codelineno-0-5" name="__codelineno-0-5"></a>
+<a id="__codelineno-0-6" name="__codelineno-0-6"></a><span class="w">    </span><span class="nt">&lt;parent&gt;</span>
+<a id="__codelineno-0-7" name="__codelineno-0-7"></a><span class="w">        </span><span class="nt">&lt;groupId&gt;</span>org.springframework.boot<span class="nt">&lt;/groupId&gt;</span>
+<a id="__codelineno-0-8" name="__codelineno-0-8"></a><span class="w">        </span><span class="nt">&lt;artifactId&gt;</span>spring-boot-starter-parent<span class="nt">&lt;/artifactId&gt;</span>
+<a id="__codelineno-0-9" name="__codelineno-0-9"></a><span class="w">        </span><span class="nt">&lt;version&gt;</span>major.minor.patch.RELEASE<span class="nt">&lt;/version&gt;</span>
+<a id="__codelineno-0-10" name="__codelineno-0-10"></a><span class="w">        </span><span class="nt">&lt;relativePath/&gt;</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="cm">&lt;!-- lookup parent from repository --&gt;</span>
+<a id="__codelineno-0-11" name="__codelineno-0-11"></a><span class="w">    </span><span class="nt">&lt;/parent&gt;</span>
+<a id="__codelineno-0-12" name="__codelineno-0-12"></a>
+<a id="__codelineno-0-13" name="__codelineno-0-13"></a><span class="w">    </span><span class="nt">&lt;groupId&gt;</span>base_package<span class="nt">&lt;/groupId&gt;</span>
+<a id="__codelineno-0-14" name="__codelineno-0-14"></a><span class="w">    </span><span class="nt">&lt;artifactId&gt;</span>Project_Name<span class="nt">&lt;/artifactId&gt;</span>
+<a id="__codelineno-0-15" name="__codelineno-0-15"></a><span class="w">    </span><span class="nt">&lt;version&gt;</span>major.minor.patch<span class="nt">&lt;/version&gt;</span>
+<a id="__codelineno-0-16" name="__codelineno-0-16"></a><span class="w">    </span><span class="nt">&lt;name&gt;</span>Project_Name<span class="nt">&lt;/name&gt;</span>
+<a id="__codelineno-0-17" name="__codelineno-0-17"></a><span class="w">    </span><span class="nt">&lt;description&gt;</span>...<span class="nt">&lt;/description&gt;</span>
+<a id="__codelineno-0-18" name="__codelineno-0-18"></a>
+<a id="__codelineno-0-19" name="__codelineno-0-19"></a><span class="w">    </span><span class="nt">&lt;properties&gt;</span>
+<a id="__codelineno-0-20" name="__codelineno-0-20"></a><span class="w">        </span><span class="nt">&lt;java.version&gt;</span>11<span class="nt">&lt;/java.version&gt;</span>
+<a id="__codelineno-0-21" name="__codelineno-0-21"></a><span class="w">    </span><span class="nt">&lt;/properties&gt;</span>
+<a id="__codelineno-0-22" name="__codelineno-0-22"></a>
+<a id="__codelineno-0-23" name="__codelineno-0-23"></a><span class="w">    </span><span class="nt">&lt;dependencies&gt;</span>
+<a id="__codelineno-0-24" name="__codelineno-0-24"></a><span class="w">        </span><span class="nt">&lt;dependency&gt;</span>
+<a id="__codelineno-0-25" name="__codelineno-0-25"></a><span class="w">            </span><span class="nt">&lt;groupId&gt;</span>org.springframework.boot<span class="nt">&lt;/groupId&gt;</span>
+<a id="__codelineno-0-26" name="__codelineno-0-26"></a><span class="w">            </span><span class="nt">&lt;artifactId&gt;</span>spring-boot-starter-data-jpa<span class="nt">&lt;/artifactId&gt;</span>
+<a id="__codelineno-0-27" name="__codelineno-0-27"></a><span class="w">        </span><span class="nt">&lt;/dependency&gt;</span>
+<a id="__codelineno-0-28" name="__codelineno-0-28"></a><span class="w">    </span><span class="nt">&lt;/dependencies&gt;</span>
+<a id="__codelineno-0-29" name="__codelineno-0-29"></a>
+<a id="__codelineno-0-30" name="__codelineno-0-30"></a><span class="w">    </span><span class="nt">&lt;build&gt;</span>
+<a id="__codelineno-0-31" name="__codelineno-0-31"></a><span class="w">        </span><span class="nt">&lt;plugins&gt;</span>
+<a id="__codelineno-0-32" name="__codelineno-0-32"></a><span class="w">            </span><span class="nt">&lt;plugin&gt;</span>
+<a id="__codelineno-0-33" name="__codelineno-0-33"></a><span class="w">                </span><span class="nt">&lt;groupId&gt;</span>org.springframework.boot<span class="nt">&lt;/groupId&gt;</span>
+<a id="__codelineno-0-34" name="__codelineno-0-34"></a><span class="w">                </span><span class="nt">&lt;artifactId&gt;</span>spring-boot-maven-plugin<span class="nt">&lt;/artifactId&gt;</span>
+<a id="__codelineno-0-35" name="__codelineno-0-35"></a><span class="w">            </span><span class="nt">&lt;/plugin&gt;</span>
+<a id="__codelineno-0-36" name="__codelineno-0-36"></a><span class="w">        </span><span class="nt">&lt;/plugins&gt;</span>
+<a id="__codelineno-0-37" name="__codelineno-0-37"></a><span class="w">    </span><span class="nt">&lt;/build&gt;</span>
+<a id="__codelineno-0-38" name="__codelineno-0-38"></a>
+<a id="__codelineno-0-39" name="__codelineno-0-39"></a><span class="nt">&lt;/project&gt;</span>
+</code></pre></div></td></tr></table></div>
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+          </ul>
+        </nav>
+      
+    </li>
+  
+
+              
+            
+              
+                
+  
+  
+  
+  
+    
+    
+      
+        
+      
+        
+      
+        
+      
+    
+    
+      
+      
+        
+          
+          
+        
+      
+    
+    
+    <li class="md-nav__item md-nav__item--section md-nav__item--nested">
+      
+        
+        
+        <input class="md-nav__toggle md-toggle " type="checkbox" id="__nav_4_9" >
+        
+          
+          <label class="md-nav__link" for="__nav_4_9" id="__nav_4_9_label" tabindex="">
+            
+  
+  <span class="md-ellipsis">
+    .NET
+  </span>
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+
+            <span class="md-nav__icon md-icon"></span>
+          </label>
+        
+        <nav class="md-nav" data-md-level="2" aria-labelledby="__nav_4_9_label" aria-expanded="false">
+          <label class="md-nav__title" for="__nav_4_9">
+            <span class="md-nav__icon md-icon"></span>
+            .NET
+          </label>
+          <ul class="md-nav__list" data-md-scrollfix>
+            
+              
+                
+  
+  
+  
+  
+    
+    
+      
+        
+      
+        
+      
+        
+      
+        
+      
+        
+      
+        
+      
+    
+    
+      
+      
+        
+      
+    
+    
+    <li class="md-nav__item md-nav__item--nested">
+      
+        
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+        <input class="md-nav__toggle md-toggle " type="checkbox" id="__nav_4_9_1" >
+        
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+          <label class="md-nav__link" for="__nav_4_9_1" id="__nav_4_9_1_label" tabindex="0">
+            
+  
+  <span class="md-ellipsis">
+    C#
+  </span>
+  
+
+            <span class="md-nav__icon md-icon"></span>
+          </label>
+        
+        <nav class="md-nav" data-md-level="3" aria-labelledby="__nav_4_9_1_label" aria-expanded="false">
+          <label class="md-nav__title" for="__nav_4_9_1">
+            <span class="md-nav__icon md-icon"></span>
+            C#
+          </label>
+          <ul class="md-nav__list" data-md-scrollfix>
+            
+              
+                
+  
+  
+  
+  
+    <li class="md-nav__item">
+      <a href="../../dotnet/csharp/csharp.html" class="md-nav__link">
+        
+  
+  <span class="md-ellipsis">
+    C#
+  </span>
+  
+
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+    </li>
+  
+
+              
+            
+              
+                
+  
+  
+  
+  
+    <li class="md-nav__item">
+      <a href="../../dotnet/csharp/linq.html" class="md-nav__link">
+        
+  
+  <span class="md-ellipsis">
+    Linq
+  </span>
+  
+
+      </a>
+    </li>
+  
+
+              
+            
+              
+                
+  
+  
+  
+  
+    <li class="md-nav__item">
+      <a href="../../dotnet/csharp/collections.html" class="md-nav__link">
+        
+  
+  <span class="md-ellipsis">
+    Collections
+  </span>
+  
+
+      </a>
+    </li>
+  
+
+              
+            
+              
+                
+  
+  
+  
+  
+    <li class="md-nav__item">
+      <a href="../../dotnet/csharp/reactive-extensions.html" class="md-nav__link">
+        
+  
+  <span class="md-ellipsis">
+    Reactive Extensions
+  </span>
+  
+
+      </a>
+    </li>
+  
+
+              
+            
+              
+                
+  
+  
+  
+  
+    <li class="md-nav__item">
+      <a href="../../dotnet/csharp/async-programming.html" class="md-nav__link">
+        
+  
+  <span class="md-ellipsis">
+    Async Programming
+  </span>
+  
+
+      </a>
+    </li>
+  
+
+              
+            
+              
+                
+  
+  
+  
+  
+    <li class="md-nav__item">
+      <a href="../../dotnet/csharp/unit-tests.html" class="md-nav__link">
+        
+  
+  <span class="md-ellipsis">
+    Unit Tests
+  </span>
+  
+
+      </a>
+    </li>
+  
+
+              
+            
+          </ul>
+        </nav>
+      
+    </li>
+  
+
+              
+            
+              
+                
+  
+  
+  
+  
+    
+    
+      
+        
+      
+        
+      
+        
+      
+        
+      
+        
+      
+        
+      
+        
+      
+    
+    
+      
+      
+        
+      
+    
+    
+    <li class="md-nav__item md-nav__item--nested">
+      
+        
+        
+        <input class="md-nav__toggle md-toggle " type="checkbox" id="__nav_4_9_2" >
+        
+          
+          <label class="md-nav__link" for="__nav_4_9_2" id="__nav_4_9_2_label" tabindex="0">
+            
+  
+  <span class="md-ellipsis">
+    ASP.NET
+  </span>
+  
+
+            <span class="md-nav__icon md-icon"></span>
+          </label>
+        
+        <nav class="md-nav" data-md-level="3" aria-labelledby="__nav_4_9_2_label" aria-expanded="false">
+          <label class="md-nav__title" for="__nav_4_9_2">
+            <span class="md-nav__icon md-icon"></span>
+            ASP.NET
+          </label>
+          <ul class="md-nav__list" data-md-scrollfix>
+            
+              
+                
+  
+  
+  
+  
+    <li class="md-nav__item">
+      <a href="../../dotnet/asp.net/minimal-api.html" class="md-nav__link">
+        
+  
+  <span class="md-ellipsis">
+    Minimal API
+  </span>
+  
+
+      </a>
+    </li>
+  
+
+              
+            
+              
+                
+  
+  
+  
+  
+    <li class="md-nav__item">
+      <a href="../../dotnet/asp.net/filters.html" class="md-nav__link">
+        
+  
+  <span class="md-ellipsis">
+    FIlters
+  </span>
+  
+
+      </a>
+    </li>
+  
+
+              
+            
+              
+                
+  
+  
+  
+  
+    <li class="md-nav__item">
+      <a href="../../dotnet/asp.net/middleware.html" class="md-nav__link">
+        
+  
+  <span class="md-ellipsis">
+    Middleware
+  </span>
+  
+
+      </a>
+    </li>
+  
+
+              
+            
+              
+                
+  
+  
+  
+  
+    <li class="md-nav__item">
+      <a href="../../dotnet/asp.net/razor-syntax.html" class="md-nav__link">
+        
+  
+  <span class="md-ellipsis">
+    Razor Syntax
+  </span>
+  
+
+      </a>
+    </li>
+  
+
+              
+            
+              
+                
+  
+  
+  
+  
+    <li class="md-nav__item">
+      <a href="../../dotnet/asp.net/blazor.html" class="md-nav__link">
+        
+  
+  <span class="md-ellipsis">
+    Blazor
+  </span>
+  
+
+      </a>
+    </li>
+  
+
+              
+            
+              
+                
+  
+  
+  
+  
+    <li class="md-nav__item">
+      <a href="../../dotnet/asp.net/signalr.html" class="md-nav__link">
+        
+  
+  <span class="md-ellipsis">
+    SignalR
+  </span>
+  
+
+      </a>
+    </li>
+  
+
+              
+            
+              
+                
+  
+  
+  
+  
+    <li class="md-nav__item">
+      <a href="../../dotnet/asp.net/web-forms.html" class="md-nav__link">
+        
+  
+  <span class="md-ellipsis">
+    Web Forms
+  </span>
+  
+
+      </a>
+    </li>
+  
+
+              
+            
+          </ul>
+        </nav>
+      
+    </li>
+  
+
+              
+            
+              
+                
+  
+  
+  
+  
+    
+    
+      
+        
+      
+        
+      
+    
+    
+      
+      
+        
+      
+    
+    
+    <li class="md-nav__item md-nav__item--nested">
+      
+        
+        
+        <input class="md-nav__toggle md-toggle " type="checkbox" id="__nav_4_9_3" >
+        
+          
+          <label class="md-nav__link" for="__nav_4_9_3" id="__nav_4_9_3_label" tabindex="0">
+            
+  
+  <span class="md-ellipsis">
+    Database
+  </span>
+  
+
+            <span class="md-nav__icon md-icon"></span>
+          </label>
+        
+        <nav class="md-nav" data-md-level="3" aria-labelledby="__nav_4_9_3_label" aria-expanded="false">
+          <label class="md-nav__title" for="__nav_4_9_3">
+            <span class="md-nav__icon md-icon"></span>
+            Database
+          </label>
+          <ul class="md-nav__list" data-md-scrollfix>
+            
+              
+                
+  
+  
+  
+  
+    <li class="md-nav__item">
+      <a href="../../dotnet/database/ado.net.html" class="md-nav__link">
+        
+  
+  <span class="md-ellipsis">
+    ADO.NET
+  </span>
+  
+
+      </a>
+    </li>
+  
+
+              
+            
+              
+                
+  
+  
+  
+  
+    <li class="md-nav__item">
+      <a href="../../dotnet/database/entity-framework.html" class="md-nav__link">
+        
+  
+  <span class="md-ellipsis">
+    Entity Framework
+  </span>
+  
+
+      </a>
+    </li>
+  
+
+              
+            
+          </ul>
+        </nav>
+      
+    </li>
+  
+
+              
+            
+          </ul>
+        </nav>
+      
+    </li>
+  
+
+              
+            
+              
+                
+  
+  
+    
+  
+  
+  
+    
+    
+      
+        
+      
+        
+      
+        
+      
+        
+      
+    
+    
+      
+      
+        
+          
+          
+        
+      
+    
+    
+    <li class="md-nav__item md-nav__item--active md-nav__item--section md-nav__item--nested">
+      
+        
+        
+        <input class="md-nav__toggle md-toggle " type="checkbox" id="__nav_4_10" checked>
+        
+          
+          <label class="md-nav__link" for="__nav_4_10" id="__nav_4_10_label" tabindex="">
+            
+  
+  <span class="md-ellipsis">
+    Java
+  </span>
+  
+
+            <span class="md-nav__icon md-icon"></span>
+          </label>
+        
+        <nav class="md-nav" data-md-level="2" aria-labelledby="__nav_4_10_label" aria-expanded="true">
+          <label class="md-nav__title" for="__nav_4_10">
+            <span class="md-nav__icon md-icon"></span>
+            Java
+          </label>
+          <ul class="md-nav__list" data-md-scrollfix>
+            
+              
+                
+  
+  
+  
+  
+    <li class="md-nav__item">
+      <a href="../java.html" class="md-nav__link">
+        
+  
+  <span class="md-ellipsis">
+    Java
+  </span>
+  
+
+      </a>
+    </li>
+  
+
+              
+            
+              
+                
+  
+  
+  
+  
+    <li class="md-nav__item">
+      <a href="../java-collection-framework.html" class="md-nav__link">
+        
+  
+  <span class="md-ellipsis">
+    Java Collection Framework
+  </span>
+  
+
+      </a>
+    </li>
+  
+
+              
+            
+              
+                
+  
+  
+  
+  
+    <li class="md-nav__item">
+      <a href="../dao.html" class="md-nav__link">
+        
+  
+  <span class="md-ellipsis">
+    DAO
+  </span>
+  
+
+      </a>
+    </li>
+  
+
+              
+            
+              
+                
+  
+  
+    
+  
+  
+  
+    
+    
+      
+        
+      
+        
+      
+    
+    
+      
+      
+        
+      
+    
+    
+    <li class="md-nav__item md-nav__item--active md-nav__item--nested">
+      
+        
+        
+        <input class="md-nav__toggle md-toggle " type="checkbox" id="__nav_4_10_4" checked>
+        
+          
+          <label class="md-nav__link" for="__nav_4_10_4" id="__nav_4_10_4_label" tabindex="0">
+            
+  
+  <span class="md-ellipsis">
+    Web
+  </span>
+  
+
+            <span class="md-nav__icon md-icon"></span>
+          </label>
+        
+        <nav class="md-nav" data-md-level="3" aria-labelledby="__nav_4_10_4_label" aria-expanded="true">
+          <label class="md-nav__title" for="__nav_4_10_4">
+            <span class="md-nav__icon md-icon"></span>
+            Web
+          </label>
+          <ul class="md-nav__list" data-md-scrollfix>
+            
+              
+                
+  
+  
+  
+  
+    <li class="md-nav__item">
+      <a href="../web/servlet.html" class="md-nav__link">
+        
+  
+  <span class="md-ellipsis">
+    Serverlet
+  </span>
+  
+
+      </a>
+    </li>
+  
+
+              
+            
+              
+                
+  
+  
+    
+  
+  
+  
+    
+    
+      
+        
+      
+        
+      
+    
+    
+      
+      
+        
+      
+    
+    
+    <li class="md-nav__item md-nav__item--active md-nav__item--nested">
+      
+        
+        
+        <input class="md-nav__toggle md-toggle " type="checkbox" id="__nav_4_10_4_2" checked>
+        
+          
+          <label class="md-nav__link" for="__nav_4_10_4_2" id="__nav_4_10_4_2_label" tabindex="0">
+            
+  
+  <span class="md-ellipsis">
+    Spring
+  </span>
+  
+
+            <span class="md-nav__icon md-icon"></span>
+          </label>
+        
+        <nav class="md-nav" data-md-level="4" aria-labelledby="__nav_4_10_4_2_label" aria-expanded="true">
+          <label class="md-nav__title" for="__nav_4_10_4_2">
+            <span class="md-nav__icon md-icon"></span>
+            Spring
+          </label>
+          <ul class="md-nav__list" data-md-scrollfix>
+            
+              
+                
+  
+  
+  
+  
+    <li class="md-nav__item">
+      <a href="pom.xml.html" class="md-nav__link">
+        
+  
+  <span class="md-ellipsis">
+    POM
+  </span>
+  
+
+      </a>
+    </li>
+  
+
+              
+            
+              
+                
+  
+  
+    
+  
+  
+  
+    <li class="md-nav__item md-nav__item--active">
+      
+      <input class="md-nav__toggle md-toggle" type="checkbox" id="__toc">
+      
+      
+        
+      
+      
+        <label class="md-nav__link md-nav__link--active" for="__toc">
+          
+  
+  <span class="md-ellipsis">
+    Project Structure
+  </span>
+  
+
+          <span class="md-nav__icon md-icon"></span>
+        </label>
+      
+      <a href="spring-project.html" class="md-nav__link md-nav__link--active">
+        
+  
+  <span class="md-ellipsis">
+    Project Structure
+  </span>
+  
+
+      </a>
+      
+        
+
+<nav class="md-nav md-nav--secondary" aria-label="Table of contents">
+  
+  
+  
+    
+  
+  
+    <label class="md-nav__title" for="__toc">
+      <span class="md-nav__icon md-icon"></span>
+      Table of contents
+    </label>
+    <ul class="md-nav__list" data-md-component="toc" data-md-scrollfix>
+      
+        <li class="md-nav__item">
+  <a href="#libs" class="md-nav__link">
+    <span class="md-ellipsis">
+      Libs
+    </span>
+  </a>
+  
+</li>
+      
+        <li class="md-nav__item">
+  <a href="#applicationproperties" class="md-nav__link">
+    <span class="md-ellipsis">
+      application.properties
+    </span>
+  </a>
+  
+</li>
+      
+        <li class="md-nav__item">
+  <a href="#package-entities" class="md-nav__link">
+    <span class="md-ellipsis">
+      Package entities
+    </span>
+  </a>
+  
+</li>
+      
+        <li class="md-nav__item">
+  <a href="#package-dal" class="md-nav__link">
+    <span class="md-ellipsis">
+      Package dal
+    </span>
+  </a>
+  
+</li>
+      
+        <li class="md-nav__item">
+  <a href="#package-services" class="md-nav__link">
+    <span class="md-ellipsis">
+      Package services
+    </span>
+  </a>
+  
+</li>
+      
+        <li class="md-nav__item">
+  <a href="#package-integration" class="md-nav__link">
+    <span class="md-ellipsis">
+      Package integration
+    </span>
+  </a>
+  
+</li>
+      
+    </ul>
+  
+</nav>
+      
+    </li>
+  
+
+              
+            
+          </ul>
+        </nav>
+      
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+  
+
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+            
+          </ul>
+        </nav>
+      
+    </li>
+  
+
+              
+            
+          </ul>
+        </nav>
+      
+    </li>
+  
+
+              
+            
+              
+                
+  
+  
+  
+  
+    
+    
+      
+        
+      
+        
+      
+        
+      
+        
+      
+        
+      
+        
+      
+        
+      
+        
+      
+        
+      
+    
+    
+      
+      
+        
+          
+          
+        
+      
+    
+    
+    <li class="md-nav__item md-nav__item--section md-nav__item--nested">
+      
+        
+        
+        <input class="md-nav__toggle md-toggle " type="checkbox" id="__nav_4_11" >
+        
+          
+          <label class="md-nav__link" for="__nav_4_11" id="__nav_4_11_label" tabindex="">
+            
+  
+  <span class="md-ellipsis">
+    PHP
+  </span>
+  
+
+            <span class="md-nav__icon md-icon"></span>
+          </label>
+        
+        <nav class="md-nav" data-md-level="2" aria-labelledby="__nav_4_11_label" aria-expanded="false">
+          <label class="md-nav__title" for="__nav_4_11">
+            <span class="md-nav__icon md-icon"></span>
+            PHP
+          </label>
+          <ul class="md-nav__list" data-md-scrollfix>
+            
+              
+                
+  
+  
+  
+  
+    <li class="md-nav__item">
+      <a href="../../php/php.html" class="md-nav__link">
+        
+  
+  <span class="md-ellipsis">
+    PHP
+  </span>
+  
+
+      </a>
+    </li>
+  
+
+              
+            
+              
+                
+  
+  
+  
+  
+    <li class="md-nav__item">
+      <a href="../../php/database.html" class="md-nav__link">
+        
+  
+  <span class="md-ellipsis">
+    Database
+  </span>
+  
+
+      </a>
+    </li>
+  
+
+              
+            
+              
+                
+  
+  
+  
+  
+    <li class="md-nav__item">
+      <a href="../../php/web.html" class="md-nav__link">
+        
+  
+  <span class="md-ellipsis">
+    Web
+  </span>
+  
+
+      </a>
+    </li>
+  
+
+              
+            
+              
+                
+  
+  
+  
+  
+    <li class="md-nav__item">
+      <a href="../../php/dependency-injection.html" class="md-nav__link">
+        
+  
+  <span class="md-ellipsis">
+    Dependency Injection
+  </span>
+  
+
+      </a>
+    </li>
+  
+
+              
+            
+              
+                
+  
+  
+  
+  
+    <li class="md-nav__item">
+      <a href="../../php/unit-tests.html" class="md-nav__link">
+        
+  
+  <span class="md-ellipsis">
+    Unit Tests
+  </span>
+  
+
+      </a>
+    </li>
+  
+
+              
+            
+              
+                
+  
+  
+  
+  
+    <li class="md-nav__item">
+      <a href="../../php/composer.html" class="md-nav__link">
+        
+  
+  <span class="md-ellipsis">
+    Composer
+  </span>
+  
+
+      </a>
+    </li>
+  
+
+              
+            
+              
+                
+  
+  
+  
+  
+    <li class="md-nav__item">
+      <a href="../../php/psr-7.html" class="md-nav__link">
+        
+  
+  <span class="md-ellipsis">
+    PSR 7
+  </span>
+  
+
+      </a>
+    </li>
+  
+
+              
+            
+              
+                
+  
+  
+  
+  
+    <li class="md-nav__item">
+      <a href="../../php/plates-templating.html" class="md-nav__link">
+        
+  
+  <span class="md-ellipsis">
+    Plates
+  </span>
+  
+
+      </a>
+    </li>
+  
+
+              
+            
+              
+                
+  
+  
+  
+  
+    
+    
+      
+        
+      
+        
+      
+    
+    
+      
+      
+        
+      
+    
+    
+    <li class="md-nav__item md-nav__item--nested">
+      
+        
+        
+        <input class="md-nav__toggle md-toggle " type="checkbox" id="__nav_4_11_9" >
+        
+          
+          <label class="md-nav__link" for="__nav_4_11_9" id="__nav_4_11_9_label" tabindex="0">
+            
+  
+  <span class="md-ellipsis">
+    Simple MVC
+  </span>
+  
+
+            <span class="md-nav__icon md-icon"></span>
+          </label>
+        
+        <nav class="md-nav" data-md-level="3" aria-labelledby="__nav_4_11_9_label" aria-expanded="false">
+          <label class="md-nav__title" for="__nav_4_11_9">
+            <span class="md-nav__icon md-icon"></span>
+            Simple MVC
+          </label>
+          <ul class="md-nav__list" data-md-scrollfix>
+            
+              
+                
+  
+  
+  
+  
+    <li class="md-nav__item">
+      <a href="../../php/simple-mvc/simple-mvc.html" class="md-nav__link">
+        
+  
+  <span class="md-ellipsis">
+    Simple MVC
+  </span>
+  
+
+      </a>
+    </li>
+  
+
+              
+            
+              
+                
+  
+  
+  
+  
+    <li class="md-nav__item">
+      <a href="../../php/simple-mvc/rest-api.html" class="md-nav__link">
+        
+  
+  <span class="md-ellipsis">
+    REST API
+  </span>
+  
+
+      </a>
+    </li>
+  
+
+              
+            
+          </ul>
+        </nav>
+      
+    </li>
+  
+
+              
+            
+          </ul>
+        </nav>
+      
+    </li>
+  
+
+              
+            
+              
+                
+  
+  
+  
+  
+    
+    
+      
+        
+      
+        
+      
+        
+      
+        
+      
+        
+      
+    
+    
+      
+      
+        
+          
+          
+        
+      
+    
+    
+    <li class="md-nav__item md-nav__item--section md-nav__item--nested">
+      
+        
+        
+        <input class="md-nav__toggle md-toggle " type="checkbox" id="__nav_4_12" >
+        
+          
+          <label class="md-nav__link" for="__nav_4_12" id="__nav_4_12_label" tabindex="">
+            
+  
+  <span class="md-ellipsis">
+    Rust
+  </span>
+  
+
+            <span class="md-nav__icon md-icon"></span>
+          </label>
+        
+        <nav class="md-nav" data-md-level="2" aria-labelledby="__nav_4_12_label" aria-expanded="false">
+          <label class="md-nav__title" for="__nav_4_12">
+            <span class="md-nav__icon md-icon"></span>
+            Rust
+          </label>
+          <ul class="md-nav__list" data-md-scrollfix>
+            
+              
+                
+  
+  
+  
+  
+    <li class="md-nav__item">
+      <a href="../../rust/rust.html" class="md-nav__link">
+        
+  
+  <span class="md-ellipsis">
+    Rust
+  </span>
+  
+
+      </a>
+    </li>
+  
+
+              
+            
+              
+                
+  
+  
+  
+  
+    <li class="md-nav__item">
+      <a href="../../rust/macros.html" class="md-nav__link">
+        
+  
+  <span class="md-ellipsis">
+    Macros
+  </span>
+  
+
+      </a>
+    </li>
+  
+
+              
+            
+              
+                
+  
+  
+  
+  
+    <li class="md-nav__item">
+      <a href="../../rust/cargo.html" class="md-nav__link">
+        
+  
+  <span class="md-ellipsis">
+    Cargo
+  </span>
+  
+
+      </a>
+    </li>
+  
+
+              
+            
+              
+                
+  
+  
+  
+  
+    <li class="md-nav__item">
+      <a href="../../rust/concurrency.html" class="md-nav__link">
+        
+  
+  <span class="md-ellipsis">
+    Concurrency
+  </span>
+  
+
+      </a>
+    </li>
+  
+
+              
+            
+              
+                
+  
+  
+  
+  
+    <li class="md-nav__item">
+      <a href="../../rust/unit-tests.html" class="md-nav__link">
+        
+  
+  <span class="md-ellipsis">
+    Unit Tests
+  </span>
+  
+
+      </a>
+    </li>
+  
+
+              
+            
+          </ul>
+        </nav>
+      
+    </li>
+  
+
+              
+            
+              
+                
+  
+  
+  
+  
+    
+    
+      
+        
+      
+        
+      
+        
+      
+        
+      
+        
+      
+        
+      
+        
+      
+    
+    
+      
+      
+        
+          
+          
+        
+      
+    
+    
+    <li class="md-nav__item md-nav__item--section md-nav__item--nested">
+      
+        
+        
+        <input class="md-nav__toggle md-toggle " type="checkbox" id="__nav_4_13" >
+        
+          
+          <label class="md-nav__link" for="__nav_4_13" id="__nav_4_13_label" tabindex="">
+            
+  
+  <span class="md-ellipsis">
+    Javascript
+  </span>
+  
+
+            <span class="md-nav__icon md-icon"></span>
+          </label>
+        
+        <nav class="md-nav" data-md-level="2" aria-labelledby="__nav_4_13_label" aria-expanded="false">
+          <label class="md-nav__title" for="__nav_4_13">
+            <span class="md-nav__icon md-icon"></span>
+            Javascript
+          </label>
+          <ul class="md-nav__list" data-md-scrollfix>
+            
+              
+                
+  
+  
+  
+  
+    <li class="md-nav__item">
+      <a href="../../javascript/javascript.html" class="md-nav__link">
+        
+  
+  <span class="md-ellipsis">
+    Javascript
+  </span>
+  
+
+      </a>
+    </li>
+  
+
+              
+            
+              
+                
+  
+  
+  
+  
+    <li class="md-nav__item">
+      <a href="../../javascript/dom.html" class="md-nav__link">
+        
+  
+  <span class="md-ellipsis">
+    DOM
+  </span>
+  
+
+      </a>
+    </li>
+  
+
+              
+            
+              
+                
+  
+  
+  
+  
+    <li class="md-nav__item">
+      <a href="../../javascript/events-animation.html" class="md-nav__link">
+        
+  
+  <span class="md-ellipsis">
+    Events & Animation
+  </span>
+  
+
+      </a>
+    </li>
+  
+
+              
+            
+              
+                
+  
+  
+  
+  
+    <li class="md-nav__item">
+      <a href="../../javascript/ajax.html" class="md-nav__link">
+        
+  
+  <span class="md-ellipsis">
+    AJAX
+  </span>
+  
+
+      </a>
+    </li>
+  
+
+              
+            
+              
+                
+  
+  
+  
+  
+    <li class="md-nav__item">
+      <a href="../../javascript/jquery.html" class="md-nav__link">
+        
+  
+  <span class="md-ellipsis">
+    jQuery
+  </span>
+  
+
+      </a>
+    </li>
+  
+
+              
+            
+              
+                
+  
+  
+  
+  
+    
+    
+      
+        
+      
+        
+      
+        
+      
+        
+      
+        
+      
+    
+    
+      
+      
+        
+      
+    
+    
+    <li class="md-nav__item md-nav__item--nested">
+      
+        
+        
+        <input class="md-nav__toggle md-toggle " type="checkbox" id="__nav_4_13_6" >
+        
+          
+          <label class="md-nav__link" for="__nav_4_13_6" id="__nav_4_13_6_label" tabindex="0">
+            
+  
+  <span class="md-ellipsis">
+    React
+  </span>
+  
+
+            <span class="md-nav__icon md-icon"></span>
+          </label>
+        
+        <nav class="md-nav" data-md-level="3" aria-labelledby="__nav_4_13_6_label" aria-expanded="false">
+          <label class="md-nav__title" for="__nav_4_13_6">
+            <span class="md-nav__icon md-icon"></span>
+            React
+          </label>
+          <ul class="md-nav__list" data-md-scrollfix>
+            
+              
+                
+  
+  
+  
+  
+    <li class="md-nav__item">
+      <a href="../../javascript/react/react.html" class="md-nav__link">
+        
+  
+  <span class="md-ellipsis">
+    React
+  </span>
+  
+
+      </a>
+    </li>
+  
+
+              
+            
+              
+                
+  
+  
+  
+  
+    <li class="md-nav__item">
+      <a href="../../javascript/react/react-router.html" class="md-nav__link">
+        
+  
+  <span class="md-ellipsis">
+    React Router
+  </span>
+  
+
+      </a>
+    </li>
+  
+
+              
+            
+              
+                
+  
+  
+  
+  
+    <li class="md-nav__item">
+      <a href="../../javascript/react/react-tests.html" class="md-nav__link">
+        
+  
+  <span class="md-ellipsis">
+    React Tests
+  </span>
+  
+
+      </a>
+    </li>
+  
+
+              
+            
+              
+                
+  
+  
+  
+  
+    <li class="md-nav__item">
+      <a href="../../javascript/react/redux.html" class="md-nav__link">
+        
+  
+  <span class="md-ellipsis">
+    Redux
+  </span>
+  
+
+      </a>
+    </li>
+  
+
+              
+            
+              
+                
+  
+  
+  
+  
+    <li class="md-nav__item">
+      <a href="../../javascript/react/redux-tests.html" class="md-nav__link">
+        
+  
+  <span class="md-ellipsis">
+    Redux Tests
+  </span>
+  
+
+      </a>
+    </li>
+  
+
+              
+            
+          </ul>
+        </nav>
+      
+    </li>
+  
+
+              
+            
+              
+                
+  
+  
+  
+  
+    <li class="md-nav__item">
+      <a href="../../javascript/svelte/svelte.html" class="md-nav__link">
+        
+  
+  <span class="md-ellipsis">
+    Svelte
+  </span>
+  
+
+      </a>
+    </li>
+  
+
+              
+            
+          </ul>
+        </nav>
+      
+    </li>
+  
+
+              
+            
+              
+                
+  
+  
+  
+  
+    
+    
+      
+        
+      
+        
+      
+    
+    
+      
+      
+        
+          
+          
+        
+      
+    
+    
+    <li class="md-nav__item md-nav__item--section md-nav__item--nested">
+      
+        
+        
+        <input class="md-nav__toggle md-toggle " type="checkbox" id="__nav_4_14" >
+        
+          
+          <label class="md-nav__link" for="__nav_4_14" id="__nav_4_14_label" tabindex="">
+            
+  
+  <span class="md-ellipsis">
+    PowerShell
+  </span>
+  
+
+            <span class="md-nav__icon md-icon"></span>
+          </label>
+        
+        <nav class="md-nav" data-md-level="2" aria-labelledby="__nav_4_14_label" aria-expanded="false">
+          <label class="md-nav__title" for="__nav_4_14">
+            <span class="md-nav__icon md-icon"></span>
+            PowerShell
+          </label>
+          <ul class="md-nav__list" data-md-scrollfix>
+            
+              
+                
+  
+  
+  
+  
+    <li class="md-nav__item">
+      <a href="../../powershell/scripting.html" class="md-nav__link">
+        
+  
+  <span class="md-ellipsis">
+    Scripting
+  </span>
+  
+
+      </a>
+    </li>
+  
+
+              
+            
+              
+                
+  
+  
+  
+  
+    <li class="md-nav__item">
+      <a href="../../powershell/commands.html" class="md-nav__link">
+        
+  
+  <span class="md-ellipsis">
+    Commands
+  </span>
+  
+
+      </a>
+    </li>
+  
+
+              
+            
+          </ul>
+        </nav>
+      
+    </li>
+  
+
+              
+            
+              
+                
+  
+  
+  
+  
+    
+    
+      
+        
+      
+        
+      
+    
+    
+      
+      
+        
+          
+          
+        
+      
+    
+    
+    <li class="md-nav__item md-nav__item--section md-nav__item--nested">
+      
+        
+        
+        <input class="md-nav__toggle md-toggle " type="checkbox" id="__nav_4_15" >
+        
+          
+          <label class="md-nav__link" for="__nav_4_15" id="__nav_4_15_label" tabindex="">
+            
+  
+  <span class="md-ellipsis">
+    Bash
+  </span>
+  
+
+            <span class="md-nav__icon md-icon"></span>
+          </label>
+        
+        <nav class="md-nav" data-md-level="2" aria-labelledby="__nav_4_15_label" aria-expanded="false">
+          <label class="md-nav__title" for="__nav_4_15">
+            <span class="md-nav__icon md-icon"></span>
+            Bash
+          </label>
+          <ul class="md-nav__list" data-md-scrollfix>
+            
+              
+                
+  
+  
+  
+  
+    <li class="md-nav__item">
+      <a href="../../bash/scripting.html" class="md-nav__link">
+        
+  
+  <span class="md-ellipsis">
+    Scripting
+  </span>
+  
+
+      </a>
+    </li>
+  
+
+              
+            
+              
+                
+  
+  
+  
+  
+    <li class="md-nav__item">
+      <a href="../../bash/commands.html" class="md-nav__link">
+        
+  
+  <span class="md-ellipsis">
+    Commands
+  </span>
+  
+
+      </a>
+    </li>
+  
+
+              
+            
+          </ul>
+        </nav>
+      
+    </li>
+  
+
+              
+            
+          </ul>
+        </nav>
+      
+    </li>
+  
+
+    
+      
+      
+  
+  
+  
+  
+    
+    
+      
+        
+      
+        
+      
+        
+      
+        
+      
+        
+      
+    
+    
+      
+      
+        
+      
+    
+    
+    <li class="md-nav__item md-nav__item--nested">
+      
+        
+        
+        <input class="md-nav__toggle md-toggle " type="checkbox" id="__nav_5" >
+        
+          
+          <label class="md-nav__link" for="__nav_5" id="__nav_5_label" tabindex="0">
+            
+  
+  <span class="md-ellipsis">
+    Misc
+  </span>
+  
+
+            <span class="md-nav__icon md-icon"></span>
+          </label>
+        
+        <nav class="md-nav" data-md-level="1" aria-labelledby="__nav_5_label" aria-expanded="false">
+          <label class="md-nav__title" for="__nav_5">
+            <span class="md-nav__icon md-icon"></span>
+            Misc
+          </label>
+          <ul class="md-nav__list" data-md-scrollfix>
+            
+              
+                
+  
+  
+  
+  
+    <li class="md-nav__item">
+      <a href="../../../misc/git.html" class="md-nav__link">
+        
+  
+  <span class="md-ellipsis">
+    Git
+  </span>
+  
+
+      </a>
+    </li>
+  
+
+              
+            
+              
+                
+  
+  
+  
+  
+    <li class="md-nav__item">
+      <a href="../../../misc/graph-ql.html" class="md-nav__link">
+        
+  
+  <span class="md-ellipsis">
+    GraphQL
+  </span>
+  
+
+      </a>
+    </li>
+  
+
+              
+            
+              
+                
+  
+  
+  
+  
+    <li class="md-nav__item">
+      <a href="../../../misc/regular-expressions.html" class="md-nav__link">
+        
+  
+  <span class="md-ellipsis">
+    RegEx
+  </span>
+  
+
+      </a>
+    </li>
+  
+
+              
+            
+              
+                
+  
+  
+  
+  
+    <li class="md-nav__item">
+      <a href="../../../misc/ssh.html" class="md-nav__link">
+        
+  
+  <span class="md-ellipsis">
+    SSH
+  </span>
+  
+
+      </a>
+    </li>
+  
+
+              
+            
+              
+                
+  
+  
+  
+  
+    <li class="md-nav__item">
+      <a href="../../../misc/web-components.html" class="md-nav__link">
+        
+  
+  <span class="md-ellipsis">
+    WebComponents
+  </span>
+  
+
+      </a>
+    </li>
+  
+
+              
+            
+          </ul>
+        </nav>
+      
+    </li>
+  
+
+    
+      
+      
+  
+  
+  
+  
+    
+    
+      
+        
+      
+        
+      
+    
+    
+      
+      
+        
+      
+    
+    
+    <li class="md-nav__item md-nav__item--nested">
+      
+        
+        
+        <input class="md-nav__toggle md-toggle " type="checkbox" id="__nav_6" >
+        
+          
+          <label class="md-nav__link" for="__nav_6" id="__nav_6_label" tabindex="0">
+            
+  
+  <span class="md-ellipsis">
+    Linux
+  </span>
+  
+
+            <span class="md-nav__icon md-icon"></span>
+          </label>
+        
+        <nav class="md-nav" data-md-level="1" aria-labelledby="__nav_6_label" aria-expanded="false">
+          <label class="md-nav__title" for="__nav_6">
+            <span class="md-nav__icon md-icon"></span>
+            Linux
+          </label>
+          <ul class="md-nav__list" data-md-scrollfix>
+            
+              
+                
+  
+  
+  
+  
+    
+    
+      
+        
+      
+        
+      
+        
+      
+    
+    
+      
+      
+        
+      
+    
+    
+    <li class="md-nav__item md-nav__item--nested">
+      
+        
+        
+        <input class="md-nav__toggle md-toggle " type="checkbox" id="__nav_6_1" >
+        
+          
+          <label class="md-nav__link" for="__nav_6_1" id="__nav_6_1_label" tabindex="0">
+            
+  
+  <span class="md-ellipsis">
+    Filesystem
+  </span>
+  
+
+            <span class="md-nav__icon md-icon"></span>
+          </label>
+        
+        <nav class="md-nav" data-md-level="2" aria-labelledby="__nav_6_1_label" aria-expanded="false">
+          <label class="md-nav__title" for="__nav_6_1">
+            <span class="md-nav__icon md-icon"></span>
+            Filesystem
+          </label>
+          <ul class="md-nav__list" data-md-scrollfix>
+            
+              
+                
+  
+  
+  
+  
+    <li class="md-nav__item">
+      <a href="../../../linux/filesystem/file-links.html" class="md-nav__link">
+        
+  
+  <span class="md-ellipsis">
+    File Links
+  </span>
+  
+
+      </a>
+    </li>
+  
+
+              
+            
+              
+                
+  
+  
+  
+  
+    <li class="md-nav__item">
+      <a href="../../../linux/filesystem/procfs.html" class="md-nav__link">
+        
+  
+  <span class="md-ellipsis">
+    /proc
+  </span>
+  
+
+      </a>
+    </li>
+  
+
+              
+            
+              
+                
+  
+  
+  
+  
+    <li class="md-nav__item">
+      <a href="../../../linux/filesystem/sysfs.html" class="md-nav__link">
+        
+  
+  <span class="md-ellipsis">
+    /sys
+  </span>
+  
+
+      </a>
+    </li>
+  
+
+              
+            
+          </ul>
+        </nav>
+      
+    </li>
+  
+
+              
+            
+              
+                
+  
+  
+  
+  
+    
+    
+      
+        
+      
+        
+      
+    
+    
+      
+      
+        
+      
+    
+    
+    <li class="md-nav__item md-nav__item--nested">
+      
+        
+        
+        <input class="md-nav__toggle md-toggle " type="checkbox" id="__nav_6_2" >
+        
+          
+          <label class="md-nav__link" for="__nav_6_2" id="__nav_6_2_label" tabindex="0">
+            
+  
+  <span class="md-ellipsis">
+    System Init
+  </span>
+  
+
+            <span class="md-nav__icon md-icon"></span>
+          </label>
+        
+        <nav class="md-nav" data-md-level="2" aria-labelledby="__nav_6_2_label" aria-expanded="false">
+          <label class="md-nav__title" for="__nav_6_2">
+            <span class="md-nav__icon md-icon"></span>
+            System Init
+          </label>
+          <ul class="md-nav__list" data-md-scrollfix>
+            
+              
+                
+  
+  
+  
+  
+    <li class="md-nav__item">
+      <a href="../../../linux/init/systemd.html" class="md-nav__link">
+        
+  
+  <span class="md-ellipsis">
+    Systemd
+  </span>
+  
+
+      </a>
+    </li>
+  
+
+              
+            
+              
+                
+  
+  
+  
+  
+    <li class="md-nav__item">
+      <a href="../../../linux/init/open-rc.html" class="md-nav__link">
+        
+  
+  <span class="md-ellipsis">
+    OpenRC
+  </span>
+  
+
+      </a>
+    </li>
+  
+
+              
+            
+          </ul>
+        </nav>
+      
+    </li>
+  
+
+              
+            
+          </ul>
+        </nav>
+      
+    </li>
+  
+
+    
+  </ul>
+</nav>
+                  </div>
+                </div>
+              </div>
+            
+            
+              
+              <div class="md-sidebar md-sidebar--secondary" data-md-component="sidebar" data-md-type="toc" >
+                <div class="md-sidebar__scrollwrap">
+                  <div class="md-sidebar__inner">
+                    
+
+<nav class="md-nav md-nav--secondary" aria-label="Table of contents">
+  
+  
+  
+    
+  
+  
+    <label class="md-nav__title" for="__toc">
+      <span class="md-nav__icon md-icon"></span>
+      Table of contents
+    </label>
+    <ul class="md-nav__list" data-md-component="toc" data-md-scrollfix>
+      
+        <li class="md-nav__item">
+  <a href="#libs" class="md-nav__link">
+    <span class="md-ellipsis">
+      Libs
+    </span>
+  </a>
+  
+</li>
+      
+        <li class="md-nav__item">
+  <a href="#applicationproperties" class="md-nav__link">
+    <span class="md-ellipsis">
+      application.properties
+    </span>
+  </a>
+  
+</li>
+      
+        <li class="md-nav__item">
+  <a href="#package-entities" class="md-nav__link">
+    <span class="md-ellipsis">
+      Package entities
+    </span>
+  </a>
+  
+</li>
+      
+        <li class="md-nav__item">
+  <a href="#package-dal" class="md-nav__link">
+    <span class="md-ellipsis">
+      Package dal
+    </span>
+  </a>
+  
+</li>
+      
+        <li class="md-nav__item">
+  <a href="#package-services" class="md-nav__link">
+    <span class="md-ellipsis">
+      Package services
+    </span>
+  </a>
+  
+</li>
+      
+        <li class="md-nav__item">
+  <a href="#package-integration" class="md-nav__link">
+    <span class="md-ellipsis">
+      Package integration
+    </span>
+  </a>
+  
+</li>
+      
+    </ul>
+  
+</nav>
+                  </div>
+                </div>
+              </div>
+            
+          
+          
+            <div class="md-content" data-md-component="content">
+              <article class="md-content__inner md-typeset">
+                
+                  
+
+  
+  
+
+
+<h1 id="spring-project">Spring Project</h1>
+<h2 id="libs">Libs</h2>
+<ul>
+<li>MySql Driver</li>
+<li>Spring Data JPA (data persistance)</li>
+<li>Spring Boot Dev Tools</li>
+<li>Jersey (Serializzazione)</li>
+<li>Spring Web</li>
+</ul>
+<h2 id="applicationproperties">application.properties</h2>
+<div class="highlight"><table class="highlighttable"><tr><th colspan="2" class="filename"><span class="filename">INI</span></th></tr><tr><td class="linenos"><div class="linenodiv"><pre><span></span><span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-0-1">1</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-0-2">2</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-0-3">3</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-0-4">4</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-0-5">5</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-0-6">6</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-0-7">7</a></span></pre></div></td><td class="code"><div><pre><span></span><code><a id="__codelineno-0-1" name="__codelineno-0-1"></a><span class="na">spring.datasource.url</span><span class="o">=</span><span class="s">DB_url</span>
+<a id="__codelineno-0-2" name="__codelineno-0-2"></a><span class="na">spring.datasource.username</span><span class="o">=</span><span class="s">user</span>
+<a id="__codelineno-0-3" name="__codelineno-0-3"></a><span class="na">spring.datasource.password</span><span class="o">=</span><span class="s">password</span>
+<a id="__codelineno-0-4" name="__codelineno-0-4"></a>
+<a id="__codelineno-0-5" name="__codelineno-0-5"></a><span class="na">spring.jpa.show-sql</span><span class="o">=</span><span class="s">true</span>
+<a id="__codelineno-0-6" name="__codelineno-0-6"></a>
+<a id="__codelineno-0-7" name="__codelineno-0-7"></a><span class="na">server.port</span><span class="o">=</span><span class="s">server_port</span>
+</code></pre></div></td></tr></table></div>
+<h2 id="package-entities">Package <code>entities</code></h2>
+<p>Model of a table of the DB</p>
+<div class="highlight"><table class="highlighttable"><tr><th colspan="2" class="filename"><span class="filename">Java</span></th></tr><tr><td class="linenos"><div class="linenodiv"><pre><span></span><span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-1-1"> 1</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-1-2"> 2</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-1-3"> 3</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-1-4"> 4</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-1-5"> 5</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-1-6"> 6</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-1-7"> 7</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-1-8"> 8</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-1-9"> 9</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-1-10">10</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-1-11">11</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-1-12">12</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-1-13">13</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-1-14">14</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-1-15">15</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-1-16">16</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-1-17">17</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-1-18">18</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-1-19">19</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-1-20">20</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-1-21">21</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-1-22">22</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-1-23">23</a></span></pre></div></td><td class="code"><div><pre><span></span><code><a id="__codelineno-1-1" name="__codelineno-1-1"></a><span class="kn">package</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="err">&lt;</span><span class="nn">base_package</span><span class="o">&gt;</span><span class="p">.</span><span class="na">entities</span><span class="p">;</span>
+<a id="__codelineno-1-2" name="__codelineno-1-2"></a>
+<a id="__codelineno-1-3" name="__codelineno-1-3"></a><span class="kn">import</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="nn">javax.persistence.Entity</span><span class="p">;</span>
+<a id="__codelineno-1-4" name="__codelineno-1-4"></a><span class="kn">import</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="nn">javax.persistence.GeneratedValue</span><span class="p">;</span>
+<a id="__codelineno-1-5" name="__codelineno-1-5"></a><span class="kn">import</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="nn">javax.persistence.GenerationType</span><span class="p">;</span>
+<a id="__codelineno-1-6" name="__codelineno-1-6"></a><span class="kn">import</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="nn">javax.persistence.Id</span><span class="p">;</span>
+<a id="__codelineno-1-7" name="__codelineno-1-7"></a><span class="kn">import</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="nn">javax.persistence.Table</span><span class="p">;</span>
+<a id="__codelineno-1-8" name="__codelineno-1-8"></a>
+<a id="__codelineno-1-9" name="__codelineno-1-9"></a><span class="nd">@Entity</span><span class="w">  </span><span class="c1">// set as DB Entity (DB record Java implementation)</span>
+<a id="__codelineno-1-10" name="__codelineno-1-10"></a><span class="kd">public</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="kd">class</span> <span class="nc">Entity</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="p">{</span>
+<a id="__codelineno-1-11" name="__codelineno-1-11"></a>
+<a id="__codelineno-1-12" name="__codelineno-1-12"></a><span class="w">    </span><span class="nd">@Id</span><span class="w">  </span><span class="c1">// set as Primary Key</span>
+<a id="__codelineno-1-13" name="__codelineno-1-13"></a><span class="w">    </span><span class="nd">@GeneratedValue</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="n">strategy</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="o">=</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="n">GenerationType</span><span class="p">.</span><span class="na">IDENTITY</span><span class="p">)</span><span class="w">  </span><span class="c1">// id is autoincremented by the DB</span>
+<a id="__codelineno-1-14" name="__codelineno-1-14"></a><span class="w">    </span><span class="kd">private</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="kt">int</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="n">id</span><span class="p">;</span>
+<a id="__codelineno-1-15" name="__codelineno-1-15"></a>
+<a id="__codelineno-1-16" name="__codelineno-1-16"></a><span class="w">    </span><span class="c1">// no constructor (Spring requirement)</span>
+<a id="__codelineno-1-17" name="__codelineno-1-17"></a>
+<a id="__codelineno-1-18" name="__codelineno-1-18"></a><span class="w">    </span><span class="c1">// table columns attributes</span>
+<a id="__codelineno-1-19" name="__codelineno-1-19"></a>
+<a id="__codelineno-1-20" name="__codelineno-1-20"></a><span class="w">    </span><span class="c1">// getters &amp; setters</span>
+<a id="__codelineno-1-21" name="__codelineno-1-21"></a>
+<a id="__codelineno-1-22" name="__codelineno-1-22"></a><span class="w">   </span><span class="c1">// toString()</span>
+<a id="__codelineno-1-23" name="__codelineno-1-23"></a><span class="p">}</span>
+</code></pre></div></td></tr></table></div>
+<h2 id="package-dal">Package <code>dal</code></h2>
+<p>Spring Interface for DB connection and CRUD operations.</p>
+<div class="highlight"><table class="highlighttable"><tr><th colspan="2" class="filename"><span class="filename">Java</span></th></tr><tr><td class="linenos"><div class="linenodiv"><pre><span></span><span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-2-1"> 1</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-2-2"> 2</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-2-3"> 3</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-2-4"> 4</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-2-5"> 5</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-2-6"> 6</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-2-7"> 7</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-2-8"> 8</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-2-9"> 9</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-2-10">10</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-2-11">11</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-2-12">12</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-2-13">13</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-2-14">14</a></span></pre></div></td><td class="code"><div><pre><span></span><code><a id="__codelineno-2-1" name="__codelineno-2-1"></a><span class="kn">package</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="err">&lt;</span><span class="nn">base_package</span><span class="o">&gt;</span><span class="p">.</span><span class="na">dal</span><span class="w">  </span><span class="c1">// or .repository</span>
+<a id="__codelineno-2-2" name="__codelineno-2-2"></a>
+<a id="__codelineno-2-3" name="__codelineno-2-3"></a><span class="kn">import</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="nn">org.springframework.data.repository.JpaRepository</span><span class="p">;</span>
+<a id="__codelineno-2-4" name="__codelineno-2-4"></a><span class="kn">import</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="nn">org.springframework.data.repository.Query</span><span class="p">;</span>
+<a id="__codelineno-2-5" name="__codelineno-2-5"></a><span class="kn">import</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="nn">org.springframework.data.repository.query.Param</span><span class="p">;</span>
+<a id="__codelineno-2-6" name="__codelineno-2-6"></a>
+<a id="__codelineno-2-7" name="__codelineno-2-7"></a><span class="c1">// interface for spring Hibernate JPA</span>
+<a id="__codelineno-2-8" name="__codelineno-2-8"></a><span class="c1">// CrudRepository&lt;Entity, PK_Type&gt;</span>
+<a id="__codelineno-2-9" name="__codelineno-2-9"></a><span class="kd">public</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="kd">interface</span> <span class="nc">IEntityDAO</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="kd">extends</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="n">JpaRepository</span><span class="o">&lt;</span><span class="n">Entity</span><span class="p">,</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="n">Integer</span><span class="o">&gt;</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="p">{</span>
+<a id="__codelineno-2-10" name="__codelineno-2-10"></a>
+<a id="__codelineno-2-11" name="__codelineno-2-11"></a><span class="w">    </span><span class="c1">// custom query</span>
+<a id="__codelineno-2-12" name="__codelineno-2-12"></a><span class="w">    </span><span class="nd">@Query</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="s">&quot;FROM &lt;Entity&gt; WHERE param = :param&quot;</span><span class="p">)</span>
+<a id="__codelineno-2-13" name="__codelineno-2-13"></a><span class="w">    </span><span class="n">Type</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="nf">query</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="nd">@Param</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="s">&quot;param&quot;</span><span class="p">)</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="n">Type</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="n">param</span><span class="p">);</span>
+<a id="__codelineno-2-14" name="__codelineno-2-14"></a><span class="p">}</span>
+</code></pre></div></td></tr></table></div>
+<h2 id="package-services">Package <code>services</code></h2>
+<p>Interfaces and method to access the Data Access Layer (DAL).</p>
+<p>In <code>IEntityService.java</code>:</p>
+<div class="highlight"><table class="highlighttable"><tr><th colspan="2" class="filename"><span class="filename">Java</span></th></tr><tr><td class="linenos"><div class="linenodiv"><pre><span></span><span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-3-1"> 1</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-3-2"> 2</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-3-3"> 3</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-3-4"> 4</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-3-5"> 5</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-3-6"> 6</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-3-7"> 7</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-3-8"> 8</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-3-9"> 9</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-3-10">10</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-3-11">11</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-3-12">12</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-3-13">13</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-3-14">14</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-3-15">15</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-3-16">16</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-3-17">17</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-3-18">18</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-3-19">19</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-3-20">20</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-3-21">21</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-3-22">22</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-3-23">23</a></span></pre></div></td><td class="code"><div><pre><span></span><code><a id="__codelineno-3-1" name="__codelineno-3-1"></a><span class="kn">package</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="err">&lt;</span><span class="nn">base_package</span><span class="o">&gt;</span><span class="p">.</span><span class="na">services</span><span class="p">;</span>
+<a id="__codelineno-3-2" name="__codelineno-3-2"></a>
+<a id="__codelineno-3-3" name="__codelineno-3-3"></a><span class="kn">import</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="nn">java.util.List</span><span class="p">;</span>
+<a id="__codelineno-3-4" name="__codelineno-3-4"></a>
+<a id="__codelineno-3-5" name="__codelineno-3-5"></a><span class="kn">import</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="nn">org.springframework.beans.factory.annotation.Autowired</span><span class="p">;</span>
+<a id="__codelineno-3-6" name="__codelineno-3-6"></a>
+<a id="__codelineno-3-7" name="__codelineno-3-7"></a><span class="kn">import</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="err">&lt;</span><span class="nn">base_package</span><span class="o">&gt;</span><span class="p">.</span><span class="na">Entity</span><span class="p">;</span>
+<a id="__codelineno-3-8" name="__codelineno-3-8"></a><span class="kn">import</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="err">&lt;</span><span class="nn">base_package</span><span class="o">&gt;</span><span class="p">.</span><span class="na">IEntityRepository</span><span class="p">;</span>
+<a id="__codelineno-3-9" name="__codelineno-3-9"></a>
+<a id="__codelineno-3-10" name="__codelineno-3-10"></a><span class="c1">// CRUD method implemented on Entity</span>
+<a id="__codelineno-3-11" name="__codelineno-3-11"></a><span class="kd">public</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="kd">interface</span> <span class="nc">IEntityService</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="p">{</span>
+<a id="__codelineno-3-12" name="__codelineno-3-12"></a>
+<a id="__codelineno-3-13" name="__codelineno-3-13"></a><span class="w">    </span><span class="n">String</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="n">FIND_ALL</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="o">=</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="s">&quot;SELECT * FROM &lt;table&gt;&quot;</span>
+<a id="__codelineno-3-14" name="__codelineno-3-14"></a><span class="w">    </span><span class="n">String</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="n">FIND_ONE</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="o">=</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="s">&quot;SELECT * FROM &lt;table&gt; WHERE id = ?&quot;</span>
+<a id="__codelineno-3-15" name="__codelineno-3-15"></a>
+<a id="__codelineno-3-16" name="__codelineno-3-16"></a><span class="w">    </span><span class="n">List</span><span class="o">&lt;</span><span class="n">Entity</span><span class="o">&gt;</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="nf">findAll</span><span class="p">();</span>
+<a id="__codelineno-3-17" name="__codelineno-3-17"></a><span class="w">    </span><span class="n">Entity</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="nf">findOne</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="kt">int</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="n">id</span><span class="p">);</span>
+<a id="__codelineno-3-18" name="__codelineno-3-18"></a><span class="w">    </span><span class="kt">void</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="nf">addEntity</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="n">Entity</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="n">e</span><span class="p">);</span>
+<a id="__codelineno-3-19" name="__codelineno-3-19"></a><span class="w">    </span><span class="kt">void</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="nf">updateEntity</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="kt">int</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="n">id</span><span class="p">,</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="n">Entity</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="n">e</span><span class="p">);</span>
+<a id="__codelineno-3-20" name="__codelineno-3-20"></a><span class="w">    </span><span class="kt">void</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="nf">deleteEntity</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="n">Entity</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="n">e</span><span class="p">);</span>
+<a id="__codelineno-3-21" name="__codelineno-3-21"></a><span class="w">    </span><span class="kt">void</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="nf">deleteEntity</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="kt">int</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="n">id</span><span class="p">);</span>
+<a id="__codelineno-3-22" name="__codelineno-3-22"></a>
+<a id="__codelineno-3-23" name="__codelineno-3-23"></a><span class="p">}</span>
+</code></pre></div></td></tr></table></div>
+<p>In <code>EntityService.java</code>:</p>
+<div class="highlight"><table class="highlighttable"><tr><th colspan="2" class="filename"><span class="filename">Java</span></th></tr><tr><td class="linenos"><div class="linenodiv"><pre><span></span><span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-4-1"> 1</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-4-2"> 2</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-4-3"> 3</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-4-4"> 4</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-4-5"> 5</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-4-6"> 6</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-4-7"> 7</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-4-8"> 8</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-4-9"> 9</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-4-10">10</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-4-11">11</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-4-12">12</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-4-13">13</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-4-14">14</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-4-15">15</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-4-16">16</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-4-17">17</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-4-18">18</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-4-19">19</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-4-20">20</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-4-21">21</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-4-22">22</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-4-23">23</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-4-24">24</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-4-25">25</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-4-26">26</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-4-27">27</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-4-28">28</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-4-29">29</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-4-30">30</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-4-31">31</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-4-32">32</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-4-33">33</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-4-34">34</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-4-35">35</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-4-36">36</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-4-37">37</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-4-38">38</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-4-39">39</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-4-40">40</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-4-41">41</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-4-42">42</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-4-43">43</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-4-44">44</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-4-45">45</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-4-46">46</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-4-47">47</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-4-48">48</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-4-49">49</a></span></pre></div></td><td class="code"><div><pre><span></span><code><a id="__codelineno-4-1" name="__codelineno-4-1"></a><span class="kn">package</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="err">&lt;</span><span class="nn">base_package</span><span class="o">&gt;</span><span class="p">.</span><span class="na">services</span><span class="p">;</span>
+<a id="__codelineno-4-2" name="__codelineno-4-2"></a>
+<a id="__codelineno-4-3" name="__codelineno-4-3"></a><span class="kn">import</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="nn">java.util.List</span><span class="p">;</span>
+<a id="__codelineno-4-4" name="__codelineno-4-4"></a>
+<a id="__codelineno-4-5" name="__codelineno-4-5"></a><span class="kn">import</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="nn">org.springframework.beans.factory.annotation.Autowired</span><span class="p">;</span>
+<a id="__codelineno-4-6" name="__codelineno-4-6"></a><span class="kn">import</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="nn">org.springframework.stereotype.Service</span><span class="p">;</span>
+<a id="__codelineno-4-7" name="__codelineno-4-7"></a>
+<a id="__codelineno-4-8" name="__codelineno-4-8"></a><span class="kn">import</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="err">&lt;</span><span class="nn">base_package</span><span class="o">&gt;</span><span class="p">.</span><span class="na">entities</span><span class="p">.</span><span class="na">Entity</span><span class="p">;</span>
+<a id="__codelineno-4-9" name="__codelineno-4-9"></a><span class="kn">import</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="err">&lt;</span><span class="nn">base_package</span><span class="o">&gt;</span><span class="p">.</span><span class="na">repos</span><span class="p">.</span><span class="na">ILibriRepository</span><span class="p">;</span>
+<a id="__codelineno-4-10" name="__codelineno-4-10"></a>
+<a id="__codelineno-4-11" name="__codelineno-4-11"></a><span class="c1">// implementation of IEntityService</span>
+<a id="__codelineno-4-12" name="__codelineno-4-12"></a><span class="nd">@Service</span>
+<a id="__codelineno-4-13" name="__codelineno-4-13"></a><span class="kd">public</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="kd">class</span> <span class="nc">EntityService</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="kd">implements</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="n">IEntityService</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="p">{</span>
+<a id="__codelineno-4-14" name="__codelineno-4-14"></a>
+<a id="__codelineno-4-15" name="__codelineno-4-15"></a><span class="w">    </span><span class="nd">@Autowired</span><span class="w">  </span><span class="c1">// connection to db (obj created by spring as needed: Inversion Of Control)</span>
+<a id="__codelineno-4-16" name="__codelineno-4-16"></a><span class="w">    </span><span class="kd">private</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="n">IEntityDAO</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="n">repo</span><span class="p">;</span>
+<a id="__codelineno-4-17" name="__codelineno-4-17"></a>
+<a id="__codelineno-4-18" name="__codelineno-4-18"></a><span class="w">    </span><span class="nd">@Override</span>
+<a id="__codelineno-4-19" name="__codelineno-4-19"></a><span class="w">    </span><span class="kd">public</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="n">List</span><span class="o">&lt;</span><span class="n">Entity</span><span class="o">&gt;</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="nf">findAll</span><span class="p">()</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="p">{</span>
+<a id="__codelineno-4-20" name="__codelineno-4-20"></a><span class="w">        </span><span class="k">return</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="n">repo</span><span class="p">.</span><span class="na">findAll</span><span class="p">();</span>
+<a id="__codelineno-4-21" name="__codelineno-4-21"></a><span class="w">    </span><span class="p">}</span>
+<a id="__codelineno-4-22" name="__codelineno-4-22"></a>
+<a id="__codelineno-4-23" name="__codelineno-4-23"></a><span class="w">    </span><span class="nd">@Override</span>
+<a id="__codelineno-4-24" name="__codelineno-4-24"></a><span class="w">    </span><span class="kd">public</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="n">Entity</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="nf">findOne</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="kt">int</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="n">id</span><span class="p">)</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="p">{</span>
+<a id="__codelineno-4-25" name="__codelineno-4-25"></a><span class="w">        </span><span class="k">return</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="n">repo</span><span class="p">.</span><span class="na">findById</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="n">id</span><span class="p">).</span><span class="na">get</span><span class="p">();</span>
+<a id="__codelineno-4-26" name="__codelineno-4-26"></a><span class="w">    </span><span class="p">}</span>
+<a id="__codelineno-4-27" name="__codelineno-4-27"></a>
+<a id="__codelineno-4-28" name="__codelineno-4-28"></a><span class="w">    </span><span class="nd">@Override</span>
+<a id="__codelineno-4-29" name="__codelineno-4-29"></a><span class="w">    </span><span class="kd">public</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="kt">void</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="nf">addEntity</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="n">Entity</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="n">e</span><span class="p">)</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="p">{</span>
+<a id="__codelineno-4-30" name="__codelineno-4-30"></a><span class="w">        </span><span class="n">repo</span><span class="p">.</span><span class="na">save</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="n">e</span><span class="p">);</span>
+<a id="__codelineno-4-31" name="__codelineno-4-31"></a><span class="w">    </span><span class="p">}</span>
+<a id="__codelineno-4-32" name="__codelineno-4-32"></a>
+<a id="__codelineno-4-33" name="__codelineno-4-33"></a><span class="w">    </span><span class="nd">@Override</span>
+<a id="__codelineno-4-34" name="__codelineno-4-34"></a><span class="w">    </span><span class="kd">public</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="kt">void</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="nf">updateEntity</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="kt">int</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="n">id</span><span class="p">,</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="n">Entity</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="n">e</span><span class="p">)</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="p">{</span>
+<a id="__codelineno-4-35" name="__codelineno-4-35"></a><span class="w">    </span><span class="p">}</span>
+<a id="__codelineno-4-36" name="__codelineno-4-36"></a>
+<a id="__codelineno-4-37" name="__codelineno-4-37"></a><span class="w">    </span><span class="nd">@Override</span>
+<a id="__codelineno-4-38" name="__codelineno-4-38"></a><span class="w">    </span><span class="kd">public</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="kt">void</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="nf">deleteEntity</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="n">Entity</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="n">e</span><span class="p">)</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="p">{</span>
+<a id="__codelineno-4-39" name="__codelineno-4-39"></a><span class="w">    </span><span class="p">}</span>
+<a id="__codelineno-4-40" name="__codelineno-4-40"></a>
+<a id="__codelineno-4-41" name="__codelineno-4-41"></a><span class="w">    </span><span class="nd">@Override</span>
+<a id="__codelineno-4-42" name="__codelineno-4-42"></a><span class="w">    </span><span class="kd">public</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="kt">void</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="nf">deleteEntity</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="kt">int</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="n">id</span><span class="p">)</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="p">{</span>
+<a id="__codelineno-4-43" name="__codelineno-4-43"></a><span class="w">    </span><span class="p">}</span>
+<a id="__codelineno-4-44" name="__codelineno-4-44"></a>
+<a id="__codelineno-4-45" name="__codelineno-4-45"></a><span class="w">    </span><span class="c1">// custom query</span>
+<a id="__codelineno-4-46" name="__codelineno-4-46"></a><span class="w">    </span><span class="n">Type</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="nf">query</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="n">Type</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="n">param</span><span class="p">)</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="p">{</span>
+<a id="__codelineno-4-47" name="__codelineno-4-47"></a><span class="w">        </span><span class="k">return</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="n">repo</span><span class="p">.</span><span class="na">query</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="n">param</span><span class="p">);</span>
+<a id="__codelineno-4-48" name="__codelineno-4-48"></a><span class="w">    </span><span class="p">}</span>
+<a id="__codelineno-4-49" name="__codelineno-4-49"></a><span class="p">}</span>
+</code></pre></div></td></tr></table></div>
+<h2 id="package-integration">Package <code>integration</code></h2>
+<p>REST API routes &amp; endpoints to supply data as JSON.</p>
+<div class="highlight"><table class="highlighttable"><tr><th colspan="2" class="filename"><span class="filename">Java</span></th></tr><tr><td class="linenos"><div class="linenodiv"><pre><span></span><span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-5-1"> 1</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-5-2"> 2</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-5-3"> 3</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-5-4"> 4</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-5-5"> 5</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-5-6"> 6</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-5-7"> 7</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-5-8"> 8</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-5-9"> 9</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-5-10">10</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-5-11">11</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-5-12">12</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-5-13">13</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-5-14">14</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-5-15">15</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-5-16">16</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-5-17">17</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-5-18">18</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-5-19">19</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-5-20">20</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-5-21">21</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-5-22">22</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-5-23">23</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-5-24">24</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-5-25">25</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-5-26">26</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-5-27">27</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-5-28">28</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-5-29">29</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-5-30">30</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-5-31">31</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-5-32">32</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-5-33">33</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-5-34">34</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-5-35">35</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-5-36">36</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-5-37">37</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-5-38">38</a></span></pre></div></td><td class="code"><div><pre><span></span><code><a id="__codelineno-5-1" name="__codelineno-5-1"></a><span class="kn">package</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="err">&lt;</span><span class="nn">base_package</span><span class="o">&gt;</span><span class="p">.</span><span class="na">integration</span><span class="p">;</span>
+<a id="__codelineno-5-2" name="__codelineno-5-2"></a>
+<a id="__codelineno-5-3" name="__codelineno-5-3"></a><span class="kn">import</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="nn">java.util.List</span><span class="p">;</span>
+<a id="__codelineno-5-4" name="__codelineno-5-4"></a>
+<a id="__codelineno-5-5" name="__codelineno-5-5"></a><span class="kn">import</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="nn">org.springframework.beans.factory.annotation.Autowired</span><span class="p">;</span>
+<a id="__codelineno-5-6" name="__codelineno-5-6"></a><span class="kn">import</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="nn">org.springframework.web.bind.annotation.GetMapping</span><span class="p">;</span>
+<a id="__codelineno-5-7" name="__codelineno-5-7"></a><span class="kn">import</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="nn">org.springframework.web.bind.annotation.PathVariable</span><span class="p">;</span>
+<a id="__codelineno-5-8" name="__codelineno-5-8"></a><span class="kn">import</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="nn">org.springframework.web.bind.annotation.RestController</span><span class="p">;</span>
+<a id="__codelineno-5-9" name="__codelineno-5-9"></a>
+<a id="__codelineno-5-10" name="__codelineno-5-10"></a><span class="kn">import</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="err">&lt;</span><span class="nn">base_package</span><span class="o">&gt;</span><span class="p">.</span><span class="na">entities</span><span class="p">.</span><span class="na">Entity</span><span class="p">;</span>
+<a id="__codelineno-5-11" name="__codelineno-5-11"></a><span class="kn">import</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="err">&lt;</span><span class="nn">base_package</span><span class="o">&gt;</span><span class="p">.</span><span class="na">services</span><span class="p">.</span><span class="na">IEntityService</span><span class="p">;</span>
+<a id="__codelineno-5-12" name="__codelineno-5-12"></a>
+<a id="__codelineno-5-13" name="__codelineno-5-13"></a><span class="nd">@RestController</span><span class="w">  </span><span class="c1">// returns data as JSON</span>
+<a id="__codelineno-5-14" name="__codelineno-5-14"></a><span class="nd">@RequestMapping</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="s">&quot;/api&quot;</span><span class="p">)</span><span class="w">  </span><span class="c1">// controller route</span>
+<a id="__codelineno-5-15" name="__codelineno-5-15"></a><span class="kd">public</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="kd">class</span> <span class="nc">EntityRestCtrl</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="p">{</span>
+<a id="__codelineno-5-16" name="__codelineno-5-16"></a>
+<a id="__codelineno-5-17" name="__codelineno-5-17"></a><span class="w">    </span><span class="nd">@Autowired</span><span class="w">  </span><span class="c1">// connection to service (obj created by spring as needed: Inversion Of Control)</span>
+<a id="__codelineno-5-18" name="__codelineno-5-18"></a><span class="w">    </span><span class="kd">private</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="n">IEntityService</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="n">service</span><span class="p">;</span>
+<a id="__codelineno-5-19" name="__codelineno-5-19"></a>
+<a id="__codelineno-5-20" name="__codelineno-5-20"></a><span class="w">    </span><span class="nd">@GetMapping</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="s">&quot;entities&quot;</span><span class="p">)</span><span class="w">  </span><span class="c1">// site route</span>
+<a id="__codelineno-5-21" name="__codelineno-5-21"></a><span class="w">    </span><span class="kd">public</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="n">List</span><span class="o">&lt;</span><span class="n">Entity</span><span class="o">&gt;</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="nf">findAll</span><span class="p">(){</span>
+<a id="__codelineno-5-22" name="__codelineno-5-22"></a><span class="w">        </span><span class="k">return</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="n">service</span><span class="p">.</span><span class="na">findAll</span><span class="p">();</span>
+<a id="__codelineno-5-23" name="__codelineno-5-23"></a><span class="w">    </span><span class="p">}</span>
+<a id="__codelineno-5-24" name="__codelineno-5-24"></a>
+<a id="__codelineno-5-25" name="__codelineno-5-25"></a><span class="w">    </span><span class="nd">@GetMapping</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="s">&quot;/entities/{id}&quot;</span><span class="p">)</span>
+<a id="__codelineno-5-26" name="__codelineno-5-26"></a><span class="w">    </span><span class="kd">public</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="n">Entity</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="nf">findOne</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="nd">@PathVariable</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="s">&quot;id&quot;</span><span class="p">)</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="kt">int</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="n">id</span><span class="p">)</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="p">{</span><span class="w">  </span><span class="c1">// use route variable</span>
+<a id="__codelineno-5-27" name="__codelineno-5-27"></a><span class="w">        </span><span class="k">return</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="n">service</span><span class="p">.</span><span class="na">findOne</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="n">id</span><span class="p">);</span>
+<a id="__codelineno-5-28" name="__codelineno-5-28"></a><span class="w">    </span><span class="p">}</span>
+<a id="__codelineno-5-29" name="__codelineno-5-29"></a>
+<a id="__codelineno-5-30" name="__codelineno-5-30"></a><span class="w">    </span><span class="nd">@PostMapping</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="s">&quot;/entities&quot;</span><span class="p">)</span>
+<a id="__codelineno-5-31" name="__codelineno-5-31"></a><span class="w">    </span><span class="kd">public</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="kt">void</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="nf">addEntity</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="nd">@RequestBody</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="n">Entity</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="n">e</span><span class="p">)</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="p">{</span><span class="w">  </span><span class="c1">// added entity is in the request body</span>
+<a id="__codelineno-5-32" name="__codelineno-5-32"></a><span class="w">        </span><span class="k">return</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="n">service</span><span class="p">.</span><span class="na">addEntity</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="n">e</span><span class="p">)</span>
+<a id="__codelineno-5-33" name="__codelineno-5-33"></a><span class="w">    </span><span class="p">}</span>
+<a id="__codelineno-5-34" name="__codelineno-5-34"></a>
+<a id="__codelineno-5-35" name="__codelineno-5-35"></a><span class="w">    </span><span class="c1">// PUT / PATCH -&gt; updateEntity(id, e)</span>
+<a id="__codelineno-5-36" name="__codelineno-5-36"></a>
+<a id="__codelineno-5-37" name="__codelineno-5-37"></a><span class="w">    </span><span class="c1">// DELETE -&gt; deleteEntity(id)</span>
+<a id="__codelineno-5-38" name="__codelineno-5-38"></a><span class="p">}</span>
+</code></pre></div></td></tr></table></div>
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\ No newline at end of file
diff --git a/languages/java/web/servlet.html b/languages/java/web/servlet.html
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..a017d6f
--- /dev/null
+++ b/languages/java/web/servlet.html
@@ -0,0 +1,4254 @@
+
+<!doctype html>
+<html lang="en" class="no-js">
+  <head>
+    
+      <meta charset="utf-8">
+      <meta name="viewport" content="width=device-width,initial-scale=1">
+      
+      
+        <meta name="author" content="Marcello Lamonaca">
+      
+      
+        <link rel="canonical" href="http://m-lamonaca.github.io/dev-notes/languages/java/web/servlet.html">
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+      <meta name="generator" content="mkdocs-1.6.1, mkdocs-material-9.5.34">
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+        <link rel="stylesheet" href="https://fonts.googleapis.com/css?family=Roboto:300,300i,400,400i,700,700i%7CRoboto+Mono:400,400i,700,700i&display=fallback">
+        <style>:root{--md-text-font:"Roboto";--md-code-font:"Roboto Mono"}</style>
+      
+    
+    
+    <script>__md_scope=new URL("../../..",location),__md_hash=e=>[...e].reduce(((e,_)=>(e<<5)-e+_.charCodeAt(0)),0),__md_get=(e,_=localStorage,t=__md_scope)=>JSON.parse(_.getItem(t.pathname+"."+e)),__md_set=(e,_,t=localStorage,a=__md_scope)=>{try{t.setItem(a.pathname+"."+e,JSON.stringify(_))}catch(e){}}</script>
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+  
+  
+    
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+      
+    
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+    
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+    <body dir="ltr" data-md-color-scheme="default" data-md-color-primary="orange" data-md-color-accent="deep-orange">
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+    
+    <input class="md-toggle" data-md-toggle="drawer" type="checkbox" id="__drawer" autocomplete="off">
+    <input class="md-toggle" data-md-toggle="search" type="checkbox" id="__search" autocomplete="off">
+    <label class="md-overlay" for="__drawer"></label>
+    <div data-md-component="skip">
+      
+        
+        <a href="#servlet" class="md-skip">
+          Skip to content
+        </a>
+      
+    </div>
+    <div data-md-component="announce">
+      
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+
+    </a>
+    <label class="md-header__button md-icon" for="__drawer">
+      
+      <svg xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" viewBox="0 0 24 24"><path d="M3 6h18v2H3zm0 5h18v2H3zm0 5h18v2H3z"/></svg>
+    </label>
+    <div class="md-header__title" data-md-component="header-title">
+      <div class="md-header__ellipsis">
+        <div class="md-header__topic">
+          <span class="md-ellipsis">
+            Dev Notes
+          </span>
+        </div>
+        <div class="md-header__topic" data-md-component="header-topic">
+          <span class="md-ellipsis">
+            
+              Serverlet
+            
+          </span>
+        </div>
+      </div>
+    </div>
+    
+      
+        <form class="md-header__option" data-md-component="palette">
+  
+    
+    
+    
+    <input class="md-option" data-md-color-media="(prefers-color-scheme: light)" data-md-color-scheme="default" data-md-color-primary="orange" data-md-color-accent="deep-orange"  aria-label="Switch to dark mode"  type="radio" name="__palette" id="__palette_0">
+    
+      <label class="md-header__button md-icon" title="Switch to dark mode" for="__palette_1" hidden>
+        <svg xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" viewBox="0 0 24 24"><path d="M12 8a4 4 0 0 0-4 4 4 4 0 0 0 4 4 4 4 0 0 0 4-4 4 4 0 0 0-4-4m0 10a6 6 0 0 1-6-6 6 6 0 0 1 6-6 6 6 0 0 1 6 6 6 6 0 0 1-6 6m8-9.31V4h-4.69L12 .69 8.69 4H4v4.69L.69 12 4 15.31V20h4.69L12 23.31 15.31 20H20v-4.69L23.31 12z"/></svg>
+      </label>
+    
+  
+    
+    
+    
+    <input class="md-option" data-md-color-media="(prefers-color-scheme: dark)" data-md-color-scheme="slate" data-md-color-primary="orange" data-md-color-accent="deep-orange"  aria-label="Switch to light mode"  type="radio" name="__palette" id="__palette_1">
+    
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+  </span>
+  
+
+      </a>
+    </li>
+  
+
+              
+            
+              
+                
+  
+  
+  
+  
+    
+    
+      
+        
+      
+        
+      
+        
+      
+        
+      
+        
+      
+        
+      
+        
+      
+        
+      
+        
+      
+        
+      
+        
+      
+        
+      
+        
+      
+    
+    
+      
+      
+        
+      
+    
+    
+    <li class="md-nav__item md-nav__item--nested">
+      
+        
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+          <label class="md-nav__link" for="__nav_4_8_2" id="__nav_4_8_2_label" tabindex="0">
+            
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+  <span class="md-ellipsis">
+    Modules
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+          </label>
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+            
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+    <li class="md-nav__item">
+      <a href="../../python/modules/argparse.html" class="md-nav__link">
+        
+  
+  <span class="md-ellipsis">
+    argparse
+  </span>
+  
+
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+    </li>
+  
+
+              
+            
+              
+                
+  
+  
+  
+  
+    <li class="md-nav__item">
+      <a href="../../python/modules/collections.html" class="md-nav__link">
+        
+  
+  <span class="md-ellipsis">
+    collection
+  </span>
+  
+
+      </a>
+    </li>
+  
+
+              
+            
+              
+                
+  
+  
+  
+  
+    <li class="md-nav__item">
+      <a href="../../python/modules/csv.html" class="md-nav__link">
+        
+  
+  <span class="md-ellipsis">
+    csv
+  </span>
+  
+
+      </a>
+    </li>
+  
+
+              
+            
+              
+                
+  
+  
+  
+  
+    <li class="md-nav__item">
+      <a href="../../python/modules/ftplib.html" class="md-nav__link">
+        
+  
+  <span class="md-ellipsis">
+    ftplib
+  </span>
+  
+
+      </a>
+    </li>
+  
+
+              
+            
+              
+                
+  
+  
+  
+  
+    <li class="md-nav__item">
+      <a href="../../python/modules/itertools.html" class="md-nav__link">
+        
+  
+  <span class="md-ellipsis">
+    itertools
+  </span>
+  
+
+      </a>
+    </li>
+  
+
+              
+            
+              
+                
+  
+  
+  
+  
+    <li class="md-nav__item">
+      <a href="../../python/modules/json.html" class="md-nav__link">
+        
+  
+  <span class="md-ellipsis">
+    json
+  </span>
+  
+
+      </a>
+    </li>
+  
+
+              
+            
+              
+                
+  
+  
+  
+  
+    <li class="md-nav__item">
+      <a href="../../python/modules/logging.html" class="md-nav__link">
+        
+  
+  <span class="md-ellipsis">
+    logging
+  </span>
+  
+
+      </a>
+    </li>
+  
+
+              
+            
+              
+                
+  
+  
+  
+  
+    <li class="md-nav__item">
+      <a href="../../python/modules/shutil.html" class="md-nav__link">
+        
+  
+  <span class="md-ellipsis">
+    shutil
+  </span>
+  
+
+      </a>
+    </li>
+  
+
+              
+            
+              
+                
+  
+  
+  
+  
+    <li class="md-nav__item">
+      <a href="../../python/modules/smtplib.html" class="md-nav__link">
+        
+  
+  <span class="md-ellipsis">
+    smtplib
+  </span>
+  
+
+      </a>
+    </li>
+  
+
+              
+            
+              
+                
+  
+  
+  
+  
+    <li class="md-nav__item">
+      <a href="../../python/modules/socket.html" class="md-nav__link">
+        
+  
+  <span class="md-ellipsis">
+    socket
+  </span>
+  
+
+      </a>
+    </li>
+  
+
+              
+            
+              
+                
+  
+  
+  
+  
+    <li class="md-nav__item">
+      <a href="../../python/modules/sqlite.html" class="md-nav__link">
+        
+  
+  <span class="md-ellipsis">
+    sqlite
+  </span>
+  
+
+      </a>
+    </li>
+  
+
+              
+            
+              
+                
+  
+  
+  
+  
+    <li class="md-nav__item">
+      <a href="../../python/modules/time-datetime.html" class="md-nav__link">
+        
+  
+  <span class="md-ellipsis">
+    time & datetime
+  </span>
+  
+
+      </a>
+    </li>
+  
+
+              
+            
+              
+                
+  
+  
+  
+  
+    <li class="md-nav__item">
+      <a href="../../python/modules/unittest.html" class="md-nav__link">
+        
+  
+  <span class="md-ellipsis">
+    unittest
+  </span>
+  
+
+      </a>
+    </li>
+  
+
+              
+            
+          </ul>
+        </nav>
+      
+    </li>
+  
+
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+            
+              
+                
+  
+  
+  
+  
+    
+    
+      
+        
+      
+        
+      
+        
+      
+        
+      
+        
+      
+        
+      
+    
+    
+      
+      
+        
+      
+    
+    
+    <li class="md-nav__item md-nav__item--nested">
+      
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+          <label class="md-nav__link" for="__nav_4_8_3" id="__nav_4_8_3_label" tabindex="0">
+            
+  
+  <span class="md-ellipsis">
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+  </span>
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+          </label>
+        
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+  
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+  
+  
+    <li class="md-nav__item">
+      <a href="../../python/libs/tkinter.html" class="md-nav__link">
+        
+  
+  <span class="md-ellipsis">
+    TKinter
+  </span>
+  
+
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+    </li>
+  
+
+              
+            
+              
+                
+  
+  
+  
+  
+    <li class="md-nav__item">
+      <a href="../../python/libs/numpy.html" class="md-nav__link">
+        
+  
+  <span class="md-ellipsis">
+    Numpy
+  </span>
+  
+
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+    </li>
+  
+
+              
+            
+              
+                
+  
+  
+  
+  
+    <li class="md-nav__item">
+      <a href="../../python/libs/pandas.html" class="md-nav__link">
+        
+  
+  <span class="md-ellipsis">
+    Pandas
+  </span>
+  
+
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+    </li>
+  
+
+              
+            
+              
+                
+  
+  
+  
+  
+    <li class="md-nav__item">
+      <a href="../../python/libs/seaborn.html" class="md-nav__link">
+        
+  
+  <span class="md-ellipsis">
+    Seaborn
+  </span>
+  
+
+      </a>
+    </li>
+  
+
+              
+            
+              
+                
+  
+  
+  
+  
+    <li class="md-nav__item">
+      <a href="../../python/libs/requests.html" class="md-nav__link">
+        
+  
+  <span class="md-ellipsis">
+    Requests
+  </span>
+  
+
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+    </li>
+  
+
+              
+            
+              
+                
+  
+  
+  
+  
+    <li class="md-nav__item">
+      <a href="../../python/libs/beautiful-soup.html" class="md-nav__link">
+        
+  
+  <span class="md-ellipsis">
+    Beatiful Soup
+  </span>
+  
+
+      </a>
+    </li>
+  
+
+              
+            
+          </ul>
+        </nav>
+      
+    </li>
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+  
+
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+                
+  
+  
+  
+  
+    
+    
+      
+        
+      
+        
+      
+        
+      
+    
+    
+      
+      
+        
+          
+          
+        
+      
+    
+    
+    <li class="md-nav__item md-nav__item--section md-nav__item--nested">
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+          <label class="md-nav__link" for="__nav_4_9" id="__nav_4_9_label" tabindex="">
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+  <span class="md-ellipsis">
+    .NET
+  </span>
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+            .NET
+          </label>
+          <ul class="md-nav__list" data-md-scrollfix>
+            
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+  
+  
+  
+  
+    
+    
+      
+        
+      
+        
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+        
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+  </span>
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+          </label>
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+      <a href="../../dotnet/csharp/csharp.html" class="md-nav__link">
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+    C#
+  </span>
+  
+
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+
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+  
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+    <li class="md-nav__item">
+      <a href="../../dotnet/csharp/linq.html" class="md-nav__link">
+        
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+  <span class="md-ellipsis">
+    Linq
+  </span>
+  
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+    <li class="md-nav__item">
+      <a href="../../dotnet/csharp/collections.html" class="md-nav__link">
+        
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+  <span class="md-ellipsis">
+    Collections
+  </span>
+  
+
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+    </li>
+  
+
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+            
+              
+                
+  
+  
+  
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+    <li class="md-nav__item">
+      <a href="../../dotnet/csharp/reactive-extensions.html" class="md-nav__link">
+        
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+  <span class="md-ellipsis">
+    Reactive Extensions
+  </span>
+  
+
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+    </li>
+  
+
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+            
+              
+                
+  
+  
+  
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+    <li class="md-nav__item">
+      <a href="../../dotnet/csharp/async-programming.html" class="md-nav__link">
+        
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+  <span class="md-ellipsis">
+    Async Programming
+  </span>
+  
+
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+    </li>
+  
+
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+            
+              
+                
+  
+  
+  
+  
+    <li class="md-nav__item">
+      <a href="../../dotnet/csharp/unit-tests.html" class="md-nav__link">
+        
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+  <span class="md-ellipsis">
+    Unit Tests
+  </span>
+  
+
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+    </li>
+  
+
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+        </nav>
+      
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+  
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+        
+      
+        
+      
+        
+      
+        
+      
+        
+      
+        
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+        
+      
+    
+    
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+      
+        
+      
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+            
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+  <span class="md-ellipsis">
+    ASP.NET
+  </span>
+  
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+            <span class="md-nav__icon md-icon"></span>
+            ASP.NET
+          </label>
+          <ul class="md-nav__list" data-md-scrollfix>
+            
+              
+                
+  
+  
+  
+  
+    <li class="md-nav__item">
+      <a href="../../dotnet/asp.net/minimal-api.html" class="md-nav__link">
+        
+  
+  <span class="md-ellipsis">
+    Minimal API
+  </span>
+  
+
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+    </li>
+  
+
+              
+            
+              
+                
+  
+  
+  
+  
+    <li class="md-nav__item">
+      <a href="../../dotnet/asp.net/filters.html" class="md-nav__link">
+        
+  
+  <span class="md-ellipsis">
+    FIlters
+  </span>
+  
+
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+    </li>
+  
+
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+            
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+                
+  
+  
+  
+  
+    <li class="md-nav__item">
+      <a href="../../dotnet/asp.net/middleware.html" class="md-nav__link">
+        
+  
+  <span class="md-ellipsis">
+    Middleware
+  </span>
+  
+
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+    </li>
+  
+
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+            
+              
+                
+  
+  
+  
+  
+    <li class="md-nav__item">
+      <a href="../../dotnet/asp.net/razor-syntax.html" class="md-nav__link">
+        
+  
+  <span class="md-ellipsis">
+    Razor Syntax
+  </span>
+  
+
+      </a>
+    </li>
+  
+
+              
+            
+              
+                
+  
+  
+  
+  
+    <li class="md-nav__item">
+      <a href="../../dotnet/asp.net/blazor.html" class="md-nav__link">
+        
+  
+  <span class="md-ellipsis">
+    Blazor
+  </span>
+  
+
+      </a>
+    </li>
+  
+
+              
+            
+              
+                
+  
+  
+  
+  
+    <li class="md-nav__item">
+      <a href="../../dotnet/asp.net/signalr.html" class="md-nav__link">
+        
+  
+  <span class="md-ellipsis">
+    SignalR
+  </span>
+  
+
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+    </li>
+  
+
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+            
+              
+                
+  
+  
+  
+  
+    <li class="md-nav__item">
+      <a href="../../dotnet/asp.net/web-forms.html" class="md-nav__link">
+        
+  
+  <span class="md-ellipsis">
+    Web Forms
+  </span>
+  
+
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+    </li>
+  
+
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+            
+          </ul>
+        </nav>
+      
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+  
+
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+  
+  
+  
+  
+    
+    
+      
+        
+      
+        
+      
+    
+    
+      
+      
+        
+      
+    
+    
+    <li class="md-nav__item md-nav__item--nested">
+      
+        
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+        <input class="md-nav__toggle md-toggle " type="checkbox" id="__nav_4_9_3" >
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+          <label class="md-nav__link" for="__nav_4_9_3" id="__nav_4_9_3_label" tabindex="0">
+            
+  
+  <span class="md-ellipsis">
+    Database
+  </span>
+  
+
+            <span class="md-nav__icon md-icon"></span>
+          </label>
+        
+        <nav class="md-nav" data-md-level="3" aria-labelledby="__nav_4_9_3_label" aria-expanded="false">
+          <label class="md-nav__title" for="__nav_4_9_3">
+            <span class="md-nav__icon md-icon"></span>
+            Database
+          </label>
+          <ul class="md-nav__list" data-md-scrollfix>
+            
+              
+                
+  
+  
+  
+  
+    <li class="md-nav__item">
+      <a href="../../dotnet/database/ado.net.html" class="md-nav__link">
+        
+  
+  <span class="md-ellipsis">
+    ADO.NET
+  </span>
+  
+
+      </a>
+    </li>
+  
+
+              
+            
+              
+                
+  
+  
+  
+  
+    <li class="md-nav__item">
+      <a href="../../dotnet/database/entity-framework.html" class="md-nav__link">
+        
+  
+  <span class="md-ellipsis">
+    Entity Framework
+  </span>
+  
+
+      </a>
+    </li>
+  
+
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+            
+          </ul>
+        </nav>
+      
+    </li>
+  
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+        </nav>
+      
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+  
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+                
+  
+  
+    
+  
+  
+  
+    
+    
+      
+        
+      
+        
+      
+        
+      
+        
+      
+    
+    
+      
+      
+        
+          
+          
+        
+      
+    
+    
+    <li class="md-nav__item md-nav__item--active md-nav__item--section md-nav__item--nested">
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+  <span class="md-ellipsis">
+    Java
+  </span>
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+            Java
+          </label>
+          <ul class="md-nav__list" data-md-scrollfix>
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+      <a href="../java.html" class="md-nav__link">
+        
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+  <span class="md-ellipsis">
+    Java
+  </span>
+  
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+  
+
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+            
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+  
+  
+  
+  
+    <li class="md-nav__item">
+      <a href="../java-collection-framework.html" class="md-nav__link">
+        
+  
+  <span class="md-ellipsis">
+    Java Collection Framework
+  </span>
+  
+
+      </a>
+    </li>
+  
+
+              
+            
+              
+                
+  
+  
+  
+  
+    <li class="md-nav__item">
+      <a href="../dao.html" class="md-nav__link">
+        
+  
+  <span class="md-ellipsis">
+    DAO
+  </span>
+  
+
+      </a>
+    </li>
+  
+
+              
+            
+              
+                
+  
+  
+    
+  
+  
+  
+    
+    
+      
+        
+      
+        
+      
+    
+    
+      
+      
+        
+      
+    
+    
+    <li class="md-nav__item md-nav__item--active md-nav__item--nested">
+      
+        
+        
+        <input class="md-nav__toggle md-toggle " type="checkbox" id="__nav_4_10_4" checked>
+        
+          
+          <label class="md-nav__link" for="__nav_4_10_4" id="__nav_4_10_4_label" tabindex="0">
+            
+  
+  <span class="md-ellipsis">
+    Web
+  </span>
+  
+
+            <span class="md-nav__icon md-icon"></span>
+          </label>
+        
+        <nav class="md-nav" data-md-level="3" aria-labelledby="__nav_4_10_4_label" aria-expanded="true">
+          <label class="md-nav__title" for="__nav_4_10_4">
+            <span class="md-nav__icon md-icon"></span>
+            Web
+          </label>
+          <ul class="md-nav__list" data-md-scrollfix>
+            
+              
+                
+  
+  
+    
+  
+  
+  
+    <li class="md-nav__item md-nav__item--active">
+      
+      <input class="md-nav__toggle md-toggle" type="checkbox" id="__toc">
+      
+      
+        
+      
+      
+        <label class="md-nav__link md-nav__link--active" for="__toc">
+          
+  
+  <span class="md-ellipsis">
+    Serverlet
+  </span>
+  
+
+          <span class="md-nav__icon md-icon"></span>
+        </label>
+      
+      <a href="servlet.html" class="md-nav__link md-nav__link--active">
+        
+  
+  <span class="md-ellipsis">
+    Serverlet
+  </span>
+  
+
+      </a>
+      
+        
+
+<nav class="md-nav md-nav--secondary" aria-label="Table of contents">
+  
+  
+  
+    
+  
+  
+    <label class="md-nav__title" for="__toc">
+      <span class="md-nav__icon md-icon"></span>
+      Table of contents
+    </label>
+    <ul class="md-nav__list" data-md-component="toc" data-md-scrollfix>
+      
+        <li class="md-nav__item">
+  <a href="#basic-structure" class="md-nav__link">
+    <span class="md-ellipsis">
+      Basic Structure
+    </span>
+  </a>
+  
+</li>
+      
+        <li class="md-nav__item">
+  <a href="#servlet-instructions" class="md-nav__link">
+    <span class="md-ellipsis">
+      Servlet Instructions
+    </span>
+  </a>
+  
+</li>
+      
+    </ul>
+  
+</nav>
+      
+    </li>
+  
+
+              
+            
+              
+                
+  
+  
+  
+  
+    
+    
+      
+        
+      
+        
+      
+    
+    
+      
+      
+        
+      
+    
+    
+    <li class="md-nav__item md-nav__item--nested">
+      
+        
+        
+        <input class="md-nav__toggle md-toggle " type="checkbox" id="__nav_4_10_4_2" >
+        
+          
+          <label class="md-nav__link" for="__nav_4_10_4_2" id="__nav_4_10_4_2_label" tabindex="0">
+            
+  
+  <span class="md-ellipsis">
+    Spring
+  </span>
+  
+
+            <span class="md-nav__icon md-icon"></span>
+          </label>
+        
+        <nav class="md-nav" data-md-level="4" aria-labelledby="__nav_4_10_4_2_label" aria-expanded="false">
+          <label class="md-nav__title" for="__nav_4_10_4_2">
+            <span class="md-nav__icon md-icon"></span>
+            Spring
+          </label>
+          <ul class="md-nav__list" data-md-scrollfix>
+            
+              
+                
+  
+  
+  
+  
+    <li class="md-nav__item">
+      <a href="../spring/pom.xml.html" class="md-nav__link">
+        
+  
+  <span class="md-ellipsis">
+    POM
+  </span>
+  
+
+      </a>
+    </li>
+  
+
+              
+            
+              
+                
+  
+  
+  
+  
+    <li class="md-nav__item">
+      <a href="../spring/spring-project.html" class="md-nav__link">
+        
+  
+  <span class="md-ellipsis">
+    Project Structure
+  </span>
+  
+
+      </a>
+    </li>
+  
+
+              
+            
+          </ul>
+        </nav>
+      
+    </li>
+  
+
+              
+            
+          </ul>
+        </nav>
+      
+    </li>
+  
+
+              
+            
+          </ul>
+        </nav>
+      
+    </li>
+  
+
+              
+            
+              
+                
+  
+  
+  
+  
+    
+    
+      
+        
+      
+        
+      
+        
+      
+        
+      
+        
+      
+        
+      
+        
+      
+        
+      
+        
+      
+    
+    
+      
+      
+        
+          
+          
+        
+      
+    
+    
+    <li class="md-nav__item md-nav__item--section md-nav__item--nested">
+      
+        
+        
+        <input class="md-nav__toggle md-toggle " type="checkbox" id="__nav_4_11" >
+        
+          
+          <label class="md-nav__link" for="__nav_4_11" id="__nav_4_11_label" tabindex="">
+            
+  
+  <span class="md-ellipsis">
+    PHP
+  </span>
+  
+
+            <span class="md-nav__icon md-icon"></span>
+          </label>
+        
+        <nav class="md-nav" data-md-level="2" aria-labelledby="__nav_4_11_label" aria-expanded="false">
+          <label class="md-nav__title" for="__nav_4_11">
+            <span class="md-nav__icon md-icon"></span>
+            PHP
+          </label>
+          <ul class="md-nav__list" data-md-scrollfix>
+            
+              
+                
+  
+  
+  
+  
+    <li class="md-nav__item">
+      <a href="../../php/php.html" class="md-nav__link">
+        
+  
+  <span class="md-ellipsis">
+    PHP
+  </span>
+  
+
+      </a>
+    </li>
+  
+
+              
+            
+              
+                
+  
+  
+  
+  
+    <li class="md-nav__item">
+      <a href="../../php/database.html" class="md-nav__link">
+        
+  
+  <span class="md-ellipsis">
+    Database
+  </span>
+  
+
+      </a>
+    </li>
+  
+
+              
+            
+              
+                
+  
+  
+  
+  
+    <li class="md-nav__item">
+      <a href="../../php/web.html" class="md-nav__link">
+        
+  
+  <span class="md-ellipsis">
+    Web
+  </span>
+  
+
+      </a>
+    </li>
+  
+
+              
+            
+              
+                
+  
+  
+  
+  
+    <li class="md-nav__item">
+      <a href="../../php/dependency-injection.html" class="md-nav__link">
+        
+  
+  <span class="md-ellipsis">
+    Dependency Injection
+  </span>
+  
+
+      </a>
+    </li>
+  
+
+              
+            
+              
+                
+  
+  
+  
+  
+    <li class="md-nav__item">
+      <a href="../../php/unit-tests.html" class="md-nav__link">
+        
+  
+  <span class="md-ellipsis">
+    Unit Tests
+  </span>
+  
+
+      </a>
+    </li>
+  
+
+              
+            
+              
+                
+  
+  
+  
+  
+    <li class="md-nav__item">
+      <a href="../../php/composer.html" class="md-nav__link">
+        
+  
+  <span class="md-ellipsis">
+    Composer
+  </span>
+  
+
+      </a>
+    </li>
+  
+
+              
+            
+              
+                
+  
+  
+  
+  
+    <li class="md-nav__item">
+      <a href="../../php/psr-7.html" class="md-nav__link">
+        
+  
+  <span class="md-ellipsis">
+    PSR 7
+  </span>
+  
+
+      </a>
+    </li>
+  
+
+              
+            
+              
+                
+  
+  
+  
+  
+    <li class="md-nav__item">
+      <a href="../../php/plates-templating.html" class="md-nav__link">
+        
+  
+  <span class="md-ellipsis">
+    Plates
+  </span>
+  
+
+      </a>
+    </li>
+  
+
+              
+            
+              
+                
+  
+  
+  
+  
+    
+    
+      
+        
+      
+        
+      
+    
+    
+      
+      
+        
+      
+    
+    
+    <li class="md-nav__item md-nav__item--nested">
+      
+        
+        
+        <input class="md-nav__toggle md-toggle " type="checkbox" id="__nav_4_11_9" >
+        
+          
+          <label class="md-nav__link" for="__nav_4_11_9" id="__nav_4_11_9_label" tabindex="0">
+            
+  
+  <span class="md-ellipsis">
+    Simple MVC
+  </span>
+  
+
+            <span class="md-nav__icon md-icon"></span>
+          </label>
+        
+        <nav class="md-nav" data-md-level="3" aria-labelledby="__nav_4_11_9_label" aria-expanded="false">
+          <label class="md-nav__title" for="__nav_4_11_9">
+            <span class="md-nav__icon md-icon"></span>
+            Simple MVC
+          </label>
+          <ul class="md-nav__list" data-md-scrollfix>
+            
+              
+                
+  
+  
+  
+  
+    <li class="md-nav__item">
+      <a href="../../php/simple-mvc/simple-mvc.html" class="md-nav__link">
+        
+  
+  <span class="md-ellipsis">
+    Simple MVC
+  </span>
+  
+
+      </a>
+    </li>
+  
+
+              
+            
+              
+                
+  
+  
+  
+  
+    <li class="md-nav__item">
+      <a href="../../php/simple-mvc/rest-api.html" class="md-nav__link">
+        
+  
+  <span class="md-ellipsis">
+    REST API
+  </span>
+  
+
+      </a>
+    </li>
+  
+
+              
+            
+          </ul>
+        </nav>
+      
+    </li>
+  
+
+              
+            
+          </ul>
+        </nav>
+      
+    </li>
+  
+
+              
+            
+              
+                
+  
+  
+  
+  
+    
+    
+      
+        
+      
+        
+      
+        
+      
+        
+      
+        
+      
+    
+    
+      
+      
+        
+          
+          
+        
+      
+    
+    
+    <li class="md-nav__item md-nav__item--section md-nav__item--nested">
+      
+        
+        
+        <input class="md-nav__toggle md-toggle " type="checkbox" id="__nav_4_12" >
+        
+          
+          <label class="md-nav__link" for="__nav_4_12" id="__nav_4_12_label" tabindex="">
+            
+  
+  <span class="md-ellipsis">
+    Rust
+  </span>
+  
+
+            <span class="md-nav__icon md-icon"></span>
+          </label>
+        
+        <nav class="md-nav" data-md-level="2" aria-labelledby="__nav_4_12_label" aria-expanded="false">
+          <label class="md-nav__title" for="__nav_4_12">
+            <span class="md-nav__icon md-icon"></span>
+            Rust
+          </label>
+          <ul class="md-nav__list" data-md-scrollfix>
+            
+              
+                
+  
+  
+  
+  
+    <li class="md-nav__item">
+      <a href="../../rust/rust.html" class="md-nav__link">
+        
+  
+  <span class="md-ellipsis">
+    Rust
+  </span>
+  
+
+      </a>
+    </li>
+  
+
+              
+            
+              
+                
+  
+  
+  
+  
+    <li class="md-nav__item">
+      <a href="../../rust/macros.html" class="md-nav__link">
+        
+  
+  <span class="md-ellipsis">
+    Macros
+  </span>
+  
+
+      </a>
+    </li>
+  
+
+              
+            
+              
+                
+  
+  
+  
+  
+    <li class="md-nav__item">
+      <a href="../../rust/cargo.html" class="md-nav__link">
+        
+  
+  <span class="md-ellipsis">
+    Cargo
+  </span>
+  
+
+      </a>
+    </li>
+  
+
+              
+            
+              
+                
+  
+  
+  
+  
+    <li class="md-nav__item">
+      <a href="../../rust/concurrency.html" class="md-nav__link">
+        
+  
+  <span class="md-ellipsis">
+    Concurrency
+  </span>
+  
+
+      </a>
+    </li>
+  
+
+              
+            
+              
+                
+  
+  
+  
+  
+    <li class="md-nav__item">
+      <a href="../../rust/unit-tests.html" class="md-nav__link">
+        
+  
+  <span class="md-ellipsis">
+    Unit Tests
+  </span>
+  
+
+      </a>
+    </li>
+  
+
+              
+            
+          </ul>
+        </nav>
+      
+    </li>
+  
+
+              
+            
+              
+                
+  
+  
+  
+  
+    
+    
+      
+        
+      
+        
+      
+        
+      
+        
+      
+        
+      
+        
+      
+        
+      
+    
+    
+      
+      
+        
+          
+          
+        
+      
+    
+    
+    <li class="md-nav__item md-nav__item--section md-nav__item--nested">
+      
+        
+        
+        <input class="md-nav__toggle md-toggle " type="checkbox" id="__nav_4_13" >
+        
+          
+          <label class="md-nav__link" for="__nav_4_13" id="__nav_4_13_label" tabindex="">
+            
+  
+  <span class="md-ellipsis">
+    Javascript
+  </span>
+  
+
+            <span class="md-nav__icon md-icon"></span>
+          </label>
+        
+        <nav class="md-nav" data-md-level="2" aria-labelledby="__nav_4_13_label" aria-expanded="false">
+          <label class="md-nav__title" for="__nav_4_13">
+            <span class="md-nav__icon md-icon"></span>
+            Javascript
+          </label>
+          <ul class="md-nav__list" data-md-scrollfix>
+            
+              
+                
+  
+  
+  
+  
+    <li class="md-nav__item">
+      <a href="../../javascript/javascript.html" class="md-nav__link">
+        
+  
+  <span class="md-ellipsis">
+    Javascript
+  </span>
+  
+
+      </a>
+    </li>
+  
+
+              
+            
+              
+                
+  
+  
+  
+  
+    <li class="md-nav__item">
+      <a href="../../javascript/dom.html" class="md-nav__link">
+        
+  
+  <span class="md-ellipsis">
+    DOM
+  </span>
+  
+
+      </a>
+    </li>
+  
+
+              
+            
+              
+                
+  
+  
+  
+  
+    <li class="md-nav__item">
+      <a href="../../javascript/events-animation.html" class="md-nav__link">
+        
+  
+  <span class="md-ellipsis">
+    Events & Animation
+  </span>
+  
+
+      </a>
+    </li>
+  
+
+              
+            
+              
+                
+  
+  
+  
+  
+    <li class="md-nav__item">
+      <a href="../../javascript/ajax.html" class="md-nav__link">
+        
+  
+  <span class="md-ellipsis">
+    AJAX
+  </span>
+  
+
+      </a>
+    </li>
+  
+
+              
+            
+              
+                
+  
+  
+  
+  
+    <li class="md-nav__item">
+      <a href="../../javascript/jquery.html" class="md-nav__link">
+        
+  
+  <span class="md-ellipsis">
+    jQuery
+  </span>
+  
+
+      </a>
+    </li>
+  
+
+              
+            
+              
+                
+  
+  
+  
+  
+    
+    
+      
+        
+      
+        
+      
+        
+      
+        
+      
+        
+      
+    
+    
+      
+      
+        
+      
+    
+    
+    <li class="md-nav__item md-nav__item--nested">
+      
+        
+        
+        <input class="md-nav__toggle md-toggle " type="checkbox" id="__nav_4_13_6" >
+        
+          
+          <label class="md-nav__link" for="__nav_4_13_6" id="__nav_4_13_6_label" tabindex="0">
+            
+  
+  <span class="md-ellipsis">
+    React
+  </span>
+  
+
+            <span class="md-nav__icon md-icon"></span>
+          </label>
+        
+        <nav class="md-nav" data-md-level="3" aria-labelledby="__nav_4_13_6_label" aria-expanded="false">
+          <label class="md-nav__title" for="__nav_4_13_6">
+            <span class="md-nav__icon md-icon"></span>
+            React
+          </label>
+          <ul class="md-nav__list" data-md-scrollfix>
+            
+              
+                
+  
+  
+  
+  
+    <li class="md-nav__item">
+      <a href="../../javascript/react/react.html" class="md-nav__link">
+        
+  
+  <span class="md-ellipsis">
+    React
+  </span>
+  
+
+      </a>
+    </li>
+  
+
+              
+            
+              
+                
+  
+  
+  
+  
+    <li class="md-nav__item">
+      <a href="../../javascript/react/react-router.html" class="md-nav__link">
+        
+  
+  <span class="md-ellipsis">
+    React Router
+  </span>
+  
+
+      </a>
+    </li>
+  
+
+              
+            
+              
+                
+  
+  
+  
+  
+    <li class="md-nav__item">
+      <a href="../../javascript/react/react-tests.html" class="md-nav__link">
+        
+  
+  <span class="md-ellipsis">
+    React Tests
+  </span>
+  
+
+      </a>
+    </li>
+  
+
+              
+            
+              
+                
+  
+  
+  
+  
+    <li class="md-nav__item">
+      <a href="../../javascript/react/redux.html" class="md-nav__link">
+        
+  
+  <span class="md-ellipsis">
+    Redux
+  </span>
+  
+
+      </a>
+    </li>
+  
+
+              
+            
+              
+                
+  
+  
+  
+  
+    <li class="md-nav__item">
+      <a href="../../javascript/react/redux-tests.html" class="md-nav__link">
+        
+  
+  <span class="md-ellipsis">
+    Redux Tests
+  </span>
+  
+
+      </a>
+    </li>
+  
+
+              
+            
+          </ul>
+        </nav>
+      
+    </li>
+  
+
+              
+            
+              
+                
+  
+  
+  
+  
+    <li class="md-nav__item">
+      <a href="../../javascript/svelte/svelte.html" class="md-nav__link">
+        
+  
+  <span class="md-ellipsis">
+    Svelte
+  </span>
+  
+
+      </a>
+    </li>
+  
+
+              
+            
+          </ul>
+        </nav>
+      
+    </li>
+  
+
+              
+            
+              
+                
+  
+  
+  
+  
+    
+    
+      
+        
+      
+        
+      
+    
+    
+      
+      
+        
+          
+          
+        
+      
+    
+    
+    <li class="md-nav__item md-nav__item--section md-nav__item--nested">
+      
+        
+        
+        <input class="md-nav__toggle md-toggle " type="checkbox" id="__nav_4_14" >
+        
+          
+          <label class="md-nav__link" for="__nav_4_14" id="__nav_4_14_label" tabindex="">
+            
+  
+  <span class="md-ellipsis">
+    PowerShell
+  </span>
+  
+
+            <span class="md-nav__icon md-icon"></span>
+          </label>
+        
+        <nav class="md-nav" data-md-level="2" aria-labelledby="__nav_4_14_label" aria-expanded="false">
+          <label class="md-nav__title" for="__nav_4_14">
+            <span class="md-nav__icon md-icon"></span>
+            PowerShell
+          </label>
+          <ul class="md-nav__list" data-md-scrollfix>
+            
+              
+                
+  
+  
+  
+  
+    <li class="md-nav__item">
+      <a href="../../powershell/scripting.html" class="md-nav__link">
+        
+  
+  <span class="md-ellipsis">
+    Scripting
+  </span>
+  
+
+      </a>
+    </li>
+  
+
+              
+            
+              
+                
+  
+  
+  
+  
+    <li class="md-nav__item">
+      <a href="../../powershell/commands.html" class="md-nav__link">
+        
+  
+  <span class="md-ellipsis">
+    Commands
+  </span>
+  
+
+      </a>
+    </li>
+  
+
+              
+            
+          </ul>
+        </nav>
+      
+    </li>
+  
+
+              
+            
+              
+                
+  
+  
+  
+  
+    
+    
+      
+        
+      
+        
+      
+    
+    
+      
+      
+        
+          
+          
+        
+      
+    
+    
+    <li class="md-nav__item md-nav__item--section md-nav__item--nested">
+      
+        
+        
+        <input class="md-nav__toggle md-toggle " type="checkbox" id="__nav_4_15" >
+        
+          
+          <label class="md-nav__link" for="__nav_4_15" id="__nav_4_15_label" tabindex="">
+            
+  
+  <span class="md-ellipsis">
+    Bash
+  </span>
+  
+
+            <span class="md-nav__icon md-icon"></span>
+          </label>
+        
+        <nav class="md-nav" data-md-level="2" aria-labelledby="__nav_4_15_label" aria-expanded="false">
+          <label class="md-nav__title" for="__nav_4_15">
+            <span class="md-nav__icon md-icon"></span>
+            Bash
+          </label>
+          <ul class="md-nav__list" data-md-scrollfix>
+            
+              
+                
+  
+  
+  
+  
+    <li class="md-nav__item">
+      <a href="../../bash/scripting.html" class="md-nav__link">
+        
+  
+  <span class="md-ellipsis">
+    Scripting
+  </span>
+  
+
+      </a>
+    </li>
+  
+
+              
+            
+              
+                
+  
+  
+  
+  
+    <li class="md-nav__item">
+      <a href="../../bash/commands.html" class="md-nav__link">
+        
+  
+  <span class="md-ellipsis">
+    Commands
+  </span>
+  
+
+      </a>
+    </li>
+  
+
+              
+            
+          </ul>
+        </nav>
+      
+    </li>
+  
+
+              
+            
+          </ul>
+        </nav>
+      
+    </li>
+  
+
+    
+      
+      
+  
+  
+  
+  
+    
+    
+      
+        
+      
+        
+      
+        
+      
+        
+      
+        
+      
+    
+    
+      
+      
+        
+      
+    
+    
+    <li class="md-nav__item md-nav__item--nested">
+      
+        
+        
+        <input class="md-nav__toggle md-toggle " type="checkbox" id="__nav_5" >
+        
+          
+          <label class="md-nav__link" for="__nav_5" id="__nav_5_label" tabindex="0">
+            
+  
+  <span class="md-ellipsis">
+    Misc
+  </span>
+  
+
+            <span class="md-nav__icon md-icon"></span>
+          </label>
+        
+        <nav class="md-nav" data-md-level="1" aria-labelledby="__nav_5_label" aria-expanded="false">
+          <label class="md-nav__title" for="__nav_5">
+            <span class="md-nav__icon md-icon"></span>
+            Misc
+          </label>
+          <ul class="md-nav__list" data-md-scrollfix>
+            
+              
+                
+  
+  
+  
+  
+    <li class="md-nav__item">
+      <a href="../../../misc/git.html" class="md-nav__link">
+        
+  
+  <span class="md-ellipsis">
+    Git
+  </span>
+  
+
+      </a>
+    </li>
+  
+
+              
+            
+              
+                
+  
+  
+  
+  
+    <li class="md-nav__item">
+      <a href="../../../misc/graph-ql.html" class="md-nav__link">
+        
+  
+  <span class="md-ellipsis">
+    GraphQL
+  </span>
+  
+
+      </a>
+    </li>
+  
+
+              
+            
+              
+                
+  
+  
+  
+  
+    <li class="md-nav__item">
+      <a href="../../../misc/regular-expressions.html" class="md-nav__link">
+        
+  
+  <span class="md-ellipsis">
+    RegEx
+  </span>
+  
+
+      </a>
+    </li>
+  
+
+              
+            
+              
+                
+  
+  
+  
+  
+    <li class="md-nav__item">
+      <a href="../../../misc/ssh.html" class="md-nav__link">
+        
+  
+  <span class="md-ellipsis">
+    SSH
+  </span>
+  
+
+      </a>
+    </li>
+  
+
+              
+            
+              
+                
+  
+  
+  
+  
+    <li class="md-nav__item">
+      <a href="../../../misc/web-components.html" class="md-nav__link">
+        
+  
+  <span class="md-ellipsis">
+    WebComponents
+  </span>
+  
+
+      </a>
+    </li>
+  
+
+              
+            
+          </ul>
+        </nav>
+      
+    </li>
+  
+
+    
+      
+      
+  
+  
+  
+  
+    
+    
+      
+        
+      
+        
+      
+    
+    
+      
+      
+        
+      
+    
+    
+    <li class="md-nav__item md-nav__item--nested">
+      
+        
+        
+        <input class="md-nav__toggle md-toggle " type="checkbox" id="__nav_6" >
+        
+          
+          <label class="md-nav__link" for="__nav_6" id="__nav_6_label" tabindex="0">
+            
+  
+  <span class="md-ellipsis">
+    Linux
+  </span>
+  
+
+            <span class="md-nav__icon md-icon"></span>
+          </label>
+        
+        <nav class="md-nav" data-md-level="1" aria-labelledby="__nav_6_label" aria-expanded="false">
+          <label class="md-nav__title" for="__nav_6">
+            <span class="md-nav__icon md-icon"></span>
+            Linux
+          </label>
+          <ul class="md-nav__list" data-md-scrollfix>
+            
+              
+                
+  
+  
+  
+  
+    
+    
+      
+        
+      
+        
+      
+        
+      
+    
+    
+      
+      
+        
+      
+    
+    
+    <li class="md-nav__item md-nav__item--nested">
+      
+        
+        
+        <input class="md-nav__toggle md-toggle " type="checkbox" id="__nav_6_1" >
+        
+          
+          <label class="md-nav__link" for="__nav_6_1" id="__nav_6_1_label" tabindex="0">
+            
+  
+  <span class="md-ellipsis">
+    Filesystem
+  </span>
+  
+
+            <span class="md-nav__icon md-icon"></span>
+          </label>
+        
+        <nav class="md-nav" data-md-level="2" aria-labelledby="__nav_6_1_label" aria-expanded="false">
+          <label class="md-nav__title" for="__nav_6_1">
+            <span class="md-nav__icon md-icon"></span>
+            Filesystem
+          </label>
+          <ul class="md-nav__list" data-md-scrollfix>
+            
+              
+                
+  
+  
+  
+  
+    <li class="md-nav__item">
+      <a href="../../../linux/filesystem/file-links.html" class="md-nav__link">
+        
+  
+  <span class="md-ellipsis">
+    File Links
+  </span>
+  
+
+      </a>
+    </li>
+  
+
+              
+            
+              
+                
+  
+  
+  
+  
+    <li class="md-nav__item">
+      <a href="../../../linux/filesystem/procfs.html" class="md-nav__link">
+        
+  
+  <span class="md-ellipsis">
+    /proc
+  </span>
+  
+
+      </a>
+    </li>
+  
+
+              
+            
+              
+                
+  
+  
+  
+  
+    <li class="md-nav__item">
+      <a href="../../../linux/filesystem/sysfs.html" class="md-nav__link">
+        
+  
+  <span class="md-ellipsis">
+    /sys
+  </span>
+  
+
+      </a>
+    </li>
+  
+
+              
+            
+          </ul>
+        </nav>
+      
+    </li>
+  
+
+              
+            
+              
+                
+  
+  
+  
+  
+    
+    
+      
+        
+      
+        
+      
+    
+    
+      
+      
+        
+      
+    
+    
+    <li class="md-nav__item md-nav__item--nested">
+      
+        
+        
+        <input class="md-nav__toggle md-toggle " type="checkbox" id="__nav_6_2" >
+        
+          
+          <label class="md-nav__link" for="__nav_6_2" id="__nav_6_2_label" tabindex="0">
+            
+  
+  <span class="md-ellipsis">
+    System Init
+  </span>
+  
+
+            <span class="md-nav__icon md-icon"></span>
+          </label>
+        
+        <nav class="md-nav" data-md-level="2" aria-labelledby="__nav_6_2_label" aria-expanded="false">
+          <label class="md-nav__title" for="__nav_6_2">
+            <span class="md-nav__icon md-icon"></span>
+            System Init
+          </label>
+          <ul class="md-nav__list" data-md-scrollfix>
+            
+              
+                
+  
+  
+  
+  
+    <li class="md-nav__item">
+      <a href="../../../linux/init/systemd.html" class="md-nav__link">
+        
+  
+  <span class="md-ellipsis">
+    Systemd
+  </span>
+  
+
+      </a>
+    </li>
+  
+
+              
+            
+              
+                
+  
+  
+  
+  
+    <li class="md-nav__item">
+      <a href="../../../linux/init/open-rc.html" class="md-nav__link">
+        
+  
+  <span class="md-ellipsis">
+    OpenRC
+  </span>
+  
+
+      </a>
+    </li>
+  
+
+              
+            
+          </ul>
+        </nav>
+      
+    </li>
+  
+
+              
+            
+          </ul>
+        </nav>
+      
+    </li>
+  
+
+    
+  </ul>
+</nav>
+                  </div>
+                </div>
+              </div>
+            
+            
+              
+              <div class="md-sidebar md-sidebar--secondary" data-md-component="sidebar" data-md-type="toc" >
+                <div class="md-sidebar__scrollwrap">
+                  <div class="md-sidebar__inner">
+                    
+
+<nav class="md-nav md-nav--secondary" aria-label="Table of contents">
+  
+  
+  
+    
+  
+  
+    <label class="md-nav__title" for="__toc">
+      <span class="md-nav__icon md-icon"></span>
+      Table of contents
+    </label>
+    <ul class="md-nav__list" data-md-component="toc" data-md-scrollfix>
+      
+        <li class="md-nav__item">
+  <a href="#basic-structure" class="md-nav__link">
+    <span class="md-ellipsis">
+      Basic Structure
+    </span>
+  </a>
+  
+</li>
+      
+        <li class="md-nav__item">
+  <a href="#servlet-instructions" class="md-nav__link">
+    <span class="md-ellipsis">
+      Servlet Instructions
+    </span>
+  </a>
+  
+</li>
+      
+    </ul>
+  
+</nav>
+                  </div>
+                </div>
+              </div>
+            
+          
+          
+            <div class="md-content" data-md-component="content">
+              <article class="md-content__inner md-typeset">
+                
+                  
+
+  
+  
+
+
+<h1 id="servlet">Servlet</h1>
+<p>A Java servlet is a Java software component that extends the capabilities of a server.
+Although servlets can respond to many types of requests, they most commonly implement web containers for hosting web applications on web servers and thus qualify as a server-side servlet web API.</p>
+<h2 id="basic-structure">Basic Structure</h2>
+<div class="highlight"><table class="highlighttable"><tr><th colspan="2" class="filename"><span class="filename">Java</span></th></tr><tr><td class="linenos"><div class="linenodiv"><pre><span></span><span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-0-1"> 1</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-0-2"> 2</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-0-3"> 3</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-0-4"> 4</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-0-5"> 5</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-0-6"> 6</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-0-7"> 7</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-0-8"> 8</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-0-9"> 9</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-0-10">10</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-0-11">11</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-0-12">12</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-0-13">13</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-0-14">14</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-0-15">15</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-0-16">16</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-0-17">17</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-0-18">18</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-0-19">19</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-0-20">20</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-0-21">21</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-0-22">22</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-0-23">23</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-0-24">24</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-0-25">25</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-0-26">26</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-0-27">27</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-0-28">28</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-0-29">29</a></span></pre></div></td><td class="code"><div><pre><span></span><code><a id="__codelineno-0-1" name="__codelineno-0-1"></a><span class="kn">package</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="err">&lt;</span><span class="nn">package</span><span class="o">&gt;</span><span class="p">;</span>
+<a id="__codelineno-0-2" name="__codelineno-0-2"></a>
+<a id="__codelineno-0-3" name="__codelineno-0-3"></a><span class="kn">import</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="nn">java.io.IOException</span><span class="p">;</span>
+<a id="__codelineno-0-4" name="__codelineno-0-4"></a><span class="kn">import</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="nn">javax.servlet.ServletException</span><span class="p">;</span>
+<a id="__codelineno-0-5" name="__codelineno-0-5"></a><span class="kn">import</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="nn">javax.servlet.annotation.WebServlet</span><span class="p">;</span>
+<a id="__codelineno-0-6" name="__codelineno-0-6"></a><span class="kn">import</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="nn">javax.servlet.http.HttpServlet</span><span class="p">;</span>
+<a id="__codelineno-0-7" name="__codelineno-0-7"></a><span class="kn">import</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="nn">javax.servlet.http.HttpServletRequest</span><span class="p">;</span>
+<a id="__codelineno-0-8" name="__codelineno-0-8"></a><span class="kn">import</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="nn">javax.servlet.http.HttpServletResponse</span><span class="p">;</span>
+<a id="__codelineno-0-9" name="__codelineno-0-9"></a>
+<a id="__codelineno-0-10" name="__codelineno-0-10"></a><span class="nd">@WebServlet</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="s">&quot;/route&quot;</span><span class="p">)</span>
+<a id="__codelineno-0-11" name="__codelineno-0-11"></a><span class="kd">public</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="kd">class</span> <span class="err">&lt;</span><span class="nc">className</span><span class="o">&gt;</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="kd">extends</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="n">HttpServlet</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="p">{</span>
+<a id="__codelineno-0-12" name="__codelineno-0-12"></a><span class="w">    </span><span class="kd">private</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="kd">static</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="kd">final</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="kt">long</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="n">serialVersionUID</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="o">=</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="mi">1L</span><span class="p">;</span>
+<a id="__codelineno-0-13" name="__codelineno-0-13"></a>
+<a id="__codelineno-0-14" name="__codelineno-0-14"></a><span class="w">    </span><span class="cm">/** handle get request */</span>
+<a id="__codelineno-0-15" name="__codelineno-0-15"></a><span class="w">    </span><span class="kd">protected</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="kt">void</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="nf">doGet</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="n">HttpServletRequest</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="n">request</span><span class="p">,</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="n">HttpServletResponse</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="n">response</span><span class="p">)</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="kd">throws</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="n">ServletException</span><span class="p">,</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="n">IOException</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="p">{</span>
+<a id="__codelineno-0-16" name="__codelineno-0-16"></a>
+<a id="__codelineno-0-17" name="__codelineno-0-17"></a><span class="w">        </span><span class="c1">// GET REQUEST: load and display page (forward to JSP)</span>
+<a id="__codelineno-0-18" name="__codelineno-0-18"></a><span class="w">        </span><span class="c1">// OPTIONAL: add data to request (setAttribute())</span>
+<a id="__codelineno-0-19" name="__codelineno-0-19"></a>
+<a id="__codelineno-0-20" name="__codelineno-0-20"></a><span class="w">    </span><span class="p">}</span>
+<a id="__codelineno-0-21" name="__codelineno-0-21"></a>
+<a id="__codelineno-0-22" name="__codelineno-0-22"></a><span class="w">    </span><span class="cm">/** handle post request */</span>
+<a id="__codelineno-0-23" name="__codelineno-0-23"></a><span class="w">    </span><span class="kd">protected</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="kt">void</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="nf">doPost</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="n">HttpServletRequest</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="n">request</span><span class="p">,</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="n">HttpServletResponse</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="n">response</span><span class="p">)</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="kd">throws</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="n">ServletException</span><span class="p">,</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="n">IOException</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="p">{</span>
+<a id="__codelineno-0-24" name="__codelineno-0-24"></a>
+<a id="__codelineno-0-25" name="__codelineno-0-25"></a><span class="w">        </span><span class="c1">// POST REQUEST: add stuff to DB, page, ...</span>
+<a id="__codelineno-0-26" name="__codelineno-0-26"></a>
+<a id="__codelineno-0-27" name="__codelineno-0-27"></a><span class="w">        </span><span class="n">doGet</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="n">request</span><span class="p">,</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="n">response</span><span class="p">);</span><span class="w">  </span><span class="c1">// return same page with new  content added (default case)</span>
+<a id="__codelineno-0-28" name="__codelineno-0-28"></a><span class="w">    </span><span class="p">}</span>
+<a id="__codelineno-0-29" name="__codelineno-0-29"></a><span class="p">}</span>
+</code></pre></div></td></tr></table></div>
+<h2 id="servlet-instructions">Servlet Instructions</h2>
+<div class="highlight"><table class="highlighttable"><tr><th colspan="2" class="filename"><span class="filename">Java</span></th></tr><tr><td class="linenos"><div class="linenodiv"><pre><span></span><span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-1-1">1</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-1-2">2</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-1-3">3</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-1-4">4</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-1-5">5</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-1-6">6</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-1-7">7</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-1-8">8</a></span></pre></div></td><td class="code"><div><pre><span></span><code><a id="__codelineno-1-1" name="__codelineno-1-1"></a><span class="n">request</span><span class="p">.</span><span class="na">getParameter</span><span class="p">()</span><span class="w">  </span><span class="c1">// read request parameter</span>
+<a id="__codelineno-1-2" name="__codelineno-1-2"></a>
+<a id="__codelineno-1-3" name="__codelineno-1-3"></a><span class="n">response</span><span class="p">.</span><span class="na">setContentType</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="s">&quot;text/html&quot;</span><span class="p">);</span><span class="w">  </span><span class="c1">// to return HTML in the response</span>
+<a id="__codelineno-1-4" name="__codelineno-1-4"></a>
+<a id="__codelineno-1-5" name="__codelineno-1-5"></a><span class="n">response</span><span class="p">.</span><span class="na">getWriter</span><span class="p">().</span><span class="na">append</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="s">&quot;&quot;</span><span class="p">);</span><span class="w">  </span><span class="c1">//append content to the http response</span>
+<a id="__codelineno-1-6" name="__codelineno-1-6"></a>
+<a id="__codelineno-1-7" name="__codelineno-1-7"></a><span class="n">request</span><span class="p">.</span><span class="na">setAttribute</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="n">attributeName</span><span class="p">,</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="n">value</span><span class="p">);</span><span class="w">  </span><span class="c1">// set http attribute of the request</span>
+<a id="__codelineno-1-8" name="__codelineno-1-8"></a><span class="n">request</span><span class="p">.</span><span class="na">getRequestDispatcher</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="s">&quot;page.jsp&quot;</span><span class="p">).</span><span class="na">forward</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="n">request</span><span class="p">,</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="n">response</span><span class="p">);</span><span class="w">  </span><span class="c1">// redirect the request to another page</span>
+</code></pre></div></td></tr></table></div>
+
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+  
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+
+
+                
+              </article>
+            </div>
+          
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+  
+  <svg xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" viewBox="0 0 24 24"><path d="M13 20h-2V8l-5.5 5.5-1.42-1.42L12 4.16l7.92 7.92-1.42 1.42L13 8z"/></svg>
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+              
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+      <svg xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" viewBox="0 0 448 512"><!--! Font Awesome Free 6.6.0 by @fontawesome - https://fontawesome.com License - https://fontawesome.com/license/free (Icons: CC BY 4.0, Fonts: SIL OFL 1.1, Code: MIT License) Copyright 2024 Fonticons, Inc.--><path d="M433 179.11c0-97.2-63.71-125.7-63.71-125.7-62.52-28.7-228.56-28.4-290.48 0 0 0-63.72 28.5-63.72 125.7 0 115.7-6.6 259.4 105.63 289.1 40.51 10.7 75.32 13 103.33 11.4 50.81-2.8 79.32-18.1 79.32-18.1l-1.7-36.9s-36.31 11.4-77.12 10.1c-40.41-1.4-83-4.4-89.63-54a102.5 102.5 0 0 1-.9-13.9c85.63 20.9 158.65 9.1 178.75 6.7 56.12-6.7 105-41.3 111.23-72.9 9.8-49.8 9-121.5 9-121.5m-75.12 125.2h-46.63v-114.2c0-49.7-64-51.6-64 6.9v62.5h-46.33V197c0-58.5-64-56.6-64-6.9v114.2H90.19c0-122.1-5.2-147.9 18.41-175 25.9-28.9 79.82-30.8 103.83 6.1l11.6 19.5 11.6-19.5c24.11-37.1 78.12-34.8 103.83-6.1 23.71 27.3 18.4 53 18.4 175z"/></svg>
+    </a>
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+    
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+      
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+    <a href="https://github.com/m-lamonaca" target="_blank" rel="noopener" title="github.com" class="md-social__link">
+      <svg xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" viewBox="0 0 496 512"><!--! Font Awesome Free 6.6.0 by @fontawesome - https://fontawesome.com License - https://fontawesome.com/license/free (Icons: CC BY 4.0, Fonts: SIL OFL 1.1, Code: MIT License) Copyright 2024 Fonticons, Inc.--><path d="M165.9 397.4c0 2-2.3 3.6-5.2 3.6-3.3.3-5.6-1.3-5.6-3.6 0-2 2.3-3.6 5.2-3.6 3-.3 5.6 1.3 5.6 3.6m-31.1-4.5c-.7 2 1.3 4.3 4.3 4.9 2.6 1 5.6 0 6.2-2s-1.3-4.3-4.3-5.2c-2.6-.7-5.5.3-6.2 2.3m44.2-1.7c-2.9.7-4.9 2.6-4.6 4.9.3 2 2.9 3.3 5.9 2.6 2.9-.7 4.9-2.6 4.6-4.6-.3-1.9-3-3.2-5.9-2.9M244.8 8C106.1 8 0 113.3 0 252c0 110.9 69.8 205.8 169.5 239.2 12.8 2.3 17.3-5.6 17.3-12.1 0-6.2-.3-40.4-.3-61.4 0 0-70 15-84.7-29.8 0 0-11.4-29.1-27.8-36.6 0 0-22.9-15.7 1.6-15.4 0 0 24.9 2 38.6 25.8 21.9 38.6 58.6 27.5 72.9 20.9 2.3-16 8.8-27.1 16-33.7-55.9-6.2-112.3-14.3-112.3-110.5 0-27.5 7.6-41.3 23.6-58.9-2.6-6.5-11.1-33.3 2.6-67.9 20.9-6.5 69 27 69 27 20-5.6 41.5-8.5 62.8-8.5s42.8 2.9 62.8 8.5c0 0 48.1-33.6 69-27 13.7 34.7 5.2 61.4 2.6 67.9 16 17.7 25.8 31.5 25.8 58.9 0 96.5-58.9 104.2-114.8 110.5 9.2 7.9 17 22.9 17 46.4 0 33.7-.3 75.4-.3 83.6 0 6.5 4.6 14.4 17.3 12.1C428.2 457.8 496 362.9 496 252 496 113.3 383.5 8 244.8 8M97.2 352.9c-1.3 1-1 3.3.7 5.2 1.6 1.6 3.9 2.3 5.2 1 1.3-1 1-3.3-.7-5.2-1.6-1.6-3.9-2.3-5.2-1m-10.8-8.1c-.7 1.3.3 2.9 2.3 3.9 1.6 1 3.6.7 4.3-.7.7-1.3-.3-2.9-2.3-3.9-2-.6-3.6-.3-4.3.7m32.4 35.6c-1.6 1.3-1 4.3 1.3 6.2 2.3 2.3 5.2 2.6 6.5 1 1.3-1.3.7-4.3-1.3-6.2-2.2-2.3-5.2-2.6-6.5-1m-11.4-14.7c-1.6 1-1.6 3.6 0 5.9s4.3 3.3 5.6 2.3c1.6-1.3 1.6-3.9 0-6.2-1.4-2.3-4-3.3-5.6-2"/></svg>
+    </a>
+  
+</div>
+      
+    </div>
+  </div>
+</footer>
+      
+    </div>
+    <div class="md-dialog" data-md-component="dialog">
+      <div class="md-dialog__inner md-typeset"></div>
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+    
+    
+    <script id="__config" type="application/json">{"base": "../../..", "features": ["navigation.instant", "navigation.indexes", "navigation.tracking", "navigation.pruning", "navigation.sections", "navigation.top", "navigation.tabs", "navigation.tabs.sticky", "navigation.footer", "toc.follow", "content.code.copy"], "search": "../../../assets/javascripts/workers/search.07f07601.min.js", "translations": {"clipboard.copied": "Copied to clipboard", "clipboard.copy": "Copy to clipboard", "search.result.more.one": "1 more on this page", "search.result.more.other": "# more on this page", "search.result.none": "No matching documents", "search.result.one": "1 matching document", "search.result.other": "# matching documents", "search.result.placeholder": "Type to start searching", "search.result.term.missing": "Missing", "select.version": "Select version"}}</script>
+    
+    
+      <script src="../../../assets/javascripts/bundle.56dfad97.min.js"></script>
+      
+    
+  </body>
+</html>
\ No newline at end of file
diff --git a/languages/javascript/ajax.html b/languages/javascript/ajax.html
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..71cd11f
--- /dev/null
+++ b/languages/javascript/ajax.html
@@ -0,0 +1,4402 @@
+
+<!doctype html>
+<html lang="en" class="no-js">
+  <head>
+    
+      <meta charset="utf-8">
+      <meta name="viewport" content="width=device-width,initial-scale=1">
+      
+      
+        <meta name="author" content="Marcello Lamonaca">
+      
+      
+        <link rel="canonical" href="http://m-lamonaca.github.io/dev-notes/languages/javascript/ajax.html">
+      
+      
+        <link rel="prev" href="events-animation.html">
+      
+      
+        <link rel="next" href="jquery.html">
+      
+      
+      <link rel="icon" href="../../assets/images/favicon.png">
+      <meta name="generator" content="mkdocs-1.6.1, mkdocs-material-9.5.34">
+    
+    
+      
+        <title>AJAX - Dev Notes</title>
+      
+    
+    
+      <link rel="stylesheet" href="../../assets/stylesheets/main.35f28582.min.css">
+      
+        
+        <link rel="stylesheet" href="../../assets/stylesheets/palette.06af60db.min.css">
+      
+      
+
+
+    
+    
+      
+        <script src="https://unpkg.com/iframe-worker/shim"></script>
+      
+    
+    
+      
+        
+        
+        <link rel="preconnect" href="https://fonts.gstatic.com" crossorigin>
+        <link rel="stylesheet" href="https://fonts.googleapis.com/css?family=Roboto:300,300i,400,400i,700,700i%7CRoboto+Mono:400,400i,700,700i&display=fallback">
+        <style>:root{--md-text-font:"Roboto";--md-code-font:"Roboto Mono"}</style>
+      
+    
+    
+    <script>__md_scope=new URL("../..",location),__md_hash=e=>[...e].reduce(((e,_)=>(e<<5)-e+_.charCodeAt(0)),0),__md_get=(e,_=localStorage,t=__md_scope)=>JSON.parse(_.getItem(t.pathname+"."+e)),__md_set=(e,_,t=localStorage,a=__md_scope)=>{try{t.setItem(a.pathname+"."+e,JSON.stringify(_))}catch(e){}}</script>
+    
+      
+
+    
+    
+      
+        <meta  property="og:type"  content="website" >
+      
+        <meta  property="og:title"  content="AJAX - Dev Notes" >
+      
+        <meta  property="og:description"  content="None" >
+      
+        <meta  property="og:image"  content="http://m-lamonaca.github.io/dev-notes/assets/images/social/languages/javascript/ajax.png" >
+      
+        <meta  property="og:image:type"  content="image/png" >
+      
+        <meta  property="og:image:width"  content="1200" >
+      
+        <meta  property="og:image:height"  content="630" >
+      
+        <meta  property="og:url"  content="http://m-lamonaca.github.io/dev-notes/languages/javascript/ajax.html" >
+      
+        <meta  name="twitter:card"  content="summary_large_image" >
+      
+        <meta  name="twitter:title"  content="AJAX - Dev Notes" >
+      
+        <meta  name="twitter:description"  content="None" >
+      
+        <meta  name="twitter:image"  content="http://m-lamonaca.github.io/dev-notes/assets/images/social/languages/javascript/ajax.png" >
+      
+    
+    
+  </head>
+  
+  
+    
+    
+      
+    
+    
+    
+    
+    <body dir="ltr" data-md-color-scheme="default" data-md-color-primary="orange" data-md-color-accent="deep-orange">
+  
+    
+    <input class="md-toggle" data-md-toggle="drawer" type="checkbox" id="__drawer" autocomplete="off">
+    <input class="md-toggle" data-md-toggle="search" type="checkbox" id="__search" autocomplete="off">
+    <label class="md-overlay" for="__drawer"></label>
+    <div data-md-component="skip">
+      
+        
+        <a href="#ajax" class="md-skip">
+          Skip to content
+        </a>
+      
+    </div>
+    <div data-md-component="announce">
+      
+    </div>
+    
+    
+      
+
+  
+
+<header class="md-header md-header--shadow md-header--lifted" data-md-component="header">
+  <nav class="md-header__inner md-grid" aria-label="Header">
+    <a href="../../index.html" title="Dev Notes" class="md-header__button md-logo" aria-label="Dev Notes" data-md-component="logo">
+      
+  
+  <svg xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" viewBox="0 0 640 512"><!--! Font Awesome Free 6.6.0 by @fontawesome - https://fontawesome.com License - https://fontawesome.com/license/free (Icons: CC BY 4.0, Fonts: SIL OFL 1.1, Code: MIT License) Copyright 2024 Fonticons, Inc.--><path d="M392.8 1.2c-17-4.9-34.7 5-39.6 22l-128 448c-4.9 17 5 34.7 22 39.6s34.7-5 39.6-22l128-448c4.9-17-5-34.7-22-39.6m80.6 120.1c-12.5 12.5-12.5 32.8 0 45.3l89.3 89.4-89.4 89.4c-12.5 12.5-12.5 32.8 0 45.3s32.8 12.5 45.3 0l112-112c12.5-12.5 12.5-32.8 0-45.3l-112-112c-12.5-12.5-32.8-12.5-45.3 0zm-306.7 0c-12.5-12.5-32.8-12.5-45.3 0l-112 112c-12.5 12.5-12.5 32.8 0 45.3l112 112c12.5 12.5 32.8 12.5 45.3 0s12.5-32.8 0-45.3L77.3 256l89.4-89.4c12.5-12.5 12.5-32.8 0-45.3"/></svg>
+
+    </a>
+    <label class="md-header__button md-icon" for="__drawer">
+      
+      <svg xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" viewBox="0 0 24 24"><path d="M3 6h18v2H3zm0 5h18v2H3zm0 5h18v2H3z"/></svg>
+    </label>
+    <div class="md-header__title" data-md-component="header-title">
+      <div class="md-header__ellipsis">
+        <div class="md-header__topic">
+          <span class="md-ellipsis">
+            Dev Notes
+          </span>
+        </div>
+        <div class="md-header__topic" data-md-component="header-topic">
+          <span class="md-ellipsis">
+            
+              AJAX
+            
+          </span>
+        </div>
+      </div>
+    </div>
+    
+      
+        <form class="md-header__option" data-md-component="palette">
+  
+    
+    
+    
+    <input class="md-option" data-md-color-media="(prefers-color-scheme: light)" data-md-color-scheme="default" data-md-color-primary="orange" data-md-color-accent="deep-orange"  aria-label="Switch to dark mode"  type="radio" name="__palette" id="__palette_0">
+    
+      <label class="md-header__button md-icon" title="Switch to dark mode" for="__palette_1" hidden>
+        <svg xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" viewBox="0 0 24 24"><path d="M12 8a4 4 0 0 0-4 4 4 4 0 0 0 4 4 4 4 0 0 0 4-4 4 4 0 0 0-4-4m0 10a6 6 0 0 1-6-6 6 6 0 0 1 6-6 6 6 0 0 1 6 6 6 6 0 0 1-6 6m8-9.31V4h-4.69L12 .69 8.69 4H4v4.69L.69 12 4 15.31V20h4.69L12 23.31 15.31 20H20v-4.69L23.31 12z"/></svg>
+      </label>
+    
+  
+    
+    
+    
+    <input class="md-option" data-md-color-media="(prefers-color-scheme: dark)" data-md-color-scheme="slate" data-md-color-primary="orange" data-md-color-accent="deep-orange"  aria-label="Switch to light mode"  type="radio" name="__palette" id="__palette_1">
+    
+      <label class="md-header__button md-icon" title="Switch to light mode" for="__palette_0" hidden>
+        <svg xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" viewBox="0 0 24 24"><path d="M12 18c-.89 0-1.74-.2-2.5-.55C11.56 16.5 13 14.42 13 12s-1.44-4.5-3.5-5.45C10.26 6.2 11.11 6 12 6a6 6 0 0 1 6 6 6 6 0 0 1-6 6m8-9.31V4h-4.69L12 .69 8.69 4H4v4.69L.69 12 4 15.31V20h4.69L12 23.31 15.31 20H20v-4.69L23.31 12z"/></svg>
+      </label>
+    
+  
+</form>
+      
+    
+    
+      <script>var palette=__md_get("__palette");if(palette&&palette.color){if("(prefers-color-scheme)"===palette.color.media){var media=matchMedia("(prefers-color-scheme: light)"),input=document.querySelector(media.matches?"[data-md-color-media='(prefers-color-scheme: light)']":"[data-md-color-media='(prefers-color-scheme: dark)']");palette.color.media=input.getAttribute("data-md-color-media"),palette.color.scheme=input.getAttribute("data-md-color-scheme"),palette.color.primary=input.getAttribute("data-md-color-primary"),palette.color.accent=input.getAttribute("data-md-color-accent")}for(var[key,value]of Object.entries(palette.color))document.body.setAttribute("data-md-color-"+key,value)}</script>
+    
+    
+    
+      <label class="md-header__button md-icon" for="__search">
+        
+        <svg xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" viewBox="0 0 24 24"><path d="M9.5 3A6.5 6.5 0 0 1 16 9.5c0 1.61-.59 3.09-1.56 4.23l.27.27h.79l5 5-1.5 1.5-5-5v-.79l-.27-.27A6.52 6.52 0 0 1 9.5 16 6.5 6.5 0 0 1 3 9.5 6.5 6.5 0 0 1 9.5 3m0 2C7 5 5 7 5 9.5S7 14 9.5 14 14 12 14 9.5 12 5 9.5 5"/></svg>
+      </label>
+      <div class="md-search" data-md-component="search" role="dialog">
+  <label class="md-search__overlay" for="__search"></label>
+  <div class="md-search__inner" role="search">
+    <form class="md-search__form" name="search">
+      <input type="text" class="md-search__input" name="query" aria-label="Search" placeholder="Search" autocapitalize="off" autocorrect="off" autocomplete="off" spellcheck="false" data-md-component="search-query" required>
+      <label class="md-search__icon md-icon" for="__search">
+        
+        <svg xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" viewBox="0 0 24 24"><path d="M9.5 3A6.5 6.5 0 0 1 16 9.5c0 1.61-.59 3.09-1.56 4.23l.27.27h.79l5 5-1.5 1.5-5-5v-.79l-.27-.27A6.52 6.52 0 0 1 9.5 16 6.5 6.5 0 0 1 3 9.5 6.5 6.5 0 0 1 9.5 3m0 2C7 5 5 7 5 9.5S7 14 9.5 14 14 12 14 9.5 12 5 9.5 5"/></svg>
+        
+        <svg xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" viewBox="0 0 24 24"><path d="M20 11v2H8l5.5 5.5-1.42 1.42L4.16 12l7.92-7.92L13.5 5.5 8 11z"/></svg>
+      </label>
+      <nav class="md-search__options" aria-label="Search">
+        
+        <button type="reset" class="md-search__icon md-icon" title="Clear" aria-label="Clear" tabindex="-1">
+          
+          <svg xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" viewBox="0 0 24 24"><path d="M19 6.41 17.59 5 12 10.59 6.41 5 5 6.41 10.59 12 5 17.59 6.41 19 12 13.41 17.59 19 19 17.59 13.41 12z"/></svg>
+        </button>
+      </nav>
+      
+    </form>
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+
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+    </li>
+  
+
+              
+            
+              
+                
+  
+  
+  
+  
+    <li class="md-nav__item">
+      <a href="../python/modules/logging.html" class="md-nav__link">
+        
+  
+  <span class="md-ellipsis">
+    logging
+  </span>
+  
+
+      </a>
+    </li>
+  
+
+              
+            
+              
+                
+  
+  
+  
+  
+    <li class="md-nav__item">
+      <a href="../python/modules/shutil.html" class="md-nav__link">
+        
+  
+  <span class="md-ellipsis">
+    shutil
+  </span>
+  
+
+      </a>
+    </li>
+  
+
+              
+            
+              
+                
+  
+  
+  
+  
+    <li class="md-nav__item">
+      <a href="../python/modules/smtplib.html" class="md-nav__link">
+        
+  
+  <span class="md-ellipsis">
+    smtplib
+  </span>
+  
+
+      </a>
+    </li>
+  
+
+              
+            
+              
+                
+  
+  
+  
+  
+    <li class="md-nav__item">
+      <a href="../python/modules/socket.html" class="md-nav__link">
+        
+  
+  <span class="md-ellipsis">
+    socket
+  </span>
+  
+
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+    </li>
+  
+
+              
+            
+              
+                
+  
+  
+  
+  
+    <li class="md-nav__item">
+      <a href="../python/modules/sqlite.html" class="md-nav__link">
+        
+  
+  <span class="md-ellipsis">
+    sqlite
+  </span>
+  
+
+      </a>
+    </li>
+  
+
+              
+            
+              
+                
+  
+  
+  
+  
+    <li class="md-nav__item">
+      <a href="../python/modules/time-datetime.html" class="md-nav__link">
+        
+  
+  <span class="md-ellipsis">
+    time & datetime
+  </span>
+  
+
+      </a>
+    </li>
+  
+
+              
+            
+              
+                
+  
+  
+  
+  
+    <li class="md-nav__item">
+      <a href="../python/modules/unittest.html" class="md-nav__link">
+        
+  
+  <span class="md-ellipsis">
+    unittest
+  </span>
+  
+
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+    </li>
+  
+
+              
+            
+          </ul>
+        </nav>
+      
+    </li>
+  
+
+              
+            
+              
+                
+  
+  
+  
+  
+    
+    
+      
+        
+      
+        
+      
+        
+      
+        
+      
+        
+      
+        
+      
+    
+    
+      
+      
+        
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+          <label class="md-nav__link" for="__nav_4_8_3" id="__nav_4_8_3_label" tabindex="0">
+            
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+  <span class="md-ellipsis">
+    Libraries
+  </span>
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+
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+          </label>
+        
+        <nav class="md-nav" data-md-level="3" aria-labelledby="__nav_4_8_3_label" aria-expanded="false">
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+          </label>
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+            
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+  
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+  
+  
+    <li class="md-nav__item">
+      <a href="../python/libs/tkinter.html" class="md-nav__link">
+        
+  
+  <span class="md-ellipsis">
+    TKinter
+  </span>
+  
+
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+    </li>
+  
+
+              
+            
+              
+                
+  
+  
+  
+  
+    <li class="md-nav__item">
+      <a href="../python/libs/numpy.html" class="md-nav__link">
+        
+  
+  <span class="md-ellipsis">
+    Numpy
+  </span>
+  
+
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+    </li>
+  
+
+              
+            
+              
+                
+  
+  
+  
+  
+    <li class="md-nav__item">
+      <a href="../python/libs/pandas.html" class="md-nav__link">
+        
+  
+  <span class="md-ellipsis">
+    Pandas
+  </span>
+  
+
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+    </li>
+  
+
+              
+            
+              
+                
+  
+  
+  
+  
+    <li class="md-nav__item">
+      <a href="../python/libs/seaborn.html" class="md-nav__link">
+        
+  
+  <span class="md-ellipsis">
+    Seaborn
+  </span>
+  
+
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+    </li>
+  
+
+              
+            
+              
+                
+  
+  
+  
+  
+    <li class="md-nav__item">
+      <a href="../python/libs/requests.html" class="md-nav__link">
+        
+  
+  <span class="md-ellipsis">
+    Requests
+  </span>
+  
+
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+    </li>
+  
+
+              
+            
+              
+                
+  
+  
+  
+  
+    <li class="md-nav__item">
+      <a href="../python/libs/beautiful-soup.html" class="md-nav__link">
+        
+  
+  <span class="md-ellipsis">
+    Beatiful Soup
+  </span>
+  
+
+      </a>
+    </li>
+  
+
+              
+            
+          </ul>
+        </nav>
+      
+    </li>
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+
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+            
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+                
+  
+  
+  
+  
+    
+    
+      
+        
+      
+        
+      
+        
+      
+    
+    
+      
+      
+        
+          
+          
+        
+      
+    
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+        
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+          <label class="md-nav__link" for="__nav_4_9" id="__nav_4_9_label" tabindex="">
+            
+  
+  <span class="md-ellipsis">
+    .NET
+  </span>
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+          </label>
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+        <nav class="md-nav" data-md-level="2" aria-labelledby="__nav_4_9_label" aria-expanded="false">
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+            .NET
+          </label>
+          <ul class="md-nav__list" data-md-scrollfix>
+            
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+  
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+        
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+          </label>
+          <ul class="md-nav__list" data-md-scrollfix>
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+    <li class="md-nav__item">
+      <a href="../dotnet/csharp/csharp.html" class="md-nav__link">
+        
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+  <span class="md-ellipsis">
+    C#
+  </span>
+  
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+  
+
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+  
+  
+    <li class="md-nav__item">
+      <a href="../dotnet/csharp/linq.html" class="md-nav__link">
+        
+  
+  <span class="md-ellipsis">
+    Linq
+  </span>
+  
+
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+  
+
+              
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+              
+                
+  
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+  
+  
+    <li class="md-nav__item">
+      <a href="../dotnet/csharp/collections.html" class="md-nav__link">
+        
+  
+  <span class="md-ellipsis">
+    Collections
+  </span>
+  
+
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+    </li>
+  
+
+              
+            
+              
+                
+  
+  
+  
+  
+    <li class="md-nav__item">
+      <a href="../dotnet/csharp/reactive-extensions.html" class="md-nav__link">
+        
+  
+  <span class="md-ellipsis">
+    Reactive Extensions
+  </span>
+  
+
+      </a>
+    </li>
+  
+
+              
+            
+              
+                
+  
+  
+  
+  
+    <li class="md-nav__item">
+      <a href="../dotnet/csharp/async-programming.html" class="md-nav__link">
+        
+  
+  <span class="md-ellipsis">
+    Async Programming
+  </span>
+  
+
+      </a>
+    </li>
+  
+
+              
+            
+              
+                
+  
+  
+  
+  
+    <li class="md-nav__item">
+      <a href="../dotnet/csharp/unit-tests.html" class="md-nav__link">
+        
+  
+  <span class="md-ellipsis">
+    Unit Tests
+  </span>
+  
+
+      </a>
+    </li>
+  
+
+              
+            
+          </ul>
+        </nav>
+      
+    </li>
+  
+
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+            
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+                
+  
+  
+  
+  
+    
+    
+      
+        
+      
+        
+      
+        
+      
+        
+      
+        
+      
+        
+      
+        
+      
+    
+    
+      
+      
+        
+      
+    
+    
+    <li class="md-nav__item md-nav__item--nested">
+      
+        
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+        <input class="md-nav__toggle md-toggle " type="checkbox" id="__nav_4_9_2" >
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+          <label class="md-nav__link" for="__nav_4_9_2" id="__nav_4_9_2_label" tabindex="0">
+            
+  
+  <span class="md-ellipsis">
+    ASP.NET
+  </span>
+  
+
+            <span class="md-nav__icon md-icon"></span>
+          </label>
+        
+        <nav class="md-nav" data-md-level="3" aria-labelledby="__nav_4_9_2_label" aria-expanded="false">
+          <label class="md-nav__title" for="__nav_4_9_2">
+            <span class="md-nav__icon md-icon"></span>
+            ASP.NET
+          </label>
+          <ul class="md-nav__list" data-md-scrollfix>
+            
+              
+                
+  
+  
+  
+  
+    <li class="md-nav__item">
+      <a href="../dotnet/asp.net/minimal-api.html" class="md-nav__link">
+        
+  
+  <span class="md-ellipsis">
+    Minimal API
+  </span>
+  
+
+      </a>
+    </li>
+  
+
+              
+            
+              
+                
+  
+  
+  
+  
+    <li class="md-nav__item">
+      <a href="../dotnet/asp.net/filters.html" class="md-nav__link">
+        
+  
+  <span class="md-ellipsis">
+    FIlters
+  </span>
+  
+
+      </a>
+    </li>
+  
+
+              
+            
+              
+                
+  
+  
+  
+  
+    <li class="md-nav__item">
+      <a href="../dotnet/asp.net/middleware.html" class="md-nav__link">
+        
+  
+  <span class="md-ellipsis">
+    Middleware
+  </span>
+  
+
+      </a>
+    </li>
+  
+
+              
+            
+              
+                
+  
+  
+  
+  
+    <li class="md-nav__item">
+      <a href="../dotnet/asp.net/razor-syntax.html" class="md-nav__link">
+        
+  
+  <span class="md-ellipsis">
+    Razor Syntax
+  </span>
+  
+
+      </a>
+    </li>
+  
+
+              
+            
+              
+                
+  
+  
+  
+  
+    <li class="md-nav__item">
+      <a href="../dotnet/asp.net/blazor.html" class="md-nav__link">
+        
+  
+  <span class="md-ellipsis">
+    Blazor
+  </span>
+  
+
+      </a>
+    </li>
+  
+
+              
+            
+              
+                
+  
+  
+  
+  
+    <li class="md-nav__item">
+      <a href="../dotnet/asp.net/signalr.html" class="md-nav__link">
+        
+  
+  <span class="md-ellipsis">
+    SignalR
+  </span>
+  
+
+      </a>
+    </li>
+  
+
+              
+            
+              
+                
+  
+  
+  
+  
+    <li class="md-nav__item">
+      <a href="../dotnet/asp.net/web-forms.html" class="md-nav__link">
+        
+  
+  <span class="md-ellipsis">
+    Web Forms
+  </span>
+  
+
+      </a>
+    </li>
+  
+
+              
+            
+          </ul>
+        </nav>
+      
+    </li>
+  
+
+              
+            
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+                
+  
+  
+  
+  
+    
+    
+      
+        
+      
+        
+      
+    
+    
+      
+      
+        
+      
+    
+    
+    <li class="md-nav__item md-nav__item--nested">
+      
+        
+        
+        <input class="md-nav__toggle md-toggle " type="checkbox" id="__nav_4_9_3" >
+        
+          
+          <label class="md-nav__link" for="__nav_4_9_3" id="__nav_4_9_3_label" tabindex="0">
+            
+  
+  <span class="md-ellipsis">
+    Database
+  </span>
+  
+
+            <span class="md-nav__icon md-icon"></span>
+          </label>
+        
+        <nav class="md-nav" data-md-level="3" aria-labelledby="__nav_4_9_3_label" aria-expanded="false">
+          <label class="md-nav__title" for="__nav_4_9_3">
+            <span class="md-nav__icon md-icon"></span>
+            Database
+          </label>
+          <ul class="md-nav__list" data-md-scrollfix>
+            
+              
+                
+  
+  
+  
+  
+    <li class="md-nav__item">
+      <a href="../dotnet/database/ado.net.html" class="md-nav__link">
+        
+  
+  <span class="md-ellipsis">
+    ADO.NET
+  </span>
+  
+
+      </a>
+    </li>
+  
+
+              
+            
+              
+                
+  
+  
+  
+  
+    <li class="md-nav__item">
+      <a href="../dotnet/database/entity-framework.html" class="md-nav__link">
+        
+  
+  <span class="md-ellipsis">
+    Entity Framework
+  </span>
+  
+
+      </a>
+    </li>
+  
+
+              
+            
+          </ul>
+        </nav>
+      
+    </li>
+  
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+            
+          </ul>
+        </nav>
+      
+    </li>
+  
+
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+            
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+                
+  
+  
+  
+  
+    
+    
+      
+        
+      
+        
+      
+        
+      
+        
+      
+    
+    
+      
+      
+        
+          
+          
+        
+      
+    
+    
+    <li class="md-nav__item md-nav__item--section md-nav__item--nested">
+      
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+        <input class="md-nav__toggle md-toggle " type="checkbox" id="__nav_4_10" >
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+          <label class="md-nav__link" for="__nav_4_10" id="__nav_4_10_label" tabindex="">
+            
+  
+  <span class="md-ellipsis">
+    Java
+  </span>
+  
+
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+          </label>
+        
+        <nav class="md-nav" data-md-level="2" aria-labelledby="__nav_4_10_label" aria-expanded="false">
+          <label class="md-nav__title" for="__nav_4_10">
+            <span class="md-nav__icon md-icon"></span>
+            Java
+          </label>
+          <ul class="md-nav__list" data-md-scrollfix>
+            
+              
+                
+  
+  
+  
+  
+    <li class="md-nav__item">
+      <a href="../java/java.html" class="md-nav__link">
+        
+  
+  <span class="md-ellipsis">
+    Java
+  </span>
+  
+
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+    </li>
+  
+
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+            
+              
+                
+  
+  
+  
+  
+    <li class="md-nav__item">
+      <a href="../java/java-collection-framework.html" class="md-nav__link">
+        
+  
+  <span class="md-ellipsis">
+    Java Collection Framework
+  </span>
+  
+
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+    </li>
+  
+
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+            
+              
+                
+  
+  
+  
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+    <li class="md-nav__item">
+      <a href="../java/dao.html" class="md-nav__link">
+        
+  
+  <span class="md-ellipsis">
+    DAO
+  </span>
+  
+
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+    </li>
+  
+
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+            
+              
+                
+  
+  
+  
+  
+    
+    
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+        
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+    
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+      
+        
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+  <span class="md-ellipsis">
+    Web
+  </span>
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+          </label>
+        
+        <nav class="md-nav" data-md-level="3" aria-labelledby="__nav_4_10_4_label" aria-expanded="false">
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+            Web
+          </label>
+          <ul class="md-nav__list" data-md-scrollfix>
+            
+              
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+  
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+  
+    <li class="md-nav__item">
+      <a href="../java/web/servlet.html" class="md-nav__link">
+        
+  
+  <span class="md-ellipsis">
+    Serverlet
+  </span>
+  
+
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+    </li>
+  
+
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+                
+  
+  
+  
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+    
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+            
+  
+  <span class="md-ellipsis">
+    Spring
+  </span>
+  
+
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+          </label>
+        
+        <nav class="md-nav" data-md-level="4" aria-labelledby="__nav_4_10_4_2_label" aria-expanded="false">
+          <label class="md-nav__title" for="__nav_4_10_4_2">
+            <span class="md-nav__icon md-icon"></span>
+            Spring
+          </label>
+          <ul class="md-nav__list" data-md-scrollfix>
+            
+              
+                
+  
+  
+  
+  
+    <li class="md-nav__item">
+      <a href="../java/spring/pom.xml.html" class="md-nav__link">
+        
+  
+  <span class="md-ellipsis">
+    POM
+  </span>
+  
+
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+    </li>
+  
+
+              
+            
+              
+                
+  
+  
+  
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+    <li class="md-nav__item">
+      <a href="../java/spring/spring-project.html" class="md-nav__link">
+        
+  
+  <span class="md-ellipsis">
+    Project Structure
+  </span>
+  
+
+      </a>
+    </li>
+  
+
+              
+            
+          </ul>
+        </nav>
+      
+    </li>
+  
+
+              
+            
+          </ul>
+        </nav>
+      
+    </li>
+  
+
+              
+            
+          </ul>
+        </nav>
+      
+    </li>
+  
+
+              
+            
+              
+                
+  
+  
+  
+  
+    
+    
+      
+        
+      
+        
+      
+        
+      
+        
+      
+        
+      
+        
+      
+        
+      
+        
+      
+        
+      
+    
+    
+      
+      
+        
+          
+          
+        
+      
+    
+    
+    <li class="md-nav__item md-nav__item--section md-nav__item--nested">
+      
+        
+        
+        <input class="md-nav__toggle md-toggle " type="checkbox" id="__nav_4_11" >
+        
+          
+          <label class="md-nav__link" for="__nav_4_11" id="__nav_4_11_label" tabindex="">
+            
+  
+  <span class="md-ellipsis">
+    PHP
+  </span>
+  
+
+            <span class="md-nav__icon md-icon"></span>
+          </label>
+        
+        <nav class="md-nav" data-md-level="2" aria-labelledby="__nav_4_11_label" aria-expanded="false">
+          <label class="md-nav__title" for="__nav_4_11">
+            <span class="md-nav__icon md-icon"></span>
+            PHP
+          </label>
+          <ul class="md-nav__list" data-md-scrollfix>
+            
+              
+                
+  
+  
+  
+  
+    <li class="md-nav__item">
+      <a href="../php/php.html" class="md-nav__link">
+        
+  
+  <span class="md-ellipsis">
+    PHP
+  </span>
+  
+
+      </a>
+    </li>
+  
+
+              
+            
+              
+                
+  
+  
+  
+  
+    <li class="md-nav__item">
+      <a href="../php/database.html" class="md-nav__link">
+        
+  
+  <span class="md-ellipsis">
+    Database
+  </span>
+  
+
+      </a>
+    </li>
+  
+
+              
+            
+              
+                
+  
+  
+  
+  
+    <li class="md-nav__item">
+      <a href="../php/web.html" class="md-nav__link">
+        
+  
+  <span class="md-ellipsis">
+    Web
+  </span>
+  
+
+      </a>
+    </li>
+  
+
+              
+            
+              
+                
+  
+  
+  
+  
+    <li class="md-nav__item">
+      <a href="../php/dependency-injection.html" class="md-nav__link">
+        
+  
+  <span class="md-ellipsis">
+    Dependency Injection
+  </span>
+  
+
+      </a>
+    </li>
+  
+
+              
+            
+              
+                
+  
+  
+  
+  
+    <li class="md-nav__item">
+      <a href="../php/unit-tests.html" class="md-nav__link">
+        
+  
+  <span class="md-ellipsis">
+    Unit Tests
+  </span>
+  
+
+      </a>
+    </li>
+  
+
+              
+            
+              
+                
+  
+  
+  
+  
+    <li class="md-nav__item">
+      <a href="../php/composer.html" class="md-nav__link">
+        
+  
+  <span class="md-ellipsis">
+    Composer
+  </span>
+  
+
+      </a>
+    </li>
+  
+
+              
+            
+              
+                
+  
+  
+  
+  
+    <li class="md-nav__item">
+      <a href="../php/psr-7.html" class="md-nav__link">
+        
+  
+  <span class="md-ellipsis">
+    PSR 7
+  </span>
+  
+
+      </a>
+    </li>
+  
+
+              
+            
+              
+                
+  
+  
+  
+  
+    <li class="md-nav__item">
+      <a href="../php/plates-templating.html" class="md-nav__link">
+        
+  
+  <span class="md-ellipsis">
+    Plates
+  </span>
+  
+
+      </a>
+    </li>
+  
+
+              
+            
+              
+                
+  
+  
+  
+  
+    
+    
+      
+        
+      
+        
+      
+    
+    
+      
+      
+        
+      
+    
+    
+    <li class="md-nav__item md-nav__item--nested">
+      
+        
+        
+        <input class="md-nav__toggle md-toggle " type="checkbox" id="__nav_4_11_9" >
+        
+          
+          <label class="md-nav__link" for="__nav_4_11_9" id="__nav_4_11_9_label" tabindex="0">
+            
+  
+  <span class="md-ellipsis">
+    Simple MVC
+  </span>
+  
+
+            <span class="md-nav__icon md-icon"></span>
+          </label>
+        
+        <nav class="md-nav" data-md-level="3" aria-labelledby="__nav_4_11_9_label" aria-expanded="false">
+          <label class="md-nav__title" for="__nav_4_11_9">
+            <span class="md-nav__icon md-icon"></span>
+            Simple MVC
+          </label>
+          <ul class="md-nav__list" data-md-scrollfix>
+            
+              
+                
+  
+  
+  
+  
+    <li class="md-nav__item">
+      <a href="../php/simple-mvc/simple-mvc.html" class="md-nav__link">
+        
+  
+  <span class="md-ellipsis">
+    Simple MVC
+  </span>
+  
+
+      </a>
+    </li>
+  
+
+              
+            
+              
+                
+  
+  
+  
+  
+    <li class="md-nav__item">
+      <a href="../php/simple-mvc/rest-api.html" class="md-nav__link">
+        
+  
+  <span class="md-ellipsis">
+    REST API
+  </span>
+  
+
+      </a>
+    </li>
+  
+
+              
+            
+          </ul>
+        </nav>
+      
+    </li>
+  
+
+              
+            
+          </ul>
+        </nav>
+      
+    </li>
+  
+
+              
+            
+              
+                
+  
+  
+  
+  
+    
+    
+      
+        
+      
+        
+      
+        
+      
+        
+      
+        
+      
+    
+    
+      
+      
+        
+          
+          
+        
+      
+    
+    
+    <li class="md-nav__item md-nav__item--section md-nav__item--nested">
+      
+        
+        
+        <input class="md-nav__toggle md-toggle " type="checkbox" id="__nav_4_12" >
+        
+          
+          <label class="md-nav__link" for="__nav_4_12" id="__nav_4_12_label" tabindex="">
+            
+  
+  <span class="md-ellipsis">
+    Rust
+  </span>
+  
+
+            <span class="md-nav__icon md-icon"></span>
+          </label>
+        
+        <nav class="md-nav" data-md-level="2" aria-labelledby="__nav_4_12_label" aria-expanded="false">
+          <label class="md-nav__title" for="__nav_4_12">
+            <span class="md-nav__icon md-icon"></span>
+            Rust
+          </label>
+          <ul class="md-nav__list" data-md-scrollfix>
+            
+              
+                
+  
+  
+  
+  
+    <li class="md-nav__item">
+      <a href="../rust/rust.html" class="md-nav__link">
+        
+  
+  <span class="md-ellipsis">
+    Rust
+  </span>
+  
+
+      </a>
+    </li>
+  
+
+              
+            
+              
+                
+  
+  
+  
+  
+    <li class="md-nav__item">
+      <a href="../rust/macros.html" class="md-nav__link">
+        
+  
+  <span class="md-ellipsis">
+    Macros
+  </span>
+  
+
+      </a>
+    </li>
+  
+
+              
+            
+              
+                
+  
+  
+  
+  
+    <li class="md-nav__item">
+      <a href="../rust/cargo.html" class="md-nav__link">
+        
+  
+  <span class="md-ellipsis">
+    Cargo
+  </span>
+  
+
+      </a>
+    </li>
+  
+
+              
+            
+              
+                
+  
+  
+  
+  
+    <li class="md-nav__item">
+      <a href="../rust/concurrency.html" class="md-nav__link">
+        
+  
+  <span class="md-ellipsis">
+    Concurrency
+  </span>
+  
+
+      </a>
+    </li>
+  
+
+              
+            
+              
+                
+  
+  
+  
+  
+    <li class="md-nav__item">
+      <a href="../rust/unit-tests.html" class="md-nav__link">
+        
+  
+  <span class="md-ellipsis">
+    Unit Tests
+  </span>
+  
+
+      </a>
+    </li>
+  
+
+              
+            
+          </ul>
+        </nav>
+      
+    </li>
+  
+
+              
+            
+              
+                
+  
+  
+    
+  
+  
+  
+    
+    
+      
+        
+      
+        
+      
+        
+      
+        
+      
+        
+      
+        
+      
+        
+      
+    
+    
+      
+      
+        
+          
+          
+        
+      
+    
+    
+    <li class="md-nav__item md-nav__item--active md-nav__item--section md-nav__item--nested">
+      
+        
+        
+        <input class="md-nav__toggle md-toggle " type="checkbox" id="__nav_4_13" checked>
+        
+          
+          <label class="md-nav__link" for="__nav_4_13" id="__nav_4_13_label" tabindex="">
+            
+  
+  <span class="md-ellipsis">
+    Javascript
+  </span>
+  
+
+            <span class="md-nav__icon md-icon"></span>
+          </label>
+        
+        <nav class="md-nav" data-md-level="2" aria-labelledby="__nav_4_13_label" aria-expanded="true">
+          <label class="md-nav__title" for="__nav_4_13">
+            <span class="md-nav__icon md-icon"></span>
+            Javascript
+          </label>
+          <ul class="md-nav__list" data-md-scrollfix>
+            
+              
+                
+  
+  
+  
+  
+    <li class="md-nav__item">
+      <a href="javascript.html" class="md-nav__link">
+        
+  
+  <span class="md-ellipsis">
+    Javascript
+  </span>
+  
+
+      </a>
+    </li>
+  
+
+              
+            
+              
+                
+  
+  
+  
+  
+    <li class="md-nav__item">
+      <a href="dom.html" class="md-nav__link">
+        
+  
+  <span class="md-ellipsis">
+    DOM
+  </span>
+  
+
+      </a>
+    </li>
+  
+
+              
+            
+              
+                
+  
+  
+  
+  
+    <li class="md-nav__item">
+      <a href="events-animation.html" class="md-nav__link">
+        
+  
+  <span class="md-ellipsis">
+    Events & Animation
+  </span>
+  
+
+      </a>
+    </li>
+  
+
+              
+            
+              
+                
+  
+  
+    
+  
+  
+  
+    <li class="md-nav__item md-nav__item--active">
+      
+      <input class="md-nav__toggle md-toggle" type="checkbox" id="__toc">
+      
+      
+        
+      
+      
+        <label class="md-nav__link md-nav__link--active" for="__toc">
+          
+  
+  <span class="md-ellipsis">
+    AJAX
+  </span>
+  
+
+          <span class="md-nav__icon md-icon"></span>
+        </label>
+      
+      <a href="ajax.html" class="md-nav__link md-nav__link--active">
+        
+  
+  <span class="md-ellipsis">
+    AJAX
+  </span>
+  
+
+      </a>
+      
+        
+
+<nav class="md-nav md-nav--secondary" aria-label="Table of contents">
+  
+  
+  
+    
+  
+  
+    <label class="md-nav__title" for="__toc">
+      <span class="md-nav__icon md-icon"></span>
+      Table of contents
+    </label>
+    <ul class="md-nav__list" data-md-component="toc" data-md-scrollfix>
+      
+        <li class="md-nav__item">
+  <a href="#xmlhttprequest" class="md-nav__link">
+    <span class="md-ellipsis">
+      XMLHttpRequest
+    </span>
+  </a>
+  
+    <nav class="md-nav" aria-label="XMLHttpRequest">
+      <ul class="md-nav__list">
+        
+          <li class="md-nav__item">
+  <a href="#xmlhttprequest-events" class="md-nav__link">
+    <span class="md-ellipsis">
+      XMLHttpRequest Events
+    </span>
+  </a>
+  
+</li>
+        
+          <li class="md-nav__item">
+  <a href="#xmlhttprequest-browser-compatibility" class="md-nav__link">
+    <span class="md-ellipsis">
+      XMLHttpRequest Browser compatibility
+    </span>
+  </a>
+  
+</li>
+        
+      </ul>
+    </nav>
+  
+</li>
+      
+        <li class="md-nav__item">
+  <a href="#status-error-handling" class="md-nav__link">
+    <span class="md-ellipsis">
+      Status &amp; Error Handling
+    </span>
+  </a>
+  
+    <nav class="md-nav" aria-label="Status & Error Handling">
+      <ul class="md-nav__list">
+        
+          <li class="md-nav__item">
+  <a href="#cross-domain-policy" class="md-nav__link">
+    <span class="md-ellipsis">
+      Cross Domain Policy
+    </span>
+  </a>
+  
+</li>
+        
+      </ul>
+    </nav>
+  
+</li>
+      
+    </ul>
+  
+</nav>
+      
+    </li>
+  
+
+              
+            
+              
+                
+  
+  
+  
+  
+    <li class="md-nav__item">
+      <a href="jquery.html" class="md-nav__link">
+        
+  
+  <span class="md-ellipsis">
+    jQuery
+  </span>
+  
+
+      </a>
+    </li>
+  
+
+              
+            
+              
+                
+  
+  
+  
+  
+    
+    
+      
+        
+      
+        
+      
+        
+      
+        
+      
+        
+      
+    
+    
+      
+      
+        
+      
+    
+    
+    <li class="md-nav__item md-nav__item--nested">
+      
+        
+        
+        <input class="md-nav__toggle md-toggle " type="checkbox" id="__nav_4_13_6" >
+        
+          
+          <label class="md-nav__link" for="__nav_4_13_6" id="__nav_4_13_6_label" tabindex="0">
+            
+  
+  <span class="md-ellipsis">
+    React
+  </span>
+  
+
+            <span class="md-nav__icon md-icon"></span>
+          </label>
+        
+        <nav class="md-nav" data-md-level="3" aria-labelledby="__nav_4_13_6_label" aria-expanded="false">
+          <label class="md-nav__title" for="__nav_4_13_6">
+            <span class="md-nav__icon md-icon"></span>
+            React
+          </label>
+          <ul class="md-nav__list" data-md-scrollfix>
+            
+              
+                
+  
+  
+  
+  
+    <li class="md-nav__item">
+      <a href="react/react.html" class="md-nav__link">
+        
+  
+  <span class="md-ellipsis">
+    React
+  </span>
+  
+
+      </a>
+    </li>
+  
+
+              
+            
+              
+                
+  
+  
+  
+  
+    <li class="md-nav__item">
+      <a href="react/react-router.html" class="md-nav__link">
+        
+  
+  <span class="md-ellipsis">
+    React Router
+  </span>
+  
+
+      </a>
+    </li>
+  
+
+              
+            
+              
+                
+  
+  
+  
+  
+    <li class="md-nav__item">
+      <a href="react/react-tests.html" class="md-nav__link">
+        
+  
+  <span class="md-ellipsis">
+    React Tests
+  </span>
+  
+
+      </a>
+    </li>
+  
+
+              
+            
+              
+                
+  
+  
+  
+  
+    <li class="md-nav__item">
+      <a href="react/redux.html" class="md-nav__link">
+        
+  
+  <span class="md-ellipsis">
+    Redux
+  </span>
+  
+
+      </a>
+    </li>
+  
+
+              
+            
+              
+                
+  
+  
+  
+  
+    <li class="md-nav__item">
+      <a href="react/redux-tests.html" class="md-nav__link">
+        
+  
+  <span class="md-ellipsis">
+    Redux Tests
+  </span>
+  
+
+      </a>
+    </li>
+  
+
+              
+            
+          </ul>
+        </nav>
+      
+    </li>
+  
+
+              
+            
+              
+                
+  
+  
+  
+  
+    <li class="md-nav__item">
+      <a href="svelte/svelte.html" class="md-nav__link">
+        
+  
+  <span class="md-ellipsis">
+    Svelte
+  </span>
+  
+
+      </a>
+    </li>
+  
+
+              
+            
+          </ul>
+        </nav>
+      
+    </li>
+  
+
+              
+            
+              
+                
+  
+  
+  
+  
+    
+    
+      
+        
+      
+        
+      
+    
+    
+      
+      
+        
+          
+          
+        
+      
+    
+    
+    <li class="md-nav__item md-nav__item--section md-nav__item--nested">
+      
+        
+        
+        <input class="md-nav__toggle md-toggle " type="checkbox" id="__nav_4_14" >
+        
+          
+          <label class="md-nav__link" for="__nav_4_14" id="__nav_4_14_label" tabindex="">
+            
+  
+  <span class="md-ellipsis">
+    PowerShell
+  </span>
+  
+
+            <span class="md-nav__icon md-icon"></span>
+          </label>
+        
+        <nav class="md-nav" data-md-level="2" aria-labelledby="__nav_4_14_label" aria-expanded="false">
+          <label class="md-nav__title" for="__nav_4_14">
+            <span class="md-nav__icon md-icon"></span>
+            PowerShell
+          </label>
+          <ul class="md-nav__list" data-md-scrollfix>
+            
+              
+                
+  
+  
+  
+  
+    <li class="md-nav__item">
+      <a href="../powershell/scripting.html" class="md-nav__link">
+        
+  
+  <span class="md-ellipsis">
+    Scripting
+  </span>
+  
+
+      </a>
+    </li>
+  
+
+              
+            
+              
+                
+  
+  
+  
+  
+    <li class="md-nav__item">
+      <a href="../powershell/commands.html" class="md-nav__link">
+        
+  
+  <span class="md-ellipsis">
+    Commands
+  </span>
+  
+
+      </a>
+    </li>
+  
+
+              
+            
+          </ul>
+        </nav>
+      
+    </li>
+  
+
+              
+            
+              
+                
+  
+  
+  
+  
+    
+    
+      
+        
+      
+        
+      
+    
+    
+      
+      
+        
+          
+          
+        
+      
+    
+    
+    <li class="md-nav__item md-nav__item--section md-nav__item--nested">
+      
+        
+        
+        <input class="md-nav__toggle md-toggle " type="checkbox" id="__nav_4_15" >
+        
+          
+          <label class="md-nav__link" for="__nav_4_15" id="__nav_4_15_label" tabindex="">
+            
+  
+  <span class="md-ellipsis">
+    Bash
+  </span>
+  
+
+            <span class="md-nav__icon md-icon"></span>
+          </label>
+        
+        <nav class="md-nav" data-md-level="2" aria-labelledby="__nav_4_15_label" aria-expanded="false">
+          <label class="md-nav__title" for="__nav_4_15">
+            <span class="md-nav__icon md-icon"></span>
+            Bash
+          </label>
+          <ul class="md-nav__list" data-md-scrollfix>
+            
+              
+                
+  
+  
+  
+  
+    <li class="md-nav__item">
+      <a href="../bash/scripting.html" class="md-nav__link">
+        
+  
+  <span class="md-ellipsis">
+    Scripting
+  </span>
+  
+
+      </a>
+    </li>
+  
+
+              
+            
+              
+                
+  
+  
+  
+  
+    <li class="md-nav__item">
+      <a href="../bash/commands.html" class="md-nav__link">
+        
+  
+  <span class="md-ellipsis">
+    Commands
+  </span>
+  
+
+      </a>
+    </li>
+  
+
+              
+            
+          </ul>
+        </nav>
+      
+    </li>
+  
+
+              
+            
+          </ul>
+        </nav>
+      
+    </li>
+  
+
+    
+      
+      
+  
+  
+  
+  
+    
+    
+      
+        
+      
+        
+      
+        
+      
+        
+      
+        
+      
+    
+    
+      
+      
+        
+      
+    
+    
+    <li class="md-nav__item md-nav__item--nested">
+      
+        
+        
+        <input class="md-nav__toggle md-toggle " type="checkbox" id="__nav_5" >
+        
+          
+          <label class="md-nav__link" for="__nav_5" id="__nav_5_label" tabindex="0">
+            
+  
+  <span class="md-ellipsis">
+    Misc
+  </span>
+  
+
+            <span class="md-nav__icon md-icon"></span>
+          </label>
+        
+        <nav class="md-nav" data-md-level="1" aria-labelledby="__nav_5_label" aria-expanded="false">
+          <label class="md-nav__title" for="__nav_5">
+            <span class="md-nav__icon md-icon"></span>
+            Misc
+          </label>
+          <ul class="md-nav__list" data-md-scrollfix>
+            
+              
+                
+  
+  
+  
+  
+    <li class="md-nav__item">
+      <a href="../../misc/git.html" class="md-nav__link">
+        
+  
+  <span class="md-ellipsis">
+    Git
+  </span>
+  
+
+      </a>
+    </li>
+  
+
+              
+            
+              
+                
+  
+  
+  
+  
+    <li class="md-nav__item">
+      <a href="../../misc/graph-ql.html" class="md-nav__link">
+        
+  
+  <span class="md-ellipsis">
+    GraphQL
+  </span>
+  
+
+      </a>
+    </li>
+  
+
+              
+            
+              
+                
+  
+  
+  
+  
+    <li class="md-nav__item">
+      <a href="../../misc/regular-expressions.html" class="md-nav__link">
+        
+  
+  <span class="md-ellipsis">
+    RegEx
+  </span>
+  
+
+      </a>
+    </li>
+  
+
+              
+            
+              
+                
+  
+  
+  
+  
+    <li class="md-nav__item">
+      <a href="../../misc/ssh.html" class="md-nav__link">
+        
+  
+  <span class="md-ellipsis">
+    SSH
+  </span>
+  
+
+      </a>
+    </li>
+  
+
+              
+            
+              
+                
+  
+  
+  
+  
+    <li class="md-nav__item">
+      <a href="../../misc/web-components.html" class="md-nav__link">
+        
+  
+  <span class="md-ellipsis">
+    WebComponents
+  </span>
+  
+
+      </a>
+    </li>
+  
+
+              
+            
+          </ul>
+        </nav>
+      
+    </li>
+  
+
+    
+      
+      
+  
+  
+  
+  
+    
+    
+      
+        
+      
+        
+      
+    
+    
+      
+      
+        
+      
+    
+    
+    <li class="md-nav__item md-nav__item--nested">
+      
+        
+        
+        <input class="md-nav__toggle md-toggle " type="checkbox" id="__nav_6" >
+        
+          
+          <label class="md-nav__link" for="__nav_6" id="__nav_6_label" tabindex="0">
+            
+  
+  <span class="md-ellipsis">
+    Linux
+  </span>
+  
+
+            <span class="md-nav__icon md-icon"></span>
+          </label>
+        
+        <nav class="md-nav" data-md-level="1" aria-labelledby="__nav_6_label" aria-expanded="false">
+          <label class="md-nav__title" for="__nav_6">
+            <span class="md-nav__icon md-icon"></span>
+            Linux
+          </label>
+          <ul class="md-nav__list" data-md-scrollfix>
+            
+              
+                
+  
+  
+  
+  
+    
+    
+      
+        
+      
+        
+      
+        
+      
+    
+    
+      
+      
+        
+      
+    
+    
+    <li class="md-nav__item md-nav__item--nested">
+      
+        
+        
+        <input class="md-nav__toggle md-toggle " type="checkbox" id="__nav_6_1" >
+        
+          
+          <label class="md-nav__link" for="__nav_6_1" id="__nav_6_1_label" tabindex="0">
+            
+  
+  <span class="md-ellipsis">
+    Filesystem
+  </span>
+  
+
+            <span class="md-nav__icon md-icon"></span>
+          </label>
+        
+        <nav class="md-nav" data-md-level="2" aria-labelledby="__nav_6_1_label" aria-expanded="false">
+          <label class="md-nav__title" for="__nav_6_1">
+            <span class="md-nav__icon md-icon"></span>
+            Filesystem
+          </label>
+          <ul class="md-nav__list" data-md-scrollfix>
+            
+              
+                
+  
+  
+  
+  
+    <li class="md-nav__item">
+      <a href="../../linux/filesystem/file-links.html" class="md-nav__link">
+        
+  
+  <span class="md-ellipsis">
+    File Links
+  </span>
+  
+
+      </a>
+    </li>
+  
+
+              
+            
+              
+                
+  
+  
+  
+  
+    <li class="md-nav__item">
+      <a href="../../linux/filesystem/procfs.html" class="md-nav__link">
+        
+  
+  <span class="md-ellipsis">
+    /proc
+  </span>
+  
+
+      </a>
+    </li>
+  
+
+              
+            
+              
+                
+  
+  
+  
+  
+    <li class="md-nav__item">
+      <a href="../../linux/filesystem/sysfs.html" class="md-nav__link">
+        
+  
+  <span class="md-ellipsis">
+    /sys
+  </span>
+  
+
+      </a>
+    </li>
+  
+
+              
+            
+          </ul>
+        </nav>
+      
+    </li>
+  
+
+              
+            
+              
+                
+  
+  
+  
+  
+    
+    
+      
+        
+      
+        
+      
+    
+    
+      
+      
+        
+      
+    
+    
+    <li class="md-nav__item md-nav__item--nested">
+      
+        
+        
+        <input class="md-nav__toggle md-toggle " type="checkbox" id="__nav_6_2" >
+        
+          
+          <label class="md-nav__link" for="__nav_6_2" id="__nav_6_2_label" tabindex="0">
+            
+  
+  <span class="md-ellipsis">
+    System Init
+  </span>
+  
+
+            <span class="md-nav__icon md-icon"></span>
+          </label>
+        
+        <nav class="md-nav" data-md-level="2" aria-labelledby="__nav_6_2_label" aria-expanded="false">
+          <label class="md-nav__title" for="__nav_6_2">
+            <span class="md-nav__icon md-icon"></span>
+            System Init
+          </label>
+          <ul class="md-nav__list" data-md-scrollfix>
+            
+              
+                
+  
+  
+  
+  
+    <li class="md-nav__item">
+      <a href="../../linux/init/systemd.html" class="md-nav__link">
+        
+  
+  <span class="md-ellipsis">
+    Systemd
+  </span>
+  
+
+      </a>
+    </li>
+  
+
+              
+            
+              
+                
+  
+  
+  
+  
+    <li class="md-nav__item">
+      <a href="../../linux/init/open-rc.html" class="md-nav__link">
+        
+  
+  <span class="md-ellipsis">
+    OpenRC
+  </span>
+  
+
+      </a>
+    </li>
+  
+
+              
+            
+          </ul>
+        </nav>
+      
+    </li>
+  
+
+              
+            
+          </ul>
+        </nav>
+      
+    </li>
+  
+
+    
+  </ul>
+</nav>
+                  </div>
+                </div>
+              </div>
+            
+            
+              
+              <div class="md-sidebar md-sidebar--secondary" data-md-component="sidebar" data-md-type="toc" >
+                <div class="md-sidebar__scrollwrap">
+                  <div class="md-sidebar__inner">
+                    
+
+<nav class="md-nav md-nav--secondary" aria-label="Table of contents">
+  
+  
+  
+    
+  
+  
+    <label class="md-nav__title" for="__toc">
+      <span class="md-nav__icon md-icon"></span>
+      Table of contents
+    </label>
+    <ul class="md-nav__list" data-md-component="toc" data-md-scrollfix>
+      
+        <li class="md-nav__item">
+  <a href="#xmlhttprequest" class="md-nav__link">
+    <span class="md-ellipsis">
+      XMLHttpRequest
+    </span>
+  </a>
+  
+    <nav class="md-nav" aria-label="XMLHttpRequest">
+      <ul class="md-nav__list">
+        
+          <li class="md-nav__item">
+  <a href="#xmlhttprequest-events" class="md-nav__link">
+    <span class="md-ellipsis">
+      XMLHttpRequest Events
+    </span>
+  </a>
+  
+</li>
+        
+          <li class="md-nav__item">
+  <a href="#xmlhttprequest-browser-compatibility" class="md-nav__link">
+    <span class="md-ellipsis">
+      XMLHttpRequest Browser compatibility
+    </span>
+  </a>
+  
+</li>
+        
+      </ul>
+    </nav>
+  
+</li>
+      
+        <li class="md-nav__item">
+  <a href="#status-error-handling" class="md-nav__link">
+    <span class="md-ellipsis">
+      Status &amp; Error Handling
+    </span>
+  </a>
+  
+    <nav class="md-nav" aria-label="Status & Error Handling">
+      <ul class="md-nav__list">
+        
+          <li class="md-nav__item">
+  <a href="#cross-domain-policy" class="md-nav__link">
+    <span class="md-ellipsis">
+      Cross Domain Policy
+    </span>
+  </a>
+  
+</li>
+        
+      </ul>
+    </nav>
+  
+</li>
+      
+    </ul>
+  
+</nav>
+                  </div>
+                </div>
+              </div>
+            
+          
+          
+            <div class="md-content" data-md-component="content">
+              <article class="md-content__inner md-typeset">
+                
+                  
+
+  
+  
+
+
+<h1 id="ajax">AJAX</h1>
+<p><strong>AJAX</strong>: Asynchronous JavaScript and XML</p>
+<p>AJAX Interaction:</p>
+<ol>
+<li>An event occurs in a web page (the page is loaded, a button is clicked)</li>
+<li>2.An <code>XMLHttpRequest</code> object is created by JavaScript</li>
+<li>3.The <code>XMLHttpRequest</code> object sends a request to a web server</li>
+<li>4.The server processes the request</li>
+<li>5.The server sends a response back to the web page</li>
+<li>6.The response is read by JavaScript</li>
+<li>7.Proper action (like page update) is performed by JavaScript</li>
+</ol>
+<h2 id="xmlhttprequest">XMLHttpRequest</h2>
+<div class="highlight"><table class="highlighttable"><tr><th colspan="2" class="filename"><span class="filename">JavaScript</span></th></tr><tr><td class="linenos"><div class="linenodiv"><pre><span></span><span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-0-1">1</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-0-2">2</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-0-3">3</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-0-4">4</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-0-5">5</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-0-6">6</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-0-7">7</a></span></pre></div></td><td class="code"><div><pre><span></span><code><a id="__codelineno-0-1" name="__codelineno-0-1"></a><span class="kd">var</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="nx">request</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="o">=</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="ow">new</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="nx">XMLHttpRequest</span><span class="p">();</span>
+<a id="__codelineno-0-2" name="__codelineno-0-2"></a>
+<a id="__codelineno-0-3" name="__codelineno-0-3"></a><span class="nx">request</span><span class="p">.</span><span class="nx">addEventListener</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="nx">event</span><span class="p">,</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="kd">function</span><span class="p">()</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="p">{...});</span>
+<a id="__codelineno-0-4" name="__codelineno-0-4"></a>
+<a id="__codelineno-0-5" name="__codelineno-0-5"></a><span class="nx">request</span><span class="p">.</span><span class="nx">open</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="s2">&quot;HttpMethod&quot;</span><span class="p">,</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="s2">&quot;path/to/api&quot;</span><span class="p">,</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="kc">true</span><span class="p">);</span><span class="w">  </span><span class="c1">// third parameter is asynchronicity (true = asynchronous)</span>
+<a id="__codelineno-0-6" name="__codelineno-0-6"></a><span class="nx">request</span><span class="p">.</span><span class="nx">setRequestHeader</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="nx">key</span><span class="p">,</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="nx">value</span><span class="p">)</span><span class="w">  </span><span class="c1">// HTTP Request Headers</span>
+<a id="__codelineno-0-7" name="__codelineno-0-7"></a><span class="nx">request</span><span class="p">.</span><span class="nx">send</span><span class="p">()</span>
+</code></pre></div></td></tr></table></div>
+<p>To check the status use <code>XMLHttpRequest.status</code> and <code>XMLHttpRequest.statusText</code>.</p>
+<h3 id="xmlhttprequest-events">XMLHttpRequest Events</h3>
+<p><strong>loadstart</strong>: fires when the process of loading data has begun. This event always fires first
+<strong>progress</strong>: fires multiple times as data is being loaded, giving access to intermediate data
+<strong>error</strong>: fires when loading has failed
+<strong>abort</strong>: fires when data loading has been canceled by calling abort()
+<strong>load</strong>: fires only when all data has been successfully read
+<strong>loadend</strong>: fires when the object has finished transferring data always fires and will always fire after error, abort, or load
+<strong>timeout</strong>: fires when progression is terminated due to preset time expiring
+<strong>readystatechange</strong>: fires when the readyState attribute of a document has changed</p>
+<p><strong>Alternative <code>XMLHttpRequest</code> using <code>onLoad</code></strong>:</p>
+<div class="highlight"><table class="highlighttable"><tr><th colspan="2" class="filename"><span class="filename">JavaScript</span></th></tr><tr><td class="linenos"><div class="linenodiv"><pre><span></span><span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-1-1"> 1</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-1-2"> 2</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-1-3"> 3</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-1-4"> 4</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-1-5"> 5</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-1-6"> 6</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-1-7"> 7</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-1-8"> 8</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-1-9"> 9</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-1-10">10</a></span></pre></div></td><td class="code"><div><pre><span></span><code><a id="__codelineno-1-1" name="__codelineno-1-1"></a><span class="kd">var</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="nx">request</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="o">=</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="ow">new</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="nx">XMLHttpRequest</span><span class="p">();</span>
+<a id="__codelineno-1-2" name="__codelineno-1-2"></a><span class="nx">request</span><span class="p">.</span><span class="nx">open</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="s1">&#39;GET&#39;</span><span class="p">,</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="s1">&#39;myservice/username?id=some-unique-id&#39;</span><span class="p">);</span>
+<a id="__codelineno-1-3" name="__codelineno-1-3"></a><span class="nx">request</span><span class="p">.</span><span class="nx">onload</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="o">=</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="kd">function</span><span class="p">(){</span>
+<a id="__codelineno-1-4" name="__codelineno-1-4"></a><span class="w">    </span><span class="k">if</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="nx">request</span><span class="p">.</span><span class="nx">status</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="o">===</span><span class="mf">200</span><span class="p">){</span>
+<a id="__codelineno-1-5" name="__codelineno-1-5"></a><span class="w">        </span><span class="nx">console</span><span class="p">.</span><span class="nx">log</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="s2">&quot;User&#39;s name is &quot;</span><span class="o">+</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="nx">request</span><span class="p">.</span><span class="nx">responseText</span><span class="p">);</span>
+<a id="__codelineno-1-6" name="__codelineno-1-6"></a><span class="w">    </span><span class="p">}</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="k">else</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="p">{</span>
+<a id="__codelineno-1-7" name="__codelineno-1-7"></a><span class="w">        </span><span class="nx">console</span><span class="p">.</span><span class="nx">log</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="s1">&#39;Request failed.  Returned status of &#39;</span><span class="o">+</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="nx">request</span><span class="p">.</span><span class="nx">status</span><span class="p">);</span>
+<a id="__codelineno-1-8" name="__codelineno-1-8"></a><span class="w">    </span><span class="p">}</span>
+<a id="__codelineno-1-9" name="__codelineno-1-9"></a><span class="p">};</span>
+<a id="__codelineno-1-10" name="__codelineno-1-10"></a><span class="nx">request</span><span class="p">.</span><span class="nx">send</span><span class="p">();</span>
+</code></pre></div></td></tr></table></div>
+<p><strong>Alternative <code>XMLHttpRequest</code> using <code>readyState</code></strong>:</p>
+<div class="highlight"><table class="highlighttable"><tr><th colspan="2" class="filename"><span class="filename">JavaScript</span></th></tr><tr><td class="linenos"><div class="linenodiv"><pre><span></span><span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-2-1">1</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-2-2">2</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-2-3">3</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-2-4">4</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-2-5">5</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-2-6">6</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-2-7">7</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-2-8">8</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-2-9">9</a></span></pre></div></td><td class="code"><div><pre><span></span><code><a id="__codelineno-2-1" name="__codelineno-2-1"></a><span class="kd">var</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="nx">request</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="o">=</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="ow">new</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="nx">XMLHttpRequest</span><span class="p">(),</span><span class="w">  </span><span class="nx">method</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="o">=</span><span class="s1">&#39;GET&#39;</span><span class="p">,</span><span class="w">  </span><span class="nx">url</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="o">=</span><span class="s1">&#39;https://developer.mozilla.org/&#39;</span><span class="p">;</span>
+<a id="__codelineno-2-2" name="__codelineno-2-2"></a>
+<a id="__codelineno-2-3" name="__codelineno-2-3"></a><span class="nx">request</span><span class="p">.</span><span class="nx">open</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="nx">method</span><span class="p">,</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="nx">url</span><span class="p">,</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="kc">true</span><span class="p">);</span>
+<a id="__codelineno-2-4" name="__codelineno-2-4"></a><span class="nx">request</span><span class="p">.</span><span class="nx">onreadystatechange</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="o">=</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="kd">function</span><span class="p">(){</span>
+<a id="__codelineno-2-5" name="__codelineno-2-5"></a><span class="w">    </span><span class="k">if</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="nx">request</span><span class="p">.</span><span class="nx">readyState</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="o">===</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="nx">XMLHttpRequest</span><span class="p">.</span><span class="nx">DONE</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="o">&amp;&amp;</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="nx">request</span><span class="p">.</span><span class="nx">status</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="o">===</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="mf">200</span><span class="p">){</span>
+<a id="__codelineno-2-6" name="__codelineno-2-6"></a><span class="w">        </span><span class="nx">console</span><span class="p">.</span><span class="nx">log</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="nx">request</span><span class="p">.</span><span class="nx">responseText</span><span class="p">);</span>
+<a id="__codelineno-2-7" name="__codelineno-2-7"></a><span class="w">    </span><span class="p">}</span>
+<a id="__codelineno-2-8" name="__codelineno-2-8"></a><span class="p">};</span>
+<a id="__codelineno-2-9" name="__codelineno-2-9"></a><span class="nx">request</span><span class="p">.</span><span class="nx">send</span><span class="p">();</span>
+</code></pre></div></td></tr></table></div>
+<p><code>XMLHttpRequest.readyState</code> values:
+<code>0</code> <code>UNSENT</code>: Client has been created. <code>open()</code> not called yet.
+<code>1</code> <code>OPENED</code>: <code>open()</code> has been called.
+<code>2</code> <code>HEADERS_RECEIVED</code>: <code>send()</code> has been called, and headers and status are available.
+<code>3</code> <code>LOADING</code>: Downloading; <code>responseText</code> holds partial data.
+<code>4</code> <code>DONE</code>: The operation is complete.</p>
+<h3 id="xmlhttprequest-browser-compatibility"><code>XMLHttpRequest</code> Browser compatibility</h3>
+<p>Old versions of IE don't implement XMLHttpRequest. You must use the ActiveXObject if XMLHttpRequest is not available</p>
+<div class="highlight"><table class="highlighttable"><tr><th colspan="2" class="filename"><span class="filename">JavaScript</span></th></tr><tr><td class="linenos"><div class="linenodiv"><pre><span></span><span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-3-1"> 1</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-3-2"> 2</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-3-3"> 3</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-3-4"> 4</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-3-5"> 5</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-3-6"> 6</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-3-7"> 7</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-3-8"> 8</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-3-9"> 9</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-3-10">10</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-3-11">11</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-3-12">12</a></span></pre></div></td><td class="code"><div><pre><span></span><code><a id="__codelineno-3-1" name="__codelineno-3-1"></a><span class="kd">var</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="nx">request</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="o">=</span><span class="nb">window</span><span class="p">.</span><span class="nx">XMLHttpRequest</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="o">?</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="ow">new</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="nx">XMLHttpRequest</span><span class="p">()</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="o">:</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="ow">new</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="nx">ActiveXObject</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="s1">&#39;Microsoft.XMLHTTP&#39;</span><span class="p">);</span>
+<a id="__codelineno-3-2" name="__codelineno-3-2"></a>
+<a id="__codelineno-3-3" name="__codelineno-3-3"></a><span class="c1">// OR</span>
+<a id="__codelineno-3-4" name="__codelineno-3-4"></a>
+<a id="__codelineno-3-5" name="__codelineno-3-5"></a><span class="kd">var</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="nx">request</span><span class="p">;</span>
+<a id="__codelineno-3-6" name="__codelineno-3-6"></a><span class="k">if</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="nb">window</span><span class="p">.</span><span class="nx">XMLHttpRequest</span><span class="p">){</span>
+<a id="__codelineno-3-7" name="__codelineno-3-7"></a><span class="w">    </span><span class="c1">// code for modern browsers  </span>
+<a id="__codelineno-3-8" name="__codelineno-3-8"></a><span class="w">    </span><span class="nx">request</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="o">=</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="ow">new</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="nx">XMLHttpRequest</span><span class="p">();</span>
+<a id="__codelineno-3-9" name="__codelineno-3-9"></a><span class="p">}</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="k">else</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="p">{</span>
+<a id="__codelineno-3-10" name="__codelineno-3-10"></a><span class="w">    </span><span class="c1">// code for old IE browsers</span>
+<a id="__codelineno-3-11" name="__codelineno-3-11"></a><span class="w">    </span><span class="nx">request</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="o">=</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="ow">new</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="nx">ActiveXObject</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="s1">&#39;Microsoft.XMLHTTP&#39;</span><span class="p">);</span>
+<a id="__codelineno-3-12" name="__codelineno-3-12"></a><span class="p">}</span>
+</code></pre></div></td></tr></table></div>
+<h2 id="status-error-handling">Status &amp; Error Handling</h2>
+<p>Always inform the user when something is loading. Check the status and give feedback (a loader or message)
+Errors and responses need to be handled. There is no guarantee that HTTP requests will always succeed.</p>
+<h3 id="cross-domain-policy">Cross Domain Policy</h3>
+<p>Cross domain requests have restrictions.</p>
+<p>Examples of outcome for requests originating from: <code>http://store.company.com/dir/page.htmlCross-origin</code></p>
+<table>
+<thead>
+<tr>
+<th>URL</th>
+<th>Outcome</th>
+<th>Reason</th>
+</tr>
+</thead>
+<tbody>
+<tr>
+<td><code>http://store.company.com/dir2/other.html</code></td>
+<td>success</td>
+<td></td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+<td><code>http://store.company.com/dir/inner/other.html</code></td>
+<td>success</td>
+<td></td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+<td><code>https://store.company.com/secure.html</code></td>
+<td>failure</td>
+<td>Different protocol</td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+<td><code>http://store.company.com:81/dir/other.html</code></td>
+<td>failure</td>
+<td>Different port</td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+<td><code>http://news.company.com/dir/other.html</code></td>
+<td>failure</td>
+<td>Different host</td>
+</tr>
+</tbody>
+</table>
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+  
+  
+
+
+
+
+
+
+                
+              </article>
+            </div>
+          
+          
+<script>var target=document.getElementById(location.hash.slice(1));target&&target.name&&(target.checked=target.name.startsWith("__tabbed_"))</script>
+        </div>
+        
+          <button type="button" class="md-top md-icon" data-md-component="top" hidden>
+  
+  <svg xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" viewBox="0 0 24 24"><path d="M13 20h-2V8l-5.5 5.5-1.42-1.42L12 4.16l7.92 7.92-1.42 1.42L13 8z"/></svg>
+  Back to top
+</button>
+        
+      </main>
+      
+        <footer class="md-footer">
+  
+    
+      
+      <nav class="md-footer__inner md-grid" aria-label="Footer" >
+        
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+          <a href="events-animation.html" class="md-footer__link md-footer__link--prev" aria-label="Previous: Events &amp; Animation">
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+                Previous
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+            <div class="md-footer__button md-icon">
+              
+              <svg xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" viewBox="0 0 24 24"><path d="M4 11v2h12l-5.5 5.5 1.42 1.42L19.84 12l-7.92-7.92L10.5 5.5 16 11z"/></svg>
+            </div>
+          </a>
+        
+      </nav>
+    
+  
+  <div class="md-footer-meta md-typeset">
+    <div class="md-footer-meta__inner md-grid">
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+    <a href="https://squidfunk.github.io/mkdocs-material/" target="_blank" rel="noopener">
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+        <div class="md-social">
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+      <svg xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" viewBox="0 0 448 512"><!--! Font Awesome Free 6.6.0 by @fontawesome - https://fontawesome.com License - https://fontawesome.com/license/free (Icons: CC BY 4.0, Fonts: SIL OFL 1.1, Code: MIT License) Copyright 2024 Fonticons, Inc.--><path d="M433 179.11c0-97.2-63.71-125.7-63.71-125.7-62.52-28.7-228.56-28.4-290.48 0 0 0-63.72 28.5-63.72 125.7 0 115.7-6.6 259.4 105.63 289.1 40.51 10.7 75.32 13 103.33 11.4 50.81-2.8 79.32-18.1 79.32-18.1l-1.7-36.9s-36.31 11.4-77.12 10.1c-40.41-1.4-83-4.4-89.63-54a102.5 102.5 0 0 1-.9-13.9c85.63 20.9 158.65 9.1 178.75 6.7 56.12-6.7 105-41.3 111.23-72.9 9.8-49.8 9-121.5 9-121.5m-75.12 125.2h-46.63v-114.2c0-49.7-64-51.6-64 6.9v62.5h-46.33V197c0-58.5-64-56.6-64-6.9v114.2H90.19c0-122.1-5.2-147.9 18.41-175 25.9-28.9 79.82-30.8 103.83 6.1l11.6 19.5 11.6-19.5c24.11-37.1 78.12-34.8 103.83-6.1 23.71 27.3 18.4 53 18.4 175z"/></svg>
+    </a>
+  
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+    </a>
+  
+</div>
+      
+    </div>
+  </div>
+</footer>
+      
+    </div>
+    <div class="md-dialog" data-md-component="dialog">
+      <div class="md-dialog__inner md-typeset"></div>
+    </div>
+    
+    
+    <script id="__config" type="application/json">{"base": "../..", "features": ["navigation.instant", "navigation.indexes", "navigation.tracking", "navigation.pruning", "navigation.sections", "navigation.top", "navigation.tabs", "navigation.tabs.sticky", "navigation.footer", "toc.follow", "content.code.copy"], "search": "../../assets/javascripts/workers/search.07f07601.min.js", "translations": {"clipboard.copied": "Copied to clipboard", "clipboard.copy": "Copy to clipboard", "search.result.more.one": "1 more on this page", "search.result.more.other": "# more on this page", "search.result.none": "No matching documents", "search.result.one": "1 matching document", "search.result.other": "# matching documents", "search.result.placeholder": "Type to start searching", "search.result.term.missing": "Missing", "select.version": "Select version"}}</script>
+    
+    
+      <script src="../../assets/javascripts/bundle.56dfad97.min.js"></script>
+      
+    
+  </body>
+</html>
\ No newline at end of file
diff --git a/languages/javascript/dom.html b/languages/javascript/dom.html
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..0b96fe6
--- /dev/null
+++ b/languages/javascript/dom.html
@@ -0,0 +1,4530 @@
+
+<!doctype html>
+<html lang="en" class="no-js">
+  <head>
+    
+      <meta charset="utf-8">
+      <meta name="viewport" content="width=device-width,initial-scale=1">
+      
+      
+        <meta name="author" content="Marcello Lamonaca">
+      
+      
+        <link rel="canonical" href="http://m-lamonaca.github.io/dev-notes/languages/javascript/dom.html">
+      
+      
+        <link rel="prev" href="javascript.html">
+      
+      
+        <link rel="next" href="events-animation.html">
+      
+      
+      <link rel="icon" href="../../assets/images/favicon.png">
+      <meta name="generator" content="mkdocs-1.6.1, mkdocs-material-9.5.34">
+    
+    
+      
+        <title>DOM - Dev Notes</title>
+      
+    
+    
+      <link rel="stylesheet" href="../../assets/stylesheets/main.35f28582.min.css">
+      
+        
+        <link rel="stylesheet" href="../../assets/stylesheets/palette.06af60db.min.css">
+      
+      
+
+
+    
+    
+      
+        <script src="https://unpkg.com/iframe-worker/shim"></script>
+      
+    
+    
+      
+        
+        
+        <link rel="preconnect" href="https://fonts.gstatic.com" crossorigin>
+        <link rel="stylesheet" href="https://fonts.googleapis.com/css?family=Roboto:300,300i,400,400i,700,700i%7CRoboto+Mono:400,400i,700,700i&display=fallback">
+        <style>:root{--md-text-font:"Roboto";--md-code-font:"Roboto Mono"}</style>
+      
+    
+    
+    <script>__md_scope=new URL("../..",location),__md_hash=e=>[...e].reduce(((e,_)=>(e<<5)-e+_.charCodeAt(0)),0),__md_get=(e,_=localStorage,t=__md_scope)=>JSON.parse(_.getItem(t.pathname+"."+e)),__md_set=(e,_,t=localStorage,a=__md_scope)=>{try{t.setItem(a.pathname+"."+e,JSON.stringify(_))}catch(e){}}</script>
+    
+      
+
+    
+    
+      
+        <meta  property="og:type"  content="website" >
+      
+        <meta  property="og:title"  content="DOM - Dev Notes" >
+      
+        <meta  property="og:description"  content="None" >
+      
+        <meta  property="og:image"  content="http://m-lamonaca.github.io/dev-notes/assets/images/social/languages/javascript/dom.png" >
+      
+        <meta  property="og:image:type"  content="image/png" >
+      
+        <meta  property="og:image:width"  content="1200" >
+      
+        <meta  property="og:image:height"  content="630" >
+      
+        <meta  property="og:url"  content="http://m-lamonaca.github.io/dev-notes/languages/javascript/dom.html" >
+      
+        <meta  name="twitter:card"  content="summary_large_image" >
+      
+        <meta  name="twitter:title"  content="DOM - Dev Notes" >
+      
+        <meta  name="twitter:description"  content="None" >
+      
+        <meta  name="twitter:image"  content="http://m-lamonaca.github.io/dev-notes/assets/images/social/languages/javascript/dom.png" >
+      
+    
+    
+  </head>
+  
+  
+    
+    
+      
+    
+    
+    
+    
+    <body dir="ltr" data-md-color-scheme="default" data-md-color-primary="orange" data-md-color-accent="deep-orange">
+  
+    
+    <input class="md-toggle" data-md-toggle="drawer" type="checkbox" id="__drawer" autocomplete="off">
+    <input class="md-toggle" data-md-toggle="search" type="checkbox" id="__search" autocomplete="off">
+    <label class="md-overlay" for="__drawer"></label>
+    <div data-md-component="skip">
+      
+        
+        <a href="#document-object-model-dom" class="md-skip">
+          Skip to content
+        </a>
+      
+    </div>
+    <div data-md-component="announce">
+      
+    </div>
+    
+    
+      
+
+  
+
+<header class="md-header md-header--shadow md-header--lifted" data-md-component="header">
+  <nav class="md-header__inner md-grid" aria-label="Header">
+    <a href="../../index.html" title="Dev Notes" class="md-header__button md-logo" aria-label="Dev Notes" data-md-component="logo">
+      
+  
+  <svg xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" viewBox="0 0 640 512"><!--! Font Awesome Free 6.6.0 by @fontawesome - https://fontawesome.com License - https://fontawesome.com/license/free (Icons: CC BY 4.0, Fonts: SIL OFL 1.1, Code: MIT License) Copyright 2024 Fonticons, Inc.--><path d="M392.8 1.2c-17-4.9-34.7 5-39.6 22l-128 448c-4.9 17 5 34.7 22 39.6s34.7-5 39.6-22l128-448c4.9-17-5-34.7-22-39.6m80.6 120.1c-12.5 12.5-12.5 32.8 0 45.3l89.3 89.4-89.4 89.4c-12.5 12.5-12.5 32.8 0 45.3s32.8 12.5 45.3 0l112-112c12.5-12.5 12.5-32.8 0-45.3l-112-112c-12.5-12.5-32.8-12.5-45.3 0zm-306.7 0c-12.5-12.5-32.8-12.5-45.3 0l-112 112c-12.5 12.5-12.5 32.8 0 45.3l112 112c12.5 12.5 32.8 12.5 45.3 0s12.5-32.8 0-45.3L77.3 256l89.4-89.4c12.5-12.5 12.5-32.8 0-45.3"/></svg>
+
+    </a>
+    <label class="md-header__button md-icon" for="__drawer">
+      
+      <svg xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" viewBox="0 0 24 24"><path d="M3 6h18v2H3zm0 5h18v2H3zm0 5h18v2H3z"/></svg>
+    </label>
+    <div class="md-header__title" data-md-component="header-title">
+      <div class="md-header__ellipsis">
+        <div class="md-header__topic">
+          <span class="md-ellipsis">
+            Dev Notes
+          </span>
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+    </li>
+  
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+        </nav>
+      
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+      <a href="../python/python.html" class="md-nav__link">
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+        
+      
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+          </label>
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+    <li class="md-nav__item">
+      <a href="../python/modules/argparse.html" class="md-nav__link">
+        
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+  <span class="md-ellipsis">
+    argparse
+  </span>
+  
+
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+    </li>
+  
+
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+            
+              
+                
+  
+  
+  
+  
+    <li class="md-nav__item">
+      <a href="../python/modules/collections.html" class="md-nav__link">
+        
+  
+  <span class="md-ellipsis">
+    collection
+  </span>
+  
+
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+    </li>
+  
+
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+            
+              
+                
+  
+  
+  
+  
+    <li class="md-nav__item">
+      <a href="../python/modules/csv.html" class="md-nav__link">
+        
+  
+  <span class="md-ellipsis">
+    csv
+  </span>
+  
+
+      </a>
+    </li>
+  
+
+              
+            
+              
+                
+  
+  
+  
+  
+    <li class="md-nav__item">
+      <a href="../python/modules/ftplib.html" class="md-nav__link">
+        
+  
+  <span class="md-ellipsis">
+    ftplib
+  </span>
+  
+
+      </a>
+    </li>
+  
+
+              
+            
+              
+                
+  
+  
+  
+  
+    <li class="md-nav__item">
+      <a href="../python/modules/itertools.html" class="md-nav__link">
+        
+  
+  <span class="md-ellipsis">
+    itertools
+  </span>
+  
+
+      </a>
+    </li>
+  
+
+              
+            
+              
+                
+  
+  
+  
+  
+    <li class="md-nav__item">
+      <a href="../python/modules/json.html" class="md-nav__link">
+        
+  
+  <span class="md-ellipsis">
+    json
+  </span>
+  
+
+      </a>
+    </li>
+  
+
+              
+            
+              
+                
+  
+  
+  
+  
+    <li class="md-nav__item">
+      <a href="../python/modules/logging.html" class="md-nav__link">
+        
+  
+  <span class="md-ellipsis">
+    logging
+  </span>
+  
+
+      </a>
+    </li>
+  
+
+              
+            
+              
+                
+  
+  
+  
+  
+    <li class="md-nav__item">
+      <a href="../python/modules/shutil.html" class="md-nav__link">
+        
+  
+  <span class="md-ellipsis">
+    shutil
+  </span>
+  
+
+      </a>
+    </li>
+  
+
+              
+            
+              
+                
+  
+  
+  
+  
+    <li class="md-nav__item">
+      <a href="../python/modules/smtplib.html" class="md-nav__link">
+        
+  
+  <span class="md-ellipsis">
+    smtplib
+  </span>
+  
+
+      </a>
+    </li>
+  
+
+              
+            
+              
+                
+  
+  
+  
+  
+    <li class="md-nav__item">
+      <a href="../python/modules/socket.html" class="md-nav__link">
+        
+  
+  <span class="md-ellipsis">
+    socket
+  </span>
+  
+
+      </a>
+    </li>
+  
+
+              
+            
+              
+                
+  
+  
+  
+  
+    <li class="md-nav__item">
+      <a href="../python/modules/sqlite.html" class="md-nav__link">
+        
+  
+  <span class="md-ellipsis">
+    sqlite
+  </span>
+  
+
+      </a>
+    </li>
+  
+
+              
+            
+              
+                
+  
+  
+  
+  
+    <li class="md-nav__item">
+      <a href="../python/modules/time-datetime.html" class="md-nav__link">
+        
+  
+  <span class="md-ellipsis">
+    time & datetime
+  </span>
+  
+
+      </a>
+    </li>
+  
+
+              
+            
+              
+                
+  
+  
+  
+  
+    <li class="md-nav__item">
+      <a href="../python/modules/unittest.html" class="md-nav__link">
+        
+  
+  <span class="md-ellipsis">
+    unittest
+  </span>
+  
+
+      </a>
+    </li>
+  
+
+              
+            
+          </ul>
+        </nav>
+      
+    </li>
+  
+
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+  
+  
+  
+  
+    
+    
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+        
+      
+        
+      
+        
+      
+        
+      
+        
+      
+        
+      
+    
+    
+      
+      
+        
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+    
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+          <label class="md-nav__link" for="__nav_4_8_3" id="__nav_4_8_3_label" tabindex="0">
+            
+  
+  <span class="md-ellipsis">
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+  </span>
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+          </label>
+        
+        <nav class="md-nav" data-md-level="3" aria-labelledby="__nav_4_8_3_label" aria-expanded="false">
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+          </label>
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+            
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+  
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+  
+  
+    <li class="md-nav__item">
+      <a href="../python/libs/tkinter.html" class="md-nav__link">
+        
+  
+  <span class="md-ellipsis">
+    TKinter
+  </span>
+  
+
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+    </li>
+  
+
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+            
+              
+                
+  
+  
+  
+  
+    <li class="md-nav__item">
+      <a href="../python/libs/numpy.html" class="md-nav__link">
+        
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+  <span class="md-ellipsis">
+    Numpy
+  </span>
+  
+
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+    </li>
+  
+
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+            
+              
+                
+  
+  
+  
+  
+    <li class="md-nav__item">
+      <a href="../python/libs/pandas.html" class="md-nav__link">
+        
+  
+  <span class="md-ellipsis">
+    Pandas
+  </span>
+  
+
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+    </li>
+  
+
+              
+            
+              
+                
+  
+  
+  
+  
+    <li class="md-nav__item">
+      <a href="../python/libs/seaborn.html" class="md-nav__link">
+        
+  
+  <span class="md-ellipsis">
+    Seaborn
+  </span>
+  
+
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+    </li>
+  
+
+              
+            
+              
+                
+  
+  
+  
+  
+    <li class="md-nav__item">
+      <a href="../python/libs/requests.html" class="md-nav__link">
+        
+  
+  <span class="md-ellipsis">
+    Requests
+  </span>
+  
+
+      </a>
+    </li>
+  
+
+              
+            
+              
+                
+  
+  
+  
+  
+    <li class="md-nav__item">
+      <a href="../python/libs/beautiful-soup.html" class="md-nav__link">
+        
+  
+  <span class="md-ellipsis">
+    Beatiful Soup
+  </span>
+  
+
+      </a>
+    </li>
+  
+
+              
+            
+          </ul>
+        </nav>
+      
+    </li>
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+        
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+    
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+      
+        
+          
+          
+        
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+    
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+    <li class="md-nav__item md-nav__item--section md-nav__item--nested">
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+  <span class="md-ellipsis">
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+  </span>
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+            .NET
+          </label>
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+    
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+    C#
+  </span>
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+          </label>
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+      <a href="../dotnet/csharp/csharp.html" class="md-nav__link">
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+    C#
+  </span>
+  
+
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+    <li class="md-nav__item">
+      <a href="../dotnet/csharp/linq.html" class="md-nav__link">
+        
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+    Linq
+  </span>
+  
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+    <li class="md-nav__item">
+      <a href="../dotnet/csharp/collections.html" class="md-nav__link">
+        
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+  <span class="md-ellipsis">
+    Collections
+  </span>
+  
+
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+    <li class="md-nav__item">
+      <a href="../dotnet/csharp/reactive-extensions.html" class="md-nav__link">
+        
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+    Reactive Extensions
+  </span>
+  
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+  
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+                
+  
+  
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+    <li class="md-nav__item">
+      <a href="../dotnet/csharp/async-programming.html" class="md-nav__link">
+        
+  
+  <span class="md-ellipsis">
+    Async Programming
+  </span>
+  
+
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+    </li>
+  
+
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+            
+              
+                
+  
+  
+  
+  
+    <li class="md-nav__item">
+      <a href="../dotnet/csharp/unit-tests.html" class="md-nav__link">
+        
+  
+  <span class="md-ellipsis">
+    Unit Tests
+  </span>
+  
+
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+    </li>
+  
+
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+          </ul>
+        </nav>
+      
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+  
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+  
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+  
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+    
+    
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+        
+      
+        
+      
+        
+      
+        
+      
+        
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+      
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+  <span class="md-ellipsis">
+    ASP.NET
+  </span>
+  
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+            <span class="md-nav__icon md-icon"></span>
+            ASP.NET
+          </label>
+          <ul class="md-nav__list" data-md-scrollfix>
+            
+              
+                
+  
+  
+  
+  
+    <li class="md-nav__item">
+      <a href="../dotnet/asp.net/minimal-api.html" class="md-nav__link">
+        
+  
+  <span class="md-ellipsis">
+    Minimal API
+  </span>
+  
+
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+    </li>
+  
+
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+            
+              
+                
+  
+  
+  
+  
+    <li class="md-nav__item">
+      <a href="../dotnet/asp.net/filters.html" class="md-nav__link">
+        
+  
+  <span class="md-ellipsis">
+    FIlters
+  </span>
+  
+
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+    </li>
+  
+
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+                
+  
+  
+  
+  
+    <li class="md-nav__item">
+      <a href="../dotnet/asp.net/middleware.html" class="md-nav__link">
+        
+  
+  <span class="md-ellipsis">
+    Middleware
+  </span>
+  
+
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+    </li>
+  
+
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+            
+              
+                
+  
+  
+  
+  
+    <li class="md-nav__item">
+      <a href="../dotnet/asp.net/razor-syntax.html" class="md-nav__link">
+        
+  
+  <span class="md-ellipsis">
+    Razor Syntax
+  </span>
+  
+
+      </a>
+    </li>
+  
+
+              
+            
+              
+                
+  
+  
+  
+  
+    <li class="md-nav__item">
+      <a href="../dotnet/asp.net/blazor.html" class="md-nav__link">
+        
+  
+  <span class="md-ellipsis">
+    Blazor
+  </span>
+  
+
+      </a>
+    </li>
+  
+
+              
+            
+              
+                
+  
+  
+  
+  
+    <li class="md-nav__item">
+      <a href="../dotnet/asp.net/signalr.html" class="md-nav__link">
+        
+  
+  <span class="md-ellipsis">
+    SignalR
+  </span>
+  
+
+      </a>
+    </li>
+  
+
+              
+            
+              
+                
+  
+  
+  
+  
+    <li class="md-nav__item">
+      <a href="../dotnet/asp.net/web-forms.html" class="md-nav__link">
+        
+  
+  <span class="md-ellipsis">
+    Web Forms
+  </span>
+  
+
+      </a>
+    </li>
+  
+
+              
+            
+          </ul>
+        </nav>
+      
+    </li>
+  
+
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+            
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+                
+  
+  
+  
+  
+    
+    
+      
+        
+      
+        
+      
+    
+    
+      
+      
+        
+      
+    
+    
+    <li class="md-nav__item md-nav__item--nested">
+      
+        
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+        <input class="md-nav__toggle md-toggle " type="checkbox" id="__nav_4_9_3" >
+        
+          
+          <label class="md-nav__link" for="__nav_4_9_3" id="__nav_4_9_3_label" tabindex="0">
+            
+  
+  <span class="md-ellipsis">
+    Database
+  </span>
+  
+
+            <span class="md-nav__icon md-icon"></span>
+          </label>
+        
+        <nav class="md-nav" data-md-level="3" aria-labelledby="__nav_4_9_3_label" aria-expanded="false">
+          <label class="md-nav__title" for="__nav_4_9_3">
+            <span class="md-nav__icon md-icon"></span>
+            Database
+          </label>
+          <ul class="md-nav__list" data-md-scrollfix>
+            
+              
+                
+  
+  
+  
+  
+    <li class="md-nav__item">
+      <a href="../dotnet/database/ado.net.html" class="md-nav__link">
+        
+  
+  <span class="md-ellipsis">
+    ADO.NET
+  </span>
+  
+
+      </a>
+    </li>
+  
+
+              
+            
+              
+                
+  
+  
+  
+  
+    <li class="md-nav__item">
+      <a href="../dotnet/database/entity-framework.html" class="md-nav__link">
+        
+  
+  <span class="md-ellipsis">
+    Entity Framework
+  </span>
+  
+
+      </a>
+    </li>
+  
+
+              
+            
+          </ul>
+        </nav>
+      
+    </li>
+  
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+            
+          </ul>
+        </nav>
+      
+    </li>
+  
+
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+            
+              
+                
+  
+  
+  
+  
+    
+    
+      
+        
+      
+        
+      
+        
+      
+        
+      
+    
+    
+      
+      
+        
+          
+          
+        
+      
+    
+    
+    <li class="md-nav__item md-nav__item--section md-nav__item--nested">
+      
+        
+        
+        <input class="md-nav__toggle md-toggle " type="checkbox" id="__nav_4_10" >
+        
+          
+          <label class="md-nav__link" for="__nav_4_10" id="__nav_4_10_label" tabindex="">
+            
+  
+  <span class="md-ellipsis">
+    Java
+  </span>
+  
+
+            <span class="md-nav__icon md-icon"></span>
+          </label>
+        
+        <nav class="md-nav" data-md-level="2" aria-labelledby="__nav_4_10_label" aria-expanded="false">
+          <label class="md-nav__title" for="__nav_4_10">
+            <span class="md-nav__icon md-icon"></span>
+            Java
+          </label>
+          <ul class="md-nav__list" data-md-scrollfix>
+            
+              
+                
+  
+  
+  
+  
+    <li class="md-nav__item">
+      <a href="../java/java.html" class="md-nav__link">
+        
+  
+  <span class="md-ellipsis">
+    Java
+  </span>
+  
+
+      </a>
+    </li>
+  
+
+              
+            
+              
+                
+  
+  
+  
+  
+    <li class="md-nav__item">
+      <a href="../java/java-collection-framework.html" class="md-nav__link">
+        
+  
+  <span class="md-ellipsis">
+    Java Collection Framework
+  </span>
+  
+
+      </a>
+    </li>
+  
+
+              
+            
+              
+                
+  
+  
+  
+  
+    <li class="md-nav__item">
+      <a href="../java/dao.html" class="md-nav__link">
+        
+  
+  <span class="md-ellipsis">
+    DAO
+  </span>
+  
+
+      </a>
+    </li>
+  
+
+              
+            
+              
+                
+  
+  
+  
+  
+    
+    
+      
+        
+      
+        
+      
+    
+    
+      
+      
+        
+      
+    
+    
+    <li class="md-nav__item md-nav__item--nested">
+      
+        
+        
+        <input class="md-nav__toggle md-toggle " type="checkbox" id="__nav_4_10_4" >
+        
+          
+          <label class="md-nav__link" for="__nav_4_10_4" id="__nav_4_10_4_label" tabindex="0">
+            
+  
+  <span class="md-ellipsis">
+    Web
+  </span>
+  
+
+            <span class="md-nav__icon md-icon"></span>
+          </label>
+        
+        <nav class="md-nav" data-md-level="3" aria-labelledby="__nav_4_10_4_label" aria-expanded="false">
+          <label class="md-nav__title" for="__nav_4_10_4">
+            <span class="md-nav__icon md-icon"></span>
+            Web
+          </label>
+          <ul class="md-nav__list" data-md-scrollfix>
+            
+              
+                
+  
+  
+  
+  
+    <li class="md-nav__item">
+      <a href="../java/web/servlet.html" class="md-nav__link">
+        
+  
+  <span class="md-ellipsis">
+    Serverlet
+  </span>
+  
+
+      </a>
+    </li>
+  
+
+              
+            
+              
+                
+  
+  
+  
+  
+    
+    
+      
+        
+      
+        
+      
+    
+    
+      
+      
+        
+      
+    
+    
+    <li class="md-nav__item md-nav__item--nested">
+      
+        
+        
+        <input class="md-nav__toggle md-toggle " type="checkbox" id="__nav_4_10_4_2" >
+        
+          
+          <label class="md-nav__link" for="__nav_4_10_4_2" id="__nav_4_10_4_2_label" tabindex="0">
+            
+  
+  <span class="md-ellipsis">
+    Spring
+  </span>
+  
+
+            <span class="md-nav__icon md-icon"></span>
+          </label>
+        
+        <nav class="md-nav" data-md-level="4" aria-labelledby="__nav_4_10_4_2_label" aria-expanded="false">
+          <label class="md-nav__title" for="__nav_4_10_4_2">
+            <span class="md-nav__icon md-icon"></span>
+            Spring
+          </label>
+          <ul class="md-nav__list" data-md-scrollfix>
+            
+              
+                
+  
+  
+  
+  
+    <li class="md-nav__item">
+      <a href="../java/spring/pom.xml.html" class="md-nav__link">
+        
+  
+  <span class="md-ellipsis">
+    POM
+  </span>
+  
+
+      </a>
+    </li>
+  
+
+              
+            
+              
+                
+  
+  
+  
+  
+    <li class="md-nav__item">
+      <a href="../java/spring/spring-project.html" class="md-nav__link">
+        
+  
+  <span class="md-ellipsis">
+    Project Structure
+  </span>
+  
+
+      </a>
+    </li>
+  
+
+              
+            
+          </ul>
+        </nav>
+      
+    </li>
+  
+
+              
+            
+          </ul>
+        </nav>
+      
+    </li>
+  
+
+              
+            
+          </ul>
+        </nav>
+      
+    </li>
+  
+
+              
+            
+              
+                
+  
+  
+  
+  
+    
+    
+      
+        
+      
+        
+      
+        
+      
+        
+      
+        
+      
+        
+      
+        
+      
+        
+      
+        
+      
+    
+    
+      
+      
+        
+          
+          
+        
+      
+    
+    
+    <li class="md-nav__item md-nav__item--section md-nav__item--nested">
+      
+        
+        
+        <input class="md-nav__toggle md-toggle " type="checkbox" id="__nav_4_11" >
+        
+          
+          <label class="md-nav__link" for="__nav_4_11" id="__nav_4_11_label" tabindex="">
+            
+  
+  <span class="md-ellipsis">
+    PHP
+  </span>
+  
+
+            <span class="md-nav__icon md-icon"></span>
+          </label>
+        
+        <nav class="md-nav" data-md-level="2" aria-labelledby="__nav_4_11_label" aria-expanded="false">
+          <label class="md-nav__title" for="__nav_4_11">
+            <span class="md-nav__icon md-icon"></span>
+            PHP
+          </label>
+          <ul class="md-nav__list" data-md-scrollfix>
+            
+              
+                
+  
+  
+  
+  
+    <li class="md-nav__item">
+      <a href="../php/php.html" class="md-nav__link">
+        
+  
+  <span class="md-ellipsis">
+    PHP
+  </span>
+  
+
+      </a>
+    </li>
+  
+
+              
+            
+              
+                
+  
+  
+  
+  
+    <li class="md-nav__item">
+      <a href="../php/database.html" class="md-nav__link">
+        
+  
+  <span class="md-ellipsis">
+    Database
+  </span>
+  
+
+      </a>
+    </li>
+  
+
+              
+            
+              
+                
+  
+  
+  
+  
+    <li class="md-nav__item">
+      <a href="../php/web.html" class="md-nav__link">
+        
+  
+  <span class="md-ellipsis">
+    Web
+  </span>
+  
+
+      </a>
+    </li>
+  
+
+              
+            
+              
+                
+  
+  
+  
+  
+    <li class="md-nav__item">
+      <a href="../php/dependency-injection.html" class="md-nav__link">
+        
+  
+  <span class="md-ellipsis">
+    Dependency Injection
+  </span>
+  
+
+      </a>
+    </li>
+  
+
+              
+            
+              
+                
+  
+  
+  
+  
+    <li class="md-nav__item">
+      <a href="../php/unit-tests.html" class="md-nav__link">
+        
+  
+  <span class="md-ellipsis">
+    Unit Tests
+  </span>
+  
+
+      </a>
+    </li>
+  
+
+              
+            
+              
+                
+  
+  
+  
+  
+    <li class="md-nav__item">
+      <a href="../php/composer.html" class="md-nav__link">
+        
+  
+  <span class="md-ellipsis">
+    Composer
+  </span>
+  
+
+      </a>
+    </li>
+  
+
+              
+            
+              
+                
+  
+  
+  
+  
+    <li class="md-nav__item">
+      <a href="../php/psr-7.html" class="md-nav__link">
+        
+  
+  <span class="md-ellipsis">
+    PSR 7
+  </span>
+  
+
+      </a>
+    </li>
+  
+
+              
+            
+              
+                
+  
+  
+  
+  
+    <li class="md-nav__item">
+      <a href="../php/plates-templating.html" class="md-nav__link">
+        
+  
+  <span class="md-ellipsis">
+    Plates
+  </span>
+  
+
+      </a>
+    </li>
+  
+
+              
+            
+              
+                
+  
+  
+  
+  
+    
+    
+      
+        
+      
+        
+      
+    
+    
+      
+      
+        
+      
+    
+    
+    <li class="md-nav__item md-nav__item--nested">
+      
+        
+        
+        <input class="md-nav__toggle md-toggle " type="checkbox" id="__nav_4_11_9" >
+        
+          
+          <label class="md-nav__link" for="__nav_4_11_9" id="__nav_4_11_9_label" tabindex="0">
+            
+  
+  <span class="md-ellipsis">
+    Simple MVC
+  </span>
+  
+
+            <span class="md-nav__icon md-icon"></span>
+          </label>
+        
+        <nav class="md-nav" data-md-level="3" aria-labelledby="__nav_4_11_9_label" aria-expanded="false">
+          <label class="md-nav__title" for="__nav_4_11_9">
+            <span class="md-nav__icon md-icon"></span>
+            Simple MVC
+          </label>
+          <ul class="md-nav__list" data-md-scrollfix>
+            
+              
+                
+  
+  
+  
+  
+    <li class="md-nav__item">
+      <a href="../php/simple-mvc/simple-mvc.html" class="md-nav__link">
+        
+  
+  <span class="md-ellipsis">
+    Simple MVC
+  </span>
+  
+
+      </a>
+    </li>
+  
+
+              
+            
+              
+                
+  
+  
+  
+  
+    <li class="md-nav__item">
+      <a href="../php/simple-mvc/rest-api.html" class="md-nav__link">
+        
+  
+  <span class="md-ellipsis">
+    REST API
+  </span>
+  
+
+      </a>
+    </li>
+  
+
+              
+            
+          </ul>
+        </nav>
+      
+    </li>
+  
+
+              
+            
+          </ul>
+        </nav>
+      
+    </li>
+  
+
+              
+            
+              
+                
+  
+  
+  
+  
+    
+    
+      
+        
+      
+        
+      
+        
+      
+        
+      
+        
+      
+    
+    
+      
+      
+        
+          
+          
+        
+      
+    
+    
+    <li class="md-nav__item md-nav__item--section md-nav__item--nested">
+      
+        
+        
+        <input class="md-nav__toggle md-toggle " type="checkbox" id="__nav_4_12" >
+        
+          
+          <label class="md-nav__link" for="__nav_4_12" id="__nav_4_12_label" tabindex="">
+            
+  
+  <span class="md-ellipsis">
+    Rust
+  </span>
+  
+
+            <span class="md-nav__icon md-icon"></span>
+          </label>
+        
+        <nav class="md-nav" data-md-level="2" aria-labelledby="__nav_4_12_label" aria-expanded="false">
+          <label class="md-nav__title" for="__nav_4_12">
+            <span class="md-nav__icon md-icon"></span>
+            Rust
+          </label>
+          <ul class="md-nav__list" data-md-scrollfix>
+            
+              
+                
+  
+  
+  
+  
+    <li class="md-nav__item">
+      <a href="../rust/rust.html" class="md-nav__link">
+        
+  
+  <span class="md-ellipsis">
+    Rust
+  </span>
+  
+
+      </a>
+    </li>
+  
+
+              
+            
+              
+                
+  
+  
+  
+  
+    <li class="md-nav__item">
+      <a href="../rust/macros.html" class="md-nav__link">
+        
+  
+  <span class="md-ellipsis">
+    Macros
+  </span>
+  
+
+      </a>
+    </li>
+  
+
+              
+            
+              
+                
+  
+  
+  
+  
+    <li class="md-nav__item">
+      <a href="../rust/cargo.html" class="md-nav__link">
+        
+  
+  <span class="md-ellipsis">
+    Cargo
+  </span>
+  
+
+      </a>
+    </li>
+  
+
+              
+            
+              
+                
+  
+  
+  
+  
+    <li class="md-nav__item">
+      <a href="../rust/concurrency.html" class="md-nav__link">
+        
+  
+  <span class="md-ellipsis">
+    Concurrency
+  </span>
+  
+
+      </a>
+    </li>
+  
+
+              
+            
+              
+                
+  
+  
+  
+  
+    <li class="md-nav__item">
+      <a href="../rust/unit-tests.html" class="md-nav__link">
+        
+  
+  <span class="md-ellipsis">
+    Unit Tests
+  </span>
+  
+
+      </a>
+    </li>
+  
+
+              
+            
+          </ul>
+        </nav>
+      
+    </li>
+  
+
+              
+            
+              
+                
+  
+  
+    
+  
+  
+  
+    
+    
+      
+        
+      
+        
+      
+        
+      
+        
+      
+        
+      
+        
+      
+        
+      
+    
+    
+      
+      
+        
+          
+          
+        
+      
+    
+    
+    <li class="md-nav__item md-nav__item--active md-nav__item--section md-nav__item--nested">
+      
+        
+        
+        <input class="md-nav__toggle md-toggle " type="checkbox" id="__nav_4_13" checked>
+        
+          
+          <label class="md-nav__link" for="__nav_4_13" id="__nav_4_13_label" tabindex="">
+            
+  
+  <span class="md-ellipsis">
+    Javascript
+  </span>
+  
+
+            <span class="md-nav__icon md-icon"></span>
+          </label>
+        
+        <nav class="md-nav" data-md-level="2" aria-labelledby="__nav_4_13_label" aria-expanded="true">
+          <label class="md-nav__title" for="__nav_4_13">
+            <span class="md-nav__icon md-icon"></span>
+            Javascript
+          </label>
+          <ul class="md-nav__list" data-md-scrollfix>
+            
+              
+                
+  
+  
+  
+  
+    <li class="md-nav__item">
+      <a href="javascript.html" class="md-nav__link">
+        
+  
+  <span class="md-ellipsis">
+    Javascript
+  </span>
+  
+
+      </a>
+    </li>
+  
+
+              
+            
+              
+                
+  
+  
+    
+  
+  
+  
+    <li class="md-nav__item md-nav__item--active">
+      
+      <input class="md-nav__toggle md-toggle" type="checkbox" id="__toc">
+      
+      
+        
+      
+      
+        <label class="md-nav__link md-nav__link--active" for="__toc">
+          
+  
+  <span class="md-ellipsis">
+    DOM
+  </span>
+  
+
+          <span class="md-nav__icon md-icon"></span>
+        </label>
+      
+      <a href="dom.html" class="md-nav__link md-nav__link--active">
+        
+  
+  <span class="md-ellipsis">
+    DOM
+  </span>
+  
+
+      </a>
+      
+        
+
+<nav class="md-nav md-nav--secondary" aria-label="Table of contents">
+  
+  
+  
+    
+  
+  
+    <label class="md-nav__title" for="__toc">
+      <span class="md-nav__icon md-icon"></span>
+      Table of contents
+    </label>
+    <ul class="md-nav__list" data-md-component="toc" data-md-scrollfix>
+      
+        <li class="md-nav__item">
+  <a href="#dom-access" class="md-nav__link">
+    <span class="md-ellipsis">
+      DOM Access
+    </span>
+  </a>
+  
+    <nav class="md-nav" aria-label="DOM Access">
+      <ul class="md-nav__list">
+        
+          <li class="md-nav__item">
+  <a href="#selecting-nodes-from-the-dom" class="md-nav__link">
+    <span class="md-ellipsis">
+      Selecting Nodes from the DOM
+    </span>
+  </a>
+  
+</li>
+        
+      </ul>
+    </nav>
+  
+</li>
+      
+        <li class="md-nav__item">
+  <a href="#manipulating-the-dom" class="md-nav__link">
+    <span class="md-ellipsis">
+      Manipulating the DOM
+    </span>
+  </a>
+  
+    <nav class="md-nav" aria-label="Manipulating the DOM">
+      <ul class="md-nav__list">
+        
+          <li class="md-nav__item">
+  <a href="#manipulating-a-nodes-attributes" class="md-nav__link">
+    <span class="md-ellipsis">
+      Manipulating a node's attributes
+    </span>
+  </a>
+  
+</li>
+        
+          <li class="md-nav__item">
+  <a href="#manipulating-a-nodes-style" class="md-nav__link">
+    <span class="md-ellipsis">
+      Manipulating a node's style
+    </span>
+  </a>
+  
+</li>
+        
+          <li class="md-nav__item">
+  <a href="#manipulating-a-nodes-contents" class="md-nav__link">
+    <span class="md-ellipsis">
+      Manipulating a node's contents
+    </span>
+  </a>
+  
+</li>
+        
+          <li class="md-nav__item">
+  <a href="#reading-inputs-from-a-form" class="md-nav__link">
+    <span class="md-ellipsis">
+      Reading Inputs From A Form
+    </span>
+  </a>
+  
+</li>
+        
+      </ul>
+    </nav>
+  
+</li>
+      
+        <li class="md-nav__item">
+  <a href="#creating-removing-dom-nodes" class="md-nav__link">
+    <span class="md-ellipsis">
+      Creating &amp; Removing DOM Nodes
+    </span>
+  </a>
+  
+    <nav class="md-nav" aria-label="Creating & Removing DOM Nodes">
+      <ul class="md-nav__list">
+        
+          <li class="md-nav__item">
+  <a href="#creating-dom-nodes-with-constructor-functions" class="md-nav__link">
+    <span class="md-ellipsis">
+      Creating DOM Nodes with Constructor Functions
+    </span>
+  </a>
+  
+</li>
+        
+      </ul>
+    </nav>
+  
+</li>
+      
+    </ul>
+  
+</nav>
+      
+    </li>
+  
+
+              
+            
+              
+                
+  
+  
+  
+  
+    <li class="md-nav__item">
+      <a href="events-animation.html" class="md-nav__link">
+        
+  
+  <span class="md-ellipsis">
+    Events & Animation
+  </span>
+  
+
+      </a>
+    </li>
+  
+
+              
+            
+              
+                
+  
+  
+  
+  
+    <li class="md-nav__item">
+      <a href="ajax.html" class="md-nav__link">
+        
+  
+  <span class="md-ellipsis">
+    AJAX
+  </span>
+  
+
+      </a>
+    </li>
+  
+
+              
+            
+              
+                
+  
+  
+  
+  
+    <li class="md-nav__item">
+      <a href="jquery.html" class="md-nav__link">
+        
+  
+  <span class="md-ellipsis">
+    jQuery
+  </span>
+  
+
+      </a>
+    </li>
+  
+
+              
+            
+              
+                
+  
+  
+  
+  
+    
+    
+      
+        
+      
+        
+      
+        
+      
+        
+      
+        
+      
+    
+    
+      
+      
+        
+      
+    
+    
+    <li class="md-nav__item md-nav__item--nested">
+      
+        
+        
+        <input class="md-nav__toggle md-toggle " type="checkbox" id="__nav_4_13_6" >
+        
+          
+          <label class="md-nav__link" for="__nav_4_13_6" id="__nav_4_13_6_label" tabindex="0">
+            
+  
+  <span class="md-ellipsis">
+    React
+  </span>
+  
+
+            <span class="md-nav__icon md-icon"></span>
+          </label>
+        
+        <nav class="md-nav" data-md-level="3" aria-labelledby="__nav_4_13_6_label" aria-expanded="false">
+          <label class="md-nav__title" for="__nav_4_13_6">
+            <span class="md-nav__icon md-icon"></span>
+            React
+          </label>
+          <ul class="md-nav__list" data-md-scrollfix>
+            
+              
+                
+  
+  
+  
+  
+    <li class="md-nav__item">
+      <a href="react/react.html" class="md-nav__link">
+        
+  
+  <span class="md-ellipsis">
+    React
+  </span>
+  
+
+      </a>
+    </li>
+  
+
+              
+            
+              
+                
+  
+  
+  
+  
+    <li class="md-nav__item">
+      <a href="react/react-router.html" class="md-nav__link">
+        
+  
+  <span class="md-ellipsis">
+    React Router
+  </span>
+  
+
+      </a>
+    </li>
+  
+
+              
+            
+              
+                
+  
+  
+  
+  
+    <li class="md-nav__item">
+      <a href="react/react-tests.html" class="md-nav__link">
+        
+  
+  <span class="md-ellipsis">
+    React Tests
+  </span>
+  
+
+      </a>
+    </li>
+  
+
+              
+            
+              
+                
+  
+  
+  
+  
+    <li class="md-nav__item">
+      <a href="react/redux.html" class="md-nav__link">
+        
+  
+  <span class="md-ellipsis">
+    Redux
+  </span>
+  
+
+      </a>
+    </li>
+  
+
+              
+            
+              
+                
+  
+  
+  
+  
+    <li class="md-nav__item">
+      <a href="react/redux-tests.html" class="md-nav__link">
+        
+  
+  <span class="md-ellipsis">
+    Redux Tests
+  </span>
+  
+
+      </a>
+    </li>
+  
+
+              
+            
+          </ul>
+        </nav>
+      
+    </li>
+  
+
+              
+            
+              
+                
+  
+  
+  
+  
+    <li class="md-nav__item">
+      <a href="svelte/svelte.html" class="md-nav__link">
+        
+  
+  <span class="md-ellipsis">
+    Svelte
+  </span>
+  
+
+      </a>
+    </li>
+  
+
+              
+            
+          </ul>
+        </nav>
+      
+    </li>
+  
+
+              
+            
+              
+                
+  
+  
+  
+  
+    
+    
+      
+        
+      
+        
+      
+    
+    
+      
+      
+        
+          
+          
+        
+      
+    
+    
+    <li class="md-nav__item md-nav__item--section md-nav__item--nested">
+      
+        
+        
+        <input class="md-nav__toggle md-toggle " type="checkbox" id="__nav_4_14" >
+        
+          
+          <label class="md-nav__link" for="__nav_4_14" id="__nav_4_14_label" tabindex="">
+            
+  
+  <span class="md-ellipsis">
+    PowerShell
+  </span>
+  
+
+            <span class="md-nav__icon md-icon"></span>
+          </label>
+        
+        <nav class="md-nav" data-md-level="2" aria-labelledby="__nav_4_14_label" aria-expanded="false">
+          <label class="md-nav__title" for="__nav_4_14">
+            <span class="md-nav__icon md-icon"></span>
+            PowerShell
+          </label>
+          <ul class="md-nav__list" data-md-scrollfix>
+            
+              
+                
+  
+  
+  
+  
+    <li class="md-nav__item">
+      <a href="../powershell/scripting.html" class="md-nav__link">
+        
+  
+  <span class="md-ellipsis">
+    Scripting
+  </span>
+  
+
+      </a>
+    </li>
+  
+
+              
+            
+              
+                
+  
+  
+  
+  
+    <li class="md-nav__item">
+      <a href="../powershell/commands.html" class="md-nav__link">
+        
+  
+  <span class="md-ellipsis">
+    Commands
+  </span>
+  
+
+      </a>
+    </li>
+  
+
+              
+            
+          </ul>
+        </nav>
+      
+    </li>
+  
+
+              
+            
+              
+                
+  
+  
+  
+  
+    
+    
+      
+        
+      
+        
+      
+    
+    
+      
+      
+        
+          
+          
+        
+      
+    
+    
+    <li class="md-nav__item md-nav__item--section md-nav__item--nested">
+      
+        
+        
+        <input class="md-nav__toggle md-toggle " type="checkbox" id="__nav_4_15" >
+        
+          
+          <label class="md-nav__link" for="__nav_4_15" id="__nav_4_15_label" tabindex="">
+            
+  
+  <span class="md-ellipsis">
+    Bash
+  </span>
+  
+
+            <span class="md-nav__icon md-icon"></span>
+          </label>
+        
+        <nav class="md-nav" data-md-level="2" aria-labelledby="__nav_4_15_label" aria-expanded="false">
+          <label class="md-nav__title" for="__nav_4_15">
+            <span class="md-nav__icon md-icon"></span>
+            Bash
+          </label>
+          <ul class="md-nav__list" data-md-scrollfix>
+            
+              
+                
+  
+  
+  
+  
+    <li class="md-nav__item">
+      <a href="../bash/scripting.html" class="md-nav__link">
+        
+  
+  <span class="md-ellipsis">
+    Scripting
+  </span>
+  
+
+      </a>
+    </li>
+  
+
+              
+            
+              
+                
+  
+  
+  
+  
+    <li class="md-nav__item">
+      <a href="../bash/commands.html" class="md-nav__link">
+        
+  
+  <span class="md-ellipsis">
+    Commands
+  </span>
+  
+
+      </a>
+    </li>
+  
+
+              
+            
+          </ul>
+        </nav>
+      
+    </li>
+  
+
+              
+            
+          </ul>
+        </nav>
+      
+    </li>
+  
+
+    
+      
+      
+  
+  
+  
+  
+    
+    
+      
+        
+      
+        
+      
+        
+      
+        
+      
+        
+      
+    
+    
+      
+      
+        
+      
+    
+    
+    <li class="md-nav__item md-nav__item--nested">
+      
+        
+        
+        <input class="md-nav__toggle md-toggle " type="checkbox" id="__nav_5" >
+        
+          
+          <label class="md-nav__link" for="__nav_5" id="__nav_5_label" tabindex="0">
+            
+  
+  <span class="md-ellipsis">
+    Misc
+  </span>
+  
+
+            <span class="md-nav__icon md-icon"></span>
+          </label>
+        
+        <nav class="md-nav" data-md-level="1" aria-labelledby="__nav_5_label" aria-expanded="false">
+          <label class="md-nav__title" for="__nav_5">
+            <span class="md-nav__icon md-icon"></span>
+            Misc
+          </label>
+          <ul class="md-nav__list" data-md-scrollfix>
+            
+              
+                
+  
+  
+  
+  
+    <li class="md-nav__item">
+      <a href="../../misc/git.html" class="md-nav__link">
+        
+  
+  <span class="md-ellipsis">
+    Git
+  </span>
+  
+
+      </a>
+    </li>
+  
+
+              
+            
+              
+                
+  
+  
+  
+  
+    <li class="md-nav__item">
+      <a href="../../misc/graph-ql.html" class="md-nav__link">
+        
+  
+  <span class="md-ellipsis">
+    GraphQL
+  </span>
+  
+
+      </a>
+    </li>
+  
+
+              
+            
+              
+                
+  
+  
+  
+  
+    <li class="md-nav__item">
+      <a href="../../misc/regular-expressions.html" class="md-nav__link">
+        
+  
+  <span class="md-ellipsis">
+    RegEx
+  </span>
+  
+
+      </a>
+    </li>
+  
+
+              
+            
+              
+                
+  
+  
+  
+  
+    <li class="md-nav__item">
+      <a href="../../misc/ssh.html" class="md-nav__link">
+        
+  
+  <span class="md-ellipsis">
+    SSH
+  </span>
+  
+
+      </a>
+    </li>
+  
+
+              
+            
+              
+                
+  
+  
+  
+  
+    <li class="md-nav__item">
+      <a href="../../misc/web-components.html" class="md-nav__link">
+        
+  
+  <span class="md-ellipsis">
+    WebComponents
+  </span>
+  
+
+      </a>
+    </li>
+  
+
+              
+            
+          </ul>
+        </nav>
+      
+    </li>
+  
+
+    
+      
+      
+  
+  
+  
+  
+    
+    
+      
+        
+      
+        
+      
+    
+    
+      
+      
+        
+      
+    
+    
+    <li class="md-nav__item md-nav__item--nested">
+      
+        
+        
+        <input class="md-nav__toggle md-toggle " type="checkbox" id="__nav_6" >
+        
+          
+          <label class="md-nav__link" for="__nav_6" id="__nav_6_label" tabindex="0">
+            
+  
+  <span class="md-ellipsis">
+    Linux
+  </span>
+  
+
+            <span class="md-nav__icon md-icon"></span>
+          </label>
+        
+        <nav class="md-nav" data-md-level="1" aria-labelledby="__nav_6_label" aria-expanded="false">
+          <label class="md-nav__title" for="__nav_6">
+            <span class="md-nav__icon md-icon"></span>
+            Linux
+          </label>
+          <ul class="md-nav__list" data-md-scrollfix>
+            
+              
+                
+  
+  
+  
+  
+    
+    
+      
+        
+      
+        
+      
+        
+      
+    
+    
+      
+      
+        
+      
+    
+    
+    <li class="md-nav__item md-nav__item--nested">
+      
+        
+        
+        <input class="md-nav__toggle md-toggle " type="checkbox" id="__nav_6_1" >
+        
+          
+          <label class="md-nav__link" for="__nav_6_1" id="__nav_6_1_label" tabindex="0">
+            
+  
+  <span class="md-ellipsis">
+    Filesystem
+  </span>
+  
+
+            <span class="md-nav__icon md-icon"></span>
+          </label>
+        
+        <nav class="md-nav" data-md-level="2" aria-labelledby="__nav_6_1_label" aria-expanded="false">
+          <label class="md-nav__title" for="__nav_6_1">
+            <span class="md-nav__icon md-icon"></span>
+            Filesystem
+          </label>
+          <ul class="md-nav__list" data-md-scrollfix>
+            
+              
+                
+  
+  
+  
+  
+    <li class="md-nav__item">
+      <a href="../../linux/filesystem/file-links.html" class="md-nav__link">
+        
+  
+  <span class="md-ellipsis">
+    File Links
+  </span>
+  
+
+      </a>
+    </li>
+  
+
+              
+            
+              
+                
+  
+  
+  
+  
+    <li class="md-nav__item">
+      <a href="../../linux/filesystem/procfs.html" class="md-nav__link">
+        
+  
+  <span class="md-ellipsis">
+    /proc
+  </span>
+  
+
+      </a>
+    </li>
+  
+
+              
+            
+              
+                
+  
+  
+  
+  
+    <li class="md-nav__item">
+      <a href="../../linux/filesystem/sysfs.html" class="md-nav__link">
+        
+  
+  <span class="md-ellipsis">
+    /sys
+  </span>
+  
+
+      </a>
+    </li>
+  
+
+              
+            
+          </ul>
+        </nav>
+      
+    </li>
+  
+
+              
+            
+              
+                
+  
+  
+  
+  
+    
+    
+      
+        
+      
+        
+      
+    
+    
+      
+      
+        
+      
+    
+    
+    <li class="md-nav__item md-nav__item--nested">
+      
+        
+        
+        <input class="md-nav__toggle md-toggle " type="checkbox" id="__nav_6_2" >
+        
+          
+          <label class="md-nav__link" for="__nav_6_2" id="__nav_6_2_label" tabindex="0">
+            
+  
+  <span class="md-ellipsis">
+    System Init
+  </span>
+  
+
+            <span class="md-nav__icon md-icon"></span>
+          </label>
+        
+        <nav class="md-nav" data-md-level="2" aria-labelledby="__nav_6_2_label" aria-expanded="false">
+          <label class="md-nav__title" for="__nav_6_2">
+            <span class="md-nav__icon md-icon"></span>
+            System Init
+          </label>
+          <ul class="md-nav__list" data-md-scrollfix>
+            
+              
+                
+  
+  
+  
+  
+    <li class="md-nav__item">
+      <a href="../../linux/init/systemd.html" class="md-nav__link">
+        
+  
+  <span class="md-ellipsis">
+    Systemd
+  </span>
+  
+
+      </a>
+    </li>
+  
+
+              
+            
+              
+                
+  
+  
+  
+  
+    <li class="md-nav__item">
+      <a href="../../linux/init/open-rc.html" class="md-nav__link">
+        
+  
+  <span class="md-ellipsis">
+    OpenRC
+  </span>
+  
+
+      </a>
+    </li>
+  
+
+              
+            
+          </ul>
+        </nav>
+      
+    </li>
+  
+
+              
+            
+          </ul>
+        </nav>
+      
+    </li>
+  
+
+    
+  </ul>
+</nav>
+                  </div>
+                </div>
+              </div>
+            
+            
+              
+              <div class="md-sidebar md-sidebar--secondary" data-md-component="sidebar" data-md-type="toc" >
+                <div class="md-sidebar__scrollwrap">
+                  <div class="md-sidebar__inner">
+                    
+
+<nav class="md-nav md-nav--secondary" aria-label="Table of contents">
+  
+  
+  
+    
+  
+  
+    <label class="md-nav__title" for="__toc">
+      <span class="md-nav__icon md-icon"></span>
+      Table of contents
+    </label>
+    <ul class="md-nav__list" data-md-component="toc" data-md-scrollfix>
+      
+        <li class="md-nav__item">
+  <a href="#dom-access" class="md-nav__link">
+    <span class="md-ellipsis">
+      DOM Access
+    </span>
+  </a>
+  
+    <nav class="md-nav" aria-label="DOM Access">
+      <ul class="md-nav__list">
+        
+          <li class="md-nav__item">
+  <a href="#selecting-nodes-from-the-dom" class="md-nav__link">
+    <span class="md-ellipsis">
+      Selecting Nodes from the DOM
+    </span>
+  </a>
+  
+</li>
+        
+      </ul>
+    </nav>
+  
+</li>
+      
+        <li class="md-nav__item">
+  <a href="#manipulating-the-dom" class="md-nav__link">
+    <span class="md-ellipsis">
+      Manipulating the DOM
+    </span>
+  </a>
+  
+    <nav class="md-nav" aria-label="Manipulating the DOM">
+      <ul class="md-nav__list">
+        
+          <li class="md-nav__item">
+  <a href="#manipulating-a-nodes-attributes" class="md-nav__link">
+    <span class="md-ellipsis">
+      Manipulating a node's attributes
+    </span>
+  </a>
+  
+</li>
+        
+          <li class="md-nav__item">
+  <a href="#manipulating-a-nodes-style" class="md-nav__link">
+    <span class="md-ellipsis">
+      Manipulating a node's style
+    </span>
+  </a>
+  
+</li>
+        
+          <li class="md-nav__item">
+  <a href="#manipulating-a-nodes-contents" class="md-nav__link">
+    <span class="md-ellipsis">
+      Manipulating a node's contents
+    </span>
+  </a>
+  
+</li>
+        
+          <li class="md-nav__item">
+  <a href="#reading-inputs-from-a-form" class="md-nav__link">
+    <span class="md-ellipsis">
+      Reading Inputs From A Form
+    </span>
+  </a>
+  
+</li>
+        
+      </ul>
+    </nav>
+  
+</li>
+      
+        <li class="md-nav__item">
+  <a href="#creating-removing-dom-nodes" class="md-nav__link">
+    <span class="md-ellipsis">
+      Creating &amp; Removing DOM Nodes
+    </span>
+  </a>
+  
+    <nav class="md-nav" aria-label="Creating & Removing DOM Nodes">
+      <ul class="md-nav__list">
+        
+          <li class="md-nav__item">
+  <a href="#creating-dom-nodes-with-constructor-functions" class="md-nav__link">
+    <span class="md-ellipsis">
+      Creating DOM Nodes with Constructor Functions
+    </span>
+  </a>
+  
+</li>
+        
+      </ul>
+    </nav>
+  
+</li>
+      
+    </ul>
+  
+</nav>
+                  </div>
+                </div>
+              </div>
+            
+          
+          
+            <div class="md-content" data-md-component="content">
+              <article class="md-content__inner md-typeset">
+                
+                  
+
+  
+  
+
+
+<h1 id="document-object-model-dom">Document Object Model (DOM)</h1>
+<p>The <strong>Document Object Model</strong> is a <em>map</em> of the HTML document. Elements in an HTML document can be accessed, changed, deleted, or added using the DOM.
+The document object is <em>globally available</em> in the browser. It allows to access and manipulate the DOM of the current web page.</p>
+<h2 id="dom-access">DOM Access</h2>
+<h3 id="selecting-nodes-from-the-dom">Selecting Nodes from the DOM</h3>
+<p><code>getElementById()</code> and <code>querySelector()</code> return a single element.<br />
+<code>getElementsByClassName()</code>, <code>getElementsByTagName()</code>, and <code>querySelectorAll()</code> return a collection of elements.</p>
+<div class="highlight"><table class="highlighttable"><tr><th colspan="2" class="filename"><span class="filename">JavaScript</span></th></tr><tr><td class="linenos"><div class="linenodiv"><pre><span></span><span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-0-1"> 1</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-0-2"> 2</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-0-3"> 3</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-0-4"> 4</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-0-5"> 5</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-0-6"> 6</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-0-7"> 7</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-0-8"> 8</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-0-9"> 9</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-0-10">10</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-0-11">11</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-0-12">12</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-0-13">13</a></span></pre></div></td><td class="code"><div><pre><span></span><code><a id="__codelineno-0-1" name="__codelineno-0-1"></a><span class="nx">Javascript</span>
+<a id="__codelineno-0-2" name="__codelineno-0-2"></a><span class="c1">// By Id</span>
+<a id="__codelineno-0-3" name="__codelineno-0-3"></a><span class="kd">var</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="nx">node</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="o">=</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="nb">document</span><span class="p">.</span><span class="nx">getElementById</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="s1">&#39;id&#39;</span><span class="p">);</span>
+<a id="__codelineno-0-4" name="__codelineno-0-4"></a>
+<a id="__codelineno-0-5" name="__codelineno-0-5"></a><span class="c1">// By Tag Name</span>
+<a id="__codelineno-0-6" name="__codelineno-0-6"></a><span class="kd">var</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="nx">nodes</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="o">=</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="nb">document</span><span class="p">.</span><span class="nx">getElementsByTagName</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="s1">&#39;tag&#39;</span><span class="p">);</span>
+<a id="__codelineno-0-7" name="__codelineno-0-7"></a>
+<a id="__codelineno-0-8" name="__codelineno-0-8"></a><span class="c1">// By Class Name</span>
+<a id="__codelineno-0-9" name="__codelineno-0-9"></a><span class="kd">var</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="nx">nodes</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="o">=</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="nb">document</span><span class="p">.</span><span class="nx">getElementsByClassName</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="s1">&#39;class&#39;</span><span class="p">);</span>
+<a id="__codelineno-0-10" name="__codelineno-0-10"></a>
+<a id="__codelineno-0-11" name="__codelineno-0-11"></a><span class="c1">// By CSS Query</span>
+<a id="__codelineno-0-12" name="__codelineno-0-12"></a><span class="kd">var</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="nx">node</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="o">=</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="nb">document</span><span class="p">.</span><span class="nx">querySelector</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="s1">&#39;css-selector&#39;</span><span class="p">);</span>
+<a id="__codelineno-0-13" name="__codelineno-0-13"></a><span class="kd">var</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="nx">nodes</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="o">=</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="nb">document</span><span class="p">.</span><span class="nx">querySelectorAll</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="s1">&#39;css-selector&#39;</span><span class="p">);</span>
+</code></pre></div></td></tr></table></div>
+<h2 id="manipulating-the-dom">Manipulating the DOM</h2>
+<h3 id="manipulating-a-nodes-attributes">Manipulating a node's attributes</h3>
+<p>It's possible access and change the attributes of a DOM node using the <em>dot notation</em>.</p>
+<div class="highlight"><table class="highlighttable"><tr><th colspan="2" class="filename"><span class="filename">JavaScript</span></th></tr><tr><td class="linenos"><div class="linenodiv"><pre><span></span><span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-1-1">1</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-1-2">2</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-1-3">3</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-1-4">4</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-1-5">5</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-1-6">6</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-1-7">7</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-1-8">8</a></span></pre></div></td><td class="code"><div><pre><span></span><code><a id="__codelineno-1-1" name="__codelineno-1-1"></a><span class="c1">// Changing the src of an image:</span>
+<a id="__codelineno-1-2" name="__codelineno-1-2"></a><span class="kd">var</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="nx">image</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="o">=</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="nb">document</span><span class="p">.</span><span class="nx">getElementById</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="s1">&#39;id&#39;</span><span class="p">);</span>
+<a id="__codelineno-1-3" name="__codelineno-1-3"></a><span class="kd">var</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="nx">oldImageSource</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="o">=</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="nx">image</span><span class="p">.</span><span class="nx">src</span><span class="p">;</span>
+<a id="__codelineno-1-4" name="__codelineno-1-4"></a><span class="nx">image</span><span class="p">.</span><span class="nx">src</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="o">=</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="s1">&#39;image-url&#39;</span><span class="p">;</span>
+<a id="__codelineno-1-5" name="__codelineno-1-5"></a>
+<a id="__codelineno-1-6" name="__codelineno-1-6"></a><span class="c1">//Changing the className of a DOM node:</span>
+<a id="__codelineno-1-7" name="__codelineno-1-7"></a><span class="kd">var</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="nx">node</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="o">=</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="nb">document</span><span class="p">.</span><span class="nx">getElementById</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="s1">&#39;id&#39;</span><span class="p">);</span>
+<a id="__codelineno-1-8" name="__codelineno-1-8"></a><span class="nx">node</span><span class="p">.</span><span class="nx">className</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="o">=</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="s1">&#39;new-class&#39;</span><span class="p">;</span>
+</code></pre></div></td></tr></table></div>
+<h3 id="manipulating-a-nodes-style">Manipulating a node's style</h3>
+<p>It's possible to access and change the styles of a DOM nodes via the <strong>style</strong> property.
+CSS property names with a <code>-</code> must be <strong>camelCased</strong> and number properties must have a unit.</p>
+<div class="highlight"><table class="highlighttable"><tr><th colspan="2" class="filename"><span class="filename">CSS</span></th></tr><tr><td class="linenos"><div class="linenodiv"><pre><span></span><span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-2-1">1</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-2-2">2</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-2-3">3</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-2-4">4</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-2-5">5</a></span></pre></div></td><td class="code"><div><pre><span></span><code><a id="__codelineno-2-1" name="__codelineno-2-1"></a><span class="nt">body</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="p">{</span>
+<a id="__codelineno-2-2" name="__codelineno-2-2"></a><span class="w">    </span><span class="k">color</span><span class="p">:</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="kc">red</span><span class="p">;</span>
+<a id="__codelineno-2-3" name="__codelineno-2-3"></a><span class="w">    </span><span class="k">background-color</span><span class="p">:</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="kc">pink</span><span class="p">;</span>
+<a id="__codelineno-2-4" name="__codelineno-2-4"></a><span class="w">    </span><span class="k">padding-top</span><span class="p">:</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="mi">10</span><span class="kt">px</span><span class="p">;</span>
+<a id="__codelineno-2-5" name="__codelineno-2-5"></a><span class="p">}</span>
+</code></pre></div></td></tr></table></div>
+<div class="highlight"><table class="highlighttable"><tr><th colspan="2" class="filename"><span class="filename">JavaScript</span></th></tr><tr><td class="linenos"><div class="linenodiv"><pre><span></span><span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-3-1">1</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-3-2">2</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-3-3">3</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-3-4">4</a></span></pre></div></td><td class="code"><div><pre><span></span><code><a id="__codelineno-3-1" name="__codelineno-3-1"></a><span class="kd">var</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="nx">pageNode</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="o">=</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="nb">document</span><span class="p">.</span><span class="nx">body</span><span class="p">;</span>
+<a id="__codelineno-3-2" name="__codelineno-3-2"></a><span class="nx">pageNode</span><span class="p">.</span><span class="nx">style</span><span class="p">.</span><span class="nx">color</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="o">=</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="s1">&#39;red&#39;</span><span class="p">;</span>
+<a id="__codelineno-3-3" name="__codelineno-3-3"></a><span class="nx">pageNode</span><span class="p">.</span><span class="nx">style</span><span class="p">.</span><span class="nx">backgroundColor</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="o">=</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="s1">&#39;pink&#39;</span><span class="p">;</span>
+<a id="__codelineno-3-4" name="__codelineno-3-4"></a><span class="nx">pageNode</span><span class="p">.</span><span class="nx">style</span><span class="p">.</span><span class="nx">paddingTop</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="o">=</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="s1">&#39;10px&#39;</span><span class="p">;</span>
+</code></pre></div></td></tr></table></div>
+<h3 id="manipulating-a-nodes-contents">Manipulating a node's contents</h3>
+<p>Each DOM node has an <code>innerHTML</code> attribute. It contains the HTML of all its children.</p>
+<div class="highlight"><table class="highlighttable"><tr><th colspan="2" class="filename"><span class="filename">JavaScript</span></th></tr><tr><td class="linenos"><div class="linenodiv"><pre><span></span><span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-4-1">1</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-4-2">2</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-4-3">3</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-4-4">4</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-4-5">5</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-4-6">6</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-4-7">7</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-4-8">8</a></span></pre></div></td><td class="code"><div><pre><span></span><code><a id="__codelineno-4-1" name="__codelineno-4-1"></a><span class="kd">var</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="nx">pageNode</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="o">=</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="nb">document</span><span class="p">.</span><span class="nx">body</span><span class="p">;</span>
+<a id="__codelineno-4-2" name="__codelineno-4-2"></a><span class="nx">console</span><span class="p">.</span><span class="nx">log</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="nx">pageNode</span><span class="p">.</span><span class="nx">innerHTML</span><span class="p">);</span>
+<a id="__codelineno-4-3" name="__codelineno-4-3"></a>
+<a id="__codelineno-4-4" name="__codelineno-4-4"></a><span class="c1">// Set innerHTML to replace the contents of the node:</span>
+<a id="__codelineno-4-5" name="__codelineno-4-5"></a><span class="nx">pageNode</span><span class="p">.</span><span class="nx">innerHTML</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="o">=</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="s2">&quot;&lt;h1&gt;Oh, no! Everything is gone!&lt;/h1&gt;&quot;</span><span class="p">;</span>
+<a id="__codelineno-4-6" name="__codelineno-4-6"></a>
+<a id="__codelineno-4-7" name="__codelineno-4-7"></a><span class="c1">// Or add to innerHTML instead:</span>
+<a id="__codelineno-4-8" name="__codelineno-4-8"></a><span class="nx">pageNode</span><span class="p">.</span><span class="nx">innerHTML</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="o">+=</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="s2">&quot;P.S. Please do write back.&quot;</span><span class="p">;</span>
+</code></pre></div></td></tr></table></div>
+<p>To change the actual text of a node, <code>textContent</code> may be a better choice:</p>
+<p><code>innerHTML</code>:</p>
+<ul>
+<li>Works in older browsers</li>
+<li><strong>More powerful</strong>: can change code</li>
+<li><strong>Less secure</strong>: allows cross-site scripting (XSS)</li>
+</ul>
+<p><code>textContent</code>:</p>
+<ul>
+<li>Doesn't work in IE8 and below</li>
+<li><strong>Faster</strong>: the browser doesn't have to parse HTML</li>
+<li><strong>More secure</strong>: won't execute code</li>
+</ul>
+<h3 id="reading-inputs-from-a-form">Reading Inputs From A Form</h3>
+<p>In <code>page.html</code>:</p>
+<div class="highlight"><table class="highlighttable"><tr><th colspan="2" class="filename"><span class="filename">HTML</span></th></tr><tr><td class="linenos"><div class="linenodiv"><pre><span></span><span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-5-1">1</a></span></pre></div></td><td class="code"><div><pre><span></span><code><a id="__codelineno-5-1" name="__codelineno-5-1"></a><span class="p">&lt;</span><span class="nt">input</span> <span class="na">type</span><span class="o">=</span><span class="s">&quot;&quot;</span> <span class="na">id</span><span class="o">=</span><span class="s">&quot;identifier&quot;</span> <span class="na">value</span><span class="o">=</span><span class="s">&quot;&quot;</span><span class="p">&gt;</span>
+</code></pre></div></td></tr></table></div>
+<p>In <code>script.js</code>:</p>
+<div class="highlight"><table class="highlighttable"><tr><th colspan="2" class="filename"><span class="filename">JavaScript</span></th></tr><tr><td class="linenos"><div class="linenodiv"><pre><span></span><span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-6-1">1</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-6-2">2</a></span></pre></div></td><td class="code"><div><pre><span></span><code><a id="__codelineno-6-1" name="__codelineno-6-1"></a><span class="kd">var</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="nx">formNode</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="o">=</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="nb">document</span><span class="p">.</span><span class="nx">getElementById</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="s2">&quot;Identifier&quot;</span><span class="p">);</span>
+<a id="__codelineno-6-2" name="__codelineno-6-2"></a><span class="kd">var</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="nx">value</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="o">=</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="nx">formNode</span><span class="p">.</span><span class="nx">value</span><span class="p">;</span>
+</code></pre></div></td></tr></table></div>
+<h2 id="creating-removing-dom-nodes">Creating &amp; Removing DOM Nodes</h2>
+<p>The document object also allows to create new nodes from scratch.</p>
+<div class="highlight"><table class="highlighttable"><tr><th colspan="2" class="filename"><span class="filename">JavaScript</span></th></tr><tr><td class="linenos"><div class="linenodiv"><pre><span></span><span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-7-1"> 1</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-7-2"> 2</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-7-3"> 3</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-7-4"> 4</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-7-5"> 5</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-7-6"> 6</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-7-7"> 7</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-7-8"> 8</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-7-9"> 9</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-7-10">10</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-7-11">11</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-7-12">12</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-7-13">13</a></span></pre></div></td><td class="code"><div><pre><span></span><code><a id="__codelineno-7-1" name="__codelineno-7-1"></a><span class="c1">// create node</span>
+<a id="__codelineno-7-2" name="__codelineno-7-2"></a><span class="nb">document</span><span class="p">.</span><span class="nx">createElement</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="s1">&#39;tagName&#39;</span><span class="p">);</span>
+<a id="__codelineno-7-3" name="__codelineno-7-3"></a><span class="nb">document</span><span class="p">.</span><span class="nx">createTextNode</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="s1">&#39;text&#39;</span><span class="p">);</span>
+<a id="__codelineno-7-4" name="__codelineno-7-4"></a>
+<a id="__codelineno-7-5" name="__codelineno-7-5"></a><span class="nx">domNode</span><span class="p">.</span><span class="nx">appendChild</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="nx">childToAppend</span><span class="p">);</span><span class="w">  </span><span class="c1">// insert childTaAppend after domNode</span>
+<a id="__codelineno-7-6" name="__codelineno-7-6"></a>
+<a id="__codelineno-7-7" name="__codelineno-7-7"></a><span class="c1">// insert node before domNode</span>
+<a id="__codelineno-7-8" name="__codelineno-7-8"></a><span class="nx">domNode</span><span class="p">.</span><span class="nx">insertBefore</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="nx">childToInsert</span><span class="p">,</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="nx">domnode</span><span class="p">);</span>
+<a id="__codelineno-7-9" name="__codelineno-7-9"></a><span class="nx">domNode</span><span class="p">.</span><span class="nx">parentNode</span><span class="p">.</span><span class="nx">insertBefore</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="nx">childToInsert</span><span class="p">,</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="nx">nodeAfterChild</span><span class="p">);</span>
+<a id="__codelineno-7-10" name="__codelineno-7-10"></a>
+<a id="__codelineno-7-11" name="__codelineno-7-11"></a><span class="c1">// remove a node</span>
+<a id="__codelineno-7-12" name="__codelineno-7-12"></a><span class="nx">domNode</span><span class="p">.</span><span class="nx">removeChild</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="nx">childToRemove</span><span class="p">);</span>
+<a id="__codelineno-7-13" name="__codelineno-7-13"></a><span class="nx">node</span><span class="p">.</span><span class="nx">parentNode</span><span class="p">.</span><span class="nx">removeChild</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="nx">node</span><span class="p">);</span>
+</code></pre></div></td></tr></table></div>
+<p>Example:</p>
+<div class="highlight"><table class="highlighttable"><tr><th colspan="2" class="filename"><span class="filename">JavaScript</span></th></tr><tr><td class="linenos"><div class="linenodiv"><pre><span></span><span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-8-1"> 1</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-8-2"> 2</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-8-3"> 3</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-8-4"> 4</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-8-5"> 5</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-8-6"> 6</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-8-7"> 7</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-8-8"> 8</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-8-9"> 9</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-8-10">10</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-8-11">11</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-8-12">12</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-8-13">13</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-8-14">14</a></span></pre></div></td><td class="code"><div><pre><span></span><code><a id="__codelineno-8-1" name="__codelineno-8-1"></a><span class="kd">var</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="nx">body</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="o">=</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="nb">document</span><span class="p">.</span><span class="nx">body</span><span class="p">;</span>
+<a id="__codelineno-8-2" name="__codelineno-8-2"></a>
+<a id="__codelineno-8-3" name="__codelineno-8-3"></a><span class="kd">var</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="nx">newImg</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="o">=</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="nb">document</span><span class="p">.</span><span class="nx">createElement</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="s1">&#39;img&#39;</span><span class="p">);</span>
+<a id="__codelineno-8-4" name="__codelineno-8-4"></a><span class="nx">newImg</span><span class="p">.</span><span class="nx">src</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="o">=</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="s1">&#39;http://placekitten.com/400/300&#39;</span><span class="p">;</span>
+<a id="__codelineno-8-5" name="__codelineno-8-5"></a><span class="nx">newImg</span><span class="p">.</span><span class="nx">style</span><span class="p">.</span><span class="nx">border</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="o">=</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="s1">&#39;1px solid black&#39;</span><span class="p">;</span>
+<a id="__codelineno-8-6" name="__codelineno-8-6"></a>
+<a id="__codelineno-8-7" name="__codelineno-8-7"></a><span class="nx">body</span><span class="p">.</span><span class="nx">appendChild</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="nx">newImg</span><span class="p">);</span>
+<a id="__codelineno-8-8" name="__codelineno-8-8"></a>
+<a id="__codelineno-8-9" name="__codelineno-8-9"></a><span class="kd">var</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="nx">newParagraph</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="o">=</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="nb">document</span><span class="p">.</span><span class="nx">createElement</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="s1">&#39;p&#39;</span><span class="p">);</span>
+<a id="__codelineno-8-10" name="__codelineno-8-10"></a><span class="kd">var</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="nx">newText</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="o">=</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="nb">document</span><span class="p">.</span><span class="nx">createTextNode</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="s1">&#39;Squee!&#39;</span><span class="p">);</span>
+<a id="__codelineno-8-11" name="__codelineno-8-11"></a>
+<a id="__codelineno-8-12" name="__codelineno-8-12"></a><span class="nx">newParagraph</span><span class="p">.</span><span class="nx">appendChild</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="nx">newText</span><span class="p">);</span>
+<a id="__codelineno-8-13" name="__codelineno-8-13"></a>
+<a id="__codelineno-8-14" name="__codelineno-8-14"></a><span class="nx">body</span><span class="p">.</span><span class="nx">appendChild</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="nx">newParagraph</span><span class="p">);</span>
+</code></pre></div></td></tr></table></div>
+<h3 id="creating-dom-nodes-with-constructor-functions">Creating DOM Nodes with Constructor Functions</h3>
+<div class="highlight"><table class="highlighttable"><tr><th colspan="2" class="filename"><span class="filename">JavaScript</span></th></tr><tr><td class="linenos"><div class="linenodiv"><pre><span></span><span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-9-1"> 1</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-9-2"> 2</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-9-3"> 3</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-9-4"> 4</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-9-5"> 5</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-9-6"> 6</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-9-7"> 7</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-9-8"> 8</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-9-9"> 9</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-9-10">10</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-9-11">11</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-9-12">12</a></span></pre></div></td><td class="code"><div><pre><span></span><code><a id="__codelineno-9-1" name="__codelineno-9-1"></a><span class="kd">function</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="nx">Node</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="nx">params</span><span class="p">)</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="p">{</span>
+<a id="__codelineno-9-2" name="__codelineno-9-2"></a><span class="w">    </span><span class="k">this</span><span class="p">.</span><span class="nx">node</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="o">=</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="nb">document</span><span class="p">.</span><span class="nx">createElement</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="s2">&quot;tag&quot;</span><span class="p">);</span>
+<a id="__codelineno-9-3" name="__codelineno-9-3"></a>
+<a id="__codelineno-9-4" name="__codelineno-9-4"></a><span class="w">    </span><span class="k">this</span><span class="p">.</span><span class="nx">node</span><span class="p">.</span><span class="nx">attribute</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="o">=</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="nx">value</span><span class="p">;</span>
+<a id="__codelineno-9-5" name="__codelineno-9-5"></a>
+<a id="__codelineno-9-6" name="__codelineno-9-6"></a><span class="w">    </span><span class="c1">// operations on the node</span>
+<a id="__codelineno-9-7" name="__codelineno-9-7"></a>
+<a id="__codelineno-9-8" name="__codelineno-9-8"></a><span class="w">    </span><span class="k">return</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="k">this</span><span class="p">.</span><span class="nx">node</span><span class="p">;</span>
+<a id="__codelineno-9-9" name="__codelineno-9-9"></a><span class="p">}</span>
+<a id="__codelineno-9-10" name="__codelineno-9-10"></a>
+<a id="__codelineno-9-11" name="__codelineno-9-11"></a><span class="kd">var</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="nx">node</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="o">=</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="nx">Node</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="nx">params</span><span class="p">);</span>
+<a id="__codelineno-9-12" name="__codelineno-9-12"></a><span class="nx">domElement</span><span class="p">.</span><span class="nx">appendChild</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="nx">node</span><span class="p">);</span>
+</code></pre></div></td></tr></table></div>
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\ No newline at end of file
diff --git a/languages/javascript/events-animation.html b/languages/javascript/events-animation.html
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..75974ce
--- /dev/null
+++ b/languages/javascript/events-animation.html
@@ -0,0 +1,4368 @@
+
+<!doctype html>
+<html lang="en" class="no-js">
+  <head>
+    
+      <meta charset="utf-8">
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+
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+      
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+        <svg xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" viewBox="0 0 24 24"><path d="M12 8a4 4 0 0 0-4 4 4 4 0 0 0 4 4 4 4 0 0 0 4-4 4 4 0 0 0-4-4m0 10a6 6 0 0 1-6-6 6 6 0 0 1 6-6 6 6 0 0 1 6 6 6 6 0 0 1-6 6m8-9.31V4h-4.69L12 .69 8.69 4H4v4.69L.69 12 4 15.31V20h4.69L12 23.31 15.31 20H20v-4.69L23.31 12z"/></svg>
+      </label>
+    
+  
+    
+    
+    
+    <input class="md-option" data-md-color-media="(prefers-color-scheme: dark)" data-md-color-scheme="slate" data-md-color-primary="orange" data-md-color-accent="deep-orange"  aria-label="Switch to light mode"  type="radio" name="__palette" id="__palette_1">
+    
+      <label class="md-header__button md-icon" title="Switch to light mode" for="__palette_0" hidden>
+        <svg xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" viewBox="0 0 24 24"><path d="M12 18c-.89 0-1.74-.2-2.5-.55C11.56 16.5 13 14.42 13 12s-1.44-4.5-3.5-5.45C10.26 6.2 11.11 6 12 6a6 6 0 0 1 6 6 6 6 0 0 1-6 6m8-9.31V4h-4.69L12 .69 8.69 4H4v4.69L.69 12 4 15.31V20h4.69L12 23.31 15.31 20H20v-4.69L23.31 12z"/></svg>
+      </label>
+    
+  
+</form>
+      
+    
+    
+      <script>var palette=__md_get("__palette");if(palette&&palette.color){if("(prefers-color-scheme)"===palette.color.media){var media=matchMedia("(prefers-color-scheme: light)"),input=document.querySelector(media.matches?"[data-md-color-media='(prefers-color-scheme: light)']":"[data-md-color-media='(prefers-color-scheme: dark)']");palette.color.media=input.getAttribute("data-md-color-media"),palette.color.scheme=input.getAttribute("data-md-color-scheme"),palette.color.primary=input.getAttribute("data-md-color-primary"),palette.color.accent=input.getAttribute("data-md-color-accent")}for(var[key,value]of Object.entries(palette.color))document.body.setAttribute("data-md-color-"+key,value)}</script>
+    
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+    
+      <label class="md-header__button md-icon" for="__search">
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+          <ul class="md-nav__list" data-md-scrollfix>
+            
+              
+                
+  
+  
+  
+  
+    <li class="md-nav__item">
+      <a href="../python/modules/argparse.html" class="md-nav__link">
+        
+  
+  <span class="md-ellipsis">
+    argparse
+  </span>
+  
+
+      </a>
+    </li>
+  
+
+              
+            
+              
+                
+  
+  
+  
+  
+    <li class="md-nav__item">
+      <a href="../python/modules/collections.html" class="md-nav__link">
+        
+  
+  <span class="md-ellipsis">
+    collection
+  </span>
+  
+
+      </a>
+    </li>
+  
+
+              
+            
+              
+                
+  
+  
+  
+  
+    <li class="md-nav__item">
+      <a href="../python/modules/csv.html" class="md-nav__link">
+        
+  
+  <span class="md-ellipsis">
+    csv
+  </span>
+  
+
+      </a>
+    </li>
+  
+
+              
+            
+              
+                
+  
+  
+  
+  
+    <li class="md-nav__item">
+      <a href="../python/modules/ftplib.html" class="md-nav__link">
+        
+  
+  <span class="md-ellipsis">
+    ftplib
+  </span>
+  
+
+      </a>
+    </li>
+  
+
+              
+            
+              
+                
+  
+  
+  
+  
+    <li class="md-nav__item">
+      <a href="../python/modules/itertools.html" class="md-nav__link">
+        
+  
+  <span class="md-ellipsis">
+    itertools
+  </span>
+  
+
+      </a>
+    </li>
+  
+
+              
+            
+              
+                
+  
+  
+  
+  
+    <li class="md-nav__item">
+      <a href="../python/modules/json.html" class="md-nav__link">
+        
+  
+  <span class="md-ellipsis">
+    json
+  </span>
+  
+
+      </a>
+    </li>
+  
+
+              
+            
+              
+                
+  
+  
+  
+  
+    <li class="md-nav__item">
+      <a href="../python/modules/logging.html" class="md-nav__link">
+        
+  
+  <span class="md-ellipsis">
+    logging
+  </span>
+  
+
+      </a>
+    </li>
+  
+
+              
+            
+              
+                
+  
+  
+  
+  
+    <li class="md-nav__item">
+      <a href="../python/modules/shutil.html" class="md-nav__link">
+        
+  
+  <span class="md-ellipsis">
+    shutil
+  </span>
+  
+
+      </a>
+    </li>
+  
+
+              
+            
+              
+                
+  
+  
+  
+  
+    <li class="md-nav__item">
+      <a href="../python/modules/smtplib.html" class="md-nav__link">
+        
+  
+  <span class="md-ellipsis">
+    smtplib
+  </span>
+  
+
+      </a>
+    </li>
+  
+
+              
+            
+              
+                
+  
+  
+  
+  
+    <li class="md-nav__item">
+      <a href="../python/modules/socket.html" class="md-nav__link">
+        
+  
+  <span class="md-ellipsis">
+    socket
+  </span>
+  
+
+      </a>
+    </li>
+  
+
+              
+            
+              
+                
+  
+  
+  
+  
+    <li class="md-nav__item">
+      <a href="../python/modules/sqlite.html" class="md-nav__link">
+        
+  
+  <span class="md-ellipsis">
+    sqlite
+  </span>
+  
+
+      </a>
+    </li>
+  
+
+              
+            
+              
+                
+  
+  
+  
+  
+    <li class="md-nav__item">
+      <a href="../python/modules/time-datetime.html" class="md-nav__link">
+        
+  
+  <span class="md-ellipsis">
+    time & datetime
+  </span>
+  
+
+      </a>
+    </li>
+  
+
+              
+            
+              
+                
+  
+  
+  
+  
+    <li class="md-nav__item">
+      <a href="../python/modules/unittest.html" class="md-nav__link">
+        
+  
+  <span class="md-ellipsis">
+    unittest
+  </span>
+  
+
+      </a>
+    </li>
+  
+
+              
+            
+          </ul>
+        </nav>
+      
+    </li>
+  
+
+              
+            
+              
+                
+  
+  
+  
+  
+    
+    
+      
+        
+      
+        
+      
+        
+      
+        
+      
+        
+      
+        
+      
+    
+    
+      
+      
+        
+      
+    
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+          <label class="md-nav__link" for="__nav_4_8_3" id="__nav_4_8_3_label" tabindex="0">
+            
+  
+  <span class="md-ellipsis">
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+          </label>
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+          </label>
+          <ul class="md-nav__list" data-md-scrollfix>
+            
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+  
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+  
+  
+    <li class="md-nav__item">
+      <a href="../python/libs/tkinter.html" class="md-nav__link">
+        
+  
+  <span class="md-ellipsis">
+    TKinter
+  </span>
+  
+
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+    </li>
+  
+
+              
+            
+              
+                
+  
+  
+  
+  
+    <li class="md-nav__item">
+      <a href="../python/libs/numpy.html" class="md-nav__link">
+        
+  
+  <span class="md-ellipsis">
+    Numpy
+  </span>
+  
+
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+    </li>
+  
+
+              
+            
+              
+                
+  
+  
+  
+  
+    <li class="md-nav__item">
+      <a href="../python/libs/pandas.html" class="md-nav__link">
+        
+  
+  <span class="md-ellipsis">
+    Pandas
+  </span>
+  
+
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+    </li>
+  
+
+              
+            
+              
+                
+  
+  
+  
+  
+    <li class="md-nav__item">
+      <a href="../python/libs/seaborn.html" class="md-nav__link">
+        
+  
+  <span class="md-ellipsis">
+    Seaborn
+  </span>
+  
+
+      </a>
+    </li>
+  
+
+              
+            
+              
+                
+  
+  
+  
+  
+    <li class="md-nav__item">
+      <a href="../python/libs/requests.html" class="md-nav__link">
+        
+  
+  <span class="md-ellipsis">
+    Requests
+  </span>
+  
+
+      </a>
+    </li>
+  
+
+              
+            
+              
+                
+  
+  
+  
+  
+    <li class="md-nav__item">
+      <a href="../python/libs/beautiful-soup.html" class="md-nav__link">
+        
+  
+  <span class="md-ellipsis">
+    Beatiful Soup
+  </span>
+  
+
+      </a>
+    </li>
+  
+
+              
+            
+          </ul>
+        </nav>
+      
+    </li>
+  
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+          </ul>
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+    </li>
+  
+
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+            
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+                
+  
+  
+  
+  
+    
+    
+      
+        
+      
+        
+      
+        
+      
+    
+    
+      
+      
+        
+          
+          
+        
+      
+    
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+    <li class="md-nav__item md-nav__item--section md-nav__item--nested">
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+        <input class="md-nav__toggle md-toggle " type="checkbox" id="__nav_4_9" >
+        
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+          <label class="md-nav__link" for="__nav_4_9" id="__nav_4_9_label" tabindex="">
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+  <span class="md-ellipsis">
+    .NET
+  </span>
+  
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+        <nav class="md-nav" data-md-level="2" aria-labelledby="__nav_4_9_label" aria-expanded="false">
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+            .NET
+          </label>
+          <ul class="md-nav__list" data-md-scrollfix>
+            
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+  
+  
+  
+  
+    
+    
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+        
+      
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+        
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+  </span>
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+            C#
+          </label>
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+            
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+  
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+    <li class="md-nav__item">
+      <a href="../dotnet/csharp/csharp.html" class="md-nav__link">
+        
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+  <span class="md-ellipsis">
+    C#
+  </span>
+  
+
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+  
+
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+  
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+  
+  
+    <li class="md-nav__item">
+      <a href="../dotnet/csharp/linq.html" class="md-nav__link">
+        
+  
+  <span class="md-ellipsis">
+    Linq
+  </span>
+  
+
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+  
+
+              
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+              
+                
+  
+  
+  
+  
+    <li class="md-nav__item">
+      <a href="../dotnet/csharp/collections.html" class="md-nav__link">
+        
+  
+  <span class="md-ellipsis">
+    Collections
+  </span>
+  
+
+      </a>
+    </li>
+  
+
+              
+            
+              
+                
+  
+  
+  
+  
+    <li class="md-nav__item">
+      <a href="../dotnet/csharp/reactive-extensions.html" class="md-nav__link">
+        
+  
+  <span class="md-ellipsis">
+    Reactive Extensions
+  </span>
+  
+
+      </a>
+    </li>
+  
+
+              
+            
+              
+                
+  
+  
+  
+  
+    <li class="md-nav__item">
+      <a href="../dotnet/csharp/async-programming.html" class="md-nav__link">
+        
+  
+  <span class="md-ellipsis">
+    Async Programming
+  </span>
+  
+
+      </a>
+    </li>
+  
+
+              
+            
+              
+                
+  
+  
+  
+  
+    <li class="md-nav__item">
+      <a href="../dotnet/csharp/unit-tests.html" class="md-nav__link">
+        
+  
+  <span class="md-ellipsis">
+    Unit Tests
+  </span>
+  
+
+      </a>
+    </li>
+  
+
+              
+            
+          </ul>
+        </nav>
+      
+    </li>
+  
+
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+            
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+                
+  
+  
+  
+  
+    
+    
+      
+        
+      
+        
+      
+        
+      
+        
+      
+        
+      
+        
+      
+        
+      
+    
+    
+      
+      
+        
+      
+    
+    
+    <li class="md-nav__item md-nav__item--nested">
+      
+        
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+        <input class="md-nav__toggle md-toggle " type="checkbox" id="__nav_4_9_2" >
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+          <label class="md-nav__link" for="__nav_4_9_2" id="__nav_4_9_2_label" tabindex="0">
+            
+  
+  <span class="md-ellipsis">
+    ASP.NET
+  </span>
+  
+
+            <span class="md-nav__icon md-icon"></span>
+          </label>
+        
+        <nav class="md-nav" data-md-level="3" aria-labelledby="__nav_4_9_2_label" aria-expanded="false">
+          <label class="md-nav__title" for="__nav_4_9_2">
+            <span class="md-nav__icon md-icon"></span>
+            ASP.NET
+          </label>
+          <ul class="md-nav__list" data-md-scrollfix>
+            
+              
+                
+  
+  
+  
+  
+    <li class="md-nav__item">
+      <a href="../dotnet/asp.net/minimal-api.html" class="md-nav__link">
+        
+  
+  <span class="md-ellipsis">
+    Minimal API
+  </span>
+  
+
+      </a>
+    </li>
+  
+
+              
+            
+              
+                
+  
+  
+  
+  
+    <li class="md-nav__item">
+      <a href="../dotnet/asp.net/filters.html" class="md-nav__link">
+        
+  
+  <span class="md-ellipsis">
+    FIlters
+  </span>
+  
+
+      </a>
+    </li>
+  
+
+              
+            
+              
+                
+  
+  
+  
+  
+    <li class="md-nav__item">
+      <a href="../dotnet/asp.net/middleware.html" class="md-nav__link">
+        
+  
+  <span class="md-ellipsis">
+    Middleware
+  </span>
+  
+
+      </a>
+    </li>
+  
+
+              
+            
+              
+                
+  
+  
+  
+  
+    <li class="md-nav__item">
+      <a href="../dotnet/asp.net/razor-syntax.html" class="md-nav__link">
+        
+  
+  <span class="md-ellipsis">
+    Razor Syntax
+  </span>
+  
+
+      </a>
+    </li>
+  
+
+              
+            
+              
+                
+  
+  
+  
+  
+    <li class="md-nav__item">
+      <a href="../dotnet/asp.net/blazor.html" class="md-nav__link">
+        
+  
+  <span class="md-ellipsis">
+    Blazor
+  </span>
+  
+
+      </a>
+    </li>
+  
+
+              
+            
+              
+                
+  
+  
+  
+  
+    <li class="md-nav__item">
+      <a href="../dotnet/asp.net/signalr.html" class="md-nav__link">
+        
+  
+  <span class="md-ellipsis">
+    SignalR
+  </span>
+  
+
+      </a>
+    </li>
+  
+
+              
+            
+              
+                
+  
+  
+  
+  
+    <li class="md-nav__item">
+      <a href="../dotnet/asp.net/web-forms.html" class="md-nav__link">
+        
+  
+  <span class="md-ellipsis">
+    Web Forms
+  </span>
+  
+
+      </a>
+    </li>
+  
+
+              
+            
+          </ul>
+        </nav>
+      
+    </li>
+  
+
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+            
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+                
+  
+  
+  
+  
+    
+    
+      
+        
+      
+        
+      
+    
+    
+      
+      
+        
+      
+    
+    
+    <li class="md-nav__item md-nav__item--nested">
+      
+        
+        
+        <input class="md-nav__toggle md-toggle " type="checkbox" id="__nav_4_9_3" >
+        
+          
+          <label class="md-nav__link" for="__nav_4_9_3" id="__nav_4_9_3_label" tabindex="0">
+            
+  
+  <span class="md-ellipsis">
+    Database
+  </span>
+  
+
+            <span class="md-nav__icon md-icon"></span>
+          </label>
+        
+        <nav class="md-nav" data-md-level="3" aria-labelledby="__nav_4_9_3_label" aria-expanded="false">
+          <label class="md-nav__title" for="__nav_4_9_3">
+            <span class="md-nav__icon md-icon"></span>
+            Database
+          </label>
+          <ul class="md-nav__list" data-md-scrollfix>
+            
+              
+                
+  
+  
+  
+  
+    <li class="md-nav__item">
+      <a href="../dotnet/database/ado.net.html" class="md-nav__link">
+        
+  
+  <span class="md-ellipsis">
+    ADO.NET
+  </span>
+  
+
+      </a>
+    </li>
+  
+
+              
+            
+              
+                
+  
+  
+  
+  
+    <li class="md-nav__item">
+      <a href="../dotnet/database/entity-framework.html" class="md-nav__link">
+        
+  
+  <span class="md-ellipsis">
+    Entity Framework
+  </span>
+  
+
+      </a>
+    </li>
+  
+
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+            
+          </ul>
+        </nav>
+      
+    </li>
+  
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+          </ul>
+        </nav>
+      
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+  
+
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+            
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+                
+  
+  
+  
+  
+    
+    
+      
+        
+      
+        
+      
+        
+      
+        
+      
+    
+    
+      
+      
+        
+          
+          
+        
+      
+    
+    
+    <li class="md-nav__item md-nav__item--section md-nav__item--nested">
+      
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+        <input class="md-nav__toggle md-toggle " type="checkbox" id="__nav_4_10" >
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+          <label class="md-nav__link" for="__nav_4_10" id="__nav_4_10_label" tabindex="">
+            
+  
+  <span class="md-ellipsis">
+    Java
+  </span>
+  
+
+            <span class="md-nav__icon md-icon"></span>
+          </label>
+        
+        <nav class="md-nav" data-md-level="2" aria-labelledby="__nav_4_10_label" aria-expanded="false">
+          <label class="md-nav__title" for="__nav_4_10">
+            <span class="md-nav__icon md-icon"></span>
+            Java
+          </label>
+          <ul class="md-nav__list" data-md-scrollfix>
+            
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+  
+  
+  
+  
+    <li class="md-nav__item">
+      <a href="../java/java.html" class="md-nav__link">
+        
+  
+  <span class="md-ellipsis">
+    Java
+  </span>
+  
+
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+    </li>
+  
+
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+            
+              
+                
+  
+  
+  
+  
+    <li class="md-nav__item">
+      <a href="../java/java-collection-framework.html" class="md-nav__link">
+        
+  
+  <span class="md-ellipsis">
+    Java Collection Framework
+  </span>
+  
+
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+    </li>
+  
+
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+            
+              
+                
+  
+  
+  
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+    <li class="md-nav__item">
+      <a href="../java/dao.html" class="md-nav__link">
+        
+  
+  <span class="md-ellipsis">
+    DAO
+  </span>
+  
+
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+    </li>
+  
+
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+            
+              
+                
+  
+  
+  
+  
+    
+    
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+    Web
+  </span>
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+          </label>
+        
+        <nav class="md-nav" data-md-level="3" aria-labelledby="__nav_4_10_4_label" aria-expanded="false">
+          <label class="md-nav__title" for="__nav_4_10_4">
+            <span class="md-nav__icon md-icon"></span>
+            Web
+          </label>
+          <ul class="md-nav__list" data-md-scrollfix>
+            
+              
+                
+  
+  
+  
+  
+    <li class="md-nav__item">
+      <a href="../java/web/servlet.html" class="md-nav__link">
+        
+  
+  <span class="md-ellipsis">
+    Serverlet
+  </span>
+  
+
+      </a>
+    </li>
+  
+
+              
+            
+              
+                
+  
+  
+  
+  
+    
+    
+      
+        
+      
+        
+      
+    
+    
+      
+      
+        
+      
+    
+    
+    <li class="md-nav__item md-nav__item--nested">
+      
+        
+        
+        <input class="md-nav__toggle md-toggle " type="checkbox" id="__nav_4_10_4_2" >
+        
+          
+          <label class="md-nav__link" for="__nav_4_10_4_2" id="__nav_4_10_4_2_label" tabindex="0">
+            
+  
+  <span class="md-ellipsis">
+    Spring
+  </span>
+  
+
+            <span class="md-nav__icon md-icon"></span>
+          </label>
+        
+        <nav class="md-nav" data-md-level="4" aria-labelledby="__nav_4_10_4_2_label" aria-expanded="false">
+          <label class="md-nav__title" for="__nav_4_10_4_2">
+            <span class="md-nav__icon md-icon"></span>
+            Spring
+          </label>
+          <ul class="md-nav__list" data-md-scrollfix>
+            
+              
+                
+  
+  
+  
+  
+    <li class="md-nav__item">
+      <a href="../java/spring/pom.xml.html" class="md-nav__link">
+        
+  
+  <span class="md-ellipsis">
+    POM
+  </span>
+  
+
+      </a>
+    </li>
+  
+
+              
+            
+              
+                
+  
+  
+  
+  
+    <li class="md-nav__item">
+      <a href="../java/spring/spring-project.html" class="md-nav__link">
+        
+  
+  <span class="md-ellipsis">
+    Project Structure
+  </span>
+  
+
+      </a>
+    </li>
+  
+
+              
+            
+          </ul>
+        </nav>
+      
+    </li>
+  
+
+              
+            
+          </ul>
+        </nav>
+      
+    </li>
+  
+
+              
+            
+          </ul>
+        </nav>
+      
+    </li>
+  
+
+              
+            
+              
+                
+  
+  
+  
+  
+    
+    
+      
+        
+      
+        
+      
+        
+      
+        
+      
+        
+      
+        
+      
+        
+      
+        
+      
+        
+      
+    
+    
+      
+      
+        
+          
+          
+        
+      
+    
+    
+    <li class="md-nav__item md-nav__item--section md-nav__item--nested">
+      
+        
+        
+        <input class="md-nav__toggle md-toggle " type="checkbox" id="__nav_4_11" >
+        
+          
+          <label class="md-nav__link" for="__nav_4_11" id="__nav_4_11_label" tabindex="">
+            
+  
+  <span class="md-ellipsis">
+    PHP
+  </span>
+  
+
+            <span class="md-nav__icon md-icon"></span>
+          </label>
+        
+        <nav class="md-nav" data-md-level="2" aria-labelledby="__nav_4_11_label" aria-expanded="false">
+          <label class="md-nav__title" for="__nav_4_11">
+            <span class="md-nav__icon md-icon"></span>
+            PHP
+          </label>
+          <ul class="md-nav__list" data-md-scrollfix>
+            
+              
+                
+  
+  
+  
+  
+    <li class="md-nav__item">
+      <a href="../php/php.html" class="md-nav__link">
+        
+  
+  <span class="md-ellipsis">
+    PHP
+  </span>
+  
+
+      </a>
+    </li>
+  
+
+              
+            
+              
+                
+  
+  
+  
+  
+    <li class="md-nav__item">
+      <a href="../php/database.html" class="md-nav__link">
+        
+  
+  <span class="md-ellipsis">
+    Database
+  </span>
+  
+
+      </a>
+    </li>
+  
+
+              
+            
+              
+                
+  
+  
+  
+  
+    <li class="md-nav__item">
+      <a href="../php/web.html" class="md-nav__link">
+        
+  
+  <span class="md-ellipsis">
+    Web
+  </span>
+  
+
+      </a>
+    </li>
+  
+
+              
+            
+              
+                
+  
+  
+  
+  
+    <li class="md-nav__item">
+      <a href="../php/dependency-injection.html" class="md-nav__link">
+        
+  
+  <span class="md-ellipsis">
+    Dependency Injection
+  </span>
+  
+
+      </a>
+    </li>
+  
+
+              
+            
+              
+                
+  
+  
+  
+  
+    <li class="md-nav__item">
+      <a href="../php/unit-tests.html" class="md-nav__link">
+        
+  
+  <span class="md-ellipsis">
+    Unit Tests
+  </span>
+  
+
+      </a>
+    </li>
+  
+
+              
+            
+              
+                
+  
+  
+  
+  
+    <li class="md-nav__item">
+      <a href="../php/composer.html" class="md-nav__link">
+        
+  
+  <span class="md-ellipsis">
+    Composer
+  </span>
+  
+
+      </a>
+    </li>
+  
+
+              
+            
+              
+                
+  
+  
+  
+  
+    <li class="md-nav__item">
+      <a href="../php/psr-7.html" class="md-nav__link">
+        
+  
+  <span class="md-ellipsis">
+    PSR 7
+  </span>
+  
+
+      </a>
+    </li>
+  
+
+              
+            
+              
+                
+  
+  
+  
+  
+    <li class="md-nav__item">
+      <a href="../php/plates-templating.html" class="md-nav__link">
+        
+  
+  <span class="md-ellipsis">
+    Plates
+  </span>
+  
+
+      </a>
+    </li>
+  
+
+              
+            
+              
+                
+  
+  
+  
+  
+    
+    
+      
+        
+      
+        
+      
+    
+    
+      
+      
+        
+      
+    
+    
+    <li class="md-nav__item md-nav__item--nested">
+      
+        
+        
+        <input class="md-nav__toggle md-toggle " type="checkbox" id="__nav_4_11_9" >
+        
+          
+          <label class="md-nav__link" for="__nav_4_11_9" id="__nav_4_11_9_label" tabindex="0">
+            
+  
+  <span class="md-ellipsis">
+    Simple MVC
+  </span>
+  
+
+            <span class="md-nav__icon md-icon"></span>
+          </label>
+        
+        <nav class="md-nav" data-md-level="3" aria-labelledby="__nav_4_11_9_label" aria-expanded="false">
+          <label class="md-nav__title" for="__nav_4_11_9">
+            <span class="md-nav__icon md-icon"></span>
+            Simple MVC
+          </label>
+          <ul class="md-nav__list" data-md-scrollfix>
+            
+              
+                
+  
+  
+  
+  
+    <li class="md-nav__item">
+      <a href="../php/simple-mvc/simple-mvc.html" class="md-nav__link">
+        
+  
+  <span class="md-ellipsis">
+    Simple MVC
+  </span>
+  
+
+      </a>
+    </li>
+  
+
+              
+            
+              
+                
+  
+  
+  
+  
+    <li class="md-nav__item">
+      <a href="../php/simple-mvc/rest-api.html" class="md-nav__link">
+        
+  
+  <span class="md-ellipsis">
+    REST API
+  </span>
+  
+
+      </a>
+    </li>
+  
+
+              
+            
+          </ul>
+        </nav>
+      
+    </li>
+  
+
+              
+            
+          </ul>
+        </nav>
+      
+    </li>
+  
+
+              
+            
+              
+                
+  
+  
+  
+  
+    
+    
+      
+        
+      
+        
+      
+        
+      
+        
+      
+        
+      
+    
+    
+      
+      
+        
+          
+          
+        
+      
+    
+    
+    <li class="md-nav__item md-nav__item--section md-nav__item--nested">
+      
+        
+        
+        <input class="md-nav__toggle md-toggle " type="checkbox" id="__nav_4_12" >
+        
+          
+          <label class="md-nav__link" for="__nav_4_12" id="__nav_4_12_label" tabindex="">
+            
+  
+  <span class="md-ellipsis">
+    Rust
+  </span>
+  
+
+            <span class="md-nav__icon md-icon"></span>
+          </label>
+        
+        <nav class="md-nav" data-md-level="2" aria-labelledby="__nav_4_12_label" aria-expanded="false">
+          <label class="md-nav__title" for="__nav_4_12">
+            <span class="md-nav__icon md-icon"></span>
+            Rust
+          </label>
+          <ul class="md-nav__list" data-md-scrollfix>
+            
+              
+                
+  
+  
+  
+  
+    <li class="md-nav__item">
+      <a href="../rust/rust.html" class="md-nav__link">
+        
+  
+  <span class="md-ellipsis">
+    Rust
+  </span>
+  
+
+      </a>
+    </li>
+  
+
+              
+            
+              
+                
+  
+  
+  
+  
+    <li class="md-nav__item">
+      <a href="../rust/macros.html" class="md-nav__link">
+        
+  
+  <span class="md-ellipsis">
+    Macros
+  </span>
+  
+
+      </a>
+    </li>
+  
+
+              
+            
+              
+                
+  
+  
+  
+  
+    <li class="md-nav__item">
+      <a href="../rust/cargo.html" class="md-nav__link">
+        
+  
+  <span class="md-ellipsis">
+    Cargo
+  </span>
+  
+
+      </a>
+    </li>
+  
+
+              
+            
+              
+                
+  
+  
+  
+  
+    <li class="md-nav__item">
+      <a href="../rust/concurrency.html" class="md-nav__link">
+        
+  
+  <span class="md-ellipsis">
+    Concurrency
+  </span>
+  
+
+      </a>
+    </li>
+  
+
+              
+            
+              
+                
+  
+  
+  
+  
+    <li class="md-nav__item">
+      <a href="../rust/unit-tests.html" class="md-nav__link">
+        
+  
+  <span class="md-ellipsis">
+    Unit Tests
+  </span>
+  
+
+      </a>
+    </li>
+  
+
+              
+            
+          </ul>
+        </nav>
+      
+    </li>
+  
+
+              
+            
+              
+                
+  
+  
+    
+  
+  
+  
+    
+    
+      
+        
+      
+        
+      
+        
+      
+        
+      
+        
+      
+        
+      
+        
+      
+    
+    
+      
+      
+        
+          
+          
+        
+      
+    
+    
+    <li class="md-nav__item md-nav__item--active md-nav__item--section md-nav__item--nested">
+      
+        
+        
+        <input class="md-nav__toggle md-toggle " type="checkbox" id="__nav_4_13" checked>
+        
+          
+          <label class="md-nav__link" for="__nav_4_13" id="__nav_4_13_label" tabindex="">
+            
+  
+  <span class="md-ellipsis">
+    Javascript
+  </span>
+  
+
+            <span class="md-nav__icon md-icon"></span>
+          </label>
+        
+        <nav class="md-nav" data-md-level="2" aria-labelledby="__nav_4_13_label" aria-expanded="true">
+          <label class="md-nav__title" for="__nav_4_13">
+            <span class="md-nav__icon md-icon"></span>
+            Javascript
+          </label>
+          <ul class="md-nav__list" data-md-scrollfix>
+            
+              
+                
+  
+  
+  
+  
+    <li class="md-nav__item">
+      <a href="javascript.html" class="md-nav__link">
+        
+  
+  <span class="md-ellipsis">
+    Javascript
+  </span>
+  
+
+      </a>
+    </li>
+  
+
+              
+            
+              
+                
+  
+  
+  
+  
+    <li class="md-nav__item">
+      <a href="dom.html" class="md-nav__link">
+        
+  
+  <span class="md-ellipsis">
+    DOM
+  </span>
+  
+
+      </a>
+    </li>
+  
+
+              
+            
+              
+                
+  
+  
+    
+  
+  
+  
+    <li class="md-nav__item md-nav__item--active">
+      
+      <input class="md-nav__toggle md-toggle" type="checkbox" id="__toc">
+      
+      
+        
+      
+      
+        <label class="md-nav__link md-nav__link--active" for="__toc">
+          
+  
+  <span class="md-ellipsis">
+    Events & Animation
+  </span>
+  
+
+          <span class="md-nav__icon md-icon"></span>
+        </label>
+      
+      <a href="events-animation.html" class="md-nav__link md-nav__link--active">
+        
+  
+  <span class="md-ellipsis">
+    Events & Animation
+  </span>
+  
+
+      </a>
+      
+        
+
+<nav class="md-nav md-nav--secondary" aria-label="Table of contents">
+  
+  
+  
+    
+  
+  
+    <label class="md-nav__title" for="__toc">
+      <span class="md-nav__icon md-icon"></span>
+      Table of contents
+    </label>
+    <ul class="md-nav__list" data-md-component="toc" data-md-scrollfix>
+      
+        <li class="md-nav__item">
+  <a href="#events" class="md-nav__link">
+    <span class="md-ellipsis">
+      Events
+    </span>
+  </a>
+  
+    <nav class="md-nav" aria-label="Events">
+      <ul class="md-nav__list">
+        
+          <li class="md-nav__item">
+  <a href="#managing-event-listeners" class="md-nav__link">
+    <span class="md-ellipsis">
+      Managing Event Listeners
+    </span>
+  </a>
+  
+</li>
+        
+          <li class="md-nav__item">
+  <a href="#bubbling-capturing" class="md-nav__link">
+    <span class="md-ellipsis">
+      Bubbling &amp; Capturing
+    </span>
+  </a>
+  
+</li>
+        
+          <li class="md-nav__item">
+  <a href="#dispatching-custom-events" class="md-nav__link">
+    <span class="md-ellipsis">
+      Dispatching Custom Events
+    </span>
+  </a>
+  
+</li>
+        
+      </ul>
+    </nav>
+  
+</li>
+      
+        <li class="md-nav__item">
+  <a href="#animation" class="md-nav__link">
+    <span class="md-ellipsis">
+      Animation
+    </span>
+  </a>
+  
+    <nav class="md-nav" aria-label="Animation">
+      <ul class="md-nav__list">
+        
+          <li class="md-nav__item">
+  <a href="#element-position-dimensions" class="md-nav__link">
+    <span class="md-ellipsis">
+      Element Position &amp; dimensions
+    </span>
+  </a>
+  
+</li>
+        
+      </ul>
+    </nav>
+  
+</li>
+      
+    </ul>
+  
+</nav>
+      
+    </li>
+  
+
+              
+            
+              
+                
+  
+  
+  
+  
+    <li class="md-nav__item">
+      <a href="ajax.html" class="md-nav__link">
+        
+  
+  <span class="md-ellipsis">
+    AJAX
+  </span>
+  
+
+      </a>
+    </li>
+  
+
+              
+            
+              
+                
+  
+  
+  
+  
+    <li class="md-nav__item">
+      <a href="jquery.html" class="md-nav__link">
+        
+  
+  <span class="md-ellipsis">
+    jQuery
+  </span>
+  
+
+      </a>
+    </li>
+  
+
+              
+            
+              
+                
+  
+  
+  
+  
+    
+    
+      
+        
+      
+        
+      
+        
+      
+        
+      
+        
+      
+    
+    
+      
+      
+        
+      
+    
+    
+    <li class="md-nav__item md-nav__item--nested">
+      
+        
+        
+        <input class="md-nav__toggle md-toggle " type="checkbox" id="__nav_4_13_6" >
+        
+          
+          <label class="md-nav__link" for="__nav_4_13_6" id="__nav_4_13_6_label" tabindex="0">
+            
+  
+  <span class="md-ellipsis">
+    React
+  </span>
+  
+
+            <span class="md-nav__icon md-icon"></span>
+          </label>
+        
+        <nav class="md-nav" data-md-level="3" aria-labelledby="__nav_4_13_6_label" aria-expanded="false">
+          <label class="md-nav__title" for="__nav_4_13_6">
+            <span class="md-nav__icon md-icon"></span>
+            React
+          </label>
+          <ul class="md-nav__list" data-md-scrollfix>
+            
+              
+                
+  
+  
+  
+  
+    <li class="md-nav__item">
+      <a href="react/react.html" class="md-nav__link">
+        
+  
+  <span class="md-ellipsis">
+    React
+  </span>
+  
+
+      </a>
+    </li>
+  
+
+              
+            
+              
+                
+  
+  
+  
+  
+    <li class="md-nav__item">
+      <a href="react/react-router.html" class="md-nav__link">
+        
+  
+  <span class="md-ellipsis">
+    React Router
+  </span>
+  
+
+      </a>
+    </li>
+  
+
+              
+            
+              
+                
+  
+  
+  
+  
+    <li class="md-nav__item">
+      <a href="react/react-tests.html" class="md-nav__link">
+        
+  
+  <span class="md-ellipsis">
+    React Tests
+  </span>
+  
+
+      </a>
+    </li>
+  
+
+              
+            
+              
+                
+  
+  
+  
+  
+    <li class="md-nav__item">
+      <a href="react/redux.html" class="md-nav__link">
+        
+  
+  <span class="md-ellipsis">
+    Redux
+  </span>
+  
+
+      </a>
+    </li>
+  
+
+              
+            
+              
+                
+  
+  
+  
+  
+    <li class="md-nav__item">
+      <a href="react/redux-tests.html" class="md-nav__link">
+        
+  
+  <span class="md-ellipsis">
+    Redux Tests
+  </span>
+  
+
+      </a>
+    </li>
+  
+
+              
+            
+          </ul>
+        </nav>
+      
+    </li>
+  
+
+              
+            
+              
+                
+  
+  
+  
+  
+    <li class="md-nav__item">
+      <a href="svelte/svelte.html" class="md-nav__link">
+        
+  
+  <span class="md-ellipsis">
+    Svelte
+  </span>
+  
+
+      </a>
+    </li>
+  
+
+              
+            
+          </ul>
+        </nav>
+      
+    </li>
+  
+
+              
+            
+              
+                
+  
+  
+  
+  
+    
+    
+      
+        
+      
+        
+      
+    
+    
+      
+      
+        
+          
+          
+        
+      
+    
+    
+    <li class="md-nav__item md-nav__item--section md-nav__item--nested">
+      
+        
+        
+        <input class="md-nav__toggle md-toggle " type="checkbox" id="__nav_4_14" >
+        
+          
+          <label class="md-nav__link" for="__nav_4_14" id="__nav_4_14_label" tabindex="">
+            
+  
+  <span class="md-ellipsis">
+    PowerShell
+  </span>
+  
+
+            <span class="md-nav__icon md-icon"></span>
+          </label>
+        
+        <nav class="md-nav" data-md-level="2" aria-labelledby="__nav_4_14_label" aria-expanded="false">
+          <label class="md-nav__title" for="__nav_4_14">
+            <span class="md-nav__icon md-icon"></span>
+            PowerShell
+          </label>
+          <ul class="md-nav__list" data-md-scrollfix>
+            
+              
+                
+  
+  
+  
+  
+    <li class="md-nav__item">
+      <a href="../powershell/scripting.html" class="md-nav__link">
+        
+  
+  <span class="md-ellipsis">
+    Scripting
+  </span>
+  
+
+      </a>
+    </li>
+  
+
+              
+            
+              
+                
+  
+  
+  
+  
+    <li class="md-nav__item">
+      <a href="../powershell/commands.html" class="md-nav__link">
+        
+  
+  <span class="md-ellipsis">
+    Commands
+  </span>
+  
+
+      </a>
+    </li>
+  
+
+              
+            
+          </ul>
+        </nav>
+      
+    </li>
+  
+
+              
+            
+              
+                
+  
+  
+  
+  
+    
+    
+      
+        
+      
+        
+      
+    
+    
+      
+      
+        
+          
+          
+        
+      
+    
+    
+    <li class="md-nav__item md-nav__item--section md-nav__item--nested">
+      
+        
+        
+        <input class="md-nav__toggle md-toggle " type="checkbox" id="__nav_4_15" >
+        
+          
+          <label class="md-nav__link" for="__nav_4_15" id="__nav_4_15_label" tabindex="">
+            
+  
+  <span class="md-ellipsis">
+    Bash
+  </span>
+  
+
+            <span class="md-nav__icon md-icon"></span>
+          </label>
+        
+        <nav class="md-nav" data-md-level="2" aria-labelledby="__nav_4_15_label" aria-expanded="false">
+          <label class="md-nav__title" for="__nav_4_15">
+            <span class="md-nav__icon md-icon"></span>
+            Bash
+          </label>
+          <ul class="md-nav__list" data-md-scrollfix>
+            
+              
+                
+  
+  
+  
+  
+    <li class="md-nav__item">
+      <a href="../bash/scripting.html" class="md-nav__link">
+        
+  
+  <span class="md-ellipsis">
+    Scripting
+  </span>
+  
+
+      </a>
+    </li>
+  
+
+              
+            
+              
+                
+  
+  
+  
+  
+    <li class="md-nav__item">
+      <a href="../bash/commands.html" class="md-nav__link">
+        
+  
+  <span class="md-ellipsis">
+    Commands
+  </span>
+  
+
+      </a>
+    </li>
+  
+
+              
+            
+          </ul>
+        </nav>
+      
+    </li>
+  
+
+              
+            
+          </ul>
+        </nav>
+      
+    </li>
+  
+
+    
+      
+      
+  
+  
+  
+  
+    
+    
+      
+        
+      
+        
+      
+        
+      
+        
+      
+        
+      
+    
+    
+      
+      
+        
+      
+    
+    
+    <li class="md-nav__item md-nav__item--nested">
+      
+        
+        
+        <input class="md-nav__toggle md-toggle " type="checkbox" id="__nav_5" >
+        
+          
+          <label class="md-nav__link" for="__nav_5" id="__nav_5_label" tabindex="0">
+            
+  
+  <span class="md-ellipsis">
+    Misc
+  </span>
+  
+
+            <span class="md-nav__icon md-icon"></span>
+          </label>
+        
+        <nav class="md-nav" data-md-level="1" aria-labelledby="__nav_5_label" aria-expanded="false">
+          <label class="md-nav__title" for="__nav_5">
+            <span class="md-nav__icon md-icon"></span>
+            Misc
+          </label>
+          <ul class="md-nav__list" data-md-scrollfix>
+            
+              
+                
+  
+  
+  
+  
+    <li class="md-nav__item">
+      <a href="../../misc/git.html" class="md-nav__link">
+        
+  
+  <span class="md-ellipsis">
+    Git
+  </span>
+  
+
+      </a>
+    </li>
+  
+
+              
+            
+              
+                
+  
+  
+  
+  
+    <li class="md-nav__item">
+      <a href="../../misc/graph-ql.html" class="md-nav__link">
+        
+  
+  <span class="md-ellipsis">
+    GraphQL
+  </span>
+  
+
+      </a>
+    </li>
+  
+
+              
+            
+              
+                
+  
+  
+  
+  
+    <li class="md-nav__item">
+      <a href="../../misc/regular-expressions.html" class="md-nav__link">
+        
+  
+  <span class="md-ellipsis">
+    RegEx
+  </span>
+  
+
+      </a>
+    </li>
+  
+
+              
+            
+              
+                
+  
+  
+  
+  
+    <li class="md-nav__item">
+      <a href="../../misc/ssh.html" class="md-nav__link">
+        
+  
+  <span class="md-ellipsis">
+    SSH
+  </span>
+  
+
+      </a>
+    </li>
+  
+
+              
+            
+              
+                
+  
+  
+  
+  
+    <li class="md-nav__item">
+      <a href="../../misc/web-components.html" class="md-nav__link">
+        
+  
+  <span class="md-ellipsis">
+    WebComponents
+  </span>
+  
+
+      </a>
+    </li>
+  
+
+              
+            
+          </ul>
+        </nav>
+      
+    </li>
+  
+
+    
+      
+      
+  
+  
+  
+  
+    
+    
+      
+        
+      
+        
+      
+    
+    
+      
+      
+        
+      
+    
+    
+    <li class="md-nav__item md-nav__item--nested">
+      
+        
+        
+        <input class="md-nav__toggle md-toggle " type="checkbox" id="__nav_6" >
+        
+          
+          <label class="md-nav__link" for="__nav_6" id="__nav_6_label" tabindex="0">
+            
+  
+  <span class="md-ellipsis">
+    Linux
+  </span>
+  
+
+            <span class="md-nav__icon md-icon"></span>
+          </label>
+        
+        <nav class="md-nav" data-md-level="1" aria-labelledby="__nav_6_label" aria-expanded="false">
+          <label class="md-nav__title" for="__nav_6">
+            <span class="md-nav__icon md-icon"></span>
+            Linux
+          </label>
+          <ul class="md-nav__list" data-md-scrollfix>
+            
+              
+                
+  
+  
+  
+  
+    
+    
+      
+        
+      
+        
+      
+        
+      
+    
+    
+      
+      
+        
+      
+    
+    
+    <li class="md-nav__item md-nav__item--nested">
+      
+        
+        
+        <input class="md-nav__toggle md-toggle " type="checkbox" id="__nav_6_1" >
+        
+          
+          <label class="md-nav__link" for="__nav_6_1" id="__nav_6_1_label" tabindex="0">
+            
+  
+  <span class="md-ellipsis">
+    Filesystem
+  </span>
+  
+
+            <span class="md-nav__icon md-icon"></span>
+          </label>
+        
+        <nav class="md-nav" data-md-level="2" aria-labelledby="__nav_6_1_label" aria-expanded="false">
+          <label class="md-nav__title" for="__nav_6_1">
+            <span class="md-nav__icon md-icon"></span>
+            Filesystem
+          </label>
+          <ul class="md-nav__list" data-md-scrollfix>
+            
+              
+                
+  
+  
+  
+  
+    <li class="md-nav__item">
+      <a href="../../linux/filesystem/file-links.html" class="md-nav__link">
+        
+  
+  <span class="md-ellipsis">
+    File Links
+  </span>
+  
+
+      </a>
+    </li>
+  
+
+              
+            
+              
+                
+  
+  
+  
+  
+    <li class="md-nav__item">
+      <a href="../../linux/filesystem/procfs.html" class="md-nav__link">
+        
+  
+  <span class="md-ellipsis">
+    /proc
+  </span>
+  
+
+      </a>
+    </li>
+  
+
+              
+            
+              
+                
+  
+  
+  
+  
+    <li class="md-nav__item">
+      <a href="../../linux/filesystem/sysfs.html" class="md-nav__link">
+        
+  
+  <span class="md-ellipsis">
+    /sys
+  </span>
+  
+
+      </a>
+    </li>
+  
+
+              
+            
+          </ul>
+        </nav>
+      
+    </li>
+  
+
+              
+            
+              
+                
+  
+  
+  
+  
+    
+    
+      
+        
+      
+        
+      
+    
+    
+      
+      
+        
+      
+    
+    
+    <li class="md-nav__item md-nav__item--nested">
+      
+        
+        
+        <input class="md-nav__toggle md-toggle " type="checkbox" id="__nav_6_2" >
+        
+          
+          <label class="md-nav__link" for="__nav_6_2" id="__nav_6_2_label" tabindex="0">
+            
+  
+  <span class="md-ellipsis">
+    System Init
+  </span>
+  
+
+            <span class="md-nav__icon md-icon"></span>
+          </label>
+        
+        <nav class="md-nav" data-md-level="2" aria-labelledby="__nav_6_2_label" aria-expanded="false">
+          <label class="md-nav__title" for="__nav_6_2">
+            <span class="md-nav__icon md-icon"></span>
+            System Init
+          </label>
+          <ul class="md-nav__list" data-md-scrollfix>
+            
+              
+                
+  
+  
+  
+  
+    <li class="md-nav__item">
+      <a href="../../linux/init/systemd.html" class="md-nav__link">
+        
+  
+  <span class="md-ellipsis">
+    Systemd
+  </span>
+  
+
+      </a>
+    </li>
+  
+
+              
+            
+              
+                
+  
+  
+  
+  
+    <li class="md-nav__item">
+      <a href="../../linux/init/open-rc.html" class="md-nav__link">
+        
+  
+  <span class="md-ellipsis">
+    OpenRC
+  </span>
+  
+
+      </a>
+    </li>
+  
+
+              
+            
+          </ul>
+        </nav>
+      
+    </li>
+  
+
+              
+            
+          </ul>
+        </nav>
+      
+    </li>
+  
+
+    
+  </ul>
+</nav>
+                  </div>
+                </div>
+              </div>
+            
+            
+              
+              <div class="md-sidebar md-sidebar--secondary" data-md-component="sidebar" data-md-type="toc" >
+                <div class="md-sidebar__scrollwrap">
+                  <div class="md-sidebar__inner">
+                    
+
+<nav class="md-nav md-nav--secondary" aria-label="Table of contents">
+  
+  
+  
+    
+  
+  
+    <label class="md-nav__title" for="__toc">
+      <span class="md-nav__icon md-icon"></span>
+      Table of contents
+    </label>
+    <ul class="md-nav__list" data-md-component="toc" data-md-scrollfix>
+      
+        <li class="md-nav__item">
+  <a href="#events" class="md-nav__link">
+    <span class="md-ellipsis">
+      Events
+    </span>
+  </a>
+  
+    <nav class="md-nav" aria-label="Events">
+      <ul class="md-nav__list">
+        
+          <li class="md-nav__item">
+  <a href="#managing-event-listeners" class="md-nav__link">
+    <span class="md-ellipsis">
+      Managing Event Listeners
+    </span>
+  </a>
+  
+</li>
+        
+          <li class="md-nav__item">
+  <a href="#bubbling-capturing" class="md-nav__link">
+    <span class="md-ellipsis">
+      Bubbling &amp; Capturing
+    </span>
+  </a>
+  
+</li>
+        
+          <li class="md-nav__item">
+  <a href="#dispatching-custom-events" class="md-nav__link">
+    <span class="md-ellipsis">
+      Dispatching Custom Events
+    </span>
+  </a>
+  
+</li>
+        
+      </ul>
+    </nav>
+  
+</li>
+      
+        <li class="md-nav__item">
+  <a href="#animation" class="md-nav__link">
+    <span class="md-ellipsis">
+      Animation
+    </span>
+  </a>
+  
+    <nav class="md-nav" aria-label="Animation">
+      <ul class="md-nav__list">
+        
+          <li class="md-nav__item">
+  <a href="#element-position-dimensions" class="md-nav__link">
+    <span class="md-ellipsis">
+      Element Position &amp; dimensions
+    </span>
+  </a>
+  
+</li>
+        
+      </ul>
+    </nav>
+  
+</li>
+      
+    </ul>
+  
+</nav>
+                  </div>
+                </div>
+              </div>
+            
+          
+          
+            <div class="md-content" data-md-component="content">
+              <article class="md-content__inner md-typeset">
+                
+                  
+
+  
+  
+
+
+<h1 id="events-animation">Events &amp; Animation</h1>
+<h2 id="events">Events</h2>
+<p>Event Types:</p>
+<ul>
+<li><strong>Mouse Events</strong>: <code>mousedown</code>, <code>mouseup</code>, <code>click</code>, <code>dbclick</code>, <code>mousemove</code>, <code>mouseover</code>, <code>mousewheel</code>, <code>mouseout</code>, <code>contextmenu</code>, ...</li>
+<li><strong>Touch Events</strong>: <code>touchstart</code>, <code>touchmove</code>, <code>touchend</code>, <code>touchcancel</code>, ...</li>
+<li><strong>Keyboard Events</strong>: <code>keydown</code>, <code>keypress</code>, <code>keyup</code>, ...</li>
+<li><strong>Form Events</strong>: <code>focus</code>, <code>blur</code>, <code>change</code>, <code>submit</code>, ...</li>
+<li><strong>Window Events</strong>: <code>scroll</code>, <code>resize</code>, <code>hashchange</code>, <code>load</code>, <code>unload</code>, ...</li>
+</ul>
+<h3 id="managing-event-listeners">Managing Event Listeners</h3>
+<div class="highlight"><table class="highlighttable"><tr><th colspan="2" class="filename"><span class="filename">JavaScript</span></th></tr><tr><td class="linenos"><div class="linenodiv"><pre><span></span><span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-0-1">1</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-0-2">2</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-0-3">3</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-0-4">4</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-0-5">5</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-0-6">6</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-0-7">7</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-0-8">8</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-0-9">9</a></span></pre></div></td><td class="code"><div><pre><span></span><code><a id="__codelineno-0-1" name="__codelineno-0-1"></a><span class="kd">var</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="nx">domNode</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="o">=</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="nb">document</span><span class="p">.</span><span class="nx">getElementById</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="s2">&quot;id&quot;</span><span class="p">);</span>
+<a id="__codelineno-0-2" name="__codelineno-0-2"></a>
+<a id="__codelineno-0-3" name="__codelineno-0-3"></a><span class="kd">var</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="nx">onEvent</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="o">=</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="kd">function</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="nx">event</span><span class="p">)</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="p">{</span><span class="w">  </span><span class="c1">// parameter contains info on the triggered event</span>
+<a id="__codelineno-0-4" name="__codelineno-0-4"></a><span class="w">    </span><span class="nx">event</span><span class="p">.</span><span class="nx">preventDefault</span><span class="p">();</span><span class="w">  </span><span class="c1">// block execution of default action</span>
+<a id="__codelineno-0-5" name="__codelineno-0-5"></a><span class="w">    </span><span class="c1">// logic here</span>
+<a id="__codelineno-0-6" name="__codelineno-0-6"></a><span class="p">}</span>
+<a id="__codelineno-0-7" name="__codelineno-0-7"></a>
+<a id="__codelineno-0-8" name="__codelineno-0-8"></a><span class="nx">domNode</span><span class="p">.</span><span class="nx">addEventListener</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="nx">eventType</span><span class="p">,</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="nx">callback</span><span class="p">);</span>
+<a id="__codelineno-0-9" name="__codelineno-0-9"></a><span class="nx">domNode</span><span class="p">.</span><span class="nx">removeEventListener</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="nx">eventType</span><span class="p">,</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="nx">callback</span><span class="p">);</span>
+</code></pre></div></td></tr></table></div>
+<h3 id="bubbling-capturing">Bubbling &amp; Capturing</h3>
+<p>Events in Javascript propagate through the DOM tree.</p>
+<p><a href="https://javascript.info/bubbling-and-capturing">Bubbling and Capturing</a>
+<a href="https://www.sitepoint.com/event-bubbling-javascript/">What Is Event Bubbling in JavaScript? Event Propagation Explained</a></p>
+<h3 id="dispatching-custom-events">Dispatching Custom Events</h3>
+<p>Event Options:</p>
+<ul>
+<li><code>bubbles</code> (bool): whether the event propagates through bubbling</li>
+<li><code>cancellable</code> (bool): if <code>true</code> the "default action" may be prevented</li>
+</ul>
+<div class="highlight"><table class="highlighttable"><tr><th colspan="2" class="filename"><span class="filename">JavaScript</span></th></tr><tr><td class="linenos"><div class="linenodiv"><pre><span></span><span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-1-1">1</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-1-2">2</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-1-3">3</a></span></pre></div></td><td class="code"><div><pre><span></span><code><a id="__codelineno-1-1" name="__codelineno-1-1"></a><span class="kd">let</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="nx">event</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="o">=</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="ow">new</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="nx">Event</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="nx">type</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="p">[,</span><span class="nx">options</span><span class="p">]);</span><span class="w">  </span><span class="c1">// create the event, type can be custom</span>
+<a id="__codelineno-1-2" name="__codelineno-1-2"></a><span class="kd">let</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="nx">event</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="o">=</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="ow">new</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="nx">CustomEvent</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="nx">type</span><span class="p">,</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="p">{</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="nx">detail</span><span class="o">:</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="cm">/* custom data */</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="p">});</span><span class="w">  </span><span class="c1">// create event w/ custom data</span>
+<a id="__codelineno-1-3" name="__codelineno-1-3"></a><span class="nx">domNode</span><span class="p">.</span><span class="nx">dispatchEvent</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="nx">event</span><span class="p">);</span><span class="w">  </span><span class="c1">// launch the event</span>
+</code></pre></div></td></tr></table></div>
+<p><img alt="Event Inheritance" src="../../img/javascript_event-inheritance.avif" /></p>
+<h2 id="animation">Animation</h2>
+<p>The window object is the assumed global object on a page.</p>
+<p>Animation in JavascriptThe standard way to animate in JS is to use window methods.
+It's possible to animate CSS styles to change size, transparency, position, color, etc.</p>
+<div class="highlight"><table class="highlighttable"><tr><th colspan="2" class="filename"><span class="filename">JavaScript</span></th></tr><tr><td class="linenos"><div class="linenodiv"><pre><span></span><span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-2-1"> 1</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-2-2"> 2</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-2-3"> 3</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-2-4"> 4</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-2-5"> 5</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-2-6"> 6</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-2-7"> 7</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-2-8"> 8</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-2-9"> 9</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-2-10">10</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-2-11">11</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-2-12">12</a></span></pre></div></td><td class="code"><div><pre><span></span><code><a id="__codelineno-2-1" name="__codelineno-2-1"></a><span class="c1">//Calls a function once after a delay</span>
+<a id="__codelineno-2-2" name="__codelineno-2-2"></a><span class="nb">window</span><span class="p">.</span><span class="nx">setTimeout</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="nx">callbackFunction</span><span class="p">,</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="nx">delayMilliseconds</span><span class="p">);</span>
+<a id="__codelineno-2-3" name="__codelineno-2-3"></a>
+<a id="__codelineno-2-4" name="__codelineno-2-4"></a><span class="c1">//Calls a function repeatedly, with specified interval between each call</span>
+<a id="__codelineno-2-5" name="__codelineno-2-5"></a><span class="nb">window</span><span class="p">.</span><span class="nx">setInterval</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="nx">callbackFunction</span><span class="p">,</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="nx">delayMilliseconds</span><span class="p">);</span>
+<a id="__codelineno-2-6" name="__codelineno-2-6"></a>
+<a id="__codelineno-2-7" name="__codelineno-2-7"></a><span class="c1">//To stop an animation store the timer into a variable and clear it</span>
+<a id="__codelineno-2-8" name="__codelineno-2-8"></a><span class="nb">window</span><span class="p">.</span><span class="nx">clearTimeout</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="nx">timer</span><span class="p">);</span>
+<a id="__codelineno-2-9" name="__codelineno-2-9"></a><span class="nb">window</span><span class="p">.</span><span class="nx">clearInterval</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="nx">timer</span><span class="p">);</span>
+<a id="__codelineno-2-10" name="__codelineno-2-10"></a>
+<a id="__codelineno-2-11" name="__codelineno-2-11"></a><span class="c1">// execute a callback at each frame</span>
+<a id="__codelineno-2-12" name="__codelineno-2-12"></a><span class="nb">window</span><span class="p">.</span><span class="nx">requestAnimationFrame</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="nx">callbackFunction</span><span class="p">);</span>
+</code></pre></div></td></tr></table></div>
+<h3 id="element-position-dimensions">Element Position &amp; dimensions</h3>
+<p><a href="https://stackoverflow.com/a/294273/8319610">StackOverflow</a>
+<a href="https://stackoverflow.com/a/46772849/8319610">Wrong dimensions at runtime</a></p>
+<div class="highlight"><table class="highlighttable"><tr><th colspan="2" class="filename"><span class="filename">JavaScript</span></th></tr><tr><td class="linenos"><div class="linenodiv"><pre><span></span><span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-3-1"> 1</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-3-2"> 2</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-3-3"> 3</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-3-4"> 4</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-3-5"> 5</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-3-6"> 6</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-3-7"> 7</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-3-8"> 8</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-3-9"> 9</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-3-10">10</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-3-11">11</a></span></pre></div></td><td class="code"><div><pre><span></span><code><a id="__codelineno-3-1" name="__codelineno-3-1"></a><span class="o">&gt;</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="nx">console</span><span class="p">.</span><span class="nx">log</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="nb">document</span><span class="p">.</span><span class="nx">getElementById</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="s1">&#39;id&#39;</span><span class="p">).</span><span class="nx">getBoundingClientRect</span><span class="p">());</span>
+<a id="__codelineno-3-2" name="__codelineno-3-2"></a><span class="nx">DOMRect</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="p">{</span>
+<a id="__codelineno-3-3" name="__codelineno-3-3"></a><span class="w">    </span><span class="nx">bottom</span><span class="o">:</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="mf">177</span><span class="p">,</span>
+<a id="__codelineno-3-4" name="__codelineno-3-4"></a><span class="w">    </span><span class="nx">height</span><span class="o">:</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="mf">54.7</span><span class="p">,</span>
+<a id="__codelineno-3-5" name="__codelineno-3-5"></a><span class="w">    </span><span class="nx">left</span><span class="o">:</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="mf">278.5</span><span class="p">,</span><span class="err">​</span>
+<a id="__codelineno-3-6" name="__codelineno-3-6"></a><span class="w">    </span><span class="nx">right</span><span class="o">:</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="mf">909.5</span><span class="p">,</span>
+<a id="__codelineno-3-7" name="__codelineno-3-7"></a><span class="w">    </span><span class="nx">top</span><span class="o">:</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="mf">122.3</span><span class="p">,</span>
+<a id="__codelineno-3-8" name="__codelineno-3-8"></a><span class="w">    </span><span class="nx">width</span><span class="o">:</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="mf">631</span><span class="p">,</span>
+<a id="__codelineno-3-9" name="__codelineno-3-9"></a><span class="w">    </span><span class="nx">x</span><span class="o">:</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="mf">278.5</span><span class="p">,</span>
+<a id="__codelineno-3-10" name="__codelineno-3-10"></a><span class="w">    </span><span class="nx">y</span><span class="o">:</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="mf">122.3</span><span class="p">,</span>
+<a id="__codelineno-3-11" name="__codelineno-3-11"></a><span class="p">}</span>
+</code></pre></div></td></tr></table></div>
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diff --git a/languages/javascript/javascript.html b/languages/javascript/javascript.html
new file mode 100644
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@@ -0,0 +1,6907 @@
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+          <ul class="md-nav__list" data-md-scrollfix>
+            
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+  
+  
+    <li class="md-nav__item">
+      <a href="../python/python.html" class="md-nav__link">
+        
+  
+  <span class="md-ellipsis">
+    Python
+  </span>
+  
+
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+    </li>
+  
+
+              
+            
+              
+                
+  
+  
+  
+  
+    
+    
+      
+        
+      
+        
+      
+        
+      
+        
+      
+        
+      
+        
+      
+        
+      
+        
+      
+        
+      
+        
+      
+        
+      
+        
+      
+        
+      
+    
+    
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+      
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+    Modules
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+            
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+  
+    <li class="md-nav__item">
+      <a href="../python/modules/argparse.html" class="md-nav__link">
+        
+  
+  <span class="md-ellipsis">
+    argparse
+  </span>
+  
+
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+    </li>
+  
+
+              
+            
+              
+                
+  
+  
+  
+  
+    <li class="md-nav__item">
+      <a href="../python/modules/collections.html" class="md-nav__link">
+        
+  
+  <span class="md-ellipsis">
+    collection
+  </span>
+  
+
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+    </li>
+  
+
+              
+            
+              
+                
+  
+  
+  
+  
+    <li class="md-nav__item">
+      <a href="../python/modules/csv.html" class="md-nav__link">
+        
+  
+  <span class="md-ellipsis">
+    csv
+  </span>
+  
+
+      </a>
+    </li>
+  
+
+              
+            
+              
+                
+  
+  
+  
+  
+    <li class="md-nav__item">
+      <a href="../python/modules/ftplib.html" class="md-nav__link">
+        
+  
+  <span class="md-ellipsis">
+    ftplib
+  </span>
+  
+
+      </a>
+    </li>
+  
+
+              
+            
+              
+                
+  
+  
+  
+  
+    <li class="md-nav__item">
+      <a href="../python/modules/itertools.html" class="md-nav__link">
+        
+  
+  <span class="md-ellipsis">
+    itertools
+  </span>
+  
+
+      </a>
+    </li>
+  
+
+              
+            
+              
+                
+  
+  
+  
+  
+    <li class="md-nav__item">
+      <a href="../python/modules/json.html" class="md-nav__link">
+        
+  
+  <span class="md-ellipsis">
+    json
+  </span>
+  
+
+      </a>
+    </li>
+  
+
+              
+            
+              
+                
+  
+  
+  
+  
+    <li class="md-nav__item">
+      <a href="../python/modules/logging.html" class="md-nav__link">
+        
+  
+  <span class="md-ellipsis">
+    logging
+  </span>
+  
+
+      </a>
+    </li>
+  
+
+              
+            
+              
+                
+  
+  
+  
+  
+    <li class="md-nav__item">
+      <a href="../python/modules/shutil.html" class="md-nav__link">
+        
+  
+  <span class="md-ellipsis">
+    shutil
+  </span>
+  
+
+      </a>
+    </li>
+  
+
+              
+            
+              
+                
+  
+  
+  
+  
+    <li class="md-nav__item">
+      <a href="../python/modules/smtplib.html" class="md-nav__link">
+        
+  
+  <span class="md-ellipsis">
+    smtplib
+  </span>
+  
+
+      </a>
+    </li>
+  
+
+              
+            
+              
+                
+  
+  
+  
+  
+    <li class="md-nav__item">
+      <a href="../python/modules/socket.html" class="md-nav__link">
+        
+  
+  <span class="md-ellipsis">
+    socket
+  </span>
+  
+
+      </a>
+    </li>
+  
+
+              
+            
+              
+                
+  
+  
+  
+  
+    <li class="md-nav__item">
+      <a href="../python/modules/sqlite.html" class="md-nav__link">
+        
+  
+  <span class="md-ellipsis">
+    sqlite
+  </span>
+  
+
+      </a>
+    </li>
+  
+
+              
+            
+              
+                
+  
+  
+  
+  
+    <li class="md-nav__item">
+      <a href="../python/modules/time-datetime.html" class="md-nav__link">
+        
+  
+  <span class="md-ellipsis">
+    time & datetime
+  </span>
+  
+
+      </a>
+    </li>
+  
+
+              
+            
+              
+                
+  
+  
+  
+  
+    <li class="md-nav__item">
+      <a href="../python/modules/unittest.html" class="md-nav__link">
+        
+  
+  <span class="md-ellipsis">
+    unittest
+  </span>
+  
+
+      </a>
+    </li>
+  
+
+              
+            
+          </ul>
+        </nav>
+      
+    </li>
+  
+
+              
+            
+              
+                
+  
+  
+  
+  
+    
+    
+      
+        
+      
+        
+      
+        
+      
+        
+      
+        
+      
+        
+      
+    
+    
+      
+      
+        
+      
+    
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+    <li class="md-nav__item md-nav__item--nested">
+      
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+        <input class="md-nav__toggle md-toggle " type="checkbox" id="__nav_4_8_3" >
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+          <label class="md-nav__link" for="__nav_4_8_3" id="__nav_4_8_3_label" tabindex="0">
+            
+  
+  <span class="md-ellipsis">
+    Libraries
+  </span>
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+          </label>
+        
+        <nav class="md-nav" data-md-level="3" aria-labelledby="__nav_4_8_3_label" aria-expanded="false">
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+          </label>
+          <ul class="md-nav__list" data-md-scrollfix>
+            
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+  
+  
+  
+  
+    <li class="md-nav__item">
+      <a href="../python/libs/tkinter.html" class="md-nav__link">
+        
+  
+  <span class="md-ellipsis">
+    TKinter
+  </span>
+  
+
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+    </li>
+  
+
+              
+            
+              
+                
+  
+  
+  
+  
+    <li class="md-nav__item">
+      <a href="../python/libs/numpy.html" class="md-nav__link">
+        
+  
+  <span class="md-ellipsis">
+    Numpy
+  </span>
+  
+
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+    </li>
+  
+
+              
+            
+              
+                
+  
+  
+  
+  
+    <li class="md-nav__item">
+      <a href="../python/libs/pandas.html" class="md-nav__link">
+        
+  
+  <span class="md-ellipsis">
+    Pandas
+  </span>
+  
+
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+    </li>
+  
+
+              
+            
+              
+                
+  
+  
+  
+  
+    <li class="md-nav__item">
+      <a href="../python/libs/seaborn.html" class="md-nav__link">
+        
+  
+  <span class="md-ellipsis">
+    Seaborn
+  </span>
+  
+
+      </a>
+    </li>
+  
+
+              
+            
+              
+                
+  
+  
+  
+  
+    <li class="md-nav__item">
+      <a href="../python/libs/requests.html" class="md-nav__link">
+        
+  
+  <span class="md-ellipsis">
+    Requests
+  </span>
+  
+
+      </a>
+    </li>
+  
+
+              
+            
+              
+                
+  
+  
+  
+  
+    <li class="md-nav__item">
+      <a href="../python/libs/beautiful-soup.html" class="md-nav__link">
+        
+  
+  <span class="md-ellipsis">
+    Beatiful Soup
+  </span>
+  
+
+      </a>
+    </li>
+  
+
+              
+            
+          </ul>
+        </nav>
+      
+    </li>
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+  
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+  
+  
+  
+  
+    
+    
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+        
+      
+        
+      
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+      
+    
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+      
+        
+          
+          
+        
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+    
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+    <li class="md-nav__item md-nav__item--section md-nav__item--nested">
+      
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+        <input class="md-nav__toggle md-toggle " type="checkbox" id="__nav_4_9" >
+        
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+          <label class="md-nav__link" for="__nav_4_9" id="__nav_4_9_label" tabindex="">
+            
+  
+  <span class="md-ellipsis">
+    .NET
+  </span>
+  
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+          </label>
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+        <nav class="md-nav" data-md-level="2" aria-labelledby="__nav_4_9_label" aria-expanded="false">
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+            .NET
+          </label>
+          <ul class="md-nav__list" data-md-scrollfix>
+            
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+  
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+    
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+  <span class="md-ellipsis">
+    C#
+  </span>
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+            C#
+          </label>
+          <ul class="md-nav__list" data-md-scrollfix>
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+      <a href="../dotnet/csharp/csharp.html" class="md-nav__link">
+        
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+    C#
+  </span>
+  
+
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+
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+    <li class="md-nav__item">
+      <a href="../dotnet/csharp/linq.html" class="md-nav__link">
+        
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+  <span class="md-ellipsis">
+    Linq
+  </span>
+  
+
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+    <li class="md-nav__item">
+      <a href="../dotnet/csharp/collections.html" class="md-nav__link">
+        
+  
+  <span class="md-ellipsis">
+    Collections
+  </span>
+  
+
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+    </li>
+  
+
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+                
+  
+  
+  
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+    <li class="md-nav__item">
+      <a href="../dotnet/csharp/reactive-extensions.html" class="md-nav__link">
+        
+  
+  <span class="md-ellipsis">
+    Reactive Extensions
+  </span>
+  
+
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+    </li>
+  
+
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+            
+              
+                
+  
+  
+  
+  
+    <li class="md-nav__item">
+      <a href="../dotnet/csharp/async-programming.html" class="md-nav__link">
+        
+  
+  <span class="md-ellipsis">
+    Async Programming
+  </span>
+  
+
+      </a>
+    </li>
+  
+
+              
+            
+              
+                
+  
+  
+  
+  
+    <li class="md-nav__item">
+      <a href="../dotnet/csharp/unit-tests.html" class="md-nav__link">
+        
+  
+  <span class="md-ellipsis">
+    Unit Tests
+  </span>
+  
+
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+    </li>
+  
+
+              
+            
+          </ul>
+        </nav>
+      
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+  
+
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+  
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+    
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+        
+      
+        
+      
+        
+      
+        
+      
+        
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+        
+      
+    
+    
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+      
+        
+      
+    
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+      
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+          <label class="md-nav__link" for="__nav_4_9_2" id="__nav_4_9_2_label" tabindex="0">
+            
+  
+  <span class="md-ellipsis">
+    ASP.NET
+  </span>
+  
+
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+        
+        <nav class="md-nav" data-md-level="3" aria-labelledby="__nav_4_9_2_label" aria-expanded="false">
+          <label class="md-nav__title" for="__nav_4_9_2">
+            <span class="md-nav__icon md-icon"></span>
+            ASP.NET
+          </label>
+          <ul class="md-nav__list" data-md-scrollfix>
+            
+              
+                
+  
+  
+  
+  
+    <li class="md-nav__item">
+      <a href="../dotnet/asp.net/minimal-api.html" class="md-nav__link">
+        
+  
+  <span class="md-ellipsis">
+    Minimal API
+  </span>
+  
+
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+    </li>
+  
+
+              
+            
+              
+                
+  
+  
+  
+  
+    <li class="md-nav__item">
+      <a href="../dotnet/asp.net/filters.html" class="md-nav__link">
+        
+  
+  <span class="md-ellipsis">
+    FIlters
+  </span>
+  
+
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+    </li>
+  
+
+              
+            
+              
+                
+  
+  
+  
+  
+    <li class="md-nav__item">
+      <a href="../dotnet/asp.net/middleware.html" class="md-nav__link">
+        
+  
+  <span class="md-ellipsis">
+    Middleware
+  </span>
+  
+
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+    </li>
+  
+
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+            
+              
+                
+  
+  
+  
+  
+    <li class="md-nav__item">
+      <a href="../dotnet/asp.net/razor-syntax.html" class="md-nav__link">
+        
+  
+  <span class="md-ellipsis">
+    Razor Syntax
+  </span>
+  
+
+      </a>
+    </li>
+  
+
+              
+            
+              
+                
+  
+  
+  
+  
+    <li class="md-nav__item">
+      <a href="../dotnet/asp.net/blazor.html" class="md-nav__link">
+        
+  
+  <span class="md-ellipsis">
+    Blazor
+  </span>
+  
+
+      </a>
+    </li>
+  
+
+              
+            
+              
+                
+  
+  
+  
+  
+    <li class="md-nav__item">
+      <a href="../dotnet/asp.net/signalr.html" class="md-nav__link">
+        
+  
+  <span class="md-ellipsis">
+    SignalR
+  </span>
+  
+
+      </a>
+    </li>
+  
+
+              
+            
+              
+                
+  
+  
+  
+  
+    <li class="md-nav__item">
+      <a href="../dotnet/asp.net/web-forms.html" class="md-nav__link">
+        
+  
+  <span class="md-ellipsis">
+    Web Forms
+  </span>
+  
+
+      </a>
+    </li>
+  
+
+              
+            
+          </ul>
+        </nav>
+      
+    </li>
+  
+
+              
+            
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+                
+  
+  
+  
+  
+    
+    
+      
+        
+      
+        
+      
+    
+    
+      
+      
+        
+      
+    
+    
+    <li class="md-nav__item md-nav__item--nested">
+      
+        
+        
+        <input class="md-nav__toggle md-toggle " type="checkbox" id="__nav_4_9_3" >
+        
+          
+          <label class="md-nav__link" for="__nav_4_9_3" id="__nav_4_9_3_label" tabindex="0">
+            
+  
+  <span class="md-ellipsis">
+    Database
+  </span>
+  
+
+            <span class="md-nav__icon md-icon"></span>
+          </label>
+        
+        <nav class="md-nav" data-md-level="3" aria-labelledby="__nav_4_9_3_label" aria-expanded="false">
+          <label class="md-nav__title" for="__nav_4_9_3">
+            <span class="md-nav__icon md-icon"></span>
+            Database
+          </label>
+          <ul class="md-nav__list" data-md-scrollfix>
+            
+              
+                
+  
+  
+  
+  
+    <li class="md-nav__item">
+      <a href="../dotnet/database/ado.net.html" class="md-nav__link">
+        
+  
+  <span class="md-ellipsis">
+    ADO.NET
+  </span>
+  
+
+      </a>
+    </li>
+  
+
+              
+            
+              
+                
+  
+  
+  
+  
+    <li class="md-nav__item">
+      <a href="../dotnet/database/entity-framework.html" class="md-nav__link">
+        
+  
+  <span class="md-ellipsis">
+    Entity Framework
+  </span>
+  
+
+      </a>
+    </li>
+  
+
+              
+            
+          </ul>
+        </nav>
+      
+    </li>
+  
+
+              
+            
+          </ul>
+        </nav>
+      
+    </li>
+  
+
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+            
+              
+                
+  
+  
+  
+  
+    
+    
+      
+        
+      
+        
+      
+        
+      
+        
+      
+    
+    
+      
+      
+        
+          
+          
+        
+      
+    
+    
+    <li class="md-nav__item md-nav__item--section md-nav__item--nested">
+      
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+        <input class="md-nav__toggle md-toggle " type="checkbox" id="__nav_4_10" >
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+          <label class="md-nav__link" for="__nav_4_10" id="__nav_4_10_label" tabindex="">
+            
+  
+  <span class="md-ellipsis">
+    Java
+  </span>
+  
+
+            <span class="md-nav__icon md-icon"></span>
+          </label>
+        
+        <nav class="md-nav" data-md-level="2" aria-labelledby="__nav_4_10_label" aria-expanded="false">
+          <label class="md-nav__title" for="__nav_4_10">
+            <span class="md-nav__icon md-icon"></span>
+            Java
+          </label>
+          <ul class="md-nav__list" data-md-scrollfix>
+            
+              
+                
+  
+  
+  
+  
+    <li class="md-nav__item">
+      <a href="../java/java.html" class="md-nav__link">
+        
+  
+  <span class="md-ellipsis">
+    Java
+  </span>
+  
+
+      </a>
+    </li>
+  
+
+              
+            
+              
+                
+  
+  
+  
+  
+    <li class="md-nav__item">
+      <a href="../java/java-collection-framework.html" class="md-nav__link">
+        
+  
+  <span class="md-ellipsis">
+    Java Collection Framework
+  </span>
+  
+
+      </a>
+    </li>
+  
+
+              
+            
+              
+                
+  
+  
+  
+  
+    <li class="md-nav__item">
+      <a href="../java/dao.html" class="md-nav__link">
+        
+  
+  <span class="md-ellipsis">
+    DAO
+  </span>
+  
+
+      </a>
+    </li>
+  
+
+              
+            
+              
+                
+  
+  
+  
+  
+    
+    
+      
+        
+      
+        
+      
+    
+    
+      
+      
+        
+      
+    
+    
+    <li class="md-nav__item md-nav__item--nested">
+      
+        
+        
+        <input class="md-nav__toggle md-toggle " type="checkbox" id="__nav_4_10_4" >
+        
+          
+          <label class="md-nav__link" for="__nav_4_10_4" id="__nav_4_10_4_label" tabindex="0">
+            
+  
+  <span class="md-ellipsis">
+    Web
+  </span>
+  
+
+            <span class="md-nav__icon md-icon"></span>
+          </label>
+        
+        <nav class="md-nav" data-md-level="3" aria-labelledby="__nav_4_10_4_label" aria-expanded="false">
+          <label class="md-nav__title" for="__nav_4_10_4">
+            <span class="md-nav__icon md-icon"></span>
+            Web
+          </label>
+          <ul class="md-nav__list" data-md-scrollfix>
+            
+              
+                
+  
+  
+  
+  
+    <li class="md-nav__item">
+      <a href="../java/web/servlet.html" class="md-nav__link">
+        
+  
+  <span class="md-ellipsis">
+    Serverlet
+  </span>
+  
+
+      </a>
+    </li>
+  
+
+              
+            
+              
+                
+  
+  
+  
+  
+    
+    
+      
+        
+      
+        
+      
+    
+    
+      
+      
+        
+      
+    
+    
+    <li class="md-nav__item md-nav__item--nested">
+      
+        
+        
+        <input class="md-nav__toggle md-toggle " type="checkbox" id="__nav_4_10_4_2" >
+        
+          
+          <label class="md-nav__link" for="__nav_4_10_4_2" id="__nav_4_10_4_2_label" tabindex="0">
+            
+  
+  <span class="md-ellipsis">
+    Spring
+  </span>
+  
+
+            <span class="md-nav__icon md-icon"></span>
+          </label>
+        
+        <nav class="md-nav" data-md-level="4" aria-labelledby="__nav_4_10_4_2_label" aria-expanded="false">
+          <label class="md-nav__title" for="__nav_4_10_4_2">
+            <span class="md-nav__icon md-icon"></span>
+            Spring
+          </label>
+          <ul class="md-nav__list" data-md-scrollfix>
+            
+              
+                
+  
+  
+  
+  
+    <li class="md-nav__item">
+      <a href="../java/spring/pom.xml.html" class="md-nav__link">
+        
+  
+  <span class="md-ellipsis">
+    POM
+  </span>
+  
+
+      </a>
+    </li>
+  
+
+              
+            
+              
+                
+  
+  
+  
+  
+    <li class="md-nav__item">
+      <a href="../java/spring/spring-project.html" class="md-nav__link">
+        
+  
+  <span class="md-ellipsis">
+    Project Structure
+  </span>
+  
+
+      </a>
+    </li>
+  
+
+              
+            
+          </ul>
+        </nav>
+      
+    </li>
+  
+
+              
+            
+          </ul>
+        </nav>
+      
+    </li>
+  
+
+              
+            
+          </ul>
+        </nav>
+      
+    </li>
+  
+
+              
+            
+              
+                
+  
+  
+  
+  
+    
+    
+      
+        
+      
+        
+      
+        
+      
+        
+      
+        
+      
+        
+      
+        
+      
+        
+      
+        
+      
+    
+    
+      
+      
+        
+          
+          
+        
+      
+    
+    
+    <li class="md-nav__item md-nav__item--section md-nav__item--nested">
+      
+        
+        
+        <input class="md-nav__toggle md-toggle " type="checkbox" id="__nav_4_11" >
+        
+          
+          <label class="md-nav__link" for="__nav_4_11" id="__nav_4_11_label" tabindex="">
+            
+  
+  <span class="md-ellipsis">
+    PHP
+  </span>
+  
+
+            <span class="md-nav__icon md-icon"></span>
+          </label>
+        
+        <nav class="md-nav" data-md-level="2" aria-labelledby="__nav_4_11_label" aria-expanded="false">
+          <label class="md-nav__title" for="__nav_4_11">
+            <span class="md-nav__icon md-icon"></span>
+            PHP
+          </label>
+          <ul class="md-nav__list" data-md-scrollfix>
+            
+              
+                
+  
+  
+  
+  
+    <li class="md-nav__item">
+      <a href="../php/php.html" class="md-nav__link">
+        
+  
+  <span class="md-ellipsis">
+    PHP
+  </span>
+  
+
+      </a>
+    </li>
+  
+
+              
+            
+              
+                
+  
+  
+  
+  
+    <li class="md-nav__item">
+      <a href="../php/database.html" class="md-nav__link">
+        
+  
+  <span class="md-ellipsis">
+    Database
+  </span>
+  
+
+      </a>
+    </li>
+  
+
+              
+            
+              
+                
+  
+  
+  
+  
+    <li class="md-nav__item">
+      <a href="../php/web.html" class="md-nav__link">
+        
+  
+  <span class="md-ellipsis">
+    Web
+  </span>
+  
+
+      </a>
+    </li>
+  
+
+              
+            
+              
+                
+  
+  
+  
+  
+    <li class="md-nav__item">
+      <a href="../php/dependency-injection.html" class="md-nav__link">
+        
+  
+  <span class="md-ellipsis">
+    Dependency Injection
+  </span>
+  
+
+      </a>
+    </li>
+  
+
+              
+            
+              
+                
+  
+  
+  
+  
+    <li class="md-nav__item">
+      <a href="../php/unit-tests.html" class="md-nav__link">
+        
+  
+  <span class="md-ellipsis">
+    Unit Tests
+  </span>
+  
+
+      </a>
+    </li>
+  
+
+              
+            
+              
+                
+  
+  
+  
+  
+    <li class="md-nav__item">
+      <a href="../php/composer.html" class="md-nav__link">
+        
+  
+  <span class="md-ellipsis">
+    Composer
+  </span>
+  
+
+      </a>
+    </li>
+  
+
+              
+            
+              
+                
+  
+  
+  
+  
+    <li class="md-nav__item">
+      <a href="../php/psr-7.html" class="md-nav__link">
+        
+  
+  <span class="md-ellipsis">
+    PSR 7
+  </span>
+  
+
+      </a>
+    </li>
+  
+
+              
+            
+              
+                
+  
+  
+  
+  
+    <li class="md-nav__item">
+      <a href="../php/plates-templating.html" class="md-nav__link">
+        
+  
+  <span class="md-ellipsis">
+    Plates
+  </span>
+  
+
+      </a>
+    </li>
+  
+
+              
+            
+              
+                
+  
+  
+  
+  
+    
+    
+      
+        
+      
+        
+      
+    
+    
+      
+      
+        
+      
+    
+    
+    <li class="md-nav__item md-nav__item--nested">
+      
+        
+        
+        <input class="md-nav__toggle md-toggle " type="checkbox" id="__nav_4_11_9" >
+        
+          
+          <label class="md-nav__link" for="__nav_4_11_9" id="__nav_4_11_9_label" tabindex="0">
+            
+  
+  <span class="md-ellipsis">
+    Simple MVC
+  </span>
+  
+
+            <span class="md-nav__icon md-icon"></span>
+          </label>
+        
+        <nav class="md-nav" data-md-level="3" aria-labelledby="__nav_4_11_9_label" aria-expanded="false">
+          <label class="md-nav__title" for="__nav_4_11_9">
+            <span class="md-nav__icon md-icon"></span>
+            Simple MVC
+          </label>
+          <ul class="md-nav__list" data-md-scrollfix>
+            
+              
+                
+  
+  
+  
+  
+    <li class="md-nav__item">
+      <a href="../php/simple-mvc/simple-mvc.html" class="md-nav__link">
+        
+  
+  <span class="md-ellipsis">
+    Simple MVC
+  </span>
+  
+
+      </a>
+    </li>
+  
+
+              
+            
+              
+                
+  
+  
+  
+  
+    <li class="md-nav__item">
+      <a href="../php/simple-mvc/rest-api.html" class="md-nav__link">
+        
+  
+  <span class="md-ellipsis">
+    REST API
+  </span>
+  
+
+      </a>
+    </li>
+  
+
+              
+            
+          </ul>
+        </nav>
+      
+    </li>
+  
+
+              
+            
+          </ul>
+        </nav>
+      
+    </li>
+  
+
+              
+            
+              
+                
+  
+  
+  
+  
+    
+    
+      
+        
+      
+        
+      
+        
+      
+        
+      
+        
+      
+    
+    
+      
+      
+        
+          
+          
+        
+      
+    
+    
+    <li class="md-nav__item md-nav__item--section md-nav__item--nested">
+      
+        
+        
+        <input class="md-nav__toggle md-toggle " type="checkbox" id="__nav_4_12" >
+        
+          
+          <label class="md-nav__link" for="__nav_4_12" id="__nav_4_12_label" tabindex="">
+            
+  
+  <span class="md-ellipsis">
+    Rust
+  </span>
+  
+
+            <span class="md-nav__icon md-icon"></span>
+          </label>
+        
+        <nav class="md-nav" data-md-level="2" aria-labelledby="__nav_4_12_label" aria-expanded="false">
+          <label class="md-nav__title" for="__nav_4_12">
+            <span class="md-nav__icon md-icon"></span>
+            Rust
+          </label>
+          <ul class="md-nav__list" data-md-scrollfix>
+            
+              
+                
+  
+  
+  
+  
+    <li class="md-nav__item">
+      <a href="../rust/rust.html" class="md-nav__link">
+        
+  
+  <span class="md-ellipsis">
+    Rust
+  </span>
+  
+
+      </a>
+    </li>
+  
+
+              
+            
+              
+                
+  
+  
+  
+  
+    <li class="md-nav__item">
+      <a href="../rust/macros.html" class="md-nav__link">
+        
+  
+  <span class="md-ellipsis">
+    Macros
+  </span>
+  
+
+      </a>
+    </li>
+  
+
+              
+            
+              
+                
+  
+  
+  
+  
+    <li class="md-nav__item">
+      <a href="../rust/cargo.html" class="md-nav__link">
+        
+  
+  <span class="md-ellipsis">
+    Cargo
+  </span>
+  
+
+      </a>
+    </li>
+  
+
+              
+            
+              
+                
+  
+  
+  
+  
+    <li class="md-nav__item">
+      <a href="../rust/concurrency.html" class="md-nav__link">
+        
+  
+  <span class="md-ellipsis">
+    Concurrency
+  </span>
+  
+
+      </a>
+    </li>
+  
+
+              
+            
+              
+                
+  
+  
+  
+  
+    <li class="md-nav__item">
+      <a href="../rust/unit-tests.html" class="md-nav__link">
+        
+  
+  <span class="md-ellipsis">
+    Unit Tests
+  </span>
+  
+
+      </a>
+    </li>
+  
+
+              
+            
+          </ul>
+        </nav>
+      
+    </li>
+  
+
+              
+            
+              
+                
+  
+  
+    
+  
+  
+  
+    
+    
+      
+        
+      
+        
+      
+        
+      
+        
+      
+        
+      
+        
+      
+        
+      
+    
+    
+      
+      
+        
+          
+          
+        
+      
+    
+    
+    <li class="md-nav__item md-nav__item--active md-nav__item--section md-nav__item--nested">
+      
+        
+        
+        <input class="md-nav__toggle md-toggle " type="checkbox" id="__nav_4_13" checked>
+        
+          
+          <label class="md-nav__link" for="__nav_4_13" id="__nav_4_13_label" tabindex="">
+            
+  
+  <span class="md-ellipsis">
+    Javascript
+  </span>
+  
+
+            <span class="md-nav__icon md-icon"></span>
+          </label>
+        
+        <nav class="md-nav" data-md-level="2" aria-labelledby="__nav_4_13_label" aria-expanded="true">
+          <label class="md-nav__title" for="__nav_4_13">
+            <span class="md-nav__icon md-icon"></span>
+            Javascript
+          </label>
+          <ul class="md-nav__list" data-md-scrollfix>
+            
+              
+                
+  
+  
+    
+  
+  
+  
+    <li class="md-nav__item md-nav__item--active">
+      
+      <input class="md-nav__toggle md-toggle" type="checkbox" id="__toc">
+      
+      
+        
+      
+      
+        <label class="md-nav__link md-nav__link--active" for="__toc">
+          
+  
+  <span class="md-ellipsis">
+    Javascript
+  </span>
+  
+
+          <span class="md-nav__icon md-icon"></span>
+        </label>
+      
+      <a href="javascript.html" class="md-nav__link md-nav__link--active">
+        
+  
+  <span class="md-ellipsis">
+    Javascript
+  </span>
+  
+
+      </a>
+      
+        
+
+<nav class="md-nav md-nav--secondary" aria-label="Table of contents">
+  
+  
+  
+    
+  
+  
+    <label class="md-nav__title" for="__toc">
+      <span class="md-nav__icon md-icon"></span>
+      Table of contents
+    </label>
+    <ul class="md-nav__list" data-md-component="toc" data-md-scrollfix>
+      
+        <li class="md-nav__item">
+  <a href="#basics" class="md-nav__link">
+    <span class="md-ellipsis">
+      Basics
+    </span>
+  </a>
+  
+    <nav class="md-nav" aria-label="Basics">
+      <ul class="md-nav__list">
+        
+          <li class="md-nav__item">
+  <a href="#notable-javascript-engines" class="md-nav__link">
+    <span class="md-ellipsis">
+      Notable javascript engines
+    </span>
+  </a>
+  
+</li>
+        
+          <li class="md-nav__item">
+  <a href="#comments" class="md-nav__link">
+    <span class="md-ellipsis">
+      Comments
+    </span>
+  </a>
+  
+</li>
+        
+          <li class="md-nav__item">
+  <a href="#file-header" class="md-nav__link">
+    <span class="md-ellipsis">
+      File Header
+    </span>
+  </a>
+  
+</li>
+        
+          <li class="md-nav__item">
+  <a href="#modern-mode" class="md-nav__link">
+    <span class="md-ellipsis">
+      Modern Mode
+    </span>
+  </a>
+  
+</li>
+        
+          <li class="md-nav__item">
+  <a href="#pop-up-message" class="md-nav__link">
+    <span class="md-ellipsis">
+      Pop-Up message
+    </span>
+  </a>
+  
+</li>
+        
+          <li class="md-nav__item">
+  <a href="#print-message-to-console" class="md-nav__link">
+    <span class="md-ellipsis">
+      Print message to console
+    </span>
+  </a>
+  
+</li>
+        
+      </ul>
+    </nav>
+  
+</li>
+      
+        <li class="md-nav__item">
+  <a href="#variables" class="md-nav__link">
+    <span class="md-ellipsis">
+      Variables
+    </span>
+  </a>
+  
+    <nav class="md-nav" aria-label="Variables">
+      <ul class="md-nav__list">
+        
+          <li class="md-nav__item">
+  <a href="#declaration-initialization" class="md-nav__link">
+    <span class="md-ellipsis">
+      Declaration &amp; Initialization
+    </span>
+  </a>
+  
+</li>
+        
+          <li class="md-nav__item">
+  <a href="#scope" class="md-nav__link">
+    <span class="md-ellipsis">
+      Scope
+    </span>
+  </a>
+  
+</li>
+        
+          <li class="md-nav__item">
+  <a href="#constants" class="md-nav__link">
+    <span class="md-ellipsis">
+      Constants
+    </span>
+  </a>
+  
+</li>
+        
+      </ul>
+    </nav>
+  
+</li>
+      
+        <li class="md-nav__item">
+  <a href="#data-types" class="md-nav__link">
+    <span class="md-ellipsis">
+      Data Types
+    </span>
+  </a>
+  
+    <nav class="md-nav" aria-label="Data Types">
+      <ul class="md-nav__list">
+        
+          <li class="md-nav__item">
+  <a href="#numeric-data-types" class="md-nav__link">
+    <span class="md-ellipsis">
+      Numeric data types
+    </span>
+  </a>
+  
+</li>
+        
+          <li class="md-nav__item">
+  <a href="#string-data-type" class="md-nav__link">
+    <span class="md-ellipsis">
+      String data type
+    </span>
+  </a>
+  
+</li>
+        
+          <li class="md-nav__item">
+  <a href="#slice-vs-substring-vs-substr" class="md-nav__link">
+    <span class="md-ellipsis">
+      Slice vs Substring vs Substr
+    </span>
+  </a>
+  
+</li>
+        
+          <li class="md-nav__item">
+  <a href="#boolean-data-type" class="md-nav__link">
+    <span class="md-ellipsis">
+      Boolean data type
+    </span>
+  </a>
+  
+</li>
+        
+          <li class="md-nav__item">
+  <a href="#null-data-type" class="md-nav__link">
+    <span class="md-ellipsis">
+      Null data type
+    </span>
+  </a>
+  
+</li>
+        
+          <li class="md-nav__item">
+  <a href="#undefined" class="md-nav__link">
+    <span class="md-ellipsis">
+      Undefined
+    </span>
+  </a>
+  
+</li>
+        
+          <li class="md-nav__item">
+  <a href="#typeof" class="md-nav__link">
+    <span class="md-ellipsis">
+      Typeof()
+    </span>
+  </a>
+  
+</li>
+        
+          <li class="md-nav__item">
+  <a href="#type-casting" class="md-nav__link">
+    <span class="md-ellipsis">
+      Type Casting
+    </span>
+  </a>
+  
+</li>
+        
+          <li class="md-nav__item">
+  <a href="#type-checking" class="md-nav__link">
+    <span class="md-ellipsis">
+      Type Checking
+    </span>
+  </a>
+  
+</li>
+        
+          <li class="md-nav__item">
+  <a href="#dangerous-stupid-implicit-type-casting" class="md-nav__link">
+    <span class="md-ellipsis">
+      Dangerous &amp; Stupid Implicit Type Casting
+    </span>
+  </a>
+  
+</li>
+        
+      </ul>
+    </nav>
+  
+</li>
+      
+        <li class="md-nav__item">
+  <a href="#operators" class="md-nav__link">
+    <span class="md-ellipsis">
+      Operators
+    </span>
+  </a>
+  
+    <nav class="md-nav" aria-label="Operators">
+      <ul class="md-nav__list">
+        
+          <li class="md-nav__item">
+  <a href="#mathematical-operators" class="md-nav__link">
+    <span class="md-ellipsis">
+      Mathematical Operators
+    </span>
+  </a>
+  
+</li>
+        
+          <li class="md-nav__item">
+  <a href="#unary-increment-operators" class="md-nav__link">
+    <span class="md-ellipsis">
+      Unary Increment Operators
+    </span>
+  </a>
+  
+</li>
+        
+          <li class="md-nav__item">
+  <a href="#logical-operators" class="md-nav__link">
+    <span class="md-ellipsis">
+      Logical Operators
+    </span>
+  </a>
+  
+</li>
+        
+          <li class="md-nav__item">
+  <a href="#comparison-operators" class="md-nav__link">
+    <span class="md-ellipsis">
+      Comparison Operators
+    </span>
+  </a>
+  
+</li>
+        
+          <li class="md-nav__item">
+  <a href="#bitwise-logical-operators" class="md-nav__link">
+    <span class="md-ellipsis">
+      Bitwise Logical Operators
+    </span>
+  </a>
+  
+</li>
+        
+          <li class="md-nav__item">
+  <a href="#compound-operators" class="md-nav__link">
+    <span class="md-ellipsis">
+      Compound Operators
+    </span>
+  </a>
+  
+</li>
+        
+      </ul>
+    </nav>
+  
+</li>
+      
+        <li class="md-nav__item">
+  <a href="#decision-statements" class="md-nav__link">
+    <span class="md-ellipsis">
+      Decision Statements
+    </span>
+  </a>
+  
+    <nav class="md-nav" aria-label="Decision Statements">
+      <ul class="md-nav__list">
+        
+          <li class="md-nav__item">
+  <a href="#if-else" class="md-nav__link">
+    <span class="md-ellipsis">
+      IF-ELSE
+    </span>
+  </a>
+  
+</li>
+        
+          <li class="md-nav__item">
+  <a href="#if-else-multi-branch" class="md-nav__link">
+    <span class="md-ellipsis">
+      IF-ELSE Multi-Branch
+    </span>
+  </a>
+  
+</li>
+        
+          <li class="md-nav__item">
+  <a href="#ternary-operator" class="md-nav__link">
+    <span class="md-ellipsis">
+      Ternary Operator
+    </span>
+  </a>
+  
+</li>
+        
+          <li class="md-nav__item">
+  <a href="#switch-statement" class="md-nav__link">
+    <span class="md-ellipsis">
+      Switch Statement
+    </span>
+  </a>
+  
+</li>
+        
+      </ul>
+    </nav>
+  
+</li>
+      
+        <li class="md-nav__item">
+  <a href="#loops" class="md-nav__link">
+    <span class="md-ellipsis">
+      Loops
+    </span>
+  </a>
+  
+    <nav class="md-nav" aria-label="Loops">
+      <ul class="md-nav__list">
+        
+          <li class="md-nav__item">
+  <a href="#while-loop" class="md-nav__link">
+    <span class="md-ellipsis">
+      While Loop
+    </span>
+  </a>
+  
+</li>
+        
+          <li class="md-nav__item">
+  <a href="#do-while-loop" class="md-nav__link">
+    <span class="md-ellipsis">
+      Do-While Loop
+    </span>
+  </a>
+  
+</li>
+        
+          <li class="md-nav__item">
+  <a href="#for-loop" class="md-nav__link">
+    <span class="md-ellipsis">
+      For Loop
+    </span>
+  </a>
+  
+</li>
+        
+          <li class="md-nav__item">
+  <a href="#break-continue-statements" class="md-nav__link">
+    <span class="md-ellipsis">
+      Break &amp; Continue statements
+    </span>
+  </a>
+  
+</li>
+        
+      </ul>
+    </nav>
+  
+</li>
+      
+        <li class="md-nav__item">
+  <a href="#arrays" class="md-nav__link">
+    <span class="md-ellipsis">
+      Arrays
+    </span>
+  </a>
+  
+    <nav class="md-nav" aria-label="Arrays">
+      <ul class="md-nav__list">
+        
+          <li class="md-nav__item">
+  <a href="#filter-map-reduce" class="md-nav__link">
+    <span class="md-ellipsis">
+      filter() &amp; map(), reduce()
+    </span>
+  </a>
+  
+</li>
+        
+      </ul>
+    </nav>
+  
+</li>
+      
+        <li class="md-nav__item">
+  <a href="#spread-operator" class="md-nav__link">
+    <span class="md-ellipsis">
+      Spread Operator (...)
+    </span>
+  </a>
+  
+</li>
+      
+        <li class="md-nav__item">
+  <a href="#dictionaries" class="md-nav__link">
+    <span class="md-ellipsis">
+      Dictionaries
+    </span>
+  </a>
+  
+    <nav class="md-nav" aria-label="Dictionaries">
+      <ul class="md-nav__list">
+        
+          <li class="md-nav__item">
+  <a href="#iterating-key-value-pairs" class="md-nav__link">
+    <span class="md-ellipsis">
+      Iterating Key-Value pairs
+    </span>
+  </a>
+  
+</li>
+        
+      </ul>
+    </nav>
+  
+</li>
+      
+        <li class="md-nav__item">
+  <a href="#functions" class="md-nav__link">
+    <span class="md-ellipsis">
+      Functions
+    </span>
+  </a>
+  
+    <nav class="md-nav" aria-label="Functions">
+      <ul class="md-nav__list">
+        
+          <li class="md-nav__item">
+  <a href="#jsdoc-documentation-standard" class="md-nav__link">
+    <span class="md-ellipsis">
+      JSDOC documentation standard
+    </span>
+  </a>
+  
+</li>
+        
+          <li class="md-nav__item">
+  <a href="#function-declaration" class="md-nav__link">
+    <span class="md-ellipsis">
+      Function Declaration
+    </span>
+  </a>
+  
+</li>
+        
+          <li class="md-nav__item">
+  <a href="#default-parameters-old-versions" class="md-nav__link">
+    <span class="md-ellipsis">
+      Default Parameters (old versions)
+    </span>
+  </a>
+  
+</li>
+        
+          <li class="md-nav__item">
+  <a href="#function-expressions" class="md-nav__link">
+    <span class="md-ellipsis">
+      Function Expressions
+    </span>
+  </a>
+  
+</li>
+        
+          <li class="md-nav__item">
+  <a href="#arrow-functions" class="md-nav__link">
+    <span class="md-ellipsis">
+      Arrow Functions
+    </span>
+  </a>
+  
+</li>
+        
+      </ul>
+    </nav>
+  
+</li>
+      
+        <li class="md-nav__item">
+  <a href="#object-oriented-programming" class="md-nav__link">
+    <span class="md-ellipsis">
+      Object Oriented Programming
+    </span>
+  </a>
+  
+    <nav class="md-nav" aria-label="Object Oriented Programming">
+      <ul class="md-nav__list">
+        
+          <li class="md-nav__item">
+  <a href="#constructors-and-object-instances" class="md-nav__link">
+    <span class="md-ellipsis">
+      Constructors and object instances
+    </span>
+  </a>
+  
+</li>
+        
+          <li class="md-nav__item">
+  <a href="#prototypes" class="md-nav__link">
+    <span class="md-ellipsis">
+      Prototypes
+    </span>
+  </a>
+  
+</li>
+        
+          <li class="md-nav__item">
+  <a href="#extending-with-prototypes" class="md-nav__link">
+    <span class="md-ellipsis">
+      Extending with prototypes
+    </span>
+  </a>
+  
+</li>
+        
+          <li class="md-nav__item">
+  <a href="#classes-es6" class="md-nav__link">
+    <span class="md-ellipsis">
+      Classes (ES6+)
+    </span>
+  </a>
+  
+</li>
+        
+          <li class="md-nav__item">
+  <a href="#extending-with-classes" class="md-nav__link">
+    <span class="md-ellipsis">
+      Extending with Classes
+    </span>
+  </a>
+  
+</li>
+        
+      </ul>
+    </nav>
+  
+</li>
+      
+        <li class="md-nav__item">
+  <a href="#deconstruction" class="md-nav__link">
+    <span class="md-ellipsis">
+      Deconstruction
+    </span>
+  </a>
+  
+    <nav class="md-nav" aria-label="Deconstruction">
+      <ul class="md-nav__list">
+        
+          <li class="md-nav__item">
+  <a href="#object-deconstruction" class="md-nav__link">
+    <span class="md-ellipsis">
+      Object deconstruction
+    </span>
+  </a>
+  
+</li>
+        
+          <li class="md-nav__item">
+  <a href="#array-deconstruction" class="md-nav__link">
+    <span class="md-ellipsis">
+      Array Deconstruction
+    </span>
+  </a>
+  
+</li>
+        
+      </ul>
+    </nav>
+  
+</li>
+      
+        <li class="md-nav__item">
+  <a href="#serialization" class="md-nav__link">
+    <span class="md-ellipsis">
+      Serialization
+    </span>
+  </a>
+  
+</li>
+      
+        <li class="md-nav__item">
+  <a href="#timing" class="md-nav__link">
+    <span class="md-ellipsis">
+      Timing
+    </span>
+  </a>
+  
+    <nav class="md-nav" aria-label="Timing">
+      <ul class="md-nav__list">
+        
+          <li class="md-nav__item">
+  <a href="#timers" class="md-nav__link">
+    <span class="md-ellipsis">
+      Timers
+    </span>
+  </a>
+  
+</li>
+        
+          <li class="md-nav__item">
+  <a href="#let-vs-var-with-settimeout" class="md-nav__link">
+    <span class="md-ellipsis">
+      let vs var with setTimeout
+    </span>
+  </a>
+  
+</li>
+        
+          <li class="md-nav__item">
+  <a href="#preserving-the-context" class="md-nav__link">
+    <span class="md-ellipsis">
+      Preserving the context
+    </span>
+  </a>
+  
+</li>
+        
+          <li class="md-nav__item">
+  <a href="#intervals" class="md-nav__link">
+    <span class="md-ellipsis">
+      Intervals
+    </span>
+  </a>
+  
+</li>
+        
+      </ul>
+    </nav>
+  
+</li>
+      
+        <li class="md-nav__item">
+  <a href="#datetime" class="md-nav__link">
+    <span class="md-ellipsis">
+      DateTime
+    </span>
+  </a>
+  
+    <nav class="md-nav" aria-label="DateTime">
+      <ul class="md-nav__list">
+        
+          <li class="md-nav__item">
+  <a href="#comparing-dates" class="md-nav__link">
+    <span class="md-ellipsis">
+      Comparing Dates
+    </span>
+  </a>
+  
+</li>
+        
+      </ul>
+    </nav>
+  
+</li>
+      
+        <li class="md-nav__item">
+  <a href="#exports" class="md-nav__link">
+    <span class="md-ellipsis">
+      Exports
+    </span>
+  </a>
+  
+</li>
+      
+    </ul>
+  
+</nav>
+      
+    </li>
+  
+
+              
+            
+              
+                
+  
+  
+  
+  
+    <li class="md-nav__item">
+      <a href="dom.html" class="md-nav__link">
+        
+  
+  <span class="md-ellipsis">
+    DOM
+  </span>
+  
+
+      </a>
+    </li>
+  
+
+              
+            
+              
+                
+  
+  
+  
+  
+    <li class="md-nav__item">
+      <a href="events-animation.html" class="md-nav__link">
+        
+  
+  <span class="md-ellipsis">
+    Events & Animation
+  </span>
+  
+
+      </a>
+    </li>
+  
+
+              
+            
+              
+                
+  
+  
+  
+  
+    <li class="md-nav__item">
+      <a href="ajax.html" class="md-nav__link">
+        
+  
+  <span class="md-ellipsis">
+    AJAX
+  </span>
+  
+
+      </a>
+    </li>
+  
+
+              
+            
+              
+                
+  
+  
+  
+  
+    <li class="md-nav__item">
+      <a href="jquery.html" class="md-nav__link">
+        
+  
+  <span class="md-ellipsis">
+    jQuery
+  </span>
+  
+
+      </a>
+    </li>
+  
+
+              
+            
+              
+                
+  
+  
+  
+  
+    
+    
+      
+        
+      
+        
+      
+        
+      
+        
+      
+        
+      
+    
+    
+      
+      
+        
+      
+    
+    
+    <li class="md-nav__item md-nav__item--nested">
+      
+        
+        
+        <input class="md-nav__toggle md-toggle " type="checkbox" id="__nav_4_13_6" >
+        
+          
+          <label class="md-nav__link" for="__nav_4_13_6" id="__nav_4_13_6_label" tabindex="0">
+            
+  
+  <span class="md-ellipsis">
+    React
+  </span>
+  
+
+            <span class="md-nav__icon md-icon"></span>
+          </label>
+        
+        <nav class="md-nav" data-md-level="3" aria-labelledby="__nav_4_13_6_label" aria-expanded="false">
+          <label class="md-nav__title" for="__nav_4_13_6">
+            <span class="md-nav__icon md-icon"></span>
+            React
+          </label>
+          <ul class="md-nav__list" data-md-scrollfix>
+            
+              
+                
+  
+  
+  
+  
+    <li class="md-nav__item">
+      <a href="react/react.html" class="md-nav__link">
+        
+  
+  <span class="md-ellipsis">
+    React
+  </span>
+  
+
+      </a>
+    </li>
+  
+
+              
+            
+              
+                
+  
+  
+  
+  
+    <li class="md-nav__item">
+      <a href="react/react-router.html" class="md-nav__link">
+        
+  
+  <span class="md-ellipsis">
+    React Router
+  </span>
+  
+
+      </a>
+    </li>
+  
+
+              
+            
+              
+                
+  
+  
+  
+  
+    <li class="md-nav__item">
+      <a href="react/react-tests.html" class="md-nav__link">
+        
+  
+  <span class="md-ellipsis">
+    React Tests
+  </span>
+  
+
+      </a>
+    </li>
+  
+
+              
+            
+              
+                
+  
+  
+  
+  
+    <li class="md-nav__item">
+      <a href="react/redux.html" class="md-nav__link">
+        
+  
+  <span class="md-ellipsis">
+    Redux
+  </span>
+  
+
+      </a>
+    </li>
+  
+
+              
+            
+              
+                
+  
+  
+  
+  
+    <li class="md-nav__item">
+      <a href="react/redux-tests.html" class="md-nav__link">
+        
+  
+  <span class="md-ellipsis">
+    Redux Tests
+  </span>
+  
+
+      </a>
+    </li>
+  
+
+              
+            
+          </ul>
+        </nav>
+      
+    </li>
+  
+
+              
+            
+              
+                
+  
+  
+  
+  
+    <li class="md-nav__item">
+      <a href="svelte/svelte.html" class="md-nav__link">
+        
+  
+  <span class="md-ellipsis">
+    Svelte
+  </span>
+  
+
+      </a>
+    </li>
+  
+
+              
+            
+          </ul>
+        </nav>
+      
+    </li>
+  
+
+              
+            
+              
+                
+  
+  
+  
+  
+    
+    
+      
+        
+      
+        
+      
+    
+    
+      
+      
+        
+          
+          
+        
+      
+    
+    
+    <li class="md-nav__item md-nav__item--section md-nav__item--nested">
+      
+        
+        
+        <input class="md-nav__toggle md-toggle " type="checkbox" id="__nav_4_14" >
+        
+          
+          <label class="md-nav__link" for="__nav_4_14" id="__nav_4_14_label" tabindex="">
+            
+  
+  <span class="md-ellipsis">
+    PowerShell
+  </span>
+  
+
+            <span class="md-nav__icon md-icon"></span>
+          </label>
+        
+        <nav class="md-nav" data-md-level="2" aria-labelledby="__nav_4_14_label" aria-expanded="false">
+          <label class="md-nav__title" for="__nav_4_14">
+            <span class="md-nav__icon md-icon"></span>
+            PowerShell
+          </label>
+          <ul class="md-nav__list" data-md-scrollfix>
+            
+              
+                
+  
+  
+  
+  
+    <li class="md-nav__item">
+      <a href="../powershell/scripting.html" class="md-nav__link">
+        
+  
+  <span class="md-ellipsis">
+    Scripting
+  </span>
+  
+
+      </a>
+    </li>
+  
+
+              
+            
+              
+                
+  
+  
+  
+  
+    <li class="md-nav__item">
+      <a href="../powershell/commands.html" class="md-nav__link">
+        
+  
+  <span class="md-ellipsis">
+    Commands
+  </span>
+  
+
+      </a>
+    </li>
+  
+
+              
+            
+          </ul>
+        </nav>
+      
+    </li>
+  
+
+              
+            
+              
+                
+  
+  
+  
+  
+    
+    
+      
+        
+      
+        
+      
+    
+    
+      
+      
+        
+          
+          
+        
+      
+    
+    
+    <li class="md-nav__item md-nav__item--section md-nav__item--nested">
+      
+        
+        
+        <input class="md-nav__toggle md-toggle " type="checkbox" id="__nav_4_15" >
+        
+          
+          <label class="md-nav__link" for="__nav_4_15" id="__nav_4_15_label" tabindex="">
+            
+  
+  <span class="md-ellipsis">
+    Bash
+  </span>
+  
+
+            <span class="md-nav__icon md-icon"></span>
+          </label>
+        
+        <nav class="md-nav" data-md-level="2" aria-labelledby="__nav_4_15_label" aria-expanded="false">
+          <label class="md-nav__title" for="__nav_4_15">
+            <span class="md-nav__icon md-icon"></span>
+            Bash
+          </label>
+          <ul class="md-nav__list" data-md-scrollfix>
+            
+              
+                
+  
+  
+  
+  
+    <li class="md-nav__item">
+      <a href="../bash/scripting.html" class="md-nav__link">
+        
+  
+  <span class="md-ellipsis">
+    Scripting
+  </span>
+  
+
+      </a>
+    </li>
+  
+
+              
+            
+              
+                
+  
+  
+  
+  
+    <li class="md-nav__item">
+      <a href="../bash/commands.html" class="md-nav__link">
+        
+  
+  <span class="md-ellipsis">
+    Commands
+  </span>
+  
+
+      </a>
+    </li>
+  
+
+              
+            
+          </ul>
+        </nav>
+      
+    </li>
+  
+
+              
+            
+          </ul>
+        </nav>
+      
+    </li>
+  
+
+    
+      
+      
+  
+  
+  
+  
+    
+    
+      
+        
+      
+        
+      
+        
+      
+        
+      
+        
+      
+    
+    
+      
+      
+        
+      
+    
+    
+    <li class="md-nav__item md-nav__item--nested">
+      
+        
+        
+        <input class="md-nav__toggle md-toggle " type="checkbox" id="__nav_5" >
+        
+          
+          <label class="md-nav__link" for="__nav_5" id="__nav_5_label" tabindex="0">
+            
+  
+  <span class="md-ellipsis">
+    Misc
+  </span>
+  
+
+            <span class="md-nav__icon md-icon"></span>
+          </label>
+        
+        <nav class="md-nav" data-md-level="1" aria-labelledby="__nav_5_label" aria-expanded="false">
+          <label class="md-nav__title" for="__nav_5">
+            <span class="md-nav__icon md-icon"></span>
+            Misc
+          </label>
+          <ul class="md-nav__list" data-md-scrollfix>
+            
+              
+                
+  
+  
+  
+  
+    <li class="md-nav__item">
+      <a href="../../misc/git.html" class="md-nav__link">
+        
+  
+  <span class="md-ellipsis">
+    Git
+  </span>
+  
+
+      </a>
+    </li>
+  
+
+              
+            
+              
+                
+  
+  
+  
+  
+    <li class="md-nav__item">
+      <a href="../../misc/graph-ql.html" class="md-nav__link">
+        
+  
+  <span class="md-ellipsis">
+    GraphQL
+  </span>
+  
+
+      </a>
+    </li>
+  
+
+              
+            
+              
+                
+  
+  
+  
+  
+    <li class="md-nav__item">
+      <a href="../../misc/regular-expressions.html" class="md-nav__link">
+        
+  
+  <span class="md-ellipsis">
+    RegEx
+  </span>
+  
+
+      </a>
+    </li>
+  
+
+              
+            
+              
+                
+  
+  
+  
+  
+    <li class="md-nav__item">
+      <a href="../../misc/ssh.html" class="md-nav__link">
+        
+  
+  <span class="md-ellipsis">
+    SSH
+  </span>
+  
+
+      </a>
+    </li>
+  
+
+              
+            
+              
+                
+  
+  
+  
+  
+    <li class="md-nav__item">
+      <a href="../../misc/web-components.html" class="md-nav__link">
+        
+  
+  <span class="md-ellipsis">
+    WebComponents
+  </span>
+  
+
+      </a>
+    </li>
+  
+
+              
+            
+          </ul>
+        </nav>
+      
+    </li>
+  
+
+    
+      
+      
+  
+  
+  
+  
+    
+    
+      
+        
+      
+        
+      
+    
+    
+      
+      
+        
+      
+    
+    
+    <li class="md-nav__item md-nav__item--nested">
+      
+        
+        
+        <input class="md-nav__toggle md-toggle " type="checkbox" id="__nav_6" >
+        
+          
+          <label class="md-nav__link" for="__nav_6" id="__nav_6_label" tabindex="0">
+            
+  
+  <span class="md-ellipsis">
+    Linux
+  </span>
+  
+
+            <span class="md-nav__icon md-icon"></span>
+          </label>
+        
+        <nav class="md-nav" data-md-level="1" aria-labelledby="__nav_6_label" aria-expanded="false">
+          <label class="md-nav__title" for="__nav_6">
+            <span class="md-nav__icon md-icon"></span>
+            Linux
+          </label>
+          <ul class="md-nav__list" data-md-scrollfix>
+            
+              
+                
+  
+  
+  
+  
+    
+    
+      
+        
+      
+        
+      
+        
+      
+    
+    
+      
+      
+        
+      
+    
+    
+    <li class="md-nav__item md-nav__item--nested">
+      
+        
+        
+        <input class="md-nav__toggle md-toggle " type="checkbox" id="__nav_6_1" >
+        
+          
+          <label class="md-nav__link" for="__nav_6_1" id="__nav_6_1_label" tabindex="0">
+            
+  
+  <span class="md-ellipsis">
+    Filesystem
+  </span>
+  
+
+            <span class="md-nav__icon md-icon"></span>
+          </label>
+        
+        <nav class="md-nav" data-md-level="2" aria-labelledby="__nav_6_1_label" aria-expanded="false">
+          <label class="md-nav__title" for="__nav_6_1">
+            <span class="md-nav__icon md-icon"></span>
+            Filesystem
+          </label>
+          <ul class="md-nav__list" data-md-scrollfix>
+            
+              
+                
+  
+  
+  
+  
+    <li class="md-nav__item">
+      <a href="../../linux/filesystem/file-links.html" class="md-nav__link">
+        
+  
+  <span class="md-ellipsis">
+    File Links
+  </span>
+  
+
+      </a>
+    </li>
+  
+
+              
+            
+              
+                
+  
+  
+  
+  
+    <li class="md-nav__item">
+      <a href="../../linux/filesystem/procfs.html" class="md-nav__link">
+        
+  
+  <span class="md-ellipsis">
+    /proc
+  </span>
+  
+
+      </a>
+    </li>
+  
+
+              
+            
+              
+                
+  
+  
+  
+  
+    <li class="md-nav__item">
+      <a href="../../linux/filesystem/sysfs.html" class="md-nav__link">
+        
+  
+  <span class="md-ellipsis">
+    /sys
+  </span>
+  
+
+      </a>
+    </li>
+  
+
+              
+            
+          </ul>
+        </nav>
+      
+    </li>
+  
+
+              
+            
+              
+                
+  
+  
+  
+  
+    
+    
+      
+        
+      
+        
+      
+    
+    
+      
+      
+        
+      
+    
+    
+    <li class="md-nav__item md-nav__item--nested">
+      
+        
+        
+        <input class="md-nav__toggle md-toggle " type="checkbox" id="__nav_6_2" >
+        
+          
+          <label class="md-nav__link" for="__nav_6_2" id="__nav_6_2_label" tabindex="0">
+            
+  
+  <span class="md-ellipsis">
+    System Init
+  </span>
+  
+
+            <span class="md-nav__icon md-icon"></span>
+          </label>
+        
+        <nav class="md-nav" data-md-level="2" aria-labelledby="__nav_6_2_label" aria-expanded="false">
+          <label class="md-nav__title" for="__nav_6_2">
+            <span class="md-nav__icon md-icon"></span>
+            System Init
+          </label>
+          <ul class="md-nav__list" data-md-scrollfix>
+            
+              
+                
+  
+  
+  
+  
+    <li class="md-nav__item">
+      <a href="../../linux/init/systemd.html" class="md-nav__link">
+        
+  
+  <span class="md-ellipsis">
+    Systemd
+  </span>
+  
+
+      </a>
+    </li>
+  
+
+              
+            
+              
+                
+  
+  
+  
+  
+    <li class="md-nav__item">
+      <a href="../../linux/init/open-rc.html" class="md-nav__link">
+        
+  
+  <span class="md-ellipsis">
+    OpenRC
+  </span>
+  
+
+      </a>
+    </li>
+  
+
+              
+            
+          </ul>
+        </nav>
+      
+    </li>
+  
+
+              
+            
+          </ul>
+        </nav>
+      
+    </li>
+  
+
+    
+  </ul>
+</nav>
+                  </div>
+                </div>
+              </div>
+            
+            
+              
+              <div class="md-sidebar md-sidebar--secondary" data-md-component="sidebar" data-md-type="toc" >
+                <div class="md-sidebar__scrollwrap">
+                  <div class="md-sidebar__inner">
+                    
+
+<nav class="md-nav md-nav--secondary" aria-label="Table of contents">
+  
+  
+  
+    
+  
+  
+    <label class="md-nav__title" for="__toc">
+      <span class="md-nav__icon md-icon"></span>
+      Table of contents
+    </label>
+    <ul class="md-nav__list" data-md-component="toc" data-md-scrollfix>
+      
+        <li class="md-nav__item">
+  <a href="#basics" class="md-nav__link">
+    <span class="md-ellipsis">
+      Basics
+    </span>
+  </a>
+  
+    <nav class="md-nav" aria-label="Basics">
+      <ul class="md-nav__list">
+        
+          <li class="md-nav__item">
+  <a href="#notable-javascript-engines" class="md-nav__link">
+    <span class="md-ellipsis">
+      Notable javascript engines
+    </span>
+  </a>
+  
+</li>
+        
+          <li class="md-nav__item">
+  <a href="#comments" class="md-nav__link">
+    <span class="md-ellipsis">
+      Comments
+    </span>
+  </a>
+  
+</li>
+        
+          <li class="md-nav__item">
+  <a href="#file-header" class="md-nav__link">
+    <span class="md-ellipsis">
+      File Header
+    </span>
+  </a>
+  
+</li>
+        
+          <li class="md-nav__item">
+  <a href="#modern-mode" class="md-nav__link">
+    <span class="md-ellipsis">
+      Modern Mode
+    </span>
+  </a>
+  
+</li>
+        
+          <li class="md-nav__item">
+  <a href="#pop-up-message" class="md-nav__link">
+    <span class="md-ellipsis">
+      Pop-Up message
+    </span>
+  </a>
+  
+</li>
+        
+          <li class="md-nav__item">
+  <a href="#print-message-to-console" class="md-nav__link">
+    <span class="md-ellipsis">
+      Print message to console
+    </span>
+  </a>
+  
+</li>
+        
+      </ul>
+    </nav>
+  
+</li>
+      
+        <li class="md-nav__item">
+  <a href="#variables" class="md-nav__link">
+    <span class="md-ellipsis">
+      Variables
+    </span>
+  </a>
+  
+    <nav class="md-nav" aria-label="Variables">
+      <ul class="md-nav__list">
+        
+          <li class="md-nav__item">
+  <a href="#declaration-initialization" class="md-nav__link">
+    <span class="md-ellipsis">
+      Declaration &amp; Initialization
+    </span>
+  </a>
+  
+</li>
+        
+          <li class="md-nav__item">
+  <a href="#scope" class="md-nav__link">
+    <span class="md-ellipsis">
+      Scope
+    </span>
+  </a>
+  
+</li>
+        
+          <li class="md-nav__item">
+  <a href="#constants" class="md-nav__link">
+    <span class="md-ellipsis">
+      Constants
+    </span>
+  </a>
+  
+</li>
+        
+      </ul>
+    </nav>
+  
+</li>
+      
+        <li class="md-nav__item">
+  <a href="#data-types" class="md-nav__link">
+    <span class="md-ellipsis">
+      Data Types
+    </span>
+  </a>
+  
+    <nav class="md-nav" aria-label="Data Types">
+      <ul class="md-nav__list">
+        
+          <li class="md-nav__item">
+  <a href="#numeric-data-types" class="md-nav__link">
+    <span class="md-ellipsis">
+      Numeric data types
+    </span>
+  </a>
+  
+</li>
+        
+          <li class="md-nav__item">
+  <a href="#string-data-type" class="md-nav__link">
+    <span class="md-ellipsis">
+      String data type
+    </span>
+  </a>
+  
+</li>
+        
+          <li class="md-nav__item">
+  <a href="#slice-vs-substring-vs-substr" class="md-nav__link">
+    <span class="md-ellipsis">
+      Slice vs Substring vs Substr
+    </span>
+  </a>
+  
+</li>
+        
+          <li class="md-nav__item">
+  <a href="#boolean-data-type" class="md-nav__link">
+    <span class="md-ellipsis">
+      Boolean data type
+    </span>
+  </a>
+  
+</li>
+        
+          <li class="md-nav__item">
+  <a href="#null-data-type" class="md-nav__link">
+    <span class="md-ellipsis">
+      Null data type
+    </span>
+  </a>
+  
+</li>
+        
+          <li class="md-nav__item">
+  <a href="#undefined" class="md-nav__link">
+    <span class="md-ellipsis">
+      Undefined
+    </span>
+  </a>
+  
+</li>
+        
+          <li class="md-nav__item">
+  <a href="#typeof" class="md-nav__link">
+    <span class="md-ellipsis">
+      Typeof()
+    </span>
+  </a>
+  
+</li>
+        
+          <li class="md-nav__item">
+  <a href="#type-casting" class="md-nav__link">
+    <span class="md-ellipsis">
+      Type Casting
+    </span>
+  </a>
+  
+</li>
+        
+          <li class="md-nav__item">
+  <a href="#type-checking" class="md-nav__link">
+    <span class="md-ellipsis">
+      Type Checking
+    </span>
+  </a>
+  
+</li>
+        
+          <li class="md-nav__item">
+  <a href="#dangerous-stupid-implicit-type-casting" class="md-nav__link">
+    <span class="md-ellipsis">
+      Dangerous &amp; Stupid Implicit Type Casting
+    </span>
+  </a>
+  
+</li>
+        
+      </ul>
+    </nav>
+  
+</li>
+      
+        <li class="md-nav__item">
+  <a href="#operators" class="md-nav__link">
+    <span class="md-ellipsis">
+      Operators
+    </span>
+  </a>
+  
+    <nav class="md-nav" aria-label="Operators">
+      <ul class="md-nav__list">
+        
+          <li class="md-nav__item">
+  <a href="#mathematical-operators" class="md-nav__link">
+    <span class="md-ellipsis">
+      Mathematical Operators
+    </span>
+  </a>
+  
+</li>
+        
+          <li class="md-nav__item">
+  <a href="#unary-increment-operators" class="md-nav__link">
+    <span class="md-ellipsis">
+      Unary Increment Operators
+    </span>
+  </a>
+  
+</li>
+        
+          <li class="md-nav__item">
+  <a href="#logical-operators" class="md-nav__link">
+    <span class="md-ellipsis">
+      Logical Operators
+    </span>
+  </a>
+  
+</li>
+        
+          <li class="md-nav__item">
+  <a href="#comparison-operators" class="md-nav__link">
+    <span class="md-ellipsis">
+      Comparison Operators
+    </span>
+  </a>
+  
+</li>
+        
+          <li class="md-nav__item">
+  <a href="#bitwise-logical-operators" class="md-nav__link">
+    <span class="md-ellipsis">
+      Bitwise Logical Operators
+    </span>
+  </a>
+  
+</li>
+        
+          <li class="md-nav__item">
+  <a href="#compound-operators" class="md-nav__link">
+    <span class="md-ellipsis">
+      Compound Operators
+    </span>
+  </a>
+  
+</li>
+        
+      </ul>
+    </nav>
+  
+</li>
+      
+        <li class="md-nav__item">
+  <a href="#decision-statements" class="md-nav__link">
+    <span class="md-ellipsis">
+      Decision Statements
+    </span>
+  </a>
+  
+    <nav class="md-nav" aria-label="Decision Statements">
+      <ul class="md-nav__list">
+        
+          <li class="md-nav__item">
+  <a href="#if-else" class="md-nav__link">
+    <span class="md-ellipsis">
+      IF-ELSE
+    </span>
+  </a>
+  
+</li>
+        
+          <li class="md-nav__item">
+  <a href="#if-else-multi-branch" class="md-nav__link">
+    <span class="md-ellipsis">
+      IF-ELSE Multi-Branch
+    </span>
+  </a>
+  
+</li>
+        
+          <li class="md-nav__item">
+  <a href="#ternary-operator" class="md-nav__link">
+    <span class="md-ellipsis">
+      Ternary Operator
+    </span>
+  </a>
+  
+</li>
+        
+          <li class="md-nav__item">
+  <a href="#switch-statement" class="md-nav__link">
+    <span class="md-ellipsis">
+      Switch Statement
+    </span>
+  </a>
+  
+</li>
+        
+      </ul>
+    </nav>
+  
+</li>
+      
+        <li class="md-nav__item">
+  <a href="#loops" class="md-nav__link">
+    <span class="md-ellipsis">
+      Loops
+    </span>
+  </a>
+  
+    <nav class="md-nav" aria-label="Loops">
+      <ul class="md-nav__list">
+        
+          <li class="md-nav__item">
+  <a href="#while-loop" class="md-nav__link">
+    <span class="md-ellipsis">
+      While Loop
+    </span>
+  </a>
+  
+</li>
+        
+          <li class="md-nav__item">
+  <a href="#do-while-loop" class="md-nav__link">
+    <span class="md-ellipsis">
+      Do-While Loop
+    </span>
+  </a>
+  
+</li>
+        
+          <li class="md-nav__item">
+  <a href="#for-loop" class="md-nav__link">
+    <span class="md-ellipsis">
+      For Loop
+    </span>
+  </a>
+  
+</li>
+        
+          <li class="md-nav__item">
+  <a href="#break-continue-statements" class="md-nav__link">
+    <span class="md-ellipsis">
+      Break &amp; Continue statements
+    </span>
+  </a>
+  
+</li>
+        
+      </ul>
+    </nav>
+  
+</li>
+      
+        <li class="md-nav__item">
+  <a href="#arrays" class="md-nav__link">
+    <span class="md-ellipsis">
+      Arrays
+    </span>
+  </a>
+  
+    <nav class="md-nav" aria-label="Arrays">
+      <ul class="md-nav__list">
+        
+          <li class="md-nav__item">
+  <a href="#filter-map-reduce" class="md-nav__link">
+    <span class="md-ellipsis">
+      filter() &amp; map(), reduce()
+    </span>
+  </a>
+  
+</li>
+        
+      </ul>
+    </nav>
+  
+</li>
+      
+        <li class="md-nav__item">
+  <a href="#spread-operator" class="md-nav__link">
+    <span class="md-ellipsis">
+      Spread Operator (...)
+    </span>
+  </a>
+  
+</li>
+      
+        <li class="md-nav__item">
+  <a href="#dictionaries" class="md-nav__link">
+    <span class="md-ellipsis">
+      Dictionaries
+    </span>
+  </a>
+  
+    <nav class="md-nav" aria-label="Dictionaries">
+      <ul class="md-nav__list">
+        
+          <li class="md-nav__item">
+  <a href="#iterating-key-value-pairs" class="md-nav__link">
+    <span class="md-ellipsis">
+      Iterating Key-Value pairs
+    </span>
+  </a>
+  
+</li>
+        
+      </ul>
+    </nav>
+  
+</li>
+      
+        <li class="md-nav__item">
+  <a href="#functions" class="md-nav__link">
+    <span class="md-ellipsis">
+      Functions
+    </span>
+  </a>
+  
+    <nav class="md-nav" aria-label="Functions">
+      <ul class="md-nav__list">
+        
+          <li class="md-nav__item">
+  <a href="#jsdoc-documentation-standard" class="md-nav__link">
+    <span class="md-ellipsis">
+      JSDOC documentation standard
+    </span>
+  </a>
+  
+</li>
+        
+          <li class="md-nav__item">
+  <a href="#function-declaration" class="md-nav__link">
+    <span class="md-ellipsis">
+      Function Declaration
+    </span>
+  </a>
+  
+</li>
+        
+          <li class="md-nav__item">
+  <a href="#default-parameters-old-versions" class="md-nav__link">
+    <span class="md-ellipsis">
+      Default Parameters (old versions)
+    </span>
+  </a>
+  
+</li>
+        
+          <li class="md-nav__item">
+  <a href="#function-expressions" class="md-nav__link">
+    <span class="md-ellipsis">
+      Function Expressions
+    </span>
+  </a>
+  
+</li>
+        
+          <li class="md-nav__item">
+  <a href="#arrow-functions" class="md-nav__link">
+    <span class="md-ellipsis">
+      Arrow Functions
+    </span>
+  </a>
+  
+</li>
+        
+      </ul>
+    </nav>
+  
+</li>
+      
+        <li class="md-nav__item">
+  <a href="#object-oriented-programming" class="md-nav__link">
+    <span class="md-ellipsis">
+      Object Oriented Programming
+    </span>
+  </a>
+  
+    <nav class="md-nav" aria-label="Object Oriented Programming">
+      <ul class="md-nav__list">
+        
+          <li class="md-nav__item">
+  <a href="#constructors-and-object-instances" class="md-nav__link">
+    <span class="md-ellipsis">
+      Constructors and object instances
+    </span>
+  </a>
+  
+</li>
+        
+          <li class="md-nav__item">
+  <a href="#prototypes" class="md-nav__link">
+    <span class="md-ellipsis">
+      Prototypes
+    </span>
+  </a>
+  
+</li>
+        
+          <li class="md-nav__item">
+  <a href="#extending-with-prototypes" class="md-nav__link">
+    <span class="md-ellipsis">
+      Extending with prototypes
+    </span>
+  </a>
+  
+</li>
+        
+          <li class="md-nav__item">
+  <a href="#classes-es6" class="md-nav__link">
+    <span class="md-ellipsis">
+      Classes (ES6+)
+    </span>
+  </a>
+  
+</li>
+        
+          <li class="md-nav__item">
+  <a href="#extending-with-classes" class="md-nav__link">
+    <span class="md-ellipsis">
+      Extending with Classes
+    </span>
+  </a>
+  
+</li>
+        
+      </ul>
+    </nav>
+  
+</li>
+      
+        <li class="md-nav__item">
+  <a href="#deconstruction" class="md-nav__link">
+    <span class="md-ellipsis">
+      Deconstruction
+    </span>
+  </a>
+  
+    <nav class="md-nav" aria-label="Deconstruction">
+      <ul class="md-nav__list">
+        
+          <li class="md-nav__item">
+  <a href="#object-deconstruction" class="md-nav__link">
+    <span class="md-ellipsis">
+      Object deconstruction
+    </span>
+  </a>
+  
+</li>
+        
+          <li class="md-nav__item">
+  <a href="#array-deconstruction" class="md-nav__link">
+    <span class="md-ellipsis">
+      Array Deconstruction
+    </span>
+  </a>
+  
+</li>
+        
+      </ul>
+    </nav>
+  
+</li>
+      
+        <li class="md-nav__item">
+  <a href="#serialization" class="md-nav__link">
+    <span class="md-ellipsis">
+      Serialization
+    </span>
+  </a>
+  
+</li>
+      
+        <li class="md-nav__item">
+  <a href="#timing" class="md-nav__link">
+    <span class="md-ellipsis">
+      Timing
+    </span>
+  </a>
+  
+    <nav class="md-nav" aria-label="Timing">
+      <ul class="md-nav__list">
+        
+          <li class="md-nav__item">
+  <a href="#timers" class="md-nav__link">
+    <span class="md-ellipsis">
+      Timers
+    </span>
+  </a>
+  
+</li>
+        
+          <li class="md-nav__item">
+  <a href="#let-vs-var-with-settimeout" class="md-nav__link">
+    <span class="md-ellipsis">
+      let vs var with setTimeout
+    </span>
+  </a>
+  
+</li>
+        
+          <li class="md-nav__item">
+  <a href="#preserving-the-context" class="md-nav__link">
+    <span class="md-ellipsis">
+      Preserving the context
+    </span>
+  </a>
+  
+</li>
+        
+          <li class="md-nav__item">
+  <a href="#intervals" class="md-nav__link">
+    <span class="md-ellipsis">
+      Intervals
+    </span>
+  </a>
+  
+</li>
+        
+      </ul>
+    </nav>
+  
+</li>
+      
+        <li class="md-nav__item">
+  <a href="#datetime" class="md-nav__link">
+    <span class="md-ellipsis">
+      DateTime
+    </span>
+  </a>
+  
+    <nav class="md-nav" aria-label="DateTime">
+      <ul class="md-nav__list">
+        
+          <li class="md-nav__item">
+  <a href="#comparing-dates" class="md-nav__link">
+    <span class="md-ellipsis">
+      Comparing Dates
+    </span>
+  </a>
+  
+</li>
+        
+      </ul>
+    </nav>
+  
+</li>
+      
+        <li class="md-nav__item">
+  <a href="#exports" class="md-nav__link">
+    <span class="md-ellipsis">
+      Exports
+    </span>
+  </a>
+  
+</li>
+      
+    </ul>
+  
+</nav>
+                  </div>
+                </div>
+              </div>
+            
+          
+          
+            <div class="md-content" data-md-component="content">
+              <article class="md-content__inner md-typeset">
+                
+                  
+
+  
+  
+
+
+<h1 id="javascript">JavaScript</h1>
+<h2 id="basics">Basics</h2>
+<h3 id="notable-javascript-engines">Notable javascript engines</h3>
+<ul>
+<li><strong>Chromium</strong>: <code>V8</code> from Google  </li>
+<li><strong>Firefox</strong>: <code>SpiderMonkey</code> from Mozilla  </li>
+<li><strong>Safari</strong>: <code>JavaScriptCore</code> from Apple  </li>
+<li><strong>Internet Explorer</strong>: <code>Chakra</code> from Microsoft  </li>
+</ul>
+<h3 id="comments">Comments</h3>
+<div class="highlight"><table class="highlighttable"><tr><th colspan="2" class="filename"><span class="filename">JavaScript</span></th></tr><tr><td class="linenos"><div class="linenodiv"><pre><span></span><span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-0-1">1</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-0-2">2</a></span></pre></div></td><td class="code"><div><pre><span></span><code><a id="__codelineno-0-1" name="__codelineno-0-1"></a><span class="c1">//single line comment</span>
+<a id="__codelineno-0-2" name="__codelineno-0-2"></a><span class="cm">/*multiline comment*/</span>
+</code></pre></div></td></tr></table></div>
+<h3 id="file-header">File Header</h3>
+<div class="highlight"><table class="highlighttable"><tr><th colspan="2" class="filename"><span class="filename">JavaScript</span></th></tr><tr><td class="linenos"><div class="linenodiv"><pre><span></span><span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-1-1">1</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-1-2">2</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-1-3">3</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-1-4">4</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-1-5">5</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-1-6">6</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-1-7">7</a></span></pre></div></td><td class="code"><div><pre><span></span><code><a id="__codelineno-1-1" name="__codelineno-1-1"></a><span class="cm">/**</span>
+<a id="__codelineno-1-2" name="__codelineno-1-2"></a><span class="cm"> * @file filename.js</span>
+<a id="__codelineno-1-3" name="__codelineno-1-3"></a><span class="cm"> * @author author&#39;s name</span>
+<a id="__codelineno-1-4" name="__codelineno-1-4"></a><span class="cm"> * purpose of file</span>
+<a id="__codelineno-1-5" name="__codelineno-1-5"></a><span class="cm"> *</span>
+<a id="__codelineno-1-6" name="__codelineno-1-6"></a><span class="cm"> * detailed explanation of what the file does on multiple lines</span>
+<a id="__codelineno-1-7" name="__codelineno-1-7"></a><span class="cm"> */</span>
+</code></pre></div></td></tr></table></div>
+<h3 id="modern-mode">Modern Mode</h3>
+<p>If located at the top of the script the whole script works the “modern” way (enables post-ES5 functionalities).  </p>
+<div class="highlight"><table class="highlighttable"><tr><th colspan="2" class="filename"><span class="filename">JavaScript</span></th></tr><tr><td class="linenos"><div class="linenodiv"><pre><span></span><span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-2-1">1</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-2-2">2</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-2-3">3</a></span></pre></div></td><td class="code"><div><pre><span></span><code><a id="__codelineno-2-1" name="__codelineno-2-1"></a><span class="s2">&quot;use strict&quot;</span>
+<a id="__codelineno-2-2" name="__codelineno-2-2"></a>
+<a id="__codelineno-2-3" name="__codelineno-2-3"></a><span class="c1">// script contents</span>
+</code></pre></div></td></tr></table></div>
+<h3 id="pop-up-message">Pop-Up message</h3>
+<p>Interrupts script execution until closure, <strong>to be avoided</strong></p>
+<div class="highlight"><table class="highlighttable"><tr><th colspan="2" class="filename"><span class="filename">JavaScript</span></th></tr><tr><td class="linenos"><div class="linenodiv"><pre><span></span><span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-3-1">1</a></span></pre></div></td><td class="code"><div><pre><span></span><code><a id="__codelineno-3-1" name="__codelineno-3-1"></a><span class="nx">alert</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="s2">&quot;message&quot;</span><span class="p">);</span>
+</code></pre></div></td></tr></table></div>
+<h3 id="print-message-to-console">Print message to console</h3>
+<p><code>console.log(value);</code></p>
+<h2 id="variables">Variables</h2>
+<h3 id="declaration-initialization">Declaration &amp; Initialization</h3>
+<p><a href="https://www.freecodecamp.org/news/var-let-and-const-whats-the-difference/">var vs let vs const</a></p>
+<p>Variable names can only contain numbers, digits, underscores and $. Variable names are camelCase.</p>
+<p><code>let</code>: Block-scoped; access to variable restricted to the nearest enclosing block.
+<code>var</code>: Function-scoped</p>
+<p><code>let variable1 = value1, variable2 = value2;</code>
+<code>var variable1 = value1, variable2 = value2;</code></p>
+<h3 id="scope">Scope</h3>
+<p>Variable declared with <code>let</code> are in local to the code block in which are declared.
+Variable declared with <code>var</code> are local only if declared in a function.</p>
+<div class="highlight"><table class="highlighttable"><tr><th colspan="2" class="filename"><span class="filename">JavaScript</span></th></tr><tr><td class="linenos"><div class="linenodiv"><pre><span></span><span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-4-1"> 1</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-4-2"> 2</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-4-3"> 3</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-4-4"> 4</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-4-5"> 5</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-4-6"> 6</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-4-7"> 7</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-4-8"> 8</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-4-9"> 9</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-4-10">10</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-4-11">11</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-4-12">12</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-4-13">13</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-4-14">14</a></span></pre></div></td><td class="code"><div><pre><span></span><code><a id="__codelineno-4-1" name="__codelineno-4-1"></a><span class="kd">function</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="nx">func</span><span class="p">(){</span>
+<a id="__codelineno-4-2" name="__codelineno-4-2"></a><span class="w">    </span><span class="nx">variable</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="o">=</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="nx">value</span><span class="p">;</span><span class="w">  </span><span class="c1">// implicitly declared as a global variable</span>
+<a id="__codelineno-4-3" name="__codelineno-4-3"></a><span class="w">    </span><span class="kd">var</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="nx">variable</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="o">=</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="nx">value</span><span class="p">;</span><span class="w">  </span><span class="c1">// local variable</span>
+<a id="__codelineno-4-4" name="__codelineno-4-4"></a><span class="p">}</span>
+<a id="__codelineno-4-5" name="__codelineno-4-5"></a>
+<a id="__codelineno-4-6" name="__codelineno-4-6"></a><span class="kd">var</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="nx">a</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="o">=</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="mf">10</span><span class="p">;</span><span class="w">  </span><span class="c1">// a is 10</span>
+<a id="__codelineno-4-7" name="__codelineno-4-7"></a><span class="kd">let</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="nx">b</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="o">=</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="mf">10</span><span class="p">;</span><span class="w">  </span><span class="c1">// b is 10</span>
+<a id="__codelineno-4-8" name="__codelineno-4-8"></a><span class="p">{</span>
+<a id="__codelineno-4-9" name="__codelineno-4-9"></a><span class="w">    </span><span class="kd">var</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="nx">x</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="o">=</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="mf">2</span><span class="p">,</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="nx">a</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="o">=</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="mf">2</span><span class="p">;</span><span class="w">  </span><span class="c1">// a is 2</span>
+<a id="__codelineno-4-10" name="__codelineno-4-10"></a><span class="w">    </span><span class="kd">let</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="nx">y</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="o">=</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="mf">2</span><span class="p">,</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="nx">b</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="o">=</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="mf">2</span><span class="p">;</span><span class="w">  </span><span class="c1">// b is 2</span>
+<a id="__codelineno-4-11" name="__codelineno-4-11"></a><span class="p">}</span>
+<a id="__codelineno-4-12" name="__codelineno-4-12"></a><span class="c1">// a is 2, b is 10</span>
+<a id="__codelineno-4-13" name="__codelineno-4-13"></a><span class="c1">// x can NOT be used here</span>
+<a id="__codelineno-4-14" name="__codelineno-4-14"></a><span class="c1">// y CAN be used here</span>
+</code></pre></div></td></tr></table></div>
+<h3 id="constants">Constants</h3>
+<p>Hard-coded values are UPPERCASE and snake_case, camelCase otherwise.<br />
+<code>const CONSTANT = value;</code></p>
+<h2 id="data-types">Data Types</h2>
+<p><code>Number</code>, <code>String</code>, <code>Boolean</code>, etc are <em>built-in global objects</em>. They are <strong>not</strong> types. <strong>Do not use them for type checking</strong>.</p>
+<h3 id="numeric-data-types">Numeric data types</h3>
+<p>Only numeric type is <code>number</code>.</p>
+<div class="highlight"><table class="highlighttable"><tr><th colspan="2" class="filename"><span class="filename">JavaScript</span></th></tr><tr><td class="linenos"><div class="linenodiv"><pre><span></span><span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-5-1">1</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-5-2">2</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-5-3">3</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-5-4">4</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-5-5">5</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-5-6">6</a></span></pre></div></td><td class="code"><div><pre><span></span><code><a id="__codelineno-5-1" name="__codelineno-5-1"></a><span class="kd">let</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="nx">number</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="o">=</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="mf">10</span><span class="p">;</span><span class="w">  </span><span class="c1">//integer numbers</span>
+<a id="__codelineno-5-2" name="__codelineno-5-2"></a><span class="nx">number</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="o">=</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="mf">15.7</span><span class="p">;</span><span class="w">  </span><span class="c1">//floating point numbers</span>
+<a id="__codelineno-5-3" name="__codelineno-5-3"></a><span class="nx">number</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="o">=</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="kc">Infinity</span><span class="p">;</span><span class="w">  </span><span class="c1">//mathematical infinity</span>
+<a id="__codelineno-5-4" name="__codelineno-5-4"></a><span class="nx">number</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="o">=</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="o">-</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="kc">Infinity</span><span class="p">;</span>
+<a id="__codelineno-5-5" name="__codelineno-5-5"></a><span class="nx">number</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="o">=</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="mi">1234567890123456789012345678901234567890n</span><span class="p">;</span><span class="w">  </span><span class="c1">//BigInt, value &gt; 2^53, &quot;n&quot; at the end</span>
+<a id="__codelineno-5-6" name="__codelineno-5-6"></a><span class="nx">number</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="o">=</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="s2">&quot;text&quot;</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="o">/</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="mf">2</span><span class="p">;</span><span class="w">  </span><span class="c1">//NaN --&gt; not a number.</span>
+</code></pre></div></td></tr></table></div>
+<p><a href="https://www.jacklmoore.com/notes/rounding-in-javascript/">Rounding Decimals in JavaScript</a>
+<a href="https://github.com/MikeMcl/decimal.js">Decimal.js</a></p>
+<p>Mathematical expression will <em>never</em> cause an error. At worst the result will be NaN.</p>
+<h3 id="string-data-type">String data type</h3>
+<div class="highlight"><table class="highlighttable"><tr><th colspan="2" class="filename"><span class="filename">JavaScript</span></th></tr><tr><td class="linenos"><div class="linenodiv"><pre><span></span><span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-6-1">1</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-6-2">2</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-6-3">3</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-6-4">4</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-6-5">5</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-6-6">6</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-6-7">7</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-6-8">8</a></span></pre></div></td><td class="code"><div><pre><span></span><code><a id="__codelineno-6-1" name="__codelineno-6-1"></a><span class="kd">let</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="nx">string</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="o">=</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="s2">&quot;text&quot;</span><span class="p">;</span>
+<a id="__codelineno-6-2" name="__codelineno-6-2"></a><span class="kd">let</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="nx">string$</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="o">=</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="s1">&#39;text&#39;</span><span class="p">;</span>
+<a id="__codelineno-6-3" name="__codelineno-6-3"></a><span class="kd">let</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="nx">string_</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="o">=</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="sb">`text </span><span class="si">${</span><span class="nx">expression</span><span class="si">}</span><span class="sb">`</span><span class="p">;</span><span class="w">  </span><span class="c1">//string interpolation (needs backticks)</span>
+<a id="__codelineno-6-4" name="__codelineno-6-4"></a>
+<a id="__codelineno-6-5" name="__codelineno-6-5"></a><span class="nx">string</span><span class="p">.</span><span class="nx">length</span><span class="p">;</span><span class="w">  </span><span class="c1">// length of the string</span>
+<a id="__codelineno-6-6" name="__codelineno-6-6"></a><span class="kd">let</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="kr">char</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="o">=</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="nx">string</span><span class="p">.</span><span class="nx">charAt</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="nx">index</span><span class="p">);</span><span class="w">  </span><span class="c1">// extraction of a single character by position</span>
+<a id="__codelineno-6-7" name="__codelineno-6-7"></a><span class="nx">string</span><span class="p">[</span><span class="nx">index</span><span class="p">];</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="c1">// char extraction by property access</span>
+<a id="__codelineno-6-8" name="__codelineno-6-8"></a><span class="kd">let</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="nx">index</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="o">=</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="nx">string</span><span class="p">.</span><span class="nx">indexOf</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="nx">substring</span><span class="p">);</span><span class="w">  </span><span class="c1">// start index of substring in string</span>
+</code></pre></div></td></tr></table></div>
+<p>Property access is unpredictable:</p>
+<ul>
+<li>does not work in IE7 or earlier</li>
+<li>makes strings look like arrays (confusing)</li>
+<li>if no character is found, <code>[ ]</code> returns undefined, <code>charAt()</code> returns an empty string</li>
+<li>Is read only: <code>string[index] = "value"</code> does not work and gives no errors</li>
+</ul>
+<h3 id="slice-vs-substring-vs-substr"><a href="https://stackoverflow.com/questions/2243824/what-is-the-difference-between-string-slice-and-string-substring">Slice vs Substring vs Substr</a></h3>
+<p>If the parameters to slice are negative, they reference the string from the end. Substring and substr doesn´t.</p>
+<div class="highlight"><table class="highlighttable"><tr><th colspan="2" class="filename"><span class="filename">JavaScript</span></th></tr><tr><td class="linenos"><div class="linenodiv"><pre><span></span><span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-7-1">1</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-7-2">2</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-7-3">3</a></span></pre></div></td><td class="code"><div><pre><span></span><code><a id="__codelineno-7-1" name="__codelineno-7-1"></a><span class="nx">string</span><span class="p">.</span><span class="nx">slice</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="nx">begin</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="p">[,</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="nx">end</span><span class="p">]);</span>
+<a id="__codelineno-7-2" name="__codelineno-7-2"></a><span class="nx">string</span><span class="p">.</span><span class="nx">substring</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="kr">from</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="p">[,</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="nx">to</span><span class="p">]);</span>
+<a id="__codelineno-7-3" name="__codelineno-7-3"></a><span class="nx">string</span><span class="p">.</span><span class="nx">substr</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="nx">start</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="p">[,</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="nx">length</span><span class="p">]);</span>
+</code></pre></div></td></tr></table></div>
+<h3 id="boolean-data-type">Boolean data type</h3>
+<div class="highlight"><table class="highlighttable"><tr><th colspan="2" class="filename"><span class="filename">JavaScript</span></th></tr><tr><td class="linenos"><div class="linenodiv"><pre><span></span><span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-8-1">1</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-8-2">2</a></span></pre></div></td><td class="code"><div><pre><span></span><code><a id="__codelineno-8-1" name="__codelineno-8-1"></a><span class="kd">let</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="kr">boolean</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="o">=</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="kc">true</span><span class="p">;</span>
+<a id="__codelineno-8-2" name="__codelineno-8-2"></a><span class="kd">let</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="nx">boolean_</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="o">=</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="kc">false</span><span class="p">;</span>
+</code></pre></div></td></tr></table></div>
+<h3 id="null-data-type">Null data type</h3>
+<div class="highlight"><table class="highlighttable"><tr><th colspan="2" class="filename"><span class="filename">JavaScript</span></th></tr><tr><td class="linenos"><div class="linenodiv"><pre><span></span><span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-9-1">1</a></span></pre></div></td><td class="code"><div><pre><span></span><code><a id="__codelineno-9-1" name="__codelineno-9-1"></a><span class="kd">let</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="nx">_</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="o">=</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="kc">null</span><span class="p">;</span>
+</code></pre></div></td></tr></table></div>
+<h3 id="undefined">Undefined</h3>
+<div class="highlight"><table class="highlighttable"><tr><th colspan="2" class="filename"><span class="filename">JavaScript</span></th></tr><tr><td class="linenos"><div class="linenodiv"><pre><span></span><span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-10-1">1</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-10-2">2</a></span></pre></div></td><td class="code"><div><pre><span></span><code><a id="__codelineno-10-1" name="__codelineno-10-1"></a><span class="kd">let</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="nx">$</span><span class="p">;</span><span class="w">  </span><span class="c1">//value is &quot;undefined&quot;</span>
+<a id="__codelineno-10-2" name="__codelineno-10-2"></a><span class="nx">$</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="o">=</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="kc">undefined</span><span class="p">;</span>
+</code></pre></div></td></tr></table></div>
+<h3 id="typeof">Typeof()</h3>
+<div class="highlight"><table class="highlighttable"><tr><th colspan="2" class="filename"><span class="filename">JavaScript</span></th></tr><tr><td class="linenos"><div class="linenodiv"><pre><span></span><span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-11-1">1</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-11-2">2</a></span></pre></div></td><td class="code"><div><pre><span></span><code><a id="__codelineno-11-1" name="__codelineno-11-1"></a><span class="ow">typeof</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="nx">x</span><span class="p">;</span><span class="w">  </span><span class="c1">//returns the type of the variable x as a string</span>
+<a id="__codelineno-11-2" name="__codelineno-11-2"></a><span class="ow">typeof</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="nx">x</span><span class="p">);</span><span class="w">  </span><span class="c1">//returns the type of the variable x as a string</span>
+</code></pre></div></td></tr></table></div>
+<p>The result of typeof null is "object". That's wrong.<br />
+It is an officially recognized error in typeof, kept for compatibility. Of course, null is not an object.
+It is a special value with a separate type of its own. So, again, this is an error in the language.  </p>
+<h3 id="type-casting">Type Casting</h3>
+<div class="highlight"><table class="highlighttable"><tr><th colspan="2" class="filename"><span class="filename">JavaScript</span></th></tr><tr><td class="linenos"><div class="linenodiv"><pre><span></span><span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-12-1"> 1</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-12-2"> 2</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-12-3"> 3</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-12-4"> 4</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-12-5"> 5</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-12-6"> 6</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-12-7"> 7</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-12-8"> 8</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-12-9"> 9</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-12-10">10</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-12-11">11</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-12-12">12</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-12-13">13</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-12-14">14</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-12-15">15</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-12-16">16</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-12-17">17</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-12-18">18</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-12-19">19</a></span></pre></div></td><td class="code"><div><pre><span></span><code><a id="__codelineno-12-1" name="__codelineno-12-1"></a><span class="nb">String</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="nx">value</span><span class="p">);</span><span class="w">  </span><span class="c1">//converts value to string</span>
+<a id="__codelineno-12-2" name="__codelineno-12-2"></a>
+<a id="__codelineno-12-3" name="__codelineno-12-3"></a><span class="nb">Number</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="nx">value</span><span class="p">);</span><span class="w">  </span><span class="c1">//converts value to a number</span>
+<a id="__codelineno-12-4" name="__codelineno-12-4"></a><span class="nb">Number</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="kc">undefined</span><span class="p">);</span><span class="w">  </span><span class="c1">//--&gt; NaN</span>
+<a id="__codelineno-12-5" name="__codelineno-12-5"></a><span class="nb">Number</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="kc">null</span><span class="p">);</span><span class="w">  </span><span class="c1">//--&gt; 0</span>
+<a id="__codelineno-12-6" name="__codelineno-12-6"></a><span class="nb">Number</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="kc">true</span><span class="p">);</span><span class="w">  </span><span class="c1">//--&gt; 1</span>
+<a id="__codelineno-12-7" name="__codelineno-12-7"></a><span class="nb">Number</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="kc">false</span><span class="p">);</span><span class="w">  </span><span class="c1">//--&gt; 0</span>
+<a id="__codelineno-12-8" name="__codelineno-12-8"></a><span class="nb">Number</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="nb">String</span><span class="p">);</span><span class="w">  </span><span class="c1">//Whitespace from the start and end is removed. If the remaining string is empty, the result is 0. Otherwise, the number is &quot;read&quot; from the string. An error gives NaN.</span>
+<a id="__codelineno-12-9" name="__codelineno-12-9"></a>
+<a id="__codelineno-12-10" name="__codelineno-12-10"></a><span class="nb">Boolean</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="nx">value</span><span class="p">);</span><span class="w">  </span><span class="c1">//--&gt; true</span>
+<a id="__codelineno-12-11" name="__codelineno-12-11"></a><span class="nb">Boolean</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="mf">0</span><span class="p">);</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="c1">//--&gt; false</span>
+<a id="__codelineno-12-12" name="__codelineno-12-12"></a><span class="nb">Boolean</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="s2">&quot;&quot;</span><span class="p">);</span><span class="w">  </span><span class="c1">//--&gt; false</span>
+<a id="__codelineno-12-13" name="__codelineno-12-13"></a><span class="nb">Boolean</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="kc">null</span><span class="p">);</span><span class="w">  </span><span class="c1">//--&gt; false</span>
+<a id="__codelineno-12-14" name="__codelineno-12-14"></a><span class="nb">Boolean</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="kc">undefined</span><span class="p">);</span><span class="w">  </span><span class="c1">//--&gt; false</span>
+<a id="__codelineno-12-15" name="__codelineno-12-15"></a><span class="nb">Boolean</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="kc">NaN</span><span class="p">);</span><span class="w">  </span><span class="c1">//--&gt; false</span>
+<a id="__codelineno-12-16" name="__codelineno-12-16"></a>
+<a id="__codelineno-12-17" name="__codelineno-12-17"></a>
+<a id="__codelineno-12-18" name="__codelineno-12-18"></a><span class="c1">//numeric type checking the moronic way</span>
+<a id="__codelineno-12-19" name="__codelineno-12-19"></a><span class="ow">typeof</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="nx">var_</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="o">==</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="s2">&quot;number&quot;</span><span class="p">;</span><span class="w">  </span><span class="c1">// typeof returns a string with the name of the type</span>
+</code></pre></div></td></tr></table></div>
+<h3 id="type-checking">Type Checking</h3>
+<div class="highlight"><table class="highlighttable"><tr><th colspan="2" class="filename"><span class="filename">JavaScript</span></th></tr><tr><td class="linenos"><div class="linenodiv"><pre><span></span><span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-13-1">1</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-13-2">2</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-13-3">3</a></span></pre></div></td><td class="code"><div><pre><span></span><code><a id="__codelineno-13-1" name="__codelineno-13-1"></a><span class="nb">isNaN</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="kd">var</span><span class="p">);</span><span class="w">  </span><span class="c1">// converts var in number and then check if is NaN</span>
+<a id="__codelineno-13-2" name="__codelineno-13-2"></a>
+<a id="__codelineno-13-3" name="__codelineno-13-3"></a><span class="nb">Number</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="s2">&quot;A&quot;</span><span class="p">)</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="o">==</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="kc">NaN</span><span class="p">;</span><span class="w">  </span><span class="c1">//false ?!?</span>
+</code></pre></div></td></tr></table></div>
+<h3 id="dangerous-stupid-implicit-type-casting">Dangerous &amp; Stupid Implicit Type Casting</h3>
+<div class="highlight"><table class="highlighttable"><tr><th colspan="2" class="filename"><span class="filename">JavaScript</span></th></tr><tr><td class="linenos"><div class="linenodiv"><pre><span></span><span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-14-1"> 1</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-14-2"> 2</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-14-3"> 3</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-14-4"> 4</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-14-5"> 5</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-14-6"> 6</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-14-7"> 7</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-14-8"> 8</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-14-9"> 9</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-14-10">10</a></span></pre></div></td><td class="code"><div><pre><span></span><code><a id="__codelineno-14-1" name="__codelineno-14-1"></a><span class="mf">2</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="o">+</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="s1">&#39;text&#39;</span><span class="p">;</span><span class="w">  </span><span class="c1">//&quot;2text&quot;, implicit conversion and concatenation</span>
+<a id="__codelineno-14-2" name="__codelineno-14-2"></a><span class="mf">1</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="o">+</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="s2">&quot;1&quot;</span><span class="p">;</span><span class="w">  </span><span class="c1">//&quot;11&quot;, implicit conversion and concatenation</span>
+<a id="__codelineno-14-3" name="__codelineno-14-3"></a><span class="s2">&quot;1&quot;</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="o">+</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="mf">1</span><span class="p">;</span><span class="w">  </span><span class="c1">//&quot;11&quot;, implicit conversion and concatenation</span>
+<a id="__codelineno-14-4" name="__codelineno-14-4"></a><span class="o">+</span><span class="s2">&quot;1&quot;</span><span class="p">;</span><span class="w">  </span><span class="c1">//1, implicit conversion</span>
+<a id="__codelineno-14-5" name="__codelineno-14-5"></a><span class="o">+</span><span class="s2">&quot;text&quot;</span><span class="p">;</span><span class="w">  </span><span class="c1">// NaN</span>
+<a id="__codelineno-14-6" name="__codelineno-14-6"></a><span class="mf">1</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="o">==</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="s2">&quot;1&quot;</span><span class="p">;</span><span class="w">  </span><span class="c1">//true</span>
+<a id="__codelineno-14-7" name="__codelineno-14-7"></a><span class="mf">1</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="o">===</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="s2">&quot;1&quot;</span><span class="p">;</span><span class="w">  </span><span class="c1">//false</span>
+<a id="__codelineno-14-8" name="__codelineno-14-8"></a><span class="mf">1</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="o">==</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="kc">true</span><span class="p">;</span><span class="w">  </span><span class="c1">//true</span>
+<a id="__codelineno-14-9" name="__codelineno-14-9"></a><span class="mf">0</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="o">==</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="kc">false</span><span class="p">;</span><span class="w">  </span><span class="c1">//true</span>
+<a id="__codelineno-14-10" name="__codelineno-14-10"></a><span class="s2">&quot;&quot;</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="o">==</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="kc">false</span><span class="p">;</span><span class="w">  </span><span class="c1">//true</span>
+</code></pre></div></td></tr></table></div>
+<h2 id="operators">Operators</h2>
+<table>
+<thead>
+<tr>
+<th>Operator</th>
+<th>Operation</th>
+</tr>
+</thead>
+<tbody>
+<tr>
+<td><code>(...)</code></td>
+<td>grouping</td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+<td>a<code>.</code>b</td>
+<td>member access</td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+<td><code>new</code> a(...)</td>
+<td>object creation</td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+<td>a <code>in</code> b</td>
+<td>membership</td>
+</tr>
+</tbody>
+</table>
+<h3 id="mathematical-operators">Mathematical Operators</h3>
+<table>
+<thead>
+<tr>
+<th>Operator</th>
+<th>Operation</th>
+</tr>
+</thead>
+<tbody>
+<tr>
+<td>a <code>+</code> b</td>
+<td>addition</td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+<td>a <code>-</code> b</td>
+<td>subtraction</td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+<td>a <code>*</code> b</td>
+<td>multiplication</td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+<td>a <code>**</code> b</td>
+<td>a^b</td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+<td>a <code>/</code> b</td>
+<td>division</td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+<td>a <code>%</code> b</td>
+<td>modulus</td>
+</tr>
+</tbody>
+</table>
+<h3 id="unary-increment-operators">Unary Increment Operators</h3>
+<table>
+<thead>
+<tr>
+<th>Operator</th>
+<th>Operation</th>
+</tr>
+</thead>
+<tbody>
+<tr>
+<td><code>--</code>variable</td>
+<td>prefix decrement</td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+<td><code>++</code>variable</td>
+<td>prefix increment</td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+<td>variable<code>--</code></td>
+<td>postfix decrement</td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+<td>variable<code>++</code></td>
+<td>postfix increment</td>
+</tr>
+</tbody>
+</table>
+<h3 id="logical-operators">Logical Operators</h3>
+<table>
+<thead>
+<tr>
+<th>Operator</th>
+<th>Operation</th>
+</tr>
+</thead>
+<tbody>
+<tr>
+<td>a <code>&amp;&amp;</code> b</td>
+<td>logical <strong>AND</strong></td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+<td>a <code>||</code> b</td>
+<td>logical <strong>OR</strong></td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+<td><code>!</code>a</td>
+<td>logical <strong>NOT</strong></td>
+</tr>
+</tbody>
+</table>
+<h3 id="comparison-operators">Comparison Operators</h3>
+<table>
+<thead>
+<tr>
+<th>Operator</th>
+<th>Operation</th>
+</tr>
+</thead>
+<tbody>
+<tr>
+<td>a <code>&lt;</code> b</td>
+<td>less than</td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+<td>a <code>&lt;=</code> b</td>
+<td>less or equal to</td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+<td>a <code>&gt;</code> b</td>
+<td>greater than</td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+<td>a <code>&gt;=</code> b</td>
+<td>greater or equal to</td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+<td>a <code>==</code> b</td>
+<td>equality</td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+<td>a <code>!=</code> b</td>
+<td>inequality</td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+<td>a <code>===</code> b</td>
+<td>strict equality</td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+<td>a <code>!==</code> b</td>
+<td>strict inequality</td>
+</tr>
+</tbody>
+</table>
+<h3 id="bitwise-logical-operators">Bitwise Logical Operators</h3>
+<table>
+<thead>
+<tr>
+<th>Operator</th>
+<th>Operation</th>
+</tr>
+</thead>
+<tbody>
+<tr>
+<td>a <code>&amp;</code> b</td>
+<td>bitwise AND</td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+<td>a <code>|</code> b</td>
+<td>bitwise OR</td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+<td>a <code>^</code> b</td>
+<td>bitwise XOR</td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+<td><code>~</code>a</td>
+<td>bitwise NOT</td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+<td>a <code>&lt;&lt;</code> b</td>
+<td>bitwise left shift</td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+<td>a <code>&gt;&gt;</code> b</td>
+<td>bitwise right shift</td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+<td>a <code>&gt;&gt;&gt;</code> b</td>
+<td>bitwise unsigned right shift</td>
+</tr>
+</tbody>
+</table>
+<h3 id="compound-operators">Compound Operators</h3>
+<table>
+<thead>
+<tr>
+<th>Operator</th>
+<th>Operation</th>
+</tr>
+</thead>
+<tbody>
+<tr>
+<td>a <code>+=</code> b</td>
+<td>a = a + b</td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+<td>a <code>-=</code> b</td>
+<td>a = a - b</td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+<td>a <code>*=</code> b</td>
+<td>a = a * b</td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+<td>a <code>**=</code> b</td>
+<td>a = a ** b</td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+<td>a <code>/=</code> b</td>
+<td>a = a / b</td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+<td>a <code>%=</code> b</td>
+<td>a = a % b</td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+<td>a <code>&lt;&lt;=</code> b</td>
+<td>a = a &lt;&lt; b</td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+<td>a <code>&gt;&gt;=</code> b</td>
+<td>a = a &gt;&gt; b</td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+<td>a <code>&gt;&gt;&gt;=</code> b</td>
+<td>a = a &gt;&gt;&gt; b</td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+<td>a <code>&amp;=</code> b</td>
+<td>a = a &amp; b</td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+<td>a <code>^=</code> b</td>
+<td>a = a ^ b</td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+<td>a <code>|=</code> b</td>
+<td>a = a ! b</td>
+</tr>
+</tbody>
+</table>
+<h2 id="decision-statements">Decision Statements</h2>
+<h3 id="if-else">IF-ELSE</h3>
+<div class="highlight"><table class="highlighttable"><tr><th colspan="2" class="filename"><span class="filename">JavaScript</span></th></tr><tr><td class="linenos"><div class="linenodiv"><pre><span></span><span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-15-1">1</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-15-2">2</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-15-3">3</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-15-4">4</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-15-5">5</a></span></pre></div></td><td class="code"><div><pre><span></span><code><a id="__codelineno-15-1" name="__codelineno-15-1"></a><span class="k">if</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="p">(</span><span class="nx">condition</span><span class="p">)</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="p">{</span>
+<a id="__codelineno-15-2" name="__codelineno-15-2"></a><span class="w">    </span><span class="c1">//code here</span>
+<a id="__codelineno-15-3" name="__codelineno-15-3"></a><span class="p">}</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="k">else</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="p">{</span>
+<a id="__codelineno-15-4" name="__codelineno-15-4"></a><span class="w">    </span><span class="c1">//code here</span>
+<a id="__codelineno-15-5" name="__codelineno-15-5"></a><span class="p">}</span>
+</code></pre></div></td></tr></table></div>
+<h3 id="if-else-multi-branch">IF-ELSE Multi-Branch</h3>
+<div class="highlight"><table class="highlighttable"><tr><th colspan="2" class="filename"><span class="filename">JavaScript</span></th></tr><tr><td class="linenos"><div class="linenodiv"><pre><span></span><span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-16-1">1</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-16-2">2</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-16-3">3</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-16-4">4</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-16-5">5</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-16-6">6</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-16-7">7</a></span></pre></div></td><td class="code"><div><pre><span></span><code><a id="__codelineno-16-1" name="__codelineno-16-1"></a><span class="k">if</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="p">(</span><span class="nx">condition</span><span class="p">)</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="p">{</span>
+<a id="__codelineno-16-2" name="__codelineno-16-2"></a><span class="w">    </span><span class="c1">//code here</span>
+<a id="__codelineno-16-3" name="__codelineno-16-3"></a><span class="p">}</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="k">else</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="k">if</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="p">(</span><span class="nx">condition</span><span class="p">)</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="p">{</span>
+<a id="__codelineno-16-4" name="__codelineno-16-4"></a><span class="w">    </span><span class="c1">//code here</span>
+<a id="__codelineno-16-5" name="__codelineno-16-5"></a><span class="p">}</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="k">else</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="p">{</span>
+<a id="__codelineno-16-6" name="__codelineno-16-6"></a><span class="w">    </span><span class="c1">//code here</span>
+<a id="__codelineno-16-7" name="__codelineno-16-7"></a><span class="p">}</span>
+</code></pre></div></td></tr></table></div>
+<h3 id="ternary-operator">Ternary Operator</h3>
+<p><code>condition ? &lt;expr1&gt; : &lt;expr2&gt;;</code>  </p>
+<h3 id="switch-statement">Switch Statement</h3>
+<div class="highlight"><table class="highlighttable"><tr><th colspan="2" class="filename"><span class="filename">JavaScript</span></th></tr><tr><td class="linenos"><div class="linenodiv"><pre><span></span><span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-17-1">1</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-17-2">2</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-17-3">3</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-17-4">4</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-17-5">5</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-17-6">6</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-17-7">7</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-17-8">8</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-17-9">9</a></span></pre></div></td><td class="code"><div><pre><span></span><code><a id="__codelineno-17-1" name="__codelineno-17-1"></a><span class="k">switch</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="p">(</span><span class="nx">expression</span><span class="p">)</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="p">{</span>
+<a id="__codelineno-17-2" name="__codelineno-17-2"></a><span class="w">    </span><span class="k">case</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="nx">expression</span><span class="o">:</span>
+<a id="__codelineno-17-3" name="__codelineno-17-3"></a><span class="w">        </span><span class="c1">//code here</span>
+<a id="__codelineno-17-4" name="__codelineno-17-4"></a><span class="w">        </span><span class="k">break</span><span class="p">;</span>
+<a id="__codelineno-17-5" name="__codelineno-17-5"></a>
+<a id="__codelineno-17-6" name="__codelineno-17-6"></a><span class="w">    </span><span class="k">default</span><span class="o">:</span>
+<a id="__codelineno-17-7" name="__codelineno-17-7"></a><span class="w">        </span><span class="c1">//code here</span>
+<a id="__codelineno-17-8" name="__codelineno-17-8"></a><span class="w">        </span><span class="k">break</span><span class="p">;</span>
+<a id="__codelineno-17-9" name="__codelineno-17-9"></a><span class="p">}</span>
+</code></pre></div></td></tr></table></div>
+<h2 id="loops">Loops</h2>
+<h3 id="while-loop">While Loop</h3>
+<div class="highlight"><table class="highlighttable"><tr><th colspan="2" class="filename"><span class="filename">JavaScript</span></th></tr><tr><td class="linenos"><div class="linenodiv"><pre><span></span><span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-18-1">1</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-18-2">2</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-18-3">3</a></span></pre></div></td><td class="code"><div><pre><span></span><code><a id="__codelineno-18-1" name="__codelineno-18-1"></a><span class="k">while</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="p">(</span><span class="nx">condition</span><span class="p">)</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="p">{</span>
+<a id="__codelineno-18-2" name="__codelineno-18-2"></a><span class="w">    </span><span class="c1">//code here</span>
+<a id="__codelineno-18-3" name="__codelineno-18-3"></a><span class="p">}</span>
+</code></pre></div></td></tr></table></div>
+<h3 id="do-while-loop">Do-While Loop</h3>
+<div class="highlight"><table class="highlighttable"><tr><th colspan="2" class="filename"><span class="filename">JavaScript</span></th></tr><tr><td class="linenos"><div class="linenodiv"><pre><span></span><span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-19-1">1</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-19-2">2</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-19-3">3</a></span></pre></div></td><td class="code"><div><pre><span></span><code><a id="__codelineno-19-1" name="__codelineno-19-1"></a><span class="k">do</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="p">{</span>
+<a id="__codelineno-19-2" name="__codelineno-19-2"></a><span class="w">    </span><span class="c1">//code here</span>
+<a id="__codelineno-19-3" name="__codelineno-19-3"></a><span class="p">}</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="k">while</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="p">(</span><span class="nx">condition</span><span class="p">);</span>
+</code></pre></div></td></tr></table></div>
+<h3 id="for-loop">For Loop</h3>
+<div class="highlight"><table class="highlighttable"><tr><th colspan="2" class="filename"><span class="filename">JavaScript</span></th></tr><tr><td class="linenos"><div class="linenodiv"><pre><span></span><span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-20-1"> 1</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-20-2"> 2</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-20-3"> 3</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-20-4"> 4</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-20-5"> 5</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-20-6"> 6</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-20-7"> 7</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-20-8"> 8</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-20-9"> 9</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-20-10">10</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-20-11">11</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-20-12">12</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-20-13">13</a></span></pre></div></td><td class="code"><div><pre><span></span><code><a id="__codelineno-20-1" name="__codelineno-20-1"></a><span class="c1">// basic for</span>
+<a id="__codelineno-20-2" name="__codelineno-20-2"></a><span class="k">for</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="p">(</span><span class="nx">begin</span><span class="p">;</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="nx">condition</span><span class="p">;</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="nx">step</span><span class="p">)</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="p">{</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="p">}</span>
+<a id="__codelineno-20-3" name="__codelineno-20-3"></a>
+<a id="__codelineno-20-4" name="__codelineno-20-4"></a><span class="k">for</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="p">(</span><span class="kd">var</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="nx">variable</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="ow">in</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="nx">iterable</span><span class="p">)</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="p">{</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="p">}</span><span class="w">  </span><span class="c1">// for/in statement loops through the properties of an object</span>
+<a id="__codelineno-20-5" name="__codelineno-20-5"></a><span class="k">for</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="p">(</span><span class="kd">let</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="nx">variable</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="ow">in</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="nx">iterable</span><span class="p">)</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="p">{</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="p">}</span><span class="w">  </span><span class="c1">// instantiate a new variable at each iteration</span>
+<a id="__codelineno-20-6" name="__codelineno-20-6"></a>
+<a id="__codelineno-20-7" name="__codelineno-20-7"></a><span class="c1">// for/of statement loops through the values of an iterable objects</span>
+<a id="__codelineno-20-8" name="__codelineno-20-8"></a><span class="c1">// for/of lets you loop over data structures that are iterable such as Arrays, Strings, Maps, NodeLists, and more.</span>
+<a id="__codelineno-20-9" name="__codelineno-20-9"></a><span class="k">for</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="p">(</span><span class="kd">var</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="nx">variable</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="k">of</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="nx">iterable</span><span class="p">)</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="p">{</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="p">}</span>
+<a id="__codelineno-20-10" name="__codelineno-20-10"></a><span class="k">for</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="p">(</span><span class="kd">let</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="nx">variable</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="k">of</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="nx">iterable</span><span class="p">)</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="p">{</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="p">}</span><span class="w">  </span><span class="c1">// instantiate a new variable at each iteration</span>
+<a id="__codelineno-20-11" name="__codelineno-20-11"></a>
+<a id="__codelineno-20-12" name="__codelineno-20-12"></a><span class="c1">// foreach (similar to for..of)</span>
+<a id="__codelineno-20-13" name="__codelineno-20-13"></a><span class="nx">iterable</span><span class="p">.</span><span class="nx">forEach</span><span class="p">(()</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="p">=&gt;</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="p">{</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="cm">/* statements */</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="p">});</span>
+</code></pre></div></td></tr></table></div>
+<h3 id="break-continue-statements">Break &amp; Continue statements</h3>
+<p><code>break;</code>  exits the loop.<br />
+<code>continue;</code> skip to next loop cycle.</p>
+<div class="highlight"><table class="highlighttable"><tr><th colspan="2" class="filename"><span class="filename">JavaScript</span></th></tr><tr><td class="linenos"><div class="linenodiv"><pre><span></span><span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-21-1">1</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-21-2">2</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-21-3">3</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-21-4">4</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-21-5">5</a></span></pre></div></td><td class="code"><div><pre><span></span><code><a id="__codelineno-21-1" name="__codelineno-21-1"></a><span class="nx">label</span><span class="o">:</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="k">for</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="nx">begin</span><span class="p">;</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="nx">condition</span><span class="p">;</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="nx">step</span><span class="p">)</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="p">{</span>
+<a id="__codelineno-21-2" name="__codelineno-21-2"></a><span class="w">    </span><span class="c1">//code here</span>
+<a id="__codelineno-21-3" name="__codelineno-21-3"></a><span class="p">}</span>
+<a id="__codelineno-21-4" name="__codelineno-21-4"></a>
+<a id="__codelineno-21-5" name="__codelineno-21-5"></a><span class="k">break</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="nx">label</span><span class="p">;</span><span class="w">  </span><span class="c1">//breaks labelled loop and nested loops inside it</span>
+</code></pre></div></td></tr></table></div>
+<h2 id="arrays">Arrays</h2>
+<div class="highlight"><table class="highlighttable"><tr><th colspan="2" class="filename"><span class="filename">JavaScript</span></th></tr><tr><td class="linenos"><div class="linenodiv"><pre><span></span><span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-22-1"> 1</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-22-2"> 2</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-22-3"> 3</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-22-4"> 4</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-22-5"> 5</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-22-6"> 6</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-22-7"> 7</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-22-8"> 8</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-22-9"> 9</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-22-10">10</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-22-11">11</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-22-12">12</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-22-13">13</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-22-14">14</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-22-15">15</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-22-16">16</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-22-17">17</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-22-18">18</a></span></pre></div></td><td class="code"><div><pre><span></span><code><a id="__codelineno-22-1" name="__codelineno-22-1"></a><span class="kd">let</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="nx">array</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="o">=</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="p">[];</span><span class="w">  </span><span class="c1">// empty array</span>
+<a id="__codelineno-22-2" name="__codelineno-22-2"></a><span class="kd">let</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="nx">array</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="o">=</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="p">[</span><span class="s2">&quot;text&quot;</span><span class="p">,</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="mf">3.14</span><span class="p">,</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="p">[</span><span class="mf">1.41</span><span class="p">]];</span><span class="w">  </span><span class="c1">// array declaration and initialization</span>
+<a id="__codelineno-22-3" name="__codelineno-22-3"></a>
+<a id="__codelineno-22-4" name="__codelineno-22-4"></a><span class="nx">array</span><span class="p">.</span><span class="nx">length</span><span class="p">;</span><span class="w">  </span><span class="c1">// number of items in the array</span>
+<a id="__codelineno-22-5" name="__codelineno-22-5"></a><span class="nx">array</span><span class="p">[</span><span class="nx">index</span><span class="p">];</span><span class="w">  </span><span class="c1">// access to item by index</span>
+<a id="__codelineno-22-6" name="__codelineno-22-6"></a><span class="nx">array</span><span class="p">[</span><span class="nx">index</span><span class="p">]</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="o">=</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="nx">item</span><span class="p">;</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="c1">// change or add item by index</span>
+<a id="__codelineno-22-7" name="__codelineno-22-7"></a>
+<a id="__codelineno-22-8" name="__codelineno-22-8"></a><span class="nx">array</span><span class="p">.</span><span class="nx">push</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="nx">item</span><span class="p">);</span><span class="w">  </span><span class="c1">//add item to array</span>
+<a id="__codelineno-22-9" name="__codelineno-22-9"></a><span class="nx">array</span><span class="p">.</span><span class="nx">pop</span><span class="p">();</span><span class="w">  </span><span class="c1">// remove and return last item</span>
+<a id="__codelineno-22-10" name="__codelineno-22-10"></a>
+<a id="__codelineno-22-11" name="__codelineno-22-11"></a><span class="nx">array</span><span class="p">.</span><span class="nx">join</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="s2">&quot;separator&quot;</span><span class="p">);</span><span class="w">  </span><span class="c1">// construct a string from the items of the array, separated by SEPARATOR</span>
+<a id="__codelineno-22-12" name="__codelineno-22-12"></a><span class="nx">array</span><span class="p">.</span><span class="nx">find</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="nx">item</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="p">=&gt;</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="nx">condition</span><span class="p">);</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="c1">// returns the value of the first element in the provided array that satisfies the provided testing function</span>
+<a id="__codelineno-22-13" name="__codelineno-22-13"></a><span class="nx">array</span><span class="p">.</span><span class="nx">fill</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="nx">value</span><span class="p">,</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="nx">start</span><span class="p">,</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="nx">end</span><span class="p">);</span><span class="w">  </span><span class="c1">// fills an array with the passed value</span>
+<a id="__codelineno-22-14" name="__codelineno-22-14"></a>
+<a id="__codelineno-22-15" name="__codelineno-22-15"></a>
+<a id="__codelineno-22-16" name="__codelineno-22-16"></a><span class="c1">// https://stackoverflow.com/a/37601776</span>
+<a id="__codelineno-22-17" name="__codelineno-22-17"></a><span class="nx">array</span><span class="p">.</span><span class="nx">slice</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="nx">start</span><span class="p">,</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="nx">end</span><span class="p">);</span><span class="w">  </span><span class="c1">// RETURN list of items between indexes start and end-1</span>
+<a id="__codelineno-22-18" name="__codelineno-22-18"></a><span class="nx">array</span><span class="p">.</span><span class="nx">splice</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="nx">start</span><span class="p">,</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="nx">deleteCount</span><span class="p">,</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="p">[</span><span class="nx">items_to_add</span><span class="p">]);</span><span class="w">  </span><span class="c1">// remove and RETURN items from array, can append a list of items. IN PLACE operation</span>
+</code></pre></div></td></tr></table></div>
+<h3 id="filter-map-reduce"><code>filter()</code> &amp; <code>map()</code>, <code>reduce()</code></h3>
+<div class="highlight"><table class="highlighttable"><tr><th colspan="2" class="filename"><span class="filename">JavaScript</span></th></tr><tr><td class="linenos"><div class="linenodiv"><pre><span></span><span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-23-1"> 1</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-23-2"> 2</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-23-3"> 3</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-23-4"> 4</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-23-5"> 5</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-23-6"> 6</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-23-7"> 7</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-23-8"> 8</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-23-9"> 9</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-23-10">10</a></span></pre></div></td><td class="code"><div><pre><span></span><code><a id="__codelineno-23-1" name="__codelineno-23-1"></a><span class="kd">let</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="nx">array</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="o">=</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="p">[</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="nx">items</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="p">];</span>
+<a id="__codelineno-23-2" name="__codelineno-23-2"></a>
+<a id="__codelineno-23-3" name="__codelineno-23-3"></a><span class="c1">// execute an operation on each item, producing a new array</span>
+<a id="__codelineno-23-4" name="__codelineno-23-4"></a><span class="nx">array</span><span class="p">.</span><span class="nx">map</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="kd">function</span><span class="p">);</span>
+<a id="__codelineno-23-5" name="__codelineno-23-5"></a><span class="nx">array</span><span class="p">.</span><span class="nx">map</span><span class="p">(()</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="p">=&gt;</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="nx">operation</span><span class="p">);</span><span class="w"> </span>
+<a id="__codelineno-23-6" name="__codelineno-23-6"></a>
+<a id="__codelineno-23-7" name="__codelineno-23-7"></a><span class="nx">array</span><span class="p">.</span><span class="nx">filter</span><span class="p">(()</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="p">=&gt;</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="nx">condition</span><span class="p">);</span><span class="w">  </span><span class="c1">// return an items only if the condition is true</span>
+<a id="__codelineno-23-8" name="__codelineno-23-8"></a>
+<a id="__codelineno-23-9" name="__codelineno-23-9"></a><span class="c1">// execute a reducer function on each element of the array, resulting in single output value</span>
+<a id="__codelineno-23-10" name="__codelineno-23-10"></a><span class="nx">array</span><span class="p">.</span><span class="nx">reduce</span><span class="p">((</span><span class="nx">x</span><span class="p">,</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="nx">y</span><span class="p">)</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="p">=&gt;</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="p">...);</span>
+</code></pre></div></td></tr></table></div>
+<h2 id="spread-operator">Spread Operator (...)</h2>
+<div class="highlight"><table class="highlighttable"><tr><th colspan="2" class="filename"><span class="filename">JavaScript</span></th></tr><tr><td class="linenos"><div class="linenodiv"><pre><span></span><span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-24-1"> 1</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-24-2"> 2</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-24-3"> 3</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-24-4"> 4</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-24-5"> 5</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-24-6"> 6</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-24-7"> 7</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-24-8"> 8</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-24-9"> 9</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-24-10">10</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-24-11">11</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-24-12">12</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-24-13">13</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-24-14">14</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-24-15">15</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-24-16">16</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-24-17">17</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-24-18">18</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-24-19">19</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-24-20">20</a></span></pre></div></td><td class="code"><div><pre><span></span><code><a id="__codelineno-24-1" name="__codelineno-24-1"></a><span class="c1">// arrays</span>
+<a id="__codelineno-24-2" name="__codelineno-24-2"></a><span class="kd">let</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="nx">array1</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="o">=</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="p">[</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="mf">1</span><span class="p">,</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="mf">2</span><span class="p">,</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="mf">3</span><span class="p">,</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="mf">4</span><span class="p">,</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="mf">5</span><span class="p">,</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="mf">6</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="p">];</span>
+<a id="__codelineno-24-3" name="__codelineno-24-3"></a><span class="kd">let</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="nx">array2</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="o">=</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="p">[</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="mf">7</span><span class="p">,</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="mf">8</span><span class="p">,</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="mf">9</span><span class="p">,</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="mf">10</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="p">];</span>
+<a id="__codelineno-24-4" name="__codelineno-24-4"></a><span class="kd">let</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="nx">copy</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="o">=</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="p">[</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="p">...</span><span class="nx">array1</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="p">];</span><span class="w">  </span><span class="c1">// shallow copy</span>
+<a id="__codelineno-24-5" name="__codelineno-24-5"></a><span class="kd">let</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="nx">copyAndAdd</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="o">=</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="p">[</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="mf">0</span><span class="p">,</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="p">...</span><span class="nx">array1</span><span class="p">,</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="mf">7</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="p">];</span><span class="w">  </span><span class="c1">// insert all values in new array</span>
+<a id="__codelineno-24-6" name="__codelineno-24-6"></a><span class="kd">let</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="nx">merge</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="o">=</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="p">[</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="p">...</span><span class="nx">array1</span><span class="p">,</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="p">...</span><span class="nx">array2</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="p">];</span><span class="w">  </span><span class="c1">// merge the arrays contents in new array</span>
+<a id="__codelineno-24-7" name="__codelineno-24-7"></a>
+<a id="__codelineno-24-8" name="__codelineno-24-8"></a><span class="c1">// objects</span>
+<a id="__codelineno-24-9" name="__codelineno-24-9"></a><span class="kd">let</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="nx">obj</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="o">=</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="p">{</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="nx">prop1</span><span class="o">:</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="nx">value1</span><span class="p">,</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="nx">prop2</span><span class="o">:</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="nx">value2</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="p">};</span>
+<a id="__codelineno-24-10" name="__codelineno-24-10"></a><span class="kd">let</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="nx">clone</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="o">=</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="p">{</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="p">...</span><span class="nx">obj</span><span class="p">,</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="nx">prop</span><span class="o">:</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="nx">value</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="p">};</span><span class="w">  </span><span class="c1">// shallow copy, and update copy prop</span>
+<a id="__codelineno-24-11" name="__codelineno-24-11"></a><span class="kd">let</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="nx">cloneAndAdd</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="o">=</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="p">{</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="nx">prop0</span><span class="o">:</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="nx">value0</span><span class="p">,</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="p">...</span><span class="nx">obj</span><span class="p">,</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="nx">prop3</span><span class="o">:</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="nx">value3</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="p">};</span>
+<a id="__codelineno-24-12" name="__codelineno-24-12"></a>
+<a id="__codelineno-24-13" name="__codelineno-24-13"></a><span class="c1">// strings</span>
+<a id="__codelineno-24-14" name="__codelineno-24-14"></a><span class="kd">let</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="nx">alphabet</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="o">=</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="s2">&quot;abcdefghijklmnopqrstxyz&quot;</span>
+<a id="__codelineno-24-15" name="__codelineno-24-15"></a><span class="kd">let</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="nx">letters</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="o">=</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="p">[</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="p">...</span><span class="nx">alphabet</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="p">];</span><span class="w">  </span><span class="c1">// alphabet.split(&quot;&quot;)</span>
+<a id="__codelineno-24-16" name="__codelineno-24-16"></a>
+<a id="__codelineno-24-17" name="__codelineno-24-17"></a><span class="c1">//function arguments</span>
+<a id="__codelineno-24-18" name="__codelineno-24-18"></a><span class="kd">let</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="nx">func</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="o">=</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="p">(</span><span class="nx">arg1</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="o">=</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="nx">val1</span><span class="p">,</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="nx">arg2</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="o">=</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="nx">val2</span><span class="p">)</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="p">=&gt;</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="nx">expression</span><span class="p">;</span>
+<a id="__codelineno-24-19" name="__codelineno-24-19"></a><span class="kd">let</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="nx">args</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="o">=</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="p">[</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="nx">value1</span><span class="p">,</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="nx">value2</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="p">];</span>
+<a id="__codelineno-24-20" name="__codelineno-24-20"></a><span class="nx">func</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="nx">arg0</span><span class="p">,</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="p">...</span><span class="nx">args</span><span class="p">);</span>
+</code></pre></div></td></tr></table></div>
+<h2 id="dictionaries">Dictionaries</h2>
+<div class="highlight"><table class="highlighttable"><tr><th colspan="2" class="filename"><span class="filename">JavaScript</span></th></tr><tr><td class="linenos"><div class="linenodiv"><pre><span></span><span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-25-1">1</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-25-2">2</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-25-3">3</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-25-4">4</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-25-5">5</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-25-6">6</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-25-7">7</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-25-8">8</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-25-9">9</a></span></pre></div></td><td class="code"><div><pre><span></span><code><a id="__codelineno-25-1" name="__codelineno-25-1"></a><span class="kd">let</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="nx">dict</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="o">=</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="p">{</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="nx">FirstName</span><span class="o">:</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="s2">&quot;Chris&quot;</span><span class="p">,</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="s2">&quot;one&quot;</span><span class="o">:</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="mf">1</span><span class="p">,</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="mf">1</span><span class="o">:</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="s2">&quot;some value&quot;</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="p">};</span>
+<a id="__codelineno-25-2" name="__codelineno-25-2"></a>
+<a id="__codelineno-25-3" name="__codelineno-25-3"></a>
+<a id="__codelineno-25-4" name="__codelineno-25-4"></a><span class="c1">// add new or update property</span>
+<a id="__codelineno-25-5" name="__codelineno-25-5"></a><span class="nx">dict</span><span class="p">[</span><span class="s2">&quot;Age&quot;</span><span class="p">]</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="o">=</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="mf">42</span><span class="p">;</span>
+<a id="__codelineno-25-6" name="__codelineno-25-6"></a>
+<a id="__codelineno-25-7" name="__codelineno-25-7"></a><span class="c1">// direct property by name</span>
+<a id="__codelineno-25-8" name="__codelineno-25-8"></a><span class="c1">// because it&#39;s a dynamic language</span>
+<a id="__codelineno-25-9" name="__codelineno-25-9"></a><span class="nx">dict</span><span class="p">.</span><span class="nx">FirstName</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="o">=</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="s2">&quot;Chris&quot;</span><span class="p">;</span>
+</code></pre></div></td></tr></table></div>
+<h3 id="iterating-key-value-pairs">Iterating Key-Value pairs</h3>
+<div class="highlight"><table class="highlighttable"><tr><th colspan="2" class="filename"><span class="filename">JavaScript</span></th></tr><tr><td class="linenos"><div class="linenodiv"><pre><span></span><span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-26-1">1</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-26-2">2</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-26-3">3</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-26-4">4</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-26-5">5</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-26-6">6</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-26-7">7</a></span></pre></div></td><td class="code"><div><pre><span></span><code><a id="__codelineno-26-1" name="__codelineno-26-1"></a><span class="k">for</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="kd">let</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="nx">key</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="ow">in</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="nx">dict</span><span class="p">)</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="p">{</span>
+<a id="__codelineno-26-2" name="__codelineno-26-2"></a><span class="w">  </span><span class="kd">let</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="nx">value</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="o">=</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="nx">dict</span><span class="p">[</span><span class="nx">key</span><span class="p">];</span>
+<a id="__codelineno-26-3" name="__codelineno-26-3"></a>
+<a id="__codelineno-26-4" name="__codelineno-26-4"></a><span class="w">  </span><span class="c1">// do something with &quot;key&quot; and &quot;value&quot; variables</span>
+<a id="__codelineno-26-5" name="__codelineno-26-5"></a><span class="p">}</span>
+<a id="__codelineno-26-6" name="__codelineno-26-6"></a>
+<a id="__codelineno-26-7" name="__codelineno-26-7"></a><span class="nb">Object</span><span class="p">.</span><span class="nx">keys</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="nx">dict</span><span class="p">).</span><span class="nx">forEach</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="nx">key</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="p">=&gt;</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="p">{</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="p">});</span>
+</code></pre></div></td></tr></table></div>
+<h2 id="functions">Functions</h2>
+<h3 id="jsdoc-documentation-standard">JSDOC documentation standard</h3>
+<div class="highlight"><table class="highlighttable"><tr><th colspan="2" class="filename"><span class="filename">JavaScript</span></th></tr><tr><td class="linenos"><div class="linenodiv"><pre><span></span><span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-27-1">1</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-27-2">2</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-27-3">3</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-27-4">4</a></span></pre></div></td><td class="code"><div><pre><span></span><code><a id="__codelineno-27-1" name="__codelineno-27-1"></a><span class="cm">/**</span>
+<a id="__codelineno-27-2" name="__codelineno-27-2"></a><span class="cm"> * @param {type} parameter - description</span>
+<a id="__codelineno-27-3" name="__codelineno-27-3"></a><span class="cm"> * @returns {type} parameter - description</span>
+<a id="__codelineno-27-4" name="__codelineno-27-4"></a><span class="cm"> * */</span>
+</code></pre></div></td></tr></table></div>
+<h3 id="function-declaration">Function Declaration</h3>
+<div class="highlight"><table class="highlighttable"><tr><th colspan="2" class="filename"><span class="filename">JavaScript</span></th></tr><tr><td class="linenos"><div class="linenodiv"><pre><span></span><span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-28-1">1</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-28-2">2</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-28-3">3</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-28-4">4</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-28-5">5</a></span></pre></div></td><td class="code"><div><pre><span></span><code><a id="__codelineno-28-1" name="__codelineno-28-1"></a><span class="c1">// ...args will contain extra parameters (rest argument)</span>
+<a id="__codelineno-28-2" name="__codelineno-28-2"></a><span class="kd">function</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="nx">functionName</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="nx">parameter</span><span class="o">=</span><span class="k">default</span><span class="o">-</span><span class="nx">value</span><span class="p">,</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="p">...</span><span class="nx">args</span><span class="p">)</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="p">{</span>
+<a id="__codelineno-28-3" name="__codelineno-28-3"></a><span class="w">    </span><span class="c1">//code here</span>
+<a id="__codelineno-28-4" name="__codelineno-28-4"></a><span class="w">    </span><span class="k">return</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="o">&lt;</span><span class="nx">expression</span><span class="o">&gt;</span><span class="p">;</span>
+<a id="__codelineno-28-5" name="__codelineno-28-5"></a><span class="p">}</span>
+</code></pre></div></td></tr></table></div>
+<h3 id="default-parameters-old-versions">Default Parameters (old versions)</h3>
+<div class="highlight"><table class="highlighttable"><tr><th colspan="2" class="filename"><span class="filename">JavaScript</span></th></tr><tr><td class="linenos"><div class="linenodiv"><pre><span></span><span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-29-1">1</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-29-2">2</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-29-3">3</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-29-4">4</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-29-5">5</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-29-6">6</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-29-7">7</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-29-8">8</a></span></pre></div></td><td class="code"><div><pre><span></span><code><a id="__codelineno-29-1" name="__codelineno-29-1"></a><span class="kd">function</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="nx">functionName</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="nx">parameters</span><span class="p">)</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="p">{</span>
+<a id="__codelineno-29-2" name="__codelineno-29-2"></a><span class="w">    </span><span class="k">if</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="p">(</span><span class="nx">parameter</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="o">==</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="kc">undefined</span><span class="p">)</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="p">{</span>
+<a id="__codelineno-29-3" name="__codelineno-29-3"></a><span class="w">        </span><span class="nx">parameter</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="o">=</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="nx">value</span><span class="p">;</span>
+<a id="__codelineno-29-4" name="__codelineno-29-4"></a><span class="w">    </span><span class="p">}</span>
+<a id="__codelineno-29-5" name="__codelineno-29-5"></a>
+<a id="__codelineno-29-6" name="__codelineno-29-6"></a><span class="w">    </span><span class="c1">//code here</span>
+<a id="__codelineno-29-7" name="__codelineno-29-7"></a><span class="w">    </span><span class="k">return</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="o">&lt;</span><span class="nx">expression</span><span class="o">&gt;</span><span class="p">;</span>
+<a id="__codelineno-29-8" name="__codelineno-29-8"></a><span class="p">}</span>
+</code></pre></div></td></tr></table></div>
+<h3 id="function-expressions">Function Expressions</h3>
+<div class="highlight"><table class="highlighttable"><tr><th colspan="2" class="filename"><span class="filename">JavaScript</span></th></tr><tr><td class="linenos"><div class="linenodiv"><pre><span></span><span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-30-1">1</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-30-2">2</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-30-3">3</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-30-4">4</a></span></pre></div></td><td class="code"><div><pre><span></span><code><a id="__codelineno-30-1" name="__codelineno-30-1"></a><span class="kd">let</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="nx">functionName</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="o">=</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="kd">function</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="nx">parameters</span><span class="p">)</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="p">{</span>
+<a id="__codelineno-30-2" name="__codelineno-30-2"></a><span class="w">    </span><span class="c1">//code here</span>
+<a id="__codelineno-30-3" name="__codelineno-30-3"></a><span class="w">    </span><span class="k">return</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="nx">expression</span><span class="p">;</span>
+<a id="__codelineno-30-4" name="__codelineno-30-4"></a><span class="p">}</span>
+</code></pre></div></td></tr></table></div>
+<h3 id="arrow-functions">Arrow Functions</h3>
+<div class="highlight"><table class="highlighttable"><tr><th colspan="2" class="filename"><span class="filename">JavaScript</span></th></tr><tr><td class="linenos"><div class="linenodiv"><pre><span></span><span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-31-1"> 1</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-31-2"> 2</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-31-3"> 3</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-31-4"> 4</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-31-5"> 5</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-31-6"> 6</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-31-7"> 7</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-31-8"> 8</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-31-9"> 9</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-31-10">10</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-31-11">11</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-31-12">12</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-31-13">13</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-31-14">14</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-31-15">15</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-31-16">16</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-31-17">17</a></span></pre></div></td><td class="code"><div><pre><span></span><code><a id="__codelineno-31-1" name="__codelineno-31-1"></a><span class="p">(</span><span class="nx">input</span><span class="p">)</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="p">=&gt;</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="p">{</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="cm">/* statements */</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="p">}</span>
+<a id="__codelineno-31-2" name="__codelineno-31-2"></a><span class="p">(</span><span class="nx">input</span><span class="p">)</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="p">=&gt;</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="nx">expression</span><span class="p">;</span>
+<a id="__codelineno-31-3" name="__codelineno-31-3"></a><span class="nx">input</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="p">=&gt;</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="nx">expression</span><span class="p">;</span><span class="w">  </span><span class="c1">// parenthesis are optional</span>
+<a id="__codelineno-31-4" name="__codelineno-31-4"></a><span class="p">()</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="p">=&gt;</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="nx">expression</span><span class="p">;</span><span class="w">  </span><span class="c1">// no parameters syntax</span>
+<a id="__codelineno-31-5" name="__codelineno-31-5"></a>
+<a id="__codelineno-31-6" name="__codelineno-31-6"></a><span class="c1">// variants</span>
+<a id="__codelineno-31-7" name="__codelineno-31-7"></a><span class="kd">let</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="nx">func</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="o">=</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="p">(</span><span class="nx">input</span><span class="p">)</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="p">=&gt;</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="p">{</span>
+<a id="__codelineno-31-8" name="__codelineno-31-8"></a><span class="w">    </span><span class="c1">// code here</span>
+<a id="__codelineno-31-9" name="__codelineno-31-9"></a><span class="p">};</span>
+<a id="__codelineno-31-10" name="__codelineno-31-10"></a>
+<a id="__codelineno-31-11" name="__codelineno-31-11"></a><span class="kd">let</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="nx">func</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="o">=</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="p">(</span><span class="nx">input</span><span class="p">)</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="p">=&gt;</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="nx">expression</span><span class="p">;</span>
+<a id="__codelineno-31-12" name="__codelineno-31-12"></a><span class="kd">let</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="nx">func</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="o">=</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="nx">input</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="p">=&gt;</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="nx">expression</span><span class="p">;</span>
+<a id="__codelineno-31-13" name="__codelineno-31-13"></a>
+<a id="__codelineno-31-14" name="__codelineno-31-14"></a><span class="nx">func</span><span class="p">();</span><span class="w">  </span><span class="c1">// function call</span>
+<a id="__codelineno-31-15" name="__codelineno-31-15"></a>
+<a id="__codelineno-31-16" name="__codelineno-31-16"></a><span class="c1">// return object literal</span>
+<a id="__codelineno-31-17" name="__codelineno-31-17"></a><span class="kd">let</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="nx">func</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="o">=</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="p">(</span><span class="nx">value</span><span class="p">)</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="p">=&gt;</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="p">({</span><span class="nx">property</span><span class="o">:</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="nx">value</span><span class="p">});</span>
+</code></pre></div></td></tr></table></div>
+<h2 id="object-oriented-programming">Object Oriented Programming</h2>
+<p>An object is a collection of related data and/or functionality.</p>
+<p><strong>Note</strong>: It's not possible to transform a variable in an object simply by using the object assignment.</p>
+<div class="highlight"><table class="highlighttable"><tr><th colspan="2" class="filename"><span class="filename">JavaScript</span></th></tr><tr><td class="linenos"><div class="linenodiv"><pre><span></span><span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-32-1"> 1</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-32-2"> 2</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-32-3"> 3</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-32-4"> 4</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-32-5"> 5</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-32-6"> 6</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-32-7"> 7</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-32-8"> 8</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-32-9"> 9</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-32-10">10</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-32-11">11</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-32-12">12</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-32-13">13</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-32-14">14</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-32-15">15</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-32-16">16</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-32-17">17</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-32-18">18</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-32-19">19</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-32-20">20</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-32-21">21</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-32-22">22</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-32-23">23</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-32-24">24</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-32-25">25</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-32-26">26</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-32-27">27</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-32-28">28</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-32-29">29</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-32-30">30</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-32-31">31</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-32-32">32</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-32-33">33</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-32-34">34</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-32-35">35</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-32-36">36</a></span></pre></div></td><td class="code"><div><pre><span></span><code><a id="__codelineno-32-1" name="__codelineno-32-1"></a><span class="kd">let</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="nx">variable</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="o">=</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="nx">value</span><span class="p">;</span>
+<a id="__codelineno-32-2" name="__codelineno-32-2"></a>
+<a id="__codelineno-32-3" name="__codelineno-32-3"></a><span class="c1">// object literal</span>
+<a id="__codelineno-32-4" name="__codelineno-32-4"></a><span class="kd">let</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="nx">obj</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="o">=</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="p">{</span>
+<a id="__codelineno-32-5" name="__codelineno-32-5"></a><span class="w">    </span><span class="nx">property</span><span class="o">:</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="nx">value</span><span class="p">,</span>
+<a id="__codelineno-32-6" name="__codelineno-32-6"></a><span class="w">    </span><span class="nx">variable</span><span class="p">,</span><span class="w">  </span><span class="c1">// same as variable: variable</span>
+<a id="__codelineno-32-7" name="__codelineno-32-7"></a><span class="w">    </span><span class="p">[</span><span class="nx">property</span><span class="p">]</span><span class="o">:</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="nx">value</span><span class="w">  </span><span class="c1">// dynamic prop name</span>
+<a id="__codelineno-32-8" name="__codelineno-32-8"></a>
+<a id="__codelineno-32-9" name="__codelineno-32-9"></a><span class="w">    </span><span class="nx">object</span><span class="o">:</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="p">{</span>
+<a id="__codelineno-32-10" name="__codelineno-32-10"></a><span class="w">        </span><span class="p">...</span>
+<a id="__codelineno-32-11" name="__codelineno-32-11"></a><span class="w">    </span><span class="p">},</span>
+<a id="__codelineno-32-12" name="__codelineno-32-12"></a>
+<a id="__codelineno-32-13" name="__codelineno-32-13"></a><span class="w">    </span><span class="nx">method</span><span class="o">:</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="kd">function</span><span class="p">()</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="p">{</span>
+<a id="__codelineno-32-14" name="__codelineno-32-14"></a><span class="w">        </span><span class="c1">// code here</span>
+<a id="__codelineno-32-15" name="__codelineno-32-15"></a><span class="w">        </span><span class="k">this</span><span class="p">.</span><span class="nx">propertyName</span><span class="p">;</span><span class="w">  </span><span class="c1">// reference to object property inside the object</span>
+<a id="__codelineno-32-16" name="__codelineno-32-16"></a><span class="w">    </span><span class="p">}</span>
+<a id="__codelineno-32-17" name="__codelineno-32-17"></a>
+<a id="__codelineno-32-18" name="__codelineno-32-18"></a><span class="w">    </span><span class="nx">method</span><span class="p">;</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="p">()</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="p">=&gt;</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="p">{</span>
+<a id="__codelineno-32-19" name="__codelineno-32-19"></a><span class="w">        </span><span class="nx">obj</span><span class="p">.</span><span class="nx">propertyName</span><span class="p">;</span><span class="w">  </span><span class="c1">// this is undefined here, use full object name</span>
+<a id="__codelineno-32-20" name="__codelineno-32-20"></a><span class="w">    </span><span class="p">}</span>
+<a id="__codelineno-32-21" name="__codelineno-32-21"></a><span class="p">};</span>
+<a id="__codelineno-32-22" name="__codelineno-32-22"></a>
+<a id="__codelineno-32-23" name="__codelineno-32-23"></a><span class="c1">// access to property (non existant properties will return Undefined)</span>
+<a id="__codelineno-32-24" name="__codelineno-32-24"></a><span class="nx">obj</span><span class="p">.</span><span class="nx">property</span><span class="p">;</span><span class="w">  </span><span class="c1">// dot notation</span>
+<a id="__codelineno-32-25" name="__codelineno-32-25"></a><span class="nx">obj</span><span class="p">[</span><span class="s2">&quot;property&quot;</span><span class="p">];</span><span class="w">  </span><span class="c1">// array notation</span>
+<a id="__codelineno-32-26" name="__codelineno-32-26"></a>
+<a id="__codelineno-32-27" name="__codelineno-32-27"></a><span class="c1">// property modification (will add property if missing)</span>
+<a id="__codelineno-32-28" name="__codelineno-32-28"></a><span class="nx">obj</span><span class="p">.</span><span class="nx">property</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="o">=</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="nx">value</span><span class="p">;</span><span class="w">  </span><span class="c1">// dot notation</span>
+<a id="__codelineno-32-29" name="__codelineno-32-29"></a><span class="nx">obj</span><span class="p">[</span><span class="s2">&quot;property&quot;</span><span class="p">]</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="o">=</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="nx">value</span><span class="p">;</span><span class="w">  </span><span class="c1">// array notation</span>
+<a id="__codelineno-32-30" name="__codelineno-32-30"></a>
+<a id="__codelineno-32-31" name="__codelineno-32-31"></a><span class="nx">obj</span><span class="p">.</span><span class="nx">func</span><span class="p">();</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="c1">//method access</span>
+<a id="__codelineno-32-32" name="__codelineno-32-32"></a>
+<a id="__codelineno-32-33" name="__codelineno-32-33"></a><span class="ow">delete</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="nx">obj</span><span class="p">.</span><span class="nx">propertyName</span><span class="p">;</span><span class="w">  </span><span class="c1">// delete property</span>
+<a id="__codelineno-32-34" name="__codelineno-32-34"></a>
+<a id="__codelineno-32-35" name="__codelineno-32-35"></a><span class="nb">Object</span><span class="p">.</span><span class="nx">keys</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="nx">obj</span><span class="p">);</span><span class="w">  </span><span class="c1">// list of all property names</span>
+<a id="__codelineno-32-36" name="__codelineno-32-36"></a><span class="nb">Object</span><span class="p">.</span><span class="nx">entries</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="nx">obj</span><span class="p">);</span><span class="w">  </span><span class="c1">// list contents as key-value pairs</span>
+</code></pre></div></td></tr></table></div>
+<h3 id="constructors-and-object-instances">Constructors and object instances</h3>
+<p>JavaScript uses special functions called <strong>constructor functions</strong> to define and initialize objects and their features.
+Notice that it has all the features you'd expect in a function, although it doesn't return anything or explicitly create an object — it basically just defines properties and methods.</p>
+<div class="highlight"><table class="highlighttable"><tr><th colspan="2" class="filename"><span class="filename">JavaScript</span></th></tr><tr><td class="linenos"><div class="linenodiv"><pre><span></span><span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-33-1"> 1</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-33-2"> 2</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-33-3"> 3</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-33-4"> 4</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-33-5"> 5</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-33-6"> 6</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-33-7"> 7</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-33-8"> 8</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-33-9"> 9</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-33-10">10</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-33-11">11</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-33-12">12</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-33-13">13</a></span></pre></div></td><td class="code"><div><pre><span></span><code><a id="__codelineno-33-1" name="__codelineno-33-1"></a><span class="c1">// constructor function definition</span>
+<a id="__codelineno-33-2" name="__codelineno-33-2"></a><span class="kd">function</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="nx">Class</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="nx">params</span><span class="p">)</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="p">{</span>
+<a id="__codelineno-33-3" name="__codelineno-33-3"></a><span class="w">    </span><span class="k">this</span><span class="p">.</span><span class="nx">property</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="o">=</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="nx">param</span><span class="p">;</span>
+<a id="__codelineno-33-4" name="__codelineno-33-4"></a>
+<a id="__codelineno-33-5" name="__codelineno-33-5"></a><span class="w">    </span><span class="k">this</span><span class="p">.</span><span class="nx">method</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="o">=</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="kd">function</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="nx">params</span><span class="p">)</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="p">{</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="cm">/* code here */</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="p">}</span>
+<a id="__codelineno-33-6" name="__codelineno-33-6"></a><span class="p">}</span>
+<a id="__codelineno-33-7" name="__codelineno-33-7"></a>
+<a id="__codelineno-33-8" name="__codelineno-33-8"></a><span class="kd">let</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="nx">obj</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="o">=</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="ow">new</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="nx">Class</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="nx">params</span><span class="p">);</span><span class="w">  </span><span class="c1">// object instantiation</span>
+<a id="__codelineno-33-9" name="__codelineno-33-9"></a>
+<a id="__codelineno-33-10" name="__codelineno-33-10"></a><span class="kd">let</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="nx">obj</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="o">=</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="ow">new</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="nb">Object</span><span class="p">();</span><span class="w">  </span><span class="c1">// creates empty object</span>
+<a id="__codelineno-33-11" name="__codelineno-33-11"></a><span class="kd">let</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="nx">obj</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="o">=</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="ow">new</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="nb">Object</span><span class="p">({</span>
+<a id="__codelineno-33-12" name="__codelineno-33-12"></a><span class="w">    </span><span class="c1">// JSON</span>
+<a id="__codelineno-33-13" name="__codelineno-33-13"></a><span class="p">});</span>
+</code></pre></div></td></tr></table></div>
+<h3 id="prototypes">Prototypes</h3>
+<p>Prototypes are the mechanism by which JavaScript objects <em>inherit</em> features from one another.</p>
+<p>JavaScript is often described as a <strong>prototype-based language</strong>; to provide inheritance, objects can have a prototype object, which acts as a template object that it inherits methods and properties from.</p>
+<p>An object's prototype object may also have a prototype object, which it inherits methods and properties from, and so on.
+This is often referred to as a <strong>prototype chain</strong>, and explains why different objects have properties and methods defined on other objects available to them.
+If a method is implemented on an object (and not it's prototype) then only that object will heve that method and not all the ones that come from the same prototype.</p>
+<div class="highlight"><table class="highlighttable"><tr><th colspan="2" class="filename"><span class="filename">JavaScript</span></th></tr><tr><td class="linenos"><div class="linenodiv"><pre><span></span><span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-34-1"> 1</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-34-2"> 2</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-34-3"> 3</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-34-4"> 4</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-34-5"> 5</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-34-6"> 6</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-34-7"> 7</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-34-8"> 8</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-34-9"> 9</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-34-10">10</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-34-11">11</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-34-12">12</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-34-13">13</a></span></pre></div></td><td class="code"><div><pre><span></span><code><a id="__codelineno-34-1" name="__codelineno-34-1"></a><span class="c1">// constructor function</span>
+<a id="__codelineno-34-2" name="__codelineno-34-2"></a><span class="kd">function</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="nx">Obj</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="nx">param1</span><span class="p">,</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="p">...)</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="p">{</span>
+<a id="__codelineno-34-3" name="__codelineno-34-3"></a><span class="w">    </span><span class="k">this</span><span class="p">.</span><span class="nx">param1</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="o">=</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="nx">param1</span><span class="p">,</span>
+<a id="__codelineno-34-4" name="__codelineno-34-4"></a><span class="w">    </span><span class="p">...</span>
+<a id="__codelineno-34-5" name="__codelineno-34-5"></a><span class="p">}</span>
+<a id="__codelineno-34-6" name="__codelineno-34-6"></a>
+<a id="__codelineno-34-7" name="__codelineno-34-7"></a><span class="c1">// method on the object</span>
+<a id="__codelineno-34-8" name="__codelineno-34-8"></a><span class="nx">Obj</span><span class="p">.</span><span class="nx">prototype</span><span class="p">.</span><span class="nx">method</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="o">=</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="kd">function</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="nx">params</span><span class="p">)</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="p">{</span>
+<a id="__codelineno-34-9" name="__codelineno-34-9"></a><span class="w">    </span><span class="c1">// code here (operate w/ this)</span>
+<a id="__codelineno-34-10" name="__codelineno-34-10"></a><span class="p">}</span>
+<a id="__codelineno-34-11" name="__codelineno-34-11"></a>
+<a id="__codelineno-34-12" name="__codelineno-34-12"></a><span class="kd">let</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="nx">obj</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="o">=</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="ow">new</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="nx">Obj</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="nx">args</span><span class="p">);</span><span class="w">  </span><span class="c1">// object instantiation</span>
+<a id="__codelineno-34-13" name="__codelineno-34-13"></a><span class="nx">obj</span><span class="p">.</span><span class="nx">method</span><span class="p">();</span><span class="w">  </span><span class="c1">// call method from prototype</span>
+</code></pre></div></td></tr></table></div>
+<h3 id="extending-with-prototypes">Extending with prototypes</h3>
+<div class="highlight"><table class="highlighttable"><tr><th colspan="2" class="filename"><span class="filename">JavaScript</span></th></tr><tr><td class="linenos"><div class="linenodiv"><pre><span></span><span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-35-1"> 1</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-35-2"> 2</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-35-3"> 3</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-35-4"> 4</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-35-5"> 5</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-35-6"> 6</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-35-7"> 7</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-35-8"> 8</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-35-9"> 9</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-35-10">10</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-35-11">11</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-35-12">12</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-35-13">13</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-35-14">14</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-35-15">15</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-35-16">16</a></span></pre></div></td><td class="code"><div><pre><span></span><code><a id="__codelineno-35-1" name="__codelineno-35-1"></a><span class="c1">// constructor function</span>
+<a id="__codelineno-35-2" name="__codelineno-35-2"></a><span class="kd">function</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="nx">DerivedObj</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="nx">param1</span><span class="p">,</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="nx">param2</span><span class="p">,</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="p">...)</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="p">{</span>
+<a id="__codelineno-35-3" name="__codelineno-35-3"></a><span class="w">    </span><span class="nx">Obj</span><span class="p">.</span><span class="nx">call</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="k">this</span><span class="p">,</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="nx">param1</span><span class="p">);</span><span class="w">  </span><span class="c1">// use prototype constructor</span>
+<a id="__codelineno-35-4" name="__codelineno-35-4"></a><span class="w">    </span><span class="k">this</span><span class="p">.</span><span class="nx">param2</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="o">=</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="nx">param2</span><span class="p">;</span>
+<a id="__codelineno-35-5" name="__codelineno-35-5"></a><span class="p">}</span>
+<a id="__codelineno-35-6" name="__codelineno-35-6"></a>
+<a id="__codelineno-35-7" name="__codelineno-35-7"></a><span class="c1">// extend Obj</span>
+<a id="__codelineno-35-8" name="__codelineno-35-8"></a><span class="nx">DerivedObj</span><span class="p">.</span><span class="nx">prototype</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="o">=</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="nb">Object</span><span class="p">.</span><span class="nx">create</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="nx">Obj</span><span class="p">.</span><span class="nx">prototype</span><span class="p">);</span>
+<a id="__codelineno-35-9" name="__codelineno-35-9"></a>
+<a id="__codelineno-35-10" name="__codelineno-35-10"></a><span class="c1">// method on object</span>
+<a id="__codelineno-35-11" name="__codelineno-35-11"></a><span class="nx">DerivedObj</span><span class="p">.</span><span class="nx">prototype</span><span class="p">.</span><span class="nx">method</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="o">=</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="kd">function</span><span class="p">()</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="p">{</span>
+<a id="__codelineno-35-12" name="__codelineno-35-12"></a><span class="w">    </span><span class="c1">// code here (operate w/ this)</span>
+<a id="__codelineno-35-13" name="__codelineno-35-13"></a><span class="p">}</span>
+<a id="__codelineno-35-14" name="__codelineno-35-14"></a>
+<a id="__codelineno-35-15" name="__codelineno-35-15"></a><span class="kd">let</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="nx">dobj</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="o">=</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="ow">new</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="nx">DerivedObj</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="nx">args</span><span class="p">);</span><span class="w">  </span><span class="c1">// object instantiation</span>
+<a id="__codelineno-35-16" name="__codelineno-35-16"></a><span class="nx">dobj</span><span class="p">.</span><span class="nx">method</span><span class="p">();</span><span class="w">  </span><span class="c1">// call method from prototype</span>
+</code></pre></div></td></tr></table></div>
+<h3 id="classes-es6">Classes (ES6+)</h3>
+<div class="highlight"><table class="highlighttable"><tr><th colspan="2" class="filename"><span class="filename">JavaScript</span></th></tr><tr><td class="linenos"><div class="linenodiv"><pre><span></span><span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-36-1"> 1</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-36-2"> 2</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-36-3"> 3</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-36-4"> 4</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-36-5"> 5</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-36-6"> 6</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-36-7"> 7</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-36-8"> 8</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-36-9"> 9</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-36-10">10</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-36-11">11</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-36-12">12</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-36-13">13</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-36-14">14</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-36-15">15</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-36-16">16</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-36-17">17</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-36-18">18</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-36-19">19</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-36-20">20</a></span></pre></div></td><td class="code"><div><pre><span></span><code><a id="__codelineno-36-1" name="__codelineno-36-1"></a><span class="kd">class</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="nx">Obj</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="p">{</span>
+<a id="__codelineno-36-2" name="__codelineno-36-2"></a><span class="w">    </span><span class="kr">constructor</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="nx">param1</span><span class="p">,</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="p">...)</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="p">{</span>
+<a id="__codelineno-36-3" name="__codelineno-36-3"></a><span class="w">        </span><span class="k">this</span><span class="p">.</span><span class="nx">param1</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="o">=</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="nx">param1</span><span class="p">,</span>
+<a id="__codelineno-36-4" name="__codelineno-36-4"></a><span class="w">        </span><span class="p">...</span>
+<a id="__codelineno-36-5" name="__codelineno-36-5"></a><span class="w">    </span><span class="p">}</span>
+<a id="__codelineno-36-6" name="__codelineno-36-6"></a>
+<a id="__codelineno-36-7" name="__codelineno-36-7"></a><span class="w">    </span><span class="nx">get</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="nx">param1</span><span class="p">()</span><span class="w">  </span><span class="c1">// getter</span>
+<a id="__codelineno-36-8" name="__codelineno-36-8"></a><span class="w">    </span><span class="p">{</span>
+<a id="__codelineno-36-9" name="__codelineno-36-9"></a><span class="w">        </span><span class="k">return</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="k">this</span><span class="p">.</span><span class="nx">param1</span><span class="p">;</span>
+<a id="__codelineno-36-10" name="__codelineno-36-10"></a><span class="w">    </span><span class="p">}</span>
+<a id="__codelineno-36-11" name="__codelineno-36-11"></a>
+<a id="__codelineno-36-12" name="__codelineno-36-12"></a><span class="w">    </span><span class="nx">func</span><span class="p">()</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="p">{</span>
+<a id="__codelineno-36-13" name="__codelineno-36-13"></a><span class="w">        </span><span class="c1">// code here (operate w/ this)</span>
+<a id="__codelineno-36-14" name="__codelineno-36-14"></a><span class="w">    </span><span class="p">}</span>
+<a id="__codelineno-36-15" name="__codelineno-36-15"></a>
+<a id="__codelineno-36-16" name="__codelineno-36-16"></a><span class="w">    </span><span class="k">static</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="nx">func</span><span class="p">()</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="p">{</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="p">}</span><span class="w">  </span><span class="c1">// static method</span>
+<a id="__codelineno-36-17" name="__codelineno-36-17"></a>
+<a id="__codelineno-36-18" name="__codelineno-36-18"></a><span class="c1">// object instantiation</span>
+<a id="__codelineno-36-19" name="__codelineno-36-19"></a><span class="kd">let</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="nx">obj</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="o">=</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="ow">new</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="nx">Obj</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="nx">param1</span><span class="p">,</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="p">...);</span>
+<a id="__codelineno-36-20" name="__codelineno-36-20"></a><span class="nx">obj</span><span class="p">.</span><span class="nx">func</span><span class="p">();</span><span class="w">  </span><span class="c1">// call method</span>
+</code></pre></div></td></tr></table></div>
+<h3 id="extending-with-classes">Extending with Classes</h3>
+<div class="highlight"><table class="highlighttable"><tr><th colspan="2" class="filename"><span class="filename">JavaScript</span></th></tr><tr><td class="linenos"><div class="linenodiv"><pre><span></span><span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-37-1"> 1</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-37-2"> 2</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-37-3"> 3</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-37-4"> 4</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-37-5"> 5</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-37-6"> 6</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-37-7"> 7</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-37-8"> 8</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-37-9"> 9</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-37-10">10</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-37-11">11</a></span></pre></div></td><td class="code"><div><pre><span></span><code><a id="__codelineno-37-1" name="__codelineno-37-1"></a><span class="kd">class</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="nx">DerivedObj</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="k">extends</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="nx">Obj</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="p">{</span>
+<a id="__codelineno-37-2" name="__codelineno-37-2"></a><span class="w">    </span><span class="kr">constructor</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="nx">param1</span><span class="p">,</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="nx">param2</span><span class="p">,</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="p">...){</span>
+<a id="__codelineno-37-3" name="__codelineno-37-3"></a><span class="w">        </span><span class="k">super</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="nx">param1</span><span class="p">);</span><span class="w">  </span><span class="c1">// use superclass constructor</span>
+<a id="__codelineno-37-4" name="__codelineno-37-4"></a><span class="w">        </span><span class="k">this</span><span class="p">.</span><span class="nx">param2</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="o">=</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="nx">param2</span><span class="p">;</span>
+<a id="__codelineno-37-5" name="__codelineno-37-5"></a><span class="w">    </span><span class="p">}</span>
+<a id="__codelineno-37-6" name="__codelineno-37-6"></a>
+<a id="__codelineno-37-7" name="__codelineno-37-7"></a><span class="w">    </span><span class="nx">newFunc</span><span class="p">()</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="p">{</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="p">}</span>
+<a id="__codelineno-37-8" name="__codelineno-37-8"></a><span class="p">}</span>
+<a id="__codelineno-37-9" name="__codelineno-37-9"></a>
+<a id="__codelineno-37-10" name="__codelineno-37-10"></a><span class="kd">let</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="nx">dobj</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="o">=</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="nx">DerivedObj</span><span class="p">();</span>
+<a id="__codelineno-37-11" name="__codelineno-37-11"></a><span class="nx">dobj</span><span class="p">.</span><span class="nx">newFunc</span><span class="p">();</span>
+</code></pre></div></td></tr></table></div>
+<h2 id="deconstruction">Deconstruction</h2>
+<h3 id="object-deconstruction">Object deconstruction</h3>
+<div class="highlight"><table class="highlighttable"><tr><th colspan="2" class="filename"><span class="filename">JavaScript</span></th></tr><tr><td class="linenos"><div class="linenodiv"><pre><span></span><span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-38-1">1</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-38-2">2</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-38-3">3</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-38-4">4</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-38-5">5</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-38-6">6</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-38-7">7</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-38-8">8</a></span></pre></div></td><td class="code"><div><pre><span></span><code><a id="__codelineno-38-1" name="__codelineno-38-1"></a><span class="kd">let</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="nx">obj</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="o">=</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="p">{</span>
+<a id="__codelineno-38-2" name="__codelineno-38-2"></a><span class="w">    </span><span class="nx">property</span><span class="o">:</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="nx">value</span><span class="p">,</span>
+<a id="__codelineno-38-3" name="__codelineno-38-3"></a><span class="w">    </span><span class="p">...</span>
+<a id="__codelineno-38-4" name="__codelineno-38-4"></a><span class="p">}</span>
+<a id="__codelineno-38-5" name="__codelineno-38-5"></a>
+<a id="__codelineno-38-6" name="__codelineno-38-6"></a><span class="kd">let</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="p">{</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="nx">var1</span><span class="p">,</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="nx">var2</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="p">}</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="o">=</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="nx">obj</span><span class="p">;</span><span class="w">  </span><span class="c1">// extract values from object into variables</span>
+<a id="__codelineno-38-7" name="__codelineno-38-7"></a><span class="kd">let</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="p">{</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="nx">property</span><span class="o">:</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="nx">var1</span><span class="p">,</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="nx">property2</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="o">:</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="nx">var2</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="p">}</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="o">=</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="nx">obj</span><span class="p">;</span><span class="w">  </span><span class="c1">// extract props in variables w/ specified names</span>
+<a id="__codelineno-38-8" name="__codelineno-38-8"></a><span class="kd">let</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="p">{</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="nx">property</span><span class="o">:</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="nx">var1</span><span class="p">,</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="nx">var2</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="o">=</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="nx">default_value</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="p">}</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="o">=</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="nx">obj</span><span class="p">;</span><span class="w">  </span><span class="c1">// use default values if object has less then expected props</span>
+</code></pre></div></td></tr></table></div>
+<h3 id="array-deconstruction">Array Deconstruction</h3>
+<div class="highlight"><table class="highlighttable"><tr><th colspan="2" class="filename"><span class="filename">JavaScript</span></th></tr><tr><td class="linenos"><div class="linenodiv"><pre><span></span><span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-39-1">1</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-39-2">2</a></span></pre></div></td><td class="code"><div><pre><span></span><code><a id="__codelineno-39-1" name="__codelineno-39-1"></a><span class="kd">let</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="nx">array</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="o">=</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="p">[</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="mf">1</span><span class="p">,</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="mf">2</span><span class="p">,</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="mf">3</span><span class="p">,</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="mf">4</span><span class="p">,</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="mf">5</span><span class="p">,</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="mf">6</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="p">];</span>
+<a id="__codelineno-39-2" name="__codelineno-39-2"></a><span class="kd">let</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="p">[</span><span class="nx">first</span><span class="p">,</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="p">,</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="nx">third</span><span class="p">,</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="p">,</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="nx">seventh</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="o">=</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="s2">&quot;missing&quot;</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="p">]</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="o">=</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="nx">array</span><span class="p">;</span><span class="w">  </span><span class="c1">// extract specific values from array</span>
+</code></pre></div></td></tr></table></div>
+<h2 id="serialization">Serialization</h2>
+<div class="highlight"><table class="highlighttable"><tr><th colspan="2" class="filename"><span class="filename">JavaScript</span></th></tr><tr><td class="linenos"><div class="linenodiv"><pre><span></span><span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-40-1">1</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-40-2">2</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-40-3">3</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-40-4">4</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-40-5">5</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-40-6">6</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-40-7">7</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-40-8">8</a></span></pre></div></td><td class="code"><div><pre><span></span><code><a id="__codelineno-40-1" name="__codelineno-40-1"></a><span class="kd">let</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="nx">object</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="o">=</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="p">{</span>
+<a id="__codelineno-40-2" name="__codelineno-40-2"></a><span class="w">    </span><span class="c1">// object attributes</span>
+<a id="__codelineno-40-3" name="__codelineno-40-3"></a><span class="p">}</span>
+<a id="__codelineno-40-4" name="__codelineno-40-4"></a>
+<a id="__codelineno-40-5" name="__codelineno-40-5"></a><span class="kd">let</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="nx">json</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="o">=</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="nb">JSON</span><span class="p">.</span><span class="nx">stringify</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="nx">object</span><span class="p">);</span><span class="w">  </span><span class="c1">// serialize object in JSON</span>
+<a id="__codelineno-40-6" name="__codelineno-40-6"></a>
+<a id="__codelineno-40-7" name="__codelineno-40-7"></a><span class="kd">let</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="nx">json</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="o">=</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="p">{</span><span class="w">  </span><span class="cm">/* JSON */</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="p">};</span>
+<a id="__codelineno-40-8" name="__codelineno-40-8"></a><span class="kd">let</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="nx">object</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="o">=</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="nb">JSON</span><span class="p">.</span><span class="nx">parse</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="nx">json</span><span class="p">);</span><span class="w">  </span><span class="c1">// deserialize to Object</span>
+</code></pre></div></td></tr></table></div>
+<h2 id="timing">Timing</h2>
+<h3 id="timers">Timers</h3>
+<p>Function runs <em>once</em> after an interval of time.</p>
+<div class="highlight"><table class="highlighttable"><tr><th colspan="2" class="filename"><span class="filename">JavaScript</span></th></tr><tr><td class="linenos"><div class="linenodiv"><pre><span></span><span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-41-1"> 1</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-41-2"> 2</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-41-3"> 3</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-41-4"> 4</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-41-5"> 5</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-41-6"> 6</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-41-7"> 7</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-41-8"> 8</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-41-9"> 9</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-41-10">10</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-41-11">11</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-41-12">12</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-41-13">13</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-41-14">14</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-41-15">15</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-41-16">16</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-41-17">17</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-41-18">18</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-41-19">19</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-41-20">20</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-41-21">21</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-41-22">22</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-41-23">23</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-41-24">24</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-41-25">25</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-41-26">26</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-41-27">27</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-41-28">28</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-41-29">29</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-41-30">30</a></span></pre></div></td><td class="code"><div><pre><span></span><code><a id="__codelineno-41-1" name="__codelineno-41-1"></a><span class="c1">// param1, param2, ... are the arguments passed to the function (IE9+)</span>
+<a id="__codelineno-41-2" name="__codelineno-41-2"></a><span class="kd">let</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="nx">timerId</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="o">=</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="nx">setTimeout</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="nx">func</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="p">[,</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="nx">milliseconds</span><span class="p">,</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="nx">param1</span><span class="p">,</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="nx">param2</span><span class="p">,</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="p">...</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="p">]);</span><span class="w">  </span><span class="c1">// wait milliseconds before executing the code (params are read at execution time)</span>
+<a id="__codelineno-41-3" name="__codelineno-41-3"></a>
+<a id="__codelineno-41-4" name="__codelineno-41-4"></a><span class="c1">// works in IE9</span>
+<a id="__codelineno-41-5" name="__codelineno-41-5"></a><span class="kd">let</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="nx">timerId</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="o">=</span><span class="w">  </span><span class="nx">setTimeout</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="kd">function</span><span class="p">(){</span>
+<a id="__codelineno-41-6" name="__codelineno-41-6"></a><span class="w">    </span><span class="nx">func</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="nx">param1</span><span class="p">,</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="nx">param2</span><span class="p">);</span>
+<a id="__codelineno-41-7" name="__codelineno-41-7"></a><span class="p">},</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="nx">milliseconds</span><span class="p">);</span>
+<a id="__codelineno-41-8" name="__codelineno-41-8"></a>
+<a id="__codelineno-41-9" name="__codelineno-41-9"></a><span class="c1">// Anonymous functions with arguments</span>
+<a id="__codelineno-41-10" name="__codelineno-41-10"></a><span class="kd">let</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="nx">timerId</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="o">=</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="nx">setTimeout</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="kd">function</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="nx">arg1</span><span class="p">,</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="p">...){</span>
+<a id="__codelineno-41-11" name="__codelineno-41-11"></a><span class="w">    </span><span class="c1">// code here</span>
+<a id="__codelineno-41-12" name="__codelineno-41-12"></a><span class="p">},</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="nx">milliseconds</span><span class="p">,</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="nx">param1</span><span class="p">,</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="p">...);</span>
+<a id="__codelineno-41-13" name="__codelineno-41-13"></a>
+<a id="__codelineno-41-14" name="__codelineno-41-14"></a><span class="nx">clearTimeout</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="nx">timerId</span><span class="p">)</span><span class="w">  </span><span class="c1">// cancel execution</span>
+<a id="__codelineno-41-15" name="__codelineno-41-15"></a>
+<a id="__codelineno-41-16" name="__codelineno-41-16"></a><span class="c1">// example of multiple consecutive schedules</span>
+<a id="__codelineno-41-17" name="__codelineno-41-17"></a><span class="kd">let</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="nx">list</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="o">=</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="p">[</span><span class="mf">1</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="p">,</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="mf">2</span><span class="p">,</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="mf">3</span><span class="p">,</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="mf">4</span><span class="p">,</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="mf">5</span><span class="p">,</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="mf">6</span><span class="p">,</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="mf">7</span><span class="p">,</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="mf">8</span><span class="p">,</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="mf">9</span><span class="p">,</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="mf">10</span><span class="p">,</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="s2">&quot;A&quot;</span><span class="p">,</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="s2">&quot;B&quot;</span><span class="p">,</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="s2">&quot;C&quot;</span><span class="p">,</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="s2">&quot;D&quot;</span><span class="p">,</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="s2">&quot;E&quot;</span><span class="p">,</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="s2">&quot;F&quot;</span><span class="p">,</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="s2">&quot;G&quot;</span><span class="p">,</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="s2">&quot;H&quot;</span><span class="p">,</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="s2">&quot;I&quot;</span><span class="p">,</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="s2">&quot;J&quot;</span><span class="p">,</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="o">-</span><span class="mf">1</span><span class="p">,</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="o">-</span><span class="mf">2</span><span class="p">,</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="o">-</span><span class="mf">3</span><span class="p">,</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="o">-</span><span class="mf">4</span><span class="p">,</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="o">-</span><span class="mf">5</span><span class="p">,</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="o">-</span><span class="mf">6</span><span class="p">,</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="o">-</span><span class="mf">7</span><span class="p">,</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="o">-</span><span class="mf">8</span><span class="p">,</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="o">-</span><span class="mf">9</span><span class="p">,</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="o">-</span><span class="mf">10</span><span class="p">]</span>
+<a id="__codelineno-41-18" name="__codelineno-41-18"></a><span class="kd">function</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="nx">useTimeout</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="nx">pos</span><span class="o">=</span><span class="mf">0</span><span class="p">)</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="p">{</span>
+<a id="__codelineno-41-19" name="__codelineno-41-19"></a>
+<a id="__codelineno-41-20" name="__codelineno-41-20"></a><span class="w">    </span><span class="nx">setTimeout</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="kd">function</span><span class="p">(){</span>
+<a id="__codelineno-41-21" name="__codelineno-41-21"></a><span class="w">        </span><span class="nx">console</span><span class="p">.</span><span class="nx">log</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="nx">list</span><span class="p">[</span><span class="nx">pos</span><span class="p">]);</span>
+<a id="__codelineno-41-22" name="__codelineno-41-22"></a><span class="w">        </span><span class="nx">pos</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="o">+=</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="mf">1</span><span class="p">;</span><span class="w">  </span><span class="c1">// update value for next call</span>
+<a id="__codelineno-41-23" name="__codelineno-41-23"></a>
+<a id="__codelineno-41-24" name="__codelineno-41-24"></a><span class="w">        </span><span class="k">if</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="p">(</span><span class="nx">pos</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="o">&lt;</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="nx">list</span><span class="p">.</span><span class="nx">length</span><span class="p">)</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="p">{</span><span class="w">  </span><span class="c1">// recursion exit condition</span>
+<a id="__codelineno-41-25" name="__codelineno-41-25"></a><span class="w">            </span><span class="nx">useTimeout</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="nx">pos</span><span class="p">);</span><span class="w">  </span><span class="c1">// schedule next call with new value</span>
+<a id="__codelineno-41-26" name="__codelineno-41-26"></a><span class="w">        </span><span class="p">}</span>
+<a id="__codelineno-41-27" name="__codelineno-41-27"></a><span class="w">    </span><span class="p">},</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="mf">1</span><span class="nx">_000</span><span class="p">,</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="nx">pos</span><span class="p">);</span>
+<a id="__codelineno-41-28" name="__codelineno-41-28"></a><span class="p">}</span>
+<a id="__codelineno-41-29" name="__codelineno-41-29"></a>
+<a id="__codelineno-41-30" name="__codelineno-41-30"></a><span class="nx">useTimeout</span><span class="p">();</span>
+</code></pre></div></td></tr></table></div>
+<h3 id="let-vs-var-with-settimeout"><code>let</code> vs <code>var</code> with <code>setTimeout</code></h3>
+<div class="highlight"><table class="highlighttable"><tr><th colspan="2" class="filename"><span class="filename">JavaScript</span></th></tr><tr><td class="linenos"><div class="linenodiv"><pre><span></span><span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-42-1"> 1</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-42-2"> 2</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-42-3"> 3</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-42-4"> 4</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-42-5"> 5</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-42-6"> 6</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-42-7"> 7</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-42-8"> 8</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-42-9"> 9</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-42-10">10</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-42-11">11</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-42-12">12</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-42-13">13</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-42-14">14</a></span></pre></div></td><td class="code"><div><pre><span></span><code><a id="__codelineno-42-1" name="__codelineno-42-1"></a><span class="c1">// let instantiates a new variable for each iteration</span>
+<a id="__codelineno-42-2" name="__codelineno-42-2"></a><span class="k">for</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="p">(</span><span class="kd">let</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="nx">i</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="o">=</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="mf">0</span><span class="p">;</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="nx">i</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="o">&lt;</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="mf">3</span><span class="p">;</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="o">++</span><span class="nx">i</span><span class="p">)</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="p">{</span>
+<a id="__codelineno-42-3" name="__codelineno-42-3"></a><span class="w">    </span><span class="nx">setTimeout</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="kd">function</span><span class="p">()</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="p">{</span>
+<a id="__codelineno-42-4" name="__codelineno-42-4"></a><span class="w">        </span><span class="nx">console</span><span class="p">.</span><span class="nx">log</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="nx">i</span><span class="p">);</span>
+<a id="__codelineno-42-5" name="__codelineno-42-5"></a><span class="w">    </span><span class="p">},</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="nx">i</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="o">*</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="mf">100</span><span class="p">);</span>
+<a id="__codelineno-42-6" name="__codelineno-42-6"></a><span class="p">}</span>
+<a id="__codelineno-42-7" name="__codelineno-42-7"></a><span class="c1">// output: 0, 1, 2</span>
+<a id="__codelineno-42-8" name="__codelineno-42-8"></a>
+<a id="__codelineno-42-9" name="__codelineno-42-9"></a><span class="k">for</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="p">(</span><span class="kd">var</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="nx">i</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="o">=</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="mf">0</span><span class="p">;</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="nx">i</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="o">&lt;</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="mf">3</span><span class="p">;</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="o">++</span><span class="nx">i</span><span class="p">)</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="p">{</span>
+<a id="__codelineno-42-10" name="__codelineno-42-10"></a><span class="w">    </span><span class="nx">setTimeout</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="kd">function</span><span class="p">()</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="p">{</span>
+<a id="__codelineno-42-11" name="__codelineno-42-11"></a><span class="w">        </span><span class="nx">console</span><span class="p">.</span><span class="nx">log</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="nx">i</span><span class="p">);</span>
+<a id="__codelineno-42-12" name="__codelineno-42-12"></a><span class="w">    </span><span class="p">},</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="nx">i</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="o">*</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="mf">100</span><span class="p">);</span>
+<a id="__codelineno-42-13" name="__codelineno-42-13"></a><span class="p">}</span>
+<a id="__codelineno-42-14" name="__codelineno-42-14"></a><span class="c1">// output: 3, 3, 3</span>
+</code></pre></div></td></tr></table></div>
+<h3 id="preserving-the-context">Preserving the context</h3>
+<div class="highlight"><table class="highlighttable"><tr><th colspan="2" class="filename"><span class="filename">JavaScript</span></th></tr><tr><td class="linenos"><div class="linenodiv"><pre><span></span><span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-43-1"> 1</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-43-2"> 2</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-43-3"> 3</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-43-4"> 4</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-43-5"> 5</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-43-6"> 6</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-43-7"> 7</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-43-8"> 8</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-43-9"> 9</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-43-10">10</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-43-11">11</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-43-12">12</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-43-13">13</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-43-14">14</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-43-15">15</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-43-16">16</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-43-17">17</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-43-18">18</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-43-19">19</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-43-20">20</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-43-21">21</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-43-22">22</a></span></pre></div></td><td class="code"><div><pre><span></span><code><a id="__codelineno-43-1" name="__codelineno-43-1"></a><span class="kd">let</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="nx">obj</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="o">=</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="p">{</span>
+<a id="__codelineno-43-2" name="__codelineno-43-2"></a><span class="w">    </span><span class="nx">prop</span><span class="o">:</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="nx">value</span><span class="p">,</span>
+<a id="__codelineno-43-3" name="__codelineno-43-3"></a>
+<a id="__codelineno-43-4" name="__codelineno-43-4"></a><span class="w">    </span><span class="nx">method1</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="o">:</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="kd">function</span><span class="p">()</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="p">{</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="cm">/* statement */</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="p">}</span>
+<a id="__codelineno-43-5" name="__codelineno-43-5"></a>
+<a id="__codelineno-43-6" name="__codelineno-43-6"></a><span class="w">    </span><span class="nx">method2</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="o">:</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="kd">function</span><span class="p">()</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="p">{</span>
+<a id="__codelineno-43-7" name="__codelineno-43-7"></a><span class="w">        </span><span class="kd">let</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="nx">self</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="o">=</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="k">this</span><span class="w">  </span><span class="c1">// memorize context inside method (otherwise callback will not know it)</span>
+<a id="__codelineno-43-8" name="__codelineno-43-8"></a><span class="w">        </span><span class="nx">setTimeout</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="kd">function</span><span class="p">()</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="p">{</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="cm">/* code here (uses self) */</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="p">})</span>
+<a id="__codelineno-43-9" name="__codelineno-43-9"></a><span class="w">    </span><span class="p">}</span>
+<a id="__codelineno-43-10" name="__codelineno-43-10"></a><span class="p">}</span>
+<a id="__codelineno-43-11" name="__codelineno-43-11"></a>
+<a id="__codelineno-43-12" name="__codelineno-43-12"></a>
+<a id="__codelineno-43-13" name="__codelineno-43-13"></a><span class="c1">// better</span>
+<a id="__codelineno-43-14" name="__codelineno-43-14"></a><span class="kd">let</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="nx">obj</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="o">=</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="p">{</span>
+<a id="__codelineno-43-15" name="__codelineno-43-15"></a><span class="w">    </span><span class="nx">prop</span><span class="o">:</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="nx">value</span><span class="p">,</span>
+<a id="__codelineno-43-16" name="__codelineno-43-16"></a>
+<a id="__codelineno-43-17" name="__codelineno-43-17"></a><span class="w">    </span><span class="nx">method1</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="o">:</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="kd">function</span><span class="p">()</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="p">{</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="cm">/* statement */</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="p">}</span>
+<a id="__codelineno-43-18" name="__codelineno-43-18"></a>
+<a id="__codelineno-43-19" name="__codelineno-43-19"></a><span class="w">    </span><span class="nx">method2</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="o">:</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="kd">function</span><span class="p">()</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="p">{</span>
+<a id="__codelineno-43-20" name="__codelineno-43-20"></a><span class="w">        </span><span class="nx">setTimeout</span><span class="p">(()</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="p">=&gt;</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="p">{</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="cm">/* code here (uses this) */</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="p">})</span><span class="w">  </span><span class="c1">// arrow func does not create new scope, this context preserved</span>
+<a id="__codelineno-43-21" name="__codelineno-43-21"></a><span class="w">    </span><span class="p">}</span>
+<a id="__codelineno-43-22" name="__codelineno-43-22"></a><span class="p">}</span>
+</code></pre></div></td></tr></table></div>
+<h3 id="intervals">Intervals</h3>
+<p>Function runs regularly with a specified interval. JavaScript is <strong>Single Threaded</strong>.</p>
+<div class="highlight"><table class="highlighttable"><tr><th colspan="2" class="filename"><span class="filename">JavaScript</span></th></tr><tr><td class="linenos"><div class="linenodiv"><pre><span></span><span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-44-1"> 1</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-44-2"> 2</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-44-3"> 3</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-44-4"> 4</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-44-5"> 5</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-44-6"> 6</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-44-7"> 7</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-44-8"> 8</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-44-9"> 9</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-44-10">10</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-44-11">11</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-44-12">12</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-44-13">13</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-44-14">14</a></span></pre></div></td><td class="code"><div><pre><span></span><code><a id="__codelineno-44-1" name="__codelineno-44-1"></a><span class="c1">// param1, param2, ... are the arguments passed to the function (IE9+)</span>
+<a id="__codelineno-44-2" name="__codelineno-44-2"></a><span class="kd">let</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="nx">timerId</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="o">=</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="nx">setInterval</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="nx">func</span><span class="p">,</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="nx">milliseconds</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="p">[,</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="nx">param1</span><span class="p">,</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="nx">param2</span><span class="p">,</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="p">...</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="p">]);</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="c1">// (params are read at execution time)</span>
+<a id="__codelineno-44-3" name="__codelineno-44-3"></a>
+<a id="__codelineno-44-4" name="__codelineno-44-4"></a><span class="c1">// works in IE9</span>
+<a id="__codelineno-44-5" name="__codelineno-44-5"></a><span class="kd">let</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="nx">timerId</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="o">=</span><span class="w">  </span><span class="nx">setInterval</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="kd">function</span><span class="p">(){</span>
+<a id="__codelineno-44-6" name="__codelineno-44-6"></a><span class="w">    </span><span class="nx">func</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="nx">param1</span><span class="p">,</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="nx">param2</span><span class="p">);</span>
+<a id="__codelineno-44-7" name="__codelineno-44-7"></a><span class="p">},</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="nx">milliseconds</span><span class="p">);</span>
+<a id="__codelineno-44-8" name="__codelineno-44-8"></a>
+<a id="__codelineno-44-9" name="__codelineno-44-9"></a><span class="c1">// Anonymous functions with arguments</span>
+<a id="__codelineno-44-10" name="__codelineno-44-10"></a><span class="kd">let</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="nx">timerId</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="o">=</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="nx">setInterval</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="kd">function</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="nx">arg1</span><span class="p">,</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="p">...){</span>
+<a id="__codelineno-44-11" name="__codelineno-44-11"></a><span class="w">    </span><span class="c1">// code here</span>
+<a id="__codelineno-44-12" name="__codelineno-44-12"></a><span class="p">},</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="nx">milliseconds</span><span class="p">,</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="nx">param1</span><span class="p">,</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="p">...);</span>
+<a id="__codelineno-44-13" name="__codelineno-44-13"></a>
+<a id="__codelineno-44-14" name="__codelineno-44-14"></a><span class="nx">clearTimeout</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="nx">timerId</span><span class="p">);</span><span class="w">  </span><span class="c1">// cancel execution</span>
+</code></pre></div></td></tr></table></div>
+<h2 id="datetime">DateTime</h2>
+<p>A date consists of a year, a month, a day, an hour, a minute, a second, and milliseconds.</p>
+<p>There are generally 4 types of JavaScript date input formats:</p>
+<ul>
+<li><strong>ISO Date</strong>: <code>"2015-03-25"</code></li>
+<li>Short Date: <code>"03/25/2015"</code></li>
+<li>Long Date: <code>"Mar 25 2015"</code> or <code>"25 Mar 2015"</code></li>
+<li>Full Date: <code>"Wednesday March 25 2015"</code></li>
+</ul>
+<div class="highlight"><table class="highlighttable"><tr><th colspan="2" class="filename"><span class="filename">JavaScript</span></th></tr><tr><td class="linenos"><div class="linenodiv"><pre><span></span><span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-45-1"> 1</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-45-2"> 2</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-45-3"> 3</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-45-4"> 4</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-45-5"> 5</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-45-6"> 6</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-45-7"> 7</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-45-8"> 8</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-45-9"> 9</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-45-10">10</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-45-11">11</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-45-12">12</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-45-13">13</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-45-14">14</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-45-15">15</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-45-16">16</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-45-17">17</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-45-18">18</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-45-19">19</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-45-20">20</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-45-21">21</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-45-22">22</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-45-23">23</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-45-24">24</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-45-25">25</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-45-26">26</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-45-27">27</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-45-28">28</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-45-29">29</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-45-30">30</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-45-31">31</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-45-32">32</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-45-33">33</a></span></pre></div></td><td class="code"><div><pre><span></span><code><a id="__codelineno-45-1" name="__codelineno-45-1"></a><span class="c1">// constructors</span>
+<a id="__codelineno-45-2" name="__codelineno-45-2"></a><span class="ow">new</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="nb">Date</span><span class="p">();</span>
+<a id="__codelineno-45-3" name="__codelineno-45-3"></a><span class="ow">new</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="nb">Date</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="nx">milliseconds</span><span class="p">);</span>
+<a id="__codelineno-45-4" name="__codelineno-45-4"></a><span class="ow">new</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="nb">Date</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="nx">dateString</span><span class="p">);</span>
+<a id="__codelineno-45-5" name="__codelineno-45-5"></a><span class="ow">new</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="nb">Date</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="nx">year</span><span class="p">,</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="nx">month</span><span class="p">,</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="nx">day</span><span class="p">,</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="nx">hours</span><span class="p">,</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="nx">minutes</span><span class="p">,</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="nx">seconds</span><span class="p">,</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="nx">milliseconds</span><span class="p">);</span>
+<a id="__codelineno-45-6" name="__codelineno-45-6"></a>
+<a id="__codelineno-45-7" name="__codelineno-45-7"></a><span class="c1">// accepts parameters similar to the Date constructor, but treats them as UTC. It returns the number of milliseconds since January 1, 1970, 00:00:00 UTC.</span>
+<a id="__codelineno-45-8" name="__codelineno-45-8"></a><span class="nb">Date</span><span class="p">.</span><span class="nx">UTC</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="nx">year</span><span class="p">,</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="nx">month</span><span class="p">,</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="nx">day</span><span class="p">,</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="nx">hours</span><span class="p">,</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="nx">minutes</span><span class="p">,</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="nx">seconds</span><span class="p">,</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="nx">milliseconds</span><span class="p">);</span>
+<a id="__codelineno-45-9" name="__codelineno-45-9"></a>
+<a id="__codelineno-45-10" name="__codelineno-45-10"></a><span class="c1">//static methods</span>
+<a id="__codelineno-45-11" name="__codelineno-45-11"></a><span class="nb">Date</span><span class="p">.</span><span class="nx">now</span><span class="p">();</span><span class="w">  </span><span class="c1">// returns the number of milliseconds elapsed since January 1, 1970 00:00:00 UTC.</span>
+<a id="__codelineno-45-12" name="__codelineno-45-12"></a>
+<a id="__codelineno-45-13" name="__codelineno-45-13"></a><span class="c1">// methods</span>
+<a id="__codelineno-45-14" name="__codelineno-45-14"></a><span class="kd">let</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="nx">date</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="o">=</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="ow">new</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="nb">Date</span><span class="p">();</span>
+<a id="__codelineno-45-15" name="__codelineno-45-15"></a><span class="nx">date</span><span class="p">.</span><span class="nx">toSting</span><span class="p">();</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="c1">// returns a string representing the specified Date object</span>
+<a id="__codelineno-45-16" name="__codelineno-45-16"></a><span class="nx">date</span><span class="p">.</span><span class="nx">toUTCString</span><span class="p">();</span>
+<a id="__codelineno-45-17" name="__codelineno-45-17"></a><span class="nx">date</span><span class="p">.</span><span class="nx">toDateString</span><span class="p">();</span>
+<a id="__codelineno-45-18" name="__codelineno-45-18"></a><span class="nx">date</span><span class="p">.</span><span class="nx">toTimeString</span><span class="p">();</span><span class="w">  </span><span class="c1">// method returns the time portion of a Date object in human readable form in American English.</span>
+<a id="__codelineno-45-19" name="__codelineno-45-19"></a>
+<a id="__codelineno-45-20" name="__codelineno-45-20"></a>
+<a id="__codelineno-45-21" name="__codelineno-45-21"></a><span class="c1">// get date</span>
+<a id="__codelineno-45-22" name="__codelineno-45-22"></a>
+<a id="__codelineno-45-23" name="__codelineno-45-23"></a><span class="nx">dare</span><span class="p">.</span><span class="nx">getMonth</span><span class="p">();</span>
+<a id="__codelineno-45-24" name="__codelineno-45-24"></a><span class="nx">date</span><span class="p">.</span><span class="nx">getMinutes</span><span class="p">();</span>
+<a id="__codelineno-45-25" name="__codelineno-45-25"></a><span class="nx">date</span><span class="p">.</span><span class="nx">getFullYear</span><span class="p">();</span>
+<a id="__codelineno-45-26" name="__codelineno-45-26"></a>
+<a id="__codelineno-45-27" name="__codelineno-45-27"></a><span class="c1">// set date</span>
+<a id="__codelineno-45-28" name="__codelineno-45-28"></a><span class="nx">date</span><span class="p">.</span><span class="nx">setFullYear</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="mf">2020</span><span class="p">,</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="mf">0</span><span class="p">,</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="mf">14</span><span class="p">);</span>
+<a id="__codelineno-45-29" name="__codelineno-45-29"></a><span class="nx">date</span><span class="p">.</span><span class="nx">setDate</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="nx">date</span><span class="p">.</span><span class="nx">getDate</span><span class="p">()</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="o">+</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="mf">50</span><span class="p">);</span>
+<a id="__codelineno-45-30" name="__codelineno-45-30"></a>
+<a id="__codelineno-45-31" name="__codelineno-45-31"></a><span class="c1">// parse valid dates</span>
+<a id="__codelineno-45-32" name="__codelineno-45-32"></a><span class="kd">let</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="nx">msec</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="o">=</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="nb">Date</span><span class="p">.</span><span class="nx">parse</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="s2">&quot;March 21, 2012&quot;</span><span class="p">);</span>
+<a id="__codelineno-45-33" name="__codelineno-45-33"></a><span class="kd">let</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="nx">date</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="o">=</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="ow">new</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="nb">Date</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="nx">msec</span><span class="p">);</span>
+</code></pre></div></td></tr></table></div>
+<h3 id="comparing-dates">Comparing Dates</h3>
+<p>Comparison operators work also on dates</p>
+<div class="highlight"><table class="highlighttable"><tr><th colspan="2" class="filename"><span class="filename">JavaScript</span></th></tr><tr><td class="linenos"><div class="linenodiv"><pre><span></span><span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-46-1">1</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-46-2">2</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-46-3">3</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-46-4">4</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-46-5">5</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-46-6">6</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-46-7">7</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-46-8">8</a></span></pre></div></td><td class="code"><div><pre><span></span><code><a id="__codelineno-46-1" name="__codelineno-46-1"></a><span class="kd">let</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="nx">date1</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="o">=</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="ow">new</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="nb">Date</span><span class="p">();</span>
+<a id="__codelineno-46-2" name="__codelineno-46-2"></a><span class="kd">let</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="nx">date2</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="o">=</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="ow">new</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="nb">Date</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="s2">&quot;May 24, 2017 10:50:00&quot;</span><span class="p">);</span>
+<a id="__codelineno-46-3" name="__codelineno-46-3"></a>
+<a id="__codelineno-46-4" name="__codelineno-46-4"></a><span class="k">if</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="nx">date1</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="o">&gt;</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="nx">date2</span><span class="p">){</span>
+<a id="__codelineno-46-5" name="__codelineno-46-5"></a><span class="w">        </span><span class="nx">console</span><span class="p">.</span><span class="nx">log</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="s1">&#39;break time&#39;</span><span class="p">);</span>
+<a id="__codelineno-46-6" name="__codelineno-46-6"></a><span class="p">}</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="k">else</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="p">{</span>
+<a id="__codelineno-46-7" name="__codelineno-46-7"></a><span class="w">        </span><span class="nx">console</span><span class="p">.</span><span class="nx">log</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="s1">&#39;stay in class&#39;</span><span class="p">);</span>
+<a id="__codelineno-46-8" name="__codelineno-46-8"></a><span class="p">}</span>
+</code></pre></div></td></tr></table></div>
+<h2 id="exports"><a href="https://developer.mozilla.org/en-US/docs/web/javascript/reference/statements/export">Exports</a></h2>
+<p><a href="https://developer.mozilla.org/en-US/docs/Web/HTTP/CORS/Errors/CORSRequestNotHttp">Firefox CORS not HTTP</a></p>
+<blockquote>
+<p><strong>Note</strong>: Firefox 68 and later define the origin of a page opened using a <code>file:///</code> URI as unique. Therefore, other resources in the same directory or its subdirectories no longer satisfy the CORS same-origin rule. This new behavior is enabled by default using the <code>privacy.file_unique_origin</code> preference.</p>
+</blockquote>
+<div class="highlight"><table class="highlighttable"><tr><th colspan="2" class="filename"><span class="filename">JSON</span></th></tr><tr><td class="linenos"><div class="linenodiv"><pre><span></span><span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-47-1">1</a></span></pre></div></td><td class="code"><div><pre><span></span><code><a id="__codelineno-47-1" name="__codelineno-47-1"></a><span class="nt">&quot;privacy.file_unique_origin&quot;</span><span class="p">:</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="s2">&quot;false&quot;</span>
+</code></pre></div></td></tr></table></div>
+<p>In <code>page.html</code></p>
+<div class="highlight"><table class="highlighttable"><tr><th colspan="2" class="filename"><span class="filename">HTML</span></th></tr><tr><td class="linenos"><div class="linenodiv"><pre><span></span><span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-48-1">1</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-48-2">2</a></span></pre></div></td><td class="code"><div><pre><span></span><code><a id="__codelineno-48-1" name="__codelineno-48-1"></a><span class="p">&lt;</span><span class="nt">script</span> <span class="na">src</span><span class="o">=</span><span class="s">&quot;scripts/module.js&quot;</span><span class="p">&gt;&lt;/</span><span class="nt">script</span><span class="p">&gt;</span>
+<a id="__codelineno-48-2" name="__codelineno-48-2"></a><span class="p">&lt;</span><span class="nt">script</span> <span class="na">src</span><span class="o">=</span><span class="s">&quot;scripts/script.js&quot;</span><span class="p">&gt;&lt;/</span><span class="nt">script</span><span class="p">&gt;</span>
+</code></pre></div></td></tr></table></div>
+<p>In <code>module.js</code>:</p>
+<div class="highlight"><table class="highlighttable"><tr><th colspan="2" class="filename"><span class="filename">JavaScript</span></th></tr><tr><td class="linenos"><div class="linenodiv"><pre><span></span><span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-49-1"> 1</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-49-2"> 2</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-49-3"> 3</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-49-4"> 4</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-49-5"> 5</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-49-6"> 6</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-49-7"> 7</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-49-8"> 8</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-49-9"> 9</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-49-10">10</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-49-11">11</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-49-12">12</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-49-13">13</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-49-14">14</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-49-15">15</a></span></pre></div></td><td class="code"><div><pre><span></span><code><a id="__codelineno-49-1" name="__codelineno-49-1"></a><span class="c1">// exporting individual fractures</span>
+<a id="__codelineno-49-2" name="__codelineno-49-2"></a><span class="k">export</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="k">default</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="kd">function</span><span class="p">()</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="p">{}</span><span class="w">  </span><span class="c1">// one per module</span>
+<a id="__codelineno-49-3" name="__codelineno-49-3"></a><span class="k">export</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="nx">func</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="o">=</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="p">()</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="p">=&gt;</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="nx">expression</span><span class="p">;</span><span class="w">  </span><span class="c1">// zero or more per module</span>
+<a id="__codelineno-49-4" name="__codelineno-49-4"></a>
+<a id="__codelineno-49-5" name="__codelineno-49-5"></a><span class="c1">// Export list</span>
+<a id="__codelineno-49-6" name="__codelineno-49-6"></a><span class="k">export</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="p">{</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="nx">name1</span><span class="p">,</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="nx">name2</span><span class="p">,</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="err">…</span><span class="p">,</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="nx">nameN</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="p">};</span>
+<a id="__codelineno-49-7" name="__codelineno-49-7"></a>
+<a id="__codelineno-49-8" name="__codelineno-49-8"></a><span class="c1">// Renaming exports</span>
+<a id="__codelineno-49-9" name="__codelineno-49-9"></a><span class="k">export</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="p">{</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="nx">variable1</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="kr">as</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="nx">name1</span><span class="p">,</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="nx">variable2</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="kr">as</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="nx">name2</span><span class="p">,</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="err">…</span><span class="p">,</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="nx">nameN</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="p">};</span>
+<a id="__codelineno-49-10" name="__codelineno-49-10"></a>
+<a id="__codelineno-49-11" name="__codelineno-49-11"></a><span class="c1">// Exporting destructured assignments with renaming</span>
+<a id="__codelineno-49-12" name="__codelineno-49-12"></a><span class="k">export</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="kd">const</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="p">{</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="nx">name1</span><span class="p">,</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="nx">name2</span><span class="o">:</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="nx">bar</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="p">}</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="o">=</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="nx">o</span><span class="p">;</span>
+<a id="__codelineno-49-13" name="__codelineno-49-13"></a>
+<a id="__codelineno-49-14" name="__codelineno-49-14"></a><span class="w"> </span><span class="c1">// re-export</span>
+<a id="__codelineno-49-15" name="__codelineno-49-15"></a><span class="k">export</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="p">{</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="nx">func</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="p">}</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="kr">from</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="s2">&quot;other_script.js&quot;</span><span class="w"> </span>
+</code></pre></div></td></tr></table></div>
+<p>In <code>script.js</code>:</p>
+<div class="highlight"><table class="highlighttable"><tr><th colspan="2" class="filename"><span class="filename">JavaScript</span></th></tr><tr><td class="linenos"><div class="linenodiv"><pre><span></span><span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-50-1">1</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-50-2">2</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-50-3">3</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-50-4">4</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-50-5">5</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-50-6">6</a></span></pre></div></td><td class="code"><div><pre><span></span><code><a id="__codelineno-50-1" name="__codelineno-50-1"></a><span class="k">import</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="nx">default_func_alias</span><span class="p">,</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="p">{</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="nx">func</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="kr">as</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="nx">alias</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="p">}</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="kr">from</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="s2">&quot;./module.js&quot;</span><span class="p">;</span><span class="w">  </span><span class="c1">// import default and set alias</span>
+<a id="__codelineno-50-2" name="__codelineno-50-2"></a><span class="k">import</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="p">{</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="k">default</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="kr">as</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="nx">default_func_alias</span><span class="p">,</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="nx">func</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="kr">as</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="nx">alias</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="p">}</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="kr">from</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="s2">&quot;./module.js&quot;</span><span class="p">;</span><span class="w">  </span><span class="c1">// import default and set alias</span>
+<a id="__codelineno-50-3" name="__codelineno-50-3"></a>
+<a id="__codelineno-50-4" name="__codelineno-50-4"></a><span class="c1">// use imported functions</span>
+<a id="__codelineno-50-5" name="__codelineno-50-5"></a><span class="nx">default_func_alias</span><span class="p">();</span>
+<a id="__codelineno-50-6" name="__codelineno-50-6"></a><span class="nx">alias</span><span class="p">();</span>
+</code></pre></div></td></tr></table></div>
+<div class="highlight"><table class="highlighttable"><tr><th colspan="2" class="filename"><span class="filename">JavaScript</span></th></tr><tr><td class="linenos"><div class="linenodiv"><pre><span></span><span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-51-1">1</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-51-2">2</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-51-3">3</a></span></pre></div></td><td class="code"><div><pre><span></span><code><a id="__codelineno-51-1" name="__codelineno-51-1"></a><span class="k">import</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="o">*</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="kr">from</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="s2">&quot;./module.js&quot;</span><span class="p">;</span><span class="w">  </span><span class="c1">// import all</span>
+<a id="__codelineno-51-2" name="__codelineno-51-2"></a>
+<a id="__codelineno-51-3" name="__codelineno-51-3"></a><span class="nx">module</span><span class="p">.</span><span class="kd">function</span><span class="p">();</span><span class="w">  </span><span class="c1">// use imported content with fully qualified name</span>
+</code></pre></div></td></tr></table></div>
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+      <svg xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" viewBox="0 0 496 512"><!--! Font Awesome Free 6.6.0 by @fontawesome - https://fontawesome.com License - https://fontawesome.com/license/free (Icons: CC BY 4.0, Fonts: SIL OFL 1.1, Code: MIT License) Copyright 2024 Fonticons, Inc.--><path d="M165.9 397.4c0 2-2.3 3.6-5.2 3.6-3.3.3-5.6-1.3-5.6-3.6 0-2 2.3-3.6 5.2-3.6 3-.3 5.6 1.3 5.6 3.6m-31.1-4.5c-.7 2 1.3 4.3 4.3 4.9 2.6 1 5.6 0 6.2-2s-1.3-4.3-4.3-5.2c-2.6-.7-5.5.3-6.2 2.3m44.2-1.7c-2.9.7-4.9 2.6-4.6 4.9.3 2 2.9 3.3 5.9 2.6 2.9-.7 4.9-2.6 4.6-4.6-.3-1.9-3-3.2-5.9-2.9M244.8 8C106.1 8 0 113.3 0 252c0 110.9 69.8 205.8 169.5 239.2 12.8 2.3 17.3-5.6 17.3-12.1 0-6.2-.3-40.4-.3-61.4 0 0-70 15-84.7-29.8 0 0-11.4-29.1-27.8-36.6 0 0-22.9-15.7 1.6-15.4 0 0 24.9 2 38.6 25.8 21.9 38.6 58.6 27.5 72.9 20.9 2.3-16 8.8-27.1 16-33.7-55.9-6.2-112.3-14.3-112.3-110.5 0-27.5 7.6-41.3 23.6-58.9-2.6-6.5-11.1-33.3 2.6-67.9 20.9-6.5 69 27 69 27 20-5.6 41.5-8.5 62.8-8.5s42.8 2.9 62.8 8.5c0 0 48.1-33.6 69-27 13.7 34.7 5.2 61.4 2.6 67.9 16 17.7 25.8 31.5 25.8 58.9 0 96.5-58.9 104.2-114.8 110.5 9.2 7.9 17 22.9 17 46.4 0 33.7-.3 75.4-.3 83.6 0 6.5 4.6 14.4 17.3 12.1C428.2 457.8 496 362.9 496 252 496 113.3 383.5 8 244.8 8M97.2 352.9c-1.3 1-1 3.3.7 5.2 1.6 1.6 3.9 2.3 5.2 1 1.3-1 1-3.3-.7-5.2-1.6-1.6-3.9-2.3-5.2-1m-10.8-8.1c-.7 1.3.3 2.9 2.3 3.9 1.6 1 3.6.7 4.3-.7.7-1.3-.3-2.9-2.3-3.9-2-.6-3.6-.3-4.3.7m32.4 35.6c-1.6 1.3-1 4.3 1.3 6.2 2.3 2.3 5.2 2.6 6.5 1 1.3-1.3.7-4.3-1.3-6.2-2.2-2.3-5.2-2.6-6.5-1m-11.4-14.7c-1.6 1-1.6 3.6 0 5.9s4.3 3.3 5.6 2.3c1.6-1.3 1.6-3.9 0-6.2-1.4-2.3-4-3.3-5.6-2"/></svg>
+    </a>
+  
+</div>
+      
+    </div>
+  </div>
+</footer>
+      
+    </div>
+    <div class="md-dialog" data-md-component="dialog">
+      <div class="md-dialog__inner md-typeset"></div>
+    </div>
+    
+    
+    <script id="__config" type="application/json">{"base": "../..", "features": ["navigation.instant", "navigation.indexes", "navigation.tracking", "navigation.pruning", "navigation.sections", "navigation.top", "navigation.tabs", "navigation.tabs.sticky", "navigation.footer", "toc.follow", "content.code.copy"], "search": "../../assets/javascripts/workers/search.07f07601.min.js", "translations": {"clipboard.copied": "Copied to clipboard", "clipboard.copy": "Copy to clipboard", "search.result.more.one": "1 more on this page", "search.result.more.other": "# more on this page", "search.result.none": "No matching documents", "search.result.one": "1 matching document", "search.result.other": "# matching documents", "search.result.placeholder": "Type to start searching", "search.result.term.missing": "Missing", "select.version": "Select version"}}</script>
+    
+    
+      <script src="../../assets/javascripts/bundle.56dfad97.min.js"></script>
+      
+    
+  </body>
+</html>
\ No newline at end of file
diff --git a/languages/javascript/jquery.html b/languages/javascript/jquery.html
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..b75b1de
--- /dev/null
+++ b/languages/javascript/jquery.html
@@ -0,0 +1,4780 @@
+
+<!doctype html>
+<html lang="en" class="no-js">
+  <head>
+    
+      <meta charset="utf-8">
+      <meta name="viewport" content="width=device-width,initial-scale=1">
+      
+      
+        <meta name="author" content="Marcello Lamonaca">
+      
+      
+        <link rel="canonical" href="http://m-lamonaca.github.io/dev-notes/languages/javascript/jquery.html">
+      
+      
+        <link rel="prev" href="ajax.html">
+      
+      
+        <link rel="next" href="react/react.html">
+      
+      
+      <link rel="icon" href="../../assets/images/favicon.png">
+      <meta name="generator" content="mkdocs-1.6.1, mkdocs-material-9.5.34">
+    
+    
+      
+        <title>jQuery - Dev Notes</title>
+      
+    
+    
+      <link rel="stylesheet" href="../../assets/stylesheets/main.35f28582.min.css">
+      
+        
+        <link rel="stylesheet" href="../../assets/stylesheets/palette.06af60db.min.css">
+      
+      
+
+
+    
+    
+      
+        <script src="https://unpkg.com/iframe-worker/shim"></script>
+      
+    
+    
+      
+        
+        
+        <link rel="preconnect" href="https://fonts.gstatic.com" crossorigin>
+        <link rel="stylesheet" href="https://fonts.googleapis.com/css?family=Roboto:300,300i,400,400i,700,700i%7CRoboto+Mono:400,400i,700,700i&display=fallback">
+        <style>:root{--md-text-font:"Roboto";--md-code-font:"Roboto Mono"}</style>
+      
+    
+    
+    <script>__md_scope=new URL("../..",location),__md_hash=e=>[...e].reduce(((e,_)=>(e<<5)-e+_.charCodeAt(0)),0),__md_get=(e,_=localStorage,t=__md_scope)=>JSON.parse(_.getItem(t.pathname+"."+e)),__md_set=(e,_,t=localStorage,a=__md_scope)=>{try{t.setItem(a.pathname+"."+e,JSON.stringify(_))}catch(e){}}</script>
+    
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+        <meta  property="og:type"  content="website" >
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+        <meta  property="og:description"  content="None" >
+      
+        <meta  property="og:image"  content="http://m-lamonaca.github.io/dev-notes/assets/images/social/languages/javascript/jquery.png" >
+      
+        <meta  property="og:image:type"  content="image/png" >
+      
+        <meta  property="og:image:width"  content="1200" >
+      
+        <meta  property="og:image:height"  content="630" >
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+    
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+  </head>
+  
+  
+    
+    
+      
+    
+    
+    
+    
+    <body dir="ltr" data-md-color-scheme="default" data-md-color-primary="orange" data-md-color-accent="deep-orange">
+  
+    
+    <input class="md-toggle" data-md-toggle="drawer" type="checkbox" id="__drawer" autocomplete="off">
+    <input class="md-toggle" data-md-toggle="search" type="checkbox" id="__search" autocomplete="off">
+    <label class="md-overlay" for="__drawer"></label>
+    <div data-md-component="skip">
+      
+        
+        <a href="#jquery-library" class="md-skip">
+          Skip to content
+        </a>
+      
+    </div>
+    <div data-md-component="announce">
+      
+    </div>
+    
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+      
+
+  
+
+<header class="md-header md-header--shadow md-header--lifted" data-md-component="header">
+  <nav class="md-header__inner md-grid" aria-label="Header">
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+
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+    <label class="md-header__button md-icon" for="__drawer">
+      
+      <svg xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" viewBox="0 0 24 24"><path d="M3 6h18v2H3zm0 5h18v2H3zm0 5h18v2H3z"/></svg>
+    </label>
+    <div class="md-header__title" data-md-component="header-title">
+      <div class="md-header__ellipsis">
+        <div class="md-header__topic">
+          <span class="md-ellipsis">
+            Dev Notes
+          </span>
+        </div>
+        <div class="md-header__topic" data-md-component="header-topic">
+          <span class="md-ellipsis">
+            
+              jQuery
+            
+          </span>
+        </div>
+      </div>
+    </div>
+    
+      
+        <form class="md-header__option" data-md-component="palette">
+  
+    
+    
+    
+    <input class="md-option" data-md-color-media="(prefers-color-scheme: light)" data-md-color-scheme="default" data-md-color-primary="orange" data-md-color-accent="deep-orange"  aria-label="Switch to dark mode"  type="radio" name="__palette" id="__palette_0">
+    
+      <label class="md-header__button md-icon" title="Switch to dark mode" for="__palette_1" hidden>
+        <svg xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" viewBox="0 0 24 24"><path d="M12 8a4 4 0 0 0-4 4 4 4 0 0 0 4 4 4 4 0 0 0 4-4 4 4 0 0 0-4-4m0 10a6 6 0 0 1-6-6 6 6 0 0 1 6-6 6 6 0 0 1 6 6 6 6 0 0 1-6 6m8-9.31V4h-4.69L12 .69 8.69 4H4v4.69L.69 12 4 15.31V20h4.69L12 23.31 15.31 20H20v-4.69L23.31 12z"/></svg>
+      </label>
+    
+  
+    
+    
+    
+    <input class="md-option" data-md-color-media="(prefers-color-scheme: dark)" data-md-color-scheme="slate" data-md-color-primary="orange" data-md-color-accent="deep-orange"  aria-label="Switch to light mode"  type="radio" name="__palette" id="__palette_1">
+    
+      <label class="md-header__button md-icon" title="Switch to light mode" for="__palette_0" hidden>
+        <svg xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" viewBox="0 0 24 24"><path d="M12 18c-.89 0-1.74-.2-2.5-.55C11.56 16.5 13 14.42 13 12s-1.44-4.5-3.5-5.45C10.26 6.2 11.11 6 12 6a6 6 0 0 1 6 6 6 6 0 0 1-6 6m8-9.31V4h-4.69L12 .69 8.69 4H4v4.69L.69 12 4 15.31V20h4.69L12 23.31 15.31 20H20v-4.69L23.31 12z"/></svg>
+      </label>
+    
+  
+</form>
+      
+    
+    
+      <script>var palette=__md_get("__palette");if(palette&&palette.color){if("(prefers-color-scheme)"===palette.color.media){var media=matchMedia("(prefers-color-scheme: light)"),input=document.querySelector(media.matches?"[data-md-color-media='(prefers-color-scheme: light)']":"[data-md-color-media='(prefers-color-scheme: dark)']");palette.color.media=input.getAttribute("data-md-color-media"),palette.color.scheme=input.getAttribute("data-md-color-scheme"),palette.color.primary=input.getAttribute("data-md-color-primary"),palette.color.accent=input.getAttribute("data-md-color-accent")}for(var[key,value]of Object.entries(palette.color))document.body.setAttribute("data-md-color-"+key,value)}</script>
+    
+    
+    
+      <label class="md-header__button md-icon" for="__search">
+        
+        <svg xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" viewBox="0 0 24 24"><path d="M9.5 3A6.5 6.5 0 0 1 16 9.5c0 1.61-.59 3.09-1.56 4.23l.27.27h.79l5 5-1.5 1.5-5-5v-.79l-.27-.27A6.52 6.52 0 0 1 9.5 16 6.5 6.5 0 0 1 3 9.5 6.5 6.5 0 0 1 9.5 3m0 2C7 5 5 7 5 9.5S7 14 9.5 14 14 12 14 9.5 12 5 9.5 5"/></svg>
+      </label>
+      <div class="md-search" data-md-component="search" role="dialog">
+  <label class="md-search__overlay" for="__search"></label>
+  <div class="md-search__inner" role="search">
+    <form class="md-search__form" name="search">
+      <input type="text" class="md-search__input" name="query" aria-label="Search" placeholder="Search" autocapitalize="off" autocorrect="off" autocomplete="off" spellcheck="false" data-md-component="search-query" required>
+      <label class="md-search__icon md-icon" for="__search">
+        
+        <svg xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" viewBox="0 0 24 24"><path d="M9.5 3A6.5 6.5 0 0 1 16 9.5c0 1.61-.59 3.09-1.56 4.23l.27.27h.79l5 5-1.5 1.5-5-5v-.79l-.27-.27A6.52 6.52 0 0 1 9.5 16 6.5 6.5 0 0 1 3 9.5 6.5 6.5 0 0 1 9.5 3m0 2C7 5 5 7 5 9.5S7 14 9.5 14 14 12 14 9.5 12 5 9.5 5"/></svg>
+        
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+      </label>
+      <nav class="md-search__options" aria-label="Search">
+        
+        <button type="reset" class="md-search__icon md-icon" title="Clear" aria-label="Clear" tabindex="-1">
+          
+          <svg xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" viewBox="0 0 24 24"><path d="M19 6.41 17.59 5 12 10.59 6.41 5 5 6.41 10.59 12 5 17.59 6.41 19 12 13.41 17.59 19 19 17.59 13.41 12z"/></svg>
+        </button>
+      </nav>
+      
+    </form>
+    <div class="md-search__output">
+      <div class="md-search__scrollwrap" tabindex="0" data-md-scrollfix>
+        <div class="md-search-result" data-md-component="search-result">
+          <div class="md-search-result__meta">
+            Initializing search
+          </div>
+          <ol class="md-search-result__list" role="presentation"></ol>
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+  </div>
+  <div class="md-source__repository">
+    GitHub
+  </div>
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+  </nav>
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+<nav class="md-tabs" aria-label="Tabs" data-md-component="tabs">
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+          </ul>
+        </nav>
+      
+    </li>
+  
+
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+                
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+        
+      
+        
+      
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+          <label class="md-nav__link" for="__nav_4_9" id="__nav_4_9_label" tabindex="">
+            
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+  <span class="md-ellipsis">
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+  </span>
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+            <span class="md-nav__icon md-icon"></span>
+            .NET
+          </label>
+          <ul class="md-nav__list" data-md-scrollfix>
+            
+              
+                
+  
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+  
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+    
+    
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+        
+      
+        
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+        
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+      
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+    <li class="md-nav__item md-nav__item--nested">
+      
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+            
+  
+  <span class="md-ellipsis">
+    C#
+  </span>
+  
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+            <span class="md-nav__icon md-icon"></span>
+          </label>
+        
+        <nav class="md-nav" data-md-level="3" aria-labelledby="__nav_4_9_1_label" aria-expanded="false">
+          <label class="md-nav__title" for="__nav_4_9_1">
+            <span class="md-nav__icon md-icon"></span>
+            C#
+          </label>
+          <ul class="md-nav__list" data-md-scrollfix>
+            
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+    <li class="md-nav__item">
+      <a href="../dotnet/csharp/csharp.html" class="md-nav__link">
+        
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+  <span class="md-ellipsis">
+    C#
+  </span>
+  
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+    </li>
+  
+
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+  
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+    <li class="md-nav__item">
+      <a href="../dotnet/csharp/linq.html" class="md-nav__link">
+        
+  
+  <span class="md-ellipsis">
+    Linq
+  </span>
+  
+
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+    </li>
+  
+
+              
+            
+              
+                
+  
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+  
+  
+    <li class="md-nav__item">
+      <a href="../dotnet/csharp/collections.html" class="md-nav__link">
+        
+  
+  <span class="md-ellipsis">
+    Collections
+  </span>
+  
+
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+    </li>
+  
+
+              
+            
+              
+                
+  
+  
+  
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+    <li class="md-nav__item">
+      <a href="../dotnet/csharp/reactive-extensions.html" class="md-nav__link">
+        
+  
+  <span class="md-ellipsis">
+    Reactive Extensions
+  </span>
+  
+
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+    </li>
+  
+
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+              
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+  
+  
+  
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+    <li class="md-nav__item">
+      <a href="../dotnet/csharp/async-programming.html" class="md-nav__link">
+        
+  
+  <span class="md-ellipsis">
+    Async Programming
+  </span>
+  
+
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+    </li>
+  
+
+              
+            
+              
+                
+  
+  
+  
+  
+    <li class="md-nav__item">
+      <a href="../dotnet/csharp/unit-tests.html" class="md-nav__link">
+        
+  
+  <span class="md-ellipsis">
+    Unit Tests
+  </span>
+  
+
+      </a>
+    </li>
+  
+
+              
+            
+          </ul>
+        </nav>
+      
+    </li>
+  
+
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+            
+              
+                
+  
+  
+  
+  
+    
+    
+      
+        
+      
+        
+      
+        
+      
+        
+      
+        
+      
+        
+      
+        
+      
+    
+    
+      
+      
+        
+      
+    
+    
+    <li class="md-nav__item md-nav__item--nested">
+      
+        
+        
+        <input class="md-nav__toggle md-toggle " type="checkbox" id="__nav_4_9_2" >
+        
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+          <label class="md-nav__link" for="__nav_4_9_2" id="__nav_4_9_2_label" tabindex="0">
+            
+  
+  <span class="md-ellipsis">
+    ASP.NET
+  </span>
+  
+
+            <span class="md-nav__icon md-icon"></span>
+          </label>
+        
+        <nav class="md-nav" data-md-level="3" aria-labelledby="__nav_4_9_2_label" aria-expanded="false">
+          <label class="md-nav__title" for="__nav_4_9_2">
+            <span class="md-nav__icon md-icon"></span>
+            ASP.NET
+          </label>
+          <ul class="md-nav__list" data-md-scrollfix>
+            
+              
+                
+  
+  
+  
+  
+    <li class="md-nav__item">
+      <a href="../dotnet/asp.net/minimal-api.html" class="md-nav__link">
+        
+  
+  <span class="md-ellipsis">
+    Minimal API
+  </span>
+  
+
+      </a>
+    </li>
+  
+
+              
+            
+              
+                
+  
+  
+  
+  
+    <li class="md-nav__item">
+      <a href="../dotnet/asp.net/filters.html" class="md-nav__link">
+        
+  
+  <span class="md-ellipsis">
+    FIlters
+  </span>
+  
+
+      </a>
+    </li>
+  
+
+              
+            
+              
+                
+  
+  
+  
+  
+    <li class="md-nav__item">
+      <a href="../dotnet/asp.net/middleware.html" class="md-nav__link">
+        
+  
+  <span class="md-ellipsis">
+    Middleware
+  </span>
+  
+
+      </a>
+    </li>
+  
+
+              
+            
+              
+                
+  
+  
+  
+  
+    <li class="md-nav__item">
+      <a href="../dotnet/asp.net/razor-syntax.html" class="md-nav__link">
+        
+  
+  <span class="md-ellipsis">
+    Razor Syntax
+  </span>
+  
+
+      </a>
+    </li>
+  
+
+              
+            
+              
+                
+  
+  
+  
+  
+    <li class="md-nav__item">
+      <a href="../dotnet/asp.net/blazor.html" class="md-nav__link">
+        
+  
+  <span class="md-ellipsis">
+    Blazor
+  </span>
+  
+
+      </a>
+    </li>
+  
+
+              
+            
+              
+                
+  
+  
+  
+  
+    <li class="md-nav__item">
+      <a href="../dotnet/asp.net/signalr.html" class="md-nav__link">
+        
+  
+  <span class="md-ellipsis">
+    SignalR
+  </span>
+  
+
+      </a>
+    </li>
+  
+
+              
+            
+              
+                
+  
+  
+  
+  
+    <li class="md-nav__item">
+      <a href="../dotnet/asp.net/web-forms.html" class="md-nav__link">
+        
+  
+  <span class="md-ellipsis">
+    Web Forms
+  </span>
+  
+
+      </a>
+    </li>
+  
+
+              
+            
+          </ul>
+        </nav>
+      
+    </li>
+  
+
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+            
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+                
+  
+  
+  
+  
+    
+    
+      
+        
+      
+        
+      
+    
+    
+      
+      
+        
+      
+    
+    
+    <li class="md-nav__item md-nav__item--nested">
+      
+        
+        
+        <input class="md-nav__toggle md-toggle " type="checkbox" id="__nav_4_9_3" >
+        
+          
+          <label class="md-nav__link" for="__nav_4_9_3" id="__nav_4_9_3_label" tabindex="0">
+            
+  
+  <span class="md-ellipsis">
+    Database
+  </span>
+  
+
+            <span class="md-nav__icon md-icon"></span>
+          </label>
+        
+        <nav class="md-nav" data-md-level="3" aria-labelledby="__nav_4_9_3_label" aria-expanded="false">
+          <label class="md-nav__title" for="__nav_4_9_3">
+            <span class="md-nav__icon md-icon"></span>
+            Database
+          </label>
+          <ul class="md-nav__list" data-md-scrollfix>
+            
+              
+                
+  
+  
+  
+  
+    <li class="md-nav__item">
+      <a href="../dotnet/database/ado.net.html" class="md-nav__link">
+        
+  
+  <span class="md-ellipsis">
+    ADO.NET
+  </span>
+  
+
+      </a>
+    </li>
+  
+
+              
+            
+              
+                
+  
+  
+  
+  
+    <li class="md-nav__item">
+      <a href="../dotnet/database/entity-framework.html" class="md-nav__link">
+        
+  
+  <span class="md-ellipsis">
+    Entity Framework
+  </span>
+  
+
+      </a>
+    </li>
+  
+
+              
+            
+          </ul>
+        </nav>
+      
+    </li>
+  
+
+              
+            
+          </ul>
+        </nav>
+      
+    </li>
+  
+
+              
+            
+              
+                
+  
+  
+  
+  
+    
+    
+      
+        
+      
+        
+      
+        
+      
+        
+      
+    
+    
+      
+      
+        
+          
+          
+        
+      
+    
+    
+    <li class="md-nav__item md-nav__item--section md-nav__item--nested">
+      
+        
+        
+        <input class="md-nav__toggle md-toggle " type="checkbox" id="__nav_4_10" >
+        
+          
+          <label class="md-nav__link" for="__nav_4_10" id="__nav_4_10_label" tabindex="">
+            
+  
+  <span class="md-ellipsis">
+    Java
+  </span>
+  
+
+            <span class="md-nav__icon md-icon"></span>
+          </label>
+        
+        <nav class="md-nav" data-md-level="2" aria-labelledby="__nav_4_10_label" aria-expanded="false">
+          <label class="md-nav__title" for="__nav_4_10">
+            <span class="md-nav__icon md-icon"></span>
+            Java
+          </label>
+          <ul class="md-nav__list" data-md-scrollfix>
+            
+              
+                
+  
+  
+  
+  
+    <li class="md-nav__item">
+      <a href="../java/java.html" class="md-nav__link">
+        
+  
+  <span class="md-ellipsis">
+    Java
+  </span>
+  
+
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+    </li>
+  
+
+              
+            
+              
+                
+  
+  
+  
+  
+    <li class="md-nav__item">
+      <a href="../java/java-collection-framework.html" class="md-nav__link">
+        
+  
+  <span class="md-ellipsis">
+    Java Collection Framework
+  </span>
+  
+
+      </a>
+    </li>
+  
+
+              
+            
+              
+                
+  
+  
+  
+  
+    <li class="md-nav__item">
+      <a href="../java/dao.html" class="md-nav__link">
+        
+  
+  <span class="md-ellipsis">
+    DAO
+  </span>
+  
+
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+    </li>
+  
+
+              
+            
+              
+                
+  
+  
+  
+  
+    
+    
+      
+        
+      
+        
+      
+    
+    
+      
+      
+        
+      
+    
+    
+    <li class="md-nav__item md-nav__item--nested">
+      
+        
+        
+        <input class="md-nav__toggle md-toggle " type="checkbox" id="__nav_4_10_4" >
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+          
+          <label class="md-nav__link" for="__nav_4_10_4" id="__nav_4_10_4_label" tabindex="0">
+            
+  
+  <span class="md-ellipsis">
+    Web
+  </span>
+  
+
+            <span class="md-nav__icon md-icon"></span>
+          </label>
+        
+        <nav class="md-nav" data-md-level="3" aria-labelledby="__nav_4_10_4_label" aria-expanded="false">
+          <label class="md-nav__title" for="__nav_4_10_4">
+            <span class="md-nav__icon md-icon"></span>
+            Web
+          </label>
+          <ul class="md-nav__list" data-md-scrollfix>
+            
+              
+                
+  
+  
+  
+  
+    <li class="md-nav__item">
+      <a href="../java/web/servlet.html" class="md-nav__link">
+        
+  
+  <span class="md-ellipsis">
+    Serverlet
+  </span>
+  
+
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+    </li>
+  
+
+              
+            
+              
+                
+  
+  
+  
+  
+    
+    
+      
+        
+      
+        
+      
+    
+    
+      
+      
+        
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+    
+    
+    <li class="md-nav__item md-nav__item--nested">
+      
+        
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+        <input class="md-nav__toggle md-toggle " type="checkbox" id="__nav_4_10_4_2" >
+        
+          
+          <label class="md-nav__link" for="__nav_4_10_4_2" id="__nav_4_10_4_2_label" tabindex="0">
+            
+  
+  <span class="md-ellipsis">
+    Spring
+  </span>
+  
+
+            <span class="md-nav__icon md-icon"></span>
+          </label>
+        
+        <nav class="md-nav" data-md-level="4" aria-labelledby="__nav_4_10_4_2_label" aria-expanded="false">
+          <label class="md-nav__title" for="__nav_4_10_4_2">
+            <span class="md-nav__icon md-icon"></span>
+            Spring
+          </label>
+          <ul class="md-nav__list" data-md-scrollfix>
+            
+              
+                
+  
+  
+  
+  
+    <li class="md-nav__item">
+      <a href="../java/spring/pom.xml.html" class="md-nav__link">
+        
+  
+  <span class="md-ellipsis">
+    POM
+  </span>
+  
+
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+    </li>
+  
+
+              
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+              
+                
+  
+  
+  
+  
+    <li class="md-nav__item">
+      <a href="../java/spring/spring-project.html" class="md-nav__link">
+        
+  
+  <span class="md-ellipsis">
+    Project Structure
+  </span>
+  
+
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+    </li>
+  
+
+              
+            
+          </ul>
+        </nav>
+      
+    </li>
+  
+
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+            
+          </ul>
+        </nav>
+      
+    </li>
+  
+
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+            
+          </ul>
+        </nav>
+      
+    </li>
+  
+
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+            
+              
+                
+  
+  
+  
+  
+    
+    
+      
+        
+      
+        
+      
+        
+      
+        
+      
+        
+      
+        
+      
+        
+      
+        
+      
+        
+      
+    
+    
+      
+      
+        
+          
+          
+        
+      
+    
+    
+    <li class="md-nav__item md-nav__item--section md-nav__item--nested">
+      
+        
+        
+        <input class="md-nav__toggle md-toggle " type="checkbox" id="__nav_4_11" >
+        
+          
+          <label class="md-nav__link" for="__nav_4_11" id="__nav_4_11_label" tabindex="">
+            
+  
+  <span class="md-ellipsis">
+    PHP
+  </span>
+  
+
+            <span class="md-nav__icon md-icon"></span>
+          </label>
+        
+        <nav class="md-nav" data-md-level="2" aria-labelledby="__nav_4_11_label" aria-expanded="false">
+          <label class="md-nav__title" for="__nav_4_11">
+            <span class="md-nav__icon md-icon"></span>
+            PHP
+          </label>
+          <ul class="md-nav__list" data-md-scrollfix>
+            
+              
+                
+  
+  
+  
+  
+    <li class="md-nav__item">
+      <a href="../php/php.html" class="md-nav__link">
+        
+  
+  <span class="md-ellipsis">
+    PHP
+  </span>
+  
+
+      </a>
+    </li>
+  
+
+              
+            
+              
+                
+  
+  
+  
+  
+    <li class="md-nav__item">
+      <a href="../php/database.html" class="md-nav__link">
+        
+  
+  <span class="md-ellipsis">
+    Database
+  </span>
+  
+
+      </a>
+    </li>
+  
+
+              
+            
+              
+                
+  
+  
+  
+  
+    <li class="md-nav__item">
+      <a href="../php/web.html" class="md-nav__link">
+        
+  
+  <span class="md-ellipsis">
+    Web
+  </span>
+  
+
+      </a>
+    </li>
+  
+
+              
+            
+              
+                
+  
+  
+  
+  
+    <li class="md-nav__item">
+      <a href="../php/dependency-injection.html" class="md-nav__link">
+        
+  
+  <span class="md-ellipsis">
+    Dependency Injection
+  </span>
+  
+
+      </a>
+    </li>
+  
+
+              
+            
+              
+                
+  
+  
+  
+  
+    <li class="md-nav__item">
+      <a href="../php/unit-tests.html" class="md-nav__link">
+        
+  
+  <span class="md-ellipsis">
+    Unit Tests
+  </span>
+  
+
+      </a>
+    </li>
+  
+
+              
+            
+              
+                
+  
+  
+  
+  
+    <li class="md-nav__item">
+      <a href="../php/composer.html" class="md-nav__link">
+        
+  
+  <span class="md-ellipsis">
+    Composer
+  </span>
+  
+
+      </a>
+    </li>
+  
+
+              
+            
+              
+                
+  
+  
+  
+  
+    <li class="md-nav__item">
+      <a href="../php/psr-7.html" class="md-nav__link">
+        
+  
+  <span class="md-ellipsis">
+    PSR 7
+  </span>
+  
+
+      </a>
+    </li>
+  
+
+              
+            
+              
+                
+  
+  
+  
+  
+    <li class="md-nav__item">
+      <a href="../php/plates-templating.html" class="md-nav__link">
+        
+  
+  <span class="md-ellipsis">
+    Plates
+  </span>
+  
+
+      </a>
+    </li>
+  
+
+              
+            
+              
+                
+  
+  
+  
+  
+    
+    
+      
+        
+      
+        
+      
+    
+    
+      
+      
+        
+      
+    
+    
+    <li class="md-nav__item md-nav__item--nested">
+      
+        
+        
+        <input class="md-nav__toggle md-toggle " type="checkbox" id="__nav_4_11_9" >
+        
+          
+          <label class="md-nav__link" for="__nav_4_11_9" id="__nav_4_11_9_label" tabindex="0">
+            
+  
+  <span class="md-ellipsis">
+    Simple MVC
+  </span>
+  
+
+            <span class="md-nav__icon md-icon"></span>
+          </label>
+        
+        <nav class="md-nav" data-md-level="3" aria-labelledby="__nav_4_11_9_label" aria-expanded="false">
+          <label class="md-nav__title" for="__nav_4_11_9">
+            <span class="md-nav__icon md-icon"></span>
+            Simple MVC
+          </label>
+          <ul class="md-nav__list" data-md-scrollfix>
+            
+              
+                
+  
+  
+  
+  
+    <li class="md-nav__item">
+      <a href="../php/simple-mvc/simple-mvc.html" class="md-nav__link">
+        
+  
+  <span class="md-ellipsis">
+    Simple MVC
+  </span>
+  
+
+      </a>
+    </li>
+  
+
+              
+            
+              
+                
+  
+  
+  
+  
+    <li class="md-nav__item">
+      <a href="../php/simple-mvc/rest-api.html" class="md-nav__link">
+        
+  
+  <span class="md-ellipsis">
+    REST API
+  </span>
+  
+
+      </a>
+    </li>
+  
+
+              
+            
+          </ul>
+        </nav>
+      
+    </li>
+  
+
+              
+            
+          </ul>
+        </nav>
+      
+    </li>
+  
+
+              
+            
+              
+                
+  
+  
+  
+  
+    
+    
+      
+        
+      
+        
+      
+        
+      
+        
+      
+        
+      
+    
+    
+      
+      
+        
+          
+          
+        
+      
+    
+    
+    <li class="md-nav__item md-nav__item--section md-nav__item--nested">
+      
+        
+        
+        <input class="md-nav__toggle md-toggle " type="checkbox" id="__nav_4_12" >
+        
+          
+          <label class="md-nav__link" for="__nav_4_12" id="__nav_4_12_label" tabindex="">
+            
+  
+  <span class="md-ellipsis">
+    Rust
+  </span>
+  
+
+            <span class="md-nav__icon md-icon"></span>
+          </label>
+        
+        <nav class="md-nav" data-md-level="2" aria-labelledby="__nav_4_12_label" aria-expanded="false">
+          <label class="md-nav__title" for="__nav_4_12">
+            <span class="md-nav__icon md-icon"></span>
+            Rust
+          </label>
+          <ul class="md-nav__list" data-md-scrollfix>
+            
+              
+                
+  
+  
+  
+  
+    <li class="md-nav__item">
+      <a href="../rust/rust.html" class="md-nav__link">
+        
+  
+  <span class="md-ellipsis">
+    Rust
+  </span>
+  
+
+      </a>
+    </li>
+  
+
+              
+            
+              
+                
+  
+  
+  
+  
+    <li class="md-nav__item">
+      <a href="../rust/macros.html" class="md-nav__link">
+        
+  
+  <span class="md-ellipsis">
+    Macros
+  </span>
+  
+
+      </a>
+    </li>
+  
+
+              
+            
+              
+                
+  
+  
+  
+  
+    <li class="md-nav__item">
+      <a href="../rust/cargo.html" class="md-nav__link">
+        
+  
+  <span class="md-ellipsis">
+    Cargo
+  </span>
+  
+
+      </a>
+    </li>
+  
+
+              
+            
+              
+                
+  
+  
+  
+  
+    <li class="md-nav__item">
+      <a href="../rust/concurrency.html" class="md-nav__link">
+        
+  
+  <span class="md-ellipsis">
+    Concurrency
+  </span>
+  
+
+      </a>
+    </li>
+  
+
+              
+            
+              
+                
+  
+  
+  
+  
+    <li class="md-nav__item">
+      <a href="../rust/unit-tests.html" class="md-nav__link">
+        
+  
+  <span class="md-ellipsis">
+    Unit Tests
+  </span>
+  
+
+      </a>
+    </li>
+  
+
+              
+            
+          </ul>
+        </nav>
+      
+    </li>
+  
+
+              
+            
+              
+                
+  
+  
+    
+  
+  
+  
+    
+    
+      
+        
+      
+        
+      
+        
+      
+        
+      
+        
+      
+        
+      
+        
+      
+    
+    
+      
+      
+        
+          
+          
+        
+      
+    
+    
+    <li class="md-nav__item md-nav__item--active md-nav__item--section md-nav__item--nested">
+      
+        
+        
+        <input class="md-nav__toggle md-toggle " type="checkbox" id="__nav_4_13" checked>
+        
+          
+          <label class="md-nav__link" for="__nav_4_13" id="__nav_4_13_label" tabindex="">
+            
+  
+  <span class="md-ellipsis">
+    Javascript
+  </span>
+  
+
+            <span class="md-nav__icon md-icon"></span>
+          </label>
+        
+        <nav class="md-nav" data-md-level="2" aria-labelledby="__nav_4_13_label" aria-expanded="true">
+          <label class="md-nav__title" for="__nav_4_13">
+            <span class="md-nav__icon md-icon"></span>
+            Javascript
+          </label>
+          <ul class="md-nav__list" data-md-scrollfix>
+            
+              
+                
+  
+  
+  
+  
+    <li class="md-nav__item">
+      <a href="javascript.html" class="md-nav__link">
+        
+  
+  <span class="md-ellipsis">
+    Javascript
+  </span>
+  
+
+      </a>
+    </li>
+  
+
+              
+            
+              
+                
+  
+  
+  
+  
+    <li class="md-nav__item">
+      <a href="dom.html" class="md-nav__link">
+        
+  
+  <span class="md-ellipsis">
+    DOM
+  </span>
+  
+
+      </a>
+    </li>
+  
+
+              
+            
+              
+                
+  
+  
+  
+  
+    <li class="md-nav__item">
+      <a href="events-animation.html" class="md-nav__link">
+        
+  
+  <span class="md-ellipsis">
+    Events & Animation
+  </span>
+  
+
+      </a>
+    </li>
+  
+
+              
+            
+              
+                
+  
+  
+  
+  
+    <li class="md-nav__item">
+      <a href="ajax.html" class="md-nav__link">
+        
+  
+  <span class="md-ellipsis">
+    AJAX
+  </span>
+  
+
+      </a>
+    </li>
+  
+
+              
+            
+              
+                
+  
+  
+    
+  
+  
+  
+    <li class="md-nav__item md-nav__item--active">
+      
+      <input class="md-nav__toggle md-toggle" type="checkbox" id="__toc">
+      
+      
+        
+      
+      
+        <label class="md-nav__link md-nav__link--active" for="__toc">
+          
+  
+  <span class="md-ellipsis">
+    jQuery
+  </span>
+  
+
+          <span class="md-nav__icon md-icon"></span>
+        </label>
+      
+      <a href="jquery.html" class="md-nav__link md-nav__link--active">
+        
+  
+  <span class="md-ellipsis">
+    jQuery
+  </span>
+  
+
+      </a>
+      
+        
+
+<nav class="md-nav md-nav--secondary" aria-label="Table of contents">
+  
+  
+  
+    
+  
+  
+    <label class="md-nav__title" for="__toc">
+      <span class="md-nav__icon md-icon"></span>
+      Table of contents
+    </label>
+    <ul class="md-nav__list" data-md-component="toc" data-md-scrollfix>
+      
+        <li class="md-nav__item">
+  <a href="#including-jquery" class="md-nav__link">
+    <span class="md-ellipsis">
+      Including jQuery
+    </span>
+  </a>
+  
+    <nav class="md-nav" aria-label="Including jQuery">
+      <ul class="md-nav__list">
+        
+          <li class="md-nav__item">
+  <a href="#download-and-link-the-file" class="md-nav__link">
+    <span class="md-ellipsis">
+      Download and link the file
+    </span>
+  </a>
+  
+</li>
+        
+          <li class="md-nav__item">
+  <a href="#use-a-cdn" class="md-nav__link">
+    <span class="md-ellipsis">
+      Use a CDN
+    </span>
+  </a>
+  
+</li>
+        
+          <li class="md-nav__item">
+  <a href="#what-is-a-cdn" class="md-nav__link">
+    <span class="md-ellipsis">
+      What is a CDN
+    </span>
+  </a>
+  
+</li>
+        
+      </ul>
+    </nav>
+  
+</li>
+      
+        <li class="md-nav__item">
+  <a href="#html-manipulation" class="md-nav__link">
+    <span class="md-ellipsis">
+      HTML Manipulation
+    </span>
+  </a>
+  
+    <nav class="md-nav" aria-label="HTML Manipulation">
+      <ul class="md-nav__list">
+        
+          <li class="md-nav__item">
+  <a href="#finding-dom-elements" class="md-nav__link">
+    <span class="md-ellipsis">
+      Finding DOM elements
+    </span>
+  </a>
+  
+</li>
+        
+          <li class="md-nav__item">
+  <a href="#manipulating-dom-elements" class="md-nav__link">
+    <span class="md-ellipsis">
+      Manipulating DOM elements
+    </span>
+  </a>
+  
+</li>
+        
+          <li class="md-nav__item">
+  <a href="#reading-elements" class="md-nav__link">
+    <span class="md-ellipsis">
+      Reading Elements
+    </span>
+  </a>
+  
+</li>
+        
+          <li class="md-nav__item">
+  <a href="#modifying-elements" class="md-nav__link">
+    <span class="md-ellipsis">
+      Modifying Elements
+    </span>
+  </a>
+  
+</li>
+        
+          <li class="md-nav__item">
+  <a href="#create-store-manipulate-and-inject" class="md-nav__link">
+    <span class="md-ellipsis">
+      Create, Store, Manipulate and inject
+    </span>
+  </a>
+  
+</li>
+        
+          <li class="md-nav__item">
+  <a href="#regular-dom-nodes-to-jquery-objects" class="md-nav__link">
+    <span class="md-ellipsis">
+      Regular DOM Nodes to jQuery Objects
+    </span>
+  </a>
+  
+</li>
+        
+      </ul>
+    </nav>
+  
+</li>
+      
+        <li class="md-nav__item">
+  <a href="#events" class="md-nav__link">
+    <span class="md-ellipsis">
+      Events
+    </span>
+  </a>
+  
+    <nav class="md-nav" aria-label="Events">
+      <ul class="md-nav__list">
+        
+          <li class="md-nav__item">
+  <a href="#preventing-default-event" class="md-nav__link">
+    <span class="md-ellipsis">
+      Preventing Default Event
+    </span>
+  </a>
+  
+</li>
+        
+      </ul>
+    </nav>
+  
+</li>
+      
+        <li class="md-nav__item">
+  <a href="#plugins" class="md-nav__link">
+    <span class="md-ellipsis">
+      Plugins
+    </span>
+  </a>
+  
+</li>
+      
+        <li class="md-nav__item">
+  <a href="#more-jquery" class="md-nav__link">
+    <span class="md-ellipsis">
+      More jQuery
+    </span>
+  </a>
+  
+    <nav class="md-nav" aria-label="More jQuery">
+      <ul class="md-nav__list">
+        
+          <li class="md-nav__item">
+  <a href="#patters-anti-patterns" class="md-nav__link">
+    <span class="md-ellipsis">
+      Patters &amp; Anti-Patterns
+    </span>
+  </a>
+  
+</li>
+        
+          <li class="md-nav__item">
+  <a href="#chaining" class="md-nav__link">
+    <span class="md-ellipsis">
+      Chaining
+    </span>
+  </a>
+  
+</li>
+        
+          <li class="md-nav__item">
+  <a href="#dom-readiness" class="md-nav__link">
+    <span class="md-ellipsis">
+      DOM Readiness
+    </span>
+  </a>
+  
+</li>
+        
+      </ul>
+    </nav>
+  
+</li>
+      
+        <li class="md-nav__item">
+  <a href="#ajax-jquery-15" class="md-nav__link">
+    <span class="md-ellipsis">
+      AJAX (jQuery 1.5+)
+    </span>
+  </a>
+  
+</li>
+      
+    </ul>
+  
+</nav>
+      
+    </li>
+  
+
+              
+            
+              
+                
+  
+  
+  
+  
+    
+    
+      
+        
+      
+        
+      
+        
+      
+        
+      
+        
+      
+    
+    
+      
+      
+        
+      
+    
+    
+    <li class="md-nav__item md-nav__item--nested">
+      
+        
+        
+        <input class="md-nav__toggle md-toggle " type="checkbox" id="__nav_4_13_6" >
+        
+          
+          <label class="md-nav__link" for="__nav_4_13_6" id="__nav_4_13_6_label" tabindex="0">
+            
+  
+  <span class="md-ellipsis">
+    React
+  </span>
+  
+
+            <span class="md-nav__icon md-icon"></span>
+          </label>
+        
+        <nav class="md-nav" data-md-level="3" aria-labelledby="__nav_4_13_6_label" aria-expanded="false">
+          <label class="md-nav__title" for="__nav_4_13_6">
+            <span class="md-nav__icon md-icon"></span>
+            React
+          </label>
+          <ul class="md-nav__list" data-md-scrollfix>
+            
+              
+                
+  
+  
+  
+  
+    <li class="md-nav__item">
+      <a href="react/react.html" class="md-nav__link">
+        
+  
+  <span class="md-ellipsis">
+    React
+  </span>
+  
+
+      </a>
+    </li>
+  
+
+              
+            
+              
+                
+  
+  
+  
+  
+    <li class="md-nav__item">
+      <a href="react/react-router.html" class="md-nav__link">
+        
+  
+  <span class="md-ellipsis">
+    React Router
+  </span>
+  
+
+      </a>
+    </li>
+  
+
+              
+            
+              
+                
+  
+  
+  
+  
+    <li class="md-nav__item">
+      <a href="react/react-tests.html" class="md-nav__link">
+        
+  
+  <span class="md-ellipsis">
+    React Tests
+  </span>
+  
+
+      </a>
+    </li>
+  
+
+              
+            
+              
+                
+  
+  
+  
+  
+    <li class="md-nav__item">
+      <a href="react/redux.html" class="md-nav__link">
+        
+  
+  <span class="md-ellipsis">
+    Redux
+  </span>
+  
+
+      </a>
+    </li>
+  
+
+              
+            
+              
+                
+  
+  
+  
+  
+    <li class="md-nav__item">
+      <a href="react/redux-tests.html" class="md-nav__link">
+        
+  
+  <span class="md-ellipsis">
+    Redux Tests
+  </span>
+  
+
+      </a>
+    </li>
+  
+
+              
+            
+          </ul>
+        </nav>
+      
+    </li>
+  
+
+              
+            
+              
+                
+  
+  
+  
+  
+    <li class="md-nav__item">
+      <a href="svelte/svelte.html" class="md-nav__link">
+        
+  
+  <span class="md-ellipsis">
+    Svelte
+  </span>
+  
+
+      </a>
+    </li>
+  
+
+              
+            
+          </ul>
+        </nav>
+      
+    </li>
+  
+
+              
+            
+              
+                
+  
+  
+  
+  
+    
+    
+      
+        
+      
+        
+      
+    
+    
+      
+      
+        
+          
+          
+        
+      
+    
+    
+    <li class="md-nav__item md-nav__item--section md-nav__item--nested">
+      
+        
+        
+        <input class="md-nav__toggle md-toggle " type="checkbox" id="__nav_4_14" >
+        
+          
+          <label class="md-nav__link" for="__nav_4_14" id="__nav_4_14_label" tabindex="">
+            
+  
+  <span class="md-ellipsis">
+    PowerShell
+  </span>
+  
+
+            <span class="md-nav__icon md-icon"></span>
+          </label>
+        
+        <nav class="md-nav" data-md-level="2" aria-labelledby="__nav_4_14_label" aria-expanded="false">
+          <label class="md-nav__title" for="__nav_4_14">
+            <span class="md-nav__icon md-icon"></span>
+            PowerShell
+          </label>
+          <ul class="md-nav__list" data-md-scrollfix>
+            
+              
+                
+  
+  
+  
+  
+    <li class="md-nav__item">
+      <a href="../powershell/scripting.html" class="md-nav__link">
+        
+  
+  <span class="md-ellipsis">
+    Scripting
+  </span>
+  
+
+      </a>
+    </li>
+  
+
+              
+            
+              
+                
+  
+  
+  
+  
+    <li class="md-nav__item">
+      <a href="../powershell/commands.html" class="md-nav__link">
+        
+  
+  <span class="md-ellipsis">
+    Commands
+  </span>
+  
+
+      </a>
+    </li>
+  
+
+              
+            
+          </ul>
+        </nav>
+      
+    </li>
+  
+
+              
+            
+              
+                
+  
+  
+  
+  
+    
+    
+      
+        
+      
+        
+      
+    
+    
+      
+      
+        
+          
+          
+        
+      
+    
+    
+    <li class="md-nav__item md-nav__item--section md-nav__item--nested">
+      
+        
+        
+        <input class="md-nav__toggle md-toggle " type="checkbox" id="__nav_4_15" >
+        
+          
+          <label class="md-nav__link" for="__nav_4_15" id="__nav_4_15_label" tabindex="">
+            
+  
+  <span class="md-ellipsis">
+    Bash
+  </span>
+  
+
+            <span class="md-nav__icon md-icon"></span>
+          </label>
+        
+        <nav class="md-nav" data-md-level="2" aria-labelledby="__nav_4_15_label" aria-expanded="false">
+          <label class="md-nav__title" for="__nav_4_15">
+            <span class="md-nav__icon md-icon"></span>
+            Bash
+          </label>
+          <ul class="md-nav__list" data-md-scrollfix>
+            
+              
+                
+  
+  
+  
+  
+    <li class="md-nav__item">
+      <a href="../bash/scripting.html" class="md-nav__link">
+        
+  
+  <span class="md-ellipsis">
+    Scripting
+  </span>
+  
+
+      </a>
+    </li>
+  
+
+              
+            
+              
+                
+  
+  
+  
+  
+    <li class="md-nav__item">
+      <a href="../bash/commands.html" class="md-nav__link">
+        
+  
+  <span class="md-ellipsis">
+    Commands
+  </span>
+  
+
+      </a>
+    </li>
+  
+
+              
+            
+          </ul>
+        </nav>
+      
+    </li>
+  
+
+              
+            
+          </ul>
+        </nav>
+      
+    </li>
+  
+
+    
+      
+      
+  
+  
+  
+  
+    
+    
+      
+        
+      
+        
+      
+        
+      
+        
+      
+        
+      
+    
+    
+      
+      
+        
+      
+    
+    
+    <li class="md-nav__item md-nav__item--nested">
+      
+        
+        
+        <input class="md-nav__toggle md-toggle " type="checkbox" id="__nav_5" >
+        
+          
+          <label class="md-nav__link" for="__nav_5" id="__nav_5_label" tabindex="0">
+            
+  
+  <span class="md-ellipsis">
+    Misc
+  </span>
+  
+
+            <span class="md-nav__icon md-icon"></span>
+          </label>
+        
+        <nav class="md-nav" data-md-level="1" aria-labelledby="__nav_5_label" aria-expanded="false">
+          <label class="md-nav__title" for="__nav_5">
+            <span class="md-nav__icon md-icon"></span>
+            Misc
+          </label>
+          <ul class="md-nav__list" data-md-scrollfix>
+            
+              
+                
+  
+  
+  
+  
+    <li class="md-nav__item">
+      <a href="../../misc/git.html" class="md-nav__link">
+        
+  
+  <span class="md-ellipsis">
+    Git
+  </span>
+  
+
+      </a>
+    </li>
+  
+
+              
+            
+              
+                
+  
+  
+  
+  
+    <li class="md-nav__item">
+      <a href="../../misc/graph-ql.html" class="md-nav__link">
+        
+  
+  <span class="md-ellipsis">
+    GraphQL
+  </span>
+  
+
+      </a>
+    </li>
+  
+
+              
+            
+              
+                
+  
+  
+  
+  
+    <li class="md-nav__item">
+      <a href="../../misc/regular-expressions.html" class="md-nav__link">
+        
+  
+  <span class="md-ellipsis">
+    RegEx
+  </span>
+  
+
+      </a>
+    </li>
+  
+
+              
+            
+              
+                
+  
+  
+  
+  
+    <li class="md-nav__item">
+      <a href="../../misc/ssh.html" class="md-nav__link">
+        
+  
+  <span class="md-ellipsis">
+    SSH
+  </span>
+  
+
+      </a>
+    </li>
+  
+
+              
+            
+              
+                
+  
+  
+  
+  
+    <li class="md-nav__item">
+      <a href="../../misc/web-components.html" class="md-nav__link">
+        
+  
+  <span class="md-ellipsis">
+    WebComponents
+  </span>
+  
+
+      </a>
+    </li>
+  
+
+              
+            
+          </ul>
+        </nav>
+      
+    </li>
+  
+
+    
+      
+      
+  
+  
+  
+  
+    
+    
+      
+        
+      
+        
+      
+    
+    
+      
+      
+        
+      
+    
+    
+    <li class="md-nav__item md-nav__item--nested">
+      
+        
+        
+        <input class="md-nav__toggle md-toggle " type="checkbox" id="__nav_6" >
+        
+          
+          <label class="md-nav__link" for="__nav_6" id="__nav_6_label" tabindex="0">
+            
+  
+  <span class="md-ellipsis">
+    Linux
+  </span>
+  
+
+            <span class="md-nav__icon md-icon"></span>
+          </label>
+        
+        <nav class="md-nav" data-md-level="1" aria-labelledby="__nav_6_label" aria-expanded="false">
+          <label class="md-nav__title" for="__nav_6">
+            <span class="md-nav__icon md-icon"></span>
+            Linux
+          </label>
+          <ul class="md-nav__list" data-md-scrollfix>
+            
+              
+                
+  
+  
+  
+  
+    
+    
+      
+        
+      
+        
+      
+        
+      
+    
+    
+      
+      
+        
+      
+    
+    
+    <li class="md-nav__item md-nav__item--nested">
+      
+        
+        
+        <input class="md-nav__toggle md-toggle " type="checkbox" id="__nav_6_1" >
+        
+          
+          <label class="md-nav__link" for="__nav_6_1" id="__nav_6_1_label" tabindex="0">
+            
+  
+  <span class="md-ellipsis">
+    Filesystem
+  </span>
+  
+
+            <span class="md-nav__icon md-icon"></span>
+          </label>
+        
+        <nav class="md-nav" data-md-level="2" aria-labelledby="__nav_6_1_label" aria-expanded="false">
+          <label class="md-nav__title" for="__nav_6_1">
+            <span class="md-nav__icon md-icon"></span>
+            Filesystem
+          </label>
+          <ul class="md-nav__list" data-md-scrollfix>
+            
+              
+                
+  
+  
+  
+  
+    <li class="md-nav__item">
+      <a href="../../linux/filesystem/file-links.html" class="md-nav__link">
+        
+  
+  <span class="md-ellipsis">
+    File Links
+  </span>
+  
+
+      </a>
+    </li>
+  
+
+              
+            
+              
+                
+  
+  
+  
+  
+    <li class="md-nav__item">
+      <a href="../../linux/filesystem/procfs.html" class="md-nav__link">
+        
+  
+  <span class="md-ellipsis">
+    /proc
+  </span>
+  
+
+      </a>
+    </li>
+  
+
+              
+            
+              
+                
+  
+  
+  
+  
+    <li class="md-nav__item">
+      <a href="../../linux/filesystem/sysfs.html" class="md-nav__link">
+        
+  
+  <span class="md-ellipsis">
+    /sys
+  </span>
+  
+
+      </a>
+    </li>
+  
+
+              
+            
+          </ul>
+        </nav>
+      
+    </li>
+  
+
+              
+            
+              
+                
+  
+  
+  
+  
+    
+    
+      
+        
+      
+        
+      
+    
+    
+      
+      
+        
+      
+    
+    
+    <li class="md-nav__item md-nav__item--nested">
+      
+        
+        
+        <input class="md-nav__toggle md-toggle " type="checkbox" id="__nav_6_2" >
+        
+          
+          <label class="md-nav__link" for="__nav_6_2" id="__nav_6_2_label" tabindex="0">
+            
+  
+  <span class="md-ellipsis">
+    System Init
+  </span>
+  
+
+            <span class="md-nav__icon md-icon"></span>
+          </label>
+        
+        <nav class="md-nav" data-md-level="2" aria-labelledby="__nav_6_2_label" aria-expanded="false">
+          <label class="md-nav__title" for="__nav_6_2">
+            <span class="md-nav__icon md-icon"></span>
+            System Init
+          </label>
+          <ul class="md-nav__list" data-md-scrollfix>
+            
+              
+                
+  
+  
+  
+  
+    <li class="md-nav__item">
+      <a href="../../linux/init/systemd.html" class="md-nav__link">
+        
+  
+  <span class="md-ellipsis">
+    Systemd
+  </span>
+  
+
+      </a>
+    </li>
+  
+
+              
+            
+              
+                
+  
+  
+  
+  
+    <li class="md-nav__item">
+      <a href="../../linux/init/open-rc.html" class="md-nav__link">
+        
+  
+  <span class="md-ellipsis">
+    OpenRC
+  </span>
+  
+
+      </a>
+    </li>
+  
+
+              
+            
+          </ul>
+        </nav>
+      
+    </li>
+  
+
+              
+            
+          </ul>
+        </nav>
+      
+    </li>
+  
+
+    
+  </ul>
+</nav>
+                  </div>
+                </div>
+              </div>
+            
+            
+              
+              <div class="md-sidebar md-sidebar--secondary" data-md-component="sidebar" data-md-type="toc" >
+                <div class="md-sidebar__scrollwrap">
+                  <div class="md-sidebar__inner">
+                    
+
+<nav class="md-nav md-nav--secondary" aria-label="Table of contents">
+  
+  
+  
+    
+  
+  
+    <label class="md-nav__title" for="__toc">
+      <span class="md-nav__icon md-icon"></span>
+      Table of contents
+    </label>
+    <ul class="md-nav__list" data-md-component="toc" data-md-scrollfix>
+      
+        <li class="md-nav__item">
+  <a href="#including-jquery" class="md-nav__link">
+    <span class="md-ellipsis">
+      Including jQuery
+    </span>
+  </a>
+  
+    <nav class="md-nav" aria-label="Including jQuery">
+      <ul class="md-nav__list">
+        
+          <li class="md-nav__item">
+  <a href="#download-and-link-the-file" class="md-nav__link">
+    <span class="md-ellipsis">
+      Download and link the file
+    </span>
+  </a>
+  
+</li>
+        
+          <li class="md-nav__item">
+  <a href="#use-a-cdn" class="md-nav__link">
+    <span class="md-ellipsis">
+      Use a CDN
+    </span>
+  </a>
+  
+</li>
+        
+          <li class="md-nav__item">
+  <a href="#what-is-a-cdn" class="md-nav__link">
+    <span class="md-ellipsis">
+      What is a CDN
+    </span>
+  </a>
+  
+</li>
+        
+      </ul>
+    </nav>
+  
+</li>
+      
+        <li class="md-nav__item">
+  <a href="#html-manipulation" class="md-nav__link">
+    <span class="md-ellipsis">
+      HTML Manipulation
+    </span>
+  </a>
+  
+    <nav class="md-nav" aria-label="HTML Manipulation">
+      <ul class="md-nav__list">
+        
+          <li class="md-nav__item">
+  <a href="#finding-dom-elements" class="md-nav__link">
+    <span class="md-ellipsis">
+      Finding DOM elements
+    </span>
+  </a>
+  
+</li>
+        
+          <li class="md-nav__item">
+  <a href="#manipulating-dom-elements" class="md-nav__link">
+    <span class="md-ellipsis">
+      Manipulating DOM elements
+    </span>
+  </a>
+  
+</li>
+        
+          <li class="md-nav__item">
+  <a href="#reading-elements" class="md-nav__link">
+    <span class="md-ellipsis">
+      Reading Elements
+    </span>
+  </a>
+  
+</li>
+        
+          <li class="md-nav__item">
+  <a href="#modifying-elements" class="md-nav__link">
+    <span class="md-ellipsis">
+      Modifying Elements
+    </span>
+  </a>
+  
+</li>
+        
+          <li class="md-nav__item">
+  <a href="#create-store-manipulate-and-inject" class="md-nav__link">
+    <span class="md-ellipsis">
+      Create, Store, Manipulate and inject
+    </span>
+  </a>
+  
+</li>
+        
+          <li class="md-nav__item">
+  <a href="#regular-dom-nodes-to-jquery-objects" class="md-nav__link">
+    <span class="md-ellipsis">
+      Regular DOM Nodes to jQuery Objects
+    </span>
+  </a>
+  
+</li>
+        
+      </ul>
+    </nav>
+  
+</li>
+      
+        <li class="md-nav__item">
+  <a href="#events" class="md-nav__link">
+    <span class="md-ellipsis">
+      Events
+    </span>
+  </a>
+  
+    <nav class="md-nav" aria-label="Events">
+      <ul class="md-nav__list">
+        
+          <li class="md-nav__item">
+  <a href="#preventing-default-event" class="md-nav__link">
+    <span class="md-ellipsis">
+      Preventing Default Event
+    </span>
+  </a>
+  
+</li>
+        
+      </ul>
+    </nav>
+  
+</li>
+      
+        <li class="md-nav__item">
+  <a href="#plugins" class="md-nav__link">
+    <span class="md-ellipsis">
+      Plugins
+    </span>
+  </a>
+  
+</li>
+      
+        <li class="md-nav__item">
+  <a href="#more-jquery" class="md-nav__link">
+    <span class="md-ellipsis">
+      More jQuery
+    </span>
+  </a>
+  
+    <nav class="md-nav" aria-label="More jQuery">
+      <ul class="md-nav__list">
+        
+          <li class="md-nav__item">
+  <a href="#patters-anti-patterns" class="md-nav__link">
+    <span class="md-ellipsis">
+      Patters &amp; Anti-Patterns
+    </span>
+  </a>
+  
+</li>
+        
+          <li class="md-nav__item">
+  <a href="#chaining" class="md-nav__link">
+    <span class="md-ellipsis">
+      Chaining
+    </span>
+  </a>
+  
+</li>
+        
+          <li class="md-nav__item">
+  <a href="#dom-readiness" class="md-nav__link">
+    <span class="md-ellipsis">
+      DOM Readiness
+    </span>
+  </a>
+  
+</li>
+        
+      </ul>
+    </nav>
+  
+</li>
+      
+        <li class="md-nav__item">
+  <a href="#ajax-jquery-15" class="md-nav__link">
+    <span class="md-ellipsis">
+      AJAX (jQuery 1.5+)
+    </span>
+  </a>
+  
+</li>
+      
+    </ul>
+  
+</nav>
+                  </div>
+                </div>
+              </div>
+            
+          
+          
+            <div class="md-content" data-md-component="content">
+              <article class="md-content__inner md-typeset">
+                
+                  
+
+  
+  
+
+
+<h1 id="jquery-library">jQuery Library</h1>
+<h2 id="including-jquery">Including jQuery</h2>
+<h3 id="download-and-link-the-file">Download and link the file</h3>
+<div class="highlight"><table class="highlighttable"><tr><th colspan="2" class="filename"><span class="filename">HTML</span></th></tr><tr><td class="linenos"><div class="linenodiv"><pre><span></span><span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-0-1">1</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-0-2">2</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-0-3">3</a></span></pre></div></td><td class="code"><div><pre><span></span><code><a id="__codelineno-0-1" name="__codelineno-0-1"></a><span class="p">&lt;</span><span class="nt">head</span><span class="p">&gt;</span>
+<a id="__codelineno-0-2" name="__codelineno-0-2"></a>    <span class="p">&lt;</span><span class="nt">script</span> <span class="na">src</span><span class="o">=</span><span class="s">&quot;jquery-x.x.x.min.js&quot;</span><span class="p">&gt;&lt;/</span><span class="nt">script</span><span class="p">&gt;</span>
+<a id="__codelineno-0-3" name="__codelineno-0-3"></a><span class="p">&lt;/</span><span class="nt">head</span><span class="p">&gt;</span>
+</code></pre></div></td></tr></table></div>
+<h3 id="use-a-cdn">Use a CDN</h3>
+<div class="highlight"><table class="highlighttable"><tr><th colspan="2" class="filename"><span class="filename">HTML</span></th></tr><tr><td class="linenos"><div class="linenodiv"><pre><span></span><span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-1-1">1</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-1-2">2</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-1-3">3</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-1-4">4</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-1-5">5</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-1-6">6</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-1-7">7</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-1-8">8</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-1-9">9</a></span></pre></div></td><td class="code"><div><pre><span></span><code><a id="__codelineno-1-1" name="__codelineno-1-1"></a><span class="p">&lt;</span><span class="nt">head</span><span class="p">&gt;</span>
+<a id="__codelineno-1-2" name="__codelineno-1-2"></a>    <span class="p">&lt;</span><span class="nt">script</span> <span class="na">src</span><span class="o">=</span><span class="s">&quot;https://ajax.googleapis.com/ajax/libs/jquery/x.x.x/jquery.min.js&quot;</span><span class="p">&gt;&lt;/</span><span class="nt">script</span><span class="p">&gt;</span>
+<a id="__codelineno-1-3" name="__codelineno-1-3"></a><span class="p">&lt;/</span><span class="nt">head</span><span class="p">&gt;</span>
+<a id="__codelineno-1-4" name="__codelineno-1-4"></a>
+<a id="__codelineno-1-5" name="__codelineno-1-5"></a><span class="cm">&lt;!-- OR --&gt;</span>
+<a id="__codelineno-1-6" name="__codelineno-1-6"></a>
+<a id="__codelineno-1-7" name="__codelineno-1-7"></a><span class="p">&lt;</span><span class="nt">head</span><span class="p">&gt;</span>
+<a id="__codelineno-1-8" name="__codelineno-1-8"></a>    <span class="p">&lt;</span><span class="nt">script</span> <span class="na">src</span><span class="o">=</span><span class="s">&quot;https://ajax.aspnetcdn.com/ajax/jQuery/jquery-x.x.x.min.js&quot;</span><span class="p">&gt;&lt;/</span><span class="nt">script</span><span class="p">&gt;</span>
+<a id="__codelineno-1-9" name="__codelineno-1-9"></a><span class="p">&lt;/</span><span class="nt">head</span><span class="p">&gt;</span>
+</code></pre></div></td></tr></table></div>
+<h3 id="what-is-a-cdn">What is a CDN</h3>
+<p>A <strong>content delivery network</strong> or <strong>content distribution network</strong> (CDN) is a large distributed system of servers deployed in multiple data centers across the Internet.
+The goal of a CDN is to serve content to end-users with high availability and high performance.
+CDNs serve a large fraction of the Internet content today, including web objects (text, graphics and scripts), downloadable objects (media files, software, documents), applications (e-commerce, portals), live streaming media, on-demand streaming media, and social networks.</p>
+<h2 id="html-manipulation">HTML Manipulation</h2>
+<h3 id="finding-dom-elements"><a href="https://api.jquery.com/category/selectors/">Finding DOM elements</a></h3>
+<div class="highlight"><table class="highlighttable"><tr><th colspan="2" class="filename"><span class="filename">JavaScript</span></th></tr><tr><td class="linenos"><div class="linenodiv"><pre><span></span><span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-2-1">1</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-2-2">2</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-2-3">3</a></span></pre></div></td><td class="code"><div><pre><span></span><code><a id="__codelineno-2-1" name="__codelineno-2-1"></a><span class="nx">$</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="s1">&#39;tag&#39;</span><span class="p">);</span>
+<a id="__codelineno-2-2" name="__codelineno-2-2"></a><span class="nx">$</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="s2">&quot;#id&quot;</span><span class="p">);</span>
+<a id="__codelineno-2-3" name="__codelineno-2-3"></a><span class="nx">$</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="s2">&quot;.class&quot;</span><span class="p">);</span>
+</code></pre></div></td></tr></table></div>
+<h3 id="manipulating-dom-elements">Manipulating DOM elements</h3>
+<div class="highlight"><table class="highlighttable"><tr><th colspan="2" class="filename"><span class="filename">JavaScript</span></th></tr><tr><td class="linenos"><div class="linenodiv"><pre><span></span><span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-3-1">1</a></span></pre></div></td><td class="code"><div><pre><span></span><code><a id="__codelineno-3-1" name="__codelineno-3-1"></a><span class="nx">$</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="s2">&quot;p&quot;</span><span class="p">).</span><span class="nx">addClass</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="s2">&quot;special&quot;</span><span class="p">);</span>
+</code></pre></div></td></tr></table></div>
+<div class="highlight"><table class="highlighttable"><tr><th colspan="2" class="filename"><span class="filename">HTML</span></th></tr><tr><td class="linenos"><div class="linenodiv"><pre><span></span><span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-4-1">1</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-4-2">2</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-4-3">3</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-4-4">4</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-4-5">5</a></span></pre></div></td><td class="code"><div><pre><span></span><code><a id="__codelineno-4-1" name="__codelineno-4-1"></a><span class="cm">&lt;!-- before --&gt;</span>
+<a id="__codelineno-4-2" name="__codelineno-4-2"></a><span class="p">&lt;</span><span class="nt">p</span><span class="p">&gt;</span>Welcome to jQuery<span class="p">&lt;</span><span class="nt">p</span><span class="p">&gt;</span>
+<a id="__codelineno-4-3" name="__codelineno-4-3"></a>
+<a id="__codelineno-4-4" name="__codelineno-4-4"></a><span class="cm">&lt;!-- after --&gt;</span>
+<a id="__codelineno-4-5" name="__codelineno-4-5"></a><span class="p">&lt;</span><span class="nt">p</span> <span class="na">class</span><span class="o">=</span><span class="s">&quot;special&quot;</span><span class="p">&gt;</span>Welcome to jQuery<span class="p">&lt;</span><span class="nt">p</span><span class="p">&gt;</span>
+</code></pre></div></td></tr></table></div>
+<h3 id="reading-elements">Reading Elements</h3>
+<div class="highlight"><table class="highlighttable"><tr><th colspan="2" class="filename"><span class="filename">HTML</span></th></tr><tr><td class="linenos"><div class="linenodiv"><pre><span></span><span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-5-1">1</a></span></pre></div></td><td class="code"><div><pre><span></span><code><a id="__codelineno-5-1" name="__codelineno-5-1"></a><span class="p">&lt;</span><span class="nt">a</span> <span class="na">id</span><span class="o">=</span><span class="s">&quot;yahoo&quot;</span> <span class="na">href</span><span class="o">=</span><span class="s">&quot;http://www.yahoo.com&quot;</span> <span class="na">style</span><span class="o">=</span><span class="s">&quot;font-size:20px;&quot;</span><span class="p">&gt;</span>Yahoo!<span class="p">&lt;/</span><span class="nt">a</span><span class="p">&gt;</span>
+</code></pre></div></td></tr></table></div>
+<div class="highlight"><table class="highlighttable"><tr><th colspan="2" class="filename"><span class="filename">JavaScript</span></th></tr><tr><td class="linenos"><div class="linenodiv"><pre><span></span><span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-6-1">1</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-6-2">2</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-6-3">3</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-6-4">4</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-6-5">5</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-6-6">6</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-6-7">7</a></span></pre></div></td><td class="code"><div><pre><span></span><code><a id="__codelineno-6-1" name="__codelineno-6-1"></a><span class="c1">// find it &amp; store it</span>
+<a id="__codelineno-6-2" name="__codelineno-6-2"></a><span class="kd">var</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="nx">link</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="o">=</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="nx">$</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="s1">&#39;a#yahoo&#39;</span><span class="p">);</span>
+<a id="__codelineno-6-3" name="__codelineno-6-3"></a>
+<a id="__codelineno-6-4" name="__codelineno-6-4"></a><span class="c1">// get info about it</span>
+<a id="__codelineno-6-5" name="__codelineno-6-5"></a><span class="nx">link</span><span class="p">.</span><span class="nx">html</span><span class="p">();</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="c1">// &#39;Yahoo!&#39;</span>
+<a id="__codelineno-6-6" name="__codelineno-6-6"></a><span class="nx">link</span><span class="p">.</span><span class="nx">attr</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="s1">&#39;href&#39;</span><span class="p">);</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="c1">// &#39;http://www.yahoo.com&#39;</span>
+<a id="__codelineno-6-7" name="__codelineno-6-7"></a><span class="nx">link</span><span class="p">.</span><span class="nx">css</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="s1">&#39;font-size&#39;</span><span class="p">);</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="c1">// &#39;20px</span>
+</code></pre></div></td></tr></table></div>
+<h3 id="modifying-elements">Modifying Elements</h3>
+<div class="highlight"><table class="highlighttable"><tr><th colspan="2" class="filename"><span class="filename">JavaScript</span></th></tr><tr><td class="linenos"><div class="linenodiv"><pre><span></span><span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-7-1">1</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-7-2">2</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-7-3">3</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-7-4">4</a></span></pre></div></td><td class="code"><div><pre><span></span><code><a id="__codelineno-7-1" name="__codelineno-7-1"></a><span class="c1">// jQuery</span>
+<a id="__codelineno-7-2" name="__codelineno-7-2"></a><span class="nx">$</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="s1">&#39;a&#39;</span><span class="p">).</span><span class="nx">html</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="s1">&#39;Yahoo!&#39;</span><span class="p">);</span>
+<a id="__codelineno-7-3" name="__codelineno-7-3"></a><span class="nx">$</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="s1">&#39;a&#39;</span><span class="p">).</span><span class="nx">attr</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="s1">&#39;href&#39;</span><span class="p">,</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="s1">&#39;http://www.yahoo.com&#39;</span><span class="p">);</span>
+<a id="__codelineno-7-4" name="__codelineno-7-4"></a><span class="nx">$</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="s1">&#39;a&#39;</span><span class="p">).</span><span class="nx">css</span><span class="p">({</span><span class="s1">&#39;color&#39;</span><span class="o">:</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="s1">&#39;purple&#39;</span><span class="p">});</span>
+</code></pre></div></td></tr></table></div>
+<div class="highlight"><table class="highlighttable"><tr><th colspan="2" class="filename"><span class="filename">HTML</span></th></tr><tr><td class="linenos"><div class="linenodiv"><pre><span></span><span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-8-1">1</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-8-2">2</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-8-3">3</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-8-4">4</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-8-5">5</a></span></pre></div></td><td class="code"><div><pre><span></span><code><a id="__codelineno-8-1" name="__codelineno-8-1"></a><span class="cm">&lt;!-- before --&gt;</span>
+<a id="__codelineno-8-2" name="__codelineno-8-2"></a><span class="p">&lt;</span><span class="nt">a</span> <span class="na">href</span><span class="o">=</span><span class="s">&quot;http://www.google.com&quot;</span><span class="p">&gt;</span>Google<span class="p">&lt;/</span><span class="nt">a</span><span class="p">&gt;</span>
+<a id="__codelineno-8-3" name="__codelineno-8-3"></a>
+<a id="__codelineno-8-4" name="__codelineno-8-4"></a><span class="cm">&lt;!-- after --&gt;</span>
+<a id="__codelineno-8-5" name="__codelineno-8-5"></a><span class="p">&lt;</span><span class="nt">a</span> <span class="na">href</span><span class="o">=</span><span class="s">&quot;http://www.yahoo.com&quot;</span> <span class="na">style</span><span class="o">=</span><span class="s">&quot;color:purple&quot;</span><span class="p">&gt;</span>Yahoo<span class="p">&lt;/</span><span class="nt">a</span><span class="p">&gt;</span>
+</code></pre></div></td></tr></table></div>
+<h3 id="create-store-manipulate-and-inject">Create, Store, Manipulate and inject</h3>
+<div class="highlight"><table class="highlighttable"><tr><th colspan="2" class="filename"><span class="filename">JavaScript</span></th></tr><tr><td class="linenos"><div class="linenodiv"><pre><span></span><span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-9-1">1</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-9-2">2</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-9-3">3</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-9-4">4</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-9-5">5</a></span></pre></div></td><td class="code"><div><pre><span></span><code><a id="__codelineno-9-1" name="__codelineno-9-1"></a><span class="kd">let</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="nx">paragraph</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="o">=</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="nx">$</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="s1">&#39;&lt;p class=&quot;intro&quot;&gt;Welcome&lt;p&gt;&#39;</span><span class="p">);</span><span class="w">  </span><span class="c1">// create and store element</span>
+<a id="__codelineno-9-2" name="__codelineno-9-2"></a>
+<a id="__codelineno-9-3" name="__codelineno-9-3"></a><span class="nx">paragraph</span><span class="p">.</span><span class="nx">css</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="s1">&#39;property&#39;</span><span class="p">,</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="s1">&#39;value&#39;</span><span class="p">);</span><span class="w">  </span><span class="c1">// manipulate element</span>
+<a id="__codelineno-9-4" name="__codelineno-9-4"></a>
+<a id="__codelineno-9-5" name="__codelineno-9-5"></a><span class="nx">$</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="s2">&quot;body&quot;</span><span class="p">).</span><span class="nx">append</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="nx">paragraph</span><span class="p">);</span><span class="w">  </span><span class="c1">// inject in DOM</span>
+</code></pre></div></td></tr></table></div>
+<h3 id="regular-dom-nodes-to-jquery-objects">Regular DOM Nodes to jQuery Objects</h3>
+<div class="highlight"><table class="highlighttable"><tr><th colspan="2" class="filename"><span class="filename">JavaScript</span></th></tr><tr><td class="linenos"><div class="linenodiv"><pre><span></span><span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-10-1"> 1</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-10-2"> 2</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-10-3"> 3</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-10-4"> 4</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-10-5"> 5</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-10-6"> 6</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-10-7"> 7</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-10-8"> 8</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-10-9"> 9</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-10-10">10</a></span></pre></div></td><td class="code"><div><pre><span></span><code><a id="__codelineno-10-1" name="__codelineno-10-1"></a><span class="kd">var</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="nx">paragraphs</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="o">=</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="nx">$</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="s1">&#39;p&#39;</span><span class="p">);</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="c1">// an array</span>
+<a id="__codelineno-10-2" name="__codelineno-10-2"></a><span class="kd">var</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="nx">aParagraph</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="o">=</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="nx">paragraphs</span><span class="p">[</span><span class="mf">0</span><span class="p">];</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="c1">// a regular DOM node</span>
+<a id="__codelineno-10-3" name="__codelineno-10-3"></a><span class="kd">var</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="nx">$aParagraph</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="o">=</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="nx">$</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="nx">paragraphs</span><span class="p">[</span><span class="mf">0</span><span class="p">]);</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="c1">// a jQuery Object</span>
+<a id="__codelineno-10-4" name="__codelineno-10-4"></a>
+<a id="__codelineno-10-5" name="__codelineno-10-5"></a><span class="c1">// can also use loops</span>
+<a id="__codelineno-10-6" name="__codelineno-10-6"></a><span class="k">for</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="kd">var</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="nx">i</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="o">=</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="mf">0</span><span class="p">;</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="nx">i</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="o">&lt;</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="nx">paragraphs</span><span class="p">.</span><span class="nx">length</span><span class="p">;</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="nx">i</span><span class="o">++</span><span class="p">)</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="p">{</span>
+<a id="__codelineno-10-7" name="__codelineno-10-7"></a><span class="w">    </span><span class="kd">var</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="nx">element</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="o">=</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="nx">paragraphs</span><span class="p">[</span><span class="nx">i</span><span class="p">];</span>
+<a id="__codelineno-10-8" name="__codelineno-10-8"></a><span class="w">    </span><span class="kd">var</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="nx">paragraph</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="o">=</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="nx">$</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="nx">element</span><span class="p">);</span>
+<a id="__codelineno-10-9" name="__codelineno-10-9"></a><span class="w">    </span><span class="nx">paragraph</span><span class="p">.</span><span class="nx">html</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="nx">paragraph</span><span class="p">.</span><span class="nx">html</span><span class="p">()</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="o">+</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="s1">&#39; WOW!&#39;</span><span class="p">);</span>
+<a id="__codelineno-10-10" name="__codelineno-10-10"></a><span class="p">}</span>
+</code></pre></div></td></tr></table></div>
+<h2 id="events"><a href="https://api.jquery.com/category/events/">Events</a></h2>
+<div class="highlight"><table class="highlighttable"><tr><th colspan="2" class="filename"><span class="filename">JavaScript</span></th></tr><tr><td class="linenos"><div class="linenodiv"><pre><span></span><span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-11-1"> 1</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-11-2"> 2</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-11-3"> 3</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-11-4"> 4</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-11-5"> 5</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-11-6"> 6</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-11-7"> 7</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-11-8"> 8</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-11-9"> 9</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-11-10">10</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-11-11">11</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-11-12">12</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-11-13">13</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-11-14">14</a></span></pre></div></td><td class="code"><div><pre><span></span><code><a id="__codelineno-11-1" name="__codelineno-11-1"></a><span class="kd">var</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="nx">onButtonClick</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="o">=</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="kd">function</span><span class="p">()</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="p">{</span><span class="w">  </span>
+<a id="__codelineno-11-2" name="__codelineno-11-2"></a><span class="w">    </span><span class="nx">console</span><span class="p">.</span><span class="nx">log</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="s1">&#39;clicked!&#39;</span><span class="p">);</span>
+<a id="__codelineno-11-3" name="__codelineno-11-3"></a><span class="p">}</span>
+<a id="__codelineno-11-4" name="__codelineno-11-4"></a>
+<a id="__codelineno-11-5" name="__codelineno-11-5"></a><span class="c1">// with named callback &amp; .on</span>
+<a id="__codelineno-11-6" name="__codelineno-11-6"></a><span class="nx">$</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="s1">&#39;button&#39;</span><span class="p">).</span><span class="nx">on</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="s1">&#39;click&#39;</span><span class="p">,</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="nx">onButtonClick</span><span class="p">);</span>
+<a id="__codelineno-11-7" name="__codelineno-11-7"></a>
+<a id="__codelineno-11-8" name="__codelineno-11-8"></a><span class="c1">// with anonymous callback &amp; .on</span>
+<a id="__codelineno-11-9" name="__codelineno-11-9"></a><span class="nx">$</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="s1">&#39;button&#39;</span><span class="p">).</span><span class="nx">on</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="s1">&#39;click&#39;</span><span class="p">,</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="kd">function</span><span class="p">(){</span>
+<a id="__codelineno-11-10" name="__codelineno-11-10"></a><span class="w">    </span><span class="nx">console</span><span class="p">.</span><span class="nx">log</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="s1">&#39;clicked!&#39;</span><span class="p">);</span>
+<a id="__codelineno-11-11" name="__codelineno-11-11"></a><span class="p">});</span>
+<a id="__codelineno-11-12" name="__codelineno-11-12"></a>
+<a id="__codelineno-11-13" name="__codelineno-11-13"></a><span class="c1">// with .click &amp; named callback</span>
+<a id="__codelineno-11-14" name="__codelineno-11-14"></a><span class="nx">$</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="s1">&#39;button&#39;</span><span class="p">).</span><span class="nx">click</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="nx">onButtonClick</span><span class="p">);</span>
+</code></pre></div></td></tr></table></div>
+<h3 id="preventing-default-event">Preventing Default Event</h3>
+<div class="highlight"><table class="highlighttable"><tr><th colspan="2" class="filename"><span class="filename">JavaScript</span></th></tr><tr><td class="linenos"><div class="linenodiv"><pre><span></span><span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-12-1">1</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-12-2">2</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-12-3">3</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-12-4">4</a></span></pre></div></td><td class="code"><div><pre><span></span><code><a id="__codelineno-12-1" name="__codelineno-12-1"></a><span class="nx">$</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="s1">&#39;selector&#39;</span><span class="p">).</span><span class="nx">on</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="s1">&#39;event&#39;</span><span class="p">,</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="kd">function</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="nx">event</span><span class="p">)</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="p">{</span>
+<a id="__codelineno-12-2" name="__codelineno-12-2"></a><span class="w">    </span><span class="nx">event</span><span class="p">.</span><span class="nx">preventDefault</span><span class="p">();</span>
+<a id="__codelineno-12-3" name="__codelineno-12-3"></a><span class="w">    </span><span class="c1">// custom logic</span>
+<a id="__codelineno-12-4" name="__codelineno-12-4"></a><span class="p">});</span>
+</code></pre></div></td></tr></table></div>
+<h2 id="plugins">Plugins</h2>
+<p>In the HTML, add a <code>&lt;script&gt;</code> ag that hotlinks to the CDN or source file:</p>
+<div class="highlight"><table class="highlighttable"><tr><th colspan="2" class="filename"><span class="filename">HTML</span></th></tr><tr><td class="linenos"><div class="linenodiv"><pre><span></span><span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-13-1">1</a></span></pre></div></td><td class="code"><div><pre><span></span><code><a id="__codelineno-13-1" name="__codelineno-13-1"></a><span class="p">&lt;</span><span class="nt">script</span> <span class="na">src</span><span class="o">=</span><span class="s">&quot;https://cdnjs.cloudflare.com/ajax/libs/jquery-validate/1.17.0/jquery.validate.min.js&quot;</span><span class="p">&gt;</span><span class="o">&lt;</span><span class="nx">script</span><span class="o">&gt;</span>
+</code></pre></div></td></tr></table></div>
+<p>In the JavaScript call the jQuery plugin on the DOM:</p>
+<div class="highlight"><table class="highlighttable"><tr><th colspan="2" class="filename"><span class="filename">JavaScript</span></th></tr><tr><td class="linenos"><div class="linenodiv"><pre><span></span><span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-14-1">1</a></span></pre></div></td><td class="code"><div><pre><span></span><code><a id="__codelineno-14-1" name="__codelineno-14-1"></a><span class="nx">$</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="s2">&quot;form&quot;</span><span class="p">).</span><span class="nx">validate</span><span class="p">();</span>
+</code></pre></div></td></tr></table></div>
+<blockquote>
+<p><strong>Note</strong>: always link to the <a href="https://developers.google.com/speed/docs/insights/MinifyResources">minified</a> js files.</p>
+</blockquote>
+<h2 id="more-jquery">More jQuery</h2>
+<h3 id="patters-anti-patterns">Patters &amp; Anti-Patterns</h3>
+<div class="highlight"><table class="highlighttable"><tr><th colspan="2" class="filename"><span class="filename">JavaScript</span></th></tr><tr><td class="linenos"><div class="linenodiv"><pre><span></span><span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-15-1"> 1</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-15-2"> 2</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-15-3"> 3</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-15-4"> 4</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-15-5"> 5</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-15-6"> 6</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-15-7"> 7</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-15-8"> 8</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-15-9"> 9</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-15-10">10</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-15-11">11</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-15-12">12</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-15-13">13</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-15-14">14</a></span></pre></div></td><td class="code"><div><pre><span></span><code><a id="__codelineno-15-1" name="__codelineno-15-1"></a><span class="c1">// Pattern: name variables with $var</span>
+<a id="__codelineno-15-2" name="__codelineno-15-2"></a><span class="nx">$myVar</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="o">=</span><span class="nx">$</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="s1">&#39;#myNode&#39;</span><span class="p">);</span>
+<a id="__codelineno-15-3" name="__codelineno-15-3"></a>
+<a id="__codelineno-15-4" name="__codelineno-15-4"></a><span class="c1">// Pattern: store references to callback functions</span>
+<a id="__codelineno-15-5" name="__codelineno-15-5"></a><span class="kd">var</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="nx">callback</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="o">=</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="kd">function</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="nx">argument</span><span class="p">){</span>
+<a id="__codelineno-15-6" name="__codelineno-15-6"></a><span class="w">    </span><span class="c1">// do something cool</span>
+<a id="__codelineno-15-7" name="__codelineno-15-7"></a><span class="p">};</span>
+<a id="__codelineno-15-8" name="__codelineno-15-8"></a>
+<a id="__codelineno-15-9" name="__codelineno-15-9"></a><span class="nx">$</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="nb">document</span><span class="p">).</span><span class="nx">on</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="s1">&#39;click&#39;</span><span class="p">,</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="s1">&#39;p&#39;</span><span class="p">,</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="nx">myCallback</span><span class="p">);</span>
+<a id="__codelineno-15-10" name="__codelineno-15-10"></a>
+<a id="__codelineno-15-11" name="__codelineno-15-11"></a><span class="c1">// Anti-pattern: anonymous functions</span>
+<a id="__codelineno-15-12" name="__codelineno-15-12"></a><span class="nx">$</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="nb">document</span><span class="p">).</span><span class="nx">on</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="s1">&#39;click&#39;</span><span class="p">,</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="s1">&#39;p&#39;</span><span class="p">,</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="kd">function</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="nx">argument</span><span class="p">){</span>
+<a id="__codelineno-15-13" name="__codelineno-15-13"></a><span class="w">    </span><span class="c1">// do something anonymous</span>
+<a id="__codelineno-15-14" name="__codelineno-15-14"></a><span class="p">});</span>
+</code></pre></div></td></tr></table></div>
+<h3 id="chaining">Chaining</h3>
+<div class="highlight"><table class="highlighttable"><tr><th colspan="2" class="filename"><span class="filename">JavaScript</span></th></tr><tr><td class="linenos"><div class="linenodiv"><pre><span></span><span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-16-1"> 1</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-16-2"> 2</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-16-3"> 3</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-16-4"> 4</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-16-5"> 5</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-16-6"> 6</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-16-7"> 7</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-16-8"> 8</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-16-9"> 9</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-16-10">10</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-16-11">11</a></span></pre></div></td><td class="code"><div><pre><span></span><code><a id="__codelineno-16-1" name="__codelineno-16-1"></a><span class="nx">banner</span><span class="p">.</span><span class="nx">css</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="s1">&#39;color&#39;</span><span class="p">,</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="s1">&#39;red&#39;</span><span class="p">);</span>
+<a id="__codelineno-16-2" name="__codelineno-16-2"></a><span class="nx">banner</span><span class="p">.</span><span class="nx">html</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="s1">&#39;Welcome!&#39;</span><span class="p">);</span>
+<a id="__codelineno-16-3" name="__codelineno-16-3"></a><span class="nx">banner</span><span class="p">.</span><span class="nx">show</span><span class="p">();</span>
+<a id="__codelineno-16-4" name="__codelineno-16-4"></a>
+<a id="__codelineno-16-5" name="__codelineno-16-5"></a><span class="c1">// same as:</span>
+<a id="__codelineno-16-6" name="__codelineno-16-6"></a><span class="nx">banner</span><span class="p">.</span><span class="nx">css</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="s1">&#39;color&#39;</span><span class="p">,</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="s1">&#39;red&#39;</span><span class="p">).</span><span class="nx">html</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="s1">&#39;Welcome!&#39;</span><span class="p">).</span><span class="nx">show</span><span class="p">();</span>
+<a id="__codelineno-16-7" name="__codelineno-16-7"></a>
+<a id="__codelineno-16-8" name="__codelineno-16-8"></a><span class="c1">// same as:</span>
+<a id="__codelineno-16-9" name="__codelineno-16-9"></a><span class="nx">banner</span><span class="p">.</span><span class="nx">css</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="s1">&#39;color&#39;</span><span class="p">,</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="s1">&#39;red&#39;</span><span class="p">)</span>
+<a id="__codelineno-16-10" name="__codelineno-16-10"></a><span class="w">    </span><span class="p">.</span><span class="nx">html</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="s1">&#39;Welcome!&#39;</span><span class="p">)</span>
+<a id="__codelineno-16-11" name="__codelineno-16-11"></a><span class="w">    </span><span class="p">.</span><span class="nx">show</span><span class="p">();</span>
+</code></pre></div></td></tr></table></div>
+<h3 id="dom-readiness">DOM Readiness</h3>
+<p>DOM manipulation and event binding doesn't work if the <code>&lt;script&gt;</code> is in the <code>&lt;head&gt;</code></p>
+<div class="highlight"><table class="highlighttable"><tr><th colspan="2" class="filename"><span class="filename">JavaScript</span></th></tr><tr><td class="linenos"><div class="linenodiv"><pre><span></span><span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-17-1">1</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-17-2">2</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-17-3">3</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-17-4">4</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-17-5">5</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-17-6">6</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-17-7">7</a></span></pre></div></td><td class="code"><div><pre><span></span><code><a id="__codelineno-17-1" name="__codelineno-17-1"></a><span class="nx">$</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="nb">document</span><span class="p">).</span><span class="nx">ready</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="kd">function</span><span class="p">()</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="p">{</span>
+<a id="__codelineno-17-2" name="__codelineno-17-2"></a><span class="w">    </span><span class="c1">// the DOM is fully loaded</span>
+<a id="__codelineno-17-3" name="__codelineno-17-3"></a><span class="p">});</span>
+<a id="__codelineno-17-4" name="__codelineno-17-4"></a>
+<a id="__codelineno-17-5" name="__codelineno-17-5"></a><span class="nx">$</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="nb">window</span><span class="p">).</span><span class="nx">on</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="s1">&#39;load&#39;</span><span class="p">,</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="kd">function</span><span class="p">(){</span>
+<a id="__codelineno-17-6" name="__codelineno-17-6"></a><span class="w">    </span><span class="c1">// the DOM and all assets (including images) are loaded</span>
+<a id="__codelineno-17-7" name="__codelineno-17-7"></a><span class="p">});</span>
+</code></pre></div></td></tr></table></div>
+<h2 id="ajax-jquery-15">AJAX (jQuery <code>1.5</code>+)</h2>
+<div class="highlight"><table class="highlighttable"><tr><th colspan="2" class="filename"><span class="filename">JavaScript</span></th></tr><tr><td class="linenos"><div class="linenodiv"><pre><span></span><span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-18-1">1</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-18-2">2</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-18-3">3</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-18-4">4</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-18-5">5</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-18-6">6</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-18-7">7</a></span></pre></div></td><td class="code"><div><pre><span></span><code><a id="__codelineno-18-1" name="__codelineno-18-1"></a><span class="nx">$</span><span class="p">.</span><span class="nx">ajax</span><span class="p">({</span>
+<a id="__codelineno-18-2" name="__codelineno-18-2"></a><span class="w">    </span><span class="nx">method</span><span class="o">:</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="s1">&#39;POST&#39;</span><span class="p">,</span>
+<a id="__codelineno-18-3" name="__codelineno-18-3"></a><span class="w">    </span><span class="nx">url</span><span class="o">:</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="s1">&#39;some.php&#39;</span><span class="p">,</span>
+<a id="__codelineno-18-4" name="__codelineno-18-4"></a><span class="w">    </span><span class="nx">data</span><span class="o">:</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="p">{</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="nx">name</span><span class="o">:</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="s1">&#39;John&#39;</span><span class="p">,</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="nx">location</span><span class="o">:</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="s1">&#39;Boston&#39;</span><span class="p">}</span>
+<a id="__codelineno-18-5" name="__codelineno-18-5"></a><span class="p">})</span>
+<a id="__codelineno-18-6" name="__codelineno-18-6"></a><span class="p">.</span><span class="nx">done</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="kd">function</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="nx">msg</span><span class="p">){</span><span class="nx">alert</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="s1">&#39;Data Saved: &#39;</span><span class="o">+</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="nx">msg</span><span class="p">);})</span>
+<a id="__codelineno-18-7" name="__codelineno-18-7"></a><span class="p">.</span><span class="nx">fail</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="kd">function</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="nx">jqXHR</span><span class="p">,</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="nx">textStatus</span><span class="p">){</span><span class="nx">alert</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="s1">&#39;Request failed: &#39;</span><span class="o">+</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="nx">textStatus</span><span class="p">);});</span>
+</code></pre></div></td></tr></table></div>
+
+
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+  
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+
+
+                
+              </article>
+            </div>
+          
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+<script>var target=document.getElementById(location.hash.slice(1));target&&target.name&&(target.checked=target.name.startsWith("__tabbed_"))</script>
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+  
+  <svg xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" viewBox="0 0 24 24"><path d="M13 20h-2V8l-5.5 5.5-1.42-1.42L12 4.16l7.92 7.92-1.42 1.42L13 8z"/></svg>
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+      </nav>
+    
+  
+  <div class="md-footer-meta md-typeset">
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\ No newline at end of file
diff --git a/languages/javascript/react/react-router.html b/languages/javascript/react/react-router.html
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..9ae4698
--- /dev/null
+++ b/languages/javascript/react/react-router.html
@@ -0,0 +1,4377 @@
+
+<!doctype html>
+<html lang="en" class="no-js">
+  <head>
+    
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+        <link rel="prev" href="react.html">
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+      <meta name="generator" content="mkdocs-1.6.1, mkdocs-material-9.5.34">
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+        <link rel="preconnect" href="https://fonts.gstatic.com" crossorigin>
+        <link rel="stylesheet" href="https://fonts.googleapis.com/css?family=Roboto:300,300i,400,400i,700,700i%7CRoboto+Mono:400,400i,700,700i&display=fallback">
+        <style>:root{--md-text-font:"Roboto";--md-code-font:"Roboto Mono"}</style>
+      
+    
+    
+    <script>__md_scope=new URL("../../..",location),__md_hash=e=>[...e].reduce(((e,_)=>(e<<5)-e+_.charCodeAt(0)),0),__md_get=(e,_=localStorage,t=__md_scope)=>JSON.parse(_.getItem(t.pathname+"."+e)),__md_set=(e,_,t=localStorage,a=__md_scope)=>{try{t.setItem(a.pathname+"."+e,JSON.stringify(_))}catch(e){}}</script>
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+      <a href="../../css/css.html" class="md-nav__link">
+        
+  
+  <span class="md-ellipsis">
+    CSS
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+  
+
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+    </li>
+  
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+            
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+  
+  
+  
+  
+    <li class="md-nav__item">
+      <a href="../../c/c.html" class="md-nav__link">
+        
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+  <span class="md-ellipsis">
+    C
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+    <li class="md-nav__item">
+      <a href="../../kotlin/kotlin.html" class="md-nav__link">
+        
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+  <span class="md-ellipsis">
+    Kotlin
+  </span>
+  
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+    </li>
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+
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+  
+  
+  
+    <li class="md-nav__item">
+      <a href="../../swift/swift.html" class="md-nav__link">
+        
+  
+  <span class="md-ellipsis">
+    Swift
+  </span>
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+    </li>
+  
+
+              
+            
+              
+                
+  
+  
+  
+  
+    
+    
+      
+        
+      
+        
+      
+    
+    
+      
+      
+        
+          
+          
+        
+      
+    
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+    <li class="md-nav__item md-nav__item--section md-nav__item--nested">
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+          <label class="md-nav__link" for="__nav_4_7" id="__nav_4_7_label" tabindex="">
+            
+  
+  <span class="md-ellipsis">
+    Assembly
+  </span>
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+          </label>
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+    <li class="md-nav__item">
+      <a href="../../assembly/intel.html" class="md-nav__link">
+        
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+  <span class="md-ellipsis">
+    Intel
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+    <li class="md-nav__item">
+      <a href="../../assembly/riscv.html" class="md-nav__link">
+        
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+  <span class="md-ellipsis">
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+        </nav>
+      
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+        
+      
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+    
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+      
+        
+          
+          
+        
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+    
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+    <li class="md-nav__item md-nav__item--section md-nav__item--nested">
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+      <a href="../../python/python.html" class="md-nav__link">
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+                
+  
+  
+  
+  
+    
+    
+      
+        
+      
+        
+      
+        
+      
+        
+      
+        
+      
+        
+      
+        
+      
+        
+      
+        
+      
+        
+      
+        
+      
+        
+      
+        
+      
+    
+    
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+      
+        
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+          </label>
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+            
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+  
+    <li class="md-nav__item">
+      <a href="../../python/modules/argparse.html" class="md-nav__link">
+        
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+  <span class="md-ellipsis">
+    argparse
+  </span>
+  
+
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+    </li>
+  
+
+              
+            
+              
+                
+  
+  
+  
+  
+    <li class="md-nav__item">
+      <a href="../../python/modules/collections.html" class="md-nav__link">
+        
+  
+  <span class="md-ellipsis">
+    collection
+  </span>
+  
+
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+    </li>
+  
+
+              
+            
+              
+                
+  
+  
+  
+  
+    <li class="md-nav__item">
+      <a href="../../python/modules/csv.html" class="md-nav__link">
+        
+  
+  <span class="md-ellipsis">
+    csv
+  </span>
+  
+
+      </a>
+    </li>
+  
+
+              
+            
+              
+                
+  
+  
+  
+  
+    <li class="md-nav__item">
+      <a href="../../python/modules/ftplib.html" class="md-nav__link">
+        
+  
+  <span class="md-ellipsis">
+    ftplib
+  </span>
+  
+
+      </a>
+    </li>
+  
+
+              
+            
+              
+                
+  
+  
+  
+  
+    <li class="md-nav__item">
+      <a href="../../python/modules/itertools.html" class="md-nav__link">
+        
+  
+  <span class="md-ellipsis">
+    itertools
+  </span>
+  
+
+      </a>
+    </li>
+  
+
+              
+            
+              
+                
+  
+  
+  
+  
+    <li class="md-nav__item">
+      <a href="../../python/modules/json.html" class="md-nav__link">
+        
+  
+  <span class="md-ellipsis">
+    json
+  </span>
+  
+
+      </a>
+    </li>
+  
+
+              
+            
+              
+                
+  
+  
+  
+  
+    <li class="md-nav__item">
+      <a href="../../python/modules/logging.html" class="md-nav__link">
+        
+  
+  <span class="md-ellipsis">
+    logging
+  </span>
+  
+
+      </a>
+    </li>
+  
+
+              
+            
+              
+                
+  
+  
+  
+  
+    <li class="md-nav__item">
+      <a href="../../python/modules/shutil.html" class="md-nav__link">
+        
+  
+  <span class="md-ellipsis">
+    shutil
+  </span>
+  
+
+      </a>
+    </li>
+  
+
+              
+            
+              
+                
+  
+  
+  
+  
+    <li class="md-nav__item">
+      <a href="../../python/modules/smtplib.html" class="md-nav__link">
+        
+  
+  <span class="md-ellipsis">
+    smtplib
+  </span>
+  
+
+      </a>
+    </li>
+  
+
+              
+            
+              
+                
+  
+  
+  
+  
+    <li class="md-nav__item">
+      <a href="../../python/modules/socket.html" class="md-nav__link">
+        
+  
+  <span class="md-ellipsis">
+    socket
+  </span>
+  
+
+      </a>
+    </li>
+  
+
+              
+            
+              
+                
+  
+  
+  
+  
+    <li class="md-nav__item">
+      <a href="../../python/modules/sqlite.html" class="md-nav__link">
+        
+  
+  <span class="md-ellipsis">
+    sqlite
+  </span>
+  
+
+      </a>
+    </li>
+  
+
+              
+            
+              
+                
+  
+  
+  
+  
+    <li class="md-nav__item">
+      <a href="../../python/modules/time-datetime.html" class="md-nav__link">
+        
+  
+  <span class="md-ellipsis">
+    time & datetime
+  </span>
+  
+
+      </a>
+    </li>
+  
+
+              
+            
+              
+                
+  
+  
+  
+  
+    <li class="md-nav__item">
+      <a href="../../python/modules/unittest.html" class="md-nav__link">
+        
+  
+  <span class="md-ellipsis">
+    unittest
+  </span>
+  
+
+      </a>
+    </li>
+  
+
+              
+            
+          </ul>
+        </nav>
+      
+    </li>
+  
+
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+            
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+                
+  
+  
+  
+  
+    
+    
+      
+        
+      
+        
+      
+        
+      
+        
+      
+        
+      
+        
+      
+    
+    
+      
+      
+        
+      
+    
+    
+    <li class="md-nav__item md-nav__item--nested">
+      
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+        <input class="md-nav__toggle md-toggle " type="checkbox" id="__nav_4_8_3" >
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+          <label class="md-nav__link" for="__nav_4_8_3" id="__nav_4_8_3_label" tabindex="0">
+            
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+  <span class="md-ellipsis">
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+  </span>
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+          </label>
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+  
+  
+    <li class="md-nav__item">
+      <a href="../../python/libs/tkinter.html" class="md-nav__link">
+        
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+  <span class="md-ellipsis">
+    TKinter
+  </span>
+  
+
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+    </li>
+  
+
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+            
+              
+                
+  
+  
+  
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+    <li class="md-nav__item">
+      <a href="../../python/libs/numpy.html" class="md-nav__link">
+        
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+    Numpy
+  </span>
+  
+
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+  
+
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+              
+                
+  
+  
+  
+  
+    <li class="md-nav__item">
+      <a href="../../python/libs/pandas.html" class="md-nav__link">
+        
+  
+  <span class="md-ellipsis">
+    Pandas
+  </span>
+  
+
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+    </li>
+  
+
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+            
+              
+                
+  
+  
+  
+  
+    <li class="md-nav__item">
+      <a href="../../python/libs/seaborn.html" class="md-nav__link">
+        
+  
+  <span class="md-ellipsis">
+    Seaborn
+  </span>
+  
+
+      </a>
+    </li>
+  
+
+              
+            
+              
+                
+  
+  
+  
+  
+    <li class="md-nav__item">
+      <a href="../../python/libs/requests.html" class="md-nav__link">
+        
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+  <span class="md-ellipsis">
+    Requests
+  </span>
+  
+
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+    </li>
+  
+
+              
+            
+              
+                
+  
+  
+  
+  
+    <li class="md-nav__item">
+      <a href="../../python/libs/beautiful-soup.html" class="md-nav__link">
+        
+  
+  <span class="md-ellipsis">
+    Beatiful Soup
+  </span>
+  
+
+      </a>
+    </li>
+  
+
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+            
+          </ul>
+        </nav>
+      
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+  
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+        
+      
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+      
+    
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+      
+        
+          
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+    
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+    <li class="md-nav__item md-nav__item--section md-nav__item--nested">
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+  <span class="md-ellipsis">
+    .NET
+  </span>
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+      <a href="../../dotnet/csharp/linq.html" class="md-nav__link">
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+  
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+      <a href="../../dotnet/csharp/collections.html" class="md-nav__link">
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+    Collections
+  </span>
+  
+
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+      <a href="../../dotnet/csharp/reactive-extensions.html" class="md-nav__link">
+        
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+    Reactive Extensions
+  </span>
+  
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+            
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+      <a href="../../dotnet/csharp/async-programming.html" class="md-nav__link">
+        
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+    Async Programming
+  </span>
+  
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+    </li>
+  
+
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+            
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+                
+  
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+  
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+      <a href="../../dotnet/csharp/unit-tests.html" class="md-nav__link">
+        
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+  <span class="md-ellipsis">
+    Unit Tests
+  </span>
+  
+
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+    </li>
+  
+
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+          </ul>
+        </nav>
+      
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+  
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+            
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+                
+  
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+  
+  
+    
+    
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+        
+      
+        
+      
+        
+      
+        
+      
+        
+      
+        
+      
+        
+      
+    
+    
+      
+      
+        
+      
+    
+    
+    <li class="md-nav__item md-nav__item--nested">
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+            
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+  <span class="md-ellipsis">
+    ASP.NET
+  </span>
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+          </label>
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+  
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+    <li class="md-nav__item">
+      <a href="../../dotnet/asp.net/minimal-api.html" class="md-nav__link">
+        
+  
+  <span class="md-ellipsis">
+    Minimal API
+  </span>
+  
+
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+    </li>
+  
+
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+  
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+      <a href="../../dotnet/asp.net/filters.html" class="md-nav__link">
+        
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+  <span class="md-ellipsis">
+    FIlters
+  </span>
+  
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+    </li>
+  
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+    <li class="md-nav__item">
+      <a href="../../dotnet/asp.net/middleware.html" class="md-nav__link">
+        
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+  <span class="md-ellipsis">
+    Middleware
+  </span>
+  
+
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+    </li>
+  
+
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+  
+  
+  
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+    <li class="md-nav__item">
+      <a href="../../dotnet/asp.net/razor-syntax.html" class="md-nav__link">
+        
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+  <span class="md-ellipsis">
+    Razor Syntax
+  </span>
+  
+
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+    </li>
+  
+
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+    <li class="md-nav__item">
+      <a href="../../dotnet/asp.net/blazor.html" class="md-nav__link">
+        
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+  <span class="md-ellipsis">
+    Blazor
+  </span>
+  
+
+      </a>
+    </li>
+  
+
+              
+            
+              
+                
+  
+  
+  
+  
+    <li class="md-nav__item">
+      <a href="../../dotnet/asp.net/signalr.html" class="md-nav__link">
+        
+  
+  <span class="md-ellipsis">
+    SignalR
+  </span>
+  
+
+      </a>
+    </li>
+  
+
+              
+            
+              
+                
+  
+  
+  
+  
+    <li class="md-nav__item">
+      <a href="../../dotnet/asp.net/web-forms.html" class="md-nav__link">
+        
+  
+  <span class="md-ellipsis">
+    Web Forms
+  </span>
+  
+
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+    </li>
+  
+
+              
+            
+          </ul>
+        </nav>
+      
+    </li>
+  
+
+              
+            
+              
+                
+  
+  
+  
+  
+    
+    
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+        
+      
+        
+      
+    
+    
+      
+      
+        
+      
+    
+    
+    <li class="md-nav__item md-nav__item--nested">
+      
+        
+        
+        <input class="md-nav__toggle md-toggle " type="checkbox" id="__nav_4_9_3" >
+        
+          
+          <label class="md-nav__link" for="__nav_4_9_3" id="__nav_4_9_3_label" tabindex="0">
+            
+  
+  <span class="md-ellipsis">
+    Database
+  </span>
+  
+
+            <span class="md-nav__icon md-icon"></span>
+          </label>
+        
+        <nav class="md-nav" data-md-level="3" aria-labelledby="__nav_4_9_3_label" aria-expanded="false">
+          <label class="md-nav__title" for="__nav_4_9_3">
+            <span class="md-nav__icon md-icon"></span>
+            Database
+          </label>
+          <ul class="md-nav__list" data-md-scrollfix>
+            
+              
+                
+  
+  
+  
+  
+    <li class="md-nav__item">
+      <a href="../../dotnet/database/ado.net.html" class="md-nav__link">
+        
+  
+  <span class="md-ellipsis">
+    ADO.NET
+  </span>
+  
+
+      </a>
+    </li>
+  
+
+              
+            
+              
+                
+  
+  
+  
+  
+    <li class="md-nav__item">
+      <a href="../../dotnet/database/entity-framework.html" class="md-nav__link">
+        
+  
+  <span class="md-ellipsis">
+    Entity Framework
+  </span>
+  
+
+      </a>
+    </li>
+  
+
+              
+            
+          </ul>
+        </nav>
+      
+    </li>
+  
+
+              
+            
+          </ul>
+        </nav>
+      
+    </li>
+  
+
+              
+            
+              
+                
+  
+  
+  
+  
+    
+    
+      
+        
+      
+        
+      
+        
+      
+        
+      
+    
+    
+      
+      
+        
+          
+          
+        
+      
+    
+    
+    <li class="md-nav__item md-nav__item--section md-nav__item--nested">
+      
+        
+        
+        <input class="md-nav__toggle md-toggle " type="checkbox" id="__nav_4_10" >
+        
+          
+          <label class="md-nav__link" for="__nav_4_10" id="__nav_4_10_label" tabindex="">
+            
+  
+  <span class="md-ellipsis">
+    Java
+  </span>
+  
+
+            <span class="md-nav__icon md-icon"></span>
+          </label>
+        
+        <nav class="md-nav" data-md-level="2" aria-labelledby="__nav_4_10_label" aria-expanded="false">
+          <label class="md-nav__title" for="__nav_4_10">
+            <span class="md-nav__icon md-icon"></span>
+            Java
+          </label>
+          <ul class="md-nav__list" data-md-scrollfix>
+            
+              
+                
+  
+  
+  
+  
+    <li class="md-nav__item">
+      <a href="../../java/java.html" class="md-nav__link">
+        
+  
+  <span class="md-ellipsis">
+    Java
+  </span>
+  
+
+      </a>
+    </li>
+  
+
+              
+            
+              
+                
+  
+  
+  
+  
+    <li class="md-nav__item">
+      <a href="../../java/java-collection-framework.html" class="md-nav__link">
+        
+  
+  <span class="md-ellipsis">
+    Java Collection Framework
+  </span>
+  
+
+      </a>
+    </li>
+  
+
+              
+            
+              
+                
+  
+  
+  
+  
+    <li class="md-nav__item">
+      <a href="../../java/dao.html" class="md-nav__link">
+        
+  
+  <span class="md-ellipsis">
+    DAO
+  </span>
+  
+
+      </a>
+    </li>
+  
+
+              
+            
+              
+                
+  
+  
+  
+  
+    
+    
+      
+        
+      
+        
+      
+    
+    
+      
+      
+        
+      
+    
+    
+    <li class="md-nav__item md-nav__item--nested">
+      
+        
+        
+        <input class="md-nav__toggle md-toggle " type="checkbox" id="__nav_4_10_4" >
+        
+          
+          <label class="md-nav__link" for="__nav_4_10_4" id="__nav_4_10_4_label" tabindex="0">
+            
+  
+  <span class="md-ellipsis">
+    Web
+  </span>
+  
+
+            <span class="md-nav__icon md-icon"></span>
+          </label>
+        
+        <nav class="md-nav" data-md-level="3" aria-labelledby="__nav_4_10_4_label" aria-expanded="false">
+          <label class="md-nav__title" for="__nav_4_10_4">
+            <span class="md-nav__icon md-icon"></span>
+            Web
+          </label>
+          <ul class="md-nav__list" data-md-scrollfix>
+            
+              
+                
+  
+  
+  
+  
+    <li class="md-nav__item">
+      <a href="../../java/web/servlet.html" class="md-nav__link">
+        
+  
+  <span class="md-ellipsis">
+    Serverlet
+  </span>
+  
+
+      </a>
+    </li>
+  
+
+              
+            
+              
+                
+  
+  
+  
+  
+    
+    
+      
+        
+      
+        
+      
+    
+    
+      
+      
+        
+      
+    
+    
+    <li class="md-nav__item md-nav__item--nested">
+      
+        
+        
+        <input class="md-nav__toggle md-toggle " type="checkbox" id="__nav_4_10_4_2" >
+        
+          
+          <label class="md-nav__link" for="__nav_4_10_4_2" id="__nav_4_10_4_2_label" tabindex="0">
+            
+  
+  <span class="md-ellipsis">
+    Spring
+  </span>
+  
+
+            <span class="md-nav__icon md-icon"></span>
+          </label>
+        
+        <nav class="md-nav" data-md-level="4" aria-labelledby="__nav_4_10_4_2_label" aria-expanded="false">
+          <label class="md-nav__title" for="__nav_4_10_4_2">
+            <span class="md-nav__icon md-icon"></span>
+            Spring
+          </label>
+          <ul class="md-nav__list" data-md-scrollfix>
+            
+              
+                
+  
+  
+  
+  
+    <li class="md-nav__item">
+      <a href="../../java/spring/pom.xml.html" class="md-nav__link">
+        
+  
+  <span class="md-ellipsis">
+    POM
+  </span>
+  
+
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+    </li>
+  
+
+              
+            
+              
+                
+  
+  
+  
+  
+    <li class="md-nav__item">
+      <a href="../../java/spring/spring-project.html" class="md-nav__link">
+        
+  
+  <span class="md-ellipsis">
+    Project Structure
+  </span>
+  
+
+      </a>
+    </li>
+  
+
+              
+            
+          </ul>
+        </nav>
+      
+    </li>
+  
+
+              
+            
+          </ul>
+        </nav>
+      
+    </li>
+  
+
+              
+            
+          </ul>
+        </nav>
+      
+    </li>
+  
+
+              
+            
+              
+                
+  
+  
+  
+  
+    
+    
+      
+        
+      
+        
+      
+        
+      
+        
+      
+        
+      
+        
+      
+        
+      
+        
+      
+        
+      
+    
+    
+      
+      
+        
+          
+          
+        
+      
+    
+    
+    <li class="md-nav__item md-nav__item--section md-nav__item--nested">
+      
+        
+        
+        <input class="md-nav__toggle md-toggle " type="checkbox" id="__nav_4_11" >
+        
+          
+          <label class="md-nav__link" for="__nav_4_11" id="__nav_4_11_label" tabindex="">
+            
+  
+  <span class="md-ellipsis">
+    PHP
+  </span>
+  
+
+            <span class="md-nav__icon md-icon"></span>
+          </label>
+        
+        <nav class="md-nav" data-md-level="2" aria-labelledby="__nav_4_11_label" aria-expanded="false">
+          <label class="md-nav__title" for="__nav_4_11">
+            <span class="md-nav__icon md-icon"></span>
+            PHP
+          </label>
+          <ul class="md-nav__list" data-md-scrollfix>
+            
+              
+                
+  
+  
+  
+  
+    <li class="md-nav__item">
+      <a href="../../php/php.html" class="md-nav__link">
+        
+  
+  <span class="md-ellipsis">
+    PHP
+  </span>
+  
+
+      </a>
+    </li>
+  
+
+              
+            
+              
+                
+  
+  
+  
+  
+    <li class="md-nav__item">
+      <a href="../../php/database.html" class="md-nav__link">
+        
+  
+  <span class="md-ellipsis">
+    Database
+  </span>
+  
+
+      </a>
+    </li>
+  
+
+              
+            
+              
+                
+  
+  
+  
+  
+    <li class="md-nav__item">
+      <a href="../../php/web.html" class="md-nav__link">
+        
+  
+  <span class="md-ellipsis">
+    Web
+  </span>
+  
+
+      </a>
+    </li>
+  
+
+              
+            
+              
+                
+  
+  
+  
+  
+    <li class="md-nav__item">
+      <a href="../../php/dependency-injection.html" class="md-nav__link">
+        
+  
+  <span class="md-ellipsis">
+    Dependency Injection
+  </span>
+  
+
+      </a>
+    </li>
+  
+
+              
+            
+              
+                
+  
+  
+  
+  
+    <li class="md-nav__item">
+      <a href="../../php/unit-tests.html" class="md-nav__link">
+        
+  
+  <span class="md-ellipsis">
+    Unit Tests
+  </span>
+  
+
+      </a>
+    </li>
+  
+
+              
+            
+              
+                
+  
+  
+  
+  
+    <li class="md-nav__item">
+      <a href="../../php/composer.html" class="md-nav__link">
+        
+  
+  <span class="md-ellipsis">
+    Composer
+  </span>
+  
+
+      </a>
+    </li>
+  
+
+              
+            
+              
+                
+  
+  
+  
+  
+    <li class="md-nav__item">
+      <a href="../../php/psr-7.html" class="md-nav__link">
+        
+  
+  <span class="md-ellipsis">
+    PSR 7
+  </span>
+  
+
+      </a>
+    </li>
+  
+
+              
+            
+              
+                
+  
+  
+  
+  
+    <li class="md-nav__item">
+      <a href="../../php/plates-templating.html" class="md-nav__link">
+        
+  
+  <span class="md-ellipsis">
+    Plates
+  </span>
+  
+
+      </a>
+    </li>
+  
+
+              
+            
+              
+                
+  
+  
+  
+  
+    
+    
+      
+        
+      
+        
+      
+    
+    
+      
+      
+        
+      
+    
+    
+    <li class="md-nav__item md-nav__item--nested">
+      
+        
+        
+        <input class="md-nav__toggle md-toggle " type="checkbox" id="__nav_4_11_9" >
+        
+          
+          <label class="md-nav__link" for="__nav_4_11_9" id="__nav_4_11_9_label" tabindex="0">
+            
+  
+  <span class="md-ellipsis">
+    Simple MVC
+  </span>
+  
+
+            <span class="md-nav__icon md-icon"></span>
+          </label>
+        
+        <nav class="md-nav" data-md-level="3" aria-labelledby="__nav_4_11_9_label" aria-expanded="false">
+          <label class="md-nav__title" for="__nav_4_11_9">
+            <span class="md-nav__icon md-icon"></span>
+            Simple MVC
+          </label>
+          <ul class="md-nav__list" data-md-scrollfix>
+            
+              
+                
+  
+  
+  
+  
+    <li class="md-nav__item">
+      <a href="../../php/simple-mvc/simple-mvc.html" class="md-nav__link">
+        
+  
+  <span class="md-ellipsis">
+    Simple MVC
+  </span>
+  
+
+      </a>
+    </li>
+  
+
+              
+            
+              
+                
+  
+  
+  
+  
+    <li class="md-nav__item">
+      <a href="../../php/simple-mvc/rest-api.html" class="md-nav__link">
+        
+  
+  <span class="md-ellipsis">
+    REST API
+  </span>
+  
+
+      </a>
+    </li>
+  
+
+              
+            
+          </ul>
+        </nav>
+      
+    </li>
+  
+
+              
+            
+          </ul>
+        </nav>
+      
+    </li>
+  
+
+              
+            
+              
+                
+  
+  
+  
+  
+    
+    
+      
+        
+      
+        
+      
+        
+      
+        
+      
+        
+      
+    
+    
+      
+      
+        
+          
+          
+        
+      
+    
+    
+    <li class="md-nav__item md-nav__item--section md-nav__item--nested">
+      
+        
+        
+        <input class="md-nav__toggle md-toggle " type="checkbox" id="__nav_4_12" >
+        
+          
+          <label class="md-nav__link" for="__nav_4_12" id="__nav_4_12_label" tabindex="">
+            
+  
+  <span class="md-ellipsis">
+    Rust
+  </span>
+  
+
+            <span class="md-nav__icon md-icon"></span>
+          </label>
+        
+        <nav class="md-nav" data-md-level="2" aria-labelledby="__nav_4_12_label" aria-expanded="false">
+          <label class="md-nav__title" for="__nav_4_12">
+            <span class="md-nav__icon md-icon"></span>
+            Rust
+          </label>
+          <ul class="md-nav__list" data-md-scrollfix>
+            
+              
+                
+  
+  
+  
+  
+    <li class="md-nav__item">
+      <a href="../../rust/rust.html" class="md-nav__link">
+        
+  
+  <span class="md-ellipsis">
+    Rust
+  </span>
+  
+
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+    </li>
+  
+
+              
+            
+              
+                
+  
+  
+  
+  
+    <li class="md-nav__item">
+      <a href="../../rust/macros.html" class="md-nav__link">
+        
+  
+  <span class="md-ellipsis">
+    Macros
+  </span>
+  
+
+      </a>
+    </li>
+  
+
+              
+            
+              
+                
+  
+  
+  
+  
+    <li class="md-nav__item">
+      <a href="../../rust/cargo.html" class="md-nav__link">
+        
+  
+  <span class="md-ellipsis">
+    Cargo
+  </span>
+  
+
+      </a>
+    </li>
+  
+
+              
+            
+              
+                
+  
+  
+  
+  
+    <li class="md-nav__item">
+      <a href="../../rust/concurrency.html" class="md-nav__link">
+        
+  
+  <span class="md-ellipsis">
+    Concurrency
+  </span>
+  
+
+      </a>
+    </li>
+  
+
+              
+            
+              
+                
+  
+  
+  
+  
+    <li class="md-nav__item">
+      <a href="../../rust/unit-tests.html" class="md-nav__link">
+        
+  
+  <span class="md-ellipsis">
+    Unit Tests
+  </span>
+  
+
+      </a>
+    </li>
+  
+
+              
+            
+          </ul>
+        </nav>
+      
+    </li>
+  
+
+              
+            
+              
+                
+  
+  
+    
+  
+  
+  
+    
+    
+      
+        
+      
+        
+      
+        
+      
+        
+      
+        
+      
+        
+      
+        
+      
+    
+    
+      
+      
+        
+          
+          
+        
+      
+    
+    
+    <li class="md-nav__item md-nav__item--active md-nav__item--section md-nav__item--nested">
+      
+        
+        
+        <input class="md-nav__toggle md-toggle " type="checkbox" id="__nav_4_13" checked>
+        
+          
+          <label class="md-nav__link" for="__nav_4_13" id="__nav_4_13_label" tabindex="">
+            
+  
+  <span class="md-ellipsis">
+    Javascript
+  </span>
+  
+
+            <span class="md-nav__icon md-icon"></span>
+          </label>
+        
+        <nav class="md-nav" data-md-level="2" aria-labelledby="__nav_4_13_label" aria-expanded="true">
+          <label class="md-nav__title" for="__nav_4_13">
+            <span class="md-nav__icon md-icon"></span>
+            Javascript
+          </label>
+          <ul class="md-nav__list" data-md-scrollfix>
+            
+              
+                
+  
+  
+  
+  
+    <li class="md-nav__item">
+      <a href="../javascript.html" class="md-nav__link">
+        
+  
+  <span class="md-ellipsis">
+    Javascript
+  </span>
+  
+
+      </a>
+    </li>
+  
+
+              
+            
+              
+                
+  
+  
+  
+  
+    <li class="md-nav__item">
+      <a href="../dom.html" class="md-nav__link">
+        
+  
+  <span class="md-ellipsis">
+    DOM
+  </span>
+  
+
+      </a>
+    </li>
+  
+
+              
+            
+              
+                
+  
+  
+  
+  
+    <li class="md-nav__item">
+      <a href="../events-animation.html" class="md-nav__link">
+        
+  
+  <span class="md-ellipsis">
+    Events & Animation
+  </span>
+  
+
+      </a>
+    </li>
+  
+
+              
+            
+              
+                
+  
+  
+  
+  
+    <li class="md-nav__item">
+      <a href="../ajax.html" class="md-nav__link">
+        
+  
+  <span class="md-ellipsis">
+    AJAX
+  </span>
+  
+
+      </a>
+    </li>
+  
+
+              
+            
+              
+                
+  
+  
+  
+  
+    <li class="md-nav__item">
+      <a href="../jquery.html" class="md-nav__link">
+        
+  
+  <span class="md-ellipsis">
+    jQuery
+  </span>
+  
+
+      </a>
+    </li>
+  
+
+              
+            
+              
+                
+  
+  
+    
+  
+  
+  
+    
+    
+      
+        
+      
+        
+      
+        
+      
+        
+      
+        
+      
+    
+    
+      
+      
+        
+      
+    
+    
+    <li class="md-nav__item md-nav__item--active md-nav__item--nested">
+      
+        
+        
+        <input class="md-nav__toggle md-toggle " type="checkbox" id="__nav_4_13_6" checked>
+        
+          
+          <label class="md-nav__link" for="__nav_4_13_6" id="__nav_4_13_6_label" tabindex="0">
+            
+  
+  <span class="md-ellipsis">
+    React
+  </span>
+  
+
+            <span class="md-nav__icon md-icon"></span>
+          </label>
+        
+        <nav class="md-nav" data-md-level="3" aria-labelledby="__nav_4_13_6_label" aria-expanded="true">
+          <label class="md-nav__title" for="__nav_4_13_6">
+            <span class="md-nav__icon md-icon"></span>
+            React
+          </label>
+          <ul class="md-nav__list" data-md-scrollfix>
+            
+              
+                
+  
+  
+  
+  
+    <li class="md-nav__item">
+      <a href="react.html" class="md-nav__link">
+        
+  
+  <span class="md-ellipsis">
+    React
+  </span>
+  
+
+      </a>
+    </li>
+  
+
+              
+            
+              
+                
+  
+  
+    
+  
+  
+  
+    <li class="md-nav__item md-nav__item--active">
+      
+      <input class="md-nav__toggle md-toggle" type="checkbox" id="__toc">
+      
+      
+        
+      
+      
+        <label class="md-nav__link md-nav__link--active" for="__toc">
+          
+  
+  <span class="md-ellipsis">
+    React Router
+  </span>
+  
+
+          <span class="md-nav__icon md-icon"></span>
+        </label>
+      
+      <a href="react-router.html" class="md-nav__link md-nav__link--active">
+        
+  
+  <span class="md-ellipsis">
+    React Router
+  </span>
+  
+
+      </a>
+      
+        
+
+<nav class="md-nav md-nav--secondary" aria-label="Table of contents">
+  
+  
+  
+    
+  
+  
+    <label class="md-nav__title" for="__toc">
+      <span class="md-nav__icon md-icon"></span>
+      Table of contents
+    </label>
+    <ul class="md-nav__list" data-md-component="toc" data-md-scrollfix>
+      
+        <li class="md-nav__item">
+  <a href="#routers" class="md-nav__link">
+    <span class="md-ellipsis">
+      Routers
+    </span>
+  </a>
+  
+    <nav class="md-nav" aria-label="Routers">
+      <ul class="md-nav__list">
+        
+          <li class="md-nav__item">
+  <a href="#url-parameters-query-string" class="md-nav__link">
+    <span class="md-ellipsis">
+      URL Parameters &amp; Query String
+    </span>
+  </a>
+  
+</li>
+        
+          <li class="md-nav__item">
+  <a href="#redirecting" class="md-nav__link">
+    <span class="md-ellipsis">
+      Redirecting
+    </span>
+  </a>
+  
+</li>
+        
+          <li class="md-nav__item">
+  <a href="#prompts" class="md-nav__link">
+    <span class="md-ellipsis">
+      Prompts
+    </span>
+  </a>
+  
+</li>
+        
+      </ul>
+    </nav>
+  
+</li>
+      
+        <li class="md-nav__item">
+  <a href="#link" class="md-nav__link">
+    <span class="md-ellipsis">
+      Link
+    </span>
+  </a>
+  
+</li>
+      
+    </ul>
+  
+</nav>
+      
+    </li>
+  
+
+              
+            
+              
+                
+  
+  
+  
+  
+    <li class="md-nav__item">
+      <a href="react-tests.html" class="md-nav__link">
+        
+  
+  <span class="md-ellipsis">
+    React Tests
+  </span>
+  
+
+      </a>
+    </li>
+  
+
+              
+            
+              
+                
+  
+  
+  
+  
+    <li class="md-nav__item">
+      <a href="redux.html" class="md-nav__link">
+        
+  
+  <span class="md-ellipsis">
+    Redux
+  </span>
+  
+
+      </a>
+    </li>
+  
+
+              
+            
+              
+                
+  
+  
+  
+  
+    <li class="md-nav__item">
+      <a href="redux-tests.html" class="md-nav__link">
+        
+  
+  <span class="md-ellipsis">
+    Redux Tests
+  </span>
+  
+
+      </a>
+    </li>
+  
+
+              
+            
+          </ul>
+        </nav>
+      
+    </li>
+  
+
+              
+            
+              
+                
+  
+  
+  
+  
+    <li class="md-nav__item">
+      <a href="../svelte/svelte.html" class="md-nav__link">
+        
+  
+  <span class="md-ellipsis">
+    Svelte
+  </span>
+  
+
+      </a>
+    </li>
+  
+
+              
+            
+          </ul>
+        </nav>
+      
+    </li>
+  
+
+              
+            
+              
+                
+  
+  
+  
+  
+    
+    
+      
+        
+      
+        
+      
+    
+    
+      
+      
+        
+          
+          
+        
+      
+    
+    
+    <li class="md-nav__item md-nav__item--section md-nav__item--nested">
+      
+        
+        
+        <input class="md-nav__toggle md-toggle " type="checkbox" id="__nav_4_14" >
+        
+          
+          <label class="md-nav__link" for="__nav_4_14" id="__nav_4_14_label" tabindex="">
+            
+  
+  <span class="md-ellipsis">
+    PowerShell
+  </span>
+  
+
+            <span class="md-nav__icon md-icon"></span>
+          </label>
+        
+        <nav class="md-nav" data-md-level="2" aria-labelledby="__nav_4_14_label" aria-expanded="false">
+          <label class="md-nav__title" for="__nav_4_14">
+            <span class="md-nav__icon md-icon"></span>
+            PowerShell
+          </label>
+          <ul class="md-nav__list" data-md-scrollfix>
+            
+              
+                
+  
+  
+  
+  
+    <li class="md-nav__item">
+      <a href="../../powershell/scripting.html" class="md-nav__link">
+        
+  
+  <span class="md-ellipsis">
+    Scripting
+  </span>
+  
+
+      </a>
+    </li>
+  
+
+              
+            
+              
+                
+  
+  
+  
+  
+    <li class="md-nav__item">
+      <a href="../../powershell/commands.html" class="md-nav__link">
+        
+  
+  <span class="md-ellipsis">
+    Commands
+  </span>
+  
+
+      </a>
+    </li>
+  
+
+              
+            
+          </ul>
+        </nav>
+      
+    </li>
+  
+
+              
+            
+              
+                
+  
+  
+  
+  
+    
+    
+      
+        
+      
+        
+      
+    
+    
+      
+      
+        
+          
+          
+        
+      
+    
+    
+    <li class="md-nav__item md-nav__item--section md-nav__item--nested">
+      
+        
+        
+        <input class="md-nav__toggle md-toggle " type="checkbox" id="__nav_4_15" >
+        
+          
+          <label class="md-nav__link" for="__nav_4_15" id="__nav_4_15_label" tabindex="">
+            
+  
+  <span class="md-ellipsis">
+    Bash
+  </span>
+  
+
+            <span class="md-nav__icon md-icon"></span>
+          </label>
+        
+        <nav class="md-nav" data-md-level="2" aria-labelledby="__nav_4_15_label" aria-expanded="false">
+          <label class="md-nav__title" for="__nav_4_15">
+            <span class="md-nav__icon md-icon"></span>
+            Bash
+          </label>
+          <ul class="md-nav__list" data-md-scrollfix>
+            
+              
+                
+  
+  
+  
+  
+    <li class="md-nav__item">
+      <a href="../../bash/scripting.html" class="md-nav__link">
+        
+  
+  <span class="md-ellipsis">
+    Scripting
+  </span>
+  
+
+      </a>
+    </li>
+  
+
+              
+            
+              
+                
+  
+  
+  
+  
+    <li class="md-nav__item">
+      <a href="../../bash/commands.html" class="md-nav__link">
+        
+  
+  <span class="md-ellipsis">
+    Commands
+  </span>
+  
+
+      </a>
+    </li>
+  
+
+              
+            
+          </ul>
+        </nav>
+      
+    </li>
+  
+
+              
+            
+          </ul>
+        </nav>
+      
+    </li>
+  
+
+    
+      
+      
+  
+  
+  
+  
+    
+    
+      
+        
+      
+        
+      
+        
+      
+        
+      
+        
+      
+    
+    
+      
+      
+        
+      
+    
+    
+    <li class="md-nav__item md-nav__item--nested">
+      
+        
+        
+        <input class="md-nav__toggle md-toggle " type="checkbox" id="__nav_5" >
+        
+          
+          <label class="md-nav__link" for="__nav_5" id="__nav_5_label" tabindex="0">
+            
+  
+  <span class="md-ellipsis">
+    Misc
+  </span>
+  
+
+            <span class="md-nav__icon md-icon"></span>
+          </label>
+        
+        <nav class="md-nav" data-md-level="1" aria-labelledby="__nav_5_label" aria-expanded="false">
+          <label class="md-nav__title" for="__nav_5">
+            <span class="md-nav__icon md-icon"></span>
+            Misc
+          </label>
+          <ul class="md-nav__list" data-md-scrollfix>
+            
+              
+                
+  
+  
+  
+  
+    <li class="md-nav__item">
+      <a href="../../../misc/git.html" class="md-nav__link">
+        
+  
+  <span class="md-ellipsis">
+    Git
+  </span>
+  
+
+      </a>
+    </li>
+  
+
+              
+            
+              
+                
+  
+  
+  
+  
+    <li class="md-nav__item">
+      <a href="../../../misc/graph-ql.html" class="md-nav__link">
+        
+  
+  <span class="md-ellipsis">
+    GraphQL
+  </span>
+  
+
+      </a>
+    </li>
+  
+
+              
+            
+              
+                
+  
+  
+  
+  
+    <li class="md-nav__item">
+      <a href="../../../misc/regular-expressions.html" class="md-nav__link">
+        
+  
+  <span class="md-ellipsis">
+    RegEx
+  </span>
+  
+
+      </a>
+    </li>
+  
+
+              
+            
+              
+                
+  
+  
+  
+  
+    <li class="md-nav__item">
+      <a href="../../../misc/ssh.html" class="md-nav__link">
+        
+  
+  <span class="md-ellipsis">
+    SSH
+  </span>
+  
+
+      </a>
+    </li>
+  
+
+              
+            
+              
+                
+  
+  
+  
+  
+    <li class="md-nav__item">
+      <a href="../../../misc/web-components.html" class="md-nav__link">
+        
+  
+  <span class="md-ellipsis">
+    WebComponents
+  </span>
+  
+
+      </a>
+    </li>
+  
+
+              
+            
+          </ul>
+        </nav>
+      
+    </li>
+  
+
+    
+      
+      
+  
+  
+  
+  
+    
+    
+      
+        
+      
+        
+      
+    
+    
+      
+      
+        
+      
+    
+    
+    <li class="md-nav__item md-nav__item--nested">
+      
+        
+        
+        <input class="md-nav__toggle md-toggle " type="checkbox" id="__nav_6" >
+        
+          
+          <label class="md-nav__link" for="__nav_6" id="__nav_6_label" tabindex="0">
+            
+  
+  <span class="md-ellipsis">
+    Linux
+  </span>
+  
+
+            <span class="md-nav__icon md-icon"></span>
+          </label>
+        
+        <nav class="md-nav" data-md-level="1" aria-labelledby="__nav_6_label" aria-expanded="false">
+          <label class="md-nav__title" for="__nav_6">
+            <span class="md-nav__icon md-icon"></span>
+            Linux
+          </label>
+          <ul class="md-nav__list" data-md-scrollfix>
+            
+              
+                
+  
+  
+  
+  
+    
+    
+      
+        
+      
+        
+      
+        
+      
+    
+    
+      
+      
+        
+      
+    
+    
+    <li class="md-nav__item md-nav__item--nested">
+      
+        
+        
+        <input class="md-nav__toggle md-toggle " type="checkbox" id="__nav_6_1" >
+        
+          
+          <label class="md-nav__link" for="__nav_6_1" id="__nav_6_1_label" tabindex="0">
+            
+  
+  <span class="md-ellipsis">
+    Filesystem
+  </span>
+  
+
+            <span class="md-nav__icon md-icon"></span>
+          </label>
+        
+        <nav class="md-nav" data-md-level="2" aria-labelledby="__nav_6_1_label" aria-expanded="false">
+          <label class="md-nav__title" for="__nav_6_1">
+            <span class="md-nav__icon md-icon"></span>
+            Filesystem
+          </label>
+          <ul class="md-nav__list" data-md-scrollfix>
+            
+              
+                
+  
+  
+  
+  
+    <li class="md-nav__item">
+      <a href="../../../linux/filesystem/file-links.html" class="md-nav__link">
+        
+  
+  <span class="md-ellipsis">
+    File Links
+  </span>
+  
+
+      </a>
+    </li>
+  
+
+              
+            
+              
+                
+  
+  
+  
+  
+    <li class="md-nav__item">
+      <a href="../../../linux/filesystem/procfs.html" class="md-nav__link">
+        
+  
+  <span class="md-ellipsis">
+    /proc
+  </span>
+  
+
+      </a>
+    </li>
+  
+
+              
+            
+              
+                
+  
+  
+  
+  
+    <li class="md-nav__item">
+      <a href="../../../linux/filesystem/sysfs.html" class="md-nav__link">
+        
+  
+  <span class="md-ellipsis">
+    /sys
+  </span>
+  
+
+      </a>
+    </li>
+  
+
+              
+            
+          </ul>
+        </nav>
+      
+    </li>
+  
+
+              
+            
+              
+                
+  
+  
+  
+  
+    
+    
+      
+        
+      
+        
+      
+    
+    
+      
+      
+        
+      
+    
+    
+    <li class="md-nav__item md-nav__item--nested">
+      
+        
+        
+        <input class="md-nav__toggle md-toggle " type="checkbox" id="__nav_6_2" >
+        
+          
+          <label class="md-nav__link" for="__nav_6_2" id="__nav_6_2_label" tabindex="0">
+            
+  
+  <span class="md-ellipsis">
+    System Init
+  </span>
+  
+
+            <span class="md-nav__icon md-icon"></span>
+          </label>
+        
+        <nav class="md-nav" data-md-level="2" aria-labelledby="__nav_6_2_label" aria-expanded="false">
+          <label class="md-nav__title" for="__nav_6_2">
+            <span class="md-nav__icon md-icon"></span>
+            System Init
+          </label>
+          <ul class="md-nav__list" data-md-scrollfix>
+            
+              
+                
+  
+  
+  
+  
+    <li class="md-nav__item">
+      <a href="../../../linux/init/systemd.html" class="md-nav__link">
+        
+  
+  <span class="md-ellipsis">
+    Systemd
+  </span>
+  
+
+      </a>
+    </li>
+  
+
+              
+            
+              
+                
+  
+  
+  
+  
+    <li class="md-nav__item">
+      <a href="../../../linux/init/open-rc.html" class="md-nav__link">
+        
+  
+  <span class="md-ellipsis">
+    OpenRC
+  </span>
+  
+
+      </a>
+    </li>
+  
+
+              
+            
+          </ul>
+        </nav>
+      
+    </li>
+  
+
+              
+            
+          </ul>
+        </nav>
+      
+    </li>
+  
+
+    
+  </ul>
+</nav>
+                  </div>
+                </div>
+              </div>
+            
+            
+              
+              <div class="md-sidebar md-sidebar--secondary" data-md-component="sidebar" data-md-type="toc" >
+                <div class="md-sidebar__scrollwrap">
+                  <div class="md-sidebar__inner">
+                    
+
+<nav class="md-nav md-nav--secondary" aria-label="Table of contents">
+  
+  
+  
+    
+  
+  
+    <label class="md-nav__title" for="__toc">
+      <span class="md-nav__icon md-icon"></span>
+      Table of contents
+    </label>
+    <ul class="md-nav__list" data-md-component="toc" data-md-scrollfix>
+      
+        <li class="md-nav__item">
+  <a href="#routers" class="md-nav__link">
+    <span class="md-ellipsis">
+      Routers
+    </span>
+  </a>
+  
+    <nav class="md-nav" aria-label="Routers">
+      <ul class="md-nav__list">
+        
+          <li class="md-nav__item">
+  <a href="#url-parameters-query-string" class="md-nav__link">
+    <span class="md-ellipsis">
+      URL Parameters &amp; Query String
+    </span>
+  </a>
+  
+</li>
+        
+          <li class="md-nav__item">
+  <a href="#redirecting" class="md-nav__link">
+    <span class="md-ellipsis">
+      Redirecting
+    </span>
+  </a>
+  
+</li>
+        
+          <li class="md-nav__item">
+  <a href="#prompts" class="md-nav__link">
+    <span class="md-ellipsis">
+      Prompts
+    </span>
+  </a>
+  
+</li>
+        
+      </ul>
+    </nav>
+  
+</li>
+      
+        <li class="md-nav__item">
+  <a href="#link" class="md-nav__link">
+    <span class="md-ellipsis">
+      Link
+    </span>
+  </a>
+  
+</li>
+      
+    </ul>
+  
+</nav>
+                  </div>
+                </div>
+              </div>
+            
+          
+          
+            <div class="md-content" data-md-component="content">
+              <article class="md-content__inner md-typeset">
+                
+                  
+
+  
+  
+
+
+<h1 id="react-router"><a href="https://reactrouter.com">React Router</a></h1>
+<p>Popular routing library. Allows to specify a route through React components, declaring which component is to be loaded for a given URL.</p>
+<p>Key Components:</p>
+<ul>
+<li><strong>Router</strong>: wrap the app entry-point, usually <code>BrowserRouter</code></li>
+<li><strong>Route</strong>: "Load this component for this URL"</li>
+<li><strong>Link</strong>: react-managed anchors that won't post back to the browser</li>
+</ul>
+<h2 id="routers">Routers</h2>
+<p>Router Types:</p>
+<ul>
+<li><em>HashRouter</em>: <code>#route</code>, adds hashes to the URLs</li>
+<li><em>BrowserRouter</em>: <code>/route</code>, uses HTML5 history API to provide clean URLs</li>
+<li><em>MemoryRouter</em>: no URL</li>
+</ul>
+<div class="highlight"><table class="highlighttable"><tr><th colspan="2" class="filename"><span class="filename">JavaScript</span></th></tr><tr><td class="linenos"><div class="linenodiv"><pre><span></span><span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-0-1"> 1</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-0-2"> 2</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-0-3"> 3</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-0-4"> 4</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-0-5"> 5</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-0-6"> 6</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-0-7"> 7</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-0-8"> 8</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-0-9"> 9</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-0-10">10</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-0-11">11</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-0-12">12</a></span></pre></div></td><td class="code"><div><pre><span></span><code><a id="__codelineno-0-1" name="__codelineno-0-1"></a><span class="c1">// index.js</span>
+<a id="__codelineno-0-2" name="__codelineno-0-2"></a>
+<a id="__codelineno-0-3" name="__codelineno-0-3"></a><span class="c1">//other imports ...</span>
+<a id="__codelineno-0-4" name="__codelineno-0-4"></a>
+<a id="__codelineno-0-5" name="__codelineno-0-5"></a><span class="k">import</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="p">{</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="nx">BrowserRouter</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="kr">as</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="nx">Router</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="p">}</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="kr">from</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="s2">&quot;react-router-dom&quot;</span><span class="p">;</span>
+<a id="__codelineno-0-6" name="__codelineno-0-6"></a>
+<a id="__codelineno-0-7" name="__codelineno-0-7"></a><span class="nx">React</span><span class="p">.</span><span class="nx">render</span><span class="p">(</span>
+<a id="__codelineno-0-8" name="__codelineno-0-8"></a><span class="w">    </span><span class="o">&lt;</span><span class="nx">Router</span><span class="o">&gt;</span>
+<a id="__codelineno-0-9" name="__codelineno-0-9"></a><span class="w">        </span><span class="o">&lt;</span><span class="nx">App</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="o">/&gt;</span>
+<a id="__codelineno-0-10" name="__codelineno-0-10"></a><span class="w">    </span><span class="o">&lt;</span><span class="err">/Router&gt;,</span>
+<a id="__codelineno-0-11" name="__codelineno-0-11"></a><span class="w">    </span><span class="nb">document</span><span class="p">.</span><span class="nx">getElementById</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="s2">&quot;DomID&quot;</span><span class="p">);</span>
+<a id="__codelineno-0-12" name="__codelineno-0-12"></a><span class="p">)</span>
+</code></pre></div></td></tr></table></div>
+<div class="highlight"><table class="highlighttable"><tr><th colspan="2" class="filename"><span class="filename">JavaScript</span></th></tr><tr><td class="linenos"><div class="linenodiv"><pre><span></span><span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-1-1"> 1</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-1-2"> 2</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-1-3"> 3</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-1-4"> 4</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-1-5"> 5</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-1-6"> 6</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-1-7"> 7</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-1-8"> 8</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-1-9"> 9</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-1-10">10</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-1-11">11</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-1-12">12</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-1-13">13</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-1-14">14</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-1-15">15</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-1-16">16</a></span></pre></div></td><td class="code"><div><pre><span></span><code><a id="__codelineno-1-1" name="__codelineno-1-1"></a><span class="c1">// Component.js</span>
+<a id="__codelineno-1-2" name="__codelineno-1-2"></a><span class="k">import</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="p">{</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="nx">Route</span><span class="p">,</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="nx">Route</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="p">}</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="kr">from</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="s2">&quot;react-router-dom&quot;</span><span class="p">;</span>
+<a id="__codelineno-1-3" name="__codelineno-1-3"></a>
+<a id="__codelineno-1-4" name="__codelineno-1-4"></a><span class="o">&lt;</span><span class="nx">div</span><span class="o">&gt;</span>
+<a id="__codelineno-1-5" name="__codelineno-1-5"></a><span class="w">    </span><span class="p">{</span><span class="cm">/* match route pattern exactly, all sub-routes will be matched otherwise */</span><span class="p">}</span>
+<a id="__codelineno-1-6" name="__codelineno-1-6"></a><span class="w">    </span><span class="o">&lt;</span><span class="nx">Route</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="nx">path</span><span class="o">=</span><span class="s2">&quot;/&quot;</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="nx">exact</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="nx">element</span><span class="o">=</span><span class="p">{</span><span class="o">&lt;</span><span class="nx">Component</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="nx">props</span><span class="o">=</span><span class="p">{</span><span class="nx">props</span><span class="p">}</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="o">/&gt;</span><span class="p">}</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="o">/&gt;</span><span class="w"> </span>
+<a id="__codelineno-1-7" name="__codelineno-1-7"></a><span class="w">    </span><span class="o">&lt;</span><span class="nx">Route</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="nx">path</span><span class="o">=</span><span class="s2">&quot;/route&quot;</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="nx">element</span><span class="o">=</span><span class="p">{</span><span class="o">&lt;</span><span class="nx">Component</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="nx">props</span><span class="o">=</span><span class="p">{</span><span class="nx">props</span><span class="p">}</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="o">/&gt;</span><span class="p">}</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="o">/&gt;</span>
+<a id="__codelineno-1-8" name="__codelineno-1-8"></a><span class="w">    </span><span class="p">...</span>
+<a id="__codelineno-1-9" name="__codelineno-1-9"></a><span class="o">&lt;</span><span class="err">/div&gt;</span>
+<a id="__codelineno-1-10" name="__codelineno-1-10"></a>
+<a id="__codelineno-1-11" name="__codelineno-1-11"></a><span class="c1">// only one child can match, similar to Route-case</span>
+<a id="__codelineno-1-12" name="__codelineno-1-12"></a><span class="o">&lt;</span><span class="nx">Routes</span><span class="o">&gt;</span>
+<a id="__codelineno-1-13" name="__codelineno-1-13"></a><span class="w">    </span><span class="o">&lt;</span><span class="nx">Route</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="nx">path</span><span class="o">=</span><span class="s2">&quot;/&quot;</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="nx">exact</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="nx">element</span><span class="o">=</span><span class="p">{</span><span class="o">&lt;</span><span class="nx">Component</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="nx">props</span><span class="o">=</span><span class="p">{</span><span class="nx">props</span><span class="p">}</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="o">/&gt;</span><span class="p">}</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="o">/&gt;</span>
+<a id="__codelineno-1-14" name="__codelineno-1-14"></a><span class="w">    </span><span class="o">&lt;</span><span class="nx">Route</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="nx">path</span><span class="o">=</span><span class="s2">&quot;/route&quot;</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="nx">element</span><span class="o">=</span><span class="p">{</span><span class="o">&lt;</span><span class="nx">Component</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="nx">props</span><span class="o">=</span><span class="p">{</span><span class="nx">props</span><span class="p">}</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="o">/&gt;</span><span class="p">}</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="o">/&gt;</span>
+<a id="__codelineno-1-15" name="__codelineno-1-15"></a><span class="w">    </span><span class="o">&lt;</span><span class="nx">Route</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="nx">component</span><span class="o">=</span><span class="p">{</span><span class="nx">PageNotFound</span><span class="p">}</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="o">/&gt;</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="p">{</span><span class="cm">/* matches all non-existent URLs */</span><span class="p">}</span>
+<a id="__codelineno-1-16" name="__codelineno-1-16"></a><span class="o">&lt;</span><span class="err">/Route&gt;</span>
+</code></pre></div></td></tr></table></div>
+<h3 id="url-parameters-query-string">URL Parameters &amp; Query String</h3>
+<div class="highlight"><table class="highlighttable"><tr><th colspan="2" class="filename"><span class="filename">JavaScript</span></th></tr><tr><td class="linenos"><div class="linenodiv"><pre><span></span><span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-2-1">1</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-2-2">2</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-2-3">3</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-2-4">4</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-2-5">5</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-2-6">6</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-2-7">7</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-2-8">8</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-2-9">9</a></span></pre></div></td><td class="code"><div><pre><span></span><code><a id="__codelineno-2-1" name="__codelineno-2-1"></a><span class="c1">// Given</span>
+<a id="__codelineno-2-2" name="__codelineno-2-2"></a><span class="o">&lt;</span><span class="nx">Route</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="nx">path</span><span class="o">=</span><span class="s2">&quot;/route/:placeholder&quot;</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="nx">element</span><span class="o">=</span><span class="p">{</span><span class="o">&lt;</span><span class="nx">Component</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="nx">props</span><span class="o">=</span><span class="p">{</span><span class="nx">props</span><span class="p">}</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="o">/&gt;</span><span class="p">}</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="o">/&gt;</span>
+<a id="__codelineno-2-3" name="__codelineno-2-3"></a><span class="c1">// URL: app.com/route/sub-route?param=value</span>
+<a id="__codelineno-2-4" name="__codelineno-2-4"></a>
+<a id="__codelineno-2-5" name="__codelineno-2-5"></a><span class="kd">function</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="nx">Component</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="nx">props</span><span class="p">)</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="p">{</span>
+<a id="__codelineno-2-6" name="__codelineno-2-6"></a><span class="w">    </span><span class="nx">props</span><span class="p">.</span><span class="nx">match</span><span class="p">.</span><span class="nx">params</span><span class="p">.</span><span class="nx">placeholder</span><span class="p">;</span><span class="w">  </span><span class="c1">// sub-route</span>
+<a id="__codelineno-2-7" name="__codelineno-2-7"></a><span class="w">    </span><span class="nx">props</span><span class="p">.</span><span class="nx">location</span><span class="p">.</span><span class="nx">query</span><span class="p">;</span><span class="w">  </span><span class="c1">// { param: value }</span>
+<a id="__codelineno-2-8" name="__codelineno-2-8"></a><span class="w">    </span><span class="nx">props</span><span class="p">.</span><span class="nx">location</span><span class="p">.</span><span class="nx">pathname</span><span class="p">;</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="c1">// /route/sub-route?param=value</span>
+<a id="__codelineno-2-9" name="__codelineno-2-9"></a><span class="p">}</span>
+</code></pre></div></td></tr></table></div>
+<h3 id="redirecting">Redirecting</h3>
+<div class="highlight"><table class="highlighttable"><tr><th colspan="2" class="filename"><span class="filename">JavaScript</span></th></tr><tr><td class="linenos"><div class="linenodiv"><pre><span></span><span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-3-1">1</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-3-2">2</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-3-3">3</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-3-4">4</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-3-5">5</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-3-6">6</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-3-7">7</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-3-8">8</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-3-9">9</a></span></pre></div></td><td class="code"><div><pre><span></span><code><a id="__codelineno-3-1" name="__codelineno-3-1"></a><span class="k">import</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="p">{</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="nx">Navigate</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="p">}</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="kr">from</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="s2">&quot;react-router-dom&quot;</span><span class="p">;</span>
+<a id="__codelineno-3-2" name="__codelineno-3-2"></a>
+<a id="__codelineno-3-3" name="__codelineno-3-3"></a><span class="c1">// redirects to another URL on render, shouldn&#39;t be rendered on component mount but after an action</span>
+<a id="__codelineno-3-4" name="__codelineno-3-4"></a><span class="o">&lt;</span><span class="nx">Navigate</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="nx">to</span><span class="o">=</span><span class="s2">&quot;/route&quot;</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="o">/&gt;</span>
+<a id="__codelineno-3-5" name="__codelineno-3-5"></a><span class="o">&lt;</span><span class="nx">Navigate</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="kr">from</span><span class="o">=</span><span class="s2">&quot;/old-route&quot;</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="nx">to</span><span class="o">=</span><span class="s2">&quot;/new-route&quot;</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="o">/&gt;</span>
+<a id="__codelineno-3-6" name="__codelineno-3-6"></a><span class="p">{</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="nx">condition</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="o">&amp;&amp;</span><span class="w">  </span><span class="o">&lt;</span><span class="nx">Navigate</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="nx">to</span><span class="o">=</span><span class="s2">&quot;/route&quot;</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="o">/&gt;</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="p">}</span><span class="w">  </span><span class="c1">// redirect if condition is true</span>
+<a id="__codelineno-3-7" name="__codelineno-3-7"></a>
+<a id="__codelineno-3-8" name="__codelineno-3-8"></a><span class="c1">// or redirect manipulating the history (always in props)</span>
+<a id="__codelineno-3-9" name="__codelineno-3-9"></a><span class="nx">props</span><span class="p">.</span><span class="nx">history</span><span class="p">.</span><span class="nx">push</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="s2">&quot;/new-route&quot;</span><span class="p">);</span>
+</code></pre></div></td></tr></table></div>
+<h3 id="prompts">Prompts</h3>
+<div class="highlight"><table class="highlighttable"><tr><th colspan="2" class="filename"><span class="filename">JavaScript</span></th></tr><tr><td class="linenos"><div class="linenodiv"><pre><span></span><span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-4-1">1</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-4-2">2</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-4-3">3</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-4-4">4</a></span></pre></div></td><td class="code"><div><pre><span></span><code><a id="__codelineno-4-1" name="__codelineno-4-1"></a><span class="k">import</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="p">{</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="nx">Prompt</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="p">}</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="kr">from</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="s2">&quot;react-router-dom&quot;</span><span class="p">;</span>
+<a id="__codelineno-4-2" name="__codelineno-4-2"></a>
+<a id="__codelineno-4-3" name="__codelineno-4-3"></a><span class="c1">// displays a prompt when the condition is true</span>
+<a id="__codelineno-4-4" name="__codelineno-4-4"></a><span class="o">&lt;</span><span class="nx">Prompt</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="nx">when</span><span class="o">=</span><span class="p">{</span><span class="nx">condition</span><span class="p">}</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="nx">message</span><span class="o">=</span><span class="s2">&quot;prompt message&quot;</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="o">/&gt;</span>
+</code></pre></div></td></tr></table></div>
+<h2 id="link">Link</h2>
+<p>Clicks on a link created with React-Router will be captured by react an all the routing will happen client side.</p>
+<div class="highlight"><table class="highlighttable"><tr><th colspan="2" class="filename"><span class="filename">JavaScript</span></th></tr><tr><td class="linenos"><div class="linenodiv"><pre><span></span><span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-5-1">1</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-5-2">2</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-5-3">3</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-5-4">4</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-5-5">5</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-5-6">6</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-5-7">7</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-5-8">8</a></span></pre></div></td><td class="code"><div><pre><span></span><code><a id="__codelineno-5-1" name="__codelineno-5-1"></a><span class="k">import</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="p">{</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="nx">Link</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="p">}</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="kr">from</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="s2">&quot;react-router-dom&quot;</span><span class="p">;</span>
+<a id="__codelineno-5-2" name="__codelineno-5-2"></a>
+<a id="__codelineno-5-3" name="__codelineno-5-3"></a><span class="c1">// TARGET: &lt;Route path=&quot;/route/:itemId&quot; /&gt;</span>
+<a id="__codelineno-5-4" name="__codelineno-5-4"></a><span class="o">&lt;</span><span class="nx">Link</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="nx">to</span><span class="o">=</span><span class="s2">&quot;/route/1&quot;</span><span class="o">&gt;</span><span class="nx">Text</span><span class="o">&lt;</span><span class="err">/Link&gt;</span>
+<a id="__codelineno-5-5" name="__codelineno-5-5"></a>
+<a id="__codelineno-5-6" name="__codelineno-5-6"></a><span class="c1">// add styling attributes to the rendered element when it matches the current URL.</span>
+<a id="__codelineno-5-7" name="__codelineno-5-7"></a><span class="o">&lt;</span><span class="nx">NavLink</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="nx">to</span><span class="o">=</span><span class="s2">&quot;/route&quot;</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="nx">exact</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="nx">activeClassName</span><span class="o">=</span><span class="s2">&quot;class&quot;</span><span class="o">&gt;</span><span class="nx">Text</span><span class="o">&lt;</span><span class="err">/NavLink&gt;</span>
+<a id="__codelineno-5-8" name="__codelineno-5-8"></a><span class="o">&lt;</span><span class="nx">NavLink</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="nx">to</span><span class="o">=</span><span class="s2">&quot;/route&quot;</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="nx">activeStyle</span><span class="o">=</span><span class="p">{</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="p">{</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="nx">cssProp</span><span class="o">:</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="nx">value</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="p">}</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="p">}</span><span class="o">&gt;</span><span class="nx">Text</span><span class="o">&lt;</span><span class="err">/NavLink&gt;</span>
+</code></pre></div></td></tr></table></div>
+
+
+
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+  
+  
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+
+                
+              </article>
+            </div>
+          
+          
+<script>var target=document.getElementById(location.hash.slice(1));target&&target.name&&(target.checked=target.name.startsWith("__tabbed_"))</script>
+        </div>
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+          <button type="button" class="md-top md-icon" data-md-component="top" hidden>
+  
+  <svg xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" viewBox="0 0 24 24"><path d="M13 20h-2V8l-5.5 5.5-1.42-1.42L12 4.16l7.92 7.92-1.42 1.42L13 8z"/></svg>
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+  
+  <span class="md-ellipsis">
+    Pandas
+  </span>
+  
+
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+    </li>
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+
+              
+            
+              
+                
+  
+  
+  
+  
+    <li class="md-nav__item">
+      <a href="../../python/libs/seaborn.html" class="md-nav__link">
+        
+  
+  <span class="md-ellipsis">
+    Seaborn
+  </span>
+  
+
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+    </li>
+  
+
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+            
+              
+                
+  
+  
+  
+  
+    <li class="md-nav__item">
+      <a href="../../python/libs/requests.html" class="md-nav__link">
+        
+  
+  <span class="md-ellipsis">
+    Requests
+  </span>
+  
+
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+    </li>
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+
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+            
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+  
+  
+  
+  
+    <li class="md-nav__item">
+      <a href="../../python/libs/beautiful-soup.html" class="md-nav__link">
+        
+  
+  <span class="md-ellipsis">
+    Beatiful Soup
+  </span>
+  
+
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+    </li>
+  
+
+              
+            
+          </ul>
+        </nav>
+      
+    </li>
+  
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+        </nav>
+      
+    </li>
+  
+
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+                
+  
+  
+  
+  
+    
+    
+      
+        
+      
+        
+      
+        
+      
+    
+    
+      
+      
+        
+          
+          
+        
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+    
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+    <li class="md-nav__item md-nav__item--section md-nav__item--nested">
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+          <label class="md-nav__link" for="__nav_4_9" id="__nav_4_9_label" tabindex="">
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+  <span class="md-ellipsis">
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+  </span>
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+            .NET
+          </label>
+          <ul class="md-nav__list" data-md-scrollfix>
+            
+              
+                
+  
+  
+  
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+    
+      
+        
+      
+        
+      
+        
+      
+        
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+        
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+      
+    
+    
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+    <li class="md-nav__item md-nav__item--nested">
+      
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+            
+  
+  <span class="md-ellipsis">
+    C#
+  </span>
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+        
+        <nav class="md-nav" data-md-level="3" aria-labelledby="__nav_4_9_1_label" aria-expanded="false">
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+            <span class="md-nav__icon md-icon"></span>
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+          </label>
+          <ul class="md-nav__list" data-md-scrollfix>
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+    <li class="md-nav__item">
+      <a href="../../dotnet/csharp/csharp.html" class="md-nav__link">
+        
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+    C#
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+  
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+
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+  
+  
+    <li class="md-nav__item">
+      <a href="../../dotnet/csharp/linq.html" class="md-nav__link">
+        
+  
+  <span class="md-ellipsis">
+    Linq
+  </span>
+  
+
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+    </li>
+  
+
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+              
+                
+  
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+  
+  
+    <li class="md-nav__item">
+      <a href="../../dotnet/csharp/collections.html" class="md-nav__link">
+        
+  
+  <span class="md-ellipsis">
+    Collections
+  </span>
+  
+
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+    </li>
+  
+
+              
+            
+              
+                
+  
+  
+  
+  
+    <li class="md-nav__item">
+      <a href="../../dotnet/csharp/reactive-extensions.html" class="md-nav__link">
+        
+  
+  <span class="md-ellipsis">
+    Reactive Extensions
+  </span>
+  
+
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+    </li>
+  
+
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+            
+              
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+  
+  
+  
+  
+    <li class="md-nav__item">
+      <a href="../../dotnet/csharp/async-programming.html" class="md-nav__link">
+        
+  
+  <span class="md-ellipsis">
+    Async Programming
+  </span>
+  
+
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+    </li>
+  
+
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+            
+              
+                
+  
+  
+  
+  
+    <li class="md-nav__item">
+      <a href="../../dotnet/csharp/unit-tests.html" class="md-nav__link">
+        
+  
+  <span class="md-ellipsis">
+    Unit Tests
+  </span>
+  
+
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+    </li>
+  
+
+              
+            
+          </ul>
+        </nav>
+      
+    </li>
+  
+
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+            
+              
+                
+  
+  
+  
+  
+    
+    
+      
+        
+      
+        
+      
+        
+      
+        
+      
+        
+      
+        
+      
+        
+      
+    
+    
+      
+      
+        
+      
+    
+    
+    <li class="md-nav__item md-nav__item--nested">
+      
+        
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+        <input class="md-nav__toggle md-toggle " type="checkbox" id="__nav_4_9_2" >
+        
+          
+          <label class="md-nav__link" for="__nav_4_9_2" id="__nav_4_9_2_label" tabindex="0">
+            
+  
+  <span class="md-ellipsis">
+    ASP.NET
+  </span>
+  
+
+            <span class="md-nav__icon md-icon"></span>
+          </label>
+        
+        <nav class="md-nav" data-md-level="3" aria-labelledby="__nav_4_9_2_label" aria-expanded="false">
+          <label class="md-nav__title" for="__nav_4_9_2">
+            <span class="md-nav__icon md-icon"></span>
+            ASP.NET
+          </label>
+          <ul class="md-nav__list" data-md-scrollfix>
+            
+              
+                
+  
+  
+  
+  
+    <li class="md-nav__item">
+      <a href="../../dotnet/asp.net/minimal-api.html" class="md-nav__link">
+        
+  
+  <span class="md-ellipsis">
+    Minimal API
+  </span>
+  
+
+      </a>
+    </li>
+  
+
+              
+            
+              
+                
+  
+  
+  
+  
+    <li class="md-nav__item">
+      <a href="../../dotnet/asp.net/filters.html" class="md-nav__link">
+        
+  
+  <span class="md-ellipsis">
+    FIlters
+  </span>
+  
+
+      </a>
+    </li>
+  
+
+              
+            
+              
+                
+  
+  
+  
+  
+    <li class="md-nav__item">
+      <a href="../../dotnet/asp.net/middleware.html" class="md-nav__link">
+        
+  
+  <span class="md-ellipsis">
+    Middleware
+  </span>
+  
+
+      </a>
+    </li>
+  
+
+              
+            
+              
+                
+  
+  
+  
+  
+    <li class="md-nav__item">
+      <a href="../../dotnet/asp.net/razor-syntax.html" class="md-nav__link">
+        
+  
+  <span class="md-ellipsis">
+    Razor Syntax
+  </span>
+  
+
+      </a>
+    </li>
+  
+
+              
+            
+              
+                
+  
+  
+  
+  
+    <li class="md-nav__item">
+      <a href="../../dotnet/asp.net/blazor.html" class="md-nav__link">
+        
+  
+  <span class="md-ellipsis">
+    Blazor
+  </span>
+  
+
+      </a>
+    </li>
+  
+
+              
+            
+              
+                
+  
+  
+  
+  
+    <li class="md-nav__item">
+      <a href="../../dotnet/asp.net/signalr.html" class="md-nav__link">
+        
+  
+  <span class="md-ellipsis">
+    SignalR
+  </span>
+  
+
+      </a>
+    </li>
+  
+
+              
+            
+              
+                
+  
+  
+  
+  
+    <li class="md-nav__item">
+      <a href="../../dotnet/asp.net/web-forms.html" class="md-nav__link">
+        
+  
+  <span class="md-ellipsis">
+    Web Forms
+  </span>
+  
+
+      </a>
+    </li>
+  
+
+              
+            
+          </ul>
+        </nav>
+      
+    </li>
+  
+
+              
+            
+              
+                
+  
+  
+  
+  
+    
+    
+      
+        
+      
+        
+      
+    
+    
+      
+      
+        
+      
+    
+    
+    <li class="md-nav__item md-nav__item--nested">
+      
+        
+        
+        <input class="md-nav__toggle md-toggle " type="checkbox" id="__nav_4_9_3" >
+        
+          
+          <label class="md-nav__link" for="__nav_4_9_3" id="__nav_4_9_3_label" tabindex="0">
+            
+  
+  <span class="md-ellipsis">
+    Database
+  </span>
+  
+
+            <span class="md-nav__icon md-icon"></span>
+          </label>
+        
+        <nav class="md-nav" data-md-level="3" aria-labelledby="__nav_4_9_3_label" aria-expanded="false">
+          <label class="md-nav__title" for="__nav_4_9_3">
+            <span class="md-nav__icon md-icon"></span>
+            Database
+          </label>
+          <ul class="md-nav__list" data-md-scrollfix>
+            
+              
+                
+  
+  
+  
+  
+    <li class="md-nav__item">
+      <a href="../../dotnet/database/ado.net.html" class="md-nav__link">
+        
+  
+  <span class="md-ellipsis">
+    ADO.NET
+  </span>
+  
+
+      </a>
+    </li>
+  
+
+              
+            
+              
+                
+  
+  
+  
+  
+    <li class="md-nav__item">
+      <a href="../../dotnet/database/entity-framework.html" class="md-nav__link">
+        
+  
+  <span class="md-ellipsis">
+    Entity Framework
+  </span>
+  
+
+      </a>
+    </li>
+  
+
+              
+            
+          </ul>
+        </nav>
+      
+    </li>
+  
+
+              
+            
+          </ul>
+        </nav>
+      
+    </li>
+  
+
+              
+            
+              
+                
+  
+  
+  
+  
+    
+    
+      
+        
+      
+        
+      
+        
+      
+        
+      
+    
+    
+      
+      
+        
+          
+          
+        
+      
+    
+    
+    <li class="md-nav__item md-nav__item--section md-nav__item--nested">
+      
+        
+        
+        <input class="md-nav__toggle md-toggle " type="checkbox" id="__nav_4_10" >
+        
+          
+          <label class="md-nav__link" for="__nav_4_10" id="__nav_4_10_label" tabindex="">
+            
+  
+  <span class="md-ellipsis">
+    Java
+  </span>
+  
+
+            <span class="md-nav__icon md-icon"></span>
+          </label>
+        
+        <nav class="md-nav" data-md-level="2" aria-labelledby="__nav_4_10_label" aria-expanded="false">
+          <label class="md-nav__title" for="__nav_4_10">
+            <span class="md-nav__icon md-icon"></span>
+            Java
+          </label>
+          <ul class="md-nav__list" data-md-scrollfix>
+            
+              
+                
+  
+  
+  
+  
+    <li class="md-nav__item">
+      <a href="../../java/java.html" class="md-nav__link">
+        
+  
+  <span class="md-ellipsis">
+    Java
+  </span>
+  
+
+      </a>
+    </li>
+  
+
+              
+            
+              
+                
+  
+  
+  
+  
+    <li class="md-nav__item">
+      <a href="../../java/java-collection-framework.html" class="md-nav__link">
+        
+  
+  <span class="md-ellipsis">
+    Java Collection Framework
+  </span>
+  
+
+      </a>
+    </li>
+  
+
+              
+            
+              
+                
+  
+  
+  
+  
+    <li class="md-nav__item">
+      <a href="../../java/dao.html" class="md-nav__link">
+        
+  
+  <span class="md-ellipsis">
+    DAO
+  </span>
+  
+
+      </a>
+    </li>
+  
+
+              
+            
+              
+                
+  
+  
+  
+  
+    
+    
+      
+        
+      
+        
+      
+    
+    
+      
+      
+        
+      
+    
+    
+    <li class="md-nav__item md-nav__item--nested">
+      
+        
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+        <input class="md-nav__toggle md-toggle " type="checkbox" id="__nav_4_10_4" >
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+          
+          <label class="md-nav__link" for="__nav_4_10_4" id="__nav_4_10_4_label" tabindex="0">
+            
+  
+  <span class="md-ellipsis">
+    Web
+  </span>
+  
+
+            <span class="md-nav__icon md-icon"></span>
+          </label>
+        
+        <nav class="md-nav" data-md-level="3" aria-labelledby="__nav_4_10_4_label" aria-expanded="false">
+          <label class="md-nav__title" for="__nav_4_10_4">
+            <span class="md-nav__icon md-icon"></span>
+            Web
+          </label>
+          <ul class="md-nav__list" data-md-scrollfix>
+            
+              
+                
+  
+  
+  
+  
+    <li class="md-nav__item">
+      <a href="../../java/web/servlet.html" class="md-nav__link">
+        
+  
+  <span class="md-ellipsis">
+    Serverlet
+  </span>
+  
+
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+    </li>
+  
+
+              
+            
+              
+                
+  
+  
+  
+  
+    
+    
+      
+        
+      
+        
+      
+    
+    
+      
+      
+        
+      
+    
+    
+    <li class="md-nav__item md-nav__item--nested">
+      
+        
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+        <input class="md-nav__toggle md-toggle " type="checkbox" id="__nav_4_10_4_2" >
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+          <label class="md-nav__link" for="__nav_4_10_4_2" id="__nav_4_10_4_2_label" tabindex="0">
+            
+  
+  <span class="md-ellipsis">
+    Spring
+  </span>
+  
+
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+          </label>
+        
+        <nav class="md-nav" data-md-level="4" aria-labelledby="__nav_4_10_4_2_label" aria-expanded="false">
+          <label class="md-nav__title" for="__nav_4_10_4_2">
+            <span class="md-nav__icon md-icon"></span>
+            Spring
+          </label>
+          <ul class="md-nav__list" data-md-scrollfix>
+            
+              
+                
+  
+  
+  
+  
+    <li class="md-nav__item">
+      <a href="../../java/spring/pom.xml.html" class="md-nav__link">
+        
+  
+  <span class="md-ellipsis">
+    POM
+  </span>
+  
+
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+    </li>
+  
+
+              
+            
+              
+                
+  
+  
+  
+  
+    <li class="md-nav__item">
+      <a href="../../java/spring/spring-project.html" class="md-nav__link">
+        
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+  <span class="md-ellipsis">
+    Project Structure
+  </span>
+  
+
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+    </li>
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+
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+            
+          </ul>
+        </nav>
+      
+    </li>
+  
+
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+            
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+        </nav>
+      
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+  
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+            
+          </ul>
+        </nav>
+      
+    </li>
+  
+
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+            
+              
+                
+  
+  
+  
+  
+    
+    
+      
+        
+      
+        
+      
+        
+      
+        
+      
+        
+      
+        
+      
+        
+      
+        
+      
+        
+      
+    
+    
+      
+      
+        
+          
+          
+        
+      
+    
+    
+    <li class="md-nav__item md-nav__item--section md-nav__item--nested">
+      
+        
+        
+        <input class="md-nav__toggle md-toggle " type="checkbox" id="__nav_4_11" >
+        
+          
+          <label class="md-nav__link" for="__nav_4_11" id="__nav_4_11_label" tabindex="">
+            
+  
+  <span class="md-ellipsis">
+    PHP
+  </span>
+  
+
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+          </label>
+        
+        <nav class="md-nav" data-md-level="2" aria-labelledby="__nav_4_11_label" aria-expanded="false">
+          <label class="md-nav__title" for="__nav_4_11">
+            <span class="md-nav__icon md-icon"></span>
+            PHP
+          </label>
+          <ul class="md-nav__list" data-md-scrollfix>
+            
+              
+                
+  
+  
+  
+  
+    <li class="md-nav__item">
+      <a href="../../php/php.html" class="md-nav__link">
+        
+  
+  <span class="md-ellipsis">
+    PHP
+  </span>
+  
+
+      </a>
+    </li>
+  
+
+              
+            
+              
+                
+  
+  
+  
+  
+    <li class="md-nav__item">
+      <a href="../../php/database.html" class="md-nav__link">
+        
+  
+  <span class="md-ellipsis">
+    Database
+  </span>
+  
+
+      </a>
+    </li>
+  
+
+              
+            
+              
+                
+  
+  
+  
+  
+    <li class="md-nav__item">
+      <a href="../../php/web.html" class="md-nav__link">
+        
+  
+  <span class="md-ellipsis">
+    Web
+  </span>
+  
+
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+    </li>
+  
+
+              
+            
+              
+                
+  
+  
+  
+  
+    <li class="md-nav__item">
+      <a href="../../php/dependency-injection.html" class="md-nav__link">
+        
+  
+  <span class="md-ellipsis">
+    Dependency Injection
+  </span>
+  
+
+      </a>
+    </li>
+  
+
+              
+            
+              
+                
+  
+  
+  
+  
+    <li class="md-nav__item">
+      <a href="../../php/unit-tests.html" class="md-nav__link">
+        
+  
+  <span class="md-ellipsis">
+    Unit Tests
+  </span>
+  
+
+      </a>
+    </li>
+  
+
+              
+            
+              
+                
+  
+  
+  
+  
+    <li class="md-nav__item">
+      <a href="../../php/composer.html" class="md-nav__link">
+        
+  
+  <span class="md-ellipsis">
+    Composer
+  </span>
+  
+
+      </a>
+    </li>
+  
+
+              
+            
+              
+                
+  
+  
+  
+  
+    <li class="md-nav__item">
+      <a href="../../php/psr-7.html" class="md-nav__link">
+        
+  
+  <span class="md-ellipsis">
+    PSR 7
+  </span>
+  
+
+      </a>
+    </li>
+  
+
+              
+            
+              
+                
+  
+  
+  
+  
+    <li class="md-nav__item">
+      <a href="../../php/plates-templating.html" class="md-nav__link">
+        
+  
+  <span class="md-ellipsis">
+    Plates
+  </span>
+  
+
+      </a>
+    </li>
+  
+
+              
+            
+              
+                
+  
+  
+  
+  
+    
+    
+      
+        
+      
+        
+      
+    
+    
+      
+      
+        
+      
+    
+    
+    <li class="md-nav__item md-nav__item--nested">
+      
+        
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+        <input class="md-nav__toggle md-toggle " type="checkbox" id="__nav_4_11_9" >
+        
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+          <label class="md-nav__link" for="__nav_4_11_9" id="__nav_4_11_9_label" tabindex="0">
+            
+  
+  <span class="md-ellipsis">
+    Simple MVC
+  </span>
+  
+
+            <span class="md-nav__icon md-icon"></span>
+          </label>
+        
+        <nav class="md-nav" data-md-level="3" aria-labelledby="__nav_4_11_9_label" aria-expanded="false">
+          <label class="md-nav__title" for="__nav_4_11_9">
+            <span class="md-nav__icon md-icon"></span>
+            Simple MVC
+          </label>
+          <ul class="md-nav__list" data-md-scrollfix>
+            
+              
+                
+  
+  
+  
+  
+    <li class="md-nav__item">
+      <a href="../../php/simple-mvc/simple-mvc.html" class="md-nav__link">
+        
+  
+  <span class="md-ellipsis">
+    Simple MVC
+  </span>
+  
+
+      </a>
+    </li>
+  
+
+              
+            
+              
+                
+  
+  
+  
+  
+    <li class="md-nav__item">
+      <a href="../../php/simple-mvc/rest-api.html" class="md-nav__link">
+        
+  
+  <span class="md-ellipsis">
+    REST API
+  </span>
+  
+
+      </a>
+    </li>
+  
+
+              
+            
+          </ul>
+        </nav>
+      
+    </li>
+  
+
+              
+            
+          </ul>
+        </nav>
+      
+    </li>
+  
+
+              
+            
+              
+                
+  
+  
+  
+  
+    
+    
+      
+        
+      
+        
+      
+        
+      
+        
+      
+        
+      
+    
+    
+      
+      
+        
+          
+          
+        
+      
+    
+    
+    <li class="md-nav__item md-nav__item--section md-nav__item--nested">
+      
+        
+        
+        <input class="md-nav__toggle md-toggle " type="checkbox" id="__nav_4_12" >
+        
+          
+          <label class="md-nav__link" for="__nav_4_12" id="__nav_4_12_label" tabindex="">
+            
+  
+  <span class="md-ellipsis">
+    Rust
+  </span>
+  
+
+            <span class="md-nav__icon md-icon"></span>
+          </label>
+        
+        <nav class="md-nav" data-md-level="2" aria-labelledby="__nav_4_12_label" aria-expanded="false">
+          <label class="md-nav__title" for="__nav_4_12">
+            <span class="md-nav__icon md-icon"></span>
+            Rust
+          </label>
+          <ul class="md-nav__list" data-md-scrollfix>
+            
+              
+                
+  
+  
+  
+  
+    <li class="md-nav__item">
+      <a href="../../rust/rust.html" class="md-nav__link">
+        
+  
+  <span class="md-ellipsis">
+    Rust
+  </span>
+  
+
+      </a>
+    </li>
+  
+
+              
+            
+              
+                
+  
+  
+  
+  
+    <li class="md-nav__item">
+      <a href="../../rust/macros.html" class="md-nav__link">
+        
+  
+  <span class="md-ellipsis">
+    Macros
+  </span>
+  
+
+      </a>
+    </li>
+  
+
+              
+            
+              
+                
+  
+  
+  
+  
+    <li class="md-nav__item">
+      <a href="../../rust/cargo.html" class="md-nav__link">
+        
+  
+  <span class="md-ellipsis">
+    Cargo
+  </span>
+  
+
+      </a>
+    </li>
+  
+
+              
+            
+              
+                
+  
+  
+  
+  
+    <li class="md-nav__item">
+      <a href="../../rust/concurrency.html" class="md-nav__link">
+        
+  
+  <span class="md-ellipsis">
+    Concurrency
+  </span>
+  
+
+      </a>
+    </li>
+  
+
+              
+            
+              
+                
+  
+  
+  
+  
+    <li class="md-nav__item">
+      <a href="../../rust/unit-tests.html" class="md-nav__link">
+        
+  
+  <span class="md-ellipsis">
+    Unit Tests
+  </span>
+  
+
+      </a>
+    </li>
+  
+
+              
+            
+          </ul>
+        </nav>
+      
+    </li>
+  
+
+              
+            
+              
+                
+  
+  
+    
+  
+  
+  
+    
+    
+      
+        
+      
+        
+      
+        
+      
+        
+      
+        
+      
+        
+      
+        
+      
+    
+    
+      
+      
+        
+          
+          
+        
+      
+    
+    
+    <li class="md-nav__item md-nav__item--active md-nav__item--section md-nav__item--nested">
+      
+        
+        
+        <input class="md-nav__toggle md-toggle " type="checkbox" id="__nav_4_13" checked>
+        
+          
+          <label class="md-nav__link" for="__nav_4_13" id="__nav_4_13_label" tabindex="">
+            
+  
+  <span class="md-ellipsis">
+    Javascript
+  </span>
+  
+
+            <span class="md-nav__icon md-icon"></span>
+          </label>
+        
+        <nav class="md-nav" data-md-level="2" aria-labelledby="__nav_4_13_label" aria-expanded="true">
+          <label class="md-nav__title" for="__nav_4_13">
+            <span class="md-nav__icon md-icon"></span>
+            Javascript
+          </label>
+          <ul class="md-nav__list" data-md-scrollfix>
+            
+              
+                
+  
+  
+  
+  
+    <li class="md-nav__item">
+      <a href="../javascript.html" class="md-nav__link">
+        
+  
+  <span class="md-ellipsis">
+    Javascript
+  </span>
+  
+
+      </a>
+    </li>
+  
+
+              
+            
+              
+                
+  
+  
+  
+  
+    <li class="md-nav__item">
+      <a href="../dom.html" class="md-nav__link">
+        
+  
+  <span class="md-ellipsis">
+    DOM
+  </span>
+  
+
+      </a>
+    </li>
+  
+
+              
+            
+              
+                
+  
+  
+  
+  
+    <li class="md-nav__item">
+      <a href="../events-animation.html" class="md-nav__link">
+        
+  
+  <span class="md-ellipsis">
+    Events & Animation
+  </span>
+  
+
+      </a>
+    </li>
+  
+
+              
+            
+              
+                
+  
+  
+  
+  
+    <li class="md-nav__item">
+      <a href="../ajax.html" class="md-nav__link">
+        
+  
+  <span class="md-ellipsis">
+    AJAX
+  </span>
+  
+
+      </a>
+    </li>
+  
+
+              
+            
+              
+                
+  
+  
+  
+  
+    <li class="md-nav__item">
+      <a href="../jquery.html" class="md-nav__link">
+        
+  
+  <span class="md-ellipsis">
+    jQuery
+  </span>
+  
+
+      </a>
+    </li>
+  
+
+              
+            
+              
+                
+  
+  
+    
+  
+  
+  
+    
+    
+      
+        
+      
+        
+      
+        
+      
+        
+      
+        
+      
+    
+    
+      
+      
+        
+      
+    
+    
+    <li class="md-nav__item md-nav__item--active md-nav__item--nested">
+      
+        
+        
+        <input class="md-nav__toggle md-toggle " type="checkbox" id="__nav_4_13_6" checked>
+        
+          
+          <label class="md-nav__link" for="__nav_4_13_6" id="__nav_4_13_6_label" tabindex="0">
+            
+  
+  <span class="md-ellipsis">
+    React
+  </span>
+  
+
+            <span class="md-nav__icon md-icon"></span>
+          </label>
+        
+        <nav class="md-nav" data-md-level="3" aria-labelledby="__nav_4_13_6_label" aria-expanded="true">
+          <label class="md-nav__title" for="__nav_4_13_6">
+            <span class="md-nav__icon md-icon"></span>
+            React
+          </label>
+          <ul class="md-nav__list" data-md-scrollfix>
+            
+              
+                
+  
+  
+  
+  
+    <li class="md-nav__item">
+      <a href="react.html" class="md-nav__link">
+        
+  
+  <span class="md-ellipsis">
+    React
+  </span>
+  
+
+      </a>
+    </li>
+  
+
+              
+            
+              
+                
+  
+  
+  
+  
+    <li class="md-nav__item">
+      <a href="react-router.html" class="md-nav__link">
+        
+  
+  <span class="md-ellipsis">
+    React Router
+  </span>
+  
+
+      </a>
+    </li>
+  
+
+              
+            
+              
+                
+  
+  
+    
+  
+  
+  
+    <li class="md-nav__item md-nav__item--active">
+      
+      <input class="md-nav__toggle md-toggle" type="checkbox" id="__toc">
+      
+      
+        
+      
+      
+        <label class="md-nav__link md-nav__link--active" for="__toc">
+          
+  
+  <span class="md-ellipsis">
+    React Tests
+  </span>
+  
+
+          <span class="md-nav__icon md-icon"></span>
+        </label>
+      
+      <a href="react-tests.html" class="md-nav__link md-nav__link--active">
+        
+  
+  <span class="md-ellipsis">
+    React Tests
+  </span>
+  
+
+      </a>
+      
+        
+
+<nav class="md-nav md-nav--secondary" aria-label="Table of contents">
+  
+  
+  
+    
+  
+  
+    <label class="md-nav__title" for="__toc">
+      <span class="md-nav__icon md-icon"></span>
+      Table of contents
+    </label>
+    <ul class="md-nav__list" data-md-component="toc" data-md-scrollfix>
+      
+        <li class="md-nav__item">
+  <a href="#jest" class="md-nav__link">
+    <span class="md-ellipsis">
+      Jest
+    </span>
+  </a>
+  
+    <nav class="md-nav" aria-label="Jest">
+      <ul class="md-nav__list">
+        
+          <li class="md-nav__item">
+  <a href="#jest-configuration" class="md-nav__link">
+    <span class="md-ellipsis">
+      Jest Configuration
+    </span>
+  </a>
+  
+</li>
+        
+          <li class="md-nav__item">
+  <a href="#jest-tests" class="md-nav__link">
+    <span class="md-ellipsis">
+      Jest Tests
+    </span>
+  </a>
+  
+</li>
+        
+          <li class="md-nav__item">
+  <a href="#snapshots" class="md-nav__link">
+    <span class="md-ellipsis">
+      Snapshots
+    </span>
+  </a>
+  
+</li>
+        
+      </ul>
+    </nav>
+  
+</li>
+      
+        <li class="md-nav__item">
+  <a href="#enzyme" class="md-nav__link">
+    <span class="md-ellipsis">
+      Enzyme
+    </span>
+  </a>
+  
+    <nav class="md-nav" aria-label="Enzyme">
+      <ul class="md-nav__list">
+        
+          <li class="md-nav__item">
+  <a href="#enzyme-configuration" class="md-nav__link">
+    <span class="md-ellipsis">
+      Enzyme Configuration
+    </span>
+  </a>
+  
+</li>
+        
+          <li class="md-nav__item">
+  <a href="#enzyme-tests" class="md-nav__link">
+    <span class="md-ellipsis">
+      Enzyme Tests
+    </span>
+  </a>
+  
+</li>
+        
+      </ul>
+    </nav>
+  
+</li>
+      
+        <li class="md-nav__item">
+  <a href="#react-testing-library" class="md-nav__link">
+    <span class="md-ellipsis">
+      React Testing Library
+    </span>
+  </a>
+  
+    <nav class="md-nav" aria-label="React Testing Library">
+      <ul class="md-nav__list">
+        
+          <li class="md-nav__item">
+  <a href="#react-testing-library-tests" class="md-nav__link">
+    <span class="md-ellipsis">
+      React Testing Library Tests
+    </span>
+  </a>
+  
+</li>
+        
+      </ul>
+    </nav>
+  
+</li>
+      
+    </ul>
+  
+</nav>
+      
+    </li>
+  
+
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+            
+              
+                
+  
+  
+  
+  
+    <li class="md-nav__item">
+      <a href="redux.html" class="md-nav__link">
+        
+  
+  <span class="md-ellipsis">
+    Redux
+  </span>
+  
+
+      </a>
+    </li>
+  
+
+              
+            
+              
+                
+  
+  
+  
+  
+    <li class="md-nav__item">
+      <a href="redux-tests.html" class="md-nav__link">
+        
+  
+  <span class="md-ellipsis">
+    Redux Tests
+  </span>
+  
+
+      </a>
+    </li>
+  
+
+              
+            
+          </ul>
+        </nav>
+      
+    </li>
+  
+
+              
+            
+              
+                
+  
+  
+  
+  
+    <li class="md-nav__item">
+      <a href="../svelte/svelte.html" class="md-nav__link">
+        
+  
+  <span class="md-ellipsis">
+    Svelte
+  </span>
+  
+
+      </a>
+    </li>
+  
+
+              
+            
+          </ul>
+        </nav>
+      
+    </li>
+  
+
+              
+            
+              
+                
+  
+  
+  
+  
+    
+    
+      
+        
+      
+        
+      
+    
+    
+      
+      
+        
+          
+          
+        
+      
+    
+    
+    <li class="md-nav__item md-nav__item--section md-nav__item--nested">
+      
+        
+        
+        <input class="md-nav__toggle md-toggle " type="checkbox" id="__nav_4_14" >
+        
+          
+          <label class="md-nav__link" for="__nav_4_14" id="__nav_4_14_label" tabindex="">
+            
+  
+  <span class="md-ellipsis">
+    PowerShell
+  </span>
+  
+
+            <span class="md-nav__icon md-icon"></span>
+          </label>
+        
+        <nav class="md-nav" data-md-level="2" aria-labelledby="__nav_4_14_label" aria-expanded="false">
+          <label class="md-nav__title" for="__nav_4_14">
+            <span class="md-nav__icon md-icon"></span>
+            PowerShell
+          </label>
+          <ul class="md-nav__list" data-md-scrollfix>
+            
+              
+                
+  
+  
+  
+  
+    <li class="md-nav__item">
+      <a href="../../powershell/scripting.html" class="md-nav__link">
+        
+  
+  <span class="md-ellipsis">
+    Scripting
+  </span>
+  
+
+      </a>
+    </li>
+  
+
+              
+            
+              
+                
+  
+  
+  
+  
+    <li class="md-nav__item">
+      <a href="../../powershell/commands.html" class="md-nav__link">
+        
+  
+  <span class="md-ellipsis">
+    Commands
+  </span>
+  
+
+      </a>
+    </li>
+  
+
+              
+            
+          </ul>
+        </nav>
+      
+    </li>
+  
+
+              
+            
+              
+                
+  
+  
+  
+  
+    
+    
+      
+        
+      
+        
+      
+    
+    
+      
+      
+        
+          
+          
+        
+      
+    
+    
+    <li class="md-nav__item md-nav__item--section md-nav__item--nested">
+      
+        
+        
+        <input class="md-nav__toggle md-toggle " type="checkbox" id="__nav_4_15" >
+        
+          
+          <label class="md-nav__link" for="__nav_4_15" id="__nav_4_15_label" tabindex="">
+            
+  
+  <span class="md-ellipsis">
+    Bash
+  </span>
+  
+
+            <span class="md-nav__icon md-icon"></span>
+          </label>
+        
+        <nav class="md-nav" data-md-level="2" aria-labelledby="__nav_4_15_label" aria-expanded="false">
+          <label class="md-nav__title" for="__nav_4_15">
+            <span class="md-nav__icon md-icon"></span>
+            Bash
+          </label>
+          <ul class="md-nav__list" data-md-scrollfix>
+            
+              
+                
+  
+  
+  
+  
+    <li class="md-nav__item">
+      <a href="../../bash/scripting.html" class="md-nav__link">
+        
+  
+  <span class="md-ellipsis">
+    Scripting
+  </span>
+  
+
+      </a>
+    </li>
+  
+
+              
+            
+              
+                
+  
+  
+  
+  
+    <li class="md-nav__item">
+      <a href="../../bash/commands.html" class="md-nav__link">
+        
+  
+  <span class="md-ellipsis">
+    Commands
+  </span>
+  
+
+      </a>
+    </li>
+  
+
+              
+            
+          </ul>
+        </nav>
+      
+    </li>
+  
+
+              
+            
+          </ul>
+        </nav>
+      
+    </li>
+  
+
+    
+      
+      
+  
+  
+  
+  
+    
+    
+      
+        
+      
+        
+      
+        
+      
+        
+      
+        
+      
+    
+    
+      
+      
+        
+      
+    
+    
+    <li class="md-nav__item md-nav__item--nested">
+      
+        
+        
+        <input class="md-nav__toggle md-toggle " type="checkbox" id="__nav_5" >
+        
+          
+          <label class="md-nav__link" for="__nav_5" id="__nav_5_label" tabindex="0">
+            
+  
+  <span class="md-ellipsis">
+    Misc
+  </span>
+  
+
+            <span class="md-nav__icon md-icon"></span>
+          </label>
+        
+        <nav class="md-nav" data-md-level="1" aria-labelledby="__nav_5_label" aria-expanded="false">
+          <label class="md-nav__title" for="__nav_5">
+            <span class="md-nav__icon md-icon"></span>
+            Misc
+          </label>
+          <ul class="md-nav__list" data-md-scrollfix>
+            
+              
+                
+  
+  
+  
+  
+    <li class="md-nav__item">
+      <a href="../../../misc/git.html" class="md-nav__link">
+        
+  
+  <span class="md-ellipsis">
+    Git
+  </span>
+  
+
+      </a>
+    </li>
+  
+
+              
+            
+              
+                
+  
+  
+  
+  
+    <li class="md-nav__item">
+      <a href="../../../misc/graph-ql.html" class="md-nav__link">
+        
+  
+  <span class="md-ellipsis">
+    GraphQL
+  </span>
+  
+
+      </a>
+    </li>
+  
+
+              
+            
+              
+                
+  
+  
+  
+  
+    <li class="md-nav__item">
+      <a href="../../../misc/regular-expressions.html" class="md-nav__link">
+        
+  
+  <span class="md-ellipsis">
+    RegEx
+  </span>
+  
+
+      </a>
+    </li>
+  
+
+              
+            
+              
+                
+  
+  
+  
+  
+    <li class="md-nav__item">
+      <a href="../../../misc/ssh.html" class="md-nav__link">
+        
+  
+  <span class="md-ellipsis">
+    SSH
+  </span>
+  
+
+      </a>
+    </li>
+  
+
+              
+            
+              
+                
+  
+  
+  
+  
+    <li class="md-nav__item">
+      <a href="../../../misc/web-components.html" class="md-nav__link">
+        
+  
+  <span class="md-ellipsis">
+    WebComponents
+  </span>
+  
+
+      </a>
+    </li>
+  
+
+              
+            
+          </ul>
+        </nav>
+      
+    </li>
+  
+
+    
+      
+      
+  
+  
+  
+  
+    
+    
+      
+        
+      
+        
+      
+    
+    
+      
+      
+        
+      
+    
+    
+    <li class="md-nav__item md-nav__item--nested">
+      
+        
+        
+        <input class="md-nav__toggle md-toggle " type="checkbox" id="__nav_6" >
+        
+          
+          <label class="md-nav__link" for="__nav_6" id="__nav_6_label" tabindex="0">
+            
+  
+  <span class="md-ellipsis">
+    Linux
+  </span>
+  
+
+            <span class="md-nav__icon md-icon"></span>
+          </label>
+        
+        <nav class="md-nav" data-md-level="1" aria-labelledby="__nav_6_label" aria-expanded="false">
+          <label class="md-nav__title" for="__nav_6">
+            <span class="md-nav__icon md-icon"></span>
+            Linux
+          </label>
+          <ul class="md-nav__list" data-md-scrollfix>
+            
+              
+                
+  
+  
+  
+  
+    
+    
+      
+        
+      
+        
+      
+        
+      
+    
+    
+      
+      
+        
+      
+    
+    
+    <li class="md-nav__item md-nav__item--nested">
+      
+        
+        
+        <input class="md-nav__toggle md-toggle " type="checkbox" id="__nav_6_1" >
+        
+          
+          <label class="md-nav__link" for="__nav_6_1" id="__nav_6_1_label" tabindex="0">
+            
+  
+  <span class="md-ellipsis">
+    Filesystem
+  </span>
+  
+
+            <span class="md-nav__icon md-icon"></span>
+          </label>
+        
+        <nav class="md-nav" data-md-level="2" aria-labelledby="__nav_6_1_label" aria-expanded="false">
+          <label class="md-nav__title" for="__nav_6_1">
+            <span class="md-nav__icon md-icon"></span>
+            Filesystem
+          </label>
+          <ul class="md-nav__list" data-md-scrollfix>
+            
+              
+                
+  
+  
+  
+  
+    <li class="md-nav__item">
+      <a href="../../../linux/filesystem/file-links.html" class="md-nav__link">
+        
+  
+  <span class="md-ellipsis">
+    File Links
+  </span>
+  
+
+      </a>
+    </li>
+  
+
+              
+            
+              
+                
+  
+  
+  
+  
+    <li class="md-nav__item">
+      <a href="../../../linux/filesystem/procfs.html" class="md-nav__link">
+        
+  
+  <span class="md-ellipsis">
+    /proc
+  </span>
+  
+
+      </a>
+    </li>
+  
+
+              
+            
+              
+                
+  
+  
+  
+  
+    <li class="md-nav__item">
+      <a href="../../../linux/filesystem/sysfs.html" class="md-nav__link">
+        
+  
+  <span class="md-ellipsis">
+    /sys
+  </span>
+  
+
+      </a>
+    </li>
+  
+
+              
+            
+          </ul>
+        </nav>
+      
+    </li>
+  
+
+              
+            
+              
+                
+  
+  
+  
+  
+    
+    
+      
+        
+      
+        
+      
+    
+    
+      
+      
+        
+      
+    
+    
+    <li class="md-nav__item md-nav__item--nested">
+      
+        
+        
+        <input class="md-nav__toggle md-toggle " type="checkbox" id="__nav_6_2" >
+        
+          
+          <label class="md-nav__link" for="__nav_6_2" id="__nav_6_2_label" tabindex="0">
+            
+  
+  <span class="md-ellipsis">
+    System Init
+  </span>
+  
+
+            <span class="md-nav__icon md-icon"></span>
+          </label>
+        
+        <nav class="md-nav" data-md-level="2" aria-labelledby="__nav_6_2_label" aria-expanded="false">
+          <label class="md-nav__title" for="__nav_6_2">
+            <span class="md-nav__icon md-icon"></span>
+            System Init
+          </label>
+          <ul class="md-nav__list" data-md-scrollfix>
+            
+              
+                
+  
+  
+  
+  
+    <li class="md-nav__item">
+      <a href="../../../linux/init/systemd.html" class="md-nav__link">
+        
+  
+  <span class="md-ellipsis">
+    Systemd
+  </span>
+  
+
+      </a>
+    </li>
+  
+
+              
+            
+              
+                
+  
+  
+  
+  
+    <li class="md-nav__item">
+      <a href="../../../linux/init/open-rc.html" class="md-nav__link">
+        
+  
+  <span class="md-ellipsis">
+    OpenRC
+  </span>
+  
+
+      </a>
+    </li>
+  
+
+              
+            
+          </ul>
+        </nav>
+      
+    </li>
+  
+
+              
+            
+          </ul>
+        </nav>
+      
+    </li>
+  
+
+    
+  </ul>
+</nav>
+                  </div>
+                </div>
+              </div>
+            
+            
+              
+              <div class="md-sidebar md-sidebar--secondary" data-md-component="sidebar" data-md-type="toc" >
+                <div class="md-sidebar__scrollwrap">
+                  <div class="md-sidebar__inner">
+                    
+
+<nav class="md-nav md-nav--secondary" aria-label="Table of contents">
+  
+  
+  
+    
+  
+  
+    <label class="md-nav__title" for="__toc">
+      <span class="md-nav__icon md-icon"></span>
+      Table of contents
+    </label>
+    <ul class="md-nav__list" data-md-component="toc" data-md-scrollfix>
+      
+        <li class="md-nav__item">
+  <a href="#jest" class="md-nav__link">
+    <span class="md-ellipsis">
+      Jest
+    </span>
+  </a>
+  
+    <nav class="md-nav" aria-label="Jest">
+      <ul class="md-nav__list">
+        
+          <li class="md-nav__item">
+  <a href="#jest-configuration" class="md-nav__link">
+    <span class="md-ellipsis">
+      Jest Configuration
+    </span>
+  </a>
+  
+</li>
+        
+          <li class="md-nav__item">
+  <a href="#jest-tests" class="md-nav__link">
+    <span class="md-ellipsis">
+      Jest Tests
+    </span>
+  </a>
+  
+</li>
+        
+          <li class="md-nav__item">
+  <a href="#snapshots" class="md-nav__link">
+    <span class="md-ellipsis">
+      Snapshots
+    </span>
+  </a>
+  
+</li>
+        
+      </ul>
+    </nav>
+  
+</li>
+      
+        <li class="md-nav__item">
+  <a href="#enzyme" class="md-nav__link">
+    <span class="md-ellipsis">
+      Enzyme
+    </span>
+  </a>
+  
+    <nav class="md-nav" aria-label="Enzyme">
+      <ul class="md-nav__list">
+        
+          <li class="md-nav__item">
+  <a href="#enzyme-configuration" class="md-nav__link">
+    <span class="md-ellipsis">
+      Enzyme Configuration
+    </span>
+  </a>
+  
+</li>
+        
+          <li class="md-nav__item">
+  <a href="#enzyme-tests" class="md-nav__link">
+    <span class="md-ellipsis">
+      Enzyme Tests
+    </span>
+  </a>
+  
+</li>
+        
+      </ul>
+    </nav>
+  
+</li>
+      
+        <li class="md-nav__item">
+  <a href="#react-testing-library" class="md-nav__link">
+    <span class="md-ellipsis">
+      React Testing Library
+    </span>
+  </a>
+  
+    <nav class="md-nav" aria-label="React Testing Library">
+      <ul class="md-nav__list">
+        
+          <li class="md-nav__item">
+  <a href="#react-testing-library-tests" class="md-nav__link">
+    <span class="md-ellipsis">
+      React Testing Library Tests
+    </span>
+  </a>
+  
+</li>
+        
+      </ul>
+    </nav>
+  
+</li>
+      
+    </ul>
+  
+</nav>
+                  </div>
+                </div>
+              </div>
+            
+          
+          
+            <div class="md-content" data-md-component="content">
+              <article class="md-content__inner md-typeset">
+                
+                  
+
+  
+  
+
+
+<h1 id="testing-react">Testing React</h1>
+<h2 id="jest"><a href="https://jestjs.io/">Jest</a></h2>
+<h3 id="jest-configuration">Jest Configuration</h3>
+<div class="highlight"><table class="highlighttable"><tr><th colspan="2" class="filename"><span class="filename">JavaScript</span></th></tr><tr><td class="linenos"><div class="linenodiv"><pre><span></span><span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-0-1">1</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-0-2">2</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-0-3">3</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-0-4">4</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-0-5">5</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-0-6">6</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-0-7">7</a></span></pre></div></td><td class="code"><div><pre><span></span><code><a id="__codelineno-0-1" name="__codelineno-0-1"></a><span class="c1">// jest.config.js</span>
+<a id="__codelineno-0-2" name="__codelineno-0-2"></a><span class="nx">module</span><span class="p">.</span><span class="nx">exports</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="o">=</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="p">{</span>
+<a id="__codelineno-0-3" name="__codelineno-0-3"></a><span class="w">  </span><span class="nx">testEnvironment</span><span class="o">:</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="s1">&#39;jsdom&#39;</span><span class="p">,</span>
+<a id="__codelineno-0-4" name="__codelineno-0-4"></a><span class="w">  </span><span class="nx">moduleFileExtensions</span><span class="o">:</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="p">[</span><span class="s1">&#39;js&#39;</span><span class="p">,</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="s1">&#39;jsx&#39;</span><span class="p">,</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="s1">&#39;ts&#39;</span><span class="p">,</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="s1">&#39;tsx&#39;</span><span class="p">,</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="s1">&#39;json&#39;</span><span class="p">,</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="s1">&#39;node&#39;</span><span class="p">],</span>
+<a id="__codelineno-0-5" name="__codelineno-0-5"></a><span class="w">  </span><span class="nx">setupFilesAfterEnv</span><span class="o">:</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="p">[</span><span class="s1">&#39;@testing-library/jest-dom/extend-expect&#39;</span><span class="p">],</span><span class="w">  </span><span class="c1">// add testing-library methods to expect()</span>
+<a id="__codelineno-0-6" name="__codelineno-0-6"></a><span class="w">  </span><span class="nx">transform</span><span class="o">:</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="p">{</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="s1">&#39;^.+\\.tsx?$&#39;</span><span class="o">:</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="s1">&#39;ts-jest&#39;</span><span class="p">}</span><span class="w">  </span><span class="c1">// use ts-jest fo ts files</span>
+<a id="__codelineno-0-7" name="__codelineno-0-7"></a><span class="p">}</span>
+</code></pre></div></td></tr></table></div>
+<h3 id="jest-tests">Jest Tests</h3>
+<p><a href="https://jestjs.io/docs/expect">Expect docs</a></p>
+<div class="highlight"><table class="highlighttable"><tr><th colspan="2" class="filename"><span class="filename">JavaScript</span></th></tr><tr><td class="linenos"><div class="linenodiv"><pre><span></span><span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-1-1"> 1</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-1-2"> 2</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-1-3"> 3</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-1-4"> 4</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-1-5"> 5</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-1-6"> 6</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-1-7"> 7</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-1-8"> 8</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-1-9"> 9</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-1-10">10</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-1-11">11</a></span></pre></div></td><td class="code"><div><pre><span></span><code><a id="__codelineno-1-1" name="__codelineno-1-1"></a><span class="c1">// .spec.js or .test.js</span>
+<a id="__codelineno-1-2" name="__codelineno-1-2"></a><span class="nx">it</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="s2">&quot;test description&quot;</span><span class="p">,</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="p">()</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="p">=&gt;</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="p">{</span>
+<a id="__codelineno-1-3" name="__codelineno-1-3"></a><span class="w">    </span><span class="c1">// test body</span>
+<a id="__codelineno-1-4" name="__codelineno-1-4"></a><span class="w">    </span><span class="nx">expect</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="nx">expected</span><span class="p">).</span><span class="nx">toEqual</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="nx">actual</span><span class="p">);</span>
+<a id="__codelineno-1-5" name="__codelineno-1-5"></a><span class="p">});</span>
+<a id="__codelineno-1-6" name="__codelineno-1-6"></a>
+<a id="__codelineno-1-7" name="__codelineno-1-7"></a><span class="c1">// group related tests</span>
+<a id="__codelineno-1-8" name="__codelineno-1-8"></a><span class="nx">describe</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="s2">&quot;test group name&quot;</span><span class="p">,</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="p">()</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="p">=&gt;</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="p">{</span>
+<a id="__codelineno-1-9" name="__codelineno-1-9"></a><span class="w">    </span><span class="nx">it</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="cm">/* ... */</span><span class="p">);</span>
+<a id="__codelineno-1-10" name="__codelineno-1-10"></a><span class="w">    </span><span class="nx">it</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="cm">/* ... */</span><span class="p">);</span>
+<a id="__codelineno-1-11" name="__codelineno-1-11"></a><span class="p">});</span>
+</code></pre></div></td></tr></table></div>
+<h3 id="snapshots">Snapshots</h3>
+<p>In <code>Component.Snapshots.js</code>:</p>
+<div class="highlight"><table class="highlighttable"><tr><th colspan="2" class="filename"><span class="filename">JavaScript</span></th></tr><tr><td class="linenos"><div class="linenodiv"><pre><span></span><span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-2-1"> 1</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-2-2"> 2</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-2-3"> 3</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-2-4"> 4</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-2-5"> 5</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-2-6"> 6</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-2-7"> 7</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-2-8"> 8</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-2-9"> 9</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-2-10">10</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-2-11">11</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-2-12">12</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-2-13">13</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-2-14">14</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-2-15">15</a></span></pre></div></td><td class="code"><div><pre><span></span><code><a id="__codelineno-2-1" name="__codelineno-2-1"></a><span class="k">import</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="nx">React</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="kr">from</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="s2">&quot;react&quot;</span><span class="p">;</span>
+<a id="__codelineno-2-2" name="__codelineno-2-2"></a><span class="k">import</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="nx">renderer</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="kr">from</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="s2">&quot;react-test-renderer&quot;</span><span class="p">;</span>
+<a id="__codelineno-2-3" name="__codelineno-2-3"></a>
+<a id="__codelineno-2-4" name="__codelineno-2-4"></a><span class="k">import</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="nx">Component</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="kr">from</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="s2">&quot;./path/to/Component&quot;</span><span class="p">;</span>
+<a id="__codelineno-2-5" name="__codelineno-2-5"></a><span class="c1">// import mock data if necessary</span>
+<a id="__codelineno-2-6" name="__codelineno-2-6"></a>
+<a id="__codelineno-2-7" name="__codelineno-2-7"></a><span class="nx">it</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="s2">&quot;test description&quot;</span><span class="p">,</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="p">()</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="p">=&gt;</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="p">{</span>
+<a id="__codelineno-2-8" name="__codelineno-2-8"></a><span class="w">    </span><span class="c1">// renders the DOM tree of the component</span>
+<a id="__codelineno-2-9" name="__codelineno-2-9"></a><span class="w">    </span><span class="kd">const</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="nx">tree</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="o">=</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="nx">renderer</span><span class="p">.</span><span class="nx">create</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="o">&lt;</span><span class="nx">Component</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="nx">funcProp</span><span class="o">=</span><span class="p">{</span><span class="nx">jest</span><span class="p">.</span><span class="nx">fn</span><span class="p">()</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="cm">/* mock function */</span><span class="p">}</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="cm">/* component props */</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="o">/&gt;</span><span class="p">);</span>
+<a id="__codelineno-2-10" name="__codelineno-2-10"></a>
+<a id="__codelineno-2-11" name="__codelineno-2-11"></a><span class="w">    </span><span class="c1">// save a snapshot of the component at this point in time ( in  __snapshots__ folder)</span>
+<a id="__codelineno-2-12" name="__codelineno-2-12"></a><span class="w">    </span><span class="c1">// in future test it will be checked to avoid regressions</span>
+<a id="__codelineno-2-13" name="__codelineno-2-13"></a><span class="w">    </span><span class="c1">// can be updated during jest --watch pressing &quot;u&quot;</span>
+<a id="__codelineno-2-14" name="__codelineno-2-14"></a><span class="w">    </span><span class="nx">expect</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="nx">tree</span><span class="p">).</span><span class="nx">matchSnapshot</span><span class="p">();</span>
+<a id="__codelineno-2-15" name="__codelineno-2-15"></a><span class="p">});</span>
+</code></pre></div></td></tr></table></div>
+<hr />
+<h2 id="enzyme"><a href="https://enzymejs.github.io/enzyme/">Enzyme</a></h2>
+<h3 id="enzyme-configuration">Enzyme Configuration</h3>
+<div class="highlight"><table class="highlighttable"><tr><th colspan="2" class="filename"><span class="filename">JavaScript</span></th></tr><tr><td class="linenos"><div class="linenodiv"><pre><span></span><span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-3-1">1</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-3-2">2</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-3-3">3</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-3-4">4</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-3-5">5</a></span></pre></div></td><td class="code"><div><pre><span></span><code><a id="__codelineno-3-1" name="__codelineno-3-1"></a><span class="c1">// testSetup.js</span>
+<a id="__codelineno-3-2" name="__codelineno-3-2"></a><span class="k">import</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="p">{</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="nx">configure</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="p">}</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="kr">from</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="s2">&quot;enzyme&quot;</span><span class="p">;</span>
+<a id="__codelineno-3-3" name="__codelineno-3-3"></a><span class="k">import</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="nx">Adapter</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="kr">from</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="s2">&quot;enzyme-adapter-react-&lt;version&gt;&quot;</span><span class="p">;</span>
+<a id="__codelineno-3-4" name="__codelineno-3-4"></a>
+<a id="__codelineno-3-5" name="__codelineno-3-5"></a><span class="nx">configure</span><span class="p">({</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="nx">adapter</span><span class="o">:</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="ow">new</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="nx">Adapter</span><span class="p">()</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="p">});</span>
+</code></pre></div></td></tr></table></div>
+<h3 id="enzyme-tests">Enzyme Tests</h3>
+<p>In <code>Component.test.js</code>:</p>
+<div class="highlight"><table class="highlighttable"><tr><th colspan="2" class="filename"><span class="filename">JavaScript</span></th></tr><tr><td class="linenos"><div class="linenodiv"><pre><span></span><span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-4-1"> 1</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-4-2"> 2</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-4-3"> 3</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-4-4"> 4</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-4-5"> 5</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-4-6"> 6</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-4-7"> 7</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-4-8"> 8</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-4-9"> 9</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-4-10">10</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-4-11">11</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-4-12">12</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-4-13">13</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-4-14">14</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-4-15">15</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-4-16">16</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-4-17">17</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-4-18">18</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-4-19">19</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-4-20">20</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-4-21">21</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-4-22">22</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-4-23">23</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-4-24">24</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-4-25">25</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-4-26">26</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-4-27">27</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-4-28">28</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-4-29">29</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-4-30">30</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-4-31">31</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-4-32">32</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-4-33">33</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-4-34">34</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-4-35">35</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-4-36">36</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-4-37">37</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-4-38">38</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-4-39">39</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-4-40">40</a></span></pre></div></td><td class="code"><div><pre><span></span><code><a id="__codelineno-4-1" name="__codelineno-4-1"></a><span class="k">import</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="nx">React</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="kr">from</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="s2">&quot;react&quot;</span><span class="p">;</span>
+<a id="__codelineno-4-2" name="__codelineno-4-2"></a><span class="k">import</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="p">{</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="nx">shallow</span><span class="p">,</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="nx">mount</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="p">}</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="kr">from</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="s2">&quot;enzyme&quot;</span><span class="p">;</span>
+<a id="__codelineno-4-3" name="__codelineno-4-3"></a><span class="c1">// eventual wrapper components (react-router, react-redux&#39;s provider, ...) for mount render</span>
+<a id="__codelineno-4-4" name="__codelineno-4-4"></a>
+<a id="__codelineno-4-5" name="__codelineno-4-5"></a><span class="c1">// shallow renders single component w/o children, no DOM generated</span>
+<a id="__codelineno-4-6" name="__codelineno-4-6"></a><span class="c1">// mount renders component w/ it&#39;s children</span>
+<a id="__codelineno-4-7" name="__codelineno-4-7"></a>
+<a id="__codelineno-4-8" name="__codelineno-4-8"></a><span class="k">import</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="nx">Component</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="kr">from</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="s2">&quot;./path/to/Component&quot;</span><span class="p">;</span>
+<a id="__codelineno-4-9" name="__codelineno-4-9"></a>
+<a id="__codelineno-4-10" name="__codelineno-4-10"></a><span class="c1">// factory to setup shallow test easily</span>
+<a id="__codelineno-4-11" name="__codelineno-4-11"></a><span class="kd">function</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="nx">testHelper</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="nx">args</span><span class="p">)</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="p">{</span>
+<a id="__codelineno-4-12" name="__codelineno-4-12"></a><span class="w">    </span><span class="kd">const</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="nx">defaultProps</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="o">=</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="p">{</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="cm">/* default value for props in each test */</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="p">};</span>
+<a id="__codelineno-4-13" name="__codelineno-4-13"></a>
+<a id="__codelineno-4-14" name="__codelineno-4-14"></a><span class="w">    </span><span class="kd">const</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="nx">props</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="o">=</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="p">{</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="p">...</span><span class="nx">defaultProps</span><span class="p">,</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="p">...</span><span class="nx">args</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="p">};</span>
+<a id="__codelineno-4-15" name="__codelineno-4-15"></a><span class="w">    </span><span class="k">return</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="nx">shallow</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="o">&lt;</span><span class="nx">Component</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="p">{...</span><span class="nx">props</span><span class="p">}</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="o">/&gt;</span><span class="p">);</span>
+<a id="__codelineno-4-16" name="__codelineno-4-16"></a><span class="p">}</span>
+<a id="__codelineno-4-17" name="__codelineno-4-17"></a>
+<a id="__codelineno-4-18" name="__codelineno-4-18"></a><span class="c1">// shallow rendering test</span>
+<a id="__codelineno-4-19" name="__codelineno-4-19"></a><span class="nx">it</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="s2">&quot;test description&quot;</span><span class="p">,</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="p">()</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="p">=&gt;</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="p">{</span>
+<a id="__codelineno-4-20" name="__codelineno-4-20"></a><span class="w">    </span><span class="kd">const</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="nx">dom</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="o">=</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="nx">testHelper</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="cm">/* optional args */</span><span class="p">);</span>
+<a id="__codelineno-4-21" name="__codelineno-4-21"></a><span class="w">    </span><span class="c1">// or</span>
+<a id="__codelineno-4-22" name="__codelineno-4-22"></a><span class="w">    </span><span class="kd">const</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="nx">dom</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="o">=</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="nx">shallow</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="o">&lt;</span><span class="nx">Component</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="cm">/* props */</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="o">/&gt;</span><span class="p">);</span>
+<a id="__codelineno-4-23" name="__codelineno-4-23"></a>
+<a id="__codelineno-4-24" name="__codelineno-4-24"></a><span class="w">    </span><span class="c1">// check a property of expected component</span>
+<a id="__codelineno-4-25" name="__codelineno-4-25"></a><span class="w">    </span><span class="c1">// selector can be from raw JSX (name of a component)</span>
+<a id="__codelineno-4-26" name="__codelineno-4-26"></a><span class="w">    </span><span class="nx">expect</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="nx">dom</span><span class="p">.</span><span class="nx">find</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="s2">&quot;selector&quot;</span><span class="p">).</span><span class="nx">property</span><span class="p">).</span><span class="nx">toBe</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="nx">expected</span><span class="p">);</span>
+<a id="__codelineno-4-27" name="__codelineno-4-27"></a><span class="p">});</span>
+<a id="__codelineno-4-28" name="__codelineno-4-28"></a>
+<a id="__codelineno-4-29" name="__codelineno-4-29"></a><span class="c1">// mount rendering test</span>
+<a id="__codelineno-4-30" name="__codelineno-4-30"></a><span class="k">if</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="s2">&quot;test description&quot;</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="p">()</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="p">=&gt;</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="p">{</span>
+<a id="__codelineno-4-31" name="__codelineno-4-31"></a><span class="w">    </span><span class="kd">const</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="nx">dom</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="o">=</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="nx">mount</span><span class="p">(</span>
+<a id="__codelineno-4-32" name="__codelineno-4-32"></a><span class="w">        </span><span class="o">&lt;</span><span class="nx">WrapperComponent</span><span class="o">&gt;</span>
+<a id="__codelineno-4-33" name="__codelineno-4-33"></a><span class="w">            </span><span class="o">&lt;</span><span class="nx">Component</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="cm">/* props */</span><span class="o">/&gt;</span>
+<a id="__codelineno-4-34" name="__codelineno-4-34"></a><span class="w">        </span><span class="o">&lt;</span><span class="err">/WrapperComponent&gt;</span>
+<a id="__codelineno-4-35" name="__codelineno-4-35"></a><span class="w">    </span><span class="p">);</span>
+<a id="__codelineno-4-36" name="__codelineno-4-36"></a>
+<a id="__codelineno-4-37" name="__codelineno-4-37"></a><span class="w">    </span><span class="c1">// selector has to be HTML selector since the component is rendered completely</span>
+<a id="__codelineno-4-38" name="__codelineno-4-38"></a><span class="w">    </span><span class="c1">// possible to test child components</span>
+<a id="__codelineno-4-39" name="__codelineno-4-39"></a><span class="w">    </span><span class="nx">expect</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="nx">dom</span><span class="p">.</span><span class="nx">find</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="s2">&quot;selector&quot;</span><span class="p">).</span><span class="nx">property</span><span class="p">).</span><span class="nx">toBe</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="nx">expected</span><span class="p">);</span>
+<a id="__codelineno-4-40" name="__codelineno-4-40"></a><span class="p">});</span>
+</code></pre></div></td></tr></table></div>
+<hr />
+<h2 id="react-testing-library"><a href="https://testing-library.com/docs/react-testing-library/intro/">React Testing Library</a></h2>
+<p>Encourages to write test based on what the user sees. So components are always <em>mounted</em> and fully rendered.</p>
+<h3 id="react-testing-library-tests">React Testing Library Tests</h3>
+<p>In <code>Components.test.js</code>:</p>
+<div class="highlight"><table class="highlighttable"><tr><th colspan="2" class="filename"><span class="filename">JavaScript</span></th></tr><tr><td class="linenos"><div class="linenodiv"><pre><span></span><span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-5-1"> 1</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-5-2"> 2</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-5-3"> 3</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-5-4"> 4</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-5-5"> 5</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-5-6"> 6</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-5-7"> 7</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-5-8"> 8</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-5-9"> 9</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-5-10">10</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-5-11">11</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-5-12">12</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-5-13">13</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-5-14">14</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-5-15">15</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-5-16">16</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-5-17">17</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-5-18">18</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-5-19">19</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-5-20">20</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-5-21">21</a></span></pre></div></td><td class="code"><div><pre><span></span><code><a id="__codelineno-5-1" name="__codelineno-5-1"></a><span class="k">import</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="nx">React</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="kr">from</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="s2">&quot;react&quot;</span><span class="p">;</span>
+<a id="__codelineno-5-2" name="__codelineno-5-2"></a><span class="k">import</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="p">{</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="nx">cleanup</span><span class="p">,</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="nx">render</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="p">}</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="kr">from</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="s2">&quot;@testing-library/react&quot;</span><span class="p">;</span>
+<a id="__codelineno-5-3" name="__codelineno-5-3"></a>
+<a id="__codelineno-5-4" name="__codelineno-5-4"></a><span class="k">import</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="nx">Component</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="kr">from</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="s2">&quot;./path/to/Component&quot;</span><span class="p">;</span>
+<a id="__codelineno-5-5" name="__codelineno-5-5"></a>
+<a id="__codelineno-5-6" name="__codelineno-5-6"></a><span class="nx">afterEach</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="nx">cleanup</span><span class="p">);</span>
+<a id="__codelineno-5-7" name="__codelineno-5-7"></a>
+<a id="__codelineno-5-8" name="__codelineno-5-8"></a><span class="c1">// factory to setup test easily</span>
+<a id="__codelineno-5-9" name="__codelineno-5-9"></a><span class="kd">function</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="nx">testHelper</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="nx">args</span><span class="p">)</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="p">{</span>
+<a id="__codelineno-5-10" name="__codelineno-5-10"></a><span class="w">    </span><span class="kd">const</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="nx">defaultProps</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="o">=</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="p">{</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="cm">/* default value for props in each test */</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="p">};</span>
+<a id="__codelineno-5-11" name="__codelineno-5-11"></a>
+<a id="__codelineno-5-12" name="__codelineno-5-12"></a><span class="w">    </span><span class="kd">const</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="nx">props</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="o">=</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="p">{</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="p">...</span><span class="nx">defaultProps</span><span class="p">,</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="p">...</span><span class="nx">args</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="p">};</span>
+<a id="__codelineno-5-13" name="__codelineno-5-13"></a><span class="w">    </span><span class="k">return</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="nx">render</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="o">&lt;</span><span class="nx">Component</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="p">{...</span><span class="nx">props</span><span class="p">}</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="o">/&gt;</span><span class="p">);</span>
+<a id="__codelineno-5-14" name="__codelineno-5-14"></a><span class="p">}</span>
+<a id="__codelineno-5-15" name="__codelineno-5-15"></a>
+<a id="__codelineno-5-16" name="__codelineno-5-16"></a><span class="nx">it</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="s2">&quot;test description&quot;</span><span class="p">,</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="p">()</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="p">=&gt;</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="p">{</span>
+<a id="__codelineno-5-17" name="__codelineno-5-17"></a><span class="w">    </span><span class="kd">const</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="p">{</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="nx">getByText</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="p">}</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="o">=</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="nx">testHelper</span><span class="p">();</span>
+<a id="__codelineno-5-18" name="__codelineno-5-18"></a>
+<a id="__codelineno-5-19" name="__codelineno-5-19"></a><span class="w">    </span><span class="c1">// react testing library func</span>
+<a id="__codelineno-5-20" name="__codelineno-5-20"></a><span class="w">    </span><span class="nx">getByText</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="s2">&quot;text&quot;</span><span class="p">);</span><span class="w">  </span><span class="c1">// check if test is present in the rendered component</span>
+<a id="__codelineno-5-21" name="__codelineno-5-21"></a><span class="p">});</span>
+</code></pre></div></td></tr></table></div>
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diff --git a/languages/javascript/react/react.html b/languages/javascript/react/react.html
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..3337e1f
--- /dev/null
+++ b/languages/javascript/react/react.html
@@ -0,0 +1,4768 @@
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+  
+  <span class="md-ellipsis">
+    Pandas
+  </span>
+  
+
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+    </li>
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+
+              
+            
+              
+                
+  
+  
+  
+  
+    <li class="md-nav__item">
+      <a href="../../python/libs/seaborn.html" class="md-nav__link">
+        
+  
+  <span class="md-ellipsis">
+    Seaborn
+  </span>
+  
+
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+    </li>
+  
+
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+            
+              
+                
+  
+  
+  
+  
+    <li class="md-nav__item">
+      <a href="../../python/libs/requests.html" class="md-nav__link">
+        
+  
+  <span class="md-ellipsis">
+    Requests
+  </span>
+  
+
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+    </li>
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+
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+            
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+  
+  
+  
+  
+    <li class="md-nav__item">
+      <a href="../../python/libs/beautiful-soup.html" class="md-nav__link">
+        
+  
+  <span class="md-ellipsis">
+    Beatiful Soup
+  </span>
+  
+
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+    </li>
+  
+
+              
+            
+          </ul>
+        </nav>
+      
+    </li>
+  
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+        </nav>
+      
+    </li>
+  
+
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+                
+  
+  
+  
+  
+    
+    
+      
+        
+      
+        
+      
+        
+      
+    
+    
+      
+      
+        
+          
+          
+        
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+    
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+    <li class="md-nav__item md-nav__item--section md-nav__item--nested">
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+          <label class="md-nav__link" for="__nav_4_9" id="__nav_4_9_label" tabindex="">
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+  <span class="md-ellipsis">
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+  </span>
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+            .NET
+          </label>
+          <ul class="md-nav__list" data-md-scrollfix>
+            
+              
+                
+  
+  
+  
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+    
+      
+        
+      
+        
+      
+        
+      
+        
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+        
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+      
+    
+    
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+    <li class="md-nav__item md-nav__item--nested">
+      
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+            
+  
+  <span class="md-ellipsis">
+    C#
+  </span>
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+        
+        <nav class="md-nav" data-md-level="3" aria-labelledby="__nav_4_9_1_label" aria-expanded="false">
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+            <span class="md-nav__icon md-icon"></span>
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+          </label>
+          <ul class="md-nav__list" data-md-scrollfix>
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+    <li class="md-nav__item">
+      <a href="../../dotnet/csharp/csharp.html" class="md-nav__link">
+        
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+    C#
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+  
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+
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+  
+  
+    <li class="md-nav__item">
+      <a href="../../dotnet/csharp/linq.html" class="md-nav__link">
+        
+  
+  <span class="md-ellipsis">
+    Linq
+  </span>
+  
+
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+    </li>
+  
+
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+              
+                
+  
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+  
+  
+    <li class="md-nav__item">
+      <a href="../../dotnet/csharp/collections.html" class="md-nav__link">
+        
+  
+  <span class="md-ellipsis">
+    Collections
+  </span>
+  
+
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+    </li>
+  
+
+              
+            
+              
+                
+  
+  
+  
+  
+    <li class="md-nav__item">
+      <a href="../../dotnet/csharp/reactive-extensions.html" class="md-nav__link">
+        
+  
+  <span class="md-ellipsis">
+    Reactive Extensions
+  </span>
+  
+
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+    </li>
+  
+
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+            
+              
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+  
+  
+  
+  
+    <li class="md-nav__item">
+      <a href="../../dotnet/csharp/async-programming.html" class="md-nav__link">
+        
+  
+  <span class="md-ellipsis">
+    Async Programming
+  </span>
+  
+
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+    </li>
+  
+
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+            
+              
+                
+  
+  
+  
+  
+    <li class="md-nav__item">
+      <a href="../../dotnet/csharp/unit-tests.html" class="md-nav__link">
+        
+  
+  <span class="md-ellipsis">
+    Unit Tests
+  </span>
+  
+
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+    </li>
+  
+
+              
+            
+          </ul>
+        </nav>
+      
+    </li>
+  
+
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+            
+              
+                
+  
+  
+  
+  
+    
+    
+      
+        
+      
+        
+      
+        
+      
+        
+      
+        
+      
+        
+      
+        
+      
+    
+    
+      
+      
+        
+      
+    
+    
+    <li class="md-nav__item md-nav__item--nested">
+      
+        
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+        <input class="md-nav__toggle md-toggle " type="checkbox" id="__nav_4_9_2" >
+        
+          
+          <label class="md-nav__link" for="__nav_4_9_2" id="__nav_4_9_2_label" tabindex="0">
+            
+  
+  <span class="md-ellipsis">
+    ASP.NET
+  </span>
+  
+
+            <span class="md-nav__icon md-icon"></span>
+          </label>
+        
+        <nav class="md-nav" data-md-level="3" aria-labelledby="__nav_4_9_2_label" aria-expanded="false">
+          <label class="md-nav__title" for="__nav_4_9_2">
+            <span class="md-nav__icon md-icon"></span>
+            ASP.NET
+          </label>
+          <ul class="md-nav__list" data-md-scrollfix>
+            
+              
+                
+  
+  
+  
+  
+    <li class="md-nav__item">
+      <a href="../../dotnet/asp.net/minimal-api.html" class="md-nav__link">
+        
+  
+  <span class="md-ellipsis">
+    Minimal API
+  </span>
+  
+
+      </a>
+    </li>
+  
+
+              
+            
+              
+                
+  
+  
+  
+  
+    <li class="md-nav__item">
+      <a href="../../dotnet/asp.net/filters.html" class="md-nav__link">
+        
+  
+  <span class="md-ellipsis">
+    FIlters
+  </span>
+  
+
+      </a>
+    </li>
+  
+
+              
+            
+              
+                
+  
+  
+  
+  
+    <li class="md-nav__item">
+      <a href="../../dotnet/asp.net/middleware.html" class="md-nav__link">
+        
+  
+  <span class="md-ellipsis">
+    Middleware
+  </span>
+  
+
+      </a>
+    </li>
+  
+
+              
+            
+              
+                
+  
+  
+  
+  
+    <li class="md-nav__item">
+      <a href="../../dotnet/asp.net/razor-syntax.html" class="md-nav__link">
+        
+  
+  <span class="md-ellipsis">
+    Razor Syntax
+  </span>
+  
+
+      </a>
+    </li>
+  
+
+              
+            
+              
+                
+  
+  
+  
+  
+    <li class="md-nav__item">
+      <a href="../../dotnet/asp.net/blazor.html" class="md-nav__link">
+        
+  
+  <span class="md-ellipsis">
+    Blazor
+  </span>
+  
+
+      </a>
+    </li>
+  
+
+              
+            
+              
+                
+  
+  
+  
+  
+    <li class="md-nav__item">
+      <a href="../../dotnet/asp.net/signalr.html" class="md-nav__link">
+        
+  
+  <span class="md-ellipsis">
+    SignalR
+  </span>
+  
+
+      </a>
+    </li>
+  
+
+              
+            
+              
+                
+  
+  
+  
+  
+    <li class="md-nav__item">
+      <a href="../../dotnet/asp.net/web-forms.html" class="md-nav__link">
+        
+  
+  <span class="md-ellipsis">
+    Web Forms
+  </span>
+  
+
+      </a>
+    </li>
+  
+
+              
+            
+          </ul>
+        </nav>
+      
+    </li>
+  
+
+              
+            
+              
+                
+  
+  
+  
+  
+    
+    
+      
+        
+      
+        
+      
+    
+    
+      
+      
+        
+      
+    
+    
+    <li class="md-nav__item md-nav__item--nested">
+      
+        
+        
+        <input class="md-nav__toggle md-toggle " type="checkbox" id="__nav_4_9_3" >
+        
+          
+          <label class="md-nav__link" for="__nav_4_9_3" id="__nav_4_9_3_label" tabindex="0">
+            
+  
+  <span class="md-ellipsis">
+    Database
+  </span>
+  
+
+            <span class="md-nav__icon md-icon"></span>
+          </label>
+        
+        <nav class="md-nav" data-md-level="3" aria-labelledby="__nav_4_9_3_label" aria-expanded="false">
+          <label class="md-nav__title" for="__nav_4_9_3">
+            <span class="md-nav__icon md-icon"></span>
+            Database
+          </label>
+          <ul class="md-nav__list" data-md-scrollfix>
+            
+              
+                
+  
+  
+  
+  
+    <li class="md-nav__item">
+      <a href="../../dotnet/database/ado.net.html" class="md-nav__link">
+        
+  
+  <span class="md-ellipsis">
+    ADO.NET
+  </span>
+  
+
+      </a>
+    </li>
+  
+
+              
+            
+              
+                
+  
+  
+  
+  
+    <li class="md-nav__item">
+      <a href="../../dotnet/database/entity-framework.html" class="md-nav__link">
+        
+  
+  <span class="md-ellipsis">
+    Entity Framework
+  </span>
+  
+
+      </a>
+    </li>
+  
+
+              
+            
+          </ul>
+        </nav>
+      
+    </li>
+  
+
+              
+            
+          </ul>
+        </nav>
+      
+    </li>
+  
+
+              
+            
+              
+                
+  
+  
+  
+  
+    
+    
+      
+        
+      
+        
+      
+        
+      
+        
+      
+    
+    
+      
+      
+        
+          
+          
+        
+      
+    
+    
+    <li class="md-nav__item md-nav__item--section md-nav__item--nested">
+      
+        
+        
+        <input class="md-nav__toggle md-toggle " type="checkbox" id="__nav_4_10" >
+        
+          
+          <label class="md-nav__link" for="__nav_4_10" id="__nav_4_10_label" tabindex="">
+            
+  
+  <span class="md-ellipsis">
+    Java
+  </span>
+  
+
+            <span class="md-nav__icon md-icon"></span>
+          </label>
+        
+        <nav class="md-nav" data-md-level="2" aria-labelledby="__nav_4_10_label" aria-expanded="false">
+          <label class="md-nav__title" for="__nav_4_10">
+            <span class="md-nav__icon md-icon"></span>
+            Java
+          </label>
+          <ul class="md-nav__list" data-md-scrollfix>
+            
+              
+                
+  
+  
+  
+  
+    <li class="md-nav__item">
+      <a href="../../java/java.html" class="md-nav__link">
+        
+  
+  <span class="md-ellipsis">
+    Java
+  </span>
+  
+
+      </a>
+    </li>
+  
+
+              
+            
+              
+                
+  
+  
+  
+  
+    <li class="md-nav__item">
+      <a href="../../java/java-collection-framework.html" class="md-nav__link">
+        
+  
+  <span class="md-ellipsis">
+    Java Collection Framework
+  </span>
+  
+
+      </a>
+    </li>
+  
+
+              
+            
+              
+                
+  
+  
+  
+  
+    <li class="md-nav__item">
+      <a href="../../java/dao.html" class="md-nav__link">
+        
+  
+  <span class="md-ellipsis">
+    DAO
+  </span>
+  
+
+      </a>
+    </li>
+  
+
+              
+            
+              
+                
+  
+  
+  
+  
+    
+    
+      
+        
+      
+        
+      
+    
+    
+      
+      
+        
+      
+    
+    
+    <li class="md-nav__item md-nav__item--nested">
+      
+        
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+        <input class="md-nav__toggle md-toggle " type="checkbox" id="__nav_4_10_4" >
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+          
+          <label class="md-nav__link" for="__nav_4_10_4" id="__nav_4_10_4_label" tabindex="0">
+            
+  
+  <span class="md-ellipsis">
+    Web
+  </span>
+  
+
+            <span class="md-nav__icon md-icon"></span>
+          </label>
+        
+        <nav class="md-nav" data-md-level="3" aria-labelledby="__nav_4_10_4_label" aria-expanded="false">
+          <label class="md-nav__title" for="__nav_4_10_4">
+            <span class="md-nav__icon md-icon"></span>
+            Web
+          </label>
+          <ul class="md-nav__list" data-md-scrollfix>
+            
+              
+                
+  
+  
+  
+  
+    <li class="md-nav__item">
+      <a href="../../java/web/servlet.html" class="md-nav__link">
+        
+  
+  <span class="md-ellipsis">
+    Serverlet
+  </span>
+  
+
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+    </li>
+  
+
+              
+            
+              
+                
+  
+  
+  
+  
+    
+    
+      
+        
+      
+        
+      
+    
+    
+      
+      
+        
+      
+    
+    
+    <li class="md-nav__item md-nav__item--nested">
+      
+        
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+        <input class="md-nav__toggle md-toggle " type="checkbox" id="__nav_4_10_4_2" >
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+          <label class="md-nav__link" for="__nav_4_10_4_2" id="__nav_4_10_4_2_label" tabindex="0">
+            
+  
+  <span class="md-ellipsis">
+    Spring
+  </span>
+  
+
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+          </label>
+        
+        <nav class="md-nav" data-md-level="4" aria-labelledby="__nav_4_10_4_2_label" aria-expanded="false">
+          <label class="md-nav__title" for="__nav_4_10_4_2">
+            <span class="md-nav__icon md-icon"></span>
+            Spring
+          </label>
+          <ul class="md-nav__list" data-md-scrollfix>
+            
+              
+                
+  
+  
+  
+  
+    <li class="md-nav__item">
+      <a href="../../java/spring/pom.xml.html" class="md-nav__link">
+        
+  
+  <span class="md-ellipsis">
+    POM
+  </span>
+  
+
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+    </li>
+  
+
+              
+            
+              
+                
+  
+  
+  
+  
+    <li class="md-nav__item">
+      <a href="../../java/spring/spring-project.html" class="md-nav__link">
+        
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+  <span class="md-ellipsis">
+    Project Structure
+  </span>
+  
+
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+    </li>
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+
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+            
+          </ul>
+        </nav>
+      
+    </li>
+  
+
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+            
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+        </nav>
+      
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+  
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+            
+          </ul>
+        </nav>
+      
+    </li>
+  
+
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+            
+              
+                
+  
+  
+  
+  
+    
+    
+      
+        
+      
+        
+      
+        
+      
+        
+      
+        
+      
+        
+      
+        
+      
+        
+      
+        
+      
+    
+    
+      
+      
+        
+          
+          
+        
+      
+    
+    
+    <li class="md-nav__item md-nav__item--section md-nav__item--nested">
+      
+        
+        
+        <input class="md-nav__toggle md-toggle " type="checkbox" id="__nav_4_11" >
+        
+          
+          <label class="md-nav__link" for="__nav_4_11" id="__nav_4_11_label" tabindex="">
+            
+  
+  <span class="md-ellipsis">
+    PHP
+  </span>
+  
+
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+          </label>
+        
+        <nav class="md-nav" data-md-level="2" aria-labelledby="__nav_4_11_label" aria-expanded="false">
+          <label class="md-nav__title" for="__nav_4_11">
+            <span class="md-nav__icon md-icon"></span>
+            PHP
+          </label>
+          <ul class="md-nav__list" data-md-scrollfix>
+            
+              
+                
+  
+  
+  
+  
+    <li class="md-nav__item">
+      <a href="../../php/php.html" class="md-nav__link">
+        
+  
+  <span class="md-ellipsis">
+    PHP
+  </span>
+  
+
+      </a>
+    </li>
+  
+
+              
+            
+              
+                
+  
+  
+  
+  
+    <li class="md-nav__item">
+      <a href="../../php/database.html" class="md-nav__link">
+        
+  
+  <span class="md-ellipsis">
+    Database
+  </span>
+  
+
+      </a>
+    </li>
+  
+
+              
+            
+              
+                
+  
+  
+  
+  
+    <li class="md-nav__item">
+      <a href="../../php/web.html" class="md-nav__link">
+        
+  
+  <span class="md-ellipsis">
+    Web
+  </span>
+  
+
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+    </li>
+  
+
+              
+            
+              
+                
+  
+  
+  
+  
+    <li class="md-nav__item">
+      <a href="../../php/dependency-injection.html" class="md-nav__link">
+        
+  
+  <span class="md-ellipsis">
+    Dependency Injection
+  </span>
+  
+
+      </a>
+    </li>
+  
+
+              
+            
+              
+                
+  
+  
+  
+  
+    <li class="md-nav__item">
+      <a href="../../php/unit-tests.html" class="md-nav__link">
+        
+  
+  <span class="md-ellipsis">
+    Unit Tests
+  </span>
+  
+
+      </a>
+    </li>
+  
+
+              
+            
+              
+                
+  
+  
+  
+  
+    <li class="md-nav__item">
+      <a href="../../php/composer.html" class="md-nav__link">
+        
+  
+  <span class="md-ellipsis">
+    Composer
+  </span>
+  
+
+      </a>
+    </li>
+  
+
+              
+            
+              
+                
+  
+  
+  
+  
+    <li class="md-nav__item">
+      <a href="../../php/psr-7.html" class="md-nav__link">
+        
+  
+  <span class="md-ellipsis">
+    PSR 7
+  </span>
+  
+
+      </a>
+    </li>
+  
+
+              
+            
+              
+                
+  
+  
+  
+  
+    <li class="md-nav__item">
+      <a href="../../php/plates-templating.html" class="md-nav__link">
+        
+  
+  <span class="md-ellipsis">
+    Plates
+  </span>
+  
+
+      </a>
+    </li>
+  
+
+              
+            
+              
+                
+  
+  
+  
+  
+    
+    
+      
+        
+      
+        
+      
+    
+    
+      
+      
+        
+      
+    
+    
+    <li class="md-nav__item md-nav__item--nested">
+      
+        
+        
+        <input class="md-nav__toggle md-toggle " type="checkbox" id="__nav_4_11_9" >
+        
+          
+          <label class="md-nav__link" for="__nav_4_11_9" id="__nav_4_11_9_label" tabindex="0">
+            
+  
+  <span class="md-ellipsis">
+    Simple MVC
+  </span>
+  
+
+            <span class="md-nav__icon md-icon"></span>
+          </label>
+        
+        <nav class="md-nav" data-md-level="3" aria-labelledby="__nav_4_11_9_label" aria-expanded="false">
+          <label class="md-nav__title" for="__nav_4_11_9">
+            <span class="md-nav__icon md-icon"></span>
+            Simple MVC
+          </label>
+          <ul class="md-nav__list" data-md-scrollfix>
+            
+              
+                
+  
+  
+  
+  
+    <li class="md-nav__item">
+      <a href="../../php/simple-mvc/simple-mvc.html" class="md-nav__link">
+        
+  
+  <span class="md-ellipsis">
+    Simple MVC
+  </span>
+  
+
+      </a>
+    </li>
+  
+
+              
+            
+              
+                
+  
+  
+  
+  
+    <li class="md-nav__item">
+      <a href="../../php/simple-mvc/rest-api.html" class="md-nav__link">
+        
+  
+  <span class="md-ellipsis">
+    REST API
+  </span>
+  
+
+      </a>
+    </li>
+  
+
+              
+            
+          </ul>
+        </nav>
+      
+    </li>
+  
+
+              
+            
+          </ul>
+        </nav>
+      
+    </li>
+  
+
+              
+            
+              
+                
+  
+  
+  
+  
+    
+    
+      
+        
+      
+        
+      
+        
+      
+        
+      
+        
+      
+    
+    
+      
+      
+        
+          
+          
+        
+      
+    
+    
+    <li class="md-nav__item md-nav__item--section md-nav__item--nested">
+      
+        
+        
+        <input class="md-nav__toggle md-toggle " type="checkbox" id="__nav_4_12" >
+        
+          
+          <label class="md-nav__link" for="__nav_4_12" id="__nav_4_12_label" tabindex="">
+            
+  
+  <span class="md-ellipsis">
+    Rust
+  </span>
+  
+
+            <span class="md-nav__icon md-icon"></span>
+          </label>
+        
+        <nav class="md-nav" data-md-level="2" aria-labelledby="__nav_4_12_label" aria-expanded="false">
+          <label class="md-nav__title" for="__nav_4_12">
+            <span class="md-nav__icon md-icon"></span>
+            Rust
+          </label>
+          <ul class="md-nav__list" data-md-scrollfix>
+            
+              
+                
+  
+  
+  
+  
+    <li class="md-nav__item">
+      <a href="../../rust/rust.html" class="md-nav__link">
+        
+  
+  <span class="md-ellipsis">
+    Rust
+  </span>
+  
+
+      </a>
+    </li>
+  
+
+              
+            
+              
+                
+  
+  
+  
+  
+    <li class="md-nav__item">
+      <a href="../../rust/macros.html" class="md-nav__link">
+        
+  
+  <span class="md-ellipsis">
+    Macros
+  </span>
+  
+
+      </a>
+    </li>
+  
+
+              
+            
+              
+                
+  
+  
+  
+  
+    <li class="md-nav__item">
+      <a href="../../rust/cargo.html" class="md-nav__link">
+        
+  
+  <span class="md-ellipsis">
+    Cargo
+  </span>
+  
+
+      </a>
+    </li>
+  
+
+              
+            
+              
+                
+  
+  
+  
+  
+    <li class="md-nav__item">
+      <a href="../../rust/concurrency.html" class="md-nav__link">
+        
+  
+  <span class="md-ellipsis">
+    Concurrency
+  </span>
+  
+
+      </a>
+    </li>
+  
+
+              
+            
+              
+                
+  
+  
+  
+  
+    <li class="md-nav__item">
+      <a href="../../rust/unit-tests.html" class="md-nav__link">
+        
+  
+  <span class="md-ellipsis">
+    Unit Tests
+  </span>
+  
+
+      </a>
+    </li>
+  
+
+              
+            
+          </ul>
+        </nav>
+      
+    </li>
+  
+
+              
+            
+              
+                
+  
+  
+    
+  
+  
+  
+    
+    
+      
+        
+      
+        
+      
+        
+      
+        
+      
+        
+      
+        
+      
+        
+      
+    
+    
+      
+      
+        
+          
+          
+        
+      
+    
+    
+    <li class="md-nav__item md-nav__item--active md-nav__item--section md-nav__item--nested">
+      
+        
+        
+        <input class="md-nav__toggle md-toggle " type="checkbox" id="__nav_4_13" checked>
+        
+          
+          <label class="md-nav__link" for="__nav_4_13" id="__nav_4_13_label" tabindex="">
+            
+  
+  <span class="md-ellipsis">
+    Javascript
+  </span>
+  
+
+            <span class="md-nav__icon md-icon"></span>
+          </label>
+        
+        <nav class="md-nav" data-md-level="2" aria-labelledby="__nav_4_13_label" aria-expanded="true">
+          <label class="md-nav__title" for="__nav_4_13">
+            <span class="md-nav__icon md-icon"></span>
+            Javascript
+          </label>
+          <ul class="md-nav__list" data-md-scrollfix>
+            
+              
+                
+  
+  
+  
+  
+    <li class="md-nav__item">
+      <a href="../javascript.html" class="md-nav__link">
+        
+  
+  <span class="md-ellipsis">
+    Javascript
+  </span>
+  
+
+      </a>
+    </li>
+  
+
+              
+            
+              
+                
+  
+  
+  
+  
+    <li class="md-nav__item">
+      <a href="../dom.html" class="md-nav__link">
+        
+  
+  <span class="md-ellipsis">
+    DOM
+  </span>
+  
+
+      </a>
+    </li>
+  
+
+              
+            
+              
+                
+  
+  
+  
+  
+    <li class="md-nav__item">
+      <a href="../events-animation.html" class="md-nav__link">
+        
+  
+  <span class="md-ellipsis">
+    Events & Animation
+  </span>
+  
+
+      </a>
+    </li>
+  
+
+              
+            
+              
+                
+  
+  
+  
+  
+    <li class="md-nav__item">
+      <a href="../ajax.html" class="md-nav__link">
+        
+  
+  <span class="md-ellipsis">
+    AJAX
+  </span>
+  
+
+      </a>
+    </li>
+  
+
+              
+            
+              
+                
+  
+  
+  
+  
+    <li class="md-nav__item">
+      <a href="../jquery.html" class="md-nav__link">
+        
+  
+  <span class="md-ellipsis">
+    jQuery
+  </span>
+  
+
+      </a>
+    </li>
+  
+
+              
+            
+              
+                
+  
+  
+    
+  
+  
+  
+    
+    
+      
+        
+      
+        
+      
+        
+      
+        
+      
+        
+      
+    
+    
+      
+      
+        
+      
+    
+    
+    <li class="md-nav__item md-nav__item--active md-nav__item--nested">
+      
+        
+        
+        <input class="md-nav__toggle md-toggle " type="checkbox" id="__nav_4_13_6" checked>
+        
+          
+          <label class="md-nav__link" for="__nav_4_13_6" id="__nav_4_13_6_label" tabindex="0">
+            
+  
+  <span class="md-ellipsis">
+    React
+  </span>
+  
+
+            <span class="md-nav__icon md-icon"></span>
+          </label>
+        
+        <nav class="md-nav" data-md-level="3" aria-labelledby="__nav_4_13_6_label" aria-expanded="true">
+          <label class="md-nav__title" for="__nav_4_13_6">
+            <span class="md-nav__icon md-icon"></span>
+            React
+          </label>
+          <ul class="md-nav__list" data-md-scrollfix>
+            
+              
+                
+  
+  
+    
+  
+  
+  
+    <li class="md-nav__item md-nav__item--active">
+      
+      <input class="md-nav__toggle md-toggle" type="checkbox" id="__toc">
+      
+      
+        
+      
+      
+        <label class="md-nav__link md-nav__link--active" for="__toc">
+          
+  
+  <span class="md-ellipsis">
+    React
+  </span>
+  
+
+          <span class="md-nav__icon md-icon"></span>
+        </label>
+      
+      <a href="react.html" class="md-nav__link md-nav__link--active">
+        
+  
+  <span class="md-ellipsis">
+    React
+  </span>
+  
+
+      </a>
+      
+        
+
+<nav class="md-nav md-nav--secondary" aria-label="Table of contents">
+  
+  
+  
+    
+  
+  
+    <label class="md-nav__title" for="__toc">
+      <span class="md-nav__icon md-icon"></span>
+      Table of contents
+    </label>
+    <ul class="md-nav__list" data-md-component="toc" data-md-scrollfix>
+      
+        <li class="md-nav__item">
+  <a href="#components" class="md-nav__link">
+    <span class="md-ellipsis">
+      Components
+    </span>
+  </a>
+  
+    <nav class="md-nav" aria-label="Components">
+      <ul class="md-nav__list">
+        
+          <li class="md-nav__item">
+  <a href="#app-entry-point" class="md-nav__link">
+    <span class="md-ellipsis">
+      App Entry-point
+    </span>
+  </a>
+  
+</li>
+        
+          <li class="md-nav__item">
+  <a href="#dynamic-expressions" class="md-nav__link">
+    <span class="md-ellipsis">
+      Dynamic Expressions
+    </span>
+  </a>
+  
+</li>
+        
+          <li class="md-nav__item">
+  <a href="#props" class="md-nav__link">
+    <span class="md-ellipsis">
+      Props
+    </span>
+  </a>
+  
+</li>
+        
+          <li class="md-nav__item">
+  <a href="#simple-function-component" class="md-nav__link">
+    <span class="md-ellipsis">
+      Simple Function Component
+    </span>
+  </a>
+  
+</li>
+        
+          <li class="md-nav__item">
+  <a href="#simple-class-component" class="md-nav__link">
+    <span class="md-ellipsis">
+      Simple Class Component
+    </span>
+  </a>
+  
+</li>
+        
+          <li class="md-nav__item">
+  <a href="#nesting-components" class="md-nav__link">
+    <span class="md-ellipsis">
+      Nesting Components
+    </span>
+  </a>
+  
+</li>
+        
+          <li class="md-nav__item">
+  <a href="#user-input-forms" class="md-nav__link">
+    <span class="md-ellipsis">
+      User Input (Forms)
+    </span>
+  </a>
+  
+</li>
+        
+          <li class="md-nav__item">
+  <a href="#lists-of-components" class="md-nav__link">
+    <span class="md-ellipsis">
+      Lists of Components
+    </span>
+  </a>
+  
+</li>
+        
+      </ul>
+    </nav>
+  
+</li>
+      
+        <li class="md-nav__item">
+  <a href="#hooks" class="md-nav__link">
+    <span class="md-ellipsis">
+      Hooks
+    </span>
+  </a>
+  
+    <nav class="md-nav" aria-label="Hooks">
+      <ul class="md-nav__list">
+        
+          <li class="md-nav__item">
+  <a href="#usestate" class="md-nav__link">
+    <span class="md-ellipsis">
+      useState
+    </span>
+  </a>
+  
+</li>
+        
+          <li class="md-nav__item">
+  <a href="#useeffect" class="md-nav__link">
+    <span class="md-ellipsis">
+      useEffect
+    </span>
+  </a>
+  
+</li>
+        
+          <li class="md-nav__item">
+  <a href="#custom-hooks" class="md-nav__link">
+    <span class="md-ellipsis">
+      Custom Hooks
+    </span>
+  </a>
+  
+</li>
+        
+      </ul>
+    </nav>
+  
+</li>
+      
+    </ul>
+  
+</nav>
+      
+    </li>
+  
+
+              
+            
+              
+                
+  
+  
+  
+  
+    <li class="md-nav__item">
+      <a href="react-router.html" class="md-nav__link">
+        
+  
+  <span class="md-ellipsis">
+    React Router
+  </span>
+  
+
+      </a>
+    </li>
+  
+
+              
+            
+              
+                
+  
+  
+  
+  
+    <li class="md-nav__item">
+      <a href="react-tests.html" class="md-nav__link">
+        
+  
+  <span class="md-ellipsis">
+    React Tests
+  </span>
+  
+
+      </a>
+    </li>
+  
+
+              
+            
+              
+                
+  
+  
+  
+  
+    <li class="md-nav__item">
+      <a href="redux.html" class="md-nav__link">
+        
+  
+  <span class="md-ellipsis">
+    Redux
+  </span>
+  
+
+      </a>
+    </li>
+  
+
+              
+            
+              
+                
+  
+  
+  
+  
+    <li class="md-nav__item">
+      <a href="redux-tests.html" class="md-nav__link">
+        
+  
+  <span class="md-ellipsis">
+    Redux Tests
+  </span>
+  
+
+      </a>
+    </li>
+  
+
+              
+            
+          </ul>
+        </nav>
+      
+    </li>
+  
+
+              
+            
+              
+                
+  
+  
+  
+  
+    <li class="md-nav__item">
+      <a href="../svelte/svelte.html" class="md-nav__link">
+        
+  
+  <span class="md-ellipsis">
+    Svelte
+  </span>
+  
+
+      </a>
+    </li>
+  
+
+              
+            
+          </ul>
+        </nav>
+      
+    </li>
+  
+
+              
+            
+              
+                
+  
+  
+  
+  
+    
+    
+      
+        
+      
+        
+      
+    
+    
+      
+      
+        
+          
+          
+        
+      
+    
+    
+    <li class="md-nav__item md-nav__item--section md-nav__item--nested">
+      
+        
+        
+        <input class="md-nav__toggle md-toggle " type="checkbox" id="__nav_4_14" >
+        
+          
+          <label class="md-nav__link" for="__nav_4_14" id="__nav_4_14_label" tabindex="">
+            
+  
+  <span class="md-ellipsis">
+    PowerShell
+  </span>
+  
+
+            <span class="md-nav__icon md-icon"></span>
+          </label>
+        
+        <nav class="md-nav" data-md-level="2" aria-labelledby="__nav_4_14_label" aria-expanded="false">
+          <label class="md-nav__title" for="__nav_4_14">
+            <span class="md-nav__icon md-icon"></span>
+            PowerShell
+          </label>
+          <ul class="md-nav__list" data-md-scrollfix>
+            
+              
+                
+  
+  
+  
+  
+    <li class="md-nav__item">
+      <a href="../../powershell/scripting.html" class="md-nav__link">
+        
+  
+  <span class="md-ellipsis">
+    Scripting
+  </span>
+  
+
+      </a>
+    </li>
+  
+
+              
+            
+              
+                
+  
+  
+  
+  
+    <li class="md-nav__item">
+      <a href="../../powershell/commands.html" class="md-nav__link">
+        
+  
+  <span class="md-ellipsis">
+    Commands
+  </span>
+  
+
+      </a>
+    </li>
+  
+
+              
+            
+          </ul>
+        </nav>
+      
+    </li>
+  
+
+              
+            
+              
+                
+  
+  
+  
+  
+    
+    
+      
+        
+      
+        
+      
+    
+    
+      
+      
+        
+          
+          
+        
+      
+    
+    
+    <li class="md-nav__item md-nav__item--section md-nav__item--nested">
+      
+        
+        
+        <input class="md-nav__toggle md-toggle " type="checkbox" id="__nav_4_15" >
+        
+          
+          <label class="md-nav__link" for="__nav_4_15" id="__nav_4_15_label" tabindex="">
+            
+  
+  <span class="md-ellipsis">
+    Bash
+  </span>
+  
+
+            <span class="md-nav__icon md-icon"></span>
+          </label>
+        
+        <nav class="md-nav" data-md-level="2" aria-labelledby="__nav_4_15_label" aria-expanded="false">
+          <label class="md-nav__title" for="__nav_4_15">
+            <span class="md-nav__icon md-icon"></span>
+            Bash
+          </label>
+          <ul class="md-nav__list" data-md-scrollfix>
+            
+              
+                
+  
+  
+  
+  
+    <li class="md-nav__item">
+      <a href="../../bash/scripting.html" class="md-nav__link">
+        
+  
+  <span class="md-ellipsis">
+    Scripting
+  </span>
+  
+
+      </a>
+    </li>
+  
+
+              
+            
+              
+                
+  
+  
+  
+  
+    <li class="md-nav__item">
+      <a href="../../bash/commands.html" class="md-nav__link">
+        
+  
+  <span class="md-ellipsis">
+    Commands
+  </span>
+  
+
+      </a>
+    </li>
+  
+
+              
+            
+          </ul>
+        </nav>
+      
+    </li>
+  
+
+              
+            
+          </ul>
+        </nav>
+      
+    </li>
+  
+
+    
+      
+      
+  
+  
+  
+  
+    
+    
+      
+        
+      
+        
+      
+        
+      
+        
+      
+        
+      
+    
+    
+      
+      
+        
+      
+    
+    
+    <li class="md-nav__item md-nav__item--nested">
+      
+        
+        
+        <input class="md-nav__toggle md-toggle " type="checkbox" id="__nav_5" >
+        
+          
+          <label class="md-nav__link" for="__nav_5" id="__nav_5_label" tabindex="0">
+            
+  
+  <span class="md-ellipsis">
+    Misc
+  </span>
+  
+
+            <span class="md-nav__icon md-icon"></span>
+          </label>
+        
+        <nav class="md-nav" data-md-level="1" aria-labelledby="__nav_5_label" aria-expanded="false">
+          <label class="md-nav__title" for="__nav_5">
+            <span class="md-nav__icon md-icon"></span>
+            Misc
+          </label>
+          <ul class="md-nav__list" data-md-scrollfix>
+            
+              
+                
+  
+  
+  
+  
+    <li class="md-nav__item">
+      <a href="../../../misc/git.html" class="md-nav__link">
+        
+  
+  <span class="md-ellipsis">
+    Git
+  </span>
+  
+
+      </a>
+    </li>
+  
+
+              
+            
+              
+                
+  
+  
+  
+  
+    <li class="md-nav__item">
+      <a href="../../../misc/graph-ql.html" class="md-nav__link">
+        
+  
+  <span class="md-ellipsis">
+    GraphQL
+  </span>
+  
+
+      </a>
+    </li>
+  
+
+              
+            
+              
+                
+  
+  
+  
+  
+    <li class="md-nav__item">
+      <a href="../../../misc/regular-expressions.html" class="md-nav__link">
+        
+  
+  <span class="md-ellipsis">
+    RegEx
+  </span>
+  
+
+      </a>
+    </li>
+  
+
+              
+            
+              
+                
+  
+  
+  
+  
+    <li class="md-nav__item">
+      <a href="../../../misc/ssh.html" class="md-nav__link">
+        
+  
+  <span class="md-ellipsis">
+    SSH
+  </span>
+  
+
+      </a>
+    </li>
+  
+
+              
+            
+              
+                
+  
+  
+  
+  
+    <li class="md-nav__item">
+      <a href="../../../misc/web-components.html" class="md-nav__link">
+        
+  
+  <span class="md-ellipsis">
+    WebComponents
+  </span>
+  
+
+      </a>
+    </li>
+  
+
+              
+            
+          </ul>
+        </nav>
+      
+    </li>
+  
+
+    
+      
+      
+  
+  
+  
+  
+    
+    
+      
+        
+      
+        
+      
+    
+    
+      
+      
+        
+      
+    
+    
+    <li class="md-nav__item md-nav__item--nested">
+      
+        
+        
+        <input class="md-nav__toggle md-toggle " type="checkbox" id="__nav_6" >
+        
+          
+          <label class="md-nav__link" for="__nav_6" id="__nav_6_label" tabindex="0">
+            
+  
+  <span class="md-ellipsis">
+    Linux
+  </span>
+  
+
+            <span class="md-nav__icon md-icon"></span>
+          </label>
+        
+        <nav class="md-nav" data-md-level="1" aria-labelledby="__nav_6_label" aria-expanded="false">
+          <label class="md-nav__title" for="__nav_6">
+            <span class="md-nav__icon md-icon"></span>
+            Linux
+          </label>
+          <ul class="md-nav__list" data-md-scrollfix>
+            
+              
+                
+  
+  
+  
+  
+    
+    
+      
+        
+      
+        
+      
+        
+      
+    
+    
+      
+      
+        
+      
+    
+    
+    <li class="md-nav__item md-nav__item--nested">
+      
+        
+        
+        <input class="md-nav__toggle md-toggle " type="checkbox" id="__nav_6_1" >
+        
+          
+          <label class="md-nav__link" for="__nav_6_1" id="__nav_6_1_label" tabindex="0">
+            
+  
+  <span class="md-ellipsis">
+    Filesystem
+  </span>
+  
+
+            <span class="md-nav__icon md-icon"></span>
+          </label>
+        
+        <nav class="md-nav" data-md-level="2" aria-labelledby="__nav_6_1_label" aria-expanded="false">
+          <label class="md-nav__title" for="__nav_6_1">
+            <span class="md-nav__icon md-icon"></span>
+            Filesystem
+          </label>
+          <ul class="md-nav__list" data-md-scrollfix>
+            
+              
+                
+  
+  
+  
+  
+    <li class="md-nav__item">
+      <a href="../../../linux/filesystem/file-links.html" class="md-nav__link">
+        
+  
+  <span class="md-ellipsis">
+    File Links
+  </span>
+  
+
+      </a>
+    </li>
+  
+
+              
+            
+              
+                
+  
+  
+  
+  
+    <li class="md-nav__item">
+      <a href="../../../linux/filesystem/procfs.html" class="md-nav__link">
+        
+  
+  <span class="md-ellipsis">
+    /proc
+  </span>
+  
+
+      </a>
+    </li>
+  
+
+              
+            
+              
+                
+  
+  
+  
+  
+    <li class="md-nav__item">
+      <a href="../../../linux/filesystem/sysfs.html" class="md-nav__link">
+        
+  
+  <span class="md-ellipsis">
+    /sys
+  </span>
+  
+
+      </a>
+    </li>
+  
+
+              
+            
+          </ul>
+        </nav>
+      
+    </li>
+  
+
+              
+            
+              
+                
+  
+  
+  
+  
+    
+    
+      
+        
+      
+        
+      
+    
+    
+      
+      
+        
+      
+    
+    
+    <li class="md-nav__item md-nav__item--nested">
+      
+        
+        
+        <input class="md-nav__toggle md-toggle " type="checkbox" id="__nav_6_2" >
+        
+          
+          <label class="md-nav__link" for="__nav_6_2" id="__nav_6_2_label" tabindex="0">
+            
+  
+  <span class="md-ellipsis">
+    System Init
+  </span>
+  
+
+            <span class="md-nav__icon md-icon"></span>
+          </label>
+        
+        <nav class="md-nav" data-md-level="2" aria-labelledby="__nav_6_2_label" aria-expanded="false">
+          <label class="md-nav__title" for="__nav_6_2">
+            <span class="md-nav__icon md-icon"></span>
+            System Init
+          </label>
+          <ul class="md-nav__list" data-md-scrollfix>
+            
+              
+                
+  
+  
+  
+  
+    <li class="md-nav__item">
+      <a href="../../../linux/init/systemd.html" class="md-nav__link">
+        
+  
+  <span class="md-ellipsis">
+    Systemd
+  </span>
+  
+
+      </a>
+    </li>
+  
+
+              
+            
+              
+                
+  
+  
+  
+  
+    <li class="md-nav__item">
+      <a href="../../../linux/init/open-rc.html" class="md-nav__link">
+        
+  
+  <span class="md-ellipsis">
+    OpenRC
+  </span>
+  
+
+      </a>
+    </li>
+  
+
+              
+            
+          </ul>
+        </nav>
+      
+    </li>
+  
+
+              
+            
+          </ul>
+        </nav>
+      
+    </li>
+  
+
+    
+  </ul>
+</nav>
+                  </div>
+                </div>
+              </div>
+            
+            
+              
+              <div class="md-sidebar md-sidebar--secondary" data-md-component="sidebar" data-md-type="toc" >
+                <div class="md-sidebar__scrollwrap">
+                  <div class="md-sidebar__inner">
+                    
+
+<nav class="md-nav md-nav--secondary" aria-label="Table of contents">
+  
+  
+  
+    
+  
+  
+    <label class="md-nav__title" for="__toc">
+      <span class="md-nav__icon md-icon"></span>
+      Table of contents
+    </label>
+    <ul class="md-nav__list" data-md-component="toc" data-md-scrollfix>
+      
+        <li class="md-nav__item">
+  <a href="#components" class="md-nav__link">
+    <span class="md-ellipsis">
+      Components
+    </span>
+  </a>
+  
+    <nav class="md-nav" aria-label="Components">
+      <ul class="md-nav__list">
+        
+          <li class="md-nav__item">
+  <a href="#app-entry-point" class="md-nav__link">
+    <span class="md-ellipsis">
+      App Entry-point
+    </span>
+  </a>
+  
+</li>
+        
+          <li class="md-nav__item">
+  <a href="#dynamic-expressions" class="md-nav__link">
+    <span class="md-ellipsis">
+      Dynamic Expressions
+    </span>
+  </a>
+  
+</li>
+        
+          <li class="md-nav__item">
+  <a href="#props" class="md-nav__link">
+    <span class="md-ellipsis">
+      Props
+    </span>
+  </a>
+  
+</li>
+        
+          <li class="md-nav__item">
+  <a href="#simple-function-component" class="md-nav__link">
+    <span class="md-ellipsis">
+      Simple Function Component
+    </span>
+  </a>
+  
+</li>
+        
+          <li class="md-nav__item">
+  <a href="#simple-class-component" class="md-nav__link">
+    <span class="md-ellipsis">
+      Simple Class Component
+    </span>
+  </a>
+  
+</li>
+        
+          <li class="md-nav__item">
+  <a href="#nesting-components" class="md-nav__link">
+    <span class="md-ellipsis">
+      Nesting Components
+    </span>
+  </a>
+  
+</li>
+        
+          <li class="md-nav__item">
+  <a href="#user-input-forms" class="md-nav__link">
+    <span class="md-ellipsis">
+      User Input (Forms)
+    </span>
+  </a>
+  
+</li>
+        
+          <li class="md-nav__item">
+  <a href="#lists-of-components" class="md-nav__link">
+    <span class="md-ellipsis">
+      Lists of Components
+    </span>
+  </a>
+  
+</li>
+        
+      </ul>
+    </nav>
+  
+</li>
+      
+        <li class="md-nav__item">
+  <a href="#hooks" class="md-nav__link">
+    <span class="md-ellipsis">
+      Hooks
+    </span>
+  </a>
+  
+    <nav class="md-nav" aria-label="Hooks">
+      <ul class="md-nav__list">
+        
+          <li class="md-nav__item">
+  <a href="#usestate" class="md-nav__link">
+    <span class="md-ellipsis">
+      useState
+    </span>
+  </a>
+  
+</li>
+        
+          <li class="md-nav__item">
+  <a href="#useeffect" class="md-nav__link">
+    <span class="md-ellipsis">
+      useEffect
+    </span>
+  </a>
+  
+</li>
+        
+          <li class="md-nav__item">
+  <a href="#custom-hooks" class="md-nav__link">
+    <span class="md-ellipsis">
+      Custom Hooks
+    </span>
+  </a>
+  
+</li>
+        
+      </ul>
+    </nav>
+  
+</li>
+      
+    </ul>
+  
+</nav>
+                  </div>
+                </div>
+              </div>
+            
+          
+          
+            <div class="md-content" data-md-component="content">
+              <article class="md-content__inner md-typeset">
+                
+                  
+
+  
+  
+
+
+<h1 id="react">React</h1>
+<h2 id="components">Components</h2>
+<p>There are two types of react components:</p>
+<ul>
+<li>Function Components</li>
+<li>Class Components</li>
+</ul>
+<p>Both types can be stateful and have side effects or be purely presentational.</p>
+<div class="highlight"><table class="highlighttable"><tr><th colspan="2" class="filename"><span class="filename">JSX</span></th></tr><tr><td class="linenos"><div class="linenodiv"><pre><span></span><span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-0-1"> 1</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-0-2"> 2</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-0-3"> 3</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-0-4"> 4</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-0-5"> 5</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-0-6"> 6</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-0-7"> 7</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-0-8"> 8</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-0-9"> 9</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-0-10">10</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-0-11">11</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-0-12">12</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-0-13">13</a></span></pre></div></td><td class="code"><div><pre><span></span><code><a id="__codelineno-0-1" name="__codelineno-0-1"></a><span class="c1">// functional component</span>
+<a id="__codelineno-0-2" name="__codelineno-0-2"></a><span class="kd">const</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="nx">Component</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="o">=</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="p">(</span><span class="nx">props</span><span class="p">)</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="p">=&gt;</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="p">{</span>
+<a id="__codelineno-0-3" name="__codelineno-0-3"></a><span class="w">    </span><span class="k">return</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="p">(</span>
+<a id="__codelineno-0-4" name="__codelineno-0-4"></a><span class="w">        </span><span class="p">&lt;</span><span class="nt">domElementOrComponent</span><span class="p">.</span><span class="na">..</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="p">/&gt;</span>
+<a id="__codelineno-0-5" name="__codelineno-0-5"></a><span class="w">    </span><span class="p">);</span>
+<a id="__codelineno-0-6" name="__codelineno-0-6"></a><span class="p">}</span>
+<a id="__codelineno-0-7" name="__codelineno-0-7"></a>
+<a id="__codelineno-0-8" name="__codelineno-0-8"></a><span class="c1">// class component</span>
+<a id="__codelineno-0-9" name="__codelineno-0-9"></a><span class="kd">class</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="nx">Component</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="k">extends</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="nx">React</span><span class="p">.</span><span class="nx">Component</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="p">{</span>
+<a id="__codelineno-0-10" name="__codelineno-0-10"></a><span class="w">    </span><span class="k">return</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="p">(</span>
+<a id="__codelineno-0-11" name="__codelineno-0-11"></a><span class="w">        </span><span class="p">&lt;</span><span class="nt">domElementOrComponent</span><span class="p">.</span><span class="na">..</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="p">/&gt;</span>
+<a id="__codelineno-0-12" name="__codelineno-0-12"></a><span class="w">    </span><span class="p">);</span>
+<a id="__codelineno-0-13" name="__codelineno-0-13"></a><span class="p">}</span>
+</code></pre></div></td></tr></table></div>
+<p><em>NOTE</em>: a component name <em>must</em> start with an uppercase letter.</p>
+<p>Every components has two inputs: <em>props</em> and <em>state</em>. The props input is explicit while the state is implicit.<br />
+State is used to determine the changes and when to re-render.<br />
+Within the component state can be changed while the props object represent fixed input values.</p>
+<p>JSX syntax can represent HTML but gets converted to pure JavaScript before being sent to the browser:</p>
+<div class="highlight"><table class="highlighttable"><tr><th colspan="2" class="filename"><span class="filename">JavaScript</span></th></tr><tr><td class="linenos"><div class="linenodiv"><pre><span></span><span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-1-1"> 1</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-1-2"> 2</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-1-3"> 3</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-1-4"> 4</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-1-5"> 5</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-1-6"> 6</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-1-7"> 7</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-1-8"> 8</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-1-9"> 9</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-1-10">10</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-1-11">11</a></span></pre></div></td><td class="code"><div><pre><span></span><code><a id="__codelineno-1-1" name="__codelineno-1-1"></a><span class="c1">// JSX</span>
+<a id="__codelineno-1-2" name="__codelineno-1-2"></a><span class="kd">const</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="nx">element</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="o">=</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="p">(</span>
+<a id="__codelineno-1-3" name="__codelineno-1-3"></a><span class="w">  </span><span class="o">&lt;</span><span class="nx">h1</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="nx">className</span><span class="o">=</span><span class="s2">&quot;greeting&quot;</span><span class="o">&gt;</span><span class="nx">Hello</span><span class="p">,</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="nx">world</span><span class="o">!&lt;</span><span class="err">/h1&gt;</span>
+<a id="__codelineno-1-4" name="__codelineno-1-4"></a><span class="p">);</span>
+<a id="__codelineno-1-5" name="__codelineno-1-5"></a>
+<a id="__codelineno-1-6" name="__codelineno-1-6"></a><span class="c1">// compiled JS shipped to browser</span>
+<a id="__codelineno-1-7" name="__codelineno-1-7"></a><span class="kd">const</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="nx">element</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="o">=</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="nx">React</span><span class="p">.</span><span class="nx">createElement</span><span class="p">(</span>
+<a id="__codelineno-1-8" name="__codelineno-1-8"></a><span class="w">  </span><span class="s1">&#39;h1&#39;</span><span class="p">,</span><span class="w">  </span><span class="c1">// HTML tag name</span>
+<a id="__codelineno-1-9" name="__codelineno-1-9"></a><span class="w">  </span><span class="p">{</span><span class="nx">className</span><span class="o">:</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="s1">&#39;greeting&#39;</span><span class="p">},</span><span class="w">  </span><span class="c1">// attrs as JSON</span>
+<a id="__codelineno-1-10" name="__codelineno-1-10"></a><span class="w">  </span><span class="s1">&#39;Hello, world!&#39;</span><span class="w">  </span><span class="c1">// tag content (can be nested component)</span>
+<a id="__codelineno-1-11" name="__codelineno-1-11"></a><span class="p">);</span>
+</code></pre></div></td></tr></table></div>
+<h3 id="app-entry-point">App Entry-point</h3>
+<div class="highlight"><table class="highlighttable"><tr><th colspan="2" class="filename"><span class="filename">JavaScript</span></th></tr><tr><td class="linenos"><div class="linenodiv"><pre><span></span><span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-2-1">1</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-2-2">2</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-2-3">3</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-2-4">4</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-2-5">5</a></span></pre></div></td><td class="code"><div><pre><span></span><code><a id="__codelineno-2-1" name="__codelineno-2-1"></a><span class="kd">const</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="nx">container</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="o">=</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="nb">document</span><span class="p">.</span><span class="nx">getElementById</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="s1">&#39;root&#39;</span><span class="p">)</span><span class="o">!</span><span class="p">;</span>
+<a id="__codelineno-2-2" name="__codelineno-2-2"></a><span class="kd">const</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="nx">root</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="o">=</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="nx">createRoot</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="nx">container</span><span class="p">);</span>
+<a id="__codelineno-2-3" name="__codelineno-2-3"></a>
+<a id="__codelineno-2-4" name="__codelineno-2-4"></a><span class="kd">const</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="nx">element</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="o">=</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="o">&lt;</span><span class="nx">h1s</span><span class="o">&gt;</span><span class="nx">Hello</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="nx">World</span><span class="o">&lt;</span><span class="err">/h1&gt;</span>
+<a id="__codelineno-2-5" name="__codelineno-2-5"></a><span class="nx">root</span><span class="p">.</span><span class="nx">render</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="nx">element</span><span class="p">)</span>
+</code></pre></div></td></tr></table></div>
+<h3 id="dynamic-expressions">Dynamic Expressions</h3>
+<div class="highlight"><table class="highlighttable"><tr><th colspan="2" class="filename"><span class="filename">JavaScript</span></th></tr><tr><td class="linenos"><div class="linenodiv"><pre><span></span><span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-3-1">1</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-3-2">2</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-3-3">3</a></span></pre></div></td><td class="code"><div><pre><span></span><code><a id="__codelineno-3-1" name="__codelineno-3-1"></a><span class="o">&lt;</span><span class="nx">tag</span><span class="o">&gt;</span><span class="p">{</span><span class="nx">expression</span><span class="p">}</span><span class="o">&lt;</span><span class="sr">/tag&gt;  /</span><span class="o">/</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="nx">expression</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="nx">is</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="nx">evaluated</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="nx">an</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="nx">it</span><span class="err">&#39;</span><span class="nx">s</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="nx">result</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="nx">is</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="nx">displayed</span>
+<a id="__codelineno-3-2" name="__codelineno-3-2"></a><span class="o">&lt;</span><span class="nx">tag</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="nx">onEvent</span><span class="o">=</span><span class="p">{</span><span class="nx">funcReference</span><span class="p">}</span><span class="o">&gt;</span><span class="p">{</span><span class="nx">expression</span><span class="p">}</span><span class="o">&lt;</span><span class="err">/tag&gt;</span>
+<a id="__codelineno-3-3" name="__codelineno-3-3"></a><span class="o">&lt;</span><span class="nx">tag</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="nx">onEvent</span><span class="o">=</span><span class="p">{()</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="p">=&gt;</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="nx">func</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="nx">args</span><span class="p">)}</span><span class="o">&gt;</span><span class="p">{</span><span class="nx">expression</span><span class="p">}</span><span class="o">&lt;</span><span class="err">/tag&gt;</span>
+</code></pre></div></td></tr></table></div>
+<h3 id="props">Props</h3>
+<div class="highlight"><table class="highlighttable"><tr><th colspan="2" class="filename"><span class="filename">JavaScript</span></th></tr><tr><td class="linenos"><div class="linenodiv"><pre><span></span><span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-4-1"> 1</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-4-2"> 2</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-4-3"> 3</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-4-4"> 4</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-4-5"> 5</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-4-6"> 6</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-4-7"> 7</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-4-8"> 8</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-4-9"> 9</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-4-10">10</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-4-11">11</a></span></pre></div></td><td class="code"><div><pre><span></span><code><a id="__codelineno-4-1" name="__codelineno-4-1"></a><span class="o">&lt;</span><span class="nx">Component</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="nx">propName</span><span class="o">=</span><span class="p">{</span><span class="nx">value</span><span class="p">}</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="o">/&gt;</span><span class="w">  </span><span class="c1">// pass a value the component</span>
+<a id="__codelineno-4-2" name="__codelineno-4-2"></a><span class="o">&lt;</span><span class="nx">Component</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="nx">propName</span><span class="o">=</span><span class="p">{</span><span class="nx">funcReference</span><span class="p">}</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="o">/&gt;</span><span class="w">  </span><span class="c1">// pass a function to the component</span>
+<a id="__codelineno-4-3" name="__codelineno-4-3"></a>
+<a id="__codelineno-4-4" name="__codelineno-4-4"></a><span class="kd">function</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="nx">Component</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="nx">props</span><span class="p">)</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="p">{</span>
+<a id="__codelineno-4-5" name="__codelineno-4-5"></a><span class="w">    </span><span class="c1">// use props with {props.propName}</span>
+<a id="__codelineno-4-6" name="__codelineno-4-6"></a><span class="p">}</span>
+<a id="__codelineno-4-7" name="__codelineno-4-7"></a>
+<a id="__codelineno-4-8" name="__codelineno-4-8"></a><span class="kd">class</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="nx">Component</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="k">extends</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="nx">React</span><span class="p">.</span><span class="nx">Component</span><span class="p">{</span>
+<a id="__codelineno-4-9" name="__codelineno-4-9"></a><span class="w">    </span><span class="c1">// use props with {this.props.propName}</span>
+<a id="__codelineno-4-10" name="__codelineno-4-10"></a><span class="w">    </span><span class="nx">render</span><span class="p">()</span>
+<a id="__codelineno-4-11" name="__codelineno-4-11"></a><span class="p">}</span>
+</code></pre></div></td></tr></table></div>
+<h3 id="simple-function-component">Simple Function Component</h3>
+<div class="highlight"><table class="highlighttable"><tr><th colspan="2" class="filename"><span class="filename">JavaScript</span></th></tr><tr><td class="linenos"><div class="linenodiv"><pre><span></span><span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-5-1"> 1</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-5-2"> 2</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-5-3"> 3</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-5-4"> 4</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-5-5"> 5</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-5-6"> 6</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-5-7"> 7</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-5-8"> 8</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-5-9"> 9</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-5-10">10</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-5-11">11</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-5-12">12</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-5-13">13</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-5-14">14</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-5-15">15</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-5-16">16</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-5-17">17</a></span></pre></div></td><td class="code"><div><pre><span></span><code><a id="__codelineno-5-1" name="__codelineno-5-1"></a><span class="c1">// Button.js</span>
+<a id="__codelineno-5-2" name="__codelineno-5-2"></a><span class="k">import</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="p">{</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="nx">useState</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="p">}</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="kr">from</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="s2">&quot;react&quot;</span><span class="p">;</span>
+<a id="__codelineno-5-3" name="__codelineno-5-3"></a>
+<a id="__codelineno-5-4" name="__codelineno-5-4"></a><span class="kd">function</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="nx">Button</span><span class="p">()</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="p">{</span>
+<a id="__codelineno-5-5" name="__codelineno-5-5"></a><span class="w">    </span><span class="kd">const</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="p">[</span><span class="nx">count</span><span class="p">,</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="nx">setCount</span><span class="p">]</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="o">=</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="nx">useState</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="mf">0</span><span class="p">);</span><span class="w">  </span><span class="c1">// hook</span>
+<a id="__codelineno-5-6" name="__codelineno-5-6"></a>
+<a id="__codelineno-5-7" name="__codelineno-5-7"></a><span class="w">    </span><span class="kd">const</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="nx">handleCLick</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="o">=</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="p">()</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="p">=&gt;</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="nx">setCount</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="nx">count</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="o">+</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="mf">1</span><span class="p">);</span><span class="w">  </span><span class="c1">// logic</span>
+<a id="__codelineno-5-8" name="__codelineno-5-8"></a>
+<a id="__codelineno-5-9" name="__codelineno-5-9"></a><span class="w">    </span><span class="c1">// JSX</span>
+<a id="__codelineno-5-10" name="__codelineno-5-10"></a><span class="w">    </span><span class="k">return</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="p">(</span>
+<a id="__codelineno-5-11" name="__codelineno-5-11"></a><span class="w">        </span><span class="o">&lt;</span><span class="nx">button</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="nx">onClick</span><span class="o">=</span><span class="p">{</span><span class="nx">handleCLick</span><span class="p">}</span><span class="o">&gt;</span>
+<a id="__codelineno-5-12" name="__codelineno-5-12"></a><span class="w">            </span><span class="p">{</span><span class="nx">count</span><span class="p">}</span>
+<a id="__codelineno-5-13" name="__codelineno-5-13"></a><span class="w">        </span><span class="o">&lt;</span><span class="err">/button&gt;</span>
+<a id="__codelineno-5-14" name="__codelineno-5-14"></a><span class="w">    </span><span class="p">);</span>
+<a id="__codelineno-5-15" name="__codelineno-5-15"></a><span class="p">}</span>
+<a id="__codelineno-5-16" name="__codelineno-5-16"></a>
+<a id="__codelineno-5-17" name="__codelineno-5-17"></a><span class="k">export</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="k">default</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="nx">Button</span><span class="p">;</span>
+</code></pre></div></td></tr></table></div>
+<h3 id="simple-class-component">Simple Class Component</h3>
+<div class="highlight"><table class="highlighttable"><tr><th colspan="2" class="filename"><span class="filename">JavaScript</span></th></tr><tr><td class="linenos"><div class="linenodiv"><pre><span></span><span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-6-1"> 1</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-6-2"> 2</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-6-3"> 3</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-6-4"> 4</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-6-5"> 5</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-6-6"> 6</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-6-7"> 7</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-6-8"> 8</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-6-9"> 9</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-6-10">10</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-6-11">11</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-6-12">12</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-6-13">13</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-6-14">14</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-6-15">15</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-6-16">16</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-6-17">17</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-6-18">18</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-6-19">19</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-6-20">20</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-6-21">21</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-6-22">22</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-6-23">23</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-6-24">24</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-6-25">25</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-6-26">26</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-6-27">27</a></span></pre></div></td><td class="code"><div><pre><span></span><code><a id="__codelineno-6-1" name="__codelineno-6-1"></a><span class="kd">class</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="nx">Button</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="k">extends</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="nx">React</span><span class="p">.</span><span class="nx">Component</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="p">{</span>
+<a id="__codelineno-6-2" name="__codelineno-6-2"></a>
+<a id="__codelineno-6-3" name="__codelineno-6-3"></a><span class="w">    </span><span class="nx">state</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="o">=</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="p">{</span><span class="nx">count</span><span class="o">:</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="mf">0</span><span class="p">};</span>
+<a id="__codelineno-6-4" name="__codelineno-6-4"></a><span class="w">    </span><span class="c1">//or</span>
+<a id="__codelineno-6-5" name="__codelineno-6-5"></a><span class="w">    </span><span class="kr">constructor</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="nx">props</span><span class="p">)</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="p">{</span>
+<a id="__codelineno-6-6" name="__codelineno-6-6"></a><span class="w">        </span><span class="k">super</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="nx">props</span><span class="p">);</span>
+<a id="__codelineno-6-7" name="__codelineno-6-7"></a><span class="w">        </span><span class="k">this</span><span class="p">.</span><span class="nx">state</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="o">=</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="p">{</span><span class="nx">count</span><span class="o">:</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="mf">0</span><span class="p">};</span>
+<a id="__codelineno-6-8" name="__codelineno-6-8"></a><span class="w">    </span><span class="p">}</span>
+<a id="__codelineno-6-9" name="__codelineno-6-9"></a>
+<a id="__codelineno-6-10" name="__codelineno-6-10"></a><span class="w">    </span><span class="nx">componentDidMount</span><span class="p">()</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="p">{}</span><span class="w">  </span><span class="c1">// called on successful component mount</span>
+<a id="__codelineno-6-11" name="__codelineno-6-11"></a>
+<a id="__codelineno-6-12" name="__codelineno-6-12"></a><span class="w">    </span><span class="nx">handleClick</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="o">=</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="p">()</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="p">=&gt;</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="p">{</span>
+<a id="__codelineno-6-13" name="__codelineno-6-13"></a><span class="w">        </span><span class="k">this</span><span class="p">.</span><span class="nx">setState</span><span class="p">({</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="nx">count</span><span class="o">:</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="k">this</span><span class="p">.</span><span class="nx">state</span><span class="p">.</span><span class="nx">count</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="o">+</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="mf">1</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="p">});</span>
+<a id="__codelineno-6-14" name="__codelineno-6-14"></a><span class="w">    </span><span class="p">}</span>
+<a id="__codelineno-6-15" name="__codelineno-6-15"></a><span class="w">    </span><span class="c1">// or</span>
+<a id="__codelineno-6-16" name="__codelineno-6-16"></a><span class="w">    </span><span class="nx">handleClick</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="o">=</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="p">()</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="p">=&gt;</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="p">{</span>
+<a id="__codelineno-6-17" name="__codelineno-6-17"></a><span class="w">        </span><span class="k">this</span><span class="p">.</span><span class="nx">setState</span><span class="p">((</span><span class="nx">state</span><span class="p">,</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="nx">props</span><span class="p">)</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="p">=&gt;</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="p">({</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="nx">count</span><span class="o">:</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="nx">state</span><span class="p">.</span><span class="nx">count</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="o">+</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="nx">props</span><span class="p">.</span><span class="nx">increment</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="p">})</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="p">);</span>
+<a id="__codelineno-6-18" name="__codelineno-6-18"></a><span class="w">    </span><span class="p">}</span>
+<a id="__codelineno-6-19" name="__codelineno-6-19"></a>
+<a id="__codelineno-6-20" name="__codelineno-6-20"></a><span class="w">    </span><span class="nx">render</span><span class="p">(){</span>
+<a id="__codelineno-6-21" name="__codelineno-6-21"></a><span class="w">        </span><span class="k">return</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="p">(</span>
+<a id="__codelineno-6-22" name="__codelineno-6-22"></a><span class="w">        </span><span class="o">&lt;</span><span class="nx">button</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="nx">onClick</span><span class="o">=</span><span class="p">{</span><span class="k">this</span><span class="p">.</span><span class="nx">handleClick</span><span class="p">}</span><span class="o">&gt;</span>
+<a id="__codelineno-6-23" name="__codelineno-6-23"></a><span class="w">            </span><span class="p">{</span><span class="k">this</span><span class="p">.</span><span class="nx">state</span><span class="p">.</span><span class="nx">count</span><span class="p">}</span>
+<a id="__codelineno-6-24" name="__codelineno-6-24"></a><span class="w">        </span><span class="o">&lt;</span><span class="err">/button&gt;</span>
+<a id="__codelineno-6-25" name="__codelineno-6-25"></a><span class="w">        </span><span class="p">);</span>
+<a id="__codelineno-6-26" name="__codelineno-6-26"></a><span class="w">    </span><span class="p">}</span>
+<a id="__codelineno-6-27" name="__codelineno-6-27"></a><span class="p">}</span>
+</code></pre></div></td></tr></table></div>
+<h3 id="nesting-components">Nesting Components</h3>
+<div class="highlight"><table class="highlighttable"><tr><th colspan="2" class="filename"><span class="filename">JavaScript</span></th></tr><tr><td class="linenos"><div class="linenodiv"><pre><span></span><span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-7-1"> 1</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-7-2"> 2</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-7-3"> 3</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-7-4"> 4</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-7-5"> 5</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-7-6"> 6</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-7-7"> 7</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-7-8"> 8</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-7-9"> 9</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-7-10">10</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-7-11">11</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-7-12">12</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-7-13">13</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-7-14">14</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-7-15">15</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-7-16">16</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-7-17">17</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-7-18">18</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-7-19">19</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-7-20">20</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-7-21">21</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-7-22">22</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-7-23">23</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-7-24">24</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-7-25">25</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-7-26">26</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-7-27">27</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-7-28">28</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-7-29">29</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-7-30">30</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-7-31">31</a></span></pre></div></td><td class="code"><div><pre><span></span><code><a id="__codelineno-7-1" name="__codelineno-7-1"></a><span class="k">import</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="p">{</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="nx">useState</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="p">}</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="kr">from</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="s2">&quot;react&quot;</span><span class="p">;</span>
+<a id="__codelineno-7-2" name="__codelineno-7-2"></a>
+<a id="__codelineno-7-3" name="__codelineno-7-3"></a><span class="kd">function</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="nx">Button</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="nx">props</span><span class="p">)</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="p">{</span>
+<a id="__codelineno-7-4" name="__codelineno-7-4"></a><span class="w">  </span><span class="k">return</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="p">(</span>
+<a id="__codelineno-7-5" name="__codelineno-7-5"></a><span class="w">      </span><span class="o">&lt;</span><span class="nx">button</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="nx">onClick</span><span class="o">=</span><span class="p">{</span><span class="nx">props</span><span class="p">.</span><span class="nx">onClickFunc</span><span class="p">}</span><span class="o">&gt;</span>
+<a id="__codelineno-7-6" name="__codelineno-7-6"></a><span class="w">          </span><span class="o">+</span><span class="mf">1</span>
+<a id="__codelineno-7-7" name="__codelineno-7-7"></a><span class="w">      </span><span class="o">&lt;</span><span class="err">/button&gt;</span>
+<a id="__codelineno-7-8" name="__codelineno-7-8"></a><span class="w">  </span><span class="p">);</span>
+<a id="__codelineno-7-9" name="__codelineno-7-9"></a><span class="p">}</span>
+<a id="__codelineno-7-10" name="__codelineno-7-10"></a>
+<a id="__codelineno-7-11" name="__codelineno-7-11"></a><span class="kd">function</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="nx">Display</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="p">(</span><span class="nx">props</span><span class="p">)</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="p">{</span>
+<a id="__codelineno-7-12" name="__codelineno-7-12"></a><span class="w">  </span><span class="k">return</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="p">(</span>
+<a id="__codelineno-7-13" name="__codelineno-7-13"></a><span class="w">      </span><span class="o">&lt;</span><span class="nx">div</span><span class="o">&gt;</span><span class="p">{</span><span class="nx">props</span><span class="p">.</span><span class="nx">message</span><span class="p">}</span><span class="o">&lt;</span><span class="err">/div&gt;</span>
+<a id="__codelineno-7-14" name="__codelineno-7-14"></a><span class="w">  </span><span class="p">);</span>
+<a id="__codelineno-7-15" name="__codelineno-7-15"></a><span class="p">}</span>
+<a id="__codelineno-7-16" name="__codelineno-7-16"></a>
+<a id="__codelineno-7-17" name="__codelineno-7-17"></a><span class="kd">function</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="nx">App</span><span class="p">()</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="p">{</span>
+<a id="__codelineno-7-18" name="__codelineno-7-18"></a>
+<a id="__codelineno-7-19" name="__codelineno-7-19"></a><span class="w">    </span><span class="c1">// state must be declare in the outer component it can be passed to each children</span>
+<a id="__codelineno-7-20" name="__codelineno-7-20"></a><span class="w">    </span><span class="kd">const</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="p">[</span><span class="nx">count</span><span class="p">,</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="nx">setCount</span><span class="p">]</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="o">=</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="nx">useState</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="mf">0</span><span class="p">);</span>
+<a id="__codelineno-7-21" name="__codelineno-7-21"></a><span class="w">    </span><span class="kd">const</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="nx">incrementCounter</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="o">=</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="p">()</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="p">=&gt;</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="nx">setCount</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="nx">count</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="o">+</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="mf">1</span><span class="p">);</span>
+<a id="__codelineno-7-22" name="__codelineno-7-22"></a>
+<a id="__codelineno-7-23" name="__codelineno-7-23"></a><span class="w">    </span><span class="k">return</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="p">(</span>
+<a id="__codelineno-7-24" name="__codelineno-7-24"></a><span class="w">        </span><span class="o">&lt;</span><span class="nx">div</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="nx">className</span><span class="o">=</span><span class="s2">&quot;App&quot;</span><span class="o">&gt;</span>
+<a id="__codelineno-7-25" name="__codelineno-7-25"></a><span class="w">            </span><span class="o">&lt;</span><span class="nx">Button</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="nx">onClickFunc</span><span class="o">=</span><span class="p">{</span><span class="nx">incrementCounter</span><span class="p">}</span><span class="o">/&gt;</span>
+<a id="__codelineno-7-26" name="__codelineno-7-26"></a><span class="w">            </span><span class="o">&lt;</span><span class="nx">Display</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="nx">message</span><span class="o">=</span><span class="p">{</span><span class="nx">count</span><span class="p">}</span><span class="o">/&gt;</span>
+<a id="__codelineno-7-27" name="__codelineno-7-27"></a><span class="w">        </span><span class="o">&lt;</span><span class="err">/div&gt;</span>
+<a id="__codelineno-7-28" name="__codelineno-7-28"></a><span class="w">    </span><span class="p">);</span>
+<a id="__codelineno-7-29" name="__codelineno-7-29"></a><span class="p">}</span>
+<a id="__codelineno-7-30" name="__codelineno-7-30"></a>
+<a id="__codelineno-7-31" name="__codelineno-7-31"></a><span class="k">export</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="k">default</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="nx">App</span><span class="p">;</span>
+</code></pre></div></td></tr></table></div>
+<h3 id="user-input-forms">User Input (Forms)</h3>
+<div class="highlight"><table class="highlighttable"><tr><th colspan="2" class="filename"><span class="filename">JavaScript</span></th></tr><tr><td class="linenos"><div class="linenodiv"><pre><span></span><span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-8-1"> 1</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-8-2"> 2</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-8-3"> 3</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-8-4"> 4</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-8-5"> 5</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-8-6"> 6</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-8-7"> 7</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-8-8"> 8</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-8-9"> 9</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-8-10">10</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-8-11">11</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-8-12">12</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-8-13">13</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-8-14">14</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-8-15">15</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-8-16">16</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-8-17">17</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-8-18">18</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-8-19">19</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-8-20">20</a></span></pre></div></td><td class="code"><div><pre><span></span><code><a id="__codelineno-8-1" name="__codelineno-8-1"></a><span class="kd">function</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="nx">Form</span><span class="p">()</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="p">{</span>
+<a id="__codelineno-8-2" name="__codelineno-8-2"></a><span class="w">    </span><span class="kd">const</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="p">[</span><span class="nx">userName</span><span class="p">,</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="nx">setUserName</span><span class="p">]</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="o">=</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="nx">useState</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="s2">&quot;&quot;</span><span class="p">);</span>
+<a id="__codelineno-8-3" name="__codelineno-8-3"></a>
+<a id="__codelineno-8-4" name="__codelineno-8-4"></a><span class="w">    </span><span class="nx">handleSubmit</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="o">=</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="p">(</span><span class="nx">event</span><span class="p">)</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="p">=&gt;</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="p">{</span>
+<a id="__codelineno-8-5" name="__codelineno-8-5"></a><span class="w">        </span><span class="nx">event</span><span class="p">.</span><span class="nx">preventDefault</span><span class="p">();</span>
+<a id="__codelineno-8-6" name="__codelineno-8-6"></a><span class="w">        </span><span class="c1">// ...</span>
+<a id="__codelineno-8-7" name="__codelineno-8-7"></a><span class="w">    </span><span class="p">}</span>
+<a id="__codelineno-8-8" name="__codelineno-8-8"></a>
+<a id="__codelineno-8-9" name="__codelineno-8-9"></a><span class="w">    </span><span class="k">return</span><span class="p">(</span>
+<a id="__codelineno-8-10" name="__codelineno-8-10"></a><span class="w">        </span><span class="o">&lt;</span><span class="nx">form</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="nx">onSubmit</span><span class="o">=</span><span class="p">{</span><span class="nx">handleSubmit</span><span class="p">}</span><span class="o">&gt;</span>
+<a id="__codelineno-8-11" name="__codelineno-8-11"></a><span class="w">            </span><span class="o">&lt;</span><span class="nx">input</span>
+<a id="__codelineno-8-12" name="__codelineno-8-12"></a><span class="w">                </span><span class="nx">type</span><span class="o">=</span><span class="s2">&quot;text&quot;</span>
+<a id="__codelineno-8-13" name="__codelineno-8-13"></a><span class="w">                </span><span class="nx">value</span><span class="o">=</span><span class="p">{</span><span class="nx">userName</span><span class="p">}</span><span class="w">  </span><span class="c1">// controlled component</span>
+<a id="__codelineno-8-14" name="__codelineno-8-14"></a><span class="w">                </span><span class="nx">onChange</span><span class="o">=</span><span class="p">{(</span><span class="nx">event</span><span class="p">)</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="p">=&gt;</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="nx">setUserName</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="nx">event</span><span class="p">.</span><span class="nx">target</span><span class="p">.</span><span class="nx">value</span><span class="p">)}</span><span class="w">  </span><span class="c1">// needed to update UI on dom change</span>
+<a id="__codelineno-8-15" name="__codelineno-8-15"></a><span class="w">                </span><span class="nx">required</span>
+<a id="__codelineno-8-16" name="__codelineno-8-16"></a><span class="w">            </span><span class="o">/&gt;</span>
+<a id="__codelineno-8-17" name="__codelineno-8-17"></a><span class="w">            </span><span class="o">&lt;</span><span class="nx">button</span><span class="o">&gt;&lt;</span><span class="err">/button&gt;</span>
+<a id="__codelineno-8-18" name="__codelineno-8-18"></a><span class="w">        </span><span class="o">&lt;</span><span class="err">/form&gt;</span>
+<a id="__codelineno-8-19" name="__codelineno-8-19"></a><span class="w">    </span><span class="p">);</span>
+<a id="__codelineno-8-20" name="__codelineno-8-20"></a><span class="p">}</span>
+</code></pre></div></td></tr></table></div>
+<h3 id="lists-of-components">Lists of Components</h3>
+<div class="highlight"><table class="highlighttable"><tr><th colspan="2" class="filename"><span class="filename">JavaScript</span></th></tr><tr><td class="linenos"><div class="linenodiv"><pre><span></span><span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-9-1">1</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-9-2">2</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-9-3">3</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-9-4">4</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-9-5">5</a></span></pre></div></td><td class="code"><div><pre><span></span><code><a id="__codelineno-9-1" name="__codelineno-9-1"></a><span class="c1">// ...</span>
+<a id="__codelineno-9-2" name="__codelineno-9-2"></a><span class="w">    </span><span class="o">&lt;</span><span class="nx">div</span><span class="o">&gt;</span>
+<a id="__codelineno-9-3" name="__codelineno-9-3"></a><span class="w">        </span><span class="p">{</span><span class="nx">array</span><span class="p">.</span><span class="nx">map</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="nx">item</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="p">=&gt;</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="o">&lt;</span><span class="nx">Component</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="nx">key</span><span class="o">=</span><span class="p">{</span><span class="nx">uniqueID</span><span class="p">}</span><span class="o">&gt;</span><span class="p">)}</span>
+<a id="__codelineno-9-4" name="__codelineno-9-4"></a><span class="w">    </span><span class="o">&lt;</span><span class="err">/div&gt;</span>
+<a id="__codelineno-9-5" name="__codelineno-9-5"></a><span class="c1">// ...</span>
+</code></pre></div></td></tr></table></div>
+<blockquote>
+<p><strong>Note</strong>: The <code>key</code> attribute of the component is needed to identify a particular item. It's most useful if the list has to be sorted.</p>
+</blockquote>
+<h2 id="hooks">Hooks</h2>
+<h3 id="usestate"><code>useState</code></h3>
+<p>Hook used to create a state object.</p>
+<p><code>useState()</code> results:</p>
+<ul>
+<li>state object (getter)</li>
+<li>updater function (setter)</li>
+</ul>
+<div class="highlight"><table class="highlighttable"><tr><th colspan="2" class="filename"><span class="filename">JavaScript</span></th></tr><tr><td class="linenos"><div class="linenodiv"><pre><span></span><span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-10-1">1</a></span></pre></div></td><td class="code"><div><pre><span></span><code><a id="__codelineno-10-1" name="__codelineno-10-1"></a><span class="kd">const</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="p">[</span><span class="nx">state</span><span class="p">,</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="nx">setState</span><span class="p">]</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="o">=</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="nx">useState</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="k">default</span><span class="p">);</span>
+</code></pre></div></td></tr></table></div>
+<h3 id="useeffect"><code>useEffect</code></h3>
+<p>Hook used to trigger an action on each render of the component or when one of the watched items changes.</p>
+<div class="highlight"><table class="highlighttable"><tr><th colspan="2" class="filename"><span class="filename">JavaScript</span></th></tr><tr><td class="linenos"><div class="linenodiv"><pre><span></span><span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-11-1">1</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-11-2">2</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-11-3">3</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-11-4">4</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-11-5">5</a></span></pre></div></td><td class="code"><div><pre><span></span><code><a id="__codelineno-11-1" name="__codelineno-11-1"></a><span class="nx">useEffect</span><span class="p">(()</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="p">=&gt;</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="p">{</span>
+<a id="__codelineno-11-2" name="__codelineno-11-2"></a><span class="w">    </span><span class="c1">// &quot;side effects&quot; operations</span>
+<a id="__codelineno-11-3" name="__codelineno-11-3"></a>
+<a id="__codelineno-11-4" name="__codelineno-11-4"></a><span class="w">    </span><span class="k">return</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="p">()</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="p">=&gt;</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="p">{</span><span class="cm">/* clean up side effect */</span><span class="p">}</span><span class="w">  </span><span class="c1">// optional</span>
+<a id="__codelineno-11-5" name="__codelineno-11-5"></a><span class="p">},</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="p">[</span><span class="cm">/* list of watched items, empty triggers once */</span><span class="p">]);</span>
+</code></pre></div></td></tr></table></div>
+<h3 id="custom-hooks">Custom Hooks</h3>
+<div class="highlight"><table class="highlighttable"><tr><th colspan="2" class="filename"><span class="filename">JavaScript</span></th></tr><tr><td class="linenos"><div class="linenodiv"><pre><span></span><span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-12-1"> 1</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-12-2"> 2</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-12-3"> 3</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-12-4"> 4</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-12-5"> 5</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-12-6"> 6</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-12-7"> 7</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-12-8"> 8</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-12-9"> 9</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-12-10">10</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-12-11">11</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-12-12">12</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-12-13">13</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-12-14">14</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-12-15">15</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-12-16">16</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-12-17">17</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-12-18">18</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-12-19">19</a></span></pre></div></td><td class="code"><div><pre><span></span><code><a id="__codelineno-12-1" name="__codelineno-12-1"></a><span class="c1">// hook definitions</span>
+<a id="__codelineno-12-2" name="__codelineno-12-2"></a><span class="kd">const</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="nx">useCustomHook</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="o">=</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="p">()</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="p">=&gt;</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="p">{</span>
+<a id="__codelineno-12-3" name="__codelineno-12-3"></a><span class="w">    </span><span class="c1">// eventual state definitions</span>
+<a id="__codelineno-12-4" name="__codelineno-12-4"></a>
+<a id="__codelineno-12-5" name="__codelineno-12-5"></a><span class="w">    </span><span class="c1">// eventual function definitions</span>
+<a id="__codelineno-12-6" name="__codelineno-12-6"></a>
+<a id="__codelineno-12-7" name="__codelineno-12-7"></a><span class="w">    </span><span class="c1">// ...</span>
+<a id="__codelineno-12-8" name="__codelineno-12-8"></a>
+<a id="__codelineno-12-9" name="__codelineno-12-9"></a><span class="w">    </span><span class="k">return</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="p">{</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="nx">obj1</span><span class="p">,</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="nx">obj2</span><span class="p">,</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="p">...</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="p">};</span>
+<a id="__codelineno-12-10" name="__codelineno-12-10"></a><span class="p">}</span>
+<a id="__codelineno-12-11" name="__codelineno-12-11"></a>
+<a id="__codelineno-12-12" name="__codelineno-12-12"></a><span class="kd">const</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="nx">Component</span><span class="p">(){</span>
+<a id="__codelineno-12-13" name="__codelineno-12-13"></a><span class="w">    </span><span class="c1">// retrieve elements from the hook</span>
+<a id="__codelineno-12-14" name="__codelineno-12-14"></a><span class="w">    </span><span class="kd">const</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="p">{</span>
+<a id="__codelineno-12-15" name="__codelineno-12-15"></a><span class="w">        </span><span class="nx">obj1</span><span class="p">,</span>
+<a id="__codelineno-12-16" name="__codelineno-12-16"></a><span class="w">        </span><span class="nx">obj2</span><span class="p">,</span>
+<a id="__codelineno-12-17" name="__codelineno-12-17"></a><span class="w">        </span><span class="p">...</span>
+<a id="__codelineno-12-18" name="__codelineno-12-18"></a><span class="w">    </span><span class="p">}</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="o">=</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="nx">useCustomHook</span><span class="p">();</span>
+<a id="__codelineno-12-19" name="__codelineno-12-19"></a><span class="p">}</span>
+</code></pre></div></td></tr></table></div>
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+  
+  
+
+
+
+
+
+
+                
+              </article>
+            </div>
+          
+          
+<script>var target=document.getElementById(location.hash.slice(1));target&&target.name&&(target.checked=target.name.startsWith("__tabbed_"))</script>
+        </div>
+        
+          <button type="button" class="md-top md-icon" data-md-component="top" hidden>
+  
+  <svg xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" viewBox="0 0 24 24"><path d="M13 20h-2V8l-5.5 5.5-1.42-1.42L12 4.16l7.92 7.92-1.42 1.42L13 8z"/></svg>
+  Back to top
+</button>
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+      
+        <footer class="md-footer">
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+      
+      <nav class="md-footer__inner md-grid" aria-label="Footer" >
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+          <a href="../jquery.html" class="md-footer__link md-footer__link--prev" aria-label="Previous: jQuery">
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+    <li class="md-nav__item">
+      <a href="../../python/libs/tkinter.html" class="md-nav__link">
+        
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+  <span class="md-ellipsis">
+    TKinter
+  </span>
+  
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+    <li class="md-nav__item">
+      <a href="../../python/libs/numpy.html" class="md-nav__link">
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+    <li class="md-nav__item">
+      <a href="../../python/libs/pandas.html" class="md-nav__link">
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+    <li class="md-nav__item">
+      <a href="../../python/libs/seaborn.html" class="md-nav__link">
+        
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+  
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+
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+    <li class="md-nav__item">
+      <a href="../../python/libs/requests.html" class="md-nav__link">
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+      <a href="../../python/libs/beautiful-soup.html" class="md-nav__link">
+        
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+        </nav>
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+  
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+        
+      
+        
+      
+        
+      
+    
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+      
+        
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+        
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+        
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+    <li class="md-nav__item">
+      <a href="../../dotnet/csharp/linq.html" class="md-nav__link">
+        
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+    <li class="md-nav__item">
+      <a href="../../dotnet/csharp/collections.html" class="md-nav__link">
+        
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+  <span class="md-ellipsis">
+    Collections
+  </span>
+  
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+    <li class="md-nav__item">
+      <a href="../../dotnet/csharp/reactive-extensions.html" class="md-nav__link">
+        
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+  <span class="md-ellipsis">
+    Reactive Extensions
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+  
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+
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+    <li class="md-nav__item">
+      <a href="../../dotnet/csharp/async-programming.html" class="md-nav__link">
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+    Async Programming
+  </span>
+  
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+  
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+    <li class="md-nav__item">
+      <a href="../../dotnet/csharp/unit-tests.html" class="md-nav__link">
+        
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+  <span class="md-ellipsis">
+    Unit Tests
+  </span>
+  
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+          </ul>
+        </nav>
+      
+    </li>
+  
+
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+  
+  
+  
+  
+    
+    
+      
+        
+      
+        
+      
+        
+      
+        
+      
+        
+      
+        
+      
+        
+      
+    
+    
+      
+      
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+    
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+    <li class="md-nav__item md-nav__item--nested">
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+  <span class="md-ellipsis">
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+  </span>
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+          </label>
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+            
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+  
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+  
+  
+    <li class="md-nav__item">
+      <a href="../../dotnet/asp.net/minimal-api.html" class="md-nav__link">
+        
+  
+  <span class="md-ellipsis">
+    Minimal API
+  </span>
+  
+
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+    </li>
+  
+
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+            
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+  
+  
+  
+  
+    <li class="md-nav__item">
+      <a href="../../dotnet/asp.net/filters.html" class="md-nav__link">
+        
+  
+  <span class="md-ellipsis">
+    FIlters
+  </span>
+  
+
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+    </li>
+  
+
+              
+            
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+                
+  
+  
+  
+  
+    <li class="md-nav__item">
+      <a href="../../dotnet/asp.net/middleware.html" class="md-nav__link">
+        
+  
+  <span class="md-ellipsis">
+    Middleware
+  </span>
+  
+
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+    </li>
+  
+
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+  
+  
+  
+  
+    <li class="md-nav__item">
+      <a href="../../dotnet/asp.net/razor-syntax.html" class="md-nav__link">
+        
+  
+  <span class="md-ellipsis">
+    Razor Syntax
+  </span>
+  
+
+      </a>
+    </li>
+  
+
+              
+            
+              
+                
+  
+  
+  
+  
+    <li class="md-nav__item">
+      <a href="../../dotnet/asp.net/blazor.html" class="md-nav__link">
+        
+  
+  <span class="md-ellipsis">
+    Blazor
+  </span>
+  
+
+      </a>
+    </li>
+  
+
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+            
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+                
+  
+  
+  
+  
+    <li class="md-nav__item">
+      <a href="../../dotnet/asp.net/signalr.html" class="md-nav__link">
+        
+  
+  <span class="md-ellipsis">
+    SignalR
+  </span>
+  
+
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+    </li>
+  
+
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+            
+              
+                
+  
+  
+  
+  
+    <li class="md-nav__item">
+      <a href="../../dotnet/asp.net/web-forms.html" class="md-nav__link">
+        
+  
+  <span class="md-ellipsis">
+    Web Forms
+  </span>
+  
+
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+        </nav>
+      
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+  
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+  
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+  
+    
+    
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+        
+      
+        
+      
+    
+    
+      
+      
+        
+      
+    
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+    <li class="md-nav__item md-nav__item--nested">
+      
+        
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+        <input class="md-nav__toggle md-toggle " type="checkbox" id="__nav_4_9_3" >
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+          <label class="md-nav__link" for="__nav_4_9_3" id="__nav_4_9_3_label" tabindex="0">
+            
+  
+  <span class="md-ellipsis">
+    Database
+  </span>
+  
+
+            <span class="md-nav__icon md-icon"></span>
+          </label>
+        
+        <nav class="md-nav" data-md-level="3" aria-labelledby="__nav_4_9_3_label" aria-expanded="false">
+          <label class="md-nav__title" for="__nav_4_9_3">
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+            Database
+          </label>
+          <ul class="md-nav__list" data-md-scrollfix>
+            
+              
+                
+  
+  
+  
+  
+    <li class="md-nav__item">
+      <a href="../../dotnet/database/ado.net.html" class="md-nav__link">
+        
+  
+  <span class="md-ellipsis">
+    ADO.NET
+  </span>
+  
+
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+    </li>
+  
+
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+            
+              
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+  
+  
+  
+  
+    <li class="md-nav__item">
+      <a href="../../dotnet/database/entity-framework.html" class="md-nav__link">
+        
+  
+  <span class="md-ellipsis">
+    Entity Framework
+  </span>
+  
+
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+    </li>
+  
+
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+            
+          </ul>
+        </nav>
+      
+    </li>
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+  
+
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+                
+  
+  
+  
+  
+    
+    
+      
+        
+      
+        
+      
+        
+      
+        
+      
+    
+    
+      
+      
+        
+          
+          
+        
+      
+    
+    
+    <li class="md-nav__item md-nav__item--section md-nav__item--nested">
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+        <input class="md-nav__toggle md-toggle " type="checkbox" id="__nav_4_10" >
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+          <label class="md-nav__link" for="__nav_4_10" id="__nav_4_10_label" tabindex="">
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+  
+  <span class="md-ellipsis">
+    Java
+  </span>
+  
+
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+          </label>
+        
+        <nav class="md-nav" data-md-level="2" aria-labelledby="__nav_4_10_label" aria-expanded="false">
+          <label class="md-nav__title" for="__nav_4_10">
+            <span class="md-nav__icon md-icon"></span>
+            Java
+          </label>
+          <ul class="md-nav__list" data-md-scrollfix>
+            
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+                
+  
+  
+  
+  
+    <li class="md-nav__item">
+      <a href="../../java/java.html" class="md-nav__link">
+        
+  
+  <span class="md-ellipsis">
+    Java
+  </span>
+  
+
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+  
+
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+            
+              
+                
+  
+  
+  
+  
+    <li class="md-nav__item">
+      <a href="../../java/java-collection-framework.html" class="md-nav__link">
+        
+  
+  <span class="md-ellipsis">
+    Java Collection Framework
+  </span>
+  
+
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+    </li>
+  
+
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+            
+              
+                
+  
+  
+  
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+    <li class="md-nav__item">
+      <a href="../../java/dao.html" class="md-nav__link">
+        
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+  <span class="md-ellipsis">
+    DAO
+  </span>
+  
+
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+    </li>
+  
+
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+            
+              
+                
+  
+  
+  
+  
+    
+    
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+        
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+        
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+        
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+    <li class="md-nav__item">
+      <a href="../../java/web/servlet.html" class="md-nav__link">
+        
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+  <span class="md-ellipsis">
+    Serverlet
+  </span>
+  
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+    </li>
+  
+
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+                
+  
+  
+  
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+    
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+            
+  
+  <span class="md-ellipsis">
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+  </span>
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+        <nav class="md-nav" data-md-level="4" aria-labelledby="__nav_4_10_4_2_label" aria-expanded="false">
+          <label class="md-nav__title" for="__nav_4_10_4_2">
+            <span class="md-nav__icon md-icon"></span>
+            Spring
+          </label>
+          <ul class="md-nav__list" data-md-scrollfix>
+            
+              
+                
+  
+  
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+    <li class="md-nav__item">
+      <a href="../../java/spring/pom.xml.html" class="md-nav__link">
+        
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+  <span class="md-ellipsis">
+    POM
+  </span>
+  
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+      <a href="../../java/spring/spring-project.html" class="md-nav__link">
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+    Project Structure
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+  
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+  
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+                
+  
+  
+  
+  
+    
+    
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+        
+      
+        
+      
+        
+      
+        
+      
+        
+      
+        
+      
+        
+      
+        
+      
+        
+      
+    
+    
+      
+      
+        
+          
+          
+        
+      
+    
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+    <li class="md-nav__item md-nav__item--section md-nav__item--nested">
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+          <label class="md-nav__link" for="__nav_4_11" id="__nav_4_11_label" tabindex="">
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+            PHP
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+    <li class="md-nav__item">
+      <a href="../../php/php.html" class="md-nav__link">
+        
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+  <span class="md-ellipsis">
+    PHP
+  </span>
+  
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+
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+    <li class="md-nav__item">
+      <a href="../../php/database.html" class="md-nav__link">
+        
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+  <span class="md-ellipsis">
+    Database
+  </span>
+  
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+    </li>
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+
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+  
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+    <li class="md-nav__item">
+      <a href="../../php/web.html" class="md-nav__link">
+        
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+    Web
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+  
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+    <li class="md-nav__item">
+      <a href="../../php/dependency-injection.html" class="md-nav__link">
+        
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+    Dependency Injection
+  </span>
+  
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+  
+
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+                
+  
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+  
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+    <li class="md-nav__item">
+      <a href="../../php/unit-tests.html" class="md-nav__link">
+        
+  
+  <span class="md-ellipsis">
+    Unit Tests
+  </span>
+  
+
+      </a>
+    </li>
+  
+
+              
+            
+              
+                
+  
+  
+  
+  
+    <li class="md-nav__item">
+      <a href="../../php/composer.html" class="md-nav__link">
+        
+  
+  <span class="md-ellipsis">
+    Composer
+  </span>
+  
+
+      </a>
+    </li>
+  
+
+              
+            
+              
+                
+  
+  
+  
+  
+    <li class="md-nav__item">
+      <a href="../../php/psr-7.html" class="md-nav__link">
+        
+  
+  <span class="md-ellipsis">
+    PSR 7
+  </span>
+  
+
+      </a>
+    </li>
+  
+
+              
+            
+              
+                
+  
+  
+  
+  
+    <li class="md-nav__item">
+      <a href="../../php/plates-templating.html" class="md-nav__link">
+        
+  
+  <span class="md-ellipsis">
+    Plates
+  </span>
+  
+
+      </a>
+    </li>
+  
+
+              
+            
+              
+                
+  
+  
+  
+  
+    
+    
+      
+        
+      
+        
+      
+    
+    
+      
+      
+        
+      
+    
+    
+    <li class="md-nav__item md-nav__item--nested">
+      
+        
+        
+        <input class="md-nav__toggle md-toggle " type="checkbox" id="__nav_4_11_9" >
+        
+          
+          <label class="md-nav__link" for="__nav_4_11_9" id="__nav_4_11_9_label" tabindex="0">
+            
+  
+  <span class="md-ellipsis">
+    Simple MVC
+  </span>
+  
+
+            <span class="md-nav__icon md-icon"></span>
+          </label>
+        
+        <nav class="md-nav" data-md-level="3" aria-labelledby="__nav_4_11_9_label" aria-expanded="false">
+          <label class="md-nav__title" for="__nav_4_11_9">
+            <span class="md-nav__icon md-icon"></span>
+            Simple MVC
+          </label>
+          <ul class="md-nav__list" data-md-scrollfix>
+            
+              
+                
+  
+  
+  
+  
+    <li class="md-nav__item">
+      <a href="../../php/simple-mvc/simple-mvc.html" class="md-nav__link">
+        
+  
+  <span class="md-ellipsis">
+    Simple MVC
+  </span>
+  
+
+      </a>
+    </li>
+  
+
+              
+            
+              
+                
+  
+  
+  
+  
+    <li class="md-nav__item">
+      <a href="../../php/simple-mvc/rest-api.html" class="md-nav__link">
+        
+  
+  <span class="md-ellipsis">
+    REST API
+  </span>
+  
+
+      </a>
+    </li>
+  
+
+              
+            
+          </ul>
+        </nav>
+      
+    </li>
+  
+
+              
+            
+          </ul>
+        </nav>
+      
+    </li>
+  
+
+              
+            
+              
+                
+  
+  
+  
+  
+    
+    
+      
+        
+      
+        
+      
+        
+      
+        
+      
+        
+      
+    
+    
+      
+      
+        
+          
+          
+        
+      
+    
+    
+    <li class="md-nav__item md-nav__item--section md-nav__item--nested">
+      
+        
+        
+        <input class="md-nav__toggle md-toggle " type="checkbox" id="__nav_4_12" >
+        
+          
+          <label class="md-nav__link" for="__nav_4_12" id="__nav_4_12_label" tabindex="">
+            
+  
+  <span class="md-ellipsis">
+    Rust
+  </span>
+  
+
+            <span class="md-nav__icon md-icon"></span>
+          </label>
+        
+        <nav class="md-nav" data-md-level="2" aria-labelledby="__nav_4_12_label" aria-expanded="false">
+          <label class="md-nav__title" for="__nav_4_12">
+            <span class="md-nav__icon md-icon"></span>
+            Rust
+          </label>
+          <ul class="md-nav__list" data-md-scrollfix>
+            
+              
+                
+  
+  
+  
+  
+    <li class="md-nav__item">
+      <a href="../../rust/rust.html" class="md-nav__link">
+        
+  
+  <span class="md-ellipsis">
+    Rust
+  </span>
+  
+
+      </a>
+    </li>
+  
+
+              
+            
+              
+                
+  
+  
+  
+  
+    <li class="md-nav__item">
+      <a href="../../rust/macros.html" class="md-nav__link">
+        
+  
+  <span class="md-ellipsis">
+    Macros
+  </span>
+  
+
+      </a>
+    </li>
+  
+
+              
+            
+              
+                
+  
+  
+  
+  
+    <li class="md-nav__item">
+      <a href="../../rust/cargo.html" class="md-nav__link">
+        
+  
+  <span class="md-ellipsis">
+    Cargo
+  </span>
+  
+
+      </a>
+    </li>
+  
+
+              
+            
+              
+                
+  
+  
+  
+  
+    <li class="md-nav__item">
+      <a href="../../rust/concurrency.html" class="md-nav__link">
+        
+  
+  <span class="md-ellipsis">
+    Concurrency
+  </span>
+  
+
+      </a>
+    </li>
+  
+
+              
+            
+              
+                
+  
+  
+  
+  
+    <li class="md-nav__item">
+      <a href="../../rust/unit-tests.html" class="md-nav__link">
+        
+  
+  <span class="md-ellipsis">
+    Unit Tests
+  </span>
+  
+
+      </a>
+    </li>
+  
+
+              
+            
+          </ul>
+        </nav>
+      
+    </li>
+  
+
+              
+            
+              
+                
+  
+  
+    
+  
+  
+  
+    
+    
+      
+        
+      
+        
+      
+        
+      
+        
+      
+        
+      
+        
+      
+        
+      
+    
+    
+      
+      
+        
+          
+          
+        
+      
+    
+    
+    <li class="md-nav__item md-nav__item--active md-nav__item--section md-nav__item--nested">
+      
+        
+        
+        <input class="md-nav__toggle md-toggle " type="checkbox" id="__nav_4_13" checked>
+        
+          
+          <label class="md-nav__link" for="__nav_4_13" id="__nav_4_13_label" tabindex="">
+            
+  
+  <span class="md-ellipsis">
+    Javascript
+  </span>
+  
+
+            <span class="md-nav__icon md-icon"></span>
+          </label>
+        
+        <nav class="md-nav" data-md-level="2" aria-labelledby="__nav_4_13_label" aria-expanded="true">
+          <label class="md-nav__title" for="__nav_4_13">
+            <span class="md-nav__icon md-icon"></span>
+            Javascript
+          </label>
+          <ul class="md-nav__list" data-md-scrollfix>
+            
+              
+                
+  
+  
+  
+  
+    <li class="md-nav__item">
+      <a href="../javascript.html" class="md-nav__link">
+        
+  
+  <span class="md-ellipsis">
+    Javascript
+  </span>
+  
+
+      </a>
+    </li>
+  
+
+              
+            
+              
+                
+  
+  
+  
+  
+    <li class="md-nav__item">
+      <a href="../dom.html" class="md-nav__link">
+        
+  
+  <span class="md-ellipsis">
+    DOM
+  </span>
+  
+
+      </a>
+    </li>
+  
+
+              
+            
+              
+                
+  
+  
+  
+  
+    <li class="md-nav__item">
+      <a href="../events-animation.html" class="md-nav__link">
+        
+  
+  <span class="md-ellipsis">
+    Events & Animation
+  </span>
+  
+
+      </a>
+    </li>
+  
+
+              
+            
+              
+                
+  
+  
+  
+  
+    <li class="md-nav__item">
+      <a href="../ajax.html" class="md-nav__link">
+        
+  
+  <span class="md-ellipsis">
+    AJAX
+  </span>
+  
+
+      </a>
+    </li>
+  
+
+              
+            
+              
+                
+  
+  
+  
+  
+    <li class="md-nav__item">
+      <a href="../jquery.html" class="md-nav__link">
+        
+  
+  <span class="md-ellipsis">
+    jQuery
+  </span>
+  
+
+      </a>
+    </li>
+  
+
+              
+            
+              
+                
+  
+  
+    
+  
+  
+  
+    
+    
+      
+        
+      
+        
+      
+        
+      
+        
+      
+        
+      
+    
+    
+      
+      
+        
+      
+    
+    
+    <li class="md-nav__item md-nav__item--active md-nav__item--nested">
+      
+        
+        
+        <input class="md-nav__toggle md-toggle " type="checkbox" id="__nav_4_13_6" checked>
+        
+          
+          <label class="md-nav__link" for="__nav_4_13_6" id="__nav_4_13_6_label" tabindex="0">
+            
+  
+  <span class="md-ellipsis">
+    React
+  </span>
+  
+
+            <span class="md-nav__icon md-icon"></span>
+          </label>
+        
+        <nav class="md-nav" data-md-level="3" aria-labelledby="__nav_4_13_6_label" aria-expanded="true">
+          <label class="md-nav__title" for="__nav_4_13_6">
+            <span class="md-nav__icon md-icon"></span>
+            React
+          </label>
+          <ul class="md-nav__list" data-md-scrollfix>
+            
+              
+                
+  
+  
+  
+  
+    <li class="md-nav__item">
+      <a href="react.html" class="md-nav__link">
+        
+  
+  <span class="md-ellipsis">
+    React
+  </span>
+  
+
+      </a>
+    </li>
+  
+
+              
+            
+              
+                
+  
+  
+  
+  
+    <li class="md-nav__item">
+      <a href="react-router.html" class="md-nav__link">
+        
+  
+  <span class="md-ellipsis">
+    React Router
+  </span>
+  
+
+      </a>
+    </li>
+  
+
+              
+            
+              
+                
+  
+  
+  
+  
+    <li class="md-nav__item">
+      <a href="react-tests.html" class="md-nav__link">
+        
+  
+  <span class="md-ellipsis">
+    React Tests
+  </span>
+  
+
+      </a>
+    </li>
+  
+
+              
+            
+              
+                
+  
+  
+  
+  
+    <li class="md-nav__item">
+      <a href="redux.html" class="md-nav__link">
+        
+  
+  <span class="md-ellipsis">
+    Redux
+  </span>
+  
+
+      </a>
+    </li>
+  
+
+              
+            
+              
+                
+  
+  
+    
+  
+  
+  
+    <li class="md-nav__item md-nav__item--active">
+      
+      <input class="md-nav__toggle md-toggle" type="checkbox" id="__toc">
+      
+      
+        
+      
+      
+        <label class="md-nav__link md-nav__link--active" for="__toc">
+          
+  
+  <span class="md-ellipsis">
+    Redux Tests
+  </span>
+  
+
+          <span class="md-nav__icon md-icon"></span>
+        </label>
+      
+      <a href="redux-tests.html" class="md-nav__link md-nav__link--active">
+        
+  
+  <span class="md-ellipsis">
+    Redux Tests
+  </span>
+  
+
+      </a>
+      
+        
+
+<nav class="md-nav md-nav--secondary" aria-label="Table of contents">
+  
+  
+  
+    
+  
+  
+    <label class="md-nav__title" for="__toc">
+      <span class="md-nav__icon md-icon"></span>
+      Table of contents
+    </label>
+    <ul class="md-nav__list" data-md-component="toc" data-md-scrollfix>
+      
+        <li class="md-nav__item">
+  <a href="#tests-for-connected-components" class="md-nav__link">
+    <span class="md-ellipsis">
+      Tests for Connected Components
+    </span>
+  </a>
+  
+</li>
+      
+        <li class="md-nav__item">
+  <a href="#tests-for-action-creators" class="md-nav__link">
+    <span class="md-ellipsis">
+      Tests for Action Creators
+    </span>
+  </a>
+  
+</li>
+      
+        <li class="md-nav__item">
+  <a href="#tests-for-reducers" class="md-nav__link">
+    <span class="md-ellipsis">
+      Tests for Reducers
+    </span>
+  </a>
+  
+</li>
+      
+        <li class="md-nav__item">
+  <a href="#tests-for-the-store" class="md-nav__link">
+    <span class="md-ellipsis">
+      Tests for the Store
+    </span>
+  </a>
+  
+</li>
+      
+        <li class="md-nav__item">
+  <a href="#tests-for-thunks" class="md-nav__link">
+    <span class="md-ellipsis">
+      Tests for Thunks
+    </span>
+  </a>
+  
+</li>
+      
+    </ul>
+  
+</nav>
+      
+    </li>
+  
+
+              
+            
+          </ul>
+        </nav>
+      
+    </li>
+  
+
+              
+            
+              
+                
+  
+  
+  
+  
+    <li class="md-nav__item">
+      <a href="../svelte/svelte.html" class="md-nav__link">
+        
+  
+  <span class="md-ellipsis">
+    Svelte
+  </span>
+  
+
+      </a>
+    </li>
+  
+
+              
+            
+          </ul>
+        </nav>
+      
+    </li>
+  
+
+              
+            
+              
+                
+  
+  
+  
+  
+    
+    
+      
+        
+      
+        
+      
+    
+    
+      
+      
+        
+          
+          
+        
+      
+    
+    
+    <li class="md-nav__item md-nav__item--section md-nav__item--nested">
+      
+        
+        
+        <input class="md-nav__toggle md-toggle " type="checkbox" id="__nav_4_14" >
+        
+          
+          <label class="md-nav__link" for="__nav_4_14" id="__nav_4_14_label" tabindex="">
+            
+  
+  <span class="md-ellipsis">
+    PowerShell
+  </span>
+  
+
+            <span class="md-nav__icon md-icon"></span>
+          </label>
+        
+        <nav class="md-nav" data-md-level="2" aria-labelledby="__nav_4_14_label" aria-expanded="false">
+          <label class="md-nav__title" for="__nav_4_14">
+            <span class="md-nav__icon md-icon"></span>
+            PowerShell
+          </label>
+          <ul class="md-nav__list" data-md-scrollfix>
+            
+              
+                
+  
+  
+  
+  
+    <li class="md-nav__item">
+      <a href="../../powershell/scripting.html" class="md-nav__link">
+        
+  
+  <span class="md-ellipsis">
+    Scripting
+  </span>
+  
+
+      </a>
+    </li>
+  
+
+              
+            
+              
+                
+  
+  
+  
+  
+    <li class="md-nav__item">
+      <a href="../../powershell/commands.html" class="md-nav__link">
+        
+  
+  <span class="md-ellipsis">
+    Commands
+  </span>
+  
+
+      </a>
+    </li>
+  
+
+              
+            
+          </ul>
+        </nav>
+      
+    </li>
+  
+
+              
+            
+              
+                
+  
+  
+  
+  
+    
+    
+      
+        
+      
+        
+      
+    
+    
+      
+      
+        
+          
+          
+        
+      
+    
+    
+    <li class="md-nav__item md-nav__item--section md-nav__item--nested">
+      
+        
+        
+        <input class="md-nav__toggle md-toggle " type="checkbox" id="__nav_4_15" >
+        
+          
+          <label class="md-nav__link" for="__nav_4_15" id="__nav_4_15_label" tabindex="">
+            
+  
+  <span class="md-ellipsis">
+    Bash
+  </span>
+  
+
+            <span class="md-nav__icon md-icon"></span>
+          </label>
+        
+        <nav class="md-nav" data-md-level="2" aria-labelledby="__nav_4_15_label" aria-expanded="false">
+          <label class="md-nav__title" for="__nav_4_15">
+            <span class="md-nav__icon md-icon"></span>
+            Bash
+          </label>
+          <ul class="md-nav__list" data-md-scrollfix>
+            
+              
+                
+  
+  
+  
+  
+    <li class="md-nav__item">
+      <a href="../../bash/scripting.html" class="md-nav__link">
+        
+  
+  <span class="md-ellipsis">
+    Scripting
+  </span>
+  
+
+      </a>
+    </li>
+  
+
+              
+            
+              
+                
+  
+  
+  
+  
+    <li class="md-nav__item">
+      <a href="../../bash/commands.html" class="md-nav__link">
+        
+  
+  <span class="md-ellipsis">
+    Commands
+  </span>
+  
+
+      </a>
+    </li>
+  
+
+              
+            
+          </ul>
+        </nav>
+      
+    </li>
+  
+
+              
+            
+          </ul>
+        </nav>
+      
+    </li>
+  
+
+    
+      
+      
+  
+  
+  
+  
+    
+    
+      
+        
+      
+        
+      
+        
+      
+        
+      
+        
+      
+    
+    
+      
+      
+        
+      
+    
+    
+    <li class="md-nav__item md-nav__item--nested">
+      
+        
+        
+        <input class="md-nav__toggle md-toggle " type="checkbox" id="__nav_5" >
+        
+          
+          <label class="md-nav__link" for="__nav_5" id="__nav_5_label" tabindex="0">
+            
+  
+  <span class="md-ellipsis">
+    Misc
+  </span>
+  
+
+            <span class="md-nav__icon md-icon"></span>
+          </label>
+        
+        <nav class="md-nav" data-md-level="1" aria-labelledby="__nav_5_label" aria-expanded="false">
+          <label class="md-nav__title" for="__nav_5">
+            <span class="md-nav__icon md-icon"></span>
+            Misc
+          </label>
+          <ul class="md-nav__list" data-md-scrollfix>
+            
+              
+                
+  
+  
+  
+  
+    <li class="md-nav__item">
+      <a href="../../../misc/git.html" class="md-nav__link">
+        
+  
+  <span class="md-ellipsis">
+    Git
+  </span>
+  
+
+      </a>
+    </li>
+  
+
+              
+            
+              
+                
+  
+  
+  
+  
+    <li class="md-nav__item">
+      <a href="../../../misc/graph-ql.html" class="md-nav__link">
+        
+  
+  <span class="md-ellipsis">
+    GraphQL
+  </span>
+  
+
+      </a>
+    </li>
+  
+
+              
+            
+              
+                
+  
+  
+  
+  
+    <li class="md-nav__item">
+      <a href="../../../misc/regular-expressions.html" class="md-nav__link">
+        
+  
+  <span class="md-ellipsis">
+    RegEx
+  </span>
+  
+
+      </a>
+    </li>
+  
+
+              
+            
+              
+                
+  
+  
+  
+  
+    <li class="md-nav__item">
+      <a href="../../../misc/ssh.html" class="md-nav__link">
+        
+  
+  <span class="md-ellipsis">
+    SSH
+  </span>
+  
+
+      </a>
+    </li>
+  
+
+              
+            
+              
+                
+  
+  
+  
+  
+    <li class="md-nav__item">
+      <a href="../../../misc/web-components.html" class="md-nav__link">
+        
+  
+  <span class="md-ellipsis">
+    WebComponents
+  </span>
+  
+
+      </a>
+    </li>
+  
+
+              
+            
+          </ul>
+        </nav>
+      
+    </li>
+  
+
+    
+      
+      
+  
+  
+  
+  
+    
+    
+      
+        
+      
+        
+      
+    
+    
+      
+      
+        
+      
+    
+    
+    <li class="md-nav__item md-nav__item--nested">
+      
+        
+        
+        <input class="md-nav__toggle md-toggle " type="checkbox" id="__nav_6" >
+        
+          
+          <label class="md-nav__link" for="__nav_6" id="__nav_6_label" tabindex="0">
+            
+  
+  <span class="md-ellipsis">
+    Linux
+  </span>
+  
+
+            <span class="md-nav__icon md-icon"></span>
+          </label>
+        
+        <nav class="md-nav" data-md-level="1" aria-labelledby="__nav_6_label" aria-expanded="false">
+          <label class="md-nav__title" for="__nav_6">
+            <span class="md-nav__icon md-icon"></span>
+            Linux
+          </label>
+          <ul class="md-nav__list" data-md-scrollfix>
+            
+              
+                
+  
+  
+  
+  
+    
+    
+      
+        
+      
+        
+      
+        
+      
+    
+    
+      
+      
+        
+      
+    
+    
+    <li class="md-nav__item md-nav__item--nested">
+      
+        
+        
+        <input class="md-nav__toggle md-toggle " type="checkbox" id="__nav_6_1" >
+        
+          
+          <label class="md-nav__link" for="__nav_6_1" id="__nav_6_1_label" tabindex="0">
+            
+  
+  <span class="md-ellipsis">
+    Filesystem
+  </span>
+  
+
+            <span class="md-nav__icon md-icon"></span>
+          </label>
+        
+        <nav class="md-nav" data-md-level="2" aria-labelledby="__nav_6_1_label" aria-expanded="false">
+          <label class="md-nav__title" for="__nav_6_1">
+            <span class="md-nav__icon md-icon"></span>
+            Filesystem
+          </label>
+          <ul class="md-nav__list" data-md-scrollfix>
+            
+              
+                
+  
+  
+  
+  
+    <li class="md-nav__item">
+      <a href="../../../linux/filesystem/file-links.html" class="md-nav__link">
+        
+  
+  <span class="md-ellipsis">
+    File Links
+  </span>
+  
+
+      </a>
+    </li>
+  
+
+              
+            
+              
+                
+  
+  
+  
+  
+    <li class="md-nav__item">
+      <a href="../../../linux/filesystem/procfs.html" class="md-nav__link">
+        
+  
+  <span class="md-ellipsis">
+    /proc
+  </span>
+  
+
+      </a>
+    </li>
+  
+
+              
+            
+              
+                
+  
+  
+  
+  
+    <li class="md-nav__item">
+      <a href="../../../linux/filesystem/sysfs.html" class="md-nav__link">
+        
+  
+  <span class="md-ellipsis">
+    /sys
+  </span>
+  
+
+      </a>
+    </li>
+  
+
+              
+            
+          </ul>
+        </nav>
+      
+    </li>
+  
+
+              
+            
+              
+                
+  
+  
+  
+  
+    
+    
+      
+        
+      
+        
+      
+    
+    
+      
+      
+        
+      
+    
+    
+    <li class="md-nav__item md-nav__item--nested">
+      
+        
+        
+        <input class="md-nav__toggle md-toggle " type="checkbox" id="__nav_6_2" >
+        
+          
+          <label class="md-nav__link" for="__nav_6_2" id="__nav_6_2_label" tabindex="0">
+            
+  
+  <span class="md-ellipsis">
+    System Init
+  </span>
+  
+
+            <span class="md-nav__icon md-icon"></span>
+          </label>
+        
+        <nav class="md-nav" data-md-level="2" aria-labelledby="__nav_6_2_label" aria-expanded="false">
+          <label class="md-nav__title" for="__nav_6_2">
+            <span class="md-nav__icon md-icon"></span>
+            System Init
+          </label>
+          <ul class="md-nav__list" data-md-scrollfix>
+            
+              
+                
+  
+  
+  
+  
+    <li class="md-nav__item">
+      <a href="../../../linux/init/systemd.html" class="md-nav__link">
+        
+  
+  <span class="md-ellipsis">
+    Systemd
+  </span>
+  
+
+      </a>
+    </li>
+  
+
+              
+            
+              
+                
+  
+  
+  
+  
+    <li class="md-nav__item">
+      <a href="../../../linux/init/open-rc.html" class="md-nav__link">
+        
+  
+  <span class="md-ellipsis">
+    OpenRC
+  </span>
+  
+
+      </a>
+    </li>
+  
+
+              
+            
+          </ul>
+        </nav>
+      
+    </li>
+  
+
+              
+            
+          </ul>
+        </nav>
+      
+    </li>
+  
+
+    
+  </ul>
+</nav>
+                  </div>
+                </div>
+              </div>
+            
+            
+              
+              <div class="md-sidebar md-sidebar--secondary" data-md-component="sidebar" data-md-type="toc" >
+                <div class="md-sidebar__scrollwrap">
+                  <div class="md-sidebar__inner">
+                    
+
+<nav class="md-nav md-nav--secondary" aria-label="Table of contents">
+  
+  
+  
+    
+  
+  
+    <label class="md-nav__title" for="__toc">
+      <span class="md-nav__icon md-icon"></span>
+      Table of contents
+    </label>
+    <ul class="md-nav__list" data-md-component="toc" data-md-scrollfix>
+      
+        <li class="md-nav__item">
+  <a href="#tests-for-connected-components" class="md-nav__link">
+    <span class="md-ellipsis">
+      Tests for Connected Components
+    </span>
+  </a>
+  
+</li>
+      
+        <li class="md-nav__item">
+  <a href="#tests-for-action-creators" class="md-nav__link">
+    <span class="md-ellipsis">
+      Tests for Action Creators
+    </span>
+  </a>
+  
+</li>
+      
+        <li class="md-nav__item">
+  <a href="#tests-for-reducers" class="md-nav__link">
+    <span class="md-ellipsis">
+      Tests for Reducers
+    </span>
+  </a>
+  
+</li>
+      
+        <li class="md-nav__item">
+  <a href="#tests-for-the-store" class="md-nav__link">
+    <span class="md-ellipsis">
+      Tests for the Store
+    </span>
+  </a>
+  
+</li>
+      
+        <li class="md-nav__item">
+  <a href="#tests-for-thunks" class="md-nav__link">
+    <span class="md-ellipsis">
+      Tests for Thunks
+    </span>
+  </a>
+  
+</li>
+      
+    </ul>
+  
+</nav>
+                  </div>
+                </div>
+              </div>
+            
+          
+          
+            <div class="md-content" data-md-component="content">
+              <article class="md-content__inner md-typeset">
+                
+                  
+
+  
+  
+
+
+<h1 id="redux-testing">Redux Testing</h1>
+<h2 id="tests-for-connected-components">Tests for Connected Components</h2>
+<p>Connected components are wrapped in a call to <code>connect</code>. Way of solving the problem:</p>
+<ul>
+<li>Wrap component with <code>&lt;Provider&gt;</code>. Added benefit: new store dedicated to tests.</li>
+<li>Add named export for unconnected component.</li>
+</ul>
+<p>In <code>Component.js</code>:</p>
+<div class="highlight"><table class="highlighttable"><tr><th colspan="2" class="filename"><span class="filename">JavaScript</span></th></tr><tr><td class="linenos"><div class="linenodiv"><pre><span></span><span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-0-1">1</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-0-2">2</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-0-3">3</a></span></pre></div></td><td class="code"><div><pre><span></span><code><a id="__codelineno-0-1" name="__codelineno-0-1"></a><span class="k">export</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="kd">function</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="nx">Component</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="nx">props</span><span class="p">)</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="p">{</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="cm">/* ... */</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="p">}</span><span class="w">  </span><span class="c1">// export unconnected component</span>
+<a id="__codelineno-0-2" name="__codelineno-0-2"></a>
+<a id="__codelineno-0-3" name="__codelineno-0-3"></a><span class="k">export</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="k">default</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="nx">connect</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="nx">mapStateToProps</span><span class="p">,</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="nx">mapDispatchToProps</span><span class="p">)(</span><span class="nx">Component</span><span class="p">)</span><span class="w">  </span><span class="c1">// default export of connected component</span>
+</code></pre></div></td></tr></table></div>
+<p>In <code>Component.test.js</code>:</p>
+<div class="highlight"><table class="highlighttable"><tr><th colspan="2" class="filename"><span class="filename">JavaScript</span></th></tr><tr><td class="linenos"><div class="linenodiv"><pre><span></span><span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-1-1"> 1</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-1-2"> 2</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-1-3"> 3</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-1-4"> 4</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-1-5"> 5</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-1-6"> 6</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-1-7"> 7</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-1-8"> 8</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-1-9"> 9</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-1-10">10</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-1-11">11</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-1-12">12</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-1-13">13</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-1-14">14</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-1-15">15</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-1-16">16</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-1-17">17</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-1-18">18</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-1-19">19</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-1-20">20</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-1-21">21</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-1-22">22</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-1-23">23</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-1-24">24</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-1-25">25</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-1-26">26</a></span></pre></div></td><td class="code"><div><pre><span></span><code><a id="__codelineno-1-1" name="__codelineno-1-1"></a><span class="k">import</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="nx">React</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="kr">from</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="s2">&quot;react&quot;</span><span class="p">;</span>
+<a id="__codelineno-1-2" name="__codelineno-1-2"></a><span class="c1">// import enzyme or react testing library</span>
+<a id="__codelineno-1-3" name="__codelineno-1-3"></a>
+<a id="__codelineno-1-4" name="__codelineno-1-4"></a><span class="c1">// import mock data</span>
+<a id="__codelineno-1-5" name="__codelineno-1-5"></a><span class="k">import</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="p">{</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="nx">Component</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="p">}</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="kr">from</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="s2">&quot;path/to/Component&quot;</span><span class="p">;</span><span class="w">  </span><span class="c1">// import unconnected component</span>
+<a id="__codelineno-1-6" name="__codelineno-1-6"></a>
+<a id="__codelineno-1-7" name="__codelineno-1-7"></a><span class="c1">// factory to setup test easily</span>
+<a id="__codelineno-1-8" name="__codelineno-1-8"></a><span class="kd">function</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="nx">testHelper</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="nx">args</span><span class="p">)</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="p">{</span>
+<a id="__codelineno-1-9" name="__codelineno-1-9"></a><span class="w">    </span><span class="kd">const</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="nx">defaultProps</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="o">=</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="p">{</span><span class="w"> </span>
+<a id="__codelineno-1-10" name="__codelineno-1-10"></a><span class="w">        </span><span class="cm">/* default value for props in each test and required props */</span><span class="p">,</span>
+<a id="__codelineno-1-11" name="__codelineno-1-11"></a><span class="w">        </span><span class="nx">history</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="o">=</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="p">{}</span><span class="w">  </span><span class="c1">// normally injected by react-router, could also import the router</span>
+<a id="__codelineno-1-12" name="__codelineno-1-12"></a><span class="w">    </span><span class="p">};</span>
+<a id="__codelineno-1-13" name="__codelineno-1-13"></a>
+<a id="__codelineno-1-14" name="__codelineno-1-14"></a><span class="w">    </span><span class="kd">const</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="nx">props</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="o">=</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="p">{</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="p">...</span><span class="nx">defaultProps</span><span class="p">,</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="p">...</span><span class="nx">args</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="p">};</span>
+<a id="__codelineno-1-15" name="__codelineno-1-15"></a><span class="w">    </span><span class="k">return</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="nx">mount</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="o">&lt;</span><span class="nx">Component</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="p">{...</span><span class="nx">props</span><span class="p">}</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="o">/&gt;</span><span class="p">);</span><span class="w">  </span><span class="c1">// or render if using react testing library</span>
+<a id="__codelineno-1-16" name="__codelineno-1-16"></a><span class="p">}</span>
+<a id="__codelineno-1-17" name="__codelineno-1-17"></a>
+<a id="__codelineno-1-18" name="__codelineno-1-18"></a><span class="nx">it</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="s2">&quot;test description&quot;</span><span class="p">,</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="p">()</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="p">=&gt;</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="p">{</span>
+<a id="__codelineno-1-19" name="__codelineno-1-19"></a><span class="w">    </span><span class="kd">const</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="nx">dom</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="o">=</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="nx">testHelper</span><span class="p">();</span>
+<a id="__codelineno-1-20" name="__codelineno-1-20"></a>
+<a id="__codelineno-1-21" name="__codelineno-1-21"></a><span class="w">    </span><span class="c1">// simulate page iteration</span>
+<a id="__codelineno-1-22" name="__codelineno-1-22"></a><span class="w">    </span><span class="nx">dom</span><span class="p">.</span><span class="nx">find</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="s2">&quot;selector&quot;</span><span class="p">).</span><span class="nx">simulate</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="s2">&quot;&lt;event&gt;&quot;</span><span class="p">);</span>
+<a id="__codelineno-1-23" name="__codelineno-1-23"></a>
+<a id="__codelineno-1-24" name="__codelineno-1-24"></a><span class="w">    </span><span class="c1">// find changed component</span>
+<a id="__codelineno-1-25" name="__codelineno-1-25"></a><span class="w">    </span><span class="c1">// test expected behaviour of component</span>
+<a id="__codelineno-1-26" name="__codelineno-1-26"></a><span class="p">});</span>
+</code></pre></div></td></tr></table></div>
+<h2 id="tests-for-action-creators">Tests for Action Creators</h2>
+<div class="highlight"><table class="highlighttable"><tr><th colspan="2" class="filename"><span class="filename">JavaScript</span></th></tr><tr><td class="linenos"><div class="linenodiv"><pre><span></span><span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-2-1"> 1</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-2-2"> 2</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-2-3"> 3</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-2-4"> 4</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-2-5"> 5</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-2-6"> 6</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-2-7"> 7</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-2-8"> 8</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-2-9"> 9</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-2-10">10</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-2-11">11</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-2-12">12</a></span></pre></div></td><td class="code"><div><pre><span></span><code><a id="__codelineno-2-1" name="__codelineno-2-1"></a><span class="k">import</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="o">*</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="kr">as</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="nx">actions</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="kr">from</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="s2">&quot;path/to/actionCreators&quot;</span><span class="p">;</span>
+<a id="__codelineno-2-2" name="__codelineno-2-2"></a><span class="c1">// import eventual action types constants</span>
+<a id="__codelineno-2-3" name="__codelineno-2-3"></a><span class="c1">// import mock data</span>
+<a id="__codelineno-2-4" name="__codelineno-2-4"></a>
+<a id="__codelineno-2-5" name="__codelineno-2-5"></a><span class="nx">it</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="s2">&quot;test description&quot;</span><span class="p">,</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="p">()</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="p">=&gt;</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="p">{</span>
+<a id="__codelineno-2-6" name="__codelineno-2-6"></a><span class="w">    </span><span class="kd">const</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="nx">data</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="o">=</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="cm">/* mock data */</span>
+<a id="__codelineno-2-7" name="__codelineno-2-7"></a><span class="w">    </span><span class="kd">const</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="nx">expectedAction</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="o">=</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="p">{</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="nx">type</span><span class="o">:</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="nx">TYPE</span><span class="p">,</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="cm">/* ... */</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="p">};</span>
+<a id="__codelineno-2-8" name="__codelineno-2-8"></a>
+<a id="__codelineno-2-9" name="__codelineno-2-9"></a><span class="w">    </span><span class="kd">const</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="nx">actualAction</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="o">=</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="nx">actions</span><span class="p">.</span><span class="nx">actionCreator</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="nx">data</span><span class="p">);</span>
+<a id="__codelineno-2-10" name="__codelineno-2-10"></a>
+<a id="__codelineno-2-11" name="__codelineno-2-11"></a><span class="w">    </span><span class="nx">expect</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="nx">actualAction</span><span class="p">).</span><span class="nx">toEqual</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="nx">expectedAction</span><span class="p">);</span>
+<a id="__codelineno-2-12" name="__codelineno-2-12"></a><span class="p">});</span>
+</code></pre></div></td></tr></table></div>
+<h2 id="tests-for-reducers">Tests for Reducers</h2>
+<div class="highlight"><table class="highlighttable"><tr><th colspan="2" class="filename"><span class="filename">JavaScript</span></th></tr><tr><td class="linenos"><div class="linenodiv"><pre><span></span><span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-3-1"> 1</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-3-2"> 2</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-3-3"> 3</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-3-4"> 4</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-3-5"> 5</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-3-6"> 6</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-3-7"> 7</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-3-8"> 8</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-3-9"> 9</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-3-10">10</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-3-11">11</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-3-12">12</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-3-13">13</a></span></pre></div></td><td class="code"><div><pre><span></span><code><a id="__codelineno-3-1" name="__codelineno-3-1"></a><span class="k">import</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="nx">reducer</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="kr">from</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="s2">&quot;path/to/reducer&quot;</span><span class="p">;</span>
+<a id="__codelineno-3-2" name="__codelineno-3-2"></a><span class="k">import</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="o">*</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="kr">as</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="nx">actions</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="kr">from</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="s2">&quot;path/to/actionCreators&quot;</span><span class="p">;</span>
+<a id="__codelineno-3-3" name="__codelineno-3-3"></a>
+<a id="__codelineno-3-4" name="__codelineno-3-4"></a><span class="nx">it</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="s2">&quot;test description&quot;</span><span class="p">,</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="p">()</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="p">=&gt;</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="p">{</span>
+<a id="__codelineno-3-5" name="__codelineno-3-5"></a><span class="w">    </span><span class="kd">const</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="nx">initialState</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="o">=</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="cm">/* state before the action */</span><span class="p">;</span>
+<a id="__codelineno-3-6" name="__codelineno-3-6"></a><span class="w">    </span><span class="kd">const</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="nx">finalState</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="o">=</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="cm">/* expected state after the action */</span>
+<a id="__codelineno-3-7" name="__codelineno-3-7"></a><span class="w">    </span><span class="kd">const</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="nx">data</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="o">=</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="cm">/* data passed to the action creator */</span><span class="p">;</span>
+<a id="__codelineno-3-8" name="__codelineno-3-8"></a>
+<a id="__codelineno-3-9" name="__codelineno-3-9"></a><span class="w">    </span><span class="kd">const</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="nx">action</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="o">=</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="nx">actions</span><span class="p">.</span><span class="nx">actionCreator</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="nx">data</span><span class="p">);</span>
+<a id="__codelineno-3-10" name="__codelineno-3-10"></a><span class="w">    </span><span class="kd">const</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="nx">newState</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="o">=</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="nx">reducer</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="nx">initialState</span><span class="p">,</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="nx">action</span><span class="p">);</span>
+<a id="__codelineno-3-11" name="__codelineno-3-11"></a>
+<a id="__codelineno-3-12" name="__codelineno-3-12"></a><span class="w">    </span><span class="nx">expect</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="nx">newState</span><span class="p">).</span><span class="nx">toEqual</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="nx">finalState</span><span class="p">);</span>
+<a id="__codelineno-3-13" name="__codelineno-3-13"></a><span class="p">});</span>
+</code></pre></div></td></tr></table></div>
+<h2 id="tests-for-the-store">Tests for the Store</h2>
+<div class="highlight"><table class="highlighttable"><tr><th colspan="2" class="filename"><span class="filename">JavaScript</span></th></tr><tr><td class="linenos"><div class="linenodiv"><pre><span></span><span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-4-1"> 1</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-4-2"> 2</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-4-3"> 3</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-4-4"> 4</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-4-5"> 5</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-4-6"> 6</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-4-7"> 7</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-4-8"> 8</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-4-9"> 9</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-4-10">10</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-4-11">11</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-4-12">12</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-4-13">13</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-4-14">14</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-4-15">15</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-4-16">16</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-4-17">17</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-4-18">18</a></span></pre></div></td><td class="code"><div><pre><span></span><code><a id="__codelineno-4-1" name="__codelineno-4-1"></a><span class="k">import</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="p">{</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="nx">createStore</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="p">}</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="kr">from</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="s2">&quot;redux&quot;</span><span class="p">;</span>
+<a id="__codelineno-4-2" name="__codelineno-4-2"></a>
+<a id="__codelineno-4-3" name="__codelineno-4-3"></a><span class="k">import</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="nx">rootReducer</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="kr">from</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="s2">&quot;path/to/rootReducer&quot;</span><span class="p">;</span>
+<a id="__codelineno-4-4" name="__codelineno-4-4"></a><span class="k">import</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="nx">initialState</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="kr">from</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="s2">&quot;path/to/initialState&quot;</span><span class="p">;</span>
+<a id="__codelineno-4-5" name="__codelineno-4-5"></a><span class="k">import</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="o">*</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="kr">as</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="nx">actions</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="kr">from</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="s2">&quot;path/to/actionCreators&quot;</span><span class="p">;</span>
+<a id="__codelineno-4-6" name="__codelineno-4-6"></a>
+<a id="__codelineno-4-7" name="__codelineno-4-7"></a><span class="nx">it</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="s2">&quot;test description&quot;</span><span class="p">,</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="p">()</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="p">=&gt;</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="p">{</span>
+<a id="__codelineno-4-8" name="__codelineno-4-8"></a><span class="w">    </span><span class="kd">const</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="nx">store</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="o">=</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="nx">createStore</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="nx">storeReducer</span><span class="p">,</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="nx">initialState</span><span class="p">);</span>
+<a id="__codelineno-4-9" name="__codelineno-4-9"></a>
+<a id="__codelineno-4-10" name="__codelineno-4-10"></a><span class="w">    </span><span class="kd">const</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="nx">expectedState</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="o">=</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="cm">/* state after the update */</span>
+<a id="__codelineno-4-11" name="__codelineno-4-11"></a>
+<a id="__codelineno-4-12" name="__codelineno-4-12"></a><span class="w">    </span><span class="kd">const</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="nx">data</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="o">=</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="cm">/* action creator input */</span><span class="p">;</span>
+<a id="__codelineno-4-13" name="__codelineno-4-13"></a><span class="w">    </span><span class="kd">const</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="nx">action</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="o">=</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="nx">actions</span><span class="p">.</span><span class="nx">actionCreator</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="nx">data</span><span class="p">);</span>
+<a id="__codelineno-4-14" name="__codelineno-4-14"></a><span class="w">    </span><span class="nx">store</span><span class="p">.</span><span class="nx">dispatch</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="nx">action</span><span class="p">);</span>
+<a id="__codelineno-4-15" name="__codelineno-4-15"></a>
+<a id="__codelineno-4-16" name="__codelineno-4-16"></a><span class="w">    </span><span class="kd">const</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="nx">state</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="o">=</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="nx">store</span><span class="p">.</span><span class="nx">getState</span><span class="p">();</span>
+<a id="__codelineno-4-17" name="__codelineno-4-17"></a><span class="w">    </span><span class="nx">expect</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="nx">state</span><span class="p">).</span><span class="nx">toEqual</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="nx">expectedState</span><span class="p">);</span>
+<a id="__codelineno-4-18" name="__codelineno-4-18"></a><span class="p">});</span>
+</code></pre></div></td></tr></table></div>
+<h2 id="tests-for-thunks">Tests for Thunks</h2>
+<p>Thunk testing requires the mocking of:</p>
+<ul>
+<li>store (using <code>redux-mock-store</code>)</li>
+<li>HTTP calls (using <code>fetch-mock</code>)</li>
+</ul>
+<div class="highlight"><table class="highlighttable"><tr><th colspan="2" class="filename"><span class="filename">JavaScript</span></th></tr><tr><td class="linenos"><div class="linenodiv"><pre><span></span><span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-5-1"> 1</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-5-2"> 2</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-5-3"> 3</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-5-4"> 4</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-5-5"> 5</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-5-6"> 6</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-5-7"> 7</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-5-8"> 8</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-5-9"> 9</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-5-10">10</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-5-11">11</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-5-12">12</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-5-13">13</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-5-14">14</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-5-15">15</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-5-16">16</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-5-17">17</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-5-18">18</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-5-19">19</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-5-20">20</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-5-21">21</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-5-22">22</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-5-23">23</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-5-24">24</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-5-25">25</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-5-26">26</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-5-27">27</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-5-28">28</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-5-29">29</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-5-30">30</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-5-31">31</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-5-32">32</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-5-33">33</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-5-34">34</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-5-35">35</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-5-36">36</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-5-37">37</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-5-38">38</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-5-39">39</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-5-40">40</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-5-41">41</a></span></pre></div></td><td class="code"><div><pre><span></span><code><a id="__codelineno-5-1" name="__codelineno-5-1"></a><span class="k">import</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="nx">thunk</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="kr">from</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="s2">&quot;redux-thunk&quot;</span><span class="p">;</span>
+<a id="__codelineno-5-2" name="__codelineno-5-2"></a><span class="k">import</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="nx">fetchMock</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="kr">from</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="s2">&quot;fetch-mock&quot;</span><span class="p">;</span>
+<a id="__codelineno-5-3" name="__codelineno-5-3"></a><span class="k">import</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="nx">configureMockStore</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="kr">from</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="s2">&quot;redux-mock-store&quot;</span><span class="p">;</span>
+<a id="__codelineno-5-4" name="__codelineno-5-4"></a>
+<a id="__codelineno-5-5" name="__codelineno-5-5"></a><span class="c1">// needed for testing async thunks</span>
+<a id="__codelineno-5-6" name="__codelineno-5-6"></a><span class="kd">const</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="nx">middleware</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="o">=</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="p">[</span><span class="nx">thunk</span><span class="p">];</span><span class="w">  </span><span class="c1">// mock middlewares</span>
+<a id="__codelineno-5-7" name="__codelineno-5-7"></a><span class="kd">const</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="nx">mockStore</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="o">=</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="nx">configureMockStore</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="nx">middleware</span><span class="p">);</span><span class="w">  </span><span class="c1">// mock the store</span>
+<a id="__codelineno-5-8" name="__codelineno-5-8"></a>
+<a id="__codelineno-5-9" name="__codelineno-5-9"></a><span class="k">import</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="o">*</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="kr">as</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="nx">actions</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="kr">from</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="s2">&quot;path/to/actionCreators&quot;</span><span class="p">;</span>
+<a id="__codelineno-5-10" name="__codelineno-5-10"></a><span class="c1">// import eventual action types constants</span>
+<a id="__codelineno-5-11" name="__codelineno-5-11"></a><span class="c1">// import mock data</span>
+<a id="__codelineno-5-12" name="__codelineno-5-12"></a>
+<a id="__codelineno-5-13" name="__codelineno-5-13"></a><span class="nx">describe</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="s2">&quot;Async Actions&quot;</span><span class="p">,</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="p">()</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="p">=&gt;</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="p">{</span>
+<a id="__codelineno-5-14" name="__codelineno-5-14"></a><span class="w">    </span><span class="nx">afterEach</span><span class="p">(()</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="p">=&gt;</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="p">{</span>
+<a id="__codelineno-5-15" name="__codelineno-5-15"></a><span class="w">        </span><span class="nx">fetchMock</span><span class="p">.</span><span class="nx">restore</span><span class="p">();</span><span class="w">  </span><span class="c1">// init fetch mock for each test</span>
+<a id="__codelineno-5-16" name="__codelineno-5-16"></a><span class="w">    </span><span class="p">});</span>
+<a id="__codelineno-5-17" name="__codelineno-5-17"></a>
+<a id="__codelineno-5-18" name="__codelineno-5-18"></a><span class="w">    </span><span class="nx">it</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="s2">&quot;test description&quot;</span><span class="p">,</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="p">()</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="p">=&gt;</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="p">{</span>
+<a id="__codelineno-5-19" name="__codelineno-5-19"></a><span class="w">        </span><span class="c1">// mimic API call</span>
+<a id="__codelineno-5-20" name="__codelineno-5-20"></a><span class="w">        </span><span class="nx">fetchMock</span><span class="p">.</span><span class="nx">mock</span><span class="p">(</span>
+<a id="__codelineno-5-21" name="__codelineno-5-21"></a><span class="w">            </span><span class="s2">&quot;*&quot;</span><span class="p">,</span><span class="w">  </span><span class="c1">// capture any fetch call</span>
+<a id="__codelineno-5-22" name="__codelineno-5-22"></a><span class="w">            </span><span class="p">{</span>
+<a id="__codelineno-5-23" name="__codelineno-5-23"></a><span class="w">                </span><span class="nx">body</span><span class="o">:</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="cm">/* body contents */</span><span class="p">,</span>
+<a id="__codelineno-5-24" name="__codelineno-5-24"></a><span class="w">                </span><span class="nx">headers</span><span class="o">:</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="p">{</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="s2">&quot;content-type&quot;</span><span class="o">:</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="s2">&quot;application/json&quot;</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="p">}</span>
+<a id="__codelineno-5-25" name="__codelineno-5-25"></a><span class="w">            </span><span class="p">}</span>
+<a id="__codelineno-5-26" name="__codelineno-5-26"></a><span class="w">        </span><span class="p">);</span>
+<a id="__codelineno-5-27" name="__codelineno-5-27"></a>
+<a id="__codelineno-5-28" name="__codelineno-5-28"></a><span class="w">        </span><span class="c1">// expected action fired from the thunk</span>
+<a id="__codelineno-5-29" name="__codelineno-5-29"></a><span class="w">        </span><span class="kd">const</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="nx">expectedActions</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="o">=</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="p">[</span>
+<a id="__codelineno-5-30" name="__codelineno-5-30"></a><span class="w">            </span><span class="p">{</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="nx">type</span><span class="o">:</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="nx">TYPE</span><span class="p">,</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="cm">/* ... */</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="p">},</span>
+<a id="__codelineno-5-31" name="__codelineno-5-31"></a><span class="w">            </span><span class="p">{</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="nx">type</span><span class="o">:</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="nx">TYPE</span><span class="p">,</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="cm">/* ... */</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="p">}</span>
+<a id="__codelineno-5-32" name="__codelineno-5-32"></a><span class="w">        </span><span class="p">];</span>
+<a id="__codelineno-5-33" name="__codelineno-5-33"></a>
+<a id="__codelineno-5-34" name="__codelineno-5-34"></a><span class="w">        </span><span class="kd">const</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="nx">store</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="o">=</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="nx">mockStore</span><span class="p">({</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="nx">data</span><span class="o">:</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="nx">value</span><span class="p">,</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="p">...</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="p">});</span><span class="w">  </span><span class="c1">// init mock store</span>
+<a id="__codelineno-5-35" name="__codelineno-5-35"></a>
+<a id="__codelineno-5-36" name="__codelineno-5-36"></a><span class="w">        </span><span class="k">return</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="nx">store</span><span class="p">.</span><span class="nx">dispatch</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="nx">actions</span><span class="p">.</span><span class="nx">actionCreator</span><span class="p">())</span><span class="w">  </span><span class="c1">// act</span>
+<a id="__codelineno-5-37" name="__codelineno-5-37"></a><span class="w">            </span><span class="p">.</span><span class="nx">then</span><span class="p">(()</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="p">=&gt;</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="p">{</span>
+<a id="__codelineno-5-38" name="__codelineno-5-38"></a><span class="w">                </span><span class="nx">expect</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="nx">store</span><span class="p">.</span><span class="nx">getActions</span><span class="p">()).</span><span class="nx">toEqual</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="nx">expectedActions</span><span class="p">);</span><span class="w">  </span><span class="c1">// assert</span>
+<a id="__codelineno-5-39" name="__codelineno-5-39"></a><span class="w">            </span><span class="p">});</span>
+<a id="__codelineno-5-40" name="__codelineno-5-40"></a><span class="w">    </span><span class="p">});</span>
+<a id="__codelineno-5-41" name="__codelineno-5-41"></a><span class="p">});</span>
+</code></pre></div></td></tr></table></div>
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+  
+  <span class="md-ellipsis">
+    shutil
+  </span>
+  
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+    </li>
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+
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+            
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+  
+  
+  
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+    <li class="md-nav__item">
+      <a href="../../python/modules/smtplib.html" class="md-nav__link">
+        
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+  <span class="md-ellipsis">
+    smtplib
+  </span>
+  
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+    </li>
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+
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+                
+  
+  
+  
+  
+    <li class="md-nav__item">
+      <a href="../../python/modules/socket.html" class="md-nav__link">
+        
+  
+  <span class="md-ellipsis">
+    socket
+  </span>
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+    </li>
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+  
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+  
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+    <li class="md-nav__item">
+      <a href="../../python/modules/sqlite.html" class="md-nav__link">
+        
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+  <span class="md-ellipsis">
+    sqlite
+  </span>
+  
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+    </li>
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+
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+  
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+  
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+    <li class="md-nav__item">
+      <a href="../../python/modules/time-datetime.html" class="md-nav__link">
+        
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+  <span class="md-ellipsis">
+    time & datetime
+  </span>
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+    <li class="md-nav__item">
+      <a href="../../python/modules/unittest.html" class="md-nav__link">
+        
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+  <span class="md-ellipsis">
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+    </li>
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+          </ul>
+        </nav>
+      
+    </li>
+  
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+  
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+        
+      
+        
+      
+        
+      
+        
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+    <li class="md-nav__item">
+      <a href="../../python/libs/tkinter.html" class="md-nav__link">
+        
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+    TKinter
+  </span>
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+              
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+  
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+  
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+    <li class="md-nav__item">
+      <a href="../../python/libs/numpy.html" class="md-nav__link">
+        
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+  <span class="md-ellipsis">
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+  
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+    <li class="md-nav__item">
+      <a href="../../python/libs/pandas.html" class="md-nav__link">
+        
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+    Pandas
+  </span>
+  
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+
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+  
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+    <li class="md-nav__item">
+      <a href="../../python/libs/seaborn.html" class="md-nav__link">
+        
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+  
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+    </li>
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+
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+  
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+    <li class="md-nav__item">
+      <a href="../../python/libs/requests.html" class="md-nav__link">
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+    <li class="md-nav__item">
+      <a href="../../python/libs/beautiful-soup.html" class="md-nav__link">
+        
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+  <span class="md-ellipsis">
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+  </span>
+  
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+    </li>
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+        </nav>
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+  
+    
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+        
+      
+        
+      
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+      
+    
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+    <li class="md-nav__item">
+      <a href="../../dotnet/csharp/linq.html" class="md-nav__link">
+        
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+    <li class="md-nav__item">
+      <a href="../../dotnet/csharp/collections.html" class="md-nav__link">
+        
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+  <span class="md-ellipsis">
+    Collections
+  </span>
+  
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+  
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+    <li class="md-nav__item">
+      <a href="../../dotnet/csharp/reactive-extensions.html" class="md-nav__link">
+        
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+  <span class="md-ellipsis">
+    Reactive Extensions
+  </span>
+  
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+
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+  
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+    <li class="md-nav__item">
+      <a href="../../dotnet/csharp/async-programming.html" class="md-nav__link">
+        
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+    Async Programming
+  </span>
+  
+
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+    </li>
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+
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+  
+  
+  
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+    <li class="md-nav__item">
+      <a href="../../dotnet/csharp/unit-tests.html" class="md-nav__link">
+        
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+  <span class="md-ellipsis">
+    Unit Tests
+  </span>
+  
+
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+        </nav>
+      
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+        
+      
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+      
+        
+      
+        
+      
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+        
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+  <span class="md-ellipsis">
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+  </span>
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+            <span class="md-nav__icon md-icon"></span>
+            ASP.NET
+          </label>
+          <ul class="md-nav__list" data-md-scrollfix>
+            
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+                
+  
+  
+  
+  
+    <li class="md-nav__item">
+      <a href="../../dotnet/asp.net/minimal-api.html" class="md-nav__link">
+        
+  
+  <span class="md-ellipsis">
+    Minimal API
+  </span>
+  
+
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+    </li>
+  
+
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+            
+              
+                
+  
+  
+  
+  
+    <li class="md-nav__item">
+      <a href="../../dotnet/asp.net/filters.html" class="md-nav__link">
+        
+  
+  <span class="md-ellipsis">
+    FIlters
+  </span>
+  
+
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+    </li>
+  
+
+              
+            
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+                
+  
+  
+  
+  
+    <li class="md-nav__item">
+      <a href="../../dotnet/asp.net/middleware.html" class="md-nav__link">
+        
+  
+  <span class="md-ellipsis">
+    Middleware
+  </span>
+  
+
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+    </li>
+  
+
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+            
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+                
+  
+  
+  
+  
+    <li class="md-nav__item">
+      <a href="../../dotnet/asp.net/razor-syntax.html" class="md-nav__link">
+        
+  
+  <span class="md-ellipsis">
+    Razor Syntax
+  </span>
+  
+
+      </a>
+    </li>
+  
+
+              
+            
+              
+                
+  
+  
+  
+  
+    <li class="md-nav__item">
+      <a href="../../dotnet/asp.net/blazor.html" class="md-nav__link">
+        
+  
+  <span class="md-ellipsis">
+    Blazor
+  </span>
+  
+
+      </a>
+    </li>
+  
+
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+            
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+                
+  
+  
+  
+  
+    <li class="md-nav__item">
+      <a href="../../dotnet/asp.net/signalr.html" class="md-nav__link">
+        
+  
+  <span class="md-ellipsis">
+    SignalR
+  </span>
+  
+
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+    </li>
+  
+
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+            
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+                
+  
+  
+  
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+    <li class="md-nav__item">
+      <a href="../../dotnet/asp.net/web-forms.html" class="md-nav__link">
+        
+  
+  <span class="md-ellipsis">
+    Web Forms
+  </span>
+  
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+        </nav>
+      
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+  
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+  
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+  
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+        
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+      
+        
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+        <input class="md-nav__toggle md-toggle " type="checkbox" id="__nav_4_9_3" >
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+            
+  
+  <span class="md-ellipsis">
+    Database
+  </span>
+  
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+            Database
+          </label>
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+    <li class="md-nav__item">
+      <a href="../../dotnet/database/ado.net.html" class="md-nav__link">
+        
+  
+  <span class="md-ellipsis">
+    ADO.NET
+  </span>
+  
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+
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+    <li class="md-nav__item">
+      <a href="../../dotnet/database/entity-framework.html" class="md-nav__link">
+        
+  
+  <span class="md-ellipsis">
+    Entity Framework
+  </span>
+  
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+    </li>
+  
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+        </nav>
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+        
+      
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+        
+      
+    
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+  </span>
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+    <li class="md-nav__item">
+      <a href="../../java/java.html" class="md-nav__link">
+        
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+  <span class="md-ellipsis">
+    Java
+  </span>
+  
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+    <li class="md-nav__item">
+      <a href="../../java/java-collection-framework.html" class="md-nav__link">
+        
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+  <span class="md-ellipsis">
+    Java Collection Framework
+  </span>
+  
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+
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+      <a href="../../java/dao.html" class="md-nav__link">
+        
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+    DAO
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+  
+  
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+      <a href="../../java/web/servlet.html" class="md-nav__link">
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+    Serverlet
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+            
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+  <span class="md-ellipsis">
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+            <span class="md-nav__icon md-icon"></span>
+            Spring
+          </label>
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+      <a href="../../java/spring/pom.xml.html" class="md-nav__link">
+        
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+  <span class="md-ellipsis">
+    POM
+  </span>
+  
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+      <a href="../../java/spring/spring-project.html" class="md-nav__link">
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+                
+  
+  
+  
+  
+    
+    
+      
+        
+      
+        
+      
+        
+      
+        
+      
+        
+      
+        
+      
+        
+      
+        
+      
+        
+      
+    
+    
+      
+      
+        
+          
+          
+        
+      
+    
+    
+    <li class="md-nav__item md-nav__item--section md-nav__item--nested">
+      
+        
+        
+        <input class="md-nav__toggle md-toggle " type="checkbox" id="__nav_4_11" >
+        
+          
+          <label class="md-nav__link" for="__nav_4_11" id="__nav_4_11_label" tabindex="">
+            
+  
+  <span class="md-ellipsis">
+    PHP
+  </span>
+  
+
+            <span class="md-nav__icon md-icon"></span>
+          </label>
+        
+        <nav class="md-nav" data-md-level="2" aria-labelledby="__nav_4_11_label" aria-expanded="false">
+          <label class="md-nav__title" for="__nav_4_11">
+            <span class="md-nav__icon md-icon"></span>
+            PHP
+          </label>
+          <ul class="md-nav__list" data-md-scrollfix>
+            
+              
+                
+  
+  
+  
+  
+    <li class="md-nav__item">
+      <a href="../../php/php.html" class="md-nav__link">
+        
+  
+  <span class="md-ellipsis">
+    PHP
+  </span>
+  
+
+      </a>
+    </li>
+  
+
+              
+            
+              
+                
+  
+  
+  
+  
+    <li class="md-nav__item">
+      <a href="../../php/database.html" class="md-nav__link">
+        
+  
+  <span class="md-ellipsis">
+    Database
+  </span>
+  
+
+      </a>
+    </li>
+  
+
+              
+            
+              
+                
+  
+  
+  
+  
+    <li class="md-nav__item">
+      <a href="../../php/web.html" class="md-nav__link">
+        
+  
+  <span class="md-ellipsis">
+    Web
+  </span>
+  
+
+      </a>
+    </li>
+  
+
+              
+            
+              
+                
+  
+  
+  
+  
+    <li class="md-nav__item">
+      <a href="../../php/dependency-injection.html" class="md-nav__link">
+        
+  
+  <span class="md-ellipsis">
+    Dependency Injection
+  </span>
+  
+
+      </a>
+    </li>
+  
+
+              
+            
+              
+                
+  
+  
+  
+  
+    <li class="md-nav__item">
+      <a href="../../php/unit-tests.html" class="md-nav__link">
+        
+  
+  <span class="md-ellipsis">
+    Unit Tests
+  </span>
+  
+
+      </a>
+    </li>
+  
+
+              
+            
+              
+                
+  
+  
+  
+  
+    <li class="md-nav__item">
+      <a href="../../php/composer.html" class="md-nav__link">
+        
+  
+  <span class="md-ellipsis">
+    Composer
+  </span>
+  
+
+      </a>
+    </li>
+  
+
+              
+            
+              
+                
+  
+  
+  
+  
+    <li class="md-nav__item">
+      <a href="../../php/psr-7.html" class="md-nav__link">
+        
+  
+  <span class="md-ellipsis">
+    PSR 7
+  </span>
+  
+
+      </a>
+    </li>
+  
+
+              
+            
+              
+                
+  
+  
+  
+  
+    <li class="md-nav__item">
+      <a href="../../php/plates-templating.html" class="md-nav__link">
+        
+  
+  <span class="md-ellipsis">
+    Plates
+  </span>
+  
+
+      </a>
+    </li>
+  
+
+              
+            
+              
+                
+  
+  
+  
+  
+    
+    
+      
+        
+      
+        
+      
+    
+    
+      
+      
+        
+      
+    
+    
+    <li class="md-nav__item md-nav__item--nested">
+      
+        
+        
+        <input class="md-nav__toggle md-toggle " type="checkbox" id="__nav_4_11_9" >
+        
+          
+          <label class="md-nav__link" for="__nav_4_11_9" id="__nav_4_11_9_label" tabindex="0">
+            
+  
+  <span class="md-ellipsis">
+    Simple MVC
+  </span>
+  
+
+            <span class="md-nav__icon md-icon"></span>
+          </label>
+        
+        <nav class="md-nav" data-md-level="3" aria-labelledby="__nav_4_11_9_label" aria-expanded="false">
+          <label class="md-nav__title" for="__nav_4_11_9">
+            <span class="md-nav__icon md-icon"></span>
+            Simple MVC
+          </label>
+          <ul class="md-nav__list" data-md-scrollfix>
+            
+              
+                
+  
+  
+  
+  
+    <li class="md-nav__item">
+      <a href="../../php/simple-mvc/simple-mvc.html" class="md-nav__link">
+        
+  
+  <span class="md-ellipsis">
+    Simple MVC
+  </span>
+  
+
+      </a>
+    </li>
+  
+
+              
+            
+              
+                
+  
+  
+  
+  
+    <li class="md-nav__item">
+      <a href="../../php/simple-mvc/rest-api.html" class="md-nav__link">
+        
+  
+  <span class="md-ellipsis">
+    REST API
+  </span>
+  
+
+      </a>
+    </li>
+  
+
+              
+            
+          </ul>
+        </nav>
+      
+    </li>
+  
+
+              
+            
+          </ul>
+        </nav>
+      
+    </li>
+  
+
+              
+            
+              
+                
+  
+  
+  
+  
+    
+    
+      
+        
+      
+        
+      
+        
+      
+        
+      
+        
+      
+    
+    
+      
+      
+        
+          
+          
+        
+      
+    
+    
+    <li class="md-nav__item md-nav__item--section md-nav__item--nested">
+      
+        
+        
+        <input class="md-nav__toggle md-toggle " type="checkbox" id="__nav_4_12" >
+        
+          
+          <label class="md-nav__link" for="__nav_4_12" id="__nav_4_12_label" tabindex="">
+            
+  
+  <span class="md-ellipsis">
+    Rust
+  </span>
+  
+
+            <span class="md-nav__icon md-icon"></span>
+          </label>
+        
+        <nav class="md-nav" data-md-level="2" aria-labelledby="__nav_4_12_label" aria-expanded="false">
+          <label class="md-nav__title" for="__nav_4_12">
+            <span class="md-nav__icon md-icon"></span>
+            Rust
+          </label>
+          <ul class="md-nav__list" data-md-scrollfix>
+            
+              
+                
+  
+  
+  
+  
+    <li class="md-nav__item">
+      <a href="../../rust/rust.html" class="md-nav__link">
+        
+  
+  <span class="md-ellipsis">
+    Rust
+  </span>
+  
+
+      </a>
+    </li>
+  
+
+              
+            
+              
+                
+  
+  
+  
+  
+    <li class="md-nav__item">
+      <a href="../../rust/macros.html" class="md-nav__link">
+        
+  
+  <span class="md-ellipsis">
+    Macros
+  </span>
+  
+
+      </a>
+    </li>
+  
+
+              
+            
+              
+                
+  
+  
+  
+  
+    <li class="md-nav__item">
+      <a href="../../rust/cargo.html" class="md-nav__link">
+        
+  
+  <span class="md-ellipsis">
+    Cargo
+  </span>
+  
+
+      </a>
+    </li>
+  
+
+              
+            
+              
+                
+  
+  
+  
+  
+    <li class="md-nav__item">
+      <a href="../../rust/concurrency.html" class="md-nav__link">
+        
+  
+  <span class="md-ellipsis">
+    Concurrency
+  </span>
+  
+
+      </a>
+    </li>
+  
+
+              
+            
+              
+                
+  
+  
+  
+  
+    <li class="md-nav__item">
+      <a href="../../rust/unit-tests.html" class="md-nav__link">
+        
+  
+  <span class="md-ellipsis">
+    Unit Tests
+  </span>
+  
+
+      </a>
+    </li>
+  
+
+              
+            
+          </ul>
+        </nav>
+      
+    </li>
+  
+
+              
+            
+              
+                
+  
+  
+    
+  
+  
+  
+    
+    
+      
+        
+      
+        
+      
+        
+      
+        
+      
+        
+      
+        
+      
+        
+      
+    
+    
+      
+      
+        
+          
+          
+        
+      
+    
+    
+    <li class="md-nav__item md-nav__item--active md-nav__item--section md-nav__item--nested">
+      
+        
+        
+        <input class="md-nav__toggle md-toggle " type="checkbox" id="__nav_4_13" checked>
+        
+          
+          <label class="md-nav__link" for="__nav_4_13" id="__nav_4_13_label" tabindex="">
+            
+  
+  <span class="md-ellipsis">
+    Javascript
+  </span>
+  
+
+            <span class="md-nav__icon md-icon"></span>
+          </label>
+        
+        <nav class="md-nav" data-md-level="2" aria-labelledby="__nav_4_13_label" aria-expanded="true">
+          <label class="md-nav__title" for="__nav_4_13">
+            <span class="md-nav__icon md-icon"></span>
+            Javascript
+          </label>
+          <ul class="md-nav__list" data-md-scrollfix>
+            
+              
+                
+  
+  
+  
+  
+    <li class="md-nav__item">
+      <a href="../javascript.html" class="md-nav__link">
+        
+  
+  <span class="md-ellipsis">
+    Javascript
+  </span>
+  
+
+      </a>
+    </li>
+  
+
+              
+            
+              
+                
+  
+  
+  
+  
+    <li class="md-nav__item">
+      <a href="../dom.html" class="md-nav__link">
+        
+  
+  <span class="md-ellipsis">
+    DOM
+  </span>
+  
+
+      </a>
+    </li>
+  
+
+              
+            
+              
+                
+  
+  
+  
+  
+    <li class="md-nav__item">
+      <a href="../events-animation.html" class="md-nav__link">
+        
+  
+  <span class="md-ellipsis">
+    Events & Animation
+  </span>
+  
+
+      </a>
+    </li>
+  
+
+              
+            
+              
+                
+  
+  
+  
+  
+    <li class="md-nav__item">
+      <a href="../ajax.html" class="md-nav__link">
+        
+  
+  <span class="md-ellipsis">
+    AJAX
+  </span>
+  
+
+      </a>
+    </li>
+  
+
+              
+            
+              
+                
+  
+  
+  
+  
+    <li class="md-nav__item">
+      <a href="../jquery.html" class="md-nav__link">
+        
+  
+  <span class="md-ellipsis">
+    jQuery
+  </span>
+  
+
+      </a>
+    </li>
+  
+
+              
+            
+              
+                
+  
+  
+    
+  
+  
+  
+    
+    
+      
+        
+      
+        
+      
+        
+      
+        
+      
+        
+      
+    
+    
+      
+      
+        
+      
+    
+    
+    <li class="md-nav__item md-nav__item--active md-nav__item--nested">
+      
+        
+        
+        <input class="md-nav__toggle md-toggle " type="checkbox" id="__nav_4_13_6" checked>
+        
+          
+          <label class="md-nav__link" for="__nav_4_13_6" id="__nav_4_13_6_label" tabindex="0">
+            
+  
+  <span class="md-ellipsis">
+    React
+  </span>
+  
+
+            <span class="md-nav__icon md-icon"></span>
+          </label>
+        
+        <nav class="md-nav" data-md-level="3" aria-labelledby="__nav_4_13_6_label" aria-expanded="true">
+          <label class="md-nav__title" for="__nav_4_13_6">
+            <span class="md-nav__icon md-icon"></span>
+            React
+          </label>
+          <ul class="md-nav__list" data-md-scrollfix>
+            
+              
+                
+  
+  
+  
+  
+    <li class="md-nav__item">
+      <a href="react.html" class="md-nav__link">
+        
+  
+  <span class="md-ellipsis">
+    React
+  </span>
+  
+
+      </a>
+    </li>
+  
+
+              
+            
+              
+                
+  
+  
+  
+  
+    <li class="md-nav__item">
+      <a href="react-router.html" class="md-nav__link">
+        
+  
+  <span class="md-ellipsis">
+    React Router
+  </span>
+  
+
+      </a>
+    </li>
+  
+
+              
+            
+              
+                
+  
+  
+  
+  
+    <li class="md-nav__item">
+      <a href="react-tests.html" class="md-nav__link">
+        
+  
+  <span class="md-ellipsis">
+    React Tests
+  </span>
+  
+
+      </a>
+    </li>
+  
+
+              
+            
+              
+                
+  
+  
+    
+  
+  
+  
+    <li class="md-nav__item md-nav__item--active">
+      
+      <input class="md-nav__toggle md-toggle" type="checkbox" id="__toc">
+      
+      
+        
+      
+      
+        <label class="md-nav__link md-nav__link--active" for="__toc">
+          
+  
+  <span class="md-ellipsis">
+    Redux
+  </span>
+  
+
+          <span class="md-nav__icon md-icon"></span>
+        </label>
+      
+      <a href="redux.html" class="md-nav__link md-nav__link--active">
+        
+  
+  <span class="md-ellipsis">
+    Redux
+  </span>
+  
+
+      </a>
+      
+        
+
+<nav class="md-nav md-nav--secondary" aria-label="Table of contents">
+  
+  
+  
+    
+  
+  
+    <label class="md-nav__title" for="__toc">
+      <span class="md-nav__icon md-icon"></span>
+      Table of contents
+    </label>
+    <ul class="md-nav__list" data-md-component="toc" data-md-scrollfix>
+      
+        <li class="md-nav__item">
+  <a href="#actions-store-immutability-reducers" class="md-nav__link">
+    <span class="md-ellipsis">
+      Actions, Store, Immutability &amp; Reducers
+    </span>
+  </a>
+  
+    <nav class="md-nav" aria-label="Actions, Store, Immutability & Reducers">
+      <ul class="md-nav__list">
+        
+          <li class="md-nav__item">
+  <a href="#actions-action-creators" class="md-nav__link">
+    <span class="md-ellipsis">
+      Actions &amp; Action Creators
+    </span>
+  </a>
+  
+</li>
+        
+          <li class="md-nav__item">
+  <a href="#store" class="md-nav__link">
+    <span class="md-ellipsis">
+      Store
+    </span>
+  </a>
+  
+</li>
+        
+          <li class="md-nav__item">
+  <a href="#reducers" class="md-nav__link">
+    <span class="md-ellipsis">
+      Reducers
+    </span>
+  </a>
+  
+</li>
+        
+      </ul>
+    </nav>
+  
+</li>
+      
+        <li class="md-nav__item">
+  <a href="#react-redux" class="md-nav__link">
+    <span class="md-ellipsis">
+      React-Redux
+    </span>
+  </a>
+  
+    <nav class="md-nav" aria-label="React-Redux">
+      <ul class="md-nav__list">
+        
+          <li class="md-nav__item">
+  <a href="#container-vs-presentational-components" class="md-nav__link">
+    <span class="md-ellipsis">
+      Container vs Presentational Components
+    </span>
+  </a>
+  
+</li>
+        
+          <li class="md-nav__item">
+  <a href="#provider-component-connect" class="md-nav__link">
+    <span class="md-ellipsis">
+      Provider Component &amp; Connect
+    </span>
+  </a>
+  
+</li>
+        
+      </ul>
+    </nav>
+  
+</li>
+      
+        <li class="md-nav__item">
+  <a href="#async-operations-with-redux-thunk" class="md-nav__link">
+    <span class="md-ellipsis">
+      Async Operations with Redux-Thunk
+    </span>
+  </a>
+  
+</li>
+      
+        <li class="md-nav__item">
+  <a href="#redux-toolkit" class="md-nav__link">
+    <span class="md-ellipsis">
+      Redux-Toolkit
+    </span>
+  </a>
+  
+    <nav class="md-nav" aria-label="Redux-Toolkit">
+      <ul class="md-nav__list">
+        
+          <li class="md-nav__item">
+  <a href="#configurestore" class="md-nav__link">
+    <span class="md-ellipsis">
+      configureStore
+    </span>
+  </a>
+  
+</li>
+        
+          <li class="md-nav__item">
+  <a href="#createaction" class="md-nav__link">
+    <span class="md-ellipsis">
+      createAction
+    </span>
+  </a>
+  
+</li>
+        
+          <li class="md-nav__item">
+  <a href="#createreducer" class="md-nav__link">
+    <span class="md-ellipsis">
+      createReducer
+    </span>
+  </a>
+  
+</li>
+        
+          <li class="md-nav__item">
+  <a href="#createslice" class="md-nav__link">
+    <span class="md-ellipsis">
+      createSlice
+    </span>
+  </a>
+  
+</li>
+        
+          <li class="md-nav__item">
+  <a href="#createasyncthunk" class="md-nav__link">
+    <span class="md-ellipsis">
+      createAsyncThunk
+    </span>
+  </a>
+  
+</li>
+        
+      </ul>
+    </nav>
+  
+</li>
+      
+        <li class="md-nav__item">
+  <a href="#rtk-query" class="md-nav__link">
+    <span class="md-ellipsis">
+      RTK Query​
+    </span>
+  </a>
+  
+</li>
+      
+    </ul>
+  
+</nav>
+      
+    </li>
+  
+
+              
+            
+              
+                
+  
+  
+  
+  
+    <li class="md-nav__item">
+      <a href="redux-tests.html" class="md-nav__link">
+        
+  
+  <span class="md-ellipsis">
+    Redux Tests
+  </span>
+  
+
+      </a>
+    </li>
+  
+
+              
+            
+          </ul>
+        </nav>
+      
+    </li>
+  
+
+              
+            
+              
+                
+  
+  
+  
+  
+    <li class="md-nav__item">
+      <a href="../svelte/svelte.html" class="md-nav__link">
+        
+  
+  <span class="md-ellipsis">
+    Svelte
+  </span>
+  
+
+      </a>
+    </li>
+  
+
+              
+            
+          </ul>
+        </nav>
+      
+    </li>
+  
+
+              
+            
+              
+                
+  
+  
+  
+  
+    
+    
+      
+        
+      
+        
+      
+    
+    
+      
+      
+        
+          
+          
+        
+      
+    
+    
+    <li class="md-nav__item md-nav__item--section md-nav__item--nested">
+      
+        
+        
+        <input class="md-nav__toggle md-toggle " type="checkbox" id="__nav_4_14" >
+        
+          
+          <label class="md-nav__link" for="__nav_4_14" id="__nav_4_14_label" tabindex="">
+            
+  
+  <span class="md-ellipsis">
+    PowerShell
+  </span>
+  
+
+            <span class="md-nav__icon md-icon"></span>
+          </label>
+        
+        <nav class="md-nav" data-md-level="2" aria-labelledby="__nav_4_14_label" aria-expanded="false">
+          <label class="md-nav__title" for="__nav_4_14">
+            <span class="md-nav__icon md-icon"></span>
+            PowerShell
+          </label>
+          <ul class="md-nav__list" data-md-scrollfix>
+            
+              
+                
+  
+  
+  
+  
+    <li class="md-nav__item">
+      <a href="../../powershell/scripting.html" class="md-nav__link">
+        
+  
+  <span class="md-ellipsis">
+    Scripting
+  </span>
+  
+
+      </a>
+    </li>
+  
+
+              
+            
+              
+                
+  
+  
+  
+  
+    <li class="md-nav__item">
+      <a href="../../powershell/commands.html" class="md-nav__link">
+        
+  
+  <span class="md-ellipsis">
+    Commands
+  </span>
+  
+
+      </a>
+    </li>
+  
+
+              
+            
+          </ul>
+        </nav>
+      
+    </li>
+  
+
+              
+            
+              
+                
+  
+  
+  
+  
+    
+    
+      
+        
+      
+        
+      
+    
+    
+      
+      
+        
+          
+          
+        
+      
+    
+    
+    <li class="md-nav__item md-nav__item--section md-nav__item--nested">
+      
+        
+        
+        <input class="md-nav__toggle md-toggle " type="checkbox" id="__nav_4_15" >
+        
+          
+          <label class="md-nav__link" for="__nav_4_15" id="__nav_4_15_label" tabindex="">
+            
+  
+  <span class="md-ellipsis">
+    Bash
+  </span>
+  
+
+            <span class="md-nav__icon md-icon"></span>
+          </label>
+        
+        <nav class="md-nav" data-md-level="2" aria-labelledby="__nav_4_15_label" aria-expanded="false">
+          <label class="md-nav__title" for="__nav_4_15">
+            <span class="md-nav__icon md-icon"></span>
+            Bash
+          </label>
+          <ul class="md-nav__list" data-md-scrollfix>
+            
+              
+                
+  
+  
+  
+  
+    <li class="md-nav__item">
+      <a href="../../bash/scripting.html" class="md-nav__link">
+        
+  
+  <span class="md-ellipsis">
+    Scripting
+  </span>
+  
+
+      </a>
+    </li>
+  
+
+              
+            
+              
+                
+  
+  
+  
+  
+    <li class="md-nav__item">
+      <a href="../../bash/commands.html" class="md-nav__link">
+        
+  
+  <span class="md-ellipsis">
+    Commands
+  </span>
+  
+
+      </a>
+    </li>
+  
+
+              
+            
+          </ul>
+        </nav>
+      
+    </li>
+  
+
+              
+            
+          </ul>
+        </nav>
+      
+    </li>
+  
+
+    
+      
+      
+  
+  
+  
+  
+    
+    
+      
+        
+      
+        
+      
+        
+      
+        
+      
+        
+      
+    
+    
+      
+      
+        
+      
+    
+    
+    <li class="md-nav__item md-nav__item--nested">
+      
+        
+        
+        <input class="md-nav__toggle md-toggle " type="checkbox" id="__nav_5" >
+        
+          
+          <label class="md-nav__link" for="__nav_5" id="__nav_5_label" tabindex="0">
+            
+  
+  <span class="md-ellipsis">
+    Misc
+  </span>
+  
+
+            <span class="md-nav__icon md-icon"></span>
+          </label>
+        
+        <nav class="md-nav" data-md-level="1" aria-labelledby="__nav_5_label" aria-expanded="false">
+          <label class="md-nav__title" for="__nav_5">
+            <span class="md-nav__icon md-icon"></span>
+            Misc
+          </label>
+          <ul class="md-nav__list" data-md-scrollfix>
+            
+              
+                
+  
+  
+  
+  
+    <li class="md-nav__item">
+      <a href="../../../misc/git.html" class="md-nav__link">
+        
+  
+  <span class="md-ellipsis">
+    Git
+  </span>
+  
+
+      </a>
+    </li>
+  
+
+              
+            
+              
+                
+  
+  
+  
+  
+    <li class="md-nav__item">
+      <a href="../../../misc/graph-ql.html" class="md-nav__link">
+        
+  
+  <span class="md-ellipsis">
+    GraphQL
+  </span>
+  
+
+      </a>
+    </li>
+  
+
+              
+            
+              
+                
+  
+  
+  
+  
+    <li class="md-nav__item">
+      <a href="../../../misc/regular-expressions.html" class="md-nav__link">
+        
+  
+  <span class="md-ellipsis">
+    RegEx
+  </span>
+  
+
+      </a>
+    </li>
+  
+
+              
+            
+              
+                
+  
+  
+  
+  
+    <li class="md-nav__item">
+      <a href="../../../misc/ssh.html" class="md-nav__link">
+        
+  
+  <span class="md-ellipsis">
+    SSH
+  </span>
+  
+
+      </a>
+    </li>
+  
+
+              
+            
+              
+                
+  
+  
+  
+  
+    <li class="md-nav__item">
+      <a href="../../../misc/web-components.html" class="md-nav__link">
+        
+  
+  <span class="md-ellipsis">
+    WebComponents
+  </span>
+  
+
+      </a>
+    </li>
+  
+
+              
+            
+          </ul>
+        </nav>
+      
+    </li>
+  
+
+    
+      
+      
+  
+  
+  
+  
+    
+    
+      
+        
+      
+        
+      
+    
+    
+      
+      
+        
+      
+    
+    
+    <li class="md-nav__item md-nav__item--nested">
+      
+        
+        
+        <input class="md-nav__toggle md-toggle " type="checkbox" id="__nav_6" >
+        
+          
+          <label class="md-nav__link" for="__nav_6" id="__nav_6_label" tabindex="0">
+            
+  
+  <span class="md-ellipsis">
+    Linux
+  </span>
+  
+
+            <span class="md-nav__icon md-icon"></span>
+          </label>
+        
+        <nav class="md-nav" data-md-level="1" aria-labelledby="__nav_6_label" aria-expanded="false">
+          <label class="md-nav__title" for="__nav_6">
+            <span class="md-nav__icon md-icon"></span>
+            Linux
+          </label>
+          <ul class="md-nav__list" data-md-scrollfix>
+            
+              
+                
+  
+  
+  
+  
+    
+    
+      
+        
+      
+        
+      
+        
+      
+    
+    
+      
+      
+        
+      
+    
+    
+    <li class="md-nav__item md-nav__item--nested">
+      
+        
+        
+        <input class="md-nav__toggle md-toggle " type="checkbox" id="__nav_6_1" >
+        
+          
+          <label class="md-nav__link" for="__nav_6_1" id="__nav_6_1_label" tabindex="0">
+            
+  
+  <span class="md-ellipsis">
+    Filesystem
+  </span>
+  
+
+            <span class="md-nav__icon md-icon"></span>
+          </label>
+        
+        <nav class="md-nav" data-md-level="2" aria-labelledby="__nav_6_1_label" aria-expanded="false">
+          <label class="md-nav__title" for="__nav_6_1">
+            <span class="md-nav__icon md-icon"></span>
+            Filesystem
+          </label>
+          <ul class="md-nav__list" data-md-scrollfix>
+            
+              
+                
+  
+  
+  
+  
+    <li class="md-nav__item">
+      <a href="../../../linux/filesystem/file-links.html" class="md-nav__link">
+        
+  
+  <span class="md-ellipsis">
+    File Links
+  </span>
+  
+
+      </a>
+    </li>
+  
+
+              
+            
+              
+                
+  
+  
+  
+  
+    <li class="md-nav__item">
+      <a href="../../../linux/filesystem/procfs.html" class="md-nav__link">
+        
+  
+  <span class="md-ellipsis">
+    /proc
+  </span>
+  
+
+      </a>
+    </li>
+  
+
+              
+            
+              
+                
+  
+  
+  
+  
+    <li class="md-nav__item">
+      <a href="../../../linux/filesystem/sysfs.html" class="md-nav__link">
+        
+  
+  <span class="md-ellipsis">
+    /sys
+  </span>
+  
+
+      </a>
+    </li>
+  
+
+              
+            
+          </ul>
+        </nav>
+      
+    </li>
+  
+
+              
+            
+              
+                
+  
+  
+  
+  
+    
+    
+      
+        
+      
+        
+      
+    
+    
+      
+      
+        
+      
+    
+    
+    <li class="md-nav__item md-nav__item--nested">
+      
+        
+        
+        <input class="md-nav__toggle md-toggle " type="checkbox" id="__nav_6_2" >
+        
+          
+          <label class="md-nav__link" for="__nav_6_2" id="__nav_6_2_label" tabindex="0">
+            
+  
+  <span class="md-ellipsis">
+    System Init
+  </span>
+  
+
+            <span class="md-nav__icon md-icon"></span>
+          </label>
+        
+        <nav class="md-nav" data-md-level="2" aria-labelledby="__nav_6_2_label" aria-expanded="false">
+          <label class="md-nav__title" for="__nav_6_2">
+            <span class="md-nav__icon md-icon"></span>
+            System Init
+          </label>
+          <ul class="md-nav__list" data-md-scrollfix>
+            
+              
+                
+  
+  
+  
+  
+    <li class="md-nav__item">
+      <a href="../../../linux/init/systemd.html" class="md-nav__link">
+        
+  
+  <span class="md-ellipsis">
+    Systemd
+  </span>
+  
+
+      </a>
+    </li>
+  
+
+              
+            
+              
+                
+  
+  
+  
+  
+    <li class="md-nav__item">
+      <a href="../../../linux/init/open-rc.html" class="md-nav__link">
+        
+  
+  <span class="md-ellipsis">
+    OpenRC
+  </span>
+  
+
+      </a>
+    </li>
+  
+
+              
+            
+          </ul>
+        </nav>
+      
+    </li>
+  
+
+              
+            
+          </ul>
+        </nav>
+      
+    </li>
+  
+
+    
+  </ul>
+</nav>
+                  </div>
+                </div>
+              </div>
+            
+            
+              
+              <div class="md-sidebar md-sidebar--secondary" data-md-component="sidebar" data-md-type="toc" >
+                <div class="md-sidebar__scrollwrap">
+                  <div class="md-sidebar__inner">
+                    
+
+<nav class="md-nav md-nav--secondary" aria-label="Table of contents">
+  
+  
+  
+    
+  
+  
+    <label class="md-nav__title" for="__toc">
+      <span class="md-nav__icon md-icon"></span>
+      Table of contents
+    </label>
+    <ul class="md-nav__list" data-md-component="toc" data-md-scrollfix>
+      
+        <li class="md-nav__item">
+  <a href="#actions-store-immutability-reducers" class="md-nav__link">
+    <span class="md-ellipsis">
+      Actions, Store, Immutability &amp; Reducers
+    </span>
+  </a>
+  
+    <nav class="md-nav" aria-label="Actions, Store, Immutability & Reducers">
+      <ul class="md-nav__list">
+        
+          <li class="md-nav__item">
+  <a href="#actions-action-creators" class="md-nav__link">
+    <span class="md-ellipsis">
+      Actions &amp; Action Creators
+    </span>
+  </a>
+  
+</li>
+        
+          <li class="md-nav__item">
+  <a href="#store" class="md-nav__link">
+    <span class="md-ellipsis">
+      Store
+    </span>
+  </a>
+  
+</li>
+        
+          <li class="md-nav__item">
+  <a href="#reducers" class="md-nav__link">
+    <span class="md-ellipsis">
+      Reducers
+    </span>
+  </a>
+  
+</li>
+        
+      </ul>
+    </nav>
+  
+</li>
+      
+        <li class="md-nav__item">
+  <a href="#react-redux" class="md-nav__link">
+    <span class="md-ellipsis">
+      React-Redux
+    </span>
+  </a>
+  
+    <nav class="md-nav" aria-label="React-Redux">
+      <ul class="md-nav__list">
+        
+          <li class="md-nav__item">
+  <a href="#container-vs-presentational-components" class="md-nav__link">
+    <span class="md-ellipsis">
+      Container vs Presentational Components
+    </span>
+  </a>
+  
+</li>
+        
+          <li class="md-nav__item">
+  <a href="#provider-component-connect" class="md-nav__link">
+    <span class="md-ellipsis">
+      Provider Component &amp; Connect
+    </span>
+  </a>
+  
+</li>
+        
+      </ul>
+    </nav>
+  
+</li>
+      
+        <li class="md-nav__item">
+  <a href="#async-operations-with-redux-thunk" class="md-nav__link">
+    <span class="md-ellipsis">
+      Async Operations with Redux-Thunk
+    </span>
+  </a>
+  
+</li>
+      
+        <li class="md-nav__item">
+  <a href="#redux-toolkit" class="md-nav__link">
+    <span class="md-ellipsis">
+      Redux-Toolkit
+    </span>
+  </a>
+  
+    <nav class="md-nav" aria-label="Redux-Toolkit">
+      <ul class="md-nav__list">
+        
+          <li class="md-nav__item">
+  <a href="#configurestore" class="md-nav__link">
+    <span class="md-ellipsis">
+      configureStore
+    </span>
+  </a>
+  
+</li>
+        
+          <li class="md-nav__item">
+  <a href="#createaction" class="md-nav__link">
+    <span class="md-ellipsis">
+      createAction
+    </span>
+  </a>
+  
+</li>
+        
+          <li class="md-nav__item">
+  <a href="#createreducer" class="md-nav__link">
+    <span class="md-ellipsis">
+      createReducer
+    </span>
+  </a>
+  
+</li>
+        
+          <li class="md-nav__item">
+  <a href="#createslice" class="md-nav__link">
+    <span class="md-ellipsis">
+      createSlice
+    </span>
+  </a>
+  
+</li>
+        
+          <li class="md-nav__item">
+  <a href="#createasyncthunk" class="md-nav__link">
+    <span class="md-ellipsis">
+      createAsyncThunk
+    </span>
+  </a>
+  
+</li>
+        
+      </ul>
+    </nav>
+  
+</li>
+      
+        <li class="md-nav__item">
+  <a href="#rtk-query" class="md-nav__link">
+    <span class="md-ellipsis">
+      RTK Query​
+    </span>
+  </a>
+  
+</li>
+      
+    </ul>
+  
+</nav>
+                  </div>
+                </div>
+              </div>
+            
+          
+          
+            <div class="md-content" data-md-component="content">
+              <article class="md-content__inner md-typeset">
+                
+                  
+
+  
+  
+
+
+<h1 id="redux"><a href="https://redux.js.org/">Redux</a></h1>
+<p>Redux is a pattern and library for managing and updating application state, using events called <em>actions</em>. It serves as a centralized store for state that needs to be used across the entire application, with rules ensuring that the state can only be updated in a predictable fashion.</p>
+<h2 id="actions-store-immutability-reducers">Actions, Store, Immutability &amp; Reducers</h2>
+<h3 id="actions-action-creators">Actions &amp; Action Creators</h3>
+<p>An <strong>Action</strong> is a plain JavaScript object that has a <code>type</code> field. An action object can have other fields with additional information about what happened.<br />
+By convention, that information is stored in a field called <code>payload</code>.</p>
+<p><strong>Action Creators</strong> are functions that create and return action objects.</p>
+<div class="highlight"><table class="highlighttable"><tr><th colspan="2" class="filename"><span class="filename">JavaScript</span></th></tr><tr><td class="linenos"><div class="linenodiv"><pre><span></span><span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-0-1">1</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-0-2">2</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-0-3">3</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-0-4">4</a></span></pre></div></td><td class="code"><div><pre><span></span><code><a id="__codelineno-0-1" name="__codelineno-0-1"></a><span class="kd">function</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="nx">actionCreator</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="nx">data</span><span class="p">)</span>
+<a id="__codelineno-0-2" name="__codelineno-0-2"></a><span class="p">{</span>
+<a id="__codelineno-0-3" name="__codelineno-0-3"></a><span class="w">    </span><span class="k">return</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="p">{</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="nx">type</span><span class="o">:</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="nx">ACTION_TYPE</span><span class="p">,</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="nx">payload</span><span class="o">:</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="nx">data</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="p">};</span><span class="w">  </span><span class="c1">// action obj</span>
+<a id="__codelineno-0-4" name="__codelineno-0-4"></a><span class="p">}</span>
+</code></pre></div></td></tr></table></div>
+<h3 id="store">Store</h3>
+<p>The current Redux application state lives in an object called the <strong>store</strong>.<br />
+The store is created by passing in a reducer, and has a method called <code>getState</code> that returns the current state value.</p>
+<p>The Redux store has a method called <code>dispatch</code>. The only way to update the state is to call <code>store.dispatch()</code> and pass in an action object.<br />
+The store will run its reducer function and save the new state value inside.</p>
+<p><strong>Selectors</strong> are functions that know how to extract specific pieces of information from a store state value.</p>
+<p>In <code>initialState.js</code>;</p>
+<div class="highlight"><table class="highlighttable"><tr><th colspan="2" class="filename"><span class="filename">JavaScript</span></th></tr><tr><td class="linenos"><div class="linenodiv"><pre><span></span><span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-1-1">1</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-1-2">2</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-1-3">3</a></span></pre></div></td><td class="code"><div><pre><span></span><code><a id="__codelineno-1-1" name="__codelineno-1-1"></a><span class="k">export</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="k">default</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="p">{</span>
+<a id="__codelineno-1-2" name="__codelineno-1-2"></a><span class="w">    </span><span class="c1">// initial state here</span>
+<a id="__codelineno-1-3" name="__codelineno-1-3"></a><span class="p">}</span>
+</code></pre></div></td></tr></table></div>
+<p>In <code>configStore.js</code>:</p>
+<div class="highlight"><table class="highlighttable"><tr><th colspan="2" class="filename"><span class="filename">JavaScript</span></th></tr><tr><td class="linenos"><div class="linenodiv"><pre><span></span><span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-2-1"> 1</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-2-2"> 2</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-2-3"> 3</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-2-4"> 4</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-2-5"> 5</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-2-6"> 6</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-2-7"> 7</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-2-8"> 8</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-2-9"> 9</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-2-10">10</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-2-11">11</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-2-12">12</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-2-13">13</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-2-14">14</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-2-15">15</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-2-16">16</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-2-17">17</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-2-18">18</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-2-19">19</a></span></pre></div></td><td class="code"><div><pre><span></span><code><a id="__codelineno-2-1" name="__codelineno-2-1"></a><span class="c1">// configStore.js</span>
+<a id="__codelineno-2-2" name="__codelineno-2-2"></a><span class="k">import</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="p">{</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="nx">createStore</span><span class="p">,</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="nx">applyMiddleware</span><span class="p">,</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="nx">compose</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="p">}</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="kr">from</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="s2">&quot;redux&quot;</span><span class="p">;</span>
+<a id="__codelineno-2-3" name="__codelineno-2-3"></a>
+<a id="__codelineno-2-4" name="__codelineno-2-4"></a><span class="k">export</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="kd">function</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="nx">configStore</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="nx">initialState</span><span class="p">)</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="p">{</span>
+<a id="__codelineno-2-5" name="__codelineno-2-5"></a><span class="w">    </span><span class="kd">const</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="nx">composeEnhancers</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="o">=</span>
+<a id="__codelineno-2-6" name="__codelineno-2-6"></a><span class="w">        </span><span class="nb">window</span><span class="p">.</span><span class="nx">__REDUX_DEVTOOLS_EXTENSION_COMPOSE__</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="o">||</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="nx">compose</span><span class="p">;</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="c1">// support for redux devtools</span>
+<a id="__codelineno-2-7" name="__codelineno-2-7"></a>
+<a id="__codelineno-2-8" name="__codelineno-2-8"></a><span class="w">    </span><span class="k">return</span><span class="w">  </span><span class="nx">createStore</span><span class="p">(</span>
+<a id="__codelineno-2-9" name="__codelineno-2-9"></a><span class="w">        </span><span class="nx">rootReducer</span><span class="p">,</span><span class="w"> </span>
+<a id="__codelineno-2-10" name="__codelineno-2-10"></a><span class="w">        </span><span class="nx">initialState</span><span class="p">,</span><span class="w"> </span>
+<a id="__codelineno-2-11" name="__codelineno-2-11"></a><span class="w">        </span><span class="nx">composeEnhancers</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="nx">applyMiddleware</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="nx">middleware</span><span class="p">,</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="p">...))</span>
+<a id="__codelineno-2-12" name="__codelineno-2-12"></a><span class="w">    </span><span class="p">);</span>
+<a id="__codelineno-2-13" name="__codelineno-2-13"></a><span class="p">}</span>
+<a id="__codelineno-2-14" name="__codelineno-2-14"></a>
+<a id="__codelineno-2-15" name="__codelineno-2-15"></a><span class="c1">// available functions &amp; methods</span>
+<a id="__codelineno-2-16" name="__codelineno-2-16"></a><span class="nx">replaceReducer</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="nx">newReducer</span><span class="p">);</span><span class="w">  </span><span class="c1">// replace an existing reducer, useful for Hot Reload</span>
+<a id="__codelineno-2-17" name="__codelineno-2-17"></a><span class="nx">store</span><span class="p">.</span><span class="nx">dispatch</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="nx">action</span><span class="p">);</span><span class="w">  </span><span class="c1">// trigger a state change based on an action</span>
+<a id="__codelineno-2-18" name="__codelineno-2-18"></a><span class="nx">store</span><span class="p">.</span><span class="nx">subscribe</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="nx">listener</span><span class="p">);</span>
+<a id="__codelineno-2-19" name="__codelineno-2-19"></a><span class="nx">store</span><span class="p">.</span><span class="nx">getState</span><span class="p">();</span><span class="w">  </span><span class="c1">// retrieve current state</span>
+</code></pre></div></td></tr></table></div>
+<h3 id="reducers">Reducers</h3>
+<p><strong>Reducers</strong> are functions that receives the current state and an action, decide how to update the state if necessary, and return the new state.</p>
+<p>Reducers must <strong>always</strong> follow some specific rules:</p>
+<ul>
+<li>They should only calculate the new state value based on the <code>state</code> and <code>action</code> arguments</li>
+<li>They are not allowed to modify the existing <code>state</code>.
+  Instead, they must make <em>immutable updates</em>, by copying the existing <code>state</code> and making changes to the copied values.</li>
+<li>They must not do any asynchronous logic, calculate random values, or cause other "side effects"</li>
+</ul>
+<div class="highlight"><table class="highlighttable"><tr><th colspan="2" class="filename"><span class="filename">JavaScript</span></th></tr><tr><td class="linenos"><div class="linenodiv"><pre><span></span><span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-3-1"> 1</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-3-2"> 2</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-3-3"> 3</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-3-4"> 4</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-3-5"> 5</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-3-6"> 6</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-3-7"> 7</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-3-8"> 8</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-3-9"> 9</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-3-10">10</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-3-11">11</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-3-12">12</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-3-13">13</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-3-14">14</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-3-15">15</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-3-16">16</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-3-17">17</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-3-18">18</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-3-19">19</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-3-20">20</a></span></pre></div></td><td class="code"><div><pre><span></span><code><a id="__codelineno-3-1" name="__codelineno-3-1"></a><span class="k">import</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="nx">initialState</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="kr">from</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="s2">&quot;path/to/initialState&quot;</span><span class="p">;</span>
+<a id="__codelineno-3-2" name="__codelineno-3-2"></a>
+<a id="__codelineno-3-3" name="__codelineno-3-3"></a><span class="kd">function</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="nx">reducer</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="nx">state</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="o">=</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="nx">initialState</span><span class="p">,</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="nx">action</span><span class="p">)</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="p">{</span>
+<a id="__codelineno-3-4" name="__codelineno-3-4"></a><span class="w">    </span><span class="k">switch</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="nx">action</span><span class="p">.</span><span class="nx">type</span><span class="p">){</span>
+<a id="__codelineno-3-5" name="__codelineno-3-5"></a><span class="w">        </span><span class="k">case</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="s2">&quot;ACTION_TYPE&quot;</span><span class="o">:</span>
+<a id="__codelineno-3-6" name="__codelineno-3-6"></a><span class="w">            </span><span class="k">return</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="p">{</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="p">...</span><span class="nx">state</span><span class="p">,</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="nx">prop</span><span class="o">:</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="nx">value</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="p">};</span><span class="w">  </span><span class="c1">// return modified copy of state (using spread operator)</span>
+<a id="__codelineno-3-7" name="__codelineno-3-7"></a><span class="w">            </span><span class="k">break</span><span class="p">;</span>
+<a id="__codelineno-3-8" name="__codelineno-3-8"></a>
+<a id="__codelineno-3-9" name="__codelineno-3-9"></a><span class="w">        </span><span class="k">default</span><span class="o">:</span>
+<a id="__codelineno-3-10" name="__codelineno-3-10"></a><span class="w">            </span><span class="k">return</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="nx">state</span><span class="p">;</span><span class="w">  </span><span class="c1">// return unchanged state (NEEDED)</span>
+<a id="__codelineno-3-11" name="__codelineno-3-11"></a><span class="w">    </span><span class="p">}</span>
+<a id="__codelineno-3-12" name="__codelineno-3-12"></a><span class="p">}</span>
+<a id="__codelineno-3-13" name="__codelineno-3-13"></a>
+<a id="__codelineno-3-14" name="__codelineno-3-14"></a><span class="c1">// combining reducers</span>
+<a id="__codelineno-3-15" name="__codelineno-3-15"></a><span class="k">import</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="p">{</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="nx">combineReducers</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="p">}</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="kr">from</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="s2">&quot;redux&quot;</span><span class="p">;</span>
+<a id="__codelineno-3-16" name="__codelineno-3-16"></a>
+<a id="__codelineno-3-17" name="__codelineno-3-17"></a><span class="kd">const</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="nx">rootReducer</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="o">=</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="nx">combineReducers</span><span class="p">({</span>
+<a id="__codelineno-3-18" name="__codelineno-3-18"></a><span class="w">    </span><span class="nx">entity</span><span class="o">:</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="nx">entityReducer</span><span class="p">.</span>
+<a id="__codelineno-3-19" name="__codelineno-3-19"></a><span class="w">    </span><span class="p">...</span>
+<a id="__codelineno-3-20" name="__codelineno-3-20"></a><span class="p">});</span>
+</code></pre></div></td></tr></table></div>
+<blockquote>
+<p><strong>Note</strong>: multiple reducers can be triggered by the same action since each one operates on a different portion of the state.</p>
+</blockquote>
+<h2 id="react-redux"><a href="https://react-redux.js.org/">React-Redux</a></h2>
+<h3 id="container-vs-presentational-components">Container vs Presentational Components</h3>
+<p>Container Components:</p>
+<ul>
+<li>Focus on how thing work</li>
+<li>Aware of Redux</li>
+<li>Subscribe to Redux State</li>
+<li>Dispatch Redux actions</li>
+</ul>
+<p>Presentational Components:</p>
+<ul>
+<li>Focus on how things look</li>
+<li>Unaware of Redux</li>
+<li>Read data from props</li>
+<li>Invoke callbacks on props</li>
+</ul>
+<h3 id="provider-component-connect">Provider Component &amp; Connect</h3>
+<p>Used at the root component and wraps all the application.</p>
+<div class="highlight"><table class="highlighttable"><tr><th colspan="2" class="filename"><span class="filename">JavaScript</span></th></tr><tr><td class="linenos"><div class="linenodiv"><pre><span></span><span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-4-1"> 1</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-4-2"> 2</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-4-3"> 3</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-4-4"> 4</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-4-5"> 5</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-4-6"> 6</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-4-7"> 7</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-4-8"> 8</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-4-9"> 9</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-4-10">10</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-4-11">11</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-4-12">12</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-4-13">13</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-4-14">14</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-4-15">15</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-4-16">16</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-4-17">17</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-4-18">18</a></span></pre></div></td><td class="code"><div><pre><span></span><code><a id="__codelineno-4-1" name="__codelineno-4-1"></a><span class="c1">// index.js</span>
+<a id="__codelineno-4-2" name="__codelineno-4-2"></a><span class="k">import</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="nx">React</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="kr">from</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="s1">&#39;react&#39;</span><span class="p">;</span>
+<a id="__codelineno-4-3" name="__codelineno-4-3"></a><span class="k">import</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="nx">ReactDOM</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="kr">from</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="s1">&#39;react-dom&#39;</span><span class="p">;</span>
+<a id="__codelineno-4-4" name="__codelineno-4-4"></a><span class="k">import</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="p">{</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="nx">Provider</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="p">}</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="kr">from</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="s1">&#39;react-redux&#39;</span><span class="p">;</span>
+<a id="__codelineno-4-5" name="__codelineno-4-5"></a>
+<a id="__codelineno-4-6" name="__codelineno-4-6"></a><span class="k">import</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="p">{</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="nx">configStore</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="p">}</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="kr">from</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="s1">&#39;path/to/configStore&#39;</span><span class="p">;</span>
+<a id="__codelineno-4-7" name="__codelineno-4-7"></a><span class="k">import</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="nx">initialState</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="kr">from</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="s2">&quot;path/to/initialState&quot;</span><span class="p">;</span>
+<a id="__codelineno-4-8" name="__codelineno-4-8"></a><span class="k">import</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="nx">App</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="kr">from</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="s1">&#39;./App&#39;</span><span class="p">;</span>
+<a id="__codelineno-4-9" name="__codelineno-4-9"></a>
+<a id="__codelineno-4-10" name="__codelineno-4-10"></a><span class="kd">const</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="nx">store</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="o">=</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="nx">configStore</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="nx">initialState</span><span class="p">);</span>
+<a id="__codelineno-4-11" name="__codelineno-4-11"></a>
+<a id="__codelineno-4-12" name="__codelineno-4-12"></a><span class="kd">const</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="nx">rootElement</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="o">=</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="nb">document</span><span class="p">.</span><span class="nx">getElementById</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="s1">&#39;root&#39;</span><span class="p">);</span>
+<a id="__codelineno-4-13" name="__codelineno-4-13"></a><span class="nx">ReactDOM</span><span class="p">.</span><span class="nx">render</span><span class="p">(</span>
+<a id="__codelineno-4-14" name="__codelineno-4-14"></a><span class="w">  </span><span class="o">&lt;</span><span class="nx">Provider</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="nx">store</span><span class="o">=</span><span class="p">{</span><span class="nx">store</span><span class="p">}</span><span class="o">&gt;</span>
+<a id="__codelineno-4-15" name="__codelineno-4-15"></a><span class="w">    </span><span class="o">&lt;</span><span class="nx">App</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="o">/&gt;</span>
+<a id="__codelineno-4-16" name="__codelineno-4-16"></a><span class="w">  </span><span class="o">&lt;</span><span class="err">/Provider&gt;,</span>
+<a id="__codelineno-4-17" name="__codelineno-4-17"></a><span class="w">  </span><span class="nx">rootElement</span>
+<a id="__codelineno-4-18" name="__codelineno-4-18"></a><span class="p">);</span>
+</code></pre></div></td></tr></table></div>
+<div class="highlight"><table class="highlighttable"><tr><th colspan="2" class="filename"><span class="filename">JavaScript</span></th></tr><tr><td class="linenos"><div class="linenodiv"><pre><span></span><span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-5-1"> 1</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-5-2"> 2</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-5-3"> 3</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-5-4"> 4</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-5-5"> 5</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-5-6"> 6</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-5-7"> 7</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-5-8"> 8</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-5-9"> 9</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-5-10">10</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-5-11">11</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-5-12">12</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-5-13">13</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-5-14">14</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-5-15">15</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-5-16">16</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-5-17">17</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-5-18">18</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-5-19">19</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-5-20">20</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-5-21">21</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-5-22">22</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-5-23">23</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-5-24">24</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-5-25">25</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-5-26">26</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-5-27">27</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-5-28">28</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-5-29">29</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-5-30">30</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-5-31">31</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-5-32">32</a></span></pre></div></td><td class="code"><div><pre><span></span><code><a id="__codelineno-5-1" name="__codelineno-5-1"></a><span class="c1">// Component.js</span>
+<a id="__codelineno-5-2" name="__codelineno-5-2"></a><span class="k">import</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="p">{</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="nx">connect</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="p">}</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="kr">from</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="s1">&#39;react-redux&#39;</span><span class="p">;</span>
+<a id="__codelineno-5-3" name="__codelineno-5-3"></a><span class="k">import</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="p">{</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="nx">increment</span><span class="p">,</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="nx">decrement</span><span class="p">,</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="nx">reset</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="p">}</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="kr">from</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="s1">&#39;./actionCreators&#39;</span><span class="p">;</span>
+<a id="__codelineno-5-4" name="__codelineno-5-4"></a>
+<a id="__codelineno-5-5" name="__codelineno-5-5"></a><span class="c1">// const Component = ...</span>
+<a id="__codelineno-5-6" name="__codelineno-5-6"></a>
+<a id="__codelineno-5-7" name="__codelineno-5-7"></a><span class="c1">// specifies which state is passed to the component (called on state change)</span>
+<a id="__codelineno-5-8" name="__codelineno-5-8"></a><span class="kd">const</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="nx">mapStateToProps</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="o">=</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="p">(</span><span class="nx">state</span><span class="p">,</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="nx">ownProps</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="cm">/* optional */</span><span class="p">)</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="p">=&gt;</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="p">{</span>
+<a id="__codelineno-5-9" name="__codelineno-5-9"></a><span class="w">    </span><span class="c1">// structure of the props passed to the component</span>
+<a id="__codelineno-5-10" name="__codelineno-5-10"></a><span class="w">    </span><span class="k">return</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="p">{</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="nx">propName</span><span class="o">:</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="nx">state</span><span class="p">.</span><span class="nx">property</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="p">};</span>
+<a id="__codelineno-5-11" name="__codelineno-5-11"></a><span class="p">};</span>
+<a id="__codelineno-5-12" name="__codelineno-5-12"></a>
+<a id="__codelineno-5-13" name="__codelineno-5-13"></a><span class="c1">// specifies the action passed to a component (the key is the name that the prop will have )</span>
+<a id="__codelineno-5-14" name="__codelineno-5-14"></a><span class="kd">const</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="nx">mapDispatchToProps</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="o">=</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="p">{</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="nx">actionCreator</span><span class="o">:</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="nx">actionCreator</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="p">};</span>
+<a id="__codelineno-5-15" name="__codelineno-5-15"></a><span class="c1">// or</span>
+<a id="__codelineno-5-16" name="__codelineno-5-16"></a><span class="kd">function</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="nx">mapDispatchToProps</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="nx">dispatch</span><span class="p">)</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="p">{</span>
+<a id="__codelineno-5-17" name="__codelineno-5-17"></a><span class="w">    </span><span class="k">return</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="p">{</span>
+<a id="__codelineno-5-18" name="__codelineno-5-18"></a><span class="w">        </span><span class="c1">// wrap action creators</span>
+<a id="__codelineno-5-19" name="__codelineno-5-19"></a><span class="w">        </span><span class="nx">actionCreator</span><span class="o">:</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="p">(</span><span class="nx">args</span><span class="p">)</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="p">=&gt;</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="nx">dispatch</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="nx">actionCreator</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="nx">args</span><span class="p">))</span>
+<a id="__codelineno-5-20" name="__codelineno-5-20"></a><span class="w">    </span><span class="p">};</span>
+<a id="__codelineno-5-21" name="__codelineno-5-21"></a><span class="p">}</span>
+<a id="__codelineno-5-22" name="__codelineno-5-22"></a><span class="c1">// or</span>
+<a id="__codelineno-5-23" name="__codelineno-5-23"></a><span class="kd">function</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="nx">mapDispatchToProps</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="nx">dispatch</span><span class="p">)</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="p">{</span>
+<a id="__codelineno-5-24" name="__codelineno-5-24"></a><span class="w">    </span><span class="k">return</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="p">{</span>
+<a id="__codelineno-5-25" name="__codelineno-5-25"></a><span class="w">        </span><span class="nx">actionCreator</span><span class="o">:</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="nx">bindActionCreators</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="nx">actionCreator</span><span class="p">,</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="nx">dispatch</span><span class="p">),</span>
+<a id="__codelineno-5-26" name="__codelineno-5-26"></a><span class="w">        </span><span class="nx">actions</span><span class="o">:</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="nx">bindActionCreators</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="nx">allActionCreators</span><span class="p">,</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="nx">dispatch</span><span class="p">)</span>
+<a id="__codelineno-5-27" name="__codelineno-5-27"></a><span class="w">    </span><span class="p">};</span>
+<a id="__codelineno-5-28" name="__codelineno-5-28"></a><span class="p">}</span>
+<a id="__codelineno-5-29" name="__codelineno-5-29"></a>
+<a id="__codelineno-5-30" name="__codelineno-5-30"></a><span class="c1">// both args are optional</span>
+<a id="__codelineno-5-31" name="__codelineno-5-31"></a><span class="c1">// if mapDispatch is missing the dispatch function is added to the props</span>
+<a id="__codelineno-5-32" name="__codelineno-5-32"></a><span class="k">export</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="k">default</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="nx">connect</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="nx">mapStateToProps</span><span class="p">,</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="nx">mapDispatchToProps</span><span class="p">)(</span><span class="nx">Component</span><span class="p">);</span>
+</code></pre></div></td></tr></table></div>
+<h2 id="async-operations-with-redux-thunk">Async Operations with <a href="https://github.com/reduxjs/redux-thunk">Redux-Thunk</a></h2>
+<p><strong>Note</strong>: Redux middleware runs <em>after</em> and action and <em>before</em> it's reducer.</p>
+<p>Redux-Thunk allows to return functions instead of objects from action creators.<br />
+A "thunk" is a function that wraps an expression to delay it's evaluation.</p>
+<p>In <code>configStore.js</code>:</p>
+<div class="highlight"><table class="highlighttable"><tr><th colspan="2" class="filename"><span class="filename">JavaScript</span></th></tr><tr><td class="linenos"><div class="linenodiv"><pre><span></span><span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-6-1"> 1</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-6-2"> 2</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-6-3"> 3</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-6-4"> 4</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-6-5"> 5</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-6-6"> 6</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-6-7"> 7</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-6-8"> 8</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-6-9"> 9</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-6-10">10</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-6-11">11</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-6-12">12</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-6-13">13</a></span></pre></div></td><td class="code"><div><pre><span></span><code><a id="__codelineno-6-1" name="__codelineno-6-1"></a><span class="k">import</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="p">{</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="nx">createStore</span><span class="p">,</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="nx">applyMiddleware</span><span class="p">,</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="nx">compose</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="p">}</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="kr">from</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="s2">&quot;redux&quot;</span><span class="p">;</span>
+<a id="__codelineno-6-2" name="__codelineno-6-2"></a><span class="k">import</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="nx">thunk</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="kr">from</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="s2">&quot;redux-thunk&quot;</span><span class="p">;</span>
+<a id="__codelineno-6-3" name="__codelineno-6-3"></a>
+<a id="__codelineno-6-4" name="__codelineno-6-4"></a><span class="kd">function</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="nx">configStore</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="nx">initialState</span><span class="p">)</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="p">{</span>
+<a id="__codelineno-6-5" name="__codelineno-6-5"></a><span class="w">    </span><span class="kd">const</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="nx">composeEnhancers</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="o">=</span>
+<a id="__codelineno-6-6" name="__codelineno-6-6"></a><span class="w">        </span><span class="nb">window</span><span class="p">.</span><span class="nx">__REDUX_DEVTOOLS_EXTENSION_COMPOSE__</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="o">||</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="nx">compose</span><span class="p">;</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="c1">// support for redux devtools</span>
+<a id="__codelineno-6-7" name="__codelineno-6-7"></a>
+<a id="__codelineno-6-8" name="__codelineno-6-8"></a><span class="w">    </span><span class="k">return</span><span class="w">  </span><span class="nx">createStore</span><span class="p">(</span>
+<a id="__codelineno-6-9" name="__codelineno-6-9"></a><span class="w">        </span><span class="nx">rootReducer</span><span class="p">,</span><span class="w"> </span>
+<a id="__codelineno-6-10" name="__codelineno-6-10"></a><span class="w">        </span><span class="nx">initialState</span><span class="p">,</span><span class="w"> </span>
+<a id="__codelineno-6-11" name="__codelineno-6-11"></a><span class="w">        </span><span class="nx">composeEnhancers</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="nx">applyMiddleware</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="nx">thunk</span><span class="p">,</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="p">...))</span><span class="w">  </span><span class="c1">// add thunks middleware</span>
+<a id="__codelineno-6-12" name="__codelineno-6-12"></a><span class="w">    </span><span class="p">);</span>
+<a id="__codelineno-6-13" name="__codelineno-6-13"></a><span class="p">}</span>
+</code></pre></div></td></tr></table></div>
+<div class="highlight"><table class="highlighttable"><tr><th colspan="2" class="filename"><span class="filename">JavaScript</span></th></tr><tr><td class="linenos"><div class="linenodiv"><pre><span></span><span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-7-1"> 1</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-7-2"> 2</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-7-3"> 3</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-7-4"> 4</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-7-5"> 5</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-7-6"> 6</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-7-7"> 7</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-7-8"> 8</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-7-9"> 9</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-7-10">10</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-7-11">11</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-7-12">12</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-7-13">13</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-7-14">14</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-7-15">15</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-7-16">16</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-7-17">17</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-7-18">18</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-7-19">19</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-7-20">20</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-7-21">21</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-7-22">22</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-7-23">23</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-7-24">24</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-7-25">25</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-7-26">26</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-7-27">27</a></span></pre></div></td><td class="code"><div><pre><span></span><code><a id="__codelineno-7-1" name="__codelineno-7-1"></a><span class="c1">// usually action on async func success</span>
+<a id="__codelineno-7-2" name="__codelineno-7-2"></a><span class="kd">function</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="nx">actionCreator</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="nx">arg</span><span class="p">)</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="p">{</span>
+<a id="__codelineno-7-3" name="__codelineno-7-3"></a><span class="w">    </span><span class="k">return</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="p">{</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="nx">type</span><span class="o">:</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="nx">TYPE</span><span class="p">,</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="nx">data</span><span class="o">:</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="nx">arg</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="p">};</span>
+<a id="__codelineno-7-4" name="__codelineno-7-4"></a><span class="p">}</span>
+<a id="__codelineno-7-5" name="__codelineno-7-5"></a>
+<a id="__codelineno-7-6" name="__codelineno-7-6"></a><span class="k">export</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="kd">function</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="nx">thunk</span><span class="p">()</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="p">{</span>
+<a id="__codelineno-7-7" name="__codelineno-7-7"></a><span class="w">    </span><span class="k">return</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="kd">function</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="p">(</span><span class="nx">dispatch</span><span class="p">)</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="p">{</span><span class="w">  </span><span class="c1">// redux-thunk injects dispatch as arg</span>
+<a id="__codelineno-7-8" name="__codelineno-7-8"></a><span class="w">        </span><span class="k">return</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="nx">asyncFunction</span><span class="p">().</span><span class="nx">then</span><span class="p">((</span><span class="nx">data</span><span class="p">)</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="p">=&gt;</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="p">{</span><span class="w">  </span><span class="c1">// async function returns a promise</span>
+<a id="__codelineno-7-9" name="__codelineno-7-9"></a><span class="w">                </span><span class="nx">dispatch</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="nx">actionCreator</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="nx">data</span><span class="p">));</span>
+<a id="__codelineno-7-10" name="__codelineno-7-10"></a><span class="w">            </span><span class="p">})</span>
+<a id="__codelineno-7-11" name="__codelineno-7-11"></a><span class="w">            </span><span class="p">.</span><span class="k">catch</span><span class="p">((</span><span class="nx">error</span><span class="p">)</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="p">=&gt;</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="p">{</span>
+<a id="__codelineno-7-12" name="__codelineno-7-12"></a><span class="w">                </span><span class="k">throw</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="nx">error</span><span class="p">;</span>
+<a id="__codelineno-7-13" name="__codelineno-7-13"></a><span class="w">            </span><span class="p">});</span>
+<a id="__codelineno-7-14" name="__codelineno-7-14"></a><span class="w">    </span><span class="p">};</span>
+<a id="__codelineno-7-15" name="__codelineno-7-15"></a><span class="p">}</span>
+<a id="__codelineno-7-16" name="__codelineno-7-16"></a>
+<a id="__codelineno-7-17" name="__codelineno-7-17"></a><span class="c1">// or using async/await</span>
+<a id="__codelineno-7-18" name="__codelineno-7-18"></a><span class="k">export</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="k">async</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="kd">function</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="nx">thunk</span><span class="p">()</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="p">{</span>
+<a id="__codelineno-7-19" name="__codelineno-7-19"></a><span class="w">    </span><span class="k">return</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="kd">function</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="p">(</span><span class="nx">dispatch</span><span class="p">)</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="p">{</span><span class="w">  </span><span class="c1">// redux-thunk injects dispatch as arg</span>
+<a id="__codelineno-7-20" name="__codelineno-7-20"></a><span class="w">        </span><span class="k">try</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="p">{</span>
+<a id="__codelineno-7-21" name="__codelineno-7-21"></a><span class="w">            </span><span class="kd">let</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="nx">data</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="o">=</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="k">await</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="nx">asyncFunction</span><span class="p">();</span>
+<a id="__codelineno-7-22" name="__codelineno-7-22"></a><span class="w">            </span><span class="k">return</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="nx">dispatch</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="nx">actionCreator</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="nx">data</span><span class="p">));</span>
+<a id="__codelineno-7-23" name="__codelineno-7-23"></a><span class="w">        </span><span class="p">}</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="k">catch</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="nx">error</span><span class="p">)</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="p">{</span>
+<a id="__codelineno-7-24" name="__codelineno-7-24"></a><span class="w">                </span><span class="k">throw</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="nx">error</span><span class="p">;</span>
+<a id="__codelineno-7-25" name="__codelineno-7-25"></a><span class="w">        </span><span class="p">}</span>
+<a id="__codelineno-7-26" name="__codelineno-7-26"></a><span class="w">    </span><span class="p">}</span>
+<a id="__codelineno-7-27" name="__codelineno-7-27"></a><span class="p">}</span>
+</code></pre></div></td></tr></table></div>
+<h2 id="redux-toolkit"><a href="https://redux-toolkit.js.org/">Redux-Toolkit</a></h2>
+<p>The Redux Toolkit package is intended to be the standard way to write Redux logic. It was originally created to help address three common concerns about Redux.</p>
+<p>Redux Toolkit also includes a powerful data fetching and caching capability dubbed "RTK Query". It's included in the package as a separate set of entry points. It's optional, but can eliminate the need to hand-write data fetching logic yourself.</p>
+<p>These tools should be beneficial to all Redux users. Whether you're a brand new Redux user setting up your first project, or an experienced user who wants to simplify an existing application, Redux Toolkit can help you make your Redux code better.
+Installation​
+Using Create React App​</p>
+<p>The recommended way to start new apps with React and Redux is by using the official Redux+JS template or Redux+TS template for Create React App, which takes advantage of Redux Toolkit and React Redux's integration with React components.</p>
+<div class="highlight"><table class="highlighttable"><tr><th colspan="2" class="filename"><span class="filename">Bash</span></th></tr><tr><td class="linenos"><div class="linenodiv"><pre><span></span><span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-8-1">1</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-8-2">2</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-8-3">3</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-8-4">4</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-8-5">5</a></span></pre></div></td><td class="code"><div><pre><span></span><code><a id="__codelineno-8-1" name="__codelineno-8-1"></a><span class="c1"># Redux + Plain JS template</span>
+<a id="__codelineno-8-2" name="__codelineno-8-2"></a>npx<span class="w"> </span>create-react-app<span class="w"> </span>my-app<span class="w"> </span>--template<span class="w"> </span>redux
+<a id="__codelineno-8-3" name="__codelineno-8-3"></a>
+<a id="__codelineno-8-4" name="__codelineno-8-4"></a><span class="c1"># Redux + TypeScript template</span>
+<a id="__codelineno-8-5" name="__codelineno-8-5"></a>npx<span class="w"> </span>create-react-app<span class="w"> </span>my-app<span class="w"> </span>--template<span class="w"> </span>redux-typescript
+</code></pre></div></td></tr></table></div>
+<p>Redux Toolkit includes these APIs:</p>
+<ul>
+<li>
+<p><a href="https://redux-toolkit.js.org/api/configureStore"><code>configureStore()</code></a>: wraps <code>createStore</code> to provide simplified configuration options and good defaults.<br />
+  It can automatically combines slice reducers, adds whatever Redux middleware supplied, includes redux-thunk by default, and enables use of the Redux DevTools Extension.</p>
+</li>
+<li>
+<p><a href="https://redux-toolkit.js.org/api/createReducer"><code>createReducer()</code></a>: that lets you supply a lookup table of action types to case reducer functions, rather than writing switch statements.
+  In addition, it automatically uses the <code>immer</code> library to let you write simpler immutable updates with normal mutative code, like <code>state.todos[3].completed = true</code>.</p>
+</li>
+<li>
+<p><a href="https://redux-toolkit.js.org/api/createAction"><code>createAction()</code></a>: generates an action creator function for the given action type string.
+  The function itself has <code>toString()</code> defined, so that it can be used in place of the type constant.</p>
+</li>
+<li><a href="https://redux-toolkit.js.org/api/createSlice"><code>createSlice()</code></a>: accepts an object of reducer functions, a slice name, and an initial state value, and automatically generates a slice reducer with corresponding action creators and action types.</li>
+<li><a href="https://redux-toolkit.js.org/api/createAsyncThunk"><code>createAsyncThunk</code></a>: accepts an action type string and a function that returns a promise, and generates a thunk that dispatches pending/fulfilled/rejected action types based on that promise</li>
+<li><a href="https://redux-toolkit.js.org/api/createEntityAdapter"><code>createEntityAdapter</code></a>: generates a set of reusable reducers and selectors to manage normalized data in the store</li>
+<li>The <code>createSelector</code> utility from the Reselect library, re-exported for ease of use.</li>
+</ul>
+<h3 id="configurestore"><a href="https://redux-toolkit.js.org/api/configureStore"><code>configureStore</code></a></h3>
+<p>Included Default Middleware​:</p>
+<ul>
+<li>
+<p>Immutability check middleware: deeply compares state values for mutations. It can detect mutations in reducers during a dispatch, and also mutations that occur between dispatches.
+  When a mutation is detected, it will throw an error and indicate the key path for where the mutated value was detected in the state tree. (Forked from <code>redux-immutable-state-invariant</code>.)</p>
+</li>
+<li>
+<p>Serializability check middleware: a custom middleware created specifically for use in Redux Toolkit
+  Similar in concept to <code>immutable-state-invariant</code>, but deeply checks the state tree and the actions for non-serializable values such as functions, Promises, Symbols, and other non-plain-JS-data values
+  When a non-serializable value is detected, a console error will be printed with the key path for where the non-serializable value was detected.</p>
+</li>
+<li>
+<p>In addition to these development tool middleware, it also adds <code>redux-thunk</code> by default, since thunks are the basic recommended side effects middleware for Redux.</p>
+</li>
+</ul>
+<p>Currently, the return value of <code>getDefaultMiddleware()</code> is:</p>
+<div class="highlight"><table class="highlighttable"><tr><th colspan="2" class="filename"><span class="filename">JavaScript</span></th></tr><tr><td class="linenos"><div class="linenodiv"><pre><span></span><span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-9-1">1</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-9-2">2</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-9-3">3</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-9-4">4</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-9-5">5</a></span></pre></div></td><td class="code"><div><pre><span></span><code><a id="__codelineno-9-1" name="__codelineno-9-1"></a><span class="c1">// development</span>
+<a id="__codelineno-9-2" name="__codelineno-9-2"></a><span class="kd">const</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="nx">middleware</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="o">=</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="p">[</span><span class="nx">thunk</span><span class="p">,</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="nx">immutableStateInvariant</span><span class="p">,</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="nx">serializableStateInvariant</span><span class="p">]</span>
+<a id="__codelineno-9-3" name="__codelineno-9-3"></a>
+<a id="__codelineno-9-4" name="__codelineno-9-4"></a><span class="c1">// production​</span>
+<a id="__codelineno-9-5" name="__codelineno-9-5"></a><span class="kd">const</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="nx">middleware</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="o">=</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="p">[</span><span class="nx">thunk</span><span class="p">]</span>
+</code></pre></div></td></tr></table></div>
+<div class="highlight"><table class="highlighttable"><tr><th colspan="2" class="filename"><span class="filename">JavaScript</span></th></tr><tr><td class="linenos"><div class="linenodiv"><pre><span></span><span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-10-1"> 1</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-10-2"> 2</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-10-3"> 3</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-10-4"> 4</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-10-5"> 5</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-10-6"> 6</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-10-7"> 7</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-10-8"> 8</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-10-9"> 9</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-10-10">10</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-10-11">11</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-10-12">12</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-10-13">13</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-10-14">14</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-10-15">15</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-10-16">16</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-10-17">17</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-10-18">18</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-10-19">19</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-10-20">20</a></span></pre></div></td><td class="code"><div><pre><span></span><code><a id="__codelineno-10-1" name="__codelineno-10-1"></a><span class="k">import</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="p">{</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="nx">combineReducers</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="p">}</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="kr">from</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="s1">&#39;redux&#39;</span>
+<a id="__codelineno-10-2" name="__codelineno-10-2"></a><span class="k">import</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="p">{</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="nx">configureStore</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="p">}</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="kr">from</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="s1">&#39;@reduxjs/toolkit&#39;</span>
+<a id="__codelineno-10-3" name="__codelineno-10-3"></a><span class="k">import</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="nx">monitorReducersEnhancer</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="kr">from</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="s1">&#39;./enhancers/monitorReducers&#39;</span>
+<a id="__codelineno-10-4" name="__codelineno-10-4"></a><span class="k">import</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="nx">loggerMiddleware</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="kr">from</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="s1">&#39;./middleware/logger&#39;</span>
+<a id="__codelineno-10-5" name="__codelineno-10-5"></a><span class="k">import</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="nx">usersReducer</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="kr">from</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="s1">&#39;./usersReducer&#39;</span>
+<a id="__codelineno-10-6" name="__codelineno-10-6"></a><span class="k">import</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="nx">postsReducer</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="kr">from</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="s1">&#39;./postsReducer&#39;</span>
+<a id="__codelineno-10-7" name="__codelineno-10-7"></a>
+<a id="__codelineno-10-8" name="__codelineno-10-8"></a><span class="kd">const</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="nx">rootReducer</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="o">=</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="nx">combineReducers</span><span class="p">({</span>
+<a id="__codelineno-10-9" name="__codelineno-10-9"></a><span class="w">  </span><span class="nx">users</span><span class="o">:</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="nx">usersReducer</span><span class="p">,</span>
+<a id="__codelineno-10-10" name="__codelineno-10-10"></a><span class="w">  </span><span class="nx">posts</span><span class="o">:</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="nx">postsReducer</span><span class="p">,</span>
+<a id="__codelineno-10-11" name="__codelineno-10-11"></a><span class="p">})</span>
+<a id="__codelineno-10-12" name="__codelineno-10-12"></a>
+<a id="__codelineno-10-13" name="__codelineno-10-13"></a><span class="kd">const</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="nx">store</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="o">=</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="nx">configureStore</span><span class="p">({</span>
+<a id="__codelineno-10-14" name="__codelineno-10-14"></a><span class="w">  </span><span class="c1">// reducers combined automatically</span>
+<a id="__codelineno-10-15" name="__codelineno-10-15"></a><span class="w">  </span><span class="nx">reducer</span><span class="o">:</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="nx">rootReducer</span><span class="p">,</span>
+<a id="__codelineno-10-16" name="__codelineno-10-16"></a><span class="w">  </span><span class="nx">middleware</span><span class="o">:</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="p">(</span><span class="nx">getDefaultMiddleware</span><span class="p">)</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="p">=&gt;</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="nx">getDefaultMiddleware</span><span class="p">().</span><span class="nx">concat</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="nx">loggerMiddleware</span><span class="p">),</span>
+<a id="__codelineno-10-17" name="__codelineno-10-17"></a><span class="w">  </span><span class="nx">enhancers</span><span class="o">:</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="p">[</span><span class="nx">monitorReducersEnhancer</span><span class="p">]</span>
+<a id="__codelineno-10-18" name="__codelineno-10-18"></a><span class="p">})</span>
+<a id="__codelineno-10-19" name="__codelineno-10-19"></a>
+<a id="__codelineno-10-20" name="__codelineno-10-20"></a><span class="k">export</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="k">default</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="nx">store</span>
+</code></pre></div></td></tr></table></div>
+<h3 id="createaction"><a href="https://redux-toolkit.js.org/api/createAction"><code>createAction</code></a></h3>
+<div class="highlight"><table class="highlighttable"><tr><th colspan="2" class="filename"><span class="filename">JavaScript</span></th></tr><tr><td class="linenos"><div class="linenodiv"><pre><span></span><span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-11-1">1</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-11-2">2</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-11-3">3</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-11-4">4</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-11-5">5</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-11-6">6</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-11-7">7</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-11-8">8</a></span></pre></div></td><td class="code"><div><pre><span></span><code><a id="__codelineno-11-1" name="__codelineno-11-1"></a><span class="k">import</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="p">{</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="nx">createAction</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="p">}</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="kr">from</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="s1">&#39;@reduxjs/toolkit&#39;</span><span class="p">;</span>
+<a id="__codelineno-11-2" name="__codelineno-11-2"></a>
+<a id="__codelineno-11-3" name="__codelineno-11-3"></a><span class="kd">const</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="nx">increment</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="o">=</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="nx">createAction</span><span class="o">&lt;</span><span class="nx">number</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="o">|</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="kc">undefined</span><span class="o">&gt;</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="s1">&#39;counter/increment&#39;</span><span class="p">);</span>
+<a id="__codelineno-11-4" name="__codelineno-11-4"></a>
+<a id="__codelineno-11-5" name="__codelineno-11-5"></a><span class="kd">const</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="nx">action</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="o">=</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="nx">increment</span><span class="p">();</span><span class="w">  </span><span class="c1">// { type: &#39;counter/increment&#39; }</span>
+<a id="__codelineno-11-6" name="__codelineno-11-6"></a><span class="kd">const</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="nx">action</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="o">=</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="nx">increment</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="mf">3</span><span class="p">);</span><span class="w">  </span><span class="c1">// { type: &#39;counter/increment&#39;, payload: 3 }</span>
+<a id="__codelineno-11-7" name="__codelineno-11-7"></a>
+<a id="__codelineno-11-8" name="__codelineno-11-8"></a><span class="nx">increment</span><span class="p">.</span><span class="nx">toString</span><span class="p">();</span><span class="w">  </span><span class="c1">// &#39;counter/increment&#39;</span>
+</code></pre></div></td></tr></table></div>
+<h3 id="createreducer"><a href="https://redux-toolkit.js.org/api/createReducer"><code>createReducer</code></a></h3>
+<div class="highlight"><table class="highlighttable"><tr><th colspan="2" class="filename"><span class="filename">JavaScript</span></th></tr><tr><td class="linenos"><div class="linenodiv"><pre><span></span><span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-12-1"> 1</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-12-2"> 2</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-12-3"> 3</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-12-4"> 4</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-12-5"> 5</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-12-6"> 6</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-12-7"> 7</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-12-8"> 8</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-12-9"> 9</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-12-10">10</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-12-11">11</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-12-12">12</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-12-13">13</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-12-14">14</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-12-15">15</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-12-16">16</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-12-17">17</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-12-18">18</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-12-19">19</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-12-20">20</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-12-21">21</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-12-22">22</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-12-23">23</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-12-24">24</a></span></pre></div></td><td class="code"><div><pre><span></span><code><a id="__codelineno-12-1" name="__codelineno-12-1"></a><span class="k">import</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="p">{</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="nx">createAction</span><span class="p">,</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="nx">createReducer</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="p">}</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="kr">from</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="s1">&#39;@reduxjs/toolkit&#39;</span>
+<a id="__codelineno-12-2" name="__codelineno-12-2"></a>
+<a id="__codelineno-12-3" name="__codelineno-12-3"></a><span class="kr">interface</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="nx">CounterState</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="p">{</span>
+<a id="__codelineno-12-4" name="__codelineno-12-4"></a><span class="w">  </span><span class="nx">value</span><span class="o">:</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="nx">number</span>
+<a id="__codelineno-12-5" name="__codelineno-12-5"></a><span class="p">}</span>
+<a id="__codelineno-12-6" name="__codelineno-12-6"></a>
+<a id="__codelineno-12-7" name="__codelineno-12-7"></a><span class="kd">const</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="nx">increment</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="o">=</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="nx">createAction</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="s1">&#39;counter/increment&#39;</span><span class="p">)</span>
+<a id="__codelineno-12-8" name="__codelineno-12-8"></a><span class="kd">const</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="nx">decrement</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="o">=</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="nx">createAction</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="s1">&#39;counter/decrement&#39;</span><span class="p">)</span>
+<a id="__codelineno-12-9" name="__codelineno-12-9"></a><span class="kd">const</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="nx">incrementByAmount</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="o">=</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="nx">createAction</span><span class="o">&lt;</span><span class="nx">number</span><span class="o">&gt;</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="s1">&#39;counter/incrementByAmount&#39;</span><span class="p">)</span>
+<a id="__codelineno-12-10" name="__codelineno-12-10"></a>
+<a id="__codelineno-12-11" name="__codelineno-12-11"></a><span class="kd">const</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="nx">initialState</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="o">=</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="p">{</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="nx">value</span><span class="o">:</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="mf">0</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="p">}</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="kr">as</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="nx">CounterState</span>
+<a id="__codelineno-12-12" name="__codelineno-12-12"></a>
+<a id="__codelineno-12-13" name="__codelineno-12-13"></a><span class="kd">const</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="nx">counterReducer</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="o">=</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="nx">createReducer</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="nx">initialState</span><span class="p">,</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="p">(</span><span class="nx">builder</span><span class="p">)</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="p">=&gt;</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="p">{</span>
+<a id="__codelineno-12-14" name="__codelineno-12-14"></a><span class="w">  </span><span class="nx">builder</span>
+<a id="__codelineno-12-15" name="__codelineno-12-15"></a><span class="w">    </span><span class="p">.</span><span class="nx">addCase</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="nx">increment</span><span class="p">,</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="p">(</span><span class="nx">state</span><span class="p">,</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="nx">action</span><span class="p">)</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="p">=&gt;</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="p">{</span>
+<a id="__codelineno-12-16" name="__codelineno-12-16"></a><span class="w">      </span><span class="nx">state</span><span class="p">.</span><span class="nx">value</span><span class="o">++</span>
+<a id="__codelineno-12-17" name="__codelineno-12-17"></a><span class="w">    </span><span class="p">})</span>
+<a id="__codelineno-12-18" name="__codelineno-12-18"></a><span class="w">    </span><span class="p">.</span><span class="nx">addCase</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="nx">decrement</span><span class="p">,</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="p">(</span><span class="nx">state</span><span class="p">,</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="nx">action</span><span class="p">)</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="p">=&gt;</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="p">{</span>
+<a id="__codelineno-12-19" name="__codelineno-12-19"></a><span class="w">      </span><span class="nx">state</span><span class="p">.</span><span class="nx">value</span><span class="o">--</span>
+<a id="__codelineno-12-20" name="__codelineno-12-20"></a><span class="w">    </span><span class="p">})</span>
+<a id="__codelineno-12-21" name="__codelineno-12-21"></a><span class="w">    </span><span class="p">.</span><span class="nx">addCase</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="nx">incrementByAmount</span><span class="p">,</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="p">(</span><span class="nx">state</span><span class="p">,</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="nx">action</span><span class="p">)</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="p">=&gt;</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="p">{</span>
+<a id="__codelineno-12-22" name="__codelineno-12-22"></a><span class="w">      </span><span class="nx">state</span><span class="p">.</span><span class="nx">value</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="o">+=</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="nx">action</span><span class="p">.</span><span class="nx">payload</span>
+<a id="__codelineno-12-23" name="__codelineno-12-23"></a><span class="w">    </span><span class="p">})</span>
+<a id="__codelineno-12-24" name="__codelineno-12-24"></a><span class="p">})</span>
+</code></pre></div></td></tr></table></div>
+<h3 id="createslice"><a href="https://redux-toolkit.js.org/api/createSlice"><code>createSlice</code></a></h3>
+<p>A function that accepts an initial state, an object of reducer functions, and a "slice name", and automatically generates action creators and action types that correspond to the reducers and state.</p>
+<p>Internally, it uses <code>createAction</code> and <code>createReducer</code>, so it's possible to use Immer to write "mutating" immutable updates.</p>
+<p><strong>Note</strong>: action types will have the <code>&lt;slice-name&gt;/&lt;reducer-name&gt;</code> shape.</p>
+<div class="highlight"><table class="highlighttable"><tr><th colspan="2" class="filename"><span class="filename">JavaScript</span></th></tr><tr><td class="linenos"><div class="linenodiv"><pre><span></span><span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-13-1"> 1</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-13-2"> 2</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-13-3"> 3</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-13-4"> 4</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-13-5"> 5</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-13-6"> 6</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-13-7"> 7</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-13-8"> 8</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-13-9"> 9</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-13-10">10</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-13-11">11</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-13-12">12</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-13-13">13</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-13-14">14</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-13-15">15</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-13-16">16</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-13-17">17</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-13-18">18</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-13-19">19</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-13-20">20</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-13-21">21</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-13-22">22</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-13-23">23</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-13-24">24</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-13-25">25</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-13-26">26</a></span></pre></div></td><td class="code"><div><pre><span></span><code><a id="__codelineno-13-1" name="__codelineno-13-1"></a><span class="k">import</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="p">{</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="nx">createSlice</span><span class="p">,</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="nx">PayloadAction</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="p">}</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="kr">from</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="s1">&#39;@reduxjs/toolkit&#39;</span>
+<a id="__codelineno-13-2" name="__codelineno-13-2"></a>
+<a id="__codelineno-13-3" name="__codelineno-13-3"></a><span class="kr">interface</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="nx">CounterState</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="p">{</span>
+<a id="__codelineno-13-4" name="__codelineno-13-4"></a><span class="w">  </span><span class="nx">value</span><span class="o">:</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="nx">number</span>
+<a id="__codelineno-13-5" name="__codelineno-13-5"></a><span class="p">}</span>
+<a id="__codelineno-13-6" name="__codelineno-13-6"></a>
+<a id="__codelineno-13-7" name="__codelineno-13-7"></a><span class="kd">const</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="nx">initialState</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="o">=</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="p">{</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="nx">value</span><span class="o">:</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="mf">0</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="p">}</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="kr">as</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="nx">CounterState</span>
+<a id="__codelineno-13-8" name="__codelineno-13-8"></a>
+<a id="__codelineno-13-9" name="__codelineno-13-9"></a><span class="kd">const</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="nx">counterSlice</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="o">=</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="nx">createSlice</span><span class="p">({</span>
+<a id="__codelineno-13-10" name="__codelineno-13-10"></a><span class="w">  </span><span class="nx">name</span><span class="o">:</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="s1">&#39;counter&#39;</span><span class="p">,</span>
+<a id="__codelineno-13-11" name="__codelineno-13-11"></a><span class="w">  </span><span class="nx">initialState</span><span class="p">,</span>
+<a id="__codelineno-13-12" name="__codelineno-13-12"></a><span class="w">  </span><span class="nx">reducers</span><span class="o">:</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="p">{</span>
+<a id="__codelineno-13-13" name="__codelineno-13-13"></a><span class="w">    </span><span class="nx">increment</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="nx">state</span><span class="p">)</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="p">{</span>
+<a id="__codelineno-13-14" name="__codelineno-13-14"></a><span class="w">      </span><span class="nx">state</span><span class="p">.</span><span class="nx">value</span><span class="o">++</span>
+<a id="__codelineno-13-15" name="__codelineno-13-15"></a><span class="w">    </span><span class="p">},</span>
+<a id="__codelineno-13-16" name="__codelineno-13-16"></a><span class="w">    </span><span class="nx">decrement</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="nx">state</span><span class="p">)</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="p">{</span>
+<a id="__codelineno-13-17" name="__codelineno-13-17"></a><span class="w">      </span><span class="nx">state</span><span class="p">.</span><span class="nx">value</span><span class="o">--</span>
+<a id="__codelineno-13-18" name="__codelineno-13-18"></a><span class="w">    </span><span class="p">},</span>
+<a id="__codelineno-13-19" name="__codelineno-13-19"></a><span class="w">    </span><span class="nx">incrementByAmount</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="nx">state</span><span class="p">,</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="nx">action</span><span class="o">:</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="nx">PayloadAction</span><span class="o">&lt;</span><span class="nx">number</span><span class="o">&gt;</span><span class="p">)</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="p">{</span>
+<a id="__codelineno-13-20" name="__codelineno-13-20"></a><span class="w">      </span><span class="nx">state</span><span class="p">.</span><span class="nx">value</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="o">+=</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="nx">action</span><span class="p">.</span><span class="nx">payload</span>
+<a id="__codelineno-13-21" name="__codelineno-13-21"></a><span class="w">    </span><span class="p">},</span>
+<a id="__codelineno-13-22" name="__codelineno-13-22"></a><span class="w">  </span><span class="p">},</span>
+<a id="__codelineno-13-23" name="__codelineno-13-23"></a><span class="p">})</span>
+<a id="__codelineno-13-24" name="__codelineno-13-24"></a>
+<a id="__codelineno-13-25" name="__codelineno-13-25"></a><span class="k">export</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="kd">const</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="p">{</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="nx">increment</span><span class="p">,</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="nx">decrement</span><span class="p">,</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="nx">incrementByAmount</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="p">}</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="o">=</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="nx">counterSlice</span><span class="p">.</span><span class="nx">actions</span>
+<a id="__codelineno-13-26" name="__codelineno-13-26"></a><span class="k">export</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="k">default</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="nx">counterSlice</span><span class="p">.</span><span class="nx">reducer</span>
+</code></pre></div></td></tr></table></div>
+<h3 id="createasyncthunk"><a href="https://redux-toolkit.js.org/api/createAsyncThunk"><code>createAsyncThunk</code></a></h3>
+<p>The function <code>createAsyncThunk</code> returns a standard Redux thunk action creator.
+The thunk action creator function will have plain action creators for the pending, fulfilled, and rejected cases attached as nested fields.</p>
+<p>The <code>payloadCreator</code> function will be called with two arguments:</p>
+<ul>
+<li><code>arg</code>: a single value, containing the first parameter that was passed to the thunk action creator when it was dispatched.</li>
+<li><code>thunkAPI</code>: an object containing all of the parameters that are normally passed to a Redux thunk function, as well as additional options:</li>
+<li><code>dispatch</code>: the Redux store dispatch method</li>
+<li><code>getState</code>: the Redux store getState method</li>
+<li><code>extra</code>: the "extra argument" given to the thunk middleware on setup, if available</li>
+<li><code>requestId</code>: a unique string ID value that was automatically generated to identify this request sequence</li>
+<li><code>signal</code>: an <code>AbortController.signal</code> object that may be used to see if another part of the app logic has marked this request as needing cancellation.</li>
+<li>[...]</li>
+</ul>
+<p>The logic in the <code>payloadCreator</code> function may use any of these values as needed to calculate the result.</p>
+<div class="highlight"><table class="highlighttable"><tr><th colspan="2" class="filename"><span class="filename">JavaScript</span></th></tr><tr><td class="linenos"><div class="linenodiv"><pre><span></span><span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-14-1"> 1</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-14-2"> 2</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-14-3"> 3</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-14-4"> 4</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-14-5"> 5</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-14-6"> 6</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-14-7"> 7</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-14-8"> 8</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-14-9"> 9</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-14-10">10</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-14-11">11</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-14-12">12</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-14-13">13</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-14-14">14</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-14-15">15</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-14-16">16</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-14-17">17</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-14-18">18</a></span></pre></div></td><td class="code"><div><pre><span></span><code><a id="__codelineno-14-1" name="__codelineno-14-1"></a><span class="k">import</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="p">{</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="nx">createAsyncThunk</span><span class="p">,</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="nx">createSlice</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="p">}</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="kr">from</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="s1">&#39;@reduxjs/toolkit&#39;</span>
+<a id="__codelineno-14-2" name="__codelineno-14-2"></a>
+<a id="__codelineno-14-3" name="__codelineno-14-3"></a><span class="kd">const</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="nx">payloadCreator</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="o">=</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="k">async</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="p">(</span><span class="nx">arg</span><span class="p">,</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="nx">ThunkAPI</span><span class="p">)</span><span class="o">:</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="nb">Promise</span><span class="o">&lt;</span><span class="nx">T</span><span class="o">&gt;</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="p">=&gt;</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="p">{</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="cm">/* ... */</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="p">};</span>
+<a id="__codelineno-14-4" name="__codelineno-14-4"></a><span class="kd">const</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="nx">thunk</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="o">=</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="nx">createAsyncThunk</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="s2">&quot;&lt;action-type&gt;&quot;</span><span class="p">,</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="nx">payloadCreator</span><span class="p">);</span>
+<a id="__codelineno-14-5" name="__codelineno-14-5"></a>
+<a id="__codelineno-14-6" name="__codelineno-14-6"></a><span class="nx">thunk</span><span class="p">.</span><span class="nx">pending</span><span class="p">;</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="c1">// action creator that dispatches an &#39;&lt;action-type&gt;/pending&#39;</span>
+<a id="__codelineno-14-7" name="__codelineno-14-7"></a><span class="nx">thunk</span><span class="p">.</span><span class="nx">fulfilled</span><span class="p">;</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="c1">// action creator that dispatches an &#39;&lt;action-type&gt;/fulfilled&#39;</span>
+<a id="__codelineno-14-8" name="__codelineno-14-8"></a><span class="nx">thunk</span><span class="p">.</span><span class="nx">rejected</span><span class="p">;</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="c1">// action creator that dispatches an &#39;&lt;action-type&gt;/rejected&#39;</span>
+<a id="__codelineno-14-9" name="__codelineno-14-9"></a>
+<a id="__codelineno-14-10" name="__codelineno-14-10"></a><span class="kd">const</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="nx">slice</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="o">=</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="nx">createSlice</span><span class="p">({</span>
+<a id="__codelineno-14-11" name="__codelineno-14-11"></a><span class="w">  </span><span class="nx">name</span><span class="o">:</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="s1">&#39;&lt;action-name&gt;&#39;</span><span class="p">,</span>
+<a id="__codelineno-14-12" name="__codelineno-14-12"></a><span class="w">  </span><span class="nx">initialState</span><span class="p">,</span>
+<a id="__codelineno-14-13" name="__codelineno-14-13"></a><span class="w">  </span><span class="nx">reducers</span><span class="o">:</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="p">{</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="cm">/* standard reducer logic, with auto-generated action types per reducer */</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="p">},</span>
+<a id="__codelineno-14-14" name="__codelineno-14-14"></a><span class="w">  </span><span class="nx">extraReducers</span><span class="o">:</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="p">(</span><span class="nx">builder</span><span class="p">)</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="p">=&gt;</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="p">{</span>
+<a id="__codelineno-14-15" name="__codelineno-14-15"></a><span class="w">    </span><span class="c1">// Add reducers for additional action types here, and handle loading state as needed</span>
+<a id="__codelineno-14-16" name="__codelineno-14-16"></a><span class="w">    </span><span class="nx">builder</span><span class="p">.</span><span class="nx">addCase</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="nx">thunk</span><span class="p">.</span><span class="nx">fulfilled</span><span class="p">,</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="p">(</span><span class="nx">state</span><span class="p">,</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="nx">action</span><span class="p">)</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="p">=&gt;</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="p">{</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="cm">/* body of the reducer */</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="p">})</span>
+<a id="__codelineno-14-17" name="__codelineno-14-17"></a><span class="w">  </span><span class="p">},</span>
+<a id="__codelineno-14-18" name="__codelineno-14-18"></a><span class="p">})</span>
+</code></pre></div></td></tr></table></div>
+<h2 id="rtk-query">RTK Query​</h2>
+<p>RTK Query is provided as an optional addon within the <code>@reduxjs/toolkit</code> package.<br />
+It is purpose-built to solve the use case of data fetching and caching, supplying a compact, but powerful toolset to define an API interface layer got the app.<br />
+It is intended to simplify common cases for loading data in a web application, eliminating the need to hand-write data fetching &amp; caching logic yourself.</p>
+<p>RTK Query is included within the installation of the core Redux Toolkit package. It is available via either of the two entry points below:</p>
+<div class="highlight"><table class="highlighttable"><tr><th colspan="2" class="filename"><span class="filename">C#</span></th></tr><tr><td class="linenos"><div class="linenodiv"><pre><span></span><span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-15-1">1</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-15-2">2</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-15-3">3</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-15-4">4</a></span></pre></div></td><td class="code"><div><pre><span></span><code><a id="__codelineno-15-1" name="__codelineno-15-1"></a><span class="n">import</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="p">{</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="n">createApi</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="p">}</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="k">from</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="err">&#39;</span><span class="n">@reduxjs</span><span class="o">/</span><span class="n">toolkit</span><span class="o">/</span><span class="n">query</span><span class="err">&#39;</span>
+<a id="__codelineno-15-2" name="__codelineno-15-2"></a>
+<a id="__codelineno-15-3" name="__codelineno-15-3"></a><span class="cm">/* React-specific entry point that automatically generates hooks corresponding to the defined endpoints */</span>
+<a id="__codelineno-15-4" name="__codelineno-15-4"></a><span class="n">import</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="p">{</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="n">createApi</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="p">}</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="k">from</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="err">&#39;</span><span class="n">@reduxjs</span><span class="o">/</span><span class="n">toolkit</span><span class="o">/</span><span class="n">query</span><span class="o">/</span><span class="n">react</span><span class="err">&#39;</span>
+</code></pre></div></td></tr></table></div>
+<p>RTK Query includes these APIs:</p>
+<ul>
+<li><a href="https://redux-toolkit.js.org/rtk-query/api/createApi"><code>createApi()</code></a>: The core of RTK Query's functionality. It allows to define a set of endpoints describe how to retrieve data from a series of endpoints,
+  including configuration of how to fetch and transform that data.</li>
+<li><a href="https://redux-toolkit.js.org/rtk-query/api/fetchBaseQuery"><code>fetchBaseQuery()</code></a>: A small wrapper around fetch that aims to simplify requests. Intended as the recommended baseQuery to be used in createApi for the majority of users.</li>
+<li><a href="https://redux-toolkit.js.org/rtk-query/api/ApiProvider"><code>&lt;ApiProvider /&gt;</code></a>: Can be used as a Provider if you do not already have a Redux store.</li>
+<li><a href="https://redux-toolkit.js.org/rtk-query/api/setupListeners"><code>setupListeners()</code></a>: A utility used to enable refetchOnMount and refetchOnReconnect behaviors.</li>
+</ul>
+
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diff --git a/languages/javascript/svelte/svelte.html b/languages/javascript/svelte/svelte.html
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..dac27af
--- /dev/null
+++ b/languages/javascript/svelte/svelte.html
@@ -0,0 +1,4646 @@
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+  
+  <span class="md-ellipsis">
+    Pandas
+  </span>
+  
+
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+    </li>
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+
+              
+            
+              
+                
+  
+  
+  
+  
+    <li class="md-nav__item">
+      <a href="../../python/libs/seaborn.html" class="md-nav__link">
+        
+  
+  <span class="md-ellipsis">
+    Seaborn
+  </span>
+  
+
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+    </li>
+  
+
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+            
+              
+                
+  
+  
+  
+  
+    <li class="md-nav__item">
+      <a href="../../python/libs/requests.html" class="md-nav__link">
+        
+  
+  <span class="md-ellipsis">
+    Requests
+  </span>
+  
+
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+    </li>
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+
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+            
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+  
+  
+  
+  
+    <li class="md-nav__item">
+      <a href="../../python/libs/beautiful-soup.html" class="md-nav__link">
+        
+  
+  <span class="md-ellipsis">
+    Beatiful Soup
+  </span>
+  
+
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+    </li>
+  
+
+              
+            
+          </ul>
+        </nav>
+      
+    </li>
+  
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+        </nav>
+      
+    </li>
+  
+
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+                
+  
+  
+  
+  
+    
+    
+      
+        
+      
+        
+      
+        
+      
+    
+    
+      
+      
+        
+          
+          
+        
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+    
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+    <li class="md-nav__item md-nav__item--section md-nav__item--nested">
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+          <label class="md-nav__link" for="__nav_4_9" id="__nav_4_9_label" tabindex="">
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+  <span class="md-ellipsis">
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+  </span>
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+            .NET
+          </label>
+          <ul class="md-nav__list" data-md-scrollfix>
+            
+              
+                
+  
+  
+  
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+    
+      
+        
+      
+        
+      
+        
+      
+        
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+        
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+      
+    
+    
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+    <li class="md-nav__item md-nav__item--nested">
+      
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+            
+  
+  <span class="md-ellipsis">
+    C#
+  </span>
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+        
+        <nav class="md-nav" data-md-level="3" aria-labelledby="__nav_4_9_1_label" aria-expanded="false">
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+            <span class="md-nav__icon md-icon"></span>
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+          </label>
+          <ul class="md-nav__list" data-md-scrollfix>
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+    <li class="md-nav__item">
+      <a href="../../dotnet/csharp/csharp.html" class="md-nav__link">
+        
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+    C#
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+  
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+
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+  
+  
+    <li class="md-nav__item">
+      <a href="../../dotnet/csharp/linq.html" class="md-nav__link">
+        
+  
+  <span class="md-ellipsis">
+    Linq
+  </span>
+  
+
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+    </li>
+  
+
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+              
+                
+  
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+  
+  
+    <li class="md-nav__item">
+      <a href="../../dotnet/csharp/collections.html" class="md-nav__link">
+        
+  
+  <span class="md-ellipsis">
+    Collections
+  </span>
+  
+
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+    </li>
+  
+
+              
+            
+              
+                
+  
+  
+  
+  
+    <li class="md-nav__item">
+      <a href="../../dotnet/csharp/reactive-extensions.html" class="md-nav__link">
+        
+  
+  <span class="md-ellipsis">
+    Reactive Extensions
+  </span>
+  
+
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+    </li>
+  
+
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+            
+              
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+  
+  
+  
+  
+    <li class="md-nav__item">
+      <a href="../../dotnet/csharp/async-programming.html" class="md-nav__link">
+        
+  
+  <span class="md-ellipsis">
+    Async Programming
+  </span>
+  
+
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+    </li>
+  
+
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+            
+              
+                
+  
+  
+  
+  
+    <li class="md-nav__item">
+      <a href="../../dotnet/csharp/unit-tests.html" class="md-nav__link">
+        
+  
+  <span class="md-ellipsis">
+    Unit Tests
+  </span>
+  
+
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+    </li>
+  
+
+              
+            
+          </ul>
+        </nav>
+      
+    </li>
+  
+
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+            
+              
+                
+  
+  
+  
+  
+    
+    
+      
+        
+      
+        
+      
+        
+      
+        
+      
+        
+      
+        
+      
+        
+      
+    
+    
+      
+      
+        
+      
+    
+    
+    <li class="md-nav__item md-nav__item--nested">
+      
+        
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+        <input class="md-nav__toggle md-toggle " type="checkbox" id="__nav_4_9_2" >
+        
+          
+          <label class="md-nav__link" for="__nav_4_9_2" id="__nav_4_9_2_label" tabindex="0">
+            
+  
+  <span class="md-ellipsis">
+    ASP.NET
+  </span>
+  
+
+            <span class="md-nav__icon md-icon"></span>
+          </label>
+        
+        <nav class="md-nav" data-md-level="3" aria-labelledby="__nav_4_9_2_label" aria-expanded="false">
+          <label class="md-nav__title" for="__nav_4_9_2">
+            <span class="md-nav__icon md-icon"></span>
+            ASP.NET
+          </label>
+          <ul class="md-nav__list" data-md-scrollfix>
+            
+              
+                
+  
+  
+  
+  
+    <li class="md-nav__item">
+      <a href="../../dotnet/asp.net/minimal-api.html" class="md-nav__link">
+        
+  
+  <span class="md-ellipsis">
+    Minimal API
+  </span>
+  
+
+      </a>
+    </li>
+  
+
+              
+            
+              
+                
+  
+  
+  
+  
+    <li class="md-nav__item">
+      <a href="../../dotnet/asp.net/filters.html" class="md-nav__link">
+        
+  
+  <span class="md-ellipsis">
+    FIlters
+  </span>
+  
+
+      </a>
+    </li>
+  
+
+              
+            
+              
+                
+  
+  
+  
+  
+    <li class="md-nav__item">
+      <a href="../../dotnet/asp.net/middleware.html" class="md-nav__link">
+        
+  
+  <span class="md-ellipsis">
+    Middleware
+  </span>
+  
+
+      </a>
+    </li>
+  
+
+              
+            
+              
+                
+  
+  
+  
+  
+    <li class="md-nav__item">
+      <a href="../../dotnet/asp.net/razor-syntax.html" class="md-nav__link">
+        
+  
+  <span class="md-ellipsis">
+    Razor Syntax
+  </span>
+  
+
+      </a>
+    </li>
+  
+
+              
+            
+              
+                
+  
+  
+  
+  
+    <li class="md-nav__item">
+      <a href="../../dotnet/asp.net/blazor.html" class="md-nav__link">
+        
+  
+  <span class="md-ellipsis">
+    Blazor
+  </span>
+  
+
+      </a>
+    </li>
+  
+
+              
+            
+              
+                
+  
+  
+  
+  
+    <li class="md-nav__item">
+      <a href="../../dotnet/asp.net/signalr.html" class="md-nav__link">
+        
+  
+  <span class="md-ellipsis">
+    SignalR
+  </span>
+  
+
+      </a>
+    </li>
+  
+
+              
+            
+              
+                
+  
+  
+  
+  
+    <li class="md-nav__item">
+      <a href="../../dotnet/asp.net/web-forms.html" class="md-nav__link">
+        
+  
+  <span class="md-ellipsis">
+    Web Forms
+  </span>
+  
+
+      </a>
+    </li>
+  
+
+              
+            
+          </ul>
+        </nav>
+      
+    </li>
+  
+
+              
+            
+              
+                
+  
+  
+  
+  
+    
+    
+      
+        
+      
+        
+      
+    
+    
+      
+      
+        
+      
+    
+    
+    <li class="md-nav__item md-nav__item--nested">
+      
+        
+        
+        <input class="md-nav__toggle md-toggle " type="checkbox" id="__nav_4_9_3" >
+        
+          
+          <label class="md-nav__link" for="__nav_4_9_3" id="__nav_4_9_3_label" tabindex="0">
+            
+  
+  <span class="md-ellipsis">
+    Database
+  </span>
+  
+
+            <span class="md-nav__icon md-icon"></span>
+          </label>
+        
+        <nav class="md-nav" data-md-level="3" aria-labelledby="__nav_4_9_3_label" aria-expanded="false">
+          <label class="md-nav__title" for="__nav_4_9_3">
+            <span class="md-nav__icon md-icon"></span>
+            Database
+          </label>
+          <ul class="md-nav__list" data-md-scrollfix>
+            
+              
+                
+  
+  
+  
+  
+    <li class="md-nav__item">
+      <a href="../../dotnet/database/ado.net.html" class="md-nav__link">
+        
+  
+  <span class="md-ellipsis">
+    ADO.NET
+  </span>
+  
+
+      </a>
+    </li>
+  
+
+              
+            
+              
+                
+  
+  
+  
+  
+    <li class="md-nav__item">
+      <a href="../../dotnet/database/entity-framework.html" class="md-nav__link">
+        
+  
+  <span class="md-ellipsis">
+    Entity Framework
+  </span>
+  
+
+      </a>
+    </li>
+  
+
+              
+            
+          </ul>
+        </nav>
+      
+    </li>
+  
+
+              
+            
+          </ul>
+        </nav>
+      
+    </li>
+  
+
+              
+            
+              
+                
+  
+  
+  
+  
+    
+    
+      
+        
+      
+        
+      
+        
+      
+        
+      
+    
+    
+      
+      
+        
+          
+          
+        
+      
+    
+    
+    <li class="md-nav__item md-nav__item--section md-nav__item--nested">
+      
+        
+        
+        <input class="md-nav__toggle md-toggle " type="checkbox" id="__nav_4_10" >
+        
+          
+          <label class="md-nav__link" for="__nav_4_10" id="__nav_4_10_label" tabindex="">
+            
+  
+  <span class="md-ellipsis">
+    Java
+  </span>
+  
+
+            <span class="md-nav__icon md-icon"></span>
+          </label>
+        
+        <nav class="md-nav" data-md-level="2" aria-labelledby="__nav_4_10_label" aria-expanded="false">
+          <label class="md-nav__title" for="__nav_4_10">
+            <span class="md-nav__icon md-icon"></span>
+            Java
+          </label>
+          <ul class="md-nav__list" data-md-scrollfix>
+            
+              
+                
+  
+  
+  
+  
+    <li class="md-nav__item">
+      <a href="../../java/java.html" class="md-nav__link">
+        
+  
+  <span class="md-ellipsis">
+    Java
+  </span>
+  
+
+      </a>
+    </li>
+  
+
+              
+            
+              
+                
+  
+  
+  
+  
+    <li class="md-nav__item">
+      <a href="../../java/java-collection-framework.html" class="md-nav__link">
+        
+  
+  <span class="md-ellipsis">
+    Java Collection Framework
+  </span>
+  
+
+      </a>
+    </li>
+  
+
+              
+            
+              
+                
+  
+  
+  
+  
+    <li class="md-nav__item">
+      <a href="../../java/dao.html" class="md-nav__link">
+        
+  
+  <span class="md-ellipsis">
+    DAO
+  </span>
+  
+
+      </a>
+    </li>
+  
+
+              
+            
+              
+                
+  
+  
+  
+  
+    
+    
+      
+        
+      
+        
+      
+    
+    
+      
+      
+        
+      
+    
+    
+    <li class="md-nav__item md-nav__item--nested">
+      
+        
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+        <input class="md-nav__toggle md-toggle " type="checkbox" id="__nav_4_10_4" >
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+          
+          <label class="md-nav__link" for="__nav_4_10_4" id="__nav_4_10_4_label" tabindex="0">
+            
+  
+  <span class="md-ellipsis">
+    Web
+  </span>
+  
+
+            <span class="md-nav__icon md-icon"></span>
+          </label>
+        
+        <nav class="md-nav" data-md-level="3" aria-labelledby="__nav_4_10_4_label" aria-expanded="false">
+          <label class="md-nav__title" for="__nav_4_10_4">
+            <span class="md-nav__icon md-icon"></span>
+            Web
+          </label>
+          <ul class="md-nav__list" data-md-scrollfix>
+            
+              
+                
+  
+  
+  
+  
+    <li class="md-nav__item">
+      <a href="../../java/web/servlet.html" class="md-nav__link">
+        
+  
+  <span class="md-ellipsis">
+    Serverlet
+  </span>
+  
+
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+    </li>
+  
+
+              
+            
+              
+                
+  
+  
+  
+  
+    
+    
+      
+        
+      
+        
+      
+    
+    
+      
+      
+        
+      
+    
+    
+    <li class="md-nav__item md-nav__item--nested">
+      
+        
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+        <input class="md-nav__toggle md-toggle " type="checkbox" id="__nav_4_10_4_2" >
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+          <label class="md-nav__link" for="__nav_4_10_4_2" id="__nav_4_10_4_2_label" tabindex="0">
+            
+  
+  <span class="md-ellipsis">
+    Spring
+  </span>
+  
+
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+          </label>
+        
+        <nav class="md-nav" data-md-level="4" aria-labelledby="__nav_4_10_4_2_label" aria-expanded="false">
+          <label class="md-nav__title" for="__nav_4_10_4_2">
+            <span class="md-nav__icon md-icon"></span>
+            Spring
+          </label>
+          <ul class="md-nav__list" data-md-scrollfix>
+            
+              
+                
+  
+  
+  
+  
+    <li class="md-nav__item">
+      <a href="../../java/spring/pom.xml.html" class="md-nav__link">
+        
+  
+  <span class="md-ellipsis">
+    POM
+  </span>
+  
+
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+    </li>
+  
+
+              
+            
+              
+                
+  
+  
+  
+  
+    <li class="md-nav__item">
+      <a href="../../java/spring/spring-project.html" class="md-nav__link">
+        
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+  <span class="md-ellipsis">
+    Project Structure
+  </span>
+  
+
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+    </li>
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+
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+            
+          </ul>
+        </nav>
+      
+    </li>
+  
+
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+            
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+        </nav>
+      
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+  
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+            
+          </ul>
+        </nav>
+      
+    </li>
+  
+
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+            
+              
+                
+  
+  
+  
+  
+    
+    
+      
+        
+      
+        
+      
+        
+      
+        
+      
+        
+      
+        
+      
+        
+      
+        
+      
+        
+      
+    
+    
+      
+      
+        
+          
+          
+        
+      
+    
+    
+    <li class="md-nav__item md-nav__item--section md-nav__item--nested">
+      
+        
+        
+        <input class="md-nav__toggle md-toggle " type="checkbox" id="__nav_4_11" >
+        
+          
+          <label class="md-nav__link" for="__nav_4_11" id="__nav_4_11_label" tabindex="">
+            
+  
+  <span class="md-ellipsis">
+    PHP
+  </span>
+  
+
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+          </label>
+        
+        <nav class="md-nav" data-md-level="2" aria-labelledby="__nav_4_11_label" aria-expanded="false">
+          <label class="md-nav__title" for="__nav_4_11">
+            <span class="md-nav__icon md-icon"></span>
+            PHP
+          </label>
+          <ul class="md-nav__list" data-md-scrollfix>
+            
+              
+                
+  
+  
+  
+  
+    <li class="md-nav__item">
+      <a href="../../php/php.html" class="md-nav__link">
+        
+  
+  <span class="md-ellipsis">
+    PHP
+  </span>
+  
+
+      </a>
+    </li>
+  
+
+              
+            
+              
+                
+  
+  
+  
+  
+    <li class="md-nav__item">
+      <a href="../../php/database.html" class="md-nav__link">
+        
+  
+  <span class="md-ellipsis">
+    Database
+  </span>
+  
+
+      </a>
+    </li>
+  
+
+              
+            
+              
+                
+  
+  
+  
+  
+    <li class="md-nav__item">
+      <a href="../../php/web.html" class="md-nav__link">
+        
+  
+  <span class="md-ellipsis">
+    Web
+  </span>
+  
+
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+    </li>
+  
+
+              
+            
+              
+                
+  
+  
+  
+  
+    <li class="md-nav__item">
+      <a href="../../php/dependency-injection.html" class="md-nav__link">
+        
+  
+  <span class="md-ellipsis">
+    Dependency Injection
+  </span>
+  
+
+      </a>
+    </li>
+  
+
+              
+            
+              
+                
+  
+  
+  
+  
+    <li class="md-nav__item">
+      <a href="../../php/unit-tests.html" class="md-nav__link">
+        
+  
+  <span class="md-ellipsis">
+    Unit Tests
+  </span>
+  
+
+      </a>
+    </li>
+  
+
+              
+            
+              
+                
+  
+  
+  
+  
+    <li class="md-nav__item">
+      <a href="../../php/composer.html" class="md-nav__link">
+        
+  
+  <span class="md-ellipsis">
+    Composer
+  </span>
+  
+
+      </a>
+    </li>
+  
+
+              
+            
+              
+                
+  
+  
+  
+  
+    <li class="md-nav__item">
+      <a href="../../php/psr-7.html" class="md-nav__link">
+        
+  
+  <span class="md-ellipsis">
+    PSR 7
+  </span>
+  
+
+      </a>
+    </li>
+  
+
+              
+            
+              
+                
+  
+  
+  
+  
+    <li class="md-nav__item">
+      <a href="../../php/plates-templating.html" class="md-nav__link">
+        
+  
+  <span class="md-ellipsis">
+    Plates
+  </span>
+  
+
+      </a>
+    </li>
+  
+
+              
+            
+              
+                
+  
+  
+  
+  
+    
+    
+      
+        
+      
+        
+      
+    
+    
+      
+      
+        
+      
+    
+    
+    <li class="md-nav__item md-nav__item--nested">
+      
+        
+        
+        <input class="md-nav__toggle md-toggle " type="checkbox" id="__nav_4_11_9" >
+        
+          
+          <label class="md-nav__link" for="__nav_4_11_9" id="__nav_4_11_9_label" tabindex="0">
+            
+  
+  <span class="md-ellipsis">
+    Simple MVC
+  </span>
+  
+
+            <span class="md-nav__icon md-icon"></span>
+          </label>
+        
+        <nav class="md-nav" data-md-level="3" aria-labelledby="__nav_4_11_9_label" aria-expanded="false">
+          <label class="md-nav__title" for="__nav_4_11_9">
+            <span class="md-nav__icon md-icon"></span>
+            Simple MVC
+          </label>
+          <ul class="md-nav__list" data-md-scrollfix>
+            
+              
+                
+  
+  
+  
+  
+    <li class="md-nav__item">
+      <a href="../../php/simple-mvc/simple-mvc.html" class="md-nav__link">
+        
+  
+  <span class="md-ellipsis">
+    Simple MVC
+  </span>
+  
+
+      </a>
+    </li>
+  
+
+              
+            
+              
+                
+  
+  
+  
+  
+    <li class="md-nav__item">
+      <a href="../../php/simple-mvc/rest-api.html" class="md-nav__link">
+        
+  
+  <span class="md-ellipsis">
+    REST API
+  </span>
+  
+
+      </a>
+    </li>
+  
+
+              
+            
+          </ul>
+        </nav>
+      
+    </li>
+  
+
+              
+            
+          </ul>
+        </nav>
+      
+    </li>
+  
+
+              
+            
+              
+                
+  
+  
+  
+  
+    
+    
+      
+        
+      
+        
+      
+        
+      
+        
+      
+        
+      
+    
+    
+      
+      
+        
+          
+          
+        
+      
+    
+    
+    <li class="md-nav__item md-nav__item--section md-nav__item--nested">
+      
+        
+        
+        <input class="md-nav__toggle md-toggle " type="checkbox" id="__nav_4_12" >
+        
+          
+          <label class="md-nav__link" for="__nav_4_12" id="__nav_4_12_label" tabindex="">
+            
+  
+  <span class="md-ellipsis">
+    Rust
+  </span>
+  
+
+            <span class="md-nav__icon md-icon"></span>
+          </label>
+        
+        <nav class="md-nav" data-md-level="2" aria-labelledby="__nav_4_12_label" aria-expanded="false">
+          <label class="md-nav__title" for="__nav_4_12">
+            <span class="md-nav__icon md-icon"></span>
+            Rust
+          </label>
+          <ul class="md-nav__list" data-md-scrollfix>
+            
+              
+                
+  
+  
+  
+  
+    <li class="md-nav__item">
+      <a href="../../rust/rust.html" class="md-nav__link">
+        
+  
+  <span class="md-ellipsis">
+    Rust
+  </span>
+  
+
+      </a>
+    </li>
+  
+
+              
+            
+              
+                
+  
+  
+  
+  
+    <li class="md-nav__item">
+      <a href="../../rust/macros.html" class="md-nav__link">
+        
+  
+  <span class="md-ellipsis">
+    Macros
+  </span>
+  
+
+      </a>
+    </li>
+  
+
+              
+            
+              
+                
+  
+  
+  
+  
+    <li class="md-nav__item">
+      <a href="../../rust/cargo.html" class="md-nav__link">
+        
+  
+  <span class="md-ellipsis">
+    Cargo
+  </span>
+  
+
+      </a>
+    </li>
+  
+
+              
+            
+              
+                
+  
+  
+  
+  
+    <li class="md-nav__item">
+      <a href="../../rust/concurrency.html" class="md-nav__link">
+        
+  
+  <span class="md-ellipsis">
+    Concurrency
+  </span>
+  
+
+      </a>
+    </li>
+  
+
+              
+            
+              
+                
+  
+  
+  
+  
+    <li class="md-nav__item">
+      <a href="../../rust/unit-tests.html" class="md-nav__link">
+        
+  
+  <span class="md-ellipsis">
+    Unit Tests
+  </span>
+  
+
+      </a>
+    </li>
+  
+
+              
+            
+          </ul>
+        </nav>
+      
+    </li>
+  
+
+              
+            
+              
+                
+  
+  
+    
+  
+  
+  
+    
+    
+      
+        
+      
+        
+      
+        
+      
+        
+      
+        
+      
+        
+      
+        
+      
+    
+    
+      
+      
+        
+          
+          
+        
+      
+    
+    
+    <li class="md-nav__item md-nav__item--active md-nav__item--section md-nav__item--nested">
+      
+        
+        
+        <input class="md-nav__toggle md-toggle " type="checkbox" id="__nav_4_13" checked>
+        
+          
+          <label class="md-nav__link" for="__nav_4_13" id="__nav_4_13_label" tabindex="">
+            
+  
+  <span class="md-ellipsis">
+    Javascript
+  </span>
+  
+
+            <span class="md-nav__icon md-icon"></span>
+          </label>
+        
+        <nav class="md-nav" data-md-level="2" aria-labelledby="__nav_4_13_label" aria-expanded="true">
+          <label class="md-nav__title" for="__nav_4_13">
+            <span class="md-nav__icon md-icon"></span>
+            Javascript
+          </label>
+          <ul class="md-nav__list" data-md-scrollfix>
+            
+              
+                
+  
+  
+  
+  
+    <li class="md-nav__item">
+      <a href="../javascript.html" class="md-nav__link">
+        
+  
+  <span class="md-ellipsis">
+    Javascript
+  </span>
+  
+
+      </a>
+    </li>
+  
+
+              
+            
+              
+                
+  
+  
+  
+  
+    <li class="md-nav__item">
+      <a href="../dom.html" class="md-nav__link">
+        
+  
+  <span class="md-ellipsis">
+    DOM
+  </span>
+  
+
+      </a>
+    </li>
+  
+
+              
+            
+              
+                
+  
+  
+  
+  
+    <li class="md-nav__item">
+      <a href="../events-animation.html" class="md-nav__link">
+        
+  
+  <span class="md-ellipsis">
+    Events & Animation
+  </span>
+  
+
+      </a>
+    </li>
+  
+
+              
+            
+              
+                
+  
+  
+  
+  
+    <li class="md-nav__item">
+      <a href="../ajax.html" class="md-nav__link">
+        
+  
+  <span class="md-ellipsis">
+    AJAX
+  </span>
+  
+
+      </a>
+    </li>
+  
+
+              
+            
+              
+                
+  
+  
+  
+  
+    <li class="md-nav__item">
+      <a href="../jquery.html" class="md-nav__link">
+        
+  
+  <span class="md-ellipsis">
+    jQuery
+  </span>
+  
+
+      </a>
+    </li>
+  
+
+              
+            
+              
+                
+  
+  
+  
+  
+    
+    
+      
+        
+      
+        
+      
+        
+      
+        
+      
+        
+      
+    
+    
+      
+      
+        
+      
+    
+    
+    <li class="md-nav__item md-nav__item--nested">
+      
+        
+        
+        <input class="md-nav__toggle md-toggle " type="checkbox" id="__nav_4_13_6" >
+        
+          
+          <label class="md-nav__link" for="__nav_4_13_6" id="__nav_4_13_6_label" tabindex="0">
+            
+  
+  <span class="md-ellipsis">
+    React
+  </span>
+  
+
+            <span class="md-nav__icon md-icon"></span>
+          </label>
+        
+        <nav class="md-nav" data-md-level="3" aria-labelledby="__nav_4_13_6_label" aria-expanded="false">
+          <label class="md-nav__title" for="__nav_4_13_6">
+            <span class="md-nav__icon md-icon"></span>
+            React
+          </label>
+          <ul class="md-nav__list" data-md-scrollfix>
+            
+              
+                
+  
+  
+  
+  
+    <li class="md-nav__item">
+      <a href="../react/react.html" class="md-nav__link">
+        
+  
+  <span class="md-ellipsis">
+    React
+  </span>
+  
+
+      </a>
+    </li>
+  
+
+              
+            
+              
+                
+  
+  
+  
+  
+    <li class="md-nav__item">
+      <a href="../react/react-router.html" class="md-nav__link">
+        
+  
+  <span class="md-ellipsis">
+    React Router
+  </span>
+  
+
+      </a>
+    </li>
+  
+
+              
+            
+              
+                
+  
+  
+  
+  
+    <li class="md-nav__item">
+      <a href="../react/react-tests.html" class="md-nav__link">
+        
+  
+  <span class="md-ellipsis">
+    React Tests
+  </span>
+  
+
+      </a>
+    </li>
+  
+
+              
+            
+              
+                
+  
+  
+  
+  
+    <li class="md-nav__item">
+      <a href="../react/redux.html" class="md-nav__link">
+        
+  
+  <span class="md-ellipsis">
+    Redux
+  </span>
+  
+
+      </a>
+    </li>
+  
+
+              
+            
+              
+                
+  
+  
+  
+  
+    <li class="md-nav__item">
+      <a href="../react/redux-tests.html" class="md-nav__link">
+        
+  
+  <span class="md-ellipsis">
+    Redux Tests
+  </span>
+  
+
+      </a>
+    </li>
+  
+
+              
+            
+          </ul>
+        </nav>
+      
+    </li>
+  
+
+              
+            
+              
+                
+  
+  
+    
+  
+  
+  
+    <li class="md-nav__item md-nav__item--active">
+      
+      <input class="md-nav__toggle md-toggle" type="checkbox" id="__toc">
+      
+      
+        
+      
+      
+        <label class="md-nav__link md-nav__link--active" for="__toc">
+          
+  
+  <span class="md-ellipsis">
+    Svelte
+  </span>
+  
+
+          <span class="md-nav__icon md-icon"></span>
+        </label>
+      
+      <a href="svelte.html" class="md-nav__link md-nav__link--active">
+        
+  
+  <span class="md-ellipsis">
+    Svelte
+  </span>
+  
+
+      </a>
+      
+        
+
+<nav class="md-nav md-nav--secondary" aria-label="Table of contents">
+  
+  
+  
+    
+  
+  
+    <label class="md-nav__title" for="__toc">
+      <span class="md-nav__icon md-icon"></span>
+      Table of contents
+    </label>
+    <ul class="md-nav__list" data-md-component="toc" data-md-scrollfix>
+      
+        <li class="md-nav__item">
+  <a href="#app-entry-point" class="md-nav__link">
+    <span class="md-ellipsis">
+      App Entry-point
+    </span>
+  </a>
+  
+</li>
+      
+        <li class="md-nav__item">
+  <a href="#components-svelte" class="md-nav__link">
+    <span class="md-ellipsis">
+      Components (.svelte)
+    </span>
+  </a>
+  
+    <nav class="md-nav" aria-label="Components (.svelte)">
+      <ul class="md-nav__list">
+        
+          <li class="md-nav__item">
+  <a href="#basic-structure" class="md-nav__link">
+    <span class="md-ellipsis">
+      Basic Structure
+    </span>
+  </a>
+  
+</li>
+        
+          <li class="md-nav__item">
+  <a href="#if-else" class="md-nav__link">
+    <span class="md-ellipsis">
+      If-Else
+    </span>
+  </a>
+  
+</li>
+        
+          <li class="md-nav__item">
+  <a href="#loops" class="md-nav__link">
+    <span class="md-ellipsis">
+      Loops
+    </span>
+  </a>
+  
+</li>
+        
+          <li class="md-nav__item">
+  <a href="#await-blocks" class="md-nav__link">
+    <span class="md-ellipsis">
+      Await Blocks
+    </span>
+  </a>
+  
+</li>
+        
+          <li class="md-nav__item">
+  <a href="#event-handling" class="md-nav__link">
+    <span class="md-ellipsis">
+      Event Handling
+    </span>
+  </a>
+  
+</li>
+        
+      </ul>
+    </nav>
+  
+</li>
+      
+        <li class="md-nav__item">
+  <a href="#binding" class="md-nav__link">
+    <span class="md-ellipsis">
+      Binding
+    </span>
+  </a>
+  
+    <nav class="md-nav" aria-label="Binding">
+      <ul class="md-nav__list">
+        
+          <li class="md-nav__item">
+  <a href="#reactive-declarations-reactive-statements" class="md-nav__link">
+    <span class="md-ellipsis">
+      Reactive declarations &amp; Reactive Statements
+    </span>
+  </a>
+  
+</li>
+        
+      </ul>
+    </nav>
+  
+</li>
+      
+        <li class="md-nav__item">
+  <a href="#routing" class="md-nav__link">
+    <span class="md-ellipsis">
+      Routing
+    </span>
+  </a>
+  
+</li>
+      
+        <li class="md-nav__item">
+  <a href="#data-stores" class="md-nav__link">
+    <span class="md-ellipsis">
+      Data Stores
+    </span>
+  </a>
+  
+</li>
+      
+    </ul>
+  
+</nav>
+      
+    </li>
+  
+
+              
+            
+          </ul>
+        </nav>
+      
+    </li>
+  
+
+              
+            
+              
+                
+  
+  
+  
+  
+    
+    
+      
+        
+      
+        
+      
+    
+    
+      
+      
+        
+          
+          
+        
+      
+    
+    
+    <li class="md-nav__item md-nav__item--section md-nav__item--nested">
+      
+        
+        
+        <input class="md-nav__toggle md-toggle " type="checkbox" id="__nav_4_14" >
+        
+          
+          <label class="md-nav__link" for="__nav_4_14" id="__nav_4_14_label" tabindex="">
+            
+  
+  <span class="md-ellipsis">
+    PowerShell
+  </span>
+  
+
+            <span class="md-nav__icon md-icon"></span>
+          </label>
+        
+        <nav class="md-nav" data-md-level="2" aria-labelledby="__nav_4_14_label" aria-expanded="false">
+          <label class="md-nav__title" for="__nav_4_14">
+            <span class="md-nav__icon md-icon"></span>
+            PowerShell
+          </label>
+          <ul class="md-nav__list" data-md-scrollfix>
+            
+              
+                
+  
+  
+  
+  
+    <li class="md-nav__item">
+      <a href="../../powershell/scripting.html" class="md-nav__link">
+        
+  
+  <span class="md-ellipsis">
+    Scripting
+  </span>
+  
+
+      </a>
+    </li>
+  
+
+              
+            
+              
+                
+  
+  
+  
+  
+    <li class="md-nav__item">
+      <a href="../../powershell/commands.html" class="md-nav__link">
+        
+  
+  <span class="md-ellipsis">
+    Commands
+  </span>
+  
+
+      </a>
+    </li>
+  
+
+              
+            
+          </ul>
+        </nav>
+      
+    </li>
+  
+
+              
+            
+              
+                
+  
+  
+  
+  
+    
+    
+      
+        
+      
+        
+      
+    
+    
+      
+      
+        
+          
+          
+        
+      
+    
+    
+    <li class="md-nav__item md-nav__item--section md-nav__item--nested">
+      
+        
+        
+        <input class="md-nav__toggle md-toggle " type="checkbox" id="__nav_4_15" >
+        
+          
+          <label class="md-nav__link" for="__nav_4_15" id="__nav_4_15_label" tabindex="">
+            
+  
+  <span class="md-ellipsis">
+    Bash
+  </span>
+  
+
+            <span class="md-nav__icon md-icon"></span>
+          </label>
+        
+        <nav class="md-nav" data-md-level="2" aria-labelledby="__nav_4_15_label" aria-expanded="false">
+          <label class="md-nav__title" for="__nav_4_15">
+            <span class="md-nav__icon md-icon"></span>
+            Bash
+          </label>
+          <ul class="md-nav__list" data-md-scrollfix>
+            
+              
+                
+  
+  
+  
+  
+    <li class="md-nav__item">
+      <a href="../../bash/scripting.html" class="md-nav__link">
+        
+  
+  <span class="md-ellipsis">
+    Scripting
+  </span>
+  
+
+      </a>
+    </li>
+  
+
+              
+            
+              
+                
+  
+  
+  
+  
+    <li class="md-nav__item">
+      <a href="../../bash/commands.html" class="md-nav__link">
+        
+  
+  <span class="md-ellipsis">
+    Commands
+  </span>
+  
+
+      </a>
+    </li>
+  
+
+              
+            
+          </ul>
+        </nav>
+      
+    </li>
+  
+
+              
+            
+          </ul>
+        </nav>
+      
+    </li>
+  
+
+    
+      
+      
+  
+  
+  
+  
+    
+    
+      
+        
+      
+        
+      
+        
+      
+        
+      
+        
+      
+    
+    
+      
+      
+        
+      
+    
+    
+    <li class="md-nav__item md-nav__item--nested">
+      
+        
+        
+        <input class="md-nav__toggle md-toggle " type="checkbox" id="__nav_5" >
+        
+          
+          <label class="md-nav__link" for="__nav_5" id="__nav_5_label" tabindex="0">
+            
+  
+  <span class="md-ellipsis">
+    Misc
+  </span>
+  
+
+            <span class="md-nav__icon md-icon"></span>
+          </label>
+        
+        <nav class="md-nav" data-md-level="1" aria-labelledby="__nav_5_label" aria-expanded="false">
+          <label class="md-nav__title" for="__nav_5">
+            <span class="md-nav__icon md-icon"></span>
+            Misc
+          </label>
+          <ul class="md-nav__list" data-md-scrollfix>
+            
+              
+                
+  
+  
+  
+  
+    <li class="md-nav__item">
+      <a href="../../../misc/git.html" class="md-nav__link">
+        
+  
+  <span class="md-ellipsis">
+    Git
+  </span>
+  
+
+      </a>
+    </li>
+  
+
+              
+            
+              
+                
+  
+  
+  
+  
+    <li class="md-nav__item">
+      <a href="../../../misc/graph-ql.html" class="md-nav__link">
+        
+  
+  <span class="md-ellipsis">
+    GraphQL
+  </span>
+  
+
+      </a>
+    </li>
+  
+
+              
+            
+              
+                
+  
+  
+  
+  
+    <li class="md-nav__item">
+      <a href="../../../misc/regular-expressions.html" class="md-nav__link">
+        
+  
+  <span class="md-ellipsis">
+    RegEx
+  </span>
+  
+
+      </a>
+    </li>
+  
+
+              
+            
+              
+                
+  
+  
+  
+  
+    <li class="md-nav__item">
+      <a href="../../../misc/ssh.html" class="md-nav__link">
+        
+  
+  <span class="md-ellipsis">
+    SSH
+  </span>
+  
+
+      </a>
+    </li>
+  
+
+              
+            
+              
+                
+  
+  
+  
+  
+    <li class="md-nav__item">
+      <a href="../../../misc/web-components.html" class="md-nav__link">
+        
+  
+  <span class="md-ellipsis">
+    WebComponents
+  </span>
+  
+
+      </a>
+    </li>
+  
+
+              
+            
+          </ul>
+        </nav>
+      
+    </li>
+  
+
+    
+      
+      
+  
+  
+  
+  
+    
+    
+      
+        
+      
+        
+      
+    
+    
+      
+      
+        
+      
+    
+    
+    <li class="md-nav__item md-nav__item--nested">
+      
+        
+        
+        <input class="md-nav__toggle md-toggle " type="checkbox" id="__nav_6" >
+        
+          
+          <label class="md-nav__link" for="__nav_6" id="__nav_6_label" tabindex="0">
+            
+  
+  <span class="md-ellipsis">
+    Linux
+  </span>
+  
+
+            <span class="md-nav__icon md-icon"></span>
+          </label>
+        
+        <nav class="md-nav" data-md-level="1" aria-labelledby="__nav_6_label" aria-expanded="false">
+          <label class="md-nav__title" for="__nav_6">
+            <span class="md-nav__icon md-icon"></span>
+            Linux
+          </label>
+          <ul class="md-nav__list" data-md-scrollfix>
+            
+              
+                
+  
+  
+  
+  
+    
+    
+      
+        
+      
+        
+      
+        
+      
+    
+    
+      
+      
+        
+      
+    
+    
+    <li class="md-nav__item md-nav__item--nested">
+      
+        
+        
+        <input class="md-nav__toggle md-toggle " type="checkbox" id="__nav_6_1" >
+        
+          
+          <label class="md-nav__link" for="__nav_6_1" id="__nav_6_1_label" tabindex="0">
+            
+  
+  <span class="md-ellipsis">
+    Filesystem
+  </span>
+  
+
+            <span class="md-nav__icon md-icon"></span>
+          </label>
+        
+        <nav class="md-nav" data-md-level="2" aria-labelledby="__nav_6_1_label" aria-expanded="false">
+          <label class="md-nav__title" for="__nav_6_1">
+            <span class="md-nav__icon md-icon"></span>
+            Filesystem
+          </label>
+          <ul class="md-nav__list" data-md-scrollfix>
+            
+              
+                
+  
+  
+  
+  
+    <li class="md-nav__item">
+      <a href="../../../linux/filesystem/file-links.html" class="md-nav__link">
+        
+  
+  <span class="md-ellipsis">
+    File Links
+  </span>
+  
+
+      </a>
+    </li>
+  
+
+              
+            
+              
+                
+  
+  
+  
+  
+    <li class="md-nav__item">
+      <a href="../../../linux/filesystem/procfs.html" class="md-nav__link">
+        
+  
+  <span class="md-ellipsis">
+    /proc
+  </span>
+  
+
+      </a>
+    </li>
+  
+
+              
+            
+              
+                
+  
+  
+  
+  
+    <li class="md-nav__item">
+      <a href="../../../linux/filesystem/sysfs.html" class="md-nav__link">
+        
+  
+  <span class="md-ellipsis">
+    /sys
+  </span>
+  
+
+      </a>
+    </li>
+  
+
+              
+            
+          </ul>
+        </nav>
+      
+    </li>
+  
+
+              
+            
+              
+                
+  
+  
+  
+  
+    
+    
+      
+        
+      
+        
+      
+    
+    
+      
+      
+        
+      
+    
+    
+    <li class="md-nav__item md-nav__item--nested">
+      
+        
+        
+        <input class="md-nav__toggle md-toggle " type="checkbox" id="__nav_6_2" >
+        
+          
+          <label class="md-nav__link" for="__nav_6_2" id="__nav_6_2_label" tabindex="0">
+            
+  
+  <span class="md-ellipsis">
+    System Init
+  </span>
+  
+
+            <span class="md-nav__icon md-icon"></span>
+          </label>
+        
+        <nav class="md-nav" data-md-level="2" aria-labelledby="__nav_6_2_label" aria-expanded="false">
+          <label class="md-nav__title" for="__nav_6_2">
+            <span class="md-nav__icon md-icon"></span>
+            System Init
+          </label>
+          <ul class="md-nav__list" data-md-scrollfix>
+            
+              
+                
+  
+  
+  
+  
+    <li class="md-nav__item">
+      <a href="../../../linux/init/systemd.html" class="md-nav__link">
+        
+  
+  <span class="md-ellipsis">
+    Systemd
+  </span>
+  
+
+      </a>
+    </li>
+  
+
+              
+            
+              
+                
+  
+  
+  
+  
+    <li class="md-nav__item">
+      <a href="../../../linux/init/open-rc.html" class="md-nav__link">
+        
+  
+  <span class="md-ellipsis">
+    OpenRC
+  </span>
+  
+
+      </a>
+    </li>
+  
+
+              
+            
+          </ul>
+        </nav>
+      
+    </li>
+  
+
+              
+            
+          </ul>
+        </nav>
+      
+    </li>
+  
+
+    
+  </ul>
+</nav>
+                  </div>
+                </div>
+              </div>
+            
+            
+              
+              <div class="md-sidebar md-sidebar--secondary" data-md-component="sidebar" data-md-type="toc" >
+                <div class="md-sidebar__scrollwrap">
+                  <div class="md-sidebar__inner">
+                    
+
+<nav class="md-nav md-nav--secondary" aria-label="Table of contents">
+  
+  
+  
+    
+  
+  
+    <label class="md-nav__title" for="__toc">
+      <span class="md-nav__icon md-icon"></span>
+      Table of contents
+    </label>
+    <ul class="md-nav__list" data-md-component="toc" data-md-scrollfix>
+      
+        <li class="md-nav__item">
+  <a href="#app-entry-point" class="md-nav__link">
+    <span class="md-ellipsis">
+      App Entry-point
+    </span>
+  </a>
+  
+</li>
+      
+        <li class="md-nav__item">
+  <a href="#components-svelte" class="md-nav__link">
+    <span class="md-ellipsis">
+      Components (.svelte)
+    </span>
+  </a>
+  
+    <nav class="md-nav" aria-label="Components (.svelte)">
+      <ul class="md-nav__list">
+        
+          <li class="md-nav__item">
+  <a href="#basic-structure" class="md-nav__link">
+    <span class="md-ellipsis">
+      Basic Structure
+    </span>
+  </a>
+  
+</li>
+        
+          <li class="md-nav__item">
+  <a href="#if-else" class="md-nav__link">
+    <span class="md-ellipsis">
+      If-Else
+    </span>
+  </a>
+  
+</li>
+        
+          <li class="md-nav__item">
+  <a href="#loops" class="md-nav__link">
+    <span class="md-ellipsis">
+      Loops
+    </span>
+  </a>
+  
+</li>
+        
+          <li class="md-nav__item">
+  <a href="#await-blocks" class="md-nav__link">
+    <span class="md-ellipsis">
+      Await Blocks
+    </span>
+  </a>
+  
+</li>
+        
+          <li class="md-nav__item">
+  <a href="#event-handling" class="md-nav__link">
+    <span class="md-ellipsis">
+      Event Handling
+    </span>
+  </a>
+  
+</li>
+        
+      </ul>
+    </nav>
+  
+</li>
+      
+        <li class="md-nav__item">
+  <a href="#binding" class="md-nav__link">
+    <span class="md-ellipsis">
+      Binding
+    </span>
+  </a>
+  
+    <nav class="md-nav" aria-label="Binding">
+      <ul class="md-nav__list">
+        
+          <li class="md-nav__item">
+  <a href="#reactive-declarations-reactive-statements" class="md-nav__link">
+    <span class="md-ellipsis">
+      Reactive declarations &amp; Reactive Statements
+    </span>
+  </a>
+  
+</li>
+        
+      </ul>
+    </nav>
+  
+</li>
+      
+        <li class="md-nav__item">
+  <a href="#routing" class="md-nav__link">
+    <span class="md-ellipsis">
+      Routing
+    </span>
+  </a>
+  
+</li>
+      
+        <li class="md-nav__item">
+  <a href="#data-stores" class="md-nav__link">
+    <span class="md-ellipsis">
+      Data Stores
+    </span>
+  </a>
+  
+</li>
+      
+    </ul>
+  
+</nav>
+                  </div>
+                </div>
+              </div>
+            
+          
+          
+            <div class="md-content" data-md-component="content">
+              <article class="md-content__inner md-typeset">
+                
+                  
+
+  
+  
+
+
+<h1 id="svelte"><a href="https://svelte.dev/docs">Svelte</a></h1>
+<div class="highlight"><table class="highlighttable"><tr><th colspan="2" class="filename"><span class="filename">Bash</span></th></tr><tr><td class="linenos"><div class="linenodiv"><pre><span></span><span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-0-1">1</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-0-2">2</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-0-3">3</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-0-4">4</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-0-5">5</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-0-6">6</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-0-7">7</a></span></pre></div></td><td class="code"><div><pre><span></span><code><a id="__codelineno-0-1" name="__codelineno-0-1"></a>npx<span class="w"> </span>degit<span class="w"> </span>sveltejs/template<span class="w"> </span>&lt;project<span class="w"> </span>name&gt;
+<a id="__codelineno-0-2" name="__codelineno-0-2"></a>
+<a id="__codelineno-0-3" name="__codelineno-0-3"></a><span class="c1"># set project to use typescript</span>
+<a id="__codelineno-0-4" name="__codelineno-0-4"></a>node<span class="w"> </span>scripts/setupTypeScript.js
+<a id="__codelineno-0-5" name="__codelineno-0-5"></a>
+<a id="__codelineno-0-6" name="__codelineno-0-6"></a><span class="c1"># or using vite</span>
+<a id="__codelineno-0-7" name="__codelineno-0-7"></a>npm<span class="w"> </span>init<span class="w"> </span>vite@latest
+</code></pre></div></td></tr></table></div>
+<h2 id="app-entry-point">App Entry-point</h2>
+<div class="highlight"><table class="highlighttable"><tr><th colspan="2" class="filename"><span class="filename">JavaScript</span></th></tr><tr><td class="linenos"><div class="linenodiv"><pre><span></span><span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-1-1"> 1</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-1-2"> 2</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-1-3"> 3</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-1-4"> 4</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-1-5"> 5</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-1-6"> 6</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-1-7"> 7</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-1-8"> 8</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-1-9"> 9</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-1-10">10</a></span></pre></div></td><td class="code"><div><pre><span></span><code><a id="__codelineno-1-1" name="__codelineno-1-1"></a><span class="k">import</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="nx">App</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="kr">from</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="s2">&quot;./App.svelte&quot;</span><span class="p">;</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="c1">// import the component</span>
+<a id="__codelineno-1-2" name="__codelineno-1-2"></a>
+<a id="__codelineno-1-3" name="__codelineno-1-3"></a><span class="kd">const</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="nx">app</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="o">=</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="ow">new</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="nx">App</span><span class="p">({</span>
+<a id="__codelineno-1-4" name="__codelineno-1-4"></a><span class="w">  </span><span class="nx">target</span><span class="o">:</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="nb">document</span><span class="p">.</span><span class="nx">body</span><span class="p">,</span>
+<a id="__codelineno-1-5" name="__codelineno-1-5"></a><span class="w">  </span><span class="nx">props</span><span class="o">:</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="p">{</span>
+<a id="__codelineno-1-6" name="__codelineno-1-6"></a><span class="w">    </span><span class="c1">// props passed to the App component</span>
+<a id="__codelineno-1-7" name="__codelineno-1-7"></a><span class="w">  </span><span class="p">},</span>
+<a id="__codelineno-1-8" name="__codelineno-1-8"></a><span class="p">});</span>
+<a id="__codelineno-1-9" name="__codelineno-1-9"></a>
+<a id="__codelineno-1-10" name="__codelineno-1-10"></a><span class="k">export</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="k">default</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="nx">app</span><span class="p">;</span>
+</code></pre></div></td></tr></table></div>
+<h2 id="components-svelte">Components (<code>.svelte</code>)</h2>
+<h3 id="basic-structure">Basic Structure</h3>
+<div class="highlight"><table class="highlighttable"><tr><th colspan="2" class="filename"><span class="filename">HTML</span></th></tr><tr><td class="linenos"><div class="linenodiv"><pre><span></span><span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-2-1"> 1</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-2-2"> 2</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-2-3"> 3</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-2-4"> 4</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-2-5"> 5</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-2-6"> 6</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-2-7"> 7</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-2-8"> 8</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-2-9"> 9</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-2-10">10</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-2-11">11</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-2-12">12</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-2-13">13</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-2-14">14</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-2-15">15</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-2-16">16</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-2-17">17</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-2-18">18</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-2-19">19</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-2-20">20</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-2-21">21</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-2-22">22</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-2-23">23</a></span></pre></div></td><td class="code"><div><pre><span></span><code><a id="__codelineno-2-1" name="__codelineno-2-1"></a><span class="cm">&lt;!-- code for the component --&gt;</span>
+<a id="__codelineno-2-2" name="__codelineno-2-2"></a><span class="p">&lt;</span><span class="nt">script</span> <span class="na">lang</span><span class="o">=</span><span class="s">&quot;ts&quot;</span><span class="p">&gt;</span>
+<a id="__codelineno-2-3" name="__codelineno-2-3"></a><span class="w">  </span><span class="k">import</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="p">{</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="nx">Component</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="p">}</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="kr">from</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="s2">&quot;Component.svelte&quot;</span><span class="p">;</span>
+<a id="__codelineno-2-4" name="__codelineno-2-4"></a>
+<a id="__codelineno-2-5" name="__codelineno-2-5"></a><span class="w">  </span><span class="k">export</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="kd">let</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="nx">prop</span><span class="p">;</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="c1">// make a variable a prop</span>
+<a id="__codelineno-2-6" name="__codelineno-2-6"></a><span class="p">&lt;/</span><span class="nt">script</span><span class="p">&gt;</span>
+<a id="__codelineno-2-7" name="__codelineno-2-7"></a>
+<a id="__codelineno-2-8" name="__codelineno-2-8"></a><span class="cm">&lt;!-- CSS for the component --&gt;</span>
+<a id="__codelineno-2-9" name="__codelineno-2-9"></a><span class="p">&lt;</span><span class="nt">style</span><span class="p">&gt;</span>
+<a id="__codelineno-2-10" name="__codelineno-2-10"></a><span class="w">  </span><span class="c">/* CSS rules */</span>
+<a id="__codelineno-2-11" name="__codelineno-2-11"></a>
+<a id="__codelineno-2-12" name="__codelineno-2-12"></a><span class="w">  </span><span class="c">/* target elements outside of the current component */</span>
+<a id="__codelineno-2-13" name="__codelineno-2-13"></a><span class="w">  </span><span class="p">:</span><span class="nd">global</span><span class="o">(</span><span class="nt">selector</span><span class="o">)</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="p">{</span>
+<a id="__codelineno-2-14" name="__codelineno-2-14"></a><span class="w">  </span><span class="p">}</span>
+<a id="__codelineno-2-15" name="__codelineno-2-15"></a><span class="p">&lt;/</span><span class="nt">style</span><span class="p">&gt;</span>
+<a id="__codelineno-2-16" name="__codelineno-2-16"></a>
+<a id="__codelineno-2-17" name="__codelineno-2-17"></a><span class="cm">&lt;!-- html of the component  --&gt;</span>
+<a id="__codelineno-2-18" name="__codelineno-2-18"></a>
+<a id="__codelineno-2-19" name="__codelineno-2-19"></a><span class="cm">&lt;!-- dynamic expressions --&gt;</span>
+<a id="__codelineno-2-20" name="__codelineno-2-20"></a><span class="p">&lt;</span><span class="nt">div</span><span class="p">&gt;</span>{variable}<span class="p">&lt;/</span><span class="nt">div</span><span class="p">&gt;</span>
+<a id="__codelineno-2-21" name="__codelineno-2-21"></a>
+<a id="__codelineno-2-22" name="__codelineno-2-22"></a><span class="cm">&lt;!-- nested components --&gt;</span>
+<a id="__codelineno-2-23" name="__codelineno-2-23"></a><span class="p">&lt;</span><span class="nt">Component</span> <span class="na">prop</span><span class="o">=</span><span class="s">&quot;{value}&quot;</span> <span class="p">/&gt;</span>
+</code></pre></div></td></tr></table></div>
+<h3 id="if-else">If-Else</h3>
+<div class="highlight"><table class="highlighttable"><tr><th colspan="2" class="filename"><span class="filename">JavaScript</span></th></tr><tr><td class="linenos"><div class="linenodiv"><pre><span></span><span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-3-1">1</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-3-2">2</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-3-3">3</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-3-4">4</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-3-5">5</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-3-6">6</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-3-7">7</a></span></pre></div></td><td class="code"><div><pre><span></span><code><a id="__codelineno-3-1" name="__codelineno-3-1"></a><span class="p">{</span><span class="err">#</span><span class="k">if</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="o">&lt;</span><span class="nx">condition</span><span class="o">&gt;</span><span class="p">}</span>
+<a id="__codelineno-3-2" name="__codelineno-3-2"></a><span class="w">  </span><span class="c1">// markup here</span>
+<a id="__codelineno-3-3" name="__codelineno-3-3"></a><span class="p">{</span><span class="o">:</span><span class="k">else</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="k">if</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="o">&lt;</span><span class="nx">condition</span><span class="o">&gt;</span><span class="p">}</span>
+<a id="__codelineno-3-4" name="__codelineno-3-4"></a><span class="w">  </span><span class="c1">// markup here</span>
+<a id="__codelineno-3-5" name="__codelineno-3-5"></a><span class="p">{</span><span class="o">:</span><span class="k">else</span><span class="p">}</span>
+<a id="__codelineno-3-6" name="__codelineno-3-6"></a><span class="w">  </span><span class="c1">// markup here</span>
+<a id="__codelineno-3-7" name="__codelineno-3-7"></a><span class="p">{</span><span class="err">/if}</span>
+</code></pre></div></td></tr></table></div>
+<h3 id="loops">Loops</h3>
+<div class="highlight"><table class="highlighttable"><tr><th colspan="2" class="filename"><span class="filename">JavaScript</span></th></tr><tr><td class="linenos"><div class="linenodiv"><pre><span></span><span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-4-1">1</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-4-2">2</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-4-3">3</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-4-4">4</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-4-5">5</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-4-6">6</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-4-7">7</a></span></pre></div></td><td class="code"><div><pre><span></span><code><a id="__codelineno-4-1" name="__codelineno-4-1"></a><span class="p">{</span><span class="err">#</span><span class="nx">each</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="nx">array</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="kr">as</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="nx">item</span><span class="p">,</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="nx">index</span><span class="p">}</span><span class="w">  </span><span class="c1">// index is optional</span>
+<a id="__codelineno-4-2" name="__codelineno-4-2"></a><span class="w">    </span><span class="c1">// markup here</span>
+<a id="__codelineno-4-3" name="__codelineno-4-3"></a><span class="p">{</span><span class="err">/each}</span>
+<a id="__codelineno-4-4" name="__codelineno-4-4"></a>
+<a id="__codelineno-4-5" name="__codelineno-4-5"></a><span class="p">{</span><span class="err">#</span><span class="nx">each</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="nx">array</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="kr">as</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="nx">item</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="p">(</span><span class="nx">key</span><span class="p">)}</span><span class="w">  </span><span class="c1">// use key to determine changes</span>
+<a id="__codelineno-4-6" name="__codelineno-4-6"></a><span class="w">    </span><span class="c1">// markup here</span>
+<a id="__codelineno-4-7" name="__codelineno-4-7"></a><span class="p">{</span><span class="err">/each}</span>
+</code></pre></div></td></tr></table></div>
+<h3 id="await-blocks">Await Blocks</h3>
+<div class="highlight"><table class="highlighttable"><tr><th colspan="2" class="filename"><span class="filename">JavaScript</span></th></tr><tr><td class="linenos"><div class="linenodiv"><pre><span></span><span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-5-1">1</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-5-2">2</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-5-3">3</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-5-4">4</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-5-5">5</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-5-6">6</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-5-7">7</a></span></pre></div></td><td class="code"><div><pre><span></span><code><a id="__codelineno-5-1" name="__codelineno-5-1"></a><span class="p">{</span><span class="err">#</span><span class="k">await</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="nx">promise</span><span class="p">}</span>
+<a id="__codelineno-5-2" name="__codelineno-5-2"></a><span class="w"> </span><span class="o">&lt;</span><span class="nx">p</span><span class="o">&gt;</span><span class="p">...</span><span class="nx">waiting</span><span class="o">&lt;</span><span class="err">/p&gt;</span>
+<a id="__codelineno-5-3" name="__codelineno-5-3"></a><span class="p">{</span><span class="o">:</span><span class="nx">then</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="nx">number</span><span class="p">}</span>
+<a id="__codelineno-5-4" name="__codelineno-5-4"></a><span class="w"> </span><span class="o">&lt;</span><span class="nx">p</span><span class="o">&gt;</span><span class="nx">The</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="nx">number</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="nx">is</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="p">{</span><span class="nx">number</span><span class="p">}</span><span class="o">&lt;</span><span class="err">/p&gt;</span>
+<a id="__codelineno-5-5" name="__codelineno-5-5"></a><span class="p">{</span><span class="o">:</span><span class="k">catch</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="nx">error</span><span class="p">}</span>
+<a id="__codelineno-5-6" name="__codelineno-5-6"></a><span class="w"> </span><span class="o">&lt;</span><span class="nx">p</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="nx">style</span><span class="o">=</span><span class="s2">&quot;color: red&quot;</span><span class="o">&gt;</span><span class="p">{</span><span class="nx">error</span><span class="p">.</span><span class="nx">message</span><span class="p">}</span><span class="o">&lt;</span><span class="err">/p&gt;</span>
+<a id="__codelineno-5-7" name="__codelineno-5-7"></a><span class="p">{</span><span class="err">/await}</span>
+</code></pre></div></td></tr></table></div>
+<h3 id="event-handling">Event Handling</h3>
+<p>The full list of modifiers:</p>
+<ul>
+<li><code>preventDefault</code> — calls <code>event.preventDefault()</code> before running the handler. Useful for client-side form handling, for example.</li>
+<li><code>stopPropagation</code> — calls <code>event.stopPropagation()</code>, preventing the event reaching the next element</li>
+<li><code>passive</code> — improves scrolling performance on touch/wheel events (Svelte will add it automatically where it's safe to do so)</li>
+<li><code>nonpassive</code> — explicitly set <code>passive: false</code></li>
+<li><code>capture</code> — fires the handler during the capture phase instead of the bubbling phase</li>
+<li><code>once</code> — remove the handler after the first time it runs</li>
+<li><code>self</code> — only trigger handler if <code>event.target</code> is the element itself</li>
+</ul>
+<div class="highlight"><table class="highlighttable"><tr><th colspan="2" class="filename"><span class="filename">JavaScript</span></th></tr><tr><td class="linenos"><div class="linenodiv"><pre><span></span><span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-6-1">1</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-6-2">2</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-6-3">3</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-6-4">4</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-6-5">5</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-6-6">6</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-6-7">7</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-6-8">8</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-6-9">9</a></span></pre></div></td><td class="code"><div><pre><span></span><code><a id="__codelineno-6-1" name="__codelineno-6-1"></a><span class="o">&lt;</span><span class="nx">script</span><span class="o">&gt;</span>
+<a id="__codelineno-6-2" name="__codelineno-6-2"></a><span class="w">  </span><span class="kd">const</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="nx">eventHandler</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="o">=</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="p">()</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="p">=&gt;</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="p">{};</span>
+<a id="__codelineno-6-3" name="__codelineno-6-3"></a><span class="o">&lt;</span><span class="err">/script&gt;</span>
+<a id="__codelineno-6-4" name="__codelineno-6-4"></a>
+<a id="__codelineno-6-5" name="__codelineno-6-5"></a><span class="o">&lt;</span><span class="nx">button</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="nx">on</span><span class="o">:</span><span class="nx">event</span><span class="o">=</span><span class="p">{</span><span class="nx">eventHandler</span><span class="p">}</span><span class="o">&gt;</span>
+<a id="__codelineno-6-6" name="__codelineno-6-6"></a><span class="c1">// or</span>
+<a id="__codelineno-6-7" name="__codelineno-6-7"></a><span class="o">&lt;</span><span class="nx">button</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="nx">on</span><span class="o">:</span><span class="nx">event</span><span class="o">=</span><span class="p">{()</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="p">=&gt;</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="nx">eventHandler</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="nx">args</span><span class="p">)}</span><span class="o">&gt;</span>
+<a id="__codelineno-6-8" name="__codelineno-6-8"></a>
+<a id="__codelineno-6-9" name="__codelineno-6-9"></a><span class="o">&lt;</span><span class="nx">button</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="nx">on</span><span class="o">:</span><span class="nx">event</span><span class="o">|</span><span class="nx">modifier</span><span class="o">=</span><span class="p">{</span><span class="nx">eventHandler</span><span class="p">}</span><span class="o">&gt;</span>
+</code></pre></div></td></tr></table></div>
+<blockquote>
+<p><strong>Note</strong>: It's possible to chain modifiers together, e.g. <code>on:click|once|capture={...}</code>.</p>
+</blockquote>
+<h2 id="binding">Binding</h2>
+<div class="highlight"><table class="highlighttable"><tr><th colspan="2" class="filename"><span class="filename">HTML</span></th></tr><tr><td class="linenos"><div class="linenodiv"><pre><span></span><span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-7-1">1</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-7-2">2</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-7-3">3</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-7-4">4</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-7-5">5</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-7-6">6</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-7-7">7</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-7-8">8</a></span></pre></div></td><td class="code"><div><pre><span></span><code><a id="__codelineno-7-1" name="__codelineno-7-1"></a><span class="p">&lt;</span><span class="nt">script</span><span class="p">&gt;</span>
+<a id="__codelineno-7-2" name="__codelineno-7-2"></a><span class="w">  </span><span class="kd">let</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="nx">name</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="o">=</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="s2">&quot;Foo&quot;</span><span class="p">;</span>
+<a id="__codelineno-7-3" name="__codelineno-7-3"></a><span class="p">&lt;/</span><span class="nt">script</span><span class="p">&gt;</span>
+<a id="__codelineno-7-4" name="__codelineno-7-4"></a>
+<a id="__codelineno-7-5" name="__codelineno-7-5"></a><span class="cm">&lt;!-- modify value in real time --&gt;</span>
+<a id="__codelineno-7-6" name="__codelineno-7-6"></a><span class="p">&lt;</span><span class="nt">input</span> <span class="na">bind:value</span><span class="o">=</span><span class="s">&quot;{stringValue}&quot;</span> <span class="p">/&gt;</span>
+<a id="__codelineno-7-7" name="__codelineno-7-7"></a><span class="p">&lt;</span><span class="nt">input</span> <span class="na">type</span><span class="o">=</span><span class="s">&quot;checkbox&quot;</span> <span class="na">bind:checked</span><span class="o">=</span><span class="s">{boolean}/</span> <span class="p">&gt;</span>
+<a id="__codelineno-7-8" name="__codelineno-7-8"></a><span class="cm">&lt;!-- ... --&gt;</span>
+</code></pre></div></td></tr></table></div>
+<h3 id="reactive-declarations-reactive-statements">Reactive declarations &amp; Reactive Statements</h3>
+<p>Svelte automatically updates the DOM when the component's state changes.<br />
+Often, some parts of a component's state need to be computed from other parts and recomputed whenever they change.</p>
+<p>For these, Svelte has reactive declarations. They look like this:</p>
+<div class="highlight"><table class="highlighttable"><tr><th colspan="2" class="filename"><span class="filename">JavaScript</span></th></tr><tr><td class="linenos"><div class="linenodiv"><pre><span></span><span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-8-1">1</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-8-2">2</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-8-3">3</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-8-4">4</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-8-5">5</a></span></pre></div></td><td class="code"><div><pre><span></span><code><a id="__codelineno-8-1" name="__codelineno-8-1"></a><span class="kd">let</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="nx">count</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="o">=</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="mf">0</span><span class="p">;</span>
+<a id="__codelineno-8-2" name="__codelineno-8-2"></a><span class="nx">$</span><span class="o">:</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="kr">double</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="o">=</span><span class="w">  </span><span class="nx">count</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="o">*</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="mf">2</span><span class="p">;</span><span class="w">  </span><span class="c1">// recalculated when count changes</span>
+<a id="__codelineno-8-3" name="__codelineno-8-3"></a><span class="c1">// or</span>
+<a id="__codelineno-8-4" name="__codelineno-8-4"></a><span class="nx">$</span><span class="o">:</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="p">{</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="p">}</span>
+<a id="__codelineno-8-5" name="__codelineno-8-5"></a><span class="nx">$</span><span class="o">:</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="o">&lt;</span><span class="nx">expression</span><span class="o">&gt;</span>
+</code></pre></div></td></tr></table></div>
+<h2 id="routing">Routing</h2>
+<p><a href="https://github.com/EmilTholin/svelte-routing">Svelte Routing</a></p>
+<div class="highlight"><table class="highlighttable"><tr><th colspan="2" class="filename"><span class="filename">JavaScript</span></th></tr><tr><td class="linenos"><div class="linenodiv"><pre><span></span><span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-9-1"> 1</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-9-2"> 2</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-9-3"> 3</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-9-4"> 4</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-9-5"> 5</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-9-6"> 6</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-9-7"> 7</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-9-8"> 8</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-9-9"> 9</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-9-10">10</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-9-11">11</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-9-12">12</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-9-13">13</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-9-14">14</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-9-15">15</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-9-16">16</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-9-17">17</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-9-18">18</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-9-19">19</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-9-20">20</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-9-21">21</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-9-22">22</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-9-23">23</a></span></pre></div></td><td class="code"><div><pre><span></span><code><a id="__codelineno-9-1" name="__codelineno-9-1"></a><span class="c">&lt;!--</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="nx">App</span><span class="p">.</span><span class="nx">svelte</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="o">--&gt;</span>
+<a id="__codelineno-9-2" name="__codelineno-9-2"></a><span class="o">&lt;</span><span class="nx">script</span><span class="o">&gt;</span>
+<a id="__codelineno-9-3" name="__codelineno-9-3"></a><span class="w">  </span><span class="k">import</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="p">{</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="nx">Router</span><span class="p">,</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="nx">Link</span><span class="p">,</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="nx">Route</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="p">}</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="kr">from</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="s2">&quot;svelte-routing&quot;</span><span class="p">;</span>
+<a id="__codelineno-9-4" name="__codelineno-9-4"></a><span class="w">  </span><span class="k">import</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="nx">Home</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="kr">from</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="s2">&quot;./routes/Home.svelte&quot;</span><span class="p">;</span>
+<a id="__codelineno-9-5" name="__codelineno-9-5"></a><span class="w">  </span><span class="k">import</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="nx">About</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="kr">from</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="s2">&quot;./routes/About.svelte&quot;</span><span class="p">;</span>
+<a id="__codelineno-9-6" name="__codelineno-9-6"></a><span class="w">  </span><span class="k">import</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="nx">Blog</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="kr">from</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="s2">&quot;./routes/Blog.svelte&quot;</span><span class="p">;</span>
+<a id="__codelineno-9-7" name="__codelineno-9-7"></a>
+<a id="__codelineno-9-8" name="__codelineno-9-8"></a><span class="w">  </span><span class="k">export</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="kd">let</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="nx">url</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="o">=</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="s2">&quot;&quot;</span><span class="p">;</span>
+<a id="__codelineno-9-9" name="__codelineno-9-9"></a><span class="o">&lt;</span><span class="err">/script&gt;</span>
+<a id="__codelineno-9-10" name="__codelineno-9-10"></a>
+<a id="__codelineno-9-11" name="__codelineno-9-11"></a><span class="o">&lt;</span><span class="nx">Router</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="nx">url</span><span class="o">=</span><span class="s2">&quot;{url}&quot;</span><span class="o">&gt;</span>
+<a id="__codelineno-9-12" name="__codelineno-9-12"></a><span class="w">  </span><span class="o">&lt;</span><span class="nx">nav</span><span class="o">&gt;</span>
+<a id="__codelineno-9-13" name="__codelineno-9-13"></a><span class="w">    </span><span class="o">&lt;</span><span class="nx">Link</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="nx">to</span><span class="o">=</span><span class="s2">&quot;/&quot;</span><span class="o">&gt;</span><span class="nx">Home</span><span class="o">&lt;</span><span class="err">/Link&gt;</span>
+<a id="__codelineno-9-14" name="__codelineno-9-14"></a><span class="w">    </span><span class="o">&lt;</span><span class="nx">Link</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="nx">to</span><span class="o">=</span><span class="s2">&quot;about&quot;</span><span class="o">&gt;</span><span class="nx">About</span><span class="o">&lt;</span><span class="err">/Link&gt;</span>
+<a id="__codelineno-9-15" name="__codelineno-9-15"></a><span class="w">    </span><span class="o">&lt;</span><span class="nx">Link</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="nx">to</span><span class="o">=</span><span class="s2">&quot;blog&quot;</span><span class="o">&gt;</span><span class="nx">Blog</span><span class="o">&lt;</span><span class="err">/Link&gt;</span>
+<a id="__codelineno-9-16" name="__codelineno-9-16"></a><span class="w">  </span><span class="o">&lt;</span><span class="err">/nav&gt;</span>
+<a id="__codelineno-9-17" name="__codelineno-9-17"></a><span class="w">  </span><span class="o">&lt;</span><span class="nx">div</span><span class="o">&gt;</span>
+<a id="__codelineno-9-18" name="__codelineno-9-18"></a><span class="w">    </span><span class="o">&lt;</span><span class="nx">Route</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="nx">path</span><span class="o">=</span><span class="s2">&quot;blog/:id&quot;</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="nx">component</span><span class="o">=</span><span class="s2">&quot;{BlogPost}&quot;</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="o">/&gt;</span>
+<a id="__codelineno-9-19" name="__codelineno-9-19"></a><span class="w">    </span><span class="o">&lt;</span><span class="nx">Route</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="nx">path</span><span class="o">=</span><span class="s2">&quot;blog&quot;</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="nx">component</span><span class="o">=</span><span class="s2">&quot;{Blog}&quot;</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="o">/&gt;</span>
+<a id="__codelineno-9-20" name="__codelineno-9-20"></a><span class="w">    </span><span class="o">&lt;</span><span class="nx">Route</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="nx">path</span><span class="o">=</span><span class="s2">&quot;about&quot;</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="nx">component</span><span class="o">=</span><span class="s2">&quot;{About}&quot;</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="o">/&gt;</span>
+<a id="__codelineno-9-21" name="__codelineno-9-21"></a><span class="w">    </span><span class="o">&lt;</span><span class="nx">Route</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="nx">path</span><span class="o">=</span><span class="s2">&quot;/&quot;</span><span class="o">&gt;&lt;</span><span class="nx">Home</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="o">/&gt;&lt;</span><span class="err">/Route&gt;</span>
+<a id="__codelineno-9-22" name="__codelineno-9-22"></a><span class="w">  </span><span class="o">&lt;</span><span class="err">/div&gt;</span>
+<a id="__codelineno-9-23" name="__codelineno-9-23"></a><span class="o">&lt;</span><span class="err">/Router&gt;</span>
+</code></pre></div></td></tr></table></div>
+<h2 id="data-stores">Data Stores</h2>
+<div class="highlight"><table class="highlighttable"><tr><th colspan="2" class="filename"><span class="filename">JavaScript</span></th></tr><tr><td class="linenos"><div class="linenodiv"><pre><span></span><span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-10-1">1</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-10-2">2</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-10-3">3</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-10-4">4</a></span></pre></div></td><td class="code"><div><pre><span></span><code><a id="__codelineno-10-1" name="__codelineno-10-1"></a><span class="c1">// stores.js</span>
+<a id="__codelineno-10-2" name="__codelineno-10-2"></a><span class="k">import</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="p">{</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="nx">writable</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="p">}</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="kr">from</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="s2">&quot;svelte/store&quot;</span><span class="p">;</span>
+<a id="__codelineno-10-3" name="__codelineno-10-3"></a>
+<a id="__codelineno-10-4" name="__codelineno-10-4"></a><span class="k">export</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="kd">const</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="nx">count</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="o">=</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="nx">writable</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="mf">0</span><span class="p">);</span>
+</code></pre></div></td></tr></table></div>
+<div class="highlight"><table class="highlighttable"><tr><th colspan="2" class="filename"><span class="filename">HTML</span></th></tr><tr><td class="linenos"><div class="linenodiv"><pre><span></span><span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-11-1"> 1</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-11-2"> 2</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-11-3"> 3</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-11-4"> 4</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-11-5"> 5</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-11-6"> 6</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-11-7"> 7</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-11-8"> 8</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-11-9"> 9</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-11-10">10</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-11-11">11</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-11-12">12</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-11-13">13</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-11-14">14</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-11-15">15</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-11-16">16</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-11-17">17</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-11-18">18</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-11-19">19</a></span></pre></div></td><td class="code"><div><pre><span></span><code><a id="__codelineno-11-1" name="__codelineno-11-1"></a><span class="p">&lt;</span><span class="nt">script</span><span class="p">&gt;</span>
+<a id="__codelineno-11-2" name="__codelineno-11-2"></a><span class="w">  </span><span class="k">import</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="p">{</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="nx">onDestroy</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="p">}</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="kr">from</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="s2">&quot;svelte&quot;</span><span class="p">;</span>
+<a id="__codelineno-11-3" name="__codelineno-11-3"></a><span class="w">  </span><span class="k">import</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="p">{</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="nx">count</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="p">}</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="kr">from</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="s2">&quot;.path/to/stores.js&quot;</span><span class="p">;</span>
+<a id="__codelineno-11-4" name="__codelineno-11-4"></a>
+<a id="__codelineno-11-5" name="__codelineno-11-5"></a><span class="w">  </span><span class="kd">const</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="nx">unsubscriber</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="o">=</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="nx">count</span><span class="p">.</span><span class="nx">subscribe</span><span class="p">((</span><span class="nx">value</span><span class="p">)</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="p">=&gt;</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="p">{</span>
+<a id="__codelineno-11-6" name="__codelineno-11-6"></a><span class="w">    </span><span class="c1">// do stuff on load or value change</span>
+<a id="__codelineno-11-7" name="__codelineno-11-7"></a><span class="w">  </span><span class="p">});</span>
+<a id="__codelineno-11-8" name="__codelineno-11-8"></a>
+<a id="__codelineno-11-9" name="__codelineno-11-9"></a><span class="w">  </span><span class="nx">count</span><span class="p">.</span><span class="nx">update</span><span class="p">((</span><span class="nx">n</span><span class="p">)</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="p">=&gt;</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="nx">n</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="o">+</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="mf">1</span><span class="p">);</span>
+<a id="__codelineno-11-10" name="__codelineno-11-10"></a>
+<a id="__codelineno-11-11" name="__codelineno-11-11"></a><span class="w">  </span><span class="nx">count</span><span class="p">.</span><span class="nx">set</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="mf">1</span><span class="p">);</span>
+<a id="__codelineno-11-12" name="__codelineno-11-12"></a><span class="w">  </span><span class="c1">// or</span>
+<a id="__codelineno-11-13" name="__codelineno-11-13"></a><span class="w">  </span><span class="nx">$count</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="o">=</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="mf">1</span><span class="p">;</span>
+<a id="__codelineno-11-14" name="__codelineno-11-14"></a>
+<a id="__codelineno-11-15" name="__codelineno-11-15"></a><span class="w">  </span><span class="nx">onDestroy</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="nx">unsubscriber</span><span class="p">);</span>
+<a id="__codelineno-11-16" name="__codelineno-11-16"></a><span class="p">&lt;/</span><span class="nt">script</span><span class="p">&gt;</span>
+<a id="__codelineno-11-17" name="__codelineno-11-17"></a>
+<a id="__codelineno-11-18" name="__codelineno-11-18"></a><span class="cm">&lt;!-- use $ to reference a store value --&gt;</span>
+<a id="__codelineno-11-19" name="__codelineno-11-19"></a><span class="p">&lt;</span><span class="nt">p</span><span class="p">&gt;</span>{$count}<span class="p">&lt;/</span><span class="nt">p</span><span class="p">&gt;</span>
+</code></pre></div></td></tr></table></div>
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+        
+
+<nav class="md-nav md-nav--secondary" aria-label="Table of contents">
+  
+  
+  
+    
+  
+  
+    <label class="md-nav__title" for="__toc">
+      <span class="md-nav__icon md-icon"></span>
+      Table of contents
+    </label>
+    <ul class="md-nav__list" data-md-component="toc" data-md-scrollfix>
+      
+        <li class="md-nav__item">
+  <a href="#package-imports" class="md-nav__link">
+    <span class="md-ellipsis">
+      Package &amp; Imports
+    </span>
+  </a>
+  
+</li>
+      
+        <li class="md-nav__item">
+  <a href="#variable-constants" class="md-nav__link">
+    <span class="md-ellipsis">
+      Variable &amp; Constants
+    </span>
+  </a>
+  
+    <nav class="md-nav" aria-label="Variable & Constants">
+      <ul class="md-nav__list">
+        
+          <li class="md-nav__item">
+  <a href="#nullable-variables" class="md-nav__link">
+    <span class="md-ellipsis">
+      Nullable Variables
+    </span>
+  </a>
+  
+</li>
+        
+      </ul>
+    </nav>
+  
+</li>
+      
+        <li class="md-nav__item">
+  <a href="#decision-statements" class="md-nav__link">
+    <span class="md-ellipsis">
+      Decision Statements
+    </span>
+  </a>
+  
+    <nav class="md-nav" aria-label="Decision Statements">
+      <ul class="md-nav__list">
+        
+          <li class="md-nav__item">
+  <a href="#if-else-if-else" class="md-nav__link">
+    <span class="md-ellipsis">
+      If - Else If - Else
+    </span>
+  </a>
+  
+</li>
+        
+          <li class="md-nav__item">
+  <a href="#conditional-expressions" class="md-nav__link">
+    <span class="md-ellipsis">
+      Conditional Expressions
+    </span>
+  </a>
+  
+</li>
+        
+          <li class="md-nav__item">
+  <a href="#when-expression" class="md-nav__link">
+    <span class="md-ellipsis">
+      When Expression
+    </span>
+  </a>
+  
+</li>
+        
+      </ul>
+    </nav>
+  
+</li>
+      
+        <li class="md-nav__item">
+  <a href="#loops" class="md-nav__link">
+    <span class="md-ellipsis">
+      Loops
+    </span>
+  </a>
+  
+    <nav class="md-nav" aria-label="Loops">
+      <ul class="md-nav__list">
+        
+          <li class="md-nav__item">
+  <a href="#for-loop" class="md-nav__link">
+    <span class="md-ellipsis">
+      For Loop
+    </span>
+  </a>
+  
+</li>
+        
+      </ul>
+    </nav>
+  
+</li>
+      
+        <li class="md-nav__item">
+  <a href="#functions" class="md-nav__link">
+    <span class="md-ellipsis">
+      Functions
+    </span>
+  </a>
+  
+    <nav class="md-nav" aria-label="Functions">
+      <ul class="md-nav__list">
+        
+          <li class="md-nav__item">
+  <a href="#simplifying-function-declarations" class="md-nav__link">
+    <span class="md-ellipsis">
+      Simplifying Function Declarations
+    </span>
+  </a>
+  
+</li>
+        
+          <li class="md-nav__item">
+  <a href="#anonymous-functions" class="md-nav__link">
+    <span class="md-ellipsis">
+      Anonymous Functions
+    </span>
+  </a>
+  
+</li>
+        
+          <li class="md-nav__item">
+  <a href="#higher-order-functions" class="md-nav__link">
+    <span class="md-ellipsis">
+      Higher-order Functions
+    </span>
+  </a>
+  
+</li>
+        
+      </ul>
+    </nav>
+  
+</li>
+      
+        <li class="md-nav__item">
+  <a href="#object-oriented-programming" class="md-nav__link">
+    <span class="md-ellipsis">
+      Object Oriented Programming
+    </span>
+  </a>
+  
+    <nav class="md-nav" aria-label="Object Oriented Programming">
+      <ul class="md-nav__list">
+        
+          <li class="md-nav__item">
+  <a href="#class" class="md-nav__link">
+    <span class="md-ellipsis">
+      Class
+    </span>
+  </a>
+  
+</li>
+        
+          <li class="md-nav__item">
+  <a href="#companion-object" class="md-nav__link">
+    <span class="md-ellipsis">
+      Companion Object
+    </span>
+  </a>
+  
+</li>
+        
+      </ul>
+    </nav>
+  
+</li>
+      
+        <li class="md-nav__item">
+  <a href="#collections" class="md-nav__link">
+    <span class="md-ellipsis">
+      Collections
+    </span>
+  </a>
+  
+    <nav class="md-nav" aria-label="Collections">
+      <ul class="md-nav__list">
+        
+          <li class="md-nav__item">
+  <a href="#arraylist" class="md-nav__link">
+    <span class="md-ellipsis">
+      ArrayList
+    </span>
+  </a>
+  
+</li>
+        
+      </ul>
+    </nav>
+  
+</li>
+      
+    </ul>
+  
+</nav>
+      
+    </li>
+  
+
+              
+            
+              
+                
+  
+  
+  
+  
+    <li class="md-nav__item">
+      <a href="../swift/swift.html" class="md-nav__link">
+        
+  
+  <span class="md-ellipsis">
+    Swift
+  </span>
+  
+
+      </a>
+    </li>
+  
+
+              
+            
+              
+                
+  
+  
+  
+  
+    
+    
+      
+        
+      
+        
+      
+    
+    
+      
+      
+        
+          
+          
+        
+      
+    
+    
+    <li class="md-nav__item md-nav__item--section md-nav__item--nested">
+      
+        
+        
+        <input class="md-nav__toggle md-toggle " type="checkbox" id="__nav_4_7" >
+        
+          
+          <label class="md-nav__link" for="__nav_4_7" id="__nav_4_7_label" tabindex="">
+            
+  
+  <span class="md-ellipsis">
+    Assembly
+  </span>
+  
+
+            <span class="md-nav__icon md-icon"></span>
+          </label>
+        
+        <nav class="md-nav" data-md-level="2" aria-labelledby="__nav_4_7_label" aria-expanded="false">
+          <label class="md-nav__title" for="__nav_4_7">
+            <span class="md-nav__icon md-icon"></span>
+            Assembly
+          </label>
+          <ul class="md-nav__list" data-md-scrollfix>
+            
+              
+                
+  
+  
+  
+  
+    <li class="md-nav__item">
+      <a href="../assembly/intel.html" class="md-nav__link">
+        
+  
+  <span class="md-ellipsis">
+    Intel
+  </span>
+  
+
+      </a>
+    </li>
+  
+
+              
+            
+              
+                
+  
+  
+  
+  
+    <li class="md-nav__item">
+      <a href="../assembly/riscv.html" class="md-nav__link">
+        
+  
+  <span class="md-ellipsis">
+    RISC-V
+  </span>
+  
+
+      </a>
+    </li>
+  
+
+              
+            
+          </ul>
+        </nav>
+      
+    </li>
+  
+
+              
+            
+              
+                
+  
+  
+  
+  
+    
+    
+      
+        
+      
+        
+      
+        
+      
+    
+    
+      
+      
+        
+          
+          
+        
+      
+    
+    
+    <li class="md-nav__item md-nav__item--section md-nav__item--nested">
+      
+        
+        
+        <input class="md-nav__toggle md-toggle " type="checkbox" id="__nav_4_8" >
+        
+          
+          <label class="md-nav__link" for="__nav_4_8" id="__nav_4_8_label" tabindex="">
+            
+  
+  <span class="md-ellipsis">
+    Python
+  </span>
+  
+
+            <span class="md-nav__icon md-icon"></span>
+          </label>
+        
+        <nav class="md-nav" data-md-level="2" aria-labelledby="__nav_4_8_label" aria-expanded="false">
+          <label class="md-nav__title" for="__nav_4_8">
+            <span class="md-nav__icon md-icon"></span>
+            Python
+          </label>
+          <ul class="md-nav__list" data-md-scrollfix>
+            
+              
+                
+  
+  
+  
+  
+    <li class="md-nav__item">
+      <a href="../python/python.html" class="md-nav__link">
+        
+  
+  <span class="md-ellipsis">
+    Python
+  </span>
+  
+
+      </a>
+    </li>
+  
+
+              
+            
+              
+                
+  
+  
+  
+  
+    
+    
+      
+        
+      
+        
+      
+        
+      
+        
+      
+        
+      
+        
+      
+        
+      
+        
+      
+        
+      
+        
+      
+        
+      
+        
+      
+        
+      
+    
+    
+      
+      
+        
+      
+    
+    
+    <li class="md-nav__item md-nav__item--nested">
+      
+        
+        
+        <input class="md-nav__toggle md-toggle " type="checkbox" id="__nav_4_8_2" >
+        
+          
+          <label class="md-nav__link" for="__nav_4_8_2" id="__nav_4_8_2_label" tabindex="0">
+            
+  
+  <span class="md-ellipsis">
+    Modules
+  </span>
+  
+
+            <span class="md-nav__icon md-icon"></span>
+          </label>
+        
+        <nav class="md-nav" data-md-level="3" aria-labelledby="__nav_4_8_2_label" aria-expanded="false">
+          <label class="md-nav__title" for="__nav_4_8_2">
+            <span class="md-nav__icon md-icon"></span>
+            Modules
+          </label>
+          <ul class="md-nav__list" data-md-scrollfix>
+            
+              
+                
+  
+  
+  
+  
+    <li class="md-nav__item">
+      <a href="../python/modules/argparse.html" class="md-nav__link">
+        
+  
+  <span class="md-ellipsis">
+    argparse
+  </span>
+  
+
+      </a>
+    </li>
+  
+
+              
+            
+              
+                
+  
+  
+  
+  
+    <li class="md-nav__item">
+      <a href="../python/modules/collections.html" class="md-nav__link">
+        
+  
+  <span class="md-ellipsis">
+    collection
+  </span>
+  
+
+      </a>
+    </li>
+  
+
+              
+            
+              
+                
+  
+  
+  
+  
+    <li class="md-nav__item">
+      <a href="../python/modules/csv.html" class="md-nav__link">
+        
+  
+  <span class="md-ellipsis">
+    csv
+  </span>
+  
+
+      </a>
+    </li>
+  
+
+              
+            
+              
+                
+  
+  
+  
+  
+    <li class="md-nav__item">
+      <a href="../python/modules/ftplib.html" class="md-nav__link">
+        
+  
+  <span class="md-ellipsis">
+    ftplib
+  </span>
+  
+
+      </a>
+    </li>
+  
+
+              
+            
+              
+                
+  
+  
+  
+  
+    <li class="md-nav__item">
+      <a href="../python/modules/itertools.html" class="md-nav__link">
+        
+  
+  <span class="md-ellipsis">
+    itertools
+  </span>
+  
+
+      </a>
+    </li>
+  
+
+              
+            
+              
+                
+  
+  
+  
+  
+    <li class="md-nav__item">
+      <a href="../python/modules/json.html" class="md-nav__link">
+        
+  
+  <span class="md-ellipsis">
+    json
+  </span>
+  
+
+      </a>
+    </li>
+  
+
+              
+            
+              
+                
+  
+  
+  
+  
+    <li class="md-nav__item">
+      <a href="../python/modules/logging.html" class="md-nav__link">
+        
+  
+  <span class="md-ellipsis">
+    logging
+  </span>
+  
+
+      </a>
+    </li>
+  
+
+              
+            
+              
+                
+  
+  
+  
+  
+    <li class="md-nav__item">
+      <a href="../python/modules/shutil.html" class="md-nav__link">
+        
+  
+  <span class="md-ellipsis">
+    shutil
+  </span>
+  
+
+      </a>
+    </li>
+  
+
+              
+            
+              
+                
+  
+  
+  
+  
+    <li class="md-nav__item">
+      <a href="../python/modules/smtplib.html" class="md-nav__link">
+        
+  
+  <span class="md-ellipsis">
+    smtplib
+  </span>
+  
+
+      </a>
+    </li>
+  
+
+              
+            
+              
+                
+  
+  
+  
+  
+    <li class="md-nav__item">
+      <a href="../python/modules/socket.html" class="md-nav__link">
+        
+  
+  <span class="md-ellipsis">
+    socket
+  </span>
+  
+
+      </a>
+    </li>
+  
+
+              
+            
+              
+                
+  
+  
+  
+  
+    <li class="md-nav__item">
+      <a href="../python/modules/sqlite.html" class="md-nav__link">
+        
+  
+  <span class="md-ellipsis">
+    sqlite
+  </span>
+  
+
+      </a>
+    </li>
+  
+
+              
+            
+              
+                
+  
+  
+  
+  
+    <li class="md-nav__item">
+      <a href="../python/modules/time-datetime.html" class="md-nav__link">
+        
+  
+  <span class="md-ellipsis">
+    time & datetime
+  </span>
+  
+
+      </a>
+    </li>
+  
+
+              
+            
+              
+                
+  
+  
+  
+  
+    <li class="md-nav__item">
+      <a href="../python/modules/unittest.html" class="md-nav__link">
+        
+  
+  <span class="md-ellipsis">
+    unittest
+  </span>
+  
+
+      </a>
+    </li>
+  
+
+              
+            
+          </ul>
+        </nav>
+      
+    </li>
+  
+
+              
+            
+              
+                
+  
+  
+  
+  
+    
+    
+      
+        
+      
+        
+      
+        
+      
+        
+      
+        
+      
+        
+      
+    
+    
+      
+      
+        
+      
+    
+    
+    <li class="md-nav__item md-nav__item--nested">
+      
+        
+        
+        <input class="md-nav__toggle md-toggle " type="checkbox" id="__nav_4_8_3" >
+        
+          
+          <label class="md-nav__link" for="__nav_4_8_3" id="__nav_4_8_3_label" tabindex="0">
+            
+  
+  <span class="md-ellipsis">
+    Libraries
+  </span>
+  
+
+            <span class="md-nav__icon md-icon"></span>
+          </label>
+        
+        <nav class="md-nav" data-md-level="3" aria-labelledby="__nav_4_8_3_label" aria-expanded="false">
+          <label class="md-nav__title" for="__nav_4_8_3">
+            <span class="md-nav__icon md-icon"></span>
+            Libraries
+          </label>
+          <ul class="md-nav__list" data-md-scrollfix>
+            
+              
+                
+  
+  
+  
+  
+    <li class="md-nav__item">
+      <a href="../python/libs/tkinter.html" class="md-nav__link">
+        
+  
+  <span class="md-ellipsis">
+    TKinter
+  </span>
+  
+
+      </a>
+    </li>
+  
+
+              
+            
+              
+                
+  
+  
+  
+  
+    <li class="md-nav__item">
+      <a href="../python/libs/numpy.html" class="md-nav__link">
+        
+  
+  <span class="md-ellipsis">
+    Numpy
+  </span>
+  
+
+      </a>
+    </li>
+  
+
+              
+            
+              
+                
+  
+  
+  
+  
+    <li class="md-nav__item">
+      <a href="../python/libs/pandas.html" class="md-nav__link">
+        
+  
+  <span class="md-ellipsis">
+    Pandas
+  </span>
+  
+
+      </a>
+    </li>
+  
+
+              
+            
+              
+                
+  
+  
+  
+  
+    <li class="md-nav__item">
+      <a href="../python/libs/seaborn.html" class="md-nav__link">
+        
+  
+  <span class="md-ellipsis">
+    Seaborn
+  </span>
+  
+
+      </a>
+    </li>
+  
+
+              
+            
+              
+                
+  
+  
+  
+  
+    <li class="md-nav__item">
+      <a href="../python/libs/requests.html" class="md-nav__link">
+        
+  
+  <span class="md-ellipsis">
+    Requests
+  </span>
+  
+
+      </a>
+    </li>
+  
+
+              
+            
+              
+                
+  
+  
+  
+  
+    <li class="md-nav__item">
+      <a href="../python/libs/beautiful-soup.html" class="md-nav__link">
+        
+  
+  <span class="md-ellipsis">
+    Beatiful Soup
+  </span>
+  
+
+      </a>
+    </li>
+  
+
+              
+            
+          </ul>
+        </nav>
+      
+    </li>
+  
+
+              
+            
+          </ul>
+        </nav>
+      
+    </li>
+  
+
+              
+            
+              
+                
+  
+  
+  
+  
+    
+    
+      
+        
+      
+        
+      
+        
+      
+    
+    
+      
+      
+        
+          
+          
+        
+      
+    
+    
+    <li class="md-nav__item md-nav__item--section md-nav__item--nested">
+      
+        
+        
+        <input class="md-nav__toggle md-toggle " type="checkbox" id="__nav_4_9" >
+        
+          
+          <label class="md-nav__link" for="__nav_4_9" id="__nav_4_9_label" tabindex="">
+            
+  
+  <span class="md-ellipsis">
+    .NET
+  </span>
+  
+
+            <span class="md-nav__icon md-icon"></span>
+          </label>
+        
+        <nav class="md-nav" data-md-level="2" aria-labelledby="__nav_4_9_label" aria-expanded="false">
+          <label class="md-nav__title" for="__nav_4_9">
+            <span class="md-nav__icon md-icon"></span>
+            .NET
+          </label>
+          <ul class="md-nav__list" data-md-scrollfix>
+            
+              
+                
+  
+  
+  
+  
+    
+    
+      
+        
+      
+        
+      
+        
+      
+        
+      
+        
+      
+        
+      
+    
+    
+      
+      
+        
+      
+    
+    
+    <li class="md-nav__item md-nav__item--nested">
+      
+        
+        
+        <input class="md-nav__toggle md-toggle " type="checkbox" id="__nav_4_9_1" >
+        
+          
+          <label class="md-nav__link" for="__nav_4_9_1" id="__nav_4_9_1_label" tabindex="0">
+            
+  
+  <span class="md-ellipsis">
+    C#
+  </span>
+  
+
+            <span class="md-nav__icon md-icon"></span>
+          </label>
+        
+        <nav class="md-nav" data-md-level="3" aria-labelledby="__nav_4_9_1_label" aria-expanded="false">
+          <label class="md-nav__title" for="__nav_4_9_1">
+            <span class="md-nav__icon md-icon"></span>
+            C#
+          </label>
+          <ul class="md-nav__list" data-md-scrollfix>
+            
+              
+                
+  
+  
+  
+  
+    <li class="md-nav__item">
+      <a href="../dotnet/csharp/csharp.html" class="md-nav__link">
+        
+  
+  <span class="md-ellipsis">
+    C#
+  </span>
+  
+
+      </a>
+    </li>
+  
+
+              
+            
+              
+                
+  
+  
+  
+  
+    <li class="md-nav__item">
+      <a href="../dotnet/csharp/linq.html" class="md-nav__link">
+        
+  
+  <span class="md-ellipsis">
+    Linq
+  </span>
+  
+
+      </a>
+    </li>
+  
+
+              
+            
+              
+                
+  
+  
+  
+  
+    <li class="md-nav__item">
+      <a href="../dotnet/csharp/collections.html" class="md-nav__link">
+        
+  
+  <span class="md-ellipsis">
+    Collections
+  </span>
+  
+
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+    </li>
+  
+
+              
+            
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+                
+  
+  
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+  
+    <li class="md-nav__item">
+      <a href="../dotnet/csharp/reactive-extensions.html" class="md-nav__link">
+        
+  
+  <span class="md-ellipsis">
+    Reactive Extensions
+  </span>
+  
+
+      </a>
+    </li>
+  
+
+              
+            
+              
+                
+  
+  
+  
+  
+    <li class="md-nav__item">
+      <a href="../dotnet/csharp/async-programming.html" class="md-nav__link">
+        
+  
+  <span class="md-ellipsis">
+    Async Programming
+  </span>
+  
+
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+    </li>
+  
+
+              
+            
+              
+                
+  
+  
+  
+  
+    <li class="md-nav__item">
+      <a href="../dotnet/csharp/unit-tests.html" class="md-nav__link">
+        
+  
+  <span class="md-ellipsis">
+    Unit Tests
+  </span>
+  
+
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+    </li>
+  
+
+              
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+          </ul>
+        </nav>
+      
+    </li>
+  
+
+              
+            
+              
+                
+  
+  
+  
+  
+    
+    
+      
+        
+      
+        
+      
+        
+      
+        
+      
+        
+      
+        
+      
+        
+      
+    
+    
+      
+      
+        
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+    
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+    <li class="md-nav__item md-nav__item--nested">
+      
+        
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+        <input class="md-nav__toggle md-toggle " type="checkbox" id="__nav_4_9_2" >
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+            
+  
+  <span class="md-ellipsis">
+    ASP.NET
+  </span>
+  
+
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+          </label>
+        
+        <nav class="md-nav" data-md-level="3" aria-labelledby="__nav_4_9_2_label" aria-expanded="false">
+          <label class="md-nav__title" for="__nav_4_9_2">
+            <span class="md-nav__icon md-icon"></span>
+            ASP.NET
+          </label>
+          <ul class="md-nav__list" data-md-scrollfix>
+            
+              
+                
+  
+  
+  
+  
+    <li class="md-nav__item">
+      <a href="../dotnet/asp.net/minimal-api.html" class="md-nav__link">
+        
+  
+  <span class="md-ellipsis">
+    Minimal API
+  </span>
+  
+
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+    </li>
+  
+
+              
+            
+              
+                
+  
+  
+  
+  
+    <li class="md-nav__item">
+      <a href="../dotnet/asp.net/filters.html" class="md-nav__link">
+        
+  
+  <span class="md-ellipsis">
+    FIlters
+  </span>
+  
+
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+    </li>
+  
+
+              
+            
+              
+                
+  
+  
+  
+  
+    <li class="md-nav__item">
+      <a href="../dotnet/asp.net/middleware.html" class="md-nav__link">
+        
+  
+  <span class="md-ellipsis">
+    Middleware
+  </span>
+  
+
+      </a>
+    </li>
+  
+
+              
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+              
+                
+  
+  
+  
+  
+    <li class="md-nav__item">
+      <a href="../dotnet/asp.net/razor-syntax.html" class="md-nav__link">
+        
+  
+  <span class="md-ellipsis">
+    Razor Syntax
+  </span>
+  
+
+      </a>
+    </li>
+  
+
+              
+            
+              
+                
+  
+  
+  
+  
+    <li class="md-nav__item">
+      <a href="../dotnet/asp.net/blazor.html" class="md-nav__link">
+        
+  
+  <span class="md-ellipsis">
+    Blazor
+  </span>
+  
+
+      </a>
+    </li>
+  
+
+              
+            
+              
+                
+  
+  
+  
+  
+    <li class="md-nav__item">
+      <a href="../dotnet/asp.net/signalr.html" class="md-nav__link">
+        
+  
+  <span class="md-ellipsis">
+    SignalR
+  </span>
+  
+
+      </a>
+    </li>
+  
+
+              
+            
+              
+                
+  
+  
+  
+  
+    <li class="md-nav__item">
+      <a href="../dotnet/asp.net/web-forms.html" class="md-nav__link">
+        
+  
+  <span class="md-ellipsis">
+    Web Forms
+  </span>
+  
+
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+    </li>
+  
+
+              
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+          </ul>
+        </nav>
+      
+    </li>
+  
+
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+            
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+                
+  
+  
+  
+  
+    
+    
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+        
+      
+        
+      
+    
+    
+      
+      
+        
+      
+    
+    
+    <li class="md-nav__item md-nav__item--nested">
+      
+        
+        
+        <input class="md-nav__toggle md-toggle " type="checkbox" id="__nav_4_9_3" >
+        
+          
+          <label class="md-nav__link" for="__nav_4_9_3" id="__nav_4_9_3_label" tabindex="0">
+            
+  
+  <span class="md-ellipsis">
+    Database
+  </span>
+  
+
+            <span class="md-nav__icon md-icon"></span>
+          </label>
+        
+        <nav class="md-nav" data-md-level="3" aria-labelledby="__nav_4_9_3_label" aria-expanded="false">
+          <label class="md-nav__title" for="__nav_4_9_3">
+            <span class="md-nav__icon md-icon"></span>
+            Database
+          </label>
+          <ul class="md-nav__list" data-md-scrollfix>
+            
+              
+                
+  
+  
+  
+  
+    <li class="md-nav__item">
+      <a href="../dotnet/database/ado.net.html" class="md-nav__link">
+        
+  
+  <span class="md-ellipsis">
+    ADO.NET
+  </span>
+  
+
+      </a>
+    </li>
+  
+
+              
+            
+              
+                
+  
+  
+  
+  
+    <li class="md-nav__item">
+      <a href="../dotnet/database/entity-framework.html" class="md-nav__link">
+        
+  
+  <span class="md-ellipsis">
+    Entity Framework
+  </span>
+  
+
+      </a>
+    </li>
+  
+
+              
+            
+          </ul>
+        </nav>
+      
+    </li>
+  
+
+              
+            
+          </ul>
+        </nav>
+      
+    </li>
+  
+
+              
+            
+              
+                
+  
+  
+  
+  
+    
+    
+      
+        
+      
+        
+      
+        
+      
+        
+      
+    
+    
+      
+      
+        
+          
+          
+        
+      
+    
+    
+    <li class="md-nav__item md-nav__item--section md-nav__item--nested">
+      
+        
+        
+        <input class="md-nav__toggle md-toggle " type="checkbox" id="__nav_4_10" >
+        
+          
+          <label class="md-nav__link" for="__nav_4_10" id="__nav_4_10_label" tabindex="">
+            
+  
+  <span class="md-ellipsis">
+    Java
+  </span>
+  
+
+            <span class="md-nav__icon md-icon"></span>
+          </label>
+        
+        <nav class="md-nav" data-md-level="2" aria-labelledby="__nav_4_10_label" aria-expanded="false">
+          <label class="md-nav__title" for="__nav_4_10">
+            <span class="md-nav__icon md-icon"></span>
+            Java
+          </label>
+          <ul class="md-nav__list" data-md-scrollfix>
+            
+              
+                
+  
+  
+  
+  
+    <li class="md-nav__item">
+      <a href="../java/java.html" class="md-nav__link">
+        
+  
+  <span class="md-ellipsis">
+    Java
+  </span>
+  
+
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+    </li>
+  
+
+              
+            
+              
+                
+  
+  
+  
+  
+    <li class="md-nav__item">
+      <a href="../java/java-collection-framework.html" class="md-nav__link">
+        
+  
+  <span class="md-ellipsis">
+    Java Collection Framework
+  </span>
+  
+
+      </a>
+    </li>
+  
+
+              
+            
+              
+                
+  
+  
+  
+  
+    <li class="md-nav__item">
+      <a href="../java/dao.html" class="md-nav__link">
+        
+  
+  <span class="md-ellipsis">
+    DAO
+  </span>
+  
+
+      </a>
+    </li>
+  
+
+              
+            
+              
+                
+  
+  
+  
+  
+    
+    
+      
+        
+      
+        
+      
+    
+    
+      
+      
+        
+      
+    
+    
+    <li class="md-nav__item md-nav__item--nested">
+      
+        
+        
+        <input class="md-nav__toggle md-toggle " type="checkbox" id="__nav_4_10_4" >
+        
+          
+          <label class="md-nav__link" for="__nav_4_10_4" id="__nav_4_10_4_label" tabindex="0">
+            
+  
+  <span class="md-ellipsis">
+    Web
+  </span>
+  
+
+            <span class="md-nav__icon md-icon"></span>
+          </label>
+        
+        <nav class="md-nav" data-md-level="3" aria-labelledby="__nav_4_10_4_label" aria-expanded="false">
+          <label class="md-nav__title" for="__nav_4_10_4">
+            <span class="md-nav__icon md-icon"></span>
+            Web
+          </label>
+          <ul class="md-nav__list" data-md-scrollfix>
+            
+              
+                
+  
+  
+  
+  
+    <li class="md-nav__item">
+      <a href="../java/web/servlet.html" class="md-nav__link">
+        
+  
+  <span class="md-ellipsis">
+    Serverlet
+  </span>
+  
+
+      </a>
+    </li>
+  
+
+              
+            
+              
+                
+  
+  
+  
+  
+    
+    
+      
+        
+      
+        
+      
+    
+    
+      
+      
+        
+      
+    
+    
+    <li class="md-nav__item md-nav__item--nested">
+      
+        
+        
+        <input class="md-nav__toggle md-toggle " type="checkbox" id="__nav_4_10_4_2" >
+        
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+          <label class="md-nav__link" for="__nav_4_10_4_2" id="__nav_4_10_4_2_label" tabindex="0">
+            
+  
+  <span class="md-ellipsis">
+    Spring
+  </span>
+  
+
+            <span class="md-nav__icon md-icon"></span>
+          </label>
+        
+        <nav class="md-nav" data-md-level="4" aria-labelledby="__nav_4_10_4_2_label" aria-expanded="false">
+          <label class="md-nav__title" for="__nav_4_10_4_2">
+            <span class="md-nav__icon md-icon"></span>
+            Spring
+          </label>
+          <ul class="md-nav__list" data-md-scrollfix>
+            
+              
+                
+  
+  
+  
+  
+    <li class="md-nav__item">
+      <a href="../java/spring/pom.xml.html" class="md-nav__link">
+        
+  
+  <span class="md-ellipsis">
+    POM
+  </span>
+  
+
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+  
+
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+              
+                
+  
+  
+  
+  
+    <li class="md-nav__item">
+      <a href="../java/spring/spring-project.html" class="md-nav__link">
+        
+  
+  <span class="md-ellipsis">
+    Project Structure
+  </span>
+  
+
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+    </li>
+  
+
+              
+            
+          </ul>
+        </nav>
+      
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+  
+
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+        </nav>
+      
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+  
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+            
+          </ul>
+        </nav>
+      
+    </li>
+  
+
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+            
+              
+                
+  
+  
+  
+  
+    
+    
+      
+        
+      
+        
+      
+        
+      
+        
+      
+        
+      
+        
+      
+        
+      
+        
+      
+        
+      
+    
+    
+      
+      
+        
+          
+          
+        
+      
+    
+    
+    <li class="md-nav__item md-nav__item--section md-nav__item--nested">
+      
+        
+        
+        <input class="md-nav__toggle md-toggle " type="checkbox" id="__nav_4_11" >
+        
+          
+          <label class="md-nav__link" for="__nav_4_11" id="__nav_4_11_label" tabindex="">
+            
+  
+  <span class="md-ellipsis">
+    PHP
+  </span>
+  
+
+            <span class="md-nav__icon md-icon"></span>
+          </label>
+        
+        <nav class="md-nav" data-md-level="2" aria-labelledby="__nav_4_11_label" aria-expanded="false">
+          <label class="md-nav__title" for="__nav_4_11">
+            <span class="md-nav__icon md-icon"></span>
+            PHP
+          </label>
+          <ul class="md-nav__list" data-md-scrollfix>
+            
+              
+                
+  
+  
+  
+  
+    <li class="md-nav__item">
+      <a href="../php/php.html" class="md-nav__link">
+        
+  
+  <span class="md-ellipsis">
+    PHP
+  </span>
+  
+
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+    </li>
+  
+
+              
+            
+              
+                
+  
+  
+  
+  
+    <li class="md-nav__item">
+      <a href="../php/database.html" class="md-nav__link">
+        
+  
+  <span class="md-ellipsis">
+    Database
+  </span>
+  
+
+      </a>
+    </li>
+  
+
+              
+            
+              
+                
+  
+  
+  
+  
+    <li class="md-nav__item">
+      <a href="../php/web.html" class="md-nav__link">
+        
+  
+  <span class="md-ellipsis">
+    Web
+  </span>
+  
+
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+    </li>
+  
+
+              
+            
+              
+                
+  
+  
+  
+  
+    <li class="md-nav__item">
+      <a href="../php/dependency-injection.html" class="md-nav__link">
+        
+  
+  <span class="md-ellipsis">
+    Dependency Injection
+  </span>
+  
+
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+    </li>
+  
+
+              
+            
+              
+                
+  
+  
+  
+  
+    <li class="md-nav__item">
+      <a href="../php/unit-tests.html" class="md-nav__link">
+        
+  
+  <span class="md-ellipsis">
+    Unit Tests
+  </span>
+  
+
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+    </li>
+  
+
+              
+            
+              
+                
+  
+  
+  
+  
+    <li class="md-nav__item">
+      <a href="../php/composer.html" class="md-nav__link">
+        
+  
+  <span class="md-ellipsis">
+    Composer
+  </span>
+  
+
+      </a>
+    </li>
+  
+
+              
+            
+              
+                
+  
+  
+  
+  
+    <li class="md-nav__item">
+      <a href="../php/psr-7.html" class="md-nav__link">
+        
+  
+  <span class="md-ellipsis">
+    PSR 7
+  </span>
+  
+
+      </a>
+    </li>
+  
+
+              
+            
+              
+                
+  
+  
+  
+  
+    <li class="md-nav__item">
+      <a href="../php/plates-templating.html" class="md-nav__link">
+        
+  
+  <span class="md-ellipsis">
+    Plates
+  </span>
+  
+
+      </a>
+    </li>
+  
+
+              
+            
+              
+                
+  
+  
+  
+  
+    
+    
+      
+        
+      
+        
+      
+    
+    
+      
+      
+        
+      
+    
+    
+    <li class="md-nav__item md-nav__item--nested">
+      
+        
+        
+        <input class="md-nav__toggle md-toggle " type="checkbox" id="__nav_4_11_9" >
+        
+          
+          <label class="md-nav__link" for="__nav_4_11_9" id="__nav_4_11_9_label" tabindex="0">
+            
+  
+  <span class="md-ellipsis">
+    Simple MVC
+  </span>
+  
+
+            <span class="md-nav__icon md-icon"></span>
+          </label>
+        
+        <nav class="md-nav" data-md-level="3" aria-labelledby="__nav_4_11_9_label" aria-expanded="false">
+          <label class="md-nav__title" for="__nav_4_11_9">
+            <span class="md-nav__icon md-icon"></span>
+            Simple MVC
+          </label>
+          <ul class="md-nav__list" data-md-scrollfix>
+            
+              
+                
+  
+  
+  
+  
+    <li class="md-nav__item">
+      <a href="../php/simple-mvc/simple-mvc.html" class="md-nav__link">
+        
+  
+  <span class="md-ellipsis">
+    Simple MVC
+  </span>
+  
+
+      </a>
+    </li>
+  
+
+              
+            
+              
+                
+  
+  
+  
+  
+    <li class="md-nav__item">
+      <a href="../php/simple-mvc/rest-api.html" class="md-nav__link">
+        
+  
+  <span class="md-ellipsis">
+    REST API
+  </span>
+  
+
+      </a>
+    </li>
+  
+
+              
+            
+          </ul>
+        </nav>
+      
+    </li>
+  
+
+              
+            
+          </ul>
+        </nav>
+      
+    </li>
+  
+
+              
+            
+              
+                
+  
+  
+  
+  
+    
+    
+      
+        
+      
+        
+      
+        
+      
+        
+      
+        
+      
+    
+    
+      
+      
+        
+          
+          
+        
+      
+    
+    
+    <li class="md-nav__item md-nav__item--section md-nav__item--nested">
+      
+        
+        
+        <input class="md-nav__toggle md-toggle " type="checkbox" id="__nav_4_12" >
+        
+          
+          <label class="md-nav__link" for="__nav_4_12" id="__nav_4_12_label" tabindex="">
+            
+  
+  <span class="md-ellipsis">
+    Rust
+  </span>
+  
+
+            <span class="md-nav__icon md-icon"></span>
+          </label>
+        
+        <nav class="md-nav" data-md-level="2" aria-labelledby="__nav_4_12_label" aria-expanded="false">
+          <label class="md-nav__title" for="__nav_4_12">
+            <span class="md-nav__icon md-icon"></span>
+            Rust
+          </label>
+          <ul class="md-nav__list" data-md-scrollfix>
+            
+              
+                
+  
+  
+  
+  
+    <li class="md-nav__item">
+      <a href="../rust/rust.html" class="md-nav__link">
+        
+  
+  <span class="md-ellipsis">
+    Rust
+  </span>
+  
+
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+    </li>
+  
+
+              
+            
+              
+                
+  
+  
+  
+  
+    <li class="md-nav__item">
+      <a href="../rust/macros.html" class="md-nav__link">
+        
+  
+  <span class="md-ellipsis">
+    Macros
+  </span>
+  
+
+      </a>
+    </li>
+  
+
+              
+            
+              
+                
+  
+  
+  
+  
+    <li class="md-nav__item">
+      <a href="../rust/cargo.html" class="md-nav__link">
+        
+  
+  <span class="md-ellipsis">
+    Cargo
+  </span>
+  
+
+      </a>
+    </li>
+  
+
+              
+            
+              
+                
+  
+  
+  
+  
+    <li class="md-nav__item">
+      <a href="../rust/concurrency.html" class="md-nav__link">
+        
+  
+  <span class="md-ellipsis">
+    Concurrency
+  </span>
+  
+
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+    </li>
+  
+
+              
+            
+              
+                
+  
+  
+  
+  
+    <li class="md-nav__item">
+      <a href="../rust/unit-tests.html" class="md-nav__link">
+        
+  
+  <span class="md-ellipsis">
+    Unit Tests
+  </span>
+  
+
+      </a>
+    </li>
+  
+
+              
+            
+          </ul>
+        </nav>
+      
+    </li>
+  
+
+              
+            
+              
+                
+  
+  
+  
+  
+    
+    
+      
+        
+      
+        
+      
+        
+      
+        
+      
+        
+      
+        
+      
+        
+      
+    
+    
+      
+      
+        
+          
+          
+        
+      
+    
+    
+    <li class="md-nav__item md-nav__item--section md-nav__item--nested">
+      
+        
+        
+        <input class="md-nav__toggle md-toggle " type="checkbox" id="__nav_4_13" >
+        
+          
+          <label class="md-nav__link" for="__nav_4_13" id="__nav_4_13_label" tabindex="">
+            
+  
+  <span class="md-ellipsis">
+    Javascript
+  </span>
+  
+
+            <span class="md-nav__icon md-icon"></span>
+          </label>
+        
+        <nav class="md-nav" data-md-level="2" aria-labelledby="__nav_4_13_label" aria-expanded="false">
+          <label class="md-nav__title" for="__nav_4_13">
+            <span class="md-nav__icon md-icon"></span>
+            Javascript
+          </label>
+          <ul class="md-nav__list" data-md-scrollfix>
+            
+              
+                
+  
+  
+  
+  
+    <li class="md-nav__item">
+      <a href="../javascript/javascript.html" class="md-nav__link">
+        
+  
+  <span class="md-ellipsis">
+    Javascript
+  </span>
+  
+
+      </a>
+    </li>
+  
+
+              
+            
+              
+                
+  
+  
+  
+  
+    <li class="md-nav__item">
+      <a href="../javascript/dom.html" class="md-nav__link">
+        
+  
+  <span class="md-ellipsis">
+    DOM
+  </span>
+  
+
+      </a>
+    </li>
+  
+
+              
+            
+              
+                
+  
+  
+  
+  
+    <li class="md-nav__item">
+      <a href="../javascript/events-animation.html" class="md-nav__link">
+        
+  
+  <span class="md-ellipsis">
+    Events & Animation
+  </span>
+  
+
+      </a>
+    </li>
+  
+
+              
+            
+              
+                
+  
+  
+  
+  
+    <li class="md-nav__item">
+      <a href="../javascript/ajax.html" class="md-nav__link">
+        
+  
+  <span class="md-ellipsis">
+    AJAX
+  </span>
+  
+
+      </a>
+    </li>
+  
+
+              
+            
+              
+                
+  
+  
+  
+  
+    <li class="md-nav__item">
+      <a href="../javascript/jquery.html" class="md-nav__link">
+        
+  
+  <span class="md-ellipsis">
+    jQuery
+  </span>
+  
+
+      </a>
+    </li>
+  
+
+              
+            
+              
+                
+  
+  
+  
+  
+    
+    
+      
+        
+      
+        
+      
+        
+      
+        
+      
+        
+      
+    
+    
+      
+      
+        
+      
+    
+    
+    <li class="md-nav__item md-nav__item--nested">
+      
+        
+        
+        <input class="md-nav__toggle md-toggle " type="checkbox" id="__nav_4_13_6" >
+        
+          
+          <label class="md-nav__link" for="__nav_4_13_6" id="__nav_4_13_6_label" tabindex="0">
+            
+  
+  <span class="md-ellipsis">
+    React
+  </span>
+  
+
+            <span class="md-nav__icon md-icon"></span>
+          </label>
+        
+        <nav class="md-nav" data-md-level="3" aria-labelledby="__nav_4_13_6_label" aria-expanded="false">
+          <label class="md-nav__title" for="__nav_4_13_6">
+            <span class="md-nav__icon md-icon"></span>
+            React
+          </label>
+          <ul class="md-nav__list" data-md-scrollfix>
+            
+              
+                
+  
+  
+  
+  
+    <li class="md-nav__item">
+      <a href="../javascript/react/react.html" class="md-nav__link">
+        
+  
+  <span class="md-ellipsis">
+    React
+  </span>
+  
+
+      </a>
+    </li>
+  
+
+              
+            
+              
+                
+  
+  
+  
+  
+    <li class="md-nav__item">
+      <a href="../javascript/react/react-router.html" class="md-nav__link">
+        
+  
+  <span class="md-ellipsis">
+    React Router
+  </span>
+  
+
+      </a>
+    </li>
+  
+
+              
+            
+              
+                
+  
+  
+  
+  
+    <li class="md-nav__item">
+      <a href="../javascript/react/react-tests.html" class="md-nav__link">
+        
+  
+  <span class="md-ellipsis">
+    React Tests
+  </span>
+  
+
+      </a>
+    </li>
+  
+
+              
+            
+              
+                
+  
+  
+  
+  
+    <li class="md-nav__item">
+      <a href="../javascript/react/redux.html" class="md-nav__link">
+        
+  
+  <span class="md-ellipsis">
+    Redux
+  </span>
+  
+
+      </a>
+    </li>
+  
+
+              
+            
+              
+                
+  
+  
+  
+  
+    <li class="md-nav__item">
+      <a href="../javascript/react/redux-tests.html" class="md-nav__link">
+        
+  
+  <span class="md-ellipsis">
+    Redux Tests
+  </span>
+  
+
+      </a>
+    </li>
+  
+
+              
+            
+          </ul>
+        </nav>
+      
+    </li>
+  
+
+              
+            
+              
+                
+  
+  
+  
+  
+    <li class="md-nav__item">
+      <a href="../javascript/svelte/svelte.html" class="md-nav__link">
+        
+  
+  <span class="md-ellipsis">
+    Svelte
+  </span>
+  
+
+      </a>
+    </li>
+  
+
+              
+            
+          </ul>
+        </nav>
+      
+    </li>
+  
+
+              
+            
+              
+                
+  
+  
+  
+  
+    
+    
+      
+        
+      
+        
+      
+    
+    
+      
+      
+        
+          
+          
+        
+      
+    
+    
+    <li class="md-nav__item md-nav__item--section md-nav__item--nested">
+      
+        
+        
+        <input class="md-nav__toggle md-toggle " type="checkbox" id="__nav_4_14" >
+        
+          
+          <label class="md-nav__link" for="__nav_4_14" id="__nav_4_14_label" tabindex="">
+            
+  
+  <span class="md-ellipsis">
+    PowerShell
+  </span>
+  
+
+            <span class="md-nav__icon md-icon"></span>
+          </label>
+        
+        <nav class="md-nav" data-md-level="2" aria-labelledby="__nav_4_14_label" aria-expanded="false">
+          <label class="md-nav__title" for="__nav_4_14">
+            <span class="md-nav__icon md-icon"></span>
+            PowerShell
+          </label>
+          <ul class="md-nav__list" data-md-scrollfix>
+            
+              
+                
+  
+  
+  
+  
+    <li class="md-nav__item">
+      <a href="../powershell/scripting.html" class="md-nav__link">
+        
+  
+  <span class="md-ellipsis">
+    Scripting
+  </span>
+  
+
+      </a>
+    </li>
+  
+
+              
+            
+              
+                
+  
+  
+  
+  
+    <li class="md-nav__item">
+      <a href="../powershell/commands.html" class="md-nav__link">
+        
+  
+  <span class="md-ellipsis">
+    Commands
+  </span>
+  
+
+      </a>
+    </li>
+  
+
+              
+            
+          </ul>
+        </nav>
+      
+    </li>
+  
+
+              
+            
+              
+                
+  
+  
+  
+  
+    
+    
+      
+        
+      
+        
+      
+    
+    
+      
+      
+        
+          
+          
+        
+      
+    
+    
+    <li class="md-nav__item md-nav__item--section md-nav__item--nested">
+      
+        
+        
+        <input class="md-nav__toggle md-toggle " type="checkbox" id="__nav_4_15" >
+        
+          
+          <label class="md-nav__link" for="__nav_4_15" id="__nav_4_15_label" tabindex="">
+            
+  
+  <span class="md-ellipsis">
+    Bash
+  </span>
+  
+
+            <span class="md-nav__icon md-icon"></span>
+          </label>
+        
+        <nav class="md-nav" data-md-level="2" aria-labelledby="__nav_4_15_label" aria-expanded="false">
+          <label class="md-nav__title" for="__nav_4_15">
+            <span class="md-nav__icon md-icon"></span>
+            Bash
+          </label>
+          <ul class="md-nav__list" data-md-scrollfix>
+            
+              
+                
+  
+  
+  
+  
+    <li class="md-nav__item">
+      <a href="../bash/scripting.html" class="md-nav__link">
+        
+  
+  <span class="md-ellipsis">
+    Scripting
+  </span>
+  
+
+      </a>
+    </li>
+  
+
+              
+            
+              
+                
+  
+  
+  
+  
+    <li class="md-nav__item">
+      <a href="../bash/commands.html" class="md-nav__link">
+        
+  
+  <span class="md-ellipsis">
+    Commands
+  </span>
+  
+
+      </a>
+    </li>
+  
+
+              
+            
+          </ul>
+        </nav>
+      
+    </li>
+  
+
+              
+            
+          </ul>
+        </nav>
+      
+    </li>
+  
+
+    
+      
+      
+  
+  
+  
+  
+    
+    
+      
+        
+      
+        
+      
+        
+      
+        
+      
+        
+      
+    
+    
+      
+      
+        
+      
+    
+    
+    <li class="md-nav__item md-nav__item--nested">
+      
+        
+        
+        <input class="md-nav__toggle md-toggle " type="checkbox" id="__nav_5" >
+        
+          
+          <label class="md-nav__link" for="__nav_5" id="__nav_5_label" tabindex="0">
+            
+  
+  <span class="md-ellipsis">
+    Misc
+  </span>
+  
+
+            <span class="md-nav__icon md-icon"></span>
+          </label>
+        
+        <nav class="md-nav" data-md-level="1" aria-labelledby="__nav_5_label" aria-expanded="false">
+          <label class="md-nav__title" for="__nav_5">
+            <span class="md-nav__icon md-icon"></span>
+            Misc
+          </label>
+          <ul class="md-nav__list" data-md-scrollfix>
+            
+              
+                
+  
+  
+  
+  
+    <li class="md-nav__item">
+      <a href="../../misc/git.html" class="md-nav__link">
+        
+  
+  <span class="md-ellipsis">
+    Git
+  </span>
+  
+
+      </a>
+    </li>
+  
+
+              
+            
+              
+                
+  
+  
+  
+  
+    <li class="md-nav__item">
+      <a href="../../misc/graph-ql.html" class="md-nav__link">
+        
+  
+  <span class="md-ellipsis">
+    GraphQL
+  </span>
+  
+
+      </a>
+    </li>
+  
+
+              
+            
+              
+                
+  
+  
+  
+  
+    <li class="md-nav__item">
+      <a href="../../misc/regular-expressions.html" class="md-nav__link">
+        
+  
+  <span class="md-ellipsis">
+    RegEx
+  </span>
+  
+
+      </a>
+    </li>
+  
+
+              
+            
+              
+                
+  
+  
+  
+  
+    <li class="md-nav__item">
+      <a href="../../misc/ssh.html" class="md-nav__link">
+        
+  
+  <span class="md-ellipsis">
+    SSH
+  </span>
+  
+
+      </a>
+    </li>
+  
+
+              
+            
+              
+                
+  
+  
+  
+  
+    <li class="md-nav__item">
+      <a href="../../misc/web-components.html" class="md-nav__link">
+        
+  
+  <span class="md-ellipsis">
+    WebComponents
+  </span>
+  
+
+      </a>
+    </li>
+  
+
+              
+            
+          </ul>
+        </nav>
+      
+    </li>
+  
+
+    
+      
+      
+  
+  
+  
+  
+    
+    
+      
+        
+      
+        
+      
+    
+    
+      
+      
+        
+      
+    
+    
+    <li class="md-nav__item md-nav__item--nested">
+      
+        
+        
+        <input class="md-nav__toggle md-toggle " type="checkbox" id="__nav_6" >
+        
+          
+          <label class="md-nav__link" for="__nav_6" id="__nav_6_label" tabindex="0">
+            
+  
+  <span class="md-ellipsis">
+    Linux
+  </span>
+  
+
+            <span class="md-nav__icon md-icon"></span>
+          </label>
+        
+        <nav class="md-nav" data-md-level="1" aria-labelledby="__nav_6_label" aria-expanded="false">
+          <label class="md-nav__title" for="__nav_6">
+            <span class="md-nav__icon md-icon"></span>
+            Linux
+          </label>
+          <ul class="md-nav__list" data-md-scrollfix>
+            
+              
+                
+  
+  
+  
+  
+    
+    
+      
+        
+      
+        
+      
+        
+      
+    
+    
+      
+      
+        
+      
+    
+    
+    <li class="md-nav__item md-nav__item--nested">
+      
+        
+        
+        <input class="md-nav__toggle md-toggle " type="checkbox" id="__nav_6_1" >
+        
+          
+          <label class="md-nav__link" for="__nav_6_1" id="__nav_6_1_label" tabindex="0">
+            
+  
+  <span class="md-ellipsis">
+    Filesystem
+  </span>
+  
+
+            <span class="md-nav__icon md-icon"></span>
+          </label>
+        
+        <nav class="md-nav" data-md-level="2" aria-labelledby="__nav_6_1_label" aria-expanded="false">
+          <label class="md-nav__title" for="__nav_6_1">
+            <span class="md-nav__icon md-icon"></span>
+            Filesystem
+          </label>
+          <ul class="md-nav__list" data-md-scrollfix>
+            
+              
+                
+  
+  
+  
+  
+    <li class="md-nav__item">
+      <a href="../../linux/filesystem/file-links.html" class="md-nav__link">
+        
+  
+  <span class="md-ellipsis">
+    File Links
+  </span>
+  
+
+      </a>
+    </li>
+  
+
+              
+            
+              
+                
+  
+  
+  
+  
+    <li class="md-nav__item">
+      <a href="../../linux/filesystem/procfs.html" class="md-nav__link">
+        
+  
+  <span class="md-ellipsis">
+    /proc
+  </span>
+  
+
+      </a>
+    </li>
+  
+
+              
+            
+              
+                
+  
+  
+  
+  
+    <li class="md-nav__item">
+      <a href="../../linux/filesystem/sysfs.html" class="md-nav__link">
+        
+  
+  <span class="md-ellipsis">
+    /sys
+  </span>
+  
+
+      </a>
+    </li>
+  
+
+              
+            
+          </ul>
+        </nav>
+      
+    </li>
+  
+
+              
+            
+              
+                
+  
+  
+  
+  
+    
+    
+      
+        
+      
+        
+      
+    
+    
+      
+      
+        
+      
+    
+    
+    <li class="md-nav__item md-nav__item--nested">
+      
+        
+        
+        <input class="md-nav__toggle md-toggle " type="checkbox" id="__nav_6_2" >
+        
+          
+          <label class="md-nav__link" for="__nav_6_2" id="__nav_6_2_label" tabindex="0">
+            
+  
+  <span class="md-ellipsis">
+    System Init
+  </span>
+  
+
+            <span class="md-nav__icon md-icon"></span>
+          </label>
+        
+        <nav class="md-nav" data-md-level="2" aria-labelledby="__nav_6_2_label" aria-expanded="false">
+          <label class="md-nav__title" for="__nav_6_2">
+            <span class="md-nav__icon md-icon"></span>
+            System Init
+          </label>
+          <ul class="md-nav__list" data-md-scrollfix>
+            
+              
+                
+  
+  
+  
+  
+    <li class="md-nav__item">
+      <a href="../../linux/init/systemd.html" class="md-nav__link">
+        
+  
+  <span class="md-ellipsis">
+    Systemd
+  </span>
+  
+
+      </a>
+    </li>
+  
+
+              
+            
+              
+                
+  
+  
+  
+  
+    <li class="md-nav__item">
+      <a href="../../linux/init/open-rc.html" class="md-nav__link">
+        
+  
+  <span class="md-ellipsis">
+    OpenRC
+  </span>
+  
+
+      </a>
+    </li>
+  
+
+              
+            
+          </ul>
+        </nav>
+      
+    </li>
+  
+
+              
+            
+          </ul>
+        </nav>
+      
+    </li>
+  
+
+    
+  </ul>
+</nav>
+                  </div>
+                </div>
+              </div>
+            
+            
+              
+              <div class="md-sidebar md-sidebar--secondary" data-md-component="sidebar" data-md-type="toc" >
+                <div class="md-sidebar__scrollwrap">
+                  <div class="md-sidebar__inner">
+                    
+
+<nav class="md-nav md-nav--secondary" aria-label="Table of contents">
+  
+  
+  
+    
+  
+  
+    <label class="md-nav__title" for="__toc">
+      <span class="md-nav__icon md-icon"></span>
+      Table of contents
+    </label>
+    <ul class="md-nav__list" data-md-component="toc" data-md-scrollfix>
+      
+        <li class="md-nav__item">
+  <a href="#package-imports" class="md-nav__link">
+    <span class="md-ellipsis">
+      Package &amp; Imports
+    </span>
+  </a>
+  
+</li>
+      
+        <li class="md-nav__item">
+  <a href="#variable-constants" class="md-nav__link">
+    <span class="md-ellipsis">
+      Variable &amp; Constants
+    </span>
+  </a>
+  
+    <nav class="md-nav" aria-label="Variable & Constants">
+      <ul class="md-nav__list">
+        
+          <li class="md-nav__item">
+  <a href="#nullable-variables" class="md-nav__link">
+    <span class="md-ellipsis">
+      Nullable Variables
+    </span>
+  </a>
+  
+</li>
+        
+      </ul>
+    </nav>
+  
+</li>
+      
+        <li class="md-nav__item">
+  <a href="#decision-statements" class="md-nav__link">
+    <span class="md-ellipsis">
+      Decision Statements
+    </span>
+  </a>
+  
+    <nav class="md-nav" aria-label="Decision Statements">
+      <ul class="md-nav__list">
+        
+          <li class="md-nav__item">
+  <a href="#if-else-if-else" class="md-nav__link">
+    <span class="md-ellipsis">
+      If - Else If - Else
+    </span>
+  </a>
+  
+</li>
+        
+          <li class="md-nav__item">
+  <a href="#conditional-expressions" class="md-nav__link">
+    <span class="md-ellipsis">
+      Conditional Expressions
+    </span>
+  </a>
+  
+</li>
+        
+          <li class="md-nav__item">
+  <a href="#when-expression" class="md-nav__link">
+    <span class="md-ellipsis">
+      When Expression
+    </span>
+  </a>
+  
+</li>
+        
+      </ul>
+    </nav>
+  
+</li>
+      
+        <li class="md-nav__item">
+  <a href="#loops" class="md-nav__link">
+    <span class="md-ellipsis">
+      Loops
+    </span>
+  </a>
+  
+    <nav class="md-nav" aria-label="Loops">
+      <ul class="md-nav__list">
+        
+          <li class="md-nav__item">
+  <a href="#for-loop" class="md-nav__link">
+    <span class="md-ellipsis">
+      For Loop
+    </span>
+  </a>
+  
+</li>
+        
+      </ul>
+    </nav>
+  
+</li>
+      
+        <li class="md-nav__item">
+  <a href="#functions" class="md-nav__link">
+    <span class="md-ellipsis">
+      Functions
+    </span>
+  </a>
+  
+    <nav class="md-nav" aria-label="Functions">
+      <ul class="md-nav__list">
+        
+          <li class="md-nav__item">
+  <a href="#simplifying-function-declarations" class="md-nav__link">
+    <span class="md-ellipsis">
+      Simplifying Function Declarations
+    </span>
+  </a>
+  
+</li>
+        
+          <li class="md-nav__item">
+  <a href="#anonymous-functions" class="md-nav__link">
+    <span class="md-ellipsis">
+      Anonymous Functions
+    </span>
+  </a>
+  
+</li>
+        
+          <li class="md-nav__item">
+  <a href="#higher-order-functions" class="md-nav__link">
+    <span class="md-ellipsis">
+      Higher-order Functions
+    </span>
+  </a>
+  
+</li>
+        
+      </ul>
+    </nav>
+  
+</li>
+      
+        <li class="md-nav__item">
+  <a href="#object-oriented-programming" class="md-nav__link">
+    <span class="md-ellipsis">
+      Object Oriented Programming
+    </span>
+  </a>
+  
+    <nav class="md-nav" aria-label="Object Oriented Programming">
+      <ul class="md-nav__list">
+        
+          <li class="md-nav__item">
+  <a href="#class" class="md-nav__link">
+    <span class="md-ellipsis">
+      Class
+    </span>
+  </a>
+  
+</li>
+        
+          <li class="md-nav__item">
+  <a href="#companion-object" class="md-nav__link">
+    <span class="md-ellipsis">
+      Companion Object
+    </span>
+  </a>
+  
+</li>
+        
+      </ul>
+    </nav>
+  
+</li>
+      
+        <li class="md-nav__item">
+  <a href="#collections" class="md-nav__link">
+    <span class="md-ellipsis">
+      Collections
+    </span>
+  </a>
+  
+    <nav class="md-nav" aria-label="Collections">
+      <ul class="md-nav__list">
+        
+          <li class="md-nav__item">
+  <a href="#arraylist" class="md-nav__link">
+    <span class="md-ellipsis">
+      ArrayList
+    </span>
+  </a>
+  
+</li>
+        
+      </ul>
+    </nav>
+  
+</li>
+      
+    </ul>
+  
+</nav>
+                  </div>
+                </div>
+              </div>
+            
+          
+          
+            <div class="md-content" data-md-component="content">
+              <article class="md-content__inner md-typeset">
+                
+                  
+
+  
+  
+
+
+<h1 id="kotlin">Kotlin</h1>
+<h2 id="package-imports">Package &amp; Imports</h2>
+<div class="highlight"><table class="highlighttable"><tr><th colspan="2" class="filename"><span class="filename">Kotlin</span></th></tr><tr><td class="linenos"><div class="linenodiv"><pre><span></span><span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-0-1">1</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-0-2">2</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-0-3">3</a></span></pre></div></td><td class="code"><div><pre><span></span><code><a id="__codelineno-0-1" name="__codelineno-0-1"></a><span class="k">package</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="nn">com.app.uniqueID</span>
+<a id="__codelineno-0-2" name="__codelineno-0-2"></a>
+<a id="__codelineno-0-3" name="__codelineno-0-3"></a><span class="k">import</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="nn">&lt;package&gt;</span>
+</code></pre></div></td></tr></table></div>
+<h2 id="variable-constants">Variable &amp; Constants</h2>
+<div class="highlight"><table class="highlighttable"><tr><th colspan="2" class="filename"><span class="filename">Kotlin</span></th></tr><tr><td class="linenos"><div class="linenodiv"><pre><span></span><span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-1-1">1</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-1-2">2</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-1-3">3</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-1-4">4</a></span></pre></div></td><td class="code"><div><pre><span></span><code><a id="__codelineno-1-1" name="__codelineno-1-1"></a><span class="kd">var</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="nv">variable</span><span class="p">:</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="n">Type</span><span class="w">    </span><span class="c1">//variable declaration</span>
+<a id="__codelineno-1-2" name="__codelineno-1-2"></a><span class="kd">var</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="nv">variable</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="o">=</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="n">value</span><span class="w">    </span><span class="c1">//type can be omitted if it can be deduced by initialization</span>
+<a id="__codelineno-1-3" name="__codelineno-1-3"></a>
+<a id="__codelineno-1-4" name="__codelineno-1-4"></a><span class="kd">val</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="nv">CONSTANT_NAME</span><span class="p">:</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="n">Type</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="o">=</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="n">value</span><span class="w">    </span><span class="c1">//constant declaration</span>
+</code></pre></div></td></tr></table></div>
+<h3 id="nullable-variables">Nullable Variables</h3>
+<p>For a variable to hold a null value, it must be of a nullable type.<br />
+Nullable types are specified suffixing <code>?</code> to the variable type.</p>
+<div class="highlight"><table class="highlighttable"><tr><th colspan="2" class="filename"><span class="filename">Kotlin</span></th></tr><tr><td class="linenos"><div class="linenodiv"><pre><span></span><span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-2-1">1</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-2-2">2</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-2-3">3</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-2-4">4</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-2-5">5</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-2-6">6</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-2-7">7</a></span></pre></div></td><td class="code"><div><pre><span></span><code><a id="__codelineno-2-1" name="__codelineno-2-1"></a><span class="kd">var</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="nv">nullableVariable</span><span class="p">:</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="n">Type? </span><span class="o">=</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="kc">null</span>
+<a id="__codelineno-2-2" name="__codelineno-2-2"></a>
+<a id="__codelineno-2-3" name="__codelineno-2-3"></a><span class="n">nullableVariable</span><span class="o">?.</span><span class="na">method</span><span class="p">()</span><span class="w">    </span><span class="c1">//correct way to use</span>
+<a id="__codelineno-2-4" name="__codelineno-2-4"></a><span class="c1">//if var is null don&#39;t execute method() and return null</span>
+<a id="__codelineno-2-5" name="__codelineno-2-5"></a>
+<a id="__codelineno-2-6" name="__codelineno-2-6"></a><span class="n">nullablevariavle</span><span class="o">!!</span><span class="p">.</span><span class="na">method</span><span class="p">()</span><span class="w">    </span><span class="c1">//unsafe way</span>
+<a id="__codelineno-2-7" name="__codelineno-2-7"></a><span class="c1">//!! -&gt; ignore that var can be null</span>
+</code></pre></div></td></tr></table></div>
+<h2 id="decision-statements">Decision Statements</h2>
+<h3 id="if-else-if-else"><code>If</code> - <code>Else If</code> - <code>Else</code></h3>
+<div class="highlight"><table class="highlighttable"><tr><th colspan="2" class="filename"><span class="filename">Kotlin</span></th></tr><tr><td class="linenos"><div class="linenodiv"><pre><span></span><span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-3-1">1</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-3-2">2</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-3-3">3</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-3-4">4</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-3-5">5</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-3-6">6</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-3-7">7</a></span></pre></div></td><td class="code"><div><pre><span></span><code><a id="__codelineno-3-1" name="__codelineno-3-1"></a><span class="k">if</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="p">(</span><span class="n">condition</span><span class="p">)</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="p">{</span>
+<a id="__codelineno-3-2" name="__codelineno-3-2"></a><span class="w">    </span><span class="c1">//code here</span>
+<a id="__codelineno-3-3" name="__codelineno-3-3"></a><span class="p">}</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="k">else</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="k">if</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="p">(</span><span class="n">condition</span><span class="p">)</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="p">{</span>
+<a id="__codelineno-3-4" name="__codelineno-3-4"></a><span class="w">    </span><span class="c1">//code here</span>
+<a id="__codelineno-3-5" name="__codelineno-3-5"></a><span class="p">}</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="k">else</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="p">{</span>
+<a id="__codelineno-3-6" name="__codelineno-3-6"></a><span class="w">    </span><span class="c1">//code here</span>
+<a id="__codelineno-3-7" name="__codelineno-3-7"></a><span class="p">}</span>
+</code></pre></div></td></tr></table></div>
+<h3 id="conditional-expressions">Conditional Expressions</h3>
+<div class="highlight"><table class="highlighttable"><tr><th colspan="2" class="filename"><span class="filename">Kotlin</span></th></tr><tr><td class="linenos"><div class="linenodiv"><pre><span></span><span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-4-1">1</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-4-2">2</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-4-3">3</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-4-4">4</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-4-5">5</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-4-6">6</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-4-7">7</a></span></pre></div></td><td class="code"><div><pre><span></span><code><a id="__codelineno-4-1" name="__codelineno-4-1"></a><span class="kd">var</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="nv">variable</span><span class="p">:</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="n">Type</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="o">=</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="k">if</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="p">(</span><span class="n">condition</span><span class="p">)</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="p">{</span>
+<a id="__codelineno-4-2" name="__codelineno-4-2"></a><span class="w">    </span><span class="c1">//value to be assigned here</span>
+<a id="__codelineno-4-3" name="__codelineno-4-3"></a><span class="p">}</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="k">else</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="k">if</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="p">(</span><span class="n">condition</span><span class="p">)</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="p">{</span>
+<a id="__codelineno-4-4" name="__codelineno-4-4"></a><span class="w">    </span><span class="c1">//value to be assigned here</span>
+<a id="__codelineno-4-5" name="__codelineno-4-5"></a><span class="p">}</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="k">else</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="p">{</span>
+<a id="__codelineno-4-6" name="__codelineno-4-6"></a><span class="w">    </span><span class="c1">//value to be assigned here</span>
+<a id="__codelineno-4-7" name="__codelineno-4-7"></a><span class="p">}</span>
+</code></pre></div></td></tr></table></div>
+<h3 id="when-expression"><code>When</code> Expression</h3>
+<p>Each branch in a <code>when</code> expression is represented by a condition, an arrow (<code>-&gt;</code>), and a result.<br />
+If the condition on the left-hand side of the arrow evaluates to true, then the result of the expression on the right-hand side is returned.<br />
+Note that execution does not fall through from one branch to the next.</p>
+<div class="highlight"><table class="highlighttable"><tr><th colspan="2" class="filename"><span class="filename">Kotlin</span></th></tr><tr><td class="linenos"><div class="linenodiv"><pre><span></span><span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-5-1"> 1</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-5-2"> 2</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-5-3"> 3</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-5-4"> 4</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-5-5"> 5</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-5-6"> 6</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-5-7"> 7</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-5-8"> 8</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-5-9"> 9</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-5-10">10</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-5-11">11</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-5-12">12</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-5-13">13</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-5-14">14</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-5-15">15</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-5-16">16</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-5-17">17</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-5-18">18</a></span></pre></div></td><td class="code"><div><pre><span></span><code><a id="__codelineno-5-1" name="__codelineno-5-1"></a><span class="k">when</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="p">(</span><span class="n">variable</span><span class="p">){</span>
+<a id="__codelineno-5-2" name="__codelineno-5-2"></a><span class="w">    </span><span class="n">condition</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="o">-&gt;</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="n">value</span>
+<a id="__codelineno-5-3" name="__codelineno-5-3"></a><span class="w">    </span><span class="n">condition</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="o">-&gt;</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="n">value</span>
+<a id="__codelineno-5-4" name="__codelineno-5-4"></a><span class="w">    </span><span class="k">else</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="o">-&gt;</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="n">value</span>
+<a id="__codelineno-5-5" name="__codelineno-5-5"></a><span class="p">}</span>
+<a id="__codelineno-5-6" name="__codelineno-5-6"></a>
+<a id="__codelineno-5-7" name="__codelineno-5-7"></a><span class="c1">//Smart casting</span>
+<a id="__codelineno-5-8" name="__codelineno-5-8"></a><span class="k">when</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="p">(</span><span class="n">variable</span><span class="p">){</span>
+<a id="__codelineno-5-9" name="__codelineno-5-9"></a><span class="w">    </span><span class="k">is</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="n">Type</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="o">-&gt;</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="n">value</span>
+<a id="__codelineno-5-10" name="__codelineno-5-10"></a><span class="w">    </span><span class="k">is</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="n">Type</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="o">-&gt;</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="n">value</span>
+<a id="__codelineno-5-11" name="__codelineno-5-11"></a><span class="p">}</span>
+<a id="__codelineno-5-12" name="__codelineno-5-12"></a>
+<a id="__codelineno-5-13" name="__codelineno-5-13"></a><span class="c1">//instead of chain of if-else</span>
+<a id="__codelineno-5-14" name="__codelineno-5-14"></a><span class="k">when</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="p">{</span>
+<a id="__codelineno-5-15" name="__codelineno-5-15"></a><span class="w">    </span><span class="n">condition</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="o">-&gt;</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="n">value</span>
+<a id="__codelineno-5-16" name="__codelineno-5-16"></a><span class="w">    </span><span class="n">condition</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="o">-&gt;</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="n">value</span>
+<a id="__codelineno-5-17" name="__codelineno-5-17"></a><span class="w">    </span><span class="k">else</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="o">-&gt;</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="n">value</span>
+<a id="__codelineno-5-18" name="__codelineno-5-18"></a><span class="p">}</span>
+</code></pre></div></td></tr></table></div>
+<h2 id="loops">Loops</h2>
+<h3 id="for-loop"><code>For</code> Loop</h3>
+<div class="highlight"><table class="highlighttable"><tr><th colspan="2" class="filename"><span class="filename">Kotlin</span></th></tr><tr><td class="linenos"><div class="linenodiv"><pre><span></span><span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-6-1">1</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-6-2">2</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-6-3">3</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-6-4">4</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-6-5">5</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-6-6">6</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-6-7">7</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-6-8">8</a></span></pre></div></td><td class="code"><div><pre><span></span><code><a id="__codelineno-6-1" name="__codelineno-6-1"></a><span class="k">for</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="p">(</span><span class="n">item</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="k">in</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="n">iterable</span><span class="p">){</span>
+<a id="__codelineno-6-2" name="__codelineno-6-2"></a><span class="w">    </span><span class="c1">//code here</span>
+<a id="__codelineno-6-3" name="__codelineno-6-3"></a><span class="p">}</span>
+<a id="__codelineno-6-4" name="__codelineno-6-4"></a>
+<a id="__codelineno-6-5" name="__codelineno-6-5"></a><span class="c1">//loop in a numerical range</span>
+<a id="__codelineno-6-6" name="__codelineno-6-6"></a><span class="k">for</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="n">i</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="k">in</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="n">start</span><span class="p">..</span><span class="na">end</span><span class="p">)</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="p">{</span>
+<a id="__codelineno-6-7" name="__codelineno-6-7"></a><span class="w">    </span><span class="c1">//code here</span>
+<a id="__codelineno-6-8" name="__codelineno-6-8"></a><span class="p">}</span>
+</code></pre></div></td></tr></table></div>
+<h2 id="functions">Functions</h2>
+<div class="highlight"><table class="highlighttable"><tr><th colspan="2" class="filename"><span class="filename">Kotlin</span></th></tr><tr><td class="linenos"><div class="linenodiv"><pre><span></span><span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-7-1">1</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-7-2">2</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-7-3">3</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-7-4">4</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-7-5">5</a></span></pre></div></td><td class="code"><div><pre><span></span><code><a id="__codelineno-7-1" name="__codelineno-7-1"></a><span class="kd">fun</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="nf">functionName</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="n">parameter</span><span class="p">:</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="n">Type</span><span class="p">):</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="n">Type</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="p">{</span>
+<a id="__codelineno-7-2" name="__codelineno-7-2"></a><span class="w">    </span><span class="c1">//code here</span>
+<a id="__codelineno-7-3" name="__codelineno-7-3"></a>
+<a id="__codelineno-7-4" name="__codelineno-7-4"></a><span class="w">    </span><span class="k">return</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="o">&lt;</span><span class="n">expression</span><span class="o">&gt;</span>
+<a id="__codelineno-7-5" name="__codelineno-7-5"></a><span class="p">}</span>
+</code></pre></div></td></tr></table></div>
+<h3 id="simplifying-function-declarations">Simplifying Function Declarations</h3>
+<div class="highlight"><table class="highlighttable"><tr><th colspan="2" class="filename"><span class="filename">Kotlin</span></th></tr><tr><td class="linenos"><div class="linenodiv"><pre><span></span><span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-8-1"> 1</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-8-2"> 2</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-8-3"> 3</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-8-4"> 4</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-8-5"> 5</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-8-6"> 6</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-8-7"> 7</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-8-8"> 8</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-8-9"> 9</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-8-10">10</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-8-11">11</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-8-12">12</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-8-13">13</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-8-14">14</a></span></pre></div></td><td class="code"><div><pre><span></span><code><a id="__codelineno-8-1" name="__codelineno-8-1"></a><span class="kd">fun</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="nf">functionName</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="n">parameter</span><span class="p">:</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="n">Type</span><span class="p">):</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="n">Type</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="p">{</span>
+<a id="__codelineno-8-2" name="__codelineno-8-2"></a><span class="w">    </span><span class="k">return</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="k">if</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="p">(</span><span class="n">condition</span><span class="p">)</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="p">{</span>
+<a id="__codelineno-8-3" name="__codelineno-8-3"></a><span class="w">        </span><span class="c1">//returned value</span>
+<a id="__codelineno-8-4" name="__codelineno-8-4"></a><span class="w">    </span><span class="p">}</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="k">else</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="p">{</span>
+<a id="__codelineno-8-5" name="__codelineno-8-5"></a><span class="w">        </span><span class="c1">//returned value</span>
+<a id="__codelineno-8-6" name="__codelineno-8-6"></a><span class="w">    </span><span class="p">}</span>
+<a id="__codelineno-8-7" name="__codelineno-8-7"></a><span class="p">}</span>
+<a id="__codelineno-8-8" name="__codelineno-8-8"></a>
+<a id="__codelineno-8-9" name="__codelineno-8-9"></a><span class="kd">fun</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="nf">functionName</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="n">parameter</span><span class="p">:</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="n">Type</span><span class="p">):</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="n">Type</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="o">=</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="k">if</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="p">(</span><span class="n">condition</span><span class="p">)</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="p">{</span>
+<a id="__codelineno-8-10" name="__codelineno-8-10"></a><span class="w">    </span><span class="c1">//returned value</span>
+<a id="__codelineno-8-11" name="__codelineno-8-11"></a><span class="w">    </span><span class="k">else</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="p">{</span>
+<a id="__codelineno-8-12" name="__codelineno-8-12"></a><span class="w">        </span><span class="c1">//returned value</span>
+<a id="__codelineno-8-13" name="__codelineno-8-13"></a><span class="w">    </span><span class="p">}</span>
+<a id="__codelineno-8-14" name="__codelineno-8-14"></a><span class="p">}</span>
+</code></pre></div></td></tr></table></div>
+<h3 id="anonymous-functions">Anonymous Functions</h3>
+<div class="highlight"><table class="highlighttable"><tr><th colspan="2" class="filename"><span class="filename">Kotlin</span></th></tr><tr><td class="linenos"><div class="linenodiv"><pre><span></span><span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-9-1">1</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-9-2">2</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-9-3">3</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-9-4">4</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-9-5">5</a></span></pre></div></td><td class="code"><div><pre><span></span><code><a id="__codelineno-9-1" name="__codelineno-9-1"></a><span class="kd">val</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="nv">anonymousFunction</span><span class="p">:</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="p">(</span><span class="n">Type</span><span class="p">)</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="o">-&gt;</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="n">Type</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="o">=</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="p">{</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="n">input</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="o">-&gt;</span>
+<a id="__codelineno-9-2" name="__codelineno-9-2"></a><span class="w">    </span><span class="c1">//code acting on input here</span>
+<a id="__codelineno-9-3" name="__codelineno-9-3"></a><span class="p">}</span>
+<a id="__codelineno-9-4" name="__codelineno-9-4"></a>
+<a id="__codelineno-9-5" name="__codelineno-9-5"></a><span class="kd">val</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="nv">variableName</span><span class="p">:</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="n">Type</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="o">=</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="n">anonymousFunction</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="n">input</span><span class="p">)</span>
+</code></pre></div></td></tr></table></div>
+<h3 id="higher-order-functions">Higher-order Functions</h3>
+<p>A function can take another function as an argument. Functions that use other functions as arguments are called <em>higher-order</em> functions.<br />
+This pattern is useful for communicating between components in the same way that you might use a callback interface in Java.</p>
+<div class="highlight"><table class="highlighttable"><tr><th colspan="2" class="filename"><span class="filename">Kotlin</span></th></tr><tr><td class="linenos"><div class="linenodiv"><pre><span></span><span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-10-1">1</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-10-2">2</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-10-3">3</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-10-4">4</a></span></pre></div></td><td class="code"><div><pre><span></span><code><a id="__codelineno-10-1" name="__codelineno-10-1"></a><span class="kd">fun</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="nf">functionName</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="n">parameter</span><span class="p">:</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="n">Type</span><span class="p">,</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="n">function</span><span class="p">:</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="p">(</span><span class="n">Type</span><span class="p">)</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="o">-&gt;</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="n">Type</span><span class="p">):</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="n">Type</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="p">{</span>
+<a id="__codelineno-10-2" name="__codelineno-10-2"></a><span class="w">    </span><span class="c1">//invoke function</span>
+<a id="__codelineno-10-3" name="__codelineno-10-3"></a><span class="w">    </span><span class="k">return</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="n">function</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="n">parameter</span><span class="p">)</span>
+<a id="__codelineno-10-4" name="__codelineno-10-4"></a><span class="p">}</span>
+</code></pre></div></td></tr></table></div>
+<h2 id="object-oriented-programming">Object Oriented Programming</h2>
+<h3 id="class">Class</h3>
+<div class="highlight"><table class="highlighttable"><tr><th colspan="2" class="filename"><span class="filename">Kotlin</span></th></tr><tr><td class="linenos"><div class="linenodiv"><pre><span></span><span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-11-1"> 1</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-11-2"> 2</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-11-3"> 3</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-11-4"> 4</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-11-5"> 5</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-11-6"> 6</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-11-7"> 7</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-11-8"> 8</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-11-9"> 9</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-11-10">10</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-11-11">11</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-11-12">12</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-11-13">13</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-11-14">14</a></span></pre></div></td><td class="code"><div><pre><span></span><code><a id="__codelineno-11-1" name="__codelineno-11-1"></a><span class="c1">//primary constructor</span>
+<a id="__codelineno-11-2" name="__codelineno-11-2"></a><span class="kd">class</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="nc">ClassName</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="kd">private</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="kd">var</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="nv">attribute</span><span class="p">:</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="n">Type</span><span class="p">)</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="p">{</span>
+<a id="__codelineno-11-3" name="__codelineno-11-3"></a>
+<a id="__codelineno-11-4" name="__codelineno-11-4"></a><span class="p">}</span>
+<a id="__codelineno-11-5" name="__codelineno-11-5"></a>
+<a id="__codelineno-11-6" name="__codelineno-11-6"></a><span class="kd">class</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="nc">ClassName</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="p">{</span>
+<a id="__codelineno-11-7" name="__codelineno-11-7"></a>
+<a id="__codelineno-11-8" name="__codelineno-11-8"></a><span class="w">    </span><span class="kd">private</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="kd">var</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="nv">var1</span><span class="p">:</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="n">Type</span>
+<a id="__codelineno-11-9" name="__codelineno-11-9"></a>
+<a id="__codelineno-11-10" name="__codelineno-11-10"></a><span class="w">    </span><span class="c1">//secondary constructor</span>
+<a id="__codelineno-11-11" name="__codelineno-11-11"></a><span class="w">    </span><span class="k">constructor</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="n">parameter</span><span class="p">:</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="n">Type</span><span class="p">)</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="p">{</span>
+<a id="__codelineno-11-12" name="__codelineno-11-12"></a><span class="w">        </span><span class="k">this</span><span class="p">.</span><span class="na">var1</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="o">=</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="n">parameter</span>
+<a id="__codelineno-11-13" name="__codelineno-11-13"></a><span class="w">    </span><span class="p">}</span>
+<a id="__codelineno-11-14" name="__codelineno-11-14"></a><span class="p">}</span>
+</code></pre></div></td></tr></table></div>
+<h3 id="companion-object">Companion Object</h3>
+<p><a href="https://kotlinlang.org/docs/tutorials/kotlin-for-py/objects-and-companion-objects.html">Companion Object Docs</a></p>
+<div class="highlight"><table class="highlighttable"><tr><th colspan="2" class="filename"><span class="filename">Kotlin</span></th></tr><tr><td class="linenos"><div class="linenodiv"><pre><span></span><span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-12-1">1</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-12-2">2</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-12-3">3</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-12-4">4</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-12-5">5</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-12-6">6</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-12-7">7</a></span></pre></div></td><td class="code"><div><pre><span></span><code><a id="__codelineno-12-1" name="__codelineno-12-1"></a><span class="kd">class</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="nc">ClassName</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="p">{</span>
+<a id="__codelineno-12-2" name="__codelineno-12-2"></a>
+<a id="__codelineno-12-3" name="__codelineno-12-3"></a><span class="w">    </span><span class="c1">// in java: static</span>
+<a id="__codelineno-12-4" name="__codelineno-12-4"></a><span class="w">    </span><span class="kd">companion</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="kd">object</span><span class="w">  </span><span class="err">{</span>
+<a id="__codelineno-12-5" name="__codelineno-12-5"></a><span class="w">        </span><span class="c1">// static components of the class</span>
+<a id="__codelineno-12-6" name="__codelineno-12-6"></a><span class="w">    </span><span class="p">}</span>
+<a id="__codelineno-12-7" name="__codelineno-12-7"></a><span class="p">}</span>
+</code></pre></div></td></tr></table></div>
+<h2 id="collections">Collections</h2>
+<h3 id="arraylist">ArrayList</h3>
+<div class="highlight"><table class="highlighttable"><tr><th colspan="2" class="filename"><span class="filename">Kotlin</span></th></tr><tr><td class="linenos"><div class="linenodiv"><pre><span></span><span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-13-1">1</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-13-2">2</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-13-3">3</a></span></pre></div></td><td class="code"><div><pre><span></span><code><a id="__codelineno-13-1" name="__codelineno-13-1"></a><span class="kd">var</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="nv">array</span><span class="p">:</span><span class="n">ArrayList</span><span class="o">&lt;</span><span class="n">Type</span><span class="o">&gt;?</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="o">=</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="kc">null</span><span class="w">  </span><span class="c1">// List init</span>
+<a id="__codelineno-13-2" name="__codelineno-13-2"></a>
+<a id="__codelineno-13-3" name="__codelineno-13-3"></a><span class="n">array</span><span class="p">.</span><span class="na">add</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="n">item</span><span class="p">)</span><span class="w">  </span><span class="c1">//add item to list</span>
+</code></pre></div></td></tr></table></div>
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+      <svg xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" viewBox="0 0 496 512"><!--! Font Awesome Free 6.6.0 by @fontawesome - https://fontawesome.com License - https://fontawesome.com/license/free (Icons: CC BY 4.0, Fonts: SIL OFL 1.1, Code: MIT License) Copyright 2024 Fonticons, Inc.--><path d="M165.9 397.4c0 2-2.3 3.6-5.2 3.6-3.3.3-5.6-1.3-5.6-3.6 0-2 2.3-3.6 5.2-3.6 3-.3 5.6 1.3 5.6 3.6m-31.1-4.5c-.7 2 1.3 4.3 4.3 4.9 2.6 1 5.6 0 6.2-2s-1.3-4.3-4.3-5.2c-2.6-.7-5.5.3-6.2 2.3m44.2-1.7c-2.9.7-4.9 2.6-4.6 4.9.3 2 2.9 3.3 5.9 2.6 2.9-.7 4.9-2.6 4.6-4.6-.3-1.9-3-3.2-5.9-2.9M244.8 8C106.1 8 0 113.3 0 252c0 110.9 69.8 205.8 169.5 239.2 12.8 2.3 17.3-5.6 17.3-12.1 0-6.2-.3-40.4-.3-61.4 0 0-70 15-84.7-29.8 0 0-11.4-29.1-27.8-36.6 0 0-22.9-15.7 1.6-15.4 0 0 24.9 2 38.6 25.8 21.9 38.6 58.6 27.5 72.9 20.9 2.3-16 8.8-27.1 16-33.7-55.9-6.2-112.3-14.3-112.3-110.5 0-27.5 7.6-41.3 23.6-58.9-2.6-6.5-11.1-33.3 2.6-67.9 20.9-6.5 69 27 69 27 20-5.6 41.5-8.5 62.8-8.5s42.8 2.9 62.8 8.5c0 0 48.1-33.6 69-27 13.7 34.7 5.2 61.4 2.6 67.9 16 17.7 25.8 31.5 25.8 58.9 0 96.5-58.9 104.2-114.8 110.5 9.2 7.9 17 22.9 17 46.4 0 33.7-.3 75.4-.3 83.6 0 6.5 4.6 14.4 17.3 12.1C428.2 457.8 496 362.9 496 252 496 113.3 383.5 8 244.8 8M97.2 352.9c-1.3 1-1 3.3.7 5.2 1.6 1.6 3.9 2.3 5.2 1 1.3-1 1-3.3-.7-5.2-1.6-1.6-3.9-2.3-5.2-1m-10.8-8.1c-.7 1.3.3 2.9 2.3 3.9 1.6 1 3.6.7 4.3-.7.7-1.3-.3-2.9-2.3-3.9-2-.6-3.6-.3-4.3.7m32.4 35.6c-1.6 1.3-1 4.3 1.3 6.2 2.3 2.3 5.2 2.6 6.5 1 1.3-1.3.7-4.3-1.3-6.2-2.2-2.3-5.2-2.6-6.5-1m-11.4-14.7c-1.6 1-1.6 3.6 0 5.9s4.3 3.3 5.6 2.3c1.6-1.3 1.6-3.9 0-6.2-1.4-2.3-4-3.3-5.6-2"/></svg>
+    </a>
+  
+</div>
+      
+    </div>
+  </div>
+</footer>
+      
+    </div>
+    <div class="md-dialog" data-md-component="dialog">
+      <div class="md-dialog__inner md-typeset"></div>
+    </div>
+    
+    
+    <script id="__config" type="application/json">{"base": "../..", "features": ["navigation.instant", "navigation.indexes", "navigation.tracking", "navigation.pruning", "navigation.sections", "navigation.top", "navigation.tabs", "navigation.tabs.sticky", "navigation.footer", "toc.follow", "content.code.copy"], "search": "../../assets/javascripts/workers/search.07f07601.min.js", "translations": {"clipboard.copied": "Copied to clipboard", "clipboard.copy": "Copy to clipboard", "search.result.more.one": "1 more on this page", "search.result.more.other": "# more on this page", "search.result.none": "No matching documents", "search.result.one": "1 matching document", "search.result.other": "# matching documents", "search.result.placeholder": "Type to start searching", "search.result.term.missing": "Missing", "select.version": "Select version"}}</script>
+    
+    
+      <script src="../../assets/javascripts/bundle.56dfad97.min.js"></script>
+      
+    
+  </body>
+</html>
\ No newline at end of file
diff --git a/languages/markdown.html b/languages/markdown.html
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..265888f
--- /dev/null
+++ b/languages/markdown.html
@@ -0,0 +1,4352 @@
+
+<!doctype html>
+<html lang="en" class="no-js">
+  <head>
+    
+      <meta charset="utf-8">
+      <meta name="viewport" content="width=device-width,initial-scale=1">
+      
+      
+        <meta name="author" content="Marcello Lamonaca">
+      
+      
+        <link rel="canonical" href="http://m-lamonaca.github.io/dev-notes/languages/markdown.html">
+      
+      
+        <link rel="prev" href="html/html.html">
+      
+      
+        <link rel="next" href="css/css.html">
+      
+      
+      <link rel="icon" href="../assets/images/favicon.png">
+      <meta name="generator" content="mkdocs-1.6.1, mkdocs-material-9.5.34">
+    
+    
+      
+        <title>Markdown - Dev Notes</title>
+      
+    
+    
+      <link rel="stylesheet" href="../assets/stylesheets/main.35f28582.min.css">
+      
+        
+        <link rel="stylesheet" href="../assets/stylesheets/palette.06af60db.min.css">
+      
+      
+
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+    
+    
+      
+        <script src="https://unpkg.com/iframe-worker/shim"></script>
+      
+    
+    
+      
+        
+        
+        <link rel="preconnect" href="https://fonts.gstatic.com" crossorigin>
+        <link rel="stylesheet" href="https://fonts.googleapis.com/css?family=Roboto:300,300i,400,400i,700,700i%7CRoboto+Mono:400,400i,700,700i&display=fallback">
+        <style>:root{--md-text-font:"Roboto";--md-code-font:"Roboto Mono"}</style>
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+    <script>__md_scope=new URL("..",location),__md_hash=e=>[...e].reduce(((e,_)=>(e<<5)-e+_.charCodeAt(0)),0),__md_get=(e,_=localStorage,t=__md_scope)=>JSON.parse(_.getItem(t.pathname+"."+e)),__md_set=(e,_,t=localStorage,a=__md_scope)=>{try{t.setItem(a.pathname+"."+e,JSON.stringify(_))}catch(e){}}</script>
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+        <meta  property="og:image:type"  content="image/png" >
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+    
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+  
+  
+    
+    
+      
+    
+    
+    
+    
+    <body dir="ltr" data-md-color-scheme="default" data-md-color-primary="orange" data-md-color-accent="deep-orange">
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+    <input class="md-toggle" data-md-toggle="drawer" type="checkbox" id="__drawer" autocomplete="off">
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+    <label class="md-overlay" for="__drawer"></label>
+    <div data-md-component="skip">
+      
+        
+        <a href="#markdown-notes" class="md-skip">
+          Skip to content
+        </a>
+      
+    </div>
+    <div data-md-component="announce">
+      
+    </div>
+    
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+      
+
+  
+
+<header class="md-header md-header--shadow md-header--lifted" data-md-component="header">
+  <nav class="md-header__inner md-grid" aria-label="Header">
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+
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+    <label class="md-header__button md-icon" for="__drawer">
+      
+      <svg xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" viewBox="0 0 24 24"><path d="M3 6h18v2H3zm0 5h18v2H3zm0 5h18v2H3z"/></svg>
+    </label>
+    <div class="md-header__title" data-md-component="header-title">
+      <div class="md-header__ellipsis">
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+      </label>
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+  
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+    
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+    <input class="md-option" data-md-color-media="(prefers-color-scheme: dark)" data-md-color-scheme="slate" data-md-color-primary="orange" data-md-color-accent="deep-orange"  aria-label="Switch to light mode"  type="radio" name="__palette" id="__palette_1">
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+</form>
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+    
+    
+      <script>var palette=__md_get("__palette");if(palette&&palette.color){if("(prefers-color-scheme)"===palette.color.media){var media=matchMedia("(prefers-color-scheme: light)"),input=document.querySelector(media.matches?"[data-md-color-media='(prefers-color-scheme: light)']":"[data-md-color-media='(prefers-color-scheme: dark)']");palette.color.media=input.getAttribute("data-md-color-media"),palette.color.scheme=input.getAttribute("data-md-color-scheme"),palette.color.primary=input.getAttribute("data-md-color-primary"),palette.color.accent=input.getAttribute("data-md-color-accent")}for(var[key,value]of Object.entries(palette.color))document.body.setAttribute("data-md-color-"+key,value)}</script>
+    
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+      <label class="md-header__button md-icon" for="__search">
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+        <svg xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" viewBox="0 0 24 24"><path d="M9.5 3A6.5 6.5 0 0 1 16 9.5c0 1.61-.59 3.09-1.56 4.23l.27.27h.79l5 5-1.5 1.5-5-5v-.79l-.27-.27A6.52 6.52 0 0 1 9.5 16 6.5 6.5 0 0 1 3 9.5 6.5 6.5 0 0 1 9.5 3m0 2C7 5 5 7 5 9.5S7 14 9.5 14 14 12 14 9.5 12 5 9.5 5"/></svg>
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+  <div class="md-search__inner" role="search">
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+      <input type="text" class="md-search__input" name="query" aria-label="Search" placeholder="Search" autocapitalize="off" autocorrect="off" autocomplete="off" spellcheck="false" data-md-component="search-query" required>
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+      </nav>
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+    </form>
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+      <a href="../containers/docker.html" class="md-nav__link">
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+      <a href="../containers/kubernetes.html" class="md-nav__link">
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+            <span class="md-nav__icon md-icon"></span>
+            Databases
+          </label>
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+    <li class="md-nav__item">
+      <a href="../databases/redis.html" class="md-nav__link">
+        
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+    Redis
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+      <a href="../databases/sql.html" class="md-nav__link">
+        
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+  <span class="md-ellipsis">
+    SQL
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+    <li class="md-nav__item">
+      <a href="../databases/mongo-db.html" class="md-nav__link">
+        
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+  <span class="md-ellipsis">
+    MongoDB
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+            Languages
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+    <li class="md-nav__item">
+      <a href="html/html.html" class="md-nav__link">
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+  <span class="md-ellipsis">
+    HTML
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+    Markdown
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+    <label class="md-nav__title" for="__toc">
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+    <ul class="md-nav__list" data-md-component="toc" data-md-scrollfix>
+      
+        <li class="md-nav__item">
+  <a href="#headings" class="md-nav__link">
+    <span class="md-ellipsis">
+      Headings
+    </span>
+  </a>
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+</li>
+      
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+  <a href="#text-formatting" class="md-nav__link">
+    <span class="md-ellipsis">
+      Text Formatting
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+  <a href="#links-images" class="md-nav__link">
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+  <a href="#horizontal-rule" class="md-nav__link">
+    <span class="md-ellipsis">
+      Horizontal rule
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+  <a href="#code" class="md-nav__link">
+    <span class="md-ellipsis">
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+  <a href="#table" class="md-nav__link">
+    <span class="md-ellipsis">
+      Table
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+      <a href="css/css.html" class="md-nav__link">
+        
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+  <span class="md-ellipsis">
+    CSS
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+      <a href="c/c.html" class="md-nav__link">
+        
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+    C
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+    <li class="md-nav__item">
+      <a href="kotlin/kotlin.html" class="md-nav__link">
+        
+  
+  <span class="md-ellipsis">
+    Kotlin
+  </span>
+  
+
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+  
+  
+    <li class="md-nav__item">
+      <a href="swift/swift.html" class="md-nav__link">
+        
+  
+  <span class="md-ellipsis">
+    Swift
+  </span>
+  
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+    </li>
+  
+
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+            
+              
+                
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+  
+  
+  
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+        
+          
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+        
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+    <li class="md-nav__item md-nav__item--section md-nav__item--nested">
+      
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+        <input class="md-nav__toggle md-toggle " type="checkbox" id="__nav_4_7" >
+        
+          
+          <label class="md-nav__link" for="__nav_4_7" id="__nav_4_7_label" tabindex="">
+            
+  
+  <span class="md-ellipsis">
+    Assembly
+  </span>
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+          </label>
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+          <label class="md-nav__title" for="__nav_4_7">
+            <span class="md-nav__icon md-icon"></span>
+            Assembly
+          </label>
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+    <li class="md-nav__item">
+      <a href="assembly/intel.html" class="md-nav__link">
+        
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+  <span class="md-ellipsis">
+    Intel
+  </span>
+  
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+    <li class="md-nav__item">
+      <a href="assembly/riscv.html" class="md-nav__link">
+        
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+    RISC-V
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+          <label class="md-nav__link" for="__nav_4_8" id="__nav_4_8_label" tabindex="">
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+            Python
+          </label>
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+            
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+    <li class="md-nav__item">
+      <a href="python/python.html" class="md-nav__link">
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+  <span class="md-ellipsis">
+    Python
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+  
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+        
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+        
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+        
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+        
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+    Modules
+  </span>
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+        
+        <nav class="md-nav" data-md-level="3" aria-labelledby="__nav_4_8_2_label" aria-expanded="false">
+          <label class="md-nav__title" for="__nav_4_8_2">
+            <span class="md-nav__icon md-icon"></span>
+            Modules
+          </label>
+          <ul class="md-nav__list" data-md-scrollfix>
+            
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+                
+  
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+    <li class="md-nav__item">
+      <a href="python/modules/argparse.html" class="md-nav__link">
+        
+  
+  <span class="md-ellipsis">
+    argparse
+  </span>
+  
+
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+    </li>
+  
+
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+            
+              
+                
+  
+  
+  
+  
+    <li class="md-nav__item">
+      <a href="python/modules/collections.html" class="md-nav__link">
+        
+  
+  <span class="md-ellipsis">
+    collection
+  </span>
+  
+
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+    </li>
+  
+
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+            
+              
+                
+  
+  
+  
+  
+    <li class="md-nav__item">
+      <a href="python/modules/csv.html" class="md-nav__link">
+        
+  
+  <span class="md-ellipsis">
+    csv
+  </span>
+  
+
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+    </li>
+  
+
+              
+            
+              
+                
+  
+  
+  
+  
+    <li class="md-nav__item">
+      <a href="python/modules/ftplib.html" class="md-nav__link">
+        
+  
+  <span class="md-ellipsis">
+    ftplib
+  </span>
+  
+
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+    </li>
+  
+
+              
+            
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+                
+  
+  
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+  
+    <li class="md-nav__item">
+      <a href="python/modules/itertools.html" class="md-nav__link">
+        
+  
+  <span class="md-ellipsis">
+    itertools
+  </span>
+  
+
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+    </li>
+  
+
+              
+            
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+                
+  
+  
+  
+  
+    <li class="md-nav__item">
+      <a href="python/modules/json.html" class="md-nav__link">
+        
+  
+  <span class="md-ellipsis">
+    json
+  </span>
+  
+
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+    </li>
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+
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+            
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+                
+  
+  
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+    <li class="md-nav__item">
+      <a href="python/modules/logging.html" class="md-nav__link">
+        
+  
+  <span class="md-ellipsis">
+    logging
+  </span>
+  
+
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+    </li>
+  
+
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+            
+              
+                
+  
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+  
+    <li class="md-nav__item">
+      <a href="python/modules/shutil.html" class="md-nav__link">
+        
+  
+  <span class="md-ellipsis">
+    shutil
+  </span>
+  
+
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+    </li>
+  
+
+              
+            
+              
+                
+  
+  
+  
+  
+    <li class="md-nav__item">
+      <a href="python/modules/smtplib.html" class="md-nav__link">
+        
+  
+  <span class="md-ellipsis">
+    smtplib
+  </span>
+  
+
+      </a>
+    </li>
+  
+
+              
+            
+              
+                
+  
+  
+  
+  
+    <li class="md-nav__item">
+      <a href="python/modules/socket.html" class="md-nav__link">
+        
+  
+  <span class="md-ellipsis">
+    socket
+  </span>
+  
+
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+    </li>
+  
+
+              
+            
+              
+                
+  
+  
+  
+  
+    <li class="md-nav__item">
+      <a href="python/modules/sqlite.html" class="md-nav__link">
+        
+  
+  <span class="md-ellipsis">
+    sqlite
+  </span>
+  
+
+      </a>
+    </li>
+  
+
+              
+            
+              
+                
+  
+  
+  
+  
+    <li class="md-nav__item">
+      <a href="python/modules/time-datetime.html" class="md-nav__link">
+        
+  
+  <span class="md-ellipsis">
+    time & datetime
+  </span>
+  
+
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+    </li>
+  
+
+              
+            
+              
+                
+  
+  
+  
+  
+    <li class="md-nav__item">
+      <a href="python/modules/unittest.html" class="md-nav__link">
+        
+  
+  <span class="md-ellipsis">
+    unittest
+  </span>
+  
+
+      </a>
+    </li>
+  
+
+              
+            
+          </ul>
+        </nav>
+      
+    </li>
+  
+
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+            
+              
+                
+  
+  
+  
+  
+    
+    
+      
+        
+      
+        
+      
+        
+      
+        
+      
+        
+      
+        
+      
+    
+    
+      
+      
+        
+      
+    
+    
+    <li class="md-nav__item md-nav__item--nested">
+      
+        
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+        <input class="md-nav__toggle md-toggle " type="checkbox" id="__nav_4_8_3" >
+        
+          
+          <label class="md-nav__link" for="__nav_4_8_3" id="__nav_4_8_3_label" tabindex="0">
+            
+  
+  <span class="md-ellipsis">
+    Libraries
+  </span>
+  
+
+            <span class="md-nav__icon md-icon"></span>
+          </label>
+        
+        <nav class="md-nav" data-md-level="3" aria-labelledby="__nav_4_8_3_label" aria-expanded="false">
+          <label class="md-nav__title" for="__nav_4_8_3">
+            <span class="md-nav__icon md-icon"></span>
+            Libraries
+          </label>
+          <ul class="md-nav__list" data-md-scrollfix>
+            
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+    <li class="md-nav__item">
+      <a href="python/libs/tkinter.html" class="md-nav__link">
+        
+  
+  <span class="md-ellipsis">
+    TKinter
+  </span>
+  
+
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+    </li>
+  
+
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+    <li class="md-nav__item">
+      <a href="python/libs/numpy.html" class="md-nav__link">
+        
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+    Numpy
+  </span>
+  
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+
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+      <a href="python/libs/pandas.html" class="md-nav__link">
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+  </span>
+  
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+
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+    <li class="md-nav__item">
+      <a href="python/libs/seaborn.html" class="md-nav__link">
+        
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+    Seaborn
+  </span>
+  
+
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+
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+    <li class="md-nav__item">
+      <a href="python/libs/requests.html" class="md-nav__link">
+        
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+  </span>
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+
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+      <a href="python/libs/beautiful-soup.html" class="md-nav__link">
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+        
+      
+        
+      
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+            
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+    
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+        
+      
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+          </label>
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+      <a href="dotnet/csharp/csharp.html" class="md-nav__link">
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+    <li class="md-nav__item">
+      <a href="dotnet/csharp/linq.html" class="md-nav__link">
+        
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+  <span class="md-ellipsis">
+    Linq
+  </span>
+  
+
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+
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+    <li class="md-nav__item">
+      <a href="dotnet/csharp/collections.html" class="md-nav__link">
+        
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+  <span class="md-ellipsis">
+    Collections
+  </span>
+  
+
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+    <li class="md-nav__item">
+      <a href="dotnet/csharp/reactive-extensions.html" class="md-nav__link">
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+    Reactive Extensions
+  </span>
+  
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+      <a href="dotnet/csharp/async-programming.html" class="md-nav__link">
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+  </span>
+  
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+      <a href="dotnet/csharp/unit-tests.html" class="md-nav__link">
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+    Unit Tests
+  </span>
+  
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+        </nav>
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+  
+  
+    
+    
+      
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+      
+        
+      
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+  <span class="md-ellipsis">
+    ASP.NET
+  </span>
+  
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+            <span class="md-nav__icon md-icon"></span>
+            ASP.NET
+          </label>
+          <ul class="md-nav__list" data-md-scrollfix>
+            
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+  
+  
+  
+  
+    <li class="md-nav__item">
+      <a href="dotnet/asp.net/minimal-api.html" class="md-nav__link">
+        
+  
+  <span class="md-ellipsis">
+    Minimal API
+  </span>
+  
+
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+  
+
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+  
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+    <li class="md-nav__item">
+      <a href="dotnet/asp.net/filters.html" class="md-nav__link">
+        
+  
+  <span class="md-ellipsis">
+    FIlters
+  </span>
+  
+
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+    </li>
+  
+
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+  
+  
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+    <li class="md-nav__item">
+      <a href="dotnet/asp.net/middleware.html" class="md-nav__link">
+        
+  
+  <span class="md-ellipsis">
+    Middleware
+  </span>
+  
+
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+  
+
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+  
+  
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+  
+    <li class="md-nav__item">
+      <a href="dotnet/asp.net/razor-syntax.html" class="md-nav__link">
+        
+  
+  <span class="md-ellipsis">
+    Razor Syntax
+  </span>
+  
+
+      </a>
+    </li>
+  
+
+              
+            
+              
+                
+  
+  
+  
+  
+    <li class="md-nav__item">
+      <a href="dotnet/asp.net/blazor.html" class="md-nav__link">
+        
+  
+  <span class="md-ellipsis">
+    Blazor
+  </span>
+  
+
+      </a>
+    </li>
+  
+
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+            
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+                
+  
+  
+  
+  
+    <li class="md-nav__item">
+      <a href="dotnet/asp.net/signalr.html" class="md-nav__link">
+        
+  
+  <span class="md-ellipsis">
+    SignalR
+  </span>
+  
+
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+    </li>
+  
+
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+            
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+                
+  
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+  
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+    <li class="md-nav__item">
+      <a href="dotnet/asp.net/web-forms.html" class="md-nav__link">
+        
+  
+  <span class="md-ellipsis">
+    Web Forms
+  </span>
+  
+
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+  
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+        </nav>
+      
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+  
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+  
+  
+  
+  
+    
+    
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+        
+      
+        
+      
+    
+    
+      
+      
+        
+      
+    
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+      
+        
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+        <input class="md-nav__toggle md-toggle " type="checkbox" id="__nav_4_9_3" >
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+          
+          <label class="md-nav__link" for="__nav_4_9_3" id="__nav_4_9_3_label" tabindex="0">
+            
+  
+  <span class="md-ellipsis">
+    Database
+  </span>
+  
+
+            <span class="md-nav__icon md-icon"></span>
+          </label>
+        
+        <nav class="md-nav" data-md-level="3" aria-labelledby="__nav_4_9_3_label" aria-expanded="false">
+          <label class="md-nav__title" for="__nav_4_9_3">
+            <span class="md-nav__icon md-icon"></span>
+            Database
+          </label>
+          <ul class="md-nav__list" data-md-scrollfix>
+            
+              
+                
+  
+  
+  
+  
+    <li class="md-nav__item">
+      <a href="dotnet/database/ado.net.html" class="md-nav__link">
+        
+  
+  <span class="md-ellipsis">
+    ADO.NET
+  </span>
+  
+
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+    </li>
+  
+
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+            
+              
+                
+  
+  
+  
+  
+    <li class="md-nav__item">
+      <a href="dotnet/database/entity-framework.html" class="md-nav__link">
+        
+  
+  <span class="md-ellipsis">
+    Entity Framework
+  </span>
+  
+
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+    </li>
+  
+
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+            
+          </ul>
+        </nav>
+      
+    </li>
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+            
+          </ul>
+        </nav>
+      
+    </li>
+  
+
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+            
+              
+                
+  
+  
+  
+  
+    
+    
+      
+        
+      
+        
+      
+        
+      
+        
+      
+    
+    
+      
+      
+        
+          
+          
+        
+      
+    
+    
+    <li class="md-nav__item md-nav__item--section md-nav__item--nested">
+      
+        
+        
+        <input class="md-nav__toggle md-toggle " type="checkbox" id="__nav_4_10" >
+        
+          
+          <label class="md-nav__link" for="__nav_4_10" id="__nav_4_10_label" tabindex="">
+            
+  
+  <span class="md-ellipsis">
+    Java
+  </span>
+  
+
+            <span class="md-nav__icon md-icon"></span>
+          </label>
+        
+        <nav class="md-nav" data-md-level="2" aria-labelledby="__nav_4_10_label" aria-expanded="false">
+          <label class="md-nav__title" for="__nav_4_10">
+            <span class="md-nav__icon md-icon"></span>
+            Java
+          </label>
+          <ul class="md-nav__list" data-md-scrollfix>
+            
+              
+                
+  
+  
+  
+  
+    <li class="md-nav__item">
+      <a href="java/java.html" class="md-nav__link">
+        
+  
+  <span class="md-ellipsis">
+    Java
+  </span>
+  
+
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+    </li>
+  
+
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+            
+              
+                
+  
+  
+  
+  
+    <li class="md-nav__item">
+      <a href="java/java-collection-framework.html" class="md-nav__link">
+        
+  
+  <span class="md-ellipsis">
+    Java Collection Framework
+  </span>
+  
+
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+    </li>
+  
+
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+            
+              
+                
+  
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+  
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+    <li class="md-nav__item">
+      <a href="java/dao.html" class="md-nav__link">
+        
+  
+  <span class="md-ellipsis">
+    DAO
+  </span>
+  
+
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+    </li>
+  
+
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+            
+              
+                
+  
+  
+  
+  
+    
+    
+      
+        
+      
+        
+      
+    
+    
+      
+      
+        
+      
+    
+    
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+      
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+        <input class="md-nav__toggle md-toggle " type="checkbox" id="__nav_4_10_4" >
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+            
+  
+  <span class="md-ellipsis">
+    Web
+  </span>
+  
+
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+          </label>
+        
+        <nav class="md-nav" data-md-level="3" aria-labelledby="__nav_4_10_4_label" aria-expanded="false">
+          <label class="md-nav__title" for="__nav_4_10_4">
+            <span class="md-nav__icon md-icon"></span>
+            Web
+          </label>
+          <ul class="md-nav__list" data-md-scrollfix>
+            
+              
+                
+  
+  
+  
+  
+    <li class="md-nav__item">
+      <a href="java/web/servlet.html" class="md-nav__link">
+        
+  
+  <span class="md-ellipsis">
+    Serverlet
+  </span>
+  
+
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+    </li>
+  
+
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+              
+                
+  
+  
+  
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+    
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+      
+    
+    
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+        
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+            
+  
+  <span class="md-ellipsis">
+    Spring
+  </span>
+  
+
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+          </label>
+        
+        <nav class="md-nav" data-md-level="4" aria-labelledby="__nav_4_10_4_2_label" aria-expanded="false">
+          <label class="md-nav__title" for="__nav_4_10_4_2">
+            <span class="md-nav__icon md-icon"></span>
+            Spring
+          </label>
+          <ul class="md-nav__list" data-md-scrollfix>
+            
+              
+                
+  
+  
+  
+  
+    <li class="md-nav__item">
+      <a href="java/spring/pom.xml.html" class="md-nav__link">
+        
+  
+  <span class="md-ellipsis">
+    POM
+  </span>
+  
+
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+    </li>
+  
+
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+                
+  
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+    <li class="md-nav__item">
+      <a href="java/spring/spring-project.html" class="md-nav__link">
+        
+  
+  <span class="md-ellipsis">
+    Project Structure
+  </span>
+  
+
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+    </li>
+  
+
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+            
+          </ul>
+        </nav>
+      
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+  
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+        </nav>
+      
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+  
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+            
+          </ul>
+        </nav>
+      
+    </li>
+  
+
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+            
+              
+                
+  
+  
+  
+  
+    
+    
+      
+        
+      
+        
+      
+        
+      
+        
+      
+        
+      
+        
+      
+        
+      
+        
+      
+        
+      
+    
+    
+      
+      
+        
+          
+          
+        
+      
+    
+    
+    <li class="md-nav__item md-nav__item--section md-nav__item--nested">
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+        <input class="md-nav__toggle md-toggle " type="checkbox" id="__nav_4_11" >
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+          <label class="md-nav__link" for="__nav_4_11" id="__nav_4_11_label" tabindex="">
+            
+  
+  <span class="md-ellipsis">
+    PHP
+  </span>
+  
+
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+          </label>
+        
+        <nav class="md-nav" data-md-level="2" aria-labelledby="__nav_4_11_label" aria-expanded="false">
+          <label class="md-nav__title" for="__nav_4_11">
+            <span class="md-nav__icon md-icon"></span>
+            PHP
+          </label>
+          <ul class="md-nav__list" data-md-scrollfix>
+            
+              
+                
+  
+  
+  
+  
+    <li class="md-nav__item">
+      <a href="php/php.html" class="md-nav__link">
+        
+  
+  <span class="md-ellipsis">
+    PHP
+  </span>
+  
+
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+    </li>
+  
+
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+            
+              
+                
+  
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+  
+  
+    <li class="md-nav__item">
+      <a href="php/database.html" class="md-nav__link">
+        
+  
+  <span class="md-ellipsis">
+    Database
+  </span>
+  
+
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+    </li>
+  
+
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+            
+              
+                
+  
+  
+  
+  
+    <li class="md-nav__item">
+      <a href="php/web.html" class="md-nav__link">
+        
+  
+  <span class="md-ellipsis">
+    Web
+  </span>
+  
+
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+    </li>
+  
+
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+            
+              
+                
+  
+  
+  
+  
+    <li class="md-nav__item">
+      <a href="php/dependency-injection.html" class="md-nav__link">
+        
+  
+  <span class="md-ellipsis">
+    Dependency Injection
+  </span>
+  
+
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+    </li>
+  
+
+              
+            
+              
+                
+  
+  
+  
+  
+    <li class="md-nav__item">
+      <a href="php/unit-tests.html" class="md-nav__link">
+        
+  
+  <span class="md-ellipsis">
+    Unit Tests
+  </span>
+  
+
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+    </li>
+  
+
+              
+            
+              
+                
+  
+  
+  
+  
+    <li class="md-nav__item">
+      <a href="php/composer.html" class="md-nav__link">
+        
+  
+  <span class="md-ellipsis">
+    Composer
+  </span>
+  
+
+      </a>
+    </li>
+  
+
+              
+            
+              
+                
+  
+  
+  
+  
+    <li class="md-nav__item">
+      <a href="php/psr-7.html" class="md-nav__link">
+        
+  
+  <span class="md-ellipsis">
+    PSR 7
+  </span>
+  
+
+      </a>
+    </li>
+  
+
+              
+            
+              
+                
+  
+  
+  
+  
+    <li class="md-nav__item">
+      <a href="php/plates-templating.html" class="md-nav__link">
+        
+  
+  <span class="md-ellipsis">
+    Plates
+  </span>
+  
+
+      </a>
+    </li>
+  
+
+              
+            
+              
+                
+  
+  
+  
+  
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+    
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+        
+      
+        
+      
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+    
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+      
+        
+      
+    
+    
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+      
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+        
+        <input class="md-nav__toggle md-toggle " type="checkbox" id="__nav_4_11_9" >
+        
+          
+          <label class="md-nav__link" for="__nav_4_11_9" id="__nav_4_11_9_label" tabindex="0">
+            
+  
+  <span class="md-ellipsis">
+    Simple MVC
+  </span>
+  
+
+            <span class="md-nav__icon md-icon"></span>
+          </label>
+        
+        <nav class="md-nav" data-md-level="3" aria-labelledby="__nav_4_11_9_label" aria-expanded="false">
+          <label class="md-nav__title" for="__nav_4_11_9">
+            <span class="md-nav__icon md-icon"></span>
+            Simple MVC
+          </label>
+          <ul class="md-nav__list" data-md-scrollfix>
+            
+              
+                
+  
+  
+  
+  
+    <li class="md-nav__item">
+      <a href="php/simple-mvc/simple-mvc.html" class="md-nav__link">
+        
+  
+  <span class="md-ellipsis">
+    Simple MVC
+  </span>
+  
+
+      </a>
+    </li>
+  
+
+              
+            
+              
+                
+  
+  
+  
+  
+    <li class="md-nav__item">
+      <a href="php/simple-mvc/rest-api.html" class="md-nav__link">
+        
+  
+  <span class="md-ellipsis">
+    REST API
+  </span>
+  
+
+      </a>
+    </li>
+  
+
+              
+            
+          </ul>
+        </nav>
+      
+    </li>
+  
+
+              
+            
+          </ul>
+        </nav>
+      
+    </li>
+  
+
+              
+            
+              
+                
+  
+  
+  
+  
+    
+    
+      
+        
+      
+        
+      
+        
+      
+        
+      
+        
+      
+    
+    
+      
+      
+        
+          
+          
+        
+      
+    
+    
+    <li class="md-nav__item md-nav__item--section md-nav__item--nested">
+      
+        
+        
+        <input class="md-nav__toggle md-toggle " type="checkbox" id="__nav_4_12" >
+        
+          
+          <label class="md-nav__link" for="__nav_4_12" id="__nav_4_12_label" tabindex="">
+            
+  
+  <span class="md-ellipsis">
+    Rust
+  </span>
+  
+
+            <span class="md-nav__icon md-icon"></span>
+          </label>
+        
+        <nav class="md-nav" data-md-level="2" aria-labelledby="__nav_4_12_label" aria-expanded="false">
+          <label class="md-nav__title" for="__nav_4_12">
+            <span class="md-nav__icon md-icon"></span>
+            Rust
+          </label>
+          <ul class="md-nav__list" data-md-scrollfix>
+            
+              
+                
+  
+  
+  
+  
+    <li class="md-nav__item">
+      <a href="rust/rust.html" class="md-nav__link">
+        
+  
+  <span class="md-ellipsis">
+    Rust
+  </span>
+  
+
+      </a>
+    </li>
+  
+
+              
+            
+              
+                
+  
+  
+  
+  
+    <li class="md-nav__item">
+      <a href="rust/macros.html" class="md-nav__link">
+        
+  
+  <span class="md-ellipsis">
+    Macros
+  </span>
+  
+
+      </a>
+    </li>
+  
+
+              
+            
+              
+                
+  
+  
+  
+  
+    <li class="md-nav__item">
+      <a href="rust/cargo.html" class="md-nav__link">
+        
+  
+  <span class="md-ellipsis">
+    Cargo
+  </span>
+  
+
+      </a>
+    </li>
+  
+
+              
+            
+              
+                
+  
+  
+  
+  
+    <li class="md-nav__item">
+      <a href="rust/concurrency.html" class="md-nav__link">
+        
+  
+  <span class="md-ellipsis">
+    Concurrency
+  </span>
+  
+
+      </a>
+    </li>
+  
+
+              
+            
+              
+                
+  
+  
+  
+  
+    <li class="md-nav__item">
+      <a href="rust/unit-tests.html" class="md-nav__link">
+        
+  
+  <span class="md-ellipsis">
+    Unit Tests
+  </span>
+  
+
+      </a>
+    </li>
+  
+
+              
+            
+          </ul>
+        </nav>
+      
+    </li>
+  
+
+              
+            
+              
+                
+  
+  
+  
+  
+    
+    
+      
+        
+      
+        
+      
+        
+      
+        
+      
+        
+      
+        
+      
+        
+      
+    
+    
+      
+      
+        
+          
+          
+        
+      
+    
+    
+    <li class="md-nav__item md-nav__item--section md-nav__item--nested">
+      
+        
+        
+        <input class="md-nav__toggle md-toggle " type="checkbox" id="__nav_4_13" >
+        
+          
+          <label class="md-nav__link" for="__nav_4_13" id="__nav_4_13_label" tabindex="">
+            
+  
+  <span class="md-ellipsis">
+    Javascript
+  </span>
+  
+
+            <span class="md-nav__icon md-icon"></span>
+          </label>
+        
+        <nav class="md-nav" data-md-level="2" aria-labelledby="__nav_4_13_label" aria-expanded="false">
+          <label class="md-nav__title" for="__nav_4_13">
+            <span class="md-nav__icon md-icon"></span>
+            Javascript
+          </label>
+          <ul class="md-nav__list" data-md-scrollfix>
+            
+              
+                
+  
+  
+  
+  
+    <li class="md-nav__item">
+      <a href="javascript/javascript.html" class="md-nav__link">
+        
+  
+  <span class="md-ellipsis">
+    Javascript
+  </span>
+  
+
+      </a>
+    </li>
+  
+
+              
+            
+              
+                
+  
+  
+  
+  
+    <li class="md-nav__item">
+      <a href="javascript/dom.html" class="md-nav__link">
+        
+  
+  <span class="md-ellipsis">
+    DOM
+  </span>
+  
+
+      </a>
+    </li>
+  
+
+              
+            
+              
+                
+  
+  
+  
+  
+    <li class="md-nav__item">
+      <a href="javascript/events-animation.html" class="md-nav__link">
+        
+  
+  <span class="md-ellipsis">
+    Events & Animation
+  </span>
+  
+
+      </a>
+    </li>
+  
+
+              
+            
+              
+                
+  
+  
+  
+  
+    <li class="md-nav__item">
+      <a href="javascript/ajax.html" class="md-nav__link">
+        
+  
+  <span class="md-ellipsis">
+    AJAX
+  </span>
+  
+
+      </a>
+    </li>
+  
+
+              
+            
+              
+                
+  
+  
+  
+  
+    <li class="md-nav__item">
+      <a href="javascript/jquery.html" class="md-nav__link">
+        
+  
+  <span class="md-ellipsis">
+    jQuery
+  </span>
+  
+
+      </a>
+    </li>
+  
+
+              
+            
+              
+                
+  
+  
+  
+  
+    
+    
+      
+        
+      
+        
+      
+        
+      
+        
+      
+        
+      
+    
+    
+      
+      
+        
+      
+    
+    
+    <li class="md-nav__item md-nav__item--nested">
+      
+        
+        
+        <input class="md-nav__toggle md-toggle " type="checkbox" id="__nav_4_13_6" >
+        
+          
+          <label class="md-nav__link" for="__nav_4_13_6" id="__nav_4_13_6_label" tabindex="0">
+            
+  
+  <span class="md-ellipsis">
+    React
+  </span>
+  
+
+            <span class="md-nav__icon md-icon"></span>
+          </label>
+        
+        <nav class="md-nav" data-md-level="3" aria-labelledby="__nav_4_13_6_label" aria-expanded="false">
+          <label class="md-nav__title" for="__nav_4_13_6">
+            <span class="md-nav__icon md-icon"></span>
+            React
+          </label>
+          <ul class="md-nav__list" data-md-scrollfix>
+            
+              
+                
+  
+  
+  
+  
+    <li class="md-nav__item">
+      <a href="javascript/react/react.html" class="md-nav__link">
+        
+  
+  <span class="md-ellipsis">
+    React
+  </span>
+  
+
+      </a>
+    </li>
+  
+
+              
+            
+              
+                
+  
+  
+  
+  
+    <li class="md-nav__item">
+      <a href="javascript/react/react-router.html" class="md-nav__link">
+        
+  
+  <span class="md-ellipsis">
+    React Router
+  </span>
+  
+
+      </a>
+    </li>
+  
+
+              
+            
+              
+                
+  
+  
+  
+  
+    <li class="md-nav__item">
+      <a href="javascript/react/react-tests.html" class="md-nav__link">
+        
+  
+  <span class="md-ellipsis">
+    React Tests
+  </span>
+  
+
+      </a>
+    </li>
+  
+
+              
+            
+              
+                
+  
+  
+  
+  
+    <li class="md-nav__item">
+      <a href="javascript/react/redux.html" class="md-nav__link">
+        
+  
+  <span class="md-ellipsis">
+    Redux
+  </span>
+  
+
+      </a>
+    </li>
+  
+
+              
+            
+              
+                
+  
+  
+  
+  
+    <li class="md-nav__item">
+      <a href="javascript/react/redux-tests.html" class="md-nav__link">
+        
+  
+  <span class="md-ellipsis">
+    Redux Tests
+  </span>
+  
+
+      </a>
+    </li>
+  
+
+              
+            
+          </ul>
+        </nav>
+      
+    </li>
+  
+
+              
+            
+              
+                
+  
+  
+  
+  
+    <li class="md-nav__item">
+      <a href="javascript/svelte/svelte.html" class="md-nav__link">
+        
+  
+  <span class="md-ellipsis">
+    Svelte
+  </span>
+  
+
+      </a>
+    </li>
+  
+
+              
+            
+          </ul>
+        </nav>
+      
+    </li>
+  
+
+              
+            
+              
+                
+  
+  
+  
+  
+    
+    
+      
+        
+      
+        
+      
+    
+    
+      
+      
+        
+          
+          
+        
+      
+    
+    
+    <li class="md-nav__item md-nav__item--section md-nav__item--nested">
+      
+        
+        
+        <input class="md-nav__toggle md-toggle " type="checkbox" id="__nav_4_14" >
+        
+          
+          <label class="md-nav__link" for="__nav_4_14" id="__nav_4_14_label" tabindex="">
+            
+  
+  <span class="md-ellipsis">
+    PowerShell
+  </span>
+  
+
+            <span class="md-nav__icon md-icon"></span>
+          </label>
+        
+        <nav class="md-nav" data-md-level="2" aria-labelledby="__nav_4_14_label" aria-expanded="false">
+          <label class="md-nav__title" for="__nav_4_14">
+            <span class="md-nav__icon md-icon"></span>
+            PowerShell
+          </label>
+          <ul class="md-nav__list" data-md-scrollfix>
+            
+              
+                
+  
+  
+  
+  
+    <li class="md-nav__item">
+      <a href="powershell/scripting.html" class="md-nav__link">
+        
+  
+  <span class="md-ellipsis">
+    Scripting
+  </span>
+  
+
+      </a>
+    </li>
+  
+
+              
+            
+              
+                
+  
+  
+  
+  
+    <li class="md-nav__item">
+      <a href="powershell/commands.html" class="md-nav__link">
+        
+  
+  <span class="md-ellipsis">
+    Commands
+  </span>
+  
+
+      </a>
+    </li>
+  
+
+              
+            
+          </ul>
+        </nav>
+      
+    </li>
+  
+
+              
+            
+              
+                
+  
+  
+  
+  
+    
+    
+      
+        
+      
+        
+      
+    
+    
+      
+      
+        
+          
+          
+        
+      
+    
+    
+    <li class="md-nav__item md-nav__item--section md-nav__item--nested">
+      
+        
+        
+        <input class="md-nav__toggle md-toggle " type="checkbox" id="__nav_4_15" >
+        
+          
+          <label class="md-nav__link" for="__nav_4_15" id="__nav_4_15_label" tabindex="">
+            
+  
+  <span class="md-ellipsis">
+    Bash
+  </span>
+  
+
+            <span class="md-nav__icon md-icon"></span>
+          </label>
+        
+        <nav class="md-nav" data-md-level="2" aria-labelledby="__nav_4_15_label" aria-expanded="false">
+          <label class="md-nav__title" for="__nav_4_15">
+            <span class="md-nav__icon md-icon"></span>
+            Bash
+          </label>
+          <ul class="md-nav__list" data-md-scrollfix>
+            
+              
+                
+  
+  
+  
+  
+    <li class="md-nav__item">
+      <a href="bash/scripting.html" class="md-nav__link">
+        
+  
+  <span class="md-ellipsis">
+    Scripting
+  </span>
+  
+
+      </a>
+    </li>
+  
+
+              
+            
+              
+                
+  
+  
+  
+  
+    <li class="md-nav__item">
+      <a href="bash/commands.html" class="md-nav__link">
+        
+  
+  <span class="md-ellipsis">
+    Commands
+  </span>
+  
+
+      </a>
+    </li>
+  
+
+              
+            
+          </ul>
+        </nav>
+      
+    </li>
+  
+
+              
+            
+          </ul>
+        </nav>
+      
+    </li>
+  
+
+    
+      
+      
+  
+  
+  
+  
+    
+    
+      
+        
+      
+        
+      
+        
+      
+        
+      
+        
+      
+    
+    
+      
+      
+        
+      
+    
+    
+    <li class="md-nav__item md-nav__item--nested">
+      
+        
+        
+        <input class="md-nav__toggle md-toggle " type="checkbox" id="__nav_5" >
+        
+          
+          <label class="md-nav__link" for="__nav_5" id="__nav_5_label" tabindex="0">
+            
+  
+  <span class="md-ellipsis">
+    Misc
+  </span>
+  
+
+            <span class="md-nav__icon md-icon"></span>
+          </label>
+        
+        <nav class="md-nav" data-md-level="1" aria-labelledby="__nav_5_label" aria-expanded="false">
+          <label class="md-nav__title" for="__nav_5">
+            <span class="md-nav__icon md-icon"></span>
+            Misc
+          </label>
+          <ul class="md-nav__list" data-md-scrollfix>
+            
+              
+                
+  
+  
+  
+  
+    <li class="md-nav__item">
+      <a href="../misc/git.html" class="md-nav__link">
+        
+  
+  <span class="md-ellipsis">
+    Git
+  </span>
+  
+
+      </a>
+    </li>
+  
+
+              
+            
+              
+                
+  
+  
+  
+  
+    <li class="md-nav__item">
+      <a href="../misc/graph-ql.html" class="md-nav__link">
+        
+  
+  <span class="md-ellipsis">
+    GraphQL
+  </span>
+  
+
+      </a>
+    </li>
+  
+
+              
+            
+              
+                
+  
+  
+  
+  
+    <li class="md-nav__item">
+      <a href="../misc/regular-expressions.html" class="md-nav__link">
+        
+  
+  <span class="md-ellipsis">
+    RegEx
+  </span>
+  
+
+      </a>
+    </li>
+  
+
+              
+            
+              
+                
+  
+  
+  
+  
+    <li class="md-nav__item">
+      <a href="../misc/ssh.html" class="md-nav__link">
+        
+  
+  <span class="md-ellipsis">
+    SSH
+  </span>
+  
+
+      </a>
+    </li>
+  
+
+              
+            
+              
+                
+  
+  
+  
+  
+    <li class="md-nav__item">
+      <a href="../misc/web-components.html" class="md-nav__link">
+        
+  
+  <span class="md-ellipsis">
+    WebComponents
+  </span>
+  
+
+      </a>
+    </li>
+  
+
+              
+            
+          </ul>
+        </nav>
+      
+    </li>
+  
+
+    
+      
+      
+  
+  
+  
+  
+    
+    
+      
+        
+      
+        
+      
+    
+    
+      
+      
+        
+      
+    
+    
+    <li class="md-nav__item md-nav__item--nested">
+      
+        
+        
+        <input class="md-nav__toggle md-toggle " type="checkbox" id="__nav_6" >
+        
+          
+          <label class="md-nav__link" for="__nav_6" id="__nav_6_label" tabindex="0">
+            
+  
+  <span class="md-ellipsis">
+    Linux
+  </span>
+  
+
+            <span class="md-nav__icon md-icon"></span>
+          </label>
+        
+        <nav class="md-nav" data-md-level="1" aria-labelledby="__nav_6_label" aria-expanded="false">
+          <label class="md-nav__title" for="__nav_6">
+            <span class="md-nav__icon md-icon"></span>
+            Linux
+          </label>
+          <ul class="md-nav__list" data-md-scrollfix>
+            
+              
+                
+  
+  
+  
+  
+    
+    
+      
+        
+      
+        
+      
+        
+      
+    
+    
+      
+      
+        
+      
+    
+    
+    <li class="md-nav__item md-nav__item--nested">
+      
+        
+        
+        <input class="md-nav__toggle md-toggle " type="checkbox" id="__nav_6_1" >
+        
+          
+          <label class="md-nav__link" for="__nav_6_1" id="__nav_6_1_label" tabindex="0">
+            
+  
+  <span class="md-ellipsis">
+    Filesystem
+  </span>
+  
+
+            <span class="md-nav__icon md-icon"></span>
+          </label>
+        
+        <nav class="md-nav" data-md-level="2" aria-labelledby="__nav_6_1_label" aria-expanded="false">
+          <label class="md-nav__title" for="__nav_6_1">
+            <span class="md-nav__icon md-icon"></span>
+            Filesystem
+          </label>
+          <ul class="md-nav__list" data-md-scrollfix>
+            
+              
+                
+  
+  
+  
+  
+    <li class="md-nav__item">
+      <a href="../linux/filesystem/file-links.html" class="md-nav__link">
+        
+  
+  <span class="md-ellipsis">
+    File Links
+  </span>
+  
+
+      </a>
+    </li>
+  
+
+              
+            
+              
+                
+  
+  
+  
+  
+    <li class="md-nav__item">
+      <a href="../linux/filesystem/procfs.html" class="md-nav__link">
+        
+  
+  <span class="md-ellipsis">
+    /proc
+  </span>
+  
+
+      </a>
+    </li>
+  
+
+              
+            
+              
+                
+  
+  
+  
+  
+    <li class="md-nav__item">
+      <a href="../linux/filesystem/sysfs.html" class="md-nav__link">
+        
+  
+  <span class="md-ellipsis">
+    /sys
+  </span>
+  
+
+      </a>
+    </li>
+  
+
+              
+            
+          </ul>
+        </nav>
+      
+    </li>
+  
+
+              
+            
+              
+                
+  
+  
+  
+  
+    
+    
+      
+        
+      
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+      
+    
+    
+      
+      
+        
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+    
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+    <li class="md-nav__item md-nav__item--nested">
+      
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+        <input class="md-nav__toggle md-toggle " type="checkbox" id="__nav_6_2" >
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+          
+          <label class="md-nav__link" for="__nav_6_2" id="__nav_6_2_label" tabindex="0">
+            
+  
+  <span class="md-ellipsis">
+    System Init
+  </span>
+  
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+            <span class="md-nav__icon md-icon"></span>
+          </label>
+        
+        <nav class="md-nav" data-md-level="2" aria-labelledby="__nav_6_2_label" aria-expanded="false">
+          <label class="md-nav__title" for="__nav_6_2">
+            <span class="md-nav__icon md-icon"></span>
+            System Init
+          </label>
+          <ul class="md-nav__list" data-md-scrollfix>
+            
+              
+                
+  
+  
+  
+  
+    <li class="md-nav__item">
+      <a href="../linux/init/systemd.html" class="md-nav__link">
+        
+  
+  <span class="md-ellipsis">
+    Systemd
+  </span>
+  
+
+      </a>
+    </li>
+  
+
+              
+            
+              
+                
+  
+  
+  
+  
+    <li class="md-nav__item">
+      <a href="../linux/init/open-rc.html" class="md-nav__link">
+        
+  
+  <span class="md-ellipsis">
+    OpenRC
+  </span>
+  
+
+      </a>
+    </li>
+  
+
+              
+            
+          </ul>
+        </nav>
+      
+    </li>
+  
+
+              
+            
+          </ul>
+        </nav>
+      
+    </li>
+  
+
+    
+  </ul>
+</nav>
+                  </div>
+                </div>
+              </div>
+            
+            
+              
+              <div class="md-sidebar md-sidebar--secondary" data-md-component="sidebar" data-md-type="toc" >
+                <div class="md-sidebar__scrollwrap">
+                  <div class="md-sidebar__inner">
+                    
+
+<nav class="md-nav md-nav--secondary" aria-label="Table of contents">
+  
+  
+  
+    
+  
+  
+    <label class="md-nav__title" for="__toc">
+      <span class="md-nav__icon md-icon"></span>
+      Table of contents
+    </label>
+    <ul class="md-nav__list" data-md-component="toc" data-md-scrollfix>
+      
+        <li class="md-nav__item">
+  <a href="#headings" class="md-nav__link">
+    <span class="md-ellipsis">
+      Headings
+    </span>
+  </a>
+  
+</li>
+      
+        <li class="md-nav__item">
+  <a href="#text-formatting" class="md-nav__link">
+    <span class="md-ellipsis">
+      Text Formatting
+    </span>
+  </a>
+  
+</li>
+      
+        <li class="md-nav__item">
+  <a href="#links-images" class="md-nav__link">
+    <span class="md-ellipsis">
+      Links &amp; Images
+    </span>
+  </a>
+  
+    <nav class="md-nav" aria-label="Links & Images">
+      <ul class="md-nav__list">
+        
+          <li class="md-nav__item">
+  <a href="#horizontal-rule" class="md-nav__link">
+    <span class="md-ellipsis">
+      Horizontal rule
+    </span>
+  </a>
+  
+</li>
+        
+      </ul>
+    </nav>
+  
+</li>
+      
+        <li class="md-nav__item">
+  <a href="#code" class="md-nav__link">
+    <span class="md-ellipsis">
+      Code
+    </span>
+  </a>
+  
+</li>
+      
+        <li class="md-nav__item">
+  <a href="#table" class="md-nav__link">
+    <span class="md-ellipsis">
+      Table
+    </span>
+  </a>
+  
+</li>
+      
+    </ul>
+  
+</nav>
+                  </div>
+                </div>
+              </div>
+            
+          
+          
+            <div class="md-content" data-md-component="content">
+              <article class="md-content__inner md-typeset">
+                
+                  
+
+  
+  
+
+
+<h1 id="markdown-notes">Markdown Notes</h1>
+<h2 id="headings">Headings</h2>
+<div class="highlight"><table class="highlighttable"><tr><th colspan="2" class="filename"><span class="filename">Markdown</span></th></tr><tr><td class="linenos"><div class="linenodiv"><pre><span></span><span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-0-1">1</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-0-2">2</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-0-3">3</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-0-4">4</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-0-5">5</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-0-6">6</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-0-7">7</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-0-8">8</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-0-9">9</a></span></pre></div></td><td class="code"><div><pre><span></span><code><a id="__codelineno-0-1" name="__codelineno-0-1"></a><span class="gh">Heading 1</span>
+<a id="__codelineno-0-2" name="__codelineno-0-2"></a><span class="gh">=========</span>
+<a id="__codelineno-0-3" name="__codelineno-0-3"></a>
+<a id="__codelineno-0-4" name="__codelineno-0-4"></a><span class="gu">Heading 2</span>
+<a id="__codelineno-0-5" name="__codelineno-0-5"></a><span class="gu">---------</span>
+<a id="__codelineno-0-6" name="__codelineno-0-6"></a>
+<a id="__codelineno-0-7" name="__codelineno-0-7"></a><span class="gh"># Heading 1</span>
+<a id="__codelineno-0-8" name="__codelineno-0-8"></a><span class="gu">## Heading 2</span>
+<a id="__codelineno-0-9" name="__codelineno-0-9"></a><span class="gu">### Heading 3</span>
+</code></pre></div></td></tr></table></div>
+<h2 id="text-formatting">Text Formatting</h2>
+<div class="highlight"><table class="highlighttable"><tr><th colspan="2" class="filename"><span class="filename">Markdown</span></th></tr><tr><td class="linenos"><div class="linenodiv"><pre><span></span><span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-1-1">1</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-1-2">2</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-1-3">3</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-1-4">4</a></span></pre></div></td><td class="code"><div><pre><span></span><code><a id="__codelineno-1-1" name="__codelineno-1-1"></a><span class="ge">*Italic*</span>    <span class="ge">_Italic_</span>
+<a id="__codelineno-1-2" name="__codelineno-1-2"></a><span class="gs">**Bold**</span>    <span class="gs">__Bold__</span>
+<a id="__codelineno-1-3" name="__codelineno-1-3"></a>
+<a id="__codelineno-1-4" name="__codelineno-1-4"></a>~GitHub&#39;s strike-trough~
+</code></pre></div></td></tr></table></div>
+<h2 id="links-images">Links &amp; Images</h2>
+<div class="highlight"><table class="highlighttable"><tr><th colspan="2" class="filename"><span class="filename">Markdown</span></th></tr><tr><td class="linenos"><div class="linenodiv"><pre><span></span><span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-2-1">1</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-2-2">2</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-2-3">3</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-2-4">4</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-2-5">5</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-2-6">6</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-2-7">7</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-2-8">8</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-2-9">9</a></span></pre></div></td><td class="code"><div><pre><span></span><code><a id="__codelineno-2-1" name="__codelineno-2-1"></a>[<span class="nt">link text</span>](<span class="na">http://b.org &quot;title&quot;</span>)
+<a id="__codelineno-2-2" name="__codelineno-2-2"></a>
+<a id="__codelineno-2-3" name="__codelineno-2-3"></a>[<span class="nt">link text</span>][<span class="nl">anchor</span>]
+<a id="__codelineno-2-4" name="__codelineno-2-4"></a>[<span class="nl">anchor</span>]: <span class="na">http://b.org &quot;title&quot;</span>
+<a id="__codelineno-2-5" name="__codelineno-2-5"></a>
+<a id="__codelineno-2-6" name="__codelineno-2-6"></a>![<span class="nt">alt attribute</span>](<span class="na">http://url/b.jpg &quot;title&quot;</span>)
+<a id="__codelineno-2-7" name="__codelineno-2-7"></a>
+<a id="__codelineno-2-8" name="__codelineno-2-8"></a>![alt attribute][anchor]
+<a id="__codelineno-2-9" name="__codelineno-2-9"></a>[<span class="nl">anchor</span>]: <span class="na">http://url/b.jpg &quot;title&quot;</span>
+</code></pre></div></td></tr></table></div>
+<div class="highlight"><table class="highlighttable"><tr><th colspan="2" class="filename"><span class="filename">Markdown</span></th></tr><tr><td class="linenos"><div class="linenodiv"><pre><span></span><span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-3-1"> 1</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-3-2"> 2</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-3-3"> 3</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-3-4"> 4</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-3-5"> 5</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-3-6"> 6</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-3-7"> 7</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-3-8"> 8</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-3-9"> 9</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-3-10">10</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-3-11">11</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-3-12">12</a></span></pre></div></td><td class="code"><div><pre><span></span><code><a id="__codelineno-3-1" name="__codelineno-3-1"></a><span class="k">&gt; </span><span class="ge">Blockquote</span>
+<a id="__codelineno-3-2" name="__codelineno-3-2"></a>
+<a id="__codelineno-3-3" name="__codelineno-3-3"></a><span class="k">*</span><span class="w"> </span>unordered list        - unordered list
+<a id="__codelineno-3-4" name="__codelineno-3-4"></a><span class="k">*</span><span class="w"> </span>unordered list        - unordered list
+<a id="__codelineno-3-5" name="__codelineno-3-5"></a><span class="k">*</span><span class="w"> </span>unordered list        - unordered list
+<a id="__codelineno-3-6" name="__codelineno-3-6"></a>
+<a id="__codelineno-3-7" name="__codelineno-3-7"></a>1) ordered list         1. ordered list
+<a id="__codelineno-3-8" name="__codelineno-3-8"></a>2) ordered list         2. ordered list
+<a id="__codelineno-3-9" name="__codelineno-3-9"></a>3) ordered list         3. ordered list
+<a id="__codelineno-3-10" name="__codelineno-3-10"></a>
+<a id="__codelineno-3-11" name="__codelineno-3-11"></a><span class="k">- [ ]</span> empty checkbox
+<a id="__codelineno-3-12" name="__codelineno-3-12"></a><span class="k">- [x]</span> checked checkbox
+</code></pre></div></td></tr></table></div>
+<h3 id="horizontal-rule">Horizontal rule</h3>
+<div class="highlight"><table class="highlighttable"><tr><th colspan="2" class="filename"><span class="filename">Markdown</span></th></tr><tr><td class="linenos"><div class="linenodiv"><pre><span></span><span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-4-1">1</a></span></pre></div></td><td class="code"><div><pre><span></span><code><a id="__codelineno-4-1" name="__codelineno-4-1"></a>---                     ***
+</code></pre></div></td></tr></table></div>
+<h2 id="code">Code</h2>
+<div class="highlight"><table class="highlighttable"><tr><th colspan="2" class="filename"><span class="filename">Markdown</span></th></tr><tr><td class="linenos"><div class="linenodiv"><pre><span></span><span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-5-1">1</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-5-2">2</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-5-3">3</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-5-4">4</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-5-5">5</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-5-6">6</a></span></pre></div></td><td class="code"><div><pre><span></span><code><a id="__codelineno-5-1" name="__codelineno-5-1"></a><span class="sb">`inline code`</span>
+<a id="__codelineno-5-2" name="__codelineno-5-2"></a>
+<a id="__codelineno-5-3" name="__codelineno-5-3"></a><span class="sb">    ```lang</span>
+<a id="__codelineno-5-4" name="__codelineno-5-4"></a><span class="s">    multi-line</span>
+<a id="__codelineno-5-5" name="__codelineno-5-5"></a><span class="s">    code block</span>
+<a id="__codelineno-5-6" name="__codelineno-5-6"></a><span class="sb">    ```</span>
+</code></pre></div></td></tr></table></div>
+<h2 id="table">Table</h2>
+<div class="highlight"><table class="highlighttable"><tr><th colspan="2" class="filename"><span class="filename">Markdown</span></th></tr><tr><td class="linenos"><div class="linenodiv"><pre><span></span><span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-6-1">1</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-6-2">2</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-6-3">3</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-6-4">4</a></span></pre></div></td><td class="code"><div><pre><span></span><code><a id="__codelineno-6-1" name="__codelineno-6-1"></a>| column label | column label | column label  |
+<a id="__codelineno-6-2" name="__codelineno-6-2"></a>|:-------------|:------------:|--------------:|
+<a id="__codelineno-6-3" name="__codelineno-6-3"></a>| left-aligned | centered     | right-aligned |
+<a id="__codelineno-6-4" name="__codelineno-6-4"></a>| row contents | row contents | row contents  |
+</code></pre></div></td></tr></table></div>
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diff --git a/languages/php/composer.html b/languages/php/composer.html
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..eed8217
--- /dev/null
+++ b/languages/php/composer.html
@@ -0,0 +1,4393 @@
+
+<!doctype html>
+<html lang="en" class="no-js">
+  <head>
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+      <meta charset="utf-8">
+      <meta name="viewport" content="width=device-width,initial-scale=1">
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+        <meta name="author" content="Marcello Lamonaca">
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+        </nav>
+      
+    </li>
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+        
+      
+        
+      
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+            .NET
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+  <span class="md-ellipsis">
+    C#
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+          </label>
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+      <a href="../dotnet/csharp/csharp.html" class="md-nav__link">
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+    <li class="md-nav__item">
+      <a href="../dotnet/csharp/linq.html" class="md-nav__link">
+        
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+  <span class="md-ellipsis">
+    Linq
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+
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+    <li class="md-nav__item">
+      <a href="../dotnet/csharp/collections.html" class="md-nav__link">
+        
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+    Collections
+  </span>
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+    <li class="md-nav__item">
+      <a href="../dotnet/csharp/reactive-extensions.html" class="md-nav__link">
+        
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+  <span class="md-ellipsis">
+    Reactive Extensions
+  </span>
+  
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+
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+    <li class="md-nav__item">
+      <a href="../dotnet/csharp/async-programming.html" class="md-nav__link">
+        
+  
+  <span class="md-ellipsis">
+    Async Programming
+  </span>
+  
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+    </li>
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+
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+  
+  
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+    <li class="md-nav__item">
+      <a href="../dotnet/csharp/unit-tests.html" class="md-nav__link">
+        
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+  <span class="md-ellipsis">
+    Unit Tests
+  </span>
+  
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+    </li>
+  
+
+              
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+          </ul>
+        </nav>
+      
+    </li>
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+  
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+    
+      
+        
+      
+        
+      
+        
+      
+        
+      
+        
+      
+        
+      
+        
+      
+    
+    
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+      
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+            
+  
+  <span class="md-ellipsis">
+    ASP.NET
+  </span>
+  
+
+            <span class="md-nav__icon md-icon"></span>
+          </label>
+        
+        <nav class="md-nav" data-md-level="3" aria-labelledby="__nav_4_9_2_label" aria-expanded="false">
+          <label class="md-nav__title" for="__nav_4_9_2">
+            <span class="md-nav__icon md-icon"></span>
+            ASP.NET
+          </label>
+          <ul class="md-nav__list" data-md-scrollfix>
+            
+              
+                
+  
+  
+  
+  
+    <li class="md-nav__item">
+      <a href="../dotnet/asp.net/minimal-api.html" class="md-nav__link">
+        
+  
+  <span class="md-ellipsis">
+    Minimal API
+  </span>
+  
+
+      </a>
+    </li>
+  
+
+              
+            
+              
+                
+  
+  
+  
+  
+    <li class="md-nav__item">
+      <a href="../dotnet/asp.net/filters.html" class="md-nav__link">
+        
+  
+  <span class="md-ellipsis">
+    FIlters
+  </span>
+  
+
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+    </li>
+  
+
+              
+            
+              
+                
+  
+  
+  
+  
+    <li class="md-nav__item">
+      <a href="../dotnet/asp.net/middleware.html" class="md-nav__link">
+        
+  
+  <span class="md-ellipsis">
+    Middleware
+  </span>
+  
+
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+    </li>
+  
+
+              
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+              
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+  
+  
+  
+  
+    <li class="md-nav__item">
+      <a href="../dotnet/asp.net/razor-syntax.html" class="md-nav__link">
+        
+  
+  <span class="md-ellipsis">
+    Razor Syntax
+  </span>
+  
+
+      </a>
+    </li>
+  
+
+              
+            
+              
+                
+  
+  
+  
+  
+    <li class="md-nav__item">
+      <a href="../dotnet/asp.net/blazor.html" class="md-nav__link">
+        
+  
+  <span class="md-ellipsis">
+    Blazor
+  </span>
+  
+
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+    </li>
+  
+
+              
+            
+              
+                
+  
+  
+  
+  
+    <li class="md-nav__item">
+      <a href="../dotnet/asp.net/signalr.html" class="md-nav__link">
+        
+  
+  <span class="md-ellipsis">
+    SignalR
+  </span>
+  
+
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+    </li>
+  
+
+              
+            
+              
+                
+  
+  
+  
+  
+    <li class="md-nav__item">
+      <a href="../dotnet/asp.net/web-forms.html" class="md-nav__link">
+        
+  
+  <span class="md-ellipsis">
+    Web Forms
+  </span>
+  
+
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+    </li>
+  
+
+              
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+          </ul>
+        </nav>
+      
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+  
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+  
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+  
+  
+    
+    
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+        
+      
+        
+      
+    
+    
+      
+      
+        
+      
+    
+    
+    <li class="md-nav__item md-nav__item--nested">
+      
+        
+        
+        <input class="md-nav__toggle md-toggle " type="checkbox" id="__nav_4_9_3" >
+        
+          
+          <label class="md-nav__link" for="__nav_4_9_3" id="__nav_4_9_3_label" tabindex="0">
+            
+  
+  <span class="md-ellipsis">
+    Database
+  </span>
+  
+
+            <span class="md-nav__icon md-icon"></span>
+          </label>
+        
+        <nav class="md-nav" data-md-level="3" aria-labelledby="__nav_4_9_3_label" aria-expanded="false">
+          <label class="md-nav__title" for="__nav_4_9_3">
+            <span class="md-nav__icon md-icon"></span>
+            Database
+          </label>
+          <ul class="md-nav__list" data-md-scrollfix>
+            
+              
+                
+  
+  
+  
+  
+    <li class="md-nav__item">
+      <a href="../dotnet/database/ado.net.html" class="md-nav__link">
+        
+  
+  <span class="md-ellipsis">
+    ADO.NET
+  </span>
+  
+
+      </a>
+    </li>
+  
+
+              
+            
+              
+                
+  
+  
+  
+  
+    <li class="md-nav__item">
+      <a href="../dotnet/database/entity-framework.html" class="md-nav__link">
+        
+  
+  <span class="md-ellipsis">
+    Entity Framework
+  </span>
+  
+
+      </a>
+    </li>
+  
+
+              
+            
+          </ul>
+        </nav>
+      
+    </li>
+  
+
+              
+            
+          </ul>
+        </nav>
+      
+    </li>
+  
+
+              
+            
+              
+                
+  
+  
+  
+  
+    
+    
+      
+        
+      
+        
+      
+        
+      
+        
+      
+    
+    
+      
+      
+        
+          
+          
+        
+      
+    
+    
+    <li class="md-nav__item md-nav__item--section md-nav__item--nested">
+      
+        
+        
+        <input class="md-nav__toggle md-toggle " type="checkbox" id="__nav_4_10" >
+        
+          
+          <label class="md-nav__link" for="__nav_4_10" id="__nav_4_10_label" tabindex="">
+            
+  
+  <span class="md-ellipsis">
+    Java
+  </span>
+  
+
+            <span class="md-nav__icon md-icon"></span>
+          </label>
+        
+        <nav class="md-nav" data-md-level="2" aria-labelledby="__nav_4_10_label" aria-expanded="false">
+          <label class="md-nav__title" for="__nav_4_10">
+            <span class="md-nav__icon md-icon"></span>
+            Java
+          </label>
+          <ul class="md-nav__list" data-md-scrollfix>
+            
+              
+                
+  
+  
+  
+  
+    <li class="md-nav__item">
+      <a href="../java/java.html" class="md-nav__link">
+        
+  
+  <span class="md-ellipsis">
+    Java
+  </span>
+  
+
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+    </li>
+  
+
+              
+            
+              
+                
+  
+  
+  
+  
+    <li class="md-nav__item">
+      <a href="../java/java-collection-framework.html" class="md-nav__link">
+        
+  
+  <span class="md-ellipsis">
+    Java Collection Framework
+  </span>
+  
+
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+    </li>
+  
+
+              
+            
+              
+                
+  
+  
+  
+  
+    <li class="md-nav__item">
+      <a href="../java/dao.html" class="md-nav__link">
+        
+  
+  <span class="md-ellipsis">
+    DAO
+  </span>
+  
+
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+    </li>
+  
+
+              
+            
+              
+                
+  
+  
+  
+  
+    
+    
+      
+        
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+    
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+        
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+      
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+        <input class="md-nav__toggle md-toggle " type="checkbox" id="__nav_4_10_4" >
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+            
+  
+  <span class="md-ellipsis">
+    Web
+  </span>
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+
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+          </label>
+        
+        <nav class="md-nav" data-md-level="3" aria-labelledby="__nav_4_10_4_label" aria-expanded="false">
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+            <span class="md-nav__icon md-icon"></span>
+            Web
+          </label>
+          <ul class="md-nav__list" data-md-scrollfix>
+            
+              
+                
+  
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+    <li class="md-nav__item">
+      <a href="../java/web/servlet.html" class="md-nav__link">
+        
+  
+  <span class="md-ellipsis">
+    Serverlet
+  </span>
+  
+
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+    </li>
+  
+
+              
+            
+              
+                
+  
+  
+  
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+            
+  
+  <span class="md-ellipsis">
+    Spring
+  </span>
+  
+
+            <span class="md-nav__icon md-icon"></span>
+          </label>
+        
+        <nav class="md-nav" data-md-level="4" aria-labelledby="__nav_4_10_4_2_label" aria-expanded="false">
+          <label class="md-nav__title" for="__nav_4_10_4_2">
+            <span class="md-nav__icon md-icon"></span>
+            Spring
+          </label>
+          <ul class="md-nav__list" data-md-scrollfix>
+            
+              
+                
+  
+  
+  
+  
+    <li class="md-nav__item">
+      <a href="../java/spring/pom.xml.html" class="md-nav__link">
+        
+  
+  <span class="md-ellipsis">
+    POM
+  </span>
+  
+
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+    </li>
+  
+
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+              
+                
+  
+  
+  
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+    <li class="md-nav__item">
+      <a href="../java/spring/spring-project.html" class="md-nav__link">
+        
+  
+  <span class="md-ellipsis">
+    Project Structure
+  </span>
+  
+
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+    </li>
+  
+
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+            
+          </ul>
+        </nav>
+      
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+  
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+      
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+  
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+            
+          </ul>
+        </nav>
+      
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+  
+
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+            
+              
+                
+  
+  
+    
+  
+  
+  
+    
+    
+      
+        
+      
+        
+      
+        
+      
+        
+      
+        
+      
+        
+      
+        
+      
+        
+      
+        
+      
+    
+    
+      
+      
+        
+          
+          
+        
+      
+    
+    
+    <li class="md-nav__item md-nav__item--active md-nav__item--section md-nav__item--nested">
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+        <input class="md-nav__toggle md-toggle " type="checkbox" id="__nav_4_11" checked>
+        
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+          <label class="md-nav__link" for="__nav_4_11" id="__nav_4_11_label" tabindex="">
+            
+  
+  <span class="md-ellipsis">
+    PHP
+  </span>
+  
+
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+          </label>
+        
+        <nav class="md-nav" data-md-level="2" aria-labelledby="__nav_4_11_label" aria-expanded="true">
+          <label class="md-nav__title" for="__nav_4_11">
+            <span class="md-nav__icon md-icon"></span>
+            PHP
+          </label>
+          <ul class="md-nav__list" data-md-scrollfix>
+            
+              
+                
+  
+  
+  
+  
+    <li class="md-nav__item">
+      <a href="php.html" class="md-nav__link">
+        
+  
+  <span class="md-ellipsis">
+    PHP
+  </span>
+  
+
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+    </li>
+  
+
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+            
+              
+                
+  
+  
+  
+  
+    <li class="md-nav__item">
+      <a href="database.html" class="md-nav__link">
+        
+  
+  <span class="md-ellipsis">
+    Database
+  </span>
+  
+
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+    </li>
+  
+
+              
+            
+              
+                
+  
+  
+  
+  
+    <li class="md-nav__item">
+      <a href="web.html" class="md-nav__link">
+        
+  
+  <span class="md-ellipsis">
+    Web
+  </span>
+  
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+    </li>
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+
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+  
+  
+    <li class="md-nav__item">
+      <a href="dependency-injection.html" class="md-nav__link">
+        
+  
+  <span class="md-ellipsis">
+    Dependency Injection
+  </span>
+  
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+    </li>
+  
+
+              
+            
+              
+                
+  
+  
+  
+  
+    <li class="md-nav__item">
+      <a href="unit-tests.html" class="md-nav__link">
+        
+  
+  <span class="md-ellipsis">
+    Unit Tests
+  </span>
+  
+
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+  
+
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+            
+              
+                
+  
+  
+    
+  
+  
+  
+    <li class="md-nav__item md-nav__item--active">
+      
+      <input class="md-nav__toggle md-toggle" type="checkbox" id="__toc">
+      
+      
+        
+      
+      
+        <label class="md-nav__link md-nav__link--active" for="__toc">
+          
+  
+  <span class="md-ellipsis">
+    Composer
+  </span>
+  
+
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+        </label>
+      
+      <a href="composer.html" class="md-nav__link md-nav__link--active">
+        
+  
+  <span class="md-ellipsis">
+    Composer
+  </span>
+  
+
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+      
+        
+
+<nav class="md-nav md-nav--secondary" aria-label="Table of contents">
+  
+  
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+    
+  
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+    <label class="md-nav__title" for="__toc">
+      <span class="md-nav__icon md-icon"></span>
+      Table of contents
+    </label>
+    <ul class="md-nav__list" data-md-component="toc" data-md-scrollfix>
+      
+        <li class="md-nav__item">
+  <a href="#autoloading" class="md-nav__link">
+    <span class="md-ellipsis">
+      Autoloading
+    </span>
+  </a>
+  
+    <nav class="md-nav" aria-label="Autoloading">
+      <ul class="md-nav__list">
+        
+          <li class="md-nav__item">
+  <a href="#multiple-autoloading" class="md-nav__link">
+    <span class="md-ellipsis">
+      Multiple Autoloading
+    </span>
+  </a>
+  
+</li>
+        
+      </ul>
+    </nav>
+  
+</li>
+      
+        <li class="md-nav__item">
+  <a href="#composer" class="md-nav__link">
+    <span class="md-ellipsis">
+      Composer
+    </span>
+  </a>
+  
+    <nav class="md-nav" aria-label="Composer">
+      <ul class="md-nav__list">
+        
+          <li class="md-nav__item">
+  <a href="#installing-dependencies" class="md-nav__link">
+    <span class="md-ellipsis">
+      Installing Dependencies
+    </span>
+  </a>
+  
+</li>
+        
+          <li class="md-nav__item">
+  <a href="#updating-dependencies" class="md-nav__link">
+    <span class="md-ellipsis">
+      Updating Dependencies
+    </span>
+  </a>
+  
+</li>
+        
+          <li class="md-nav__item">
+  <a href="#autoloading-project-classes" class="md-nav__link">
+    <span class="md-ellipsis">
+      Autoloading Project Classes
+    </span>
+  </a>
+  
+</li>
+        
+      </ul>
+    </nav>
+  
+</li>
+      
+    </ul>
+  
+</nav>
+      
+    </li>
+  
+
+              
+            
+              
+                
+  
+  
+  
+  
+    <li class="md-nav__item">
+      <a href="psr-7.html" class="md-nav__link">
+        
+  
+  <span class="md-ellipsis">
+    PSR 7
+  </span>
+  
+
+      </a>
+    </li>
+  
+
+              
+            
+              
+                
+  
+  
+  
+  
+    <li class="md-nav__item">
+      <a href="plates-templating.html" class="md-nav__link">
+        
+  
+  <span class="md-ellipsis">
+    Plates
+  </span>
+  
+
+      </a>
+    </li>
+  
+
+              
+            
+              
+                
+  
+  
+  
+  
+    
+    
+      
+        
+      
+        
+      
+    
+    
+      
+      
+        
+      
+    
+    
+    <li class="md-nav__item md-nav__item--nested">
+      
+        
+        
+        <input class="md-nav__toggle md-toggle " type="checkbox" id="__nav_4_11_9" >
+        
+          
+          <label class="md-nav__link" for="__nav_4_11_9" id="__nav_4_11_9_label" tabindex="0">
+            
+  
+  <span class="md-ellipsis">
+    Simple MVC
+  </span>
+  
+
+            <span class="md-nav__icon md-icon"></span>
+          </label>
+        
+        <nav class="md-nav" data-md-level="3" aria-labelledby="__nav_4_11_9_label" aria-expanded="false">
+          <label class="md-nav__title" for="__nav_4_11_9">
+            <span class="md-nav__icon md-icon"></span>
+            Simple MVC
+          </label>
+          <ul class="md-nav__list" data-md-scrollfix>
+            
+              
+                
+  
+  
+  
+  
+    <li class="md-nav__item">
+      <a href="simple-mvc/simple-mvc.html" class="md-nav__link">
+        
+  
+  <span class="md-ellipsis">
+    Simple MVC
+  </span>
+  
+
+      </a>
+    </li>
+  
+
+              
+            
+              
+                
+  
+  
+  
+  
+    <li class="md-nav__item">
+      <a href="simple-mvc/rest-api.html" class="md-nav__link">
+        
+  
+  <span class="md-ellipsis">
+    REST API
+  </span>
+  
+
+      </a>
+    </li>
+  
+
+              
+            
+          </ul>
+        </nav>
+      
+    </li>
+  
+
+              
+            
+          </ul>
+        </nav>
+      
+    </li>
+  
+
+              
+            
+              
+                
+  
+  
+  
+  
+    
+    
+      
+        
+      
+        
+      
+        
+      
+        
+      
+        
+      
+    
+    
+      
+      
+        
+          
+          
+        
+      
+    
+    
+    <li class="md-nav__item md-nav__item--section md-nav__item--nested">
+      
+        
+        
+        <input class="md-nav__toggle md-toggle " type="checkbox" id="__nav_4_12" >
+        
+          
+          <label class="md-nav__link" for="__nav_4_12" id="__nav_4_12_label" tabindex="">
+            
+  
+  <span class="md-ellipsis">
+    Rust
+  </span>
+  
+
+            <span class="md-nav__icon md-icon"></span>
+          </label>
+        
+        <nav class="md-nav" data-md-level="2" aria-labelledby="__nav_4_12_label" aria-expanded="false">
+          <label class="md-nav__title" for="__nav_4_12">
+            <span class="md-nav__icon md-icon"></span>
+            Rust
+          </label>
+          <ul class="md-nav__list" data-md-scrollfix>
+            
+              
+                
+  
+  
+  
+  
+    <li class="md-nav__item">
+      <a href="../rust/rust.html" class="md-nav__link">
+        
+  
+  <span class="md-ellipsis">
+    Rust
+  </span>
+  
+
+      </a>
+    </li>
+  
+
+              
+            
+              
+                
+  
+  
+  
+  
+    <li class="md-nav__item">
+      <a href="../rust/macros.html" class="md-nav__link">
+        
+  
+  <span class="md-ellipsis">
+    Macros
+  </span>
+  
+
+      </a>
+    </li>
+  
+
+              
+            
+              
+                
+  
+  
+  
+  
+    <li class="md-nav__item">
+      <a href="../rust/cargo.html" class="md-nav__link">
+        
+  
+  <span class="md-ellipsis">
+    Cargo
+  </span>
+  
+
+      </a>
+    </li>
+  
+
+              
+            
+              
+                
+  
+  
+  
+  
+    <li class="md-nav__item">
+      <a href="../rust/concurrency.html" class="md-nav__link">
+        
+  
+  <span class="md-ellipsis">
+    Concurrency
+  </span>
+  
+
+      </a>
+    </li>
+  
+
+              
+            
+              
+                
+  
+  
+  
+  
+    <li class="md-nav__item">
+      <a href="../rust/unit-tests.html" class="md-nav__link">
+        
+  
+  <span class="md-ellipsis">
+    Unit Tests
+  </span>
+  
+
+      </a>
+    </li>
+  
+
+              
+            
+          </ul>
+        </nav>
+      
+    </li>
+  
+
+              
+            
+              
+                
+  
+  
+  
+  
+    
+    
+      
+        
+      
+        
+      
+        
+      
+        
+      
+        
+      
+        
+      
+        
+      
+    
+    
+      
+      
+        
+          
+          
+        
+      
+    
+    
+    <li class="md-nav__item md-nav__item--section md-nav__item--nested">
+      
+        
+        
+        <input class="md-nav__toggle md-toggle " type="checkbox" id="__nav_4_13" >
+        
+          
+          <label class="md-nav__link" for="__nav_4_13" id="__nav_4_13_label" tabindex="">
+            
+  
+  <span class="md-ellipsis">
+    Javascript
+  </span>
+  
+
+            <span class="md-nav__icon md-icon"></span>
+          </label>
+        
+        <nav class="md-nav" data-md-level="2" aria-labelledby="__nav_4_13_label" aria-expanded="false">
+          <label class="md-nav__title" for="__nav_4_13">
+            <span class="md-nav__icon md-icon"></span>
+            Javascript
+          </label>
+          <ul class="md-nav__list" data-md-scrollfix>
+            
+              
+                
+  
+  
+  
+  
+    <li class="md-nav__item">
+      <a href="../javascript/javascript.html" class="md-nav__link">
+        
+  
+  <span class="md-ellipsis">
+    Javascript
+  </span>
+  
+
+      </a>
+    </li>
+  
+
+              
+            
+              
+                
+  
+  
+  
+  
+    <li class="md-nav__item">
+      <a href="../javascript/dom.html" class="md-nav__link">
+        
+  
+  <span class="md-ellipsis">
+    DOM
+  </span>
+  
+
+      </a>
+    </li>
+  
+
+              
+            
+              
+                
+  
+  
+  
+  
+    <li class="md-nav__item">
+      <a href="../javascript/events-animation.html" class="md-nav__link">
+        
+  
+  <span class="md-ellipsis">
+    Events & Animation
+  </span>
+  
+
+      </a>
+    </li>
+  
+
+              
+            
+              
+                
+  
+  
+  
+  
+    <li class="md-nav__item">
+      <a href="../javascript/ajax.html" class="md-nav__link">
+        
+  
+  <span class="md-ellipsis">
+    AJAX
+  </span>
+  
+
+      </a>
+    </li>
+  
+
+              
+            
+              
+                
+  
+  
+  
+  
+    <li class="md-nav__item">
+      <a href="../javascript/jquery.html" class="md-nav__link">
+        
+  
+  <span class="md-ellipsis">
+    jQuery
+  </span>
+  
+
+      </a>
+    </li>
+  
+
+              
+            
+              
+                
+  
+  
+  
+  
+    
+    
+      
+        
+      
+        
+      
+        
+      
+        
+      
+        
+      
+    
+    
+      
+      
+        
+      
+    
+    
+    <li class="md-nav__item md-nav__item--nested">
+      
+        
+        
+        <input class="md-nav__toggle md-toggle " type="checkbox" id="__nav_4_13_6" >
+        
+          
+          <label class="md-nav__link" for="__nav_4_13_6" id="__nav_4_13_6_label" tabindex="0">
+            
+  
+  <span class="md-ellipsis">
+    React
+  </span>
+  
+
+            <span class="md-nav__icon md-icon"></span>
+          </label>
+        
+        <nav class="md-nav" data-md-level="3" aria-labelledby="__nav_4_13_6_label" aria-expanded="false">
+          <label class="md-nav__title" for="__nav_4_13_6">
+            <span class="md-nav__icon md-icon"></span>
+            React
+          </label>
+          <ul class="md-nav__list" data-md-scrollfix>
+            
+              
+                
+  
+  
+  
+  
+    <li class="md-nav__item">
+      <a href="../javascript/react/react.html" class="md-nav__link">
+        
+  
+  <span class="md-ellipsis">
+    React
+  </span>
+  
+
+      </a>
+    </li>
+  
+
+              
+            
+              
+                
+  
+  
+  
+  
+    <li class="md-nav__item">
+      <a href="../javascript/react/react-router.html" class="md-nav__link">
+        
+  
+  <span class="md-ellipsis">
+    React Router
+  </span>
+  
+
+      </a>
+    </li>
+  
+
+              
+            
+              
+                
+  
+  
+  
+  
+    <li class="md-nav__item">
+      <a href="../javascript/react/react-tests.html" class="md-nav__link">
+        
+  
+  <span class="md-ellipsis">
+    React Tests
+  </span>
+  
+
+      </a>
+    </li>
+  
+
+              
+            
+              
+                
+  
+  
+  
+  
+    <li class="md-nav__item">
+      <a href="../javascript/react/redux.html" class="md-nav__link">
+        
+  
+  <span class="md-ellipsis">
+    Redux
+  </span>
+  
+
+      </a>
+    </li>
+  
+
+              
+            
+              
+                
+  
+  
+  
+  
+    <li class="md-nav__item">
+      <a href="../javascript/react/redux-tests.html" class="md-nav__link">
+        
+  
+  <span class="md-ellipsis">
+    Redux Tests
+  </span>
+  
+
+      </a>
+    </li>
+  
+
+              
+            
+          </ul>
+        </nav>
+      
+    </li>
+  
+
+              
+            
+              
+                
+  
+  
+  
+  
+    <li class="md-nav__item">
+      <a href="../javascript/svelte/svelte.html" class="md-nav__link">
+        
+  
+  <span class="md-ellipsis">
+    Svelte
+  </span>
+  
+
+      </a>
+    </li>
+  
+
+              
+            
+          </ul>
+        </nav>
+      
+    </li>
+  
+
+              
+            
+              
+                
+  
+  
+  
+  
+    
+    
+      
+        
+      
+        
+      
+    
+    
+      
+      
+        
+          
+          
+        
+      
+    
+    
+    <li class="md-nav__item md-nav__item--section md-nav__item--nested">
+      
+        
+        
+        <input class="md-nav__toggle md-toggle " type="checkbox" id="__nav_4_14" >
+        
+          
+          <label class="md-nav__link" for="__nav_4_14" id="__nav_4_14_label" tabindex="">
+            
+  
+  <span class="md-ellipsis">
+    PowerShell
+  </span>
+  
+
+            <span class="md-nav__icon md-icon"></span>
+          </label>
+        
+        <nav class="md-nav" data-md-level="2" aria-labelledby="__nav_4_14_label" aria-expanded="false">
+          <label class="md-nav__title" for="__nav_4_14">
+            <span class="md-nav__icon md-icon"></span>
+            PowerShell
+          </label>
+          <ul class="md-nav__list" data-md-scrollfix>
+            
+              
+                
+  
+  
+  
+  
+    <li class="md-nav__item">
+      <a href="../powershell/scripting.html" class="md-nav__link">
+        
+  
+  <span class="md-ellipsis">
+    Scripting
+  </span>
+  
+
+      </a>
+    </li>
+  
+
+              
+            
+              
+                
+  
+  
+  
+  
+    <li class="md-nav__item">
+      <a href="../powershell/commands.html" class="md-nav__link">
+        
+  
+  <span class="md-ellipsis">
+    Commands
+  </span>
+  
+
+      </a>
+    </li>
+  
+
+              
+            
+          </ul>
+        </nav>
+      
+    </li>
+  
+
+              
+            
+              
+                
+  
+  
+  
+  
+    
+    
+      
+        
+      
+        
+      
+    
+    
+      
+      
+        
+          
+          
+        
+      
+    
+    
+    <li class="md-nav__item md-nav__item--section md-nav__item--nested">
+      
+        
+        
+        <input class="md-nav__toggle md-toggle " type="checkbox" id="__nav_4_15" >
+        
+          
+          <label class="md-nav__link" for="__nav_4_15" id="__nav_4_15_label" tabindex="">
+            
+  
+  <span class="md-ellipsis">
+    Bash
+  </span>
+  
+
+            <span class="md-nav__icon md-icon"></span>
+          </label>
+        
+        <nav class="md-nav" data-md-level="2" aria-labelledby="__nav_4_15_label" aria-expanded="false">
+          <label class="md-nav__title" for="__nav_4_15">
+            <span class="md-nav__icon md-icon"></span>
+            Bash
+          </label>
+          <ul class="md-nav__list" data-md-scrollfix>
+            
+              
+                
+  
+  
+  
+  
+    <li class="md-nav__item">
+      <a href="../bash/scripting.html" class="md-nav__link">
+        
+  
+  <span class="md-ellipsis">
+    Scripting
+  </span>
+  
+
+      </a>
+    </li>
+  
+
+              
+            
+              
+                
+  
+  
+  
+  
+    <li class="md-nav__item">
+      <a href="../bash/commands.html" class="md-nav__link">
+        
+  
+  <span class="md-ellipsis">
+    Commands
+  </span>
+  
+
+      </a>
+    </li>
+  
+
+              
+            
+          </ul>
+        </nav>
+      
+    </li>
+  
+
+              
+            
+          </ul>
+        </nav>
+      
+    </li>
+  
+
+    
+      
+      
+  
+  
+  
+  
+    
+    
+      
+        
+      
+        
+      
+        
+      
+        
+      
+        
+      
+    
+    
+      
+      
+        
+      
+    
+    
+    <li class="md-nav__item md-nav__item--nested">
+      
+        
+        
+        <input class="md-nav__toggle md-toggle " type="checkbox" id="__nav_5" >
+        
+          
+          <label class="md-nav__link" for="__nav_5" id="__nav_5_label" tabindex="0">
+            
+  
+  <span class="md-ellipsis">
+    Misc
+  </span>
+  
+
+            <span class="md-nav__icon md-icon"></span>
+          </label>
+        
+        <nav class="md-nav" data-md-level="1" aria-labelledby="__nav_5_label" aria-expanded="false">
+          <label class="md-nav__title" for="__nav_5">
+            <span class="md-nav__icon md-icon"></span>
+            Misc
+          </label>
+          <ul class="md-nav__list" data-md-scrollfix>
+            
+              
+                
+  
+  
+  
+  
+    <li class="md-nav__item">
+      <a href="../../misc/git.html" class="md-nav__link">
+        
+  
+  <span class="md-ellipsis">
+    Git
+  </span>
+  
+
+      </a>
+    </li>
+  
+
+              
+            
+              
+                
+  
+  
+  
+  
+    <li class="md-nav__item">
+      <a href="../../misc/graph-ql.html" class="md-nav__link">
+        
+  
+  <span class="md-ellipsis">
+    GraphQL
+  </span>
+  
+
+      </a>
+    </li>
+  
+
+              
+            
+              
+                
+  
+  
+  
+  
+    <li class="md-nav__item">
+      <a href="../../misc/regular-expressions.html" class="md-nav__link">
+        
+  
+  <span class="md-ellipsis">
+    RegEx
+  </span>
+  
+
+      </a>
+    </li>
+  
+
+              
+            
+              
+                
+  
+  
+  
+  
+    <li class="md-nav__item">
+      <a href="../../misc/ssh.html" class="md-nav__link">
+        
+  
+  <span class="md-ellipsis">
+    SSH
+  </span>
+  
+
+      </a>
+    </li>
+  
+
+              
+            
+              
+                
+  
+  
+  
+  
+    <li class="md-nav__item">
+      <a href="../../misc/web-components.html" class="md-nav__link">
+        
+  
+  <span class="md-ellipsis">
+    WebComponents
+  </span>
+  
+
+      </a>
+    </li>
+  
+
+              
+            
+          </ul>
+        </nav>
+      
+    </li>
+  
+
+    
+      
+      
+  
+  
+  
+  
+    
+    
+      
+        
+      
+        
+      
+    
+    
+      
+      
+        
+      
+    
+    
+    <li class="md-nav__item md-nav__item--nested">
+      
+        
+        
+        <input class="md-nav__toggle md-toggle " type="checkbox" id="__nav_6" >
+        
+          
+          <label class="md-nav__link" for="__nav_6" id="__nav_6_label" tabindex="0">
+            
+  
+  <span class="md-ellipsis">
+    Linux
+  </span>
+  
+
+            <span class="md-nav__icon md-icon"></span>
+          </label>
+        
+        <nav class="md-nav" data-md-level="1" aria-labelledby="__nav_6_label" aria-expanded="false">
+          <label class="md-nav__title" for="__nav_6">
+            <span class="md-nav__icon md-icon"></span>
+            Linux
+          </label>
+          <ul class="md-nav__list" data-md-scrollfix>
+            
+              
+                
+  
+  
+  
+  
+    
+    
+      
+        
+      
+        
+      
+        
+      
+    
+    
+      
+      
+        
+      
+    
+    
+    <li class="md-nav__item md-nav__item--nested">
+      
+        
+        
+        <input class="md-nav__toggle md-toggle " type="checkbox" id="__nav_6_1" >
+        
+          
+          <label class="md-nav__link" for="__nav_6_1" id="__nav_6_1_label" tabindex="0">
+            
+  
+  <span class="md-ellipsis">
+    Filesystem
+  </span>
+  
+
+            <span class="md-nav__icon md-icon"></span>
+          </label>
+        
+        <nav class="md-nav" data-md-level="2" aria-labelledby="__nav_6_1_label" aria-expanded="false">
+          <label class="md-nav__title" for="__nav_6_1">
+            <span class="md-nav__icon md-icon"></span>
+            Filesystem
+          </label>
+          <ul class="md-nav__list" data-md-scrollfix>
+            
+              
+                
+  
+  
+  
+  
+    <li class="md-nav__item">
+      <a href="../../linux/filesystem/file-links.html" class="md-nav__link">
+        
+  
+  <span class="md-ellipsis">
+    File Links
+  </span>
+  
+
+      </a>
+    </li>
+  
+
+              
+            
+              
+                
+  
+  
+  
+  
+    <li class="md-nav__item">
+      <a href="../../linux/filesystem/procfs.html" class="md-nav__link">
+        
+  
+  <span class="md-ellipsis">
+    /proc
+  </span>
+  
+
+      </a>
+    </li>
+  
+
+              
+            
+              
+                
+  
+  
+  
+  
+    <li class="md-nav__item">
+      <a href="../../linux/filesystem/sysfs.html" class="md-nav__link">
+        
+  
+  <span class="md-ellipsis">
+    /sys
+  </span>
+  
+
+      </a>
+    </li>
+  
+
+              
+            
+          </ul>
+        </nav>
+      
+    </li>
+  
+
+              
+            
+              
+                
+  
+  
+  
+  
+    
+    
+      
+        
+      
+        
+      
+    
+    
+      
+      
+        
+      
+    
+    
+    <li class="md-nav__item md-nav__item--nested">
+      
+        
+        
+        <input class="md-nav__toggle md-toggle " type="checkbox" id="__nav_6_2" >
+        
+          
+          <label class="md-nav__link" for="__nav_6_2" id="__nav_6_2_label" tabindex="0">
+            
+  
+  <span class="md-ellipsis">
+    System Init
+  </span>
+  
+
+            <span class="md-nav__icon md-icon"></span>
+          </label>
+        
+        <nav class="md-nav" data-md-level="2" aria-labelledby="__nav_6_2_label" aria-expanded="false">
+          <label class="md-nav__title" for="__nav_6_2">
+            <span class="md-nav__icon md-icon"></span>
+            System Init
+          </label>
+          <ul class="md-nav__list" data-md-scrollfix>
+            
+              
+                
+  
+  
+  
+  
+    <li class="md-nav__item">
+      <a href="../../linux/init/systemd.html" class="md-nav__link">
+        
+  
+  <span class="md-ellipsis">
+    Systemd
+  </span>
+  
+
+      </a>
+    </li>
+  
+
+              
+            
+              
+                
+  
+  
+  
+  
+    <li class="md-nav__item">
+      <a href="../../linux/init/open-rc.html" class="md-nav__link">
+        
+  
+  <span class="md-ellipsis">
+    OpenRC
+  </span>
+  
+
+      </a>
+    </li>
+  
+
+              
+            
+          </ul>
+        </nav>
+      
+    </li>
+  
+
+              
+            
+          </ul>
+        </nav>
+      
+    </li>
+  
+
+    
+  </ul>
+</nav>
+                  </div>
+                </div>
+              </div>
+            
+            
+              
+              <div class="md-sidebar md-sidebar--secondary" data-md-component="sidebar" data-md-type="toc" >
+                <div class="md-sidebar__scrollwrap">
+                  <div class="md-sidebar__inner">
+                    
+
+<nav class="md-nav md-nav--secondary" aria-label="Table of contents">
+  
+  
+  
+    
+  
+  
+    <label class="md-nav__title" for="__toc">
+      <span class="md-nav__icon md-icon"></span>
+      Table of contents
+    </label>
+    <ul class="md-nav__list" data-md-component="toc" data-md-scrollfix>
+      
+        <li class="md-nav__item">
+  <a href="#autoloading" class="md-nav__link">
+    <span class="md-ellipsis">
+      Autoloading
+    </span>
+  </a>
+  
+    <nav class="md-nav" aria-label="Autoloading">
+      <ul class="md-nav__list">
+        
+          <li class="md-nav__item">
+  <a href="#multiple-autoloading" class="md-nav__link">
+    <span class="md-ellipsis">
+      Multiple Autoloading
+    </span>
+  </a>
+  
+</li>
+        
+      </ul>
+    </nav>
+  
+</li>
+      
+        <li class="md-nav__item">
+  <a href="#composer" class="md-nav__link">
+    <span class="md-ellipsis">
+      Composer
+    </span>
+  </a>
+  
+    <nav class="md-nav" aria-label="Composer">
+      <ul class="md-nav__list">
+        
+          <li class="md-nav__item">
+  <a href="#installing-dependencies" class="md-nav__link">
+    <span class="md-ellipsis">
+      Installing Dependencies
+    </span>
+  </a>
+  
+</li>
+        
+          <li class="md-nav__item">
+  <a href="#updating-dependencies" class="md-nav__link">
+    <span class="md-ellipsis">
+      Updating Dependencies
+    </span>
+  </a>
+  
+</li>
+        
+          <li class="md-nav__item">
+  <a href="#autoloading-project-classes" class="md-nav__link">
+    <span class="md-ellipsis">
+      Autoloading Project Classes
+    </span>
+  </a>
+  
+</li>
+        
+      </ul>
+    </nav>
+  
+</li>
+      
+    </ul>
+  
+</nav>
+                  </div>
+                </div>
+              </div>
+            
+          
+          
+            <div class="md-content" data-md-component="content">
+              <article class="md-content__inner md-typeset">
+                
+                  
+
+  
+  
+
+
+<h1 id="composer-autoloading">Composer &amp; Autoloading</h1>
+<h2 id="autoloading">Autoloading</h2>
+<p>The function <a href="https://www.php.net/manual/en/function.spl-autoload-register.php">spl_autoload_register()</a> allows to register a function that will be invoked when PHP needs to load a class/interface defined by the user.</p>
+<p>In <code>autoload.php</code>:</p>
+<div class="highlight"><table class="highlighttable"><tr><th colspan="2" class="filename"><span class="filename">PHP</span></th></tr><tr><td class="linenos"><div class="linenodiv"><pre><span></span><span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-0-1"> 1</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-0-2"> 2</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-0-3"> 3</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-0-4"> 4</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-0-5"> 5</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-0-6"> 6</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-0-7"> 7</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-0-8"> 8</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-0-9"> 9</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-0-10">10</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-0-11">11</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-0-12">12</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-0-13">13</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-0-14">14</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-0-15">15</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-0-16">16</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-0-17">17</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-0-18">18</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-0-19">19</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-0-20">20</a></span></pre></div></td><td class="code"><div><pre><span></span><code><a id="__codelineno-0-1" name="__codelineno-0-1"></a><span class="x"># custom function</span>
+<a id="__codelineno-0-2" name="__codelineno-0-2"></a><span class="x">function autoloader($class) {</span>
+<a id="__codelineno-0-3" name="__codelineno-0-3"></a>
+<a id="__codelineno-0-4" name="__codelineno-0-4"></a>
+<a id="__codelineno-0-5" name="__codelineno-0-5"></a><span class="x">    # __DIR__ -&gt; path of calling file</span>
+<a id="__codelineno-0-6" name="__codelineno-0-6"></a><span class="x">    # $class -&gt; className (hopefully same as file)</span>
+<a id="__codelineno-0-7" name="__codelineno-0-7"></a><span class="x">    # if class is in namespace $class -&gt; Namespace\className (hopefully folders mirror Namespace)</span>
+<a id="__codelineno-0-8" name="__codelineno-0-8"></a>
+<a id="__codelineno-0-9" name="__codelineno-0-9"></a><span class="x">    $class = str_replace(&quot;\\&quot;, DIRECTORY_SEPARATOR, $class);  # avoid linux path separator issues</span>
+<a id="__codelineno-0-10" name="__codelineno-0-10"></a>
+<a id="__codelineno-0-11" name="__codelineno-0-11"></a><span class="x">    $fileName = sprintf(&quot;%s\\path\\%s.php&quot;, __DIR__, $class);  </span>
+<a id="__codelineno-0-12" name="__codelineno-0-12"></a><span class="x">    # or</span>
+<a id="__codelineno-0-13" name="__codelineno-0-13"></a><span class="x">    $filename = sprintf(&quot;%s\\%s.php&quot;, __DIR__, $class);  # if class is in namespace</span>
+<a id="__codelineno-0-14" name="__codelineno-0-14"></a>
+<a id="__codelineno-0-15" name="__codelineno-0-15"></a><span class="x">    if (file_exists($fileName)) {</span>
+<a id="__codelineno-0-16" name="__codelineno-0-16"></a><span class="x">        include $fileName;</span>
+<a id="__codelineno-0-17" name="__codelineno-0-17"></a><span class="x">    }</span>
+<a id="__codelineno-0-18" name="__codelineno-0-18"></a><span class="x">}</span>
+<a id="__codelineno-0-19" name="__codelineno-0-19"></a>
+<a id="__codelineno-0-20" name="__codelineno-0-20"></a><span class="x">spl_autoload_register(&#39;autoloader&#39;);  // register function</span>
+</code></pre></div></td></tr></table></div>
+<p>In <code>file.php</code>:</p>
+<div class="highlight"><table class="highlighttable"><tr><th colspan="2" class="filename"><span class="filename">PHP</span></th></tr><tr><td class="linenos"><div class="linenodiv"><pre><span></span><span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-1-1">1</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-1-2">2</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-1-3">3</a></span></pre></div></td><td class="code"><div><pre><span></span><code><a id="__codelineno-1-1" name="__codelineno-1-1"></a><span class="x">require &quot;autoload.php&quot;;</span>
+<a id="__codelineno-1-2" name="__codelineno-1-2"></a>
+<a id="__codelineno-1-3" name="__codelineno-1-3"></a><span class="x"># other code</span>
+</code></pre></div></td></tr></table></div>
+<blockquote>
+<p><strong>Note</strong>: will fuck up if namespaces exists.</p>
+</blockquote>
+<h3 id="multiple-autoloading">Multiple Autoloading</h3>
+<p>It's possible to resister multiple autoloading functions by calling <code>spl_autoload_register()</code> multiple times.</p>
+<div class="highlight"><table class="highlighttable"><tr><th colspan="2" class="filename"><span class="filename">PHP</span></th></tr><tr><td class="linenos"><div class="linenodiv"><pre><span></span><span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-2-1">1</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-2-2">2</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-2-3">3</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-2-4">4</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-2-5">5</a></span></pre></div></td><td class="code"><div><pre><span></span><code><a id="__codelineno-2-1" name="__codelineno-2-1"></a><span class="x"># prepend adds the function at the start of the queue</span>
+<a id="__codelineno-2-2" name="__codelineno-2-2"></a><span class="x"># throws selects if errors in loading throw exceptions</span>
+<a id="__codelineno-2-3" name="__codelineno-2-3"></a><span class="x">spl_autoload_register(callable $func, $throw=TRUE, $prepend=FALSE);</span>
+<a id="__codelineno-2-4" name="__codelineno-2-4"></a>
+<a id="__codelineno-2-5" name="__codelineno-2-5"></a><span class="x">spl_autoload_functions()  # return a list of registered functions.</span>
+</code></pre></div></td></tr></table></div>
+<h2 id="composer"><a href="https://getcomposer.org/">Composer</a></h2>
+<p>Open Source project for dependency management and autoloading of PHP libraries and classes.</p>
+<p>Composer uses <code>composer.json</code> to define dependencies with third-party libraries.
+Libraries are downloaded through <a href="https://packagist.org/">Packagist</a> and <a href="https://github.com/">GitHub</a>.</p>
+<p>In <code>composer.json</code>:</p>
+<div class="highlight"><table class="highlighttable"><tr><th colspan="2" class="filename"><span class="filename">JSON</span></th></tr><tr><td class="linenos"><div class="linenodiv"><pre><span></span><span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-3-1">1</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-3-2">2</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-3-3">3</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-3-4">4</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-3-5">5</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-3-6">6</a></span></pre></div></td><td class="code"><div><pre><span></span><code><a id="__codelineno-3-1" name="__codelineno-3-1"></a><span class="p">{</span>
+<a id="__codelineno-3-2" name="__codelineno-3-2"></a><span class="w">    </span><span class="nt">&quot;require&quot;</span><span class="p">:</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="p">{</span>
+<a id="__codelineno-3-3" name="__codelineno-3-3"></a><span class="w">        </span><span class="nt">&quot;php&quot;</span><span class="p">:</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="s2">&quot;&gt;=7.0&quot;</span><span class="p">,</span>
+<a id="__codelineno-3-4" name="__codelineno-3-4"></a><span class="w">        </span><span class="nt">&quot;monolog/monolog&quot;</span><span class="p">:</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="s2">&quot;1.0.*&quot;</span>
+<a id="__codelineno-3-5" name="__codelineno-3-5"></a><span class="w">    </span><span class="p">}</span>
+<a id="__codelineno-3-6" name="__codelineno-3-6"></a><span class="p">}</span>
+</code></pre></div></td></tr></table></div>
+<h3 id="installing-dependencies">Installing Dependencies</h3>
+<p>In the same folder of <code>composer.json</code> execute <code>composer install</code>.</p>
+<p>Composer will create:</p>
+<ul>
+<li><code>vendor</code>: folder containing all requested libraries</li>
+<li><code>vendor\autoload.php</code>: file for class autoloading</li>
+<li><code>composer.lock</code></li>
+</ul>
+<p>In alternative <code>composer require &lt;lib&gt;</code> will add the library to the project and create a <code>composer.json</code> if missing.</p>
+<blockquote>
+<p><strong>Note</strong>: to ignore the php version use <code>composer &lt;command&gt; --ignore-platform-reqs</code></p>
+</blockquote>
+<h3 id="updating-dependencies">Updating Dependencies</h3>
+<p>To update dependencies use <code>composer update</code>. To update only the autoloading section use <code>composer dump-autoload</code>.</p>
+<h3 id="autoloading-project-classes"><a href="https://getcomposer.org/doc/04-schema.md#autoload">Autoloading Project Classes</a></h3>
+<p><a href="https://www.php-fig.org/psr/psr-4/">PSR-4 Spec</a></p>
+<p>Composer can also autoload classes belonging to the current project. It's sufficient to add the <code>autoload</code> keyword in the JSON and specify the path and autoload mode.</p>
+<div class="highlight"><table class="highlighttable"><tr><th colspan="2" class="filename"><span class="filename">JSON</span></th></tr><tr><td class="linenos"><div class="linenodiv"><pre><span></span><span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-4-1"> 1</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-4-2"> 2</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-4-3"> 3</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-4-4"> 4</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-4-5"> 5</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-4-6"> 6</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-4-7"> 7</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-4-8"> 8</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-4-9"> 9</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-4-10">10</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-4-11">11</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-4-12">12</a></span></pre></div></td><td class="code"><div><pre><span></span><code><a id="__codelineno-4-1" name="__codelineno-4-1"></a><span class="p">{</span>
+<a id="__codelineno-4-2" name="__codelineno-4-2"></a><span class="w">    </span><span class="nt">&quot;autoload&quot;</span><span class="p">:</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="p">{</span>
+<a id="__codelineno-4-3" name="__codelineno-4-3"></a><span class="w">        </span><span class="nt">&quot;psr-4&quot;</span><span class="p">:</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="p">{</span>
+<a id="__codelineno-4-4" name="__codelineno-4-4"></a><span class="w">            </span><span class="nt">&quot;RootNamespace&quot;</span><span class="p">:</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="s2">&quot;src/&quot;</span><span class="p">,</span>
+<a id="__codelineno-4-5" name="__codelineno-4-5"></a><span class="w">            </span><span class="nt">&quot;Namespace\\&quot;</span><span class="p">:</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="s2">&quot;src/Namespace/&quot;</span><span class="p">,</span>
+<a id="__codelineno-4-6" name="__codelineno-4-6"></a><span class="w">            </span><span class="p">},</span>
+<a id="__codelineno-4-7" name="__codelineno-4-7"></a><span class="w">        </span><span class="nt">&quot;file&quot;</span><span class="p">:</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="p">[</span>
+<a id="__codelineno-4-8" name="__codelineno-4-8"></a><span class="w">            </span><span class="s2">&quot;path/to/file.php&quot;</span><span class="p">,</span>
+<a id="__codelineno-4-9" name="__codelineno-4-9"></a><span class="w">            </span><span class="err">...</span>
+<a id="__codelineno-4-10" name="__codelineno-4-10"></a><span class="w">        </span><span class="p">]</span>
+<a id="__codelineno-4-11" name="__codelineno-4-11"></a><span class="w">    </span><span class="p">}</span>
+<a id="__codelineno-4-12" name="__codelineno-4-12"></a><span class="p">}</span>
+</code></pre></div></td></tr></table></div>
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diff --git a/languages/php/database.html b/languages/php/database.html
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..f066ed9
--- /dev/null
+++ b/languages/php/database.html
@@ -0,0 +1,4405 @@
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+      <a href="../python/libs/pandas.html" class="md-nav__link">
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+  
+  <span class="md-ellipsis">
+    Pandas
+  </span>
+  
+
+      </a>
+    </li>
+  
+
+              
+            
+              
+                
+  
+  
+  
+  
+    <li class="md-nav__item">
+      <a href="../python/libs/seaborn.html" class="md-nav__link">
+        
+  
+  <span class="md-ellipsis">
+    Seaborn
+  </span>
+  
+
+      </a>
+    </li>
+  
+
+              
+            
+              
+                
+  
+  
+  
+  
+    <li class="md-nav__item">
+      <a href="../python/libs/requests.html" class="md-nav__link">
+        
+  
+  <span class="md-ellipsis">
+    Requests
+  </span>
+  
+
+      </a>
+    </li>
+  
+
+              
+            
+              
+                
+  
+  
+  
+  
+    <li class="md-nav__item">
+      <a href="../python/libs/beautiful-soup.html" class="md-nav__link">
+        
+  
+  <span class="md-ellipsis">
+    Beatiful Soup
+  </span>
+  
+
+      </a>
+    </li>
+  
+
+              
+            
+          </ul>
+        </nav>
+      
+    </li>
+  
+
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+            
+          </ul>
+        </nav>
+      
+    </li>
+  
+
+              
+            
+              
+                
+  
+  
+  
+  
+    
+    
+      
+        
+      
+        
+      
+        
+      
+    
+    
+      
+      
+        
+          
+          
+        
+      
+    
+    
+    <li class="md-nav__item md-nav__item--section md-nav__item--nested">
+      
+        
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+        <input class="md-nav__toggle md-toggle " type="checkbox" id="__nav_4_9" >
+        
+          
+          <label class="md-nav__link" for="__nav_4_9" id="__nav_4_9_label" tabindex="">
+            
+  
+  <span class="md-ellipsis">
+    .NET
+  </span>
+  
+
+            <span class="md-nav__icon md-icon"></span>
+          </label>
+        
+        <nav class="md-nav" data-md-level="2" aria-labelledby="__nav_4_9_label" aria-expanded="false">
+          <label class="md-nav__title" for="__nav_4_9">
+            <span class="md-nav__icon md-icon"></span>
+            .NET
+          </label>
+          <ul class="md-nav__list" data-md-scrollfix>
+            
+              
+                
+  
+  
+  
+  
+    
+    
+      
+        
+      
+        
+      
+        
+      
+        
+      
+        
+      
+        
+      
+    
+    
+      
+      
+        
+      
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+    <li class="md-nav__item md-nav__item--nested">
+      
+        
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+        <input class="md-nav__toggle md-toggle " type="checkbox" id="__nav_4_9_1" >
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+          <label class="md-nav__link" for="__nav_4_9_1" id="__nav_4_9_1_label" tabindex="0">
+            
+  
+  <span class="md-ellipsis">
+    C#
+  </span>
+  
+
+            <span class="md-nav__icon md-icon"></span>
+          </label>
+        
+        <nav class="md-nav" data-md-level="3" aria-labelledby="__nav_4_9_1_label" aria-expanded="false">
+          <label class="md-nav__title" for="__nav_4_9_1">
+            <span class="md-nav__icon md-icon"></span>
+            C#
+          </label>
+          <ul class="md-nav__list" data-md-scrollfix>
+            
+              
+                
+  
+  
+  
+  
+    <li class="md-nav__item">
+      <a href="../dotnet/csharp/csharp.html" class="md-nav__link">
+        
+  
+  <span class="md-ellipsis">
+    C#
+  </span>
+  
+
+      </a>
+    </li>
+  
+
+              
+            
+              
+                
+  
+  
+  
+  
+    <li class="md-nav__item">
+      <a href="../dotnet/csharp/linq.html" class="md-nav__link">
+        
+  
+  <span class="md-ellipsis">
+    Linq
+  </span>
+  
+
+      </a>
+    </li>
+  
+
+              
+            
+              
+                
+  
+  
+  
+  
+    <li class="md-nav__item">
+      <a href="../dotnet/csharp/collections.html" class="md-nav__link">
+        
+  
+  <span class="md-ellipsis">
+    Collections
+  </span>
+  
+
+      </a>
+    </li>
+  
+
+              
+            
+              
+                
+  
+  
+  
+  
+    <li class="md-nav__item">
+      <a href="../dotnet/csharp/reactive-extensions.html" class="md-nav__link">
+        
+  
+  <span class="md-ellipsis">
+    Reactive Extensions
+  </span>
+  
+
+      </a>
+    </li>
+  
+
+              
+            
+              
+                
+  
+  
+  
+  
+    <li class="md-nav__item">
+      <a href="../dotnet/csharp/async-programming.html" class="md-nav__link">
+        
+  
+  <span class="md-ellipsis">
+    Async Programming
+  </span>
+  
+
+      </a>
+    </li>
+  
+
+              
+            
+              
+                
+  
+  
+  
+  
+    <li class="md-nav__item">
+      <a href="../dotnet/csharp/unit-tests.html" class="md-nav__link">
+        
+  
+  <span class="md-ellipsis">
+    Unit Tests
+  </span>
+  
+
+      </a>
+    </li>
+  
+
+              
+            
+          </ul>
+        </nav>
+      
+    </li>
+  
+
+              
+            
+              
+                
+  
+  
+  
+  
+    
+    
+      
+        
+      
+        
+      
+        
+      
+        
+      
+        
+      
+        
+      
+        
+      
+    
+    
+      
+      
+        
+      
+    
+    
+    <li class="md-nav__item md-nav__item--nested">
+      
+        
+        
+        <input class="md-nav__toggle md-toggle " type="checkbox" id="__nav_4_9_2" >
+        
+          
+          <label class="md-nav__link" for="__nav_4_9_2" id="__nav_4_9_2_label" tabindex="0">
+            
+  
+  <span class="md-ellipsis">
+    ASP.NET
+  </span>
+  
+
+            <span class="md-nav__icon md-icon"></span>
+          </label>
+        
+        <nav class="md-nav" data-md-level="3" aria-labelledby="__nav_4_9_2_label" aria-expanded="false">
+          <label class="md-nav__title" for="__nav_4_9_2">
+            <span class="md-nav__icon md-icon"></span>
+            ASP.NET
+          </label>
+          <ul class="md-nav__list" data-md-scrollfix>
+            
+              
+                
+  
+  
+  
+  
+    <li class="md-nav__item">
+      <a href="../dotnet/asp.net/minimal-api.html" class="md-nav__link">
+        
+  
+  <span class="md-ellipsis">
+    Minimal API
+  </span>
+  
+
+      </a>
+    </li>
+  
+
+              
+            
+              
+                
+  
+  
+  
+  
+    <li class="md-nav__item">
+      <a href="../dotnet/asp.net/filters.html" class="md-nav__link">
+        
+  
+  <span class="md-ellipsis">
+    FIlters
+  </span>
+  
+
+      </a>
+    </li>
+  
+
+              
+            
+              
+                
+  
+  
+  
+  
+    <li class="md-nav__item">
+      <a href="../dotnet/asp.net/middleware.html" class="md-nav__link">
+        
+  
+  <span class="md-ellipsis">
+    Middleware
+  </span>
+  
+
+      </a>
+    </li>
+  
+
+              
+            
+              
+                
+  
+  
+  
+  
+    <li class="md-nav__item">
+      <a href="../dotnet/asp.net/razor-syntax.html" class="md-nav__link">
+        
+  
+  <span class="md-ellipsis">
+    Razor Syntax
+  </span>
+  
+
+      </a>
+    </li>
+  
+
+              
+            
+              
+                
+  
+  
+  
+  
+    <li class="md-nav__item">
+      <a href="../dotnet/asp.net/blazor.html" class="md-nav__link">
+        
+  
+  <span class="md-ellipsis">
+    Blazor
+  </span>
+  
+
+      </a>
+    </li>
+  
+
+              
+            
+              
+                
+  
+  
+  
+  
+    <li class="md-nav__item">
+      <a href="../dotnet/asp.net/signalr.html" class="md-nav__link">
+        
+  
+  <span class="md-ellipsis">
+    SignalR
+  </span>
+  
+
+      </a>
+    </li>
+  
+
+              
+            
+              
+                
+  
+  
+  
+  
+    <li class="md-nav__item">
+      <a href="../dotnet/asp.net/web-forms.html" class="md-nav__link">
+        
+  
+  <span class="md-ellipsis">
+    Web Forms
+  </span>
+  
+
+      </a>
+    </li>
+  
+
+              
+            
+          </ul>
+        </nav>
+      
+    </li>
+  
+
+              
+            
+              
+                
+  
+  
+  
+  
+    
+    
+      
+        
+      
+        
+      
+    
+    
+      
+      
+        
+      
+    
+    
+    <li class="md-nav__item md-nav__item--nested">
+      
+        
+        
+        <input class="md-nav__toggle md-toggle " type="checkbox" id="__nav_4_9_3" >
+        
+          
+          <label class="md-nav__link" for="__nav_4_9_3" id="__nav_4_9_3_label" tabindex="0">
+            
+  
+  <span class="md-ellipsis">
+    Database
+  </span>
+  
+
+            <span class="md-nav__icon md-icon"></span>
+          </label>
+        
+        <nav class="md-nav" data-md-level="3" aria-labelledby="__nav_4_9_3_label" aria-expanded="false">
+          <label class="md-nav__title" for="__nav_4_9_3">
+            <span class="md-nav__icon md-icon"></span>
+            Database
+          </label>
+          <ul class="md-nav__list" data-md-scrollfix>
+            
+              
+                
+  
+  
+  
+  
+    <li class="md-nav__item">
+      <a href="../dotnet/database/ado.net.html" class="md-nav__link">
+        
+  
+  <span class="md-ellipsis">
+    ADO.NET
+  </span>
+  
+
+      </a>
+    </li>
+  
+
+              
+            
+              
+                
+  
+  
+  
+  
+    <li class="md-nav__item">
+      <a href="../dotnet/database/entity-framework.html" class="md-nav__link">
+        
+  
+  <span class="md-ellipsis">
+    Entity Framework
+  </span>
+  
+
+      </a>
+    </li>
+  
+
+              
+            
+          </ul>
+        </nav>
+      
+    </li>
+  
+
+              
+            
+          </ul>
+        </nav>
+      
+    </li>
+  
+
+              
+            
+              
+                
+  
+  
+  
+  
+    
+    
+      
+        
+      
+        
+      
+        
+      
+        
+      
+    
+    
+      
+      
+        
+          
+          
+        
+      
+    
+    
+    <li class="md-nav__item md-nav__item--section md-nav__item--nested">
+      
+        
+        
+        <input class="md-nav__toggle md-toggle " type="checkbox" id="__nav_4_10" >
+        
+          
+          <label class="md-nav__link" for="__nav_4_10" id="__nav_4_10_label" tabindex="">
+            
+  
+  <span class="md-ellipsis">
+    Java
+  </span>
+  
+
+            <span class="md-nav__icon md-icon"></span>
+          </label>
+        
+        <nav class="md-nav" data-md-level="2" aria-labelledby="__nav_4_10_label" aria-expanded="false">
+          <label class="md-nav__title" for="__nav_4_10">
+            <span class="md-nav__icon md-icon"></span>
+            Java
+          </label>
+          <ul class="md-nav__list" data-md-scrollfix>
+            
+              
+                
+  
+  
+  
+  
+    <li class="md-nav__item">
+      <a href="../java/java.html" class="md-nav__link">
+        
+  
+  <span class="md-ellipsis">
+    Java
+  </span>
+  
+
+      </a>
+    </li>
+  
+
+              
+            
+              
+                
+  
+  
+  
+  
+    <li class="md-nav__item">
+      <a href="../java/java-collection-framework.html" class="md-nav__link">
+        
+  
+  <span class="md-ellipsis">
+    Java Collection Framework
+  </span>
+  
+
+      </a>
+    </li>
+  
+
+              
+            
+              
+                
+  
+  
+  
+  
+    <li class="md-nav__item">
+      <a href="../java/dao.html" class="md-nav__link">
+        
+  
+  <span class="md-ellipsis">
+    DAO
+  </span>
+  
+
+      </a>
+    </li>
+  
+
+              
+            
+              
+                
+  
+  
+  
+  
+    
+    
+      
+        
+      
+        
+      
+    
+    
+      
+      
+        
+      
+    
+    
+    <li class="md-nav__item md-nav__item--nested">
+      
+        
+        
+        <input class="md-nav__toggle md-toggle " type="checkbox" id="__nav_4_10_4" >
+        
+          
+          <label class="md-nav__link" for="__nav_4_10_4" id="__nav_4_10_4_label" tabindex="0">
+            
+  
+  <span class="md-ellipsis">
+    Web
+  </span>
+  
+
+            <span class="md-nav__icon md-icon"></span>
+          </label>
+        
+        <nav class="md-nav" data-md-level="3" aria-labelledby="__nav_4_10_4_label" aria-expanded="false">
+          <label class="md-nav__title" for="__nav_4_10_4">
+            <span class="md-nav__icon md-icon"></span>
+            Web
+          </label>
+          <ul class="md-nav__list" data-md-scrollfix>
+            
+              
+                
+  
+  
+  
+  
+    <li class="md-nav__item">
+      <a href="../java/web/servlet.html" class="md-nav__link">
+        
+  
+  <span class="md-ellipsis">
+    Serverlet
+  </span>
+  
+
+      </a>
+    </li>
+  
+
+              
+            
+              
+                
+  
+  
+  
+  
+    
+    
+      
+        
+      
+        
+      
+    
+    
+      
+      
+        
+      
+    
+    
+    <li class="md-nav__item md-nav__item--nested">
+      
+        
+        
+        <input class="md-nav__toggle md-toggle " type="checkbox" id="__nav_4_10_4_2" >
+        
+          
+          <label class="md-nav__link" for="__nav_4_10_4_2" id="__nav_4_10_4_2_label" tabindex="0">
+            
+  
+  <span class="md-ellipsis">
+    Spring
+  </span>
+  
+
+            <span class="md-nav__icon md-icon"></span>
+          </label>
+        
+        <nav class="md-nav" data-md-level="4" aria-labelledby="__nav_4_10_4_2_label" aria-expanded="false">
+          <label class="md-nav__title" for="__nav_4_10_4_2">
+            <span class="md-nav__icon md-icon"></span>
+            Spring
+          </label>
+          <ul class="md-nav__list" data-md-scrollfix>
+            
+              
+                
+  
+  
+  
+  
+    <li class="md-nav__item">
+      <a href="../java/spring/pom.xml.html" class="md-nav__link">
+        
+  
+  <span class="md-ellipsis">
+    POM
+  </span>
+  
+
+      </a>
+    </li>
+  
+
+              
+            
+              
+                
+  
+  
+  
+  
+    <li class="md-nav__item">
+      <a href="../java/spring/spring-project.html" class="md-nav__link">
+        
+  
+  <span class="md-ellipsis">
+    Project Structure
+  </span>
+  
+
+      </a>
+    </li>
+  
+
+              
+            
+          </ul>
+        </nav>
+      
+    </li>
+  
+
+              
+            
+          </ul>
+        </nav>
+      
+    </li>
+  
+
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+            
+          </ul>
+        </nav>
+      
+    </li>
+  
+
+              
+            
+              
+                
+  
+  
+    
+  
+  
+  
+    
+    
+      
+        
+      
+        
+      
+        
+      
+        
+      
+        
+      
+        
+      
+        
+      
+        
+      
+        
+      
+    
+    
+      
+      
+        
+          
+          
+        
+      
+    
+    
+    <li class="md-nav__item md-nav__item--active md-nav__item--section md-nav__item--nested">
+      
+        
+        
+        <input class="md-nav__toggle md-toggle " type="checkbox" id="__nav_4_11" checked>
+        
+          
+          <label class="md-nav__link" for="__nav_4_11" id="__nav_4_11_label" tabindex="">
+            
+  
+  <span class="md-ellipsis">
+    PHP
+  </span>
+  
+
+            <span class="md-nav__icon md-icon"></span>
+          </label>
+        
+        <nav class="md-nav" data-md-level="2" aria-labelledby="__nav_4_11_label" aria-expanded="true">
+          <label class="md-nav__title" for="__nav_4_11">
+            <span class="md-nav__icon md-icon"></span>
+            PHP
+          </label>
+          <ul class="md-nav__list" data-md-scrollfix>
+            
+              
+                
+  
+  
+  
+  
+    <li class="md-nav__item">
+      <a href="php.html" class="md-nav__link">
+        
+  
+  <span class="md-ellipsis">
+    PHP
+  </span>
+  
+
+      </a>
+    </li>
+  
+
+              
+            
+              
+                
+  
+  
+    
+  
+  
+  
+    <li class="md-nav__item md-nav__item--active">
+      
+      <input class="md-nav__toggle md-toggle" type="checkbox" id="__toc">
+      
+      
+        
+      
+      
+        <label class="md-nav__link md-nav__link--active" for="__toc">
+          
+  
+  <span class="md-ellipsis">
+    Database
+  </span>
+  
+
+          <span class="md-nav__icon md-icon"></span>
+        </label>
+      
+      <a href="database.html" class="md-nav__link md-nav__link--active">
+        
+  
+  <span class="md-ellipsis">
+    Database
+  </span>
+  
+
+      </a>
+      
+        
+
+<nav class="md-nav md-nav--secondary" aria-label="Table of contents">
+  
+  
+  
+    
+  
+  
+    <label class="md-nav__title" for="__toc">
+      <span class="md-nav__icon md-icon"></span>
+      Table of contents
+    </label>
+    <ul class="md-nav__list" data-md-component="toc" data-md-scrollfix>
+      
+        <li class="md-nav__item">
+  <a href="#php-data-objects-pdo" class="md-nav__link">
+    <span class="md-ellipsis">
+      PHP Data Objects (PDO)
+    </span>
+  </a>
+  
+    <nav class="md-nav" aria-label="PHP Data Objects (PDO)">
+      <ul class="md-nav__list">
+        
+          <li class="md-nav__item">
+  <a href="#database-connection" class="md-nav__link">
+    <span class="md-ellipsis">
+      Database Connection
+    </span>
+  </a>
+  
+</li>
+        
+          <li class="md-nav__item">
+  <a href="#queries" class="md-nav__link">
+    <span class="md-ellipsis">
+      Queries
+    </span>
+  </a>
+  
+</li>
+        
+          <li class="md-nav__item">
+  <a href="#parameter-binding" class="md-nav__link">
+    <span class="md-ellipsis">
+      Parameter Binding
+    </span>
+  </a>
+  
+</li>
+        
+          <li class="md-nav__item">
+  <a href="#pdo-data-types" class="md-nav__link">
+    <span class="md-ellipsis">
+      PDO &amp; Data Types
+    </span>
+  </a>
+  
+</li>
+        
+          <li class="md-nav__item">
+  <a href="#pdo-debug" class="md-nav__link">
+    <span class="md-ellipsis">
+      PDO Debug
+    </span>
+  </a>
+  
+</li>
+        
+      </ul>
+    </nav>
+  
+</li>
+      
+        <li class="md-nav__item">
+  <a href="#sqlite3" class="md-nav__link">
+    <span class="md-ellipsis">
+      SQLite3
+    </span>
+  </a>
+  
+</li>
+      
+    </ul>
+  
+</nav>
+      
+    </li>
+  
+
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+            
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+  
+  
+  
+  
+    <li class="md-nav__item">
+      <a href="web.html" class="md-nav__link">
+        
+  
+  <span class="md-ellipsis">
+    Web
+  </span>
+  
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+    </li>
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+  
+  
+  
+    <li class="md-nav__item">
+      <a href="dependency-injection.html" class="md-nav__link">
+        
+  
+  <span class="md-ellipsis">
+    Dependency Injection
+  </span>
+  
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+    </li>
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+
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+  
+  
+  
+  
+    <li class="md-nav__item">
+      <a href="unit-tests.html" class="md-nav__link">
+        
+  
+  <span class="md-ellipsis">
+    Unit Tests
+  </span>
+  
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+    </li>
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+
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+  
+  
+  
+    <li class="md-nav__item">
+      <a href="composer.html" class="md-nav__link">
+        
+  
+  <span class="md-ellipsis">
+    Composer
+  </span>
+  
+
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+    </li>
+  
+
+              
+            
+              
+                
+  
+  
+  
+  
+    <li class="md-nav__item">
+      <a href="psr-7.html" class="md-nav__link">
+        
+  
+  <span class="md-ellipsis">
+    PSR 7
+  </span>
+  
+
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+    </li>
+  
+
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+              
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+  
+  
+  
+  
+    <li class="md-nav__item">
+      <a href="plates-templating.html" class="md-nav__link">
+        
+  
+  <span class="md-ellipsis">
+    Plates
+  </span>
+  
+
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+    </li>
+  
+
+              
+            
+              
+                
+  
+  
+  
+  
+    
+    
+      
+        
+      
+        
+      
+    
+    
+      
+      
+        
+      
+    
+    
+    <li class="md-nav__item md-nav__item--nested">
+      
+        
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+        <input class="md-nav__toggle md-toggle " type="checkbox" id="__nav_4_11_9" >
+        
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+          <label class="md-nav__link" for="__nav_4_11_9" id="__nav_4_11_9_label" tabindex="0">
+            
+  
+  <span class="md-ellipsis">
+    Simple MVC
+  </span>
+  
+
+            <span class="md-nav__icon md-icon"></span>
+          </label>
+        
+        <nav class="md-nav" data-md-level="3" aria-labelledby="__nav_4_11_9_label" aria-expanded="false">
+          <label class="md-nav__title" for="__nav_4_11_9">
+            <span class="md-nav__icon md-icon"></span>
+            Simple MVC
+          </label>
+          <ul class="md-nav__list" data-md-scrollfix>
+            
+              
+                
+  
+  
+  
+  
+    <li class="md-nav__item">
+      <a href="simple-mvc/simple-mvc.html" class="md-nav__link">
+        
+  
+  <span class="md-ellipsis">
+    Simple MVC
+  </span>
+  
+
+      </a>
+    </li>
+  
+
+              
+            
+              
+                
+  
+  
+  
+  
+    <li class="md-nav__item">
+      <a href="simple-mvc/rest-api.html" class="md-nav__link">
+        
+  
+  <span class="md-ellipsis">
+    REST API
+  </span>
+  
+
+      </a>
+    </li>
+  
+
+              
+            
+          </ul>
+        </nav>
+      
+    </li>
+  
+
+              
+            
+          </ul>
+        </nav>
+      
+    </li>
+  
+
+              
+            
+              
+                
+  
+  
+  
+  
+    
+    
+      
+        
+      
+        
+      
+        
+      
+        
+      
+        
+      
+    
+    
+      
+      
+        
+          
+          
+        
+      
+    
+    
+    <li class="md-nav__item md-nav__item--section md-nav__item--nested">
+      
+        
+        
+        <input class="md-nav__toggle md-toggle " type="checkbox" id="__nav_4_12" >
+        
+          
+          <label class="md-nav__link" for="__nav_4_12" id="__nav_4_12_label" tabindex="">
+            
+  
+  <span class="md-ellipsis">
+    Rust
+  </span>
+  
+
+            <span class="md-nav__icon md-icon"></span>
+          </label>
+        
+        <nav class="md-nav" data-md-level="2" aria-labelledby="__nav_4_12_label" aria-expanded="false">
+          <label class="md-nav__title" for="__nav_4_12">
+            <span class="md-nav__icon md-icon"></span>
+            Rust
+          </label>
+          <ul class="md-nav__list" data-md-scrollfix>
+            
+              
+                
+  
+  
+  
+  
+    <li class="md-nav__item">
+      <a href="../rust/rust.html" class="md-nav__link">
+        
+  
+  <span class="md-ellipsis">
+    Rust
+  </span>
+  
+
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+    </li>
+  
+
+              
+            
+              
+                
+  
+  
+  
+  
+    <li class="md-nav__item">
+      <a href="../rust/macros.html" class="md-nav__link">
+        
+  
+  <span class="md-ellipsis">
+    Macros
+  </span>
+  
+
+      </a>
+    </li>
+  
+
+              
+            
+              
+                
+  
+  
+  
+  
+    <li class="md-nav__item">
+      <a href="../rust/cargo.html" class="md-nav__link">
+        
+  
+  <span class="md-ellipsis">
+    Cargo
+  </span>
+  
+
+      </a>
+    </li>
+  
+
+              
+            
+              
+                
+  
+  
+  
+  
+    <li class="md-nav__item">
+      <a href="../rust/concurrency.html" class="md-nav__link">
+        
+  
+  <span class="md-ellipsis">
+    Concurrency
+  </span>
+  
+
+      </a>
+    </li>
+  
+
+              
+            
+              
+                
+  
+  
+  
+  
+    <li class="md-nav__item">
+      <a href="../rust/unit-tests.html" class="md-nav__link">
+        
+  
+  <span class="md-ellipsis">
+    Unit Tests
+  </span>
+  
+
+      </a>
+    </li>
+  
+
+              
+            
+          </ul>
+        </nav>
+      
+    </li>
+  
+
+              
+            
+              
+                
+  
+  
+  
+  
+    
+    
+      
+        
+      
+        
+      
+        
+      
+        
+      
+        
+      
+        
+      
+        
+      
+    
+    
+      
+      
+        
+          
+          
+        
+      
+    
+    
+    <li class="md-nav__item md-nav__item--section md-nav__item--nested">
+      
+        
+        
+        <input class="md-nav__toggle md-toggle " type="checkbox" id="__nav_4_13" >
+        
+          
+          <label class="md-nav__link" for="__nav_4_13" id="__nav_4_13_label" tabindex="">
+            
+  
+  <span class="md-ellipsis">
+    Javascript
+  </span>
+  
+
+            <span class="md-nav__icon md-icon"></span>
+          </label>
+        
+        <nav class="md-nav" data-md-level="2" aria-labelledby="__nav_4_13_label" aria-expanded="false">
+          <label class="md-nav__title" for="__nav_4_13">
+            <span class="md-nav__icon md-icon"></span>
+            Javascript
+          </label>
+          <ul class="md-nav__list" data-md-scrollfix>
+            
+              
+                
+  
+  
+  
+  
+    <li class="md-nav__item">
+      <a href="../javascript/javascript.html" class="md-nav__link">
+        
+  
+  <span class="md-ellipsis">
+    Javascript
+  </span>
+  
+
+      </a>
+    </li>
+  
+
+              
+            
+              
+                
+  
+  
+  
+  
+    <li class="md-nav__item">
+      <a href="../javascript/dom.html" class="md-nav__link">
+        
+  
+  <span class="md-ellipsis">
+    DOM
+  </span>
+  
+
+      </a>
+    </li>
+  
+
+              
+            
+              
+                
+  
+  
+  
+  
+    <li class="md-nav__item">
+      <a href="../javascript/events-animation.html" class="md-nav__link">
+        
+  
+  <span class="md-ellipsis">
+    Events & Animation
+  </span>
+  
+
+      </a>
+    </li>
+  
+
+              
+            
+              
+                
+  
+  
+  
+  
+    <li class="md-nav__item">
+      <a href="../javascript/ajax.html" class="md-nav__link">
+        
+  
+  <span class="md-ellipsis">
+    AJAX
+  </span>
+  
+
+      </a>
+    </li>
+  
+
+              
+            
+              
+                
+  
+  
+  
+  
+    <li class="md-nav__item">
+      <a href="../javascript/jquery.html" class="md-nav__link">
+        
+  
+  <span class="md-ellipsis">
+    jQuery
+  </span>
+  
+
+      </a>
+    </li>
+  
+
+              
+            
+              
+                
+  
+  
+  
+  
+    
+    
+      
+        
+      
+        
+      
+        
+      
+        
+      
+        
+      
+    
+    
+      
+      
+        
+      
+    
+    
+    <li class="md-nav__item md-nav__item--nested">
+      
+        
+        
+        <input class="md-nav__toggle md-toggle " type="checkbox" id="__nav_4_13_6" >
+        
+          
+          <label class="md-nav__link" for="__nav_4_13_6" id="__nav_4_13_6_label" tabindex="0">
+            
+  
+  <span class="md-ellipsis">
+    React
+  </span>
+  
+
+            <span class="md-nav__icon md-icon"></span>
+          </label>
+        
+        <nav class="md-nav" data-md-level="3" aria-labelledby="__nav_4_13_6_label" aria-expanded="false">
+          <label class="md-nav__title" for="__nav_4_13_6">
+            <span class="md-nav__icon md-icon"></span>
+            React
+          </label>
+          <ul class="md-nav__list" data-md-scrollfix>
+            
+              
+                
+  
+  
+  
+  
+    <li class="md-nav__item">
+      <a href="../javascript/react/react.html" class="md-nav__link">
+        
+  
+  <span class="md-ellipsis">
+    React
+  </span>
+  
+
+      </a>
+    </li>
+  
+
+              
+            
+              
+                
+  
+  
+  
+  
+    <li class="md-nav__item">
+      <a href="../javascript/react/react-router.html" class="md-nav__link">
+        
+  
+  <span class="md-ellipsis">
+    React Router
+  </span>
+  
+
+      </a>
+    </li>
+  
+
+              
+            
+              
+                
+  
+  
+  
+  
+    <li class="md-nav__item">
+      <a href="../javascript/react/react-tests.html" class="md-nav__link">
+        
+  
+  <span class="md-ellipsis">
+    React Tests
+  </span>
+  
+
+      </a>
+    </li>
+  
+
+              
+            
+              
+                
+  
+  
+  
+  
+    <li class="md-nav__item">
+      <a href="../javascript/react/redux.html" class="md-nav__link">
+        
+  
+  <span class="md-ellipsis">
+    Redux
+  </span>
+  
+
+      </a>
+    </li>
+  
+
+              
+            
+              
+                
+  
+  
+  
+  
+    <li class="md-nav__item">
+      <a href="../javascript/react/redux-tests.html" class="md-nav__link">
+        
+  
+  <span class="md-ellipsis">
+    Redux Tests
+  </span>
+  
+
+      </a>
+    </li>
+  
+
+              
+            
+          </ul>
+        </nav>
+      
+    </li>
+  
+
+              
+            
+              
+                
+  
+  
+  
+  
+    <li class="md-nav__item">
+      <a href="../javascript/svelte/svelte.html" class="md-nav__link">
+        
+  
+  <span class="md-ellipsis">
+    Svelte
+  </span>
+  
+
+      </a>
+    </li>
+  
+
+              
+            
+          </ul>
+        </nav>
+      
+    </li>
+  
+
+              
+            
+              
+                
+  
+  
+  
+  
+    
+    
+      
+        
+      
+        
+      
+    
+    
+      
+      
+        
+          
+          
+        
+      
+    
+    
+    <li class="md-nav__item md-nav__item--section md-nav__item--nested">
+      
+        
+        
+        <input class="md-nav__toggle md-toggle " type="checkbox" id="__nav_4_14" >
+        
+          
+          <label class="md-nav__link" for="__nav_4_14" id="__nav_4_14_label" tabindex="">
+            
+  
+  <span class="md-ellipsis">
+    PowerShell
+  </span>
+  
+
+            <span class="md-nav__icon md-icon"></span>
+          </label>
+        
+        <nav class="md-nav" data-md-level="2" aria-labelledby="__nav_4_14_label" aria-expanded="false">
+          <label class="md-nav__title" for="__nav_4_14">
+            <span class="md-nav__icon md-icon"></span>
+            PowerShell
+          </label>
+          <ul class="md-nav__list" data-md-scrollfix>
+            
+              
+                
+  
+  
+  
+  
+    <li class="md-nav__item">
+      <a href="../powershell/scripting.html" class="md-nav__link">
+        
+  
+  <span class="md-ellipsis">
+    Scripting
+  </span>
+  
+
+      </a>
+    </li>
+  
+
+              
+            
+              
+                
+  
+  
+  
+  
+    <li class="md-nav__item">
+      <a href="../powershell/commands.html" class="md-nav__link">
+        
+  
+  <span class="md-ellipsis">
+    Commands
+  </span>
+  
+
+      </a>
+    </li>
+  
+
+              
+            
+          </ul>
+        </nav>
+      
+    </li>
+  
+
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+            
+              
+                
+  
+  
+  
+  
+    
+    
+      
+        
+      
+        
+      
+    
+    
+      
+      
+        
+          
+          
+        
+      
+    
+    
+    <li class="md-nav__item md-nav__item--section md-nav__item--nested">
+      
+        
+        
+        <input class="md-nav__toggle md-toggle " type="checkbox" id="__nav_4_15" >
+        
+          
+          <label class="md-nav__link" for="__nav_4_15" id="__nav_4_15_label" tabindex="">
+            
+  
+  <span class="md-ellipsis">
+    Bash
+  </span>
+  
+
+            <span class="md-nav__icon md-icon"></span>
+          </label>
+        
+        <nav class="md-nav" data-md-level="2" aria-labelledby="__nav_4_15_label" aria-expanded="false">
+          <label class="md-nav__title" for="__nav_4_15">
+            <span class="md-nav__icon md-icon"></span>
+            Bash
+          </label>
+          <ul class="md-nav__list" data-md-scrollfix>
+            
+              
+                
+  
+  
+  
+  
+    <li class="md-nav__item">
+      <a href="../bash/scripting.html" class="md-nav__link">
+        
+  
+  <span class="md-ellipsis">
+    Scripting
+  </span>
+  
+
+      </a>
+    </li>
+  
+
+              
+            
+              
+                
+  
+  
+  
+  
+    <li class="md-nav__item">
+      <a href="../bash/commands.html" class="md-nav__link">
+        
+  
+  <span class="md-ellipsis">
+    Commands
+  </span>
+  
+
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+    </li>
+  
+
+              
+            
+          </ul>
+        </nav>
+      
+    </li>
+  
+
+              
+            
+          </ul>
+        </nav>
+      
+    </li>
+  
+
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+      
+      
+  
+  
+  
+  
+    
+    
+      
+        
+      
+        
+      
+        
+      
+        
+      
+        
+      
+    
+    
+      
+      
+        
+      
+    
+    
+    <li class="md-nav__item md-nav__item--nested">
+      
+        
+        
+        <input class="md-nav__toggle md-toggle " type="checkbox" id="__nav_5" >
+        
+          
+          <label class="md-nav__link" for="__nav_5" id="__nav_5_label" tabindex="0">
+            
+  
+  <span class="md-ellipsis">
+    Misc
+  </span>
+  
+
+            <span class="md-nav__icon md-icon"></span>
+          </label>
+        
+        <nav class="md-nav" data-md-level="1" aria-labelledby="__nav_5_label" aria-expanded="false">
+          <label class="md-nav__title" for="__nav_5">
+            <span class="md-nav__icon md-icon"></span>
+            Misc
+          </label>
+          <ul class="md-nav__list" data-md-scrollfix>
+            
+              
+                
+  
+  
+  
+  
+    <li class="md-nav__item">
+      <a href="../../misc/git.html" class="md-nav__link">
+        
+  
+  <span class="md-ellipsis">
+    Git
+  </span>
+  
+
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+    </li>
+  
+
+              
+            
+              
+                
+  
+  
+  
+  
+    <li class="md-nav__item">
+      <a href="../../misc/graph-ql.html" class="md-nav__link">
+        
+  
+  <span class="md-ellipsis">
+    GraphQL
+  </span>
+  
+
+      </a>
+    </li>
+  
+
+              
+            
+              
+                
+  
+  
+  
+  
+    <li class="md-nav__item">
+      <a href="../../misc/regular-expressions.html" class="md-nav__link">
+        
+  
+  <span class="md-ellipsis">
+    RegEx
+  </span>
+  
+
+      </a>
+    </li>
+  
+
+              
+            
+              
+                
+  
+  
+  
+  
+    <li class="md-nav__item">
+      <a href="../../misc/ssh.html" class="md-nav__link">
+        
+  
+  <span class="md-ellipsis">
+    SSH
+  </span>
+  
+
+      </a>
+    </li>
+  
+
+              
+            
+              
+                
+  
+  
+  
+  
+    <li class="md-nav__item">
+      <a href="../../misc/web-components.html" class="md-nav__link">
+        
+  
+  <span class="md-ellipsis">
+    WebComponents
+  </span>
+  
+
+      </a>
+    </li>
+  
+
+              
+            
+          </ul>
+        </nav>
+      
+    </li>
+  
+
+    
+      
+      
+  
+  
+  
+  
+    
+    
+      
+        
+      
+        
+      
+    
+    
+      
+      
+        
+      
+    
+    
+    <li class="md-nav__item md-nav__item--nested">
+      
+        
+        
+        <input class="md-nav__toggle md-toggle " type="checkbox" id="__nav_6" >
+        
+          
+          <label class="md-nav__link" for="__nav_6" id="__nav_6_label" tabindex="0">
+            
+  
+  <span class="md-ellipsis">
+    Linux
+  </span>
+  
+
+            <span class="md-nav__icon md-icon"></span>
+          </label>
+        
+        <nav class="md-nav" data-md-level="1" aria-labelledby="__nav_6_label" aria-expanded="false">
+          <label class="md-nav__title" for="__nav_6">
+            <span class="md-nav__icon md-icon"></span>
+            Linux
+          </label>
+          <ul class="md-nav__list" data-md-scrollfix>
+            
+              
+                
+  
+  
+  
+  
+    
+    
+      
+        
+      
+        
+      
+        
+      
+    
+    
+      
+      
+        
+      
+    
+    
+    <li class="md-nav__item md-nav__item--nested">
+      
+        
+        
+        <input class="md-nav__toggle md-toggle " type="checkbox" id="__nav_6_1" >
+        
+          
+          <label class="md-nav__link" for="__nav_6_1" id="__nav_6_1_label" tabindex="0">
+            
+  
+  <span class="md-ellipsis">
+    Filesystem
+  </span>
+  
+
+            <span class="md-nav__icon md-icon"></span>
+          </label>
+        
+        <nav class="md-nav" data-md-level="2" aria-labelledby="__nav_6_1_label" aria-expanded="false">
+          <label class="md-nav__title" for="__nav_6_1">
+            <span class="md-nav__icon md-icon"></span>
+            Filesystem
+          </label>
+          <ul class="md-nav__list" data-md-scrollfix>
+            
+              
+                
+  
+  
+  
+  
+    <li class="md-nav__item">
+      <a href="../../linux/filesystem/file-links.html" class="md-nav__link">
+        
+  
+  <span class="md-ellipsis">
+    File Links
+  </span>
+  
+
+      </a>
+    </li>
+  
+
+              
+            
+              
+                
+  
+  
+  
+  
+    <li class="md-nav__item">
+      <a href="../../linux/filesystem/procfs.html" class="md-nav__link">
+        
+  
+  <span class="md-ellipsis">
+    /proc
+  </span>
+  
+
+      </a>
+    </li>
+  
+
+              
+            
+              
+                
+  
+  
+  
+  
+    <li class="md-nav__item">
+      <a href="../../linux/filesystem/sysfs.html" class="md-nav__link">
+        
+  
+  <span class="md-ellipsis">
+    /sys
+  </span>
+  
+
+      </a>
+    </li>
+  
+
+              
+            
+          </ul>
+        </nav>
+      
+    </li>
+  
+
+              
+            
+              
+                
+  
+  
+  
+  
+    
+    
+      
+        
+      
+        
+      
+    
+    
+      
+      
+        
+      
+    
+    
+    <li class="md-nav__item md-nav__item--nested">
+      
+        
+        
+        <input class="md-nav__toggle md-toggle " type="checkbox" id="__nav_6_2" >
+        
+          
+          <label class="md-nav__link" for="__nav_6_2" id="__nav_6_2_label" tabindex="0">
+            
+  
+  <span class="md-ellipsis">
+    System Init
+  </span>
+  
+
+            <span class="md-nav__icon md-icon"></span>
+          </label>
+        
+        <nav class="md-nav" data-md-level="2" aria-labelledby="__nav_6_2_label" aria-expanded="false">
+          <label class="md-nav__title" for="__nav_6_2">
+            <span class="md-nav__icon md-icon"></span>
+            System Init
+          </label>
+          <ul class="md-nav__list" data-md-scrollfix>
+            
+              
+                
+  
+  
+  
+  
+    <li class="md-nav__item">
+      <a href="../../linux/init/systemd.html" class="md-nav__link">
+        
+  
+  <span class="md-ellipsis">
+    Systemd
+  </span>
+  
+
+      </a>
+    </li>
+  
+
+              
+            
+              
+                
+  
+  
+  
+  
+    <li class="md-nav__item">
+      <a href="../../linux/init/open-rc.html" class="md-nav__link">
+        
+  
+  <span class="md-ellipsis">
+    OpenRC
+  </span>
+  
+
+      </a>
+    </li>
+  
+
+              
+            
+          </ul>
+        </nav>
+      
+    </li>
+  
+
+              
+            
+          </ul>
+        </nav>
+      
+    </li>
+  
+
+    
+  </ul>
+</nav>
+                  </div>
+                </div>
+              </div>
+            
+            
+              
+              <div class="md-sidebar md-sidebar--secondary" data-md-component="sidebar" data-md-type="toc" >
+                <div class="md-sidebar__scrollwrap">
+                  <div class="md-sidebar__inner">
+                    
+
+<nav class="md-nav md-nav--secondary" aria-label="Table of contents">
+  
+  
+  
+    
+  
+  
+    <label class="md-nav__title" for="__toc">
+      <span class="md-nav__icon md-icon"></span>
+      Table of contents
+    </label>
+    <ul class="md-nav__list" data-md-component="toc" data-md-scrollfix>
+      
+        <li class="md-nav__item">
+  <a href="#php-data-objects-pdo" class="md-nav__link">
+    <span class="md-ellipsis">
+      PHP Data Objects (PDO)
+    </span>
+  </a>
+  
+    <nav class="md-nav" aria-label="PHP Data Objects (PDO)">
+      <ul class="md-nav__list">
+        
+          <li class="md-nav__item">
+  <a href="#database-connection" class="md-nav__link">
+    <span class="md-ellipsis">
+      Database Connection
+    </span>
+  </a>
+  
+</li>
+        
+          <li class="md-nav__item">
+  <a href="#queries" class="md-nav__link">
+    <span class="md-ellipsis">
+      Queries
+    </span>
+  </a>
+  
+</li>
+        
+          <li class="md-nav__item">
+  <a href="#parameter-binding" class="md-nav__link">
+    <span class="md-ellipsis">
+      Parameter Binding
+    </span>
+  </a>
+  
+</li>
+        
+          <li class="md-nav__item">
+  <a href="#pdo-data-types" class="md-nav__link">
+    <span class="md-ellipsis">
+      PDO &amp; Data Types
+    </span>
+  </a>
+  
+</li>
+        
+          <li class="md-nav__item">
+  <a href="#pdo-debug" class="md-nav__link">
+    <span class="md-ellipsis">
+      PDO Debug
+    </span>
+  </a>
+  
+</li>
+        
+      </ul>
+    </nav>
+  
+</li>
+      
+        <li class="md-nav__item">
+  <a href="#sqlite3" class="md-nav__link">
+    <span class="md-ellipsis">
+      SQLite3
+    </span>
+  </a>
+  
+</li>
+      
+    </ul>
+  
+</nav>
+                  </div>
+                </div>
+              </div>
+            
+          
+          
+            <div class="md-content" data-md-component="content">
+              <article class="md-content__inner md-typeset">
+                
+                  
+
+  
+  
+
+
+<h1 id="databases-in-php">Databases in PHP</h1>
+<h2 id="php-data-objects-pdo">PHP Data Objects (<a href="https://www.php.net/manual/en/book.pdo.php">PDO</a>)</h2>
+<p>PDO is the PHP extension for database access through a single API. It supports various databases: MySQL, SQLite, PostgreSQL, Oracle, SQL Server, etc.</p>
+<h3 id="database-connection">Database Connection</h3>
+<div class="highlight"><table class="highlighttable"><tr><th colspan="2" class="filename"><span class="filename">PHP</span></th></tr><tr><td class="linenos"><div class="linenodiv"><pre><span></span><span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-0-1"> 1</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-0-2"> 2</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-0-3"> 3</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-0-4"> 4</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-0-5"> 5</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-0-6"> 6</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-0-7"> 7</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-0-8"> 8</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-0-9"> 9</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-0-10">10</a></span></pre></div></td><td class="code"><div><pre><span></span><code><a id="__codelineno-0-1" name="__codelineno-0-1"></a><span class="x">$dsn = &quot;mysql:dbname=&lt;dbname&gt;;host=&lt;ip&gt;&quot;;</span>
+<a id="__codelineno-0-2" name="__codelineno-0-2"></a><span class="x">$user=&quot;&lt;db_user&gt;&quot;;</span>
+<a id="__codelineno-0-3" name="__codelineno-0-3"></a><span class="x">$password=&quot;&lt;db_password&gt;&quot;;</span>
+<a id="__codelineno-0-4" name="__codelineno-0-4"></a>
+<a id="__codelineno-0-5" name="__codelineno-0-5"></a><span class="x">try {</span>
+<a id="__codelineno-0-6" name="__codelineno-0-6"></a><span class="x">    $pdo = new PDO($dsn, $user, $password);  # connect, can throw PDOException</span>
+<a id="__codelineno-0-7" name="__codelineno-0-7"></a><span class="x">} catch (PDOException $e) {</span>
+<a id="__codelineno-0-8" name="__codelineno-0-8"></a><span class="x">    printf(&quot;Connection failed: %s\n&quot;, $e-&gt;getMessage());  # notify error</span>
+<a id="__codelineno-0-9" name="__codelineno-0-9"></a><span class="x">    exit(1);</span>
+<a id="__codelineno-0-10" name="__codelineno-0-10"></a><span class="x">}</span>
+</code></pre></div></td></tr></table></div>
+<h3 id="queries">Queries</h3>
+<p>To execute a query it's necessary to "prepare it" with <em>parameters</em>.</p>
+<div class="highlight"><table class="highlighttable"><tr><th colspan="2" class="filename"><span class="filename">PHP</span></th></tr><tr><td class="linenos"><div class="linenodiv"><pre><span></span><span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-1-1"> 1</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-1-2"> 2</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-1-3"> 3</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-1-4"> 4</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-1-5"> 5</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-1-6"> 6</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-1-7"> 7</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-1-8"> 8</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-1-9"> 9</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-1-10">10</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-1-11">11</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-1-12">12</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-1-13">13</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-1-14">14</a></span></pre></div></td><td class="code"><div><pre><span></span><code><a id="__codelineno-1-1" name="__codelineno-1-1"></a><span class="x"># literal string with markers</span>
+<a id="__codelineno-1-2" name="__codelineno-1-2"></a><span class="x">$sql = &#39;SELECT fields</span>
+<a id="__codelineno-1-3" name="__codelineno-1-3"></a><span class="x">FROM tables</span>
+<a id="__codelineno-1-4" name="__codelineno-1-4"></a><span class="x">WHERE field &lt;operator&gt; :marker&#39;</span>
+<a id="__codelineno-1-5" name="__codelineno-1-5"></a>
+<a id="__codelineno-1-6" name="__codelineno-1-6"></a><span class="x">$stmt = $pdo-&gt;prepare($sql, $options_array);  # returns PDOStatement, used to execute the query</span>
+<a id="__codelineno-1-7" name="__codelineno-1-7"></a><span class="x">$stmt-&gt;execute([ &#39;:marker&#39; =&gt; value ]);  # substitute marker with actual value</span>
+<a id="__codelineno-1-8" name="__codelineno-1-8"></a>
+<a id="__codelineno-1-9" name="__codelineno-1-9"></a><span class="x"># fetchAll returns all matches</span>
+<a id="__codelineno-1-10" name="__codelineno-1-10"></a><span class="x">$result = $stmt-&gt;fetchAll();  # result as associative array AND numeric array (PDO::FETCH_BOTH)</span>
+<a id="__codelineno-1-11" name="__codelineno-1-11"></a><span class="x">$result = $stmt-&gt;fetchAll(PDO::FETCH_ASSOC);  # result as associative array</span>
+<a id="__codelineno-1-12" name="__codelineno-1-12"></a><span class="x">$result = $stmt-&gt;fetchAll(PDO::FETCH_NUM);  # result as array</span>
+<a id="__codelineno-1-13" name="__codelineno-1-13"></a><span class="x">$result = $stmt-&gt;fetchAll(PDO::FETCH_OBJ);  # result as object of stdClass</span>
+<a id="__codelineno-1-14" name="__codelineno-1-14"></a><span class="x">$result = $stmt-&gt;fetchAll(PDO::FETCH_CLASS, ClassName::class);  # result as object of a specific class</span>
+</code></pre></div></td></tr></table></div>
+<h3 id="parameter-binding">Parameter Binding</h3>
+<div class="highlight"><table class="highlighttable"><tr><th colspan="2" class="filename"><span class="filename">PHP</span></th></tr><tr><td class="linenos"><div class="linenodiv"><pre><span></span><span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-2-1"> 1</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-2-2"> 2</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-2-3"> 3</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-2-4"> 4</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-2-5"> 5</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-2-6"> 6</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-2-7"> 7</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-2-8"> 8</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-2-9"> 9</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-2-10">10</a></span></pre></div></td><td class="code"><div><pre><span></span><code><a id="__codelineno-2-1" name="__codelineno-2-1"></a><span class="x"># bindValue</span>
+<a id="__codelineno-2-2" name="__codelineno-2-2"></a><span class="x">$stmt = pdo-&gt;prepare(sql);</span>
+<a id="__codelineno-2-3" name="__codelineno-2-3"></a><span class="x">$stmt-&gt;bindValue(&#39;:marker&#39;, value, PDO::PARAM_&lt;type&gt;);</span>
+<a id="__codelineno-2-4" name="__codelineno-2-4"></a><span class="x">$stmt-&gt;execute();</span>
+<a id="__codelineno-2-5" name="__codelineno-2-5"></a>
+<a id="__codelineno-2-6" name="__codelineno-2-6"></a><span class="x"># bindParam</span>
+<a id="__codelineno-2-7" name="__codelineno-2-7"></a><span class="x">$stmt = pdo-&gt;prepare(sql);</span>
+<a id="__codelineno-2-8" name="__codelineno-2-8"></a><span class="x">$variable = value;</span>
+<a id="__codelineno-2-9" name="__codelineno-2-9"></a><span class="x">$stmt-&gt;bindParam(&#39;:marker&#39;, $variable);  # type optional</span>
+<a id="__codelineno-2-10" name="__codelineno-2-10"></a><span class="x">$stmt-&gt;execute();</span>
+</code></pre></div></td></tr></table></div>
+<h3 id="pdo-data-types">PDO &amp; Data Types</h3>
+<p>By default PDO converts all results into strings since it is a generic driver for multiple databases.
+Its possible to disable this behaviour setting <code>PDO::ATTR_STRINGIFY_FETCHES</code> and <code>PDO::ATTR_EMULATE_PREPARES</code> as <code>false</code>.</p>
+<blockquote>
+<p><strong>Note</strong>: <code>FETCH_OBJ</code> abd <code>FETCH_CLASS</code> return classes and don't have this behaviour.</p>
+</blockquote>
+<div class="highlight"><table class="highlighttable"><tr><th colspan="2" class="filename"><span class="filename">PHP</span></th></tr><tr><td class="linenos"><div class="linenodiv"><pre><span></span><span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-3-1">1</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-3-2">2</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-3-3">3</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-3-4">4</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-3-5">5</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-3-6">6</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-3-7">7</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-3-8">8</a></span></pre></div></td><td class="code"><div><pre><span></span><code><a id="__codelineno-3-1" name="__codelineno-3-1"></a><span class="x">pdo-&gt;setAttribute()</span>
+<a id="__codelineno-3-2" name="__codelineno-3-2"></a>
+<a id="__codelineno-3-3" name="__codelineno-3-3"></a><span class="x">$pdo-&gt;setAttribute(PDO::ATTR_STRINGIFY_FETCHES, false);</span>
+<a id="__codelineno-3-4" name="__codelineno-3-4"></a><span class="x">$pdo-&gt;setAttribute(PDO::ATTR_EMULATE_PREPARES, false);</span>
+<a id="__codelineno-3-5" name="__codelineno-3-5"></a>
+<a id="__codelineno-3-6" name="__codelineno-3-6"></a><span class="x">$stmt = $pdo-&gt;prepare($sql);</span>
+<a id="__codelineno-3-7" name="__codelineno-3-7"></a><span class="x">$stmt-&gt;execute([&#39;:marker&#39; =&gt; value]);</span>
+<a id="__codelineno-3-8" name="__codelineno-3-8"></a><span class="x">$result = $stmt-&gt;fetchAll(PDO::FETCH_ASSOC);</span>
+</code></pre></div></td></tr></table></div>
+<h3 id="pdo-debug">PDO Debug</h3>
+<div class="highlight"><table class="highlighttable"><tr><th colspan="2" class="filename"><span class="filename">PHP</span></th></tr><tr><td class="linenos"><div class="linenodiv"><pre><span></span><span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-4-1">1</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-4-2">2</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-4-3">3</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-4-4">4</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-4-5">5</a></span></pre></div></td><td class="code"><div><pre><span></span><code><a id="__codelineno-4-1" name="__codelineno-4-1"></a><span class="x">$stmt = $pdo-&gt;prepare($sql);</span>
+<a id="__codelineno-4-2" name="__codelineno-4-2"></a><span class="x">$stmt-&gt;execute([&#39;:marker&#39; =&gt; value]);</span>
+<a id="__codelineno-4-3" name="__codelineno-4-3"></a><span class="x">$result = $stmt-&gt;fetchAll(PDO::FETCH_ASSOC);</span>
+<a id="__codelineno-4-4" name="__codelineno-4-4"></a>
+<a id="__codelineno-4-5" name="__codelineno-4-5"></a><span class="x">$stmt-&gt;debugDumpParams();  # print the SQL query that has been sent to the database</span>
+</code></pre></div></td></tr></table></div>
+<h2 id="sqlite3"><a href="https://www.php.net/manual/en/book.sqlite3.php">SQLite3</a></h2>
+<div class="highlight"><table class="highlighttable"><tr><th colspan="2" class="filename"><span class="filename">PHP</span></th></tr><tr><td class="linenos"><div class="linenodiv"><pre><span></span><span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-5-1">1</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-5-2">2</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-5-3">3</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-5-4">4</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-5-5">5</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-5-6">6</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-5-7">7</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-5-8">8</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-5-9">9</a></span></pre></div></td><td class="code"><div><pre><span></span><code><a id="__codelineno-5-1" name="__codelineno-5-1"></a><span class="x">$db = SQLite3(&quot;db_file.sqlite3&quot;);  // connection</span>
+<a id="__codelineno-5-2" name="__codelineno-5-2"></a>
+<a id="__codelineno-5-3" name="__codelineno-5-3"></a><span class="x">$stmt = $db-&gt;prepare(&quot;SELECT fields FROM tables WHERE field &lt;operator&gt; :marker&quot;);  // prepare query</span>
+<a id="__codelineno-5-4" name="__codelineno-5-4"></a><span class="x">$stmt-&gt;bindParam(&quot;:marker&quot;, $variable);  // param binding</span>
+<a id="__codelineno-5-5" name="__codelineno-5-5"></a>
+<a id="__codelineno-5-6" name="__codelineno-5-6"></a><span class="x">$result = $stmt-&gt;execute();  // retrieve records</span>
+<a id="__codelineno-5-7" name="__codelineno-5-7"></a><span class="x">$result-&gt;finalize();  // close result set, recommended calling before another execute()</span>
+<a id="__codelineno-5-8" name="__codelineno-5-8"></a>
+<a id="__codelineno-5-9" name="__codelineno-5-9"></a><span class="x">$records = $results-&gt;fetchArray(SQLITE3_ASSOC);  // extract records as array (false if no results)</span>
+</code></pre></div></td></tr></table></div>
+<blockquote>
+<p><strong>Note</strong>: Result set objects retrieved by calling <code>SQLite3Stmt::execute()</code> on the same statement object are not independent, but rather share the same underlying structure. Therefore it is recommended to call <code>SQLite3Result::finalize()</code>, before calling <code>SQLite3Stmt::execute()</code> on the same statement object again.</p>
+</blockquote>
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
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+      <a href="../dotnet/asp.net/minimal-api.html" class="md-nav__link">
+        
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+  <span class="md-ellipsis">
+    Minimal API
+  </span>
+  
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+      <a href="../dotnet/asp.net/filters.html" class="md-nav__link">
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+  
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+      <a href="../dotnet/asp.net/middleware.html" class="md-nav__link">
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+      <a href="../dotnet/asp.net/razor-syntax.html" class="md-nav__link">
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+    Razor Syntax
+  </span>
+  
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+      <a href="../dotnet/asp.net/blazor.html" class="md-nav__link">
+        
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+    Blazor
+  </span>
+  
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+      <a href="../dotnet/asp.net/signalr.html" class="md-nav__link">
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+    SignalR
+  </span>
+  
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+      <a href="../dotnet/asp.net/web-forms.html" class="md-nav__link">
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+      <a href="../dotnet/database/ado.net.html" class="md-nav__link">
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+    ADO.NET
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+  
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+      <a href="../dotnet/database/entity-framework.html" class="md-nav__link">
+        
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+  <span class="md-ellipsis">
+    Entity Framework
+  </span>
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+      <a href="../java/java.html" class="md-nav__link">
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+    Java
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+      <a href="../java/java-collection-framework.html" class="md-nav__link">
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+      <a href="../java/web/servlet.html" class="md-nav__link">
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+            <span class="md-nav__icon md-icon"></span>
+            Spring
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+      <a href="../java/spring/pom.xml.html" class="md-nav__link">
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+    POM
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+      <a href="../java/spring/spring-project.html" class="md-nav__link">
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+        
+      
+        
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+        
+      
+        
+      
+        
+      
+        
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+        
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+    PHP
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+    Database
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+      <a href="web.html" class="md-nav__link">
+        
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+  <span class="md-ellipsis">
+    Web
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+  <span class="md-ellipsis">
+    Dependency Injection
+  </span>
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+      <a href="dependency-injection.html" class="md-nav__link md-nav__link--active">
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+  </span>
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+      
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+
+<nav class="md-nav md-nav--secondary" aria-label="Table of contents">
+  
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+      Table of contents
+    </label>
+    <ul class="md-nav__list" data-md-component="toc" data-md-scrollfix>
+      
+        <li class="md-nav__item">
+  <a href="#dependency-injection-container" class="md-nav__link">
+    <span class="md-ellipsis">
+      Dependency Injection Container
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+  
+</li>
+      
+        <li class="md-nav__item">
+  <a href="#php-di" class="md-nav__link">
+    <span class="md-ellipsis">
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+  <a href="#dic-configuration" class="md-nav__link">
+    <span class="md-ellipsis">
+      DIC Configuration
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+      <a href="unit-tests.html" class="md-nav__link">
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+      <a href="composer.html" class="md-nav__link">
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+    Composer
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+    <li class="md-nav__item">
+      <a href="psr-7.html" class="md-nav__link">
+        
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+  <span class="md-ellipsis">
+    PSR 7
+  </span>
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+            
+  
+  <span class="md-ellipsis">
+    Simple MVC
+  </span>
+  
+
+            <span class="md-nav__icon md-icon"></span>
+          </label>
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+        <nav class="md-nav" data-md-level="3" aria-labelledby="__nav_4_11_9_label" aria-expanded="false">
+          <label class="md-nav__title" for="__nav_4_11_9">
+            <span class="md-nav__icon md-icon"></span>
+            Simple MVC
+          </label>
+          <ul class="md-nav__list" data-md-scrollfix>
+            
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+  
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+  
+  
+    <li class="md-nav__item">
+      <a href="simple-mvc/simple-mvc.html" class="md-nav__link">
+        
+  
+  <span class="md-ellipsis">
+    Simple MVC
+  </span>
+  
+
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+    </li>
+  
+
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+            
+              
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+  
+  
+  
+  
+    <li class="md-nav__item">
+      <a href="simple-mvc/rest-api.html" class="md-nav__link">
+        
+  
+  <span class="md-ellipsis">
+    REST API
+  </span>
+  
+
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+    </li>
+  
+
+              
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+          </ul>
+        </nav>
+      
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+  
+  
+  
+  
+    
+    
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+        
+      
+        
+      
+        
+      
+        
+      
+        
+      
+    
+    
+      
+      
+        
+          
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+          <label class="md-nav__link" for="__nav_4_12" id="__nav_4_12_label" tabindex="">
+            
+  
+  <span class="md-ellipsis">
+    Rust
+  </span>
+  
+
+            <span class="md-nav__icon md-icon"></span>
+          </label>
+        
+        <nav class="md-nav" data-md-level="2" aria-labelledby="__nav_4_12_label" aria-expanded="false">
+          <label class="md-nav__title" for="__nav_4_12">
+            <span class="md-nav__icon md-icon"></span>
+            Rust
+          </label>
+          <ul class="md-nav__list" data-md-scrollfix>
+            
+              
+                
+  
+  
+  
+  
+    <li class="md-nav__item">
+      <a href="../rust/rust.html" class="md-nav__link">
+        
+  
+  <span class="md-ellipsis">
+    Rust
+  </span>
+  
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+    </li>
+  
+
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+            
+              
+                
+  
+  
+  
+  
+    <li class="md-nav__item">
+      <a href="../rust/macros.html" class="md-nav__link">
+        
+  
+  <span class="md-ellipsis">
+    Macros
+  </span>
+  
+
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+    </li>
+  
+
+              
+            
+              
+                
+  
+  
+  
+  
+    <li class="md-nav__item">
+      <a href="../rust/cargo.html" class="md-nav__link">
+        
+  
+  <span class="md-ellipsis">
+    Cargo
+  </span>
+  
+
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+    </li>
+  
+
+              
+            
+              
+                
+  
+  
+  
+  
+    <li class="md-nav__item">
+      <a href="../rust/concurrency.html" class="md-nav__link">
+        
+  
+  <span class="md-ellipsis">
+    Concurrency
+  </span>
+  
+
+      </a>
+    </li>
+  
+
+              
+            
+              
+                
+  
+  
+  
+  
+    <li class="md-nav__item">
+      <a href="../rust/unit-tests.html" class="md-nav__link">
+        
+  
+  <span class="md-ellipsis">
+    Unit Tests
+  </span>
+  
+
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+    </li>
+  
+
+              
+            
+          </ul>
+        </nav>
+      
+    </li>
+  
+
+              
+            
+              
+                
+  
+  
+  
+  
+    
+    
+      
+        
+      
+        
+      
+        
+      
+        
+      
+        
+      
+        
+      
+        
+      
+    
+    
+      
+      
+        
+          
+          
+        
+      
+    
+    
+    <li class="md-nav__item md-nav__item--section md-nav__item--nested">
+      
+        
+        
+        <input class="md-nav__toggle md-toggle " type="checkbox" id="__nav_4_13" >
+        
+          
+          <label class="md-nav__link" for="__nav_4_13" id="__nav_4_13_label" tabindex="">
+            
+  
+  <span class="md-ellipsis">
+    Javascript
+  </span>
+  
+
+            <span class="md-nav__icon md-icon"></span>
+          </label>
+        
+        <nav class="md-nav" data-md-level="2" aria-labelledby="__nav_4_13_label" aria-expanded="false">
+          <label class="md-nav__title" for="__nav_4_13">
+            <span class="md-nav__icon md-icon"></span>
+            Javascript
+          </label>
+          <ul class="md-nav__list" data-md-scrollfix>
+            
+              
+                
+  
+  
+  
+  
+    <li class="md-nav__item">
+      <a href="../javascript/javascript.html" class="md-nav__link">
+        
+  
+  <span class="md-ellipsis">
+    Javascript
+  </span>
+  
+
+      </a>
+    </li>
+  
+
+              
+            
+              
+                
+  
+  
+  
+  
+    <li class="md-nav__item">
+      <a href="../javascript/dom.html" class="md-nav__link">
+        
+  
+  <span class="md-ellipsis">
+    DOM
+  </span>
+  
+
+      </a>
+    </li>
+  
+
+              
+            
+              
+                
+  
+  
+  
+  
+    <li class="md-nav__item">
+      <a href="../javascript/events-animation.html" class="md-nav__link">
+        
+  
+  <span class="md-ellipsis">
+    Events & Animation
+  </span>
+  
+
+      </a>
+    </li>
+  
+
+              
+            
+              
+                
+  
+  
+  
+  
+    <li class="md-nav__item">
+      <a href="../javascript/ajax.html" class="md-nav__link">
+        
+  
+  <span class="md-ellipsis">
+    AJAX
+  </span>
+  
+
+      </a>
+    </li>
+  
+
+              
+            
+              
+                
+  
+  
+  
+  
+    <li class="md-nav__item">
+      <a href="../javascript/jquery.html" class="md-nav__link">
+        
+  
+  <span class="md-ellipsis">
+    jQuery
+  </span>
+  
+
+      </a>
+    </li>
+  
+
+              
+            
+              
+                
+  
+  
+  
+  
+    
+    
+      
+        
+      
+        
+      
+        
+      
+        
+      
+        
+      
+    
+    
+      
+      
+        
+      
+    
+    
+    <li class="md-nav__item md-nav__item--nested">
+      
+        
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+        <input class="md-nav__toggle md-toggle " type="checkbox" id="__nav_4_13_6" >
+        
+          
+          <label class="md-nav__link" for="__nav_4_13_6" id="__nav_4_13_6_label" tabindex="0">
+            
+  
+  <span class="md-ellipsis">
+    React
+  </span>
+  
+
+            <span class="md-nav__icon md-icon"></span>
+          </label>
+        
+        <nav class="md-nav" data-md-level="3" aria-labelledby="__nav_4_13_6_label" aria-expanded="false">
+          <label class="md-nav__title" for="__nav_4_13_6">
+            <span class="md-nav__icon md-icon"></span>
+            React
+          </label>
+          <ul class="md-nav__list" data-md-scrollfix>
+            
+              
+                
+  
+  
+  
+  
+    <li class="md-nav__item">
+      <a href="../javascript/react/react.html" class="md-nav__link">
+        
+  
+  <span class="md-ellipsis">
+    React
+  </span>
+  
+
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+    </li>
+  
+
+              
+            
+              
+                
+  
+  
+  
+  
+    <li class="md-nav__item">
+      <a href="../javascript/react/react-router.html" class="md-nav__link">
+        
+  
+  <span class="md-ellipsis">
+    React Router
+  </span>
+  
+
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+    </li>
+  
+
+              
+            
+              
+                
+  
+  
+  
+  
+    <li class="md-nav__item">
+      <a href="../javascript/react/react-tests.html" class="md-nav__link">
+        
+  
+  <span class="md-ellipsis">
+    React Tests
+  </span>
+  
+
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+    </li>
+  
+
+              
+            
+              
+                
+  
+  
+  
+  
+    <li class="md-nav__item">
+      <a href="../javascript/react/redux.html" class="md-nav__link">
+        
+  
+  <span class="md-ellipsis">
+    Redux
+  </span>
+  
+
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+    </li>
+  
+
+              
+            
+              
+                
+  
+  
+  
+  
+    <li class="md-nav__item">
+      <a href="../javascript/react/redux-tests.html" class="md-nav__link">
+        
+  
+  <span class="md-ellipsis">
+    Redux Tests
+  </span>
+  
+
+      </a>
+    </li>
+  
+
+              
+            
+          </ul>
+        </nav>
+      
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+  
+
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+            
+              
+                
+  
+  
+  
+  
+    <li class="md-nav__item">
+      <a href="../javascript/svelte/svelte.html" class="md-nav__link">
+        
+  
+  <span class="md-ellipsis">
+    Svelte
+  </span>
+  
+
+      </a>
+    </li>
+  
+
+              
+            
+          </ul>
+        </nav>
+      
+    </li>
+  
+
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+            
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+                
+  
+  
+  
+  
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+    
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+        
+      
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+      
+      
+        
+          
+          
+        
+      
+    
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+    <li class="md-nav__item md-nav__item--section md-nav__item--nested">
+      
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+        <input class="md-nav__toggle md-toggle " type="checkbox" id="__nav_4_14" >
+        
+          
+          <label class="md-nav__link" for="__nav_4_14" id="__nav_4_14_label" tabindex="">
+            
+  
+  <span class="md-ellipsis">
+    PowerShell
+  </span>
+  
+
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+          </label>
+        
+        <nav class="md-nav" data-md-level="2" aria-labelledby="__nav_4_14_label" aria-expanded="false">
+          <label class="md-nav__title" for="__nav_4_14">
+            <span class="md-nav__icon md-icon"></span>
+            PowerShell
+          </label>
+          <ul class="md-nav__list" data-md-scrollfix>
+            
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+    <li class="md-nav__item">
+      <a href="../powershell/scripting.html" class="md-nav__link">
+        
+  
+  <span class="md-ellipsis">
+    Scripting
+  </span>
+  
+
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+    </li>
+  
+
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+              
+                
+  
+  
+  
+  
+    <li class="md-nav__item">
+      <a href="../powershell/commands.html" class="md-nav__link">
+        
+  
+  <span class="md-ellipsis">
+    Commands
+  </span>
+  
+
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+    </li>
+  
+
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+          </ul>
+        </nav>
+      
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+  
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+  
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+        
+      
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+      
+        
+          
+          
+        
+      
+    
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+    <li class="md-nav__item md-nav__item--section md-nav__item--nested">
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+        <input class="md-nav__toggle md-toggle " type="checkbox" id="__nav_4_15" >
+        
+          
+          <label class="md-nav__link" for="__nav_4_15" id="__nav_4_15_label" tabindex="">
+            
+  
+  <span class="md-ellipsis">
+    Bash
+  </span>
+  
+
+            <span class="md-nav__icon md-icon"></span>
+          </label>
+        
+        <nav class="md-nav" data-md-level="2" aria-labelledby="__nav_4_15_label" aria-expanded="false">
+          <label class="md-nav__title" for="__nav_4_15">
+            <span class="md-nav__icon md-icon"></span>
+            Bash
+          </label>
+          <ul class="md-nav__list" data-md-scrollfix>
+            
+              
+                
+  
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+  
+    <li class="md-nav__item">
+      <a href="../bash/scripting.html" class="md-nav__link">
+        
+  
+  <span class="md-ellipsis">
+    Scripting
+  </span>
+  
+
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+    </li>
+  
+
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+            
+              
+                
+  
+  
+  
+  
+    <li class="md-nav__item">
+      <a href="../bash/commands.html" class="md-nav__link">
+        
+  
+  <span class="md-ellipsis">
+    Commands
+  </span>
+  
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+    </li>
+  
+
+              
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+        </nav>
+      
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+          </ul>
+        </nav>
+      
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+  
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+    
+      
+        
+      
+        
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+        
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+      
+    
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+      
+        
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+    <li class="md-nav__item md-nav__item--nested">
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+          <label class="md-nav__link" for="__nav_5" id="__nav_5_label" tabindex="0">
+            
+  
+  <span class="md-ellipsis">
+    Misc
+  </span>
+  
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+          </label>
+        
+        <nav class="md-nav" data-md-level="1" aria-labelledby="__nav_5_label" aria-expanded="false">
+          <label class="md-nav__title" for="__nav_5">
+            <span class="md-nav__icon md-icon"></span>
+            Misc
+          </label>
+          <ul class="md-nav__list" data-md-scrollfix>
+            
+              
+                
+  
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+    <li class="md-nav__item">
+      <a href="../../misc/git.html" class="md-nav__link">
+        
+  
+  <span class="md-ellipsis">
+    Git
+  </span>
+  
+
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+    </li>
+  
+
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+            
+              
+                
+  
+  
+  
+  
+    <li class="md-nav__item">
+      <a href="../../misc/graph-ql.html" class="md-nav__link">
+        
+  
+  <span class="md-ellipsis">
+    GraphQL
+  </span>
+  
+
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+    </li>
+  
+
+              
+            
+              
+                
+  
+  
+  
+  
+    <li class="md-nav__item">
+      <a href="../../misc/regular-expressions.html" class="md-nav__link">
+        
+  
+  <span class="md-ellipsis">
+    RegEx
+  </span>
+  
+
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+    </li>
+  
+
+              
+            
+              
+                
+  
+  
+  
+  
+    <li class="md-nav__item">
+      <a href="../../misc/ssh.html" class="md-nav__link">
+        
+  
+  <span class="md-ellipsis">
+    SSH
+  </span>
+  
+
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+    </li>
+  
+
+              
+            
+              
+                
+  
+  
+  
+  
+    <li class="md-nav__item">
+      <a href="../../misc/web-components.html" class="md-nav__link">
+        
+  
+  <span class="md-ellipsis">
+    WebComponents
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+    OpenRC
+  </span>
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+                <div class="md-sidebar__scrollwrap">
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+<nav class="md-nav md-nav--secondary" aria-label="Table of contents">
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+      
+        <li class="md-nav__item">
+  <a href="#dependency-injection-container" class="md-nav__link">
+    <span class="md-ellipsis">
+      Dependency Injection Container
+    </span>
+  </a>
+  
+</li>
+      
+        <li class="md-nav__item">
+  <a href="#php-di" class="md-nav__link">
+    <span class="md-ellipsis">
+      PHP-DI
+    </span>
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+  
+    <nav class="md-nav" aria-label="PHP-DI">
+      <ul class="md-nav__list">
+        
+          <li class="md-nav__item">
+  <a href="#dic-configuration" class="md-nav__link">
+    <span class="md-ellipsis">
+      DIC Configuration
+    </span>
+  </a>
+  
+</li>
+        
+      </ul>
+    </nav>
+  
+</li>
+      
+    </ul>
+  
+</nav>
+                  </div>
+                </div>
+              </div>
+            
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+            <div class="md-content" data-md-component="content">
+              <article class="md-content__inner md-typeset">
+                
+                  
+
+  
+  
+
+
+<h1 id="dependency-injection">Dependency Injection</h1>
+<p>Explicit definition of a class dependencies with the injection through the constructor or <em>getters</em>/<em>setters</em>.</p>
+<div class="highlight"><table class="highlighttable"><tr><th colspan="2" class="filename"><span class="filename">PHP</span></th></tr><tr><td class="linenos"><div class="linenodiv"><pre><span></span><span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-0-1">1</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-0-2">2</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-0-3">3</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-0-4">4</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-0-5">5</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-0-6">6</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-0-7">7</a></span></pre></div></td><td class="code"><div><pre><span></span><code><a id="__codelineno-0-1" name="__codelineno-0-1"></a><span class="x">class Foo</span>
+<a id="__codelineno-0-2" name="__codelineno-0-2"></a><span class="x">{</span>
+<a id="__codelineno-0-3" name="__codelineno-0-3"></a><span class="x">    public function __construct(PDO $pdo)  // depends on PDO</span>
+<a id="__codelineno-0-4" name="__codelineno-0-4"></a><span class="x">    {</span>
+<a id="__codelineno-0-5" name="__codelineno-0-5"></a><span class="x">        $this-&gt;pdo = $pdo;</span>
+<a id="__codelineno-0-6" name="__codelineno-0-6"></a><span class="x">    }</span>
+<a id="__codelineno-0-7" name="__codelineno-0-7"></a><span class="x">}</span>
+</code></pre></div></td></tr></table></div>
+<h2 id="dependency-injection-container">Dependency Injection Container</h2>
+<p>The <strong>Dependency Injection Container</strong> (DIC) allow to archive all the dependencies in a single <code>Container</code> class. Some offer automatic resolution of the dependencies.</p>
+<h2 id="php-di"><a href="https://php-di.org/">PHP-DI</a></h2>
+<p>The dependency injection container for humans. Installation: <code>composer require php-di/php-di</code></p>
+<ul>
+<li><strong>Autowire</strong> functionality: the ability of the container to create and inject the dependency automatically.</li>
+<li>Use of <a href="https://www.php.net/manual/en/intro.reflection.php">Reflection</a></li>
+<li>Configuration of the container through annotations &amp; PHP code.</li>
+</ul>
+<div class="highlight"><table class="highlighttable"><tr><th colspan="2" class="filename"><span class="filename">PHP</span></th></tr><tr><td class="linenos"><div class="linenodiv"><pre><span></span><span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-1-1"> 1</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-1-2"> 2</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-1-3"> 3</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-1-4"> 4</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-1-5"> 5</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-1-6"> 6</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-1-7"> 7</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-1-8"> 8</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-1-9"> 9</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-1-10">10</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-1-11">11</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-1-12">12</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-1-13">13</a></span></pre></div></td><td class="code"><div><pre><span></span><code><a id="__codelineno-1-1" name="__codelineno-1-1"></a><span class="x">class Foo</span>
+<a id="__codelineno-1-2" name="__codelineno-1-2"></a><span class="x">{</span>
+<a id="__codelineno-1-3" name="__codelineno-1-3"></a><span class="x">    private $bar;</span>
+<a id="__codelineno-1-4" name="__codelineno-1-4"></a><span class="x">    public function __construct(Bar $bar)  // depends on Bar</span>
+<a id="__codelineno-1-5" name="__codelineno-1-5"></a><span class="x">    {</span>
+<a id="__codelineno-1-6" name="__codelineno-1-6"></a><span class="x">        $this-&gt;bar = $bar;</span>
+<a id="__codelineno-1-7" name="__codelineno-1-7"></a><span class="x">    }</span>
+<a id="__codelineno-1-8" name="__codelineno-1-8"></a><span class="x">}</span>
+<a id="__codelineno-1-9" name="__codelineno-1-9"></a>
+<a id="__codelineno-1-10" name="__codelineno-1-10"></a><span class="x">class Bar{}</span>
+<a id="__codelineno-1-11" name="__codelineno-1-11"></a>
+<a id="__codelineno-1-12" name="__codelineno-1-12"></a><span class="x">$container = new DI\Container();  // DI Container</span>
+<a id="__codelineno-1-13" name="__codelineno-1-13"></a><span class="x">$foo = $container-&gt;get(&#39;Foo&#39;);  // get instance of Foo (automatic DI of Bar)</span>
+</code></pre></div></td></tr></table></div>
+<h3 id="dic-configuration">DIC Configuration</h3>
+<div class="highlight"><table class="highlighttable"><tr><th colspan="2" class="filename"><span class="filename">PHP</span></th></tr><tr><td class="linenos"><div class="linenodiv"><pre><span></span><span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-2-1">1</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-2-2">2</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-2-3">3</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-2-4">4</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-2-5">5</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-2-6">6</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-2-7">7</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-2-8">8</a></span></pre></div></td><td class="code"><div><pre><span></span><code><a id="__codelineno-2-1" name="__codelineno-2-1"></a><span class="x">// Foo.php</span>
+<a id="__codelineno-2-2" name="__codelineno-2-2"></a><span class="x">class Foo</span>
+<a id="__codelineno-2-3" name="__codelineno-2-3"></a><span class="x">{</span>
+<a id="__codelineno-2-4" name="__codelineno-2-4"></a><span class="x">    public function __construct(PDO $pdo)  // depends on PDO</span>
+<a id="__codelineno-2-5" name="__codelineno-2-5"></a><span class="x">    {</span>
+<a id="__codelineno-2-6" name="__codelineno-2-6"></a><span class="x">        $this-&gt;pdo = $pdo;</span>
+<a id="__codelineno-2-7" name="__codelineno-2-7"></a><span class="x">    }</span>
+<a id="__codelineno-2-8" name="__codelineno-2-8"></a><span class="x">}</span>
+</code></pre></div></td></tr></table></div>
+<div class="highlight"><table class="highlighttable"><tr><th colspan="2" class="filename"><span class="filename">PHP</span></th></tr><tr><td class="linenos"><div class="linenodiv"><pre><span></span><span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-3-1"> 1</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-3-2"> 2</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-3-3"> 3</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-3-4"> 4</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-3-5"> 5</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-3-6"> 6</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-3-7"> 7</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-3-8"> 8</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-3-9"> 9</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-3-10">10</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-3-11">11</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-3-12">12</a></span></pre></div></td><td class="code"><div><pre><span></span><code><a id="__codelineno-3-1" name="__codelineno-3-1"></a><span class="x">// config.php</span>
+<a id="__codelineno-3-2" name="__codelineno-3-2"></a><span class="x">use Psr\Container\ContainerInterface;</span>
+<a id="__codelineno-3-3" name="__codelineno-3-3"></a>
+<a id="__codelineno-3-4" name="__codelineno-3-4"></a><span class="x">// config &quot;primitive&quot; dependencies (dependency =&gt; construct &amp; return)</span>
+<a id="__codelineno-3-5" name="__codelineno-3-5"></a><span class="x">return [</span>
+<a id="__codelineno-3-6" name="__codelineno-3-6"></a><span class="x">    &#39;dsn&#39; =&gt; &#39;sqlite:db.sq3&#39;,</span>
+<a id="__codelineno-3-7" name="__codelineno-3-7"></a><span class="x">    PDO::class =&gt; function(ContainerInterface $c) {</span>
+<a id="__codelineno-3-8" name="__codelineno-3-8"></a><span class="x">        return new PDO($c-&gt;get(&#39;dsn&#39;));</span>
+<a id="__codelineno-3-9" name="__codelineno-3-9"></a><span class="x">    },</span>
+<a id="__codelineno-3-10" name="__codelineno-3-10"></a>
+<a id="__codelineno-3-11" name="__codelineno-3-11"></a><span class="x">    ...</span>
+<a id="__codelineno-3-12" name="__codelineno-3-12"></a><span class="x">];</span>
+</code></pre></div></td></tr></table></div>
+<div class="highlight"><table class="highlighttable"><tr><th colspan="2" class="filename"><span class="filename">PHP</span></th></tr><tr><td class="linenos"><div class="linenodiv"><pre><span></span><span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-4-1">1</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-4-2">2</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-4-3">3</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-4-4">4</a></span></pre></div></td><td class="code"><div><pre><span></span><code><a id="__codelineno-4-1" name="__codelineno-4-1"></a><span class="x">$builder = new \DI\ContainerBuilder();</span>
+<a id="__codelineno-4-2" name="__codelineno-4-2"></a><span class="x">$builder-&gt;addDefinitions(&quot;config.php&quot;);  // load config</span>
+<a id="__codelineno-4-3" name="__codelineno-4-3"></a><span class="x">$container = $builder-&gt;build();  // construct container</span>
+<a id="__codelineno-4-4" name="__codelineno-4-4"></a><span class="x">$cart = $container-&gt;get(Foo::class);  // Instantiate &amp; Inject</span>
+</code></pre></div></td></tr></table></div>
+<blockquote>
+<p><strong>Note</strong>: <code>get("className")</code> requires the explicit definition of <code>className</code> in the config file. <code>get(ClassName::class)</code> does not.</p>
+</blockquote>
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diff --git a/languages/php/php.html b/languages/php/php.html
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..935696d
--- /dev/null
+++ b/languages/php/php.html
@@ -0,0 +1,6707 @@
+
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+      <a href="../python/libs/pandas.html" class="md-nav__link">
+        
+  
+  <span class="md-ellipsis">
+    Pandas
+  </span>
+  
+
+      </a>
+    </li>
+  
+
+              
+            
+              
+                
+  
+  
+  
+  
+    <li class="md-nav__item">
+      <a href="../python/libs/seaborn.html" class="md-nav__link">
+        
+  
+  <span class="md-ellipsis">
+    Seaborn
+  </span>
+  
+
+      </a>
+    </li>
+  
+
+              
+            
+              
+                
+  
+  
+  
+  
+    <li class="md-nav__item">
+      <a href="../python/libs/requests.html" class="md-nav__link">
+        
+  
+  <span class="md-ellipsis">
+    Requests
+  </span>
+  
+
+      </a>
+    </li>
+  
+
+              
+            
+              
+                
+  
+  
+  
+  
+    <li class="md-nav__item">
+      <a href="../python/libs/beautiful-soup.html" class="md-nav__link">
+        
+  
+  <span class="md-ellipsis">
+    Beatiful Soup
+  </span>
+  
+
+      </a>
+    </li>
+  
+
+              
+            
+          </ul>
+        </nav>
+      
+    </li>
+  
+
+              
+            
+          </ul>
+        </nav>
+      
+    </li>
+  
+
+              
+            
+              
+                
+  
+  
+  
+  
+    
+    
+      
+        
+      
+        
+      
+        
+      
+    
+    
+      
+      
+        
+          
+          
+        
+      
+    
+    
+    <li class="md-nav__item md-nav__item--section md-nav__item--nested">
+      
+        
+        
+        <input class="md-nav__toggle md-toggle " type="checkbox" id="__nav_4_9" >
+        
+          
+          <label class="md-nav__link" for="__nav_4_9" id="__nav_4_9_label" tabindex="">
+            
+  
+  <span class="md-ellipsis">
+    .NET
+  </span>
+  
+
+            <span class="md-nav__icon md-icon"></span>
+          </label>
+        
+        <nav class="md-nav" data-md-level="2" aria-labelledby="__nav_4_9_label" aria-expanded="false">
+          <label class="md-nav__title" for="__nav_4_9">
+            <span class="md-nav__icon md-icon"></span>
+            .NET
+          </label>
+          <ul class="md-nav__list" data-md-scrollfix>
+            
+              
+                
+  
+  
+  
+  
+    
+    
+      
+        
+      
+        
+      
+        
+      
+        
+      
+        
+      
+        
+      
+    
+    
+      
+      
+        
+      
+    
+    
+    <li class="md-nav__item md-nav__item--nested">
+      
+        
+        
+        <input class="md-nav__toggle md-toggle " type="checkbox" id="__nav_4_9_1" >
+        
+          
+          <label class="md-nav__link" for="__nav_4_9_1" id="__nav_4_9_1_label" tabindex="0">
+            
+  
+  <span class="md-ellipsis">
+    C#
+  </span>
+  
+
+            <span class="md-nav__icon md-icon"></span>
+          </label>
+        
+        <nav class="md-nav" data-md-level="3" aria-labelledby="__nav_4_9_1_label" aria-expanded="false">
+          <label class="md-nav__title" for="__nav_4_9_1">
+            <span class="md-nav__icon md-icon"></span>
+            C#
+          </label>
+          <ul class="md-nav__list" data-md-scrollfix>
+            
+              
+                
+  
+  
+  
+  
+    <li class="md-nav__item">
+      <a href="../dotnet/csharp/csharp.html" class="md-nav__link">
+        
+  
+  <span class="md-ellipsis">
+    C#
+  </span>
+  
+
+      </a>
+    </li>
+  
+
+              
+            
+              
+                
+  
+  
+  
+  
+    <li class="md-nav__item">
+      <a href="../dotnet/csharp/linq.html" class="md-nav__link">
+        
+  
+  <span class="md-ellipsis">
+    Linq
+  </span>
+  
+
+      </a>
+    </li>
+  
+
+              
+            
+              
+                
+  
+  
+  
+  
+    <li class="md-nav__item">
+      <a href="../dotnet/csharp/collections.html" class="md-nav__link">
+        
+  
+  <span class="md-ellipsis">
+    Collections
+  </span>
+  
+
+      </a>
+    </li>
+  
+
+              
+            
+              
+                
+  
+  
+  
+  
+    <li class="md-nav__item">
+      <a href="../dotnet/csharp/reactive-extensions.html" class="md-nav__link">
+        
+  
+  <span class="md-ellipsis">
+    Reactive Extensions
+  </span>
+  
+
+      </a>
+    </li>
+  
+
+              
+            
+              
+                
+  
+  
+  
+  
+    <li class="md-nav__item">
+      <a href="../dotnet/csharp/async-programming.html" class="md-nav__link">
+        
+  
+  <span class="md-ellipsis">
+    Async Programming
+  </span>
+  
+
+      </a>
+    </li>
+  
+
+              
+            
+              
+                
+  
+  
+  
+  
+    <li class="md-nav__item">
+      <a href="../dotnet/csharp/unit-tests.html" class="md-nav__link">
+        
+  
+  <span class="md-ellipsis">
+    Unit Tests
+  </span>
+  
+
+      </a>
+    </li>
+  
+
+              
+            
+          </ul>
+        </nav>
+      
+    </li>
+  
+
+              
+            
+              
+                
+  
+  
+  
+  
+    
+    
+      
+        
+      
+        
+      
+        
+      
+        
+      
+        
+      
+        
+      
+        
+      
+    
+    
+      
+      
+        
+      
+    
+    
+    <li class="md-nav__item md-nav__item--nested">
+      
+        
+        
+        <input class="md-nav__toggle md-toggle " type="checkbox" id="__nav_4_9_2" >
+        
+          
+          <label class="md-nav__link" for="__nav_4_9_2" id="__nav_4_9_2_label" tabindex="0">
+            
+  
+  <span class="md-ellipsis">
+    ASP.NET
+  </span>
+  
+
+            <span class="md-nav__icon md-icon"></span>
+          </label>
+        
+        <nav class="md-nav" data-md-level="3" aria-labelledby="__nav_4_9_2_label" aria-expanded="false">
+          <label class="md-nav__title" for="__nav_4_9_2">
+            <span class="md-nav__icon md-icon"></span>
+            ASP.NET
+          </label>
+          <ul class="md-nav__list" data-md-scrollfix>
+            
+              
+                
+  
+  
+  
+  
+    <li class="md-nav__item">
+      <a href="../dotnet/asp.net/minimal-api.html" class="md-nav__link">
+        
+  
+  <span class="md-ellipsis">
+    Minimal API
+  </span>
+  
+
+      </a>
+    </li>
+  
+
+              
+            
+              
+                
+  
+  
+  
+  
+    <li class="md-nav__item">
+      <a href="../dotnet/asp.net/filters.html" class="md-nav__link">
+        
+  
+  <span class="md-ellipsis">
+    FIlters
+  </span>
+  
+
+      </a>
+    </li>
+  
+
+              
+            
+              
+                
+  
+  
+  
+  
+    <li class="md-nav__item">
+      <a href="../dotnet/asp.net/middleware.html" class="md-nav__link">
+        
+  
+  <span class="md-ellipsis">
+    Middleware
+  </span>
+  
+
+      </a>
+    </li>
+  
+
+              
+            
+              
+                
+  
+  
+  
+  
+    <li class="md-nav__item">
+      <a href="../dotnet/asp.net/razor-syntax.html" class="md-nav__link">
+        
+  
+  <span class="md-ellipsis">
+    Razor Syntax
+  </span>
+  
+
+      </a>
+    </li>
+  
+
+              
+            
+              
+                
+  
+  
+  
+  
+    <li class="md-nav__item">
+      <a href="../dotnet/asp.net/blazor.html" class="md-nav__link">
+        
+  
+  <span class="md-ellipsis">
+    Blazor
+  </span>
+  
+
+      </a>
+    </li>
+  
+
+              
+            
+              
+                
+  
+  
+  
+  
+    <li class="md-nav__item">
+      <a href="../dotnet/asp.net/signalr.html" class="md-nav__link">
+        
+  
+  <span class="md-ellipsis">
+    SignalR
+  </span>
+  
+
+      </a>
+    </li>
+  
+
+              
+            
+              
+                
+  
+  
+  
+  
+    <li class="md-nav__item">
+      <a href="../dotnet/asp.net/web-forms.html" class="md-nav__link">
+        
+  
+  <span class="md-ellipsis">
+    Web Forms
+  </span>
+  
+
+      </a>
+    </li>
+  
+
+              
+            
+          </ul>
+        </nav>
+      
+    </li>
+  
+
+              
+            
+              
+                
+  
+  
+  
+  
+    
+    
+      
+        
+      
+        
+      
+    
+    
+      
+      
+        
+      
+    
+    
+    <li class="md-nav__item md-nav__item--nested">
+      
+        
+        
+        <input class="md-nav__toggle md-toggle " type="checkbox" id="__nav_4_9_3" >
+        
+          
+          <label class="md-nav__link" for="__nav_4_9_3" id="__nav_4_9_3_label" tabindex="0">
+            
+  
+  <span class="md-ellipsis">
+    Database
+  </span>
+  
+
+            <span class="md-nav__icon md-icon"></span>
+          </label>
+        
+        <nav class="md-nav" data-md-level="3" aria-labelledby="__nav_4_9_3_label" aria-expanded="false">
+          <label class="md-nav__title" for="__nav_4_9_3">
+            <span class="md-nav__icon md-icon"></span>
+            Database
+          </label>
+          <ul class="md-nav__list" data-md-scrollfix>
+            
+              
+                
+  
+  
+  
+  
+    <li class="md-nav__item">
+      <a href="../dotnet/database/ado.net.html" class="md-nav__link">
+        
+  
+  <span class="md-ellipsis">
+    ADO.NET
+  </span>
+  
+
+      </a>
+    </li>
+  
+
+              
+            
+              
+                
+  
+  
+  
+  
+    <li class="md-nav__item">
+      <a href="../dotnet/database/entity-framework.html" class="md-nav__link">
+        
+  
+  <span class="md-ellipsis">
+    Entity Framework
+  </span>
+  
+
+      </a>
+    </li>
+  
+
+              
+            
+          </ul>
+        </nav>
+      
+    </li>
+  
+
+              
+            
+          </ul>
+        </nav>
+      
+    </li>
+  
+
+              
+            
+              
+                
+  
+  
+  
+  
+    
+    
+      
+        
+      
+        
+      
+        
+      
+        
+      
+    
+    
+      
+      
+        
+          
+          
+        
+      
+    
+    
+    <li class="md-nav__item md-nav__item--section md-nav__item--nested">
+      
+        
+        
+        <input class="md-nav__toggle md-toggle " type="checkbox" id="__nav_4_10" >
+        
+          
+          <label class="md-nav__link" for="__nav_4_10" id="__nav_4_10_label" tabindex="">
+            
+  
+  <span class="md-ellipsis">
+    Java
+  </span>
+  
+
+            <span class="md-nav__icon md-icon"></span>
+          </label>
+        
+        <nav class="md-nav" data-md-level="2" aria-labelledby="__nav_4_10_label" aria-expanded="false">
+          <label class="md-nav__title" for="__nav_4_10">
+            <span class="md-nav__icon md-icon"></span>
+            Java
+          </label>
+          <ul class="md-nav__list" data-md-scrollfix>
+            
+              
+                
+  
+  
+  
+  
+    <li class="md-nav__item">
+      <a href="../java/java.html" class="md-nav__link">
+        
+  
+  <span class="md-ellipsis">
+    Java
+  </span>
+  
+
+      </a>
+    </li>
+  
+
+              
+            
+              
+                
+  
+  
+  
+  
+    <li class="md-nav__item">
+      <a href="../java/java-collection-framework.html" class="md-nav__link">
+        
+  
+  <span class="md-ellipsis">
+    Java Collection Framework
+  </span>
+  
+
+      </a>
+    </li>
+  
+
+              
+            
+              
+                
+  
+  
+  
+  
+    <li class="md-nav__item">
+      <a href="../java/dao.html" class="md-nav__link">
+        
+  
+  <span class="md-ellipsis">
+    DAO
+  </span>
+  
+
+      </a>
+    </li>
+  
+
+              
+            
+              
+                
+  
+  
+  
+  
+    
+    
+      
+        
+      
+        
+      
+    
+    
+      
+      
+        
+      
+    
+    
+    <li class="md-nav__item md-nav__item--nested">
+      
+        
+        
+        <input class="md-nav__toggle md-toggle " type="checkbox" id="__nav_4_10_4" >
+        
+          
+          <label class="md-nav__link" for="__nav_4_10_4" id="__nav_4_10_4_label" tabindex="0">
+            
+  
+  <span class="md-ellipsis">
+    Web
+  </span>
+  
+
+            <span class="md-nav__icon md-icon"></span>
+          </label>
+        
+        <nav class="md-nav" data-md-level="3" aria-labelledby="__nav_4_10_4_label" aria-expanded="false">
+          <label class="md-nav__title" for="__nav_4_10_4">
+            <span class="md-nav__icon md-icon"></span>
+            Web
+          </label>
+          <ul class="md-nav__list" data-md-scrollfix>
+            
+              
+                
+  
+  
+  
+  
+    <li class="md-nav__item">
+      <a href="../java/web/servlet.html" class="md-nav__link">
+        
+  
+  <span class="md-ellipsis">
+    Serverlet
+  </span>
+  
+
+      </a>
+    </li>
+  
+
+              
+            
+              
+                
+  
+  
+  
+  
+    
+    
+      
+        
+      
+        
+      
+    
+    
+      
+      
+        
+      
+    
+    
+    <li class="md-nav__item md-nav__item--nested">
+      
+        
+        
+        <input class="md-nav__toggle md-toggle " type="checkbox" id="__nav_4_10_4_2" >
+        
+          
+          <label class="md-nav__link" for="__nav_4_10_4_2" id="__nav_4_10_4_2_label" tabindex="0">
+            
+  
+  <span class="md-ellipsis">
+    Spring
+  </span>
+  
+
+            <span class="md-nav__icon md-icon"></span>
+          </label>
+        
+        <nav class="md-nav" data-md-level="4" aria-labelledby="__nav_4_10_4_2_label" aria-expanded="false">
+          <label class="md-nav__title" for="__nav_4_10_4_2">
+            <span class="md-nav__icon md-icon"></span>
+            Spring
+          </label>
+          <ul class="md-nav__list" data-md-scrollfix>
+            
+              
+                
+  
+  
+  
+  
+    <li class="md-nav__item">
+      <a href="../java/spring/pom.xml.html" class="md-nav__link">
+        
+  
+  <span class="md-ellipsis">
+    POM
+  </span>
+  
+
+      </a>
+    </li>
+  
+
+              
+            
+              
+                
+  
+  
+  
+  
+    <li class="md-nav__item">
+      <a href="../java/spring/spring-project.html" class="md-nav__link">
+        
+  
+  <span class="md-ellipsis">
+    Project Structure
+  </span>
+  
+
+      </a>
+    </li>
+  
+
+              
+            
+          </ul>
+        </nav>
+      
+    </li>
+  
+
+              
+            
+          </ul>
+        </nav>
+      
+    </li>
+  
+
+              
+            
+          </ul>
+        </nav>
+      
+    </li>
+  
+
+              
+            
+              
+                
+  
+  
+    
+  
+  
+  
+    
+    
+      
+        
+      
+        
+      
+        
+      
+        
+      
+        
+      
+        
+      
+        
+      
+        
+      
+        
+      
+    
+    
+      
+      
+        
+          
+          
+        
+      
+    
+    
+    <li class="md-nav__item md-nav__item--active md-nav__item--section md-nav__item--nested">
+      
+        
+        
+        <input class="md-nav__toggle md-toggle " type="checkbox" id="__nav_4_11" checked>
+        
+          
+          <label class="md-nav__link" for="__nav_4_11" id="__nav_4_11_label" tabindex="">
+            
+  
+  <span class="md-ellipsis">
+    PHP
+  </span>
+  
+
+            <span class="md-nav__icon md-icon"></span>
+          </label>
+        
+        <nav class="md-nav" data-md-level="2" aria-labelledby="__nav_4_11_label" aria-expanded="true">
+          <label class="md-nav__title" for="__nav_4_11">
+            <span class="md-nav__icon md-icon"></span>
+            PHP
+          </label>
+          <ul class="md-nav__list" data-md-scrollfix>
+            
+              
+                
+  
+  
+    
+  
+  
+  
+    <li class="md-nav__item md-nav__item--active">
+      
+      <input class="md-nav__toggle md-toggle" type="checkbox" id="__toc">
+      
+      
+        
+      
+      
+        <label class="md-nav__link md-nav__link--active" for="__toc">
+          
+  
+  <span class="md-ellipsis">
+    PHP
+  </span>
+  
+
+          <span class="md-nav__icon md-icon"></span>
+        </label>
+      
+      <a href="php.html" class="md-nav__link md-nav__link--active">
+        
+  
+  <span class="md-ellipsis">
+    PHP
+  </span>
+  
+
+      </a>
+      
+        
+
+<nav class="md-nav md-nav--secondary" aria-label="Table of contents">
+  
+  
+  
+    
+  
+  
+    <label class="md-nav__title" for="__toc">
+      <span class="md-nav__icon md-icon"></span>
+      Table of contents
+    </label>
+    <ul class="md-nav__list" data-md-component="toc" data-md-scrollfix>
+      
+        <li class="md-nav__item">
+  <a href="#include-require" class="md-nav__link">
+    <span class="md-ellipsis">
+      Include, Require
+    </span>
+  </a>
+  
+    <nav class="md-nav" aria-label="Include, Require">
+      <ul class="md-nav__list">
+        
+          <li class="md-nav__item">
+  <a href="#import-configs-from-a-file-with-include" class="md-nav__link">
+    <span class="md-ellipsis">
+      Import configs from a file with include
+    </span>
+  </a>
+  
+</li>
+        
+      </ul>
+    </nav>
+  
+</li>
+      
+        <li class="md-nav__item">
+  <a href="#namespace" class="md-nav__link">
+    <span class="md-ellipsis">
+      Namespace
+    </span>
+  </a>
+  
+</li>
+      
+        <li class="md-nav__item">
+  <a href="#basics" class="md-nav__link">
+    <span class="md-ellipsis">
+      Basics
+    </span>
+  </a>
+  
+    <nav class="md-nav" aria-label="Basics">
+      <ul class="md-nav__list">
+        
+          <li class="md-nav__item">
+  <a href="#screen-output" class="md-nav__link">
+    <span class="md-ellipsis">
+      Screen Output
+    </span>
+  </a>
+  
+</li>
+        
+          <li class="md-nav__item">
+  <a href="#user-input" class="md-nav__link">
+    <span class="md-ellipsis">
+      User Input
+    </span>
+  </a>
+  
+</li>
+        
+      </ul>
+    </nav>
+  
+</li>
+      
+        <li class="md-nav__item">
+  <a href="#variables" class="md-nav__link">
+    <span class="md-ellipsis">
+      Variables
+    </span>
+  </a>
+  
+    <nav class="md-nav" aria-label="Variables">
+      <ul class="md-nav__list">
+        
+          <li class="md-nav__item">
+  <a href="#integers" class="md-nav__link">
+    <span class="md-ellipsis">
+      Integers
+    </span>
+  </a>
+  
+</li>
+        
+          <li class="md-nav__item">
+  <a href="#double" class="md-nav__link">
+    <span class="md-ellipsis">
+      Double
+    </span>
+  </a>
+  
+</li>
+        
+          <li class="md-nav__item">
+  <a href="#mathematical-operators" class="md-nav__link">
+    <span class="md-ellipsis">
+      Mathematical Operators
+    </span>
+  </a>
+  
+</li>
+        
+          <li class="md-nav__item">
+  <a href="#mathematical-functions" class="md-nav__link">
+    <span class="md-ellipsis">
+      Mathematical Functions
+    </span>
+  </a>
+  
+</li>
+        
+      </ul>
+    </nav>
+  
+</li>
+      
+        <li class="md-nav__item">
+  <a href="#strings" class="md-nav__link">
+    <span class="md-ellipsis">
+      Strings
+    </span>
+  </a>
+  
+    <nav class="md-nav" aria-label="Strings">
+      <ul class="md-nav__list">
+        
+          <li class="md-nav__item">
+  <a href="#string-concatenation" class="md-nav__link">
+    <span class="md-ellipsis">
+      String Concatenation
+    </span>
+  </a>
+  
+</li>
+        
+          <li class="md-nav__item">
+  <a href="#string-functions" class="md-nav__link">
+    <span class="md-ellipsis">
+      String Functions
+    </span>
+  </a>
+  
+</li>
+        
+      </ul>
+    </nav>
+  
+</li>
+      
+        <li class="md-nav__item">
+  <a href="#constants" class="md-nav__link">
+    <span class="md-ellipsis">
+      Constants
+    </span>
+  </a>
+  
+    <nav class="md-nav" aria-label="Constants">
+      <ul class="md-nav__list">
+        
+          <li class="md-nav__item">
+  <a href="#magic-constants-__name__" class="md-nav__link">
+    <span class="md-ellipsis">
+      Magic Constants __NAME__
+    </span>
+  </a>
+  
+</li>
+        
+      </ul>
+    </nav>
+  
+</li>
+      
+        <li class="md-nav__item">
+  <a href="#array" class="md-nav__link">
+    <span class="md-ellipsis">
+      Array
+    </span>
+  </a>
+  
+    <nav class="md-nav" aria-label="Array">
+      <ul class="md-nav__list">
+        
+          <li class="md-nav__item">
+  <a href="#multi-dimensional-array-matrix" class="md-nav__link">
+    <span class="md-ellipsis">
+      Multi Dimensional Array (Matrix)
+    </span>
+  </a>
+  
+</li>
+        
+          <li class="md-nav__item">
+  <a href="#array-printing" class="md-nav__link">
+    <span class="md-ellipsis">
+      Array Printing
+    </span>
+  </a>
+  
+</li>
+        
+          <li class="md-nav__item">
+  <a href="#array-functions" class="md-nav__link">
+    <span class="md-ellipsis">
+      Array Functions
+    </span>
+  </a>
+  
+</li>
+        
+          <li class="md-nav__item">
+  <a href="#associative-arrays" class="md-nav__link">
+    <span class="md-ellipsis">
+      Associative Arrays
+    </span>
+  </a>
+  
+</li>
+        
+      </ul>
+    </nav>
+  
+</li>
+      
+        <li class="md-nav__item">
+  <a href="#conditional-instructions" class="md-nav__link">
+    <span class="md-ellipsis">
+      Conditional Instructions
+    </span>
+  </a>
+  
+    <nav class="md-nav" aria-label="Conditional Instructions">
+      <ul class="md-nav__list">
+        
+          <li class="md-nav__item">
+  <a href="#conditional-operators" class="md-nav__link">
+    <span class="md-ellipsis">
+      Conditional Operators
+    </span>
+  </a>
+  
+</li>
+        
+          <li class="md-nav__item">
+  <a href="#logical-operators" class="md-nav__link">
+    <span class="md-ellipsis">
+      Logical Operators
+    </span>
+  </a>
+  
+</li>
+        
+          <li class="md-nav__item">
+  <a href="#ternary-operator" class="md-nav__link">
+    <span class="md-ellipsis">
+      Ternary Operator
+    </span>
+  </a>
+  
+</li>
+        
+          <li class="md-nav__item">
+  <a href="#null-coalesce" class="md-nav__link">
+    <span class="md-ellipsis">
+      NULL Coalesce
+    </span>
+  </a>
+  
+</li>
+        
+          <li class="md-nav__item">
+  <a href="#spaceship-operator" class="md-nav__link">
+    <span class="md-ellipsis">
+      Spaceship Operator
+    </span>
+  </a>
+  
+</li>
+        
+          <li class="md-nav__item">
+  <a href="#if-elseif-else" class="md-nav__link">
+    <span class="md-ellipsis">
+      If - Elseif - Else
+    </span>
+  </a>
+  
+</li>
+        
+          <li class="md-nav__item">
+  <a href="#switch-case" class="md-nav__link">
+    <span class="md-ellipsis">
+      Switch Case
+    </span>
+  </a>
+  
+</li>
+        
+          <li class="md-nav__item">
+  <a href="#match-expression-php-8" class="md-nav__link">
+    <span class="md-ellipsis">
+      Match Expression (PHP 8)
+    </span>
+  </a>
+  
+</li>
+        
+      </ul>
+    </nav>
+  
+</li>
+      
+        <li class="md-nav__item">
+  <a href="#loops" class="md-nav__link">
+    <span class="md-ellipsis">
+      Loops
+    </span>
+  </a>
+  
+    <nav class="md-nav" aria-label="Loops">
+      <ul class="md-nav__list">
+        
+          <li class="md-nav__item">
+  <a href="#for-foreach" class="md-nav__link">
+    <span class="md-ellipsis">
+      For, Foreach
+    </span>
+  </a>
+  
+</li>
+        
+          <li class="md-nav__item">
+  <a href="#while-do-while" class="md-nav__link">
+    <span class="md-ellipsis">
+      While, Do-While
+    </span>
+  </a>
+  
+</li>
+        
+          <li class="md-nav__item">
+  <a href="#break-continue-exit" class="md-nav__link">
+    <span class="md-ellipsis">
+      Break, Continue, exit()
+    </span>
+  </a>
+  
+</li>
+        
+      </ul>
+    </nav>
+  
+</li>
+      
+        <li class="md-nav__item">
+  <a href="#functions" class="md-nav__link">
+    <span class="md-ellipsis">
+      Functions
+    </span>
+  </a>
+  
+    <nav class="md-nav" aria-label="Functions">
+      <ul class="md-nav__list">
+        
+          <li class="md-nav__item">
+  <a href="#void-function" class="md-nav__link">
+    <span class="md-ellipsis">
+      Void function
+    </span>
+  </a>
+  
+</li>
+        
+          <li class="md-nav__item">
+  <a href="#passing-a-parameter-by-reference" class="md-nav__link">
+    <span class="md-ellipsis">
+      Passing a parameter by reference (&amp;$)
+    </span>
+  </a>
+  
+</li>
+        
+          <li class="md-nav__item">
+  <a href="#variable-number-of-parameters-variadic-operator" class="md-nav__link">
+    <span class="md-ellipsis">
+      Variable number of parameters, variadic operator (...)
+    </span>
+  </a>
+  
+</li>
+        
+          <li class="md-nav__item">
+  <a href="#nullable-parameters" class="md-nav__link">
+    <span class="md-ellipsis">
+      Nullable parameters
+    </span>
+  </a>
+  
+</li>
+        
+      </ul>
+    </nav>
+  
+</li>
+      
+        <li class="md-nav__item">
+  <a href="#anonymous-functions-closure" class="md-nav__link">
+    <span class="md-ellipsis">
+      Anonymous Functions (Closure)
+    </span>
+  </a>
+  
+    <nav class="md-nav" aria-label="Anonymous Functions (Closure)">
+      <ul class="md-nav__list">
+        
+          <li class="md-nav__item">
+  <a href="#use-operator" class="md-nav__link">
+    <span class="md-ellipsis">
+      Use Operator
+    </span>
+  </a>
+  
+</li>
+        
+          <li class="md-nav__item">
+  <a href="#union-types-php-8" class="md-nav__link">
+    <span class="md-ellipsis">
+      Union Types (PHP 8)
+    </span>
+  </a>
+  
+</li>
+        
+          <li class="md-nav__item">
+  <a href="#named-arguments-php-8" class="md-nav__link">
+    <span class="md-ellipsis">
+      Named Arguments (PHP 8)
+    </span>
+  </a>
+  
+</li>
+        
+      </ul>
+    </nav>
+  
+</li>
+      
+        <li class="md-nav__item">
+  <a href="#object-oriented-programming" class="md-nav__link">
+    <span class="md-ellipsis">
+      Object Oriented Programming
+    </span>
+  </a>
+  
+    <nav class="md-nav" aria-label="Object Oriented Programming">
+      <ul class="md-nav__list">
+        
+          <li class="md-nav__item">
+  <a href="#scope-visibility" class="md-nav__link">
+    <span class="md-ellipsis">
+      Scope &amp; Visibility
+    </span>
+  </a>
+  
+</li>
+        
+          <li class="md-nav__item">
+  <a href="#class-declaration-instantiation" class="md-nav__link">
+    <span class="md-ellipsis">
+      Class Declaration &amp; Instantiation
+    </span>
+  </a>
+  
+</li>
+        
+          <li class="md-nav__item">
+  <a href="#static-classes-attributes-methods" class="md-nav__link">
+    <span class="md-ellipsis">
+      Static classes, attributes &amp; methods
+    </span>
+  </a>
+  
+</li>
+        
+          <li class="md-nav__item">
+  <a href="#dependency-injection" class="md-nav__link">
+    <span class="md-ellipsis">
+      Dependency Injection
+    </span>
+  </a>
+  
+</li>
+        
+          <li class="md-nav__item">
+  <a href="#inheritance" class="md-nav__link">
+    <span class="md-ellipsis">
+      Inheritance
+    </span>
+  </a>
+  
+</li>
+        
+          <li class="md-nav__item">
+  <a href="#abstract-class" class="md-nav__link">
+    <span class="md-ellipsis">
+      Abstract Class
+    </span>
+  </a>
+  
+</li>
+        
+          <li class="md-nav__item">
+  <a href="#interface" class="md-nav__link">
+    <span class="md-ellipsis">
+      Interface
+    </span>
+  </a>
+  
+</li>
+        
+          <li class="md-nav__item">
+  <a href="#traits" class="md-nav__link">
+    <span class="md-ellipsis">
+      Traits
+    </span>
+  </a>
+  
+</li>
+        
+          <li class="md-nav__item">
+  <a href="#anonymous-classes" class="md-nav__link">
+    <span class="md-ellipsis">
+      Anonymous Classes
+    </span>
+  </a>
+  
+</li>
+        
+      </ul>
+    </nav>
+  
+</li>
+      
+        <li class="md-nav__item">
+  <a href="#serialization-json" class="md-nav__link">
+    <span class="md-ellipsis">
+      Serialization &amp; JSON
+    </span>
+  </a>
+  
+</li>
+      
+        <li class="md-nav__item">
+  <a href="#files" class="md-nav__link">
+    <span class="md-ellipsis">
+      Files
+    </span>
+  </a>
+  
+    <nav class="md-nav" aria-label="Files">
+      <ul class="md-nav__list">
+        
+          <li class="md-nav__item">
+  <a href="#readwrite-on-files" class="md-nav__link">
+    <span class="md-ellipsis">
+      Read/Write on Files
+    </span>
+  </a>
+  
+</li>
+        
+      </ul>
+    </nav>
+  
+</li>
+      
+        <li class="md-nav__item">
+  <a href="#regular-expressions" class="md-nav__link">
+    <span class="md-ellipsis">
+      Regular Expressions
+    </span>
+  </a>
+  
+</li>
+      
+        <li class="md-nav__item">
+  <a href="#hashing" class="md-nav__link">
+    <span class="md-ellipsis">
+      Hashing
+    </span>
+  </a>
+  
+    <nav class="md-nav" aria-label="Hashing">
+      <ul class="md-nav__list">
+        
+          <li class="md-nav__item">
+  <a href="#password-hashes" class="md-nav__link">
+    <span class="md-ellipsis">
+      Password Hashes
+    </span>
+  </a>
+  
+</li>
+        
+      </ul>
+    </nav>
+  
+</li>
+      
+        <li class="md-nav__item">
+  <a href="#errors" class="md-nav__link">
+    <span class="md-ellipsis">
+      Errors
+    </span>
+  </a>
+  
+    <nav class="md-nav" aria-label="Errors">
+      <ul class="md-nav__list">
+        
+          <li class="md-nav__item">
+  <a href="#error-reporting" class="md-nav__link">
+    <span class="md-ellipsis">
+      Error Reporting
+    </span>
+  </a>
+  
+</li>
+        
+          <li class="md-nav__item">
+  <a href="#triggering-errors" class="md-nav__link">
+    <span class="md-ellipsis">
+      Triggering Errors
+    </span>
+  </a>
+  
+</li>
+        
+          <li class="md-nav__item">
+  <a href="#writing-in-the-log-file" class="md-nav__link">
+    <span class="md-ellipsis">
+      Writing in the Log File
+    </span>
+  </a>
+  
+</li>
+        
+      </ul>
+    </nav>
+  
+</li>
+      
+        <li class="md-nav__item">
+  <a href="#exception-handling" class="md-nav__link">
+    <span class="md-ellipsis">
+      Exception Handling
+    </span>
+  </a>
+  
+    <nav class="md-nav" aria-label="Exception Handling">
+      <ul class="md-nav__list">
+        
+          <li class="md-nav__item">
+  <a href="#custom-exceptions" class="md-nav__link">
+    <span class="md-ellipsis">
+      Custom Exceptions
+    </span>
+  </a>
+  
+</li>
+        
+      </ul>
+    </nav>
+  
+</li>
+      
+    </ul>
+  
+</nav>
+      
+    </li>
+  
+
+              
+            
+              
+                
+  
+  
+  
+  
+    <li class="md-nav__item">
+      <a href="database.html" class="md-nav__link">
+        
+  
+  <span class="md-ellipsis">
+    Database
+  </span>
+  
+
+      </a>
+    </li>
+  
+
+              
+            
+              
+                
+  
+  
+  
+  
+    <li class="md-nav__item">
+      <a href="web.html" class="md-nav__link">
+        
+  
+  <span class="md-ellipsis">
+    Web
+  </span>
+  
+
+      </a>
+    </li>
+  
+
+              
+            
+              
+                
+  
+  
+  
+  
+    <li class="md-nav__item">
+      <a href="dependency-injection.html" class="md-nav__link">
+        
+  
+  <span class="md-ellipsis">
+    Dependency Injection
+  </span>
+  
+
+      </a>
+    </li>
+  
+
+              
+            
+              
+                
+  
+  
+  
+  
+    <li class="md-nav__item">
+      <a href="unit-tests.html" class="md-nav__link">
+        
+  
+  <span class="md-ellipsis">
+    Unit Tests
+  </span>
+  
+
+      </a>
+    </li>
+  
+
+              
+            
+              
+                
+  
+  
+  
+  
+    <li class="md-nav__item">
+      <a href="composer.html" class="md-nav__link">
+        
+  
+  <span class="md-ellipsis">
+    Composer
+  </span>
+  
+
+      </a>
+    </li>
+  
+
+              
+            
+              
+                
+  
+  
+  
+  
+    <li class="md-nav__item">
+      <a href="psr-7.html" class="md-nav__link">
+        
+  
+  <span class="md-ellipsis">
+    PSR 7
+  </span>
+  
+
+      </a>
+    </li>
+  
+
+              
+            
+              
+                
+  
+  
+  
+  
+    <li class="md-nav__item">
+      <a href="plates-templating.html" class="md-nav__link">
+        
+  
+  <span class="md-ellipsis">
+    Plates
+  </span>
+  
+
+      </a>
+    </li>
+  
+
+              
+            
+              
+                
+  
+  
+  
+  
+    
+    
+      
+        
+      
+        
+      
+    
+    
+      
+      
+        
+      
+    
+    
+    <li class="md-nav__item md-nav__item--nested">
+      
+        
+        
+        <input class="md-nav__toggle md-toggle " type="checkbox" id="__nav_4_11_9" >
+        
+          
+          <label class="md-nav__link" for="__nav_4_11_9" id="__nav_4_11_9_label" tabindex="0">
+            
+  
+  <span class="md-ellipsis">
+    Simple MVC
+  </span>
+  
+
+            <span class="md-nav__icon md-icon"></span>
+          </label>
+        
+        <nav class="md-nav" data-md-level="3" aria-labelledby="__nav_4_11_9_label" aria-expanded="false">
+          <label class="md-nav__title" for="__nav_4_11_9">
+            <span class="md-nav__icon md-icon"></span>
+            Simple MVC
+          </label>
+          <ul class="md-nav__list" data-md-scrollfix>
+            
+              
+                
+  
+  
+  
+  
+    <li class="md-nav__item">
+      <a href="simple-mvc/simple-mvc.html" class="md-nav__link">
+        
+  
+  <span class="md-ellipsis">
+    Simple MVC
+  </span>
+  
+
+      </a>
+    </li>
+  
+
+              
+            
+              
+                
+  
+  
+  
+  
+    <li class="md-nav__item">
+      <a href="simple-mvc/rest-api.html" class="md-nav__link">
+        
+  
+  <span class="md-ellipsis">
+    REST API
+  </span>
+  
+
+      </a>
+    </li>
+  
+
+              
+            
+          </ul>
+        </nav>
+      
+    </li>
+  
+
+              
+            
+          </ul>
+        </nav>
+      
+    </li>
+  
+
+              
+            
+              
+                
+  
+  
+  
+  
+    
+    
+      
+        
+      
+        
+      
+        
+      
+        
+      
+        
+      
+    
+    
+      
+      
+        
+          
+          
+        
+      
+    
+    
+    <li class="md-nav__item md-nav__item--section md-nav__item--nested">
+      
+        
+        
+        <input class="md-nav__toggle md-toggle " type="checkbox" id="__nav_4_12" >
+        
+          
+          <label class="md-nav__link" for="__nav_4_12" id="__nav_4_12_label" tabindex="">
+            
+  
+  <span class="md-ellipsis">
+    Rust
+  </span>
+  
+
+            <span class="md-nav__icon md-icon"></span>
+          </label>
+        
+        <nav class="md-nav" data-md-level="2" aria-labelledby="__nav_4_12_label" aria-expanded="false">
+          <label class="md-nav__title" for="__nav_4_12">
+            <span class="md-nav__icon md-icon"></span>
+            Rust
+          </label>
+          <ul class="md-nav__list" data-md-scrollfix>
+            
+              
+                
+  
+  
+  
+  
+    <li class="md-nav__item">
+      <a href="../rust/rust.html" class="md-nav__link">
+        
+  
+  <span class="md-ellipsis">
+    Rust
+  </span>
+  
+
+      </a>
+    </li>
+  
+
+              
+            
+              
+                
+  
+  
+  
+  
+    <li class="md-nav__item">
+      <a href="../rust/macros.html" class="md-nav__link">
+        
+  
+  <span class="md-ellipsis">
+    Macros
+  </span>
+  
+
+      </a>
+    </li>
+  
+
+              
+            
+              
+                
+  
+  
+  
+  
+    <li class="md-nav__item">
+      <a href="../rust/cargo.html" class="md-nav__link">
+        
+  
+  <span class="md-ellipsis">
+    Cargo
+  </span>
+  
+
+      </a>
+    </li>
+  
+
+              
+            
+              
+                
+  
+  
+  
+  
+    <li class="md-nav__item">
+      <a href="../rust/concurrency.html" class="md-nav__link">
+        
+  
+  <span class="md-ellipsis">
+    Concurrency
+  </span>
+  
+
+      </a>
+    </li>
+  
+
+              
+            
+              
+                
+  
+  
+  
+  
+    <li class="md-nav__item">
+      <a href="../rust/unit-tests.html" class="md-nav__link">
+        
+  
+  <span class="md-ellipsis">
+    Unit Tests
+  </span>
+  
+
+      </a>
+    </li>
+  
+
+              
+            
+          </ul>
+        </nav>
+      
+    </li>
+  
+
+              
+            
+              
+                
+  
+  
+  
+  
+    
+    
+      
+        
+      
+        
+      
+        
+      
+        
+      
+        
+      
+        
+      
+        
+      
+    
+    
+      
+      
+        
+          
+          
+        
+      
+    
+    
+    <li class="md-nav__item md-nav__item--section md-nav__item--nested">
+      
+        
+        
+        <input class="md-nav__toggle md-toggle " type="checkbox" id="__nav_4_13" >
+        
+          
+          <label class="md-nav__link" for="__nav_4_13" id="__nav_4_13_label" tabindex="">
+            
+  
+  <span class="md-ellipsis">
+    Javascript
+  </span>
+  
+
+            <span class="md-nav__icon md-icon"></span>
+          </label>
+        
+        <nav class="md-nav" data-md-level="2" aria-labelledby="__nav_4_13_label" aria-expanded="false">
+          <label class="md-nav__title" for="__nav_4_13">
+            <span class="md-nav__icon md-icon"></span>
+            Javascript
+          </label>
+          <ul class="md-nav__list" data-md-scrollfix>
+            
+              
+                
+  
+  
+  
+  
+    <li class="md-nav__item">
+      <a href="../javascript/javascript.html" class="md-nav__link">
+        
+  
+  <span class="md-ellipsis">
+    Javascript
+  </span>
+  
+
+      </a>
+    </li>
+  
+
+              
+            
+              
+                
+  
+  
+  
+  
+    <li class="md-nav__item">
+      <a href="../javascript/dom.html" class="md-nav__link">
+        
+  
+  <span class="md-ellipsis">
+    DOM
+  </span>
+  
+
+      </a>
+    </li>
+  
+
+              
+            
+              
+                
+  
+  
+  
+  
+    <li class="md-nav__item">
+      <a href="../javascript/events-animation.html" class="md-nav__link">
+        
+  
+  <span class="md-ellipsis">
+    Events & Animation
+  </span>
+  
+
+      </a>
+    </li>
+  
+
+              
+            
+              
+                
+  
+  
+  
+  
+    <li class="md-nav__item">
+      <a href="../javascript/ajax.html" class="md-nav__link">
+        
+  
+  <span class="md-ellipsis">
+    AJAX
+  </span>
+  
+
+      </a>
+    </li>
+  
+
+              
+            
+              
+                
+  
+  
+  
+  
+    <li class="md-nav__item">
+      <a href="../javascript/jquery.html" class="md-nav__link">
+        
+  
+  <span class="md-ellipsis">
+    jQuery
+  </span>
+  
+
+      </a>
+    </li>
+  
+
+              
+            
+              
+                
+  
+  
+  
+  
+    
+    
+      
+        
+      
+        
+      
+        
+      
+        
+      
+        
+      
+    
+    
+      
+      
+        
+      
+    
+    
+    <li class="md-nav__item md-nav__item--nested">
+      
+        
+        
+        <input class="md-nav__toggle md-toggle " type="checkbox" id="__nav_4_13_6" >
+        
+          
+          <label class="md-nav__link" for="__nav_4_13_6" id="__nav_4_13_6_label" tabindex="0">
+            
+  
+  <span class="md-ellipsis">
+    React
+  </span>
+  
+
+            <span class="md-nav__icon md-icon"></span>
+          </label>
+        
+        <nav class="md-nav" data-md-level="3" aria-labelledby="__nav_4_13_6_label" aria-expanded="false">
+          <label class="md-nav__title" for="__nav_4_13_6">
+            <span class="md-nav__icon md-icon"></span>
+            React
+          </label>
+          <ul class="md-nav__list" data-md-scrollfix>
+            
+              
+                
+  
+  
+  
+  
+    <li class="md-nav__item">
+      <a href="../javascript/react/react.html" class="md-nav__link">
+        
+  
+  <span class="md-ellipsis">
+    React
+  </span>
+  
+
+      </a>
+    </li>
+  
+
+              
+            
+              
+                
+  
+  
+  
+  
+    <li class="md-nav__item">
+      <a href="../javascript/react/react-router.html" class="md-nav__link">
+        
+  
+  <span class="md-ellipsis">
+    React Router
+  </span>
+  
+
+      </a>
+    </li>
+  
+
+              
+            
+              
+                
+  
+  
+  
+  
+    <li class="md-nav__item">
+      <a href="../javascript/react/react-tests.html" class="md-nav__link">
+        
+  
+  <span class="md-ellipsis">
+    React Tests
+  </span>
+  
+
+      </a>
+    </li>
+  
+
+              
+            
+              
+                
+  
+  
+  
+  
+    <li class="md-nav__item">
+      <a href="../javascript/react/redux.html" class="md-nav__link">
+        
+  
+  <span class="md-ellipsis">
+    Redux
+  </span>
+  
+
+      </a>
+    </li>
+  
+
+              
+            
+              
+                
+  
+  
+  
+  
+    <li class="md-nav__item">
+      <a href="../javascript/react/redux-tests.html" class="md-nav__link">
+        
+  
+  <span class="md-ellipsis">
+    Redux Tests
+  </span>
+  
+
+      </a>
+    </li>
+  
+
+              
+            
+          </ul>
+        </nav>
+      
+    </li>
+  
+
+              
+            
+              
+                
+  
+  
+  
+  
+    <li class="md-nav__item">
+      <a href="../javascript/svelte/svelte.html" class="md-nav__link">
+        
+  
+  <span class="md-ellipsis">
+    Svelte
+  </span>
+  
+
+      </a>
+    </li>
+  
+
+              
+            
+          </ul>
+        </nav>
+      
+    </li>
+  
+
+              
+            
+              
+                
+  
+  
+  
+  
+    
+    
+      
+        
+      
+        
+      
+    
+    
+      
+      
+        
+          
+          
+        
+      
+    
+    
+    <li class="md-nav__item md-nav__item--section md-nav__item--nested">
+      
+        
+        
+        <input class="md-nav__toggle md-toggle " type="checkbox" id="__nav_4_14" >
+        
+          
+          <label class="md-nav__link" for="__nav_4_14" id="__nav_4_14_label" tabindex="">
+            
+  
+  <span class="md-ellipsis">
+    PowerShell
+  </span>
+  
+
+            <span class="md-nav__icon md-icon"></span>
+          </label>
+        
+        <nav class="md-nav" data-md-level="2" aria-labelledby="__nav_4_14_label" aria-expanded="false">
+          <label class="md-nav__title" for="__nav_4_14">
+            <span class="md-nav__icon md-icon"></span>
+            PowerShell
+          </label>
+          <ul class="md-nav__list" data-md-scrollfix>
+            
+              
+                
+  
+  
+  
+  
+    <li class="md-nav__item">
+      <a href="../powershell/scripting.html" class="md-nav__link">
+        
+  
+  <span class="md-ellipsis">
+    Scripting
+  </span>
+  
+
+      </a>
+    </li>
+  
+
+              
+            
+              
+                
+  
+  
+  
+  
+    <li class="md-nav__item">
+      <a href="../powershell/commands.html" class="md-nav__link">
+        
+  
+  <span class="md-ellipsis">
+    Commands
+  </span>
+  
+
+      </a>
+    </li>
+  
+
+              
+            
+          </ul>
+        </nav>
+      
+    </li>
+  
+
+              
+            
+              
+                
+  
+  
+  
+  
+    
+    
+      
+        
+      
+        
+      
+    
+    
+      
+      
+        
+          
+          
+        
+      
+    
+    
+    <li class="md-nav__item md-nav__item--section md-nav__item--nested">
+      
+        
+        
+        <input class="md-nav__toggle md-toggle " type="checkbox" id="__nav_4_15" >
+        
+          
+          <label class="md-nav__link" for="__nav_4_15" id="__nav_4_15_label" tabindex="">
+            
+  
+  <span class="md-ellipsis">
+    Bash
+  </span>
+  
+
+            <span class="md-nav__icon md-icon"></span>
+          </label>
+        
+        <nav class="md-nav" data-md-level="2" aria-labelledby="__nav_4_15_label" aria-expanded="false">
+          <label class="md-nav__title" for="__nav_4_15">
+            <span class="md-nav__icon md-icon"></span>
+            Bash
+          </label>
+          <ul class="md-nav__list" data-md-scrollfix>
+            
+              
+                
+  
+  
+  
+  
+    <li class="md-nav__item">
+      <a href="../bash/scripting.html" class="md-nav__link">
+        
+  
+  <span class="md-ellipsis">
+    Scripting
+  </span>
+  
+
+      </a>
+    </li>
+  
+
+              
+            
+              
+                
+  
+  
+  
+  
+    <li class="md-nav__item">
+      <a href="../bash/commands.html" class="md-nav__link">
+        
+  
+  <span class="md-ellipsis">
+    Commands
+  </span>
+  
+
+      </a>
+    </li>
+  
+
+              
+            
+          </ul>
+        </nav>
+      
+    </li>
+  
+
+              
+            
+          </ul>
+        </nav>
+      
+    </li>
+  
+
+    
+      
+      
+  
+  
+  
+  
+    
+    
+      
+        
+      
+        
+      
+        
+      
+        
+      
+        
+      
+    
+    
+      
+      
+        
+      
+    
+    
+    <li class="md-nav__item md-nav__item--nested">
+      
+        
+        
+        <input class="md-nav__toggle md-toggle " type="checkbox" id="__nav_5" >
+        
+          
+          <label class="md-nav__link" for="__nav_5" id="__nav_5_label" tabindex="0">
+            
+  
+  <span class="md-ellipsis">
+    Misc
+  </span>
+  
+
+            <span class="md-nav__icon md-icon"></span>
+          </label>
+        
+        <nav class="md-nav" data-md-level="1" aria-labelledby="__nav_5_label" aria-expanded="false">
+          <label class="md-nav__title" for="__nav_5">
+            <span class="md-nav__icon md-icon"></span>
+            Misc
+          </label>
+          <ul class="md-nav__list" data-md-scrollfix>
+            
+              
+                
+  
+  
+  
+  
+    <li class="md-nav__item">
+      <a href="../../misc/git.html" class="md-nav__link">
+        
+  
+  <span class="md-ellipsis">
+    Git
+  </span>
+  
+
+      </a>
+    </li>
+  
+
+              
+            
+              
+                
+  
+  
+  
+  
+    <li class="md-nav__item">
+      <a href="../../misc/graph-ql.html" class="md-nav__link">
+        
+  
+  <span class="md-ellipsis">
+    GraphQL
+  </span>
+  
+
+      </a>
+    </li>
+  
+
+              
+            
+              
+                
+  
+  
+  
+  
+    <li class="md-nav__item">
+      <a href="../../misc/regular-expressions.html" class="md-nav__link">
+        
+  
+  <span class="md-ellipsis">
+    RegEx
+  </span>
+  
+
+      </a>
+    </li>
+  
+
+              
+            
+              
+                
+  
+  
+  
+  
+    <li class="md-nav__item">
+      <a href="../../misc/ssh.html" class="md-nav__link">
+        
+  
+  <span class="md-ellipsis">
+    SSH
+  </span>
+  
+
+      </a>
+    </li>
+  
+
+              
+            
+              
+                
+  
+  
+  
+  
+    <li class="md-nav__item">
+      <a href="../../misc/web-components.html" class="md-nav__link">
+        
+  
+  <span class="md-ellipsis">
+    WebComponents
+  </span>
+  
+
+      </a>
+    </li>
+  
+
+              
+            
+          </ul>
+        </nav>
+      
+    </li>
+  
+
+    
+      
+      
+  
+  
+  
+  
+    
+    
+      
+        
+      
+        
+      
+    
+    
+      
+      
+        
+      
+    
+    
+    <li class="md-nav__item md-nav__item--nested">
+      
+        
+        
+        <input class="md-nav__toggle md-toggle " type="checkbox" id="__nav_6" >
+        
+          
+          <label class="md-nav__link" for="__nav_6" id="__nav_6_label" tabindex="0">
+            
+  
+  <span class="md-ellipsis">
+    Linux
+  </span>
+  
+
+            <span class="md-nav__icon md-icon"></span>
+          </label>
+        
+        <nav class="md-nav" data-md-level="1" aria-labelledby="__nav_6_label" aria-expanded="false">
+          <label class="md-nav__title" for="__nav_6">
+            <span class="md-nav__icon md-icon"></span>
+            Linux
+          </label>
+          <ul class="md-nav__list" data-md-scrollfix>
+            
+              
+                
+  
+  
+  
+  
+    
+    
+      
+        
+      
+        
+      
+        
+      
+    
+    
+      
+      
+        
+      
+    
+    
+    <li class="md-nav__item md-nav__item--nested">
+      
+        
+        
+        <input class="md-nav__toggle md-toggle " type="checkbox" id="__nav_6_1" >
+        
+          
+          <label class="md-nav__link" for="__nav_6_1" id="__nav_6_1_label" tabindex="0">
+            
+  
+  <span class="md-ellipsis">
+    Filesystem
+  </span>
+  
+
+            <span class="md-nav__icon md-icon"></span>
+          </label>
+        
+        <nav class="md-nav" data-md-level="2" aria-labelledby="__nav_6_1_label" aria-expanded="false">
+          <label class="md-nav__title" for="__nav_6_1">
+            <span class="md-nav__icon md-icon"></span>
+            Filesystem
+          </label>
+          <ul class="md-nav__list" data-md-scrollfix>
+            
+              
+                
+  
+  
+  
+  
+    <li class="md-nav__item">
+      <a href="../../linux/filesystem/file-links.html" class="md-nav__link">
+        
+  
+  <span class="md-ellipsis">
+    File Links
+  </span>
+  
+
+      </a>
+    </li>
+  
+
+              
+            
+              
+                
+  
+  
+  
+  
+    <li class="md-nav__item">
+      <a href="../../linux/filesystem/procfs.html" class="md-nav__link">
+        
+  
+  <span class="md-ellipsis">
+    /proc
+  </span>
+  
+
+      </a>
+    </li>
+  
+
+              
+            
+              
+                
+  
+  
+  
+  
+    <li class="md-nav__item">
+      <a href="../../linux/filesystem/sysfs.html" class="md-nav__link">
+        
+  
+  <span class="md-ellipsis">
+    /sys
+  </span>
+  
+
+      </a>
+    </li>
+  
+
+              
+            
+          </ul>
+        </nav>
+      
+    </li>
+  
+
+              
+            
+              
+                
+  
+  
+  
+  
+    
+    
+      
+        
+      
+        
+      
+    
+    
+      
+      
+        
+      
+    
+    
+    <li class="md-nav__item md-nav__item--nested">
+      
+        
+        
+        <input class="md-nav__toggle md-toggle " type="checkbox" id="__nav_6_2" >
+        
+          
+          <label class="md-nav__link" for="__nav_6_2" id="__nav_6_2_label" tabindex="0">
+            
+  
+  <span class="md-ellipsis">
+    System Init
+  </span>
+  
+
+            <span class="md-nav__icon md-icon"></span>
+          </label>
+        
+        <nav class="md-nav" data-md-level="2" aria-labelledby="__nav_6_2_label" aria-expanded="false">
+          <label class="md-nav__title" for="__nav_6_2">
+            <span class="md-nav__icon md-icon"></span>
+            System Init
+          </label>
+          <ul class="md-nav__list" data-md-scrollfix>
+            
+              
+                
+  
+  
+  
+  
+    <li class="md-nav__item">
+      <a href="../../linux/init/systemd.html" class="md-nav__link">
+        
+  
+  <span class="md-ellipsis">
+    Systemd
+  </span>
+  
+
+      </a>
+    </li>
+  
+
+              
+            
+              
+                
+  
+  
+  
+  
+    <li class="md-nav__item">
+      <a href="../../linux/init/open-rc.html" class="md-nav__link">
+        
+  
+  <span class="md-ellipsis">
+    OpenRC
+  </span>
+  
+
+      </a>
+    </li>
+  
+
+              
+            
+          </ul>
+        </nav>
+      
+    </li>
+  
+
+              
+            
+          </ul>
+        </nav>
+      
+    </li>
+  
+
+    
+  </ul>
+</nav>
+                  </div>
+                </div>
+              </div>
+            
+            
+              
+              <div class="md-sidebar md-sidebar--secondary" data-md-component="sidebar" data-md-type="toc" >
+                <div class="md-sidebar__scrollwrap">
+                  <div class="md-sidebar__inner">
+                    
+
+<nav class="md-nav md-nav--secondary" aria-label="Table of contents">
+  
+  
+  
+    
+  
+  
+    <label class="md-nav__title" for="__toc">
+      <span class="md-nav__icon md-icon"></span>
+      Table of contents
+    </label>
+    <ul class="md-nav__list" data-md-component="toc" data-md-scrollfix>
+      
+        <li class="md-nav__item">
+  <a href="#include-require" class="md-nav__link">
+    <span class="md-ellipsis">
+      Include, Require
+    </span>
+  </a>
+  
+    <nav class="md-nav" aria-label="Include, Require">
+      <ul class="md-nav__list">
+        
+          <li class="md-nav__item">
+  <a href="#import-configs-from-a-file-with-include" class="md-nav__link">
+    <span class="md-ellipsis">
+      Import configs from a file with include
+    </span>
+  </a>
+  
+</li>
+        
+      </ul>
+    </nav>
+  
+</li>
+      
+        <li class="md-nav__item">
+  <a href="#namespace" class="md-nav__link">
+    <span class="md-ellipsis">
+      Namespace
+    </span>
+  </a>
+  
+</li>
+      
+        <li class="md-nav__item">
+  <a href="#basics" class="md-nav__link">
+    <span class="md-ellipsis">
+      Basics
+    </span>
+  </a>
+  
+    <nav class="md-nav" aria-label="Basics">
+      <ul class="md-nav__list">
+        
+          <li class="md-nav__item">
+  <a href="#screen-output" class="md-nav__link">
+    <span class="md-ellipsis">
+      Screen Output
+    </span>
+  </a>
+  
+</li>
+        
+          <li class="md-nav__item">
+  <a href="#user-input" class="md-nav__link">
+    <span class="md-ellipsis">
+      User Input
+    </span>
+  </a>
+  
+</li>
+        
+      </ul>
+    </nav>
+  
+</li>
+      
+        <li class="md-nav__item">
+  <a href="#variables" class="md-nav__link">
+    <span class="md-ellipsis">
+      Variables
+    </span>
+  </a>
+  
+    <nav class="md-nav" aria-label="Variables">
+      <ul class="md-nav__list">
+        
+          <li class="md-nav__item">
+  <a href="#integers" class="md-nav__link">
+    <span class="md-ellipsis">
+      Integers
+    </span>
+  </a>
+  
+</li>
+        
+          <li class="md-nav__item">
+  <a href="#double" class="md-nav__link">
+    <span class="md-ellipsis">
+      Double
+    </span>
+  </a>
+  
+</li>
+        
+          <li class="md-nav__item">
+  <a href="#mathematical-operators" class="md-nav__link">
+    <span class="md-ellipsis">
+      Mathematical Operators
+    </span>
+  </a>
+  
+</li>
+        
+          <li class="md-nav__item">
+  <a href="#mathematical-functions" class="md-nav__link">
+    <span class="md-ellipsis">
+      Mathematical Functions
+    </span>
+  </a>
+  
+</li>
+        
+      </ul>
+    </nav>
+  
+</li>
+      
+        <li class="md-nav__item">
+  <a href="#strings" class="md-nav__link">
+    <span class="md-ellipsis">
+      Strings
+    </span>
+  </a>
+  
+    <nav class="md-nav" aria-label="Strings">
+      <ul class="md-nav__list">
+        
+          <li class="md-nav__item">
+  <a href="#string-concatenation" class="md-nav__link">
+    <span class="md-ellipsis">
+      String Concatenation
+    </span>
+  </a>
+  
+</li>
+        
+          <li class="md-nav__item">
+  <a href="#string-functions" class="md-nav__link">
+    <span class="md-ellipsis">
+      String Functions
+    </span>
+  </a>
+  
+</li>
+        
+      </ul>
+    </nav>
+  
+</li>
+      
+        <li class="md-nav__item">
+  <a href="#constants" class="md-nav__link">
+    <span class="md-ellipsis">
+      Constants
+    </span>
+  </a>
+  
+    <nav class="md-nav" aria-label="Constants">
+      <ul class="md-nav__list">
+        
+          <li class="md-nav__item">
+  <a href="#magic-constants-__name__" class="md-nav__link">
+    <span class="md-ellipsis">
+      Magic Constants __NAME__
+    </span>
+  </a>
+  
+</li>
+        
+      </ul>
+    </nav>
+  
+</li>
+      
+        <li class="md-nav__item">
+  <a href="#array" class="md-nav__link">
+    <span class="md-ellipsis">
+      Array
+    </span>
+  </a>
+  
+    <nav class="md-nav" aria-label="Array">
+      <ul class="md-nav__list">
+        
+          <li class="md-nav__item">
+  <a href="#multi-dimensional-array-matrix" class="md-nav__link">
+    <span class="md-ellipsis">
+      Multi Dimensional Array (Matrix)
+    </span>
+  </a>
+  
+</li>
+        
+          <li class="md-nav__item">
+  <a href="#array-printing" class="md-nav__link">
+    <span class="md-ellipsis">
+      Array Printing
+    </span>
+  </a>
+  
+</li>
+        
+          <li class="md-nav__item">
+  <a href="#array-functions" class="md-nav__link">
+    <span class="md-ellipsis">
+      Array Functions
+    </span>
+  </a>
+  
+</li>
+        
+          <li class="md-nav__item">
+  <a href="#associative-arrays" class="md-nav__link">
+    <span class="md-ellipsis">
+      Associative Arrays
+    </span>
+  </a>
+  
+</li>
+        
+      </ul>
+    </nav>
+  
+</li>
+      
+        <li class="md-nav__item">
+  <a href="#conditional-instructions" class="md-nav__link">
+    <span class="md-ellipsis">
+      Conditional Instructions
+    </span>
+  </a>
+  
+    <nav class="md-nav" aria-label="Conditional Instructions">
+      <ul class="md-nav__list">
+        
+          <li class="md-nav__item">
+  <a href="#conditional-operators" class="md-nav__link">
+    <span class="md-ellipsis">
+      Conditional Operators
+    </span>
+  </a>
+  
+</li>
+        
+          <li class="md-nav__item">
+  <a href="#logical-operators" class="md-nav__link">
+    <span class="md-ellipsis">
+      Logical Operators
+    </span>
+  </a>
+  
+</li>
+        
+          <li class="md-nav__item">
+  <a href="#ternary-operator" class="md-nav__link">
+    <span class="md-ellipsis">
+      Ternary Operator
+    </span>
+  </a>
+  
+</li>
+        
+          <li class="md-nav__item">
+  <a href="#null-coalesce" class="md-nav__link">
+    <span class="md-ellipsis">
+      NULL Coalesce
+    </span>
+  </a>
+  
+</li>
+        
+          <li class="md-nav__item">
+  <a href="#spaceship-operator" class="md-nav__link">
+    <span class="md-ellipsis">
+      Spaceship Operator
+    </span>
+  </a>
+  
+</li>
+        
+          <li class="md-nav__item">
+  <a href="#if-elseif-else" class="md-nav__link">
+    <span class="md-ellipsis">
+      If - Elseif - Else
+    </span>
+  </a>
+  
+</li>
+        
+          <li class="md-nav__item">
+  <a href="#switch-case" class="md-nav__link">
+    <span class="md-ellipsis">
+      Switch Case
+    </span>
+  </a>
+  
+</li>
+        
+          <li class="md-nav__item">
+  <a href="#match-expression-php-8" class="md-nav__link">
+    <span class="md-ellipsis">
+      Match Expression (PHP 8)
+    </span>
+  </a>
+  
+</li>
+        
+      </ul>
+    </nav>
+  
+</li>
+      
+        <li class="md-nav__item">
+  <a href="#loops" class="md-nav__link">
+    <span class="md-ellipsis">
+      Loops
+    </span>
+  </a>
+  
+    <nav class="md-nav" aria-label="Loops">
+      <ul class="md-nav__list">
+        
+          <li class="md-nav__item">
+  <a href="#for-foreach" class="md-nav__link">
+    <span class="md-ellipsis">
+      For, Foreach
+    </span>
+  </a>
+  
+</li>
+        
+          <li class="md-nav__item">
+  <a href="#while-do-while" class="md-nav__link">
+    <span class="md-ellipsis">
+      While, Do-While
+    </span>
+  </a>
+  
+</li>
+        
+          <li class="md-nav__item">
+  <a href="#break-continue-exit" class="md-nav__link">
+    <span class="md-ellipsis">
+      Break, Continue, exit()
+    </span>
+  </a>
+  
+</li>
+        
+      </ul>
+    </nav>
+  
+</li>
+      
+        <li class="md-nav__item">
+  <a href="#functions" class="md-nav__link">
+    <span class="md-ellipsis">
+      Functions
+    </span>
+  </a>
+  
+    <nav class="md-nav" aria-label="Functions">
+      <ul class="md-nav__list">
+        
+          <li class="md-nav__item">
+  <a href="#void-function" class="md-nav__link">
+    <span class="md-ellipsis">
+      Void function
+    </span>
+  </a>
+  
+</li>
+        
+          <li class="md-nav__item">
+  <a href="#passing-a-parameter-by-reference" class="md-nav__link">
+    <span class="md-ellipsis">
+      Passing a parameter by reference (&amp;$)
+    </span>
+  </a>
+  
+</li>
+        
+          <li class="md-nav__item">
+  <a href="#variable-number-of-parameters-variadic-operator" class="md-nav__link">
+    <span class="md-ellipsis">
+      Variable number of parameters, variadic operator (...)
+    </span>
+  </a>
+  
+</li>
+        
+          <li class="md-nav__item">
+  <a href="#nullable-parameters" class="md-nav__link">
+    <span class="md-ellipsis">
+      Nullable parameters
+    </span>
+  </a>
+  
+</li>
+        
+      </ul>
+    </nav>
+  
+</li>
+      
+        <li class="md-nav__item">
+  <a href="#anonymous-functions-closure" class="md-nav__link">
+    <span class="md-ellipsis">
+      Anonymous Functions (Closure)
+    </span>
+  </a>
+  
+    <nav class="md-nav" aria-label="Anonymous Functions (Closure)">
+      <ul class="md-nav__list">
+        
+          <li class="md-nav__item">
+  <a href="#use-operator" class="md-nav__link">
+    <span class="md-ellipsis">
+      Use Operator
+    </span>
+  </a>
+  
+</li>
+        
+          <li class="md-nav__item">
+  <a href="#union-types-php-8" class="md-nav__link">
+    <span class="md-ellipsis">
+      Union Types (PHP 8)
+    </span>
+  </a>
+  
+</li>
+        
+          <li class="md-nav__item">
+  <a href="#named-arguments-php-8" class="md-nav__link">
+    <span class="md-ellipsis">
+      Named Arguments (PHP 8)
+    </span>
+  </a>
+  
+</li>
+        
+      </ul>
+    </nav>
+  
+</li>
+      
+        <li class="md-nav__item">
+  <a href="#object-oriented-programming" class="md-nav__link">
+    <span class="md-ellipsis">
+      Object Oriented Programming
+    </span>
+  </a>
+  
+    <nav class="md-nav" aria-label="Object Oriented Programming">
+      <ul class="md-nav__list">
+        
+          <li class="md-nav__item">
+  <a href="#scope-visibility" class="md-nav__link">
+    <span class="md-ellipsis">
+      Scope &amp; Visibility
+    </span>
+  </a>
+  
+</li>
+        
+          <li class="md-nav__item">
+  <a href="#class-declaration-instantiation" class="md-nav__link">
+    <span class="md-ellipsis">
+      Class Declaration &amp; Instantiation
+    </span>
+  </a>
+  
+</li>
+        
+          <li class="md-nav__item">
+  <a href="#static-classes-attributes-methods" class="md-nav__link">
+    <span class="md-ellipsis">
+      Static classes, attributes &amp; methods
+    </span>
+  </a>
+  
+</li>
+        
+          <li class="md-nav__item">
+  <a href="#dependency-injection" class="md-nav__link">
+    <span class="md-ellipsis">
+      Dependency Injection
+    </span>
+  </a>
+  
+</li>
+        
+          <li class="md-nav__item">
+  <a href="#inheritance" class="md-nav__link">
+    <span class="md-ellipsis">
+      Inheritance
+    </span>
+  </a>
+  
+</li>
+        
+          <li class="md-nav__item">
+  <a href="#abstract-class" class="md-nav__link">
+    <span class="md-ellipsis">
+      Abstract Class
+    </span>
+  </a>
+  
+</li>
+        
+          <li class="md-nav__item">
+  <a href="#interface" class="md-nav__link">
+    <span class="md-ellipsis">
+      Interface
+    </span>
+  </a>
+  
+</li>
+        
+          <li class="md-nav__item">
+  <a href="#traits" class="md-nav__link">
+    <span class="md-ellipsis">
+      Traits
+    </span>
+  </a>
+  
+</li>
+        
+          <li class="md-nav__item">
+  <a href="#anonymous-classes" class="md-nav__link">
+    <span class="md-ellipsis">
+      Anonymous Classes
+    </span>
+  </a>
+  
+</li>
+        
+      </ul>
+    </nav>
+  
+</li>
+      
+        <li class="md-nav__item">
+  <a href="#serialization-json" class="md-nav__link">
+    <span class="md-ellipsis">
+      Serialization &amp; JSON
+    </span>
+  </a>
+  
+</li>
+      
+        <li class="md-nav__item">
+  <a href="#files" class="md-nav__link">
+    <span class="md-ellipsis">
+      Files
+    </span>
+  </a>
+  
+    <nav class="md-nav" aria-label="Files">
+      <ul class="md-nav__list">
+        
+          <li class="md-nav__item">
+  <a href="#readwrite-on-files" class="md-nav__link">
+    <span class="md-ellipsis">
+      Read/Write on Files
+    </span>
+  </a>
+  
+</li>
+        
+      </ul>
+    </nav>
+  
+</li>
+      
+        <li class="md-nav__item">
+  <a href="#regular-expressions" class="md-nav__link">
+    <span class="md-ellipsis">
+      Regular Expressions
+    </span>
+  </a>
+  
+</li>
+      
+        <li class="md-nav__item">
+  <a href="#hashing" class="md-nav__link">
+    <span class="md-ellipsis">
+      Hashing
+    </span>
+  </a>
+  
+    <nav class="md-nav" aria-label="Hashing">
+      <ul class="md-nav__list">
+        
+          <li class="md-nav__item">
+  <a href="#password-hashes" class="md-nav__link">
+    <span class="md-ellipsis">
+      Password Hashes
+    </span>
+  </a>
+  
+</li>
+        
+      </ul>
+    </nav>
+  
+</li>
+      
+        <li class="md-nav__item">
+  <a href="#errors" class="md-nav__link">
+    <span class="md-ellipsis">
+      Errors
+    </span>
+  </a>
+  
+    <nav class="md-nav" aria-label="Errors">
+      <ul class="md-nav__list">
+        
+          <li class="md-nav__item">
+  <a href="#error-reporting" class="md-nav__link">
+    <span class="md-ellipsis">
+      Error Reporting
+    </span>
+  </a>
+  
+</li>
+        
+          <li class="md-nav__item">
+  <a href="#triggering-errors" class="md-nav__link">
+    <span class="md-ellipsis">
+      Triggering Errors
+    </span>
+  </a>
+  
+</li>
+        
+          <li class="md-nav__item">
+  <a href="#writing-in-the-log-file" class="md-nav__link">
+    <span class="md-ellipsis">
+      Writing in the Log File
+    </span>
+  </a>
+  
+</li>
+        
+      </ul>
+    </nav>
+  
+</li>
+      
+        <li class="md-nav__item">
+  <a href="#exception-handling" class="md-nav__link">
+    <span class="md-ellipsis">
+      Exception Handling
+    </span>
+  </a>
+  
+    <nav class="md-nav" aria-label="Exception Handling">
+      <ul class="md-nav__list">
+        
+          <li class="md-nav__item">
+  <a href="#custom-exceptions" class="md-nav__link">
+    <span class="md-ellipsis">
+      Custom Exceptions
+    </span>
+  </a>
+  
+</li>
+        
+      </ul>
+    </nav>
+  
+</li>
+      
+    </ul>
+  
+</nav>
+                  </div>
+                </div>
+              </div>
+            
+          
+          
+            <div class="md-content" data-md-component="content">
+              <article class="md-content__inner md-typeset">
+                
+                  
+
+  
+  
+
+
+<h1 id="php">PHP</h1>
+<p><a href="https://www.php.net/docs.php">PHP Docs</a></p>
+<div class="highlight"><table class="highlighttable"><tr><th colspan="2" class="filename"><span class="filename">PHP</span></th></tr><tr><td class="linenos"><div class="linenodiv"><pre><span></span><span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-0-1">1</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-0-2">2</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-0-3">3</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-0-4">4</a></span></pre></div></td><td class="code"><div><pre><span></span><code><a id="__codelineno-0-1" name="__codelineno-0-1"></a><span class="x">declare(strict_types=1);  # activates variable type checking on function arguments</span>
+<a id="__codelineno-0-2" name="__codelineno-0-2"></a><span class="x"># single line comment</span>
+<a id="__codelineno-0-3" name="__codelineno-0-3"></a><span class="x">//single line comment</span>
+<a id="__codelineno-0-4" name="__codelineno-0-4"></a><span class="x">/* multi line comment */</span>
+</code></pre></div></td></tr></table></div>
+<h2 id="include-require">Include, Require</h2>
+<div class="highlight"><table class="highlighttable"><tr><th colspan="2" class="filename"><span class="filename">PHP</span></th></tr><tr><td class="linenos"><div class="linenodiv"><pre><span></span><span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-1-1">1</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-1-2">2</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-1-3">3</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-1-4">4</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-1-5">5</a></span></pre></div></td><td class="code"><div><pre><span></span><code><a id="__codelineno-1-1" name="__codelineno-1-1"></a><span class="x">include &quot;path\\file.php&quot;;  # import an external php file, E_WARNING if fails</span>
+<a id="__codelineno-1-2" name="__codelineno-1-2"></a><span class="x">include_once &quot;path\\file.php&quot;;  # imports only if not already loaded</span>
+<a id="__codelineno-1-3" name="__codelineno-1-3"></a>
+<a id="__codelineno-1-4" name="__codelineno-1-4"></a><span class="x">require &quot;path\\file.php&quot;;  # import an external php file, E_COMPILE_ERROR if fails</span>
+<a id="__codelineno-1-5" name="__codelineno-1-5"></a><span class="x">require_once &quot;path\\file.php&quot;;  # imports only if not already loaded</span>
+</code></pre></div></td></tr></table></div>
+<h3 id="import-configs-from-a-file-with-include">Import configs from a file with <code>include</code></h3>
+<p>In <code>config.php</code>:</p>
+<div class="highlight"><table class="highlighttable"><tr><th colspan="2" class="filename"><span class="filename">PHP</span></th></tr><tr><td class="linenos"><div class="linenodiv"><pre><span></span><span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-2-1">1</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-2-2">2</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-2-3">3</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-2-4">4</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-2-5">5</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-2-6">6</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-2-7">7</a></span></pre></div></td><td class="code"><div><pre><span></span><code><a id="__codelineno-2-1" name="__codelineno-2-1"></a><span class="x">//config.php</span>
+<a id="__codelineno-2-2" name="__codelineno-2-2"></a>
+<a id="__codelineno-2-3" name="__codelineno-2-3"></a><span class="x">//store configuration options in associative array</span>
+<a id="__codelineno-2-4" name="__codelineno-2-4"></a><span class="x">return [</span>
+<a id="__codelineno-2-5" name="__codelineno-2-5"></a><span class="x">    setting =&gt; value,</span>
+<a id="__codelineno-2-6" name="__codelineno-2-6"></a><span class="x">    setting = value,</span>
+<a id="__codelineno-2-7" name="__codelineno-2-7"></a><span class="x">]</span>
+</code></pre></div></td></tr></table></div>
+<div class="highlight"><table class="highlighttable"><tr><th colspan="2" class="filename"><span class="filename">PHP</span></th></tr><tr><td class="linenos"><div class="linenodiv"><pre><span></span><span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-3-1">1</a></span></pre></div></td><td class="code"><div><pre><span></span><code><a id="__codelineno-3-1" name="__codelineno-3-1"></a><span class="x">$config = include &quot;config.php&quot;;  // retrieve config and store into variable</span>
+</code></pre></div></td></tr></table></div>
+<h2 id="namespace">Namespace</h2>
+<p><a href="https://www.php-fig.org/psr/psr-4/">PSR-4 Spec</a></p>
+<div class="highlight"><table class="highlighttable"><tr><th colspan="2" class="filename"><span class="filename">PHP</span></th></tr><tr><td class="linenos"><div class="linenodiv"><pre><span></span><span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-4-1"> 1</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-4-2"> 2</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-4-3"> 3</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-4-4"> 4</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-4-5"> 5</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-4-6"> 6</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-4-7"> 7</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-4-8"> 8</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-4-9"> 9</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-4-10">10</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-4-11">11</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-4-12">12</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-4-13">13</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-4-14">14</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-4-15">15</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-4-16">16</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-4-17">17</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-4-18">18</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-4-19">19</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-4-20">20</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-4-21">21</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-4-22">22</a></span></pre></div></td><td class="code"><div><pre><span></span><code><a id="__codelineno-4-1" name="__codelineno-4-1"></a><span class="x">namespace Foo\Bar\Baz;   # set namespace for all file contents, \ for nested namespaces</span>
+<a id="__codelineno-4-2" name="__codelineno-4-2"></a>
+<a id="__codelineno-4-3" name="__codelineno-4-3"></a><span class="x">use &lt;PHP_Class&gt;  # using a namespace hides standard php classes (WHY?!?)</span>
+<a id="__codelineno-4-4" name="__codelineno-4-4"></a>
+<a id="__codelineno-4-5" name="__codelineno-4-5"></a><span class="x"># namespace for only a block of code</span>
+<a id="__codelineno-4-6" name="__codelineno-4-6"></a><span class="x">namespace Foo\Bar\Baz {</span>
+<a id="__codelineno-4-7" name="__codelineno-4-7"></a><span class="x">    function func() {</span>
+<a id="__codelineno-4-8" name="__codelineno-4-8"></a><span class="x">        # coded here</span>
+<a id="__codelineno-4-9" name="__codelineno-4-9"></a><span class="x">    }</span>
+<a id="__codelineno-4-10" name="__codelineno-4-10"></a><span class="x">};</span>
+<a id="__codelineno-4-11" name="__codelineno-4-11"></a>
+<a id="__codelineno-4-12" name="__codelineno-4-12"></a>
+<a id="__codelineno-4-13" name="__codelineno-4-13"></a><span class="x">Foo\Bar\Baz\func();  # use function from Foo\Bar\Baz without USE instruction</span>
+<a id="__codelineno-4-14" name="__codelineno-4-14"></a>
+<a id="__codelineno-4-15" name="__codelineno-4-15"></a><span class="x">use Foo\Bar\Baz\func; # import namespace</span>
+<a id="__codelineno-4-16" name="__codelineno-4-16"></a><span class="x">func(); # use function from Foo\Bar\Baz</span>
+<a id="__codelineno-4-17" name="__codelineno-4-17"></a>
+<a id="__codelineno-4-18" name="__codelineno-4-18"></a><span class="x">use Foo\Bar\Baz\func as f;  # use function with an alias</span>
+<a id="__codelineno-4-19" name="__codelineno-4-19"></a><span class="x">f();  # use function from Foo\Bar\Baz</span>
+<a id="__codelineno-4-20" name="__codelineno-4-20"></a>
+<a id="__codelineno-4-21" name="__codelineno-4-21"></a><span class="x">use Foo\Bar\Baz as fbb  # use namespace with alias</span>
+<a id="__codelineno-4-22" name="__codelineno-4-22"></a><span class="x">fnn\func();  # use function from Foo\Bar\Baz</span>
+</code></pre></div></td></tr></table></div>
+<h2 id="basics">Basics</h2>
+<div class="highlight"><table class="highlighttable"><tr><th colspan="2" class="filename"><span class="filename">PHP</span></th></tr><tr><td class="linenos"><div class="linenodiv"><pre><span></span><span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-5-1">1</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-5-2">2</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-5-3">3</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-5-4">4</a></span></pre></div></td><td class="code"><div><pre><span></span><code><a id="__codelineno-5-1" name="__codelineno-5-1"></a><span class="x">declare(strict_types=1);  # activates type checking</span>
+<a id="__codelineno-5-2" name="__codelineno-5-2"></a><span class="x"># single line comment</span>
+<a id="__codelineno-5-3" name="__codelineno-5-3"></a><span class="x">//single line comment</span>
+<a id="__codelineno-5-4" name="__codelineno-5-4"></a><span class="x">/* multi line comment */</span>
+</code></pre></div></td></tr></table></div>
+<h3 id="screen-output">Screen Output</h3>
+<div class="highlight"><table class="highlighttable"><tr><th colspan="2" class="filename"><span class="filename">PHP</span></th></tr><tr><td class="linenos"><div class="linenodiv"><pre><span></span><span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-6-1">1</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-6-2">2</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-6-3">3</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-6-4">4</a></span></pre></div></td><td class="code"><div><pre><span></span><code><a id="__codelineno-6-1" name="__codelineno-6-1"></a><span class="x">echo &quot;string&quot;;  # string output</span>
+<a id="__codelineno-6-2" name="__codelineno-6-2"></a><span class="x">echo &#39;string\n&#39;;  # raw string output</span>
+<a id="__codelineno-6-3" name="__codelineno-6-3"></a><span class="x">printf(&quot;format&quot;, $variables);  # formatted output of strings and variables</span>
+<a id="__codelineno-6-4" name="__codelineno-6-4"></a><span class="x">sprintf(&quot;format&quot;, $variables);  # return formatted string</span>
+</code></pre></div></td></tr></table></div>
+<h3 id="user-input">User Input</h3>
+<div class="highlight"><table class="highlighttable"><tr><th colspan="2" class="filename"><span class="filename">PHP</span></th></tr><tr><td class="linenos"><div class="linenodiv"><pre><span></span><span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-7-1"> 1</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-7-2"> 2</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-7-3"> 3</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-7-4"> 4</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-7-5"> 5</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-7-6"> 6</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-7-7"> 7</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-7-8"> 8</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-7-9"> 9</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-7-10">10</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-7-11">11</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-7-12">12</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-7-13">13</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-7-14">14</a></span></pre></div></td><td class="code"><div><pre><span></span><code><a id="__codelineno-7-1" name="__codelineno-7-1"></a><span class="x">$var = readline(&quot;prompt&quot;);</span>
+<a id="__codelineno-7-2" name="__codelineno-7-2"></a>
+<a id="__codelineno-7-3" name="__codelineno-7-3"></a><span class="x"># if readline is not installed</span>
+<a id="__codelineno-7-4" name="__codelineno-7-4"></a><span class="x">if (!function_exists(&#39;readline&#39;)) {</span>
+<a id="__codelineno-7-5" name="__codelineno-7-5"></a><span class="x">    function readline($prompt)</span>
+<a id="__codelineno-7-6" name="__codelineno-7-6"></a><span class="x">    {</span>
+<a id="__codelineno-7-7" name="__codelineno-7-7"></a><span class="x">        $fh = fopen(&#39;php://stdin&#39;, &#39;r&#39;);</span>
+<a id="__codelineno-7-8" name="__codelineno-7-8"></a><span class="x">        echo $prompt;</span>
+<a id="__codelineno-7-9" name="__codelineno-7-9"></a><span class="x">        $userInput = trim(fgets($fh));</span>
+<a id="__codelineno-7-10" name="__codelineno-7-10"></a><span class="x">        fclose($fh);</span>
+<a id="__codelineno-7-11" name="__codelineno-7-11"></a>
+<a id="__codelineno-7-12" name="__codelineno-7-12"></a><span class="x">        return $userInput;</span>
+<a id="__codelineno-7-13" name="__codelineno-7-13"></a><span class="x">    }</span>
+<a id="__codelineno-7-14" name="__codelineno-7-14"></a><span class="x">}</span>
+</code></pre></div></td></tr></table></div>
+<h2 id="variables">Variables</h2>
+<div class="highlight"><table class="highlighttable"><tr><th colspan="2" class="filename"><span class="filename">PHP</span></th></tr><tr><td class="linenos"><div class="linenodiv"><pre><span></span><span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-8-1">1</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-8-2">2</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-8-3">3</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-8-4">4</a></span></pre></div></td><td class="code"><div><pre><span></span><code><a id="__codelineno-8-1" name="__codelineno-8-1"></a><span class="x">$variableName = value;  # weakly typed</span>
+<a id="__codelineno-8-2" name="__codelineno-8-2"></a><span class="x">echo gettype(&amp;variable);  # output type of variable</span>
+<a id="__codelineno-8-3" name="__codelineno-8-3"></a>
+<a id="__codelineno-8-4" name="__codelineno-8-4"></a><span class="x">var_dump($var);  # prints info of variable (bit dimension, type &amp; value)</span>
+</code></pre></div></td></tr></table></div>
+<h3 id="integers">Integers</h3>
+<div class="highlight"><table class="highlighttable"><tr><th colspan="2" class="filename"><span class="filename">PHP</span></th></tr><tr><td class="linenos"><div class="linenodiv"><pre><span></span><span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-9-1">1</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-9-2">2</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-9-3">3</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-9-4">4</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-9-5">5</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-9-6">6</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-9-7">7</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-9-8">8</a></span></pre></div></td><td class="code"><div><pre><span></span><code><a id="__codelineno-9-1" name="__codelineno-9-1"></a><span class="x">&amp;max = PHP_INT_MAX;  # max value for int type -&gt; 9223372036854775807</span>
+<a id="__codelineno-9-2" name="__codelineno-9-2"></a><span class="x">&amp;min = PHP_INT_MIN;  # min value for int type -&gt; -9223372036854775808</span>
+<a id="__codelineno-9-3" name="__codelineno-9-3"></a><span class="x">&amp;bytes = PHP_INT_SIZE;  # bytes for int type -&gt; 8</span>
+<a id="__codelineno-9-4" name="__codelineno-9-4"></a>
+<a id="__codelineno-9-5" name="__codelineno-9-5"></a><span class="x">&amp;num = 255;  # decimal</span>
+<a id="__codelineno-9-6" name="__codelineno-9-6"></a><span class="x">&amp;num = 0b11111111;  # binary</span>
+<a id="__codelineno-9-7" name="__codelineno-9-7"></a><span class="x">&amp;num = 0377;  # octal</span>
+<a id="__codelineno-9-8" name="__codelineno-9-8"></a><span class="x">&amp;num = 0xff;  # hexadecimal</span>
+</code></pre></div></td></tr></table></div>
+<h3 id="double">Double</h3>
+<div class="highlight"><table class="highlighttable"><tr><th colspan="2" class="filename"><span class="filename">PHP</span></th></tr><tr><td class="linenos"><div class="linenodiv"><pre><span></span><span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-10-1">1</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-10-2">2</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-10-3">3</a></span></pre></div></td><td class="code"><div><pre><span></span><code><a id="__codelineno-10-1" name="__codelineno-10-1"></a><span class="x">$a = 1.234; // 1.234</span>
+<a id="__codelineno-10-2" name="__codelineno-10-2"></a><span class="x">$b = 1.2e3; // 1200</span>
+<a id="__codelineno-10-3" name="__codelineno-10-3"></a><span class="x">$c = 7E-10; // 0.0000000007</span>
+</code></pre></div></td></tr></table></div>
+<h3 id="mathematical-operators">Mathematical Operators</h3>
+<table>
+<thead>
+<tr>
+<th>Operator</th>
+<th>Operation</th>
+</tr>
+</thead>
+<tbody>
+<tr>
+<td><code>-</code></td>
+<td>Subtraction</td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+<td><code>*</code></td>
+<td>Multiplication</td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+<td><code>/</code></td>
+<td>Division</td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+<td><code>%</code></td>
+<td>Modulo</td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+<td><code>**</code></td>
+<td>Exponentiation</td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+<td><code>var++</code></td>
+<td>Post Increment</td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+<td><code>++var</code></td>
+<td>Pre Increment</td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+<td><code>var--</code></td>
+<td>Post Decrement</td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+<td><code>--var</code></td>
+<td>Pre Decrement</td>
+</tr>
+</tbody>
+</table>
+<h3 id="mathematical-functions">Mathematical Functions</h3>
+<ul>
+<li><code>sqrt($x)</code></li>
+<li><code>sin($x)</code></li>
+<li><code>cos($x)</code></li>
+<li><code>log($x)</code></li>
+<li><code>round($x)</code></li>
+<li><code>floor($x)</code></li>
+<li><code>ceil($x)</code></li>
+</ul>
+<h2 id="strings">Strings</h2>
+<p>A string is a sequence of ASCII characters. In PHP a string is an array of characters.</p>
+<h3 id="string-concatenation">String Concatenation</h3>
+<div class="highlight"><table class="highlighttable"><tr><th colspan="2" class="filename"><span class="filename">PHP</span></th></tr><tr><td class="linenos"><div class="linenodiv"><pre><span></span><span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-11-1">1</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-11-2">2</a></span></pre></div></td><td class="code"><div><pre><span></span><code><a id="__codelineno-11-1" name="__codelineno-11-1"></a><span class="x">$string1 . $string2; # method 1</span>
+<a id="__codelineno-11-2" name="__codelineno-11-2"></a><span class="x">$string1 .= $string2;  # method 2</span>
+</code></pre></div></td></tr></table></div>
+<h3 id="string-functions">String Functions</h3>
+<div class="highlight"><table class="highlighttable"><tr><th colspan="2" class="filename"><span class="filename">PHP</span></th></tr><tr><td class="linenos"><div class="linenodiv"><pre><span></span><span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-12-1">1</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-12-2">2</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-12-3">3</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-12-4">4</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-12-5">5</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-12-6">6</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-12-7">7</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-12-8">8</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-12-9">9</a></span></pre></div></td><td class="code"><div><pre><span></span><code><a id="__codelineno-12-1" name="__codelineno-12-1"></a><span class="x">strlen($string);  # returns the string length</span>
+<a id="__codelineno-12-2" name="__codelineno-12-2"></a><span class="x">strpos($string, &#39;substring&#39;);  # position of substring in string</span>
+<a id="__codelineno-12-3" name="__codelineno-12-3"></a><span class="x">substr($string, start, len);  # extract substring of len from position start</span>
+<a id="__codelineno-12-4" name="__codelineno-12-4"></a><span class="x">strtoupper($string);  # transform to uppercase</span>
+<a id="__codelineno-12-5" name="__codelineno-12-5"></a><span class="x">strtolower($string);  # transform to lowercase</span>
+<a id="__codelineno-12-6" name="__codelineno-12-6"></a>
+<a id="__codelineno-12-7" name="__codelineno-12-7"></a><span class="x">explode(delimiter, string);  # return array of substrings</span>
+<a id="__codelineno-12-8" name="__codelineno-12-8"></a>
+<a id="__codelineno-12-9" name="__codelineno-12-9"></a><span class="x">$var = sprintf(&quot;format&quot;, $variables)  # construct and return a formatted string</span>
+</code></pre></div></td></tr></table></div>
+<h2 id="constants">Constants</h2>
+<div class="highlight"><table class="highlighttable"><tr><th colspan="2" class="filename"><span class="filename">PHP</span></th></tr><tr><td class="linenos"><div class="linenodiv"><pre><span></span><span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-13-1">1</a></span></pre></div></td><td class="code"><div><pre><span></span><code><a id="__codelineno-13-1" name="__codelineno-13-1"></a><span class="x">define (&#39;CONSTANT_NAME&#39;, &#39;value&#39;)</span>
+</code></pre></div></td></tr></table></div>
+<h3 id="magic-constants-__name__">Magic Constants <code>__NAME__</code></h3>
+<ul>
+<li><code>__FILE__</code>: script path + script filename</li>
+<li><code>__DIR__</code>: file directory</li>
+<li><code>__LINE__</code>: current line number</li>
+<li><code>__FUNCTION__</code>: the function name, or {closure} for anonymous functions.</li>
+<li><code>__CLASS__</code>: name of the class</li>
+<li><code>__NAMESPACE__</code>: the name of the current namespace.</li>
+</ul>
+<h2 id="array">Array</h2>
+<p>Heterogeneous sequence of values.</p>
+<div class="highlight"><table class="highlighttable"><tr><th colspan="2" class="filename"><span class="filename">PHP</span></th></tr><tr><td class="linenos"><div class="linenodiv"><pre><span></span><span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-14-1">1</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-14-2">2</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-14-3">3</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-14-4">4</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-14-5">5</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-14-6">6</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-14-7">7</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-14-8">8</a></span></pre></div></td><td class="code"><div><pre><span></span><code><a id="__codelineno-14-1" name="__codelineno-14-1"></a><span class="x">$array = (sequence_of_items);  # array declaration and valorization</span>
+<a id="__codelineno-14-2" name="__codelineno-14-2"></a><span class="x">$array = [sequence_of_items];  # array declaration and valorization</span>
+<a id="__codelineno-14-3" name="__codelineno-14-3"></a>
+<a id="__codelineno-14-4" name="__codelineno-14-4"></a><span class="x"># index &lt; 0 selects items starting from the last</span>
+<a id="__codelineno-14-5" name="__codelineno-14-5"></a><span class="x">$array[index];  # access to the items</span>
+<a id="__codelineno-14-6" name="__codelineno-14-6"></a><span class="x">$array[index] = value;   # array valorization (can add items)</span>
+<a id="__codelineno-14-7" name="__codelineno-14-7"></a>
+<a id="__codelineno-14-8" name="__codelineno-14-8"></a><span class="x">$array[] = value;  # value appending</span>
+</code></pre></div></td></tr></table></div>
+<h3 id="multi-dimensional-array-matrix">Multi Dimensional Array (Matrix)</h3>
+<p>Array of array. Can have arbitrary number of nested array</p>
+<div class="highlight"><table class="highlighttable"><tr><th colspan="2" class="filename"><span class="filename">PHP</span></th></tr><tr><td class="linenos"><div class="linenodiv"><pre><span></span><span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-15-1">1</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-15-2">2</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-15-3">3</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-15-4">4</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-15-5">5</a></span></pre></div></td><td class="code"><div><pre><span></span><code><a id="__codelineno-15-1" name="__codelineno-15-1"></a><span class="x">$matrix = [</span>
+<a id="__codelineno-15-2" name="__codelineno-15-2"></a><span class="x">    [1, 2, 3],</span>
+<a id="__codelineno-15-3" name="__codelineno-15-3"></a><span class="x">    [4, 5, 6],</span>
+<a id="__codelineno-15-4" name="__codelineno-15-4"></a><span class="x">    [7, 8, 9]</span>
+<a id="__codelineno-15-5" name="__codelineno-15-5"></a><span class="x">];</span>
+</code></pre></div></td></tr></table></div>
+<h3 id="array-printing">Array Printing</h3>
+<p>Single instruction to print whole array is ``</p>
+<div class="highlight"><table class="highlighttable"><tr><th colspan="2" class="filename"><span class="filename">PHP</span></th></tr><tr><td class="linenos"><div class="linenodiv"><pre><span></span><span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-16-1">1</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-16-2">2</a></span></pre></div></td><td class="code"><div><pre><span></span><code><a id="__codelineno-16-1" name="__codelineno-16-1"></a><span class="x">$array = [1, 2, 3];</span>
+<a id="__codelineno-16-2" name="__codelineno-16-2"></a><span class="x">print_r($array);  # print all the array values</span>
+</code></pre></div></td></tr></table></div>
+<h3 id="array-functions">Array Functions</h3>
+<div class="highlight"><table class="highlighttable"><tr><th colspan="2" class="filename"><span class="filename">PHP</span></th></tr><tr><td class="linenos"><div class="linenodiv"><pre><span></span><span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-17-1"> 1</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-17-2"> 2</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-17-3"> 3</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-17-4"> 4</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-17-5"> 5</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-17-6"> 6</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-17-7"> 7</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-17-8"> 8</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-17-9"> 9</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-17-10">10</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-17-11">11</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-17-12">12</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-17-13">13</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-17-14">14</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-17-15">15</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-17-16">16</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-17-17">17</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-17-18">18</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-17-19">19</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-17-20">20</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-17-21">21</a></span></pre></div></td><td class="code"><div><pre><span></span><code><a id="__codelineno-17-1" name="__codelineno-17-1"></a><span class="x">count($array);  # returns number of items in the array</span>
+<a id="__codelineno-17-2" name="__codelineno-17-2"></a><span class="x">array_sum($array)  # sum of the array value</span>
+<a id="__codelineno-17-3" name="__codelineno-17-3"></a><span class="x">sort($array);  # quick sort</span>
+<a id="__codelineno-17-4" name="__codelineno-17-4"></a><span class="x">in_array($item, $array);  // check if item is in the array</span>
+<a id="__codelineno-17-5" name="__codelineno-17-5"></a><span class="x">array_push($array, $item);  // append item to the array</span>
+<a id="__codelineno-17-6" name="__codelineno-17-6"></a><span class="x">unset($array[index]);  # item (or variable) deletion</span>
+<a id="__codelineno-17-7" name="__codelineno-17-7"></a>
+<a id="__codelineno-17-8" name="__codelineno-17-8"></a><span class="x"># array navigation</span>
+<a id="__codelineno-17-9" name="__codelineno-17-9"></a><span class="x">current();</span>
+<a id="__codelineno-17-10" name="__codelineno-17-10"></a><span class="x">key();</span>
+<a id="__codelineno-17-11" name="__codelineno-17-11"></a><span class="x">next();</span>
+<a id="__codelineno-17-12" name="__codelineno-17-12"></a><span class="x">prev();</span>
+<a id="__codelineno-17-13" name="__codelineno-17-13"></a><span class="x">reset();</span>
+<a id="__codelineno-17-14" name="__codelineno-17-14"></a><span class="x">end();</span>
+<a id="__codelineno-17-15" name="__codelineno-17-15"></a>
+<a id="__codelineno-17-16" name="__codelineno-17-16"></a><span class="x"># sorting</span>
+<a id="__codelineno-17-17" name="__codelineno-17-17"></a><span class="x">sort($array, $sort_flags=&quot;SORT_REGULAR&quot;);</span>
+<a id="__codelineno-17-18" name="__codelineno-17-18"></a>
+<a id="__codelineno-17-19" name="__codelineno-17-19"></a><span class="x">array_values($array);   # regenerates the array fixing the indexes</span>
+<a id="__codelineno-17-20" name="__codelineno-17-20"></a>
+<a id="__codelineno-17-21" name="__codelineno-17-21"></a><span class="x">list($array1 [, $array2, ...]) = $data;  # Python-like tuple unpacking</span>
+</code></pre></div></td></tr></table></div>
+<h3 id="associative-arrays">Associative Arrays</h3>
+<p>Associative arrays have a value as an index. Alternative names are <em>hash tables</em> or <em>dictionaries</em>.</p>
+<div class="highlight"><table class="highlighttable"><tr><th colspan="2" class="filename"><span class="filename">PHP</span></th></tr><tr><td class="linenos"><div class="linenodiv"><pre><span></span><span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-18-1"> 1</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-18-2"> 2</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-18-3"> 3</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-18-4"> 4</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-18-5"> 5</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-18-6"> 6</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-18-7"> 7</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-18-8"> 8</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-18-9"> 9</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-18-10">10</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-18-11">11</a></span></pre></div></td><td class="code"><div><pre><span></span><code><a id="__codelineno-18-1" name="__codelineno-18-1"></a><span class="x">$italianDay = [</span>
+<a id="__codelineno-18-2" name="__codelineno-18-2"></a><span class="x">    &#39;Mon&#39; =&gt; &#39;Lunedì&#39;,</span>
+<a id="__codelineno-18-3" name="__codelineno-18-3"></a><span class="x">    &#39;Tue&#39; =&gt; &#39;Martedì&#39;,</span>
+<a id="__codelineno-18-4" name="__codelineno-18-4"></a><span class="x">    &#39;Wed&#39; =&gt; &#39;Mercoledì&#39;,</span>
+<a id="__codelineno-18-5" name="__codelineno-18-5"></a><span class="x">    &#39;Thu&#39; =&gt; &#39;Giovedì&#39;,</span>
+<a id="__codelineno-18-6" name="__codelineno-18-6"></a><span class="x">    &#39;Fri&#39; =&gt; &#39;Venerdì&#39;,</span>
+<a id="__codelineno-18-7" name="__codelineno-18-7"></a><span class="x">    &#39;Sat&#39; =&gt; &#39;Sabato&#39;,</span>
+<a id="__codelineno-18-8" name="__codelineno-18-8"></a><span class="x">    &#39;Sun&#39; =&gt; &#39;Domenica&#39;</span>
+<a id="__codelineno-18-9" name="__codelineno-18-9"></a><span class="x">];</span>
+<a id="__codelineno-18-10" name="__codelineno-18-10"></a>
+<a id="__codelineno-18-11" name="__codelineno-18-11"></a><span class="x">$italianDay[&quot;Mon&quot;];  # evaluates to Lunedì</span>
+</code></pre></div></td></tr></table></div>
+<h2 id="conditional-instructions">Conditional Instructions</h2>
+<h3 id="conditional-operators">Conditional Operators</h3>
+<table>
+<thead>
+<tr>
+<th>Operator</th>
+<th>Operation</th>
+</tr>
+</thead>
+<tbody>
+<tr>
+<td>$a <code>==</code> $b</td>
+<td>value equality</td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+<td>$a <code>===</code> $b</td>
+<td>value &amp; type equality</td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+<td>$a <code>!=</code> $b</td>
+<td>value inequality</td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+<td>$a <code>&lt;&gt;</code> $b</td>
+<td>value inequality</td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+<td>$a <code>!==</code> $b</td>
+<td>value or type inequality</td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+<td>$a <code>&lt;</code> $b</td>
+<td>less than</td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+<td>$a <code>&gt;</code> $b</td>
+<td>greater than</td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+<td>$a <code>&lt;=</code> $b</td>
+<td>less or equal to</td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+<td>$a <code>&gt;=</code> $b</td>
+<td>greater or equal to</td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+<td>$a <code>&lt;=&gt;</code> $b</td>
+<td>spaceship operator</td>
+</tr>
+</tbody>
+</table>
+<p>With <code>==</code> a string evaluates to <code>0</code>.</p>
+<h3 id="logical-operators">Logical Operators</h3>
+<table>
+<thead>
+<tr>
+<th>Operator</th>
+<th>Example</th>
+<th>Result</th>
+</tr>
+</thead>
+<tbody>
+<tr>
+<td><code>and</code></td>
+<td><code>$a and $b</code></td>
+<td>TRUE if both <code>$a</code> and <code>$b</code> are TRUE.</td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+<td><code>or</code></td>
+<td><code>$a or $b</code></td>
+<td>TRUE if either <code>$a</code> or <code>$b</code> is TRUE.</td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+<td><code>xor</code></td>
+<td><code>$a xor $b</code></td>
+<td>TRUE if either <code>$a</code> or <code>$b</code> is TRUE, but <em>not both</em>.</td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+<td><code>not</code></td>
+<td><code>!$a</code></td>
+<td>TRUE if <code>$a</code> is <em>not</em> TRUE.</td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+<td><code>and</code></td>
+<td><code>$a &amp;&amp; $b</code></td>
+<td>TRUE if both <code>$a</code> and <code>$b</code> are TRUE.</td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+<td><code>or</code></td>
+<td><code>$a || $b</code></td>
+<td>TRUE if either <code>$a</code> or <code>$b</code> is TRUE.</td>
+</tr>
+</tbody>
+</table>
+<h3 id="ternary-operator">Ternary Operator</h3>
+<div class="highlight"><table class="highlighttable"><tr><th colspan="2" class="filename"><span class="filename">PHP</span></th></tr><tr><td class="linenos"><div class="linenodiv"><pre><span></span><span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-19-1">1</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-19-2">2</a></span></pre></div></td><td class="code"><div><pre><span></span><code><a id="__codelineno-19-1" name="__codelineno-19-1"></a><span class="x">condition ? result_if_true : result_if_false;</span>
+<a id="__codelineno-19-2" name="__codelineno-19-2"></a><span class="x">condition ?: result_if_false;</span>
+</code></pre></div></td></tr></table></div>
+<h3 id="null-coalesce">NULL Coalesce</h3>
+<div class="highlight"><table class="highlighttable"><tr><th colspan="2" class="filename"><span class="filename">PHP</span></th></tr><tr><td class="linenos"><div class="linenodiv"><pre><span></span><span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-20-1">1</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-20-2">2</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-20-3">3</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-20-4">4</a></span></pre></div></td><td class="code"><div><pre><span></span><code><a id="__codelineno-20-1" name="__codelineno-20-1"></a><span class="x">$var1 = $var2 ?? value;  # if variable == NULL assign value, otherwise return value of $var2</span>
+<a id="__codelineno-20-2" name="__codelineno-20-2"></a>
+<a id="__codelineno-20-3" name="__codelineno-20-3"></a><span class="x"># equivalent to</span>
+<a id="__codelineno-20-4" name="__codelineno-20-4"></a><span class="x">$var1 = isset($var2) ? $var2 : value</span>
+</code></pre></div></td></tr></table></div>
+<h3 id="spaceship-operator">Spaceship Operator</h3>
+<div class="highlight"><table class="highlighttable"><tr><th colspan="2" class="filename"><span class="filename">PHP</span></th></tr><tr><td class="linenos"><div class="linenodiv"><pre><span></span><span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-21-1">1</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-21-2">2</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-21-3">3</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-21-4">4</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-21-5">5</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-21-6">6</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-21-7">7</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-21-8">8</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-21-9">9</a></span></pre></div></td><td class="code"><div><pre><span></span><code><a id="__codelineno-21-1" name="__codelineno-21-1"></a><span class="x">$a &lt;=&gt; $b;</span>
+<a id="__codelineno-21-2" name="__codelineno-21-2"></a>
+<a id="__codelineno-21-3" name="__codelineno-21-3"></a><span class="x"># equivalent to</span>
+<a id="__codelineno-21-4" name="__codelineno-21-4"></a><span class="x">if $a &gt; $b</span>
+<a id="__codelineno-21-5" name="__codelineno-21-5"></a><span class="x">    return 1;</span>
+<a id="__codelineno-21-6" name="__codelineno-21-6"></a><span class="x">if $a == $b</span>
+<a id="__codelineno-21-7" name="__codelineno-21-7"></a><span class="x">    return 0;</span>
+<a id="__codelineno-21-8" name="__codelineno-21-8"></a><span class="x">if $a &lt; $b</span>
+<a id="__codelineno-21-9" name="__codelineno-21-9"></a><span class="x">    return -1;</span>
+</code></pre></div></td></tr></table></div>
+<h3 id="if-elseif-else"><code>If</code> - <code>Elseif</code> - <code>Else</code></h3>
+<div class="highlight"><table class="highlighttable"><tr><th colspan="2" class="filename"><span class="filename">PHP</span></th></tr><tr><td class="linenos"><div class="linenodiv"><pre><span></span><span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-22-1"> 1</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-22-2"> 2</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-22-3"> 3</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-22-4"> 4</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-22-5"> 5</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-22-6"> 6</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-22-7"> 7</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-22-8"> 8</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-22-9"> 9</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-22-10">10</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-22-11">11</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-22-12">12</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-22-13">13</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-22-14">14</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-22-15">15</a></span></pre></div></td><td class="code"><div><pre><span></span><code><a id="__codelineno-22-1" name="__codelineno-22-1"></a><span class="x">if (condition) {</span>
+<a id="__codelineno-22-2" name="__codelineno-22-2"></a><span class="x">  # code here</span>
+<a id="__codelineno-22-3" name="__codelineno-22-3"></a><span class="x">} elseif (condition) {</span>
+<a id="__codelineno-22-4" name="__codelineno-22-4"></a><span class="x">  # code here</span>
+<a id="__codelineno-22-5" name="__codelineno-22-5"></a><span class="x">} else {</span>
+<a id="__codelineno-22-6" name="__codelineno-22-6"></a><span class="x">    # code here</span>
+<a id="__codelineno-22-7" name="__codelineno-22-7"></a><span class="x">}</span>
+<a id="__codelineno-22-8" name="__codelineno-22-8"></a>
+<a id="__codelineno-22-9" name="__codelineno-22-9"></a><span class="x">if (condition) :</span>
+<a id="__codelineno-22-10" name="__codelineno-22-10"></a><span class="x">    # code here</span>
+<a id="__codelineno-22-11" name="__codelineno-22-11"></a><span class="x">elseif (condition):</span>
+<a id="__codelineno-22-12" name="__codelineno-22-12"></a><span class="x">    # code here</span>
+<a id="__codelineno-22-13" name="__codelineno-22-13"></a><span class="x">else:</span>
+<a id="__codelineno-22-14" name="__codelineno-22-14"></a><span class="x">    # code here</span>
+<a id="__codelineno-22-15" name="__codelineno-22-15"></a><span class="x">endif;</span>
+</code></pre></div></td></tr></table></div>
+<h3 id="switch-case">Switch Case</h3>
+<div class="highlight"><table class="highlighttable"><tr><th colspan="2" class="filename"><span class="filename">PHP</span></th></tr><tr><td class="linenos"><div class="linenodiv"><pre><span></span><span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-23-1"> 1</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-23-2"> 2</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-23-3"> 3</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-23-4"> 4</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-23-5"> 5</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-23-6"> 6</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-23-7"> 7</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-23-8"> 8</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-23-9"> 9</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-23-10">10</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-23-11">11</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-23-12">12</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-23-13">13</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-23-14">14</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-23-15">15</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-23-16">16</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-23-17">17</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-23-18">18</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-23-19">19</a></span></pre></div></td><td class="code"><div><pre><span></span><code><a id="__codelineno-23-1" name="__codelineno-23-1"></a><span class="x"># weak comparison</span>
+<a id="__codelineno-23-2" name="__codelineno-23-2"></a><span class="x">switch ($var) {</span>
+<a id="__codelineno-23-3" name="__codelineno-23-3"></a><span class="x">    case value:</span>
+<a id="__codelineno-23-4" name="__codelineno-23-4"></a><span class="x">        # code here</span>
+<a id="__codelineno-23-5" name="__codelineno-23-5"></a><span class="x">        break;</span>
+<a id="__codelineno-23-6" name="__codelineno-23-6"></a>
+<a id="__codelineno-23-7" name="__codelineno-23-7"></a><span class="x">    default:</span>
+<a id="__codelineno-23-8" name="__codelineno-23-8"></a><span class="x">        # code here</span>
+<a id="__codelineno-23-9" name="__codelineno-23-9"></a><span class="x">}</span>
+<a id="__codelineno-23-10" name="__codelineno-23-10"></a>
+<a id="__codelineno-23-11" name="__codelineno-23-11"></a><span class="x"># strong comparison</span>
+<a id="__codelineno-23-12" name="__codelineno-23-12"></a><span class="x">switch (true) {</span>
+<a id="__codelineno-23-13" name="__codelineno-23-13"></a><span class="x">    case $var === value:</span>
+<a id="__codelineno-23-14" name="__codelineno-23-14"></a><span class="x">        # code here</span>
+<a id="__codelineno-23-15" name="__codelineno-23-15"></a><span class="x">        break;</span>
+<a id="__codelineno-23-16" name="__codelineno-23-16"></a>
+<a id="__codelineno-23-17" name="__codelineno-23-17"></a><span class="x">    default:</span>
+<a id="__codelineno-23-18" name="__codelineno-23-18"></a><span class="x">        # code here</span>
+<a id="__codelineno-23-19" name="__codelineno-23-19"></a><span class="x">}</span>
+</code></pre></div></td></tr></table></div>
+<h3 id="match-expression-php-8">Match Expression (PHP 8)</h3>
+<p><code>match</code> can return values, doesn't require break statements, can combine conditions, uses strict type comparisons and doesn't do any type coercion.</p>
+<div class="highlight"><table class="highlighttable"><tr><th colspan="2" class="filename"><span class="filename">PHP</span></th></tr><tr><td class="linenos"><div class="linenodiv"><pre><span></span><span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-24-1">1</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-24-2">2</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-24-3">3</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-24-4">4</a></span></pre></div></td><td class="code"><div><pre><span></span><code><a id="__codelineno-24-1" name="__codelineno-24-1"></a><span class="x">$result = match($input) {</span>
+<a id="__codelineno-24-2" name="__codelineno-24-2"></a><span class="x">    0 =&gt; &quot;hello&quot;,</span>
+<a id="__codelineno-24-3" name="__codelineno-24-3"></a><span class="x">    &#39;1&#39;, &#39;2&#39;, &#39;3&#39; =&gt; &quot;world&quot;,</span>
+<a id="__codelineno-24-4" name="__codelineno-24-4"></a><span class="x">};</span>
+</code></pre></div></td></tr></table></div>
+<h2 id="loops">Loops</h2>
+<h3 id="for-foreach">For, Foreach</h3>
+<div class="highlight"><table class="highlighttable"><tr><th colspan="2" class="filename"><span class="filename">PHP</span></th></tr><tr><td class="linenos"><div class="linenodiv"><pre><span></span><span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-25-1"> 1</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-25-2"> 2</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-25-3"> 3</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-25-4"> 4</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-25-5"> 5</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-25-6"> 6</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-25-7"> 7</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-25-8"> 8</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-25-9"> 9</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-25-10">10</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-25-11">11</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-25-12">12</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-25-13">13</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-25-14">14</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-25-15">15</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-25-16">16</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-25-17">17</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-25-18">18</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-25-19">19</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-25-20">20</a></span></pre></div></td><td class="code"><div><pre><span></span><code><a id="__codelineno-25-1" name="__codelineno-25-1"></a><span class="x">for (init, condition, increment){</span>
+<a id="__codelineno-25-2" name="__codelineno-25-2"></a><span class="x">    # code here</span>
+<a id="__codelineno-25-3" name="__codelineno-25-3"></a><span class="x">}</span>
+<a id="__codelineno-25-4" name="__codelineno-25-4"></a>
+<a id="__codelineno-25-5" name="__codelineno-25-5"></a><span class="x">for (init, condition, increment):</span>
+<a id="__codelineno-25-6" name="__codelineno-25-6"></a><span class="x">    # code here</span>
+<a id="__codelineno-25-7" name="__codelineno-25-7"></a><span class="x">endfor;</span>
+<a id="__codelineno-25-8" name="__codelineno-25-8"></a>
+<a id="__codelineno-25-9" name="__codelineno-25-9"></a><span class="x">foreach($sequence as $item) {</span>
+<a id="__codelineno-25-10" name="__codelineno-25-10"></a><span class="x">    # code here</span>
+<a id="__codelineno-25-11" name="__codelineno-25-11"></a><span class="x">}</span>
+<a id="__codelineno-25-12" name="__codelineno-25-12"></a>
+<a id="__codelineno-25-13" name="__codelineno-25-13"></a><span class="x">foreach($sequence as $item):</span>
+<a id="__codelineno-25-14" name="__codelineno-25-14"></a><span class="x">    # code here</span>
+<a id="__codelineno-25-15" name="__codelineno-25-15"></a><span class="x">endforeach;</span>
+<a id="__codelineno-25-16" name="__codelineno-25-16"></a>
+<a id="__codelineno-25-17" name="__codelineno-25-17"></a><span class="x"># foreach on dicts</span>
+<a id="__codelineno-25-18" name="__codelineno-25-18"></a><span class="x">foreach($sequence as $key =&gt; $value) {</span>
+<a id="__codelineno-25-19" name="__codelineno-25-19"></a><span class="x">    # code here</span>
+<a id="__codelineno-25-20" name="__codelineno-25-20"></a><span class="x">}</span>
+</code></pre></div></td></tr></table></div>
+<h3 id="while-do-while">While, Do-While</h3>
+<div class="highlight"><table class="highlighttable"><tr><th colspan="2" class="filename"><span class="filename">PHP</span></th></tr><tr><td class="linenos"><div class="linenodiv"><pre><span></span><span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-26-1"> 1</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-26-2"> 2</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-26-3"> 3</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-26-4"> 4</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-26-5"> 5</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-26-6"> 6</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-26-7"> 7</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-26-8"> 8</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-26-9"> 9</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-26-10">10</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-26-11">11</a></span></pre></div></td><td class="code"><div><pre><span></span><code><a id="__codelineno-26-1" name="__codelineno-26-1"></a><span class="x">while (condition) {</span>
+<a id="__codelineno-26-2" name="__codelineno-26-2"></a><span class="x">    # code here</span>
+<a id="__codelineno-26-3" name="__codelineno-26-3"></a><span class="x">}</span>
+<a id="__codelineno-26-4" name="__codelineno-26-4"></a>
+<a id="__codelineno-26-5" name="__codelineno-26-5"></a><span class="x">while (condition):</span>
+<a id="__codelineno-26-6" name="__codelineno-26-6"></a><span class="x">    # code here</span>
+<a id="__codelineno-26-7" name="__codelineno-26-7"></a><span class="x">endwhile;</span>
+<a id="__codelineno-26-8" name="__codelineno-26-8"></a>
+<a id="__codelineno-26-9" name="__codelineno-26-9"></a><span class="x">do {</span>
+<a id="__codelineno-26-10" name="__codelineno-26-10"></a><span class="x">    # code here</span>
+<a id="__codelineno-26-11" name="__codelineno-26-11"></a><span class="x">} while (condition);</span>
+</code></pre></div></td></tr></table></div>
+<h3 id="break-continue-exit">Break, Continue, exit()</h3>
+<p><code>break</code> stops the iteration.<br />
+<code>continue</code> skips one cycle of the iteration.
+<code>exit()</code> terminates the execution of any PHP code.</p>
+<h2 id="functions">Functions</h2>
+<p><a href="https://make.wordpress.org/core/handbook/best-practices/inline-documentation-standards/php/">Function Docstring</a></p>
+<p>Parameters with default values are optional in the function call and must be the last ones in the function declaration. Return type is optional if type checking is disabled.</p>
+<div class="highlight"><table class="highlighttable"><tr><th colspan="2" class="filename"><span class="filename">PHP</span></th></tr><tr><td class="linenos"><div class="linenodiv"><pre><span></span><span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-27-1"> 1</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-27-2"> 2</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-27-3"> 3</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-27-4"> 4</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-27-5"> 5</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-27-6"> 6</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-27-7"> 7</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-27-8"> 8</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-27-9"> 9</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-27-10">10</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-27-11">11</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-27-12">12</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-27-13">13</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-27-14">14</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-27-15">15</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-27-16">16</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-27-17">17</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-27-18">18</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-27-19">19</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-27-20">20</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-27-21">21</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-27-22">22</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-27-23">23</a></span></pre></div></td><td class="code"><div><pre><span></span><code><a id="__codelineno-27-1" name="__codelineno-27-1"></a><span class="x">declare(strict_types=1);  # activates type checking</span>
+<a id="__codelineno-27-2" name="__codelineno-27-2"></a>
+<a id="__codelineno-27-3" name="__codelineno-27-3"></a><span class="x">/**</span>
+<a id="__codelineno-27-4" name="__codelineno-27-4"></a><span class="x"> * Summary.</span>
+<a id="__codelineno-27-5" name="__codelineno-27-5"></a><span class="x"> *</span>
+<a id="__codelineno-27-6" name="__codelineno-27-6"></a><span class="x"> * Description.</span>
+<a id="__codelineno-27-7" name="__codelineno-27-7"></a><span class="x"> *</span>
+<a id="__codelineno-27-8" name="__codelineno-27-8"></a><span class="x"> * @since x.x.x</span>
+<a id="__codelineno-27-9" name="__codelineno-27-9"></a><span class="x"> *</span>
+<a id="__codelineno-27-10" name="__codelineno-27-10"></a><span class="x"> * @see Function/method/class relied on</span>
+<a id="__codelineno-27-11" name="__codelineno-27-11"></a><span class="x"> * @link URL</span>
+<a id="__codelineno-27-12" name="__codelineno-27-12"></a><span class="x"> * @global type $varname Description.</span>
+<a id="__codelineno-27-13" name="__codelineno-27-13"></a><span class="x"> * @global type $varname Description.</span>
+<a id="__codelineno-27-14" name="__codelineno-27-14"></a><span class="x"> *</span>
+<a id="__codelineno-27-15" name="__codelineno-27-15"></a><span class="x"> * @param type $var Description.</span>
+<a id="__codelineno-27-16" name="__codelineno-27-16"></a><span class="x"> * @param type $var Optional. Description. Default.</span>
+<a id="__codelineno-27-17" name="__codelineno-27-17"></a><span class="x"> * @return type Description.</span>
+<a id="__codelineno-27-18" name="__codelineno-27-18"></a><span class="x"> */</span>
+<a id="__codelineno-27-19" name="__codelineno-27-19"></a><span class="x">function functionName (type $parameter, $parameter = default_value): Type</span>
+<a id="__codelineno-27-20" name="__codelineno-27-20"></a><span class="x">{</span>
+<a id="__codelineno-27-21" name="__codelineno-27-21"></a><span class="x">    # code here</span>
+<a id="__codelineno-27-22" name="__codelineno-27-22"></a><span class="x">    return &lt;expression&gt;;</span>
+<a id="__codelineno-27-23" name="__codelineno-27-23"></a><span class="x">}</span>
+</code></pre></div></td></tr></table></div>
+<h3 id="void-function">Void function</h3>
+<div class="highlight"><table class="highlighttable"><tr><th colspan="2" class="filename"><span class="filename">PHP</span></th></tr><tr><td class="linenos"><div class="linenodiv"><pre><span></span><span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-28-1">1</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-28-2">2</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-28-3">3</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-28-4">4</a></span></pre></div></td><td class="code"><div><pre><span></span><code><a id="__codelineno-28-1" name="__codelineno-28-1"></a><span class="x">function functionName (type $parameter, $parameter = default_value): Void</span>
+<a id="__codelineno-28-2" name="__codelineno-28-2"></a><span class="x">{</span>
+<a id="__codelineno-28-3" name="__codelineno-28-3"></a><span class="x">    # code here</span>
+<a id="__codelineno-28-4" name="__codelineno-28-4"></a><span class="x">}</span>
+</code></pre></div></td></tr></table></div>
+<h3 id="passing-a-parameter-by-reference">Passing a parameter by reference (<code>&amp;$</code>)</h3>
+<div class="highlight"><table class="highlighttable"><tr><th colspan="2" class="filename"><span class="filename">PHP</span></th></tr><tr><td class="linenos"><div class="linenodiv"><pre><span></span><span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-29-1">1</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-29-2">2</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-29-3">3</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-29-4">4</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-29-5">5</a></span></pre></div></td><td class="code"><div><pre><span></span><code><a id="__codelineno-29-1" name="__codelineno-29-1"></a><span class="x">function functionName (type &amp;$parameter): Type</span>
+<a id="__codelineno-29-2" name="__codelineno-29-2"></a><span class="x">{</span>
+<a id="__codelineno-29-3" name="__codelineno-29-3"></a><span class="x">    # code here</span>
+<a id="__codelineno-29-4" name="__codelineno-29-4"></a><span class="x">    return &lt;expression&gt;;</span>
+<a id="__codelineno-29-5" name="__codelineno-29-5"></a><span class="x">}</span>
+</code></pre></div></td></tr></table></div>
+<h3 id="variable-number-of-parameters-variadic-operator">Variable number of parameters, variadic operator (<code>...</code>)</h3>
+<div class="highlight"><table class="highlighttable"><tr><th colspan="2" class="filename"><span class="filename">PHP</span></th></tr><tr><td class="linenos"><div class="linenodiv"><pre><span></span><span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-30-1">1</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-30-2">2</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-30-3">3</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-30-4">4</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-30-5">5</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-30-6">6</a></span></pre></div></td><td class="code"><div><pre><span></span><code><a id="__codelineno-30-1" name="__codelineno-30-1"></a><span class="x">function functionName (type $parameter, ...$args): Type</span>
+<a id="__codelineno-30-2" name="__codelineno-30-2"></a><span class="x">function functionName (type $parameter, type ...$args): Type</span>
+<a id="__codelineno-30-3" name="__codelineno-30-3"></a><span class="x">{</span>
+<a id="__codelineno-30-4" name="__codelineno-30-4"></a><span class="x">    # code here</span>
+<a id="__codelineno-30-5" name="__codelineno-30-5"></a><span class="x">    return &lt;expression&gt;;</span>
+<a id="__codelineno-30-6" name="__codelineno-30-6"></a><span class="x">}</span>
+</code></pre></div></td></tr></table></div>
+<h3 id="nullable-parameters">Nullable parameters</h3>
+<div class="highlight"><table class="highlighttable"><tr><th colspan="2" class="filename"><span class="filename">PHP</span></th></tr><tr><td class="linenos"><div class="linenodiv"><pre><span></span><span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-31-1">1</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-31-2">2</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-31-3">3</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-31-4">4</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-31-5">5</a></span></pre></div></td><td class="code"><div><pre><span></span><code><a id="__codelineno-31-1" name="__codelineno-31-1"></a><span class="x">function functionName (?type $parameter): ?Type</span>
+<a id="__codelineno-31-2" name="__codelineno-31-2"></a><span class="x">{</span>
+<a id="__codelineno-31-3" name="__codelineno-31-3"></a><span class="x">    # code here</span>
+<a id="__codelineno-31-4" name="__codelineno-31-4"></a><span class="x">    return &lt;expression&gt;;</span>
+<a id="__codelineno-31-5" name="__codelineno-31-5"></a><span class="x">}</span>
+</code></pre></div></td></tr></table></div>
+<h2 id="anonymous-functions-closure">Anonymous Functions (Closure)</h2>
+<div class="highlight"><table class="highlighttable"><tr><th colspan="2" class="filename"><span class="filename">PHP</span></th></tr><tr><td class="linenos"><div class="linenodiv"><pre><span></span><span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-32-1">1</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-32-2">2</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-32-3">3</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-32-4">4</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-32-5">5</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-32-6">6</a></span></pre></div></td><td class="code"><div><pre><span></span><code><a id="__codelineno-32-1" name="__codelineno-32-1"></a><span class="x"># declaration and assignment to variable</span>
+<a id="__codelineno-32-2" name="__codelineno-32-2"></a><span class="x">$var = function (type $parameter) {</span>
+<a id="__codelineno-32-3" name="__codelineno-32-3"></a><span class="x">    # code here</span>
+<a id="__codelineno-32-4" name="__codelineno-32-4"></a><span class="x">};</span>
+<a id="__codelineno-32-5" name="__codelineno-32-5"></a>
+<a id="__codelineno-32-6" name="__codelineno-32-6"></a><span class="x">$var($arg);</span>
+</code></pre></div></td></tr></table></div>
+<h3 id="use-operator">Use Operator</h3>
+<div class="highlight"><table class="highlighttable"><tr><th colspan="2" class="filename"><span class="filename">PHP</span></th></tr><tr><td class="linenos"><div class="linenodiv"><pre><span></span><span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-33-1">1</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-33-2">2</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-33-3">3</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-33-4">4</a></span></pre></div></td><td class="code"><div><pre><span></span><code><a id="__codelineno-33-1" name="__codelineno-33-1"></a><span class="x"># use imports a variable into the closure</span>
+<a id="__codelineno-33-2" name="__codelineno-33-2"></a><span class="x">$foo = function (type $parameter) use ($average) {</span>
+<a id="__codelineno-33-3" name="__codelineno-33-3"></a><span class="x">    # code here</span>
+<a id="__codelineno-33-4" name="__codelineno-33-4"></a><span class="x">}</span>
+</code></pre></div></td></tr></table></div>
+<h3 id="union-types-php-8">Union Types (PHP 8)</h3>
+<p><strong>Union types</strong> are a collection of two or more types which indicate that <em>either</em> one of those <em>can be used</em>.</p>
+<div class="highlight"><table class="highlighttable"><tr><th colspan="2" class="filename"><span class="filename">PHP</span></th></tr><tr><td class="linenos"><div class="linenodiv"><pre><span></span><span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-34-1">1</a></span></pre></div></td><td class="code"><div><pre><span></span><code><a id="__codelineno-34-1" name="__codelineno-34-1"></a><span class="x">public function foo(Foo|Bar $input): int|float;</span>
+</code></pre></div></td></tr></table></div>
+<h3 id="named-arguments-php-8">Named Arguments (PHP 8)</h3>
+<p>Named arguments allow to pass in values to a function, by specifying the value name, to avoid taking their order into consideration.
+It's also possible to skip optional parameters.</p>
+<div class="highlight"><table class="highlighttable"><tr><th colspan="2" class="filename"><span class="filename">PHP</span></th></tr><tr><td class="linenos"><div class="linenodiv"><pre><span></span><span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-35-1">1</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-35-2">2</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-35-3">3</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-35-4">4</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-35-5">5</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-35-6">6</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-35-7">7</a></span></pre></div></td><td class="code"><div><pre><span></span><code><a id="__codelineno-35-1" name="__codelineno-35-1"></a><span class="x">function foo(string $a, string $b, ?string $c = null, ?string $d = null) { /* … */ }</span>
+<a id="__codelineno-35-2" name="__codelineno-35-2"></a>
+<a id="__codelineno-35-3" name="__codelineno-35-3"></a><span class="x">foo(</span>
+<a id="__codelineno-35-4" name="__codelineno-35-4"></a><span class="x">    b: &#39;value b&#39;,</span>
+<a id="__codelineno-35-5" name="__codelineno-35-5"></a><span class="x">    a: &#39;value a&#39;,</span>
+<a id="__codelineno-35-6" name="__codelineno-35-6"></a><span class="x">    d: &#39;value d&#39;,</span>
+<a id="__codelineno-35-7" name="__codelineno-35-7"></a><span class="x">);</span>
+</code></pre></div></td></tr></table></div>
+<h2 id="object-oriented-programming">Object Oriented Programming</h2>
+<h3 id="scope-visibility">Scope &amp; Visibility</h3>
+<p><code>public</code> methods and attributes are visible to anyone (<em>default</em>).
+<code>private</code> methods and attributes are visible only inside the class in which are declared.
+<code>protected</code> methods and attributes are visible only to child classes.</p>
+<p><code>final</code> classes cannot be extended.</p>
+<h3 id="class-declaration-instantiation">Class Declaration &amp; Instantiation</h3>
+<div class="highlight"><table class="highlighttable"><tr><th colspan="2" class="filename"><span class="filename">PHP</span></th></tr><tr><td class="linenos"><div class="linenodiv"><pre><span></span><span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-36-1"> 1</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-36-2"> 2</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-36-3"> 3</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-36-4"> 4</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-36-5"> 5</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-36-6"> 6</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-36-7"> 7</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-36-8"> 8</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-36-9"> 9</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-36-10">10</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-36-11">11</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-36-12">12</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-36-13">13</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-36-14">14</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-36-15">15</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-36-16">16</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-36-17">17</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-36-18">18</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-36-19">19</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-36-20">20</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-36-21">21</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-36-22">22</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-36-23">23</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-36-24">24</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-36-25">25</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-36-26">26</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-36-27">27</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-36-28">28</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-36-29">29</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-36-30">30</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-36-31">31</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-36-32">32</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-36-33">33</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-36-34">34</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-36-35">35</a></span></pre></div></td><td class="code"><div><pre><span></span><code><a id="__codelineno-36-1" name="__codelineno-36-1"></a><span class="x"># case insensitive</span>
+<a id="__codelineno-36-2" name="__codelineno-36-2"></a><span class="x">class ClassName</span>
+<a id="__codelineno-36-3" name="__codelineno-36-3"></a><span class="x">{</span>
+<a id="__codelineno-36-4" name="__codelineno-36-4"></a>
+<a id="__codelineno-36-5" name="__codelineno-36-5"></a><span class="x">    const CONSTANT = value;  # public by default</span>
+<a id="__codelineno-36-6" name="__codelineno-36-6"></a>
+<a id="__codelineno-36-7" name="__codelineno-36-7"></a><span class="x">    public $attribute;  # null by default if not assigned</span>
+<a id="__codelineno-36-8" name="__codelineno-36-8"></a><span class="x">    public Type $attribute;  # specifying the type is optional, it will be enforced if present</span>
+<a id="__codelineno-36-9" name="__codelineno-36-9"></a>
+<a id="__codelineno-36-10" name="__codelineno-36-10"></a><span class="x">    # class constructor</span>
+<a id="__codelineno-36-11" name="__codelineno-36-11"></a><span class="x">    public function __construct(value)</span>
+<a id="__codelineno-36-12" name="__codelineno-36-12"></a><span class="x">    {</span>
+<a id="__codelineno-36-13" name="__codelineno-36-13"></a><span class="x">        $this-&gt;attribute =  value</span>
+<a id="__codelineno-36-14" name="__codelineno-36-14"></a><span class="x">    }</span>
+<a id="__codelineno-36-15" name="__codelineno-36-15"></a>
+<a id="__codelineno-36-16" name="__codelineno-36-16"></a><span class="x">    public getAttribute(): Type</span>
+<a id="__codelineno-36-17" name="__codelineno-36-17"></a><span class="x">    {</span>
+<a id="__codelineno-36-18" name="__codelineno-36-18"></a><span class="x">        return $this-&gt;attribute;</span>
+<a id="__codelineno-36-19" name="__codelineno-36-19"></a><span class="x">    }</span>
+<a id="__codelineno-36-20" name="__codelineno-36-20"></a>
+<a id="__codelineno-36-21" name="__codelineno-36-21"></a><span class="x">    public function func(): Type</span>
+<a id="__codelineno-36-22" name="__codelineno-36-22"></a><span class="x">    {</span>
+<a id="__codelineno-36-23" name="__codelineno-36-23"></a><span class="x">        # code here</span>
+<a id="__codelineno-36-24" name="__codelineno-36-24"></a><span class="x">    }</span>
+<a id="__codelineno-36-25" name="__codelineno-36-25"></a><span class="x">}</span>
+<a id="__codelineno-36-26" name="__codelineno-36-26"></a>
+<a id="__codelineno-36-27" name="__codelineno-36-27"></a><span class="x">$object = new ClassName;  # case insensitive (CLASSNAME, ClassName, classname)</span>
+<a id="__codelineno-36-28" name="__codelineno-36-28"></a><span class="x">$object-&gt;attribute = value;</span>
+<a id="__codelineno-36-29" name="__codelineno-36-29"></a><span class="x">$object-&gt;func();</span>
+<a id="__codelineno-36-30" name="__codelineno-36-30"></a><span class="x">$object::CONSTANT;</span>
+<a id="__codelineno-36-31" name="__codelineno-36-31"></a>
+<a id="__codelineno-36-32" name="__codelineno-36-32"></a><span class="x">$var = $object;  # copy by reference</span>
+<a id="__codelineno-36-33" name="__codelineno-36-33"></a><span class="x">$var = clone $object  # copy by value</span>
+<a id="__codelineno-36-34" name="__codelineno-36-34"></a>
+<a id="__codelineno-36-35" name="__codelineno-36-35"></a><span class="x">$object instanceof ClassName  // check type of the object</span>
+</code></pre></div></td></tr></table></div>
+<h3 id="static-classes-attributes-methods">Static classes, attributes &amp; methods</h3>
+<p>Inside static methods it's impossible to use <code>$this</code>.
+A static variable is unique for the class and all instances.</p>
+<div class="highlight"><table class="highlighttable"><tr><th colspan="2" class="filename"><span class="filename">PHP</span></th></tr><tr><td class="linenos"><div class="linenodiv"><pre><span></span><span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-37-1"> 1</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-37-2"> 2</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-37-3"> 3</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-37-4"> 4</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-37-5"> 5</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-37-6"> 6</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-37-7"> 7</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-37-8"> 8</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-37-9"> 9</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-37-10">10</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-37-11">11</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-37-12">12</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-37-13">13</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-37-14">14</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-37-15">15</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-37-16">16</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-37-17">17</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-37-18">18</a></span></pre></div></td><td class="code"><div><pre><span></span><code><a id="__codelineno-37-1" name="__codelineno-37-1"></a><span class="x">class ClassName {</span>
+<a id="__codelineno-37-2" name="__codelineno-37-2"></a>
+<a id="__codelineno-37-3" name="__codelineno-37-3"></a><span class="x">    public static $var;</span>
+<a id="__codelineno-37-4" name="__codelineno-37-4"></a>
+<a id="__codelineno-37-5" name="__codelineno-37-5"></a><span class="x">    public static function func(){</span>
+<a id="__codelineno-37-6" name="__codelineno-37-6"></a><span class="x">        //code here</span>
+<a id="__codelineno-37-7" name="__codelineno-37-7"></a><span class="x">    }</span>
+<a id="__codelineno-37-8" name="__codelineno-37-8"></a>
+<a id="__codelineno-37-9" name="__codelineno-37-9"></a><span class="x">    public static function other_func(){</span>
+<a id="__codelineno-37-10" name="__codelineno-37-10"></a><span class="x">        //code here</span>
+<a id="__codelineno-37-11" name="__codelineno-37-11"></a><span class="x">        self::func();</span>
+<a id="__codelineno-37-12" name="__codelineno-37-12"></a><span class="x">    }</span>
+<a id="__codelineno-37-13" name="__codelineno-37-13"></a><span class="x">}</span>
+<a id="__codelineno-37-14" name="__codelineno-37-14"></a>
+<a id="__codelineno-37-15" name="__codelineno-37-15"></a><span class="x">ClassName::func();  // use static function</span>
+<a id="__codelineno-37-16" name="__codelineno-37-16"></a>
+<a id="__codelineno-37-17" name="__codelineno-37-17"></a><span class="x">$obj = new ClassName();</span>
+<a id="__codelineno-37-18" name="__codelineno-37-18"></a><span class="x">$obj::$var;  // access to the static variable</span>
+</code></pre></div></td></tr></table></div>
+<h3 id="dependency-injection"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dependency_injection">Dependency Injection</a></h3>
+<p>Parameters of the dependency can be modified before passing the required class to the constructor.</p>
+<div class="highlight"><table class="highlighttable"><tr><th colspan="2" class="filename"><span class="filename">PHP</span></th></tr><tr><td class="linenos"><div class="linenodiv"><pre><span></span><span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-38-1">1</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-38-2">2</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-38-3">3</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-38-4">4</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-38-5">5</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-38-6">6</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-38-7">7</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-38-8">8</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-38-9">9</a></span></pre></div></td><td class="code"><div><pre><span></span><code><a id="__codelineno-38-1" name="__codelineno-38-1"></a><span class="x">class ClassName</span>
+<a id="__codelineno-38-2" name="__codelineno-38-2"></a><span class="x">{</span>
+<a id="__codelineno-38-3" name="__codelineno-38-3"></a><span class="x">    private $dependency;</span>
+<a id="__codelineno-38-4" name="__codelineno-38-4"></a>
+<a id="__codelineno-38-5" name="__codelineno-38-5"></a><span class="x">    public function __construct(ClassName requiredClass)</span>
+<a id="__codelineno-38-6" name="__codelineno-38-6"></a><span class="x">    {</span>
+<a id="__codelineno-38-7" name="__codelineno-38-7"></a><span class="x">        $this-&gt;dependency = requiredClass;  # necessary class is passed to the constructor</span>
+<a id="__codelineno-38-8" name="__codelineno-38-8"></a><span class="x">    }</span>
+<a id="__codelineno-38-9" name="__codelineno-38-9"></a><span class="x">}</span>
+</code></pre></div></td></tr></table></div>
+<h3 id="inheritance">Inheritance</h3>
+<p>If a class is defined <code>final</code> it can't be extended.
+If a function is declared <code>final</code> it can't be overridden.</p>
+<div class="highlight"><table class="highlighttable"><tr><th colspan="2" class="filename"><span class="filename">PHP</span></th></tr><tr><td class="linenos"><div class="linenodiv"><pre><span></span><span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-39-1">1</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-39-2">2</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-39-3">3</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-39-4">4</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-39-5">5</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-39-6">6</a></span></pre></div></td><td class="code"><div><pre><span></span><code><a id="__codelineno-39-1" name="__codelineno-39-1"></a><span class="x">class Child extends Parent</span>
+<a id="__codelineno-39-2" name="__codelineno-39-2"></a><span class="x">{</span>
+<a id="__codelineno-39-3" name="__codelineno-39-3"></a><span class="x">    public __construct() {</span>
+<a id="__codelineno-39-4" name="__codelineno-39-4"></a><span class="x">        parent::__construct();  # call parent&#39;s method</span>
+<a id="__codelineno-39-5" name="__codelineno-39-5"></a><span class="x">    }</span>
+<a id="__codelineno-39-6" name="__codelineno-39-6"></a><span class="x">}</span>
+</code></pre></div></td></tr></table></div>
+<h3 id="abstract-class">Abstract Class</h3>
+<p>Abstract classes cannot be instantiated;</p>
+<div class="highlight"><table class="highlighttable"><tr><th colspan="2" class="filename"><span class="filename">PHP</span></th></tr><tr><td class="linenos"><div class="linenodiv"><pre><span></span><span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-40-1">1</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-40-2">2</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-40-3">3</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-40-4">4</a></span></pre></div></td><td class="code"><div><pre><span></span><code><a id="__codelineno-40-1" name="__codelineno-40-1"></a><span class="x">abstract class ClassName</span>
+<a id="__codelineno-40-2" name="__codelineno-40-2"></a><span class="x">{</span>
+<a id="__codelineno-40-3" name="__codelineno-40-3"></a><span class="x">    # code here</span>
+<a id="__codelineno-40-4" name="__codelineno-40-4"></a><span class="x">}</span>
+</code></pre></div></td></tr></table></div>
+<h3 id="interface">Interface</h3>
+<p>An interface is a "contract" that defines what methods the implementing classes <strong>must</strong> have and implement.</p>
+<p>A class can implement multiple interfaces but there must be no methods in common between interface to avoid ambiguity.</p>
+<div class="highlight"><table class="highlighttable"><tr><th colspan="2" class="filename"><span class="filename">PHP</span></th></tr><tr><td class="linenos"><div class="linenodiv"><pre><span></span><span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-41-1"> 1</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-41-2"> 2</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-41-3"> 3</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-41-4"> 4</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-41-5"> 5</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-41-6"> 6</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-41-7"> 7</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-41-8"> 8</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-41-9"> 9</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-41-10">10</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-41-11">11</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-41-12">12</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-41-13">13</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-41-14">14</a></span></pre></div></td><td class="code"><div><pre><span></span><code><a id="__codelineno-41-1" name="__codelineno-41-1"></a><span class="x">interface InterfaceName {</span>
+<a id="__codelineno-41-2" name="__codelineno-41-2"></a>
+<a id="__codelineno-41-3" name="__codelineno-41-3"></a><span class="x">    // it is possible to define __construct</span>
+<a id="__codelineno-41-4" name="__codelineno-41-4"></a>
+<a id="__codelineno-41-5" name="__codelineno-41-5"></a><span class="x">    // function has no body; must be implements in the class that uses the interface</span>
+<a id="__codelineno-41-6" name="__codelineno-41-6"></a><span class="x">    public function functionName (parameters) : Type;  // MUST be public</span>
+<a id="__codelineno-41-7" name="__codelineno-41-7"></a><span class="x">}</span>
+<a id="__codelineno-41-8" name="__codelineno-41-8"></a>
+<a id="__codelineno-41-9" name="__codelineno-41-9"></a>
+<a id="__codelineno-41-10" name="__codelineno-41-10"></a><span class="x">class ClassName implements InterfaceName {</span>
+<a id="__codelineno-41-11" name="__codelineno-41-11"></a><span class="x">    public function functionName(parameters) : Type {</span>
+<a id="__codelineno-41-12" name="__codelineno-41-12"></a><span class="x">        //implementation here</span>
+<a id="__codelineno-41-13" name="__codelineno-41-13"></a><span class="x">    }</span>
+<a id="__codelineno-41-14" name="__codelineno-41-14"></a><span class="x">}</span>
+</code></pre></div></td></tr></table></div>
+<h3 id="traits">Traits</h3>
+<p><code>Traits</code> allows the reutilization of code inside different classes without links of inheritance.
+It can be used to mitigate the problem of <em>multiple inheritance</em>, which is absent in PHP.</p>
+<p>In case of functions name conflict it's possible to use <code>insteadof</code> to specify which function to use. It's also possible to use an <em>alias</em> to resolve the conflicts.</p>
+<div class="highlight"><table class="highlighttable"><tr><th colspan="2" class="filename"><span class="filename">PHP</span></th></tr><tr><td class="linenos"><div class="linenodiv"><pre><span></span><span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-42-1">1</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-42-2">2</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-42-3">3</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-42-4">4</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-42-5">5</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-42-6">6</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-42-7">7</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-42-8">8</a></span></pre></div></td><td class="code"><div><pre><span></span><code><a id="__codelineno-42-1" name="__codelineno-42-1"></a><span class="x">trait TraitName {</span>
+<a id="__codelineno-42-2" name="__codelineno-42-2"></a><span class="x">    // code here</span>
+<a id="__codelineno-42-3" name="__codelineno-42-3"></a><span class="x">}</span>
+<a id="__codelineno-42-4" name="__codelineno-42-4"></a>
+<a id="__codelineno-42-5" name="__codelineno-42-5"></a><span class="x">class ClassName {</span>
+<a id="__codelineno-42-6" name="__codelineno-42-6"></a><span class="x">    use TraitName, {TraitName::func() insteadof OtherTrait}, { func() as alias };  # can use multiple traits</span>
+<a id="__codelineno-42-7" name="__codelineno-42-7"></a><span class="x">    # code here</span>
+<a id="__codelineno-42-8" name="__codelineno-42-8"></a><span class="x">}</span>
+</code></pre></div></td></tr></table></div>
+<h3 id="anonymous-classes">Anonymous Classes</h3>
+<div class="highlight"><table class="highlighttable"><tr><th colspan="2" class="filename"><span class="filename">PHP</span></th></tr><tr><td class="linenos"><div class="linenodiv"><pre><span></span><span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-43-1">1</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-43-2">2</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-43-3">3</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-43-4">4</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-43-5">5</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-43-6">6</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-43-7">7</a></span></pre></div></td><td class="code"><div><pre><span></span><code><a id="__codelineno-43-1" name="__codelineno-43-1"></a><span class="x">$obj = new ClassName;</span>
+<a id="__codelineno-43-2" name="__codelineno-43-2"></a>
+<a id="__codelineno-43-3" name="__codelineno-43-3"></a><span class="x">$obj-&gt;method(new class implements Interface {</span>
+<a id="__codelineno-43-4" name="__codelineno-43-4"></a><span class="x">    public function InterfaceFunc() {</span>
+<a id="__codelineno-43-5" name="__codelineno-43-5"></a><span class="x">        // code here</span>
+<a id="__codelineno-43-6" name="__codelineno-43-6"></a><span class="x">    }</span>
+<a id="__codelineno-43-7" name="__codelineno-43-7"></a><span class="x">});</span>
+</code></pre></div></td></tr></table></div>
+<h2 id="serialization-json">Serialization &amp; JSON</h2>
+<div class="highlight"><table class="highlighttable"><tr><th colspan="2" class="filename"><span class="filename">PHP</span></th></tr><tr><td class="linenos"><div class="linenodiv"><pre><span></span><span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-44-1">1</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-44-2">2</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-44-3">3</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-44-4">4</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-44-5">5</a></span></pre></div></td><td class="code"><div><pre><span></span><code><a id="__codelineno-44-1" name="__codelineno-44-1"></a><span class="x">$serialized = serialize($obj);  # serialization</span>
+<a id="__codelineno-44-2" name="__codelineno-44-2"></a><span class="x">$obj = unserialize($serialized);  # de-serialization</span>
+<a id="__codelineno-44-3" name="__codelineno-44-3"></a>
+<a id="__codelineno-44-4" name="__codelineno-44-4"></a><span class="x">$var = json_decode(string $json, bool $associative);  # Takes a JSON encoded string and converts it into a PHP variable.ù</span>
+<a id="__codelineno-44-5" name="__codelineno-44-5"></a><span class="x">$json = json_encode($value);  # Returns a string containing the JSON representation of the supplied value.</span>
+</code></pre></div></td></tr></table></div>
+<h2 id="files">Files</h2>
+<h3 id="readwrite-on-files">Read/Write on Files</h3>
+<div class="highlight"><table class="highlighttable"><tr><th colspan="2" class="filename"><span class="filename">PHP</span></th></tr><tr><td class="linenos"><div class="linenodiv"><pre><span></span><span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-45-1">1</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-45-2">2</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-45-3">3</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-45-4">4</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-45-5">5</a></span></pre></div></td><td class="code"><div><pre><span></span><code><a id="__codelineno-45-1" name="__codelineno-45-1"></a><span class="x">file(filename);  // return file lines in an array</span>
+<a id="__codelineno-45-2" name="__codelineno-45-2"></a>
+<a id="__codelineno-45-3" name="__codelineno-45-3"></a><span class="x">// problematic with large files (allocates memory to read all file, can fill RAM)</span>
+<a id="__codelineno-45-4" name="__codelineno-45-4"></a><span class="x">file_put_contents(filename, data);  // write whole file</span>
+<a id="__codelineno-45-5" name="__codelineno-45-5"></a><span class="x">file_get_contents(filename);  // read whole file</span>
+</code></pre></div></td></tr></table></div>
+<h2 id="regular-expressions">Regular Expressions</h2>
+<div class="highlight"><table class="highlighttable"><tr><th colspan="2" class="filename"><span class="filename">PHP</span></th></tr><tr><td class="linenos"><div class="linenodiv"><pre><span></span><span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-46-1">1</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-46-2">2</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-46-3">3</a></span></pre></div></td><td class="code"><div><pre><span></span><code><a id="__codelineno-46-1" name="__codelineno-46-1"></a><span class="x">preg_match(&#39;/PATTERN/&#39;, string $subject, array $matches);  # returns 1 if the pattern matches given subject, 0 if it does not, or FALSE if an error occurred</span>
+<a id="__codelineno-46-2" name="__codelineno-46-2"></a><span class="x"># $matches[0] = whole matched string</span>
+<a id="__codelineno-46-3" name="__codelineno-46-3"></a><span class="x"># $matches[i] = i-th group of the regex</span>
+</code></pre></div></td></tr></table></div>
+<h2 id="hashing">Hashing</h2>
+<p>Supported hashing algrithms:</p>
+<ul>
+<li><code>md2</code>, <code>md4</code>, <code>md5</code></li>
+<li><code>sha1</code>, <code>sha224</code>, <code>sha256</code>, <code>sha384</code>, <code>sha512/224</code>, <code>sha512/256</code>, <code>sha512</code></li>
+<li><code>sha3-224</code>, <code>sha3-256</code>, <code>sha3-384</code>, <code>sha3-512</code></li>
+<li><code>ripemd128</code>, <code>ripemd160</code>, <code>ripemd256</code>, <code>ripemd320</code></li>
+<li><code>whirlpool</code></li>
+<li><code>tiger128,3</code>, <code>tiger160,3</code>, <code>tiger192,3</code>, <code>tiger128,4</code>, <code>tiger160,4</code>, <code>tiger192,4</code></li>
+<li><code>snefru</code>, <code>snefru256</code></li>
+<li><code>gost</code>, <code>gost-crypto</code></li>
+<li><code>adler32</code></li>
+<li><code>crc32</code>, <code>crc32b</code>, <code>crc32c</code></li>
+<li><code>fnv132</code>, <code>fnv1a32</code>, <code>fnv164</code>, <code>fnv1a64</code></li>
+<li><code>joaat</code></li>
+<li><code>haval128,3</code>, <code>haval160,3</code>, <code>haval192,3</code>, <code>haval224,3</code>, <code>haval256,3</code>, <code>haval128,4</code>, <code>haval160,4</code>, <code>haval192,4</code>, <code>haval224,4</code>, <code>haval256,4</code>, <code>haval128,5</code>, <code>haval160,5</code>, <code>haval192,5</code>, <code>haval224,5</code>, <code>haval256,5</code></li>
+</ul>
+<div class="highlight"><table class="highlighttable"><tr><th colspan="2" class="filename"><span class="filename">PHP</span></th></tr><tr><td class="linenos"><div class="linenodiv"><pre><span></span><span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-47-1">1</a></span></pre></div></td><td class="code"><div><pre><span></span><code><a id="__codelineno-47-1" name="__codelineno-47-1"></a><span class="x">hash($algorithm, $data);</span>
+</code></pre></div></td></tr></table></div>
+<h3 id="password-hashes">Password Hashes</h3>
+<p><code>password_hash()</code> is compatible with <code>crypt()</code>. Therefore, password hashes created by <code>crypt()</code> can be used with <code>password_hash()</code>.</p>
+<p>Algorithms currently supported:</p>
+<ul>
+<li><strong>PASSWORD_DEFAULT</strong> - Use the <em>bcrypt</em> algorithm (default as of PHP 5.5.0). Note that this constant is designed to change over time as new and stronger algorithms are added to PHP.</li>
+<li><strong>PASSWORD_BCRYPT</strong> - Use the <strong>CRYPT_BLOWFISH</strong> algorithm to create the hash. This will produce a standard <code>crypt()</code> compatible hash using the "$2y$" identifier. The result will always be a 60 character string, or FALSE on failure.</li>
+<li><strong>PASSWORD_ARGON2I</strong> - Use the <strong>Argon2i</strong> hashing algorithm to create the hash. This algorithm is only available if PHP has been compiled with Argon2 support.</li>
+<li><strong>PASSWORD_ARGON2ID</strong> - Use the <strong>Argon2id</strong> hashing algorithm to create the hash. This algorithm is only available if PHP has been compiled with Argon2 support.</li>
+</ul>
+<p><strong>Supported options for PASSWORD_BCRYPT</strong>:</p>
+<ul>
+<li>
+<p><strong>salt</strong> (string) - to manually provide a salt to use when hashing the password. Note that this will override and prevent a salt from being automatically generated.
+  If omitted, a random salt will be generated by password_hash() for each password hashed. This is the intended mode of operation.
+  <strong>Warning</strong>: The salt option has been deprecated as of PHP 7.0.0. It is now preferred to simply use the salt that is generated by default.</p>
+</li>
+<li>
+<p><strong>cost</strong> (integer) - which denotes the algorithmic cost that should be used. Examples of these values can be found on the crypt() page.
+  If omitted, a default value of 10 will be used. This is a good baseline cost, but you may want to consider increasing it depending on your hardware.</p>
+</li>
+</ul>
+<p><strong>Supported options for PASSWORD_ARGON2I and PASSWORD_ARGON2ID</strong>:</p>
+<ul>
+<li><strong>memory_cost</strong> (integer) - Maximum memory (in kibibytes) that may be used to compute the Argon2 hash. Defaults to PASSWORD_ARGON2_DEFAULT_MEMORY_COST.</li>
+<li><strong>time_cost</strong> (integer) - Maximum amount of time it may take to compute the Argon2 hash. Defaults to PASSWORD_ARGON2_DEFAULT_TIME_COST.</li>
+<li><strong>threads</strong> (integer) - Number of threads to use for computing the Argon2 hash. Defaults to PASSWORD_ARGON2_DEFAULT_THREADS.</li>
+</ul>
+<div class="highlight"><table class="highlighttable"><tr><th colspan="2" class="filename"><span class="filename">PHP</span></th></tr><tr><td class="linenos"><div class="linenodiv"><pre><span></span><span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-48-1">1</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-48-2">2</a></span></pre></div></td><td class="code"><div><pre><span></span><code><a id="__codelineno-48-1" name="__codelineno-48-1"></a><span class="x">password_hash($password, $algorithm);  # create a new password hash using a strong one-way hashing algorithm.</span>
+<a id="__codelineno-48-2" name="__codelineno-48-2"></a><span class="x">password_verify($password, $hash);  # Verifies that a password matches a hash</span>
+</code></pre></div></td></tr></table></div>
+<h2 id="errors">Errors</h2>
+<p>Types of PHP errors:</p>
+<ul>
+<li><strong>Fatal Error</strong>: stop the execution of the program.</li>
+<li><strong>Warning</strong>: generated at runtime, does not stop the execution (non-blocking).</li>
+<li><strong>Notice</strong>: informative errors or messages, non-blocking.</li>
+</ul>
+<div class="highlight"><table class="highlighttable"><tr><th colspan="2" class="filename"><span class="filename">PHP</span></th></tr><tr><td class="linenos"><div class="linenodiv"><pre><span></span><span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-49-1">1</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-49-2">2</a></span></pre></div></td><td class="code"><div><pre><span></span><code><a id="__codelineno-49-1" name="__codelineno-49-1"></a><span class="x">$a = new StdClass()</span>
+<a id="__codelineno-49-2" name="__codelineno-49-2"></a><span class="x">$a-&gt;foo();  // PHP Fatal Error: foo() does not exist</span>
+</code></pre></div></td></tr></table></div>
+<div class="highlight"><table class="highlighttable"><tr><th colspan="2" class="filename"><span class="filename">PHP</span></th></tr><tr><td class="linenos"><div class="linenodiv"><pre><span></span><span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-50-1">1</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-50-2">2</a></span></pre></div></td><td class="code"><div><pre><span></span><code><a id="__codelineno-50-1" name="__codelineno-50-1"></a><span class="x">$a = 0;</span>
+<a id="__codelineno-50-2" name="__codelineno-50-2"></a><span class="x">echo 1/$a;  // PHP Warning: Division by zero</span>
+</code></pre></div></td></tr></table></div>
+<div class="highlight"><table class="highlighttable"><tr><th colspan="2" class="filename"><span class="filename">PHP</span></th></tr><tr><td class="linenos"><div class="linenodiv"><pre><span></span><span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-51-1">1</a></span></pre></div></td><td class="code"><div><pre><span></span><code><a id="__codelineno-51-1" name="__codelineno-51-1"></a><span class="x">echo $a;  // PHP Notice: $a undefined</span>
+</code></pre></div></td></tr></table></div>
+<h3 id="error-reporting">Error Reporting</h3>
+<p><a href="https://www.php.net/manual/en/errorfunc.constants.php">PHP Error Constants</a></p>
+<p>Its possible to configure PHP to signal only some type of errors. Errors below a certain levels are ignored.</p>
+<div class="highlight"><table class="highlighttable"><tr><th colspan="2" class="filename"><span class="filename">PHP</span></th></tr><tr><td class="linenos"><div class="linenodiv"><pre><span></span><span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-52-1">1</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-52-2">2</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-52-3">3</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-52-4">4</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-52-5">5</a></span></pre></div></td><td class="code"><div><pre><span></span><code><a id="__codelineno-52-1" name="__codelineno-52-1"></a><span class="x">error_reporting(E_&lt;type&gt;);  // set error report threshold (for log file)</span>
+<a id="__codelineno-52-2" name="__codelineno-52-2"></a><span class="x">// does not disable PARSER ERROR</span>
+<a id="__codelineno-52-3" name="__codelineno-52-3"></a>
+<a id="__codelineno-52-4" name="__codelineno-52-4"></a><span class="x">ini_set(&quot;display_errors&quot;, 0);  // don&#39;t display any errors on stderr</span>
+<a id="__codelineno-52-5" name="__codelineno-52-5"></a><span class="x">ini_set(&quot;error_log&quot;, &quot;path\\error.log&quot;);  // set log file</span>
+</code></pre></div></td></tr></table></div>
+<h3 id="triggering-errors">Triggering Errors</h3>
+<div class="highlight"><table class="highlighttable"><tr><th colspan="2" class="filename"><span class="filename">PHP</span></th></tr><tr><td class="linenos"><div class="linenodiv"><pre><span></span><span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-53-1">1</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-53-2">2</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-53-3">3</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-53-4">4</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-53-5">5</a></span></pre></div></td><td class="code"><div><pre><span></span><code><a id="__codelineno-53-1" name="__codelineno-53-1"></a><span class="x">// generate E_USER_ errors</span>
+<a id="__codelineno-53-2" name="__codelineno-53-2"></a><span class="x">trigger_error(&quot;message&quot;);  // default type: E_USER_NOTICE</span>
+<a id="__codelineno-53-3" name="__codelineno-53-3"></a><span class="x">trigger_error(&quot;message&quot;, E_USER_&lt;Type&gt;);</span>
+<a id="__codelineno-53-4" name="__codelineno-53-4"></a>
+<a id="__codelineno-53-5" name="__codelineno-53-5"></a><span class="x">trigger_error(&quot;Deprecated Function&quot;, E_USER_DEPRECATED);</span>
+</code></pre></div></td></tr></table></div>
+<h3 id="writing-in-the-log-file"><a href="https://www.php.net/manual/en/function.error-log.php">Writing in the Log File</a></h3>
+<p>It's possible to use log files unrelated to the php log file.</p>
+<div class="highlight"><table class="highlighttable"><tr><th colspan="2" class="filename"><span class="filename">PHP</span></th></tr><tr><td class="linenos"><div class="linenodiv"><pre><span></span><span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-54-1">1</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-54-2">2</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-54-3">3</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-54-4">4</a></span></pre></div></td><td class="code"><div><pre><span></span><code><a id="__codelineno-54-1" name="__codelineno-54-1"></a><span class="x">error_log(&quot;message&quot;, 3, &quot;path\\log.log&quot;);  // write log message to a specified file</span>
+<a id="__codelineno-54-2" name="__codelineno-54-2"></a>
+<a id="__codelineno-54-3" name="__codelineno-54-3"></a><span class="x">//example</span>
+<a id="__codelineno-54-4" name="__codelineno-54-4"></a><span class="x">error_log(sprintf(&quot;[%s] Error: _&quot;, date(&quot;Y-m-d h:i:s&quot;)), 3, &quot;path\\log.log&quot;)</span>
+</code></pre></div></td></tr></table></div>
+<h2 id="exception-handling">Exception Handling</h2>
+<p>PHP offers the possibility to handle errors with the <em>exception model</em>.</p>
+<div class="highlight"><table class="highlighttable"><tr><th colspan="2" class="filename"><span class="filename">PHP</span></th></tr><tr><td class="linenos"><div class="linenodiv"><pre><span></span><span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-55-1">1</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-55-2">2</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-55-3">3</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-55-4">4</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-55-5">5</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-55-6">6</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-55-7">7</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-55-8">8</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-55-9">9</a></span></pre></div></td><td class="code"><div><pre><span></span><code><a id="__codelineno-55-1" name="__codelineno-55-1"></a><span class="x">try {</span>
+<a id="__codelineno-55-2" name="__codelineno-55-2"></a><span class="x">    // dangerous code</span>
+<a id="__codelineno-55-3" name="__codelineno-55-3"></a><span class="x">} catch(ExceptionType1 | ExceptionType2 $e) {</span>
+<a id="__codelineno-55-4" name="__codelineno-55-4"></a><span class="x">    printf(&quot;Errore: %s&quot;, $e-&gt;getMessage());</span>
+<a id="__codelineno-55-5" name="__codelineno-55-5"></a><span class="x">} catch(Exception $e) {</span>
+<a id="__codelineno-55-6" name="__codelineno-55-6"></a><span class="x">    // handle or report exception</span>
+<a id="__codelineno-55-7" name="__codelineno-55-7"></a><span class="x">}</span>
+<a id="__codelineno-55-8" name="__codelineno-55-8"></a>
+<a id="__codelineno-55-9" name="__codelineno-55-9"></a><span class="x">throw new ExceptionType(&quot;message&quot;);  // throw an exception</span>
+</code></pre></div></td></tr></table></div>
+<p>All exceptions in PHP implement the interface <code>Throwable</code>.</p>
+<div class="highlight"><table class="highlighttable"><tr><th colspan="2" class="filename"><span class="filename">PHP</span></th></tr><tr><td class="linenos"><div class="linenodiv"><pre><span></span><span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-56-1"> 1</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-56-2"> 2</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-56-3"> 3</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-56-4"> 4</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-56-5"> 5</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-56-6"> 6</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-56-7"> 7</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-56-8"> 8</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-56-9"> 9</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-56-10">10</a></span></pre></div></td><td class="code"><div><pre><span></span><code><a id="__codelineno-56-1" name="__codelineno-56-1"></a><span class="x">Interface Throwable {</span>
+<a id="__codelineno-56-2" name="__codelineno-56-2"></a><span class="x">    abstract public string getMessage ( void )</span>
+<a id="__codelineno-56-3" name="__codelineno-56-3"></a><span class="x">    abstract public int getCode ( void )</span>
+<a id="__codelineno-56-4" name="__codelineno-56-4"></a><span class="x">    abstract public string getFile ( void )</span>
+<a id="__codelineno-56-5" name="__codelineno-56-5"></a><span class="x">    abstract public int getLine ( void )</span>
+<a id="__codelineno-56-6" name="__codelineno-56-6"></a><span class="x">    abstract public array getTrace ( void )</span>
+<a id="__codelineno-56-7" name="__codelineno-56-7"></a><span class="x">    abstract public string getTraceAsString ( void )</span>
+<a id="__codelineno-56-8" name="__codelineno-56-8"></a><span class="x">    abstract public Throwable getPrevious ( void )</span>
+<a id="__codelineno-56-9" name="__codelineno-56-9"></a><span class="x">    abstract public string __toString ( void )</span>
+<a id="__codelineno-56-10" name="__codelineno-56-10"></a><span class="x">}</span>
+</code></pre></div></td></tr></table></div>
+<h3 id="custom-exceptions">Custom Exceptions</h3>
+<div class="highlight"><table class="highlighttable"><tr><th colspan="2" class="filename"><span class="filename">PHP</span></th></tr><tr><td class="linenos"><div class="linenodiv"><pre><span></span><span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-57-1"> 1</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-57-2"> 2</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-57-3"> 3</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-57-4"> 4</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-57-5"> 5</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-57-6"> 6</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-57-7"> 7</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-57-8"> 8</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-57-9"> 9</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-57-10">10</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-57-11">11</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-57-12">12</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-57-13">13</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-57-14">14</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-57-15">15</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-57-16">16</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-57-17">17</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-57-18">18</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-57-19">19</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-57-20">20</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-57-21">21</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-57-22">22</a></span></pre></div></td><td class="code"><div><pre><span></span><code><a id="__codelineno-57-1" name="__codelineno-57-1"></a><span class="x">/**</span>
+<a id="__codelineno-57-2" name="__codelineno-57-2"></a><span class="x"> * Define a custom exception class</span>
+<a id="__codelineno-57-3" name="__codelineno-57-3"></a><span class="x"> */</span>
+<a id="__codelineno-57-4" name="__codelineno-57-4"></a><span class="x">class CustomException extends Exception</span>
+<a id="__codelineno-57-5" name="__codelineno-57-5"></a><span class="x">{</span>
+<a id="__codelineno-57-6" name="__codelineno-57-6"></a><span class="x">    // Redefine the exception so message isn&#39;t optional</span>
+<a id="__codelineno-57-7" name="__codelineno-57-7"></a><span class="x">    public function __construct($message, $code = 0, Exception $previous = null) {</span>
+<a id="__codelineno-57-8" name="__codelineno-57-8"></a><span class="x">        // some code</span>
+<a id="__codelineno-57-9" name="__codelineno-57-9"></a>
+<a id="__codelineno-57-10" name="__codelineno-57-10"></a><span class="x">        // make sure everything is assigned properly</span>
+<a id="__codelineno-57-11" name="__codelineno-57-11"></a><span class="x">        parent::__construct($message, $code, $previous);</span>
+<a id="__codelineno-57-12" name="__codelineno-57-12"></a><span class="x">    }</span>
+<a id="__codelineno-57-13" name="__codelineno-57-13"></a>
+<a id="__codelineno-57-14" name="__codelineno-57-14"></a><span class="x">    // custom string representation of object</span>
+<a id="__codelineno-57-15" name="__codelineno-57-15"></a><span class="x">    public function __toString() {</span>
+<a id="__codelineno-57-16" name="__codelineno-57-16"></a><span class="x">        return __CLASS__ . &quot;: [{$this-&gt;code}]: {$this-&gt;message}\n&quot;;</span>
+<a id="__codelineno-57-17" name="__codelineno-57-17"></a><span class="x">    }</span>
+<a id="__codelineno-57-18" name="__codelineno-57-18"></a>
+<a id="__codelineno-57-19" name="__codelineno-57-19"></a><span class="x">    public function customFunction() {</span>
+<a id="__codelineno-57-20" name="__codelineno-57-20"></a><span class="x">        echo &quot;A custom function for this type of exception\n&quot;;</span>
+<a id="__codelineno-57-21" name="__codelineno-57-21"></a><span class="x">    }</span>
+<a id="__codelineno-57-22" name="__codelineno-57-22"></a><span class="x">}</span>
+</code></pre></div></td></tr></table></div>
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diff --git a/languages/php/plates-templating.html b/languages/php/plates-templating.html
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..353b832
--- /dev/null
+++ b/languages/php/plates-templating.html
@@ -0,0 +1,4454 @@
+
+<!doctype html>
+<html lang="en" class="no-js">
+  <head>
+    
+      <meta charset="utf-8">
+      <meta name="viewport" content="width=device-width,initial-scale=1">
+      
+      
+        <meta name="author" content="Marcello Lamonaca">
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+      
+        <link rel="canonical" href="http://m-lamonaca.github.io/dev-notes/languages/php/plates-templating.html">
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+        <link rel="stylesheet" href="https://fonts.googleapis.com/css?family=Roboto:300,300i,400,400i,700,700i%7CRoboto+Mono:400,400i,700,700i&display=fallback">
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+      
+    
+    
+    <script>__md_scope=new URL("../..",location),__md_hash=e=>[...e].reduce(((e,_)=>(e<<5)-e+_.charCodeAt(0)),0),__md_get=(e,_=localStorage,t=__md_scope)=>JSON.parse(_.getItem(t.pathname+"."+e)),__md_set=(e,_,t=localStorage,a=__md_scope)=>{try{t.setItem(a.pathname+"."+e,JSON.stringify(_))}catch(e){}}</script>
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+    <label class="md-overlay" for="__drawer"></label>
+    <div data-md-component="skip">
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+          Skip to content
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+            
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+            
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+        <svg xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" viewBox="0 0 24 24"><path d="M12 8a4 4 0 0 0-4 4 4 4 0 0 0 4 4 4 4 0 0 0 4-4 4 4 0 0 0-4-4m0 10a6 6 0 0 1-6-6 6 6 0 0 1 6-6 6 6 0 0 1 6 6 6 6 0 0 1-6 6m8-9.31V4h-4.69L12 .69 8.69 4H4v4.69L.69 12 4 15.31V20h4.69L12 23.31 15.31 20H20v-4.69L23.31 12z"/></svg>
+      </label>
+    
+  
+    
+    
+    
+    <input class="md-option" data-md-color-media="(prefers-color-scheme: dark)" data-md-color-scheme="slate" data-md-color-primary="orange" data-md-color-accent="deep-orange"  aria-label="Switch to light mode"  type="radio" name="__palette" id="__palette_1">
+    
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+        <svg xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" viewBox="0 0 24 24"><path d="M12 18c-.89 0-1.74-.2-2.5-.55C11.56 16.5 13 14.42 13 12s-1.44-4.5-3.5-5.45C10.26 6.2 11.11 6 12 6a6 6 0 0 1 6 6 6 6 0 0 1-6 6m8-9.31V4h-4.69L12 .69 8.69 4H4v4.69L.69 12 4 15.31V20h4.69L12 23.31 15.31 20H20v-4.69L23.31 12z"/></svg>
+      </label>
+    
+  
+</form>
+      
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+      
+        
+        
+        <input class="md-nav__toggle md-toggle " type="checkbox" id="__nav_4_8_2" >
+        
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+          <label class="md-nav__link" for="__nav_4_8_2" id="__nav_4_8_2_label" tabindex="0">
+            
+  
+  <span class="md-ellipsis">
+    Modules
+  </span>
+  
+
+            <span class="md-nav__icon md-icon"></span>
+          </label>
+        
+        <nav class="md-nav" data-md-level="3" aria-labelledby="__nav_4_8_2_label" aria-expanded="false">
+          <label class="md-nav__title" for="__nav_4_8_2">
+            <span class="md-nav__icon md-icon"></span>
+            Modules
+          </label>
+          <ul class="md-nav__list" data-md-scrollfix>
+            
+              
+                
+  
+  
+  
+  
+    <li class="md-nav__item">
+      <a href="../python/modules/argparse.html" class="md-nav__link">
+        
+  
+  <span class="md-ellipsis">
+    argparse
+  </span>
+  
+
+      </a>
+    </li>
+  
+
+              
+            
+              
+                
+  
+  
+  
+  
+    <li class="md-nav__item">
+      <a href="../python/modules/collections.html" class="md-nav__link">
+        
+  
+  <span class="md-ellipsis">
+    collection
+  </span>
+  
+
+      </a>
+    </li>
+  
+
+              
+            
+              
+                
+  
+  
+  
+  
+    <li class="md-nav__item">
+      <a href="../python/modules/csv.html" class="md-nav__link">
+        
+  
+  <span class="md-ellipsis">
+    csv
+  </span>
+  
+
+      </a>
+    </li>
+  
+
+              
+            
+              
+                
+  
+  
+  
+  
+    <li class="md-nav__item">
+      <a href="../python/modules/ftplib.html" class="md-nav__link">
+        
+  
+  <span class="md-ellipsis">
+    ftplib
+  </span>
+  
+
+      </a>
+    </li>
+  
+
+              
+            
+              
+                
+  
+  
+  
+  
+    <li class="md-nav__item">
+      <a href="../python/modules/itertools.html" class="md-nav__link">
+        
+  
+  <span class="md-ellipsis">
+    itertools
+  </span>
+  
+
+      </a>
+    </li>
+  
+
+              
+            
+              
+                
+  
+  
+  
+  
+    <li class="md-nav__item">
+      <a href="../python/modules/json.html" class="md-nav__link">
+        
+  
+  <span class="md-ellipsis">
+    json
+  </span>
+  
+
+      </a>
+    </li>
+  
+
+              
+            
+              
+                
+  
+  
+  
+  
+    <li class="md-nav__item">
+      <a href="../python/modules/logging.html" class="md-nav__link">
+        
+  
+  <span class="md-ellipsis">
+    logging
+  </span>
+  
+
+      </a>
+    </li>
+  
+
+              
+            
+              
+                
+  
+  
+  
+  
+    <li class="md-nav__item">
+      <a href="../python/modules/shutil.html" class="md-nav__link">
+        
+  
+  <span class="md-ellipsis">
+    shutil
+  </span>
+  
+
+      </a>
+    </li>
+  
+
+              
+            
+              
+                
+  
+  
+  
+  
+    <li class="md-nav__item">
+      <a href="../python/modules/smtplib.html" class="md-nav__link">
+        
+  
+  <span class="md-ellipsis">
+    smtplib
+  </span>
+  
+
+      </a>
+    </li>
+  
+
+              
+            
+              
+                
+  
+  
+  
+  
+    <li class="md-nav__item">
+      <a href="../python/modules/socket.html" class="md-nav__link">
+        
+  
+  <span class="md-ellipsis">
+    socket
+  </span>
+  
+
+      </a>
+    </li>
+  
+
+              
+            
+              
+                
+  
+  
+  
+  
+    <li class="md-nav__item">
+      <a href="../python/modules/sqlite.html" class="md-nav__link">
+        
+  
+  <span class="md-ellipsis">
+    sqlite
+  </span>
+  
+
+      </a>
+    </li>
+  
+
+              
+            
+              
+                
+  
+  
+  
+  
+    <li class="md-nav__item">
+      <a href="../python/modules/time-datetime.html" class="md-nav__link">
+        
+  
+  <span class="md-ellipsis">
+    time & datetime
+  </span>
+  
+
+      </a>
+    </li>
+  
+
+              
+            
+              
+                
+  
+  
+  
+  
+    <li class="md-nav__item">
+      <a href="../python/modules/unittest.html" class="md-nav__link">
+        
+  
+  <span class="md-ellipsis">
+    unittest
+  </span>
+  
+
+      </a>
+    </li>
+  
+
+              
+            
+          </ul>
+        </nav>
+      
+    </li>
+  
+
+              
+            
+              
+                
+  
+  
+  
+  
+    
+    
+      
+        
+      
+        
+      
+        
+      
+        
+      
+        
+      
+        
+      
+    
+    
+      
+      
+        
+      
+    
+    
+    <li class="md-nav__item md-nav__item--nested">
+      
+        
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+        <input class="md-nav__toggle md-toggle " type="checkbox" id="__nav_4_8_3" >
+        
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+          <label class="md-nav__link" for="__nav_4_8_3" id="__nav_4_8_3_label" tabindex="0">
+            
+  
+  <span class="md-ellipsis">
+    Libraries
+  </span>
+  
+
+            <span class="md-nav__icon md-icon"></span>
+          </label>
+        
+        <nav class="md-nav" data-md-level="3" aria-labelledby="__nav_4_8_3_label" aria-expanded="false">
+          <label class="md-nav__title" for="__nav_4_8_3">
+            <span class="md-nav__icon md-icon"></span>
+            Libraries
+          </label>
+          <ul class="md-nav__list" data-md-scrollfix>
+            
+              
+                
+  
+  
+  
+  
+    <li class="md-nav__item">
+      <a href="../python/libs/tkinter.html" class="md-nav__link">
+        
+  
+  <span class="md-ellipsis">
+    TKinter
+  </span>
+  
+
+      </a>
+    </li>
+  
+
+              
+            
+              
+                
+  
+  
+  
+  
+    <li class="md-nav__item">
+      <a href="../python/libs/numpy.html" class="md-nav__link">
+        
+  
+  <span class="md-ellipsis">
+    Numpy
+  </span>
+  
+
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+    </li>
+  
+
+              
+            
+              
+                
+  
+  
+  
+  
+    <li class="md-nav__item">
+      <a href="../python/libs/pandas.html" class="md-nav__link">
+        
+  
+  <span class="md-ellipsis">
+    Pandas
+  </span>
+  
+
+      </a>
+    </li>
+  
+
+              
+            
+              
+                
+  
+  
+  
+  
+    <li class="md-nav__item">
+      <a href="../python/libs/seaborn.html" class="md-nav__link">
+        
+  
+  <span class="md-ellipsis">
+    Seaborn
+  </span>
+  
+
+      </a>
+    </li>
+  
+
+              
+            
+              
+                
+  
+  
+  
+  
+    <li class="md-nav__item">
+      <a href="../python/libs/requests.html" class="md-nav__link">
+        
+  
+  <span class="md-ellipsis">
+    Requests
+  </span>
+  
+
+      </a>
+    </li>
+  
+
+              
+            
+              
+                
+  
+  
+  
+  
+    <li class="md-nav__item">
+      <a href="../python/libs/beautiful-soup.html" class="md-nav__link">
+        
+  
+  <span class="md-ellipsis">
+    Beatiful Soup
+  </span>
+  
+
+      </a>
+    </li>
+  
+
+              
+            
+          </ul>
+        </nav>
+      
+    </li>
+  
+
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+            
+          </ul>
+        </nav>
+      
+    </li>
+  
+
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+            
+              
+                
+  
+  
+  
+  
+    
+    
+      
+        
+      
+        
+      
+        
+      
+    
+    
+      
+      
+        
+          
+          
+        
+      
+    
+    
+    <li class="md-nav__item md-nav__item--section md-nav__item--nested">
+      
+        
+        
+        <input class="md-nav__toggle md-toggle " type="checkbox" id="__nav_4_9" >
+        
+          
+          <label class="md-nav__link" for="__nav_4_9" id="__nav_4_9_label" tabindex="">
+            
+  
+  <span class="md-ellipsis">
+    .NET
+  </span>
+  
+
+            <span class="md-nav__icon md-icon"></span>
+          </label>
+        
+        <nav class="md-nav" data-md-level="2" aria-labelledby="__nav_4_9_label" aria-expanded="false">
+          <label class="md-nav__title" for="__nav_4_9">
+            <span class="md-nav__icon md-icon"></span>
+            .NET
+          </label>
+          <ul class="md-nav__list" data-md-scrollfix>
+            
+              
+                
+  
+  
+  
+  
+    
+    
+      
+        
+      
+        
+      
+        
+      
+        
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+        
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+        
+      
+    
+    
+      
+      
+        
+      
+    
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+    <li class="md-nav__item md-nav__item--nested">
+      
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+        <input class="md-nav__toggle md-toggle " type="checkbox" id="__nav_4_9_1" >
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+            
+  
+  <span class="md-ellipsis">
+    C#
+  </span>
+  
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+            <span class="md-nav__icon md-icon"></span>
+          </label>
+        
+        <nav class="md-nav" data-md-level="3" aria-labelledby="__nav_4_9_1_label" aria-expanded="false">
+          <label class="md-nav__title" for="__nav_4_9_1">
+            <span class="md-nav__icon md-icon"></span>
+            C#
+          </label>
+          <ul class="md-nav__list" data-md-scrollfix>
+            
+              
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+  
+  
+  
+  
+    <li class="md-nav__item">
+      <a href="../dotnet/csharp/csharp.html" class="md-nav__link">
+        
+  
+  <span class="md-ellipsis">
+    C#
+  </span>
+  
+
+      </a>
+    </li>
+  
+
+              
+            
+              
+                
+  
+  
+  
+  
+    <li class="md-nav__item">
+      <a href="../dotnet/csharp/linq.html" class="md-nav__link">
+        
+  
+  <span class="md-ellipsis">
+    Linq
+  </span>
+  
+
+      </a>
+    </li>
+  
+
+              
+            
+              
+                
+  
+  
+  
+  
+    <li class="md-nav__item">
+      <a href="../dotnet/csharp/collections.html" class="md-nav__link">
+        
+  
+  <span class="md-ellipsis">
+    Collections
+  </span>
+  
+
+      </a>
+    </li>
+  
+
+              
+            
+              
+                
+  
+  
+  
+  
+    <li class="md-nav__item">
+      <a href="../dotnet/csharp/reactive-extensions.html" class="md-nav__link">
+        
+  
+  <span class="md-ellipsis">
+    Reactive Extensions
+  </span>
+  
+
+      </a>
+    </li>
+  
+
+              
+            
+              
+                
+  
+  
+  
+  
+    <li class="md-nav__item">
+      <a href="../dotnet/csharp/async-programming.html" class="md-nav__link">
+        
+  
+  <span class="md-ellipsis">
+    Async Programming
+  </span>
+  
+
+      </a>
+    </li>
+  
+
+              
+            
+              
+                
+  
+  
+  
+  
+    <li class="md-nav__item">
+      <a href="../dotnet/csharp/unit-tests.html" class="md-nav__link">
+        
+  
+  <span class="md-ellipsis">
+    Unit Tests
+  </span>
+  
+
+      </a>
+    </li>
+  
+
+              
+            
+          </ul>
+        </nav>
+      
+    </li>
+  
+
+              
+            
+              
+                
+  
+  
+  
+  
+    
+    
+      
+        
+      
+        
+      
+        
+      
+        
+      
+        
+      
+        
+      
+        
+      
+    
+    
+      
+      
+        
+      
+    
+    
+    <li class="md-nav__item md-nav__item--nested">
+      
+        
+        
+        <input class="md-nav__toggle md-toggle " type="checkbox" id="__nav_4_9_2" >
+        
+          
+          <label class="md-nav__link" for="__nav_4_9_2" id="__nav_4_9_2_label" tabindex="0">
+            
+  
+  <span class="md-ellipsis">
+    ASP.NET
+  </span>
+  
+
+            <span class="md-nav__icon md-icon"></span>
+          </label>
+        
+        <nav class="md-nav" data-md-level="3" aria-labelledby="__nav_4_9_2_label" aria-expanded="false">
+          <label class="md-nav__title" for="__nav_4_9_2">
+            <span class="md-nav__icon md-icon"></span>
+            ASP.NET
+          </label>
+          <ul class="md-nav__list" data-md-scrollfix>
+            
+              
+                
+  
+  
+  
+  
+    <li class="md-nav__item">
+      <a href="../dotnet/asp.net/minimal-api.html" class="md-nav__link">
+        
+  
+  <span class="md-ellipsis">
+    Minimal API
+  </span>
+  
+
+      </a>
+    </li>
+  
+
+              
+            
+              
+                
+  
+  
+  
+  
+    <li class="md-nav__item">
+      <a href="../dotnet/asp.net/filters.html" class="md-nav__link">
+        
+  
+  <span class="md-ellipsis">
+    FIlters
+  </span>
+  
+
+      </a>
+    </li>
+  
+
+              
+            
+              
+                
+  
+  
+  
+  
+    <li class="md-nav__item">
+      <a href="../dotnet/asp.net/middleware.html" class="md-nav__link">
+        
+  
+  <span class="md-ellipsis">
+    Middleware
+  </span>
+  
+
+      </a>
+    </li>
+  
+
+              
+            
+              
+                
+  
+  
+  
+  
+    <li class="md-nav__item">
+      <a href="../dotnet/asp.net/razor-syntax.html" class="md-nav__link">
+        
+  
+  <span class="md-ellipsis">
+    Razor Syntax
+  </span>
+  
+
+      </a>
+    </li>
+  
+
+              
+            
+              
+                
+  
+  
+  
+  
+    <li class="md-nav__item">
+      <a href="../dotnet/asp.net/blazor.html" class="md-nav__link">
+        
+  
+  <span class="md-ellipsis">
+    Blazor
+  </span>
+  
+
+      </a>
+    </li>
+  
+
+              
+            
+              
+                
+  
+  
+  
+  
+    <li class="md-nav__item">
+      <a href="../dotnet/asp.net/signalr.html" class="md-nav__link">
+        
+  
+  <span class="md-ellipsis">
+    SignalR
+  </span>
+  
+
+      </a>
+    </li>
+  
+
+              
+            
+              
+                
+  
+  
+  
+  
+    <li class="md-nav__item">
+      <a href="../dotnet/asp.net/web-forms.html" class="md-nav__link">
+        
+  
+  <span class="md-ellipsis">
+    Web Forms
+  </span>
+  
+
+      </a>
+    </li>
+  
+
+              
+            
+          </ul>
+        </nav>
+      
+    </li>
+  
+
+              
+            
+              
+                
+  
+  
+  
+  
+    
+    
+      
+        
+      
+        
+      
+    
+    
+      
+      
+        
+      
+    
+    
+    <li class="md-nav__item md-nav__item--nested">
+      
+        
+        
+        <input class="md-nav__toggle md-toggle " type="checkbox" id="__nav_4_9_3" >
+        
+          
+          <label class="md-nav__link" for="__nav_4_9_3" id="__nav_4_9_3_label" tabindex="0">
+            
+  
+  <span class="md-ellipsis">
+    Database
+  </span>
+  
+
+            <span class="md-nav__icon md-icon"></span>
+          </label>
+        
+        <nav class="md-nav" data-md-level="3" aria-labelledby="__nav_4_9_3_label" aria-expanded="false">
+          <label class="md-nav__title" for="__nav_4_9_3">
+            <span class="md-nav__icon md-icon"></span>
+            Database
+          </label>
+          <ul class="md-nav__list" data-md-scrollfix>
+            
+              
+                
+  
+  
+  
+  
+    <li class="md-nav__item">
+      <a href="../dotnet/database/ado.net.html" class="md-nav__link">
+        
+  
+  <span class="md-ellipsis">
+    ADO.NET
+  </span>
+  
+
+      </a>
+    </li>
+  
+
+              
+            
+              
+                
+  
+  
+  
+  
+    <li class="md-nav__item">
+      <a href="../dotnet/database/entity-framework.html" class="md-nav__link">
+        
+  
+  <span class="md-ellipsis">
+    Entity Framework
+  </span>
+  
+
+      </a>
+    </li>
+  
+
+              
+            
+          </ul>
+        </nav>
+      
+    </li>
+  
+
+              
+            
+          </ul>
+        </nav>
+      
+    </li>
+  
+
+              
+            
+              
+                
+  
+  
+  
+  
+    
+    
+      
+        
+      
+        
+      
+        
+      
+        
+      
+    
+    
+      
+      
+        
+          
+          
+        
+      
+    
+    
+    <li class="md-nav__item md-nav__item--section md-nav__item--nested">
+      
+        
+        
+        <input class="md-nav__toggle md-toggle " type="checkbox" id="__nav_4_10" >
+        
+          
+          <label class="md-nav__link" for="__nav_4_10" id="__nav_4_10_label" tabindex="">
+            
+  
+  <span class="md-ellipsis">
+    Java
+  </span>
+  
+
+            <span class="md-nav__icon md-icon"></span>
+          </label>
+        
+        <nav class="md-nav" data-md-level="2" aria-labelledby="__nav_4_10_label" aria-expanded="false">
+          <label class="md-nav__title" for="__nav_4_10">
+            <span class="md-nav__icon md-icon"></span>
+            Java
+          </label>
+          <ul class="md-nav__list" data-md-scrollfix>
+            
+              
+                
+  
+  
+  
+  
+    <li class="md-nav__item">
+      <a href="../java/java.html" class="md-nav__link">
+        
+  
+  <span class="md-ellipsis">
+    Java
+  </span>
+  
+
+      </a>
+    </li>
+  
+
+              
+            
+              
+                
+  
+  
+  
+  
+    <li class="md-nav__item">
+      <a href="../java/java-collection-framework.html" class="md-nav__link">
+        
+  
+  <span class="md-ellipsis">
+    Java Collection Framework
+  </span>
+  
+
+      </a>
+    </li>
+  
+
+              
+            
+              
+                
+  
+  
+  
+  
+    <li class="md-nav__item">
+      <a href="../java/dao.html" class="md-nav__link">
+        
+  
+  <span class="md-ellipsis">
+    DAO
+  </span>
+  
+
+      </a>
+    </li>
+  
+
+              
+            
+              
+                
+  
+  
+  
+  
+    
+    
+      
+        
+      
+        
+      
+    
+    
+      
+      
+        
+      
+    
+    
+    <li class="md-nav__item md-nav__item--nested">
+      
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+        <input class="md-nav__toggle md-toggle " type="checkbox" id="__nav_4_10_4" >
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+          <label class="md-nav__link" for="__nav_4_10_4" id="__nav_4_10_4_label" tabindex="0">
+            
+  
+  <span class="md-ellipsis">
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+          </label>
+        
+        <nav class="md-nav" data-md-level="3" aria-labelledby="__nav_4_10_4_label" aria-expanded="false">
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+            <span class="md-nav__icon md-icon"></span>
+            Web
+          </label>
+          <ul class="md-nav__list" data-md-scrollfix>
+            
+              
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+  
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+  
+    <li class="md-nav__item">
+      <a href="../java/web/servlet.html" class="md-nav__link">
+        
+  
+  <span class="md-ellipsis">
+    Serverlet
+  </span>
+  
+
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+    </li>
+  
+
+              
+            
+              
+                
+  
+  
+  
+  
+    
+    
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+      
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+          <label class="md-nav__link" for="__nav_4_10_4_2" id="__nav_4_10_4_2_label" tabindex="0">
+            
+  
+  <span class="md-ellipsis">
+    Spring
+  </span>
+  
+
+            <span class="md-nav__icon md-icon"></span>
+          </label>
+        
+        <nav class="md-nav" data-md-level="4" aria-labelledby="__nav_4_10_4_2_label" aria-expanded="false">
+          <label class="md-nav__title" for="__nav_4_10_4_2">
+            <span class="md-nav__icon md-icon"></span>
+            Spring
+          </label>
+          <ul class="md-nav__list" data-md-scrollfix>
+            
+              
+                
+  
+  
+  
+  
+    <li class="md-nav__item">
+      <a href="../java/spring/pom.xml.html" class="md-nav__link">
+        
+  
+  <span class="md-ellipsis">
+    POM
+  </span>
+  
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+    </li>
+  
+
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+              
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+  
+  
+  
+  
+    <li class="md-nav__item">
+      <a href="../java/spring/spring-project.html" class="md-nav__link">
+        
+  
+  <span class="md-ellipsis">
+    Project Structure
+  </span>
+  
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+    </li>
+  
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+        </nav>
+      
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+
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+                
+  
+  
+    
+  
+  
+  
+    
+    
+      
+        
+      
+        
+      
+        
+      
+        
+      
+        
+      
+        
+      
+        
+      
+        
+      
+        
+      
+    
+    
+      
+      
+        
+          
+          
+        
+      
+    
+    
+    <li class="md-nav__item md-nav__item--active md-nav__item--section md-nav__item--nested">
+      
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+        <input class="md-nav__toggle md-toggle " type="checkbox" id="__nav_4_11" checked>
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+          <label class="md-nav__link" for="__nav_4_11" id="__nav_4_11_label" tabindex="">
+            
+  
+  <span class="md-ellipsis">
+    PHP
+  </span>
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+          </label>
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+        <nav class="md-nav" data-md-level="2" aria-labelledby="__nav_4_11_label" aria-expanded="true">
+          <label class="md-nav__title" for="__nav_4_11">
+            <span class="md-nav__icon md-icon"></span>
+            PHP
+          </label>
+          <ul class="md-nav__list" data-md-scrollfix>
+            
+              
+                
+  
+  
+  
+  
+    <li class="md-nav__item">
+      <a href="php.html" class="md-nav__link">
+        
+  
+  <span class="md-ellipsis">
+    PHP
+  </span>
+  
+
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+    </li>
+  
+
+              
+            
+              
+                
+  
+  
+  
+  
+    <li class="md-nav__item">
+      <a href="database.html" class="md-nav__link">
+        
+  
+  <span class="md-ellipsis">
+    Database
+  </span>
+  
+
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+    </li>
+  
+
+              
+            
+              
+                
+  
+  
+  
+  
+    <li class="md-nav__item">
+      <a href="web.html" class="md-nav__link">
+        
+  
+  <span class="md-ellipsis">
+    Web
+  </span>
+  
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+    </li>
+  
+
+              
+            
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+  
+  
+  
+    <li class="md-nav__item">
+      <a href="dependency-injection.html" class="md-nav__link">
+        
+  
+  <span class="md-ellipsis">
+    Dependency Injection
+  </span>
+  
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+
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+  
+  
+  
+  
+    <li class="md-nav__item">
+      <a href="unit-tests.html" class="md-nav__link">
+        
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+    Unit Tests
+  </span>
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+  
+  
+  
+    <li class="md-nav__item">
+      <a href="composer.html" class="md-nav__link">
+        
+  
+  <span class="md-ellipsis">
+    Composer
+  </span>
+  
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+    <li class="md-nav__item">
+      <a href="psr-7.html" class="md-nav__link">
+        
+  
+  <span class="md-ellipsis">
+    PSR 7
+  </span>
+  
+
+      </a>
+    </li>
+  
+
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+            
+              
+                
+  
+  
+    
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+    <li class="md-nav__item md-nav__item--active">
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+        <label class="md-nav__link md-nav__link--active" for="__toc">
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+  
+  <span class="md-ellipsis">
+    Plates
+  </span>
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+      <a href="plates-templating.html" class="md-nav__link md-nav__link--active">
+        
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+    Plates
+  </span>
+  
+
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+      
+        
+
+<nav class="md-nav md-nav--secondary" aria-label="Table of contents">
+  
+  
+  
+    
+  
+  
+    <label class="md-nav__title" for="__toc">
+      <span class="md-nav__icon md-icon"></span>
+      Table of contents
+    </label>
+    <ul class="md-nav__list" data-md-component="toc" data-md-scrollfix>
+      
+        <li class="md-nav__item">
+  <a href="#template" class="md-nav__link">
+    <span class="md-ellipsis">
+      Template
+    </span>
+  </a>
+  
+</li>
+      
+        <li class="md-nav__item">
+  <a href="#plates" class="md-nav__link">
+    <span class="md-ellipsis">
+      Plates
+    </span>
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+  
+    <nav class="md-nav" aria-label="Plates">
+      <ul class="md-nav__list">
+        
+          <li class="md-nav__item">
+  <a href="#layout" class="md-nav__link">
+    <span class="md-ellipsis">
+      Layout
+    </span>
+  </a>
+  
+</li>
+        
+          <li class="md-nav__item">
+  <a href="#escape" class="md-nav__link">
+    <span class="md-ellipsis">
+      Escape
+    </span>
+  </a>
+  
+</li>
+        
+          <li class="md-nav__item">
+  <a href="#folders" class="md-nav__link">
+    <span class="md-ellipsis">
+      Folders
+    </span>
+  </a>
+  
+</li>
+        
+          <li class="md-nav__item">
+  <a href="#insert" class="md-nav__link">
+    <span class="md-ellipsis">
+      Insert
+    </span>
+  </a>
+  
+</li>
+        
+          <li class="md-nav__item">
+  <a href="#sections" class="md-nav__link">
+    <span class="md-ellipsis">
+      Sections
+    </span>
+  </a>
+  
+</li>
+        
+      </ul>
+    </nav>
+  
+</li>
+      
+    </ul>
+  
+</nav>
+      
+    </li>
+  
+
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+            
+              
+                
+  
+  
+  
+  
+    
+    
+      
+        
+      
+        
+      
+    
+    
+      
+      
+        
+      
+    
+    
+    <li class="md-nav__item md-nav__item--nested">
+      
+        
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+        <input class="md-nav__toggle md-toggle " type="checkbox" id="__nav_4_11_9" >
+        
+          
+          <label class="md-nav__link" for="__nav_4_11_9" id="__nav_4_11_9_label" tabindex="0">
+            
+  
+  <span class="md-ellipsis">
+    Simple MVC
+  </span>
+  
+
+            <span class="md-nav__icon md-icon"></span>
+          </label>
+        
+        <nav class="md-nav" data-md-level="3" aria-labelledby="__nav_4_11_9_label" aria-expanded="false">
+          <label class="md-nav__title" for="__nav_4_11_9">
+            <span class="md-nav__icon md-icon"></span>
+            Simple MVC
+          </label>
+          <ul class="md-nav__list" data-md-scrollfix>
+            
+              
+                
+  
+  
+  
+  
+    <li class="md-nav__item">
+      <a href="simple-mvc/simple-mvc.html" class="md-nav__link">
+        
+  
+  <span class="md-ellipsis">
+    Simple MVC
+  </span>
+  
+
+      </a>
+    </li>
+  
+
+              
+            
+              
+                
+  
+  
+  
+  
+    <li class="md-nav__item">
+      <a href="simple-mvc/rest-api.html" class="md-nav__link">
+        
+  
+  <span class="md-ellipsis">
+    REST API
+  </span>
+  
+
+      </a>
+    </li>
+  
+
+              
+            
+          </ul>
+        </nav>
+      
+    </li>
+  
+
+              
+            
+          </ul>
+        </nav>
+      
+    </li>
+  
+
+              
+            
+              
+                
+  
+  
+  
+  
+    
+    
+      
+        
+      
+        
+      
+        
+      
+        
+      
+        
+      
+    
+    
+      
+      
+        
+          
+          
+        
+      
+    
+    
+    <li class="md-nav__item md-nav__item--section md-nav__item--nested">
+      
+        
+        
+        <input class="md-nav__toggle md-toggle " type="checkbox" id="__nav_4_12" >
+        
+          
+          <label class="md-nav__link" for="__nav_4_12" id="__nav_4_12_label" tabindex="">
+            
+  
+  <span class="md-ellipsis">
+    Rust
+  </span>
+  
+
+            <span class="md-nav__icon md-icon"></span>
+          </label>
+        
+        <nav class="md-nav" data-md-level="2" aria-labelledby="__nav_4_12_label" aria-expanded="false">
+          <label class="md-nav__title" for="__nav_4_12">
+            <span class="md-nav__icon md-icon"></span>
+            Rust
+          </label>
+          <ul class="md-nav__list" data-md-scrollfix>
+            
+              
+                
+  
+  
+  
+  
+    <li class="md-nav__item">
+      <a href="../rust/rust.html" class="md-nav__link">
+        
+  
+  <span class="md-ellipsis">
+    Rust
+  </span>
+  
+
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+    </li>
+  
+
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+            
+              
+                
+  
+  
+  
+  
+    <li class="md-nav__item">
+      <a href="../rust/macros.html" class="md-nav__link">
+        
+  
+  <span class="md-ellipsis">
+    Macros
+  </span>
+  
+
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+    </li>
+  
+
+              
+            
+              
+                
+  
+  
+  
+  
+    <li class="md-nav__item">
+      <a href="../rust/cargo.html" class="md-nav__link">
+        
+  
+  <span class="md-ellipsis">
+    Cargo
+  </span>
+  
+
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+    </li>
+  
+
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+            
+              
+                
+  
+  
+  
+  
+    <li class="md-nav__item">
+      <a href="../rust/concurrency.html" class="md-nav__link">
+        
+  
+  <span class="md-ellipsis">
+    Concurrency
+  </span>
+  
+
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+    </li>
+  
+
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+            
+              
+                
+  
+  
+  
+  
+    <li class="md-nav__item">
+      <a href="../rust/unit-tests.html" class="md-nav__link">
+        
+  
+  <span class="md-ellipsis">
+    Unit Tests
+  </span>
+  
+
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+    </li>
+  
+
+              
+            
+          </ul>
+        </nav>
+      
+    </li>
+  
+
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+            
+              
+                
+  
+  
+  
+  
+    
+    
+      
+        
+      
+        
+      
+        
+      
+        
+      
+        
+      
+        
+      
+        
+      
+    
+    
+      
+      
+        
+          
+          
+        
+      
+    
+    
+    <li class="md-nav__item md-nav__item--section md-nav__item--nested">
+      
+        
+        
+        <input class="md-nav__toggle md-toggle " type="checkbox" id="__nav_4_13" >
+        
+          
+          <label class="md-nav__link" for="__nav_4_13" id="__nav_4_13_label" tabindex="">
+            
+  
+  <span class="md-ellipsis">
+    Javascript
+  </span>
+  
+
+            <span class="md-nav__icon md-icon"></span>
+          </label>
+        
+        <nav class="md-nav" data-md-level="2" aria-labelledby="__nav_4_13_label" aria-expanded="false">
+          <label class="md-nav__title" for="__nav_4_13">
+            <span class="md-nav__icon md-icon"></span>
+            Javascript
+          </label>
+          <ul class="md-nav__list" data-md-scrollfix>
+            
+              
+                
+  
+  
+  
+  
+    <li class="md-nav__item">
+      <a href="../javascript/javascript.html" class="md-nav__link">
+        
+  
+  <span class="md-ellipsis">
+    Javascript
+  </span>
+  
+
+      </a>
+    </li>
+  
+
+              
+            
+              
+                
+  
+  
+  
+  
+    <li class="md-nav__item">
+      <a href="../javascript/dom.html" class="md-nav__link">
+        
+  
+  <span class="md-ellipsis">
+    DOM
+  </span>
+  
+
+      </a>
+    </li>
+  
+
+              
+            
+              
+                
+  
+  
+  
+  
+    <li class="md-nav__item">
+      <a href="../javascript/events-animation.html" class="md-nav__link">
+        
+  
+  <span class="md-ellipsis">
+    Events & Animation
+  </span>
+  
+
+      </a>
+    </li>
+  
+
+              
+            
+              
+                
+  
+  
+  
+  
+    <li class="md-nav__item">
+      <a href="../javascript/ajax.html" class="md-nav__link">
+        
+  
+  <span class="md-ellipsis">
+    AJAX
+  </span>
+  
+
+      </a>
+    </li>
+  
+
+              
+            
+              
+                
+  
+  
+  
+  
+    <li class="md-nav__item">
+      <a href="../javascript/jquery.html" class="md-nav__link">
+        
+  
+  <span class="md-ellipsis">
+    jQuery
+  </span>
+  
+
+      </a>
+    </li>
+  
+
+              
+            
+              
+                
+  
+  
+  
+  
+    
+    
+      
+        
+      
+        
+      
+        
+      
+        
+      
+        
+      
+    
+    
+      
+      
+        
+      
+    
+    
+    <li class="md-nav__item md-nav__item--nested">
+      
+        
+        
+        <input class="md-nav__toggle md-toggle " type="checkbox" id="__nav_4_13_6" >
+        
+          
+          <label class="md-nav__link" for="__nav_4_13_6" id="__nav_4_13_6_label" tabindex="0">
+            
+  
+  <span class="md-ellipsis">
+    React
+  </span>
+  
+
+            <span class="md-nav__icon md-icon"></span>
+          </label>
+        
+        <nav class="md-nav" data-md-level="3" aria-labelledby="__nav_4_13_6_label" aria-expanded="false">
+          <label class="md-nav__title" for="__nav_4_13_6">
+            <span class="md-nav__icon md-icon"></span>
+            React
+          </label>
+          <ul class="md-nav__list" data-md-scrollfix>
+            
+              
+                
+  
+  
+  
+  
+    <li class="md-nav__item">
+      <a href="../javascript/react/react.html" class="md-nav__link">
+        
+  
+  <span class="md-ellipsis">
+    React
+  </span>
+  
+
+      </a>
+    </li>
+  
+
+              
+            
+              
+                
+  
+  
+  
+  
+    <li class="md-nav__item">
+      <a href="../javascript/react/react-router.html" class="md-nav__link">
+        
+  
+  <span class="md-ellipsis">
+    React Router
+  </span>
+  
+
+      </a>
+    </li>
+  
+
+              
+            
+              
+                
+  
+  
+  
+  
+    <li class="md-nav__item">
+      <a href="../javascript/react/react-tests.html" class="md-nav__link">
+        
+  
+  <span class="md-ellipsis">
+    React Tests
+  </span>
+  
+
+      </a>
+    </li>
+  
+
+              
+            
+              
+                
+  
+  
+  
+  
+    <li class="md-nav__item">
+      <a href="../javascript/react/redux.html" class="md-nav__link">
+        
+  
+  <span class="md-ellipsis">
+    Redux
+  </span>
+  
+
+      </a>
+    </li>
+  
+
+              
+            
+              
+                
+  
+  
+  
+  
+    <li class="md-nav__item">
+      <a href="../javascript/react/redux-tests.html" class="md-nav__link">
+        
+  
+  <span class="md-ellipsis">
+    Redux Tests
+  </span>
+  
+
+      </a>
+    </li>
+  
+
+              
+            
+          </ul>
+        </nav>
+      
+    </li>
+  
+
+              
+            
+              
+                
+  
+  
+  
+  
+    <li class="md-nav__item">
+      <a href="../javascript/svelte/svelte.html" class="md-nav__link">
+        
+  
+  <span class="md-ellipsis">
+    Svelte
+  </span>
+  
+
+      </a>
+    </li>
+  
+
+              
+            
+          </ul>
+        </nav>
+      
+    </li>
+  
+
+              
+            
+              
+                
+  
+  
+  
+  
+    
+    
+      
+        
+      
+        
+      
+    
+    
+      
+      
+        
+          
+          
+        
+      
+    
+    
+    <li class="md-nav__item md-nav__item--section md-nav__item--nested">
+      
+        
+        
+        <input class="md-nav__toggle md-toggle " type="checkbox" id="__nav_4_14" >
+        
+          
+          <label class="md-nav__link" for="__nav_4_14" id="__nav_4_14_label" tabindex="">
+            
+  
+  <span class="md-ellipsis">
+    PowerShell
+  </span>
+  
+
+            <span class="md-nav__icon md-icon"></span>
+          </label>
+        
+        <nav class="md-nav" data-md-level="2" aria-labelledby="__nav_4_14_label" aria-expanded="false">
+          <label class="md-nav__title" for="__nav_4_14">
+            <span class="md-nav__icon md-icon"></span>
+            PowerShell
+          </label>
+          <ul class="md-nav__list" data-md-scrollfix>
+            
+              
+                
+  
+  
+  
+  
+    <li class="md-nav__item">
+      <a href="../powershell/scripting.html" class="md-nav__link">
+        
+  
+  <span class="md-ellipsis">
+    Scripting
+  </span>
+  
+
+      </a>
+    </li>
+  
+
+              
+            
+              
+                
+  
+  
+  
+  
+    <li class="md-nav__item">
+      <a href="../powershell/commands.html" class="md-nav__link">
+        
+  
+  <span class="md-ellipsis">
+    Commands
+  </span>
+  
+
+      </a>
+    </li>
+  
+
+              
+            
+          </ul>
+        </nav>
+      
+    </li>
+  
+
+              
+            
+              
+                
+  
+  
+  
+  
+    
+    
+      
+        
+      
+        
+      
+    
+    
+      
+      
+        
+          
+          
+        
+      
+    
+    
+    <li class="md-nav__item md-nav__item--section md-nav__item--nested">
+      
+        
+        
+        <input class="md-nav__toggle md-toggle " type="checkbox" id="__nav_4_15" >
+        
+          
+          <label class="md-nav__link" for="__nav_4_15" id="__nav_4_15_label" tabindex="">
+            
+  
+  <span class="md-ellipsis">
+    Bash
+  </span>
+  
+
+            <span class="md-nav__icon md-icon"></span>
+          </label>
+        
+        <nav class="md-nav" data-md-level="2" aria-labelledby="__nav_4_15_label" aria-expanded="false">
+          <label class="md-nav__title" for="__nav_4_15">
+            <span class="md-nav__icon md-icon"></span>
+            Bash
+          </label>
+          <ul class="md-nav__list" data-md-scrollfix>
+            
+              
+                
+  
+  
+  
+  
+    <li class="md-nav__item">
+      <a href="../bash/scripting.html" class="md-nav__link">
+        
+  
+  <span class="md-ellipsis">
+    Scripting
+  </span>
+  
+
+      </a>
+    </li>
+  
+
+              
+            
+              
+                
+  
+  
+  
+  
+    <li class="md-nav__item">
+      <a href="../bash/commands.html" class="md-nav__link">
+        
+  
+  <span class="md-ellipsis">
+    Commands
+  </span>
+  
+
+      </a>
+    </li>
+  
+
+              
+            
+          </ul>
+        </nav>
+      
+    </li>
+  
+
+              
+            
+          </ul>
+        </nav>
+      
+    </li>
+  
+
+    
+      
+      
+  
+  
+  
+  
+    
+    
+      
+        
+      
+        
+      
+        
+      
+        
+      
+        
+      
+    
+    
+      
+      
+        
+      
+    
+    
+    <li class="md-nav__item md-nav__item--nested">
+      
+        
+        
+        <input class="md-nav__toggle md-toggle " type="checkbox" id="__nav_5" >
+        
+          
+          <label class="md-nav__link" for="__nav_5" id="__nav_5_label" tabindex="0">
+            
+  
+  <span class="md-ellipsis">
+    Misc
+  </span>
+  
+
+            <span class="md-nav__icon md-icon"></span>
+          </label>
+        
+        <nav class="md-nav" data-md-level="1" aria-labelledby="__nav_5_label" aria-expanded="false">
+          <label class="md-nav__title" for="__nav_5">
+            <span class="md-nav__icon md-icon"></span>
+            Misc
+          </label>
+          <ul class="md-nav__list" data-md-scrollfix>
+            
+              
+                
+  
+  
+  
+  
+    <li class="md-nav__item">
+      <a href="../../misc/git.html" class="md-nav__link">
+        
+  
+  <span class="md-ellipsis">
+    Git
+  </span>
+  
+
+      </a>
+    </li>
+  
+
+              
+            
+              
+                
+  
+  
+  
+  
+    <li class="md-nav__item">
+      <a href="../../misc/graph-ql.html" class="md-nav__link">
+        
+  
+  <span class="md-ellipsis">
+    GraphQL
+  </span>
+  
+
+      </a>
+    </li>
+  
+
+              
+            
+              
+                
+  
+  
+  
+  
+    <li class="md-nav__item">
+      <a href="../../misc/regular-expressions.html" class="md-nav__link">
+        
+  
+  <span class="md-ellipsis">
+    RegEx
+  </span>
+  
+
+      </a>
+    </li>
+  
+
+              
+            
+              
+                
+  
+  
+  
+  
+    <li class="md-nav__item">
+      <a href="../../misc/ssh.html" class="md-nav__link">
+        
+  
+  <span class="md-ellipsis">
+    SSH
+  </span>
+  
+
+      </a>
+    </li>
+  
+
+              
+            
+              
+                
+  
+  
+  
+  
+    <li class="md-nav__item">
+      <a href="../../misc/web-components.html" class="md-nav__link">
+        
+  
+  <span class="md-ellipsis">
+    WebComponents
+  </span>
+  
+
+      </a>
+    </li>
+  
+
+              
+            
+          </ul>
+        </nav>
+      
+    </li>
+  
+
+    
+      
+      
+  
+  
+  
+  
+    
+    
+      
+        
+      
+        
+      
+    
+    
+      
+      
+        
+      
+    
+    
+    <li class="md-nav__item md-nav__item--nested">
+      
+        
+        
+        <input class="md-nav__toggle md-toggle " type="checkbox" id="__nav_6" >
+        
+          
+          <label class="md-nav__link" for="__nav_6" id="__nav_6_label" tabindex="0">
+            
+  
+  <span class="md-ellipsis">
+    Linux
+  </span>
+  
+
+            <span class="md-nav__icon md-icon"></span>
+          </label>
+        
+        <nav class="md-nav" data-md-level="1" aria-labelledby="__nav_6_label" aria-expanded="false">
+          <label class="md-nav__title" for="__nav_6">
+            <span class="md-nav__icon md-icon"></span>
+            Linux
+          </label>
+          <ul class="md-nav__list" data-md-scrollfix>
+            
+              
+                
+  
+  
+  
+  
+    
+    
+      
+        
+      
+        
+      
+        
+      
+    
+    
+      
+      
+        
+      
+    
+    
+    <li class="md-nav__item md-nav__item--nested">
+      
+        
+        
+        <input class="md-nav__toggle md-toggle " type="checkbox" id="__nav_6_1" >
+        
+          
+          <label class="md-nav__link" for="__nav_6_1" id="__nav_6_1_label" tabindex="0">
+            
+  
+  <span class="md-ellipsis">
+    Filesystem
+  </span>
+  
+
+            <span class="md-nav__icon md-icon"></span>
+          </label>
+        
+        <nav class="md-nav" data-md-level="2" aria-labelledby="__nav_6_1_label" aria-expanded="false">
+          <label class="md-nav__title" for="__nav_6_1">
+            <span class="md-nav__icon md-icon"></span>
+            Filesystem
+          </label>
+          <ul class="md-nav__list" data-md-scrollfix>
+            
+              
+                
+  
+  
+  
+  
+    <li class="md-nav__item">
+      <a href="../../linux/filesystem/file-links.html" class="md-nav__link">
+        
+  
+  <span class="md-ellipsis">
+    File Links
+  </span>
+  
+
+      </a>
+    </li>
+  
+
+              
+            
+              
+                
+  
+  
+  
+  
+    <li class="md-nav__item">
+      <a href="../../linux/filesystem/procfs.html" class="md-nav__link">
+        
+  
+  <span class="md-ellipsis">
+    /proc
+  </span>
+  
+
+      </a>
+    </li>
+  
+
+              
+            
+              
+                
+  
+  
+  
+  
+    <li class="md-nav__item">
+      <a href="../../linux/filesystem/sysfs.html" class="md-nav__link">
+        
+  
+  <span class="md-ellipsis">
+    /sys
+  </span>
+  
+
+      </a>
+    </li>
+  
+
+              
+            
+          </ul>
+        </nav>
+      
+    </li>
+  
+
+              
+            
+              
+                
+  
+  
+  
+  
+    
+    
+      
+        
+      
+        
+      
+    
+    
+      
+      
+        
+      
+    
+    
+    <li class="md-nav__item md-nav__item--nested">
+      
+        
+        
+        <input class="md-nav__toggle md-toggle " type="checkbox" id="__nav_6_2" >
+        
+          
+          <label class="md-nav__link" for="__nav_6_2" id="__nav_6_2_label" tabindex="0">
+            
+  
+  <span class="md-ellipsis">
+    System Init
+  </span>
+  
+
+            <span class="md-nav__icon md-icon"></span>
+          </label>
+        
+        <nav class="md-nav" data-md-level="2" aria-labelledby="__nav_6_2_label" aria-expanded="false">
+          <label class="md-nav__title" for="__nav_6_2">
+            <span class="md-nav__icon md-icon"></span>
+            System Init
+          </label>
+          <ul class="md-nav__list" data-md-scrollfix>
+            
+              
+                
+  
+  
+  
+  
+    <li class="md-nav__item">
+      <a href="../../linux/init/systemd.html" class="md-nav__link">
+        
+  
+  <span class="md-ellipsis">
+    Systemd
+  </span>
+  
+
+      </a>
+    </li>
+  
+
+              
+            
+              
+                
+  
+  
+  
+  
+    <li class="md-nav__item">
+      <a href="../../linux/init/open-rc.html" class="md-nav__link">
+        
+  
+  <span class="md-ellipsis">
+    OpenRC
+  </span>
+  
+
+      </a>
+    </li>
+  
+
+              
+            
+          </ul>
+        </nav>
+      
+    </li>
+  
+
+              
+            
+          </ul>
+        </nav>
+      
+    </li>
+  
+
+    
+  </ul>
+</nav>
+                  </div>
+                </div>
+              </div>
+            
+            
+              
+              <div class="md-sidebar md-sidebar--secondary" data-md-component="sidebar" data-md-type="toc" >
+                <div class="md-sidebar__scrollwrap">
+                  <div class="md-sidebar__inner">
+                    
+
+<nav class="md-nav md-nav--secondary" aria-label="Table of contents">
+  
+  
+  
+    
+  
+  
+    <label class="md-nav__title" for="__toc">
+      <span class="md-nav__icon md-icon"></span>
+      Table of contents
+    </label>
+    <ul class="md-nav__list" data-md-component="toc" data-md-scrollfix>
+      
+        <li class="md-nav__item">
+  <a href="#template" class="md-nav__link">
+    <span class="md-ellipsis">
+      Template
+    </span>
+  </a>
+  
+</li>
+      
+        <li class="md-nav__item">
+  <a href="#plates" class="md-nav__link">
+    <span class="md-ellipsis">
+      Plates
+    </span>
+  </a>
+  
+    <nav class="md-nav" aria-label="Plates">
+      <ul class="md-nav__list">
+        
+          <li class="md-nav__item">
+  <a href="#layout" class="md-nav__link">
+    <span class="md-ellipsis">
+      Layout
+    </span>
+  </a>
+  
+</li>
+        
+          <li class="md-nav__item">
+  <a href="#escape" class="md-nav__link">
+    <span class="md-ellipsis">
+      Escape
+    </span>
+  </a>
+  
+</li>
+        
+          <li class="md-nav__item">
+  <a href="#folders" class="md-nav__link">
+    <span class="md-ellipsis">
+      Folders
+    </span>
+  </a>
+  
+</li>
+        
+          <li class="md-nav__item">
+  <a href="#insert" class="md-nav__link">
+    <span class="md-ellipsis">
+      Insert
+    </span>
+  </a>
+  
+</li>
+        
+          <li class="md-nav__item">
+  <a href="#sections" class="md-nav__link">
+    <span class="md-ellipsis">
+      Sections
+    </span>
+  </a>
+  
+</li>
+        
+      </ul>
+    </nav>
+  
+</li>
+      
+    </ul>
+  
+</nav>
+                  </div>
+                </div>
+              </div>
+            
+          
+          
+            <div class="md-content" data-md-component="content">
+              <article class="md-content__inner md-typeset">
+                
+                  
+
+  
+  
+
+
+<h1 id="templates-with-plates">Templates with Plates</h1>
+<h2 id="template">Template</h2>
+<p>To separate HTML code and PHP code it's possible to use <strong>templates</strong> with markers for variable substitution.
+Variables are created in the PHP code and are passed to the template in the <strong>rendering</strong> phase.
+The server transmits only the <code>index.php</code> file to the user. The php file renders the templates as needed.</p>
+<div class="highlight"><table class="highlighttable"><tr><th colspan="2" class="filename"><span class="filename">HTML</span></th></tr><tr><td class="linenos"><div class="linenodiv"><pre><span></span><span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-0-1">1</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-0-2">2</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-0-3">3</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-0-4">4</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-0-5">5</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-0-6">6</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-0-7">7</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-0-8">8</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-0-9">9</a></span></pre></div></td><td class="code"><div><pre><span></span><code><a id="__codelineno-0-1" name="__codelineno-0-1"></a><span class="p">&lt;</span><span class="nt">html</span><span class="p">&gt;</span>
+<a id="__codelineno-0-2" name="__codelineno-0-2"></a>    <span class="p">&lt;</span><span class="nt">head</span><span class="p">&gt;</span>
+<a id="__codelineno-0-3" name="__codelineno-0-3"></a>        <span class="p">&lt;</span><span class="nt">title</span><span class="p">&gt;</span><span class="cp">&lt;?= $this-&gt;e($title)?&gt;</span><span class="p">&lt;/</span><span class="nt">title</span><span class="p">&gt;</span>
+<a id="__codelineno-0-4" name="__codelineno-0-4"></a>    <span class="p">&lt;/</span><span class="nt">head</span><span class="p">&gt;</span>
+<a id="__codelineno-0-5" name="__codelineno-0-5"></a>
+<a id="__codelineno-0-6" name="__codelineno-0-6"></a>    <span class="p">&lt;</span><span class="nt">body</span><span class="p">&gt;</span>
+<a id="__codelineno-0-7" name="__codelineno-0-7"></a>        <span class="cp">&lt;?= $this-&gt;section(&#39;content&#39;)?&gt;</span>
+<a id="__codelineno-0-8" name="__codelineno-0-8"></a>    <span class="p">&lt;/</span><span class="nt">body</span><span class="p">&gt;</span>
+<a id="__codelineno-0-9" name="__codelineno-0-9"></a><span class="p">&lt;/</span><span class="nt">html</span><span class="p">&gt;</span>
+</code></pre></div></td></tr></table></div>
+<h2 id="plates"><a href="https://platesphp.com/">Plates</a></h2>
+<p>Plates is a template engine for PHP. A template engine permits to separate the PHP code (business logic) from the HTML pages.</p>
+<p>Installation through composer: <code>composer require league/plates</code>.</p>
+<div class="highlight"><table class="highlighttable"><tr><th colspan="2" class="filename"><span class="filename">PHP</span></th></tr><tr><td class="linenos"><div class="linenodiv"><pre><span></span><span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-1-1"> 1</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-1-2"> 2</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-1-3"> 3</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-1-4"> 4</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-1-5"> 5</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-1-6"> 6</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-1-7"> 7</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-1-8"> 8</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-1-9"> 9</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-1-10">10</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-1-11">11</a></span></pre></div></td><td class="code"><div><pre><span></span><code><a id="__codelineno-1-1" name="__codelineno-1-1"></a><span class="x"># index.php</span>
+<a id="__codelineno-1-2" name="__codelineno-1-2"></a><span class="x">require &quot;vendor/autoload.php&quot;;</span>
+<a id="__codelineno-1-3" name="__codelineno-1-3"></a>
+<a id="__codelineno-1-4" name="__codelineno-1-4"></a><span class="x">use League\Plates\Engine;</span>
+<a id="__codelineno-1-5" name="__codelineno-1-5"></a>
+<a id="__codelineno-1-6" name="__codelineno-1-6"></a><span class="x">$templates = new Engine(&quot;path\\to\\templates&quot;);</span>
+<a id="__codelineno-1-7" name="__codelineno-1-7"></a>
+<a id="__codelineno-1-8" name="__codelineno-1-8"></a><span class="x">echo $templates-&gt;render(&quot;template_name&quot;, [</span>
+<a id="__codelineno-1-9" name="__codelineno-1-9"></a><span class="x">    &quot;key_1&quot; =&gt; &quot;value_1&quot;,</span>
+<a id="__codelineno-1-10" name="__codelineno-1-10"></a><span class="x">    &quot;key_2&quot; =&gt; &quot;value_2&quot;</span>
+<a id="__codelineno-1-11" name="__codelineno-1-11"></a><span class="x">]);</span>
+</code></pre></div></td></tr></table></div>
+<div class="highlight"><table class="highlighttable"><tr><th colspan="2" class="filename"><span class="filename">PHP</span></th></tr><tr><td class="linenos"><div class="linenodiv"><pre><span></span><span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-2-1"> 1</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-2-2"> 2</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-2-3"> 3</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-2-4"> 4</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-2-5"> 5</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-2-6"> 6</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-2-7"> 7</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-2-8"> 8</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-2-9"> 9</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-2-10">10</a></span></pre></div></td><td class="code"><div><pre><span></span><code><a id="__codelineno-2-1" name="__codelineno-2-1"></a><span class="x"># template.php</span>
+<a id="__codelineno-2-2" name="__codelineno-2-2"></a><span class="x">&lt;html&gt;</span>
+<a id="__codelineno-2-3" name="__codelineno-2-3"></a><span class="x">    &lt;head&gt;</span>
+<a id="__codelineno-2-4" name="__codelineno-2-4"></a><span class="x">        &lt;title&gt;</span><span class="cp">&lt;?</span><span class="o">=</span> <span class="nv">$key_1</span><span class="cp">?&gt;</span><span class="x">&lt;/title&gt;</span>
+<a id="__codelineno-2-5" name="__codelineno-2-5"></a><span class="x">    &lt;/head&gt;</span>
+<a id="__codelineno-2-6" name="__codelineno-2-6"></a>
+<a id="__codelineno-2-7" name="__codelineno-2-7"></a><span class="x">    &lt;body&gt;</span>
+<a id="__codelineno-2-8" name="__codelineno-2-8"></a><span class="x">        &lt;h1&gt;Hello </span><span class="cp">&lt;?</span><span class="o">=</span> <span class="nv">$key_2</span> <span class="cp">?&gt;</span><span class="x">&lt;/h1&gt;</span>
+<a id="__codelineno-2-9" name="__codelineno-2-9"></a><span class="x">    &lt;/body&gt;</span>
+<a id="__codelineno-2-10" name="__codelineno-2-10"></a><span class="x">&lt;/html&gt;</span>
+</code></pre></div></td></tr></table></div>
+<p>Variables in the template are created through an associative array <code>key =&gt; value</code>. The key (<code>"key"</code>) becomes a variable (<code>$key</code>) in the template.</p>
+<h3 id="layout">Layout</h3>
+<p>It's possible to create a layout (a model) for a group of pages to make that identical save for the contents.
+In a layout it's possible to create a section called <strong>content</strong> that identifies content that can be specified at runtime.</p>
+<blockquote>
+<p><strong>Note</strong>: Since only the template has the data passed eventual loops have to be done there.</p>
+</blockquote>
+<div class="highlight"><table class="highlighttable"><tr><th colspan="2" class="filename"><span class="filename">PHP</span></th></tr><tr><td class="linenos"><div class="linenodiv"><pre><span></span><span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-3-1">1</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-3-2">2</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-3-3">3</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-3-4">4</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-3-5">5</a></span></pre></div></td><td class="code"><div><pre><span></span><code><a id="__codelineno-3-1" name="__codelineno-3-1"></a><span class="x"># index.php</span>
+<a id="__codelineno-3-2" name="__codelineno-3-2"></a><span class="x">require &#39;vendor/autoload.php&#39;;</span>
+<a id="__codelineno-3-3" name="__codelineno-3-3"></a><span class="x">use League\Plates\Engine;</span>
+<a id="__codelineno-3-4" name="__codelineno-3-4"></a><span class="x">$template = new Engine(&#39;/path/to/templates&#39;);</span>
+<a id="__codelineno-3-5" name="__codelineno-3-5"></a><span class="x">echo $template-&gt;render(&#39;template_name&#39;, [ &quot;marker&quot; =&gt; value, ... ]);</span>
+</code></pre></div></td></tr></table></div>
+<div class="highlight"><table class="highlighttable"><tr><th colspan="2" class="filename"><span class="filename">PHP</span></th></tr><tr><td class="linenos"><div class="linenodiv"><pre><span></span><span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-4-1">1</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-4-2">2</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-4-3">3</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-4-4">4</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-4-5">5</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-4-6">6</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-4-7">7</a></span></pre></div></td><td class="code"><div><pre><span></span><code><a id="__codelineno-4-1" name="__codelineno-4-1"></a><span class="x"># template.php</span>
+<a id="__codelineno-4-2" name="__codelineno-4-2"></a>
+<a id="__codelineno-4-3" name="__codelineno-4-3"></a><span class="x"># set the layout used for this template</span>
+<a id="__codelineno-4-4" name="__codelineno-4-4"></a><span class="cp">&lt;?php</span> <span class="nv">$this</span><span class="o">-&gt;</span><span class="na">layout</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="s2">&quot;layout_name&quot;</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="p">[</span><span class="s2">&quot;marker&quot;</span> <span class="o">=&gt;</span> <span class="nx">value</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="o">...</span><span class="p">])</span> <span class="cp">?&gt;</span><span class="x">  # pass values to the layout</span>
+<a id="__codelineno-4-5" name="__codelineno-4-5"></a>
+<a id="__codelineno-4-6" name="__codelineno-4-6"></a><span class="x"># section contents</span>
+<a id="__codelineno-4-7" name="__codelineno-4-7"></a><span class="x">&lt;p&gt; </span><span class="cp">&lt;?</span><span class="o">=</span> <span class="nv">$this</span><span class="o">-&gt;</span><span class="na">e</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="nv">$marker</span><span class="p">)</span> <span class="cp">?&gt;</span><span class="x"> &lt;/p&gt;</span>
+</code></pre></div></td></tr></table></div>
+<div class="highlight"><table class="highlighttable"><tr><th colspan="2" class="filename"><span class="filename">PHP</span></th></tr><tr><td class="linenos"><div class="linenodiv"><pre><span></span><span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-5-1">1</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-5-2">2</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-5-3">3</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-5-4">4</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-5-5">5</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-5-6">6</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-5-7">7</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-5-8">8</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-5-9">9</a></span></pre></div></td><td class="code"><div><pre><span></span><code><a id="__codelineno-5-1" name="__codelineno-5-1"></a><span class="x"># layout.php</span>
+<a id="__codelineno-5-2" name="__codelineno-5-2"></a><span class="x">&lt;html&gt;</span>
+<a id="__codelineno-5-3" name="__codelineno-5-3"></a><span class="x">    &lt;head&gt;</span>
+<a id="__codelineno-5-4" name="__codelineno-5-4"></a><span class="x">        &lt;title&gt;</span><span class="cp">&lt;?</span><span class="o">=</span> <span class="nv">$marker</span> <span class="cp">?&gt;</span><span class="x">&lt;/title&gt;</span>
+<a id="__codelineno-5-5" name="__codelineno-5-5"></a><span class="x">    &lt;/head&gt;</span>
+<a id="__codelineno-5-6" name="__codelineno-5-6"></a><span class="x">    &lt;body&gt;</span>
+<a id="__codelineno-5-7" name="__codelineno-5-7"></a><span class="x">        </span><span class="cp">&lt;?</span><span class="o">=</span> <span class="nv">$this</span><span class="o">-&gt;</span><span class="na">section</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="s1">&#39;content&#39;</span><span class="p">)</span><span class="cp">?&gt;</span><span class="x">  # insert the section</span>
+<a id="__codelineno-5-8" name="__codelineno-5-8"></a><span class="x">    &lt;/body&gt;</span>
+<a id="__codelineno-5-9" name="__codelineno-5-9"></a><span class="x">&lt;/html&gt;</span>
+</code></pre></div></td></tr></table></div>
+<h3 id="escape">Escape</h3>
+<p>It's necessary to verify that the output is in the necessary format.</p>
+<p>Plates offers <code>$this-&gt;escape()</code> or <code>$this-&gt;e()</code> to validate the output.
+In general the output validation allows to prevent <a href="https://owasp.org/www-community/attacks/xss/">Cross-Site Scripting</a> (XSS).</p>
+<h3 id="folders">Folders</h3>
+<div class="highlight"><table class="highlighttable"><tr><th colspan="2" class="filename"><span class="filename">PHP</span></th></tr><tr><td class="linenos"><div class="linenodiv"><pre><span></span><span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-6-1">1</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-6-2">2</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-6-3">3</a></span></pre></div></td><td class="code"><div><pre><span></span><code><a id="__codelineno-6-1" name="__codelineno-6-1"></a><span class="x"># index.php</span>
+<a id="__codelineno-6-2" name="__codelineno-6-2"></a><span class="x">$templates-&gt;addFolder(&quot;alias&quot;, &quot;path/to/template/folder&quot;);  # add a template folder</span>
+<a id="__codelineno-6-3" name="__codelineno-6-3"></a><span class="x">echo $templates-&gt;render(&quot;folder::template&quot;);  # use a template in a specific folder</span>
+</code></pre></div></td></tr></table></div>
+<h3 id="insert">Insert</h3>
+<p>It's possible to inject templates in a layout or template. It is done by using the <code>insert()</code> function.</p>
+<div class="highlight"><table class="highlighttable"><tr><th colspan="2" class="filename"><span class="filename">PHP</span></th></tr><tr><td class="linenos"><div class="linenodiv"><pre><span></span><span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-7-1"> 1</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-7-2"> 2</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-7-3"> 3</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-7-4"> 4</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-7-5"> 5</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-7-6"> 6</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-7-7"> 7</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-7-8"> 8</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-7-9"> 9</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-7-10">10</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-7-11">11</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-7-12">12</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-7-13">13</a></span></pre></div></td><td class="code"><div><pre><span></span><code><a id="__codelineno-7-1" name="__codelineno-7-1"></a><span class="x"># layout.php</span>
+<a id="__codelineno-7-2" name="__codelineno-7-2"></a><span class="x">&lt;html&gt;</span>
+<a id="__codelineno-7-3" name="__codelineno-7-3"></a><span class="x">    &lt;head&gt;</span>
+<a id="__codelineno-7-4" name="__codelineno-7-4"></a><span class="x">        &lt;title&gt;</span><span class="cp">&lt;?</span><span class="o">=</span><span class="nv">$this</span><span class="o">-&gt;</span><span class="na">e</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="nv">$title</span><span class="p">)</span><span class="cp">?&gt;</span><span class="x">&lt;/title&gt;</span>
+<a id="__codelineno-7-5" name="__codelineno-7-5"></a><span class="x">    &lt;/head&gt;</span>
+<a id="__codelineno-7-6" name="__codelineno-7-6"></a><span class="x">    &lt;body&gt;</span>
+<a id="__codelineno-7-7" name="__codelineno-7-7"></a><span class="x">        </span><span class="cp">&lt;?php</span> <span class="nv">$this</span><span class="o">-&gt;</span><span class="na">insert</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="s1">&#39;template::header&#39;</span><span class="p">)</span> <span class="cp">?&gt;</span><span class="x">  # insert template</span>
+<a id="__codelineno-7-8" name="__codelineno-7-8"></a>
+<a id="__codelineno-7-9" name="__codelineno-7-9"></a><span class="x">        </span><span class="cp">&lt;?</span><span class="o">=</span> <span class="nv">$this</span><span class="o">-&gt;</span><span class="na">section</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="s1">&#39;content&#39;</span><span class="p">)</span><span class="cp">?&gt;</span><span class="x">  # page contents</span>
+<a id="__codelineno-7-10" name="__codelineno-7-10"></a>
+<a id="__codelineno-7-11" name="__codelineno-7-11"></a><span class="x">        </span><span class="cp">&lt;?php</span> <span class="nv">$this</span><span class="o">-&gt;</span><span class="na">insert</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="s1">&#39;template::footer&#39;</span><span class="p">)</span> <span class="cp">?&gt;</span><span class="x">  # insert template</span>
+<a id="__codelineno-7-12" name="__codelineno-7-12"></a><span class="x">    &lt;/body&gt;</span>
+<a id="__codelineno-7-13" name="__codelineno-7-13"></a><span class="x">&lt;/html&gt;</span>
+</code></pre></div></td></tr></table></div>
+<h3 id="sections">Sections</h3>
+<p>It's possible to insert page contest from another template with the <code>section()</code> function.
+The content to be inserted must be surrounded with by the <code>start()</code> and <code>stop()</code> functions.</p>
+<div class="highlight"><table class="highlighttable"><tr><th colspan="2" class="filename"><span class="filename">PHP</span></th></tr><tr><td class="linenos"><div class="linenodiv"><pre><span></span><span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-8-1"> 1</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-8-2"> 2</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-8-3"> 3</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-8-4"> 4</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-8-5"> 5</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-8-6"> 6</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-8-7"> 7</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-8-8"> 8</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-8-9"> 9</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-8-10">10</a></span></pre></div></td><td class="code"><div><pre><span></span><code><a id="__codelineno-8-1" name="__codelineno-8-1"></a><span class="x"># template.php</span>
+<a id="__codelineno-8-2" name="__codelineno-8-2"></a>
+<a id="__codelineno-8-3" name="__codelineno-8-3"></a><span class="cp">&lt;?php</span> <span class="nv">$this</span><span class="o">-&gt;</span><span class="na">start</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="s2">&quot;section_name&quot;</span><span class="p">)</span> <span class="cp">?&gt;</span><span class="x">  # start section</span>
+<a id="__codelineno-8-4" name="__codelineno-8-4"></a><span class="x">#  section contents (HTML)</span>
+<a id="__codelineno-8-5" name="__codelineno-8-5"></a><span class="cp">&lt;?php</span> <span class="nv">$this</span><span class="o">-&gt;</span><span class="na">stop</span><span class="p">()</span> <span class="cp">?&gt;</span><span class="x">  # stop section</span>
+<a id="__codelineno-8-6" name="__codelineno-8-6"></a>
+<a id="__codelineno-8-7" name="__codelineno-8-7"></a><span class="x"># append to section is existing, create if not</span>
+<a id="__codelineno-8-8" name="__codelineno-8-8"></a><span class="cp">&lt;?php</span> <span class="nv">$this</span><span class="o">-&gt;</span><span class="na">push</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="s2">&quot;section_name&quot;</span><span class="p">)</span> <span class="cp">?&gt;</span>
+<a id="__codelineno-8-9" name="__codelineno-8-9"></a><span class="x">#  section contents (HTML)</span>
+<a id="__codelineno-8-10" name="__codelineno-8-10"></a><span class="cp">&lt;?php</span> <span class="nv">$this</span><span class="o">-&gt;</span><span class="na">end</span><span class="p">()</span> <span class="cp">?&gt;</span>
+</code></pre></div></td></tr></table></div>
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+  
+  
+
+
+
+
+
+
+                
+              </article>
+            </div>
+          
+          
+<script>var target=document.getElementById(location.hash.slice(1));target&&target.name&&(target.checked=target.name.startsWith("__tabbed_"))</script>
+        </div>
+        
+          <button type="button" class="md-top md-icon" data-md-component="top" hidden>
+  
+  <svg xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" viewBox="0 0 24 24"><path d="M13 20h-2V8l-5.5 5.5-1.42-1.42L12 4.16l7.92 7.92-1.42 1.42L13 8z"/></svg>
+  Back to top
+</button>
+        
+      </main>
+      
+        <footer class="md-footer">
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+      
+      <nav class="md-footer__inner md-grid" aria-label="Footer" >
+        
+          
+          <a href="psr-7.html" class="md-footer__link md-footer__link--prev" aria-label="Previous: PSR 7">
+            <div class="md-footer__button md-icon">
+              
+              <svg xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" viewBox="0 0 24 24"><path d="M20 11v2H8l5.5 5.5-1.42 1.42L4.16 12l7.92-7.92L13.5 5.5 8 11z"/></svg>
+            </div>
+            <div class="md-footer__title">
+              <span class="md-footer__direction">
+                Previous
+              </span>
+              <div class="md-ellipsis">
+                PSR 7
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+          </a>
+        
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+          <a href="simple-mvc/simple-mvc.html" class="md-footer__link md-footer__link--next" aria-label="Next: Simple MVC">
+            <div class="md-footer__title">
+              <span class="md-footer__direction">
+                Next
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+              <div class="md-ellipsis">
+                Simple MVC
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+            <div class="md-footer__button md-icon">
+              
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+            </div>
+          </a>
+        
+      </nav>
+    
+  
+  <div class="md-footer-meta md-typeset">
+    <div class="md-footer-meta__inner md-grid">
+      <div class="md-copyright">
+  
+    <div class="md-copyright__highlight">
+      MIT
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+    <a href="https://squidfunk.github.io/mkdocs-material/" target="_blank" rel="noopener">
+      Material for MkDocs
+    </a>
+  
+</div>
+      
+        <div class="md-social">
+  
+    
+    
+      
+    
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+      
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+    
+    <a href="https://hachyderm.io/@m_lamonaca" target="_blank" rel="noopener me" title="hachyderm.io" class="md-social__link">
+      <svg xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" viewBox="0 0 448 512"><!--! Font Awesome Free 6.6.0 by @fontawesome - https://fontawesome.com License - https://fontawesome.com/license/free (Icons: CC BY 4.0, Fonts: SIL OFL 1.1, Code: MIT License) Copyright 2024 Fonticons, Inc.--><path d="M433 179.11c0-97.2-63.71-125.7-63.71-125.7-62.52-28.7-228.56-28.4-290.48 0 0 0-63.72 28.5-63.72 125.7 0 115.7-6.6 259.4 105.63 289.1 40.51 10.7 75.32 13 103.33 11.4 50.81-2.8 79.32-18.1 79.32-18.1l-1.7-36.9s-36.31 11.4-77.12 10.1c-40.41-1.4-83-4.4-89.63-54a102.5 102.5 0 0 1-.9-13.9c85.63 20.9 158.65 9.1 178.75 6.7 56.12-6.7 105-41.3 111.23-72.9 9.8-49.8 9-121.5 9-121.5m-75.12 125.2h-46.63v-114.2c0-49.7-64-51.6-64 6.9v62.5h-46.33V197c0-58.5-64-56.6-64-6.9v114.2H90.19c0-122.1-5.2-147.9 18.41-175 25.9-28.9 79.82-30.8 103.83 6.1l11.6 19.5 11.6-19.5c24.11-37.1 78.12-34.8 103.83-6.1 23.71 27.3 18.4 53 18.4 175z"/></svg>
+    </a>
+  
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new file mode 100644
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+      <a href="../dotnet/csharp/collections.html" class="md-nav__link">
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+            ASP.NET
+          </label>
+          <ul class="md-nav__list" data-md-scrollfix>
+            
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+  
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+    <li class="md-nav__item">
+      <a href="../dotnet/asp.net/minimal-api.html" class="md-nav__link">
+        
+  
+  <span class="md-ellipsis">
+    Minimal API
+  </span>
+  
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+
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+  
+  
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+    <li class="md-nav__item">
+      <a href="../dotnet/asp.net/filters.html" class="md-nav__link">
+        
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+  <span class="md-ellipsis">
+    FIlters
+  </span>
+  
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+    <li class="md-nav__item">
+      <a href="../dotnet/asp.net/middleware.html" class="md-nav__link">
+        
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+  <span class="md-ellipsis">
+    Middleware
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+      <a href="../dotnet/asp.net/razor-syntax.html" class="md-nav__link">
+        
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+  <span class="md-ellipsis">
+    Razor Syntax
+  </span>
+  
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+
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+  
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+    <li class="md-nav__item">
+      <a href="../dotnet/asp.net/blazor.html" class="md-nav__link">
+        
+  
+  <span class="md-ellipsis">
+    Blazor
+  </span>
+  
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+
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+    <li class="md-nav__item">
+      <a href="../dotnet/asp.net/signalr.html" class="md-nav__link">
+        
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+    SignalR
+  </span>
+  
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+      <a href="../dotnet/asp.net/web-forms.html" class="md-nav__link">
+        
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+  <span class="md-ellipsis">
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+        <input class="md-nav__toggle md-toggle " type="checkbox" id="__nav_4_9_3" >
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+          
+          <label class="md-nav__link" for="__nav_4_9_3" id="__nav_4_9_3_label" tabindex="0">
+            
+  
+  <span class="md-ellipsis">
+    Database
+  </span>
+  
+
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+          </label>
+        
+        <nav class="md-nav" data-md-level="3" aria-labelledby="__nav_4_9_3_label" aria-expanded="false">
+          <label class="md-nav__title" for="__nav_4_9_3">
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+            
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+    <li class="md-nav__item">
+      <a href="../dotnet/database/ado.net.html" class="md-nav__link">
+        
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+  <span class="md-ellipsis">
+    ADO.NET
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+  
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+      <a href="../dotnet/database/entity-framework.html" class="md-nav__link">
+        
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+  <span class="md-ellipsis">
+    Entity Framework
+  </span>
+  
+
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+    </li>
+  
+
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+        </nav>
+      
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+      
+        
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+        
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+  </span>
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+            Java
+          </label>
+          <ul class="md-nav__list" data-md-scrollfix>
+            
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+    <li class="md-nav__item">
+      <a href="../java/java.html" class="md-nav__link">
+        
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+  <span class="md-ellipsis">
+    Java
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+    <li class="md-nav__item">
+      <a href="../java/java-collection-framework.html" class="md-nav__link">
+        
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+  </span>
+  
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+  
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+      <a href="../java/dao.html" class="md-nav__link">
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+    DAO
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+  
+  
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+      <a href="../java/web/servlet.html" class="md-nav__link">
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+    Serverlet
+  </span>
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+            
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+  <span class="md-ellipsis">
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+  </span>
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+        <nav class="md-nav" data-md-level="4" aria-labelledby="__nav_4_10_4_2_label" aria-expanded="false">
+          <label class="md-nav__title" for="__nav_4_10_4_2">
+            <span class="md-nav__icon md-icon"></span>
+            Spring
+          </label>
+          <ul class="md-nav__list" data-md-scrollfix>
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+  
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+      <a href="../java/spring/pom.xml.html" class="md-nav__link">
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+    POM
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+      <a href="../java/spring/spring-project.html" class="md-nav__link">
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+        
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+        
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+      
+        
+      
+        
+      
+        
+      
+        
+      
+        
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+    
+    
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+      
+        
+          
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+            PHP
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+            
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+      <a href="php.html" class="md-nav__link">
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+  <span class="md-ellipsis">
+    PHP
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+      <a href="database.html" class="md-nav__link">
+        
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+    Database
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+      <a href="web.html" class="md-nav__link">
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+    Web
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+      <a href="dependency-injection.html" class="md-nav__link">
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+    Dependency Injection
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+      <a href="unit-tests.html" class="md-nav__link">
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+    Unit Tests
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+      <a href="composer.html" class="md-nav__link">
+        
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+    Composer
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+    PSR 7
+  </span>
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+      <a href="psr-7.html" class="md-nav__link md-nav__link--active">
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+    PSR 7
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+
+<nav class="md-nav md-nav--secondary" aria-label="Table of contents">
+  
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+      Table of contents
+    </label>
+    <ul class="md-nav__list" data-md-component="toc" data-md-scrollfix>
+      
+        <li class="md-nav__item">
+  <a href="#psr-7_1" class="md-nav__link">
+    <span class="md-ellipsis">
+      PSR-7
+    </span>
+  </a>
+  
+    <nav class="md-nav" aria-label="PSR-7">
+      <ul class="md-nav__list">
+        
+          <li class="md-nav__item">
+  <a href="#immutability" class="md-nav__link">
+    <span class="md-ellipsis">
+      Immutability
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+      <a href="plates-templating.html" class="md-nav__link">
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+  <span class="md-ellipsis">
+    Plates
+  </span>
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+
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+              
+                
+  
+  
+  
+  
+    
+    
+      
+        
+      
+        
+      
+    
+    
+      
+      
+        
+      
+    
+    
+    <li class="md-nav__item md-nav__item--nested">
+      
+        
+        
+        <input class="md-nav__toggle md-toggle " type="checkbox" id="__nav_4_11_9" >
+        
+          
+          <label class="md-nav__link" for="__nav_4_11_9" id="__nav_4_11_9_label" tabindex="0">
+            
+  
+  <span class="md-ellipsis">
+    Simple MVC
+  </span>
+  
+
+            <span class="md-nav__icon md-icon"></span>
+          </label>
+        
+        <nav class="md-nav" data-md-level="3" aria-labelledby="__nav_4_11_9_label" aria-expanded="false">
+          <label class="md-nav__title" for="__nav_4_11_9">
+            <span class="md-nav__icon md-icon"></span>
+            Simple MVC
+          </label>
+          <ul class="md-nav__list" data-md-scrollfix>
+            
+              
+                
+  
+  
+  
+  
+    <li class="md-nav__item">
+      <a href="simple-mvc/simple-mvc.html" class="md-nav__link">
+        
+  
+  <span class="md-ellipsis">
+    Simple MVC
+  </span>
+  
+
+      </a>
+    </li>
+  
+
+              
+            
+              
+                
+  
+  
+  
+  
+    <li class="md-nav__item">
+      <a href="simple-mvc/rest-api.html" class="md-nav__link">
+        
+  
+  <span class="md-ellipsis">
+    REST API
+  </span>
+  
+
+      </a>
+    </li>
+  
+
+              
+            
+          </ul>
+        </nav>
+      
+    </li>
+  
+
+              
+            
+          </ul>
+        </nav>
+      
+    </li>
+  
+
+              
+            
+              
+                
+  
+  
+  
+  
+    
+    
+      
+        
+      
+        
+      
+        
+      
+        
+      
+        
+      
+    
+    
+      
+      
+        
+          
+          
+        
+      
+    
+    
+    <li class="md-nav__item md-nav__item--section md-nav__item--nested">
+      
+        
+        
+        <input class="md-nav__toggle md-toggle " type="checkbox" id="__nav_4_12" >
+        
+          
+          <label class="md-nav__link" for="__nav_4_12" id="__nav_4_12_label" tabindex="">
+            
+  
+  <span class="md-ellipsis">
+    Rust
+  </span>
+  
+
+            <span class="md-nav__icon md-icon"></span>
+          </label>
+        
+        <nav class="md-nav" data-md-level="2" aria-labelledby="__nav_4_12_label" aria-expanded="false">
+          <label class="md-nav__title" for="__nav_4_12">
+            <span class="md-nav__icon md-icon"></span>
+            Rust
+          </label>
+          <ul class="md-nav__list" data-md-scrollfix>
+            
+              
+                
+  
+  
+  
+  
+    <li class="md-nav__item">
+      <a href="../rust/rust.html" class="md-nav__link">
+        
+  
+  <span class="md-ellipsis">
+    Rust
+  </span>
+  
+
+      </a>
+    </li>
+  
+
+              
+            
+              
+                
+  
+  
+  
+  
+    <li class="md-nav__item">
+      <a href="../rust/macros.html" class="md-nav__link">
+        
+  
+  <span class="md-ellipsis">
+    Macros
+  </span>
+  
+
+      </a>
+    </li>
+  
+
+              
+            
+              
+                
+  
+  
+  
+  
+    <li class="md-nav__item">
+      <a href="../rust/cargo.html" class="md-nav__link">
+        
+  
+  <span class="md-ellipsis">
+    Cargo
+  </span>
+  
+
+      </a>
+    </li>
+  
+
+              
+            
+              
+                
+  
+  
+  
+  
+    <li class="md-nav__item">
+      <a href="../rust/concurrency.html" class="md-nav__link">
+        
+  
+  <span class="md-ellipsis">
+    Concurrency
+  </span>
+  
+
+      </a>
+    </li>
+  
+
+              
+            
+              
+                
+  
+  
+  
+  
+    <li class="md-nav__item">
+      <a href="../rust/unit-tests.html" class="md-nav__link">
+        
+  
+  <span class="md-ellipsis">
+    Unit Tests
+  </span>
+  
+
+      </a>
+    </li>
+  
+
+              
+            
+          </ul>
+        </nav>
+      
+    </li>
+  
+
+              
+            
+              
+                
+  
+  
+  
+  
+    
+    
+      
+        
+      
+        
+      
+        
+      
+        
+      
+        
+      
+        
+      
+        
+      
+    
+    
+      
+      
+        
+          
+          
+        
+      
+    
+    
+    <li class="md-nav__item md-nav__item--section md-nav__item--nested">
+      
+        
+        
+        <input class="md-nav__toggle md-toggle " type="checkbox" id="__nav_4_13" >
+        
+          
+          <label class="md-nav__link" for="__nav_4_13" id="__nav_4_13_label" tabindex="">
+            
+  
+  <span class="md-ellipsis">
+    Javascript
+  </span>
+  
+
+            <span class="md-nav__icon md-icon"></span>
+          </label>
+        
+        <nav class="md-nav" data-md-level="2" aria-labelledby="__nav_4_13_label" aria-expanded="false">
+          <label class="md-nav__title" for="__nav_4_13">
+            <span class="md-nav__icon md-icon"></span>
+            Javascript
+          </label>
+          <ul class="md-nav__list" data-md-scrollfix>
+            
+              
+                
+  
+  
+  
+  
+    <li class="md-nav__item">
+      <a href="../javascript/javascript.html" class="md-nav__link">
+        
+  
+  <span class="md-ellipsis">
+    Javascript
+  </span>
+  
+
+      </a>
+    </li>
+  
+
+              
+            
+              
+                
+  
+  
+  
+  
+    <li class="md-nav__item">
+      <a href="../javascript/dom.html" class="md-nav__link">
+        
+  
+  <span class="md-ellipsis">
+    DOM
+  </span>
+  
+
+      </a>
+    </li>
+  
+
+              
+            
+              
+                
+  
+  
+  
+  
+    <li class="md-nav__item">
+      <a href="../javascript/events-animation.html" class="md-nav__link">
+        
+  
+  <span class="md-ellipsis">
+    Events & Animation
+  </span>
+  
+
+      </a>
+    </li>
+  
+
+              
+            
+              
+                
+  
+  
+  
+  
+    <li class="md-nav__item">
+      <a href="../javascript/ajax.html" class="md-nav__link">
+        
+  
+  <span class="md-ellipsis">
+    AJAX
+  </span>
+  
+
+      </a>
+    </li>
+  
+
+              
+            
+              
+                
+  
+  
+  
+  
+    <li class="md-nav__item">
+      <a href="../javascript/jquery.html" class="md-nav__link">
+        
+  
+  <span class="md-ellipsis">
+    jQuery
+  </span>
+  
+
+      </a>
+    </li>
+  
+
+              
+            
+              
+                
+  
+  
+  
+  
+    
+    
+      
+        
+      
+        
+      
+        
+      
+        
+      
+        
+      
+    
+    
+      
+      
+        
+      
+    
+    
+    <li class="md-nav__item md-nav__item--nested">
+      
+        
+        
+        <input class="md-nav__toggle md-toggle " type="checkbox" id="__nav_4_13_6" >
+        
+          
+          <label class="md-nav__link" for="__nav_4_13_6" id="__nav_4_13_6_label" tabindex="0">
+            
+  
+  <span class="md-ellipsis">
+    React
+  </span>
+  
+
+            <span class="md-nav__icon md-icon"></span>
+          </label>
+        
+        <nav class="md-nav" data-md-level="3" aria-labelledby="__nav_4_13_6_label" aria-expanded="false">
+          <label class="md-nav__title" for="__nav_4_13_6">
+            <span class="md-nav__icon md-icon"></span>
+            React
+          </label>
+          <ul class="md-nav__list" data-md-scrollfix>
+            
+              
+                
+  
+  
+  
+  
+    <li class="md-nav__item">
+      <a href="../javascript/react/react.html" class="md-nav__link">
+        
+  
+  <span class="md-ellipsis">
+    React
+  </span>
+  
+
+      </a>
+    </li>
+  
+
+              
+            
+              
+                
+  
+  
+  
+  
+    <li class="md-nav__item">
+      <a href="../javascript/react/react-router.html" class="md-nav__link">
+        
+  
+  <span class="md-ellipsis">
+    React Router
+  </span>
+  
+
+      </a>
+    </li>
+  
+
+              
+            
+              
+                
+  
+  
+  
+  
+    <li class="md-nav__item">
+      <a href="../javascript/react/react-tests.html" class="md-nav__link">
+        
+  
+  <span class="md-ellipsis">
+    React Tests
+  </span>
+  
+
+      </a>
+    </li>
+  
+
+              
+            
+              
+                
+  
+  
+  
+  
+    <li class="md-nav__item">
+      <a href="../javascript/react/redux.html" class="md-nav__link">
+        
+  
+  <span class="md-ellipsis">
+    Redux
+  </span>
+  
+
+      </a>
+    </li>
+  
+
+              
+            
+              
+                
+  
+  
+  
+  
+    <li class="md-nav__item">
+      <a href="../javascript/react/redux-tests.html" class="md-nav__link">
+        
+  
+  <span class="md-ellipsis">
+    Redux Tests
+  </span>
+  
+
+      </a>
+    </li>
+  
+
+              
+            
+          </ul>
+        </nav>
+      
+    </li>
+  
+
+              
+            
+              
+                
+  
+  
+  
+  
+    <li class="md-nav__item">
+      <a href="../javascript/svelte/svelte.html" class="md-nav__link">
+        
+  
+  <span class="md-ellipsis">
+    Svelte
+  </span>
+  
+
+      </a>
+    </li>
+  
+
+              
+            
+          </ul>
+        </nav>
+      
+    </li>
+  
+
+              
+            
+              
+                
+  
+  
+  
+  
+    
+    
+      
+        
+      
+        
+      
+    
+    
+      
+      
+        
+          
+          
+        
+      
+    
+    
+    <li class="md-nav__item md-nav__item--section md-nav__item--nested">
+      
+        
+        
+        <input class="md-nav__toggle md-toggle " type="checkbox" id="__nav_4_14" >
+        
+          
+          <label class="md-nav__link" for="__nav_4_14" id="__nav_4_14_label" tabindex="">
+            
+  
+  <span class="md-ellipsis">
+    PowerShell
+  </span>
+  
+
+            <span class="md-nav__icon md-icon"></span>
+          </label>
+        
+        <nav class="md-nav" data-md-level="2" aria-labelledby="__nav_4_14_label" aria-expanded="false">
+          <label class="md-nav__title" for="__nav_4_14">
+            <span class="md-nav__icon md-icon"></span>
+            PowerShell
+          </label>
+          <ul class="md-nav__list" data-md-scrollfix>
+            
+              
+                
+  
+  
+  
+  
+    <li class="md-nav__item">
+      <a href="../powershell/scripting.html" class="md-nav__link">
+        
+  
+  <span class="md-ellipsis">
+    Scripting
+  </span>
+  
+
+      </a>
+    </li>
+  
+
+              
+            
+              
+                
+  
+  
+  
+  
+    <li class="md-nav__item">
+      <a href="../powershell/commands.html" class="md-nav__link">
+        
+  
+  <span class="md-ellipsis">
+    Commands
+  </span>
+  
+
+      </a>
+    </li>
+  
+
+              
+            
+          </ul>
+        </nav>
+      
+    </li>
+  
+
+              
+            
+              
+                
+  
+  
+  
+  
+    
+    
+      
+        
+      
+        
+      
+    
+    
+      
+      
+        
+          
+          
+        
+      
+    
+    
+    <li class="md-nav__item md-nav__item--section md-nav__item--nested">
+      
+        
+        
+        <input class="md-nav__toggle md-toggle " type="checkbox" id="__nav_4_15" >
+        
+          
+          <label class="md-nav__link" for="__nav_4_15" id="__nav_4_15_label" tabindex="">
+            
+  
+  <span class="md-ellipsis">
+    Bash
+  </span>
+  
+
+            <span class="md-nav__icon md-icon"></span>
+          </label>
+        
+        <nav class="md-nav" data-md-level="2" aria-labelledby="__nav_4_15_label" aria-expanded="false">
+          <label class="md-nav__title" for="__nav_4_15">
+            <span class="md-nav__icon md-icon"></span>
+            Bash
+          </label>
+          <ul class="md-nav__list" data-md-scrollfix>
+            
+              
+                
+  
+  
+  
+  
+    <li class="md-nav__item">
+      <a href="../bash/scripting.html" class="md-nav__link">
+        
+  
+  <span class="md-ellipsis">
+    Scripting
+  </span>
+  
+
+      </a>
+    </li>
+  
+
+              
+            
+              
+                
+  
+  
+  
+  
+    <li class="md-nav__item">
+      <a href="../bash/commands.html" class="md-nav__link">
+        
+  
+  <span class="md-ellipsis">
+    Commands
+  </span>
+  
+
+      </a>
+    </li>
+  
+
+              
+            
+          </ul>
+        </nav>
+      
+    </li>
+  
+
+              
+            
+          </ul>
+        </nav>
+      
+    </li>
+  
+
+    
+      
+      
+  
+  
+  
+  
+    
+    
+      
+        
+      
+        
+      
+        
+      
+        
+      
+        
+      
+    
+    
+      
+      
+        
+      
+    
+    
+    <li class="md-nav__item md-nav__item--nested">
+      
+        
+        
+        <input class="md-nav__toggle md-toggle " type="checkbox" id="__nav_5" >
+        
+          
+          <label class="md-nav__link" for="__nav_5" id="__nav_5_label" tabindex="0">
+            
+  
+  <span class="md-ellipsis">
+    Misc
+  </span>
+  
+
+            <span class="md-nav__icon md-icon"></span>
+          </label>
+        
+        <nav class="md-nav" data-md-level="1" aria-labelledby="__nav_5_label" aria-expanded="false">
+          <label class="md-nav__title" for="__nav_5">
+            <span class="md-nav__icon md-icon"></span>
+            Misc
+          </label>
+          <ul class="md-nav__list" data-md-scrollfix>
+            
+              
+                
+  
+  
+  
+  
+    <li class="md-nav__item">
+      <a href="../../misc/git.html" class="md-nav__link">
+        
+  
+  <span class="md-ellipsis">
+    Git
+  </span>
+  
+
+      </a>
+    </li>
+  
+
+              
+            
+              
+                
+  
+  
+  
+  
+    <li class="md-nav__item">
+      <a href="../../misc/graph-ql.html" class="md-nav__link">
+        
+  
+  <span class="md-ellipsis">
+    GraphQL
+  </span>
+  
+
+      </a>
+    </li>
+  
+
+              
+            
+              
+                
+  
+  
+  
+  
+    <li class="md-nav__item">
+      <a href="../../misc/regular-expressions.html" class="md-nav__link">
+        
+  
+  <span class="md-ellipsis">
+    RegEx
+  </span>
+  
+
+      </a>
+    </li>
+  
+
+              
+            
+              
+                
+  
+  
+  
+  
+    <li class="md-nav__item">
+      <a href="../../misc/ssh.html" class="md-nav__link">
+        
+  
+  <span class="md-ellipsis">
+    SSH
+  </span>
+  
+
+      </a>
+    </li>
+  
+
+              
+            
+              
+                
+  
+  
+  
+  
+    <li class="md-nav__item">
+      <a href="../../misc/web-components.html" class="md-nav__link">
+        
+  
+  <span class="md-ellipsis">
+    WebComponents
+  </span>
+  
+
+      </a>
+    </li>
+  
+
+              
+            
+          </ul>
+        </nav>
+      
+    </li>
+  
+
+    
+      
+      
+  
+  
+  
+  
+    
+    
+      
+        
+      
+        
+      
+    
+    
+      
+      
+        
+      
+    
+    
+    <li class="md-nav__item md-nav__item--nested">
+      
+        
+        
+        <input class="md-nav__toggle md-toggle " type="checkbox" id="__nav_6" >
+        
+          
+          <label class="md-nav__link" for="__nav_6" id="__nav_6_label" tabindex="0">
+            
+  
+  <span class="md-ellipsis">
+    Linux
+  </span>
+  
+
+            <span class="md-nav__icon md-icon"></span>
+          </label>
+        
+        <nav class="md-nav" data-md-level="1" aria-labelledby="__nav_6_label" aria-expanded="false">
+          <label class="md-nav__title" for="__nav_6">
+            <span class="md-nav__icon md-icon"></span>
+            Linux
+          </label>
+          <ul class="md-nav__list" data-md-scrollfix>
+            
+              
+                
+  
+  
+  
+  
+    
+    
+      
+        
+      
+        
+      
+        
+      
+    
+    
+      
+      
+        
+      
+    
+    
+    <li class="md-nav__item md-nav__item--nested">
+      
+        
+        
+        <input class="md-nav__toggle md-toggle " type="checkbox" id="__nav_6_1" >
+        
+          
+          <label class="md-nav__link" for="__nav_6_1" id="__nav_6_1_label" tabindex="0">
+            
+  
+  <span class="md-ellipsis">
+    Filesystem
+  </span>
+  
+
+            <span class="md-nav__icon md-icon"></span>
+          </label>
+        
+        <nav class="md-nav" data-md-level="2" aria-labelledby="__nav_6_1_label" aria-expanded="false">
+          <label class="md-nav__title" for="__nav_6_1">
+            <span class="md-nav__icon md-icon"></span>
+            Filesystem
+          </label>
+          <ul class="md-nav__list" data-md-scrollfix>
+            
+              
+                
+  
+  
+  
+  
+    <li class="md-nav__item">
+      <a href="../../linux/filesystem/file-links.html" class="md-nav__link">
+        
+  
+  <span class="md-ellipsis">
+    File Links
+  </span>
+  
+
+      </a>
+    </li>
+  
+
+              
+            
+              
+                
+  
+  
+  
+  
+    <li class="md-nav__item">
+      <a href="../../linux/filesystem/procfs.html" class="md-nav__link">
+        
+  
+  <span class="md-ellipsis">
+    /proc
+  </span>
+  
+
+      </a>
+    </li>
+  
+
+              
+            
+              
+                
+  
+  
+  
+  
+    <li class="md-nav__item">
+      <a href="../../linux/filesystem/sysfs.html" class="md-nav__link">
+        
+  
+  <span class="md-ellipsis">
+    /sys
+  </span>
+  
+
+      </a>
+    </li>
+  
+
+              
+            
+          </ul>
+        </nav>
+      
+    </li>
+  
+
+              
+            
+              
+                
+  
+  
+  
+  
+    
+    
+      
+        
+      
+        
+      
+    
+    
+      
+      
+        
+      
+    
+    
+    <li class="md-nav__item md-nav__item--nested">
+      
+        
+        
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+                  <div class="md-sidebar__inner">
+                    
+
+<nav class="md-nav md-nav--secondary" aria-label="Table of contents">
+  
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+    
+  
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+      Table of contents
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+    <ul class="md-nav__list" data-md-component="toc" data-md-scrollfix>
+      
+        <li class="md-nav__item">
+  <a href="#psr-7_1" class="md-nav__link">
+    <span class="md-ellipsis">
+      PSR-7
+    </span>
+  </a>
+  
+    <nav class="md-nav" aria-label="PSR-7">
+      <ul class="md-nav__list">
+        
+          <li class="md-nav__item">
+  <a href="#immutability" class="md-nav__link">
+    <span class="md-ellipsis">
+      Immutability
+    </span>
+  </a>
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+        
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+  
+</li>
+      
+    </ul>
+  
+</nav>
+                  </div>
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+              </div>
+            
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+          
+            <div class="md-content" data-md-component="content">
+              <article class="md-content__inner md-typeset">
+                
+                  
+
+  
+  
+
+
+<h1 id="psr-7">PSR-7</h1>
+<h2 id="psr-7_1"><a href="https://www.php-fig.org/psr/psr-7/">PSR-7</a></h2>
+<p>Standard of the PHP Framework Interop Group that defines common interfaces for handling HTTP messages.</p>
+<ul>
+<li><code>Psr\Http\Message\MessageInterface</code></li>
+<li><code>Psr\Http\Message\RequestInterface</code></li>
+<li><code>Psr\Http\Message\ResponseInterface</code></li>
+<li><code>Psr\Http\Message\ServerRequestInterface</code></li>
+<li><code>Psr\Http\Message\StreamInterface</code></li>
+<li><code>Psr\Http\Message\UploadedFileInterface</code></li>
+<li><code>Psr\Http\Message\UriInterface</code></li>
+</ul>
+<p>Example:</p>
+<div class="highlight"><table class="highlighttable"><tr><th colspan="2" class="filename"><span class="filename">PHP</span></th></tr><tr><td class="linenos"><div class="linenodiv"><pre><span></span><span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-0-1"> 1</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-0-2"> 2</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-0-3"> 3</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-0-4"> 4</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-0-5"> 5</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-0-6"> 6</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-0-7"> 7</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-0-8"> 8</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-0-9"> 9</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-0-10">10</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-0-11">11</a></span></pre></div></td><td class="code"><div><pre><span></span><code><a id="__codelineno-0-1" name="__codelineno-0-1"></a><span class="x">// empty array if not found</span>
+<a id="__codelineno-0-2" name="__codelineno-0-2"></a><span class="x">$header = $request-&gt;getHeader(&#39;Accept&#39;);</span>
+<a id="__codelineno-0-3" name="__codelineno-0-3"></a>
+<a id="__codelineno-0-4" name="__codelineno-0-4"></a><span class="x">// empty string if not found</span>
+<a id="__codelineno-0-5" name="__codelineno-0-5"></a><span class="x">$header = $request-&gt;getHeaderLine(&#39;Accept&#39;);</span>
+<a id="__codelineno-0-6" name="__codelineno-0-6"></a>
+<a id="__codelineno-0-7" name="__codelineno-0-7"></a><span class="x">// check the presence of a header</span>
+<a id="__codelineno-0-8" name="__codelineno-0-8"></a><span class="x">if (! $request-&gt;hasHeader(&#39;Accept&#39;)) {}</span>
+<a id="__codelineno-0-9" name="__codelineno-0-9"></a>
+<a id="__codelineno-0-10" name="__codelineno-0-10"></a><span class="x">// returns the parameters in a query string</span>
+<a id="__codelineno-0-11" name="__codelineno-0-11"></a><span class="x">$query = $request-&gt;getQueryParams();</span>
+</code></pre></div></td></tr></table></div>
+<h3 id="immutability">Immutability</h3>
+<p>PSR-7 requests are <em>immutable</em> objects; a change in the data will return a new instance of the object.
+The stream objects of PSR-7 are <em>not immutable</em>.</p>
+
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diff --git a/languages/php/simple-mvc/rest-api.html b/languages/php/simple-mvc/rest-api.html
new file mode 100644
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+    
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+        
+      
+        
+      
+        
+      
+        
+      
+        
+      
+        
+      
+        
+      
+        
+      
+        
+      
+        
+      
+        
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+      
+    
+    
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+    <li class="md-nav__item">
+      <a href="../../python/modules/argparse.html" class="md-nav__link">
+        
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+  <span class="md-ellipsis">
+    argparse
+  </span>
+  
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+
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+            
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+  
+  
+  
+  
+    <li class="md-nav__item">
+      <a href="../../python/modules/collections.html" class="md-nav__link">
+        
+  
+  <span class="md-ellipsis">
+    collection
+  </span>
+  
+
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+    </li>
+  
+
+              
+            
+              
+                
+  
+  
+  
+  
+    <li class="md-nav__item">
+      <a href="../../python/modules/csv.html" class="md-nav__link">
+        
+  
+  <span class="md-ellipsis">
+    csv
+  </span>
+  
+
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+    </li>
+  
+
+              
+            
+              
+                
+  
+  
+  
+  
+    <li class="md-nav__item">
+      <a href="../../python/modules/ftplib.html" class="md-nav__link">
+        
+  
+  <span class="md-ellipsis">
+    ftplib
+  </span>
+  
+
+      </a>
+    </li>
+  
+
+              
+            
+              
+                
+  
+  
+  
+  
+    <li class="md-nav__item">
+      <a href="../../python/modules/itertools.html" class="md-nav__link">
+        
+  
+  <span class="md-ellipsis">
+    itertools
+  </span>
+  
+
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+    </li>
+  
+
+              
+            
+              
+                
+  
+  
+  
+  
+    <li class="md-nav__item">
+      <a href="../../python/modules/json.html" class="md-nav__link">
+        
+  
+  <span class="md-ellipsis">
+    json
+  </span>
+  
+
+      </a>
+    </li>
+  
+
+              
+            
+              
+                
+  
+  
+  
+  
+    <li class="md-nav__item">
+      <a href="../../python/modules/logging.html" class="md-nav__link">
+        
+  
+  <span class="md-ellipsis">
+    logging
+  </span>
+  
+
+      </a>
+    </li>
+  
+
+              
+            
+              
+                
+  
+  
+  
+  
+    <li class="md-nav__item">
+      <a href="../../python/modules/shutil.html" class="md-nav__link">
+        
+  
+  <span class="md-ellipsis">
+    shutil
+  </span>
+  
+
+      </a>
+    </li>
+  
+
+              
+            
+              
+                
+  
+  
+  
+  
+    <li class="md-nav__item">
+      <a href="../../python/modules/smtplib.html" class="md-nav__link">
+        
+  
+  <span class="md-ellipsis">
+    smtplib
+  </span>
+  
+
+      </a>
+    </li>
+  
+
+              
+            
+              
+                
+  
+  
+  
+  
+    <li class="md-nav__item">
+      <a href="../../python/modules/socket.html" class="md-nav__link">
+        
+  
+  <span class="md-ellipsis">
+    socket
+  </span>
+  
+
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+    </li>
+  
+
+              
+            
+              
+                
+  
+  
+  
+  
+    <li class="md-nav__item">
+      <a href="../../python/modules/sqlite.html" class="md-nav__link">
+        
+  
+  <span class="md-ellipsis">
+    sqlite
+  </span>
+  
+
+      </a>
+    </li>
+  
+
+              
+            
+              
+                
+  
+  
+  
+  
+    <li class="md-nav__item">
+      <a href="../../python/modules/time-datetime.html" class="md-nav__link">
+        
+  
+  <span class="md-ellipsis">
+    time & datetime
+  </span>
+  
+
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+    </li>
+  
+
+              
+            
+              
+                
+  
+  
+  
+  
+    <li class="md-nav__item">
+      <a href="../../python/modules/unittest.html" class="md-nav__link">
+        
+  
+  <span class="md-ellipsis">
+    unittest
+  </span>
+  
+
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+    </li>
+  
+
+              
+            
+          </ul>
+        </nav>
+      
+    </li>
+  
+
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+  
+  
+  
+  
+    
+    
+      
+        
+      
+        
+      
+        
+      
+        
+      
+        
+      
+        
+      
+    
+    
+      
+      
+        
+      
+    
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+    <li class="md-nav__item">
+      <a href="../../python/libs/tkinter.html" class="md-nav__link">
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+    TKinter
+  </span>
+  
+
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+              
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+  
+  
+  
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+    <li class="md-nav__item">
+      <a href="../../python/libs/numpy.html" class="md-nav__link">
+        
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+    Numpy
+  </span>
+  
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+                
+  
+  
+  
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+    <li class="md-nav__item">
+      <a href="../../python/libs/pandas.html" class="md-nav__link">
+        
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+  <span class="md-ellipsis">
+    Pandas
+  </span>
+  
+
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+    </li>
+  
+
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+            
+              
+                
+  
+  
+  
+  
+    <li class="md-nav__item">
+      <a href="../../python/libs/seaborn.html" class="md-nav__link">
+        
+  
+  <span class="md-ellipsis">
+    Seaborn
+  </span>
+  
+
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+    </li>
+  
+
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+            
+              
+                
+  
+  
+  
+  
+    <li class="md-nav__item">
+      <a href="../../python/libs/requests.html" class="md-nav__link">
+        
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+    Requests
+  </span>
+  
+
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+    </li>
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+
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+            
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+                
+  
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+  
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+    <li class="md-nav__item">
+      <a href="../../python/libs/beautiful-soup.html" class="md-nav__link">
+        
+  
+  <span class="md-ellipsis">
+    Beatiful Soup
+  </span>
+  
+
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+    </li>
+  
+
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+            
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+        </nav>
+      
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+  
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+  
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+  
+  
+    
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+        
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+      
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+      
+    
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+      
+        
+          
+          
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+    
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+  <span class="md-ellipsis">
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+  </span>
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+  </span>
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+      <a href="../../dotnet/csharp/linq.html" class="md-nav__link">
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+      <a href="../../dotnet/csharp/collections.html" class="md-nav__link">
+        
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+    Collections
+  </span>
+  
+
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+      <a href="../../dotnet/csharp/reactive-extensions.html" class="md-nav__link">
+        
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+    Reactive Extensions
+  </span>
+  
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+      <a href="../../dotnet/csharp/async-programming.html" class="md-nav__link">
+        
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+    Async Programming
+  </span>
+  
+
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+    </li>
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+
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+  
+  
+  
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+      <a href="../../dotnet/csharp/unit-tests.html" class="md-nav__link">
+        
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+    Unit Tests
+  </span>
+  
+
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+        </nav>
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+  
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+        
+      
+        
+      
+        
+      
+        
+      
+        
+      
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+        
+      
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+      
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+  </span>
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+            ASP.NET
+          </label>
+          <ul class="md-nav__list" data-md-scrollfix>
+            
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+  
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+    <li class="md-nav__item">
+      <a href="../../dotnet/asp.net/minimal-api.html" class="md-nav__link">
+        
+  
+  <span class="md-ellipsis">
+    Minimal API
+  </span>
+  
+
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+    </li>
+  
+
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+            
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+                
+  
+  
+  
+  
+    <li class="md-nav__item">
+      <a href="../../dotnet/asp.net/filters.html" class="md-nav__link">
+        
+  
+  <span class="md-ellipsis">
+    FIlters
+  </span>
+  
+
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+    </li>
+  
+
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+            
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+  
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+  
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+    <li class="md-nav__item">
+      <a href="../../dotnet/asp.net/middleware.html" class="md-nav__link">
+        
+  
+  <span class="md-ellipsis">
+    Middleware
+  </span>
+  
+
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+    </li>
+  
+
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+  
+  
+  
+  
+    <li class="md-nav__item">
+      <a href="../../dotnet/asp.net/razor-syntax.html" class="md-nav__link">
+        
+  
+  <span class="md-ellipsis">
+    Razor Syntax
+  </span>
+  
+
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+    </li>
+  
+
+              
+            
+              
+                
+  
+  
+  
+  
+    <li class="md-nav__item">
+      <a href="../../dotnet/asp.net/blazor.html" class="md-nav__link">
+        
+  
+  <span class="md-ellipsis">
+    Blazor
+  </span>
+  
+
+      </a>
+    </li>
+  
+
+              
+            
+              
+                
+  
+  
+  
+  
+    <li class="md-nav__item">
+      <a href="../../dotnet/asp.net/signalr.html" class="md-nav__link">
+        
+  
+  <span class="md-ellipsis">
+    SignalR
+  </span>
+  
+
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+    </li>
+  
+
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+            
+              
+                
+  
+  
+  
+  
+    <li class="md-nav__item">
+      <a href="../../dotnet/asp.net/web-forms.html" class="md-nav__link">
+        
+  
+  <span class="md-ellipsis">
+    Web Forms
+  </span>
+  
+
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+    </li>
+  
+
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+            
+          </ul>
+        </nav>
+      
+    </li>
+  
+
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+            
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+                
+  
+  
+  
+  
+    
+    
+      
+        
+      
+        
+      
+    
+    
+      
+      
+        
+      
+    
+    
+    <li class="md-nav__item md-nav__item--nested">
+      
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+        <input class="md-nav__toggle md-toggle " type="checkbox" id="__nav_4_9_3" >
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+          <label class="md-nav__link" for="__nav_4_9_3" id="__nav_4_9_3_label" tabindex="0">
+            
+  
+  <span class="md-ellipsis">
+    Database
+  </span>
+  
+
+            <span class="md-nav__icon md-icon"></span>
+          </label>
+        
+        <nav class="md-nav" data-md-level="3" aria-labelledby="__nav_4_9_3_label" aria-expanded="false">
+          <label class="md-nav__title" for="__nav_4_9_3">
+            <span class="md-nav__icon md-icon"></span>
+            Database
+          </label>
+          <ul class="md-nav__list" data-md-scrollfix>
+            
+              
+                
+  
+  
+  
+  
+    <li class="md-nav__item">
+      <a href="../../dotnet/database/ado.net.html" class="md-nav__link">
+        
+  
+  <span class="md-ellipsis">
+    ADO.NET
+  </span>
+  
+
+      </a>
+    </li>
+  
+
+              
+            
+              
+                
+  
+  
+  
+  
+    <li class="md-nav__item">
+      <a href="../../dotnet/database/entity-framework.html" class="md-nav__link">
+        
+  
+  <span class="md-ellipsis">
+    Entity Framework
+  </span>
+  
+
+      </a>
+    </li>
+  
+
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+            
+          </ul>
+        </nav>
+      
+    </li>
+  
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+          </ul>
+        </nav>
+      
+    </li>
+  
+
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+            
+              
+                
+  
+  
+  
+  
+    
+    
+      
+        
+      
+        
+      
+        
+      
+        
+      
+    
+    
+      
+      
+        
+          
+          
+        
+      
+    
+    
+    <li class="md-nav__item md-nav__item--section md-nav__item--nested">
+      
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+        <input class="md-nav__toggle md-toggle " type="checkbox" id="__nav_4_10" >
+        
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+          <label class="md-nav__link" for="__nav_4_10" id="__nav_4_10_label" tabindex="">
+            
+  
+  <span class="md-ellipsis">
+    Java
+  </span>
+  
+
+            <span class="md-nav__icon md-icon"></span>
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+            <span class="md-nav__icon md-icon"></span>
+            Java
+          </label>
+          <ul class="md-nav__list" data-md-scrollfix>
+            
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+  
+  
+  
+  
+    <li class="md-nav__item">
+      <a href="../../java/java.html" class="md-nav__link">
+        
+  
+  <span class="md-ellipsis">
+    Java
+  </span>
+  
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+
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+            
+              
+                
+  
+  
+  
+  
+    <li class="md-nav__item">
+      <a href="../../java/java-collection-framework.html" class="md-nav__link">
+        
+  
+  <span class="md-ellipsis">
+    Java Collection Framework
+  </span>
+  
+
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+    </li>
+  
+
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+            
+              
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+  
+  
+  
+  
+    <li class="md-nav__item">
+      <a href="../../java/dao.html" class="md-nav__link">
+        
+  
+  <span class="md-ellipsis">
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+
+              
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+              
+                
+  
+  
+  
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+    
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+            
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+  <span class="md-ellipsis">
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+
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+          </label>
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+        <nav class="md-nav" data-md-level="3" aria-labelledby="__nav_4_10_4_label" aria-expanded="false">
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+    <li class="md-nav__item">
+      <a href="../../java/web/servlet.html" class="md-nav__link">
+        
+  
+  <span class="md-ellipsis">
+    Serverlet
+  </span>
+  
+
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+    </li>
+  
+
+              
+            
+              
+                
+  
+  
+  
+  
+    
+    
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+          <label class="md-nav__link" for="__nav_4_10_4_2" id="__nav_4_10_4_2_label" tabindex="0">
+            
+  
+  <span class="md-ellipsis">
+    Spring
+  </span>
+  
+
+            <span class="md-nav__icon md-icon"></span>
+          </label>
+        
+        <nav class="md-nav" data-md-level="4" aria-labelledby="__nav_4_10_4_2_label" aria-expanded="false">
+          <label class="md-nav__title" for="__nav_4_10_4_2">
+            <span class="md-nav__icon md-icon"></span>
+            Spring
+          </label>
+          <ul class="md-nav__list" data-md-scrollfix>
+            
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+                
+  
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+  
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+    <li class="md-nav__item">
+      <a href="../../java/spring/pom.xml.html" class="md-nav__link">
+        
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+  <span class="md-ellipsis">
+    POM
+  </span>
+  
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+
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+  
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+  
+  
+    <li class="md-nav__item">
+      <a href="../../java/spring/spring-project.html" class="md-nav__link">
+        
+  
+  <span class="md-ellipsis">
+    Project Structure
+  </span>
+  
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+        </nav>
+      
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+  
+
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+  
+  
+    
+  
+  
+  
+    
+    
+      
+        
+      
+        
+      
+        
+      
+        
+      
+        
+      
+        
+      
+        
+      
+        
+      
+        
+      
+    
+    
+      
+      
+        
+          
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+    <li class="md-nav__item md-nav__item--active md-nav__item--section md-nav__item--nested">
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+            
+  
+  <span class="md-ellipsis">
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+  </span>
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+        <nav class="md-nav" data-md-level="2" aria-labelledby="__nav_4_11_label" aria-expanded="true">
+          <label class="md-nav__title" for="__nav_4_11">
+            <span class="md-nav__icon md-icon"></span>
+            PHP
+          </label>
+          <ul class="md-nav__list" data-md-scrollfix>
+            
+              
+                
+  
+  
+  
+  
+    <li class="md-nav__item">
+      <a href="../php.html" class="md-nav__link">
+        
+  
+  <span class="md-ellipsis">
+    PHP
+  </span>
+  
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+  
+  
+    <li class="md-nav__item">
+      <a href="../database.html" class="md-nav__link">
+        
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+  <span class="md-ellipsis">
+    Database
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+  
+  
+  
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+    <li class="md-nav__item">
+      <a href="../web.html" class="md-nav__link">
+        
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+  <span class="md-ellipsis">
+    Web
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+  
+    <li class="md-nav__item">
+      <a href="../dependency-injection.html" class="md-nav__link">
+        
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+  <span class="md-ellipsis">
+    Dependency Injection
+  </span>
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+              
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+  
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+  
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+    <li class="md-nav__item">
+      <a href="../unit-tests.html" class="md-nav__link">
+        
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+  <span class="md-ellipsis">
+    Unit Tests
+  </span>
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+  
+  
+  
+    <li class="md-nav__item">
+      <a href="../composer.html" class="md-nav__link">
+        
+  
+  <span class="md-ellipsis">
+    Composer
+  </span>
+  
+
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+  
+
+              
+            
+              
+                
+  
+  
+  
+  
+    <li class="md-nav__item">
+      <a href="../psr-7.html" class="md-nav__link">
+        
+  
+  <span class="md-ellipsis">
+    PSR 7
+  </span>
+  
+
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+    </li>
+  
+
+              
+            
+              
+                
+  
+  
+  
+  
+    <li class="md-nav__item">
+      <a href="../plates-templating.html" class="md-nav__link">
+        
+  
+  <span class="md-ellipsis">
+    Plates
+  </span>
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+    </li>
+  
+
+              
+            
+              
+                
+  
+  
+    
+  
+  
+  
+    
+    
+      
+        
+      
+        
+      
+    
+    
+      
+      
+        
+      
+    
+    
+    <li class="md-nav__item md-nav__item--active md-nav__item--nested">
+      
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+        <input class="md-nav__toggle md-toggle " type="checkbox" id="__nav_4_11_9" checked>
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+          <label class="md-nav__link" for="__nav_4_11_9" id="__nav_4_11_9_label" tabindex="0">
+            
+  
+  <span class="md-ellipsis">
+    Simple MVC
+  </span>
+  
+
+            <span class="md-nav__icon md-icon"></span>
+          </label>
+        
+        <nav class="md-nav" data-md-level="3" aria-labelledby="__nav_4_11_9_label" aria-expanded="true">
+          <label class="md-nav__title" for="__nav_4_11_9">
+            <span class="md-nav__icon md-icon"></span>
+            Simple MVC
+          </label>
+          <ul class="md-nav__list" data-md-scrollfix>
+            
+              
+                
+  
+  
+  
+  
+    <li class="md-nav__item">
+      <a href="simple-mvc.html" class="md-nav__link">
+        
+  
+  <span class="md-ellipsis">
+    Simple MVC
+  </span>
+  
+
+      </a>
+    </li>
+  
+
+              
+            
+              
+                
+  
+  
+    
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+  
+  
+    <li class="md-nav__item md-nav__item--active">
+      
+      <input class="md-nav__toggle md-toggle" type="checkbox" id="__toc">
+      
+      
+        
+      
+      
+        <label class="md-nav__link md-nav__link--active" for="__toc">
+          
+  
+  <span class="md-ellipsis">
+    REST API
+  </span>
+  
+
+          <span class="md-nav__icon md-icon"></span>
+        </label>
+      
+      <a href="rest-api.html" class="md-nav__link md-nav__link--active">
+        
+  
+  <span class="md-ellipsis">
+    REST API
+  </span>
+  
+
+      </a>
+      
+        
+
+<nav class="md-nav md-nav--secondary" aria-label="Table of contents">
+  
+  
+  
+    
+  
+  
+    <label class="md-nav__title" for="__toc">
+      <span class="md-nav__icon md-icon"></span>
+      Table of contents
+    </label>
+    <ul class="md-nav__list" data-md-component="toc" data-md-scrollfix>
+      
+        <li class="md-nav__item">
+  <a href="#routing-example" class="md-nav__link">
+    <span class="md-ellipsis">
+      Routing (Example)
+    </span>
+  </a>
+  
+</li>
+      
+        <li class="md-nav__item">
+  <a href="#controller-example" class="md-nav__link">
+    <span class="md-ellipsis">
+      Controller (Example)
+    </span>
+  </a>
+  
+</li>
+      
+    </ul>
+  
+</nav>
+      
+    </li>
+  
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+            
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+        </nav>
+      
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+  
+
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+  
+  
+  
+  
+    
+    
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+        
+      
+        
+      
+        
+      
+        
+      
+        
+      
+    
+    
+      
+      
+        
+          
+          
+        
+      
+    
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+    <li class="md-nav__item md-nav__item--section md-nav__item--nested">
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+        <input class="md-nav__toggle md-toggle " type="checkbox" id="__nav_4_12" >
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+          <label class="md-nav__link" for="__nav_4_12" id="__nav_4_12_label" tabindex="">
+            
+  
+  <span class="md-ellipsis">
+    Rust
+  </span>
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+
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+          </label>
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+        <nav class="md-nav" data-md-level="2" aria-labelledby="__nav_4_12_label" aria-expanded="false">
+          <label class="md-nav__title" for="__nav_4_12">
+            <span class="md-nav__icon md-icon"></span>
+            Rust
+          </label>
+          <ul class="md-nav__list" data-md-scrollfix>
+            
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+    <li class="md-nav__item">
+      <a href="../../rust/rust.html" class="md-nav__link">
+        
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+  <span class="md-ellipsis">
+    Rust
+  </span>
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+
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+                
+  
+  
+  
+  
+    <li class="md-nav__item">
+      <a href="../../rust/macros.html" class="md-nav__link">
+        
+  
+  <span class="md-ellipsis">
+    Macros
+  </span>
+  
+
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+    </li>
+  
+
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+              
+                
+  
+  
+  
+  
+    <li class="md-nav__item">
+      <a href="../../rust/cargo.html" class="md-nav__link">
+        
+  
+  <span class="md-ellipsis">
+    Cargo
+  </span>
+  
+
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+    </li>
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+
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+              
+                
+  
+  
+  
+  
+    <li class="md-nav__item">
+      <a href="../../rust/concurrency.html" class="md-nav__link">
+        
+  
+  <span class="md-ellipsis">
+    Concurrency
+  </span>
+  
+
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+    </li>
+  
+
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+              
+                
+  
+  
+  
+  
+    <li class="md-nav__item">
+      <a href="../../rust/unit-tests.html" class="md-nav__link">
+        
+  
+  <span class="md-ellipsis">
+    Unit Tests
+  </span>
+  
+
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+    </li>
+  
+
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+            
+          </ul>
+        </nav>
+      
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+  
+
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+  
+  
+  
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+    
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+      
+        
+      
+        
+      
+        
+      
+        
+      
+        
+      
+        
+      
+        
+      
+    
+    
+      
+      
+        
+          
+          
+        
+      
+    
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+    <li class="md-nav__item md-nav__item--section md-nav__item--nested">
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+        <input class="md-nav__toggle md-toggle " type="checkbox" id="__nav_4_13" >
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+          <label class="md-nav__link" for="__nav_4_13" id="__nav_4_13_label" tabindex="">
+            
+  
+  <span class="md-ellipsis">
+    Javascript
+  </span>
+  
+
+            <span class="md-nav__icon md-icon"></span>
+          </label>
+        
+        <nav class="md-nav" data-md-level="2" aria-labelledby="__nav_4_13_label" aria-expanded="false">
+          <label class="md-nav__title" for="__nav_4_13">
+            <span class="md-nav__icon md-icon"></span>
+            Javascript
+          </label>
+          <ul class="md-nav__list" data-md-scrollfix>
+            
+              
+                
+  
+  
+  
+  
+    <li class="md-nav__item">
+      <a href="../../javascript/javascript.html" class="md-nav__link">
+        
+  
+  <span class="md-ellipsis">
+    Javascript
+  </span>
+  
+
+      </a>
+    </li>
+  
+
+              
+            
+              
+                
+  
+  
+  
+  
+    <li class="md-nav__item">
+      <a href="../../javascript/dom.html" class="md-nav__link">
+        
+  
+  <span class="md-ellipsis">
+    DOM
+  </span>
+  
+
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+    </li>
+  
+
+              
+            
+              
+                
+  
+  
+  
+  
+    <li class="md-nav__item">
+      <a href="../../javascript/events-animation.html" class="md-nav__link">
+        
+  
+  <span class="md-ellipsis">
+    Events & Animation
+  </span>
+  
+
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+    </li>
+  
+
+              
+            
+              
+                
+  
+  
+  
+  
+    <li class="md-nav__item">
+      <a href="../../javascript/ajax.html" class="md-nav__link">
+        
+  
+  <span class="md-ellipsis">
+    AJAX
+  </span>
+  
+
+      </a>
+    </li>
+  
+
+              
+            
+              
+                
+  
+  
+  
+  
+    <li class="md-nav__item">
+      <a href="../../javascript/jquery.html" class="md-nav__link">
+        
+  
+  <span class="md-ellipsis">
+    jQuery
+  </span>
+  
+
+      </a>
+    </li>
+  
+
+              
+            
+              
+                
+  
+  
+  
+  
+    
+    
+      
+        
+      
+        
+      
+        
+      
+        
+      
+        
+      
+    
+    
+      
+      
+        
+      
+    
+    
+    <li class="md-nav__item md-nav__item--nested">
+      
+        
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+        <input class="md-nav__toggle md-toggle " type="checkbox" id="__nav_4_13_6" >
+        
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+          <label class="md-nav__link" for="__nav_4_13_6" id="__nav_4_13_6_label" tabindex="0">
+            
+  
+  <span class="md-ellipsis">
+    React
+  </span>
+  
+
+            <span class="md-nav__icon md-icon"></span>
+          </label>
+        
+        <nav class="md-nav" data-md-level="3" aria-labelledby="__nav_4_13_6_label" aria-expanded="false">
+          <label class="md-nav__title" for="__nav_4_13_6">
+            <span class="md-nav__icon md-icon"></span>
+            React
+          </label>
+          <ul class="md-nav__list" data-md-scrollfix>
+            
+              
+                
+  
+  
+  
+  
+    <li class="md-nav__item">
+      <a href="../../javascript/react/react.html" class="md-nav__link">
+        
+  
+  <span class="md-ellipsis">
+    React
+  </span>
+  
+
+      </a>
+    </li>
+  
+
+              
+            
+              
+                
+  
+  
+  
+  
+    <li class="md-nav__item">
+      <a href="../../javascript/react/react-router.html" class="md-nav__link">
+        
+  
+  <span class="md-ellipsis">
+    React Router
+  </span>
+  
+
+      </a>
+    </li>
+  
+
+              
+            
+              
+                
+  
+  
+  
+  
+    <li class="md-nav__item">
+      <a href="../../javascript/react/react-tests.html" class="md-nav__link">
+        
+  
+  <span class="md-ellipsis">
+    React Tests
+  </span>
+  
+
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+    </li>
+  
+
+              
+            
+              
+                
+  
+  
+  
+  
+    <li class="md-nav__item">
+      <a href="../../javascript/react/redux.html" class="md-nav__link">
+        
+  
+  <span class="md-ellipsis">
+    Redux
+  </span>
+  
+
+      </a>
+    </li>
+  
+
+              
+            
+              
+                
+  
+  
+  
+  
+    <li class="md-nav__item">
+      <a href="../../javascript/react/redux-tests.html" class="md-nav__link">
+        
+  
+  <span class="md-ellipsis">
+    Redux Tests
+  </span>
+  
+
+      </a>
+    </li>
+  
+
+              
+            
+          </ul>
+        </nav>
+      
+    </li>
+  
+
+              
+            
+              
+                
+  
+  
+  
+  
+    <li class="md-nav__item">
+      <a href="../../javascript/svelte/svelte.html" class="md-nav__link">
+        
+  
+  <span class="md-ellipsis">
+    Svelte
+  </span>
+  
+
+      </a>
+    </li>
+  
+
+              
+            
+          </ul>
+        </nav>
+      
+    </li>
+  
+
+              
+            
+              
+                
+  
+  
+  
+  
+    
+    
+      
+        
+      
+        
+      
+    
+    
+      
+      
+        
+          
+          
+        
+      
+    
+    
+    <li class="md-nav__item md-nav__item--section md-nav__item--nested">
+      
+        
+        
+        <input class="md-nav__toggle md-toggle " type="checkbox" id="__nav_4_14" >
+        
+          
+          <label class="md-nav__link" for="__nav_4_14" id="__nav_4_14_label" tabindex="">
+            
+  
+  <span class="md-ellipsis">
+    PowerShell
+  </span>
+  
+
+            <span class="md-nav__icon md-icon"></span>
+          </label>
+        
+        <nav class="md-nav" data-md-level="2" aria-labelledby="__nav_4_14_label" aria-expanded="false">
+          <label class="md-nav__title" for="__nav_4_14">
+            <span class="md-nav__icon md-icon"></span>
+            PowerShell
+          </label>
+          <ul class="md-nav__list" data-md-scrollfix>
+            
+              
+                
+  
+  
+  
+  
+    <li class="md-nav__item">
+      <a href="../../powershell/scripting.html" class="md-nav__link">
+        
+  
+  <span class="md-ellipsis">
+    Scripting
+  </span>
+  
+
+      </a>
+    </li>
+  
+
+              
+            
+              
+                
+  
+  
+  
+  
+    <li class="md-nav__item">
+      <a href="../../powershell/commands.html" class="md-nav__link">
+        
+  
+  <span class="md-ellipsis">
+    Commands
+  </span>
+  
+
+      </a>
+    </li>
+  
+
+              
+            
+          </ul>
+        </nav>
+      
+    </li>
+  
+
+              
+            
+              
+                
+  
+  
+  
+  
+    
+    
+      
+        
+      
+        
+      
+    
+    
+      
+      
+        
+          
+          
+        
+      
+    
+    
+    <li class="md-nav__item md-nav__item--section md-nav__item--nested">
+      
+        
+        
+        <input class="md-nav__toggle md-toggle " type="checkbox" id="__nav_4_15" >
+        
+          
+          <label class="md-nav__link" for="__nav_4_15" id="__nav_4_15_label" tabindex="">
+            
+  
+  <span class="md-ellipsis">
+    Bash
+  </span>
+  
+
+            <span class="md-nav__icon md-icon"></span>
+          </label>
+        
+        <nav class="md-nav" data-md-level="2" aria-labelledby="__nav_4_15_label" aria-expanded="false">
+          <label class="md-nav__title" for="__nav_4_15">
+            <span class="md-nav__icon md-icon"></span>
+            Bash
+          </label>
+          <ul class="md-nav__list" data-md-scrollfix>
+            
+              
+                
+  
+  
+  
+  
+    <li class="md-nav__item">
+      <a href="../../bash/scripting.html" class="md-nav__link">
+        
+  
+  <span class="md-ellipsis">
+    Scripting
+  </span>
+  
+
+      </a>
+    </li>
+  
+
+              
+            
+              
+                
+  
+  
+  
+  
+    <li class="md-nav__item">
+      <a href="../../bash/commands.html" class="md-nav__link">
+        
+  
+  <span class="md-ellipsis">
+    Commands
+  </span>
+  
+
+      </a>
+    </li>
+  
+
+              
+            
+          </ul>
+        </nav>
+      
+    </li>
+  
+
+              
+            
+          </ul>
+        </nav>
+      
+    </li>
+  
+
+    
+      
+      
+  
+  
+  
+  
+    
+    
+      
+        
+      
+        
+      
+        
+      
+        
+      
+        
+      
+    
+    
+      
+      
+        
+      
+    
+    
+    <li class="md-nav__item md-nav__item--nested">
+      
+        
+        
+        <input class="md-nav__toggle md-toggle " type="checkbox" id="__nav_5" >
+        
+          
+          <label class="md-nav__link" for="__nav_5" id="__nav_5_label" tabindex="0">
+            
+  
+  <span class="md-ellipsis">
+    Misc
+  </span>
+  
+
+            <span class="md-nav__icon md-icon"></span>
+          </label>
+        
+        <nav class="md-nav" data-md-level="1" aria-labelledby="__nav_5_label" aria-expanded="false">
+          <label class="md-nav__title" for="__nav_5">
+            <span class="md-nav__icon md-icon"></span>
+            Misc
+          </label>
+          <ul class="md-nav__list" data-md-scrollfix>
+            
+              
+                
+  
+  
+  
+  
+    <li class="md-nav__item">
+      <a href="../../../misc/git.html" class="md-nav__link">
+        
+  
+  <span class="md-ellipsis">
+    Git
+  </span>
+  
+
+      </a>
+    </li>
+  
+
+              
+            
+              
+                
+  
+  
+  
+  
+    <li class="md-nav__item">
+      <a href="../../../misc/graph-ql.html" class="md-nav__link">
+        
+  
+  <span class="md-ellipsis">
+    GraphQL
+  </span>
+  
+
+      </a>
+    </li>
+  
+
+              
+            
+              
+                
+  
+  
+  
+  
+    <li class="md-nav__item">
+      <a href="../../../misc/regular-expressions.html" class="md-nav__link">
+        
+  
+  <span class="md-ellipsis">
+    RegEx
+  </span>
+  
+
+      </a>
+    </li>
+  
+
+              
+            
+              
+                
+  
+  
+  
+  
+    <li class="md-nav__item">
+      <a href="../../../misc/ssh.html" class="md-nav__link">
+        
+  
+  <span class="md-ellipsis">
+    SSH
+  </span>
+  
+
+      </a>
+    </li>
+  
+
+              
+            
+              
+                
+  
+  
+  
+  
+    <li class="md-nav__item">
+      <a href="../../../misc/web-components.html" class="md-nav__link">
+        
+  
+  <span class="md-ellipsis">
+    WebComponents
+  </span>
+  
+
+      </a>
+    </li>
+  
+
+              
+            
+          </ul>
+        </nav>
+      
+    </li>
+  
+
+    
+      
+      
+  
+  
+  
+  
+    
+    
+      
+        
+      
+        
+      
+    
+    
+      
+      
+        
+      
+    
+    
+    <li class="md-nav__item md-nav__item--nested">
+      
+        
+        
+        <input class="md-nav__toggle md-toggle " type="checkbox" id="__nav_6" >
+        
+          
+          <label class="md-nav__link" for="__nav_6" id="__nav_6_label" tabindex="0">
+            
+  
+  <span class="md-ellipsis">
+    Linux
+  </span>
+  
+
+            <span class="md-nav__icon md-icon"></span>
+          </label>
+        
+        <nav class="md-nav" data-md-level="1" aria-labelledby="__nav_6_label" aria-expanded="false">
+          <label class="md-nav__title" for="__nav_6">
+            <span class="md-nav__icon md-icon"></span>
+            Linux
+          </label>
+          <ul class="md-nav__list" data-md-scrollfix>
+            
+              
+                
+  
+  
+  
+  
+    
+    
+      
+        
+      
+        
+      
+        
+      
+    
+    
+      
+      
+        
+      
+    
+    
+    <li class="md-nav__item md-nav__item--nested">
+      
+        
+        
+        <input class="md-nav__toggle md-toggle " type="checkbox" id="__nav_6_1" >
+        
+          
+          <label class="md-nav__link" for="__nav_6_1" id="__nav_6_1_label" tabindex="0">
+            
+  
+  <span class="md-ellipsis">
+    Filesystem
+  </span>
+  
+
+            <span class="md-nav__icon md-icon"></span>
+          </label>
+        
+        <nav class="md-nav" data-md-level="2" aria-labelledby="__nav_6_1_label" aria-expanded="false">
+          <label class="md-nav__title" for="__nav_6_1">
+            <span class="md-nav__icon md-icon"></span>
+            Filesystem
+          </label>
+          <ul class="md-nav__list" data-md-scrollfix>
+            
+              
+                
+  
+  
+  
+  
+    <li class="md-nav__item">
+      <a href="../../../linux/filesystem/file-links.html" class="md-nav__link">
+        
+  
+  <span class="md-ellipsis">
+    File Links
+  </span>
+  
+
+      </a>
+    </li>
+  
+
+              
+            
+              
+                
+  
+  
+  
+  
+    <li class="md-nav__item">
+      <a href="../../../linux/filesystem/procfs.html" class="md-nav__link">
+        
+  
+  <span class="md-ellipsis">
+    /proc
+  </span>
+  
+
+      </a>
+    </li>
+  
+
+              
+            
+              
+                
+  
+  
+  
+  
+    <li class="md-nav__item">
+      <a href="../../../linux/filesystem/sysfs.html" class="md-nav__link">
+        
+  
+  <span class="md-ellipsis">
+    /sys
+  </span>
+  
+
+      </a>
+    </li>
+  
+
+              
+            
+          </ul>
+        </nav>
+      
+    </li>
+  
+
+              
+            
+              
+                
+  
+  
+  
+  
+    
+    
+      
+        
+      
+        
+      
+    
+    
+      
+      
+        
+      
+    
+    
+    <li class="md-nav__item md-nav__item--nested">
+      
+        
+        
+        <input class="md-nav__toggle md-toggle " type="checkbox" id="__nav_6_2" >
+        
+          
+          <label class="md-nav__link" for="__nav_6_2" id="__nav_6_2_label" tabindex="0">
+            
+  
+  <span class="md-ellipsis">
+    System Init
+  </span>
+  
+
+            <span class="md-nav__icon md-icon"></span>
+          </label>
+        
+        <nav class="md-nav" data-md-level="2" aria-labelledby="__nav_6_2_label" aria-expanded="false">
+          <label class="md-nav__title" for="__nav_6_2">
+            <span class="md-nav__icon md-icon"></span>
+            System Init
+          </label>
+          <ul class="md-nav__list" data-md-scrollfix>
+            
+              
+                
+  
+  
+  
+  
+    <li class="md-nav__item">
+      <a href="../../../linux/init/systemd.html" class="md-nav__link">
+        
+  
+  <span class="md-ellipsis">
+    Systemd
+  </span>
+  
+
+      </a>
+    </li>
+  
+
+              
+            
+              
+                
+  
+  
+  
+  
+    <li class="md-nav__item">
+      <a href="../../../linux/init/open-rc.html" class="md-nav__link">
+        
+  
+  <span class="md-ellipsis">
+    OpenRC
+  </span>
+  
+
+      </a>
+    </li>
+  
+
+              
+            
+          </ul>
+        </nav>
+      
+    </li>
+  
+
+              
+            
+          </ul>
+        </nav>
+      
+    </li>
+  
+
+    
+  </ul>
+</nav>
+                  </div>
+                </div>
+              </div>
+            
+            
+              
+              <div class="md-sidebar md-sidebar--secondary" data-md-component="sidebar" data-md-type="toc" >
+                <div class="md-sidebar__scrollwrap">
+                  <div class="md-sidebar__inner">
+                    
+
+<nav class="md-nav md-nav--secondary" aria-label="Table of contents">
+  
+  
+  
+    
+  
+  
+    <label class="md-nav__title" for="__toc">
+      <span class="md-nav__icon md-icon"></span>
+      Table of contents
+    </label>
+    <ul class="md-nav__list" data-md-component="toc" data-md-scrollfix>
+      
+        <li class="md-nav__item">
+  <a href="#routing-example" class="md-nav__link">
+    <span class="md-ellipsis">
+      Routing (Example)
+    </span>
+  </a>
+  
+</li>
+      
+        <li class="md-nav__item">
+  <a href="#controller-example" class="md-nav__link">
+    <span class="md-ellipsis">
+      Controller (Example)
+    </span>
+  </a>
+  
+</li>
+      
+    </ul>
+  
+</nav>
+                  </div>
+                </div>
+              </div>
+            
+          
+          
+            <div class="md-content" data-md-component="content">
+              <article class="md-content__inner md-typeset">
+                
+                  
+
+  
+  
+
+
+<h1 id="rest-api-with-simple-mvc">REST API with Simple-MVC</h1>
+<h2 id="routing-example">Routing (Example)</h2>
+<div class="highlight"><table class="highlighttable"><tr><th colspan="2" class="filename"><span class="filename">PHP</span></th></tr><tr><td class="linenos"><div class="linenodiv"><pre><span></span><span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-0-1">1</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-0-2">2</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-0-3">3</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-0-4">4</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-0-5">5</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-0-6">6</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-0-7">7</a></span></pre></div></td><td class="code"><div><pre><span></span><code><a id="__codelineno-0-1" name="__codelineno-0-1"></a><span class="x">// config/route.php</span>
+<a id="__codelineno-0-2" name="__codelineno-0-2"></a><span class="x">return [   </span>
+<a id="__codelineno-0-3" name="__codelineno-0-3"></a><span class="x">   [ &#39;GET&#39;, &#39;/api/user[/{id}]&#39;, Controller\User::class ],</span>
+<a id="__codelineno-0-4" name="__codelineno-0-4"></a><span class="x">   [ &#39;POST&#39;, &#39;/api/user&#39;, Controller\User::class ],</span>
+<a id="__codelineno-0-5" name="__codelineno-0-5"></a><span class="x">   [ &#39;PATCH&#39;, &#39;/api/user/{id}&#39;, Controller\User::class ],</span>
+<a id="__codelineno-0-6" name="__codelineno-0-6"></a><span class="x">   [ &#39;DELETE&#39;, &#39;/api/user/{id}&#39;, Controller\User::class ]</span>
+<a id="__codelineno-0-7" name="__codelineno-0-7"></a><span class="x">];</span>
+</code></pre></div></td></tr></table></div>
+<h2 id="controller-example">Controller (Example)</h2>
+<div class="highlight"><table class="highlighttable"><tr><th colspan="2" class="filename"><span class="filename">PHP</span></th></tr><tr><td class="linenos"><div class="linenodiv"><pre><span></span><span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-1-1"> 1</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-1-2"> 2</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-1-3"> 3</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-1-4"> 4</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-1-5"> 5</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-1-6"> 6</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-1-7"> 7</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-1-8"> 8</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-1-9"> 9</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-1-10">10</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-1-11">11</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-1-12">12</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-1-13">13</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-1-14">14</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-1-15">15</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-1-16">16</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-1-17">17</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-1-18">18</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-1-19">19</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-1-20">20</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-1-21">21</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-1-22">22</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-1-23">23</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-1-24">24</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-1-25">25</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-1-26">26</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-1-27">27</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-1-28">28</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-1-29">29</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-1-30">30</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-1-31">31</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-1-32">32</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-1-33">33</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-1-34">34</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-1-35">35</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-1-36">36</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-1-37">37</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-1-38">38</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-1-39">39</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-1-40">40</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-1-41">41</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-1-42">42</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-1-43">43</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-1-44">44</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-1-45">45</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-1-46">46</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-1-47">47</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-1-48">48</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-1-49">49</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-1-50">50</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-1-51">51</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-1-52">52</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-1-53">53</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-1-54">54</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-1-55">55</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-1-56">56</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-1-57">57</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-1-58">58</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-1-59">59</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-1-60">60</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-1-61">61</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-1-62">62</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-1-63">63</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-1-64">64</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-1-65">65</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-1-66">66</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-1-67">67</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-1-68">68</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-1-69">69</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-1-70">70</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-1-71">71</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-1-72">72</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-1-73">73</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-1-74">74</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-1-75">75</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-1-76">76</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-1-77">77</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-1-78">78</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-1-79">79</a></span></pre></div></td><td class="code"><div><pre><span></span><code><a id="__codelineno-1-1" name="__codelineno-1-1"></a><span class="x">public class UserController implements ControllerInterface</span>
+<a id="__codelineno-1-2" name="__codelineno-1-2"></a><span class="x">{</span>
+<a id="__codelineno-1-3" name="__codelineno-1-3"></a><span class="x">    public function __construct(UserModel $user)</span>
+<a id="__codelineno-1-4" name="__codelineno-1-4"></a><span class="x">    {</span>
+<a id="__codelineno-1-5" name="__codelineno-1-5"></a><span class="x">        $this-&gt;userModel = $user;</span>
+<a id="__codelineno-1-6" name="__codelineno-1-6"></a>
+<a id="__codelineno-1-7" name="__codelineno-1-7"></a><span class="x">        // Set the Content-type for all the HTTP methods</span>
+<a id="__codelineno-1-8" name="__codelineno-1-8"></a><span class="x">        header(&#39;Content-type: application/json&#39;);</span>
+<a id="__codelineno-1-9" name="__codelineno-1-9"></a><span class="x">    }</span>
+<a id="__codelineno-1-10" name="__codelineno-1-10"></a>
+<a id="__codelineno-1-11" name="__codelineno-1-11"></a><span class="x">    // method dispatcher</span>
+<a id="__codelineno-1-12" name="__codelineno-1-12"></a><span class="x">    public function execute(ServerRequestInterface $request)</span>
+<a id="__codelineno-1-13" name="__codelineno-1-13"></a><span class="x">    {</span>
+<a id="__codelineno-1-14" name="__codelineno-1-14"></a><span class="x">        $method = strtolower($request-&gt;getMethod());</span>
+<a id="__codelineno-1-15" name="__codelineno-1-15"></a><span class="x">        if (!method_exists($this, $method)) {</span>
+<a id="__codelineno-1-16" name="__codelineno-1-16"></a><span class="x">            http_response_code(405); // method not exists</span>
+<a id="__codelineno-1-17" name="__codelineno-1-17"></a><span class="x">            return;</span>
+<a id="__codelineno-1-18" name="__codelineno-1-18"></a><span class="x">        }</span>
+<a id="__codelineno-1-19" name="__codelineno-1-19"></a><span class="x">        $this-&gt;$method($request);</span>
+<a id="__codelineno-1-20" name="__codelineno-1-20"></a><span class="x">    }</span>
+<a id="__codelineno-1-21" name="__codelineno-1-21"></a>
+<a id="__codelineno-1-22" name="__codelineno-1-22"></a><span class="x">    public function get(ServerRequestInterface $request)</span>
+<a id="__codelineno-1-23" name="__codelineno-1-23"></a><span class="x">    {</span>
+<a id="__codelineno-1-24" name="__codelineno-1-24"></a><span class="x">        $id = $request-&gt;getAttribute(&#39;id&#39;);</span>
+<a id="__codelineno-1-25" name="__codelineno-1-25"></a><span class="x">        try {</span>
+<a id="__codelineno-1-26" name="__codelineno-1-26"></a><span class="x">            $result = empty($id)</span>
+<a id="__codelineno-1-27" name="__codelineno-1-27"></a><span class="x">                ? $this-&gt;userModel-&gt;getAllUsers()</span>
+<a id="__codelineno-1-28" name="__codelineno-1-28"></a><span class="x">                : $this-&gt;userModel-&gt;getUser($id);</span>
+<a id="__codelineno-1-29" name="__codelineno-1-29"></a><span class="x">        } catch (UserNotFoundException $e) {</span>
+<a id="__codelineno-1-30" name="__codelineno-1-30"></a><span class="x">            http_response_code(404); // user not found</span>
+<a id="__codelineno-1-31" name="__codelineno-1-31"></a><span class="x">            $result = [&#39;error&#39; =&gt; $e-&gt;getMessage()];</span>
+<a id="__codelineno-1-32" name="__codelineno-1-32"></a><span class="x">        }</span>
+<a id="__codelineno-1-33" name="__codelineno-1-33"></a><span class="x">        echo json_encode($result);</span>
+<a id="__codelineno-1-34" name="__codelineno-1-34"></a><span class="x">    }</span>
+<a id="__codelineno-1-35" name="__codelineno-1-35"></a>
+<a id="__codelineno-1-36" name="__codelineno-1-36"></a><span class="x">    public function post(ServerRequestInterface $request)</span>
+<a id="__codelineno-1-37" name="__codelineno-1-37"></a><span class="x">    {</span>
+<a id="__codelineno-1-38" name="__codelineno-1-38"></a><span class="x">        $data = json_decode($request-&gt;getBody()-&gt;getContents(), true);</span>
+<a id="__codelineno-1-39" name="__codelineno-1-39"></a><span class="x">        try {</span>
+<a id="__codelineno-1-40" name="__codelineno-1-40"></a><span class="x">            $result = $this-&gt;userModel-&gt;addUser($data);</span>
+<a id="__codelineno-1-41" name="__codelineno-1-41"></a><span class="x">        } catch (InvalidAttributeException $e) {</span>
+<a id="__codelineno-1-42" name="__codelineno-1-42"></a><span class="x">            http_response_code(400); // bad request</span>
+<a id="__codelineno-1-43" name="__codelineno-1-43"></a><span class="x">            $result = [&#39;error&#39; =&gt; $e-&gt;getMessage()];</span>
+<a id="__codelineno-1-44" name="__codelineno-1-44"></a><span class="x">        } catch (UserAlreadyExistsException $e) {</span>
+<a id="__codelineno-1-45" name="__codelineno-1-45"></a><span class="x">            http_response_code(409); // conflict, the user is not present</span>
+<a id="__codelineno-1-46" name="__codelineno-1-46"></a><span class="x">            $result = [&#39;error&#39; =&gt; $e-&gt;getMessage()];</span>
+<a id="__codelineno-1-47" name="__codelineno-1-47"></a><span class="x">        }</span>
+<a id="__codelineno-1-48" name="__codelineno-1-48"></a><span class="x">        echo json_encode($result);</span>
+<a id="__codelineno-1-49" name="__codelineno-1-49"></a><span class="x">    }</span>
+<a id="__codelineno-1-50" name="__codelineno-1-50"></a>
+<a id="__codelineno-1-51" name="__codelineno-1-51"></a><span class="x">    public function patch(ServerRequestInterface $request)</span>
+<a id="__codelineno-1-52" name="__codelineno-1-52"></a><span class="x">    {</span>
+<a id="__codelineno-1-53" name="__codelineno-1-53"></a><span class="x">        $id = $request-&gt;getAttribute(&#39;id&#39;);</span>
+<a id="__codelineno-1-54" name="__codelineno-1-54"></a><span class="x">        $data = json_decode($request-&gt;getBody()-&gt;getContents(), true);</span>
+<a id="__codelineno-1-55" name="__codelineno-1-55"></a><span class="x">        try {</span>
+<a id="__codelineno-1-56" name="__codelineno-1-56"></a><span class="x">            $result = $this-&gt;userModel-&gt;updateUser($data, $id);</span>
+<a id="__codelineno-1-57" name="__codelineno-1-57"></a><span class="x">        } catch (InvalidAttributeException $e) {</span>
+<a id="__codelineno-1-58" name="__codelineno-1-58"></a><span class="x">            http_response_code(400); // bad request</span>
+<a id="__codelineno-1-59" name="__codelineno-1-59"></a><span class="x">            $result = [&#39;error&#39; =&gt; $e-&gt;getMessage()];</span>
+<a id="__codelineno-1-60" name="__codelineno-1-60"></a><span class="x">        } catch (UserNotFoundException $e) {</span>
+<a id="__codelineno-1-61" name="__codelineno-1-61"></a><span class="x">            http_response_code(404); // user not found</span>
+<a id="__codelineno-1-62" name="__codelineno-1-62"></a><span class="x">            $result = [&#39;error&#39; =&gt; $e-&gt;getMessage()];</span>
+<a id="__codelineno-1-63" name="__codelineno-1-63"></a><span class="x">        }</span>
+<a id="__codelineno-1-64" name="__codelineno-1-64"></a><span class="x">        echo json_encode($result);</span>
+<a id="__codelineno-1-65" name="__codelineno-1-65"></a><span class="x">    }</span>
+<a id="__codelineno-1-66" name="__codelineno-1-66"></a>
+<a id="__codelineno-1-67" name="__codelineno-1-67"></a><span class="x">    public function delete(ServerRequestInterface $request)</span>
+<a id="__codelineno-1-68" name="__codelineno-1-68"></a><span class="x">    {</span>
+<a id="__codelineno-1-69" name="__codelineno-1-69"></a><span class="x">        $id = $request-&gt;getAttribute(&#39;id&#39;);</span>
+<a id="__codelineno-1-70" name="__codelineno-1-70"></a><span class="x">        try {</span>
+<a id="__codelineno-1-71" name="__codelineno-1-71"></a><span class="x">            $this-&gt;userModel-&gt;deleteUser($id);</span>
+<a id="__codelineno-1-72" name="__codelineno-1-72"></a><span class="x">            $result = [&#39;result&#39; =&gt; &#39;success&#39;];</span>
+<a id="__codelineno-1-73" name="__codelineno-1-73"></a><span class="x">        } catch (UserNotFoundException $e) {</span>
+<a id="__codelineno-1-74" name="__codelineno-1-74"></a><span class="x">            http_response_code(404); // user not found</span>
+<a id="__codelineno-1-75" name="__codelineno-1-75"></a><span class="x">            $result = [&#39;error&#39; =&gt; $e-&gt;getMessage()];</span>
+<a id="__codelineno-1-76" name="__codelineno-1-76"></a><span class="x">        }</span>
+<a id="__codelineno-1-77" name="__codelineno-1-77"></a><span class="x">        echo json_encode($result);</span>
+<a id="__codelineno-1-78" name="__codelineno-1-78"></a><span class="x">    }</span>
+<a id="__codelineno-1-79" name="__codelineno-1-79"></a><span class="x">}</span>
+</code></pre></div></td></tr></table></div>
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diff --git a/languages/php/simple-mvc/simple-mvc.html b/languages/php/simple-mvc/simple-mvc.html
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..37d00ff
--- /dev/null
+++ b/languages/php/simple-mvc/simple-mvc.html
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+      <a href="../../css/css.html" class="md-nav__link">
+        
+  
+  <span class="md-ellipsis">
+    CSS
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+  
+
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+    </li>
+  
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+            
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+  
+  
+  
+  
+    <li class="md-nav__item">
+      <a href="../../c/c.html" class="md-nav__link">
+        
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+  <span class="md-ellipsis">
+    C
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+    <li class="md-nav__item">
+      <a href="../../kotlin/kotlin.html" class="md-nav__link">
+        
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+  <span class="md-ellipsis">
+    Kotlin
+  </span>
+  
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+    </li>
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+
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+  
+  
+  
+    <li class="md-nav__item">
+      <a href="../../swift/swift.html" class="md-nav__link">
+        
+  
+  <span class="md-ellipsis">
+    Swift
+  </span>
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+    </li>
+  
+
+              
+            
+              
+                
+  
+  
+  
+  
+    
+    
+      
+        
+      
+        
+      
+    
+    
+      
+      
+        
+          
+          
+        
+      
+    
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+    <li class="md-nav__item md-nav__item--section md-nav__item--nested">
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+          <label class="md-nav__link" for="__nav_4_7" id="__nav_4_7_label" tabindex="">
+            
+  
+  <span class="md-ellipsis">
+    Assembly
+  </span>
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+          </label>
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+    <li class="md-nav__item">
+      <a href="../../assembly/intel.html" class="md-nav__link">
+        
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+  <span class="md-ellipsis">
+    Intel
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+    <li class="md-nav__item">
+      <a href="../../assembly/riscv.html" class="md-nav__link">
+        
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+  <span class="md-ellipsis">
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+        </nav>
+      
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+        
+      
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+    
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+      
+        
+          
+          
+        
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+    
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+    <li class="md-nav__item md-nav__item--section md-nav__item--nested">
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+      <a href="../../python/python.html" class="md-nav__link">
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+                
+  
+  
+  
+  
+    
+    
+      
+        
+      
+        
+      
+        
+      
+        
+      
+        
+      
+        
+      
+        
+      
+        
+      
+        
+      
+        
+      
+        
+      
+        
+      
+        
+      
+    
+    
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+      
+        
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+          </label>
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+            
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+  
+    <li class="md-nav__item">
+      <a href="../../python/modules/argparse.html" class="md-nav__link">
+        
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+  <span class="md-ellipsis">
+    argparse
+  </span>
+  
+
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+    </li>
+  
+
+              
+            
+              
+                
+  
+  
+  
+  
+    <li class="md-nav__item">
+      <a href="../../python/modules/collections.html" class="md-nav__link">
+        
+  
+  <span class="md-ellipsis">
+    collection
+  </span>
+  
+
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+    </li>
+  
+
+              
+            
+              
+                
+  
+  
+  
+  
+    <li class="md-nav__item">
+      <a href="../../python/modules/csv.html" class="md-nav__link">
+        
+  
+  <span class="md-ellipsis">
+    csv
+  </span>
+  
+
+      </a>
+    </li>
+  
+
+              
+            
+              
+                
+  
+  
+  
+  
+    <li class="md-nav__item">
+      <a href="../../python/modules/ftplib.html" class="md-nav__link">
+        
+  
+  <span class="md-ellipsis">
+    ftplib
+  </span>
+  
+
+      </a>
+    </li>
+  
+
+              
+            
+              
+                
+  
+  
+  
+  
+    <li class="md-nav__item">
+      <a href="../../python/modules/itertools.html" class="md-nav__link">
+        
+  
+  <span class="md-ellipsis">
+    itertools
+  </span>
+  
+
+      </a>
+    </li>
+  
+
+              
+            
+              
+                
+  
+  
+  
+  
+    <li class="md-nav__item">
+      <a href="../../python/modules/json.html" class="md-nav__link">
+        
+  
+  <span class="md-ellipsis">
+    json
+  </span>
+  
+
+      </a>
+    </li>
+  
+
+              
+            
+              
+                
+  
+  
+  
+  
+    <li class="md-nav__item">
+      <a href="../../python/modules/logging.html" class="md-nav__link">
+        
+  
+  <span class="md-ellipsis">
+    logging
+  </span>
+  
+
+      </a>
+    </li>
+  
+
+              
+            
+              
+                
+  
+  
+  
+  
+    <li class="md-nav__item">
+      <a href="../../python/modules/shutil.html" class="md-nav__link">
+        
+  
+  <span class="md-ellipsis">
+    shutil
+  </span>
+  
+
+      </a>
+    </li>
+  
+
+              
+            
+              
+                
+  
+  
+  
+  
+    <li class="md-nav__item">
+      <a href="../../python/modules/smtplib.html" class="md-nav__link">
+        
+  
+  <span class="md-ellipsis">
+    smtplib
+  </span>
+  
+
+      </a>
+    </li>
+  
+
+              
+            
+              
+                
+  
+  
+  
+  
+    <li class="md-nav__item">
+      <a href="../../python/modules/socket.html" class="md-nav__link">
+        
+  
+  <span class="md-ellipsis">
+    socket
+  </span>
+  
+
+      </a>
+    </li>
+  
+
+              
+            
+              
+                
+  
+  
+  
+  
+    <li class="md-nav__item">
+      <a href="../../python/modules/sqlite.html" class="md-nav__link">
+        
+  
+  <span class="md-ellipsis">
+    sqlite
+  </span>
+  
+
+      </a>
+    </li>
+  
+
+              
+            
+              
+                
+  
+  
+  
+  
+    <li class="md-nav__item">
+      <a href="../../python/modules/time-datetime.html" class="md-nav__link">
+        
+  
+  <span class="md-ellipsis">
+    time & datetime
+  </span>
+  
+
+      </a>
+    </li>
+  
+
+              
+            
+              
+                
+  
+  
+  
+  
+    <li class="md-nav__item">
+      <a href="../../python/modules/unittest.html" class="md-nav__link">
+        
+  
+  <span class="md-ellipsis">
+    unittest
+  </span>
+  
+
+      </a>
+    </li>
+  
+
+              
+            
+          </ul>
+        </nav>
+      
+    </li>
+  
+
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+            
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+                
+  
+  
+  
+  
+    
+    
+      
+        
+      
+        
+      
+        
+      
+        
+      
+        
+      
+        
+      
+    
+    
+      
+      
+        
+      
+    
+    
+    <li class="md-nav__item md-nav__item--nested">
+      
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+        <input class="md-nav__toggle md-toggle " type="checkbox" id="__nav_4_8_3" >
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+          <label class="md-nav__link" for="__nav_4_8_3" id="__nav_4_8_3_label" tabindex="0">
+            
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+  <span class="md-ellipsis">
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+  </span>
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+          </label>
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+  
+  
+    <li class="md-nav__item">
+      <a href="../../python/libs/tkinter.html" class="md-nav__link">
+        
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+  <span class="md-ellipsis">
+    TKinter
+  </span>
+  
+
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+    </li>
+  
+
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+            
+              
+                
+  
+  
+  
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+    <li class="md-nav__item">
+      <a href="../../python/libs/numpy.html" class="md-nav__link">
+        
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+    Numpy
+  </span>
+  
+
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+  
+
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+              
+                
+  
+  
+  
+  
+    <li class="md-nav__item">
+      <a href="../../python/libs/pandas.html" class="md-nav__link">
+        
+  
+  <span class="md-ellipsis">
+    Pandas
+  </span>
+  
+
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+    </li>
+  
+
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+            
+              
+                
+  
+  
+  
+  
+    <li class="md-nav__item">
+      <a href="../../python/libs/seaborn.html" class="md-nav__link">
+        
+  
+  <span class="md-ellipsis">
+    Seaborn
+  </span>
+  
+
+      </a>
+    </li>
+  
+
+              
+            
+              
+                
+  
+  
+  
+  
+    <li class="md-nav__item">
+      <a href="../../python/libs/requests.html" class="md-nav__link">
+        
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+  <span class="md-ellipsis">
+    Requests
+  </span>
+  
+
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+    </li>
+  
+
+              
+            
+              
+                
+  
+  
+  
+  
+    <li class="md-nav__item">
+      <a href="../../python/libs/beautiful-soup.html" class="md-nav__link">
+        
+  
+  <span class="md-ellipsis">
+    Beatiful Soup
+  </span>
+  
+
+      </a>
+    </li>
+  
+
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+            
+          </ul>
+        </nav>
+      
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+  
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+        
+      
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+      
+    
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+      
+        
+          
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+    
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+    <li class="md-nav__item md-nav__item--section md-nav__item--nested">
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+  <span class="md-ellipsis">
+    .NET
+  </span>
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+      <a href="../../dotnet/csharp/linq.html" class="md-nav__link">
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+  
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+      <a href="../../dotnet/csharp/collections.html" class="md-nav__link">
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+    Collections
+  </span>
+  
+
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+      <a href="../../dotnet/csharp/reactive-extensions.html" class="md-nav__link">
+        
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+    Reactive Extensions
+  </span>
+  
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+            
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+      <a href="../../dotnet/csharp/async-programming.html" class="md-nav__link">
+        
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+    Async Programming
+  </span>
+  
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+    </li>
+  
+
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+            
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+                
+  
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+  
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+      <a href="../../dotnet/csharp/unit-tests.html" class="md-nav__link">
+        
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+  <span class="md-ellipsis">
+    Unit Tests
+  </span>
+  
+
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+    </li>
+  
+
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+          </ul>
+        </nav>
+      
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+  
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+            
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+                
+  
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+  
+  
+    
+    
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+        
+      
+        
+      
+        
+      
+        
+      
+        
+      
+        
+      
+        
+      
+    
+    
+      
+      
+        
+      
+    
+    
+    <li class="md-nav__item md-nav__item--nested">
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+            
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+  <span class="md-ellipsis">
+    ASP.NET
+  </span>
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+          </label>
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+  
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+    <li class="md-nav__item">
+      <a href="../../dotnet/asp.net/minimal-api.html" class="md-nav__link">
+        
+  
+  <span class="md-ellipsis">
+    Minimal API
+  </span>
+  
+
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+    </li>
+  
+
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+  
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+      <a href="../../dotnet/asp.net/filters.html" class="md-nav__link">
+        
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+  <span class="md-ellipsis">
+    FIlters
+  </span>
+  
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+    </li>
+  
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+    <li class="md-nav__item">
+      <a href="../../dotnet/asp.net/middleware.html" class="md-nav__link">
+        
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+  <span class="md-ellipsis">
+    Middleware
+  </span>
+  
+
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+    </li>
+  
+
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+  
+  
+  
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+    <li class="md-nav__item">
+      <a href="../../dotnet/asp.net/razor-syntax.html" class="md-nav__link">
+        
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+  <span class="md-ellipsis">
+    Razor Syntax
+  </span>
+  
+
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+    </li>
+  
+
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+    <li class="md-nav__item">
+      <a href="../../dotnet/asp.net/blazor.html" class="md-nav__link">
+        
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+  <span class="md-ellipsis">
+    Blazor
+  </span>
+  
+
+      </a>
+    </li>
+  
+
+              
+            
+              
+                
+  
+  
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+  
+    <li class="md-nav__item">
+      <a href="../../dotnet/asp.net/signalr.html" class="md-nav__link">
+        
+  
+  <span class="md-ellipsis">
+    SignalR
+  </span>
+  
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+
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+    <li class="md-nav__item">
+      <a href="../../dotnet/asp.net/web-forms.html" class="md-nav__link">
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+          <label class="md-nav__link" for="__nav_4_9_3" id="__nav_4_9_3_label" tabindex="0">
+            
+  
+  <span class="md-ellipsis">
+    Database
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+          </label>
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+            
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+    <li class="md-nav__item">
+      <a href="../../dotnet/database/ado.net.html" class="md-nav__link">
+        
+  
+  <span class="md-ellipsis">
+    ADO.NET
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+  
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+
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+    <li class="md-nav__item">
+      <a href="../../dotnet/database/entity-framework.html" class="md-nav__link">
+        
+  
+  <span class="md-ellipsis">
+    Entity Framework
+  </span>
+  
+
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+    </li>
+  
+
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+          </ul>
+        </nav>
+      
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+  
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+  
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+  
+    
+    
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+        
+      
+        
+      
+        
+      
+        
+      
+    
+    
+      
+      
+        
+          
+          
+        
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+    
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+        <input class="md-nav__toggle md-toggle " type="checkbox" id="__nav_4_10" >
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+          <label class="md-nav__link" for="__nav_4_10" id="__nav_4_10_label" tabindex="">
+            
+  
+  <span class="md-ellipsis">
+    Java
+  </span>
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+          </label>
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+        <nav class="md-nav" data-md-level="2" aria-labelledby="__nav_4_10_label" aria-expanded="false">
+          <label class="md-nav__title" for="__nav_4_10">
+            <span class="md-nav__icon md-icon"></span>
+            Java
+          </label>
+          <ul class="md-nav__list" data-md-scrollfix>
+            
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+                
+  
+  
+  
+  
+    <li class="md-nav__item">
+      <a href="../../java/java.html" class="md-nav__link">
+        
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+  <span class="md-ellipsis">
+    Java
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+            
+              
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+  
+  
+  
+  
+    <li class="md-nav__item">
+      <a href="../../java/java-collection-framework.html" class="md-nav__link">
+        
+  
+  <span class="md-ellipsis">
+    Java Collection Framework
+  </span>
+  
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+    </li>
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+
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+              
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+  
+  
+  
+  
+    <li class="md-nav__item">
+      <a href="../../java/dao.html" class="md-nav__link">
+        
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+  <span class="md-ellipsis">
+    DAO
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+
+              
+            
+              
+                
+  
+  
+  
+  
+    
+    
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+    <li class="md-nav__item">
+      <a href="../../java/web/servlet.html" class="md-nav__link">
+        
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+  <span class="md-ellipsis">
+    Serverlet
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+    </li>
+  
+
+              
+            
+              
+                
+  
+  
+  
+  
+    
+    
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+    
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+            
+  
+  <span class="md-ellipsis">
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+  </span>
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+        <nav class="md-nav" data-md-level="4" aria-labelledby="__nav_4_10_4_2_label" aria-expanded="false">
+          <label class="md-nav__title" for="__nav_4_10_4_2">
+            <span class="md-nav__icon md-icon"></span>
+            Spring
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+          <ul class="md-nav__list" data-md-scrollfix>
+            
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+                
+  
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+    <li class="md-nav__item">
+      <a href="../../java/spring/pom.xml.html" class="md-nav__link">
+        
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+  <span class="md-ellipsis">
+    POM
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+  
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+    <li class="md-nav__item">
+      <a href="../../java/spring/spring-project.html" class="md-nav__link">
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+  <span class="md-ellipsis">
+    Project Structure
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+                
+  
+  
+    
+  
+  
+  
+    
+    
+      
+        
+      
+        
+      
+        
+      
+        
+      
+        
+      
+        
+      
+        
+      
+        
+      
+        
+      
+    
+    
+      
+      
+        
+          
+          
+        
+      
+    
+    
+    <li class="md-nav__item md-nav__item--active md-nav__item--section md-nav__item--nested">
+      
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+        <input class="md-nav__toggle md-toggle " type="checkbox" id="__nav_4_11" checked>
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+          <label class="md-nav__link" for="__nav_4_11" id="__nav_4_11_label" tabindex="">
+            
+  
+  <span class="md-ellipsis">
+    PHP
+  </span>
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+          </label>
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+        <nav class="md-nav" data-md-level="2" aria-labelledby="__nav_4_11_label" aria-expanded="true">
+          <label class="md-nav__title" for="__nav_4_11">
+            <span class="md-nav__icon md-icon"></span>
+            PHP
+          </label>
+          <ul class="md-nav__list" data-md-scrollfix>
+            
+              
+                
+  
+  
+  
+  
+    <li class="md-nav__item">
+      <a href="../php.html" class="md-nav__link">
+        
+  
+  <span class="md-ellipsis">
+    PHP
+  </span>
+  
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+              
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+  
+  
+  
+  
+    <li class="md-nav__item">
+      <a href="../database.html" class="md-nav__link">
+        
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+  <span class="md-ellipsis">
+    Database
+  </span>
+  
+
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+    </li>
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+                
+  
+  
+  
+  
+    <li class="md-nav__item">
+      <a href="../web.html" class="md-nav__link">
+        
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+  <span class="md-ellipsis">
+    Web
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+  
+  
+  
+  
+    <li class="md-nav__item">
+      <a href="../dependency-injection.html" class="md-nav__link">
+        
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+  <span class="md-ellipsis">
+    Dependency Injection
+  </span>
+  
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+
+              
+            
+              
+                
+  
+  
+  
+  
+    <li class="md-nav__item">
+      <a href="../unit-tests.html" class="md-nav__link">
+        
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+    Unit Tests
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+  
+  
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+    <li class="md-nav__item">
+      <a href="../composer.html" class="md-nav__link">
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+    Composer
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+
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+              
+                
+  
+  
+  
+  
+    <li class="md-nav__item">
+      <a href="../psr-7.html" class="md-nav__link">
+        
+  
+  <span class="md-ellipsis">
+    PSR 7
+  </span>
+  
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+    </li>
+  
+
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+              
+                
+  
+  
+  
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+    <li class="md-nav__item">
+      <a href="../plates-templating.html" class="md-nav__link">
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+    Plates
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+
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+              
+                
+  
+  
+    
+  
+  
+  
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+        
+      
+        
+      
+    
+    
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+      
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+          <label class="md-nav__link" for="__nav_4_11_9" id="__nav_4_11_9_label" tabindex="0">
+            
+  
+  <span class="md-ellipsis">
+    Simple MVC
+  </span>
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+
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+        <nav class="md-nav" data-md-level="3" aria-labelledby="__nav_4_11_9_label" aria-expanded="true">
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+          </label>
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+  
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+          
+  
+  <span class="md-ellipsis">
+    Simple MVC
+  </span>
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+      <a href="simple-mvc.html" class="md-nav__link md-nav__link--active">
+        
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+  <span class="md-ellipsis">
+    Simple MVC
+  </span>
+  
+
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+      
+        
+
+<nav class="md-nav md-nav--secondary" aria-label="Table of contents">
+  
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+      <span class="md-nav__icon md-icon"></span>
+      Table of contents
+    </label>
+    <ul class="md-nav__list" data-md-component="toc" data-md-scrollfix>
+      
+        <li class="md-nav__item">
+  <a href="#installation" class="md-nav__link">
+    <span class="md-ellipsis">
+      Installation
+    </span>
+  </a>
+  
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+      
+        <li class="md-nav__item">
+  <a href="#structure" class="md-nav__link">
+    <span class="md-ellipsis">
+      Structure
+    </span>
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+  <a href="#routephp" class="md-nav__link">
+    <span class="md-ellipsis">
+      route.php
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+  <a href="#containerphp" class="md-nav__link">
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+  <a href="#controllerinterfacephp" class="md-nav__link">
+    <span class="md-ellipsis">
+      ControllerInterface.php
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+    <li class="md-nav__item">
+      <a href="rest-api.html" class="md-nav__link">
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+        
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+          
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+    
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+            
+  
+  <span class="md-ellipsis">
+    Rust
+  </span>
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+        <nav class="md-nav" data-md-level="2" aria-labelledby="__nav_4_12_label" aria-expanded="false">
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+            <span class="md-nav__icon md-icon"></span>
+            Rust
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+            
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+    <li class="md-nav__item">
+      <a href="../../rust/rust.html" class="md-nav__link">
+        
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+  <span class="md-ellipsis">
+    Rust
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+              
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+    <li class="md-nav__item">
+      <a href="../../rust/macros.html" class="md-nav__link">
+        
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+  <span class="md-ellipsis">
+    Macros
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+    <li class="md-nav__item">
+      <a href="../../rust/cargo.html" class="md-nav__link">
+        
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+  <span class="md-ellipsis">
+    Cargo
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+
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+    <li class="md-nav__item">
+      <a href="../../rust/concurrency.html" class="md-nav__link">
+        
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+  <span class="md-ellipsis">
+    Concurrency
+  </span>
+  
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+    <li class="md-nav__item">
+      <a href="../../rust/unit-tests.html" class="md-nav__link">
+        
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+  <span class="md-ellipsis">
+    Unit Tests
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+  
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+    
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+        
+      
+        
+      
+        
+      
+        
+      
+        
+      
+        
+      
+        
+      
+    
+    
+      
+      
+        
+          
+          
+        
+      
+    
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+    <li class="md-nav__item md-nav__item--section md-nav__item--nested">
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+          <label class="md-nav__link" for="__nav_4_13" id="__nav_4_13_label" tabindex="">
+            
+  
+  <span class="md-ellipsis">
+    Javascript
+  </span>
+  
+
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+          </label>
+        
+        <nav class="md-nav" data-md-level="2" aria-labelledby="__nav_4_13_label" aria-expanded="false">
+          <label class="md-nav__title" for="__nav_4_13">
+            <span class="md-nav__icon md-icon"></span>
+            Javascript
+          </label>
+          <ul class="md-nav__list" data-md-scrollfix>
+            
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+                
+  
+  
+  
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+    <li class="md-nav__item">
+      <a href="../../javascript/javascript.html" class="md-nav__link">
+        
+  
+  <span class="md-ellipsis">
+    Javascript
+  </span>
+  
+
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+    </li>
+  
+
+              
+            
+              
+                
+  
+  
+  
+  
+    <li class="md-nav__item">
+      <a href="../../javascript/dom.html" class="md-nav__link">
+        
+  
+  <span class="md-ellipsis">
+    DOM
+  </span>
+  
+
+      </a>
+    </li>
+  
+
+              
+            
+              
+                
+  
+  
+  
+  
+    <li class="md-nav__item">
+      <a href="../../javascript/events-animation.html" class="md-nav__link">
+        
+  
+  <span class="md-ellipsis">
+    Events & Animation
+  </span>
+  
+
+      </a>
+    </li>
+  
+
+              
+            
+              
+                
+  
+  
+  
+  
+    <li class="md-nav__item">
+      <a href="../../javascript/ajax.html" class="md-nav__link">
+        
+  
+  <span class="md-ellipsis">
+    AJAX
+  </span>
+  
+
+      </a>
+    </li>
+  
+
+              
+            
+              
+                
+  
+  
+  
+  
+    <li class="md-nav__item">
+      <a href="../../javascript/jquery.html" class="md-nav__link">
+        
+  
+  <span class="md-ellipsis">
+    jQuery
+  </span>
+  
+
+      </a>
+    </li>
+  
+
+              
+            
+              
+                
+  
+  
+  
+  
+    
+    
+      
+        
+      
+        
+      
+        
+      
+        
+      
+        
+      
+    
+    
+      
+      
+        
+      
+    
+    
+    <li class="md-nav__item md-nav__item--nested">
+      
+        
+        
+        <input class="md-nav__toggle md-toggle " type="checkbox" id="__nav_4_13_6" >
+        
+          
+          <label class="md-nav__link" for="__nav_4_13_6" id="__nav_4_13_6_label" tabindex="0">
+            
+  
+  <span class="md-ellipsis">
+    React
+  </span>
+  
+
+            <span class="md-nav__icon md-icon"></span>
+          </label>
+        
+        <nav class="md-nav" data-md-level="3" aria-labelledby="__nav_4_13_6_label" aria-expanded="false">
+          <label class="md-nav__title" for="__nav_4_13_6">
+            <span class="md-nav__icon md-icon"></span>
+            React
+          </label>
+          <ul class="md-nav__list" data-md-scrollfix>
+            
+              
+                
+  
+  
+  
+  
+    <li class="md-nav__item">
+      <a href="../../javascript/react/react.html" class="md-nav__link">
+        
+  
+  <span class="md-ellipsis">
+    React
+  </span>
+  
+
+      </a>
+    </li>
+  
+
+              
+            
+              
+                
+  
+  
+  
+  
+    <li class="md-nav__item">
+      <a href="../../javascript/react/react-router.html" class="md-nav__link">
+        
+  
+  <span class="md-ellipsis">
+    React Router
+  </span>
+  
+
+      </a>
+    </li>
+  
+
+              
+            
+              
+                
+  
+  
+  
+  
+    <li class="md-nav__item">
+      <a href="../../javascript/react/react-tests.html" class="md-nav__link">
+        
+  
+  <span class="md-ellipsis">
+    React Tests
+  </span>
+  
+
+      </a>
+    </li>
+  
+
+              
+            
+              
+                
+  
+  
+  
+  
+    <li class="md-nav__item">
+      <a href="../../javascript/react/redux.html" class="md-nav__link">
+        
+  
+  <span class="md-ellipsis">
+    Redux
+  </span>
+  
+
+      </a>
+    </li>
+  
+
+              
+            
+              
+                
+  
+  
+  
+  
+    <li class="md-nav__item">
+      <a href="../../javascript/react/redux-tests.html" class="md-nav__link">
+        
+  
+  <span class="md-ellipsis">
+    Redux Tests
+  </span>
+  
+
+      </a>
+    </li>
+  
+
+              
+            
+          </ul>
+        </nav>
+      
+    </li>
+  
+
+              
+            
+              
+                
+  
+  
+  
+  
+    <li class="md-nav__item">
+      <a href="../../javascript/svelte/svelte.html" class="md-nav__link">
+        
+  
+  <span class="md-ellipsis">
+    Svelte
+  </span>
+  
+
+      </a>
+    </li>
+  
+
+              
+            
+          </ul>
+        </nav>
+      
+    </li>
+  
+
+              
+            
+              
+                
+  
+  
+  
+  
+    
+    
+      
+        
+      
+        
+      
+    
+    
+      
+      
+        
+          
+          
+        
+      
+    
+    
+    <li class="md-nav__item md-nav__item--section md-nav__item--nested">
+      
+        
+        
+        <input class="md-nav__toggle md-toggle " type="checkbox" id="__nav_4_14" >
+        
+          
+          <label class="md-nav__link" for="__nav_4_14" id="__nav_4_14_label" tabindex="">
+            
+  
+  <span class="md-ellipsis">
+    PowerShell
+  </span>
+  
+
+            <span class="md-nav__icon md-icon"></span>
+          </label>
+        
+        <nav class="md-nav" data-md-level="2" aria-labelledby="__nav_4_14_label" aria-expanded="false">
+          <label class="md-nav__title" for="__nav_4_14">
+            <span class="md-nav__icon md-icon"></span>
+            PowerShell
+          </label>
+          <ul class="md-nav__list" data-md-scrollfix>
+            
+              
+                
+  
+  
+  
+  
+    <li class="md-nav__item">
+      <a href="../../powershell/scripting.html" class="md-nav__link">
+        
+  
+  <span class="md-ellipsis">
+    Scripting
+  </span>
+  
+
+      </a>
+    </li>
+  
+
+              
+            
+              
+                
+  
+  
+  
+  
+    <li class="md-nav__item">
+      <a href="../../powershell/commands.html" class="md-nav__link">
+        
+  
+  <span class="md-ellipsis">
+    Commands
+  </span>
+  
+
+      </a>
+    </li>
+  
+
+              
+            
+          </ul>
+        </nav>
+      
+    </li>
+  
+
+              
+            
+              
+                
+  
+  
+  
+  
+    
+    
+      
+        
+      
+        
+      
+    
+    
+      
+      
+        
+          
+          
+        
+      
+    
+    
+    <li class="md-nav__item md-nav__item--section md-nav__item--nested">
+      
+        
+        
+        <input class="md-nav__toggle md-toggle " type="checkbox" id="__nav_4_15" >
+        
+          
+          <label class="md-nav__link" for="__nav_4_15" id="__nav_4_15_label" tabindex="">
+            
+  
+  <span class="md-ellipsis">
+    Bash
+  </span>
+  
+
+            <span class="md-nav__icon md-icon"></span>
+          </label>
+        
+        <nav class="md-nav" data-md-level="2" aria-labelledby="__nav_4_15_label" aria-expanded="false">
+          <label class="md-nav__title" for="__nav_4_15">
+            <span class="md-nav__icon md-icon"></span>
+            Bash
+          </label>
+          <ul class="md-nav__list" data-md-scrollfix>
+            
+              
+                
+  
+  
+  
+  
+    <li class="md-nav__item">
+      <a href="../../bash/scripting.html" class="md-nav__link">
+        
+  
+  <span class="md-ellipsis">
+    Scripting
+  </span>
+  
+
+      </a>
+    </li>
+  
+
+              
+            
+              
+                
+  
+  
+  
+  
+    <li class="md-nav__item">
+      <a href="../../bash/commands.html" class="md-nav__link">
+        
+  
+  <span class="md-ellipsis">
+    Commands
+  </span>
+  
+
+      </a>
+    </li>
+  
+
+              
+            
+          </ul>
+        </nav>
+      
+    </li>
+  
+
+              
+            
+          </ul>
+        </nav>
+      
+    </li>
+  
+
+    
+      
+      
+  
+  
+  
+  
+    
+    
+      
+        
+      
+        
+      
+        
+      
+        
+      
+        
+      
+    
+    
+      
+      
+        
+      
+    
+    
+    <li class="md-nav__item md-nav__item--nested">
+      
+        
+        
+        <input class="md-nav__toggle md-toggle " type="checkbox" id="__nav_5" >
+        
+          
+          <label class="md-nav__link" for="__nav_5" id="__nav_5_label" tabindex="0">
+            
+  
+  <span class="md-ellipsis">
+    Misc
+  </span>
+  
+
+            <span class="md-nav__icon md-icon"></span>
+          </label>
+        
+        <nav class="md-nav" data-md-level="1" aria-labelledby="__nav_5_label" aria-expanded="false">
+          <label class="md-nav__title" for="__nav_5">
+            <span class="md-nav__icon md-icon"></span>
+            Misc
+          </label>
+          <ul class="md-nav__list" data-md-scrollfix>
+            
+              
+                
+  
+  
+  
+  
+    <li class="md-nav__item">
+      <a href="../../../misc/git.html" class="md-nav__link">
+        
+  
+  <span class="md-ellipsis">
+    Git
+  </span>
+  
+
+      </a>
+    </li>
+  
+
+              
+            
+              
+                
+  
+  
+  
+  
+    <li class="md-nav__item">
+      <a href="../../../misc/graph-ql.html" class="md-nav__link">
+        
+  
+  <span class="md-ellipsis">
+    GraphQL
+  </span>
+  
+
+      </a>
+    </li>
+  
+
+              
+            
+              
+                
+  
+  
+  
+  
+    <li class="md-nav__item">
+      <a href="../../../misc/regular-expressions.html" class="md-nav__link">
+        
+  
+  <span class="md-ellipsis">
+    RegEx
+  </span>
+  
+
+      </a>
+    </li>
+  
+
+              
+            
+              
+                
+  
+  
+  
+  
+    <li class="md-nav__item">
+      <a href="../../../misc/ssh.html" class="md-nav__link">
+        
+  
+  <span class="md-ellipsis">
+    SSH
+  </span>
+  
+
+      </a>
+    </li>
+  
+
+              
+            
+              
+                
+  
+  
+  
+  
+    <li class="md-nav__item">
+      <a href="../../../misc/web-components.html" class="md-nav__link">
+        
+  
+  <span class="md-ellipsis">
+    WebComponents
+  </span>
+  
+
+      </a>
+    </li>
+  
+
+              
+            
+          </ul>
+        </nav>
+      
+    </li>
+  
+
+    
+      
+      
+  
+  
+  
+  
+    
+    
+      
+        
+      
+        
+      
+    
+    
+      
+      
+        
+      
+    
+    
+    <li class="md-nav__item md-nav__item--nested">
+      
+        
+        
+        <input class="md-nav__toggle md-toggle " type="checkbox" id="__nav_6" >
+        
+          
+          <label class="md-nav__link" for="__nav_6" id="__nav_6_label" tabindex="0">
+            
+  
+  <span class="md-ellipsis">
+    Linux
+  </span>
+  
+
+            <span class="md-nav__icon md-icon"></span>
+          </label>
+        
+        <nav class="md-nav" data-md-level="1" aria-labelledby="__nav_6_label" aria-expanded="false">
+          <label class="md-nav__title" for="__nav_6">
+            <span class="md-nav__icon md-icon"></span>
+            Linux
+          </label>
+          <ul class="md-nav__list" data-md-scrollfix>
+            
+              
+                
+  
+  
+  
+  
+    
+    
+      
+        
+      
+        
+      
+        
+      
+    
+    
+      
+      
+        
+      
+    
+    
+    <li class="md-nav__item md-nav__item--nested">
+      
+        
+        
+        <input class="md-nav__toggle md-toggle " type="checkbox" id="__nav_6_1" >
+        
+          
+          <label class="md-nav__link" for="__nav_6_1" id="__nav_6_1_label" tabindex="0">
+            
+  
+  <span class="md-ellipsis">
+    Filesystem
+  </span>
+  
+
+            <span class="md-nav__icon md-icon"></span>
+          </label>
+        
+        <nav class="md-nav" data-md-level="2" aria-labelledby="__nav_6_1_label" aria-expanded="false">
+          <label class="md-nav__title" for="__nav_6_1">
+            <span class="md-nav__icon md-icon"></span>
+            Filesystem
+          </label>
+          <ul class="md-nav__list" data-md-scrollfix>
+            
+              
+                
+  
+  
+  
+  
+    <li class="md-nav__item">
+      <a href="../../../linux/filesystem/file-links.html" class="md-nav__link">
+        
+  
+  <span class="md-ellipsis">
+    File Links
+  </span>
+  
+
+      </a>
+    </li>
+  
+
+              
+            
+              
+                
+  
+  
+  
+  
+    <li class="md-nav__item">
+      <a href="../../../linux/filesystem/procfs.html" class="md-nav__link">
+        
+  
+  <span class="md-ellipsis">
+    /proc
+  </span>
+  
+
+      </a>
+    </li>
+  
+
+              
+            
+              
+                
+  
+  
+  
+  
+    <li class="md-nav__item">
+      <a href="../../../linux/filesystem/sysfs.html" class="md-nav__link">
+        
+  
+  <span class="md-ellipsis">
+    /sys
+  </span>
+  
+
+      </a>
+    </li>
+  
+
+              
+            
+          </ul>
+        </nav>
+      
+    </li>
+  
+
+              
+            
+              
+                
+  
+  
+  
+  
+    
+    
+      
+        
+      
+        
+      
+    
+    
+      
+      
+        
+      
+    
+    
+    <li class="md-nav__item md-nav__item--nested">
+      
+        
+        
+        <input class="md-nav__toggle md-toggle " type="checkbox" id="__nav_6_2" >
+        
+          
+          <label class="md-nav__link" for="__nav_6_2" id="__nav_6_2_label" tabindex="0">
+            
+  
+  <span class="md-ellipsis">
+    System Init
+  </span>
+  
+
+            <span class="md-nav__icon md-icon"></span>
+          </label>
+        
+        <nav class="md-nav" data-md-level="2" aria-labelledby="__nav_6_2_label" aria-expanded="false">
+          <label class="md-nav__title" for="__nav_6_2">
+            <span class="md-nav__icon md-icon"></span>
+            System Init
+          </label>
+          <ul class="md-nav__list" data-md-scrollfix>
+            
+              
+                
+  
+  
+  
+  
+    <li class="md-nav__item">
+      <a href="../../../linux/init/systemd.html" class="md-nav__link">
+        
+  
+  <span class="md-ellipsis">
+    Systemd
+  </span>
+  
+
+      </a>
+    </li>
+  
+
+              
+            
+              
+                
+  
+  
+  
+  
+    <li class="md-nav__item">
+      <a href="../../../linux/init/open-rc.html" class="md-nav__link">
+        
+  
+  <span class="md-ellipsis">
+    OpenRC
+  </span>
+  
+
+      </a>
+    </li>
+  
+
+              
+            
+          </ul>
+        </nav>
+      
+    </li>
+  
+
+              
+            
+          </ul>
+        </nav>
+      
+    </li>
+  
+
+    
+  </ul>
+</nav>
+                  </div>
+                </div>
+              </div>
+            
+            
+              
+              <div class="md-sidebar md-sidebar--secondary" data-md-component="sidebar" data-md-type="toc" >
+                <div class="md-sidebar__scrollwrap">
+                  <div class="md-sidebar__inner">
+                    
+
+<nav class="md-nav md-nav--secondary" aria-label="Table of contents">
+  
+  
+  
+    
+  
+  
+    <label class="md-nav__title" for="__toc">
+      <span class="md-nav__icon md-icon"></span>
+      Table of contents
+    </label>
+    <ul class="md-nav__list" data-md-component="toc" data-md-scrollfix>
+      
+        <li class="md-nav__item">
+  <a href="#installation" class="md-nav__link">
+    <span class="md-ellipsis">
+      Installation
+    </span>
+  </a>
+  
+</li>
+      
+        <li class="md-nav__item">
+  <a href="#structure" class="md-nav__link">
+    <span class="md-ellipsis">
+      Structure
+    </span>
+  </a>
+  
+    <nav class="md-nav" aria-label="Structure">
+      <ul class="md-nav__list">
+        
+          <li class="md-nav__item">
+  <a href="#indexphp" class="md-nav__link">
+    <span class="md-ellipsis">
+      index.php
+    </span>
+  </a>
+  
+</li>
+        
+          <li class="md-nav__item">
+  <a href="#routephp" class="md-nav__link">
+    <span class="md-ellipsis">
+      route.php
+    </span>
+  </a>
+  
+</li>
+        
+          <li class="md-nav__item">
+  <a href="#containerphp" class="md-nav__link">
+    <span class="md-ellipsis">
+      container.php
+    </span>
+  </a>
+  
+</li>
+        
+          <li class="md-nav__item">
+  <a href="#controllerinterfacephp" class="md-nav__link">
+    <span class="md-ellipsis">
+      ControllerInterface.php
+    </span>
+  </a>
+  
+</li>
+        
+      </ul>
+    </nav>
+  
+</li>
+      
+    </ul>
+  
+</nav>
+                  </div>
+                </div>
+              </div>
+            
+          
+          
+            <div class="md-content" data-md-component="content">
+              <article class="md-content__inner md-typeset">
+                
+                  
+
+  
+  
+
+
+<h1 id="simplemvc-mini-framework"><a href="https://github.com/ezimuel/simplemvc">SimpleMVC</a> Mini-Framework</h1>
+<p>SimpleMVC is a micro MVC framework for PHP using <a href="https://github.com/nikic/FastRoute">FastRoute</a>, <a href="https://php-di.org/">PHP-DI</a>, <a href="https://platesphp.com/">Plates</a> and <a href="https://php-di.org/">PHP-DI</a> standard for HTTP messages.</p>
+<p>This framework is mainly used as tutorial for introducing the Model-View-Controller architecture in modern PHP applications.</p>
+<h2 id="installation">Installation</h2>
+<div class="highlight"><table class="highlighttable"><tr><th colspan="2" class="filename"><span class="filename">PowerShell</span></th></tr><tr><td class="linenos"><div class="linenodiv"><pre><span></span><span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-0-1">1</a></span></pre></div></td><td class="code"><div><pre><span></span><code><a id="__codelineno-0-1" name="__codelineno-0-1"></a><span class="n">composer</span> <span class="n">create-project</span> <span class="n">ezimuel</span><span class="p">/</span><span class="n">simple-mvc</span>
+</code></pre></div></td></tr></table></div>
+<h2 id="structure">Structure</h2>
+<div class="highlight"><table class="highlighttable"><tr><th colspan="2" class="filename"><span class="filename">Text Only</span></th></tr><tr><td class="linenos"><div class="linenodiv"><pre><span></span><span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-1-1"> 1</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-1-2"> 2</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-1-3"> 3</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-1-4"> 4</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-1-5"> 5</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-1-6"> 6</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-1-7"> 7</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-1-8"> 8</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-1-9"> 9</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-1-10">10</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-1-11">11</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-1-12">12</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-1-13">13</a></span></pre></div></td><td class="code"><div><pre><span></span><code><a id="__codelineno-1-1" name="__codelineno-1-1"></a>|- config
+<a id="__codelineno-1-2" name="__codelineno-1-2"></a>|  |- container.php --&gt; DI Container Config (PHP-DI)
+<a id="__codelineno-1-3" name="__codelineno-1-3"></a>|  |- route.php --&gt; routing
+<a id="__codelineno-1-4" name="__codelineno-1-4"></a>|- public
+<a id="__codelineno-1-5" name="__codelineno-1-5"></a>|  |- img
+<a id="__codelineno-1-6" name="__codelineno-1-6"></a>|  |- index.php  --&gt; app entry-point
+<a id="__codelineno-1-7" name="__codelineno-1-7"></a>|- src
+<a id="__codelineno-1-8" name="__codelineno-1-8"></a>|  |- Model
+<a id="__codelineno-1-9" name="__codelineno-1-9"></a>|  |- View  --&gt; Plates views
+<a id="__codelineno-1-10" name="__codelineno-1-10"></a>|  |- Controller  --&gt; ControllerInterface.php
+<a id="__codelineno-1-11" name="__codelineno-1-11"></a>|- test
+<a id="__codelineno-1-12" name="__codelineno-1-12"></a>|  |- Model
+<a id="__codelineno-1-13" name="__codelineno-1-13"></a>|  |- Controller
+</code></pre></div></td></tr></table></div>
+<h3 id="indexphp"><code>index.php</code></h3>
+<div class="highlight"><table class="highlighttable"><tr><th colspan="2" class="filename"><span class="filename">PHP</span></th></tr><tr><td class="linenos"><div class="linenodiv"><pre><span></span><span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-2-1"> 1</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-2-2"> 2</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-2-3"> 3</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-2-4"> 4</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-2-5"> 5</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-2-6"> 6</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-2-7"> 7</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-2-8"> 8</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-2-9"> 9</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-2-10">10</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-2-11">11</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-2-12">12</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-2-13">13</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-2-14">14</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-2-15">15</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-2-16">16</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-2-17">17</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-2-18">18</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-2-19">19</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-2-20">20</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-2-21">21</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-2-22">22</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-2-23">23</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-2-24">24</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-2-25">25</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-2-26">26</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-2-27">27</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-2-28">28</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-2-29">29</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-2-30">30</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-2-31">31</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-2-32">32</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-2-33">33</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-2-34">34</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-2-35">35</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-2-36">36</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-2-37">37</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-2-38">38</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-2-39">39</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-2-40">40</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-2-41">41</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-2-42">42</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-2-43">43</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-2-44">44</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-2-45">45</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-2-46">46</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-2-47">47</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-2-48">48</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-2-49">49</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-2-50">50</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-2-51">51</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-2-52">52</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-2-53">53</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-2-54">54</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-2-55">55</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-2-56">56</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-2-57">57</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-2-58">58</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-2-59">59</a></span></pre></div></td><td class="code"><div><pre><span></span><code><a id="__codelineno-2-1" name="__codelineno-2-1"></a><span class="cp">&lt;?php</span>
+<a id="__codelineno-2-2" name="__codelineno-2-2"></a><span class="k">declare</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="nx">strict_types</span><span class="o">=</span><span class="mi">1</span><span class="p">);</span>
+<a id="__codelineno-2-3" name="__codelineno-2-3"></a>
+<a id="__codelineno-2-4" name="__codelineno-2-4"></a><span class="nb">chdir</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="nb">dirname</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="no">__DIR__</span><span class="p">));</span>
+<a id="__codelineno-2-5" name="__codelineno-2-5"></a><span class="k">require</span> <span class="s1">&#39;vendor/autoload.php&#39;</span><span class="p">;</span>
+<a id="__codelineno-2-6" name="__codelineno-2-6"></a>
+<a id="__codelineno-2-7" name="__codelineno-2-7"></a><span class="k">use</span> <span class="nx">DI\ContainerBuilder</span><span class="p">;</span>
+<a id="__codelineno-2-8" name="__codelineno-2-8"></a><span class="k">use</span> <span class="nx">FastRoute\Dispatcher</span><span class="p">;</span>
+<a id="__codelineno-2-9" name="__codelineno-2-9"></a><span class="k">use</span> <span class="nx">FastRoute\RouteCollector</span><span class="p">;</span>
+<a id="__codelineno-2-10" name="__codelineno-2-10"></a><span class="k">use</span> <span class="nx">Nyholm\Psr7\Factory\Psr17Factory</span><span class="p">;</span>
+<a id="__codelineno-2-11" name="__codelineno-2-11"></a><span class="k">use</span> <span class="nx">Nyholm\Psr7Server\ServerRequestCreator</span><span class="p">;</span>
+<a id="__codelineno-2-12" name="__codelineno-2-12"></a><span class="k">use</span> <span class="nx">SimpleMVC\Controller\Error404</span><span class="p">;</span>
+<a id="__codelineno-2-13" name="__codelineno-2-13"></a><span class="k">use</span> <span class="nx">SimpleMVC\Controller\Error405</span><span class="p">;</span>
+<a id="__codelineno-2-14" name="__codelineno-2-14"></a>
+<a id="__codelineno-2-15" name="__codelineno-2-15"></a><span class="nv">$builder</span> <span class="o">=</span> <span class="k">new</span> <span class="nx">ContainerBuilder</span><span class="p">();</span>
+<a id="__codelineno-2-16" name="__codelineno-2-16"></a><span class="nv">$builder</span><span class="o">-&gt;</span><span class="na">addDefinitions</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="s1">&#39;config/container.php&#39;</span><span class="p">);</span>
+<a id="__codelineno-2-17" name="__codelineno-2-17"></a><span class="nv">$container</span> <span class="o">=</span> <span class="nv">$builder</span><span class="o">-&gt;</span><span class="na">build</span><span class="p">();</span>
+<a id="__codelineno-2-18" name="__codelineno-2-18"></a>
+<a id="__codelineno-2-19" name="__codelineno-2-19"></a><span class="c1">// Routing</span>
+<a id="__codelineno-2-20" name="__codelineno-2-20"></a><span class="nv">$dispatcher</span> <span class="o">=</span> <span class="nx">FastRoute\simpleDispatcher</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="k">function</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="nx">RouteCollector</span> <span class="nv">$r</span><span class="p">)</span> <span class="p">{</span>
+<a id="__codelineno-2-21" name="__codelineno-2-21"></a>    <span class="nv">$routes</span> <span class="o">=</span> <span class="k">require</span> <span class="s1">&#39;config/route.php&#39;</span><span class="p">;</span>
+<a id="__codelineno-2-22" name="__codelineno-2-22"></a>    <span class="k">foreach</span> <span class="p">(</span><span class="nv">$routes</span> <span class="k">as</span> <span class="nv">$route</span><span class="p">)</span> <span class="p">{</span>
+<a id="__codelineno-2-23" name="__codelineno-2-23"></a>        <span class="nv">$r</span><span class="o">-&gt;</span><span class="na">addRoute</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="nv">$route</span><span class="p">[</span><span class="mi">0</span><span class="p">],</span> <span class="nv">$route</span><span class="p">[</span><span class="mi">1</span><span class="p">],</span> <span class="nv">$route</span><span class="p">[</span><span class="mi">2</span><span class="p">]);</span>
+<a id="__codelineno-2-24" name="__codelineno-2-24"></a>    <span class="p">}</span>
+<a id="__codelineno-2-25" name="__codelineno-2-25"></a><span class="p">});</span>
+<a id="__codelineno-2-26" name="__codelineno-2-26"></a>
+<a id="__codelineno-2-27" name="__codelineno-2-27"></a><span class="c1">// Build the PSR-7 server request</span>
+<a id="__codelineno-2-28" name="__codelineno-2-28"></a><span class="nv">$psr17Factory</span> <span class="o">=</span> <span class="k">new</span> <span class="nx">Psr17Factory</span><span class="p">();</span>
+<a id="__codelineno-2-29" name="__codelineno-2-29"></a><span class="nv">$creator</span> <span class="o">=</span> <span class="k">new</span> <span class="nx">ServerRequestCreator</span><span class="p">(</span>
+<a id="__codelineno-2-30" name="__codelineno-2-30"></a>    <span class="nv">$psr17Factory</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="c1">// ServerRequestFactory</span>
+<a id="__codelineno-2-31" name="__codelineno-2-31"></a>    <span class="nv">$psr17Factory</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="c1">// UriFactory</span>
+<a id="__codelineno-2-32" name="__codelineno-2-32"></a>    <span class="nv">$psr17Factory</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="c1">// UploadedFileFactory</span>
+<a id="__codelineno-2-33" name="__codelineno-2-33"></a>    <span class="nv">$psr17Factory</span>  <span class="c1">// StreamFactory</span>
+<a id="__codelineno-2-34" name="__codelineno-2-34"></a><span class="p">);</span>
+<a id="__codelineno-2-35" name="__codelineno-2-35"></a><span class="nv">$request</span> <span class="o">=</span> <span class="nv">$creator</span><span class="o">-&gt;</span><span class="na">fromGlobals</span><span class="p">();</span>
+<a id="__codelineno-2-36" name="__codelineno-2-36"></a>
+<a id="__codelineno-2-37" name="__codelineno-2-37"></a><span class="c1">// Dispatch </span>
+<a id="__codelineno-2-38" name="__codelineno-2-38"></a><span class="nv">$routeInfo</span> <span class="o">=</span> <span class="nv">$dispatcher</span><span class="o">-&gt;</span><span class="na">dispatch</span><span class="p">(</span>
+<a id="__codelineno-2-39" name="__codelineno-2-39"></a>    <span class="nv">$request</span><span class="o">-&gt;</span><span class="na">getMethod</span><span class="p">(),</span> 
+<a id="__codelineno-2-40" name="__codelineno-2-40"></a>    <span class="nv">$request</span><span class="o">-&gt;</span><span class="na">getUri</span><span class="p">()</span><span class="o">-&gt;</span><span class="na">getPath</span><span class="p">()</span>
+<a id="__codelineno-2-41" name="__codelineno-2-41"></a><span class="p">);</span>
+<a id="__codelineno-2-42" name="__codelineno-2-42"></a><span class="k">switch</span> <span class="p">(</span><span class="nv">$routeInfo</span><span class="p">[</span><span class="mi">0</span><span class="p">])</span> <span class="p">{</span>
+<a id="__codelineno-2-43" name="__codelineno-2-43"></a>    <span class="k">case</span> <span class="nx">Dispatcher</span><span class="o">::</span><span class="na">NOT_FOUND</span><span class="o">:</span>
+<a id="__codelineno-2-44" name="__codelineno-2-44"></a>        <span class="nv">$controllerName</span> <span class="o">=</span> <span class="nx">Error404</span><span class="o">::</span><span class="na">class</span><span class="p">;</span>
+<a id="__codelineno-2-45" name="__codelineno-2-45"></a>        <span class="k">break</span><span class="p">;</span>
+<a id="__codelineno-2-46" name="__codelineno-2-46"></a>    <span class="k">case</span> <span class="nx">Dispatcher</span><span class="o">::</span><span class="na">METHOD_NOT_ALLOWED</span><span class="o">:</span>
+<a id="__codelineno-2-47" name="__codelineno-2-47"></a>        <span class="nv">$controllerName</span> <span class="o">=</span> <span class="nx">Error405</span><span class="o">::</span><span class="na">class</span><span class="p">;</span>
+<a id="__codelineno-2-48" name="__codelineno-2-48"></a>        <span class="k">break</span><span class="p">;</span>
+<a id="__codelineno-2-49" name="__codelineno-2-49"></a>    <span class="k">case</span> <span class="nx">Dispatcher</span><span class="o">::</span><span class="na">FOUND</span><span class="o">:</span>
+<a id="__codelineno-2-50" name="__codelineno-2-50"></a>        <span class="nv">$controllerName</span> <span class="o">=</span> <span class="nv">$routeInfo</span><span class="p">[</span><span class="mi">1</span><span class="p">];</span>
+<a id="__codelineno-2-51" name="__codelineno-2-51"></a>        <span class="k">if</span> <span class="p">(</span><span class="nb">isset</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="nv">$routeInfo</span><span class="p">[</span><span class="mi">2</span><span class="p">]))</span> <span class="p">{</span>
+<a id="__codelineno-2-52" name="__codelineno-2-52"></a>            <span class="k">foreach</span> <span class="p">(</span><span class="nv">$routeInfo</span><span class="p">[</span><span class="mi">2</span><span class="p">]</span> <span class="k">as</span> <span class="nv">$name</span> <span class="o">=&gt;</span> <span class="nv">$value</span><span class="p">)</span> <span class="p">{</span>
+<a id="__codelineno-2-53" name="__codelineno-2-53"></a>                <span class="nv">$request</span> <span class="o">=</span> <span class="nv">$request</span><span class="o">-&gt;</span><span class="na">withAttribute</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="nv">$name</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="nv">$value</span><span class="p">);</span>
+<a id="__codelineno-2-54" name="__codelineno-2-54"></a>            <span class="p">}</span>
+<a id="__codelineno-2-55" name="__codelineno-2-55"></a>        <span class="p">}</span>
+<a id="__codelineno-2-56" name="__codelineno-2-56"></a>        <span class="k">break</span><span class="p">;</span>
+<a id="__codelineno-2-57" name="__codelineno-2-57"></a><span class="p">}</span>
+<a id="__codelineno-2-58" name="__codelineno-2-58"></a><span class="nv">$controller</span> <span class="o">=</span> <span class="nv">$container</span><span class="o">-&gt;</span><span class="na">get</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="nv">$controllerName</span><span class="p">);</span>
+<a id="__codelineno-2-59" name="__codelineno-2-59"></a><span class="nv">$controller</span><span class="o">-&gt;</span><span class="na">execute</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="nv">$request</span><span class="p">);</span>
+</code></pre></div></td></tr></table></div>
+<h3 id="routephp"><code>route.php</code></h3>
+<div class="highlight"><table class="highlighttable"><tr><th colspan="2" class="filename"><span class="filename">PHP</span></th></tr><tr><td class="linenos"><div class="linenodiv"><pre><span></span><span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-3-1">1</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-3-2">2</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-3-3">3</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-3-4">4</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-3-5">5</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-3-6">6</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-3-7">7</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-3-8">8</a></span></pre></div></td><td class="code"><div><pre><span></span><code><a id="__codelineno-3-1" name="__codelineno-3-1"></a><span class="cp">&lt;?php</span>
+<a id="__codelineno-3-2" name="__codelineno-3-2"></a><span class="k">use</span> <span class="nx">SimpleMVC\Controller</span><span class="p">;</span>
+<a id="__codelineno-3-3" name="__codelineno-3-3"></a>
+<a id="__codelineno-3-4" name="__codelineno-3-4"></a><span class="k">return</span> <span class="p">[</span>
+<a id="__codelineno-3-5" name="__codelineno-3-5"></a>    <span class="p">[</span> <span class="s1">&#39;GET&#39;</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="s1">&#39;/&#39;</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="nx">Controller\Home</span><span class="o">::</span><span class="na">class</span> <span class="p">],</span>
+<a id="__codelineno-3-6" name="__codelineno-3-6"></a>    <span class="p">[</span> <span class="s1">&#39;GET&#39;</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="s1">&#39;/hello[/{name}]&#39;</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="nx">Controller\Hello</span><span class="o">::</span><span class="na">class</span> <span class="p">],</span>
+<a id="__codelineno-3-7" name="__codelineno-3-7"></a>    <span class="p">[</span> <span class="s2">&quot;HTTP Verb&quot;</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="s2">&quot;/route[/optional]&quot;</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="nx">Controller\EndpointController</span><span class="o">::</span><span class="na">class</span> <span class="p">]</span>
+<a id="__codelineno-3-8" name="__codelineno-3-8"></a><span class="p">];</span>
+</code></pre></div></td></tr></table></div>
+<h3 id="containerphp"><code>container.php</code></h3>
+<div class="highlight"><table class="highlighttable"><tr><th colspan="2" class="filename"><span class="filename">PHP</span></th></tr><tr><td class="linenos"><div class="linenodiv"><pre><span></span><span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-4-1"> 1</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-4-2"> 2</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-4-3"> 3</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-4-4"> 4</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-4-5"> 5</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-4-6"> 6</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-4-7"> 7</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-4-8"> 8</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-4-9"> 9</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-4-10">10</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-4-11">11</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-4-12">12</a></span></pre></div></td><td class="code"><div><pre><span></span><code><a id="__codelineno-4-1" name="__codelineno-4-1"></a><span class="cp">&lt;?php</span>
+<a id="__codelineno-4-2" name="__codelineno-4-2"></a><span class="k">use</span> <span class="nx">League\Plates\Engine</span><span class="p">;</span>
+<a id="__codelineno-4-3" name="__codelineno-4-3"></a><span class="k">use</span> <span class="nx">Psr\Container\ContainerInterface</span><span class="p">;</span>
+<a id="__codelineno-4-4" name="__codelineno-4-4"></a>
+<a id="__codelineno-4-5" name="__codelineno-4-5"></a><span class="k">return</span> <span class="p">[</span>
+<a id="__codelineno-4-6" name="__codelineno-4-6"></a>    <span class="s1">&#39;view_path&#39;</span> <span class="o">=&gt;</span> <span class="s1">&#39;src/View&#39;</span><span class="p">,</span>
+<a id="__codelineno-4-7" name="__codelineno-4-7"></a>    <span class="nx">Engine</span><span class="o">::</span><span class="na">class</span> <span class="o">=&gt;</span> <span class="k">function</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="nx">ContainerInterface</span> <span class="nv">$c</span><span class="p">)</span> <span class="p">{</span>
+<a id="__codelineno-4-8" name="__codelineno-4-8"></a>        <span class="k">return</span> <span class="k">new</span> <span class="nx">Engine</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="nv">$c</span><span class="o">-&gt;</span><span class="na">get</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="s1">&#39;view_path&#39;</span><span class="p">));</span>
+<a id="__codelineno-4-9" name="__codelineno-4-9"></a>    <span class="p">}</span>
+<a id="__codelineno-4-10" name="__codelineno-4-10"></a>
+<a id="__codelineno-4-11" name="__codelineno-4-11"></a>    <span class="c1">// PHP-DI configs</span>
+<a id="__codelineno-4-12" name="__codelineno-4-12"></a><span class="p">];</span>
+</code></pre></div></td></tr></table></div>
+<h3 id="controllerinterfacephp"><code>ControllerInterface.php</code></h3>
+<p>Each controller <em>must</em> implement this interface.</p>
+<div class="highlight"><table class="highlighttable"><tr><th colspan="2" class="filename"><span class="filename">PHP</span></th></tr><tr><td class="linenos"><div class="linenodiv"><pre><span></span><span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-5-1"> 1</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-5-2"> 2</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-5-3"> 3</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-5-4"> 4</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-5-5"> 5</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-5-6"> 6</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-5-7"> 7</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-5-8"> 8</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-5-9"> 9</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-5-10">10</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-5-11">11</a></span></pre></div></td><td class="code"><div><pre><span></span><code><a id="__codelineno-5-1" name="__codelineno-5-1"></a><span class="cp">&lt;?php</span>
+<a id="__codelineno-5-2" name="__codelineno-5-2"></a><span class="k">declare</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="nx">strict_types</span><span class="o">=</span><span class="mi">1</span><span class="p">);</span>
+<a id="__codelineno-5-3" name="__codelineno-5-3"></a>
+<a id="__codelineno-5-4" name="__codelineno-5-4"></a><span class="k">namespace</span> <span class="nx">SimpleMVC\Controller</span><span class="p">;</span>
+<a id="__codelineno-5-5" name="__codelineno-5-5"></a>
+<a id="__codelineno-5-6" name="__codelineno-5-6"></a><span class="k">use</span> <span class="nx">Psr\Http\Message\ServerRequestInterface</span><span class="p">;</span>
+<a id="__codelineno-5-7" name="__codelineno-5-7"></a>
+<a id="__codelineno-5-8" name="__codelineno-5-8"></a><span class="k">interface</span> <span class="nx">ControllerInterface</span>
+<a id="__codelineno-5-9" name="__codelineno-5-9"></a><span class="p">{</span>
+<a id="__codelineno-5-10" name="__codelineno-5-10"></a>    <span class="k">public</span> <span class="k">function</span> <span class="nf">execute</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="nx">ServerRequestInterface</span> <span class="nv">$request</span><span class="p">);</span>
+<a id="__codelineno-5-11" name="__codelineno-5-11"></a><span class="p">}</span>
+</code></pre></div></td></tr></table></div>
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+            
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+  
+    <li class="md-nav__item">
+      <a href="../python/modules/argparse.html" class="md-nav__link">
+        
+  
+  <span class="md-ellipsis">
+    argparse
+  </span>
+  
+
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+    </li>
+  
+
+              
+            
+              
+                
+  
+  
+  
+  
+    <li class="md-nav__item">
+      <a href="../python/modules/collections.html" class="md-nav__link">
+        
+  
+  <span class="md-ellipsis">
+    collection
+  </span>
+  
+
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+    </li>
+  
+
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+            
+              
+                
+  
+  
+  
+  
+    <li class="md-nav__item">
+      <a href="../python/modules/csv.html" class="md-nav__link">
+        
+  
+  <span class="md-ellipsis">
+    csv
+  </span>
+  
+
+      </a>
+    </li>
+  
+
+              
+            
+              
+                
+  
+  
+  
+  
+    <li class="md-nav__item">
+      <a href="../python/modules/ftplib.html" class="md-nav__link">
+        
+  
+  <span class="md-ellipsis">
+    ftplib
+  </span>
+  
+
+      </a>
+    </li>
+  
+
+              
+            
+              
+                
+  
+  
+  
+  
+    <li class="md-nav__item">
+      <a href="../python/modules/itertools.html" class="md-nav__link">
+        
+  
+  <span class="md-ellipsis">
+    itertools
+  </span>
+  
+
+      </a>
+    </li>
+  
+
+              
+            
+              
+                
+  
+  
+  
+  
+    <li class="md-nav__item">
+      <a href="../python/modules/json.html" class="md-nav__link">
+        
+  
+  <span class="md-ellipsis">
+    json
+  </span>
+  
+
+      </a>
+    </li>
+  
+
+              
+            
+              
+                
+  
+  
+  
+  
+    <li class="md-nav__item">
+      <a href="../python/modules/logging.html" class="md-nav__link">
+        
+  
+  <span class="md-ellipsis">
+    logging
+  </span>
+  
+
+      </a>
+    </li>
+  
+
+              
+            
+              
+                
+  
+  
+  
+  
+    <li class="md-nav__item">
+      <a href="../python/modules/shutil.html" class="md-nav__link">
+        
+  
+  <span class="md-ellipsis">
+    shutil
+  </span>
+  
+
+      </a>
+    </li>
+  
+
+              
+            
+              
+                
+  
+  
+  
+  
+    <li class="md-nav__item">
+      <a href="../python/modules/smtplib.html" class="md-nav__link">
+        
+  
+  <span class="md-ellipsis">
+    smtplib
+  </span>
+  
+
+      </a>
+    </li>
+  
+
+              
+            
+              
+                
+  
+  
+  
+  
+    <li class="md-nav__item">
+      <a href="../python/modules/socket.html" class="md-nav__link">
+        
+  
+  <span class="md-ellipsis">
+    socket
+  </span>
+  
+
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+    </li>
+  
+
+              
+            
+              
+                
+  
+  
+  
+  
+    <li class="md-nav__item">
+      <a href="../python/modules/sqlite.html" class="md-nav__link">
+        
+  
+  <span class="md-ellipsis">
+    sqlite
+  </span>
+  
+
+      </a>
+    </li>
+  
+
+              
+            
+              
+                
+  
+  
+  
+  
+    <li class="md-nav__item">
+      <a href="../python/modules/time-datetime.html" class="md-nav__link">
+        
+  
+  <span class="md-ellipsis">
+    time & datetime
+  </span>
+  
+
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+    </li>
+  
+
+              
+            
+              
+                
+  
+  
+  
+  
+    <li class="md-nav__item">
+      <a href="../python/modules/unittest.html" class="md-nav__link">
+        
+  
+  <span class="md-ellipsis">
+    unittest
+  </span>
+  
+
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+    </li>
+  
+
+              
+            
+          </ul>
+        </nav>
+      
+    </li>
+  
+
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+            
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+  
+  
+  
+  
+    
+    
+      
+        
+      
+        
+      
+        
+      
+        
+      
+        
+      
+        
+      
+    
+    
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+      
+        
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+          </label>
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+  
+    <li class="md-nav__item">
+      <a href="../python/libs/tkinter.html" class="md-nav__link">
+        
+  
+  <span class="md-ellipsis">
+    TKinter
+  </span>
+  
+
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+    </li>
+  
+
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+            
+              
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+  
+  
+  
+  
+    <li class="md-nav__item">
+      <a href="../python/libs/numpy.html" class="md-nav__link">
+        
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+  <span class="md-ellipsis">
+    Numpy
+  </span>
+  
+
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+  
+  
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+    <li class="md-nav__item">
+      <a href="../python/libs/pandas.html" class="md-nav__link">
+        
+  
+  <span class="md-ellipsis">
+    Pandas
+  </span>
+  
+
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+    </li>
+  
+
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+            
+              
+                
+  
+  
+  
+  
+    <li class="md-nav__item">
+      <a href="../python/libs/seaborn.html" class="md-nav__link">
+        
+  
+  <span class="md-ellipsis">
+    Seaborn
+  </span>
+  
+
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+    </li>
+  
+
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+            
+              
+                
+  
+  
+  
+  
+    <li class="md-nav__item">
+      <a href="../python/libs/requests.html" class="md-nav__link">
+        
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+  <span class="md-ellipsis">
+    Requests
+  </span>
+  
+
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+
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+  
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+    <li class="md-nav__item">
+      <a href="../python/libs/beautiful-soup.html" class="md-nav__link">
+        
+  
+  <span class="md-ellipsis">
+    Beatiful Soup
+  </span>
+  
+
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+    </li>
+  
+
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+            
+          </ul>
+        </nav>
+      
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+  
+  
+    
+    
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+        
+      
+        
+      
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+      
+    
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+      
+        
+          
+          
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+    
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+          <label class="md-nav__link" for="__nav_4_9" id="__nav_4_9_label" tabindex="">
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+  <span class="md-ellipsis">
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+  </span>
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+          </label>
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+      <a href="../dotnet/csharp/csharp.html" class="md-nav__link">
+        
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+    C#
+  </span>
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+    <li class="md-nav__item">
+      <a href="../dotnet/csharp/linq.html" class="md-nav__link">
+        
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+  <span class="md-ellipsis">
+    Linq
+  </span>
+  
+
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+  
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+  
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+    <li class="md-nav__item">
+      <a href="../dotnet/csharp/collections.html" class="md-nav__link">
+        
+  
+  <span class="md-ellipsis">
+    Collections
+  </span>
+  
+
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+    </li>
+  
+
+              
+            
+              
+                
+  
+  
+  
+  
+    <li class="md-nav__item">
+      <a href="../dotnet/csharp/reactive-extensions.html" class="md-nav__link">
+        
+  
+  <span class="md-ellipsis">
+    Reactive Extensions
+  </span>
+  
+
+      </a>
+    </li>
+  
+
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+            
+              
+                
+  
+  
+  
+  
+    <li class="md-nav__item">
+      <a href="../dotnet/csharp/async-programming.html" class="md-nav__link">
+        
+  
+  <span class="md-ellipsis">
+    Async Programming
+  </span>
+  
+
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+    </li>
+  
+
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+            
+              
+                
+  
+  
+  
+  
+    <li class="md-nav__item">
+      <a href="../dotnet/csharp/unit-tests.html" class="md-nav__link">
+        
+  
+  <span class="md-ellipsis">
+    Unit Tests
+  </span>
+  
+
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+    </li>
+  
+
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+          </ul>
+        </nav>
+      
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+  
+
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+  
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+  
+  
+    
+    
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+        
+      
+        
+      
+        
+      
+        
+      
+        
+      
+        
+      
+        
+      
+    
+    
+      
+      
+        
+      
+    
+    
+    <li class="md-nav__item md-nav__item--nested">
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+            
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+  <span class="md-ellipsis">
+    ASP.NET
+  </span>
+  
+
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+        
+        <nav class="md-nav" data-md-level="3" aria-labelledby="__nav_4_9_2_label" aria-expanded="false">
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+            <span class="md-nav__icon md-icon"></span>
+            ASP.NET
+          </label>
+          <ul class="md-nav__list" data-md-scrollfix>
+            
+              
+                
+  
+  
+  
+  
+    <li class="md-nav__item">
+      <a href="../dotnet/asp.net/minimal-api.html" class="md-nav__link">
+        
+  
+  <span class="md-ellipsis">
+    Minimal API
+  </span>
+  
+
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+    </li>
+  
+
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+            
+              
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+  
+  
+  
+  
+    <li class="md-nav__item">
+      <a href="../dotnet/asp.net/filters.html" class="md-nav__link">
+        
+  
+  <span class="md-ellipsis">
+    FIlters
+  </span>
+  
+
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+    </li>
+  
+
+              
+            
+              
+                
+  
+  
+  
+  
+    <li class="md-nav__item">
+      <a href="../dotnet/asp.net/middleware.html" class="md-nav__link">
+        
+  
+  <span class="md-ellipsis">
+    Middleware
+  </span>
+  
+
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+    </li>
+  
+
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+            
+              
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+  
+  
+  
+  
+    <li class="md-nav__item">
+      <a href="../dotnet/asp.net/razor-syntax.html" class="md-nav__link">
+        
+  
+  <span class="md-ellipsis">
+    Razor Syntax
+  </span>
+  
+
+      </a>
+    </li>
+  
+
+              
+            
+              
+                
+  
+  
+  
+  
+    <li class="md-nav__item">
+      <a href="../dotnet/asp.net/blazor.html" class="md-nav__link">
+        
+  
+  <span class="md-ellipsis">
+    Blazor
+  </span>
+  
+
+      </a>
+    </li>
+  
+
+              
+            
+              
+                
+  
+  
+  
+  
+    <li class="md-nav__item">
+      <a href="../dotnet/asp.net/signalr.html" class="md-nav__link">
+        
+  
+  <span class="md-ellipsis">
+    SignalR
+  </span>
+  
+
+      </a>
+    </li>
+  
+
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+            
+              
+                
+  
+  
+  
+  
+    <li class="md-nav__item">
+      <a href="../dotnet/asp.net/web-forms.html" class="md-nav__link">
+        
+  
+  <span class="md-ellipsis">
+    Web Forms
+  </span>
+  
+
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+    </li>
+  
+
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+            
+          </ul>
+        </nav>
+      
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+  
+
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+  
+  
+  
+  
+    
+    
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+        
+      
+        
+      
+    
+    
+      
+      
+        
+      
+    
+    
+    <li class="md-nav__item md-nav__item--nested">
+      
+        
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+        <input class="md-nav__toggle md-toggle " type="checkbox" id="__nav_4_9_3" >
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+          <label class="md-nav__link" for="__nav_4_9_3" id="__nav_4_9_3_label" tabindex="0">
+            
+  
+  <span class="md-ellipsis">
+    Database
+  </span>
+  
+
+            <span class="md-nav__icon md-icon"></span>
+          </label>
+        
+        <nav class="md-nav" data-md-level="3" aria-labelledby="__nav_4_9_3_label" aria-expanded="false">
+          <label class="md-nav__title" for="__nav_4_9_3">
+            <span class="md-nav__icon md-icon"></span>
+            Database
+          </label>
+          <ul class="md-nav__list" data-md-scrollfix>
+            
+              
+                
+  
+  
+  
+  
+    <li class="md-nav__item">
+      <a href="../dotnet/database/ado.net.html" class="md-nav__link">
+        
+  
+  <span class="md-ellipsis">
+    ADO.NET
+  </span>
+  
+
+      </a>
+    </li>
+  
+
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+            
+              
+                
+  
+  
+  
+  
+    <li class="md-nav__item">
+      <a href="../dotnet/database/entity-framework.html" class="md-nav__link">
+        
+  
+  <span class="md-ellipsis">
+    Entity Framework
+  </span>
+  
+
+      </a>
+    </li>
+  
+
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+            
+          </ul>
+        </nav>
+      
+    </li>
+  
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+        </nav>
+      
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+  
+
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+                
+  
+  
+  
+  
+    
+    
+      
+        
+      
+        
+      
+        
+      
+        
+      
+    
+    
+      
+      
+        
+          
+          
+        
+      
+    
+    
+    <li class="md-nav__item md-nav__item--section md-nav__item--nested">
+      
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+        <input class="md-nav__toggle md-toggle " type="checkbox" id="__nav_4_10" >
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+          <label class="md-nav__link" for="__nav_4_10" id="__nav_4_10_label" tabindex="">
+            
+  
+  <span class="md-ellipsis">
+    Java
+  </span>
+  
+
+            <span class="md-nav__icon md-icon"></span>
+          </label>
+        
+        <nav class="md-nav" data-md-level="2" aria-labelledby="__nav_4_10_label" aria-expanded="false">
+          <label class="md-nav__title" for="__nav_4_10">
+            <span class="md-nav__icon md-icon"></span>
+            Java
+          </label>
+          <ul class="md-nav__list" data-md-scrollfix>
+            
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+  
+  
+    <li class="md-nav__item">
+      <a href="../java/java.html" class="md-nav__link">
+        
+  
+  <span class="md-ellipsis">
+    Java
+  </span>
+  
+
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+    </li>
+  
+
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+            
+              
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+  
+  
+  
+  
+    <li class="md-nav__item">
+      <a href="../java/java-collection-framework.html" class="md-nav__link">
+        
+  
+  <span class="md-ellipsis">
+    Java Collection Framework
+  </span>
+  
+
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+    </li>
+  
+
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+            
+              
+                
+  
+  
+  
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+    <li class="md-nav__item">
+      <a href="../java/dao.html" class="md-nav__link">
+        
+  
+  <span class="md-ellipsis">
+    DAO
+  </span>
+  
+
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+    </li>
+  
+
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+            
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+                
+  
+  
+  
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+    
+    
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+    Web
+  </span>
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+          </label>
+        
+        <nav class="md-nav" data-md-level="3" aria-labelledby="__nav_4_10_4_label" aria-expanded="false">
+          <label class="md-nav__title" for="__nav_4_10_4">
+            <span class="md-nav__icon md-icon"></span>
+            Web
+          </label>
+          <ul class="md-nav__list" data-md-scrollfix>
+            
+              
+                
+  
+  
+  
+  
+    <li class="md-nav__item">
+      <a href="../java/web/servlet.html" class="md-nav__link">
+        
+  
+  <span class="md-ellipsis">
+    Serverlet
+  </span>
+  
+
+      </a>
+    </li>
+  
+
+              
+            
+              
+                
+  
+  
+  
+  
+    
+    
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+            
+  
+  <span class="md-ellipsis">
+    Spring
+  </span>
+  
+
+            <span class="md-nav__icon md-icon"></span>
+          </label>
+        
+        <nav class="md-nav" data-md-level="4" aria-labelledby="__nav_4_10_4_2_label" aria-expanded="false">
+          <label class="md-nav__title" for="__nav_4_10_4_2">
+            <span class="md-nav__icon md-icon"></span>
+            Spring
+          </label>
+          <ul class="md-nav__list" data-md-scrollfix>
+            
+              
+                
+  
+  
+  
+  
+    <li class="md-nav__item">
+      <a href="../java/spring/pom.xml.html" class="md-nav__link">
+        
+  
+  <span class="md-ellipsis">
+    POM
+  </span>
+  
+
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+    </li>
+  
+
+              
+            
+              
+                
+  
+  
+  
+  
+    <li class="md-nav__item">
+      <a href="../java/spring/spring-project.html" class="md-nav__link">
+        
+  
+  <span class="md-ellipsis">
+    Project Structure
+  </span>
+  
+
+      </a>
+    </li>
+  
+
+              
+            
+          </ul>
+        </nav>
+      
+    </li>
+  
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+
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+  
+  
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+  
+  
+  
+    
+    
+      
+        
+      
+        
+      
+        
+      
+        
+      
+        
+      
+        
+      
+        
+      
+        
+      
+        
+      
+    
+    
+      
+      
+        
+          
+          
+        
+      
+    
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+    <li class="md-nav__item md-nav__item--active md-nav__item--section md-nav__item--nested">
+      
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+        <input class="md-nav__toggle md-toggle " type="checkbox" id="__nav_4_11" checked>
+        
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+          <label class="md-nav__link" for="__nav_4_11" id="__nav_4_11_label" tabindex="">
+            
+  
+  <span class="md-ellipsis">
+    PHP
+  </span>
+  
+
+            <span class="md-nav__icon md-icon"></span>
+          </label>
+        
+        <nav class="md-nav" data-md-level="2" aria-labelledby="__nav_4_11_label" aria-expanded="true">
+          <label class="md-nav__title" for="__nav_4_11">
+            <span class="md-nav__icon md-icon"></span>
+            PHP
+          </label>
+          <ul class="md-nav__list" data-md-scrollfix>
+            
+              
+                
+  
+  
+  
+  
+    <li class="md-nav__item">
+      <a href="php.html" class="md-nav__link">
+        
+  
+  <span class="md-ellipsis">
+    PHP
+  </span>
+  
+
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+    </li>
+  
+
+              
+            
+              
+                
+  
+  
+  
+  
+    <li class="md-nav__item">
+      <a href="database.html" class="md-nav__link">
+        
+  
+  <span class="md-ellipsis">
+    Database
+  </span>
+  
+
+      </a>
+    </li>
+  
+
+              
+            
+              
+                
+  
+  
+  
+  
+    <li class="md-nav__item">
+      <a href="web.html" class="md-nav__link">
+        
+  
+  <span class="md-ellipsis">
+    Web
+  </span>
+  
+
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+    </li>
+  
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+              
+            
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+                
+  
+  
+  
+  
+    <li class="md-nav__item">
+      <a href="dependency-injection.html" class="md-nav__link">
+        
+  
+  <span class="md-ellipsis">
+    Dependency Injection
+  </span>
+  
+
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+    </li>
+  
+
+              
+            
+              
+                
+  
+  
+    
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+    <li class="md-nav__item md-nav__item--active">
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+      
+        
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+      
+        <label class="md-nav__link md-nav__link--active" for="__toc">
+          
+  
+  <span class="md-ellipsis">
+    Unit Tests
+  </span>
+  
+
+          <span class="md-nav__icon md-icon"></span>
+        </label>
+      
+      <a href="unit-tests.html" class="md-nav__link md-nav__link--active">
+        
+  
+  <span class="md-ellipsis">
+    Unit Tests
+  </span>
+  
+
+      </a>
+      
+        
+
+<nav class="md-nav md-nav--secondary" aria-label="Table of contents">
+  
+  
+  
+    
+  
+  
+    <label class="md-nav__title" for="__toc">
+      <span class="md-nav__icon md-icon"></span>
+      Table of contents
+    </label>
+    <ul class="md-nav__list" data-md-component="toc" data-md-scrollfix>
+      
+        <li class="md-nav__item">
+  <a href="#installation-configuration" class="md-nav__link">
+    <span class="md-ellipsis">
+      Installation &amp; Configuration
+    </span>
+  </a>
+  
+    <nav class="md-nav" aria-label="Installation & Configuration">
+      <ul class="md-nav__list">
+        
+          <li class="md-nav__item">
+  <a href="#dev-only-installation" class="md-nav__link">
+    <span class="md-ellipsis">
+      Dev-Only Installation
+    </span>
+  </a>
+  
+</li>
+        
+          <li class="md-nav__item">
+  <a href="#config" class="md-nav__link">
+    <span class="md-ellipsis">
+      Config
+    </span>
+  </a>
+  
+</li>
+        
+      </ul>
+    </nav>
+  
+</li>
+      
+        <li class="md-nav__item">
+  <a href="#testing" class="md-nav__link">
+    <span class="md-ellipsis">
+      Testing
+    </span>
+  </a>
+  
+    <nav class="md-nav" aria-label="Testing">
+      <ul class="md-nav__list">
+        
+          <li class="md-nav__item">
+  <a href="#test-structure" class="md-nav__link">
+    <span class="md-ellipsis">
+      Test Structure
+    </span>
+  </a>
+  
+</li>
+        
+          <li class="md-nav__item">
+  <a href="#phpunit-assertions" class="md-nav__link">
+    <span class="md-ellipsis">
+      PHPUnit Assertions
+    </span>
+  </a>
+  
+</li>
+        
+          <li class="md-nav__item">
+  <a href="#phpunit-testing-exceptions" class="md-nav__link">
+    <span class="md-ellipsis">
+      PHPUnit Testing Exceptions
+    </span>
+  </a>
+  
+</li>
+        
+          <li class="md-nav__item">
+  <a href="#test-setup-teardown-example" class="md-nav__link">
+    <span class="md-ellipsis">
+      Test Setup &amp; Teardown (Example)
+    </span>
+  </a>
+  
+</li>
+        
+          <li class="md-nav__item">
+  <a href="#data-provider" class="md-nav__link">
+    <span class="md-ellipsis">
+      Data Provider
+    </span>
+  </a>
+  
+</li>
+        
+          <li class="md-nav__item">
+  <a href="#mock-objects" class="md-nav__link">
+    <span class="md-ellipsis">
+      Mock Objects
+    </span>
+  </a>
+  
+</li>
+        
+          <li class="md-nav__item">
+  <a href="#code-coverage-needs-xdebug" class="md-nav__link">
+    <span class="md-ellipsis">
+      Code Coverage (needs XDebug)
+    </span>
+  </a>
+  
+</li>
+        
+      </ul>
+    </nav>
+  
+</li>
+      
+    </ul>
+  
+</nav>
+      
+    </li>
+  
+
+              
+            
+              
+                
+  
+  
+  
+  
+    <li class="md-nav__item">
+      <a href="composer.html" class="md-nav__link">
+        
+  
+  <span class="md-ellipsis">
+    Composer
+  </span>
+  
+
+      </a>
+    </li>
+  
+
+              
+            
+              
+                
+  
+  
+  
+  
+    <li class="md-nav__item">
+      <a href="psr-7.html" class="md-nav__link">
+        
+  
+  <span class="md-ellipsis">
+    PSR 7
+  </span>
+  
+
+      </a>
+    </li>
+  
+
+              
+            
+              
+                
+  
+  
+  
+  
+    <li class="md-nav__item">
+      <a href="plates-templating.html" class="md-nav__link">
+        
+  
+  <span class="md-ellipsis">
+    Plates
+  </span>
+  
+
+      </a>
+    </li>
+  
+
+              
+            
+              
+                
+  
+  
+  
+  
+    
+    
+      
+        
+      
+        
+      
+    
+    
+      
+      
+        
+      
+    
+    
+    <li class="md-nav__item md-nav__item--nested">
+      
+        
+        
+        <input class="md-nav__toggle md-toggle " type="checkbox" id="__nav_4_11_9" >
+        
+          
+          <label class="md-nav__link" for="__nav_4_11_9" id="__nav_4_11_9_label" tabindex="0">
+            
+  
+  <span class="md-ellipsis">
+    Simple MVC
+  </span>
+  
+
+            <span class="md-nav__icon md-icon"></span>
+          </label>
+        
+        <nav class="md-nav" data-md-level="3" aria-labelledby="__nav_4_11_9_label" aria-expanded="false">
+          <label class="md-nav__title" for="__nav_4_11_9">
+            <span class="md-nav__icon md-icon"></span>
+            Simple MVC
+          </label>
+          <ul class="md-nav__list" data-md-scrollfix>
+            
+              
+                
+  
+  
+  
+  
+    <li class="md-nav__item">
+      <a href="simple-mvc/simple-mvc.html" class="md-nav__link">
+        
+  
+  <span class="md-ellipsis">
+    Simple MVC
+  </span>
+  
+
+      </a>
+    </li>
+  
+
+              
+            
+              
+                
+  
+  
+  
+  
+    <li class="md-nav__item">
+      <a href="simple-mvc/rest-api.html" class="md-nav__link">
+        
+  
+  <span class="md-ellipsis">
+    REST API
+  </span>
+  
+
+      </a>
+    </li>
+  
+
+              
+            
+          </ul>
+        </nav>
+      
+    </li>
+  
+
+              
+            
+          </ul>
+        </nav>
+      
+    </li>
+  
+
+              
+            
+              
+                
+  
+  
+  
+  
+    
+    
+      
+        
+      
+        
+      
+        
+      
+        
+      
+        
+      
+    
+    
+      
+      
+        
+          
+          
+        
+      
+    
+    
+    <li class="md-nav__item md-nav__item--section md-nav__item--nested">
+      
+        
+        
+        <input class="md-nav__toggle md-toggle " type="checkbox" id="__nav_4_12" >
+        
+          
+          <label class="md-nav__link" for="__nav_4_12" id="__nav_4_12_label" tabindex="">
+            
+  
+  <span class="md-ellipsis">
+    Rust
+  </span>
+  
+
+            <span class="md-nav__icon md-icon"></span>
+          </label>
+        
+        <nav class="md-nav" data-md-level="2" aria-labelledby="__nav_4_12_label" aria-expanded="false">
+          <label class="md-nav__title" for="__nav_4_12">
+            <span class="md-nav__icon md-icon"></span>
+            Rust
+          </label>
+          <ul class="md-nav__list" data-md-scrollfix>
+            
+              
+                
+  
+  
+  
+  
+    <li class="md-nav__item">
+      <a href="../rust/rust.html" class="md-nav__link">
+        
+  
+  <span class="md-ellipsis">
+    Rust
+  </span>
+  
+
+      </a>
+    </li>
+  
+
+              
+            
+              
+                
+  
+  
+  
+  
+    <li class="md-nav__item">
+      <a href="../rust/macros.html" class="md-nav__link">
+        
+  
+  <span class="md-ellipsis">
+    Macros
+  </span>
+  
+
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+    </li>
+  
+
+              
+            
+              
+                
+  
+  
+  
+  
+    <li class="md-nav__item">
+      <a href="../rust/cargo.html" class="md-nav__link">
+        
+  
+  <span class="md-ellipsis">
+    Cargo
+  </span>
+  
+
+      </a>
+    </li>
+  
+
+              
+            
+              
+                
+  
+  
+  
+  
+    <li class="md-nav__item">
+      <a href="../rust/concurrency.html" class="md-nav__link">
+        
+  
+  <span class="md-ellipsis">
+    Concurrency
+  </span>
+  
+
+      </a>
+    </li>
+  
+
+              
+            
+              
+                
+  
+  
+  
+  
+    <li class="md-nav__item">
+      <a href="../rust/unit-tests.html" class="md-nav__link">
+        
+  
+  <span class="md-ellipsis">
+    Unit Tests
+  </span>
+  
+
+      </a>
+    </li>
+  
+
+              
+            
+          </ul>
+        </nav>
+      
+    </li>
+  
+
+              
+            
+              
+                
+  
+  
+  
+  
+    
+    
+      
+        
+      
+        
+      
+        
+      
+        
+      
+        
+      
+        
+      
+        
+      
+    
+    
+      
+      
+        
+          
+          
+        
+      
+    
+    
+    <li class="md-nav__item md-nav__item--section md-nav__item--nested">
+      
+        
+        
+        <input class="md-nav__toggle md-toggle " type="checkbox" id="__nav_4_13" >
+        
+          
+          <label class="md-nav__link" for="__nav_4_13" id="__nav_4_13_label" tabindex="">
+            
+  
+  <span class="md-ellipsis">
+    Javascript
+  </span>
+  
+
+            <span class="md-nav__icon md-icon"></span>
+          </label>
+        
+        <nav class="md-nav" data-md-level="2" aria-labelledby="__nav_4_13_label" aria-expanded="false">
+          <label class="md-nav__title" for="__nav_4_13">
+            <span class="md-nav__icon md-icon"></span>
+            Javascript
+          </label>
+          <ul class="md-nav__list" data-md-scrollfix>
+            
+              
+                
+  
+  
+  
+  
+    <li class="md-nav__item">
+      <a href="../javascript/javascript.html" class="md-nav__link">
+        
+  
+  <span class="md-ellipsis">
+    Javascript
+  </span>
+  
+
+      </a>
+    </li>
+  
+
+              
+            
+              
+                
+  
+  
+  
+  
+    <li class="md-nav__item">
+      <a href="../javascript/dom.html" class="md-nav__link">
+        
+  
+  <span class="md-ellipsis">
+    DOM
+  </span>
+  
+
+      </a>
+    </li>
+  
+
+              
+            
+              
+                
+  
+  
+  
+  
+    <li class="md-nav__item">
+      <a href="../javascript/events-animation.html" class="md-nav__link">
+        
+  
+  <span class="md-ellipsis">
+    Events & Animation
+  </span>
+  
+
+      </a>
+    </li>
+  
+
+              
+            
+              
+                
+  
+  
+  
+  
+    <li class="md-nav__item">
+      <a href="../javascript/ajax.html" class="md-nav__link">
+        
+  
+  <span class="md-ellipsis">
+    AJAX
+  </span>
+  
+
+      </a>
+    </li>
+  
+
+              
+            
+              
+                
+  
+  
+  
+  
+    <li class="md-nav__item">
+      <a href="../javascript/jquery.html" class="md-nav__link">
+        
+  
+  <span class="md-ellipsis">
+    jQuery
+  </span>
+  
+
+      </a>
+    </li>
+  
+
+              
+            
+              
+                
+  
+  
+  
+  
+    
+    
+      
+        
+      
+        
+      
+        
+      
+        
+      
+        
+      
+    
+    
+      
+      
+        
+      
+    
+    
+    <li class="md-nav__item md-nav__item--nested">
+      
+        
+        
+        <input class="md-nav__toggle md-toggle " type="checkbox" id="__nav_4_13_6" >
+        
+          
+          <label class="md-nav__link" for="__nav_4_13_6" id="__nav_4_13_6_label" tabindex="0">
+            
+  
+  <span class="md-ellipsis">
+    React
+  </span>
+  
+
+            <span class="md-nav__icon md-icon"></span>
+          </label>
+        
+        <nav class="md-nav" data-md-level="3" aria-labelledby="__nav_4_13_6_label" aria-expanded="false">
+          <label class="md-nav__title" for="__nav_4_13_6">
+            <span class="md-nav__icon md-icon"></span>
+            React
+          </label>
+          <ul class="md-nav__list" data-md-scrollfix>
+            
+              
+                
+  
+  
+  
+  
+    <li class="md-nav__item">
+      <a href="../javascript/react/react.html" class="md-nav__link">
+        
+  
+  <span class="md-ellipsis">
+    React
+  </span>
+  
+
+      </a>
+    </li>
+  
+
+              
+            
+              
+                
+  
+  
+  
+  
+    <li class="md-nav__item">
+      <a href="../javascript/react/react-router.html" class="md-nav__link">
+        
+  
+  <span class="md-ellipsis">
+    React Router
+  </span>
+  
+
+      </a>
+    </li>
+  
+
+              
+            
+              
+                
+  
+  
+  
+  
+    <li class="md-nav__item">
+      <a href="../javascript/react/react-tests.html" class="md-nav__link">
+        
+  
+  <span class="md-ellipsis">
+    React Tests
+  </span>
+  
+
+      </a>
+    </li>
+  
+
+              
+            
+              
+                
+  
+  
+  
+  
+    <li class="md-nav__item">
+      <a href="../javascript/react/redux.html" class="md-nav__link">
+        
+  
+  <span class="md-ellipsis">
+    Redux
+  </span>
+  
+
+      </a>
+    </li>
+  
+
+              
+            
+              
+                
+  
+  
+  
+  
+    <li class="md-nav__item">
+      <a href="../javascript/react/redux-tests.html" class="md-nav__link">
+        
+  
+  <span class="md-ellipsis">
+    Redux Tests
+  </span>
+  
+
+      </a>
+    </li>
+  
+
+              
+            
+          </ul>
+        </nav>
+      
+    </li>
+  
+
+              
+            
+              
+                
+  
+  
+  
+  
+    <li class="md-nav__item">
+      <a href="../javascript/svelte/svelte.html" class="md-nav__link">
+        
+  
+  <span class="md-ellipsis">
+    Svelte
+  </span>
+  
+
+      </a>
+    </li>
+  
+
+              
+            
+          </ul>
+        </nav>
+      
+    </li>
+  
+
+              
+            
+              
+                
+  
+  
+  
+  
+    
+    
+      
+        
+      
+        
+      
+    
+    
+      
+      
+        
+          
+          
+        
+      
+    
+    
+    <li class="md-nav__item md-nav__item--section md-nav__item--nested">
+      
+        
+        
+        <input class="md-nav__toggle md-toggle " type="checkbox" id="__nav_4_14" >
+        
+          
+          <label class="md-nav__link" for="__nav_4_14" id="__nav_4_14_label" tabindex="">
+            
+  
+  <span class="md-ellipsis">
+    PowerShell
+  </span>
+  
+
+            <span class="md-nav__icon md-icon"></span>
+          </label>
+        
+        <nav class="md-nav" data-md-level="2" aria-labelledby="__nav_4_14_label" aria-expanded="false">
+          <label class="md-nav__title" for="__nav_4_14">
+            <span class="md-nav__icon md-icon"></span>
+            PowerShell
+          </label>
+          <ul class="md-nav__list" data-md-scrollfix>
+            
+              
+                
+  
+  
+  
+  
+    <li class="md-nav__item">
+      <a href="../powershell/scripting.html" class="md-nav__link">
+        
+  
+  <span class="md-ellipsis">
+    Scripting
+  </span>
+  
+
+      </a>
+    </li>
+  
+
+              
+            
+              
+                
+  
+  
+  
+  
+    <li class="md-nav__item">
+      <a href="../powershell/commands.html" class="md-nav__link">
+        
+  
+  <span class="md-ellipsis">
+    Commands
+  </span>
+  
+
+      </a>
+    </li>
+  
+
+              
+            
+          </ul>
+        </nav>
+      
+    </li>
+  
+
+              
+            
+              
+                
+  
+  
+  
+  
+    
+    
+      
+        
+      
+        
+      
+    
+    
+      
+      
+        
+          
+          
+        
+      
+    
+    
+    <li class="md-nav__item md-nav__item--section md-nav__item--nested">
+      
+        
+        
+        <input class="md-nav__toggle md-toggle " type="checkbox" id="__nav_4_15" >
+        
+          
+          <label class="md-nav__link" for="__nav_4_15" id="__nav_4_15_label" tabindex="">
+            
+  
+  <span class="md-ellipsis">
+    Bash
+  </span>
+  
+
+            <span class="md-nav__icon md-icon"></span>
+          </label>
+        
+        <nav class="md-nav" data-md-level="2" aria-labelledby="__nav_4_15_label" aria-expanded="false">
+          <label class="md-nav__title" for="__nav_4_15">
+            <span class="md-nav__icon md-icon"></span>
+            Bash
+          </label>
+          <ul class="md-nav__list" data-md-scrollfix>
+            
+              
+                
+  
+  
+  
+  
+    <li class="md-nav__item">
+      <a href="../bash/scripting.html" class="md-nav__link">
+        
+  
+  <span class="md-ellipsis">
+    Scripting
+  </span>
+  
+
+      </a>
+    </li>
+  
+
+              
+            
+              
+                
+  
+  
+  
+  
+    <li class="md-nav__item">
+      <a href="../bash/commands.html" class="md-nav__link">
+        
+  
+  <span class="md-ellipsis">
+    Commands
+  </span>
+  
+
+      </a>
+    </li>
+  
+
+              
+            
+          </ul>
+        </nav>
+      
+    </li>
+  
+
+              
+            
+          </ul>
+        </nav>
+      
+    </li>
+  
+
+    
+      
+      
+  
+  
+  
+  
+    
+    
+      
+        
+      
+        
+      
+        
+      
+        
+      
+        
+      
+    
+    
+      
+      
+        
+      
+    
+    
+    <li class="md-nav__item md-nav__item--nested">
+      
+        
+        
+        <input class="md-nav__toggle md-toggle " type="checkbox" id="__nav_5" >
+        
+          
+          <label class="md-nav__link" for="__nav_5" id="__nav_5_label" tabindex="0">
+            
+  
+  <span class="md-ellipsis">
+    Misc
+  </span>
+  
+
+            <span class="md-nav__icon md-icon"></span>
+          </label>
+        
+        <nav class="md-nav" data-md-level="1" aria-labelledby="__nav_5_label" aria-expanded="false">
+          <label class="md-nav__title" for="__nav_5">
+            <span class="md-nav__icon md-icon"></span>
+            Misc
+          </label>
+          <ul class="md-nav__list" data-md-scrollfix>
+            
+              
+                
+  
+  
+  
+  
+    <li class="md-nav__item">
+      <a href="../../misc/git.html" class="md-nav__link">
+        
+  
+  <span class="md-ellipsis">
+    Git
+  </span>
+  
+
+      </a>
+    </li>
+  
+
+              
+            
+              
+                
+  
+  
+  
+  
+    <li class="md-nav__item">
+      <a href="../../misc/graph-ql.html" class="md-nav__link">
+        
+  
+  <span class="md-ellipsis">
+    GraphQL
+  </span>
+  
+
+      </a>
+    </li>
+  
+
+              
+            
+              
+                
+  
+  
+  
+  
+    <li class="md-nav__item">
+      <a href="../../misc/regular-expressions.html" class="md-nav__link">
+        
+  
+  <span class="md-ellipsis">
+    RegEx
+  </span>
+  
+
+      </a>
+    </li>
+  
+
+              
+            
+              
+                
+  
+  
+  
+  
+    <li class="md-nav__item">
+      <a href="../../misc/ssh.html" class="md-nav__link">
+        
+  
+  <span class="md-ellipsis">
+    SSH
+  </span>
+  
+
+      </a>
+    </li>
+  
+
+              
+            
+              
+                
+  
+  
+  
+  
+    <li class="md-nav__item">
+      <a href="../../misc/web-components.html" class="md-nav__link">
+        
+  
+  <span class="md-ellipsis">
+    WebComponents
+  </span>
+  
+
+      </a>
+    </li>
+  
+
+              
+            
+          </ul>
+        </nav>
+      
+    </li>
+  
+
+    
+      
+      
+  
+  
+  
+  
+    
+    
+      
+        
+      
+        
+      
+    
+    
+      
+      
+        
+      
+    
+    
+    <li class="md-nav__item md-nav__item--nested">
+      
+        
+        
+        <input class="md-nav__toggle md-toggle " type="checkbox" id="__nav_6" >
+        
+          
+          <label class="md-nav__link" for="__nav_6" id="__nav_6_label" tabindex="0">
+            
+  
+  <span class="md-ellipsis">
+    Linux
+  </span>
+  
+
+            <span class="md-nav__icon md-icon"></span>
+          </label>
+        
+        <nav class="md-nav" data-md-level="1" aria-labelledby="__nav_6_label" aria-expanded="false">
+          <label class="md-nav__title" for="__nav_6">
+            <span class="md-nav__icon md-icon"></span>
+            Linux
+          </label>
+          <ul class="md-nav__list" data-md-scrollfix>
+            
+              
+                
+  
+  
+  
+  
+    
+    
+      
+        
+      
+        
+      
+        
+      
+    
+    
+      
+      
+        
+      
+    
+    
+    <li class="md-nav__item md-nav__item--nested">
+      
+        
+        
+        <input class="md-nav__toggle md-toggle " type="checkbox" id="__nav_6_1" >
+        
+          
+          <label class="md-nav__link" for="__nav_6_1" id="__nav_6_1_label" tabindex="0">
+            
+  
+  <span class="md-ellipsis">
+    Filesystem
+  </span>
+  
+
+            <span class="md-nav__icon md-icon"></span>
+          </label>
+        
+        <nav class="md-nav" data-md-level="2" aria-labelledby="__nav_6_1_label" aria-expanded="false">
+          <label class="md-nav__title" for="__nav_6_1">
+            <span class="md-nav__icon md-icon"></span>
+            Filesystem
+          </label>
+          <ul class="md-nav__list" data-md-scrollfix>
+            
+              
+                
+  
+  
+  
+  
+    <li class="md-nav__item">
+      <a href="../../linux/filesystem/file-links.html" class="md-nav__link">
+        
+  
+  <span class="md-ellipsis">
+    File Links
+  </span>
+  
+
+      </a>
+    </li>
+  
+
+              
+            
+              
+                
+  
+  
+  
+  
+    <li class="md-nav__item">
+      <a href="../../linux/filesystem/procfs.html" class="md-nav__link">
+        
+  
+  <span class="md-ellipsis">
+    /proc
+  </span>
+  
+
+      </a>
+    </li>
+  
+
+              
+            
+              
+                
+  
+  
+  
+  
+    <li class="md-nav__item">
+      <a href="../../linux/filesystem/sysfs.html" class="md-nav__link">
+        
+  
+  <span class="md-ellipsis">
+    /sys
+  </span>
+  
+
+      </a>
+    </li>
+  
+
+              
+            
+          </ul>
+        </nav>
+      
+    </li>
+  
+
+              
+            
+              
+                
+  
+  
+  
+  
+    
+    
+      
+        
+      
+        
+      
+    
+    
+      
+      
+        
+      
+    
+    
+    <li class="md-nav__item md-nav__item--nested">
+      
+        
+        
+        <input class="md-nav__toggle md-toggle " type="checkbox" id="__nav_6_2" >
+        
+          
+          <label class="md-nav__link" for="__nav_6_2" id="__nav_6_2_label" tabindex="0">
+            
+  
+  <span class="md-ellipsis">
+    System Init
+  </span>
+  
+
+            <span class="md-nav__icon md-icon"></span>
+          </label>
+        
+        <nav class="md-nav" data-md-level="2" aria-labelledby="__nav_6_2_label" aria-expanded="false">
+          <label class="md-nav__title" for="__nav_6_2">
+            <span class="md-nav__icon md-icon"></span>
+            System Init
+          </label>
+          <ul class="md-nav__list" data-md-scrollfix>
+            
+              
+                
+  
+  
+  
+  
+    <li class="md-nav__item">
+      <a href="../../linux/init/systemd.html" class="md-nav__link">
+        
+  
+  <span class="md-ellipsis">
+    Systemd
+  </span>
+  
+
+      </a>
+    </li>
+  
+
+              
+            
+              
+                
+  
+  
+  
+  
+    <li class="md-nav__item">
+      <a href="../../linux/init/open-rc.html" class="md-nav__link">
+        
+  
+  <span class="md-ellipsis">
+    OpenRC
+  </span>
+  
+
+      </a>
+    </li>
+  
+
+              
+            
+          </ul>
+        </nav>
+      
+    </li>
+  
+
+              
+            
+          </ul>
+        </nav>
+      
+    </li>
+  
+
+    
+  </ul>
+</nav>
+                  </div>
+                </div>
+              </div>
+            
+            
+              
+              <div class="md-sidebar md-sidebar--secondary" data-md-component="sidebar" data-md-type="toc" >
+                <div class="md-sidebar__scrollwrap">
+                  <div class="md-sidebar__inner">
+                    
+
+<nav class="md-nav md-nav--secondary" aria-label="Table of contents">
+  
+  
+  
+    
+  
+  
+    <label class="md-nav__title" for="__toc">
+      <span class="md-nav__icon md-icon"></span>
+      Table of contents
+    </label>
+    <ul class="md-nav__list" data-md-component="toc" data-md-scrollfix>
+      
+        <li class="md-nav__item">
+  <a href="#installation-configuration" class="md-nav__link">
+    <span class="md-ellipsis">
+      Installation &amp; Configuration
+    </span>
+  </a>
+  
+    <nav class="md-nav" aria-label="Installation & Configuration">
+      <ul class="md-nav__list">
+        
+          <li class="md-nav__item">
+  <a href="#dev-only-installation" class="md-nav__link">
+    <span class="md-ellipsis">
+      Dev-Only Installation
+    </span>
+  </a>
+  
+</li>
+        
+          <li class="md-nav__item">
+  <a href="#config" class="md-nav__link">
+    <span class="md-ellipsis">
+      Config
+    </span>
+  </a>
+  
+</li>
+        
+      </ul>
+    </nav>
+  
+</li>
+      
+        <li class="md-nav__item">
+  <a href="#testing" class="md-nav__link">
+    <span class="md-ellipsis">
+      Testing
+    </span>
+  </a>
+  
+    <nav class="md-nav" aria-label="Testing">
+      <ul class="md-nav__list">
+        
+          <li class="md-nav__item">
+  <a href="#test-structure" class="md-nav__link">
+    <span class="md-ellipsis">
+      Test Structure
+    </span>
+  </a>
+  
+</li>
+        
+          <li class="md-nav__item">
+  <a href="#phpunit-assertions" class="md-nav__link">
+    <span class="md-ellipsis">
+      PHPUnit Assertions
+    </span>
+  </a>
+  
+</li>
+        
+          <li class="md-nav__item">
+  <a href="#phpunit-testing-exceptions" class="md-nav__link">
+    <span class="md-ellipsis">
+      PHPUnit Testing Exceptions
+    </span>
+  </a>
+  
+</li>
+        
+          <li class="md-nav__item">
+  <a href="#test-setup-teardown-example" class="md-nav__link">
+    <span class="md-ellipsis">
+      Test Setup &amp; Teardown (Example)
+    </span>
+  </a>
+  
+</li>
+        
+          <li class="md-nav__item">
+  <a href="#data-provider" class="md-nav__link">
+    <span class="md-ellipsis">
+      Data Provider
+    </span>
+  </a>
+  
+</li>
+        
+          <li class="md-nav__item">
+  <a href="#mock-objects" class="md-nav__link">
+    <span class="md-ellipsis">
+      Mock Objects
+    </span>
+  </a>
+  
+</li>
+        
+          <li class="md-nav__item">
+  <a href="#code-coverage-needs-xdebug" class="md-nav__link">
+    <span class="md-ellipsis">
+      Code Coverage (needs XDebug)
+    </span>
+  </a>
+  
+</li>
+        
+      </ul>
+    </nav>
+  
+</li>
+      
+    </ul>
+  
+</nav>
+                  </div>
+                </div>
+              </div>
+            
+          
+          
+            <div class="md-content" data-md-component="content">
+              <article class="md-content__inner md-typeset">
+                
+                  
+
+  
+  
+
+
+<h1 id="php-unit-test">PHP Unit Test</h1>
+<h2 id="installation-configuration">Installation &amp; Configuration</h2>
+<h3 id="dev-only-installation">Dev-Only Installation</h3>
+<div class="highlight"><table class="highlighttable"><tr><th colspan="2" class="filename"><span class="filename">PowerShell</span></th></tr><tr><td class="linenos"><div class="linenodiv"><pre><span></span><span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-0-1">1</a></span></pre></div></td><td class="code"><div><pre><span></span><code><a id="__codelineno-0-1" name="__codelineno-0-1"></a><span class="n">composer</span> <span class="n">require</span> <span class="p">-</span><span class="n">-dev</span> <span class="n">phpunit</span><span class="p">/</span><span class="n">phpunit</span>
+</code></pre></div></td></tr></table></div>
+<div class="highlight"><table class="highlighttable"><tr><th colspan="2" class="filename"><span class="filename">JSON</span></th></tr><tr><td class="linenos"><div class="linenodiv"><pre><span></span><span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-1-1">1</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-1-2">2</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-1-3">3</a></span></pre></div></td><td class="code"><div><pre><span></span><code><a id="__codelineno-1-1" name="__codelineno-1-1"></a><span class="w">    </span><span class="nt">&quot;require-dev&quot;</span><span class="p">:</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="p">{</span>
+<a id="__codelineno-1-2" name="__codelineno-1-2"></a><span class="w">        </span><span class="nt">&quot;phpunit/phpunit&quot;</span><span class="p">:</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="s2">&quot;&lt;version&gt;&quot;</span>
+<a id="__codelineno-1-3" name="__codelineno-1-3"></a><span class="w">    </span><span class="p">}</span>
+</code></pre></div></td></tr></table></div>
+<h3 id="config">Config</h3>
+<p>PHPUnit can be configured in a XML file called <code>phpunit.xml</code>:</p>
+<div class="highlight"><table class="highlighttable"><tr><th colspan="2" class="filename"><span class="filename">XML</span></th></tr><tr><td class="linenos"><div class="linenodiv"><pre><span></span><span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-2-1"> 1</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-2-2"> 2</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-2-3"> 3</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-2-4"> 4</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-2-5"> 5</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-2-6"> 6</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-2-7"> 7</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-2-8"> 8</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-2-9"> 9</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-2-10">10</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-2-11">11</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-2-12">12</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-2-13">13</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-2-14">14</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-2-15">15</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-2-16">16</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-2-17">17</a></span></pre></div></td><td class="code"><div><pre><span></span><code><a id="__codelineno-2-1" name="__codelineno-2-1"></a><span class="nt">&lt;phpunit</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="na">xmlns:xsi=</span><span class="s">&quot;http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema-instance&quot;</span>
+<a id="__codelineno-2-2" name="__codelineno-2-2"></a><span class="w">         </span><span class="na">xsi:noNamespaceSchemaLocation=</span><span class="s">&quot;vendor/phpunit/phpunit/phpunit.xsd&quot;</span>
+<a id="__codelineno-2-3" name="__codelineno-2-3"></a><span class="w">         </span><span class="na">bootstrap=</span><span class="s">&quot;vendor/autoload.php&quot;</span>
+<a id="__codelineno-2-4" name="__codelineno-2-4"></a><span class="w">         </span><span class="na">colors=</span><span class="s">&quot;true&quot;</span><span class="nt">&gt;</span>
+<a id="__codelineno-2-5" name="__codelineno-2-5"></a>
+<a id="__codelineno-2-6" name="__codelineno-2-6"></a><span class="w">    </span><span class="nt">&lt;testsuites&gt;</span>
+<a id="__codelineno-2-7" name="__codelineno-2-7"></a><span class="w">        </span><span class="nt">&lt;testsuit</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="na">name=</span><span class="s">&quot;App\\Tests&quot;</span><span class="nt">&gt;</span>
+<a id="__codelineno-2-8" name="__codelineno-2-8"></a><span class="w">            </span><span class="nt">&lt;directory&gt;</span>./test<span class="nt">&lt;directory&gt;</span>
+<a id="__codelineno-2-9" name="__codelineno-2-9"></a><span class="w">        </span><span class="nt">&lt;/testsuit&gt;</span>
+<a id="__codelineno-2-10" name="__codelineno-2-10"></a><span class="w">    </span><span class="nt">&lt;/testsuites&gt;</span>
+<a id="__codelineno-2-11" name="__codelineno-2-11"></a>
+<a id="__codelineno-2-12" name="__codelineno-2-12"></a><span class="w">    </span><span class="nt">&lt;filter&gt;</span>
+<a id="__codelineno-2-13" name="__codelineno-2-13"></a><span class="w">        </span><span class="nt">&lt;whitelist</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="na">processUncoveredFilesFromWhitelist=</span><span class="s">&quot;true&quot;</span><span class="nt">&gt;</span>
+<a id="__codelineno-2-14" name="__codelineno-2-14"></a><span class="w">            </span><span class="nt">&lt;directory</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="na">suffix=</span><span class="s">&quot;.php&quot;</span><span class="nt">&gt;</span>./src<span class="nt">&lt;/directory&gt;</span>
+<a id="__codelineno-2-15" name="__codelineno-2-15"></a><span class="w">        </span><span class="nt">&lt;/whitelist&gt;</span>
+<a id="__codelineno-2-16" name="__codelineno-2-16"></a><span class="w">    </span><span class="nt">&lt;/filter&gt;</span>
+<a id="__codelineno-2-17" name="__codelineno-2-17"></a><span class="nt">&lt;/phpunit&gt;</span>
+</code></pre></div></td></tr></table></div>
+<h2 id="testing">Testing</h2>
+<h3 id="test-structure">Test Structure</h3>
+<p><strong>PHPUnit</strong> tests are grouped in classes suffixed with <code>Test</code>. Each class <em>extends</em> <code>PHPUnit\Framework\TestCase</code>.<br />
+A test is a method of a <em>test class</em> prefixed with <code>test</code>.<br />
+PHPUnit is executed from the command line with <code>vendor/bin/phpunit  --colors</code>.</p>
+<div class="highlight"><table class="highlighttable"><tr><th colspan="2" class="filename"><span class="filename">PHP</span></th></tr><tr><td class="linenos"><div class="linenodiv"><pre><span></span><span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-3-1">1</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-3-2">2</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-3-3">3</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-3-4">4</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-3-5">5</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-3-6">6</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-3-7">7</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-3-8">8</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-3-9">9</a></span></pre></div></td><td class="code"><div><pre><span></span><code><a id="__codelineno-3-1" name="__codelineno-3-1"></a><span class="x">namespace App;</span>
+<a id="__codelineno-3-2" name="__codelineno-3-2"></a>
+<a id="__codelineno-3-3" name="__codelineno-3-3"></a><span class="x">class Filter</span>
+<a id="__codelineno-3-4" name="__codelineno-3-4"></a><span class="x">{</span>
+<a id="__codelineno-3-5" name="__codelineno-3-5"></a><span class="x">    public function isEmail(string $email): bool</span>
+<a id="__codelineno-3-6" name="__codelineno-3-6"></a><span class="x">    {</span>
+<a id="__codelineno-3-7" name="__codelineno-3-7"></a><span class="x">        // @todo implement</span>
+<a id="__codelineno-3-8" name="__codelineno-3-8"></a><span class="x">    }</span>
+<a id="__codelineno-3-9" name="__codelineno-3-9"></a><span class="x">}</span>
+</code></pre></div></td></tr></table></div>
+<div class="highlight"><table class="highlighttable"><tr><th colspan="2" class="filename"><span class="filename">PHP</span></th></tr><tr><td class="linenos"><div class="linenodiv"><pre><span></span><span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-4-1"> 1</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-4-2"> 2</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-4-3"> 3</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-4-4"> 4</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-4-5"> 5</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-4-6"> 6</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-4-7"> 7</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-4-8"> 8</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-4-9"> 9</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-4-10">10</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-4-11">11</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-4-12">12</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-4-13">13</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-4-14">14</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-4-15">15</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-4-16">16</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-4-17">17</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-4-18">18</a></span></pre></div></td><td class="code"><div><pre><span></span><code><a id="__codelineno-4-1" name="__codelineno-4-1"></a><span class="x">namespace App\Test;</span>
+<a id="__codelineno-4-2" name="__codelineno-4-2"></a><span class="x">use PHPUnit\Framework\TestCase;</span>
+<a id="__codelineno-4-3" name="__codelineno-4-3"></a><span class="x">use App\Filter;</span>
+<a id="__codelineno-4-4" name="__codelineno-4-4"></a>
+<a id="__codelineno-4-5" name="__codelineno-4-5"></a><span class="x">class FilterTest extends TestCase</span>
+<a id="__codelineno-4-6" name="__codelineno-4-6"></a><span class="x">{</span>
+<a id="__codelineno-4-7" name="__codelineno-4-7"></a><span class="x">    public function testValidMail()</span>
+<a id="__codelineno-4-8" name="__codelineno-4-8"></a><span class="x">    {</span>
+<a id="__codelineno-4-9" name="__codelineno-4-9"></a><span class="x">        $filter = new Filter();</span>
+<a id="__codelineno-4-10" name="__codelineno-4-10"></a><span class="x">        $this-&gt;assertTrue($filter-&gt;isEmail(&quot;foo@bar.com&quot;));</span>
+<a id="__codelineno-4-11" name="__codelineno-4-11"></a><span class="x">    }</span>
+<a id="__codelineno-4-12" name="__codelineno-4-12"></a>
+<a id="__codelineno-4-13" name="__codelineno-4-13"></a><span class="x">    public function testInvalidEmail()</span>
+<a id="__codelineno-4-14" name="__codelineno-4-14"></a><span class="x">    {</span>
+<a id="__codelineno-4-15" name="__codelineno-4-15"></a><span class="x">        $filter = new Filter();</span>
+<a id="__codelineno-4-16" name="__codelineno-4-16"></a><span class="x">        $this-&gt;assertFalse($filter-&gt;idEmail(&quot;foo&quot;));</span>
+<a id="__codelineno-4-17" name="__codelineno-4-17"></a><span class="x">    }</span>
+<a id="__codelineno-4-18" name="__codelineno-4-18"></a><span class="x">}</span>
+</code></pre></div></td></tr></table></div>
+<h3 id="phpunit-assertions"><a href="https://phpunit.readthedocs.io/en/9.3/assertions.html">PHPUnit Assertions</a></h3>
+<ul>
+<li><code>asseretTrue()</code>: verifies that the element is true</li>
+<li><code>assertFalse()</code>: verifies that the element is false</li>
+<li><code>assertEmpty()</code>: verifies that the element is empty</li>
+<li><code>assertEquals()</code>: verifies that the two elements are equal</li>
+<li><code>assertGreaterThan()</code>: verifies that the element is greater than ...</li>
+<li><code>assertContains()</code>: verifies that the element is contained in an array</li>
+<li><code>assertInstanceOf()</code>: verifies that the element is an instance of a specific class</li>
+<li><code>assertArrayHasKey(mixed $key, array $array)</code>: verify that a specific key is in the array</li>
+</ul>
+<h3 id="phpunit-testing-exceptions"><a href="https://phpunit.readthedocs.io/en/9.3/writing-tests-for-phpunit.html#testing-exceptions">PHPUnit Testing Exceptions</a></h3>
+<div class="highlight"><table class="highlighttable"><tr><th colspan="2" class="filename"><span class="filename">PHP</span></th></tr><tr><td class="linenos"><div class="linenodiv"><pre><span></span><span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-5-1"> 1</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-5-2"> 2</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-5-3"> 3</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-5-4"> 4</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-5-5"> 5</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-5-6"> 6</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-5-7"> 7</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-5-8"> 8</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-5-9"> 9</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-5-10">10</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-5-11">11</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-5-12">12</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-5-13">13</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-5-14">14</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-5-15">15</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-5-16">16</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-5-17">17</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-5-18">18</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-5-19">19</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-5-20">20</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-5-21">21</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-5-22">22</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-5-23">23</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-5-24">24</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-5-25">25</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-5-26">26</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-5-27">27</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-5-28">28</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-5-29">29</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-5-30">30</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-5-31">31</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-5-32">32</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-5-33">33</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-5-34">34</a></span></pre></div></td><td class="code"><div><pre><span></span><code><a id="__codelineno-5-1" name="__codelineno-5-1"></a><span class="x">public function testAggiungiEsameException(string $esame)</span>
+<a id="__codelineno-5-2" name="__codelineno-5-2"></a><span class="x">{</span>
+<a id="__codelineno-5-3" name="__codelineno-5-3"></a><span class="x">    $this-&gt;expectException(Exception::class);</span>
+<a id="__codelineno-5-4" name="__codelineno-5-4"></a><span class="x">    $this-&gt;expectExceptionMessage(&quot;exception_message&quot;);</span>
+<a id="__codelineno-5-5" name="__codelineno-5-5"></a>
+<a id="__codelineno-5-6" name="__codelineno-5-6"></a><span class="x">    // execute code that should throw an exception</span>
+<a id="__codelineno-5-7" name="__codelineno-5-7"></a><span class="x">}</span>
+<a id="__codelineno-5-8" name="__codelineno-5-8"></a>
+<a id="__codelineno-5-9" name="__codelineno-5-9"></a><span class="x">// https://github.com/sebastianbergmann/phpunit/issues/2484#issuecomment-648822531</span>
+<a id="__codelineno-5-10" name="__codelineno-5-10"></a><span class="x">public function testExceptionNotThrown()</span>
+<a id="__codelineno-5-11" name="__codelineno-5-11"></a><span class="x">{</span>
+<a id="__codelineno-5-12" name="__codelineno-5-12"></a><span class="x">    $exceptionWasThrown = false;</span>
+<a id="__codelineno-5-13" name="__codelineno-5-13"></a>
+<a id="__codelineno-5-14" name="__codelineno-5-14"></a><span class="x">    try</span>
+<a id="__codelineno-5-15" name="__codelineno-5-15"></a><span class="x">    {</span>
+<a id="__codelineno-5-16" name="__codelineno-5-16"></a><span class="x">        // code that should succeed</span>
+<a id="__codelineno-5-17" name="__codelineno-5-17"></a><span class="x">    }</span>
+<a id="__codelineno-5-18" name="__codelineno-5-18"></a><span class="x">    catch (EsameException $e)</span>
+<a id="__codelineno-5-19" name="__codelineno-5-19"></a><span class="x">    {</span>
+<a id="__codelineno-5-20" name="__codelineno-5-20"></a><span class="x">        $exceptionWasThrown = true;</span>
+<a id="__codelineno-5-21" name="__codelineno-5-21"></a><span class="x">    }</span>
+<a id="__codelineno-5-22" name="__codelineno-5-22"></a>
+<a id="__codelineno-5-23" name="__codelineno-5-23"></a><span class="x">    $this-&gt;assertFalse($exceptionWasThrown);</span>
+<a id="__codelineno-5-24" name="__codelineno-5-24"></a><span class="x">}</span>
+<a id="__codelineno-5-25" name="__codelineno-5-25"></a>
+<a id="__codelineno-5-26" name="__codelineno-5-26"></a><span class="x">// same as</span>
+<a id="__codelineno-5-27" name="__codelineno-5-27"></a>
+<a id="__codelineno-5-28" name="__codelineno-5-28"></a><span class="x">/**</span>
+<a id="__codelineno-5-29" name="__codelineno-5-29"></a><span class="x">* @doesNotPerformAssertions</span>
+<a id="__codelineno-5-30" name="__codelineno-5-30"></a><span class="x">*/</span>
+<a id="__codelineno-5-31" name="__codelineno-5-31"></a><span class="x">public function testNoExceptions(string $esame)</span>
+<a id="__codelineno-5-32" name="__codelineno-5-32"></a><span class="x">{</span>
+<a id="__codelineno-5-33" name="__codelineno-5-33"></a><span class="x">    // code that should succeed (exceptions will make the test fail)</span>
+<a id="__codelineno-5-34" name="__codelineno-5-34"></a><span class="x">}</span>
+</code></pre></div></td></tr></table></div>
+<h3 id="test-setup-teardown-example">Test Setup &amp; Teardown (Example)</h3>
+<div class="highlight"><table class="highlighttable"><tr><th colspan="2" class="filename"><span class="filename">PHP</span></th></tr><tr><td class="linenos"><div class="linenodiv"><pre><span></span><span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-6-1"> 1</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-6-2"> 2</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-6-3"> 3</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-6-4"> 4</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-6-5"> 5</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-6-6"> 6</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-6-7"> 7</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-6-8"> 8</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-6-9"> 9</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-6-10">10</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-6-11">11</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-6-12">12</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-6-13">13</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-6-14">14</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-6-15">15</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-6-16">16</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-6-17">17</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-6-18">18</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-6-19">19</a></span></pre></div></td><td class="code"><div><pre><span></span><code><a id="__codelineno-6-1" name="__codelineno-6-1"></a><span class="x">class ClassTest extends TestCase</span>
+<a id="__codelineno-6-2" name="__codelineno-6-2"></a><span class="x">{</span>
+<a id="__codelineno-6-3" name="__codelineno-6-3"></a><span class="x">    // initialize the test</span>
+<a id="__codelineno-6-4" name="__codelineno-6-4"></a><span class="x">    public function setUp(): void</span>
+<a id="__codelineno-6-5" name="__codelineno-6-5"></a><span class="x">    {</span>
+<a id="__codelineno-6-6" name="__codelineno-6-6"></a><span class="x">        file_put_contents(&quot;/tmp/foo&quot;, &quot;Test&quot;)</span>
+<a id="__codelineno-6-7" name="__codelineno-6-7"></a><span class="x">    }</span>
+<a id="__codelineno-6-8" name="__codelineno-6-8"></a>
+<a id="__codelineno-6-9" name="__codelineno-6-9"></a><span class="x">    // reset the test</span>
+<a id="__codelineno-6-10" name="__codelineno-6-10"></a><span class="x">    public function tearDown(): void</span>
+<a id="__codelineno-6-11" name="__codelineno-6-11"></a><span class="x">    {</span>
+<a id="__codelineno-6-12" name="__codelineno-6-12"></a><span class="x">        unlink(&quot;/tmp/foo&quot;)</span>
+<a id="__codelineno-6-13" name="__codelineno-6-13"></a><span class="x">    }</span>
+<a id="__codelineno-6-14" name="__codelineno-6-14"></a>
+<a id="__codelineno-6-15" name="__codelineno-6-15"></a><span class="x">    public function testFoo()</span>
+<a id="__codelineno-6-16" name="__codelineno-6-16"></a><span class="x">    {</span>
+<a id="__codelineno-6-17" name="__codelineno-6-17"></a><span class="x">        // use temp file</span>
+<a id="__codelineno-6-18" name="__codelineno-6-18"></a><span class="x">    }</span>
+<a id="__codelineno-6-19" name="__codelineno-6-19"></a><span class="x">}</span>
+</code></pre></div></td></tr></table></div>
+<blockquote>
+<p><strong>Note</strong>: <code>setUp()</code> and <code>tearDown()</code> are called <em>before</em> and <em>after</em> each test method.</p>
+</blockquote>
+<h3 id="data-provider">Data Provider</h3>
+<div class="highlight"><table class="highlighttable"><tr><th colspan="2" class="filename"><span class="filename">PHP</span></th></tr><tr><td class="linenos"><div class="linenodiv"><pre><span></span><span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-7-1"> 1</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-7-2"> 2</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-7-3"> 3</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-7-4"> 4</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-7-5"> 5</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-7-6"> 6</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-7-7"> 7</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-7-8"> 8</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-7-9"> 9</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-7-10">10</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-7-11">11</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-7-12">12</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-7-13">13</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-7-14">14</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-7-15">15</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-7-16">16</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-7-17">17</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-7-18">18</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-7-19">19</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-7-20">20</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-7-21">21</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-7-22">22</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-7-23">23</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-7-24">24</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-7-25">25</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-7-26">26</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-7-27">27</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-7-28">28</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-7-29">29</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-7-30">30</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-7-31">31</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-7-32">32</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-7-33">33</a></span></pre></div></td><td class="code"><div><pre><span></span><code><a id="__codelineno-7-1" name="__codelineno-7-1"></a><span class="x">class DataTest extends TestCase</span>
+<a id="__codelineno-7-2" name="__codelineno-7-2"></a><span class="x">{</span>
+<a id="__codelineno-7-3" name="__codelineno-7-3"></a><span class="x">    /**</span>
+<a id="__codelineno-7-4" name="__codelineno-7-4"></a><span class="x">    * @dataProvider provider</span>
+<a id="__codelineno-7-5" name="__codelineno-7-5"></a><span class="x">    */</span>
+<a id="__codelineno-7-6" name="__codelineno-7-6"></a><span class="x">    public function testAdd($a, $b, $expected)</span>
+<a id="__codelineno-7-7" name="__codelineno-7-7"></a><span class="x">    {</span>
+<a id="__codelineno-7-8" name="__codelineno-7-8"></a><span class="x">        $this-&gt;assertEquals($expected, $a + $b);</span>
+<a id="__codelineno-7-9" name="__codelineno-7-9"></a><span class="x">    }</span>
+<a id="__codelineno-7-10" name="__codelineno-7-10"></a>
+<a id="__codelineno-7-11" name="__codelineno-7-11"></a><span class="x">    // test receives array contents as input</span>
+<a id="__codelineno-7-12" name="__codelineno-7-12"></a><span class="x">    public function provider()</span>
+<a id="__codelineno-7-13" name="__codelineno-7-13"></a><span class="x">    {</span>
+<a id="__codelineno-7-14" name="__codelineno-7-14"></a><span class="x">        // must return array of arrays</span>
+<a id="__codelineno-7-15" name="__codelineno-7-15"></a><span class="x">        return [</span>
+<a id="__codelineno-7-16" name="__codelineno-7-16"></a><span class="x">            [0, 0, 0],</span>
+<a id="__codelineno-7-17" name="__codelineno-7-17"></a><span class="x">            [0, 1, 1]</span>
+<a id="__codelineno-7-18" name="__codelineno-7-18"></a><span class="x">        ];</span>
+<a id="__codelineno-7-19" name="__codelineno-7-19"></a><span class="x">    }</span>
+<a id="__codelineno-7-20" name="__codelineno-7-20"></a>
+<a id="__codelineno-7-21" name="__codelineno-7-21"></a><span class="x">    // test receives array of arrays as input</span>
+<a id="__codelineno-7-22" name="__codelineno-7-22"></a><span class="x">    public function provideArrayOfArrays()</span>
+<a id="__codelineno-7-23" name="__codelineno-7-23"></a><span class="x">    {</span>
+<a id="__codelineno-7-24" name="__codelineno-7-24"></a><span class="x">        return [</span>
+<a id="__codelineno-7-25" name="__codelineno-7-25"></a><span class="x">            [</span>
+<a id="__codelineno-7-26" name="__codelineno-7-26"></a><span class="x">                [</span>
+<a id="__codelineno-7-27" name="__codelineno-7-27"></a><span class="x">                    [0, 0, 0],</span>
+<a id="__codelineno-7-28" name="__codelineno-7-28"></a><span class="x">                    [0, 1, 1]</span>
+<a id="__codelineno-7-29" name="__codelineno-7-29"></a><span class="x">                ]</span>
+<a id="__codelineno-7-30" name="__codelineno-7-30"></a><span class="x">            ]</span>
+<a id="__codelineno-7-31" name="__codelineno-7-31"></a><span class="x">        ];</span>
+<a id="__codelineno-7-32" name="__codelineno-7-32"></a><span class="x">    }</span>
+<a id="__codelineno-7-33" name="__codelineno-7-33"></a><span class="x">}</span>
+</code></pre></div></td></tr></table></div>
+<h3 id="mock-objects">Mock Objects</h3>
+<div class="highlight"><table class="highlighttable"><tr><th colspan="2" class="filename"><span class="filename">PHP</span></th></tr><tr><td class="linenos"><div class="linenodiv"><pre><span></span><span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-8-1"> 1</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-8-2"> 2</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-8-3"> 3</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-8-4"> 4</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-8-5"> 5</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-8-6"> 6</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-8-7"> 7</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-8-8"> 8</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-8-9"> 9</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-8-10">10</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-8-11">11</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-8-12">12</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-8-13">13</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-8-14">14</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-8-15">15</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-8-16">16</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-8-17">17</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-8-18">18</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-8-19">19</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-8-20">20</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-8-21">21</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-8-22">22</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-8-23">23</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-8-24">24</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-8-25">25</a></span></pre></div></td><td class="code"><div><pre><span></span><code><a id="__codelineno-8-1" name="__codelineno-8-1"></a><span class="x">class UnitTest extends TestCase</span>
+<a id="__codelineno-8-2" name="__codelineno-8-2"></a><span class="x">{</span>
+<a id="__codelineno-8-3" name="__codelineno-8-3"></a><span class="x">    public function setUp()</span>
+<a id="__codelineno-8-4" name="__codelineno-8-4"></a><span class="x">    {</span>
+<a id="__codelineno-8-5" name="__codelineno-8-5"></a><span class="x">        // names of mock are independent from tested class variables</span>
+<a id="__codelineno-8-6" name="__codelineno-8-6"></a><span class="x">        $this-&gt;mock = $this-&gt;createMock(ClassName::class);  // create a mock object of a class</span>
+<a id="__codelineno-8-7" name="__codelineno-8-7"></a><span class="x">        $this-&gt;returned = $this-&gt;createMock(ClassName::class);  // mock of returned object</span>
+<a id="__codelineno-8-8" name="__codelineno-8-8"></a>
+<a id="__codelineno-8-9" name="__codelineno-8-9"></a><span class="x">        $this-&gt;mock-&gt;method(&quot;methodName&quot;)  // simulate method on mock</span>
+<a id="__codelineno-8-10" name="__codelineno-8-10"></a><span class="x">            -&gt;with($this-&gt;equalTo(param), ...)  // specify input params (one param per equalTo)</span>
+<a id="__codelineno-8-11" name="__codelineno-8-11"></a><span class="x">            -&gt;willReturn($this-&gt;returned);  // specify return value</span>
+<a id="__codelineno-8-12" name="__codelineno-8-12"></a><span class="x">    }</span>
+<a id="__codelineno-8-13" name="__codelineno-8-13"></a>
+<a id="__codelineno-8-14" name="__codelineno-8-14"></a><span class="x">    public function testMethod()</span>
+<a id="__codelineno-8-15" name="__codelineno-8-15"></a><span class="x">    {</span>
+<a id="__codelineno-8-16" name="__codelineno-8-16"></a><span class="x">        $this-&gt;mock</span>
+<a id="__codelineno-8-17" name="__codelineno-8-17"></a><span class="x">        -&gt;method(&quot;methodName&quot;)</span>
+<a id="__codelineno-8-18" name="__codelineno-8-18"></a><span class="x">        -&gt;with($this-&gt;equalTo($arg))  // arg passed to the method</span>
+<a id="__codelineno-8-19" name="__codelineno-8-19"></a><span class="x">        -&gt;willReturn(value);  // actual return value for THIS case</span>
+<a id="__codelineno-8-20" name="__codelineno-8-20"></a><span class="x">        // or</span>
+<a id="__codelineno-8-21" name="__codelineno-8-21"></a><span class="x">        -&gt;will($this-&gt;throwException(new Exception()));  // method will throw exception</span>
+<a id="__codelineno-8-22" name="__codelineno-8-22"></a>
+<a id="__codelineno-8-23" name="__codelineno-8-23"></a><span class="x">        // assertions</span>
+<a id="__codelineno-8-24" name="__codelineno-8-24"></a><span class="x">    }</span>
+<a id="__codelineno-8-25" name="__codelineno-8-25"></a><span class="x">}</span>
+</code></pre></div></td></tr></table></div>
+<h3 id="code-coverage-needs-xdebug">Code Coverage (needs <a href="https://xdebug.org/">XDebug</a>)</h3>
+<div class="highlight"><table class="highlighttable"><tr><th colspan="2" class="filename"><span class="filename">PowerShell</span></th></tr><tr><td class="linenos"><div class="linenodiv"><pre><span></span><span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-9-1">1</a></span></pre></div></td><td class="code"><div><pre><span></span><code><a id="__codelineno-9-1" name="__codelineno-9-1"></a><span class="n">vendor</span><span class="p">/</span><span class="n">bin</span><span class="p">/</span><span class="n">phpunit</span> <span class="p">-</span><span class="n">-coverage-text</span>  <span class="c"># code coverage analysis in the terminal</span>
+</code></pre></div></td></tr></table></div>
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new file mode 100644
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+<html lang="en" class="no-js">
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+      
+    
+    
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+        
+  
+  <span class="md-ellipsis">
+    C
+  </span>
+  
+
+      </a>
+    </li>
+  
+
+              
+            
+              
+                
+  
+  
+  
+  
+    <li class="md-nav__item">
+      <a href="../kotlin/kotlin.html" class="md-nav__link">
+        
+  
+  <span class="md-ellipsis">
+    Kotlin
+  </span>
+  
+
+      </a>
+    </li>
+  
+
+              
+            
+              
+                
+  
+  
+  
+  
+    <li class="md-nav__item">
+      <a href="../swift/swift.html" class="md-nav__link">
+        
+  
+  <span class="md-ellipsis">
+    Swift
+  </span>
+  
+
+      </a>
+    </li>
+  
+
+              
+            
+              
+                
+  
+  
+  
+  
+    
+    
+      
+        
+      
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+      
+    
+    
+      
+      
+        
+          
+          
+        
+      
+    
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+    <li class="md-nav__item md-nav__item--section md-nav__item--nested">
+      
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+        <input class="md-nav__toggle md-toggle " type="checkbox" id="__nav_4_7" >
+        
+          
+          <label class="md-nav__link" for="__nav_4_7" id="__nav_4_7_label" tabindex="">
+            
+  
+  <span class="md-ellipsis">
+    Assembly
+  </span>
+  
+
+            <span class="md-nav__icon md-icon"></span>
+          </label>
+        
+        <nav class="md-nav" data-md-level="2" aria-labelledby="__nav_4_7_label" aria-expanded="false">
+          <label class="md-nav__title" for="__nav_4_7">
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+            Assembly
+          </label>
+          <ul class="md-nav__list" data-md-scrollfix>
+            
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+  
+  
+    <li class="md-nav__item">
+      <a href="../assembly/intel.html" class="md-nav__link">
+        
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+  <span class="md-ellipsis">
+    Intel
+  </span>
+  
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+    </li>
+  
+
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+              
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+  
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+  
+  
+    <li class="md-nav__item">
+      <a href="../assembly/riscv.html" class="md-nav__link">
+        
+  
+  <span class="md-ellipsis">
+    RISC-V
+  </span>
+  
+
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+    </li>
+  
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+          </ul>
+        </nav>
+      
+    </li>
+  
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+  
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+  
+    
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+        
+      
+        
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+        
+      
+    
+    
+      
+      
+        
+          
+          
+        
+      
+    
+    
+    <li class="md-nav__item md-nav__item--section md-nav__item--nested">
+      
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+        <input class="md-nav__toggle md-toggle " type="checkbox" id="__nav_4_8" >
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+          <label class="md-nav__link" for="__nav_4_8" id="__nav_4_8_label" tabindex="">
+            
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+  <span class="md-ellipsis">
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+  </span>
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+            <span class="md-nav__icon md-icon"></span>
+            Python
+          </label>
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+            
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+    <li class="md-nav__item">
+      <a href="../python/python.html" class="md-nav__link">
+        
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+  <span class="md-ellipsis">
+    Python
+  </span>
+  
+
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+    </li>
+  
+
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+            
+              
+                
+  
+  
+  
+  
+    
+    
+      
+        
+      
+        
+      
+        
+      
+        
+      
+        
+      
+        
+      
+        
+      
+        
+      
+        
+      
+        
+      
+        
+      
+        
+      
+        
+      
+    
+    
+      
+      
+        
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+    
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+      
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+            
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+  <span class="md-ellipsis">
+    Modules
+  </span>
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+          </label>
+        
+        <nav class="md-nav" data-md-level="3" aria-labelledby="__nav_4_8_2_label" aria-expanded="false">
+          <label class="md-nav__title" for="__nav_4_8_2">
+            <span class="md-nav__icon md-icon"></span>
+            Modules
+          </label>
+          <ul class="md-nav__list" data-md-scrollfix>
+            
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+  
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+  
+  
+    <li class="md-nav__item">
+      <a href="../python/modules/argparse.html" class="md-nav__link">
+        
+  
+  <span class="md-ellipsis">
+    argparse
+  </span>
+  
+
+      </a>
+    </li>
+  
+
+              
+            
+              
+                
+  
+  
+  
+  
+    <li class="md-nav__item">
+      <a href="../python/modules/collections.html" class="md-nav__link">
+        
+  
+  <span class="md-ellipsis">
+    collection
+  </span>
+  
+
+      </a>
+    </li>
+  
+
+              
+            
+              
+                
+  
+  
+  
+  
+    <li class="md-nav__item">
+      <a href="../python/modules/csv.html" class="md-nav__link">
+        
+  
+  <span class="md-ellipsis">
+    csv
+  </span>
+  
+
+      </a>
+    </li>
+  
+
+              
+            
+              
+                
+  
+  
+  
+  
+    <li class="md-nav__item">
+      <a href="../python/modules/ftplib.html" class="md-nav__link">
+        
+  
+  <span class="md-ellipsis">
+    ftplib
+  </span>
+  
+
+      </a>
+    </li>
+  
+
+              
+            
+              
+                
+  
+  
+  
+  
+    <li class="md-nav__item">
+      <a href="../python/modules/itertools.html" class="md-nav__link">
+        
+  
+  <span class="md-ellipsis">
+    itertools
+  </span>
+  
+
+      </a>
+    </li>
+  
+
+              
+            
+              
+                
+  
+  
+  
+  
+    <li class="md-nav__item">
+      <a href="../python/modules/json.html" class="md-nav__link">
+        
+  
+  <span class="md-ellipsis">
+    json
+  </span>
+  
+
+      </a>
+    </li>
+  
+
+              
+            
+              
+                
+  
+  
+  
+  
+    <li class="md-nav__item">
+      <a href="../python/modules/logging.html" class="md-nav__link">
+        
+  
+  <span class="md-ellipsis">
+    logging
+  </span>
+  
+
+      </a>
+    </li>
+  
+
+              
+            
+              
+                
+  
+  
+  
+  
+    <li class="md-nav__item">
+      <a href="../python/modules/shutil.html" class="md-nav__link">
+        
+  
+  <span class="md-ellipsis">
+    shutil
+  </span>
+  
+
+      </a>
+    </li>
+  
+
+              
+            
+              
+                
+  
+  
+  
+  
+    <li class="md-nav__item">
+      <a href="../python/modules/smtplib.html" class="md-nav__link">
+        
+  
+  <span class="md-ellipsis">
+    smtplib
+  </span>
+  
+
+      </a>
+    </li>
+  
+
+              
+            
+              
+                
+  
+  
+  
+  
+    <li class="md-nav__item">
+      <a href="../python/modules/socket.html" class="md-nav__link">
+        
+  
+  <span class="md-ellipsis">
+    socket
+  </span>
+  
+
+      </a>
+    </li>
+  
+
+              
+            
+              
+                
+  
+  
+  
+  
+    <li class="md-nav__item">
+      <a href="../python/modules/sqlite.html" class="md-nav__link">
+        
+  
+  <span class="md-ellipsis">
+    sqlite
+  </span>
+  
+
+      </a>
+    </li>
+  
+
+              
+            
+              
+                
+  
+  
+  
+  
+    <li class="md-nav__item">
+      <a href="../python/modules/time-datetime.html" class="md-nav__link">
+        
+  
+  <span class="md-ellipsis">
+    time & datetime
+  </span>
+  
+
+      </a>
+    </li>
+  
+
+              
+            
+              
+                
+  
+  
+  
+  
+    <li class="md-nav__item">
+      <a href="../python/modules/unittest.html" class="md-nav__link">
+        
+  
+  <span class="md-ellipsis">
+    unittest
+  </span>
+  
+
+      </a>
+    </li>
+  
+
+              
+            
+          </ul>
+        </nav>
+      
+    </li>
+  
+
+              
+            
+              
+                
+  
+  
+  
+  
+    
+    
+      
+        
+      
+        
+      
+        
+      
+        
+      
+        
+      
+        
+      
+    
+    
+      
+      
+        
+      
+    
+    
+    <li class="md-nav__item md-nav__item--nested">
+      
+        
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+        <input class="md-nav__toggle md-toggle " type="checkbox" id="__nav_4_8_3" >
+        
+          
+          <label class="md-nav__link" for="__nav_4_8_3" id="__nav_4_8_3_label" tabindex="0">
+            
+  
+  <span class="md-ellipsis">
+    Libraries
+  </span>
+  
+
+            <span class="md-nav__icon md-icon"></span>
+          </label>
+        
+        <nav class="md-nav" data-md-level="3" aria-labelledby="__nav_4_8_3_label" aria-expanded="false">
+          <label class="md-nav__title" for="__nav_4_8_3">
+            <span class="md-nav__icon md-icon"></span>
+            Libraries
+          </label>
+          <ul class="md-nav__list" data-md-scrollfix>
+            
+              
+                
+  
+  
+  
+  
+    <li class="md-nav__item">
+      <a href="../python/libs/tkinter.html" class="md-nav__link">
+        
+  
+  <span class="md-ellipsis">
+    TKinter
+  </span>
+  
+
+      </a>
+    </li>
+  
+
+              
+            
+              
+                
+  
+  
+  
+  
+    <li class="md-nav__item">
+      <a href="../python/libs/numpy.html" class="md-nav__link">
+        
+  
+  <span class="md-ellipsis">
+    Numpy
+  </span>
+  
+
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+    </li>
+  
+
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+            
+              
+                
+  
+  
+  
+  
+    <li class="md-nav__item">
+      <a href="../python/libs/pandas.html" class="md-nav__link">
+        
+  
+  <span class="md-ellipsis">
+    Pandas
+  </span>
+  
+
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+    </li>
+  
+
+              
+            
+              
+                
+  
+  
+  
+  
+    <li class="md-nav__item">
+      <a href="../python/libs/seaborn.html" class="md-nav__link">
+        
+  
+  <span class="md-ellipsis">
+    Seaborn
+  </span>
+  
+
+      </a>
+    </li>
+  
+
+              
+            
+              
+                
+  
+  
+  
+  
+    <li class="md-nav__item">
+      <a href="../python/libs/requests.html" class="md-nav__link">
+        
+  
+  <span class="md-ellipsis">
+    Requests
+  </span>
+  
+
+      </a>
+    </li>
+  
+
+              
+            
+              
+                
+  
+  
+  
+  
+    <li class="md-nav__item">
+      <a href="../python/libs/beautiful-soup.html" class="md-nav__link">
+        
+  
+  <span class="md-ellipsis">
+    Beatiful Soup
+  </span>
+  
+
+      </a>
+    </li>
+  
+
+              
+            
+          </ul>
+        </nav>
+      
+    </li>
+  
+
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+            
+          </ul>
+        </nav>
+      
+    </li>
+  
+
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+            
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+                
+  
+  
+  
+  
+    
+    
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+        
+      
+        
+      
+        
+      
+    
+    
+      
+      
+        
+          
+          
+        
+      
+    
+    
+    <li class="md-nav__item md-nav__item--section md-nav__item--nested">
+      
+        
+        
+        <input class="md-nav__toggle md-toggle " type="checkbox" id="__nav_4_9" >
+        
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+          <label class="md-nav__link" for="__nav_4_9" id="__nav_4_9_label" tabindex="">
+            
+  
+  <span class="md-ellipsis">
+    .NET
+  </span>
+  
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+          </label>
+        
+        <nav class="md-nav" data-md-level="2" aria-labelledby="__nav_4_9_label" aria-expanded="false">
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+            <span class="md-nav__icon md-icon"></span>
+            .NET
+          </label>
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+            
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+            
+  
+  <span class="md-ellipsis">
+    C#
+  </span>
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+        
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+            <span class="md-nav__icon md-icon"></span>
+            C#
+          </label>
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+      <a href="../dotnet/csharp/csharp.html" class="md-nav__link">
+        
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+    C#
+  </span>
+  
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+    <li class="md-nav__item">
+      <a href="../dotnet/csharp/linq.html" class="md-nav__link">
+        
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+  <span class="md-ellipsis">
+    Linq
+  </span>
+  
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+    <li class="md-nav__item">
+      <a href="../dotnet/csharp/collections.html" class="md-nav__link">
+        
+  
+  <span class="md-ellipsis">
+    Collections
+  </span>
+  
+
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+    </li>
+  
+
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+            
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+                
+  
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+    <li class="md-nav__item">
+      <a href="../dotnet/csharp/reactive-extensions.html" class="md-nav__link">
+        
+  
+  <span class="md-ellipsis">
+    Reactive Extensions
+  </span>
+  
+
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+    </li>
+  
+
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+            
+              
+                
+  
+  
+  
+  
+    <li class="md-nav__item">
+      <a href="../dotnet/csharp/async-programming.html" class="md-nav__link">
+        
+  
+  <span class="md-ellipsis">
+    Async Programming
+  </span>
+  
+
+      </a>
+    </li>
+  
+
+              
+            
+              
+                
+  
+  
+  
+  
+    <li class="md-nav__item">
+      <a href="../dotnet/csharp/unit-tests.html" class="md-nav__link">
+        
+  
+  <span class="md-ellipsis">
+    Unit Tests
+  </span>
+  
+
+      </a>
+    </li>
+  
+
+              
+            
+          </ul>
+        </nav>
+      
+    </li>
+  
+
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+            
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+                
+  
+  
+  
+  
+    
+    
+      
+        
+      
+        
+      
+        
+      
+        
+      
+        
+      
+        
+      
+        
+      
+    
+    
+      
+      
+        
+      
+    
+    
+    <li class="md-nav__item md-nav__item--nested">
+      
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+        <input class="md-nav__toggle md-toggle " type="checkbox" id="__nav_4_9_2" >
+        
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+          <label class="md-nav__link" for="__nav_4_9_2" id="__nav_4_9_2_label" tabindex="0">
+            
+  
+  <span class="md-ellipsis">
+    ASP.NET
+  </span>
+  
+
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+          </label>
+        
+        <nav class="md-nav" data-md-level="3" aria-labelledby="__nav_4_9_2_label" aria-expanded="false">
+          <label class="md-nav__title" for="__nav_4_9_2">
+            <span class="md-nav__icon md-icon"></span>
+            ASP.NET
+          </label>
+          <ul class="md-nav__list" data-md-scrollfix>
+            
+              
+                
+  
+  
+  
+  
+    <li class="md-nav__item">
+      <a href="../dotnet/asp.net/minimal-api.html" class="md-nav__link">
+        
+  
+  <span class="md-ellipsis">
+    Minimal API
+  </span>
+  
+
+      </a>
+    </li>
+  
+
+              
+            
+              
+                
+  
+  
+  
+  
+    <li class="md-nav__item">
+      <a href="../dotnet/asp.net/filters.html" class="md-nav__link">
+        
+  
+  <span class="md-ellipsis">
+    FIlters
+  </span>
+  
+
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+    </li>
+  
+
+              
+            
+              
+                
+  
+  
+  
+  
+    <li class="md-nav__item">
+      <a href="../dotnet/asp.net/middleware.html" class="md-nav__link">
+        
+  
+  <span class="md-ellipsis">
+    Middleware
+  </span>
+  
+
+      </a>
+    </li>
+  
+
+              
+            
+              
+                
+  
+  
+  
+  
+    <li class="md-nav__item">
+      <a href="../dotnet/asp.net/razor-syntax.html" class="md-nav__link">
+        
+  
+  <span class="md-ellipsis">
+    Razor Syntax
+  </span>
+  
+
+      </a>
+    </li>
+  
+
+              
+            
+              
+                
+  
+  
+  
+  
+    <li class="md-nav__item">
+      <a href="../dotnet/asp.net/blazor.html" class="md-nav__link">
+        
+  
+  <span class="md-ellipsis">
+    Blazor
+  </span>
+  
+
+      </a>
+    </li>
+  
+
+              
+            
+              
+                
+  
+  
+  
+  
+    <li class="md-nav__item">
+      <a href="../dotnet/asp.net/signalr.html" class="md-nav__link">
+        
+  
+  <span class="md-ellipsis">
+    SignalR
+  </span>
+  
+
+      </a>
+    </li>
+  
+
+              
+            
+              
+                
+  
+  
+  
+  
+    <li class="md-nav__item">
+      <a href="../dotnet/asp.net/web-forms.html" class="md-nav__link">
+        
+  
+  <span class="md-ellipsis">
+    Web Forms
+  </span>
+  
+
+      </a>
+    </li>
+  
+
+              
+            
+          </ul>
+        </nav>
+      
+    </li>
+  
+
+              
+            
+              
+                
+  
+  
+  
+  
+    
+    
+      
+        
+      
+        
+      
+    
+    
+      
+      
+        
+      
+    
+    
+    <li class="md-nav__item md-nav__item--nested">
+      
+        
+        
+        <input class="md-nav__toggle md-toggle " type="checkbox" id="__nav_4_9_3" >
+        
+          
+          <label class="md-nav__link" for="__nav_4_9_3" id="__nav_4_9_3_label" tabindex="0">
+            
+  
+  <span class="md-ellipsis">
+    Database
+  </span>
+  
+
+            <span class="md-nav__icon md-icon"></span>
+          </label>
+        
+        <nav class="md-nav" data-md-level="3" aria-labelledby="__nav_4_9_3_label" aria-expanded="false">
+          <label class="md-nav__title" for="__nav_4_9_3">
+            <span class="md-nav__icon md-icon"></span>
+            Database
+          </label>
+          <ul class="md-nav__list" data-md-scrollfix>
+            
+              
+                
+  
+  
+  
+  
+    <li class="md-nav__item">
+      <a href="../dotnet/database/ado.net.html" class="md-nav__link">
+        
+  
+  <span class="md-ellipsis">
+    ADO.NET
+  </span>
+  
+
+      </a>
+    </li>
+  
+
+              
+            
+              
+                
+  
+  
+  
+  
+    <li class="md-nav__item">
+      <a href="../dotnet/database/entity-framework.html" class="md-nav__link">
+        
+  
+  <span class="md-ellipsis">
+    Entity Framework
+  </span>
+  
+
+      </a>
+    </li>
+  
+
+              
+            
+          </ul>
+        </nav>
+      
+    </li>
+  
+
+              
+            
+          </ul>
+        </nav>
+      
+    </li>
+  
+
+              
+            
+              
+                
+  
+  
+  
+  
+    
+    
+      
+        
+      
+        
+      
+        
+      
+        
+      
+    
+    
+      
+      
+        
+          
+          
+        
+      
+    
+    
+    <li class="md-nav__item md-nav__item--section md-nav__item--nested">
+      
+        
+        
+        <input class="md-nav__toggle md-toggle " type="checkbox" id="__nav_4_10" >
+        
+          
+          <label class="md-nav__link" for="__nav_4_10" id="__nav_4_10_label" tabindex="">
+            
+  
+  <span class="md-ellipsis">
+    Java
+  </span>
+  
+
+            <span class="md-nav__icon md-icon"></span>
+          </label>
+        
+        <nav class="md-nav" data-md-level="2" aria-labelledby="__nav_4_10_label" aria-expanded="false">
+          <label class="md-nav__title" for="__nav_4_10">
+            <span class="md-nav__icon md-icon"></span>
+            Java
+          </label>
+          <ul class="md-nav__list" data-md-scrollfix>
+            
+              
+                
+  
+  
+  
+  
+    <li class="md-nav__item">
+      <a href="../java/java.html" class="md-nav__link">
+        
+  
+  <span class="md-ellipsis">
+    Java
+  </span>
+  
+
+      </a>
+    </li>
+  
+
+              
+            
+              
+                
+  
+  
+  
+  
+    <li class="md-nav__item">
+      <a href="../java/java-collection-framework.html" class="md-nav__link">
+        
+  
+  <span class="md-ellipsis">
+    Java Collection Framework
+  </span>
+  
+
+      </a>
+    </li>
+  
+
+              
+            
+              
+                
+  
+  
+  
+  
+    <li class="md-nav__item">
+      <a href="../java/dao.html" class="md-nav__link">
+        
+  
+  <span class="md-ellipsis">
+    DAO
+  </span>
+  
+
+      </a>
+    </li>
+  
+
+              
+            
+              
+                
+  
+  
+  
+  
+    
+    
+      
+        
+      
+        
+      
+    
+    
+      
+      
+        
+      
+    
+    
+    <li class="md-nav__item md-nav__item--nested">
+      
+        
+        
+        <input class="md-nav__toggle md-toggle " type="checkbox" id="__nav_4_10_4" >
+        
+          
+          <label class="md-nav__link" for="__nav_4_10_4" id="__nav_4_10_4_label" tabindex="0">
+            
+  
+  <span class="md-ellipsis">
+    Web
+  </span>
+  
+
+            <span class="md-nav__icon md-icon"></span>
+          </label>
+        
+        <nav class="md-nav" data-md-level="3" aria-labelledby="__nav_4_10_4_label" aria-expanded="false">
+          <label class="md-nav__title" for="__nav_4_10_4">
+            <span class="md-nav__icon md-icon"></span>
+            Web
+          </label>
+          <ul class="md-nav__list" data-md-scrollfix>
+            
+              
+                
+  
+  
+  
+  
+    <li class="md-nav__item">
+      <a href="../java/web/servlet.html" class="md-nav__link">
+        
+  
+  <span class="md-ellipsis">
+    Serverlet
+  </span>
+  
+
+      </a>
+    </li>
+  
+
+              
+            
+              
+                
+  
+  
+  
+  
+    
+    
+      
+        
+      
+        
+      
+    
+    
+      
+      
+        
+      
+    
+    
+    <li class="md-nav__item md-nav__item--nested">
+      
+        
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+        <input class="md-nav__toggle md-toggle " type="checkbox" id="__nav_4_10_4_2" >
+        
+          
+          <label class="md-nav__link" for="__nav_4_10_4_2" id="__nav_4_10_4_2_label" tabindex="0">
+            
+  
+  <span class="md-ellipsis">
+    Spring
+  </span>
+  
+
+            <span class="md-nav__icon md-icon"></span>
+          </label>
+        
+        <nav class="md-nav" data-md-level="4" aria-labelledby="__nav_4_10_4_2_label" aria-expanded="false">
+          <label class="md-nav__title" for="__nav_4_10_4_2">
+            <span class="md-nav__icon md-icon"></span>
+            Spring
+          </label>
+          <ul class="md-nav__list" data-md-scrollfix>
+            
+              
+                
+  
+  
+  
+  
+    <li class="md-nav__item">
+      <a href="../java/spring/pom.xml.html" class="md-nav__link">
+        
+  
+  <span class="md-ellipsis">
+    POM
+  </span>
+  
+
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+    </li>
+  
+
+              
+            
+              
+                
+  
+  
+  
+  
+    <li class="md-nav__item">
+      <a href="../java/spring/spring-project.html" class="md-nav__link">
+        
+  
+  <span class="md-ellipsis">
+    Project Structure
+  </span>
+  
+
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+    </li>
+  
+
+              
+            
+          </ul>
+        </nav>
+      
+    </li>
+  
+
+              
+            
+          </ul>
+        </nav>
+      
+    </li>
+  
+
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+            
+          </ul>
+        </nav>
+      
+    </li>
+  
+
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+            
+              
+                
+  
+  
+    
+  
+  
+  
+    
+    
+      
+        
+      
+        
+      
+        
+      
+        
+      
+        
+      
+        
+      
+        
+      
+        
+      
+        
+      
+    
+    
+      
+      
+        
+          
+          
+        
+      
+    
+    
+    <li class="md-nav__item md-nav__item--active md-nav__item--section md-nav__item--nested">
+      
+        
+        
+        <input class="md-nav__toggle md-toggle " type="checkbox" id="__nav_4_11" checked>
+        
+          
+          <label class="md-nav__link" for="__nav_4_11" id="__nav_4_11_label" tabindex="">
+            
+  
+  <span class="md-ellipsis">
+    PHP
+  </span>
+  
+
+            <span class="md-nav__icon md-icon"></span>
+          </label>
+        
+        <nav class="md-nav" data-md-level="2" aria-labelledby="__nav_4_11_label" aria-expanded="true">
+          <label class="md-nav__title" for="__nav_4_11">
+            <span class="md-nav__icon md-icon"></span>
+            PHP
+          </label>
+          <ul class="md-nav__list" data-md-scrollfix>
+            
+              
+                
+  
+  
+  
+  
+    <li class="md-nav__item">
+      <a href="php.html" class="md-nav__link">
+        
+  
+  <span class="md-ellipsis">
+    PHP
+  </span>
+  
+
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+    </li>
+  
+
+              
+            
+              
+                
+  
+  
+  
+  
+    <li class="md-nav__item">
+      <a href="database.html" class="md-nav__link">
+        
+  
+  <span class="md-ellipsis">
+    Database
+  </span>
+  
+
+      </a>
+    </li>
+  
+
+              
+            
+              
+                
+  
+  
+    
+  
+  
+  
+    <li class="md-nav__item md-nav__item--active">
+      
+      <input class="md-nav__toggle md-toggle" type="checkbox" id="__toc">
+      
+      
+        
+      
+      
+        <label class="md-nav__link md-nav__link--active" for="__toc">
+          
+  
+  <span class="md-ellipsis">
+    Web
+  </span>
+  
+
+          <span class="md-nav__icon md-icon"></span>
+        </label>
+      
+      <a href="web.html" class="md-nav__link md-nav__link--active">
+        
+  
+  <span class="md-ellipsis">
+    Web
+  </span>
+  
+
+      </a>
+      
+        
+
+<nav class="md-nav md-nav--secondary" aria-label="Table of contents">
+  
+  
+  
+    
+  
+  
+    <label class="md-nav__title" for="__toc">
+      <span class="md-nav__icon md-icon"></span>
+      Table of contents
+    </label>
+    <ul class="md-nav__list" data-md-component="toc" data-md-scrollfix>
+      
+        <li class="md-nav__item">
+  <a href="#php-internal-web-server" class="md-nav__link">
+    <span class="md-ellipsis">
+      PHP Internal Web Server
+    </span>
+  </a>
+  
+</li>
+      
+        <li class="md-nav__item">
+  <a href="#http-methods" class="md-nav__link">
+    <span class="md-ellipsis">
+      HTTP Methods
+    </span>
+  </a>
+  
+    <nav class="md-nav" aria-label="HTTP Methods">
+      <ul class="md-nav__list">
+        
+          <li class="md-nav__item">
+  <a href="#_files" class="md-nav__link">
+    <span class="md-ellipsis">
+      $_FILES
+    </span>
+  </a>
+  
+</li>
+        
+          <li class="md-nav__item">
+  <a href="#_server" class="md-nav__link">
+    <span class="md-ellipsis">
+      $_SERVER
+    </span>
+  </a>
+  
+</li>
+        
+          <li class="md-nav__item">
+  <a href="#_cookie" class="md-nav__link">
+    <span class="md-ellipsis">
+      $_COOKIE
+    </span>
+  </a>
+  
+</li>
+        
+          <li class="md-nav__item">
+  <a href="#_session" class="md-nav__link">
+    <span class="md-ellipsis">
+      $_SESSION
+    </span>
+  </a>
+  
+</li>
+        
+      </ul>
+    </nav>
+  
+</li>
+      
+        <li class="md-nav__item">
+  <a href="#php-web-instructions" class="md-nav__link">
+    <span class="md-ellipsis">
+      PHP Web Instructions
+    </span>
+  </a>
+  
+</li>
+      
+    </ul>
+  
+</nav>
+      
+    </li>
+  
+
+              
+            
+              
+                
+  
+  
+  
+  
+    <li class="md-nav__item">
+      <a href="dependency-injection.html" class="md-nav__link">
+        
+  
+  <span class="md-ellipsis">
+    Dependency Injection
+  </span>
+  
+
+      </a>
+    </li>
+  
+
+              
+            
+              
+                
+  
+  
+  
+  
+    <li class="md-nav__item">
+      <a href="unit-tests.html" class="md-nav__link">
+        
+  
+  <span class="md-ellipsis">
+    Unit Tests
+  </span>
+  
+
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+    </li>
+  
+
+              
+            
+              
+                
+  
+  
+  
+  
+    <li class="md-nav__item">
+      <a href="composer.html" class="md-nav__link">
+        
+  
+  <span class="md-ellipsis">
+    Composer
+  </span>
+  
+
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+    </li>
+  
+
+              
+            
+              
+                
+  
+  
+  
+  
+    <li class="md-nav__item">
+      <a href="psr-7.html" class="md-nav__link">
+        
+  
+  <span class="md-ellipsis">
+    PSR 7
+  </span>
+  
+
+      </a>
+    </li>
+  
+
+              
+            
+              
+                
+  
+  
+  
+  
+    <li class="md-nav__item">
+      <a href="plates-templating.html" class="md-nav__link">
+        
+  
+  <span class="md-ellipsis">
+    Plates
+  </span>
+  
+
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+    </li>
+  
+
+              
+            
+              
+                
+  
+  
+  
+  
+    
+    
+      
+        
+      
+        
+      
+    
+    
+      
+      
+        
+      
+    
+    
+    <li class="md-nav__item md-nav__item--nested">
+      
+        
+        
+        <input class="md-nav__toggle md-toggle " type="checkbox" id="__nav_4_11_9" >
+        
+          
+          <label class="md-nav__link" for="__nav_4_11_9" id="__nav_4_11_9_label" tabindex="0">
+            
+  
+  <span class="md-ellipsis">
+    Simple MVC
+  </span>
+  
+
+            <span class="md-nav__icon md-icon"></span>
+          </label>
+        
+        <nav class="md-nav" data-md-level="3" aria-labelledby="__nav_4_11_9_label" aria-expanded="false">
+          <label class="md-nav__title" for="__nav_4_11_9">
+            <span class="md-nav__icon md-icon"></span>
+            Simple MVC
+          </label>
+          <ul class="md-nav__list" data-md-scrollfix>
+            
+              
+                
+  
+  
+  
+  
+    <li class="md-nav__item">
+      <a href="simple-mvc/simple-mvc.html" class="md-nav__link">
+        
+  
+  <span class="md-ellipsis">
+    Simple MVC
+  </span>
+  
+
+      </a>
+    </li>
+  
+
+              
+            
+              
+                
+  
+  
+  
+  
+    <li class="md-nav__item">
+      <a href="simple-mvc/rest-api.html" class="md-nav__link">
+        
+  
+  <span class="md-ellipsis">
+    REST API
+  </span>
+  
+
+      </a>
+    </li>
+  
+
+              
+            
+          </ul>
+        </nav>
+      
+    </li>
+  
+
+              
+            
+          </ul>
+        </nav>
+      
+    </li>
+  
+
+              
+            
+              
+                
+  
+  
+  
+  
+    
+    
+      
+        
+      
+        
+      
+        
+      
+        
+      
+        
+      
+    
+    
+      
+      
+        
+          
+          
+        
+      
+    
+    
+    <li class="md-nav__item md-nav__item--section md-nav__item--nested">
+      
+        
+        
+        <input class="md-nav__toggle md-toggle " type="checkbox" id="__nav_4_12" >
+        
+          
+          <label class="md-nav__link" for="__nav_4_12" id="__nav_4_12_label" tabindex="">
+            
+  
+  <span class="md-ellipsis">
+    Rust
+  </span>
+  
+
+            <span class="md-nav__icon md-icon"></span>
+          </label>
+        
+        <nav class="md-nav" data-md-level="2" aria-labelledby="__nav_4_12_label" aria-expanded="false">
+          <label class="md-nav__title" for="__nav_4_12">
+            <span class="md-nav__icon md-icon"></span>
+            Rust
+          </label>
+          <ul class="md-nav__list" data-md-scrollfix>
+            
+              
+                
+  
+  
+  
+  
+    <li class="md-nav__item">
+      <a href="../rust/rust.html" class="md-nav__link">
+        
+  
+  <span class="md-ellipsis">
+    Rust
+  </span>
+  
+
+      </a>
+    </li>
+  
+
+              
+            
+              
+                
+  
+  
+  
+  
+    <li class="md-nav__item">
+      <a href="../rust/macros.html" class="md-nav__link">
+        
+  
+  <span class="md-ellipsis">
+    Macros
+  </span>
+  
+
+      </a>
+    </li>
+  
+
+              
+            
+              
+                
+  
+  
+  
+  
+    <li class="md-nav__item">
+      <a href="../rust/cargo.html" class="md-nav__link">
+        
+  
+  <span class="md-ellipsis">
+    Cargo
+  </span>
+  
+
+      </a>
+    </li>
+  
+
+              
+            
+              
+                
+  
+  
+  
+  
+    <li class="md-nav__item">
+      <a href="../rust/concurrency.html" class="md-nav__link">
+        
+  
+  <span class="md-ellipsis">
+    Concurrency
+  </span>
+  
+
+      </a>
+    </li>
+  
+
+              
+            
+              
+                
+  
+  
+  
+  
+    <li class="md-nav__item">
+      <a href="../rust/unit-tests.html" class="md-nav__link">
+        
+  
+  <span class="md-ellipsis">
+    Unit Tests
+  </span>
+  
+
+      </a>
+    </li>
+  
+
+              
+            
+          </ul>
+        </nav>
+      
+    </li>
+  
+
+              
+            
+              
+                
+  
+  
+  
+  
+    
+    
+      
+        
+      
+        
+      
+        
+      
+        
+      
+        
+      
+        
+      
+        
+      
+    
+    
+      
+      
+        
+          
+          
+        
+      
+    
+    
+    <li class="md-nav__item md-nav__item--section md-nav__item--nested">
+      
+        
+        
+        <input class="md-nav__toggle md-toggle " type="checkbox" id="__nav_4_13" >
+        
+          
+          <label class="md-nav__link" for="__nav_4_13" id="__nav_4_13_label" tabindex="">
+            
+  
+  <span class="md-ellipsis">
+    Javascript
+  </span>
+  
+
+            <span class="md-nav__icon md-icon"></span>
+          </label>
+        
+        <nav class="md-nav" data-md-level="2" aria-labelledby="__nav_4_13_label" aria-expanded="false">
+          <label class="md-nav__title" for="__nav_4_13">
+            <span class="md-nav__icon md-icon"></span>
+            Javascript
+          </label>
+          <ul class="md-nav__list" data-md-scrollfix>
+            
+              
+                
+  
+  
+  
+  
+    <li class="md-nav__item">
+      <a href="../javascript/javascript.html" class="md-nav__link">
+        
+  
+  <span class="md-ellipsis">
+    Javascript
+  </span>
+  
+
+      </a>
+    </li>
+  
+
+              
+            
+              
+                
+  
+  
+  
+  
+    <li class="md-nav__item">
+      <a href="../javascript/dom.html" class="md-nav__link">
+        
+  
+  <span class="md-ellipsis">
+    DOM
+  </span>
+  
+
+      </a>
+    </li>
+  
+
+              
+            
+              
+                
+  
+  
+  
+  
+    <li class="md-nav__item">
+      <a href="../javascript/events-animation.html" class="md-nav__link">
+        
+  
+  <span class="md-ellipsis">
+    Events & Animation
+  </span>
+  
+
+      </a>
+    </li>
+  
+
+              
+            
+              
+                
+  
+  
+  
+  
+    <li class="md-nav__item">
+      <a href="../javascript/ajax.html" class="md-nav__link">
+        
+  
+  <span class="md-ellipsis">
+    AJAX
+  </span>
+  
+
+      </a>
+    </li>
+  
+
+              
+            
+              
+                
+  
+  
+  
+  
+    <li class="md-nav__item">
+      <a href="../javascript/jquery.html" class="md-nav__link">
+        
+  
+  <span class="md-ellipsis">
+    jQuery
+  </span>
+  
+
+      </a>
+    </li>
+  
+
+              
+            
+              
+                
+  
+  
+  
+  
+    
+    
+      
+        
+      
+        
+      
+        
+      
+        
+      
+        
+      
+    
+    
+      
+      
+        
+      
+    
+    
+    <li class="md-nav__item md-nav__item--nested">
+      
+        
+        
+        <input class="md-nav__toggle md-toggle " type="checkbox" id="__nav_4_13_6" >
+        
+          
+          <label class="md-nav__link" for="__nav_4_13_6" id="__nav_4_13_6_label" tabindex="0">
+            
+  
+  <span class="md-ellipsis">
+    React
+  </span>
+  
+
+            <span class="md-nav__icon md-icon"></span>
+          </label>
+        
+        <nav class="md-nav" data-md-level="3" aria-labelledby="__nav_4_13_6_label" aria-expanded="false">
+          <label class="md-nav__title" for="__nav_4_13_6">
+            <span class="md-nav__icon md-icon"></span>
+            React
+          </label>
+          <ul class="md-nav__list" data-md-scrollfix>
+            
+              
+                
+  
+  
+  
+  
+    <li class="md-nav__item">
+      <a href="../javascript/react/react.html" class="md-nav__link">
+        
+  
+  <span class="md-ellipsis">
+    React
+  </span>
+  
+
+      </a>
+    </li>
+  
+
+              
+            
+              
+                
+  
+  
+  
+  
+    <li class="md-nav__item">
+      <a href="../javascript/react/react-router.html" class="md-nav__link">
+        
+  
+  <span class="md-ellipsis">
+    React Router
+  </span>
+  
+
+      </a>
+    </li>
+  
+
+              
+            
+              
+                
+  
+  
+  
+  
+    <li class="md-nav__item">
+      <a href="../javascript/react/react-tests.html" class="md-nav__link">
+        
+  
+  <span class="md-ellipsis">
+    React Tests
+  </span>
+  
+
+      </a>
+    </li>
+  
+
+              
+            
+              
+                
+  
+  
+  
+  
+    <li class="md-nav__item">
+      <a href="../javascript/react/redux.html" class="md-nav__link">
+        
+  
+  <span class="md-ellipsis">
+    Redux
+  </span>
+  
+
+      </a>
+    </li>
+  
+
+              
+            
+              
+                
+  
+  
+  
+  
+    <li class="md-nav__item">
+      <a href="../javascript/react/redux-tests.html" class="md-nav__link">
+        
+  
+  <span class="md-ellipsis">
+    Redux Tests
+  </span>
+  
+
+      </a>
+    </li>
+  
+
+              
+            
+          </ul>
+        </nav>
+      
+    </li>
+  
+
+              
+            
+              
+                
+  
+  
+  
+  
+    <li class="md-nav__item">
+      <a href="../javascript/svelte/svelte.html" class="md-nav__link">
+        
+  
+  <span class="md-ellipsis">
+    Svelte
+  </span>
+  
+
+      </a>
+    </li>
+  
+
+              
+            
+          </ul>
+        </nav>
+      
+    </li>
+  
+
+              
+            
+              
+                
+  
+  
+  
+  
+    
+    
+      
+        
+      
+        
+      
+    
+    
+      
+      
+        
+          
+          
+        
+      
+    
+    
+    <li class="md-nav__item md-nav__item--section md-nav__item--nested">
+      
+        
+        
+        <input class="md-nav__toggle md-toggle " type="checkbox" id="__nav_4_14" >
+        
+          
+          <label class="md-nav__link" for="__nav_4_14" id="__nav_4_14_label" tabindex="">
+            
+  
+  <span class="md-ellipsis">
+    PowerShell
+  </span>
+  
+
+            <span class="md-nav__icon md-icon"></span>
+          </label>
+        
+        <nav class="md-nav" data-md-level="2" aria-labelledby="__nav_4_14_label" aria-expanded="false">
+          <label class="md-nav__title" for="__nav_4_14">
+            <span class="md-nav__icon md-icon"></span>
+            PowerShell
+          </label>
+          <ul class="md-nav__list" data-md-scrollfix>
+            
+              
+                
+  
+  
+  
+  
+    <li class="md-nav__item">
+      <a href="../powershell/scripting.html" class="md-nav__link">
+        
+  
+  <span class="md-ellipsis">
+    Scripting
+  </span>
+  
+
+      </a>
+    </li>
+  
+
+              
+            
+              
+                
+  
+  
+  
+  
+    <li class="md-nav__item">
+      <a href="../powershell/commands.html" class="md-nav__link">
+        
+  
+  <span class="md-ellipsis">
+    Commands
+  </span>
+  
+
+      </a>
+    </li>
+  
+
+              
+            
+          </ul>
+        </nav>
+      
+    </li>
+  
+
+              
+            
+              
+                
+  
+  
+  
+  
+    
+    
+      
+        
+      
+        
+      
+    
+    
+      
+      
+        
+          
+          
+        
+      
+    
+    
+    <li class="md-nav__item md-nav__item--section md-nav__item--nested">
+      
+        
+        
+        <input class="md-nav__toggle md-toggle " type="checkbox" id="__nav_4_15" >
+        
+          
+          <label class="md-nav__link" for="__nav_4_15" id="__nav_4_15_label" tabindex="">
+            
+  
+  <span class="md-ellipsis">
+    Bash
+  </span>
+  
+
+            <span class="md-nav__icon md-icon"></span>
+          </label>
+        
+        <nav class="md-nav" data-md-level="2" aria-labelledby="__nav_4_15_label" aria-expanded="false">
+          <label class="md-nav__title" for="__nav_4_15">
+            <span class="md-nav__icon md-icon"></span>
+            Bash
+          </label>
+          <ul class="md-nav__list" data-md-scrollfix>
+            
+              
+                
+  
+  
+  
+  
+    <li class="md-nav__item">
+      <a href="../bash/scripting.html" class="md-nav__link">
+        
+  
+  <span class="md-ellipsis">
+    Scripting
+  </span>
+  
+
+      </a>
+    </li>
+  
+
+              
+            
+              
+                
+  
+  
+  
+  
+    <li class="md-nav__item">
+      <a href="../bash/commands.html" class="md-nav__link">
+        
+  
+  <span class="md-ellipsis">
+    Commands
+  </span>
+  
+
+      </a>
+    </li>
+  
+
+              
+            
+          </ul>
+        </nav>
+      
+    </li>
+  
+
+              
+            
+          </ul>
+        </nav>
+      
+    </li>
+  
+
+    
+      
+      
+  
+  
+  
+  
+    
+    
+      
+        
+      
+        
+      
+        
+      
+        
+      
+        
+      
+    
+    
+      
+      
+        
+      
+    
+    
+    <li class="md-nav__item md-nav__item--nested">
+      
+        
+        
+        <input class="md-nav__toggle md-toggle " type="checkbox" id="__nav_5" >
+        
+          
+          <label class="md-nav__link" for="__nav_5" id="__nav_5_label" tabindex="0">
+            
+  
+  <span class="md-ellipsis">
+    Misc
+  </span>
+  
+
+            <span class="md-nav__icon md-icon"></span>
+          </label>
+        
+        <nav class="md-nav" data-md-level="1" aria-labelledby="__nav_5_label" aria-expanded="false">
+          <label class="md-nav__title" for="__nav_5">
+            <span class="md-nav__icon md-icon"></span>
+            Misc
+          </label>
+          <ul class="md-nav__list" data-md-scrollfix>
+            
+              
+                
+  
+  
+  
+  
+    <li class="md-nav__item">
+      <a href="../../misc/git.html" class="md-nav__link">
+        
+  
+  <span class="md-ellipsis">
+    Git
+  </span>
+  
+
+      </a>
+    </li>
+  
+
+              
+            
+              
+                
+  
+  
+  
+  
+    <li class="md-nav__item">
+      <a href="../../misc/graph-ql.html" class="md-nav__link">
+        
+  
+  <span class="md-ellipsis">
+    GraphQL
+  </span>
+  
+
+      </a>
+    </li>
+  
+
+              
+            
+              
+                
+  
+  
+  
+  
+    <li class="md-nav__item">
+      <a href="../../misc/regular-expressions.html" class="md-nav__link">
+        
+  
+  <span class="md-ellipsis">
+    RegEx
+  </span>
+  
+
+      </a>
+    </li>
+  
+
+              
+            
+              
+                
+  
+  
+  
+  
+    <li class="md-nav__item">
+      <a href="../../misc/ssh.html" class="md-nav__link">
+        
+  
+  <span class="md-ellipsis">
+    SSH
+  </span>
+  
+
+      </a>
+    </li>
+  
+
+              
+            
+              
+                
+  
+  
+  
+  
+    <li class="md-nav__item">
+      <a href="../../misc/web-components.html" class="md-nav__link">
+        
+  
+  <span class="md-ellipsis">
+    WebComponents
+  </span>
+  
+
+      </a>
+    </li>
+  
+
+              
+            
+          </ul>
+        </nav>
+      
+    </li>
+  
+
+    
+      
+      
+  
+  
+  
+  
+    
+    
+      
+        
+      
+        
+      
+    
+    
+      
+      
+        
+      
+    
+    
+    <li class="md-nav__item md-nav__item--nested">
+      
+        
+        
+        <input class="md-nav__toggle md-toggle " type="checkbox" id="__nav_6" >
+        
+          
+          <label class="md-nav__link" for="__nav_6" id="__nav_6_label" tabindex="0">
+            
+  
+  <span class="md-ellipsis">
+    Linux
+  </span>
+  
+
+            <span class="md-nav__icon md-icon"></span>
+          </label>
+        
+        <nav class="md-nav" data-md-level="1" aria-labelledby="__nav_6_label" aria-expanded="false">
+          <label class="md-nav__title" for="__nav_6">
+            <span class="md-nav__icon md-icon"></span>
+            Linux
+          </label>
+          <ul class="md-nav__list" data-md-scrollfix>
+            
+              
+                
+  
+  
+  
+  
+    
+    
+      
+        
+      
+        
+      
+        
+      
+    
+    
+      
+      
+        
+      
+    
+    
+    <li class="md-nav__item md-nav__item--nested">
+      
+        
+        
+        <input class="md-nav__toggle md-toggle " type="checkbox" id="__nav_6_1" >
+        
+          
+          <label class="md-nav__link" for="__nav_6_1" id="__nav_6_1_label" tabindex="0">
+            
+  
+  <span class="md-ellipsis">
+    Filesystem
+  </span>
+  
+
+            <span class="md-nav__icon md-icon"></span>
+          </label>
+        
+        <nav class="md-nav" data-md-level="2" aria-labelledby="__nav_6_1_label" aria-expanded="false">
+          <label class="md-nav__title" for="__nav_6_1">
+            <span class="md-nav__icon md-icon"></span>
+            Filesystem
+          </label>
+          <ul class="md-nav__list" data-md-scrollfix>
+            
+              
+                
+  
+  
+  
+  
+    <li class="md-nav__item">
+      <a href="../../linux/filesystem/file-links.html" class="md-nav__link">
+        
+  
+  <span class="md-ellipsis">
+    File Links
+  </span>
+  
+
+      </a>
+    </li>
+  
+
+              
+            
+              
+                
+  
+  
+  
+  
+    <li class="md-nav__item">
+      <a href="../../linux/filesystem/procfs.html" class="md-nav__link">
+        
+  
+  <span class="md-ellipsis">
+    /proc
+  </span>
+  
+
+      </a>
+    </li>
+  
+
+              
+            
+              
+                
+  
+  
+  
+  
+    <li class="md-nav__item">
+      <a href="../../linux/filesystem/sysfs.html" class="md-nav__link">
+        
+  
+  <span class="md-ellipsis">
+    /sys
+  </span>
+  
+
+      </a>
+    </li>
+  
+
+              
+            
+          </ul>
+        </nav>
+      
+    </li>
+  
+
+              
+            
+              
+                
+  
+  
+  
+  
+    
+    
+      
+        
+      
+        
+      
+    
+    
+      
+      
+        
+      
+    
+    
+    <li class="md-nav__item md-nav__item--nested">
+      
+        
+        
+        <input class="md-nav__toggle md-toggle " type="checkbox" id="__nav_6_2" >
+        
+          
+          <label class="md-nav__link" for="__nav_6_2" id="__nav_6_2_label" tabindex="0">
+            
+  
+  <span class="md-ellipsis">
+    System Init
+  </span>
+  
+
+            <span class="md-nav__icon md-icon"></span>
+          </label>
+        
+        <nav class="md-nav" data-md-level="2" aria-labelledby="__nav_6_2_label" aria-expanded="false">
+          <label class="md-nav__title" for="__nav_6_2">
+            <span class="md-nav__icon md-icon"></span>
+            System Init
+          </label>
+          <ul class="md-nav__list" data-md-scrollfix>
+            
+              
+                
+  
+  
+  
+  
+    <li class="md-nav__item">
+      <a href="../../linux/init/systemd.html" class="md-nav__link">
+        
+  
+  <span class="md-ellipsis">
+    Systemd
+  </span>
+  
+
+      </a>
+    </li>
+  
+
+              
+            
+              
+                
+  
+  
+  
+  
+    <li class="md-nav__item">
+      <a href="../../linux/init/open-rc.html" class="md-nav__link">
+        
+  
+  <span class="md-ellipsis">
+    OpenRC
+  </span>
+  
+
+      </a>
+    </li>
+  
+
+              
+            
+          </ul>
+        </nav>
+      
+    </li>
+  
+
+              
+            
+          </ul>
+        </nav>
+      
+    </li>
+  
+
+    
+  </ul>
+</nav>
+                  </div>
+                </div>
+              </div>
+            
+            
+              
+              <div class="md-sidebar md-sidebar--secondary" data-md-component="sidebar" data-md-type="toc" >
+                <div class="md-sidebar__scrollwrap">
+                  <div class="md-sidebar__inner">
+                    
+
+<nav class="md-nav md-nav--secondary" aria-label="Table of contents">
+  
+  
+  
+    
+  
+  
+    <label class="md-nav__title" for="__toc">
+      <span class="md-nav__icon md-icon"></span>
+      Table of contents
+    </label>
+    <ul class="md-nav__list" data-md-component="toc" data-md-scrollfix>
+      
+        <li class="md-nav__item">
+  <a href="#php-internal-web-server" class="md-nav__link">
+    <span class="md-ellipsis">
+      PHP Internal Web Server
+    </span>
+  </a>
+  
+</li>
+      
+        <li class="md-nav__item">
+  <a href="#http-methods" class="md-nav__link">
+    <span class="md-ellipsis">
+      HTTP Methods
+    </span>
+  </a>
+  
+    <nav class="md-nav" aria-label="HTTP Methods">
+      <ul class="md-nav__list">
+        
+          <li class="md-nav__item">
+  <a href="#_files" class="md-nav__link">
+    <span class="md-ellipsis">
+      $_FILES
+    </span>
+  </a>
+  
+</li>
+        
+          <li class="md-nav__item">
+  <a href="#_server" class="md-nav__link">
+    <span class="md-ellipsis">
+      $_SERVER
+    </span>
+  </a>
+  
+</li>
+        
+          <li class="md-nav__item">
+  <a href="#_cookie" class="md-nav__link">
+    <span class="md-ellipsis">
+      $_COOKIE
+    </span>
+  </a>
+  
+</li>
+        
+          <li class="md-nav__item">
+  <a href="#_session" class="md-nav__link">
+    <span class="md-ellipsis">
+      $_SESSION
+    </span>
+  </a>
+  
+</li>
+        
+      </ul>
+    </nav>
+  
+</li>
+      
+        <li class="md-nav__item">
+  <a href="#php-web-instructions" class="md-nav__link">
+    <span class="md-ellipsis">
+      PHP Web Instructions
+    </span>
+  </a>
+  
+</li>
+      
+    </ul>
+  
+</nav>
+                  </div>
+                </div>
+              </div>
+            
+          
+          
+            <div class="md-content" data-md-component="content">
+              <article class="md-content__inner md-typeset">
+                
+                  
+
+  
+  
+
+
+<h1 id="php-for-the-web">PHP for the Web</h1>
+<h2 id="php-internal-web-server">PHP Internal Web Server</h2>
+<p>Command Line Web Server in PHP, useful in testing phase. Limited since handles only one request at a time. <strong>Do not use in production</strong>.</p>
+<div class="highlight"><table class="highlighttable"><tr><th colspan="2" class="filename"><span class="filename">PowerShell</span></th></tr><tr><td class="linenos"><div class="linenodiv"><pre><span></span><span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-0-1">1</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-0-2">2</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-0-3">3</a></span></pre></div></td><td class="code"><div><pre><span></span><code><a id="__codelineno-0-1" name="__codelineno-0-1"></a><span class="n">PHP</span> <span class="n">-S</span> <span class="p">&lt;</span><span class="n">ip</span><span class="p">:</span><span class="n">post</span><span class="p">&gt;</span>  <span class="c"># start web server</span>
+<a id="__codelineno-0-2" name="__codelineno-0-2"></a><span class="n">PHP</span> <span class="n">-S</span> <span class="p">&lt;</span><span class="n">ip</span><span class="p">:</span><span class="n">post</span><span class="p">&gt;</span> <span class="n">-t</span> <span class="p">/</span><span class="n">path</span><span class="p">/</span><span class="n">to</span><span class="p">/</span><span class="n">folder</span>  <span class="c"># execute in specified folder at specified address</span>
+<a id="__codelineno-0-3" name="__codelineno-0-3"></a><span class="n">PHP</span> <span class="n">-S</span> <span class="p">&lt;</span><span class="n">ip</span><span class="p">:</span><span class="n">post</span><span class="p">&gt;</span> <span class="n">file</span><span class="p">.</span><span class="n">php</span>  <span class="c"># redirect requests to single file</span>
+</code></pre></div></td></tr></table></div>
+<h2 id="http-methods">HTTP Methods</h2>
+<p>Handling of HTTP requests happens using the following global variables:</p>
+<ul>
+<li><code>$_SERVER</code>: info on request headers, version, URL path and method (dict)</li>
+<li><code>$_GET</code>: parameters of get request (dict)</li>
+<li><code>$_POST</code>: parameters of post request (dict)</li>
+<li><code>$_COOKIE</code></li>
+<li><code>$_FILES</code>: file to send to web app.</li>
+</ul>
+<h3 id="_files"><code>$_FILES</code></h3>
+<div class="highlight"><table class="highlighttable"><tr><th colspan="2" class="filename"><span class="filename">HTML</span></th></tr><tr><td class="linenos"><div class="linenodiv"><pre><span></span><span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-1-1">1</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-1-2">2</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-1-3">3</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-1-4">4</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-1-5">5</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-1-6">6</a></span></pre></div></td><td class="code"><div><pre><span></span><code><a id="__codelineno-1-1" name="__codelineno-1-1"></a><span class="cm">&lt;!-- method MUST BE post --&gt;</span>
+<a id="__codelineno-1-2" name="__codelineno-1-2"></a><span class="cm">&lt;!-- must have enctype=&quot;multipart/form-data&quot; attribute --&gt;</span>
+<a id="__codelineno-1-3" name="__codelineno-1-3"></a><span class="p">&lt;</span><span class="nt">form</span> <span class="na">name</span><span class="o">=</span><span class="s">&quot;&lt;name&gt;&quot;</span> <span class="na">action</span><span class="o">=</span><span class="s">&quot;file.php&quot;</span> <span class="na">method</span><span class="o">=</span><span class="s">&quot;POST&quot;</span> <span class="na">enctype</span><span class="o">=</span><span class="s">&quot;multipart/form-data&quot;</span><span class="p">&gt;</span>
+<a id="__codelineno-1-4" name="__codelineno-1-4"></a>    <span class="p">&lt;</span><span class="nt">input</span> <span class="na">type</span><span class="o">=</span><span class="s">&quot;file&quot;</span> <span class="na">name</span><span class="o">=</span><span class="s">&quot;photo&quot;</span> <span class="p">/&gt;</span>
+<a id="__codelineno-1-5" name="__codelineno-1-5"></a>    <span class="p">&lt;</span><span class="nt">input</span> <span class="na">type</span><span class="o">=</span><span class="s">&quot;submit&quot;</span> <span class="na">name</span><span class="o">=</span><span class="s">&quot;Send&quot;</span> <span class="p">/&gt;</span>
+<a id="__codelineno-1-6" name="__codelineno-1-6"></a><span class="p">&lt;/</span><span class="nt">form</span><span class="p">&gt;</span>
+</code></pre></div></td></tr></table></div>
+<p>Files in <code>$_FILES</code> are memorized in a system temp folder. They can be moved with <code>move_uploaded_file()</code></p>
+<div class="highlight"><table class="highlighttable"><tr><th colspan="2" class="filename"><span class="filename">PHP</span></th></tr><tr><td class="linenos"><div class="linenodiv"><pre><span></span><span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-2-1"> 1</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-2-2"> 2</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-2-3"> 3</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-2-4"> 4</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-2-5"> 5</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-2-6"> 6</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-2-7"> 7</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-2-8"> 8</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-2-9"> 9</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-2-10">10</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-2-11">11</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-2-12">12</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-2-13">13</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-2-14">14</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-2-15">15</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-2-16">16</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-2-17">17</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-2-18">18</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-2-19">19</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-2-20">20</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-2-21">21</a></span></pre></div></td><td class="code"><div><pre><span></span><code><a id="__codelineno-2-1" name="__codelineno-2-1"></a><span class="x">if (! isset($_FILES[&#39;photo&#39;][&#39;error&#39;])) {</span>
+<a id="__codelineno-2-2" name="__codelineno-2-2"></a><span class="x">    http_response_code(400);  # send a response code</span>
+<a id="__codelineno-2-3" name="__codelineno-2-3"></a><span class="x">    echo&#39;&lt;h1&gt;No file has been sent&lt;/h1&gt;&#39;;</span>
+<a id="__codelineno-2-4" name="__codelineno-2-4"></a><span class="x">    exit();</span>
+<a id="__codelineno-2-5" name="__codelineno-2-5"></a><span class="x">}</span>
+<a id="__codelineno-2-6" name="__codelineno-2-6"></a>
+<a id="__codelineno-2-7" name="__codelineno-2-7"></a><span class="x">if ($_FILES[&#39;photo&#39;][&#39;error&#39;] != UPLOAD_ERR_OK) {</span>
+<a id="__codelineno-2-8" name="__codelineno-2-8"></a><span class="x">        http_response_code(400);</span>
+<a id="__codelineno-2-9" name="__codelineno-2-9"></a><span class="x">        echo&#39;&lt;h1&gt;The sent file is invalid&lt;/h1&gt;&#39;;</span>
+<a id="__codelineno-2-10" name="__codelineno-2-10"></a><span class="x">        exit();</span>
+<a id="__codelineno-2-11" name="__codelineno-2-11"></a><span class="x">}</span>
+<a id="__codelineno-2-12" name="__codelineno-2-12"></a>
+<a id="__codelineno-2-13" name="__codelineno-2-13"></a><span class="x">$path = &#39;/path/to/&#39; . $_FILES[&#39;photo&#39;][&#39;name&#39;];</span>
+<a id="__codelineno-2-14" name="__codelineno-2-14"></a>
+<a id="__codelineno-2-15" name="__codelineno-2-15"></a><span class="x">if (! move_uploaded_file($_FILES[&#39;photo&#39;][&#39;tmp_name&#39;], $path)) {</span>
+<a id="__codelineno-2-16" name="__codelineno-2-16"></a><span class="x">    http_response_code(400);</span>
+<a id="__codelineno-2-17" name="__codelineno-2-17"></a><span class="x">    echo&#39;&lt;h1&gt;Error while writing the file&lt;/h1&gt;&#39;;</span>
+<a id="__codelineno-2-18" name="__codelineno-2-18"></a><span class="x">    exit();</span>
+<a id="__codelineno-2-19" name="__codelineno-2-19"></a><span class="x">}</span>
+<a id="__codelineno-2-20" name="__codelineno-2-20"></a>
+<a id="__codelineno-2-21" name="__codelineno-2-21"></a><span class="x">echo&#39;&lt;h1&gt;File successfully sent&lt;/h1&gt;&#39;;</span>
+</code></pre></div></td></tr></table></div>
+<h3 id="_server"><code>$_SERVER</code></h3>
+<p>Request Header Access:</p>
+<div class="highlight"><table class="highlighttable"><tr><th colspan="2" class="filename"><span class="filename">PHP</span></th></tr><tr><td class="linenos"><div class="linenodiv"><pre><span></span><span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-3-1">1</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-3-2">2</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-3-3">3</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-3-4">4</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-3-5">5</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-3-6">6</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-3-7">7</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-3-8">8</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-3-9">9</a></span></pre></div></td><td class="code"><div><pre><span></span><code><a id="__codelineno-3-1" name="__codelineno-3-1"></a><span class="x">$_SERVER[&quot;REQUEST_METHOD&quot;];</span>
+<a id="__codelineno-3-2" name="__codelineno-3-2"></a><span class="x">$_SERVER[&quot;REQUEST_URI&quot;];</span>
+<a id="__codelineno-3-3" name="__codelineno-3-3"></a><span class="x">$_SERVER[&quot;SERVER_PROTOCOL&quot;];  // HTTP Versions</span>
+<a id="__codelineno-3-4" name="__codelineno-3-4"></a><span class="x">$_SERVER[&quot;HTTP_ACCEPT&quot;];</span>
+<a id="__codelineno-3-5" name="__codelineno-3-5"></a><span class="x">$_SERVER[&quot;HTTP_ACCEPT_ENCODING&quot;];</span>
+<a id="__codelineno-3-6" name="__codelineno-3-6"></a><span class="x">$_SERVER[&quot;HTTP_CONNECTION&quot;];</span>
+<a id="__codelineno-3-7" name="__codelineno-3-7"></a><span class="x">$_SERVER[&quot;HTTP_HOST&quot;];</span>
+<a id="__codelineno-3-8" name="__codelineno-3-8"></a><span class="x">$_SERVER[&quot;HTTP_USER_AGENT&quot;];</span>
+<a id="__codelineno-3-9" name="__codelineno-3-9"></a><span class="x">// others</span>
+</code></pre></div></td></tr></table></div>
+<h3 id="_cookie"><code>$_COOKIE</code></h3>
+<p><a href="https://www.iubenda.com/it/cookie-solution">Cookie Laws</a>
+<a href="http://www.privacy.it/archivio/garanteprovv201405081.html">Garante Privacy 8/5/2014</a></p>
+<p>All sites <strong>must</strong> have a page for the consensus about using cookies.</p>
+<p><strong>Cookies</strong> are HTTP headers used to memorize key-value info <em>on the client</em>. They are sent from the server to the client to keep track of info on the user that is visiting the website.<br />
+When a client receives a HTTP response that contains <code>Set-Cookie</code> headers it has to memorize that info and reuse them in future requests.</p>
+<div class="highlight"><table class="highlighttable"><tr><th colspan="2" class="filename"><span class="filename">HTTP</span></th></tr><tr><td class="linenos"><div class="linenodiv"><pre><span></span><span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-4-1">1</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-4-2">2</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-4-3">3</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-4-4">4</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-4-5">5</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-4-6">6</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-4-7">7</a></span></pre></div></td><td class="code"><div><pre><span></span><code><a id="__codelineno-4-1" name="__codelineno-4-1"></a><span class="err">Set-Cookie: &lt;cookie-name&gt;=&lt;cookie-value&gt;</span>
+<a id="__codelineno-4-2" name="__codelineno-4-2"></a><span class="err">Set-Cookie: &lt;cookie-name&gt;=&lt;cookie-value&gt;; Expires=&lt;date&gt;</span>
+<a id="__codelineno-4-3" name="__codelineno-4-3"></a><span class="err">Set-Cookie: &lt;cookie-name&gt;=&lt;cookie-value&gt;; Max-Age=&lt;seconds&gt;</span>
+<a id="__codelineno-4-4" name="__codelineno-4-4"></a><span class="err">Set-Cookie: &lt;cookie-name&gt;=&lt;cookie-value&gt;; Domain=&lt;domain-value&gt;</span>
+<a id="__codelineno-4-5" name="__codelineno-4-5"></a><span class="err">Set-Cookie: &lt;cookie-name&gt;=&lt;cookie-value&gt;; Path=&lt;path-value&gt;</span>
+<a id="__codelineno-4-6" name="__codelineno-4-6"></a><span class="err">Set-Cookie: &lt;cookie-name&gt;=&lt;cookie-value&gt;; Secure</span>
+<a id="__codelineno-4-7" name="__codelineno-4-7"></a><span class="err">Set-Cookie: &lt;cookie-name&gt;=&lt;cookie-value&gt;; HttpOnly</span>
+</code></pre></div></td></tr></table></div>
+<p>Anyone can modify the contents of a cookie; for this reason cookies <strong>must not contain</strong> <em>personal or sensible info</em>.</p>
+<p>When a client has memorized a cookie, it is sent in successive HTTP requests through the <code>Cookie</code> header.</p>
+<div class="highlight"><table class="highlighttable"><tr><th colspan="2" class="filename"><span class="filename">HTTP</span></th></tr><tr><td class="linenos"><div class="linenodiv"><pre><span></span><span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-5-1">1</a></span></pre></div></td><td class="code"><div><pre><span></span><code><a id="__codelineno-5-1" name="__codelineno-5-1"></a><span class="err">Cookie: &lt;cookie-name&gt;=&lt;cookie-value&gt;</span>
+</code></pre></div></td></tr></table></div>
+<p><a href="https://www.php.net/manual/en/function.setcookie.php">PHP setcookie docs</a></p>
+<div class="highlight"><table class="highlighttable"><tr><th colspan="2" class="filename"><span class="filename">PHP</span></th></tr><tr><td class="linenos"><div class="linenodiv"><pre><span></span><span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-6-1"> 1</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-6-2"> 2</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-6-3"> 3</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-6-4"> 4</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-6-5"> 5</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-6-6"> 6</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-6-7"> 7</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-6-8"> 8</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-6-9"> 9</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-6-10">10</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-6-11">11</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-6-12">12</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-6-13">13</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-6-14">14</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-6-15">15</a></span></pre></div></td><td class="code"><div><pre><span></span><code><a id="__codelineno-6-1" name="__codelineno-6-1"></a><span class="x">setcookie (</span>
+<a id="__codelineno-6-2" name="__codelineno-6-2"></a><span class="x">string $name,</span>
+<a id="__codelineno-6-3" name="__codelineno-6-3"></a><span class="x">[ string $value = &quot;&quot; ],</span>
+<a id="__codelineno-6-4" name="__codelineno-6-4"></a><span class="x">[ int $expire = 0 ],  // in seconds (time() + seconds)</span>
+<a id="__codelineno-6-5" name="__codelineno-6-5"></a><span class="x">[ string $path = &quot;&quot; ],</span>
+<a id="__codelineno-6-6" name="__codelineno-6-6"></a><span class="x">[ string $domain = &quot;&quot; ],</span>
+<a id="__codelineno-6-7" name="__codelineno-6-7"></a><span class="x">[ bool $secure = false ],  // use https</span>
+<a id="__codelineno-6-8" name="__codelineno-6-8"></a><span class="x">[ bool $httponly = false ]  // accessible only through http (no js, ...)</span>
+<a id="__codelineno-6-9" name="__codelineno-6-9"></a><span class="x">)</span>
+<a id="__codelineno-6-10" name="__codelineno-6-10"></a>
+<a id="__codelineno-6-11" name="__codelineno-6-11"></a><span class="x">// example: memorize user-id 112 with 24h expiry for site example.com</span>
+<a id="__codelineno-6-12" name="__codelineno-6-12"></a><span class="x">setcookie (&quot;User-id&quot;, &quot;112&quot;, time() + 3600*24, &quot;/&quot;, &quot;example.com&quot;);</span>
+<a id="__codelineno-6-13" name="__codelineno-6-13"></a>
+<a id="__codelineno-6-14" name="__codelineno-6-14"></a><span class="x">// check if a cookie exists</span>
+<a id="__codelineno-6-15" name="__codelineno-6-15"></a><span class="x">if(isset($_COOKIE[&quot;cookie_name&quot;])) {}</span>
+</code></pre></div></td></tr></table></div>
+<h3 id="_session"><a href="https://www.php.net/manual/en/ref.session.php">$_SESSION</a></h3>
+<p><strong>Sessions</strong> are info memorized <em>on the server</em> associated to the client that makes an HTTP request.</p>
+<p>PHP generates a cookie named <code>PHPSESSID</code> containing a <em>session identifier</em> and an <em>hash</em> generated from <code>IP + timestamp + pseudo-random number</code>.</p>
+<p>To use the session it's necessary to recall the function <code>session_start()</code> at the beginning of a PHP script that deals with sessions.<br />
+After starting the session information in be saved in the <code>$_SESSION</code> array.</p>
+<div class="highlight"><table class="highlighttable"><tr><th colspan="2" class="filename"><span class="filename">PHP</span></th></tr><tr><td class="linenos"><div class="linenodiv"><pre><span></span><span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-7-1">1</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-7-2">2</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-7-3">3</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-7-4">4</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-7-5">5</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-7-6">6</a></span></pre></div></td><td class="code"><div><pre><span></span><code><a id="__codelineno-7-1" name="__codelineno-7-1"></a><span class="x">$_SESSION[&quot;key&quot;] = value;  // save data in session file (serialized data)</span>
+<a id="__codelineno-7-2" name="__codelineno-7-2"></a>
+<a id="__codelineno-7-3" name="__codelineno-7-3"></a><span class="x">unset($_SESSION[&quot;key&quot;]);  // delete data from the session</span>
+<a id="__codelineno-7-4" name="__codelineno-7-4"></a><span class="x">session_unset();  # remove all session data</span>
+<a id="__codelineno-7-5" name="__codelineno-7-5"></a><span class="x">session_destroy();  # destroy all of the data associated with the current session.</span>
+<a id="__codelineno-7-6" name="__codelineno-7-6"></a><span class="x"># It does not unset any of the global variables associated with the session, or unset the session cookie.</span>
+</code></pre></div></td></tr></table></div>
+<p>Session data is be memorized in a file by <em>serializing</em> <code>$_SESSION</code>. Files are named as <code>sess_PHPSESSID</code> in a folder (<code>var/lib/php/sessions</code> in Linux).</p>
+<p>It's possible to modify the memorization system of PHP serialization variables by:</p>
+<ul>
+<li>modifying <code>session.save_handler</code> in <code>php.ini</code></li>
+<li>writing as personalized handler with the function <code>session_set_save_handler()</code> and/or the class <code>SessionHandler</code></li>
+</ul>
+<h2 id="php-web-instructions">PHP Web Instructions</h2>
+<p><code>http_response_code()</code> is used to return an HTTP response code. If no code is specified <code>200 OK</code> is returned.
+<code>header("Location: /route")</code> is used to make a redirect to another UTL.</p>
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new file mode 100644
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+  
+  <span class="md-ellipsis">
+    Pandas
+  </span>
+  
+
+      </a>
+    </li>
+  
+
+              
+            
+              
+                
+  
+  
+  
+  
+    <li class="md-nav__item">
+      <a href="../python/libs/seaborn.html" class="md-nav__link">
+        
+  
+  <span class="md-ellipsis">
+    Seaborn
+  </span>
+  
+
+      </a>
+    </li>
+  
+
+              
+            
+              
+                
+  
+  
+  
+  
+    <li class="md-nav__item">
+      <a href="../python/libs/requests.html" class="md-nav__link">
+        
+  
+  <span class="md-ellipsis">
+    Requests
+  </span>
+  
+
+      </a>
+    </li>
+  
+
+              
+            
+              
+                
+  
+  
+  
+  
+    <li class="md-nav__item">
+      <a href="../python/libs/beautiful-soup.html" class="md-nav__link">
+        
+  
+  <span class="md-ellipsis">
+    Beatiful Soup
+  </span>
+  
+
+      </a>
+    </li>
+  
+
+              
+            
+          </ul>
+        </nav>
+      
+    </li>
+  
+
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+            
+          </ul>
+        </nav>
+      
+    </li>
+  
+
+              
+            
+              
+                
+  
+  
+  
+  
+    
+    
+      
+        
+      
+        
+      
+        
+      
+    
+    
+      
+      
+        
+          
+          
+        
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+    
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+    <li class="md-nav__item md-nav__item--section md-nav__item--nested">
+      
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+        <input class="md-nav__toggle md-toggle " type="checkbox" id="__nav_4_9" >
+        
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+          <label class="md-nav__link" for="__nav_4_9" id="__nav_4_9_label" tabindex="">
+            
+  
+  <span class="md-ellipsis">
+    .NET
+  </span>
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+          </label>
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+        <nav class="md-nav" data-md-level="2" aria-labelledby="__nav_4_9_label" aria-expanded="false">
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+            <span class="md-nav__icon md-icon"></span>
+            .NET
+          </label>
+          <ul class="md-nav__list" data-md-scrollfix>
+            
+              
+                
+  
+  
+  
+  
+    
+    
+      
+        
+      
+        
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+        
+      
+        
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+        
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+      
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+    
+      
+      
+        
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+    
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+    <li class="md-nav__item md-nav__item--nested">
+      
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+        <input class="md-nav__toggle md-toggle " type="checkbox" id="__nav_4_9_1" >
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+            
+  
+  <span class="md-ellipsis">
+    C#
+  </span>
+  
+
+            <span class="md-nav__icon md-icon"></span>
+          </label>
+        
+        <nav class="md-nav" data-md-level="3" aria-labelledby="__nav_4_9_1_label" aria-expanded="false">
+          <label class="md-nav__title" for="__nav_4_9_1">
+            <span class="md-nav__icon md-icon"></span>
+            C#
+          </label>
+          <ul class="md-nav__list" data-md-scrollfix>
+            
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+  
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+  
+  
+    <li class="md-nav__item">
+      <a href="../dotnet/csharp/csharp.html" class="md-nav__link">
+        
+  
+  <span class="md-ellipsis">
+    C#
+  </span>
+  
+
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+    </li>
+  
+
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+              
+                
+  
+  
+  
+  
+    <li class="md-nav__item">
+      <a href="../dotnet/csharp/linq.html" class="md-nav__link">
+        
+  
+  <span class="md-ellipsis">
+    Linq
+  </span>
+  
+
+      </a>
+    </li>
+  
+
+              
+            
+              
+                
+  
+  
+  
+  
+    <li class="md-nav__item">
+      <a href="../dotnet/csharp/collections.html" class="md-nav__link">
+        
+  
+  <span class="md-ellipsis">
+    Collections
+  </span>
+  
+
+      </a>
+    </li>
+  
+
+              
+            
+              
+                
+  
+  
+  
+  
+    <li class="md-nav__item">
+      <a href="../dotnet/csharp/reactive-extensions.html" class="md-nav__link">
+        
+  
+  <span class="md-ellipsis">
+    Reactive Extensions
+  </span>
+  
+
+      </a>
+    </li>
+  
+
+              
+            
+              
+                
+  
+  
+  
+  
+    <li class="md-nav__item">
+      <a href="../dotnet/csharp/async-programming.html" class="md-nav__link">
+        
+  
+  <span class="md-ellipsis">
+    Async Programming
+  </span>
+  
+
+      </a>
+    </li>
+  
+
+              
+            
+              
+                
+  
+  
+  
+  
+    <li class="md-nav__item">
+      <a href="../dotnet/csharp/unit-tests.html" class="md-nav__link">
+        
+  
+  <span class="md-ellipsis">
+    Unit Tests
+  </span>
+  
+
+      </a>
+    </li>
+  
+
+              
+            
+          </ul>
+        </nav>
+      
+    </li>
+  
+
+              
+            
+              
+                
+  
+  
+  
+  
+    
+    
+      
+        
+      
+        
+      
+        
+      
+        
+      
+        
+      
+        
+      
+        
+      
+    
+    
+      
+      
+        
+      
+    
+    
+    <li class="md-nav__item md-nav__item--nested">
+      
+        
+        
+        <input class="md-nav__toggle md-toggle " type="checkbox" id="__nav_4_9_2" >
+        
+          
+          <label class="md-nav__link" for="__nav_4_9_2" id="__nav_4_9_2_label" tabindex="0">
+            
+  
+  <span class="md-ellipsis">
+    ASP.NET
+  </span>
+  
+
+            <span class="md-nav__icon md-icon"></span>
+          </label>
+        
+        <nav class="md-nav" data-md-level="3" aria-labelledby="__nav_4_9_2_label" aria-expanded="false">
+          <label class="md-nav__title" for="__nav_4_9_2">
+            <span class="md-nav__icon md-icon"></span>
+            ASP.NET
+          </label>
+          <ul class="md-nav__list" data-md-scrollfix>
+            
+              
+                
+  
+  
+  
+  
+    <li class="md-nav__item">
+      <a href="../dotnet/asp.net/minimal-api.html" class="md-nav__link">
+        
+  
+  <span class="md-ellipsis">
+    Minimal API
+  </span>
+  
+
+      </a>
+    </li>
+  
+
+              
+            
+              
+                
+  
+  
+  
+  
+    <li class="md-nav__item">
+      <a href="../dotnet/asp.net/filters.html" class="md-nav__link">
+        
+  
+  <span class="md-ellipsis">
+    FIlters
+  </span>
+  
+
+      </a>
+    </li>
+  
+
+              
+            
+              
+                
+  
+  
+  
+  
+    <li class="md-nav__item">
+      <a href="../dotnet/asp.net/middleware.html" class="md-nav__link">
+        
+  
+  <span class="md-ellipsis">
+    Middleware
+  </span>
+  
+
+      </a>
+    </li>
+  
+
+              
+            
+              
+                
+  
+  
+  
+  
+    <li class="md-nav__item">
+      <a href="../dotnet/asp.net/razor-syntax.html" class="md-nav__link">
+        
+  
+  <span class="md-ellipsis">
+    Razor Syntax
+  </span>
+  
+
+      </a>
+    </li>
+  
+
+              
+            
+              
+                
+  
+  
+  
+  
+    <li class="md-nav__item">
+      <a href="../dotnet/asp.net/blazor.html" class="md-nav__link">
+        
+  
+  <span class="md-ellipsis">
+    Blazor
+  </span>
+  
+
+      </a>
+    </li>
+  
+
+              
+            
+              
+                
+  
+  
+  
+  
+    <li class="md-nav__item">
+      <a href="../dotnet/asp.net/signalr.html" class="md-nav__link">
+        
+  
+  <span class="md-ellipsis">
+    SignalR
+  </span>
+  
+
+      </a>
+    </li>
+  
+
+              
+            
+              
+                
+  
+  
+  
+  
+    <li class="md-nav__item">
+      <a href="../dotnet/asp.net/web-forms.html" class="md-nav__link">
+        
+  
+  <span class="md-ellipsis">
+    Web Forms
+  </span>
+  
+
+      </a>
+    </li>
+  
+
+              
+            
+          </ul>
+        </nav>
+      
+    </li>
+  
+
+              
+            
+              
+                
+  
+  
+  
+  
+    
+    
+      
+        
+      
+        
+      
+    
+    
+      
+      
+        
+      
+    
+    
+    <li class="md-nav__item md-nav__item--nested">
+      
+        
+        
+        <input class="md-nav__toggle md-toggle " type="checkbox" id="__nav_4_9_3" >
+        
+          
+          <label class="md-nav__link" for="__nav_4_9_3" id="__nav_4_9_3_label" tabindex="0">
+            
+  
+  <span class="md-ellipsis">
+    Database
+  </span>
+  
+
+            <span class="md-nav__icon md-icon"></span>
+          </label>
+        
+        <nav class="md-nav" data-md-level="3" aria-labelledby="__nav_4_9_3_label" aria-expanded="false">
+          <label class="md-nav__title" for="__nav_4_9_3">
+            <span class="md-nav__icon md-icon"></span>
+            Database
+          </label>
+          <ul class="md-nav__list" data-md-scrollfix>
+            
+              
+                
+  
+  
+  
+  
+    <li class="md-nav__item">
+      <a href="../dotnet/database/ado.net.html" class="md-nav__link">
+        
+  
+  <span class="md-ellipsis">
+    ADO.NET
+  </span>
+  
+
+      </a>
+    </li>
+  
+
+              
+            
+              
+                
+  
+  
+  
+  
+    <li class="md-nav__item">
+      <a href="../dotnet/database/entity-framework.html" class="md-nav__link">
+        
+  
+  <span class="md-ellipsis">
+    Entity Framework
+  </span>
+  
+
+      </a>
+    </li>
+  
+
+              
+            
+          </ul>
+        </nav>
+      
+    </li>
+  
+
+              
+            
+          </ul>
+        </nav>
+      
+    </li>
+  
+
+              
+            
+              
+                
+  
+  
+  
+  
+    
+    
+      
+        
+      
+        
+      
+        
+      
+        
+      
+    
+    
+      
+      
+        
+          
+          
+        
+      
+    
+    
+    <li class="md-nav__item md-nav__item--section md-nav__item--nested">
+      
+        
+        
+        <input class="md-nav__toggle md-toggle " type="checkbox" id="__nav_4_10" >
+        
+          
+          <label class="md-nav__link" for="__nav_4_10" id="__nav_4_10_label" tabindex="">
+            
+  
+  <span class="md-ellipsis">
+    Java
+  </span>
+  
+
+            <span class="md-nav__icon md-icon"></span>
+          </label>
+        
+        <nav class="md-nav" data-md-level="2" aria-labelledby="__nav_4_10_label" aria-expanded="false">
+          <label class="md-nav__title" for="__nav_4_10">
+            <span class="md-nav__icon md-icon"></span>
+            Java
+          </label>
+          <ul class="md-nav__list" data-md-scrollfix>
+            
+              
+                
+  
+  
+  
+  
+    <li class="md-nav__item">
+      <a href="../java/java.html" class="md-nav__link">
+        
+  
+  <span class="md-ellipsis">
+    Java
+  </span>
+  
+
+      </a>
+    </li>
+  
+
+              
+            
+              
+                
+  
+  
+  
+  
+    <li class="md-nav__item">
+      <a href="../java/java-collection-framework.html" class="md-nav__link">
+        
+  
+  <span class="md-ellipsis">
+    Java Collection Framework
+  </span>
+  
+
+      </a>
+    </li>
+  
+
+              
+            
+              
+                
+  
+  
+  
+  
+    <li class="md-nav__item">
+      <a href="../java/dao.html" class="md-nav__link">
+        
+  
+  <span class="md-ellipsis">
+    DAO
+  </span>
+  
+
+      </a>
+    </li>
+  
+
+              
+            
+              
+                
+  
+  
+  
+  
+    
+    
+      
+        
+      
+        
+      
+    
+    
+      
+      
+        
+      
+    
+    
+    <li class="md-nav__item md-nav__item--nested">
+      
+        
+        
+        <input class="md-nav__toggle md-toggle " type="checkbox" id="__nav_4_10_4" >
+        
+          
+          <label class="md-nav__link" for="__nav_4_10_4" id="__nav_4_10_4_label" tabindex="0">
+            
+  
+  <span class="md-ellipsis">
+    Web
+  </span>
+  
+
+            <span class="md-nav__icon md-icon"></span>
+          </label>
+        
+        <nav class="md-nav" data-md-level="3" aria-labelledby="__nav_4_10_4_label" aria-expanded="false">
+          <label class="md-nav__title" for="__nav_4_10_4">
+            <span class="md-nav__icon md-icon"></span>
+            Web
+          </label>
+          <ul class="md-nav__list" data-md-scrollfix>
+            
+              
+                
+  
+  
+  
+  
+    <li class="md-nav__item">
+      <a href="../java/web/servlet.html" class="md-nav__link">
+        
+  
+  <span class="md-ellipsis">
+    Serverlet
+  </span>
+  
+
+      </a>
+    </li>
+  
+
+              
+            
+              
+                
+  
+  
+  
+  
+    
+    
+      
+        
+      
+        
+      
+    
+    
+      
+      
+        
+      
+    
+    
+    <li class="md-nav__item md-nav__item--nested">
+      
+        
+        
+        <input class="md-nav__toggle md-toggle " type="checkbox" id="__nav_4_10_4_2" >
+        
+          
+          <label class="md-nav__link" for="__nav_4_10_4_2" id="__nav_4_10_4_2_label" tabindex="0">
+            
+  
+  <span class="md-ellipsis">
+    Spring
+  </span>
+  
+
+            <span class="md-nav__icon md-icon"></span>
+          </label>
+        
+        <nav class="md-nav" data-md-level="4" aria-labelledby="__nav_4_10_4_2_label" aria-expanded="false">
+          <label class="md-nav__title" for="__nav_4_10_4_2">
+            <span class="md-nav__icon md-icon"></span>
+            Spring
+          </label>
+          <ul class="md-nav__list" data-md-scrollfix>
+            
+              
+                
+  
+  
+  
+  
+    <li class="md-nav__item">
+      <a href="../java/spring/pom.xml.html" class="md-nav__link">
+        
+  
+  <span class="md-ellipsis">
+    POM
+  </span>
+  
+
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+    </li>
+  
+
+              
+            
+              
+                
+  
+  
+  
+  
+    <li class="md-nav__item">
+      <a href="../java/spring/spring-project.html" class="md-nav__link">
+        
+  
+  <span class="md-ellipsis">
+    Project Structure
+  </span>
+  
+
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+    </li>
+  
+
+              
+            
+          </ul>
+        </nav>
+      
+    </li>
+  
+
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+            
+          </ul>
+        </nav>
+      
+    </li>
+  
+
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+            
+          </ul>
+        </nav>
+      
+    </li>
+  
+
+              
+            
+              
+                
+  
+  
+  
+  
+    
+    
+      
+        
+      
+        
+      
+        
+      
+        
+      
+        
+      
+        
+      
+        
+      
+        
+      
+        
+      
+    
+    
+      
+      
+        
+          
+          
+        
+      
+    
+    
+    <li class="md-nav__item md-nav__item--section md-nav__item--nested">
+      
+        
+        
+        <input class="md-nav__toggle md-toggle " type="checkbox" id="__nav_4_11" >
+        
+          
+          <label class="md-nav__link" for="__nav_4_11" id="__nav_4_11_label" tabindex="">
+            
+  
+  <span class="md-ellipsis">
+    PHP
+  </span>
+  
+
+            <span class="md-nav__icon md-icon"></span>
+          </label>
+        
+        <nav class="md-nav" data-md-level="2" aria-labelledby="__nav_4_11_label" aria-expanded="false">
+          <label class="md-nav__title" for="__nav_4_11">
+            <span class="md-nav__icon md-icon"></span>
+            PHP
+          </label>
+          <ul class="md-nav__list" data-md-scrollfix>
+            
+              
+                
+  
+  
+  
+  
+    <li class="md-nav__item">
+      <a href="../php/php.html" class="md-nav__link">
+        
+  
+  <span class="md-ellipsis">
+    PHP
+  </span>
+  
+
+      </a>
+    </li>
+  
+
+              
+            
+              
+                
+  
+  
+  
+  
+    <li class="md-nav__item">
+      <a href="../php/database.html" class="md-nav__link">
+        
+  
+  <span class="md-ellipsis">
+    Database
+  </span>
+  
+
+      </a>
+    </li>
+  
+
+              
+            
+              
+                
+  
+  
+  
+  
+    <li class="md-nav__item">
+      <a href="../php/web.html" class="md-nav__link">
+        
+  
+  <span class="md-ellipsis">
+    Web
+  </span>
+  
+
+      </a>
+    </li>
+  
+
+              
+            
+              
+                
+  
+  
+  
+  
+    <li class="md-nav__item">
+      <a href="../php/dependency-injection.html" class="md-nav__link">
+        
+  
+  <span class="md-ellipsis">
+    Dependency Injection
+  </span>
+  
+
+      </a>
+    </li>
+  
+
+              
+            
+              
+                
+  
+  
+  
+  
+    <li class="md-nav__item">
+      <a href="../php/unit-tests.html" class="md-nav__link">
+        
+  
+  <span class="md-ellipsis">
+    Unit Tests
+  </span>
+  
+
+      </a>
+    </li>
+  
+
+              
+            
+              
+                
+  
+  
+  
+  
+    <li class="md-nav__item">
+      <a href="../php/composer.html" class="md-nav__link">
+        
+  
+  <span class="md-ellipsis">
+    Composer
+  </span>
+  
+
+      </a>
+    </li>
+  
+
+              
+            
+              
+                
+  
+  
+  
+  
+    <li class="md-nav__item">
+      <a href="../php/psr-7.html" class="md-nav__link">
+        
+  
+  <span class="md-ellipsis">
+    PSR 7
+  </span>
+  
+
+      </a>
+    </li>
+  
+
+              
+            
+              
+                
+  
+  
+  
+  
+    <li class="md-nav__item">
+      <a href="../php/plates-templating.html" class="md-nav__link">
+        
+  
+  <span class="md-ellipsis">
+    Plates
+  </span>
+  
+
+      </a>
+    </li>
+  
+
+              
+            
+              
+                
+  
+  
+  
+  
+    
+    
+      
+        
+      
+        
+      
+    
+    
+      
+      
+        
+      
+    
+    
+    <li class="md-nav__item md-nav__item--nested">
+      
+        
+        
+        <input class="md-nav__toggle md-toggle " type="checkbox" id="__nav_4_11_9" >
+        
+          
+          <label class="md-nav__link" for="__nav_4_11_9" id="__nav_4_11_9_label" tabindex="0">
+            
+  
+  <span class="md-ellipsis">
+    Simple MVC
+  </span>
+  
+
+            <span class="md-nav__icon md-icon"></span>
+          </label>
+        
+        <nav class="md-nav" data-md-level="3" aria-labelledby="__nav_4_11_9_label" aria-expanded="false">
+          <label class="md-nav__title" for="__nav_4_11_9">
+            <span class="md-nav__icon md-icon"></span>
+            Simple MVC
+          </label>
+          <ul class="md-nav__list" data-md-scrollfix>
+            
+              
+                
+  
+  
+  
+  
+    <li class="md-nav__item">
+      <a href="../php/simple-mvc/simple-mvc.html" class="md-nav__link">
+        
+  
+  <span class="md-ellipsis">
+    Simple MVC
+  </span>
+  
+
+      </a>
+    </li>
+  
+
+              
+            
+              
+                
+  
+  
+  
+  
+    <li class="md-nav__item">
+      <a href="../php/simple-mvc/rest-api.html" class="md-nav__link">
+        
+  
+  <span class="md-ellipsis">
+    REST API
+  </span>
+  
+
+      </a>
+    </li>
+  
+
+              
+            
+          </ul>
+        </nav>
+      
+    </li>
+  
+
+              
+            
+          </ul>
+        </nav>
+      
+    </li>
+  
+
+              
+            
+              
+                
+  
+  
+  
+  
+    
+    
+      
+        
+      
+        
+      
+        
+      
+        
+      
+        
+      
+    
+    
+      
+      
+        
+          
+          
+        
+      
+    
+    
+    <li class="md-nav__item md-nav__item--section md-nav__item--nested">
+      
+        
+        
+        <input class="md-nav__toggle md-toggle " type="checkbox" id="__nav_4_12" >
+        
+          
+          <label class="md-nav__link" for="__nav_4_12" id="__nav_4_12_label" tabindex="">
+            
+  
+  <span class="md-ellipsis">
+    Rust
+  </span>
+  
+
+            <span class="md-nav__icon md-icon"></span>
+          </label>
+        
+        <nav class="md-nav" data-md-level="2" aria-labelledby="__nav_4_12_label" aria-expanded="false">
+          <label class="md-nav__title" for="__nav_4_12">
+            <span class="md-nav__icon md-icon"></span>
+            Rust
+          </label>
+          <ul class="md-nav__list" data-md-scrollfix>
+            
+              
+                
+  
+  
+  
+  
+    <li class="md-nav__item">
+      <a href="../rust/rust.html" class="md-nav__link">
+        
+  
+  <span class="md-ellipsis">
+    Rust
+  </span>
+  
+
+      </a>
+    </li>
+  
+
+              
+            
+              
+                
+  
+  
+  
+  
+    <li class="md-nav__item">
+      <a href="../rust/macros.html" class="md-nav__link">
+        
+  
+  <span class="md-ellipsis">
+    Macros
+  </span>
+  
+
+      </a>
+    </li>
+  
+
+              
+            
+              
+                
+  
+  
+  
+  
+    <li class="md-nav__item">
+      <a href="../rust/cargo.html" class="md-nav__link">
+        
+  
+  <span class="md-ellipsis">
+    Cargo
+  </span>
+  
+
+      </a>
+    </li>
+  
+
+              
+            
+              
+                
+  
+  
+  
+  
+    <li class="md-nav__item">
+      <a href="../rust/concurrency.html" class="md-nav__link">
+        
+  
+  <span class="md-ellipsis">
+    Concurrency
+  </span>
+  
+
+      </a>
+    </li>
+  
+
+              
+            
+              
+                
+  
+  
+  
+  
+    <li class="md-nav__item">
+      <a href="../rust/unit-tests.html" class="md-nav__link">
+        
+  
+  <span class="md-ellipsis">
+    Unit Tests
+  </span>
+  
+
+      </a>
+    </li>
+  
+
+              
+            
+          </ul>
+        </nav>
+      
+    </li>
+  
+
+              
+            
+              
+                
+  
+  
+  
+  
+    
+    
+      
+        
+      
+        
+      
+        
+      
+        
+      
+        
+      
+        
+      
+        
+      
+    
+    
+      
+      
+        
+          
+          
+        
+      
+    
+    
+    <li class="md-nav__item md-nav__item--section md-nav__item--nested">
+      
+        
+        
+        <input class="md-nav__toggle md-toggle " type="checkbox" id="__nav_4_13" >
+        
+          
+          <label class="md-nav__link" for="__nav_4_13" id="__nav_4_13_label" tabindex="">
+            
+  
+  <span class="md-ellipsis">
+    Javascript
+  </span>
+  
+
+            <span class="md-nav__icon md-icon"></span>
+          </label>
+        
+        <nav class="md-nav" data-md-level="2" aria-labelledby="__nav_4_13_label" aria-expanded="false">
+          <label class="md-nav__title" for="__nav_4_13">
+            <span class="md-nav__icon md-icon"></span>
+            Javascript
+          </label>
+          <ul class="md-nav__list" data-md-scrollfix>
+            
+              
+                
+  
+  
+  
+  
+    <li class="md-nav__item">
+      <a href="../javascript/javascript.html" class="md-nav__link">
+        
+  
+  <span class="md-ellipsis">
+    Javascript
+  </span>
+  
+
+      </a>
+    </li>
+  
+
+              
+            
+              
+                
+  
+  
+  
+  
+    <li class="md-nav__item">
+      <a href="../javascript/dom.html" class="md-nav__link">
+        
+  
+  <span class="md-ellipsis">
+    DOM
+  </span>
+  
+
+      </a>
+    </li>
+  
+
+              
+            
+              
+                
+  
+  
+  
+  
+    <li class="md-nav__item">
+      <a href="../javascript/events-animation.html" class="md-nav__link">
+        
+  
+  <span class="md-ellipsis">
+    Events & Animation
+  </span>
+  
+
+      </a>
+    </li>
+  
+
+              
+            
+              
+                
+  
+  
+  
+  
+    <li class="md-nav__item">
+      <a href="../javascript/ajax.html" class="md-nav__link">
+        
+  
+  <span class="md-ellipsis">
+    AJAX
+  </span>
+  
+
+      </a>
+    </li>
+  
+
+              
+            
+              
+                
+  
+  
+  
+  
+    <li class="md-nav__item">
+      <a href="../javascript/jquery.html" class="md-nav__link">
+        
+  
+  <span class="md-ellipsis">
+    jQuery
+  </span>
+  
+
+      </a>
+    </li>
+  
+
+              
+            
+              
+                
+  
+  
+  
+  
+    
+    
+      
+        
+      
+        
+      
+        
+      
+        
+      
+        
+      
+    
+    
+      
+      
+        
+      
+    
+    
+    <li class="md-nav__item md-nav__item--nested">
+      
+        
+        
+        <input class="md-nav__toggle md-toggle " type="checkbox" id="__nav_4_13_6" >
+        
+          
+          <label class="md-nav__link" for="__nav_4_13_6" id="__nav_4_13_6_label" tabindex="0">
+            
+  
+  <span class="md-ellipsis">
+    React
+  </span>
+  
+
+            <span class="md-nav__icon md-icon"></span>
+          </label>
+        
+        <nav class="md-nav" data-md-level="3" aria-labelledby="__nav_4_13_6_label" aria-expanded="false">
+          <label class="md-nav__title" for="__nav_4_13_6">
+            <span class="md-nav__icon md-icon"></span>
+            React
+          </label>
+          <ul class="md-nav__list" data-md-scrollfix>
+            
+              
+                
+  
+  
+  
+  
+    <li class="md-nav__item">
+      <a href="../javascript/react/react.html" class="md-nav__link">
+        
+  
+  <span class="md-ellipsis">
+    React
+  </span>
+  
+
+      </a>
+    </li>
+  
+
+              
+            
+              
+                
+  
+  
+  
+  
+    <li class="md-nav__item">
+      <a href="../javascript/react/react-router.html" class="md-nav__link">
+        
+  
+  <span class="md-ellipsis">
+    React Router
+  </span>
+  
+
+      </a>
+    </li>
+  
+
+              
+            
+              
+                
+  
+  
+  
+  
+    <li class="md-nav__item">
+      <a href="../javascript/react/react-tests.html" class="md-nav__link">
+        
+  
+  <span class="md-ellipsis">
+    React Tests
+  </span>
+  
+
+      </a>
+    </li>
+  
+
+              
+            
+              
+                
+  
+  
+  
+  
+    <li class="md-nav__item">
+      <a href="../javascript/react/redux.html" class="md-nav__link">
+        
+  
+  <span class="md-ellipsis">
+    Redux
+  </span>
+  
+
+      </a>
+    </li>
+  
+
+              
+            
+              
+                
+  
+  
+  
+  
+    <li class="md-nav__item">
+      <a href="../javascript/react/redux-tests.html" class="md-nav__link">
+        
+  
+  <span class="md-ellipsis">
+    Redux Tests
+  </span>
+  
+
+      </a>
+    </li>
+  
+
+              
+            
+          </ul>
+        </nav>
+      
+    </li>
+  
+
+              
+            
+              
+                
+  
+  
+  
+  
+    <li class="md-nav__item">
+      <a href="../javascript/svelte/svelte.html" class="md-nav__link">
+        
+  
+  <span class="md-ellipsis">
+    Svelte
+  </span>
+  
+
+      </a>
+    </li>
+  
+
+              
+            
+          </ul>
+        </nav>
+      
+    </li>
+  
+
+              
+            
+              
+                
+  
+  
+    
+  
+  
+  
+    
+    
+      
+        
+      
+        
+      
+    
+    
+      
+      
+        
+          
+          
+        
+      
+    
+    
+    <li class="md-nav__item md-nav__item--active md-nav__item--section md-nav__item--nested">
+      
+        
+        
+        <input class="md-nav__toggle md-toggle " type="checkbox" id="__nav_4_14" checked>
+        
+          
+          <label class="md-nav__link" for="__nav_4_14" id="__nav_4_14_label" tabindex="">
+            
+  
+  <span class="md-ellipsis">
+    PowerShell
+  </span>
+  
+
+            <span class="md-nav__icon md-icon"></span>
+          </label>
+        
+        <nav class="md-nav" data-md-level="2" aria-labelledby="__nav_4_14_label" aria-expanded="true">
+          <label class="md-nav__title" for="__nav_4_14">
+            <span class="md-nav__icon md-icon"></span>
+            PowerShell
+          </label>
+          <ul class="md-nav__list" data-md-scrollfix>
+            
+              
+                
+  
+  
+  
+  
+    <li class="md-nav__item">
+      <a href="scripting.html" class="md-nav__link">
+        
+  
+  <span class="md-ellipsis">
+    Scripting
+  </span>
+  
+
+      </a>
+    </li>
+  
+
+              
+            
+              
+                
+  
+  
+    
+  
+  
+  
+    <li class="md-nav__item md-nav__item--active">
+      
+      <input class="md-nav__toggle md-toggle" type="checkbox" id="__toc">
+      
+      
+        
+      
+      
+      <a href="commands.html" class="md-nav__link md-nav__link--active">
+        
+  
+  <span class="md-ellipsis">
+    Commands
+  </span>
+  
+
+      </a>
+      
+    </li>
+  
+
+              
+            
+          </ul>
+        </nav>
+      
+    </li>
+  
+
+              
+            
+              
+                
+  
+  
+  
+  
+    
+    
+      
+        
+      
+        
+      
+    
+    
+      
+      
+        
+          
+          
+        
+      
+    
+    
+    <li class="md-nav__item md-nav__item--section md-nav__item--nested">
+      
+        
+        
+        <input class="md-nav__toggle md-toggle " type="checkbox" id="__nav_4_15" >
+        
+          
+          <label class="md-nav__link" for="__nav_4_15" id="__nav_4_15_label" tabindex="">
+            
+  
+  <span class="md-ellipsis">
+    Bash
+  </span>
+  
+
+            <span class="md-nav__icon md-icon"></span>
+          </label>
+        
+        <nav class="md-nav" data-md-level="2" aria-labelledby="__nav_4_15_label" aria-expanded="false">
+          <label class="md-nav__title" for="__nav_4_15">
+            <span class="md-nav__icon md-icon"></span>
+            Bash
+          </label>
+          <ul class="md-nav__list" data-md-scrollfix>
+            
+              
+                
+  
+  
+  
+  
+    <li class="md-nav__item">
+      <a href="../bash/scripting.html" class="md-nav__link">
+        
+  
+  <span class="md-ellipsis">
+    Scripting
+  </span>
+  
+
+      </a>
+    </li>
+  
+
+              
+            
+              
+                
+  
+  
+  
+  
+    <li class="md-nav__item">
+      <a href="../bash/commands.html" class="md-nav__link">
+        
+  
+  <span class="md-ellipsis">
+    Commands
+  </span>
+  
+
+      </a>
+    </li>
+  
+
+              
+            
+          </ul>
+        </nav>
+      
+    </li>
+  
+
+              
+            
+          </ul>
+        </nav>
+      
+    </li>
+  
+
+    
+      
+      
+  
+  
+  
+  
+    
+    
+      
+        
+      
+        
+      
+        
+      
+        
+      
+        
+      
+    
+    
+      
+      
+        
+      
+    
+    
+    <li class="md-nav__item md-nav__item--nested">
+      
+        
+        
+        <input class="md-nav__toggle md-toggle " type="checkbox" id="__nav_5" >
+        
+          
+          <label class="md-nav__link" for="__nav_5" id="__nav_5_label" tabindex="0">
+            
+  
+  <span class="md-ellipsis">
+    Misc
+  </span>
+  
+
+            <span class="md-nav__icon md-icon"></span>
+          </label>
+        
+        <nav class="md-nav" data-md-level="1" aria-labelledby="__nav_5_label" aria-expanded="false">
+          <label class="md-nav__title" for="__nav_5">
+            <span class="md-nav__icon md-icon"></span>
+            Misc
+          </label>
+          <ul class="md-nav__list" data-md-scrollfix>
+            
+              
+                
+  
+  
+  
+  
+    <li class="md-nav__item">
+      <a href="../../misc/git.html" class="md-nav__link">
+        
+  
+  <span class="md-ellipsis">
+    Git
+  </span>
+  
+
+      </a>
+    </li>
+  
+
+              
+            
+              
+                
+  
+  
+  
+  
+    <li class="md-nav__item">
+      <a href="../../misc/graph-ql.html" class="md-nav__link">
+        
+  
+  <span class="md-ellipsis">
+    GraphQL
+  </span>
+  
+
+      </a>
+    </li>
+  
+
+              
+            
+              
+                
+  
+  
+  
+  
+    <li class="md-nav__item">
+      <a href="../../misc/regular-expressions.html" class="md-nav__link">
+        
+  
+  <span class="md-ellipsis">
+    RegEx
+  </span>
+  
+
+      </a>
+    </li>
+  
+
+              
+            
+              
+                
+  
+  
+  
+  
+    <li class="md-nav__item">
+      <a href="../../misc/ssh.html" class="md-nav__link">
+        
+  
+  <span class="md-ellipsis">
+    SSH
+  </span>
+  
+
+      </a>
+    </li>
+  
+
+              
+            
+              
+                
+  
+  
+  
+  
+    <li class="md-nav__item">
+      <a href="../../misc/web-components.html" class="md-nav__link">
+        
+  
+  <span class="md-ellipsis">
+    WebComponents
+  </span>
+  
+
+      </a>
+    </li>
+  
+
+              
+            
+          </ul>
+        </nav>
+      
+    </li>
+  
+
+    
+      
+      
+  
+  
+  
+  
+    
+    
+      
+        
+      
+        
+      
+    
+    
+      
+      
+        
+      
+    
+    
+    <li class="md-nav__item md-nav__item--nested">
+      
+        
+        
+        <input class="md-nav__toggle md-toggle " type="checkbox" id="__nav_6" >
+        
+          
+          <label class="md-nav__link" for="__nav_6" id="__nav_6_label" tabindex="0">
+            
+  
+  <span class="md-ellipsis">
+    Linux
+  </span>
+  
+
+            <span class="md-nav__icon md-icon"></span>
+          </label>
+        
+        <nav class="md-nav" data-md-level="1" aria-labelledby="__nav_6_label" aria-expanded="false">
+          <label class="md-nav__title" for="__nav_6">
+            <span class="md-nav__icon md-icon"></span>
+            Linux
+          </label>
+          <ul class="md-nav__list" data-md-scrollfix>
+            
+              
+                
+  
+  
+  
+  
+    
+    
+      
+        
+      
+        
+      
+        
+      
+    
+    
+      
+      
+        
+      
+    
+    
+    <li class="md-nav__item md-nav__item--nested">
+      
+        
+        
+        <input class="md-nav__toggle md-toggle " type="checkbox" id="__nav_6_1" >
+        
+          
+          <label class="md-nav__link" for="__nav_6_1" id="__nav_6_1_label" tabindex="0">
+            
+  
+  <span class="md-ellipsis">
+    Filesystem
+  </span>
+  
+
+            <span class="md-nav__icon md-icon"></span>
+          </label>
+        
+        <nav class="md-nav" data-md-level="2" aria-labelledby="__nav_6_1_label" aria-expanded="false">
+          <label class="md-nav__title" for="__nav_6_1">
+            <span class="md-nav__icon md-icon"></span>
+            Filesystem
+          </label>
+          <ul class="md-nav__list" data-md-scrollfix>
+            
+              
+                
+  
+  
+  
+  
+    <li class="md-nav__item">
+      <a href="../../linux/filesystem/file-links.html" class="md-nav__link">
+        
+  
+  <span class="md-ellipsis">
+    File Links
+  </span>
+  
+
+      </a>
+    </li>
+  
+
+              
+            
+              
+                
+  
+  
+  
+  
+    <li class="md-nav__item">
+      <a href="../../linux/filesystem/procfs.html" class="md-nav__link">
+        
+  
+  <span class="md-ellipsis">
+    /proc
+  </span>
+  
+
+      </a>
+    </li>
+  
+
+              
+            
+              
+                
+  
+  
+  
+  
+    <li class="md-nav__item">
+      <a href="../../linux/filesystem/sysfs.html" class="md-nav__link">
+        
+  
+  <span class="md-ellipsis">
+    /sys
+  </span>
+  
+
+      </a>
+    </li>
+  
+
+              
+            
+          </ul>
+        </nav>
+      
+    </li>
+  
+
+              
+            
+              
+                
+  
+  
+  
+  
+    
+    
+      
+        
+      
+        
+      
+    
+    
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+
+<h1 id="powershell-commands">Powershell Commands</h1>
+<div class="highlight"><table class="highlighttable"><tr><th colspan="2" class="filename"><span class="filename">PowerShell</span></th></tr><tr><td class="linenos"><div class="linenodiv"><pre><span></span><span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-0-1"> 1</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-0-2"> 2</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-0-3"> 3</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-0-4"> 4</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-0-5"> 5</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-0-6"> 6</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-0-7"> 7</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-0-8"> 8</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-0-9"> 9</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-0-10">10</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-0-11">11</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-0-12">12</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-0-13">13</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-0-14">14</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-0-15">15</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-0-16">16</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-0-17">17</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-0-18">18</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-0-19">19</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-0-20">20</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-0-21">21</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-0-22">22</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-0-23">23</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-0-24">24</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-0-25">25</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-0-26">26</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-0-27">27</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-0-28">28</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-0-29">29</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-0-30">30</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-0-31">31</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-0-32">32</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-0-33">33</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-0-34">34</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-0-35">35</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-0-36">36</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-0-37">37</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-0-38">38</a></span></pre></div></td><td class="code"><div><pre><span></span><code><a id="__codelineno-0-1" name="__codelineno-0-1"></a><span class="nb">Get-Location</span>  <span class="c"># Gets information about the current working location or a location stack</span>
+<a id="__codelineno-0-2" name="__codelineno-0-2"></a><span class="nb">Set-Location</span> <span class="n">-Path</span> <span class="p">&lt;</span><span class="n">path</span><span class="p">&gt;</span>  <span class="c"># change current working directory to specified path (DEFAULTs to ~)</span>
+<a id="__codelineno-0-3" name="__codelineno-0-3"></a><span class="nb">Get-ChildItem</span>  <span class="n">-Path</span> <span class="p">&lt;</span><span class="n">path</span><span class="p">&gt;</span>  <span class="c"># Gets the items and child items in one or more specified locations.</span>
+<a id="__codelineno-0-4" name="__codelineno-0-4"></a><span class="nb">Get-Content</span> <span class="n">-Path</span> <span class="p">&lt;</span><span class="n">file</span><span class="p">&gt;</span>  <span class="c"># Gets the content of the item at the specified location</span>
+<a id="__codelineno-0-5" name="__codelineno-0-5"></a>
+<a id="__codelineno-0-6" name="__codelineno-0-6"></a><span class="nb">Write-Output</span> <span class="c"># Send specified objects to the next command in the pipeline. If the command is the last in the pipeline, the objects are displayed in the console</span>
+<a id="__codelineno-0-7" name="__codelineno-0-7"></a><span class="nb">Write-Host</span>  <span class="c"># Writes customized output to a host.</span>
+<a id="__codelineno-0-8" name="__codelineno-0-8"></a><span class="nb">Clear-Host</span>  <span class="c"># clear shell output</span>
+<a id="__codelineno-0-9" name="__codelineno-0-9"></a>
+<a id="__codelineno-0-10" name="__codelineno-0-10"></a><span class="nb">New-Item</span> <span class="n">-ItemType</span> <span class="n">File</span> <span class="n">-Path</span> <span class="n">filename</span><span class="p">.</span><span class="n">ext</span>  <span class="c"># create empty file</span>
+<a id="__codelineno-0-11" name="__codelineno-0-11"></a><span class="nb">New-Item</span> <span class="n">-Path</span> <span class="n">folder_name</span> <span class="n">-Type</span> <span class="n">Folder</span>  <span class="c"># create a folder</span>
+<a id="__codelineno-0-12" name="__codelineno-0-12"></a><span class="nb">New-Item</span> <span class="n">-ItemType</span> <span class="n">SymbolicLink</span> <span class="n">-Path</span> <span class="p">.\</span><span class="n">link</span> <span class="n">-Target</span> <span class="p">.\</span><span class="n">Notice</span><span class="p">.</span><span class="n">txt</span>  <span class="c"># create a symlink</span>
+<a id="__codelineno-0-13" name="__codelineno-0-13"></a>
+<a id="__codelineno-0-14" name="__codelineno-0-14"></a><span class="nb">Move-Item</span> <span class="n">-Path</span> <span class="p">&lt;</span><span class="n">source</span><span class="p">&gt;</span> <span class="n">-Destination</span> <span class="p">&lt;</span><span class="n">target</span><span class="p">&gt;</span>  <span class="c"># move and/or rename files and folders</span>
+<a id="__codelineno-0-15" name="__codelineno-0-15"></a><span class="nb">Copy-Item</span> <span class="n">-Path</span> <span class="p">&lt;</span><span class="n">source</span><span class="p">&gt;</span> <span class="n">-Destination</span> <span class="p">&lt;</span><span class="n">target</span><span class="p">&gt;</span>  <span class="c"># copy (and rename) files and folders</span>
+<a id="__codelineno-0-16" name="__codelineno-0-16"></a>
+<a id="__codelineno-0-17" name="__codelineno-0-17"></a><span class="nb">Test-Path</span> <span class="s2">&quot;path&quot;</span> <span class="n">-PathType</span> <span class="n">Container</span>  <span class="c"># check if the existing path exists and is a folder</span>
+<a id="__codelineno-0-18" name="__codelineno-0-18"></a><span class="nb">Test-Path</span> <span class="s2">&quot;path&quot;</span> <span class="n">-PathType</span> <span class="n">Leaf</span>  <span class="c"># check if the existing path exists and is a file</span>
+<a id="__codelineno-0-19" name="__codelineno-0-19"></a>
+<a id="__codelineno-0-20" name="__codelineno-0-20"></a><span class="c"># start, list , kill processes</span>
+<a id="__codelineno-0-21" name="__codelineno-0-21"></a><span class="nb">Start-Process</span> <span class="n">-FilePath</span> <span class="p">&lt;</span><span class="n">file</span><span class="p">&gt;</span>  <span class="c"># open a file with the default process/program</span>
+<a id="__codelineno-0-22" name="__codelineno-0-22"></a><span class="nb">Get-Process</span>  <span class="c"># Gets the processes that are running on the local computer</span>
+<a id="__codelineno-0-23" name="__codelineno-0-23"></a><span class="nb">Stop-Process</span> <span class="p">[</span><span class="n">-Id</span><span class="p">]</span> <span class="p">&lt;</span><span class="n">System</span><span class="p">.</span><span class="n">Int32</span><span class="p">[]&gt;</span> <span class="p">[</span><span class="n">-Force</span><span class="p">]</span> <span class="p">[</span><span class="n">-Confirm</span><span class="p">]</span>  <span class="c"># Stops one or more running processes</span>
+<a id="__codelineno-0-24" name="__codelineno-0-24"></a>
+<a id="__codelineno-0-25" name="__codelineno-0-25"></a><span class="c"># network</span>
+<a id="__codelineno-0-26" name="__codelineno-0-26"></a><span class="nb">Get-NetIPConfiguration</span>  <span class="c"># Gets IP network configuration</span>
+<a id="__codelineno-0-27" name="__codelineno-0-27"></a><span class="nb">Test-NetConnection</span> <span class="p">&lt;</span><span class="n">ip</span><span class="p">&gt;</span> <span class="c"># Sends ICMP echo request packets, or pings, to one or more computers</span>
+<a id="__codelineno-0-28" name="__codelineno-0-28"></a>
+<a id="__codelineno-0-29" name="__codelineno-0-29"></a><span class="c"># compressing into archive</span>
+<a id="__codelineno-0-30" name="__codelineno-0-30"></a><span class="nb">Compress-Archive</span> <span class="n">-LiteralPath</span> <span class="p">&lt;</span><span class="n">PathToFiles</span><span class="p">&gt;</span> <span class="n">-DestinationPath</span> <span class="p">&lt;</span><span class="n">PathToDestination</span><span class="p">&gt;</span>  <span class="c"># destination can be a folder or a .zip file</span>
+<a id="__codelineno-0-31" name="__codelineno-0-31"></a><span class="nb">Compress-Archive</span> <span class="n">-Path</span> <span class="p">&lt;</span><span class="n">PathToFiles</span><span class="p">&gt;</span> <span class="n">-Update</span> <span class="n">-DestinationPath</span> <span class="p">&lt;</span><span class="n">PathToDestination</span><span class="p">&gt;</span>  <span class="c"># update existing archive</span>
+<a id="__codelineno-0-32" name="__codelineno-0-32"></a>
+<a id="__codelineno-0-33" name="__codelineno-0-33"></a><span class="c"># extraction from archive</span>
+<a id="__codelineno-0-34" name="__codelineno-0-34"></a><span class="nb">Expand-Archive</span> <span class="n">-LiteralPath</span> <span class="p">&lt;</span><span class="n">PathToZipFile</span><span class="p">&gt;</span> <span class="n">-DestinationPath</span> <span class="p">&lt;</span><span class="n">PathToDestination</span><span class="p">&gt;</span>
+<a id="__codelineno-0-35" name="__codelineno-0-35"></a><span class="nb">Expand-Archive</span> <span class="n">-LiteralPath</span> <span class="p">&lt;</span><span class="n">PathToZipFile</span><span class="p">&gt;</span>  <span class="c"># extract archive in folder named after the archive in the root location</span>
+<a id="__codelineno-0-36" name="__codelineno-0-36"></a>
+<a id="__codelineno-0-37" name="__codelineno-0-37"></a><span class="c"># filtering stdout/stder</span>
+<a id="__codelineno-0-38" name="__codelineno-0-38"></a><span class="nb">Select-String</span> <span class="n">-Path</span> <span class="p">&lt;</span><span class="n">source</span><span class="p">&gt;</span> <span class="n">-Pattern</span> <span class="p">&lt;</span><span class="n">pattern</span><span class="p">&gt;</span>  <span class="c"># Finds text in strings and files</span>
+</code></pre></div></td></tr></table></div>
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diff --git a/languages/powershell/scripting.html b/languages/powershell/scripting.html
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..859ff72
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+  </span>
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+          </label>
+        
+        <nav class="md-nav" data-md-level="1" aria-labelledby="__nav_3_label" aria-expanded="false">
+          <label class="md-nav__title" for="__nav_3">
+            <span class="md-nav__icon md-icon"></span>
+            Databases
+          </label>
+          <ul class="md-nav__list" data-md-scrollfix>
+            
+              
+                
+  
+  
+  
+  
+    <li class="md-nav__item">
+      <a href="../../databases/redis.html" class="md-nav__link">
+        
+  
+  <span class="md-ellipsis">
+    Redis
+  </span>
+  
+
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+    </li>
+  
+
+              
+            
+              
+                
+  
+  
+  
+  
+    <li class="md-nav__item">
+      <a href="../../databases/sql.html" class="md-nav__link">
+        
+  
+  <span class="md-ellipsis">
+    SQL
+  </span>
+  
+
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+    </li>
+  
+
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+            
+              
+                
+  
+  
+  
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+    <li class="md-nav__item">
+      <a href="../../databases/mongo-db.html" class="md-nav__link">
+        
+  
+  <span class="md-ellipsis">
+    MongoDB
+  </span>
+  
+
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+    </li>
+  
+
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+            
+          </ul>
+        </nav>
+      
+    </li>
+  
+
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+      
+        
+      
+        
+      
+        
+      
+        
+      
+        
+      
+        
+      
+        
+      
+        
+      
+        
+      
+        
+      
+        
+      
+        
+      
+        
+      
+        
+      
+        
+      
+    
+    
+      
+        
+        
+      
+      
+        
+      
+    
+    
+    <li class="md-nav__item md-nav__item--active md-nav__item--section md-nav__item--nested">
+      
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+        <input class="md-nav__toggle md-toggle " type="checkbox" id="__nav_4" checked>
+        
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+          <label class="md-nav__link" for="__nav_4" id="__nav_4_label" tabindex="">
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+  <span class="md-ellipsis">
+    Languages
+  </span>
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+          </label>
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+          <label class="md-nav__title" for="__nav_4">
+            <span class="md-nav__icon md-icon"></span>
+            Languages
+          </label>
+          <ul class="md-nav__list" data-md-scrollfix>
+            
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+                
+  
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+  
+  
+    <li class="md-nav__item">
+      <a href="../html/html.html" class="md-nav__link">
+        
+  
+  <span class="md-ellipsis">
+    HTML
+  </span>
+  
+
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+    </li>
+  
+
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+            
+              
+                
+  
+  
+  
+  
+    <li class="md-nav__item">
+      <a href="../markdown.html" class="md-nav__link">
+        
+  
+  <span class="md-ellipsis">
+    Markdown
+  </span>
+  
+
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+    </li>
+  
+
+              
+            
+              
+                
+  
+  
+  
+  
+    <li class="md-nav__item">
+      <a href="../css/css.html" class="md-nav__link">
+        
+  
+  <span class="md-ellipsis">
+    CSS
+  </span>
+  
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+    </li>
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+            
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+  
+  
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+    <li class="md-nav__item">
+      <a href="../c/c.html" class="md-nav__link">
+        
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+  <span class="md-ellipsis">
+    C
+  </span>
+  
+
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+    </li>
+  
+
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+              
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+  
+  
+  
+  
+    <li class="md-nav__item">
+      <a href="../kotlin/kotlin.html" class="md-nav__link">
+        
+  
+  <span class="md-ellipsis">
+    Kotlin
+  </span>
+  
+
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+    </li>
+  
+
+              
+            
+              
+                
+  
+  
+  
+  
+    <li class="md-nav__item">
+      <a href="../swift/swift.html" class="md-nav__link">
+        
+  
+  <span class="md-ellipsis">
+    Swift
+  </span>
+  
+
+      </a>
+    </li>
+  
+
+              
+            
+              
+                
+  
+  
+  
+  
+    
+    
+      
+        
+      
+        
+      
+    
+    
+      
+      
+        
+          
+          
+        
+      
+    
+    
+    <li class="md-nav__item md-nav__item--section md-nav__item--nested">
+      
+        
+        
+        <input class="md-nav__toggle md-toggle " type="checkbox" id="__nav_4_7" >
+        
+          
+          <label class="md-nav__link" for="__nav_4_7" id="__nav_4_7_label" tabindex="">
+            
+  
+  <span class="md-ellipsis">
+    Assembly
+  </span>
+  
+
+            <span class="md-nav__icon md-icon"></span>
+          </label>
+        
+        <nav class="md-nav" data-md-level="2" aria-labelledby="__nav_4_7_label" aria-expanded="false">
+          <label class="md-nav__title" for="__nav_4_7">
+            <span class="md-nav__icon md-icon"></span>
+            Assembly
+          </label>
+          <ul class="md-nav__list" data-md-scrollfix>
+            
+              
+                
+  
+  
+  
+  
+    <li class="md-nav__item">
+      <a href="../assembly/intel.html" class="md-nav__link">
+        
+  
+  <span class="md-ellipsis">
+    Intel
+  </span>
+  
+
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+    </li>
+  
+
+              
+            
+              
+                
+  
+  
+  
+  
+    <li class="md-nav__item">
+      <a href="../assembly/riscv.html" class="md-nav__link">
+        
+  
+  <span class="md-ellipsis">
+    RISC-V
+  </span>
+  
+
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+    </li>
+  
+
+              
+            
+          </ul>
+        </nav>
+      
+    </li>
+  
+
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+                
+  
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+  
+    
+    
+      
+        
+      
+        
+      
+        
+      
+    
+    
+      
+      
+        
+          
+          
+        
+      
+    
+    
+    <li class="md-nav__item md-nav__item--section md-nav__item--nested">
+      
+        
+        
+        <input class="md-nav__toggle md-toggle " type="checkbox" id="__nav_4_8" >
+        
+          
+          <label class="md-nav__link" for="__nav_4_8" id="__nav_4_8_label" tabindex="">
+            
+  
+  <span class="md-ellipsis">
+    Python
+  </span>
+  
+
+            <span class="md-nav__icon md-icon"></span>
+          </label>
+        
+        <nav class="md-nav" data-md-level="2" aria-labelledby="__nav_4_8_label" aria-expanded="false">
+          <label class="md-nav__title" for="__nav_4_8">
+            <span class="md-nav__icon md-icon"></span>
+            Python
+          </label>
+          <ul class="md-nav__list" data-md-scrollfix>
+            
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+                
+  
+  
+  
+  
+    <li class="md-nav__item">
+      <a href="../python/python.html" class="md-nav__link">
+        
+  
+  <span class="md-ellipsis">
+    Python
+  </span>
+  
+
+      </a>
+    </li>
+  
+
+              
+            
+              
+                
+  
+  
+  
+  
+    
+    
+      
+        
+      
+        
+      
+        
+      
+        
+      
+        
+      
+        
+      
+        
+      
+        
+      
+        
+      
+        
+      
+        
+      
+        
+      
+        
+      
+    
+    
+      
+      
+        
+      
+    
+    
+    <li class="md-nav__item md-nav__item--nested">
+      
+        
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+        <input class="md-nav__toggle md-toggle " type="checkbox" id="__nav_4_8_2" >
+        
+          
+          <label class="md-nav__link" for="__nav_4_8_2" id="__nav_4_8_2_label" tabindex="0">
+            
+  
+  <span class="md-ellipsis">
+    Modules
+  </span>
+  
+
+            <span class="md-nav__icon md-icon"></span>
+          </label>
+        
+        <nav class="md-nav" data-md-level="3" aria-labelledby="__nav_4_8_2_label" aria-expanded="false">
+          <label class="md-nav__title" for="__nav_4_8_2">
+            <span class="md-nav__icon md-icon"></span>
+            Modules
+          </label>
+          <ul class="md-nav__list" data-md-scrollfix>
+            
+              
+                
+  
+  
+  
+  
+    <li class="md-nav__item">
+      <a href="../python/modules/argparse.html" class="md-nav__link">
+        
+  
+  <span class="md-ellipsis">
+    argparse
+  </span>
+  
+
+      </a>
+    </li>
+  
+
+              
+            
+              
+                
+  
+  
+  
+  
+    <li class="md-nav__item">
+      <a href="../python/modules/collections.html" class="md-nav__link">
+        
+  
+  <span class="md-ellipsis">
+    collection
+  </span>
+  
+
+      </a>
+    </li>
+  
+
+              
+            
+              
+                
+  
+  
+  
+  
+    <li class="md-nav__item">
+      <a href="../python/modules/csv.html" class="md-nav__link">
+        
+  
+  <span class="md-ellipsis">
+    csv
+  </span>
+  
+
+      </a>
+    </li>
+  
+
+              
+            
+              
+                
+  
+  
+  
+  
+    <li class="md-nav__item">
+      <a href="../python/modules/ftplib.html" class="md-nav__link">
+        
+  
+  <span class="md-ellipsis">
+    ftplib
+  </span>
+  
+
+      </a>
+    </li>
+  
+
+              
+            
+              
+                
+  
+  
+  
+  
+    <li class="md-nav__item">
+      <a href="../python/modules/itertools.html" class="md-nav__link">
+        
+  
+  <span class="md-ellipsis">
+    itertools
+  </span>
+  
+
+      </a>
+    </li>
+  
+
+              
+            
+              
+                
+  
+  
+  
+  
+    <li class="md-nav__item">
+      <a href="../python/modules/json.html" class="md-nav__link">
+        
+  
+  <span class="md-ellipsis">
+    json
+  </span>
+  
+
+      </a>
+    </li>
+  
+
+              
+            
+              
+                
+  
+  
+  
+  
+    <li class="md-nav__item">
+      <a href="../python/modules/logging.html" class="md-nav__link">
+        
+  
+  <span class="md-ellipsis">
+    logging
+  </span>
+  
+
+      </a>
+    </li>
+  
+
+              
+            
+              
+                
+  
+  
+  
+  
+    <li class="md-nav__item">
+      <a href="../python/modules/shutil.html" class="md-nav__link">
+        
+  
+  <span class="md-ellipsis">
+    shutil
+  </span>
+  
+
+      </a>
+    </li>
+  
+
+              
+            
+              
+                
+  
+  
+  
+  
+    <li class="md-nav__item">
+      <a href="../python/modules/smtplib.html" class="md-nav__link">
+        
+  
+  <span class="md-ellipsis">
+    smtplib
+  </span>
+  
+
+      </a>
+    </li>
+  
+
+              
+            
+              
+                
+  
+  
+  
+  
+    <li class="md-nav__item">
+      <a href="../python/modules/socket.html" class="md-nav__link">
+        
+  
+  <span class="md-ellipsis">
+    socket
+  </span>
+  
+
+      </a>
+    </li>
+  
+
+              
+            
+              
+                
+  
+  
+  
+  
+    <li class="md-nav__item">
+      <a href="../python/modules/sqlite.html" class="md-nav__link">
+        
+  
+  <span class="md-ellipsis">
+    sqlite
+  </span>
+  
+
+      </a>
+    </li>
+  
+
+              
+            
+              
+                
+  
+  
+  
+  
+    <li class="md-nav__item">
+      <a href="../python/modules/time-datetime.html" class="md-nav__link">
+        
+  
+  <span class="md-ellipsis">
+    time & datetime
+  </span>
+  
+
+      </a>
+    </li>
+  
+
+              
+            
+              
+                
+  
+  
+  
+  
+    <li class="md-nav__item">
+      <a href="../python/modules/unittest.html" class="md-nav__link">
+        
+  
+  <span class="md-ellipsis">
+    unittest
+  </span>
+  
+
+      </a>
+    </li>
+  
+
+              
+            
+          </ul>
+        </nav>
+      
+    </li>
+  
+
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+            
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+                
+  
+  
+  
+  
+    
+    
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+        
+      
+        
+      
+        
+      
+        
+      
+        
+      
+        
+      
+    
+    
+      
+      
+        
+      
+    
+    
+    <li class="md-nav__item md-nav__item--nested">
+      
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+        <input class="md-nav__toggle md-toggle " type="checkbox" id="__nav_4_8_3" >
+        
+          
+          <label class="md-nav__link" for="__nav_4_8_3" id="__nav_4_8_3_label" tabindex="0">
+            
+  
+  <span class="md-ellipsis">
+    Libraries
+  </span>
+  
+
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+          </label>
+        
+        <nav class="md-nav" data-md-level="3" aria-labelledby="__nav_4_8_3_label" aria-expanded="false">
+          <label class="md-nav__title" for="__nav_4_8_3">
+            <span class="md-nav__icon md-icon"></span>
+            Libraries
+          </label>
+          <ul class="md-nav__list" data-md-scrollfix>
+            
+              
+                
+  
+  
+  
+  
+    <li class="md-nav__item">
+      <a href="../python/libs/tkinter.html" class="md-nav__link">
+        
+  
+  <span class="md-ellipsis">
+    TKinter
+  </span>
+  
+
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+    </li>
+  
+
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+            
+              
+                
+  
+  
+  
+  
+    <li class="md-nav__item">
+      <a href="../python/libs/numpy.html" class="md-nav__link">
+        
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+  <span class="md-ellipsis">
+    Numpy
+  </span>
+  
+
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+    </li>
+  
+
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+            
+              
+                
+  
+  
+  
+  
+    <li class="md-nav__item">
+      <a href="../python/libs/pandas.html" class="md-nav__link">
+        
+  
+  <span class="md-ellipsis">
+    Pandas
+  </span>
+  
+
+      </a>
+    </li>
+  
+
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+            
+              
+                
+  
+  
+  
+  
+    <li class="md-nav__item">
+      <a href="../python/libs/seaborn.html" class="md-nav__link">
+        
+  
+  <span class="md-ellipsis">
+    Seaborn
+  </span>
+  
+
+      </a>
+    </li>
+  
+
+              
+            
+              
+                
+  
+  
+  
+  
+    <li class="md-nav__item">
+      <a href="../python/libs/requests.html" class="md-nav__link">
+        
+  
+  <span class="md-ellipsis">
+    Requests
+  </span>
+  
+
+      </a>
+    </li>
+  
+
+              
+            
+              
+                
+  
+  
+  
+  
+    <li class="md-nav__item">
+      <a href="../python/libs/beautiful-soup.html" class="md-nav__link">
+        
+  
+  <span class="md-ellipsis">
+    Beatiful Soup
+  </span>
+  
+
+      </a>
+    </li>
+  
+
+              
+            
+          </ul>
+        </nav>
+      
+    </li>
+  
+
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+            
+          </ul>
+        </nav>
+      
+    </li>
+  
+
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+            
+              
+                
+  
+  
+  
+  
+    
+    
+      
+        
+      
+        
+      
+        
+      
+    
+    
+      
+      
+        
+          
+          
+        
+      
+    
+    
+    <li class="md-nav__item md-nav__item--section md-nav__item--nested">
+      
+        
+        
+        <input class="md-nav__toggle md-toggle " type="checkbox" id="__nav_4_9" >
+        
+          
+          <label class="md-nav__link" for="__nav_4_9" id="__nav_4_9_label" tabindex="">
+            
+  
+  <span class="md-ellipsis">
+    .NET
+  </span>
+  
+
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+          </label>
+        
+        <nav class="md-nav" data-md-level="2" aria-labelledby="__nav_4_9_label" aria-expanded="false">
+          <label class="md-nav__title" for="__nav_4_9">
+            <span class="md-nav__icon md-icon"></span>
+            .NET
+          </label>
+          <ul class="md-nav__list" data-md-scrollfix>
+            
+              
+                
+  
+  
+  
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+    
+    
+      
+        
+      
+        
+      
+        
+      
+        
+      
+        
+      
+        
+      
+    
+    
+      
+      
+        
+      
+    
+    
+    <li class="md-nav__item md-nav__item--nested">
+      
+        
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+        <input class="md-nav__toggle md-toggle " type="checkbox" id="__nav_4_9_1" >
+        
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+          <label class="md-nav__link" for="__nav_4_9_1" id="__nav_4_9_1_label" tabindex="0">
+            
+  
+  <span class="md-ellipsis">
+    C#
+  </span>
+  
+
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+          </label>
+        
+        <nav class="md-nav" data-md-level="3" aria-labelledby="__nav_4_9_1_label" aria-expanded="false">
+          <label class="md-nav__title" for="__nav_4_9_1">
+            <span class="md-nav__icon md-icon"></span>
+            C#
+          </label>
+          <ul class="md-nav__list" data-md-scrollfix>
+            
+              
+                
+  
+  
+  
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+    <li class="md-nav__item">
+      <a href="../dotnet/csharp/csharp.html" class="md-nav__link">
+        
+  
+  <span class="md-ellipsis">
+    C#
+  </span>
+  
+
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+    </li>
+  
+
+              
+            
+              
+                
+  
+  
+  
+  
+    <li class="md-nav__item">
+      <a href="../dotnet/csharp/linq.html" class="md-nav__link">
+        
+  
+  <span class="md-ellipsis">
+    Linq
+  </span>
+  
+
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+    </li>
+  
+
+              
+            
+              
+                
+  
+  
+  
+  
+    <li class="md-nav__item">
+      <a href="../dotnet/csharp/collections.html" class="md-nav__link">
+        
+  
+  <span class="md-ellipsis">
+    Collections
+  </span>
+  
+
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+    </li>
+  
+
+              
+            
+              
+                
+  
+  
+  
+  
+    <li class="md-nav__item">
+      <a href="../dotnet/csharp/reactive-extensions.html" class="md-nav__link">
+        
+  
+  <span class="md-ellipsis">
+    Reactive Extensions
+  </span>
+  
+
+      </a>
+    </li>
+  
+
+              
+            
+              
+                
+  
+  
+  
+  
+    <li class="md-nav__item">
+      <a href="../dotnet/csharp/async-programming.html" class="md-nav__link">
+        
+  
+  <span class="md-ellipsis">
+    Async Programming
+  </span>
+  
+
+      </a>
+    </li>
+  
+
+              
+            
+              
+                
+  
+  
+  
+  
+    <li class="md-nav__item">
+      <a href="../dotnet/csharp/unit-tests.html" class="md-nav__link">
+        
+  
+  <span class="md-ellipsis">
+    Unit Tests
+  </span>
+  
+
+      </a>
+    </li>
+  
+
+              
+            
+          </ul>
+        </nav>
+      
+    </li>
+  
+
+              
+            
+              
+                
+  
+  
+  
+  
+    
+    
+      
+        
+      
+        
+      
+        
+      
+        
+      
+        
+      
+        
+      
+        
+      
+    
+    
+      
+      
+        
+      
+    
+    
+    <li class="md-nav__item md-nav__item--nested">
+      
+        
+        
+        <input class="md-nav__toggle md-toggle " type="checkbox" id="__nav_4_9_2" >
+        
+          
+          <label class="md-nav__link" for="__nav_4_9_2" id="__nav_4_9_2_label" tabindex="0">
+            
+  
+  <span class="md-ellipsis">
+    ASP.NET
+  </span>
+  
+
+            <span class="md-nav__icon md-icon"></span>
+          </label>
+        
+        <nav class="md-nav" data-md-level="3" aria-labelledby="__nav_4_9_2_label" aria-expanded="false">
+          <label class="md-nav__title" for="__nav_4_9_2">
+            <span class="md-nav__icon md-icon"></span>
+            ASP.NET
+          </label>
+          <ul class="md-nav__list" data-md-scrollfix>
+            
+              
+                
+  
+  
+  
+  
+    <li class="md-nav__item">
+      <a href="../dotnet/asp.net/minimal-api.html" class="md-nav__link">
+        
+  
+  <span class="md-ellipsis">
+    Minimal API
+  </span>
+  
+
+      </a>
+    </li>
+  
+
+              
+            
+              
+                
+  
+  
+  
+  
+    <li class="md-nav__item">
+      <a href="../dotnet/asp.net/filters.html" class="md-nav__link">
+        
+  
+  <span class="md-ellipsis">
+    FIlters
+  </span>
+  
+
+      </a>
+    </li>
+  
+
+              
+            
+              
+                
+  
+  
+  
+  
+    <li class="md-nav__item">
+      <a href="../dotnet/asp.net/middleware.html" class="md-nav__link">
+        
+  
+  <span class="md-ellipsis">
+    Middleware
+  </span>
+  
+
+      </a>
+    </li>
+  
+
+              
+            
+              
+                
+  
+  
+  
+  
+    <li class="md-nav__item">
+      <a href="../dotnet/asp.net/razor-syntax.html" class="md-nav__link">
+        
+  
+  <span class="md-ellipsis">
+    Razor Syntax
+  </span>
+  
+
+      </a>
+    </li>
+  
+
+              
+            
+              
+                
+  
+  
+  
+  
+    <li class="md-nav__item">
+      <a href="../dotnet/asp.net/blazor.html" class="md-nav__link">
+        
+  
+  <span class="md-ellipsis">
+    Blazor
+  </span>
+  
+
+      </a>
+    </li>
+  
+
+              
+            
+              
+                
+  
+  
+  
+  
+    <li class="md-nav__item">
+      <a href="../dotnet/asp.net/signalr.html" class="md-nav__link">
+        
+  
+  <span class="md-ellipsis">
+    SignalR
+  </span>
+  
+
+      </a>
+    </li>
+  
+
+              
+            
+              
+                
+  
+  
+  
+  
+    <li class="md-nav__item">
+      <a href="../dotnet/asp.net/web-forms.html" class="md-nav__link">
+        
+  
+  <span class="md-ellipsis">
+    Web Forms
+  </span>
+  
+
+      </a>
+    </li>
+  
+
+              
+            
+          </ul>
+        </nav>
+      
+    </li>
+  
+
+              
+            
+              
+                
+  
+  
+  
+  
+    
+    
+      
+        
+      
+        
+      
+    
+    
+      
+      
+        
+      
+    
+    
+    <li class="md-nav__item md-nav__item--nested">
+      
+        
+        
+        <input class="md-nav__toggle md-toggle " type="checkbox" id="__nav_4_9_3" >
+        
+          
+          <label class="md-nav__link" for="__nav_4_9_3" id="__nav_4_9_3_label" tabindex="0">
+            
+  
+  <span class="md-ellipsis">
+    Database
+  </span>
+  
+
+            <span class="md-nav__icon md-icon"></span>
+          </label>
+        
+        <nav class="md-nav" data-md-level="3" aria-labelledby="__nav_4_9_3_label" aria-expanded="false">
+          <label class="md-nav__title" for="__nav_4_9_3">
+            <span class="md-nav__icon md-icon"></span>
+            Database
+          </label>
+          <ul class="md-nav__list" data-md-scrollfix>
+            
+              
+                
+  
+  
+  
+  
+    <li class="md-nav__item">
+      <a href="../dotnet/database/ado.net.html" class="md-nav__link">
+        
+  
+  <span class="md-ellipsis">
+    ADO.NET
+  </span>
+  
+
+      </a>
+    </li>
+  
+
+              
+            
+              
+                
+  
+  
+  
+  
+    <li class="md-nav__item">
+      <a href="../dotnet/database/entity-framework.html" class="md-nav__link">
+        
+  
+  <span class="md-ellipsis">
+    Entity Framework
+  </span>
+  
+
+      </a>
+    </li>
+  
+
+              
+            
+          </ul>
+        </nav>
+      
+    </li>
+  
+
+              
+            
+          </ul>
+        </nav>
+      
+    </li>
+  
+
+              
+            
+              
+                
+  
+  
+  
+  
+    
+    
+      
+        
+      
+        
+      
+        
+      
+        
+      
+    
+    
+      
+      
+        
+          
+          
+        
+      
+    
+    
+    <li class="md-nav__item md-nav__item--section md-nav__item--nested">
+      
+        
+        
+        <input class="md-nav__toggle md-toggle " type="checkbox" id="__nav_4_10" >
+        
+          
+          <label class="md-nav__link" for="__nav_4_10" id="__nav_4_10_label" tabindex="">
+            
+  
+  <span class="md-ellipsis">
+    Java
+  </span>
+  
+
+            <span class="md-nav__icon md-icon"></span>
+          </label>
+        
+        <nav class="md-nav" data-md-level="2" aria-labelledby="__nav_4_10_label" aria-expanded="false">
+          <label class="md-nav__title" for="__nav_4_10">
+            <span class="md-nav__icon md-icon"></span>
+            Java
+          </label>
+          <ul class="md-nav__list" data-md-scrollfix>
+            
+              
+                
+  
+  
+  
+  
+    <li class="md-nav__item">
+      <a href="../java/java.html" class="md-nav__link">
+        
+  
+  <span class="md-ellipsis">
+    Java
+  </span>
+  
+
+      </a>
+    </li>
+  
+
+              
+            
+              
+                
+  
+  
+  
+  
+    <li class="md-nav__item">
+      <a href="../java/java-collection-framework.html" class="md-nav__link">
+        
+  
+  <span class="md-ellipsis">
+    Java Collection Framework
+  </span>
+  
+
+      </a>
+    </li>
+  
+
+              
+            
+              
+                
+  
+  
+  
+  
+    <li class="md-nav__item">
+      <a href="../java/dao.html" class="md-nav__link">
+        
+  
+  <span class="md-ellipsis">
+    DAO
+  </span>
+  
+
+      </a>
+    </li>
+  
+
+              
+            
+              
+                
+  
+  
+  
+  
+    
+    
+      
+        
+      
+        
+      
+    
+    
+      
+      
+        
+      
+    
+    
+    <li class="md-nav__item md-nav__item--nested">
+      
+        
+        
+        <input class="md-nav__toggle md-toggle " type="checkbox" id="__nav_4_10_4" >
+        
+          
+          <label class="md-nav__link" for="__nav_4_10_4" id="__nav_4_10_4_label" tabindex="0">
+            
+  
+  <span class="md-ellipsis">
+    Web
+  </span>
+  
+
+            <span class="md-nav__icon md-icon"></span>
+          </label>
+        
+        <nav class="md-nav" data-md-level="3" aria-labelledby="__nav_4_10_4_label" aria-expanded="false">
+          <label class="md-nav__title" for="__nav_4_10_4">
+            <span class="md-nav__icon md-icon"></span>
+            Web
+          </label>
+          <ul class="md-nav__list" data-md-scrollfix>
+            
+              
+                
+  
+  
+  
+  
+    <li class="md-nav__item">
+      <a href="../java/web/servlet.html" class="md-nav__link">
+        
+  
+  <span class="md-ellipsis">
+    Serverlet
+  </span>
+  
+
+      </a>
+    </li>
+  
+
+              
+            
+              
+                
+  
+  
+  
+  
+    
+    
+      
+        
+      
+        
+      
+    
+    
+      
+      
+        
+      
+    
+    
+    <li class="md-nav__item md-nav__item--nested">
+      
+        
+        
+        <input class="md-nav__toggle md-toggle " type="checkbox" id="__nav_4_10_4_2" >
+        
+          
+          <label class="md-nav__link" for="__nav_4_10_4_2" id="__nav_4_10_4_2_label" tabindex="0">
+            
+  
+  <span class="md-ellipsis">
+    Spring
+  </span>
+  
+
+            <span class="md-nav__icon md-icon"></span>
+          </label>
+        
+        <nav class="md-nav" data-md-level="4" aria-labelledby="__nav_4_10_4_2_label" aria-expanded="false">
+          <label class="md-nav__title" for="__nav_4_10_4_2">
+            <span class="md-nav__icon md-icon"></span>
+            Spring
+          </label>
+          <ul class="md-nav__list" data-md-scrollfix>
+            
+              
+                
+  
+  
+  
+  
+    <li class="md-nav__item">
+      <a href="../java/spring/pom.xml.html" class="md-nav__link">
+        
+  
+  <span class="md-ellipsis">
+    POM
+  </span>
+  
+
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+    </li>
+  
+
+              
+            
+              
+                
+  
+  
+  
+  
+    <li class="md-nav__item">
+      <a href="../java/spring/spring-project.html" class="md-nav__link">
+        
+  
+  <span class="md-ellipsis">
+    Project Structure
+  </span>
+  
+
+      </a>
+    </li>
+  
+
+              
+            
+          </ul>
+        </nav>
+      
+    </li>
+  
+
+              
+            
+          </ul>
+        </nav>
+      
+    </li>
+  
+
+              
+            
+          </ul>
+        </nav>
+      
+    </li>
+  
+
+              
+            
+              
+                
+  
+  
+  
+  
+    
+    
+      
+        
+      
+        
+      
+        
+      
+        
+      
+        
+      
+        
+      
+        
+      
+        
+      
+        
+      
+    
+    
+      
+      
+        
+          
+          
+        
+      
+    
+    
+    <li class="md-nav__item md-nav__item--section md-nav__item--nested">
+      
+        
+        
+        <input class="md-nav__toggle md-toggle " type="checkbox" id="__nav_4_11" >
+        
+          
+          <label class="md-nav__link" for="__nav_4_11" id="__nav_4_11_label" tabindex="">
+            
+  
+  <span class="md-ellipsis">
+    PHP
+  </span>
+  
+
+            <span class="md-nav__icon md-icon"></span>
+          </label>
+        
+        <nav class="md-nav" data-md-level="2" aria-labelledby="__nav_4_11_label" aria-expanded="false">
+          <label class="md-nav__title" for="__nav_4_11">
+            <span class="md-nav__icon md-icon"></span>
+            PHP
+          </label>
+          <ul class="md-nav__list" data-md-scrollfix>
+            
+              
+                
+  
+  
+  
+  
+    <li class="md-nav__item">
+      <a href="../php/php.html" class="md-nav__link">
+        
+  
+  <span class="md-ellipsis">
+    PHP
+  </span>
+  
+
+      </a>
+    </li>
+  
+
+              
+            
+              
+                
+  
+  
+  
+  
+    <li class="md-nav__item">
+      <a href="../php/database.html" class="md-nav__link">
+        
+  
+  <span class="md-ellipsis">
+    Database
+  </span>
+  
+
+      </a>
+    </li>
+  
+
+              
+            
+              
+                
+  
+  
+  
+  
+    <li class="md-nav__item">
+      <a href="../php/web.html" class="md-nav__link">
+        
+  
+  <span class="md-ellipsis">
+    Web
+  </span>
+  
+
+      </a>
+    </li>
+  
+
+              
+            
+              
+                
+  
+  
+  
+  
+    <li class="md-nav__item">
+      <a href="../php/dependency-injection.html" class="md-nav__link">
+        
+  
+  <span class="md-ellipsis">
+    Dependency Injection
+  </span>
+  
+
+      </a>
+    </li>
+  
+
+              
+            
+              
+                
+  
+  
+  
+  
+    <li class="md-nav__item">
+      <a href="../php/unit-tests.html" class="md-nav__link">
+        
+  
+  <span class="md-ellipsis">
+    Unit Tests
+  </span>
+  
+
+      </a>
+    </li>
+  
+
+              
+            
+              
+                
+  
+  
+  
+  
+    <li class="md-nav__item">
+      <a href="../php/composer.html" class="md-nav__link">
+        
+  
+  <span class="md-ellipsis">
+    Composer
+  </span>
+  
+
+      </a>
+    </li>
+  
+
+              
+            
+              
+                
+  
+  
+  
+  
+    <li class="md-nav__item">
+      <a href="../php/psr-7.html" class="md-nav__link">
+        
+  
+  <span class="md-ellipsis">
+    PSR 7
+  </span>
+  
+
+      </a>
+    </li>
+  
+
+              
+            
+              
+                
+  
+  
+  
+  
+    <li class="md-nav__item">
+      <a href="../php/plates-templating.html" class="md-nav__link">
+        
+  
+  <span class="md-ellipsis">
+    Plates
+  </span>
+  
+
+      </a>
+    </li>
+  
+
+              
+            
+              
+                
+  
+  
+  
+  
+    
+    
+      
+        
+      
+        
+      
+    
+    
+      
+      
+        
+      
+    
+    
+    <li class="md-nav__item md-nav__item--nested">
+      
+        
+        
+        <input class="md-nav__toggle md-toggle " type="checkbox" id="__nav_4_11_9" >
+        
+          
+          <label class="md-nav__link" for="__nav_4_11_9" id="__nav_4_11_9_label" tabindex="0">
+            
+  
+  <span class="md-ellipsis">
+    Simple MVC
+  </span>
+  
+
+            <span class="md-nav__icon md-icon"></span>
+          </label>
+        
+        <nav class="md-nav" data-md-level="3" aria-labelledby="__nav_4_11_9_label" aria-expanded="false">
+          <label class="md-nav__title" for="__nav_4_11_9">
+            <span class="md-nav__icon md-icon"></span>
+            Simple MVC
+          </label>
+          <ul class="md-nav__list" data-md-scrollfix>
+            
+              
+                
+  
+  
+  
+  
+    <li class="md-nav__item">
+      <a href="../php/simple-mvc/simple-mvc.html" class="md-nav__link">
+        
+  
+  <span class="md-ellipsis">
+    Simple MVC
+  </span>
+  
+
+      </a>
+    </li>
+  
+
+              
+            
+              
+                
+  
+  
+  
+  
+    <li class="md-nav__item">
+      <a href="../php/simple-mvc/rest-api.html" class="md-nav__link">
+        
+  
+  <span class="md-ellipsis">
+    REST API
+  </span>
+  
+
+      </a>
+    </li>
+  
+
+              
+            
+          </ul>
+        </nav>
+      
+    </li>
+  
+
+              
+            
+          </ul>
+        </nav>
+      
+    </li>
+  
+
+              
+            
+              
+                
+  
+  
+  
+  
+    
+    
+      
+        
+      
+        
+      
+        
+      
+        
+      
+        
+      
+    
+    
+      
+      
+        
+          
+          
+        
+      
+    
+    
+    <li class="md-nav__item md-nav__item--section md-nav__item--nested">
+      
+        
+        
+        <input class="md-nav__toggle md-toggle " type="checkbox" id="__nav_4_12" >
+        
+          
+          <label class="md-nav__link" for="__nav_4_12" id="__nav_4_12_label" tabindex="">
+            
+  
+  <span class="md-ellipsis">
+    Rust
+  </span>
+  
+
+            <span class="md-nav__icon md-icon"></span>
+          </label>
+        
+        <nav class="md-nav" data-md-level="2" aria-labelledby="__nav_4_12_label" aria-expanded="false">
+          <label class="md-nav__title" for="__nav_4_12">
+            <span class="md-nav__icon md-icon"></span>
+            Rust
+          </label>
+          <ul class="md-nav__list" data-md-scrollfix>
+            
+              
+                
+  
+  
+  
+  
+    <li class="md-nav__item">
+      <a href="../rust/rust.html" class="md-nav__link">
+        
+  
+  <span class="md-ellipsis">
+    Rust
+  </span>
+  
+
+      </a>
+    </li>
+  
+
+              
+            
+              
+                
+  
+  
+  
+  
+    <li class="md-nav__item">
+      <a href="../rust/macros.html" class="md-nav__link">
+        
+  
+  <span class="md-ellipsis">
+    Macros
+  </span>
+  
+
+      </a>
+    </li>
+  
+
+              
+            
+              
+                
+  
+  
+  
+  
+    <li class="md-nav__item">
+      <a href="../rust/cargo.html" class="md-nav__link">
+        
+  
+  <span class="md-ellipsis">
+    Cargo
+  </span>
+  
+
+      </a>
+    </li>
+  
+
+              
+            
+              
+                
+  
+  
+  
+  
+    <li class="md-nav__item">
+      <a href="../rust/concurrency.html" class="md-nav__link">
+        
+  
+  <span class="md-ellipsis">
+    Concurrency
+  </span>
+  
+
+      </a>
+    </li>
+  
+
+              
+            
+              
+                
+  
+  
+  
+  
+    <li class="md-nav__item">
+      <a href="../rust/unit-tests.html" class="md-nav__link">
+        
+  
+  <span class="md-ellipsis">
+    Unit Tests
+  </span>
+  
+
+      </a>
+    </li>
+  
+
+              
+            
+          </ul>
+        </nav>
+      
+    </li>
+  
+
+              
+            
+              
+                
+  
+  
+  
+  
+    
+    
+      
+        
+      
+        
+      
+        
+      
+        
+      
+        
+      
+        
+      
+        
+      
+    
+    
+      
+      
+        
+          
+          
+        
+      
+    
+    
+    <li class="md-nav__item md-nav__item--section md-nav__item--nested">
+      
+        
+        
+        <input class="md-nav__toggle md-toggle " type="checkbox" id="__nav_4_13" >
+        
+          
+          <label class="md-nav__link" for="__nav_4_13" id="__nav_4_13_label" tabindex="">
+            
+  
+  <span class="md-ellipsis">
+    Javascript
+  </span>
+  
+
+            <span class="md-nav__icon md-icon"></span>
+          </label>
+        
+        <nav class="md-nav" data-md-level="2" aria-labelledby="__nav_4_13_label" aria-expanded="false">
+          <label class="md-nav__title" for="__nav_4_13">
+            <span class="md-nav__icon md-icon"></span>
+            Javascript
+          </label>
+          <ul class="md-nav__list" data-md-scrollfix>
+            
+              
+                
+  
+  
+  
+  
+    <li class="md-nav__item">
+      <a href="../javascript/javascript.html" class="md-nav__link">
+        
+  
+  <span class="md-ellipsis">
+    Javascript
+  </span>
+  
+
+      </a>
+    </li>
+  
+
+              
+            
+              
+                
+  
+  
+  
+  
+    <li class="md-nav__item">
+      <a href="../javascript/dom.html" class="md-nav__link">
+        
+  
+  <span class="md-ellipsis">
+    DOM
+  </span>
+  
+
+      </a>
+    </li>
+  
+
+              
+            
+              
+                
+  
+  
+  
+  
+    <li class="md-nav__item">
+      <a href="../javascript/events-animation.html" class="md-nav__link">
+        
+  
+  <span class="md-ellipsis">
+    Events & Animation
+  </span>
+  
+
+      </a>
+    </li>
+  
+
+              
+            
+              
+                
+  
+  
+  
+  
+    <li class="md-nav__item">
+      <a href="../javascript/ajax.html" class="md-nav__link">
+        
+  
+  <span class="md-ellipsis">
+    AJAX
+  </span>
+  
+
+      </a>
+    </li>
+  
+
+              
+            
+              
+                
+  
+  
+  
+  
+    <li class="md-nav__item">
+      <a href="../javascript/jquery.html" class="md-nav__link">
+        
+  
+  <span class="md-ellipsis">
+    jQuery
+  </span>
+  
+
+      </a>
+    </li>
+  
+
+              
+            
+              
+                
+  
+  
+  
+  
+    
+    
+      
+        
+      
+        
+      
+        
+      
+        
+      
+        
+      
+    
+    
+      
+      
+        
+      
+    
+    
+    <li class="md-nav__item md-nav__item--nested">
+      
+        
+        
+        <input class="md-nav__toggle md-toggle " type="checkbox" id="__nav_4_13_6" >
+        
+          
+          <label class="md-nav__link" for="__nav_4_13_6" id="__nav_4_13_6_label" tabindex="0">
+            
+  
+  <span class="md-ellipsis">
+    React
+  </span>
+  
+
+            <span class="md-nav__icon md-icon"></span>
+          </label>
+        
+        <nav class="md-nav" data-md-level="3" aria-labelledby="__nav_4_13_6_label" aria-expanded="false">
+          <label class="md-nav__title" for="__nav_4_13_6">
+            <span class="md-nav__icon md-icon"></span>
+            React
+          </label>
+          <ul class="md-nav__list" data-md-scrollfix>
+            
+              
+                
+  
+  
+  
+  
+    <li class="md-nav__item">
+      <a href="../javascript/react/react.html" class="md-nav__link">
+        
+  
+  <span class="md-ellipsis">
+    React
+  </span>
+  
+
+      </a>
+    </li>
+  
+
+              
+            
+              
+                
+  
+  
+  
+  
+    <li class="md-nav__item">
+      <a href="../javascript/react/react-router.html" class="md-nav__link">
+        
+  
+  <span class="md-ellipsis">
+    React Router
+  </span>
+  
+
+      </a>
+    </li>
+  
+
+              
+            
+              
+                
+  
+  
+  
+  
+    <li class="md-nav__item">
+      <a href="../javascript/react/react-tests.html" class="md-nav__link">
+        
+  
+  <span class="md-ellipsis">
+    React Tests
+  </span>
+  
+
+      </a>
+    </li>
+  
+
+              
+            
+              
+                
+  
+  
+  
+  
+    <li class="md-nav__item">
+      <a href="../javascript/react/redux.html" class="md-nav__link">
+        
+  
+  <span class="md-ellipsis">
+    Redux
+  </span>
+  
+
+      </a>
+    </li>
+  
+
+              
+            
+              
+                
+  
+  
+  
+  
+    <li class="md-nav__item">
+      <a href="../javascript/react/redux-tests.html" class="md-nav__link">
+        
+  
+  <span class="md-ellipsis">
+    Redux Tests
+  </span>
+  
+
+      </a>
+    </li>
+  
+
+              
+            
+          </ul>
+        </nav>
+      
+    </li>
+  
+
+              
+            
+              
+                
+  
+  
+  
+  
+    <li class="md-nav__item">
+      <a href="../javascript/svelte/svelte.html" class="md-nav__link">
+        
+  
+  <span class="md-ellipsis">
+    Svelte
+  </span>
+  
+
+      </a>
+    </li>
+  
+
+              
+            
+          </ul>
+        </nav>
+      
+    </li>
+  
+
+              
+            
+              
+                
+  
+  
+    
+  
+  
+  
+    
+    
+      
+        
+      
+        
+      
+    
+    
+      
+      
+        
+          
+          
+        
+      
+    
+    
+    <li class="md-nav__item md-nav__item--active md-nav__item--section md-nav__item--nested">
+      
+        
+        
+        <input class="md-nav__toggle md-toggle " type="checkbox" id="__nav_4_14" checked>
+        
+          
+          <label class="md-nav__link" for="__nav_4_14" id="__nav_4_14_label" tabindex="">
+            
+  
+  <span class="md-ellipsis">
+    PowerShell
+  </span>
+  
+
+            <span class="md-nav__icon md-icon"></span>
+          </label>
+        
+        <nav class="md-nav" data-md-level="2" aria-labelledby="__nav_4_14_label" aria-expanded="true">
+          <label class="md-nav__title" for="__nav_4_14">
+            <span class="md-nav__icon md-icon"></span>
+            PowerShell
+          </label>
+          <ul class="md-nav__list" data-md-scrollfix>
+            
+              
+                
+  
+  
+    
+  
+  
+  
+    <li class="md-nav__item md-nav__item--active">
+      
+      <input class="md-nav__toggle md-toggle" type="checkbox" id="__toc">
+      
+      
+        
+      
+      
+        <label class="md-nav__link md-nav__link--active" for="__toc">
+          
+  
+  <span class="md-ellipsis">
+    Scripting
+  </span>
+  
+
+          <span class="md-nav__icon md-icon"></span>
+        </label>
+      
+      <a href="scripting.html" class="md-nav__link md-nav__link--active">
+        
+  
+  <span class="md-ellipsis">
+    Scripting
+  </span>
+  
+
+      </a>
+      
+        
+
+<nav class="md-nav md-nav--secondary" aria-label="Table of contents">
+  
+  
+  
+    
+  
+  
+    <label class="md-nav__title" for="__toc">
+      <span class="md-nav__icon md-icon"></span>
+      Table of contents
+    </label>
+    <ul class="md-nav__list" data-md-component="toc" data-md-scrollfix>
+      
+        <li class="md-nav__item">
+  <a href="#screen-output" class="md-nav__link">
+    <span class="md-ellipsis">
+      Screen Output
+    </span>
+  </a>
+  
+</li>
+      
+        <li class="md-nav__item">
+  <a href="#user-input" class="md-nav__link">
+    <span class="md-ellipsis">
+      User Input
+    </span>
+  </a>
+  
+</li>
+      
+        <li class="md-nav__item">
+  <a href="#variables" class="md-nav__link">
+    <span class="md-ellipsis">
+      Variables
+    </span>
+  </a>
+  
+    <nav class="md-nav" aria-label="Variables">
+      <ul class="md-nav__list">
+        
+          <li class="md-nav__item">
+  <a href="#built-in-variables" class="md-nav__link">
+    <span class="md-ellipsis">
+      Built-in Variables
+    </span>
+  </a>
+  
+</li>
+        
+          <li class="md-nav__item">
+  <a href="#lists-dictionaries" class="md-nav__link">
+    <span class="md-ellipsis">
+      Lists &amp; Dictionaries
+    </span>
+  </a>
+  
+</li>
+        
+      </ul>
+    </nav>
+  
+</li>
+      
+        <li class="md-nav__item">
+  <a href="#flow-control" class="md-nav__link">
+    <span class="md-ellipsis">
+      Flow Control
+    </span>
+  </a>
+  
+    <nav class="md-nav" aria-label="Flow Control">
+      <ul class="md-nav__list">
+        
+          <li class="md-nav__item">
+  <a href="#switch" class="md-nav__link">
+    <span class="md-ellipsis">
+      Switch
+    </span>
+  </a>
+  
+</li>
+        
+          <li class="md-nav__item">
+  <a href="#loops" class="md-nav__link">
+    <span class="md-ellipsis">
+      Loops
+    </span>
+  </a>
+  
+</li>
+        
+          <li class="md-nav__item">
+  <a href="#operators" class="md-nav__link">
+    <span class="md-ellipsis">
+      Operators
+    </span>
+  </a>
+  
+</li>
+        
+          <li class="md-nav__item">
+  <a href="#exception-handling" class="md-nav__link">
+    <span class="md-ellipsis">
+      Exception Handling
+    </span>
+  </a>
+  
+</li>
+        
+      </ul>
+    </nav>
+  
+</li>
+      
+        <li class="md-nav__item">
+  <a href="#functions" class="md-nav__link">
+    <span class="md-ellipsis">
+      Functions
+    </span>
+  </a>
+  
+</li>
+      
+        <li class="md-nav__item">
+  <a href="#script-arguments" class="md-nav__link">
+    <span class="md-ellipsis">
+      Script Arguments
+    </span>
+  </a>
+  
+    <nav class="md-nav" aria-label="Script Arguments">
+      <ul class="md-nav__list">
+        
+          <li class="md-nav__item">
+  <a href="#parsing-script-arguments" class="md-nav__link">
+    <span class="md-ellipsis">
+      Parsing Script Arguments
+    </span>
+  </a>
+  
+</li>
+        
+          <li class="md-nav__item">
+  <a href="#script-named-arguments" class="md-nav__link">
+    <span class="md-ellipsis">
+      Script Named Arguments
+    </span>
+  </a>
+  
+</li>
+        
+          <li class="md-nav__item">
+  <a href="#filters" class="md-nav__link">
+    <span class="md-ellipsis">
+      Filters
+    </span>
+  </a>
+  
+</li>
+        
+      </ul>
+    </nav>
+  
+</li>
+      
+        <li class="md-nav__item">
+  <a href="#powershell-comment-based-help" class="md-nav__link">
+    <span class="md-ellipsis">
+      PowerShell Comment-based Help
+    </span>
+  </a>
+  
+    <nav class="md-nav" aria-label="PowerShell Comment-based Help">
+      <ul class="md-nav__list">
+        
+          <li class="md-nav__item">
+  <a href="#synopsis" class="md-nav__link">
+    <span class="md-ellipsis">
+      .SYNOPSIS
+    </span>
+  </a>
+  
+</li>
+        
+          <li class="md-nav__item">
+  <a href="#description" class="md-nav__link">
+    <span class="md-ellipsis">
+      .DESCRIPTION
+    </span>
+  </a>
+  
+</li>
+        
+          <li class="md-nav__item">
+  <a href="#parameter" class="md-nav__link">
+    <span class="md-ellipsis">
+      .PARAMETER
+    </span>
+  </a>
+  
+</li>
+        
+          <li class="md-nav__item">
+  <a href="#example" class="md-nav__link">
+    <span class="md-ellipsis">
+      .EXAMPLE
+    </span>
+  </a>
+  
+</li>
+        
+          <li class="md-nav__item">
+  <a href="#inputs" class="md-nav__link">
+    <span class="md-ellipsis">
+      .INPUTS
+    </span>
+  </a>
+  
+</li>
+        
+          <li class="md-nav__item">
+  <a href="#outputs" class="md-nav__link">
+    <span class="md-ellipsis">
+      .OUTPUTS
+    </span>
+  </a>
+  
+</li>
+        
+          <li class="md-nav__item">
+  <a href="#notes" class="md-nav__link">
+    <span class="md-ellipsis">
+      .NOTES
+    </span>
+  </a>
+  
+</li>
+        
+          <li class="md-nav__item">
+  <a href="#link" class="md-nav__link">
+    <span class="md-ellipsis">
+      .LINK
+    </span>
+  </a>
+  
+</li>
+        
+          <li class="md-nav__item">
+  <a href="#component" class="md-nav__link">
+    <span class="md-ellipsis">
+      .COMPONENT
+    </span>
+  </a>
+  
+</li>
+        
+          <li class="md-nav__item">
+  <a href="#role" class="md-nav__link">
+    <span class="md-ellipsis">
+      .ROLE
+    </span>
+  </a>
+  
+</li>
+        
+          <li class="md-nav__item">
+  <a href="#functionality" class="md-nav__link">
+    <span class="md-ellipsis">
+      .FUNCTIONALITY
+    </span>
+  </a>
+  
+</li>
+        
+          <li class="md-nav__item">
+  <a href="#forwardhelptargetname" class="md-nav__link">
+    <span class="md-ellipsis">
+      .FORWARDHELPTARGETNAME
+    </span>
+  </a>
+  
+</li>
+        
+          <li class="md-nav__item">
+  <a href="#forwardhelpcategory" class="md-nav__link">
+    <span class="md-ellipsis">
+      .FORWARDHELPCATEGORY
+    </span>
+  </a>
+  
+</li>
+        
+          <li class="md-nav__item">
+  <a href="#remotehelprunspace" class="md-nav__link">
+    <span class="md-ellipsis">
+      .REMOTEHELPRUNSPACE
+    </span>
+  </a>
+  
+</li>
+        
+          <li class="md-nav__item">
+  <a href="#externalhelp" class="md-nav__link">
+    <span class="md-ellipsis">
+      .EXTERNALHELP
+    </span>
+  </a>
+  
+</li>
+        
+      </ul>
+    </nav>
+  
+</li>
+      
+        <li class="md-nav__item">
+  <a href="#project-oriented-programming" class="md-nav__link">
+    <span class="md-ellipsis">
+      Project Oriented Programming
+    </span>
+  </a>
+  
+    <nav class="md-nav" aria-label="Project Oriented Programming">
+      <ul class="md-nav__list">
+        
+          <li class="md-nav__item">
+  <a href="#classes" class="md-nav__link">
+    <span class="md-ellipsis">
+      Classes
+    </span>
+  </a>
+  
+</li>
+        
+      </ul>
+    </nav>
+  
+</li>
+      
+    </ul>
+  
+</nav>
+      
+    </li>
+  
+
+              
+            
+              
+                
+  
+  
+  
+  
+    <li class="md-nav__item">
+      <a href="commands.html" class="md-nav__link">
+        
+  
+  <span class="md-ellipsis">
+    Commands
+  </span>
+  
+
+      </a>
+    </li>
+  
+
+              
+            
+          </ul>
+        </nav>
+      
+    </li>
+  
+
+              
+            
+              
+                
+  
+  
+  
+  
+    
+    
+      
+        
+      
+        
+      
+    
+    
+      
+      
+        
+          
+          
+        
+      
+    
+    
+    <li class="md-nav__item md-nav__item--section md-nav__item--nested">
+      
+        
+        
+        <input class="md-nav__toggle md-toggle " type="checkbox" id="__nav_4_15" >
+        
+          
+          <label class="md-nav__link" for="__nav_4_15" id="__nav_4_15_label" tabindex="">
+            
+  
+  <span class="md-ellipsis">
+    Bash
+  </span>
+  
+
+            <span class="md-nav__icon md-icon"></span>
+          </label>
+        
+        <nav class="md-nav" data-md-level="2" aria-labelledby="__nav_4_15_label" aria-expanded="false">
+          <label class="md-nav__title" for="__nav_4_15">
+            <span class="md-nav__icon md-icon"></span>
+            Bash
+          </label>
+          <ul class="md-nav__list" data-md-scrollfix>
+            
+              
+                
+  
+  
+  
+  
+    <li class="md-nav__item">
+      <a href="../bash/scripting.html" class="md-nav__link">
+        
+  
+  <span class="md-ellipsis">
+    Scripting
+  </span>
+  
+
+      </a>
+    </li>
+  
+
+              
+            
+              
+                
+  
+  
+  
+  
+    <li class="md-nav__item">
+      <a href="../bash/commands.html" class="md-nav__link">
+        
+  
+  <span class="md-ellipsis">
+    Commands
+  </span>
+  
+
+      </a>
+    </li>
+  
+
+              
+            
+          </ul>
+        </nav>
+      
+    </li>
+  
+
+              
+            
+          </ul>
+        </nav>
+      
+    </li>
+  
+
+    
+      
+      
+  
+  
+  
+  
+    
+    
+      
+        
+      
+        
+      
+        
+      
+        
+      
+        
+      
+    
+    
+      
+      
+        
+      
+    
+    
+    <li class="md-nav__item md-nav__item--nested">
+      
+        
+        
+        <input class="md-nav__toggle md-toggle " type="checkbox" id="__nav_5" >
+        
+          
+          <label class="md-nav__link" for="__nav_5" id="__nav_5_label" tabindex="0">
+            
+  
+  <span class="md-ellipsis">
+    Misc
+  </span>
+  
+
+            <span class="md-nav__icon md-icon"></span>
+          </label>
+        
+        <nav class="md-nav" data-md-level="1" aria-labelledby="__nav_5_label" aria-expanded="false">
+          <label class="md-nav__title" for="__nav_5">
+            <span class="md-nav__icon md-icon"></span>
+            Misc
+          </label>
+          <ul class="md-nav__list" data-md-scrollfix>
+            
+              
+                
+  
+  
+  
+  
+    <li class="md-nav__item">
+      <a href="../../misc/git.html" class="md-nav__link">
+        
+  
+  <span class="md-ellipsis">
+    Git
+  </span>
+  
+
+      </a>
+    </li>
+  
+
+              
+            
+              
+                
+  
+  
+  
+  
+    <li class="md-nav__item">
+      <a href="../../misc/graph-ql.html" class="md-nav__link">
+        
+  
+  <span class="md-ellipsis">
+    GraphQL
+  </span>
+  
+
+      </a>
+    </li>
+  
+
+              
+            
+              
+                
+  
+  
+  
+  
+    <li class="md-nav__item">
+      <a href="../../misc/regular-expressions.html" class="md-nav__link">
+        
+  
+  <span class="md-ellipsis">
+    RegEx
+  </span>
+  
+
+      </a>
+    </li>
+  
+
+              
+            
+              
+                
+  
+  
+  
+  
+    <li class="md-nav__item">
+      <a href="../../misc/ssh.html" class="md-nav__link">
+        
+  
+  <span class="md-ellipsis">
+    SSH
+  </span>
+  
+
+      </a>
+    </li>
+  
+
+              
+            
+              
+                
+  
+  
+  
+  
+    <li class="md-nav__item">
+      <a href="../../misc/web-components.html" class="md-nav__link">
+        
+  
+  <span class="md-ellipsis">
+    WebComponents
+  </span>
+  
+
+      </a>
+    </li>
+  
+
+              
+            
+          </ul>
+        </nav>
+      
+    </li>
+  
+
+    
+      
+      
+  
+  
+  
+  
+    
+    
+      
+        
+      
+        
+      
+    
+    
+      
+      
+        
+      
+    
+    
+    <li class="md-nav__item md-nav__item--nested">
+      
+        
+        
+        <input class="md-nav__toggle md-toggle " type="checkbox" id="__nav_6" >
+        
+          
+          <label class="md-nav__link" for="__nav_6" id="__nav_6_label" tabindex="0">
+            
+  
+  <span class="md-ellipsis">
+    Linux
+  </span>
+  
+
+            <span class="md-nav__icon md-icon"></span>
+          </label>
+        
+        <nav class="md-nav" data-md-level="1" aria-labelledby="__nav_6_label" aria-expanded="false">
+          <label class="md-nav__title" for="__nav_6">
+            <span class="md-nav__icon md-icon"></span>
+            Linux
+          </label>
+          <ul class="md-nav__list" data-md-scrollfix>
+            
+              
+                
+  
+  
+  
+  
+    
+    
+      
+        
+      
+        
+      
+        
+      
+    
+    
+      
+      
+        
+      
+    
+    
+    <li class="md-nav__item md-nav__item--nested">
+      
+        
+        
+        <input class="md-nav__toggle md-toggle " type="checkbox" id="__nav_6_1" >
+        
+          
+          <label class="md-nav__link" for="__nav_6_1" id="__nav_6_1_label" tabindex="0">
+            
+  
+  <span class="md-ellipsis">
+    Filesystem
+  </span>
+  
+
+            <span class="md-nav__icon md-icon"></span>
+          </label>
+        
+        <nav class="md-nav" data-md-level="2" aria-labelledby="__nav_6_1_label" aria-expanded="false">
+          <label class="md-nav__title" for="__nav_6_1">
+            <span class="md-nav__icon md-icon"></span>
+            Filesystem
+          </label>
+          <ul class="md-nav__list" data-md-scrollfix>
+            
+              
+                
+  
+  
+  
+  
+    <li class="md-nav__item">
+      <a href="../../linux/filesystem/file-links.html" class="md-nav__link">
+        
+  
+  <span class="md-ellipsis">
+    File Links
+  </span>
+  
+
+      </a>
+    </li>
+  
+
+              
+            
+              
+                
+  
+  
+  
+  
+    <li class="md-nav__item">
+      <a href="../../linux/filesystem/procfs.html" class="md-nav__link">
+        
+  
+  <span class="md-ellipsis">
+    /proc
+  </span>
+  
+
+      </a>
+    </li>
+  
+
+              
+            
+              
+                
+  
+  
+  
+  
+    <li class="md-nav__item">
+      <a href="../../linux/filesystem/sysfs.html" class="md-nav__link">
+        
+  
+  <span class="md-ellipsis">
+    /sys
+  </span>
+  
+
+      </a>
+    </li>
+  
+
+              
+            
+          </ul>
+        </nav>
+      
+    </li>
+  
+
+              
+            
+              
+                
+  
+  
+  
+  
+    
+    
+      
+        
+      
+        
+      
+    
+    
+      
+      
+        
+      
+    
+    
+    <li class="md-nav__item md-nav__item--nested">
+      
+        
+        
+        <input class="md-nav__toggle md-toggle " type="checkbox" id="__nav_6_2" >
+        
+          
+          <label class="md-nav__link" for="__nav_6_2" id="__nav_6_2_label" tabindex="0">
+            
+  
+  <span class="md-ellipsis">
+    System Init
+  </span>
+  
+
+            <span class="md-nav__icon md-icon"></span>
+          </label>
+        
+        <nav class="md-nav" data-md-level="2" aria-labelledby="__nav_6_2_label" aria-expanded="false">
+          <label class="md-nav__title" for="__nav_6_2">
+            <span class="md-nav__icon md-icon"></span>
+            System Init
+          </label>
+          <ul class="md-nav__list" data-md-scrollfix>
+            
+              
+                
+  
+  
+  
+  
+    <li class="md-nav__item">
+      <a href="../../linux/init/systemd.html" class="md-nav__link">
+        
+  
+  <span class="md-ellipsis">
+    Systemd
+  </span>
+  
+
+      </a>
+    </li>
+  
+
+              
+            
+              
+                
+  
+  
+  
+  
+    <li class="md-nav__item">
+      <a href="../../linux/init/open-rc.html" class="md-nav__link">
+        
+  
+  <span class="md-ellipsis">
+    OpenRC
+  </span>
+  
+
+      </a>
+    </li>
+  
+
+              
+            
+          </ul>
+        </nav>
+      
+    </li>
+  
+
+              
+            
+          </ul>
+        </nav>
+      
+    </li>
+  
+
+    
+  </ul>
+</nav>
+                  </div>
+                </div>
+              </div>
+            
+            
+              
+              <div class="md-sidebar md-sidebar--secondary" data-md-component="sidebar" data-md-type="toc" >
+                <div class="md-sidebar__scrollwrap">
+                  <div class="md-sidebar__inner">
+                    
+
+<nav class="md-nav md-nav--secondary" aria-label="Table of contents">
+  
+  
+  
+    
+  
+  
+    <label class="md-nav__title" for="__toc">
+      <span class="md-nav__icon md-icon"></span>
+      Table of contents
+    </label>
+    <ul class="md-nav__list" data-md-component="toc" data-md-scrollfix>
+      
+        <li class="md-nav__item">
+  <a href="#screen-output" class="md-nav__link">
+    <span class="md-ellipsis">
+      Screen Output
+    </span>
+  </a>
+  
+</li>
+      
+        <li class="md-nav__item">
+  <a href="#user-input" class="md-nav__link">
+    <span class="md-ellipsis">
+      User Input
+    </span>
+  </a>
+  
+</li>
+      
+        <li class="md-nav__item">
+  <a href="#variables" class="md-nav__link">
+    <span class="md-ellipsis">
+      Variables
+    </span>
+  </a>
+  
+    <nav class="md-nav" aria-label="Variables">
+      <ul class="md-nav__list">
+        
+          <li class="md-nav__item">
+  <a href="#built-in-variables" class="md-nav__link">
+    <span class="md-ellipsis">
+      Built-in Variables
+    </span>
+  </a>
+  
+</li>
+        
+          <li class="md-nav__item">
+  <a href="#lists-dictionaries" class="md-nav__link">
+    <span class="md-ellipsis">
+      Lists &amp; Dictionaries
+    </span>
+  </a>
+  
+</li>
+        
+      </ul>
+    </nav>
+  
+</li>
+      
+        <li class="md-nav__item">
+  <a href="#flow-control" class="md-nav__link">
+    <span class="md-ellipsis">
+      Flow Control
+    </span>
+  </a>
+  
+    <nav class="md-nav" aria-label="Flow Control">
+      <ul class="md-nav__list">
+        
+          <li class="md-nav__item">
+  <a href="#switch" class="md-nav__link">
+    <span class="md-ellipsis">
+      Switch
+    </span>
+  </a>
+  
+</li>
+        
+          <li class="md-nav__item">
+  <a href="#loops" class="md-nav__link">
+    <span class="md-ellipsis">
+      Loops
+    </span>
+  </a>
+  
+</li>
+        
+          <li class="md-nav__item">
+  <a href="#operators" class="md-nav__link">
+    <span class="md-ellipsis">
+      Operators
+    </span>
+  </a>
+  
+</li>
+        
+          <li class="md-nav__item">
+  <a href="#exception-handling" class="md-nav__link">
+    <span class="md-ellipsis">
+      Exception Handling
+    </span>
+  </a>
+  
+</li>
+        
+      </ul>
+    </nav>
+  
+</li>
+      
+        <li class="md-nav__item">
+  <a href="#functions" class="md-nav__link">
+    <span class="md-ellipsis">
+      Functions
+    </span>
+  </a>
+  
+</li>
+      
+        <li class="md-nav__item">
+  <a href="#script-arguments" class="md-nav__link">
+    <span class="md-ellipsis">
+      Script Arguments
+    </span>
+  </a>
+  
+    <nav class="md-nav" aria-label="Script Arguments">
+      <ul class="md-nav__list">
+        
+          <li class="md-nav__item">
+  <a href="#parsing-script-arguments" class="md-nav__link">
+    <span class="md-ellipsis">
+      Parsing Script Arguments
+    </span>
+  </a>
+  
+</li>
+        
+          <li class="md-nav__item">
+  <a href="#script-named-arguments" class="md-nav__link">
+    <span class="md-ellipsis">
+      Script Named Arguments
+    </span>
+  </a>
+  
+</li>
+        
+          <li class="md-nav__item">
+  <a href="#filters" class="md-nav__link">
+    <span class="md-ellipsis">
+      Filters
+    </span>
+  </a>
+  
+</li>
+        
+      </ul>
+    </nav>
+  
+</li>
+      
+        <li class="md-nav__item">
+  <a href="#powershell-comment-based-help" class="md-nav__link">
+    <span class="md-ellipsis">
+      PowerShell Comment-based Help
+    </span>
+  </a>
+  
+    <nav class="md-nav" aria-label="PowerShell Comment-based Help">
+      <ul class="md-nav__list">
+        
+          <li class="md-nav__item">
+  <a href="#synopsis" class="md-nav__link">
+    <span class="md-ellipsis">
+      .SYNOPSIS
+    </span>
+  </a>
+  
+</li>
+        
+          <li class="md-nav__item">
+  <a href="#description" class="md-nav__link">
+    <span class="md-ellipsis">
+      .DESCRIPTION
+    </span>
+  </a>
+  
+</li>
+        
+          <li class="md-nav__item">
+  <a href="#parameter" class="md-nav__link">
+    <span class="md-ellipsis">
+      .PARAMETER
+    </span>
+  </a>
+  
+</li>
+        
+          <li class="md-nav__item">
+  <a href="#example" class="md-nav__link">
+    <span class="md-ellipsis">
+      .EXAMPLE
+    </span>
+  </a>
+  
+</li>
+        
+          <li class="md-nav__item">
+  <a href="#inputs" class="md-nav__link">
+    <span class="md-ellipsis">
+      .INPUTS
+    </span>
+  </a>
+  
+</li>
+        
+          <li class="md-nav__item">
+  <a href="#outputs" class="md-nav__link">
+    <span class="md-ellipsis">
+      .OUTPUTS
+    </span>
+  </a>
+  
+</li>
+        
+          <li class="md-nav__item">
+  <a href="#notes" class="md-nav__link">
+    <span class="md-ellipsis">
+      .NOTES
+    </span>
+  </a>
+  
+</li>
+        
+          <li class="md-nav__item">
+  <a href="#link" class="md-nav__link">
+    <span class="md-ellipsis">
+      .LINK
+    </span>
+  </a>
+  
+</li>
+        
+          <li class="md-nav__item">
+  <a href="#component" class="md-nav__link">
+    <span class="md-ellipsis">
+      .COMPONENT
+    </span>
+  </a>
+  
+</li>
+        
+          <li class="md-nav__item">
+  <a href="#role" class="md-nav__link">
+    <span class="md-ellipsis">
+      .ROLE
+    </span>
+  </a>
+  
+</li>
+        
+          <li class="md-nav__item">
+  <a href="#functionality" class="md-nav__link">
+    <span class="md-ellipsis">
+      .FUNCTIONALITY
+    </span>
+  </a>
+  
+</li>
+        
+          <li class="md-nav__item">
+  <a href="#forwardhelptargetname" class="md-nav__link">
+    <span class="md-ellipsis">
+      .FORWARDHELPTARGETNAME
+    </span>
+  </a>
+  
+</li>
+        
+          <li class="md-nav__item">
+  <a href="#forwardhelpcategory" class="md-nav__link">
+    <span class="md-ellipsis">
+      .FORWARDHELPCATEGORY
+    </span>
+  </a>
+  
+</li>
+        
+          <li class="md-nav__item">
+  <a href="#remotehelprunspace" class="md-nav__link">
+    <span class="md-ellipsis">
+      .REMOTEHELPRUNSPACE
+    </span>
+  </a>
+  
+</li>
+        
+          <li class="md-nav__item">
+  <a href="#externalhelp" class="md-nav__link">
+    <span class="md-ellipsis">
+      .EXTERNALHELP
+    </span>
+  </a>
+  
+</li>
+        
+      </ul>
+    </nav>
+  
+</li>
+      
+        <li class="md-nav__item">
+  <a href="#project-oriented-programming" class="md-nav__link">
+    <span class="md-ellipsis">
+      Project Oriented Programming
+    </span>
+  </a>
+  
+    <nav class="md-nav" aria-label="Project Oriented Programming">
+      <ul class="md-nav__list">
+        
+          <li class="md-nav__item">
+  <a href="#classes" class="md-nav__link">
+    <span class="md-ellipsis">
+      Classes
+    </span>
+  </a>
+  
+</li>
+        
+      </ul>
+    </nav>
+  
+</li>
+      
+    </ul>
+  
+</nav>
+                  </div>
+                </div>
+              </div>
+            
+          
+          
+            <div class="md-content" data-md-component="content">
+              <article class="md-content__inner md-typeset">
+                
+                  
+
+  
+  
+
+
+<h1 id="powershell-scripting">PowerShell Scripting</h1>
+<p>Cmdlets are formed by a verb-noun pair. Cmdlets are case-insensitive.</p>
+<p><strong>It's all .NET</strong>
+A PS string is in fact a .NET System.String
+All .NET methods and properties are thus available</p>
+<p>Note that .NET functions MUST be called with parentheses while PS functions CANNOT be called with parentheses.
+If you do call a cmdlet/PS function with parentheses, it is the same as passing a single parameter list.</p>
+<h2 id="screen-output">Screen Output</h2>
+<div class="highlight"><table class="highlighttable"><tr><th colspan="2" class="filename"><span class="filename">PowerShell</span></th></tr><tr><td class="linenos"><div class="linenodiv"><pre><span></span><span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-0-1">1</a></span></pre></div></td><td class="code"><div><pre><span></span><code><a id="__codelineno-0-1" name="__codelineno-0-1"></a><span class="nb">Write-Host</span> <span class="s2">&quot;message&quot;</span>
+</code></pre></div></td></tr></table></div>
+<h2 id="user-input">User Input</h2>
+<div class="highlight"><table class="highlighttable"><tr><th colspan="2" class="filename"><span class="filename">PowerShell</span></th></tr><tr><td class="linenos"><div class="linenodiv"><pre><span></span><span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-1-1">1</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-1-2">2</a></span></pre></div></td><td class="code"><div><pre><span></span><code><a id="__codelineno-1-1" name="__codelineno-1-1"></a><span class="c"># Reading a value from input:</span>
+<a id="__codelineno-1-2" name="__codelineno-1-2"></a><span class="nv">$variable</span> <span class="p">=</span> <span class="nb">Read-Host</span> <span class="s2">&quot;prompt&quot;</span>
+</code></pre></div></td></tr></table></div>
+<h2 id="variables">Variables</h2>
+<div class="highlight"><table class="highlighttable"><tr><th colspan="2" class="filename"><span class="filename">PowerShell</span></th></tr><tr><td class="linenos"><div class="linenodiv"><pre><span></span><span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-2-1"> 1</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-2-2"> 2</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-2-3"> 3</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-2-4"> 4</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-2-5"> 5</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-2-6"> 6</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-2-7"> 7</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-2-8"> 8</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-2-9"> 9</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-2-10">10</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-2-11">11</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-2-12">12</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-2-13">13</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-2-14">14</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-2-15">15</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-2-16">16</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-2-17">17</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-2-18">18</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-2-19">19</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-2-20">20</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-2-21">21</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-2-22">22</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-2-23">23</a></span></pre></div></td><td class="code"><div><pre><span></span><code><a id="__codelineno-2-1" name="__codelineno-2-1"></a><span class="c"># Declaration</span>
+<a id="__codelineno-2-2" name="__codelineno-2-2"></a><span class="no">[type]</span><span class="nv">$var</span> <span class="p">=</span> <span class="n">value</span>
+<a id="__codelineno-2-3" name="__codelineno-2-3"></a><span class="nv">$var</span> <span class="p">=</span> <span class="n">value</span> <span class="o">-as</span> <span class="no">[type]</span>
+<a id="__codelineno-2-4" name="__codelineno-2-4"></a>
+<a id="__codelineno-2-5" name="__codelineno-2-5"></a><span class="no">[int]</span><span class="nv">$a</span> <span class="p">=</span> <span class="n">5</span>
+<a id="__codelineno-2-6" name="__codelineno-2-6"></a><span class="nv">$b</span> <span class="p">=</span> <span class="n">6</span> <span class="o">-as</span> <span class="no">[double]</span>  <span class="c"># ?</span>
+<a id="__codelineno-2-7" name="__codelineno-2-7"></a>
+<a id="__codelineno-2-8" name="__codelineno-2-8"></a><span class="c"># Here-string (multiline string)</span>
+<a id="__codelineno-2-9" name="__codelineno-2-9"></a><span class="sh">@&quot;</span>
+<a id="__codelineno-2-10" name="__codelineno-2-10"></a><span class="sh">Here-string</span>
+<a id="__codelineno-2-11" name="__codelineno-2-11"></a><span class="sh">$a + $b = ($a + $b)</span>
+<a id="__codelineno-2-12" name="__codelineno-2-12"></a><span class="sh">&quot;@</span>
+<a id="__codelineno-2-13" name="__codelineno-2-13"></a>
+<a id="__codelineno-2-14" name="__codelineno-2-14"></a><span class="sh">@&#39;</span>
+<a id="__codelineno-2-15" name="__codelineno-2-15"></a><span class="sh">Literal Here-string</span>
+<a id="__codelineno-2-16" name="__codelineno-2-16"></a><span class="sh">&#39;@</span>
+<a id="__codelineno-2-17" name="__codelineno-2-17"></a>
+<a id="__codelineno-2-18" name="__codelineno-2-18"></a><span class="c"># Swapping</span>
+<a id="__codelineno-2-19" name="__codelineno-2-19"></a><span class="nv">$a</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="nv">$b</span> <span class="p">=</span> <span class="nv">$b</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="nv">$a</span>
+<a id="__codelineno-2-20" name="__codelineno-2-20"></a>
+<a id="__codelineno-2-21" name="__codelineno-2-21"></a><span class="c"># Interpolation</span>
+<a id="__codelineno-2-22" name="__codelineno-2-22"></a><span class="nb">Write-Host</span> <span class="s2">&quot;text $variable&quot;</span>  <span class="c"># single quotes will not interpolate</span>
+<a id="__codelineno-2-23" name="__codelineno-2-23"></a><span class="nb">Write-Host</span> <span class="p">(&lt;</span><span class="n">expression</span><span class="p">&gt;)</span>
+</code></pre></div></td></tr></table></div>
+<h3 id="built-in-variables">Built-in Variables</h3>
+<div class="highlight"><table class="highlighttable"><tr><th colspan="2" class="filename"><span class="filename">PowerShell</span></th></tr><tr><td class="linenos"><div class="linenodiv"><pre><span></span><span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-3-1"> 1</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-3-2"> 2</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-3-3"> 3</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-3-4"> 4</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-3-5"> 5</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-3-6"> 6</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-3-7"> 7</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-3-8"> 8</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-3-9"> 9</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-3-10">10</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-3-11">11</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-3-12">12</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-3-13">13</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-3-14">14</a></span></pre></div></td><td class="code"><div><pre><span></span><code><a id="__codelineno-3-1" name="__codelineno-3-1"></a><span class="nv">$True</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="nv">$False</span>  <span class="c"># boolean</span>
+<a id="__codelineno-3-2" name="__codelineno-3-2"></a><span class="nv">$null</span>  <span class="c"># empty value</span>
+<a id="__codelineno-3-3" name="__codelineno-3-3"></a><span class="p">$?</span>  <span class="c"># last program return value</span>
+<a id="__codelineno-3-4" name="__codelineno-3-4"></a><span class="nv">$LastExitCode</span>  <span class="c"># Exit code of last run Windows-based program</span>
+<a id="__codelineno-3-5" name="__codelineno-3-5"></a><span class="p">$$</span>  <span class="c"># The last token in the last line received by the session</span>
+<a id="__codelineno-3-6" name="__codelineno-3-6"></a><span class="p">$^</span>  <span class="c"># The first token</span>
+<a id="__codelineno-3-7" name="__codelineno-3-7"></a><span class="nv">$PID</span>  <span class="c"># Script&#39;s PID</span>
+<a id="__codelineno-3-8" name="__codelineno-3-8"></a><span class="nv">$PSScriptRoot</span>  <span class="c"># Full path of current script directory</span>
+<a id="__codelineno-3-9" name="__codelineno-3-9"></a><span class="nv">$MyInvocation</span><span class="p">.</span><span class="n">MyCommand</span><span class="p">.</span><span class="n">Path</span>  <span class="c"># Full path of current script</span>
+<a id="__codelineno-3-10" name="__codelineno-3-10"></a><span class="nv">$Pwd</span>  <span class="c"># Full path of current directory</span>
+<a id="__codelineno-3-11" name="__codelineno-3-11"></a><span class="nv">$PSBoundParameters</span>  <span class="c"># Bound arguments in a function, script or code block</span>
+<a id="__codelineno-3-12" name="__codelineno-3-12"></a><span class="nv">$Args</span> <span class="c"># Unbound arguments</span>
+<a id="__codelineno-3-13" name="__codelineno-3-13"></a>
+<a id="__codelineno-3-14" name="__codelineno-3-14"></a><span class="p">.</span> <span class="p">.\</span><span class="n">otherScriptName</span><span class="p">.</span><span class="n">ps1</span>  <span class="c"># Inline another file (dot operator)</span>
+</code></pre></div></td></tr></table></div>
+<h3 id="lists-dictionaries">Lists &amp; Dictionaries</h3>
+<div class="highlight"><table class="highlighttable"><tr><th colspan="2" class="filename"><span class="filename">PowerShell</span></th></tr><tr><td class="linenos"><div class="linenodiv"><pre><span></span><span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-4-1"> 1</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-4-2"> 2</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-4-3"> 3</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-4-4"> 4</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-4-5"> 5</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-4-6"> 6</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-4-7"> 7</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-4-8"> 8</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-4-9"> 9</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-4-10">10</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-4-11">11</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-4-12">12</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-4-13">13</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-4-14">14</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-4-15">15</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-4-16">16</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-4-17">17</a></span></pre></div></td><td class="code"><div><pre><span></span><code><a id="__codelineno-4-1" name="__codelineno-4-1"></a><span class="nv">$List</span> <span class="p">=</span> <span class="p">@(</span><span class="n">5</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="s2">&quot;ice&quot;</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="n">3</span><span class="p">.</span><span class="n">14</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="nv">$True</span><span class="p">)</span>  <span class="c"># Explicit syntax</span>
+<a id="__codelineno-4-2" name="__codelineno-4-2"></a><span class="nv">$List</span> <span class="p">=</span> <span class="n">2</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="s2">&quot;ice&quot;</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="n">3</span><span class="p">.</span><span class="n">14</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="nv">$True</span>  <span class="c"># Implicit syntax</span>
+<a id="__codelineno-4-3" name="__codelineno-4-3"></a><span class="nv">$List</span> <span class="p">=</span> <span class="p">(</span><span class="n">1</span><span class="p">..</span><span class="n">10</span><span class="p">)</span>  <span class="c"># Inclusive range</span>
+<a id="__codelineno-4-4" name="__codelineno-4-4"></a><span class="nv">$List</span> <span class="p">=</span> <span class="p">@()</span>  <span class="c"># Empty List</span>
+<a id="__codelineno-4-5" name="__codelineno-4-5"></a>
+<a id="__codelineno-4-6" name="__codelineno-4-6"></a><span class="nv">$String</span> <span class="p">=</span> <span class="nv">$List</span> <span class="n">-join</span> <span class="s1">&#39;separator&#39;</span>
+<a id="__codelineno-4-7" name="__codelineno-4-7"></a><span class="nv">$List</span> <span class="p">=</span> <span class="nv">$String</span> <span class="n">-split</span> <span class="s1">&#39;separator&#39;</span>
+<a id="__codelineno-4-8" name="__codelineno-4-8"></a>
+<a id="__codelineno-4-9" name="__codelineno-4-9"></a><span class="c"># List comprehensions</span>
+<a id="__codelineno-4-10" name="__codelineno-4-10"></a><span class="nv">$List</span> <span class="p">=</span> <span class="n">sequence</span> <span class="p">|</span> <span class="nb">Where-Object</span> <span class="p">{</span><span class="nv">$_</span> <span class="n">command</span><span class="p">}</span>  <span class="c"># $_ is current object</span>
+<a id="__codelineno-4-11" name="__codelineno-4-11"></a><span class="nv">$Dict</span> <span class="p">=</span> <span class="p">@{</span><span class="s2">&quot;a&quot;</span> <span class="p">=</span> <span class="s2">&quot;apple&quot;</span><span class="p">;</span> <span class="s2">&quot;b&quot;</span> <span class="p">=</span> <span class="s2">&quot;ball&quot;</span><span class="p">}</span>  <span class="c"># Dict definition</span>
+<a id="__codelineno-4-12" name="__codelineno-4-12"></a><span class="nv">$Dict</span><span class="p">[</span><span class="s2">&quot;a&quot;</span><span class="p">]</span> <span class="p">=</span> <span class="s2">&quot;acorn&quot;</span>  <span class="c"># Item update</span>
+<a id="__codelineno-4-13" name="__codelineno-4-13"></a>
+<a id="__codelineno-4-14" name="__codelineno-4-14"></a><span class="c"># Loop through keys</span>
+<a id="__codelineno-4-15" name="__codelineno-4-15"></a><span class="k">foreach</span> <span class="p">(</span><span class="nv">$k</span> <span class="k">in</span> <span class="nv">$Dict</span><span class="p">.</span><span class="n">keys</span><span class="p">)</span> <span class="p">{</span>
+<a id="__codelineno-4-16" name="__codelineno-4-16"></a>    <span class="c"># Code here</span>
+<a id="__codelineno-4-17" name="__codelineno-4-17"></a><span class="p">}</span>
+</code></pre></div></td></tr></table></div>
+<h2 id="flow-control">Flow Control</h2>
+<div class="highlight"><table class="highlighttable"><tr><th colspan="2" class="filename"><span class="filename">PowerShell</span></th></tr><tr><td class="linenos"><div class="linenodiv"><pre><span></span><span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-5-1">1</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-5-2">2</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-5-3">3</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-5-4">4</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-5-5">5</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-5-6">6</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-5-7">7</a></span></pre></div></td><td class="code"><div><pre><span></span><code><a id="__codelineno-5-1" name="__codelineno-5-1"></a><span class="k">if</span> <span class="p">(</span><span class="n">condition</span><span class="p">)</span> <span class="p">{</span>
+<a id="__codelineno-5-2" name="__codelineno-5-2"></a>    <span class="c"># Code here</span>
+<a id="__codelineno-5-3" name="__codelineno-5-3"></a><span class="p">}</span> <span class="k">elseif</span> <span class="p">(</span><span class="n">condition</span><span class="p">)</span> <span class="p">{</span>
+<a id="__codelineno-5-4" name="__codelineno-5-4"></a>    <span class="c"># Code here</span>
+<a id="__codelineno-5-5" name="__codelineno-5-5"></a><span class="p">}</span> <span class="k">else</span> <span class="p">{</span>
+<a id="__codelineno-5-6" name="__codelineno-5-6"></a>    <span class="c"># Code here</span>
+<a id="__codelineno-5-7" name="__codelineno-5-7"></a><span class="p">}</span>
+</code></pre></div></td></tr></table></div>
+<h3 id="switch">Switch</h3>
+<p><code>Switch</code> has the following parameters:</p>
+<ul>
+<li><strong>Wildcard</strong>: Indicates that the condition is a wildcard string. If the match clause is not a string, the parameter is ignored. The comparison is case-insensitive.</li>
+<li><strong>Exact</strong>: Indicates that the match clause, if it is a string, must match exactly. If the match clause is not a string, this parameter is ignored. The comparison is case-insensitive.</li>
+<li><strong>CaseSensitive</strong>: Performs a case-sensitive match. If the match clause is not a string, this parameter is ignored.</li>
+<li><strong>File</strong>: Takes input from a file rather than a value statement. If multiple File parameters are included, only the last one is used. Each line of the file is read and evaluated by the Switch statement. The comparison is case-insensitive.</li>
+<li><strong>Regex</strong>: Performs regular expression matching of the value to the condition. If the match clause is not a string, this parameter is ignored. The comparison is case-insensitive. The <code>$matches</code> automatic variable is available for use within the matching statement block.</li>
+</ul>
+<div class="highlight"><table class="highlighttable"><tr><th colspan="2" class="filename"><span class="filename">PowerShell</span></th></tr><tr><td class="linenos"><div class="linenodiv"><pre><span></span><span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-6-1"> 1</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-6-2"> 2</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-6-3"> 3</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-6-4"> 4</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-6-5"> 5</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-6-6"> 6</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-6-7"> 7</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-6-8"> 8</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-6-9"> 9</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-6-10">10</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-6-11">11</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-6-12">12</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-6-13">13</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-6-14">14</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-6-15">15</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-6-16">16</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-6-17">17</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-6-18">18</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-6-19">19</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-6-20">20</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-6-21">21</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-6-22">22</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-6-23">23</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-6-24">24</a></span></pre></div></td><td class="code"><div><pre><span></span><code><a id="__codelineno-6-1" name="__codelineno-6-1"></a><span class="k">switch</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="n">variable</span><span class="p">)</span> <span class="p">{</span>
+<a id="__codelineno-6-2" name="__codelineno-6-2"></a>    <span class="n">20</span>                      <span class="p">{</span> <span class="s2">&quot;Exactly 20&quot;</span><span class="p">;</span> <span class="k">break</span> <span class="p">}</span>
+<a id="__codelineno-6-3" name="__codelineno-6-3"></a>    <span class="p">{</span> <span class="nv">$_</span> <span class="o">-eq</span> <span class="n">42</span> <span class="p">}</span>           <span class="p">{</span> <span class="s2">&quot;The answer equals 42&quot;</span><span class="p">;</span> <span class="k">break</span> <span class="p">}</span>
+<a id="__codelineno-6-4" name="__codelineno-6-4"></a>    <span class="p">{</span> <span class="nv">$_</span> <span class="o">-like</span> <span class="s1">&#39;s*&#39;</span> <span class="p">}</span>       <span class="p">{</span> <span class="s2">&quot;Case insensitive&quot;</span><span class="p">;</span> <span class="k">break</span> <span class="p">}</span>
+<a id="__codelineno-6-5" name="__codelineno-6-5"></a>    <span class="p">{</span> <span class="nv">$_</span> <span class="o">-clike</span> <span class="s1">&#39;s*&#39;</span><span class="p">}</span>       <span class="p">{</span> <span class="s2">&quot;clike, ceq, cne for case sensitive&quot;</span><span class="p">;</span> <span class="k">break</span> <span class="p">}</span>
+<a id="__codelineno-6-6" name="__codelineno-6-6"></a>    <span class="p">{</span> <span class="nv">$_</span> <span class="o">-notmatch</span> <span class="s1">&#39;^.*$&#39;</span><span class="p">}</span>  <span class="p">{</span> <span class="s2">&quot;Regex matching. cnotmatch, cnotlike, ...&quot;</span><span class="p">;</span> <span class="k">break</span> <span class="p">}</span>
+<a id="__codelineno-6-7" name="__codelineno-6-7"></a>    <span class="p">{</span> <span class="nv">$list</span> <span class="o">-contains</span> <span class="s1">&#39;x&#39;</span><span class="p">}</span>  <span class="p">{</span> <span class="s2">&quot;if a list contains an item&quot;</span><span class="p">;</span> <span class="k">break</span> <span class="p">}</span>
+<a id="__codelineno-6-8" name="__codelineno-6-8"></a>    <span class="k">default</span>                 <span class="p">{</span> <span class="s2">&quot;Others&quot;</span> <span class="p">}</span>
+<a id="__codelineno-6-9" name="__codelineno-6-9"></a><span class="p">}</span>
+<a id="__codelineno-6-10" name="__codelineno-6-10"></a>
+<a id="__codelineno-6-11" name="__codelineno-6-11"></a><span class="c"># syntax</span>
+<a id="__codelineno-6-12" name="__codelineno-6-12"></a><span class="k">switch</span> <span class="p">[</span><span class="o">-regex</span><span class="p">|</span><span class="o">-wildcard</span><span class="p">|</span><span class="o">-exact</span><span class="p">][</span><span class="o">-casesensitive</span><span class="p">]</span> <span class="p">(&lt;</span><span class="n">value</span><span class="p">&gt;)</span>
+<a id="__codelineno-6-13" name="__codelineno-6-13"></a><span class="p">{</span>
+<a id="__codelineno-6-14" name="__codelineno-6-14"></a>    <span class="s2">&quot;string&quot;</span><span class="p">|</span><span class="n">number</span><span class="p">|</span><span class="n">variable</span><span class="p">|{</span> <span class="n">expression</span> <span class="p">}</span> <span class="p">{</span> <span class="n">statement_list</span> <span class="p">}</span>
+<a id="__codelineno-6-15" name="__codelineno-6-15"></a>    <span class="k">default</span> <span class="p">{</span> <span class="n">statement_list</span> <span class="p">}</span>
+<a id="__codelineno-6-16" name="__codelineno-6-16"></a><span class="p">}</span>
+<a id="__codelineno-6-17" name="__codelineno-6-17"></a>
+<a id="__codelineno-6-18" name="__codelineno-6-18"></a><span class="c"># or</span>
+<a id="__codelineno-6-19" name="__codelineno-6-19"></a>
+<a id="__codelineno-6-20" name="__codelineno-6-20"></a><span class="k">switch</span> <span class="p">[</span><span class="o">-regex</span><span class="p">|</span><span class="o">-wildcard</span><span class="p">|</span><span class="o">-exact</span><span class="p">][</span><span class="o">-casesensitive</span><span class="p">]</span> <span class="o">-file</span> <span class="n">filename</span>
+<a id="__codelineno-6-21" name="__codelineno-6-21"></a><span class="p">{</span>
+<a id="__codelineno-6-22" name="__codelineno-6-22"></a>    <span class="s2">&quot;string&quot;</span><span class="p">|</span><span class="n">number</span><span class="p">|</span><span class="n">variable</span><span class="p">|{</span> <span class="n">expression</span> <span class="p">}</span> <span class="p">{</span> <span class="n">statement_list</span> <span class="p">}</span>
+<a id="__codelineno-6-23" name="__codelineno-6-23"></a>    <span class="k">default</span> <span class="p">{</span> <span class="n">statement_list</span> <span class="p">}</span>
+<a id="__codelineno-6-24" name="__codelineno-6-24"></a><span class="p">}</span>
+</code></pre></div></td></tr></table></div>
+<h3 id="loops">Loops</h3>
+<div class="highlight"><table class="highlighttable"><tr><th colspan="2" class="filename"><span class="filename">PowerShell</span></th></tr><tr><td class="linenos"><div class="linenodiv"><pre><span></span><span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-7-1"> 1</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-7-2"> 2</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-7-3"> 3</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-7-4"> 4</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-7-5"> 5</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-7-6"> 6</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-7-7"> 7</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-7-8"> 8</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-7-9"> 9</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-7-10">10</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-7-11">11</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-7-12">12</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-7-13">13</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-7-14">14</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-7-15">15</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-7-16">16</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-7-17">17</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-7-18">18</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-7-19">19</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-7-20">20</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-7-21">21</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-7-22">22</a></span></pre></div></td><td class="code"><div><pre><span></span><code><a id="__codelineno-7-1" name="__codelineno-7-1"></a><span class="c"># The classic for</span>
+<a id="__codelineno-7-2" name="__codelineno-7-2"></a><span class="k">for</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="n">setup</span><span class="p">;</span> <span class="n">condition</span><span class="p">;</span> <span class="n">iterator</span><span class="p">)</span> <span class="p">{</span>
+<a id="__codelineno-7-3" name="__codelineno-7-3"></a>    <span class="c"># Code here</span>
+<a id="__codelineno-7-4" name="__codelineno-7-4"></a><span class="p">}</span>
+<a id="__codelineno-7-5" name="__codelineno-7-5"></a>
+<a id="__codelineno-7-6" name="__codelineno-7-6"></a><span class="n">range</span> <span class="p">|</span> <span class="p">%</span> <span class="p">{</span> <span class="n">command</span> <span class="p">}</span>
+<a id="__codelineno-7-7" name="__codelineno-7-7"></a>
+<a id="__codelineno-7-8" name="__codelineno-7-8"></a><span class="k">foreach</span> <span class="p">(</span><span class="n">item</span> <span class="k">in</span> <span class="n">iterable</span><span class="p">)</span> <span class="p">{</span>
+<a id="__codelineno-7-9" name="__codelineno-7-9"></a>    <span class="c"># Code Here</span>
+<a id="__codelineno-7-10" name="__codelineno-7-10"></a><span class="p">}</span>
+<a id="__codelineno-7-11" name="__codelineno-7-11"></a>
+<a id="__codelineno-7-12" name="__codelineno-7-12"></a><span class="k">while</span> <span class="p">(</span><span class="n">condition</span><span class="p">)</span> <span class="p">{</span>
+<a id="__codelineno-7-13" name="__codelineno-7-13"></a>    <span class="c"># Code here</span>
+<a id="__codelineno-7-14" name="__codelineno-7-14"></a><span class="p">}</span>
+<a id="__codelineno-7-15" name="__codelineno-7-15"></a>
+<a id="__codelineno-7-16" name="__codelineno-7-16"></a><span class="k">do</span> <span class="p">{</span>
+<a id="__codelineno-7-17" name="__codelineno-7-17"></a>    <span class="c"># Code here</span>
+<a id="__codelineno-7-18" name="__codelineno-7-18"></a><span class="p">}</span> <span class="k">until</span> <span class="p">(</span><span class="n">condition</span><span class="p">)</span>
+<a id="__codelineno-7-19" name="__codelineno-7-19"></a>
+<a id="__codelineno-7-20" name="__codelineno-7-20"></a><span class="k">do</span> <span class="p">{</span>
+<a id="__codelineno-7-21" name="__codelineno-7-21"></a>    <span class="c"># Code here</span>
+<a id="__codelineno-7-22" name="__codelineno-7-22"></a><span class="p">}</span> <span class="k">while</span> <span class="p">(</span><span class="n">condition</span><span class="p">)</span>
+</code></pre></div></td></tr></table></div>
+<h3 id="operators">Operators</h3>
+<div class="highlight"><table class="highlighttable"><tr><th colspan="2" class="filename"><span class="filename">PowerShell</span></th></tr><tr><td class="linenos"><div class="linenodiv"><pre><span></span><span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-8-1"> 1</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-8-2"> 2</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-8-3"> 3</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-8-4"> 4</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-8-5"> 5</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-8-6"> 6</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-8-7"> 7</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-8-8"> 8</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-8-9"> 9</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-8-10">10</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-8-11">11</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-8-12">12</a></span></pre></div></td><td class="code"><div><pre><span></span><code><a id="__codelineno-8-1" name="__codelineno-8-1"></a><span class="c"># Conditionals</span>
+<a id="__codelineno-8-2" name="__codelineno-8-2"></a><span class="nv">$a</span> <span class="o">-eq</span> <span class="nv">$b</span>  <span class="c"># is equal to</span>
+<a id="__codelineno-8-3" name="__codelineno-8-3"></a><span class="nv">$a</span> <span class="o">-ne</span> <span class="nv">$b</span>  <span class="c"># in not equal to</span>
+<a id="__codelineno-8-4" name="__codelineno-8-4"></a><span class="nv">$a</span> <span class="o">-gt</span> <span class="nv">$b</span>  <span class="c"># greater than</span>
+<a id="__codelineno-8-5" name="__codelineno-8-5"></a><span class="nv">$a</span> <span class="o">-ge</span> <span class="nv">$b</span>  <span class="c"># greater than or equal to</span>
+<a id="__codelineno-8-6" name="__codelineno-8-6"></a><span class="nv">$a</span> <span class="o">-lt</span> <span class="nv">$b</span>  <span class="c"># less than</span>
+<a id="__codelineno-8-7" name="__codelineno-8-7"></a><span class="nv">$a</span> <span class="o">-le</span> <span class="nv">$b</span>  <span class="c"># less than or equal to</span>
+<a id="__codelineno-8-8" name="__codelineno-8-8"></a>
+<a id="__codelineno-8-9" name="__codelineno-8-9"></a><span class="c"># Logical</span>
+<a id="__codelineno-8-10" name="__codelineno-8-10"></a><span class="nv">$true</span> <span class="o">-And</span> <span class="nv">$False</span>
+<a id="__codelineno-8-11" name="__codelineno-8-11"></a><span class="nv">$True</span> <span class="o">-Or</span> <span class="nv">$False</span>
+<a id="__codelineno-8-12" name="__codelineno-8-12"></a><span class="o">-Not</span> <span class="nv">$True</span>
+</code></pre></div></td></tr></table></div>
+<h3 id="exception-handling">Exception Handling</h3>
+<div class="highlight"><table class="highlighttable"><tr><th colspan="2" class="filename"><span class="filename">PowerShell</span></th></tr><tr><td class="linenos"><div class="linenodiv"><pre><span></span><span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-9-1">1</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-9-2">2</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-9-3">3</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-9-4">4</a></span></pre></div></td><td class="code"><div><pre><span></span><code><a id="__codelineno-9-1" name="__codelineno-9-1"></a><span class="k">try</span> <span class="p">{}</span> <span class="k">catch</span> <span class="p">{}</span> <span class="k">finally</span> <span class="p">{}</span>
+<a id="__codelineno-9-2" name="__codelineno-9-2"></a><span class="k">try</span> <span class="p">{}</span> <span class="k">catch</span> <span class="no">[System.NullReferenceException]</span> <span class="p">{</span>
+<a id="__codelineno-9-3" name="__codelineno-9-3"></a>    <span class="nb">echo </span><span class="nv">$_</span><span class="p">.</span><span class="n">Exception</span> <span class="p">|</span> <span class="nb">Format-List</span> <span class="n">-Force</span>
+<a id="__codelineno-9-4" name="__codelineno-9-4"></a><span class="p">}</span>
+</code></pre></div></td></tr></table></div>
+<h2 id="functions"><a href="https://docs.microsoft.com/en-us/powershell/module/microsoft.powershell.core/about/about_functions?view=powershell-7">Functions</a></h2>
+<div class="highlight"><table class="highlighttable"><tr><th colspan="2" class="filename"><span class="filename">PowerShell</span></th></tr><tr><td class="linenos"><div class="linenodiv"><pre><span></span><span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-10-1"> 1</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-10-2"> 2</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-10-3"> 3</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-10-4"> 4</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-10-5"> 5</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-10-6"> 6</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-10-7"> 7</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-10-8"> 8</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-10-9"> 9</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-10-10">10</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-10-11">11</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-10-12">12</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-10-13">13</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-10-14">14</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-10-15">15</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-10-16">16</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-10-17">17</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-10-18">18</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-10-19">19</a></span></pre></div></td><td class="code"><div><pre><span></span><code><a id="__codelineno-10-1" name="__codelineno-10-1"></a><span class="k">function</span> <span class="n">func</span><span class="p">()</span> <span class="p">{}</span>
+<a id="__codelineno-10-2" name="__codelineno-10-2"></a>
+<a id="__codelineno-10-3" name="__codelineno-10-3"></a><span class="c"># function with named parameters</span>
+<a id="__codelineno-10-4" name="__codelineno-10-4"></a><span class="k">function</span> <span class="n">func</span> <span class="p">(</span><span class="no">[type]</span><span class="nv">$param</span><span class="p">=</span><span class="n">default_value</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="p">...)</span> <span class="p">{</span> <span class="p">}</span>
+<a id="__codelineno-10-5" name="__codelineno-10-5"></a><span class="k">function</span> <span class="n">func</span> <span class="p">{</span>
+<a id="__codelineno-10-6" name="__codelineno-10-6"></a>    <span class="k">param</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="no">[type]</span><span class="nv">$param</span><span class="p">=</span><span class="n">default_value</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="p">...)</span>
+<a id="__codelineno-10-7" name="__codelineno-10-7"></a>
+<a id="__codelineno-10-8" name="__codelineno-10-8"></a>    <span class="c"># statements</span>
+<a id="__codelineno-10-9" name="__codelineno-10-9"></a><span class="p">}</span>
+<a id="__codelineno-10-10" name="__codelineno-10-10"></a>
+<a id="__codelineno-10-11" name="__codelineno-10-11"></a><span class="c"># function call</span>
+<a id="__codelineno-10-12" name="__codelineno-10-12"></a><span class="n">func</span> <span class="n">argument</span>  
+<a id="__codelineno-10-13" name="__codelineno-10-13"></a><span class="n">func</span> <span class="n">-param</span> <span class="n">value</span>
+<a id="__codelineno-10-14" name="__codelineno-10-14"></a>
+<a id="__codelineno-10-15" name="__codelineno-10-15"></a><span class="c"># switch parameters</span>
+<a id="__codelineno-10-16" name="__codelineno-10-16"></a><span class="k">function</span> <span class="n">func</span> <span class="p">(</span><span class="no">[switch]</span><span class="nv">$param</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="p">...)</span> <span class="p">{</span> <span class="p">}</span>
+<a id="__codelineno-10-17" name="__codelineno-10-17"></a>
+<a id="__codelineno-10-18" name="__codelineno-10-18"></a><span class="n">func</span>  <span class="c"># param is $false</span>
+<a id="__codelineno-10-19" name="__codelineno-10-19"></a><span class="n">func</span> <span class="n">-param</span>  <span class="c"># param is $true</span>
+</code></pre></div></td></tr></table></div>
+<p>If the function defines a <code>Begin</code>, <code>Process</code> or <code>End</code> block, all the code <strong>must reside inside</strong> those blocks. No code will be recognized outside the blocks if any of the blocks are defined.</p>
+<p>If the function has a <code>Process</code> keyword, each object in <code>$input</code> is removed from <code>$input</code> and assigned to <code>$_</code>.</p>
+<div class="highlight"><table class="highlighttable"><tr><th colspan="2" class="filename"><span class="filename">PowerShell</span></th></tr><tr><td class="linenos"><div class="linenodiv"><pre><span></span><span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-11-1"> 1</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-11-2"> 2</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-11-3"> 3</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-11-4"> 4</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-11-5"> 5</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-11-6"> 6</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-11-7"> 7</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-11-8"> 8</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-11-9"> 9</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-11-10">10</a></span></pre></div></td><td class="code"><div><pre><span></span><code><a id="__codelineno-11-1" name="__codelineno-11-1"></a><span class="k">function</span> <span class="p">[&lt;</span><span class="n">scope</span><span class="p">:&gt;]&lt;</span><span class="n">name</span><span class="p">&gt;</span> <span class="p">[(</span><span class="no">[type]</span><span class="nv">$parameter1</span><span class="p">[,</span><span class="no">[type]</span><span class="nv">$parameter2</span><span class="p">])]</span>
+<a id="__codelineno-11-2" name="__codelineno-11-2"></a><span class="p">{</span>
+<a id="__codelineno-11-3" name="__codelineno-11-3"></a>  <span class="k">param</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="no">[type]</span><span class="nv">$parameter1</span> <span class="p">[,</span><span class="no">[type]</span><span class="nv">$parameter2</span><span class="p">])</span>  <span class="c"># other way to specify named parameters</span>
+<a id="__codelineno-11-4" name="__codelineno-11-4"></a>  <span class="k">dynamicparam</span> <span class="p">{&lt;</span><span class="n">statement</span> <span class="n">list</span><span class="p">&gt;}</span>
+<a id="__codelineno-11-5" name="__codelineno-11-5"></a>
+<a id="__codelineno-11-6" name="__codelineno-11-6"></a>  <span class="c"># processing pipelines</span>
+<a id="__codelineno-11-7" name="__codelineno-11-7"></a>  <span class="k">begin</span> <span class="p">{&lt;</span><span class="n">statement</span> <span class="n">list</span><span class="p">&gt;}</span>  <span class="c"># runned once, at start of pipeline</span>
+<a id="__codelineno-11-8" name="__codelineno-11-8"></a>  <span class="k">process</span> <span class="p">{&lt;</span><span class="n">statement</span> <span class="n">list</span><span class="p">&gt;}</span>  <span class="c"># runned for each item in the pipeline</span>
+<a id="__codelineno-11-9" name="__codelineno-11-9"></a>  <span class="k">end</span> <span class="p">{&lt;</span><span class="n">statement</span> <span class="n">list</span><span class="p">&gt;}</span>  <span class="c"># runned once, at end of pipeline</span>
+<a id="__codelineno-11-10" name="__codelineno-11-10"></a><span class="p">}</span>
+</code></pre></div></td></tr></table></div>
+<p>Optionally, it's possible to provide a brief help string that describes the default value of the parameter, by adding the <code>PSDefaultValue</code> attribute to the description of the parameter, and specifying the <code>Help</code> property of <code>PSDefaultValue</code>.</p>
+<div class="highlight"><table class="highlighttable"><tr><th colspan="2" class="filename"><span class="filename">PowerShell</span></th></tr><tr><td class="linenos"><div class="linenodiv"><pre><span></span><span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-12-1">1</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-12-2">2</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-12-3">3</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-12-4">4</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-12-5">5</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-12-6">6</a></span></pre></div></td><td class="code"><div><pre><span></span><code><a id="__codelineno-12-1" name="__codelineno-12-1"></a><span class="k">function</span> <span class="n">Func</span> <span class="p">{</span>
+<a id="__codelineno-12-2" name="__codelineno-12-2"></a>  <span class="k">param</span> <span class="p">(</span>
+<a id="__codelineno-12-3" name="__codelineno-12-3"></a>      <span class="p">[</span><span class="n">PSDefaultValue</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="n">Help</span> <span class="p">=</span> <span class="n">defValue</span><span class="p">)]</span>
+<a id="__codelineno-12-4" name="__codelineno-12-4"></a>      <span class="nv">$Arg</span> <span class="p">=</span> <span class="n">100</span>
+<a id="__codelineno-12-5" name="__codelineno-12-5"></a>  <span class="p">)</span>
+<a id="__codelineno-12-6" name="__codelineno-12-6"></a><span class="p">}</span>
+</code></pre></div></td></tr></table></div>
+<h2 id="script-arguments">Script Arguments</h2>
+<h3 id="parsing-script-arguments">Parsing Script Arguments</h3>
+<div class="highlight"><table class="highlighttable"><tr><th colspan="2" class="filename"><span class="filename">PowerShell</span></th></tr><tr><td class="linenos"><div class="linenodiv"><pre><span></span><span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-13-1">1</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-13-2">2</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-13-3">3</a></span></pre></div></td><td class="code"><div><pre><span></span><code><a id="__codelineno-13-1" name="__codelineno-13-1"></a><span class="nv">$args</span>  <span class="c"># array of passed arguments</span>
+<a id="__codelineno-13-2" name="__codelineno-13-2"></a><span class="nv">$args</span><span class="p">[</span><span class="nv">$index</span><span class="p">]</span>  <span class="c"># access to the arguments</span>
+<a id="__codelineno-13-3" name="__codelineno-13-3"></a><span class="nv">$args</span><span class="p">.</span><span class="n">count</span>  <span class="c"># number of arguments</span>
+</code></pre></div></td></tr></table></div>
+<h3 id="script-named-arguments">Script Named Arguments</h3>
+<p>In <code>scripts.ps1</code>:</p>
+<div class="highlight"><table class="highlighttable"><tr><th colspan="2" class="filename"><span class="filename">PowerShell</span></th></tr><tr><td class="linenos"><div class="linenodiv"><pre><span></span><span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-14-1">1</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-14-2">2</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-14-3">3</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-14-4">4</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-14-5">5</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-14-6">6</a></span></pre></div></td><td class="code"><div><pre><span></span><code><a id="__codelineno-14-1" name="__codelineno-14-1"></a><span class="k">param</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="nv">$param1</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="nv">$param2</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="p">...)</span>  <span class="c"># basic usage</span>
+<a id="__codelineno-14-2" name="__codelineno-14-2"></a><span class="k">param</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="nv">$param1</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="nv">$param2</span><span class="p">=</span><span class="n">defvalue</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="p">...)</span>  <span class="c"># with default values</span>
+<a id="__codelineno-14-3" name="__codelineno-14-3"></a><span class="k">param</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="no">[Type]</span> <span class="nv">$param1</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="nv">$param2</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="p">...)</span>  <span class="c"># specify a type</span>
+<a id="__codelineno-14-4" name="__codelineno-14-4"></a><span class="k">param</span><span class="p">([</span><span class="k">Parameter</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="k">Mandatory</span><span class="p">)]</span><span class="nv">$param1</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="nv">$param2</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="p">...)</span>  <span class="c"># setting a parameter as necessary</span>
+<a id="__codelineno-14-5" name="__codelineno-14-5"></a>
+<a id="__codelineno-14-6" name="__codelineno-14-6"></a><span class="k">param</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="no">[switch]</span><span class="nv">$flag</span><span class="p">=</span><span class="nv">$false</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="p">...)</span>  <span class="c"># custom flags</span>
+</code></pre></div></td></tr></table></div>
+<p>In PowerShell:</p>
+<div class="highlight"><table class="highlighttable"><tr><th colspan="2" class="filename"><span class="filename">PowerShell</span></th></tr><tr><td class="linenos"><div class="linenodiv"><pre><span></span><span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-15-1">1</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-15-2">2</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-15-3">3</a></span></pre></div></td><td class="code"><div><pre><span></span><code><a id="__codelineno-15-1" name="__codelineno-15-1"></a><span class="p">.\</span><span class="n">script</span><span class="p">.</span><span class="n">ps1</span> <span class="n">arg1</span> <span class="n">arg2</span>  <span class="c"># order of arguments will determine which data goes in which parameter</span>
+<a id="__codelineno-15-2" name="__codelineno-15-2"></a>
+<a id="__codelineno-15-3" name="__codelineno-15-3"></a><span class="p">.\</span><span class="n">script</span><span class="p">.</span><span class="n">ps1</span> <span class="n">-param2</span> <span class="n">arg2</span> <span class="n">-param1</span> <span class="n">arg1</span>  <span class="c"># custom order</span>
+</code></pre></div></td></tr></table></div>
+<h3 id="filters">Filters</h3>
+<p>A filter is a type of function that runs on each object in the pipeline. A filter resembles a function with all its statements in a <code>Process</code> block.</p>
+<div class="highlight"><table class="highlighttable"><tr><th colspan="2" class="filename"><span class="filename">PowerShell</span></th></tr><tr><td class="linenos"><div class="linenodiv"><pre><span></span><span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-16-1">1</a></span></pre></div></td><td class="code"><div><pre><span></span><code><a id="__codelineno-16-1" name="__codelineno-16-1"></a><span class="k">filter</span> <span class="p">[&lt;</span><span class="n">scope</span><span class="p">:&gt;]&lt;</span><span class="n">name</span><span class="p">&gt;</span> <span class="p">{&lt;</span><span class="n">statement</span> <span class="n">list</span><span class="p">&gt;}</span>
+</code></pre></div></td></tr></table></div>
+<h2 id="powershell-comment-based-help">PowerShell Comment-based Help</h2>
+<p>The syntax for comment-based help is as follows:</p>
+<div class="highlight"><table class="highlighttable"><tr><th colspan="2" class="filename"><span class="filename">PowerShell</span></th></tr><tr><td class="linenos"><div class="linenodiv"><pre><span></span><span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-17-1">1</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-17-2">2</a></span></pre></div></td><td class="code"><div><pre><span></span><code><a id="__codelineno-17-1" name="__codelineno-17-1"></a><span class="c"># .&lt;help keyword&gt;</span>
+<a id="__codelineno-17-2" name="__codelineno-17-2"></a><span class="c"># &lt;help content&gt;</span>
+</code></pre></div></td></tr></table></div>
+<p>or</p>
+<div class="highlight"><table class="highlighttable"><tr><th colspan="2" class="filename"><span class="filename">PowerShell</span></th></tr><tr><td class="linenos"><div class="linenodiv"><pre><span></span><span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-18-1">1</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-18-2">2</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-18-3">3</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-18-4">4</a></span></pre></div></td><td class="code"><div><pre><span></span><code><a id="__codelineno-18-1" name="__codelineno-18-1"></a><span class="cm">&lt;#</span>
+<a id="__codelineno-18-2" name="__codelineno-18-2"></a><span class="cm">.&lt;help keyword&gt;</span>
+<a id="__codelineno-18-3" name="__codelineno-18-3"></a><span class="cm">&lt;help content&gt;</span>
+<a id="__codelineno-18-4" name="__codelineno-18-4"></a><span class="cm">#&gt;</span>
+</code></pre></div></td></tr></table></div>
+<p>Comment-based help is written as a series of comments. You can type a comment symbol <code>#</code> before each line of comments, or you can use the <code>&lt;#</code> and <code>#&gt;</code> symbols to create a comment block. All the lines within the comment block are interpreted as comments.</p>
+<p>All of the lines in a comment-based help topic must be contiguous. If a comment-based help topic follows a comment that is not part of the help topic, there must be at least one blank line between the last non-help comment line and the beginning of the comment-based help.</p>
+<p>Keywords define each section of comment-based help. Each comment-based help keyword is preceded by a dot <code>.</code>. The keywords can appear in any order. The keyword names are not case-sensitive.</p>
+<h3 id="synopsis">.SYNOPSIS</h3>
+<p>A brief description of the function or script. This keyword can be used only once in each topic.</p>
+<h3 id="description">.DESCRIPTION</h3>
+<p>A detailed description of the function or script. This keyword can be used only once in each topic.</p>
+<h3 id="parameter">.PARAMETER</h3>
+<p>The description of a parameter. Add a <code>.PARAMETER</code> keyword for each parameter in the function or script syntax.</p>
+<p>Type the parameter name on the same line as the <code>.PARAMETER</code> keyword. Type the parameter description on the lines following the <code>.PARAMETER</code> keyword. Windows PowerShell interprets all text between the <code>.PARAMETER</code> line and the next keyword or the end of the comment block as part of the parameter description. The description can include paragraph breaks.</p>
+<div class="highlight"><table class="highlighttable"><tr><th colspan="2" class="filename"><span class="filename">PowerShell</span></th></tr><tr><td class="linenos"><div class="linenodiv"><pre><span></span><span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-19-1">1</a></span></pre></div></td><td class="code"><div><pre><span></span><code><a id="__codelineno-19-1" name="__codelineno-19-1"></a><span class="p">.</span><span class="k">PARAMETER</span>  <span class="p">&lt;</span><span class="k">Parameter</span><span class="n">-Name</span><span class="p">&gt;</span>
+</code></pre></div></td></tr></table></div>
+<p>The Parameter keywords can appear in any order in the comment block, but the function or script syntax determines the order in which the parameters (and their descriptions) appear in help topic. To change the order, change the syntax.</p>
+<p>You can also specify a parameter description by placing a comment in the function or script syntax immediately before the parameter variable name. For this to work, you must also have a comment block with at least one keyword.</p>
+<p>If you use both a syntax comment and a <code>.PARAMETER</code> keyword, the description associated with the <code>.PARAMETER</code> keyword is used, and the syntax comment is ignored.</p>
+<div class="highlight"><table class="highlighttable"><tr><th colspan="2" class="filename"><span class="filename">PowerShell</span></th></tr><tr><td class="linenos"><div class="linenodiv"><pre><span></span><span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-20-1"> 1</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-20-2"> 2</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-20-3"> 3</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-20-4"> 4</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-20-5"> 5</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-20-6"> 6</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-20-7"> 7</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-20-8"> 8</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-20-9"> 9</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-20-10">10</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-20-11">11</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-20-12">12</a></span></pre></div></td><td class="code"><div><pre><span></span><code><a id="__codelineno-20-1" name="__codelineno-20-1"></a><span class="cm">&lt;#</span>
+<a id="__codelineno-20-2" name="__codelineno-20-2"></a><span class="sd">.SYNOPSIS</span>
+<a id="__codelineno-20-3" name="__codelineno-20-3"></a><span class="cm">    Short description here</span>
+<a id="__codelineno-20-4" name="__codelineno-20-4"></a><span class="cm">#&gt;</span>
+<a id="__codelineno-20-5" name="__codelineno-20-5"></a><span class="k">function</span> <span class="n">Verb-Noun</span> <span class="p">{</span>
+<a id="__codelineno-20-6" name="__codelineno-20-6"></a>    <span class="p">[</span><span class="k">CmdletBinding</span><span class="p">()]</span>
+<a id="__codelineno-20-7" name="__codelineno-20-7"></a>    <span class="k">param</span> <span class="p">(</span>
+<a id="__codelineno-20-8" name="__codelineno-20-8"></a>        <span class="c"># This is the same as .Parameter</span>
+<a id="__codelineno-20-9" name="__codelineno-20-9"></a>        <span class="no">[string]</span><span class="nv">$Computername</span>
+<a id="__codelineno-20-10" name="__codelineno-20-10"></a>    <span class="p">)</span>
+<a id="__codelineno-20-11" name="__codelineno-20-11"></a>    <span class="c"># Verb the Noun on the computer</span>
+<a id="__codelineno-20-12" name="__codelineno-20-12"></a><span class="p">}</span>
+</code></pre></div></td></tr></table></div>
+<h3 id="example">.EXAMPLE</h3>
+<p>A sample command that uses the function or script, optionally followed by sample output and a description. Repeat this keyword for each example.</p>
+<h3 id="inputs">.INPUTS</h3>
+<p>The .NET types of objects that can be piped to the function or script. You can also include a description of the input objects.</p>
+<h3 id="outputs">.OUTPUTS</h3>
+<p>The .NET type of the objects that the cmdlet returns. You can also include a description of the returned objects.</p>
+<h3 id="notes">.NOTES</h3>
+<p>Additional information about the function or script.</p>
+<h3 id="link">.LINK</h3>
+<p>The name of a related topic. The value appears on the line below the <code>.LINK</code> keyword and must be preceded by a comment symbol <code>#</code> or included in the comment block.</p>
+<p>Repeat the <code>.LINK</code> keyword for each related topic.</p>
+<p>This content appears in the Related Links section of the help topic.</p>
+<p>The <code>.Link</code> keyword content can also include a Uniform Resource Identifier (URI) to an online version of the same help topic. The online version opens when you use the <strong>Online</strong> parameter of <code>Get-Help</code>. The URI must begin with "http" or "https".</p>
+<h3 id="component">.COMPONENT</h3>
+<p>The name of the technology or feature that the function or script uses, or to which it is related. The <strong>Component</strong> parameter of <code>Get-Help</code> uses this value to filter the search results returned by <code>Get-Help</code>.</p>
+<h3 id="role">.ROLE</h3>
+<p>The name of the user role for the help topic. The <strong>Role</strong> parameter of <code>Get-Help</code> uses this value to filter the search results returned by <code>Get-Help</code>.</p>
+<h3 id="functionality">.FUNCTIONALITY</h3>
+<p>The keywords that describe the intended use of the function. The <strong>Functionality</strong> parameter of <code>Get-Help</code> uses this value to filter the search results returned by <code>Get-Help</code>.</p>
+<h3 id="forwardhelptargetname">.FORWARDHELPTARGETNAME</h3>
+<p>Redirects to the help topic for the specified command. You can redirect users to any help topic, including help topics for a function, script, cmdlet, or provider.</p>
+<div class="highlight"><table class="highlighttable"><tr><th colspan="2" class="filename"><span class="filename">PowerShell</span></th></tr><tr><td class="linenos"><div class="linenodiv"><pre><span></span><span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-21-1">1</a></span></pre></div></td><td class="code"><div><pre><span></span><code><a id="__codelineno-21-1" name="__codelineno-21-1"></a><span class="c"># </span><span class="sd">.FORWARDHELPTARGETNAME</span><span class="c"> &lt;Command-Name&gt;</span>
+</code></pre></div></td></tr></table></div>
+<h3 id="forwardhelpcategory">.FORWARDHELPCATEGORY</h3>
+<p>Specifies the help category of the item in <code>.ForwardHelpTargetName</code>. Valid values are <code>Alias</code>, <code>Cmdlet</code>, <code>HelpFile</code>, <code>Function</code>, <code>Provider</code>, <code>General</code>, <code>FAQ</code>, <code>Glossary</code>, <code>ScriptCommand</code>, <code>ExternalScript</code>, <code>Filter</code>, or <code>All</code>. Use this keyword to avoid conflicts when there are commands with the same name.</p>
+<div class="highlight"><table class="highlighttable"><tr><th colspan="2" class="filename"><span class="filename">PowerShell</span></th></tr><tr><td class="linenos"><div class="linenodiv"><pre><span></span><span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-22-1">1</a></span></pre></div></td><td class="code"><div><pre><span></span><code><a id="__codelineno-22-1" name="__codelineno-22-1"></a><span class="c"># </span><span class="sd">.FORWARDHELPCATEGORY</span><span class="c"> &lt;Category&gt;</span>
+</code></pre></div></td></tr></table></div>
+<h3 id="remotehelprunspace">.REMOTEHELPRUNSPACE</h3>
+<p>Specifies a session that contains the help topic. Enter a variable that contains a <strong>PSSession</strong> object. This keyword is used by the <a href="https://docs.microsoft.com/en-us/powershell/module/microsoft.powershell.utility/export-pssession?view=powershell-7">Export-PSSession</a>
+cmdlet to find the help topics for the exported commands.</p>
+<div class="highlight"><table class="highlighttable"><tr><th colspan="2" class="filename"><span class="filename">PowerShell</span></th></tr><tr><td class="linenos"><div class="linenodiv"><pre><span></span><span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-23-1">1</a></span></pre></div></td><td class="code"><div><pre><span></span><code><a id="__codelineno-23-1" name="__codelineno-23-1"></a><span class="c"># </span><span class="sd">.REMOTEHELPRUNSPACE</span><span class="c"> &lt;PSSession-variable&gt;</span>
+</code></pre></div></td></tr></table></div>
+<h3 id="externalhelp">.EXTERNALHELP</h3>
+<p>Specifies an XML-based help file for the script or function.</p>
+<div class="highlight"><table class="highlighttable"><tr><th colspan="2" class="filename"><span class="filename">PowerShell</span></th></tr><tr><td class="linenos"><div class="linenodiv"><pre><span></span><span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-24-1">1</a></span></pre></div></td><td class="code"><div><pre><span></span><code><a id="__codelineno-24-1" name="__codelineno-24-1"></a><span class="c"># </span><span class="sd">.EXTERNALHELP</span><span class="c"> &lt;XML Help File&gt;</span>
+</code></pre></div></td></tr></table></div>
+<p>The <code>.ExternalHelp</code> keyword is required when a function or script is documented in XML files. Without this keyword, <code>Get-Help</code> cannot find the XML-based help file for the function or script.</p>
+<p>The <code>.ExternalHelp</code> keyword takes precedence over other comment-based help keywords. If <code>.ExternalHelp</code> is present, <code>Get-Help</code> does not display comment-based help, even if it cannot find a help topic that matches the value of the <code>.ExternalHelp</code> keyword.</p>
+<p>If the function is exported by a module, set the value of the <code>.ExternalHelp</code> keyword to a filename without a path. <code>Get-Help</code> looks for the specified file name in a language-specific subdirectory of the module directory. There are no requirements for the name of the XML-based help file for a function, but a best practice is to use the following format:</p>
+<div class="highlight"><table class="highlighttable"><tr><th colspan="2" class="filename"><span class="filename">PowerShell</span></th></tr><tr><td class="linenos"><div class="linenodiv"><pre><span></span><span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-25-1">1</a></span></pre></div></td><td class="code"><div><pre><span></span><code><a id="__codelineno-25-1" name="__codelineno-25-1"></a><span class="p">&lt;</span><span class="n">ScriptModule</span><span class="p">.</span><span class="n">psm1</span><span class="p">&gt;</span><span class="n">-help</span><span class="p">.</span><span class="n">xml</span>
+</code></pre></div></td></tr></table></div>
+<p>If the function is not included in a module, include a path to the XML-based help file. If the value includes a path and the path contains UI-culture-specific subdirectories, <code>Get-Help</code> searches the subdirectories
+recursively for an XML file with the name of the script or function in accordance with the language fallback standards established for Windows, just as it does in a module directory.</p>
+<p>For more information about the cmdlet help XML-based help file format, see <a href="https://go.microsoft.com/fwlink/?LinkID=123415">How to Write Cmdlet Help</a> in the MSDN library.</p>
+<hr />
+<h2 id="project-oriented-programming">Project Oriented Programming</h2>
+<h3 id="classes">Classes</h3>
+<div class="highlight"><table class="highlighttable"><tr><th colspan="2" class="filename"><span class="filename">PowerShell</span></th></tr><tr><td class="linenos"><div class="linenodiv"><pre><span></span><span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-26-1">1</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-26-2">2</a></span></pre></div></td><td class="code"><div><pre><span></span><code><a id="__codelineno-26-1" name="__codelineno-26-1"></a><span class="no">[class]</span><span class="p">::</span><span class="n">func</span><span class="p">()</span>  <span class="c"># use function from a static class</span>
+<a id="__codelineno-26-2" name="__codelineno-26-2"></a><span class="no">[class]</span><span class="p">::</span><span class="n">attribute</span>  <span class="c"># access to static class attribute</span>
+</code></pre></div></td></tr></table></div>
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+    <li class="md-nav__item">
+      <a href="../modules/argparse.html" class="md-nav__link">
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+    argparse
+  </span>
+  
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+    <li class="md-nav__item">
+      <a href="../modules/collections.html" class="md-nav__link">
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+      <a href="../modules/csv.html" class="md-nav__link">
+        
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+  </span>
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+    <li class="md-nav__item">
+      <a href="../modules/ftplib.html" class="md-nav__link">
+        
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+  <span class="md-ellipsis">
+    ftplib
+  </span>
+  
+
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+  
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+      <a href="../modules/itertools.html" class="md-nav__link">
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+  </span>
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+      <a href="../modules/logging.html" class="md-nav__link">
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+      <a href="../modules/shutil.html" class="md-nav__link">
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+  <span class="md-ellipsis">
+    shutil
+  </span>
+  
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+    <li class="md-nav__item">
+      <a href="../modules/smtplib.html" class="md-nav__link">
+        
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+  </span>
+  
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+      <a href="tkinter.html" class="md-nav__link">
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+    TKinter
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+      <a href="numpy.html" class="md-nav__link">
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+    Numpy
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+      <a href="pandas.html" class="md-nav__link">
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+    Pandas
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+    <li class="md-nav__item">
+      <a href="seaborn.html" class="md-nav__link">
+        
+  
+  <span class="md-ellipsis">
+    Seaborn
+  </span>
+  
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+  
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+
+          <span class="md-nav__icon md-icon"></span>
+        </label>
+      
+      <a href="beautiful-soup.html" class="md-nav__link md-nav__link--active">
+        
+  
+  <span class="md-ellipsis">
+    Beatiful Soup
+  </span>
+  
+
+      </a>
+      
+        
+
+<nav class="md-nav md-nav--secondary" aria-label="Table of contents">
+  
+  
+  
+    
+  
+  
+    <label class="md-nav__title" for="__toc">
+      <span class="md-nav__icon md-icon"></span>
+      Table of contents
+    </label>
+    <ul class="md-nav__list" data-md-component="toc" data-md-scrollfix>
+      
+        <li class="md-nav__item">
+  <a href="#making-the-soup" class="md-nav__link">
+    <span class="md-ellipsis">
+      Making the Soup
+    </span>
+  </a>
+  
+</li>
+      
+        <li class="md-nav__item">
+  <a href="#kinds-of-objects" class="md-nav__link">
+    <span class="md-ellipsis">
+      Kinds of Objects
+    </span>
+  </a>
+  
+    <nav class="md-nav" aria-label="Kinds of Objects">
+      <ul class="md-nav__list">
+        
+          <li class="md-nav__item">
+  <a href="#tag" class="md-nav__link">
+    <span class="md-ellipsis">
+      Tag
+    </span>
+  </a>
+  
+</li>
+        
+          <li class="md-nav__item">
+  <a href="#navigable-string" class="md-nav__link">
+    <span class="md-ellipsis">
+      Navigable String
+    </span>
+  </a>
+  
+</li>
+        
+      </ul>
+    </nav>
+  
+</li>
+      
+        <li class="md-nav__item">
+  <a href="#navigating-the-tree" class="md-nav__link">
+    <span class="md-ellipsis">
+      Navigating the Tree
+    </span>
+  </a>
+  
+    <nav class="md-nav" aria-label="Navigating the Tree">
+      <ul class="md-nav__list">
+        
+          <li class="md-nav__item">
+  <a href="#going-down" class="md-nav__link">
+    <span class="md-ellipsis">
+      Going Down
+    </span>
+  </a>
+  
+</li>
+        
+          <li class="md-nav__item">
+  <a href="#going-up" class="md-nav__link">
+    <span class="md-ellipsis">
+      Going Up
+    </span>
+  </a>
+  
+</li>
+        
+          <li class="md-nav__item">
+  <a href="#going-sideways" class="md-nav__link">
+    <span class="md-ellipsis">
+      Going Sideways
+    </span>
+  </a>
+  
+</li>
+        
+          <li class="md-nav__item">
+  <a href="#going-back-and-forth" class="md-nav__link">
+    <span class="md-ellipsis">
+      Going Back and Forth
+    </span>
+  </a>
+  
+</li>
+        
+      </ul>
+    </nav>
+  
+</li>
+      
+        <li class="md-nav__item">
+  <a href="#searching-the-tree" class="md-nav__link">
+    <span class="md-ellipsis">
+      Searching the Tree
+    </span>
+  </a>
+  
+</li>
+      
+        <li class="md-nav__item">
+  <a href="#filter-types" class="md-nav__link">
+    <span class="md-ellipsis">
+      Filter Types
+    </span>
+  </a>
+  
+</li>
+      
+        <li class="md-nav__item">
+  <a href="#methods" class="md-nav__link">
+    <span class="md-ellipsis">
+      Methods
+    </span>
+  </a>
+  
+</li>
+      
+        <li class="md-nav__item">
+  <a href="#modifying-the-tree" class="md-nav__link">
+    <span class="md-ellipsis">
+      Modifying the Tree
+    </span>
+  </a>
+  
+    <nav class="md-nav" aria-label="Modifying the Tree">
+      <ul class="md-nav__list">
+        
+          <li class="md-nav__item">
+  <a href="#changing-tag-names-an-attributes" class="md-nav__link">
+    <span class="md-ellipsis">
+      Changing Tag Names an Attributes
+    </span>
+  </a>
+  
+</li>
+        
+      </ul>
+    </nav>
+  
+</li>
+      
+    </ul>
+  
+</nav>
+      
+    </li>
+  
+
+              
+            
+          </ul>
+        </nav>
+      
+    </li>
+  
+
+              
+            
+          </ul>
+        </nav>
+      
+    </li>
+  
+
+              
+            
+              
+                
+  
+  
+  
+  
+    
+    
+      
+        
+      
+        
+      
+        
+      
+    
+    
+      
+      
+        
+          
+          
+        
+      
+    
+    
+    <li class="md-nav__item md-nav__item--section md-nav__item--nested">
+      
+        
+        
+        <input class="md-nav__toggle md-toggle " type="checkbox" id="__nav_4_9" >
+        
+          
+          <label class="md-nav__link" for="__nav_4_9" id="__nav_4_9_label" tabindex="">
+            
+  
+  <span class="md-ellipsis">
+    .NET
+  </span>
+  
+
+            <span class="md-nav__icon md-icon"></span>
+          </label>
+        
+        <nav class="md-nav" data-md-level="2" aria-labelledby="__nav_4_9_label" aria-expanded="false">
+          <label class="md-nav__title" for="__nav_4_9">
+            <span class="md-nav__icon md-icon"></span>
+            .NET
+          </label>
+          <ul class="md-nav__list" data-md-scrollfix>
+            
+              
+                
+  
+  
+  
+  
+    
+    
+      
+        
+      
+        
+      
+        
+      
+        
+      
+        
+      
+        
+      
+    
+    
+      
+      
+        
+      
+    
+    
+    <li class="md-nav__item md-nav__item--nested">
+      
+        
+        
+        <input class="md-nav__toggle md-toggle " type="checkbox" id="__nav_4_9_1" >
+        
+          
+          <label class="md-nav__link" for="__nav_4_9_1" id="__nav_4_9_1_label" tabindex="0">
+            
+  
+  <span class="md-ellipsis">
+    C#
+  </span>
+  
+
+            <span class="md-nav__icon md-icon"></span>
+          </label>
+        
+        <nav class="md-nav" data-md-level="3" aria-labelledby="__nav_4_9_1_label" aria-expanded="false">
+          <label class="md-nav__title" for="__nav_4_9_1">
+            <span class="md-nav__icon md-icon"></span>
+            C#
+          </label>
+          <ul class="md-nav__list" data-md-scrollfix>
+            
+              
+                
+  
+  
+  
+  
+    <li class="md-nav__item">
+      <a href="../../dotnet/csharp/csharp.html" class="md-nav__link">
+        
+  
+  <span class="md-ellipsis">
+    C#
+  </span>
+  
+
+      </a>
+    </li>
+  
+
+              
+            
+              
+                
+  
+  
+  
+  
+    <li class="md-nav__item">
+      <a href="../../dotnet/csharp/linq.html" class="md-nav__link">
+        
+  
+  <span class="md-ellipsis">
+    Linq
+  </span>
+  
+
+      </a>
+    </li>
+  
+
+              
+            
+              
+                
+  
+  
+  
+  
+    <li class="md-nav__item">
+      <a href="../../dotnet/csharp/collections.html" class="md-nav__link">
+        
+  
+  <span class="md-ellipsis">
+    Collections
+  </span>
+  
+
+      </a>
+    </li>
+  
+
+              
+            
+              
+                
+  
+  
+  
+  
+    <li class="md-nav__item">
+      <a href="../../dotnet/csharp/reactive-extensions.html" class="md-nav__link">
+        
+  
+  <span class="md-ellipsis">
+    Reactive Extensions
+  </span>
+  
+
+      </a>
+    </li>
+  
+
+              
+            
+              
+                
+  
+  
+  
+  
+    <li class="md-nav__item">
+      <a href="../../dotnet/csharp/async-programming.html" class="md-nav__link">
+        
+  
+  <span class="md-ellipsis">
+    Async Programming
+  </span>
+  
+
+      </a>
+    </li>
+  
+
+              
+            
+              
+                
+  
+  
+  
+  
+    <li class="md-nav__item">
+      <a href="../../dotnet/csharp/unit-tests.html" class="md-nav__link">
+        
+  
+  <span class="md-ellipsis">
+    Unit Tests
+  </span>
+  
+
+      </a>
+    </li>
+  
+
+              
+            
+          </ul>
+        </nav>
+      
+    </li>
+  
+
+              
+            
+              
+                
+  
+  
+  
+  
+    
+    
+      
+        
+      
+        
+      
+        
+      
+        
+      
+        
+      
+        
+      
+        
+      
+    
+    
+      
+      
+        
+      
+    
+    
+    <li class="md-nav__item md-nav__item--nested">
+      
+        
+        
+        <input class="md-nav__toggle md-toggle " type="checkbox" id="__nav_4_9_2" >
+        
+          
+          <label class="md-nav__link" for="__nav_4_9_2" id="__nav_4_9_2_label" tabindex="0">
+            
+  
+  <span class="md-ellipsis">
+    ASP.NET
+  </span>
+  
+
+            <span class="md-nav__icon md-icon"></span>
+          </label>
+        
+        <nav class="md-nav" data-md-level="3" aria-labelledby="__nav_4_9_2_label" aria-expanded="false">
+          <label class="md-nav__title" for="__nav_4_9_2">
+            <span class="md-nav__icon md-icon"></span>
+            ASP.NET
+          </label>
+          <ul class="md-nav__list" data-md-scrollfix>
+            
+              
+                
+  
+  
+  
+  
+    <li class="md-nav__item">
+      <a href="../../dotnet/asp.net/minimal-api.html" class="md-nav__link">
+        
+  
+  <span class="md-ellipsis">
+    Minimal API
+  </span>
+  
+
+      </a>
+    </li>
+  
+
+              
+            
+              
+                
+  
+  
+  
+  
+    <li class="md-nav__item">
+      <a href="../../dotnet/asp.net/filters.html" class="md-nav__link">
+        
+  
+  <span class="md-ellipsis">
+    FIlters
+  </span>
+  
+
+      </a>
+    </li>
+  
+
+              
+            
+              
+                
+  
+  
+  
+  
+    <li class="md-nav__item">
+      <a href="../../dotnet/asp.net/middleware.html" class="md-nav__link">
+        
+  
+  <span class="md-ellipsis">
+    Middleware
+  </span>
+  
+
+      </a>
+    </li>
+  
+
+              
+            
+              
+                
+  
+  
+  
+  
+    <li class="md-nav__item">
+      <a href="../../dotnet/asp.net/razor-syntax.html" class="md-nav__link">
+        
+  
+  <span class="md-ellipsis">
+    Razor Syntax
+  </span>
+  
+
+      </a>
+    </li>
+  
+
+              
+            
+              
+                
+  
+  
+  
+  
+    <li class="md-nav__item">
+      <a href="../../dotnet/asp.net/blazor.html" class="md-nav__link">
+        
+  
+  <span class="md-ellipsis">
+    Blazor
+  </span>
+  
+
+      </a>
+    </li>
+  
+
+              
+            
+              
+                
+  
+  
+  
+  
+    <li class="md-nav__item">
+      <a href="../../dotnet/asp.net/signalr.html" class="md-nav__link">
+        
+  
+  <span class="md-ellipsis">
+    SignalR
+  </span>
+  
+
+      </a>
+    </li>
+  
+
+              
+            
+              
+                
+  
+  
+  
+  
+    <li class="md-nav__item">
+      <a href="../../dotnet/asp.net/web-forms.html" class="md-nav__link">
+        
+  
+  <span class="md-ellipsis">
+    Web Forms
+  </span>
+  
+
+      </a>
+    </li>
+  
+
+              
+            
+          </ul>
+        </nav>
+      
+    </li>
+  
+
+              
+            
+              
+                
+  
+  
+  
+  
+    
+    
+      
+        
+      
+        
+      
+    
+    
+      
+      
+        
+      
+    
+    
+    <li class="md-nav__item md-nav__item--nested">
+      
+        
+        
+        <input class="md-nav__toggle md-toggle " type="checkbox" id="__nav_4_9_3" >
+        
+          
+          <label class="md-nav__link" for="__nav_4_9_3" id="__nav_4_9_3_label" tabindex="0">
+            
+  
+  <span class="md-ellipsis">
+    Database
+  </span>
+  
+
+            <span class="md-nav__icon md-icon"></span>
+          </label>
+        
+        <nav class="md-nav" data-md-level="3" aria-labelledby="__nav_4_9_3_label" aria-expanded="false">
+          <label class="md-nav__title" for="__nav_4_9_3">
+            <span class="md-nav__icon md-icon"></span>
+            Database
+          </label>
+          <ul class="md-nav__list" data-md-scrollfix>
+            
+              
+                
+  
+  
+  
+  
+    <li class="md-nav__item">
+      <a href="../../dotnet/database/ado.net.html" class="md-nav__link">
+        
+  
+  <span class="md-ellipsis">
+    ADO.NET
+  </span>
+  
+
+      </a>
+    </li>
+  
+
+              
+            
+              
+                
+  
+  
+  
+  
+    <li class="md-nav__item">
+      <a href="../../dotnet/database/entity-framework.html" class="md-nav__link">
+        
+  
+  <span class="md-ellipsis">
+    Entity Framework
+  </span>
+  
+
+      </a>
+    </li>
+  
+
+              
+            
+          </ul>
+        </nav>
+      
+    </li>
+  
+
+              
+            
+          </ul>
+        </nav>
+      
+    </li>
+  
+
+              
+            
+              
+                
+  
+  
+  
+  
+    
+    
+      
+        
+      
+        
+      
+        
+      
+        
+      
+    
+    
+      
+      
+        
+          
+          
+        
+      
+    
+    
+    <li class="md-nav__item md-nav__item--section md-nav__item--nested">
+      
+        
+        
+        <input class="md-nav__toggle md-toggle " type="checkbox" id="__nav_4_10" >
+        
+          
+          <label class="md-nav__link" for="__nav_4_10" id="__nav_4_10_label" tabindex="">
+            
+  
+  <span class="md-ellipsis">
+    Java
+  </span>
+  
+
+            <span class="md-nav__icon md-icon"></span>
+          </label>
+        
+        <nav class="md-nav" data-md-level="2" aria-labelledby="__nav_4_10_label" aria-expanded="false">
+          <label class="md-nav__title" for="__nav_4_10">
+            <span class="md-nav__icon md-icon"></span>
+            Java
+          </label>
+          <ul class="md-nav__list" data-md-scrollfix>
+            
+              
+                
+  
+  
+  
+  
+    <li class="md-nav__item">
+      <a href="../../java/java.html" class="md-nav__link">
+        
+  
+  <span class="md-ellipsis">
+    Java
+  </span>
+  
+
+      </a>
+    </li>
+  
+
+              
+            
+              
+                
+  
+  
+  
+  
+    <li class="md-nav__item">
+      <a href="../../java/java-collection-framework.html" class="md-nav__link">
+        
+  
+  <span class="md-ellipsis">
+    Java Collection Framework
+  </span>
+  
+
+      </a>
+    </li>
+  
+
+              
+            
+              
+                
+  
+  
+  
+  
+    <li class="md-nav__item">
+      <a href="../../java/dao.html" class="md-nav__link">
+        
+  
+  <span class="md-ellipsis">
+    DAO
+  </span>
+  
+
+      </a>
+    </li>
+  
+
+              
+            
+              
+                
+  
+  
+  
+  
+    
+    
+      
+        
+      
+        
+      
+    
+    
+      
+      
+        
+      
+    
+    
+    <li class="md-nav__item md-nav__item--nested">
+      
+        
+        
+        <input class="md-nav__toggle md-toggle " type="checkbox" id="__nav_4_10_4" >
+        
+          
+          <label class="md-nav__link" for="__nav_4_10_4" id="__nav_4_10_4_label" tabindex="0">
+            
+  
+  <span class="md-ellipsis">
+    Web
+  </span>
+  
+
+            <span class="md-nav__icon md-icon"></span>
+          </label>
+        
+        <nav class="md-nav" data-md-level="3" aria-labelledby="__nav_4_10_4_label" aria-expanded="false">
+          <label class="md-nav__title" for="__nav_4_10_4">
+            <span class="md-nav__icon md-icon"></span>
+            Web
+          </label>
+          <ul class="md-nav__list" data-md-scrollfix>
+            
+              
+                
+  
+  
+  
+  
+    <li class="md-nav__item">
+      <a href="../../java/web/servlet.html" class="md-nav__link">
+        
+  
+  <span class="md-ellipsis">
+    Serverlet
+  </span>
+  
+
+      </a>
+    </li>
+  
+
+              
+            
+              
+                
+  
+  
+  
+  
+    
+    
+      
+        
+      
+        
+      
+    
+    
+      
+      
+        
+      
+    
+    
+    <li class="md-nav__item md-nav__item--nested">
+      
+        
+        
+        <input class="md-nav__toggle md-toggle " type="checkbox" id="__nav_4_10_4_2" >
+        
+          
+          <label class="md-nav__link" for="__nav_4_10_4_2" id="__nav_4_10_4_2_label" tabindex="0">
+            
+  
+  <span class="md-ellipsis">
+    Spring
+  </span>
+  
+
+            <span class="md-nav__icon md-icon"></span>
+          </label>
+        
+        <nav class="md-nav" data-md-level="4" aria-labelledby="__nav_4_10_4_2_label" aria-expanded="false">
+          <label class="md-nav__title" for="__nav_4_10_4_2">
+            <span class="md-nav__icon md-icon"></span>
+            Spring
+          </label>
+          <ul class="md-nav__list" data-md-scrollfix>
+            
+              
+                
+  
+  
+  
+  
+    <li class="md-nav__item">
+      <a href="../../java/spring/pom.xml.html" class="md-nav__link">
+        
+  
+  <span class="md-ellipsis">
+    POM
+  </span>
+  
+
+      </a>
+    </li>
+  
+
+              
+            
+              
+                
+  
+  
+  
+  
+    <li class="md-nav__item">
+      <a href="../../java/spring/spring-project.html" class="md-nav__link">
+        
+  
+  <span class="md-ellipsis">
+    Project Structure
+  </span>
+  
+
+      </a>
+    </li>
+  
+
+              
+            
+          </ul>
+        </nav>
+      
+    </li>
+  
+
+              
+            
+          </ul>
+        </nav>
+      
+    </li>
+  
+
+              
+            
+          </ul>
+        </nav>
+      
+    </li>
+  
+
+              
+            
+              
+                
+  
+  
+  
+  
+    
+    
+      
+        
+      
+        
+      
+        
+      
+        
+      
+        
+      
+        
+      
+        
+      
+        
+      
+        
+      
+    
+    
+      
+      
+        
+          
+          
+        
+      
+    
+    
+    <li class="md-nav__item md-nav__item--section md-nav__item--nested">
+      
+        
+        
+        <input class="md-nav__toggle md-toggle " type="checkbox" id="__nav_4_11" >
+        
+          
+          <label class="md-nav__link" for="__nav_4_11" id="__nav_4_11_label" tabindex="">
+            
+  
+  <span class="md-ellipsis">
+    PHP
+  </span>
+  
+
+            <span class="md-nav__icon md-icon"></span>
+          </label>
+        
+        <nav class="md-nav" data-md-level="2" aria-labelledby="__nav_4_11_label" aria-expanded="false">
+          <label class="md-nav__title" for="__nav_4_11">
+            <span class="md-nav__icon md-icon"></span>
+            PHP
+          </label>
+          <ul class="md-nav__list" data-md-scrollfix>
+            
+              
+                
+  
+  
+  
+  
+    <li class="md-nav__item">
+      <a href="../../php/php.html" class="md-nav__link">
+        
+  
+  <span class="md-ellipsis">
+    PHP
+  </span>
+  
+
+      </a>
+    </li>
+  
+
+              
+            
+              
+                
+  
+  
+  
+  
+    <li class="md-nav__item">
+      <a href="../../php/database.html" class="md-nav__link">
+        
+  
+  <span class="md-ellipsis">
+    Database
+  </span>
+  
+
+      </a>
+    </li>
+  
+
+              
+            
+              
+                
+  
+  
+  
+  
+    <li class="md-nav__item">
+      <a href="../../php/web.html" class="md-nav__link">
+        
+  
+  <span class="md-ellipsis">
+    Web
+  </span>
+  
+
+      </a>
+    </li>
+  
+
+              
+            
+              
+                
+  
+  
+  
+  
+    <li class="md-nav__item">
+      <a href="../../php/dependency-injection.html" class="md-nav__link">
+        
+  
+  <span class="md-ellipsis">
+    Dependency Injection
+  </span>
+  
+
+      </a>
+    </li>
+  
+
+              
+            
+              
+                
+  
+  
+  
+  
+    <li class="md-nav__item">
+      <a href="../../php/unit-tests.html" class="md-nav__link">
+        
+  
+  <span class="md-ellipsis">
+    Unit Tests
+  </span>
+  
+
+      </a>
+    </li>
+  
+
+              
+            
+              
+                
+  
+  
+  
+  
+    <li class="md-nav__item">
+      <a href="../../php/composer.html" class="md-nav__link">
+        
+  
+  <span class="md-ellipsis">
+    Composer
+  </span>
+  
+
+      </a>
+    </li>
+  
+
+              
+            
+              
+                
+  
+  
+  
+  
+    <li class="md-nav__item">
+      <a href="../../php/psr-7.html" class="md-nav__link">
+        
+  
+  <span class="md-ellipsis">
+    PSR 7
+  </span>
+  
+
+      </a>
+    </li>
+  
+
+              
+            
+              
+                
+  
+  
+  
+  
+    <li class="md-nav__item">
+      <a href="../../php/plates-templating.html" class="md-nav__link">
+        
+  
+  <span class="md-ellipsis">
+    Plates
+  </span>
+  
+
+      </a>
+    </li>
+  
+
+              
+            
+              
+                
+  
+  
+  
+  
+    
+    
+      
+        
+      
+        
+      
+    
+    
+      
+      
+        
+      
+    
+    
+    <li class="md-nav__item md-nav__item--nested">
+      
+        
+        
+        <input class="md-nav__toggle md-toggle " type="checkbox" id="__nav_4_11_9" >
+        
+          
+          <label class="md-nav__link" for="__nav_4_11_9" id="__nav_4_11_9_label" tabindex="0">
+            
+  
+  <span class="md-ellipsis">
+    Simple MVC
+  </span>
+  
+
+            <span class="md-nav__icon md-icon"></span>
+          </label>
+        
+        <nav class="md-nav" data-md-level="3" aria-labelledby="__nav_4_11_9_label" aria-expanded="false">
+          <label class="md-nav__title" for="__nav_4_11_9">
+            <span class="md-nav__icon md-icon"></span>
+            Simple MVC
+          </label>
+          <ul class="md-nav__list" data-md-scrollfix>
+            
+              
+                
+  
+  
+  
+  
+    <li class="md-nav__item">
+      <a href="../../php/simple-mvc/simple-mvc.html" class="md-nav__link">
+        
+  
+  <span class="md-ellipsis">
+    Simple MVC
+  </span>
+  
+
+      </a>
+    </li>
+  
+
+              
+            
+              
+                
+  
+  
+  
+  
+    <li class="md-nav__item">
+      <a href="../../php/simple-mvc/rest-api.html" class="md-nav__link">
+        
+  
+  <span class="md-ellipsis">
+    REST API
+  </span>
+  
+
+      </a>
+    </li>
+  
+
+              
+            
+          </ul>
+        </nav>
+      
+    </li>
+  
+
+              
+            
+          </ul>
+        </nav>
+      
+    </li>
+  
+
+              
+            
+              
+                
+  
+  
+  
+  
+    
+    
+      
+        
+      
+        
+      
+        
+      
+        
+      
+        
+      
+    
+    
+      
+      
+        
+          
+          
+        
+      
+    
+    
+    <li class="md-nav__item md-nav__item--section md-nav__item--nested">
+      
+        
+        
+        <input class="md-nav__toggle md-toggle " type="checkbox" id="__nav_4_12" >
+        
+          
+          <label class="md-nav__link" for="__nav_4_12" id="__nav_4_12_label" tabindex="">
+            
+  
+  <span class="md-ellipsis">
+    Rust
+  </span>
+  
+
+            <span class="md-nav__icon md-icon"></span>
+          </label>
+        
+        <nav class="md-nav" data-md-level="2" aria-labelledby="__nav_4_12_label" aria-expanded="false">
+          <label class="md-nav__title" for="__nav_4_12">
+            <span class="md-nav__icon md-icon"></span>
+            Rust
+          </label>
+          <ul class="md-nav__list" data-md-scrollfix>
+            
+              
+                
+  
+  
+  
+  
+    <li class="md-nav__item">
+      <a href="../../rust/rust.html" class="md-nav__link">
+        
+  
+  <span class="md-ellipsis">
+    Rust
+  </span>
+  
+
+      </a>
+    </li>
+  
+
+              
+            
+              
+                
+  
+  
+  
+  
+    <li class="md-nav__item">
+      <a href="../../rust/macros.html" class="md-nav__link">
+        
+  
+  <span class="md-ellipsis">
+    Macros
+  </span>
+  
+
+      </a>
+    </li>
+  
+
+              
+            
+              
+                
+  
+  
+  
+  
+    <li class="md-nav__item">
+      <a href="../../rust/cargo.html" class="md-nav__link">
+        
+  
+  <span class="md-ellipsis">
+    Cargo
+  </span>
+  
+
+      </a>
+    </li>
+  
+
+              
+            
+              
+                
+  
+  
+  
+  
+    <li class="md-nav__item">
+      <a href="../../rust/concurrency.html" class="md-nav__link">
+        
+  
+  <span class="md-ellipsis">
+    Concurrency
+  </span>
+  
+
+      </a>
+    </li>
+  
+
+              
+            
+              
+                
+  
+  
+  
+  
+    <li class="md-nav__item">
+      <a href="../../rust/unit-tests.html" class="md-nav__link">
+        
+  
+  <span class="md-ellipsis">
+    Unit Tests
+  </span>
+  
+
+      </a>
+    </li>
+  
+
+              
+            
+          </ul>
+        </nav>
+      
+    </li>
+  
+
+              
+            
+              
+                
+  
+  
+  
+  
+    
+    
+      
+        
+      
+        
+      
+        
+      
+        
+      
+        
+      
+        
+      
+        
+      
+    
+    
+      
+      
+        
+          
+          
+        
+      
+    
+    
+    <li class="md-nav__item md-nav__item--section md-nav__item--nested">
+      
+        
+        
+        <input class="md-nav__toggle md-toggle " type="checkbox" id="__nav_4_13" >
+        
+          
+          <label class="md-nav__link" for="__nav_4_13" id="__nav_4_13_label" tabindex="">
+            
+  
+  <span class="md-ellipsis">
+    Javascript
+  </span>
+  
+
+            <span class="md-nav__icon md-icon"></span>
+          </label>
+        
+        <nav class="md-nav" data-md-level="2" aria-labelledby="__nav_4_13_label" aria-expanded="false">
+          <label class="md-nav__title" for="__nav_4_13">
+            <span class="md-nav__icon md-icon"></span>
+            Javascript
+          </label>
+          <ul class="md-nav__list" data-md-scrollfix>
+            
+              
+                
+  
+  
+  
+  
+    <li class="md-nav__item">
+      <a href="../../javascript/javascript.html" class="md-nav__link">
+        
+  
+  <span class="md-ellipsis">
+    Javascript
+  </span>
+  
+
+      </a>
+    </li>
+  
+
+              
+            
+              
+                
+  
+  
+  
+  
+    <li class="md-nav__item">
+      <a href="../../javascript/dom.html" class="md-nav__link">
+        
+  
+  <span class="md-ellipsis">
+    DOM
+  </span>
+  
+
+      </a>
+    </li>
+  
+
+              
+            
+              
+                
+  
+  
+  
+  
+    <li class="md-nav__item">
+      <a href="../../javascript/events-animation.html" class="md-nav__link">
+        
+  
+  <span class="md-ellipsis">
+    Events & Animation
+  </span>
+  
+
+      </a>
+    </li>
+  
+
+              
+            
+              
+                
+  
+  
+  
+  
+    <li class="md-nav__item">
+      <a href="../../javascript/ajax.html" class="md-nav__link">
+        
+  
+  <span class="md-ellipsis">
+    AJAX
+  </span>
+  
+
+      </a>
+    </li>
+  
+
+              
+            
+              
+                
+  
+  
+  
+  
+    <li class="md-nav__item">
+      <a href="../../javascript/jquery.html" class="md-nav__link">
+        
+  
+  <span class="md-ellipsis">
+    jQuery
+  </span>
+  
+
+      </a>
+    </li>
+  
+
+              
+            
+              
+                
+  
+  
+  
+  
+    
+    
+      
+        
+      
+        
+      
+        
+      
+        
+      
+        
+      
+    
+    
+      
+      
+        
+      
+    
+    
+    <li class="md-nav__item md-nav__item--nested">
+      
+        
+        
+        <input class="md-nav__toggle md-toggle " type="checkbox" id="__nav_4_13_6" >
+        
+          
+          <label class="md-nav__link" for="__nav_4_13_6" id="__nav_4_13_6_label" tabindex="0">
+            
+  
+  <span class="md-ellipsis">
+    React
+  </span>
+  
+
+            <span class="md-nav__icon md-icon"></span>
+          </label>
+        
+        <nav class="md-nav" data-md-level="3" aria-labelledby="__nav_4_13_6_label" aria-expanded="false">
+          <label class="md-nav__title" for="__nav_4_13_6">
+            <span class="md-nav__icon md-icon"></span>
+            React
+          </label>
+          <ul class="md-nav__list" data-md-scrollfix>
+            
+              
+                
+  
+  
+  
+  
+    <li class="md-nav__item">
+      <a href="../../javascript/react/react.html" class="md-nav__link">
+        
+  
+  <span class="md-ellipsis">
+    React
+  </span>
+  
+
+      </a>
+    </li>
+  
+
+              
+            
+              
+                
+  
+  
+  
+  
+    <li class="md-nav__item">
+      <a href="../../javascript/react/react-router.html" class="md-nav__link">
+        
+  
+  <span class="md-ellipsis">
+    React Router
+  </span>
+  
+
+      </a>
+    </li>
+  
+
+              
+            
+              
+                
+  
+  
+  
+  
+    <li class="md-nav__item">
+      <a href="../../javascript/react/react-tests.html" class="md-nav__link">
+        
+  
+  <span class="md-ellipsis">
+    React Tests
+  </span>
+  
+
+      </a>
+    </li>
+  
+
+              
+            
+              
+                
+  
+  
+  
+  
+    <li class="md-nav__item">
+      <a href="../../javascript/react/redux.html" class="md-nav__link">
+        
+  
+  <span class="md-ellipsis">
+    Redux
+  </span>
+  
+
+      </a>
+    </li>
+  
+
+              
+            
+              
+                
+  
+  
+  
+  
+    <li class="md-nav__item">
+      <a href="../../javascript/react/redux-tests.html" class="md-nav__link">
+        
+  
+  <span class="md-ellipsis">
+    Redux Tests
+  </span>
+  
+
+      </a>
+    </li>
+  
+
+              
+            
+          </ul>
+        </nav>
+      
+    </li>
+  
+
+              
+            
+              
+                
+  
+  
+  
+  
+    <li class="md-nav__item">
+      <a href="../../javascript/svelte/svelte.html" class="md-nav__link">
+        
+  
+  <span class="md-ellipsis">
+    Svelte
+  </span>
+  
+
+      </a>
+    </li>
+  
+
+              
+            
+          </ul>
+        </nav>
+      
+    </li>
+  
+
+              
+            
+              
+                
+  
+  
+  
+  
+    
+    
+      
+        
+      
+        
+      
+    
+    
+      
+      
+        
+          
+          
+        
+      
+    
+    
+    <li class="md-nav__item md-nav__item--section md-nav__item--nested">
+      
+        
+        
+        <input class="md-nav__toggle md-toggle " type="checkbox" id="__nav_4_14" >
+        
+          
+          <label class="md-nav__link" for="__nav_4_14" id="__nav_4_14_label" tabindex="">
+            
+  
+  <span class="md-ellipsis">
+    PowerShell
+  </span>
+  
+
+            <span class="md-nav__icon md-icon"></span>
+          </label>
+        
+        <nav class="md-nav" data-md-level="2" aria-labelledby="__nav_4_14_label" aria-expanded="false">
+          <label class="md-nav__title" for="__nav_4_14">
+            <span class="md-nav__icon md-icon"></span>
+            PowerShell
+          </label>
+          <ul class="md-nav__list" data-md-scrollfix>
+            
+              
+                
+  
+  
+  
+  
+    <li class="md-nav__item">
+      <a href="../../powershell/scripting.html" class="md-nav__link">
+        
+  
+  <span class="md-ellipsis">
+    Scripting
+  </span>
+  
+
+      </a>
+    </li>
+  
+
+              
+            
+              
+                
+  
+  
+  
+  
+    <li class="md-nav__item">
+      <a href="../../powershell/commands.html" class="md-nav__link">
+        
+  
+  <span class="md-ellipsis">
+    Commands
+  </span>
+  
+
+      </a>
+    </li>
+  
+
+              
+            
+          </ul>
+        </nav>
+      
+    </li>
+  
+
+              
+            
+              
+                
+  
+  
+  
+  
+    
+    
+      
+        
+      
+        
+      
+    
+    
+      
+      
+        
+          
+          
+        
+      
+    
+    
+    <li class="md-nav__item md-nav__item--section md-nav__item--nested">
+      
+        
+        
+        <input class="md-nav__toggle md-toggle " type="checkbox" id="__nav_4_15" >
+        
+          
+          <label class="md-nav__link" for="__nav_4_15" id="__nav_4_15_label" tabindex="">
+            
+  
+  <span class="md-ellipsis">
+    Bash
+  </span>
+  
+
+            <span class="md-nav__icon md-icon"></span>
+          </label>
+        
+        <nav class="md-nav" data-md-level="2" aria-labelledby="__nav_4_15_label" aria-expanded="false">
+          <label class="md-nav__title" for="__nav_4_15">
+            <span class="md-nav__icon md-icon"></span>
+            Bash
+          </label>
+          <ul class="md-nav__list" data-md-scrollfix>
+            
+              
+                
+  
+  
+  
+  
+    <li class="md-nav__item">
+      <a href="../../bash/scripting.html" class="md-nav__link">
+        
+  
+  <span class="md-ellipsis">
+    Scripting
+  </span>
+  
+
+      </a>
+    </li>
+  
+
+              
+            
+              
+                
+  
+  
+  
+  
+    <li class="md-nav__item">
+      <a href="../../bash/commands.html" class="md-nav__link">
+        
+  
+  <span class="md-ellipsis">
+    Commands
+  </span>
+  
+
+      </a>
+    </li>
+  
+
+              
+            
+          </ul>
+        </nav>
+      
+    </li>
+  
+
+              
+            
+          </ul>
+        </nav>
+      
+    </li>
+  
+
+    
+      
+      
+  
+  
+  
+  
+    
+    
+      
+        
+      
+        
+      
+        
+      
+        
+      
+        
+      
+    
+    
+      
+      
+        
+      
+    
+    
+    <li class="md-nav__item md-nav__item--nested">
+      
+        
+        
+        <input class="md-nav__toggle md-toggle " type="checkbox" id="__nav_5" >
+        
+          
+          <label class="md-nav__link" for="__nav_5" id="__nav_5_label" tabindex="0">
+            
+  
+  <span class="md-ellipsis">
+    Misc
+  </span>
+  
+
+            <span class="md-nav__icon md-icon"></span>
+          </label>
+        
+        <nav class="md-nav" data-md-level="1" aria-labelledby="__nav_5_label" aria-expanded="false">
+          <label class="md-nav__title" for="__nav_5">
+            <span class="md-nav__icon md-icon"></span>
+            Misc
+          </label>
+          <ul class="md-nav__list" data-md-scrollfix>
+            
+              
+                
+  
+  
+  
+  
+    <li class="md-nav__item">
+      <a href="../../../misc/git.html" class="md-nav__link">
+        
+  
+  <span class="md-ellipsis">
+    Git
+  </span>
+  
+
+      </a>
+    </li>
+  
+
+              
+            
+              
+                
+  
+  
+  
+  
+    <li class="md-nav__item">
+      <a href="../../../misc/graph-ql.html" class="md-nav__link">
+        
+  
+  <span class="md-ellipsis">
+    GraphQL
+  </span>
+  
+
+      </a>
+    </li>
+  
+
+              
+            
+              
+                
+  
+  
+  
+  
+    <li class="md-nav__item">
+      <a href="../../../misc/regular-expressions.html" class="md-nav__link">
+        
+  
+  <span class="md-ellipsis">
+    RegEx
+  </span>
+  
+
+      </a>
+    </li>
+  
+
+              
+            
+              
+                
+  
+  
+  
+  
+    <li class="md-nav__item">
+      <a href="../../../misc/ssh.html" class="md-nav__link">
+        
+  
+  <span class="md-ellipsis">
+    SSH
+  </span>
+  
+
+      </a>
+    </li>
+  
+
+              
+            
+              
+                
+  
+  
+  
+  
+    <li class="md-nav__item">
+      <a href="../../../misc/web-components.html" class="md-nav__link">
+        
+  
+  <span class="md-ellipsis">
+    WebComponents
+  </span>
+  
+
+      </a>
+    </li>
+  
+
+              
+            
+          </ul>
+        </nav>
+      
+    </li>
+  
+
+    
+      
+      
+  
+  
+  
+  
+    
+    
+      
+        
+      
+        
+      
+    
+    
+      
+      
+        
+      
+    
+    
+    <li class="md-nav__item md-nav__item--nested">
+      
+        
+        
+        <input class="md-nav__toggle md-toggle " type="checkbox" id="__nav_6" >
+        
+          
+          <label class="md-nav__link" for="__nav_6" id="__nav_6_label" tabindex="0">
+            
+  
+  <span class="md-ellipsis">
+    Linux
+  </span>
+  
+
+            <span class="md-nav__icon md-icon"></span>
+          </label>
+        
+        <nav class="md-nav" data-md-level="1" aria-labelledby="__nav_6_label" aria-expanded="false">
+          <label class="md-nav__title" for="__nav_6">
+            <span class="md-nav__icon md-icon"></span>
+            Linux
+          </label>
+          <ul class="md-nav__list" data-md-scrollfix>
+            
+              
+                
+  
+  
+  
+  
+    
+    
+      
+        
+      
+        
+      
+        
+      
+    
+    
+      
+      
+        
+      
+    
+    
+    <li class="md-nav__item md-nav__item--nested">
+      
+        
+        
+        <input class="md-nav__toggle md-toggle " type="checkbox" id="__nav_6_1" >
+        
+          
+          <label class="md-nav__link" for="__nav_6_1" id="__nav_6_1_label" tabindex="0">
+            
+  
+  <span class="md-ellipsis">
+    Filesystem
+  </span>
+  
+
+            <span class="md-nav__icon md-icon"></span>
+          </label>
+        
+        <nav class="md-nav" data-md-level="2" aria-labelledby="__nav_6_1_label" aria-expanded="false">
+          <label class="md-nav__title" for="__nav_6_1">
+            <span class="md-nav__icon md-icon"></span>
+            Filesystem
+          </label>
+          <ul class="md-nav__list" data-md-scrollfix>
+            
+              
+                
+  
+  
+  
+  
+    <li class="md-nav__item">
+      <a href="../../../linux/filesystem/file-links.html" class="md-nav__link">
+        
+  
+  <span class="md-ellipsis">
+    File Links
+  </span>
+  
+
+      </a>
+    </li>
+  
+
+              
+            
+              
+                
+  
+  
+  
+  
+    <li class="md-nav__item">
+      <a href="../../../linux/filesystem/procfs.html" class="md-nav__link">
+        
+  
+  <span class="md-ellipsis">
+    /proc
+  </span>
+  
+
+      </a>
+    </li>
+  
+
+              
+            
+              
+                
+  
+  
+  
+  
+    <li class="md-nav__item">
+      <a href="../../../linux/filesystem/sysfs.html" class="md-nav__link">
+        
+  
+  <span class="md-ellipsis">
+    /sys
+  </span>
+  
+
+      </a>
+    </li>
+  
+
+              
+            
+          </ul>
+        </nav>
+      
+    </li>
+  
+
+              
+            
+              
+                
+  
+  
+  
+  
+    
+    
+      
+        
+      
+        
+      
+    
+    
+      
+      
+        
+      
+    
+    
+    <li class="md-nav__item md-nav__item--nested">
+      
+        
+        
+        <input class="md-nav__toggle md-toggle " type="checkbox" id="__nav_6_2" >
+        
+          
+          <label class="md-nav__link" for="__nav_6_2" id="__nav_6_2_label" tabindex="0">
+            
+  
+  <span class="md-ellipsis">
+    System Init
+  </span>
+  
+
+            <span class="md-nav__icon md-icon"></span>
+          </label>
+        
+        <nav class="md-nav" data-md-level="2" aria-labelledby="__nav_6_2_label" aria-expanded="false">
+          <label class="md-nav__title" for="__nav_6_2">
+            <span class="md-nav__icon md-icon"></span>
+            System Init
+          </label>
+          <ul class="md-nav__list" data-md-scrollfix>
+            
+              
+                
+  
+  
+  
+  
+    <li class="md-nav__item">
+      <a href="../../../linux/init/systemd.html" class="md-nav__link">
+        
+  
+  <span class="md-ellipsis">
+    Systemd
+  </span>
+  
+
+      </a>
+    </li>
+  
+
+              
+            
+              
+                
+  
+  
+  
+  
+    <li class="md-nav__item">
+      <a href="../../../linux/init/open-rc.html" class="md-nav__link">
+        
+  
+  <span class="md-ellipsis">
+    OpenRC
+  </span>
+  
+
+      </a>
+    </li>
+  
+
+              
+            
+          </ul>
+        </nav>
+      
+    </li>
+  
+
+              
+            
+          </ul>
+        </nav>
+      
+    </li>
+  
+
+    
+  </ul>
+</nav>
+                  </div>
+                </div>
+              </div>
+            
+            
+              
+              <div class="md-sidebar md-sidebar--secondary" data-md-component="sidebar" data-md-type="toc" >
+                <div class="md-sidebar__scrollwrap">
+                  <div class="md-sidebar__inner">
+                    
+
+<nav class="md-nav md-nav--secondary" aria-label="Table of contents">
+  
+  
+  
+    
+  
+  
+    <label class="md-nav__title" for="__toc">
+      <span class="md-nav__icon md-icon"></span>
+      Table of contents
+    </label>
+    <ul class="md-nav__list" data-md-component="toc" data-md-scrollfix>
+      
+        <li class="md-nav__item">
+  <a href="#making-the-soup" class="md-nav__link">
+    <span class="md-ellipsis">
+      Making the Soup
+    </span>
+  </a>
+  
+</li>
+      
+        <li class="md-nav__item">
+  <a href="#kinds-of-objects" class="md-nav__link">
+    <span class="md-ellipsis">
+      Kinds of Objects
+    </span>
+  </a>
+  
+    <nav class="md-nav" aria-label="Kinds of Objects">
+      <ul class="md-nav__list">
+        
+          <li class="md-nav__item">
+  <a href="#tag" class="md-nav__link">
+    <span class="md-ellipsis">
+      Tag
+    </span>
+  </a>
+  
+</li>
+        
+          <li class="md-nav__item">
+  <a href="#navigable-string" class="md-nav__link">
+    <span class="md-ellipsis">
+      Navigable String
+    </span>
+  </a>
+  
+</li>
+        
+      </ul>
+    </nav>
+  
+</li>
+      
+        <li class="md-nav__item">
+  <a href="#navigating-the-tree" class="md-nav__link">
+    <span class="md-ellipsis">
+      Navigating the Tree
+    </span>
+  </a>
+  
+    <nav class="md-nav" aria-label="Navigating the Tree">
+      <ul class="md-nav__list">
+        
+          <li class="md-nav__item">
+  <a href="#going-down" class="md-nav__link">
+    <span class="md-ellipsis">
+      Going Down
+    </span>
+  </a>
+  
+</li>
+        
+          <li class="md-nav__item">
+  <a href="#going-up" class="md-nav__link">
+    <span class="md-ellipsis">
+      Going Up
+    </span>
+  </a>
+  
+</li>
+        
+          <li class="md-nav__item">
+  <a href="#going-sideways" class="md-nav__link">
+    <span class="md-ellipsis">
+      Going Sideways
+    </span>
+  </a>
+  
+</li>
+        
+          <li class="md-nav__item">
+  <a href="#going-back-and-forth" class="md-nav__link">
+    <span class="md-ellipsis">
+      Going Back and Forth
+    </span>
+  </a>
+  
+</li>
+        
+      </ul>
+    </nav>
+  
+</li>
+      
+        <li class="md-nav__item">
+  <a href="#searching-the-tree" class="md-nav__link">
+    <span class="md-ellipsis">
+      Searching the Tree
+    </span>
+  </a>
+  
+</li>
+      
+        <li class="md-nav__item">
+  <a href="#filter-types" class="md-nav__link">
+    <span class="md-ellipsis">
+      Filter Types
+    </span>
+  </a>
+  
+</li>
+      
+        <li class="md-nav__item">
+  <a href="#methods" class="md-nav__link">
+    <span class="md-ellipsis">
+      Methods
+    </span>
+  </a>
+  
+</li>
+      
+        <li class="md-nav__item">
+  <a href="#modifying-the-tree" class="md-nav__link">
+    <span class="md-ellipsis">
+      Modifying the Tree
+    </span>
+  </a>
+  
+    <nav class="md-nav" aria-label="Modifying the Tree">
+      <ul class="md-nav__list">
+        
+          <li class="md-nav__item">
+  <a href="#changing-tag-names-an-attributes" class="md-nav__link">
+    <span class="md-ellipsis">
+      Changing Tag Names an Attributes
+    </span>
+  </a>
+  
+</li>
+        
+      </ul>
+    </nav>
+  
+</li>
+      
+    </ul>
+  
+</nav>
+                  </div>
+                </div>
+              </div>
+            
+          
+          
+            <div class="md-content" data-md-component="content">
+              <article class="md-content__inner md-typeset">
+                
+                  
+
+  
+  
+
+
+<h1 id="beautiful-soup-library"><a href="https://www.crummy.com/software/BeautifulSoup/bs4/doc/">Beautiful Soup Library</a></h1>
+<h2 id="making-the-soup">Making the Soup</h2>
+<div class="highlight"><table class="highlighttable"><tr><th colspan="2" class="filename"><span class="filename">Python</span></th></tr><tr><td class="linenos"><div class="linenodiv"><pre><span></span><span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-0-1"> 1</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-0-2"> 2</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-0-3"> 3</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-0-4"> 4</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-0-5"> 5</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-0-6"> 6</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-0-7"> 7</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-0-8"> 8</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-0-9"> 9</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-0-10">10</a></span></pre></div></td><td class="code"><div><pre><span></span><code><a id="__codelineno-0-1" name="__codelineno-0-1"></a><span class="kn">from</span> <span class="nn">bs4</span> <span class="kn">import</span> <span class="n">BeautifulSoup</span>
+<a id="__codelineno-0-2" name="__codelineno-0-2"></a><span class="kn">import</span> <span class="nn">requests</span>
+<a id="__codelineno-0-3" name="__codelineno-0-3"></a><span class="kn">import</span> <span class="nn">lxml</span>  <span class="c1"># better html parser than built-in</span>
+<a id="__codelineno-0-4" name="__codelineno-0-4"></a>
+<a id="__codelineno-0-5" name="__codelineno-0-5"></a><span class="n">response</span> <span class="o">=</span> <span class="n">requests</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">get</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="s2">&quot;url&quot;</span><span class="p">)</span>  <span class="c1"># retrieve a web page</span>
+<a id="__codelineno-0-6" name="__codelineno-0-6"></a>
+<a id="__codelineno-0-7" name="__codelineno-0-7"></a><span class="n">soup</span> <span class="o">=</span> <span class="n">BeautifulSoup</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="n">response</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">text</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="s2">&quot;html.parser&quot;</span><span class="p">)</span>  <span class="c1"># parse HTML from response w/ python default HTML parser</span>
+<a id="__codelineno-0-8" name="__codelineno-0-8"></a><span class="n">soup</span> <span class="o">=</span> <span class="n">BeautifulSoup</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="n">response</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">text</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="s2">&quot;lxml&quot;</span><span class="p">)</span>  <span class="c1"># parse HTML from response w/ lxml parser</span>
+<a id="__codelineno-0-9" name="__codelineno-0-9"></a>
+<a id="__codelineno-0-10" name="__codelineno-0-10"></a><span class="n">soup</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">prettify</span><span class="p">()</span>  <span class="c1"># prettify parsed HTML for display</span>
+</code></pre></div></td></tr></table></div>
+<h2 id="kinds-of-objects">Kinds of Objects</h2>
+<p>Beautiful Soup transforms a complex HTML document into a complex tree of Python objects.</p>
+<h3 id="tag">Tag</h3>
+<p>A Tag object corresponds to an XML or HTML tag in the original document</p>
+<div class="highlight"><table class="highlighttable"><tr><th colspan="2" class="filename"><span class="filename">Python</span></th></tr><tr><td class="linenos"><div class="linenodiv"><pre><span></span><span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-1-1">1</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-1-2">2</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-1-3">3</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-1-4">4</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-1-5">5</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-1-6">6</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-1-7">7</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-1-8">8</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-1-9">9</a></span></pre></div></td><td class="code"><div><pre><span></span><code><a id="__codelineno-1-1" name="__codelineno-1-1"></a><span class="n">soup</span> <span class="o">=</span> <span class="n">BeautifulSoup</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="s1">&#39;&lt;b class=&quot;boldest&quot;&gt;Extremely bold&lt;/b&gt;&#39;</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="s1">&#39;html.parser&#39;</span><span class="p">)</span>  <span class="c1"># parse HTML/XML</span>
+<a id="__codelineno-1-2" name="__codelineno-1-2"></a>
+<a id="__codelineno-1-3" name="__codelineno-1-3"></a><span class="n">tag</span> <span class="o">=</span> <span class="n">soup</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">b</span>
+<a id="__codelineno-1-4" name="__codelineno-1-4"></a><span class="nb">type</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="n">tag</span><span class="p">)</span>  <span class="c1"># &lt;class &#39;bs4.element.Tag&#39;&gt;</span>
+<a id="__codelineno-1-5" name="__codelineno-1-5"></a><span class="nb">print</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="n">tag</span><span class="p">)</span>  <span class="c1"># &lt;b class=&quot;boldest&quot;&gt;Extremely bold&lt;/b&gt;</span>
+<a id="__codelineno-1-6" name="__codelineno-1-6"></a>
+<a id="__codelineno-1-7" name="__codelineno-1-7"></a><span class="n">tag</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">name</span>  <span class="c1"># tag name</span>
+<a id="__codelineno-1-8" name="__codelineno-1-8"></a><span class="n">tag</span><span class="p">[</span><span class="s2">&quot;attribute&quot;</span><span class="p">]</span>  <span class="c1"># access to tag attribute  values</span>
+<a id="__codelineno-1-9" name="__codelineno-1-9"></a><span class="n">tag</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">attrs</span>  <span class="c1"># dict of attribue-value pairs</span>
+</code></pre></div></td></tr></table></div>
+<h3 id="navigable-string">Navigable String</h3>
+<p>A string corresponds to a bit of text within a tag. Beautiful Soup uses the <code>NavigableString</code> class to contain these bits of text.</p>
+<h2 id="navigating-the-tree">Navigating the Tree</h2>
+<h3 id="going-down">Going Down</h3>
+<div class="highlight"><table class="highlighttable"><tr><th colspan="2" class="filename"><span class="filename">Python</span></th></tr><tr><td class="linenos"><div class="linenodiv"><pre><span></span><span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-2-1"> 1</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-2-2"> 2</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-2-3"> 3</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-2-4"> 4</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-2-5"> 5</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-2-6"> 6</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-2-7"> 7</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-2-8"> 8</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-2-9"> 9</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-2-10">10</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-2-11">11</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-2-12">12</a></span></pre></div></td><td class="code"><div><pre><span></span><code><a id="__codelineno-2-1" name="__codelineno-2-1"></a><span class="n">soup</span><span class="o">.&lt;</span><span class="n">tag</span><span class="o">&gt;.&lt;</span><span class="n">child_tag</span><span class="o">&gt;</span>  <span class="c1"># navigate using tag names</span>
+<a id="__codelineno-2-2" name="__codelineno-2-2"></a>
+<a id="__codelineno-2-3" name="__codelineno-2-3"></a><span class="o">&lt;</span><span class="n">tag</span><span class="o">&gt;.</span><span class="n">contents</span>  <span class="c1"># direct children as a list</span>
+<a id="__codelineno-2-4" name="__codelineno-2-4"></a><span class="o">&lt;</span><span class="n">tag</span><span class="o">&gt;.</span><span class="n">children</span>  <span class="c1"># direct children as a generator for iteration</span>
+<a id="__codelineno-2-5" name="__codelineno-2-5"></a><span class="o">&lt;</span><span class="n">tag</span><span class="o">&gt;.</span><span class="n">descendants</span>  <span class="c1"># iterator over all children, recursive</span>
+<a id="__codelineno-2-6" name="__codelineno-2-6"></a>
+<a id="__codelineno-2-7" name="__codelineno-2-7"></a><span class="o">&lt;</span><span class="n">tag</span><span class="o">&gt;.</span><span class="n">string</span>  <span class="c1"># tag contents, does not have further children</span>
+<a id="__codelineno-2-8" name="__codelineno-2-8"></a><span class="c1"># If a tag&#39;s only child is another tag, and that tag has a .string, then the parent tag is considered to have the same .string as its child</span>
+<a id="__codelineno-2-9" name="__codelineno-2-9"></a><span class="c1"># If a tag contains more than one thing, then it&#39;s not clear what .string should refer to, so .string is defined to be None</span>
+<a id="__codelineno-2-10" name="__codelineno-2-10"></a>
+<a id="__codelineno-2-11" name="__codelineno-2-11"></a><span class="o">&lt;</span><span class="n">tag</span><span class="o">&gt;.</span><span class="n">strings</span>  <span class="c1"># generator to iterate over all children&#39;s strings (will list white space)</span>
+<a id="__codelineno-2-12" name="__codelineno-2-12"></a><span class="o">&lt;</span><span class="n">tag</span><span class="o">&gt;.</span><span class="n">stripped_strings</span>  <span class="c1"># generator to iterate over all children&#39;s strings (will NOT list white space)</span>
+</code></pre></div></td></tr></table></div>
+<h3 id="going-up">Going Up</h3>
+<div class="highlight"><table class="highlighttable"><tr><th colspan="2" class="filename"><span class="filename">Python</span></th></tr><tr><td class="linenos"><div class="linenodiv"><pre><span></span><span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-3-1">1</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-3-2">2</a></span></pre></div></td><td class="code"><div><pre><span></span><code><a id="__codelineno-3-1" name="__codelineno-3-1"></a><span class="o">&lt;</span><span class="n">tag</span><span class="o">&gt;.</span><span class="n">parent</span>  <span class="c1"># tags direct parent (BeautifulSoup has parent None, html has parent BeautifulSoup)</span>
+<a id="__codelineno-3-2" name="__codelineno-3-2"></a><span class="o">&lt;</span><span class="n">tag</span><span class="o">&gt;.</span><span class="n">parents</span>  <span class="c1"># iterable over all parents</span>
+</code></pre></div></td></tr></table></div>
+<h3 id="going-sideways">Going Sideways</h3>
+<div class="highlight"><table class="highlighttable"><tr><th colspan="2" class="filename"><span class="filename">Python</span></th></tr><tr><td class="linenos"><div class="linenodiv"><pre><span></span><span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-4-1">1</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-4-2">2</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-4-3">3</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-4-4">4</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-4-5">5</a></span></pre></div></td><td class="code"><div><pre><span></span><code><a id="__codelineno-4-1" name="__codelineno-4-1"></a><span class="o">&lt;</span><span class="n">tag</span><span class="o">&gt;.</span><span class="n">previous_sibling</span>
+<a id="__codelineno-4-2" name="__codelineno-4-2"></a><span class="o">&lt;</span><span class="n">tag</span><span class="o">&gt;.</span><span class="n">next_sibling</span>
+<a id="__codelineno-4-3" name="__codelineno-4-3"></a>
+<a id="__codelineno-4-4" name="__codelineno-4-4"></a><span class="o">&lt;</span><span class="n">tag</span><span class="o">&gt;.</span><span class="n">previous_siblings</span>
+<a id="__codelineno-4-5" name="__codelineno-4-5"></a><span class="o">&lt;</span><span class="n">tag</span><span class="o">&gt;.</span><span class="n">next_siblings</span>
+</code></pre></div></td></tr></table></div>
+<h3 id="going-back-and-forth">Going Back and Forth</h3>
+<div class="highlight"><table class="highlighttable"><tr><th colspan="2" class="filename"><span class="filename">Python</span></th></tr><tr><td class="linenos"><div class="linenodiv"><pre><span></span><span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-5-1">1</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-5-2">2</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-5-3">3</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-5-4">4</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-5-5">5</a></span></pre></div></td><td class="code"><div><pre><span></span><code><a id="__codelineno-5-1" name="__codelineno-5-1"></a><span class="o">&lt;</span><span class="n">tag</span><span class="o">&gt;.</span><span class="n">previous_element</span>  <span class="c1"># whatever was parsed immediately before</span>
+<a id="__codelineno-5-2" name="__codelineno-5-2"></a><span class="o">&lt;</span><span class="n">tag</span><span class="o">&gt;.</span><span class="n">next_element</span> <span class="c1"># whatever was parsed immediately afterwards</span>
+<a id="__codelineno-5-3" name="__codelineno-5-3"></a>
+<a id="__codelineno-5-4" name="__codelineno-5-4"></a><span class="o">&lt;</span><span class="n">tag</span><span class="o">&gt;.</span><span class="n">previous_elements</span>  <span class="c1"># whatever was parsed immediately before as a list</span>
+<a id="__codelineno-5-5" name="__codelineno-5-5"></a><span class="o">&lt;</span><span class="n">tag</span><span class="o">&gt;.</span><span class="n">next_elements</span>  <span class="c1"># whatever was parsed immediately afterwards as a list</span>
+</code></pre></div></td></tr></table></div>
+<h2 id="searching-the-tree">Searching the Tree</h2>
+<h2 id="filter-types">Filter Types</h2>
+<div class="highlight"><table class="highlighttable"><tr><th colspan="2" class="filename"><span class="filename">Python</span></th></tr><tr><td class="linenos"><div class="linenodiv"><pre><span></span><span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-6-1">1</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-6-2">2</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-6-3">3</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-6-4">4</a></span></pre></div></td><td class="code"><div><pre><span></span><code><a id="__codelineno-6-1" name="__codelineno-6-1"></a><span class="n">soup</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">find_all</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="s2">&quot;tag&quot;</span><span class="p">)</span>  <span class="c1"># by name</span>
+<a id="__codelineno-6-2" name="__codelineno-6-2"></a><span class="n">soup</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">find_all</span><span class="p">([</span><span class="s2">&quot;tag1&quot;</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="s2">&quot;tag2&quot;</span><span class="p">])</span>  <span class="c1"># multiple tags in a list</span>
+<a id="__codelineno-6-3" name="__codelineno-6-3"></a><span class="n">soup</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">find_all</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="n">function</span><span class="p">)</span>  <span class="c1"># based on a bool function</span>
+<a id="__codelineno-6-4" name="__codelineno-6-4"></a><span class="n">soup</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">find_all</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="kc">True</span><span class="p">)</span>  <span class="c1"># Match everything</span>
+</code></pre></div></td></tr></table></div>
+<h2 id="methods">Methods</h2>
+<p>Methods arguments:</p>
+<ul>
+<li><code>name</code> (string): tag to search for</li>
+<li><code>attrs</code> (dict): attribute-value pai to search for</li>
+<li><code>string</code> (string): search by string contents rather than by tag</li>
+<li><code>limit</code> (int). limit number of results</li>
+<li><code>**kwargs</code>: be turned into a filter on one of a tag's attributes.</li>
+</ul>
+<div class="highlight"><table class="highlighttable"><tr><th colspan="2" class="filename"><span class="filename">Python</span></th></tr><tr><td class="linenos"><div class="linenodiv"><pre><span></span><span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-7-1"> 1</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-7-2"> 2</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-7-3"> 3</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-7-4"> 4</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-7-5"> 5</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-7-6"> 6</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-7-7"> 7</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-7-8"> 8</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-7-9"> 9</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-7-10">10</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-7-11">11</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-7-12">12</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-7-13">13</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-7-14">14</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-7-15">15</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-7-16">16</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-7-17">17</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-7-18">18</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-7-19">19</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-7-20">20</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-7-21">21</a></span></pre></div></td><td class="code"><div><pre><span></span><code><a id="__codelineno-7-1" name="__codelineno-7-1"></a><span class="n">find_all</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="n">name</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="n">attrs</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="n">recursive</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="n">string</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="n">limit</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="o">**</span><span class="n">kwargs</span><span class="p">)</span>  <span class="c1"># several results</span>
+<a id="__codelineno-7-2" name="__codelineno-7-2"></a><span class="n">find</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="n">name</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="n">attrs</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="n">recursive</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="n">string</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="o">**</span><span class="n">kwargs</span><span class="p">)</span>  <span class="c1"># one result</span>
+<a id="__codelineno-7-3" name="__codelineno-7-3"></a>
+<a id="__codelineno-7-4" name="__codelineno-7-4"></a><span class="n">find_parents</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="n">name</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="n">attrs</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="n">string</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="n">limit</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="o">**</span><span class="n">kwargs</span><span class="p">)</span>  <span class="c1"># several results</span>
+<a id="__codelineno-7-5" name="__codelineno-7-5"></a><span class="n">find_parent</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="n">name</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="n">attrs</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="n">string</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="o">**</span><span class="n">kwargs</span><span class="p">)</span>  <span class="c1"># one result</span>
+<a id="__codelineno-7-6" name="__codelineno-7-6"></a>
+<a id="__codelineno-7-7" name="__codelineno-7-7"></a><span class="n">find_next_siblings</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="n">name</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="n">attrs</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="n">string</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="n">limit</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="o">**</span><span class="n">kwargs</span><span class="p">)</span>  <span class="c1"># several results</span>
+<a id="__codelineno-7-8" name="__codelineno-7-8"></a><span class="n">find_next_sibling</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="n">name</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="n">attrs</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="n">string</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="o">**</span><span class="n">kwargs</span><span class="p">)</span>  <span class="c1"># one result</span>
+<a id="__codelineno-7-9" name="__codelineno-7-9"></a>
+<a id="__codelineno-7-10" name="__codelineno-7-10"></a><span class="n">find_previous_siblings</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="n">name</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="n">attrs</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="n">string</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="n">limit</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="o">**</span><span class="n">kwargs</span><span class="p">)</span>  <span class="c1"># several results</span>
+<a id="__codelineno-7-11" name="__codelineno-7-11"></a><span class="n">find_previous_sibling</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="n">name</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="n">attrs</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="n">string</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="o">**</span><span class="n">kwargs</span><span class="p">)</span>  <span class="c1"># one result</span>
+<a id="__codelineno-7-12" name="__codelineno-7-12"></a>
+<a id="__codelineno-7-13" name="__codelineno-7-13"></a><span class="n">find_all_next</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="n">name</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="n">attrs</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="n">string</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="n">limit</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="o">**</span><span class="n">kwargs</span><span class="p">)</span>  <span class="c1"># several results</span>
+<a id="__codelineno-7-14" name="__codelineno-7-14"></a><span class="n">find_next</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="n">name</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="n">attrs</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="n">string</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="o">**</span><span class="n">kwargs</span><span class="p">)</span>  <span class="c1"># one result</span>
+<a id="__codelineno-7-15" name="__codelineno-7-15"></a>
+<a id="__codelineno-7-16" name="__codelineno-7-16"></a><span class="n">find_all_previous</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="n">name</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="n">attrs</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="n">string</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="n">limit</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="o">**</span><span class="n">kwargs</span><span class="p">)</span>  <span class="c1"># several results</span>
+<a id="__codelineno-7-17" name="__codelineno-7-17"></a><span class="n">find_previous</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="n">name</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="n">attrs</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="n">string</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="o">**</span><span class="n">kwargs</span><span class="p">)</span>  <span class="c1"># one result</span>
+<a id="__codelineno-7-18" name="__codelineno-7-18"></a>
+<a id="__codelineno-7-19" name="__codelineno-7-19"></a><span class="n">soup</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="s2">&quot;html_tag&quot;</span><span class="p">)</span>  <span class="c1"># same as soup.find_all(&quot;html_tag&quot;)</span>
+<a id="__codelineno-7-20" name="__codelineno-7-20"></a><span class="n">soup</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">find</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="s2">&quot;html_tag&quot;</span><span class="p">)</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">text</span>  <span class="c1"># text of the found tag</span>
+<a id="__codelineno-7-21" name="__codelineno-7-21"></a><span class="n">soup</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">select</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="s2">&quot;css_selector&quot;</span><span class="p">)</span>  <span class="c1"># search for CSS selectors of HTML tags</span>
+</code></pre></div></td></tr></table></div>
+<h2 id="modifying-the-tree">Modifying the Tree</h2>
+<h3 id="changing-tag-names-an-attributes">Changing Tag Names an Attributes</h3>
+<div class="highlight"><table class="highlighttable"><tr><th colspan="2" class="filename"><span class="filename">Python</span></th></tr><tr><td class="linenos"><div class="linenodiv"><pre><span></span><span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-8-1"> 1</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-8-2"> 2</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-8-3"> 3</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-8-4"> 4</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-8-5"> 5</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-8-6"> 6</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-8-7"> 7</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-8-8"> 8</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-8-9"> 9</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-8-10">10</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-8-11">11</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-8-12">12</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-8-13">13</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-8-14">14</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-8-15">15</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-8-16">16</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-8-17">17</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-8-18">18</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-8-19">19</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-8-20">20</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-8-21">21</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-8-22">22</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-8-23">23</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-8-24">24</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-8-25">25</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-8-26">26</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-8-27">27</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-8-28">28</a></span></pre></div></td><td class="code"><div><pre><span></span><code><a id="__codelineno-8-1" name="__codelineno-8-1"></a><span class="o">&lt;</span><span class="n">tag</span><span class="o">&gt;.</span><span class="n">name</span> <span class="o">=</span> <span class="s2">&quot;new_html_tag&quot;</span>  <span class="c1"># modify the tag type</span>
+<a id="__codelineno-8-2" name="__codelineno-8-2"></a><span class="o">&lt;</span><span class="n">tag</span><span class="o">&gt;</span><span class="p">[</span><span class="s2">&quot;attribute&quot;</span><span class="p">]</span>  <span class="o">=</span> <span class="s2">&quot;value&quot;</span>  <span class="c1"># modify the attribute value</span>
+<a id="__codelineno-8-3" name="__codelineno-8-3"></a><span class="k">del</span> <span class="o">&lt;</span><span class="n">tag</span><span class="o">&gt;</span><span class="p">[</span><span class="s2">&quot;attribute&quot;</span><span class="p">]</span>  <span class="c1"># remove the attribute</span>
+<a id="__codelineno-8-4" name="__codelineno-8-4"></a>
+<a id="__codelineno-8-5" name="__codelineno-8-5"></a><span class="n">soup</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">new_tag</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="s2">&quot;name&quot;</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="o">&lt;</span><span class="n">attribute</span><span class="o">&gt;</span> <span class="o">=</span> <span class="s2">&quot;value&quot;</span><span class="p">)</span>  <span class="c1"># create a new tag with specified name and attributes</span>
+<a id="__codelineno-8-6" name="__codelineno-8-6"></a>
+<a id="__codelineno-8-7" name="__codelineno-8-7"></a><span class="o">&lt;</span><span class="n">tag</span><span class="o">&gt;.</span><span class="n">string</span> <span class="o">=</span> <span class="s2">&quot;new content&quot;</span>  <span class="c1"># modify tag text content</span>
+<a id="__codelineno-8-8" name="__codelineno-8-8"></a><span class="o">&lt;</span><span class="n">tag</span><span class="o">&gt;.</span><span class="n">append</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="n">item</span><span class="p">)</span>  <span class="c1"># append to Tag content</span>
+<a id="__codelineno-8-9" name="__codelineno-8-9"></a><span class="o">&lt;</span><span class="n">tag</span><span class="o">&gt;.</span><span class="n">extend</span><span class="p">([</span><span class="n">item1</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="n">item2</span><span class="p">])</span>  <span class="c1"># add every element of the list in order</span>
+<a id="__codelineno-8-10" name="__codelineno-8-10"></a>
+<a id="__codelineno-8-11" name="__codelineno-8-11"></a><span class="o">&lt;</span><span class="n">tag</span><span class="o">&gt;.</span><span class="n">insert</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="n">position</span><span class="p">:</span> <span class="nb">int</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="n">item</span><span class="p">)</span>  <span class="c1"># like .insert in Python list</span>
+<a id="__codelineno-8-12" name="__codelineno-8-12"></a>
+<a id="__codelineno-8-13" name="__codelineno-8-13"></a><span class="o">&lt;</span><span class="n">tag</span><span class="o">&gt;.</span><span class="n">insert_before</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="n">new_tag</span><span class="p">)</span>  <span class="c1"># insert tags or strings immediately before something else in the parse tree</span>
+<a id="__codelineno-8-14" name="__codelineno-8-14"></a><span class="o">&lt;</span><span class="n">tag</span><span class="o">&gt;.</span><span class="n">insert_after</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="n">new_tag</span><span class="p">)</span>  <span class="c1"># insert tags or strings immediately before something else in the parse tree</span>
+<a id="__codelineno-8-15" name="__codelineno-8-15"></a>
+<a id="__codelineno-8-16" name="__codelineno-8-16"></a><span class="o">&lt;</span><span class="n">tag</span><span class="o">&gt;.</span><span class="n">clear</span><span class="p">()</span>  <span class="c1"># remove all tag&#39;s contents</span>
+<a id="__codelineno-8-17" name="__codelineno-8-17"></a>
+<a id="__codelineno-8-18" name="__codelineno-8-18"></a><span class="o">&lt;</span><span class="n">tag</span><span class="o">&gt;.</span><span class="n">extract</span><span class="p">()</span>  <span class="c1"># extract and return the tag from the tree (operates on self)</span>
+<a id="__codelineno-8-19" name="__codelineno-8-19"></a><span class="o">&lt;</span><span class="n">tag</span><span class="o">&gt;.</span><span class="n">string</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">extract</span><span class="p">()</span>  <span class="c1"># extract and return the string from the tree (operates on self)</span>
+<a id="__codelineno-8-20" name="__codelineno-8-20"></a><span class="o">&lt;</span><span class="n">tag</span><span class="o">&gt;.</span><span class="n">decompose</span><span class="p">()</span>  <span class="c1"># remove a tag from the tree, then completely destroy it and its contents</span>
+<a id="__codelineno-8-21" name="__codelineno-8-21"></a><span class="o">&lt;</span><span class="n">tag</span><span class="o">&gt;.</span><span class="n">decomposed</span>  <span class="c1"># check if tag has be decomposed</span>
+<a id="__codelineno-8-22" name="__codelineno-8-22"></a>
+<a id="__codelineno-8-23" name="__codelineno-8-23"></a><span class="o">&lt;</span><span class="n">tag</span><span class="o">&gt;.</span><span class="n">replace_with</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="n">item</span><span class="p">)</span>  <span class="c1"># remove a tag or string from the tree, and replaces it with the tag or string of choice</span>
+<a id="__codelineno-8-24" name="__codelineno-8-24"></a>
+<a id="__codelineno-8-25" name="__codelineno-8-25"></a><span class="o">&lt;</span><span class="n">tag</span><span class="o">&gt;.</span><span class="n">wrap</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="n">other_tag</span><span class="p">)</span>  <span class="c1"># wrap an element in the tag you specify, return the new wrapper</span>
+<a id="__codelineno-8-26" name="__codelineno-8-26"></a><span class="o">&lt;</span><span class="n">tag</span><span class="o">&gt;.</span><span class="n">unwrap</span><span class="p">()</span>  <span class="c1"># replace a tag with whatever&#39;s inside, good for stripping out markup</span>
+<a id="__codelineno-8-27" name="__codelineno-8-27"></a>
+<a id="__codelineno-8-28" name="__codelineno-8-28"></a><span class="o">&lt;</span><span class="n">tag</span><span class="o">&gt;.</span><span class="n">smooth</span><span class="p">()</span>  <span class="c1"># clean up the parse tree by consolidating adjacent strings</span>
+</code></pre></div></td></tr></table></div>
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+      <a href="../../../databases/mongo-db.html" class="md-nav__link">
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+          <label class="md-nav__link" for="__nav_4_7" id="__nav_4_7_label" tabindex="">
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+      <a href="../../assembly/intel.html" class="md-nav__link">
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+      <a href="../../assembly/riscv.html" class="md-nav__link">
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+      <a href="../python.html" class="md-nav__link">
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+    <li class="md-nav__item">
+      <a href="../modules/argparse.html" class="md-nav__link">
+        
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+    argparse
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+  
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+  
+  
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+    <li class="md-nav__item">
+      <a href="../modules/collections.html" class="md-nav__link">
+        
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+  <span class="md-ellipsis">
+    collection
+  </span>
+  
+
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+              
+                
+  
+  
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+    <li class="md-nav__item">
+      <a href="../modules/csv.html" class="md-nav__link">
+        
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+  <span class="md-ellipsis">
+    csv
+  </span>
+  
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+    <li class="md-nav__item">
+      <a href="../modules/ftplib.html" class="md-nav__link">
+        
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+  <span class="md-ellipsis">
+    ftplib
+  </span>
+  
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+    </li>
+  
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+    <li class="md-nav__item">
+      <a href="../modules/itertools.html" class="md-nav__link">
+        
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+  
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+  
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+      <a href="../modules/json.html" class="md-nav__link">
+        
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+  <span class="md-ellipsis">
+    json
+  </span>
+  
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+    <li class="md-nav__item">
+      <a href="../modules/logging.html" class="md-nav__link">
+        
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+    logging
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+  
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+      <a href="../modules/shutil.html" class="md-nav__link">
+        
+  
+  <span class="md-ellipsis">
+    shutil
+  </span>
+  
+
+      </a>
+    </li>
+  
+
+              
+            
+              
+                
+  
+  
+  
+  
+    <li class="md-nav__item">
+      <a href="../modules/smtplib.html" class="md-nav__link">
+        
+  
+  <span class="md-ellipsis">
+    smtplib
+  </span>
+  
+
+      </a>
+    </li>
+  
+
+              
+            
+              
+                
+  
+  
+  
+  
+    <li class="md-nav__item">
+      <a href="../modules/socket.html" class="md-nav__link">
+        
+  
+  <span class="md-ellipsis">
+    socket
+  </span>
+  
+
+      </a>
+    </li>
+  
+
+              
+            
+              
+                
+  
+  
+  
+  
+    <li class="md-nav__item">
+      <a href="../modules/sqlite.html" class="md-nav__link">
+        
+  
+  <span class="md-ellipsis">
+    sqlite
+  </span>
+  
+
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+    </li>
+  
+
+              
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+  
+  
+  
+  
+    <li class="md-nav__item">
+      <a href="../modules/time-datetime.html" class="md-nav__link">
+        
+  
+  <span class="md-ellipsis">
+    time & datetime
+  </span>
+  
+
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+    </li>
+  
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+  
+  
+  
+  
+    <li class="md-nav__item">
+      <a href="../modules/unittest.html" class="md-nav__link">
+        
+  
+  <span class="md-ellipsis">
+    unittest
+  </span>
+  
+
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+    </li>
+  
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+          </ul>
+        </nav>
+      
+    </li>
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+          </label>
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+    <li class="md-nav__item">
+      <a href="tkinter.html" class="md-nav__link">
+        
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+  <span class="md-ellipsis">
+    TKinter
+  </span>
+  
+
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+      
+        <label class="md-nav__link md-nav__link--active" for="__toc">
+          
+  
+  <span class="md-ellipsis">
+    Numpy
+  </span>
+  
+
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+        </label>
+      
+      <a href="numpy.html" class="md-nav__link md-nav__link--active">
+        
+  
+  <span class="md-ellipsis">
+    Numpy
+  </span>
+  
+
+      </a>
+      
+        
+
+<nav class="md-nav md-nav--secondary" aria-label="Table of contents">
+  
+  
+  
+    
+  
+  
+    <label class="md-nav__title" for="__toc">
+      <span class="md-nav__icon md-icon"></span>
+      Table of contents
+    </label>
+    <ul class="md-nav__list" data-md-component="toc" data-md-scrollfix>
+      
+        <li class="md-nav__item">
+  <a href="#most-important-attributes-attributes" class="md-nav__link">
+    <span class="md-ellipsis">
+      MOST IMPORTANT ATTRIBUTES ATTRIBUTES
+    </span>
+  </a>
+  
+</li>
+      
+        <li class="md-nav__item">
+  <a href="#array-creation" class="md-nav__link">
+    <span class="md-ellipsis">
+      ARRAY CREATION
+    </span>
+  </a>
+  
+</li>
+      
+        <li class="md-nav__item">
+  <a href="#data-types-for-ndarrays" class="md-nav__link">
+    <span class="md-ellipsis">
+      DATA TYPES FOR NDARRAYS
+    </span>
+  </a>
+  
+</li>
+      
+        <li class="md-nav__item">
+  <a href="#operations-between-arrays-and-scalars" class="md-nav__link">
+    <span class="md-ellipsis">
+      OPERATIONS BETWEEN ARRAYS AND SCALARS
+    </span>
+  </a>
+  
+</li>
+      
+        <li class="md-nav__item">
+  <a href="#shape-manipulation" class="md-nav__link">
+    <span class="md-ellipsis">
+      SHAPE MANIPULATION
+    </span>
+  </a>
+  
+</li>
+      
+        <li class="md-nav__item">
+  <a href="#joining-arrays" class="md-nav__link">
+    <span class="md-ellipsis">
+      JOINING ARRAYS
+    </span>
+  </a>
+  
+</li>
+      
+        <li class="md-nav__item">
+  <a href="#splitting-arrays" class="md-nav__link">
+    <span class="md-ellipsis">
+      SPLITTING ARRAYS
+    </span>
+  </a>
+  
+</li>
+      
+        <li class="md-nav__item">
+  <a href="#view" class="md-nav__link">
+    <span class="md-ellipsis">
+      VIEW()
+    </span>
+  </a>
+  
+</li>
+      
+        <li class="md-nav__item">
+  <a href="#copy" class="md-nav__link">
+    <span class="md-ellipsis">
+      COPY()
+    </span>
+  </a>
+  
+</li>
+      
+        <li class="md-nav__item">
+  <a href="#indexing-slicing-iterating" class="md-nav__link">
+    <span class="md-ellipsis">
+      INDEXING, SLICING, ITERATING
+    </span>
+  </a>
+  
+</li>
+      
+        <li class="md-nav__item">
+  <a href="#universal-functions-ufunc" class="md-nav__link">
+    <span class="md-ellipsis">
+      UNIVERSAL FUNCTIONS (ufunc)
+    </span>
+  </a>
+  
+</li>
+      
+        <li class="md-nav__item">
+  <a href="#conditional-logic-as-array-operations" class="md-nav__link">
+    <span class="md-ellipsis">
+      CONDITIONAL LOGIC AS ARRAY OPERATIONS
+    </span>
+  </a>
+  
+</li>
+      
+        <li class="md-nav__item">
+  <a href="#mathematical-and-statistical-methods" class="md-nav__link">
+    <span class="md-ellipsis">
+      MATHEMATICAL AND STATISTICAL METHODS
+    </span>
+  </a>
+  
+</li>
+      
+        <li class="md-nav__item">
+  <a href="#methods-for-boolean-arrays" class="md-nav__link">
+    <span class="md-ellipsis">
+      METHODS FOR BOOLEAN ARRAYS
+    </span>
+  </a>
+  
+</li>
+      
+        <li class="md-nav__item">
+  <a href="#sorting" class="md-nav__link">
+    <span class="md-ellipsis">
+      SORTING
+    </span>
+  </a>
+  
+</li>
+      
+        <li class="md-nav__item">
+  <a href="#set-logic" class="md-nav__link">
+    <span class="md-ellipsis">
+      SET LOGIC
+    </span>
+  </a>
+  
+</li>
+      
+        <li class="md-nav__item">
+  <a href="#file-io-with-arrays" class="md-nav__link">
+    <span class="md-ellipsis">
+      FILE I/O WITH ARRAYS
+    </span>
+  </a>
+  
+</li>
+      
+        <li class="md-nav__item">
+  <a href="#linear-algebra" class="md-nav__link">
+    <span class="md-ellipsis">
+      LINEAR ALGEBRA
+    </span>
+  </a>
+  
+</li>
+      
+        <li class="md-nav__item">
+  <a href="#random-number-generation" class="md-nav__link">
+    <span class="md-ellipsis">
+      RANDOM NUMBER GENERATION
+    </span>
+  </a>
+  
+</li>
+      
+    </ul>
+  
+</nav>
+      
+    </li>
+  
+
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+            
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+                
+  
+  
+  
+  
+    <li class="md-nav__item">
+      <a href="pandas.html" class="md-nav__link">
+        
+  
+  <span class="md-ellipsis">
+    Pandas
+  </span>
+  
+
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+
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+  
+  
+  
+  
+    <li class="md-nav__item">
+      <a href="seaborn.html" class="md-nav__link">
+        
+  
+  <span class="md-ellipsis">
+    Seaborn
+  </span>
+  
+
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+    </li>
+  
+
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+  
+  
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+    <li class="md-nav__item">
+      <a href="requests.html" class="md-nav__link">
+        
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+  <span class="md-ellipsis">
+    Requests
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+    <li class="md-nav__item">
+      <a href="beautiful-soup.html" class="md-nav__link">
+        
+  
+  <span class="md-ellipsis">
+    Beatiful Soup
+  </span>
+  
+
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+    </li>
+  
+
+              
+            
+          </ul>
+        </nav>
+      
+    </li>
+  
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+    <li class="md-nav__item md-nav__item--section md-nav__item--nested">
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+          <label class="md-nav__link" for="__nav_4_9" id="__nav_4_9_label" tabindex="">
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+  <span class="md-ellipsis">
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+  </span>
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+            .NET
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+  <span class="md-ellipsis">
+    C#
+  </span>
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+            C#
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+      <a href="../../dotnet/csharp/csharp.html" class="md-nav__link">
+        
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+  <span class="md-ellipsis">
+    C#
+  </span>
+  
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+    <li class="md-nav__item">
+      <a href="../../dotnet/csharp/linq.html" class="md-nav__link">
+        
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+  <span class="md-ellipsis">
+    Linq
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+  
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+    <li class="md-nav__item">
+      <a href="../../dotnet/csharp/collections.html" class="md-nav__link">
+        
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+  <span class="md-ellipsis">
+    Collections
+  </span>
+  
+
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+    </li>
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+    <li class="md-nav__item">
+      <a href="../../dotnet/csharp/reactive-extensions.html" class="md-nav__link">
+        
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+  <span class="md-ellipsis">
+    Reactive Extensions
+  </span>
+  
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+    <li class="md-nav__item">
+      <a href="../../dotnet/csharp/async-programming.html" class="md-nav__link">
+        
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+  <span class="md-ellipsis">
+    Async Programming
+  </span>
+  
+
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+    </li>
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+  
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+      <a href="../../dotnet/csharp/unit-tests.html" class="md-nav__link">
+        
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+    Unit Tests
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+            
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+  <span class="md-ellipsis">
+    ASP.NET
+  </span>
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+            ASP.NET
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+    <li class="md-nav__item">
+      <a href="../../dotnet/asp.net/minimal-api.html" class="md-nav__link">
+        
+  
+  <span class="md-ellipsis">
+    Minimal API
+  </span>
+  
+
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+    </li>
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+
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+    <li class="md-nav__item">
+      <a href="../../dotnet/asp.net/filters.html" class="md-nav__link">
+        
+  
+  <span class="md-ellipsis">
+    FIlters
+  </span>
+  
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+    <li class="md-nav__item">
+      <a href="../../dotnet/asp.net/middleware.html" class="md-nav__link">
+        
+  
+  <span class="md-ellipsis">
+    Middleware
+  </span>
+  
+
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+  
+  
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+    <li class="md-nav__item">
+      <a href="../../dotnet/asp.net/razor-syntax.html" class="md-nav__link">
+        
+  
+  <span class="md-ellipsis">
+    Razor Syntax
+  </span>
+  
+
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+    </li>
+  
+
+              
+            
+              
+                
+  
+  
+  
+  
+    <li class="md-nav__item">
+      <a href="../../dotnet/asp.net/blazor.html" class="md-nav__link">
+        
+  
+  <span class="md-ellipsis">
+    Blazor
+  </span>
+  
+
+      </a>
+    </li>
+  
+
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+            
+              
+                
+  
+  
+  
+  
+    <li class="md-nav__item">
+      <a href="../../dotnet/asp.net/signalr.html" class="md-nav__link">
+        
+  
+  <span class="md-ellipsis">
+    SignalR
+  </span>
+  
+
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+    </li>
+  
+
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+                
+  
+  
+  
+  
+    <li class="md-nav__item">
+      <a href="../../dotnet/asp.net/web-forms.html" class="md-nav__link">
+        
+  
+  <span class="md-ellipsis">
+    Web Forms
+  </span>
+  
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+      
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+      
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+      
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+        <input class="md-nav__toggle md-toggle " type="checkbox" id="__nav_4_9_3" >
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+          <label class="md-nav__link" for="__nav_4_9_3" id="__nav_4_9_3_label" tabindex="0">
+            
+  
+  <span class="md-ellipsis">
+    Database
+  </span>
+  
+
+            <span class="md-nav__icon md-icon"></span>
+          </label>
+        
+        <nav class="md-nav" data-md-level="3" aria-labelledby="__nav_4_9_3_label" aria-expanded="false">
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+            <span class="md-nav__icon md-icon"></span>
+            Database
+          </label>
+          <ul class="md-nav__list" data-md-scrollfix>
+            
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+                
+  
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+  
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+    <li class="md-nav__item">
+      <a href="../../dotnet/database/ado.net.html" class="md-nav__link">
+        
+  
+  <span class="md-ellipsis">
+    ADO.NET
+  </span>
+  
+
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+    </li>
+  
+
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+            
+              
+                
+  
+  
+  
+  
+    <li class="md-nav__item">
+      <a href="../../dotnet/database/entity-framework.html" class="md-nav__link">
+        
+  
+  <span class="md-ellipsis">
+    Entity Framework
+  </span>
+  
+
+      </a>
+    </li>
+  
+
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+            
+          </ul>
+        </nav>
+      
+    </li>
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+        </nav>
+      
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+  
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+    
+    
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+        
+      
+        
+      
+        
+      
+        
+      
+    
+    
+      
+      
+        
+          
+          
+        
+      
+    
+    
+    <li class="md-nav__item md-nav__item--section md-nav__item--nested">
+      
+        
+        
+        <input class="md-nav__toggle md-toggle " type="checkbox" id="__nav_4_10" >
+        
+          
+          <label class="md-nav__link" for="__nav_4_10" id="__nav_4_10_label" tabindex="">
+            
+  
+  <span class="md-ellipsis">
+    Java
+  </span>
+  
+
+            <span class="md-nav__icon md-icon"></span>
+          </label>
+        
+        <nav class="md-nav" data-md-level="2" aria-labelledby="__nav_4_10_label" aria-expanded="false">
+          <label class="md-nav__title" for="__nav_4_10">
+            <span class="md-nav__icon md-icon"></span>
+            Java
+          </label>
+          <ul class="md-nav__list" data-md-scrollfix>
+            
+              
+                
+  
+  
+  
+  
+    <li class="md-nav__item">
+      <a href="../../java/java.html" class="md-nav__link">
+        
+  
+  <span class="md-ellipsis">
+    Java
+  </span>
+  
+
+      </a>
+    </li>
+  
+
+              
+            
+              
+                
+  
+  
+  
+  
+    <li class="md-nav__item">
+      <a href="../../java/java-collection-framework.html" class="md-nav__link">
+        
+  
+  <span class="md-ellipsis">
+    Java Collection Framework
+  </span>
+  
+
+      </a>
+    </li>
+  
+
+              
+            
+              
+                
+  
+  
+  
+  
+    <li class="md-nav__item">
+      <a href="../../java/dao.html" class="md-nav__link">
+        
+  
+  <span class="md-ellipsis">
+    DAO
+  </span>
+  
+
+      </a>
+    </li>
+  
+
+              
+            
+              
+                
+  
+  
+  
+  
+    
+    
+      
+        
+      
+        
+      
+    
+    
+      
+      
+        
+      
+    
+    
+    <li class="md-nav__item md-nav__item--nested">
+      
+        
+        
+        <input class="md-nav__toggle md-toggle " type="checkbox" id="__nav_4_10_4" >
+        
+          
+          <label class="md-nav__link" for="__nav_4_10_4" id="__nav_4_10_4_label" tabindex="0">
+            
+  
+  <span class="md-ellipsis">
+    Web
+  </span>
+  
+
+            <span class="md-nav__icon md-icon"></span>
+          </label>
+        
+        <nav class="md-nav" data-md-level="3" aria-labelledby="__nav_4_10_4_label" aria-expanded="false">
+          <label class="md-nav__title" for="__nav_4_10_4">
+            <span class="md-nav__icon md-icon"></span>
+            Web
+          </label>
+          <ul class="md-nav__list" data-md-scrollfix>
+            
+              
+                
+  
+  
+  
+  
+    <li class="md-nav__item">
+      <a href="../../java/web/servlet.html" class="md-nav__link">
+        
+  
+  <span class="md-ellipsis">
+    Serverlet
+  </span>
+  
+
+      </a>
+    </li>
+  
+
+              
+            
+              
+                
+  
+  
+  
+  
+    
+    
+      
+        
+      
+        
+      
+    
+    
+      
+      
+        
+      
+    
+    
+    <li class="md-nav__item md-nav__item--nested">
+      
+        
+        
+        <input class="md-nav__toggle md-toggle " type="checkbox" id="__nav_4_10_4_2" >
+        
+          
+          <label class="md-nav__link" for="__nav_4_10_4_2" id="__nav_4_10_4_2_label" tabindex="0">
+            
+  
+  <span class="md-ellipsis">
+    Spring
+  </span>
+  
+
+            <span class="md-nav__icon md-icon"></span>
+          </label>
+        
+        <nav class="md-nav" data-md-level="4" aria-labelledby="__nav_4_10_4_2_label" aria-expanded="false">
+          <label class="md-nav__title" for="__nav_4_10_4_2">
+            <span class="md-nav__icon md-icon"></span>
+            Spring
+          </label>
+          <ul class="md-nav__list" data-md-scrollfix>
+            
+              
+                
+  
+  
+  
+  
+    <li class="md-nav__item">
+      <a href="../../java/spring/pom.xml.html" class="md-nav__link">
+        
+  
+  <span class="md-ellipsis">
+    POM
+  </span>
+  
+
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+    </li>
+  
+
+              
+            
+              
+                
+  
+  
+  
+  
+    <li class="md-nav__item">
+      <a href="../../java/spring/spring-project.html" class="md-nav__link">
+        
+  
+  <span class="md-ellipsis">
+    Project Structure
+  </span>
+  
+
+      </a>
+    </li>
+  
+
+              
+            
+          </ul>
+        </nav>
+      
+    </li>
+  
+
+              
+            
+          </ul>
+        </nav>
+      
+    </li>
+  
+
+              
+            
+          </ul>
+        </nav>
+      
+    </li>
+  
+
+              
+            
+              
+                
+  
+  
+  
+  
+    
+    
+      
+        
+      
+        
+      
+        
+      
+        
+      
+        
+      
+        
+      
+        
+      
+        
+      
+        
+      
+    
+    
+      
+      
+        
+          
+          
+        
+      
+    
+    
+    <li class="md-nav__item md-nav__item--section md-nav__item--nested">
+      
+        
+        
+        <input class="md-nav__toggle md-toggle " type="checkbox" id="__nav_4_11" >
+        
+          
+          <label class="md-nav__link" for="__nav_4_11" id="__nav_4_11_label" tabindex="">
+            
+  
+  <span class="md-ellipsis">
+    PHP
+  </span>
+  
+
+            <span class="md-nav__icon md-icon"></span>
+          </label>
+        
+        <nav class="md-nav" data-md-level="2" aria-labelledby="__nav_4_11_label" aria-expanded="false">
+          <label class="md-nav__title" for="__nav_4_11">
+            <span class="md-nav__icon md-icon"></span>
+            PHP
+          </label>
+          <ul class="md-nav__list" data-md-scrollfix>
+            
+              
+                
+  
+  
+  
+  
+    <li class="md-nav__item">
+      <a href="../../php/php.html" class="md-nav__link">
+        
+  
+  <span class="md-ellipsis">
+    PHP
+  </span>
+  
+
+      </a>
+    </li>
+  
+
+              
+            
+              
+                
+  
+  
+  
+  
+    <li class="md-nav__item">
+      <a href="../../php/database.html" class="md-nav__link">
+        
+  
+  <span class="md-ellipsis">
+    Database
+  </span>
+  
+
+      </a>
+    </li>
+  
+
+              
+            
+              
+                
+  
+  
+  
+  
+    <li class="md-nav__item">
+      <a href="../../php/web.html" class="md-nav__link">
+        
+  
+  <span class="md-ellipsis">
+    Web
+  </span>
+  
+
+      </a>
+    </li>
+  
+
+              
+            
+              
+                
+  
+  
+  
+  
+    <li class="md-nav__item">
+      <a href="../../php/dependency-injection.html" class="md-nav__link">
+        
+  
+  <span class="md-ellipsis">
+    Dependency Injection
+  </span>
+  
+
+      </a>
+    </li>
+  
+
+              
+            
+              
+                
+  
+  
+  
+  
+    <li class="md-nav__item">
+      <a href="../../php/unit-tests.html" class="md-nav__link">
+        
+  
+  <span class="md-ellipsis">
+    Unit Tests
+  </span>
+  
+
+      </a>
+    </li>
+  
+
+              
+            
+              
+                
+  
+  
+  
+  
+    <li class="md-nav__item">
+      <a href="../../php/composer.html" class="md-nav__link">
+        
+  
+  <span class="md-ellipsis">
+    Composer
+  </span>
+  
+
+      </a>
+    </li>
+  
+
+              
+            
+              
+                
+  
+  
+  
+  
+    <li class="md-nav__item">
+      <a href="../../php/psr-7.html" class="md-nav__link">
+        
+  
+  <span class="md-ellipsis">
+    PSR 7
+  </span>
+  
+
+      </a>
+    </li>
+  
+
+              
+            
+              
+                
+  
+  
+  
+  
+    <li class="md-nav__item">
+      <a href="../../php/plates-templating.html" class="md-nav__link">
+        
+  
+  <span class="md-ellipsis">
+    Plates
+  </span>
+  
+
+      </a>
+    </li>
+  
+
+              
+            
+              
+                
+  
+  
+  
+  
+    
+    
+      
+        
+      
+        
+      
+    
+    
+      
+      
+        
+      
+    
+    
+    <li class="md-nav__item md-nav__item--nested">
+      
+        
+        
+        <input class="md-nav__toggle md-toggle " type="checkbox" id="__nav_4_11_9" >
+        
+          
+          <label class="md-nav__link" for="__nav_4_11_9" id="__nav_4_11_9_label" tabindex="0">
+            
+  
+  <span class="md-ellipsis">
+    Simple MVC
+  </span>
+  
+
+            <span class="md-nav__icon md-icon"></span>
+          </label>
+        
+        <nav class="md-nav" data-md-level="3" aria-labelledby="__nav_4_11_9_label" aria-expanded="false">
+          <label class="md-nav__title" for="__nav_4_11_9">
+            <span class="md-nav__icon md-icon"></span>
+            Simple MVC
+          </label>
+          <ul class="md-nav__list" data-md-scrollfix>
+            
+              
+                
+  
+  
+  
+  
+    <li class="md-nav__item">
+      <a href="../../php/simple-mvc/simple-mvc.html" class="md-nav__link">
+        
+  
+  <span class="md-ellipsis">
+    Simple MVC
+  </span>
+  
+
+      </a>
+    </li>
+  
+
+              
+            
+              
+                
+  
+  
+  
+  
+    <li class="md-nav__item">
+      <a href="../../php/simple-mvc/rest-api.html" class="md-nav__link">
+        
+  
+  <span class="md-ellipsis">
+    REST API
+  </span>
+  
+
+      </a>
+    </li>
+  
+
+              
+            
+          </ul>
+        </nav>
+      
+    </li>
+  
+
+              
+            
+          </ul>
+        </nav>
+      
+    </li>
+  
+
+              
+            
+              
+                
+  
+  
+  
+  
+    
+    
+      
+        
+      
+        
+      
+        
+      
+        
+      
+        
+      
+    
+    
+      
+      
+        
+          
+          
+        
+      
+    
+    
+    <li class="md-nav__item md-nav__item--section md-nav__item--nested">
+      
+        
+        
+        <input class="md-nav__toggle md-toggle " type="checkbox" id="__nav_4_12" >
+        
+          
+          <label class="md-nav__link" for="__nav_4_12" id="__nav_4_12_label" tabindex="">
+            
+  
+  <span class="md-ellipsis">
+    Rust
+  </span>
+  
+
+            <span class="md-nav__icon md-icon"></span>
+          </label>
+        
+        <nav class="md-nav" data-md-level="2" aria-labelledby="__nav_4_12_label" aria-expanded="false">
+          <label class="md-nav__title" for="__nav_4_12">
+            <span class="md-nav__icon md-icon"></span>
+            Rust
+          </label>
+          <ul class="md-nav__list" data-md-scrollfix>
+            
+              
+                
+  
+  
+  
+  
+    <li class="md-nav__item">
+      <a href="../../rust/rust.html" class="md-nav__link">
+        
+  
+  <span class="md-ellipsis">
+    Rust
+  </span>
+  
+
+      </a>
+    </li>
+  
+
+              
+            
+              
+                
+  
+  
+  
+  
+    <li class="md-nav__item">
+      <a href="../../rust/macros.html" class="md-nav__link">
+        
+  
+  <span class="md-ellipsis">
+    Macros
+  </span>
+  
+
+      </a>
+    </li>
+  
+
+              
+            
+              
+                
+  
+  
+  
+  
+    <li class="md-nav__item">
+      <a href="../../rust/cargo.html" class="md-nav__link">
+        
+  
+  <span class="md-ellipsis">
+    Cargo
+  </span>
+  
+
+      </a>
+    </li>
+  
+
+              
+            
+              
+                
+  
+  
+  
+  
+    <li class="md-nav__item">
+      <a href="../../rust/concurrency.html" class="md-nav__link">
+        
+  
+  <span class="md-ellipsis">
+    Concurrency
+  </span>
+  
+
+      </a>
+    </li>
+  
+
+              
+            
+              
+                
+  
+  
+  
+  
+    <li class="md-nav__item">
+      <a href="../../rust/unit-tests.html" class="md-nav__link">
+        
+  
+  <span class="md-ellipsis">
+    Unit Tests
+  </span>
+  
+
+      </a>
+    </li>
+  
+
+              
+            
+          </ul>
+        </nav>
+      
+    </li>
+  
+
+              
+            
+              
+                
+  
+  
+  
+  
+    
+    
+      
+        
+      
+        
+      
+        
+      
+        
+      
+        
+      
+        
+      
+        
+      
+    
+    
+      
+      
+        
+          
+          
+        
+      
+    
+    
+    <li class="md-nav__item md-nav__item--section md-nav__item--nested">
+      
+        
+        
+        <input class="md-nav__toggle md-toggle " type="checkbox" id="__nav_4_13" >
+        
+          
+          <label class="md-nav__link" for="__nav_4_13" id="__nav_4_13_label" tabindex="">
+            
+  
+  <span class="md-ellipsis">
+    Javascript
+  </span>
+  
+
+            <span class="md-nav__icon md-icon"></span>
+          </label>
+        
+        <nav class="md-nav" data-md-level="2" aria-labelledby="__nav_4_13_label" aria-expanded="false">
+          <label class="md-nav__title" for="__nav_4_13">
+            <span class="md-nav__icon md-icon"></span>
+            Javascript
+          </label>
+          <ul class="md-nav__list" data-md-scrollfix>
+            
+              
+                
+  
+  
+  
+  
+    <li class="md-nav__item">
+      <a href="../../javascript/javascript.html" class="md-nav__link">
+        
+  
+  <span class="md-ellipsis">
+    Javascript
+  </span>
+  
+
+      </a>
+    </li>
+  
+
+              
+            
+              
+                
+  
+  
+  
+  
+    <li class="md-nav__item">
+      <a href="../../javascript/dom.html" class="md-nav__link">
+        
+  
+  <span class="md-ellipsis">
+    DOM
+  </span>
+  
+
+      </a>
+    </li>
+  
+
+              
+            
+              
+                
+  
+  
+  
+  
+    <li class="md-nav__item">
+      <a href="../../javascript/events-animation.html" class="md-nav__link">
+        
+  
+  <span class="md-ellipsis">
+    Events & Animation
+  </span>
+  
+
+      </a>
+    </li>
+  
+
+              
+            
+              
+                
+  
+  
+  
+  
+    <li class="md-nav__item">
+      <a href="../../javascript/ajax.html" class="md-nav__link">
+        
+  
+  <span class="md-ellipsis">
+    AJAX
+  </span>
+  
+
+      </a>
+    </li>
+  
+
+              
+            
+              
+                
+  
+  
+  
+  
+    <li class="md-nav__item">
+      <a href="../../javascript/jquery.html" class="md-nav__link">
+        
+  
+  <span class="md-ellipsis">
+    jQuery
+  </span>
+  
+
+      </a>
+    </li>
+  
+
+              
+            
+              
+                
+  
+  
+  
+  
+    
+    
+      
+        
+      
+        
+      
+        
+      
+        
+      
+        
+      
+    
+    
+      
+      
+        
+      
+    
+    
+    <li class="md-nav__item md-nav__item--nested">
+      
+        
+        
+        <input class="md-nav__toggle md-toggle " type="checkbox" id="__nav_4_13_6" >
+        
+          
+          <label class="md-nav__link" for="__nav_4_13_6" id="__nav_4_13_6_label" tabindex="0">
+            
+  
+  <span class="md-ellipsis">
+    React
+  </span>
+  
+
+            <span class="md-nav__icon md-icon"></span>
+          </label>
+        
+        <nav class="md-nav" data-md-level="3" aria-labelledby="__nav_4_13_6_label" aria-expanded="false">
+          <label class="md-nav__title" for="__nav_4_13_6">
+            <span class="md-nav__icon md-icon"></span>
+            React
+          </label>
+          <ul class="md-nav__list" data-md-scrollfix>
+            
+              
+                
+  
+  
+  
+  
+    <li class="md-nav__item">
+      <a href="../../javascript/react/react.html" class="md-nav__link">
+        
+  
+  <span class="md-ellipsis">
+    React
+  </span>
+  
+
+      </a>
+    </li>
+  
+
+              
+            
+              
+                
+  
+  
+  
+  
+    <li class="md-nav__item">
+      <a href="../../javascript/react/react-router.html" class="md-nav__link">
+        
+  
+  <span class="md-ellipsis">
+    React Router
+  </span>
+  
+
+      </a>
+    </li>
+  
+
+              
+            
+              
+                
+  
+  
+  
+  
+    <li class="md-nav__item">
+      <a href="../../javascript/react/react-tests.html" class="md-nav__link">
+        
+  
+  <span class="md-ellipsis">
+    React Tests
+  </span>
+  
+
+      </a>
+    </li>
+  
+
+              
+            
+              
+                
+  
+  
+  
+  
+    <li class="md-nav__item">
+      <a href="../../javascript/react/redux.html" class="md-nav__link">
+        
+  
+  <span class="md-ellipsis">
+    Redux
+  </span>
+  
+
+      </a>
+    </li>
+  
+
+              
+            
+              
+                
+  
+  
+  
+  
+    <li class="md-nav__item">
+      <a href="../../javascript/react/redux-tests.html" class="md-nav__link">
+        
+  
+  <span class="md-ellipsis">
+    Redux Tests
+  </span>
+  
+
+      </a>
+    </li>
+  
+
+              
+            
+          </ul>
+        </nav>
+      
+    </li>
+  
+
+              
+            
+              
+                
+  
+  
+  
+  
+    <li class="md-nav__item">
+      <a href="../../javascript/svelte/svelte.html" class="md-nav__link">
+        
+  
+  <span class="md-ellipsis">
+    Svelte
+  </span>
+  
+
+      </a>
+    </li>
+  
+
+              
+            
+          </ul>
+        </nav>
+      
+    </li>
+  
+
+              
+            
+              
+                
+  
+  
+  
+  
+    
+    
+      
+        
+      
+        
+      
+    
+    
+      
+      
+        
+          
+          
+        
+      
+    
+    
+    <li class="md-nav__item md-nav__item--section md-nav__item--nested">
+      
+        
+        
+        <input class="md-nav__toggle md-toggle " type="checkbox" id="__nav_4_14" >
+        
+          
+          <label class="md-nav__link" for="__nav_4_14" id="__nav_4_14_label" tabindex="">
+            
+  
+  <span class="md-ellipsis">
+    PowerShell
+  </span>
+  
+
+            <span class="md-nav__icon md-icon"></span>
+          </label>
+        
+        <nav class="md-nav" data-md-level="2" aria-labelledby="__nav_4_14_label" aria-expanded="false">
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+      <a href="../../powershell/commands.html" class="md-nav__link">
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+    <li class="md-nav__item">
+      <a href="../../bash/scripting.html" class="md-nav__link">
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+      <a href="../../bash/commands.html" class="md-nav__link">
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+    <li class="md-nav__item">
+      <a href="../../../misc/git.html" class="md-nav__link">
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+    <li class="md-nav__item">
+      <a href="../../../misc/graph-ql.html" class="md-nav__link">
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+    GraphQL
+  </span>
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+    <li class="md-nav__item">
+      <a href="../../../misc/regular-expressions.html" class="md-nav__link">
+        
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+    RegEx
+  </span>
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+    </li>
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+    <li class="md-nav__item">
+      <a href="../../../misc/ssh.html" class="md-nav__link">
+        
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+    SSH
+  </span>
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+    <li class="md-nav__item">
+      <a href="../../../misc/web-components.html" class="md-nav__link">
+        
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+  <span class="md-ellipsis">
+    WebComponents
+  </span>
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+      </a>
+    </li>
+  
+
+              
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+          </ul>
+        </nav>
+      
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+          <label class="md-nav__link" for="__nav_6" id="__nav_6_label" tabindex="0">
+            
+  
+  <span class="md-ellipsis">
+    Linux
+  </span>
+  
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+            <span class="md-nav__icon md-icon"></span>
+          </label>
+        
+        <nav class="md-nav" data-md-level="1" aria-labelledby="__nav_6_label" aria-expanded="false">
+          <label class="md-nav__title" for="__nav_6">
+            <span class="md-nav__icon md-icon"></span>
+            Linux
+          </label>
+          <ul class="md-nav__list" data-md-scrollfix>
+            
+              
+                
+  
+  
+  
+  
+    
+    
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+          <label class="md-nav__link" for="__nav_6_1" id="__nav_6_1_label" tabindex="0">
+            
+  
+  <span class="md-ellipsis">
+    Filesystem
+  </span>
+  
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+            <span class="md-nav__icon md-icon"></span>
+          </label>
+        
+        <nav class="md-nav" data-md-level="2" aria-labelledby="__nav_6_1_label" aria-expanded="false">
+          <label class="md-nav__title" for="__nav_6_1">
+            <span class="md-nav__icon md-icon"></span>
+            Filesystem
+          </label>
+          <ul class="md-nav__list" data-md-scrollfix>
+            
+              
+                
+  
+  
+  
+  
+    <li class="md-nav__item">
+      <a href="../../../linux/filesystem/file-links.html" class="md-nav__link">
+        
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+  <span class="md-ellipsis">
+    File Links
+  </span>
+  
+
+      </a>
+    </li>
+  
+
+              
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+  
+  
+  
+  
+    <li class="md-nav__item">
+      <a href="../../../linux/filesystem/procfs.html" class="md-nav__link">
+        
+  
+  <span class="md-ellipsis">
+    /proc
+  </span>
+  
+
+      </a>
+    </li>
+  
+
+              
+            
+              
+                
+  
+  
+  
+  
+    <li class="md-nav__item">
+      <a href="../../../linux/filesystem/sysfs.html" class="md-nav__link">
+        
+  
+  <span class="md-ellipsis">
+    /sys
+  </span>
+  
+
+      </a>
+    </li>
+  
+
+              
+            
+          </ul>
+        </nav>
+      
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+  
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+        <input class="md-nav__toggle md-toggle " type="checkbox" id="__nav_6_2" >
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+          <label class="md-nav__link" for="__nav_6_2" id="__nav_6_2_label" tabindex="0">
+            
+  
+  <span class="md-ellipsis">
+    System Init
+  </span>
+  
+
+            <span class="md-nav__icon md-icon"></span>
+          </label>
+        
+        <nav class="md-nav" data-md-level="2" aria-labelledby="__nav_6_2_label" aria-expanded="false">
+          <label class="md-nav__title" for="__nav_6_2">
+            <span class="md-nav__icon md-icon"></span>
+            System Init
+          </label>
+          <ul class="md-nav__list" data-md-scrollfix>
+            
+              
+                
+  
+  
+  
+  
+    <li class="md-nav__item">
+      <a href="../../../linux/init/systemd.html" class="md-nav__link">
+        
+  
+  <span class="md-ellipsis">
+    Systemd
+  </span>
+  
+
+      </a>
+    </li>
+  
+
+              
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+              
+                
+  
+  
+  
+  
+    <li class="md-nav__item">
+      <a href="../../../linux/init/open-rc.html" class="md-nav__link">
+        
+  
+  <span class="md-ellipsis">
+    OpenRC
+  </span>
+  
+
+      </a>
+    </li>
+  
+
+              
+            
+          </ul>
+        </nav>
+      
+    </li>
+  
+
+              
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+          </ul>
+        </nav>
+      
+    </li>
+  
+
+    
+  </ul>
+</nav>
+                  </div>
+                </div>
+              </div>
+            
+            
+              
+              <div class="md-sidebar md-sidebar--secondary" data-md-component="sidebar" data-md-type="toc" >
+                <div class="md-sidebar__scrollwrap">
+                  <div class="md-sidebar__inner">
+                    
+
+<nav class="md-nav md-nav--secondary" aria-label="Table of contents">
+  
+  
+  
+    
+  
+  
+    <label class="md-nav__title" for="__toc">
+      <span class="md-nav__icon md-icon"></span>
+      Table of contents
+    </label>
+    <ul class="md-nav__list" data-md-component="toc" data-md-scrollfix>
+      
+        <li class="md-nav__item">
+  <a href="#most-important-attributes-attributes" class="md-nav__link">
+    <span class="md-ellipsis">
+      MOST IMPORTANT ATTRIBUTES ATTRIBUTES
+    </span>
+  </a>
+  
+</li>
+      
+        <li class="md-nav__item">
+  <a href="#array-creation" class="md-nav__link">
+    <span class="md-ellipsis">
+      ARRAY CREATION
+    </span>
+  </a>
+  
+</li>
+      
+        <li class="md-nav__item">
+  <a href="#data-types-for-ndarrays" class="md-nav__link">
+    <span class="md-ellipsis">
+      DATA TYPES FOR NDARRAYS
+    </span>
+  </a>
+  
+</li>
+      
+        <li class="md-nav__item">
+  <a href="#operations-between-arrays-and-scalars" class="md-nav__link">
+    <span class="md-ellipsis">
+      OPERATIONS BETWEEN ARRAYS AND SCALARS
+    </span>
+  </a>
+  
+</li>
+      
+        <li class="md-nav__item">
+  <a href="#shape-manipulation" class="md-nav__link">
+    <span class="md-ellipsis">
+      SHAPE MANIPULATION
+    </span>
+  </a>
+  
+</li>
+      
+        <li class="md-nav__item">
+  <a href="#joining-arrays" class="md-nav__link">
+    <span class="md-ellipsis">
+      JOINING ARRAYS
+    </span>
+  </a>
+  
+</li>
+      
+        <li class="md-nav__item">
+  <a href="#splitting-arrays" class="md-nav__link">
+    <span class="md-ellipsis">
+      SPLITTING ARRAYS
+    </span>
+  </a>
+  
+</li>
+      
+        <li class="md-nav__item">
+  <a href="#view" class="md-nav__link">
+    <span class="md-ellipsis">
+      VIEW()
+    </span>
+  </a>
+  
+</li>
+      
+        <li class="md-nav__item">
+  <a href="#copy" class="md-nav__link">
+    <span class="md-ellipsis">
+      COPY()
+    </span>
+  </a>
+  
+</li>
+      
+        <li class="md-nav__item">
+  <a href="#indexing-slicing-iterating" class="md-nav__link">
+    <span class="md-ellipsis">
+      INDEXING, SLICING, ITERATING
+    </span>
+  </a>
+  
+</li>
+      
+        <li class="md-nav__item">
+  <a href="#universal-functions-ufunc" class="md-nav__link">
+    <span class="md-ellipsis">
+      UNIVERSAL FUNCTIONS (ufunc)
+    </span>
+  </a>
+  
+</li>
+      
+        <li class="md-nav__item">
+  <a href="#conditional-logic-as-array-operations" class="md-nav__link">
+    <span class="md-ellipsis">
+      CONDITIONAL LOGIC AS ARRAY OPERATIONS
+    </span>
+  </a>
+  
+</li>
+      
+        <li class="md-nav__item">
+  <a href="#mathematical-and-statistical-methods" class="md-nav__link">
+    <span class="md-ellipsis">
+      MATHEMATICAL AND STATISTICAL METHODS
+    </span>
+  </a>
+  
+</li>
+      
+        <li class="md-nav__item">
+  <a href="#methods-for-boolean-arrays" class="md-nav__link">
+    <span class="md-ellipsis">
+      METHODS FOR BOOLEAN ARRAYS
+    </span>
+  </a>
+  
+</li>
+      
+        <li class="md-nav__item">
+  <a href="#sorting" class="md-nav__link">
+    <span class="md-ellipsis">
+      SORTING
+    </span>
+  </a>
+  
+</li>
+      
+        <li class="md-nav__item">
+  <a href="#set-logic" class="md-nav__link">
+    <span class="md-ellipsis">
+      SET LOGIC
+    </span>
+  </a>
+  
+</li>
+      
+        <li class="md-nav__item">
+  <a href="#file-io-with-arrays" class="md-nav__link">
+    <span class="md-ellipsis">
+      FILE I/O WITH ARRAYS
+    </span>
+  </a>
+  
+</li>
+      
+        <li class="md-nav__item">
+  <a href="#linear-algebra" class="md-nav__link">
+    <span class="md-ellipsis">
+      LINEAR ALGEBRA
+    </span>
+  </a>
+  
+</li>
+      
+        <li class="md-nav__item">
+  <a href="#random-number-generation" class="md-nav__link">
+    <span class="md-ellipsis">
+      RANDOM NUMBER GENERATION
+    </span>
+  </a>
+  
+</li>
+      
+    </ul>
+  
+</nav>
+                  </div>
+                </div>
+              </div>
+            
+          
+          
+            <div class="md-content" data-md-component="content">
+              <article class="md-content__inner md-typeset">
+                
+                  
+
+  
+  
+
+
+<h1 id="numpy-lib">NumPy Lib</h1>
+<h2 id="most-important-attributes-attributes">MOST IMPORTANT ATTRIBUTES ATTRIBUTES</h2>
+<div class="highlight"><table class="highlighttable"><tr><th colspan="2" class="filename"><span class="filename">Python</span></th></tr><tr><td class="linenos"><div class="linenodiv"><pre><span></span><span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-0-1">1</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-0-2">2</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-0-3">3</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-0-4">4</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-0-5">5</a></span></pre></div></td><td class="code"><div><pre><span></span><code><a id="__codelineno-0-1" name="__codelineno-0-1"></a><span class="n">array</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">ndim</span>     <span class="c1"># number of axes (dimensions) of the array</span>
+<a id="__codelineno-0-2" name="__codelineno-0-2"></a><span class="n">array</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">shape</span>  <span class="c1"># dimensions of the array, tuple of integers</span>
+<a id="__codelineno-0-3" name="__codelineno-0-3"></a><span class="n">array</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">size</span>  <span class="c1"># total number of elements in the array</span>
+<a id="__codelineno-0-4" name="__codelineno-0-4"></a><span class="n">array</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">itemsize</span>  <span class="c1"># size in bytes of each element</span>
+<a id="__codelineno-0-5" name="__codelineno-0-5"></a><span class="n">array</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">data</span>  <span class="c1"># buffer containing the array elements</span>
+</code></pre></div></td></tr></table></div>
+<h2 id="array-creation">ARRAY CREATION</h2>
+<p>Unless explicitly specified <code>np.array</code> tries to infer a good data type for the array that it creates.<br />
+The data type is stored in a special dtype object.</p>
+<div class="highlight"><table class="highlighttable"><tr><th colspan="2" class="filename"><span class="filename">Python</span></th></tr><tr><td class="linenos"><div class="linenodiv"><pre><span></span><span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-1-1"> 1</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-1-2"> 2</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-1-3"> 3</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-1-4"> 4</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-1-5"> 5</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-1-6"> 6</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-1-7"> 7</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-1-8"> 8</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-1-9"> 9</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-1-10">10</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-1-11">11</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-1-12">12</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-1-13">13</a></span></pre></div></td><td class="code"><div><pre><span></span><code><a id="__codelineno-1-1" name="__codelineno-1-1"></a><span class="n">var</span> <span class="o">=</span> <span class="n">np</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">array</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="n">sequence</span><span class="p">)</span>  <span class="c1"># creates array</span>
+<a id="__codelineno-1-2" name="__codelineno-1-2"></a><span class="n">var</span> <span class="o">=</span> <span class="n">np</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">asarray</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="n">sequence</span><span class="p">)</span>  <span class="c1"># convert input to array</span>
+<a id="__codelineno-1-3" name="__codelineno-1-3"></a><span class="n">var</span> <span class="o">=</span> <span class="n">np</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">ndarray</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="o">*</span><span class="n">sequence</span><span class="p">)</span>  <span class="c1"># creates multidimensional array</span>
+<a id="__codelineno-1-4" name="__codelineno-1-4"></a><span class="n">var</span> <span class="o">=</span> <span class="n">np</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">asanyarray</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="o">*</span><span class="n">sequence</span><span class="p">)</span>  <span class="c1"># convert the input to an ndarray</span>
+<a id="__codelineno-1-5" name="__codelineno-1-5"></a><span class="c1"># nested sequences will be converted to multidimensional array</span>
+<a id="__codelineno-1-6" name="__codelineno-1-6"></a>
+<a id="__codelineno-1-7" name="__codelineno-1-7"></a><span class="n">var</span> <span class="o">=</span> <span class="n">np</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">zeros</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="n">ndarray</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">shape</span><span class="p">)</span>  <span class="c1"># array with all zeros</span>
+<a id="__codelineno-1-8" name="__codelineno-1-8"></a><span class="n">var</span> <span class="o">=</span> <span class="n">np</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">ones</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="n">ndarray</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">shape</span><span class="p">)</span>  <span class="c1"># array with all ones</span>
+<a id="__codelineno-1-9" name="__codelineno-1-9"></a><span class="n">var</span> <span class="o">=</span> <span class="n">np</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">empty</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="n">ndarray</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">shape</span><span class="p">)</span>  <span class="c1"># array with random values</span>
+<a id="__codelineno-1-10" name="__codelineno-1-10"></a><span class="n">var</span> <span class="o">=</span> <span class="n">np</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">identity</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="n">n</span><span class="p">)</span>  <span class="c1"># identity array (n x n)</span>
+<a id="__codelineno-1-11" name="__codelineno-1-11"></a>
+<a id="__codelineno-1-12" name="__codelineno-1-12"></a><span class="n">var</span> <span class="o">=</span> <span class="n">np</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">arange</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="n">start</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="n">stop</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="n">step</span><span class="p">)</span>  <span class="c1"># creates an array with parameters specified</span>
+<a id="__codelineno-1-13" name="__codelineno-1-13"></a><span class="n">var</span> <span class="o">=</span> <span class="n">np</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">linspace</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="n">start</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="n">stop</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="n">num_of_elements</span><span class="p">)</span>  <span class="c1"># step of elements calculated based on parameters</span>
+</code></pre></div></td></tr></table></div>
+<h2 id="data-types-for-ndarrays">DATA TYPES FOR NDARRAYS</h2>
+<div class="highlight"><table class="highlighttable"><tr><th colspan="2" class="filename"><span class="filename">Python</span></th></tr><tr><td class="linenos"><div class="linenodiv"><pre><span></span><span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-2-1">1</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-2-2">2</a></span></pre></div></td><td class="code"><div><pre><span></span><code><a id="__codelineno-2-1" name="__codelineno-2-1"></a><span class="n">var</span> <span class="o">=</span> <span class="n">array</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">astype</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="n">np</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">dtype</span><span class="p">)</span>  <span class="c1"># copy of the array, cast to a specified type</span>
+<a id="__codelineno-2-2" name="__codelineno-2-2"></a><span class="c1"># return TypeError if casting fails</span>
+</code></pre></div></td></tr></table></div>
+<p>The numerical <code>dtypes</code> are named the same way: a type name followed by a number indicating the number of bits per element.</p>
+<table>
+<thead>
+<tr>
+<th>TYPE</th>
+<th>TYPE CODE</th>
+<th>DESCRIPTION</th>
+</tr>
+</thead>
+<tbody>
+<tr>
+<td>int8, uint8</td>
+<td>i1, u1</td>
+<td>Signed and unsigned 8-bit (1 byte) integer types</td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+<td>int16, uint16</td>
+<td>i2, u2</td>
+<td>Signed and unsigned 16-bit integer types</td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+<td>int32, uint32</td>
+<td>i4, u4</td>
+<td>Signed and unsigned 32-bit integer types</td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+<td>int64, uint64</td>
+<td>i8, u8</td>
+<td>Signed and unsigned 32-bit integer types</td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+<td>float16</td>
+<td>f2</td>
+<td>Half-precision floating point</td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+<td>float32</td>
+<td>f4 or f</td>
+<td>Standard single-precision floating point. Compatible with C float</td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+<td>float64, float128</td>
+<td>f8 or d</td>
+<td>Standard double-precision floating point. Compatible with C double and Python float object</td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+<td>float128</td>
+<td>f16 or g</td>
+<td>Extended-precision floating point</td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+<td>complex64, complex128, complex256</td>
+<td>c8, c16, c32</td>
+<td>Complex numbers represented by two 32, 64, or 128 floats, respectively</td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+<td>bool</td>
+<td>?</td>
+<td>Boolean type storing True and False values</td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+<td>object</td>
+<td>O</td>
+<td>Python object type</td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+<td>string_</td>
+<td><code>S&lt;num&gt;</code></td>
+<td>Fixed-length string type (1 byte per character), <code>&lt;num&gt;</code> is string length</td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+<td>unicode_</td>
+<td><code>U&lt;num&gt;</code></td>
+<td>Fixed-length unicode type, <code>&lt;num&gt;</code> is length</td>
+</tr>
+</tbody>
+</table>
+<h2 id="operations-between-arrays-and-scalars">OPERATIONS BETWEEN ARRAYS AND SCALARS</h2>
+<p>Any arithmetic operations between equal-size arrays applies the operation element-wise.</p>
+<p>array <code>+</code> scalar &rarr; element-wise addition (<code>[1, 2, 3] + 2 = [3, 4, 5]</code>)
+array <code>-</code> scalar &rarr; element-wise subtraction (<code>[1 , 2, 3] - 2 = [-2, 0, 1]</code>)
+array <code>*</code> scalar &rarr; element-wise multiplication (<code>[1, 2, 3] * 3 = [3, 6, 9]</code>)
+array / scalar &rarr; element-wise division (<code>[1, 2, 3] / 2 = [0.5 , 1 , 1.5]</code>)</p>
+<p>array_1 <code>+</code> array_2 &rarr; element-wise addition (<code>[1, 2, 3] + [1, 2, 3] = [2, 4, 6]</code>)
+array_1 <code>-</code> array_2 &rarr; element-wise subtraction (<code>[1, 2, 4] - [3 , 2, 1] = [-2, 0, 2]</code>)
+array_1 <code>*</code> array_2 &rarr; element-wise multiplication (<code>[1, 2, 3] * [3, 2, 1] = [3, 4, 3]</code>)
+array_1 <code>/</code> array_2 &rarr; element-wise division (<code>[1, 2, 3] / [3, 2, 1] = [0.33, 1, 3]</code>)</p>
+<h2 id="shape-manipulation">SHAPE MANIPULATION</h2>
+<div class="highlight"><table class="highlighttable"><tr><th colspan="2" class="filename"><span class="filename">Python</span></th></tr><tr><td class="linenos"><div class="linenodiv"><pre><span></span><span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-3-1">1</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-3-2">2</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-3-3">3</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-3-4">4</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-3-5">5</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-3-6">6</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-3-7">7</a></span></pre></div></td><td class="code"><div><pre><span></span><code><a id="__codelineno-3-1" name="__codelineno-3-1"></a><span class="n">np</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">reshape</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="n">array</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="n">new_shape</span><span class="p">)</span>  <span class="c1"># changes the shape of the array</span>
+<a id="__codelineno-3-2" name="__codelineno-3-2"></a><span class="n">np</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">ravel</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="n">array</span><span class="p">)</span>  <span class="c1">#  returns the array flattened</span>
+<a id="__codelineno-3-3" name="__codelineno-3-3"></a><span class="n">array</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">resize</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="n">shape</span><span class="p">)</span>  <span class="c1"># modifies the array itself</span>
+<a id="__codelineno-3-4" name="__codelineno-3-4"></a><span class="n">array</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">T</span>  <span class="c1"># returns the array transposed</span>
+<a id="__codelineno-3-5" name="__codelineno-3-5"></a><span class="n">np</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">transpose</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="n">array</span><span class="p">)</span>     <span class="c1"># returns the array transposed</span>
+<a id="__codelineno-3-6" name="__codelineno-3-6"></a><span class="n">np</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">swapaxes</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="n">array</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="n">first_axis</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="n">second_axis</span><span class="p">)</span>  <span class="c1"># interchange two axes of an array</span>
+<a id="__codelineno-3-7" name="__codelineno-3-7"></a><span class="c1"># if array is an ndarray, then a view of it is returned; otherwise a new array is created</span>
+</code></pre></div></td></tr></table></div>
+<h2 id="joining-arrays">JOINING ARRAYS</h2>
+<div class="highlight"><table class="highlighttable"><tr><th colspan="2" class="filename"><span class="filename">Python</span></th></tr><tr><td class="linenos"><div class="linenodiv"><pre><span></span><span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-4-1">1</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-4-2">2</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-4-3">3</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-4-4">4</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-4-5">5</a></span></pre></div></td><td class="code"><div><pre><span></span><code><a id="__codelineno-4-1" name="__codelineno-4-1"></a><span class="n">np</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">vstack</span><span class="p">((</span><span class="n">array1</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="n">array2</span><span class="p">))</span>   <span class="c1"># takes tuple, vertical stack of arrays (column wise)</span>
+<a id="__codelineno-4-2" name="__codelineno-4-2"></a><span class="n">np</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">hstack</span><span class="p">((</span><span class="n">array1</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="n">array2</span><span class="p">))</span>  <span class="c1"># takes a tuple, horizontal stack of arrays (row wise)</span>
+<a id="__codelineno-4-3" name="__codelineno-4-3"></a><span class="n">np</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">dstack</span><span class="p">((</span><span class="n">array1</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="n">array2</span><span class="p">))</span> <span class="c1"># takes a tuple, depth wise stack of arrays (3rd dimension)</span>
+<a id="__codelineno-4-4" name="__codelineno-4-4"></a><span class="n">np</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">stack</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="o">*</span><span class="n">arrays</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="n">axis</span><span class="p">)</span>  <span class="c1"># joins a sequence of arrays along a new axis (axis is an int)</span>
+<a id="__codelineno-4-5" name="__codelineno-4-5"></a><span class="n">np</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">concatenate</span><span class="p">((</span><span class="n">array1</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="n">array2</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="o">...</span><span class="p">),</span> <span class="n">axis</span><span class="p">)</span> <span class="c1"># joins a sequence of arrays along an existing axis (axis is an int)</span>
+</code></pre></div></td></tr></table></div>
+<h2 id="splitting-arrays">SPLITTING ARRAYS</h2>
+<div class="highlight"><table class="highlighttable"><tr><th colspan="2" class="filename"><span class="filename">Python</span></th></tr><tr><td class="linenos"><div class="linenodiv"><pre><span></span><span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-5-1">1</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-5-2">2</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-5-3">3</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-5-4">4</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-5-5">5</a></span></pre></div></td><td class="code"><div><pre><span></span><code><a id="__codelineno-5-1" name="__codelineno-5-1"></a><span class="n">np</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">split</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="n">array</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="n">indices</span><span class="p">)</span>  <span class="c1"># splits an array into equall7 long sub-arrays (indices is int), if not possible raises error</span>
+<a id="__codelineno-5-2" name="__codelineno-5-2"></a><span class="n">np</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">vsplit</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="n">array</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="n">indices</span><span class="p">)</span>  <span class="c1"># splits an array equally into sub-arrays vertically (row wise) if not possible raises error</span>
+<a id="__codelineno-5-3" name="__codelineno-5-3"></a><span class="n">np</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">hsplit</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="n">array</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="n">indices</span><span class="p">)</span>  <span class="c1"># splits an array equally into sub-arrays horizontally (column wise) if not possible raises error</span>
+<a id="__codelineno-5-4" name="__codelineno-5-4"></a><span class="n">np</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">dsplit</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="n">array</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="n">indices</span><span class="p">)</span>  <span class="c1"># splits an array into equally sub-arrays along the 3rd axis (depth) if not possible raises error</span>
+<a id="__codelineno-5-5" name="__codelineno-5-5"></a><span class="n">np</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">array_split</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="n">array</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="n">indices</span><span class="p">)</span> <span class="c1"># splits an array into sub-arrays, arrays can be of different lengths</span>
+</code></pre></div></td></tr></table></div>
+<h2 id="view">VIEW()</h2>
+<div class="highlight"><table class="highlighttable"><tr><th colspan="2" class="filename"><span class="filename">Python</span></th></tr><tr><td class="linenos"><div class="linenodiv"><pre><span></span><span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-6-1">1</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-6-2">2</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-6-3">3</a></span></pre></div></td><td class="code"><div><pre><span></span><code><a id="__codelineno-6-1" name="__codelineno-6-1"></a><span class="n">var</span> <span class="o">=</span> <span class="n">array</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">view</span><span class="p">()</span>  <span class="c1"># creates a new array that looks at the same data</span>
+<a id="__codelineno-6-2" name="__codelineno-6-2"></a><span class="c1"># slicing returns a view</span>
+<a id="__codelineno-6-3" name="__codelineno-6-3"></a><span class="c1"># view shapes are separated but assignment changes all arrays</span>
+</code></pre></div></td></tr></table></div>
+<h2 id="copy">COPY()</h2>
+<div class="highlight"><table class="highlighttable"><tr><th colspan="2" class="filename"><span class="filename">Python</span></th></tr><tr><td class="linenos"><div class="linenodiv"><pre><span></span><span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-7-1">1</a></span></pre></div></td><td class="code"><div><pre><span></span><code><a id="__codelineno-7-1" name="__codelineno-7-1"></a><span class="n">var</span> <span class="o">=</span> <span class="n">array</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">copy</span><span class="p">()</span>  <span class="c1"># creates a deep copy of the array</span>
+</code></pre></div></td></tr></table></div>
+<h2 id="indexing-slicing-iterating">INDEXING, SLICING, ITERATING</h2>
+<p>1-dimensional  &rarr; sliced, iterated and indexed as standard
+n-dimensional &rarr; one index per axis, index given in tuple separated by commas <code>[i, j] (i, j)</code>
+dots (<code>...</code>) represent as many colons as needed to produce complete indexing tuple</p>
+<ul>
+<li><code>x[1, 2, ...] == [1, 2, :, :, :]</code></li>
+<li><code>x[..., 3] == [:, :, :, :, 3]</code></li>
+<li><code>x[4, ..., 5, :] == [4, :, :, 5, :]</code>
+iteration on first index, use .flat() to iterate over each element</li>
+<li><code>x[*bool]</code> returns row with corresponding True index</li>
+<li><code>x[condition]</code> return only elements that satisfy condition</li>
+<li>x<code>[[*index]]</code> return rows ordered by indexes</li>
+<li><code>x[[*i], [*j]]</code> return elements selected by tuple (i, j)</li>
+<li><code>x[ np.ix_( [*i], [*j] ) ]</code> return rectangular region</li>
+</ul>
+<h2 id="universal-functions-ufunc">UNIVERSAL FUNCTIONS (ufunc)</h2>
+<p>Functions that performs element-wise operations (vectorization).</p>
+<div class="highlight"><table class="highlighttable"><tr><th colspan="2" class="filename"><span class="filename">Python</span></th></tr><tr><td class="linenos"><div class="linenodiv"><pre><span></span><span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-8-1"> 1</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-8-2"> 2</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-8-3"> 3</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-8-4"> 4</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-8-5"> 5</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-8-6"> 6</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-8-7"> 7</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-8-8"> 8</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-8-9"> 9</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-8-10">10</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-8-11">11</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-8-12">12</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-8-13">13</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-8-14">14</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-8-15">15</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-8-16">16</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-8-17">17</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-8-18">18</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-8-19">19</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-8-20">20</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-8-21">21</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-8-22">22</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-8-23">23</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-8-24">24</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-8-25">25</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-8-26">26</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-8-27">27</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-8-28">28</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-8-29">29</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-8-30">30</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-8-31">31</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-8-32">32</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-8-33">33</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-8-34">34</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-8-35">35</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-8-36">36</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-8-37">37</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-8-38">38</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-8-39">39</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-8-40">40</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-8-41">41</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-8-42">42</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-8-43">43</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-8-44">44</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-8-45">45</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-8-46">46</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-8-47">47</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-8-48">48</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-8-49">49</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-8-50">50</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-8-51">51</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-8-52">52</a></span></pre></div></td><td class="code"><div><pre><span></span><code><a id="__codelineno-8-1" name="__codelineno-8-1"></a><span class="n">np</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">abs</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="n">array</span><span class="p">)</span>  <span class="c1"># vectorized abs(), return element absolute value</span>
+<a id="__codelineno-8-2" name="__codelineno-8-2"></a><span class="n">np</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">fabs</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="n">array</span><span class="p">)</span>  <span class="c1"># faster abs() for non-complex values</span>
+<a id="__codelineno-8-3" name="__codelineno-8-3"></a><span class="n">np</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">sqrt</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="n">array</span><span class="p">)</span>  <span class="c1"># vectorized square root (x^0.5)</span>
+<a id="__codelineno-8-4" name="__codelineno-8-4"></a><span class="n">np</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">square</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="n">array</span><span class="p">)</span> <span class="c1"># vectorized square (x^2)</span>
+<a id="__codelineno-8-5" name="__codelineno-8-5"></a><span class="n">np</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">exp</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="n">array</span><span class="p">)</span>  <span class="c1"># vectorized natural exponentiation (e^x)</span>
+<a id="__codelineno-8-6" name="__codelineno-8-6"></a><span class="n">np</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">log</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="n">array</span><span class="p">)</span>  <span class="c1"># vectorized natural log(x)</span>
+<a id="__codelineno-8-7" name="__codelineno-8-7"></a><span class="n">np</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">log10</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="n">array</span><span class="p">)</span>  <span class="c1"># vectorized log10(x)</span>
+<a id="__codelineno-8-8" name="__codelineno-8-8"></a><span class="n">np</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">log2</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="n">array</span><span class="p">)</span>  <span class="c1"># vectorized log2(x)</span>
+<a id="__codelineno-8-9" name="__codelineno-8-9"></a><span class="n">np</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">log1p</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="n">array</span><span class="p">)</span>  <span class="c1"># vectorized log(1 + x)</span>
+<a id="__codelineno-8-10" name="__codelineno-8-10"></a><span class="n">np</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">sign</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="n">array</span><span class="p">)</span>  <span class="c1"># vectorized sign (1, 0, -1)</span>
+<a id="__codelineno-8-11" name="__codelineno-8-11"></a><span class="n">np</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">ceil</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="n">array</span><span class="p">)</span>  <span class="c1"># vectorized ceil()</span>
+<a id="__codelineno-8-12" name="__codelineno-8-12"></a><span class="n">np</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">floor</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="n">array</span><span class="p">)</span>  <span class="c1"># vectorized floor()</span>
+<a id="__codelineno-8-13" name="__codelineno-8-13"></a><span class="n">np</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">rint</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="n">array</span><span class="p">)</span>     <span class="c1"># vectorized round() to nearest int</span>
+<a id="__codelineno-8-14" name="__codelineno-8-14"></a><span class="n">np</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">modf</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="n">array</span><span class="p">)</span>  <span class="c1">#  vectorized divmod(), returns the fractional and integral parts of element</span>
+<a id="__codelineno-8-15" name="__codelineno-8-15"></a><span class="n">np</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">isnan</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="n">array</span><span class="p">)</span>   <span class="c1"># vectorized x == NaN, return boolean array</span>
+<a id="__codelineno-8-16" name="__codelineno-8-16"></a><span class="n">np</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">isinf</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="n">array</span><span class="p">)</span>  <span class="c1"># vectorized test for positive or negative infinity, return boolean array</span>
+<a id="__codelineno-8-17" name="__codelineno-8-17"></a><span class="n">np</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">isfineite</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="n">array</span><span class="p">)</span>  <span class="c1"># vectorized test fo finiteness, returns boolean array</span>
+<a id="__codelineno-8-18" name="__codelineno-8-18"></a><span class="n">np</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">cos</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="n">array</span><span class="p">)</span>  <span class="c1"># vectorized cos(x)</span>
+<a id="__codelineno-8-19" name="__codelineno-8-19"></a><span class="n">np</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">sin</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="n">array</span><span class="p">)</span>  <span class="c1"># vectorized sin(x)</span>
+<a id="__codelineno-8-20" name="__codelineno-8-20"></a><span class="n">np</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">tan</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="n">array</span><span class="p">)</span>  <span class="c1"># vectorized tan(x)</span>
+<a id="__codelineno-8-21" name="__codelineno-8-21"></a><span class="n">np</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">cosh</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="n">array</span><span class="p">)</span>  <span class="c1"># vectorized cosh(x)</span>
+<a id="__codelineno-8-22" name="__codelineno-8-22"></a><span class="n">np</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">sinh</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="n">array</span><span class="p">)</span>   <span class="c1"># vector sinh(x)</span>
+<a id="__codelineno-8-23" name="__codelineno-8-23"></a><span class="n">np</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">tanh</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="n">array</span><span class="p">)</span>  <span class="c1"># vectorized tanh(x)</span>
+<a id="__codelineno-8-24" name="__codelineno-8-24"></a><span class="n">np</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">arccos</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="n">array</span><span class="p">)</span>  <span class="c1"># vectorized arccos(x)</span>
+<a id="__codelineno-8-25" name="__codelineno-8-25"></a><span class="n">np</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">arcsinh</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="n">array</span><span class="p">)</span>  <span class="c1"># vectorized arcsinh(x)</span>
+<a id="__codelineno-8-26" name="__codelineno-8-26"></a><span class="n">np</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">arctan</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="n">array</span><span class="p">)</span>  <span class="c1"># vectorized arctan(x)</span>
+<a id="__codelineno-8-27" name="__codelineno-8-27"></a><span class="n">np</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">arccosh</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="n">array</span><span class="p">)</span>  <span class="c1"># vectorized arccosh(x)</span>
+<a id="__codelineno-8-28" name="__codelineno-8-28"></a><span class="n">np</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">arcsinh</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="n">array</span><span class="p">)</span>  <span class="c1"># vectorized arcsin(x)</span>
+<a id="__codelineno-8-29" name="__codelineno-8-29"></a><span class="n">np</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">arctanh</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="n">array</span><span class="p">)</span>  <span class="c1"># vectorized arctanh(x)</span>
+<a id="__codelineno-8-30" name="__codelineno-8-30"></a><span class="n">np</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">logical_not</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="n">array</span><span class="p">)</span>  <span class="c1"># vectorized not(x), equivalent to -array</span>
+<a id="__codelineno-8-31" name="__codelineno-8-31"></a>
+<a id="__codelineno-8-32" name="__codelineno-8-32"></a><span class="n">np</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">add</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="n">x_array</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="n">y_array</span><span class="p">)</span>  <span class="c1"># vectorized addition</span>
+<a id="__codelineno-8-33" name="__codelineno-8-33"></a><span class="n">np</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">subtract</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="n">x_array</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="n">y_array</span><span class="p">)</span>  <span class="c1"># vectorized subtraction</span>
+<a id="__codelineno-8-34" name="__codelineno-8-34"></a><span class="n">np</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">multiply</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="n">x_array</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="n">y_array</span><span class="p">)</span>  <span class="c1"># vectorized multiplication</span>
+<a id="__codelineno-8-35" name="__codelineno-8-35"></a><span class="n">np</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">divide</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="n">x_array</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="n">y_array</span><span class="p">)</span>  <span class="c1"># vectorized division</span>
+<a id="__codelineno-8-36" name="__codelineno-8-36"></a><span class="n">np</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">floor_divide</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="n">x_array</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="n">y_array</span><span class="p">)</span>  <span class="c1"># vectorized floor division</span>
+<a id="__codelineno-8-37" name="__codelineno-8-37"></a><span class="n">np</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">power</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="n">x_array</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="n">y_array</span><span class="p">)</span>  <span class="c1"># vectorized power</span>
+<a id="__codelineno-8-38" name="__codelineno-8-38"></a><span class="n">np</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">maximum</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="n">x_array</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="n">y_array</span><span class="p">)</span>  <span class="c1"># vectorized maximum</span>
+<a id="__codelineno-8-39" name="__codelineno-8-39"></a><span class="n">np</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">minimum</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="n">x_array</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="n">y_array</span><span class="p">)</span>  <span class="c1"># vectorized minimum</span>
+<a id="__codelineno-8-40" name="__codelineno-8-40"></a><span class="n">np</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">fmax</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="n">x_array</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="n">y_array</span><span class="p">)</span>  <span class="c1"># vectorized maximum, ignores NaN</span>
+<a id="__codelineno-8-41" name="__codelineno-8-41"></a><span class="n">np</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">fmin</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="n">x_array</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="n">y_array</span><span class="p">)</span>  <span class="c1"># vectorized minimum, ignores NaN</span>
+<a id="__codelineno-8-42" name="__codelineno-8-42"></a><span class="n">np</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">mod</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="n">x_array</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="n">y_array</span><span class="p">)</span>  <span class="c1"># vectorized modulus</span>
+<a id="__codelineno-8-43" name="__codelineno-8-43"></a><span class="n">np</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">copysign</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="n">x_array</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="n">y_array</span><span class="p">)</span>  <span class="c1">#  vectorized copy sign from y_array to x_array</span>
+<a id="__codelineno-8-44" name="__codelineno-8-44"></a><span class="n">np</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">greater</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="n">x_array</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="n">y_array</span><span class="p">)</span>  <span class="c1"># vectorized x &gt; y</span>
+<a id="__codelineno-8-45" name="__codelineno-8-45"></a><span class="n">np</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">less</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="n">x_array</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="n">y_array</span><span class="p">)</span>  <span class="c1"># vectorized x &lt; y</span>
+<a id="__codelineno-8-46" name="__codelineno-8-46"></a><span class="n">np</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">greter_equal</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="n">x_array</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="n">y_array</span><span class="p">)</span>  <span class="c1"># vectorized x &gt;= y</span>
+<a id="__codelineno-8-47" name="__codelineno-8-47"></a><span class="n">np</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">less_equal</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="n">x_array</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="n">y_array</span><span class="p">)</span>  <span class="c1"># vectorized x &lt;= y</span>
+<a id="__codelineno-8-48" name="__codelineno-8-48"></a><span class="n">np</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">equal</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="n">x_array</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="n">y_array</span><span class="p">)</span>  <span class="c1"># vectorized x == y</span>
+<a id="__codelineno-8-49" name="__codelineno-8-49"></a><span class="n">np</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">not_equal</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="n">x_array</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="n">y_array</span><span class="p">)</span>  <span class="c1"># vectorized x != y</span>
+<a id="__codelineno-8-50" name="__codelineno-8-50"></a><span class="n">np</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">logical_and</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="n">x_array</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="n">y_array</span><span class="p">)</span>  <span class="c1"># vectorized x &amp; y</span>
+<a id="__codelineno-8-51" name="__codelineno-8-51"></a><span class="n">np</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">logical_or</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="n">x_array</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="n">y_array</span><span class="p">)</span>  <span class="c1"># vectorized x | y</span>
+<a id="__codelineno-8-52" name="__codelineno-8-52"></a><span class="n">np</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">logical_xor</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="n">x_array</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="n">y_array</span><span class="p">)</span>  <span class="c1"># vectorized x ^ y</span>
+</code></pre></div></td></tr></table></div>
+<h2 id="conditional-logic-as-array-operations">CONDITIONAL LOGIC AS ARRAY OPERATIONS</h2>
+<div class="highlight"><table class="highlighttable"><tr><th colspan="2" class="filename"><span class="filename">Python</span></th></tr><tr><td class="linenos"><div class="linenodiv"><pre><span></span><span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-9-1">1</a></span></pre></div></td><td class="code"><div><pre><span></span><code><a id="__codelineno-9-1" name="__codelineno-9-1"></a><span class="n">np</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">where</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="n">condition</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="n">x</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="n">y</span><span class="p">)</span>  <span class="c1"># return x if condition == True, y otherwise</span>
+</code></pre></div></td></tr></table></div>
+<h2 id="mathematical-and-statistical-methods">MATHEMATICAL AND STATISTICAL METHODS</h2>
+<p><code>np.method(array, args)</code> or <code>array.method(args)</code>.<br />
+Boolean values are coerced to 1 (<code>True</code>) and 0 (<code>False</code>).</p>
+<div class="highlight"><table class="highlighttable"><tr><th colspan="2" class="filename"><span class="filename">Python</span></th></tr><tr><td class="linenos"><div class="linenodiv"><pre><span></span><span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-10-1"> 1</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-10-2"> 2</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-10-3"> 3</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-10-4"> 4</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-10-5"> 5</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-10-6"> 6</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-10-7"> 7</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-10-8"> 8</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-10-9"> 9</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-10-10">10</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-10-11">11</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-10-12">12</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-10-13">13</a></span></pre></div></td><td class="code"><div><pre><span></span><code><a id="__codelineno-10-1" name="__codelineno-10-1"></a><span class="n">np</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">sum</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="n">array</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="n">axis</span><span class="o">=</span><span class="kc">None</span><span class="p">)</span>  <span class="c1"># sum of array elements over a given axis</span>
+<a id="__codelineno-10-2" name="__codelineno-10-2"></a><span class="n">np</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">median</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="n">array</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="n">axis</span><span class="o">=</span><span class="kc">None</span><span class="p">)</span>  <span class="c1"># median along the specified axis</span>
+<a id="__codelineno-10-3" name="__codelineno-10-3"></a><span class="n">np</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">mean</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="n">array</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="n">axis</span><span class="o">=</span><span class="kc">None</span><span class="p">)</span>  <span class="c1"># arithmetic mean along the specified axis</span>
+<a id="__codelineno-10-4" name="__codelineno-10-4"></a><span class="n">np</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">average</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="n">array</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="n">axis</span><span class="o">=</span><span class="kc">None</span><span class="p">)</span>  <span class="c1">#  weighted average along the specified axis</span>
+<a id="__codelineno-10-5" name="__codelineno-10-5"></a><span class="n">np</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">std</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="n">array</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="n">axis</span><span class="o">=</span><span class="kc">None</span><span class="p">)</span>  <span class="c1"># standard deviation along the specified axis</span>
+<a id="__codelineno-10-6" name="__codelineno-10-6"></a><span class="n">np</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">var</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="n">array</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="n">axis</span><span class="o">=</span><span class="kc">None</span><span class="p">)</span>  <span class="c1"># variance along the specified axis</span>
+<a id="__codelineno-10-7" name="__codelineno-10-7"></a>
+<a id="__codelineno-10-8" name="__codelineno-10-8"></a><span class="n">np</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">min</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="n">array</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="n">axis</span><span class="o">=</span><span class="kc">None</span><span class="p">)</span>  <span class="c1"># minimum value along the specified axis</span>
+<a id="__codelineno-10-9" name="__codelineno-10-9"></a><span class="n">np</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">max</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="n">array</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="n">axis</span><span class="o">=</span><span class="kc">None</span><span class="p">)</span>  <span class="c1"># maximum value along the specified axis</span>
+<a id="__codelineno-10-10" name="__codelineno-10-10"></a><span class="n">np</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">argmin</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="n">array</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="n">axis</span><span class="o">=</span><span class="kc">None</span><span class="p">)</span>  <span class="c1"># indices of the minimum values along an axis</span>
+<a id="__codelineno-10-11" name="__codelineno-10-11"></a><span class="n">np</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">argmax</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="n">array</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="n">axis</span><span class="o">=</span><span class="kc">None</span><span class="p">)</span>  <span class="c1"># indices of the maximum values</span>
+<a id="__codelineno-10-12" name="__codelineno-10-12"></a><span class="n">np</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">cumsum</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="n">array</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="n">axis</span><span class="o">=</span><span class="kc">None</span><span class="p">)</span>  <span class="c1"># cumulative sum of the elements along a given axis</span>
+<a id="__codelineno-10-13" name="__codelineno-10-13"></a><span class="n">np</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">cumprod</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="n">array</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="n">axis</span><span class="o">=</span><span class="kc">None</span><span class="p">)</span>  <span class="c1"># cumulative sum of the elements along a given axis</span>
+</code></pre></div></td></tr></table></div>
+<h2 id="methods-for-boolean-arrays">METHODS FOR BOOLEAN ARRAYS</h2>
+<div class="highlight"><table class="highlighttable"><tr><th colspan="2" class="filename"><span class="filename">Python</span></th></tr><tr><td class="linenos"><div class="linenodiv"><pre><span></span><span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-11-1">1</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-11-2">2</a></span></pre></div></td><td class="code"><div><pre><span></span><code><a id="__codelineno-11-1" name="__codelineno-11-1"></a><span class="n">np</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">all</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="n">array</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="n">axis</span><span class="o">=</span><span class="kc">None</span><span class="p">)</span>  <span class="c1"># test whether all array elements along a given axis evaluate to True</span>
+<a id="__codelineno-11-2" name="__codelineno-11-2"></a><span class="n">np</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">any</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="n">array</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="n">axis</span><span class="o">=</span><span class="kc">None</span><span class="p">)</span>  <span class="c1"># test whether any array element along a given axis evaluates to True</span>
+</code></pre></div></td></tr></table></div>
+<h2 id="sorting">SORTING</h2>
+<div class="highlight"><table class="highlighttable"><tr><th colspan="2" class="filename"><span class="filename">Python</span></th></tr><tr><td class="linenos"><div class="linenodiv"><pre><span></span><span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-12-1">1</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-12-2">2</a></span></pre></div></td><td class="code"><div><pre><span></span><code><a id="__codelineno-12-1" name="__codelineno-12-1"></a><span class="n">array</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">sort</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="n">axis</span><span class="o">=-</span><span class="mi">1</span><span class="p">)</span>  <span class="c1"># sort an array in-place (axis = None applies on flattened array)</span>
+<a id="__codelineno-12-2" name="__codelineno-12-2"></a><span class="n">np</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">sort</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="n">array</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="n">axis</span><span class="o">=-</span><span class="mi">1</span><span class="p">)</span>  <span class="c1"># return a sorted copy of an array (axis = None applies on flattened array)</span>
+</code></pre></div></td></tr></table></div>
+<h2 id="set-logic">SET LOGIC</h2>
+<div class="highlight"><table class="highlighttable"><tr><th colspan="2" class="filename"><span class="filename">Python</span></th></tr><tr><td class="linenos"><div class="linenodiv"><pre><span></span><span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-13-1">1</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-13-2">2</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-13-3">3</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-13-4">4</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-13-5">5</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-13-6">6</a></span></pre></div></td><td class="code"><div><pre><span></span><code><a id="__codelineno-13-1" name="__codelineno-13-1"></a><span class="n">np</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">unique</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="n">array</span><span class="p">)</span>  <span class="c1"># sorted unique elements of an array</span>
+<a id="__codelineno-13-2" name="__codelineno-13-2"></a><span class="n">np</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">intersect1d</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="n">x</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="n">y</span><span class="p">)</span>  <span class="c1"># sorted common elements in x and y</span>
+<a id="__codelineno-13-3" name="__codelineno-13-3"></a><span class="n">np</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">union1d</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="n">x</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="n">y</span><span class="p">)</span>  <span class="c1"># sorte union of elements</span>
+<a id="__codelineno-13-4" name="__codelineno-13-4"></a><span class="n">np</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">in1d</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="n">x</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="n">y</span><span class="p">)</span>  <span class="c1">#  boolean array indicating whether each element of x is contained in y</span>
+<a id="__codelineno-13-5" name="__codelineno-13-5"></a><span class="n">np</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">setdiff1d</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="n">x</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="n">y</span><span class="p">)</span>  <span class="c1"># Set difference, elements in x that are not in y</span>
+<a id="__codelineno-13-6" name="__codelineno-13-6"></a><span class="n">np</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">setxor1d</span><span class="p">()</span>  <span class="c1"># Set symmetric differences; elements that are in either of the arrays, but not both</span>
+</code></pre></div></td></tr></table></div>
+<h2 id="file-io-with-arrays">FILE I/O WITH ARRAYS</h2>
+<div class="highlight"><table class="highlighttable"><tr><th colspan="2" class="filename"><span class="filename">Python</span></th></tr><tr><td class="linenos"><div class="linenodiv"><pre><span></span><span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-14-1"> 1</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-14-2"> 2</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-14-3"> 3</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-14-4"> 4</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-14-5"> 5</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-14-6"> 6</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-14-7"> 7</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-14-8"> 8</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-14-9"> 9</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-14-10">10</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-14-11">11</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-14-12">12</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-14-13">13</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-14-14">14</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-14-15">15</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-14-16">16</a></span></pre></div></td><td class="code"><div><pre><span></span><code><a id="__codelineno-14-1" name="__codelineno-14-1"></a><span class="n">np</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">save</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="n">file</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="n">array</span><span class="p">)</span>  <span class="c1"># save array to binary file in .npy format</span>
+<a id="__codelineno-14-2" name="__codelineno-14-2"></a><span class="n">np</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">savez</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="n">file</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="o">*</span><span class="n">array</span><span class="p">)</span> <span class="c1"># save several arrays into a single file in uncompressed .npz format</span>
+<a id="__codelineno-14-3" name="__codelineno-14-3"></a><span class="n">np</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">savez_compressed</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="n">file</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="o">*</span><span class="n">args</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="o">*</span><span class="n">kwargs</span><span class="p">)</span>  <span class="c1"># save several arrays into a single file in compressed .npz format</span>
+<a id="__codelineno-14-4" name="__codelineno-14-4"></a><span class="c1"># *ARGS: arrays to save to the file. arrays will be saved with names &quot;arr_0&quot;, &quot;arr_1&quot;, and so on</span>
+<a id="__codelineno-14-5" name="__codelineno-14-5"></a><span class="c1"># **KWARGS: arrays to save to the file. arrays will be saved in the file with the keyword names</span>
+<a id="__codelineno-14-6" name="__codelineno-14-6"></a>
+<a id="__codelineno-14-7" name="__codelineno-14-7"></a><span class="n">np</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">savetxt</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="n">file</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="n">X</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="n">fmt</span><span class="o">=</span><span class="s2">&quot;</span><span class="si">%.18e</span><span class="s2">&quot;</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="n">delimiter</span><span class="o">=</span><span class="s2">&quot; &quot;</span><span class="p">)</span>   <span class="c1"># save array to text file</span>
+<a id="__codelineno-14-8" name="__codelineno-14-8"></a><span class="c1"># X: 1D or 2D</span>
+<a id="__codelineno-14-9" name="__codelineno-14-9"></a><span class="c1"># FMT: Python Format Specification Mini-Language</span>
+<a id="__codelineno-14-10" name="__codelineno-14-10"></a><span class="c1"># DELIMITER: {str} -- string used to separate values</span>
+<a id="__codelineno-14-11" name="__codelineno-14-11"></a>
+<a id="__codelineno-14-12" name="__codelineno-14-12"></a><span class="n">np</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">load</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="n">file</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="n">allow_pickle</span><span class="o">=</span><span class="kc">False</span><span class="p">)</span>  <span class="c1"># load arrays or pickled objects from .npy, .npz or pickled files</span>
+<a id="__codelineno-14-13" name="__codelineno-14-13"></a><span class="n">np</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">loadtxt</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="n">file</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="n">dtype</span><span class="o">=</span><span class="nb">float</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="n">comments</span><span class="o">=</span><span class="s2">&quot;#&quot;</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="n">delimiter</span><span class="o">=</span><span class="kc">None</span><span class="p">)</span>
+<a id="__codelineno-14-14" name="__codelineno-14-14"></a><span class="c1"># DTYPE: {data type} -- data-type of the resulting array</span>
+<a id="__codelineno-14-15" name="__codelineno-14-15"></a><span class="c1"># COMMENTS: {str} -- characters used to indicate the start of a comment. None implies no comments</span>
+<a id="__codelineno-14-16" name="__codelineno-14-16"></a><span class="c1"># DELIMITER: {str} -- string used to separate values</span>
+</code></pre></div></td></tr></table></div>
+<h2 id="linear-algebra">LINEAR ALGEBRA</h2>
+<div class="highlight"><table class="highlighttable"><tr><th colspan="2" class="filename"><span class="filename">Python</span></th></tr><tr><td class="linenos"><div class="linenodiv"><pre><span></span><span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-15-1"> 1</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-15-2"> 2</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-15-3"> 3</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-15-4"> 4</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-15-5"> 5</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-15-6"> 6</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-15-7"> 7</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-15-8"> 8</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-15-9"> 9</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-15-10">10</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-15-11">11</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-15-12">12</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-15-13">13</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-15-14">14</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-15-15">15</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-15-16">16</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-15-17">17</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-15-18">18</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-15-19">19</a></span></pre></div></td><td class="code"><div><pre><span></span><code><a id="__codelineno-15-1" name="__codelineno-15-1"></a><span class="n">np</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">diag</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="n">array</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="n">k</span><span class="o">=</span><span class="mi">0</span><span class="p">)</span>  <span class="c1"># extract a diagonal or construct a diagonal array</span>
+<a id="__codelineno-15-2" name="__codelineno-15-2"></a><span class="c1"># K: {int} -- k&gt;0 diagonals above main diagonal, k&lt;0 diagonals below main diagonal (main diagonal k = 0)</span>
+<a id="__codelineno-15-3" name="__codelineno-15-3"></a>
+<a id="__codelineno-15-4" name="__codelineno-15-4"></a><span class="n">np</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">dot</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="n">x</span> <span class="p">,</span><span class="n">y</span><span class="p">)</span>  <span class="c1"># matrix dot product</span>
+<a id="__codelineno-15-5" name="__codelineno-15-5"></a><span class="n">np</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">trace</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="n">array</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="n">offset</span><span class="o">=</span><span class="mi">0</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="n">dtype</span><span class="o">=</span><span class="kc">None</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="n">out</span><span class="o">=</span><span class="kc">None</span><span class="p">)</span>  <span class="c1"># return the sum along diagonals of the array</span>
+<a id="__codelineno-15-6" name="__codelineno-15-6"></a><span class="c1"># OFFSET: {int} -- offset of the diagonal from the main diagonal</span>
+<a id="__codelineno-15-7" name="__codelineno-15-7"></a><span class="c1"># dtype: {dtype} -- determines the data-type of the returned array</span>
+<a id="__codelineno-15-8" name="__codelineno-15-8"></a><span class="c1"># OUT: {ndarray} -- array into which the output is placed</span>
+<a id="__codelineno-15-9" name="__codelineno-15-9"></a>
+<a id="__codelineno-15-10" name="__codelineno-15-10"></a><span class="n">np</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">linalg</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">det</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="n">A</span><span class="p">)</span>  <span class="c1"># compute the determinant of an array</span>
+<a id="__codelineno-15-11" name="__codelineno-15-11"></a><span class="n">np</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">linalg</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">eig</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="n">A</span><span class="p">)</span>  <span class="c1"># compute the eigenvalues and right eigenvectors of a square array</span>
+<a id="__codelineno-15-12" name="__codelineno-15-12"></a><span class="n">np</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">linalg</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">inv</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="n">A</span><span class="p">)</span>  <span class="c1"># compute the (multiplicative) inverse of a matrix</span>
+<a id="__codelineno-15-13" name="__codelineno-15-13"></a><span class="c1"># A_inv satisfies dot(A, A_inv) = dor(A_inv, A) = eye(A.shape[0])</span>
+<a id="__codelineno-15-14" name="__codelineno-15-14"></a>
+<a id="__codelineno-15-15" name="__codelineno-15-15"></a><span class="n">np</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">linalg</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">pinv</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="n">A</span><span class="p">)</span>  <span class="c1"># compute the (Moore-Penrose) pseudo-inverse of a matrix</span>
+<a id="__codelineno-15-16" name="__codelineno-15-16"></a><span class="n">np</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">linalg</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">qr</span><span class="p">()</span>  <span class="c1"># factor the matrix a as qr, where q is orthonormal and r is upper-triangular</span>
+<a id="__codelineno-15-17" name="__codelineno-15-17"></a><span class="n">np</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">linalg</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">svd</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="n">A</span><span class="p">)</span>  <span class="c1"># Singular Value Decomposition</span>
+<a id="__codelineno-15-18" name="__codelineno-15-18"></a><span class="n">np</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">linalg</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">solve</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="n">A</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="n">B</span><span class="p">)</span>  <span class="c1"># solve a linear matrix equation, or system of linear scalar equations AX = B</span>
+<a id="__codelineno-15-19" name="__codelineno-15-19"></a><span class="n">np</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">linalg</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">lstsq</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="n">A</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="n">B</span><span class="p">)</span>  <span class="c1"># return the least-squares solution to a linear matrix equation AX = B</span>
+</code></pre></div></td></tr></table></div>
+<h2 id="random-number-generation">RANDOM NUMBER GENERATION</h2>
+<div class="highlight"><table class="highlighttable"><tr><th colspan="2" class="filename"><span class="filename">Python</span></th></tr><tr><td class="linenos"><div class="linenodiv"><pre><span></span><span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-16-1"> 1</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-16-2"> 2</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-16-3"> 3</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-16-4"> 4</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-16-5"> 5</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-16-6"> 6</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-16-7"> 7</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-16-8"> 8</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-16-9"> 9</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-16-10">10</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-16-11">11</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-16-12">12</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-16-13">13</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-16-14">14</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-16-15">15</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-16-16">16</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-16-17">17</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-16-18">18</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-16-19">19</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-16-20">20</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-16-21">21</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-16-22">22</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-16-23">23</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-16-24">24</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-16-25">25</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-16-26">26</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-16-27">27</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-16-28">28</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-16-29">29</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-16-30">30</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-16-31">31</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-16-32">32</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-16-33">33</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-16-34">34</a></span></pre></div></td><td class="code"><div><pre><span></span><code><a id="__codelineno-16-1" name="__codelineno-16-1"></a><span class="n">np</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">random</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">seed</span><span class="p">()</span>
+<a id="__codelineno-16-2" name="__codelineno-16-2"></a><span class="n">np</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">random</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">rand</span><span class="p">()</span>
+<a id="__codelineno-16-3" name="__codelineno-16-3"></a><span class="n">np</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">random</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">randn</span><span class="p">()</span>
+<a id="__codelineno-16-4" name="__codelineno-16-4"></a><span class="n">np</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">random</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">randint</span><span class="p">()</span>
+<a id="__codelineno-16-5" name="__codelineno-16-5"></a><span class="n">np</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">random</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">Generator</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">permutation</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="n">x</span><span class="p">)</span>  <span class="c1"># randomly permute a sequence, or return a permuted range</span>
+<a id="__codelineno-16-6" name="__codelineno-16-6"></a><span class="n">np</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">random</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">Generator</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">shuffle</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="n">x</span><span class="p">)</span>  <span class="c1"># Modify a sequence in-place by shuffling its contents</span>
+<a id="__codelineno-16-7" name="__codelineno-16-7"></a>
+<a id="__codelineno-16-8" name="__codelineno-16-8"></a><span class="n">np</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">random</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">Generator</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">beta</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="n">a</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="n">b</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="n">size</span><span class="o">=</span><span class="kc">None</span><span class="p">)</span>  <span class="c1"># draw samples from a Beta distribution</span>
+<a id="__codelineno-16-9" name="__codelineno-16-9"></a><span class="c1"># A: {float, array floats} -- Alpha, &gt; 0</span>
+<a id="__codelineno-16-10" name="__codelineno-16-10"></a><span class="c1"># B: {int, tuple ints} -- Beta, &gt; 0</span>
+<a id="__codelineno-16-11" name="__codelineno-16-11"></a>
+<a id="__codelineno-16-12" name="__codelineno-16-12"></a><span class="n">np</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">random</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">Generator</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">binomial</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="n">n</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="n">p</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="n">size</span><span class="o">=</span><span class="kc">None</span><span class="p">)</span>  <span class="c1"># draw samples from a binomial distribution</span>
+<a id="__codelineno-16-13" name="__codelineno-16-13"></a><span class="c1"># N: {int, array ints} -- parameter of the distribution, &gt;= 0</span>
+<a id="__codelineno-16-14" name="__codelineno-16-14"></a><span class="c1"># P: {float, arrey floats} -- Parameter of the distribution, &gt;= 0 and &lt;= 1</span>
+<a id="__codelineno-16-15" name="__codelineno-16-15"></a>
+<a id="__codelineno-16-16" name="__codelineno-16-16"></a><span class="n">np</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">random</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">Generator</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">chisquare</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="n">df</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="n">size</span><span class="o">=</span><span class="kc">None</span><span class="p">)</span>
+<a id="__codelineno-16-17" name="__codelineno-16-17"></a><span class="c1"># DF: {float, array floats} -- degrees of freedom, &gt; 0</span>
+<a id="__codelineno-16-18" name="__codelineno-16-18"></a>
+<a id="__codelineno-16-19" name="__codelineno-16-19"></a><span class="n">np</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">random</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">Generator</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">gamma</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="n">shape</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="n">scale</span><span class="o">=</span><span class="mf">1.0</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="n">size</span><span class="o">=</span><span class="kc">None</span><span class="p">)</span>  <span class="c1"># draw samples from a Gamma distribution</span>
+<a id="__codelineno-16-20" name="__codelineno-16-20"></a><span class="c1"># SHAPE: {float, array floats} -- shape of the gamma distribution, != 0</span>
+<a id="__codelineno-16-21" name="__codelineno-16-21"></a>
+<a id="__codelineno-16-22" name="__codelineno-16-22"></a><span class="n">np</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">random</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">Generator</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">normal</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="n">loc</span><span class="o">=</span><span class="mf">0.0</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="n">scale</span><span class="o">=</span><span class="mf">1.0</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="n">Size</span><span class="o">=</span><span class="kc">None</span><span class="p">)</span>  <span class="c1"># draw random samples from a normal (Gaussian) distribution</span>
+<a id="__codelineno-16-23" name="__codelineno-16-23"></a><span class="c1"># LOC: {float, all floats} -- mean (&quot;centre&quot;) of distribution</span>
+<a id="__codelineno-16-24" name="__codelineno-16-24"></a><span class="c1"># SCALE: {float, all floats} -- standard deviation of distribution, != 0</span>
+<a id="__codelineno-16-25" name="__codelineno-16-25"></a>
+<a id="__codelineno-16-26" name="__codelineno-16-26"></a><span class="n">np</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">random</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">Generator</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">poisson</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="n">lam</span><span class="o">=</span><span class="mf">1.0</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="n">size</span><span class="o">=</span><span class="kc">None</span><span class="p">)</span>  <span class="c1"># draw samples from a Poisson distribution</span>
+<a id="__codelineno-16-27" name="__codelineno-16-27"></a><span class="c1"># LAM: {float, all floats} -- expectation of interval, &gt;= 0</span>
+<a id="__codelineno-16-28" name="__codelineno-16-28"></a>
+<a id="__codelineno-16-29" name="__codelineno-16-29"></a><span class="n">np</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">random</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">Generator</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">uniform</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="n">low</span><span class="o">=</span><span class="mf">0.0</span><span class="p">,</span><span class="n">high</span><span class="o">=</span><span class="mf">1.0</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="n">size</span><span class="o">=</span><span class="kc">None</span><span class="p">)</span>  <span class="c1"># draw samples from a uniform distribution</span>
+<a id="__codelineno-16-30" name="__codelineno-16-30"></a><span class="c1"># LOW: {float, all floats} -- lower boundary of the output interval</span>
+<a id="__codelineno-16-31" name="__codelineno-16-31"></a><span class="c1"># HIGH: {float, all floats} -- upper boundary of the output interval</span>
+<a id="__codelineno-16-32" name="__codelineno-16-32"></a>
+<a id="__codelineno-16-33" name="__codelineno-16-33"></a><span class="n">np</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">random</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">Generator</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">zipf</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="n">a</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="n">size</span><span class="o">=</span><span class="kc">None</span><span class="p">)</span>  <span class="c1"># draw samples from a Zipf distribution</span>
+<a id="__codelineno-16-34" name="__codelineno-16-34"></a><span class="c1"># A: {float, all floats} -- distribution parameter, &gt; 1</span>
+</code></pre></div></td></tr></table></div>
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+  
+    
+    
+      
+        
+      
+        
+      
+    
+    
+      
+      
+        
+          
+          
+        
+      
+    
+    
+    <li class="md-nav__item md-nav__item--section md-nav__item--nested">
+      
+        
+        
+        <input class="md-nav__toggle md-toggle " type="checkbox" id="__nav_4_7" >
+        
+          
+          <label class="md-nav__link" for="__nav_4_7" id="__nav_4_7_label" tabindex="">
+            
+  
+  <span class="md-ellipsis">
+    Assembly
+  </span>
+  
+
+            <span class="md-nav__icon md-icon"></span>
+          </label>
+        
+        <nav class="md-nav" data-md-level="2" aria-labelledby="__nav_4_7_label" aria-expanded="false">
+          <label class="md-nav__title" for="__nav_4_7">
+            <span class="md-nav__icon md-icon"></span>
+            Assembly
+          </label>
+          <ul class="md-nav__list" data-md-scrollfix>
+            
+              
+                
+  
+  
+  
+  
+    <li class="md-nav__item">
+      <a href="../../assembly/intel.html" class="md-nav__link">
+        
+  
+  <span class="md-ellipsis">
+    Intel
+  </span>
+  
+
+      </a>
+    </li>
+  
+
+              
+            
+              
+                
+  
+  
+  
+  
+    <li class="md-nav__item">
+      <a href="../../assembly/riscv.html" class="md-nav__link">
+        
+  
+  <span class="md-ellipsis">
+    RISC-V
+  </span>
+  
+
+      </a>
+    </li>
+  
+
+              
+            
+          </ul>
+        </nav>
+      
+    </li>
+  
+
+              
+            
+              
+                
+  
+  
+    
+  
+  
+  
+    
+    
+      
+        
+      
+        
+      
+        
+      
+    
+    
+      
+      
+        
+          
+          
+        
+      
+    
+    
+    <li class="md-nav__item md-nav__item--active md-nav__item--section md-nav__item--nested">
+      
+        
+        
+        <input class="md-nav__toggle md-toggle " type="checkbox" id="__nav_4_8" checked>
+        
+          
+          <label class="md-nav__link" for="__nav_4_8" id="__nav_4_8_label" tabindex="">
+            
+  
+  <span class="md-ellipsis">
+    Python
+  </span>
+  
+
+            <span class="md-nav__icon md-icon"></span>
+          </label>
+        
+        <nav class="md-nav" data-md-level="2" aria-labelledby="__nav_4_8_label" aria-expanded="true">
+          <label class="md-nav__title" for="__nav_4_8">
+            <span class="md-nav__icon md-icon"></span>
+            Python
+          </label>
+          <ul class="md-nav__list" data-md-scrollfix>
+            
+              
+                
+  
+  
+  
+  
+    <li class="md-nav__item">
+      <a href="../python.html" class="md-nav__link">
+        
+  
+  <span class="md-ellipsis">
+    Python
+  </span>
+  
+
+      </a>
+    </li>
+  
+
+              
+            
+              
+                
+  
+  
+  
+  
+    
+    
+      
+        
+      
+        
+      
+        
+      
+        
+      
+        
+      
+        
+      
+        
+      
+        
+      
+        
+      
+        
+      
+        
+      
+        
+      
+        
+      
+    
+    
+      
+      
+        
+      
+    
+    
+    <li class="md-nav__item md-nav__item--nested">
+      
+        
+        
+        <input class="md-nav__toggle md-toggle " type="checkbox" id="__nav_4_8_2" >
+        
+          
+          <label class="md-nav__link" for="__nav_4_8_2" id="__nav_4_8_2_label" tabindex="0">
+            
+  
+  <span class="md-ellipsis">
+    Modules
+  </span>
+  
+
+            <span class="md-nav__icon md-icon"></span>
+          </label>
+        
+        <nav class="md-nav" data-md-level="3" aria-labelledby="__nav_4_8_2_label" aria-expanded="false">
+          <label class="md-nav__title" for="__nav_4_8_2">
+            <span class="md-nav__icon md-icon"></span>
+            Modules
+          </label>
+          <ul class="md-nav__list" data-md-scrollfix>
+            
+              
+                
+  
+  
+  
+  
+    <li class="md-nav__item">
+      <a href="../modules/argparse.html" class="md-nav__link">
+        
+  
+  <span class="md-ellipsis">
+    argparse
+  </span>
+  
+
+      </a>
+    </li>
+  
+
+              
+            
+              
+                
+  
+  
+  
+  
+    <li class="md-nav__item">
+      <a href="../modules/collections.html" class="md-nav__link">
+        
+  
+  <span class="md-ellipsis">
+    collection
+  </span>
+  
+
+      </a>
+    </li>
+  
+
+              
+            
+              
+                
+  
+  
+  
+  
+    <li class="md-nav__item">
+      <a href="../modules/csv.html" class="md-nav__link">
+        
+  
+  <span class="md-ellipsis">
+    csv
+  </span>
+  
+
+      </a>
+    </li>
+  
+
+              
+            
+              
+                
+  
+  
+  
+  
+    <li class="md-nav__item">
+      <a href="../modules/ftplib.html" class="md-nav__link">
+        
+  
+  <span class="md-ellipsis">
+    ftplib
+  </span>
+  
+
+      </a>
+    </li>
+  
+
+              
+            
+              
+                
+  
+  
+  
+  
+    <li class="md-nav__item">
+      <a href="../modules/itertools.html" class="md-nav__link">
+        
+  
+  <span class="md-ellipsis">
+    itertools
+  </span>
+  
+
+      </a>
+    </li>
+  
+
+              
+            
+              
+                
+  
+  
+  
+  
+    <li class="md-nav__item">
+      <a href="../modules/json.html" class="md-nav__link">
+        
+  
+  <span class="md-ellipsis">
+    json
+  </span>
+  
+
+      </a>
+    </li>
+  
+
+              
+            
+              
+                
+  
+  
+  
+  
+    <li class="md-nav__item">
+      <a href="../modules/logging.html" class="md-nav__link">
+        
+  
+  <span class="md-ellipsis">
+    logging
+  </span>
+  
+
+      </a>
+    </li>
+  
+
+              
+            
+              
+                
+  
+  
+  
+  
+    <li class="md-nav__item">
+      <a href="../modules/shutil.html" class="md-nav__link">
+        
+  
+  <span class="md-ellipsis">
+    shutil
+  </span>
+  
+
+      </a>
+    </li>
+  
+
+              
+            
+              
+                
+  
+  
+  
+  
+    <li class="md-nav__item">
+      <a href="../modules/smtplib.html" class="md-nav__link">
+        
+  
+  <span class="md-ellipsis">
+    smtplib
+  </span>
+  
+
+      </a>
+    </li>
+  
+
+              
+            
+              
+                
+  
+  
+  
+  
+    <li class="md-nav__item">
+      <a href="../modules/socket.html" class="md-nav__link">
+        
+  
+  <span class="md-ellipsis">
+    socket
+  </span>
+  
+
+      </a>
+    </li>
+  
+
+              
+            
+              
+                
+  
+  
+  
+  
+    <li class="md-nav__item">
+      <a href="../modules/sqlite.html" class="md-nav__link">
+        
+  
+  <span class="md-ellipsis">
+    sqlite
+  </span>
+  
+
+      </a>
+    </li>
+  
+
+              
+            
+              
+                
+  
+  
+  
+  
+    <li class="md-nav__item">
+      <a href="../modules/time-datetime.html" class="md-nav__link">
+        
+  
+  <span class="md-ellipsis">
+    time & datetime
+  </span>
+  
+
+      </a>
+    </li>
+  
+
+              
+            
+              
+                
+  
+  
+  
+  
+    <li class="md-nav__item">
+      <a href="../modules/unittest.html" class="md-nav__link">
+        
+  
+  <span class="md-ellipsis">
+    unittest
+  </span>
+  
+
+      </a>
+    </li>
+  
+
+              
+            
+          </ul>
+        </nav>
+      
+    </li>
+  
+
+              
+            
+              
+                
+  
+  
+    
+  
+  
+  
+    
+    
+      
+        
+      
+        
+      
+        
+      
+        
+      
+        
+      
+        
+      
+    
+    
+      
+      
+        
+      
+    
+    
+    <li class="md-nav__item md-nav__item--active md-nav__item--nested">
+      
+        
+        
+        <input class="md-nav__toggle md-toggle " type="checkbox" id="__nav_4_8_3" checked>
+        
+          
+          <label class="md-nav__link" for="__nav_4_8_3" id="__nav_4_8_3_label" tabindex="0">
+            
+  
+  <span class="md-ellipsis">
+    Libraries
+  </span>
+  
+
+            <span class="md-nav__icon md-icon"></span>
+          </label>
+        
+        <nav class="md-nav" data-md-level="3" aria-labelledby="__nav_4_8_3_label" aria-expanded="true">
+          <label class="md-nav__title" for="__nav_4_8_3">
+            <span class="md-nav__icon md-icon"></span>
+            Libraries
+          </label>
+          <ul class="md-nav__list" data-md-scrollfix>
+            
+              
+                
+  
+  
+  
+  
+    <li class="md-nav__item">
+      <a href="tkinter.html" class="md-nav__link">
+        
+  
+  <span class="md-ellipsis">
+    TKinter
+  </span>
+  
+
+      </a>
+    </li>
+  
+
+              
+            
+              
+                
+  
+  
+  
+  
+    <li class="md-nav__item">
+      <a href="numpy.html" class="md-nav__link">
+        
+  
+  <span class="md-ellipsis">
+    Numpy
+  </span>
+  
+
+      </a>
+    </li>
+  
+
+              
+            
+              
+                
+  
+  
+    
+  
+  
+  
+    <li class="md-nav__item md-nav__item--active">
+      
+      <input class="md-nav__toggle md-toggle" type="checkbox" id="__toc">
+      
+      
+        
+      
+      
+        <label class="md-nav__link md-nav__link--active" for="__toc">
+          
+  
+  <span class="md-ellipsis">
+    Pandas
+  </span>
+  
+
+          <span class="md-nav__icon md-icon"></span>
+        </label>
+      
+      <a href="pandas.html" class="md-nav__link md-nav__link--active">
+        
+  
+  <span class="md-ellipsis">
+    Pandas
+  </span>
+  
+
+      </a>
+      
+        
+
+<nav class="md-nav md-nav--secondary" aria-label="Table of contents">
+  
+  
+  
+    
+  
+  
+    <label class="md-nav__title" for="__toc">
+      <span class="md-nav__icon md-icon"></span>
+      Table of contents
+    </label>
+    <ul class="md-nav__list" data-md-component="toc" data-md-scrollfix>
+      
+        <li class="md-nav__item">
+  <a href="#basic-pandas-imports" class="md-nav__link">
+    <span class="md-ellipsis">
+      Basic Pandas Imports
+    </span>
+  </a>
+  
+</li>
+      
+        <li class="md-nav__item">
+  <a href="#series" class="md-nav__link">
+    <span class="md-ellipsis">
+      SERIES
+    </span>
+  </a>
+  
+    <nav class="md-nav" aria-label="SERIES">
+      <ul class="md-nav__list">
+        
+          <li class="md-nav__item">
+  <a href="#indexing-selection-slicing" class="md-nav__link">
+    <span class="md-ellipsis">
+      INDEXING / SELECTION / SLICING
+    </span>
+  </a>
+  
+</li>
+        
+      </ul>
+    </nav>
+  
+</li>
+      
+        <li class="md-nav__item">
+  <a href="#missing-data" class="md-nav__link">
+    <span class="md-ellipsis">
+      MISSING DATA
+    </span>
+  </a>
+  
+    <nav class="md-nav" aria-label="MISSING DATA">
+      <ul class="md-nav__list">
+        
+          <li class="md-nav__item">
+  <a href="#series-attributes" class="md-nav__link">
+    <span class="md-ellipsis">
+      SERIES ATTRIBUTES
+    </span>
+  </a>
+  
+</li>
+        
+          <li class="md-nav__item">
+  <a href="#series-methods" class="md-nav__link">
+    <span class="md-ellipsis">
+      SERIES METHODS
+    </span>
+  </a>
+  
+</li>
+        
+      </ul>
+    </nav>
+  
+</li>
+      
+        <li class="md-nav__item">
+  <a href="#dataframe" class="md-nav__link">
+    <span class="md-ellipsis">
+      DATAFRAME
+    </span>
+  </a>
+  
+    <nav class="md-nav" aria-label="DATAFRAME">
+      <ul class="md-nav__list">
+        
+          <li class="md-nav__item">
+  <a href="#dataframe-attributes" class="md-nav__link">
+    <span class="md-ellipsis">
+      DATAFRAME ATTRIBUTES
+    </span>
+  </a>
+  
+</li>
+        
+          <li class="md-nav__item">
+  <a href="#dataframe-methods" class="md-nav__link">
+    <span class="md-ellipsis">
+      DATAFRAME METHODS
+    </span>
+  </a>
+  
+</li>
+        
+      </ul>
+    </nav>
+  
+</li>
+      
+        <li class="md-nav__item">
+  <a href="#index-objects" class="md-nav__link">
+    <span class="md-ellipsis">
+      INDEX OBJECTS
+    </span>
+  </a>
+  
+    <nav class="md-nav" aria-label="INDEX OBJECTS">
+      <ul class="md-nav__list">
+        
+          <li class="md-nav__item">
+  <a href="#index-types" class="md-nav__link">
+    <span class="md-ellipsis">
+      INDEX TYPES
+    </span>
+  </a>
+  
+</li>
+        
+          <li class="md-nav__item">
+  <a href="#index-attributers" class="md-nav__link">
+    <span class="md-ellipsis">
+      INDEX ATTRIBUTERS
+    </span>
+  </a>
+  
+</li>
+        
+          <li class="md-nav__item">
+  <a href="#index-methods" class="md-nav__link">
+    <span class="md-ellipsis">
+      INDEX METHODS
+    </span>
+  </a>
+  
+</li>
+        
+      </ul>
+    </nav>
+  
+</li>
+      
+        <li class="md-nav__item">
+  <a href="#arithmetic-operations" class="md-nav__link">
+    <span class="md-ellipsis">
+      ARITHMETIC OPERATIONS
+    </span>
+  </a>
+  
+    <nav class="md-nav" aria-label="ARITHMETIC OPERATIONS">
+      <ul class="md-nav__list">
+        
+          <li class="md-nav__item">
+  <a href="#addition" class="md-nav__link">
+    <span class="md-ellipsis">
+      ADDITION
+    </span>
+  </a>
+  
+</li>
+        
+          <li class="md-nav__item">
+  <a href="#subtraction" class="md-nav__link">
+    <span class="md-ellipsis">
+      SUBTRACTION
+    </span>
+  </a>
+  
+</li>
+        
+          <li class="md-nav__item">
+  <a href="#multiplication" class="md-nav__link">
+    <span class="md-ellipsis">
+      MULTIPLICATION
+    </span>
+  </a>
+  
+</li>
+        
+          <li class="md-nav__item">
+  <a href="#division-float-division" class="md-nav__link">
+    <span class="md-ellipsis">
+      DIVISION (float division)
+    </span>
+  </a>
+  
+</li>
+        
+          <li class="md-nav__item">
+  <a href="#floor-division" class="md-nav__link">
+    <span class="md-ellipsis">
+      FLOOR DIVISION
+    </span>
+  </a>
+  
+</li>
+        
+          <li class="md-nav__item">
+  <a href="#modulo" class="md-nav__link">
+    <span class="md-ellipsis">
+      MODULO
+    </span>
+  </a>
+  
+</li>
+        
+          <li class="md-nav__item">
+  <a href="#power" class="md-nav__link">
+    <span class="md-ellipsis">
+      POWER
+    </span>
+  </a>
+  
+</li>
+        
+      </ul>
+    </nav>
+  
+</li>
+      
+        <li class="md-nav__item">
+  <a href="#essential-functionality" class="md-nav__link">
+    <span class="md-ellipsis">
+      ESSENTIAL FUNCTIONALITY
+    </span>
+  </a>
+  
+    <nav class="md-nav" aria-label="ESSENTIAL FUNCTIONALITY">
+      <ul class="md-nav__list">
+        
+          <li class="md-nav__item">
+  <a href="#function-application-and-mapping" class="md-nav__link">
+    <span class="md-ellipsis">
+      FUNCTION APPLICATION AND MAPPING
+    </span>
+  </a>
+  
+</li>
+        
+      </ul>
+    </nav>
+  
+</li>
+      
+        <li class="md-nav__item">
+  <a href="#descriptive-and-summary-statistics" class="md-nav__link">
+    <span class="md-ellipsis">
+      DESCRIPTIVE AND SUMMARY STATISTICS
+    </span>
+  </a>
+  
+    <nav class="md-nav" aria-label="DESCRIPTIVE AND SUMMARY STATISTICS">
+      <ul class="md-nav__list">
+        
+          <li class="md-nav__item">
+  <a href="#count" class="md-nav__link">
+    <span class="md-ellipsis">
+      COUNT
+    </span>
+  </a>
+  
+</li>
+        
+          <li class="md-nav__item">
+  <a href="#describe" class="md-nav__link">
+    <span class="md-ellipsis">
+      DESCRIBE
+    </span>
+  </a>
+  
+</li>
+        
+          <li class="md-nav__item">
+  <a href="#max-min" class="md-nav__link">
+    <span class="md-ellipsis">
+      MAX - MIN
+    </span>
+  </a>
+  
+</li>
+        
+          <li class="md-nav__item">
+  <a href="#idxmax-idxmin" class="md-nav__link">
+    <span class="md-ellipsis">
+      IDXMAX - IDXMIN
+    </span>
+  </a>
+  
+</li>
+        
+          <li class="md-nav__item">
+  <a href="#quantile" class="md-nav__link">
+    <span class="md-ellipsis">
+      QUANTILE
+    </span>
+  </a>
+  
+</li>
+        
+          <li class="md-nav__item">
+  <a href="#sum" class="md-nav__link">
+    <span class="md-ellipsis">
+      SUM
+    </span>
+  </a>
+  
+</li>
+        
+          <li class="md-nav__item">
+  <a href="#mean" class="md-nav__link">
+    <span class="md-ellipsis">
+      MEAN
+    </span>
+  </a>
+  
+</li>
+        
+          <li class="md-nav__item">
+  <a href="#median" class="md-nav__link">
+    <span class="md-ellipsis">
+      MEDIAN
+    </span>
+  </a>
+  
+</li>
+        
+          <li class="md-nav__item">
+  <a href="#mad-mean-absolute-deviation" class="md-nav__link">
+    <span class="md-ellipsis">
+      MAD (mean absolute deviation)
+    </span>
+  </a>
+  
+</li>
+        
+          <li class="md-nav__item">
+  <a href="#var-variance" class="md-nav__link">
+    <span class="md-ellipsis">
+      VAR (variance)
+    </span>
+  </a>
+  
+</li>
+        
+          <li class="md-nav__item">
+  <a href="#std-standard-deviation" class="md-nav__link">
+    <span class="md-ellipsis">
+      STD (standard deviation)
+    </span>
+  </a>
+  
+</li>
+        
+          <li class="md-nav__item">
+  <a href="#skew" class="md-nav__link">
+    <span class="md-ellipsis">
+      SKEW
+    </span>
+  </a>
+  
+</li>
+        
+          <li class="md-nav__item">
+  <a href="#kurt" class="md-nav__link">
+    <span class="md-ellipsis">
+      KURT
+    </span>
+  </a>
+  
+</li>
+        
+          <li class="md-nav__item">
+  <a href="#cumsum-cumulative-sum" class="md-nav__link">
+    <span class="md-ellipsis">
+      CUMSUM (cumulative sum)
+    </span>
+  </a>
+  
+</li>
+        
+          <li class="md-nav__item">
+  <a href="#cummax-cummin-cumulative-maximum-minimum" class="md-nav__link">
+    <span class="md-ellipsis">
+      CUMMAX - CUMMIN (cumulative maximum - minimum)
+    </span>
+  </a>
+  
+</li>
+        
+          <li class="md-nav__item">
+  <a href="#cumprod-cumulative-product" class="md-nav__link">
+    <span class="md-ellipsis">
+      CUMPROD (cumulative product)
+    </span>
+  </a>
+  
+</li>
+        
+          <li class="md-nav__item">
+  <a href="#diff" class="md-nav__link">
+    <span class="md-ellipsis">
+      DIFF
+    </span>
+  </a>
+  
+</li>
+        
+          <li class="md-nav__item">
+  <a href="#pct_change" class="md-nav__link">
+    <span class="md-ellipsis">
+      PCT_CHANGE
+    </span>
+  </a>
+  
+</li>
+        
+      </ul>
+    </nav>
+  
+</li>
+      
+        <li class="md-nav__item">
+  <a href="#handling-missing-data" class="md-nav__link">
+    <span class="md-ellipsis">
+      HANDLING MISSING DATA
+    </span>
+  </a>
+  
+    <nav class="md-nav" aria-label="HANDLING MISSING DATA">
+      <ul class="md-nav__list">
+        
+          <li class="md-nav__item">
+  <a href="#filtering-out-missing-data" class="md-nav__link">
+    <span class="md-ellipsis">
+      FILTERING OUT MISSING DATA
+    </span>
+  </a>
+  
+</li>
+        
+          <li class="md-nav__item">
+  <a href="#filling-in-missing-data" class="md-nav__link">
+    <span class="md-ellipsis">
+      FILLING IN MISSING DATA
+    </span>
+  </a>
+  
+</li>
+        
+      </ul>
+    </nav>
+  
+</li>
+      
+        <li class="md-nav__item">
+  <a href="#hierarchical-indexing-multiindex" class="md-nav__link">
+    <span class="md-ellipsis">
+      HIERARCHICAL INDEXING (MultiIndex)
+    </span>
+  </a>
+  
+    <nav class="md-nav" aria-label="HIERARCHICAL INDEXING (MultiIndex)">
+      <ul class="md-nav__list">
+        
+          <li class="md-nav__item">
+  <a href="#multiiindex-creation" class="md-nav__link">
+    <span class="md-ellipsis">
+      MULTIIINDEX CREATION
+    </span>
+  </a>
+  
+</li>
+        
+          <li class="md-nav__item">
+  <a href="#multiindex-levels" class="md-nav__link">
+    <span class="md-ellipsis">
+      MULTIINDEX LEVELS
+    </span>
+  </a>
+  
+</li>
+        
+          <li class="md-nav__item">
+  <a href="#partial-and-cross-section-selection" class="md-nav__link">
+    <span class="md-ellipsis">
+      PARTIAL AND CROSS-SECTION SELECTION
+    </span>
+  </a>
+  
+</li>
+        
+          <li class="md-nav__item">
+  <a href="#indexing-slicing" class="md-nav__link">
+    <span class="md-ellipsis">
+      INDEXING, SLICING
+    </span>
+  </a>
+  
+</li>
+        
+          <li class="md-nav__item">
+  <a href="#reordering-and-sorting-levels" class="md-nav__link">
+    <span class="md-ellipsis">
+      REORDERING AND SORTING LEVELS
+    </span>
+  </a>
+  
+</li>
+        
+      </ul>
+    </nav>
+  
+</li>
+      
+        <li class="md-nav__item">
+  <a href="#data-loading-storage-file-formats" class="md-nav__link">
+    <span class="md-ellipsis">
+      DATA LOADING, STORAGE FILE FORMATS
+    </span>
+  </a>
+  
+</li>
+      
+    </ul>
+  
+</nav>
+      
+    </li>
+  
+
+              
+            
+              
+                
+  
+  
+  
+  
+    <li class="md-nav__item">
+      <a href="seaborn.html" class="md-nav__link">
+        
+  
+  <span class="md-ellipsis">
+    Seaborn
+  </span>
+  
+
+      </a>
+    </li>
+  
+
+              
+            
+              
+                
+  
+  
+  
+  
+    <li class="md-nav__item">
+      <a href="requests.html" class="md-nav__link">
+        
+  
+  <span class="md-ellipsis">
+    Requests
+  </span>
+  
+
+      </a>
+    </li>
+  
+
+              
+            
+              
+                
+  
+  
+  
+  
+    <li class="md-nav__item">
+      <a href="beautiful-soup.html" class="md-nav__link">
+        
+  
+  <span class="md-ellipsis">
+    Beatiful Soup
+  </span>
+  
+
+      </a>
+    </li>
+  
+
+              
+            
+          </ul>
+        </nav>
+      
+    </li>
+  
+
+              
+            
+          </ul>
+        </nav>
+      
+    </li>
+  
+
+              
+            
+              
+                
+  
+  
+  
+  
+    
+    
+      
+        
+      
+        
+      
+        
+      
+    
+    
+      
+      
+        
+          
+          
+        
+      
+    
+    
+    <li class="md-nav__item md-nav__item--section md-nav__item--nested">
+      
+        
+        
+        <input class="md-nav__toggle md-toggle " type="checkbox" id="__nav_4_9" >
+        
+          
+          <label class="md-nav__link" for="__nav_4_9" id="__nav_4_9_label" tabindex="">
+            
+  
+  <span class="md-ellipsis">
+    .NET
+  </span>
+  
+
+            <span class="md-nav__icon md-icon"></span>
+          </label>
+        
+        <nav class="md-nav" data-md-level="2" aria-labelledby="__nav_4_9_label" aria-expanded="false">
+          <label class="md-nav__title" for="__nav_4_9">
+            <span class="md-nav__icon md-icon"></span>
+            .NET
+          </label>
+          <ul class="md-nav__list" data-md-scrollfix>
+            
+              
+                
+  
+  
+  
+  
+    
+    
+      
+        
+      
+        
+      
+        
+      
+        
+      
+        
+      
+        
+      
+    
+    
+      
+      
+        
+      
+    
+    
+    <li class="md-nav__item md-nav__item--nested">
+      
+        
+        
+        <input class="md-nav__toggle md-toggle " type="checkbox" id="__nav_4_9_1" >
+        
+          
+          <label class="md-nav__link" for="__nav_4_9_1" id="__nav_4_9_1_label" tabindex="0">
+            
+  
+  <span class="md-ellipsis">
+    C#
+  </span>
+  
+
+            <span class="md-nav__icon md-icon"></span>
+          </label>
+        
+        <nav class="md-nav" data-md-level="3" aria-labelledby="__nav_4_9_1_label" aria-expanded="false">
+          <label class="md-nav__title" for="__nav_4_9_1">
+            <span class="md-nav__icon md-icon"></span>
+            C#
+          </label>
+          <ul class="md-nav__list" data-md-scrollfix>
+            
+              
+                
+  
+  
+  
+  
+    <li class="md-nav__item">
+      <a href="../../dotnet/csharp/csharp.html" class="md-nav__link">
+        
+  
+  <span class="md-ellipsis">
+    C#
+  </span>
+  
+
+      </a>
+    </li>
+  
+
+              
+            
+              
+                
+  
+  
+  
+  
+    <li class="md-nav__item">
+      <a href="../../dotnet/csharp/linq.html" class="md-nav__link">
+        
+  
+  <span class="md-ellipsis">
+    Linq
+  </span>
+  
+
+      </a>
+    </li>
+  
+
+              
+            
+              
+                
+  
+  
+  
+  
+    <li class="md-nav__item">
+      <a href="../../dotnet/csharp/collections.html" class="md-nav__link">
+        
+  
+  <span class="md-ellipsis">
+    Collections
+  </span>
+  
+
+      </a>
+    </li>
+  
+
+              
+            
+              
+                
+  
+  
+  
+  
+    <li class="md-nav__item">
+      <a href="../../dotnet/csharp/reactive-extensions.html" class="md-nav__link">
+        
+  
+  <span class="md-ellipsis">
+    Reactive Extensions
+  </span>
+  
+
+      </a>
+    </li>
+  
+
+              
+            
+              
+                
+  
+  
+  
+  
+    <li class="md-nav__item">
+      <a href="../../dotnet/csharp/async-programming.html" class="md-nav__link">
+        
+  
+  <span class="md-ellipsis">
+    Async Programming
+  </span>
+  
+
+      </a>
+    </li>
+  
+
+              
+            
+              
+                
+  
+  
+  
+  
+    <li class="md-nav__item">
+      <a href="../../dotnet/csharp/unit-tests.html" class="md-nav__link">
+        
+  
+  <span class="md-ellipsis">
+    Unit Tests
+  </span>
+  
+
+      </a>
+    </li>
+  
+
+              
+            
+          </ul>
+        </nav>
+      
+    </li>
+  
+
+              
+            
+              
+                
+  
+  
+  
+  
+    
+    
+      
+        
+      
+        
+      
+        
+      
+        
+      
+        
+      
+        
+      
+        
+      
+    
+    
+      
+      
+        
+      
+    
+    
+    <li class="md-nav__item md-nav__item--nested">
+      
+        
+        
+        <input class="md-nav__toggle md-toggle " type="checkbox" id="__nav_4_9_2" >
+        
+          
+          <label class="md-nav__link" for="__nav_4_9_2" id="__nav_4_9_2_label" tabindex="0">
+            
+  
+  <span class="md-ellipsis">
+    ASP.NET
+  </span>
+  
+
+            <span class="md-nav__icon md-icon"></span>
+          </label>
+        
+        <nav class="md-nav" data-md-level="3" aria-labelledby="__nav_4_9_2_label" aria-expanded="false">
+          <label class="md-nav__title" for="__nav_4_9_2">
+            <span class="md-nav__icon md-icon"></span>
+            ASP.NET
+          </label>
+          <ul class="md-nav__list" data-md-scrollfix>
+            
+              
+                
+  
+  
+  
+  
+    <li class="md-nav__item">
+      <a href="../../dotnet/asp.net/minimal-api.html" class="md-nav__link">
+        
+  
+  <span class="md-ellipsis">
+    Minimal API
+  </span>
+  
+
+      </a>
+    </li>
+  
+
+              
+            
+              
+                
+  
+  
+  
+  
+    <li class="md-nav__item">
+      <a href="../../dotnet/asp.net/filters.html" class="md-nav__link">
+        
+  
+  <span class="md-ellipsis">
+    FIlters
+  </span>
+  
+
+      </a>
+    </li>
+  
+
+              
+            
+              
+                
+  
+  
+  
+  
+    <li class="md-nav__item">
+      <a href="../../dotnet/asp.net/middleware.html" class="md-nav__link">
+        
+  
+  <span class="md-ellipsis">
+    Middleware
+  </span>
+  
+
+      </a>
+    </li>
+  
+
+              
+            
+              
+                
+  
+  
+  
+  
+    <li class="md-nav__item">
+      <a href="../../dotnet/asp.net/razor-syntax.html" class="md-nav__link">
+        
+  
+  <span class="md-ellipsis">
+    Razor Syntax
+  </span>
+  
+
+      </a>
+    </li>
+  
+
+              
+            
+              
+                
+  
+  
+  
+  
+    <li class="md-nav__item">
+      <a href="../../dotnet/asp.net/blazor.html" class="md-nav__link">
+        
+  
+  <span class="md-ellipsis">
+    Blazor
+  </span>
+  
+
+      </a>
+    </li>
+  
+
+              
+            
+              
+                
+  
+  
+  
+  
+    <li class="md-nav__item">
+      <a href="../../dotnet/asp.net/signalr.html" class="md-nav__link">
+        
+  
+  <span class="md-ellipsis">
+    SignalR
+  </span>
+  
+
+      </a>
+    </li>
+  
+
+              
+            
+              
+                
+  
+  
+  
+  
+    <li class="md-nav__item">
+      <a href="../../dotnet/asp.net/web-forms.html" class="md-nav__link">
+        
+  
+  <span class="md-ellipsis">
+    Web Forms
+  </span>
+  
+
+      </a>
+    </li>
+  
+
+              
+            
+          </ul>
+        </nav>
+      
+    </li>
+  
+
+              
+            
+              
+                
+  
+  
+  
+  
+    
+    
+      
+        
+      
+        
+      
+    
+    
+      
+      
+        
+      
+    
+    
+    <li class="md-nav__item md-nav__item--nested">
+      
+        
+        
+        <input class="md-nav__toggle md-toggle " type="checkbox" id="__nav_4_9_3" >
+        
+          
+          <label class="md-nav__link" for="__nav_4_9_3" id="__nav_4_9_3_label" tabindex="0">
+            
+  
+  <span class="md-ellipsis">
+    Database
+  </span>
+  
+
+            <span class="md-nav__icon md-icon"></span>
+          </label>
+        
+        <nav class="md-nav" data-md-level="3" aria-labelledby="__nav_4_9_3_label" aria-expanded="false">
+          <label class="md-nav__title" for="__nav_4_9_3">
+            <span class="md-nav__icon md-icon"></span>
+            Database
+          </label>
+          <ul class="md-nav__list" data-md-scrollfix>
+            
+              
+                
+  
+  
+  
+  
+    <li class="md-nav__item">
+      <a href="../../dotnet/database/ado.net.html" class="md-nav__link">
+        
+  
+  <span class="md-ellipsis">
+    ADO.NET
+  </span>
+  
+
+      </a>
+    </li>
+  
+
+              
+            
+              
+                
+  
+  
+  
+  
+    <li class="md-nav__item">
+      <a href="../../dotnet/database/entity-framework.html" class="md-nav__link">
+        
+  
+  <span class="md-ellipsis">
+    Entity Framework
+  </span>
+  
+
+      </a>
+    </li>
+  
+
+              
+            
+          </ul>
+        </nav>
+      
+    </li>
+  
+
+              
+            
+          </ul>
+        </nav>
+      
+    </li>
+  
+
+              
+            
+              
+                
+  
+  
+  
+  
+    
+    
+      
+        
+      
+        
+      
+        
+      
+        
+      
+    
+    
+      
+      
+        
+          
+          
+        
+      
+    
+    
+    <li class="md-nav__item md-nav__item--section md-nav__item--nested">
+      
+        
+        
+        <input class="md-nav__toggle md-toggle " type="checkbox" id="__nav_4_10" >
+        
+          
+          <label class="md-nav__link" for="__nav_4_10" id="__nav_4_10_label" tabindex="">
+            
+  
+  <span class="md-ellipsis">
+    Java
+  </span>
+  
+
+            <span class="md-nav__icon md-icon"></span>
+          </label>
+        
+        <nav class="md-nav" data-md-level="2" aria-labelledby="__nav_4_10_label" aria-expanded="false">
+          <label class="md-nav__title" for="__nav_4_10">
+            <span class="md-nav__icon md-icon"></span>
+            Java
+          </label>
+          <ul class="md-nav__list" data-md-scrollfix>
+            
+              
+                
+  
+  
+  
+  
+    <li class="md-nav__item">
+      <a href="../../java/java.html" class="md-nav__link">
+        
+  
+  <span class="md-ellipsis">
+    Java
+  </span>
+  
+
+      </a>
+    </li>
+  
+
+              
+            
+              
+                
+  
+  
+  
+  
+    <li class="md-nav__item">
+      <a href="../../java/java-collection-framework.html" class="md-nav__link">
+        
+  
+  <span class="md-ellipsis">
+    Java Collection Framework
+  </span>
+  
+
+      </a>
+    </li>
+  
+
+              
+            
+              
+                
+  
+  
+  
+  
+    <li class="md-nav__item">
+      <a href="../../java/dao.html" class="md-nav__link">
+        
+  
+  <span class="md-ellipsis">
+    DAO
+  </span>
+  
+
+      </a>
+    </li>
+  
+
+              
+            
+              
+                
+  
+  
+  
+  
+    
+    
+      
+        
+      
+        
+      
+    
+    
+      
+      
+        
+      
+    
+    
+    <li class="md-nav__item md-nav__item--nested">
+      
+        
+        
+        <input class="md-nav__toggle md-toggle " type="checkbox" id="__nav_4_10_4" >
+        
+          
+          <label class="md-nav__link" for="__nav_4_10_4" id="__nav_4_10_4_label" tabindex="0">
+            
+  
+  <span class="md-ellipsis">
+    Web
+  </span>
+  
+
+            <span class="md-nav__icon md-icon"></span>
+          </label>
+        
+        <nav class="md-nav" data-md-level="3" aria-labelledby="__nav_4_10_4_label" aria-expanded="false">
+          <label class="md-nav__title" for="__nav_4_10_4">
+            <span class="md-nav__icon md-icon"></span>
+            Web
+          </label>
+          <ul class="md-nav__list" data-md-scrollfix>
+            
+              
+                
+  
+  
+  
+  
+    <li class="md-nav__item">
+      <a href="../../java/web/servlet.html" class="md-nav__link">
+        
+  
+  <span class="md-ellipsis">
+    Serverlet
+  </span>
+  
+
+      </a>
+    </li>
+  
+
+              
+            
+              
+                
+  
+  
+  
+  
+    
+    
+      
+        
+      
+        
+      
+    
+    
+      
+      
+        
+      
+    
+    
+    <li class="md-nav__item md-nav__item--nested">
+      
+        
+        
+        <input class="md-nav__toggle md-toggle " type="checkbox" id="__nav_4_10_4_2" >
+        
+          
+          <label class="md-nav__link" for="__nav_4_10_4_2" id="__nav_4_10_4_2_label" tabindex="0">
+            
+  
+  <span class="md-ellipsis">
+    Spring
+  </span>
+  
+
+            <span class="md-nav__icon md-icon"></span>
+          </label>
+        
+        <nav class="md-nav" data-md-level="4" aria-labelledby="__nav_4_10_4_2_label" aria-expanded="false">
+          <label class="md-nav__title" for="__nav_4_10_4_2">
+            <span class="md-nav__icon md-icon"></span>
+            Spring
+          </label>
+          <ul class="md-nav__list" data-md-scrollfix>
+            
+              
+                
+  
+  
+  
+  
+    <li class="md-nav__item">
+      <a href="../../java/spring/pom.xml.html" class="md-nav__link">
+        
+  
+  <span class="md-ellipsis">
+    POM
+  </span>
+  
+
+      </a>
+    </li>
+  
+
+              
+            
+              
+                
+  
+  
+  
+  
+    <li class="md-nav__item">
+      <a href="../../java/spring/spring-project.html" class="md-nav__link">
+        
+  
+  <span class="md-ellipsis">
+    Project Structure
+  </span>
+  
+
+      </a>
+    </li>
+  
+
+              
+            
+          </ul>
+        </nav>
+      
+    </li>
+  
+
+              
+            
+          </ul>
+        </nav>
+      
+    </li>
+  
+
+              
+            
+          </ul>
+        </nav>
+      
+    </li>
+  
+
+              
+            
+              
+                
+  
+  
+  
+  
+    
+    
+      
+        
+      
+        
+      
+        
+      
+        
+      
+        
+      
+        
+      
+        
+      
+        
+      
+        
+      
+    
+    
+      
+      
+        
+          
+          
+        
+      
+    
+    
+    <li class="md-nav__item md-nav__item--section md-nav__item--nested">
+      
+        
+        
+        <input class="md-nav__toggle md-toggle " type="checkbox" id="__nav_4_11" >
+        
+          
+          <label class="md-nav__link" for="__nav_4_11" id="__nav_4_11_label" tabindex="">
+            
+  
+  <span class="md-ellipsis">
+    PHP
+  </span>
+  
+
+            <span class="md-nav__icon md-icon"></span>
+          </label>
+        
+        <nav class="md-nav" data-md-level="2" aria-labelledby="__nav_4_11_label" aria-expanded="false">
+          <label class="md-nav__title" for="__nav_4_11">
+            <span class="md-nav__icon md-icon"></span>
+            PHP
+          </label>
+          <ul class="md-nav__list" data-md-scrollfix>
+            
+              
+                
+  
+  
+  
+  
+    <li class="md-nav__item">
+      <a href="../../php/php.html" class="md-nav__link">
+        
+  
+  <span class="md-ellipsis">
+    PHP
+  </span>
+  
+
+      </a>
+    </li>
+  
+
+              
+            
+              
+                
+  
+  
+  
+  
+    <li class="md-nav__item">
+      <a href="../../php/database.html" class="md-nav__link">
+        
+  
+  <span class="md-ellipsis">
+    Database
+  </span>
+  
+
+      </a>
+    </li>
+  
+
+              
+            
+              
+                
+  
+  
+  
+  
+    <li class="md-nav__item">
+      <a href="../../php/web.html" class="md-nav__link">
+        
+  
+  <span class="md-ellipsis">
+    Web
+  </span>
+  
+
+      </a>
+    </li>
+  
+
+              
+            
+              
+                
+  
+  
+  
+  
+    <li class="md-nav__item">
+      <a href="../../php/dependency-injection.html" class="md-nav__link">
+        
+  
+  <span class="md-ellipsis">
+    Dependency Injection
+  </span>
+  
+
+      </a>
+    </li>
+  
+
+              
+            
+              
+                
+  
+  
+  
+  
+    <li class="md-nav__item">
+      <a href="../../php/unit-tests.html" class="md-nav__link">
+        
+  
+  <span class="md-ellipsis">
+    Unit Tests
+  </span>
+  
+
+      </a>
+    </li>
+  
+
+              
+            
+              
+                
+  
+  
+  
+  
+    <li class="md-nav__item">
+      <a href="../../php/composer.html" class="md-nav__link">
+        
+  
+  <span class="md-ellipsis">
+    Composer
+  </span>
+  
+
+      </a>
+    </li>
+  
+
+              
+            
+              
+                
+  
+  
+  
+  
+    <li class="md-nav__item">
+      <a href="../../php/psr-7.html" class="md-nav__link">
+        
+  
+  <span class="md-ellipsis">
+    PSR 7
+  </span>
+  
+
+      </a>
+    </li>
+  
+
+              
+            
+              
+                
+  
+  
+  
+  
+    <li class="md-nav__item">
+      <a href="../../php/plates-templating.html" class="md-nav__link">
+        
+  
+  <span class="md-ellipsis">
+    Plates
+  </span>
+  
+
+      </a>
+    </li>
+  
+
+              
+            
+              
+                
+  
+  
+  
+  
+    
+    
+      
+        
+      
+        
+      
+    
+    
+      
+      
+        
+      
+    
+    
+    <li class="md-nav__item md-nav__item--nested">
+      
+        
+        
+        <input class="md-nav__toggle md-toggle " type="checkbox" id="__nav_4_11_9" >
+        
+          
+          <label class="md-nav__link" for="__nav_4_11_9" id="__nav_4_11_9_label" tabindex="0">
+            
+  
+  <span class="md-ellipsis">
+    Simple MVC
+  </span>
+  
+
+            <span class="md-nav__icon md-icon"></span>
+          </label>
+        
+        <nav class="md-nav" data-md-level="3" aria-labelledby="__nav_4_11_9_label" aria-expanded="false">
+          <label class="md-nav__title" for="__nav_4_11_9">
+            <span class="md-nav__icon md-icon"></span>
+            Simple MVC
+          </label>
+          <ul class="md-nav__list" data-md-scrollfix>
+            
+              
+                
+  
+  
+  
+  
+    <li class="md-nav__item">
+      <a href="../../php/simple-mvc/simple-mvc.html" class="md-nav__link">
+        
+  
+  <span class="md-ellipsis">
+    Simple MVC
+  </span>
+  
+
+      </a>
+    </li>
+  
+
+              
+            
+              
+                
+  
+  
+  
+  
+    <li class="md-nav__item">
+      <a href="../../php/simple-mvc/rest-api.html" class="md-nav__link">
+        
+  
+  <span class="md-ellipsis">
+    REST API
+  </span>
+  
+
+      </a>
+    </li>
+  
+
+              
+            
+          </ul>
+        </nav>
+      
+    </li>
+  
+
+              
+            
+          </ul>
+        </nav>
+      
+    </li>
+  
+
+              
+            
+              
+                
+  
+  
+  
+  
+    
+    
+      
+        
+      
+        
+      
+        
+      
+        
+      
+        
+      
+    
+    
+      
+      
+        
+          
+          
+        
+      
+    
+    
+    <li class="md-nav__item md-nav__item--section md-nav__item--nested">
+      
+        
+        
+        <input class="md-nav__toggle md-toggle " type="checkbox" id="__nav_4_12" >
+        
+          
+          <label class="md-nav__link" for="__nav_4_12" id="__nav_4_12_label" tabindex="">
+            
+  
+  <span class="md-ellipsis">
+    Rust
+  </span>
+  
+
+            <span class="md-nav__icon md-icon"></span>
+          </label>
+        
+        <nav class="md-nav" data-md-level="2" aria-labelledby="__nav_4_12_label" aria-expanded="false">
+          <label class="md-nav__title" for="__nav_4_12">
+            <span class="md-nav__icon md-icon"></span>
+            Rust
+          </label>
+          <ul class="md-nav__list" data-md-scrollfix>
+            
+              
+                
+  
+  
+  
+  
+    <li class="md-nav__item">
+      <a href="../../rust/rust.html" class="md-nav__link">
+        
+  
+  <span class="md-ellipsis">
+    Rust
+  </span>
+  
+
+      </a>
+    </li>
+  
+
+              
+            
+              
+                
+  
+  
+  
+  
+    <li class="md-nav__item">
+      <a href="../../rust/macros.html" class="md-nav__link">
+        
+  
+  <span class="md-ellipsis">
+    Macros
+  </span>
+  
+
+      </a>
+    </li>
+  
+
+              
+            
+              
+                
+  
+  
+  
+  
+    <li class="md-nav__item">
+      <a href="../../rust/cargo.html" class="md-nav__link">
+        
+  
+  <span class="md-ellipsis">
+    Cargo
+  </span>
+  
+
+      </a>
+    </li>
+  
+
+              
+            
+              
+                
+  
+  
+  
+  
+    <li class="md-nav__item">
+      <a href="../../rust/concurrency.html" class="md-nav__link">
+        
+  
+  <span class="md-ellipsis">
+    Concurrency
+  </span>
+  
+
+      </a>
+    </li>
+  
+
+              
+            
+              
+                
+  
+  
+  
+  
+    <li class="md-nav__item">
+      <a href="../../rust/unit-tests.html" class="md-nav__link">
+        
+  
+  <span class="md-ellipsis">
+    Unit Tests
+  </span>
+  
+
+      </a>
+    </li>
+  
+
+              
+            
+          </ul>
+        </nav>
+      
+    </li>
+  
+
+              
+            
+              
+                
+  
+  
+  
+  
+    
+    
+      
+        
+      
+        
+      
+        
+      
+        
+      
+        
+      
+        
+      
+        
+      
+    
+    
+      
+      
+        
+          
+          
+        
+      
+    
+    
+    <li class="md-nav__item md-nav__item--section md-nav__item--nested">
+      
+        
+        
+        <input class="md-nav__toggle md-toggle " type="checkbox" id="__nav_4_13" >
+        
+          
+          <label class="md-nav__link" for="__nav_4_13" id="__nav_4_13_label" tabindex="">
+            
+  
+  <span class="md-ellipsis">
+    Javascript
+  </span>
+  
+
+            <span class="md-nav__icon md-icon"></span>
+          </label>
+        
+        <nav class="md-nav" data-md-level="2" aria-labelledby="__nav_4_13_label" aria-expanded="false">
+          <label class="md-nav__title" for="__nav_4_13">
+            <span class="md-nav__icon md-icon"></span>
+            Javascript
+          </label>
+          <ul class="md-nav__list" data-md-scrollfix>
+            
+              
+                
+  
+  
+  
+  
+    <li class="md-nav__item">
+      <a href="../../javascript/javascript.html" class="md-nav__link">
+        
+  
+  <span class="md-ellipsis">
+    Javascript
+  </span>
+  
+
+      </a>
+    </li>
+  
+
+              
+            
+              
+                
+  
+  
+  
+  
+    <li class="md-nav__item">
+      <a href="../../javascript/dom.html" class="md-nav__link">
+        
+  
+  <span class="md-ellipsis">
+    DOM
+  </span>
+  
+
+      </a>
+    </li>
+  
+
+              
+            
+              
+                
+  
+  
+  
+  
+    <li class="md-nav__item">
+      <a href="../../javascript/events-animation.html" class="md-nav__link">
+        
+  
+  <span class="md-ellipsis">
+    Events & Animation
+  </span>
+  
+
+      </a>
+    </li>
+  
+
+              
+            
+              
+                
+  
+  
+  
+  
+    <li class="md-nav__item">
+      <a href="../../javascript/ajax.html" class="md-nav__link">
+        
+  
+  <span class="md-ellipsis">
+    AJAX
+  </span>
+  
+
+      </a>
+    </li>
+  
+
+              
+            
+              
+                
+  
+  
+  
+  
+    <li class="md-nav__item">
+      <a href="../../javascript/jquery.html" class="md-nav__link">
+        
+  
+  <span class="md-ellipsis">
+    jQuery
+  </span>
+  
+
+      </a>
+    </li>
+  
+
+              
+            
+              
+                
+  
+  
+  
+  
+    
+    
+      
+        
+      
+        
+      
+        
+      
+        
+      
+        
+      
+    
+    
+      
+      
+        
+      
+    
+    
+    <li class="md-nav__item md-nav__item--nested">
+      
+        
+        
+        <input class="md-nav__toggle md-toggle " type="checkbox" id="__nav_4_13_6" >
+        
+          
+          <label class="md-nav__link" for="__nav_4_13_6" id="__nav_4_13_6_label" tabindex="0">
+            
+  
+  <span class="md-ellipsis">
+    React
+  </span>
+  
+
+            <span class="md-nav__icon md-icon"></span>
+          </label>
+        
+        <nav class="md-nav" data-md-level="3" aria-labelledby="__nav_4_13_6_label" aria-expanded="false">
+          <label class="md-nav__title" for="__nav_4_13_6">
+            <span class="md-nav__icon md-icon"></span>
+            React
+          </label>
+          <ul class="md-nav__list" data-md-scrollfix>
+            
+              
+                
+  
+  
+  
+  
+    <li class="md-nav__item">
+      <a href="../../javascript/react/react.html" class="md-nav__link">
+        
+  
+  <span class="md-ellipsis">
+    React
+  </span>
+  
+
+      </a>
+    </li>
+  
+
+              
+            
+              
+                
+  
+  
+  
+  
+    <li class="md-nav__item">
+      <a href="../../javascript/react/react-router.html" class="md-nav__link">
+        
+  
+  <span class="md-ellipsis">
+    React Router
+  </span>
+  
+
+      </a>
+    </li>
+  
+
+              
+            
+              
+                
+  
+  
+  
+  
+    <li class="md-nav__item">
+      <a href="../../javascript/react/react-tests.html" class="md-nav__link">
+        
+  
+  <span class="md-ellipsis">
+    React Tests
+  </span>
+  
+
+      </a>
+    </li>
+  
+
+              
+            
+              
+                
+  
+  
+  
+  
+    <li class="md-nav__item">
+      <a href="../../javascript/react/redux.html" class="md-nav__link">
+        
+  
+  <span class="md-ellipsis">
+    Redux
+  </span>
+  
+
+      </a>
+    </li>
+  
+
+              
+            
+              
+                
+  
+  
+  
+  
+    <li class="md-nav__item">
+      <a href="../../javascript/react/redux-tests.html" class="md-nav__link">
+        
+  
+  <span class="md-ellipsis">
+    Redux Tests
+  </span>
+  
+
+      </a>
+    </li>
+  
+
+              
+            
+          </ul>
+        </nav>
+      
+    </li>
+  
+
+              
+            
+              
+                
+  
+  
+  
+  
+    <li class="md-nav__item">
+      <a href="../../javascript/svelte/svelte.html" class="md-nav__link">
+        
+  
+  <span class="md-ellipsis">
+    Svelte
+  </span>
+  
+
+      </a>
+    </li>
+  
+
+              
+            
+          </ul>
+        </nav>
+      
+    </li>
+  
+
+              
+            
+              
+                
+  
+  
+  
+  
+    
+    
+      
+        
+      
+        
+      
+    
+    
+      
+      
+        
+          
+          
+        
+      
+    
+    
+    <li class="md-nav__item md-nav__item--section md-nav__item--nested">
+      
+        
+        
+        <input class="md-nav__toggle md-toggle " type="checkbox" id="__nav_4_14" >
+        
+          
+          <label class="md-nav__link" for="__nav_4_14" id="__nav_4_14_label" tabindex="">
+            
+  
+  <span class="md-ellipsis">
+    PowerShell
+  </span>
+  
+
+            <span class="md-nav__icon md-icon"></span>
+          </label>
+        
+        <nav class="md-nav" data-md-level="2" aria-labelledby="__nav_4_14_label" aria-expanded="false">
+          <label class="md-nav__title" for="__nav_4_14">
+            <span class="md-nav__icon md-icon"></span>
+            PowerShell
+          </label>
+          <ul class="md-nav__list" data-md-scrollfix>
+            
+              
+                
+  
+  
+  
+  
+    <li class="md-nav__item">
+      <a href="../../powershell/scripting.html" class="md-nav__link">
+        
+  
+  <span class="md-ellipsis">
+    Scripting
+  </span>
+  
+
+      </a>
+    </li>
+  
+
+              
+            
+              
+                
+  
+  
+  
+  
+    <li class="md-nav__item">
+      <a href="../../powershell/commands.html" class="md-nav__link">
+        
+  
+  <span class="md-ellipsis">
+    Commands
+  </span>
+  
+
+      </a>
+    </li>
+  
+
+              
+            
+          </ul>
+        </nav>
+      
+    </li>
+  
+
+              
+            
+              
+                
+  
+  
+  
+  
+    
+    
+      
+        
+      
+        
+      
+    
+    
+      
+      
+        
+          
+          
+        
+      
+    
+    
+    <li class="md-nav__item md-nav__item--section md-nav__item--nested">
+      
+        
+        
+        <input class="md-nav__toggle md-toggle " type="checkbox" id="__nav_4_15" >
+        
+          
+          <label class="md-nav__link" for="__nav_4_15" id="__nav_4_15_label" tabindex="">
+            
+  
+  <span class="md-ellipsis">
+    Bash
+  </span>
+  
+
+            <span class="md-nav__icon md-icon"></span>
+          </label>
+        
+        <nav class="md-nav" data-md-level="2" aria-labelledby="__nav_4_15_label" aria-expanded="false">
+          <label class="md-nav__title" for="__nav_4_15">
+            <span class="md-nav__icon md-icon"></span>
+            Bash
+          </label>
+          <ul class="md-nav__list" data-md-scrollfix>
+            
+              
+                
+  
+  
+  
+  
+    <li class="md-nav__item">
+      <a href="../../bash/scripting.html" class="md-nav__link">
+        
+  
+  <span class="md-ellipsis">
+    Scripting
+  </span>
+  
+
+      </a>
+    </li>
+  
+
+              
+            
+              
+                
+  
+  
+  
+  
+    <li class="md-nav__item">
+      <a href="../../bash/commands.html" class="md-nav__link">
+        
+  
+  <span class="md-ellipsis">
+    Commands
+  </span>
+  
+
+      </a>
+    </li>
+  
+
+              
+            
+          </ul>
+        </nav>
+      
+    </li>
+  
+
+              
+            
+          </ul>
+        </nav>
+      
+    </li>
+  
+
+    
+      
+      
+  
+  
+  
+  
+    
+    
+      
+        
+      
+        
+      
+        
+      
+        
+      
+        
+      
+    
+    
+      
+      
+        
+      
+    
+    
+    <li class="md-nav__item md-nav__item--nested">
+      
+        
+        
+        <input class="md-nav__toggle md-toggle " type="checkbox" id="__nav_5" >
+        
+          
+          <label class="md-nav__link" for="__nav_5" id="__nav_5_label" tabindex="0">
+            
+  
+  <span class="md-ellipsis">
+    Misc
+  </span>
+  
+
+            <span class="md-nav__icon md-icon"></span>
+          </label>
+        
+        <nav class="md-nav" data-md-level="1" aria-labelledby="__nav_5_label" aria-expanded="false">
+          <label class="md-nav__title" for="__nav_5">
+            <span class="md-nav__icon md-icon"></span>
+            Misc
+          </label>
+          <ul class="md-nav__list" data-md-scrollfix>
+            
+              
+                
+  
+  
+  
+  
+    <li class="md-nav__item">
+      <a href="../../../misc/git.html" class="md-nav__link">
+        
+  
+  <span class="md-ellipsis">
+    Git
+  </span>
+  
+
+      </a>
+    </li>
+  
+
+              
+            
+              
+                
+  
+  
+  
+  
+    <li class="md-nav__item">
+      <a href="../../../misc/graph-ql.html" class="md-nav__link">
+        
+  
+  <span class="md-ellipsis">
+    GraphQL
+  </span>
+  
+
+      </a>
+    </li>
+  
+
+              
+            
+              
+                
+  
+  
+  
+  
+    <li class="md-nav__item">
+      <a href="../../../misc/regular-expressions.html" class="md-nav__link">
+        
+  
+  <span class="md-ellipsis">
+    RegEx
+  </span>
+  
+
+      </a>
+    </li>
+  
+
+              
+            
+              
+                
+  
+  
+  
+  
+    <li class="md-nav__item">
+      <a href="../../../misc/ssh.html" class="md-nav__link">
+        
+  
+  <span class="md-ellipsis">
+    SSH
+  </span>
+  
+
+      </a>
+    </li>
+  
+
+              
+            
+              
+                
+  
+  
+  
+  
+    <li class="md-nav__item">
+      <a href="../../../misc/web-components.html" class="md-nav__link">
+        
+  
+  <span class="md-ellipsis">
+    WebComponents
+  </span>
+  
+
+      </a>
+    </li>
+  
+
+              
+            
+          </ul>
+        </nav>
+      
+    </li>
+  
+
+    
+      
+      
+  
+  
+  
+  
+    
+    
+      
+        
+      
+        
+      
+    
+    
+      
+      
+        
+      
+    
+    
+    <li class="md-nav__item md-nav__item--nested">
+      
+        
+        
+        <input class="md-nav__toggle md-toggle " type="checkbox" id="__nav_6" >
+        
+          
+          <label class="md-nav__link" for="__nav_6" id="__nav_6_label" tabindex="0">
+            
+  
+  <span class="md-ellipsis">
+    Linux
+  </span>
+  
+
+            <span class="md-nav__icon md-icon"></span>
+          </label>
+        
+        <nav class="md-nav" data-md-level="1" aria-labelledby="__nav_6_label" aria-expanded="false">
+          <label class="md-nav__title" for="__nav_6">
+            <span class="md-nav__icon md-icon"></span>
+            Linux
+          </label>
+          <ul class="md-nav__list" data-md-scrollfix>
+            
+              
+                
+  
+  
+  
+  
+    
+    
+      
+        
+      
+        
+      
+        
+      
+    
+    
+      
+      
+        
+      
+    
+    
+    <li class="md-nav__item md-nav__item--nested">
+      
+        
+        
+        <input class="md-nav__toggle md-toggle " type="checkbox" id="__nav_6_1" >
+        
+          
+          <label class="md-nav__link" for="__nav_6_1" id="__nav_6_1_label" tabindex="0">
+            
+  
+  <span class="md-ellipsis">
+    Filesystem
+  </span>
+  
+
+            <span class="md-nav__icon md-icon"></span>
+          </label>
+        
+        <nav class="md-nav" data-md-level="2" aria-labelledby="__nav_6_1_label" aria-expanded="false">
+          <label class="md-nav__title" for="__nav_6_1">
+            <span class="md-nav__icon md-icon"></span>
+            Filesystem
+          </label>
+          <ul class="md-nav__list" data-md-scrollfix>
+            
+              
+                
+  
+  
+  
+  
+    <li class="md-nav__item">
+      <a href="../../../linux/filesystem/file-links.html" class="md-nav__link">
+        
+  
+  <span class="md-ellipsis">
+    File Links
+  </span>
+  
+
+      </a>
+    </li>
+  
+
+              
+            
+              
+                
+  
+  
+  
+  
+    <li class="md-nav__item">
+      <a href="../../../linux/filesystem/procfs.html" class="md-nav__link">
+        
+  
+  <span class="md-ellipsis">
+    /proc
+  </span>
+  
+
+      </a>
+    </li>
+  
+
+              
+            
+              
+                
+  
+  
+  
+  
+    <li class="md-nav__item">
+      <a href="../../../linux/filesystem/sysfs.html" class="md-nav__link">
+        
+  
+  <span class="md-ellipsis">
+    /sys
+  </span>
+  
+
+      </a>
+    </li>
+  
+
+              
+            
+          </ul>
+        </nav>
+      
+    </li>
+  
+
+              
+            
+              
+                
+  
+  
+  
+  
+    
+    
+      
+        
+      
+        
+      
+    
+    
+      
+      
+        
+      
+    
+    
+    <li class="md-nav__item md-nav__item--nested">
+      
+        
+        
+        <input class="md-nav__toggle md-toggle " type="checkbox" id="__nav_6_2" >
+        
+          
+          <label class="md-nav__link" for="__nav_6_2" id="__nav_6_2_label" tabindex="0">
+            
+  
+  <span class="md-ellipsis">
+    System Init
+  </span>
+  
+
+            <span class="md-nav__icon md-icon"></span>
+          </label>
+        
+        <nav class="md-nav" data-md-level="2" aria-labelledby="__nav_6_2_label" aria-expanded="false">
+          <label class="md-nav__title" for="__nav_6_2">
+            <span class="md-nav__icon md-icon"></span>
+            System Init
+          </label>
+          <ul class="md-nav__list" data-md-scrollfix>
+            
+              
+                
+  
+  
+  
+  
+    <li class="md-nav__item">
+      <a href="../../../linux/init/systemd.html" class="md-nav__link">
+        
+  
+  <span class="md-ellipsis">
+    Systemd
+  </span>
+  
+
+      </a>
+    </li>
+  
+
+              
+            
+              
+                
+  
+  
+  
+  
+    <li class="md-nav__item">
+      <a href="../../../linux/init/open-rc.html" class="md-nav__link">
+        
+  
+  <span class="md-ellipsis">
+    OpenRC
+  </span>
+  
+
+      </a>
+    </li>
+  
+
+              
+            
+          </ul>
+        </nav>
+      
+    </li>
+  
+
+              
+            
+          </ul>
+        </nav>
+      
+    </li>
+  
+
+    
+  </ul>
+</nav>
+                  </div>
+                </div>
+              </div>
+            
+            
+              
+              <div class="md-sidebar md-sidebar--secondary" data-md-component="sidebar" data-md-type="toc" >
+                <div class="md-sidebar__scrollwrap">
+                  <div class="md-sidebar__inner">
+                    
+
+<nav class="md-nav md-nav--secondary" aria-label="Table of contents">
+  
+  
+  
+    
+  
+  
+    <label class="md-nav__title" for="__toc">
+      <span class="md-nav__icon md-icon"></span>
+      Table of contents
+    </label>
+    <ul class="md-nav__list" data-md-component="toc" data-md-scrollfix>
+      
+        <li class="md-nav__item">
+  <a href="#basic-pandas-imports" class="md-nav__link">
+    <span class="md-ellipsis">
+      Basic Pandas Imports
+    </span>
+  </a>
+  
+</li>
+      
+        <li class="md-nav__item">
+  <a href="#series" class="md-nav__link">
+    <span class="md-ellipsis">
+      SERIES
+    </span>
+  </a>
+  
+    <nav class="md-nav" aria-label="SERIES">
+      <ul class="md-nav__list">
+        
+          <li class="md-nav__item">
+  <a href="#indexing-selection-slicing" class="md-nav__link">
+    <span class="md-ellipsis">
+      INDEXING / SELECTION / SLICING
+    </span>
+  </a>
+  
+</li>
+        
+      </ul>
+    </nav>
+  
+</li>
+      
+        <li class="md-nav__item">
+  <a href="#missing-data" class="md-nav__link">
+    <span class="md-ellipsis">
+      MISSING DATA
+    </span>
+  </a>
+  
+    <nav class="md-nav" aria-label="MISSING DATA">
+      <ul class="md-nav__list">
+        
+          <li class="md-nav__item">
+  <a href="#series-attributes" class="md-nav__link">
+    <span class="md-ellipsis">
+      SERIES ATTRIBUTES
+    </span>
+  </a>
+  
+</li>
+        
+          <li class="md-nav__item">
+  <a href="#series-methods" class="md-nav__link">
+    <span class="md-ellipsis">
+      SERIES METHODS
+    </span>
+  </a>
+  
+</li>
+        
+      </ul>
+    </nav>
+  
+</li>
+      
+        <li class="md-nav__item">
+  <a href="#dataframe" class="md-nav__link">
+    <span class="md-ellipsis">
+      DATAFRAME
+    </span>
+  </a>
+  
+    <nav class="md-nav" aria-label="DATAFRAME">
+      <ul class="md-nav__list">
+        
+          <li class="md-nav__item">
+  <a href="#dataframe-attributes" class="md-nav__link">
+    <span class="md-ellipsis">
+      DATAFRAME ATTRIBUTES
+    </span>
+  </a>
+  
+</li>
+        
+          <li class="md-nav__item">
+  <a href="#dataframe-methods" class="md-nav__link">
+    <span class="md-ellipsis">
+      DATAFRAME METHODS
+    </span>
+  </a>
+  
+</li>
+        
+      </ul>
+    </nav>
+  
+</li>
+      
+        <li class="md-nav__item">
+  <a href="#index-objects" class="md-nav__link">
+    <span class="md-ellipsis">
+      INDEX OBJECTS
+    </span>
+  </a>
+  
+    <nav class="md-nav" aria-label="INDEX OBJECTS">
+      <ul class="md-nav__list">
+        
+          <li class="md-nav__item">
+  <a href="#index-types" class="md-nav__link">
+    <span class="md-ellipsis">
+      INDEX TYPES
+    </span>
+  </a>
+  
+</li>
+        
+          <li class="md-nav__item">
+  <a href="#index-attributers" class="md-nav__link">
+    <span class="md-ellipsis">
+      INDEX ATTRIBUTERS
+    </span>
+  </a>
+  
+</li>
+        
+          <li class="md-nav__item">
+  <a href="#index-methods" class="md-nav__link">
+    <span class="md-ellipsis">
+      INDEX METHODS
+    </span>
+  </a>
+  
+</li>
+        
+      </ul>
+    </nav>
+  
+</li>
+      
+        <li class="md-nav__item">
+  <a href="#arithmetic-operations" class="md-nav__link">
+    <span class="md-ellipsis">
+      ARITHMETIC OPERATIONS
+    </span>
+  </a>
+  
+    <nav class="md-nav" aria-label="ARITHMETIC OPERATIONS">
+      <ul class="md-nav__list">
+        
+          <li class="md-nav__item">
+  <a href="#addition" class="md-nav__link">
+    <span class="md-ellipsis">
+      ADDITION
+    </span>
+  </a>
+  
+</li>
+        
+          <li class="md-nav__item">
+  <a href="#subtraction" class="md-nav__link">
+    <span class="md-ellipsis">
+      SUBTRACTION
+    </span>
+  </a>
+  
+</li>
+        
+          <li class="md-nav__item">
+  <a href="#multiplication" class="md-nav__link">
+    <span class="md-ellipsis">
+      MULTIPLICATION
+    </span>
+  </a>
+  
+</li>
+        
+          <li class="md-nav__item">
+  <a href="#division-float-division" class="md-nav__link">
+    <span class="md-ellipsis">
+      DIVISION (float division)
+    </span>
+  </a>
+  
+</li>
+        
+          <li class="md-nav__item">
+  <a href="#floor-division" class="md-nav__link">
+    <span class="md-ellipsis">
+      FLOOR DIVISION
+    </span>
+  </a>
+  
+</li>
+        
+          <li class="md-nav__item">
+  <a href="#modulo" class="md-nav__link">
+    <span class="md-ellipsis">
+      MODULO
+    </span>
+  </a>
+  
+</li>
+        
+          <li class="md-nav__item">
+  <a href="#power" class="md-nav__link">
+    <span class="md-ellipsis">
+      POWER
+    </span>
+  </a>
+  
+</li>
+        
+      </ul>
+    </nav>
+  
+</li>
+      
+        <li class="md-nav__item">
+  <a href="#essential-functionality" class="md-nav__link">
+    <span class="md-ellipsis">
+      ESSENTIAL FUNCTIONALITY
+    </span>
+  </a>
+  
+    <nav class="md-nav" aria-label="ESSENTIAL FUNCTIONALITY">
+      <ul class="md-nav__list">
+        
+          <li class="md-nav__item">
+  <a href="#function-application-and-mapping" class="md-nav__link">
+    <span class="md-ellipsis">
+      FUNCTION APPLICATION AND MAPPING
+    </span>
+  </a>
+  
+</li>
+        
+      </ul>
+    </nav>
+  
+</li>
+      
+        <li class="md-nav__item">
+  <a href="#descriptive-and-summary-statistics" class="md-nav__link">
+    <span class="md-ellipsis">
+      DESCRIPTIVE AND SUMMARY STATISTICS
+    </span>
+  </a>
+  
+    <nav class="md-nav" aria-label="DESCRIPTIVE AND SUMMARY STATISTICS">
+      <ul class="md-nav__list">
+        
+          <li class="md-nav__item">
+  <a href="#count" class="md-nav__link">
+    <span class="md-ellipsis">
+      COUNT
+    </span>
+  </a>
+  
+</li>
+        
+          <li class="md-nav__item">
+  <a href="#describe" class="md-nav__link">
+    <span class="md-ellipsis">
+      DESCRIBE
+    </span>
+  </a>
+  
+</li>
+        
+          <li class="md-nav__item">
+  <a href="#max-min" class="md-nav__link">
+    <span class="md-ellipsis">
+      MAX - MIN
+    </span>
+  </a>
+  
+</li>
+        
+          <li class="md-nav__item">
+  <a href="#idxmax-idxmin" class="md-nav__link">
+    <span class="md-ellipsis">
+      IDXMAX - IDXMIN
+    </span>
+  </a>
+  
+</li>
+        
+          <li class="md-nav__item">
+  <a href="#quantile" class="md-nav__link">
+    <span class="md-ellipsis">
+      QUANTILE
+    </span>
+  </a>
+  
+</li>
+        
+          <li class="md-nav__item">
+  <a href="#sum" class="md-nav__link">
+    <span class="md-ellipsis">
+      SUM
+    </span>
+  </a>
+  
+</li>
+        
+          <li class="md-nav__item">
+  <a href="#mean" class="md-nav__link">
+    <span class="md-ellipsis">
+      MEAN
+    </span>
+  </a>
+  
+</li>
+        
+          <li class="md-nav__item">
+  <a href="#median" class="md-nav__link">
+    <span class="md-ellipsis">
+      MEDIAN
+    </span>
+  </a>
+  
+</li>
+        
+          <li class="md-nav__item">
+  <a href="#mad-mean-absolute-deviation" class="md-nav__link">
+    <span class="md-ellipsis">
+      MAD (mean absolute deviation)
+    </span>
+  </a>
+  
+</li>
+        
+          <li class="md-nav__item">
+  <a href="#var-variance" class="md-nav__link">
+    <span class="md-ellipsis">
+      VAR (variance)
+    </span>
+  </a>
+  
+</li>
+        
+          <li class="md-nav__item">
+  <a href="#std-standard-deviation" class="md-nav__link">
+    <span class="md-ellipsis">
+      STD (standard deviation)
+    </span>
+  </a>
+  
+</li>
+        
+          <li class="md-nav__item">
+  <a href="#skew" class="md-nav__link">
+    <span class="md-ellipsis">
+      SKEW
+    </span>
+  </a>
+  
+</li>
+        
+          <li class="md-nav__item">
+  <a href="#kurt" class="md-nav__link">
+    <span class="md-ellipsis">
+      KURT
+    </span>
+  </a>
+  
+</li>
+        
+          <li class="md-nav__item">
+  <a href="#cumsum-cumulative-sum" class="md-nav__link">
+    <span class="md-ellipsis">
+      CUMSUM (cumulative sum)
+    </span>
+  </a>
+  
+</li>
+        
+          <li class="md-nav__item">
+  <a href="#cummax-cummin-cumulative-maximum-minimum" class="md-nav__link">
+    <span class="md-ellipsis">
+      CUMMAX - CUMMIN (cumulative maximum - minimum)
+    </span>
+  </a>
+  
+</li>
+        
+          <li class="md-nav__item">
+  <a href="#cumprod-cumulative-product" class="md-nav__link">
+    <span class="md-ellipsis">
+      CUMPROD (cumulative product)
+    </span>
+  </a>
+  
+</li>
+        
+          <li class="md-nav__item">
+  <a href="#diff" class="md-nav__link">
+    <span class="md-ellipsis">
+      DIFF
+    </span>
+  </a>
+  
+</li>
+        
+          <li class="md-nav__item">
+  <a href="#pct_change" class="md-nav__link">
+    <span class="md-ellipsis">
+      PCT_CHANGE
+    </span>
+  </a>
+  
+</li>
+        
+      </ul>
+    </nav>
+  
+</li>
+      
+        <li class="md-nav__item">
+  <a href="#handling-missing-data" class="md-nav__link">
+    <span class="md-ellipsis">
+      HANDLING MISSING DATA
+    </span>
+  </a>
+  
+    <nav class="md-nav" aria-label="HANDLING MISSING DATA">
+      <ul class="md-nav__list">
+        
+          <li class="md-nav__item">
+  <a href="#filtering-out-missing-data" class="md-nav__link">
+    <span class="md-ellipsis">
+      FILTERING OUT MISSING DATA
+    </span>
+  </a>
+  
+</li>
+        
+          <li class="md-nav__item">
+  <a href="#filling-in-missing-data" class="md-nav__link">
+    <span class="md-ellipsis">
+      FILLING IN MISSING DATA
+    </span>
+  </a>
+  
+</li>
+        
+      </ul>
+    </nav>
+  
+</li>
+      
+        <li class="md-nav__item">
+  <a href="#hierarchical-indexing-multiindex" class="md-nav__link">
+    <span class="md-ellipsis">
+      HIERARCHICAL INDEXING (MultiIndex)
+    </span>
+  </a>
+  
+    <nav class="md-nav" aria-label="HIERARCHICAL INDEXING (MultiIndex)">
+      <ul class="md-nav__list">
+        
+          <li class="md-nav__item">
+  <a href="#multiiindex-creation" class="md-nav__link">
+    <span class="md-ellipsis">
+      MULTIIINDEX CREATION
+    </span>
+  </a>
+  
+</li>
+        
+          <li class="md-nav__item">
+  <a href="#multiindex-levels" class="md-nav__link">
+    <span class="md-ellipsis">
+      MULTIINDEX LEVELS
+    </span>
+  </a>
+  
+</li>
+        
+          <li class="md-nav__item">
+  <a href="#partial-and-cross-section-selection" class="md-nav__link">
+    <span class="md-ellipsis">
+      PARTIAL AND CROSS-SECTION SELECTION
+    </span>
+  </a>
+  
+</li>
+        
+          <li class="md-nav__item">
+  <a href="#indexing-slicing" class="md-nav__link">
+    <span class="md-ellipsis">
+      INDEXING, SLICING
+    </span>
+  </a>
+  
+</li>
+        
+          <li class="md-nav__item">
+  <a href="#reordering-and-sorting-levels" class="md-nav__link">
+    <span class="md-ellipsis">
+      REORDERING AND SORTING LEVELS
+    </span>
+  </a>
+  
+</li>
+        
+      </ul>
+    </nav>
+  
+</li>
+      
+        <li class="md-nav__item">
+  <a href="#data-loading-storage-file-formats" class="md-nav__link">
+    <span class="md-ellipsis">
+      DATA LOADING, STORAGE FILE FORMATS
+    </span>
+  </a>
+  
+</li>
+      
+    </ul>
+  
+</nav>
+                  </div>
+                </div>
+              </div>
+            
+          
+          
+            <div class="md-content" data-md-component="content">
+              <article class="md-content__inner md-typeset">
+                
+                  
+
+  
+  
+
+
+<h1 id="pandas">Pandas</h1>
+<h2 id="basic-pandas-imports">Basic Pandas Imports</h2>
+<div class="highlight"><table class="highlighttable"><tr><th colspan="2" class="filename"><span class="filename">Python</span></th></tr><tr><td class="linenos"><div class="linenodiv"><pre><span></span><span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-0-1">1</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-0-2">2</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-0-3">3</a></span></pre></div></td><td class="code"><div><pre><span></span><code><a id="__codelineno-0-1" name="__codelineno-0-1"></a><span class="kn">import</span> <span class="nn">numpy</span> <span class="k">as</span> <span class="nn">np</span>
+<a id="__codelineno-0-2" name="__codelineno-0-2"></a><span class="kn">import</span> <span class="nn">pandas</span> <span class="k">as</span> <span class="nn">pd</span>
+<a id="__codelineno-0-3" name="__codelineno-0-3"></a><span class="kn">from</span> <span class="nn">pandas</span> <span class="kn">import</span> <span class="n">Series</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="n">DataFrame</span>
+</code></pre></div></td></tr></table></div>
+<h2 id="series">SERIES</h2>
+<p>1-dimensional labelled array, axis label referred as INDEX.<br />
+Index can contain repetitions.</p>
+<div class="highlight"><table class="highlighttable"><tr><th colspan="2" class="filename"><span class="filename">Python</span></th></tr><tr><td class="linenos"><div class="linenodiv"><pre><span></span><span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-1-1">1</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-1-2">2</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-1-3">3</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-1-4">4</a></span></pre></div></td><td class="code"><div><pre><span></span><code><a id="__codelineno-1-1" name="__codelineno-1-1"></a><span class="n">s</span> <span class="o">=</span> <span class="n">Series</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="n">data</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="n">index</span><span class="o">=</span><span class="n">index</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="n">name</span><span class="o">=</span><span class="s1">&#39;name&#39;</span><span class="p">)</span>
+<a id="__codelineno-1-2" name="__codelineno-1-2"></a><span class="c1"># DATA: {python dict, ndarray, scalar value}</span>
+<a id="__codelineno-1-3" name="__codelineno-1-3"></a><span class="c1"># NAME: {string}</span>
+<a id="__codelineno-1-4" name="__codelineno-1-4"></a><span class="n">s</span> <span class="o">=</span> <span class="n">Series</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="nb">dict</span><span class="p">)</span>  <span class="c1"># Series created from python dict, dict keys become index values</span>
+</code></pre></div></td></tr></table></div>
+<h3 id="indexing-selection-slicing">INDEXING / SELECTION / SLICING</h3>
+<div class="highlight"><table class="highlighttable"><tr><th colspan="2" class="filename"><span class="filename">Python</span></th></tr><tr><td class="linenos"><div class="linenodiv"><pre><span></span><span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-2-1">1</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-2-2">2</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-2-3">3</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-2-4">4</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-2-5">5</a></span></pre></div></td><td class="code"><div><pre><span></span><code><a id="__codelineno-2-1" name="__codelineno-2-1"></a><span class="n">s</span><span class="p">[</span><span class="s1">&#39;index&#39;</span><span class="p">]</span>  <span class="c1"># selection by index label</span>
+<a id="__codelineno-2-2" name="__codelineno-2-2"></a><span class="n">s</span><span class="p">[</span><span class="n">condition</span><span class="p">]</span>  <span class="c1"># return slice selected by condition</span>
+<a id="__codelineno-2-3" name="__codelineno-2-3"></a><span class="n">s</span><span class="p">[</span> <span class="p">:</span> <span class="p">]</span>  <span class="c1"># slice endpoint included</span>
+<a id="__codelineno-2-4" name="__codelineno-2-4"></a><span class="n">s</span><span class="p">[</span> <span class="p">:</span> <span class="p">]</span> <span class="o">=</span> <span class="o">*</span><span class="n">value</span>  <span class="c1"># modify value of entire slice</span>
+<a id="__codelineno-2-5" name="__codelineno-2-5"></a><span class="n">s</span><span class="p">[</span><span class="n">condition</span><span class="p">]</span> <span class="o">=</span> <span class="o">*</span><span class="n">value</span>  <span class="c1"># modify slice by condition</span>
+</code></pre></div></td></tr></table></div>
+<h2 id="missing-data">MISSING DATA</h2>
+<p>Missing data appears as NaN (Not a Number).</p>
+<div class="highlight"><table class="highlighttable"><tr><th colspan="2" class="filename"><span class="filename">Python</span></th></tr><tr><td class="linenos"><div class="linenodiv"><pre><span></span><span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-3-1">1</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-3-2">2</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-3-3">3</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-3-4">4</a></span></pre></div></td><td class="code"><div><pre><span></span><code><a id="__codelineno-3-1" name="__codelineno-3-1"></a><span class="n">pd</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">isnull</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="n">array</span><span class="p">)</span>  <span class="c1"># return a Series index-bool indicating which indexes don&#39;t have data</span>
+<a id="__codelineno-3-2" name="__codelineno-3-2"></a><span class="n">pd</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">notnull</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="n">array</span><span class="p">)</span>  <span class="c1"># return a Series index-bool indicating which indexes have data</span>
+<a id="__codelineno-3-3" name="__codelineno-3-3"></a><span class="n">array</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">isnull</span><span class="p">()</span>
+<a id="__codelineno-3-4" name="__codelineno-3-4"></a><span class="n">array</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">notnull</span><span class="p">()</span>
+</code></pre></div></td></tr></table></div>
+<h3 id="series-attributes">SERIES ATTRIBUTES</h3>
+<div class="highlight"><table class="highlighttable"><tr><th colspan="2" class="filename"><span class="filename">Python</span></th></tr><tr><td class="linenos"><div class="linenodiv"><pre><span></span><span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-4-1">1</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-4-2">2</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-4-3">3</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-4-4">4</a></span></pre></div></td><td class="code"><div><pre><span></span><code><a id="__codelineno-4-1" name="__codelineno-4-1"></a><span class="n">s</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">values</span>  <span class="c1"># NumPy representation of Series</span>
+<a id="__codelineno-4-2" name="__codelineno-4-2"></a><span class="n">s</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">index</span>  <span class="c1"># index object of Series</span>
+<a id="__codelineno-4-3" name="__codelineno-4-3"></a><span class="n">s</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">name</span> <span class="o">=</span> <span class="s2">&quot;Series name&quot;</span>  <span class="c1"># renames Series object</span>
+<a id="__codelineno-4-4" name="__codelineno-4-4"></a><span class="n">s</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">index</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">name</span> <span class="o">=</span> <span class="s2">&quot;index name&quot;</span>  <span class="c1"># renames index</span>
+</code></pre></div></td></tr></table></div>
+<h3 id="series-methods">SERIES METHODS</h3>
+<div class="highlight"><table class="highlighttable"><tr><th colspan="2" class="filename"><span class="filename">Python</span></th></tr><tr><td class="linenos"><div class="linenodiv"><pre><span></span><span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-5-1"> 1</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-5-2"> 2</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-5-3"> 3</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-5-4"> 4</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-5-5"> 5</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-5-6"> 6</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-5-7"> 7</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-5-8"> 8</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-5-9"> 9</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-5-10">10</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-5-11">11</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-5-12">12</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-5-13">13</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-5-14">14</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-5-15">15</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-5-16">16</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-5-17">17</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-5-18">18</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-5-19">19</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-5-20">20</a></span></pre></div></td><td class="code"><div><pre><span></span><code><a id="__codelineno-5-1" name="__codelineno-5-1"></a><span class="n">pd</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">Series</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">isin</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="bp">self</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="n">values</span><span class="p">)</span>  <span class="c1">#  boolean Series showing whether elements in Series matches elements in values exactly</span>
+<a id="__codelineno-5-2" name="__codelineno-5-2"></a>
+<a id="__codelineno-5-3" name="__codelineno-5-3"></a><span class="c1"># Conform Series to new index, new object produced unless the new index is equivalent to current one and copy=False</span>
+<a id="__codelineno-5-4" name="__codelineno-5-4"></a><span class="n">pd</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">Series</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">reindex</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="bp">self</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="n">index</span><span class="o">=</span><span class="kc">None</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="o">**</span><span class="n">kwargs</span><span class="p">)</span>
+<a id="__codelineno-5-5" name="__codelineno-5-5"></a><span class="c1"># INDEX: {array} -- new labels / index</span>
+<a id="__codelineno-5-6" name="__codelineno-5-6"></a><span class="c1"># METHOD: {none (don&#39;t fill gaps), pad (fill or carry values forward), backfill (fill or carry values backward)}-- hole filling method</span>
+<a id="__codelineno-5-7" name="__codelineno-5-7"></a><span class="c1"># COPY: {bool} -- return new object even if index is same -- DEFAULT True</span>
+<a id="__codelineno-5-8" name="__codelineno-5-8"></a><span class="c1"># FILLVALUE: {scalar} --value to use for missing values. DEFAULT NaN</span>
+<a id="__codelineno-5-9" name="__codelineno-5-9"></a>
+<a id="__codelineno-5-10" name="__codelineno-5-10"></a><span class="n">pd</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">Series</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">drop</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="bp">self</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="n">index</span><span class="o">=</span><span class="kc">None</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="o">**</span><span class="n">kwargs</span><span class="p">)</span>  <span class="c1"># return Series with specified index labels removed</span>
+<a id="__codelineno-5-11" name="__codelineno-5-11"></a><span class="c1"># INPLACE: {bool} -- if true do operation in place and return None -- DEFAULT False</span>
+<a id="__codelineno-5-12" name="__codelineno-5-12"></a><span class="c1"># ERRORS: {ignore, raise} -- If &quot;ignore&quot;, suppress error and existing labels are dropped</span>
+<a id="__codelineno-5-13" name="__codelineno-5-13"></a><span class="c1"># KeyError raised if not all of the labels are found in the selected axis</span>
+<a id="__codelineno-5-14" name="__codelineno-5-14"></a>
+<a id="__codelineno-5-15" name="__codelineno-5-15"></a><span class="n">pd</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">Series</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">value_counts</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="bp">self</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="n">normalize</span><span class="o">=</span><span class="kc">False</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="n">sort</span><span class="o">=</span><span class="kc">True</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="n">ascending</span><span class="o">=</span><span class="kc">False</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="n">bins</span><span class="o">=</span><span class="kc">None</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="n">dropna</span><span class="o">=</span><span class="kc">True</span><span class="p">)</span>
+<a id="__codelineno-5-16" name="__codelineno-5-16"></a><span class="c1"># NORMALIZE: {bool} -- if True then object returned will contain relative frequencies of unique values</span>
+<a id="__codelineno-5-17" name="__codelineno-5-17"></a><span class="c1"># SORT: {bool} -- sort by frequency -- DEFAULT True</span>
+<a id="__codelineno-5-18" name="__codelineno-5-18"></a><span class="c1"># ASCENDING: {bool} -- sort in ascending order -- DEFAULT False</span>
+<a id="__codelineno-5-19" name="__codelineno-5-19"></a><span class="c1"># BINS: {int} -- group values into half-open bins, only works with numeric data</span>
+<a id="__codelineno-5-20" name="__codelineno-5-20"></a><span class="c1"># DROPNA: {bool} -- don&#39;t include counts of NaN</span>
+</code></pre></div></td></tr></table></div>
+<h2 id="dataframe">DATAFRAME</h2>
+<p>2-dimensional labeled data structure with columns of potentially different types.
+Index and columns can contain repetitions.</p>
+<div class="highlight"><table class="highlighttable"><tr><th colspan="2" class="filename"><span class="filename">Python</span></th></tr><tr><td class="linenos"><div class="linenodiv"><pre><span></span><span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-6-1"> 1</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-6-2"> 2</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-6-3"> 3</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-6-4"> 4</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-6-5"> 5</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-6-6"> 6</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-6-7"> 7</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-6-8"> 8</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-6-9"> 9</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-6-10">10</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-6-11">11</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-6-12">12</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-6-13">13</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-6-14">14</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-6-15">15</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-6-16">16</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-6-17">17</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-6-18">18</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-6-19">19</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-6-20">20</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-6-21">21</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-6-22">22</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-6-23">23</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-6-24">24</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-6-25">25</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-6-26">26</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-6-27">27</a></span></pre></div></td><td class="code"><div><pre><span></span><code><a id="__codelineno-6-1" name="__codelineno-6-1"></a><span class="n">df</span> <span class="o">=</span> <span class="n">DataFrame</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="n">data</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="n">index</span><span class="o">=</span><span class="n">row_labels</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="n">columns</span><span class="o">=</span><span class="n">column_labels</span><span class="p">)</span>
+<a id="__codelineno-6-2" name="__codelineno-6-2"></a><span class="c1"># DATA: {list, dict (of lists), nested dicts, series, dict of 1D ndarray, 2D ndarray, DataFrame}</span>
+<a id="__codelineno-6-3" name="__codelineno-6-3"></a><span class="c1"># INDEX: {list of row_labels}</span>
+<a id="__codelineno-6-4" name="__codelineno-6-4"></a><span class="c1"># COLUMNS: {list of column_labels}</span>
+<a id="__codelineno-6-5" name="__codelineno-6-5"></a><span class="c1"># outer dict keys interpreted as index labels, inner dict keys interpreted as column labels</span>
+<a id="__codelineno-6-6" name="__codelineno-6-6"></a><span class="c1"># INDEXING / SELECTION / SLICING</span>
+<a id="__codelineno-6-7" name="__codelineno-6-7"></a><span class="n">df</span><span class="p">[</span><span class="n">col</span><span class="p">]</span>  <span class="c1"># column selection</span>
+<a id="__codelineno-6-8" name="__codelineno-6-8"></a><span class="n">df</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">at</span><span class="p">[</span><span class="n">row</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="n">col</span><span class="p">]</span>  <span class="c1"># access a single value for a row/column label pair</span>
+<a id="__codelineno-6-9" name="__codelineno-6-9"></a><span class="n">df</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">iat</span><span class="p">[</span><span class="n">row</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="n">col</span><span class="p">]</span>  <span class="c1"># access a single value for a row/column pair by integer position</span>
+<a id="__codelineno-6-10" name="__codelineno-6-10"></a>
+<a id="__codelineno-6-11" name="__codelineno-6-11"></a><span class="n">df</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">column_label</span>  <span class="c1"># column selection</span>
+<a id="__codelineno-6-12" name="__codelineno-6-12"></a>
+<a id="__codelineno-6-13" name="__codelineno-6-13"></a><span class="n">df</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">loc</span><span class="p">[</span><span class="n">label</span><span class="p">]</span>  <span class="c1"># row selection by label</span>
+<a id="__codelineno-6-14" name="__codelineno-6-14"></a><span class="n">df</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">iloc</span><span class="p">[</span><span class="n">loc</span><span class="p">]</span>  <span class="c1"># row selection by integer location</span>
+<a id="__codelineno-6-15" name="__codelineno-6-15"></a>
+<a id="__codelineno-6-16" name="__codelineno-6-16"></a><span class="n">df</span><span class="p">[</span> <span class="p">:</span> <span class="p">]</span>  <span class="c1"># slice rows</span>
+<a id="__codelineno-6-17" name="__codelineno-6-17"></a><span class="n">df</span><span class="p">[</span><span class="n">bool_vec</span><span class="p">]</span>  <span class="c1"># slice rows by boolean vector</span>
+<a id="__codelineno-6-18" name="__codelineno-6-18"></a><span class="n">df</span><span class="p">[</span><span class="n">condition</span><span class="p">]</span>  <span class="c1"># slice rows by condition</span>
+<a id="__codelineno-6-19" name="__codelineno-6-19"></a>
+<a id="__codelineno-6-20" name="__codelineno-6-20"></a><span class="n">df</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">loc</span><span class="p">[:,</span> <span class="p">[</span><span class="s2">&quot;column_1&quot;</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="s2">&quot;column_2&quot;</span><span class="p">]]</span>  <span class="c1"># slice columns by names</span>
+<a id="__codelineno-6-21" name="__codelineno-6-21"></a><span class="n">df</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">loc</span><span class="p">[:,</span> <span class="p">[</span><span class="n">bool_vector</span><span class="p">]]</span>  <span class="c1"># slice columns by names</span>
+<a id="__codelineno-6-22" name="__codelineno-6-22"></a>
+<a id="__codelineno-6-23" name="__codelineno-6-23"></a><span class="n">df</span><span class="p">[</span><span class="n">col</span><span class="p">]</span> <span class="o">=</span> <span class="o">*</span><span class="n">value</span>  <span class="c1"># modify column contents, if colon is missing it will be created</span>
+<a id="__codelineno-6-24" name="__codelineno-6-24"></a><span class="n">df</span><span class="p">[</span> <span class="p">:</span> <span class="p">]</span> <span class="o">=</span> <span class="o">*</span><span class="n">value</span> <span class="c1"># modify rows contents</span>
+<a id="__codelineno-6-25" name="__codelineno-6-25"></a><span class="n">df</span><span class="p">[</span><span class="n">condition</span><span class="p">]</span> <span class="o">=</span> <span class="o">*</span><span class="n">value</span>  <span class="c1"># modify contents</span>
+<a id="__codelineno-6-26" name="__codelineno-6-26"></a>
+<a id="__codelineno-6-27" name="__codelineno-6-27"></a><span class="k">del</span> <span class="n">df</span><span class="p">[</span><span class="n">col</span><span class="p">]</span>  <span class="c1"># delete column</span>
+</code></pre></div></td></tr></table></div>
+<h3 id="dataframe-attributes">DATAFRAME ATTRIBUTES</h3>
+<div class="highlight"><table class="highlighttable"><tr><th colspan="2" class="filename"><span class="filename">Python</span></th></tr><tr><td class="linenos"><div class="linenodiv"><pre><span></span><span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-7-1">1</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-7-2">2</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-7-3">3</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-7-4">4</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-7-5">5</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-7-6">6</a></span></pre></div></td><td class="code"><div><pre><span></span><code><a id="__codelineno-7-1" name="__codelineno-7-1"></a><span class="n">df</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">index</span>  <span class="c1"># row labels</span>
+<a id="__codelineno-7-2" name="__codelineno-7-2"></a><span class="n">df</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">columns</span>  <span class="c1"># column labels</span>
+<a id="__codelineno-7-3" name="__codelineno-7-3"></a><span class="n">df</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">values</span>  <span class="c1"># NumPy representation of DataFrame</span>
+<a id="__codelineno-7-4" name="__codelineno-7-4"></a><span class="n">df</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">index</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">name</span> <span class="o">=</span> <span class="s2">&quot;index name&quot;</span>
+<a id="__codelineno-7-5" name="__codelineno-7-5"></a><span class="n">df</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">columns</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">index</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">name</span> <span class="o">=</span> <span class="s2">&quot;columns name&quot;</span>
+<a id="__codelineno-7-6" name="__codelineno-7-6"></a><span class="n">df</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">T</span> <span class="c1"># transpose</span>
+</code></pre></div></td></tr></table></div>
+<h3 id="dataframe-methods">DATAFRAME METHODS</h3>
+<div class="highlight"><table class="highlighttable"><tr><th colspan="2" class="filename"><span class="filename">Python</span></th></tr><tr><td class="linenos"><div class="linenodiv"><pre><span></span><span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-8-1"> 1</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-8-2"> 2</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-8-3"> 3</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-8-4"> 4</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-8-5"> 5</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-8-6"> 6</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-8-7"> 7</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-8-8"> 8</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-8-9"> 9</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-8-10">10</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-8-11">11</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-8-12">12</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-8-13">13</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-8-14">14</a></span></pre></div></td><td class="code"><div><pre><span></span><code><a id="__codelineno-8-1" name="__codelineno-8-1"></a><span class="n">pd</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">DataFrame</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">isin</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="bp">self</span> <span class="p">,</span> <span class="n">values</span><span class="p">)</span>  <span class="c1"># boolean DataFrame showing whether elements in DataFrame matches elements in values exactly</span>
+<a id="__codelineno-8-2" name="__codelineno-8-2"></a>
+<a id="__codelineno-8-3" name="__codelineno-8-3"></a><span class="c1"># Conform DataFrame to new index, new object produced unless the new index is equivalent to current one and copy=False</span>
+<a id="__codelineno-8-4" name="__codelineno-8-4"></a><span class="n">pd</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">DataFrame</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">reindex</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="bp">self</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="n">index</span><span class="o">=</span><span class="kc">None</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="n">columns</span><span class="o">=</span><span class="kc">None</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="o">**</span><span class="n">kwargs</span><span class="p">)</span>
+<a id="__codelineno-8-5" name="__codelineno-8-5"></a><span class="c1"># INDEX: {array} -- new labels / index</span>
+<a id="__codelineno-8-6" name="__codelineno-8-6"></a><span class="c1"># COLUMNS: {array} -- new labels / columns</span>
+<a id="__codelineno-8-7" name="__codelineno-8-7"></a><span class="c1"># METHOD: {none (don&#39;t fill gaps), pad (fill or carry values forward), backfill (fill or carry values backward)}-- hole filling method</span>
+<a id="__codelineno-8-8" name="__codelineno-8-8"></a><span class="c1"># COPY: {bool} -- return new object even if index is same -- DEFAULT True</span>
+<a id="__codelineno-8-9" name="__codelineno-8-9"></a><span class="c1"># FILLVALUE: {scalar} --value to use for missing values. DEFAULT NaN</span>
+<a id="__codelineno-8-10" name="__codelineno-8-10"></a>
+<a id="__codelineno-8-11" name="__codelineno-8-11"></a><span class="n">pd</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">DataFrame</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">drop</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="bp">self</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="n">index</span><span class="o">=</span><span class="kc">None</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="n">columns</span><span class="o">=</span><span class="kc">None</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="o">**</span><span class="n">kwargs</span><span class="p">)</span>  <span class="c1"># Remove rows or columns by specifying label names</span>
+<a id="__codelineno-8-12" name="__codelineno-8-12"></a><span class="c1"># INPLACE: {bool} -- if true do operation in place and return None -- DEFAULT False</span>
+<a id="__codelineno-8-13" name="__codelineno-8-13"></a><span class="c1"># ERRORS: {ignore, raise} -- If &quot;ignore&quot;, suppress error and existing labels are dropped</span>
+<a id="__codelineno-8-14" name="__codelineno-8-14"></a><span class="c1"># KeyError raised if not all of the labels are found in the selected axis</span>
+</code></pre></div></td></tr></table></div>
+<h2 id="index-objects">INDEX OBJECTS</h2>
+<p>Holds axis labels and metadata, immutable.</p>
+<h3 id="index-types">INDEX TYPES</h3>
+<div class="highlight"><table class="highlighttable"><tr><th colspan="2" class="filename"><span class="filename">Python</span></th></tr><tr><td class="linenos"><div class="linenodiv"><pre><span></span><span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-9-1">1</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-9-2">2</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-9-3">3</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-9-4">4</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-9-5">5</a></span></pre></div></td><td class="code"><div><pre><span></span><code><a id="__codelineno-9-1" name="__codelineno-9-1"></a><span class="n">pd</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">Index</span>  <span class="c1"># immutable ordered ndarray, sliceable. stores axis labels</span>
+<a id="__codelineno-9-2" name="__codelineno-9-2"></a><span class="n">pd</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">Int64Index</span>  <span class="c1"># special case of Index with purely integer labels</span>
+<a id="__codelineno-9-3" name="__codelineno-9-3"></a><span class="n">pd</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">MultiIndex</span>  <span class="c1"># multi-level (hierarchical) index object for pandas objects</span>
+<a id="__codelineno-9-4" name="__codelineno-9-4"></a><span class="n">pd</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">PeriodINdex</span>  <span class="c1"># immutable ndarray holding ordinal values indicating regular periods in time</span>
+<a id="__codelineno-9-5" name="__codelineno-9-5"></a><span class="n">pd</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">DatetimeIndex</span>  <span class="c1"># nanosecond timestamps (uses Numpy datetime64)</span>
+</code></pre></div></td></tr></table></div>
+<h3 id="index-attributers">INDEX ATTRIBUTERS</h3>
+<div class="highlight"><table class="highlighttable"><tr><th colspan="2" class="filename"><span class="filename">Python</span></th></tr><tr><td class="linenos"><div class="linenodiv"><pre><span></span><span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-10-1">1</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-10-2">2</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-10-3">3</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-10-4">4</a></span></pre></div></td><td class="code"><div><pre><span></span><code><a id="__codelineno-10-1" name="__codelineno-10-1"></a><span class="n">pd</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">Index</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">is_monotonic_increasing</span>  <span class="c1"># Return True if the index is monotonic increasing (only equal or increasing) values</span>
+<a id="__codelineno-10-2" name="__codelineno-10-2"></a><span class="n">pd</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">Index</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">is_monotonic_decreasing</span>  <span class="c1"># Return True if the index is monotonic decreasing (only equal or decreasing) values</span>
+<a id="__codelineno-10-3" name="__codelineno-10-3"></a><span class="n">pd</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">Index</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">is_unique</span>  <span class="c1"># Return True if the index has unique values.</span>
+<a id="__codelineno-10-4" name="__codelineno-10-4"></a><span class="n">pd</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">Index</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">hasnans</span>  <span class="c1"># Return True if the index has NaNs</span>
+</code></pre></div></td></tr></table></div>
+<h3 id="index-methods">INDEX METHODS</h3>
+<div class="highlight"><table class="highlighttable"><tr><th colspan="2" class="filename"><span class="filename">Python</span></th></tr><tr><td class="linenos"><div class="linenodiv"><pre><span></span><span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-11-1"> 1</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-11-2"> 2</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-11-3"> 3</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-11-4"> 4</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-11-5"> 5</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-11-6"> 6</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-11-7"> 7</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-11-8"> 8</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-11-9"> 9</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-11-10">10</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-11-11">11</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-11-12">12</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-11-13">13</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-11-14">14</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-11-15">15</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-11-16">16</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-11-17">17</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-11-18">18</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-11-19">19</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-11-20">20</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-11-21">21</a></span></pre></div></td><td class="code"><div><pre><span></span><code><a id="__codelineno-11-1" name="__codelineno-11-1"></a><span class="n">pd</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">Index</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">append</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="bp">self</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="n">other</span><span class="p">)</span>  <span class="c1"># append a collection of Index options together</span>
+<a id="__codelineno-11-2" name="__codelineno-11-2"></a>
+<a id="__codelineno-11-3" name="__codelineno-11-3"></a><span class="n">pd</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">Index</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">difference</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="bp">self</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="n">other</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="n">sort</span><span class="o">=</span><span class="kc">None</span><span class="p">)</span>  <span class="c1"># set difference of two Index objects</span>
+<a id="__codelineno-11-4" name="__codelineno-11-4"></a><span class="c1"># SORT: {None (attempt sorting), False (don&#39;t sort)}</span>
+<a id="__codelineno-11-5" name="__codelineno-11-5"></a>
+<a id="__codelineno-11-6" name="__codelineno-11-6"></a><span class="n">pd</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">Index</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">intersection</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="bp">self</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="n">other</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="n">sort</span><span class="o">=</span><span class="kc">None</span><span class="p">)</span>  <span class="c1"># set intersection of two Index objects</span>
+<a id="__codelineno-11-7" name="__codelineno-11-7"></a><span class="c1"># SORT: {None (attempt sorting), False (don&#39;t sort)}</span>
+<a id="__codelineno-11-8" name="__codelineno-11-8"></a>
+<a id="__codelineno-11-9" name="__codelineno-11-9"></a><span class="n">pd</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">Index</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">union</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="bp">self</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="n">other</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="n">sort</span><span class="o">=</span><span class="kc">None</span><span class="p">)</span>  <span class="c1"># set union of two Index objects</span>
+<a id="__codelineno-11-10" name="__codelineno-11-10"></a><span class="c1"># SORT: {None (attempt sorting), False (don&#39;t sort)}</span>
+<a id="__codelineno-11-11" name="__codelineno-11-11"></a>
+<a id="__codelineno-11-12" name="__codelineno-11-12"></a><span class="n">pd</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">Index</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">isin</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="bp">self</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="n">values</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="n">level</span><span class="o">=</span><span class="kc">None</span><span class="p">)</span>  <span class="c1"># boolean array indicating where the index values are in values</span>
+<a id="__codelineno-11-13" name="__codelineno-11-13"></a><span class="n">pd</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">Index</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">insert</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="bp">self</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="n">loc</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="n">item</span><span class="p">)</span>  <span class="c1"># make new Index inserting new item at location</span>
+<a id="__codelineno-11-14" name="__codelineno-11-14"></a><span class="n">pd</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">Index</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">delete</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="bp">self</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="n">loc</span><span class="p">)</span>  <span class="c1"># make new Index with passed location(-s) deleted</span>
+<a id="__codelineno-11-15" name="__codelineno-11-15"></a>
+<a id="__codelineno-11-16" name="__codelineno-11-16"></a><span class="n">pd</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">Index</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">drop</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="bp">self</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="n">labels</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="n">errors</span><span class="o">=</span><span class="s1">&#39;raise&#39;</span><span class="p">)</span>  <span class="c1"># Make new Index with passed list of labels deleted</span>
+<a id="__codelineno-11-17" name="__codelineno-11-17"></a><span class="c1"># ERRORS: {ignore, raise} -- If &#39;ignore&#39;, suppress error and existing labels are dropped</span>
+<a id="__codelineno-11-18" name="__codelineno-11-18"></a><span class="c1"># KeyError raised if not all of the labels are found in the selected axis</span>
+<a id="__codelineno-11-19" name="__codelineno-11-19"></a>
+<a id="__codelineno-11-20" name="__codelineno-11-20"></a><span class="n">pd</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">Index</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">reindex</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="bp">self</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="n">target</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="o">**</span><span class="n">kwargs</span><span class="p">)</span>  <span class="c1"># create index with target&#39;s values (move/add/delete values as necessary)</span>
+<a id="__codelineno-11-21" name="__codelineno-11-21"></a><span class="c1"># METHOD: {none (don&#39;t fill gaps), pad (fill or carry values forward), backfill (fill or carry values backward)}-- hole filling method</span>
+</code></pre></div></td></tr></table></div>
+<h2 id="arithmetic-operations">ARITHMETIC OPERATIONS</h2>
+<p>NumPy arrays operations preserve labels-value link.<br />
+Arithmetic operations automatically align differently indexed data.<br />
+Missing values propagate in arithmetic computations (NaN <code>&lt;operator&gt;</code> value = NaN)</p>
+<h3 id="addition">ADDITION</h3>
+<div class="highlight"><table class="highlighttable"><tr><th colspan="2" class="filename"><span class="filename">Python</span></th></tr><tr><td class="linenos"><div class="linenodiv"><pre><span></span><span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-12-1">1</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-12-2">2</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-12-3">3</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-12-4">4</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-12-5">5</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-12-6">6</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-12-7">7</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-12-8">8</a></span></pre></div></td><td class="code"><div><pre><span></span><code><a id="__codelineno-12-1" name="__codelineno-12-1"></a><span class="bp">self</span> <span class="o">+</span> <span class="n">other</span>
+<a id="__codelineno-12-2" name="__codelineno-12-2"></a><span class="n">pd</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">Series</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">add</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="bp">self</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="n">other</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="n">fill_value</span><span class="o">=</span><span class="kc">None</span><span class="p">)</span>  <span class="c1"># add(), supports substitution of NaNs</span>
+<a id="__codelineno-12-3" name="__codelineno-12-3"></a><span class="n">pd</span><span class="p">,</span><span class="n">Series</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">radd</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="bp">self</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="n">other</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="n">fill_value</span><span class="o">=</span><span class="kc">None</span><span class="p">)</span>  <span class="c1"># radd(), supports substitution of NaNs</span>
+<a id="__codelineno-12-4" name="__codelineno-12-4"></a><span class="n">pd</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">DataFrame</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">add</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="bp">self</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="n">other</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="n">axis</span><span class="o">=</span><span class="n">columns</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="n">fill_value</span><span class="o">=</span><span class="kc">None</span><span class="p">)</span>  <span class="c1"># add(), supports substitution of NaNs</span>
+<a id="__codelineno-12-5" name="__codelineno-12-5"></a><span class="n">pd</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">DataFrame</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">radd</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="bp">self</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="n">other</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="n">axis</span><span class="o">=</span><span class="n">columns</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="n">fill_value</span><span class="o">=</span><span class="kc">None</span><span class="p">)</span>  <span class="c1"># radd(), supports substitution of NaNs</span>
+<a id="__codelineno-12-6" name="__codelineno-12-6"></a><span class="c1"># OTHER: {scalar, sequence, Series, DataFrame}</span>
+<a id="__codelineno-12-7" name="__codelineno-12-7"></a><span class="c1"># AXIS: {0, 1, index, columns} -- whether to compare by the index or columns</span>
+<a id="__codelineno-12-8" name="__codelineno-12-8"></a><span class="c1"># FILLVALUE: {None, float} -- fill missing value</span>
+</code></pre></div></td></tr></table></div>
+<h3 id="subtraction">SUBTRACTION</h3>
+<div class="highlight"><table class="highlighttable"><tr><th colspan="2" class="filename"><span class="filename">Python</span></th></tr><tr><td class="linenos"><div class="linenodiv"><pre><span></span><span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-13-1">1</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-13-2">2</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-13-3">3</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-13-4">4</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-13-5">5</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-13-6">6</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-13-7">7</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-13-8">8</a></span></pre></div></td><td class="code"><div><pre><span></span><code><a id="__codelineno-13-1" name="__codelineno-13-1"></a><span class="bp">self</span> <span class="o">-</span> <span class="n">other</span>
+<a id="__codelineno-13-2" name="__codelineno-13-2"></a><span class="n">pd</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">Series</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">sub</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="bp">self</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="n">other</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="n">fill_value</span><span class="o">=</span><span class="kc">None</span><span class="p">)</span>  <span class="c1"># sub(), supports substitution of NaNs</span>
+<a id="__codelineno-13-3" name="__codelineno-13-3"></a><span class="n">pd</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">Series</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">radd</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="bp">self</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="n">other</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="n">fill_value</span><span class="o">=</span><span class="kc">None</span><span class="p">)</span>  <span class="c1"># radd(), supports substitution of NaNs</span>
+<a id="__codelineno-13-4" name="__codelineno-13-4"></a><span class="n">ps</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">DataFrame</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">sub</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="bp">self</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="n">other</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="n">axis</span><span class="o">=</span><span class="n">columns</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="n">fill_value</span><span class="o">=</span><span class="kc">None</span><span class="p">)</span>  <span class="c1"># sub(), supports substitution of NaNs</span>
+<a id="__codelineno-13-5" name="__codelineno-13-5"></a><span class="n">pd</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">DataFrame</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">rsub</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="bp">self</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="n">other</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="n">axis</span><span class="o">=</span><span class="n">columns</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="n">fill_value</span><span class="o">=</span><span class="kc">None</span><span class="p">)</span>  <span class="c1"># rsub(), supports substitution of NaNs</span>
+<a id="__codelineno-13-6" name="__codelineno-13-6"></a><span class="c1"># OTHER: {scalar, sequence, Series, DataFrame}</span>
+<a id="__codelineno-13-7" name="__codelineno-13-7"></a><span class="c1"># AXIS: {0, 1, index, columns} -- whether to compare by the index or columns</span>
+<a id="__codelineno-13-8" name="__codelineno-13-8"></a><span class="c1"># FILLVALUE: {None, float} -- fill missing value</span>
+</code></pre></div></td></tr></table></div>
+<h3 id="multiplication">MULTIPLICATION</h3>
+<div class="highlight"><table class="highlighttable"><tr><th colspan="2" class="filename"><span class="filename">Python</span></th></tr><tr><td class="linenos"><div class="linenodiv"><pre><span></span><span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-14-1">1</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-14-2">2</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-14-3">3</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-14-4">4</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-14-5">5</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-14-6">6</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-14-7">7</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-14-8">8</a></span></pre></div></td><td class="code"><div><pre><span></span><code><a id="__codelineno-14-1" name="__codelineno-14-1"></a><span class="bp">self</span> <span class="o">*</span> <span class="n">other</span>
+<a id="__codelineno-14-2" name="__codelineno-14-2"></a><span class="n">pd</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">Series</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">mul</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="bp">self</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="n">other</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="n">fill_value</span><span class="o">=</span><span class="kc">None</span><span class="p">)</span>  <span class="c1"># mul(), supports substitution of NaNs</span>
+<a id="__codelineno-14-3" name="__codelineno-14-3"></a><span class="n">pd</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">Series</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">rmul</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="bp">self</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="n">other</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="n">fill_value</span><span class="o">=</span><span class="kc">None</span><span class="p">)</span>  <span class="c1"># rmul(), supports substitution of NaNs</span>
+<a id="__codelineno-14-4" name="__codelineno-14-4"></a><span class="n">ps</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">DataFrame</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">mul</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="bp">self</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="n">other</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="n">axis</span><span class="o">=</span><span class="n">columns</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="n">fill_value</span><span class="o">=</span><span class="kc">None</span><span class="p">)</span>  <span class="c1"># mul(), supports substitution of NaNs</span>
+<a id="__codelineno-14-5" name="__codelineno-14-5"></a><span class="n">pd</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">DataFrame</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">rmul</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="bp">self</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="n">other</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="n">axis</span><span class="o">=</span><span class="n">columns</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="n">fill_value</span><span class="o">=</span><span class="kc">None</span><span class="p">)</span>  <span class="c1"># rmul(), supports substitution of NaNs</span>
+<a id="__codelineno-14-6" name="__codelineno-14-6"></a><span class="c1"># OTHER: {scalar, sequence, Series, DataFrame}</span>
+<a id="__codelineno-14-7" name="__codelineno-14-7"></a><span class="c1"># AXIS: {0, 1, index, columns} -- whether to compare by the index or columns</span>
+<a id="__codelineno-14-8" name="__codelineno-14-8"></a><span class="c1"># FILLVALUE: {None, float} -- fill missing value</span>
+</code></pre></div></td></tr></table></div>
+<h3 id="division-float-division">DIVISION (float division)</h3>
+<div class="highlight"><table class="highlighttable"><tr><th colspan="2" class="filename"><span class="filename">Python</span></th></tr><tr><td class="linenos"><div class="linenodiv"><pre><span></span><span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-15-1"> 1</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-15-2"> 2</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-15-3"> 3</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-15-4"> 4</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-15-5"> 5</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-15-6"> 6</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-15-7"> 7</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-15-8"> 8</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-15-9"> 9</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-15-10">10</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-15-11">11</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-15-12">12</a></span></pre></div></td><td class="code"><div><pre><span></span><code><a id="__codelineno-15-1" name="__codelineno-15-1"></a><span class="bp">self</span> <span class="o">/</span> <span class="n">other</span>
+<a id="__codelineno-15-2" name="__codelineno-15-2"></a><span class="n">pd</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">Series</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">div</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="bp">self</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="n">other</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="n">fill_value</span><span class="o">=</span><span class="kc">None</span><span class="p">)</span>  <span class="c1"># div(), supports substitution of NaNs</span>
+<a id="__codelineno-15-3" name="__codelineno-15-3"></a><span class="n">pd</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">Series</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">rdiv</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="bp">self</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="n">other</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="n">fill_value</span><span class="o">=</span><span class="kc">None</span><span class="p">)</span>  <span class="c1"># rdiv(), supports substitution of NaNs</span>
+<a id="__codelineno-15-4" name="__codelineno-15-4"></a><span class="n">pd</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">Series</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">truediv</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="bp">self</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="n">other</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="n">fill_value</span><span class="o">=</span><span class="kc">None</span><span class="p">)</span>  <span class="c1"># truediv(), supports substitution of NaNs</span>
+<a id="__codelineno-15-5" name="__codelineno-15-5"></a><span class="n">pd</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">Series</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">rtruediv</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="bp">self</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="n">other</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="n">fill_value</span><span class="o">=</span><span class="kc">None</span><span class="p">)</span>  <span class="c1"># rtruediv(), supports substitution of NaNs</span>
+<a id="__codelineno-15-6" name="__codelineno-15-6"></a><span class="n">ps</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">DataFrame</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">div</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="bp">self</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="n">other</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="n">axis</span><span class="o">=</span><span class="n">columns</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="n">fill_value</span><span class="o">=</span><span class="kc">None</span><span class="p">)</span>  <span class="c1"># div(), supports substitution of NaNs</span>
+<a id="__codelineno-15-7" name="__codelineno-15-7"></a><span class="n">pd</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">DataFrame</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">rdiv</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="bp">self</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="n">other</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="n">axis</span><span class="o">=</span><span class="n">columns</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="n">fill_value</span><span class="o">=</span><span class="kc">None</span><span class="p">)</span>  <span class="c1"># rdiv(), supports substitution of NaNs</span>
+<a id="__codelineno-15-8" name="__codelineno-15-8"></a><span class="n">ps</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">DataFrame</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">truediv</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="bp">self</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="n">other</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="n">axis</span><span class="o">=</span><span class="n">columns</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="n">fill_value</span><span class="o">=</span><span class="kc">None</span><span class="p">)</span>  <span class="c1"># truediv(), supports substitution of NaNs</span>
+<a id="__codelineno-15-9" name="__codelineno-15-9"></a><span class="n">pd</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">DataFrame</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">rtruediv</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="bp">self</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="n">other</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="n">axis</span><span class="o">=</span><span class="n">columns</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="n">fill_value</span><span class="o">=</span><span class="kc">None</span><span class="p">)</span>  <span class="c1"># rtruediv(), supports substitution of NaNs</span>
+<a id="__codelineno-15-10" name="__codelineno-15-10"></a><span class="c1"># OTHER: {scalar, sequence, Series, DataFrame}</span>
+<a id="__codelineno-15-11" name="__codelineno-15-11"></a><span class="c1"># AXIS: {0, 1, index, columns} -- whether to compare by the index or columns</span>
+<a id="__codelineno-15-12" name="__codelineno-15-12"></a><span class="c1"># FILLVALUE: {None, float} -- fill missing value</span>
+</code></pre></div></td></tr></table></div>
+<h3 id="floor-division">FLOOR DIVISION</h3>
+<div class="highlight"><table class="highlighttable"><tr><th colspan="2" class="filename"><span class="filename">Python</span></th></tr><tr><td class="linenos"><div class="linenodiv"><pre><span></span><span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-16-1">1</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-16-2">2</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-16-3">3</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-16-4">4</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-16-5">5</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-16-6">6</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-16-7">7</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-16-8">8</a></span></pre></div></td><td class="code"><div><pre><span></span><code><a id="__codelineno-16-1" name="__codelineno-16-1"></a><span class="bp">self</span> <span class="o">//</span> <span class="n">other</span>
+<a id="__codelineno-16-2" name="__codelineno-16-2"></a><span class="n">pd</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">Series</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">floordiv</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="bp">self</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="n">other</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="n">fill_value</span><span class="o">=</span><span class="kc">None</span><span class="p">)</span>  <span class="c1"># floordiv(), supports substitution of NaNs</span>
+<a id="__codelineno-16-3" name="__codelineno-16-3"></a><span class="n">pd</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">Series</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">rfloordiv</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="bp">self</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="n">other</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="n">fill_value</span><span class="o">=</span><span class="kc">None</span><span class="p">)</span>  <span class="c1"># rfloordiv(), supports substitution of NaNs</span>
+<a id="__codelineno-16-4" name="__codelineno-16-4"></a><span class="n">ps</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">DataFrame</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">floordiv</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="bp">self</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="n">other</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="n">axis</span><span class="o">=</span><span class="n">columns</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="n">fill_value</span><span class="o">=</span><span class="kc">None</span><span class="p">)</span>  <span class="c1"># floordiv(), supports substitution of NaNs</span>
+<a id="__codelineno-16-5" name="__codelineno-16-5"></a><span class="n">pd</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">DataFrame</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">rfloordiv</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="bp">self</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="n">other</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="n">axis</span><span class="o">=</span><span class="n">columns</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="n">fill_value</span><span class="o">=</span><span class="kc">None</span><span class="p">)</span>  <span class="c1"># rfloordiv(), supports substitution of NaNs</span>
+<a id="__codelineno-16-6" name="__codelineno-16-6"></a><span class="c1"># OTHER: {scalar, sequence, Series, DataFrame}</span>
+<a id="__codelineno-16-7" name="__codelineno-16-7"></a><span class="c1"># AXIS: {0, 1, index, columns} -- whether to compare by the index or columns</span>
+<a id="__codelineno-16-8" name="__codelineno-16-8"></a><span class="c1"># FILLVALUE: {None, float} -- fill missing value</span>
+</code></pre></div></td></tr></table></div>
+<h3 id="modulo">MODULO</h3>
+<div class="highlight"><table class="highlighttable"><tr><th colspan="2" class="filename"><span class="filename">Python</span></th></tr><tr><td class="linenos"><div class="linenodiv"><pre><span></span><span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-17-1">1</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-17-2">2</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-17-3">3</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-17-4">4</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-17-5">5</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-17-6">6</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-17-7">7</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-17-8">8</a></span></pre></div></td><td class="code"><div><pre><span></span><code><a id="__codelineno-17-1" name="__codelineno-17-1"></a><span class="bp">self</span> <span class="o">%</span> <span class="n">other</span>
+<a id="__codelineno-17-2" name="__codelineno-17-2"></a><span class="n">pd</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">Series</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">mod</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="bp">self</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="n">other</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="n">fill_value</span><span class="o">=</span><span class="kc">None</span><span class="p">)</span>  <span class="c1"># mod(), supports substitution of NaNs</span>
+<a id="__codelineno-17-3" name="__codelineno-17-3"></a><span class="n">pd</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">Series</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">rmod</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="bp">self</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="n">other</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="n">fill_value</span><span class="o">=</span><span class="kc">None</span><span class="p">)</span>  <span class="c1"># rmod(), supports substitution of NaNs</span>
+<a id="__codelineno-17-4" name="__codelineno-17-4"></a><span class="n">ps</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">DataFrame</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">mod</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="bp">self</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="n">other</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="n">axis</span><span class="o">=</span><span class="n">columns</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="n">fill_value</span><span class="o">=</span><span class="kc">None</span><span class="p">)</span>  <span class="c1"># mod(), supports substitution of NaNs</span>
+<a id="__codelineno-17-5" name="__codelineno-17-5"></a><span class="n">pd</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">DataFrame</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">rmod</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="bp">self</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="n">other</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="n">axis</span><span class="o">=</span><span class="n">columns</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="n">fill_value</span><span class="o">=</span><span class="kc">None</span><span class="p">)</span>  <span class="c1"># rmod(), supports substitution of NaNs</span>
+<a id="__codelineno-17-6" name="__codelineno-17-6"></a><span class="c1"># OTHER: {scalar, sequence, Series, DataFrame}</span>
+<a id="__codelineno-17-7" name="__codelineno-17-7"></a><span class="c1"># AXIS: {0, 1, index, columns} -- whether to compare by the index or columns</span>
+<a id="__codelineno-17-8" name="__codelineno-17-8"></a><span class="c1"># FILLVALUE: {None, float} -- fill missing value</span>
+</code></pre></div></td></tr></table></div>
+<h3 id="power">POWER</h3>
+<div class="highlight"><table class="highlighttable"><tr><th colspan="2" class="filename"><span class="filename">Python</span></th></tr><tr><td class="linenos"><div class="linenodiv"><pre><span></span><span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-18-1">1</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-18-2">2</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-18-3">3</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-18-4">4</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-18-5">5</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-18-6">6</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-18-7">7</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-18-8">8</a></span></pre></div></td><td class="code"><div><pre><span></span><code><a id="__codelineno-18-1" name="__codelineno-18-1"></a><span class="n">other</span> <span class="o">**</span> <span class="bp">self</span>
+<a id="__codelineno-18-2" name="__codelineno-18-2"></a><span class="n">pd</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">Series</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">pow</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="bp">self</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="n">other</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="n">fill_value</span><span class="o">=</span><span class="kc">None</span><span class="p">)</span>  <span class="c1"># pow(), supports substitution of NaNs</span>
+<a id="__codelineno-18-3" name="__codelineno-18-3"></a><span class="n">pd</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">Series</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">rpow</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="bp">self</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="n">other</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="n">fill_value</span><span class="o">=</span><span class="kc">None</span><span class="p">)</span>  <span class="c1"># rpow(), supports substitution of NaNs</span>
+<a id="__codelineno-18-4" name="__codelineno-18-4"></a><span class="n">ps</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">DataFrame</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">pow</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="bp">self</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="n">other</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="n">axis</span><span class="o">=</span><span class="n">columns</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="n">fill_value</span><span class="o">=</span><span class="kc">None</span><span class="p">)</span>  <span class="c1"># pow(), supports substitution of NaNs</span>
+<a id="__codelineno-18-5" name="__codelineno-18-5"></a><span class="n">pd</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">DataFrame</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">rpow</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="bp">self</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="n">other</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="n">axis</span><span class="o">=</span><span class="n">columns</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="n">fill_value</span><span class="o">=</span><span class="kc">None</span><span class="p">)</span>  <span class="c1"># rpow(), supports substitution of NaNs</span>
+<a id="__codelineno-18-6" name="__codelineno-18-6"></a><span class="c1"># OTHER: {scalar, sequence, Series, DataFrame}</span>
+<a id="__codelineno-18-7" name="__codelineno-18-7"></a><span class="c1"># AXIS: {0, 1, index, columns} -- whether to compare by the index or columns</span>
+<a id="__codelineno-18-8" name="__codelineno-18-8"></a><span class="c1"># FILLVALUE: {None, float} -- fill missing value</span>
+</code></pre></div></td></tr></table></div>
+<h2 id="essential-functionality">ESSENTIAL FUNCTIONALITY</h2>
+<h3 id="function-application-and-mapping">FUNCTION APPLICATION AND MAPPING</h3>
+<p>NumPy ufuncs work fine with pandas objects.</p>
+<div class="highlight"><table class="highlighttable"><tr><th colspan="2" class="filename"><span class="filename">Python</span></th></tr><tr><td class="linenos"><div class="linenodiv"><pre><span></span><span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-19-1"> 1</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-19-2"> 2</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-19-3"> 3</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-19-4"> 4</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-19-5"> 5</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-19-6"> 6</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-19-7"> 7</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-19-8"> 8</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-19-9"> 9</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-19-10">10</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-19-11">11</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-19-12">12</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-19-13">13</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-19-14">14</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-19-15">15</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-19-16">16</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-19-17">17</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-19-18">18</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-19-19">19</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-19-20">20</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-19-21">21</a></span></pre></div></td><td class="code"><div><pre><span></span><code><a id="__codelineno-19-1" name="__codelineno-19-1"></a><span class="n">pd</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">DataFrame</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">applymap</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="bp">self</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="n">func</span><span class="p">)</span>  <span class="c1"># apply function element-wise</span>
+<a id="__codelineno-19-2" name="__codelineno-19-2"></a>
+<a id="__codelineno-19-3" name="__codelineno-19-3"></a><span class="n">pd</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">DataFrame</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">apply</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="bp">self</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="n">func</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="n">axis</span><span class="o">=</span><span class="mi">0</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="n">args</span><span class="o">=</span><span class="p">())</span>  <span class="c1"># apply a function along an axis of a DataFrame</span>
+<a id="__codelineno-19-4" name="__codelineno-19-4"></a><span class="c1"># FUNC: {function} -- function to apply</span>
+<a id="__codelineno-19-5" name="__codelineno-19-5"></a><span class="c1"># AXIS: {O, 1, index, columns} -- axis along which the function is applied</span>
+<a id="__codelineno-19-6" name="__codelineno-19-6"></a><span class="c1"># ARGS: {tuple} -- positional arguments to pass to func in addition to the array/series</span>
+<a id="__codelineno-19-7" name="__codelineno-19-7"></a><span class="c1"># SORTING AND RANKING</span>
+<a id="__codelineno-19-8" name="__codelineno-19-8"></a><span class="n">pd</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">Series</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">sort_index</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="bp">self</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="n">ascending</span><span class="o">=</span><span class="kc">True</span> <span class="o">**</span><span class="n">kwargs</span><span class="p">)</span>  <span class="c1"># sort Series by index labels</span>
+<a id="__codelineno-19-9" name="__codelineno-19-9"></a><span class="n">pd</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">Series</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">sort_values</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="bp">self</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="n">ascending</span><span class="o">=</span><span class="kc">True</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="o">**</span><span class="n">kwargs</span><span class="p">)</span>  <span class="c1"># sort series by the values</span>
+<a id="__codelineno-19-10" name="__codelineno-19-10"></a><span class="c1"># ASCENDING: {bool} -- if True, sort values in ascending order, otherwise descending -- DEFAULT True</span>
+<a id="__codelineno-19-11" name="__codelineno-19-11"></a><span class="c1"># INPALCE: {bool} -- if True, perform operation in-place</span>
+<a id="__codelineno-19-12" name="__codelineno-19-12"></a><span class="c1"># KIND: {quicksort, mergesort, heapsort} -- sorting algorithm</span>
+<a id="__codelineno-19-13" name="__codelineno-19-13"></a><span class="c1"># NA_POSITION {first, last} -- &#39;first&#39; puts NaNs at the beginning, &#39;last&#39; puts NaNs at the end</span>
+<a id="__codelineno-19-14" name="__codelineno-19-14"></a>
+<a id="__codelineno-19-15" name="__codelineno-19-15"></a><span class="n">pd</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">DataFrame</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">sort_index</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="bp">self</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="n">axis</span><span class="o">=</span><span class="mi">0</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="n">ascending</span><span class="o">=</span><span class="kc">True</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="o">**</span><span class="n">kwargs</span><span class="p">)</span>  <span class="c1"># sort object by labels along an axis</span>
+<a id="__codelineno-19-16" name="__codelineno-19-16"></a><span class="n">pd</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">DataFrame</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">sort_values</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="bp">self</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="n">axis</span><span class="o">=</span><span class="mi">0</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="n">ascending</span><span class="o">=</span><span class="kc">True</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="o">**</span><span class="n">kwargs</span><span class="p">)</span>  <span class="c1"># sort object by values along an axis</span>
+<a id="__codelineno-19-17" name="__codelineno-19-17"></a><span class="c1"># AXIS: {0, 1, index, columns} -- the axis along which to sort</span>
+<a id="__codelineno-19-18" name="__codelineno-19-18"></a><span class="c1"># ASCENDING: {bool} -- if True, sort values in ascending order, otherwise descending -- DEFAULT True</span>
+<a id="__codelineno-19-19" name="__codelineno-19-19"></a><span class="c1"># INPALCE: {bool} -- if True, perform operation in-place</span>
+<a id="__codelineno-19-20" name="__codelineno-19-20"></a><span class="c1"># KIND: {quicksort, mergesort, heapsort} -- sorting algorithm</span>
+<a id="__codelineno-19-21" name="__codelineno-19-21"></a><span class="c1"># NA_POSITION {first, last} -- &#39;first&#39; puts NaNs at the beginning, &#39;last&#39; puts NaNs at the end</span>
+</code></pre></div></td></tr></table></div>
+<h2 id="descriptive-and-summary-statistics">DESCRIPTIVE AND SUMMARY STATISTICS</h2>
+<h3 id="count">COUNT</h3>
+<div class="highlight"><table class="highlighttable"><tr><th colspan="2" class="filename"><span class="filename">Python</span></th></tr><tr><td class="linenos"><div class="linenodiv"><pre><span></span><span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-20-1">1</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-20-2">2</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-20-3">3</a></span></pre></div></td><td class="code"><div><pre><span></span><code><a id="__codelineno-20-1" name="__codelineno-20-1"></a><span class="n">pd</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">Series</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">count</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="bp">self</span><span class="p">)</span>  <span class="c1"># return number of non-NA/null observations in the Series</span>
+<a id="__codelineno-20-2" name="__codelineno-20-2"></a><span class="n">pd</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">DataFrame</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">count</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="bp">self</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="n">numeric_only</span><span class="o">=</span><span class="kc">False</span><span class="p">)</span>  <span class="c1"># count non-NA cells for each column or row</span>
+<a id="__codelineno-20-3" name="__codelineno-20-3"></a><span class="c1"># NUMERIC_ONLY: {bool} -- Include only float, int or boolean data -- DEFAULT False</span>
+</code></pre></div></td></tr></table></div>
+<h3 id="describe">DESCRIBE</h3>
+<p>Generate descriptive statistics summarizing central tendency, dispersion and shape of dataset's distribution (exclude NaN).</p>
+<div class="highlight"><table class="highlighttable"><tr><th colspan="2" class="filename"><span class="filename">Python</span></th></tr><tr><td class="linenos"><div class="linenodiv"><pre><span></span><span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-21-1">1</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-21-2">2</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-21-3">3</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-21-4">4</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-21-5">5</a></span></pre></div></td><td class="code"><div><pre><span></span><code><a id="__codelineno-21-1" name="__codelineno-21-1"></a><span class="n">pd</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">Series</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">describe</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="bp">self</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="n">percentiles</span><span class="o">=</span><span class="kc">None</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="n">include</span><span class="o">=</span><span class="kc">None</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="n">exclude</span><span class="o">=</span><span class="kc">None</span><span class="p">)</span>
+<a id="__codelineno-21-2" name="__codelineno-21-2"></a><span class="n">pd</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">DataFrame</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">describe</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="bp">self</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="n">percentiles</span><span class="o">=</span><span class="kc">None</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="n">include</span><span class="o">=</span><span class="kc">None</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="n">exclude</span><span class="o">=</span><span class="kc">None</span><span class="p">)</span>
+<a id="__codelineno-21-3" name="__codelineno-21-3"></a><span class="c1"># PERCENTILES: {list-like of numbers} -- percentiles to include in output,between 0 and 1 -- DEFAULT [.25, .5, .75]</span>
+<a id="__codelineno-21-4" name="__codelineno-21-4"></a><span class="c1"># INCLUDE: {all, None, list of dtypes} -- white list of dtypes to include in the result. ignored for Series</span>
+<a id="__codelineno-21-5" name="__codelineno-21-5"></a><span class="c1"># EXCLUDE: {None, list of dtypes} -- black list of dtypes to omit from the result. ignored for Series</span>
+</code></pre></div></td></tr></table></div>
+<h3 id="max-min">MAX - MIN</h3>
+<div class="highlight"><table class="highlighttable"><tr><th colspan="2" class="filename"><span class="filename">Python</span></th></tr><tr><td class="linenos"><div class="linenodiv"><pre><span></span><span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-22-1">1</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-22-2">2</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-22-3">3</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-22-4">4</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-22-5">5</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-22-6">6</a></span></pre></div></td><td class="code"><div><pre><span></span><code><a id="__codelineno-22-1" name="__codelineno-22-1"></a><span class="n">pd</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">Series</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">max</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="bp">self</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="n">skipna</span><span class="o">=</span><span class="kc">None</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="n">numeric_only</span><span class="o">=</span><span class="kc">None</span><span class="p">)</span>  <span class="c1"># maximum of the values for the requested axis</span>
+<a id="__codelineno-22-2" name="__codelineno-22-2"></a><span class="n">pd</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">Series</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">min</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="bp">self</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="n">skipna</span><span class="o">=</span><span class="kc">None</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="n">numeric_only</span><span class="o">=</span><span class="kc">None</span><span class="p">)</span>  <span class="c1"># minimum of the values for the requested axis</span>
+<a id="__codelineno-22-3" name="__codelineno-22-3"></a><span class="n">pd</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">DataFrame</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">max</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="bp">self</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="n">axis</span><span class="o">=</span><span class="kc">None</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="n">skipna</span><span class="o">=</span><span class="kc">None</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="n">numeric_only</span><span class="o">=</span><span class="kc">None</span><span class="p">)</span>  <span class="c1"># maximum of the values for the requested axis</span>
+<a id="__codelineno-22-4" name="__codelineno-22-4"></a><span class="n">pd</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">DataFrame</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">min</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="bp">self</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="n">axis</span><span class="o">=</span><span class="kc">None</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="n">skipna</span><span class="o">=</span><span class="kc">None</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="n">numeric_only</span><span class="o">=</span><span class="kc">None</span><span class="p">)</span>  <span class="c1"># minimum of the values for the requested axis</span>
+<a id="__codelineno-22-5" name="__codelineno-22-5"></a><span class="c1"># SKIPNA: {bool} -- exclude NA/null values when computing the result</span>
+<a id="__codelineno-22-6" name="__codelineno-22-6"></a><span class="c1"># NUMERIC_ONLY: {bool} -- include only float, int, boolean columns, not implemented for Series</span>
+</code></pre></div></td></tr></table></div>
+<h3 id="idxmax-idxmin">IDXMAX - IDXMIN</h3>
+<div class="highlight"><table class="highlighttable"><tr><th colspan="2" class="filename"><span class="filename">Python</span></th></tr><tr><td class="linenos"><div class="linenodiv"><pre><span></span><span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-23-1">1</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-23-2">2</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-23-3">3</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-23-4">4</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-23-5">5</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-23-6">6</a></span></pre></div></td><td class="code"><div><pre><span></span><code><a id="__codelineno-23-1" name="__codelineno-23-1"></a><span class="n">pd</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">Series</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">idxmax</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="bp">self</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="n">skipna</span><span class="o">=</span><span class="kc">True</span><span class="p">)</span>  <span class="c1"># row label of the maximum value</span>
+<a id="__codelineno-23-2" name="__codelineno-23-2"></a><span class="n">pd</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">Series</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">idxmin</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="bp">self</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="n">skipna</span><span class="o">=</span><span class="kc">True</span><span class="p">)</span>  <span class="c1"># row label of the minimum value</span>
+<a id="__codelineno-23-3" name="__codelineno-23-3"></a><span class="n">pd</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">DataFrame</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">idxmax</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="bp">self</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="n">axis</span><span class="o">=</span><span class="mi">0</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="n">skipna</span><span class="o">=</span><span class="kc">True</span><span class="p">)</span>  <span class="c1">#  Return index of first occurrence of maximum over requested axis</span>
+<a id="__codelineno-23-4" name="__codelineno-23-4"></a><span class="n">pd</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">DataFrame</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">idxmin</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="bp">self</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="n">axis</span><span class="o">=</span><span class="mi">0</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="n">skipna</span><span class="o">=</span><span class="kc">True</span><span class="p">)</span>  <span class="c1">#  Return index of first occurrence of minimum over requested axis</span>
+<a id="__codelineno-23-5" name="__codelineno-23-5"></a><span class="c1"># AXIS:{0, 1, index, columns} -- row-wise or column-wise</span>
+<a id="__codelineno-23-6" name="__codelineno-23-6"></a><span class="c1"># SKIPNA: {bool} -- exclude NA/null values. ff an entire row/column is NA, result will be NA</span>
+</code></pre></div></td></tr></table></div>
+<h3 id="quantile">QUANTILE</h3>
+<div class="highlight"><table class="highlighttable"><tr><th colspan="2" class="filename"><span class="filename">Python</span></th></tr><tr><td class="linenos"><div class="linenodiv"><pre><span></span><span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-24-1">1</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-24-2">2</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-24-3">3</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-24-4">4</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-24-5">5</a></span></pre></div></td><td class="code"><div><pre><span></span><code><a id="__codelineno-24-1" name="__codelineno-24-1"></a><span class="n">pd</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">Series</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">quantile</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="bp">self</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="n">q</span><span class="o">=</span><span class="mf">0.5</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="n">interpolation</span><span class="o">=</span><span class="s1">&#39;linear&#39;</span><span class="p">)</span>  <span class="c1"># return values at the given quantile</span>
+<a id="__codelineno-24-2" name="__codelineno-24-2"></a><span class="n">pd</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">DataFrame</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">quantile</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="bp">self</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="n">q</span><span class="o">=</span><span class="mf">0.5</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="n">axis</span><span class="o">=</span><span class="mi">0</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="n">numeric_only</span><span class="o">=</span><span class="kc">True</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="n">interpolation</span><span class="o">=</span><span class="s1">&#39;linear&#39;</span><span class="p">)</span> <span class="c1"># return values at the given quantile over requested axis</span>
+<a id="__codelineno-24-3" name="__codelineno-24-3"></a><span class="c1"># Q: {flaot, array} -- value between 0 &lt;= q &lt;= 1, the quantile(s) to compute -- DEFAULT 0.5 (50%)</span>
+<a id="__codelineno-24-4" name="__codelineno-24-4"></a><span class="c1"># NUMERIC_ONLY: {bool} -- if False, quantile of datetime and timedelta data will be computed as well</span>
+<a id="__codelineno-24-5" name="__codelineno-24-5"></a><span class="c1"># INTERPOLATION: {linear, lower, higher, midpoint, nearest} -- SEE DOCS</span>
+</code></pre></div></td></tr></table></div>
+<h3 id="sum">SUM</h3>
+<div class="highlight"><table class="highlighttable"><tr><th colspan="2" class="filename"><span class="filename">Python</span></th></tr><tr><td class="linenos"><div class="linenodiv"><pre><span></span><span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-25-1">1</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-25-2">2</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-25-3">3</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-25-4">4</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-25-5">5</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-25-6">6</a></span></pre></div></td><td class="code"><div><pre><span></span><code><a id="__codelineno-25-1" name="__codelineno-25-1"></a><span class="n">pd</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">Series</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">sum</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="bp">self</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="n">skipna</span><span class="o">=</span><span class="kc">None</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="n">numeric_only</span><span class="o">=</span><span class="kc">None</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="n">min_count</span><span class="o">=</span><span class="mi">0</span><span class="p">)</span>  <span class="c1"># sum of the values</span>
+<a id="__codelineno-25-2" name="__codelineno-25-2"></a><span class="n">pd</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">DataFrame</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">sum</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="bp">self</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="n">axis</span><span class="o">=</span><span class="kc">None</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="n">skipna</span><span class="o">=</span><span class="kc">None</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="n">numeric_only</span><span class="o">=</span><span class="kc">None</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="n">min_count</span><span class="o">=</span><span class="mi">0</span><span class="p">)</span>  <span class="c1"># sum of the values for the requested axis</span>
+<a id="__codelineno-25-3" name="__codelineno-25-3"></a><span class="c1"># AXIS: {0, 1, index, columns} -- axis for the function to be applied on</span>
+<a id="__codelineno-25-4" name="__codelineno-25-4"></a><span class="c1"># SKIPNA: {bool} -- exclude NA/null values when computing the result</span>
+<a id="__codelineno-25-5" name="__codelineno-25-5"></a><span class="c1"># NUMERIC_ONLY: {bool} -- include only float, int, boolean columns, not implemented for Series</span>
+<a id="__codelineno-25-6" name="__codelineno-25-6"></a><span class="c1"># MIN_COUNT: {int} -- required number of valid values to perform the operation. if fewer than min_count non-NA values are present the result will be NA</span>
+</code></pre></div></td></tr></table></div>
+<h3 id="mean">MEAN</h3>
+<div class="highlight"><table class="highlighttable"><tr><th colspan="2" class="filename"><span class="filename">Python</span></th></tr><tr><td class="linenos"><div class="linenodiv"><pre><span></span><span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-26-1">1</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-26-2">2</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-26-3">3</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-26-4">4</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-26-5">5</a></span></pre></div></td><td class="code"><div><pre><span></span><code><a id="__codelineno-26-1" name="__codelineno-26-1"></a><span class="n">pd</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">Series</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">mean</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="bp">self</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="n">skipna</span><span class="o">=</span><span class="kc">None</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="n">numeric_only</span><span class="o">=</span><span class="kc">None</span><span class="p">)</span>   <span class="c1"># mean of the values</span>
+<a id="__codelineno-26-2" name="__codelineno-26-2"></a><span class="n">pd</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">DataFrame</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">mean</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="bp">self</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="n">axis</span><span class="o">=</span><span class="kc">None</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="n">skipna</span><span class="o">=</span><span class="kc">None</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="n">numeric_only</span><span class="o">=</span><span class="kc">None</span><span class="p">)</span>  <span class="c1"># mean of the values for the requested axis</span>
+<a id="__codelineno-26-3" name="__codelineno-26-3"></a><span class="c1"># AXIS: {0, 1, index, columns} -- axis for the function to be applied on</span>
+<a id="__codelineno-26-4" name="__codelineno-26-4"></a><span class="c1"># SKIPNA: {bool} -- exclude NA/null values when computing the result</span>
+<a id="__codelineno-26-5" name="__codelineno-26-5"></a><span class="c1"># NUMERIC_ONLY: {bool} -- include only float, int, boolean columns, not implemented for Series</span>
+</code></pre></div></td></tr></table></div>
+<h3 id="median">MEDIAN</h3>
+<div class="highlight"><table class="highlighttable"><tr><th colspan="2" class="filename"><span class="filename">Python</span></th></tr><tr><td class="linenos"><div class="linenodiv"><pre><span></span><span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-27-1">1</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-27-2">2</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-27-3">3</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-27-4">4</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-27-5">5</a></span></pre></div></td><td class="code"><div><pre><span></span><code><a id="__codelineno-27-1" name="__codelineno-27-1"></a><span class="n">pd</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">Series</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">median</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="bp">self</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="n">skipna</span><span class="o">=</span><span class="kc">None</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="n">numeric_only</span><span class="o">=</span><span class="kc">None</span><span class="p">)</span>  <span class="c1"># median of the values</span>
+<a id="__codelineno-27-2" name="__codelineno-27-2"></a><span class="n">pd</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">DataFrame</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">median</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="bp">self</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="n">axis</span><span class="o">=</span><span class="kc">None</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="n">skipna</span><span class="o">=</span><span class="kc">None</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="n">numeric_only</span><span class="o">=</span><span class="kc">None</span><span class="p">)</span>  <span class="c1"># median of the values for the requested axis</span>
+<a id="__codelineno-27-3" name="__codelineno-27-3"></a><span class="c1"># AXIS: {0, 1, index, columns} -- axis for the function to be applied on</span>
+<a id="__codelineno-27-4" name="__codelineno-27-4"></a><span class="c1"># SKIPNA: {bool} -- exclude NA/null values when computing the result</span>
+<a id="__codelineno-27-5" name="__codelineno-27-5"></a><span class="c1"># NUMERIC_ONLY: {bool} -- include only float, int, boolean columns, not implemented for Series</span>
+</code></pre></div></td></tr></table></div>
+<h3 id="mad-mean-absolute-deviation">MAD (mean absolute deviation)</h3>
+<div class="highlight"><table class="highlighttable"><tr><th colspan="2" class="filename"><span class="filename">Python</span></th></tr><tr><td class="linenos"><div class="linenodiv"><pre><span></span><span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-28-1">1</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-28-2">2</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-28-3">3</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-28-4">4</a></span></pre></div></td><td class="code"><div><pre><span></span><code><a id="__codelineno-28-1" name="__codelineno-28-1"></a><span class="n">pd</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">Series</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">mad</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="bp">self</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="n">skipna</span><span class="o">=</span><span class="kc">None</span><span class="p">)</span>  <span class="c1"># mean absolute deviation</span>
+<a id="__codelineno-28-2" name="__codelineno-28-2"></a><span class="n">pd</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">DataFrame</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">mad</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="bp">self</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="n">axis</span><span class="o">=</span><span class="kc">None</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="n">skipna</span><span class="o">=</span><span class="kc">None</span><span class="p">)</span>  <span class="c1"># mean absolute deviation of the values for the requested axis</span>
+<a id="__codelineno-28-3" name="__codelineno-28-3"></a><span class="c1"># AXIS: {0, 1, index, columns} -- axis for the function to be applied on</span>
+<a id="__codelineno-28-4" name="__codelineno-28-4"></a><span class="c1"># SKIPNA: {bool} -- exclude NA/null values when computing the result</span>
+</code></pre></div></td></tr></table></div>
+<h3 id="var-variance">VAR (variance)</h3>
+<div class="highlight"><table class="highlighttable"><tr><th colspan="2" class="filename"><span class="filename">Python</span></th></tr><tr><td class="linenos"><div class="linenodiv"><pre><span></span><span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-29-1">1</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-29-2">2</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-29-3">3</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-29-4">4</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-29-5">5</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-29-6">6</a></span></pre></div></td><td class="code"><div><pre><span></span><code><a id="__codelineno-29-1" name="__codelineno-29-1"></a><span class="n">pd</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">Series</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">var</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="bp">self</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="n">skipna</span><span class="o">=</span><span class="kc">None</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="n">numeric_only</span><span class="o">=</span><span class="kc">None</span><span class="p">)</span>  <span class="c1"># unbiased variance</span>
+<a id="__codelineno-29-2" name="__codelineno-29-2"></a><span class="n">pd</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">DataFrame</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">var</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="bp">self</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="n">axis</span><span class="o">=</span><span class="kc">None</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="n">skipna</span><span class="o">=</span><span class="kc">None</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="n">ddof</span><span class="o">=</span><span class="mi">1</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="n">numeric_only</span><span class="o">=</span><span class="kc">None</span><span class="p">)</span>  <span class="c1">#  unbiased variance over requested axis</span>
+<a id="__codelineno-29-3" name="__codelineno-29-3"></a><span class="c1"># AXIS: {0, 1, index, columns} -- axis for the function to be applied on</span>
+<a id="__codelineno-29-4" name="__codelineno-29-4"></a><span class="c1"># SKIPNA: {bool} -- exclude NA/null values. if an entire row/column is NA, the result will be NA</span>
+<a id="__codelineno-29-5" name="__codelineno-29-5"></a><span class="c1"># DDOF: {int} -- Delta Degrees of Freedom. divisor used in calculations is N - ddof (N represents the number of elements) -- DEFAULT 1</span>
+<a id="__codelineno-29-6" name="__codelineno-29-6"></a><span class="c1"># NUMERIC_ONLY: {bool} -- include only float, int, boolean columns, not implemented for Series</span>
+</code></pre></div></td></tr></table></div>
+<h3 id="std-standard-deviation">STD (standard deviation)</h3>
+<div class="highlight"><table class="highlighttable"><tr><th colspan="2" class="filename"><span class="filename">Python</span></th></tr><tr><td class="linenos"><div class="linenodiv"><pre><span></span><span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-30-1">1</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-30-2">2</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-30-3">3</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-30-4">4</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-30-5">5</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-30-6">6</a></span></pre></div></td><td class="code"><div><pre><span></span><code><a id="__codelineno-30-1" name="__codelineno-30-1"></a><span class="n">pd</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">Series</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">std</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="bp">self</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="n">skipna</span><span class="o">=</span><span class="kc">None</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="n">ddof</span><span class="o">=</span><span class="mi">1</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="n">numeric_only</span><span class="o">=</span><span class="kc">None</span><span class="p">)</span>  <span class="c1"># sample standard deviation</span>
+<a id="__codelineno-30-2" name="__codelineno-30-2"></a><span class="n">pd</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">Dataframe</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">std</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="bp">self</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="n">axis</span><span class="o">=</span><span class="kc">None</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="n">skipna</span><span class="o">=</span><span class="kc">None</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="n">ddof</span><span class="o">=</span><span class="mi">1</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="n">numeric_only</span><span class="o">=</span><span class="kc">None</span><span class="p">)</span>  <span class="c1"># sample standard deviation over requested axis</span>
+<a id="__codelineno-30-3" name="__codelineno-30-3"></a><span class="c1"># AXIS: {0, 1, index, columns} -- axis for the function to be applied on</span>
+<a id="__codelineno-30-4" name="__codelineno-30-4"></a><span class="c1"># SKIPNA: {bool} -- exclude NA/null values. if an entire row/column is NA, the result will be NA</span>
+<a id="__codelineno-30-5" name="__codelineno-30-5"></a><span class="c1"># DDOF: {int} -- Delta Degrees of Freedom. divisor used in calculations is N - ddof (N represents the number of elements) -- DEFAULT 1</span>
+<a id="__codelineno-30-6" name="__codelineno-30-6"></a><span class="c1"># NUMERIC_ONLY: {bool} -- include only float, int, boolean columns, not implemented for Series</span>
+</code></pre></div></td></tr></table></div>
+<h3 id="skew">SKEW</h3>
+<div class="highlight"><table class="highlighttable"><tr><th colspan="2" class="filename"><span class="filename">Python</span></th></tr><tr><td class="linenos"><div class="linenodiv"><pre><span></span><span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-31-1">1</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-31-2">2</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-31-3">3</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-31-4">4</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-31-5">5</a></span></pre></div></td><td class="code"><div><pre><span></span><code><a id="__codelineno-31-1" name="__codelineno-31-1"></a><span class="n">pd</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">Series</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">skew</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="bp">self</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="n">skipna</span><span class="o">=</span><span class="kc">None</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="n">numeric_only</span><span class="o">=</span><span class="kc">None</span><span class="p">)</span>  <span class="c1"># unbiased skew Normalized bt N-1</span>
+<a id="__codelineno-31-2" name="__codelineno-31-2"></a><span class="n">pd</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">DataFrame</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">skew</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="bp">self</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="n">axis</span><span class="o">=</span><span class="kc">None</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="n">skipna</span><span class="o">=</span><span class="kc">None</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="n">numeric_only</span><span class="o">=</span><span class="kc">None</span><span class="p">)</span>  <span class="c1">#  unbiased skew over requested axis Normalized by N-1</span>
+<a id="__codelineno-31-3" name="__codelineno-31-3"></a><span class="c1"># AXIS: {0, 1, index, columns} -- axis for the function to be applied on</span>
+<a id="__codelineno-31-4" name="__codelineno-31-4"></a><span class="c1"># SKIPNA: {bool} -- exclude NA/null values when computing the result</span>
+<a id="__codelineno-31-5" name="__codelineno-31-5"></a><span class="c1"># NUMERIC_ONLY: {bool} -- include only float, int, boolean columns, not implemented for Series</span>
+</code></pre></div></td></tr></table></div>
+<h3 id="kurt">KURT</h3>
+<p>Unbiased kurtosis over requested axis using Fisher's definition of kurtosis (kurtosis of normal == 0.0). Normalized by N-1.</p>
+<div class="highlight"><table class="highlighttable"><tr><th colspan="2" class="filename"><span class="filename">Python</span></th></tr><tr><td class="linenos"><div class="linenodiv"><pre><span></span><span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-32-1">1</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-32-2">2</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-32-3">3</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-32-4">4</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-32-5">5</a></span></pre></div></td><td class="code"><div><pre><span></span><code><a id="__codelineno-32-1" name="__codelineno-32-1"></a><span class="n">pd</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">Series</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">kurt</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="bp">self</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="n">skipna</span><span class="o">=</span><span class="kc">None</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="n">numeric_only</span><span class="o">=</span><span class="kc">None</span><span class="p">)</span>
+<a id="__codelineno-32-2" name="__codelineno-32-2"></a><span class="n">pd</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">Dataframe</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">kurt</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="bp">self</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="n">axis</span><span class="o">=</span><span class="kc">None</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="n">skipna</span><span class="o">=</span><span class="kc">None</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="n">numeric_only</span><span class="o">=</span><span class="kc">None</span><span class="p">)</span>
+<a id="__codelineno-32-3" name="__codelineno-32-3"></a><span class="c1"># AXIS: {0, 1, index, columns} -- axis for the function to be applied on</span>
+<a id="__codelineno-32-4" name="__codelineno-32-4"></a><span class="c1"># SKIPNA: {bool} -- exclude NA/null values when computing the result</span>
+<a id="__codelineno-32-5" name="__codelineno-32-5"></a><span class="c1"># NUMERIC_ONLY: {bool} -- include only float, int, boolean columns, not implemented for Series</span>
+</code></pre></div></td></tr></table></div>
+<h3 id="cumsum-cumulative-sum">CUMSUM (cumulative sum)</h3>
+<div class="highlight"><table class="highlighttable"><tr><th colspan="2" class="filename"><span class="filename">Python</span></th></tr><tr><td class="linenos"><div class="linenodiv"><pre><span></span><span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-33-1">1</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-33-2">2</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-33-3">3</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-33-4">4</a></span></pre></div></td><td class="code"><div><pre><span></span><code><a id="__codelineno-33-1" name="__codelineno-33-1"></a><span class="n">pd</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">Series</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">cumsum</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="bp">self</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="n">skipna</span><span class="o">=</span><span class="kc">True</span><span class="p">)</span>  <span class="c1"># cumulative sum</span>
+<a id="__codelineno-33-2" name="__codelineno-33-2"></a><span class="n">pd</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">Dataframe</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">cumsum</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="bp">self</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="n">axis</span><span class="o">=</span><span class="kc">None</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="n">skipna</span><span class="o">=</span><span class="kc">True</span><span class="p">)</span>  <span class="c1"># cumulative sum over requested axis</span>
+<a id="__codelineno-33-3" name="__codelineno-33-3"></a><span class="c1"># AXIS: {0, 1, index, columns} -- axis for the function to be applied on</span>
+<a id="__codelineno-33-4" name="__codelineno-33-4"></a><span class="c1"># SKIPNA: {bool} -- exclude NA/null values. if an entire row/column is NA, the result will be NA</span>
+</code></pre></div></td></tr></table></div>
+<h3 id="cummax-cummin-cumulative-maximum-minimum">CUMMAX - CUMMIN (cumulative maximum - minimum)</h3>
+<div class="highlight"><table class="highlighttable"><tr><th colspan="2" class="filename"><span class="filename">Python</span></th></tr><tr><td class="linenos"><div class="linenodiv"><pre><span></span><span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-34-1">1</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-34-2">2</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-34-3">3</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-34-4">4</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-34-5">5</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-34-6">6</a></span></pre></div></td><td class="code"><div><pre><span></span><code><a id="__codelineno-34-1" name="__codelineno-34-1"></a><span class="n">pd</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">Series</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">cummax</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="bp">self</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="n">skipna</span><span class="o">=</span><span class="kc">True</span><span class="p">)</span>  <span class="c1"># cumulative maximum</span>
+<a id="__codelineno-34-2" name="__codelineno-34-2"></a><span class="n">pd</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">Series</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">cummin</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="bp">self</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="n">skipna</span><span class="o">=</span><span class="kc">True</span><span class="p">)</span>  <span class="c1"># cumulative minimum</span>
+<a id="__codelineno-34-3" name="__codelineno-34-3"></a><span class="n">pd</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">Dataframe</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">cummax</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="bp">self</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="n">axis</span><span class="o">=</span><span class="kc">None</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="n">skipna</span><span class="o">=</span><span class="kc">True</span><span class="p">)</span>  <span class="c1"># cumulative maximum over requested axis</span>
+<a id="__codelineno-34-4" name="__codelineno-34-4"></a><span class="n">pd</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">Dataframe</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">cummin</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="bp">self</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="n">axis</span><span class="o">=</span><span class="kc">None</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="n">skipna</span><span class="o">=</span><span class="kc">True</span><span class="p">)</span>  <span class="c1"># cumulative minimum over requested axis</span>
+<a id="__codelineno-34-5" name="__codelineno-34-5"></a><span class="c1"># AXIS: {0, 1, index, columns} -- axis for the function to be applied on</span>
+<a id="__codelineno-34-6" name="__codelineno-34-6"></a><span class="c1"># SKIPNA: {bool} -- exclude NA/null values. if an entire row/column is NA, the result will be NA</span>
+</code></pre></div></td></tr></table></div>
+<h3 id="cumprod-cumulative-product">CUMPROD (cumulative product)</h3>
+<div class="highlight"><table class="highlighttable"><tr><th colspan="2" class="filename"><span class="filename">Python</span></th></tr><tr><td class="linenos"><div class="linenodiv"><pre><span></span><span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-35-1">1</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-35-2">2</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-35-3">3</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-35-4">4</a></span></pre></div></td><td class="code"><div><pre><span></span><code><a id="__codelineno-35-1" name="__codelineno-35-1"></a><span class="n">pd</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">Series</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">cumprod</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="bp">self</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="n">skipna</span><span class="o">=</span><span class="kc">True</span><span class="p">)</span>  <span class="c1"># cumulative product</span>
+<a id="__codelineno-35-2" name="__codelineno-35-2"></a><span class="n">pd</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">Dataframe</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">cumprod</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="bp">self</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="n">axis</span><span class="o">=</span><span class="kc">None</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="n">skipna</span><span class="o">=</span><span class="kc">True</span><span class="p">)</span>  <span class="c1"># cumulative product over requested axis</span>
+<a id="__codelineno-35-3" name="__codelineno-35-3"></a><span class="c1"># AXIS: {0, 1, index, columns} -- axis for the function to be applied on</span>
+<a id="__codelineno-35-4" name="__codelineno-35-4"></a><span class="c1"># SKIPNA: {bool} -- exclude NA/null values. if an entire row/column is NA, the result will be NA</span>
+</code></pre></div></td></tr></table></div>
+<h3 id="diff">DIFF</h3>
+<p>Calculates the difference of a DataFrame element compared with another element in the DataFrame.<br />
+(default is the element in the same column of the previous row)</p>
+<div class="highlight"><table class="highlighttable"><tr><th colspan="2" class="filename"><span class="filename">Python</span></th></tr><tr><td class="linenos"><div class="linenodiv"><pre><span></span><span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-36-1">1</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-36-2">2</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-36-3">3</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-36-4">4</a></span></pre></div></td><td class="code"><div><pre><span></span><code><a id="__codelineno-36-1" name="__codelineno-36-1"></a><span class="n">pd</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">Series</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">diff</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="bp">self</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="n">periods</span><span class="o">=</span><span class="mi">1</span><span class="p">)</span>
+<a id="__codelineno-36-2" name="__codelineno-36-2"></a><span class="n">pd</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">DataFrame</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">diff</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="bp">self</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="n">periods</span><span class="o">=</span><span class="mi">1</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="n">axis</span><span class="o">=</span><span class="mi">0</span><span class="p">)</span>
+<a id="__codelineno-36-3" name="__codelineno-36-3"></a><span class="c1"># PERIODS: {int} -- Periods to shift for calculating difference, accepts negative values -- DEFAULT 1</span>
+<a id="__codelineno-36-4" name="__codelineno-36-4"></a><span class="c1"># AXIS: {0, 1, index, columns} -- Take difference over rows or columns</span>
+</code></pre></div></td></tr></table></div>
+<h3 id="pct_change">PCT_CHANGE</h3>
+<p>Percentage change between the current and a prior element.</p>
+<div class="highlight"><table class="highlighttable"><tr><th colspan="2" class="filename"><span class="filename">Python</span></th></tr><tr><td class="linenos"><div class="linenodiv"><pre><span></span><span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-37-1">1</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-37-2">2</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-37-3">3</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-37-4">4</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-37-5">5</a></span></pre></div></td><td class="code"><div><pre><span></span><code><a id="__codelineno-37-1" name="__codelineno-37-1"></a><span class="n">pd</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">Series</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">Pct_change</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="bp">self</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="n">periods</span><span class="o">=</span><span class="mi">1</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="n">fill_method</span><span class="o">=</span><span class="s1">&#39;pad&#39;</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="n">limit</span><span class="o">=</span><span class="kc">None</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="n">freq</span><span class="o">=</span><span class="kc">None</span><span class="p">)</span>
+<a id="__codelineno-37-2" name="__codelineno-37-2"></a><span class="n">pd</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">Dataframe</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">pct_change</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="bp">self</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="n">periods</span><span class="o">=</span><span class="mi">1</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="n">fill_method</span><span class="o">=</span><span class="s1">&#39;pad&#39;</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="n">limit</span><span class="o">=</span><span class="kc">None</span><span class="p">)</span>
+<a id="__codelineno-37-3" name="__codelineno-37-3"></a><span class="c1"># PERIODS:{int} -- periods to shift for forming percent change</span>
+<a id="__codelineno-37-4" name="__codelineno-37-4"></a><span class="c1"># FILL_METHOD: {str, pda} -- How to handle NAs before computing percent changes -- DEFAULT pad</span>
+<a id="__codelineno-37-5" name="__codelineno-37-5"></a><span class="c1"># LIMIT: {int} -- number of consecutive NAs to fill before stopping -- DEFAULT None</span>
+</code></pre></div></td></tr></table></div>
+<h2 id="handling-missing-data">HANDLING MISSING DATA</h2>
+<h3 id="filtering-out-missing-data">FILTERING OUT MISSING DATA</h3>
+<div class="highlight"><table class="highlighttable"><tr><th colspan="2" class="filename"><span class="filename">Python</span></th></tr><tr><td class="linenos"><div class="linenodiv"><pre><span></span><span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-38-1">1</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-38-2">2</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-38-3">3</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-38-4">4</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-38-5">5</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-38-6">6</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-38-7">7</a></span></pre></div></td><td class="code"><div><pre><span></span><code><a id="__codelineno-38-1" name="__codelineno-38-1"></a><span class="n">pd</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">Series</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">dropna</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="bp">self</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="n">inplace</span><span class="o">=</span><span class="kc">False</span><span class="p">)</span>  <span class="c1"># return a new Series with missing values removed</span>
+<a id="__codelineno-38-2" name="__codelineno-38-2"></a><span class="n">pd</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">DataFrame</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">dropna</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="n">axis</span><span class="o">=</span><span class="mi">0</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="n">how</span><span class="o">=</span><span class="s1">&#39;any&#39;</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="n">tresh</span><span class="o">=</span><span class="kc">None</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="n">subset</span><span class="o">=</span><span class="kc">None</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="n">inplace</span><span class="o">=</span><span class="kc">False</span><span class="p">)</span>  <span class="c1"># return a new DataFrame with missing values removed</span>
+<a id="__codelineno-38-3" name="__codelineno-38-3"></a><span class="c1"># AXIS: {tuple, list} -- tuple or list to drop on multiple axes. only a single axis is allowed</span>
+<a id="__codelineno-38-4" name="__codelineno-38-4"></a><span class="c1"># HOW: {any, all} -- determine if row or column is removed from DataFrame (ANY = if any NA present, ALL = if all values are NA). DEFAULT any</span>
+<a id="__codelineno-38-5" name="__codelineno-38-5"></a><span class="c1"># TRESH: {int} -- require that many non-NA values</span>
+<a id="__codelineno-38-6" name="__codelineno-38-6"></a><span class="c1"># SUBSET: {array} -- labels along other axis to consider</span>
+<a id="__codelineno-38-7" name="__codelineno-38-7"></a><span class="c1"># INPLACE: {bool} -- if True, do operation inplace and return None -- DEFAULT False</span>
+</code></pre></div></td></tr></table></div>
+<h3 id="filling-in-missing-data">FILLING IN MISSING DATA</h3>
+<p>Fill NA/NaN values using the specified method.</p>
+<div class="highlight"><table class="highlighttable"><tr><th colspan="2" class="filename"><span class="filename">Python</span></th></tr><tr><td class="linenos"><div class="linenodiv"><pre><span></span><span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-39-1">1</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-39-2">2</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-39-3">3</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-39-4">4</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-39-5">5</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-39-6">6</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-39-7">7</a></span></pre></div></td><td class="code"><div><pre><span></span><code><a id="__codelineno-39-1" name="__codelineno-39-1"></a><span class="n">pd</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">Series</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">fillna</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="bp">self</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="n">value</span><span class="o">=</span><span class="kc">None</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="n">method</span><span class="o">=</span><span class="kc">None</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="n">inplace</span><span class="o">=</span><span class="kc">False</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="n">limit</span><span class="o">=</span><span class="kc">None</span><span class="p">)</span>
+<a id="__codelineno-39-2" name="__codelineno-39-2"></a><span class="n">pd</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">DataFrame</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">fillna</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="bp">self</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="n">value</span><span class="o">=</span><span class="kc">None</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="n">method</span><span class="o">=</span><span class="kc">None</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="n">axis</span><span class="o">=</span><span class="kc">None</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="n">inplace</span><span class="o">=</span><span class="kc">False</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="n">limit</span><span class="o">=</span><span class="kc">None</span><span class="p">)</span>
+<a id="__codelineno-39-3" name="__codelineno-39-3"></a><span class="c1"># VALUE: {scalar, dict, Series, DataFrame} -- value to use to fill holes, dict/Series/DataFrame specifying which value to use for each index or column</span>
+<a id="__codelineno-39-4" name="__codelineno-39-4"></a><span class="c1"># METHOD: {backfill, pad, None} -- method to use for filling holes -- DEFAULT None</span>
+<a id="__codelineno-39-5" name="__codelineno-39-5"></a><span class="c1"># AXIS: {0, 1, index, columns} -- axis along which to fill missing values</span>
+<a id="__codelineno-39-6" name="__codelineno-39-6"></a><span class="c1"># INPLACE: {bool} -- if true fill in-place (will modify views of object) -- DEFAULT False</span>
+<a id="__codelineno-39-7" name="__codelineno-39-7"></a><span class="c1"># LIMIT: {int} --  maximum number of consecutive NaN values to forward/backward fill -- DEFAULT None</span>
+</code></pre></div></td></tr></table></div>
+<h2 id="hierarchical-indexing-multiindex">HIERARCHICAL INDEXING (MultiIndex)</h2>
+<p>Enables storing and manipulation of data with an arbitrary number of dimensions.<br />
+In lower dimensional data structures like Series (1d) and DataFrame (2d).</p>
+<h3 id="multiiindex-creation">MULTIIINDEX CREATION</h3>
+<div class="highlight"><table class="highlighttable"><tr><th colspan="2" class="filename"><span class="filename">Python</span></th></tr><tr><td class="linenos"><div class="linenodiv"><pre><span></span><span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-40-1">1</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-40-2">2</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-40-3">3</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-40-4">4</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-40-5">5</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-40-6">6</a></span></pre></div></td><td class="code"><div><pre><span></span><code><a id="__codelineno-40-1" name="__codelineno-40-1"></a><span class="n">pd</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">MultiIndex</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">from_arrays</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="o">*</span><span class="n">arrays</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="n">names</span><span class="o">=</span><span class="kc">None</span><span class="p">)</span>  <span class="c1"># convert arrays to MultiIndex</span>
+<a id="__codelineno-40-2" name="__codelineno-40-2"></a><span class="n">pd</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">MultiIndex</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">from_tuples</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="o">*</span><span class="n">arrays</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="n">names</span><span class="o">=</span><span class="kc">None</span><span class="p">)</span>  <span class="c1"># convert tuples to MultiIndex</span>
+<a id="__codelineno-40-3" name="__codelineno-40-3"></a><span class="n">pd</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">MultiIndex</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">from_frame</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="n">df</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="n">names</span><span class="o">=</span><span class="kc">None</span><span class="p">)</span>  <span class="c1"># convert DataFrame to MultiIndex</span>
+<a id="__codelineno-40-4" name="__codelineno-40-4"></a><span class="n">pd</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">MultiIndex</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">from_product</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="o">*</span><span class="n">iterables</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="n">names</span><span class="o">=</span><span class="kc">None</span><span class="p">)</span>     <span class="c1">#  MultiIndex from cartesian product of iterables</span>
+<a id="__codelineno-40-5" name="__codelineno-40-5"></a><span class="n">pd</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">Series</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="o">*</span><span class="n">arrays</span><span class="p">)</span>  <span class="c1"># Index constructor makes MultiIndex from Series</span>
+<a id="__codelineno-40-6" name="__codelineno-40-6"></a><span class="n">pd</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">DataFrame</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="o">*</span><span class="n">arrays</span><span class="p">)</span>  <span class="c1"># Index constructor makes MultiINdex from DataFrame</span>
+</code></pre></div></td></tr></table></div>
+<h3 id="multiindex-levels">MULTIINDEX LEVELS</h3>
+<p>Vector of label values for requested level, equal to the length of the index.</p>
+<div class="highlight"><table class="highlighttable"><tr><th colspan="2" class="filename"><span class="filename">Python</span></th></tr><tr><td class="linenos"><div class="linenodiv"><pre><span></span><span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-41-1">1</a></span></pre></div></td><td class="code"><div><pre><span></span><code><a id="__codelineno-41-1" name="__codelineno-41-1"></a><span class="n">pd</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">MultiIndex</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">get_level_values</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="bp">self</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="n">level</span><span class="p">)</span>
+</code></pre></div></td></tr></table></div>
+<h3 id="partial-and-cross-section-selection">PARTIAL AND CROSS-SECTION SELECTION</h3>
+<p>Partial selection "drops" levels of the hierarchical index in the result  in a completely analogous way to selecting a column in a regular DataFrame.</p>
+<div class="highlight"><table class="highlighttable"><tr><th colspan="2" class="filename"><span class="filename">Python</span></th></tr><tr><td class="linenos"><div class="linenodiv"><pre><span></span><span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-42-1">1</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-42-2">2</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-42-3">3</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-42-4">4</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-42-5">5</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-42-6">6</a></span></pre></div></td><td class="code"><div><pre><span></span><code><a id="__codelineno-42-1" name="__codelineno-42-1"></a><span class="n">pd</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">Series</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">xs</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="bp">self</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="n">key</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="n">axis</span><span class="o">=</span><span class="mi">0</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="n">level</span><span class="o">=</span><span class="kc">None</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="n">drop_level</span><span class="o">=</span><span class="kc">True</span><span class="p">)</span>  <span class="c1"># cross-section from Series</span>
+<a id="__codelineno-42-2" name="__codelineno-42-2"></a><span class="n">pd</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">DataFrame</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">xs</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="bp">self</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="n">key</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="n">axis</span><span class="o">=</span><span class="mi">0</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="n">level</span><span class="o">=</span><span class="kc">None</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="n">drop_level</span><span class="o">=</span><span class="kc">True</span><span class="p">)</span>  <span class="c1">#  cross-section from DataFrame</span>
+<a id="__codelineno-42-3" name="__codelineno-42-3"></a><span class="c1"># KEY: {label, tuple of label} -- label contained in the index, or partially in a MultiIndex</span>
+<a id="__codelineno-42-4" name="__codelineno-42-4"></a><span class="c1"># AXIS: {0, 1, index, columns} -- axis to retrieve cross-section on -- DEFAULT 0</span>
+<a id="__codelineno-42-5" name="__codelineno-42-5"></a><span class="c1"># LEVEL: -- in case of key partially contained in MultiIndex, indicate which levels are used. Levels referred by label or position</span>
+<a id="__codelineno-42-6" name="__codelineno-42-6"></a><span class="c1"># DROP_LEVEL: {bool} -- If False, returns object with same levels as self -- DEFAULT True</span>
+</code></pre></div></td></tr></table></div>
+<h3 id="indexing-slicing">INDEXING, SLICING</h3>
+<p>Multi index keys take the form of tuples.</p>
+<div class="highlight"><table class="highlighttable"><tr><th colspan="2" class="filename"><span class="filename">Python</span></th></tr><tr><td class="linenos"><div class="linenodiv"><pre><span></span><span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-43-1">1</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-43-2">2</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-43-3">3</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-43-4">4</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-43-5">5</a></span></pre></div></td><td class="code"><div><pre><span></span><code><a id="__codelineno-43-1" name="__codelineno-43-1"></a><span class="n">df</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">loc</span><span class="p">[(</span><span class="s1">&#39;lvl_1&#39;</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="s1">&#39;lvl_2&#39;</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="o">...</span><span class="p">)]</span>  <span class="c1"># selection of single row</span>
+<a id="__codelineno-43-2" name="__codelineno-43-2"></a><span class="n">df</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">loc</span><span class="p">[(</span><span class="s1">&#39;idx_lvl_1&#39;</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="s1">&#39;idx_lvl_2&#39;</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="o">...</span><span class="p">),</span> <span class="p">(</span><span class="s1">&#39;col_lvl_1&#39;</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="s1">&#39;col_lvl_2&#39;</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="o">...</span><span class="p">)]</span>  <span class="c1"># selection of single value</span>
+<a id="__codelineno-43-3" name="__codelineno-43-3"></a>
+<a id="__codelineno-43-4" name="__codelineno-43-4"></a><span class="n">df</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">loc</span><span class="p">[</span><span class="s1">&#39;idx_lvl_1&#39;</span><span class="p">:</span><span class="s1">&#39;idx_lvl_1&#39;</span><span class="p">]</span>  <span class="c1"># slice of rows (aka partial selection)</span>
+<a id="__codelineno-43-5" name="__codelineno-43-5"></a><span class="n">df</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">loc</span><span class="p">[(</span><span class="s1">&#39;idx_lvl_1&#39;</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="s1">&#39;idx_lvl_2&#39;</span><span class="p">)</span> <span class="p">:</span> <span class="p">(</span><span class="s1">&#39;idx_lvl_1&#39;</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="s1">&#39;idx_lvl_2&#39;</span><span class="p">)]</span>  <span class="c1"># slice of rows with levels</span>
+</code></pre></div></td></tr></table></div>
+<h3 id="reordering-and-sorting-levels">REORDERING AND SORTING LEVELS</h3>
+<div class="highlight"><table class="highlighttable"><tr><th colspan="2" class="filename"><span class="filename">Python</span></th></tr><tr><td class="linenos"><div class="linenodiv"><pre><span></span><span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-44-1">1</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-44-2">2</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-44-3">3</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-44-4">4</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-44-5">5</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-44-6">6</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-44-7">7</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-44-8">8</a></span></pre></div></td><td class="code"><div><pre><span></span><code><a id="__codelineno-44-1" name="__codelineno-44-1"></a><span class="n">pd</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">MultiIndex</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">swaplevel</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="bp">self</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="n">i</span><span class="o">=-</span><span class="mi">2</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="n">j</span><span class="o">=-</span><span class="mi">1</span><span class="p">)</span>  <span class="c1"># swap level i with level j</span>
+<a id="__codelineno-44-2" name="__codelineno-44-2"></a><span class="n">pd</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">Series</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">swaplevel</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="bp">self</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="n">i</span><span class="o">=-</span><span class="mi">2</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="n">j</span><span class="o">=-</span><span class="mi">1</span><span class="p">)</span> <span class="c1"># swap levels i and j in a MultiIndex</span>
+<a id="__codelineno-44-3" name="__codelineno-44-3"></a><span class="n">pd</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">DataFrame</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">swaplevel</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="bp">self</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="n">i</span><span class="o">=-</span><span class="mi">2</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="n">j</span><span class="o">=-</span><span class="mi">1</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="n">axis</span><span class="o">=</span><span class="mi">0</span><span class="p">)</span> <span class="c1"># swap levels i and j in a MultiIndex on a partivular axis</span>
+<a id="__codelineno-44-4" name="__codelineno-44-4"></a>
+<a id="__codelineno-44-5" name="__codelineno-44-5"></a><span class="n">pd</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">MultiIndex</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">sortlevel</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="bp">self</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="n">level</span><span class="o">=</span><span class="mi">0</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="n">ascending</span><span class="o">=</span><span class="kc">True</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="n">sort_remaining</span><span class="o">=</span><span class="kc">True</span><span class="p">)</span>  <span class="c1"># sort MultiIndex at requested level</span>
+<a id="__codelineno-44-6" name="__codelineno-44-6"></a><span class="c1"># LEVEL: {str, int, list-like} -- DEFAULT 0</span>
+<a id="__codelineno-44-7" name="__codelineno-44-7"></a><span class="c1"># ASCENDING: {bool} -- if True, sort values in ascending order, otherwise descending -- DEFAULT True</span>
+<a id="__codelineno-44-8" name="__codelineno-44-8"></a><span class="c1"># SORT_REMAINING: {bool} -- sort by the remaining levels after level</span>
+</code></pre></div></td></tr></table></div>
+<h2 id="data-loading-storage-file-formats">DATA LOADING, STORAGE FILE FORMATS</h2>
+<div class="highlight"><table class="highlighttable"><tr><th colspan="2" class="filename"><span class="filename">Python</span></th></tr><tr><td class="linenos"><div class="linenodiv"><pre><span></span><span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-45-1"> 1</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-45-2"> 2</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-45-3"> 3</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-45-4"> 4</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-45-5"> 5</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-45-6"> 6</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-45-7"> 7</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-45-8"> 8</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-45-9"> 9</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-45-10">10</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-45-11">11</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-45-12">12</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-45-13">13</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-45-14">14</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-45-15">15</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-45-16">16</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-45-17">17</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-45-18">18</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-45-19">19</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-45-20">20</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-45-21">21</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-45-22">22</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-45-23">23</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-45-24">24</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-45-25">25</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-45-26">26</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-45-27">27</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-45-28">28</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-45-29">29</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-45-30">30</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-45-31">31</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-45-32">32</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-45-33">33</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-45-34">34</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-45-35">35</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-45-36">36</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-45-37">37</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-45-38">38</a></span></pre></div></td><td class="code"><div><pre><span></span><code><a id="__codelineno-45-1" name="__codelineno-45-1"></a><span class="n">pd</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">read_fwf</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="n">filepath</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="n">colspecs</span><span class="o">=</span><span class="s1">&#39;infer&#39;</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="n">widths</span><span class="o">=</span><span class="kc">None</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="n">infer_nrows</span><span class="o">=</span><span class="mi">100</span><span class="p">)</span>  <span class="c1"># read a table of fixed-width formatted lines into DataFrame</span>
+<a id="__codelineno-45-2" name="__codelineno-45-2"></a><span class="c1"># FILEPATH: {str, path object} -- any valid string path is acceptable, could be a URL. Valid URLs: http, ftp, s3, and file</span>
+<a id="__codelineno-45-3" name="__codelineno-45-3"></a><span class="c1"># COLSPECS: {list of tuple (int, int), &#39;infer&#39;} -- list of tuples giving extents of fixed-width fields of each line as half-open intervals { [from, to) }</span>
+<a id="__codelineno-45-4" name="__codelineno-45-4"></a><span class="c1"># WIDTHS: {list of int} -- list of field widths which can be used instead of &quot;colspecs&quot; if intervals are contiguous</span>
+<a id="__codelineno-45-5" name="__codelineno-45-5"></a><span class="c1"># INFER_ROWS: {int} -- number of rows to consider when letting parser determine colspecs -- DEFAULT 100</span>
+<a id="__codelineno-45-6" name="__codelineno-45-6"></a>
+<a id="__codelineno-45-7" name="__codelineno-45-7"></a><span class="n">pd</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">read_excel</span><span class="p">()</span>  <span class="c1"># read an Excel file into a pandas DataFrame</span>
+<a id="__codelineno-45-8" name="__codelineno-45-8"></a><span class="n">pd</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">read_json</span><span class="p">()</span>  <span class="c1"># convert a JSON string to pandas object</span>
+<a id="__codelineno-45-9" name="__codelineno-45-9"></a><span class="n">pd</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">read_html</span><span class="p">()</span>  <span class="c1"># read HTML tables into a list of DataFrame objects</span>
+<a id="__codelineno-45-10" name="__codelineno-45-10"></a><span class="n">pd</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">read_sql</span><span class="p">()</span>  <span class="c1"># read SQL query or database table into a DataFrame</span>
+<a id="__codelineno-45-11" name="__codelineno-45-11"></a>
+<a id="__codelineno-45-12" name="__codelineno-45-12"></a><span class="n">pd</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">read_csv</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="n">filepath</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="n">sep</span><span class="o">=</span><span class="s1">&#39;,&#39;</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="o">*</span><span class="n">args</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="o">**</span><span class="n">kwargs</span> <span class="p">)</span>  <span class="c1"># read a comma-separated values (csv) file into DataFrame</span>
+<a id="__codelineno-45-13" name="__codelineno-45-13"></a><span class="n">pd</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">read_table</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="n">filepath</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="n">sep</span><span class="o">=</span><span class="s1">&#39;</span><span class="se">\t</span><span class="s1">&#39;</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="o">*</span><span class="n">args</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="o">**</span><span class="n">kwargs</span><span class="p">)</span>  <span class="c1"># read general delimited file into DataFrame</span>
+<a id="__codelineno-45-14" name="__codelineno-45-14"></a><span class="c1"># FILEPATH: {str, path object} -- any valid string path is acceptable, could be a URL. Valid URLs: http, ftp, s3, and file</span>
+<a id="__codelineno-45-15" name="__codelineno-45-15"></a><span class="c1"># SEP: {str} -- delimiter to use -- DEFAULT \t (tab)</span>
+<a id="__codelineno-45-16" name="__codelineno-45-16"></a><span class="c1"># HEADER {int, list of int, &#39;infer&#39;} -- row numbers to use as column names, and the start of the data -- DEFAULT &#39;infer&#39;</span>
+<a id="__codelineno-45-17" name="__codelineno-45-17"></a><span class="c1"># NAMES:{array} -- list of column names to use -- DEFAULT None</span>
+<a id="__codelineno-45-18" name="__codelineno-45-18"></a><span class="c1"># INDEX_COL: {int, str, False, sequnce of int/str, None} -- Columns to use as row labels of DataFrame, given as string name or column index -- DEFAULT None</span>
+<a id="__codelineno-45-19" name="__codelineno-45-19"></a><span class="c1"># SKIPROWS: {list-like, int, callable} -- Line numbers to skip (0-indexed) or number of lines to skip (int) at the start of the file</span>
+<a id="__codelineno-45-20" name="__codelineno-45-20"></a><span class="c1"># NA_VALUES: {scalar, str, list-like, dict} -- additional strings to recognize as NA/NaN. if dict passed, specific per-column NA values</span>
+<a id="__codelineno-45-21" name="__codelineno-45-21"></a><span class="c1"># THOUSANDS: {str} -- thousand separator</span>
+<a id="__codelineno-45-22" name="__codelineno-45-22"></a><span class="c1"># *ARGS, **KWARGS -- SEE DOCS</span>
+<a id="__codelineno-45-23" name="__codelineno-45-23"></a>
+<a id="__codelineno-45-24" name="__codelineno-45-24"></a><span class="c1"># write object to a comma-separated values (csv) file</span>
+<a id="__codelineno-45-25" name="__codelineno-45-25"></a><span class="n">pd</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">DataFrame</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">to_csv</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="bp">self</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="n">path_or_buf</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="n">sep</span><span class="o">=</span><span class="s1">&#39;,&#39;</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="n">na_rep</span><span class="o">=</span><span class="s1">&#39;&#39;</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="n">columns</span><span class="o">=</span><span class="kc">None</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="n">header</span><span class="o">=</span><span class="kc">True</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="n">index</span><span class="o">=</span><span class="kc">True</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="n">encoding</span><span class="o">=</span><span class="s1">&#39;utf-8&#39;</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="n">line_terminator</span><span class="o">=</span><span class="kc">None</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="n">decimal</span><span class="o">=</span><span class="s1">&#39;.&#39;</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="o">*</span><span class="n">args</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="o">**</span><span class="n">kwargs</span><span class="p">)</span>
+<a id="__codelineno-45-26" name="__codelineno-45-26"></a><span class="c1"># SEP: {str len 1} --  Field delimiter for the output file</span>
+<a id="__codelineno-45-27" name="__codelineno-45-27"></a><span class="c1"># NA_REP: {str} -- missing data representation</span>
+<a id="__codelineno-45-28" name="__codelineno-45-28"></a><span class="c1"># COLUMNS: {sequence} -- colums to write</span>
+<a id="__codelineno-45-29" name="__codelineno-45-29"></a><span class="c1"># HEADER: {bool, list of str} -- write out column names. if list of strings is given its assumed to be aliases for column names</span>
+<a id="__codelineno-45-30" name="__codelineno-45-30"></a><span class="c1"># INDEX: {bool, list of str} -- write out row names (index)</span>
+<a id="__codelineno-45-31" name="__codelineno-45-31"></a><span class="c1"># ENCODING: {str} -- string representing encoding to use -- DEFAULT &quot;utf-8&quot;</span>
+<a id="__codelineno-45-32" name="__codelineno-45-32"></a><span class="c1"># LINE_TERMINATOR: {str} -- newline character or character sequence to use in the output file -- DEFAULT os.linesep</span>
+<a id="__codelineno-45-33" name="__codelineno-45-33"></a><span class="c1"># DECIMAL: {str} -- character recognized as decimal separator (in EU ,)</span>
+<a id="__codelineno-45-34" name="__codelineno-45-34"></a>
+<a id="__codelineno-45-35" name="__codelineno-45-35"></a><span class="n">pd</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">DataFrame</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">to_excel</span><span class="p">()</span>
+<a id="__codelineno-45-36" name="__codelineno-45-36"></a><span class="n">pd</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">DataFrame</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">to_json</span><span class="p">()</span>
+<a id="__codelineno-45-37" name="__codelineno-45-37"></a><span class="n">pd</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">DataFrame</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">to_html</span><span class="p">()</span>
+<a id="__codelineno-45-38" name="__codelineno-45-38"></a><span class="n">pd</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">DataFrame</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">to_sql</span><span class="p">()</span>
+</code></pre></div></td></tr></table></div>
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+    <li class="md-nav__item">
+      <a href="../../../containers/kubernetes.html" class="md-nav__link">
+        
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+  <span class="md-ellipsis">
+    Kubernetes
+  </span>
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+    </li>
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+        </nav>
+      
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+      
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+        <input class="md-nav__toggle md-toggle " type="checkbox" id="__nav_3" >
+        
+          
+          <label class="md-nav__link" for="__nav_3" id="__nav_3_label" tabindex="0">
+            
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+  <span class="md-ellipsis">
+    Databases
+  </span>
+  
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+          </label>
+        
+        <nav class="md-nav" data-md-level="1" aria-labelledby="__nav_3_label" aria-expanded="false">
+          <label class="md-nav__title" for="__nav_3">
+            <span class="md-nav__icon md-icon"></span>
+            Databases
+          </label>
+          <ul class="md-nav__list" data-md-scrollfix>
+            
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+    <li class="md-nav__item">
+      <a href="../../../databases/redis.html" class="md-nav__link">
+        
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+  <span class="md-ellipsis">
+    Redis
+  </span>
+  
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+    </li>
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+    <li class="md-nav__item">
+      <a href="../../../databases/sql.html" class="md-nav__link">
+        
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+  <span class="md-ellipsis">
+    SQL
+  </span>
+  
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+    </li>
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+    <li class="md-nav__item">
+      <a href="../../../databases/mongo-db.html" class="md-nav__link">
+        
+  
+  <span class="md-ellipsis">
+    MongoDB
+  </span>
+  
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+    </li>
+  
+
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+        </nav>
+      
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+    <li class="md-nav__item md-nav__item--active md-nav__item--section md-nav__item--nested">
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+        
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+    Languages
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+            <span class="md-nav__icon md-icon"></span>
+            Languages
+          </label>
+          <ul class="md-nav__list" data-md-scrollfix>
+            
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+    <li class="md-nav__item">
+      <a href="../../html/html.html" class="md-nav__link">
+        
+  
+  <span class="md-ellipsis">
+    HTML
+  </span>
+  
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+      <a href="../../markdown.html" class="md-nav__link">
+        
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+    Markdown
+  </span>
+  
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+      <a href="../../css/css.html" class="md-nav__link">
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+    <li class="md-nav__item">
+      <a href="../../kotlin/kotlin.html" class="md-nav__link">
+        
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+  <span class="md-ellipsis">
+    Kotlin
+  </span>
+  
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+    <li class="md-nav__item">
+      <a href="../../swift/swift.html" class="md-nav__link">
+        
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+  <span class="md-ellipsis">
+    Swift
+  </span>
+  
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+    </li>
+  
+
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+            
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+  
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+        
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+      
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+        
+          
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+        
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+    
+    
+    <li class="md-nav__item md-nav__item--section md-nav__item--nested">
+      
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+        <input class="md-nav__toggle md-toggle " type="checkbox" id="__nav_4_7" >
+        
+          
+          <label class="md-nav__link" for="__nav_4_7" id="__nav_4_7_label" tabindex="">
+            
+  
+  <span class="md-ellipsis">
+    Assembly
+  </span>
+  
+
+            <span class="md-nav__icon md-icon"></span>
+          </label>
+        
+        <nav class="md-nav" data-md-level="2" aria-labelledby="__nav_4_7_label" aria-expanded="false">
+          <label class="md-nav__title" for="__nav_4_7">
+            <span class="md-nav__icon md-icon"></span>
+            Assembly
+          </label>
+          <ul class="md-nav__list" data-md-scrollfix>
+            
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+                
+  
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+  
+  
+    <li class="md-nav__item">
+      <a href="../../assembly/intel.html" class="md-nav__link">
+        
+  
+  <span class="md-ellipsis">
+    Intel
+  </span>
+  
+
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+    </li>
+  
+
+              
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+              
+                
+  
+  
+  
+  
+    <li class="md-nav__item">
+      <a href="../../assembly/riscv.html" class="md-nav__link">
+        
+  
+  <span class="md-ellipsis">
+    RISC-V
+  </span>
+  
+
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+    </li>
+  
+
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+            
+          </ul>
+        </nav>
+      
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+  
+
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+    
+      
+        
+      
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+      
+      
+        
+          
+          
+        
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+    
+    
+    <li class="md-nav__item md-nav__item--active md-nav__item--section md-nav__item--nested">
+      
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+        <input class="md-nav__toggle md-toggle " type="checkbox" id="__nav_4_8" checked>
+        
+          
+          <label class="md-nav__link" for="__nav_4_8" id="__nav_4_8_label" tabindex="">
+            
+  
+  <span class="md-ellipsis">
+    Python
+  </span>
+  
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+          </label>
+        
+        <nav class="md-nav" data-md-level="2" aria-labelledby="__nav_4_8_label" aria-expanded="true">
+          <label class="md-nav__title" for="__nav_4_8">
+            <span class="md-nav__icon md-icon"></span>
+            Python
+          </label>
+          <ul class="md-nav__list" data-md-scrollfix>
+            
+              
+                
+  
+  
+  
+  
+    <li class="md-nav__item">
+      <a href="../python.html" class="md-nav__link">
+        
+  
+  <span class="md-ellipsis">
+    Python
+  </span>
+  
+
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+    </li>
+  
+
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+            
+              
+                
+  
+  
+  
+  
+    
+    
+      
+        
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+        
+      
+        
+      
+        
+      
+        
+      
+        
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+        
+      
+        
+      
+        
+      
+        
+      
+        
+      
+        
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+        
+      
+    
+    
+      
+      
+        
+      
+    
+    
+    <li class="md-nav__item md-nav__item--nested">
+      
+        
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+        <input class="md-nav__toggle md-toggle " type="checkbox" id="__nav_4_8_2" >
+        
+          
+          <label class="md-nav__link" for="__nav_4_8_2" id="__nav_4_8_2_label" tabindex="0">
+            
+  
+  <span class="md-ellipsis">
+    Modules
+  </span>
+  
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+          </label>
+        
+        <nav class="md-nav" data-md-level="3" aria-labelledby="__nav_4_8_2_label" aria-expanded="false">
+          <label class="md-nav__title" for="__nav_4_8_2">
+            <span class="md-nav__icon md-icon"></span>
+            Modules
+          </label>
+          <ul class="md-nav__list" data-md-scrollfix>
+            
+              
+                
+  
+  
+  
+  
+    <li class="md-nav__item">
+      <a href="../modules/argparse.html" class="md-nav__link">
+        
+  
+  <span class="md-ellipsis">
+    argparse
+  </span>
+  
+
+      </a>
+    </li>
+  
+
+              
+            
+              
+                
+  
+  
+  
+  
+    <li class="md-nav__item">
+      <a href="../modules/collections.html" class="md-nav__link">
+        
+  
+  <span class="md-ellipsis">
+    collection
+  </span>
+  
+
+      </a>
+    </li>
+  
+
+              
+            
+              
+                
+  
+  
+  
+  
+    <li class="md-nav__item">
+      <a href="../modules/csv.html" class="md-nav__link">
+        
+  
+  <span class="md-ellipsis">
+    csv
+  </span>
+  
+
+      </a>
+    </li>
+  
+
+              
+            
+              
+                
+  
+  
+  
+  
+    <li class="md-nav__item">
+      <a href="../modules/ftplib.html" class="md-nav__link">
+        
+  
+  <span class="md-ellipsis">
+    ftplib
+  </span>
+  
+
+      </a>
+    </li>
+  
+
+              
+            
+              
+                
+  
+  
+  
+  
+    <li class="md-nav__item">
+      <a href="../modules/itertools.html" class="md-nav__link">
+        
+  
+  <span class="md-ellipsis">
+    itertools
+  </span>
+  
+
+      </a>
+    </li>
+  
+
+              
+            
+              
+                
+  
+  
+  
+  
+    <li class="md-nav__item">
+      <a href="../modules/json.html" class="md-nav__link">
+        
+  
+  <span class="md-ellipsis">
+    json
+  </span>
+  
+
+      </a>
+    </li>
+  
+
+              
+            
+              
+                
+  
+  
+  
+  
+    <li class="md-nav__item">
+      <a href="../modules/logging.html" class="md-nav__link">
+        
+  
+  <span class="md-ellipsis">
+    logging
+  </span>
+  
+
+      </a>
+    </li>
+  
+
+              
+            
+              
+                
+  
+  
+  
+  
+    <li class="md-nav__item">
+      <a href="../modules/shutil.html" class="md-nav__link">
+        
+  
+  <span class="md-ellipsis">
+    shutil
+  </span>
+  
+
+      </a>
+    </li>
+  
+
+              
+            
+              
+                
+  
+  
+  
+  
+    <li class="md-nav__item">
+      <a href="../modules/smtplib.html" class="md-nav__link">
+        
+  
+  <span class="md-ellipsis">
+    smtplib
+  </span>
+  
+
+      </a>
+    </li>
+  
+
+              
+            
+              
+                
+  
+  
+  
+  
+    <li class="md-nav__item">
+      <a href="../modules/socket.html" class="md-nav__link">
+        
+  
+  <span class="md-ellipsis">
+    socket
+  </span>
+  
+
+      </a>
+    </li>
+  
+
+              
+            
+              
+                
+  
+  
+  
+  
+    <li class="md-nav__item">
+      <a href="../modules/sqlite.html" class="md-nav__link">
+        
+  
+  <span class="md-ellipsis">
+    sqlite
+  </span>
+  
+
+      </a>
+    </li>
+  
+
+              
+            
+              
+                
+  
+  
+  
+  
+    <li class="md-nav__item">
+      <a href="../modules/time-datetime.html" class="md-nav__link">
+        
+  
+  <span class="md-ellipsis">
+    time & datetime
+  </span>
+  
+
+      </a>
+    </li>
+  
+
+              
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+  
+  
+  
+  
+    <li class="md-nav__item">
+      <a href="../modules/unittest.html" class="md-nav__link">
+        
+  
+  <span class="md-ellipsis">
+    unittest
+  </span>
+  
+
+      </a>
+    </li>
+  
+
+              
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+          </ul>
+        </nav>
+      
+    </li>
+  
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+  
+  
+    
+  
+  
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+        
+      
+        
+      
+        
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+        
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+            
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+  <span class="md-ellipsis">
+    Libraries
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+          </label>
+        
+        <nav class="md-nav" data-md-level="3" aria-labelledby="__nav_4_8_3_label" aria-expanded="true">
+          <label class="md-nav__title" for="__nav_4_8_3">
+            <span class="md-nav__icon md-icon"></span>
+            Libraries
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+  
+  
+  
+    <li class="md-nav__item">
+      <a href="tkinter.html" class="md-nav__link">
+        
+  
+  <span class="md-ellipsis">
+    TKinter
+  </span>
+  
+
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+  
+
+              
+            
+              
+                
+  
+  
+  
+  
+    <li class="md-nav__item">
+      <a href="numpy.html" class="md-nav__link">
+        
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+  <span class="md-ellipsis">
+    Numpy
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+    <li class="md-nav__item">
+      <a href="pandas.html" class="md-nav__link">
+        
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+  <span class="md-ellipsis">
+    Pandas
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+    <li class="md-nav__item">
+      <a href="seaborn.html" class="md-nav__link">
+        
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+    Seaborn
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+  <span class="md-ellipsis">
+    Requests
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+        </label>
+      
+      <a href="requests.html" class="md-nav__link md-nav__link--active">
+        
+  
+  <span class="md-ellipsis">
+    Requests
+  </span>
+  
+
+      </a>
+      
+        
+
+<nav class="md-nav md-nav--secondary" aria-label="Table of contents">
+  
+  
+  
+    
+  
+  
+    <label class="md-nav__title" for="__toc">
+      <span class="md-nav__icon md-icon"></span>
+      Table of contents
+    </label>
+    <ul class="md-nav__list" data-md-component="toc" data-md-scrollfix>
+      
+        <li class="md-nav__item">
+  <a href="#get-request" class="md-nav__link">
+    <span class="md-ellipsis">
+      GET REQUEST
+    </span>
+  </a>
+  
+    <nav class="md-nav" aria-label="GET REQUEST">
+      <ul class="md-nav__list">
+        
+          <li class="md-nav__item">
+  <a href="#query-string-parameters" class="md-nav__link">
+    <span class="md-ellipsis">
+      QUERY STRING PARAMETERS
+    </span>
+  </a>
+  
+</li>
+        
+          <li class="md-nav__item">
+  <a href="#request-headers" class="md-nav__link">
+    <span class="md-ellipsis">
+      REQUEST HEADERS
+    </span>
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+</li>
+        
+      </ul>
+    </nav>
+  
+</li>
+      
+        <li class="md-nav__item">
+  <a href="#other-http-methods" class="md-nav__link">
+    <span class="md-ellipsis">
+      OTHER HTTP METHODS
+    </span>
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+  
+    <nav class="md-nav" aria-label="OTHER HTTP METHODS">
+      <ul class="md-nav__list">
+        
+          <li class="md-nav__item">
+  <a href="#data-input" class="md-nav__link">
+    <span class="md-ellipsis">
+      DATA INPUT
+    </span>
+  </a>
+  
+</li>
+        
+          <li class="md-nav__item">
+  <a href="#sending-json-data" class="md-nav__link">
+    <span class="md-ellipsis">
+      SENDING JSON DATA
+    </span>
+  </a>
+  
+</li>
+        
+          <li class="md-nav__item">
+  <a href="#inspecting-the-request" class="md-nav__link">
+    <span class="md-ellipsis">
+      INSPECTING THE REQUEST
+    </span>
+  </a>
+  
+</li>
+        
+      </ul>
+    </nav>
+  
+</li>
+      
+        <li class="md-nav__item">
+  <a href="#authentication" class="md-nav__link">
+    <span class="md-ellipsis">
+      AUTHENTICATION
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+          <li class="md-nav__item">
+  <a href="#personalized-auth" class="md-nav__link">
+    <span class="md-ellipsis">
+      PERSONALIZED AUTH
+    </span>
+  </a>
+  
+</li>
+        
+          <li class="md-nav__item">
+  <a href="#disabling-ssl-verification" class="md-nav__link">
+    <span class="md-ellipsis">
+      DISABLING SSL VERIFICATION
+    </span>
+  </a>
+  
+</li>
+        
+      </ul>
+    </nav>
+  
+</li>
+      
+        <li class="md-nav__item">
+  <a href="#performance" class="md-nav__link">
+    <span class="md-ellipsis">
+      PERFORMANCE
+    </span>
+  </a>
+  
+    <nav class="md-nav" aria-label="PERFORMANCE">
+      <ul class="md-nav__list">
+        
+          <li class="md-nav__item">
+  <a href="#request-timeout" class="md-nav__link">
+    <span class="md-ellipsis">
+      REQUEST TIMEOUT
+    </span>
+  </a>
+  
+</li>
+        
+          <li class="md-nav__item">
+  <a href="#max-retries" class="md-nav__link">
+    <span class="md-ellipsis">
+      MAX RETRIES
+    </span>
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+  
+</li>
+        
+      </ul>
+    </nav>
+  
+</li>
+      
+    </ul>
+  
+</nav>
+      
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+
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+            
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+  
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+  
+  
+    <li class="md-nav__item">
+      <a href="beautiful-soup.html" class="md-nav__link">
+        
+  
+  <span class="md-ellipsis">
+    Beatiful Soup
+  </span>
+  
+
+      </a>
+    </li>
+  
+
+              
+            
+          </ul>
+        </nav>
+      
+    </li>
+  
+
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+      
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+  
+
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+            
+              
+                
+  
+  
+  
+  
+    
+    
+      
+        
+      
+        
+      
+        
+      
+    
+    
+      
+      
+        
+          
+          
+        
+      
+    
+    
+    <li class="md-nav__item md-nav__item--section md-nav__item--nested">
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+        <input class="md-nav__toggle md-toggle " type="checkbox" id="__nav_4_9" >
+        
+          
+          <label class="md-nav__link" for="__nav_4_9" id="__nav_4_9_label" tabindex="">
+            
+  
+  <span class="md-ellipsis">
+    .NET
+  </span>
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+          </label>
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+        <nav class="md-nav" data-md-level="2" aria-labelledby="__nav_4_9_label" aria-expanded="false">
+          <label class="md-nav__title" for="__nav_4_9">
+            <span class="md-nav__icon md-icon"></span>
+            .NET
+          </label>
+          <ul class="md-nav__list" data-md-scrollfix>
+            
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+  
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+  
+  
+    
+    
+      
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+      
+        
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+        
+      
+        
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+      
+    
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+      
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+    <li class="md-nav__item md-nav__item--nested">
+      
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+        <input class="md-nav__toggle md-toggle " type="checkbox" id="__nav_4_9_1" >
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+          <label class="md-nav__link" for="__nav_4_9_1" id="__nav_4_9_1_label" tabindex="0">
+            
+  
+  <span class="md-ellipsis">
+    C#
+  </span>
+  
+
+            <span class="md-nav__icon md-icon"></span>
+          </label>
+        
+        <nav class="md-nav" data-md-level="3" aria-labelledby="__nav_4_9_1_label" aria-expanded="false">
+          <label class="md-nav__title" for="__nav_4_9_1">
+            <span class="md-nav__icon md-icon"></span>
+            C#
+          </label>
+          <ul class="md-nav__list" data-md-scrollfix>
+            
+              
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+  
+  
+  
+  
+    <li class="md-nav__item">
+      <a href="../../dotnet/csharp/csharp.html" class="md-nav__link">
+        
+  
+  <span class="md-ellipsis">
+    C#
+  </span>
+  
+
+      </a>
+    </li>
+  
+
+              
+            
+              
+                
+  
+  
+  
+  
+    <li class="md-nav__item">
+      <a href="../../dotnet/csharp/linq.html" class="md-nav__link">
+        
+  
+  <span class="md-ellipsis">
+    Linq
+  </span>
+  
+
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+    </li>
+  
+
+              
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+              
+                
+  
+  
+  
+  
+    <li class="md-nav__item">
+      <a href="../../dotnet/csharp/collections.html" class="md-nav__link">
+        
+  
+  <span class="md-ellipsis">
+    Collections
+  </span>
+  
+
+      </a>
+    </li>
+  
+
+              
+            
+              
+                
+  
+  
+  
+  
+    <li class="md-nav__item">
+      <a href="../../dotnet/csharp/reactive-extensions.html" class="md-nav__link">
+        
+  
+  <span class="md-ellipsis">
+    Reactive Extensions
+  </span>
+  
+
+      </a>
+    </li>
+  
+
+              
+            
+              
+                
+  
+  
+  
+  
+    <li class="md-nav__item">
+      <a href="../../dotnet/csharp/async-programming.html" class="md-nav__link">
+        
+  
+  <span class="md-ellipsis">
+    Async Programming
+  </span>
+  
+
+      </a>
+    </li>
+  
+
+              
+            
+              
+                
+  
+  
+  
+  
+    <li class="md-nav__item">
+      <a href="../../dotnet/csharp/unit-tests.html" class="md-nav__link">
+        
+  
+  <span class="md-ellipsis">
+    Unit Tests
+  </span>
+  
+
+      </a>
+    </li>
+  
+
+              
+            
+          </ul>
+        </nav>
+      
+    </li>
+  
+
+              
+            
+              
+                
+  
+  
+  
+  
+    
+    
+      
+        
+      
+        
+      
+        
+      
+        
+      
+        
+      
+        
+      
+        
+      
+    
+    
+      
+      
+        
+      
+    
+    
+    <li class="md-nav__item md-nav__item--nested">
+      
+        
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+        <input class="md-nav__toggle md-toggle " type="checkbox" id="__nav_4_9_2" >
+        
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+          <label class="md-nav__link" for="__nav_4_9_2" id="__nav_4_9_2_label" tabindex="0">
+            
+  
+  <span class="md-ellipsis">
+    ASP.NET
+  </span>
+  
+
+            <span class="md-nav__icon md-icon"></span>
+          </label>
+        
+        <nav class="md-nav" data-md-level="3" aria-labelledby="__nav_4_9_2_label" aria-expanded="false">
+          <label class="md-nav__title" for="__nav_4_9_2">
+            <span class="md-nav__icon md-icon"></span>
+            ASP.NET
+          </label>
+          <ul class="md-nav__list" data-md-scrollfix>
+            
+              
+                
+  
+  
+  
+  
+    <li class="md-nav__item">
+      <a href="../../dotnet/asp.net/minimal-api.html" class="md-nav__link">
+        
+  
+  <span class="md-ellipsis">
+    Minimal API
+  </span>
+  
+
+      </a>
+    </li>
+  
+
+              
+            
+              
+                
+  
+  
+  
+  
+    <li class="md-nav__item">
+      <a href="../../dotnet/asp.net/filters.html" class="md-nav__link">
+        
+  
+  <span class="md-ellipsis">
+    FIlters
+  </span>
+  
+
+      </a>
+    </li>
+  
+
+              
+            
+              
+                
+  
+  
+  
+  
+    <li class="md-nav__item">
+      <a href="../../dotnet/asp.net/middleware.html" class="md-nav__link">
+        
+  
+  <span class="md-ellipsis">
+    Middleware
+  </span>
+  
+
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+    </li>
+  
+
+              
+            
+              
+                
+  
+  
+  
+  
+    <li class="md-nav__item">
+      <a href="../../dotnet/asp.net/razor-syntax.html" class="md-nav__link">
+        
+  
+  <span class="md-ellipsis">
+    Razor Syntax
+  </span>
+  
+
+      </a>
+    </li>
+  
+
+              
+            
+              
+                
+  
+  
+  
+  
+    <li class="md-nav__item">
+      <a href="../../dotnet/asp.net/blazor.html" class="md-nav__link">
+        
+  
+  <span class="md-ellipsis">
+    Blazor
+  </span>
+  
+
+      </a>
+    </li>
+  
+
+              
+            
+              
+                
+  
+  
+  
+  
+    <li class="md-nav__item">
+      <a href="../../dotnet/asp.net/signalr.html" class="md-nav__link">
+        
+  
+  <span class="md-ellipsis">
+    SignalR
+  </span>
+  
+
+      </a>
+    </li>
+  
+
+              
+            
+              
+                
+  
+  
+  
+  
+    <li class="md-nav__item">
+      <a href="../../dotnet/asp.net/web-forms.html" class="md-nav__link">
+        
+  
+  <span class="md-ellipsis">
+    Web Forms
+  </span>
+  
+
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+    </li>
+  
+
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+            
+          </ul>
+        </nav>
+      
+    </li>
+  
+
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+            
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+                
+  
+  
+  
+  
+    
+    
+      
+        
+      
+        
+      
+    
+    
+      
+      
+        
+      
+    
+    
+    <li class="md-nav__item md-nav__item--nested">
+      
+        
+        
+        <input class="md-nav__toggle md-toggle " type="checkbox" id="__nav_4_9_3" >
+        
+          
+          <label class="md-nav__link" for="__nav_4_9_3" id="__nav_4_9_3_label" tabindex="0">
+            
+  
+  <span class="md-ellipsis">
+    Database
+  </span>
+  
+
+            <span class="md-nav__icon md-icon"></span>
+          </label>
+        
+        <nav class="md-nav" data-md-level="3" aria-labelledby="__nav_4_9_3_label" aria-expanded="false">
+          <label class="md-nav__title" for="__nav_4_9_3">
+            <span class="md-nav__icon md-icon"></span>
+            Database
+          </label>
+          <ul class="md-nav__list" data-md-scrollfix>
+            
+              
+                
+  
+  
+  
+  
+    <li class="md-nav__item">
+      <a href="../../dotnet/database/ado.net.html" class="md-nav__link">
+        
+  
+  <span class="md-ellipsis">
+    ADO.NET
+  </span>
+  
+
+      </a>
+    </li>
+  
+
+              
+            
+              
+                
+  
+  
+  
+  
+    <li class="md-nav__item">
+      <a href="../../dotnet/database/entity-framework.html" class="md-nav__link">
+        
+  
+  <span class="md-ellipsis">
+    Entity Framework
+  </span>
+  
+
+      </a>
+    </li>
+  
+
+              
+            
+          </ul>
+        </nav>
+      
+    </li>
+  
+
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+            
+          </ul>
+        </nav>
+      
+    </li>
+  
+
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+            
+              
+                
+  
+  
+  
+  
+    
+    
+      
+        
+      
+        
+      
+        
+      
+        
+      
+    
+    
+      
+      
+        
+          
+          
+        
+      
+    
+    
+    <li class="md-nav__item md-nav__item--section md-nav__item--nested">
+      
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+        <input class="md-nav__toggle md-toggle " type="checkbox" id="__nav_4_10" >
+        
+          
+          <label class="md-nav__link" for="__nav_4_10" id="__nav_4_10_label" tabindex="">
+            
+  
+  <span class="md-ellipsis">
+    Java
+  </span>
+  
+
+            <span class="md-nav__icon md-icon"></span>
+          </label>
+        
+        <nav class="md-nav" data-md-level="2" aria-labelledby="__nav_4_10_label" aria-expanded="false">
+          <label class="md-nav__title" for="__nav_4_10">
+            <span class="md-nav__icon md-icon"></span>
+            Java
+          </label>
+          <ul class="md-nav__list" data-md-scrollfix>
+            
+              
+                
+  
+  
+  
+  
+    <li class="md-nav__item">
+      <a href="../../java/java.html" class="md-nav__link">
+        
+  
+  <span class="md-ellipsis">
+    Java
+  </span>
+  
+
+      </a>
+    </li>
+  
+
+              
+            
+              
+                
+  
+  
+  
+  
+    <li class="md-nav__item">
+      <a href="../../java/java-collection-framework.html" class="md-nav__link">
+        
+  
+  <span class="md-ellipsis">
+    Java Collection Framework
+  </span>
+  
+
+      </a>
+    </li>
+  
+
+              
+            
+              
+                
+  
+  
+  
+  
+    <li class="md-nav__item">
+      <a href="../../java/dao.html" class="md-nav__link">
+        
+  
+  <span class="md-ellipsis">
+    DAO
+  </span>
+  
+
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+    </li>
+  
+
+              
+            
+              
+                
+  
+  
+  
+  
+    
+    
+      
+        
+      
+        
+      
+    
+    
+      
+      
+        
+      
+    
+    
+    <li class="md-nav__item md-nav__item--nested">
+      
+        
+        
+        <input class="md-nav__toggle md-toggle " type="checkbox" id="__nav_4_10_4" >
+        
+          
+          <label class="md-nav__link" for="__nav_4_10_4" id="__nav_4_10_4_label" tabindex="0">
+            
+  
+  <span class="md-ellipsis">
+    Web
+  </span>
+  
+
+            <span class="md-nav__icon md-icon"></span>
+          </label>
+        
+        <nav class="md-nav" data-md-level="3" aria-labelledby="__nav_4_10_4_label" aria-expanded="false">
+          <label class="md-nav__title" for="__nav_4_10_4">
+            <span class="md-nav__icon md-icon"></span>
+            Web
+          </label>
+          <ul class="md-nav__list" data-md-scrollfix>
+            
+              
+                
+  
+  
+  
+  
+    <li class="md-nav__item">
+      <a href="../../java/web/servlet.html" class="md-nav__link">
+        
+  
+  <span class="md-ellipsis">
+    Serverlet
+  </span>
+  
+
+      </a>
+    </li>
+  
+
+              
+            
+              
+                
+  
+  
+  
+  
+    
+    
+      
+        
+      
+        
+      
+    
+    
+      
+      
+        
+      
+    
+    
+    <li class="md-nav__item md-nav__item--nested">
+      
+        
+        
+        <input class="md-nav__toggle md-toggle " type="checkbox" id="__nav_4_10_4_2" >
+        
+          
+          <label class="md-nav__link" for="__nav_4_10_4_2" id="__nav_4_10_4_2_label" tabindex="0">
+            
+  
+  <span class="md-ellipsis">
+    Spring
+  </span>
+  
+
+            <span class="md-nav__icon md-icon"></span>
+          </label>
+        
+        <nav class="md-nav" data-md-level="4" aria-labelledby="__nav_4_10_4_2_label" aria-expanded="false">
+          <label class="md-nav__title" for="__nav_4_10_4_2">
+            <span class="md-nav__icon md-icon"></span>
+            Spring
+          </label>
+          <ul class="md-nav__list" data-md-scrollfix>
+            
+              
+                
+  
+  
+  
+  
+    <li class="md-nav__item">
+      <a href="../../java/spring/pom.xml.html" class="md-nav__link">
+        
+  
+  <span class="md-ellipsis">
+    POM
+  </span>
+  
+
+      </a>
+    </li>
+  
+
+              
+            
+              
+                
+  
+  
+  
+  
+    <li class="md-nav__item">
+      <a href="../../java/spring/spring-project.html" class="md-nav__link">
+        
+  
+  <span class="md-ellipsis">
+    Project Structure
+  </span>
+  
+
+      </a>
+    </li>
+  
+
+              
+            
+          </ul>
+        </nav>
+      
+    </li>
+  
+
+              
+            
+          </ul>
+        </nav>
+      
+    </li>
+  
+
+              
+            
+          </ul>
+        </nav>
+      
+    </li>
+  
+
+              
+            
+              
+                
+  
+  
+  
+  
+    
+    
+      
+        
+      
+        
+      
+        
+      
+        
+      
+        
+      
+        
+      
+        
+      
+        
+      
+        
+      
+    
+    
+      
+      
+        
+          
+          
+        
+      
+    
+    
+    <li class="md-nav__item md-nav__item--section md-nav__item--nested">
+      
+        
+        
+        <input class="md-nav__toggle md-toggle " type="checkbox" id="__nav_4_11" >
+        
+          
+          <label class="md-nav__link" for="__nav_4_11" id="__nav_4_11_label" tabindex="">
+            
+  
+  <span class="md-ellipsis">
+    PHP
+  </span>
+  
+
+            <span class="md-nav__icon md-icon"></span>
+          </label>
+        
+        <nav class="md-nav" data-md-level="2" aria-labelledby="__nav_4_11_label" aria-expanded="false">
+          <label class="md-nav__title" for="__nav_4_11">
+            <span class="md-nav__icon md-icon"></span>
+            PHP
+          </label>
+          <ul class="md-nav__list" data-md-scrollfix>
+            
+              
+                
+  
+  
+  
+  
+    <li class="md-nav__item">
+      <a href="../../php/php.html" class="md-nav__link">
+        
+  
+  <span class="md-ellipsis">
+    PHP
+  </span>
+  
+
+      </a>
+    </li>
+  
+
+              
+            
+              
+                
+  
+  
+  
+  
+    <li class="md-nav__item">
+      <a href="../../php/database.html" class="md-nav__link">
+        
+  
+  <span class="md-ellipsis">
+    Database
+  </span>
+  
+
+      </a>
+    </li>
+  
+
+              
+            
+              
+                
+  
+  
+  
+  
+    <li class="md-nav__item">
+      <a href="../../php/web.html" class="md-nav__link">
+        
+  
+  <span class="md-ellipsis">
+    Web
+  </span>
+  
+
+      </a>
+    </li>
+  
+
+              
+            
+              
+                
+  
+  
+  
+  
+    <li class="md-nav__item">
+      <a href="../../php/dependency-injection.html" class="md-nav__link">
+        
+  
+  <span class="md-ellipsis">
+    Dependency Injection
+  </span>
+  
+
+      </a>
+    </li>
+  
+
+              
+            
+              
+                
+  
+  
+  
+  
+    <li class="md-nav__item">
+      <a href="../../php/unit-tests.html" class="md-nav__link">
+        
+  
+  <span class="md-ellipsis">
+    Unit Tests
+  </span>
+  
+
+      </a>
+    </li>
+  
+
+              
+            
+              
+                
+  
+  
+  
+  
+    <li class="md-nav__item">
+      <a href="../../php/composer.html" class="md-nav__link">
+        
+  
+  <span class="md-ellipsis">
+    Composer
+  </span>
+  
+
+      </a>
+    </li>
+  
+
+              
+            
+              
+                
+  
+  
+  
+  
+    <li class="md-nav__item">
+      <a href="../../php/psr-7.html" class="md-nav__link">
+        
+  
+  <span class="md-ellipsis">
+    PSR 7
+  </span>
+  
+
+      </a>
+    </li>
+  
+
+              
+            
+              
+                
+  
+  
+  
+  
+    <li class="md-nav__item">
+      <a href="../../php/plates-templating.html" class="md-nav__link">
+        
+  
+  <span class="md-ellipsis">
+    Plates
+  </span>
+  
+
+      </a>
+    </li>
+  
+
+              
+            
+              
+                
+  
+  
+  
+  
+    
+    
+      
+        
+      
+        
+      
+    
+    
+      
+      
+        
+      
+    
+    
+    <li class="md-nav__item md-nav__item--nested">
+      
+        
+        
+        <input class="md-nav__toggle md-toggle " type="checkbox" id="__nav_4_11_9" >
+        
+          
+          <label class="md-nav__link" for="__nav_4_11_9" id="__nav_4_11_9_label" tabindex="0">
+            
+  
+  <span class="md-ellipsis">
+    Simple MVC
+  </span>
+  
+
+            <span class="md-nav__icon md-icon"></span>
+          </label>
+        
+        <nav class="md-nav" data-md-level="3" aria-labelledby="__nav_4_11_9_label" aria-expanded="false">
+          <label class="md-nav__title" for="__nav_4_11_9">
+            <span class="md-nav__icon md-icon"></span>
+            Simple MVC
+          </label>
+          <ul class="md-nav__list" data-md-scrollfix>
+            
+              
+                
+  
+  
+  
+  
+    <li class="md-nav__item">
+      <a href="../../php/simple-mvc/simple-mvc.html" class="md-nav__link">
+        
+  
+  <span class="md-ellipsis">
+    Simple MVC
+  </span>
+  
+
+      </a>
+    </li>
+  
+
+              
+            
+              
+                
+  
+  
+  
+  
+    <li class="md-nav__item">
+      <a href="../../php/simple-mvc/rest-api.html" class="md-nav__link">
+        
+  
+  <span class="md-ellipsis">
+    REST API
+  </span>
+  
+
+      </a>
+    </li>
+  
+
+              
+            
+          </ul>
+        </nav>
+      
+    </li>
+  
+
+              
+            
+          </ul>
+        </nav>
+      
+    </li>
+  
+
+              
+            
+              
+                
+  
+  
+  
+  
+    
+    
+      
+        
+      
+        
+      
+        
+      
+        
+      
+        
+      
+    
+    
+      
+      
+        
+          
+          
+        
+      
+    
+    
+    <li class="md-nav__item md-nav__item--section md-nav__item--nested">
+      
+        
+        
+        <input class="md-nav__toggle md-toggle " type="checkbox" id="__nav_4_12" >
+        
+          
+          <label class="md-nav__link" for="__nav_4_12" id="__nav_4_12_label" tabindex="">
+            
+  
+  <span class="md-ellipsis">
+    Rust
+  </span>
+  
+
+            <span class="md-nav__icon md-icon"></span>
+          </label>
+        
+        <nav class="md-nav" data-md-level="2" aria-labelledby="__nav_4_12_label" aria-expanded="false">
+          <label class="md-nav__title" for="__nav_4_12">
+            <span class="md-nav__icon md-icon"></span>
+            Rust
+          </label>
+          <ul class="md-nav__list" data-md-scrollfix>
+            
+              
+                
+  
+  
+  
+  
+    <li class="md-nav__item">
+      <a href="../../rust/rust.html" class="md-nav__link">
+        
+  
+  <span class="md-ellipsis">
+    Rust
+  </span>
+  
+
+      </a>
+    </li>
+  
+
+              
+            
+              
+                
+  
+  
+  
+  
+    <li class="md-nav__item">
+      <a href="../../rust/macros.html" class="md-nav__link">
+        
+  
+  <span class="md-ellipsis">
+    Macros
+  </span>
+  
+
+      </a>
+    </li>
+  
+
+              
+            
+              
+                
+  
+  
+  
+  
+    <li class="md-nav__item">
+      <a href="../../rust/cargo.html" class="md-nav__link">
+        
+  
+  <span class="md-ellipsis">
+    Cargo
+  </span>
+  
+
+      </a>
+    </li>
+  
+
+              
+            
+              
+                
+  
+  
+  
+  
+    <li class="md-nav__item">
+      <a href="../../rust/concurrency.html" class="md-nav__link">
+        
+  
+  <span class="md-ellipsis">
+    Concurrency
+  </span>
+  
+
+      </a>
+    </li>
+  
+
+              
+            
+              
+                
+  
+  
+  
+  
+    <li class="md-nav__item">
+      <a href="../../rust/unit-tests.html" class="md-nav__link">
+        
+  
+  <span class="md-ellipsis">
+    Unit Tests
+  </span>
+  
+
+      </a>
+    </li>
+  
+
+              
+            
+          </ul>
+        </nav>
+      
+    </li>
+  
+
+              
+            
+              
+                
+  
+  
+  
+  
+    
+    
+      
+        
+      
+        
+      
+        
+      
+        
+      
+        
+      
+        
+      
+        
+      
+    
+    
+      
+      
+        
+          
+          
+        
+      
+    
+    
+    <li class="md-nav__item md-nav__item--section md-nav__item--nested">
+      
+        
+        
+        <input class="md-nav__toggle md-toggle " type="checkbox" id="__nav_4_13" >
+        
+          
+          <label class="md-nav__link" for="__nav_4_13" id="__nav_4_13_label" tabindex="">
+            
+  
+  <span class="md-ellipsis">
+    Javascript
+  </span>
+  
+
+            <span class="md-nav__icon md-icon"></span>
+          </label>
+        
+        <nav class="md-nav" data-md-level="2" aria-labelledby="__nav_4_13_label" aria-expanded="false">
+          <label class="md-nav__title" for="__nav_4_13">
+            <span class="md-nav__icon md-icon"></span>
+            Javascript
+          </label>
+          <ul class="md-nav__list" data-md-scrollfix>
+            
+              
+                
+  
+  
+  
+  
+    <li class="md-nav__item">
+      <a href="../../javascript/javascript.html" class="md-nav__link">
+        
+  
+  <span class="md-ellipsis">
+    Javascript
+  </span>
+  
+
+      </a>
+    </li>
+  
+
+              
+            
+              
+                
+  
+  
+  
+  
+    <li class="md-nav__item">
+      <a href="../../javascript/dom.html" class="md-nav__link">
+        
+  
+  <span class="md-ellipsis">
+    DOM
+  </span>
+  
+
+      </a>
+    </li>
+  
+
+              
+            
+              
+                
+  
+  
+  
+  
+    <li class="md-nav__item">
+      <a href="../../javascript/events-animation.html" class="md-nav__link">
+        
+  
+  <span class="md-ellipsis">
+    Events & Animation
+  </span>
+  
+
+      </a>
+    </li>
+  
+
+              
+            
+              
+                
+  
+  
+  
+  
+    <li class="md-nav__item">
+      <a href="../../javascript/ajax.html" class="md-nav__link">
+        
+  
+  <span class="md-ellipsis">
+    AJAX
+  </span>
+  
+
+      </a>
+    </li>
+  
+
+              
+            
+              
+                
+  
+  
+  
+  
+    <li class="md-nav__item">
+      <a href="../../javascript/jquery.html" class="md-nav__link">
+        
+  
+  <span class="md-ellipsis">
+    jQuery
+  </span>
+  
+
+      </a>
+    </li>
+  
+
+              
+            
+              
+                
+  
+  
+  
+  
+    
+    
+      
+        
+      
+        
+      
+        
+      
+        
+      
+        
+      
+    
+    
+      
+      
+        
+      
+    
+    
+    <li class="md-nav__item md-nav__item--nested">
+      
+        
+        
+        <input class="md-nav__toggle md-toggle " type="checkbox" id="__nav_4_13_6" >
+        
+          
+          <label class="md-nav__link" for="__nav_4_13_6" id="__nav_4_13_6_label" tabindex="0">
+            
+  
+  <span class="md-ellipsis">
+    React
+  </span>
+  
+
+            <span class="md-nav__icon md-icon"></span>
+          </label>
+        
+        <nav class="md-nav" data-md-level="3" aria-labelledby="__nav_4_13_6_label" aria-expanded="false">
+          <label class="md-nav__title" for="__nav_4_13_6">
+            <span class="md-nav__icon md-icon"></span>
+            React
+          </label>
+          <ul class="md-nav__list" data-md-scrollfix>
+            
+              
+                
+  
+  
+  
+  
+    <li class="md-nav__item">
+      <a href="../../javascript/react/react.html" class="md-nav__link">
+        
+  
+  <span class="md-ellipsis">
+    React
+  </span>
+  
+
+      </a>
+    </li>
+  
+
+              
+            
+              
+                
+  
+  
+  
+  
+    <li class="md-nav__item">
+      <a href="../../javascript/react/react-router.html" class="md-nav__link">
+        
+  
+  <span class="md-ellipsis">
+    React Router
+  </span>
+  
+
+      </a>
+    </li>
+  
+
+              
+            
+              
+                
+  
+  
+  
+  
+    <li class="md-nav__item">
+      <a href="../../javascript/react/react-tests.html" class="md-nav__link">
+        
+  
+  <span class="md-ellipsis">
+    React Tests
+  </span>
+  
+
+      </a>
+    </li>
+  
+
+              
+            
+              
+                
+  
+  
+  
+  
+    <li class="md-nav__item">
+      <a href="../../javascript/react/redux.html" class="md-nav__link">
+        
+  
+  <span class="md-ellipsis">
+    Redux
+  </span>
+  
+
+      </a>
+    </li>
+  
+
+              
+            
+              
+                
+  
+  
+  
+  
+    <li class="md-nav__item">
+      <a href="../../javascript/react/redux-tests.html" class="md-nav__link">
+        
+  
+  <span class="md-ellipsis">
+    Redux Tests
+  </span>
+  
+
+      </a>
+    </li>
+  
+
+              
+            
+          </ul>
+        </nav>
+      
+    </li>
+  
+
+              
+            
+              
+                
+  
+  
+  
+  
+    <li class="md-nav__item">
+      <a href="../../javascript/svelte/svelte.html" class="md-nav__link">
+        
+  
+  <span class="md-ellipsis">
+    Svelte
+  </span>
+  
+
+      </a>
+    </li>
+  
+
+              
+            
+          </ul>
+        </nav>
+      
+    </li>
+  
+
+              
+            
+              
+                
+  
+  
+  
+  
+    
+    
+      
+        
+      
+        
+      
+    
+    
+      
+      
+        
+          
+          
+        
+      
+    
+    
+    <li class="md-nav__item md-nav__item--section md-nav__item--nested">
+      
+        
+        
+        <input class="md-nav__toggle md-toggle " type="checkbox" id="__nav_4_14" >
+        
+          
+          <label class="md-nav__link" for="__nav_4_14" id="__nav_4_14_label" tabindex="">
+            
+  
+  <span class="md-ellipsis">
+    PowerShell
+  </span>
+  
+
+            <span class="md-nav__icon md-icon"></span>
+          </label>
+        
+        <nav class="md-nav" data-md-level="2" aria-labelledby="__nav_4_14_label" aria-expanded="false">
+          <label class="md-nav__title" for="__nav_4_14">
+            <span class="md-nav__icon md-icon"></span>
+            PowerShell
+          </label>
+          <ul class="md-nav__list" data-md-scrollfix>
+            
+              
+                
+  
+  
+  
+  
+    <li class="md-nav__item">
+      <a href="../../powershell/scripting.html" class="md-nav__link">
+        
+  
+  <span class="md-ellipsis">
+    Scripting
+  </span>
+  
+
+      </a>
+    </li>
+  
+
+              
+            
+              
+                
+  
+  
+  
+  
+    <li class="md-nav__item">
+      <a href="../../powershell/commands.html" class="md-nav__link">
+        
+  
+  <span class="md-ellipsis">
+    Commands
+  </span>
+  
+
+      </a>
+    </li>
+  
+
+              
+            
+          </ul>
+        </nav>
+      
+    </li>
+  
+
+              
+            
+              
+                
+  
+  
+  
+  
+    
+    
+      
+        
+      
+        
+      
+    
+    
+      
+      
+        
+          
+          
+        
+      
+    
+    
+    <li class="md-nav__item md-nav__item--section md-nav__item--nested">
+      
+        
+        
+        <input class="md-nav__toggle md-toggle " type="checkbox" id="__nav_4_15" >
+        
+          
+          <label class="md-nav__link" for="__nav_4_15" id="__nav_4_15_label" tabindex="">
+            
+  
+  <span class="md-ellipsis">
+    Bash
+  </span>
+  
+
+            <span class="md-nav__icon md-icon"></span>
+          </label>
+        
+        <nav class="md-nav" data-md-level="2" aria-labelledby="__nav_4_15_label" aria-expanded="false">
+          <label class="md-nav__title" for="__nav_4_15">
+            <span class="md-nav__icon md-icon"></span>
+            Bash
+          </label>
+          <ul class="md-nav__list" data-md-scrollfix>
+            
+              
+                
+  
+  
+  
+  
+    <li class="md-nav__item">
+      <a href="../../bash/scripting.html" class="md-nav__link">
+        
+  
+  <span class="md-ellipsis">
+    Scripting
+  </span>
+  
+
+      </a>
+    </li>
+  
+
+              
+            
+              
+                
+  
+  
+  
+  
+    <li class="md-nav__item">
+      <a href="../../bash/commands.html" class="md-nav__link">
+        
+  
+  <span class="md-ellipsis">
+    Commands
+  </span>
+  
+
+      </a>
+    </li>
+  
+
+              
+            
+          </ul>
+        </nav>
+      
+    </li>
+  
+
+              
+            
+          </ul>
+        </nav>
+      
+    </li>
+  
+
+    
+      
+      
+  
+  
+  
+  
+    
+    
+      
+        
+      
+        
+      
+        
+      
+        
+      
+        
+      
+    
+    
+      
+      
+        
+      
+    
+    
+    <li class="md-nav__item md-nav__item--nested">
+      
+        
+        
+        <input class="md-nav__toggle md-toggle " type="checkbox" id="__nav_5" >
+        
+          
+          <label class="md-nav__link" for="__nav_5" id="__nav_5_label" tabindex="0">
+            
+  
+  <span class="md-ellipsis">
+    Misc
+  </span>
+  
+
+            <span class="md-nav__icon md-icon"></span>
+          </label>
+        
+        <nav class="md-nav" data-md-level="1" aria-labelledby="__nav_5_label" aria-expanded="false">
+          <label class="md-nav__title" for="__nav_5">
+            <span class="md-nav__icon md-icon"></span>
+            Misc
+          </label>
+          <ul class="md-nav__list" data-md-scrollfix>
+            
+              
+                
+  
+  
+  
+  
+    <li class="md-nav__item">
+      <a href="../../../misc/git.html" class="md-nav__link">
+        
+  
+  <span class="md-ellipsis">
+    Git
+  </span>
+  
+
+      </a>
+    </li>
+  
+
+              
+            
+              
+                
+  
+  
+  
+  
+    <li class="md-nav__item">
+      <a href="../../../misc/graph-ql.html" class="md-nav__link">
+        
+  
+  <span class="md-ellipsis">
+    GraphQL
+  </span>
+  
+
+      </a>
+    </li>
+  
+
+              
+            
+              
+                
+  
+  
+  
+  
+    <li class="md-nav__item">
+      <a href="../../../misc/regular-expressions.html" class="md-nav__link">
+        
+  
+  <span class="md-ellipsis">
+    RegEx
+  </span>
+  
+
+      </a>
+    </li>
+  
+
+              
+            
+              
+                
+  
+  
+  
+  
+    <li class="md-nav__item">
+      <a href="../../../misc/ssh.html" class="md-nav__link">
+        
+  
+  <span class="md-ellipsis">
+    SSH
+  </span>
+  
+
+      </a>
+    </li>
+  
+
+              
+            
+              
+                
+  
+  
+  
+  
+    <li class="md-nav__item">
+      <a href="../../../misc/web-components.html" class="md-nav__link">
+        
+  
+  <span class="md-ellipsis">
+    WebComponents
+  </span>
+  
+
+      </a>
+    </li>
+  
+
+              
+            
+          </ul>
+        </nav>
+      
+    </li>
+  
+
+    
+      
+      
+  
+  
+  
+  
+    
+    
+      
+        
+      
+        
+      
+    
+    
+      
+      
+        
+      
+    
+    
+    <li class="md-nav__item md-nav__item--nested">
+      
+        
+        
+        <input class="md-nav__toggle md-toggle " type="checkbox" id="__nav_6" >
+        
+          
+          <label class="md-nav__link" for="__nav_6" id="__nav_6_label" tabindex="0">
+            
+  
+  <span class="md-ellipsis">
+    Linux
+  </span>
+  
+
+            <span class="md-nav__icon md-icon"></span>
+          </label>
+        
+        <nav class="md-nav" data-md-level="1" aria-labelledby="__nav_6_label" aria-expanded="false">
+          <label class="md-nav__title" for="__nav_6">
+            <span class="md-nav__icon md-icon"></span>
+            Linux
+          </label>
+          <ul class="md-nav__list" data-md-scrollfix>
+            
+              
+                
+  
+  
+  
+  
+    
+    
+      
+        
+      
+        
+      
+        
+      
+    
+    
+      
+      
+        
+      
+    
+    
+    <li class="md-nav__item md-nav__item--nested">
+      
+        
+        
+        <input class="md-nav__toggle md-toggle " type="checkbox" id="__nav_6_1" >
+        
+          
+          <label class="md-nav__link" for="__nav_6_1" id="__nav_6_1_label" tabindex="0">
+            
+  
+  <span class="md-ellipsis">
+    Filesystem
+  </span>
+  
+
+            <span class="md-nav__icon md-icon"></span>
+          </label>
+        
+        <nav class="md-nav" data-md-level="2" aria-labelledby="__nav_6_1_label" aria-expanded="false">
+          <label class="md-nav__title" for="__nav_6_1">
+            <span class="md-nav__icon md-icon"></span>
+            Filesystem
+          </label>
+          <ul class="md-nav__list" data-md-scrollfix>
+            
+              
+                
+  
+  
+  
+  
+    <li class="md-nav__item">
+      <a href="../../../linux/filesystem/file-links.html" class="md-nav__link">
+        
+  
+  <span class="md-ellipsis">
+    File Links
+  </span>
+  
+
+      </a>
+    </li>
+  
+
+              
+            
+              
+                
+  
+  
+  
+  
+    <li class="md-nav__item">
+      <a href="../../../linux/filesystem/procfs.html" class="md-nav__link">
+        
+  
+  <span class="md-ellipsis">
+    /proc
+  </span>
+  
+
+      </a>
+    </li>
+  
+
+              
+            
+              
+                
+  
+  
+  
+  
+    <li class="md-nav__item">
+      <a href="../../../linux/filesystem/sysfs.html" class="md-nav__link">
+        
+  
+  <span class="md-ellipsis">
+    /sys
+  </span>
+  
+
+      </a>
+    </li>
+  
+
+              
+            
+          </ul>
+        </nav>
+      
+    </li>
+  
+
+              
+            
+              
+                
+  
+  
+  
+  
+    
+    
+      
+        
+      
+        
+      
+    
+    
+      
+      
+        
+      
+    
+    
+    <li class="md-nav__item md-nav__item--nested">
+      
+        
+        
+        <input class="md-nav__toggle md-toggle " type="checkbox" id="__nav_6_2" >
+        
+          
+          <label class="md-nav__link" for="__nav_6_2" id="__nav_6_2_label" tabindex="0">
+            
+  
+  <span class="md-ellipsis">
+    System Init
+  </span>
+  
+
+            <span class="md-nav__icon md-icon"></span>
+          </label>
+        
+        <nav class="md-nav" data-md-level="2" aria-labelledby="__nav_6_2_label" aria-expanded="false">
+          <label class="md-nav__title" for="__nav_6_2">
+            <span class="md-nav__icon md-icon"></span>
+            System Init
+          </label>
+          <ul class="md-nav__list" data-md-scrollfix>
+            
+              
+                
+  
+  
+  
+  
+    <li class="md-nav__item">
+      <a href="../../../linux/init/systemd.html" class="md-nav__link">
+        
+  
+  <span class="md-ellipsis">
+    Systemd
+  </span>
+  
+
+      </a>
+    </li>
+  
+
+              
+            
+              
+                
+  
+  
+  
+  
+    <li class="md-nav__item">
+      <a href="../../../linux/init/open-rc.html" class="md-nav__link">
+        
+  
+  <span class="md-ellipsis">
+    OpenRC
+  </span>
+  
+
+      </a>
+    </li>
+  
+
+              
+            
+          </ul>
+        </nav>
+      
+    </li>
+  
+
+              
+            
+          </ul>
+        </nav>
+      
+    </li>
+  
+
+    
+  </ul>
+</nav>
+                  </div>
+                </div>
+              </div>
+            
+            
+              
+              <div class="md-sidebar md-sidebar--secondary" data-md-component="sidebar" data-md-type="toc" >
+                <div class="md-sidebar__scrollwrap">
+                  <div class="md-sidebar__inner">
+                    
+
+<nav class="md-nav md-nav--secondary" aria-label="Table of contents">
+  
+  
+  
+    
+  
+  
+    <label class="md-nav__title" for="__toc">
+      <span class="md-nav__icon md-icon"></span>
+      Table of contents
+    </label>
+    <ul class="md-nav__list" data-md-component="toc" data-md-scrollfix>
+      
+        <li class="md-nav__item">
+  <a href="#get-request" class="md-nav__link">
+    <span class="md-ellipsis">
+      GET REQUEST
+    </span>
+  </a>
+  
+    <nav class="md-nav" aria-label="GET REQUEST">
+      <ul class="md-nav__list">
+        
+          <li class="md-nav__item">
+  <a href="#query-string-parameters" class="md-nav__link">
+    <span class="md-ellipsis">
+      QUERY STRING PARAMETERS
+    </span>
+  </a>
+  
+</li>
+        
+          <li class="md-nav__item">
+  <a href="#request-headers" class="md-nav__link">
+    <span class="md-ellipsis">
+      REQUEST HEADERS
+    </span>
+  </a>
+  
+</li>
+        
+      </ul>
+    </nav>
+  
+</li>
+      
+        <li class="md-nav__item">
+  <a href="#other-http-methods" class="md-nav__link">
+    <span class="md-ellipsis">
+      OTHER HTTP METHODS
+    </span>
+  </a>
+  
+    <nav class="md-nav" aria-label="OTHER HTTP METHODS">
+      <ul class="md-nav__list">
+        
+          <li class="md-nav__item">
+  <a href="#data-input" class="md-nav__link">
+    <span class="md-ellipsis">
+      DATA INPUT
+    </span>
+  </a>
+  
+</li>
+        
+          <li class="md-nav__item">
+  <a href="#sending-json-data" class="md-nav__link">
+    <span class="md-ellipsis">
+      SENDING JSON DATA
+    </span>
+  </a>
+  
+</li>
+        
+          <li class="md-nav__item">
+  <a href="#inspecting-the-request" class="md-nav__link">
+    <span class="md-ellipsis">
+      INSPECTING THE REQUEST
+    </span>
+  </a>
+  
+</li>
+        
+      </ul>
+    </nav>
+  
+</li>
+      
+        <li class="md-nav__item">
+  <a href="#authentication" class="md-nav__link">
+    <span class="md-ellipsis">
+      AUTHENTICATION
+    </span>
+  </a>
+  
+    <nav class="md-nav" aria-label="AUTHENTICATION">
+      <ul class="md-nav__list">
+        
+          <li class="md-nav__item">
+  <a href="#personalized-auth" class="md-nav__link">
+    <span class="md-ellipsis">
+      PERSONALIZED AUTH
+    </span>
+  </a>
+  
+</li>
+        
+          <li class="md-nav__item">
+  <a href="#disabling-ssl-verification" class="md-nav__link">
+    <span class="md-ellipsis">
+      DISABLING SSL VERIFICATION
+    </span>
+  </a>
+  
+</li>
+        
+      </ul>
+    </nav>
+  
+</li>
+      
+        <li class="md-nav__item">
+  <a href="#performance" class="md-nav__link">
+    <span class="md-ellipsis">
+      PERFORMANCE
+    </span>
+  </a>
+  
+    <nav class="md-nav" aria-label="PERFORMANCE">
+      <ul class="md-nav__list">
+        
+          <li class="md-nav__item">
+  <a href="#request-timeout" class="md-nav__link">
+    <span class="md-ellipsis">
+      REQUEST TIMEOUT
+    </span>
+  </a>
+  
+</li>
+        
+          <li class="md-nav__item">
+  <a href="#max-retries" class="md-nav__link">
+    <span class="md-ellipsis">
+      MAX RETRIES
+    </span>
+  </a>
+  
+</li>
+        
+      </ul>
+    </nav>
+  
+</li>
+      
+    </ul>
+  
+</nav>
+                  </div>
+                </div>
+              </div>
+            
+          
+          
+            <div class="md-content" data-md-component="content">
+              <article class="md-content__inner md-typeset">
+                
+                  
+
+  
+  
+
+
+<h1 id="requests-lib">Requests Lib</h1>
+<h2 id="get-request">GET REQUEST</h2>
+<p>Get or retrieve data from specified resource</p>
+<div class="highlight"><table class="highlighttable"><tr><th colspan="2" class="filename"><span class="filename">Python</span></th></tr><tr><td class="linenos"><div class="linenodiv"><pre><span></span><span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-0-1">1</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-0-2">2</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-0-3">3</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-0-4">4</a></span></pre></div></td><td class="code"><div><pre><span></span><code><a id="__codelineno-0-1" name="__codelineno-0-1"></a><span class="n">response</span> <span class="o">=</span> <span class="n">requests</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">get</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="s1">&#39;URL&#39;</span><span class="p">)</span>    <span class="c1"># returns response object</span>
+<a id="__codelineno-0-2" name="__codelineno-0-2"></a>
+<a id="__codelineno-0-3" name="__codelineno-0-3"></a><span class="c1"># PAYLOAD -&gt; valuable information of response</span>
+<a id="__codelineno-0-4" name="__codelineno-0-4"></a><span class="n">response</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">status_code</span>    <span class="c1"># http status code</span>
+</code></pre></div></td></tr></table></div>
+<p>The response message consists of:</p>
+<ul>
+<li>status line which includes the status code and reason message</li>
+<li>response header fields (e.g., Content-Type: text/html)</li>
+<li>empty line</li>
+<li>optional message body</li>
+</ul>
+<div class="highlight"><table class="highlighttable"><tr><th colspan="2" class="filename"><span class="filename">Text Only</span></th></tr><tr><td class="linenos"><div class="linenodiv"><pre><span></span><span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-1-1">1</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-1-2">2</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-1-3">3</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-1-4">4</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-1-5">5</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-1-6">6</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-1-7">7</a></span></pre></div></td><td class="code"><div><pre><span></span><code><a id="__codelineno-1-1" name="__codelineno-1-1"></a>1xx -&gt; INFORMATIONAL RESPONSE
+<a id="__codelineno-1-2" name="__codelineno-1-2"></a>2xx -&gt; SUCCESS
+<a id="__codelineno-1-3" name="__codelineno-1-3"></a>    200 OK -&gt; request successful
+<a id="__codelineno-1-4" name="__codelineno-1-4"></a>3xx -&gt; REDIRECTION
+<a id="__codelineno-1-5" name="__codelineno-1-5"></a>4xx -&gt; CLIENT ERRORS
+<a id="__codelineno-1-6" name="__codelineno-1-6"></a>    404 NOT FOUND -&gt; resource not found
+<a id="__codelineno-1-7" name="__codelineno-1-7"></a>5xx -&gt; SERVER ERRORS
+</code></pre></div></td></tr></table></div>
+<div class="highlight"><table class="highlighttable"><tr><th colspan="2" class="filename"><span class="filename">Python</span></th></tr><tr><td class="linenos"><div class="linenodiv"><pre><span></span><span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-2-1">1</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-2-2">2</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-2-3">3</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-2-4">4</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-2-5">5</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-2-6">6</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-2-7">7</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-2-8">8</a></span></pre></div></td><td class="code"><div><pre><span></span><code><a id="__codelineno-2-1" name="__codelineno-2-1"></a><span class="c1"># raise exception HTTPError for error status codes</span>
+<a id="__codelineno-2-2" name="__codelineno-2-2"></a><span class="n">response</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">raise_for_status</span><span class="p">()</span>
+<a id="__codelineno-2-3" name="__codelineno-2-3"></a>
+<a id="__codelineno-2-4" name="__codelineno-2-4"></a><span class="n">response</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">content</span>    <span class="c1"># raw bytes of payload</span>
+<a id="__codelineno-2-5" name="__codelineno-2-5"></a><span class="n">response</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">encoding</span> <span class="o">=</span> <span class="s1">&#39;utf-8&#39;</span>    <span class="c1"># specify encoding</span>
+<a id="__codelineno-2-6" name="__codelineno-2-6"></a><span class="n">response</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">text</span>    <span class="c1"># string payload (serialized JSON)</span>
+<a id="__codelineno-2-7" name="__codelineno-2-7"></a><span class="n">response</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">json</span><span class="p">()</span>    <span class="c1"># dict of payload</span>
+<a id="__codelineno-2-8" name="__codelineno-2-8"></a><span class="n">response</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">headers</span>    <span class="c1"># response headers (dict)</span>
+</code></pre></div></td></tr></table></div>
+<h3 id="query-string-parameters">QUERY STRING PARAMETERS</h3>
+<div class="highlight"><table class="highlighttable"><tr><th colspan="2" class="filename"><span class="filename">Python</span></th></tr><tr><td class="linenos"><div class="linenodiv"><pre><span></span><span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-3-1">1</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-3-2">2</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-3-3">3</a></span></pre></div></td><td class="code"><div><pre><span></span><code><a id="__codelineno-3-1" name="__codelineno-3-1"></a><span class="n">response</span> <span class="o">=</span> <span class="n">requests</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">get</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="s1">&#39;URL&#39;</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="n">params</span><span class="o">=</span><span class="p">{</span><span class="s1">&#39;q&#39;</span><span class="p">:</span><span class="s1">&#39;query&#39;</span><span class="p">})</span>
+<a id="__codelineno-3-2" name="__codelineno-3-2"></a><span class="n">response</span> <span class="o">=</span> <span class="n">requests</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">get</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="s1">&#39;URL&#39;</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="n">params</span><span class="o">=</span><span class="p">[(</span><span class="s1">&#39;q&#39;</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="s1">&#39;query&#39;</span><span class="p">)])</span>
+<a id="__codelineno-3-3" name="__codelineno-3-3"></a><span class="n">response</span> <span class="o">=</span> <span class="n">requests</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">get</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="s1">&#39;URL&#39;</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="n">params</span><span class="o">=</span><span class="sa">b</span><span class="s1">&#39;q=query&#39;</span><span class="p">)</span>
+</code></pre></div></td></tr></table></div>
+<h3 id="request-headers">REQUEST HEADERS</h3>
+<div class="highlight"><table class="highlighttable"><tr><th colspan="2" class="filename"><span class="filename">Python</span></th></tr><tr><td class="linenos"><div class="linenodiv"><pre><span></span><span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-4-1">1</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-4-2">2</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-4-3">3</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-4-4">4</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-4-5">5</a></span></pre></div></td><td class="code"><div><pre><span></span><code><a id="__codelineno-4-1" name="__codelineno-4-1"></a><span class="n">response</span> <span class="o">=</span> <span class="n">requests</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">get</span><span class="p">(</span>
+<a id="__codelineno-4-2" name="__codelineno-4-2"></a>    <span class="s1">&#39;URL&#39;</span><span class="p">,</span>
+<a id="__codelineno-4-3" name="__codelineno-4-3"></a>    <span class="n">params</span><span class="o">=</span><span class="p">{</span><span class="s1">&#39;q&#39;</span><span class="p">:</span> <span class="s1">&#39;query&#39;</span><span class="p">},</span>
+<a id="__codelineno-4-4" name="__codelineno-4-4"></a>    <span class="n">headers</span><span class="o">=</span><span class="p">{</span><span class="s1">&#39;header&#39;</span><span class="p">:</span> <span class="s1">&#39;header_query&#39;</span><span class="p">}</span>
+<a id="__codelineno-4-5" name="__codelineno-4-5"></a><span class="p">)</span>
+</code></pre></div></td></tr></table></div>
+<h2 id="other-http-methods">OTHER HTTP METHODS</h2>
+<h3 id="data-input">DATA INPUT</h3>
+<div class="highlight"><table class="highlighttable"><tr><th colspan="2" class="filename"><span class="filename">Python</span></th></tr><tr><td class="linenos"><div class="linenodiv"><pre><span></span><span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-5-1"> 1</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-5-2"> 2</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-5-3"> 3</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-5-4"> 4</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-5-5"> 5</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-5-6"> 6</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-5-7"> 7</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-5-8"> 8</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-5-9"> 9</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-5-10">10</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-5-11">11</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-5-12">12</a></span></pre></div></td><td class="code"><div><pre><span></span><code><a id="__codelineno-5-1" name="__codelineno-5-1"></a><span class="c1"># requests that entity enclosed be stored as a new subordinate of the web resource identified by the URI</span>
+<a id="__codelineno-5-2" name="__codelineno-5-2"></a><span class="n">requests</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">post</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="s1">&#39;URL&#39;</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="n">data</span><span class="o">=</span><span class="p">{</span><span class="s1">&#39;key&#39;</span><span class="p">:</span><span class="s1">&#39;value&#39;</span><span class="p">})</span>
+<a id="__codelineno-5-3" name="__codelineno-5-3"></a><span class="c1"># requests that the enclosed entity be stored under the supplied URI</span>
+<a id="__codelineno-5-4" name="__codelineno-5-4"></a><span class="n">requests</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">put</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="s1">&#39;URL&#39;</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="n">data</span><span class="o">=</span><span class="p">{</span><span class="s1">&#39;key&#39;</span><span class="p">:</span><span class="s1">&#39;value&#39;</span><span class="p">})</span>
+<a id="__codelineno-5-5" name="__codelineno-5-5"></a><span class="c1"># applies partial modification</span>
+<a id="__codelineno-5-6" name="__codelineno-5-6"></a><span class="n">requests</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">patch</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="s1">&#39;URL&#39;</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="n">data</span><span class="o">=</span><span class="p">{</span><span class="s1">&#39;key&#39;</span><span class="p">:</span><span class="s1">&#39;value&#39;</span><span class="p">})</span>
+<a id="__codelineno-5-7" name="__codelineno-5-7"></a><span class="c1"># deletes specified resource</span>
+<a id="__codelineno-5-8" name="__codelineno-5-8"></a><span class="n">requests</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">delete</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="s1">&#39;URL&#39;</span><span class="p">)</span>
+<a id="__codelineno-5-9" name="__codelineno-5-9"></a><span class="c1"># ask for a response but without the response body (only headers)</span>
+<a id="__codelineno-5-10" name="__codelineno-5-10"></a><span class="n">requests</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">head</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="s1">&#39;URL&#39;</span><span class="p">)</span>
+<a id="__codelineno-5-11" name="__codelineno-5-11"></a><span class="c1"># returns supported HTTP methods of the server</span>
+<a id="__codelineno-5-12" name="__codelineno-5-12"></a><span class="n">requests</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">options</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="s1">&#39;URL&#39;</span><span class="p">)</span>
+</code></pre></div></td></tr></table></div>
+<h3 id="sending-json-data">SENDING JSON DATA</h3>
+<div class="highlight"><table class="highlighttable"><tr><th colspan="2" class="filename"><span class="filename">Python</span></th></tr><tr><td class="linenos"><div class="linenodiv"><pre><span></span><span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-6-1">1</a></span></pre></div></td><td class="code"><div><pre><span></span><code><a id="__codelineno-6-1" name="__codelineno-6-1"></a><span class="n">requests</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">post</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="s1">&#39;URL&#39;</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="n">json</span><span class="o">=</span><span class="p">{</span><span class="s1">&#39;key&#39;</span><span class="p">:</span> <span class="s1">&#39;value&#39;</span><span class="p">})</span>
+</code></pre></div></td></tr></table></div>
+<h3 id="inspecting-the-request">INSPECTING THE REQUEST</h3>
+<div class="highlight"><table class="highlighttable"><tr><th colspan="2" class="filename"><span class="filename">Python</span></th></tr><tr><td class="linenos"><div class="linenodiv"><pre><span></span><span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-7-1">1</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-7-2">2</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-7-3">3</a></span></pre></div></td><td class="code"><div><pre><span></span><code><a id="__codelineno-7-1" name="__codelineno-7-1"></a><span class="c1"># requests lib prepares the requests before sending it</span>
+<a id="__codelineno-7-2" name="__codelineno-7-2"></a><span class="n">response</span> <span class="o">=</span> <span class="n">requests</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">post</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="s1">&#39;URL&#39;</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="n">data</span><span class="o">=</span><span class="p">{</span><span class="s1">&#39;key&#39;</span><span class="p">:</span><span class="s1">&#39;value&#39;</span><span class="p">})</span>
+<a id="__codelineno-7-3" name="__codelineno-7-3"></a><span class="n">response</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">request</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">something</span>    <span class="c1"># inspect request field</span>
+</code></pre></div></td></tr></table></div>
+<h2 id="authentication">AUTHENTICATION</h2>
+<div class="highlight"><table class="highlighttable"><tr><th colspan="2" class="filename"><span class="filename">Python</span></th></tr><tr><td class="linenos"><div class="linenodiv"><pre><span></span><span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-8-1">1</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-8-2">2</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-8-3">3</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-8-4">4</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-8-5">5</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-8-6">6</a></span></pre></div></td><td class="code"><div><pre><span></span><code><a id="__codelineno-8-1" name="__codelineno-8-1"></a><span class="n">requests</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">get</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="s1">&#39;URL&#39;</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="n">auth</span><span class="o">=</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="s1">&#39;username&#39;</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="s1">&#39;password&#39;</span><span class="p">))</span>    <span class="c1"># use implicit HTTP Basic Authorization</span>
+<a id="__codelineno-8-2" name="__codelineno-8-2"></a>
+<a id="__codelineno-8-3" name="__codelineno-8-3"></a><span class="c1"># explicit HTTP Basic Authorization and other</span>
+<a id="__codelineno-8-4" name="__codelineno-8-4"></a><span class="kn">from</span> <span class="nn">requests.auth</span> <span class="kn">import</span> <span class="n">HTTPBasicAuth</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="n">HTTPDigestAuth</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="n">HTTPProxyAuth</span>
+<a id="__codelineno-8-5" name="__codelineno-8-5"></a><span class="kn">from</span> <span class="nn">getpass</span> <span class="kn">import</span> <span class="n">getpass</span>
+<a id="__codelineno-8-6" name="__codelineno-8-6"></a><span class="n">requests</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">get</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="s1">&#39;URL&#39;</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="n">auth</span><span class="o">=</span><span class="n">HTTPBasicAuth</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="s1">&#39;username&#39;</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="n">getpass</span><span class="p">()))</span>
+</code></pre></div></td></tr></table></div>
+<h3 id="personalized-auth">PERSONALIZED AUTH</h3>
+<div class="highlight"><table class="highlighttable"><tr><th colspan="2" class="filename"><span class="filename">Python</span></th></tr><tr><td class="linenos"><div class="linenodiv"><pre><span></span><span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-9-1"> 1</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-9-2"> 2</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-9-3"> 3</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-9-4"> 4</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-9-5"> 5</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-9-6"> 6</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-9-7"> 7</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-9-8"> 8</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-9-9"> 9</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-9-10">10</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-9-11">11</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-9-12">12</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-9-13">13</a></span></pre></div></td><td class="code"><div><pre><span></span><code><a id="__codelineno-9-1" name="__codelineno-9-1"></a><span class="kn">from</span> <span class="nn">requests.auth</span> <span class="kn">import</span> <span class="n">AuthBase</span>
+<a id="__codelineno-9-2" name="__codelineno-9-2"></a><span class="k">class</span> <span class="nc">TokenAuth</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="n">AuthBase</span><span class="p">):</span>
+<a id="__codelineno-9-3" name="__codelineno-9-3"></a>    <span class="s2">&quot;custom authentication scheme&quot;</span>
+<a id="__codelineno-9-4" name="__codelineno-9-4"></a>
+<a id="__codelineno-9-5" name="__codelineno-9-5"></a>    <span class="k">def</span> <span class="fm">__init__</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="bp">self</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="n">token</span><span class="p">):</span>
+<a id="__codelineno-9-6" name="__codelineno-9-6"></a>        <span class="bp">self</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">token</span> <span class="o">=</span> <span class="n">token</span>
+<a id="__codelineno-9-7" name="__codelineno-9-7"></a>
+<a id="__codelineno-9-8" name="__codelineno-9-8"></a>    <span class="k">def</span> <span class="fm">__call__</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="bp">self</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="n">r</span><span class="p">):</span>
+<a id="__codelineno-9-9" name="__codelineno-9-9"></a><span class="w">        </span><span class="sd">&quot;&quot;&quot;Attach API token to custom auth&quot;&quot;&quot;</span>
+<a id="__codelineno-9-10" name="__codelineno-9-10"></a>        <span class="n">r</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">headers</span><span class="p">[</span><span class="s1">&#39;X-TokenAuth&#39;</span><span class="p">]</span> <span class="o">=</span> <span class="sa">f</span><span class="s1">&#39;</span><span class="si">{</span><span class="bp">self</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">token</span><span class="si">}</span><span class="s1">&#39;</span>
+<a id="__codelineno-9-11" name="__codelineno-9-11"></a>        <span class="k">return</span> <span class="n">r</span>
+<a id="__codelineno-9-12" name="__codelineno-9-12"></a>
+<a id="__codelineno-9-13" name="__codelineno-9-13"></a><span class="n">requests</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">get</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="s1">&#39;URL&#39;</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="n">auth</span><span class="o">=</span><span class="n">TokenAuth</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="s1">&#39;1234abcde-token&#39;</span><span class="p">))</span>
+</code></pre></div></td></tr></table></div>
+<h3 id="disabling-ssl-verification">DISABLING SSL VERIFICATION</h3>
+<div class="highlight"><table class="highlighttable"><tr><th colspan="2" class="filename"><span class="filename">Python</span></th></tr><tr><td class="linenos"><div class="linenodiv"><pre><span></span><span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-10-1">1</a></span></pre></div></td><td class="code"><div><pre><span></span><code><a id="__codelineno-10-1" name="__codelineno-10-1"></a><span class="n">requests</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">get</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="s1">&#39;URL&#39;</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="n">verify</span><span class="o">=</span><span class="kc">False</span><span class="p">)</span>
+</code></pre></div></td></tr></table></div>
+<h2 id="performance">PERFORMANCE</h2>
+<h3 id="request-timeout">REQUEST TIMEOUT</h3>
+<div class="highlight"><table class="highlighttable"><tr><th colspan="2" class="filename"><span class="filename">Python</span></th></tr><tr><td class="linenos"><div class="linenodiv"><pre><span></span><span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-11-1">1</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-11-2">2</a></span></pre></div></td><td class="code"><div><pre><span></span><code><a id="__codelineno-11-1" name="__codelineno-11-1"></a><span class="c1"># raise Timeout exception if request times out</span>
+<a id="__codelineno-11-2" name="__codelineno-11-2"></a><span class="n">requests</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">get</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="s1">&#39;URL&#39;</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="n">timeout</span><span class="o">=</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="n">connection_timeout</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="n">read_timeout</span><span class="p">))</span>
+</code></pre></div></td></tr></table></div>
+<h3 id="max-retries">MAX RETRIES</h3>
+<div class="highlight"><table class="highlighttable"><tr><th colspan="2" class="filename"><span class="filename">Python</span></th></tr><tr><td class="linenos"><div class="linenodiv"><pre><span></span><span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-12-1">1</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-12-2">2</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-12-3">3</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-12-4">4</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-12-5">5</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-12-6">6</a></span></pre></div></td><td class="code"><div><pre><span></span><code><a id="__codelineno-12-1" name="__codelineno-12-1"></a><span class="kn">from</span> <span class="nn">requests.adapters</span> <span class="kn">import</span> <span class="n">HTTPAdapter</span>
+<a id="__codelineno-12-2" name="__codelineno-12-2"></a><span class="n">URL_adapter</span> <span class="o">=</span> <span class="n">HTTPAdapter</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="n">max_retries</span> <span class="o">=</span> <span class="nb">int</span><span class="p">)</span>
+<a id="__codelineno-12-3" name="__codelineno-12-3"></a><span class="n">session</span> <span class="o">=</span> <span class="n">requests</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">Session</span><span class="p">()</span>
+<a id="__codelineno-12-4" name="__codelineno-12-4"></a>
+<a id="__codelineno-12-5" name="__codelineno-12-5"></a><span class="c1"># use URL_adapter for all requests to URL</span>
+<a id="__codelineno-12-6" name="__codelineno-12-6"></a><span class="n">session</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">mount</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="s1">&#39;URL&#39;</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="n">URL_adapter</span><span class="p">)</span>
+</code></pre></div></td></tr></table></div>
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+        
+  
+  <span class="md-ellipsis">
+    Pandas
+  </span>
+  
+
+      </a>
+    </li>
+  
+
+              
+            
+              
+                
+  
+  
+    
+  
+  
+  
+    <li class="md-nav__item md-nav__item--active">
+      
+      <input class="md-nav__toggle md-toggle" type="checkbox" id="__toc">
+      
+      
+        
+      
+      
+        <label class="md-nav__link md-nav__link--active" for="__toc">
+          
+  
+  <span class="md-ellipsis">
+    Seaborn
+  </span>
+  
+
+          <span class="md-nav__icon md-icon"></span>
+        </label>
+      
+      <a href="seaborn.html" class="md-nav__link md-nav__link--active">
+        
+  
+  <span class="md-ellipsis">
+    Seaborn
+  </span>
+  
+
+      </a>
+      
+        
+
+<nav class="md-nav md-nav--secondary" aria-label="Table of contents">
+  
+  
+  
+    
+  
+  
+    <label class="md-nav__title" for="__toc">
+      <span class="md-nav__icon md-icon"></span>
+      Table of contents
+    </label>
+    <ul class="md-nav__list" data-md-component="toc" data-md-scrollfix>
+      
+        <li class="md-nav__item">
+  <a href="#basic-imports-for-seaborn" class="md-nav__link">
+    <span class="md-ellipsis">
+      Basic Imports For Seaborn
+    </span>
+  </a>
+  
+</li>
+      
+        <li class="md-nav__item">
+  <a href="#replot-relationship" class="md-nav__link">
+    <span class="md-ellipsis">
+      REPLOT (relationship)
+    </span>
+  </a>
+  
+    <nav class="md-nav" aria-label="REPLOT (relationship)">
+      <ul class="md-nav__list">
+        
+          <li class="md-nav__item">
+  <a href="#lineplot" class="md-nav__link">
+    <span class="md-ellipsis">
+      LINEPLOT
+    </span>
+  </a>
+  
+</li>
+        
+      </ul>
+    </nav>
+  
+</li>
+      
+        <li class="md-nav__item">
+  <a href="#catplot-categorical" class="md-nav__link">
+    <span class="md-ellipsis">
+      CATPLOT (categorical)
+    </span>
+  </a>
+  
+    <nav class="md-nav" aria-label="CATPLOT (categorical)">
+      <ul class="md-nav__list">
+        
+          <li class="md-nav__item">
+  <a href="#categorical-scatterplot-swarmplot" class="md-nav__link">
+    <span class="md-ellipsis">
+      CATEGORICAL SCATTERPLOT - SWARMPLOT
+    </span>
+  </a>
+  
+</li>
+        
+          <li class="md-nav__item">
+  <a href="#categorical-distribution-violinplot" class="md-nav__link">
+    <span class="md-ellipsis">
+      CATEGORICAL DISTRIBUTION - VIOLINPLOT
+    </span>
+  </a>
+  
+</li>
+        
+          <li class="md-nav__item">
+  <a href="#categorical-distribution-boxenplot" class="md-nav__link">
+    <span class="md-ellipsis">
+      CATEGORICAL DISTRIBUTION - BOXENPLOT
+    </span>
+  </a>
+  
+</li>
+        
+          <li class="md-nav__item">
+  <a href="#categorical-estimate-pointplot" class="md-nav__link">
+    <span class="md-ellipsis">
+      CATEGORICAL ESTIMATE - POINTPLOT
+    </span>
+  </a>
+  
+</li>
+        
+          <li class="md-nav__item">
+  <a href="#categorical-estimate-barplot" class="md-nav__link">
+    <span class="md-ellipsis">
+      CATEGORICAL ESTIMATE - BARPLOT
+    </span>
+  </a>
+  
+</li>
+        
+          <li class="md-nav__item">
+  <a href="#categorical-estimate-countplot" class="md-nav__link">
+    <span class="md-ellipsis">
+      CATEGORICAL ESTIMATE - COUNTPLOT
+    </span>
+  </a>
+  
+</li>
+        
+      </ul>
+    </nav>
+  
+</li>
+      
+        <li class="md-nav__item">
+  <a href="#univariate-distributions" class="md-nav__link">
+    <span class="md-ellipsis">
+      UNIVARIATE DISTRIBUTIONS
+    </span>
+  </a>
+  
+    <nav class="md-nav" aria-label="UNIVARIATE DISTRIBUTIONS">
+      <ul class="md-nav__list">
+        
+          <li class="md-nav__item">
+  <a href="#distplot" class="md-nav__link">
+    <span class="md-ellipsis">
+      DISTPLOT
+    </span>
+  </a>
+  
+</li>
+        
+          <li class="md-nav__item">
+  <a href="#rugplot" class="md-nav__link">
+    <span class="md-ellipsis">
+      RUGPLOT
+    </span>
+  </a>
+  
+</li>
+        
+          <li class="md-nav__item">
+  <a href="#kdeplot" class="md-nav__link">
+    <span class="md-ellipsis">
+      KDEPLOT
+    </span>
+  </a>
+  
+</li>
+        
+      </ul>
+    </nav>
+  
+</li>
+      
+        <li class="md-nav__item">
+  <a href="#bivariate-distribution" class="md-nav__link">
+    <span class="md-ellipsis">
+      BIVARIATE DISTRIBUTION
+    </span>
+  </a>
+  
+    <nav class="md-nav" aria-label="BIVARIATE DISTRIBUTION">
+      <ul class="md-nav__list">
+        
+          <li class="md-nav__item">
+  <a href="#jointplot" class="md-nav__link">
+    <span class="md-ellipsis">
+      JOINTPLOT
+    </span>
+  </a>
+  
+</li>
+        
+      </ul>
+    </nav>
+  
+</li>
+      
+        <li class="md-nav__item">
+  <a href="#pair-wise-relationisps-in-dataset" class="md-nav__link">
+    <span class="md-ellipsis">
+      PAIR-WISE RELATIONISPS IN DATASET
+    </span>
+  </a>
+  
+    <nav class="md-nav" aria-label="PAIR-WISE RELATIONISPS IN DATASET">
+      <ul class="md-nav__list">
+        
+          <li class="md-nav__item">
+  <a href="#pairplot" class="md-nav__link">
+    <span class="md-ellipsis">
+      PAIRPLOT
+    </span>
+  </a>
+  
+</li>
+        
+      </ul>
+    </nav>
+  
+</li>
+      
+    </ul>
+  
+</nav>
+      
+    </li>
+  
+
+              
+            
+              
+                
+  
+  
+  
+  
+    <li class="md-nav__item">
+      <a href="requests.html" class="md-nav__link">
+        
+  
+  <span class="md-ellipsis">
+    Requests
+  </span>
+  
+
+      </a>
+    </li>
+  
+
+              
+            
+              
+                
+  
+  
+  
+  
+    <li class="md-nav__item">
+      <a href="beautiful-soup.html" class="md-nav__link">
+        
+  
+  <span class="md-ellipsis">
+    Beatiful Soup
+  </span>
+  
+
+      </a>
+    </li>
+  
+
+              
+            
+          </ul>
+        </nav>
+      
+    </li>
+  
+
+              
+            
+          </ul>
+        </nav>
+      
+    </li>
+  
+
+              
+            
+              
+                
+  
+  
+  
+  
+    
+    
+      
+        
+      
+        
+      
+        
+      
+    
+    
+      
+      
+        
+          
+          
+        
+      
+    
+    
+    <li class="md-nav__item md-nav__item--section md-nav__item--nested">
+      
+        
+        
+        <input class="md-nav__toggle md-toggle " type="checkbox" id="__nav_4_9" >
+        
+          
+          <label class="md-nav__link" for="__nav_4_9" id="__nav_4_9_label" tabindex="">
+            
+  
+  <span class="md-ellipsis">
+    .NET
+  </span>
+  
+
+            <span class="md-nav__icon md-icon"></span>
+          </label>
+        
+        <nav class="md-nav" data-md-level="2" aria-labelledby="__nav_4_9_label" aria-expanded="false">
+          <label class="md-nav__title" for="__nav_4_9">
+            <span class="md-nav__icon md-icon"></span>
+            .NET
+          </label>
+          <ul class="md-nav__list" data-md-scrollfix>
+            
+              
+                
+  
+  
+  
+  
+    
+    
+      
+        
+      
+        
+      
+        
+      
+        
+      
+        
+      
+        
+      
+    
+    
+      
+      
+        
+      
+    
+    
+    <li class="md-nav__item md-nav__item--nested">
+      
+        
+        
+        <input class="md-nav__toggle md-toggle " type="checkbox" id="__nav_4_9_1" >
+        
+          
+          <label class="md-nav__link" for="__nav_4_9_1" id="__nav_4_9_1_label" tabindex="0">
+            
+  
+  <span class="md-ellipsis">
+    C#
+  </span>
+  
+
+            <span class="md-nav__icon md-icon"></span>
+          </label>
+        
+        <nav class="md-nav" data-md-level="3" aria-labelledby="__nav_4_9_1_label" aria-expanded="false">
+          <label class="md-nav__title" for="__nav_4_9_1">
+            <span class="md-nav__icon md-icon"></span>
+            C#
+          </label>
+          <ul class="md-nav__list" data-md-scrollfix>
+            
+              
+                
+  
+  
+  
+  
+    <li class="md-nav__item">
+      <a href="../../dotnet/csharp/csharp.html" class="md-nav__link">
+        
+  
+  <span class="md-ellipsis">
+    C#
+  </span>
+  
+
+      </a>
+    </li>
+  
+
+              
+            
+              
+                
+  
+  
+  
+  
+    <li class="md-nav__item">
+      <a href="../../dotnet/csharp/linq.html" class="md-nav__link">
+        
+  
+  <span class="md-ellipsis">
+    Linq
+  </span>
+  
+
+      </a>
+    </li>
+  
+
+              
+            
+              
+                
+  
+  
+  
+  
+    <li class="md-nav__item">
+      <a href="../../dotnet/csharp/collections.html" class="md-nav__link">
+        
+  
+  <span class="md-ellipsis">
+    Collections
+  </span>
+  
+
+      </a>
+    </li>
+  
+
+              
+            
+              
+                
+  
+  
+  
+  
+    <li class="md-nav__item">
+      <a href="../../dotnet/csharp/reactive-extensions.html" class="md-nav__link">
+        
+  
+  <span class="md-ellipsis">
+    Reactive Extensions
+  </span>
+  
+
+      </a>
+    </li>
+  
+
+              
+            
+              
+                
+  
+  
+  
+  
+    <li class="md-nav__item">
+      <a href="../../dotnet/csharp/async-programming.html" class="md-nav__link">
+        
+  
+  <span class="md-ellipsis">
+    Async Programming
+  </span>
+  
+
+      </a>
+    </li>
+  
+
+              
+            
+              
+                
+  
+  
+  
+  
+    <li class="md-nav__item">
+      <a href="../../dotnet/csharp/unit-tests.html" class="md-nav__link">
+        
+  
+  <span class="md-ellipsis">
+    Unit Tests
+  </span>
+  
+
+      </a>
+    </li>
+  
+
+              
+            
+          </ul>
+        </nav>
+      
+    </li>
+  
+
+              
+            
+              
+                
+  
+  
+  
+  
+    
+    
+      
+        
+      
+        
+      
+        
+      
+        
+      
+        
+      
+        
+      
+        
+      
+    
+    
+      
+      
+        
+      
+    
+    
+    <li class="md-nav__item md-nav__item--nested">
+      
+        
+        
+        <input class="md-nav__toggle md-toggle " type="checkbox" id="__nav_4_9_2" >
+        
+          
+          <label class="md-nav__link" for="__nav_4_9_2" id="__nav_4_9_2_label" tabindex="0">
+            
+  
+  <span class="md-ellipsis">
+    ASP.NET
+  </span>
+  
+
+            <span class="md-nav__icon md-icon"></span>
+          </label>
+        
+        <nav class="md-nav" data-md-level="3" aria-labelledby="__nav_4_9_2_label" aria-expanded="false">
+          <label class="md-nav__title" for="__nav_4_9_2">
+            <span class="md-nav__icon md-icon"></span>
+            ASP.NET
+          </label>
+          <ul class="md-nav__list" data-md-scrollfix>
+            
+              
+                
+  
+  
+  
+  
+    <li class="md-nav__item">
+      <a href="../../dotnet/asp.net/minimal-api.html" class="md-nav__link">
+        
+  
+  <span class="md-ellipsis">
+    Minimal API
+  </span>
+  
+
+      </a>
+    </li>
+  
+
+              
+            
+              
+                
+  
+  
+  
+  
+    <li class="md-nav__item">
+      <a href="../../dotnet/asp.net/filters.html" class="md-nav__link">
+        
+  
+  <span class="md-ellipsis">
+    FIlters
+  </span>
+  
+
+      </a>
+    </li>
+  
+
+              
+            
+              
+                
+  
+  
+  
+  
+    <li class="md-nav__item">
+      <a href="../../dotnet/asp.net/middleware.html" class="md-nav__link">
+        
+  
+  <span class="md-ellipsis">
+    Middleware
+  </span>
+  
+
+      </a>
+    </li>
+  
+
+              
+            
+              
+                
+  
+  
+  
+  
+    <li class="md-nav__item">
+      <a href="../../dotnet/asp.net/razor-syntax.html" class="md-nav__link">
+        
+  
+  <span class="md-ellipsis">
+    Razor Syntax
+  </span>
+  
+
+      </a>
+    </li>
+  
+
+              
+            
+              
+                
+  
+  
+  
+  
+    <li class="md-nav__item">
+      <a href="../../dotnet/asp.net/blazor.html" class="md-nav__link">
+        
+  
+  <span class="md-ellipsis">
+    Blazor
+  </span>
+  
+
+      </a>
+    </li>
+  
+
+              
+            
+              
+                
+  
+  
+  
+  
+    <li class="md-nav__item">
+      <a href="../../dotnet/asp.net/signalr.html" class="md-nav__link">
+        
+  
+  <span class="md-ellipsis">
+    SignalR
+  </span>
+  
+
+      </a>
+    </li>
+  
+
+              
+            
+              
+                
+  
+  
+  
+  
+    <li class="md-nav__item">
+      <a href="../../dotnet/asp.net/web-forms.html" class="md-nav__link">
+        
+  
+  <span class="md-ellipsis">
+    Web Forms
+  </span>
+  
+
+      </a>
+    </li>
+  
+
+              
+            
+          </ul>
+        </nav>
+      
+    </li>
+  
+
+              
+            
+              
+                
+  
+  
+  
+  
+    
+    
+      
+        
+      
+        
+      
+    
+    
+      
+      
+        
+      
+    
+    
+    <li class="md-nav__item md-nav__item--nested">
+      
+        
+        
+        <input class="md-nav__toggle md-toggle " type="checkbox" id="__nav_4_9_3" >
+        
+          
+          <label class="md-nav__link" for="__nav_4_9_3" id="__nav_4_9_3_label" tabindex="0">
+            
+  
+  <span class="md-ellipsis">
+    Database
+  </span>
+  
+
+            <span class="md-nav__icon md-icon"></span>
+          </label>
+        
+        <nav class="md-nav" data-md-level="3" aria-labelledby="__nav_4_9_3_label" aria-expanded="false">
+          <label class="md-nav__title" for="__nav_4_9_3">
+            <span class="md-nav__icon md-icon"></span>
+            Database
+          </label>
+          <ul class="md-nav__list" data-md-scrollfix>
+            
+              
+                
+  
+  
+  
+  
+    <li class="md-nav__item">
+      <a href="../../dotnet/database/ado.net.html" class="md-nav__link">
+        
+  
+  <span class="md-ellipsis">
+    ADO.NET
+  </span>
+  
+
+      </a>
+    </li>
+  
+
+              
+            
+              
+                
+  
+  
+  
+  
+    <li class="md-nav__item">
+      <a href="../../dotnet/database/entity-framework.html" class="md-nav__link">
+        
+  
+  <span class="md-ellipsis">
+    Entity Framework
+  </span>
+  
+
+      </a>
+    </li>
+  
+
+              
+            
+          </ul>
+        </nav>
+      
+    </li>
+  
+
+              
+            
+          </ul>
+        </nav>
+      
+    </li>
+  
+
+              
+            
+              
+                
+  
+  
+  
+  
+    
+    
+      
+        
+      
+        
+      
+        
+      
+        
+      
+    
+    
+      
+      
+        
+          
+          
+        
+      
+    
+    
+    <li class="md-nav__item md-nav__item--section md-nav__item--nested">
+      
+        
+        
+        <input class="md-nav__toggle md-toggle " type="checkbox" id="__nav_4_10" >
+        
+          
+          <label class="md-nav__link" for="__nav_4_10" id="__nav_4_10_label" tabindex="">
+            
+  
+  <span class="md-ellipsis">
+    Java
+  </span>
+  
+
+            <span class="md-nav__icon md-icon"></span>
+          </label>
+        
+        <nav class="md-nav" data-md-level="2" aria-labelledby="__nav_4_10_label" aria-expanded="false">
+          <label class="md-nav__title" for="__nav_4_10">
+            <span class="md-nav__icon md-icon"></span>
+            Java
+          </label>
+          <ul class="md-nav__list" data-md-scrollfix>
+            
+              
+                
+  
+  
+  
+  
+    <li class="md-nav__item">
+      <a href="../../java/java.html" class="md-nav__link">
+        
+  
+  <span class="md-ellipsis">
+    Java
+  </span>
+  
+
+      </a>
+    </li>
+  
+
+              
+            
+              
+                
+  
+  
+  
+  
+    <li class="md-nav__item">
+      <a href="../../java/java-collection-framework.html" class="md-nav__link">
+        
+  
+  <span class="md-ellipsis">
+    Java Collection Framework
+  </span>
+  
+
+      </a>
+    </li>
+  
+
+              
+            
+              
+                
+  
+  
+  
+  
+    <li class="md-nav__item">
+      <a href="../../java/dao.html" class="md-nav__link">
+        
+  
+  <span class="md-ellipsis">
+    DAO
+  </span>
+  
+
+      </a>
+    </li>
+  
+
+              
+            
+              
+                
+  
+  
+  
+  
+    
+    
+      
+        
+      
+        
+      
+    
+    
+      
+      
+        
+      
+    
+    
+    <li class="md-nav__item md-nav__item--nested">
+      
+        
+        
+        <input class="md-nav__toggle md-toggle " type="checkbox" id="__nav_4_10_4" >
+        
+          
+          <label class="md-nav__link" for="__nav_4_10_4" id="__nav_4_10_4_label" tabindex="0">
+            
+  
+  <span class="md-ellipsis">
+    Web
+  </span>
+  
+
+            <span class="md-nav__icon md-icon"></span>
+          </label>
+        
+        <nav class="md-nav" data-md-level="3" aria-labelledby="__nav_4_10_4_label" aria-expanded="false">
+          <label class="md-nav__title" for="__nav_4_10_4">
+            <span class="md-nav__icon md-icon"></span>
+            Web
+          </label>
+          <ul class="md-nav__list" data-md-scrollfix>
+            
+              
+                
+  
+  
+  
+  
+    <li class="md-nav__item">
+      <a href="../../java/web/servlet.html" class="md-nav__link">
+        
+  
+  <span class="md-ellipsis">
+    Serverlet
+  </span>
+  
+
+      </a>
+    </li>
+  
+
+              
+            
+              
+                
+  
+  
+  
+  
+    
+    
+      
+        
+      
+        
+      
+    
+    
+      
+      
+        
+      
+    
+    
+    <li class="md-nav__item md-nav__item--nested">
+      
+        
+        
+        <input class="md-nav__toggle md-toggle " type="checkbox" id="__nav_4_10_4_2" >
+        
+          
+          <label class="md-nav__link" for="__nav_4_10_4_2" id="__nav_4_10_4_2_label" tabindex="0">
+            
+  
+  <span class="md-ellipsis">
+    Spring
+  </span>
+  
+
+            <span class="md-nav__icon md-icon"></span>
+          </label>
+        
+        <nav class="md-nav" data-md-level="4" aria-labelledby="__nav_4_10_4_2_label" aria-expanded="false">
+          <label class="md-nav__title" for="__nav_4_10_4_2">
+            <span class="md-nav__icon md-icon"></span>
+            Spring
+          </label>
+          <ul class="md-nav__list" data-md-scrollfix>
+            
+              
+                
+  
+  
+  
+  
+    <li class="md-nav__item">
+      <a href="../../java/spring/pom.xml.html" class="md-nav__link">
+        
+  
+  <span class="md-ellipsis">
+    POM
+  </span>
+  
+
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+    </li>
+  
+
+              
+            
+              
+                
+  
+  
+  
+  
+    <li class="md-nav__item">
+      <a href="../../java/spring/spring-project.html" class="md-nav__link">
+        
+  
+  <span class="md-ellipsis">
+    Project Structure
+  </span>
+  
+
+      </a>
+    </li>
+  
+
+              
+            
+          </ul>
+        </nav>
+      
+    </li>
+  
+
+              
+            
+          </ul>
+        </nav>
+      
+    </li>
+  
+
+              
+            
+          </ul>
+        </nav>
+      
+    </li>
+  
+
+              
+            
+              
+                
+  
+  
+  
+  
+    
+    
+      
+        
+      
+        
+      
+        
+      
+        
+      
+        
+      
+        
+      
+        
+      
+        
+      
+        
+      
+    
+    
+      
+      
+        
+          
+          
+        
+      
+    
+    
+    <li class="md-nav__item md-nav__item--section md-nav__item--nested">
+      
+        
+        
+        <input class="md-nav__toggle md-toggle " type="checkbox" id="__nav_4_11" >
+        
+          
+          <label class="md-nav__link" for="__nav_4_11" id="__nav_4_11_label" tabindex="">
+            
+  
+  <span class="md-ellipsis">
+    PHP
+  </span>
+  
+
+            <span class="md-nav__icon md-icon"></span>
+          </label>
+        
+        <nav class="md-nav" data-md-level="2" aria-labelledby="__nav_4_11_label" aria-expanded="false">
+          <label class="md-nav__title" for="__nav_4_11">
+            <span class="md-nav__icon md-icon"></span>
+            PHP
+          </label>
+          <ul class="md-nav__list" data-md-scrollfix>
+            
+              
+                
+  
+  
+  
+  
+    <li class="md-nav__item">
+      <a href="../../php/php.html" class="md-nav__link">
+        
+  
+  <span class="md-ellipsis">
+    PHP
+  </span>
+  
+
+      </a>
+    </li>
+  
+
+              
+            
+              
+                
+  
+  
+  
+  
+    <li class="md-nav__item">
+      <a href="../../php/database.html" class="md-nav__link">
+        
+  
+  <span class="md-ellipsis">
+    Database
+  </span>
+  
+
+      </a>
+    </li>
+  
+
+              
+            
+              
+                
+  
+  
+  
+  
+    <li class="md-nav__item">
+      <a href="../../php/web.html" class="md-nav__link">
+        
+  
+  <span class="md-ellipsis">
+    Web
+  </span>
+  
+
+      </a>
+    </li>
+  
+
+              
+            
+              
+                
+  
+  
+  
+  
+    <li class="md-nav__item">
+      <a href="../../php/dependency-injection.html" class="md-nav__link">
+        
+  
+  <span class="md-ellipsis">
+    Dependency Injection
+  </span>
+  
+
+      </a>
+    </li>
+  
+
+              
+            
+              
+                
+  
+  
+  
+  
+    <li class="md-nav__item">
+      <a href="../../php/unit-tests.html" class="md-nav__link">
+        
+  
+  <span class="md-ellipsis">
+    Unit Tests
+  </span>
+  
+
+      </a>
+    </li>
+  
+
+              
+            
+              
+                
+  
+  
+  
+  
+    <li class="md-nav__item">
+      <a href="../../php/composer.html" class="md-nav__link">
+        
+  
+  <span class="md-ellipsis">
+    Composer
+  </span>
+  
+
+      </a>
+    </li>
+  
+
+              
+            
+              
+                
+  
+  
+  
+  
+    <li class="md-nav__item">
+      <a href="../../php/psr-7.html" class="md-nav__link">
+        
+  
+  <span class="md-ellipsis">
+    PSR 7
+  </span>
+  
+
+      </a>
+    </li>
+  
+
+              
+            
+              
+                
+  
+  
+  
+  
+    <li class="md-nav__item">
+      <a href="../../php/plates-templating.html" class="md-nav__link">
+        
+  
+  <span class="md-ellipsis">
+    Plates
+  </span>
+  
+
+      </a>
+    </li>
+  
+
+              
+            
+              
+                
+  
+  
+  
+  
+    
+    
+      
+        
+      
+        
+      
+    
+    
+      
+      
+        
+      
+    
+    
+    <li class="md-nav__item md-nav__item--nested">
+      
+        
+        
+        <input class="md-nav__toggle md-toggle " type="checkbox" id="__nav_4_11_9" >
+        
+          
+          <label class="md-nav__link" for="__nav_4_11_9" id="__nav_4_11_9_label" tabindex="0">
+            
+  
+  <span class="md-ellipsis">
+    Simple MVC
+  </span>
+  
+
+            <span class="md-nav__icon md-icon"></span>
+          </label>
+        
+        <nav class="md-nav" data-md-level="3" aria-labelledby="__nav_4_11_9_label" aria-expanded="false">
+          <label class="md-nav__title" for="__nav_4_11_9">
+            <span class="md-nav__icon md-icon"></span>
+            Simple MVC
+          </label>
+          <ul class="md-nav__list" data-md-scrollfix>
+            
+              
+                
+  
+  
+  
+  
+    <li class="md-nav__item">
+      <a href="../../php/simple-mvc/simple-mvc.html" class="md-nav__link">
+        
+  
+  <span class="md-ellipsis">
+    Simple MVC
+  </span>
+  
+
+      </a>
+    </li>
+  
+
+              
+            
+              
+                
+  
+  
+  
+  
+    <li class="md-nav__item">
+      <a href="../../php/simple-mvc/rest-api.html" class="md-nav__link">
+        
+  
+  <span class="md-ellipsis">
+    REST API
+  </span>
+  
+
+      </a>
+    </li>
+  
+
+              
+            
+          </ul>
+        </nav>
+      
+    </li>
+  
+
+              
+            
+          </ul>
+        </nav>
+      
+    </li>
+  
+
+              
+            
+              
+                
+  
+  
+  
+  
+    
+    
+      
+        
+      
+        
+      
+        
+      
+        
+      
+        
+      
+    
+    
+      
+      
+        
+          
+          
+        
+      
+    
+    
+    <li class="md-nav__item md-nav__item--section md-nav__item--nested">
+      
+        
+        
+        <input class="md-nav__toggle md-toggle " type="checkbox" id="__nav_4_12" >
+        
+          
+          <label class="md-nav__link" for="__nav_4_12" id="__nav_4_12_label" tabindex="">
+            
+  
+  <span class="md-ellipsis">
+    Rust
+  </span>
+  
+
+            <span class="md-nav__icon md-icon"></span>
+          </label>
+        
+        <nav class="md-nav" data-md-level="2" aria-labelledby="__nav_4_12_label" aria-expanded="false">
+          <label class="md-nav__title" for="__nav_4_12">
+            <span class="md-nav__icon md-icon"></span>
+            Rust
+          </label>
+          <ul class="md-nav__list" data-md-scrollfix>
+            
+              
+                
+  
+  
+  
+  
+    <li class="md-nav__item">
+      <a href="../../rust/rust.html" class="md-nav__link">
+        
+  
+  <span class="md-ellipsis">
+    Rust
+  </span>
+  
+
+      </a>
+    </li>
+  
+
+              
+            
+              
+                
+  
+  
+  
+  
+    <li class="md-nav__item">
+      <a href="../../rust/macros.html" class="md-nav__link">
+        
+  
+  <span class="md-ellipsis">
+    Macros
+  </span>
+  
+
+      </a>
+    </li>
+  
+
+              
+            
+              
+                
+  
+  
+  
+  
+    <li class="md-nav__item">
+      <a href="../../rust/cargo.html" class="md-nav__link">
+        
+  
+  <span class="md-ellipsis">
+    Cargo
+  </span>
+  
+
+      </a>
+    </li>
+  
+
+              
+            
+              
+                
+  
+  
+  
+  
+    <li class="md-nav__item">
+      <a href="../../rust/concurrency.html" class="md-nav__link">
+        
+  
+  <span class="md-ellipsis">
+    Concurrency
+  </span>
+  
+
+      </a>
+    </li>
+  
+
+              
+            
+              
+                
+  
+  
+  
+  
+    <li class="md-nav__item">
+      <a href="../../rust/unit-tests.html" class="md-nav__link">
+        
+  
+  <span class="md-ellipsis">
+    Unit Tests
+  </span>
+  
+
+      </a>
+    </li>
+  
+
+              
+            
+          </ul>
+        </nav>
+      
+    </li>
+  
+
+              
+            
+              
+                
+  
+  
+  
+  
+    
+    
+      
+        
+      
+        
+      
+        
+      
+        
+      
+        
+      
+        
+      
+        
+      
+    
+    
+      
+      
+        
+          
+          
+        
+      
+    
+    
+    <li class="md-nav__item md-nav__item--section md-nav__item--nested">
+      
+        
+        
+        <input class="md-nav__toggle md-toggle " type="checkbox" id="__nav_4_13" >
+        
+          
+          <label class="md-nav__link" for="__nav_4_13" id="__nav_4_13_label" tabindex="">
+            
+  
+  <span class="md-ellipsis">
+    Javascript
+  </span>
+  
+
+            <span class="md-nav__icon md-icon"></span>
+          </label>
+        
+        <nav class="md-nav" data-md-level="2" aria-labelledby="__nav_4_13_label" aria-expanded="false">
+          <label class="md-nav__title" for="__nav_4_13">
+            <span class="md-nav__icon md-icon"></span>
+            Javascript
+          </label>
+          <ul class="md-nav__list" data-md-scrollfix>
+            
+              
+                
+  
+  
+  
+  
+    <li class="md-nav__item">
+      <a href="../../javascript/javascript.html" class="md-nav__link">
+        
+  
+  <span class="md-ellipsis">
+    Javascript
+  </span>
+  
+
+      </a>
+    </li>
+  
+
+              
+            
+              
+                
+  
+  
+  
+  
+    <li class="md-nav__item">
+      <a href="../../javascript/dom.html" class="md-nav__link">
+        
+  
+  <span class="md-ellipsis">
+    DOM
+  </span>
+  
+
+      </a>
+    </li>
+  
+
+              
+            
+              
+                
+  
+  
+  
+  
+    <li class="md-nav__item">
+      <a href="../../javascript/events-animation.html" class="md-nav__link">
+        
+  
+  <span class="md-ellipsis">
+    Events & Animation
+  </span>
+  
+
+      </a>
+    </li>
+  
+
+              
+            
+              
+                
+  
+  
+  
+  
+    <li class="md-nav__item">
+      <a href="../../javascript/ajax.html" class="md-nav__link">
+        
+  
+  <span class="md-ellipsis">
+    AJAX
+  </span>
+  
+
+      </a>
+    </li>
+  
+
+              
+            
+              
+                
+  
+  
+  
+  
+    <li class="md-nav__item">
+      <a href="../../javascript/jquery.html" class="md-nav__link">
+        
+  
+  <span class="md-ellipsis">
+    jQuery
+  </span>
+  
+
+      </a>
+    </li>
+  
+
+              
+            
+              
+                
+  
+  
+  
+  
+    
+    
+      
+        
+      
+        
+      
+        
+      
+        
+      
+        
+      
+    
+    
+      
+      
+        
+      
+    
+    
+    <li class="md-nav__item md-nav__item--nested">
+      
+        
+        
+        <input class="md-nav__toggle md-toggle " type="checkbox" id="__nav_4_13_6" >
+        
+          
+          <label class="md-nav__link" for="__nav_4_13_6" id="__nav_4_13_6_label" tabindex="0">
+            
+  
+  <span class="md-ellipsis">
+    React
+  </span>
+  
+
+            <span class="md-nav__icon md-icon"></span>
+          </label>
+        
+        <nav class="md-nav" data-md-level="3" aria-labelledby="__nav_4_13_6_label" aria-expanded="false">
+          <label class="md-nav__title" for="__nav_4_13_6">
+            <span class="md-nav__icon md-icon"></span>
+            React
+          </label>
+          <ul class="md-nav__list" data-md-scrollfix>
+            
+              
+                
+  
+  
+  
+  
+    <li class="md-nav__item">
+      <a href="../../javascript/react/react.html" class="md-nav__link">
+        
+  
+  <span class="md-ellipsis">
+    React
+  </span>
+  
+
+      </a>
+    </li>
+  
+
+              
+            
+              
+                
+  
+  
+  
+  
+    <li class="md-nav__item">
+      <a href="../../javascript/react/react-router.html" class="md-nav__link">
+        
+  
+  <span class="md-ellipsis">
+    React Router
+  </span>
+  
+
+      </a>
+    </li>
+  
+
+              
+            
+              
+                
+  
+  
+  
+  
+    <li class="md-nav__item">
+      <a href="../../javascript/react/react-tests.html" class="md-nav__link">
+        
+  
+  <span class="md-ellipsis">
+    React Tests
+  </span>
+  
+
+      </a>
+    </li>
+  
+
+              
+            
+              
+                
+  
+  
+  
+  
+    <li class="md-nav__item">
+      <a href="../../javascript/react/redux.html" class="md-nav__link">
+        
+  
+  <span class="md-ellipsis">
+    Redux
+  </span>
+  
+
+      </a>
+    </li>
+  
+
+              
+            
+              
+                
+  
+  
+  
+  
+    <li class="md-nav__item">
+      <a href="../../javascript/react/redux-tests.html" class="md-nav__link">
+        
+  
+  <span class="md-ellipsis">
+    Redux Tests
+  </span>
+  
+
+      </a>
+    </li>
+  
+
+              
+            
+          </ul>
+        </nav>
+      
+    </li>
+  
+
+              
+            
+              
+                
+  
+  
+  
+  
+    <li class="md-nav__item">
+      <a href="../../javascript/svelte/svelte.html" class="md-nav__link">
+        
+  
+  <span class="md-ellipsis">
+    Svelte
+  </span>
+  
+
+      </a>
+    </li>
+  
+
+              
+            
+          </ul>
+        </nav>
+      
+    </li>
+  
+
+              
+            
+              
+                
+  
+  
+  
+  
+    
+    
+      
+        
+      
+        
+      
+    
+    
+      
+      
+        
+          
+          
+        
+      
+    
+    
+    <li class="md-nav__item md-nav__item--section md-nav__item--nested">
+      
+        
+        
+        <input class="md-nav__toggle md-toggle " type="checkbox" id="__nav_4_14" >
+        
+          
+          <label class="md-nav__link" for="__nav_4_14" id="__nav_4_14_label" tabindex="">
+            
+  
+  <span class="md-ellipsis">
+    PowerShell
+  </span>
+  
+
+            <span class="md-nav__icon md-icon"></span>
+          </label>
+        
+        <nav class="md-nav" data-md-level="2" aria-labelledby="__nav_4_14_label" aria-expanded="false">
+          <label class="md-nav__title" for="__nav_4_14">
+            <span class="md-nav__icon md-icon"></span>
+            PowerShell
+          </label>
+          <ul class="md-nav__list" data-md-scrollfix>
+            
+              
+                
+  
+  
+  
+  
+    <li class="md-nav__item">
+      <a href="../../powershell/scripting.html" class="md-nav__link">
+        
+  
+  <span class="md-ellipsis">
+    Scripting
+  </span>
+  
+
+      </a>
+    </li>
+  
+
+              
+            
+              
+                
+  
+  
+  
+  
+    <li class="md-nav__item">
+      <a href="../../powershell/commands.html" class="md-nav__link">
+        
+  
+  <span class="md-ellipsis">
+    Commands
+  </span>
+  
+
+      </a>
+    </li>
+  
+
+              
+            
+          </ul>
+        </nav>
+      
+    </li>
+  
+
+              
+            
+              
+                
+  
+  
+  
+  
+    
+    
+      
+        
+      
+        
+      
+    
+    
+      
+      
+        
+          
+          
+        
+      
+    
+    
+    <li class="md-nav__item md-nav__item--section md-nav__item--nested">
+      
+        
+        
+        <input class="md-nav__toggle md-toggle " type="checkbox" id="__nav_4_15" >
+        
+          
+          <label class="md-nav__link" for="__nav_4_15" id="__nav_4_15_label" tabindex="">
+            
+  
+  <span class="md-ellipsis">
+    Bash
+  </span>
+  
+
+            <span class="md-nav__icon md-icon"></span>
+          </label>
+        
+        <nav class="md-nav" data-md-level="2" aria-labelledby="__nav_4_15_label" aria-expanded="false">
+          <label class="md-nav__title" for="__nav_4_15">
+            <span class="md-nav__icon md-icon"></span>
+            Bash
+          </label>
+          <ul class="md-nav__list" data-md-scrollfix>
+            
+              
+                
+  
+  
+  
+  
+    <li class="md-nav__item">
+      <a href="../../bash/scripting.html" class="md-nav__link">
+        
+  
+  <span class="md-ellipsis">
+    Scripting
+  </span>
+  
+
+      </a>
+    </li>
+  
+
+              
+            
+              
+                
+  
+  
+  
+  
+    <li class="md-nav__item">
+      <a href="../../bash/commands.html" class="md-nav__link">
+        
+  
+  <span class="md-ellipsis">
+    Commands
+  </span>
+  
+
+      </a>
+    </li>
+  
+
+              
+            
+          </ul>
+        </nav>
+      
+    </li>
+  
+
+              
+            
+          </ul>
+        </nav>
+      
+    </li>
+  
+
+    
+      
+      
+  
+  
+  
+  
+    
+    
+      
+        
+      
+        
+      
+        
+      
+        
+      
+        
+      
+    
+    
+      
+      
+        
+      
+    
+    
+    <li class="md-nav__item md-nav__item--nested">
+      
+        
+        
+        <input class="md-nav__toggle md-toggle " type="checkbox" id="__nav_5" >
+        
+          
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+  </span>
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+      <a href="../../../linux/filesystem/sysfs.html" class="md-nav__link">
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+  </span>
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+          </label>
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+            System Init
+          </label>
+          <ul class="md-nav__list" data-md-scrollfix>
+            
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+                
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+    <li class="md-nav__item">
+      <a href="../../../linux/init/systemd.html" class="md-nav__link">
+        
+  
+  <span class="md-ellipsis">
+    Systemd
+  </span>
+  
+
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+    </li>
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+
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+              
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+  
+  
+  
+  
+    <li class="md-nav__item">
+      <a href="../../../linux/init/open-rc.html" class="md-nav__link">
+        
+  
+  <span class="md-ellipsis">
+    OpenRC
+  </span>
+  
+
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+    </li>
+  
+
+              
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+        </nav>
+      
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+  
+
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+  </ul>
+</nav>
+                  </div>
+                </div>
+              </div>
+            
+            
+              
+              <div class="md-sidebar md-sidebar--secondary" data-md-component="sidebar" data-md-type="toc" >
+                <div class="md-sidebar__scrollwrap">
+                  <div class="md-sidebar__inner">
+                    
+
+<nav class="md-nav md-nav--secondary" aria-label="Table of contents">
+  
+  
+  
+    
+  
+  
+    <label class="md-nav__title" for="__toc">
+      <span class="md-nav__icon md-icon"></span>
+      Table of contents
+    </label>
+    <ul class="md-nav__list" data-md-component="toc" data-md-scrollfix>
+      
+        <li class="md-nav__item">
+  <a href="#basic-imports-for-seaborn" class="md-nav__link">
+    <span class="md-ellipsis">
+      Basic Imports For Seaborn
+    </span>
+  </a>
+  
+</li>
+      
+        <li class="md-nav__item">
+  <a href="#replot-relationship" class="md-nav__link">
+    <span class="md-ellipsis">
+      REPLOT (relationship)
+    </span>
+  </a>
+  
+    <nav class="md-nav" aria-label="REPLOT (relationship)">
+      <ul class="md-nav__list">
+        
+          <li class="md-nav__item">
+  <a href="#lineplot" class="md-nav__link">
+    <span class="md-ellipsis">
+      LINEPLOT
+    </span>
+  </a>
+  
+</li>
+        
+      </ul>
+    </nav>
+  
+</li>
+      
+        <li class="md-nav__item">
+  <a href="#catplot-categorical" class="md-nav__link">
+    <span class="md-ellipsis">
+      CATPLOT (categorical)
+    </span>
+  </a>
+  
+    <nav class="md-nav" aria-label="CATPLOT (categorical)">
+      <ul class="md-nav__list">
+        
+          <li class="md-nav__item">
+  <a href="#categorical-scatterplot-swarmplot" class="md-nav__link">
+    <span class="md-ellipsis">
+      CATEGORICAL SCATTERPLOT - SWARMPLOT
+    </span>
+  </a>
+  
+</li>
+        
+          <li class="md-nav__item">
+  <a href="#categorical-distribution-violinplot" class="md-nav__link">
+    <span class="md-ellipsis">
+      CATEGORICAL DISTRIBUTION - VIOLINPLOT
+    </span>
+  </a>
+  
+</li>
+        
+          <li class="md-nav__item">
+  <a href="#categorical-distribution-boxenplot" class="md-nav__link">
+    <span class="md-ellipsis">
+      CATEGORICAL DISTRIBUTION - BOXENPLOT
+    </span>
+  </a>
+  
+</li>
+        
+          <li class="md-nav__item">
+  <a href="#categorical-estimate-pointplot" class="md-nav__link">
+    <span class="md-ellipsis">
+      CATEGORICAL ESTIMATE - POINTPLOT
+    </span>
+  </a>
+  
+</li>
+        
+          <li class="md-nav__item">
+  <a href="#categorical-estimate-barplot" class="md-nav__link">
+    <span class="md-ellipsis">
+      CATEGORICAL ESTIMATE - BARPLOT
+    </span>
+  </a>
+  
+</li>
+        
+          <li class="md-nav__item">
+  <a href="#categorical-estimate-countplot" class="md-nav__link">
+    <span class="md-ellipsis">
+      CATEGORICAL ESTIMATE - COUNTPLOT
+    </span>
+  </a>
+  
+</li>
+        
+      </ul>
+    </nav>
+  
+</li>
+      
+        <li class="md-nav__item">
+  <a href="#univariate-distributions" class="md-nav__link">
+    <span class="md-ellipsis">
+      UNIVARIATE DISTRIBUTIONS
+    </span>
+  </a>
+  
+    <nav class="md-nav" aria-label="UNIVARIATE DISTRIBUTIONS">
+      <ul class="md-nav__list">
+        
+          <li class="md-nav__item">
+  <a href="#distplot" class="md-nav__link">
+    <span class="md-ellipsis">
+      DISTPLOT
+    </span>
+  </a>
+  
+</li>
+        
+          <li class="md-nav__item">
+  <a href="#rugplot" class="md-nav__link">
+    <span class="md-ellipsis">
+      RUGPLOT
+    </span>
+  </a>
+  
+</li>
+        
+          <li class="md-nav__item">
+  <a href="#kdeplot" class="md-nav__link">
+    <span class="md-ellipsis">
+      KDEPLOT
+    </span>
+  </a>
+  
+</li>
+        
+      </ul>
+    </nav>
+  
+</li>
+      
+        <li class="md-nav__item">
+  <a href="#bivariate-distribution" class="md-nav__link">
+    <span class="md-ellipsis">
+      BIVARIATE DISTRIBUTION
+    </span>
+  </a>
+  
+    <nav class="md-nav" aria-label="BIVARIATE DISTRIBUTION">
+      <ul class="md-nav__list">
+        
+          <li class="md-nav__item">
+  <a href="#jointplot" class="md-nav__link">
+    <span class="md-ellipsis">
+      JOINTPLOT
+    </span>
+  </a>
+  
+</li>
+        
+      </ul>
+    </nav>
+  
+</li>
+      
+        <li class="md-nav__item">
+  <a href="#pair-wise-relationisps-in-dataset" class="md-nav__link">
+    <span class="md-ellipsis">
+      PAIR-WISE RELATIONISPS IN DATASET
+    </span>
+  </a>
+  
+    <nav class="md-nav" aria-label="PAIR-WISE RELATIONISPS IN DATASET">
+      <ul class="md-nav__list">
+        
+          <li class="md-nav__item">
+  <a href="#pairplot" class="md-nav__link">
+    <span class="md-ellipsis">
+      PAIRPLOT
+    </span>
+  </a>
+  
+</li>
+        
+      </ul>
+    </nav>
+  
+</li>
+      
+    </ul>
+  
+</nav>
+                  </div>
+                </div>
+              </div>
+            
+          
+          
+            <div class="md-content" data-md-component="content">
+              <article class="md-content__inner md-typeset">
+                
+                  
+
+  
+  
+
+
+<h1 id="seaborn-lib">Seaborn Lib</h1>
+<h2 id="basic-imports-for-seaborn">Basic Imports For Seaborn</h2>
+<div class="highlight"><table class="highlighttable"><tr><th colspan="2" class="filename"><span class="filename">Python</span></th></tr><tr><td class="linenos"><div class="linenodiv"><pre><span></span><span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-0-1">1</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-0-2">2</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-0-3">3</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-0-4">4</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-0-5">5</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-0-6">6</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-0-7">7</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-0-8">8</a></span></pre></div></td><td class="code"><div><pre><span></span><code><a id="__codelineno-0-1" name="__codelineno-0-1"></a><span class="kn">import</span> <span class="nn">numpy</span> <span class="k">as</span> <span class="nn">np</span>
+<a id="__codelineno-0-2" name="__codelineno-0-2"></a><span class="kn">import</span> <span class="nn">pandas</span> <span class="k">as</span> <span class="nn">pd</span>
+<a id="__codelineno-0-3" name="__codelineno-0-3"></a><span class="kn">import</span> <span class="nn">matplotlib.pyplot</span> <span class="k">as</span> <span class="nn">plt</span>
+<a id="__codelineno-0-4" name="__codelineno-0-4"></a><span class="kn">import</span> <span class="nn">seaborn</span> <span class="k">as</span> <span class="nn">sns</span>
+<a id="__codelineno-0-5" name="__codelineno-0-5"></a>
+<a id="__codelineno-0-6" name="__codelineno-0-6"></a><span class="c1"># set aesthetic parameters in one step</span>
+<a id="__codelineno-0-7" name="__codelineno-0-7"></a><span class="n">sns</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">set</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="n">style</span><span class="o">=</span><span class="s1">&#39;darkgrid&#39;</span><span class="p">)</span>
+<a id="__codelineno-0-8" name="__codelineno-0-8"></a><span class="c1">#STYLE: {None, darkgrid, whitegrid, dark, white, ticks}</span>
+</code></pre></div></td></tr></table></div>
+<h2 id="replot-relationship">REPLOT (relationship)</h2>
+<div class="highlight"><table class="highlighttable"><tr><th colspan="2" class="filename"><span class="filename">Python</span></th></tr><tr><td class="linenos"><div class="linenodiv"><pre><span></span><span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-1-1"> 1</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-1-2"> 2</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-1-3"> 3</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-1-4"> 4</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-1-5"> 5</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-1-6"> 6</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-1-7"> 7</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-1-8"> 8</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-1-9"> 9</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-1-10">10</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-1-11">11</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-1-12">12</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-1-13">13</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-1-14">14</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-1-15">15</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-1-16">16</a></span></pre></div></td><td class="code"><div><pre><span></span><code><a id="__codelineno-1-1" name="__codelineno-1-1"></a><span class="n">sns</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">replot</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="n">x</span><span class="o">=</span><span class="s1">&#39;name_in_data&#39;</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="n">y</span><span class="o">=</span><span class="s1">&#39;name_in_data&#39;</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="n">hue</span><span class="o">=</span><span class="s1">&#39;point_color&#39;</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="n">size</span><span class="o">=</span><span class="s1">&#39;point_size&#39;</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="n">style</span><span class="o">=</span><span class="s1">&#39;point_shape&#39;</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="n">data</span><span class="o">=</span><span class="n">data</span><span class="p">)</span>
+<a id="__codelineno-1-2" name="__codelineno-1-2"></a><span class="c1"># HUE, SIZE and STYLE: {name in data} -- used to differentiate points, a sort-of 3rd dimension</span>
+<a id="__codelineno-1-3" name="__codelineno-1-3"></a><span class="c1"># hue behaves differently if the data is categorical or numerical, numerical uses a color gradient</span>
+<a id="__codelineno-1-4" name="__codelineno-1-4"></a><span class="c1"># SORT: {False, True} -- avoid sorting data in function of x</span>
+<a id="__codelineno-1-5" name="__codelineno-1-5"></a><span class="c1"># CI: {None, sd} -- avoid computing confidence intervals or plot standard deviation</span>
+<a id="__codelineno-1-6" name="__codelineno-1-6"></a><span class="c1"># (aggregate multiple measurements at each x value by plotting the mean and the 95% confidence interval around the mean)</span>
+<a id="__codelineno-1-7" name="__codelineno-1-7"></a><span class="c1"># ESTIMATOR: {None} -- turn off aggregation of multiple observations</span>
+<a id="__codelineno-1-8" name="__codelineno-1-8"></a><span class="c1"># MARKERS: {True, False} -- evidenziate observations with dots</span>
+<a id="__codelineno-1-9" name="__codelineno-1-9"></a><span class="c1"># DASHES: {True, False} -- evidenziate observations with dashes</span>
+<a id="__codelineno-1-10" name="__codelineno-1-10"></a><span class="c1"># COL, ROW: {name in data}  -- categorical variables that will determine the grid of plots</span>
+<a id="__codelineno-1-11" name="__codelineno-1-11"></a><span class="c1"># COL_WRAP: {int} -- &quot;Wrap&quot; the column variable at this width, so that the column facets span multiple rows. Incompatible with a row facet.</span>
+<a id="__codelineno-1-12" name="__codelineno-1-12"></a><span class="c1"># SCATTERPLOT</span>
+<a id="__codelineno-1-13" name="__codelineno-1-13"></a><span class="c1"># depicts the joint distribution of two variables using a cloud of points</span>
+<a id="__codelineno-1-14" name="__codelineno-1-14"></a><span class="c1"># kind can be omitted since scatterplot is the default for replot</span>
+<a id="__codelineno-1-15" name="__codelineno-1-15"></a><span class="n">sns</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">replot</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="n">kind</span><span class="o">=</span><span class="s1">&#39;scatter&#39;</span><span class="p">)</span>  <span class="c1"># calls scatterplot()</span>
+<a id="__codelineno-1-16" name="__codelineno-1-16"></a><span class="n">sns</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">scatterplot</span><span class="p">()</span>  <span class="c1"># underlying axis-level function of replot()</span>
+</code></pre></div></td></tr></table></div>
+<h3 id="lineplot">LINEPLOT</h3>
+<p>Using semantics in lineplot will determine the aggregation of data.</p>
+<div class="highlight"><table class="highlighttable"><tr><th colspan="2" class="filename"><span class="filename">Python</span></th></tr><tr><td class="linenos"><div class="linenodiv"><pre><span></span><span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-2-1">1</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-2-2">2</a></span></pre></div></td><td class="code"><div><pre><span></span><code><a id="__codelineno-2-1" name="__codelineno-2-1"></a><span class="n">sns</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">replot</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="n">ci</span><span class="o">=</span><span class="kc">None</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="n">sort</span><span class="o">=</span><span class="nb">bool</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="n">kind</span><span class="o">=</span><span class="s1">&#39;line&#39;</span><span class="p">)</span>
+<a id="__codelineno-2-2" name="__codelineno-2-2"></a><span class="n">sns</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">lineplot</span><span class="p">()</span>  <span class="c1"># underlying axis-level function of replot()</span>
+</code></pre></div></td></tr></table></div>
+<h2 id="catplot-categorical">CATPLOT (categorical)</h2>
+<p>Categorical: divided into discrete groups.</p>
+<div class="highlight"><table class="highlighttable"><tr><th colspan="2" class="filename"><span class="filename">Python</span></th></tr><tr><td class="linenos"><div class="linenodiv"><pre><span></span><span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-3-1"> 1</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-3-2"> 2</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-3-3"> 3</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-3-4"> 4</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-3-5"> 5</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-3-6"> 6</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-3-7"> 7</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-3-8"> 8</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-3-9"> 9</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-3-10">10</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-3-11">11</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-3-12">12</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-3-13">13</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-3-14">14</a></span></pre></div></td><td class="code"><div><pre><span></span><code><a id="__codelineno-3-1" name="__codelineno-3-1"></a><span class="n">sns</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">catplot</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="n">x</span><span class="o">=</span><span class="s1">&#39;name_in_data&#39;</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="n">y</span><span class="o">=</span><span class="s1">&#39;name_in_data&#39;</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="n">data</span><span class="o">=</span><span class="n">data</span><span class="p">)</span>
+<a id="__codelineno-3-2" name="__codelineno-3-2"></a><span class="c1"># HUE: {name in data} -- used to differenziate points, a sort-of 3rd dimension</span>
+<a id="__codelineno-3-3" name="__codelineno-3-3"></a><span class="c1"># COL, ROW: {name in data}  -- categorical variables that will determine the grid of plots</span>
+<a id="__codelineno-3-4" name="__codelineno-3-4"></a><span class="c1"># COL_WRAP: {int} -- &quot;Wrap&quot; the column variable at this width, so that the column facets span multiple rows. Incompatible with a row facet.</span>
+<a id="__codelineno-3-5" name="__codelineno-3-5"></a><span class="c1"># ORDER, HUE_ORDER: {list of strings} -- order of categorical levels of the plot</span>
+<a id="__codelineno-3-6" name="__codelineno-3-6"></a><span class="c1"># ROW_ORDER, COL_ORDER: {list of strings} -- order to organize the rows and/or columns of the grid in</span>
+<a id="__codelineno-3-7" name="__codelineno-3-7"></a><span class="c1"># ORIENT: {&#39;v&#39;, &#39;h&#39;} -- Orientation of the plot (can also swap x&amp;y assignment)</span>
+<a id="__codelineno-3-8" name="__codelineno-3-8"></a><span class="c1"># COLOR: {matplotlib color} -- Color for all of the elements, or seed for a gradient palette</span>
+<a id="__codelineno-3-9" name="__codelineno-3-9"></a><span class="c1"># CATEGORICAL SCATTERPLOT - STRIPPLOT</span>
+<a id="__codelineno-3-10" name="__codelineno-3-10"></a><span class="c1"># adjust the positions of points on the categorical axis with a small amount of random “jitter”</span>
+<a id="__codelineno-3-11" name="__codelineno-3-11"></a><span class="n">sns</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">catplot</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="n">kind</span><span class="o">=</span><span class="s1">&#39;strip&#39;</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="n">jitter</span><span class="o">=</span><span class="nb">float</span><span class="p">)</span>
+<a id="__codelineno-3-12" name="__codelineno-3-12"></a><span class="n">sns</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">stripplot</span><span class="p">()</span>
+<a id="__codelineno-3-13" name="__codelineno-3-13"></a><span class="c1"># SIZE: {float}  -- Diameter of the markers, in points</span>
+<a id="__codelineno-3-14" name="__codelineno-3-14"></a><span class="c1"># JITTER: {False, float} -- magnitude of points jitter (distance from axis)</span>
+</code></pre></div></td></tr></table></div>
+<h3 id="categorical-scatterplot-swarmplot">CATEGORICAL SCATTERPLOT - SWARMPLOT</h3>
+<p>Adjusts the points along the categorical axis preventing overlap.</p>
+<div class="highlight"><table class="highlighttable"><tr><th colspan="2" class="filename"><span class="filename">Python</span></th></tr><tr><td class="linenos"><div class="linenodiv"><pre><span></span><span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-4-1">1</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-4-2">2</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-4-3">3</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-4-4">4</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-4-5">5</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-4-6">6</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-4-7">7</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-4-8">8</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-4-9">9</a></span></pre></div></td><td class="code"><div><pre><span></span><code><a id="__codelineno-4-1" name="__codelineno-4-1"></a><span class="n">sns</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">catplot</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="n">kind</span><span class="o">=</span><span class="s1">&#39;swarm&#39;</span><span class="p">)</span>
+<a id="__codelineno-4-2" name="__codelineno-4-2"></a><span class="n">sns</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">swarmplot</span><span class="p">()</span>
+<a id="__codelineno-4-3" name="__codelineno-4-3"></a><span class="c1"># SIZE: {float}  -- Diameter of the markers, in points</span>
+<a id="__codelineno-4-4" name="__codelineno-4-4"></a><span class="c1"># CATEGORICAL DISTRIBUTION - BOXPLOT</span>
+<a id="__codelineno-4-5" name="__codelineno-4-5"></a><span class="c1"># shows the three quartile values of the distribution along with extreme values</span>
+<a id="__codelineno-4-6" name="__codelineno-4-6"></a><span class="n">sns</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">catplot</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="n">kind</span><span class="o">=</span><span class="s1">&#39;box&#39;</span><span class="p">)</span>
+<a id="__codelineno-4-7" name="__codelineno-4-7"></a><span class="n">sns</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">boxplot</span><span class="p">()</span>
+<a id="__codelineno-4-8" name="__codelineno-4-8"></a><span class="c1"># HUE: {name in data} -- box for each level of the semantic moved along the categorical axis so they don’t overlap</span>
+<a id="__codelineno-4-9" name="__codelineno-4-9"></a><span class="c1"># DODGE: {bool} -- whether elements should be shifted along the categorical axis if hue is used</span>
+</code></pre></div></td></tr></table></div>
+<h3 id="categorical-distribution-violinplot">CATEGORICAL DISTRIBUTION - VIOLINPLOT</h3>
+<p>Combines a boxplot with the kernel density estimation procedure.</p>
+<div class="highlight"><table class="highlighttable"><tr><th colspan="2" class="filename"><span class="filename">Python</span></th></tr><tr><td class="linenos"><div class="linenodiv"><pre><span></span><span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-5-1">1</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-5-2">2</a></span></pre></div></td><td class="code"><div><pre><span></span><code><a id="__codelineno-5-1" name="__codelineno-5-1"></a><span class="n">sns</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">catplot</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="n">kind</span><span class="o">=</span><span class="s1">&#39;violin&#39;</span><span class="p">)</span>
+<a id="__codelineno-5-2" name="__codelineno-5-2"></a><span class="n">sns</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">violonplot</span><span class="p">()</span>
+</code></pre></div></td></tr></table></div>
+<h3 id="categorical-distribution-boxenplot">CATEGORICAL DISTRIBUTION - BOXENPLOT</h3>
+<p>Plot similar to boxplot but optimized for showing more information about the shape of the distribution.<br />
+It is best suited for larger datasets.</p>
+<div class="highlight"><table class="highlighttable"><tr><th colspan="2" class="filename"><span class="filename">Python</span></th></tr><tr><td class="linenos"><div class="linenodiv"><pre><span></span><span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-6-1">1</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-6-2">2</a></span></pre></div></td><td class="code"><div><pre><span></span><code><a id="__codelineno-6-1" name="__codelineno-6-1"></a><span class="n">sns</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">catplot</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="n">kind</span><span class="o">=</span><span class="s1">&#39;boxen&#39;</span><span class="p">)</span>
+<a id="__codelineno-6-2" name="__codelineno-6-2"></a><span class="n">sns</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">boxenplot</span><span class="p">()</span>
+</code></pre></div></td></tr></table></div>
+<h3 id="categorical-estimate-pointplot">CATEGORICAL ESTIMATE - POINTPLOT</h3>
+<p>Show point estimates and confidence intervals using scatter plot glyphs.</p>
+<div class="highlight"><table class="highlighttable"><tr><th colspan="2" class="filename"><span class="filename">Python</span></th></tr><tr><td class="linenos"><div class="linenodiv"><pre><span></span><span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-7-1"> 1</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-7-2"> 2</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-7-3"> 3</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-7-4"> 4</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-7-5"> 5</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-7-6"> 6</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-7-7"> 7</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-7-8"> 8</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-7-9"> 9</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-7-10">10</a></span></pre></div></td><td class="code"><div><pre><span></span><code><a id="__codelineno-7-1" name="__codelineno-7-1"></a><span class="n">sns</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">catplot</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="n">kind</span><span class="o">=</span><span class="s1">&#39;point&#39;</span><span class="p">)</span>
+<a id="__codelineno-7-2" name="__codelineno-7-2"></a><span class="n">sns</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">pointplot</span><span class="p">()</span>
+<a id="__codelineno-7-3" name="__codelineno-7-3"></a><span class="c1"># CI: {float, sd} -- size of confidence intervals to draw around estimated values, sd -&gt; standard deviation</span>
+<a id="__codelineno-7-4" name="__codelineno-7-4"></a><span class="c1"># MARKERS: {string, list of strings} --  markers to use for each of the hue levels</span>
+<a id="__codelineno-7-5" name="__codelineno-7-5"></a><span class="c1"># LINESTYLES: {string, list of strings} -- line styles to use for each of the hue levels</span>
+<a id="__codelineno-7-6" name="__codelineno-7-6"></a><span class="c1"># DODGE: {bool, float} -- amount to separate the points for each hue level along the categorical axis</span>
+<a id="__codelineno-7-7" name="__codelineno-7-7"></a><span class="c1"># JOIN: {bool} -- if True, lines will be drawn between point estimates at the same hue level</span>
+<a id="__codelineno-7-8" name="__codelineno-7-8"></a><span class="c1"># SCALE: {float} -- scale factor for the plot elements</span>
+<a id="__codelineno-7-9" name="__codelineno-7-9"></a><span class="c1"># ERRWIDTH: {float} -- thickness of error bar lines (and caps)</span>
+<a id="__codelineno-7-10" name="__codelineno-7-10"></a><span class="c1"># CAPSIZE: {float} -- width of the &quot;caps&quot; on error bars</span>
+</code></pre></div></td></tr></table></div>
+<h3 id="categorical-estimate-barplot">CATEGORICAL ESTIMATE - BARPLOT</h3>
+<p>Show point estimates and confidence intervals as rectangular bars.</p>
+<div class="highlight"><table class="highlighttable"><tr><th colspan="2" class="filename"><span class="filename">Python</span></th></tr><tr><td class="linenos"><div class="linenodiv"><pre><span></span><span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-8-1">1</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-8-2">2</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-8-3">3</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-8-4">4</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-8-5">5</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-8-6">6</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-8-7">7</a></span></pre></div></td><td class="code"><div><pre><span></span><code><a id="__codelineno-8-1" name="__codelineno-8-1"></a><span class="n">sns</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">catplot</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="n">kind</span><span class="o">=</span><span class="s1">&#39;bar&#39;</span><span class="p">)</span>
+<a id="__codelineno-8-2" name="__codelineno-8-2"></a><span class="n">sns</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">barplot</span><span class="p">()</span>
+<a id="__codelineno-8-3" name="__codelineno-8-3"></a><span class="c1"># CI: {float, sd} -- size of confidence intervals to draw around estimated values, sd -&gt; standard deviation</span>
+<a id="__codelineno-8-4" name="__codelineno-8-4"></a><span class="c1"># ERRCOLOR: {matplotlib color} -- color for the lines that represent the confidence interval</span>
+<a id="__codelineno-8-5" name="__codelineno-8-5"></a><span class="c1"># ERRWIDTH: {float} -- thickness of error bar lines (and caps)</span>
+<a id="__codelineno-8-6" name="__codelineno-8-6"></a><span class="c1"># CAPSIZE: {float} -- width of the &quot;caps&quot; on error bars</span>
+<a id="__codelineno-8-7" name="__codelineno-8-7"></a><span class="c1"># DODGE: {bool} -- whether elements should be shifted along the categorical axis if hue is used</span>
+</code></pre></div></td></tr></table></div>
+<h3 id="categorical-estimate-countplot">CATEGORICAL ESTIMATE - COUNTPLOT</h3>
+<p>Show the counts of observations in each categorical bin using bars.</p>
+<div class="highlight"><table class="highlighttable"><tr><th colspan="2" class="filename"><span class="filename">Python</span></th></tr><tr><td class="linenos"><div class="linenodiv"><pre><span></span><span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-9-1">1</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-9-2">2</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-9-3">3</a></span></pre></div></td><td class="code"><div><pre><span></span><code><a id="__codelineno-9-1" name="__codelineno-9-1"></a><span class="n">sns</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">catplot</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="n">kind</span><span class="o">=</span><span class="s1">&#39;count&#39;</span><span class="p">)</span>
+<a id="__codelineno-9-2" name="__codelineno-9-2"></a><span class="n">sns</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">countplot</span><span class="p">()</span>
+<a id="__codelineno-9-3" name="__codelineno-9-3"></a><span class="c1"># DODGE: {bool} -- whether elements should be shifted along the categorical axis if hue is used</span>
+</code></pre></div></td></tr></table></div>
+<h2 id="univariate-distributions">UNIVARIATE DISTRIBUTIONS</h2>
+<h3 id="distplot">DISTPLOT</h3>
+<p>Flexibly plot a univariate distribution of observations</p>
+<div class="highlight"><table class="highlighttable"><tr><th colspan="2" class="filename"><span class="filename">Python</span></th></tr><tr><td class="linenos"><div class="linenodiv"><pre><span></span><span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-10-1">1</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-10-2">2</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-10-3">3</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-10-4">4</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-10-5">5</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-10-6">6</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-10-7">7</a></span></pre></div></td><td class="code"><div><pre><span></span><code><a id="__codelineno-10-1" name="__codelineno-10-1"></a><span class="c1"># A: {series, 1d-array, list}</span>
+<a id="__codelineno-10-2" name="__codelineno-10-2"></a><span class="n">sns</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">distplot</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="n">a</span><span class="o">=</span><span class="n">data</span><span class="p">)</span>
+<a id="__codelineno-10-3" name="__codelineno-10-3"></a><span class="c1"># BINS: {None, arg for matplotlib hist()} -- specification of hist bins, or None to use Freedman-Diaconis rule</span>
+<a id="__codelineno-10-4" name="__codelineno-10-4"></a><span class="c1"># HIST: {bool} - whether to plot a (normed) histogram</span>
+<a id="__codelineno-10-5" name="__codelineno-10-5"></a><span class="c1"># KDE: {bool} - whether to plot a gaussian kernel density estimate</span>
+<a id="__codelineno-10-6" name="__codelineno-10-6"></a><span class="c1"># HIST_KWD, KDE_KWD, RUG_KWD: {dict} -- keyword arguments for underlying plotting functions</span>
+<a id="__codelineno-10-7" name="__codelineno-10-7"></a><span class="c1"># COLOR: {matplotlib color} -- color to plot everything but the fitted curve in</span>
+</code></pre></div></td></tr></table></div>
+<h3 id="rugplot">RUGPLOT</h3>
+<p>Plot datapoints in an array as sticks on an axis.</p>
+<div class="highlight"><table class="highlighttable"><tr><th colspan="2" class="filename"><span class="filename">Python</span></th></tr><tr><td class="linenos"><div class="linenodiv"><pre><span></span><span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-11-1">1</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-11-2">2</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-11-3">3</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-11-4">4</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-11-5">5</a></span></pre></div></td><td class="code"><div><pre><span></span><code><a id="__codelineno-11-1" name="__codelineno-11-1"></a><span class="c1"># A: {vector} -- 1D array of observations</span>
+<a id="__codelineno-11-2" name="__codelineno-11-2"></a><span class="n">sns</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">rugplot</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="n">a</span><span class="o">=</span><span class="n">data</span><span class="p">)</span> <span class="c1"># -&gt; axes obj with plot on it</span>
+<a id="__codelineno-11-3" name="__codelineno-11-3"></a><span class="c1"># HEIGHT: {scalar} --  height of ticks as proportion of the axis</span>
+<a id="__codelineno-11-4" name="__codelineno-11-4"></a><span class="c1"># AXIS: {&#39;x&#39;, &#39;y&#39;} -- axis to draw rugplot on</span>
+<a id="__codelineno-11-5" name="__codelineno-11-5"></a><span class="c1"># AX: {matplotlib axes} -- axes to draw plot into, otherwise grabs current axes</span>
+</code></pre></div></td></tr></table></div>
+<h3 id="kdeplot">KDEPLOT</h3>
+<p>Fit and plot a univariate or bivariate kernel density estimate.</p>
+<div class="highlight"><table class="highlighttable"><tr><th colspan="2" class="filename"><span class="filename">Python</span></th></tr><tr><td class="linenos"><div class="linenodiv"><pre><span></span><span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-12-1">1</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-12-2">2</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-12-3">3</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-12-4">4</a></span></pre></div></td><td class="code"><div><pre><span></span><code><a id="__codelineno-12-1" name="__codelineno-12-1"></a><span class="c1"># DATA: {1D array-like} -- input data</span>
+<a id="__codelineno-12-2" name="__codelineno-12-2"></a><span class="n">sns</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">kdeplot</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="n">data</span><span class="o">=</span><span class="n">data</span><span class="p">)</span>
+<a id="__codelineno-12-3" name="__codelineno-12-3"></a><span class="c1"># DATA2 {1D array-like} -- second input data. if present, a bivariate KDE will be estimated.</span>
+<a id="__codelineno-12-4" name="__codelineno-12-4"></a><span class="c1"># SHADE: {bool} -- if True, shade-in the area under KDE curve (or draw with filled contours is bivariate)</span>
+</code></pre></div></td></tr></table></div>
+<h2 id="bivariate-distribution">BIVARIATE DISTRIBUTION</h2>
+<h3 id="jointplot">JOINTPLOT</h3>
+<p>Draw a plot of two variables with bivariate and univariate graphs.</p>
+<div class="highlight"><table class="highlighttable"><tr><th colspan="2" class="filename"><span class="filename">Python</span></th></tr><tr><td class="linenos"><div class="linenodiv"><pre><span></span><span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-13-1">1</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-13-2">2</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-13-3">3</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-13-4">4</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-13-5">5</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-13-6">6</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-13-7">7</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-13-8">8</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-13-9">9</a></span></pre></div></td><td class="code"><div><pre><span></span><code><a id="__codelineno-13-1" name="__codelineno-13-1"></a><span class="c1"># X, Y: {string, vector} -- data or names of variables in data</span>
+<a id="__codelineno-13-2" name="__codelineno-13-2"></a><span class="n">sns</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">jointplot</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="n">x</span><span class="o">=</span><span class="n">data</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="n">y</span><span class="o">=</span><span class="n">data</span><span class="p">)</span>
+<a id="__codelineno-13-3" name="__codelineno-13-3"></a><span class="c1"># DATA:{pandas DataFrame} -- DataFrame when x and y are variable names</span>
+<a id="__codelineno-13-4" name="__codelineno-13-4"></a><span class="c1"># KIND: {&#39;scatter&#39;, &#39;reg&#39;, &#39;resid&#39;, &#39;kde&#39;, &#39;hex&#39;} -- kind of plot to draw</span>
+<a id="__codelineno-13-5" name="__codelineno-13-5"></a><span class="c1"># COLOR: {matplotlib color} -- color used for plot elements</span>
+<a id="__codelineno-13-6" name="__codelineno-13-6"></a><span class="c1"># HEIGHT: {numeric} -- size of figure (it will be square)</span>
+<a id="__codelineno-13-7" name="__codelineno-13-7"></a><span class="c1"># RATIO: {numeric} -- ratio of joint axes height to marginal axes height</span>
+<a id="__codelineno-13-8" name="__codelineno-13-8"></a><span class="c1"># SPACE: {numeric} -- space between the joint and marginal axes</span>
+<a id="__codelineno-13-9" name="__codelineno-13-9"></a><span class="c1"># JOINT_KWD, MARGINAL_KWD, ANNOT_KWD: {dict} -- additional keyword arguments for the plot components</span>
+</code></pre></div></td></tr></table></div>
+<h2 id="pair-wise-relationisps-in-dataset">PAIR-WISE RELATIONISPS IN DATASET</h2>
+<h3 id="pairplot">PAIRPLOT</h3>
+<p>Plot pairwise relationships in a dataset.</p>
+<div class="highlight"><table class="highlighttable"><tr><th colspan="2" class="filename"><span class="filename">Python</span></th></tr><tr><td class="linenos"><div class="linenodiv"><pre><span></span><span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-14-1"> 1</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-14-2"> 2</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-14-3"> 3</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-14-4"> 4</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-14-5"> 5</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-14-6"> 6</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-14-7"> 7</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-14-8"> 8</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-14-9"> 9</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-14-10">10</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-14-11">11</a></span></pre></div></td><td class="code"><div><pre><span></span><code><a id="__codelineno-14-1" name="__codelineno-14-1"></a><span class="c1"># DATA: {pandas DataFrame} -- tidy (long-form) dataframe where each column is a variable and each row is an observation</span>
+<a id="__codelineno-14-2" name="__codelineno-14-2"></a><span class="n">sns</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">pairplot</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="n">data</span><span class="o">=</span><span class="n">pd</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">DataFrame</span><span class="p">)</span>
+<a id="__codelineno-14-3" name="__codelineno-14-3"></a><span class="c1"># HUE: {string (variable name)} -- variable in data to map plot aspects to different colors</span>
+<a id="__codelineno-14-4" name="__codelineno-14-4"></a><span class="c1"># HUE_ORDER: {list of strings} -- order for the levels of the hue variable in the palette</span>
+<a id="__codelineno-14-5" name="__codelineno-14-5"></a><span class="c1"># VARS: {list of variable names} -- variables within data to use, otherwise every column with numeric datatype</span>
+<a id="__codelineno-14-6" name="__codelineno-14-6"></a><span class="c1"># X_VARS, Y_VARS: {list of variable names} -- variables within data to use separately for rows and columns of figure</span>
+<a id="__codelineno-14-7" name="__codelineno-14-7"></a><span class="c1"># KIND: {&#39;scatter&#39;, &#39;reg&#39;} -- kind of plot for the non-identity relationships</span>
+<a id="__codelineno-14-8" name="__codelineno-14-8"></a><span class="c1"># DIAG_KIND: {&#39;auto&#39;, &#39;hist&#39;, &#39;kde&#39;} -- Kind of plot for the diagonal subplots. default depends hue</span>
+<a id="__codelineno-14-9" name="__codelineno-14-9"></a><span class="c1"># MARKERS: {matplotlib marker or list}</span>
+<a id="__codelineno-14-10" name="__codelineno-14-10"></a><span class="c1"># HEIGHT:{scalar} -- height (in inches) of each facet</span>
+<a id="__codelineno-14-11" name="__codelineno-14-11"></a><span class="c1"># ASPECT: {scalar} -- aspect * height gives the width (in inches) of each facet</span>
+</code></pre></div></td></tr></table></div>
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+      
+        
+      
+    
+    
+      
+      
+        
+          
+          
+        
+      
+    
+    
+    <li class="md-nav__item md-nav__item--active md-nav__item--section md-nav__item--nested">
+      
+        
+        
+        <input class="md-nav__toggle md-toggle " type="checkbox" id="__nav_4_8" checked>
+        
+          
+          <label class="md-nav__link" for="__nav_4_8" id="__nav_4_8_label" tabindex="">
+            
+  
+  <span class="md-ellipsis">
+    Python
+  </span>
+  
+
+            <span class="md-nav__icon md-icon"></span>
+          </label>
+        
+        <nav class="md-nav" data-md-level="2" aria-labelledby="__nav_4_8_label" aria-expanded="true">
+          <label class="md-nav__title" for="__nav_4_8">
+            <span class="md-nav__icon md-icon"></span>
+            Python
+          </label>
+          <ul class="md-nav__list" data-md-scrollfix>
+            
+              
+                
+  
+  
+  
+  
+    <li class="md-nav__item">
+      <a href="../python.html" class="md-nav__link">
+        
+  
+  <span class="md-ellipsis">
+    Python
+  </span>
+  
+
+      </a>
+    </li>
+  
+
+              
+            
+              
+                
+  
+  
+  
+  
+    
+    
+      
+        
+      
+        
+      
+        
+      
+        
+      
+        
+      
+        
+      
+        
+      
+        
+      
+        
+      
+        
+      
+        
+      
+        
+      
+        
+      
+    
+    
+      
+      
+        
+      
+    
+    
+    <li class="md-nav__item md-nav__item--nested">
+      
+        
+        
+        <input class="md-nav__toggle md-toggle " type="checkbox" id="__nav_4_8_2" >
+        
+          
+          <label class="md-nav__link" for="__nav_4_8_2" id="__nav_4_8_2_label" tabindex="0">
+            
+  
+  <span class="md-ellipsis">
+    Modules
+  </span>
+  
+
+            <span class="md-nav__icon md-icon"></span>
+          </label>
+        
+        <nav class="md-nav" data-md-level="3" aria-labelledby="__nav_4_8_2_label" aria-expanded="false">
+          <label class="md-nav__title" for="__nav_4_8_2">
+            <span class="md-nav__icon md-icon"></span>
+            Modules
+          </label>
+          <ul class="md-nav__list" data-md-scrollfix>
+            
+              
+                
+  
+  
+  
+  
+    <li class="md-nav__item">
+      <a href="../modules/argparse.html" class="md-nav__link">
+        
+  
+  <span class="md-ellipsis">
+    argparse
+  </span>
+  
+
+      </a>
+    </li>
+  
+
+              
+            
+              
+                
+  
+  
+  
+  
+    <li class="md-nav__item">
+      <a href="../modules/collections.html" class="md-nav__link">
+        
+  
+  <span class="md-ellipsis">
+    collection
+  </span>
+  
+
+      </a>
+    </li>
+  
+
+              
+            
+              
+                
+  
+  
+  
+  
+    <li class="md-nav__item">
+      <a href="../modules/csv.html" class="md-nav__link">
+        
+  
+  <span class="md-ellipsis">
+    csv
+  </span>
+  
+
+      </a>
+    </li>
+  
+
+              
+            
+              
+                
+  
+  
+  
+  
+    <li class="md-nav__item">
+      <a href="../modules/ftplib.html" class="md-nav__link">
+        
+  
+  <span class="md-ellipsis">
+    ftplib
+  </span>
+  
+
+      </a>
+    </li>
+  
+
+              
+            
+              
+                
+  
+  
+  
+  
+    <li class="md-nav__item">
+      <a href="../modules/itertools.html" class="md-nav__link">
+        
+  
+  <span class="md-ellipsis">
+    itertools
+  </span>
+  
+
+      </a>
+    </li>
+  
+
+              
+            
+              
+                
+  
+  
+  
+  
+    <li class="md-nav__item">
+      <a href="../modules/json.html" class="md-nav__link">
+        
+  
+  <span class="md-ellipsis">
+    json
+  </span>
+  
+
+      </a>
+    </li>
+  
+
+              
+            
+              
+                
+  
+  
+  
+  
+    <li class="md-nav__item">
+      <a href="../modules/logging.html" class="md-nav__link">
+        
+  
+  <span class="md-ellipsis">
+    logging
+  </span>
+  
+
+      </a>
+    </li>
+  
+
+              
+            
+              
+                
+  
+  
+  
+  
+    <li class="md-nav__item">
+      <a href="../modules/shutil.html" class="md-nav__link">
+        
+  
+  <span class="md-ellipsis">
+    shutil
+  </span>
+  
+
+      </a>
+    </li>
+  
+
+              
+            
+              
+                
+  
+  
+  
+  
+    <li class="md-nav__item">
+      <a href="../modules/smtplib.html" class="md-nav__link">
+        
+  
+  <span class="md-ellipsis">
+    smtplib
+  </span>
+  
+
+      </a>
+    </li>
+  
+
+              
+            
+              
+                
+  
+  
+  
+  
+    <li class="md-nav__item">
+      <a href="../modules/socket.html" class="md-nav__link">
+        
+  
+  <span class="md-ellipsis">
+    socket
+  </span>
+  
+
+      </a>
+    </li>
+  
+
+              
+            
+              
+                
+  
+  
+  
+  
+    <li class="md-nav__item">
+      <a href="../modules/sqlite.html" class="md-nav__link">
+        
+  
+  <span class="md-ellipsis">
+    sqlite
+  </span>
+  
+
+      </a>
+    </li>
+  
+
+              
+            
+              
+                
+  
+  
+  
+  
+    <li class="md-nav__item">
+      <a href="../modules/time-datetime.html" class="md-nav__link">
+        
+  
+  <span class="md-ellipsis">
+    time & datetime
+  </span>
+  
+
+      </a>
+    </li>
+  
+
+              
+            
+              
+                
+  
+  
+  
+  
+    <li class="md-nav__item">
+      <a href="../modules/unittest.html" class="md-nav__link">
+        
+  
+  <span class="md-ellipsis">
+    unittest
+  </span>
+  
+
+      </a>
+    </li>
+  
+
+              
+            
+          </ul>
+        </nav>
+      
+    </li>
+  
+
+              
+            
+              
+                
+  
+  
+    
+  
+  
+  
+    
+    
+      
+        
+      
+        
+      
+        
+      
+        
+      
+        
+      
+        
+      
+    
+    
+      
+      
+        
+      
+    
+    
+    <li class="md-nav__item md-nav__item--active md-nav__item--nested">
+      
+        
+        
+        <input class="md-nav__toggle md-toggle " type="checkbox" id="__nav_4_8_3" checked>
+        
+          
+          <label class="md-nav__link" for="__nav_4_8_3" id="__nav_4_8_3_label" tabindex="0">
+            
+  
+  <span class="md-ellipsis">
+    Libraries
+  </span>
+  
+
+            <span class="md-nav__icon md-icon"></span>
+          </label>
+        
+        <nav class="md-nav" data-md-level="3" aria-labelledby="__nav_4_8_3_label" aria-expanded="true">
+          <label class="md-nav__title" for="__nav_4_8_3">
+            <span class="md-nav__icon md-icon"></span>
+            Libraries
+          </label>
+          <ul class="md-nav__list" data-md-scrollfix>
+            
+              
+                
+  
+  
+    
+  
+  
+  
+    <li class="md-nav__item md-nav__item--active">
+      
+      <input class="md-nav__toggle md-toggle" type="checkbox" id="__toc">
+      
+      
+        
+      
+      
+        <label class="md-nav__link md-nav__link--active" for="__toc">
+          
+  
+  <span class="md-ellipsis">
+    TKinter
+  </span>
+  
+
+          <span class="md-nav__icon md-icon"></span>
+        </label>
+      
+      <a href="tkinter.html" class="md-nav__link md-nav__link--active">
+        
+  
+  <span class="md-ellipsis">
+    TKinter
+  </span>
+  
+
+      </a>
+      
+        
+
+<nav class="md-nav md-nav--secondary" aria-label="Table of contents">
+  
+  
+  
+    
+  
+  
+    <label class="md-nav__title" for="__toc">
+      <span class="md-nav__icon md-icon"></span>
+      Table of contents
+    </label>
+    <ul class="md-nav__list" data-md-component="toc" data-md-scrollfix>
+      
+        <li class="md-nav__item">
+  <a href="#standard-imports" class="md-nav__link">
+    <span class="md-ellipsis">
+      Standard Imports
+    </span>
+  </a>
+  
+</li>
+      
+        <li class="md-nav__item">
+  <a href="#geometry-management" class="md-nav__link">
+    <span class="md-ellipsis">
+      GEOMETRY MANAGEMENT
+    </span>
+  </a>
+  
+</li>
+      
+        <li class="md-nav__item">
+  <a href="#event-handling" class="md-nav__link">
+    <span class="md-ellipsis">
+      EVENT HANDLING
+    </span>
+  </a>
+  
+</li>
+      
+        <li class="md-nav__item">
+  <a href="#widgets" class="md-nav__link">
+    <span class="md-ellipsis">
+      WIDGETS
+    </span>
+  </a>
+  
+</li>
+      
+        <li class="md-nav__item">
+  <a href="#frame-widget" class="md-nav__link">
+    <span class="md-ellipsis">
+      FRAME WIDGET
+    </span>
+  </a>
+  
+    <nav class="md-nav" aria-label="FRAME WIDGET">
+      <ul class="md-nav__list">
+        
+          <li class="md-nav__item">
+  <a href="#frame-padding" class="md-nav__link">
+    <span class="md-ellipsis">
+      FRAME PADDING
+    </span>
+  </a>
+  
+</li>
+        
+      </ul>
+    </nav>
+  
+</li>
+      
+        <li class="md-nav__item">
+  <a href="#label-widget" class="md-nav__link">
+    <span class="md-ellipsis">
+      LABEL WIDGET
+    </span>
+  </a>
+  
+    <nav class="md-nav" aria-label="LABEL WIDGET">
+      <ul class="md-nav__list">
+        
+          <li class="md-nav__item">
+  <a href="#defining-updating-label" class="md-nav__link">
+    <span class="md-ellipsis">
+      DEFINING UPDATING LABEL
+    </span>
+  </a>
+  
+</li>
+        
+          <li class="md-nav__item">
+  <a href="#display-images-2-steps" class="md-nav__link">
+    <span class="md-ellipsis">
+      DISPLAY IMAGES (2 steps)
+    </span>
+  </a>
+  
+</li>
+        
+          <li class="md-nav__item">
+  <a href="#display-image-and-or-text" class="md-nav__link">
+    <span class="md-ellipsis">
+      DISPLAY IMAGE AND-OR TEXT
+    </span>
+  </a>
+  
+</li>
+        
+      </ul>
+    </nav>
+  
+</li>
+      
+        <li class="md-nav__item">
+  <a href="#layout" class="md-nav__link">
+    <span class="md-ellipsis">
+      LAYOUT
+    </span>
+  </a>
+  
+    <nav class="md-nav" aria-label="LAYOUT">
+      <ul class="md-nav__list">
+        
+          <li class="md-nav__item">
+  <a href="#multi-line-text-wrap" class="md-nav__link">
+    <span class="md-ellipsis">
+      MULTI-LINE TEXT WRAP
+    </span>
+  </a>
+  
+</li>
+        
+          <li class="md-nav__item">
+  <a href="#control-text-justification" class="md-nav__link">
+    <span class="md-ellipsis">
+      CONTROL TEXT JUSTIFICATION
+    </span>
+  </a>
+  
+</li>
+        
+          <li class="md-nav__item">
+  <a href="#font-style-use-with-caution" class="md-nav__link">
+    <span class="md-ellipsis">
+      FONT STYLE (use with caution)
+    </span>
+  </a>
+  
+</li>
+        
+      </ul>
+    </nav>
+  
+</li>
+      
+        <li class="md-nav__item">
+  <a href="#button" class="md-nav__link">
+    <span class="md-ellipsis">
+      BUTTON
+    </span>
+  </a>
+  
+    <nav class="md-nav" aria-label="BUTTON">
+      <ul class="md-nav__list">
+        
+          <li class="md-nav__item">
+  <a href="#text-or-image" class="md-nav__link">
+    <span class="md-ellipsis">
+      TEXT or IMAGE
+    </span>
+  </a>
+  
+</li>
+        
+          <li class="md-nav__item">
+  <a href="#button-invocation" class="md-nav__link">
+    <span class="md-ellipsis">
+      BUTTON INVOCATION
+    </span>
+  </a>
+  
+</li>
+        
+          <li class="md-nav__item">
+  <a href="#button-state" class="md-nav__link">
+    <span class="md-ellipsis">
+      BUTTON STATE
+    </span>
+  </a>
+  
+</li>
+        
+      </ul>
+    </nav>
+  
+</li>
+      
+        <li class="md-nav__item">
+  <a href="#checkbutton" class="md-nav__link">
+    <span class="md-ellipsis">
+      CHECKBUTTON
+    </span>
+  </a>
+  
+    <nav class="md-nav" aria-label="CHECKBUTTON">
+      <ul class="md-nav__list">
+        
+          <li class="md-nav__item">
+  <a href="#widget-value" class="md-nav__link">
+    <span class="md-ellipsis">
+      WIDGET VALUE
+    </span>
+  </a>
+  
+</li>
+        
+          <li class="md-nav__item">
+  <a href="#config-options" class="md-nav__link">
+    <span class="md-ellipsis">
+      CONFIG OPTIONS
+    </span>
+  </a>
+  
+</li>
+        
+      </ul>
+    </nav>
+  
+</li>
+      
+        <li class="md-nav__item">
+  <a href="#radiobutton" class="md-nav__link">
+    <span class="md-ellipsis">
+      RADIOBUTTON
+    </span>
+  </a>
+  
+</li>
+      
+        <li class="md-nav__item">
+  <a href="#entry" class="md-nav__link">
+    <span class="md-ellipsis">
+      ENTRY
+    </span>
+  </a>
+  
+    <nav class="md-nav" aria-label="ENTRY">
+      <ul class="md-nav__list">
+        
+          <li class="md-nav__item">
+  <a href="#change-entry-value" class="md-nav__link">
+    <span class="md-ellipsis">
+      CHANGE ENTRY VALUE
+    </span>
+  </a>
+  
+</li>
+        
+          <li class="md-nav__item">
+  <a href="#entry-config-options" class="md-nav__link">
+    <span class="md-ellipsis">
+      ENTRY CONFIG OPTIONS
+    </span>
+  </a>
+  
+</li>
+        
+      </ul>
+    </nav>
+  
+</li>
+      
+        <li class="md-nav__item">
+  <a href="#combobox" class="md-nav__link">
+    <span class="md-ellipsis">
+      COMBOBOX
+    </span>
+  </a>
+  
+    <nav class="md-nav" aria-label="COMBOBOX">
+      <ul class="md-nav__list">
+        
+          <li class="md-nav__item">
+  <a href="#predefined-values" class="md-nav__link">
+    <span class="md-ellipsis">
+      PREDEFINED VALUES
+    </span>
+  </a>
+  
+</li>
+        
+      </ul>
+    </nav>
+  
+</li>
+      
+        <li class="md-nav__item">
+  <a href="#listbox-tk-classic" class="md-nav__link">
+    <span class="md-ellipsis">
+      LISTBOX (Tk Classic)
+    </span>
+  </a>
+  
+    <nav class="md-nav" aria-label="LISTBOX (Tk Classic)">
+      <ul class="md-nav__list">
+        
+          <li class="md-nav__item">
+  <a href="#selecting-items" class="md-nav__link">
+    <span class="md-ellipsis">
+      SELECTING ITEMS
+    </span>
+  </a>
+  
+</li>
+        
+      </ul>
+    </nav>
+  
+</li>
+      
+        <li class="md-nav__item">
+  <a href="#scrollbar" class="md-nav__link">
+    <span class="md-ellipsis">
+      SCROLLBAR
+    </span>
+  </a>
+  
+</li>
+      
+        <li class="md-nav__item">
+  <a href="#sizegrip" class="md-nav__link">
+    <span class="md-ellipsis">
+      SIZEGRIP
+    </span>
+  </a>
+  
+</li>
+      
+        <li class="md-nav__item">
+  <a href="#text-tk-classic" class="md-nav__link">
+    <span class="md-ellipsis">
+      TEXT (Tk Classic)
+    </span>
+  </a>
+  
+</li>
+      
+        <li class="md-nav__item">
+  <a href="#progressbar" class="md-nav__link">
+    <span class="md-ellipsis">
+      PROGRESSBAR
+    </span>
+  </a>
+  
+    <nav class="md-nav" aria-label="PROGRESSBAR">
+      <ul class="md-nav__list">
+        
+          <li class="md-nav__item">
+  <a href="#determinate-progress" class="md-nav__link">
+    <span class="md-ellipsis">
+      DETERMINATE PROGRESS
+    </span>
+  </a>
+  
+</li>
+        
+          <li class="md-nav__item">
+  <a href="#indeterminate-progress" class="md-nav__link">
+    <span class="md-ellipsis">
+      INDETERMINATE PROGRESS
+    </span>
+  </a>
+  
+</li>
+        
+      </ul>
+    </nav>
+  
+</li>
+      
+        <li class="md-nav__item">
+  <a href="#scale" class="md-nav__link">
+    <span class="md-ellipsis">
+      SCALE
+    </span>
+  </a>
+  
+</li>
+      
+        <li class="md-nav__item">
+  <a href="#spinbox" class="md-nav__link">
+    <span class="md-ellipsis">
+      SPINBOX
+    </span>
+  </a>
+  
+</li>
+      
+        <li class="md-nav__item">
+  <a href="#grid-geometry-manager" class="md-nav__link">
+    <span class="md-ellipsis">
+      GRID GEOMETRY MANAGER
+    </span>
+  </a>
+  
+    <nav class="md-nav" aria-label="GRID GEOMETRY MANAGER">
+      <ul class="md-nav__list">
+        
+          <li class="md-nav__item">
+  <a href="#layout-within-cell" class="md-nav__link">
+    <span class="md-ellipsis">
+      LAYOUT WITHIN CELL
+    </span>
+  </a>
+  
+</li>
+        
+          <li class="md-nav__item">
+  <a href="#handling-resize" class="md-nav__link">
+    <span class="md-ellipsis">
+      HANDLING RESIZE
+    </span>
+  </a>
+  
+</li>
+        
+          <li class="md-nav__item">
+  <a href="#padding" class="md-nav__link">
+    <span class="md-ellipsis">
+      PADDING
+    </span>
+  </a>
+  
+</li>
+        
+      </ul>
+    </nav>
+  
+</li>
+      
+        <li class="md-nav__item">
+  <a href="#windows-and-dialogs" class="md-nav__link">
+    <span class="md-ellipsis">
+      WINDOWS AND DIALOGS
+    </span>
+  </a>
+  
+    <nav class="md-nav" aria-label="WINDOWS AND DIALOGS">
+      <ul class="md-nav__list">
+        
+          <li class="md-nav__item">
+  <a href="#creating-toplevel-window" class="md-nav__link">
+    <span class="md-ellipsis">
+      CREATING TOPLEVEL WINDOW
+    </span>
+  </a>
+  
+</li>
+        
+          <li class="md-nav__item">
+  <a href="#changing-behavior-and-style" class="md-nav__link">
+    <span class="md-ellipsis">
+      CHANGING BEHAVIOR AND STYLE
+    </span>
+  </a>
+  
+</li>
+        
+          <li class="md-nav__item">
+  <a href="#standard-dialogs" class="md-nav__link">
+    <span class="md-ellipsis">
+      STANDARD DIALOGS
+    </span>
+  </a>
+  
+</li>
+        
+      </ul>
+    </nav>
+  
+</li>
+      
+        <li class="md-nav__item">
+  <a href="#separator" class="md-nav__link">
+    <span class="md-ellipsis">
+      SEPARATOR
+    </span>
+  </a>
+  
+    <nav class="md-nav" aria-label="SEPARATOR">
+      <ul class="md-nav__list">
+        
+          <li class="md-nav__item">
+  <a href="#notebook" class="md-nav__link">
+    <span class="md-ellipsis">
+      NOTEBOOK
+    </span>
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+  
+    <nav class="md-nav" aria-label="NOTEBOOK">
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+        
+          <li class="md-nav__item">
+  <a href="#fonts-colors-images" class="md-nav__link">
+    <span class="md-ellipsis">
+      FONTS, COLORS, IMAGES
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+</li>
+        
+          <li class="md-nav__item">
+  <a href="#named-fonts" class="md-nav__link">
+    <span class="md-ellipsis">
+      NAMED FONTS
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+</li>
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+          <li class="md-nav__item">
+  <a href="#colors" class="md-nav__link">
+    <span class="md-ellipsis">
+      COLORS
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+  
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+          <li class="md-nav__item">
+  <a href="#images" class="md-nav__link">
+    <span class="md-ellipsis">
+      IMAGES
+    </span>
+  </a>
+  
+</li>
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+          <li class="md-nav__item">
+  <a href="#images-w-pillow" class="md-nav__link">
+    <span class="md-ellipsis">
+      IMAGES W/ Pillow
+    </span>
+  </a>
+  
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+        
+      </ul>
+    </nav>
+  
+</li>
+        
+      </ul>
+    </nav>
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+      
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+  
+</nav>
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+  
+    <li class="md-nav__item">
+      <a href="numpy.html" class="md-nav__link">
+        
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+  <span class="md-ellipsis">
+    Numpy
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+
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+    </li>
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+
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+            
+              
+                
+  
+  
+  
+  
+    <li class="md-nav__item">
+      <a href="pandas.html" class="md-nav__link">
+        
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+  <span class="md-ellipsis">
+    Pandas
+  </span>
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+  
+    <li class="md-nav__item">
+      <a href="seaborn.html" class="md-nav__link">
+        
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+  <span class="md-ellipsis">
+    Seaborn
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+  
+
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+  
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+    <li class="md-nav__item">
+      <a href="requests.html" class="md-nav__link">
+        
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+  <span class="md-ellipsis">
+    Requests
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+    <li class="md-nav__item">
+      <a href="beautiful-soup.html" class="md-nav__link">
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+        </nav>
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+        
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+            .NET
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+  <span class="md-ellipsis">
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+      <a href="../../dotnet/csharp/csharp.html" class="md-nav__link">
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+    <li class="md-nav__item">
+      <a href="../../dotnet/csharp/linq.html" class="md-nav__link">
+        
+  
+  <span class="md-ellipsis">
+    Linq
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+
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+    <li class="md-nav__item">
+      <a href="../../dotnet/csharp/collections.html" class="md-nav__link">
+        
+  
+  <span class="md-ellipsis">
+    Collections
+  </span>
+  
+
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+    </li>
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+  
+    <li class="md-nav__item">
+      <a href="../../dotnet/csharp/reactive-extensions.html" class="md-nav__link">
+        
+  
+  <span class="md-ellipsis">
+    Reactive Extensions
+  </span>
+  
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+    </li>
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+
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+  
+  
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+    <li class="md-nav__item">
+      <a href="../../dotnet/csharp/async-programming.html" class="md-nav__link">
+        
+  
+  <span class="md-ellipsis">
+    Async Programming
+  </span>
+  
+
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+    </li>
+  
+
+              
+            
+              
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+  
+  
+  
+  
+    <li class="md-nav__item">
+      <a href="../../dotnet/csharp/unit-tests.html" class="md-nav__link">
+        
+  
+  <span class="md-ellipsis">
+    Unit Tests
+  </span>
+  
+
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+    </li>
+  
+
+              
+            
+          </ul>
+        </nav>
+      
+    </li>
+  
+
+              
+            
+              
+                
+  
+  
+  
+  
+    
+    
+      
+        
+      
+        
+      
+        
+      
+        
+      
+        
+      
+        
+      
+        
+      
+    
+    
+      
+      
+        
+      
+    
+    
+    <li class="md-nav__item md-nav__item--nested">
+      
+        
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+        <input class="md-nav__toggle md-toggle " type="checkbox" id="__nav_4_9_2" >
+        
+          
+          <label class="md-nav__link" for="__nav_4_9_2" id="__nav_4_9_2_label" tabindex="0">
+            
+  
+  <span class="md-ellipsis">
+    ASP.NET
+  </span>
+  
+
+            <span class="md-nav__icon md-icon"></span>
+          </label>
+        
+        <nav class="md-nav" data-md-level="3" aria-labelledby="__nav_4_9_2_label" aria-expanded="false">
+          <label class="md-nav__title" for="__nav_4_9_2">
+            <span class="md-nav__icon md-icon"></span>
+            ASP.NET
+          </label>
+          <ul class="md-nav__list" data-md-scrollfix>
+            
+              
+                
+  
+  
+  
+  
+    <li class="md-nav__item">
+      <a href="../../dotnet/asp.net/minimal-api.html" class="md-nav__link">
+        
+  
+  <span class="md-ellipsis">
+    Minimal API
+  </span>
+  
+
+      </a>
+    </li>
+  
+
+              
+            
+              
+                
+  
+  
+  
+  
+    <li class="md-nav__item">
+      <a href="../../dotnet/asp.net/filters.html" class="md-nav__link">
+        
+  
+  <span class="md-ellipsis">
+    FIlters
+  </span>
+  
+
+      </a>
+    </li>
+  
+
+              
+            
+              
+                
+  
+  
+  
+  
+    <li class="md-nav__item">
+      <a href="../../dotnet/asp.net/middleware.html" class="md-nav__link">
+        
+  
+  <span class="md-ellipsis">
+    Middleware
+  </span>
+  
+
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+    </li>
+  
+
+              
+            
+              
+                
+  
+  
+  
+  
+    <li class="md-nav__item">
+      <a href="../../dotnet/asp.net/razor-syntax.html" class="md-nav__link">
+        
+  
+  <span class="md-ellipsis">
+    Razor Syntax
+  </span>
+  
+
+      </a>
+    </li>
+  
+
+              
+            
+              
+                
+  
+  
+  
+  
+    <li class="md-nav__item">
+      <a href="../../dotnet/asp.net/blazor.html" class="md-nav__link">
+        
+  
+  <span class="md-ellipsis">
+    Blazor
+  </span>
+  
+
+      </a>
+    </li>
+  
+
+              
+            
+              
+                
+  
+  
+  
+  
+    <li class="md-nav__item">
+      <a href="../../dotnet/asp.net/signalr.html" class="md-nav__link">
+        
+  
+  <span class="md-ellipsis">
+    SignalR
+  </span>
+  
+
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+    </li>
+  
+
+              
+            
+              
+                
+  
+  
+  
+  
+    <li class="md-nav__item">
+      <a href="../../dotnet/asp.net/web-forms.html" class="md-nav__link">
+        
+  
+  <span class="md-ellipsis">
+    Web Forms
+  </span>
+  
+
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+    </li>
+  
+
+              
+            
+          </ul>
+        </nav>
+      
+    </li>
+  
+
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+            
+              
+                
+  
+  
+  
+  
+    
+    
+      
+        
+      
+        
+      
+    
+    
+      
+      
+        
+      
+    
+    
+    <li class="md-nav__item md-nav__item--nested">
+      
+        
+        
+        <input class="md-nav__toggle md-toggle " type="checkbox" id="__nav_4_9_3" >
+        
+          
+          <label class="md-nav__link" for="__nav_4_9_3" id="__nav_4_9_3_label" tabindex="0">
+            
+  
+  <span class="md-ellipsis">
+    Database
+  </span>
+  
+
+            <span class="md-nav__icon md-icon"></span>
+          </label>
+        
+        <nav class="md-nav" data-md-level="3" aria-labelledby="__nav_4_9_3_label" aria-expanded="false">
+          <label class="md-nav__title" for="__nav_4_9_3">
+            <span class="md-nav__icon md-icon"></span>
+            Database
+          </label>
+          <ul class="md-nav__list" data-md-scrollfix>
+            
+              
+                
+  
+  
+  
+  
+    <li class="md-nav__item">
+      <a href="../../dotnet/database/ado.net.html" class="md-nav__link">
+        
+  
+  <span class="md-ellipsis">
+    ADO.NET
+  </span>
+  
+
+      </a>
+    </li>
+  
+
+              
+            
+              
+                
+  
+  
+  
+  
+    <li class="md-nav__item">
+      <a href="../../dotnet/database/entity-framework.html" class="md-nav__link">
+        
+  
+  <span class="md-ellipsis">
+    Entity Framework
+  </span>
+  
+
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+    </li>
+  
+
+              
+            
+          </ul>
+        </nav>
+      
+    </li>
+  
+
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+            
+          </ul>
+        </nav>
+      
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+  
+
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+            
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+                
+  
+  
+  
+  
+    
+    
+      
+        
+      
+        
+      
+        
+      
+        
+      
+    
+    
+      
+      
+        
+          
+          
+        
+      
+    
+    
+    <li class="md-nav__item md-nav__item--section md-nav__item--nested">
+      
+        
+        
+        <input class="md-nav__toggle md-toggle " type="checkbox" id="__nav_4_10" >
+        
+          
+          <label class="md-nav__link" for="__nav_4_10" id="__nav_4_10_label" tabindex="">
+            
+  
+  <span class="md-ellipsis">
+    Java
+  </span>
+  
+
+            <span class="md-nav__icon md-icon"></span>
+          </label>
+        
+        <nav class="md-nav" data-md-level="2" aria-labelledby="__nav_4_10_label" aria-expanded="false">
+          <label class="md-nav__title" for="__nav_4_10">
+            <span class="md-nav__icon md-icon"></span>
+            Java
+          </label>
+          <ul class="md-nav__list" data-md-scrollfix>
+            
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+                
+  
+  
+  
+  
+    <li class="md-nav__item">
+      <a href="../../java/java.html" class="md-nav__link">
+        
+  
+  <span class="md-ellipsis">
+    Java
+  </span>
+  
+
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+  
+
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+            
+              
+                
+  
+  
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+  
+    <li class="md-nav__item">
+      <a href="../../java/java-collection-framework.html" class="md-nav__link">
+        
+  
+  <span class="md-ellipsis">
+    Java Collection Framework
+  </span>
+  
+
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+    </li>
+  
+
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+            
+              
+                
+  
+  
+  
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+    <li class="md-nav__item">
+      <a href="../../java/dao.html" class="md-nav__link">
+        
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+  <span class="md-ellipsis">
+    DAO
+  </span>
+  
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+  
+
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+            
+              
+                
+  
+  
+  
+  
+    
+    
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+        
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+        
+      
+    
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+      
+      
+        
+      
+    
+    
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+      
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+        <input class="md-nav__toggle md-toggle " type="checkbox" id="__nav_4_10_4" >
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+          <label class="md-nav__link" for="__nav_4_10_4" id="__nav_4_10_4_label" tabindex="0">
+            
+  
+  <span class="md-ellipsis">
+    Web
+  </span>
+  
+
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+          </label>
+        
+        <nav class="md-nav" data-md-level="3" aria-labelledby="__nav_4_10_4_label" aria-expanded="false">
+          <label class="md-nav__title" for="__nav_4_10_4">
+            <span class="md-nav__icon md-icon"></span>
+            Web
+          </label>
+          <ul class="md-nav__list" data-md-scrollfix>
+            
+              
+                
+  
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+    <li class="md-nav__item">
+      <a href="../../java/web/servlet.html" class="md-nav__link">
+        
+  
+  <span class="md-ellipsis">
+    Serverlet
+  </span>
+  
+
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+    </li>
+  
+
+              
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+              
+                
+  
+  
+  
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+    
+    
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+      
+    
+    
+      
+      
+        
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+    <li class="md-nav__item md-nav__item--nested">
+      
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+            
+  
+  <span class="md-ellipsis">
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+  </span>
+  
+
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+          </label>
+        
+        <nav class="md-nav" data-md-level="4" aria-labelledby="__nav_4_10_4_2_label" aria-expanded="false">
+          <label class="md-nav__title" for="__nav_4_10_4_2">
+            <span class="md-nav__icon md-icon"></span>
+            Spring
+          </label>
+          <ul class="md-nav__list" data-md-scrollfix>
+            
+              
+                
+  
+  
+  
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+    <li class="md-nav__item">
+      <a href="../../java/spring/pom.xml.html" class="md-nav__link">
+        
+  
+  <span class="md-ellipsis">
+    POM
+  </span>
+  
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+  
+
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+  
+  
+  
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+    <li class="md-nav__item">
+      <a href="../../java/spring/spring-project.html" class="md-nav__link">
+        
+  
+  <span class="md-ellipsis">
+    Project Structure
+  </span>
+  
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+
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+          </ul>
+        </nav>
+      
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+  
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+          </ul>
+        </nav>
+      
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+  
+
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+            
+              
+                
+  
+  
+  
+  
+    
+    
+      
+        
+      
+        
+      
+        
+      
+        
+      
+        
+      
+        
+      
+        
+      
+        
+      
+        
+      
+    
+    
+      
+      
+        
+          
+          
+        
+      
+    
+    
+    <li class="md-nav__item md-nav__item--section md-nav__item--nested">
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+        <input class="md-nav__toggle md-toggle " type="checkbox" id="__nav_4_11" >
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+          <label class="md-nav__link" for="__nav_4_11" id="__nav_4_11_label" tabindex="">
+            
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+  <span class="md-ellipsis">
+    PHP
+  </span>
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+          <label class="md-nav__title" for="__nav_4_11">
+            <span class="md-nav__icon md-icon"></span>
+            PHP
+          </label>
+          <ul class="md-nav__list" data-md-scrollfix>
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+    <li class="md-nav__item">
+      <a href="../../php/php.html" class="md-nav__link">
+        
+  
+  <span class="md-ellipsis">
+    PHP
+  </span>
+  
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+
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+            
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+  
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+  
+    <li class="md-nav__item">
+      <a href="../../php/database.html" class="md-nav__link">
+        
+  
+  <span class="md-ellipsis">
+    Database
+  </span>
+  
+
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+    </li>
+  
+
+              
+            
+              
+                
+  
+  
+  
+  
+    <li class="md-nav__item">
+      <a href="../../php/web.html" class="md-nav__link">
+        
+  
+  <span class="md-ellipsis">
+    Web
+  </span>
+  
+
+      </a>
+    </li>
+  
+
+              
+            
+              
+                
+  
+  
+  
+  
+    <li class="md-nav__item">
+      <a href="../../php/dependency-injection.html" class="md-nav__link">
+        
+  
+  <span class="md-ellipsis">
+    Dependency Injection
+  </span>
+  
+
+      </a>
+    </li>
+  
+
+              
+            
+              
+                
+  
+  
+  
+  
+    <li class="md-nav__item">
+      <a href="../../php/unit-tests.html" class="md-nav__link">
+        
+  
+  <span class="md-ellipsis">
+    Unit Tests
+  </span>
+  
+
+      </a>
+    </li>
+  
+
+              
+            
+              
+                
+  
+  
+  
+  
+    <li class="md-nav__item">
+      <a href="../../php/composer.html" class="md-nav__link">
+        
+  
+  <span class="md-ellipsis">
+    Composer
+  </span>
+  
+
+      </a>
+    </li>
+  
+
+              
+            
+              
+                
+  
+  
+  
+  
+    <li class="md-nav__item">
+      <a href="../../php/psr-7.html" class="md-nav__link">
+        
+  
+  <span class="md-ellipsis">
+    PSR 7
+  </span>
+  
+
+      </a>
+    </li>
+  
+
+              
+            
+              
+                
+  
+  
+  
+  
+    <li class="md-nav__item">
+      <a href="../../php/plates-templating.html" class="md-nav__link">
+        
+  
+  <span class="md-ellipsis">
+    Plates
+  </span>
+  
+
+      </a>
+    </li>
+  
+
+              
+            
+              
+                
+  
+  
+  
+  
+    
+    
+      
+        
+      
+        
+      
+    
+    
+      
+      
+        
+      
+    
+    
+    <li class="md-nav__item md-nav__item--nested">
+      
+        
+        
+        <input class="md-nav__toggle md-toggle " type="checkbox" id="__nav_4_11_9" >
+        
+          
+          <label class="md-nav__link" for="__nav_4_11_9" id="__nav_4_11_9_label" tabindex="0">
+            
+  
+  <span class="md-ellipsis">
+    Simple MVC
+  </span>
+  
+
+            <span class="md-nav__icon md-icon"></span>
+          </label>
+        
+        <nav class="md-nav" data-md-level="3" aria-labelledby="__nav_4_11_9_label" aria-expanded="false">
+          <label class="md-nav__title" for="__nav_4_11_9">
+            <span class="md-nav__icon md-icon"></span>
+            Simple MVC
+          </label>
+          <ul class="md-nav__list" data-md-scrollfix>
+            
+              
+                
+  
+  
+  
+  
+    <li class="md-nav__item">
+      <a href="../../php/simple-mvc/simple-mvc.html" class="md-nav__link">
+        
+  
+  <span class="md-ellipsis">
+    Simple MVC
+  </span>
+  
+
+      </a>
+    </li>
+  
+
+              
+            
+              
+                
+  
+  
+  
+  
+    <li class="md-nav__item">
+      <a href="../../php/simple-mvc/rest-api.html" class="md-nav__link">
+        
+  
+  <span class="md-ellipsis">
+    REST API
+  </span>
+  
+
+      </a>
+    </li>
+  
+
+              
+            
+          </ul>
+        </nav>
+      
+    </li>
+  
+
+              
+            
+          </ul>
+        </nav>
+      
+    </li>
+  
+
+              
+            
+              
+                
+  
+  
+  
+  
+    
+    
+      
+        
+      
+        
+      
+        
+      
+        
+      
+        
+      
+    
+    
+      
+      
+        
+          
+          
+        
+      
+    
+    
+    <li class="md-nav__item md-nav__item--section md-nav__item--nested">
+      
+        
+        
+        <input class="md-nav__toggle md-toggle " type="checkbox" id="__nav_4_12" >
+        
+          
+          <label class="md-nav__link" for="__nav_4_12" id="__nav_4_12_label" tabindex="">
+            
+  
+  <span class="md-ellipsis">
+    Rust
+  </span>
+  
+
+            <span class="md-nav__icon md-icon"></span>
+          </label>
+        
+        <nav class="md-nav" data-md-level="2" aria-labelledby="__nav_4_12_label" aria-expanded="false">
+          <label class="md-nav__title" for="__nav_4_12">
+            <span class="md-nav__icon md-icon"></span>
+            Rust
+          </label>
+          <ul class="md-nav__list" data-md-scrollfix>
+            
+              
+                
+  
+  
+  
+  
+    <li class="md-nav__item">
+      <a href="../../rust/rust.html" class="md-nav__link">
+        
+  
+  <span class="md-ellipsis">
+    Rust
+  </span>
+  
+
+      </a>
+    </li>
+  
+
+              
+            
+              
+                
+  
+  
+  
+  
+    <li class="md-nav__item">
+      <a href="../../rust/macros.html" class="md-nav__link">
+        
+  
+  <span class="md-ellipsis">
+    Macros
+  </span>
+  
+
+      </a>
+    </li>
+  
+
+              
+            
+              
+                
+  
+  
+  
+  
+    <li class="md-nav__item">
+      <a href="../../rust/cargo.html" class="md-nav__link">
+        
+  
+  <span class="md-ellipsis">
+    Cargo
+  </span>
+  
+
+      </a>
+    </li>
+  
+
+              
+            
+              
+                
+  
+  
+  
+  
+    <li class="md-nav__item">
+      <a href="../../rust/concurrency.html" class="md-nav__link">
+        
+  
+  <span class="md-ellipsis">
+    Concurrency
+  </span>
+  
+
+      </a>
+    </li>
+  
+
+              
+            
+              
+                
+  
+  
+  
+  
+    <li class="md-nav__item">
+      <a href="../../rust/unit-tests.html" class="md-nav__link">
+        
+  
+  <span class="md-ellipsis">
+    Unit Tests
+  </span>
+  
+
+      </a>
+    </li>
+  
+
+              
+            
+          </ul>
+        </nav>
+      
+    </li>
+  
+
+              
+            
+              
+                
+  
+  
+  
+  
+    
+    
+      
+        
+      
+        
+      
+        
+      
+        
+      
+        
+      
+        
+      
+        
+      
+    
+    
+      
+      
+        
+          
+          
+        
+      
+    
+    
+    <li class="md-nav__item md-nav__item--section md-nav__item--nested">
+      
+        
+        
+        <input class="md-nav__toggle md-toggle " type="checkbox" id="__nav_4_13" >
+        
+          
+          <label class="md-nav__link" for="__nav_4_13" id="__nav_4_13_label" tabindex="">
+            
+  
+  <span class="md-ellipsis">
+    Javascript
+  </span>
+  
+
+            <span class="md-nav__icon md-icon"></span>
+          </label>
+        
+        <nav class="md-nav" data-md-level="2" aria-labelledby="__nav_4_13_label" aria-expanded="false">
+          <label class="md-nav__title" for="__nav_4_13">
+            <span class="md-nav__icon md-icon"></span>
+            Javascript
+          </label>
+          <ul class="md-nav__list" data-md-scrollfix>
+            
+              
+                
+  
+  
+  
+  
+    <li class="md-nav__item">
+      <a href="../../javascript/javascript.html" class="md-nav__link">
+        
+  
+  <span class="md-ellipsis">
+    Javascript
+  </span>
+  
+
+      </a>
+    </li>
+  
+
+              
+            
+              
+                
+  
+  
+  
+  
+    <li class="md-nav__item">
+      <a href="../../javascript/dom.html" class="md-nav__link">
+        
+  
+  <span class="md-ellipsis">
+    DOM
+  </span>
+  
+
+      </a>
+    </li>
+  
+
+              
+            
+              
+                
+  
+  
+  
+  
+    <li class="md-nav__item">
+      <a href="../../javascript/events-animation.html" class="md-nav__link">
+        
+  
+  <span class="md-ellipsis">
+    Events & Animation
+  </span>
+  
+
+      </a>
+    </li>
+  
+
+              
+            
+              
+                
+  
+  
+  
+  
+    <li class="md-nav__item">
+      <a href="../../javascript/ajax.html" class="md-nav__link">
+        
+  
+  <span class="md-ellipsis">
+    AJAX
+  </span>
+  
+
+      </a>
+    </li>
+  
+
+              
+            
+              
+                
+  
+  
+  
+  
+    <li class="md-nav__item">
+      <a href="../../javascript/jquery.html" class="md-nav__link">
+        
+  
+  <span class="md-ellipsis">
+    jQuery
+  </span>
+  
+
+      </a>
+    </li>
+  
+
+              
+            
+              
+                
+  
+  
+  
+  
+    
+    
+      
+        
+      
+        
+      
+        
+      
+        
+      
+        
+      
+    
+    
+      
+      
+        
+      
+    
+    
+    <li class="md-nav__item md-nav__item--nested">
+      
+        
+        
+        <input class="md-nav__toggle md-toggle " type="checkbox" id="__nav_4_13_6" >
+        
+          
+          <label class="md-nav__link" for="__nav_4_13_6" id="__nav_4_13_6_label" tabindex="0">
+            
+  
+  <span class="md-ellipsis">
+    React
+  </span>
+  
+
+            <span class="md-nav__icon md-icon"></span>
+          </label>
+        
+        <nav class="md-nav" data-md-level="3" aria-labelledby="__nav_4_13_6_label" aria-expanded="false">
+          <label class="md-nav__title" for="__nav_4_13_6">
+            <span class="md-nav__icon md-icon"></span>
+            React
+          </label>
+          <ul class="md-nav__list" data-md-scrollfix>
+            
+              
+                
+  
+  
+  
+  
+    <li class="md-nav__item">
+      <a href="../../javascript/react/react.html" class="md-nav__link">
+        
+  
+  <span class="md-ellipsis">
+    React
+  </span>
+  
+
+      </a>
+    </li>
+  
+
+              
+            
+              
+                
+  
+  
+  
+  
+    <li class="md-nav__item">
+      <a href="../../javascript/react/react-router.html" class="md-nav__link">
+        
+  
+  <span class="md-ellipsis">
+    React Router
+  </span>
+  
+
+      </a>
+    </li>
+  
+
+              
+            
+              
+                
+  
+  
+  
+  
+    <li class="md-nav__item">
+      <a href="../../javascript/react/react-tests.html" class="md-nav__link">
+        
+  
+  <span class="md-ellipsis">
+    React Tests
+  </span>
+  
+
+      </a>
+    </li>
+  
+
+              
+            
+              
+                
+  
+  
+  
+  
+    <li class="md-nav__item">
+      <a href="../../javascript/react/redux.html" class="md-nav__link">
+        
+  
+  <span class="md-ellipsis">
+    Redux
+  </span>
+  
+
+      </a>
+    </li>
+  
+
+              
+            
+              
+                
+  
+  
+  
+  
+    <li class="md-nav__item">
+      <a href="../../javascript/react/redux-tests.html" class="md-nav__link">
+        
+  
+  <span class="md-ellipsis">
+    Redux Tests
+  </span>
+  
+
+      </a>
+    </li>
+  
+
+              
+            
+          </ul>
+        </nav>
+      
+    </li>
+  
+
+              
+            
+              
+                
+  
+  
+  
+  
+    <li class="md-nav__item">
+      <a href="../../javascript/svelte/svelte.html" class="md-nav__link">
+        
+  
+  <span class="md-ellipsis">
+    Svelte
+  </span>
+  
+
+      </a>
+    </li>
+  
+
+              
+            
+          </ul>
+        </nav>
+      
+    </li>
+  
+
+              
+            
+              
+                
+  
+  
+  
+  
+    
+    
+      
+        
+      
+        
+      
+    
+    
+      
+      
+        
+          
+          
+        
+      
+    
+    
+    <li class="md-nav__item md-nav__item--section md-nav__item--nested">
+      
+        
+        
+        <input class="md-nav__toggle md-toggle " type="checkbox" id="__nav_4_14" >
+        
+          
+          <label class="md-nav__link" for="__nav_4_14" id="__nav_4_14_label" tabindex="">
+            
+  
+  <span class="md-ellipsis">
+    PowerShell
+  </span>
+  
+
+            <span class="md-nav__icon md-icon"></span>
+          </label>
+        
+        <nav class="md-nav" data-md-level="2" aria-labelledby="__nav_4_14_label" aria-expanded="false">
+          <label class="md-nav__title" for="__nav_4_14">
+            <span class="md-nav__icon md-icon"></span>
+            PowerShell
+          </label>
+          <ul class="md-nav__list" data-md-scrollfix>
+            
+              
+                
+  
+  
+  
+  
+    <li class="md-nav__item">
+      <a href="../../powershell/scripting.html" class="md-nav__link">
+        
+  
+  <span class="md-ellipsis">
+    Scripting
+  </span>
+  
+
+      </a>
+    </li>
+  
+
+              
+            
+              
+                
+  
+  
+  
+  
+    <li class="md-nav__item">
+      <a href="../../powershell/commands.html" class="md-nav__link">
+        
+  
+  <span class="md-ellipsis">
+    Commands
+  </span>
+  
+
+      </a>
+    </li>
+  
+
+              
+            
+          </ul>
+        </nav>
+      
+    </li>
+  
+
+              
+            
+              
+                
+  
+  
+  
+  
+    
+    
+      
+        
+      
+        
+      
+    
+    
+      
+      
+        
+          
+          
+        
+      
+    
+    
+    <li class="md-nav__item md-nav__item--section md-nav__item--nested">
+      
+        
+        
+        <input class="md-nav__toggle md-toggle " type="checkbox" id="__nav_4_15" >
+        
+          
+          <label class="md-nav__link" for="__nav_4_15" id="__nav_4_15_label" tabindex="">
+            
+  
+  <span class="md-ellipsis">
+    Bash
+  </span>
+  
+
+            <span class="md-nav__icon md-icon"></span>
+          </label>
+        
+        <nav class="md-nav" data-md-level="2" aria-labelledby="__nav_4_15_label" aria-expanded="false">
+          <label class="md-nav__title" for="__nav_4_15">
+            <span class="md-nav__icon md-icon"></span>
+            Bash
+          </label>
+          <ul class="md-nav__list" data-md-scrollfix>
+            
+              
+                
+  
+  
+  
+  
+    <li class="md-nav__item">
+      <a href="../../bash/scripting.html" class="md-nav__link">
+        
+  
+  <span class="md-ellipsis">
+    Scripting
+  </span>
+  
+
+      </a>
+    </li>
+  
+
+              
+            
+              
+                
+  
+  
+  
+  
+    <li class="md-nav__item">
+      <a href="../../bash/commands.html" class="md-nav__link">
+        
+  
+  <span class="md-ellipsis">
+    Commands
+  </span>
+  
+
+      </a>
+    </li>
+  
+
+              
+            
+          </ul>
+        </nav>
+      
+    </li>
+  
+
+              
+            
+          </ul>
+        </nav>
+      
+    </li>
+  
+
+    
+      
+      
+  
+  
+  
+  
+    
+    
+      
+        
+      
+        
+      
+        
+      
+        
+      
+        
+      
+    
+    
+      
+      
+        
+      
+    
+    
+    <li class="md-nav__item md-nav__item--nested">
+      
+        
+        
+        <input class="md-nav__toggle md-toggle " type="checkbox" id="__nav_5" >
+        
+          
+          <label class="md-nav__link" for="__nav_5" id="__nav_5_label" tabindex="0">
+            
+  
+  <span class="md-ellipsis">
+    Misc
+  </span>
+  
+
+            <span class="md-nav__icon md-icon"></span>
+          </label>
+        
+        <nav class="md-nav" data-md-level="1" aria-labelledby="__nav_5_label" aria-expanded="false">
+          <label class="md-nav__title" for="__nav_5">
+            <span class="md-nav__icon md-icon"></span>
+            Misc
+          </label>
+          <ul class="md-nav__list" data-md-scrollfix>
+            
+              
+                
+  
+  
+  
+  
+    <li class="md-nav__item">
+      <a href="../../../misc/git.html" class="md-nav__link">
+        
+  
+  <span class="md-ellipsis">
+    Git
+  </span>
+  
+
+      </a>
+    </li>
+  
+
+              
+            
+              
+                
+  
+  
+  
+  
+    <li class="md-nav__item">
+      <a href="../../../misc/graph-ql.html" class="md-nav__link">
+        
+  
+  <span class="md-ellipsis">
+    GraphQL
+  </span>
+  
+
+      </a>
+    </li>
+  
+
+              
+            
+              
+                
+  
+  
+  
+  
+    <li class="md-nav__item">
+      <a href="../../../misc/regular-expressions.html" class="md-nav__link">
+        
+  
+  <span class="md-ellipsis">
+    RegEx
+  </span>
+  
+
+      </a>
+    </li>
+  
+
+              
+            
+              
+                
+  
+  
+  
+  
+    <li class="md-nav__item">
+      <a href="../../../misc/ssh.html" class="md-nav__link">
+        
+  
+  <span class="md-ellipsis">
+    SSH
+  </span>
+  
+
+      </a>
+    </li>
+  
+
+              
+            
+              
+                
+  
+  
+  
+  
+    <li class="md-nav__item">
+      <a href="../../../misc/web-components.html" class="md-nav__link">
+        
+  
+  <span class="md-ellipsis">
+    WebComponents
+  </span>
+  
+
+      </a>
+    </li>
+  
+
+              
+            
+          </ul>
+        </nav>
+      
+    </li>
+  
+
+    
+      
+      
+  
+  
+  
+  
+    
+    
+      
+        
+      
+        
+      
+    
+    
+      
+      
+        
+      
+    
+    
+    <li class="md-nav__item md-nav__item--nested">
+      
+        
+        
+        <input class="md-nav__toggle md-toggle " type="checkbox" id="__nav_6" >
+        
+          
+          <label class="md-nav__link" for="__nav_6" id="__nav_6_label" tabindex="0">
+            
+  
+  <span class="md-ellipsis">
+    Linux
+  </span>
+  
+
+            <span class="md-nav__icon md-icon"></span>
+          </label>
+        
+        <nav class="md-nav" data-md-level="1" aria-labelledby="__nav_6_label" aria-expanded="false">
+          <label class="md-nav__title" for="__nav_6">
+            <span class="md-nav__icon md-icon"></span>
+            Linux
+          </label>
+          <ul class="md-nav__list" data-md-scrollfix>
+            
+              
+                
+  
+  
+  
+  
+    
+    
+      
+        
+      
+        
+      
+        
+      
+    
+    
+      
+      
+        
+      
+    
+    
+    <li class="md-nav__item md-nav__item--nested">
+      
+        
+        
+        <input class="md-nav__toggle md-toggle " type="checkbox" id="__nav_6_1" >
+        
+          
+          <label class="md-nav__link" for="__nav_6_1" id="__nav_6_1_label" tabindex="0">
+            
+  
+  <span class="md-ellipsis">
+    Filesystem
+  </span>
+  
+
+            <span class="md-nav__icon md-icon"></span>
+          </label>
+        
+        <nav class="md-nav" data-md-level="2" aria-labelledby="__nav_6_1_label" aria-expanded="false">
+          <label class="md-nav__title" for="__nav_6_1">
+            <span class="md-nav__icon md-icon"></span>
+            Filesystem
+          </label>
+          <ul class="md-nav__list" data-md-scrollfix>
+            
+              
+                
+  
+  
+  
+  
+    <li class="md-nav__item">
+      <a href="../../../linux/filesystem/file-links.html" class="md-nav__link">
+        
+  
+  <span class="md-ellipsis">
+    File Links
+  </span>
+  
+
+      </a>
+    </li>
+  
+
+              
+            
+              
+                
+  
+  
+  
+  
+    <li class="md-nav__item">
+      <a href="../../../linux/filesystem/procfs.html" class="md-nav__link">
+        
+  
+  <span class="md-ellipsis">
+    /proc
+  </span>
+  
+
+      </a>
+    </li>
+  
+
+              
+            
+              
+                
+  
+  
+  
+  
+    <li class="md-nav__item">
+      <a href="../../../linux/filesystem/sysfs.html" class="md-nav__link">
+        
+  
+  <span class="md-ellipsis">
+    /sys
+  </span>
+  
+
+      </a>
+    </li>
+  
+
+              
+            
+          </ul>
+        </nav>
+      
+    </li>
+  
+
+              
+            
+              
+                
+  
+  
+  
+  
+    
+    
+      
+        
+      
+        
+      
+    
+    
+      
+      
+        
+      
+    
+    
+    <li class="md-nav__item md-nav__item--nested">
+      
+        
+        
+        <input class="md-nav__toggle md-toggle " type="checkbox" id="__nav_6_2" >
+        
+          
+          <label class="md-nav__link" for="__nav_6_2" id="__nav_6_2_label" tabindex="0">
+            
+  
+  <span class="md-ellipsis">
+    System Init
+  </span>
+  
+
+            <span class="md-nav__icon md-icon"></span>
+          </label>
+        
+        <nav class="md-nav" data-md-level="2" aria-labelledby="__nav_6_2_label" aria-expanded="false">
+          <label class="md-nav__title" for="__nav_6_2">
+            <span class="md-nav__icon md-icon"></span>
+            System Init
+          </label>
+          <ul class="md-nav__list" data-md-scrollfix>
+            
+              
+                
+  
+  
+  
+  
+    <li class="md-nav__item">
+      <a href="../../../linux/init/systemd.html" class="md-nav__link">
+        
+  
+  <span class="md-ellipsis">
+    Systemd
+  </span>
+  
+
+      </a>
+    </li>
+  
+
+              
+            
+              
+                
+  
+  
+  
+  
+    <li class="md-nav__item">
+      <a href="../../../linux/init/open-rc.html" class="md-nav__link">
+        
+  
+  <span class="md-ellipsis">
+    OpenRC
+  </span>
+  
+
+      </a>
+    </li>
+  
+
+              
+            
+          </ul>
+        </nav>
+      
+    </li>
+  
+
+              
+            
+          </ul>
+        </nav>
+      
+    </li>
+  
+
+    
+  </ul>
+</nav>
+                  </div>
+                </div>
+              </div>
+            
+            
+              
+              <div class="md-sidebar md-sidebar--secondary" data-md-component="sidebar" data-md-type="toc" >
+                <div class="md-sidebar__scrollwrap">
+                  <div class="md-sidebar__inner">
+                    
+
+<nav class="md-nav md-nav--secondary" aria-label="Table of contents">
+  
+  
+  
+    
+  
+  
+    <label class="md-nav__title" for="__toc">
+      <span class="md-nav__icon md-icon"></span>
+      Table of contents
+    </label>
+    <ul class="md-nav__list" data-md-component="toc" data-md-scrollfix>
+      
+        <li class="md-nav__item">
+  <a href="#standard-imports" class="md-nav__link">
+    <span class="md-ellipsis">
+      Standard Imports
+    </span>
+  </a>
+  
+</li>
+      
+        <li class="md-nav__item">
+  <a href="#geometry-management" class="md-nav__link">
+    <span class="md-ellipsis">
+      GEOMETRY MANAGEMENT
+    </span>
+  </a>
+  
+</li>
+      
+        <li class="md-nav__item">
+  <a href="#event-handling" class="md-nav__link">
+    <span class="md-ellipsis">
+      EVENT HANDLING
+    </span>
+  </a>
+  
+</li>
+      
+        <li class="md-nav__item">
+  <a href="#widgets" class="md-nav__link">
+    <span class="md-ellipsis">
+      WIDGETS
+    </span>
+  </a>
+  
+</li>
+      
+        <li class="md-nav__item">
+  <a href="#frame-widget" class="md-nav__link">
+    <span class="md-ellipsis">
+      FRAME WIDGET
+    </span>
+  </a>
+  
+    <nav class="md-nav" aria-label="FRAME WIDGET">
+      <ul class="md-nav__list">
+        
+          <li class="md-nav__item">
+  <a href="#frame-padding" class="md-nav__link">
+    <span class="md-ellipsis">
+      FRAME PADDING
+    </span>
+  </a>
+  
+</li>
+        
+      </ul>
+    </nav>
+  
+</li>
+      
+        <li class="md-nav__item">
+  <a href="#label-widget" class="md-nav__link">
+    <span class="md-ellipsis">
+      LABEL WIDGET
+    </span>
+  </a>
+  
+    <nav class="md-nav" aria-label="LABEL WIDGET">
+      <ul class="md-nav__list">
+        
+          <li class="md-nav__item">
+  <a href="#defining-updating-label" class="md-nav__link">
+    <span class="md-ellipsis">
+      DEFINING UPDATING LABEL
+    </span>
+  </a>
+  
+</li>
+        
+          <li class="md-nav__item">
+  <a href="#display-images-2-steps" class="md-nav__link">
+    <span class="md-ellipsis">
+      DISPLAY IMAGES (2 steps)
+    </span>
+  </a>
+  
+</li>
+        
+          <li class="md-nav__item">
+  <a href="#display-image-and-or-text" class="md-nav__link">
+    <span class="md-ellipsis">
+      DISPLAY IMAGE AND-OR TEXT
+    </span>
+  </a>
+  
+</li>
+        
+      </ul>
+    </nav>
+  
+</li>
+      
+        <li class="md-nav__item">
+  <a href="#layout" class="md-nav__link">
+    <span class="md-ellipsis">
+      LAYOUT
+    </span>
+  </a>
+  
+    <nav class="md-nav" aria-label="LAYOUT">
+      <ul class="md-nav__list">
+        
+          <li class="md-nav__item">
+  <a href="#multi-line-text-wrap" class="md-nav__link">
+    <span class="md-ellipsis">
+      MULTI-LINE TEXT WRAP
+    </span>
+  </a>
+  
+</li>
+        
+          <li class="md-nav__item">
+  <a href="#control-text-justification" class="md-nav__link">
+    <span class="md-ellipsis">
+      CONTROL TEXT JUSTIFICATION
+    </span>
+  </a>
+  
+</li>
+        
+          <li class="md-nav__item">
+  <a href="#font-style-use-with-caution" class="md-nav__link">
+    <span class="md-ellipsis">
+      FONT STYLE (use with caution)
+    </span>
+  </a>
+  
+</li>
+        
+      </ul>
+    </nav>
+  
+</li>
+      
+        <li class="md-nav__item">
+  <a href="#button" class="md-nav__link">
+    <span class="md-ellipsis">
+      BUTTON
+    </span>
+  </a>
+  
+    <nav class="md-nav" aria-label="BUTTON">
+      <ul class="md-nav__list">
+        
+          <li class="md-nav__item">
+  <a href="#text-or-image" class="md-nav__link">
+    <span class="md-ellipsis">
+      TEXT or IMAGE
+    </span>
+  </a>
+  
+</li>
+        
+          <li class="md-nav__item">
+  <a href="#button-invocation" class="md-nav__link">
+    <span class="md-ellipsis">
+      BUTTON INVOCATION
+    </span>
+  </a>
+  
+</li>
+        
+          <li class="md-nav__item">
+  <a href="#button-state" class="md-nav__link">
+    <span class="md-ellipsis">
+      BUTTON STATE
+    </span>
+  </a>
+  
+</li>
+        
+      </ul>
+    </nav>
+  
+</li>
+      
+        <li class="md-nav__item">
+  <a href="#checkbutton" class="md-nav__link">
+    <span class="md-ellipsis">
+      CHECKBUTTON
+    </span>
+  </a>
+  
+    <nav class="md-nav" aria-label="CHECKBUTTON">
+      <ul class="md-nav__list">
+        
+          <li class="md-nav__item">
+  <a href="#widget-value" class="md-nav__link">
+    <span class="md-ellipsis">
+      WIDGET VALUE
+    </span>
+  </a>
+  
+</li>
+        
+          <li class="md-nav__item">
+  <a href="#config-options" class="md-nav__link">
+    <span class="md-ellipsis">
+      CONFIG OPTIONS
+    </span>
+  </a>
+  
+</li>
+        
+      </ul>
+    </nav>
+  
+</li>
+      
+        <li class="md-nav__item">
+  <a href="#radiobutton" class="md-nav__link">
+    <span class="md-ellipsis">
+      RADIOBUTTON
+    </span>
+  </a>
+  
+</li>
+      
+        <li class="md-nav__item">
+  <a href="#entry" class="md-nav__link">
+    <span class="md-ellipsis">
+      ENTRY
+    </span>
+  </a>
+  
+    <nav class="md-nav" aria-label="ENTRY">
+      <ul class="md-nav__list">
+        
+          <li class="md-nav__item">
+  <a href="#change-entry-value" class="md-nav__link">
+    <span class="md-ellipsis">
+      CHANGE ENTRY VALUE
+    </span>
+  </a>
+  
+</li>
+        
+          <li class="md-nav__item">
+  <a href="#entry-config-options" class="md-nav__link">
+    <span class="md-ellipsis">
+      ENTRY CONFIG OPTIONS
+    </span>
+  </a>
+  
+</li>
+        
+      </ul>
+    </nav>
+  
+</li>
+      
+        <li class="md-nav__item">
+  <a href="#combobox" class="md-nav__link">
+    <span class="md-ellipsis">
+      COMBOBOX
+    </span>
+  </a>
+  
+    <nav class="md-nav" aria-label="COMBOBOX">
+      <ul class="md-nav__list">
+        
+          <li class="md-nav__item">
+  <a href="#predefined-values" class="md-nav__link">
+    <span class="md-ellipsis">
+      PREDEFINED VALUES
+    </span>
+  </a>
+  
+</li>
+        
+      </ul>
+    </nav>
+  
+</li>
+      
+        <li class="md-nav__item">
+  <a href="#listbox-tk-classic" class="md-nav__link">
+    <span class="md-ellipsis">
+      LISTBOX (Tk Classic)
+    </span>
+  </a>
+  
+    <nav class="md-nav" aria-label="LISTBOX (Tk Classic)">
+      <ul class="md-nav__list">
+        
+          <li class="md-nav__item">
+  <a href="#selecting-items" class="md-nav__link">
+    <span class="md-ellipsis">
+      SELECTING ITEMS
+    </span>
+  </a>
+  
+</li>
+        
+      </ul>
+    </nav>
+  
+</li>
+      
+        <li class="md-nav__item">
+  <a href="#scrollbar" class="md-nav__link">
+    <span class="md-ellipsis">
+      SCROLLBAR
+    </span>
+  </a>
+  
+</li>
+      
+        <li class="md-nav__item">
+  <a href="#sizegrip" class="md-nav__link">
+    <span class="md-ellipsis">
+      SIZEGRIP
+    </span>
+  </a>
+  
+</li>
+      
+        <li class="md-nav__item">
+  <a href="#text-tk-classic" class="md-nav__link">
+    <span class="md-ellipsis">
+      TEXT (Tk Classic)
+    </span>
+  </a>
+  
+</li>
+      
+        <li class="md-nav__item">
+  <a href="#progressbar" class="md-nav__link">
+    <span class="md-ellipsis">
+      PROGRESSBAR
+    </span>
+  </a>
+  
+    <nav class="md-nav" aria-label="PROGRESSBAR">
+      <ul class="md-nav__list">
+        
+          <li class="md-nav__item">
+  <a href="#determinate-progress" class="md-nav__link">
+    <span class="md-ellipsis">
+      DETERMINATE PROGRESS
+    </span>
+  </a>
+  
+</li>
+        
+          <li class="md-nav__item">
+  <a href="#indeterminate-progress" class="md-nav__link">
+    <span class="md-ellipsis">
+      INDETERMINATE PROGRESS
+    </span>
+  </a>
+  
+</li>
+        
+      </ul>
+    </nav>
+  
+</li>
+      
+        <li class="md-nav__item">
+  <a href="#scale" class="md-nav__link">
+    <span class="md-ellipsis">
+      SCALE
+    </span>
+  </a>
+  
+</li>
+      
+        <li class="md-nav__item">
+  <a href="#spinbox" class="md-nav__link">
+    <span class="md-ellipsis">
+      SPINBOX
+    </span>
+  </a>
+  
+</li>
+      
+        <li class="md-nav__item">
+  <a href="#grid-geometry-manager" class="md-nav__link">
+    <span class="md-ellipsis">
+      GRID GEOMETRY MANAGER
+    </span>
+  </a>
+  
+    <nav class="md-nav" aria-label="GRID GEOMETRY MANAGER">
+      <ul class="md-nav__list">
+        
+          <li class="md-nav__item">
+  <a href="#layout-within-cell" class="md-nav__link">
+    <span class="md-ellipsis">
+      LAYOUT WITHIN CELL
+    </span>
+  </a>
+  
+</li>
+        
+          <li class="md-nav__item">
+  <a href="#handling-resize" class="md-nav__link">
+    <span class="md-ellipsis">
+      HANDLING RESIZE
+    </span>
+  </a>
+  
+</li>
+        
+          <li class="md-nav__item">
+  <a href="#padding" class="md-nav__link">
+    <span class="md-ellipsis">
+      PADDING
+    </span>
+  </a>
+  
+</li>
+        
+      </ul>
+    </nav>
+  
+</li>
+      
+        <li class="md-nav__item">
+  <a href="#windows-and-dialogs" class="md-nav__link">
+    <span class="md-ellipsis">
+      WINDOWS AND DIALOGS
+    </span>
+  </a>
+  
+    <nav class="md-nav" aria-label="WINDOWS AND DIALOGS">
+      <ul class="md-nav__list">
+        
+          <li class="md-nav__item">
+  <a href="#creating-toplevel-window" class="md-nav__link">
+    <span class="md-ellipsis">
+      CREATING TOPLEVEL WINDOW
+    </span>
+  </a>
+  
+</li>
+        
+          <li class="md-nav__item">
+  <a href="#changing-behavior-and-style" class="md-nav__link">
+    <span class="md-ellipsis">
+      CHANGING BEHAVIOR AND STYLE
+    </span>
+  </a>
+  
+</li>
+        
+          <li class="md-nav__item">
+  <a href="#standard-dialogs" class="md-nav__link">
+    <span class="md-ellipsis">
+      STANDARD DIALOGS
+    </span>
+  </a>
+  
+</li>
+        
+      </ul>
+    </nav>
+  
+</li>
+      
+        <li class="md-nav__item">
+  <a href="#separator" class="md-nav__link">
+    <span class="md-ellipsis">
+      SEPARATOR
+    </span>
+  </a>
+  
+    <nav class="md-nav" aria-label="SEPARATOR">
+      <ul class="md-nav__list">
+        
+          <li class="md-nav__item">
+  <a href="#notebook" class="md-nav__link">
+    <span class="md-ellipsis">
+      NOTEBOOK
+    </span>
+  </a>
+  
+    <nav class="md-nav" aria-label="NOTEBOOK">
+      <ul class="md-nav__list">
+        
+          <li class="md-nav__item">
+  <a href="#fonts-colors-images" class="md-nav__link">
+    <span class="md-ellipsis">
+      FONTS, COLORS, IMAGES
+    </span>
+  </a>
+  
+</li>
+        
+          <li class="md-nav__item">
+  <a href="#named-fonts" class="md-nav__link">
+    <span class="md-ellipsis">
+      NAMED FONTS
+    </span>
+  </a>
+  
+</li>
+        
+          <li class="md-nav__item">
+  <a href="#colors" class="md-nav__link">
+    <span class="md-ellipsis">
+      COLORS
+    </span>
+  </a>
+  
+</li>
+        
+          <li class="md-nav__item">
+  <a href="#images" class="md-nav__link">
+    <span class="md-ellipsis">
+      IMAGES
+    </span>
+  </a>
+  
+</li>
+        
+          <li class="md-nav__item">
+  <a href="#images-w-pillow" class="md-nav__link">
+    <span class="md-ellipsis">
+      IMAGES W/ Pillow
+    </span>
+  </a>
+  
+</li>
+        
+      </ul>
+    </nav>
+  
+</li>
+        
+      </ul>
+    </nav>
+  
+</li>
+      
+    </ul>
+  
+</nav>
+                  </div>
+                </div>
+              </div>
+            
+          
+          
+            <div class="md-content" data-md-component="content">
+              <article class="md-content__inner md-typeset">
+                
+                  
+
+  
+  
+
+
+<h1 id="tkinter-modulelibrary">Tkinter Module/Library</h1>
+<h2 id="standard-imports">Standard Imports</h2>
+<div class="highlight"><table class="highlighttable"><tr><th colspan="2" class="filename"><span class="filename">Python</span></th></tr><tr><td class="linenos"><div class="linenodiv"><pre><span></span><span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-0-1">1</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-0-2">2</a></span></pre></div></td><td class="code"><div><pre><span></span><code><a id="__codelineno-0-1" name="__codelineno-0-1"></a><span class="kn">from</span> <span class="nn">tkinter</span> <span class="kn">import</span> <span class="o">*</span>  <span class="c1"># import Python Tk Binding</span>
+<a id="__codelineno-0-2" name="__codelineno-0-2"></a><span class="kn">from</span> <span class="nn">tkinter</span> <span class="kn">import</span> <span class="n">ttk</span>  <span class="c1"># import Themed Widgets</span>
+</code></pre></div></td></tr></table></div>
+<h2 id="geometry-management">GEOMETRY MANAGEMENT</h2>
+<p>Putting  widgets on screen<br />
+master widget &rarr; top-level window, frame<br />
+slave widget &rarr; widgets contained in master widget<br />
+geometry managers determine size and oder widget drawing properties</p>
+<h2 id="event-handling">EVENT HANDLING</h2>
+<p>event loop receives events from the OS<br />
+customizable events provide a callback as a widget configuration</p>
+<div class="highlight"><table class="highlighttable"><tr><th colspan="2" class="filename"><span class="filename">Python</span></th></tr><tr><td class="linenos"><div class="linenodiv"><pre><span></span><span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-1-1">1</a></span></pre></div></td><td class="code"><div><pre><span></span><code><a id="__codelineno-1-1" name="__codelineno-1-1"></a><span class="n">widget</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">bind</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="s1">&#39;event&#39;</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="n">function</span><span class="p">)</span>  <span class="c1"># method to capture any event and than execute an arbitrary piece of code (generally a function or lambda)</span>
+</code></pre></div></td></tr></table></div>
+<p>VIRTUAL EVENT &rarr; hig level event generated by widget (listed in widget docs)</p>
+<h2 id="widgets">WIDGETS</h2>
+<p>Widgets are objects and all things on screen. All widgets are children of a window.</p>
+<div class="highlight"><table class="highlighttable"><tr><th colspan="2" class="filename"><span class="filename">Python</span></th></tr><tr><td class="linenos"><div class="linenodiv"><pre><span></span><span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-2-1">1</a></span></pre></div></td><td class="code"><div><pre><span></span><code><a id="__codelineno-2-1" name="__codelineno-2-1"></a><span class="n">widget_name</span> <span class="o">=</span> <span class="n">tk_object</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="n">parent_window</span><span class="p">)</span>  <span class="c1"># widget is inserted into widget hierarchy</span>
+</code></pre></div></td></tr></table></div>
+<h2 id="frame-widget">FRAME WIDGET</h2>
+<p>Displays a single rectangle, used as container for other widgets</p>
+<div class="highlight"><table class="highlighttable"><tr><th colspan="2" class="filename"><span class="filename">Python</span></th></tr><tr><td class="linenos"><div class="linenodiv"><pre><span></span><span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-3-1">1</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-3-2">2</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-3-3">3</a></span></pre></div></td><td class="code"><div><pre><span></span><code><a id="__codelineno-3-1" name="__codelineno-3-1"></a><span class="n">frame</span> <span class="o">=</span> <span class="n">ttk</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">Frame</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="n">parent</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="n">width</span><span class="o">=</span><span class="kc">None</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="n">height</span><span class="o">=</span><span class="kc">None</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="n">borderwidth</span><span class="o">=</span><span class="n">num</span><span class="p">:</span><span class="nb">int</span><span class="p">)</span>
+<a id="__codelineno-3-2" name="__codelineno-3-2"></a><span class="c1"># BORDERWIDTH: sets frame border width (default: 0)</span>
+<a id="__codelineno-3-3" name="__codelineno-3-3"></a><span class="c1"># width, height MUST be specified if frame is empty, otherwise determined by parent geometry manager</span>
+</code></pre></div></td></tr></table></div>
+<h3 id="frame-padding">FRAME PADDING</h3>
+<p>Extra space inside widget (margin).</p>
+<div class="highlight"><table class="highlighttable"><tr><th colspan="2" class="filename"><span class="filename">Python</span></th></tr><tr><td class="linenos"><div class="linenodiv"><pre><span></span><span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-4-1">1</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-4-2">2</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-4-3">3</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-4-4">4</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-4-5">5</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-4-6">6</a></span></pre></div></td><td class="code"><div><pre><span></span><code><a id="__codelineno-4-1" name="__codelineno-4-1"></a><span class="n">frame</span><span class="p">[</span><span class="s1">&#39;padding&#39;</span><span class="p">]</span> <span class="o">=</span> <span class="n">num</span>  <span class="c1"># same padding for every border</span>
+<a id="__codelineno-4-2" name="__codelineno-4-2"></a><span class="n">frame</span><span class="p">[</span><span class="s1">&#39;padding&#39;</span><span class="p">]</span> <span class="o">=</span> <span class="p">(</span><span class="n">horizontal</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="n">vertical</span><span class="p">)</span>  <span class="c1"># set horizontal THEN vertical padding</span>
+<a id="__codelineno-4-3" name="__codelineno-4-3"></a><span class="n">frame</span><span class="p">[</span><span class="s1">&#39;padding&#39;</span><span class="p">]</span> <span class="o">=</span> <span class="p">(</span><span class="n">left</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="n">top</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="n">right</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="n">bottom</span><span class="p">)</span>  <span class="c1"># set left, top, right, bottom padding</span>
+<a id="__codelineno-4-4" name="__codelineno-4-4"></a>
+<a id="__codelineno-4-5" name="__codelineno-4-5"></a><span class="c1"># RELIEF: set border style, [flat (default), raised, sunken, solid, ridge, groove]</span>
+<a id="__codelineno-4-6" name="__codelineno-4-6"></a><span class="n">frame</span><span class="p">[</span><span class="s1">&#39;relief&#39;</span><span class="p">]</span> <span class="o">=</span> <span class="n">border_style</span>
+</code></pre></div></td></tr></table></div>
+<h2 id="label-widget">LABEL WIDGET</h2>
+<p>Display text or image without interactivity.</p>
+<div class="highlight"><table class="highlighttable"><tr><th colspan="2" class="filename"><span class="filename">Python</span></th></tr><tr><td class="linenos"><div class="linenodiv"><pre><span></span><span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-5-1">1</a></span></pre></div></td><td class="code"><div><pre><span></span><code><a id="__codelineno-5-1" name="__codelineno-5-1"></a><span class="n">label</span> <span class="o">=</span> <span class="n">ttk</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">Label</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="n">parent</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="n">text</span><span class="o">=</span><span class="s1">&#39;label text&#39;</span><span class="p">)</span>
+</code></pre></div></td></tr></table></div>
+<h3 id="defining-updating-label">DEFINING UPDATING LABEL</h3>
+<div class="highlight"><table class="highlighttable"><tr><th colspan="2" class="filename"><span class="filename">Python</span></th></tr><tr><td class="linenos"><div class="linenodiv"><pre><span></span><span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-6-1">1</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-6-2">2</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-6-3">3</a></span></pre></div></td><td class="code"><div><pre><span></span><code><a id="__codelineno-6-1" name="__codelineno-6-1"></a><span class="n">var</span> <span class="o">=</span> <span class="n">StringVar</span><span class="p">()</span>  <span class="c1"># variable containing text, watches for changes. Use get, set methods to interact with the value</span>
+<a id="__codelineno-6-2" name="__codelineno-6-2"></a><span class="n">label</span><span class="p">[</span><span class="s1">&#39;textvariable&#39;</span><span class="p">]</span> <span class="o">=</span> <span class="n">var</span>  <span class="c1"># attach var to label (only of type StringVar)</span>
+<a id="__codelineno-6-3" name="__codelineno-6-3"></a><span class="n">var</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">set</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="s2">&quot;new text label&quot;</span><span class="p">)</span>  <span class="c1">#  change label text</span>
+</code></pre></div></td></tr></table></div>
+<h3 id="display-images-2-steps">DISPLAY IMAGES (2 steps)</h3>
+<div class="highlight"><table class="highlighttable"><tr><th colspan="2" class="filename"><span class="filename">Python</span></th></tr><tr><td class="linenos"><div class="linenodiv"><pre><span></span><span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-7-1">1</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-7-2">2</a></span></pre></div></td><td class="code"><div><pre><span></span><code><a id="__codelineno-7-1" name="__codelineno-7-1"></a><span class="n">image</span> <span class="o">=</span> <span class="n">PhotoImage</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="n">file</span><span class="o">=</span><span class="s1">&#39;filename&#39;</span><span class="p">)</span>  <span class="c1"># create image object</span>
+<a id="__codelineno-7-2" name="__codelineno-7-2"></a><span class="n">label</span><span class="p">[</span><span class="s1">&#39;image&#39;</span><span class="p">]</span> <span class="o">=</span> <span class="n">image</span>  <span class="c1"># use image config</span>
+</code></pre></div></td></tr></table></div>
+<h3 id="display-image-and-or-text">DISPLAY IMAGE AND-OR TEXT</h3>
+<div class="highlight"><table class="highlighttable"><tr><th colspan="2" class="filename"><span class="filename">Python</span></th></tr><tr><td class="linenos"><div class="linenodiv"><pre><span></span><span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-8-1">1</a></span></pre></div></td><td class="code"><div><pre><span></span><code><a id="__codelineno-8-1" name="__codelineno-8-1"></a><span class="n">label</span><span class="p">[</span><span class="s1">&#39;compound&#39;</span><span class="p">]</span> <span class="o">=</span> <span class="n">value</span>
+</code></pre></div></td></tr></table></div>
+<p>Compound value:</p>
+<ul>
+<li>none ../img if present, text otherwise)</li>
+<li>text (text only)</li>
+<li>image (image only)</li>
+<li>center (text in center of image)</li>
+<li>top (image above text), left, bottom, right</li>
+</ul>
+<h2 id="layout">LAYOUT</h2>
+<p>Specifies edge or corner that the label is attached.</p>
+<div class="highlight"><table class="highlighttable"><tr><th colspan="2" class="filename"><span class="filename">Python</span></th></tr><tr><td class="linenos"><div class="linenodiv"><pre><span></span><span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-9-1">1</a></span></pre></div></td><td class="code"><div><pre><span></span><code><a id="__codelineno-9-1" name="__codelineno-9-1"></a><span class="n">label</span><span class="p">[</span><span class="s1">&#39;anchor&#39;</span><span class="p">]</span> <span class="o">=</span> <span class="n">compass_direction</span>  <span class="c1">#compass_direction: n, ne, e, se, s, sw, w, nw, center</span>
+</code></pre></div></td></tr></table></div>
+<h3 id="multi-line-text-wrap">MULTI-LINE TEXT WRAP</h3>
+<div class="highlight"><table class="highlighttable"><tr><th colspan="2" class="filename"><span class="filename">Python</span></th></tr><tr><td class="linenos"><div class="linenodiv"><pre><span></span><span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-10-1">1</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-10-2">2</a></span></pre></div></td><td class="code"><div><pre><span></span><code><a id="__codelineno-10-1" name="__codelineno-10-1"></a><span class="c1"># use \n for multi line text</span>
+<a id="__codelineno-10-2" name="__codelineno-10-2"></a><span class="n">label</span><span class="p">[</span><span class="s1">&#39;wraplength&#39;</span><span class="p">]</span> <span class="o">=</span> <span class="n">size</span>  <span class="c1"># max line length</span>
+</code></pre></div></td></tr></table></div>
+<h3 id="control-text-justification">CONTROL TEXT JUSTIFICATION</h3>
+<div class="highlight"><table class="highlighttable"><tr><th colspan="2" class="filename"><span class="filename">Python</span></th></tr><tr><td class="linenos"><div class="linenodiv"><pre><span></span><span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-11-1">1</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-11-2">2</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-11-3">3</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-11-4">4</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-11-5">5</a></span></pre></div></td><td class="code"><div><pre><span></span><code><a id="__codelineno-11-1" name="__codelineno-11-1"></a><span class="n">label</span><span class="p">[</span><span class="s1">&#39;justify&#39;</span><span class="p">]</span> <span class="o">=</span> <span class="n">value</span>  <span class="c1">#value: left, center, right</span>
+<a id="__codelineno-11-2" name="__codelineno-11-2"></a>
+<a id="__codelineno-11-3" name="__codelineno-11-3"></a><span class="n">label</span><span class="p">[</span><span class="s1">&#39;relief&#39;</span><span class="p">]</span> <span class="o">=</span> <span class="n">label_style</span>
+<a id="__codelineno-11-4" name="__codelineno-11-4"></a><span class="n">label</span><span class="p">[</span><span class="s1">&#39;foreground&#39;</span><span class="p">]</span> <span class="o">=</span> <span class="n">color</span>  <span class="c1"># color passed with name or HEX RGB codes</span>
+<a id="__codelineno-11-5" name="__codelineno-11-5"></a><span class="n">label</span><span class="p">[</span><span class="s1">&#39;background&#39;</span><span class="p">]</span> <span class="o">=</span> <span class="n">color</span>  <span class="c1"># color passed with name or HEX RGB codes</span>
+</code></pre></div></td></tr></table></div>
+<h3 id="font-style-use-with-caution">FONT STYLE (use with caution)</h3>
+<div class="highlight"><table class="highlighttable"><tr><th colspan="2" class="filename"><span class="filename">Python</span></th></tr><tr><td class="linenos"><div class="linenodiv"><pre><span></span><span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-12-1">1</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-12-2">2</a></span></pre></div></td><td class="code"><div><pre><span></span><code><a id="__codelineno-12-1" name="__codelineno-12-1"></a><span class="c1"># used outside style option</span>
+<a id="__codelineno-12-2" name="__codelineno-12-2"></a><span class="n">label</span><span class="p">[</span><span class="s1">&#39;font&#39;</span><span class="p">]</span> <span class="o">=</span> <span class="n">font</span>
+</code></pre></div></td></tr></table></div>
+<p>Fonts:</p>
+<ul>
+<li>TkDefaultFont    -- default for all GUI items</li>
+<li>TkTextFont    -- used for entry widgets, listboxes, etc</li>
+<li>TkFixedFont    -- standard fixed-width font</li>
+<li>TkMenuFont    -- used for menu items</li>
+<li>TkHeadingFont -- for column headings in lists and tables</li>
+<li>TkCaptionFont    -- for window and dialog caption bars</li>
+<li>TkSmallCaptionFont -- smaller caption for subwindows or tool dialogs</li>
+<li>TkIconFont    -- for icon caption</li>
+<li>TkTooltipFont    -- for tooltips</li>
+</ul>
+<h2 id="button">BUTTON</h2>
+<p>Press to perform some action</p>
+<div class="highlight"><table class="highlighttable"><tr><th colspan="2" class="filename"><span class="filename">Python</span></th></tr><tr><td class="linenos"><div class="linenodiv"><pre><span></span><span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-13-1">1</a></span></pre></div></td><td class="code"><div><pre><span></span><code><a id="__codelineno-13-1" name="__codelineno-13-1"></a><span class="n">button</span> <span class="o">=</span> <span class="n">ttk</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">Button</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="n">parent</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="n">text</span><span class="o">=</span><span class="s1">&#39;button_text&#39;</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="n">command</span><span class="o">=</span><span class="n">action_performed</span><span class="p">)</span>
+</code></pre></div></td></tr></table></div>
+<h3 id="text-or-image">TEXT or IMAGE</h3>
+<div class="highlight"><table class="highlighttable"><tr><th colspan="2" class="filename"><span class="filename">Python</span></th></tr><tr><td class="linenos"><div class="linenodiv"><pre><span></span><span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-14-1">1</a></span></pre></div></td><td class="code"><div><pre><span></span><code><a id="__codelineno-14-1" name="__codelineno-14-1"></a><span class="n">button</span><span class="p">[</span><span class="s1">&#39;text/textvariable&#39;</span><span class="p">],</span> <span class="n">button</span><span class="p">[</span><span class="s1">&#39;image&#39;</span><span class="p">],</span> <span class="n">button</span><span class="p">[</span><span class="s1">&#39;compound&#39;</span><span class="p">]</span>
+</code></pre></div></td></tr></table></div>
+<h3 id="button-invocation">BUTTON INVOCATION</h3>
+<div class="highlight"><table class="highlighttable"><tr><th colspan="2" class="filename"><span class="filename">Python</span></th></tr><tr><td class="linenos"><div class="linenodiv"><pre><span></span><span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-15-1">1</a></span></pre></div></td><td class="code"><div><pre><span></span><code><a id="__codelineno-15-1" name="__codelineno-15-1"></a><span class="n">button</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">invoke</span><span class="p">()</span>  <span class="c1"># button activation in the program</span>
+</code></pre></div></td></tr></table></div>
+<h3 id="button-state">BUTTON STATE</h3>
+<p>Activate or deactivate the widget.</p>
+<div class="highlight"><table class="highlighttable"><tr><th colspan="2" class="filename"><span class="filename">Python</span></th></tr><tr><td class="linenos"><div class="linenodiv"><pre><span></span><span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-16-1">1</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-16-2">2</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-16-3">3</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-16-4">4</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-16-5">5</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-16-6">6</a></span></pre></div></td><td class="code"><div><pre><span></span><code><a id="__codelineno-16-1" name="__codelineno-16-1"></a><span class="n">button</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">state</span><span class="p">([</span><span class="s1">&#39;disabled&#39;</span><span class="p">])</span>            <span class="c1"># set the disabled flag, disabling the button</span>
+<a id="__codelineno-16-2" name="__codelineno-16-2"></a><span class="n">button</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">state</span><span class="p">([</span><span class="s1">&#39;!disabled&#39;</span><span class="p">])</span>           <span class="c1"># clear the disabled flag</span>
+<a id="__codelineno-16-3" name="__codelineno-16-3"></a><span class="n">button</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">instate</span><span class="p">([</span><span class="s1">&#39;disabled&#39;</span><span class="p">])</span>          <span class="c1"># return true if the button is disabled, else false</span>
+<a id="__codelineno-16-4" name="__codelineno-16-4"></a><span class="n">button</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">instate</span><span class="p">([</span><span class="s1">&#39;!disabled&#39;</span><span class="p">])</span>         <span class="c1"># return true if the button is not disabled, else false</span>
+<a id="__codelineno-16-5" name="__codelineno-16-5"></a><span class="n">button</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">instate</span><span class="p">([</span><span class="s1">&#39;!disabled&#39;</span><span class="p">],</span> <span class="n">cmd</span><span class="p">)</span>  <span class="c1"># execute &#39;cmd&#39; if the button is not disabled</span>
+<a id="__codelineno-16-6" name="__codelineno-16-6"></a><span class="c1"># WIDGET STATE FLAGS: active, disabled, focus, pressed, selected, background, readonly, alternate, invalid</span>
+</code></pre></div></td></tr></table></div>
+<h2 id="checkbutton">CHECKBUTTON</h2>
+<p>Button with binary value of some kind (e.g a toggle) and also invokes a command callback</p>
+<div class="highlight"><table class="highlighttable"><tr><th colspan="2" class="filename"><span class="filename">Python</span></th></tr><tr><td class="linenos"><div class="linenodiv"><pre><span></span><span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-17-1">1</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-17-2">2</a></span></pre></div></td><td class="code"><div><pre><span></span><code><a id="__codelineno-17-1" name="__codelineno-17-1"></a><span class="n">checkbutton_var</span> <span class="o">=</span> <span class="n">TkVarType</span>
+<a id="__codelineno-17-2" name="__codelineno-17-2"></a><span class="n">check</span> <span class="o">=</span> <span class="n">ttk</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">Checkbutton</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="n">parent</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="n">text</span><span class="o">=</span><span class="s1">&#39;button text&#39;</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="n">command</span><span class="o">=</span><span class="n">action_performed</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="n">variable</span><span class="o">=</span><span class="n">checkbutton_var</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="n">onvalue</span><span class="o">=</span><span class="n">value_on</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="n">offvalue</span><span class="o">=</span><span class="n">value_off</span><span class="p">)</span>
+</code></pre></div></td></tr></table></div>
+<h3 id="widget-value">WIDGET VALUE</h3>
+<p>Variable option holds value of button, updated by widget toggle.<br />
+DEFAULT: 1 (while checked), 0 (while unchecked)<br />
+<code>onvalue</code>, <code>offvalue</code> are used to personalize checked and unchecked values<br />
+if linked variable is empty or different from on-off value the state flag is set to alternate<br />
+checkbutton won't set the linked variable (MUST be done in the program)</p>
+<h3 id="config-options">CONFIG OPTIONS</h3>
+<div class="highlight"><table class="highlighttable"><tr><th colspan="2" class="filename"><span class="filename">Python</span></th></tr><tr><td class="linenos"><div class="linenodiv"><pre><span></span><span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-18-1">1</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-18-2">2</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-18-3">3</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-18-4">4</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-18-5">5</a></span></pre></div></td><td class="code"><div><pre><span></span><code><a id="__codelineno-18-1" name="__codelineno-18-1"></a><span class="n">check</span><span class="p">[</span><span class="s1">&#39;text/textvariable&#39;</span><span class="p">]</span>
+<a id="__codelineno-18-2" name="__codelineno-18-2"></a><span class="n">check</span><span class="p">[</span><span class="s1">&#39;image&#39;</span><span class="p">]</span>
+<a id="__codelineno-18-3" name="__codelineno-18-3"></a><span class="n">check</span><span class="p">[</span><span class="s1">&#39;compound&#39;</span><span class="p">]</span>
+<a id="__codelineno-18-4" name="__codelineno-18-4"></a><span class="n">check</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">state</span><span class="p">([</span><span class="s1">&#39;flag&#39;</span><span class="p">])</span>
+<a id="__codelineno-18-5" name="__codelineno-18-5"></a><span class="n">check</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">instate</span><span class="p">([</span><span class="s1">&#39;flag&#39;</span><span class="p">])</span>
+</code></pre></div></td></tr></table></div>
+<h2 id="radiobutton">RADIOBUTTON</h2>
+<p>Multiple-choice selection (good if options are few).</p>
+<div class="highlight"><table class="highlighttable"><tr><th colspan="2" class="filename"><span class="filename">Python</span></th></tr><tr><td class="linenos"><div class="linenodiv"><pre><span></span><span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-19-1"> 1</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-19-2"> 2</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-19-3"> 3</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-19-4"> 4</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-19-5"> 5</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-19-6"> 6</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-19-7"> 7</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-19-8"> 8</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-19-9"> 9</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-19-10">10</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-19-11">11</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-19-12">12</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-19-13">13</a></span></pre></div></td><td class="code"><div><pre><span></span><code><a id="__codelineno-19-1" name="__codelineno-19-1"></a><span class="c1">#RADIOBUTTON CREATION (usually as a set)</span>
+<a id="__codelineno-19-2" name="__codelineno-19-2"></a><span class="n">radio_var</span> <span class="o">=</span> <span class="n">TkVarType</span>
+<a id="__codelineno-19-3" name="__codelineno-19-3"></a><span class="n">radio_1</span> <span class="o">=</span> <span class="n">ttk</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">Radiobutton</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="n">parent</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="n">text</span><span class="o">=</span><span class="s1">&#39;button text&#39;</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="n">variable</span><span class="o">=</span><span class="n">radio_var</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="n">value</span><span class="o">=</span><span class="n">button_1_value</span><span class="p">)</span>
+<a id="__codelineno-19-4" name="__codelineno-19-4"></a><span class="n">radio_2</span> <span class="o">=</span> <span class="n">ttk</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">Radiobutton</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="n">parent</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="n">text</span><span class="o">=</span><span class="s1">&#39;button text&#39;</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="n">variable</span><span class="o">=</span><span class="n">radio_var</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="n">value</span><span class="o">=</span><span class="n">button_2_value</span><span class="p">)</span>
+<a id="__codelineno-19-5" name="__codelineno-19-5"></a><span class="n">radio_3</span> <span class="o">=</span> <span class="n">ttk</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">Radiobutton</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="n">parent</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="n">text</span><span class="o">=</span><span class="s1">&#39;button text&#39;</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="n">variable</span><span class="o">=</span><span class="n">radio_var</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="n">value</span><span class="o">=</span><span class="n">button_3_value</span><span class="p">)</span>
+<a id="__codelineno-19-6" name="__codelineno-19-6"></a><span class="c1"># if linked value does not exist flag state is alternate</span>
+<a id="__codelineno-19-7" name="__codelineno-19-7"></a>
+<a id="__codelineno-19-8" name="__codelineno-19-8"></a><span class="c1"># CONFIG OPTIONS</span>
+<a id="__codelineno-19-9" name="__codelineno-19-9"></a><span class="n">radio</span><span class="p">[</span><span class="s1">&#39;text/textvariable&#39;</span><span class="p">]</span>
+<a id="__codelineno-19-10" name="__codelineno-19-10"></a><span class="n">radio</span><span class="p">[</span><span class="s1">&#39;image&#39;</span><span class="p">]</span>
+<a id="__codelineno-19-11" name="__codelineno-19-11"></a><span class="n">radio</span><span class="p">[</span><span class="s1">&#39;compound&#39;</span><span class="p">]</span>
+<a id="__codelineno-19-12" name="__codelineno-19-12"></a><span class="n">radio</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">state</span><span class="p">([</span><span class="s1">&#39;flag&#39;</span><span class="p">])</span>
+<a id="__codelineno-19-13" name="__codelineno-19-13"></a><span class="n">radio</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">instate</span><span class="p">([</span><span class="s1">&#39;flag&#39;</span><span class="p">])</span>
+</code></pre></div></td></tr></table></div>
+<h2 id="entry">ENTRY</h2>
+<p>Single line text field accepting a string.</p>
+<div class="highlight"><table class="highlighttable"><tr><th colspan="2" class="filename"><span class="filename">Python</span></th></tr><tr><td class="linenos"><div class="linenodiv"><pre><span></span><span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-20-1">1</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-20-2">2</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-20-3">3</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-20-4">4</a></span></pre></div></td><td class="code"><div><pre><span></span><code><a id="__codelineno-20-1" name="__codelineno-20-1"></a><span class="n">entry_var</span> <span class="o">=</span> <span class="n">StringVar</span><span class="p">()</span>
+<a id="__codelineno-20-2" name="__codelineno-20-2"></a><span class="n">entry</span> <span class="o">=</span> <span class="n">ttk</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">Entry</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="n">parent</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="n">textvariable</span><span class="o">=</span><span class="n">entry_var</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="n">width</span><span class="o">=</span><span class="n">char_num</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="n">show</span><span class="o">=</span><span class="n">symbol</span><span class="p">)</span>
+<a id="__codelineno-20-3" name="__codelineno-20-3"></a><span class="c1"># SHOW: replaces the entry test with symbol, used for password</span>
+<a id="__codelineno-20-4" name="__codelineno-20-4"></a><span class="c1"># entries don&#39;t have an associated label, needs a separate widget</span>
+</code></pre></div></td></tr></table></div>
+<h3 id="change-entry-value">CHANGE ENTRY VALUE</h3>
+<div class="highlight"><table class="highlighttable"><tr><th colspan="2" class="filename"><span class="filename">Python</span></th></tr><tr><td class="linenos"><div class="linenodiv"><pre><span></span><span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-21-1">1</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-21-2">2</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-21-3">3</a></span></pre></div></td><td class="code"><div><pre><span></span><code><a id="__codelineno-21-1" name="__codelineno-21-1"></a><span class="n">entry</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">get</span><span class="p">()</span>  <span class="c1"># returns entry value</span>
+<a id="__codelineno-21-2" name="__codelineno-21-2"></a><span class="n">entry</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">delete</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="n">start</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="s1">&#39;end&#39;</span><span class="p">)</span>  <span class="c1"># delete between two indices, 0-based</span>
+<a id="__codelineno-21-3" name="__codelineno-21-3"></a><span class="n">entry</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">insert</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="n">index</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="s1">&#39;text value&#39;</span><span class="p">)</span>  <span class="c1"># insert new text at a given index</span>
+</code></pre></div></td></tr></table></div>
+<h3 id="entry-config-options">ENTRY CONFIG OPTIONS</h3>
+<div class="highlight"><table class="highlighttable"><tr><th colspan="2" class="filename"><span class="filename">Python</span></th></tr><tr><td class="linenos"><div class="linenodiv"><pre><span></span><span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-22-1">1</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-22-2">2</a></span></pre></div></td><td class="code"><div><pre><span></span><code><a id="__codelineno-22-1" name="__codelineno-22-1"></a><span class="n">radio</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">state</span><span class="p">([</span><span class="s1">&#39;flag&#39;</span><span class="p">])</span>
+<a id="__codelineno-22-2" name="__codelineno-22-2"></a><span class="n">radio</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">instate</span><span class="p">([</span><span class="s1">&#39;flag&#39;</span><span class="p">])</span>
+</code></pre></div></td></tr></table></div>
+<h2 id="combobox">COMBOBOX</h2>
+<p>Drop-down list of available options.</p>
+<div class="highlight"><table class="highlighttable"><tr><th colspan="2" class="filename"><span class="filename">Python</span></th></tr><tr><td class="linenos"><div class="linenodiv"><pre><span></span><span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-23-1">1</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-23-2">2</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-23-3">3</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-23-4">4</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-23-5">5</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-23-6">6</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-23-7">7</a></span></pre></div></td><td class="code"><div><pre><span></span><code><a id="__codelineno-23-1" name="__codelineno-23-1"></a><span class="n">combobox_var</span> <span class="o">=</span> <span class="n">StringVar</span><span class="p">()</span>
+<a id="__codelineno-23-2" name="__codelineno-23-2"></a><span class="n">combo</span> <span class="o">=</span> <span class="n">ttk</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">Combobox</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="n">parent</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="n">textvariable</span><span class="o">=</span><span class="n">combobox_var</span><span class="p">)</span>
+<a id="__codelineno-23-3" name="__codelineno-23-3"></a><span class="n">combobox</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">get</span><span class="p">()</span>  <span class="c1"># return combobox current value</span>
+<a id="__codelineno-23-4" name="__codelineno-23-4"></a><span class="n">combobox</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">set</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="n">value</span><span class="p">)</span>  <span class="c1"># set combobox new value</span>
+<a id="__codelineno-23-5" name="__codelineno-23-5"></a><span class="n">combobox</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">current</span><span class="p">()</span>  <span class="c1"># returns which item in the predefined values list is selected (0-based index of the provided list, -1 if not in the list)</span>
+<a id="__codelineno-23-6" name="__codelineno-23-6"></a><span class="c1">#combobox will generate a bind-able &lt;ComboboxSelected&gt; virtual event whenever the value changes</span>
+<a id="__codelineno-23-7" name="__codelineno-23-7"></a><span class="n">combobox</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">bind</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="s1">&#39;&lt;&lt;ComboboxSelected&gt;&gt;&#39;</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="n">function</span><span class="p">)</span>
+</code></pre></div></td></tr></table></div>
+<h3 id="predefined-values">PREDEFINED VALUES</h3>
+<div class="highlight"><table class="highlighttable"><tr><th colspan="2" class="filename"><span class="filename">Python</span></th></tr><tr><td class="linenos"><div class="linenodiv"><pre><span></span><span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-24-1">1</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-24-2">2</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-24-3">3</a></span></pre></div></td><td class="code"><div><pre><span></span><code><a id="__codelineno-24-1" name="__codelineno-24-1"></a><span class="n">combobox</span><span class="p">[</span><span class="s1">&#39;values&#39;</span><span class="p">]</span> <span class="o">=</span> <span class="p">(</span><span class="n">value_1</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="n">value_2</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="o">...</span><span class="p">)</span>  <span class="c1"># provides a list of choose-able values</span>
+<a id="__codelineno-24-2" name="__codelineno-24-2"></a><span class="n">combobox</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">state</span><span class="p">([</span><span class="s1">&#39;readonly&#39;</span><span class="p">])</span>  <span class="c1"># restricts choose-able values to those provided with &#39;values&#39; config option</span>
+<a id="__codelineno-24-3" name="__codelineno-24-3"></a><span class="c1"># SUGGESTION: call selection clear method on value change (on ComboboxSelected event) to avoid visual oddities</span>
+</code></pre></div></td></tr></table></div>
+<h2 id="listbox-tk-classic">LISTBOX (Tk Classic)</h2>
+<p>Display list of single-line items, allows browsing and multiple selection (part og Tk classic, missing in themed Tk widgets).</p>
+<div class="highlight"><table class="highlighttable"><tr><th colspan="2" class="filename"><span class="filename">Python</span></th></tr><tr><td class="linenos"><div class="linenodiv"><pre><span></span><span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-25-1">1</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-25-2">2</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-25-3">3</a></span></pre></div></td><td class="code"><div><pre><span></span><code><a id="__codelineno-25-1" name="__codelineno-25-1"></a><span class="n">lstbx</span> <span class="o">=</span> <span class="n">Listbox</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="n">parent</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="n">height</span><span class="o">=</span><span class="n">num</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="n">listvariable</span><span class="o">=</span><span class="n">item_list</span><span class="p">:</span><span class="nb">list</span><span class="p">)</span>
+<a id="__codelineno-25-2" name="__codelineno-25-2"></a><span class="c1"># listvariable links a variable (MUST BE a list) to the listbox, each element is a item of the listbox</span>
+<a id="__codelineno-25-3" name="__codelineno-25-3"></a><span class="c1"># manipulation of the list changes the listbox</span>
+</code></pre></div></td></tr></table></div>
+<h3 id="selecting-items">SELECTING ITEMS</h3>
+<div class="highlight"><table class="highlighttable"><tr><th colspan="2" class="filename"><span class="filename">Python</span></th></tr><tr><td class="linenos"><div class="linenodiv"><pre><span></span><span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-26-1">1</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-26-2">2</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-26-3">3</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-26-4">4</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-26-5">5</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-26-6">6</a></span></pre></div></td><td class="code"><div><pre><span></span><code><a id="__codelineno-26-1" name="__codelineno-26-1"></a><span class="n">lstbx</span><span class="p">[</span><span class="s1">&#39;selectmode&#39;</span><span class="p">]</span> <span class="o">=</span> <span class="n">mode</span>  <span class="c1"># MODE: browse (single selection), extended (multiple selection)</span>
+<a id="__codelineno-26-2" name="__codelineno-26-2"></a><span class="n">lstbx</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">curselection</span><span class="p">()</span>  <span class="c1"># returns list of indices of selected items</span>
+<a id="__codelineno-26-3" name="__codelineno-26-3"></a><span class="c1"># on selection change: generate event &lt;ListboxSelect&gt;</span>
+<a id="__codelineno-26-4" name="__codelineno-26-4"></a><span class="c1"># often each string in the program is associated with some other data item</span>
+<a id="__codelineno-26-5" name="__codelineno-26-5"></a><span class="c1"># keep a second list, parallel to the list of strings displayed in the listbox, which will hold the associated objects</span>
+<a id="__codelineno-26-6" name="__codelineno-26-6"></a><span class="c1"># (association by index with .curselection() or with a dict).</span>
+</code></pre></div></td></tr></table></div>
+<h2 id="scrollbar">SCROLLBAR</h2>
+<div class="highlight"><table class="highlighttable"><tr><th colspan="2" class="filename"><span class="filename">Python</span></th></tr><tr><td class="linenos"><div class="linenodiv"><pre><span></span><span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-27-1">1</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-27-2">2</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-27-3">3</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-27-4">4</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-27-5">5</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-27-6">6</a></span></pre></div></td><td class="code"><div><pre><span></span><code><a id="__codelineno-27-1" name="__codelineno-27-1"></a><span class="n">scroll</span> <span class="o">=</span> <span class="n">ttk</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">Scrollbar</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="n">parent</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="n">orient</span><span class="o">=</span><span class="n">direction</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="n">command</span><span class="o">=</span><span class="n">widget</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">view</span><span class="p">)</span>
+<a id="__codelineno-27-2" name="__codelineno-27-2"></a><span class="c1"># ORIENT: VERTICAL, HORIZONTAL</span>
+<a id="__codelineno-27-3" name="__codelineno-27-3"></a><span class="c1"># WIDGET.VIEW: .xview, .yview</span>
+<a id="__codelineno-27-4" name="__codelineno-27-4"></a><span class="c1"># NEEDS ASSOCIATED WIDGET SCROLL CONFIG</span>
+<a id="__codelineno-27-5" name="__codelineno-27-5"></a><span class="n">widget</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">configure</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="n">xscrollcommand</span><span class="o">=</span><span class="n">scroll</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">set</span><span class="p">)</span>
+<a id="__codelineno-27-6" name="__codelineno-27-6"></a><span class="n">widget</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">configure</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="n">yscrollcommand</span><span class="o">=</span><span class="n">scroll</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">set</span><span class="p">)</span>
+</code></pre></div></td></tr></table></div>
+<h2 id="sizegrip">SIZEGRIP</h2>
+<p>Box in right bottom of widget, allows resize.</p>
+<div class="highlight"><table class="highlighttable"><tr><th colspan="2" class="filename"><span class="filename">Python</span></th></tr><tr><td class="linenos"><div class="linenodiv"><pre><span></span><span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-28-1">1</a></span></pre></div></td><td class="code"><div><pre><span></span><code><a id="__codelineno-28-1" name="__codelineno-28-1"></a><span class="n">ttk</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">Sizegrip</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="n">parent</span><span class="p">)</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">grid</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="n">column</span><span class="o">=</span><span class="mi">999</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="n">row</span><span class="o">=</span><span class="mi">999</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="n">sticky</span><span class="o">=</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="n">S</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="n">E</span><span class="p">))</span>
+</code></pre></div></td></tr></table></div>
+<h2 id="text-tk-classic">TEXT (Tk Classic)</h2>
+<p>Area accepting multiple line of text.</p>
+<div class="highlight"><table class="highlighttable"><tr><th colspan="2" class="filename"><span class="filename">Python</span></th></tr><tr><td class="linenos"><div class="linenodiv"><pre><span></span><span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-29-1">1</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-29-2">2</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-29-3">3</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-29-4">4</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-29-5">5</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-29-6">6</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-29-7">7</a></span></pre></div></td><td class="code"><div><pre><span></span><code><a id="__codelineno-29-1" name="__codelineno-29-1"></a><span class="n">txt</span> <span class="o">=</span> <span class="n">Text</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="n">parent</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="n">width</span><span class="o">=</span><span class="n">num</span><span class="p">:</span><span class="nb">int</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="n">height</span><span class="o">=</span><span class="n">num</span><span class="p">:</span><span class="nb">int</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="n">wrap</span><span class="o">=</span><span class="n">flag</span><span class="p">)</span>  <span class="c1"># width is character num, height is row num</span>
+<a id="__codelineno-29-2" name="__codelineno-29-2"></a><span class="c1"># FLAG: none (no wrapping), char (wrap at every character), word (wrap at word boundaries)</span>
+<a id="__codelineno-29-3" name="__codelineno-29-3"></a><span class="n">txt</span><span class="p">[</span><span class="s1">&#39;state&#39;</span><span class="p">]</span> <span class="o">=</span> <span class="n">flag</span>  <span class="c1"># FLAG: disabled, normal</span>
+<a id="__codelineno-29-4" name="__codelineno-29-4"></a><span class="c1"># accepts commands xscrollcommand and yscrollcommandand and yview, xview methods</span>
+<a id="__codelineno-29-5" name="__codelineno-29-5"></a><span class="n">txt</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">see</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="n">line_num</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">char_num</span><span class="p">)</span>  <span class="c1"># ensure that given line is visible (line is 1-based, char is 0-based)</span>
+<a id="__codelineno-29-6" name="__codelineno-29-6"></a><span class="n">txt</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">get</span><span class="p">(</span> <span class="n">index</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="n">string</span><span class="p">)</span>   <span class="c1"># insert string in pos index (index = line.char), &#39;end&#39; is shortcut for end of text</span>
+<a id="__codelineno-29-7" name="__codelineno-29-7"></a><span class="n">txt</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">delete</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="n">start</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="n">end</span><span class="p">)</span>  <span class="c1"># delete range of text</span>
+</code></pre></div></td></tr></table></div>
+<h2 id="progressbar">PROGRESSBAR</h2>
+<p>Feedback about progress of lenghty operation.</p>
+<div class="highlight"><table class="highlighttable"><tr><th colspan="2" class="filename"><span class="filename">Python</span></th></tr><tr><td class="linenos"><div class="linenodiv"><pre><span></span><span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-30-1">1</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-30-2">2</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-30-3">3</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-30-4">4</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-30-5">5</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-30-6">6</a></span></pre></div></td><td class="code"><div><pre><span></span><code><a id="__codelineno-30-1" name="__codelineno-30-1"></a><span class="n">progbar</span> <span class="o">=</span> <span class="n">ttk</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">Progressbar</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="n">parent</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="n">orient</span><span class="o">=</span><span class="n">direction</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="n">length</span><span class="o">=</span><span class="n">num</span><span class="p">:</span><span class="nb">int</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="n">value</span><span class="o">=</span><span class="n">num</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="n">maximum</span><span class="o">=</span><span class="n">num</span><span class="p">:</span><span class="nb">float</span> <span class="n">mode</span><span class="o">=</span><span class="n">mode</span><span class="p">)</span>
+<a id="__codelineno-30-2" name="__codelineno-30-2"></a><span class="c1"># DIRECTION: VERTICAL, HORIZONTAL</span>
+<a id="__codelineno-30-3" name="__codelineno-30-3"></a><span class="c1"># MODE: determinate (relative progress of completion), indeterminate (no estimate of completion)</span>
+<a id="__codelineno-30-4" name="__codelineno-30-4"></a><span class="c1"># LENGTH: dimension in pixel</span>
+<a id="__codelineno-30-5" name="__codelineno-30-5"></a><span class="c1"># VALUE: sets the progress, updates the bar as it changes</span>
+<a id="__codelineno-30-6" name="__codelineno-30-6"></a><span class="c1"># MAXIMUM: total number of steps (DEFAULT: 100)</span>
+</code></pre></div></td></tr></table></div>
+<h3 id="determinate-progress">DETERMINATE PROGRESS</h3>
+<div class="highlight"><table class="highlighttable"><tr><th colspan="2" class="filename"><span class="filename">Python</span></th></tr><tr><td class="linenos"><div class="linenodiv"><pre><span></span><span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-31-1">1</a></span></pre></div></td><td class="code"><div><pre><span></span><code><a id="__codelineno-31-1" name="__codelineno-31-1"></a><span class="n">progbar</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">step</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="n">amount</span><span class="p">)</span>  <span class="c1"># increment value of given amount (DEFAULT: 1.0)</span>
+</code></pre></div></td></tr></table></div>
+<h3 id="indeterminate-progress">INDETERMINATE PROGRESS</h3>
+<div class="highlight"><table class="highlighttable"><tr><th colspan="2" class="filename"><span class="filename">Python</span></th></tr><tr><td class="linenos"><div class="linenodiv"><pre><span></span><span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-32-1">1</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-32-2">2</a></span></pre></div></td><td class="code"><div><pre><span></span><code><a id="__codelineno-32-1" name="__codelineno-32-1"></a><span class="n">progbar</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">start</span><span class="p">()</span>  <span class="c1"># starts progressbar</span>
+<a id="__codelineno-32-2" name="__codelineno-32-2"></a><span class="n">progbar</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">stop</span><span class="p">()</span>  <span class="c1">#stoops progressbar</span>
+</code></pre></div></td></tr></table></div>
+<h2 id="scale">SCALE</h2>
+<p>Provide a numeric value through direct manipulation.</p>
+<div class="highlight"><table class="highlighttable"><tr><th colspan="2" class="filename"><span class="filename">Python</span></th></tr><tr><td class="linenos"><div class="linenodiv"><pre><span></span><span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-33-1">1</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-33-2">2</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-33-3">3</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-33-4">4</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-33-5">5</a></span></pre></div></td><td class="code"><div><pre><span></span><code><a id="__codelineno-33-1" name="__codelineno-33-1"></a><span class="n">scale</span> <span class="o">=</span> <span class="n">ttk</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">Scale</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="n">parent</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="n">orient</span><span class="o">=</span><span class="n">DIR</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="n">length</span><span class="o">=</span><span class="n">num</span><span class="p">:</span><span class="nb">int</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="n">from_</span><span class="o">=</span><span class="n">num</span><span class="p">:</span><span class="nb">float</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="n">to</span><span class="o">=</span><span class="n">num</span><span class="p">:</span><span class="nb">float</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="n">command</span><span class="o">=</span><span class="n">cmd</span><span class="p">)</span>
+<a id="__codelineno-33-2" name="__codelineno-33-2"></a><span class="c1"># COMMAND: calls cmd at every scale change, appends current value to func call</span>
+<a id="__codelineno-33-3" name="__codelineno-33-3"></a><span class="n">scale</span><span class="p">[</span><span class="s1">&#39;value&#39;</span><span class="p">]</span>  <span class="c1"># set or read current value</span>
+<a id="__codelineno-33-4" name="__codelineno-33-4"></a><span class="n">scale</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">set</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="n">value</span><span class="p">)</span>  <span class="c1"># set current value</span>
+<a id="__codelineno-33-5" name="__codelineno-33-5"></a><span class="n">scale</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">get</span><span class="p">()</span>  <span class="c1"># get current value</span>
+</code></pre></div></td></tr></table></div>
+<h2 id="spinbox">SPINBOX</h2>
+<p>Choose numbers. The spinbox choses item from a list, arrows permit cycling lits items.</p>
+<div class="highlight"><table class="highlighttable"><tr><th colspan="2" class="filename"><span class="filename">Python</span></th></tr><tr><td class="linenos"><div class="linenodiv"><pre><span></span><span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-34-1">1</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-34-2">2</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-34-3">3</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-34-4">4</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-34-5">5</a></span></pre></div></td><td class="code"><div><pre><span></span><code><a id="__codelineno-34-1" name="__codelineno-34-1"></a><span class="n">spinval</span> <span class="o">=</span> <span class="n">StringVar</span><span class="p">()</span>
+<a id="__codelineno-34-2" name="__codelineno-34-2"></a><span class="n">spin</span> <span class="o">=</span> <span class="n">Spinbox</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="n">parent</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="n">from_</span><span class="o">=</span><span class="n">num</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="n">to</span><span class="o">=</span><span class="n">num</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="n">textvariable</span><span class="o">=</span><span class="n">spinval</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="n">increment</span><span class="o">=</span><span class="n">num</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="n">value</span><span class="o">=</span><span class="n">lst</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="n">wrap</span><span class="o">=</span><span class="n">boolean</span><span class="p">)</span>
+<a id="__codelineno-34-3" name="__codelineno-34-3"></a><span class="c1"># INCREMENT specifies increment\decrement by arrow button</span>
+<a id="__codelineno-34-4" name="__codelineno-34-4"></a><span class="c1"># VALUE: list of items associated with the spinbox</span>
+<a id="__codelineno-34-5" name="__codelineno-34-5"></a><span class="c1"># WRAP: boolean value determining if value should wrap around if beyond start-end value</span>
+</code></pre></div></td></tr></table></div>
+<h2 id="grid-geometry-manager">GRID GEOMETRY MANAGER</h2>
+<p>Widgets are assigned a "column" number and a "row" number, which indicates their relative position to each other.<br />
+Column and row numbers must be integers, with the first column and row starting at 0.<br />
+Gaps in column and row numbers are handy to add more widgets in the middle of the user interface at a later time.<br />
+The width of each column (or height of each row) depends on the width or height of the widgets contained within the column or row.</p>
+<p>Widgets can take up more than a single cell in the grid ("columnspan" and "rowspan" options).</p>
+<h3 id="layout-within-cell">LAYOUT WITHIN CELL</h3>
+<p>By default, if a cell is larger than the widget contained in it, the widget will be centered within it,<br />
+both horizontally and vertically, with the master's background showing in the empty space around it.<br />
+The "sticky" option can be used to change this default behavior.<br />
+The value of the "sticky" option is a string of 0 or more of the compass directions "nsew", specifying which edges of the cell the widget should be "stuck" to.<br />
+Specifying two opposite edges means that the widget will be stretched so it is stuck to both.<br />
+Specifying "nsew" it will stick to every side.</p>
+<h3 id="handling-resize">HANDLING RESIZE</h3>
+<p>Every column and row has a "weight" grid option associated with it, which tells it how much it should grow if there is extra room in the master to fill.<br />
+By default, the weight of each column or row is 0, meaning don't expand to fill space.<br />
+This is done using the "columnconfigure" and "rowconfigure" methods of grid.<br />
+Both "columnconfigure" and "rowconfigure" also take a "minsize" grid option, which specifies a minimum size.</p>
+<h3 id="padding">PADDING</h3>
+<p>Normally, each column or row will be directly adjacent to the next, so that widgets will be right next to each other.<br />
+"padx" puts a bit of extra space to the left and right of the widget, while "pady" adds extra space top and bottom.<br />
+A single value for the option puts the same padding on both left and right (or top and bottom),<br />
+while a two-value list lets you put different amounts on left and right (or top and bottom).<br />
+To add padding around an entire row or column, the "columnconfigure" and "rowconfigure" methods accept a "pad" option.  </p>
+<div class="highlight"><table class="highlighttable"><tr><th colspan="2" class="filename"><span class="filename">Python</span></th></tr><tr><td class="linenos"><div class="linenodiv"><pre><span></span><span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-35-1"> 1</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-35-2"> 2</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-35-3"> 3</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-35-4"> 4</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-35-5"> 5</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-35-6"> 6</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-35-7"> 7</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-35-8"> 8</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-35-9"> 9</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-35-10">10</a></span></pre></div></td><td class="code"><div><pre><span></span><code><a id="__codelineno-35-1" name="__codelineno-35-1"></a><span class="n">widget</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">grid</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="n">column</span><span class="o">=</span><span class="n">num</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="n">row</span><span class="o">=</span><span class="n">num</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="n">columnspan</span><span class="o">=</span><span class="n">num</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="n">rowspan</span><span class="o">=</span><span class="n">num</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="n">sticky</span><span class="o">=</span><span class="p">(),</span> <span class="n">padx</span><span class="o">=</span><span class="n">num</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="n">pady</span><span class="o">=</span><span class="n">num</span><span class="p">)</span>  <span class="c1"># sticky: N, S, E, W</span>
+<a id="__codelineno-35-2" name="__codelineno-35-2"></a><span class="n">widget</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">columnconfigure</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="n">pad</span><span class="o">=</span><span class="n">num</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="n">weight</span><span class="o">=</span><span class="n">num</span><span class="p">)</span>
+<a id="__codelineno-35-3" name="__codelineno-35-3"></a><span class="n">widget</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">rowconfigure</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="n">pad</span><span class="o">=</span><span class="n">num</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="n">weight</span><span class="o">=</span><span class="n">num</span><span class="p">)</span>
+<a id="__codelineno-35-4" name="__codelineno-35-4"></a>
+<a id="__codelineno-35-5" name="__codelineno-35-5"></a><span class="n">widget</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">grid_slaves</span><span class="p">()</span>  <span class="c1"># returns map, list of widgets inside a master</span>
+<a id="__codelineno-35-6" name="__codelineno-35-6"></a><span class="n">widget</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">grid_info</span><span class="p">()</span>  <span class="c1"># returns list of grid options</span>
+<a id="__codelineno-35-7" name="__codelineno-35-7"></a><span class="n">widget</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">grid_configure</span><span class="p">()</span>  <span class="c1"># change one or more option</span>
+<a id="__codelineno-35-8" name="__codelineno-35-8"></a>
+<a id="__codelineno-35-9" name="__codelineno-35-9"></a><span class="n">widget</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">grid_forget</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="n">slaves</span><span class="p">)</span>  <span class="c1"># takes a list of slaves, removes slaves from grid (forgets slaves options)</span>
+<a id="__codelineno-35-10" name="__codelineno-35-10"></a><span class="n">widget</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">grid_remove</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="n">slaves</span><span class="p">)</span>  <span class="c1"># takes a list of slaves, removes slaves from grid (remembers slaves options)</span>
+</code></pre></div></td></tr></table></div>
+<h2 id="windows-and-dialogs">WINDOWS AND DIALOGS</h2>
+<h3 id="creating-toplevel-window">CREATING TOPLEVEL WINDOW</h3>
+<div class="highlight"><table class="highlighttable"><tr><th colspan="2" class="filename"><span class="filename">Python</span></th></tr><tr><td class="linenos"><div class="linenodiv"><pre><span></span><span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-36-1">1</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-36-2">2</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-36-3">3</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-36-4">4</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-36-5">5</a></span></pre></div></td><td class="code"><div><pre><span></span><code><a id="__codelineno-36-1" name="__codelineno-36-1"></a><span class="n">tlw</span> <span class="o">=</span> <span class="n">Toplevel</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="n">parent</span><span class="p">)</span>  <span class="c1"># parent of root window, no need to grid it</span>
+<a id="__codelineno-36-2" name="__codelineno-36-2"></a>
+<a id="__codelineno-36-3" name="__codelineno-36-3"></a><span class="n">window</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">destroy</span><span class="p">()</span>
+<a id="__codelineno-36-4" name="__codelineno-36-4"></a><span class="c1"># can destroy every widget</span>
+<a id="__codelineno-36-5" name="__codelineno-36-5"></a><span class="c1"># destroying parent also destroys it&#39;s children</span>
+</code></pre></div></td></tr></table></div>
+<h3 id="changing-behavior-and-style">CHANGING BEHAVIOR AND STYLE</h3>
+<div class="highlight"><table class="highlighttable"><tr><th colspan="2" class="filename"><span class="filename">Python</span></th></tr><tr><td class="linenos"><div class="linenodiv"><pre><span></span><span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-37-1"> 1</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-37-2"> 2</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-37-3"> 3</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-37-4"> 4</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-37-5"> 5</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-37-6"> 6</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-37-7"> 7</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-37-8"> 8</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-37-9"> 9</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-37-10">10</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-37-11">11</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-37-12">12</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-37-13">13</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-37-14">14</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-37-15">15</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-37-16">16</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-37-17">17</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-37-18">18</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-37-19">19</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-37-20">20</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-37-21">21</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-37-22">22</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-37-23">23</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-37-24">24</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-37-25">25</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-37-26">26</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-37-27">27</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-37-28">28</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-37-29">29</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-37-30">30</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-37-31">31</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-37-32">32</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-37-33">33</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-37-34">34</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-37-35">35</a></span></pre></div></td><td class="code"><div><pre><span></span><code><a id="__codelineno-37-1" name="__codelineno-37-1"></a><span class="c1"># WINDOW TILE</span>
+<a id="__codelineno-37-2" name="__codelineno-37-2"></a><span class="n">window</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">title</span><span class="p">()</span>  <span class="c1"># returns title of the window</span>
+<a id="__codelineno-37-3" name="__codelineno-37-3"></a><span class="n">window</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">title</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="s1">&#39;new title&#39;</span><span class="p">)</span>  <span class="c1"># sets title</span>
+<a id="__codelineno-37-4" name="__codelineno-37-4"></a>
+<a id="__codelineno-37-5" name="__codelineno-37-5"></a><span class="c1"># SIZE AND LOCATION</span>
+<a id="__codelineno-37-6" name="__codelineno-37-6"></a><span class="n">window</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">geometry</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="n">geo_specs</span><span class="p">)</span>
+<a id="__codelineno-37-7" name="__codelineno-37-7"></a><span class="sd">&#39;&#39;&#39;full geometry specification: width * height +- x +- y (actual coordinates of screen)</span>
+<a id="__codelineno-37-8" name="__codelineno-37-8"></a><span class="sd">+x --&gt; x pixels from left edge</span>
+<a id="__codelineno-37-9" name="__codelineno-37-9"></a><span class="sd">-x --&gt; x pixels from right edge</span>
+<a id="__codelineno-37-10" name="__codelineno-37-10"></a><span class="sd">+y --&gt; y pixels from top edge</span>
+<a id="__codelineno-37-11" name="__codelineno-37-11"></a><span class="sd">-y --&gt; y pixels from bottom edge&#39;&#39;&#39;</span>
+<a id="__codelineno-37-12" name="__codelineno-37-12"></a>
+<a id="__codelineno-37-13" name="__codelineno-37-13"></a><span class="c1"># STACKING ORDER</span>
+<a id="__codelineno-37-14" name="__codelineno-37-14"></a><span class="c1"># current stacking order (list from lowest to highest) --- NOT CLEANLY EXPOSED THROUGH TK API</span>
+<a id="__codelineno-37-15" name="__codelineno-37-15"></a><span class="n">root</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">tk</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">eval</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="s1">&#39;wm stackorder &#39;</span> <span class="o">+</span> <span class="nb">str</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="n">window</span><span class="p">))</span>
+<a id="__codelineno-37-16" name="__codelineno-37-16"></a><span class="c1"># check if window is above or below</span>
+<a id="__codelineno-37-17" name="__codelineno-37-17"></a><span class="k">if</span> <span class="p">(</span><span class="n">root</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">tk</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">eval</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="s1">&#39;wm stackorder &#39;</span><span class="o">+</span><span class="nb">str</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="n">window</span><span class="p">)</span><span class="o">+</span><span class="s1">&#39; isabove &#39;</span><span class="o">+</span><span class="nb">str</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="n">otherwindow</span><span class="p">))</span><span class="o">==</span><span class="s1">&#39;1&#39;</span><span class="p">)</span>
+<a id="__codelineno-37-18" name="__codelineno-37-18"></a><span class="k">if</span> <span class="p">(</span><span class="n">root</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">tk</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">eval</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="s1">&#39;wm stackorder &#39;</span><span class="o">+</span><span class="nb">str</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="n">window</span><span class="p">)</span><span class="o">+</span><span class="s1">&#39; isbelow &#39;</span><span class="o">+</span><span class="nb">str</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="n">otherwindow</span><span class="p">))</span><span class="o">==</span><span class="s1">&#39;1&#39;</span><span class="p">)</span>
+<a id="__codelineno-37-19" name="__codelineno-37-19"></a><span class="c1"># raise or lower windows</span>
+<a id="__codelineno-37-20" name="__codelineno-37-20"></a><span class="n">window</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">lift</span><span class="p">()</span>  <span class="c1"># absolute position</span>
+<a id="__codelineno-37-21" name="__codelineno-37-21"></a><span class="n">window</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">lift</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="n">otherwin</span><span class="p">)</span>  <span class="c1"># relative to other window</span>
+<a id="__codelineno-37-22" name="__codelineno-37-22"></a><span class="n">window</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">lower</span><span class="p">()</span>  <span class="c1"># absolute position</span>
+<a id="__codelineno-37-23" name="__codelineno-37-23"></a><span class="n">window</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">lower</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="n">otherwin</span><span class="p">)</span>   <span class="c1"># relative to other window</span>
+<a id="__codelineno-37-24" name="__codelineno-37-24"></a>
+<a id="__codelineno-37-25" name="__codelineno-37-25"></a><span class="c1"># RESIZE BEHAVIOR</span>
+<a id="__codelineno-37-26" name="__codelineno-37-26"></a><span class="n">window</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">resizable</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="n">boolean</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="n">boolean</span><span class="p">)</span>  <span class="c1"># sets if resizable in width (1st param) and width (2nd param)</span>
+<a id="__codelineno-37-27" name="__codelineno-37-27"></a><span class="n">window</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">minsize</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="n">num</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="n">num</span><span class="p">)</span>  <span class="c1"># sets min width and height</span>
+<a id="__codelineno-37-28" name="__codelineno-37-28"></a><span class="n">window</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">maxsize</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="n">num</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="n">num</span><span class="p">)</span>  <span class="c1"># sets max width and height</span>
+<a id="__codelineno-37-29" name="__codelineno-37-29"></a>
+<a id="__codelineno-37-30" name="__codelineno-37-30"></a><span class="c1"># ICONIFYING AND WITHDRAWING</span>
+<a id="__codelineno-37-31" name="__codelineno-37-31"></a><span class="c1"># WINDOW STATE: normal. iconic (iconified window), withdrawn, icon, zoomed</span>
+<a id="__codelineno-37-32" name="__codelineno-37-32"></a><span class="n">window</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">state</span><span class="p">()</span>  <span class="c1"># returns current window state</span>
+<a id="__codelineno-37-33" name="__codelineno-37-33"></a><span class="n">window</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">state</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="s1">&#39;state&#39;</span><span class="p">)</span>  <span class="c1"># sets window state</span>
+<a id="__codelineno-37-34" name="__codelineno-37-34"></a><span class="n">window</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">iconify</span><span class="p">()</span>  <span class="c1"># iconifies window</span>
+<a id="__codelineno-37-35" name="__codelineno-37-35"></a><span class="n">window</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">deiconify</span><span class="p">()</span>  <span class="c1"># deiconifies window</span>
+</code></pre></div></td></tr></table></div>
+<h3 id="standard-dialogs">STANDARD DIALOGS</h3>
+<div class="highlight"><table class="highlighttable"><tr><th colspan="2" class="filename"><span class="filename">Python</span></th></tr><tr><td class="linenos"><div class="linenodiv"><pre><span></span><span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-38-1"> 1</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-38-2"> 2</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-38-3"> 3</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-38-4"> 4</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-38-5"> 5</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-38-6"> 6</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-38-7"> 7</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-38-8"> 8</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-38-9"> 9</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-38-10">10</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-38-11">11</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-38-12">12</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-38-13">13</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-38-14">14</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-38-15">15</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-38-16">16</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-38-17">17</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-38-18">18</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-38-19">19</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-38-20">20</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-38-21">21</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-38-22">22</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-38-23">23</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-38-24">24</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-38-25">25</a></span></pre></div></td><td class="code"><div><pre><span></span><code><a id="__codelineno-38-1" name="__codelineno-38-1"></a><span class="c1"># SLEETING FILE AND DIRECTORIES</span>
+<a id="__codelineno-38-2" name="__codelineno-38-2"></a><span class="c1"># on Windows and Mac invokes underlying OS dialogs directly</span>
+<a id="__codelineno-38-3" name="__codelineno-38-3"></a><span class="kn">from</span> <span class="nn">tkinter</span> <span class="kn">import</span> <span class="n">filedialog</span>
+<a id="__codelineno-38-4" name="__codelineno-38-4"></a><span class="n">filename</span> <span class="o">=</span> <span class="n">filedialog</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">askopenfilename</span><span class="p">()</span>
+<a id="__codelineno-38-5" name="__codelineno-38-5"></a><span class="n">filename</span> <span class="o">=</span> <span class="n">filedialog</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">asksaveasfilename</span><span class="p">()</span>
+<a id="__codelineno-38-6" name="__codelineno-38-6"></a><span class="n">dirname</span> <span class="o">=</span> <span class="n">filedialog</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">askdirectory</span><span class="p">()</span>
+<a id="__codelineno-38-7" name="__codelineno-38-7"></a><span class="sd">&#39;&#39;&#39;All of these commands produce modal dialogs, which means that the commands (and hence the program) will not continue running until the user submits the dialog.</span>
+<a id="__codelineno-38-8" name="__codelineno-38-8"></a><span class="sd">The commands return the full pathname of the file or directory the user has chosen, or return an empty string if the user cancels out of the dialog.&#39;&#39;&#39;</span>
+<a id="__codelineno-38-9" name="__codelineno-38-9"></a>
+<a id="__codelineno-38-10" name="__codelineno-38-10"></a><span class="c1"># SELECTING COLORS</span>
+<a id="__codelineno-38-11" name="__codelineno-38-11"></a><span class="kn">from</span> <span class="nn">tkinter</span> <span class="kn">import</span> <span class="n">colorchooser</span>
+<a id="__codelineno-38-12" name="__codelineno-38-12"></a> <span class="c1"># returns HEX color code, INITIALCOLOR: exiting color, presumably to replace</span>
+<a id="__codelineno-38-13" name="__codelineno-38-13"></a><span class="n">colorchooser</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">askcolor</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="n">initialcolor</span><span class="o">=</span><span class="n">hex_color_code</span><span class="p">)</span>
+<a id="__codelineno-38-14" name="__codelineno-38-14"></a>
+<a id="__codelineno-38-15" name="__codelineno-38-15"></a><span class="c1"># ALERT AND COMFIRMATION DIALOGS</span>
+<a id="__codelineno-38-16" name="__codelineno-38-16"></a><span class="kn">from</span> <span class="nn">tkinter</span> <span class="kn">import</span> <span class="n">messagebox</span>
+<a id="__codelineno-38-17" name="__codelineno-38-17"></a><span class="n">messagebox</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">showinfo</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="n">title</span><span class="o">=</span><span class="s2">&quot;title&quot;</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="n">message</span><span class="o">=</span><span class="s1">&#39;text&#39;</span><span class="p">)</span>  <span class="c1"># simple box with message and OK button</span>
+<a id="__codelineno-38-18" name="__codelineno-38-18"></a><span class="n">messagebox</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">showerror</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="n">title</span><span class="o">=</span><span class="s2">&quot;title&quot;</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="n">message</span><span class="o">=</span><span class="s1">&#39;text&#39;</span><span class="p">)</span>
+<a id="__codelineno-38-19" name="__codelineno-38-19"></a><span class="n">messagebox</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">showwarning</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="n">title</span><span class="o">=</span><span class="s2">&quot;title&quot;</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="n">message</span><span class="o">=</span><span class="s1">&#39;text&#39;</span><span class="p">)</span>
+<a id="__codelineno-38-20" name="__codelineno-38-20"></a><span class="n">messagebox</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">askyesno</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="n">title</span><span class="o">=</span><span class="s2">&quot;title&quot;</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="n">message</span><span class="o">=</span><span class="s1">&#39;text&#39;</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="n">detail</span><span class="o">=</span><span class="s1">&#39;secondary text&#39;</span> <span class="n">icon</span><span class="o">=</span><span class="s1">&#39;icon&#39;</span><span class="p">)</span>
+<a id="__codelineno-38-21" name="__codelineno-38-21"></a><span class="n">messagebor</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">askokcancel</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="n">message</span><span class="o">=</span><span class="s1">&#39;text&#39;</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="n">icon</span><span class="o">=</span><span class="s1">&#39;icon&#39;</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="n">title</span><span class="o">=</span><span class="s1">&#39;title&#39;</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="n">detail</span><span class="o">=</span><span class="s1">&#39;secondary text&#39;</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="n">default</span><span class="o">=</span><span class="n">button</span><span class="p">)</span>  <span class="c1"># DEFAULT: default button, ok or cancel</span>
+<a id="__codelineno-38-22" name="__codelineno-38-22"></a><span class="n">messagebox</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">akdquestion</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="n">title</span><span class="o">=</span><span class="s2">&quot;title&quot;</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="n">message</span><span class="o">=</span><span class="s1">&#39;text&#39;</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="n">detail</span><span class="o">=</span><span class="s1">&#39;secondary text&#39;</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="n">icon</span><span class="o">=</span><span class="s1">&#39;icon&#39;</span><span class="p">)</span>
+<a id="__codelineno-38-23" name="__codelineno-38-23"></a><span class="n">messagebox</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">askretrycancel</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="n">title</span><span class="o">=</span><span class="s2">&quot;title&quot;</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="n">message</span><span class="o">=</span><span class="s1">&#39;text&#39;</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="n">detail</span><span class="o">=</span><span class="s1">&#39;secondary text&#39;</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="n">icon</span><span class="o">=</span><span class="s1">&#39;icon&#39;</span><span class="p">)</span>
+<a id="__codelineno-38-24" name="__codelineno-38-24"></a><span class="n">messagebox</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">askyesnocancel</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="n">title</span><span class="o">=</span><span class="s2">&quot;title&quot;</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="n">message</span><span class="o">=</span><span class="s1">&#39;text&#39;</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="n">detail</span><span class="o">=</span><span class="s1">&#39;secondary text&#39;</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="n">icon</span><span class="o">=</span><span class="s1">&#39;icon&#39;</span><span class="p">)</span>
+<a id="__codelineno-38-25" name="__codelineno-38-25"></a><span class="c1"># ICON: info (default), error, question, warning</span>
+</code></pre></div></td></tr></table></div>
+<p>POSSIBLE ALERT/CONFIRMATION RETURN VALUES:</p>
+<ul>
+<li><code>ok (default)</code> -- "ok"</li>
+<li><code>okcancel</code> -- "ok" or "cancel"</li>
+<li><code>yesno</code> -- "yes" or "no"</li>
+<li><code>yesnocancel</code> -- "yes", "no" or "cancel"</li>
+<li><code>retrycancel</code> -- "retry" or "cancel"</li>
+</ul>
+<h2 id="separator">SEPARATOR</h2>
+<div class="highlight"><table class="highlighttable"><tr><th colspan="2" class="filename"><span class="filename">Python</span></th></tr><tr><td class="linenos"><div class="linenodiv"><pre><span></span><span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-39-1"> 1</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-39-2"> 2</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-39-3"> 3</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-39-4"> 4</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-39-5"> 5</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-39-6"> 6</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-39-7"> 7</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-39-8"> 8</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-39-9"> 9</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-39-10">10</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-39-11">11</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-39-12">12</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-39-13">13</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-39-14">14</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-39-15">15</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-39-16">16</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-39-17">17</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-39-18">18</a></span></pre></div></td><td class="code"><div><pre><span></span><code><a id="__codelineno-39-1" name="__codelineno-39-1"></a><span class="c1"># horizontal or vertical line between groups of widgets</span>
+<a id="__codelineno-39-2" name="__codelineno-39-2"></a><span class="n">separator</span> <span class="o">=</span> <span class="n">ttk</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">Separator</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="n">parent</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="n">orient</span><span class="o">=</span><span class="n">direction</span><span class="p">)</span>
+<a id="__codelineno-39-3" name="__codelineno-39-3"></a><span class="c1"># DIRECTION: horizontal, vertical</span>
+<a id="__codelineno-39-4" name="__codelineno-39-4"></a><span class="sd">&#39;&#39;&#39;LABEL FRAME&#39;&#39;&#39;</span>
+<a id="__codelineno-39-5" name="__codelineno-39-5"></a><span class="c1"># labelled frame, used to group widgets</span>
+<a id="__codelineno-39-6" name="__codelineno-39-6"></a><span class="n">lf</span> <span class="o">=</span> <span class="n">ttk</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">LabelFrame</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="n">parent</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="n">text</span><span class="o">=</span><span class="s1">&#39;label&#39;</span><span class="p">)</span>
+<a id="__codelineno-39-7" name="__codelineno-39-7"></a><span class="sd">&#39;&#39;&#39;PANED WINDOWS&#39;&#39;&#39;</span>
+<a id="__codelineno-39-8" name="__codelineno-39-8"></a><span class="c1"># stack multimple resizable widgets</span>
+<a id="__codelineno-39-9" name="__codelineno-39-9"></a><span class="c1"># panes ara adjustable (drag sash between panes)</span>
+<a id="__codelineno-39-10" name="__codelineno-39-10"></a><span class="n">pw</span> <span class="o">=</span> <span class="n">ttk</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">PanedWindow</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="n">parent</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="n">orient</span><span class="o">=</span><span class="n">direction</span><span class="p">)</span>
+<a id="__codelineno-39-11" name="__codelineno-39-11"></a><span class="c1"># DIRECTION: horizontal, vertical</span>
+<a id="__codelineno-39-12" name="__codelineno-39-12"></a><span class="n">lf1</span> <span class="o">=</span> <span class="n">ttk</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">LabelFrame</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="o">...</span><span class="p">)</span>
+<a id="__codelineno-39-13" name="__codelineno-39-13"></a><span class="n">lf2</span> <span class="o">=</span> <span class="n">ttk</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">LabelFrame</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="o">...</span><span class="p">)</span>
+<a id="__codelineno-39-14" name="__codelineno-39-14"></a><span class="n">pw</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">add</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="n">lf1</span><span class="p">)</span>  <span class="c1"># add widget to paned window</span>
+<a id="__codelineno-39-15" name="__codelineno-39-15"></a><span class="n">pw</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">add</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="n">lf2</span><span class="p">)</span>
+<a id="__codelineno-39-16" name="__codelineno-39-16"></a><span class="n">pw</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">insert</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="n">position</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="n">subwindow</span><span class="p">)</span>  <span class="c1"># insert widget at given position in list of panes (0, ..., n-1)</span>
+<a id="__codelineno-39-17" name="__codelineno-39-17"></a><span class="n">pw</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">forget</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="n">subwindow</span><span class="p">)</span>  <span class="c1"># remove widget from pane</span>
+<a id="__codelineno-39-18" name="__codelineno-39-18"></a><span class="n">pw</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">forget</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="n">position</span><span class="p">)</span>  <span class="c1"># remove widget from pane</span>
+</code></pre></div></td></tr></table></div>
+<h3 id="notebook">NOTEBOOK</h3>
+<p>Allows switching between multiple pages</p>
+<div class="highlight"><table class="highlighttable"><tr><th colspan="2" class="filename"><span class="filename">Python</span></th></tr><tr><td class="linenos"><div class="linenodiv"><pre><span></span><span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-40-1"> 1</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-40-2"> 2</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-40-3"> 3</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-40-4"> 4</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-40-5"> 5</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-40-6"> 6</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-40-7"> 7</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-40-8"> 8</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-40-9"> 9</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-40-10">10</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-40-11">11</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-40-12">12</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-40-13">13</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-40-14">14</a></span></pre></div></td><td class="code"><div><pre><span></span><code><a id="__codelineno-40-1" name="__codelineno-40-1"></a><span class="n">nb</span> <span class="o">=</span> <span class="n">ttk</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">Notebook</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="n">parent</span><span class="p">)</span>
+<a id="__codelineno-40-2" name="__codelineno-40-2"></a><span class="n">f1</span> <span class="o">=</span> <span class="n">ttk</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">Frame</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="n">parent</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="o">...</span><span class="p">)</span>  <span class="c1"># child of notebook</span>
+<a id="__codelineno-40-3" name="__codelineno-40-3"></a><span class="n">f2</span> <span class="o">=</span> <span class="n">ttk</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">Frame</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="n">parent</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="o">...</span><span class="p">)</span>
+<a id="__codelineno-40-4" name="__codelineno-40-4"></a><span class="n">nb</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">add</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="n">subwindow</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="n">text</span><span class="o">=</span><span class="s1">&#39;page title&#39;</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="n">state</span><span class="o">=</span><span class="n">flag</span><span class="p">)</span>
+<a id="__codelineno-40-5" name="__codelineno-40-5"></a><span class="c1"># TEXT: name of page, STATE: normal, dusabled (not selectable), hidden</span>
+<a id="__codelineno-40-6" name="__codelineno-40-6"></a>
+<a id="__codelineno-40-7" name="__codelineno-40-7"></a><span class="n">nb</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">insert</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="n">position</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="n">subwindow</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="n">option</span><span class="o">=</span><span class="n">value</span><span class="p">)</span>
+<a id="__codelineno-40-8" name="__codelineno-40-8"></a><span class="n">nb</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">forget</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="n">subwindow</span><span class="p">)</span>
+<a id="__codelineno-40-9" name="__codelineno-40-9"></a><span class="n">nb</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">forget</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="n">position</span><span class="p">)</span>
+<a id="__codelineno-40-10" name="__codelineno-40-10"></a><span class="n">nb</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">tabs</span><span class="p">()</span>  <span class="c1"># retrieve all tabs</span>
+<a id="__codelineno-40-11" name="__codelineno-40-11"></a><span class="n">nb</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">select</span><span class="p">()</span>  <span class="c1"># return current tab</span>
+<a id="__codelineno-40-12" name="__codelineno-40-12"></a><span class="n">nb</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">select</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="n">position</span><span class="o">/</span><span class="n">subwindow</span><span class="p">)</span>  <span class="c1"># change current tab</span>
+<a id="__codelineno-40-13" name="__codelineno-40-13"></a><span class="n">nb</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">tab</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="n">tabid</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="n">option</span><span class="p">)</span>  <span class="c1"># retrieve tab (TABID: position or subwindow) option</span>
+<a id="__codelineno-40-14" name="__codelineno-40-14"></a><span class="n">nb</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">tab</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="n">tabid</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="n">option</span><span class="o">=</span><span class="n">value</span><span class="p">)</span>   <span class="c1"># change tab option</span>
+</code></pre></div></td></tr></table></div>
+<h4 id="fonts-colors-images">FONTS, COLORS, IMAGES</h4>
+<h4 id="named-fonts">NAMED FONTS</h4>
+<p>Creation of personalized fonts</p>
+<div class="highlight"><table class="highlighttable"><tr><th colspan="2" class="filename"><span class="filename">Python</span></th></tr><tr><td class="linenos"><div class="linenodiv"><pre><span></span><span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-41-1">1</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-41-2">2</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-41-3">3</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-41-4">4</a></span></pre></div></td><td class="code"><div><pre><span></span><code><a id="__codelineno-41-1" name="__codelineno-41-1"></a><span class="kn">from</span> <span class="nn">tkinter</span> <span class="kn">import</span> <span class="n">font</span>
+<a id="__codelineno-41-2" name="__codelineno-41-2"></a><span class="n">font_name</span> <span class="o">=</span> <span class="n">font</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">Font</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="n">family</span><span class="o">=</span><span class="s1">&#39;font_family&#39;</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="n">size</span><span class="o">=</span><span class="n">num</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="n">weight</span><span class="o">=</span><span class="s1">&#39;bold/normal&#39;</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="n">slant</span><span class="o">=</span><span class="s1">&#39;roman/italic&#39;</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="n">underline</span><span class="o">=</span><span class="n">boolean</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="n">overstrike</span><span class="o">=</span><span class="n">boolean</span><span class="p">)</span>
+<a id="__codelineno-41-3" name="__codelineno-41-3"></a><span class="c1"># FAMILY: Courier, Times, Helvetica (support guaranteed)</span>
+<a id="__codelineno-41-4" name="__codelineno-41-4"></a><span class="n">font</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">families</span><span class="p">()</span>  <span class="c1"># all avaiable font families</span>
+</code></pre></div></td></tr></table></div>
+<h4 id="colors">COLORS</h4>
+<p>Specified w/ HEX RGB codes.</p>
+<h4 id="images">IMAGES</h4>
+<p>imgobj = PhotoImage(file='filename')
+label['image'] = imgobj</p>
+<h4 id="images-w-pillow">IMAGES W/ Pillow</h4>
+<div class="highlight"><table class="highlighttable"><tr><th colspan="2" class="filename"><span class="filename">Python</span></th></tr><tr><td class="linenos"><div class="linenodiv"><pre><span></span><span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-42-1">1</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-42-2">2</a></span></pre></div></td><td class="code"><div><pre><span></span><code><a id="__codelineno-42-1" name="__codelineno-42-1"></a><span class="kn">from</span> <span class="nn">PIL</span> <span class="kn">import</span> <span class="n">ImageTk</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="n">Image</span>
+<a id="__codelineno-42-2" name="__codelineno-42-2"></a><span class="n">myimg</span> <span class="o">=</span> <span class="n">ImageTk</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">PhotoImage</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="n">Image</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">open</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="s1">&#39;filename&#39;</span><span class="p">))</span>
+</code></pre></div></td></tr></table></div>
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+                
+  
+  
+  
+  
+    <li class="md-nav__item">
+      <a href="../../html/html.html" class="md-nav__link">
+        
+  
+  <span class="md-ellipsis">
+    HTML
+  </span>
+  
+
+      </a>
+    </li>
+  
+
+              
+            
+              
+                
+  
+  
+  
+  
+    <li class="md-nav__item">
+      <a href="../../markdown.html" class="md-nav__link">
+        
+  
+  <span class="md-ellipsis">
+    Markdown
+  </span>
+  
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+    </li>
+  
+
+              
+            
+              
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+  
+  
+  
+  
+    <li class="md-nav__item">
+      <a href="../../css/css.html" class="md-nav__link">
+        
+  
+  <span class="md-ellipsis">
+    CSS
+  </span>
+  
+
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+    </li>
+  
+
+              
+            
+              
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+  
+  
+  
+  
+    <li class="md-nav__item">
+      <a href="../../c/c.html" class="md-nav__link">
+        
+  
+  <span class="md-ellipsis">
+    C
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+  
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+    </li>
+  
+
+              
+            
+              
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+  
+  
+  
+    <li class="md-nav__item">
+      <a href="../../kotlin/kotlin.html" class="md-nav__link">
+        
+  
+  <span class="md-ellipsis">
+    Kotlin
+  </span>
+  
+
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+    </li>
+  
+
+              
+            
+              
+                
+  
+  
+  
+  
+    <li class="md-nav__item">
+      <a href="../../swift/swift.html" class="md-nav__link">
+        
+  
+  <span class="md-ellipsis">
+    Swift
+  </span>
+  
+
+      </a>
+    </li>
+  
+
+              
+            
+              
+                
+  
+  
+  
+  
+    
+    
+      
+        
+      
+        
+      
+    
+    
+      
+      
+        
+          
+          
+        
+      
+    
+    
+    <li class="md-nav__item md-nav__item--section md-nav__item--nested">
+      
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+        <input class="md-nav__toggle md-toggle " type="checkbox" id="__nav_4_7" >
+        
+          
+          <label class="md-nav__link" for="__nav_4_7" id="__nav_4_7_label" tabindex="">
+            
+  
+  <span class="md-ellipsis">
+    Assembly
+  </span>
+  
+
+            <span class="md-nav__icon md-icon"></span>
+          </label>
+        
+        <nav class="md-nav" data-md-level="2" aria-labelledby="__nav_4_7_label" aria-expanded="false">
+          <label class="md-nav__title" for="__nav_4_7">
+            <span class="md-nav__icon md-icon"></span>
+            Assembly
+          </label>
+          <ul class="md-nav__list" data-md-scrollfix>
+            
+              
+                
+  
+  
+  
+  
+    <li class="md-nav__item">
+      <a href="../../assembly/intel.html" class="md-nav__link">
+        
+  
+  <span class="md-ellipsis">
+    Intel
+  </span>
+  
+
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+    </li>
+  
+
+              
+            
+              
+                
+  
+  
+  
+  
+    <li class="md-nav__item">
+      <a href="../../assembly/riscv.html" class="md-nav__link">
+        
+  
+  <span class="md-ellipsis">
+    RISC-V
+  </span>
+  
+
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+    </li>
+  
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+            
+          </ul>
+        </nav>
+      
+    </li>
+  
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+    
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+  
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+    
+      
+        
+      
+        
+      
+        
+      
+    
+    
+      
+      
+        
+          
+          
+        
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+    <li class="md-nav__item md-nav__item--active md-nav__item--section md-nav__item--nested">
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+          <label class="md-nav__link" for="__nav_4_8" id="__nav_4_8_label" tabindex="">
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+  <span class="md-ellipsis">
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+            
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+  
+  
+    <li class="md-nav__item">
+      <a href="../python.html" class="md-nav__link">
+        
+  
+  <span class="md-ellipsis">
+    Python
+  </span>
+  
+
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+    </li>
+  
+
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+            
+              
+                
+  
+  
+    
+  
+  
+  
+    
+    
+      
+        
+      
+        
+      
+        
+      
+        
+      
+        
+      
+        
+      
+        
+      
+        
+      
+        
+      
+        
+      
+        
+      
+        
+      
+        
+      
+    
+    
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+      
+        
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+    <li class="md-nav__item md-nav__item--active md-nav__item--nested">
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+        
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+          <label class="md-nav__link" for="__nav_4_8_2" id="__nav_4_8_2_label" tabindex="0">
+            
+  
+  <span class="md-ellipsis">
+    Modules
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+        
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+          <label class="md-nav__title" for="__nav_4_8_2">
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+            Modules
+          </label>
+          <ul class="md-nav__list" data-md-scrollfix>
+            
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+    <li class="md-nav__item md-nav__item--active">
+      
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+      
+      
+        
+      
+      
+        <label class="md-nav__link md-nav__link--active" for="__toc">
+          
+  
+  <span class="md-ellipsis">
+    argparse
+  </span>
+  
+
+          <span class="md-nav__icon md-icon"></span>
+        </label>
+      
+      <a href="argparse.html" class="md-nav__link md-nav__link--active">
+        
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+  <span class="md-ellipsis">
+    argparse
+  </span>
+  
+
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+      
+        
+
+<nav class="md-nav md-nav--secondary" aria-label="Table of contents">
+  
+  
+  
+    
+  
+  
+    <label class="md-nav__title" for="__toc">
+      <span class="md-nav__icon md-icon"></span>
+      Table of contents
+    </label>
+    <ul class="md-nav__list" data-md-component="toc" data-md-scrollfix>
+      
+        <li class="md-nav__item">
+  <a href="#creating-a-parser" class="md-nav__link">
+    <span class="md-ellipsis">
+      Creating a parser
+    </span>
+  </a>
+  
+</li>
+      
+        <li class="md-nav__item">
+  <a href="#adding-arguments" class="md-nav__link">
+    <span class="md-ellipsis">
+      Adding Arguments
+    </span>
+  </a>
+  
+    <nav class="md-nav" aria-label="Adding Arguments">
+      <ul class="md-nav__list">
+        
+          <li class="md-nav__item">
+  <a href="#actions" class="md-nav__link">
+    <span class="md-ellipsis">
+      Actions
+    </span>
+  </a>
+  
+</li>
+        
+          <li class="md-nav__item">
+  <a href="#nargs" class="md-nav__link">
+    <span class="md-ellipsis">
+      Nargs
+    </span>
+  </a>
+  
+</li>
+        
+      </ul>
+    </nav>
+  
+</li>
+      
+        <li class="md-nav__item">
+  <a href="#parsing-arguments" class="md-nav__link">
+    <span class="md-ellipsis">
+      Parsing Arguments
+    </span>
+  </a>
+  
+</li>
+      
+    </ul>
+  
+</nav>
+      
+    </li>
+  
+
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+            
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+                
+  
+  
+  
+  
+    <li class="md-nav__item">
+      <a href="collections.html" class="md-nav__link">
+        
+  
+  <span class="md-ellipsis">
+    collection
+  </span>
+  
+
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+    </li>
+  
+
+              
+            
+              
+                
+  
+  
+  
+  
+    <li class="md-nav__item">
+      <a href="csv.html" class="md-nav__link">
+        
+  
+  <span class="md-ellipsis">
+    csv
+  </span>
+  
+
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+    </li>
+  
+
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+            
+              
+                
+  
+  
+  
+  
+    <li class="md-nav__item">
+      <a href="ftplib.html" class="md-nav__link">
+        
+  
+  <span class="md-ellipsis">
+    ftplib
+  </span>
+  
+
+      </a>
+    </li>
+  
+
+              
+            
+              
+                
+  
+  
+  
+  
+    <li class="md-nav__item">
+      <a href="itertools.html" class="md-nav__link">
+        
+  
+  <span class="md-ellipsis">
+    itertools
+  </span>
+  
+
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+    </li>
+  
+
+              
+            
+              
+                
+  
+  
+  
+  
+    <li class="md-nav__item">
+      <a href="json.html" class="md-nav__link">
+        
+  
+  <span class="md-ellipsis">
+    json
+  </span>
+  
+
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+    </li>
+  
+
+              
+            
+              
+                
+  
+  
+  
+  
+    <li class="md-nav__item">
+      <a href="logging.html" class="md-nav__link">
+        
+  
+  <span class="md-ellipsis">
+    logging
+  </span>
+  
+
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+    </li>
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+
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+            
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+                
+  
+  
+  
+  
+    <li class="md-nav__item">
+      <a href="shutil.html" class="md-nav__link">
+        
+  
+  <span class="md-ellipsis">
+    shutil
+  </span>
+  
+
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+    </li>
+  
+
+              
+            
+              
+                
+  
+  
+  
+  
+    <li class="md-nav__item">
+      <a href="smtplib.html" class="md-nav__link">
+        
+  
+  <span class="md-ellipsis">
+    smtplib
+  </span>
+  
+
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+    </li>
+  
+
+              
+            
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+                
+  
+  
+  
+  
+    <li class="md-nav__item">
+      <a href="socket.html" class="md-nav__link">
+        
+  
+  <span class="md-ellipsis">
+    socket
+  </span>
+  
+
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+    </li>
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+
+              
+            
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+                
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+  
+  
+  
+    <li class="md-nav__item">
+      <a href="sqlite.html" class="md-nav__link">
+        
+  
+  <span class="md-ellipsis">
+    sqlite
+  </span>
+  
+
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+    </li>
+  
+
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+            
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+                
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+  
+  
+  
+    <li class="md-nav__item">
+      <a href="time-datetime.html" class="md-nav__link">
+        
+  
+  <span class="md-ellipsis">
+    time & datetime
+  </span>
+  
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+
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+    <li class="md-nav__item">
+      <a href="unittest.html" class="md-nav__link">
+        
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+  <span class="md-ellipsis">
+    unittest
+  </span>
+  
+
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+    </li>
+  
+
+              
+            
+          </ul>
+        </nav>
+      
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+  
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+  
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+    
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+        
+      
+        
+      
+        
+      
+        
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+        
+      
+        
+      
+    
+    
+      
+      
+        
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+    
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+            
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+    Libraries
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+            Libraries
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+            
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+    <li class="md-nav__item">
+      <a href="../libs/tkinter.html" class="md-nav__link">
+        
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+  <span class="md-ellipsis">
+    TKinter
+  </span>
+  
+
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+    </li>
+  
+
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+            
+              
+                
+  
+  
+  
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+    <li class="md-nav__item">
+      <a href="../libs/numpy.html" class="md-nav__link">
+        
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+  <span class="md-ellipsis">
+    Numpy
+  </span>
+  
+
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+  
+
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+  
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+    <li class="md-nav__item">
+      <a href="../libs/pandas.html" class="md-nav__link">
+        
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+  <span class="md-ellipsis">
+    Pandas
+  </span>
+  
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+
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+    <li class="md-nav__item">
+      <a href="../libs/seaborn.html" class="md-nav__link">
+        
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+    Seaborn
+  </span>
+  
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+      <a href="../libs/requests.html" class="md-nav__link">
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+    Requests
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+    <li class="md-nav__item">
+      <a href="../libs/beautiful-soup.html" class="md-nav__link">
+        
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+  <span class="md-ellipsis">
+    Beatiful Soup
+  </span>
+  
+
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+    </li>
+  
+
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+        </nav>
+      
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+        
+      
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+      
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+          
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+    
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+            
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+  <span class="md-ellipsis">
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+            .NET
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+      
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+            
+  
+  <span class="md-ellipsis">
+    C#
+  </span>
+  
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+        
+        <nav class="md-nav" data-md-level="3" aria-labelledby="__nav_4_9_1_label" aria-expanded="false">
+          <label class="md-nav__title" for="__nav_4_9_1">
+            <span class="md-nav__icon md-icon"></span>
+            C#
+          </label>
+          <ul class="md-nav__list" data-md-scrollfix>
+            
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+      <a href="../../dotnet/csharp/csharp.html" class="md-nav__link">
+        
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+  <span class="md-ellipsis">
+    C#
+  </span>
+  
+
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+  
+
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+  
+  
+    <li class="md-nav__item">
+      <a href="../../dotnet/csharp/linq.html" class="md-nav__link">
+        
+  
+  <span class="md-ellipsis">
+    Linq
+  </span>
+  
+
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+
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+  
+    <li class="md-nav__item">
+      <a href="../../dotnet/csharp/collections.html" class="md-nav__link">
+        
+  
+  <span class="md-ellipsis">
+    Collections
+  </span>
+  
+
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+    </li>
+  
+
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+            
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+                
+  
+  
+  
+  
+    <li class="md-nav__item">
+      <a href="../../dotnet/csharp/reactive-extensions.html" class="md-nav__link">
+        
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+  <span class="md-ellipsis">
+    Reactive Extensions
+  </span>
+  
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+  
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+    <li class="md-nav__item">
+      <a href="../../dotnet/csharp/async-programming.html" class="md-nav__link">
+        
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+    Async Programming
+  </span>
+  
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+      <a href="../../dotnet/csharp/unit-tests.html" class="md-nav__link">
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+        </nav>
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+    
+    
+      
+        
+      
+        
+      
+        
+      
+        
+      
+        
+      
+        
+      
+        
+      
+    
+    
+      
+      
+        
+      
+    
+    
+    <li class="md-nav__item md-nav__item--nested">
+      
+        
+        
+        <input class="md-nav__toggle md-toggle " type="checkbox" id="__nav_4_9_2" >
+        
+          
+          <label class="md-nav__link" for="__nav_4_9_2" id="__nav_4_9_2_label" tabindex="0">
+            
+  
+  <span class="md-ellipsis">
+    ASP.NET
+  </span>
+  
+
+            <span class="md-nav__icon md-icon"></span>
+          </label>
+        
+        <nav class="md-nav" data-md-level="3" aria-labelledby="__nav_4_9_2_label" aria-expanded="false">
+          <label class="md-nav__title" for="__nav_4_9_2">
+            <span class="md-nav__icon md-icon"></span>
+            ASP.NET
+          </label>
+          <ul class="md-nav__list" data-md-scrollfix>
+            
+              
+                
+  
+  
+  
+  
+    <li class="md-nav__item">
+      <a href="../../dotnet/asp.net/minimal-api.html" class="md-nav__link">
+        
+  
+  <span class="md-ellipsis">
+    Minimal API
+  </span>
+  
+
+      </a>
+    </li>
+  
+
+              
+            
+              
+                
+  
+  
+  
+  
+    <li class="md-nav__item">
+      <a href="../../dotnet/asp.net/filters.html" class="md-nav__link">
+        
+  
+  <span class="md-ellipsis">
+    FIlters
+  </span>
+  
+
+      </a>
+    </li>
+  
+
+              
+            
+              
+                
+  
+  
+  
+  
+    <li class="md-nav__item">
+      <a href="../../dotnet/asp.net/middleware.html" class="md-nav__link">
+        
+  
+  <span class="md-ellipsis">
+    Middleware
+  </span>
+  
+
+      </a>
+    </li>
+  
+
+              
+            
+              
+                
+  
+  
+  
+  
+    <li class="md-nav__item">
+      <a href="../../dotnet/asp.net/razor-syntax.html" class="md-nav__link">
+        
+  
+  <span class="md-ellipsis">
+    Razor Syntax
+  </span>
+  
+
+      </a>
+    </li>
+  
+
+              
+            
+              
+                
+  
+  
+  
+  
+    <li class="md-nav__item">
+      <a href="../../dotnet/asp.net/blazor.html" class="md-nav__link">
+        
+  
+  <span class="md-ellipsis">
+    Blazor
+  </span>
+  
+
+      </a>
+    </li>
+  
+
+              
+            
+              
+                
+  
+  
+  
+  
+    <li class="md-nav__item">
+      <a href="../../dotnet/asp.net/signalr.html" class="md-nav__link">
+        
+  
+  <span class="md-ellipsis">
+    SignalR
+  </span>
+  
+
+      </a>
+    </li>
+  
+
+              
+            
+              
+                
+  
+  
+  
+  
+    <li class="md-nav__item">
+      <a href="../../dotnet/asp.net/web-forms.html" class="md-nav__link">
+        
+  
+  <span class="md-ellipsis">
+    Web Forms
+  </span>
+  
+
+      </a>
+    </li>
+  
+
+              
+            
+          </ul>
+        </nav>
+      
+    </li>
+  
+
+              
+            
+              
+                
+  
+  
+  
+  
+    
+    
+      
+        
+      
+        
+      
+    
+    
+      
+      
+        
+      
+    
+    
+    <li class="md-nav__item md-nav__item--nested">
+      
+        
+        
+        <input class="md-nav__toggle md-toggle " type="checkbox" id="__nav_4_9_3" >
+        
+          
+          <label class="md-nav__link" for="__nav_4_9_3" id="__nav_4_9_3_label" tabindex="0">
+            
+  
+  <span class="md-ellipsis">
+    Database
+  </span>
+  
+
+            <span class="md-nav__icon md-icon"></span>
+          </label>
+        
+        <nav class="md-nav" data-md-level="3" aria-labelledby="__nav_4_9_3_label" aria-expanded="false">
+          <label class="md-nav__title" for="__nav_4_9_3">
+            <span class="md-nav__icon md-icon"></span>
+            Database
+          </label>
+          <ul class="md-nav__list" data-md-scrollfix>
+            
+              
+                
+  
+  
+  
+  
+    <li class="md-nav__item">
+      <a href="../../dotnet/database/ado.net.html" class="md-nav__link">
+        
+  
+  <span class="md-ellipsis">
+    ADO.NET
+  </span>
+  
+
+      </a>
+    </li>
+  
+
+              
+            
+              
+                
+  
+  
+  
+  
+    <li class="md-nav__item">
+      <a href="../../dotnet/database/entity-framework.html" class="md-nav__link">
+        
+  
+  <span class="md-ellipsis">
+    Entity Framework
+  </span>
+  
+
+      </a>
+    </li>
+  
+
+              
+            
+          </ul>
+        </nav>
+      
+    </li>
+  
+
+              
+            
+          </ul>
+        </nav>
+      
+    </li>
+  
+
+              
+            
+              
+                
+  
+  
+  
+  
+    
+    
+      
+        
+      
+        
+      
+        
+      
+        
+      
+    
+    
+      
+      
+        
+          
+          
+        
+      
+    
+    
+    <li class="md-nav__item md-nav__item--section md-nav__item--nested">
+      
+        
+        
+        <input class="md-nav__toggle md-toggle " type="checkbox" id="__nav_4_10" >
+        
+          
+          <label class="md-nav__link" for="__nav_4_10" id="__nav_4_10_label" tabindex="">
+            
+  
+  <span class="md-ellipsis">
+    Java
+  </span>
+  
+
+            <span class="md-nav__icon md-icon"></span>
+          </label>
+        
+        <nav class="md-nav" data-md-level="2" aria-labelledby="__nav_4_10_label" aria-expanded="false">
+          <label class="md-nav__title" for="__nav_4_10">
+            <span class="md-nav__icon md-icon"></span>
+            Java
+          </label>
+          <ul class="md-nav__list" data-md-scrollfix>
+            
+              
+                
+  
+  
+  
+  
+    <li class="md-nav__item">
+      <a href="../../java/java.html" class="md-nav__link">
+        
+  
+  <span class="md-ellipsis">
+    Java
+  </span>
+  
+
+      </a>
+    </li>
+  
+
+              
+            
+              
+                
+  
+  
+  
+  
+    <li class="md-nav__item">
+      <a href="../../java/java-collection-framework.html" class="md-nav__link">
+        
+  
+  <span class="md-ellipsis">
+    Java Collection Framework
+  </span>
+  
+
+      </a>
+    </li>
+  
+
+              
+            
+              
+                
+  
+  
+  
+  
+    <li class="md-nav__item">
+      <a href="../../java/dao.html" class="md-nav__link">
+        
+  
+  <span class="md-ellipsis">
+    DAO
+  </span>
+  
+
+      </a>
+    </li>
+  
+
+              
+            
+              
+                
+  
+  
+  
+  
+    
+    
+      
+        
+      
+        
+      
+    
+    
+      
+      
+        
+      
+    
+    
+    <li class="md-nav__item md-nav__item--nested">
+      
+        
+        
+        <input class="md-nav__toggle md-toggle " type="checkbox" id="__nav_4_10_4" >
+        
+          
+          <label class="md-nav__link" for="__nav_4_10_4" id="__nav_4_10_4_label" tabindex="0">
+            
+  
+  <span class="md-ellipsis">
+    Web
+  </span>
+  
+
+            <span class="md-nav__icon md-icon"></span>
+          </label>
+        
+        <nav class="md-nav" data-md-level="3" aria-labelledby="__nav_4_10_4_label" aria-expanded="false">
+          <label class="md-nav__title" for="__nav_4_10_4">
+            <span class="md-nav__icon md-icon"></span>
+            Web
+          </label>
+          <ul class="md-nav__list" data-md-scrollfix>
+            
+              
+                
+  
+  
+  
+  
+    <li class="md-nav__item">
+      <a href="../../java/web/servlet.html" class="md-nav__link">
+        
+  
+  <span class="md-ellipsis">
+    Serverlet
+  </span>
+  
+
+      </a>
+    </li>
+  
+
+              
+            
+              
+                
+  
+  
+  
+  
+    
+    
+      
+        
+      
+        
+      
+    
+    
+      
+      
+        
+      
+    
+    
+    <li class="md-nav__item md-nav__item--nested">
+      
+        
+        
+        <input class="md-nav__toggle md-toggle " type="checkbox" id="__nav_4_10_4_2" >
+        
+          
+          <label class="md-nav__link" for="__nav_4_10_4_2" id="__nav_4_10_4_2_label" tabindex="0">
+            
+  
+  <span class="md-ellipsis">
+    Spring
+  </span>
+  
+
+            <span class="md-nav__icon md-icon"></span>
+          </label>
+        
+        <nav class="md-nav" data-md-level="4" aria-labelledby="__nav_4_10_4_2_label" aria-expanded="false">
+          <label class="md-nav__title" for="__nav_4_10_4_2">
+            <span class="md-nav__icon md-icon"></span>
+            Spring
+          </label>
+          <ul class="md-nav__list" data-md-scrollfix>
+            
+              
+                
+  
+  
+  
+  
+    <li class="md-nav__item">
+      <a href="../../java/spring/pom.xml.html" class="md-nav__link">
+        
+  
+  <span class="md-ellipsis">
+    POM
+  </span>
+  
+
+      </a>
+    </li>
+  
+
+              
+            
+              
+                
+  
+  
+  
+  
+    <li class="md-nav__item">
+      <a href="../../java/spring/spring-project.html" class="md-nav__link">
+        
+  
+  <span class="md-ellipsis">
+    Project Structure
+  </span>
+  
+
+      </a>
+    </li>
+  
+
+              
+            
+          </ul>
+        </nav>
+      
+    </li>
+  
+
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+            
+          </ul>
+        </nav>
+      
+    </li>
+  
+
+              
+            
+          </ul>
+        </nav>
+      
+    </li>
+  
+
+              
+            
+              
+                
+  
+  
+  
+  
+    
+    
+      
+        
+      
+        
+      
+        
+      
+        
+      
+        
+      
+        
+      
+        
+      
+        
+      
+        
+      
+    
+    
+      
+      
+        
+          
+          
+        
+      
+    
+    
+    <li class="md-nav__item md-nav__item--section md-nav__item--nested">
+      
+        
+        
+        <input class="md-nav__toggle md-toggle " type="checkbox" id="__nav_4_11" >
+        
+          
+          <label class="md-nav__link" for="__nav_4_11" id="__nav_4_11_label" tabindex="">
+            
+  
+  <span class="md-ellipsis">
+    PHP
+  </span>
+  
+
+            <span class="md-nav__icon md-icon"></span>
+          </label>
+        
+        <nav class="md-nav" data-md-level="2" aria-labelledby="__nav_4_11_label" aria-expanded="false">
+          <label class="md-nav__title" for="__nav_4_11">
+            <span class="md-nav__icon md-icon"></span>
+            PHP
+          </label>
+          <ul class="md-nav__list" data-md-scrollfix>
+            
+              
+                
+  
+  
+  
+  
+    <li class="md-nav__item">
+      <a href="../../php/php.html" class="md-nav__link">
+        
+  
+  <span class="md-ellipsis">
+    PHP
+  </span>
+  
+
+      </a>
+    </li>
+  
+
+              
+            
+              
+                
+  
+  
+  
+  
+    <li class="md-nav__item">
+      <a href="../../php/database.html" class="md-nav__link">
+        
+  
+  <span class="md-ellipsis">
+    Database
+  </span>
+  
+
+      </a>
+    </li>
+  
+
+              
+            
+              
+                
+  
+  
+  
+  
+    <li class="md-nav__item">
+      <a href="../../php/web.html" class="md-nav__link">
+        
+  
+  <span class="md-ellipsis">
+    Web
+  </span>
+  
+
+      </a>
+    </li>
+  
+
+              
+            
+              
+                
+  
+  
+  
+  
+    <li class="md-nav__item">
+      <a href="../../php/dependency-injection.html" class="md-nav__link">
+        
+  
+  <span class="md-ellipsis">
+    Dependency Injection
+  </span>
+  
+
+      </a>
+    </li>
+  
+
+              
+            
+              
+                
+  
+  
+  
+  
+    <li class="md-nav__item">
+      <a href="../../php/unit-tests.html" class="md-nav__link">
+        
+  
+  <span class="md-ellipsis">
+    Unit Tests
+  </span>
+  
+
+      </a>
+    </li>
+  
+
+              
+            
+              
+                
+  
+  
+  
+  
+    <li class="md-nav__item">
+      <a href="../../php/composer.html" class="md-nav__link">
+        
+  
+  <span class="md-ellipsis">
+    Composer
+  </span>
+  
+
+      </a>
+    </li>
+  
+
+              
+            
+              
+                
+  
+  
+  
+  
+    <li class="md-nav__item">
+      <a href="../../php/psr-7.html" class="md-nav__link">
+        
+  
+  <span class="md-ellipsis">
+    PSR 7
+  </span>
+  
+
+      </a>
+    </li>
+  
+
+              
+            
+              
+                
+  
+  
+  
+  
+    <li class="md-nav__item">
+      <a href="../../php/plates-templating.html" class="md-nav__link">
+        
+  
+  <span class="md-ellipsis">
+    Plates
+  </span>
+  
+
+      </a>
+    </li>
+  
+
+              
+            
+              
+                
+  
+  
+  
+  
+    
+    
+      
+        
+      
+        
+      
+    
+    
+      
+      
+        
+      
+    
+    
+    <li class="md-nav__item md-nav__item--nested">
+      
+        
+        
+        <input class="md-nav__toggle md-toggle " type="checkbox" id="__nav_4_11_9" >
+        
+          
+          <label class="md-nav__link" for="__nav_4_11_9" id="__nav_4_11_9_label" tabindex="0">
+            
+  
+  <span class="md-ellipsis">
+    Simple MVC
+  </span>
+  
+
+            <span class="md-nav__icon md-icon"></span>
+          </label>
+        
+        <nav class="md-nav" data-md-level="3" aria-labelledby="__nav_4_11_9_label" aria-expanded="false">
+          <label class="md-nav__title" for="__nav_4_11_9">
+            <span class="md-nav__icon md-icon"></span>
+            Simple MVC
+          </label>
+          <ul class="md-nav__list" data-md-scrollfix>
+            
+              
+                
+  
+  
+  
+  
+    <li class="md-nav__item">
+      <a href="../../php/simple-mvc/simple-mvc.html" class="md-nav__link">
+        
+  
+  <span class="md-ellipsis">
+    Simple MVC
+  </span>
+  
+
+      </a>
+    </li>
+  
+
+              
+            
+              
+                
+  
+  
+  
+  
+    <li class="md-nav__item">
+      <a href="../../php/simple-mvc/rest-api.html" class="md-nav__link">
+        
+  
+  <span class="md-ellipsis">
+    REST API
+  </span>
+  
+
+      </a>
+    </li>
+  
+
+              
+            
+          </ul>
+        </nav>
+      
+    </li>
+  
+
+              
+            
+          </ul>
+        </nav>
+      
+    </li>
+  
+
+              
+            
+              
+                
+  
+  
+  
+  
+    
+    
+      
+        
+      
+        
+      
+        
+      
+        
+      
+        
+      
+    
+    
+      
+      
+        
+          
+          
+        
+      
+    
+    
+    <li class="md-nav__item md-nav__item--section md-nav__item--nested">
+      
+        
+        
+        <input class="md-nav__toggle md-toggle " type="checkbox" id="__nav_4_12" >
+        
+          
+          <label class="md-nav__link" for="__nav_4_12" id="__nav_4_12_label" tabindex="">
+            
+  
+  <span class="md-ellipsis">
+    Rust
+  </span>
+  
+
+            <span class="md-nav__icon md-icon"></span>
+          </label>
+        
+        <nav class="md-nav" data-md-level="2" aria-labelledby="__nav_4_12_label" aria-expanded="false">
+          <label class="md-nav__title" for="__nav_4_12">
+            <span class="md-nav__icon md-icon"></span>
+            Rust
+          </label>
+          <ul class="md-nav__list" data-md-scrollfix>
+            
+              
+                
+  
+  
+  
+  
+    <li class="md-nav__item">
+      <a href="../../rust/rust.html" class="md-nav__link">
+        
+  
+  <span class="md-ellipsis">
+    Rust
+  </span>
+  
+
+      </a>
+    </li>
+  
+
+              
+            
+              
+                
+  
+  
+  
+  
+    <li class="md-nav__item">
+      <a href="../../rust/macros.html" class="md-nav__link">
+        
+  
+  <span class="md-ellipsis">
+    Macros
+  </span>
+  
+
+      </a>
+    </li>
+  
+
+              
+            
+              
+                
+  
+  
+  
+  
+    <li class="md-nav__item">
+      <a href="../../rust/cargo.html" class="md-nav__link">
+        
+  
+  <span class="md-ellipsis">
+    Cargo
+  </span>
+  
+
+      </a>
+    </li>
+  
+
+              
+            
+              
+                
+  
+  
+  
+  
+    <li class="md-nav__item">
+      <a href="../../rust/concurrency.html" class="md-nav__link">
+        
+  
+  <span class="md-ellipsis">
+    Concurrency
+  </span>
+  
+
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+    </li>
+  
+
+              
+            
+              
+                
+  
+  
+  
+  
+    <li class="md-nav__item">
+      <a href="../../rust/unit-tests.html" class="md-nav__link">
+        
+  
+  <span class="md-ellipsis">
+    Unit Tests
+  </span>
+  
+
+      </a>
+    </li>
+  
+
+              
+            
+          </ul>
+        </nav>
+      
+    </li>
+  
+
+              
+            
+              
+                
+  
+  
+  
+  
+    
+    
+      
+        
+      
+        
+      
+        
+      
+        
+      
+        
+      
+        
+      
+        
+      
+    
+    
+      
+      
+        
+          
+          
+        
+      
+    
+    
+    <li class="md-nav__item md-nav__item--section md-nav__item--nested">
+      
+        
+        
+        <input class="md-nav__toggle md-toggle " type="checkbox" id="__nav_4_13" >
+        
+          
+          <label class="md-nav__link" for="__nav_4_13" id="__nav_4_13_label" tabindex="">
+            
+  
+  <span class="md-ellipsis">
+    Javascript
+  </span>
+  
+
+            <span class="md-nav__icon md-icon"></span>
+          </label>
+        
+        <nav class="md-nav" data-md-level="2" aria-labelledby="__nav_4_13_label" aria-expanded="false">
+          <label class="md-nav__title" for="__nav_4_13">
+            <span class="md-nav__icon md-icon"></span>
+            Javascript
+          </label>
+          <ul class="md-nav__list" data-md-scrollfix>
+            
+              
+                
+  
+  
+  
+  
+    <li class="md-nav__item">
+      <a href="../../javascript/javascript.html" class="md-nav__link">
+        
+  
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+</nav>
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+  
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+    <label class="md-nav__title" for="__toc">
+      <span class="md-nav__icon md-icon"></span>
+      Table of contents
+    </label>
+    <ul class="md-nav__list" data-md-component="toc" data-md-scrollfix>
+      
+        <li class="md-nav__item">
+  <a href="#creating-a-parser" class="md-nav__link">
+    <span class="md-ellipsis">
+      Creating a parser
+    </span>
+  </a>
+  
+</li>
+      
+        <li class="md-nav__item">
+  <a href="#adding-arguments" class="md-nav__link">
+    <span class="md-ellipsis">
+      Adding Arguments
+    </span>
+  </a>
+  
+    <nav class="md-nav" aria-label="Adding Arguments">
+      <ul class="md-nav__list">
+        
+          <li class="md-nav__item">
+  <a href="#actions" class="md-nav__link">
+    <span class="md-ellipsis">
+      Actions
+    </span>
+  </a>
+  
+</li>
+        
+          <li class="md-nav__item">
+  <a href="#nargs" class="md-nav__link">
+    <span class="md-ellipsis">
+      Nargs
+    </span>
+  </a>
+  
+</li>
+        
+      </ul>
+    </nav>
+  
+</li>
+      
+        <li class="md-nav__item">
+  <a href="#parsing-arguments" class="md-nav__link">
+    <span class="md-ellipsis">
+      Parsing Arguments
+    </span>
+  </a>
+  
+</li>
+      
+    </ul>
+  
+</nav>
+                  </div>
+                </div>
+              </div>
+            
+          
+          
+            <div class="md-content" data-md-component="content">
+              <article class="md-content__inner md-typeset">
+                
+                  
+
+  
+  
+
+
+<h1 id="argpasrse-module">Argpasrse Module</h1>
+<h2 id="creating-a-parser">Creating a parser</h2>
+<div class="highlight"><table class="highlighttable"><tr><th colspan="2" class="filename"><span class="filename">Python</span></th></tr><tr><td class="linenos"><div class="linenodiv"><pre><span></span><span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-0-1">1</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-0-2">2</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-0-3">3</a></span></pre></div></td><td class="code"><div><pre><span></span><code><a id="__codelineno-0-1" name="__codelineno-0-1"></a><span class="kn">import</span> <span class="nn">argparse</span>
+<a id="__codelineno-0-2" name="__codelineno-0-2"></a>
+<a id="__codelineno-0-3" name="__codelineno-0-3"></a><span class="n">parser</span> <span class="o">=</span> <span class="n">argparse</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">ArgumentParser</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="n">description</span><span class="o">=</span><span class="s2">&quot;description&quot;</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="n">allow_abbrev</span><span class="o">=</span><span class="kc">True</span><span class="p">)</span>
+</code></pre></div></td></tr></table></div>
+<p><strong>Note</strong>: All parameters should be passed as keyword arguments.</p>
+<ul>
+<li><code>prog</code>: The name of the program (default: <code>sys.argv[0]</code>)</li>
+<li><code>usage</code>: The string describing the program usage (default: generated from arguments added to parser)</li>
+<li><code>description</code>: Text to display before the argument help (default: none)</li>
+<li><code>epilog</code>: Text to display after the argument help (default: none)</li>
+<li><code>parents</code>: A list of ArgumentParser objects whose arguments should also be included</li>
+<li><code>formatter_class</code>: A class for customizing the help output</li>
+<li><code>prefix_chars</code>: The set of characters that prefix optional arguments (default: ‘-‘)</li>
+<li><code>fromfile_prefix_chars</code>: The set of characters that prefix files from which additional arguments should be read (default: None)</li>
+<li><code>argument_default</code>: The global default value for arguments (default: None)</li>
+<li><code>conflict_handler</code>: The strategy for resolving conflicting optionals (usually unnecessary)</li>
+<li><code>add_help</code>: Add a -h/--help option to the parser (default: True)</li>
+<li><code>allow_abbrev</code>: Allows long options to be abbreviated if the abbreviation is unambiguous. (default: True)</li>
+</ul>
+<h2 id="adding-arguments"><a href="https://docs.python.org/3/library/argparse.html#the-add-argument-method">Adding Arguments</a></h2>
+<div class="highlight"><table class="highlighttable"><tr><th colspan="2" class="filename"><span class="filename">Python</span></th></tr><tr><td class="linenos"><div class="linenodiv"><pre><span></span><span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-1-1">1</a></span></pre></div></td><td class="code"><div><pre><span></span><code><a id="__codelineno-1-1" name="__codelineno-1-1"></a><span class="n">ArgumentParser</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">add_argument</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="s2">&quot;name_or_flags&quot;</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="n">nargs</span><span class="o">=</span><span class="s2">&quot;...&quot;</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="n">action</span><span class="o">=</span><span class="s2">&quot;...&quot;</span><span class="p">)</span>
+</code></pre></div></td></tr></table></div>
+<p><strong>Note</strong>: All parameters should be passed as keyword arguments.</p>
+<ul>
+<li><code>name or flags</code>: Either a name or a list of option strings, e.g. <code>foo</code> or <code>-f</code>, <code>--foo</code>.</li>
+<li><code>action</code>: The basic type of action to be taken when this argument is encountered at the command line.</li>
+<li><code>nargs</code>: The number of command-line arguments that should be consumed.</li>
+<li><code>const</code>: A constant value required by some action and nargs selections.</li>
+<li><code>default</code>: The value produced if the argument is absent from the command line.</li>
+<li><code>type</code>: The type to which the command-line argument should be converted to.</li>
+<li><code>choices</code>: A container of the allowable values for the argument.</li>
+<li><code>required</code>: Whether or not the command-line option may be omitted (optionals only).</li>
+<li><code>help</code>: A brief description of what the argument does.</li>
+<li><code>metavar</code>: A name for the argument in usage messages.</li>
+<li><code>dest</code>: The name of the attribute to be added to the object returned by <code>parse_args()</code>.</li>
+</ul>
+<h3 id="actions">Actions</h3>
+<p><code>store</code>: This just stores the argument's value. This is the default action.</p>
+<div class="highlight"><table class="highlighttable"><tr><th colspan="2" class="filename"><span class="filename">Python</span></th></tr><tr><td class="linenos"><div class="linenodiv"><pre><span></span><span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-2-1">1</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-2-2">2</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-2-3">3</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-2-4">4</a></span></pre></div></td><td class="code"><div><pre><span></span><code><a id="__codelineno-2-1" name="__codelineno-2-1"></a><span class="o">&gt;&gt;&gt;</span> <span class="n">parser</span> <span class="o">=</span> <span class="n">argparse</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">ArgumentParser</span><span class="p">()</span>
+<a id="__codelineno-2-2" name="__codelineno-2-2"></a><span class="o">&gt;&gt;&gt;</span> <span class="n">parser</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">add_argument</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="s1">&#39;--foo&#39;</span><span class="p">)</span>
+<a id="__codelineno-2-3" name="__codelineno-2-3"></a><span class="o">&gt;&gt;&gt;</span> <span class="n">parser</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">parse_args</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="s1">&#39;--foo 1&#39;</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">split</span><span class="p">())</span>
+<a id="__codelineno-2-4" name="__codelineno-2-4"></a><span class="n">Namespace</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="n">foo</span><span class="o">=</span><span class="s1">&#39;1&#39;</span><span class="p">)</span>
+</code></pre></div></td></tr></table></div>
+<p><code>store_const</code>: This stores the value specified by the const keyword argument. The <code>store_const</code> action is most commonly used with optional arguments that specify some sort of flag.</p>
+<div class="highlight"><table class="highlighttable"><tr><th colspan="2" class="filename"><span class="filename">Python</span></th></tr><tr><td class="linenos"><div class="linenodiv"><pre><span></span><span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-3-1">1</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-3-2">2</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-3-3">3</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-3-4">4</a></span></pre></div></td><td class="code"><div><pre><span></span><code><a id="__codelineno-3-1" name="__codelineno-3-1"></a><span class="o">&gt;&gt;&gt;</span> <span class="n">parser</span> <span class="o">=</span> <span class="n">argparse</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">ArgumentParser</span><span class="p">()</span>
+<a id="__codelineno-3-2" name="__codelineno-3-2"></a><span class="o">&gt;&gt;&gt;</span> <span class="n">parser</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">add_argument</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="s1">&#39;--foo&#39;</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="n">action</span><span class="o">=</span><span class="s1">&#39;store_const&#39;</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="n">const</span><span class="o">=</span><span class="mi">42</span><span class="p">)</span>
+<a id="__codelineno-3-3" name="__codelineno-3-3"></a><span class="o">&gt;&gt;&gt;</span> <span class="n">parser</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">parse_args</span><span class="p">([</span><span class="s1">&#39;--foo&#39;</span><span class="p">])</span>
+<a id="__codelineno-3-4" name="__codelineno-3-4"></a><span class="n">Namespace</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="n">foo</span><span class="o">=</span><span class="mi">42</span><span class="p">)</span>
+</code></pre></div></td></tr></table></div>
+<p><code>store_true</code> and <code>store_false</code>: These are special cases of <code>store_const</code> used for storing the values True and False respectively. In addition, they create default values of False and True respectively.</p>
+<div class="highlight"><table class="highlighttable"><tr><th colspan="2" class="filename"><span class="filename">Python</span></th></tr><tr><td class="linenos"><div class="linenodiv"><pre><span></span><span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-4-1">1</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-4-2">2</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-4-3">3</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-4-4">4</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-4-5">5</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-4-6">6</a></span></pre></div></td><td class="code"><div><pre><span></span><code><a id="__codelineno-4-1" name="__codelineno-4-1"></a><span class="o">&gt;&gt;&gt;</span> <span class="n">parser</span> <span class="o">=</span> <span class="n">argparse</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">ArgumentParser</span><span class="p">()</span>
+<a id="__codelineno-4-2" name="__codelineno-4-2"></a><span class="o">&gt;&gt;&gt;</span> <span class="n">parser</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">add_argument</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="s1">&#39;--foo&#39;</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="n">action</span><span class="o">=</span><span class="s1">&#39;store_true&#39;</span><span class="p">)</span>
+<a id="__codelineno-4-3" name="__codelineno-4-3"></a><span class="o">&gt;&gt;&gt;</span> <span class="n">parser</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">add_argument</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="s1">&#39;--bar&#39;</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="n">action</span><span class="o">=</span><span class="s1">&#39;store_false&#39;</span><span class="p">)</span>
+<a id="__codelineno-4-4" name="__codelineno-4-4"></a><span class="o">&gt;&gt;&gt;</span> <span class="n">parser</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">add_argument</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="s1">&#39;--baz&#39;</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="n">action</span><span class="o">=</span><span class="s1">&#39;store_false&#39;</span><span class="p">)</span>
+<a id="__codelineno-4-5" name="__codelineno-4-5"></a><span class="o">&gt;&gt;&gt;</span> <span class="n">parser</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">parse_args</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="s1">&#39;--foo --bar&#39;</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">split</span><span class="p">())</span>
+<a id="__codelineno-4-6" name="__codelineno-4-6"></a><span class="n">Namespace</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="n">foo</span><span class="o">=</span><span class="kc">True</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="n">bar</span><span class="o">=</span><span class="kc">False</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="n">baz</span><span class="o">=</span><span class="kc">True</span><span class="p">)</span>
+</code></pre></div></td></tr></table></div>
+<p><code>append</code>: This stores a list, and appends each argument value to the list. This is useful to allow an option to be specified multiple times. Example usage:</p>
+<div class="highlight"><table class="highlighttable"><tr><th colspan="2" class="filename"><span class="filename">Python</span></th></tr><tr><td class="linenos"><div class="linenodiv"><pre><span></span><span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-5-1">1</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-5-2">2</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-5-3">3</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-5-4">4</a></span></pre></div></td><td class="code"><div><pre><span></span><code><a id="__codelineno-5-1" name="__codelineno-5-1"></a><span class="o">&gt;&gt;&gt;</span> <span class="n">parser</span> <span class="o">=</span> <span class="n">argparse</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">ArgumentParser</span><span class="p">()</span>
+<a id="__codelineno-5-2" name="__codelineno-5-2"></a><span class="o">&gt;&gt;&gt;</span> <span class="n">parser</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">add_argument</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="s1">&#39;--foo&#39;</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="n">action</span><span class="o">=</span><span class="s1">&#39;append&#39;</span><span class="p">)</span>
+<a id="__codelineno-5-3" name="__codelineno-5-3"></a><span class="o">&gt;&gt;&gt;</span> <span class="n">parser</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">parse_args</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="s1">&#39;--foo 1 --foo 2&#39;</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">split</span><span class="p">())</span>
+<a id="__codelineno-5-4" name="__codelineno-5-4"></a><span class="n">Namespace</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="n">foo</span><span class="o">=</span><span class="p">[</span><span class="s1">&#39;1&#39;</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="s1">&#39;2&#39;</span><span class="p">])</span>
+</code></pre></div></td></tr></table></div>
+<p><code>append_const</code>: This stores a list, and appends the value specified by the const keyword argument to the list. (Note that the const keyword argument defaults to None.) The <code>append_const</code> action is typically useful when multiple arguments need to store constants to the same list. For example:</p>
+<div class="highlight"><table class="highlighttable"><tr><th colspan="2" class="filename"><span class="filename">Python</span></th></tr><tr><td class="linenos"><div class="linenodiv"><pre><span></span><span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-6-1">1</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-6-2">2</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-6-3">3</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-6-4">4</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-6-5">5</a></span></pre></div></td><td class="code"><div><pre><span></span><code><a id="__codelineno-6-1" name="__codelineno-6-1"></a><span class="o">&gt;&gt;&gt;</span> <span class="n">parser</span> <span class="o">=</span> <span class="n">argparse</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">ArgumentParser</span><span class="p">()</span>
+<a id="__codelineno-6-2" name="__codelineno-6-2"></a><span class="o">&gt;&gt;&gt;</span> <span class="n">parser</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">add_argument</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="s1">&#39;--str&#39;</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="n">dest</span><span class="o">=</span><span class="s1">&#39;types&#39;</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="n">action</span><span class="o">=</span><span class="s1">&#39;append_const&#39;</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="n">const</span><span class="o">=</span><span class="nb">str</span><span class="p">)</span>
+<a id="__codelineno-6-3" name="__codelineno-6-3"></a><span class="o">&gt;&gt;&gt;</span> <span class="n">parser</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">add_argument</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="s1">&#39;--int&#39;</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="n">dest</span><span class="o">=</span><span class="s1">&#39;types&#39;</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="n">action</span><span class="o">=</span><span class="s1">&#39;append_const&#39;</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="n">const</span><span class="o">=</span><span class="nb">int</span><span class="p">)</span>
+<a id="__codelineno-6-4" name="__codelineno-6-4"></a><span class="o">&gt;&gt;&gt;</span> <span class="n">parser</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">parse_args</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="s1">&#39;--str --int&#39;</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">split</span><span class="p">())</span>
+<a id="__codelineno-6-5" name="__codelineno-6-5"></a><span class="n">Namespace</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="n">types</span><span class="o">=</span><span class="p">[</span><span class="o">&lt;</span><span class="k">class</span> <span class="err">&#39;</span><span class="nc">str</span><span class="s1">&#39;&gt;, &lt;class &#39;</span><span class="nb">int</span><span class="s1">&#39;&gt;])</span>
+</code></pre></div></td></tr></table></div>
+<p><code>count</code>: This counts the number of times a keyword argument occurs. For example, this is useful for increasing verbosity levels:
+<strong>Note</strong>: the default will be None unless explicitly set to 0.</p>
+<div class="highlight"><table class="highlighttable"><tr><th colspan="2" class="filename"><span class="filename">Python</span></th></tr><tr><td class="linenos"><div class="linenodiv"><pre><span></span><span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-7-1">1</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-7-2">2</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-7-3">3</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-7-4">4</a></span></pre></div></td><td class="code"><div><pre><span></span><code><a id="__codelineno-7-1" name="__codelineno-7-1"></a><span class="o">&gt;&gt;&gt;</span> <span class="n">parser</span> <span class="o">=</span> <span class="n">argparse</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">ArgumentParser</span><span class="p">()</span>
+<a id="__codelineno-7-2" name="__codelineno-7-2"></a><span class="o">&gt;&gt;&gt;</span> <span class="n">parser</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">add_argument</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="s1">&#39;--verbose&#39;</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="s1">&#39;-v&#39;</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="n">action</span><span class="o">=</span><span class="s1">&#39;count&#39;</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="n">default</span><span class="o">=</span><span class="mi">0</span><span class="p">)</span>
+<a id="__codelineno-7-3" name="__codelineno-7-3"></a><span class="o">&gt;&gt;&gt;</span> <span class="n">parser</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">parse_args</span><span class="p">([</span><span class="s1">&#39;-vvv&#39;</span><span class="p">])</span>
+<a id="__codelineno-7-4" name="__codelineno-7-4"></a><span class="n">Namespace</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="n">verbose</span><span class="o">=</span><span class="mi">3</span><span class="p">)</span>
+</code></pre></div></td></tr></table></div>
+<p><code>help</code>: This prints a complete help message for all the options in the current parser and then exits. By default a help action is automatically added to the parser.</p>
+<p><code>version</code>: This expects a version= keyword argument in the add_argument() call, and prints version information and exits when invoked:</p>
+<div class="highlight"><table class="highlighttable"><tr><th colspan="2" class="filename"><span class="filename">Python</span></th></tr><tr><td class="linenos"><div class="linenodiv"><pre><span></span><span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-8-1">1</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-8-2">2</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-8-3">3</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-8-4">4</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-8-5">5</a></span></pre></div></td><td class="code"><div><pre><span></span><code><a id="__codelineno-8-1" name="__codelineno-8-1"></a><span class="o">&gt;&gt;&gt;</span> <span class="kn">import</span> <span class="nn">argparse</span>
+<a id="__codelineno-8-2" name="__codelineno-8-2"></a><span class="o">&gt;&gt;&gt;</span> <span class="n">parser</span> <span class="o">=</span> <span class="n">argparse</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">ArgumentParser</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="n">prog</span><span class="o">=</span><span class="s1">&#39;PROG&#39;</span><span class="p">)</span>
+<a id="__codelineno-8-3" name="__codelineno-8-3"></a><span class="o">&gt;&gt;&gt;</span> <span class="n">parser</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">add_argument</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="s1">&#39;--version&#39;</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="n">action</span><span class="o">=</span><span class="s1">&#39;version&#39;</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="n">version</span><span class="o">=</span><span class="s1">&#39;</span><span class="si">%(prog)s</span><span class="s1"> 2.0&#39;</span><span class="p">)</span>
+<a id="__codelineno-8-4" name="__codelineno-8-4"></a><span class="o">&gt;&gt;&gt;</span> <span class="n">parser</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">parse_args</span><span class="p">([</span><span class="s1">&#39;--version&#39;</span><span class="p">])</span>
+<a id="__codelineno-8-5" name="__codelineno-8-5"></a><span class="n">PROG</span> <span class="mf">2.0</span>
+</code></pre></div></td></tr></table></div>
+<p><code>extend</code>: This stores a list, and extends each argument value to the list. Example usage:</p>
+<div class="highlight"><table class="highlighttable"><tr><th colspan="2" class="filename"><span class="filename">Python</span></th></tr><tr><td class="linenos"><div class="linenodiv"><pre><span></span><span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-9-1">1</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-9-2">2</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-9-3">3</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-9-4">4</a></span></pre></div></td><td class="code"><div><pre><span></span><code><a id="__codelineno-9-1" name="__codelineno-9-1"></a><span class="o">&gt;&gt;&gt;</span> <span class="n">parser</span> <span class="o">=</span> <span class="n">argparse</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">ArgumentParser</span><span class="p">()</span>
+<a id="__codelineno-9-2" name="__codelineno-9-2"></a><span class="o">&gt;&gt;&gt;</span> <span class="n">parser</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">add_argument</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="s2">&quot;--foo&quot;</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="n">action</span><span class="o">=</span><span class="s2">&quot;extend&quot;</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="n">nargs</span><span class="o">=</span><span class="s2">&quot;+&quot;</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="nb">type</span><span class="o">=</span><span class="nb">str</span><span class="p">)</span>
+<a id="__codelineno-9-3" name="__codelineno-9-3"></a><span class="o">&gt;&gt;&gt;</span> <span class="n">parser</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">parse_args</span><span class="p">([</span><span class="s2">&quot;--foo&quot;</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="s2">&quot;f1&quot;</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="s2">&quot;--foo&quot;</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="s2">&quot;f2&quot;</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="s2">&quot;f3&quot;</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="s2">&quot;f4&quot;</span><span class="p">])</span>
+<a id="__codelineno-9-4" name="__codelineno-9-4"></a><span class="n">Namespace</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="n">foo</span><span class="o">=</span><span class="p">[</span><span class="s1">&#39;f1&#39;</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="s1">&#39;f2&#39;</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="s1">&#39;f3&#39;</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="s1">&#39;f4&#39;</span><span class="p">])</span>
+</code></pre></div></td></tr></table></div>
+<h3 id="nargs">Nargs</h3>
+<p>ArgumentParser objects usually associate a single command-line argument with a single action to be taken.
+The <code>nargs</code> keyword argument associates a different number of command-line arguments with a single action.</p>
+<p><strong>Note</strong>: If the nargs keyword argument is not provided, the number of arguments consumed is determined by the action.</p>
+<p><code>N</code> (an integer): N arguments from the command line will be gathered together into a list.</p>
+<div class="highlight"><table class="highlighttable"><tr><th colspan="2" class="filename"><span class="filename">Python</span></th></tr><tr><td class="linenos"><div class="linenodiv"><pre><span></span><span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-10-1">1</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-10-2">2</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-10-3">3</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-10-4">4</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-10-5">5</a></span></pre></div></td><td class="code"><div><pre><span></span><code><a id="__codelineno-10-1" name="__codelineno-10-1"></a><span class="o">&gt;&gt;&gt;</span> <span class="n">parser</span> <span class="o">=</span> <span class="n">argparse</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">ArgumentParser</span><span class="p">()</span>
+<a id="__codelineno-10-2" name="__codelineno-10-2"></a><span class="o">&gt;&gt;&gt;</span> <span class="n">parser</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">add_argument</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="s1">&#39;--foo&#39;</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="n">nargs</span><span class="o">=</span><span class="mi">2</span><span class="p">)</span>
+<a id="__codelineno-10-3" name="__codelineno-10-3"></a><span class="o">&gt;&gt;&gt;</span> <span class="n">parser</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">add_argument</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="s1">&#39;bar&#39;</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="n">nargs</span><span class="o">=</span><span class="mi">1</span><span class="p">)</span>
+<a id="__codelineno-10-4" name="__codelineno-10-4"></a><span class="o">&gt;&gt;&gt;</span> <span class="n">parser</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">parse_args</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="s1">&#39;c --foo a b&#39;</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">split</span><span class="p">())</span>
+<a id="__codelineno-10-5" name="__codelineno-10-5"></a><span class="n">Namespace</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="n">bar</span><span class="o">=</span><span class="p">[</span><span class="s1">&#39;c&#39;</span><span class="p">],</span> <span class="n">foo</span><span class="o">=</span><span class="p">[</span><span class="s1">&#39;a&#39;</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="s1">&#39;b&#39;</span><span class="p">])</span>
+</code></pre></div></td></tr></table></div>
+<p><strong>Note</strong>: <code>nargs=1</code> produces a list of one item. This is different from the default, in which the item is produced by itself.</p>
+<p><code>?</code>: One argument will be consumed from the command line if possible, and produced as a single item. If no command-line argument is present, the value from default will be produced.</p>
+<p>For optional arguments, there is an additional case: the option string is present but not followed by a command-line argument. In this case the value from const will be produced.</p>
+<div class="highlight"><table class="highlighttable"><tr><th colspan="2" class="filename"><span class="filename">Python</span></th></tr><tr><td class="linenos"><div class="linenodiv"><pre><span></span><span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-11-1">1</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-11-2">2</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-11-3">3</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-11-4">4</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-11-5">5</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-11-6">6</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-11-7">7</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-11-8">8</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-11-9">9</a></span></pre></div></td><td class="code"><div><pre><span></span><code><a id="__codelineno-11-1" name="__codelineno-11-1"></a><span class="o">&gt;&gt;&gt;</span> <span class="n">parser</span> <span class="o">=</span> <span class="n">argparse</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">ArgumentParser</span><span class="p">()</span>
+<a id="__codelineno-11-2" name="__codelineno-11-2"></a><span class="o">&gt;&gt;&gt;</span> <span class="n">parser</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">add_argument</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="s1">&#39;--foo&#39;</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="n">nargs</span><span class="o">=</span><span class="s1">&#39;?&#39;</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="n">const</span><span class="o">=</span><span class="s1">&#39;c&#39;</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="n">default</span><span class="o">=</span><span class="s1">&#39;d&#39;</span><span class="p">)</span>
+<a id="__codelineno-11-3" name="__codelineno-11-3"></a><span class="o">&gt;&gt;&gt;</span> <span class="n">parser</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">add_argument</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="s1">&#39;bar&#39;</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="n">nargs</span><span class="o">=</span><span class="s1">&#39;?&#39;</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="n">default</span><span class="o">=</span><span class="s1">&#39;d&#39;</span><span class="p">)</span>
+<a id="__codelineno-11-4" name="__codelineno-11-4"></a><span class="o">&gt;&gt;&gt;</span> <span class="n">parser</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">parse_args</span><span class="p">([</span><span class="s1">&#39;XX&#39;</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="s1">&#39;--foo&#39;</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="s1">&#39;YY&#39;</span><span class="p">])</span>
+<a id="__codelineno-11-5" name="__codelineno-11-5"></a><span class="n">Namespace</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="n">bar</span><span class="o">=</span><span class="s1">&#39;XX&#39;</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="n">foo</span><span class="o">=</span><span class="s1">&#39;YY&#39;</span><span class="p">)</span>
+<a id="__codelineno-11-6" name="__codelineno-11-6"></a><span class="o">&gt;&gt;&gt;</span> <span class="n">parser</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">parse_args</span><span class="p">([</span><span class="s1">&#39;XX&#39;</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="s1">&#39;--foo&#39;</span><span class="p">])</span>
+<a id="__codelineno-11-7" name="__codelineno-11-7"></a><span class="n">Namespace</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="n">bar</span><span class="o">=</span><span class="s1">&#39;XX&#39;</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="n">foo</span><span class="o">=</span><span class="s1">&#39;c&#39;</span><span class="p">)</span>
+<a id="__codelineno-11-8" name="__codelineno-11-8"></a><span class="o">&gt;&gt;&gt;</span> <span class="n">parser</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">parse_args</span><span class="p">([])</span>
+<a id="__codelineno-11-9" name="__codelineno-11-9"></a><span class="n">Namespace</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="n">bar</span><span class="o">=</span><span class="s1">&#39;d&#39;</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="n">foo</span><span class="o">=</span><span class="s1">&#39;d&#39;</span><span class="p">)</span>
+</code></pre></div></td></tr></table></div>
+<p><code>*</code>: All command-line arguments present are gathered into a list. Note that it generally doesn't make much sense to have more than one positional argument with <code>nargs='*'</code>, but multiple optional arguments with <code>nargs='*'</code> is possible.</p>
+<div class="highlight"><table class="highlighttable"><tr><th colspan="2" class="filename"><span class="filename">Python</span></th></tr><tr><td class="linenos"><div class="linenodiv"><pre><span></span><span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-12-1">1</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-12-2">2</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-12-3">3</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-12-4">4</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-12-5">5</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-12-6">6</a></span></pre></div></td><td class="code"><div><pre><span></span><code><a id="__codelineno-12-1" name="__codelineno-12-1"></a><span class="o">&gt;&gt;&gt;</span> <span class="n">parser</span> <span class="o">=</span> <span class="n">argparse</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">ArgumentParser</span><span class="p">()</span>
+<a id="__codelineno-12-2" name="__codelineno-12-2"></a><span class="o">&gt;&gt;&gt;</span> <span class="n">parser</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">add_argument</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="s1">&#39;--foo&#39;</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="n">nargs</span><span class="o">=</span><span class="s1">&#39;*&#39;</span><span class="p">)</span>
+<a id="__codelineno-12-3" name="__codelineno-12-3"></a><span class="o">&gt;&gt;&gt;</span> <span class="n">parser</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">add_argument</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="s1">&#39;--bar&#39;</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="n">nargs</span><span class="o">=</span><span class="s1">&#39;*&#39;</span><span class="p">)</span>
+<a id="__codelineno-12-4" name="__codelineno-12-4"></a><span class="o">&gt;&gt;&gt;</span> <span class="n">parser</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">add_argument</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="s1">&#39;baz&#39;</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="n">nargs</span><span class="o">=</span><span class="s1">&#39;*&#39;</span><span class="p">)</span>
+<a id="__codelineno-12-5" name="__codelineno-12-5"></a><span class="o">&gt;&gt;&gt;</span> <span class="n">parser</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">parse_args</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="s1">&#39;a b --foo x y --bar 1 2&#39;</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">split</span><span class="p">())</span>
+<a id="__codelineno-12-6" name="__codelineno-12-6"></a><span class="n">Namespace</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="n">bar</span><span class="o">=</span><span class="p">[</span><span class="s1">&#39;1&#39;</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="s1">&#39;2&#39;</span><span class="p">],</span> <span class="n">baz</span><span class="o">=</span><span class="p">[</span><span class="s1">&#39;a&#39;</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="s1">&#39;b&#39;</span><span class="p">],</span> <span class="n">foo</span><span class="o">=</span><span class="p">[</span><span class="s1">&#39;x&#39;</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="s1">&#39;y&#39;</span><span class="p">])</span>
+</code></pre></div></td></tr></table></div>
+<p><code>+</code>: All command-line args present are gathered into a list. Additionally, an error message will be generated if there wasn't at least one command-line argument present.</p>
+<div class="highlight"><table class="highlighttable"><tr><th colspan="2" class="filename"><span class="filename">Python</span></th></tr><tr><td class="linenos"><div class="linenodiv"><pre><span></span><span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-13-1">1</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-13-2">2</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-13-3">3</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-13-4">4</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-13-5">5</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-13-6">6</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-13-7">7</a></span></pre></div></td><td class="code"><div><pre><span></span><code><a id="__codelineno-13-1" name="__codelineno-13-1"></a><span class="o">&gt;&gt;&gt;</span> <span class="n">parser</span> <span class="o">=</span> <span class="n">argparse</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">ArgumentParser</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="n">prog</span><span class="o">=</span><span class="s1">&#39;PROG&#39;</span><span class="p">)</span>
+<a id="__codelineno-13-2" name="__codelineno-13-2"></a><span class="o">&gt;&gt;&gt;</span> <span class="n">parser</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">add_argument</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="s1">&#39;foo&#39;</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="n">nargs</span><span class="o">=</span><span class="s1">&#39;+&#39;</span><span class="p">)</span>
+<a id="__codelineno-13-3" name="__codelineno-13-3"></a><span class="o">&gt;&gt;&gt;</span> <span class="n">parser</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">parse_args</span><span class="p">([</span><span class="s1">&#39;a&#39;</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="s1">&#39;b&#39;</span><span class="p">])</span>
+<a id="__codelineno-13-4" name="__codelineno-13-4"></a><span class="n">Namespace</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="n">foo</span><span class="o">=</span><span class="p">[</span><span class="s1">&#39;a&#39;</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="s1">&#39;b&#39;</span><span class="p">])</span>
+<a id="__codelineno-13-5" name="__codelineno-13-5"></a><span class="o">&gt;&gt;&gt;</span> <span class="n">parser</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">parse_args</span><span class="p">([])</span>
+<a id="__codelineno-13-6" name="__codelineno-13-6"></a><span class="n">usage</span><span class="p">:</span> <span class="n">PROG</span> <span class="p">[</span><span class="o">-</span><span class="n">h</span><span class="p">]</span> <span class="n">foo</span> <span class="p">[</span><span class="n">foo</span> <span class="o">...</span><span class="p">]</span>
+<a id="__codelineno-13-7" name="__codelineno-13-7"></a><span class="n">PROG</span><span class="p">:</span> <span class="n">error</span><span class="p">:</span> <span class="n">the</span> <span class="n">following</span> <span class="n">arguments</span> <span class="n">are</span> <span class="n">required</span><span class="p">:</span> <span class="n">foo</span>
+</code></pre></div></td></tr></table></div>
+<p><code>argparse.REMAINDER</code>: All the remaining command-line arguments are gathered into a list. This is commonly useful for command line utilities that dispatch to other command line utilities.</p>
+<div class="highlight"><table class="highlighttable"><tr><th colspan="2" class="filename"><span class="filename">Python</span></th></tr><tr><td class="linenos"><div class="linenodiv"><pre><span></span><span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-14-1">1</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-14-2">2</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-14-3">3</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-14-4">4</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-14-5">5</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-14-6">6</a></span></pre></div></td><td class="code"><div><pre><span></span><code><a id="__codelineno-14-1" name="__codelineno-14-1"></a><span class="o">&gt;&gt;&gt;</span> <span class="n">parser</span> <span class="o">=</span> <span class="n">argparse</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">ArgumentParser</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="n">prog</span><span class="o">=</span><span class="s1">&#39;PROG&#39;</span><span class="p">)</span>
+<a id="__codelineno-14-2" name="__codelineno-14-2"></a><span class="o">&gt;&gt;&gt;</span> <span class="n">parser</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">add_argument</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="s1">&#39;--foo&#39;</span><span class="p">)</span>
+<a id="__codelineno-14-3" name="__codelineno-14-3"></a><span class="o">&gt;&gt;&gt;</span> <span class="n">parser</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">add_argument</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="s1">&#39;command&#39;</span><span class="p">)</span>
+<a id="__codelineno-14-4" name="__codelineno-14-4"></a><span class="o">&gt;&gt;&gt;</span> <span class="n">parser</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">add_argument</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="s1">&#39;args&#39;</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="n">nargs</span><span class="o">=</span><span class="n">argparse</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">REMAINDER</span><span class="p">)</span>
+<a id="__codelineno-14-5" name="__codelineno-14-5"></a><span class="o">&gt;&gt;&gt;</span> <span class="nb">print</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="n">parser</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">parse_args</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="s1">&#39;--foo B cmd --arg1 XX ZZ&#39;</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">split</span><span class="p">()))</span>
+<a id="__codelineno-14-6" name="__codelineno-14-6"></a><span class="n">Namespace</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="n">args</span><span class="o">=</span><span class="p">[</span><span class="s1">&#39;--arg1&#39;</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="s1">&#39;XX&#39;</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="s1">&#39;ZZ&#39;</span><span class="p">],</span> <span class="n">command</span><span class="o">=</span><span class="s1">&#39;cmd&#39;</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="n">foo</span><span class="o">=</span><span class="s1">&#39;B&#39;</span><span class="p">)</span>
+</code></pre></div></td></tr></table></div>
+<h2 id="parsing-arguments">Parsing Arguments</h2>
+<div class="highlight"><table class="highlighttable"><tr><th colspan="2" class="filename"><span class="filename">Python</span></th></tr><tr><td class="linenos"><div class="linenodiv"><pre><span></span><span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-15-1"> 1</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-15-2"> 2</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-15-3"> 3</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-15-4"> 4</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-15-5"> 5</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-15-6"> 6</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-15-7"> 7</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-15-8"> 8</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-15-9"> 9</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-15-10">10</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-15-11">11</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-15-12">12</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-15-13">13</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-15-14">14</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-15-15">15</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-15-16">16</a></span></pre></div></td><td class="code"><div><pre><span></span><code><a id="__codelineno-15-1" name="__codelineno-15-1"></a><span class="c1"># Convert argument strings to objects and assign them as attributes of the namespace. Return the populated namespace.</span>
+<a id="__codelineno-15-2" name="__codelineno-15-2"></a><span class="n">ArgumentParser</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">parse_args</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="n">args</span><span class="o">=</span><span class="kc">None</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="n">namespace</span><span class="o">=</span><span class="kc">None</span><span class="p">)</span>
+<a id="__codelineno-15-3" name="__codelineno-15-3"></a>
+<a id="__codelineno-15-4" name="__codelineno-15-4"></a><span class="c1">#  assign attributes to an already existing object, rather than a new Namespace object</span>
+<a id="__codelineno-15-5" name="__codelineno-15-5"></a><span class="k">class</span> <span class="nc">C</span><span class="p">:</span>
+<a id="__codelineno-15-6" name="__codelineno-15-6"></a>    <span class="k">pass</span>
+<a id="__codelineno-15-7" name="__codelineno-15-7"></a>
+<a id="__codelineno-15-8" name="__codelineno-15-8"></a><span class="n">c</span> <span class="o">=</span> <span class="n">C</span><span class="p">()</span>
+<a id="__codelineno-15-9" name="__codelineno-15-9"></a><span class="n">parser</span> <span class="o">=</span> <span class="n">argparse</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">ArgumentParser</span><span class="p">()</span>
+<a id="__codelineno-15-10" name="__codelineno-15-10"></a><span class="n">parser</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">add_argument</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="s1">&#39;--foo&#39;</span><span class="p">)</span>
+<a id="__codelineno-15-11" name="__codelineno-15-11"></a><span class="n">parser</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">parse_args</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="n">args</span><span class="o">=</span><span class="p">[</span><span class="s1">&#39;--foo&#39;</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="s1">&#39;BAR&#39;</span><span class="p">],</span> <span class="n">namespace</span><span class="o">=</span><span class="n">c</span><span class="p">)</span>
+<a id="__codelineno-15-12" name="__codelineno-15-12"></a><span class="n">c</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">foo</span>  <span class="c1"># BAR</span>
+<a id="__codelineno-15-13" name="__codelineno-15-13"></a>
+<a id="__codelineno-15-14" name="__codelineno-15-14"></a><span class="c1"># return a dict instead of a Namespace</span>
+<a id="__codelineno-15-15" name="__codelineno-15-15"></a><span class="n">args</span> <span class="o">=</span> <span class="n">parser</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">parse_args</span><span class="p">([</span><span class="s1">&#39;--foo&#39;</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="s1">&#39;BAR&#39;</span><span class="p">])</span>
+<a id="__codelineno-15-16" name="__codelineno-15-16"></a><span class="nb">vars</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="n">args</span><span class="p">)</span>  <span class="c1"># {&#39;foo&#39;: &#39;BAR&#39;}</span>
+</code></pre></div></td></tr></table></div>
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+  
+  
+
+
+
+
+
+
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+      <a href="../../../containers/kubernetes.html" class="md-nav__link">
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+    Databases
+  </span>
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+          </label>
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+          <label class="md-nav__title" for="__nav_3">
+            <span class="md-nav__icon md-icon"></span>
+            Databases
+          </label>
+          <ul class="md-nav__list" data-md-scrollfix>
+            
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+    <li class="md-nav__item">
+      <a href="../../../databases/redis.html" class="md-nav__link">
+        
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+    Redis
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+      <a href="../../../databases/sql.html" class="md-nav__link">
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+    <li class="md-nav__item">
+      <a href="../../../databases/mongo-db.html" class="md-nav__link">
+        
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+    MongoDB
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+      
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+    <li class="md-nav__item md-nav__item--active md-nav__item--section md-nav__item--nested">
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+      <a href="../../html/html.html" class="md-nav__link">
+        
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+  <span class="md-ellipsis">
+    HTML
+  </span>
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+      <a href="../../markdown.html" class="md-nav__link">
+        
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+    Markdown
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+      <a href="../../swift/swift.html" class="md-nav__link">
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+        
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+          <label class="md-nav__link" for="__nav_4_7" id="__nav_4_7_label" tabindex="">
+            
+  
+  <span class="md-ellipsis">
+    Assembly
+  </span>
+  
+
+            <span class="md-nav__icon md-icon"></span>
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+        
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+          <label class="md-nav__title" for="__nav_4_7">
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+          </label>
+          <ul class="md-nav__list" data-md-scrollfix>
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+    <li class="md-nav__item">
+      <a href="../../assembly/intel.html" class="md-nav__link">
+        
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+  <span class="md-ellipsis">
+    Intel
+  </span>
+  
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+      <a href="../../assembly/riscv.html" class="md-nav__link">
+        
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+    RISC-V
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+        </nav>
+      
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+    <li class="md-nav__item md-nav__item--active md-nav__item--section md-nav__item--nested">
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+        
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+          <label class="md-nav__link" for="__nav_4_8" id="__nav_4_8_label" tabindex="">
+            
+  
+  <span class="md-ellipsis">
+    Python
+  </span>
+  
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+          <label class="md-nav__title" for="__nav_4_8">
+            <span class="md-nav__icon md-icon"></span>
+            Python
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+          <ul class="md-nav__list" data-md-scrollfix>
+            
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+    <li class="md-nav__item">
+      <a href="../python.html" class="md-nav__link">
+        
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+  <span class="md-ellipsis">
+    Python
+  </span>
+  
+
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+  
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+                
+  
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+    
+  
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+    
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+        
+      
+        
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+        
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+        
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+        
+      
+        
+      
+        
+      
+        
+      
+        
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+        
+      
+    
+    
+      
+      
+        
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+    
+    
+    <li class="md-nav__item md-nav__item--active md-nav__item--nested">
+      
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+        <input class="md-nav__toggle md-toggle " type="checkbox" id="__nav_4_8_2" checked>
+        
+          
+          <label class="md-nav__link" for="__nav_4_8_2" id="__nav_4_8_2_label" tabindex="0">
+            
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+    Modules
+  </span>
+  
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+        
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+          <label class="md-nav__title" for="__nav_4_8_2">
+            <span class="md-nav__icon md-icon"></span>
+            Modules
+          </label>
+          <ul class="md-nav__list" data-md-scrollfix>
+            
+              
+                
+  
+  
+  
+  
+    <li class="md-nav__item">
+      <a href="argparse.html" class="md-nav__link">
+        
+  
+  <span class="md-ellipsis">
+    argparse
+  </span>
+  
+
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+    </li>
+  
+
+              
+            
+              
+                
+  
+  
+    
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+  
+    <li class="md-nav__item md-nav__item--active">
+      
+      <input class="md-nav__toggle md-toggle" type="checkbox" id="__toc">
+      
+      
+        
+      
+      
+      <a href="collections.html" class="md-nav__link md-nav__link--active">
+        
+  
+  <span class="md-ellipsis">
+    collection
+  </span>
+  
+
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+      
+    </li>
+  
+
+              
+            
+              
+                
+  
+  
+  
+  
+    <li class="md-nav__item">
+      <a href="csv.html" class="md-nav__link">
+        
+  
+  <span class="md-ellipsis">
+    csv
+  </span>
+  
+
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+    </li>
+  
+
+              
+            
+              
+                
+  
+  
+  
+  
+    <li class="md-nav__item">
+      <a href="ftplib.html" class="md-nav__link">
+        
+  
+  <span class="md-ellipsis">
+    ftplib
+  </span>
+  
+
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+    </li>
+  
+
+              
+            
+              
+                
+  
+  
+  
+  
+    <li class="md-nav__item">
+      <a href="itertools.html" class="md-nav__link">
+        
+  
+  <span class="md-ellipsis">
+    itertools
+  </span>
+  
+
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+    </li>
+  
+
+              
+            
+              
+                
+  
+  
+  
+  
+    <li class="md-nav__item">
+      <a href="json.html" class="md-nav__link">
+        
+  
+  <span class="md-ellipsis">
+    json
+  </span>
+  
+
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+    </li>
+  
+
+              
+            
+              
+                
+  
+  
+  
+  
+    <li class="md-nav__item">
+      <a href="logging.html" class="md-nav__link">
+        
+  
+  <span class="md-ellipsis">
+    logging
+  </span>
+  
+
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+    </li>
+  
+
+              
+            
+              
+                
+  
+  
+  
+  
+    <li class="md-nav__item">
+      <a href="shutil.html" class="md-nav__link">
+        
+  
+  <span class="md-ellipsis">
+    shutil
+  </span>
+  
+
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+    </li>
+  
+
+              
+            
+              
+                
+  
+  
+  
+  
+    <li class="md-nav__item">
+      <a href="smtplib.html" class="md-nav__link">
+        
+  
+  <span class="md-ellipsis">
+    smtplib
+  </span>
+  
+
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+    </li>
+  
+
+              
+            
+              
+                
+  
+  
+  
+  
+    <li class="md-nav__item">
+      <a href="socket.html" class="md-nav__link">
+        
+  
+  <span class="md-ellipsis">
+    socket
+  </span>
+  
+
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+    </li>
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+
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+                
+  
+  
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+    <li class="md-nav__item">
+      <a href="sqlite.html" class="md-nav__link">
+        
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+  <span class="md-ellipsis">
+    sqlite
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+  
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+      <a href="time-datetime.html" class="md-nav__link">
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+      <a href="unittest.html" class="md-nav__link">
+        
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+  <span class="md-ellipsis">
+    unittest
+  </span>
+  
+
+      </a>
+    </li>
+  
+
+              
+            
+          </ul>
+        </nav>
+      
+    </li>
+  
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+    <li class="md-nav__item">
+      <a href="../libs/tkinter.html" class="md-nav__link">
+        
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+    TKinter
+  </span>
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+    <li class="md-nav__item">
+      <a href="../libs/numpy.html" class="md-nav__link">
+        
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+      <a href="../libs/pandas.html" class="md-nav__link">
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+    <li class="md-nav__item">
+      <a href="../libs/seaborn.html" class="md-nav__link">
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+  
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+      
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+      <a href="../../dotnet/csharp/linq.html" class="md-nav__link">
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+    <li class="md-nav__item">
+      <a href="../../dotnet/csharp/collections.html" class="md-nav__link">
+        
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+    Collections
+  </span>
+  
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+      <a href="../../dotnet/csharp/reactive-extensions.html" class="md-nav__link">
+        
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+    Reactive Extensions
+  </span>
+  
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+
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+      <a href="../../dotnet/csharp/async-programming.html" class="md-nav__link">
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+    Async Programming
+  </span>
+  
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+      <a href="../../dotnet/csharp/unit-tests.html" class="md-nav__link">
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+    Unit Tests
+  </span>
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+    </li>
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+        </nav>
+      
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+        
+      
+        
+      
+        
+      
+        
+      
+        
+      
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+      
+        
+      
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+    
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+      
+        
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+    <li class="md-nav__item md-nav__item--nested">
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+  
+  <span class="md-ellipsis">
+    ASP.NET
+  </span>
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+            <span class="md-nav__icon md-icon"></span>
+            ASP.NET
+          </label>
+          <ul class="md-nav__list" data-md-scrollfix>
+            
+              
+                
+  
+  
+  
+  
+    <li class="md-nav__item">
+      <a href="../../dotnet/asp.net/minimal-api.html" class="md-nav__link">
+        
+  
+  <span class="md-ellipsis">
+    Minimal API
+  </span>
+  
+
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+    </li>
+  
+
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+            
+              
+                
+  
+  
+  
+  
+    <li class="md-nav__item">
+      <a href="../../dotnet/asp.net/filters.html" class="md-nav__link">
+        
+  
+  <span class="md-ellipsis">
+    FIlters
+  </span>
+  
+
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+    </li>
+  
+
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+            
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+  
+  
+  
+  
+    <li class="md-nav__item">
+      <a href="../../dotnet/asp.net/middleware.html" class="md-nav__link">
+        
+  
+  <span class="md-ellipsis">
+    Middleware
+  </span>
+  
+
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+    </li>
+  
+
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+  
+  
+  
+  
+    <li class="md-nav__item">
+      <a href="../../dotnet/asp.net/razor-syntax.html" class="md-nav__link">
+        
+  
+  <span class="md-ellipsis">
+    Razor Syntax
+  </span>
+  
+
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+    </li>
+  
+
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+            
+              
+                
+  
+  
+  
+  
+    <li class="md-nav__item">
+      <a href="../../dotnet/asp.net/blazor.html" class="md-nav__link">
+        
+  
+  <span class="md-ellipsis">
+    Blazor
+  </span>
+  
+
+      </a>
+    </li>
+  
+
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+            
+              
+                
+  
+  
+  
+  
+    <li class="md-nav__item">
+      <a href="../../dotnet/asp.net/signalr.html" class="md-nav__link">
+        
+  
+  <span class="md-ellipsis">
+    SignalR
+  </span>
+  
+
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+    </li>
+  
+
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+            
+              
+                
+  
+  
+  
+  
+    <li class="md-nav__item">
+      <a href="../../dotnet/asp.net/web-forms.html" class="md-nav__link">
+        
+  
+  <span class="md-ellipsis">
+    Web Forms
+  </span>
+  
+
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+
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+        </nav>
+      
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+  
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+  
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+  
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+    
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+        
+      
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+      
+    
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+      
+      
+        
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+    
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+    <li class="md-nav__item md-nav__item--nested">
+      
+        
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+        <input class="md-nav__toggle md-toggle " type="checkbox" id="__nav_4_9_3" >
+        
+          
+          <label class="md-nav__link" for="__nav_4_9_3" id="__nav_4_9_3_label" tabindex="0">
+            
+  
+  <span class="md-ellipsis">
+    Database
+  </span>
+  
+
+            <span class="md-nav__icon md-icon"></span>
+          </label>
+        
+        <nav class="md-nav" data-md-level="3" aria-labelledby="__nav_4_9_3_label" aria-expanded="false">
+          <label class="md-nav__title" for="__nav_4_9_3">
+            <span class="md-nav__icon md-icon"></span>
+            Database
+          </label>
+          <ul class="md-nav__list" data-md-scrollfix>
+            
+              
+                
+  
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+    <li class="md-nav__item">
+      <a href="../../dotnet/database/ado.net.html" class="md-nav__link">
+        
+  
+  <span class="md-ellipsis">
+    ADO.NET
+  </span>
+  
+
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+    </li>
+  
+
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+            
+              
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+  
+  
+  
+  
+    <li class="md-nav__item">
+      <a href="../../dotnet/database/entity-framework.html" class="md-nav__link">
+        
+  
+  <span class="md-ellipsis">
+    Entity Framework
+  </span>
+  
+
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+    </li>
+  
+
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+            
+          </ul>
+        </nav>
+      
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+  
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+  
+  
+  
+  
+    
+    
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+        
+      
+        
+      
+        
+      
+        
+      
+    
+    
+      
+      
+        
+          
+          
+        
+      
+    
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+    <li class="md-nav__item md-nav__item--section md-nav__item--nested">
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+        <input class="md-nav__toggle md-toggle " type="checkbox" id="__nav_4_10" >
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+          <label class="md-nav__link" for="__nav_4_10" id="__nav_4_10_label" tabindex="">
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+  <span class="md-ellipsis">
+    Java
+  </span>
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+        
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+            <span class="md-nav__icon md-icon"></span>
+            Java
+          </label>
+          <ul class="md-nav__list" data-md-scrollfix>
+            
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+  
+  
+    <li class="md-nav__item">
+      <a href="../../java/java.html" class="md-nav__link">
+        
+  
+  <span class="md-ellipsis">
+    Java
+  </span>
+  
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+  
+
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+  
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+  
+    <li class="md-nav__item">
+      <a href="../../java/java-collection-framework.html" class="md-nav__link">
+        
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+  <span class="md-ellipsis">
+    Java Collection Framework
+  </span>
+  
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+    </li>
+  
+
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+    <li class="md-nav__item">
+      <a href="../../java/dao.html" class="md-nav__link">
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+
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+                
+  
+  
+  
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+    <li class="md-nav__item">
+      <a href="../../java/web/servlet.html" class="md-nav__link">
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+    Serverlet
+  </span>
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+  
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+    
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+            
+  
+  <span class="md-ellipsis">
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+        <nav class="md-nav" data-md-level="4" aria-labelledby="__nav_4_10_4_2_label" aria-expanded="false">
+          <label class="md-nav__title" for="__nav_4_10_4_2">
+            <span class="md-nav__icon md-icon"></span>
+            Spring
+          </label>
+          <ul class="md-nav__list" data-md-scrollfix>
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+                
+  
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+    <li class="md-nav__item">
+      <a href="../../java/spring/pom.xml.html" class="md-nav__link">
+        
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+  <span class="md-ellipsis">
+    POM
+  </span>
+  
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+    <li class="md-nav__item">
+      <a href="../../java/spring/spring-project.html" class="md-nav__link">
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+  <span class="md-ellipsis">
+    Project Structure
+  </span>
+  
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+  
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+  
+  
+  
+  
+    
+    
+      
+        
+      
+        
+      
+        
+      
+        
+      
+        
+      
+        
+      
+        
+      
+        
+      
+        
+      
+    
+    
+      
+      
+        
+          
+          
+        
+      
+    
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+    <li class="md-nav__item md-nav__item--section md-nav__item--nested">
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+          <label class="md-nav__link" for="__nav_4_11" id="__nav_4_11_label" tabindex="">
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+            PHP
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+      <a href="../../php/php.html" class="md-nav__link">
+        
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+  <span class="md-ellipsis">
+    PHP
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+  
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+      <a href="../../php/database.html" class="md-nav__link">
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+    Database
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+  
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+  
+
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+            
+              
+                
+  
+  
+  
+  
+    <li class="md-nav__item">
+      <a href="../../php/web.html" class="md-nav__link">
+        
+  
+  <span class="md-ellipsis">
+    Web
+  </span>
+  
+
+      </a>
+    </li>
+  
+
+              
+            
+              
+                
+  
+  
+  
+  
+    <li class="md-nav__item">
+      <a href="../../php/dependency-injection.html" class="md-nav__link">
+        
+  
+  <span class="md-ellipsis">
+    Dependency Injection
+  </span>
+  
+
+      </a>
+    </li>
+  
+
+              
+            
+              
+                
+  
+  
+  
+  
+    <li class="md-nav__item">
+      <a href="../../php/unit-tests.html" class="md-nav__link">
+        
+  
+  <span class="md-ellipsis">
+    Unit Tests
+  </span>
+  
+
+      </a>
+    </li>
+  
+
+              
+            
+              
+                
+  
+  
+  
+  
+    <li class="md-nav__item">
+      <a href="../../php/composer.html" class="md-nav__link">
+        
+  
+  <span class="md-ellipsis">
+    Composer
+  </span>
+  
+
+      </a>
+    </li>
+  
+
+              
+            
+              
+                
+  
+  
+  
+  
+    <li class="md-nav__item">
+      <a href="../../php/psr-7.html" class="md-nav__link">
+        
+  
+  <span class="md-ellipsis">
+    PSR 7
+  </span>
+  
+
+      </a>
+    </li>
+  
+
+              
+            
+              
+                
+  
+  
+  
+  
+    <li class="md-nav__item">
+      <a href="../../php/plates-templating.html" class="md-nav__link">
+        
+  
+  <span class="md-ellipsis">
+    Plates
+  </span>
+  
+
+      </a>
+    </li>
+  
+
+              
+            
+              
+                
+  
+  
+  
+  
+    
+    
+      
+        
+      
+        
+      
+    
+    
+      
+      
+        
+      
+    
+    
+    <li class="md-nav__item md-nav__item--nested">
+      
+        
+        
+        <input class="md-nav__toggle md-toggle " type="checkbox" id="__nav_4_11_9" >
+        
+          
+          <label class="md-nav__link" for="__nav_4_11_9" id="__nav_4_11_9_label" tabindex="0">
+            
+  
+  <span class="md-ellipsis">
+    Simple MVC
+  </span>
+  
+
+            <span class="md-nav__icon md-icon"></span>
+          </label>
+        
+        <nav class="md-nav" data-md-level="3" aria-labelledby="__nav_4_11_9_label" aria-expanded="false">
+          <label class="md-nav__title" for="__nav_4_11_9">
+            <span class="md-nav__icon md-icon"></span>
+            Simple MVC
+          </label>
+          <ul class="md-nav__list" data-md-scrollfix>
+            
+              
+                
+  
+  
+  
+  
+    <li class="md-nav__item">
+      <a href="../../php/simple-mvc/simple-mvc.html" class="md-nav__link">
+        
+  
+  <span class="md-ellipsis">
+    Simple MVC
+  </span>
+  
+
+      </a>
+    </li>
+  
+
+              
+            
+              
+                
+  
+  
+  
+  
+    <li class="md-nav__item">
+      <a href="../../php/simple-mvc/rest-api.html" class="md-nav__link">
+        
+  
+  <span class="md-ellipsis">
+    REST API
+  </span>
+  
+
+      </a>
+    </li>
+  
+
+              
+            
+          </ul>
+        </nav>
+      
+    </li>
+  
+
+              
+            
+          </ul>
+        </nav>
+      
+    </li>
+  
+
+              
+            
+              
+                
+  
+  
+  
+  
+    
+    
+      
+        
+      
+        
+      
+        
+      
+        
+      
+        
+      
+    
+    
+      
+      
+        
+          
+          
+        
+      
+    
+    
+    <li class="md-nav__item md-nav__item--section md-nav__item--nested">
+      
+        
+        
+        <input class="md-nav__toggle md-toggle " type="checkbox" id="__nav_4_12" >
+        
+          
+          <label class="md-nav__link" for="__nav_4_12" id="__nav_4_12_label" tabindex="">
+            
+  
+  <span class="md-ellipsis">
+    Rust
+  </span>
+  
+
+            <span class="md-nav__icon md-icon"></span>
+          </label>
+        
+        <nav class="md-nav" data-md-level="2" aria-labelledby="__nav_4_12_label" aria-expanded="false">
+          <label class="md-nav__title" for="__nav_4_12">
+            <span class="md-nav__icon md-icon"></span>
+            Rust
+          </label>
+          <ul class="md-nav__list" data-md-scrollfix>
+            
+              
+                
+  
+  
+  
+  
+    <li class="md-nav__item">
+      <a href="../../rust/rust.html" class="md-nav__link">
+        
+  
+  <span class="md-ellipsis">
+    Rust
+  </span>
+  
+
+      </a>
+    </li>
+  
+
+              
+            
+              
+                
+  
+  
+  
+  
+    <li class="md-nav__item">
+      <a href="../../rust/macros.html" class="md-nav__link">
+        
+  
+  <span class="md-ellipsis">
+    Macros
+  </span>
+  
+
+      </a>
+    </li>
+  
+
+              
+            
+              
+                
+  
+  
+  
+  
+    <li class="md-nav__item">
+      <a href="../../rust/cargo.html" class="md-nav__link">
+        
+  
+  <span class="md-ellipsis">
+    Cargo
+  </span>
+  
+
+      </a>
+    </li>
+  
+
+              
+            
+              
+                
+  
+  
+  
+  
+    <li class="md-nav__item">
+      <a href="../../rust/concurrency.html" class="md-nav__link">
+        
+  
+  <span class="md-ellipsis">
+    Concurrency
+  </span>
+  
+
+      </a>
+    </li>
+  
+
+              
+            
+              
+                
+  
+  
+  
+  
+    <li class="md-nav__item">
+      <a href="../../rust/unit-tests.html" class="md-nav__link">
+        
+  
+  <span class="md-ellipsis">
+    Unit Tests
+  </span>
+  
+
+      </a>
+    </li>
+  
+
+              
+            
+          </ul>
+        </nav>
+      
+    </li>
+  
+
+              
+            
+              
+                
+  
+  
+  
+  
+    
+    
+      
+        
+      
+        
+      
+        
+      
+        
+      
+        
+      
+        
+      
+        
+      
+    
+    
+      
+      
+        
+          
+          
+        
+      
+    
+    
+    <li class="md-nav__item md-nav__item--section md-nav__item--nested">
+      
+        
+        
+        <input class="md-nav__toggle md-toggle " type="checkbox" id="__nav_4_13" >
+        
+          
+          <label class="md-nav__link" for="__nav_4_13" id="__nav_4_13_label" tabindex="">
+            
+  
+  <span class="md-ellipsis">
+    Javascript
+  </span>
+  
+
+            <span class="md-nav__icon md-icon"></span>
+          </label>
+        
+        <nav class="md-nav" data-md-level="2" aria-labelledby="__nav_4_13_label" aria-expanded="false">
+          <label class="md-nav__title" for="__nav_4_13">
+            <span class="md-nav__icon md-icon"></span>
+            Javascript
+          </label>
+          <ul class="md-nav__list" data-md-scrollfix>
+            
+              
+                
+  
+  
+  
+  
+    <li class="md-nav__item">
+      <a href="../../javascript/javascript.html" class="md-nav__link">
+        
+  
+  <span class="md-ellipsis">
+    Javascript
+  </span>
+  
+
+      </a>
+    </li>
+  
+
+              
+            
+              
+                
+  
+  
+  
+  
+    <li class="md-nav__item">
+      <a href="../../javascript/dom.html" class="md-nav__link">
+        
+  
+  <span class="md-ellipsis">
+    DOM
+  </span>
+  
+
+      </a>
+    </li>
+  
+
+              
+            
+              
+                
+  
+  
+  
+  
+    <li class="md-nav__item">
+      <a href="../../javascript/events-animation.html" class="md-nav__link">
+        
+  
+  <span class="md-ellipsis">
+    Events & Animation
+  </span>
+  
+
+      </a>
+    </li>
+  
+
+              
+            
+              
+                
+  
+  
+  
+  
+    <li class="md-nav__item">
+      <a href="../../javascript/ajax.html" class="md-nav__link">
+        
+  
+  <span class="md-ellipsis">
+    AJAX
+  </span>
+  
+
+      </a>
+    </li>
+  
+
+              
+            
+              
+                
+  
+  
+  
+  
+    <li class="md-nav__item">
+      <a href="../../javascript/jquery.html" class="md-nav__link">
+        
+  
+  <span class="md-ellipsis">
+    jQuery
+  </span>
+  
+
+      </a>
+    </li>
+  
+
+              
+            
+              
+                
+  
+  
+  
+  
+    
+    
+      
+        
+      
+        
+      
+        
+      
+        
+      
+        
+      
+    
+    
+      
+      
+        
+      
+    
+    
+    <li class="md-nav__item md-nav__item--nested">
+      
+        
+        
+        <input class="md-nav__toggle md-toggle " type="checkbox" id="__nav_4_13_6" >
+        
+          
+          <label class="md-nav__link" for="__nav_4_13_6" id="__nav_4_13_6_label" tabindex="0">
+            
+  
+  <span class="md-ellipsis">
+    React
+  </span>
+  
+
+            <span class="md-nav__icon md-icon"></span>
+          </label>
+        
+        <nav class="md-nav" data-md-level="3" aria-labelledby="__nav_4_13_6_label" aria-expanded="false">
+          <label class="md-nav__title" for="__nav_4_13_6">
+            <span class="md-nav__icon md-icon"></span>
+            React
+          </label>
+          <ul class="md-nav__list" data-md-scrollfix>
+            
+              
+                
+  
+  
+  
+  
+    <li class="md-nav__item">
+      <a href="../../javascript/react/react.html" class="md-nav__link">
+        
+  
+  <span class="md-ellipsis">
+    React
+  </span>
+  
+
+      </a>
+    </li>
+  
+
+              
+            
+              
+                
+  
+  
+  
+  
+    <li class="md-nav__item">
+      <a href="../../javascript/react/react-router.html" class="md-nav__link">
+        
+  
+  <span class="md-ellipsis">
+    React Router
+  </span>
+  
+
+      </a>
+    </li>
+  
+
+              
+            
+              
+                
+  
+  
+  
+  
+    <li class="md-nav__item">
+      <a href="../../javascript/react/react-tests.html" class="md-nav__link">
+        
+  
+  <span class="md-ellipsis">
+    React Tests
+  </span>
+  
+
+      </a>
+    </li>
+  
+
+              
+            
+              
+                
+  
+  
+  
+  
+    <li class="md-nav__item">
+      <a href="../../javascript/react/redux.html" class="md-nav__link">
+        
+  
+  <span class="md-ellipsis">
+    Redux
+  </span>
+  
+
+      </a>
+    </li>
+  
+
+              
+            
+              
+                
+  
+  
+  
+  
+    <li class="md-nav__item">
+      <a href="../../javascript/react/redux-tests.html" class="md-nav__link">
+        
+  
+  <span class="md-ellipsis">
+    Redux Tests
+  </span>
+  
+
+      </a>
+    </li>
+  
+
+              
+            
+          </ul>
+        </nav>
+      
+    </li>
+  
+
+              
+            
+              
+                
+  
+  
+  
+  
+    <li class="md-nav__item">
+      <a href="../../javascript/svelte/svelte.html" class="md-nav__link">
+        
+  
+  <span class="md-ellipsis">
+    Svelte
+  </span>
+  
+
+      </a>
+    </li>
+  
+
+              
+            
+          </ul>
+        </nav>
+      
+    </li>
+  
+
+              
+            
+              
+                
+  
+  
+  
+  
+    
+    
+      
+        
+      
+        
+      
+    
+    
+      
+      
+        
+          
+          
+        
+      
+    
+    
+    <li class="md-nav__item md-nav__item--section md-nav__item--nested">
+      
+        
+        
+        <input class="md-nav__toggle md-toggle " type="checkbox" id="__nav_4_14" >
+        
+          
+          <label class="md-nav__link" for="__nav_4_14" id="__nav_4_14_label" tabindex="">
+            
+  
+  <span class="md-ellipsis">
+    PowerShell
+  </span>
+  
+
+            <span class="md-nav__icon md-icon"></span>
+          </label>
+        
+        <nav class="md-nav" data-md-level="2" aria-labelledby="__nav_4_14_label" aria-expanded="false">
+          <label class="md-nav__title" for="__nav_4_14">
+            <span class="md-nav__icon md-icon"></span>
+            PowerShell
+          </label>
+          <ul class="md-nav__list" data-md-scrollfix>
+            
+              
+                
+  
+  
+  
+  
+    <li class="md-nav__item">
+      <a href="../../powershell/scripting.html" class="md-nav__link">
+        
+  
+  <span class="md-ellipsis">
+    Scripting
+  </span>
+  
+
+      </a>
+    </li>
+  
+
+              
+            
+              
+                
+  
+  
+  
+  
+    <li class="md-nav__item">
+      <a href="../../powershell/commands.html" class="md-nav__link">
+        
+  
+  <span class="md-ellipsis">
+    Commands
+  </span>
+  
+
+      </a>
+    </li>
+  
+
+              
+            
+          </ul>
+        </nav>
+      
+    </li>
+  
+
+              
+            
+              
+                
+  
+  
+  
+  
+    
+    
+      
+        
+      
+        
+      
+    
+    
+      
+      
+        
+          
+          
+        
+      
+    
+    
+    <li class="md-nav__item md-nav__item--section md-nav__item--nested">
+      
+        
+        
+        <input class="md-nav__toggle md-toggle " type="checkbox" id="__nav_4_15" >
+        
+          
+          <label class="md-nav__link" for="__nav_4_15" id="__nav_4_15_label" tabindex="">
+            
+  
+  <span class="md-ellipsis">
+    Bash
+  </span>
+  
+
+            <span class="md-nav__icon md-icon"></span>
+          </label>
+        
+        <nav class="md-nav" data-md-level="2" aria-labelledby="__nav_4_15_label" aria-expanded="false">
+          <label class="md-nav__title" for="__nav_4_15">
+            <span class="md-nav__icon md-icon"></span>
+            Bash
+          </label>
+          <ul class="md-nav__list" data-md-scrollfix>
+            
+              
+                
+  
+  
+  
+  
+    <li class="md-nav__item">
+      <a href="../../bash/scripting.html" class="md-nav__link">
+        
+  
+  <span class="md-ellipsis">
+    Scripting
+  </span>
+  
+
+      </a>
+    </li>
+  
+
+              
+            
+              
+                
+  
+  
+  
+  
+    <li class="md-nav__item">
+      <a href="../../bash/commands.html" class="md-nav__link">
+        
+  
+  <span class="md-ellipsis">
+    Commands
+  </span>
+  
+
+      </a>
+    </li>
+  
+
+              
+            
+          </ul>
+        </nav>
+      
+    </li>
+  
+
+              
+            
+          </ul>
+        </nav>
+      
+    </li>
+  
+
+    
+      
+      
+  
+  
+  
+  
+    
+    
+      
+        
+      
+        
+      
+        
+      
+        
+      
+        
+      
+    
+    
+      
+      
+        
+      
+    
+    
+    <li class="md-nav__item md-nav__item--nested">
+      
+        
+        
+        <input class="md-nav__toggle md-toggle " type="checkbox" id="__nav_5" >
+        
+          
+          <label class="md-nav__link" for="__nav_5" id="__nav_5_label" tabindex="0">
+            
+  
+  <span class="md-ellipsis">
+    Misc
+  </span>
+  
+
+            <span class="md-nav__icon md-icon"></span>
+          </label>
+        
+        <nav class="md-nav" data-md-level="1" aria-labelledby="__nav_5_label" aria-expanded="false">
+          <label class="md-nav__title" for="__nav_5">
+            <span class="md-nav__icon md-icon"></span>
+            Misc
+          </label>
+          <ul class="md-nav__list" data-md-scrollfix>
+            
+              
+                
+  
+  
+  
+  
+    <li class="md-nav__item">
+      <a href="../../../misc/git.html" class="md-nav__link">
+        
+  
+  <span class="md-ellipsis">
+    Git
+  </span>
+  
+
+      </a>
+    </li>
+  
+
+              
+            
+              
+                
+  
+  
+  
+  
+    <li class="md-nav__item">
+      <a href="../../../misc/graph-ql.html" class="md-nav__link">
+        
+  
+  <span class="md-ellipsis">
+    GraphQL
+  </span>
+  
+
+      </a>
+    </li>
+  
+
+              
+            
+              
+                
+  
+  
+  
+  
+    <li class="md-nav__item">
+      <a href="../../../misc/regular-expressions.html" class="md-nav__link">
+        
+  
+  <span class="md-ellipsis">
+    RegEx
+  </span>
+  
+
+      </a>
+    </li>
+  
+
+              
+            
+              
+                
+  
+  
+  
+  
+    <li class="md-nav__item">
+      <a href="../../../misc/ssh.html" class="md-nav__link">
+        
+  
+  <span class="md-ellipsis">
+    SSH
+  </span>
+  
+
+      </a>
+    </li>
+  
+
+              
+            
+              
+                
+  
+  
+  
+  
+    <li class="md-nav__item">
+      <a href="../../../misc/web-components.html" class="md-nav__link">
+        
+  
+  <span class="md-ellipsis">
+    WebComponents
+  </span>
+  
+
+      </a>
+    </li>
+  
+
+              
+            
+          </ul>
+        </nav>
+      
+    </li>
+  
+
+    
+      
+      
+  
+  
+  
+  
+    
+    
+      
+        
+      
+        
+      
+    
+    
+      
+      
+        
+      
+    
+    
+    <li class="md-nav__item md-nav__item--nested">
+      
+        
+        
+        <input class="md-nav__toggle md-toggle " type="checkbox" id="__nav_6" >
+        
+          
+          <label class="md-nav__link" for="__nav_6" id="__nav_6_label" tabindex="0">
+            
+  
+  <span class="md-ellipsis">
+    Linux
+  </span>
+  
+
+            <span class="md-nav__icon md-icon"></span>
+          </label>
+        
+        <nav class="md-nav" data-md-level="1" aria-labelledby="__nav_6_label" aria-expanded="false">
+          <label class="md-nav__title" for="__nav_6">
+            <span class="md-nav__icon md-icon"></span>
+            Linux
+          </label>
+          <ul class="md-nav__list" data-md-scrollfix>
+            
+              
+                
+  
+  
+  
+  
+    
+    
+      
+        
+      
+        
+      
+        
+      
+    
+    
+      
+      
+        
+      
+    
+    
+    <li class="md-nav__item md-nav__item--nested">
+      
+        
+        
+        <input class="md-nav__toggle md-toggle " type="checkbox" id="__nav_6_1" >
+        
+          
+          <label class="md-nav__link" for="__nav_6_1" id="__nav_6_1_label" tabindex="0">
+            
+  
+  <span class="md-ellipsis">
+    Filesystem
+  </span>
+  
+
+            <span class="md-nav__icon md-icon"></span>
+          </label>
+        
+        <nav class="md-nav" data-md-level="2" aria-labelledby="__nav_6_1_label" aria-expanded="false">
+          <label class="md-nav__title" for="__nav_6_1">
+            <span class="md-nav__icon md-icon"></span>
+            Filesystem
+          </label>
+          <ul class="md-nav__list" data-md-scrollfix>
+            
+              
+                
+  
+  
+  
+  
+    <li class="md-nav__item">
+      <a href="../../../linux/filesystem/file-links.html" class="md-nav__link">
+        
+  
+  <span class="md-ellipsis">
+    File Links
+  </span>
+  
+
+      </a>
+    </li>
+  
+
+              
+            
+              
+                
+  
+  
+  
+  
+    <li class="md-nav__item">
+      <a href="../../../linux/filesystem/procfs.html" class="md-nav__link">
+        
+  
+  <span class="md-ellipsis">
+    /proc
+  </span>
+  
+
+      </a>
+    </li>
+  
+
+              
+            
+              
+                
+  
+  
+  
+  
+    <li class="md-nav__item">
+      <a href="../../../linux/filesystem/sysfs.html" class="md-nav__link">
+        
+  
+  <span class="md-ellipsis">
+    /sys
+  </span>
+  
+
+      </a>
+    </li>
+  
+
+              
+            
+          </ul>
+        </nav>
+      
+    </li>
+  
+
+              
+            
+              
+                
+  
+  
+  
+  
+    
+    
+      
+        
+      
+        
+      
+    
+    
+      
+      
+        
+      
+    
+    
+    <li class="md-nav__item md-nav__item--nested">
+      
+        
+        
+        <input class="md-nav__toggle md-toggle " type="checkbox" id="__nav_6_2" >
+        
+          
+          <label class="md-nav__link" for="__nav_6_2" id="__nav_6_2_label" tabindex="0">
+            
+  
+  <span class="md-ellipsis">
+    System Init
+  </span>
+  
+
+            <span class="md-nav__icon md-icon"></span>
+          </label>
+        
+        <nav class="md-nav" data-md-level="2" aria-labelledby="__nav_6_2_label" aria-expanded="false">
+          <label class="md-nav__title" for="__nav_6_2">
+            <span class="md-nav__icon md-icon"></span>
+            System Init
+          </label>
+          <ul class="md-nav__list" data-md-scrollfix>
+            
+              
+                
+  
+  
+  
+  
+    <li class="md-nav__item">
+      <a href="../../../linux/init/systemd.html" class="md-nav__link">
+        
+  
+  <span class="md-ellipsis">
+    Systemd
+  </span>
+  
+
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+    </li>
+  
+
+              
+            
+              
+                
+  
+  
+  
+  
+    <li class="md-nav__item">
+      <a href="../../../linux/init/open-rc.html" class="md-nav__link">
+        
+  
+  <span class="md-ellipsis">
+    OpenRC
+  </span>
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+      
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+              <div class="md-sidebar md-sidebar--secondary" data-md-component="sidebar" data-md-type="toc" >
+                <div class="md-sidebar__scrollwrap">
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+              <article class="md-content__inner md-typeset">
+                
+                  
+
+  
+  
+
+
+<h1 id="collections-module">Collections Module</h1>
+<div class="highlight"><table class="highlighttable"><tr><th colspan="2" class="filename"><span class="filename">Python</span></th></tr><tr><td class="linenos"><div class="linenodiv"><pre><span></span><span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-0-1"> 1</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-0-2"> 2</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-0-3"> 3</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-0-4"> 4</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-0-5"> 5</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-0-6"> 6</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-0-7"> 7</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-0-8"> 8</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-0-9"> 9</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-0-10">10</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-0-11">11</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-0-12">12</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-0-13">13</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-0-14">14</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-0-15">15</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-0-16">16</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-0-17">17</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-0-18">18</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-0-19">19</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-0-20">20</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-0-21">21</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-0-22">22</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-0-23">23</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-0-24">24</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-0-25">25</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-0-26">26</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-0-27">27</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-0-28">28</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-0-29">29</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-0-30">30</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-0-31">31</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-0-32">32</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-0-33">33</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-0-34">34</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-0-35">35</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-0-36">36</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-0-37">37</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-0-38">38</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-0-39">39</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-0-40">40</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-0-41">41</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-0-42">42</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-0-43">43</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-0-44">44</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-0-45">45</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-0-46">46</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-0-47">47</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-0-48">48</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-0-49">49</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-0-50">50</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-0-51">51</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-0-52">52</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-0-53">53</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-0-54">54</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-0-55">55</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-0-56">56</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-0-57">57</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-0-58">58</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-0-59">59</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-0-60">60</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-0-61">61</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-0-62">62</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-0-63">63</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-0-64">64</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-0-65">65</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-0-66">66</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-0-67">67</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-0-68">68</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-0-69">69</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-0-70">70</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-0-71">71</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-0-72">72</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-0-73">73</a></span></pre></div></td><td class="code"><div><pre><span></span><code><a id="__codelineno-0-1" name="__codelineno-0-1"></a><span class="c1"># COUNTER ()</span>
+<a id="__codelineno-0-2" name="__codelineno-0-2"></a><span class="c1"># subclass dictionary for counting hash-capable objects</span>
+<a id="__codelineno-0-3" name="__codelineno-0-3"></a><span class="kn">from</span> <span class="nn">collections</span> <span class="kn">import</span> <span class="n">Counter</span>
+<a id="__codelineno-0-4" name="__codelineno-0-4"></a><span class="n">Counter</span> <span class="p">(</span><span class="n">sequence</span><span class="p">)</span> <span class="c1"># -&gt; Counter object</span>
+<a id="__codelineno-0-5" name="__codelineno-0-5"></a><span class="c1"># {item: num included in sequence, ...}</span>
+<a id="__codelineno-0-6" name="__codelineno-0-6"></a>
+<a id="__codelineno-0-7" name="__codelineno-0-7"></a><span class="n">var</span> <span class="o">=</span> <span class="n">Counter</span> <span class="p">(</span><span class="n">sequence</span><span class="p">)</span>
+<a id="__codelineno-0-8" name="__codelineno-0-8"></a><span class="n">var</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">most_common</span> <span class="p">(</span><span class="n">n</span><span class="p">)</span> <span class="c1"># produce list of most common elements (most common n)</span>
+<a id="__codelineno-0-9" name="__codelineno-0-9"></a><span class="nb">sum</span> <span class="p">(</span><span class="n">var</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">values</span> <span class="err">​​</span><span class="p">())</span> <span class="c1"># total of all counts</span>
+<a id="__codelineno-0-10" name="__codelineno-0-10"></a><span class="n">var</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">clear</span> <span class="p">()</span> <span class="c1">#reset all counts</span>
+<a id="__codelineno-0-11" name="__codelineno-0-11"></a><span class="nb">list</span> <span class="p">(</span><span class="n">var</span><span class="p">)</span> <span class="c1"># list unique items</span>
+<a id="__codelineno-0-12" name="__codelineno-0-12"></a><span class="nb">set</span> <span class="p">(</span><span class="n">var</span><span class="p">)</span> <span class="c1"># convert to a set</span>
+<a id="__codelineno-0-13" name="__codelineno-0-13"></a><span class="nb">dict</span> <span class="p">(</span><span class="n">var</span><span class="p">)</span> <span class="c1"># convert to regular dictionary</span>
+<a id="__codelineno-0-14" name="__codelineno-0-14"></a><span class="n">var</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">items</span> <span class="p">()</span> <span class="c1"># convert to a list of pairs (element, count)</span>
+<a id="__codelineno-0-15" name="__codelineno-0-15"></a><span class="n">Counter</span> <span class="p">(</span><span class="nb">dict</span> <span class="p">(</span><span class="n">list_of_pairs</span><span class="p">))</span> <span class="c1"># convert from a list of pairs</span>
+<a id="__codelineno-0-16" name="__codelineno-0-16"></a><span class="n">var</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">most_common</span> <span class="p">[:</span> <span class="o">-</span> <span class="n">n</span><span class="o">-</span><span class="mi">1</span><span class="p">:</span> <span class="o">-</span><span class="mi">1</span><span class="p">]</span> <span class="c1"># n less common elements</span>
+<a id="__codelineno-0-17" name="__codelineno-0-17"></a><span class="n">var</span> <span class="o">+</span> <span class="o">=</span> <span class="n">Counter</span> <span class="p">()</span> <span class="c1"># remove zero and negative counts</span>
+<a id="__codelineno-0-18" name="__codelineno-0-18"></a>
+<a id="__codelineno-0-19" name="__codelineno-0-19"></a>
+<a id="__codelineno-0-20" name="__codelineno-0-20"></a><span class="c1"># DEFAULTDICT ()</span>
+<a id="__codelineno-0-21" name="__codelineno-0-21"></a><span class="c1"># dictionary-like object that takes a default type as its first argument</span>
+<a id="__codelineno-0-22" name="__codelineno-0-22"></a><span class="c1"># defaultdict will never raise a KeyError exception.</span>
+<a id="__codelineno-0-23" name="__codelineno-0-23"></a><span class="c1"># non-existent keys return a default value (default_factory)</span>
+<a id="__codelineno-0-24" name="__codelineno-0-24"></a><span class="kn">from</span> <span class="nn">collections</span> <span class="kn">import</span> <span class="n">defaultdict</span>
+<a id="__codelineno-0-25" name="__codelineno-0-25"></a><span class="n">var</span> <span class="o">=</span> <span class="n">defaultdict</span> <span class="p">(</span><span class="n">default_factory</span><span class="p">)</span>
+<a id="__codelineno-0-26" name="__codelineno-0-26"></a><span class="n">var</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">popitem</span> <span class="p">()</span> <span class="c1"># remove and return first element</span>
+<a id="__codelineno-0-27" name="__codelineno-0-27"></a><span class="n">var</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">popitem</span> <span class="p">(</span><span class="n">last</span> <span class="o">=</span> <span class="kc">True</span><span class="p">)</span> <span class="c1"># remove and return last item</span>
+<a id="__codelineno-0-28" name="__codelineno-0-28"></a>
+<a id="__codelineno-0-29" name="__codelineno-0-29"></a>
+<a id="__codelineno-0-30" name="__codelineno-0-30"></a><span class="c1"># OREDERDDICT ()</span>
+<a id="__codelineno-0-31" name="__codelineno-0-31"></a><span class="c1"># subclass dictionary that &quot;remembers&quot; the order in which the contents are entered</span>
+<a id="__codelineno-0-32" name="__codelineno-0-32"></a><span class="c1"># Normal dictionaries have random order</span>
+<a id="__codelineno-0-33" name="__codelineno-0-33"></a><span class="n">name_dict</span> <span class="o">=</span> <span class="n">OrderedDict</span> <span class="p">()</span>
+<a id="__codelineno-0-34" name="__codelineno-0-34"></a><span class="c1"># OrderedDict with same elements but different order are considered different</span>
+<a id="__codelineno-0-35" name="__codelineno-0-35"></a>
+<a id="__codelineno-0-36" name="__codelineno-0-36"></a>
+<a id="__codelineno-0-37" name="__codelineno-0-37"></a><span class="c1"># USERDICT ()</span>
+<a id="__codelineno-0-38" name="__codelineno-0-38"></a><span class="c1"># pure implementation in pythondi a map that works like a normal dictionary.</span>
+<a id="__codelineno-0-39" name="__codelineno-0-39"></a><span class="c1"># Designated to create subclasses</span>
+<a id="__codelineno-0-40" name="__codelineno-0-40"></a><span class="n">UserDict</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">data</span> <span class="c1"># recipient of UserDict content</span>
+<a id="__codelineno-0-41" name="__codelineno-0-41"></a>
+<a id="__codelineno-0-42" name="__codelineno-0-42"></a>
+<a id="__codelineno-0-43" name="__codelineno-0-43"></a><span class="c1"># NAMEDTUPLE ()</span>
+<a id="__codelineno-0-44" name="__codelineno-0-44"></a><span class="c1"># each namedtuple is represented by its own class</span>
+<a id="__codelineno-0-45" name="__codelineno-0-45"></a><span class="kn">from</span> <span class="nn">collections</span> <span class="kn">import</span> <span class="n">namedtuple</span>
+<a id="__codelineno-0-46" name="__codelineno-0-46"></a><span class="n">NomeClasse</span> <span class="o">=</span> <span class="n">namedtuple</span> <span class="p">(</span><span class="n">NomeClasse</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="n">parameters_separated_from_space</span><span class="p">)</span>
+<a id="__codelineno-0-47" name="__codelineno-0-47"></a><span class="n">var</span> <span class="o">=</span> <span class="n">ClassName</span> <span class="p">(</span><span class="n">parameters</span><span class="p">)</span>
+<a id="__codelineno-0-48" name="__codelineno-0-48"></a><span class="n">var</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">attribute</span> <span class="c1"># access to attributes</span>
+<a id="__codelineno-0-49" name="__codelineno-0-49"></a><span class="n">var</span> <span class="p">[</span><span class="n">index</span><span class="p">]</span> <span class="c1"># access to attributes</span>
+<a id="__codelineno-0-50" name="__codelineno-0-50"></a><span class="n">var</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">_fields</span> <span class="c1"># access to attribute list</span>
+<a id="__codelineno-0-51" name="__codelineno-0-51"></a><span class="n">var</span> <span class="o">=</span> <span class="n">class</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">_make</span> <span class="p">(</span><span class="n">iterable</span><span class="p">)</span> <span class="c1"># transformain namedtuple</span>
+<a id="__codelineno-0-52" name="__codelineno-0-52"></a><span class="n">var</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">_asdict</span> <span class="p">()</span> <span class="c1"># Return OrderedDict object starting from namedtuple</span>
+<a id="__codelineno-0-53" name="__codelineno-0-53"></a>
+<a id="__codelineno-0-54" name="__codelineno-0-54"></a>
+<a id="__codelineno-0-55" name="__codelineno-0-55"></a><span class="c1"># DEQUE ()</span>
+<a id="__codelineno-0-56" name="__codelineno-0-56"></a><span class="c1"># double ended queue (pronounced &quot;deck&quot;)</span>
+<a id="__codelineno-0-57" name="__codelineno-0-57"></a><span class="c1"># list editable on both &quot;sides&quot;</span>
+<a id="__codelineno-0-58" name="__codelineno-0-58"></a><span class="kn">from</span> <span class="nn">collections</span> <span class="kn">import</span> <span class="n">deque</span>
+<a id="__codelineno-0-59" name="__codelineno-0-59"></a><span class="n">var</span> <span class="o">=</span> <span class="n">deque</span> <span class="p">(</span><span class="n">iterable</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="n">maxlen</span> <span class="o">=</span> <span class="n">num</span><span class="p">)</span> <span class="c1"># -&gt; deque object</span>
+<a id="__codelineno-0-60" name="__codelineno-0-60"></a><span class="n">var</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">append</span> <span class="p">(</span><span class="n">item</span><span class="p">)</span> <span class="c1"># add item to the bottom</span>
+<a id="__codelineno-0-61" name="__codelineno-0-61"></a><span class="n">var</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">appendleft</span> <span class="p">(</span><span class="n">item</span><span class="p">)</span> <span class="c1"># add item to the beginning</span>
+<a id="__codelineno-0-62" name="__codelineno-0-62"></a><span class="n">var</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">clear</span> <span class="p">()</span> <span class="c1"># remove all elements</span>
+<a id="__codelineno-0-63" name="__codelineno-0-63"></a><span class="n">var</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">extend</span> <span class="p">(</span><span class="n">iterable</span><span class="p">)</span> <span class="c1"># add iterable to the bottom</span>
+<a id="__codelineno-0-64" name="__codelineno-0-64"></a><span class="n">var</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">extendleft</span> <span class="p">(</span><span class="n">iterable</span><span class="p">)</span> <span class="c1"># add iterable to the beginning &#39;</span>
+<a id="__codelineno-0-65" name="__codelineno-0-65"></a><span class="n">var</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">insert</span> <span class="p">(</span><span class="n">index</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="n">item</span><span class="p">)</span> <span class="c1"># insert index position</span>
+<a id="__codelineno-0-66" name="__codelineno-0-66"></a><span class="n">var</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">index</span> <span class="p">(</span><span class="n">item</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="n">start</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="n">stop</span><span class="p">)</span> <span class="c1"># returns position of item</span>
+<a id="__codelineno-0-67" name="__codelineno-0-67"></a><span class="n">var</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">count</span> <span class="p">(</span><span class="n">item</span><span class="p">)</span>
+<a id="__codelineno-0-68" name="__codelineno-0-68"></a><span class="n">var</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">pop</span> <span class="p">()</span>
+<a id="__codelineno-0-69" name="__codelineno-0-69"></a><span class="n">var</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">popleft</span> <span class="p">()</span>
+<a id="__codelineno-0-70" name="__codelineno-0-70"></a><span class="n">var</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">remove</span> <span class="p">(</span><span class="n">value</span><span class="p">)</span>
+<a id="__codelineno-0-71" name="__codelineno-0-71"></a><span class="n">var</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">reverse</span> <span class="p">()</span> <span class="c1"># reverse element order</span>
+<a id="__codelineno-0-72" name="__codelineno-0-72"></a><span class="n">var</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">rotate</span> <span class="p">(</span><span class="n">n</span><span class="p">)</span> <span class="c1"># move the elements of n steps (dx if n&gt; 0, sx if n &lt;0)</span>
+<a id="__codelineno-0-73" name="__codelineno-0-73"></a><span class="n">var</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">sort</span> <span class="p">()</span>
+</code></pre></div></td></tr></table></div>
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+  
+  
+    <li class="md-nav__item">
+      <a href="ftplib.html" class="md-nav__link">
+        
+  
+  <span class="md-ellipsis">
+    ftplib
+  </span>
+  
+
+      </a>
+    </li>
+  
+
+              
+            
+              
+                
+  
+  
+  
+  
+    <li class="md-nav__item">
+      <a href="itertools.html" class="md-nav__link">
+        
+  
+  <span class="md-ellipsis">
+    itertools
+  </span>
+  
+
+      </a>
+    </li>
+  
+
+              
+            
+              
+                
+  
+  
+  
+  
+    <li class="md-nav__item">
+      <a href="json.html" class="md-nav__link">
+        
+  
+  <span class="md-ellipsis">
+    json
+  </span>
+  
+
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+    </li>
+  
+
+              
+            
+              
+                
+  
+  
+  
+  
+    <li class="md-nav__item">
+      <a href="logging.html" class="md-nav__link">
+        
+  
+  <span class="md-ellipsis">
+    logging
+  </span>
+  
+
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+    </li>
+  
+
+              
+            
+              
+                
+  
+  
+  
+  
+    <li class="md-nav__item">
+      <a href="shutil.html" class="md-nav__link">
+        
+  
+  <span class="md-ellipsis">
+    shutil
+  </span>
+  
+
+      </a>
+    </li>
+  
+
+              
+            
+              
+                
+  
+  
+  
+  
+    <li class="md-nav__item">
+      <a href="smtplib.html" class="md-nav__link">
+        
+  
+  <span class="md-ellipsis">
+    smtplib
+  </span>
+  
+
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+    </li>
+  
+
+              
+            
+              
+                
+  
+  
+  
+  
+    <li class="md-nav__item">
+      <a href="socket.html" class="md-nav__link">
+        
+  
+  <span class="md-ellipsis">
+    socket
+  </span>
+  
+
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+    </li>
+  
+
+              
+            
+              
+                
+  
+  
+  
+  
+    <li class="md-nav__item">
+      <a href="sqlite.html" class="md-nav__link">
+        
+  
+  <span class="md-ellipsis">
+    sqlite
+  </span>
+  
+
+      </a>
+    </li>
+  
+
+              
+            
+              
+                
+  
+  
+  
+  
+    <li class="md-nav__item">
+      <a href="time-datetime.html" class="md-nav__link">
+        
+  
+  <span class="md-ellipsis">
+    time & datetime
+  </span>
+  
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+                
+  
+  
+  
+  
+    <li class="md-nav__item">
+      <a href="unittest.html" class="md-nav__link">
+        
+  
+  <span class="md-ellipsis">
+    unittest
+  </span>
+  
+
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+    </li>
+  
+
+              
+            
+          </ul>
+        </nav>
+      
+    </li>
+  
+
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+            
+              
+                
+  
+  
+  
+  
+    
+    
+      
+        
+      
+        
+      
+        
+      
+        
+      
+        
+      
+        
+      
+    
+    
+      
+      
+        
+      
+    
+    
+    <li class="md-nav__item md-nav__item--nested">
+      
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+        <input class="md-nav__toggle md-toggle " type="checkbox" id="__nav_4_8_3" >
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+          <label class="md-nav__link" for="__nav_4_8_3" id="__nav_4_8_3_label" tabindex="0">
+            
+  
+  <span class="md-ellipsis">
+    Libraries
+  </span>
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+          </label>
+        
+        <nav class="md-nav" data-md-level="3" aria-labelledby="__nav_4_8_3_label" aria-expanded="false">
+          <label class="md-nav__title" for="__nav_4_8_3">
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+          </label>
+          <ul class="md-nav__list" data-md-scrollfix>
+            
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+  
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+  
+  
+    <li class="md-nav__item">
+      <a href="../libs/tkinter.html" class="md-nav__link">
+        
+  
+  <span class="md-ellipsis">
+    TKinter
+  </span>
+  
+
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+    </li>
+  
+
+              
+            
+              
+                
+  
+  
+  
+  
+    <li class="md-nav__item">
+      <a href="../libs/numpy.html" class="md-nav__link">
+        
+  
+  <span class="md-ellipsis">
+    Numpy
+  </span>
+  
+
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+    </li>
+  
+
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+            
+              
+                
+  
+  
+  
+  
+    <li class="md-nav__item">
+      <a href="../libs/pandas.html" class="md-nav__link">
+        
+  
+  <span class="md-ellipsis">
+    Pandas
+  </span>
+  
+
+      </a>
+    </li>
+  
+
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+            
+              
+                
+  
+  
+  
+  
+    <li class="md-nav__item">
+      <a href="../libs/seaborn.html" class="md-nav__link">
+        
+  
+  <span class="md-ellipsis">
+    Seaborn
+  </span>
+  
+
+      </a>
+    </li>
+  
+
+              
+            
+              
+                
+  
+  
+  
+  
+    <li class="md-nav__item">
+      <a href="../libs/requests.html" class="md-nav__link">
+        
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+  <span class="md-ellipsis">
+    Requests
+  </span>
+  
+
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+    </li>
+  
+
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+            
+              
+                
+  
+  
+  
+  
+    <li class="md-nav__item">
+      <a href="../libs/beautiful-soup.html" class="md-nav__link">
+        
+  
+  <span class="md-ellipsis">
+    Beatiful Soup
+  </span>
+  
+
+      </a>
+    </li>
+  
+
+              
+            
+          </ul>
+        </nav>
+      
+    </li>
+  
+
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+            
+          </ul>
+        </nav>
+      
+    </li>
+  
+
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+            
+              
+                
+  
+  
+  
+  
+    
+    
+      
+        
+      
+        
+      
+        
+      
+    
+    
+      
+      
+        
+          
+          
+        
+      
+    
+    
+    <li class="md-nav__item md-nav__item--section md-nav__item--nested">
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+        <input class="md-nav__toggle md-toggle " type="checkbox" id="__nav_4_9" >
+        
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+          <label class="md-nav__link" for="__nav_4_9" id="__nav_4_9_label" tabindex="">
+            
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+  <span class="md-ellipsis">
+    .NET
+  </span>
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+          </label>
+        
+        <nav class="md-nav" data-md-level="2" aria-labelledby="__nav_4_9_label" aria-expanded="false">
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+            .NET
+          </label>
+          <ul class="md-nav__list" data-md-scrollfix>
+            
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+  
+  
+  
+  
+    
+    
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+        
+      
+        
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+        
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+        
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+        
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+      
+    
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+      
+        
+      
+    
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+    <li class="md-nav__item md-nav__item--nested">
+      
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+            
+  
+  <span class="md-ellipsis">
+    C#
+  </span>
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+            <span class="md-nav__icon md-icon"></span>
+            C#
+          </label>
+          <ul class="md-nav__list" data-md-scrollfix>
+            
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+    <li class="md-nav__item">
+      <a href="../../dotnet/csharp/csharp.html" class="md-nav__link">
+        
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+  <span class="md-ellipsis">
+    C#
+  </span>
+  
+
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+    </li>
+  
+
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+                
+  
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+  
+  
+    <li class="md-nav__item">
+      <a href="../../dotnet/csharp/linq.html" class="md-nav__link">
+        
+  
+  <span class="md-ellipsis">
+    Linq
+  </span>
+  
+
+      </a>
+    </li>
+  
+
+              
+            
+              
+                
+  
+  
+  
+  
+    <li class="md-nav__item">
+      <a href="../../dotnet/csharp/collections.html" class="md-nav__link">
+        
+  
+  <span class="md-ellipsis">
+    Collections
+  </span>
+  
+
+      </a>
+    </li>
+  
+
+              
+            
+              
+                
+  
+  
+  
+  
+    <li class="md-nav__item">
+      <a href="../../dotnet/csharp/reactive-extensions.html" class="md-nav__link">
+        
+  
+  <span class="md-ellipsis">
+    Reactive Extensions
+  </span>
+  
+
+      </a>
+    </li>
+  
+
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+            
+              
+                
+  
+  
+  
+  
+    <li class="md-nav__item">
+      <a href="../../dotnet/csharp/async-programming.html" class="md-nav__link">
+        
+  
+  <span class="md-ellipsis">
+    Async Programming
+  </span>
+  
+
+      </a>
+    </li>
+  
+
+              
+            
+              
+                
+  
+  
+  
+  
+    <li class="md-nav__item">
+      <a href="../../dotnet/csharp/unit-tests.html" class="md-nav__link">
+        
+  
+  <span class="md-ellipsis">
+    Unit Tests
+  </span>
+  
+
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+    </li>
+  
+
+              
+            
+          </ul>
+        </nav>
+      
+    </li>
+  
+
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+            
+              
+                
+  
+  
+  
+  
+    
+    
+      
+        
+      
+        
+      
+        
+      
+        
+      
+        
+      
+        
+      
+        
+      
+    
+    
+      
+      
+        
+      
+    
+    
+    <li class="md-nav__item md-nav__item--nested">
+      
+        
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+        <input class="md-nav__toggle md-toggle " type="checkbox" id="__nav_4_9_2" >
+        
+          
+          <label class="md-nav__link" for="__nav_4_9_2" id="__nav_4_9_2_label" tabindex="0">
+            
+  
+  <span class="md-ellipsis">
+    ASP.NET
+  </span>
+  
+
+            <span class="md-nav__icon md-icon"></span>
+          </label>
+        
+        <nav class="md-nav" data-md-level="3" aria-labelledby="__nav_4_9_2_label" aria-expanded="false">
+          <label class="md-nav__title" for="__nav_4_9_2">
+            <span class="md-nav__icon md-icon"></span>
+            ASP.NET
+          </label>
+          <ul class="md-nav__list" data-md-scrollfix>
+            
+              
+                
+  
+  
+  
+  
+    <li class="md-nav__item">
+      <a href="../../dotnet/asp.net/minimal-api.html" class="md-nav__link">
+        
+  
+  <span class="md-ellipsis">
+    Minimal API
+  </span>
+  
+
+      </a>
+    </li>
+  
+
+              
+            
+              
+                
+  
+  
+  
+  
+    <li class="md-nav__item">
+      <a href="../../dotnet/asp.net/filters.html" class="md-nav__link">
+        
+  
+  <span class="md-ellipsis">
+    FIlters
+  </span>
+  
+
+      </a>
+    </li>
+  
+
+              
+            
+              
+                
+  
+  
+  
+  
+    <li class="md-nav__item">
+      <a href="../../dotnet/asp.net/middleware.html" class="md-nav__link">
+        
+  
+  <span class="md-ellipsis">
+    Middleware
+  </span>
+  
+
+      </a>
+    </li>
+  
+
+              
+            
+              
+                
+  
+  
+  
+  
+    <li class="md-nav__item">
+      <a href="../../dotnet/asp.net/razor-syntax.html" class="md-nav__link">
+        
+  
+  <span class="md-ellipsis">
+    Razor Syntax
+  </span>
+  
+
+      </a>
+    </li>
+  
+
+              
+            
+              
+                
+  
+  
+  
+  
+    <li class="md-nav__item">
+      <a href="../../dotnet/asp.net/blazor.html" class="md-nav__link">
+        
+  
+  <span class="md-ellipsis">
+    Blazor
+  </span>
+  
+
+      </a>
+    </li>
+  
+
+              
+            
+              
+                
+  
+  
+  
+  
+    <li class="md-nav__item">
+      <a href="../../dotnet/asp.net/signalr.html" class="md-nav__link">
+        
+  
+  <span class="md-ellipsis">
+    SignalR
+  </span>
+  
+
+      </a>
+    </li>
+  
+
+              
+            
+              
+                
+  
+  
+  
+  
+    <li class="md-nav__item">
+      <a href="../../dotnet/asp.net/web-forms.html" class="md-nav__link">
+        
+  
+  <span class="md-ellipsis">
+    Web Forms
+  </span>
+  
+
+      </a>
+    </li>
+  
+
+              
+            
+          </ul>
+        </nav>
+      
+    </li>
+  
+
+              
+            
+              
+                
+  
+  
+  
+  
+    
+    
+      
+        
+      
+        
+      
+    
+    
+      
+      
+        
+      
+    
+    
+    <li class="md-nav__item md-nav__item--nested">
+      
+        
+        
+        <input class="md-nav__toggle md-toggle " type="checkbox" id="__nav_4_9_3" >
+        
+          
+          <label class="md-nav__link" for="__nav_4_9_3" id="__nav_4_9_3_label" tabindex="0">
+            
+  
+  <span class="md-ellipsis">
+    Database
+  </span>
+  
+
+            <span class="md-nav__icon md-icon"></span>
+          </label>
+        
+        <nav class="md-nav" data-md-level="3" aria-labelledby="__nav_4_9_3_label" aria-expanded="false">
+          <label class="md-nav__title" for="__nav_4_9_3">
+            <span class="md-nav__icon md-icon"></span>
+            Database
+          </label>
+          <ul class="md-nav__list" data-md-scrollfix>
+            
+              
+                
+  
+  
+  
+  
+    <li class="md-nav__item">
+      <a href="../../dotnet/database/ado.net.html" class="md-nav__link">
+        
+  
+  <span class="md-ellipsis">
+    ADO.NET
+  </span>
+  
+
+      </a>
+    </li>
+  
+
+              
+            
+              
+                
+  
+  
+  
+  
+    <li class="md-nav__item">
+      <a href="../../dotnet/database/entity-framework.html" class="md-nav__link">
+        
+  
+  <span class="md-ellipsis">
+    Entity Framework
+  </span>
+  
+
+      </a>
+    </li>
+  
+
+              
+            
+          </ul>
+        </nav>
+      
+    </li>
+  
+
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+            
+          </ul>
+        </nav>
+      
+    </li>
+  
+
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+            
+              
+                
+  
+  
+  
+  
+    
+    
+      
+        
+      
+        
+      
+        
+      
+        
+      
+    
+    
+      
+      
+        
+          
+          
+        
+      
+    
+    
+    <li class="md-nav__item md-nav__item--section md-nav__item--nested">
+      
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+        <input class="md-nav__toggle md-toggle " type="checkbox" id="__nav_4_10" >
+        
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+          <label class="md-nav__link" for="__nav_4_10" id="__nav_4_10_label" tabindex="">
+            
+  
+  <span class="md-ellipsis">
+    Java
+  </span>
+  
+
+            <span class="md-nav__icon md-icon"></span>
+          </label>
+        
+        <nav class="md-nav" data-md-level="2" aria-labelledby="__nav_4_10_label" aria-expanded="false">
+          <label class="md-nav__title" for="__nav_4_10">
+            <span class="md-nav__icon md-icon"></span>
+            Java
+          </label>
+          <ul class="md-nav__list" data-md-scrollfix>
+            
+              
+                
+  
+  
+  
+  
+    <li class="md-nav__item">
+      <a href="../../java/java.html" class="md-nav__link">
+        
+  
+  <span class="md-ellipsis">
+    Java
+  </span>
+  
+
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+    </li>
+  
+
+              
+            
+              
+                
+  
+  
+  
+  
+    <li class="md-nav__item">
+      <a href="../../java/java-collection-framework.html" class="md-nav__link">
+        
+  
+  <span class="md-ellipsis">
+    Java Collection Framework
+  </span>
+  
+
+      </a>
+    </li>
+  
+
+              
+            
+              
+                
+  
+  
+  
+  
+    <li class="md-nav__item">
+      <a href="../../java/dao.html" class="md-nav__link">
+        
+  
+  <span class="md-ellipsis">
+    DAO
+  </span>
+  
+
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+    </li>
+  
+
+              
+            
+              
+                
+  
+  
+  
+  
+    
+    
+      
+        
+      
+        
+      
+    
+    
+      
+      
+        
+      
+    
+    
+    <li class="md-nav__item md-nav__item--nested">
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+        <input class="md-nav__toggle md-toggle " type="checkbox" id="__nav_4_10_4" >
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+          <label class="md-nav__link" for="__nav_4_10_4" id="__nav_4_10_4_label" tabindex="0">
+            
+  
+  <span class="md-ellipsis">
+    Web
+  </span>
+  
+
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+          </label>
+        
+        <nav class="md-nav" data-md-level="3" aria-labelledby="__nav_4_10_4_label" aria-expanded="false">
+          <label class="md-nav__title" for="__nav_4_10_4">
+            <span class="md-nav__icon md-icon"></span>
+            Web
+          </label>
+          <ul class="md-nav__list" data-md-scrollfix>
+            
+              
+                
+  
+  
+  
+  
+    <li class="md-nav__item">
+      <a href="../../java/web/servlet.html" class="md-nav__link">
+        
+  
+  <span class="md-ellipsis">
+    Serverlet
+  </span>
+  
+
+      </a>
+    </li>
+  
+
+              
+            
+              
+                
+  
+  
+  
+  
+    
+    
+      
+        
+      
+        
+      
+    
+    
+      
+      
+        
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+    
+    
+    <li class="md-nav__item md-nav__item--nested">
+      
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+        <input class="md-nav__toggle md-toggle " type="checkbox" id="__nav_4_10_4_2" >
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+          <label class="md-nav__link" for="__nav_4_10_4_2" id="__nav_4_10_4_2_label" tabindex="0">
+            
+  
+  <span class="md-ellipsis">
+    Spring
+  </span>
+  
+
+            <span class="md-nav__icon md-icon"></span>
+          </label>
+        
+        <nav class="md-nav" data-md-level="4" aria-labelledby="__nav_4_10_4_2_label" aria-expanded="false">
+          <label class="md-nav__title" for="__nav_4_10_4_2">
+            <span class="md-nav__icon md-icon"></span>
+            Spring
+          </label>
+          <ul class="md-nav__list" data-md-scrollfix>
+            
+              
+                
+  
+  
+  
+  
+    <li class="md-nav__item">
+      <a href="../../java/spring/pom.xml.html" class="md-nav__link">
+        
+  
+  <span class="md-ellipsis">
+    POM
+  </span>
+  
+
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+    </li>
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+
+              
+            
+              
+                
+  
+  
+  
+  
+    <li class="md-nav__item">
+      <a href="../../java/spring/spring-project.html" class="md-nav__link">
+        
+  
+  <span class="md-ellipsis">
+    Project Structure
+  </span>
+  
+
+      </a>
+    </li>
+  
+
+              
+            
+          </ul>
+        </nav>
+      
+    </li>
+  
+
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+            
+          </ul>
+        </nav>
+      
+    </li>
+  
+
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+            
+          </ul>
+        </nav>
+      
+    </li>
+  
+
+              
+            
+              
+                
+  
+  
+  
+  
+    
+    
+      
+        
+      
+        
+      
+        
+      
+        
+      
+        
+      
+        
+      
+        
+      
+        
+      
+        
+      
+    
+    
+      
+      
+        
+          
+          
+        
+      
+    
+    
+    <li class="md-nav__item md-nav__item--section md-nav__item--nested">
+      
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+        <input class="md-nav__toggle md-toggle " type="checkbox" id="__nav_4_11" >
+        
+          
+          <label class="md-nav__link" for="__nav_4_11" id="__nav_4_11_label" tabindex="">
+            
+  
+  <span class="md-ellipsis">
+    PHP
+  </span>
+  
+
+            <span class="md-nav__icon md-icon"></span>
+          </label>
+        
+        <nav class="md-nav" data-md-level="2" aria-labelledby="__nav_4_11_label" aria-expanded="false">
+          <label class="md-nav__title" for="__nav_4_11">
+            <span class="md-nav__icon md-icon"></span>
+            PHP
+          </label>
+          <ul class="md-nav__list" data-md-scrollfix>
+            
+              
+                
+  
+  
+  
+  
+    <li class="md-nav__item">
+      <a href="../../php/php.html" class="md-nav__link">
+        
+  
+  <span class="md-ellipsis">
+    PHP
+  </span>
+  
+
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+    </li>
+  
+
+              
+            
+              
+                
+  
+  
+  
+  
+    <li class="md-nav__item">
+      <a href="../../php/database.html" class="md-nav__link">
+        
+  
+  <span class="md-ellipsis">
+    Database
+  </span>
+  
+
+      </a>
+    </li>
+  
+
+              
+            
+              
+                
+  
+  
+  
+  
+    <li class="md-nav__item">
+      <a href="../../php/web.html" class="md-nav__link">
+        
+  
+  <span class="md-ellipsis">
+    Web
+  </span>
+  
+
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+    </li>
+  
+
+              
+            
+              
+                
+  
+  
+  
+  
+    <li class="md-nav__item">
+      <a href="../../php/dependency-injection.html" class="md-nav__link">
+        
+  
+  <span class="md-ellipsis">
+    Dependency Injection
+  </span>
+  
+
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+    </li>
+  
+
+              
+            
+              
+                
+  
+  
+  
+  
+    <li class="md-nav__item">
+      <a href="../../php/unit-tests.html" class="md-nav__link">
+        
+  
+  <span class="md-ellipsis">
+    Unit Tests
+  </span>
+  
+
+      </a>
+    </li>
+  
+
+              
+            
+              
+                
+  
+  
+  
+  
+    <li class="md-nav__item">
+      <a href="../../php/composer.html" class="md-nav__link">
+        
+  
+  <span class="md-ellipsis">
+    Composer
+  </span>
+  
+
+      </a>
+    </li>
+  
+
+              
+            
+              
+                
+  
+  
+  
+  
+    <li class="md-nav__item">
+      <a href="../../php/psr-7.html" class="md-nav__link">
+        
+  
+  <span class="md-ellipsis">
+    PSR 7
+  </span>
+  
+
+      </a>
+    </li>
+  
+
+              
+            
+              
+                
+  
+  
+  
+  
+    <li class="md-nav__item">
+      <a href="../../php/plates-templating.html" class="md-nav__link">
+        
+  
+  <span class="md-ellipsis">
+    Plates
+  </span>
+  
+
+      </a>
+    </li>
+  
+
+              
+            
+              
+                
+  
+  
+  
+  
+    
+    
+      
+        
+      
+        
+      
+    
+    
+      
+      
+        
+      
+    
+    
+    <li class="md-nav__item md-nav__item--nested">
+      
+        
+        
+        <input class="md-nav__toggle md-toggle " type="checkbox" id="__nav_4_11_9" >
+        
+          
+          <label class="md-nav__link" for="__nav_4_11_9" id="__nav_4_11_9_label" tabindex="0">
+            
+  
+  <span class="md-ellipsis">
+    Simple MVC
+  </span>
+  
+
+            <span class="md-nav__icon md-icon"></span>
+          </label>
+        
+        <nav class="md-nav" data-md-level="3" aria-labelledby="__nav_4_11_9_label" aria-expanded="false">
+          <label class="md-nav__title" for="__nav_4_11_9">
+            <span class="md-nav__icon md-icon"></span>
+            Simple MVC
+          </label>
+          <ul class="md-nav__list" data-md-scrollfix>
+            
+              
+                
+  
+  
+  
+  
+    <li class="md-nav__item">
+      <a href="../../php/simple-mvc/simple-mvc.html" class="md-nav__link">
+        
+  
+  <span class="md-ellipsis">
+    Simple MVC
+  </span>
+  
+
+      </a>
+    </li>
+  
+
+              
+            
+              
+                
+  
+  
+  
+  
+    <li class="md-nav__item">
+      <a href="../../php/simple-mvc/rest-api.html" class="md-nav__link">
+        
+  
+  <span class="md-ellipsis">
+    REST API
+  </span>
+  
+
+      </a>
+    </li>
+  
+
+              
+            
+          </ul>
+        </nav>
+      
+    </li>
+  
+
+              
+            
+          </ul>
+        </nav>
+      
+    </li>
+  
+
+              
+            
+              
+                
+  
+  
+  
+  
+    
+    
+      
+        
+      
+        
+      
+        
+      
+        
+      
+        
+      
+    
+    
+      
+      
+        
+          
+          
+        
+      
+    
+    
+    <li class="md-nav__item md-nav__item--section md-nav__item--nested">
+      
+        
+        
+        <input class="md-nav__toggle md-toggle " type="checkbox" id="__nav_4_12" >
+        
+          
+          <label class="md-nav__link" for="__nav_4_12" id="__nav_4_12_label" tabindex="">
+            
+  
+  <span class="md-ellipsis">
+    Rust
+  </span>
+  
+
+            <span class="md-nav__icon md-icon"></span>
+          </label>
+        
+        <nav class="md-nav" data-md-level="2" aria-labelledby="__nav_4_12_label" aria-expanded="false">
+          <label class="md-nav__title" for="__nav_4_12">
+            <span class="md-nav__icon md-icon"></span>
+            Rust
+          </label>
+          <ul class="md-nav__list" data-md-scrollfix>
+            
+              
+                
+  
+  
+  
+  
+    <li class="md-nav__item">
+      <a href="../../rust/rust.html" class="md-nav__link">
+        
+  
+  <span class="md-ellipsis">
+    Rust
+  </span>
+  
+
+      </a>
+    </li>
+  
+
+              
+            
+              
+                
+  
+  
+  
+  
+    <li class="md-nav__item">
+      <a href="../../rust/macros.html" class="md-nav__link">
+        
+  
+  <span class="md-ellipsis">
+    Macros
+  </span>
+  
+
+      </a>
+    </li>
+  
+
+              
+            
+              
+                
+  
+  
+  
+  
+    <li class="md-nav__item">
+      <a href="../../rust/cargo.html" class="md-nav__link">
+        
+  
+  <span class="md-ellipsis">
+    Cargo
+  </span>
+  
+
+      </a>
+    </li>
+  
+
+              
+            
+              
+                
+  
+  
+  
+  
+    <li class="md-nav__item">
+      <a href="../../rust/concurrency.html" class="md-nav__link">
+        
+  
+  <span class="md-ellipsis">
+    Concurrency
+  </span>
+  
+
+      </a>
+    </li>
+  
+
+              
+            
+              
+                
+  
+  
+  
+  
+    <li class="md-nav__item">
+      <a href="../../rust/unit-tests.html" class="md-nav__link">
+        
+  
+  <span class="md-ellipsis">
+    Unit Tests
+  </span>
+  
+
+      </a>
+    </li>
+  
+
+              
+            
+          </ul>
+        </nav>
+      
+    </li>
+  
+
+              
+            
+              
+                
+  
+  
+  
+  
+    
+    
+      
+        
+      
+        
+      
+        
+      
+        
+      
+        
+      
+        
+      
+        
+      
+    
+    
+      
+      
+        
+          
+          
+        
+      
+    
+    
+    <li class="md-nav__item md-nav__item--section md-nav__item--nested">
+      
+        
+        
+        <input class="md-nav__toggle md-toggle " type="checkbox" id="__nav_4_13" >
+        
+          
+          <label class="md-nav__link" for="__nav_4_13" id="__nav_4_13_label" tabindex="">
+            
+  
+  <span class="md-ellipsis">
+    Javascript
+  </span>
+  
+
+            <span class="md-nav__icon md-icon"></span>
+          </label>
+        
+        <nav class="md-nav" data-md-level="2" aria-labelledby="__nav_4_13_label" aria-expanded="false">
+          <label class="md-nav__title" for="__nav_4_13">
+            <span class="md-nav__icon md-icon"></span>
+            Javascript
+          </label>
+          <ul class="md-nav__list" data-md-scrollfix>
+            
+              
+                
+  
+  
+  
+  
+    <li class="md-nav__item">
+      <a href="../../javascript/javascript.html" class="md-nav__link">
+        
+  
+  <span class="md-ellipsis">
+    Javascript
+  </span>
+  
+
+      </a>
+    </li>
+  
+
+              
+            
+              
+                
+  
+  
+  
+  
+    <li class="md-nav__item">
+      <a href="../../javascript/dom.html" class="md-nav__link">
+        
+  
+  <span class="md-ellipsis">
+    DOM
+  </span>
+  
+
+      </a>
+    </li>
+  
+
+              
+            
+              
+                
+  
+  
+  
+  
+    <li class="md-nav__item">
+      <a href="../../javascript/events-animation.html" class="md-nav__link">
+        
+  
+  <span class="md-ellipsis">
+    Events & Animation
+  </span>
+  
+
+      </a>
+    </li>
+  
+
+              
+            
+              
+                
+  
+  
+  
+  
+    <li class="md-nav__item">
+      <a href="../../javascript/ajax.html" class="md-nav__link">
+        
+  
+  <span class="md-ellipsis">
+    AJAX
+  </span>
+  
+
+      </a>
+    </li>
+  
+
+              
+            
+              
+                
+  
+  
+  
+  
+    <li class="md-nav__item">
+      <a href="../../javascript/jquery.html" class="md-nav__link">
+        
+  
+  <span class="md-ellipsis">
+    jQuery
+  </span>
+  
+
+      </a>
+    </li>
+  
+
+              
+            
+              
+                
+  
+  
+  
+  
+    
+    
+      
+        
+      
+        
+      
+        
+      
+        
+      
+        
+      
+    
+    
+      
+      
+        
+      
+    
+    
+    <li class="md-nav__item md-nav__item--nested">
+      
+        
+        
+        <input class="md-nav__toggle md-toggle " type="checkbox" id="__nav_4_13_6" >
+        
+          
+          <label class="md-nav__link" for="__nav_4_13_6" id="__nav_4_13_6_label" tabindex="0">
+            
+  
+  <span class="md-ellipsis">
+    React
+  </span>
+  
+
+            <span class="md-nav__icon md-icon"></span>
+          </label>
+        
+        <nav class="md-nav" data-md-level="3" aria-labelledby="__nav_4_13_6_label" aria-expanded="false">
+          <label class="md-nav__title" for="__nav_4_13_6">
+            <span class="md-nav__icon md-icon"></span>
+            React
+          </label>
+          <ul class="md-nav__list" data-md-scrollfix>
+            
+              
+                
+  
+  
+  
+  
+    <li class="md-nav__item">
+      <a href="../../javascript/react/react.html" class="md-nav__link">
+        
+  
+  <span class="md-ellipsis">
+    React
+  </span>
+  
+
+      </a>
+    </li>
+  
+
+              
+            
+              
+                
+  
+  
+  
+  
+    <li class="md-nav__item">
+      <a href="../../javascript/react/react-router.html" class="md-nav__link">
+        
+  
+  <span class="md-ellipsis">
+    React Router
+  </span>
+  
+
+      </a>
+    </li>
+  
+
+              
+            
+              
+                
+  
+  
+  
+  
+    <li class="md-nav__item">
+      <a href="../../javascript/react/react-tests.html" class="md-nav__link">
+        
+  
+  <span class="md-ellipsis">
+    React Tests
+  </span>
+  
+
+      </a>
+    </li>
+  
+
+              
+            
+              
+                
+  
+  
+  
+  
+    <li class="md-nav__item">
+      <a href="../../javascript/react/redux.html" class="md-nav__link">
+        
+  
+  <span class="md-ellipsis">
+    Redux
+  </span>
+  
+
+      </a>
+    </li>
+  
+
+              
+            
+              
+                
+  
+  
+  
+  
+    <li class="md-nav__item">
+      <a href="../../javascript/react/redux-tests.html" class="md-nav__link">
+        
+  
+  <span class="md-ellipsis">
+    Redux Tests
+  </span>
+  
+
+      </a>
+    </li>
+  
+
+              
+            
+          </ul>
+        </nav>
+      
+    </li>
+  
+
+              
+            
+              
+                
+  
+  
+  
+  
+    <li class="md-nav__item">
+      <a href="../../javascript/svelte/svelte.html" class="md-nav__link">
+        
+  
+  <span class="md-ellipsis">
+    Svelte
+  </span>
+  
+
+      </a>
+    </li>
+  
+
+              
+            
+          </ul>
+        </nav>
+      
+    </li>
+  
+
+              
+            
+              
+                
+  
+  
+  
+  
+    
+    
+      
+        
+      
+        
+      
+    
+    
+      
+      
+        
+          
+          
+        
+      
+    
+    
+    <li class="md-nav__item md-nav__item--section md-nav__item--nested">
+      
+        
+        
+        <input class="md-nav__toggle md-toggle " type="checkbox" id="__nav_4_14" >
+        
+          
+          <label class="md-nav__link" for="__nav_4_14" id="__nav_4_14_label" tabindex="">
+            
+  
+  <span class="md-ellipsis">
+    PowerShell
+  </span>
+  
+
+            <span class="md-nav__icon md-icon"></span>
+          </label>
+        
+        <nav class="md-nav" data-md-level="2" aria-labelledby="__nav_4_14_label" aria-expanded="false">
+          <label class="md-nav__title" for="__nav_4_14">
+            <span class="md-nav__icon md-icon"></span>
+            PowerShell
+          </label>
+          <ul class="md-nav__list" data-md-scrollfix>
+            
+              
+                
+  
+  
+  
+  
+    <li class="md-nav__item">
+      <a href="../../powershell/scripting.html" class="md-nav__link">
+        
+  
+  <span class="md-ellipsis">
+    Scripting
+  </span>
+  
+
+      </a>
+    </li>
+  
+
+              
+            
+              
+                
+  
+  
+  
+  
+    <li class="md-nav__item">
+      <a href="../../powershell/commands.html" class="md-nav__link">
+        
+  
+  <span class="md-ellipsis">
+    Commands
+  </span>
+  
+
+      </a>
+    </li>
+  
+
+              
+            
+          </ul>
+        </nav>
+      
+    </li>
+  
+
+              
+            
+              
+                
+  
+  
+  
+  
+    
+    
+      
+        
+      
+        
+      
+    
+    
+      
+      
+        
+          
+          
+        
+      
+    
+    
+    <li class="md-nav__item md-nav__item--section md-nav__item--nested">
+      
+        
+        
+        <input class="md-nav__toggle md-toggle " type="checkbox" id="__nav_4_15" >
+        
+          
+          <label class="md-nav__link" for="__nav_4_15" id="__nav_4_15_label" tabindex="">
+            
+  
+  <span class="md-ellipsis">
+    Bash
+  </span>
+  
+
+            <span class="md-nav__icon md-icon"></span>
+          </label>
+        
+        <nav class="md-nav" data-md-level="2" aria-labelledby="__nav_4_15_label" aria-expanded="false">
+          <label class="md-nav__title" for="__nav_4_15">
+            <span class="md-nav__icon md-icon"></span>
+            Bash
+          </label>
+          <ul class="md-nav__list" data-md-scrollfix>
+            
+              
+                
+  
+  
+  
+  
+    <li class="md-nav__item">
+      <a href="../../bash/scripting.html" class="md-nav__link">
+        
+  
+  <span class="md-ellipsis">
+    Scripting
+  </span>
+  
+
+      </a>
+    </li>
+  
+
+              
+            
+              
+                
+  
+  
+  
+  
+    <li class="md-nav__item">
+      <a href="../../bash/commands.html" class="md-nav__link">
+        
+  
+  <span class="md-ellipsis">
+    Commands
+  </span>
+  
+
+      </a>
+    </li>
+  
+
+              
+            
+          </ul>
+        </nav>
+      
+    </li>
+  
+
+              
+            
+          </ul>
+        </nav>
+      
+    </li>
+  
+
+    
+      
+      
+  
+  
+  
+  
+    
+    
+      
+        
+      
+        
+      
+        
+      
+        
+      
+        
+      
+    
+    
+      
+      
+        
+      
+    
+    
+    <li class="md-nav__item md-nav__item--nested">
+      
+        
+        
+        <input class="md-nav__toggle md-toggle " type="checkbox" id="__nav_5" >
+        
+          
+          <label class="md-nav__link" for="__nav_5" id="__nav_5_label" tabindex="0">
+            
+  
+  <span class="md-ellipsis">
+    Misc
+  </span>
+  
+
+            <span class="md-nav__icon md-icon"></span>
+          </label>
+        
+        <nav class="md-nav" data-md-level="1" aria-labelledby="__nav_5_label" aria-expanded="false">
+          <label class="md-nav__title" for="__nav_5">
+            <span class="md-nav__icon md-icon"></span>
+            Misc
+          </label>
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+  </span>
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+            System Init
+          </label>
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+            
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+    <li class="md-nav__item">
+      <a href="../../../linux/init/systemd.html" class="md-nav__link">
+        
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+  <span class="md-ellipsis">
+    Systemd
+  </span>
+  
+
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+  
+
+              
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+              
+                
+  
+  
+  
+  
+    <li class="md-nav__item">
+      <a href="../../../linux/init/open-rc.html" class="md-nav__link">
+        
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+  <span class="md-ellipsis">
+    OpenRC
+  </span>
+  
+
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+  
+
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+        </nav>
+      
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+  </ul>
+</nav>
+                  </div>
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+              <article class="md-content__inner md-typeset">
+                
+                  
+
+  
+  
+
+
+<h1 id="csv-module">CSV Module</h1>
+<div class="highlight"><table class="highlighttable"><tr><th colspan="2" class="filename"><span class="filename">Python</span></th></tr><tr><td class="linenos"><div class="linenodiv"><pre><span></span><span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-0-1"> 1</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-0-2"> 2</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-0-3"> 3</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-0-4"> 4</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-0-5"> 5</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-0-6"> 6</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-0-7"> 7</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-0-8"> 8</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-0-9"> 9</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-0-10">10</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-0-11">11</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-0-12">12</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-0-13">13</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-0-14">14</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-0-15">15</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-0-16">16</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-0-17">17</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-0-18">18</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-0-19">19</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-0-20">20</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-0-21">21</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-0-22">22</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-0-23">23</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-0-24">24</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-0-25">25</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-0-26">26</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-0-27">27</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-0-28">28</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-0-29">29</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-0-30">30</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-0-31">31</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-0-32">32</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-0-33">33</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-0-34">34</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-0-35">35</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-0-36">36</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-0-37">37</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-0-38">38</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-0-39">39</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-0-40">40</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-0-41">41</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-0-42">42</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-0-43">43</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-0-44">44</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-0-45">45</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-0-46">46</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-0-47">47</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-0-48">48</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-0-49">49</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-0-50">50</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-0-51">51</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-0-52">52</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-0-53">53</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-0-54">54</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-0-55">55</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-0-56">56</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-0-57">57</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-0-58">58</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-0-59">59</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-0-60">60</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-0-61">61</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-0-62">62</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-0-63">63</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-0-64">64</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-0-65">65</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-0-66">66</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-0-67">67</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-0-68">68</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-0-69">69</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-0-70">70</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-0-71">71</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-0-72">72</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-0-73">73</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-0-74">74</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-0-75">75</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-0-76">76</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-0-77">77</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-0-78">78</a></span></pre></div></td><td class="code"><div><pre><span></span><code><a id="__codelineno-0-1" name="__codelineno-0-1"></a><span class="c1"># iterate lines of csvfile</span>
+<a id="__codelineno-0-2" name="__codelineno-0-2"></a><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">reader</span> <span class="p">(</span><span class="n">csvfile</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="n">dialect</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="o">**</span> <span class="n">fmtparams</span><span class="p">)</span> <span class="o">-&gt;</span> <span class="n">reader</span> <span class="nb">object</span>
+<a id="__codelineno-0-3" name="__codelineno-0-3"></a>
+<a id="__codelineno-0-4" name="__codelineno-0-4"></a><span class="c1"># READER METHODS</span>
+<a id="__codelineno-0-5" name="__codelineno-0-5"></a><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">__</span> <span class="nb">next</span> <span class="n">__</span> <span class="p">()</span> <span class="c1"># returns next iterable object line as a list or dictionary</span>
+<a id="__codelineno-0-6" name="__codelineno-0-6"></a>
+<a id="__codelineno-0-7" name="__codelineno-0-7"></a><span class="c1"># READER ATTRIBUTES</span>
+<a id="__codelineno-0-8" name="__codelineno-0-8"></a><span class="n">dialect</span> <span class="c1"># read-only description of the dialec used</span>
+<a id="__codelineno-0-9" name="__codelineno-0-9"></a><span class="n">line_num</span> <span class="c1"># number of lines from the beginning of the iterator</span>
+<a id="__codelineno-0-10" name="__codelineno-0-10"></a><span class="n">fieldnames</span>
+<a id="__codelineno-0-11" name="__codelineno-0-11"></a>
+<a id="__codelineno-0-12" name="__codelineno-0-12"></a><span class="c1"># convert data to delimited strings</span>
+<a id="__codelineno-0-13" name="__codelineno-0-13"></a><span class="c1"># csvfile must support .write ()</span>
+<a id="__codelineno-0-14" name="__codelineno-0-14"></a><span class="c1">#type None converted to empty string (simplify SQL NULL dump)</span>
+<a id="__codelineno-0-15" name="__codelineno-0-15"></a><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">writer</span> <span class="p">(</span><span class="n">csvfile</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="n">dialect</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="o">**</span> <span class="n">fmtparams</span><span class="p">)</span> <span class="o">-&gt;</span> <span class="n">writer</span> <span class="nb">object</span>
+<a id="__codelineno-0-16" name="__codelineno-0-16"></a>
+<a id="__codelineno-0-17" name="__codelineno-0-17"></a><span class="c1"># WRITER METHODS</span>
+<a id="__codelineno-0-18" name="__codelineno-0-18"></a><span class="c1"># row must be iterable of strings or numbers or of dictionaries</span>
+<a id="__codelineno-0-19" name="__codelineno-0-19"></a><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">writerow</span> <span class="p">(</span><span class="n">row</span><span class="p">)</span> <span class="c1"># write row formatted according to the current dialect</span>
+<a id="__codelineno-0-20" name="__codelineno-0-20"></a><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">writerows</span> <span class="p">(</span><span class="n">rows</span><span class="p">)</span> <span class="c1"># write all elements in rows formatted according to the current dialect. rows is iterable of row</span>
+<a id="__codelineno-0-21" name="__codelineno-0-21"></a>
+<a id="__codelineno-0-22" name="__codelineno-0-22"></a><span class="c1"># CSV METHODS</span>
+<a id="__codelineno-0-23" name="__codelineno-0-23"></a><span class="c1"># associate dialect to name (name must be string)</span>
+<a id="__codelineno-0-24" name="__codelineno-0-24"></a><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">register_dialect</span> <span class="p">(</span><span class="n">name</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="n">dialect</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="o">**</span> <span class="n">fmtparams</span><span class="p">)</span>
+<a id="__codelineno-0-25" name="__codelineno-0-25"></a>
+<a id="__codelineno-0-26" name="__codelineno-0-26"></a><span class="c1"># delete the dialect associated with name</span>
+<a id="__codelineno-0-27" name="__codelineno-0-27"></a><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">unregister_dialect</span> <span class="p">()</span>
+<a id="__codelineno-0-28" name="__codelineno-0-28"></a>
+<a id="__codelineno-0-29" name="__codelineno-0-29"></a><span class="c1"># returns the dialect associated with name</span>
+<a id="__codelineno-0-30" name="__codelineno-0-30"></a><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">get_dialect</span> <span class="p">(</span><span class="n">name</span><span class="p">)</span>
+<a id="__codelineno-0-31" name="__codelineno-0-31"></a>
+<a id="__codelineno-0-32" name="__codelineno-0-32"></a><span class="c1"># list of dialects associated with name</span>
+<a id="__codelineno-0-33" name="__codelineno-0-33"></a><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">list_dialect</span> <span class="p">(</span><span class="n">name</span><span class="p">)</span>
+<a id="__codelineno-0-34" name="__codelineno-0-34"></a>
+<a id="__codelineno-0-35" name="__codelineno-0-35"></a><span class="c1"># returns (if empty) or sets the limit of the csv field</span>
+<a id="__codelineno-0-36" name="__codelineno-0-36"></a><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">field_size_limit</span> <span class="p">(</span><span class="n">new_limit</span><span class="p">)</span>
+<a id="__codelineno-0-37" name="__codelineno-0-37"></a>
+<a id="__codelineno-0-38" name="__codelineno-0-38"></a><span class="sd">&#39;&#39;&#39;</span>
+<a id="__codelineno-0-39" name="__codelineno-0-39"></a><span class="sd">csvfile - iterable object returning a string on each __next __ () call</span>
+<a id="__codelineno-0-40" name="__codelineno-0-40"></a><span class="sd">          if csv is a file it must be opened with newline = &#39;&#39; (universal newline)</span>
+<a id="__codelineno-0-41" name="__codelineno-0-41"></a><span class="sd">dialect - specify the dialect of csv (Excel, ...) (OPTIONAL)</span>
+<a id="__codelineno-0-42" name="__codelineno-0-42"></a>
+<a id="__codelineno-0-43" name="__codelineno-0-43"></a><span class="sd">fmtparams --override formatting parameters (OPTIONAL) https://docs.python.org/3/library/csv.html#csv-fmt-params</span>
+<a id="__codelineno-0-44" name="__codelineno-0-44"></a><span class="sd">&#39;&#39;&#39;</span>
+<a id="__codelineno-0-45" name="__codelineno-0-45"></a>
+<a id="__codelineno-0-46" name="__codelineno-0-46"></a><span class="c1"># object operating as a reader but maps the info in each row into an OrderedDict whose keys are optional and passed through fieldnames</span>
+<a id="__codelineno-0-47" name="__codelineno-0-47"></a><span class="k">class</span> <span class="nc">csv</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">Dictreader</span> <span class="p">(</span><span class="n">f</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="n">fieldnames</span> <span class="o">=</span> <span class="kc">None</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="n">restket</span> <span class="o">=</span> <span class="n">none</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="n">restval</span> <span class="o">=</span> <span class="kc">None</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="n">dialect</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="o">*</span> <span class="n">args</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="o">**</span> <span class="n">kwargs</span><span class="p">)</span>
+<a id="__codelineno-0-48" name="__codelineno-0-48"></a><span class="sd">&#39;&#39;&#39;</span>
+<a id="__codelineno-0-49" name="__codelineno-0-49"></a><span class="sd">f - files to read</span>
+<a id="__codelineno-0-50" name="__codelineno-0-50"></a><span class="sd">fieldnames --sequence, defines the names of the csv fields. if omitted use the first line of f</span>
+<a id="__codelineno-0-51" name="__codelineno-0-51"></a><span class="sd">restval, restkey --se len (row)&gt; fieldnames excess data stored in restval and restkey</span>
+<a id="__codelineno-0-52" name="__codelineno-0-52"></a>
+<a id="__codelineno-0-53" name="__codelineno-0-53"></a><span class="sd">additional parameters passed to the underlying reader instance</span>
+<a id="__codelineno-0-54" name="__codelineno-0-54"></a><span class="sd">&#39;&#39;&#39;</span>
+<a id="__codelineno-0-55" name="__codelineno-0-55"></a>
+<a id="__codelineno-0-56" name="__codelineno-0-56"></a><span class="k">class</span> <span class="nc">csv</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">DictWriter</span> <span class="p">(</span><span class="n">f</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="n">fieldnames</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="n">restval</span> <span class="o">=</span> <span class="s1">&#39;&#39;</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="n">extrasaction</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="n">dialect</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="o">*</span> <span class="n">args</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="o">**</span> <span class="n">kwargs</span><span class="p">)</span>
+<a id="__codelineno-0-57" name="__codelineno-0-57"></a><span class="sd">&#39;&#39;&#39;</span>
+<a id="__codelineno-0-58" name="__codelineno-0-58"></a><span class="sd">f - files to read</span>
+<a id="__codelineno-0-59" name="__codelineno-0-59"></a><span class="sd">fieldnames --sequence, defines the names of the csv fields. (NECESSARY)</span>
+<a id="__codelineno-0-60" name="__codelineno-0-60"></a><span class="sd">restval --se len (row)&gt; fieldnames excess data stored in restval and restkey</span>
+<a id="__codelineno-0-61" name="__codelineno-0-61"></a><span class="sd">extrasaction - if the dictionary passed to writerow () contains key not present in fieldnames extrasaction decides action to be taken (raise cause valueError, ignore ignores additional keys)</span>
+<a id="__codelineno-0-62" name="__codelineno-0-62"></a>
+<a id="__codelineno-0-63" name="__codelineno-0-63"></a><span class="sd">additional parameters passed to the underlying writer instance</span>
+<a id="__codelineno-0-64" name="__codelineno-0-64"></a><span class="sd">&#39;&#39;&#39;</span>
+<a id="__codelineno-0-65" name="__codelineno-0-65"></a>
+<a id="__codelineno-0-66" name="__codelineno-0-66"></a><span class="c1"># DICTREADER METHODS</span>
+<a id="__codelineno-0-67" name="__codelineno-0-67"></a><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">writeheader</span> <span class="p">()</span> <span class="c1"># write a header line of fields as specified by fieldnames</span>
+<a id="__codelineno-0-68" name="__codelineno-0-68"></a>
+<a id="__codelineno-0-69" name="__codelineno-0-69"></a><span class="c1"># class used to infer the format of the CSV</span>
+<a id="__codelineno-0-70" name="__codelineno-0-70"></a><span class="k">class</span> <span class="nc">csv</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">Sniffer</span>
+<a id="__codelineno-0-71" name="__codelineno-0-71"></a><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">sniff</span> <span class="p">(</span><span class="n">sample</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="n">delimiters</span> <span class="o">=</span> <span class="kc">None</span><span class="p">)</span> <span class="c1">#parse the sample and return a Dialect class. delimiter is a sequence of possible box delimiters</span>
+<a id="__codelineno-0-72" name="__codelineno-0-72"></a><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">has_header</span> <span class="p">(</span><span class="n">sample</span><span class="p">)</span> <span class="o">-&gt;</span> <span class="nb">bool</span> <span class="c1"># True if first row is a series of column headings</span>
+<a id="__codelineno-0-73" name="__codelineno-0-73"></a>
+<a id="__codelineno-0-74" name="__codelineno-0-74"></a><span class="c1">#CONSTANTS</span>
+<a id="__codelineno-0-75" name="__codelineno-0-75"></a><span class="n">csv</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">QUOTE_ALL</span> <span class="c1"># instructs writer to quote (&quot;&quot;) all fields</span>
+<a id="__codelineno-0-76" name="__codelineno-0-76"></a><span class="n">csv</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">QUOTE_MINIMAL</span> <span class="c1"># instructs write to quote only fields containing special characters such as delimiter, quote char ...</span>
+<a id="__codelineno-0-77" name="__codelineno-0-77"></a><span class="n">csv</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">QUOTE_NONNUMERIC</span> <span class="c1"># instructs the writer to quote all non-numeric fields</span>
+<a id="__codelineno-0-78" name="__codelineno-0-78"></a><span class="n">csv</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">QUOTE_NONE</span> <span class="c1"># instructs write to never quote fields</span>
+</code></pre></div></td></tr></table></div>
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+        <input class="md-nav__toggle md-toggle " type="checkbox" id="__nav_4_8" checked>
+        
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+          <label class="md-nav__link" for="__nav_4_8" id="__nav_4_8_label" tabindex="">
+            
+  
+  <span class="md-ellipsis">
+    Python
+  </span>
+  
+
+            <span class="md-nav__icon md-icon"></span>
+          </label>
+        
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+          <label class="md-nav__title" for="__nav_4_8">
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+            Python
+          </label>
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+            
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+  
+  
+  
+  
+    <li class="md-nav__item">
+      <a href="../python.html" class="md-nav__link">
+        
+  
+  <span class="md-ellipsis">
+    Python
+  </span>
+  
+
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+    </li>
+  
+
+              
+            
+              
+                
+  
+  
+    
+  
+  
+  
+    
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+        
+      
+        
+      
+        
+      
+        
+      
+        
+      
+        
+      
+        
+      
+        
+      
+        
+      
+        
+      
+        
+      
+        
+      
+        
+      
+    
+    
+      
+      
+        
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+          <label class="md-nav__link" for="__nav_4_8_2" id="__nav_4_8_2_label" tabindex="0">
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+    Modules
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+          <ul class="md-nav__list" data-md-scrollfix>
+            
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+  
+    <li class="md-nav__item">
+      <a href="argparse.html" class="md-nav__link">
+        
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+    argparse
+  </span>
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+  
+  
+  
+    <li class="md-nav__item">
+      <a href="collections.html" class="md-nav__link">
+        
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+  <span class="md-ellipsis">
+    collection
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+  
+  
+  
+  
+    <li class="md-nav__item">
+      <a href="csv.html" class="md-nav__link">
+        
+  
+  <span class="md-ellipsis">
+    csv
+  </span>
+  
+
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+    </li>
+  
+
+              
+            
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+                
+  
+  
+    
+  
+  
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+    <li class="md-nav__item md-nav__item--active">
+      
+      <input class="md-nav__toggle md-toggle" type="checkbox" id="__toc">
+      
+      
+        
+      
+      
+        <label class="md-nav__link md-nav__link--active" for="__toc">
+          
+  
+  <span class="md-ellipsis">
+    ftplib
+  </span>
+  
+
+          <span class="md-nav__icon md-icon"></span>
+        </label>
+      
+      <a href="ftplib.html" class="md-nav__link md-nav__link--active">
+        
+  
+  <span class="md-ellipsis">
+    ftplib
+  </span>
+  
+
+      </a>
+      
+        
+
+<nav class="md-nav md-nav--secondary" aria-label="Table of contents">
+  
+  
+  
+    
+  
+  
+    <label class="md-nav__title" for="__toc">
+      <span class="md-nav__icon md-icon"></span>
+      Table of contents
+    </label>
+    <ul class="md-nav__list" data-md-component="toc" data-md-scrollfix>
+      
+        <li class="md-nav__item">
+  <a href="#ftp-classes" class="md-nav__link">
+    <span class="md-ellipsis">
+      FTP CLASSES
+    </span>
+  </a>
+  
+</li>
+      
+        <li class="md-nav__item">
+  <a href="#exceptions" class="md-nav__link">
+    <span class="md-ellipsis">
+      EXCEPTIONS
+    </span>
+  </a>
+  
+</li>
+      
+        <li class="md-nav__item">
+  <a href="#ftp-objects" class="md-nav__link">
+    <span class="md-ellipsis">
+      FTP OBJECTS
+    </span>
+  </a>
+  
+</li>
+      
+    </ul>
+  
+</nav>
+      
+    </li>
+  
+
+              
+            
+              
+                
+  
+  
+  
+  
+    <li class="md-nav__item">
+      <a href="itertools.html" class="md-nav__link">
+        
+  
+  <span class="md-ellipsis">
+    itertools
+  </span>
+  
+
+      </a>
+    </li>
+  
+
+              
+            
+              
+                
+  
+  
+  
+  
+    <li class="md-nav__item">
+      <a href="json.html" class="md-nav__link">
+        
+  
+  <span class="md-ellipsis">
+    json
+  </span>
+  
+
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+    </li>
+  
+
+              
+            
+              
+                
+  
+  
+  
+  
+    <li class="md-nav__item">
+      <a href="logging.html" class="md-nav__link">
+        
+  
+  <span class="md-ellipsis">
+    logging
+  </span>
+  
+
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+    </li>
+  
+
+              
+            
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+                
+  
+  
+  
+  
+    <li class="md-nav__item">
+      <a href="shutil.html" class="md-nav__link">
+        
+  
+  <span class="md-ellipsis">
+    shutil
+  </span>
+  
+
+      </a>
+    </li>
+  
+
+              
+            
+              
+                
+  
+  
+  
+  
+    <li class="md-nav__item">
+      <a href="smtplib.html" class="md-nav__link">
+        
+  
+  <span class="md-ellipsis">
+    smtplib
+  </span>
+  
+
+      </a>
+    </li>
+  
+
+              
+            
+              
+                
+  
+  
+  
+  
+    <li class="md-nav__item">
+      <a href="socket.html" class="md-nav__link">
+        
+  
+  <span class="md-ellipsis">
+    socket
+  </span>
+  
+
+      </a>
+    </li>
+  
+
+              
+            
+              
+                
+  
+  
+  
+  
+    <li class="md-nav__item">
+      <a href="sqlite.html" class="md-nav__link">
+        
+  
+  <span class="md-ellipsis">
+    sqlite
+  </span>
+  
+
+      </a>
+    </li>
+  
+
+              
+            
+              
+                
+  
+  
+  
+  
+    <li class="md-nav__item">
+      <a href="time-datetime.html" class="md-nav__link">
+        
+  
+  <span class="md-ellipsis">
+    time & datetime
+  </span>
+  
+
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+    </li>
+  
+
+              
+            
+              
+                
+  
+  
+  
+  
+    <li class="md-nav__item">
+      <a href="unittest.html" class="md-nav__link">
+        
+  
+  <span class="md-ellipsis">
+    unittest
+  </span>
+  
+
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+    </li>
+  
+
+              
+            
+          </ul>
+        </nav>
+      
+    </li>
+  
+
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+  
+  
+  
+  
+    
+    
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+        
+      
+        
+      
+        
+      
+        
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+        
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+        
+      
+    
+    
+      
+      
+        
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+    
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+    <li class="md-nav__item md-nav__item--nested">
+      
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+        <input class="md-nav__toggle md-toggle " type="checkbox" id="__nav_4_8_3" >
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+          <label class="md-nav__link" for="__nav_4_8_3" id="__nav_4_8_3_label" tabindex="0">
+            
+  
+  <span class="md-ellipsis">
+    Libraries
+  </span>
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+            <span class="md-nav__icon md-icon"></span>
+          </label>
+        
+        <nav class="md-nav" data-md-level="3" aria-labelledby="__nav_4_8_3_label" aria-expanded="false">
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+            
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+  
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+  
+  
+    <li class="md-nav__item">
+      <a href="../libs/tkinter.html" class="md-nav__link">
+        
+  
+  <span class="md-ellipsis">
+    TKinter
+  </span>
+  
+
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+    </li>
+  
+
+              
+            
+              
+                
+  
+  
+  
+  
+    <li class="md-nav__item">
+      <a href="../libs/numpy.html" class="md-nav__link">
+        
+  
+  <span class="md-ellipsis">
+    Numpy
+  </span>
+  
+
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+    </li>
+  
+
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+                
+  
+  
+  
+  
+    <li class="md-nav__item">
+      <a href="../libs/pandas.html" class="md-nav__link">
+        
+  
+  <span class="md-ellipsis">
+    Pandas
+  </span>
+  
+
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+    </li>
+  
+
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+            
+              
+                
+  
+  
+  
+  
+    <li class="md-nav__item">
+      <a href="../libs/seaborn.html" class="md-nav__link">
+        
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+  <span class="md-ellipsis">
+    Seaborn
+  </span>
+  
+
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+    </li>
+  
+
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+            
+              
+                
+  
+  
+  
+  
+    <li class="md-nav__item">
+      <a href="../libs/requests.html" class="md-nav__link">
+        
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+  <span class="md-ellipsis">
+    Requests
+  </span>
+  
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+    </li>
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+
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+                
+  
+  
+  
+  
+    <li class="md-nav__item">
+      <a href="../libs/beautiful-soup.html" class="md-nav__link">
+        
+  
+  <span class="md-ellipsis">
+    Beatiful Soup
+  </span>
+  
+
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+    </li>
+  
+
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+            
+          </ul>
+        </nav>
+      
+    </li>
+  
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+      
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+  
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+  
+  
+  
+  
+    
+    
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+        
+      
+        
+      
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+    
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+      
+        
+          
+          
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+    
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+    <li class="md-nav__item md-nav__item--section md-nav__item--nested">
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+          <label class="md-nav__link" for="__nav_4_9" id="__nav_4_9_label" tabindex="">
+            
+  
+  <span class="md-ellipsis">
+    .NET
+  </span>
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+            .NET
+          </label>
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+            
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+    
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+            
+  
+  <span class="md-ellipsis">
+    C#
+  </span>
+  
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+        
+        <nav class="md-nav" data-md-level="3" aria-labelledby="__nav_4_9_1_label" aria-expanded="false">
+          <label class="md-nav__title" for="__nav_4_9_1">
+            <span class="md-nav__icon md-icon"></span>
+            C#
+          </label>
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+    <li class="md-nav__item">
+      <a href="../../dotnet/csharp/csharp.html" class="md-nav__link">
+        
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+  <span class="md-ellipsis">
+    C#
+  </span>
+  
+
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+    </li>
+  
+
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+                
+  
+  
+  
+  
+    <li class="md-nav__item">
+      <a href="../../dotnet/csharp/linq.html" class="md-nav__link">
+        
+  
+  <span class="md-ellipsis">
+    Linq
+  </span>
+  
+
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+    </li>
+  
+
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+  
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+    <li class="md-nav__item">
+      <a href="../../dotnet/csharp/collections.html" class="md-nav__link">
+        
+  
+  <span class="md-ellipsis">
+    Collections
+  </span>
+  
+
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+    </li>
+  
+
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+            
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+                
+  
+  
+  
+  
+    <li class="md-nav__item">
+      <a href="../../dotnet/csharp/reactive-extensions.html" class="md-nav__link">
+        
+  
+  <span class="md-ellipsis">
+    Reactive Extensions
+  </span>
+  
+
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+    </li>
+  
+
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+            
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+                
+  
+  
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+  
+    <li class="md-nav__item">
+      <a href="../../dotnet/csharp/async-programming.html" class="md-nav__link">
+        
+  
+  <span class="md-ellipsis">
+    Async Programming
+  </span>
+  
+
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+    </li>
+  
+
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+            
+              
+                
+  
+  
+  
+  
+    <li class="md-nav__item">
+      <a href="../../dotnet/csharp/unit-tests.html" class="md-nav__link">
+        
+  
+  <span class="md-ellipsis">
+    Unit Tests
+  </span>
+  
+
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+    </li>
+  
+
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+          </ul>
+        </nav>
+      
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+  
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+  
+  
+  
+  
+    
+    
+      
+        
+      
+        
+      
+        
+      
+        
+      
+        
+      
+        
+      
+        
+      
+    
+    
+      
+      
+        
+      
+    
+    
+    <li class="md-nav__item md-nav__item--nested">
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+  <span class="md-ellipsis">
+    ASP.NET
+  </span>
+  
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+        
+        <nav class="md-nav" data-md-level="3" aria-labelledby="__nav_4_9_2_label" aria-expanded="false">
+          <label class="md-nav__title" for="__nav_4_9_2">
+            <span class="md-nav__icon md-icon"></span>
+            ASP.NET
+          </label>
+          <ul class="md-nav__list" data-md-scrollfix>
+            
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+                
+  
+  
+  
+  
+    <li class="md-nav__item">
+      <a href="../../dotnet/asp.net/minimal-api.html" class="md-nav__link">
+        
+  
+  <span class="md-ellipsis">
+    Minimal API
+  </span>
+  
+
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+    </li>
+  
+
+              
+            
+              
+                
+  
+  
+  
+  
+    <li class="md-nav__item">
+      <a href="../../dotnet/asp.net/filters.html" class="md-nav__link">
+        
+  
+  <span class="md-ellipsis">
+    FIlters
+  </span>
+  
+
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+    </li>
+  
+
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+            
+              
+                
+  
+  
+  
+  
+    <li class="md-nav__item">
+      <a href="../../dotnet/asp.net/middleware.html" class="md-nav__link">
+        
+  
+  <span class="md-ellipsis">
+    Middleware
+  </span>
+  
+
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+    </li>
+  
+
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+            
+              
+                
+  
+  
+  
+  
+    <li class="md-nav__item">
+      <a href="../../dotnet/asp.net/razor-syntax.html" class="md-nav__link">
+        
+  
+  <span class="md-ellipsis">
+    Razor Syntax
+  </span>
+  
+
+      </a>
+    </li>
+  
+
+              
+            
+              
+                
+  
+  
+  
+  
+    <li class="md-nav__item">
+      <a href="../../dotnet/asp.net/blazor.html" class="md-nav__link">
+        
+  
+  <span class="md-ellipsis">
+    Blazor
+  </span>
+  
+
+      </a>
+    </li>
+  
+
+              
+            
+              
+                
+  
+  
+  
+  
+    <li class="md-nav__item">
+      <a href="../../dotnet/asp.net/signalr.html" class="md-nav__link">
+        
+  
+  <span class="md-ellipsis">
+    SignalR
+  </span>
+  
+
+      </a>
+    </li>
+  
+
+              
+            
+              
+                
+  
+  
+  
+  
+    <li class="md-nav__item">
+      <a href="../../dotnet/asp.net/web-forms.html" class="md-nav__link">
+        
+  
+  <span class="md-ellipsis">
+    Web Forms
+  </span>
+  
+
+      </a>
+    </li>
+  
+
+              
+            
+          </ul>
+        </nav>
+      
+    </li>
+  
+
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+            
+              
+                
+  
+  
+  
+  
+    
+    
+      
+        
+      
+        
+      
+    
+    
+      
+      
+        
+      
+    
+    
+    <li class="md-nav__item md-nav__item--nested">
+      
+        
+        
+        <input class="md-nav__toggle md-toggle " type="checkbox" id="__nav_4_9_3" >
+        
+          
+          <label class="md-nav__link" for="__nav_4_9_3" id="__nav_4_9_3_label" tabindex="0">
+            
+  
+  <span class="md-ellipsis">
+    Database
+  </span>
+  
+
+            <span class="md-nav__icon md-icon"></span>
+          </label>
+        
+        <nav class="md-nav" data-md-level="3" aria-labelledby="__nav_4_9_3_label" aria-expanded="false">
+          <label class="md-nav__title" for="__nav_4_9_3">
+            <span class="md-nav__icon md-icon"></span>
+            Database
+          </label>
+          <ul class="md-nav__list" data-md-scrollfix>
+            
+              
+                
+  
+  
+  
+  
+    <li class="md-nav__item">
+      <a href="../../dotnet/database/ado.net.html" class="md-nav__link">
+        
+  
+  <span class="md-ellipsis">
+    ADO.NET
+  </span>
+  
+
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+    </li>
+  
+
+              
+            
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+  
+  
+  
+  
+    <li class="md-nav__item">
+      <a href="../../dotnet/database/entity-framework.html" class="md-nav__link">
+        
+  
+  <span class="md-ellipsis">
+    Entity Framework
+  </span>
+  
+
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+    </li>
+  
+
+              
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+          </ul>
+        </nav>
+      
+    </li>
+  
+
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+          </ul>
+        </nav>
+      
+    </li>
+  
+
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+            
+              
+                
+  
+  
+  
+  
+    
+    
+      
+        
+      
+        
+      
+        
+      
+        
+      
+    
+    
+      
+      
+        
+          
+          
+        
+      
+    
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+    <li class="md-nav__item md-nav__item--section md-nav__item--nested">
+      
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+        <input class="md-nav__toggle md-toggle " type="checkbox" id="__nav_4_10" >
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+          <label class="md-nav__link" for="__nav_4_10" id="__nav_4_10_label" tabindex="">
+            
+  
+  <span class="md-ellipsis">
+    Java
+  </span>
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+          </label>
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+        <nav class="md-nav" data-md-level="2" aria-labelledby="__nav_4_10_label" aria-expanded="false">
+          <label class="md-nav__title" for="__nav_4_10">
+            <span class="md-nav__icon md-icon"></span>
+            Java
+          </label>
+          <ul class="md-nav__list" data-md-scrollfix>
+            
+              
+                
+  
+  
+  
+  
+    <li class="md-nav__item">
+      <a href="../../java/java.html" class="md-nav__link">
+        
+  
+  <span class="md-ellipsis">
+    Java
+  </span>
+  
+
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+    </li>
+  
+
+              
+            
+              
+                
+  
+  
+  
+  
+    <li class="md-nav__item">
+      <a href="../../java/java-collection-framework.html" class="md-nav__link">
+        
+  
+  <span class="md-ellipsis">
+    Java Collection Framework
+  </span>
+  
+
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+    </li>
+  
+
+              
+            
+              
+                
+  
+  
+  
+  
+    <li class="md-nav__item">
+      <a href="../../java/dao.html" class="md-nav__link">
+        
+  
+  <span class="md-ellipsis">
+    DAO
+  </span>
+  
+
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+    </li>
+  
+
+              
+            
+              
+                
+  
+  
+  
+  
+    
+    
+      
+        
+      
+        
+      
+    
+    
+      
+      
+        
+      
+    
+    
+    <li class="md-nav__item md-nav__item--nested">
+      
+        
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+        <input class="md-nav__toggle md-toggle " type="checkbox" id="__nav_4_10_4" >
+        
+          
+          <label class="md-nav__link" for="__nav_4_10_4" id="__nav_4_10_4_label" tabindex="0">
+            
+  
+  <span class="md-ellipsis">
+    Web
+  </span>
+  
+
+            <span class="md-nav__icon md-icon"></span>
+          </label>
+        
+        <nav class="md-nav" data-md-level="3" aria-labelledby="__nav_4_10_4_label" aria-expanded="false">
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+            <span class="md-nav__icon md-icon"></span>
+            Web
+          </label>
+          <ul class="md-nav__list" data-md-scrollfix>
+            
+              
+                
+  
+  
+  
+  
+    <li class="md-nav__item">
+      <a href="../../java/web/servlet.html" class="md-nav__link">
+        
+  
+  <span class="md-ellipsis">
+    Serverlet
+  </span>
+  
+
+      </a>
+    </li>
+  
+
+              
+            
+              
+                
+  
+  
+  
+  
+    
+    
+      
+        
+      
+        
+      
+    
+    
+      
+      
+        
+      
+    
+    
+    <li class="md-nav__item md-nav__item--nested">
+      
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+        <input class="md-nav__toggle md-toggle " type="checkbox" id="__nav_4_10_4_2" >
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+          <label class="md-nav__link" for="__nav_4_10_4_2" id="__nav_4_10_4_2_label" tabindex="0">
+            
+  
+  <span class="md-ellipsis">
+    Spring
+  </span>
+  
+
+            <span class="md-nav__icon md-icon"></span>
+          </label>
+        
+        <nav class="md-nav" data-md-level="4" aria-labelledby="__nav_4_10_4_2_label" aria-expanded="false">
+          <label class="md-nav__title" for="__nav_4_10_4_2">
+            <span class="md-nav__icon md-icon"></span>
+            Spring
+          </label>
+          <ul class="md-nav__list" data-md-scrollfix>
+            
+              
+                
+  
+  
+  
+  
+    <li class="md-nav__item">
+      <a href="../../java/spring/pom.xml.html" class="md-nav__link">
+        
+  
+  <span class="md-ellipsis">
+    POM
+  </span>
+  
+
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+    </li>
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+
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+  
+  
+  
+  
+    <li class="md-nav__item">
+      <a href="../../java/spring/spring-project.html" class="md-nav__link">
+        
+  
+  <span class="md-ellipsis">
+    Project Structure
+  </span>
+  
+
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+    </li>
+  
+
+              
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+          </ul>
+        </nav>
+      
+    </li>
+  
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+        </nav>
+      
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+  
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+          </ul>
+        </nav>
+      
+    </li>
+  
+
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+            
+              
+                
+  
+  
+  
+  
+    
+    
+      
+        
+      
+        
+      
+        
+      
+        
+      
+        
+      
+        
+      
+        
+      
+        
+      
+        
+      
+    
+    
+      
+      
+        
+          
+          
+        
+      
+    
+    
+    <li class="md-nav__item md-nav__item--section md-nav__item--nested">
+      
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+        <input class="md-nav__toggle md-toggle " type="checkbox" id="__nav_4_11" >
+        
+          
+          <label class="md-nav__link" for="__nav_4_11" id="__nav_4_11_label" tabindex="">
+            
+  
+  <span class="md-ellipsis">
+    PHP
+  </span>
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+
+            <span class="md-nav__icon md-icon"></span>
+          </label>
+        
+        <nav class="md-nav" data-md-level="2" aria-labelledby="__nav_4_11_label" aria-expanded="false">
+          <label class="md-nav__title" for="__nav_4_11">
+            <span class="md-nav__icon md-icon"></span>
+            PHP
+          </label>
+          <ul class="md-nav__list" data-md-scrollfix>
+            
+              
+                
+  
+  
+  
+  
+    <li class="md-nav__item">
+      <a href="../../php/php.html" class="md-nav__link">
+        
+  
+  <span class="md-ellipsis">
+    PHP
+  </span>
+  
+
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+    </li>
+  
+
+              
+            
+              
+                
+  
+  
+  
+  
+    <li class="md-nav__item">
+      <a href="../../php/database.html" class="md-nav__link">
+        
+  
+  <span class="md-ellipsis">
+    Database
+  </span>
+  
+
+      </a>
+    </li>
+  
+
+              
+            
+              
+                
+  
+  
+  
+  
+    <li class="md-nav__item">
+      <a href="../../php/web.html" class="md-nav__link">
+        
+  
+  <span class="md-ellipsis">
+    Web
+  </span>
+  
+
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+    </li>
+  
+
+              
+            
+              
+                
+  
+  
+  
+  
+    <li class="md-nav__item">
+      <a href="../../php/dependency-injection.html" class="md-nav__link">
+        
+  
+  <span class="md-ellipsis">
+    Dependency Injection
+  </span>
+  
+
+      </a>
+    </li>
+  
+
+              
+            
+              
+                
+  
+  
+  
+  
+    <li class="md-nav__item">
+      <a href="../../php/unit-tests.html" class="md-nav__link">
+        
+  
+  <span class="md-ellipsis">
+    Unit Tests
+  </span>
+  
+
+      </a>
+    </li>
+  
+
+              
+            
+              
+                
+  
+  
+  
+  
+    <li class="md-nav__item">
+      <a href="../../php/composer.html" class="md-nav__link">
+        
+  
+  <span class="md-ellipsis">
+    Composer
+  </span>
+  
+
+      </a>
+    </li>
+  
+
+              
+            
+              
+                
+  
+  
+  
+  
+    <li class="md-nav__item">
+      <a href="../../php/psr-7.html" class="md-nav__link">
+        
+  
+  <span class="md-ellipsis">
+    PSR 7
+  </span>
+  
+
+      </a>
+    </li>
+  
+
+              
+            
+              
+                
+  
+  
+  
+  
+    <li class="md-nav__item">
+      <a href="../../php/plates-templating.html" class="md-nav__link">
+        
+  
+  <span class="md-ellipsis">
+    Plates
+  </span>
+  
+
+      </a>
+    </li>
+  
+
+              
+            
+              
+                
+  
+  
+  
+  
+    
+    
+      
+        
+      
+        
+      
+    
+    
+      
+      
+        
+      
+    
+    
+    <li class="md-nav__item md-nav__item--nested">
+      
+        
+        
+        <input class="md-nav__toggle md-toggle " type="checkbox" id="__nav_4_11_9" >
+        
+          
+          <label class="md-nav__link" for="__nav_4_11_9" id="__nav_4_11_9_label" tabindex="0">
+            
+  
+  <span class="md-ellipsis">
+    Simple MVC
+  </span>
+  
+
+            <span class="md-nav__icon md-icon"></span>
+          </label>
+        
+        <nav class="md-nav" data-md-level="3" aria-labelledby="__nav_4_11_9_label" aria-expanded="false">
+          <label class="md-nav__title" for="__nav_4_11_9">
+            <span class="md-nav__icon md-icon"></span>
+            Simple MVC
+          </label>
+          <ul class="md-nav__list" data-md-scrollfix>
+            
+              
+                
+  
+  
+  
+  
+    <li class="md-nav__item">
+      <a href="../../php/simple-mvc/simple-mvc.html" class="md-nav__link">
+        
+  
+  <span class="md-ellipsis">
+    Simple MVC
+  </span>
+  
+
+      </a>
+    </li>
+  
+
+              
+            
+              
+                
+  
+  
+  
+  
+    <li class="md-nav__item">
+      <a href="../../php/simple-mvc/rest-api.html" class="md-nav__link">
+        
+  
+  <span class="md-ellipsis">
+    REST API
+  </span>
+  
+
+      </a>
+    </li>
+  
+
+              
+            
+          </ul>
+        </nav>
+      
+    </li>
+  
+
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+            
+          </ul>
+        </nav>
+      
+    </li>
+  
+
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+            
+              
+                
+  
+  
+  
+  
+    
+    
+      
+        
+      
+        
+      
+        
+      
+        
+      
+        
+      
+    
+    
+      
+      
+        
+          
+          
+        
+      
+    
+    
+    <li class="md-nav__item md-nav__item--section md-nav__item--nested">
+      
+        
+        
+        <input class="md-nav__toggle md-toggle " type="checkbox" id="__nav_4_12" >
+        
+          
+          <label class="md-nav__link" for="__nav_4_12" id="__nav_4_12_label" tabindex="">
+            
+  
+  <span class="md-ellipsis">
+    Rust
+  </span>
+  
+
+            <span class="md-nav__icon md-icon"></span>
+          </label>
+        
+        <nav class="md-nav" data-md-level="2" aria-labelledby="__nav_4_12_label" aria-expanded="false">
+          <label class="md-nav__title" for="__nav_4_12">
+            <span class="md-nav__icon md-icon"></span>
+            Rust
+          </label>
+          <ul class="md-nav__list" data-md-scrollfix>
+            
+              
+                
+  
+  
+  
+  
+    <li class="md-nav__item">
+      <a href="../../rust/rust.html" class="md-nav__link">
+        
+  
+  <span class="md-ellipsis">
+    Rust
+  </span>
+  
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+    </li>
+  
+
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+            
+              
+                
+  
+  
+  
+  
+    <li class="md-nav__item">
+      <a href="../../rust/macros.html" class="md-nav__link">
+        
+  
+  <span class="md-ellipsis">
+    Macros
+  </span>
+  
+
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+    </li>
+  
+
+              
+            
+              
+                
+  
+  
+  
+  
+    <li class="md-nav__item">
+      <a href="../../rust/cargo.html" class="md-nav__link">
+        
+  
+  <span class="md-ellipsis">
+    Cargo
+  </span>
+  
+
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+    </li>
+  
+
+              
+            
+              
+                
+  
+  
+  
+  
+    <li class="md-nav__item">
+      <a href="../../rust/concurrency.html" class="md-nav__link">
+        
+  
+  <span class="md-ellipsis">
+    Concurrency
+  </span>
+  
+
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+    </li>
+  
+
+              
+            
+              
+                
+  
+  
+  
+  
+    <li class="md-nav__item">
+      <a href="../../rust/unit-tests.html" class="md-nav__link">
+        
+  
+  <span class="md-ellipsis">
+    Unit Tests
+  </span>
+  
+
+      </a>
+    </li>
+  
+
+              
+            
+          </ul>
+        </nav>
+      
+    </li>
+  
+
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+            
+              
+                
+  
+  
+  
+  
+    
+    
+      
+        
+      
+        
+      
+        
+      
+        
+      
+        
+      
+        
+      
+        
+      
+    
+    
+      
+      
+        
+          
+          
+        
+      
+    
+    
+    <li class="md-nav__item md-nav__item--section md-nav__item--nested">
+      
+        
+        
+        <input class="md-nav__toggle md-toggle " type="checkbox" id="__nav_4_13" >
+        
+          
+          <label class="md-nav__link" for="__nav_4_13" id="__nav_4_13_label" tabindex="">
+            
+  
+  <span class="md-ellipsis">
+    Javascript
+  </span>
+  
+
+            <span class="md-nav__icon md-icon"></span>
+          </label>
+        
+        <nav class="md-nav" data-md-level="2" aria-labelledby="__nav_4_13_label" aria-expanded="false">
+          <label class="md-nav__title" for="__nav_4_13">
+            <span class="md-nav__icon md-icon"></span>
+            Javascript
+          </label>
+          <ul class="md-nav__list" data-md-scrollfix>
+            
+              
+                
+  
+  
+  
+  
+    <li class="md-nav__item">
+      <a href="../../javascript/javascript.html" class="md-nav__link">
+        
+  
+  <span class="md-ellipsis">
+    Javascript
+  </span>
+  
+
+      </a>
+    </li>
+  
+
+              
+            
+              
+                
+  
+  
+  
+  
+    <li class="md-nav__item">
+      <a href="../../javascript/dom.html" class="md-nav__link">
+        
+  
+  <span class="md-ellipsis">
+    DOM
+  </span>
+  
+
+      </a>
+    </li>
+  
+
+              
+            
+              
+                
+  
+  
+  
+  
+    <li class="md-nav__item">
+      <a href="../../javascript/events-animation.html" class="md-nav__link">
+        
+  
+  <span class="md-ellipsis">
+    Events & Animation
+  </span>
+  
+
+      </a>
+    </li>
+  
+
+              
+            
+              
+                
+  
+  
+  
+  
+    <li class="md-nav__item">
+      <a href="../../javascript/ajax.html" class="md-nav__link">
+        
+  
+  <span class="md-ellipsis">
+    AJAX
+  </span>
+  
+
+      </a>
+    </li>
+  
+
+              
+            
+              
+                
+  
+  
+  
+  
+    <li class="md-nav__item">
+      <a href="../../javascript/jquery.html" class="md-nav__link">
+        
+  
+  <span class="md-ellipsis">
+    jQuery
+  </span>
+  
+
+      </a>
+    </li>
+  
+
+              
+            
+              
+                
+  
+  
+  
+  
+    
+    
+      
+        
+      
+        
+      
+        
+      
+        
+      
+        
+      
+    
+    
+      
+      
+        
+      
+    
+    
+    <li class="md-nav__item md-nav__item--nested">
+      
+        
+        
+        <input class="md-nav__toggle md-toggle " type="checkbox" id="__nav_4_13_6" >
+        
+          
+          <label class="md-nav__link" for="__nav_4_13_6" id="__nav_4_13_6_label" tabindex="0">
+            
+  
+  <span class="md-ellipsis">
+    React
+  </span>
+  
+
+            <span class="md-nav__icon md-icon"></span>
+          </label>
+        
+        <nav class="md-nav" data-md-level="3" aria-labelledby="__nav_4_13_6_label" aria-expanded="false">
+          <label class="md-nav__title" for="__nav_4_13_6">
+            <span class="md-nav__icon md-icon"></span>
+            React
+          </label>
+          <ul class="md-nav__list" data-md-scrollfix>
+            
+              
+                
+  
+  
+  
+  
+    <li class="md-nav__item">
+      <a href="../../javascript/react/react.html" class="md-nav__link">
+        
+  
+  <span class="md-ellipsis">
+    React
+  </span>
+  
+
+      </a>
+    </li>
+  
+
+              
+            
+              
+                
+  
+  
+  
+  
+    <li class="md-nav__item">
+      <a href="../../javascript/react/react-router.html" class="md-nav__link">
+        
+  
+  <span class="md-ellipsis">
+    React Router
+  </span>
+  
+
+      </a>
+    </li>
+  
+
+              
+            
+              
+                
+  
+  
+  
+  
+    <li class="md-nav__item">
+      <a href="../../javascript/react/react-tests.html" class="md-nav__link">
+        
+  
+  <span class="md-ellipsis">
+    React Tests
+  </span>
+  
+
+      </a>
+    </li>
+  
+
+              
+            
+              
+                
+  
+  
+  
+  
+    <li class="md-nav__item">
+      <a href="../../javascript/react/redux.html" class="md-nav__link">
+        
+  
+  <span class="md-ellipsis">
+    Redux
+  </span>
+  
+
+      </a>
+    </li>
+  
+
+              
+            
+              
+                
+  
+  
+  
+  
+    <li class="md-nav__item">
+      <a href="../../javascript/react/redux-tests.html" class="md-nav__link">
+        
+  
+  <span class="md-ellipsis">
+    Redux Tests
+  </span>
+  
+
+      </a>
+    </li>
+  
+
+              
+            
+          </ul>
+        </nav>
+      
+    </li>
+  
+
+              
+            
+              
+                
+  
+  
+  
+  
+    <li class="md-nav__item">
+      <a href="../../javascript/svelte/svelte.html" class="md-nav__link">
+        
+  
+  <span class="md-ellipsis">
+    Svelte
+  </span>
+  
+
+      </a>
+    </li>
+  
+
+              
+            
+          </ul>
+        </nav>
+      
+    </li>
+  
+
+              
+            
+              
+                
+  
+  
+  
+  
+    
+    
+      
+        
+      
+        
+      
+    
+    
+      
+      
+        
+          
+          
+        
+      
+    
+    
+    <li class="md-nav__item md-nav__item--section md-nav__item--nested">
+      
+        
+        
+        <input class="md-nav__toggle md-toggle " type="checkbox" id="__nav_4_14" >
+        
+          
+          <label class="md-nav__link" for="__nav_4_14" id="__nav_4_14_label" tabindex="">
+            
+  
+  <span class="md-ellipsis">
+    PowerShell
+  </span>
+  
+
+            <span class="md-nav__icon md-icon"></span>
+          </label>
+        
+        <nav class="md-nav" data-md-level="2" aria-labelledby="__nav_4_14_label" aria-expanded="false">
+          <label class="md-nav__title" for="__nav_4_14">
+            <span class="md-nav__icon md-icon"></span>
+            PowerShell
+          </label>
+          <ul class="md-nav__list" data-md-scrollfix>
+            
+              
+                
+  
+  
+  
+  
+    <li class="md-nav__item">
+      <a href="../../powershell/scripting.html" class="md-nav__link">
+        
+  
+  <span class="md-ellipsis">
+    Scripting
+  </span>
+  
+
+      </a>
+    </li>
+  
+
+              
+            
+              
+                
+  
+  
+  
+  
+    <li class="md-nav__item">
+      <a href="../../powershell/commands.html" class="md-nav__link">
+        
+  
+  <span class="md-ellipsis">
+    Commands
+  </span>
+  
+
+      </a>
+    </li>
+  
+
+              
+            
+          </ul>
+        </nav>
+      
+    </li>
+  
+
+              
+            
+              
+                
+  
+  
+  
+  
+    
+    
+      
+        
+      
+        
+      
+    
+    
+      
+      
+        
+          
+          
+        
+      
+    
+    
+    <li class="md-nav__item md-nav__item--section md-nav__item--nested">
+      
+        
+        
+        <input class="md-nav__toggle md-toggle " type="checkbox" id="__nav_4_15" >
+        
+          
+          <label class="md-nav__link" for="__nav_4_15" id="__nav_4_15_label" tabindex="">
+            
+  
+  <span class="md-ellipsis">
+    Bash
+  </span>
+  
+
+            <span class="md-nav__icon md-icon"></span>
+          </label>
+        
+        <nav class="md-nav" data-md-level="2" aria-labelledby="__nav_4_15_label" aria-expanded="false">
+          <label class="md-nav__title" for="__nav_4_15">
+            <span class="md-nav__icon md-icon"></span>
+            Bash
+          </label>
+          <ul class="md-nav__list" data-md-scrollfix>
+            
+              
+                
+  
+  
+  
+  
+    <li class="md-nav__item">
+      <a href="../../bash/scripting.html" class="md-nav__link">
+        
+  
+  <span class="md-ellipsis">
+    Scripting
+  </span>
+  
+
+      </a>
+    </li>
+  
+
+              
+            
+              
+                
+  
+  
+  
+  
+    <li class="md-nav__item">
+      <a href="../../bash/commands.html" class="md-nav__link">
+        
+  
+  <span class="md-ellipsis">
+    Commands
+  </span>
+  
+
+      </a>
+    </li>
+  
+
+              
+            
+          </ul>
+        </nav>
+      
+    </li>
+  
+
+              
+            
+          </ul>
+        </nav>
+      
+    </li>
+  
+
+    
+      
+      
+  
+  
+  
+  
+    
+    
+      
+        
+      
+        
+      
+        
+      
+        
+      
+        
+      
+    
+    
+      
+      
+        
+      
+    
+    
+    <li class="md-nav__item md-nav__item--nested">
+      
+        
+        
+        <input class="md-nav__toggle md-toggle " type="checkbox" id="__nav_5" >
+        
+          
+          <label class="md-nav__link" for="__nav_5" id="__nav_5_label" tabindex="0">
+            
+  
+  <span class="md-ellipsis">
+    Misc
+  </span>
+  
+
+            <span class="md-nav__icon md-icon"></span>
+          </label>
+        
+        <nav class="md-nav" data-md-level="1" aria-labelledby="__nav_5_label" aria-expanded="false">
+          <label class="md-nav__title" for="__nav_5">
+            <span class="md-nav__icon md-icon"></span>
+            Misc
+          </label>
+          <ul class="md-nav__list" data-md-scrollfix>
+            
+              
+                
+  
+  
+  
+  
+    <li class="md-nav__item">
+      <a href="../../../misc/git.html" class="md-nav__link">
+        
+  
+  <span class="md-ellipsis">
+    Git
+  </span>
+  
+
+      </a>
+    </li>
+  
+
+              
+            
+              
+                
+  
+  
+  
+  
+    <li class="md-nav__item">
+      <a href="../../../misc/graph-ql.html" class="md-nav__link">
+        
+  
+  <span class="md-ellipsis">
+    GraphQL
+  </span>
+  
+
+      </a>
+    </li>
+  
+
+              
+            
+              
+                
+  
+  
+  
+  
+    <li class="md-nav__item">
+      <a href="../../../misc/regular-expressions.html" class="md-nav__link">
+        
+  
+  <span class="md-ellipsis">
+    RegEx
+  </span>
+  
+
+      </a>
+    </li>
+  
+
+              
+            
+              
+                
+  
+  
+  
+  
+    <li class="md-nav__item">
+      <a href="../../../misc/ssh.html" class="md-nav__link">
+        
+  
+  <span class="md-ellipsis">
+    SSH
+  </span>
+  
+
+      </a>
+    </li>
+  
+
+              
+            
+              
+                
+  
+  
+  
+  
+    <li class="md-nav__item">
+      <a href="../../../misc/web-components.html" class="md-nav__link">
+        
+  
+  <span class="md-ellipsis">
+    WebComponents
+  </span>
+  
+
+      </a>
+    </li>
+  
+
+              
+            
+          </ul>
+        </nav>
+      
+    </li>
+  
+
+    
+      
+      
+  
+  
+  
+  
+    
+    
+      
+        
+      
+        
+      
+    
+    
+      
+      
+        
+      
+    
+    
+    <li class="md-nav__item md-nav__item--nested">
+      
+        
+        
+        <input class="md-nav__toggle md-toggle " type="checkbox" id="__nav_6" >
+        
+          
+          <label class="md-nav__link" for="__nav_6" id="__nav_6_label" tabindex="0">
+            
+  
+  <span class="md-ellipsis">
+    Linux
+  </span>
+  
+
+            <span class="md-nav__icon md-icon"></span>
+          </label>
+        
+        <nav class="md-nav" data-md-level="1" aria-labelledby="__nav_6_label" aria-expanded="false">
+          <label class="md-nav__title" for="__nav_6">
+            <span class="md-nav__icon md-icon"></span>
+            Linux
+          </label>
+          <ul class="md-nav__list" data-md-scrollfix>
+            
+              
+                
+  
+  
+  
+  
+    
+    
+      
+        
+      
+        
+      
+        
+      
+    
+    
+      
+      
+        
+      
+    
+    
+    <li class="md-nav__item md-nav__item--nested">
+      
+        
+        
+        <input class="md-nav__toggle md-toggle " type="checkbox" id="__nav_6_1" >
+        
+          
+          <label class="md-nav__link" for="__nav_6_1" id="__nav_6_1_label" tabindex="0">
+            
+  
+  <span class="md-ellipsis">
+    Filesystem
+  </span>
+  
+
+            <span class="md-nav__icon md-icon"></span>
+          </label>
+        
+        <nav class="md-nav" data-md-level="2" aria-labelledby="__nav_6_1_label" aria-expanded="false">
+          <label class="md-nav__title" for="__nav_6_1">
+            <span class="md-nav__icon md-icon"></span>
+            Filesystem
+          </label>
+          <ul class="md-nav__list" data-md-scrollfix>
+            
+              
+                
+  
+  
+  
+  
+    <li class="md-nav__item">
+      <a href="../../../linux/filesystem/file-links.html" class="md-nav__link">
+        
+  
+  <span class="md-ellipsis">
+    File Links
+  </span>
+  
+
+      </a>
+    </li>
+  
+
+              
+            
+              
+                
+  
+  
+  
+  
+    <li class="md-nav__item">
+      <a href="../../../linux/filesystem/procfs.html" class="md-nav__link">
+        
+  
+  <span class="md-ellipsis">
+    /proc
+  </span>
+  
+
+      </a>
+    </li>
+  
+
+              
+            
+              
+                
+  
+  
+  
+  
+    <li class="md-nav__item">
+      <a href="../../../linux/filesystem/sysfs.html" class="md-nav__link">
+        
+  
+  <span class="md-ellipsis">
+    /sys
+  </span>
+  
+
+      </a>
+    </li>
+  
+
+              
+            
+          </ul>
+        </nav>
+      
+    </li>
+  
+
+              
+            
+              
+                
+  
+  
+  
+  
+    
+    
+      
+        
+      
+        
+      
+    
+    
+      
+      
+        
+      
+    
+    
+    <li class="md-nav__item md-nav__item--nested">
+      
+        
+        
+        <input class="md-nav__toggle md-toggle " type="checkbox" id="__nav_6_2" >
+        
+          
+          <label class="md-nav__link" for="__nav_6_2" id="__nav_6_2_label" tabindex="0">
+            
+  
+  <span class="md-ellipsis">
+    System Init
+  </span>
+  
+
+            <span class="md-nav__icon md-icon"></span>
+          </label>
+        
+        <nav class="md-nav" data-md-level="2" aria-labelledby="__nav_6_2_label" aria-expanded="false">
+          <label class="md-nav__title" for="__nav_6_2">
+            <span class="md-nav__icon md-icon"></span>
+            System Init
+          </label>
+          <ul class="md-nav__list" data-md-scrollfix>
+            
+              
+                
+  
+  
+  
+  
+    <li class="md-nav__item">
+      <a href="../../../linux/init/systemd.html" class="md-nav__link">
+        
+  
+  <span class="md-ellipsis">
+    Systemd
+  </span>
+  
+
+      </a>
+    </li>
+  
+
+              
+            
+              
+                
+  
+  
+  
+  
+    <li class="md-nav__item">
+      <a href="../../../linux/init/open-rc.html" class="md-nav__link">
+        
+  
+  <span class="md-ellipsis">
+    OpenRC
+  </span>
+  
+
+      </a>
+    </li>
+  
+
+              
+            
+          </ul>
+        </nav>
+      
+    </li>
+  
+
+              
+            
+          </ul>
+        </nav>
+      
+    </li>
+  
+
+    
+  </ul>
+</nav>
+                  </div>
+                </div>
+              </div>
+            
+            
+              
+              <div class="md-sidebar md-sidebar--secondary" data-md-component="sidebar" data-md-type="toc" >
+                <div class="md-sidebar__scrollwrap">
+                  <div class="md-sidebar__inner">
+                    
+
+<nav class="md-nav md-nav--secondary" aria-label="Table of contents">
+  
+  
+  
+    
+  
+  
+    <label class="md-nav__title" for="__toc">
+      <span class="md-nav__icon md-icon"></span>
+      Table of contents
+    </label>
+    <ul class="md-nav__list" data-md-component="toc" data-md-scrollfix>
+      
+        <li class="md-nav__item">
+  <a href="#ftp-classes" class="md-nav__link">
+    <span class="md-ellipsis">
+      FTP CLASSES
+    </span>
+  </a>
+  
+</li>
+      
+        <li class="md-nav__item">
+  <a href="#exceptions" class="md-nav__link">
+    <span class="md-ellipsis">
+      EXCEPTIONS
+    </span>
+  </a>
+  
+</li>
+      
+        <li class="md-nav__item">
+  <a href="#ftp-objects" class="md-nav__link">
+    <span class="md-ellipsis">
+      FTP OBJECTS
+    </span>
+  </a>
+  
+</li>
+      
+    </ul>
+  
+</nav>
+                  </div>
+                </div>
+              </div>
+            
+          
+          
+            <div class="md-content" data-md-component="content">
+              <article class="md-content__inner md-typeset">
+                
+                  
+
+  
+  
+
+
+<h1 id="ftplib-module">Ftplib Module</h1>
+<h2 id="ftp-classes">FTP CLASSES</h2>
+<div class="highlight"><table class="highlighttable"><tr><th colspan="2" class="filename"><span class="filename">Python</span></th></tr><tr><td class="linenos"><div class="linenodiv"><pre><span></span><span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-0-1">1</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-0-2">2</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-0-3">3</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-0-4">4</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-0-5">5</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-0-6">6</a></span></pre></div></td><td class="code"><div><pre><span></span><code><a id="__codelineno-0-1" name="__codelineno-0-1"></a><span class="n">ftplib</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">FTP</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="n">host</span><span class="o">=</span><span class="s2">&quot;&quot;</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="n">user</span><span class="o">=</span><span class="s2">&quot;&quot;</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="n">password</span><span class="o">=</span><span class="s2">&quot;&quot;</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="n">acct</span><span class="o">=</span><span class="s2">&quot;&quot;</span><span class="p">)</span>
+<a id="__codelineno-0-2" name="__codelineno-0-2"></a><span class="c1"># if HOST =&gt; connect(host)</span>
+<a id="__codelineno-0-3" name="__codelineno-0-3"></a><span class="c1"># if USER =&gt; login(user, password, acct)</span>
+<a id="__codelineno-0-4" name="__codelineno-0-4"></a>
+<a id="__codelineno-0-5" name="__codelineno-0-5"></a>
+<a id="__codelineno-0-6" name="__codelineno-0-6"></a><span class="n">ftplib</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">FTP_TLS</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="n">host</span><span class="o">=</span><span class="s2">&quot;&quot;</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="n">user</span><span class="o">=</span><span class="s2">&quot;&quot;</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="n">password</span><span class="o">=</span><span class="s2">&quot;&quot;</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="n">acct</span><span class="o">=</span><span class="s2">&quot;&quot;</span><span class="p">)</span>
+</code></pre></div></td></tr></table></div>
+<h2 id="exceptions">EXCEPTIONS</h2>
+<div class="highlight"><table class="highlighttable"><tr><th colspan="2" class="filename"><span class="filename">Python</span></th></tr><tr><td class="linenos"><div class="linenodiv"><pre><span></span><span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-1-1">1</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-1-2">2</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-1-3">3</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-1-4">4</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-1-5">5</a></span></pre></div></td><td class="code"><div><pre><span></span><code><a id="__codelineno-1-1" name="__codelineno-1-1"></a><span class="n">ftplib</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">error_reply</span>  <span class="c1"># unexpected error from server</span>
+<a id="__codelineno-1-2" name="__codelineno-1-2"></a><span class="n">ftplib</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">error_temp</span>  <span class="c1"># temporary error (response codes 400-499)</span>
+<a id="__codelineno-1-3" name="__codelineno-1-3"></a><span class="n">ftplib</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">error_perm</span>  <span class="c1"># permanent error (response codes 500-599)</span>
+<a id="__codelineno-1-4" name="__codelineno-1-4"></a><span class="n">ftplib</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">error_proto</span>  <span class="c1"># error not in ftp specs</span>
+<a id="__codelineno-1-5" name="__codelineno-1-5"></a><span class="n">ftplib</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">all_errors</span>  <span class="c1"># tuple of all exceptions</span>
+</code></pre></div></td></tr></table></div>
+<h2 id="ftp-objects">FTP OBJECTS</h2>
+<div class="highlight"><table class="highlighttable"><tr><th colspan="2" class="filename"><span class="filename">Python</span></th></tr><tr><td class="linenos"><div class="linenodiv"><pre><span></span><span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-2-1"> 1</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-2-2"> 2</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-2-3"> 3</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-2-4"> 4</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-2-5"> 5</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-2-6"> 6</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-2-7"> 7</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-2-8"> 8</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-2-9"> 9</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-2-10">10</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-2-11">11</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-2-12">12</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-2-13">13</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-2-14">14</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-2-15">15</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-2-16">16</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-2-17">17</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-2-18">18</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-2-19">19</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-2-20">20</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-2-21">21</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-2-22">22</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-2-23">23</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-2-24">24</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-2-25">25</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-2-26">26</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-2-27">27</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-2-28">28</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-2-29">29</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-2-30">30</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-2-31">31</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-2-32">32</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-2-33">33</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-2-34">34</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-2-35">35</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-2-36">36</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-2-37">37</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-2-38">38</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-2-39">39</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-2-40">40</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-2-41">41</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-2-42">42</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-2-43">43</a></span></pre></div></td><td class="code"><div><pre><span></span><code><a id="__codelineno-2-1" name="__codelineno-2-1"></a><span class="c1"># method on text files: -lines</span>
+<a id="__codelineno-2-2" name="__codelineno-2-2"></a><span class="c1"># method on binary files: -binary</span>
+<a id="__codelineno-2-3" name="__codelineno-2-3"></a>
+<a id="__codelineno-2-4" name="__codelineno-2-4"></a><span class="c1"># CONNECTION</span>
+<a id="__codelineno-2-5" name="__codelineno-2-5"></a><span class="n">FTP</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">connect</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="n">host</span><span class="o">=</span><span class="s2">&quot;&quot;</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="n">port</span><span class="o">=</span><span class="mi">0</span><span class="p">)</span>  <span class="c1"># used once per instance</span>
+<a id="__codelineno-2-6" name="__codelineno-2-6"></a><span class="c1"># DON&#39;T CALL if host was supplied at instance creation</span>
+<a id="__codelineno-2-7" name="__codelineno-2-7"></a>
+<a id="__codelineno-2-8" name="__codelineno-2-8"></a><span class="n">FTP</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">getwelcome</span><span class="p">()</span>  <span class="c1"># return welcome message</span>
+<a id="__codelineno-2-9" name="__codelineno-2-9"></a>
+<a id="__codelineno-2-10" name="__codelineno-2-10"></a><span class="n">FTP</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">login</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="n">user</span><span class="o">=</span><span class="s1">&#39;anonymous&#39;</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="n">password</span><span class="o">=</span><span class="s1">&#39;&#39;</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="n">acct</span><span class="o">=</span><span class="s1">&#39;&#39;</span><span class="p">)</span>
+<a id="__codelineno-2-11" name="__codelineno-2-11"></a><span class="c1"># called once per instance after connection is established</span>
+<a id="__codelineno-2-12" name="__codelineno-2-12"></a><span class="c1"># DEFAULT PASSWORD: anonymous@</span>
+<a id="__codelineno-2-13" name="__codelineno-2-13"></a><span class="c1"># DON&#39;T CALL if host was supplied at instance creation</span>
+<a id="__codelineno-2-14" name="__codelineno-2-14"></a><span class="n">FTP</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">sendcmd</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="n">cmd</span><span class="p">)</span>  <span class="c1"># send command string and return response</span>
+<a id="__codelineno-2-15" name="__codelineno-2-15"></a><span class="n">FTP</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">voidcmd</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="n">cmd</span><span class="p">)</span>  <span class="c1"># send command string and return nothing if successful</span>
+<a id="__codelineno-2-16" name="__codelineno-2-16"></a><span class="c1"># FILE TRANSFER</span>
+<a id="__codelineno-2-17" name="__codelineno-2-17"></a><span class="n">FTP</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">abort</span><span class="p">()</span>  <span class="c1"># abort in progress file transfer (can fail)</span>
+<a id="__codelineno-2-18" name="__codelineno-2-18"></a>
+<a id="__codelineno-2-19" name="__codelineno-2-19"></a><span class="n">FTTP</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">transfercmd</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="n">cmd</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="n">rest</span><span class="o">=</span><span class="kc">None</span><span class="p">)</span>  <span class="c1"># returns socket for connection</span>
+<a id="__codelineno-2-20" name="__codelineno-2-20"></a><span class="c1"># CMD active mode: send EPRT or PORT command and CMD and accept connection</span>
+<a id="__codelineno-2-21" name="__codelineno-2-21"></a><span class="c1"># CMD passive mode: send EPSV or PASV and start transfer command</span>
+<a id="__codelineno-2-22" name="__codelineno-2-22"></a>
+<a id="__codelineno-2-23" name="__codelineno-2-23"></a><span class="n">FTP</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">retrbinary</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="n">cmd</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="n">callback</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="n">blocksize</span><span class="o">=</span><span class="mi">8192</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="n">rest</span><span class="o">=</span><span class="kc">None</span><span class="p">)</span> <span class="c1"># retrieve file in binary mode</span>
+<a id="__codelineno-2-24" name="__codelineno-2-24"></a><span class="c1"># CMD: appropriate RETR command (&#39;RETR filename&#39;)</span>
+<a id="__codelineno-2-25" name="__codelineno-2-25"></a><span class="c1"># CALLBACK: func called on every block of data received</span>
+<a id="__codelineno-2-26" name="__codelineno-2-26"></a>
+<a id="__codelineno-2-27" name="__codelineno-2-27"></a><span class="n">FTP</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">rertlines</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="n">cmd</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="n">callback</span><span class="o">=</span><span class="kc">None</span><span class="p">)</span>
+<a id="__codelineno-2-28" name="__codelineno-2-28"></a><span class="c1"># retrieve file or dir list in ASCII transfer mode</span>
+<a id="__codelineno-2-29" name="__codelineno-2-29"></a><span class="c1"># CMD: appropriate RETR, LSIT (list and info of files), NLST (list of file names)</span>
+<a id="__codelineno-2-30" name="__codelineno-2-30"></a><span class="c1"># DEFAULT CALLBACK: sys.stdout</span>
+<a id="__codelineno-2-31" name="__codelineno-2-31"></a>
+<a id="__codelineno-2-32" name="__codelineno-2-32"></a><span class="n">FTP</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">set_pasv</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="n">value</span><span class="p">)</span>  <span class="c1"># set passive mode if value is true, otherwise disable it</span>
+<a id="__codelineno-2-33" name="__codelineno-2-33"></a><span class="c1"># passive mode on by default</span>
+<a id="__codelineno-2-34" name="__codelineno-2-34"></a>
+<a id="__codelineno-2-35" name="__codelineno-2-35"></a><span class="n">FTP</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">storbinary</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="n">cmd</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="n">fp</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="n">blocksize</span><span class="o">=</span><span class="mi">8192</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="n">callback</span><span class="o">=</span><span class="kc">None</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="n">rest</span><span class="o">=</span><span class="kc">None</span><span class="p">)</span>  <span class="c1"># store file in binary mode</span>
+<a id="__codelineno-2-36" name="__codelineno-2-36"></a><span class="c1"># CMD: appropriate STOR command (&#39;STOR filename&#39;)</span>
+<a id="__codelineno-2-37" name="__codelineno-2-37"></a><span class="c1"># FP: {file object in binary mode} read until EOF in blocks of blocksize</span>
+<a id="__codelineno-2-38" name="__codelineno-2-38"></a><span class="c1"># CALLBACK: func called on each block after sending</span>
+<a id="__codelineno-2-39" name="__codelineno-2-39"></a>
+<a id="__codelineno-2-40" name="__codelineno-2-40"></a><span class="n">FTP</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">storlines</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="n">cmd</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="n">fp</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="n">callback</span><span class="o">=</span><span class="kc">None</span><span class="p">)</span>  <span class="c1"># store file in ASCII transfer mode</span>
+<a id="__codelineno-2-41" name="__codelineno-2-41"></a><span class="c1"># CMD: appropriate STOR command (&#39;STOR filename&#39;)</span>
+<a id="__codelineno-2-42" name="__codelineno-2-42"></a><span class="c1"># FP: {file object} read until EOF</span>
+<a id="__codelineno-2-43" name="__codelineno-2-43"></a><span class="c1"># CALLBACK: func called on each block after sending</span>
+</code></pre></div></td></tr></table></div>
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+  
+    
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+      
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+    <li class="md-nav__item md-nav__item--section md-nav__item--nested">
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+        <input class="md-nav__toggle md-toggle " type="checkbox" id="__nav_4_7" >
+        
+          
+          <label class="md-nav__link" for="__nav_4_7" id="__nav_4_7_label" tabindex="">
+            
+  
+  <span class="md-ellipsis">
+    Assembly
+  </span>
+  
+
+            <span class="md-nav__icon md-icon"></span>
+          </label>
+        
+        <nav class="md-nav" data-md-level="2" aria-labelledby="__nav_4_7_label" aria-expanded="false">
+          <label class="md-nav__title" for="__nav_4_7">
+            <span class="md-nav__icon md-icon"></span>
+            Assembly
+          </label>
+          <ul class="md-nav__list" data-md-scrollfix>
+            
+              
+                
+  
+  
+  
+  
+    <li class="md-nav__item">
+      <a href="../../assembly/intel.html" class="md-nav__link">
+        
+  
+  <span class="md-ellipsis">
+    Intel
+  </span>
+  
+
+      </a>
+    </li>
+  
+
+              
+            
+              
+                
+  
+  
+  
+  
+    <li class="md-nav__item">
+      <a href="../../assembly/riscv.html" class="md-nav__link">
+        
+  
+  <span class="md-ellipsis">
+    RISC-V
+  </span>
+  
+
+      </a>
+    </li>
+  
+
+              
+            
+          </ul>
+        </nav>
+      
+    </li>
+  
+
+              
+            
+              
+                
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+    
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+    
+    
+      
+        
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+        
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+    
+    
+      
+      
+        
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+        
+      
+    
+    
+    <li class="md-nav__item md-nav__item--active md-nav__item--section md-nav__item--nested">
+      
+        
+        
+        <input class="md-nav__toggle md-toggle " type="checkbox" id="__nav_4_8" checked>
+        
+          
+          <label class="md-nav__link" for="__nav_4_8" id="__nav_4_8_label" tabindex="">
+            
+  
+  <span class="md-ellipsis">
+    Python
+  </span>
+  
+
+            <span class="md-nav__icon md-icon"></span>
+          </label>
+        
+        <nav class="md-nav" data-md-level="2" aria-labelledby="__nav_4_8_label" aria-expanded="true">
+          <label class="md-nav__title" for="__nav_4_8">
+            <span class="md-nav__icon md-icon"></span>
+            Python
+          </label>
+          <ul class="md-nav__list" data-md-scrollfix>
+            
+              
+                
+  
+  
+  
+  
+    <li class="md-nav__item">
+      <a href="../python.html" class="md-nav__link">
+        
+  
+  <span class="md-ellipsis">
+    Python
+  </span>
+  
+
+      </a>
+    </li>
+  
+
+              
+            
+              
+                
+  
+  
+    
+  
+  
+  
+    
+    
+      
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+      
+        
+      
+        
+      
+        
+      
+        
+      
+        
+      
+        
+      
+        
+      
+        
+      
+        
+      
+        
+      
+        
+      
+    
+    
+      
+      
+        
+      
+    
+    
+    <li class="md-nav__item md-nav__item--active md-nav__item--nested">
+      
+        
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+        <input class="md-nav__toggle md-toggle " type="checkbox" id="__nav_4_8_2" checked>
+        
+          
+          <label class="md-nav__link" for="__nav_4_8_2" id="__nav_4_8_2_label" tabindex="0">
+            
+  
+  <span class="md-ellipsis">
+    Modules
+  </span>
+  
+
+            <span class="md-nav__icon md-icon"></span>
+          </label>
+        
+        <nav class="md-nav" data-md-level="3" aria-labelledby="__nav_4_8_2_label" aria-expanded="true">
+          <label class="md-nav__title" for="__nav_4_8_2">
+            <span class="md-nav__icon md-icon"></span>
+            Modules
+          </label>
+          <ul class="md-nav__list" data-md-scrollfix>
+            
+              
+                
+  
+  
+  
+  
+    <li class="md-nav__item">
+      <a href="argparse.html" class="md-nav__link">
+        
+  
+  <span class="md-ellipsis">
+    argparse
+  </span>
+  
+
+      </a>
+    </li>
+  
+
+              
+            
+              
+                
+  
+  
+  
+  
+    <li class="md-nav__item">
+      <a href="collections.html" class="md-nav__link">
+        
+  
+  <span class="md-ellipsis">
+    collection
+  </span>
+  
+
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+    </li>
+  
+
+              
+            
+              
+                
+  
+  
+  
+  
+    <li class="md-nav__item">
+      <a href="csv.html" class="md-nav__link">
+        
+  
+  <span class="md-ellipsis">
+    csv
+  </span>
+  
+
+      </a>
+    </li>
+  
+
+              
+            
+              
+                
+  
+  
+  
+  
+    <li class="md-nav__item">
+      <a href="ftplib.html" class="md-nav__link">
+        
+  
+  <span class="md-ellipsis">
+    ftplib
+  </span>
+  
+
+      </a>
+    </li>
+  
+
+              
+            
+              
+                
+  
+  
+    
+  
+  
+  
+    <li class="md-nav__item md-nav__item--active">
+      
+      <input class="md-nav__toggle md-toggle" type="checkbox" id="__toc">
+      
+      
+        
+      
+      
+      <a href="itertools.html" class="md-nav__link md-nav__link--active">
+        
+  
+  <span class="md-ellipsis">
+    itertools
+  </span>
+  
+
+      </a>
+      
+    </li>
+  
+
+              
+            
+              
+                
+  
+  
+  
+  
+    <li class="md-nav__item">
+      <a href="json.html" class="md-nav__link">
+        
+  
+  <span class="md-ellipsis">
+    json
+  </span>
+  
+
+      </a>
+    </li>
+  
+
+              
+            
+              
+                
+  
+  
+  
+  
+    <li class="md-nav__item">
+      <a href="logging.html" class="md-nav__link">
+        
+  
+  <span class="md-ellipsis">
+    logging
+  </span>
+  
+
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+    </li>
+  
+
+              
+            
+              
+                
+  
+  
+  
+  
+    <li class="md-nav__item">
+      <a href="shutil.html" class="md-nav__link">
+        
+  
+  <span class="md-ellipsis">
+    shutil
+  </span>
+  
+
+      </a>
+    </li>
+  
+
+              
+            
+              
+                
+  
+  
+  
+  
+    <li class="md-nav__item">
+      <a href="smtplib.html" class="md-nav__link">
+        
+  
+  <span class="md-ellipsis">
+    smtplib
+  </span>
+  
+
+      </a>
+    </li>
+  
+
+              
+            
+              
+                
+  
+  
+  
+  
+    <li class="md-nav__item">
+      <a href="socket.html" class="md-nav__link">
+        
+  
+  <span class="md-ellipsis">
+    socket
+  </span>
+  
+
+      </a>
+    </li>
+  
+
+              
+            
+              
+                
+  
+  
+  
+  
+    <li class="md-nav__item">
+      <a href="sqlite.html" class="md-nav__link">
+        
+  
+  <span class="md-ellipsis">
+    sqlite
+  </span>
+  
+
+      </a>
+    </li>
+  
+
+              
+            
+              
+                
+  
+  
+  
+  
+    <li class="md-nav__item">
+      <a href="time-datetime.html" class="md-nav__link">
+        
+  
+  <span class="md-ellipsis">
+    time & datetime
+  </span>
+  
+
+      </a>
+    </li>
+  
+
+              
+            
+              
+                
+  
+  
+  
+  
+    <li class="md-nav__item">
+      <a href="unittest.html" class="md-nav__link">
+        
+  
+  <span class="md-ellipsis">
+    unittest
+  </span>
+  
+
+      </a>
+    </li>
+  
+
+              
+            
+          </ul>
+        </nav>
+      
+    </li>
+  
+
+              
+            
+              
+                
+  
+  
+  
+  
+    
+    
+      
+        
+      
+        
+      
+        
+      
+        
+      
+        
+      
+        
+      
+    
+    
+      
+      
+        
+      
+    
+    
+    <li class="md-nav__item md-nav__item--nested">
+      
+        
+        
+        <input class="md-nav__toggle md-toggle " type="checkbox" id="__nav_4_8_3" >
+        
+          
+          <label class="md-nav__link" for="__nav_4_8_3" id="__nav_4_8_3_label" tabindex="0">
+            
+  
+  <span class="md-ellipsis">
+    Libraries
+  </span>
+  
+
+            <span class="md-nav__icon md-icon"></span>
+          </label>
+        
+        <nav class="md-nav" data-md-level="3" aria-labelledby="__nav_4_8_3_label" aria-expanded="false">
+          <label class="md-nav__title" for="__nav_4_8_3">
+            <span class="md-nav__icon md-icon"></span>
+            Libraries
+          </label>
+          <ul class="md-nav__list" data-md-scrollfix>
+            
+              
+                
+  
+  
+  
+  
+    <li class="md-nav__item">
+      <a href="../libs/tkinter.html" class="md-nav__link">
+        
+  
+  <span class="md-ellipsis">
+    TKinter
+  </span>
+  
+
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+    </li>
+  
+
+              
+            
+              
+                
+  
+  
+  
+  
+    <li class="md-nav__item">
+      <a href="../libs/numpy.html" class="md-nav__link">
+        
+  
+  <span class="md-ellipsis">
+    Numpy
+  </span>
+  
+
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+    </li>
+  
+
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+            
+              
+                
+  
+  
+  
+  
+    <li class="md-nav__item">
+      <a href="../libs/pandas.html" class="md-nav__link">
+        
+  
+  <span class="md-ellipsis">
+    Pandas
+  </span>
+  
+
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+    </li>
+  
+
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+            
+              
+                
+  
+  
+  
+  
+    <li class="md-nav__item">
+      <a href="../libs/seaborn.html" class="md-nav__link">
+        
+  
+  <span class="md-ellipsis">
+    Seaborn
+  </span>
+  
+
+      </a>
+    </li>
+  
+
+              
+            
+              
+                
+  
+  
+  
+  
+    <li class="md-nav__item">
+      <a href="../libs/requests.html" class="md-nav__link">
+        
+  
+  <span class="md-ellipsis">
+    Requests
+  </span>
+  
+
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+    </li>
+  
+
+              
+            
+              
+                
+  
+  
+  
+  
+    <li class="md-nav__item">
+      <a href="../libs/beautiful-soup.html" class="md-nav__link">
+        
+  
+  <span class="md-ellipsis">
+    Beatiful Soup
+  </span>
+  
+
+      </a>
+    </li>
+  
+
+              
+            
+          </ul>
+        </nav>
+      
+    </li>
+  
+
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+            
+          </ul>
+        </nav>
+      
+    </li>
+  
+
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+            
+              
+                
+  
+  
+  
+  
+    
+    
+      
+        
+      
+        
+      
+        
+      
+    
+    
+      
+      
+        
+          
+          
+        
+      
+    
+    
+    <li class="md-nav__item md-nav__item--section md-nav__item--nested">
+      
+        
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+        <input class="md-nav__toggle md-toggle " type="checkbox" id="__nav_4_9" >
+        
+          
+          <label class="md-nav__link" for="__nav_4_9" id="__nav_4_9_label" tabindex="">
+            
+  
+  <span class="md-ellipsis">
+    .NET
+  </span>
+  
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+            .NET
+          </label>
+          <ul class="md-nav__list" data-md-scrollfix>
+            
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+  
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+  
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+    
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+        
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+            
+  
+  <span class="md-ellipsis">
+    C#
+  </span>
+  
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+        
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+            <span class="md-nav__icon md-icon"></span>
+            C#
+          </label>
+          <ul class="md-nav__list" data-md-scrollfix>
+            
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+  
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+    <li class="md-nav__item">
+      <a href="../../dotnet/csharp/csharp.html" class="md-nav__link">
+        
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+    C#
+  </span>
+  
+
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+    </li>
+  
+
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+                
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+    <li class="md-nav__item">
+      <a href="../../dotnet/csharp/linq.html" class="md-nav__link">
+        
+  
+  <span class="md-ellipsis">
+    Linq
+  </span>
+  
+
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+  
+
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+  
+    <li class="md-nav__item">
+      <a href="../../dotnet/csharp/collections.html" class="md-nav__link">
+        
+  
+  <span class="md-ellipsis">
+    Collections
+  </span>
+  
+
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+    </li>
+  
+
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+            
+              
+                
+  
+  
+  
+  
+    <li class="md-nav__item">
+      <a href="../../dotnet/csharp/reactive-extensions.html" class="md-nav__link">
+        
+  
+  <span class="md-ellipsis">
+    Reactive Extensions
+  </span>
+  
+
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+    </li>
+  
+
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+            
+              
+                
+  
+  
+  
+  
+    <li class="md-nav__item">
+      <a href="../../dotnet/csharp/async-programming.html" class="md-nav__link">
+        
+  
+  <span class="md-ellipsis">
+    Async Programming
+  </span>
+  
+
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+    </li>
+  
+
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+            
+              
+                
+  
+  
+  
+  
+    <li class="md-nav__item">
+      <a href="../../dotnet/csharp/unit-tests.html" class="md-nav__link">
+        
+  
+  <span class="md-ellipsis">
+    Unit Tests
+  </span>
+  
+
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+    </li>
+  
+
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+            
+          </ul>
+        </nav>
+      
+    </li>
+  
+
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+            
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+                
+  
+  
+  
+  
+    
+    
+      
+        
+      
+        
+      
+        
+      
+        
+      
+        
+      
+        
+      
+        
+      
+    
+    
+      
+      
+        
+      
+    
+    
+    <li class="md-nav__item md-nav__item--nested">
+      
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+        <input class="md-nav__toggle md-toggle " type="checkbox" id="__nav_4_9_2" >
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+          <label class="md-nav__link" for="__nav_4_9_2" id="__nav_4_9_2_label" tabindex="0">
+            
+  
+  <span class="md-ellipsis">
+    ASP.NET
+  </span>
+  
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+          </label>
+        
+        <nav class="md-nav" data-md-level="3" aria-labelledby="__nav_4_9_2_label" aria-expanded="false">
+          <label class="md-nav__title" for="__nav_4_9_2">
+            <span class="md-nav__icon md-icon"></span>
+            ASP.NET
+          </label>
+          <ul class="md-nav__list" data-md-scrollfix>
+            
+              
+                
+  
+  
+  
+  
+    <li class="md-nav__item">
+      <a href="../../dotnet/asp.net/minimal-api.html" class="md-nav__link">
+        
+  
+  <span class="md-ellipsis">
+    Minimal API
+  </span>
+  
+
+      </a>
+    </li>
+  
+
+              
+            
+              
+                
+  
+  
+  
+  
+    <li class="md-nav__item">
+      <a href="../../dotnet/asp.net/filters.html" class="md-nav__link">
+        
+  
+  <span class="md-ellipsis">
+    FIlters
+  </span>
+  
+
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+    </li>
+  
+
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+            
+              
+                
+  
+  
+  
+  
+    <li class="md-nav__item">
+      <a href="../../dotnet/asp.net/middleware.html" class="md-nav__link">
+        
+  
+  <span class="md-ellipsis">
+    Middleware
+  </span>
+  
+
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+    </li>
+  
+
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+            
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+                
+  
+  
+  
+  
+    <li class="md-nav__item">
+      <a href="../../dotnet/asp.net/razor-syntax.html" class="md-nav__link">
+        
+  
+  <span class="md-ellipsis">
+    Razor Syntax
+  </span>
+  
+
+      </a>
+    </li>
+  
+
+              
+            
+              
+                
+  
+  
+  
+  
+    <li class="md-nav__item">
+      <a href="../../dotnet/asp.net/blazor.html" class="md-nav__link">
+        
+  
+  <span class="md-ellipsis">
+    Blazor
+  </span>
+  
+
+      </a>
+    </li>
+  
+
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+            
+              
+                
+  
+  
+  
+  
+    <li class="md-nav__item">
+      <a href="../../dotnet/asp.net/signalr.html" class="md-nav__link">
+        
+  
+  <span class="md-ellipsis">
+    SignalR
+  </span>
+  
+
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+    </li>
+  
+
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+            
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+                
+  
+  
+  
+  
+    <li class="md-nav__item">
+      <a href="../../dotnet/asp.net/web-forms.html" class="md-nav__link">
+        
+  
+  <span class="md-ellipsis">
+    Web Forms
+  </span>
+  
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+    </li>
+  
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+          </ul>
+        </nav>
+      
+    </li>
+  
+
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+  
+  
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+  
+    
+    
+      
+        
+      
+        
+      
+    
+    
+      
+      
+        
+      
+    
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+    <li class="md-nav__item md-nav__item--nested">
+      
+        
+        
+        <input class="md-nav__toggle md-toggle " type="checkbox" id="__nav_4_9_3" >
+        
+          
+          <label class="md-nav__link" for="__nav_4_9_3" id="__nav_4_9_3_label" tabindex="0">
+            
+  
+  <span class="md-ellipsis">
+    Database
+  </span>
+  
+
+            <span class="md-nav__icon md-icon"></span>
+          </label>
+        
+        <nav class="md-nav" data-md-level="3" aria-labelledby="__nav_4_9_3_label" aria-expanded="false">
+          <label class="md-nav__title" for="__nav_4_9_3">
+            <span class="md-nav__icon md-icon"></span>
+            Database
+          </label>
+          <ul class="md-nav__list" data-md-scrollfix>
+            
+              
+                
+  
+  
+  
+  
+    <li class="md-nav__item">
+      <a href="../../dotnet/database/ado.net.html" class="md-nav__link">
+        
+  
+  <span class="md-ellipsis">
+    ADO.NET
+  </span>
+  
+
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+    </li>
+  
+
+              
+            
+              
+                
+  
+  
+  
+  
+    <li class="md-nav__item">
+      <a href="../../dotnet/database/entity-framework.html" class="md-nav__link">
+        
+  
+  <span class="md-ellipsis">
+    Entity Framework
+  </span>
+  
+
+      </a>
+    </li>
+  
+
+              
+            
+          </ul>
+        </nav>
+      
+    </li>
+  
+
+              
+            
+          </ul>
+        </nav>
+      
+    </li>
+  
+
+              
+            
+              
+                
+  
+  
+  
+  
+    
+    
+      
+        
+      
+        
+      
+        
+      
+        
+      
+    
+    
+      
+      
+        
+          
+          
+        
+      
+    
+    
+    <li class="md-nav__item md-nav__item--section md-nav__item--nested">
+      
+        
+        
+        <input class="md-nav__toggle md-toggle " type="checkbox" id="__nav_4_10" >
+        
+          
+          <label class="md-nav__link" for="__nav_4_10" id="__nav_4_10_label" tabindex="">
+            
+  
+  <span class="md-ellipsis">
+    Java
+  </span>
+  
+
+            <span class="md-nav__icon md-icon"></span>
+          </label>
+        
+        <nav class="md-nav" data-md-level="2" aria-labelledby="__nav_4_10_label" aria-expanded="false">
+          <label class="md-nav__title" for="__nav_4_10">
+            <span class="md-nav__icon md-icon"></span>
+            Java
+          </label>
+          <ul class="md-nav__list" data-md-scrollfix>
+            
+              
+                
+  
+  
+  
+  
+    <li class="md-nav__item">
+      <a href="../../java/java.html" class="md-nav__link">
+        
+  
+  <span class="md-ellipsis">
+    Java
+  </span>
+  
+
+      </a>
+    </li>
+  
+
+              
+            
+              
+                
+  
+  
+  
+  
+    <li class="md-nav__item">
+      <a href="../../java/java-collection-framework.html" class="md-nav__link">
+        
+  
+  <span class="md-ellipsis">
+    Java Collection Framework
+  </span>
+  
+
+      </a>
+    </li>
+  
+
+              
+            
+              
+                
+  
+  
+  
+  
+    <li class="md-nav__item">
+      <a href="../../java/dao.html" class="md-nav__link">
+        
+  
+  <span class="md-ellipsis">
+    DAO
+  </span>
+  
+
+      </a>
+    </li>
+  
+
+              
+            
+              
+                
+  
+  
+  
+  
+    
+    
+      
+        
+      
+        
+      
+    
+    
+      
+      
+        
+      
+    
+    
+    <li class="md-nav__item md-nav__item--nested">
+      
+        
+        
+        <input class="md-nav__toggle md-toggle " type="checkbox" id="__nav_4_10_4" >
+        
+          
+          <label class="md-nav__link" for="__nav_4_10_4" id="__nav_4_10_4_label" tabindex="0">
+            
+  
+  <span class="md-ellipsis">
+    Web
+  </span>
+  
+
+            <span class="md-nav__icon md-icon"></span>
+          </label>
+        
+        <nav class="md-nav" data-md-level="3" aria-labelledby="__nav_4_10_4_label" aria-expanded="false">
+          <label class="md-nav__title" for="__nav_4_10_4">
+            <span class="md-nav__icon md-icon"></span>
+            Web
+          </label>
+          <ul class="md-nav__list" data-md-scrollfix>
+            
+              
+                
+  
+  
+  
+  
+    <li class="md-nav__item">
+      <a href="../../java/web/servlet.html" class="md-nav__link">
+        
+  
+  <span class="md-ellipsis">
+    Serverlet
+  </span>
+  
+
+      </a>
+    </li>
+  
+
+              
+            
+              
+                
+  
+  
+  
+  
+    
+    
+      
+        
+      
+        
+      
+    
+    
+      
+      
+        
+      
+    
+    
+    <li class="md-nav__item md-nav__item--nested">
+      
+        
+        
+        <input class="md-nav__toggle md-toggle " type="checkbox" id="__nav_4_10_4_2" >
+        
+          
+          <label class="md-nav__link" for="__nav_4_10_4_2" id="__nav_4_10_4_2_label" tabindex="0">
+            
+  
+  <span class="md-ellipsis">
+    Spring
+  </span>
+  
+
+            <span class="md-nav__icon md-icon"></span>
+          </label>
+        
+        <nav class="md-nav" data-md-level="4" aria-labelledby="__nav_4_10_4_2_label" aria-expanded="false">
+          <label class="md-nav__title" for="__nav_4_10_4_2">
+            <span class="md-nav__icon md-icon"></span>
+            Spring
+          </label>
+          <ul class="md-nav__list" data-md-scrollfix>
+            
+              
+                
+  
+  
+  
+  
+    <li class="md-nav__item">
+      <a href="../../java/spring/pom.xml.html" class="md-nav__link">
+        
+  
+  <span class="md-ellipsis">
+    POM
+  </span>
+  
+
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+    </li>
+  
+
+              
+            
+              
+                
+  
+  
+  
+  
+    <li class="md-nav__item">
+      <a href="../../java/spring/spring-project.html" class="md-nav__link">
+        
+  
+  <span class="md-ellipsis">
+    Project Structure
+  </span>
+  
+
+      </a>
+    </li>
+  
+
+              
+            
+          </ul>
+        </nav>
+      
+    </li>
+  
+
+              
+            
+          </ul>
+        </nav>
+      
+    </li>
+  
+
+              
+            
+          </ul>
+        </nav>
+      
+    </li>
+  
+
+              
+            
+              
+                
+  
+  
+  
+  
+    
+    
+      
+        
+      
+        
+      
+        
+      
+        
+      
+        
+      
+        
+      
+        
+      
+        
+      
+        
+      
+    
+    
+      
+      
+        
+          
+          
+        
+      
+    
+    
+    <li class="md-nav__item md-nav__item--section md-nav__item--nested">
+      
+        
+        
+        <input class="md-nav__toggle md-toggle " type="checkbox" id="__nav_4_11" >
+        
+          
+          <label class="md-nav__link" for="__nav_4_11" id="__nav_4_11_label" tabindex="">
+            
+  
+  <span class="md-ellipsis">
+    PHP
+  </span>
+  
+
+            <span class="md-nav__icon md-icon"></span>
+          </label>
+        
+        <nav class="md-nav" data-md-level="2" aria-labelledby="__nav_4_11_label" aria-expanded="false">
+          <label class="md-nav__title" for="__nav_4_11">
+            <span class="md-nav__icon md-icon"></span>
+            PHP
+          </label>
+          <ul class="md-nav__list" data-md-scrollfix>
+            
+              
+                
+  
+  
+  
+  
+    <li class="md-nav__item">
+      <a href="../../php/php.html" class="md-nav__link">
+        
+  
+  <span class="md-ellipsis">
+    PHP
+  </span>
+  
+
+      </a>
+    </li>
+  
+
+              
+            
+              
+                
+  
+  
+  
+  
+    <li class="md-nav__item">
+      <a href="../../php/database.html" class="md-nav__link">
+        
+  
+  <span class="md-ellipsis">
+    Database
+  </span>
+  
+
+      </a>
+    </li>
+  
+
+              
+            
+              
+                
+  
+  
+  
+  
+    <li class="md-nav__item">
+      <a href="../../php/web.html" class="md-nav__link">
+        
+  
+  <span class="md-ellipsis">
+    Web
+  </span>
+  
+
+      </a>
+    </li>
+  
+
+              
+            
+              
+                
+  
+  
+  
+  
+    <li class="md-nav__item">
+      <a href="../../php/dependency-injection.html" class="md-nav__link">
+        
+  
+  <span class="md-ellipsis">
+    Dependency Injection
+  </span>
+  
+
+      </a>
+    </li>
+  
+
+              
+            
+              
+                
+  
+  
+  
+  
+    <li class="md-nav__item">
+      <a href="../../php/unit-tests.html" class="md-nav__link">
+        
+  
+  <span class="md-ellipsis">
+    Unit Tests
+  </span>
+  
+
+      </a>
+    </li>
+  
+
+              
+            
+              
+                
+  
+  
+  
+  
+    <li class="md-nav__item">
+      <a href="../../php/composer.html" class="md-nav__link">
+        
+  
+  <span class="md-ellipsis">
+    Composer
+  </span>
+  
+
+      </a>
+    </li>
+  
+
+              
+            
+              
+                
+  
+  
+  
+  
+    <li class="md-nav__item">
+      <a href="../../php/psr-7.html" class="md-nav__link">
+        
+  
+  <span class="md-ellipsis">
+    PSR 7
+  </span>
+  
+
+      </a>
+    </li>
+  
+
+              
+            
+              
+                
+  
+  
+  
+  
+    <li class="md-nav__item">
+      <a href="../../php/plates-templating.html" class="md-nav__link">
+        
+  
+  <span class="md-ellipsis">
+    Plates
+  </span>
+  
+
+      </a>
+    </li>
+  
+
+              
+            
+              
+                
+  
+  
+  
+  
+    
+    
+      
+        
+      
+        
+      
+    
+    
+      
+      
+        
+      
+    
+    
+    <li class="md-nav__item md-nav__item--nested">
+      
+        
+        
+        <input class="md-nav__toggle md-toggle " type="checkbox" id="__nav_4_11_9" >
+        
+          
+          <label class="md-nav__link" for="__nav_4_11_9" id="__nav_4_11_9_label" tabindex="0">
+            
+  
+  <span class="md-ellipsis">
+    Simple MVC
+  </span>
+  
+
+            <span class="md-nav__icon md-icon"></span>
+          </label>
+        
+        <nav class="md-nav" data-md-level="3" aria-labelledby="__nav_4_11_9_label" aria-expanded="false">
+          <label class="md-nav__title" for="__nav_4_11_9">
+            <span class="md-nav__icon md-icon"></span>
+            Simple MVC
+          </label>
+          <ul class="md-nav__list" data-md-scrollfix>
+            
+              
+                
+  
+  
+  
+  
+    <li class="md-nav__item">
+      <a href="../../php/simple-mvc/simple-mvc.html" class="md-nav__link">
+        
+  
+  <span class="md-ellipsis">
+    Simple MVC
+  </span>
+  
+
+      </a>
+    </li>
+  
+
+              
+            
+              
+                
+  
+  
+  
+  
+    <li class="md-nav__item">
+      <a href="../../php/simple-mvc/rest-api.html" class="md-nav__link">
+        
+  
+  <span class="md-ellipsis">
+    REST API
+  </span>
+  
+
+      </a>
+    </li>
+  
+
+              
+            
+          </ul>
+        </nav>
+      
+    </li>
+  
+
+              
+            
+          </ul>
+        </nav>
+      
+    </li>
+  
+
+              
+            
+              
+                
+  
+  
+  
+  
+    
+    
+      
+        
+      
+        
+      
+        
+      
+        
+      
+        
+      
+    
+    
+      
+      
+        
+          
+          
+        
+      
+    
+    
+    <li class="md-nav__item md-nav__item--section md-nav__item--nested">
+      
+        
+        
+        <input class="md-nav__toggle md-toggle " type="checkbox" id="__nav_4_12" >
+        
+          
+          <label class="md-nav__link" for="__nav_4_12" id="__nav_4_12_label" tabindex="">
+            
+  
+  <span class="md-ellipsis">
+    Rust
+  </span>
+  
+
+            <span class="md-nav__icon md-icon"></span>
+          </label>
+        
+        <nav class="md-nav" data-md-level="2" aria-labelledby="__nav_4_12_label" aria-expanded="false">
+          <label class="md-nav__title" for="__nav_4_12">
+            <span class="md-nav__icon md-icon"></span>
+            Rust
+          </label>
+          <ul class="md-nav__list" data-md-scrollfix>
+            
+              
+                
+  
+  
+  
+  
+    <li class="md-nav__item">
+      <a href="../../rust/rust.html" class="md-nav__link">
+        
+  
+  <span class="md-ellipsis">
+    Rust
+  </span>
+  
+
+      </a>
+    </li>
+  
+
+              
+            
+              
+                
+  
+  
+  
+  
+    <li class="md-nav__item">
+      <a href="../../rust/macros.html" class="md-nav__link">
+        
+  
+  <span class="md-ellipsis">
+    Macros
+  </span>
+  
+
+      </a>
+    </li>
+  
+
+              
+            
+              
+                
+  
+  
+  
+  
+    <li class="md-nav__item">
+      <a href="../../rust/cargo.html" class="md-nav__link">
+        
+  
+  <span class="md-ellipsis">
+    Cargo
+  </span>
+  
+
+      </a>
+    </li>
+  
+
+              
+            
+              
+                
+  
+  
+  
+  
+    <li class="md-nav__item">
+      <a href="../../rust/concurrency.html" class="md-nav__link">
+        
+  
+  <span class="md-ellipsis">
+    Concurrency
+  </span>
+  
+
+      </a>
+    </li>
+  
+
+              
+            
+              
+                
+  
+  
+  
+  
+    <li class="md-nav__item">
+      <a href="../../rust/unit-tests.html" class="md-nav__link">
+        
+  
+  <span class="md-ellipsis">
+    Unit Tests
+  </span>
+  
+
+      </a>
+    </li>
+  
+
+              
+            
+          </ul>
+        </nav>
+      
+    </li>
+  
+
+              
+            
+              
+                
+  
+  
+  
+  
+    
+    
+      
+        
+      
+        
+      
+        
+      
+        
+      
+        
+      
+        
+      
+        
+      
+    
+    
+      
+      
+        
+          
+          
+        
+      
+    
+    
+    <li class="md-nav__item md-nav__item--section md-nav__item--nested">
+      
+        
+        
+        <input class="md-nav__toggle md-toggle " type="checkbox" id="__nav_4_13" >
+        
+          
+          <label class="md-nav__link" for="__nav_4_13" id="__nav_4_13_label" tabindex="">
+            
+  
+  <span class="md-ellipsis">
+    Javascript
+  </span>
+  
+
+            <span class="md-nav__icon md-icon"></span>
+          </label>
+        
+        <nav class="md-nav" data-md-level="2" aria-labelledby="__nav_4_13_label" aria-expanded="false">
+          <label class="md-nav__title" for="__nav_4_13">
+            <span class="md-nav__icon md-icon"></span>
+            Javascript
+          </label>
+          <ul class="md-nav__list" data-md-scrollfix>
+            
+              
+                
+  
+  
+  
+  
+    <li class="md-nav__item">
+      <a href="../../javascript/javascript.html" class="md-nav__link">
+        
+  
+  <span class="md-ellipsis">
+    Javascript
+  </span>
+  
+
+      </a>
+    </li>
+  
+
+              
+            
+              
+                
+  
+  
+  
+  
+    <li class="md-nav__item">
+      <a href="../../javascript/dom.html" class="md-nav__link">
+        
+  
+  <span class="md-ellipsis">
+    DOM
+  </span>
+  
+
+      </a>
+    </li>
+  
+
+              
+            
+              
+                
+  
+  
+  
+  
+    <li class="md-nav__item">
+      <a href="../../javascript/events-animation.html" class="md-nav__link">
+        
+  
+  <span class="md-ellipsis">
+    Events & Animation
+  </span>
+  
+
+      </a>
+    </li>
+  
+
+              
+            
+              
+                
+  
+  
+  
+  
+    <li class="md-nav__item">
+      <a href="../../javascript/ajax.html" class="md-nav__link">
+        
+  
+  <span class="md-ellipsis">
+    AJAX
+  </span>
+  
+
+      </a>
+    </li>
+  
+
+              
+            
+              
+                
+  
+  
+  
+  
+    <li class="md-nav__item">
+      <a href="../../javascript/jquery.html" class="md-nav__link">
+        
+  
+  <span class="md-ellipsis">
+    jQuery
+  </span>
+  
+
+      </a>
+    </li>
+  
+
+              
+            
+              
+                
+  
+  
+  
+  
+    
+    
+      
+        
+      
+        
+      
+        
+      
+        
+      
+        
+      
+    
+    
+      
+      
+        
+      
+    
+    
+    <li class="md-nav__item md-nav__item--nested">
+      
+        
+        
+        <input class="md-nav__toggle md-toggle " type="checkbox" id="__nav_4_13_6" >
+        
+          
+          <label class="md-nav__link" for="__nav_4_13_6" id="__nav_4_13_6_label" tabindex="0">
+            
+  
+  <span class="md-ellipsis">
+    React
+  </span>
+  
+
+            <span class="md-nav__icon md-icon"></span>
+          </label>
+        
+        <nav class="md-nav" data-md-level="3" aria-labelledby="__nav_4_13_6_label" aria-expanded="false">
+          <label class="md-nav__title" for="__nav_4_13_6">
+            <span class="md-nav__icon md-icon"></span>
+            React
+          </label>
+          <ul class="md-nav__list" data-md-scrollfix>
+            
+              
+                
+  
+  
+  
+  
+    <li class="md-nav__item">
+      <a href="../../javascript/react/react.html" class="md-nav__link">
+        
+  
+  <span class="md-ellipsis">
+    React
+  </span>
+  
+
+      </a>
+    </li>
+  
+
+              
+            
+              
+                
+  
+  
+  
+  
+    <li class="md-nav__item">
+      <a href="../../javascript/react/react-router.html" class="md-nav__link">
+        
+  
+  <span class="md-ellipsis">
+    React Router
+  </span>
+  
+
+      </a>
+    </li>
+  
+
+              
+            
+              
+                
+  
+  
+  
+  
+    <li class="md-nav__item">
+      <a href="../../javascript/react/react-tests.html" class="md-nav__link">
+        
+  
+  <span class="md-ellipsis">
+    React Tests
+  </span>
+  
+
+      </a>
+    </li>
+  
+
+              
+            
+              
+                
+  
+  
+  
+  
+    <li class="md-nav__item">
+      <a href="../../javascript/react/redux.html" class="md-nav__link">
+        
+  
+  <span class="md-ellipsis">
+    Redux
+  </span>
+  
+
+      </a>
+    </li>
+  
+
+              
+            
+              
+                
+  
+  
+  
+  
+    <li class="md-nav__item">
+      <a href="../../javascript/react/redux-tests.html" class="md-nav__link">
+        
+  
+  <span class="md-ellipsis">
+    Redux Tests
+  </span>
+  
+
+      </a>
+    </li>
+  
+
+              
+            
+          </ul>
+        </nav>
+      
+    </li>
+  
+
+              
+            
+              
+                
+  
+  
+  
+  
+    <li class="md-nav__item">
+      <a href="../../javascript/svelte/svelte.html" class="md-nav__link">
+        
+  
+  <span class="md-ellipsis">
+    Svelte
+  </span>
+  
+
+      </a>
+    </li>
+  
+
+              
+            
+          </ul>
+        </nav>
+      
+    </li>
+  
+
+              
+            
+              
+                
+  
+  
+  
+  
+    
+    
+      
+        
+      
+        
+      
+    
+    
+      
+      
+        
+          
+          
+        
+      
+    
+    
+    <li class="md-nav__item md-nav__item--section md-nav__item--nested">
+      
+        
+        
+        <input class="md-nav__toggle md-toggle " type="checkbox" id="__nav_4_14" >
+        
+          
+          <label class="md-nav__link" for="__nav_4_14" id="__nav_4_14_label" tabindex="">
+            
+  
+  <span class="md-ellipsis">
+    PowerShell
+  </span>
+  
+
+            <span class="md-nav__icon md-icon"></span>
+          </label>
+        
+        <nav class="md-nav" data-md-level="2" aria-labelledby="__nav_4_14_label" aria-expanded="false">
+          <label class="md-nav__title" for="__nav_4_14">
+            <span class="md-nav__icon md-icon"></span>
+            PowerShell
+          </label>
+          <ul class="md-nav__list" data-md-scrollfix>
+            
+              
+                
+  
+  
+  
+  
+    <li class="md-nav__item">
+      <a href="../../powershell/scripting.html" class="md-nav__link">
+        
+  
+  <span class="md-ellipsis">
+    Scripting
+  </span>
+  
+
+      </a>
+    </li>
+  
+
+              
+            
+              
+                
+  
+  
+  
+  
+    <li class="md-nav__item">
+      <a href="../../powershell/commands.html" class="md-nav__link">
+        
+  
+  <span class="md-ellipsis">
+    Commands
+  </span>
+  
+
+      </a>
+    </li>
+  
+
+              
+            
+          </ul>
+        </nav>
+      
+    </li>
+  
+
+              
+            
+              
+                
+  
+  
+  
+  
+    
+    
+      
+        
+      
+        
+      
+    
+    
+      
+      
+        
+          
+          
+        
+      
+    
+    
+    <li class="md-nav__item md-nav__item--section md-nav__item--nested">
+      
+        
+        
+        <input class="md-nav__toggle md-toggle " type="checkbox" id="__nav_4_15" >
+        
+          
+          <label class="md-nav__link" for="__nav_4_15" id="__nav_4_15_label" tabindex="">
+            
+  
+  <span class="md-ellipsis">
+    Bash
+  </span>
+  
+
+            <span class="md-nav__icon md-icon"></span>
+          </label>
+        
+        <nav class="md-nav" data-md-level="2" aria-labelledby="__nav_4_15_label" aria-expanded="false">
+          <label class="md-nav__title" for="__nav_4_15">
+            <span class="md-nav__icon md-icon"></span>
+            Bash
+          </label>
+          <ul class="md-nav__list" data-md-scrollfix>
+            
+              
+                
+  
+  
+  
+  
+    <li class="md-nav__item">
+      <a href="../../bash/scripting.html" class="md-nav__link">
+        
+  
+  <span class="md-ellipsis">
+    Scripting
+  </span>
+  
+
+      </a>
+    </li>
+  
+
+              
+            
+              
+                
+  
+  
+  
+  
+    <li class="md-nav__item">
+      <a href="../../bash/commands.html" class="md-nav__link">
+        
+  
+  <span class="md-ellipsis">
+    Commands
+  </span>
+  
+
+      </a>
+    </li>
+  
+
+              
+            
+          </ul>
+        </nav>
+      
+    </li>
+  
+
+              
+            
+          </ul>
+        </nav>
+      
+    </li>
+  
+
+    
+      
+      
+  
+  
+  
+  
+    
+    
+      
+        
+      
+        
+      
+        
+      
+        
+      
+        
+      
+    
+    
+      
+      
+        
+      
+    
+    
+    <li class="md-nav__item md-nav__item--nested">
+      
+        
+        
+        <input class="md-nav__toggle md-toggle " type="checkbox" id="__nav_5" >
+        
+          
+          <label class="md-nav__link" for="__nav_5" id="__nav_5_label" tabindex="0">
+            
+  
+  <span class="md-ellipsis">
+    Misc
+  </span>
+  
+
+            <span class="md-nav__icon md-icon"></span>
+          </label>
+        
+        <nav class="md-nav" data-md-level="1" aria-labelledby="__nav_5_label" aria-expanded="false">
+          <label class="md-nav__title" for="__nav_5">
+            <span class="md-nav__icon md-icon"></span>
+            Misc
+          </label>
+          <ul class="md-nav__list" data-md-scrollfix>
+            
+              
+                
+  
+  
+  
+  
+    <li class="md-nav__item">
+      <a href="../../../misc/git.html" class="md-nav__link">
+        
+  
+  <span class="md-ellipsis">
+    Git
+  </span>
+  
+
+      </a>
+    </li>
+  
+
+              
+            
+              
+                
+  
+  
+  
+  
+    <li class="md-nav__item">
+      <a href="../../../misc/graph-ql.html" class="md-nav__link">
+        
+  
+  <span class="md-ellipsis">
+    GraphQL
+  </span>
+  
+
+      </a>
+    </li>
+  
+
+              
+            
+              
+                
+  
+  
+  
+  
+    <li class="md-nav__item">
+      <a href="../../../misc/regular-expressions.html" class="md-nav__link">
+        
+  
+  <span class="md-ellipsis">
+    RegEx
+  </span>
+  
+
+      </a>
+    </li>
+  
+
+              
+            
+              
+                
+  
+  
+  
+  
+    <li class="md-nav__item">
+      <a href="../../../misc/ssh.html" class="md-nav__link">
+        
+  
+  <span class="md-ellipsis">
+    SSH
+  </span>
+  
+
+      </a>
+    </li>
+  
+
+              
+            
+              
+                
+  
+  
+  
+  
+    <li class="md-nav__item">
+      <a href="../../../misc/web-components.html" class="md-nav__link">
+        
+  
+  <span class="md-ellipsis">
+    WebComponents
+  </span>
+  
+
+      </a>
+    </li>
+  
+
+              
+            
+          </ul>
+        </nav>
+      
+    </li>
+  
+
+    
+      
+      
+  
+  
+  
+  
+    
+    
+      
+        
+      
+        
+      
+    
+    
+      
+      
+        
+      
+    
+    
+    <li class="md-nav__item md-nav__item--nested">
+      
+        
+        
+        <input class="md-nav__toggle md-toggle " type="checkbox" id="__nav_6" >
+        
+          
+          <label class="md-nav__link" for="__nav_6" id="__nav_6_label" tabindex="0">
+            
+  
+  <span class="md-ellipsis">
+    Linux
+  </span>
+  
+
+            <span class="md-nav__icon md-icon"></span>
+          </label>
+        
+        <nav class="md-nav" data-md-level="1" aria-labelledby="__nav_6_label" aria-expanded="false">
+          <label class="md-nav__title" for="__nav_6">
+            <span class="md-nav__icon md-icon"></span>
+            Linux
+          </label>
+          <ul class="md-nav__list" data-md-scrollfix>
+            
+              
+                
+  
+  
+  
+  
+    
+    
+      
+        
+      
+        
+      
+        
+      
+    
+    
+      
+      
+        
+      
+    
+    
+    <li class="md-nav__item md-nav__item--nested">
+      
+        
+        
+        <input class="md-nav__toggle md-toggle " type="checkbox" id="__nav_6_1" >
+        
+          
+          <label class="md-nav__link" for="__nav_6_1" id="__nav_6_1_label" tabindex="0">
+            
+  
+  <span class="md-ellipsis">
+    Filesystem
+  </span>
+  
+
+            <span class="md-nav__icon md-icon"></span>
+          </label>
+        
+        <nav class="md-nav" data-md-level="2" aria-labelledby="__nav_6_1_label" aria-expanded="false">
+          <label class="md-nav__title" for="__nav_6_1">
+            <span class="md-nav__icon md-icon"></span>
+            Filesystem
+          </label>
+          <ul class="md-nav__list" data-md-scrollfix>
+            
+              
+                
+  
+  
+  
+  
+    <li class="md-nav__item">
+      <a href="../../../linux/filesystem/file-links.html" class="md-nav__link">
+        
+  
+  <span class="md-ellipsis">
+    File Links
+  </span>
+  
+
+      </a>
+    </li>
+  
+
+              
+            
+              
+                
+  
+  
+  
+  
+    <li class="md-nav__item">
+      <a href="../../../linux/filesystem/procfs.html" class="md-nav__link">
+        
+  
+  <span class="md-ellipsis">
+    /proc
+  </span>
+  
+
+      </a>
+    </li>
+  
+
+              
+            
+              
+                
+  
+  
+  
+  
+    <li class="md-nav__item">
+      <a href="../../../linux/filesystem/sysfs.html" class="md-nav__link">
+        
+  
+  <span class="md-ellipsis">
+    /sys
+  </span>
+  
+
+      </a>
+    </li>
+  
+
+              
+            
+          </ul>
+        </nav>
+      
+    </li>
+  
+
+              
+            
+              
+                
+  
+  
+  
+  
+    
+    
+      
+        
+      
+        
+      
+    
+    
+      
+      
+        
+      
+    
+    
+    <li class="md-nav__item md-nav__item--nested">
+      
+        
+        
+        <input class="md-nav__toggle md-toggle " type="checkbox" id="__nav_6_2" >
+        
+          
+          <label class="md-nav__link" for="__nav_6_2" id="__nav_6_2_label" tabindex="0">
+            
+  
+  <span class="md-ellipsis">
+    System Init
+  </span>
+  
+
+            <span class="md-nav__icon md-icon"></span>
+          </label>
+        
+        <nav class="md-nav" data-md-level="2" aria-labelledby="__nav_6_2_label" aria-expanded="false">
+          <label class="md-nav__title" for="__nav_6_2">
+            <span class="md-nav__icon md-icon"></span>
+            System Init
+          </label>
+          <ul class="md-nav__list" data-md-scrollfix>
+            
+              
+                
+  
+  
+  
+  
+    <li class="md-nav__item">
+      <a href="../../../linux/init/systemd.html" class="md-nav__link">
+        
+  
+  <span class="md-ellipsis">
+    Systemd
+  </span>
+  
+
+      </a>
+    </li>
+  
+
+              
+            
+              
+                
+  
+  
+  
+  
+    <li class="md-nav__item">
+      <a href="../../../linux/init/open-rc.html" class="md-nav__link">
+        
+  
+  <span class="md-ellipsis">
+    OpenRC
+  </span>
+  
+
+      </a>
+    </li>
+  
+
+              
+            
+          </ul>
+        </nav>
+      
+    </li>
+  
+
+              
+            
+          </ul>
+        </nav>
+      
+    </li>
+  
+
+    
+  </ul>
+</nav>
+                  </div>
+                </div>
+              </div>
+            
+            
+              
+              <div class="md-sidebar md-sidebar--secondary" data-md-component="sidebar" data-md-type="toc" >
+                <div class="md-sidebar__scrollwrap">
+                  <div class="md-sidebar__inner">
+                    
+
+<nav class="md-nav md-nav--secondary" aria-label="Table of contents">
+  
+  
+  
+    
+  
+  
+</nav>
+                  </div>
+                </div>
+              </div>
+            
+          
+          
+            <div class="md-content" data-md-component="content">
+              <article class="md-content__inner md-typeset">
+                
+                  
+
+  
+  
+
+
+<h1 id="itertools-module">Itertools Module</h1>
+<div class="highlight"><table class="highlighttable"><tr><th colspan="2" class="filename"><span class="filename">Python</span></th></tr><tr><td class="linenos"><div class="linenodiv"><pre><span></span><span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-0-1"> 1</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-0-2"> 2</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-0-3"> 3</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-0-4"> 4</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-0-5"> 5</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-0-6"> 6</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-0-7"> 7</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-0-8"> 8</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-0-9"> 9</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-0-10">10</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-0-11">11</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-0-12">12</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-0-13">13</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-0-14">14</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-0-15">15</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-0-16">16</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-0-17">17</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-0-18">18</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-0-19">19</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-0-20">20</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-0-21">21</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-0-22">22</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-0-23">23</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-0-24">24</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-0-25">25</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-0-26">26</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-0-27">27</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-0-28">28</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-0-29">29</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-0-30">30</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-0-31">31</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-0-32">32</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-0-33">33</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-0-34">34</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-0-35">35</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-0-36">36</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-0-37">37</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-0-38">38</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-0-39">39</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-0-40">40</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-0-41">41</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-0-42">42</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-0-43">43</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-0-44">44</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-0-45">45</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-0-46">46</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-0-47">47</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-0-48">48</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-0-49">49</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-0-50">50</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-0-51">51</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-0-52">52</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-0-53">53</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-0-54">54</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-0-55">55</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-0-56">56</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-0-57">57</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-0-58">58</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-0-59">59</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-0-60">60</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-0-61">61</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-0-62">62</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-0-63">63</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-0-64">64</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-0-65">65</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-0-66">66</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-0-67">67</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-0-68">68</a></span></pre></div></td><td class="code"><div><pre><span></span><code><a id="__codelineno-0-1" name="__codelineno-0-1"></a><span class="c1"># accumulate ([1,2,3,4,5]) -&gt; 1, 3 (1 + 2), 6 (1 + 2 + 3), 10 (1 + 2 + 3 + 6), 15 (1+ 2 + 3 + 4 + 5)</span>
+<a id="__codelineno-0-2" name="__codelineno-0-2"></a><span class="c1"># accumulate (iter, func (,)) -&gt; iter [0], func (iter [0] + iter [1]) + func (prev + iter [2]), ...</span>
+<a id="__codelineno-0-3" name="__codelineno-0-3"></a><span class="n">accumulate</span> <span class="p">(</span><span class="n">iterable</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="n">func</span> <span class="p">(</span><span class="n">_</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="n">_</span><span class="p">))</span>
+<a id="__codelineno-0-4" name="__codelineno-0-4"></a>
+<a id="__codelineno-0-5" name="__codelineno-0-5"></a><span class="c1"># iterator returns elements from the first iterable,</span>
+<a id="__codelineno-0-6" name="__codelineno-0-6"></a><span class="c1"># then proceeds to the next until the end of the iterables</span>
+<a id="__codelineno-0-7" name="__codelineno-0-7"></a><span class="c1"># does not work if there is only one iterable</span>
+<a id="__codelineno-0-8" name="__codelineno-0-8"></a><span class="n">chain</span> <span class="p">(</span><span class="o">*</span> <span class="n">iterable</span><span class="p">)</span>
+<a id="__codelineno-0-9" name="__codelineno-0-9"></a>
+<a id="__codelineno-0-10" name="__codelineno-0-10"></a><span class="c1"># concatenates elements of the single iterable even if it contains sequences</span>
+<a id="__codelineno-0-11" name="__codelineno-0-11"></a><span class="n">chain</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">from_iterable</span> <span class="p">(</span><span class="n">iterable</span><span class="p">)</span>
+<a id="__codelineno-0-12" name="__codelineno-0-12"></a>
+<a id="__codelineno-0-13" name="__codelineno-0-13"></a><span class="c1"># returns sequences of length r starting from the iterable</span>
+<a id="__codelineno-0-14" name="__codelineno-0-14"></a><span class="c1"># items treated as unique based on their value</span>
+<a id="__codelineno-0-15" name="__codelineno-0-15"></a><span class="n">combinations</span> <span class="p">(</span><span class="n">iterable</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="n">r</span><span class="p">)</span>
+<a id="__codelineno-0-16" name="__codelineno-0-16"></a>
+<a id="__codelineno-0-17" name="__codelineno-0-17"></a><span class="c1"># # returns sequences of length r starting from the iterable allowing the repetition of the elements</span>
+<a id="__codelineno-0-18" name="__codelineno-0-18"></a><span class="n">combinations_with_replacement</span> <span class="p">(</span><span class="n">iterable</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="n">r</span><span class="p">)</span>
+<a id="__codelineno-0-19" name="__codelineno-0-19"></a>
+<a id="__codelineno-0-20" name="__codelineno-0-20"></a><span class="c1"># iterator filters date elements returning only those that have</span>
+<a id="__codelineno-0-21" name="__codelineno-0-21"></a><span class="c1"># a corresponding element in selectors that is true</span>
+<a id="__codelineno-0-22" name="__codelineno-0-22"></a><span class="n">compress</span> <span class="p">(</span><span class="n">data</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="n">selectors</span><span class="p">)</span>
+<a id="__codelineno-0-23" name="__codelineno-0-23"></a>
+<a id="__codelineno-0-24" name="__codelineno-0-24"></a><span class="n">count</span> <span class="p">(</span><span class="n">start</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="n">step</span><span class="p">)</span>
+<a id="__codelineno-0-25" name="__codelineno-0-25"></a>
+<a id="__codelineno-0-26" name="__codelineno-0-26"></a><span class="c1"># iterator returning values ​​in infinite sequence</span>
+<a id="__codelineno-0-27" name="__codelineno-0-27"></a><span class="n">cycle</span> <span class="p">(</span><span class="n">iterable</span><span class="p">)</span>
+<a id="__codelineno-0-28" name="__codelineno-0-28"></a>
+<a id="__codelineno-0-29" name="__codelineno-0-29"></a><span class="c1"># iterator discards elements of the iterable as long as the predicate is true</span>
+<a id="__codelineno-0-30" name="__codelineno-0-30"></a><span class="n">dropwhile</span> <span class="p">(</span><span class="n">predicate</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="n">iterable</span><span class="p">)</span>
+<a id="__codelineno-0-31" name="__codelineno-0-31"></a>
+<a id="__codelineno-0-32" name="__codelineno-0-32"></a><span class="c1"># iterator returning values ​​if predicate is false</span>
+<a id="__codelineno-0-33" name="__codelineno-0-33"></a><span class="n">filterfalse</span> <span class="p">(</span><span class="n">predicate</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="n">iterable</span><span class="p">)</span>
+<a id="__codelineno-0-34" name="__codelineno-0-34"></a>
+<a id="__codelineno-0-35" name="__codelineno-0-35"></a><span class="c1"># iterator returns tuple (key, group)</span>
+<a id="__codelineno-0-36" name="__codelineno-0-36"></a><span class="c1"># key is the grouping criterion</span>
+<a id="__codelineno-0-37" name="__codelineno-0-37"></a><span class="c1"># group is a generator returning group members</span>
+<a id="__codelineno-0-38" name="__codelineno-0-38"></a><span class="n">groupby</span> <span class="p">(</span><span class="n">iterable</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="n">key</span> <span class="o">=</span> <span class="kc">None</span><span class="p">)</span>
+<a id="__codelineno-0-39" name="__codelineno-0-39"></a>
+<a id="__codelineno-0-40" name="__codelineno-0-40"></a><span class="c1"># iterator returns slices of the iterable</span>
+<a id="__codelineno-0-41" name="__codelineno-0-41"></a><span class="n">isslice</span> <span class="p">(</span><span class="n">iterable</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="n">stop</span><span class="p">)</span>
+<a id="__codelineno-0-42" name="__codelineno-0-42"></a><span class="n">isslice</span> <span class="p">(</span><span class="n">iterable</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="n">start</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="n">stop</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="n">step</span><span class="p">)</span>
+<a id="__codelineno-0-43" name="__codelineno-0-43"></a>
+<a id="__codelineno-0-44" name="__codelineno-0-44"></a><span class="c1"># returns all permutations of length r of the iterable</span>
+<a id="__codelineno-0-45" name="__codelineno-0-45"></a><span class="n">permutations</span> <span class="p">(</span><span class="n">iterable</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="n">r</span> <span class="o">=</span> <span class="kc">None</span><span class="p">)</span>
+<a id="__codelineno-0-46" name="__codelineno-0-46"></a>
+<a id="__codelineno-0-47" name="__codelineno-0-47"></a><span class="c1"># Cartesian product of iterables</span>
+<a id="__codelineno-0-48" name="__codelineno-0-48"></a><span class="c1"># loops iterables in order of input</span>
+<a id="__codelineno-0-49" name="__codelineno-0-49"></a><span class="c1"># [product (&#39;ABCD&#39;, &#39;xy&#39;) -&gt; Ax Ay Bx By Cx Cy Dx Dy]</span>
+<a id="__codelineno-0-50" name="__codelineno-0-50"></a><span class="c1"># [product (&#39;ABCD&#39;, repeat = 2) -&gt; AA AB AC AD BA BB BC BD CA CB CC CD DA DB DC DD]</span>
+<a id="__codelineno-0-51" name="__codelineno-0-51"></a><span class="n">product</span> <span class="p">(</span><span class="o">*</span> <span class="n">iterable</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="n">repetitions</span> <span class="o">=</span> <span class="mi">1</span><span class="p">)</span>
+<a id="__codelineno-0-52" name="__codelineno-0-52"></a>
+<a id="__codelineno-0-53" name="__codelineno-0-53"></a><span class="c1"># returns an object infinite times if repetition is not specified</span>
+<a id="__codelineno-0-54" name="__codelineno-0-54"></a><span class="n">repeat</span> <span class="p">(</span><span class="nb">object</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="n">repetitions</span><span class="p">)</span>
+<a id="__codelineno-0-55" name="__codelineno-0-55"></a>
+<a id="__codelineno-0-56" name="__codelineno-0-56"></a><span class="c1"># iterator compute func (iterable)</span>
+<a id="__codelineno-0-57" name="__codelineno-0-57"></a><span class="c1"># used if iterable is pre-zipped sequence (seq of tuples grouping elements)</span>
+<a id="__codelineno-0-58" name="__codelineno-0-58"></a><span class="n">starmap</span> <span class="p">(</span><span class="n">func</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="n">iterable</span><span class="p">)</span>
+<a id="__codelineno-0-59" name="__codelineno-0-59"></a>
+<a id="__codelineno-0-60" name="__codelineno-0-60"></a><span class="c1"># iterator returning values ​​from iterable as long as predicate is true</span>
+<a id="__codelineno-0-61" name="__codelineno-0-61"></a><span class="n">takewhile</span> <span class="p">(</span><span class="n">predicate</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="n">iterable</span><span class="p">)</span>
+<a id="__codelineno-0-62" name="__codelineno-0-62"></a>
+<a id="__codelineno-0-63" name="__codelineno-0-63"></a><span class="c1"># returns n independent iterators from the single iterable</span>
+<a id="__codelineno-0-64" name="__codelineno-0-64"></a><span class="n">tee</span> <span class="p">(</span><span class="n">iterable</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="n">n</span> <span class="o">=</span> <span class="mi">2</span><span class="p">)</span>
+<a id="__codelineno-0-65" name="__codelineno-0-65"></a>
+<a id="__codelineno-0-66" name="__codelineno-0-66"></a><span class="c1"># produces an iterator that aggregates elements from each iterable</span>
+<a id="__codelineno-0-67" name="__codelineno-0-67"></a><span class="c1"># if the iterables have different lengths the missing values ​​are filled according to fillervalue</span>
+<a id="__codelineno-0-68" name="__codelineno-0-68"></a><span class="n">zip_longest</span> <span class="p">(</span><span class="o">*</span> <span class="n">iterable</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="n">fillvalue</span> <span class="o">=</span> <span class="kc">None</span><span class="p">)</span>
+</code></pre></div></td></tr></table></div>
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+    
+    
+      
+        
+      
+        
+      
+    
+    
+      
+      
+        
+          
+          
+        
+      
+    
+    
+    <li class="md-nav__item md-nav__item--section md-nav__item--nested">
+      
+        
+        
+        <input class="md-nav__toggle md-toggle " type="checkbox" id="__nav_4_7" >
+        
+          
+          <label class="md-nav__link" for="__nav_4_7" id="__nav_4_7_label" tabindex="">
+            
+  
+  <span class="md-ellipsis">
+    Assembly
+  </span>
+  
+
+            <span class="md-nav__icon md-icon"></span>
+          </label>
+        
+        <nav class="md-nav" data-md-level="2" aria-labelledby="__nav_4_7_label" aria-expanded="false">
+          <label class="md-nav__title" for="__nav_4_7">
+            <span class="md-nav__icon md-icon"></span>
+            Assembly
+          </label>
+          <ul class="md-nav__list" data-md-scrollfix>
+            
+              
+                
+  
+  
+  
+  
+    <li class="md-nav__item">
+      <a href="../../assembly/intel.html" class="md-nav__link">
+        
+  
+  <span class="md-ellipsis">
+    Intel
+  </span>
+  
+
+      </a>
+    </li>
+  
+
+              
+            
+              
+                
+  
+  
+  
+  
+    <li class="md-nav__item">
+      <a href="../../assembly/riscv.html" class="md-nav__link">
+        
+  
+  <span class="md-ellipsis">
+    RISC-V
+  </span>
+  
+
+      </a>
+    </li>
+  
+
+              
+            
+          </ul>
+        </nav>
+      
+    </li>
+  
+
+              
+            
+              
+                
+  
+  
+    
+  
+  
+  
+    
+    
+      
+        
+      
+        
+      
+        
+      
+    
+    
+      
+      
+        
+          
+          
+        
+      
+    
+    
+    <li class="md-nav__item md-nav__item--active md-nav__item--section md-nav__item--nested">
+      
+        
+        
+        <input class="md-nav__toggle md-toggle " type="checkbox" id="__nav_4_8" checked>
+        
+          
+          <label class="md-nav__link" for="__nav_4_8" id="__nav_4_8_label" tabindex="">
+            
+  
+  <span class="md-ellipsis">
+    Python
+  </span>
+  
+
+            <span class="md-nav__icon md-icon"></span>
+          </label>
+        
+        <nav class="md-nav" data-md-level="2" aria-labelledby="__nav_4_8_label" aria-expanded="true">
+          <label class="md-nav__title" for="__nav_4_8">
+            <span class="md-nav__icon md-icon"></span>
+            Python
+          </label>
+          <ul class="md-nav__list" data-md-scrollfix>
+            
+              
+                
+  
+  
+  
+  
+    <li class="md-nav__item">
+      <a href="../python.html" class="md-nav__link">
+        
+  
+  <span class="md-ellipsis">
+    Python
+  </span>
+  
+
+      </a>
+    </li>
+  
+
+              
+            
+              
+                
+  
+  
+    
+  
+  
+  
+    
+    
+      
+        
+      
+        
+      
+        
+      
+        
+      
+        
+      
+        
+      
+        
+      
+        
+      
+        
+      
+        
+      
+        
+      
+        
+      
+        
+      
+    
+    
+      
+      
+        
+      
+    
+    
+    <li class="md-nav__item md-nav__item--active md-nav__item--nested">
+      
+        
+        
+        <input class="md-nav__toggle md-toggle " type="checkbox" id="__nav_4_8_2" checked>
+        
+          
+          <label class="md-nav__link" for="__nav_4_8_2" id="__nav_4_8_2_label" tabindex="0">
+            
+  
+  <span class="md-ellipsis">
+    Modules
+  </span>
+  
+
+            <span class="md-nav__icon md-icon"></span>
+          </label>
+        
+        <nav class="md-nav" data-md-level="3" aria-labelledby="__nav_4_8_2_label" aria-expanded="true">
+          <label class="md-nav__title" for="__nav_4_8_2">
+            <span class="md-nav__icon md-icon"></span>
+            Modules
+          </label>
+          <ul class="md-nav__list" data-md-scrollfix>
+            
+              
+                
+  
+  
+  
+  
+    <li class="md-nav__item">
+      <a href="argparse.html" class="md-nav__link">
+        
+  
+  <span class="md-ellipsis">
+    argparse
+  </span>
+  
+
+      </a>
+    </li>
+  
+
+              
+            
+              
+                
+  
+  
+  
+  
+    <li class="md-nav__item">
+      <a href="collections.html" class="md-nav__link">
+        
+  
+  <span class="md-ellipsis">
+    collection
+  </span>
+  
+
+      </a>
+    </li>
+  
+
+              
+            
+              
+                
+  
+  
+  
+  
+    <li class="md-nav__item">
+      <a href="csv.html" class="md-nav__link">
+        
+  
+  <span class="md-ellipsis">
+    csv
+  </span>
+  
+
+      </a>
+    </li>
+  
+
+              
+            
+              
+                
+  
+  
+  
+  
+    <li class="md-nav__item">
+      <a href="ftplib.html" class="md-nav__link">
+        
+  
+  <span class="md-ellipsis">
+    ftplib
+  </span>
+  
+
+      </a>
+    </li>
+  
+
+              
+            
+              
+                
+  
+  
+  
+  
+    <li class="md-nav__item">
+      <a href="itertools.html" class="md-nav__link">
+        
+  
+  <span class="md-ellipsis">
+    itertools
+  </span>
+  
+
+      </a>
+    </li>
+  
+
+              
+            
+              
+                
+  
+  
+    
+  
+  
+  
+    <li class="md-nav__item md-nav__item--active">
+      
+      <input class="md-nav__toggle md-toggle" type="checkbox" id="__toc">
+      
+      
+        
+      
+      
+        <label class="md-nav__link md-nav__link--active" for="__toc">
+          
+  
+  <span class="md-ellipsis">
+    json
+  </span>
+  
+
+          <span class="md-nav__icon md-icon"></span>
+        </label>
+      
+      <a href="json.html" class="md-nav__link md-nav__link--active">
+        
+  
+  <span class="md-ellipsis">
+    json
+  </span>
+  
+
+      </a>
+      
+        
+
+<nav class="md-nav md-nav--secondary" aria-label="Table of contents">
+  
+  
+  
+    
+  
+  
+    <label class="md-nav__title" for="__toc">
+      <span class="md-nav__icon md-icon"></span>
+      Table of contents
+    </label>
+    <ul class="md-nav__list" data-md-component="toc" data-md-scrollfix>
+      
+        <li class="md-nav__item">
+  <a href="#json-format" class="md-nav__link">
+    <span class="md-ellipsis">
+      JSON Format
+    </span>
+  </a>
+  
+</li>
+      
+        <li class="md-nav__item">
+  <a href="#usage" class="md-nav__link">
+    <span class="md-ellipsis">
+      Usage
+    </span>
+  </a>
+  
+</li>
+      
+        <li class="md-nav__item">
+  <a href="#default-decoder-jsonjsondecoder" class="md-nav__link">
+    <span class="md-ellipsis">
+      Default Decoder (json.JSONDecoder())
+    </span>
+  </a>
+  
+</li>
+      
+        <li class="md-nav__item">
+  <a href="#default-encoder-jsonjsonencoder" class="md-nav__link">
+    <span class="md-ellipsis">
+      Default Encoder (json.JSONEncoder())
+    </span>
+  </a>
+  
+</li>
+      
+        <li class="md-nav__item">
+  <a href="#extending-jsonencoder-example" class="md-nav__link">
+    <span class="md-ellipsis">
+      Extending JSONEncoder (Example)
+    </span>
+  </a>
+  
+</li>
+      
+        <li class="md-nav__item">
+  <a href="#retrieving-data-from-json-dict" class="md-nav__link">
+    <span class="md-ellipsis">
+      Retrieving Data from json dict
+    </span>
+  </a>
+  
+</li>
+      
+    </ul>
+  
+</nav>
+      
+    </li>
+  
+
+              
+            
+              
+                
+  
+  
+  
+  
+    <li class="md-nav__item">
+      <a href="logging.html" class="md-nav__link">
+        
+  
+  <span class="md-ellipsis">
+    logging
+  </span>
+  
+
+      </a>
+    </li>
+  
+
+              
+            
+              
+                
+  
+  
+  
+  
+    <li class="md-nav__item">
+      <a href="shutil.html" class="md-nav__link">
+        
+  
+  <span class="md-ellipsis">
+    shutil
+  </span>
+  
+
+      </a>
+    </li>
+  
+
+              
+            
+              
+                
+  
+  
+  
+  
+    <li class="md-nav__item">
+      <a href="smtplib.html" class="md-nav__link">
+        
+  
+  <span class="md-ellipsis">
+    smtplib
+  </span>
+  
+
+      </a>
+    </li>
+  
+
+              
+            
+              
+                
+  
+  
+  
+  
+    <li class="md-nav__item">
+      <a href="socket.html" class="md-nav__link">
+        
+  
+  <span class="md-ellipsis">
+    socket
+  </span>
+  
+
+      </a>
+    </li>
+  
+
+              
+            
+              
+                
+  
+  
+  
+  
+    <li class="md-nav__item">
+      <a href="sqlite.html" class="md-nav__link">
+        
+  
+  <span class="md-ellipsis">
+    sqlite
+  </span>
+  
+
+      </a>
+    </li>
+  
+
+              
+            
+              
+                
+  
+  
+  
+  
+    <li class="md-nav__item">
+      <a href="time-datetime.html" class="md-nav__link">
+        
+  
+  <span class="md-ellipsis">
+    time & datetime
+  </span>
+  
+
+      </a>
+    </li>
+  
+
+              
+            
+              
+                
+  
+  
+  
+  
+    <li class="md-nav__item">
+      <a href="unittest.html" class="md-nav__link">
+        
+  
+  <span class="md-ellipsis">
+    unittest
+  </span>
+  
+
+      </a>
+    </li>
+  
+
+              
+            
+          </ul>
+        </nav>
+      
+    </li>
+  
+
+              
+            
+              
+                
+  
+  
+  
+  
+    
+    
+      
+        
+      
+        
+      
+        
+      
+        
+      
+        
+      
+        
+      
+    
+    
+      
+      
+        
+      
+    
+    
+    <li class="md-nav__item md-nav__item--nested">
+      
+        
+        
+        <input class="md-nav__toggle md-toggle " type="checkbox" id="__nav_4_8_3" >
+        
+          
+          <label class="md-nav__link" for="__nav_4_8_3" id="__nav_4_8_3_label" tabindex="0">
+            
+  
+  <span class="md-ellipsis">
+    Libraries
+  </span>
+  
+
+            <span class="md-nav__icon md-icon"></span>
+          </label>
+        
+        <nav class="md-nav" data-md-level="3" aria-labelledby="__nav_4_8_3_label" aria-expanded="false">
+          <label class="md-nav__title" for="__nav_4_8_3">
+            <span class="md-nav__icon md-icon"></span>
+            Libraries
+          </label>
+          <ul class="md-nav__list" data-md-scrollfix>
+            
+              
+                
+  
+  
+  
+  
+    <li class="md-nav__item">
+      <a href="../libs/tkinter.html" class="md-nav__link">
+        
+  
+  <span class="md-ellipsis">
+    TKinter
+  </span>
+  
+
+      </a>
+    </li>
+  
+
+              
+            
+              
+                
+  
+  
+  
+  
+    <li class="md-nav__item">
+      <a href="../libs/numpy.html" class="md-nav__link">
+        
+  
+  <span class="md-ellipsis">
+    Numpy
+  </span>
+  
+
+      </a>
+    </li>
+  
+
+              
+            
+              
+                
+  
+  
+  
+  
+    <li class="md-nav__item">
+      <a href="../libs/pandas.html" class="md-nav__link">
+        
+  
+  <span class="md-ellipsis">
+    Pandas
+  </span>
+  
+
+      </a>
+    </li>
+  
+
+              
+            
+              
+                
+  
+  
+  
+  
+    <li class="md-nav__item">
+      <a href="../libs/seaborn.html" class="md-nav__link">
+        
+  
+  <span class="md-ellipsis">
+    Seaborn
+  </span>
+  
+
+      </a>
+    </li>
+  
+
+              
+            
+              
+                
+  
+  
+  
+  
+    <li class="md-nav__item">
+      <a href="../libs/requests.html" class="md-nav__link">
+        
+  
+  <span class="md-ellipsis">
+    Requests
+  </span>
+  
+
+      </a>
+    </li>
+  
+
+              
+            
+              
+                
+  
+  
+  
+  
+    <li class="md-nav__item">
+      <a href="../libs/beautiful-soup.html" class="md-nav__link">
+        
+  
+  <span class="md-ellipsis">
+    Beatiful Soup
+  </span>
+  
+
+      </a>
+    </li>
+  
+
+              
+            
+          </ul>
+        </nav>
+      
+    </li>
+  
+
+              
+            
+          </ul>
+        </nav>
+      
+    </li>
+  
+
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+            
+              
+                
+  
+  
+  
+  
+    
+    
+      
+        
+      
+        
+      
+        
+      
+    
+    
+      
+      
+        
+          
+          
+        
+      
+    
+    
+    <li class="md-nav__item md-nav__item--section md-nav__item--nested">
+      
+        
+        
+        <input class="md-nav__toggle md-toggle " type="checkbox" id="__nav_4_9" >
+        
+          
+          <label class="md-nav__link" for="__nav_4_9" id="__nav_4_9_label" tabindex="">
+            
+  
+  <span class="md-ellipsis">
+    .NET
+  </span>
+  
+
+            <span class="md-nav__icon md-icon"></span>
+          </label>
+        
+        <nav class="md-nav" data-md-level="2" aria-labelledby="__nav_4_9_label" aria-expanded="false">
+          <label class="md-nav__title" for="__nav_4_9">
+            <span class="md-nav__icon md-icon"></span>
+            .NET
+          </label>
+          <ul class="md-nav__list" data-md-scrollfix>
+            
+              
+                
+  
+  
+  
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+    
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+      
+        
+      
+        
+      
+        
+      
+        
+      
+        
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+      
+    
+    
+      
+      
+        
+      
+    
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+    <li class="md-nav__item md-nav__item--nested">
+      
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+        <input class="md-nav__toggle md-toggle " type="checkbox" id="__nav_4_9_1" >
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+          <label class="md-nav__link" for="__nav_4_9_1" id="__nav_4_9_1_label" tabindex="0">
+            
+  
+  <span class="md-ellipsis">
+    C#
+  </span>
+  
+
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+          </label>
+        
+        <nav class="md-nav" data-md-level="3" aria-labelledby="__nav_4_9_1_label" aria-expanded="false">
+          <label class="md-nav__title" for="__nav_4_9_1">
+            <span class="md-nav__icon md-icon"></span>
+            C#
+          </label>
+          <ul class="md-nav__list" data-md-scrollfix>
+            
+              
+                
+  
+  
+  
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+    <li class="md-nav__item">
+      <a href="../../dotnet/csharp/csharp.html" class="md-nav__link">
+        
+  
+  <span class="md-ellipsis">
+    C#
+  </span>
+  
+
+      </a>
+    </li>
+  
+
+              
+            
+              
+                
+  
+  
+  
+  
+    <li class="md-nav__item">
+      <a href="../../dotnet/csharp/linq.html" class="md-nav__link">
+        
+  
+  <span class="md-ellipsis">
+    Linq
+  </span>
+  
+
+      </a>
+    </li>
+  
+
+              
+            
+              
+                
+  
+  
+  
+  
+    <li class="md-nav__item">
+      <a href="../../dotnet/csharp/collections.html" class="md-nav__link">
+        
+  
+  <span class="md-ellipsis">
+    Collections
+  </span>
+  
+
+      </a>
+    </li>
+  
+
+              
+            
+              
+                
+  
+  
+  
+  
+    <li class="md-nav__item">
+      <a href="../../dotnet/csharp/reactive-extensions.html" class="md-nav__link">
+        
+  
+  <span class="md-ellipsis">
+    Reactive Extensions
+  </span>
+  
+
+      </a>
+    </li>
+  
+
+              
+            
+              
+                
+  
+  
+  
+  
+    <li class="md-nav__item">
+      <a href="../../dotnet/csharp/async-programming.html" class="md-nav__link">
+        
+  
+  <span class="md-ellipsis">
+    Async Programming
+  </span>
+  
+
+      </a>
+    </li>
+  
+
+              
+            
+              
+                
+  
+  
+  
+  
+    <li class="md-nav__item">
+      <a href="../../dotnet/csharp/unit-tests.html" class="md-nav__link">
+        
+  
+  <span class="md-ellipsis">
+    Unit Tests
+  </span>
+  
+
+      </a>
+    </li>
+  
+
+              
+            
+          </ul>
+        </nav>
+      
+    </li>
+  
+
+              
+            
+              
+                
+  
+  
+  
+  
+    
+    
+      
+        
+      
+        
+      
+        
+      
+        
+      
+        
+      
+        
+      
+        
+      
+    
+    
+      
+      
+        
+      
+    
+    
+    <li class="md-nav__item md-nav__item--nested">
+      
+        
+        
+        <input class="md-nav__toggle md-toggle " type="checkbox" id="__nav_4_9_2" >
+        
+          
+          <label class="md-nav__link" for="__nav_4_9_2" id="__nav_4_9_2_label" tabindex="0">
+            
+  
+  <span class="md-ellipsis">
+    ASP.NET
+  </span>
+  
+
+            <span class="md-nav__icon md-icon"></span>
+          </label>
+        
+        <nav class="md-nav" data-md-level="3" aria-labelledby="__nav_4_9_2_label" aria-expanded="false">
+          <label class="md-nav__title" for="__nav_4_9_2">
+            <span class="md-nav__icon md-icon"></span>
+            ASP.NET
+          </label>
+          <ul class="md-nav__list" data-md-scrollfix>
+            
+              
+                
+  
+  
+  
+  
+    <li class="md-nav__item">
+      <a href="../../dotnet/asp.net/minimal-api.html" class="md-nav__link">
+        
+  
+  <span class="md-ellipsis">
+    Minimal API
+  </span>
+  
+
+      </a>
+    </li>
+  
+
+              
+            
+              
+                
+  
+  
+  
+  
+    <li class="md-nav__item">
+      <a href="../../dotnet/asp.net/filters.html" class="md-nav__link">
+        
+  
+  <span class="md-ellipsis">
+    FIlters
+  </span>
+  
+
+      </a>
+    </li>
+  
+
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+            
+              
+                
+  
+  
+  
+  
+    <li class="md-nav__item">
+      <a href="../../dotnet/asp.net/middleware.html" class="md-nav__link">
+        
+  
+  <span class="md-ellipsis">
+    Middleware
+  </span>
+  
+
+      </a>
+    </li>
+  
+
+              
+            
+              
+                
+  
+  
+  
+  
+    <li class="md-nav__item">
+      <a href="../../dotnet/asp.net/razor-syntax.html" class="md-nav__link">
+        
+  
+  <span class="md-ellipsis">
+    Razor Syntax
+  </span>
+  
+
+      </a>
+    </li>
+  
+
+              
+            
+              
+                
+  
+  
+  
+  
+    <li class="md-nav__item">
+      <a href="../../dotnet/asp.net/blazor.html" class="md-nav__link">
+        
+  
+  <span class="md-ellipsis">
+    Blazor
+  </span>
+  
+
+      </a>
+    </li>
+  
+
+              
+            
+              
+                
+  
+  
+  
+  
+    <li class="md-nav__item">
+      <a href="../../dotnet/asp.net/signalr.html" class="md-nav__link">
+        
+  
+  <span class="md-ellipsis">
+    SignalR
+  </span>
+  
+
+      </a>
+    </li>
+  
+
+              
+            
+              
+                
+  
+  
+  
+  
+    <li class="md-nav__item">
+      <a href="../../dotnet/asp.net/web-forms.html" class="md-nav__link">
+        
+  
+  <span class="md-ellipsis">
+    Web Forms
+  </span>
+  
+
+      </a>
+    </li>
+  
+
+              
+            
+          </ul>
+        </nav>
+      
+    </li>
+  
+
+              
+            
+              
+                
+  
+  
+  
+  
+    
+    
+      
+        
+      
+        
+      
+    
+    
+      
+      
+        
+      
+    
+    
+    <li class="md-nav__item md-nav__item--nested">
+      
+        
+        
+        <input class="md-nav__toggle md-toggle " type="checkbox" id="__nav_4_9_3" >
+        
+          
+          <label class="md-nav__link" for="__nav_4_9_3" id="__nav_4_9_3_label" tabindex="0">
+            
+  
+  <span class="md-ellipsis">
+    Database
+  </span>
+  
+
+            <span class="md-nav__icon md-icon"></span>
+          </label>
+        
+        <nav class="md-nav" data-md-level="3" aria-labelledby="__nav_4_9_3_label" aria-expanded="false">
+          <label class="md-nav__title" for="__nav_4_9_3">
+            <span class="md-nav__icon md-icon"></span>
+            Database
+          </label>
+          <ul class="md-nav__list" data-md-scrollfix>
+            
+              
+                
+  
+  
+  
+  
+    <li class="md-nav__item">
+      <a href="../../dotnet/database/ado.net.html" class="md-nav__link">
+        
+  
+  <span class="md-ellipsis">
+    ADO.NET
+  </span>
+  
+
+      </a>
+    </li>
+  
+
+              
+            
+              
+                
+  
+  
+  
+  
+    <li class="md-nav__item">
+      <a href="../../dotnet/database/entity-framework.html" class="md-nav__link">
+        
+  
+  <span class="md-ellipsis">
+    Entity Framework
+  </span>
+  
+
+      </a>
+    </li>
+  
+
+              
+            
+          </ul>
+        </nav>
+      
+    </li>
+  
+
+              
+            
+          </ul>
+        </nav>
+      
+    </li>
+  
+
+              
+            
+              
+                
+  
+  
+  
+  
+    
+    
+      
+        
+      
+        
+      
+        
+      
+        
+      
+    
+    
+      
+      
+        
+          
+          
+        
+      
+    
+    
+    <li class="md-nav__item md-nav__item--section md-nav__item--nested">
+      
+        
+        
+        <input class="md-nav__toggle md-toggle " type="checkbox" id="__nav_4_10" >
+        
+          
+          <label class="md-nav__link" for="__nav_4_10" id="__nav_4_10_label" tabindex="">
+            
+  
+  <span class="md-ellipsis">
+    Java
+  </span>
+  
+
+            <span class="md-nav__icon md-icon"></span>
+          </label>
+        
+        <nav class="md-nav" data-md-level="2" aria-labelledby="__nav_4_10_label" aria-expanded="false">
+          <label class="md-nav__title" for="__nav_4_10">
+            <span class="md-nav__icon md-icon"></span>
+            Java
+          </label>
+          <ul class="md-nav__list" data-md-scrollfix>
+            
+              
+                
+  
+  
+  
+  
+    <li class="md-nav__item">
+      <a href="../../java/java.html" class="md-nav__link">
+        
+  
+  <span class="md-ellipsis">
+    Java
+  </span>
+  
+
+      </a>
+    </li>
+  
+
+              
+            
+              
+                
+  
+  
+  
+  
+    <li class="md-nav__item">
+      <a href="../../java/java-collection-framework.html" class="md-nav__link">
+        
+  
+  <span class="md-ellipsis">
+    Java Collection Framework
+  </span>
+  
+
+      </a>
+    </li>
+  
+
+              
+            
+              
+                
+  
+  
+  
+  
+    <li class="md-nav__item">
+      <a href="../../java/dao.html" class="md-nav__link">
+        
+  
+  <span class="md-ellipsis">
+    DAO
+  </span>
+  
+
+      </a>
+    </li>
+  
+
+              
+            
+              
+                
+  
+  
+  
+  
+    
+    
+      
+        
+      
+        
+      
+    
+    
+      
+      
+        
+      
+    
+    
+    <li class="md-nav__item md-nav__item--nested">
+      
+        
+        
+        <input class="md-nav__toggle md-toggle " type="checkbox" id="__nav_4_10_4" >
+        
+          
+          <label class="md-nav__link" for="__nav_4_10_4" id="__nav_4_10_4_label" tabindex="0">
+            
+  
+  <span class="md-ellipsis">
+    Web
+  </span>
+  
+
+            <span class="md-nav__icon md-icon"></span>
+          </label>
+        
+        <nav class="md-nav" data-md-level="3" aria-labelledby="__nav_4_10_4_label" aria-expanded="false">
+          <label class="md-nav__title" for="__nav_4_10_4">
+            <span class="md-nav__icon md-icon"></span>
+            Web
+          </label>
+          <ul class="md-nav__list" data-md-scrollfix>
+            
+              
+                
+  
+  
+  
+  
+    <li class="md-nav__item">
+      <a href="../../java/web/servlet.html" class="md-nav__link">
+        
+  
+  <span class="md-ellipsis">
+    Serverlet
+  </span>
+  
+
+      </a>
+    </li>
+  
+
+              
+            
+              
+                
+  
+  
+  
+  
+    
+    
+      
+        
+      
+        
+      
+    
+    
+      
+      
+        
+      
+    
+    
+    <li class="md-nav__item md-nav__item--nested">
+      
+        
+        
+        <input class="md-nav__toggle md-toggle " type="checkbox" id="__nav_4_10_4_2" >
+        
+          
+          <label class="md-nav__link" for="__nav_4_10_4_2" id="__nav_4_10_4_2_label" tabindex="0">
+            
+  
+  <span class="md-ellipsis">
+    Spring
+  </span>
+  
+
+            <span class="md-nav__icon md-icon"></span>
+          </label>
+        
+        <nav class="md-nav" data-md-level="4" aria-labelledby="__nav_4_10_4_2_label" aria-expanded="false">
+          <label class="md-nav__title" for="__nav_4_10_4_2">
+            <span class="md-nav__icon md-icon"></span>
+            Spring
+          </label>
+          <ul class="md-nav__list" data-md-scrollfix>
+            
+              
+                
+  
+  
+  
+  
+    <li class="md-nav__item">
+      <a href="../../java/spring/pom.xml.html" class="md-nav__link">
+        
+  
+  <span class="md-ellipsis">
+    POM
+  </span>
+  
+
+      </a>
+    </li>
+  
+
+              
+            
+              
+                
+  
+  
+  
+  
+    <li class="md-nav__item">
+      <a href="../../java/spring/spring-project.html" class="md-nav__link">
+        
+  
+  <span class="md-ellipsis">
+    Project Structure
+  </span>
+  
+
+      </a>
+    </li>
+  
+
+              
+            
+          </ul>
+        </nav>
+      
+    </li>
+  
+
+              
+            
+          </ul>
+        </nav>
+      
+    </li>
+  
+
+              
+            
+          </ul>
+        </nav>
+      
+    </li>
+  
+
+              
+            
+              
+                
+  
+  
+  
+  
+    
+    
+      
+        
+      
+        
+      
+        
+      
+        
+      
+        
+      
+        
+      
+        
+      
+        
+      
+        
+      
+    
+    
+      
+      
+        
+          
+          
+        
+      
+    
+    
+    <li class="md-nav__item md-nav__item--section md-nav__item--nested">
+      
+        
+        
+        <input class="md-nav__toggle md-toggle " type="checkbox" id="__nav_4_11" >
+        
+          
+          <label class="md-nav__link" for="__nav_4_11" id="__nav_4_11_label" tabindex="">
+            
+  
+  <span class="md-ellipsis">
+    PHP
+  </span>
+  
+
+            <span class="md-nav__icon md-icon"></span>
+          </label>
+        
+        <nav class="md-nav" data-md-level="2" aria-labelledby="__nav_4_11_label" aria-expanded="false">
+          <label class="md-nav__title" for="__nav_4_11">
+            <span class="md-nav__icon md-icon"></span>
+            PHP
+          </label>
+          <ul class="md-nav__list" data-md-scrollfix>
+            
+              
+                
+  
+  
+  
+  
+    <li class="md-nav__item">
+      <a href="../../php/php.html" class="md-nav__link">
+        
+  
+  <span class="md-ellipsis">
+    PHP
+  </span>
+  
+
+      </a>
+    </li>
+  
+
+              
+            
+              
+                
+  
+  
+  
+  
+    <li class="md-nav__item">
+      <a href="../../php/database.html" class="md-nav__link">
+        
+  
+  <span class="md-ellipsis">
+    Database
+  </span>
+  
+
+      </a>
+    </li>
+  
+
+              
+            
+              
+                
+  
+  
+  
+  
+    <li class="md-nav__item">
+      <a href="../../php/web.html" class="md-nav__link">
+        
+  
+  <span class="md-ellipsis">
+    Web
+  </span>
+  
+
+      </a>
+    </li>
+  
+
+              
+            
+              
+                
+  
+  
+  
+  
+    <li class="md-nav__item">
+      <a href="../../php/dependency-injection.html" class="md-nav__link">
+        
+  
+  <span class="md-ellipsis">
+    Dependency Injection
+  </span>
+  
+
+      </a>
+    </li>
+  
+
+              
+            
+              
+                
+  
+  
+  
+  
+    <li class="md-nav__item">
+      <a href="../../php/unit-tests.html" class="md-nav__link">
+        
+  
+  <span class="md-ellipsis">
+    Unit Tests
+  </span>
+  
+
+      </a>
+    </li>
+  
+
+              
+            
+              
+                
+  
+  
+  
+  
+    <li class="md-nav__item">
+      <a href="../../php/composer.html" class="md-nav__link">
+        
+  
+  <span class="md-ellipsis">
+    Composer
+  </span>
+  
+
+      </a>
+    </li>
+  
+
+              
+            
+              
+                
+  
+  
+  
+  
+    <li class="md-nav__item">
+      <a href="../../php/psr-7.html" class="md-nav__link">
+        
+  
+  <span class="md-ellipsis">
+    PSR 7
+  </span>
+  
+
+      </a>
+    </li>
+  
+
+              
+            
+              
+                
+  
+  
+  
+  
+    <li class="md-nav__item">
+      <a href="../../php/plates-templating.html" class="md-nav__link">
+        
+  
+  <span class="md-ellipsis">
+    Plates
+  </span>
+  
+
+      </a>
+    </li>
+  
+
+              
+            
+              
+                
+  
+  
+  
+  
+    
+    
+      
+        
+      
+        
+      
+    
+    
+      
+      
+        
+      
+    
+    
+    <li class="md-nav__item md-nav__item--nested">
+      
+        
+        
+        <input class="md-nav__toggle md-toggle " type="checkbox" id="__nav_4_11_9" >
+        
+          
+          <label class="md-nav__link" for="__nav_4_11_9" id="__nav_4_11_9_label" tabindex="0">
+            
+  
+  <span class="md-ellipsis">
+    Simple MVC
+  </span>
+  
+
+            <span class="md-nav__icon md-icon"></span>
+          </label>
+        
+        <nav class="md-nav" data-md-level="3" aria-labelledby="__nav_4_11_9_label" aria-expanded="false">
+          <label class="md-nav__title" for="__nav_4_11_9">
+            <span class="md-nav__icon md-icon"></span>
+            Simple MVC
+          </label>
+          <ul class="md-nav__list" data-md-scrollfix>
+            
+              
+                
+  
+  
+  
+  
+    <li class="md-nav__item">
+      <a href="../../php/simple-mvc/simple-mvc.html" class="md-nav__link">
+        
+  
+  <span class="md-ellipsis">
+    Simple MVC
+  </span>
+  
+
+      </a>
+    </li>
+  
+
+              
+            
+              
+                
+  
+  
+  
+  
+    <li class="md-nav__item">
+      <a href="../../php/simple-mvc/rest-api.html" class="md-nav__link">
+        
+  
+  <span class="md-ellipsis">
+    REST API
+  </span>
+  
+
+      </a>
+    </li>
+  
+
+              
+            
+          </ul>
+        </nav>
+      
+    </li>
+  
+
+              
+            
+          </ul>
+        </nav>
+      
+    </li>
+  
+
+              
+            
+              
+                
+  
+  
+  
+  
+    
+    
+      
+        
+      
+        
+      
+        
+      
+        
+      
+        
+      
+    
+    
+      
+      
+        
+          
+          
+        
+      
+    
+    
+    <li class="md-nav__item md-nav__item--section md-nav__item--nested">
+      
+        
+        
+        <input class="md-nav__toggle md-toggle " type="checkbox" id="__nav_4_12" >
+        
+          
+          <label class="md-nav__link" for="__nav_4_12" id="__nav_4_12_label" tabindex="">
+            
+  
+  <span class="md-ellipsis">
+    Rust
+  </span>
+  
+
+            <span class="md-nav__icon md-icon"></span>
+          </label>
+        
+        <nav class="md-nav" data-md-level="2" aria-labelledby="__nav_4_12_label" aria-expanded="false">
+          <label class="md-nav__title" for="__nav_4_12">
+            <span class="md-nav__icon md-icon"></span>
+            Rust
+          </label>
+          <ul class="md-nav__list" data-md-scrollfix>
+            
+              
+                
+  
+  
+  
+  
+    <li class="md-nav__item">
+      <a href="../../rust/rust.html" class="md-nav__link">
+        
+  
+  <span class="md-ellipsis">
+    Rust
+  </span>
+  
+
+      </a>
+    </li>
+  
+
+              
+            
+              
+                
+  
+  
+  
+  
+    <li class="md-nav__item">
+      <a href="../../rust/macros.html" class="md-nav__link">
+        
+  
+  <span class="md-ellipsis">
+    Macros
+  </span>
+  
+
+      </a>
+    </li>
+  
+
+              
+            
+              
+                
+  
+  
+  
+  
+    <li class="md-nav__item">
+      <a href="../../rust/cargo.html" class="md-nav__link">
+        
+  
+  <span class="md-ellipsis">
+    Cargo
+  </span>
+  
+
+      </a>
+    </li>
+  
+
+              
+            
+              
+                
+  
+  
+  
+  
+    <li class="md-nav__item">
+      <a href="../../rust/concurrency.html" class="md-nav__link">
+        
+  
+  <span class="md-ellipsis">
+    Concurrency
+  </span>
+  
+
+      </a>
+    </li>
+  
+
+              
+            
+              
+                
+  
+  
+  
+  
+    <li class="md-nav__item">
+      <a href="../../rust/unit-tests.html" class="md-nav__link">
+        
+  
+  <span class="md-ellipsis">
+    Unit Tests
+  </span>
+  
+
+      </a>
+    </li>
+  
+
+              
+            
+          </ul>
+        </nav>
+      
+    </li>
+  
+
+              
+            
+              
+                
+  
+  
+  
+  
+    
+    
+      
+        
+      
+        
+      
+        
+      
+        
+      
+        
+      
+        
+      
+        
+      
+    
+    
+      
+      
+        
+          
+          
+        
+      
+    
+    
+    <li class="md-nav__item md-nav__item--section md-nav__item--nested">
+      
+        
+        
+        <input class="md-nav__toggle md-toggle " type="checkbox" id="__nav_4_13" >
+        
+          
+          <label class="md-nav__link" for="__nav_4_13" id="__nav_4_13_label" tabindex="">
+            
+  
+  <span class="md-ellipsis">
+    Javascript
+  </span>
+  
+
+            <span class="md-nav__icon md-icon"></span>
+          </label>
+        
+        <nav class="md-nav" data-md-level="2" aria-labelledby="__nav_4_13_label" aria-expanded="false">
+          <label class="md-nav__title" for="__nav_4_13">
+            <span class="md-nav__icon md-icon"></span>
+            Javascript
+          </label>
+          <ul class="md-nav__list" data-md-scrollfix>
+            
+              
+                
+  
+  
+  
+  
+    <li class="md-nav__item">
+      <a href="../../javascript/javascript.html" class="md-nav__link">
+        
+  
+  <span class="md-ellipsis">
+    Javascript
+  </span>
+  
+
+      </a>
+    </li>
+  
+
+              
+            
+              
+                
+  
+  
+  
+  
+    <li class="md-nav__item">
+      <a href="../../javascript/dom.html" class="md-nav__link">
+        
+  
+  <span class="md-ellipsis">
+    DOM
+  </span>
+  
+
+      </a>
+    </li>
+  
+
+              
+            
+              
+                
+  
+  
+  
+  
+    <li class="md-nav__item">
+      <a href="../../javascript/events-animation.html" class="md-nav__link">
+        
+  
+  <span class="md-ellipsis">
+    Events & Animation
+  </span>
+  
+
+      </a>
+    </li>
+  
+
+              
+            
+              
+                
+  
+  
+  
+  
+    <li class="md-nav__item">
+      <a href="../../javascript/ajax.html" class="md-nav__link">
+        
+  
+  <span class="md-ellipsis">
+    AJAX
+  </span>
+  
+
+      </a>
+    </li>
+  
+
+              
+            
+              
+                
+  
+  
+  
+  
+    <li class="md-nav__item">
+      <a href="../../javascript/jquery.html" class="md-nav__link">
+        
+  
+  <span class="md-ellipsis">
+    jQuery
+  </span>
+  
+
+      </a>
+    </li>
+  
+
+              
+            
+              
+                
+  
+  
+  
+  
+    
+    
+      
+        
+      
+        
+      
+        
+      
+        
+      
+        
+      
+    
+    
+      
+      
+        
+      
+    
+    
+    <li class="md-nav__item md-nav__item--nested">
+      
+        
+        
+        <input class="md-nav__toggle md-toggle " type="checkbox" id="__nav_4_13_6" >
+        
+          
+          <label class="md-nav__link" for="__nav_4_13_6" id="__nav_4_13_6_label" tabindex="0">
+            
+  
+  <span class="md-ellipsis">
+    React
+  </span>
+  
+
+            <span class="md-nav__icon md-icon"></span>
+          </label>
+        
+        <nav class="md-nav" data-md-level="3" aria-labelledby="__nav_4_13_6_label" aria-expanded="false">
+          <label class="md-nav__title" for="__nav_4_13_6">
+            <span class="md-nav__icon md-icon"></span>
+            React
+          </label>
+          <ul class="md-nav__list" data-md-scrollfix>
+            
+              
+                
+  
+  
+  
+  
+    <li class="md-nav__item">
+      <a href="../../javascript/react/react.html" class="md-nav__link">
+        
+  
+  <span class="md-ellipsis">
+    React
+  </span>
+  
+
+      </a>
+    </li>
+  
+
+              
+            
+              
+                
+  
+  
+  
+  
+    <li class="md-nav__item">
+      <a href="../../javascript/react/react-router.html" class="md-nav__link">
+        
+  
+  <span class="md-ellipsis">
+    React Router
+  </span>
+  
+
+      </a>
+    </li>
+  
+
+              
+            
+              
+                
+  
+  
+  
+  
+    <li class="md-nav__item">
+      <a href="../../javascript/react/react-tests.html" class="md-nav__link">
+        
+  
+  <span class="md-ellipsis">
+    React Tests
+  </span>
+  
+
+      </a>
+    </li>
+  
+
+              
+            
+              
+                
+  
+  
+  
+  
+    <li class="md-nav__item">
+      <a href="../../javascript/react/redux.html" class="md-nav__link">
+        
+  
+  <span class="md-ellipsis">
+    Redux
+  </span>
+  
+
+      </a>
+    </li>
+  
+
+              
+            
+              
+                
+  
+  
+  
+  
+    <li class="md-nav__item">
+      <a href="../../javascript/react/redux-tests.html" class="md-nav__link">
+        
+  
+  <span class="md-ellipsis">
+    Redux Tests
+  </span>
+  
+
+      </a>
+    </li>
+  
+
+              
+            
+          </ul>
+        </nav>
+      
+    </li>
+  
+
+              
+            
+              
+                
+  
+  
+  
+  
+    <li class="md-nav__item">
+      <a href="../../javascript/svelte/svelte.html" class="md-nav__link">
+        
+  
+  <span class="md-ellipsis">
+    Svelte
+  </span>
+  
+
+      </a>
+    </li>
+  
+
+              
+            
+          </ul>
+        </nav>
+      
+    </li>
+  
+
+              
+            
+              
+                
+  
+  
+  
+  
+    
+    
+      
+        
+      
+        
+      
+    
+    
+      
+      
+        
+          
+          
+        
+      
+    
+    
+    <li class="md-nav__item md-nav__item--section md-nav__item--nested">
+      
+        
+        
+        <input class="md-nav__toggle md-toggle " type="checkbox" id="__nav_4_14" >
+        
+          
+          <label class="md-nav__link" for="__nav_4_14" id="__nav_4_14_label" tabindex="">
+            
+  
+  <span class="md-ellipsis">
+    PowerShell
+  </span>
+  
+
+            <span class="md-nav__icon md-icon"></span>
+          </label>
+        
+        <nav class="md-nav" data-md-level="2" aria-labelledby="__nav_4_14_label" aria-expanded="false">
+          <label class="md-nav__title" for="__nav_4_14">
+            <span class="md-nav__icon md-icon"></span>
+            PowerShell
+          </label>
+          <ul class="md-nav__list" data-md-scrollfix>
+            
+              
+                
+  
+  
+  
+  
+    <li class="md-nav__item">
+      <a href="../../powershell/scripting.html" class="md-nav__link">
+        
+  
+  <span class="md-ellipsis">
+    Scripting
+  </span>
+  
+
+      </a>
+    </li>
+  
+
+              
+            
+              
+                
+  
+  
+  
+  
+    <li class="md-nav__item">
+      <a href="../../powershell/commands.html" class="md-nav__link">
+        
+  
+  <span class="md-ellipsis">
+    Commands
+  </span>
+  
+
+      </a>
+    </li>
+  
+
+              
+            
+          </ul>
+        </nav>
+      
+    </li>
+  
+
+              
+            
+              
+                
+  
+  
+  
+  
+    
+    
+      
+        
+      
+        
+      
+    
+    
+      
+      
+        
+          
+          
+        
+      
+    
+    
+    <li class="md-nav__item md-nav__item--section md-nav__item--nested">
+      
+        
+        
+        <input class="md-nav__toggle md-toggle " type="checkbox" id="__nav_4_15" >
+        
+          
+          <label class="md-nav__link" for="__nav_4_15" id="__nav_4_15_label" tabindex="">
+            
+  
+  <span class="md-ellipsis">
+    Bash
+  </span>
+  
+
+            <span class="md-nav__icon md-icon"></span>
+          </label>
+        
+        <nav class="md-nav" data-md-level="2" aria-labelledby="__nav_4_15_label" aria-expanded="false">
+          <label class="md-nav__title" for="__nav_4_15">
+            <span class="md-nav__icon md-icon"></span>
+            Bash
+          </label>
+          <ul class="md-nav__list" data-md-scrollfix>
+            
+              
+                
+  
+  
+  
+  
+    <li class="md-nav__item">
+      <a href="../../bash/scripting.html" class="md-nav__link">
+        
+  
+  <span class="md-ellipsis">
+    Scripting
+  </span>
+  
+
+      </a>
+    </li>
+  
+
+              
+            
+              
+                
+  
+  
+  
+  
+    <li class="md-nav__item">
+      <a href="../../bash/commands.html" class="md-nav__link">
+        
+  
+  <span class="md-ellipsis">
+    Commands
+  </span>
+  
+
+      </a>
+    </li>
+  
+
+              
+            
+          </ul>
+        </nav>
+      
+    </li>
+  
+
+              
+            
+          </ul>
+        </nav>
+      
+    </li>
+  
+
+    
+      
+      
+  
+  
+  
+  
+    
+    
+      
+        
+      
+        
+      
+        
+      
+        
+      
+        
+      
+    
+    
+      
+      
+        
+      
+    
+    
+    <li class="md-nav__item md-nav__item--nested">
+      
+        
+        
+        <input class="md-nav__toggle md-toggle " type="checkbox" id="__nav_5" >
+        
+          
+          <label class="md-nav__link" for="__nav_5" id="__nav_5_label" tabindex="0">
+            
+  
+  <span class="md-ellipsis">
+    Misc
+  </span>
+  
+
+            <span class="md-nav__icon md-icon"></span>
+          </label>
+        
+        <nav class="md-nav" data-md-level="1" aria-labelledby="__nav_5_label" aria-expanded="false">
+          <label class="md-nav__title" for="__nav_5">
+            <span class="md-nav__icon md-icon"></span>
+            Misc
+          </label>
+          <ul class="md-nav__list" data-md-scrollfix>
+            
+              
+                
+  
+  
+  
+  
+    <li class="md-nav__item">
+      <a href="../../../misc/git.html" class="md-nav__link">
+        
+  
+  <span class="md-ellipsis">
+    Git
+  </span>
+  
+
+      </a>
+    </li>
+  
+
+              
+            
+              
+                
+  
+  
+  
+  
+    <li class="md-nav__item">
+      <a href="../../../misc/graph-ql.html" class="md-nav__link">
+        
+  
+  <span class="md-ellipsis">
+    GraphQL
+  </span>
+  
+
+      </a>
+    </li>
+  
+
+              
+            
+              
+                
+  
+  
+  
+  
+    <li class="md-nav__item">
+      <a href="../../../misc/regular-expressions.html" class="md-nav__link">
+        
+  
+  <span class="md-ellipsis">
+    RegEx
+  </span>
+  
+
+      </a>
+    </li>
+  
+
+              
+            
+              
+                
+  
+  
+  
+  
+    <li class="md-nav__item">
+      <a href="../../../misc/ssh.html" class="md-nav__link">
+        
+  
+  <span class="md-ellipsis">
+    SSH
+  </span>
+  
+
+      </a>
+    </li>
+  
+
+              
+            
+              
+                
+  
+  
+  
+  
+    <li class="md-nav__item">
+      <a href="../../../misc/web-components.html" class="md-nav__link">
+        
+  
+  <span class="md-ellipsis">
+    WebComponents
+  </span>
+  
+
+      </a>
+    </li>
+  
+
+              
+            
+          </ul>
+        </nav>
+      
+    </li>
+  
+
+    
+      
+      
+  
+  
+  
+  
+    
+    
+      
+        
+      
+        
+      
+    
+    
+      
+      
+        
+      
+    
+    
+    <li class="md-nav__item md-nav__item--nested">
+      
+        
+        
+        <input class="md-nav__toggle md-toggle " type="checkbox" id="__nav_6" >
+        
+          
+          <label class="md-nav__link" for="__nav_6" id="__nav_6_label" tabindex="0">
+            
+  
+  <span class="md-ellipsis">
+    Linux
+  </span>
+  
+
+            <span class="md-nav__icon md-icon"></span>
+          </label>
+        
+        <nav class="md-nav" data-md-level="1" aria-labelledby="__nav_6_label" aria-expanded="false">
+          <label class="md-nav__title" for="__nav_6">
+            <span class="md-nav__icon md-icon"></span>
+            Linux
+          </label>
+          <ul class="md-nav__list" data-md-scrollfix>
+            
+              
+                
+  
+  
+  
+  
+    
+    
+      
+        
+      
+        
+      
+        
+      
+    
+    
+      
+      
+        
+      
+    
+    
+    <li class="md-nav__item md-nav__item--nested">
+      
+        
+        
+        <input class="md-nav__toggle md-toggle " type="checkbox" id="__nav_6_1" >
+        
+          
+          <label class="md-nav__link" for="__nav_6_1" id="__nav_6_1_label" tabindex="0">
+            
+  
+  <span class="md-ellipsis">
+    Filesystem
+  </span>
+  
+
+            <span class="md-nav__icon md-icon"></span>
+          </label>
+        
+        <nav class="md-nav" data-md-level="2" aria-labelledby="__nav_6_1_label" aria-expanded="false">
+          <label class="md-nav__title" for="__nav_6_1">
+            <span class="md-nav__icon md-icon"></span>
+            Filesystem
+          </label>
+          <ul class="md-nav__list" data-md-scrollfix>
+            
+              
+                
+  
+  
+  
+  
+    <li class="md-nav__item">
+      <a href="../../../linux/filesystem/file-links.html" class="md-nav__link">
+        
+  
+  <span class="md-ellipsis">
+    File Links
+  </span>
+  
+
+      </a>
+    </li>
+  
+
+              
+            
+              
+                
+  
+  
+  
+  
+    <li class="md-nav__item">
+      <a href="../../../linux/filesystem/procfs.html" class="md-nav__link">
+        
+  
+  <span class="md-ellipsis">
+    /proc
+  </span>
+  
+
+      </a>
+    </li>
+  
+
+              
+            
+              
+                
+  
+  
+  
+  
+    <li class="md-nav__item">
+      <a href="../../../linux/filesystem/sysfs.html" class="md-nav__link">
+        
+  
+  <span class="md-ellipsis">
+    /sys
+  </span>
+  
+
+      </a>
+    </li>
+  
+
+              
+            
+          </ul>
+        </nav>
+      
+    </li>
+  
+
+              
+            
+              
+                
+  
+  
+  
+  
+    
+    
+      
+        
+      
+        
+      
+    
+    
+      
+      
+        
+      
+    
+    
+    <li class="md-nav__item md-nav__item--nested">
+      
+        
+        
+        <input class="md-nav__toggle md-toggle " type="checkbox" id="__nav_6_2" >
+        
+          
+          <label class="md-nav__link" for="__nav_6_2" id="__nav_6_2_label" tabindex="0">
+            
+  
+  <span class="md-ellipsis">
+    System Init
+  </span>
+  
+
+            <span class="md-nav__icon md-icon"></span>
+          </label>
+        
+        <nav class="md-nav" data-md-level="2" aria-labelledby="__nav_6_2_label" aria-expanded="false">
+          <label class="md-nav__title" for="__nav_6_2">
+            <span class="md-nav__icon md-icon"></span>
+            System Init
+          </label>
+          <ul class="md-nav__list" data-md-scrollfix>
+            
+              
+                
+  
+  
+  
+  
+    <li class="md-nav__item">
+      <a href="../../../linux/init/systemd.html" class="md-nav__link">
+        
+  
+  <span class="md-ellipsis">
+    Systemd
+  </span>
+  
+
+      </a>
+    </li>
+  
+
+              
+            
+              
+                
+  
+  
+  
+  
+    <li class="md-nav__item">
+      <a href="../../../linux/init/open-rc.html" class="md-nav__link">
+        
+  
+  <span class="md-ellipsis">
+    OpenRC
+  </span>
+  
+
+      </a>
+    </li>
+  
+
+              
+            
+          </ul>
+        </nav>
+      
+    </li>
+  
+
+              
+            
+          </ul>
+        </nav>
+      
+    </li>
+  
+
+    
+  </ul>
+</nav>
+                  </div>
+                </div>
+              </div>
+            
+            
+              
+              <div class="md-sidebar md-sidebar--secondary" data-md-component="sidebar" data-md-type="toc" >
+                <div class="md-sidebar__scrollwrap">
+                  <div class="md-sidebar__inner">
+                    
+
+<nav class="md-nav md-nav--secondary" aria-label="Table of contents">
+  
+  
+  
+    
+  
+  
+    <label class="md-nav__title" for="__toc">
+      <span class="md-nav__icon md-icon"></span>
+      Table of contents
+    </label>
+    <ul class="md-nav__list" data-md-component="toc" data-md-scrollfix>
+      
+        <li class="md-nav__item">
+  <a href="#json-format" class="md-nav__link">
+    <span class="md-ellipsis">
+      JSON Format
+    </span>
+  </a>
+  
+</li>
+      
+        <li class="md-nav__item">
+  <a href="#usage" class="md-nav__link">
+    <span class="md-ellipsis">
+      Usage
+    </span>
+  </a>
+  
+</li>
+      
+        <li class="md-nav__item">
+  <a href="#default-decoder-jsonjsondecoder" class="md-nav__link">
+    <span class="md-ellipsis">
+      Default Decoder (json.JSONDecoder())
+    </span>
+  </a>
+  
+</li>
+      
+        <li class="md-nav__item">
+  <a href="#default-encoder-jsonjsonencoder" class="md-nav__link">
+    <span class="md-ellipsis">
+      Default Encoder (json.JSONEncoder())
+    </span>
+  </a>
+  
+</li>
+      
+        <li class="md-nav__item">
+  <a href="#extending-jsonencoder-example" class="md-nav__link">
+    <span class="md-ellipsis">
+      Extending JSONEncoder (Example)
+    </span>
+  </a>
+  
+</li>
+      
+        <li class="md-nav__item">
+  <a href="#retrieving-data-from-json-dict" class="md-nav__link">
+    <span class="md-ellipsis">
+      Retrieving Data from json dict
+    </span>
+  </a>
+  
+</li>
+      
+    </ul>
+  
+</nav>
+                  </div>
+                </div>
+              </div>
+            
+          
+          
+            <div class="md-content" data-md-component="content">
+              <article class="md-content__inner md-typeset">
+                
+                  
+
+  
+  
+
+
+<h1 id="json-module">JSON Module</h1>
+<h2 id="json-format">JSON Format</h2>
+<p>JSON (JavaScript Object Notation) is a lightweight data-interchange format.
+    It is easy for humans to read and write.
+    It is easy for machines to parse and generate.</p>
+<p>JSON is built on two structures:</p>
+<ul>
+<li>A collection of name/value pairs.</li>
+<li>An ordered list of values.</li>
+</ul>
+<p>An OBJECT is an unordered set of name/value pairs.
+An object begins with <code>{</code> (left brace) and ends with <code>}</code> (right brace).
+Each name is followed by <code>:</code> (colon) and the name/value pairs are separated by <code>,</code> (comma).</p>
+<p>An ARRAY is an ordered collection of values.
+An array begins with <code>[</code> (left bracket) and ends with <code>]</code> (right bracket).
+Values are separated by <code>,</code> (comma).</p>
+<p>A VALUE can be a string in double quotes, or a number,
+or true or false or null, or an object or an array.
+These structures can be nested.</p>
+<p>A STRING is a sequence of zero or more Unicode characters,
+wrapped in double quotes, using backslash escapes.
+A CHARACTER is represented as a single character string.
+A STRING is very much like a C or Java string.
+A NUMBER is very much like a C or Java number,
+except that the octal and hexadecimal formats are not used.</p>
+<p>WHITESPACE can be inserted between any pair of tokens.</p>
+<h2 id="usage">Usage</h2>
+<div class="highlight"><table class="highlighttable"><tr><th colspan="2" class="filename"><span class="filename">Python</span></th></tr><tr><td class="linenos"><div class="linenodiv"><pre><span></span><span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-0-1"> 1</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-0-2"> 2</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-0-3"> 3</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-0-4"> 4</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-0-5"> 5</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-0-6"> 6</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-0-7"> 7</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-0-8"> 8</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-0-9"> 9</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-0-10">10</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-0-11">11</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-0-12">12</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-0-13">13</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-0-14">14</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-0-15">15</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-0-16">16</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-0-17">17</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-0-18">18</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-0-19">19</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-0-20">20</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-0-21">21</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-0-22">22</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-0-23">23</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-0-24">24</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-0-25">25</a></span></pre></div></td><td class="code"><div><pre><span></span><code><a id="__codelineno-0-1" name="__codelineno-0-1"></a><span class="c1"># serialize obj as JSON formatted stream to fp</span>
+<a id="__codelineno-0-2" name="__codelineno-0-2"></a><span class="n">json</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">dump</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="n">obj</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="n">fp</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="bp">cls</span><span class="o">=</span><span class="kc">None</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="n">indent</span><span class="o">=</span><span class="kc">None</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="n">separators</span><span class="o">=</span><span class="kc">None</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="n">sort_keys</span><span class="o">=</span><span class="kc">False</span><span class="p">)</span>
+<a id="__codelineno-0-3" name="__codelineno-0-3"></a><span class="c1"># CLS: {custom JSONEncoder} -- specifies custom encoder to be used</span>
+<a id="__codelineno-0-4" name="__codelineno-0-4"></a><span class="c1"># INDENT: {int &gt; 0, string} -- array elements, object members pretty-printed with indent level</span>
+<a id="__codelineno-0-5" name="__codelineno-0-5"></a><span class="c1"># SEPARATORS: {tuple} -- (item_separator, key_separator)</span>
+<a id="__codelineno-0-6" name="__codelineno-0-6"></a><span class="c1">#   [default: (&#39;, &#39;, &#39;: &#39;) if indent=None, (&#39;,&#39;, &#39;:&#39;) otherwise],</span>
+<a id="__codelineno-0-7" name="__codelineno-0-7"></a><span class="c1">#   specify (&#39;,&#39;, &#39;:&#39;) to eliminate whitespace</span>
+<a id="__codelineno-0-8" name="__codelineno-0-8"></a><span class="c1"># SORT_KEYS: {bool} -- if True dict sorted by key</span>
+<a id="__codelineno-0-9" name="__codelineno-0-9"></a>
+<a id="__codelineno-0-10" name="__codelineno-0-10"></a><span class="c1"># serialize obj as JSON formatted string</span>
+<a id="__codelineno-0-11" name="__codelineno-0-11"></a><span class="n">json</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">dumps</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="n">obj</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="bp">cls</span><span class="o">=</span><span class="kc">None</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="n">indent</span><span class="o">=</span><span class="kc">None</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="n">separators</span><span class="o">=</span><span class="kc">None</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="n">sort_keys</span><span class="o">=</span><span class="kc">False</span><span class="p">)</span>
+<a id="__codelineno-0-12" name="__codelineno-0-12"></a><span class="c1"># CLS: {custom JSONEncoder} -- specifies custom encoder to be used</span>
+<a id="__codelineno-0-13" name="__codelineno-0-13"></a><span class="c1"># INDENT: {int &gt; 0, string} -- array elements, object members pretty-printed with indent level</span>
+<a id="__codelineno-0-14" name="__codelineno-0-14"></a><span class="c1"># SEPARATORS: {tuple} -- (item_separator, key_separator)</span>
+<a id="__codelineno-0-15" name="__codelineno-0-15"></a><span class="c1">#   [default: (&#39;, &#39;, &#39;: &#39;) if indent=None, (&#39;,&#39;, &#39;:&#39;) otherwise],</span>
+<a id="__codelineno-0-16" name="__codelineno-0-16"></a><span class="c1">#   specify (&#39;,&#39;, &#39;:&#39;) to eliminate whitespace</span>
+<a id="__codelineno-0-17" name="__codelineno-0-17"></a><span class="c1"># SORT_KEYS: {bool} -- if True dict sorted by key</span>
+<a id="__codelineno-0-18" name="__codelineno-0-18"></a>
+<a id="__codelineno-0-19" name="__codelineno-0-19"></a><span class="c1"># deserialize fp to python object</span>
+<a id="__codelineno-0-20" name="__codelineno-0-20"></a><span class="n">json</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">load</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="n">fp</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="bp">cls</span><span class="o">=</span><span class="kc">None</span><span class="p">)</span>
+<a id="__codelineno-0-21" name="__codelineno-0-21"></a><span class="c1"># CLS: {custom JSONEncoder} -- specifies custom decoder to be used</span>
+<a id="__codelineno-0-22" name="__codelineno-0-22"></a>
+<a id="__codelineno-0-23" name="__codelineno-0-23"></a><span class="c1"># deserialize s (string, bytes or bytearray containing JSON doc) to python object</span>
+<a id="__codelineno-0-24" name="__codelineno-0-24"></a><span class="n">json</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">loads</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="n">s</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="bp">cls</span><span class="o">=</span><span class="kc">None</span><span class="p">)</span>
+<a id="__codelineno-0-25" name="__codelineno-0-25"></a><span class="c1"># CLS: {custom JSONEncoder} -- specifies custom decoder to be used</span>
+</code></pre></div></td></tr></table></div>
+<h2 id="default-decoder-jsonjsondecoder">Default Decoder (<code>json.JSONDecoder()</code>)</h2>
+<p>Conversions (JSON -&gt; Python):</p>
+<ul>
+<li>object -&gt; dict</li>
+<li>array -&gt; list</li>
+<li>string -&gt; str</li>
+<li>number (int) -&gt; int</li>
+<li>number (real) -&gt; float</li>
+<li>true -&gt; True</li>
+<li>false -&gt; False</li>
+<li>null -&gt; None</li>
+</ul>
+<h2 id="default-encoder-jsonjsonencoder">Default Encoder (<code>json.JSONEncoder()</code>)</h2>
+<p>Conversions (Python -&gt; Json):</p>
+<ul>
+<li>dict -&gt; object</li>
+<li>list, tuple -&gt; array</li>
+<li>str -&gt; string</li>
+<li>int, float, Enums -&gt; number</li>
+<li>True -&gt; true</li>
+<li>False -&gt; false</li>
+<li>None -&gt; null</li>
+</ul>
+<h2 id="extending-jsonencoder-example">Extending JSONEncoder (Example)</h2>
+<div class="highlight"><table class="highlighttable"><tr><th colspan="2" class="filename"><span class="filename">Python</span></th></tr><tr><td class="linenos"><div class="linenodiv"><pre><span></span><span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-1-1">1</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-1-2">2</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-1-3">3</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-1-4">4</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-1-5">5</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-1-6">6</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-1-7">7</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-1-8">8</a></span></pre></div></td><td class="code"><div><pre><span></span><code><a id="__codelineno-1-1" name="__codelineno-1-1"></a><span class="kn">import</span> <span class="nn">json</span>
+<a id="__codelineno-1-2" name="__codelineno-1-2"></a>
+<a id="__codelineno-1-3" name="__codelineno-1-3"></a><span class="k">class</span> <span class="nc">ComplexEncoder</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="n">json</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">JSONEncoder</span><span class="p">):</span>
+<a id="__codelineno-1-4" name="__codelineno-1-4"></a>    <span class="k">def</span> <span class="nf">default</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="bp">self</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="n">obj</span><span class="p">):</span>
+<a id="__codelineno-1-5" name="__codelineno-1-5"></a>        <span class="k">if</span> <span class="nb">isinstance</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="n">obj</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="nb">complex</span><span class="p">):</span>
+<a id="__codelineno-1-6" name="__codelineno-1-6"></a>            <span class="k">return</span> <span class="p">[</span><span class="n">obj</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">real</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="n">obj</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">image</span><span class="p">]</span>
+<a id="__codelineno-1-7" name="__codelineno-1-7"></a>        <span class="c1"># Let the base class default method raise the TypeError</span>
+<a id="__codelineno-1-8" name="__codelineno-1-8"></a>            <span class="k">return</span> <span class="n">json</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">JSONEncoder</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">default</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="bp">self</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="n">obj</span><span class="p">)</span>
+</code></pre></div></td></tr></table></div>
+<h2 id="retrieving-data-from-json-dict">Retrieving Data from json dict</h2>
+<div class="highlight"><table class="highlighttable"><tr><th colspan="2" class="filename"><span class="filename">Python</span></th></tr><tr><td class="linenos"><div class="linenodiv"><pre><span></span><span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-2-1">1</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-2-2">2</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-2-3">3</a></span></pre></div></td><td class="code"><div><pre><span></span><code><a id="__codelineno-2-1" name="__codelineno-2-1"></a><span class="n">data</span> <span class="o">=</span> <span class="n">json</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">loads</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="n">json</span><span class="p">)</span>
+<a id="__codelineno-2-2" name="__codelineno-2-2"></a><span class="n">data</span><span class="p">[</span><span class="s2">&quot;key&quot;</span><span class="p">]</span>  <span class="c1"># retrieve the value associated with the key</span>
+<a id="__codelineno-2-3" name="__codelineno-2-3"></a><span class="n">data</span><span class="p">[</span><span class="s2">&quot;outer key&quot;</span><span class="p">][</span><span class="s2">&quot;nested key&quot;</span><span class="p">]</span>  <span class="c1"># nested key value retrieval</span>
+</code></pre></div></td></tr></table></div>
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+  <span class="md-ellipsis">
+    CSS
+  </span>
+  
+
+      </a>
+    </li>
+  
+
+              
+            
+              
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+  
+  
+  
+  
+    <li class="md-nav__item">
+      <a href="../../c/c.html" class="md-nav__link">
+        
+  
+  <span class="md-ellipsis">
+    C
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+  
+
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+    </li>
+  
+
+              
+            
+              
+                
+  
+  
+  
+  
+    <li class="md-nav__item">
+      <a href="../../kotlin/kotlin.html" class="md-nav__link">
+        
+  
+  <span class="md-ellipsis">
+    Kotlin
+  </span>
+  
+
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+    </li>
+  
+
+              
+            
+              
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+  
+  
+  
+  
+    <li class="md-nav__item">
+      <a href="../../swift/swift.html" class="md-nav__link">
+        
+  
+  <span class="md-ellipsis">
+    Swift
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+  
+
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+    </li>
+  
+
+              
+            
+              
+                
+  
+  
+  
+  
+    
+    
+      
+        
+      
+        
+      
+    
+    
+      
+      
+        
+          
+          
+        
+      
+    
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+    <li class="md-nav__item md-nav__item--section md-nav__item--nested">
+      
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+        <input class="md-nav__toggle md-toggle " type="checkbox" id="__nav_4_7" >
+        
+          
+          <label class="md-nav__link" for="__nav_4_7" id="__nav_4_7_label" tabindex="">
+            
+  
+  <span class="md-ellipsis">
+    Assembly
+  </span>
+  
+
+            <span class="md-nav__icon md-icon"></span>
+          </label>
+        
+        <nav class="md-nav" data-md-level="2" aria-labelledby="__nav_4_7_label" aria-expanded="false">
+          <label class="md-nav__title" for="__nav_4_7">
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+            Assembly
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+          <ul class="md-nav__list" data-md-scrollfix>
+            
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+                
+  
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+  
+    <li class="md-nav__item">
+      <a href="../../assembly/intel.html" class="md-nav__link">
+        
+  
+  <span class="md-ellipsis">
+    Intel
+  </span>
+  
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+    </li>
+  
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+              
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+              
+                
+  
+  
+  
+  
+    <li class="md-nav__item">
+      <a href="../../assembly/riscv.html" class="md-nav__link">
+        
+  
+  <span class="md-ellipsis">
+    RISC-V
+  </span>
+  
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+    </li>
+  
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+            
+          </ul>
+        </nav>
+      
+    </li>
+  
+
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+                
+  
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+    
+  
+  
+  
+    
+    
+      
+        
+      
+        
+      
+        
+      
+    
+    
+      
+      
+        
+          
+          
+        
+      
+    
+    
+    <li class="md-nav__item md-nav__item--active md-nav__item--section md-nav__item--nested">
+      
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+        <input class="md-nav__toggle md-toggle " type="checkbox" id="__nav_4_8" checked>
+        
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+          <label class="md-nav__link" for="__nav_4_8" id="__nav_4_8_label" tabindex="">
+            
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+  <span class="md-ellipsis">
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+  </span>
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+            
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+  
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+  
+    <li class="md-nav__item">
+      <a href="../python.html" class="md-nav__link">
+        
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+  <span class="md-ellipsis">
+    Python
+  </span>
+  
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+    </li>
+  
+
+              
+            
+              
+                
+  
+  
+    
+  
+  
+  
+    
+    
+      
+        
+      
+        
+      
+        
+      
+        
+      
+        
+      
+        
+      
+        
+      
+        
+      
+        
+      
+        
+      
+        
+      
+        
+      
+        
+      
+    
+    
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+      
+        
+      
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+        
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+          <label class="md-nav__link" for="__nav_4_8_2" id="__nav_4_8_2_label" tabindex="0">
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+  <span class="md-ellipsis">
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+        
+        <nav class="md-nav" data-md-level="3" aria-labelledby="__nav_4_8_2_label" aria-expanded="true">
+          <label class="md-nav__title" for="__nav_4_8_2">
+            <span class="md-nav__icon md-icon"></span>
+            Modules
+          </label>
+          <ul class="md-nav__list" data-md-scrollfix>
+            
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+                
+  
+  
+  
+  
+    <li class="md-nav__item">
+      <a href="argparse.html" class="md-nav__link">
+        
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+  <span class="md-ellipsis">
+    argparse
+  </span>
+  
+
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+    </li>
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+
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+              
+                
+  
+  
+  
+  
+    <li class="md-nav__item">
+      <a href="collections.html" class="md-nav__link">
+        
+  
+  <span class="md-ellipsis">
+    collection
+  </span>
+  
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+    </li>
+  
+
+              
+            
+              
+                
+  
+  
+  
+  
+    <li class="md-nav__item">
+      <a href="csv.html" class="md-nav__link">
+        
+  
+  <span class="md-ellipsis">
+    csv
+  </span>
+  
+
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+    </li>
+  
+
+              
+            
+              
+                
+  
+  
+  
+  
+    <li class="md-nav__item">
+      <a href="ftplib.html" class="md-nav__link">
+        
+  
+  <span class="md-ellipsis">
+    ftplib
+  </span>
+  
+
+      </a>
+    </li>
+  
+
+              
+            
+              
+                
+  
+  
+  
+  
+    <li class="md-nav__item">
+      <a href="itertools.html" class="md-nav__link">
+        
+  
+  <span class="md-ellipsis">
+    itertools
+  </span>
+  
+
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+    </li>
+  
+
+              
+            
+              
+                
+  
+  
+  
+  
+    <li class="md-nav__item">
+      <a href="json.html" class="md-nav__link">
+        
+  
+  <span class="md-ellipsis">
+    json
+  </span>
+  
+
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+    </li>
+  
+
+              
+            
+              
+                
+  
+  
+    
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+  
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+    <li class="md-nav__item md-nav__item--active">
+      
+      <input class="md-nav__toggle md-toggle" type="checkbox" id="__toc">
+      
+      
+        
+      
+      
+        <label class="md-nav__link md-nav__link--active" for="__toc">
+          
+  
+  <span class="md-ellipsis">
+    logging
+  </span>
+  
+
+          <span class="md-nav__icon md-icon"></span>
+        </label>
+      
+      <a href="logging.html" class="md-nav__link md-nav__link--active">
+        
+  
+  <span class="md-ellipsis">
+    logging
+  </span>
+  
+
+      </a>
+      
+        
+
+<nav class="md-nav md-nav--secondary" aria-label="Table of contents">
+  
+  
+  
+    
+  
+  
+    <label class="md-nav__title" for="__toc">
+      <span class="md-nav__icon md-icon"></span>
+      Table of contents
+    </label>
+    <ul class="md-nav__list" data-md-component="toc" data-md-scrollfix>
+      
+        <li class="md-nav__item">
+  <a href="#configuration" class="md-nav__link">
+    <span class="md-ellipsis">
+      Configuration
+    </span>
+  </a>
+  
+    <nav class="md-nav" aria-label="Configuration">
+      <ul class="md-nav__list">
+        
+          <li class="md-nav__item">
+  <a href="#format-basicconfigformat" class="md-nav__link">
+    <span class="md-ellipsis">
+      Format (basicConfig(format=""))
+    </span>
+  </a>
+  
+</li>
+        
+          <li class="md-nav__item">
+  <a href="#datefmt-basicconfigdatefmt" class="md-nav__link">
+    <span class="md-ellipsis">
+      Datefmt (basicConfig(datefmt=""))
+    </span>
+  </a>
+  
+</li>
+        
+      </ul>
+    </nav>
+  
+</li>
+      
+        <li class="md-nav__item">
+  <a href="#logs" class="md-nav__link">
+    <span class="md-ellipsis">
+      Logs
+    </span>
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+  
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+    <li class="md-nav__item">
+      <a href="shutil.html" class="md-nav__link">
+        
+  
+  <span class="md-ellipsis">
+    shutil
+  </span>
+  
+
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+    </li>
+  
+
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+            
+              
+                
+  
+  
+  
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+    <li class="md-nav__item">
+      <a href="smtplib.html" class="md-nav__link">
+        
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+  <span class="md-ellipsis">
+    smtplib
+  </span>
+  
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+
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+  
+    <li class="md-nav__item">
+      <a href="socket.html" class="md-nav__link">
+        
+  
+  <span class="md-ellipsis">
+    socket
+  </span>
+  
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+    </li>
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+            
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+                
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+    <li class="md-nav__item">
+      <a href="sqlite.html" class="md-nav__link">
+        
+  
+  <span class="md-ellipsis">
+    sqlite
+  </span>
+  
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+    </li>
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+
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+            
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+                
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+  
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+  
+    <li class="md-nav__item">
+      <a href="time-datetime.html" class="md-nav__link">
+        
+  
+  <span class="md-ellipsis">
+    time & datetime
+  </span>
+  
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+
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+  
+  
+  
+  
+    <li class="md-nav__item">
+      <a href="unittest.html" class="md-nav__link">
+        
+  
+  <span class="md-ellipsis">
+    unittest
+  </span>
+  
+
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+    </li>
+  
+
+              
+            
+          </ul>
+        </nav>
+      
+    </li>
+  
+
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+                
+  
+  
+  
+  
+    
+    
+      
+        
+      
+        
+      
+        
+      
+        
+      
+        
+      
+        
+      
+    
+    
+      
+      
+        
+      
+    
+    
+    <li class="md-nav__item md-nav__item--nested">
+      
+        
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+        <input class="md-nav__toggle md-toggle " type="checkbox" id="__nav_4_8_3" >
+        
+          
+          <label class="md-nav__link" for="__nav_4_8_3" id="__nav_4_8_3_label" tabindex="0">
+            
+  
+  <span class="md-ellipsis">
+    Libraries
+  </span>
+  
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+          </label>
+        
+        <nav class="md-nav" data-md-level="3" aria-labelledby="__nav_4_8_3_label" aria-expanded="false">
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+            <span class="md-nav__icon md-icon"></span>
+            Libraries
+          </label>
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+            
+              
+                
+  
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+    <li class="md-nav__item">
+      <a href="../libs/tkinter.html" class="md-nav__link">
+        
+  
+  <span class="md-ellipsis">
+    TKinter
+  </span>
+  
+
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+    </li>
+  
+
+              
+            
+              
+                
+  
+  
+  
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+    <li class="md-nav__item">
+      <a href="../libs/numpy.html" class="md-nav__link">
+        
+  
+  <span class="md-ellipsis">
+    Numpy
+  </span>
+  
+
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+    </li>
+  
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+    <li class="md-nav__item">
+      <a href="../libs/pandas.html" class="md-nav__link">
+        
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+  <span class="md-ellipsis">
+    Pandas
+  </span>
+  
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+  
+
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+    <li class="md-nav__item">
+      <a href="../libs/seaborn.html" class="md-nav__link">
+        
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+  <span class="md-ellipsis">
+    Seaborn
+  </span>
+  
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+  
+
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+    <li class="md-nav__item">
+      <a href="../libs/requests.html" class="md-nav__link">
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+    Requests
+  </span>
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+    <li class="md-nav__item">
+      <a href="../libs/beautiful-soup.html" class="md-nav__link">
+        
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+  <span class="md-ellipsis">
+    Beatiful Soup
+  </span>
+  
+
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+    </li>
+  
+
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+          </ul>
+        </nav>
+      
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+  
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+  
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+  
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+    
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+        
+      
+        
+      
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+      
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+          
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+        
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+          <label class="md-nav__link" for="__nav_4_9" id="__nav_4_9_label" tabindex="">
+            
+  
+  <span class="md-ellipsis">
+    .NET
+  </span>
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+            <span class="md-nav__icon md-icon"></span>
+            .NET
+          </label>
+          <ul class="md-nav__list" data-md-scrollfix>
+            
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+  
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+      
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+    <li class="md-nav__item md-nav__item--nested">
+      
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+        <input class="md-nav__toggle md-toggle " type="checkbox" id="__nav_4_9_1" >
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+            
+  
+  <span class="md-ellipsis">
+    C#
+  </span>
+  
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+          </label>
+        
+        <nav class="md-nav" data-md-level="3" aria-labelledby="__nav_4_9_1_label" aria-expanded="false">
+          <label class="md-nav__title" for="__nav_4_9_1">
+            <span class="md-nav__icon md-icon"></span>
+            C#
+          </label>
+          <ul class="md-nav__list" data-md-scrollfix>
+            
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+    <li class="md-nav__item">
+      <a href="../../dotnet/csharp/csharp.html" class="md-nav__link">
+        
+  
+  <span class="md-ellipsis">
+    C#
+  </span>
+  
+
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+    </li>
+  
+
+              
+            
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+                
+  
+  
+  
+  
+    <li class="md-nav__item">
+      <a href="../../dotnet/csharp/linq.html" class="md-nav__link">
+        
+  
+  <span class="md-ellipsis">
+    Linq
+  </span>
+  
+
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+    </li>
+  
+
+              
+            
+              
+                
+  
+  
+  
+  
+    <li class="md-nav__item">
+      <a href="../../dotnet/csharp/collections.html" class="md-nav__link">
+        
+  
+  <span class="md-ellipsis">
+    Collections
+  </span>
+  
+
+      </a>
+    </li>
+  
+
+              
+            
+              
+                
+  
+  
+  
+  
+    <li class="md-nav__item">
+      <a href="../../dotnet/csharp/reactive-extensions.html" class="md-nav__link">
+        
+  
+  <span class="md-ellipsis">
+    Reactive Extensions
+  </span>
+  
+
+      </a>
+    </li>
+  
+
+              
+            
+              
+                
+  
+  
+  
+  
+    <li class="md-nav__item">
+      <a href="../../dotnet/csharp/async-programming.html" class="md-nav__link">
+        
+  
+  <span class="md-ellipsis">
+    Async Programming
+  </span>
+  
+
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+    </li>
+  
+
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+            
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+  
+  
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+  
+    <li class="md-nav__item">
+      <a href="../../dotnet/csharp/unit-tests.html" class="md-nav__link">
+        
+  
+  <span class="md-ellipsis">
+    Unit Tests
+  </span>
+  
+
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+    </li>
+  
+
+              
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+          </ul>
+        </nav>
+      
+    </li>
+  
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+                
+  
+  
+  
+  
+    
+    
+      
+        
+      
+        
+      
+        
+      
+        
+      
+        
+      
+        
+      
+        
+      
+    
+    
+      
+      
+        
+      
+    
+    
+    <li class="md-nav__item md-nav__item--nested">
+      
+        
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+        <input class="md-nav__toggle md-toggle " type="checkbox" id="__nav_4_9_2" >
+        
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+          <label class="md-nav__link" for="__nav_4_9_2" id="__nav_4_9_2_label" tabindex="0">
+            
+  
+  <span class="md-ellipsis">
+    ASP.NET
+  </span>
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+          </label>
+        
+        <nav class="md-nav" data-md-level="3" aria-labelledby="__nav_4_9_2_label" aria-expanded="false">
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+            <span class="md-nav__icon md-icon"></span>
+            ASP.NET
+          </label>
+          <ul class="md-nav__list" data-md-scrollfix>
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+  
+    <li class="md-nav__item">
+      <a href="../../dotnet/asp.net/minimal-api.html" class="md-nav__link">
+        
+  
+  <span class="md-ellipsis">
+    Minimal API
+  </span>
+  
+
+      </a>
+    </li>
+  
+
+              
+            
+              
+                
+  
+  
+  
+  
+    <li class="md-nav__item">
+      <a href="../../dotnet/asp.net/filters.html" class="md-nav__link">
+        
+  
+  <span class="md-ellipsis">
+    FIlters
+  </span>
+  
+
+      </a>
+    </li>
+  
+
+              
+            
+              
+                
+  
+  
+  
+  
+    <li class="md-nav__item">
+      <a href="../../dotnet/asp.net/middleware.html" class="md-nav__link">
+        
+  
+  <span class="md-ellipsis">
+    Middleware
+  </span>
+  
+
+      </a>
+    </li>
+  
+
+              
+            
+              
+                
+  
+  
+  
+  
+    <li class="md-nav__item">
+      <a href="../../dotnet/asp.net/razor-syntax.html" class="md-nav__link">
+        
+  
+  <span class="md-ellipsis">
+    Razor Syntax
+  </span>
+  
+
+      </a>
+    </li>
+  
+
+              
+            
+              
+                
+  
+  
+  
+  
+    <li class="md-nav__item">
+      <a href="../../dotnet/asp.net/blazor.html" class="md-nav__link">
+        
+  
+  <span class="md-ellipsis">
+    Blazor
+  </span>
+  
+
+      </a>
+    </li>
+  
+
+              
+            
+              
+                
+  
+  
+  
+  
+    <li class="md-nav__item">
+      <a href="../../dotnet/asp.net/signalr.html" class="md-nav__link">
+        
+  
+  <span class="md-ellipsis">
+    SignalR
+  </span>
+  
+
+      </a>
+    </li>
+  
+
+              
+            
+              
+                
+  
+  
+  
+  
+    <li class="md-nav__item">
+      <a href="../../dotnet/asp.net/web-forms.html" class="md-nav__link">
+        
+  
+  <span class="md-ellipsis">
+    Web Forms
+  </span>
+  
+
+      </a>
+    </li>
+  
+
+              
+            
+          </ul>
+        </nav>
+      
+    </li>
+  
+
+              
+            
+              
+                
+  
+  
+  
+  
+    
+    
+      
+        
+      
+        
+      
+    
+    
+      
+      
+        
+      
+    
+    
+    <li class="md-nav__item md-nav__item--nested">
+      
+        
+        
+        <input class="md-nav__toggle md-toggle " type="checkbox" id="__nav_4_9_3" >
+        
+          
+          <label class="md-nav__link" for="__nav_4_9_3" id="__nav_4_9_3_label" tabindex="0">
+            
+  
+  <span class="md-ellipsis">
+    Database
+  </span>
+  
+
+            <span class="md-nav__icon md-icon"></span>
+          </label>
+        
+        <nav class="md-nav" data-md-level="3" aria-labelledby="__nav_4_9_3_label" aria-expanded="false">
+          <label class="md-nav__title" for="__nav_4_9_3">
+            <span class="md-nav__icon md-icon"></span>
+            Database
+          </label>
+          <ul class="md-nav__list" data-md-scrollfix>
+            
+              
+                
+  
+  
+  
+  
+    <li class="md-nav__item">
+      <a href="../../dotnet/database/ado.net.html" class="md-nav__link">
+        
+  
+  <span class="md-ellipsis">
+    ADO.NET
+  </span>
+  
+
+      </a>
+    </li>
+  
+
+              
+            
+              
+                
+  
+  
+  
+  
+    <li class="md-nav__item">
+      <a href="../../dotnet/database/entity-framework.html" class="md-nav__link">
+        
+  
+  <span class="md-ellipsis">
+    Entity Framework
+  </span>
+  
+
+      </a>
+    </li>
+  
+
+              
+            
+          </ul>
+        </nav>
+      
+    </li>
+  
+
+              
+            
+          </ul>
+        </nav>
+      
+    </li>
+  
+
+              
+            
+              
+                
+  
+  
+  
+  
+    
+    
+      
+        
+      
+        
+      
+        
+      
+        
+      
+    
+    
+      
+      
+        
+          
+          
+        
+      
+    
+    
+    <li class="md-nav__item md-nav__item--section md-nav__item--nested">
+      
+        
+        
+        <input class="md-nav__toggle md-toggle " type="checkbox" id="__nav_4_10" >
+        
+          
+          <label class="md-nav__link" for="__nav_4_10" id="__nav_4_10_label" tabindex="">
+            
+  
+  <span class="md-ellipsis">
+    Java
+  </span>
+  
+
+            <span class="md-nav__icon md-icon"></span>
+          </label>
+        
+        <nav class="md-nav" data-md-level="2" aria-labelledby="__nav_4_10_label" aria-expanded="false">
+          <label class="md-nav__title" for="__nav_4_10">
+            <span class="md-nav__icon md-icon"></span>
+            Java
+          </label>
+          <ul class="md-nav__list" data-md-scrollfix>
+            
+              
+                
+  
+  
+  
+  
+    <li class="md-nav__item">
+      <a href="../../java/java.html" class="md-nav__link">
+        
+  
+  <span class="md-ellipsis">
+    Java
+  </span>
+  
+
+      </a>
+    </li>
+  
+
+              
+            
+              
+                
+  
+  
+  
+  
+    <li class="md-nav__item">
+      <a href="../../java/java-collection-framework.html" class="md-nav__link">
+        
+  
+  <span class="md-ellipsis">
+    Java Collection Framework
+  </span>
+  
+
+      </a>
+    </li>
+  
+
+              
+            
+              
+                
+  
+  
+  
+  
+    <li class="md-nav__item">
+      <a href="../../java/dao.html" class="md-nav__link">
+        
+  
+  <span class="md-ellipsis">
+    DAO
+  </span>
+  
+
+      </a>
+    </li>
+  
+
+              
+            
+              
+                
+  
+  
+  
+  
+    
+    
+      
+        
+      
+        
+      
+    
+    
+      
+      
+        
+      
+    
+    
+    <li class="md-nav__item md-nav__item--nested">
+      
+        
+        
+        <input class="md-nav__toggle md-toggle " type="checkbox" id="__nav_4_10_4" >
+        
+          
+          <label class="md-nav__link" for="__nav_4_10_4" id="__nav_4_10_4_label" tabindex="0">
+            
+  
+  <span class="md-ellipsis">
+    Web
+  </span>
+  
+
+            <span class="md-nav__icon md-icon"></span>
+          </label>
+        
+        <nav class="md-nav" data-md-level="3" aria-labelledby="__nav_4_10_4_label" aria-expanded="false">
+          <label class="md-nav__title" for="__nav_4_10_4">
+            <span class="md-nav__icon md-icon"></span>
+            Web
+          </label>
+          <ul class="md-nav__list" data-md-scrollfix>
+            
+              
+                
+  
+  
+  
+  
+    <li class="md-nav__item">
+      <a href="../../java/web/servlet.html" class="md-nav__link">
+        
+  
+  <span class="md-ellipsis">
+    Serverlet
+  </span>
+  
+
+      </a>
+    </li>
+  
+
+              
+            
+              
+                
+  
+  
+  
+  
+    
+    
+      
+        
+      
+        
+      
+    
+    
+      
+      
+        
+      
+    
+    
+    <li class="md-nav__item md-nav__item--nested">
+      
+        
+        
+        <input class="md-nav__toggle md-toggle " type="checkbox" id="__nav_4_10_4_2" >
+        
+          
+          <label class="md-nav__link" for="__nav_4_10_4_2" id="__nav_4_10_4_2_label" tabindex="0">
+            
+  
+  <span class="md-ellipsis">
+    Spring
+  </span>
+  
+
+            <span class="md-nav__icon md-icon"></span>
+          </label>
+        
+        <nav class="md-nav" data-md-level="4" aria-labelledby="__nav_4_10_4_2_label" aria-expanded="false">
+          <label class="md-nav__title" for="__nav_4_10_4_2">
+            <span class="md-nav__icon md-icon"></span>
+            Spring
+          </label>
+          <ul class="md-nav__list" data-md-scrollfix>
+            
+              
+                
+  
+  
+  
+  
+    <li class="md-nav__item">
+      <a href="../../java/spring/pom.xml.html" class="md-nav__link">
+        
+  
+  <span class="md-ellipsis">
+    POM
+  </span>
+  
+
+      </a>
+    </li>
+  
+
+              
+            
+              
+                
+  
+  
+  
+  
+    <li class="md-nav__item">
+      <a href="../../java/spring/spring-project.html" class="md-nav__link">
+        
+  
+  <span class="md-ellipsis">
+    Project Structure
+  </span>
+  
+
+      </a>
+    </li>
+  
+
+              
+            
+          </ul>
+        </nav>
+      
+    </li>
+  
+
+              
+            
+          </ul>
+        </nav>
+      
+    </li>
+  
+
+              
+            
+          </ul>
+        </nav>
+      
+    </li>
+  
+
+              
+            
+              
+                
+  
+  
+  
+  
+    
+    
+      
+        
+      
+        
+      
+        
+      
+        
+      
+        
+      
+        
+      
+        
+      
+        
+      
+        
+      
+    
+    
+      
+      
+        
+          
+          
+        
+      
+    
+    
+    <li class="md-nav__item md-nav__item--section md-nav__item--nested">
+      
+        
+        
+        <input class="md-nav__toggle md-toggle " type="checkbox" id="__nav_4_11" >
+        
+          
+          <label class="md-nav__link" for="__nav_4_11" id="__nav_4_11_label" tabindex="">
+            
+  
+  <span class="md-ellipsis">
+    PHP
+  </span>
+  
+
+            <span class="md-nav__icon md-icon"></span>
+          </label>
+        
+        <nav class="md-nav" data-md-level="2" aria-labelledby="__nav_4_11_label" aria-expanded="false">
+          <label class="md-nav__title" for="__nav_4_11">
+            <span class="md-nav__icon md-icon"></span>
+            PHP
+          </label>
+          <ul class="md-nav__list" data-md-scrollfix>
+            
+              
+                
+  
+  
+  
+  
+    <li class="md-nav__item">
+      <a href="../../php/php.html" class="md-nav__link">
+        
+  
+  <span class="md-ellipsis">
+    PHP
+  </span>
+  
+
+      </a>
+    </li>
+  
+
+              
+            
+              
+                
+  
+  
+  
+  
+    <li class="md-nav__item">
+      <a href="../../php/database.html" class="md-nav__link">
+        
+  
+  <span class="md-ellipsis">
+    Database
+  </span>
+  
+
+      </a>
+    </li>
+  
+
+              
+            
+              
+                
+  
+  
+  
+  
+    <li class="md-nav__item">
+      <a href="../../php/web.html" class="md-nav__link">
+        
+  
+  <span class="md-ellipsis">
+    Web
+  </span>
+  
+
+      </a>
+    </li>
+  
+
+              
+            
+              
+                
+  
+  
+  
+  
+    <li class="md-nav__item">
+      <a href="../../php/dependency-injection.html" class="md-nav__link">
+        
+  
+  <span class="md-ellipsis">
+    Dependency Injection
+  </span>
+  
+
+      </a>
+    </li>
+  
+
+              
+            
+              
+                
+  
+  
+  
+  
+    <li class="md-nav__item">
+      <a href="../../php/unit-tests.html" class="md-nav__link">
+        
+  
+  <span class="md-ellipsis">
+    Unit Tests
+  </span>
+  
+
+      </a>
+    </li>
+  
+
+              
+            
+              
+                
+  
+  
+  
+  
+    <li class="md-nav__item">
+      <a href="../../php/composer.html" class="md-nav__link">
+        
+  
+  <span class="md-ellipsis">
+    Composer
+  </span>
+  
+
+      </a>
+    </li>
+  
+
+              
+            
+              
+                
+  
+  
+  
+  
+    <li class="md-nav__item">
+      <a href="../../php/psr-7.html" class="md-nav__link">
+        
+  
+  <span class="md-ellipsis">
+    PSR 7
+  </span>
+  
+
+      </a>
+    </li>
+  
+
+              
+            
+              
+                
+  
+  
+  
+  
+    <li class="md-nav__item">
+      <a href="../../php/plates-templating.html" class="md-nav__link">
+        
+  
+  <span class="md-ellipsis">
+    Plates
+  </span>
+  
+
+      </a>
+    </li>
+  
+
+              
+            
+              
+                
+  
+  
+  
+  
+    
+    
+      
+        
+      
+        
+      
+    
+    
+      
+      
+        
+      
+    
+    
+    <li class="md-nav__item md-nav__item--nested">
+      
+        
+        
+        <input class="md-nav__toggle md-toggle " type="checkbox" id="__nav_4_11_9" >
+        
+          
+          <label class="md-nav__link" for="__nav_4_11_9" id="__nav_4_11_9_label" tabindex="0">
+            
+  
+  <span class="md-ellipsis">
+    Simple MVC
+  </span>
+  
+
+            <span class="md-nav__icon md-icon"></span>
+          </label>
+        
+        <nav class="md-nav" data-md-level="3" aria-labelledby="__nav_4_11_9_label" aria-expanded="false">
+          <label class="md-nav__title" for="__nav_4_11_9">
+            <span class="md-nav__icon md-icon"></span>
+            Simple MVC
+          </label>
+          <ul class="md-nav__list" data-md-scrollfix>
+            
+              
+                
+  
+  
+  
+  
+    <li class="md-nav__item">
+      <a href="../../php/simple-mvc/simple-mvc.html" class="md-nav__link">
+        
+  
+  <span class="md-ellipsis">
+    Simple MVC
+  </span>
+  
+
+      </a>
+    </li>
+  
+
+              
+            
+              
+                
+  
+  
+  
+  
+    <li class="md-nav__item">
+      <a href="../../php/simple-mvc/rest-api.html" class="md-nav__link">
+        
+  
+  <span class="md-ellipsis">
+    REST API
+  </span>
+  
+
+      </a>
+    </li>
+  
+
+              
+            
+          </ul>
+        </nav>
+      
+    </li>
+  
+
+              
+            
+          </ul>
+        </nav>
+      
+    </li>
+  
+
+              
+            
+              
+                
+  
+  
+  
+  
+    
+    
+      
+        
+      
+        
+      
+        
+      
+        
+      
+        
+      
+    
+    
+      
+      
+        
+          
+          
+        
+      
+    
+    
+    <li class="md-nav__item md-nav__item--section md-nav__item--nested">
+      
+        
+        
+        <input class="md-nav__toggle md-toggle " type="checkbox" id="__nav_4_12" >
+        
+          
+          <label class="md-nav__link" for="__nav_4_12" id="__nav_4_12_label" tabindex="">
+            
+  
+  <span class="md-ellipsis">
+    Rust
+  </span>
+  
+
+            <span class="md-nav__icon md-icon"></span>
+          </label>
+        
+        <nav class="md-nav" data-md-level="2" aria-labelledby="__nav_4_12_label" aria-expanded="false">
+          <label class="md-nav__title" for="__nav_4_12">
+            <span class="md-nav__icon md-icon"></span>
+            Rust
+          </label>
+          <ul class="md-nav__list" data-md-scrollfix>
+            
+              
+                
+  
+  
+  
+  
+    <li class="md-nav__item">
+      <a href="../../rust/rust.html" class="md-nav__link">
+        
+  
+  <span class="md-ellipsis">
+    Rust
+  </span>
+  
+
+      </a>
+    </li>
+  
+
+              
+            
+              
+                
+  
+  
+  
+  
+    <li class="md-nav__item">
+      <a href="../../rust/macros.html" class="md-nav__link">
+        
+  
+  <span class="md-ellipsis">
+    Macros
+  </span>
+  
+
+      </a>
+    </li>
+  
+
+              
+            
+              
+                
+  
+  
+  
+  
+    <li class="md-nav__item">
+      <a href="../../rust/cargo.html" class="md-nav__link">
+        
+  
+  <span class="md-ellipsis">
+    Cargo
+  </span>
+  
+
+      </a>
+    </li>
+  
+
+              
+            
+              
+                
+  
+  
+  
+  
+    <li class="md-nav__item">
+      <a href="../../rust/concurrency.html" class="md-nav__link">
+        
+  
+  <span class="md-ellipsis">
+    Concurrency
+  </span>
+  
+
+      </a>
+    </li>
+  
+
+              
+            
+              
+                
+  
+  
+  
+  
+    <li class="md-nav__item">
+      <a href="../../rust/unit-tests.html" class="md-nav__link">
+        
+  
+  <span class="md-ellipsis">
+    Unit Tests
+  </span>
+  
+
+      </a>
+    </li>
+  
+
+              
+            
+          </ul>
+        </nav>
+      
+    </li>
+  
+
+              
+            
+              
+                
+  
+  
+  
+  
+    
+    
+      
+        
+      
+        
+      
+        
+      
+        
+      
+        
+      
+        
+      
+        
+      
+    
+    
+      
+      
+        
+          
+          
+        
+      
+    
+    
+    <li class="md-nav__item md-nav__item--section md-nav__item--nested">
+      
+        
+        
+        <input class="md-nav__toggle md-toggle " type="checkbox" id="__nav_4_13" >
+        
+          
+          <label class="md-nav__link" for="__nav_4_13" id="__nav_4_13_label" tabindex="">
+            
+  
+  <span class="md-ellipsis">
+    Javascript
+  </span>
+  
+
+            <span class="md-nav__icon md-icon"></span>
+          </label>
+        
+        <nav class="md-nav" data-md-level="2" aria-labelledby="__nav_4_13_label" aria-expanded="false">
+          <label class="md-nav__title" for="__nav_4_13">
+            <span class="md-nav__icon md-icon"></span>
+            Javascript
+          </label>
+          <ul class="md-nav__list" data-md-scrollfix>
+            
+              
+                
+  
+  
+  
+  
+    <li class="md-nav__item">
+      <a href="../../javascript/javascript.html" class="md-nav__link">
+        
+  
+  <span class="md-ellipsis">
+    Javascript
+  </span>
+  
+
+      </a>
+    </li>
+  
+
+              
+            
+              
+                
+  
+  
+  
+  
+    <li class="md-nav__item">
+      <a href="../../javascript/dom.html" class="md-nav__link">
+        
+  
+  <span class="md-ellipsis">
+    DOM
+  </span>
+  
+
+      </a>
+    </li>
+  
+
+              
+            
+              
+                
+  
+  
+  
+  
+    <li class="md-nav__item">
+      <a href="../../javascript/events-animation.html" class="md-nav__link">
+        
+  
+  <span class="md-ellipsis">
+    Events & Animation
+  </span>
+  
+
+      </a>
+    </li>
+  
+
+              
+            
+              
+                
+  
+  
+  
+  
+    <li class="md-nav__item">
+      <a href="../../javascript/ajax.html" class="md-nav__link">
+        
+  
+  <span class="md-ellipsis">
+    AJAX
+  </span>
+  
+
+      </a>
+    </li>
+  
+
+              
+            
+              
+                
+  
+  
+  
+  
+    <li class="md-nav__item">
+      <a href="../../javascript/jquery.html" class="md-nav__link">
+        
+  
+  <span class="md-ellipsis">
+    jQuery
+  </span>
+  
+
+      </a>
+    </li>
+  
+
+              
+            
+              
+                
+  
+  
+  
+  
+    
+    
+      
+        
+      
+        
+      
+        
+      
+        
+      
+        
+      
+    
+    
+      
+      
+        
+      
+    
+    
+    <li class="md-nav__item md-nav__item--nested">
+      
+        
+        
+        <input class="md-nav__toggle md-toggle " type="checkbox" id="__nav_4_13_6" >
+        
+          
+          <label class="md-nav__link" for="__nav_4_13_6" id="__nav_4_13_6_label" tabindex="0">
+            
+  
+  <span class="md-ellipsis">
+    React
+  </span>
+  
+
+            <span class="md-nav__icon md-icon"></span>
+          </label>
+        
+        <nav class="md-nav" data-md-level="3" aria-labelledby="__nav_4_13_6_label" aria-expanded="false">
+          <label class="md-nav__title" for="__nav_4_13_6">
+            <span class="md-nav__icon md-icon"></span>
+            React
+          </label>
+          <ul class="md-nav__list" data-md-scrollfix>
+            
+              
+                
+  
+  
+  
+  
+    <li class="md-nav__item">
+      <a href="../../javascript/react/react.html" class="md-nav__link">
+        
+  
+  <span class="md-ellipsis">
+    React
+  </span>
+  
+
+      </a>
+    </li>
+  
+
+              
+            
+              
+                
+  
+  
+  
+  
+    <li class="md-nav__item">
+      <a href="../../javascript/react/react-router.html" class="md-nav__link">
+        
+  
+  <span class="md-ellipsis">
+    React Router
+  </span>
+  
+
+      </a>
+    </li>
+  
+
+              
+            
+              
+                
+  
+  
+  
+  
+    <li class="md-nav__item">
+      <a href="../../javascript/react/react-tests.html" class="md-nav__link">
+        
+  
+  <span class="md-ellipsis">
+    React Tests
+  </span>
+  
+
+      </a>
+    </li>
+  
+
+              
+            
+              
+                
+  
+  
+  
+  
+    <li class="md-nav__item">
+      <a href="../../javascript/react/redux.html" class="md-nav__link">
+        
+  
+  <span class="md-ellipsis">
+    Redux
+  </span>
+  
+
+      </a>
+    </li>
+  
+
+              
+            
+              
+                
+  
+  
+  
+  
+    <li class="md-nav__item">
+      <a href="../../javascript/react/redux-tests.html" class="md-nav__link">
+        
+  
+  <span class="md-ellipsis">
+    Redux Tests
+  </span>
+  
+
+      </a>
+    </li>
+  
+
+              
+            
+          </ul>
+        </nav>
+      
+    </li>
+  
+
+              
+            
+              
+                
+  
+  
+  
+  
+    <li class="md-nav__item">
+      <a href="../../javascript/svelte/svelte.html" class="md-nav__link">
+        
+  
+  <span class="md-ellipsis">
+    Svelte
+  </span>
+  
+
+      </a>
+    </li>
+  
+
+              
+            
+          </ul>
+        </nav>
+      
+    </li>
+  
+
+              
+            
+              
+                
+  
+  
+  
+  
+    
+    
+      
+        
+      
+        
+      
+    
+    
+      
+      
+        
+          
+          
+        
+      
+    
+    
+    <li class="md-nav__item md-nav__item--section md-nav__item--nested">
+      
+        
+        
+        <input class="md-nav__toggle md-toggle " type="checkbox" id="__nav_4_14" >
+        
+          
+          <label class="md-nav__link" for="__nav_4_14" id="__nav_4_14_label" tabindex="">
+            
+  
+  <span class="md-ellipsis">
+    PowerShell
+  </span>
+  
+
+            <span class="md-nav__icon md-icon"></span>
+          </label>
+        
+        <nav class="md-nav" data-md-level="2" aria-labelledby="__nav_4_14_label" aria-expanded="false">
+          <label class="md-nav__title" for="__nav_4_14">
+            <span class="md-nav__icon md-icon"></span>
+            PowerShell
+          </label>
+          <ul class="md-nav__list" data-md-scrollfix>
+            
+              
+                
+  
+  
+  
+  
+    <li class="md-nav__item">
+      <a href="../../powershell/scripting.html" class="md-nav__link">
+        
+  
+  <span class="md-ellipsis">
+    Scripting
+  </span>
+  
+
+      </a>
+    </li>
+  
+
+              
+            
+              
+                
+  
+  
+  
+  
+    <li class="md-nav__item">
+      <a href="../../powershell/commands.html" class="md-nav__link">
+        
+  
+  <span class="md-ellipsis">
+    Commands
+  </span>
+  
+
+      </a>
+    </li>
+  
+
+              
+            
+          </ul>
+        </nav>
+      
+    </li>
+  
+
+              
+            
+              
+                
+  
+  
+  
+  
+    
+    
+      
+        
+      
+        
+      
+    
+    
+      
+      
+        
+          
+          
+        
+      
+    
+    
+    <li class="md-nav__item md-nav__item--section md-nav__item--nested">
+      
+        
+        
+        <input class="md-nav__toggle md-toggle " type="checkbox" id="__nav_4_15" >
+        
+          
+          <label class="md-nav__link" for="__nav_4_15" id="__nav_4_15_label" tabindex="">
+            
+  
+  <span class="md-ellipsis">
+    Bash
+  </span>
+  
+
+            <span class="md-nav__icon md-icon"></span>
+          </label>
+        
+        <nav class="md-nav" data-md-level="2" aria-labelledby="__nav_4_15_label" aria-expanded="false">
+          <label class="md-nav__title" for="__nav_4_15">
+            <span class="md-nav__icon md-icon"></span>
+            Bash
+          </label>
+          <ul class="md-nav__list" data-md-scrollfix>
+            
+              
+                
+  
+  
+  
+  
+    <li class="md-nav__item">
+      <a href="../../bash/scripting.html" class="md-nav__link">
+        
+  
+  <span class="md-ellipsis">
+    Scripting
+  </span>
+  
+
+      </a>
+    </li>
+  
+
+              
+            
+              
+                
+  
+  
+  
+  
+    <li class="md-nav__item">
+      <a href="../../bash/commands.html" class="md-nav__link">
+        
+  
+  <span class="md-ellipsis">
+    Commands
+  </span>
+  
+
+      </a>
+    </li>
+  
+
+              
+            
+          </ul>
+        </nav>
+      
+    </li>
+  
+
+              
+            
+          </ul>
+        </nav>
+      
+    </li>
+  
+
+    
+      
+      
+  
+  
+  
+  
+    
+    
+      
+        
+      
+        
+      
+        
+      
+        
+      
+        
+      
+    
+    
+      
+      
+        
+      
+    
+    
+    <li class="md-nav__item md-nav__item--nested">
+      
+        
+        
+        <input class="md-nav__toggle md-toggle " type="checkbox" id="__nav_5" >
+        
+          
+          <label class="md-nav__link" for="__nav_5" id="__nav_5_label" tabindex="0">
+            
+  
+  <span class="md-ellipsis">
+    Misc
+  </span>
+  
+
+            <span class="md-nav__icon md-icon"></span>
+          </label>
+        
+        <nav class="md-nav" data-md-level="1" aria-labelledby="__nav_5_label" aria-expanded="false">
+          <label class="md-nav__title" for="__nav_5">
+            <span class="md-nav__icon md-icon"></span>
+            Misc
+          </label>
+          <ul class="md-nav__list" data-md-scrollfix>
+            
+              
+                
+  
+  
+  
+  
+    <li class="md-nav__item">
+      <a href="../../../misc/git.html" class="md-nav__link">
+        
+  
+  <span class="md-ellipsis">
+    Git
+  </span>
+  
+
+      </a>
+    </li>
+  
+
+              
+            
+              
+                
+  
+  
+  
+  
+    <li class="md-nav__item">
+      <a href="../../../misc/graph-ql.html" class="md-nav__link">
+        
+  
+  <span class="md-ellipsis">
+    GraphQL
+  </span>
+  
+
+      </a>
+    </li>
+  
+
+              
+            
+              
+                
+  
+  
+  
+  
+    <li class="md-nav__item">
+      <a href="../../../misc/regular-expressions.html" class="md-nav__link">
+        
+  
+  <span class="md-ellipsis">
+    RegEx
+  </span>
+  
+
+      </a>
+    </li>
+  
+
+              
+            
+              
+                
+  
+  
+  
+  
+    <li class="md-nav__item">
+      <a href="../../../misc/ssh.html" class="md-nav__link">
+        
+  
+  <span class="md-ellipsis">
+    SSH
+  </span>
+  
+
+      </a>
+    </li>
+  
+
+              
+            
+              
+                
+  
+  
+  
+  
+    <li class="md-nav__item">
+      <a href="../../../misc/web-components.html" class="md-nav__link">
+        
+  
+  <span class="md-ellipsis">
+    WebComponents
+  </span>
+  
+
+      </a>
+    </li>
+  
+
+              
+            
+          </ul>
+        </nav>
+      
+    </li>
+  
+
+    
+      
+      
+  
+  
+  
+  
+    
+    
+      
+        
+      
+        
+      
+    
+    
+      
+      
+        
+      
+    
+    
+    <li class="md-nav__item md-nav__item--nested">
+      
+        
+        
+        <input class="md-nav__toggle md-toggle " type="checkbox" id="__nav_6" >
+        
+          
+          <label class="md-nav__link" for="__nav_6" id="__nav_6_label" tabindex="0">
+            
+  
+  <span class="md-ellipsis">
+    Linux
+  </span>
+  
+
+            <span class="md-nav__icon md-icon"></span>
+          </label>
+        
+        <nav class="md-nav" data-md-level="1" aria-labelledby="__nav_6_label" aria-expanded="false">
+          <label class="md-nav__title" for="__nav_6">
+            <span class="md-nav__icon md-icon"></span>
+            Linux
+          </label>
+          <ul class="md-nav__list" data-md-scrollfix>
+            
+              
+                
+  
+  
+  
+  
+    
+    
+      
+        
+      
+        
+      
+        
+      
+    
+    
+      
+      
+        
+      
+    
+    
+    <li class="md-nav__item md-nav__item--nested">
+      
+        
+        
+        <input class="md-nav__toggle md-toggle " type="checkbox" id="__nav_6_1" >
+        
+          
+          <label class="md-nav__link" for="__nav_6_1" id="__nav_6_1_label" tabindex="0">
+            
+  
+  <span class="md-ellipsis">
+    Filesystem
+  </span>
+  
+
+            <span class="md-nav__icon md-icon"></span>
+          </label>
+        
+        <nav class="md-nav" data-md-level="2" aria-labelledby="__nav_6_1_label" aria-expanded="false">
+          <label class="md-nav__title" for="__nav_6_1">
+            <span class="md-nav__icon md-icon"></span>
+            Filesystem
+          </label>
+          <ul class="md-nav__list" data-md-scrollfix>
+            
+              
+                
+  
+  
+  
+  
+    <li class="md-nav__item">
+      <a href="../../../linux/filesystem/file-links.html" class="md-nav__link">
+        
+  
+  <span class="md-ellipsis">
+    File Links
+  </span>
+  
+
+      </a>
+    </li>
+  
+
+              
+            
+              
+                
+  
+  
+  
+  
+    <li class="md-nav__item">
+      <a href="../../../linux/filesystem/procfs.html" class="md-nav__link">
+        
+  
+  <span class="md-ellipsis">
+    /proc
+  </span>
+  
+
+      </a>
+    </li>
+  
+
+              
+            
+              
+                
+  
+  
+  
+  
+    <li class="md-nav__item">
+      <a href="../../../linux/filesystem/sysfs.html" class="md-nav__link">
+        
+  
+  <span class="md-ellipsis">
+    /sys
+  </span>
+  
+
+      </a>
+    </li>
+  
+
+              
+            
+          </ul>
+        </nav>
+      
+    </li>
+  
+
+              
+            
+              
+                
+  
+  
+  
+  
+    
+    
+      
+        
+      
+        
+      
+    
+    
+      
+      
+        
+      
+    
+    
+    <li class="md-nav__item md-nav__item--nested">
+      
+        
+        
+        <input class="md-nav__toggle md-toggle " type="checkbox" id="__nav_6_2" >
+        
+          
+          <label class="md-nav__link" for="__nav_6_2" id="__nav_6_2_label" tabindex="0">
+            
+  
+  <span class="md-ellipsis">
+    System Init
+  </span>
+  
+
+            <span class="md-nav__icon md-icon"></span>
+          </label>
+        
+        <nav class="md-nav" data-md-level="2" aria-labelledby="__nav_6_2_label" aria-expanded="false">
+          <label class="md-nav__title" for="__nav_6_2">
+            <span class="md-nav__icon md-icon"></span>
+            System Init
+          </label>
+          <ul class="md-nav__list" data-md-scrollfix>
+            
+              
+                
+  
+  
+  
+  
+    <li class="md-nav__item">
+      <a href="../../../linux/init/systemd.html" class="md-nav__link">
+        
+  
+  <span class="md-ellipsis">
+    Systemd
+  </span>
+  
+
+      </a>
+    </li>
+  
+
+              
+            
+              
+                
+  
+  
+  
+  
+    <li class="md-nav__item">
+      <a href="../../../linux/init/open-rc.html" class="md-nav__link">
+        
+  
+  <span class="md-ellipsis">
+    OpenRC
+  </span>
+  
+
+      </a>
+    </li>
+  
+
+              
+            
+          </ul>
+        </nav>
+      
+    </li>
+  
+
+              
+            
+          </ul>
+        </nav>
+      
+    </li>
+  
+
+    
+  </ul>
+</nav>
+                  </div>
+                </div>
+              </div>
+            
+            
+              
+              <div class="md-sidebar md-sidebar--secondary" data-md-component="sidebar" data-md-type="toc" >
+                <div class="md-sidebar__scrollwrap">
+                  <div class="md-sidebar__inner">
+                    
+
+<nav class="md-nav md-nav--secondary" aria-label="Table of contents">
+  
+  
+  
+    
+  
+  
+    <label class="md-nav__title" for="__toc">
+      <span class="md-nav__icon md-icon"></span>
+      Table of contents
+    </label>
+    <ul class="md-nav__list" data-md-component="toc" data-md-scrollfix>
+      
+        <li class="md-nav__item">
+  <a href="#configuration" class="md-nav__link">
+    <span class="md-ellipsis">
+      Configuration
+    </span>
+  </a>
+  
+    <nav class="md-nav" aria-label="Configuration">
+      <ul class="md-nav__list">
+        
+          <li class="md-nav__item">
+  <a href="#format-basicconfigformat" class="md-nav__link">
+    <span class="md-ellipsis">
+      Format (basicConfig(format=""))
+    </span>
+  </a>
+  
+</li>
+        
+          <li class="md-nav__item">
+  <a href="#datefmt-basicconfigdatefmt" class="md-nav__link">
+    <span class="md-ellipsis">
+      Datefmt (basicConfig(datefmt=""))
+    </span>
+  </a>
+  
+</li>
+        
+      </ul>
+    </nav>
+  
+</li>
+      
+        <li class="md-nav__item">
+  <a href="#logs" class="md-nav__link">
+    <span class="md-ellipsis">
+      Logs
+    </span>
+  </a>
+  
+</li>
+      
+    </ul>
+  
+</nav>
+                  </div>
+                </div>
+              </div>
+            
+          
+          
+            <div class="md-content" data-md-component="content">
+              <article class="md-content__inner md-typeset">
+                
+                  
+
+  
+  
+
+
+<h1 id="logging-module">Logging Module</h1>
+<h2 id="configuration">Configuration</h2>
+<div class="highlight"><table class="highlighttable"><tr><th colspan="2" class="filename"><span class="filename">Python</span></th></tr><tr><td class="linenos"><div class="linenodiv"><pre><span></span><span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-0-1"> 1</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-0-2"> 2</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-0-3"> 3</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-0-4"> 4</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-0-5"> 5</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-0-6"> 6</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-0-7"> 7</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-0-8"> 8</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-0-9"> 9</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-0-10">10</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-0-11">11</a></span></pre></div></td><td class="code"><div><pre><span></span><code><a id="__codelineno-0-1" name="__codelineno-0-1"></a><span class="c1"># basic configuration for the logging system</span>
+<a id="__codelineno-0-2" name="__codelineno-0-2"></a><span class="n">logging</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">basicConfig</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="n">filename</span><span class="o">=</span><span class="s2">&quot;relpath&quot;</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="n">level</span><span class="o">=</span><span class="n">logging</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">LOG_LEVEL</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="nb">format</span><span class="o">=</span><span class="sa">f</span><span class="s2">&quot;message format&quot;</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="o">**</span><span class="n">kwargs</span><span class="p">)</span>  
+<a id="__codelineno-0-3" name="__codelineno-0-3"></a><span class="c1"># DATEFMT: Use the specified date/time format, as accepted by time.strftime().</span>
+<a id="__codelineno-0-4" name="__codelineno-0-4"></a>
+<a id="__codelineno-0-5" name="__codelineno-0-5"></a><span class="c1"># create a logger with a name (useful for having multiple loggers)</span>
+<a id="__codelineno-0-6" name="__codelineno-0-6"></a><span class="n">logger</span> <span class="o">=</span> <span class="n">logging</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">getLogger</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="n">name</span><span class="o">=</span><span class="s2">&quot;logger name&quot;</span><span class="p">)</span>  
+<a id="__codelineno-0-7" name="__codelineno-0-7"></a><span class="n">logger</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">level</span>  <span class="c1"># LOG_LEVEL for this logger</span>
+<a id="__codelineno-0-8" name="__codelineno-0-8"></a>
+<a id="__codelineno-0-9" name="__codelineno-0-9"></a><span class="c1"># disable all logging calls of severity level and below</span>
+<a id="__codelineno-0-10" name="__codelineno-0-10"></a><span class="c1"># alternative to basicConfig(level=logging.LOG_LEVEL)</span>
+<a id="__codelineno-0-11" name="__codelineno-0-11"></a><span class="n">logging</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">disable</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="n">level</span><span class="o">=</span><span class="n">LOG_LEVEL</span><span class="p">)</span>  
+</code></pre></div></td></tr></table></div>
+<h3 id="format-basicconfigformat">Format (<code>basicConfig(format="")</code>)</h3>
+<table>
+<thead>
+<tr>
+<th>Attribute name</th>
+<th>Format</th>
+<th>Description</th>
+</tr>
+</thead>
+<tbody>
+<tr>
+<td>asctime</td>
+<td><code>%(asctime)s</code></td>
+<td>Human-readable time when the LogRecord was created. Modified by <code>basicConfig(datefmt="")</code></td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+<td>created</td>
+<td><code>%(created)f</code></td>
+<td>Time when the LogRecord was created (as returned by <code>time.time()</code>).</td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+<td>filename</td>
+<td><code>%(filename)s</code></td>
+<td>Filename portion of pathname.</td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+<td>funcName</td>
+<td><code>%(funcName)s</code></td>
+<td>Name of function containing the logging call.</td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+<td>levelname</td>
+<td><code>%(levelname)s</code></td>
+<td>Text logging level for the message.</td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+<td>levelno</td>
+<td><code>%(levelno)s</code></td>
+<td>Numeric logging level for the message.</td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+<td>lineno</td>
+<td><code>%(lineno)d</code></td>
+<td>Source line number where the logging call was issued (if available).</td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+<td>message</td>
+<td><code>%(message)s</code></td>
+<td>The logged message, computed as <code>msg % args</code>.</td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+<td>module</td>
+<td><code>%(module)s</code></td>
+<td>Module (name portion of filename).</td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+<td>msecs</td>
+<td><code>%(msecs)d</code></td>
+<td>Millisecond portion of the time when the LogRecord was created.</td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+<td>name</td>
+<td><code>%(name)s</code></td>
+<td>Name of the logger used to log the call.</td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+<td>pathname</td>
+<td><code>%(pathname)s</code></td>
+<td>Full pathname of the source file where the logging call was issued (if available).</td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+<td>process</td>
+<td><code>%(process)d</code></td>
+<td>Process ID (if available).</td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+<td>processName</td>
+<td><code>%(processName)s</code></td>
+<td>Process name (if available).</td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+<td>thread</td>
+<td><code>%(thread)d</code></td>
+<td>Thread ID (if available).</td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+<td>threadName</td>
+<td><code>%(threadName)s</code></td>
+<td>Thread name (if available).</td>
+</tr>
+</tbody>
+</table>
+<h3 id="datefmt-basicconfigdatefmt">Datefmt (<code>basicConfig(datefmt="")</code>)</h3>
+<table>
+<thead>
+<tr>
+<th>Directive</th>
+<th>Meaning</th>
+</tr>
+</thead>
+<tbody>
+<tr>
+<td><code>%a</code></td>
+<td>Locale's abbreviated weekday name.</td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+<td><code>%A</code></td>
+<td>Locale's full weekday name.</td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+<td><code>%b</code></td>
+<td>Locale's abbreviated month name.</td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+<td><code>%B</code></td>
+<td>Locale's full month name.</td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+<td><code>%c</code></td>
+<td>Locale's appropriate date and time representation.</td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+<td><code>%d</code></td>
+<td>Day of the month as a decimal number [01,31].</td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+<td><code>%H</code></td>
+<td>Hour (24-hour clock) as a decimal number [00,23].</td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+<td><code>%I</code></td>
+<td>Hour (12-hour clock) as a decimal number [01,12].</td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+<td><code>%j</code></td>
+<td>Day of the year as a decimal number [001,366].</td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+<td><code>%m</code></td>
+<td>Month as a decimal number [01,12].</td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+<td><code>%M</code></td>
+<td>Minute as a decimal number [00,59].</td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+<td><code>%p</code></td>
+<td>Locale's equivalent of either AM or PM.</td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+<td><code>%S</code></td>
+<td>Second as a decimal number [00,61].</td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+<td><code>%U</code></td>
+<td>Week number of the year (Sunday as the first day of the week) as a decimal number [00,53].</td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+<td><code>%w</code></td>
+<td>Weekday as a decimal number [0(Sunday),6].</td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+<td><code>%W</code></td>
+<td>Week number of the year (Monday as the first day of the week) as a decimal number [00,53].</td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+<td><code>%x</code></td>
+<td>Locale's appropriate date representation.</td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+<td><code>%X</code></td>
+<td>Locale's appropriate time representation.</td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+<td><code>%y</code></td>
+<td>Year without century as a decimal number [00,99].</td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+<td><code>%Y</code></td>
+<td>Year with century as a decimal number.</td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+<td><code>%z</code></td>
+<td>Time zone offset indicating a positive or negative time difference from UTC/GMT of the form +HHMM or -HHMM [-23:59, +23:59].</td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+<td><code>%Z</code></td>
+<td>Time zone name (no characters if no time zone exists).</td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+<td><code>%%</code></td>
+<td>A literal '%' character.</td>
+</tr>
+</tbody>
+</table>
+<h2 id="logs">Logs</h2>
+<p>Log Levels (Low To High):</p>
+<ul>
+<li>default: <code>0</code></li>
+<li>debug: <code>10</code></li>
+<li>info: <code>20</code></li>
+<li>warning: <code>30</code></li>
+<li>error: <code>40</code></li>
+<li>critical: <code>50</code></li>
+</ul>
+<div class="highlight"><table class="highlighttable"><tr><th colspan="2" class="filename"><span class="filename">Python</span></th></tr><tr><td class="linenos"><div class="linenodiv"><pre><span></span><span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-1-1">1</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-1-2">2</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-1-3">3</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-1-4">4</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-1-5">5</a></span></pre></div></td><td class="code"><div><pre><span></span><code><a id="__codelineno-1-1" name="__codelineno-1-1"></a><span class="n">logging</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">debug</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="n">msg</span><span class="p">)</span>  <span class="c1"># Logs a message with level DEBUG on the root logger</span>
+<a id="__codelineno-1-2" name="__codelineno-1-2"></a><span class="n">logging</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">info</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="n">msg</span><span class="p">)</span>  <span class="c1"># Logs a message with level INFO on the root logger</span>
+<a id="__codelineno-1-3" name="__codelineno-1-3"></a><span class="n">logging</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">warning</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="n">msg</span><span class="p">)</span>  <span class="c1"># Logs a message with level WARNING on the root logger</span>
+<a id="__codelineno-1-4" name="__codelineno-1-4"></a><span class="n">logging</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">error</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="n">msg</span><span class="p">)</span>  <span class="c1"># Logs a message with level ERROR on the root logger</span>
+<a id="__codelineno-1-5" name="__codelineno-1-5"></a><span class="n">logging</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">critical</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="n">msg</span><span class="p">)</span>  <span class="c1"># Logs a message with level CRITICAL on the root logger</span>
+</code></pre></div></td></tr></table></div>
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+  
+    
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+        
+      
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+      
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+        
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+        
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+    
+    
+    <li class="md-nav__item md-nav__item--section md-nav__item--nested">
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+        
+        
+        <input class="md-nav__toggle md-toggle " type="checkbox" id="__nav_4_7" >
+        
+          
+          <label class="md-nav__link" for="__nav_4_7" id="__nav_4_7_label" tabindex="">
+            
+  
+  <span class="md-ellipsis">
+    Assembly
+  </span>
+  
+
+            <span class="md-nav__icon md-icon"></span>
+          </label>
+        
+        <nav class="md-nav" data-md-level="2" aria-labelledby="__nav_4_7_label" aria-expanded="false">
+          <label class="md-nav__title" for="__nav_4_7">
+            <span class="md-nav__icon md-icon"></span>
+            Assembly
+          </label>
+          <ul class="md-nav__list" data-md-scrollfix>
+            
+              
+                
+  
+  
+  
+  
+    <li class="md-nav__item">
+      <a href="../../assembly/intel.html" class="md-nav__link">
+        
+  
+  <span class="md-ellipsis">
+    Intel
+  </span>
+  
+
+      </a>
+    </li>
+  
+
+              
+            
+              
+                
+  
+  
+  
+  
+    <li class="md-nav__item">
+      <a href="../../assembly/riscv.html" class="md-nav__link">
+        
+  
+  <span class="md-ellipsis">
+    RISC-V
+  </span>
+  
+
+      </a>
+    </li>
+  
+
+              
+            
+          </ul>
+        </nav>
+      
+    </li>
+  
+
+              
+            
+              
+                
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+    
+  
+  
+  
+    
+    
+      
+        
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+        
+      
+        
+      
+    
+    
+      
+      
+        
+          
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+        
+      
+    
+    
+    <li class="md-nav__item md-nav__item--active md-nav__item--section md-nav__item--nested">
+      
+        
+        
+        <input class="md-nav__toggle md-toggle " type="checkbox" id="__nav_4_8" checked>
+        
+          
+          <label class="md-nav__link" for="__nav_4_8" id="__nav_4_8_label" tabindex="">
+            
+  
+  <span class="md-ellipsis">
+    Python
+  </span>
+  
+
+            <span class="md-nav__icon md-icon"></span>
+          </label>
+        
+        <nav class="md-nav" data-md-level="2" aria-labelledby="__nav_4_8_label" aria-expanded="true">
+          <label class="md-nav__title" for="__nav_4_8">
+            <span class="md-nav__icon md-icon"></span>
+            Python
+          </label>
+          <ul class="md-nav__list" data-md-scrollfix>
+            
+              
+                
+  
+  
+  
+  
+    <li class="md-nav__item">
+      <a href="../python.html" class="md-nav__link">
+        
+  
+  <span class="md-ellipsis">
+    Python
+  </span>
+  
+
+      </a>
+    </li>
+  
+
+              
+            
+              
+                
+  
+  
+    
+  
+  
+  
+    
+    
+      
+        
+      
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+      
+        
+      
+        
+      
+        
+      
+        
+      
+        
+      
+        
+      
+        
+      
+        
+      
+        
+      
+        
+      
+        
+      
+    
+    
+      
+      
+        
+      
+    
+    
+    <li class="md-nav__item md-nav__item--active md-nav__item--nested">
+      
+        
+        
+        <input class="md-nav__toggle md-toggle " type="checkbox" id="__nav_4_8_2" checked>
+        
+          
+          <label class="md-nav__link" for="__nav_4_8_2" id="__nav_4_8_2_label" tabindex="0">
+            
+  
+  <span class="md-ellipsis">
+    Modules
+  </span>
+  
+
+            <span class="md-nav__icon md-icon"></span>
+          </label>
+        
+        <nav class="md-nav" data-md-level="3" aria-labelledby="__nav_4_8_2_label" aria-expanded="true">
+          <label class="md-nav__title" for="__nav_4_8_2">
+            <span class="md-nav__icon md-icon"></span>
+            Modules
+          </label>
+          <ul class="md-nav__list" data-md-scrollfix>
+            
+              
+                
+  
+  
+  
+  
+    <li class="md-nav__item">
+      <a href="argparse.html" class="md-nav__link">
+        
+  
+  <span class="md-ellipsis">
+    argparse
+  </span>
+  
+
+      </a>
+    </li>
+  
+
+              
+            
+              
+                
+  
+  
+  
+  
+    <li class="md-nav__item">
+      <a href="collections.html" class="md-nav__link">
+        
+  
+  <span class="md-ellipsis">
+    collection
+  </span>
+  
+
+      </a>
+    </li>
+  
+
+              
+            
+              
+                
+  
+  
+  
+  
+    <li class="md-nav__item">
+      <a href="csv.html" class="md-nav__link">
+        
+  
+  <span class="md-ellipsis">
+    csv
+  </span>
+  
+
+      </a>
+    </li>
+  
+
+              
+            
+              
+                
+  
+  
+  
+  
+    <li class="md-nav__item">
+      <a href="ftplib.html" class="md-nav__link">
+        
+  
+  <span class="md-ellipsis">
+    ftplib
+  </span>
+  
+
+      </a>
+    </li>
+  
+
+              
+            
+              
+                
+  
+  
+  
+  
+    <li class="md-nav__item">
+      <a href="itertools.html" class="md-nav__link">
+        
+  
+  <span class="md-ellipsis">
+    itertools
+  </span>
+  
+
+      </a>
+    </li>
+  
+
+              
+            
+              
+                
+  
+  
+  
+  
+    <li class="md-nav__item">
+      <a href="json.html" class="md-nav__link">
+        
+  
+  <span class="md-ellipsis">
+    json
+  </span>
+  
+
+      </a>
+    </li>
+  
+
+              
+            
+              
+                
+  
+  
+  
+  
+    <li class="md-nav__item">
+      <a href="logging.html" class="md-nav__link">
+        
+  
+  <span class="md-ellipsis">
+    logging
+  </span>
+  
+
+      </a>
+    </li>
+  
+
+              
+            
+              
+                
+  
+  
+    
+  
+  
+  
+    <li class="md-nav__item md-nav__item--active">
+      
+      <input class="md-nav__toggle md-toggle" type="checkbox" id="__toc">
+      
+      
+        
+      
+      
+      <a href="shutil.html" class="md-nav__link md-nav__link--active">
+        
+  
+  <span class="md-ellipsis">
+    shutil
+  </span>
+  
+
+      </a>
+      
+    </li>
+  
+
+              
+            
+              
+                
+  
+  
+  
+  
+    <li class="md-nav__item">
+      <a href="smtplib.html" class="md-nav__link">
+        
+  
+  <span class="md-ellipsis">
+    smtplib
+  </span>
+  
+
+      </a>
+    </li>
+  
+
+              
+            
+              
+                
+  
+  
+  
+  
+    <li class="md-nav__item">
+      <a href="socket.html" class="md-nav__link">
+        
+  
+  <span class="md-ellipsis">
+    socket
+  </span>
+  
+
+      </a>
+    </li>
+  
+
+              
+            
+              
+                
+  
+  
+  
+  
+    <li class="md-nav__item">
+      <a href="sqlite.html" class="md-nav__link">
+        
+  
+  <span class="md-ellipsis">
+    sqlite
+  </span>
+  
+
+      </a>
+    </li>
+  
+
+              
+            
+              
+                
+  
+  
+  
+  
+    <li class="md-nav__item">
+      <a href="time-datetime.html" class="md-nav__link">
+        
+  
+  <span class="md-ellipsis">
+    time & datetime
+  </span>
+  
+
+      </a>
+    </li>
+  
+
+              
+            
+              
+                
+  
+  
+  
+  
+    <li class="md-nav__item">
+      <a href="unittest.html" class="md-nav__link">
+        
+  
+  <span class="md-ellipsis">
+    unittest
+  </span>
+  
+
+      </a>
+    </li>
+  
+
+              
+            
+          </ul>
+        </nav>
+      
+    </li>
+  
+
+              
+            
+              
+                
+  
+  
+  
+  
+    
+    
+      
+        
+      
+        
+      
+        
+      
+        
+      
+        
+      
+        
+      
+    
+    
+      
+      
+        
+      
+    
+    
+    <li class="md-nav__item md-nav__item--nested">
+      
+        
+        
+        <input class="md-nav__toggle md-toggle " type="checkbox" id="__nav_4_8_3" >
+        
+          
+          <label class="md-nav__link" for="__nav_4_8_3" id="__nav_4_8_3_label" tabindex="0">
+            
+  
+  <span class="md-ellipsis">
+    Libraries
+  </span>
+  
+
+            <span class="md-nav__icon md-icon"></span>
+          </label>
+        
+        <nav class="md-nav" data-md-level="3" aria-labelledby="__nav_4_8_3_label" aria-expanded="false">
+          <label class="md-nav__title" for="__nav_4_8_3">
+            <span class="md-nav__icon md-icon"></span>
+            Libraries
+          </label>
+          <ul class="md-nav__list" data-md-scrollfix>
+            
+              
+                
+  
+  
+  
+  
+    <li class="md-nav__item">
+      <a href="../libs/tkinter.html" class="md-nav__link">
+        
+  
+  <span class="md-ellipsis">
+    TKinter
+  </span>
+  
+
+      </a>
+    </li>
+  
+
+              
+            
+              
+                
+  
+  
+  
+  
+    <li class="md-nav__item">
+      <a href="../libs/numpy.html" class="md-nav__link">
+        
+  
+  <span class="md-ellipsis">
+    Numpy
+  </span>
+  
+
+      </a>
+    </li>
+  
+
+              
+            
+              
+                
+  
+  
+  
+  
+    <li class="md-nav__item">
+      <a href="../libs/pandas.html" class="md-nav__link">
+        
+  
+  <span class="md-ellipsis">
+    Pandas
+  </span>
+  
+
+      </a>
+    </li>
+  
+
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+            
+              
+                
+  
+  
+  
+  
+    <li class="md-nav__item">
+      <a href="../libs/seaborn.html" class="md-nav__link">
+        
+  
+  <span class="md-ellipsis">
+    Seaborn
+  </span>
+  
+
+      </a>
+    </li>
+  
+
+              
+            
+              
+                
+  
+  
+  
+  
+    <li class="md-nav__item">
+      <a href="../libs/requests.html" class="md-nav__link">
+        
+  
+  <span class="md-ellipsis">
+    Requests
+  </span>
+  
+
+      </a>
+    </li>
+  
+
+              
+            
+              
+                
+  
+  
+  
+  
+    <li class="md-nav__item">
+      <a href="../libs/beautiful-soup.html" class="md-nav__link">
+        
+  
+  <span class="md-ellipsis">
+    Beatiful Soup
+  </span>
+  
+
+      </a>
+    </li>
+  
+
+              
+            
+          </ul>
+        </nav>
+      
+    </li>
+  
+
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+            
+          </ul>
+        </nav>
+      
+    </li>
+  
+
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+            
+              
+                
+  
+  
+  
+  
+    
+    
+      
+        
+      
+        
+      
+        
+      
+    
+    
+      
+      
+        
+          
+          
+        
+      
+    
+    
+    <li class="md-nav__item md-nav__item--section md-nav__item--nested">
+      
+        
+        
+        <input class="md-nav__toggle md-toggle " type="checkbox" id="__nav_4_9" >
+        
+          
+          <label class="md-nav__link" for="__nav_4_9" id="__nav_4_9_label" tabindex="">
+            
+  
+  <span class="md-ellipsis">
+    .NET
+  </span>
+  
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+          </label>
+        
+        <nav class="md-nav" data-md-level="2" aria-labelledby="__nav_4_9_label" aria-expanded="false">
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+            .NET
+          </label>
+          <ul class="md-nav__list" data-md-scrollfix>
+            
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+  
+  
+  
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+    
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+        
+      
+        
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+        
+      
+        
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+        
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+      
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+      
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+    
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+      
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+        <input class="md-nav__toggle md-toggle " type="checkbox" id="__nav_4_9_1" >
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+            
+  
+  <span class="md-ellipsis">
+    C#
+  </span>
+  
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+        
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+            <span class="md-nav__icon md-icon"></span>
+            C#
+          </label>
+          <ul class="md-nav__list" data-md-scrollfix>
+            
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+  
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+    <li class="md-nav__item">
+      <a href="../../dotnet/csharp/csharp.html" class="md-nav__link">
+        
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+  <span class="md-ellipsis">
+    C#
+  </span>
+  
+
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+    </li>
+  
+
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+                
+  
+  
+  
+  
+    <li class="md-nav__item">
+      <a href="../../dotnet/csharp/linq.html" class="md-nav__link">
+        
+  
+  <span class="md-ellipsis">
+    Linq
+  </span>
+  
+
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+    </li>
+  
+
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+  
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+  
+    <li class="md-nav__item">
+      <a href="../../dotnet/csharp/collections.html" class="md-nav__link">
+        
+  
+  <span class="md-ellipsis">
+    Collections
+  </span>
+  
+
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+    </li>
+  
+
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+            
+              
+                
+  
+  
+  
+  
+    <li class="md-nav__item">
+      <a href="../../dotnet/csharp/reactive-extensions.html" class="md-nav__link">
+        
+  
+  <span class="md-ellipsis">
+    Reactive Extensions
+  </span>
+  
+
+      </a>
+    </li>
+  
+
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+            
+              
+                
+  
+  
+  
+  
+    <li class="md-nav__item">
+      <a href="../../dotnet/csharp/async-programming.html" class="md-nav__link">
+        
+  
+  <span class="md-ellipsis">
+    Async Programming
+  </span>
+  
+
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+    </li>
+  
+
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+            
+              
+                
+  
+  
+  
+  
+    <li class="md-nav__item">
+      <a href="../../dotnet/csharp/unit-tests.html" class="md-nav__link">
+        
+  
+  <span class="md-ellipsis">
+    Unit Tests
+  </span>
+  
+
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+    </li>
+  
+
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+            
+          </ul>
+        </nav>
+      
+    </li>
+  
+
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+            
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+                
+  
+  
+  
+  
+    
+    
+      
+        
+      
+        
+      
+        
+      
+        
+      
+        
+      
+        
+      
+        
+      
+    
+    
+      
+      
+        
+      
+    
+    
+    <li class="md-nav__item md-nav__item--nested">
+      
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+        <input class="md-nav__toggle md-toggle " type="checkbox" id="__nav_4_9_2" >
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+          <label class="md-nav__link" for="__nav_4_9_2" id="__nav_4_9_2_label" tabindex="0">
+            
+  
+  <span class="md-ellipsis">
+    ASP.NET
+  </span>
+  
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+          </label>
+        
+        <nav class="md-nav" data-md-level="3" aria-labelledby="__nav_4_9_2_label" aria-expanded="false">
+          <label class="md-nav__title" for="__nav_4_9_2">
+            <span class="md-nav__icon md-icon"></span>
+            ASP.NET
+          </label>
+          <ul class="md-nav__list" data-md-scrollfix>
+            
+              
+                
+  
+  
+  
+  
+    <li class="md-nav__item">
+      <a href="../../dotnet/asp.net/minimal-api.html" class="md-nav__link">
+        
+  
+  <span class="md-ellipsis">
+    Minimal API
+  </span>
+  
+
+      </a>
+    </li>
+  
+
+              
+            
+              
+                
+  
+  
+  
+  
+    <li class="md-nav__item">
+      <a href="../../dotnet/asp.net/filters.html" class="md-nav__link">
+        
+  
+  <span class="md-ellipsis">
+    FIlters
+  </span>
+  
+
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+    </li>
+  
+
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+            
+              
+                
+  
+  
+  
+  
+    <li class="md-nav__item">
+      <a href="../../dotnet/asp.net/middleware.html" class="md-nav__link">
+        
+  
+  <span class="md-ellipsis">
+    Middleware
+  </span>
+  
+
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+    </li>
+  
+
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+            
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+                
+  
+  
+  
+  
+    <li class="md-nav__item">
+      <a href="../../dotnet/asp.net/razor-syntax.html" class="md-nav__link">
+        
+  
+  <span class="md-ellipsis">
+    Razor Syntax
+  </span>
+  
+
+      </a>
+    </li>
+  
+
+              
+            
+              
+                
+  
+  
+  
+  
+    <li class="md-nav__item">
+      <a href="../../dotnet/asp.net/blazor.html" class="md-nav__link">
+        
+  
+  <span class="md-ellipsis">
+    Blazor
+  </span>
+  
+
+      </a>
+    </li>
+  
+
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+            
+              
+                
+  
+  
+  
+  
+    <li class="md-nav__item">
+      <a href="../../dotnet/asp.net/signalr.html" class="md-nav__link">
+        
+  
+  <span class="md-ellipsis">
+    SignalR
+  </span>
+  
+
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+    </li>
+  
+
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+            
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+                
+  
+  
+  
+  
+    <li class="md-nav__item">
+      <a href="../../dotnet/asp.net/web-forms.html" class="md-nav__link">
+        
+  
+  <span class="md-ellipsis">
+    Web Forms
+  </span>
+  
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+    </li>
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+          </ul>
+        </nav>
+      
+    </li>
+  
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+  
+  
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+  
+    
+    
+      
+        
+      
+        
+      
+    
+    
+      
+      
+        
+      
+    
+    
+    <li class="md-nav__item md-nav__item--nested">
+      
+        
+        
+        <input class="md-nav__toggle md-toggle " type="checkbox" id="__nav_4_9_3" >
+        
+          
+          <label class="md-nav__link" for="__nav_4_9_3" id="__nav_4_9_3_label" tabindex="0">
+            
+  
+  <span class="md-ellipsis">
+    Database
+  </span>
+  
+
+            <span class="md-nav__icon md-icon"></span>
+          </label>
+        
+        <nav class="md-nav" data-md-level="3" aria-labelledby="__nav_4_9_3_label" aria-expanded="false">
+          <label class="md-nav__title" for="__nav_4_9_3">
+            <span class="md-nav__icon md-icon"></span>
+            Database
+          </label>
+          <ul class="md-nav__list" data-md-scrollfix>
+            
+              
+                
+  
+  
+  
+  
+    <li class="md-nav__item">
+      <a href="../../dotnet/database/ado.net.html" class="md-nav__link">
+        
+  
+  <span class="md-ellipsis">
+    ADO.NET
+  </span>
+  
+
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+    </li>
+  
+
+              
+            
+              
+                
+  
+  
+  
+  
+    <li class="md-nav__item">
+      <a href="../../dotnet/database/entity-framework.html" class="md-nav__link">
+        
+  
+  <span class="md-ellipsis">
+    Entity Framework
+  </span>
+  
+
+      </a>
+    </li>
+  
+
+              
+            
+          </ul>
+        </nav>
+      
+    </li>
+  
+
+              
+            
+          </ul>
+        </nav>
+      
+    </li>
+  
+
+              
+            
+              
+                
+  
+  
+  
+  
+    
+    
+      
+        
+      
+        
+      
+        
+      
+        
+      
+    
+    
+      
+      
+        
+          
+          
+        
+      
+    
+    
+    <li class="md-nav__item md-nav__item--section md-nav__item--nested">
+      
+        
+        
+        <input class="md-nav__toggle md-toggle " type="checkbox" id="__nav_4_10" >
+        
+          
+          <label class="md-nav__link" for="__nav_4_10" id="__nav_4_10_label" tabindex="">
+            
+  
+  <span class="md-ellipsis">
+    Java
+  </span>
+  
+
+            <span class="md-nav__icon md-icon"></span>
+          </label>
+        
+        <nav class="md-nav" data-md-level="2" aria-labelledby="__nav_4_10_label" aria-expanded="false">
+          <label class="md-nav__title" for="__nav_4_10">
+            <span class="md-nav__icon md-icon"></span>
+            Java
+          </label>
+          <ul class="md-nav__list" data-md-scrollfix>
+            
+              
+                
+  
+  
+  
+  
+    <li class="md-nav__item">
+      <a href="../../java/java.html" class="md-nav__link">
+        
+  
+  <span class="md-ellipsis">
+    Java
+  </span>
+  
+
+      </a>
+    </li>
+  
+
+              
+            
+              
+                
+  
+  
+  
+  
+    <li class="md-nav__item">
+      <a href="../../java/java-collection-framework.html" class="md-nav__link">
+        
+  
+  <span class="md-ellipsis">
+    Java Collection Framework
+  </span>
+  
+
+      </a>
+    </li>
+  
+
+              
+            
+              
+                
+  
+  
+  
+  
+    <li class="md-nav__item">
+      <a href="../../java/dao.html" class="md-nav__link">
+        
+  
+  <span class="md-ellipsis">
+    DAO
+  </span>
+  
+
+      </a>
+    </li>
+  
+
+              
+            
+              
+                
+  
+  
+  
+  
+    
+    
+      
+        
+      
+        
+      
+    
+    
+      
+      
+        
+      
+    
+    
+    <li class="md-nav__item md-nav__item--nested">
+      
+        
+        
+        <input class="md-nav__toggle md-toggle " type="checkbox" id="__nav_4_10_4" >
+        
+          
+          <label class="md-nav__link" for="__nav_4_10_4" id="__nav_4_10_4_label" tabindex="0">
+            
+  
+  <span class="md-ellipsis">
+    Web
+  </span>
+  
+
+            <span class="md-nav__icon md-icon"></span>
+          </label>
+        
+        <nav class="md-nav" data-md-level="3" aria-labelledby="__nav_4_10_4_label" aria-expanded="false">
+          <label class="md-nav__title" for="__nav_4_10_4">
+            <span class="md-nav__icon md-icon"></span>
+            Web
+          </label>
+          <ul class="md-nav__list" data-md-scrollfix>
+            
+              
+                
+  
+  
+  
+  
+    <li class="md-nav__item">
+      <a href="../../java/web/servlet.html" class="md-nav__link">
+        
+  
+  <span class="md-ellipsis">
+    Serverlet
+  </span>
+  
+
+      </a>
+    </li>
+  
+
+              
+            
+              
+                
+  
+  
+  
+  
+    
+    
+      
+        
+      
+        
+      
+    
+    
+      
+      
+        
+      
+    
+    
+    <li class="md-nav__item md-nav__item--nested">
+      
+        
+        
+        <input class="md-nav__toggle md-toggle " type="checkbox" id="__nav_4_10_4_2" >
+        
+          
+          <label class="md-nav__link" for="__nav_4_10_4_2" id="__nav_4_10_4_2_label" tabindex="0">
+            
+  
+  <span class="md-ellipsis">
+    Spring
+  </span>
+  
+
+            <span class="md-nav__icon md-icon"></span>
+          </label>
+        
+        <nav class="md-nav" data-md-level="4" aria-labelledby="__nav_4_10_4_2_label" aria-expanded="false">
+          <label class="md-nav__title" for="__nav_4_10_4_2">
+            <span class="md-nav__icon md-icon"></span>
+            Spring
+          </label>
+          <ul class="md-nav__list" data-md-scrollfix>
+            
+              
+                
+  
+  
+  
+  
+    <li class="md-nav__item">
+      <a href="../../java/spring/pom.xml.html" class="md-nav__link">
+        
+  
+  <span class="md-ellipsis">
+    POM
+  </span>
+  
+
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+    </li>
+  
+
+              
+            
+              
+                
+  
+  
+  
+  
+    <li class="md-nav__item">
+      <a href="../../java/spring/spring-project.html" class="md-nav__link">
+        
+  
+  <span class="md-ellipsis">
+    Project Structure
+  </span>
+  
+
+      </a>
+    </li>
+  
+
+              
+            
+          </ul>
+        </nav>
+      
+    </li>
+  
+
+              
+            
+          </ul>
+        </nav>
+      
+    </li>
+  
+
+              
+            
+          </ul>
+        </nav>
+      
+    </li>
+  
+
+              
+            
+              
+                
+  
+  
+  
+  
+    
+    
+      
+        
+      
+        
+      
+        
+      
+        
+      
+        
+      
+        
+      
+        
+      
+        
+      
+        
+      
+    
+    
+      
+      
+        
+          
+          
+        
+      
+    
+    
+    <li class="md-nav__item md-nav__item--section md-nav__item--nested">
+      
+        
+        
+        <input class="md-nav__toggle md-toggle " type="checkbox" id="__nav_4_11" >
+        
+          
+          <label class="md-nav__link" for="__nav_4_11" id="__nav_4_11_label" tabindex="">
+            
+  
+  <span class="md-ellipsis">
+    PHP
+  </span>
+  
+
+            <span class="md-nav__icon md-icon"></span>
+          </label>
+        
+        <nav class="md-nav" data-md-level="2" aria-labelledby="__nav_4_11_label" aria-expanded="false">
+          <label class="md-nav__title" for="__nav_4_11">
+            <span class="md-nav__icon md-icon"></span>
+            PHP
+          </label>
+          <ul class="md-nav__list" data-md-scrollfix>
+            
+              
+                
+  
+  
+  
+  
+    <li class="md-nav__item">
+      <a href="../../php/php.html" class="md-nav__link">
+        
+  
+  <span class="md-ellipsis">
+    PHP
+  </span>
+  
+
+      </a>
+    </li>
+  
+
+              
+            
+              
+                
+  
+  
+  
+  
+    <li class="md-nav__item">
+      <a href="../../php/database.html" class="md-nav__link">
+        
+  
+  <span class="md-ellipsis">
+    Database
+  </span>
+  
+
+      </a>
+    </li>
+  
+
+              
+            
+              
+                
+  
+  
+  
+  
+    <li class="md-nav__item">
+      <a href="../../php/web.html" class="md-nav__link">
+        
+  
+  <span class="md-ellipsis">
+    Web
+  </span>
+  
+
+      </a>
+    </li>
+  
+
+              
+            
+              
+                
+  
+  
+  
+  
+    <li class="md-nav__item">
+      <a href="../../php/dependency-injection.html" class="md-nav__link">
+        
+  
+  <span class="md-ellipsis">
+    Dependency Injection
+  </span>
+  
+
+      </a>
+    </li>
+  
+
+              
+            
+              
+                
+  
+  
+  
+  
+    <li class="md-nav__item">
+      <a href="../../php/unit-tests.html" class="md-nav__link">
+        
+  
+  <span class="md-ellipsis">
+    Unit Tests
+  </span>
+  
+
+      </a>
+    </li>
+  
+
+              
+            
+              
+                
+  
+  
+  
+  
+    <li class="md-nav__item">
+      <a href="../../php/composer.html" class="md-nav__link">
+        
+  
+  <span class="md-ellipsis">
+    Composer
+  </span>
+  
+
+      </a>
+    </li>
+  
+
+              
+            
+              
+                
+  
+  
+  
+  
+    <li class="md-nav__item">
+      <a href="../../php/psr-7.html" class="md-nav__link">
+        
+  
+  <span class="md-ellipsis">
+    PSR 7
+  </span>
+  
+
+      </a>
+    </li>
+  
+
+              
+            
+              
+                
+  
+  
+  
+  
+    <li class="md-nav__item">
+      <a href="../../php/plates-templating.html" class="md-nav__link">
+        
+  
+  <span class="md-ellipsis">
+    Plates
+  </span>
+  
+
+      </a>
+    </li>
+  
+
+              
+            
+              
+                
+  
+  
+  
+  
+    
+    
+      
+        
+      
+        
+      
+    
+    
+      
+      
+        
+      
+    
+    
+    <li class="md-nav__item md-nav__item--nested">
+      
+        
+        
+        <input class="md-nav__toggle md-toggle " type="checkbox" id="__nav_4_11_9" >
+        
+          
+          <label class="md-nav__link" for="__nav_4_11_9" id="__nav_4_11_9_label" tabindex="0">
+            
+  
+  <span class="md-ellipsis">
+    Simple MVC
+  </span>
+  
+
+            <span class="md-nav__icon md-icon"></span>
+          </label>
+        
+        <nav class="md-nav" data-md-level="3" aria-labelledby="__nav_4_11_9_label" aria-expanded="false">
+          <label class="md-nav__title" for="__nav_4_11_9">
+            <span class="md-nav__icon md-icon"></span>
+            Simple MVC
+          </label>
+          <ul class="md-nav__list" data-md-scrollfix>
+            
+              
+                
+  
+  
+  
+  
+    <li class="md-nav__item">
+      <a href="../../php/simple-mvc/simple-mvc.html" class="md-nav__link">
+        
+  
+  <span class="md-ellipsis">
+    Simple MVC
+  </span>
+  
+
+      </a>
+    </li>
+  
+
+              
+            
+              
+                
+  
+  
+  
+  
+    <li class="md-nav__item">
+      <a href="../../php/simple-mvc/rest-api.html" class="md-nav__link">
+        
+  
+  <span class="md-ellipsis">
+    REST API
+  </span>
+  
+
+      </a>
+    </li>
+  
+
+              
+            
+          </ul>
+        </nav>
+      
+    </li>
+  
+
+              
+            
+          </ul>
+        </nav>
+      
+    </li>
+  
+
+              
+            
+              
+                
+  
+  
+  
+  
+    
+    
+      
+        
+      
+        
+      
+        
+      
+        
+      
+        
+      
+    
+    
+      
+      
+        
+          
+          
+        
+      
+    
+    
+    <li class="md-nav__item md-nav__item--section md-nav__item--nested">
+      
+        
+        
+        <input class="md-nav__toggle md-toggle " type="checkbox" id="__nav_4_12" >
+        
+          
+          <label class="md-nav__link" for="__nav_4_12" id="__nav_4_12_label" tabindex="">
+            
+  
+  <span class="md-ellipsis">
+    Rust
+  </span>
+  
+
+            <span class="md-nav__icon md-icon"></span>
+          </label>
+        
+        <nav class="md-nav" data-md-level="2" aria-labelledby="__nav_4_12_label" aria-expanded="false">
+          <label class="md-nav__title" for="__nav_4_12">
+            <span class="md-nav__icon md-icon"></span>
+            Rust
+          </label>
+          <ul class="md-nav__list" data-md-scrollfix>
+            
+              
+                
+  
+  
+  
+  
+    <li class="md-nav__item">
+      <a href="../../rust/rust.html" class="md-nav__link">
+        
+  
+  <span class="md-ellipsis">
+    Rust
+  </span>
+  
+
+      </a>
+    </li>
+  
+
+              
+            
+              
+                
+  
+  
+  
+  
+    <li class="md-nav__item">
+      <a href="../../rust/macros.html" class="md-nav__link">
+        
+  
+  <span class="md-ellipsis">
+    Macros
+  </span>
+  
+
+      </a>
+    </li>
+  
+
+              
+            
+              
+                
+  
+  
+  
+  
+    <li class="md-nav__item">
+      <a href="../../rust/cargo.html" class="md-nav__link">
+        
+  
+  <span class="md-ellipsis">
+    Cargo
+  </span>
+  
+
+      </a>
+    </li>
+  
+
+              
+            
+              
+                
+  
+  
+  
+  
+    <li class="md-nav__item">
+      <a href="../../rust/concurrency.html" class="md-nav__link">
+        
+  
+  <span class="md-ellipsis">
+    Concurrency
+  </span>
+  
+
+      </a>
+    </li>
+  
+
+              
+            
+              
+                
+  
+  
+  
+  
+    <li class="md-nav__item">
+      <a href="../../rust/unit-tests.html" class="md-nav__link">
+        
+  
+  <span class="md-ellipsis">
+    Unit Tests
+  </span>
+  
+
+      </a>
+    </li>
+  
+
+              
+            
+          </ul>
+        </nav>
+      
+    </li>
+  
+
+              
+            
+              
+                
+  
+  
+  
+  
+    
+    
+      
+        
+      
+        
+      
+        
+      
+        
+      
+        
+      
+        
+      
+        
+      
+    
+    
+      
+      
+        
+          
+          
+        
+      
+    
+    
+    <li class="md-nav__item md-nav__item--section md-nav__item--nested">
+      
+        
+        
+        <input class="md-nav__toggle md-toggle " type="checkbox" id="__nav_4_13" >
+        
+          
+          <label class="md-nav__link" for="__nav_4_13" id="__nav_4_13_label" tabindex="">
+            
+  
+  <span class="md-ellipsis">
+    Javascript
+  </span>
+  
+
+            <span class="md-nav__icon md-icon"></span>
+          </label>
+        
+        <nav class="md-nav" data-md-level="2" aria-labelledby="__nav_4_13_label" aria-expanded="false">
+          <label class="md-nav__title" for="__nav_4_13">
+            <span class="md-nav__icon md-icon"></span>
+            Javascript
+          </label>
+          <ul class="md-nav__list" data-md-scrollfix>
+            
+              
+                
+  
+  
+  
+  
+    <li class="md-nav__item">
+      <a href="../../javascript/javascript.html" class="md-nav__link">
+        
+  
+  <span class="md-ellipsis">
+    Javascript
+  </span>
+  
+
+      </a>
+    </li>
+  
+
+              
+            
+              
+                
+  
+  
+  
+  
+    <li class="md-nav__item">
+      <a href="../../javascript/dom.html" class="md-nav__link">
+        
+  
+  <span class="md-ellipsis">
+    DOM
+  </span>
+  
+
+      </a>
+    </li>
+  
+
+              
+            
+              
+                
+  
+  
+  
+  
+    <li class="md-nav__item">
+      <a href="../../javascript/events-animation.html" class="md-nav__link">
+        
+  
+  <span class="md-ellipsis">
+    Events & Animation
+  </span>
+  
+
+      </a>
+    </li>
+  
+
+              
+            
+              
+                
+  
+  
+  
+  
+    <li class="md-nav__item">
+      <a href="../../javascript/ajax.html" class="md-nav__link">
+        
+  
+  <span class="md-ellipsis">
+    AJAX
+  </span>
+  
+
+      </a>
+    </li>
+  
+
+              
+            
+              
+                
+  
+  
+  
+  
+    <li class="md-nav__item">
+      <a href="../../javascript/jquery.html" class="md-nav__link">
+        
+  
+  <span class="md-ellipsis">
+    jQuery
+  </span>
+  
+
+      </a>
+    </li>
+  
+
+              
+            
+              
+                
+  
+  
+  
+  
+    
+    
+      
+        
+      
+        
+      
+        
+      
+        
+      
+        
+      
+    
+    
+      
+      
+        
+      
+    
+    
+    <li class="md-nav__item md-nav__item--nested">
+      
+        
+        
+        <input class="md-nav__toggle md-toggle " type="checkbox" id="__nav_4_13_6" >
+        
+          
+          <label class="md-nav__link" for="__nav_4_13_6" id="__nav_4_13_6_label" tabindex="0">
+            
+  
+  <span class="md-ellipsis">
+    React
+  </span>
+  
+
+            <span class="md-nav__icon md-icon"></span>
+          </label>
+        
+        <nav class="md-nav" data-md-level="3" aria-labelledby="__nav_4_13_6_label" aria-expanded="false">
+          <label class="md-nav__title" for="__nav_4_13_6">
+            <span class="md-nav__icon md-icon"></span>
+            React
+          </label>
+          <ul class="md-nav__list" data-md-scrollfix>
+            
+              
+                
+  
+  
+  
+  
+    <li class="md-nav__item">
+      <a href="../../javascript/react/react.html" class="md-nav__link">
+        
+  
+  <span class="md-ellipsis">
+    React
+  </span>
+  
+
+      </a>
+    </li>
+  
+
+              
+            
+              
+                
+  
+  
+  
+  
+    <li class="md-nav__item">
+      <a href="../../javascript/react/react-router.html" class="md-nav__link">
+        
+  
+  <span class="md-ellipsis">
+    React Router
+  </span>
+  
+
+      </a>
+    </li>
+  
+
+              
+            
+              
+                
+  
+  
+  
+  
+    <li class="md-nav__item">
+      <a href="../../javascript/react/react-tests.html" class="md-nav__link">
+        
+  
+  <span class="md-ellipsis">
+    React Tests
+  </span>
+  
+
+      </a>
+    </li>
+  
+
+              
+            
+              
+                
+  
+  
+  
+  
+    <li class="md-nav__item">
+      <a href="../../javascript/react/redux.html" class="md-nav__link">
+        
+  
+  <span class="md-ellipsis">
+    Redux
+  </span>
+  
+
+      </a>
+    </li>
+  
+
+              
+            
+              
+                
+  
+  
+  
+  
+    <li class="md-nav__item">
+      <a href="../../javascript/react/redux-tests.html" class="md-nav__link">
+        
+  
+  <span class="md-ellipsis">
+    Redux Tests
+  </span>
+  
+
+      </a>
+    </li>
+  
+
+              
+            
+          </ul>
+        </nav>
+      
+    </li>
+  
+
+              
+            
+              
+                
+  
+  
+  
+  
+    <li class="md-nav__item">
+      <a href="../../javascript/svelte/svelte.html" class="md-nav__link">
+        
+  
+  <span class="md-ellipsis">
+    Svelte
+  </span>
+  
+
+      </a>
+    </li>
+  
+
+              
+            
+          </ul>
+        </nav>
+      
+    </li>
+  
+
+              
+            
+              
+                
+  
+  
+  
+  
+    
+    
+      
+        
+      
+        
+      
+    
+    
+      
+      
+        
+          
+          
+        
+      
+    
+    
+    <li class="md-nav__item md-nav__item--section md-nav__item--nested">
+      
+        
+        
+        <input class="md-nav__toggle md-toggle " type="checkbox" id="__nav_4_14" >
+        
+          
+          <label class="md-nav__link" for="__nav_4_14" id="__nav_4_14_label" tabindex="">
+            
+  
+  <span class="md-ellipsis">
+    PowerShell
+  </span>
+  
+
+            <span class="md-nav__icon md-icon"></span>
+          </label>
+        
+        <nav class="md-nav" data-md-level="2" aria-labelledby="__nav_4_14_label" aria-expanded="false">
+          <label class="md-nav__title" for="__nav_4_14">
+            <span class="md-nav__icon md-icon"></span>
+            PowerShell
+          </label>
+          <ul class="md-nav__list" data-md-scrollfix>
+            
+              
+                
+  
+  
+  
+  
+    <li class="md-nav__item">
+      <a href="../../powershell/scripting.html" class="md-nav__link">
+        
+  
+  <span class="md-ellipsis">
+    Scripting
+  </span>
+  
+
+      </a>
+    </li>
+  
+
+              
+            
+              
+                
+  
+  
+  
+  
+    <li class="md-nav__item">
+      <a href="../../powershell/commands.html" class="md-nav__link">
+        
+  
+  <span class="md-ellipsis">
+    Commands
+  </span>
+  
+
+      </a>
+    </li>
+  
+
+              
+            
+          </ul>
+        </nav>
+      
+    </li>
+  
+
+              
+            
+              
+                
+  
+  
+  
+  
+    
+    
+      
+        
+      
+        
+      
+    
+    
+      
+      
+        
+          
+          
+        
+      
+    
+    
+    <li class="md-nav__item md-nav__item--section md-nav__item--nested">
+      
+        
+        
+        <input class="md-nav__toggle md-toggle " type="checkbox" id="__nav_4_15" >
+        
+          
+          <label class="md-nav__link" for="__nav_4_15" id="__nav_4_15_label" tabindex="">
+            
+  
+  <span class="md-ellipsis">
+    Bash
+  </span>
+  
+
+            <span class="md-nav__icon md-icon"></span>
+          </label>
+        
+        <nav class="md-nav" data-md-level="2" aria-labelledby="__nav_4_15_label" aria-expanded="false">
+          <label class="md-nav__title" for="__nav_4_15">
+            <span class="md-nav__icon md-icon"></span>
+            Bash
+          </label>
+          <ul class="md-nav__list" data-md-scrollfix>
+            
+              
+                
+  
+  
+  
+  
+    <li class="md-nav__item">
+      <a href="../../bash/scripting.html" class="md-nav__link">
+        
+  
+  <span class="md-ellipsis">
+    Scripting
+  </span>
+  
+
+      </a>
+    </li>
+  
+
+              
+            
+              
+                
+  
+  
+  
+  
+    <li class="md-nav__item">
+      <a href="../../bash/commands.html" class="md-nav__link">
+        
+  
+  <span class="md-ellipsis">
+    Commands
+  </span>
+  
+
+      </a>
+    </li>
+  
+
+              
+            
+          </ul>
+        </nav>
+      
+    </li>
+  
+
+              
+            
+          </ul>
+        </nav>
+      
+    </li>
+  
+
+    
+      
+      
+  
+  
+  
+  
+    
+    
+      
+        
+      
+        
+      
+        
+      
+        
+      
+        
+      
+    
+    
+      
+      
+        
+      
+    
+    
+    <li class="md-nav__item md-nav__item--nested">
+      
+        
+        
+        <input class="md-nav__toggle md-toggle " type="checkbox" id="__nav_5" >
+        
+          
+          <label class="md-nav__link" for="__nav_5" id="__nav_5_label" tabindex="0">
+            
+  
+  <span class="md-ellipsis">
+    Misc
+  </span>
+  
+
+            <span class="md-nav__icon md-icon"></span>
+          </label>
+        
+        <nav class="md-nav" data-md-level="1" aria-labelledby="__nav_5_label" aria-expanded="false">
+          <label class="md-nav__title" for="__nav_5">
+            <span class="md-nav__icon md-icon"></span>
+            Misc
+          </label>
+          <ul class="md-nav__list" data-md-scrollfix>
+            
+              
+                
+  
+  
+  
+  
+    <li class="md-nav__item">
+      <a href="../../../misc/git.html" class="md-nav__link">
+        
+  
+  <span class="md-ellipsis">
+    Git
+  </span>
+  
+
+      </a>
+    </li>
+  
+
+              
+            
+              
+                
+  
+  
+  
+  
+    <li class="md-nav__item">
+      <a href="../../../misc/graph-ql.html" class="md-nav__link">
+        
+  
+  <span class="md-ellipsis">
+    GraphQL
+  </span>
+  
+
+      </a>
+    </li>
+  
+
+              
+            
+              
+                
+  
+  
+  
+  
+    <li class="md-nav__item">
+      <a href="../../../misc/regular-expressions.html" class="md-nav__link">
+        
+  
+  <span class="md-ellipsis">
+    RegEx
+  </span>
+  
+
+      </a>
+    </li>
+  
+
+              
+            
+              
+                
+  
+  
+  
+  
+    <li class="md-nav__item">
+      <a href="../../../misc/ssh.html" class="md-nav__link">
+        
+  
+  <span class="md-ellipsis">
+    SSH
+  </span>
+  
+
+      </a>
+    </li>
+  
+
+              
+            
+              
+                
+  
+  
+  
+  
+    <li class="md-nav__item">
+      <a href="../../../misc/web-components.html" class="md-nav__link">
+        
+  
+  <span class="md-ellipsis">
+    WebComponents
+  </span>
+  
+
+      </a>
+    </li>
+  
+
+              
+            
+          </ul>
+        </nav>
+      
+    </li>
+  
+
+    
+      
+      
+  
+  
+  
+  
+    
+    
+      
+        
+      
+        
+      
+    
+    
+      
+      
+        
+      
+    
+    
+    <li class="md-nav__item md-nav__item--nested">
+      
+        
+        
+        <input class="md-nav__toggle md-toggle " type="checkbox" id="__nav_6" >
+        
+          
+          <label class="md-nav__link" for="__nav_6" id="__nav_6_label" tabindex="0">
+            
+  
+  <span class="md-ellipsis">
+    Linux
+  </span>
+  
+
+            <span class="md-nav__icon md-icon"></span>
+          </label>
+        
+        <nav class="md-nav" data-md-level="1" aria-labelledby="__nav_6_label" aria-expanded="false">
+          <label class="md-nav__title" for="__nav_6">
+            <span class="md-nav__icon md-icon"></span>
+            Linux
+          </label>
+          <ul class="md-nav__list" data-md-scrollfix>
+            
+              
+                
+  
+  
+  
+  
+    
+    
+      
+        
+      
+        
+      
+        
+      
+    
+    
+      
+      
+        
+      
+    
+    
+    <li class="md-nav__item md-nav__item--nested">
+      
+        
+        
+        <input class="md-nav__toggle md-toggle " type="checkbox" id="__nav_6_1" >
+        
+          
+          <label class="md-nav__link" for="__nav_6_1" id="__nav_6_1_label" tabindex="0">
+            
+  
+  <span class="md-ellipsis">
+    Filesystem
+  </span>
+  
+
+            <span class="md-nav__icon md-icon"></span>
+          </label>
+        
+        <nav class="md-nav" data-md-level="2" aria-labelledby="__nav_6_1_label" aria-expanded="false">
+          <label class="md-nav__title" for="__nav_6_1">
+            <span class="md-nav__icon md-icon"></span>
+            Filesystem
+          </label>
+          <ul class="md-nav__list" data-md-scrollfix>
+            
+              
+                
+  
+  
+  
+  
+    <li class="md-nav__item">
+      <a href="../../../linux/filesystem/file-links.html" class="md-nav__link">
+        
+  
+  <span class="md-ellipsis">
+    File Links
+  </span>
+  
+
+      </a>
+    </li>
+  
+
+              
+            
+              
+                
+  
+  
+  
+  
+    <li class="md-nav__item">
+      <a href="../../../linux/filesystem/procfs.html" class="md-nav__link">
+        
+  
+  <span class="md-ellipsis">
+    /proc
+  </span>
+  
+
+      </a>
+    </li>
+  
+
+              
+            
+              
+                
+  
+  
+  
+  
+    <li class="md-nav__item">
+      <a href="../../../linux/filesystem/sysfs.html" class="md-nav__link">
+        
+  
+  <span class="md-ellipsis">
+    /sys
+  </span>
+  
+
+      </a>
+    </li>
+  
+
+              
+            
+          </ul>
+        </nav>
+      
+    </li>
+  
+
+              
+            
+              
+                
+  
+  
+  
+  
+    
+    
+      
+        
+      
+        
+      
+    
+    
+      
+      
+        
+      
+    
+    
+    <li class="md-nav__item md-nav__item--nested">
+      
+        
+        
+        <input class="md-nav__toggle md-toggle " type="checkbox" id="__nav_6_2" >
+        
+          
+          <label class="md-nav__link" for="__nav_6_2" id="__nav_6_2_label" tabindex="0">
+            
+  
+  <span class="md-ellipsis">
+    System Init
+  </span>
+  
+
+            <span class="md-nav__icon md-icon"></span>
+          </label>
+        
+        <nav class="md-nav" data-md-level="2" aria-labelledby="__nav_6_2_label" aria-expanded="false">
+          <label class="md-nav__title" for="__nav_6_2">
+            <span class="md-nav__icon md-icon"></span>
+            System Init
+          </label>
+          <ul class="md-nav__list" data-md-scrollfix>
+            
+              
+                
+  
+  
+  
+  
+    <li class="md-nav__item">
+      <a href="../../../linux/init/systemd.html" class="md-nav__link">
+        
+  
+  <span class="md-ellipsis">
+    Systemd
+  </span>
+  
+
+      </a>
+    </li>
+  
+
+              
+            
+              
+                
+  
+  
+  
+  
+    <li class="md-nav__item">
+      <a href="../../../linux/init/open-rc.html" class="md-nav__link">
+        
+  
+  <span class="md-ellipsis">
+    OpenRC
+  </span>
+  
+
+      </a>
+    </li>
+  
+
+              
+            
+          </ul>
+        </nav>
+      
+    </li>
+  
+
+              
+            
+          </ul>
+        </nav>
+      
+    </li>
+  
+
+    
+  </ul>
+</nav>
+                  </div>
+                </div>
+              </div>
+            
+            
+              
+              <div class="md-sidebar md-sidebar--secondary" data-md-component="sidebar" data-md-type="toc" >
+                <div class="md-sidebar__scrollwrap">
+                  <div class="md-sidebar__inner">
+                    
+
+<nav class="md-nav md-nav--secondary" aria-label="Table of contents">
+  
+  
+  
+    
+  
+  
+</nav>
+                  </div>
+                </div>
+              </div>
+            
+          
+          
+            <div class="md-content" data-md-component="content">
+              <article class="md-content__inner md-typeset">
+                
+                  
+
+  
+  
+
+
+<h1 id="shutil-module">Shutil Module</h1>
+<p>High-level file operations</p>
+<div class="highlight"><table class="highlighttable"><tr><th colspan="2" class="filename"><span class="filename">Python</span></th></tr><tr><td class="linenos"><div class="linenodiv"><pre><span></span><span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-0-1"> 1</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-0-2"> 2</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-0-3"> 3</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-0-4"> 4</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-0-5"> 5</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-0-6"> 6</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-0-7"> 7</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-0-8"> 8</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-0-9"> 9</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-0-10">10</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-0-11">11</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-0-12">12</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-0-13">13</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-0-14">14</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-0-15">15</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-0-16">16</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-0-17">17</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-0-18">18</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-0-19">19</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-0-20">20</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-0-21">21</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-0-22">22</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-0-23">23</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-0-24">24</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-0-25">25</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-0-26">26</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-0-27">27</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-0-28">28</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-0-29">29</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-0-30">30</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-0-31">31</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-0-32">32</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-0-33">33</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-0-34">34</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-0-35">35</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-0-36">36</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-0-37">37</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-0-38">38</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-0-39">39</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-0-40">40</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-0-41">41</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-0-42">42</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-0-43">43</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-0-44">44</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-0-45">45</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-0-46">46</a></span></pre></div></td><td class="code"><div><pre><span></span><code><a id="__codelineno-0-1" name="__codelineno-0-1"></a><span class="c1"># copy file src to fil dst, return dst in most efficient way</span>
+<a id="__codelineno-0-2" name="__codelineno-0-2"></a><span class="n">shutil</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">copyfile</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="n">src</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="n">dst</span><span class="p">)</span>
+<a id="__codelineno-0-3" name="__codelineno-0-3"></a><span class="c1"># dst MUST be complete target name</span>
+<a id="__codelineno-0-4" name="__codelineno-0-4"></a><span class="c1"># if dst already exists it will be overwritten</span>
+<a id="__codelineno-0-5" name="__codelineno-0-5"></a>
+<a id="__codelineno-0-6" name="__codelineno-0-6"></a><span class="c1"># copy file src to directory dst, return path to new file</span>
+<a id="__codelineno-0-7" name="__codelineno-0-7"></a><span class="n">shutil</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">copy</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="n">src</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="n">dst</span><span class="p">)</span>
+<a id="__codelineno-0-8" name="__codelineno-0-8"></a>
+<a id="__codelineno-0-9" name="__codelineno-0-9"></a><span class="c1"># Recursively copy entire dir-tree rooted at src to directory named dst</span>
+<a id="__codelineno-0-10" name="__codelineno-0-10"></a><span class="c1"># return the destination directory</span>
+<a id="__codelineno-0-11" name="__codelineno-0-11"></a><span class="n">shutil</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">copytree</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="n">src</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="n">dst</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="n">dirs_exist_ok</span><span class="o">=</span><span class="kc">False</span><span class="p">)</span>
+<a id="__codelineno-0-12" name="__codelineno-0-12"></a><span class="c1"># DIRS_EXIST_OK: {bool} -- dictates whether to raise an exception in case dst</span>
+<a id="__codelineno-0-13" name="__codelineno-0-13"></a><span class="c1"># or any missing parent directory already exists</span>
+<a id="__codelineno-0-14" name="__codelineno-0-14"></a>
+<a id="__codelineno-0-15" name="__codelineno-0-15"></a><span class="c1"># delete an entire directory tree</span>
+<a id="__codelineno-0-16" name="__codelineno-0-16"></a><span class="n">shutil</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">rmtree</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="n">path</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="n">ignore_errors</span><span class="o">=</span><span class="kc">False</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="n">onerror</span><span class="o">=</span><span class="kc">None</span><span class="p">)</span>
+<a id="__codelineno-0-17" name="__codelineno-0-17"></a><span class="c1"># IGNORE_ERROR: {bool} -- if true errors (failed removals) will be ignored</span>
+<a id="__codelineno-0-18" name="__codelineno-0-18"></a><span class="c1"># ON_ERROR: handler for removal errors (if ignore_errors=False or omitted)</span>
+<a id="__codelineno-0-19" name="__codelineno-0-19"></a>
+<a id="__codelineno-0-20" name="__codelineno-0-20"></a><span class="c1"># recursively move file or directory (src) to dst, return dst</span>
+<a id="__codelineno-0-21" name="__codelineno-0-21"></a><span class="n">shutil</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">move</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="n">src</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="n">dst</span><span class="p">)</span>
+<a id="__codelineno-0-22" name="__codelineno-0-22"></a><span class="c1"># if the destination is an existing directory, then src is moved inside that directory.</span>
+<a id="__codelineno-0-23" name="__codelineno-0-23"></a><span class="c1"># if the destination already exists but is not a directory,</span>
+<a id="__codelineno-0-24" name="__codelineno-0-24"></a><span class="c1"># it may be overwritten depending on os.rename() semantics</span>
+<a id="__codelineno-0-25" name="__codelineno-0-25"></a><span class="c1"># used to rename files</span>
+<a id="__codelineno-0-26" name="__codelineno-0-26"></a>
+<a id="__codelineno-0-27" name="__codelineno-0-27"></a><span class="c1"># change owner user and/or group of the given path</span>
+<a id="__codelineno-0-28" name="__codelineno-0-28"></a><span class="n">shutil</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">chown</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="n">path</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="n">user</span><span class="o">=</span><span class="kc">None</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="n">group</span><span class="o">=</span><span class="kc">None</span><span class="p">)</span>
+<a id="__codelineno-0-29" name="__codelineno-0-29"></a><span class="c1"># user can be a system user name or a uid; the same applies to group.</span>
+<a id="__codelineno-0-30" name="__codelineno-0-30"></a><span class="c1">#  At least one argument is required</span>
+<a id="__codelineno-0-31" name="__codelineno-0-31"></a>
+<a id="__codelineno-0-32" name="__codelineno-0-32"></a><span class="c1"># create archive file and return its name</span>
+<a id="__codelineno-0-33" name="__codelineno-0-33"></a><span class="n">shutil</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">make_archive</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="n">base_name</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="nb">format</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="p">[</span><span class="n">root_dir</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="n">base_dir</span><span class="p">])</span>
+<a id="__codelineno-0-34" name="__codelineno-0-34"></a><span class="c1"># BASE_NAME: {string} -- name of the archive, including path, excluding extension</span>
+<a id="__codelineno-0-35" name="__codelineno-0-35"></a><span class="c1"># FROMAT: {zip, tar, gztar, bztar, xztar} -- archive format</span>
+<a id="__codelineno-0-36" name="__codelineno-0-36"></a><span class="c1"># ROOT_DIR: {path} -- root directory of archive (location of archive)</span>
+<a id="__codelineno-0-37" name="__codelineno-0-37"></a><span class="c1"># BASE_DIR: {path} -- directory where the archiviation starts</span>
+<a id="__codelineno-0-38" name="__codelineno-0-38"></a>
+<a id="__codelineno-0-39" name="__codelineno-0-39"></a><span class="c1"># unpack an archive</span>
+<a id="__codelineno-0-40" name="__codelineno-0-40"></a><span class="n">shutil</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">unpack_archive</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="n">filename</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="p">[</span><span class="n">extract_dir</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="nb">format</span><span class="p">])</span>
+<a id="__codelineno-0-41" name="__codelineno-0-41"></a><span class="c1"># FILENAME: full path of archive</span>
+<a id="__codelineno-0-42" name="__codelineno-0-42"></a><span class="c1"># EXTRACT_DIR: {path} -- directory to unpack into</span>
+<a id="__codelineno-0-43" name="__codelineno-0-43"></a><span class="c1"># FORMAT: {zip, tar, gztar, bztar, xztar} -- archive format</span>
+<a id="__codelineno-0-44" name="__codelineno-0-44"></a>
+<a id="__codelineno-0-45" name="__codelineno-0-45"></a><span class="c1"># return disk usage statistics as Namedtuple w/ attributes total, used, free</span>
+<a id="__codelineno-0-46" name="__codelineno-0-46"></a><span class="n">shutil</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">disk_usage</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="n">path</span><span class="p">)</span>
+</code></pre></div></td></tr></table></div>
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+  
+    <li class="md-nav__item">
+      <a href="collections.html" class="md-nav__link">
+        
+  
+  <span class="md-ellipsis">
+    collection
+  </span>
+  
+
+      </a>
+    </li>
+  
+
+              
+            
+              
+                
+  
+  
+  
+  
+    <li class="md-nav__item">
+      <a href="csv.html" class="md-nav__link">
+        
+  
+  <span class="md-ellipsis">
+    csv
+  </span>
+  
+
+      </a>
+    </li>
+  
+
+              
+            
+              
+                
+  
+  
+  
+  
+    <li class="md-nav__item">
+      <a href="ftplib.html" class="md-nav__link">
+        
+  
+  <span class="md-ellipsis">
+    ftplib
+  </span>
+  
+
+      </a>
+    </li>
+  
+
+              
+            
+              
+                
+  
+  
+  
+  
+    <li class="md-nav__item">
+      <a href="itertools.html" class="md-nav__link">
+        
+  
+  <span class="md-ellipsis">
+    itertools
+  </span>
+  
+
+      </a>
+    </li>
+  
+
+              
+            
+              
+                
+  
+  
+  
+  
+    <li class="md-nav__item">
+      <a href="json.html" class="md-nav__link">
+        
+  
+  <span class="md-ellipsis">
+    json
+  </span>
+  
+
+      </a>
+    </li>
+  
+
+              
+            
+              
+                
+  
+  
+  
+  
+    <li class="md-nav__item">
+      <a href="logging.html" class="md-nav__link">
+        
+  
+  <span class="md-ellipsis">
+    logging
+  </span>
+  
+
+      </a>
+    </li>
+  
+
+              
+            
+              
+                
+  
+  
+  
+  
+    <li class="md-nav__item">
+      <a href="shutil.html" class="md-nav__link">
+        
+  
+  <span class="md-ellipsis">
+    shutil
+  </span>
+  
+
+      </a>
+    </li>
+  
+
+              
+            
+              
+                
+  
+  
+    
+  
+  
+  
+    <li class="md-nav__item md-nav__item--active">
+      
+      <input class="md-nav__toggle md-toggle" type="checkbox" id="__toc">
+      
+      
+        
+      
+      
+      <a href="smtplib.html" class="md-nav__link md-nav__link--active">
+        
+  
+  <span class="md-ellipsis">
+    smtplib
+  </span>
+  
+
+      </a>
+      
+    </li>
+  
+
+              
+            
+              
+                
+  
+  
+  
+  
+    <li class="md-nav__item">
+      <a href="socket.html" class="md-nav__link">
+        
+  
+  <span class="md-ellipsis">
+    socket
+  </span>
+  
+
+      </a>
+    </li>
+  
+
+              
+            
+              
+                
+  
+  
+  
+  
+    <li class="md-nav__item">
+      <a href="sqlite.html" class="md-nav__link">
+        
+  
+  <span class="md-ellipsis">
+    sqlite
+  </span>
+  
+
+      </a>
+    </li>
+  
+
+              
+            
+              
+                
+  
+  
+  
+  
+    <li class="md-nav__item">
+      <a href="time-datetime.html" class="md-nav__link">
+        
+  
+  <span class="md-ellipsis">
+    time & datetime
+  </span>
+  
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+    </li>
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+
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+              
+                
+  
+  
+  
+  
+    <li class="md-nav__item">
+      <a href="unittest.html" class="md-nav__link">
+        
+  
+  <span class="md-ellipsis">
+    unittest
+  </span>
+  
+
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+    </li>
+  
+
+              
+            
+          </ul>
+        </nav>
+      
+    </li>
+  
+
+              
+            
+              
+                
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+  
+  
+  
+    
+    
+      
+        
+      
+        
+      
+        
+      
+        
+      
+        
+      
+        
+      
+    
+    
+      
+      
+        
+      
+    
+    
+    <li class="md-nav__item md-nav__item--nested">
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+        <input class="md-nav__toggle md-toggle " type="checkbox" id="__nav_4_8_3" >
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+          <label class="md-nav__link" for="__nav_4_8_3" id="__nav_4_8_3_label" tabindex="0">
+            
+  
+  <span class="md-ellipsis">
+    Libraries
+  </span>
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+          </label>
+        
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+          <label class="md-nav__title" for="__nav_4_8_3">
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+            Libraries
+          </label>
+          <ul class="md-nav__list" data-md-scrollfix>
+            
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+                
+  
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+  
+  
+    <li class="md-nav__item">
+      <a href="../libs/tkinter.html" class="md-nav__link">
+        
+  
+  <span class="md-ellipsis">
+    TKinter
+  </span>
+  
+
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+    </li>
+  
+
+              
+            
+              
+                
+  
+  
+  
+  
+    <li class="md-nav__item">
+      <a href="../libs/numpy.html" class="md-nav__link">
+        
+  
+  <span class="md-ellipsis">
+    Numpy
+  </span>
+  
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+    </li>
+  
+
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+            
+              
+                
+  
+  
+  
+  
+    <li class="md-nav__item">
+      <a href="../libs/pandas.html" class="md-nav__link">
+        
+  
+  <span class="md-ellipsis">
+    Pandas
+  </span>
+  
+
+      </a>
+    </li>
+  
+
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+            
+              
+                
+  
+  
+  
+  
+    <li class="md-nav__item">
+      <a href="../libs/seaborn.html" class="md-nav__link">
+        
+  
+  <span class="md-ellipsis">
+    Seaborn
+  </span>
+  
+
+      </a>
+    </li>
+  
+
+              
+            
+              
+                
+  
+  
+  
+  
+    <li class="md-nav__item">
+      <a href="../libs/requests.html" class="md-nav__link">
+        
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+    Requests
+  </span>
+  
+
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+    </li>
+  
+
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+            
+              
+                
+  
+  
+  
+  
+    <li class="md-nav__item">
+      <a href="../libs/beautiful-soup.html" class="md-nav__link">
+        
+  
+  <span class="md-ellipsis">
+    Beatiful Soup
+  </span>
+  
+
+      </a>
+    </li>
+  
+
+              
+            
+          </ul>
+        </nav>
+      
+    </li>
+  
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+            
+          </ul>
+        </nav>
+      
+    </li>
+  
+
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+            
+              
+                
+  
+  
+  
+  
+    
+    
+      
+        
+      
+        
+      
+        
+      
+    
+    
+      
+      
+        
+          
+          
+        
+      
+    
+    
+    <li class="md-nav__item md-nav__item--section md-nav__item--nested">
+      
+        
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+        <input class="md-nav__toggle md-toggle " type="checkbox" id="__nav_4_9" >
+        
+          
+          <label class="md-nav__link" for="__nav_4_9" id="__nav_4_9_label" tabindex="">
+            
+  
+  <span class="md-ellipsis">
+    .NET
+  </span>
+  
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+          </label>
+        
+        <nav class="md-nav" data-md-level="2" aria-labelledby="__nav_4_9_label" aria-expanded="false">
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+            <span class="md-nav__icon md-icon"></span>
+            .NET
+          </label>
+          <ul class="md-nav__list" data-md-scrollfix>
+            
+              
+                
+  
+  
+  
+  
+    
+    
+      
+        
+      
+        
+      
+        
+      
+        
+      
+        
+      
+        
+      
+    
+    
+      
+      
+        
+      
+    
+    
+    <li class="md-nav__item md-nav__item--nested">
+      
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+        <input class="md-nav__toggle md-toggle " type="checkbox" id="__nav_4_9_1" >
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+            
+  
+  <span class="md-ellipsis">
+    C#
+  </span>
+  
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+        
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+          <label class="md-nav__title" for="__nav_4_9_1">
+            <span class="md-nav__icon md-icon"></span>
+            C#
+          </label>
+          <ul class="md-nav__list" data-md-scrollfix>
+            
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+  
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+  
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+    <li class="md-nav__item">
+      <a href="../../dotnet/csharp/csharp.html" class="md-nav__link">
+        
+  
+  <span class="md-ellipsis">
+    C#
+  </span>
+  
+
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+    </li>
+  
+
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+                
+  
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+  
+  
+    <li class="md-nav__item">
+      <a href="../../dotnet/csharp/linq.html" class="md-nav__link">
+        
+  
+  <span class="md-ellipsis">
+    Linq
+  </span>
+  
+
+      </a>
+    </li>
+  
+
+              
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+              
+                
+  
+  
+  
+  
+    <li class="md-nav__item">
+      <a href="../../dotnet/csharp/collections.html" class="md-nav__link">
+        
+  
+  <span class="md-ellipsis">
+    Collections
+  </span>
+  
+
+      </a>
+    </li>
+  
+
+              
+            
+              
+                
+  
+  
+  
+  
+    <li class="md-nav__item">
+      <a href="../../dotnet/csharp/reactive-extensions.html" class="md-nav__link">
+        
+  
+  <span class="md-ellipsis">
+    Reactive Extensions
+  </span>
+  
+
+      </a>
+    </li>
+  
+
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+            
+              
+                
+  
+  
+  
+  
+    <li class="md-nav__item">
+      <a href="../../dotnet/csharp/async-programming.html" class="md-nav__link">
+        
+  
+  <span class="md-ellipsis">
+    Async Programming
+  </span>
+  
+
+      </a>
+    </li>
+  
+
+              
+            
+              
+                
+  
+  
+  
+  
+    <li class="md-nav__item">
+      <a href="../../dotnet/csharp/unit-tests.html" class="md-nav__link">
+        
+  
+  <span class="md-ellipsis">
+    Unit Tests
+  </span>
+  
+
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+    </li>
+  
+
+              
+            
+          </ul>
+        </nav>
+      
+    </li>
+  
+
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+            
+              
+                
+  
+  
+  
+  
+    
+    
+      
+        
+      
+        
+      
+        
+      
+        
+      
+        
+      
+        
+      
+        
+      
+    
+    
+      
+      
+        
+      
+    
+    
+    <li class="md-nav__item md-nav__item--nested">
+      
+        
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+        <input class="md-nav__toggle md-toggle " type="checkbox" id="__nav_4_9_2" >
+        
+          
+          <label class="md-nav__link" for="__nav_4_9_2" id="__nav_4_9_2_label" tabindex="0">
+            
+  
+  <span class="md-ellipsis">
+    ASP.NET
+  </span>
+  
+
+            <span class="md-nav__icon md-icon"></span>
+          </label>
+        
+        <nav class="md-nav" data-md-level="3" aria-labelledby="__nav_4_9_2_label" aria-expanded="false">
+          <label class="md-nav__title" for="__nav_4_9_2">
+            <span class="md-nav__icon md-icon"></span>
+            ASP.NET
+          </label>
+          <ul class="md-nav__list" data-md-scrollfix>
+            
+              
+                
+  
+  
+  
+  
+    <li class="md-nav__item">
+      <a href="../../dotnet/asp.net/minimal-api.html" class="md-nav__link">
+        
+  
+  <span class="md-ellipsis">
+    Minimal API
+  </span>
+  
+
+      </a>
+    </li>
+  
+
+              
+            
+              
+                
+  
+  
+  
+  
+    <li class="md-nav__item">
+      <a href="../../dotnet/asp.net/filters.html" class="md-nav__link">
+        
+  
+  <span class="md-ellipsis">
+    FIlters
+  </span>
+  
+
+      </a>
+    </li>
+  
+
+              
+            
+              
+                
+  
+  
+  
+  
+    <li class="md-nav__item">
+      <a href="../../dotnet/asp.net/middleware.html" class="md-nav__link">
+        
+  
+  <span class="md-ellipsis">
+    Middleware
+  </span>
+  
+
+      </a>
+    </li>
+  
+
+              
+            
+              
+                
+  
+  
+  
+  
+    <li class="md-nav__item">
+      <a href="../../dotnet/asp.net/razor-syntax.html" class="md-nav__link">
+        
+  
+  <span class="md-ellipsis">
+    Razor Syntax
+  </span>
+  
+
+      </a>
+    </li>
+  
+
+              
+            
+              
+                
+  
+  
+  
+  
+    <li class="md-nav__item">
+      <a href="../../dotnet/asp.net/blazor.html" class="md-nav__link">
+        
+  
+  <span class="md-ellipsis">
+    Blazor
+  </span>
+  
+
+      </a>
+    </li>
+  
+
+              
+            
+              
+                
+  
+  
+  
+  
+    <li class="md-nav__item">
+      <a href="../../dotnet/asp.net/signalr.html" class="md-nav__link">
+        
+  
+  <span class="md-ellipsis">
+    SignalR
+  </span>
+  
+
+      </a>
+    </li>
+  
+
+              
+            
+              
+                
+  
+  
+  
+  
+    <li class="md-nav__item">
+      <a href="../../dotnet/asp.net/web-forms.html" class="md-nav__link">
+        
+  
+  <span class="md-ellipsis">
+    Web Forms
+  </span>
+  
+
+      </a>
+    </li>
+  
+
+              
+            
+          </ul>
+        </nav>
+      
+    </li>
+  
+
+              
+            
+              
+                
+  
+  
+  
+  
+    
+    
+      
+        
+      
+        
+      
+    
+    
+      
+      
+        
+      
+    
+    
+    <li class="md-nav__item md-nav__item--nested">
+      
+        
+        
+        <input class="md-nav__toggle md-toggle " type="checkbox" id="__nav_4_9_3" >
+        
+          
+          <label class="md-nav__link" for="__nav_4_9_3" id="__nav_4_9_3_label" tabindex="0">
+            
+  
+  <span class="md-ellipsis">
+    Database
+  </span>
+  
+
+            <span class="md-nav__icon md-icon"></span>
+          </label>
+        
+        <nav class="md-nav" data-md-level="3" aria-labelledby="__nav_4_9_3_label" aria-expanded="false">
+          <label class="md-nav__title" for="__nav_4_9_3">
+            <span class="md-nav__icon md-icon"></span>
+            Database
+          </label>
+          <ul class="md-nav__list" data-md-scrollfix>
+            
+              
+                
+  
+  
+  
+  
+    <li class="md-nav__item">
+      <a href="../../dotnet/database/ado.net.html" class="md-nav__link">
+        
+  
+  <span class="md-ellipsis">
+    ADO.NET
+  </span>
+  
+
+      </a>
+    </li>
+  
+
+              
+            
+              
+                
+  
+  
+  
+  
+    <li class="md-nav__item">
+      <a href="../../dotnet/database/entity-framework.html" class="md-nav__link">
+        
+  
+  <span class="md-ellipsis">
+    Entity Framework
+  </span>
+  
+
+      </a>
+    </li>
+  
+
+              
+            
+          </ul>
+        </nav>
+      
+    </li>
+  
+
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+            
+          </ul>
+        </nav>
+      
+    </li>
+  
+
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+            
+              
+                
+  
+  
+  
+  
+    
+    
+      
+        
+      
+        
+      
+        
+      
+        
+      
+    
+    
+      
+      
+        
+          
+          
+        
+      
+    
+    
+    <li class="md-nav__item md-nav__item--section md-nav__item--nested">
+      
+        
+        
+        <input class="md-nav__toggle md-toggle " type="checkbox" id="__nav_4_10" >
+        
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+          <label class="md-nav__link" for="__nav_4_10" id="__nav_4_10_label" tabindex="">
+            
+  
+  <span class="md-ellipsis">
+    Java
+  </span>
+  
+
+            <span class="md-nav__icon md-icon"></span>
+          </label>
+        
+        <nav class="md-nav" data-md-level="2" aria-labelledby="__nav_4_10_label" aria-expanded="false">
+          <label class="md-nav__title" for="__nav_4_10">
+            <span class="md-nav__icon md-icon"></span>
+            Java
+          </label>
+          <ul class="md-nav__list" data-md-scrollfix>
+            
+              
+                
+  
+  
+  
+  
+    <li class="md-nav__item">
+      <a href="../../java/java.html" class="md-nav__link">
+        
+  
+  <span class="md-ellipsis">
+    Java
+  </span>
+  
+
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+    </li>
+  
+
+              
+            
+              
+                
+  
+  
+  
+  
+    <li class="md-nav__item">
+      <a href="../../java/java-collection-framework.html" class="md-nav__link">
+        
+  
+  <span class="md-ellipsis">
+    Java Collection Framework
+  </span>
+  
+
+      </a>
+    </li>
+  
+
+              
+            
+              
+                
+  
+  
+  
+  
+    <li class="md-nav__item">
+      <a href="../../java/dao.html" class="md-nav__link">
+        
+  
+  <span class="md-ellipsis">
+    DAO
+  </span>
+  
+
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+    </li>
+  
+
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+            
+              
+                
+  
+  
+  
+  
+    
+    
+      
+        
+      
+        
+      
+    
+    
+      
+      
+        
+      
+    
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+    <li class="md-nav__item md-nav__item--nested">
+      
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+        <input class="md-nav__toggle md-toggle " type="checkbox" id="__nav_4_10_4" >
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+          <label class="md-nav__link" for="__nav_4_10_4" id="__nav_4_10_4_label" tabindex="0">
+            
+  
+  <span class="md-ellipsis">
+    Web
+  </span>
+  
+
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+          </label>
+        
+        <nav class="md-nav" data-md-level="3" aria-labelledby="__nav_4_10_4_label" aria-expanded="false">
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+            <span class="md-nav__icon md-icon"></span>
+            Web
+          </label>
+          <ul class="md-nav__list" data-md-scrollfix>
+            
+              
+                
+  
+  
+  
+  
+    <li class="md-nav__item">
+      <a href="../../java/web/servlet.html" class="md-nav__link">
+        
+  
+  <span class="md-ellipsis">
+    Serverlet
+  </span>
+  
+
+      </a>
+    </li>
+  
+
+              
+            
+              
+                
+  
+  
+  
+  
+    
+    
+      
+        
+      
+        
+      
+    
+    
+      
+      
+        
+      
+    
+    
+    <li class="md-nav__item md-nav__item--nested">
+      
+        
+        
+        <input class="md-nav__toggle md-toggle " type="checkbox" id="__nav_4_10_4_2" >
+        
+          
+          <label class="md-nav__link" for="__nav_4_10_4_2" id="__nav_4_10_4_2_label" tabindex="0">
+            
+  
+  <span class="md-ellipsis">
+    Spring
+  </span>
+  
+
+            <span class="md-nav__icon md-icon"></span>
+          </label>
+        
+        <nav class="md-nav" data-md-level="4" aria-labelledby="__nav_4_10_4_2_label" aria-expanded="false">
+          <label class="md-nav__title" for="__nav_4_10_4_2">
+            <span class="md-nav__icon md-icon"></span>
+            Spring
+          </label>
+          <ul class="md-nav__list" data-md-scrollfix>
+            
+              
+                
+  
+  
+  
+  
+    <li class="md-nav__item">
+      <a href="../../java/spring/pom.xml.html" class="md-nav__link">
+        
+  
+  <span class="md-ellipsis">
+    POM
+  </span>
+  
+
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+    </li>
+  
+
+              
+            
+              
+                
+  
+  
+  
+  
+    <li class="md-nav__item">
+      <a href="../../java/spring/spring-project.html" class="md-nav__link">
+        
+  
+  <span class="md-ellipsis">
+    Project Structure
+  </span>
+  
+
+      </a>
+    </li>
+  
+
+              
+            
+          </ul>
+        </nav>
+      
+    </li>
+  
+
+              
+            
+          </ul>
+        </nav>
+      
+    </li>
+  
+
+              
+            
+          </ul>
+        </nav>
+      
+    </li>
+  
+
+              
+            
+              
+                
+  
+  
+  
+  
+    
+    
+      
+        
+      
+        
+      
+        
+      
+        
+      
+        
+      
+        
+      
+        
+      
+        
+      
+        
+      
+    
+    
+      
+      
+        
+          
+          
+        
+      
+    
+    
+    <li class="md-nav__item md-nav__item--section md-nav__item--nested">
+      
+        
+        
+        <input class="md-nav__toggle md-toggle " type="checkbox" id="__nav_4_11" >
+        
+          
+          <label class="md-nav__link" for="__nav_4_11" id="__nav_4_11_label" tabindex="">
+            
+  
+  <span class="md-ellipsis">
+    PHP
+  </span>
+  
+
+            <span class="md-nav__icon md-icon"></span>
+          </label>
+        
+        <nav class="md-nav" data-md-level="2" aria-labelledby="__nav_4_11_label" aria-expanded="false">
+          <label class="md-nav__title" for="__nav_4_11">
+            <span class="md-nav__icon md-icon"></span>
+            PHP
+          </label>
+          <ul class="md-nav__list" data-md-scrollfix>
+            
+              
+                
+  
+  
+  
+  
+    <li class="md-nav__item">
+      <a href="../../php/php.html" class="md-nav__link">
+        
+  
+  <span class="md-ellipsis">
+    PHP
+  </span>
+  
+
+      </a>
+    </li>
+  
+
+              
+            
+              
+                
+  
+  
+  
+  
+    <li class="md-nav__item">
+      <a href="../../php/database.html" class="md-nav__link">
+        
+  
+  <span class="md-ellipsis">
+    Database
+  </span>
+  
+
+      </a>
+    </li>
+  
+
+              
+            
+              
+                
+  
+  
+  
+  
+    <li class="md-nav__item">
+      <a href="../../php/web.html" class="md-nav__link">
+        
+  
+  <span class="md-ellipsis">
+    Web
+  </span>
+  
+
+      </a>
+    </li>
+  
+
+              
+            
+              
+                
+  
+  
+  
+  
+    <li class="md-nav__item">
+      <a href="../../php/dependency-injection.html" class="md-nav__link">
+        
+  
+  <span class="md-ellipsis">
+    Dependency Injection
+  </span>
+  
+
+      </a>
+    </li>
+  
+
+              
+            
+              
+                
+  
+  
+  
+  
+    <li class="md-nav__item">
+      <a href="../../php/unit-tests.html" class="md-nav__link">
+        
+  
+  <span class="md-ellipsis">
+    Unit Tests
+  </span>
+  
+
+      </a>
+    </li>
+  
+
+              
+            
+              
+                
+  
+  
+  
+  
+    <li class="md-nav__item">
+      <a href="../../php/composer.html" class="md-nav__link">
+        
+  
+  <span class="md-ellipsis">
+    Composer
+  </span>
+  
+
+      </a>
+    </li>
+  
+
+              
+            
+              
+                
+  
+  
+  
+  
+    <li class="md-nav__item">
+      <a href="../../php/psr-7.html" class="md-nav__link">
+        
+  
+  <span class="md-ellipsis">
+    PSR 7
+  </span>
+  
+
+      </a>
+    </li>
+  
+
+              
+            
+              
+                
+  
+  
+  
+  
+    <li class="md-nav__item">
+      <a href="../../php/plates-templating.html" class="md-nav__link">
+        
+  
+  <span class="md-ellipsis">
+    Plates
+  </span>
+  
+
+      </a>
+    </li>
+  
+
+              
+            
+              
+                
+  
+  
+  
+  
+    
+    
+      
+        
+      
+        
+      
+    
+    
+      
+      
+        
+      
+    
+    
+    <li class="md-nav__item md-nav__item--nested">
+      
+        
+        
+        <input class="md-nav__toggle md-toggle " type="checkbox" id="__nav_4_11_9" >
+        
+          
+          <label class="md-nav__link" for="__nav_4_11_9" id="__nav_4_11_9_label" tabindex="0">
+            
+  
+  <span class="md-ellipsis">
+    Simple MVC
+  </span>
+  
+
+            <span class="md-nav__icon md-icon"></span>
+          </label>
+        
+        <nav class="md-nav" data-md-level="3" aria-labelledby="__nav_4_11_9_label" aria-expanded="false">
+          <label class="md-nav__title" for="__nav_4_11_9">
+            <span class="md-nav__icon md-icon"></span>
+            Simple MVC
+          </label>
+          <ul class="md-nav__list" data-md-scrollfix>
+            
+              
+                
+  
+  
+  
+  
+    <li class="md-nav__item">
+      <a href="../../php/simple-mvc/simple-mvc.html" class="md-nav__link">
+        
+  
+  <span class="md-ellipsis">
+    Simple MVC
+  </span>
+  
+
+      </a>
+    </li>
+  
+
+              
+            
+              
+                
+  
+  
+  
+  
+    <li class="md-nav__item">
+      <a href="../../php/simple-mvc/rest-api.html" class="md-nav__link">
+        
+  
+  <span class="md-ellipsis">
+    REST API
+  </span>
+  
+
+      </a>
+    </li>
+  
+
+              
+            
+          </ul>
+        </nav>
+      
+    </li>
+  
+
+              
+            
+          </ul>
+        </nav>
+      
+    </li>
+  
+
+              
+            
+              
+                
+  
+  
+  
+  
+    
+    
+      
+        
+      
+        
+      
+        
+      
+        
+      
+        
+      
+    
+    
+      
+      
+        
+          
+          
+        
+      
+    
+    
+    <li class="md-nav__item md-nav__item--section md-nav__item--nested">
+      
+        
+        
+        <input class="md-nav__toggle md-toggle " type="checkbox" id="__nav_4_12" >
+        
+          
+          <label class="md-nav__link" for="__nav_4_12" id="__nav_4_12_label" tabindex="">
+            
+  
+  <span class="md-ellipsis">
+    Rust
+  </span>
+  
+
+            <span class="md-nav__icon md-icon"></span>
+          </label>
+        
+        <nav class="md-nav" data-md-level="2" aria-labelledby="__nav_4_12_label" aria-expanded="false">
+          <label class="md-nav__title" for="__nav_4_12">
+            <span class="md-nav__icon md-icon"></span>
+            Rust
+          </label>
+          <ul class="md-nav__list" data-md-scrollfix>
+            
+              
+                
+  
+  
+  
+  
+    <li class="md-nav__item">
+      <a href="../../rust/rust.html" class="md-nav__link">
+        
+  
+  <span class="md-ellipsis">
+    Rust
+  </span>
+  
+
+      </a>
+    </li>
+  
+
+              
+            
+              
+                
+  
+  
+  
+  
+    <li class="md-nav__item">
+      <a href="../../rust/macros.html" class="md-nav__link">
+        
+  
+  <span class="md-ellipsis">
+    Macros
+  </span>
+  
+
+      </a>
+    </li>
+  
+
+              
+            
+              
+                
+  
+  
+  
+  
+    <li class="md-nav__item">
+      <a href="../../rust/cargo.html" class="md-nav__link">
+        
+  
+  <span class="md-ellipsis">
+    Cargo
+  </span>
+  
+
+      </a>
+    </li>
+  
+
+              
+            
+              
+                
+  
+  
+  
+  
+    <li class="md-nav__item">
+      <a href="../../rust/concurrency.html" class="md-nav__link">
+        
+  
+  <span class="md-ellipsis">
+    Concurrency
+  </span>
+  
+
+      </a>
+    </li>
+  
+
+              
+            
+              
+                
+  
+  
+  
+  
+    <li class="md-nav__item">
+      <a href="../../rust/unit-tests.html" class="md-nav__link">
+        
+  
+  <span class="md-ellipsis">
+    Unit Tests
+  </span>
+  
+
+      </a>
+    </li>
+  
+
+              
+            
+          </ul>
+        </nav>
+      
+    </li>
+  
+
+              
+            
+              
+                
+  
+  
+  
+  
+    
+    
+      
+        
+      
+        
+      
+        
+      
+        
+      
+        
+      
+        
+      
+        
+      
+    
+    
+      
+      
+        
+          
+          
+        
+      
+    
+    
+    <li class="md-nav__item md-nav__item--section md-nav__item--nested">
+      
+        
+        
+        <input class="md-nav__toggle md-toggle " type="checkbox" id="__nav_4_13" >
+        
+          
+          <label class="md-nav__link" for="__nav_4_13" id="__nav_4_13_label" tabindex="">
+            
+  
+  <span class="md-ellipsis">
+    Javascript
+  </span>
+  
+
+            <span class="md-nav__icon md-icon"></span>
+          </label>
+        
+        <nav class="md-nav" data-md-level="2" aria-labelledby="__nav_4_13_label" aria-expanded="false">
+          <label class="md-nav__title" for="__nav_4_13">
+            <span class="md-nav__icon md-icon"></span>
+            Javascript
+          </label>
+          <ul class="md-nav__list" data-md-scrollfix>
+            
+              
+                
+  
+  
+  
+  
+    <li class="md-nav__item">
+      <a href="../../javascript/javascript.html" class="md-nav__link">
+        
+  
+  <span class="md-ellipsis">
+    Javascript
+  </span>
+  
+
+      </a>
+    </li>
+  
+
+              
+            
+              
+                
+  
+  
+  
+  
+    <li class="md-nav__item">
+      <a href="../../javascript/dom.html" class="md-nav__link">
+        
+  
+  <span class="md-ellipsis">
+    DOM
+  </span>
+  
+
+      </a>
+    </li>
+  
+
+              
+            
+              
+                
+  
+  
+  
+  
+    <li class="md-nav__item">
+      <a href="../../javascript/events-animation.html" class="md-nav__link">
+        
+  
+  <span class="md-ellipsis">
+    Events & Animation
+  </span>
+  
+
+      </a>
+    </li>
+  
+
+              
+            
+              
+                
+  
+  
+  
+  
+    <li class="md-nav__item">
+      <a href="../../javascript/ajax.html" class="md-nav__link">
+        
+  
+  <span class="md-ellipsis">
+    AJAX
+  </span>
+  
+
+      </a>
+    </li>
+  
+
+              
+            
+              
+                
+  
+  
+  
+  
+    <li class="md-nav__item">
+      <a href="../../javascript/jquery.html" class="md-nav__link">
+        
+  
+  <span class="md-ellipsis">
+    jQuery
+  </span>
+  
+
+      </a>
+    </li>
+  
+
+              
+            
+              
+                
+  
+  
+  
+  
+    
+    
+      
+        
+      
+        
+      
+        
+      
+        
+      
+        
+      
+    
+    
+      
+      
+        
+      
+    
+    
+    <li class="md-nav__item md-nav__item--nested">
+      
+        
+        
+        <input class="md-nav__toggle md-toggle " type="checkbox" id="__nav_4_13_6" >
+        
+          
+          <label class="md-nav__link" for="__nav_4_13_6" id="__nav_4_13_6_label" tabindex="0">
+            
+  
+  <span class="md-ellipsis">
+    React
+  </span>
+  
+
+            <span class="md-nav__icon md-icon"></span>
+          </label>
+        
+        <nav class="md-nav" data-md-level="3" aria-labelledby="__nav_4_13_6_label" aria-expanded="false">
+          <label class="md-nav__title" for="__nav_4_13_6">
+            <span class="md-nav__icon md-icon"></span>
+            React
+          </label>
+          <ul class="md-nav__list" data-md-scrollfix>
+            
+              
+                
+  
+  
+  
+  
+    <li class="md-nav__item">
+      <a href="../../javascript/react/react.html" class="md-nav__link">
+        
+  
+  <span class="md-ellipsis">
+    React
+  </span>
+  
+
+      </a>
+    </li>
+  
+
+              
+            
+              
+                
+  
+  
+  
+  
+    <li class="md-nav__item">
+      <a href="../../javascript/react/react-router.html" class="md-nav__link">
+        
+  
+  <span class="md-ellipsis">
+    React Router
+  </span>
+  
+
+      </a>
+    </li>
+  
+
+              
+            
+              
+                
+  
+  
+  
+  
+    <li class="md-nav__item">
+      <a href="../../javascript/react/react-tests.html" class="md-nav__link">
+        
+  
+  <span class="md-ellipsis">
+    React Tests
+  </span>
+  
+
+      </a>
+    </li>
+  
+
+              
+            
+              
+                
+  
+  
+  
+  
+    <li class="md-nav__item">
+      <a href="../../javascript/react/redux.html" class="md-nav__link">
+        
+  
+  <span class="md-ellipsis">
+    Redux
+  </span>
+  
+
+      </a>
+    </li>
+  
+
+              
+            
+              
+                
+  
+  
+  
+  
+    <li class="md-nav__item">
+      <a href="../../javascript/react/redux-tests.html" class="md-nav__link">
+        
+  
+  <span class="md-ellipsis">
+    Redux Tests
+  </span>
+  
+
+      </a>
+    </li>
+  
+
+              
+            
+          </ul>
+        </nav>
+      
+    </li>
+  
+
+              
+            
+              
+                
+  
+  
+  
+  
+    <li class="md-nav__item">
+      <a href="../../javascript/svelte/svelte.html" class="md-nav__link">
+        
+  
+  <span class="md-ellipsis">
+    Svelte
+  </span>
+  
+
+      </a>
+    </li>
+  
+
+              
+            
+          </ul>
+        </nav>
+      
+    </li>
+  
+
+              
+            
+              
+                
+  
+  
+  
+  
+    
+    
+      
+        
+      
+        
+      
+    
+    
+      
+      
+        
+          
+          
+        
+      
+    
+    
+    <li class="md-nav__item md-nav__item--section md-nav__item--nested">
+      
+        
+        
+        <input class="md-nav__toggle md-toggle " type="checkbox" id="__nav_4_14" >
+        
+          
+          <label class="md-nav__link" for="__nav_4_14" id="__nav_4_14_label" tabindex="">
+            
+  
+  <span class="md-ellipsis">
+    PowerShell
+  </span>
+  
+
+            <span class="md-nav__icon md-icon"></span>
+          </label>
+        
+        <nav class="md-nav" data-md-level="2" aria-labelledby="__nav_4_14_label" aria-expanded="false">
+          <label class="md-nav__title" for="__nav_4_14">
+            <span class="md-nav__icon md-icon"></span>
+            PowerShell
+          </label>
+          <ul class="md-nav__list" data-md-scrollfix>
+            
+              
+                
+  
+  
+  
+  
+    <li class="md-nav__item">
+      <a href="../../powershell/scripting.html" class="md-nav__link">
+        
+  
+  <span class="md-ellipsis">
+    Scripting
+  </span>
+  
+
+      </a>
+    </li>
+  
+
+              
+            
+              
+                
+  
+  
+  
+  
+    <li class="md-nav__item">
+      <a href="../../powershell/commands.html" class="md-nav__link">
+        
+  
+  <span class="md-ellipsis">
+    Commands
+  </span>
+  
+
+      </a>
+    </li>
+  
+
+              
+            
+          </ul>
+        </nav>
+      
+    </li>
+  
+
+              
+            
+              
+                
+  
+  
+  
+  
+    
+    
+      
+        
+      
+        
+      
+    
+    
+      
+      
+        
+          
+          
+        
+      
+    
+    
+    <li class="md-nav__item md-nav__item--section md-nav__item--nested">
+      
+        
+        
+        <input class="md-nav__toggle md-toggle " type="checkbox" id="__nav_4_15" >
+        
+          
+          <label class="md-nav__link" for="__nav_4_15" id="__nav_4_15_label" tabindex="">
+            
+  
+  <span class="md-ellipsis">
+    Bash
+  </span>
+  
+
+            <span class="md-nav__icon md-icon"></span>
+          </label>
+        
+        <nav class="md-nav" data-md-level="2" aria-labelledby="__nav_4_15_label" aria-expanded="false">
+          <label class="md-nav__title" for="__nav_4_15">
+            <span class="md-nav__icon md-icon"></span>
+            Bash
+          </label>
+          <ul class="md-nav__list" data-md-scrollfix>
+            
+              
+                
+  
+  
+  
+  
+    <li class="md-nav__item">
+      <a href="../../bash/scripting.html" class="md-nav__link">
+        
+  
+  <span class="md-ellipsis">
+    Scripting
+  </span>
+  
+
+      </a>
+    </li>
+  
+
+              
+            
+              
+                
+  
+  
+  
+  
+    <li class="md-nav__item">
+      <a href="../../bash/commands.html" class="md-nav__link">
+        
+  
+  <span class="md-ellipsis">
+    Commands
+  </span>
+  
+
+      </a>
+    </li>
+  
+
+              
+            
+          </ul>
+        </nav>
+      
+    </li>
+  
+
+              
+            
+          </ul>
+        </nav>
+      
+    </li>
+  
+
+    
+      
+      
+  
+  
+  
+  
+    
+    
+      
+        
+      
+        
+      
+        
+      
+        
+      
+        
+      
+    
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+
+<h1 id="smtplib-module">SMTPlib Module</h1>
+<div class="highlight"><table class="highlighttable"><tr><th colspan="2" class="filename"><span class="filename">Python</span></th></tr><tr><td class="linenos"><div class="linenodiv"><pre><span></span><span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-0-1"> 1</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-0-2"> 2</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-0-3"> 3</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-0-4"> 4</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-0-5"> 5</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-0-6"> 6</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-0-7"> 7</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-0-8"> 8</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-0-9"> 9</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-0-10">10</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-0-11">11</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-0-12">12</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-0-13">13</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-0-14">14</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-0-15">15</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-0-16">16</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-0-17">17</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-0-18">18</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-0-19">19</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-0-20">20</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-0-21">21</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-0-22">22</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-0-23">23</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-0-24">24</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-0-25">25</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-0-26">26</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-0-27">27</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-0-28">28</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-0-29">29</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-0-30">30</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-0-31">31</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-0-32">32</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-0-33">33</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-0-34">34</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-0-35">35</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-0-36">36</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-0-37">37</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-0-38">38</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-0-39">39</a></span></pre></div></td><td class="code"><div><pre><span></span><code><a id="__codelineno-0-1" name="__codelineno-0-1"></a><span class="kn">import</span> <span class="nn">smtplib</span>
+<a id="__codelineno-0-2" name="__codelineno-0-2"></a>
+<a id="__codelineno-0-3" name="__codelineno-0-3"></a><span class="c1"># SMTP instance that encapsulates a SMTP connection</span>
+<a id="__codelineno-0-4" name="__codelineno-0-4"></a><span class="c1"># If the optional host and port parameters are given, the SMTP connect() method is called with those parameters during initialization.</span>
+<a id="__codelineno-0-5" name="__codelineno-0-5"></a><span class="n">s</span> <span class="o">=</span> <span class="n">smtplib</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">SMTP</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="n">host</span><span class="o">=</span><span class="s2">&quot;host_smtp_address&quot;</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="n">port</span><span class="o">=</span><span class="s2">&quot;smtp_service_port&quot;</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="o">**</span><span class="n">kwargs</span><span class="p">)</span>
+<a id="__codelineno-0-6" name="__codelineno-0-6"></a>
+<a id="__codelineno-0-7" name="__codelineno-0-7"></a><span class="n">s</span> <span class="o">=</span> <span class="n">smtplib</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">SMTP_SSL</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="n">host</span><span class="o">=</span><span class="s2">&quot;host_smtp_address&quot;</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="n">port</span><span class="o">=</span><span class="s2">&quot;smtp_service_port&quot;</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="o">**</span><span class="n">kwargs</span><span class="p">)</span>
+<a id="__codelineno-0-8" name="__codelineno-0-8"></a><span class="c1"># An SMTP_SSL instance behaves exactly the same as instances of SMTP.</span>
+<a id="__codelineno-0-9" name="__codelineno-0-9"></a><span class="c1"># SMTP_SSL should be used for situations where SSL is required from the beginning of the connection</span>
+<a id="__codelineno-0-10" name="__codelineno-0-10"></a><span class="c1"># and using starttls() is not appropriate.</span>
+<a id="__codelineno-0-11" name="__codelineno-0-11"></a><span class="c1"># If host is not specified, the local host is used.</span>
+<a id="__codelineno-0-12" name="__codelineno-0-12"></a><span class="c1"># If port is zero, the standard SMTP-over-SSL port (465) is used.</span>
+<a id="__codelineno-0-13" name="__codelineno-0-13"></a>
+<a id="__codelineno-0-14" name="__codelineno-0-14"></a><span class="n">SMTP</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">connect</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="n">host</span><span class="o">=</span><span class="s1">&#39;localhost&#39;</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="n">port</span><span class="o">=</span><span class="mi">0</span><span class="p">)</span>
+<a id="__codelineno-0-15" name="__codelineno-0-15"></a><span class="c1">#Connect to a host on a given port. The defaults are to connect to the local host at the standard SMTP port (25). If the hostname ends with a colon (&#39;:&#39;) followed by a number, that suffix will be stripped off and the number interpreted as the port number to use. This method is automatically invoked by the constructor if a host is specified during instantiation. Returns a 2-tuple of the response code and message sent by the server in its connection response.</span>
+<a id="__codelineno-0-16" name="__codelineno-0-16"></a>
+<a id="__codelineno-0-17" name="__codelineno-0-17"></a><span class="n">SMTP</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">verify</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="n">address</span><span class="p">)</span>  <span class="c1"># Check the validity of an address on this server using SMTP VRFY</span>
+<a id="__codelineno-0-18" name="__codelineno-0-18"></a>
+<a id="__codelineno-0-19" name="__codelineno-0-19"></a><span class="n">SMTP</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">login</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="n">user</span><span class="o">=</span><span class="s2">&quot;full_user_mail&quot;</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="n">password</span><span class="o">=</span><span class="s2">&quot;user_password&quot;</span><span class="p">)</span>  <span class="c1"># Log-in on an SMTP server that requires authentication</span>
+<a id="__codelineno-0-20" name="__codelineno-0-20"></a>
+<a id="__codelineno-0-21" name="__codelineno-0-21"></a><span class="n">SMTP</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">SMTPHeloError</span>  <span class="c1"># The server didn&#39;t reply properly to the HELO greeting</span>
+<a id="__codelineno-0-22" name="__codelineno-0-22"></a><span class="n">SMTP</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">SMTPAuthenticationError</span>  <span class="c1"># The server didn&#39;t accept the username/password combination.</span>
+<a id="__codelineno-0-23" name="__codelineno-0-23"></a><span class="n">SMTP</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">SMTPNotSupportedError</span>  <span class="c1"># The AUTH command is not supported by the server.</span>
+<a id="__codelineno-0-24" name="__codelineno-0-24"></a><span class="n">SMTP</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">SMTPException</span>  <span class="c1"># No suitable authentication method was found.</span>
+<a id="__codelineno-0-25" name="__codelineno-0-25"></a>
+<a id="__codelineno-0-26" name="__codelineno-0-26"></a><span class="n">SMTP</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">starttls</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="n">keyfile</span><span class="o">=</span><span class="kc">None</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="n">certfile</span><span class="o">=</span><span class="kc">None</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="o">**</span><span class="n">kwargs</span><span class="p">)</span>  <span class="c1"># Put the SMTP connection in TLS (Transport Layer Security) mode. All SMTP commands that follow will be encrypted</span>
+<a id="__codelineno-0-27" name="__codelineno-0-27"></a><span class="c1"># from_addr &amp; to_addrs are used to construct the message envelope used by the transport agents. sendmail does not modify the message headers in any way.</span>
+<a id="__codelineno-0-28" name="__codelineno-0-28"></a><span class="c1"># msg may be a string containing characters in the ASCII range, or a byte string. A string is encoded to bytes using the ascii codec, and lone \r and \n characters are converted to \r\n characters. A byte string is not modified.</span>
+<a id="__codelineno-0-29" name="__codelineno-0-29"></a><span class="n">SMTP</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">sendmail</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="n">from_addr</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="n">to_addrs</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="n">msg</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="o">**</span><span class="n">kwargs</span><span class="p">)</span>
+<a id="__codelineno-0-30" name="__codelineno-0-30"></a><span class="c1"># from_addr: {string} -- RFC 822 from-address string</span>
+<a id="__codelineno-0-31" name="__codelineno-0-31"></a><span class="c1"># ro_addrs: {string, list of strings} -- list of RFC 822 to-address strings</span>
+<a id="__codelineno-0-32" name="__codelineno-0-32"></a><span class="c1"># msg: {string} -- message string</span>
+<a id="__codelineno-0-33" name="__codelineno-0-33"></a>
+<a id="__codelineno-0-34" name="__codelineno-0-34"></a><span class="c1"># This is a convenience method for calling sendmail() with the message represented by an email.message.Message object.</span>
+<a id="__codelineno-0-35" name="__codelineno-0-35"></a><span class="n">SMTP</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">send_message</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="n">msg</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="n">from_addr</span><span class="o">=</span><span class="kc">None</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="n">to_addrs</span><span class="o">=</span><span class="kc">None</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="o">**</span><span class="n">kwargs</span><span class="p">)</span>
+<a id="__codelineno-0-36" name="__codelineno-0-36"></a><span class="c1"># from_addr: {string} -- RFC 822 from-address string</span>
+<a id="__codelineno-0-37" name="__codelineno-0-37"></a><span class="c1"># ro_addrs: {string, list of strings} -- list of RFC 822 to-address strings</span>
+<a id="__codelineno-0-38" name="__codelineno-0-38"></a><span class="c1"># msg: {email.message.Message object} -- message string</span>
+<a id="__codelineno-0-39" name="__codelineno-0-39"></a><span class="n">SMTP</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">quit</span><span class="p">()</span>  <span class="c1"># Terminate the SMTP session and close the connection. Return the result of the SMTP QUIT command</span>
+</code></pre></div></td></tr></table></div>
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diff --git a/languages/python/modules/socket.html b/languages/python/modules/socket.html
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+      <a href="../../../containers/docker.html" class="md-nav__link">
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+    <li class="md-nav__item">
+      <a href="../../../containers/kubernetes.html" class="md-nav__link">
+        
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+  <span class="md-ellipsis">
+    Kubernetes
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+        
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+    Databases
+  </span>
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+          </label>
+        
+        <nav class="md-nav" data-md-level="1" aria-labelledby="__nav_3_label" aria-expanded="false">
+          <label class="md-nav__title" for="__nav_3">
+            <span class="md-nav__icon md-icon"></span>
+            Databases
+          </label>
+          <ul class="md-nav__list" data-md-scrollfix>
+            
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+                
+  
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+    <li class="md-nav__item">
+      <a href="../../../databases/redis.html" class="md-nav__link">
+        
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+  <span class="md-ellipsis">
+    Redis
+  </span>
+  
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+    </li>
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+    <li class="md-nav__item">
+      <a href="../../../databases/sql.html" class="md-nav__link">
+        
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+  <span class="md-ellipsis">
+    SQL
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+  
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+    <li class="md-nav__item">
+      <a href="../../../databases/mongo-db.html" class="md-nav__link">
+        
+  
+  <span class="md-ellipsis">
+    MongoDB
+  </span>
+  
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+    </li>
+  
+
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+        </nav>
+      
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+    <li class="md-nav__item md-nav__item--active md-nav__item--section md-nav__item--nested">
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+        
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+    Languages
+  </span>
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+            <span class="md-nav__icon md-icon"></span>
+            Languages
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+          <ul class="md-nav__list" data-md-scrollfix>
+            
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+      <a href="../../html/html.html" class="md-nav__link">
+        
+  
+  <span class="md-ellipsis">
+    HTML
+  </span>
+  
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+    <li class="md-nav__item">
+      <a href="../../markdown.html" class="md-nav__link">
+        
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+  <span class="md-ellipsis">
+    Markdown
+  </span>
+  
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+      <a href="../../css/css.html" class="md-nav__link">
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+      <a href="../../c/c.html" class="md-nav__link">
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+    C
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+    <li class="md-nav__item">
+      <a href="../../kotlin/kotlin.html" class="md-nav__link">
+        
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+  <span class="md-ellipsis">
+    Kotlin
+  </span>
+  
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+    <li class="md-nav__item">
+      <a href="../../swift/swift.html" class="md-nav__link">
+        
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+    Swift
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+      
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+        <input class="md-nav__toggle md-toggle " type="checkbox" id="__nav_4_7" >
+        
+          
+          <label class="md-nav__link" for="__nav_4_7" id="__nav_4_7_label" tabindex="">
+            
+  
+  <span class="md-ellipsis">
+    Assembly
+  </span>
+  
+
+            <span class="md-nav__icon md-icon"></span>
+          </label>
+        
+        <nav class="md-nav" data-md-level="2" aria-labelledby="__nav_4_7_label" aria-expanded="false">
+          <label class="md-nav__title" for="__nav_4_7">
+            <span class="md-nav__icon md-icon"></span>
+            Assembly
+          </label>
+          <ul class="md-nav__list" data-md-scrollfix>
+            
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+                
+  
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+  
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+    <li class="md-nav__item">
+      <a href="../../assembly/intel.html" class="md-nav__link">
+        
+  
+  <span class="md-ellipsis">
+    Intel
+  </span>
+  
+
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+    </li>
+  
+
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+              
+                
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+  
+  
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+    <li class="md-nav__item">
+      <a href="../../assembly/riscv.html" class="md-nav__link">
+        
+  
+  <span class="md-ellipsis">
+    RISC-V
+  </span>
+  
+
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+    </li>
+  
+
+              
+            
+          </ul>
+        </nav>
+      
+    </li>
+  
+
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+    
+      
+        
+      
+        
+      
+        
+      
+    
+    
+      
+      
+        
+          
+          
+        
+      
+    
+    
+    <li class="md-nav__item md-nav__item--active md-nav__item--section md-nav__item--nested">
+      
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+        <input class="md-nav__toggle md-toggle " type="checkbox" id="__nav_4_8" checked>
+        
+          
+          <label class="md-nav__link" for="__nav_4_8" id="__nav_4_8_label" tabindex="">
+            
+  
+  <span class="md-ellipsis">
+    Python
+  </span>
+  
+
+            <span class="md-nav__icon md-icon"></span>
+          </label>
+        
+        <nav class="md-nav" data-md-level="2" aria-labelledby="__nav_4_8_label" aria-expanded="true">
+          <label class="md-nav__title" for="__nav_4_8">
+            <span class="md-nav__icon md-icon"></span>
+            Python
+          </label>
+          <ul class="md-nav__list" data-md-scrollfix>
+            
+              
+                
+  
+  
+  
+  
+    <li class="md-nav__item">
+      <a href="../python.html" class="md-nav__link">
+        
+  
+  <span class="md-ellipsis">
+    Python
+  </span>
+  
+
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+    </li>
+  
+
+              
+            
+              
+                
+  
+  
+    
+  
+  
+  
+    
+    
+      
+        
+      
+        
+      
+        
+      
+        
+      
+        
+      
+        
+      
+        
+      
+        
+      
+        
+      
+        
+      
+        
+      
+        
+      
+        
+      
+    
+    
+      
+      
+        
+      
+    
+    
+    <li class="md-nav__item md-nav__item--active md-nav__item--nested">
+      
+        
+        
+        <input class="md-nav__toggle md-toggle " type="checkbox" id="__nav_4_8_2" checked>
+        
+          
+          <label class="md-nav__link" for="__nav_4_8_2" id="__nav_4_8_2_label" tabindex="0">
+            
+  
+  <span class="md-ellipsis">
+    Modules
+  </span>
+  
+
+            <span class="md-nav__icon md-icon"></span>
+          </label>
+        
+        <nav class="md-nav" data-md-level="3" aria-labelledby="__nav_4_8_2_label" aria-expanded="true">
+          <label class="md-nav__title" for="__nav_4_8_2">
+            <span class="md-nav__icon md-icon"></span>
+            Modules
+          </label>
+          <ul class="md-nav__list" data-md-scrollfix>
+            
+              
+                
+  
+  
+  
+  
+    <li class="md-nav__item">
+      <a href="argparse.html" class="md-nav__link">
+        
+  
+  <span class="md-ellipsis">
+    argparse
+  </span>
+  
+
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+    </li>
+  
+
+              
+            
+              
+                
+  
+  
+  
+  
+    <li class="md-nav__item">
+      <a href="collections.html" class="md-nav__link">
+        
+  
+  <span class="md-ellipsis">
+    collection
+  </span>
+  
+
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+    </li>
+  
+
+              
+            
+              
+                
+  
+  
+  
+  
+    <li class="md-nav__item">
+      <a href="csv.html" class="md-nav__link">
+        
+  
+  <span class="md-ellipsis">
+    csv
+  </span>
+  
+
+      </a>
+    </li>
+  
+
+              
+            
+              
+                
+  
+  
+  
+  
+    <li class="md-nav__item">
+      <a href="ftplib.html" class="md-nav__link">
+        
+  
+  <span class="md-ellipsis">
+    ftplib
+  </span>
+  
+
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+    </li>
+  
+
+              
+            
+              
+                
+  
+  
+  
+  
+    <li class="md-nav__item">
+      <a href="itertools.html" class="md-nav__link">
+        
+  
+  <span class="md-ellipsis">
+    itertools
+  </span>
+  
+
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+    </li>
+  
+
+              
+            
+              
+                
+  
+  
+  
+  
+    <li class="md-nav__item">
+      <a href="json.html" class="md-nav__link">
+        
+  
+  <span class="md-ellipsis">
+    json
+  </span>
+  
+
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+    </li>
+  
+
+              
+            
+              
+                
+  
+  
+  
+  
+    <li class="md-nav__item">
+      <a href="logging.html" class="md-nav__link">
+        
+  
+  <span class="md-ellipsis">
+    logging
+  </span>
+  
+
+      </a>
+    </li>
+  
+
+              
+            
+              
+                
+  
+  
+  
+  
+    <li class="md-nav__item">
+      <a href="shutil.html" class="md-nav__link">
+        
+  
+  <span class="md-ellipsis">
+    shutil
+  </span>
+  
+
+      </a>
+    </li>
+  
+
+              
+            
+              
+                
+  
+  
+  
+  
+    <li class="md-nav__item">
+      <a href="smtplib.html" class="md-nav__link">
+        
+  
+  <span class="md-ellipsis">
+    smtplib
+  </span>
+  
+
+      </a>
+    </li>
+  
+
+              
+            
+              
+                
+  
+  
+    
+  
+  
+  
+    <li class="md-nav__item md-nav__item--active">
+      
+      <input class="md-nav__toggle md-toggle" type="checkbox" id="__toc">
+      
+      
+        
+      
+      
+        <label class="md-nav__link md-nav__link--active" for="__toc">
+          
+  
+  <span class="md-ellipsis">
+    socket
+  </span>
+  
+
+          <span class="md-nav__icon md-icon"></span>
+        </label>
+      
+      <a href="socket.html" class="md-nav__link md-nav__link--active">
+        
+  
+  <span class="md-ellipsis">
+    socket
+  </span>
+  
+
+      </a>
+      
+        
+
+<nav class="md-nav md-nav--secondary" aria-label="Table of contents">
+  
+  
+  
+    
+  
+  
+    <label class="md-nav__title" for="__toc">
+      <span class="md-nav__icon md-icon"></span>
+      Table of contents
+    </label>
+    <ul class="md-nav__list" data-md-component="toc" data-md-scrollfix>
+      
+        <li class="md-nav__item">
+  <a href="#definition" class="md-nav__link">
+    <span class="md-ellipsis">
+      Definition
+    </span>
+  </a>
+  
+</li>
+      
+        <li class="md-nav__item">
+  <a href="#socket-creation-connection" class="md-nav__link">
+    <span class="md-ellipsis">
+      Socket Creation &amp; Connection
+    </span>
+  </a>
+  
+</li>
+      
+        <li class="md-nav__item">
+  <a href="#making-http-requests" class="md-nav__link">
+    <span class="md-ellipsis">
+      Making HTTP Requests
+    </span>
+  </a>
+  
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+      
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+  
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+  
+    <li class="md-nav__item">
+      <a href="sqlite.html" class="md-nav__link">
+        
+  
+  <span class="md-ellipsis">
+    sqlite
+  </span>
+  
+
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+    </li>
+  
+
+              
+            
+              
+                
+  
+  
+  
+  
+    <li class="md-nav__item">
+      <a href="time-datetime.html" class="md-nav__link">
+        
+  
+  <span class="md-ellipsis">
+    time & datetime
+  </span>
+  
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+      <a href="unittest.html" class="md-nav__link">
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+        </nav>
+      
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+      <a href="../libs/numpy.html" class="md-nav__link">
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+      <a href="../../dotnet/csharp/collections.html" class="md-nav__link">
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+      <a href="../../dotnet/csharp/reactive-extensions.html" class="md-nav__link">
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+  </span>
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+            ASP.NET
+          </label>
+          <ul class="md-nav__list" data-md-scrollfix>
+            
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+  
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+  
+  
+    <li class="md-nav__item">
+      <a href="../../dotnet/asp.net/minimal-api.html" class="md-nav__link">
+        
+  
+  <span class="md-ellipsis">
+    Minimal API
+  </span>
+  
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+  
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+    <li class="md-nav__item">
+      <a href="../../dotnet/asp.net/filters.html" class="md-nav__link">
+        
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+  <span class="md-ellipsis">
+    FIlters
+  </span>
+  
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+    <li class="md-nav__item">
+      <a href="../../dotnet/asp.net/middleware.html" class="md-nav__link">
+        
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+  </span>
+  
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+      <a href="../../dotnet/asp.net/razor-syntax.html" class="md-nav__link">
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+    Razor Syntax
+  </span>
+  
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+
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+    <li class="md-nav__item">
+      <a href="../../dotnet/asp.net/blazor.html" class="md-nav__link">
+        
+  
+  <span class="md-ellipsis">
+    Blazor
+  </span>
+  
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+    <li class="md-nav__item">
+      <a href="../../dotnet/asp.net/signalr.html" class="md-nav__link">
+        
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+  <span class="md-ellipsis">
+    SignalR
+  </span>
+  
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+    <li class="md-nav__item">
+      <a href="../../dotnet/asp.net/web-forms.html" class="md-nav__link">
+        
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+  </span>
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+            
+  
+  <span class="md-ellipsis">
+    Database
+  </span>
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+    <li class="md-nav__item">
+      <a href="../../dotnet/database/ado.net.html" class="md-nav__link">
+        
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+  <span class="md-ellipsis">
+    ADO.NET
+  </span>
+  
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+      <a href="../../dotnet/database/entity-framework.html" class="md-nav__link">
+        
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+    Entity Framework
+  </span>
+  
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+      <a href="../../java/java.html" class="md-nav__link">
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+    Java
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+      <a href="../../java/java-collection-framework.html" class="md-nav__link">
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+  
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+            
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+  <span class="md-ellipsis">
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+            <span class="md-nav__icon md-icon"></span>
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+          </label>
+          <ul class="md-nav__list" data-md-scrollfix>
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+      <a href="../../java/spring/pom.xml.html" class="md-nav__link">
+        
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+    POM
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+  
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+      <a href="../../java/spring/spring-project.html" class="md-nav__link">
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+    
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+        
+      
+        
+      
+        
+      
+        
+      
+        
+      
+        
+      
+        
+      
+        
+      
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+          
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+            
+              
+                
+  
+  
+  
+  
+    <li class="md-nav__item">
+      <a href="../../php/database.html" class="md-nav__link">
+        
+  
+  <span class="md-ellipsis">
+    Database
+  </span>
+  
+
+      </a>
+    </li>
+  
+
+              
+            
+              
+                
+  
+  
+  
+  
+    <li class="md-nav__item">
+      <a href="../../php/web.html" class="md-nav__link">
+        
+  
+  <span class="md-ellipsis">
+    Web
+  </span>
+  
+
+      </a>
+    </li>
+  
+
+              
+            
+              
+                
+  
+  
+  
+  
+    <li class="md-nav__item">
+      <a href="../../php/dependency-injection.html" class="md-nav__link">
+        
+  
+  <span class="md-ellipsis">
+    Dependency Injection
+  </span>
+  
+
+      </a>
+    </li>
+  
+
+              
+            
+              
+                
+  
+  
+  
+  
+    <li class="md-nav__item">
+      <a href="../../php/unit-tests.html" class="md-nav__link">
+        
+  
+  <span class="md-ellipsis">
+    Unit Tests
+  </span>
+  
+
+      </a>
+    </li>
+  
+
+              
+            
+              
+                
+  
+  
+  
+  
+    <li class="md-nav__item">
+      <a href="../../php/composer.html" class="md-nav__link">
+        
+  
+  <span class="md-ellipsis">
+    Composer
+  </span>
+  
+
+      </a>
+    </li>
+  
+
+              
+            
+              
+                
+  
+  
+  
+  
+    <li class="md-nav__item">
+      <a href="../../php/psr-7.html" class="md-nav__link">
+        
+  
+  <span class="md-ellipsis">
+    PSR 7
+  </span>
+  
+
+      </a>
+    </li>
+  
+
+              
+            
+              
+                
+  
+  
+  
+  
+    <li class="md-nav__item">
+      <a href="../../php/plates-templating.html" class="md-nav__link">
+        
+  
+  <span class="md-ellipsis">
+    Plates
+  </span>
+  
+
+      </a>
+    </li>
+  
+
+              
+            
+              
+                
+  
+  
+  
+  
+    
+    
+      
+        
+      
+        
+      
+    
+    
+      
+      
+        
+      
+    
+    
+    <li class="md-nav__item md-nav__item--nested">
+      
+        
+        
+        <input class="md-nav__toggle md-toggle " type="checkbox" id="__nav_4_11_9" >
+        
+          
+          <label class="md-nav__link" for="__nav_4_11_9" id="__nav_4_11_9_label" tabindex="0">
+            
+  
+  <span class="md-ellipsis">
+    Simple MVC
+  </span>
+  
+
+            <span class="md-nav__icon md-icon"></span>
+          </label>
+        
+        <nav class="md-nav" data-md-level="3" aria-labelledby="__nav_4_11_9_label" aria-expanded="false">
+          <label class="md-nav__title" for="__nav_4_11_9">
+            <span class="md-nav__icon md-icon"></span>
+            Simple MVC
+          </label>
+          <ul class="md-nav__list" data-md-scrollfix>
+            
+              
+                
+  
+  
+  
+  
+    <li class="md-nav__item">
+      <a href="../../php/simple-mvc/simple-mvc.html" class="md-nav__link">
+        
+  
+  <span class="md-ellipsis">
+    Simple MVC
+  </span>
+  
+
+      </a>
+    </li>
+  
+
+              
+            
+              
+                
+  
+  
+  
+  
+    <li class="md-nav__item">
+      <a href="../../php/simple-mvc/rest-api.html" class="md-nav__link">
+        
+  
+  <span class="md-ellipsis">
+    REST API
+  </span>
+  
+
+      </a>
+    </li>
+  
+
+              
+            
+          </ul>
+        </nav>
+      
+    </li>
+  
+
+              
+            
+          </ul>
+        </nav>
+      
+    </li>
+  
+
+              
+            
+              
+                
+  
+  
+  
+  
+    
+    
+      
+        
+      
+        
+      
+        
+      
+        
+      
+        
+      
+    
+    
+      
+      
+        
+          
+          
+        
+      
+    
+    
+    <li class="md-nav__item md-nav__item--section md-nav__item--nested">
+      
+        
+        
+        <input class="md-nav__toggle md-toggle " type="checkbox" id="__nav_4_12" >
+        
+          
+          <label class="md-nav__link" for="__nav_4_12" id="__nav_4_12_label" tabindex="">
+            
+  
+  <span class="md-ellipsis">
+    Rust
+  </span>
+  
+
+            <span class="md-nav__icon md-icon"></span>
+          </label>
+        
+        <nav class="md-nav" data-md-level="2" aria-labelledby="__nav_4_12_label" aria-expanded="false">
+          <label class="md-nav__title" for="__nav_4_12">
+            <span class="md-nav__icon md-icon"></span>
+            Rust
+          </label>
+          <ul class="md-nav__list" data-md-scrollfix>
+            
+              
+                
+  
+  
+  
+  
+    <li class="md-nav__item">
+      <a href="../../rust/rust.html" class="md-nav__link">
+        
+  
+  <span class="md-ellipsis">
+    Rust
+  </span>
+  
+
+      </a>
+    </li>
+  
+
+              
+            
+              
+                
+  
+  
+  
+  
+    <li class="md-nav__item">
+      <a href="../../rust/macros.html" class="md-nav__link">
+        
+  
+  <span class="md-ellipsis">
+    Macros
+  </span>
+  
+
+      </a>
+    </li>
+  
+
+              
+            
+              
+                
+  
+  
+  
+  
+    <li class="md-nav__item">
+      <a href="../../rust/cargo.html" class="md-nav__link">
+        
+  
+  <span class="md-ellipsis">
+    Cargo
+  </span>
+  
+
+      </a>
+    </li>
+  
+
+              
+            
+              
+                
+  
+  
+  
+  
+    <li class="md-nav__item">
+      <a href="../../rust/concurrency.html" class="md-nav__link">
+        
+  
+  <span class="md-ellipsis">
+    Concurrency
+  </span>
+  
+
+      </a>
+    </li>
+  
+
+              
+            
+              
+                
+  
+  
+  
+  
+    <li class="md-nav__item">
+      <a href="../../rust/unit-tests.html" class="md-nav__link">
+        
+  
+  <span class="md-ellipsis">
+    Unit Tests
+  </span>
+  
+
+      </a>
+    </li>
+  
+
+              
+            
+          </ul>
+        </nav>
+      
+    </li>
+  
+
+              
+            
+              
+                
+  
+  
+  
+  
+    
+    
+      
+        
+      
+        
+      
+        
+      
+        
+      
+        
+      
+        
+      
+        
+      
+    
+    
+      
+      
+        
+          
+          
+        
+      
+    
+    
+    <li class="md-nav__item md-nav__item--section md-nav__item--nested">
+      
+        
+        
+        <input class="md-nav__toggle md-toggle " type="checkbox" id="__nav_4_13" >
+        
+          
+          <label class="md-nav__link" for="__nav_4_13" id="__nav_4_13_label" tabindex="">
+            
+  
+  <span class="md-ellipsis">
+    Javascript
+  </span>
+  
+
+            <span class="md-nav__icon md-icon"></span>
+          </label>
+        
+        <nav class="md-nav" data-md-level="2" aria-labelledby="__nav_4_13_label" aria-expanded="false">
+          <label class="md-nav__title" for="__nav_4_13">
+            <span class="md-nav__icon md-icon"></span>
+            Javascript
+          </label>
+          <ul class="md-nav__list" data-md-scrollfix>
+            
+              
+                
+  
+  
+  
+  
+    <li class="md-nav__item">
+      <a href="../../javascript/javascript.html" class="md-nav__link">
+        
+  
+  <span class="md-ellipsis">
+    Javascript
+  </span>
+  
+
+      </a>
+    </li>
+  
+
+              
+            
+              
+                
+  
+  
+  
+  
+    <li class="md-nav__item">
+      <a href="../../javascript/dom.html" class="md-nav__link">
+        
+  
+  <span class="md-ellipsis">
+    DOM
+  </span>
+  
+
+      </a>
+    </li>
+  
+
+              
+            
+              
+                
+  
+  
+  
+  
+    <li class="md-nav__item">
+      <a href="../../javascript/events-animation.html" class="md-nav__link">
+        
+  
+  <span class="md-ellipsis">
+    Events & Animation
+  </span>
+  
+
+      </a>
+    </li>
+  
+
+              
+            
+              
+                
+  
+  
+  
+  
+    <li class="md-nav__item">
+      <a href="../../javascript/ajax.html" class="md-nav__link">
+        
+  
+  <span class="md-ellipsis">
+    AJAX
+  </span>
+  
+
+      </a>
+    </li>
+  
+
+              
+            
+              
+                
+  
+  
+  
+  
+    <li class="md-nav__item">
+      <a href="../../javascript/jquery.html" class="md-nav__link">
+        
+  
+  <span class="md-ellipsis">
+    jQuery
+  </span>
+  
+
+      </a>
+    </li>
+  
+
+              
+            
+              
+                
+  
+  
+  
+  
+    
+    
+      
+        
+      
+        
+      
+        
+      
+        
+      
+        
+      
+    
+    
+      
+      
+        
+      
+    
+    
+    <li class="md-nav__item md-nav__item--nested">
+      
+        
+        
+        <input class="md-nav__toggle md-toggle " type="checkbox" id="__nav_4_13_6" >
+        
+          
+          <label class="md-nav__link" for="__nav_4_13_6" id="__nav_4_13_6_label" tabindex="0">
+            
+  
+  <span class="md-ellipsis">
+    React
+  </span>
+  
+
+            <span class="md-nav__icon md-icon"></span>
+          </label>
+        
+        <nav class="md-nav" data-md-level="3" aria-labelledby="__nav_4_13_6_label" aria-expanded="false">
+          <label class="md-nav__title" for="__nav_4_13_6">
+            <span class="md-nav__icon md-icon"></span>
+            React
+          </label>
+          <ul class="md-nav__list" data-md-scrollfix>
+            
+              
+                
+  
+  
+  
+  
+    <li class="md-nav__item">
+      <a href="../../javascript/react/react.html" class="md-nav__link">
+        
+  
+  <span class="md-ellipsis">
+    React
+  </span>
+  
+
+      </a>
+    </li>
+  
+
+              
+            
+              
+                
+  
+  
+  
+  
+    <li class="md-nav__item">
+      <a href="../../javascript/react/react-router.html" class="md-nav__link">
+        
+  
+  <span class="md-ellipsis">
+    React Router
+  </span>
+  
+
+      </a>
+    </li>
+  
+
+              
+            
+              
+                
+  
+  
+  
+  
+    <li class="md-nav__item">
+      <a href="../../javascript/react/react-tests.html" class="md-nav__link">
+        
+  
+  <span class="md-ellipsis">
+    React Tests
+  </span>
+  
+
+      </a>
+    </li>
+  
+
+              
+            
+              
+                
+  
+  
+  
+  
+    <li class="md-nav__item">
+      <a href="../../javascript/react/redux.html" class="md-nav__link">
+        
+  
+  <span class="md-ellipsis">
+    Redux
+  </span>
+  
+
+      </a>
+    </li>
+  
+
+              
+            
+              
+                
+  
+  
+  
+  
+    <li class="md-nav__item">
+      <a href="../../javascript/react/redux-tests.html" class="md-nav__link">
+        
+  
+  <span class="md-ellipsis">
+    Redux Tests
+  </span>
+  
+
+      </a>
+    </li>
+  
+
+              
+            
+          </ul>
+        </nav>
+      
+    </li>
+  
+
+              
+            
+              
+                
+  
+  
+  
+  
+    <li class="md-nav__item">
+      <a href="../../javascript/svelte/svelte.html" class="md-nav__link">
+        
+  
+  <span class="md-ellipsis">
+    Svelte
+  </span>
+  
+
+      </a>
+    </li>
+  
+
+              
+            
+          </ul>
+        </nav>
+      
+    </li>
+  
+
+              
+            
+              
+                
+  
+  
+  
+  
+    
+    
+      
+        
+      
+        
+      
+    
+    
+      
+      
+        
+          
+          
+        
+      
+    
+    
+    <li class="md-nav__item md-nav__item--section md-nav__item--nested">
+      
+        
+        
+        <input class="md-nav__toggle md-toggle " type="checkbox" id="__nav_4_14" >
+        
+          
+          <label class="md-nav__link" for="__nav_4_14" id="__nav_4_14_label" tabindex="">
+            
+  
+  <span class="md-ellipsis">
+    PowerShell
+  </span>
+  
+
+            <span class="md-nav__icon md-icon"></span>
+          </label>
+        
+        <nav class="md-nav" data-md-level="2" aria-labelledby="__nav_4_14_label" aria-expanded="false">
+          <label class="md-nav__title" for="__nav_4_14">
+            <span class="md-nav__icon md-icon"></span>
+            PowerShell
+          </label>
+          <ul class="md-nav__list" data-md-scrollfix>
+            
+              
+                
+  
+  
+  
+  
+    <li class="md-nav__item">
+      <a href="../../powershell/scripting.html" class="md-nav__link">
+        
+  
+  <span class="md-ellipsis">
+    Scripting
+  </span>
+  
+
+      </a>
+    </li>
+  
+
+              
+            
+              
+                
+  
+  
+  
+  
+    <li class="md-nav__item">
+      <a href="../../powershell/commands.html" class="md-nav__link">
+        
+  
+  <span class="md-ellipsis">
+    Commands
+  </span>
+  
+
+      </a>
+    </li>
+  
+
+              
+            
+          </ul>
+        </nav>
+      
+    </li>
+  
+
+              
+            
+              
+                
+  
+  
+  
+  
+    
+    
+      
+        
+      
+        
+      
+    
+    
+      
+      
+        
+          
+          
+        
+      
+    
+    
+    <li class="md-nav__item md-nav__item--section md-nav__item--nested">
+      
+        
+        
+        <input class="md-nav__toggle md-toggle " type="checkbox" id="__nav_4_15" >
+        
+          
+          <label class="md-nav__link" for="__nav_4_15" id="__nav_4_15_label" tabindex="">
+            
+  
+  <span class="md-ellipsis">
+    Bash
+  </span>
+  
+
+            <span class="md-nav__icon md-icon"></span>
+          </label>
+        
+        <nav class="md-nav" data-md-level="2" aria-labelledby="__nav_4_15_label" aria-expanded="false">
+          <label class="md-nav__title" for="__nav_4_15">
+            <span class="md-nav__icon md-icon"></span>
+            Bash
+          </label>
+          <ul class="md-nav__list" data-md-scrollfix>
+            
+              
+                
+  
+  
+  
+  
+    <li class="md-nav__item">
+      <a href="../../bash/scripting.html" class="md-nav__link">
+        
+  
+  <span class="md-ellipsis">
+    Scripting
+  </span>
+  
+
+      </a>
+    </li>
+  
+
+              
+            
+              
+                
+  
+  
+  
+  
+    <li class="md-nav__item">
+      <a href="../../bash/commands.html" class="md-nav__link">
+        
+  
+  <span class="md-ellipsis">
+    Commands
+  </span>
+  
+
+      </a>
+    </li>
+  
+
+              
+            
+          </ul>
+        </nav>
+      
+    </li>
+  
+
+              
+            
+          </ul>
+        </nav>
+      
+    </li>
+  
+
+    
+      
+      
+  
+  
+  
+  
+    
+    
+      
+        
+      
+        
+      
+        
+      
+        
+      
+        
+      
+    
+    
+      
+      
+        
+      
+    
+    
+    <li class="md-nav__item md-nav__item--nested">
+      
+        
+        
+        <input class="md-nav__toggle md-toggle " type="checkbox" id="__nav_5" >
+        
+          
+          <label class="md-nav__link" for="__nav_5" id="__nav_5_label" tabindex="0">
+            
+  
+  <span class="md-ellipsis">
+    Misc
+  </span>
+  
+
+            <span class="md-nav__icon md-icon"></span>
+          </label>
+        
+        <nav class="md-nav" data-md-level="1" aria-labelledby="__nav_5_label" aria-expanded="false">
+          <label class="md-nav__title" for="__nav_5">
+            <span class="md-nav__icon md-icon"></span>
+            Misc
+          </label>
+          <ul class="md-nav__list" data-md-scrollfix>
+            
+              
+                
+  
+  
+  
+  
+    <li class="md-nav__item">
+      <a href="../../../misc/git.html" class="md-nav__link">
+        
+  
+  <span class="md-ellipsis">
+    Git
+  </span>
+  
+
+      </a>
+    </li>
+  
+
+              
+            
+              
+                
+  
+  
+  
+  
+    <li class="md-nav__item">
+      <a href="../../../misc/graph-ql.html" class="md-nav__link">
+        
+  
+  <span class="md-ellipsis">
+    GraphQL
+  </span>
+  
+
+      </a>
+    </li>
+  
+
+              
+            
+              
+                
+  
+  
+  
+  
+    <li class="md-nav__item">
+      <a href="../../../misc/regular-expressions.html" class="md-nav__link">
+        
+  
+  <span class="md-ellipsis">
+    RegEx
+  </span>
+  
+
+      </a>
+    </li>
+  
+
+              
+            
+              
+                
+  
+  
+  
+  
+    <li class="md-nav__item">
+      <a href="../../../misc/ssh.html" class="md-nav__link">
+        
+  
+  <span class="md-ellipsis">
+    SSH
+  </span>
+  
+
+      </a>
+    </li>
+  
+
+              
+            
+              
+                
+  
+  
+  
+  
+    <li class="md-nav__item">
+      <a href="../../../misc/web-components.html" class="md-nav__link">
+        
+  
+  <span class="md-ellipsis">
+    WebComponents
+  </span>
+  
+
+      </a>
+    </li>
+  
+
+              
+            
+          </ul>
+        </nav>
+      
+    </li>
+  
+
+    
+      
+      
+  
+  
+  
+  
+    
+    
+      
+        
+      
+        
+      
+    
+    
+      
+      
+        
+      
+    
+    
+    <li class="md-nav__item md-nav__item--nested">
+      
+        
+        
+        <input class="md-nav__toggle md-toggle " type="checkbox" id="__nav_6" >
+        
+          
+          <label class="md-nav__link" for="__nav_6" id="__nav_6_label" tabindex="0">
+            
+  
+  <span class="md-ellipsis">
+    Linux
+  </span>
+  
+
+            <span class="md-nav__icon md-icon"></span>
+          </label>
+        
+        <nav class="md-nav" data-md-level="1" aria-labelledby="__nav_6_label" aria-expanded="false">
+          <label class="md-nav__title" for="__nav_6">
+            <span class="md-nav__icon md-icon"></span>
+            Linux
+          </label>
+          <ul class="md-nav__list" data-md-scrollfix>
+            
+              
+                
+  
+  
+  
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+<h1 id="socket-module">Socket Module</h1>
+<h2 id="definition">Definition</h2>
+<p>A network socket is an internal endpoint for sending or receiving data within a node on a computer network.</p>
+<p>In practice, socket usually refers to a socket in an Internet Protocol (IP) network, in particular for the <strong>Transmission Control Protocol (TCP)</strong>, which is a protocol for <em>one-to-one</em> connections.<br />
+In this context, sockets are assumed to be associated with a specific socket address, namely the <strong>IP address</strong> and a <strong>port number</strong> for the local node, and there is a corresponding socket address at the foreign node (other node), which itself has an associated socket, used by the foreign process. Associating a socket with a socket address is called <em>binding</em>.</p>
+<h2 id="socket-creation-connection">Socket Creation &amp; Connection</h2>
+<div class="highlight"><table class="highlighttable"><tr><th colspan="2" class="filename"><span class="filename">Python</span></th></tr><tr><td class="linenos"><div class="linenodiv"><pre><span></span><span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-0-1">1</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-0-2">2</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-0-3">3</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-0-4">4</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-0-5">5</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-0-6">6</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-0-7">7</a></span></pre></div></td><td class="code"><div><pre><span></span><code><a id="__codelineno-0-1" name="__codelineno-0-1"></a><span class="kn">import</span> <span class="nn">socket</span>
+<a id="__codelineno-0-2" name="__codelineno-0-2"></a>
+<a id="__codelineno-0-3" name="__codelineno-0-3"></a><span class="c1"># socket over the internet, socket is a stream of data</span>
+<a id="__codelineno-0-4" name="__codelineno-0-4"></a><span class="n">socket</span> <span class="o">=</span> <span class="n">socket</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">socket</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="n">socket</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">AF_INET</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="n">socket</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">SOCK_STREAM</span><span class="p">)</span>
+<a id="__codelineno-0-5" name="__codelineno-0-5"></a>
+<a id="__codelineno-0-6" name="__codelineno-0-6"></a><span class="n">socket</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">connect</span> <span class="o">=</span> <span class="p">((</span><span class="s2">&quot;URL&quot;</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="n">port</span><span class="p">:</span> <span class="nb">int</span><span class="p">))</span>  <span class="c1"># connect to socket</span>
+<a id="__codelineno-0-7" name="__codelineno-0-7"></a><span class="n">socket</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">close</span><span class="p">()</span>  <span class="c1"># close connection</span>
+</code></pre></div></td></tr></table></div>
+<h2 id="making-http-requests">Making HTTP Requests</h2>
+<div class="highlight"><table class="highlighttable"><tr><th colspan="2" class="filename"><span class="filename">Python</span></th></tr><tr><td class="linenos"><div class="linenodiv"><pre><span></span><span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-1-1">1</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-1-2">2</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-1-3">3</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-1-4">4</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-1-5">5</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-1-6">6</a></span></pre></div></td><td class="code"><div><pre><span></span><code><a id="__codelineno-1-1" name="__codelineno-1-1"></a><span class="kn">import</span> <span class="nn">socket</span>
+<a id="__codelineno-1-2" name="__codelineno-1-2"></a><span class="n">HTTP_Method</span> <span class="o">=</span> <span class="s2">&quot;GET http://url/resource HTTP/version</span><span class="se">\n\n</span><span class="s2">&quot;</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">encode</span><span class="p">()</span>  <span class="c1"># set HTTP request (encoded string from UTF-8 to bytes)</span>
+<a id="__codelineno-1-3" name="__codelineno-1-3"></a><span class="n">socket</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">send</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="n">HTTP_Method</span><span class="p">)</span>   <span class="c1"># make HTTP request</span>
+<a id="__codelineno-1-4" name="__codelineno-1-4"></a>
+<a id="__codelineno-1-5" name="__codelineno-1-5"></a><span class="n">data</span> <span class="o">=</span> <span class="n">socket</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">recv</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="n">buffer_size</span><span class="p">)</span>  <span class="c1"># receive data from socket</span>
+<a id="__codelineno-1-6" name="__codelineno-1-6"></a><span class="n">decoded</span> <span class="o">=</span> <span class="n">data</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">decode</span><span class="p">()</span>  <span class="c1"># decode data (from bytes to UTF-8)</span>
+</code></pre></div></td></tr></table></div>
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+    <li class="md-nav__item">
+      <a href="../../markdown.html" class="md-nav__link">
+        
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+  <span class="md-ellipsis">
+    Markdown
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+  
+
+              
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+  
+  
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+  
+    <li class="md-nav__item">
+      <a href="../../css/css.html" class="md-nav__link">
+        
+  
+  <span class="md-ellipsis">
+    CSS
+  </span>
+  
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+    </li>
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+    <li class="md-nav__item">
+      <a href="../../c/c.html" class="md-nav__link">
+        
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+  <span class="md-ellipsis">
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+    <li class="md-nav__item">
+      <a href="../../kotlin/kotlin.html" class="md-nav__link">
+        
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+  <span class="md-ellipsis">
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+  
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+  
+    <li class="md-nav__item">
+      <a href="../../swift/swift.html" class="md-nav__link">
+        
+  
+  <span class="md-ellipsis">
+    Swift
+  </span>
+  
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+    </li>
+  
+
+              
+            
+              
+                
+  
+  
+  
+  
+    
+    
+      
+        
+      
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+      
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+    
+      
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+        
+          
+          
+        
+      
+    
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+    <li class="md-nav__item md-nav__item--section md-nav__item--nested">
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+        <input class="md-nav__toggle md-toggle " type="checkbox" id="__nav_4_7" >
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+          <label class="md-nav__link" for="__nav_4_7" id="__nav_4_7_label" tabindex="">
+            
+  
+  <span class="md-ellipsis">
+    Assembly
+  </span>
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+          </label>
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+          <label class="md-nav__title" for="__nav_4_7">
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+            Assembly
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+          <ul class="md-nav__list" data-md-scrollfix>
+            
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+    <li class="md-nav__item">
+      <a href="../../assembly/intel.html" class="md-nav__link">
+        
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+  <span class="md-ellipsis">
+    Intel
+  </span>
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+  
+  
+    <li class="md-nav__item">
+      <a href="../../assembly/riscv.html" class="md-nav__link">
+        
+  
+  <span class="md-ellipsis">
+    RISC-V
+  </span>
+  
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+          </ul>
+        </nav>
+      
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+  
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+  
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+    
+      
+        
+      
+        
+      
+        
+      
+    
+    
+      
+      
+        
+          
+          
+        
+      
+    
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+    <li class="md-nav__item md-nav__item--active md-nav__item--section md-nav__item--nested">
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+          <label class="md-nav__link" for="__nav_4_8" id="__nav_4_8_label" tabindex="">
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+    <li class="md-nav__item">
+      <a href="../python.html" class="md-nav__link">
+        
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+  <span class="md-ellipsis">
+    Python
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+    </li>
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+            
+              
+                
+  
+  
+    
+  
+  
+  
+    
+    
+      
+        
+      
+        
+      
+        
+      
+        
+      
+        
+      
+        
+      
+        
+      
+        
+      
+        
+      
+        
+      
+        
+      
+        
+      
+        
+      
+    
+    
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+      
+        
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+          <label class="md-nav__title" for="__nav_4_8_2">
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+            Modules
+          </label>
+          <ul class="md-nav__list" data-md-scrollfix>
+            
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+  
+    <li class="md-nav__item">
+      <a href="argparse.html" class="md-nav__link">
+        
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+  <span class="md-ellipsis">
+    argparse
+  </span>
+  
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+  
+  
+    <li class="md-nav__item">
+      <a href="collections.html" class="md-nav__link">
+        
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+  <span class="md-ellipsis">
+    collection
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+  
+    <li class="md-nav__item">
+      <a href="csv.html" class="md-nav__link">
+        
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+  <span class="md-ellipsis">
+    csv
+  </span>
+  
+
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+    </li>
+  
+
+              
+            
+              
+                
+  
+  
+  
+  
+    <li class="md-nav__item">
+      <a href="ftplib.html" class="md-nav__link">
+        
+  
+  <span class="md-ellipsis">
+    ftplib
+  </span>
+  
+
+      </a>
+    </li>
+  
+
+              
+            
+              
+                
+  
+  
+  
+  
+    <li class="md-nav__item">
+      <a href="itertools.html" class="md-nav__link">
+        
+  
+  <span class="md-ellipsis">
+    itertools
+  </span>
+  
+
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+    </li>
+  
+
+              
+            
+              
+                
+  
+  
+  
+  
+    <li class="md-nav__item">
+      <a href="json.html" class="md-nav__link">
+        
+  
+  <span class="md-ellipsis">
+    json
+  </span>
+  
+
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+    </li>
+  
+
+              
+            
+              
+                
+  
+  
+  
+  
+    <li class="md-nav__item">
+      <a href="logging.html" class="md-nav__link">
+        
+  
+  <span class="md-ellipsis">
+    logging
+  </span>
+  
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+            
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+  
+  
+  
+    <li class="md-nav__item">
+      <a href="shutil.html" class="md-nav__link">
+        
+  
+  <span class="md-ellipsis">
+    shutil
+  </span>
+  
+
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+    </li>
+  
+
+              
+            
+              
+                
+  
+  
+  
+  
+    <li class="md-nav__item">
+      <a href="smtplib.html" class="md-nav__link">
+        
+  
+  <span class="md-ellipsis">
+    smtplib
+  </span>
+  
+
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+    </li>
+  
+
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+            
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+                
+  
+  
+  
+  
+    <li class="md-nav__item">
+      <a href="socket.html" class="md-nav__link">
+        
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+  <span class="md-ellipsis">
+    socket
+  </span>
+  
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+    </li>
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+                
+  
+  
+    
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+    <li class="md-nav__item md-nav__item--active">
+      
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+      
+      
+        
+      
+      
+        <label class="md-nav__link md-nav__link--active" for="__toc">
+          
+  
+  <span class="md-ellipsis">
+    sqlite
+  </span>
+  
+
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+        </label>
+      
+      <a href="sqlite.html" class="md-nav__link md-nav__link--active">
+        
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+  <span class="md-ellipsis">
+    sqlite
+  </span>
+  
+
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+      
+        
+
+<nav class="md-nav md-nav--secondary" aria-label="Table of contents">
+  
+  
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+    
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+    <label class="md-nav__title" for="__toc">
+      <span class="md-nav__icon md-icon"></span>
+      Table of contents
+    </label>
+    <ul class="md-nav__list" data-md-component="toc" data-md-scrollfix>
+      
+        <li class="md-nav__item">
+  <a href="#connecting-to-the-database" class="md-nav__link">
+    <span class="md-ellipsis">
+      Connecting To The Database
+    </span>
+  </a>
+  
+    <nav class="md-nav" aria-label="Connecting To The Database">
+      <ul class="md-nav__list">
+        
+          <li class="md-nav__item">
+  <a href="#query-construction" class="md-nav__link">
+    <span class="md-ellipsis">
+      Query Construction
+    </span>
+  </a>
+  
+</li>
+        
+          <li class="md-nav__item">
+  <a href="#writing-operations-to-disk" class="md-nav__link">
+    <span class="md-ellipsis">
+      Writing Operations to Disk
+    </span>
+  </a>
+  
+</li>
+        
+          <li class="md-nav__item">
+  <a href="#multiple-sql-instructions" class="md-nav__link">
+    <span class="md-ellipsis">
+      Multiple SQL Instructions
+    </span>
+  </a>
+  
+</li>
+        
+          <li class="md-nav__item">
+  <a href="#retrieving-records" class="md-nav__link">
+    <span class="md-ellipsis">
+      Retrieving Records
+    </span>
+  </a>
+  
+</li>
+        
+      </ul>
+    </nav>
+  
+</li>
+      
+    </ul>
+  
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+            
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+  
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+  
+    <li class="md-nav__item">
+      <a href="time-datetime.html" class="md-nav__link">
+        
+  
+  <span class="md-ellipsis">
+    time & datetime
+  </span>
+  
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+
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+    <li class="md-nav__item">
+      <a href="unittest.html" class="md-nav__link">
+        
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+  <span class="md-ellipsis">
+    unittest
+  </span>
+  
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+
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+        </nav>
+      
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+        
+      
+        
+      
+        
+      
+        
+      
+        
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+        
+      
+    
+    
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+      
+        
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+        <input class="md-nav__toggle md-toggle " type="checkbox" id="__nav_4_8_3" >
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+          <label class="md-nav__link" for="__nav_4_8_3" id="__nav_4_8_3_label" tabindex="0">
+            
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+  <span class="md-ellipsis">
+    Libraries
+  </span>
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+            Libraries
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+    <li class="md-nav__item">
+      <a href="../libs/tkinter.html" class="md-nav__link">
+        
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+  <span class="md-ellipsis">
+    TKinter
+  </span>
+  
+
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+    </li>
+  
+
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+                
+  
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+    <li class="md-nav__item">
+      <a href="../libs/numpy.html" class="md-nav__link">
+        
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+    Numpy
+  </span>
+  
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+    <li class="md-nav__item">
+      <a href="../libs/pandas.html" class="md-nav__link">
+        
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+    Pandas
+  </span>
+  
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+    <li class="md-nav__item">
+      <a href="../libs/seaborn.html" class="md-nav__link">
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+    Seaborn
+  </span>
+  
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+      <a href="../libs/requests.html" class="md-nav__link">
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+    Requests
+  </span>
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+    <li class="md-nav__item">
+      <a href="../libs/beautiful-soup.html" class="md-nav__link">
+        
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+  <span class="md-ellipsis">
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+  </span>
+  
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+  
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+        </nav>
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+        
+      
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+            .NET
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+          <ul class="md-nav__list" data-md-scrollfix>
+            
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+        
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+        
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+      
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+            
+  
+  <span class="md-ellipsis">
+    C#
+  </span>
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+          <label class="md-nav__title" for="__nav_4_9_1">
+            <span class="md-nav__icon md-icon"></span>
+            C#
+          </label>
+          <ul class="md-nav__list" data-md-scrollfix>
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+      <a href="../../dotnet/csharp/csharp.html" class="md-nav__link">
+        
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+  <span class="md-ellipsis">
+    C#
+  </span>
+  
+
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+  
+
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+  
+    <li class="md-nav__item">
+      <a href="../../dotnet/csharp/linq.html" class="md-nav__link">
+        
+  
+  <span class="md-ellipsis">
+    Linq
+  </span>
+  
+
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+    </li>
+  
+
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+            
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+                
+  
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+  
+  
+    <li class="md-nav__item">
+      <a href="../../dotnet/csharp/collections.html" class="md-nav__link">
+        
+  
+  <span class="md-ellipsis">
+    Collections
+  </span>
+  
+
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+    </li>
+  
+
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+            
+              
+                
+  
+  
+  
+  
+    <li class="md-nav__item">
+      <a href="../../dotnet/csharp/reactive-extensions.html" class="md-nav__link">
+        
+  
+  <span class="md-ellipsis">
+    Reactive Extensions
+  </span>
+  
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+  
+
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+  
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+    <li class="md-nav__item">
+      <a href="../../dotnet/csharp/async-programming.html" class="md-nav__link">
+        
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+    Async Programming
+  </span>
+  
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+    </li>
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+
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+      <a href="../../dotnet/csharp/unit-tests.html" class="md-nav__link">
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+    Unit Tests
+  </span>
+  
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+        </nav>
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+    
+      
+        
+      
+        
+      
+        
+      
+        
+      
+        
+      
+        
+      
+        
+      
+    
+    
+      
+      
+        
+      
+    
+    
+    <li class="md-nav__item md-nav__item--nested">
+      
+        
+        
+        <input class="md-nav__toggle md-toggle " type="checkbox" id="__nav_4_9_2" >
+        
+          
+          <label class="md-nav__link" for="__nav_4_9_2" id="__nav_4_9_2_label" tabindex="0">
+            
+  
+  <span class="md-ellipsis">
+    ASP.NET
+  </span>
+  
+
+            <span class="md-nav__icon md-icon"></span>
+          </label>
+        
+        <nav class="md-nav" data-md-level="3" aria-labelledby="__nav_4_9_2_label" aria-expanded="false">
+          <label class="md-nav__title" for="__nav_4_9_2">
+            <span class="md-nav__icon md-icon"></span>
+            ASP.NET
+          </label>
+          <ul class="md-nav__list" data-md-scrollfix>
+            
+              
+                
+  
+  
+  
+  
+    <li class="md-nav__item">
+      <a href="../../dotnet/asp.net/minimal-api.html" class="md-nav__link">
+        
+  
+  <span class="md-ellipsis">
+    Minimal API
+  </span>
+  
+
+      </a>
+    </li>
+  
+
+              
+            
+              
+                
+  
+  
+  
+  
+    <li class="md-nav__item">
+      <a href="../../dotnet/asp.net/filters.html" class="md-nav__link">
+        
+  
+  <span class="md-ellipsis">
+    FIlters
+  </span>
+  
+
+      </a>
+    </li>
+  
+
+              
+            
+              
+                
+  
+  
+  
+  
+    <li class="md-nav__item">
+      <a href="../../dotnet/asp.net/middleware.html" class="md-nav__link">
+        
+  
+  <span class="md-ellipsis">
+    Middleware
+  </span>
+  
+
+      </a>
+    </li>
+  
+
+              
+            
+              
+                
+  
+  
+  
+  
+    <li class="md-nav__item">
+      <a href="../../dotnet/asp.net/razor-syntax.html" class="md-nav__link">
+        
+  
+  <span class="md-ellipsis">
+    Razor Syntax
+  </span>
+  
+
+      </a>
+    </li>
+  
+
+              
+            
+              
+                
+  
+  
+  
+  
+    <li class="md-nav__item">
+      <a href="../../dotnet/asp.net/blazor.html" class="md-nav__link">
+        
+  
+  <span class="md-ellipsis">
+    Blazor
+  </span>
+  
+
+      </a>
+    </li>
+  
+
+              
+            
+              
+                
+  
+  
+  
+  
+    <li class="md-nav__item">
+      <a href="../../dotnet/asp.net/signalr.html" class="md-nav__link">
+        
+  
+  <span class="md-ellipsis">
+    SignalR
+  </span>
+  
+
+      </a>
+    </li>
+  
+
+              
+            
+              
+                
+  
+  
+  
+  
+    <li class="md-nav__item">
+      <a href="../../dotnet/asp.net/web-forms.html" class="md-nav__link">
+        
+  
+  <span class="md-ellipsis">
+    Web Forms
+  </span>
+  
+
+      </a>
+    </li>
+  
+
+              
+            
+          </ul>
+        </nav>
+      
+    </li>
+  
+
+              
+            
+              
+                
+  
+  
+  
+  
+    
+    
+      
+        
+      
+        
+      
+    
+    
+      
+      
+        
+      
+    
+    
+    <li class="md-nav__item md-nav__item--nested">
+      
+        
+        
+        <input class="md-nav__toggle md-toggle " type="checkbox" id="__nav_4_9_3" >
+        
+          
+          <label class="md-nav__link" for="__nav_4_9_3" id="__nav_4_9_3_label" tabindex="0">
+            
+  
+  <span class="md-ellipsis">
+    Database
+  </span>
+  
+
+            <span class="md-nav__icon md-icon"></span>
+          </label>
+        
+        <nav class="md-nav" data-md-level="3" aria-labelledby="__nav_4_9_3_label" aria-expanded="false">
+          <label class="md-nav__title" for="__nav_4_9_3">
+            <span class="md-nav__icon md-icon"></span>
+            Database
+          </label>
+          <ul class="md-nav__list" data-md-scrollfix>
+            
+              
+                
+  
+  
+  
+  
+    <li class="md-nav__item">
+      <a href="../../dotnet/database/ado.net.html" class="md-nav__link">
+        
+  
+  <span class="md-ellipsis">
+    ADO.NET
+  </span>
+  
+
+      </a>
+    </li>
+  
+
+              
+            
+              
+                
+  
+  
+  
+  
+    <li class="md-nav__item">
+      <a href="../../dotnet/database/entity-framework.html" class="md-nav__link">
+        
+  
+  <span class="md-ellipsis">
+    Entity Framework
+  </span>
+  
+
+      </a>
+    </li>
+  
+
+              
+            
+          </ul>
+        </nav>
+      
+    </li>
+  
+
+              
+            
+          </ul>
+        </nav>
+      
+    </li>
+  
+
+              
+            
+              
+                
+  
+  
+  
+  
+    
+    
+      
+        
+      
+        
+      
+        
+      
+        
+      
+    
+    
+      
+      
+        
+          
+          
+        
+      
+    
+    
+    <li class="md-nav__item md-nav__item--section md-nav__item--nested">
+      
+        
+        
+        <input class="md-nav__toggle md-toggle " type="checkbox" id="__nav_4_10" >
+        
+          
+          <label class="md-nav__link" for="__nav_4_10" id="__nav_4_10_label" tabindex="">
+            
+  
+  <span class="md-ellipsis">
+    Java
+  </span>
+  
+
+            <span class="md-nav__icon md-icon"></span>
+          </label>
+        
+        <nav class="md-nav" data-md-level="2" aria-labelledby="__nav_4_10_label" aria-expanded="false">
+          <label class="md-nav__title" for="__nav_4_10">
+            <span class="md-nav__icon md-icon"></span>
+            Java
+          </label>
+          <ul class="md-nav__list" data-md-scrollfix>
+            
+              
+                
+  
+  
+  
+  
+    <li class="md-nav__item">
+      <a href="../../java/java.html" class="md-nav__link">
+        
+  
+  <span class="md-ellipsis">
+    Java
+  </span>
+  
+
+      </a>
+    </li>
+  
+
+              
+            
+              
+                
+  
+  
+  
+  
+    <li class="md-nav__item">
+      <a href="../../java/java-collection-framework.html" class="md-nav__link">
+        
+  
+  <span class="md-ellipsis">
+    Java Collection Framework
+  </span>
+  
+
+      </a>
+    </li>
+  
+
+              
+            
+              
+                
+  
+  
+  
+  
+    <li class="md-nav__item">
+      <a href="../../java/dao.html" class="md-nav__link">
+        
+  
+  <span class="md-ellipsis">
+    DAO
+  </span>
+  
+
+      </a>
+    </li>
+  
+
+              
+            
+              
+                
+  
+  
+  
+  
+    
+    
+      
+        
+      
+        
+      
+    
+    
+      
+      
+        
+      
+    
+    
+    <li class="md-nav__item md-nav__item--nested">
+      
+        
+        
+        <input class="md-nav__toggle md-toggle " type="checkbox" id="__nav_4_10_4" >
+        
+          
+          <label class="md-nav__link" for="__nav_4_10_4" id="__nav_4_10_4_label" tabindex="0">
+            
+  
+  <span class="md-ellipsis">
+    Web
+  </span>
+  
+
+            <span class="md-nav__icon md-icon"></span>
+          </label>
+        
+        <nav class="md-nav" data-md-level="3" aria-labelledby="__nav_4_10_4_label" aria-expanded="false">
+          <label class="md-nav__title" for="__nav_4_10_4">
+            <span class="md-nav__icon md-icon"></span>
+            Web
+          </label>
+          <ul class="md-nav__list" data-md-scrollfix>
+            
+              
+                
+  
+  
+  
+  
+    <li class="md-nav__item">
+      <a href="../../java/web/servlet.html" class="md-nav__link">
+        
+  
+  <span class="md-ellipsis">
+    Serverlet
+  </span>
+  
+
+      </a>
+    </li>
+  
+
+              
+            
+              
+                
+  
+  
+  
+  
+    
+    
+      
+        
+      
+        
+      
+    
+    
+      
+      
+        
+      
+    
+    
+    <li class="md-nav__item md-nav__item--nested">
+      
+        
+        
+        <input class="md-nav__toggle md-toggle " type="checkbox" id="__nav_4_10_4_2" >
+        
+          
+          <label class="md-nav__link" for="__nav_4_10_4_2" id="__nav_4_10_4_2_label" tabindex="0">
+            
+  
+  <span class="md-ellipsis">
+    Spring
+  </span>
+  
+
+            <span class="md-nav__icon md-icon"></span>
+          </label>
+        
+        <nav class="md-nav" data-md-level="4" aria-labelledby="__nav_4_10_4_2_label" aria-expanded="false">
+          <label class="md-nav__title" for="__nav_4_10_4_2">
+            <span class="md-nav__icon md-icon"></span>
+            Spring
+          </label>
+          <ul class="md-nav__list" data-md-scrollfix>
+            
+              
+                
+  
+  
+  
+  
+    <li class="md-nav__item">
+      <a href="../../java/spring/pom.xml.html" class="md-nav__link">
+        
+  
+  <span class="md-ellipsis">
+    POM
+  </span>
+  
+
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+    </li>
+  
+
+              
+            
+              
+                
+  
+  
+  
+  
+    <li class="md-nav__item">
+      <a href="../../java/spring/spring-project.html" class="md-nav__link">
+        
+  
+  <span class="md-ellipsis">
+    Project Structure
+  </span>
+  
+
+      </a>
+    </li>
+  
+
+              
+            
+          </ul>
+        </nav>
+      
+    </li>
+  
+
+              
+            
+          </ul>
+        </nav>
+      
+    </li>
+  
+
+              
+            
+          </ul>
+        </nav>
+      
+    </li>
+  
+
+              
+            
+              
+                
+  
+  
+  
+  
+    
+    
+      
+        
+      
+        
+      
+        
+      
+        
+      
+        
+      
+        
+      
+        
+      
+        
+      
+        
+      
+    
+    
+      
+      
+        
+          
+          
+        
+      
+    
+    
+    <li class="md-nav__item md-nav__item--section md-nav__item--nested">
+      
+        
+        
+        <input class="md-nav__toggle md-toggle " type="checkbox" id="__nav_4_11" >
+        
+          
+          <label class="md-nav__link" for="__nav_4_11" id="__nav_4_11_label" tabindex="">
+            
+  
+  <span class="md-ellipsis">
+    PHP
+  </span>
+  
+
+            <span class="md-nav__icon md-icon"></span>
+          </label>
+        
+        <nav class="md-nav" data-md-level="2" aria-labelledby="__nav_4_11_label" aria-expanded="false">
+          <label class="md-nav__title" for="__nav_4_11">
+            <span class="md-nav__icon md-icon"></span>
+            PHP
+          </label>
+          <ul class="md-nav__list" data-md-scrollfix>
+            
+              
+                
+  
+  
+  
+  
+    <li class="md-nav__item">
+      <a href="../../php/php.html" class="md-nav__link">
+        
+  
+  <span class="md-ellipsis">
+    PHP
+  </span>
+  
+
+      </a>
+    </li>
+  
+
+              
+            
+              
+                
+  
+  
+  
+  
+    <li class="md-nav__item">
+      <a href="../../php/database.html" class="md-nav__link">
+        
+  
+  <span class="md-ellipsis">
+    Database
+  </span>
+  
+
+      </a>
+    </li>
+  
+
+              
+            
+              
+                
+  
+  
+  
+  
+    <li class="md-nav__item">
+      <a href="../../php/web.html" class="md-nav__link">
+        
+  
+  <span class="md-ellipsis">
+    Web
+  </span>
+  
+
+      </a>
+    </li>
+  
+
+              
+            
+              
+                
+  
+  
+  
+  
+    <li class="md-nav__item">
+      <a href="../../php/dependency-injection.html" class="md-nav__link">
+        
+  
+  <span class="md-ellipsis">
+    Dependency Injection
+  </span>
+  
+
+      </a>
+    </li>
+  
+
+              
+            
+              
+                
+  
+  
+  
+  
+    <li class="md-nav__item">
+      <a href="../../php/unit-tests.html" class="md-nav__link">
+        
+  
+  <span class="md-ellipsis">
+    Unit Tests
+  </span>
+  
+
+      </a>
+    </li>
+  
+
+              
+            
+              
+                
+  
+  
+  
+  
+    <li class="md-nav__item">
+      <a href="../../php/composer.html" class="md-nav__link">
+        
+  
+  <span class="md-ellipsis">
+    Composer
+  </span>
+  
+
+      </a>
+    </li>
+  
+
+              
+            
+              
+                
+  
+  
+  
+  
+    <li class="md-nav__item">
+      <a href="../../php/psr-7.html" class="md-nav__link">
+        
+  
+  <span class="md-ellipsis">
+    PSR 7
+  </span>
+  
+
+      </a>
+    </li>
+  
+
+              
+            
+              
+                
+  
+  
+  
+  
+    <li class="md-nav__item">
+      <a href="../../php/plates-templating.html" class="md-nav__link">
+        
+  
+  <span class="md-ellipsis">
+    Plates
+  </span>
+  
+
+      </a>
+    </li>
+  
+
+              
+            
+              
+                
+  
+  
+  
+  
+    
+    
+      
+        
+      
+        
+      
+    
+    
+      
+      
+        
+      
+    
+    
+    <li class="md-nav__item md-nav__item--nested">
+      
+        
+        
+        <input class="md-nav__toggle md-toggle " type="checkbox" id="__nav_4_11_9" >
+        
+          
+          <label class="md-nav__link" for="__nav_4_11_9" id="__nav_4_11_9_label" tabindex="0">
+            
+  
+  <span class="md-ellipsis">
+    Simple MVC
+  </span>
+  
+
+            <span class="md-nav__icon md-icon"></span>
+          </label>
+        
+        <nav class="md-nav" data-md-level="3" aria-labelledby="__nav_4_11_9_label" aria-expanded="false">
+          <label class="md-nav__title" for="__nav_4_11_9">
+            <span class="md-nav__icon md-icon"></span>
+            Simple MVC
+          </label>
+          <ul class="md-nav__list" data-md-scrollfix>
+            
+              
+                
+  
+  
+  
+  
+    <li class="md-nav__item">
+      <a href="../../php/simple-mvc/simple-mvc.html" class="md-nav__link">
+        
+  
+  <span class="md-ellipsis">
+    Simple MVC
+  </span>
+  
+
+      </a>
+    </li>
+  
+
+              
+            
+              
+                
+  
+  
+  
+  
+    <li class="md-nav__item">
+      <a href="../../php/simple-mvc/rest-api.html" class="md-nav__link">
+        
+  
+  <span class="md-ellipsis">
+    REST API
+  </span>
+  
+
+      </a>
+    </li>
+  
+
+              
+            
+          </ul>
+        </nav>
+      
+    </li>
+  
+
+              
+            
+          </ul>
+        </nav>
+      
+    </li>
+  
+
+              
+            
+              
+                
+  
+  
+  
+  
+    
+    
+      
+        
+      
+        
+      
+        
+      
+        
+      
+        
+      
+    
+    
+      
+      
+        
+          
+          
+        
+      
+    
+    
+    <li class="md-nav__item md-nav__item--section md-nav__item--nested">
+      
+        
+        
+        <input class="md-nav__toggle md-toggle " type="checkbox" id="__nav_4_12" >
+        
+          
+          <label class="md-nav__link" for="__nav_4_12" id="__nav_4_12_label" tabindex="">
+            
+  
+  <span class="md-ellipsis">
+    Rust
+  </span>
+  
+
+            <span class="md-nav__icon md-icon"></span>
+          </label>
+        
+        <nav class="md-nav" data-md-level="2" aria-labelledby="__nav_4_12_label" aria-expanded="false">
+          <label class="md-nav__title" for="__nav_4_12">
+            <span class="md-nav__icon md-icon"></span>
+            Rust
+          </label>
+          <ul class="md-nav__list" data-md-scrollfix>
+            
+              
+                
+  
+  
+  
+  
+    <li class="md-nav__item">
+      <a href="../../rust/rust.html" class="md-nav__link">
+        
+  
+  <span class="md-ellipsis">
+    Rust
+  </span>
+  
+
+      </a>
+    </li>
+  
+
+              
+            
+              
+                
+  
+  
+  
+  
+    <li class="md-nav__item">
+      <a href="../../rust/macros.html" class="md-nav__link">
+        
+  
+  <span class="md-ellipsis">
+    Macros
+  </span>
+  
+
+      </a>
+    </li>
+  
+
+              
+            
+              
+                
+  
+  
+  
+  
+    <li class="md-nav__item">
+      <a href="../../rust/cargo.html" class="md-nav__link">
+        
+  
+  <span class="md-ellipsis">
+    Cargo
+  </span>
+  
+
+      </a>
+    </li>
+  
+
+              
+            
+              
+                
+  
+  
+  
+  
+    <li class="md-nav__item">
+      <a href="../../rust/concurrency.html" class="md-nav__link">
+        
+  
+  <span class="md-ellipsis">
+    Concurrency
+  </span>
+  
+
+      </a>
+    </li>
+  
+
+              
+            
+              
+                
+  
+  
+  
+  
+    <li class="md-nav__item">
+      <a href="../../rust/unit-tests.html" class="md-nav__link">
+        
+  
+  <span class="md-ellipsis">
+    Unit Tests
+  </span>
+  
+
+      </a>
+    </li>
+  
+
+              
+            
+          </ul>
+        </nav>
+      
+    </li>
+  
+
+              
+            
+              
+                
+  
+  
+  
+  
+    
+    
+      
+        
+      
+        
+      
+        
+      
+        
+      
+        
+      
+        
+      
+        
+      
+    
+    
+      
+      
+        
+          
+          
+        
+      
+    
+    
+    <li class="md-nav__item md-nav__item--section md-nav__item--nested">
+      
+        
+        
+        <input class="md-nav__toggle md-toggle " type="checkbox" id="__nav_4_13" >
+        
+          
+          <label class="md-nav__link" for="__nav_4_13" id="__nav_4_13_label" tabindex="">
+            
+  
+  <span class="md-ellipsis">
+    Javascript
+  </span>
+  
+
+            <span class="md-nav__icon md-icon"></span>
+          </label>
+        
+        <nav class="md-nav" data-md-level="2" aria-labelledby="__nav_4_13_label" aria-expanded="false">
+          <label class="md-nav__title" for="__nav_4_13">
+            <span class="md-nav__icon md-icon"></span>
+            Javascript
+          </label>
+          <ul class="md-nav__list" data-md-scrollfix>
+            
+              
+                
+  
+  
+  
+  
+    <li class="md-nav__item">
+      <a href="../../javascript/javascript.html" class="md-nav__link">
+        
+  
+  <span class="md-ellipsis">
+    Javascript
+  </span>
+  
+
+      </a>
+    </li>
+  
+
+              
+            
+              
+                
+  
+  
+  
+  
+    <li class="md-nav__item">
+      <a href="../../javascript/dom.html" class="md-nav__link">
+        
+  
+  <span class="md-ellipsis">
+    DOM
+  </span>
+  
+
+      </a>
+    </li>
+  
+
+              
+            
+              
+                
+  
+  
+  
+  
+    <li class="md-nav__item">
+      <a href="../../javascript/events-animation.html" class="md-nav__link">
+        
+  
+  <span class="md-ellipsis">
+    Events & Animation
+  </span>
+  
+
+      </a>
+    </li>
+  
+
+              
+            
+              
+                
+  
+  
+  
+  
+    <li class="md-nav__item">
+      <a href="../../javascript/ajax.html" class="md-nav__link">
+        
+  
+  <span class="md-ellipsis">
+    AJAX
+  </span>
+  
+
+      </a>
+    </li>
+  
+
+              
+            
+              
+                
+  
+  
+  
+  
+    <li class="md-nav__item">
+      <a href="../../javascript/jquery.html" class="md-nav__link">
+        
+  
+  <span class="md-ellipsis">
+    jQuery
+  </span>
+  
+
+      </a>
+    </li>
+  
+
+              
+            
+              
+                
+  
+  
+  
+  
+    
+    
+      
+        
+      
+        
+      
+        
+      
+        
+      
+        
+      
+    
+    
+      
+      
+        
+      
+    
+    
+    <li class="md-nav__item md-nav__item--nested">
+      
+        
+        
+        <input class="md-nav__toggle md-toggle " type="checkbox" id="__nav_4_13_6" >
+        
+          
+          <label class="md-nav__link" for="__nav_4_13_6" id="__nav_4_13_6_label" tabindex="0">
+            
+  
+  <span class="md-ellipsis">
+    React
+  </span>
+  
+
+            <span class="md-nav__icon md-icon"></span>
+          </label>
+        
+        <nav class="md-nav" data-md-level="3" aria-labelledby="__nav_4_13_6_label" aria-expanded="false">
+          <label class="md-nav__title" for="__nav_4_13_6">
+            <span class="md-nav__icon md-icon"></span>
+            React
+          </label>
+          <ul class="md-nav__list" data-md-scrollfix>
+            
+              
+                
+  
+  
+  
+  
+    <li class="md-nav__item">
+      <a href="../../javascript/react/react.html" class="md-nav__link">
+        
+  
+  <span class="md-ellipsis">
+    React
+  </span>
+  
+
+      </a>
+    </li>
+  
+
+              
+            
+              
+                
+  
+  
+  
+  
+    <li class="md-nav__item">
+      <a href="../../javascript/react/react-router.html" class="md-nav__link">
+        
+  
+  <span class="md-ellipsis">
+    React Router
+  </span>
+  
+
+      </a>
+    </li>
+  
+
+              
+            
+              
+                
+  
+  
+  
+  
+    <li class="md-nav__item">
+      <a href="../../javascript/react/react-tests.html" class="md-nav__link">
+        
+  
+  <span class="md-ellipsis">
+    React Tests
+  </span>
+  
+
+      </a>
+    </li>
+  
+
+              
+            
+              
+                
+  
+  
+  
+  
+    <li class="md-nav__item">
+      <a href="../../javascript/react/redux.html" class="md-nav__link">
+        
+  
+  <span class="md-ellipsis">
+    Redux
+  </span>
+  
+
+      </a>
+    </li>
+  
+
+              
+            
+              
+                
+  
+  
+  
+  
+    <li class="md-nav__item">
+      <a href="../../javascript/react/redux-tests.html" class="md-nav__link">
+        
+  
+  <span class="md-ellipsis">
+    Redux Tests
+  </span>
+  
+
+      </a>
+    </li>
+  
+
+              
+            
+          </ul>
+        </nav>
+      
+    </li>
+  
+
+              
+            
+              
+                
+  
+  
+  
+  
+    <li class="md-nav__item">
+      <a href="../../javascript/svelte/svelte.html" class="md-nav__link">
+        
+  
+  <span class="md-ellipsis">
+    Svelte
+  </span>
+  
+
+      </a>
+    </li>
+  
+
+              
+            
+          </ul>
+        </nav>
+      
+    </li>
+  
+
+              
+            
+              
+                
+  
+  
+  
+  
+    
+    
+      
+        
+      
+        
+      
+    
+    
+      
+      
+        
+          
+          
+        
+      
+    
+    
+    <li class="md-nav__item md-nav__item--section md-nav__item--nested">
+      
+        
+        
+        <input class="md-nav__toggle md-toggle " type="checkbox" id="__nav_4_14" >
+        
+          
+          <label class="md-nav__link" for="__nav_4_14" id="__nav_4_14_label" tabindex="">
+            
+  
+  <span class="md-ellipsis">
+    PowerShell
+  </span>
+  
+
+            <span class="md-nav__icon md-icon"></span>
+          </label>
+        
+        <nav class="md-nav" data-md-level="2" aria-labelledby="__nav_4_14_label" aria-expanded="false">
+          <label class="md-nav__title" for="__nav_4_14">
+            <span class="md-nav__icon md-icon"></span>
+            PowerShell
+          </label>
+          <ul class="md-nav__list" data-md-scrollfix>
+            
+              
+                
+  
+  
+  
+  
+    <li class="md-nav__item">
+      <a href="../../powershell/scripting.html" class="md-nav__link">
+        
+  
+  <span class="md-ellipsis">
+    Scripting
+  </span>
+  
+
+      </a>
+    </li>
+  
+
+              
+            
+              
+                
+  
+  
+  
+  
+    <li class="md-nav__item">
+      <a href="../../powershell/commands.html" class="md-nav__link">
+        
+  
+  <span class="md-ellipsis">
+    Commands
+  </span>
+  
+
+      </a>
+    </li>
+  
+
+              
+            
+          </ul>
+        </nav>
+      
+    </li>
+  
+
+              
+            
+              
+                
+  
+  
+  
+  
+    
+    
+      
+        
+      
+        
+      
+    
+    
+      
+      
+        
+          
+          
+        
+      
+    
+    
+    <li class="md-nav__item md-nav__item--section md-nav__item--nested">
+      
+        
+        
+        <input class="md-nav__toggle md-toggle " type="checkbox" id="__nav_4_15" >
+        
+          
+          <label class="md-nav__link" for="__nav_4_15" id="__nav_4_15_label" tabindex="">
+            
+  
+  <span class="md-ellipsis">
+    Bash
+  </span>
+  
+
+            <span class="md-nav__icon md-icon"></span>
+          </label>
+        
+        <nav class="md-nav" data-md-level="2" aria-labelledby="__nav_4_15_label" aria-expanded="false">
+          <label class="md-nav__title" for="__nav_4_15">
+            <span class="md-nav__icon md-icon"></span>
+            Bash
+          </label>
+          <ul class="md-nav__list" data-md-scrollfix>
+            
+              
+                
+  
+  
+  
+  
+    <li class="md-nav__item">
+      <a href="../../bash/scripting.html" class="md-nav__link">
+        
+  
+  <span class="md-ellipsis">
+    Scripting
+  </span>
+  
+
+      </a>
+    </li>
+  
+
+              
+            
+              
+                
+  
+  
+  
+  
+    <li class="md-nav__item">
+      <a href="../../bash/commands.html" class="md-nav__link">
+        
+  
+  <span class="md-ellipsis">
+    Commands
+  </span>
+  
+
+      </a>
+    </li>
+  
+
+              
+            
+          </ul>
+        </nav>
+      
+    </li>
+  
+
+              
+            
+          </ul>
+        </nav>
+      
+    </li>
+  
+
+    
+      
+      
+  
+  
+  
+  
+    
+    
+      
+        
+      
+        
+      
+        
+      
+        
+      
+        
+      
+    
+    
+      
+      
+        
+      
+    
+    
+    <li class="md-nav__item md-nav__item--nested">
+      
+        
+        
+        <input class="md-nav__toggle md-toggle " type="checkbox" id="__nav_5" >
+        
+          
+          <label class="md-nav__link" for="__nav_5" id="__nav_5_label" tabindex="0">
+            
+  
+  <span class="md-ellipsis">
+    Misc
+  </span>
+  
+
+            <span class="md-nav__icon md-icon"></span>
+          </label>
+        
+        <nav class="md-nav" data-md-level="1" aria-labelledby="__nav_5_label" aria-expanded="false">
+          <label class="md-nav__title" for="__nav_5">
+            <span class="md-nav__icon md-icon"></span>
+            Misc
+          </label>
+          <ul class="md-nav__list" data-md-scrollfix>
+            
+              
+                
+  
+  
+  
+  
+    <li class="md-nav__item">
+      <a href="../../../misc/git.html" class="md-nav__link">
+        
+  
+  <span class="md-ellipsis">
+    Git
+  </span>
+  
+
+      </a>
+    </li>
+  
+
+              
+            
+              
+                
+  
+  
+  
+  
+    <li class="md-nav__item">
+      <a href="../../../misc/graph-ql.html" class="md-nav__link">
+        
+  
+  <span class="md-ellipsis">
+    GraphQL
+  </span>
+  
+
+      </a>
+    </li>
+  
+
+              
+            
+              
+                
+  
+  
+  
+  
+    <li class="md-nav__item">
+      <a href="../../../misc/regular-expressions.html" class="md-nav__link">
+        
+  
+  <span class="md-ellipsis">
+    RegEx
+  </span>
+  
+
+      </a>
+    </li>
+  
+
+              
+            
+              
+                
+  
+  
+  
+  
+    <li class="md-nav__item">
+      <a href="../../../misc/ssh.html" class="md-nav__link">
+        
+  
+  <span class="md-ellipsis">
+    SSH
+  </span>
+  
+
+      </a>
+    </li>
+  
+
+              
+            
+              
+                
+  
+  
+  
+  
+    <li class="md-nav__item">
+      <a href="../../../misc/web-components.html" class="md-nav__link">
+        
+  
+  <span class="md-ellipsis">
+    WebComponents
+  </span>
+  
+
+      </a>
+    </li>
+  
+
+              
+            
+          </ul>
+        </nav>
+      
+    </li>
+  
+
+    
+      
+      
+  
+  
+  
+  
+    
+    
+      
+        
+      
+        
+      
+    
+    
+      
+      
+        
+      
+    
+    
+    <li class="md-nav__item md-nav__item--nested">
+      
+        
+        
+        <input class="md-nav__toggle md-toggle " type="checkbox" id="__nav_6" >
+        
+          
+          <label class="md-nav__link" for="__nav_6" id="__nav_6_label" tabindex="0">
+            
+  
+  <span class="md-ellipsis">
+    Linux
+  </span>
+  
+
+            <span class="md-nav__icon md-icon"></span>
+          </label>
+        
+        <nav class="md-nav" data-md-level="1" aria-labelledby="__nav_6_label" aria-expanded="false">
+          <label class="md-nav__title" for="__nav_6">
+            <span class="md-nav__icon md-icon"></span>
+            Linux
+          </label>
+          <ul class="md-nav__list" data-md-scrollfix>
+            
+              
+                
+  
+  
+  
+  
+    
+    
+      
+        
+      
+        
+      
+        
+      
+    
+    
+      
+      
+        
+      
+    
+    
+    <li class="md-nav__item md-nav__item--nested">
+      
+        
+        
+        <input class="md-nav__toggle md-toggle " type="checkbox" id="__nav_6_1" >
+        
+          
+          <label class="md-nav__link" for="__nav_6_1" id="__nav_6_1_label" tabindex="0">
+            
+  
+  <span class="md-ellipsis">
+    Filesystem
+  </span>
+  
+
+            <span class="md-nav__icon md-icon"></span>
+          </label>
+        
+        <nav class="md-nav" data-md-level="2" aria-labelledby="__nav_6_1_label" aria-expanded="false">
+          <label class="md-nav__title" for="__nav_6_1">
+            <span class="md-nav__icon md-icon"></span>
+            Filesystem
+          </label>
+          <ul class="md-nav__list" data-md-scrollfix>
+            
+              
+                
+  
+  
+  
+  
+    <li class="md-nav__item">
+      <a href="../../../linux/filesystem/file-links.html" class="md-nav__link">
+        
+  
+  <span class="md-ellipsis">
+    File Links
+  </span>
+  
+
+      </a>
+    </li>
+  
+
+              
+            
+              
+                
+  
+  
+  
+  
+    <li class="md-nav__item">
+      <a href="../../../linux/filesystem/procfs.html" class="md-nav__link">
+        
+  
+  <span class="md-ellipsis">
+    /proc
+  </span>
+  
+
+      </a>
+    </li>
+  
+
+              
+            
+              
+                
+  
+  
+  
+  
+    <li class="md-nav__item">
+      <a href="../../../linux/filesystem/sysfs.html" class="md-nav__link">
+        
+  
+  <span class="md-ellipsis">
+    /sys
+  </span>
+  
+
+      </a>
+    </li>
+  
+
+              
+            
+          </ul>
+        </nav>
+      
+    </li>
+  
+
+              
+            
+              
+                
+  
+  
+  
+  
+    
+    
+      
+        
+      
+        
+      
+    
+    
+      
+      
+        
+      
+    
+    
+    <li class="md-nav__item md-nav__item--nested">
+      
+        
+        
+        <input class="md-nav__toggle md-toggle " type="checkbox" id="__nav_6_2" >
+        
+          
+          <label class="md-nav__link" for="__nav_6_2" id="__nav_6_2_label" tabindex="0">
+            
+  
+  <span class="md-ellipsis">
+    System Init
+  </span>
+  
+
+            <span class="md-nav__icon md-icon"></span>
+          </label>
+        
+        <nav class="md-nav" data-md-level="2" aria-labelledby="__nav_6_2_label" aria-expanded="false">
+          <label class="md-nav__title" for="__nav_6_2">
+            <span class="md-nav__icon md-icon"></span>
+            System Init
+          </label>
+          <ul class="md-nav__list" data-md-scrollfix>
+            
+              
+                
+  
+  
+  
+  
+    <li class="md-nav__item">
+      <a href="../../../linux/init/systemd.html" class="md-nav__link">
+        
+  
+  <span class="md-ellipsis">
+    Systemd
+  </span>
+  
+
+      </a>
+    </li>
+  
+
+              
+            
+              
+                
+  
+  
+  
+  
+    <li class="md-nav__item">
+      <a href="../../../linux/init/open-rc.html" class="md-nav__link">
+        
+  
+  <span class="md-ellipsis">
+    OpenRC
+  </span>
+  
+
+      </a>
+    </li>
+  
+
+              
+            
+          </ul>
+        </nav>
+      
+    </li>
+  
+
+              
+            
+          </ul>
+        </nav>
+      
+    </li>
+  
+
+    
+  </ul>
+</nav>
+                  </div>
+                </div>
+              </div>
+            
+            
+              
+              <div class="md-sidebar md-sidebar--secondary" data-md-component="sidebar" data-md-type="toc" >
+                <div class="md-sidebar__scrollwrap">
+                  <div class="md-sidebar__inner">
+                    
+
+<nav class="md-nav md-nav--secondary" aria-label="Table of contents">
+  
+  
+  
+    
+  
+  
+    <label class="md-nav__title" for="__toc">
+      <span class="md-nav__icon md-icon"></span>
+      Table of contents
+    </label>
+    <ul class="md-nav__list" data-md-component="toc" data-md-scrollfix>
+      
+        <li class="md-nav__item">
+  <a href="#connecting-to-the-database" class="md-nav__link">
+    <span class="md-ellipsis">
+      Connecting To The Database
+    </span>
+  </a>
+  
+    <nav class="md-nav" aria-label="Connecting To The Database">
+      <ul class="md-nav__list">
+        
+          <li class="md-nav__item">
+  <a href="#query-construction" class="md-nav__link">
+    <span class="md-ellipsis">
+      Query Construction
+    </span>
+  </a>
+  
+</li>
+        
+          <li class="md-nav__item">
+  <a href="#writing-operations-to-disk" class="md-nav__link">
+    <span class="md-ellipsis">
+      Writing Operations to Disk
+    </span>
+  </a>
+  
+</li>
+        
+          <li class="md-nav__item">
+  <a href="#multiple-sql-instructions" class="md-nav__link">
+    <span class="md-ellipsis">
+      Multiple SQL Instructions
+    </span>
+  </a>
+  
+</li>
+        
+          <li class="md-nav__item">
+  <a href="#retrieving-records" class="md-nav__link">
+    <span class="md-ellipsis">
+      Retrieving Records
+    </span>
+  </a>
+  
+</li>
+        
+      </ul>
+    </nav>
+  
+</li>
+      
+    </ul>
+  
+</nav>
+                  </div>
+                </div>
+              </div>
+            
+          
+          
+            <div class="md-content" data-md-component="content">
+              <article class="md-content__inner md-typeset">
+                
+                  
+
+  
+  
+
+
+<h1 id="sqlite3-module">sqlite3 Module</h1>
+<h2 id="connecting-to-the-database">Connecting To The Database</h2>
+<p>To use the module, you must first create a Connection object that represents the database.</p>
+<div class="highlight"><table class="highlighttable"><tr><th colspan="2" class="filename"><span class="filename">Python</span></th></tr><tr><td class="linenos"><div class="linenodiv"><pre><span></span><span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-0-1">1</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-0-2">2</a></span></pre></div></td><td class="code"><div><pre><span></span><code><a id="__codelineno-0-1" name="__codelineno-0-1"></a><span class="kn">import</span> <span class="nn">sqlite3</span>
+<a id="__codelineno-0-2" name="__codelineno-0-2"></a><span class="n">connection</span> <span class="o">=</span> <span class="n">sqlite3</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">connect</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="s2">&quot;file.db&quot;</span><span class="p">)</span>
+</code></pre></div></td></tr></table></div>
+<p>Once you have a <code>Connection</code>, you can create a <code>Cursor</code> object and call its <code>execute()</code> method to perform SQL commands.</p>
+<div class="highlight"><table class="highlighttable"><tr><th colspan="2" class="filename"><span class="filename">Python</span></th></tr><tr><td class="linenos"><div class="linenodiv"><pre><span></span><span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-1-1">1</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-1-2">2</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-1-3">3</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-1-4">4</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-1-5">5</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-1-6">6</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-1-7">7</a></span></pre></div></td><td class="code"><div><pre><span></span><code><a id="__codelineno-1-1" name="__codelineno-1-1"></a><span class="n">cursor</span> <span class="o">=</span> <span class="n">connection</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">cursor</span><span class="p">()</span>
+<a id="__codelineno-1-2" name="__codelineno-1-2"></a>
+<a id="__codelineno-1-3" name="__codelineno-1-3"></a><span class="n">cursor</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">execute</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="n">sql</span><span class="p">)</span>
+<a id="__codelineno-1-4" name="__codelineno-1-4"></a><span class="n">executemany</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="n">sql</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="n">seq_of_parameters</span><span class="p">)</span>  <span class="c1"># Executes an SQL command against all parameter sequences or mappings found in the sequence seq_of_parameters.</span>
+<a id="__codelineno-1-5" name="__codelineno-1-5"></a>
+<a id="__codelineno-1-6" name="__codelineno-1-6"></a><span class="n">cursor</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">close</span><span class="p">()</span>  <span class="c1"># close the cursor now</span>
+<a id="__codelineno-1-7" name="__codelineno-1-7"></a><span class="c1"># ProgrammingError exception will be raised if any operation is attempted with the cursor.</span>
+</code></pre></div></td></tr></table></div>
+<p>The data saved is persistent and is available in subsequent sessions.</p>
+<h3 id="query-construction">Query Construction</h3>
+<p>Usually your SQL operations will need to use values from Python variables.
+You shouldn't assemble your query using Python's string operations because doing so is insecure:<br />
+it makes your program vulnerable to an <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/SQL_injection">SQL injection attack</a></p>
+<p>Put <code>?</code> as a placeholder wherever you want to use a value, and then provide a <em>tuple of values</em> as the second argument to the cursor's <code>execute()</code> method.</p>
+<div class="highlight"><table class="highlighttable"><tr><th colspan="2" class="filename"><span class="filename">Python</span></th></tr><tr><td class="linenos"><div class="linenodiv"><pre><span></span><span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-2-1"> 1</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-2-2"> 2</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-2-3"> 3</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-2-4"> 4</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-2-5"> 5</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-2-6"> 6</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-2-7"> 7</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-2-8"> 8</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-2-9"> 9</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-2-10">10</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-2-11">11</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-2-12">12</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-2-13">13</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-2-14">14</a></span></pre></div></td><td class="code"><div><pre><span></span><code><a id="__codelineno-2-1" name="__codelineno-2-1"></a><span class="c1"># Never do this -- insecure!</span>
+<a id="__codelineno-2-2" name="__codelineno-2-2"></a><span class="n">c</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">execute</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="s2">&quot;SELECT * FROM stocks WHERE symbol = value&quot;</span><span class="p">)</span>
+<a id="__codelineno-2-3" name="__codelineno-2-3"></a>
+<a id="__codelineno-2-4" name="__codelineno-2-4"></a><span class="c1"># Do this instead</span>
+<a id="__codelineno-2-5" name="__codelineno-2-5"></a><span class="n">t</span> <span class="o">=</span> <span class="p">(</span><span class="s1">&#39;RHAT&#39;</span><span class="p">,)</span>
+<a id="__codelineno-2-6" name="__codelineno-2-6"></a><span class="n">c</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">execute</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="s1">&#39;SELECT * FROM stocks WHERE symbol=?&#39;</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="n">t</span><span class="p">)</span>
+<a id="__codelineno-2-7" name="__codelineno-2-7"></a><span class="nb">print</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="n">c</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">fetchone</span><span class="p">())</span>
+<a id="__codelineno-2-8" name="__codelineno-2-8"></a>
+<a id="__codelineno-2-9" name="__codelineno-2-9"></a><span class="c1"># Larger example that inserts many records at a time</span>
+<a id="__codelineno-2-10" name="__codelineno-2-10"></a><span class="n">purchases</span> <span class="o">=</span> <span class="p">[(</span><span class="s1">&#39;2006-03-28&#39;</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="s1">&#39;BUY&#39;</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="s1">&#39;IBM&#39;</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="mi">1000</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="mf">45.00</span><span class="p">),</span>
+<a id="__codelineno-2-11" name="__codelineno-2-11"></a>             <span class="p">(</span><span class="s1">&#39;2006-04-05&#39;</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="s1">&#39;BUY&#39;</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="s1">&#39;MSFT&#39;</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="mi">1000</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="mf">72.00</span><span class="p">),</span>
+<a id="__codelineno-2-12" name="__codelineno-2-12"></a>             <span class="p">(</span><span class="s1">&#39;2006-04-06&#39;</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="s1">&#39;SELL&#39;</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="s1">&#39;IBM&#39;</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="mi">500</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="mf">53.00</span><span class="p">),</span>
+<a id="__codelineno-2-13" name="__codelineno-2-13"></a>            <span class="p">]</span>
+<a id="__codelineno-2-14" name="__codelineno-2-14"></a><span class="n">c</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">executemany</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="s1">&#39;INSERT INTO stocks VALUES (?,?,?,?,?)&#39;</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="n">purchases</span><span class="p">)</span>
+</code></pre></div></td></tr></table></div>
+<h3 id="writing-operations-to-disk">Writing Operations to Disk</h3>
+<div class="highlight"><table class="highlighttable"><tr><th colspan="2" class="filename"><span class="filename">Python</span></th></tr><tr><td class="linenos"><div class="linenodiv"><pre><span></span><span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-3-1">1</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-3-2">2</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-3-3">3</a></span></pre></div></td><td class="code"><div><pre><span></span><code><a id="__codelineno-3-1" name="__codelineno-3-1"></a><span class="n">cursor</span> <span class="o">=</span> <span class="n">connection</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">cursor</span><span class="p">()</span>
+<a id="__codelineno-3-2" name="__codelineno-3-2"></a><span class="n">cursor</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">execute</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="s2">&quot;SQL&quot;</span><span class="p">)</span>
+<a id="__codelineno-3-3" name="__codelineno-3-3"></a><span class="n">connection</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">commit</span><span class="p">()</span>
+</code></pre></div></td></tr></table></div>
+<h3 id="multiple-sql-instructions">Multiple SQL Instructions</h3>
+<div class="highlight"><table class="highlighttable"><tr><th colspan="2" class="filename"><span class="filename">Python</span></th></tr><tr><td class="linenos"><div class="linenodiv"><pre><span></span><span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-4-1"> 1</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-4-2"> 2</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-4-3"> 3</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-4-4"> 4</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-4-5"> 5</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-4-6"> 6</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-4-7"> 7</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-4-8"> 8</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-4-9"> 9</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-4-10">10</a></span></pre></div></td><td class="code"><div><pre><span></span><code><a id="__codelineno-4-1" name="__codelineno-4-1"></a><span class="n">connection</span> <span class="o">=</span> <span class="n">sqlite3</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">connect</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="s2">&quot;file.db&quot;</span><span class="p">)</span>
+<a id="__codelineno-4-2" name="__codelineno-4-2"></a><span class="n">cur</span> <span class="o">=</span> <span class="n">con</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">cursor</span><span class="p">()</span>
+<a id="__codelineno-4-3" name="__codelineno-4-3"></a><span class="n">cur</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">executescript</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="s2">&quot;&quot;&quot;</span>
+<a id="__codelineno-4-4" name="__codelineno-4-4"></a><span class="s2">    QUERY_1;</span>
+<a id="__codelineno-4-5" name="__codelineno-4-5"></a><span class="s2">    QUERY_2;</span>
+<a id="__codelineno-4-6" name="__codelineno-4-6"></a><span class="s2">    ...</span>
+<a id="__codelineno-4-7" name="__codelineno-4-7"></a><span class="s2">    QUERY_N;</span>
+<a id="__codelineno-4-8" name="__codelineno-4-8"></a><span class="s2">    &quot;&quot;&quot;</span><span class="p">)</span>
+<a id="__codelineno-4-9" name="__codelineno-4-9"></a>
+<a id="__codelineno-4-10" name="__codelineno-4-10"></a><span class="n">con</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">close</span><span class="p">()</span>
+</code></pre></div></td></tr></table></div>
+<h3 id="retrieving-records">Retrieving Records</h3>
+<div class="highlight"><table class="highlighttable"><tr><th colspan="2" class="filename"><span class="filename">Python</span></th></tr><tr><td class="linenos"><div class="linenodiv"><pre><span></span><span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-5-1"> 1</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-5-2"> 2</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-5-3"> 3</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-5-4"> 4</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-5-5"> 5</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-5-6"> 6</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-5-7"> 7</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-5-8"> 8</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-5-9"> 9</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-5-10">10</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-5-11">11</a></span></pre></div></td><td class="code"><div><pre><span></span><code><a id="__codelineno-5-1" name="__codelineno-5-1"></a><span class="c1"># Fetches the next row of a query result set, returning a single sequence.</span>
+<a id="__codelineno-5-2" name="__codelineno-5-2"></a><span class="c1"># Returns None when no more data is available.</span>
+<a id="__codelineno-5-3" name="__codelineno-5-3"></a><span class="n">cursor</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">fetchone</span><span class="p">()</span>  
+<a id="__codelineno-5-4" name="__codelineno-5-4"></a>
+<a id="__codelineno-5-5" name="__codelineno-5-5"></a><span class="c1"># Fetches all (remaining) rows of a query result, returning a list.</span>
+<a id="__codelineno-5-6" name="__codelineno-5-6"></a><span class="c1"># An empty list is returned when no rows are available.</span>
+<a id="__codelineno-5-7" name="__codelineno-5-7"></a><span class="n">cursor</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">fetchall</span><span class="p">()</span>  
+<a id="__codelineno-5-8" name="__codelineno-5-8"></a>
+<a id="__codelineno-5-9" name="__codelineno-5-9"></a><span class="c1"># Fetches the next set of rows of a query result, returning a list.</span>
+<a id="__codelineno-5-10" name="__codelineno-5-10"></a><span class="c1"># An empty list is returned when no more rows are available.</span>
+<a id="__codelineno-5-11" name="__codelineno-5-11"></a><span class="n">fetchmany</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="n">size</span><span class="o">=</span><span class="n">cursor</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">arraysize</span><span class="p">)</span>
+</code></pre></div></td></tr></table></div>
+<p>The number of rows to fetch per call is specified by the <code>size</code> parameter. If it is not given, the cursor's <code>arraysize</code> determines the number of rows to be fetched.<br />
+The method should try to fetch as many rows as indicated by the size parameter.<br />
+If this is not possible due to the specified number of rows not being available, fewer rows may be returned.</p>
+<p>Note there are performance considerations involved with the size parameter.<br />
+For optimal performance, it is usually best to use the arraysize attribute.<br />
+If the size parameter is used, then it is best for it to retain the same value from one <code>fetchmany()</code> call to the next.</p>
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+  
+  
+  
+    <li class="md-nav__item">
+      <a href="../../../databases/sql.html" class="md-nav__link">
+        
+  
+  <span class="md-ellipsis">
+    SQL
+  </span>
+  
+
+      </a>
+    </li>
+  
+
+              
+            
+              
+                
+  
+  
+  
+  
+    <li class="md-nav__item">
+      <a href="../../../databases/mongo-db.html" class="md-nav__link">
+        
+  
+  <span class="md-ellipsis">
+    MongoDB
+  </span>
+  
+
+      </a>
+    </li>
+  
+
+              
+            
+          </ul>
+        </nav>
+      
+    </li>
+  
+
+    
+      
+      
+  
+  
+    
+  
+  
+  
+    
+    
+      
+        
+      
+        
+      
+        
+      
+        
+      
+        
+      
+        
+      
+        
+      
+        
+      
+        
+      
+        
+      
+        
+      
+        
+      
+        
+      
+        
+      
+        
+      
+    
+    
+      
+        
+        
+      
+      
+        
+      
+    
+    
+    <li class="md-nav__item md-nav__item--active md-nav__item--section md-nav__item--nested">
+      
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+        <input class="md-nav__toggle md-toggle " type="checkbox" id="__nav_4" checked>
+        
+          
+          <label class="md-nav__link" for="__nav_4" id="__nav_4_label" tabindex="">
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+  <span class="md-ellipsis">
+    Languages
+  </span>
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+          </label>
+        
+        <nav class="md-nav" data-md-level="1" aria-labelledby="__nav_4_label" aria-expanded="true">
+          <label class="md-nav__title" for="__nav_4">
+            <span class="md-nav__icon md-icon"></span>
+            Languages
+          </label>
+          <ul class="md-nav__list" data-md-scrollfix>
+            
+              
+                
+  
+  
+  
+  
+    <li class="md-nav__item">
+      <a href="../../html/html.html" class="md-nav__link">
+        
+  
+  <span class="md-ellipsis">
+    HTML
+  </span>
+  
+
+      </a>
+    </li>
+  
+
+              
+            
+              
+                
+  
+  
+  
+  
+    <li class="md-nav__item">
+      <a href="../../markdown.html" class="md-nav__link">
+        
+  
+  <span class="md-ellipsis">
+    Markdown
+  </span>
+  
+
+      </a>
+    </li>
+  
+
+              
+            
+              
+                
+  
+  
+  
+  
+    <li class="md-nav__item">
+      <a href="../../css/css.html" class="md-nav__link">
+        
+  
+  <span class="md-ellipsis">
+    CSS
+  </span>
+  
+
+      </a>
+    </li>
+  
+
+              
+            
+              
+                
+  
+  
+  
+  
+    <li class="md-nav__item">
+      <a href="../../c/c.html" class="md-nav__link">
+        
+  
+  <span class="md-ellipsis">
+    C
+  </span>
+  
+
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+    </li>
+  
+
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+            
+              
+                
+  
+  
+  
+  
+    <li class="md-nav__item">
+      <a href="../../kotlin/kotlin.html" class="md-nav__link">
+        
+  
+  <span class="md-ellipsis">
+    Kotlin
+  </span>
+  
+
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+    </li>
+  
+
+              
+            
+              
+                
+  
+  
+  
+  
+    <li class="md-nav__item">
+      <a href="../../swift/swift.html" class="md-nav__link">
+        
+  
+  <span class="md-ellipsis">
+    Swift
+  </span>
+  
+
+      </a>
+    </li>
+  
+
+              
+            
+              
+                
+  
+  
+  
+  
+    
+    
+      
+        
+      
+        
+      
+    
+    
+      
+      
+        
+          
+          
+        
+      
+    
+    
+    <li class="md-nav__item md-nav__item--section md-nav__item--nested">
+      
+        
+        
+        <input class="md-nav__toggle md-toggle " type="checkbox" id="__nav_4_7" >
+        
+          
+          <label class="md-nav__link" for="__nav_4_7" id="__nav_4_7_label" tabindex="">
+            
+  
+  <span class="md-ellipsis">
+    Assembly
+  </span>
+  
+
+            <span class="md-nav__icon md-icon"></span>
+          </label>
+        
+        <nav class="md-nav" data-md-level="2" aria-labelledby="__nav_4_7_label" aria-expanded="false">
+          <label class="md-nav__title" for="__nav_4_7">
+            <span class="md-nav__icon md-icon"></span>
+            Assembly
+          </label>
+          <ul class="md-nav__list" data-md-scrollfix>
+            
+              
+                
+  
+  
+  
+  
+    <li class="md-nav__item">
+      <a href="../../assembly/intel.html" class="md-nav__link">
+        
+  
+  <span class="md-ellipsis">
+    Intel
+  </span>
+  
+
+      </a>
+    </li>
+  
+
+              
+            
+              
+                
+  
+  
+  
+  
+    <li class="md-nav__item">
+      <a href="../../assembly/riscv.html" class="md-nav__link">
+        
+  
+  <span class="md-ellipsis">
+    RISC-V
+  </span>
+  
+
+      </a>
+    </li>
+  
+
+              
+            
+          </ul>
+        </nav>
+      
+    </li>
+  
+
+              
+            
+              
+                
+  
+  
+    
+  
+  
+  
+    
+    
+      
+        
+      
+        
+      
+        
+      
+    
+    
+      
+      
+        
+          
+          
+        
+      
+    
+    
+    <li class="md-nav__item md-nav__item--active md-nav__item--section md-nav__item--nested">
+      
+        
+        
+        <input class="md-nav__toggle md-toggle " type="checkbox" id="__nav_4_8" checked>
+        
+          
+          <label class="md-nav__link" for="__nav_4_8" id="__nav_4_8_label" tabindex="">
+            
+  
+  <span class="md-ellipsis">
+    Python
+  </span>
+  
+
+            <span class="md-nav__icon md-icon"></span>
+          </label>
+        
+        <nav class="md-nav" data-md-level="2" aria-labelledby="__nav_4_8_label" aria-expanded="true">
+          <label class="md-nav__title" for="__nav_4_8">
+            <span class="md-nav__icon md-icon"></span>
+            Python
+          </label>
+          <ul class="md-nav__list" data-md-scrollfix>
+            
+              
+                
+  
+  
+  
+  
+    <li class="md-nav__item">
+      <a href="../python.html" class="md-nav__link">
+        
+  
+  <span class="md-ellipsis">
+    Python
+  </span>
+  
+
+      </a>
+    </li>
+  
+
+              
+            
+              
+                
+  
+  
+    
+  
+  
+  
+    
+    
+      
+        
+      
+        
+      
+        
+      
+        
+      
+        
+      
+        
+      
+        
+      
+        
+      
+        
+      
+        
+      
+        
+      
+        
+      
+        
+      
+    
+    
+      
+      
+        
+      
+    
+    
+    <li class="md-nav__item md-nav__item--active md-nav__item--nested">
+      
+        
+        
+        <input class="md-nav__toggle md-toggle " type="checkbox" id="__nav_4_8_2" checked>
+        
+          
+          <label class="md-nav__link" for="__nav_4_8_2" id="__nav_4_8_2_label" tabindex="0">
+            
+  
+  <span class="md-ellipsis">
+    Modules
+  </span>
+  
+
+            <span class="md-nav__icon md-icon"></span>
+          </label>
+        
+        <nav class="md-nav" data-md-level="3" aria-labelledby="__nav_4_8_2_label" aria-expanded="true">
+          <label class="md-nav__title" for="__nav_4_8_2">
+            <span class="md-nav__icon md-icon"></span>
+            Modules
+          </label>
+          <ul class="md-nav__list" data-md-scrollfix>
+            
+              
+                
+  
+  
+  
+  
+    <li class="md-nav__item">
+      <a href="argparse.html" class="md-nav__link">
+        
+  
+  <span class="md-ellipsis">
+    argparse
+  </span>
+  
+
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+    </li>
+  
+
+              
+            
+              
+                
+  
+  
+  
+  
+    <li class="md-nav__item">
+      <a href="collections.html" class="md-nav__link">
+        
+  
+  <span class="md-ellipsis">
+    collection
+  </span>
+  
+
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+    </li>
+  
+
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+            
+              
+                
+  
+  
+  
+  
+    <li class="md-nav__item">
+      <a href="csv.html" class="md-nav__link">
+        
+  
+  <span class="md-ellipsis">
+    csv
+  </span>
+  
+
+      </a>
+    </li>
+  
+
+              
+            
+              
+                
+  
+  
+  
+  
+    <li class="md-nav__item">
+      <a href="ftplib.html" class="md-nav__link">
+        
+  
+  <span class="md-ellipsis">
+    ftplib
+  </span>
+  
+
+      </a>
+    </li>
+  
+
+              
+            
+              
+                
+  
+  
+  
+  
+    <li class="md-nav__item">
+      <a href="itertools.html" class="md-nav__link">
+        
+  
+  <span class="md-ellipsis">
+    itertools
+  </span>
+  
+
+      </a>
+    </li>
+  
+
+              
+            
+              
+                
+  
+  
+  
+  
+    <li class="md-nav__item">
+      <a href="json.html" class="md-nav__link">
+        
+  
+  <span class="md-ellipsis">
+    json
+  </span>
+  
+
+      </a>
+    </li>
+  
+
+              
+            
+              
+                
+  
+  
+  
+  
+    <li class="md-nav__item">
+      <a href="logging.html" class="md-nav__link">
+        
+  
+  <span class="md-ellipsis">
+    logging
+  </span>
+  
+
+      </a>
+    </li>
+  
+
+              
+            
+              
+                
+  
+  
+  
+  
+    <li class="md-nav__item">
+      <a href="shutil.html" class="md-nav__link">
+        
+  
+  <span class="md-ellipsis">
+    shutil
+  </span>
+  
+
+      </a>
+    </li>
+  
+
+              
+            
+              
+                
+  
+  
+  
+  
+    <li class="md-nav__item">
+      <a href="smtplib.html" class="md-nav__link">
+        
+  
+  <span class="md-ellipsis">
+    smtplib
+  </span>
+  
+
+      </a>
+    </li>
+  
+
+              
+            
+              
+                
+  
+  
+  
+  
+    <li class="md-nav__item">
+      <a href="socket.html" class="md-nav__link">
+        
+  
+  <span class="md-ellipsis">
+    socket
+  </span>
+  
+
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+    </li>
+  
+
+              
+            
+              
+                
+  
+  
+  
+  
+    <li class="md-nav__item">
+      <a href="sqlite.html" class="md-nav__link">
+        
+  
+  <span class="md-ellipsis">
+    sqlite
+  </span>
+  
+
+      </a>
+    </li>
+  
+
+              
+            
+              
+                
+  
+  
+    
+  
+  
+  
+    <li class="md-nav__item md-nav__item--active">
+      
+      <input class="md-nav__toggle md-toggle" type="checkbox" id="__toc">
+      
+      
+        
+      
+      
+        <label class="md-nav__link md-nav__link--active" for="__toc">
+          
+  
+  <span class="md-ellipsis">
+    time & datetime
+  </span>
+  
+
+          <span class="md-nav__icon md-icon"></span>
+        </label>
+      
+      <a href="time-datetime.html" class="md-nav__link md-nav__link--active">
+        
+  
+  <span class="md-ellipsis">
+    time & datetime
+  </span>
+  
+
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+      
+        
+
+<nav class="md-nav md-nav--secondary" aria-label="Table of contents">
+  
+  
+  
+    
+  
+  
+    <label class="md-nav__title" for="__toc">
+      <span class="md-nav__icon md-icon"></span>
+      Table of contents
+    </label>
+    <ul class="md-nav__list" data-md-component="toc" data-md-scrollfix>
+      
+        <li class="md-nav__item">
+  <a href="#time" class="md-nav__link">
+    <span class="md-ellipsis">
+      Time
+    </span>
+  </a>
+  
+    <nav class="md-nav" aria-label="Time">
+      <ul class="md-nav__list">
+        
+          <li class="md-nav__item">
+  <a href="#timesrtfrime-format" class="md-nav__link">
+    <span class="md-ellipsis">
+      time.srtfrime() format
+    </span>
+  </a>
+  
+</li>
+        
+      </ul>
+    </nav>
+  
+</li>
+      
+        <li class="md-nav__item">
+  <a href="#datetime" class="md-nav__link">
+    <span class="md-ellipsis">
+      Datetime
+    </span>
+  </a>
+  
+</li>
+      
+    </ul>
+  
+</nav>
+      
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+
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+            
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+    <li class="md-nav__item">
+      <a href="unittest.html" class="md-nav__link">
+        
+  
+  <span class="md-ellipsis">
+    unittest
+  </span>
+  
+
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+    </li>
+  
+
+              
+            
+          </ul>
+        </nav>
+      
+    </li>
+  
+
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+            
+              
+                
+  
+  
+  
+  
+    
+    
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+        
+      
+        
+      
+        
+      
+        
+      
+        
+      
+        
+      
+    
+    
+      
+      
+        
+      
+    
+    
+    <li class="md-nav__item md-nav__item--nested">
+      
+        
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+        <input class="md-nav__toggle md-toggle " type="checkbox" id="__nav_4_8_3" >
+        
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+          <label class="md-nav__link" for="__nav_4_8_3" id="__nav_4_8_3_label" tabindex="0">
+            
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+  <span class="md-ellipsis">
+    Libraries
+  </span>
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+        
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+          <label class="md-nav__title" for="__nav_4_8_3">
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+            Libraries
+          </label>
+          <ul class="md-nav__list" data-md-scrollfix>
+            
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+                
+  
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+  
+  
+    <li class="md-nav__item">
+      <a href="../libs/tkinter.html" class="md-nav__link">
+        
+  
+  <span class="md-ellipsis">
+    TKinter
+  </span>
+  
+
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+    </li>
+  
+
+              
+            
+              
+                
+  
+  
+  
+  
+    <li class="md-nav__item">
+      <a href="../libs/numpy.html" class="md-nav__link">
+        
+  
+  <span class="md-ellipsis">
+    Numpy
+  </span>
+  
+
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+    </li>
+  
+
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+            
+              
+                
+  
+  
+  
+  
+    <li class="md-nav__item">
+      <a href="../libs/pandas.html" class="md-nav__link">
+        
+  
+  <span class="md-ellipsis">
+    Pandas
+  </span>
+  
+
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+    </li>
+  
+
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+            
+              
+                
+  
+  
+  
+  
+    <li class="md-nav__item">
+      <a href="../libs/seaborn.html" class="md-nav__link">
+        
+  
+  <span class="md-ellipsis">
+    Seaborn
+  </span>
+  
+
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+    </li>
+  
+
+              
+            
+              
+                
+  
+  
+  
+  
+    <li class="md-nav__item">
+      <a href="../libs/requests.html" class="md-nav__link">
+        
+  
+  <span class="md-ellipsis">
+    Requests
+  </span>
+  
+
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+    </li>
+  
+
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+            
+              
+                
+  
+  
+  
+  
+    <li class="md-nav__item">
+      <a href="../libs/beautiful-soup.html" class="md-nav__link">
+        
+  
+  <span class="md-ellipsis">
+    Beatiful Soup
+  </span>
+  
+
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+    </li>
+  
+
+              
+            
+          </ul>
+        </nav>
+      
+    </li>
+  
+
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+            
+          </ul>
+        </nav>
+      
+    </li>
+  
+
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+            
+              
+                
+  
+  
+  
+  
+    
+    
+      
+        
+      
+        
+      
+        
+      
+    
+    
+      
+      
+        
+          
+          
+        
+      
+    
+    
+    <li class="md-nav__item md-nav__item--section md-nav__item--nested">
+      
+        
+        
+        <input class="md-nav__toggle md-toggle " type="checkbox" id="__nav_4_9" >
+        
+          
+          <label class="md-nav__link" for="__nav_4_9" id="__nav_4_9_label" tabindex="">
+            
+  
+  <span class="md-ellipsis">
+    .NET
+  </span>
+  
+
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+          </label>
+        
+        <nav class="md-nav" data-md-level="2" aria-labelledby="__nav_4_9_label" aria-expanded="false">
+          <label class="md-nav__title" for="__nav_4_9">
+            <span class="md-nav__icon md-icon"></span>
+            .NET
+          </label>
+          <ul class="md-nav__list" data-md-scrollfix>
+            
+              
+                
+  
+  
+  
+  
+    
+    
+      
+        
+      
+        
+      
+        
+      
+        
+      
+        
+      
+        
+      
+    
+    
+      
+      
+        
+      
+    
+    
+    <li class="md-nav__item md-nav__item--nested">
+      
+        
+        
+        <input class="md-nav__toggle md-toggle " type="checkbox" id="__nav_4_9_1" >
+        
+          
+          <label class="md-nav__link" for="__nav_4_9_1" id="__nav_4_9_1_label" tabindex="0">
+            
+  
+  <span class="md-ellipsis">
+    C#
+  </span>
+  
+
+            <span class="md-nav__icon md-icon"></span>
+          </label>
+        
+        <nav class="md-nav" data-md-level="3" aria-labelledby="__nav_4_9_1_label" aria-expanded="false">
+          <label class="md-nav__title" for="__nav_4_9_1">
+            <span class="md-nav__icon md-icon"></span>
+            C#
+          </label>
+          <ul class="md-nav__list" data-md-scrollfix>
+            
+              
+                
+  
+  
+  
+  
+    <li class="md-nav__item">
+      <a href="../../dotnet/csharp/csharp.html" class="md-nav__link">
+        
+  
+  <span class="md-ellipsis">
+    C#
+  </span>
+  
+
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+    </li>
+  
+
+              
+            
+              
+                
+  
+  
+  
+  
+    <li class="md-nav__item">
+      <a href="../../dotnet/csharp/linq.html" class="md-nav__link">
+        
+  
+  <span class="md-ellipsis">
+    Linq
+  </span>
+  
+
+      </a>
+    </li>
+  
+
+              
+            
+              
+                
+  
+  
+  
+  
+    <li class="md-nav__item">
+      <a href="../../dotnet/csharp/collections.html" class="md-nav__link">
+        
+  
+  <span class="md-ellipsis">
+    Collections
+  </span>
+  
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+    </li>
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+              
+            
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+                
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+  
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+    <li class="md-nav__item">
+      <a href="../../dotnet/csharp/reactive-extensions.html" class="md-nav__link">
+        
+  
+  <span class="md-ellipsis">
+    Reactive Extensions
+  </span>
+  
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+    </li>
+  
+
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+            
+              
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+  
+  
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+    <li class="md-nav__item">
+      <a href="../../dotnet/csharp/async-programming.html" class="md-nav__link">
+        
+  
+  <span class="md-ellipsis">
+    Async Programming
+  </span>
+  
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+    </li>
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+
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+  
+  
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+    <li class="md-nav__item">
+      <a href="../../dotnet/csharp/unit-tests.html" class="md-nav__link">
+        
+  
+  <span class="md-ellipsis">
+    Unit Tests
+  </span>
+  
+
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+    </li>
+  
+
+              
+            
+          </ul>
+        </nav>
+      
+    </li>
+  
+
+              
+            
+              
+                
+  
+  
+  
+  
+    
+    
+      
+        
+      
+        
+      
+        
+      
+        
+      
+        
+      
+        
+      
+        
+      
+    
+    
+      
+      
+        
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+    <li class="md-nav__item md-nav__item--nested">
+      
+        
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+            
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+  <span class="md-ellipsis">
+    ASP.NET
+  </span>
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+          </label>
+        
+        <nav class="md-nav" data-md-level="3" aria-labelledby="__nav_4_9_2_label" aria-expanded="false">
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+            <span class="md-nav__icon md-icon"></span>
+            ASP.NET
+          </label>
+          <ul class="md-nav__list" data-md-scrollfix>
+            
+              
+                
+  
+  
+  
+  
+    <li class="md-nav__item">
+      <a href="../../dotnet/asp.net/minimal-api.html" class="md-nav__link">
+        
+  
+  <span class="md-ellipsis">
+    Minimal API
+  </span>
+  
+
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+    </li>
+  
+
+              
+            
+              
+                
+  
+  
+  
+  
+    <li class="md-nav__item">
+      <a href="../../dotnet/asp.net/filters.html" class="md-nav__link">
+        
+  
+  <span class="md-ellipsis">
+    FIlters
+  </span>
+  
+
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+    </li>
+  
+
+              
+            
+              
+                
+  
+  
+  
+  
+    <li class="md-nav__item">
+      <a href="../../dotnet/asp.net/middleware.html" class="md-nav__link">
+        
+  
+  <span class="md-ellipsis">
+    Middleware
+  </span>
+  
+
+      </a>
+    </li>
+  
+
+              
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+              
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+  
+  
+  
+  
+    <li class="md-nav__item">
+      <a href="../../dotnet/asp.net/razor-syntax.html" class="md-nav__link">
+        
+  
+  <span class="md-ellipsis">
+    Razor Syntax
+  </span>
+  
+
+      </a>
+    </li>
+  
+
+              
+            
+              
+                
+  
+  
+  
+  
+    <li class="md-nav__item">
+      <a href="../../dotnet/asp.net/blazor.html" class="md-nav__link">
+        
+  
+  <span class="md-ellipsis">
+    Blazor
+  </span>
+  
+
+      </a>
+    </li>
+  
+
+              
+            
+              
+                
+  
+  
+  
+  
+    <li class="md-nav__item">
+      <a href="../../dotnet/asp.net/signalr.html" class="md-nav__link">
+        
+  
+  <span class="md-ellipsis">
+    SignalR
+  </span>
+  
+
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+    </li>
+  
+
+              
+            
+              
+                
+  
+  
+  
+  
+    <li class="md-nav__item">
+      <a href="../../dotnet/asp.net/web-forms.html" class="md-nav__link">
+        
+  
+  <span class="md-ellipsis">
+    Web Forms
+  </span>
+  
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+    </li>
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+
+              
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+          </ul>
+        </nav>
+      
+    </li>
+  
+
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+            
+              
+                
+  
+  
+  
+  
+    
+    
+      
+        
+      
+        
+      
+    
+    
+      
+      
+        
+      
+    
+    
+    <li class="md-nav__item md-nav__item--nested">
+      
+        
+        
+        <input class="md-nav__toggle md-toggle " type="checkbox" id="__nav_4_9_3" >
+        
+          
+          <label class="md-nav__link" for="__nav_4_9_3" id="__nav_4_9_3_label" tabindex="0">
+            
+  
+  <span class="md-ellipsis">
+    Database
+  </span>
+  
+
+            <span class="md-nav__icon md-icon"></span>
+          </label>
+        
+        <nav class="md-nav" data-md-level="3" aria-labelledby="__nav_4_9_3_label" aria-expanded="false">
+          <label class="md-nav__title" for="__nav_4_9_3">
+            <span class="md-nav__icon md-icon"></span>
+            Database
+          </label>
+          <ul class="md-nav__list" data-md-scrollfix>
+            
+              
+                
+  
+  
+  
+  
+    <li class="md-nav__item">
+      <a href="../../dotnet/database/ado.net.html" class="md-nav__link">
+        
+  
+  <span class="md-ellipsis">
+    ADO.NET
+  </span>
+  
+
+      </a>
+    </li>
+  
+
+              
+            
+              
+                
+  
+  
+  
+  
+    <li class="md-nav__item">
+      <a href="../../dotnet/database/entity-framework.html" class="md-nav__link">
+        
+  
+  <span class="md-ellipsis">
+    Entity Framework
+  </span>
+  
+
+      </a>
+    </li>
+  
+
+              
+            
+          </ul>
+        </nav>
+      
+    </li>
+  
+
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+            
+          </ul>
+        </nav>
+      
+    </li>
+  
+
+              
+            
+              
+                
+  
+  
+  
+  
+    
+    
+      
+        
+      
+        
+      
+        
+      
+        
+      
+    
+    
+      
+      
+        
+          
+          
+        
+      
+    
+    
+    <li class="md-nav__item md-nav__item--section md-nav__item--nested">
+      
+        
+        
+        <input class="md-nav__toggle md-toggle " type="checkbox" id="__nav_4_10" >
+        
+          
+          <label class="md-nav__link" for="__nav_4_10" id="__nav_4_10_label" tabindex="">
+            
+  
+  <span class="md-ellipsis">
+    Java
+  </span>
+  
+
+            <span class="md-nav__icon md-icon"></span>
+          </label>
+        
+        <nav class="md-nav" data-md-level="2" aria-labelledby="__nav_4_10_label" aria-expanded="false">
+          <label class="md-nav__title" for="__nav_4_10">
+            <span class="md-nav__icon md-icon"></span>
+            Java
+          </label>
+          <ul class="md-nav__list" data-md-scrollfix>
+            
+              
+                
+  
+  
+  
+  
+    <li class="md-nav__item">
+      <a href="../../java/java.html" class="md-nav__link">
+        
+  
+  <span class="md-ellipsis">
+    Java
+  </span>
+  
+
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+    </li>
+  
+
+              
+            
+              
+                
+  
+  
+  
+  
+    <li class="md-nav__item">
+      <a href="../../java/java-collection-framework.html" class="md-nav__link">
+        
+  
+  <span class="md-ellipsis">
+    Java Collection Framework
+  </span>
+  
+
+      </a>
+    </li>
+  
+
+              
+            
+              
+                
+  
+  
+  
+  
+    <li class="md-nav__item">
+      <a href="../../java/dao.html" class="md-nav__link">
+        
+  
+  <span class="md-ellipsis">
+    DAO
+  </span>
+  
+
+      </a>
+    </li>
+  
+
+              
+            
+              
+                
+  
+  
+  
+  
+    
+    
+      
+        
+      
+        
+      
+    
+    
+      
+      
+        
+      
+    
+    
+    <li class="md-nav__item md-nav__item--nested">
+      
+        
+        
+        <input class="md-nav__toggle md-toggle " type="checkbox" id="__nav_4_10_4" >
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+          
+          <label class="md-nav__link" for="__nav_4_10_4" id="__nav_4_10_4_label" tabindex="0">
+            
+  
+  <span class="md-ellipsis">
+    Web
+  </span>
+  
+
+            <span class="md-nav__icon md-icon"></span>
+          </label>
+        
+        <nav class="md-nav" data-md-level="3" aria-labelledby="__nav_4_10_4_label" aria-expanded="false">
+          <label class="md-nav__title" for="__nav_4_10_4">
+            <span class="md-nav__icon md-icon"></span>
+            Web
+          </label>
+          <ul class="md-nav__list" data-md-scrollfix>
+            
+              
+                
+  
+  
+  
+  
+    <li class="md-nav__item">
+      <a href="../../java/web/servlet.html" class="md-nav__link">
+        
+  
+  <span class="md-ellipsis">
+    Serverlet
+  </span>
+  
+
+      </a>
+    </li>
+  
+
+              
+            
+              
+                
+  
+  
+  
+  
+    
+    
+      
+        
+      
+        
+      
+    
+    
+      
+      
+        
+      
+    
+    
+    <li class="md-nav__item md-nav__item--nested">
+      
+        
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+        <input class="md-nav__toggle md-toggle " type="checkbox" id="__nav_4_10_4_2" >
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+          <label class="md-nav__link" for="__nav_4_10_4_2" id="__nav_4_10_4_2_label" tabindex="0">
+            
+  
+  <span class="md-ellipsis">
+    Spring
+  </span>
+  
+
+            <span class="md-nav__icon md-icon"></span>
+          </label>
+        
+        <nav class="md-nav" data-md-level="4" aria-labelledby="__nav_4_10_4_2_label" aria-expanded="false">
+          <label class="md-nav__title" for="__nav_4_10_4_2">
+            <span class="md-nav__icon md-icon"></span>
+            Spring
+          </label>
+          <ul class="md-nav__list" data-md-scrollfix>
+            
+              
+                
+  
+  
+  
+  
+    <li class="md-nav__item">
+      <a href="../../java/spring/pom.xml.html" class="md-nav__link">
+        
+  
+  <span class="md-ellipsis">
+    POM
+  </span>
+  
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+
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+  
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+  
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+    <li class="md-nav__item">
+      <a href="../../java/spring/spring-project.html" class="md-nav__link">
+        
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+  <span class="md-ellipsis">
+    Project Structure
+  </span>
+  
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+    </li>
+  
+
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+          </ul>
+        </nav>
+      
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+  
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+          </ul>
+        </nav>
+      
+    </li>
+  
+
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+            
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+                
+  
+  
+  
+  
+    
+    
+      
+        
+      
+        
+      
+        
+      
+        
+      
+        
+      
+        
+      
+        
+      
+        
+      
+        
+      
+    
+    
+      
+      
+        
+          
+          
+        
+      
+    
+    
+    <li class="md-nav__item md-nav__item--section md-nav__item--nested">
+      
+        
+        
+        <input class="md-nav__toggle md-toggle " type="checkbox" id="__nav_4_11" >
+        
+          
+          <label class="md-nav__link" for="__nav_4_11" id="__nav_4_11_label" tabindex="">
+            
+  
+  <span class="md-ellipsis">
+    PHP
+  </span>
+  
+
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+          </label>
+        
+        <nav class="md-nav" data-md-level="2" aria-labelledby="__nav_4_11_label" aria-expanded="false">
+          <label class="md-nav__title" for="__nav_4_11">
+            <span class="md-nav__icon md-icon"></span>
+            PHP
+          </label>
+          <ul class="md-nav__list" data-md-scrollfix>
+            
+              
+                
+  
+  
+  
+  
+    <li class="md-nav__item">
+      <a href="../../php/php.html" class="md-nav__link">
+        
+  
+  <span class="md-ellipsis">
+    PHP
+  </span>
+  
+
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+    </li>
+  
+
+              
+            
+              
+                
+  
+  
+  
+  
+    <li class="md-nav__item">
+      <a href="../../php/database.html" class="md-nav__link">
+        
+  
+  <span class="md-ellipsis">
+    Database
+  </span>
+  
+
+      </a>
+    </li>
+  
+
+              
+            
+              
+                
+  
+  
+  
+  
+    <li class="md-nav__item">
+      <a href="../../php/web.html" class="md-nav__link">
+        
+  
+  <span class="md-ellipsis">
+    Web
+  </span>
+  
+
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+    </li>
+  
+
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+            
+              
+                
+  
+  
+  
+  
+    <li class="md-nav__item">
+      <a href="../../php/dependency-injection.html" class="md-nav__link">
+        
+  
+  <span class="md-ellipsis">
+    Dependency Injection
+  </span>
+  
+
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+    </li>
+  
+
+              
+            
+              
+                
+  
+  
+  
+  
+    <li class="md-nav__item">
+      <a href="../../php/unit-tests.html" class="md-nav__link">
+        
+  
+  <span class="md-ellipsis">
+    Unit Tests
+  </span>
+  
+
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+    </li>
+  
+
+              
+            
+              
+                
+  
+  
+  
+  
+    <li class="md-nav__item">
+      <a href="../../php/composer.html" class="md-nav__link">
+        
+  
+  <span class="md-ellipsis">
+    Composer
+  </span>
+  
+
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+    </li>
+  
+
+              
+            
+              
+                
+  
+  
+  
+  
+    <li class="md-nav__item">
+      <a href="../../php/psr-7.html" class="md-nav__link">
+        
+  
+  <span class="md-ellipsis">
+    PSR 7
+  </span>
+  
+
+      </a>
+    </li>
+  
+
+              
+            
+              
+                
+  
+  
+  
+  
+    <li class="md-nav__item">
+      <a href="../../php/plates-templating.html" class="md-nav__link">
+        
+  
+  <span class="md-ellipsis">
+    Plates
+  </span>
+  
+
+      </a>
+    </li>
+  
+
+              
+            
+              
+                
+  
+  
+  
+  
+    
+    
+      
+        
+      
+        
+      
+    
+    
+      
+      
+        
+      
+    
+    
+    <li class="md-nav__item md-nav__item--nested">
+      
+        
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+        <input class="md-nav__toggle md-toggle " type="checkbox" id="__nav_4_11_9" >
+        
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+          <label class="md-nav__link" for="__nav_4_11_9" id="__nav_4_11_9_label" tabindex="0">
+            
+  
+  <span class="md-ellipsis">
+    Simple MVC
+  </span>
+  
+
+            <span class="md-nav__icon md-icon"></span>
+          </label>
+        
+        <nav class="md-nav" data-md-level="3" aria-labelledby="__nav_4_11_9_label" aria-expanded="false">
+          <label class="md-nav__title" for="__nav_4_11_9">
+            <span class="md-nav__icon md-icon"></span>
+            Simple MVC
+          </label>
+          <ul class="md-nav__list" data-md-scrollfix>
+            
+              
+                
+  
+  
+  
+  
+    <li class="md-nav__item">
+      <a href="../../php/simple-mvc/simple-mvc.html" class="md-nav__link">
+        
+  
+  <span class="md-ellipsis">
+    Simple MVC
+  </span>
+  
+
+      </a>
+    </li>
+  
+
+              
+            
+              
+                
+  
+  
+  
+  
+    <li class="md-nav__item">
+      <a href="../../php/simple-mvc/rest-api.html" class="md-nav__link">
+        
+  
+  <span class="md-ellipsis">
+    REST API
+  </span>
+  
+
+      </a>
+    </li>
+  
+
+              
+            
+          </ul>
+        </nav>
+      
+    </li>
+  
+
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+            
+          </ul>
+        </nav>
+      
+    </li>
+  
+
+              
+            
+              
+                
+  
+  
+  
+  
+    
+    
+      
+        
+      
+        
+      
+        
+      
+        
+      
+        
+      
+    
+    
+      
+      
+        
+          
+          
+        
+      
+    
+    
+    <li class="md-nav__item md-nav__item--section md-nav__item--nested">
+      
+        
+        
+        <input class="md-nav__toggle md-toggle " type="checkbox" id="__nav_4_12" >
+        
+          
+          <label class="md-nav__link" for="__nav_4_12" id="__nav_4_12_label" tabindex="">
+            
+  
+  <span class="md-ellipsis">
+    Rust
+  </span>
+  
+
+            <span class="md-nav__icon md-icon"></span>
+          </label>
+        
+        <nav class="md-nav" data-md-level="2" aria-labelledby="__nav_4_12_label" aria-expanded="false">
+          <label class="md-nav__title" for="__nav_4_12">
+            <span class="md-nav__icon md-icon"></span>
+            Rust
+          </label>
+          <ul class="md-nav__list" data-md-scrollfix>
+            
+              
+                
+  
+  
+  
+  
+    <li class="md-nav__item">
+      <a href="../../rust/rust.html" class="md-nav__link">
+        
+  
+  <span class="md-ellipsis">
+    Rust
+  </span>
+  
+
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+    </li>
+  
+
+              
+            
+              
+                
+  
+  
+  
+  
+    <li class="md-nav__item">
+      <a href="../../rust/macros.html" class="md-nav__link">
+        
+  
+  <span class="md-ellipsis">
+    Macros
+  </span>
+  
+
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+    </li>
+  
+
+              
+            
+              
+                
+  
+  
+  
+  
+    <li class="md-nav__item">
+      <a href="../../rust/cargo.html" class="md-nav__link">
+        
+  
+  <span class="md-ellipsis">
+    Cargo
+  </span>
+  
+
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+    </li>
+  
+
+              
+            
+              
+                
+  
+  
+  
+  
+    <li class="md-nav__item">
+      <a href="../../rust/concurrency.html" class="md-nav__link">
+        
+  
+  <span class="md-ellipsis">
+    Concurrency
+  </span>
+  
+
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+    </li>
+  
+
+              
+            
+              
+                
+  
+  
+  
+  
+    <li class="md-nav__item">
+      <a href="../../rust/unit-tests.html" class="md-nav__link">
+        
+  
+  <span class="md-ellipsis">
+    Unit Tests
+  </span>
+  
+
+      </a>
+    </li>
+  
+
+              
+            
+          </ul>
+        </nav>
+      
+    </li>
+  
+
+              
+            
+              
+                
+  
+  
+  
+  
+    
+    
+      
+        
+      
+        
+      
+        
+      
+        
+      
+        
+      
+        
+      
+        
+      
+    
+    
+      
+      
+        
+          
+          
+        
+      
+    
+    
+    <li class="md-nav__item md-nav__item--section md-nav__item--nested">
+      
+        
+        
+        <input class="md-nav__toggle md-toggle " type="checkbox" id="__nav_4_13" >
+        
+          
+          <label class="md-nav__link" for="__nav_4_13" id="__nav_4_13_label" tabindex="">
+            
+  
+  <span class="md-ellipsis">
+    Javascript
+  </span>
+  
+
+            <span class="md-nav__icon md-icon"></span>
+          </label>
+        
+        <nav class="md-nav" data-md-level="2" aria-labelledby="__nav_4_13_label" aria-expanded="false">
+          <label class="md-nav__title" for="__nav_4_13">
+            <span class="md-nav__icon md-icon"></span>
+            Javascript
+          </label>
+          <ul class="md-nav__list" data-md-scrollfix>
+            
+              
+                
+  
+  
+  
+  
+    <li class="md-nav__item">
+      <a href="../../javascript/javascript.html" class="md-nav__link">
+        
+  
+  <span class="md-ellipsis">
+    Javascript
+  </span>
+  
+
+      </a>
+    </li>
+  
+
+              
+            
+              
+                
+  
+  
+  
+  
+    <li class="md-nav__item">
+      <a href="../../javascript/dom.html" class="md-nav__link">
+        
+  
+  <span class="md-ellipsis">
+    DOM
+  </span>
+  
+
+      </a>
+    </li>
+  
+
+              
+            
+              
+                
+  
+  
+  
+  
+    <li class="md-nav__item">
+      <a href="../../javascript/events-animation.html" class="md-nav__link">
+        
+  
+  <span class="md-ellipsis">
+    Events & Animation
+  </span>
+  
+
+      </a>
+    </li>
+  
+
+              
+            
+              
+                
+  
+  
+  
+  
+    <li class="md-nav__item">
+      <a href="../../javascript/ajax.html" class="md-nav__link">
+        
+  
+  <span class="md-ellipsis">
+    AJAX
+  </span>
+  
+
+      </a>
+    </li>
+  
+
+              
+            
+              
+                
+  
+  
+  
+  
+    <li class="md-nav__item">
+      <a href="../../javascript/jquery.html" class="md-nav__link">
+        
+  
+  <span class="md-ellipsis">
+    jQuery
+  </span>
+  
+
+      </a>
+    </li>
+  
+
+              
+            
+              
+                
+  
+  
+  
+  
+    
+    
+      
+        
+      
+        
+      
+        
+      
+        
+      
+        
+      
+    
+    
+      
+      
+        
+      
+    
+    
+    <li class="md-nav__item md-nav__item--nested">
+      
+        
+        
+        <input class="md-nav__toggle md-toggle " type="checkbox" id="__nav_4_13_6" >
+        
+          
+          <label class="md-nav__link" for="__nav_4_13_6" id="__nav_4_13_6_label" tabindex="0">
+            
+  
+  <span class="md-ellipsis">
+    React
+  </span>
+  
+
+            <span class="md-nav__icon md-icon"></span>
+          </label>
+        
+        <nav class="md-nav" data-md-level="3" aria-labelledby="__nav_4_13_6_label" aria-expanded="false">
+          <label class="md-nav__title" for="__nav_4_13_6">
+            <span class="md-nav__icon md-icon"></span>
+            React
+          </label>
+          <ul class="md-nav__list" data-md-scrollfix>
+            
+              
+                
+  
+  
+  
+  
+    <li class="md-nav__item">
+      <a href="../../javascript/react/react.html" class="md-nav__link">
+        
+  
+  <span class="md-ellipsis">
+    React
+  </span>
+  
+
+      </a>
+    </li>
+  
+
+              
+            
+              
+                
+  
+  
+  
+  
+    <li class="md-nav__item">
+      <a href="../../javascript/react/react-router.html" class="md-nav__link">
+        
+  
+  <span class="md-ellipsis">
+    React Router
+  </span>
+  
+
+      </a>
+    </li>
+  
+
+              
+            
+              
+                
+  
+  
+  
+  
+    <li class="md-nav__item">
+      <a href="../../javascript/react/react-tests.html" class="md-nav__link">
+        
+  
+  <span class="md-ellipsis">
+    React Tests
+  </span>
+  
+
+      </a>
+    </li>
+  
+
+              
+            
+              
+                
+  
+  
+  
+  
+    <li class="md-nav__item">
+      <a href="../../javascript/react/redux.html" class="md-nav__link">
+        
+  
+  <span class="md-ellipsis">
+    Redux
+  </span>
+  
+
+      </a>
+    </li>
+  
+
+              
+            
+              
+                
+  
+  
+  
+  
+    <li class="md-nav__item">
+      <a href="../../javascript/react/redux-tests.html" class="md-nav__link">
+        
+  
+  <span class="md-ellipsis">
+    Redux Tests
+  </span>
+  
+
+      </a>
+    </li>
+  
+
+              
+            
+          </ul>
+        </nav>
+      
+    </li>
+  
+
+              
+            
+              
+                
+  
+  
+  
+  
+    <li class="md-nav__item">
+      <a href="../../javascript/svelte/svelte.html" class="md-nav__link">
+        
+  
+  <span class="md-ellipsis">
+    Svelte
+  </span>
+  
+
+      </a>
+    </li>
+  
+
+              
+            
+          </ul>
+        </nav>
+      
+    </li>
+  
+
+              
+            
+              
+                
+  
+  
+  
+  
+    
+    
+      
+        
+      
+        
+      
+    
+    
+      
+      
+        
+          
+          
+        
+      
+    
+    
+    <li class="md-nav__item md-nav__item--section md-nav__item--nested">
+      
+        
+        
+        <input class="md-nav__toggle md-toggle " type="checkbox" id="__nav_4_14" >
+        
+          
+          <label class="md-nav__link" for="__nav_4_14" id="__nav_4_14_label" tabindex="">
+            
+  
+  <span class="md-ellipsis">
+    PowerShell
+  </span>
+  
+
+            <span class="md-nav__icon md-icon"></span>
+          </label>
+        
+        <nav class="md-nav" data-md-level="2" aria-labelledby="__nav_4_14_label" aria-expanded="false">
+          <label class="md-nav__title" for="__nav_4_14">
+            <span class="md-nav__icon md-icon"></span>
+            PowerShell
+          </label>
+          <ul class="md-nav__list" data-md-scrollfix>
+            
+              
+                
+  
+  
+  
+  
+    <li class="md-nav__item">
+      <a href="../../powershell/scripting.html" class="md-nav__link">
+        
+  
+  <span class="md-ellipsis">
+    Scripting
+  </span>
+  
+
+      </a>
+    </li>
+  
+
+              
+            
+              
+                
+  
+  
+  
+  
+    <li class="md-nav__item">
+      <a href="../../powershell/commands.html" class="md-nav__link">
+        
+  
+  <span class="md-ellipsis">
+    Commands
+  </span>
+  
+
+      </a>
+    </li>
+  
+
+              
+            
+          </ul>
+        </nav>
+      
+    </li>
+  
+
+              
+            
+              
+                
+  
+  
+  
+  
+    
+    
+      
+        
+      
+        
+      
+    
+    
+      
+      
+        
+          
+          
+        
+      
+    
+    
+    <li class="md-nav__item md-nav__item--section md-nav__item--nested">
+      
+        
+        
+        <input class="md-nav__toggle md-toggle " type="checkbox" id="__nav_4_15" >
+        
+          
+          <label class="md-nav__link" for="__nav_4_15" id="__nav_4_15_label" tabindex="">
+            
+  
+  <span class="md-ellipsis">
+    Bash
+  </span>
+  
+
+            <span class="md-nav__icon md-icon"></span>
+          </label>
+        
+        <nav class="md-nav" data-md-level="2" aria-labelledby="__nav_4_15_label" aria-expanded="false">
+          <label class="md-nav__title" for="__nav_4_15">
+            <span class="md-nav__icon md-icon"></span>
+            Bash
+          </label>
+          <ul class="md-nav__list" data-md-scrollfix>
+            
+              
+                
+  
+  
+  
+  
+    <li class="md-nav__item">
+      <a href="../../bash/scripting.html" class="md-nav__link">
+        
+  
+  <span class="md-ellipsis">
+    Scripting
+  </span>
+  
+
+      </a>
+    </li>
+  
+
+              
+            
+              
+                
+  
+  
+  
+  
+    <li class="md-nav__item">
+      <a href="../../bash/commands.html" class="md-nav__link">
+        
+  
+  <span class="md-ellipsis">
+    Commands
+  </span>
+  
+
+      </a>
+    </li>
+  
+
+              
+            
+          </ul>
+        </nav>
+      
+    </li>
+  
+
+              
+            
+          </ul>
+        </nav>
+      
+    </li>
+  
+
+    
+      
+      
+  
+  
+  
+  
+    
+    
+      
+        
+      
+        
+      
+        
+      
+        
+      
+        
+      
+    
+    
+      
+      
+        
+      
+    
+    
+    <li class="md-nav__item md-nav__item--nested">
+      
+        
+        
+        <input class="md-nav__toggle md-toggle " type="checkbox" id="__nav_5" >
+        
+          
+          <label class="md-nav__link" for="__nav_5" id="__nav_5_label" tabindex="0">
+            
+  
+  <span class="md-ellipsis">
+    Misc
+  </span>
+  
+
+            <span class="md-nav__icon md-icon"></span>
+          </label>
+        
+        <nav class="md-nav" data-md-level="1" aria-labelledby="__nav_5_label" aria-expanded="false">
+          <label class="md-nav__title" for="__nav_5">
+            <span class="md-nav__icon md-icon"></span>
+            Misc
+          </label>
+          <ul class="md-nav__list" data-md-scrollfix>
+            
+              
+                
+  
+  
+  
+  
+    <li class="md-nav__item">
+      <a href="../../../misc/git.html" class="md-nav__link">
+        
+  
+  <span class="md-ellipsis">
+    Git
+  </span>
+  
+
+      </a>
+    </li>
+  
+
+              
+            
+              
+                
+  
+  
+  
+  
+    <li class="md-nav__item">
+      <a href="../../../misc/graph-ql.html" class="md-nav__link">
+        
+  
+  <span class="md-ellipsis">
+    GraphQL
+  </span>
+  
+
+      </a>
+    </li>
+  
+
+              
+            
+              
+                
+  
+  
+  
+  
+    <li class="md-nav__item">
+      <a href="../../../misc/regular-expressions.html" class="md-nav__link">
+        
+  
+  <span class="md-ellipsis">
+    RegEx
+  </span>
+  
+
+      </a>
+    </li>
+  
+
+              
+            
+              
+                
+  
+  
+  
+  
+    <li class="md-nav__item">
+      <a href="../../../misc/ssh.html" class="md-nav__link">
+        
+  
+  <span class="md-ellipsis">
+    SSH
+  </span>
+  
+
+      </a>
+    </li>
+  
+
+              
+            
+              
+                
+  
+  
+  
+  
+    <li class="md-nav__item">
+      <a href="../../../misc/web-components.html" class="md-nav__link">
+        
+  
+  <span class="md-ellipsis">
+    WebComponents
+  </span>
+  
+
+      </a>
+    </li>
+  
+
+              
+            
+          </ul>
+        </nav>
+      
+    </li>
+  
+
+    
+      
+      
+  
+  
+  
+  
+    
+    
+      
+        
+      
+        
+      
+    
+    
+      
+      
+        
+      
+    
+    
+    <li class="md-nav__item md-nav__item--nested">
+      
+        
+        
+        <input class="md-nav__toggle md-toggle " type="checkbox" id="__nav_6" >
+        
+          
+          <label class="md-nav__link" for="__nav_6" id="__nav_6_label" tabindex="0">
+            
+  
+  <span class="md-ellipsis">
+    Linux
+  </span>
+  
+
+            <span class="md-nav__icon md-icon"></span>
+          </label>
+        
+        <nav class="md-nav" data-md-level="1" aria-labelledby="__nav_6_label" aria-expanded="false">
+          <label class="md-nav__title" for="__nav_6">
+            <span class="md-nav__icon md-icon"></span>
+            Linux
+          </label>
+          <ul class="md-nav__list" data-md-scrollfix>
+            
+              
+                
+  
+  
+  
+  
+    
+    
+      
+        
+      
+        
+      
+        
+      
+    
+    
+      
+      
+        
+      
+    
+    
+    <li class="md-nav__item md-nav__item--nested">
+      
+        
+        
+        <input class="md-nav__toggle md-toggle " type="checkbox" id="__nav_6_1" >
+        
+          
+          <label class="md-nav__link" for="__nav_6_1" id="__nav_6_1_label" tabindex="0">
+            
+  
+  <span class="md-ellipsis">
+    Filesystem
+  </span>
+  
+
+            <span class="md-nav__icon md-icon"></span>
+          </label>
+        
+        <nav class="md-nav" data-md-level="2" aria-labelledby="__nav_6_1_label" aria-expanded="false">
+          <label class="md-nav__title" for="__nav_6_1">
+            <span class="md-nav__icon md-icon"></span>
+            Filesystem
+          </label>
+          <ul class="md-nav__list" data-md-scrollfix>
+            
+              
+                
+  
+  
+  
+  
+    <li class="md-nav__item">
+      <a href="../../../linux/filesystem/file-links.html" class="md-nav__link">
+        
+  
+  <span class="md-ellipsis">
+    File Links
+  </span>
+  
+
+      </a>
+    </li>
+  
+
+              
+            
+              
+                
+  
+  
+  
+  
+    <li class="md-nav__item">
+      <a href="../../../linux/filesystem/procfs.html" class="md-nav__link">
+        
+  
+  <span class="md-ellipsis">
+    /proc
+  </span>
+  
+
+      </a>
+    </li>
+  
+
+              
+            
+              
+                
+  
+  
+  
+  
+    <li class="md-nav__item">
+      <a href="../../../linux/filesystem/sysfs.html" class="md-nav__link">
+        
+  
+  <span class="md-ellipsis">
+    /sys
+  </span>
+  
+
+      </a>
+    </li>
+  
+
+              
+            
+          </ul>
+        </nav>
+      
+    </li>
+  
+
+              
+            
+              
+                
+  
+  
+  
+  
+    
+    
+      
+        
+      
+        
+      
+    
+    
+      
+      
+        
+      
+    
+    
+    <li class="md-nav__item md-nav__item--nested">
+      
+        
+        
+        <input class="md-nav__toggle md-toggle " type="checkbox" id="__nav_6_2" >
+        
+          
+          <label class="md-nav__link" for="__nav_6_2" id="__nav_6_2_label" tabindex="0">
+            
+  
+  <span class="md-ellipsis">
+    System Init
+  </span>
+  
+
+            <span class="md-nav__icon md-icon"></span>
+          </label>
+        
+        <nav class="md-nav" data-md-level="2" aria-labelledby="__nav_6_2_label" aria-expanded="false">
+          <label class="md-nav__title" for="__nav_6_2">
+            <span class="md-nav__icon md-icon"></span>
+            System Init
+          </label>
+          <ul class="md-nav__list" data-md-scrollfix>
+            
+              
+                
+  
+  
+  
+  
+    <li class="md-nav__item">
+      <a href="../../../linux/init/systemd.html" class="md-nav__link">
+        
+  
+  <span class="md-ellipsis">
+    Systemd
+  </span>
+  
+
+      </a>
+    </li>
+  
+
+              
+            
+              
+                
+  
+  
+  
+  
+    <li class="md-nav__item">
+      <a href="../../../linux/init/open-rc.html" class="md-nav__link">
+        
+  
+  <span class="md-ellipsis">
+    OpenRC
+  </span>
+  
+
+      </a>
+    </li>
+  
+
+              
+            
+          </ul>
+        </nav>
+      
+    </li>
+  
+
+              
+            
+          </ul>
+        </nav>
+      
+    </li>
+  
+
+    
+  </ul>
+</nav>
+                  </div>
+                </div>
+              </div>
+            
+            
+              
+              <div class="md-sidebar md-sidebar--secondary" data-md-component="sidebar" data-md-type="toc" >
+                <div class="md-sidebar__scrollwrap">
+                  <div class="md-sidebar__inner">
+                    
+
+<nav class="md-nav md-nav--secondary" aria-label="Table of contents">
+  
+  
+  
+    
+  
+  
+    <label class="md-nav__title" for="__toc">
+      <span class="md-nav__icon md-icon"></span>
+      Table of contents
+    </label>
+    <ul class="md-nav__list" data-md-component="toc" data-md-scrollfix>
+      
+        <li class="md-nav__item">
+  <a href="#time" class="md-nav__link">
+    <span class="md-ellipsis">
+      Time
+    </span>
+  </a>
+  
+    <nav class="md-nav" aria-label="Time">
+      <ul class="md-nav__list">
+        
+          <li class="md-nav__item">
+  <a href="#timesrtfrime-format" class="md-nav__link">
+    <span class="md-ellipsis">
+      time.srtfrime() format
+    </span>
+  </a>
+  
+</li>
+        
+      </ul>
+    </nav>
+  
+</li>
+      
+        <li class="md-nav__item">
+  <a href="#datetime" class="md-nav__link">
+    <span class="md-ellipsis">
+      Datetime
+    </span>
+  </a>
+  
+</li>
+      
+    </ul>
+  
+</nav>
+                  </div>
+                </div>
+              </div>
+            
+          
+          
+            <div class="md-content" data-md-component="content">
+              <article class="md-content__inner md-typeset">
+                
+                  
+
+  
+  
+
+
+<h1 id="time-datetime">Time &amp; Datetime</h1>
+<h2 id="time">Time</h2>
+<div class="highlight"><table class="highlighttable"><tr><th colspan="2" class="filename"><span class="filename">Python</span></th></tr><tr><td class="linenos"><div class="linenodiv"><pre><span></span><span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-0-1">1</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-0-2">2</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-0-3">3</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-0-4">4</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-0-5">5</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-0-6">6</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-0-7">7</a></span></pre></div></td><td class="code"><div><pre><span></span><code><a id="__codelineno-0-1" name="__codelineno-0-1"></a><span class="c1"># epoch: elapsed time in seconds (in UNIX starts from 01-010-1970)</span>
+<a id="__codelineno-0-2" name="__codelineno-0-2"></a><span class="kn">import</span> <span class="nn">time</span> <span class="c1"># UNIX time</span>
+<a id="__codelineno-0-3" name="__codelineno-0-3"></a><span class="n">variable</span> <span class="o">=</span> <span class="n">time</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">time</span> <span class="p">()</span> <span class="c1"># returns the time (in seconds) elapsed since 01-01-1970</span>
+<a id="__codelineno-0-4" name="__codelineno-0-4"></a><span class="n">variable</span> <span class="o">=</span> <span class="n">time</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">ctime</span> <span class="p">(</span><span class="n">epochseconds</span><span class="p">)</span> <span class="c1"># transform epoch into date</span>
+<a id="__codelineno-0-5" name="__codelineno-0-5"></a>
+<a id="__codelineno-0-6" name="__codelineno-0-6"></a><span class="n">var</span> <span class="o">=</span> <span class="n">time</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">perf_counter</span> <span class="p">()</span> <span class="c1"># returns the current running time</span>
+<a id="__codelineno-0-7" name="__codelineno-0-7"></a><span class="c1"># execution time = start time - end time</span>
+</code></pre></div></td></tr></table></div>
+<h3 id="timesrtfrime-format">time.srtfrime() format</h3>
+<table>
+<thead>
+<tr>
+<th>Format</th>
+<th>Data</th>
+</tr>
+</thead>
+<tbody>
+<tr>
+<td><code>%a</code></td>
+<td>Locale's abbreviated weekday name.</td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+<td><code>%A</code></td>
+<td>Locale's full weekday name.</td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+<td><code>%b</code></td>
+<td>Locale's abbreviated month name.</td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+<td><code>%B</code></td>
+<td>Locale's full month name.</td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+<td><code>%c</code></td>
+<td>Locale's appropriate date and time representation.</td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+<td><code>%d</code></td>
+<td>Day of the month as a decimal number <code>[01,31]</code>.</td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+<td><code>%H</code></td>
+<td>Hour (24-hour clock) as a decimal number <code>[00,23]</code>.</td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+<td><code>%I</code></td>
+<td>Hour (12-hour clock) as a decimal number <code>[01,12]</code>.</td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+<td><code>%j</code></td>
+<td>Day of the year as a decimal number <code>[001,366]</code>.</td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+<td><code>%m</code></td>
+<td>Month as a decimal number <code>[01,12]</code>.</td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+<td><code>%M</code></td>
+<td>Minute as a decimal number <code>[00,59]</code>.</td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+<td><code>%p</code></td>
+<td>Locale's equivalent of either AM or PM.</td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+<td><code>%S</code></td>
+<td>Second as a decimal number <code>[00,61]</code>.</td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+<td><code>%U</code></td>
+<td>Week number of the year (Sunday as the first day of the week) as a decimal number <code>[00,53]</code>.</td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+<td><code>%w</code></td>
+<td>Weekday as a decimal number <code>[0(Sunday),6]</code>.</td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+<td><code>%W</code></td>
+<td>Week number of the year (Monday as the first day of the week) as a decimal number <code>[00,53]</code>.</td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+<td><code>%x</code></td>
+<td>Locale's appropriate date representation.</td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+<td><code>%X</code></td>
+<td>Locale's appropriate time representation.</td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+<td><code>%y</code></td>
+<td>Year without century as a decimal number <code>[00,99]</code>.</td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+<td><code>%Y</code></td>
+<td>Year with century as a decimal number.</td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+<td><code>%z</code></td>
+<td>Time zone offset indicating a positive or negative time difference from UTC/GMT of the form +HHMM or -HHMM</td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+<td><code>%Z</code></td>
+<td>Time zone name (no characters if no time zone exists).</td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+<td><code>%%</code></td>
+<td>A literal <code>%</code> character.</td>
+</tr>
+</tbody>
+</table>
+<h2 id="datetime">Datetime</h2>
+<div class="highlight"><table class="highlighttable"><tr><th colspan="2" class="filename"><span class="filename">Python</span></th></tr><tr><td class="linenos"><div class="linenodiv"><pre><span></span><span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-1-1"> 1</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-1-2"> 2</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-1-3"> 3</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-1-4"> 4</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-1-5"> 5</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-1-6"> 6</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-1-7"> 7</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-1-8"> 8</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-1-9"> 9</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-1-10">10</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-1-11">11</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-1-12">12</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-1-13">13</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-1-14">14</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-1-15">15</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-1-16">16</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-1-17">17</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-1-18">18</a></span></pre></div></td><td class="code"><div><pre><span></span><code><a id="__codelineno-1-1" name="__codelineno-1-1"></a><span class="kn">import</span> <span class="nn">datetime</span>
+<a id="__codelineno-1-2" name="__codelineno-1-2"></a><span class="n">today</span> <span class="o">=</span> <span class="n">datetime</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">date</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">today</span> <span class="p">()</span> <span class="c1"># returns current date</span>
+<a id="__codelineno-1-3" name="__codelineno-1-3"></a><span class="n">today</span> <span class="o">=</span> <span class="n">datetime</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">datetime</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">today</span> <span class="p">()</span> <span class="c1"># returns the current date and time</span>
+<a id="__codelineno-1-4" name="__codelineno-1-4"></a>
+<a id="__codelineno-1-5" name="__codelineno-1-5"></a><span class="c1"># formatting example</span>
+<a id="__codelineno-1-6" name="__codelineno-1-6"></a><span class="nb">print</span> <span class="p">(</span><span class="s1">&#39;Current Date: </span><span class="si">{}</span><span class="s1"> - </span><span class="si">{}</span><span class="s1"> - </span><span class="si">{}</span><span class="s1">&#39;</span> <span class="o">.</span><span class="n">format</span> <span class="p">(</span><span class="n">today</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">day</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="n">today</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">month</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="n">today</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">year</span><span class="p">))</span>
+<a id="__codelineno-1-7" name="__codelineno-1-7"></a><span class="nb">print</span> <span class="p">(</span><span class="s1">&#39;Current Time: </span><span class="si">{}</span><span class="s1">: </span><span class="si">{}</span><span class="s1">. </span><span class="si">{}</span><span class="s1">&#39;</span> <span class="o">.</span><span class="n">format</span> <span class="p">(</span><span class="n">today</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">hour</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="n">today</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">minute</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="n">today</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">second</span><span class="p">))</span>
+<a id="__codelineno-1-8" name="__codelineno-1-8"></a>
+<a id="__codelineno-1-9" name="__codelineno-1-9"></a><span class="n">var_1</span> <span class="o">=</span> <span class="n">datetime</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">date</span> <span class="p">(</span><span class="n">year</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="n">month</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="n">day</span><span class="p">)</span> <span class="c1"># create date object</span>
+<a id="__codelineno-1-10" name="__codelineno-1-10"></a><span class="n">var_2</span> <span class="o">=</span> <span class="n">datetime</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">time</span> <span class="p">(</span><span class="n">hour</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="n">minute</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="n">second</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="n">micro</span><span class="o">-</span><span class="n">second</span><span class="p">)</span> <span class="c1"># create time object</span>
+<a id="__codelineno-1-11" name="__codelineno-1-11"></a><span class="n">dt</span> <span class="o">=</span> <span class="n">datetime</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">combine</span> <span class="p">(</span><span class="n">var_1</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="n">var_2</span><span class="p">)</span> <span class="c1"># combine date and time objects into one object</span>
+<a id="__codelineno-1-12" name="__codelineno-1-12"></a>
+<a id="__codelineno-1-13" name="__codelineno-1-13"></a><span class="n">date_1</span> <span class="o">=</span> <span class="n">datetime</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">date</span> <span class="p">(</span><span class="s1">&#39;year&#39;</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="s1">&#39;month&#39;</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="s1">&#39;day&#39;</span><span class="p">)</span>
+<a id="__codelineno-1-14" name="__codelineno-1-14"></a><span class="n">date_2</span> <span class="o">=</span> <span class="n">date_1</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">replace</span> <span class="p">(</span><span class="n">year</span> <span class="o">=</span> <span class="s1">&#39;new_year&#39;</span><span class="p">)</span>
+<a id="__codelineno-1-15" name="__codelineno-1-15"></a>
+<a id="__codelineno-1-16" name="__codelineno-1-16"></a><span class="c1">#DATETIME ARITHMETIC</span>
+<a id="__codelineno-1-17" name="__codelineno-1-17"></a><span class="n">date_1</span> <span class="o">-</span> <span class="n">date_2</span> <span class="c1"># -&gt; datetime.timedelta (num_of_days)</span>
+<a id="__codelineno-1-18" name="__codelineno-1-18"></a><span class="n">datetime</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">timedelta</span> <span class="c1"># duration expressing the difference between two date, time or datetime objects</span>
+</code></pre></div></td></tr></table></div>
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+      <a href="../../html/html.html" class="md-nav__link">
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+    HTML
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+    <li class="md-nav__item">
+      <a href="../../css/css.html" class="md-nav__link">
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+      <a href="../../c/c.html" class="md-nav__link">
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+      <a href="../../swift/swift.html" class="md-nav__link">
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+            
+              
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+          <label class="md-nav__link" for="__nav_4_7" id="__nav_4_7_label" tabindex="">
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+  <span class="md-ellipsis">
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+    <li class="md-nav__item">
+      <a href="../../assembly/intel.html" class="md-nav__link">
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+    Intel
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+    <li class="md-nav__item">
+      <a href="../../assembly/riscv.html" class="md-nav__link">
+        
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+      <a href="../python.html" class="md-nav__link">
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+        
+      
+        
+      
+        
+      
+        
+      
+        
+      
+        
+      
+        
+      
+        
+      
+        
+      
+        
+      
+        
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+        
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+      <a href="argparse.html" class="md-nav__link">
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+      <a href="collections.html" class="md-nav__link">
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+    collection
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+    <li class="md-nav__item">
+      <a href="csv.html" class="md-nav__link">
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+  <span class="md-ellipsis">
+    csv
+  </span>
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+  
+    <li class="md-nav__item">
+      <a href="ftplib.html" class="md-nav__link">
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+    ftplib
+  </span>
+  
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+  
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+    <li class="md-nav__item">
+      <a href="itertools.html" class="md-nav__link">
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+    itertools
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+  
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+    <li class="md-nav__item">
+      <a href="json.html" class="md-nav__link">
+        
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+    json
+  </span>
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+    <li class="md-nav__item">
+      <a href="logging.html" class="md-nav__link">
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+    logging
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+    <li class="md-nav__item">
+      <a href="shutil.html" class="md-nav__link">
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+    shutil
+  </span>
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+    <li class="md-nav__item">
+      <a href="smtplib.html" class="md-nav__link">
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+  </span>
+  
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+      <a href="socket.html" class="md-nav__link">
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+    </label>
+    <ul class="md-nav__list" data-md-component="toc" data-md-scrollfix>
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+        <li class="md-nav__item">
+  <a href="#testcase-class" class="md-nav__link">
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+      <a href="../libs/numpy.html" class="md-nav__link">
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+      <a href="../../dotnet/csharp/csharp.html" class="md-nav__link">
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+      <a href="../../dotnet/csharp/linq.html" class="md-nav__link">
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+  <span class="md-ellipsis">
+    Linq
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+  
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+    <li class="md-nav__item">
+      <a href="../../dotnet/csharp/collections.html" class="md-nav__link">
+        
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+  <span class="md-ellipsis">
+    Collections
+  </span>
+  
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+    <li class="md-nav__item">
+      <a href="../../dotnet/csharp/reactive-extensions.html" class="md-nav__link">
+        
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+    Reactive Extensions
+  </span>
+  
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+      <a href="../../dotnet/csharp/async-programming.html" class="md-nav__link">
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+  
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+  
+    
+    
+      
+        
+      
+        
+      
+        
+      
+        
+      
+        
+      
+        
+      
+        
+      
+    
+    
+      
+      
+        
+      
+    
+    
+    <li class="md-nav__item md-nav__item--nested">
+      
+        
+        
+        <input class="md-nav__toggle md-toggle " type="checkbox" id="__nav_4_9_2" >
+        
+          
+          <label class="md-nav__link" for="__nav_4_9_2" id="__nav_4_9_2_label" tabindex="0">
+            
+  
+  <span class="md-ellipsis">
+    ASP.NET
+  </span>
+  
+
+            <span class="md-nav__icon md-icon"></span>
+          </label>
+        
+        <nav class="md-nav" data-md-level="3" aria-labelledby="__nav_4_9_2_label" aria-expanded="false">
+          <label class="md-nav__title" for="__nav_4_9_2">
+            <span class="md-nav__icon md-icon"></span>
+            ASP.NET
+          </label>
+          <ul class="md-nav__list" data-md-scrollfix>
+            
+              
+                
+  
+  
+  
+  
+    <li class="md-nav__item">
+      <a href="../../dotnet/asp.net/minimal-api.html" class="md-nav__link">
+        
+  
+  <span class="md-ellipsis">
+    Minimal API
+  </span>
+  
+
+      </a>
+    </li>
+  
+
+              
+            
+              
+                
+  
+  
+  
+  
+    <li class="md-nav__item">
+      <a href="../../dotnet/asp.net/filters.html" class="md-nav__link">
+        
+  
+  <span class="md-ellipsis">
+    FIlters
+  </span>
+  
+
+      </a>
+    </li>
+  
+
+              
+            
+              
+                
+  
+  
+  
+  
+    <li class="md-nav__item">
+      <a href="../../dotnet/asp.net/middleware.html" class="md-nav__link">
+        
+  
+  <span class="md-ellipsis">
+    Middleware
+  </span>
+  
+
+      </a>
+    </li>
+  
+
+              
+            
+              
+                
+  
+  
+  
+  
+    <li class="md-nav__item">
+      <a href="../../dotnet/asp.net/razor-syntax.html" class="md-nav__link">
+        
+  
+  <span class="md-ellipsis">
+    Razor Syntax
+  </span>
+  
+
+      </a>
+    </li>
+  
+
+              
+            
+              
+                
+  
+  
+  
+  
+    <li class="md-nav__item">
+      <a href="../../dotnet/asp.net/blazor.html" class="md-nav__link">
+        
+  
+  <span class="md-ellipsis">
+    Blazor
+  </span>
+  
+
+      </a>
+    </li>
+  
+
+              
+            
+              
+                
+  
+  
+  
+  
+    <li class="md-nav__item">
+      <a href="../../dotnet/asp.net/signalr.html" class="md-nav__link">
+        
+  
+  <span class="md-ellipsis">
+    SignalR
+  </span>
+  
+
+      </a>
+    </li>
+  
+
+              
+            
+              
+                
+  
+  
+  
+  
+    <li class="md-nav__item">
+      <a href="../../dotnet/asp.net/web-forms.html" class="md-nav__link">
+        
+  
+  <span class="md-ellipsis">
+    Web Forms
+  </span>
+  
+
+      </a>
+    </li>
+  
+
+              
+            
+          </ul>
+        </nav>
+      
+    </li>
+  
+
+              
+            
+              
+                
+  
+  
+  
+  
+    
+    
+      
+        
+      
+        
+      
+    
+    
+      
+      
+        
+      
+    
+    
+    <li class="md-nav__item md-nav__item--nested">
+      
+        
+        
+        <input class="md-nav__toggle md-toggle " type="checkbox" id="__nav_4_9_3" >
+        
+          
+          <label class="md-nav__link" for="__nav_4_9_3" id="__nav_4_9_3_label" tabindex="0">
+            
+  
+  <span class="md-ellipsis">
+    Database
+  </span>
+  
+
+            <span class="md-nav__icon md-icon"></span>
+          </label>
+        
+        <nav class="md-nav" data-md-level="3" aria-labelledby="__nav_4_9_3_label" aria-expanded="false">
+          <label class="md-nav__title" for="__nav_4_9_3">
+            <span class="md-nav__icon md-icon"></span>
+            Database
+          </label>
+          <ul class="md-nav__list" data-md-scrollfix>
+            
+              
+                
+  
+  
+  
+  
+    <li class="md-nav__item">
+      <a href="../../dotnet/database/ado.net.html" class="md-nav__link">
+        
+  
+  <span class="md-ellipsis">
+    ADO.NET
+  </span>
+  
+
+      </a>
+    </li>
+  
+
+              
+            
+              
+                
+  
+  
+  
+  
+    <li class="md-nav__item">
+      <a href="../../dotnet/database/entity-framework.html" class="md-nav__link">
+        
+  
+  <span class="md-ellipsis">
+    Entity Framework
+  </span>
+  
+
+      </a>
+    </li>
+  
+
+              
+            
+          </ul>
+        </nav>
+      
+    </li>
+  
+
+              
+            
+          </ul>
+        </nav>
+      
+    </li>
+  
+
+              
+            
+              
+                
+  
+  
+  
+  
+    
+    
+      
+        
+      
+        
+      
+        
+      
+        
+      
+    
+    
+      
+      
+        
+          
+          
+        
+      
+    
+    
+    <li class="md-nav__item md-nav__item--section md-nav__item--nested">
+      
+        
+        
+        <input class="md-nav__toggle md-toggle " type="checkbox" id="__nav_4_10" >
+        
+          
+          <label class="md-nav__link" for="__nav_4_10" id="__nav_4_10_label" tabindex="">
+            
+  
+  <span class="md-ellipsis">
+    Java
+  </span>
+  
+
+            <span class="md-nav__icon md-icon"></span>
+          </label>
+        
+        <nav class="md-nav" data-md-level="2" aria-labelledby="__nav_4_10_label" aria-expanded="false">
+          <label class="md-nav__title" for="__nav_4_10">
+            <span class="md-nav__icon md-icon"></span>
+            Java
+          </label>
+          <ul class="md-nav__list" data-md-scrollfix>
+            
+              
+                
+  
+  
+  
+  
+    <li class="md-nav__item">
+      <a href="../../java/java.html" class="md-nav__link">
+        
+  
+  <span class="md-ellipsis">
+    Java
+  </span>
+  
+
+      </a>
+    </li>
+  
+
+              
+            
+              
+                
+  
+  
+  
+  
+    <li class="md-nav__item">
+      <a href="../../java/java-collection-framework.html" class="md-nav__link">
+        
+  
+  <span class="md-ellipsis">
+    Java Collection Framework
+  </span>
+  
+
+      </a>
+    </li>
+  
+
+              
+            
+              
+                
+  
+  
+  
+  
+    <li class="md-nav__item">
+      <a href="../../java/dao.html" class="md-nav__link">
+        
+  
+  <span class="md-ellipsis">
+    DAO
+  </span>
+  
+
+      </a>
+    </li>
+  
+
+              
+            
+              
+                
+  
+  
+  
+  
+    
+    
+      
+        
+      
+        
+      
+    
+    
+      
+      
+        
+      
+    
+    
+    <li class="md-nav__item md-nav__item--nested">
+      
+        
+        
+        <input class="md-nav__toggle md-toggle " type="checkbox" id="__nav_4_10_4" >
+        
+          
+          <label class="md-nav__link" for="__nav_4_10_4" id="__nav_4_10_4_label" tabindex="0">
+            
+  
+  <span class="md-ellipsis">
+    Web
+  </span>
+  
+
+            <span class="md-nav__icon md-icon"></span>
+          </label>
+        
+        <nav class="md-nav" data-md-level="3" aria-labelledby="__nav_4_10_4_label" aria-expanded="false">
+          <label class="md-nav__title" for="__nav_4_10_4">
+            <span class="md-nav__icon md-icon"></span>
+            Web
+          </label>
+          <ul class="md-nav__list" data-md-scrollfix>
+            
+              
+                
+  
+  
+  
+  
+    <li class="md-nav__item">
+      <a href="../../java/web/servlet.html" class="md-nav__link">
+        
+  
+  <span class="md-ellipsis">
+    Serverlet
+  </span>
+  
+
+      </a>
+    </li>
+  
+
+              
+            
+              
+                
+  
+  
+  
+  
+    
+    
+      
+        
+      
+        
+      
+    
+    
+      
+      
+        
+      
+    
+    
+    <li class="md-nav__item md-nav__item--nested">
+      
+        
+        
+        <input class="md-nav__toggle md-toggle " type="checkbox" id="__nav_4_10_4_2" >
+        
+          
+          <label class="md-nav__link" for="__nav_4_10_4_2" id="__nav_4_10_4_2_label" tabindex="0">
+            
+  
+  <span class="md-ellipsis">
+    Spring
+  </span>
+  
+
+            <span class="md-nav__icon md-icon"></span>
+          </label>
+        
+        <nav class="md-nav" data-md-level="4" aria-labelledby="__nav_4_10_4_2_label" aria-expanded="false">
+          <label class="md-nav__title" for="__nav_4_10_4_2">
+            <span class="md-nav__icon md-icon"></span>
+            Spring
+          </label>
+          <ul class="md-nav__list" data-md-scrollfix>
+            
+              
+                
+  
+  
+  
+  
+    <li class="md-nav__item">
+      <a href="../../java/spring/pom.xml.html" class="md-nav__link">
+        
+  
+  <span class="md-ellipsis">
+    POM
+  </span>
+  
+
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+    </li>
+  
+
+              
+            
+              
+                
+  
+  
+  
+  
+    <li class="md-nav__item">
+      <a href="../../java/spring/spring-project.html" class="md-nav__link">
+        
+  
+  <span class="md-ellipsis">
+    Project Structure
+  </span>
+  
+
+      </a>
+    </li>
+  
+
+              
+            
+          </ul>
+        </nav>
+      
+    </li>
+  
+
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+            
+          </ul>
+        </nav>
+      
+    </li>
+  
+
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+            
+          </ul>
+        </nav>
+      
+    </li>
+  
+
+              
+            
+              
+                
+  
+  
+  
+  
+    
+    
+      
+        
+      
+        
+      
+        
+      
+        
+      
+        
+      
+        
+      
+        
+      
+        
+      
+        
+      
+    
+    
+      
+      
+        
+          
+          
+        
+      
+    
+    
+    <li class="md-nav__item md-nav__item--section md-nav__item--nested">
+      
+        
+        
+        <input class="md-nav__toggle md-toggle " type="checkbox" id="__nav_4_11" >
+        
+          
+          <label class="md-nav__link" for="__nav_4_11" id="__nav_4_11_label" tabindex="">
+            
+  
+  <span class="md-ellipsis">
+    PHP
+  </span>
+  
+
+            <span class="md-nav__icon md-icon"></span>
+          </label>
+        
+        <nav class="md-nav" data-md-level="2" aria-labelledby="__nav_4_11_label" aria-expanded="false">
+          <label class="md-nav__title" for="__nav_4_11">
+            <span class="md-nav__icon md-icon"></span>
+            PHP
+          </label>
+          <ul class="md-nav__list" data-md-scrollfix>
+            
+              
+                
+  
+  
+  
+  
+    <li class="md-nav__item">
+      <a href="../../php/php.html" class="md-nav__link">
+        
+  
+  <span class="md-ellipsis">
+    PHP
+  </span>
+  
+
+      </a>
+    </li>
+  
+
+              
+            
+              
+                
+  
+  
+  
+  
+    <li class="md-nav__item">
+      <a href="../../php/database.html" class="md-nav__link">
+        
+  
+  <span class="md-ellipsis">
+    Database
+  </span>
+  
+
+      </a>
+    </li>
+  
+
+              
+            
+              
+                
+  
+  
+  
+  
+    <li class="md-nav__item">
+      <a href="../../php/web.html" class="md-nav__link">
+        
+  
+  <span class="md-ellipsis">
+    Web
+  </span>
+  
+
+      </a>
+    </li>
+  
+
+              
+            
+              
+                
+  
+  
+  
+  
+    <li class="md-nav__item">
+      <a href="../../php/dependency-injection.html" class="md-nav__link">
+        
+  
+  <span class="md-ellipsis">
+    Dependency Injection
+  </span>
+  
+
+      </a>
+    </li>
+  
+
+              
+            
+              
+                
+  
+  
+  
+  
+    <li class="md-nav__item">
+      <a href="../../php/unit-tests.html" class="md-nav__link">
+        
+  
+  <span class="md-ellipsis">
+    Unit Tests
+  </span>
+  
+
+      </a>
+    </li>
+  
+
+              
+            
+              
+                
+  
+  
+  
+  
+    <li class="md-nav__item">
+      <a href="../../php/composer.html" class="md-nav__link">
+        
+  
+  <span class="md-ellipsis">
+    Composer
+  </span>
+  
+
+      </a>
+    </li>
+  
+
+              
+            
+              
+                
+  
+  
+  
+  
+    <li class="md-nav__item">
+      <a href="../../php/psr-7.html" class="md-nav__link">
+        
+  
+  <span class="md-ellipsis">
+    PSR 7
+  </span>
+  
+
+      </a>
+    </li>
+  
+
+              
+            
+              
+                
+  
+  
+  
+  
+    <li class="md-nav__item">
+      <a href="../../php/plates-templating.html" class="md-nav__link">
+        
+  
+  <span class="md-ellipsis">
+    Plates
+  </span>
+  
+
+      </a>
+    </li>
+  
+
+              
+            
+              
+                
+  
+  
+  
+  
+    
+    
+      
+        
+      
+        
+      
+    
+    
+      
+      
+        
+      
+    
+    
+    <li class="md-nav__item md-nav__item--nested">
+      
+        
+        
+        <input class="md-nav__toggle md-toggle " type="checkbox" id="__nav_4_11_9" >
+        
+          
+          <label class="md-nav__link" for="__nav_4_11_9" id="__nav_4_11_9_label" tabindex="0">
+            
+  
+  <span class="md-ellipsis">
+    Simple MVC
+  </span>
+  
+
+            <span class="md-nav__icon md-icon"></span>
+          </label>
+        
+        <nav class="md-nav" data-md-level="3" aria-labelledby="__nav_4_11_9_label" aria-expanded="false">
+          <label class="md-nav__title" for="__nav_4_11_9">
+            <span class="md-nav__icon md-icon"></span>
+            Simple MVC
+          </label>
+          <ul class="md-nav__list" data-md-scrollfix>
+            
+              
+                
+  
+  
+  
+  
+    <li class="md-nav__item">
+      <a href="../../php/simple-mvc/simple-mvc.html" class="md-nav__link">
+        
+  
+  <span class="md-ellipsis">
+    Simple MVC
+  </span>
+  
+
+      </a>
+    </li>
+  
+
+              
+            
+              
+                
+  
+  
+  
+  
+    <li class="md-nav__item">
+      <a href="../../php/simple-mvc/rest-api.html" class="md-nav__link">
+        
+  
+  <span class="md-ellipsis">
+    REST API
+  </span>
+  
+
+      </a>
+    </li>
+  
+
+              
+            
+          </ul>
+        </nav>
+      
+    </li>
+  
+
+              
+            
+          </ul>
+        </nav>
+      
+    </li>
+  
+
+              
+            
+              
+                
+  
+  
+  
+  
+    
+    
+      
+        
+      
+        
+      
+        
+      
+        
+      
+        
+      
+    
+    
+      
+      
+        
+          
+          
+        
+      
+    
+    
+    <li class="md-nav__item md-nav__item--section md-nav__item--nested">
+      
+        
+        
+        <input class="md-nav__toggle md-toggle " type="checkbox" id="__nav_4_12" >
+        
+          
+          <label class="md-nav__link" for="__nav_4_12" id="__nav_4_12_label" tabindex="">
+            
+  
+  <span class="md-ellipsis">
+    Rust
+  </span>
+  
+
+            <span class="md-nav__icon md-icon"></span>
+          </label>
+        
+        <nav class="md-nav" data-md-level="2" aria-labelledby="__nav_4_12_label" aria-expanded="false">
+          <label class="md-nav__title" for="__nav_4_12">
+            <span class="md-nav__icon md-icon"></span>
+            Rust
+          </label>
+          <ul class="md-nav__list" data-md-scrollfix>
+            
+              
+                
+  
+  
+  
+  
+    <li class="md-nav__item">
+      <a href="../../rust/rust.html" class="md-nav__link">
+        
+  
+  <span class="md-ellipsis">
+    Rust
+  </span>
+  
+
+      </a>
+    </li>
+  
+
+              
+            
+              
+                
+  
+  
+  
+  
+    <li class="md-nav__item">
+      <a href="../../rust/macros.html" class="md-nav__link">
+        
+  
+  <span class="md-ellipsis">
+    Macros
+  </span>
+  
+
+      </a>
+    </li>
+  
+
+              
+            
+              
+                
+  
+  
+  
+  
+    <li class="md-nav__item">
+      <a href="../../rust/cargo.html" class="md-nav__link">
+        
+  
+  <span class="md-ellipsis">
+    Cargo
+  </span>
+  
+
+      </a>
+    </li>
+  
+
+              
+            
+              
+                
+  
+  
+  
+  
+    <li class="md-nav__item">
+      <a href="../../rust/concurrency.html" class="md-nav__link">
+        
+  
+  <span class="md-ellipsis">
+    Concurrency
+  </span>
+  
+
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+    </li>
+  
+
+              
+            
+              
+                
+  
+  
+  
+  
+    <li class="md-nav__item">
+      <a href="../../rust/unit-tests.html" class="md-nav__link">
+        
+  
+  <span class="md-ellipsis">
+    Unit Tests
+  </span>
+  
+
+      </a>
+    </li>
+  
+
+              
+            
+          </ul>
+        </nav>
+      
+    </li>
+  
+
+              
+            
+              
+                
+  
+  
+  
+  
+    
+    
+      
+        
+      
+        
+      
+        
+      
+        
+      
+        
+      
+        
+      
+        
+      
+    
+    
+      
+      
+        
+          
+          
+        
+      
+    
+    
+    <li class="md-nav__item md-nav__item--section md-nav__item--nested">
+      
+        
+        
+        <input class="md-nav__toggle md-toggle " type="checkbox" id="__nav_4_13" >
+        
+          
+          <label class="md-nav__link" for="__nav_4_13" id="__nav_4_13_label" tabindex="">
+            
+  
+  <span class="md-ellipsis">
+    Javascript
+  </span>
+  
+
+            <span class="md-nav__icon md-icon"></span>
+          </label>
+        
+        <nav class="md-nav" data-md-level="2" aria-labelledby="__nav_4_13_label" aria-expanded="false">
+          <label class="md-nav__title" for="__nav_4_13">
+            <span class="md-nav__icon md-icon"></span>
+            Javascript
+          </label>
+          <ul class="md-nav__list" data-md-scrollfix>
+            
+              
+                
+  
+  
+  
+  
+    <li class="md-nav__item">
+      <a href="../../javascript/javascript.html" class="md-nav__link">
+        
+  
+  <span class="md-ellipsis">
+    Javascript
+  </span>
+  
+
+      </a>
+    </li>
+  
+
+              
+            
+              
+                
+  
+  
+  
+  
+    <li class="md-nav__item">
+      <a href="../../javascript/dom.html" class="md-nav__link">
+        
+  
+  <span class="md-ellipsis">
+    DOM
+  </span>
+  
+
+      </a>
+    </li>
+  
+
+              
+            
+              
+                
+  
+  
+  
+  
+    <li class="md-nav__item">
+      <a href="../../javascript/events-animation.html" class="md-nav__link">
+        
+  
+  <span class="md-ellipsis">
+    Events & Animation
+  </span>
+  
+
+      </a>
+    </li>
+  
+
+              
+            
+              
+                
+  
+  
+  
+  
+    <li class="md-nav__item">
+      <a href="../../javascript/ajax.html" class="md-nav__link">
+        
+  
+  <span class="md-ellipsis">
+    AJAX
+  </span>
+  
+
+      </a>
+    </li>
+  
+
+              
+            
+              
+                
+  
+  
+  
+  
+    <li class="md-nav__item">
+      <a href="../../javascript/jquery.html" class="md-nav__link">
+        
+  
+  <span class="md-ellipsis">
+    jQuery
+  </span>
+  
+
+      </a>
+    </li>
+  
+
+              
+            
+              
+                
+  
+  
+  
+  
+    
+    
+      
+        
+      
+        
+      
+        
+      
+        
+      
+        
+      
+    
+    
+      
+      
+        
+      
+    
+    
+    <li class="md-nav__item md-nav__item--nested">
+      
+        
+        
+        <input class="md-nav__toggle md-toggle " type="checkbox" id="__nav_4_13_6" >
+        
+          
+          <label class="md-nav__link" for="__nav_4_13_6" id="__nav_4_13_6_label" tabindex="0">
+            
+  
+  <span class="md-ellipsis">
+    React
+  </span>
+  
+
+            <span class="md-nav__icon md-icon"></span>
+          </label>
+        
+        <nav class="md-nav" data-md-level="3" aria-labelledby="__nav_4_13_6_label" aria-expanded="false">
+          <label class="md-nav__title" for="__nav_4_13_6">
+            <span class="md-nav__icon md-icon"></span>
+            React
+          </label>
+          <ul class="md-nav__list" data-md-scrollfix>
+            
+              
+                
+  
+  
+  
+  
+    <li class="md-nav__item">
+      <a href="../../javascript/react/react.html" class="md-nav__link">
+        
+  
+  <span class="md-ellipsis">
+    React
+  </span>
+  
+
+      </a>
+    </li>
+  
+
+              
+            
+              
+                
+  
+  
+  
+  
+    <li class="md-nav__item">
+      <a href="../../javascript/react/react-router.html" class="md-nav__link">
+        
+  
+  <span class="md-ellipsis">
+    React Router
+  </span>
+  
+
+      </a>
+    </li>
+  
+
+              
+            
+              
+                
+  
+  
+  
+  
+    <li class="md-nav__item">
+      <a href="../../javascript/react/react-tests.html" class="md-nav__link">
+        
+  
+  <span class="md-ellipsis">
+    React Tests
+  </span>
+  
+
+      </a>
+    </li>
+  
+
+              
+            
+              
+                
+  
+  
+  
+  
+    <li class="md-nav__item">
+      <a href="../../javascript/react/redux.html" class="md-nav__link">
+        
+  
+  <span class="md-ellipsis">
+    Redux
+  </span>
+  
+
+      </a>
+    </li>
+  
+
+              
+            
+              
+                
+  
+  
+  
+  
+    <li class="md-nav__item">
+      <a href="../../javascript/react/redux-tests.html" class="md-nav__link">
+        
+  
+  <span class="md-ellipsis">
+    Redux Tests
+  </span>
+  
+
+      </a>
+    </li>
+  
+
+              
+            
+          </ul>
+        </nav>
+      
+    </li>
+  
+
+              
+            
+              
+                
+  
+  
+  
+  
+    <li class="md-nav__item">
+      <a href="../../javascript/svelte/svelte.html" class="md-nav__link">
+        
+  
+  <span class="md-ellipsis">
+    Svelte
+  </span>
+  
+
+      </a>
+    </li>
+  
+
+              
+            
+          </ul>
+        </nav>
+      
+    </li>
+  
+
+              
+            
+              
+                
+  
+  
+  
+  
+    
+    
+      
+        
+      
+        
+      
+    
+    
+      
+      
+        
+          
+          
+        
+      
+    
+    
+    <li class="md-nav__item md-nav__item--section md-nav__item--nested">
+      
+        
+        
+        <input class="md-nav__toggle md-toggle " type="checkbox" id="__nav_4_14" >
+        
+          
+          <label class="md-nav__link" for="__nav_4_14" id="__nav_4_14_label" tabindex="">
+            
+  
+  <span class="md-ellipsis">
+    PowerShell
+  </span>
+  
+
+            <span class="md-nav__icon md-icon"></span>
+          </label>
+        
+        <nav class="md-nav" data-md-level="2" aria-labelledby="__nav_4_14_label" aria-expanded="false">
+          <label class="md-nav__title" for="__nav_4_14">
+            <span class="md-nav__icon md-icon"></span>
+            PowerShell
+          </label>
+          <ul class="md-nav__list" data-md-scrollfix>
+            
+              
+                
+  
+  
+  
+  
+    <li class="md-nav__item">
+      <a href="../../powershell/scripting.html" class="md-nav__link">
+        
+  
+  <span class="md-ellipsis">
+    Scripting
+  </span>
+  
+
+      </a>
+    </li>
+  
+
+              
+            
+              
+                
+  
+  
+  
+  
+    <li class="md-nav__item">
+      <a href="../../powershell/commands.html" class="md-nav__link">
+        
+  
+  <span class="md-ellipsis">
+    Commands
+  </span>
+  
+
+      </a>
+    </li>
+  
+
+              
+            
+          </ul>
+        </nav>
+      
+    </li>
+  
+
+              
+            
+              
+                
+  
+  
+  
+  
+    
+    
+      
+        
+      
+        
+      
+    
+    
+      
+      
+        
+          
+          
+        
+      
+    
+    
+    <li class="md-nav__item md-nav__item--section md-nav__item--nested">
+      
+        
+        
+        <input class="md-nav__toggle md-toggle " type="checkbox" id="__nav_4_15" >
+        
+          
+          <label class="md-nav__link" for="__nav_4_15" id="__nav_4_15_label" tabindex="">
+            
+  
+  <span class="md-ellipsis">
+    Bash
+  </span>
+  
+
+            <span class="md-nav__icon md-icon"></span>
+          </label>
+        
+        <nav class="md-nav" data-md-level="2" aria-labelledby="__nav_4_15_label" aria-expanded="false">
+          <label class="md-nav__title" for="__nav_4_15">
+            <span class="md-nav__icon md-icon"></span>
+            Bash
+          </label>
+          <ul class="md-nav__list" data-md-scrollfix>
+            
+              
+                
+  
+  
+  
+  
+    <li class="md-nav__item">
+      <a href="../../bash/scripting.html" class="md-nav__link">
+        
+  
+  <span class="md-ellipsis">
+    Scripting
+  </span>
+  
+
+      </a>
+    </li>
+  
+
+              
+            
+              
+                
+  
+  
+  
+  
+    <li class="md-nav__item">
+      <a href="../../bash/commands.html" class="md-nav__link">
+        
+  
+  <span class="md-ellipsis">
+    Commands
+  </span>
+  
+
+      </a>
+    </li>
+  
+
+              
+            
+          </ul>
+        </nav>
+      
+    </li>
+  
+
+              
+            
+          </ul>
+        </nav>
+      
+    </li>
+  
+
+    
+      
+      
+  
+  
+  
+  
+    
+    
+      
+        
+      
+        
+      
+        
+      
+        
+      
+        
+      
+    
+    
+      
+      
+        
+      
+    
+    
+    <li class="md-nav__item md-nav__item--nested">
+      
+        
+        
+        <input class="md-nav__toggle md-toggle " type="checkbox" id="__nav_5" >
+        
+          
+          <label class="md-nav__link" for="__nav_5" id="__nav_5_label" tabindex="0">
+            
+  
+  <span class="md-ellipsis">
+    Misc
+  </span>
+  
+
+            <span class="md-nav__icon md-icon"></span>
+          </label>
+        
+        <nav class="md-nav" data-md-level="1" aria-labelledby="__nav_5_label" aria-expanded="false">
+          <label class="md-nav__title" for="__nav_5">
+            <span class="md-nav__icon md-icon"></span>
+            Misc
+          </label>
+          <ul class="md-nav__list" data-md-scrollfix>
+            
+              
+                
+  
+  
+  
+  
+    <li class="md-nav__item">
+      <a href="../../../misc/git.html" class="md-nav__link">
+        
+  
+  <span class="md-ellipsis">
+    Git
+  </span>
+  
+
+      </a>
+    </li>
+  
+
+              
+            
+              
+                
+  
+  
+  
+  
+    <li class="md-nav__item">
+      <a href="../../../misc/graph-ql.html" class="md-nav__link">
+        
+  
+  <span class="md-ellipsis">
+    GraphQL
+  </span>
+  
+
+      </a>
+    </li>
+  
+
+              
+            
+              
+                
+  
+  
+  
+  
+    <li class="md-nav__item">
+      <a href="../../../misc/regular-expressions.html" class="md-nav__link">
+        
+  
+  <span class="md-ellipsis">
+    RegEx
+  </span>
+  
+
+      </a>
+    </li>
+  
+
+              
+            
+              
+                
+  
+  
+  
+  
+    <li class="md-nav__item">
+      <a href="../../../misc/ssh.html" class="md-nav__link">
+        
+  
+  <span class="md-ellipsis">
+    SSH
+  </span>
+  
+
+      </a>
+    </li>
+  
+
+              
+            
+              
+                
+  
+  
+  
+  
+    <li class="md-nav__item">
+      <a href="../../../misc/web-components.html" class="md-nav__link">
+        
+  
+  <span class="md-ellipsis">
+    WebComponents
+  </span>
+  
+
+      </a>
+    </li>
+  
+
+              
+            
+          </ul>
+        </nav>
+      
+    </li>
+  
+
+    
+      
+      
+  
+  
+  
+  
+    
+    
+      
+        
+      
+        
+      
+    
+    
+      
+      
+        
+      
+    
+    
+    <li class="md-nav__item md-nav__item--nested">
+      
+        
+        
+        <input class="md-nav__toggle md-toggle " type="checkbox" id="__nav_6" >
+        
+          
+          <label class="md-nav__link" for="__nav_6" id="__nav_6_label" tabindex="0">
+            
+  
+  <span class="md-ellipsis">
+    Linux
+  </span>
+  
+
+            <span class="md-nav__icon md-icon"></span>
+          </label>
+        
+        <nav class="md-nav" data-md-level="1" aria-labelledby="__nav_6_label" aria-expanded="false">
+          <label class="md-nav__title" for="__nav_6">
+            <span class="md-nav__icon md-icon"></span>
+            Linux
+          </label>
+          <ul class="md-nav__list" data-md-scrollfix>
+            
+              
+                
+  
+  
+  
+  
+    
+    
+      
+        
+      
+        
+      
+        
+      
+    
+    
+      
+      
+        
+      
+    
+    
+    <li class="md-nav__item md-nav__item--nested">
+      
+        
+        
+        <input class="md-nav__toggle md-toggle " type="checkbox" id="__nav_6_1" >
+        
+          
+          <label class="md-nav__link" for="__nav_6_1" id="__nav_6_1_label" tabindex="0">
+            
+  
+  <span class="md-ellipsis">
+    Filesystem
+  </span>
+  
+
+            <span class="md-nav__icon md-icon"></span>
+          </label>
+        
+        <nav class="md-nav" data-md-level="2" aria-labelledby="__nav_6_1_label" aria-expanded="false">
+          <label class="md-nav__title" for="__nav_6_1">
+            <span class="md-nav__icon md-icon"></span>
+            Filesystem
+          </label>
+          <ul class="md-nav__list" data-md-scrollfix>
+            
+              
+                
+  
+  
+  
+  
+    <li class="md-nav__item">
+      <a href="../../../linux/filesystem/file-links.html" class="md-nav__link">
+        
+  
+  <span class="md-ellipsis">
+    File Links
+  </span>
+  
+
+      </a>
+    </li>
+  
+
+              
+            
+              
+                
+  
+  
+  
+  
+    <li class="md-nav__item">
+      <a href="../../../linux/filesystem/procfs.html" class="md-nav__link">
+        
+  
+  <span class="md-ellipsis">
+    /proc
+  </span>
+  
+
+      </a>
+    </li>
+  
+
+              
+            
+              
+                
+  
+  
+  
+  
+    <li class="md-nav__item">
+      <a href="../../../linux/filesystem/sysfs.html" class="md-nav__link">
+        
+  
+  <span class="md-ellipsis">
+    /sys
+  </span>
+  
+
+      </a>
+    </li>
+  
+
+              
+            
+          </ul>
+        </nav>
+      
+    </li>
+  
+
+              
+            
+              
+                
+  
+  
+  
+  
+    
+    
+      
+        
+      
+        
+      
+    
+    
+      
+      
+        
+      
+    
+    
+    <li class="md-nav__item md-nav__item--nested">
+      
+        
+        
+        <input class="md-nav__toggle md-toggle " type="checkbox" id="__nav_6_2" >
+        
+          
+          <label class="md-nav__link" for="__nav_6_2" id="__nav_6_2_label" tabindex="0">
+            
+  
+  <span class="md-ellipsis">
+    System Init
+  </span>
+  
+
+            <span class="md-nav__icon md-icon"></span>
+          </label>
+        
+        <nav class="md-nav" data-md-level="2" aria-labelledby="__nav_6_2_label" aria-expanded="false">
+          <label class="md-nav__title" for="__nav_6_2">
+            <span class="md-nav__icon md-icon"></span>
+            System Init
+          </label>
+          <ul class="md-nav__list" data-md-scrollfix>
+            
+              
+                
+  
+  
+  
+  
+    <li class="md-nav__item">
+      <a href="../../../linux/init/systemd.html" class="md-nav__link">
+        
+  
+  <span class="md-ellipsis">
+    Systemd
+  </span>
+  
+
+      </a>
+    </li>
+  
+
+              
+            
+              
+                
+  
+  
+  
+  
+    <li class="md-nav__item">
+      <a href="../../../linux/init/open-rc.html" class="md-nav__link">
+        
+  
+  <span class="md-ellipsis">
+    OpenRC
+  </span>
+  
+
+      </a>
+    </li>
+  
+
+              
+            
+          </ul>
+        </nav>
+      
+    </li>
+  
+
+              
+            
+          </ul>
+        </nav>
+      
+    </li>
+  
+
+    
+  </ul>
+</nav>
+                  </div>
+                </div>
+              </div>
+            
+            
+              
+              <div class="md-sidebar md-sidebar--secondary" data-md-component="sidebar" data-md-type="toc" >
+                <div class="md-sidebar__scrollwrap">
+                  <div class="md-sidebar__inner">
+                    
+
+<nav class="md-nav md-nav--secondary" aria-label="Table of contents">
+  
+  
+  
+    
+  
+  
+    <label class="md-nav__title" for="__toc">
+      <span class="md-nav__icon md-icon"></span>
+      Table of contents
+    </label>
+    <ul class="md-nav__list" data-md-component="toc" data-md-scrollfix>
+      
+        <li class="md-nav__item">
+  <a href="#testcase-class" class="md-nav__link">
+    <span class="md-ellipsis">
+      TestCase Class
+    </span>
+  </a>
+  
+    <nav class="md-nav" aria-label="TestCase Class">
+      <ul class="md-nav__list">
+        
+          <li class="md-nav__item">
+  <a href="#assert-methods" class="md-nav__link">
+    <span class="md-ellipsis">
+      Assert Methods
+    </span>
+  </a>
+  
+</li>
+        
+      </ul>
+    </nav>
+  
+</li>
+      
+    </ul>
+  
+</nav>
+                  </div>
+                </div>
+              </div>
+            
+          
+          
+            <div class="md-content" data-md-component="content">
+              <article class="md-content__inner md-typeset">
+                
+                  
+
+  
+  
+
+
+<h1 id="unittest-module">Unittest Module</h1>
+<div class="highlight"><table class="highlighttable"><tr><th colspan="2" class="filename"><span class="filename">Python</span></th></tr><tr><td class="linenos"><div class="linenodiv"><pre><span></span><span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-0-1"> 1</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-0-2"> 2</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-0-3"> 3</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-0-4"> 4</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-0-5"> 5</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-0-6"> 6</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-0-7"> 7</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-0-8"> 8</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-0-9"> 9</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-0-10">10</a></span></pre></div></td><td class="code"><div><pre><span></span><code><a id="__codelineno-0-1" name="__codelineno-0-1"></a><span class="kn">import</span> <span class="nn">unittest</span>
+<a id="__codelineno-0-2" name="__codelineno-0-2"></a><span class="kn">import</span> <span class="nn">module_under_test</span>
+<a id="__codelineno-0-3" name="__codelineno-0-3"></a>
+<a id="__codelineno-0-4" name="__codelineno-0-4"></a><span class="k">class</span> <span class="nc">Test</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="n">unittest</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">TestCase</span><span class="p">):</span>
+<a id="__codelineno-0-5" name="__codelineno-0-5"></a>
+<a id="__codelineno-0-6" name="__codelineno-0-6"></a>    <span class="k">def</span> <span class="nf">test_1</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="bp">self</span><span class="p">):</span>
+<a id="__codelineno-0-7" name="__codelineno-0-7"></a>        <span class="bp">self</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="k">assert</span><span class="o">*</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="n">output</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="n">expected_output</span><span class="p">)</span>
+<a id="__codelineno-0-8" name="__codelineno-0-8"></a>
+<a id="__codelineno-0-9" name="__codelineno-0-9"></a><span class="k">if</span> <span class="vm">__name__</span> <span class="o">==</span> <span class="s1">&#39;__main__&#39;</span><span class="p">:</span>
+<a id="__codelineno-0-10" name="__codelineno-0-10"></a>    <span class="n">unittest</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">main</span><span class="p">()</span>
+</code></pre></div></td></tr></table></div>
+<h2 id="testcase-class">TestCase Class</h2>
+<p>Instances of the <code>TestCase</code> class represent the logical test units in the unittest universe. This class is intended to be used as a base class, with specific tests being implemented by concrete subclasses. This class implements the interface needed by the test runner to allow it to drive the tests, and methods that the test code can use to check for and report various kinds of failure.</p>
+<h3 id="assert-methods">Assert Methods</h3>
+<table>
+<thead>
+<tr>
+<th>Method</th>
+<th>Checks that</th>
+</tr>
+</thead>
+<tbody>
+<tr>
+<td><code>assertEqual(a, b)</code></td>
+<td><code>a == b</code></td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+<td><code>assertNotEqual(a, b)</code></td>
+<td><code>a != b</code></td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+<td><code>assertTrue(x)</code></td>
+<td><code>bool(x) is True</code></td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+<td><code>assertFalse(x)</code></td>
+<td><code>bool(x) is False</code></td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+<td><code>assertIs(a, b)</code></td>
+<td><code>a is b</code></td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+<td><code>assertIsNot(a, b)</code></td>
+<td><code>a is not b</code></td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+<td><code>assertIsNone(x)</code></td>
+<td><code>x is None</code></td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+<td><code>assertIsNotNone(x)</code></td>
+<td><code>x is not None</code></td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+<td><code>assertIn(a, b)</code></td>
+<td><code>a in b</code></td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+<td><code>assertNotIn(a, b)</code></td>
+<td><code>a not in b</code></td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+<td><code>assertIsInstance(a, b)</code></td>
+<td><code>isinstance(a, b)</code></td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+<td><code>assertNotIsInstance(a, b)</code></td>
+<td><code>not isinstance(a, b)</code></td>
+</tr>
+</tbody>
+</table>
+<table>
+<thead>
+<tr>
+<th>Method</th>
+<th>Checks that</th>
+</tr>
+</thead>
+<tbody>
+<tr>
+<td><code>assertRaises(exc, fun, *args, **kwds)</code></td>
+<td><code>fun(*args, **kwds)</code> raises <em>exc</em></td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+<td><code>assertRaisesRegex(exc, r, fun, *args, **kwds)</code></td>
+<td><code>fun(*args, **kwds)</code> raises <em>exc</em> and the message matches regex <code>r</code></td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+<td><code>assertWarns(warn, fun, *args, **kwds)</code></td>
+<td><code>fun(*args, **kwds)</code> raises warn</td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+<td><code>assertWarnsRegex(warn, r, fun, *args, **kwds)</code></td>
+<td><code>fun(*args, **kwds)</code> raises warn and the message matches regex <em>r</em></td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+<td><code>assertLogs(logger, level)</code></td>
+<td>The with block logs on logger with minimum level</td>
+</tr>
+</tbody>
+</table>
+<table>
+<thead>
+<tr>
+<th>Method</th>
+<th>Checks that</th>
+</tr>
+</thead>
+<tbody>
+<tr>
+<td><code>assertAlmostEqual(a, b)</code></td>
+<td><code>round(a-b, 7) == 0</code></td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+<td><code>assertNotAlmostEqual(a, b)</code></td>
+<td><code>round(a-b, 7) != 0</code></td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+<td><code>assertGreater(a, b)</code></td>
+<td><code>a &gt; b</code></td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+<td><code>assertGreaterEqual(a, b)</code></td>
+<td><code>a &gt;= b</code></td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+<td><code>assertLess(a, b)</code></td>
+<td><code>a &lt; b</code></td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+<td><code>assertLessEqual(a, b)</code></td>
+<td><code>a &lt;= b</code></td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+<td><code>assertRegex(s, r)</code></td>
+<td><code>r.search(s)</code></td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+<td><code>assertNotRegex(s, r)</code></td>
+<td><code>not r.search(s)</code></td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+<td><code>assertCountEqual(a, b)</code></td>
+<td>a and b have the same elements in the same number, regardless of their order.</td>
+</tr>
+</tbody>
+</table>
+<table>
+<thead>
+<tr>
+<th>Method</th>
+<th>Used to compare</th>
+</tr>
+</thead>
+<tbody>
+<tr>
+<td><code>assertMultiLineEqual(a, b)</code></td>
+<td>strings</td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+<td><code>assertSequenceEqual(a, b)</code></td>
+<td>sequences</td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+<td><code>assertListEqual(a, b)</code></td>
+<td>lists</td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+<td><code>assertTupleEqual(a, b)</code></td>
+<td>tuples</td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+<td><code>assertSetEqual(a, b)</code></td>
+<td>sets or frozensets</td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+<td><code>assertDictEqual(a, b)</code></td>
+<td>dicts</td>
+</tr>
+</tbody>
+</table>
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+    <li class="md-nav__item md-nav__item--active">
+      
+      <input class="md-nav__toggle md-toggle" type="checkbox" id="__toc">
+      
+      
+        
+      
+      
+        <label class="md-nav__link md-nav__link--active" for="__toc">
+          
+  
+  <span class="md-ellipsis">
+    Python
+  </span>
+  
+
+          <span class="md-nav__icon md-icon"></span>
+        </label>
+      
+      <a href="python.html" class="md-nav__link md-nav__link--active">
+        
+  
+  <span class="md-ellipsis">
+    Python
+  </span>
+  
+
+      </a>
+      
+        
+
+<nav class="md-nav md-nav--secondary" aria-label="Table of contents">
+  
+  
+  
+    
+  
+  
+    <label class="md-nav__title" for="__toc">
+      <span class="md-nav__icon md-icon"></span>
+      Table of contents
+    </label>
+    <ul class="md-nav__list" data-md-component="toc" data-md-scrollfix>
+      
+        <li class="md-nav__item">
+  <a href="#basics" class="md-nav__link">
+    <span class="md-ellipsis">
+      Basics
+    </span>
+  </a>
+  
+    <nav class="md-nav" aria-label="Basics">
+      <ul class="md-nav__list">
+        
+          <li class="md-nav__item">
+  <a href="#naming-convention" class="md-nav__link">
+    <span class="md-ellipsis">
+      Naming Convention
+    </span>
+  </a>
+  
+</li>
+        
+          <li class="md-nav__item">
+  <a href="#assignment-operation" class="md-nav__link">
+    <span class="md-ellipsis">
+      Assignment Operation
+    </span>
+  </a>
+  
+</li>
+        
+          <li class="md-nav__item">
+  <a href="#variable-type-conversion" class="md-nav__link">
+    <span class="md-ellipsis">
+      Variable Type Conversion
+    </span>
+  </a>
+  
+</li>
+        
+          <li class="md-nav__item">
+  <a href="#expression-assignment" class="md-nav__link">
+    <span class="md-ellipsis">
+      Expression Assignment
+    </span>
+  </a>
+  
+</li>
+        
+          <li class="md-nav__item">
+  <a href="#variable-comparison-vs-is" class="md-nav__link">
+    <span class="md-ellipsis">
+      Variable Comparison (== vs is)
+    </span>
+  </a>
+  
+</li>
+        
+          <li class="md-nav__item">
+  <a href="#on-screen-output" class="md-nav__link">
+    <span class="md-ellipsis">
+      On Screen Output
+    </span>
+  </a>
+  
+</li>
+        
+          <li class="md-nav__item">
+  <a href="#format-specification-mini-language" class="md-nav__link">
+    <span class="md-ellipsis">
+      Format Specification Mini-Language
+    </span>
+  </a>
+  
+</li>
+        
+          <li class="md-nav__item">
+  <a href="#keyboard-input" class="md-nav__link">
+    <span class="md-ellipsis">
+      Keyboard Input
+    </span>
+  </a>
+  
+</li>
+        
+      </ul>
+    </nav>
+  
+</li>
+      
+        <li class="md-nav__item">
+  <a href="#numeric-types" class="md-nav__link">
+    <span class="md-ellipsis">
+      Numeric Types
+    </span>
+  </a>
+  
+    <nav class="md-nav" aria-label="Numeric Types">
+      <ul class="md-nav__list">
+        
+          <li class="md-nav__item">
+  <a href="#comparison-of-decimal-numbers" class="md-nav__link">
+    <span class="md-ellipsis">
+      Comparison of Decimal Numbers
+    </span>
+  </a>
+  
+</li>
+        
+      </ul>
+    </nav>
+  
+</li>
+      
+        <li class="md-nav__item">
+  <a href="#strings" class="md-nav__link">
+    <span class="md-ellipsis">
+      Strings
+    </span>
+  </a>
+  
+</li>
+      
+        <li class="md-nav__item">
+  <a href="#lists" class="md-nav__link">
+    <span class="md-ellipsis">
+      Lists
+    </span>
+  </a>
+  
+</li>
+      
+        <li class="md-nav__item">
+  <a href="#tuple" class="md-nav__link">
+    <span class="md-ellipsis">
+      Tuple
+    </span>
+  </a>
+  
+</li>
+      
+        <li class="md-nav__item">
+  <a href="#set" class="md-nav__link">
+    <span class="md-ellipsis">
+      Set
+    </span>
+  </a>
+  
+</li>
+      
+        <li class="md-nav__item">
+  <a href="#bytes-e-bytearray" class="md-nav__link">
+    <span class="md-ellipsis">
+      Bytes e Bytearray
+    </span>
+  </a>
+  
+</li>
+      
+        <li class="md-nav__item">
+  <a href="#encoding-decoding-unicode" class="md-nav__link">
+    <span class="md-ellipsis">
+      Encoding-Decoding &amp; Unicode
+    </span>
+  </a>
+  
+</li>
+      
+        <li class="md-nav__item">
+  <a href="#memoryview" class="md-nav__link">
+    <span class="md-ellipsis">
+      Memoryview
+    </span>
+  </a>
+  
+</li>
+      
+        <li class="md-nav__item">
+  <a href="#dictionaries" class="md-nav__link">
+    <span class="md-ellipsis">
+      Dictionaries
+    </span>
+  </a>
+  
+</li>
+      
+        <li class="md-nav__item">
+  <a href="#operators" class="md-nav__link">
+    <span class="md-ellipsis">
+      Operators
+    </span>
+  </a>
+  
+    <nav class="md-nav" aria-label="Operators">
+      <ul class="md-nav__list">
+        
+          <li class="md-nav__item">
+  <a href="#mathematical-operators" class="md-nav__link">
+    <span class="md-ellipsis">
+      Mathematical Operators
+    </span>
+  </a>
+  
+</li>
+        
+          <li class="md-nav__item">
+  <a href="#relational-operators" class="md-nav__link">
+    <span class="md-ellipsis">
+      Relational Operators
+    </span>
+  </a>
+  
+</li>
+        
+          <li class="md-nav__item">
+  <a href="#assignment" class="md-nav__link">
+    <span class="md-ellipsis">
+      Assignment
+    </span>
+  </a>
+  
+</li>
+        
+          <li class="md-nav__item">
+  <a href="#bitwise-operators" class="md-nav__link">
+    <span class="md-ellipsis">
+      Bitwise Operators
+    </span>
+  </a>
+  
+</li>
+        
+          <li class="md-nav__item">
+  <a href="#logical-operators" class="md-nav__link">
+    <span class="md-ellipsis">
+      Logical Operators
+    </span>
+  </a>
+  
+</li>
+        
+          <li class="md-nav__item">
+  <a href="#identity-operators" class="md-nav__link">
+    <span class="md-ellipsis">
+      Identity Operators
+    </span>
+  </a>
+  
+</li>
+        
+          <li class="md-nav__item">
+  <a href="#membership-operators" class="md-nav__link">
+    <span class="md-ellipsis">
+      Membership Operators
+    </span>
+  </a>
+  
+</li>
+        
+          <li class="md-nav__item">
+  <a href="#operator-precedence" class="md-nav__link">
+    <span class="md-ellipsis">
+      OPerator Precedence
+    </span>
+  </a>
+  
+</li>
+        
+      </ul>
+    </nav>
+  
+</li>
+      
+        <li class="md-nav__item">
+  <a href="#conditional-statements" class="md-nav__link">
+    <span class="md-ellipsis">
+      Conditional Statements
+    </span>
+  </a>
+  
+    <nav class="md-nav" aria-label="Conditional Statements">
+      <ul class="md-nav__list">
+        
+          <li class="md-nav__item">
+  <a href="#if-else" class="md-nav__link">
+    <span class="md-ellipsis">
+      if-else
+    </span>
+  </a>
+  
+</li>
+        
+          <li class="md-nav__item">
+  <a href="#context-manager" class="md-nav__link">
+    <span class="md-ellipsis">
+      Context Manager
+    </span>
+  </a>
+  
+</li>
+        
+      </ul>
+    </nav>
+  
+</li>
+      
+        <li class="md-nav__item">
+  <a href="#loops" class="md-nav__link">
+    <span class="md-ellipsis">
+      Loops
+    </span>
+  </a>
+  
+    <nav class="md-nav" aria-label="Loops">
+      <ul class="md-nav__list">
+        
+          <li class="md-nav__item">
+  <a href="#while" class="md-nav__link">
+    <span class="md-ellipsis">
+      while
+    </span>
+  </a>
+  
+</li>
+        
+          <li class="md-nav__item">
+  <a href="#for" class="md-nav__link">
+    <span class="md-ellipsis">
+      for
+    </span>
+  </a>
+  
+</li>
+        
+          <li class="md-nav__item">
+  <a href="#break-continue" class="md-nav__link">
+    <span class="md-ellipsis">
+      break &amp; continue
+    </span>
+  </a>
+  
+</li>
+        
+          <li class="md-nav__item">
+  <a href="#range" class="md-nav__link">
+    <span class="md-ellipsis">
+      range
+    </span>
+  </a>
+  
+</li>
+        
+          <li class="md-nav__item">
+  <a href="#enumerate" class="md-nav__link">
+    <span class="md-ellipsis">
+      enumerate
+    </span>
+  </a>
+  
+</li>
+        
+          <li class="md-nav__item">
+  <a href="#zip" class="md-nav__link">
+    <span class="md-ellipsis">
+      zip
+    </span>
+  </a>
+  
+</li>
+        
+          <li class="md-nav__item">
+  <a href="#shuffle-randint" class="md-nav__link">
+    <span class="md-ellipsis">
+      shuffle &amp; randint
+    </span>
+  </a>
+  
+</li>
+        
+          <li class="md-nav__item">
+  <a href="#in" class="md-nav__link">
+    <span class="md-ellipsis">
+      in
+    </span>
+  </a>
+  
+</li>
+        
+      </ul>
+    </nav>
+  
+</li>
+      
+        <li class="md-nav__item">
+  <a href="#functions" class="md-nav__link">
+    <span class="md-ellipsis">
+      Functions
+    </span>
+  </a>
+  
+    <nav class="md-nav" aria-label="Functions">
+      <ul class="md-nav__list">
+        
+          <li class="md-nav__item">
+  <a href="#function-definition" class="md-nav__link">
+    <span class="md-ellipsis">
+      Function Definition
+    </span>
+  </a>
+  
+</li>
+        
+          <li class="md-nav__item">
+  <a href="#specify-type-parameters-in-functions" class="md-nav__link">
+    <span class="md-ellipsis">
+      Specify Type Parameters In Functions
+    </span>
+  </a>
+  
+</li>
+        
+          <li class="md-nav__item">
+  <a href="#docstring-style" class="md-nav__link">
+    <span class="md-ellipsis">
+      Docstring Style
+    </span>
+  </a>
+  
+</li>
+        
+          <li class="md-nav__item">
+  <a href="#args-kwargs" class="md-nav__link">
+    <span class="md-ellipsis">
+      args *kwargs
+    </span>
+  </a>
+  
+</li>
+        
+          <li class="md-nav__item">
+  <a href="#function-with-default-parameters" class="md-nav__link">
+    <span class="md-ellipsis">
+      Function with default parameters
+    </span>
+  </a>
+  
+</li>
+        
+          <li class="md-nav__item">
+  <a href="#global-and-local-variables" class="md-nav__link">
+    <span class="md-ellipsis">
+      Global And Local Variables
+    </span>
+  </a>
+  
+</li>
+        
+          <li class="md-nav__item">
+  <a href="#iterables-iterators-generators" class="md-nav__link">
+    <span class="md-ellipsis">
+      Iterables, Iterators &amp; Generators
+    </span>
+  </a>
+  
+</li>
+        
+          <li class="md-nav__item">
+  <a href="#next-iter" class="md-nav__link">
+    <span class="md-ellipsis">
+      next() &amp; iter()
+    </span>
+  </a>
+  
+</li>
+        
+          <li class="md-nav__item">
+  <a href="#customs-generators" class="md-nav__link">
+    <span class="md-ellipsis">
+      Customs Generators
+    </span>
+  </a>
+  
+</li>
+        
+          <li class="md-nav__item">
+  <a href="#termination-generator-and-exception-handling" class="md-nav__link">
+    <span class="md-ellipsis">
+      Termination Generator And Exception Handling
+    </span>
+  </a>
+  
+</li>
+        
+          <li class="md-nav__item">
+  <a href="#generator-comprehensions" class="md-nav__link">
+    <span class="md-ellipsis">
+      Generator Comprehensions
+    </span>
+  </a>
+  
+</li>
+        
+      </ul>
+    </nav>
+  
+</li>
+      
+        <li class="md-nav__item">
+  <a href="#coroutines" class="md-nav__link">
+    <span class="md-ellipsis">
+      Coroutines
+    </span>
+  </a>
+  
+    <nav class="md-nav" aria-label="Coroutines">
+      <ul class="md-nav__list">
+        
+          <li class="md-nav__item">
+  <a href="#yield-from-iterabile" class="md-nav__link">
+    <span class="md-ellipsis">
+      yield from &lt;iterabile&gt;
+    </span>
+  </a>
+  
+</li>
+        
+      </ul>
+    </nav>
+  
+</li>
+      
+        <li class="md-nav__item">
+  <a href="#lambda-functions" class="md-nav__link">
+    <span class="md-ellipsis">
+      LAMBDA Functions
+    </span>
+  </a>
+  
+</li>
+      
+        <li class="md-nav__item">
+  <a href="#object-oriented-programming" class="md-nav__link">
+    <span class="md-ellipsis">
+      Object Oriented Programming
+    </span>
+  </a>
+  
+    <nav class="md-nav" aria-label="Object Oriented Programming">
+      <ul class="md-nav__list">
+        
+          <li class="md-nav__item">
+  <a href="#class-definition" class="md-nav__link">
+    <span class="md-ellipsis">
+      Class Definition
+    </span>
+  </a>
+  
+</li>
+        
+          <li class="md-nav__item">
+  <a href="#setter-getter-with-property" class="md-nav__link">
+    <span class="md-ellipsis">
+      Setter &amp; Getter with @Property
+    </span>
+  </a>
+  
+</li>
+        
+          <li class="md-nav__item">
+  <a href="#__slots__" class="md-nav__link">
+    <span class="md-ellipsis">
+      __slots__
+    </span>
+  </a>
+  
+</li>
+        
+          <li class="md-nav__item">
+  <a href="#inner-classes" class="md-nav__link">
+    <span class="md-ellipsis">
+      Inner Classes
+    </span>
+  </a>
+  
+</li>
+        
+          <li class="md-nav__item">
+  <a href="#special-methods" class="md-nav__link">
+    <span class="md-ellipsis">
+      Special Methods
+    </span>
+  </a>
+  
+    <nav class="md-nav" aria-label="Special Methods">
+      <ul class="md-nav__list">
+        
+          <li class="md-nav__item">
+  <a href="#special-methods-list" class="md-nav__link">
+    <span class="md-ellipsis">
+      Special Methods List
+    </span>
+  </a>
+  
+</li>
+        
+      </ul>
+    </nav>
+  
+</li>
+        
+          <li class="md-nav__item">
+  <a href="#inheritance" class="md-nav__link">
+    <span class="md-ellipsis">
+      Inheritance
+    </span>
+  </a>
+  
+</li>
+        
+          <li class="md-nav__item">
+  <a href="#polymorphism" class="md-nav__link">
+    <span class="md-ellipsis">
+      Polymorphism
+    </span>
+  </a>
+  
+</li>
+        
+          <li class="md-nav__item">
+  <a href="#operator-overloading" class="md-nav__link">
+    <span class="md-ellipsis">
+      Operator Overloading
+    </span>
+  </a>
+  
+</li>
+        
+          <li class="md-nav__item">
+  <a href="#astrazione" class="md-nav__link">
+    <span class="md-ellipsis">
+      Astrazione
+    </span>
+  </a>
+  
+</li>
+        
+      </ul>
+    </nav>
+  
+</li>
+      
+        <li class="md-nav__item">
+  <a href="#exception-handling" class="md-nav__link">
+    <span class="md-ellipsis">
+      Exception Handling
+    </span>
+  </a>
+  
+</li>
+      
+        <li class="md-nav__item">
+  <a href="#file" class="md-nav__link">
+    <span class="md-ellipsis">
+      File
+    </span>
+  </a>
+  
+    <nav class="md-nav" aria-label="File">
+      <ul class="md-nav__list">
+        
+          <li class="md-nav__item">
+  <a href="#opening-a-file" class="md-nav__link">
+    <span class="md-ellipsis">
+      Opening A File
+    </span>
+  </a>
+  
+</li>
+        
+      </ul>
+    </nav>
+  
+</li>
+      
+        <li class="md-nav__item">
+  <a href="#copy" class="md-nav__link">
+    <span class="md-ellipsis">
+      COPY
+    </span>
+  </a>
+  
+</li>
+      
+    </ul>
+  
+</nav>
+      
+    </li>
+  
+
+              
+            
+              
+                
+  
+  
+  
+  
+    
+    
+      
+        
+      
+        
+      
+        
+      
+        
+      
+        
+      
+        
+      
+        
+      
+        
+      
+        
+      
+        
+      
+        
+      
+        
+      
+        
+      
+    
+    
+      
+      
+        
+      
+    
+    
+    <li class="md-nav__item md-nav__item--nested">
+      
+        
+        
+        <input class="md-nav__toggle md-toggle " type="checkbox" id="__nav_4_8_2" >
+        
+          
+          <label class="md-nav__link" for="__nav_4_8_2" id="__nav_4_8_2_label" tabindex="0">
+            
+  
+  <span class="md-ellipsis">
+    Modules
+  </span>
+  
+
+            <span class="md-nav__icon md-icon"></span>
+          </label>
+        
+        <nav class="md-nav" data-md-level="3" aria-labelledby="__nav_4_8_2_label" aria-expanded="false">
+          <label class="md-nav__title" for="__nav_4_8_2">
+            <span class="md-nav__icon md-icon"></span>
+            Modules
+          </label>
+          <ul class="md-nav__list" data-md-scrollfix>
+            
+              
+                
+  
+  
+  
+  
+    <li class="md-nav__item">
+      <a href="modules/argparse.html" class="md-nav__link">
+        
+  
+  <span class="md-ellipsis">
+    argparse
+  </span>
+  
+
+      </a>
+    </li>
+  
+
+              
+            
+              
+                
+  
+  
+  
+  
+    <li class="md-nav__item">
+      <a href="modules/collections.html" class="md-nav__link">
+        
+  
+  <span class="md-ellipsis">
+    collection
+  </span>
+  
+
+      </a>
+    </li>
+  
+
+              
+            
+              
+                
+  
+  
+  
+  
+    <li class="md-nav__item">
+      <a href="modules/csv.html" class="md-nav__link">
+        
+  
+  <span class="md-ellipsis">
+    csv
+  </span>
+  
+
+      </a>
+    </li>
+  
+
+              
+            
+              
+                
+  
+  
+  
+  
+    <li class="md-nav__item">
+      <a href="modules/ftplib.html" class="md-nav__link">
+        
+  
+  <span class="md-ellipsis">
+    ftplib
+  </span>
+  
+
+      </a>
+    </li>
+  
+
+              
+            
+              
+                
+  
+  
+  
+  
+    <li class="md-nav__item">
+      <a href="modules/itertools.html" class="md-nav__link">
+        
+  
+  <span class="md-ellipsis">
+    itertools
+  </span>
+  
+
+      </a>
+    </li>
+  
+
+              
+            
+              
+                
+  
+  
+  
+  
+    <li class="md-nav__item">
+      <a href="modules/json.html" class="md-nav__link">
+        
+  
+  <span class="md-ellipsis">
+    json
+  </span>
+  
+
+      </a>
+    </li>
+  
+
+              
+            
+              
+                
+  
+  
+  
+  
+    <li class="md-nav__item">
+      <a href="modules/logging.html" class="md-nav__link">
+        
+  
+  <span class="md-ellipsis">
+    logging
+  </span>
+  
+
+      </a>
+    </li>
+  
+
+              
+            
+              
+                
+  
+  
+  
+  
+    <li class="md-nav__item">
+      <a href="modules/shutil.html" class="md-nav__link">
+        
+  
+  <span class="md-ellipsis">
+    shutil
+  </span>
+  
+
+      </a>
+    </li>
+  
+
+              
+            
+              
+                
+  
+  
+  
+  
+    <li class="md-nav__item">
+      <a href="modules/smtplib.html" class="md-nav__link">
+        
+  
+  <span class="md-ellipsis">
+    smtplib
+  </span>
+  
+
+      </a>
+    </li>
+  
+
+              
+            
+              
+                
+  
+  
+  
+  
+    <li class="md-nav__item">
+      <a href="modules/socket.html" class="md-nav__link">
+        
+  
+  <span class="md-ellipsis">
+    socket
+  </span>
+  
+
+      </a>
+    </li>
+  
+
+              
+            
+              
+                
+  
+  
+  
+  
+    <li class="md-nav__item">
+      <a href="modules/sqlite.html" class="md-nav__link">
+        
+  
+  <span class="md-ellipsis">
+    sqlite
+  </span>
+  
+
+      </a>
+    </li>
+  
+
+              
+            
+              
+                
+  
+  
+  
+  
+    <li class="md-nav__item">
+      <a href="modules/time-datetime.html" class="md-nav__link">
+        
+  
+  <span class="md-ellipsis">
+    time & datetime
+  </span>
+  
+
+      </a>
+    </li>
+  
+
+              
+            
+              
+                
+  
+  
+  
+  
+    <li class="md-nav__item">
+      <a href="modules/unittest.html" class="md-nav__link">
+        
+  
+  <span class="md-ellipsis">
+    unittest
+  </span>
+  
+
+      </a>
+    </li>
+  
+
+              
+            
+          </ul>
+        </nav>
+      
+    </li>
+  
+
+              
+            
+              
+                
+  
+  
+  
+  
+    
+    
+      
+        
+      
+        
+      
+        
+      
+        
+      
+        
+      
+        
+      
+    
+    
+      
+      
+        
+      
+    
+    
+    <li class="md-nav__item md-nav__item--nested">
+      
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+        
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+          <label class="md-nav__link" for="__nav_4_8_3" id="__nav_4_8_3_label" tabindex="0">
+            
+  
+  <span class="md-ellipsis">
+    Libraries
+  </span>
+  
+
+            <span class="md-nav__icon md-icon"></span>
+          </label>
+        
+        <nav class="md-nav" data-md-level="3" aria-labelledby="__nav_4_8_3_label" aria-expanded="false">
+          <label class="md-nav__title" for="__nav_4_8_3">
+            <span class="md-nav__icon md-icon"></span>
+            Libraries
+          </label>
+          <ul class="md-nav__list" data-md-scrollfix>
+            
+              
+                
+  
+  
+  
+  
+    <li class="md-nav__item">
+      <a href="libs/tkinter.html" class="md-nav__link">
+        
+  
+  <span class="md-ellipsis">
+    TKinter
+  </span>
+  
+
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+    </li>
+  
+
+              
+            
+              
+                
+  
+  
+  
+  
+    <li class="md-nav__item">
+      <a href="libs/numpy.html" class="md-nav__link">
+        
+  
+  <span class="md-ellipsis">
+    Numpy
+  </span>
+  
+
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+    </li>
+  
+
+              
+            
+              
+                
+  
+  
+  
+  
+    <li class="md-nav__item">
+      <a href="libs/pandas.html" class="md-nav__link">
+        
+  
+  <span class="md-ellipsis">
+    Pandas
+  </span>
+  
+
+      </a>
+    </li>
+  
+
+              
+            
+              
+                
+  
+  
+  
+  
+    <li class="md-nav__item">
+      <a href="libs/seaborn.html" class="md-nav__link">
+        
+  
+  <span class="md-ellipsis">
+    Seaborn
+  </span>
+  
+
+      </a>
+    </li>
+  
+
+              
+            
+              
+                
+  
+  
+  
+  
+    <li class="md-nav__item">
+      <a href="libs/requests.html" class="md-nav__link">
+        
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+  <span class="md-ellipsis">
+    Requests
+  </span>
+  
+
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+    </li>
+  
+
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+                
+  
+  
+  
+  
+    <li class="md-nav__item">
+      <a href="libs/beautiful-soup.html" class="md-nav__link">
+        
+  
+  <span class="md-ellipsis">
+    Beatiful Soup
+  </span>
+  
+
+      </a>
+    </li>
+  
+
+              
+            
+          </ul>
+        </nav>
+      
+    </li>
+  
+
+              
+            
+          </ul>
+        </nav>
+      
+    </li>
+  
+
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+            
+              
+                
+  
+  
+  
+  
+    
+    
+      
+        
+      
+        
+      
+        
+      
+    
+    
+      
+      
+        
+          
+          
+        
+      
+    
+    
+    <li class="md-nav__item md-nav__item--section md-nav__item--nested">
+      
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+        <input class="md-nav__toggle md-toggle " type="checkbox" id="__nav_4_9" >
+        
+          
+          <label class="md-nav__link" for="__nav_4_9" id="__nav_4_9_label" tabindex="">
+            
+  
+  <span class="md-ellipsis">
+    .NET
+  </span>
+  
+
+            <span class="md-nav__icon md-icon"></span>
+          </label>
+        
+        <nav class="md-nav" data-md-level="2" aria-labelledby="__nav_4_9_label" aria-expanded="false">
+          <label class="md-nav__title" for="__nav_4_9">
+            <span class="md-nav__icon md-icon"></span>
+            .NET
+          </label>
+          <ul class="md-nav__list" data-md-scrollfix>
+            
+              
+                
+  
+  
+  
+  
+    
+    
+      
+        
+      
+        
+      
+        
+      
+        
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+        
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+      
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+      
+        
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+    
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+    <li class="md-nav__item md-nav__item--nested">
+      
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+        <input class="md-nav__toggle md-toggle " type="checkbox" id="__nav_4_9_1" >
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+            
+  
+  <span class="md-ellipsis">
+    C#
+  </span>
+  
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+            <span class="md-nav__icon md-icon"></span>
+          </label>
+        
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+          <label class="md-nav__title" for="__nav_4_9_1">
+            <span class="md-nav__icon md-icon"></span>
+            C#
+          </label>
+          <ul class="md-nav__list" data-md-scrollfix>
+            
+              
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+  
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+  
+  
+    <li class="md-nav__item">
+      <a href="../dotnet/csharp/csharp.html" class="md-nav__link">
+        
+  
+  <span class="md-ellipsis">
+    C#
+  </span>
+  
+
+      </a>
+    </li>
+  
+
+              
+            
+              
+                
+  
+  
+  
+  
+    <li class="md-nav__item">
+      <a href="../dotnet/csharp/linq.html" class="md-nav__link">
+        
+  
+  <span class="md-ellipsis">
+    Linq
+  </span>
+  
+
+      </a>
+    </li>
+  
+
+              
+            
+              
+                
+  
+  
+  
+  
+    <li class="md-nav__item">
+      <a href="../dotnet/csharp/collections.html" class="md-nav__link">
+        
+  
+  <span class="md-ellipsis">
+    Collections
+  </span>
+  
+
+      </a>
+    </li>
+  
+
+              
+            
+              
+                
+  
+  
+  
+  
+    <li class="md-nav__item">
+      <a href="../dotnet/csharp/reactive-extensions.html" class="md-nav__link">
+        
+  
+  <span class="md-ellipsis">
+    Reactive Extensions
+  </span>
+  
+
+      </a>
+    </li>
+  
+
+              
+            
+              
+                
+  
+  
+  
+  
+    <li class="md-nav__item">
+      <a href="../dotnet/csharp/async-programming.html" class="md-nav__link">
+        
+  
+  <span class="md-ellipsis">
+    Async Programming
+  </span>
+  
+
+      </a>
+    </li>
+  
+
+              
+            
+              
+                
+  
+  
+  
+  
+    <li class="md-nav__item">
+      <a href="../dotnet/csharp/unit-tests.html" class="md-nav__link">
+        
+  
+  <span class="md-ellipsis">
+    Unit Tests
+  </span>
+  
+
+      </a>
+    </li>
+  
+
+              
+            
+          </ul>
+        </nav>
+      
+    </li>
+  
+
+              
+            
+              
+                
+  
+  
+  
+  
+    
+    
+      
+        
+      
+        
+      
+        
+      
+        
+      
+        
+      
+        
+      
+        
+      
+    
+    
+      
+      
+        
+      
+    
+    
+    <li class="md-nav__item md-nav__item--nested">
+      
+        
+        
+        <input class="md-nav__toggle md-toggle " type="checkbox" id="__nav_4_9_2" >
+        
+          
+          <label class="md-nav__link" for="__nav_4_9_2" id="__nav_4_9_2_label" tabindex="0">
+            
+  
+  <span class="md-ellipsis">
+    ASP.NET
+  </span>
+  
+
+            <span class="md-nav__icon md-icon"></span>
+          </label>
+        
+        <nav class="md-nav" data-md-level="3" aria-labelledby="__nav_4_9_2_label" aria-expanded="false">
+          <label class="md-nav__title" for="__nav_4_9_2">
+            <span class="md-nav__icon md-icon"></span>
+            ASP.NET
+          </label>
+          <ul class="md-nav__list" data-md-scrollfix>
+            
+              
+                
+  
+  
+  
+  
+    <li class="md-nav__item">
+      <a href="../dotnet/asp.net/minimal-api.html" class="md-nav__link">
+        
+  
+  <span class="md-ellipsis">
+    Minimal API
+  </span>
+  
+
+      </a>
+    </li>
+  
+
+              
+            
+              
+                
+  
+  
+  
+  
+    <li class="md-nav__item">
+      <a href="../dotnet/asp.net/filters.html" class="md-nav__link">
+        
+  
+  <span class="md-ellipsis">
+    FIlters
+  </span>
+  
+
+      </a>
+    </li>
+  
+
+              
+            
+              
+                
+  
+  
+  
+  
+    <li class="md-nav__item">
+      <a href="../dotnet/asp.net/middleware.html" class="md-nav__link">
+        
+  
+  <span class="md-ellipsis">
+    Middleware
+  </span>
+  
+
+      </a>
+    </li>
+  
+
+              
+            
+              
+                
+  
+  
+  
+  
+    <li class="md-nav__item">
+      <a href="../dotnet/asp.net/razor-syntax.html" class="md-nav__link">
+        
+  
+  <span class="md-ellipsis">
+    Razor Syntax
+  </span>
+  
+
+      </a>
+    </li>
+  
+
+              
+            
+              
+                
+  
+  
+  
+  
+    <li class="md-nav__item">
+      <a href="../dotnet/asp.net/blazor.html" class="md-nav__link">
+        
+  
+  <span class="md-ellipsis">
+    Blazor
+  </span>
+  
+
+      </a>
+    </li>
+  
+
+              
+            
+              
+                
+  
+  
+  
+  
+    <li class="md-nav__item">
+      <a href="../dotnet/asp.net/signalr.html" class="md-nav__link">
+        
+  
+  <span class="md-ellipsis">
+    SignalR
+  </span>
+  
+
+      </a>
+    </li>
+  
+
+              
+            
+              
+                
+  
+  
+  
+  
+    <li class="md-nav__item">
+      <a href="../dotnet/asp.net/web-forms.html" class="md-nav__link">
+        
+  
+  <span class="md-ellipsis">
+    Web Forms
+  </span>
+  
+
+      </a>
+    </li>
+  
+
+              
+            
+          </ul>
+        </nav>
+      
+    </li>
+  
+
+              
+            
+              
+                
+  
+  
+  
+  
+    
+    
+      
+        
+      
+        
+      
+    
+    
+      
+      
+        
+      
+    
+    
+    <li class="md-nav__item md-nav__item--nested">
+      
+        
+        
+        <input class="md-nav__toggle md-toggle " type="checkbox" id="__nav_4_9_3" >
+        
+          
+          <label class="md-nav__link" for="__nav_4_9_3" id="__nav_4_9_3_label" tabindex="0">
+            
+  
+  <span class="md-ellipsis">
+    Database
+  </span>
+  
+
+            <span class="md-nav__icon md-icon"></span>
+          </label>
+        
+        <nav class="md-nav" data-md-level="3" aria-labelledby="__nav_4_9_3_label" aria-expanded="false">
+          <label class="md-nav__title" for="__nav_4_9_3">
+            <span class="md-nav__icon md-icon"></span>
+            Database
+          </label>
+          <ul class="md-nav__list" data-md-scrollfix>
+            
+              
+                
+  
+  
+  
+  
+    <li class="md-nav__item">
+      <a href="../dotnet/database/ado.net.html" class="md-nav__link">
+        
+  
+  <span class="md-ellipsis">
+    ADO.NET
+  </span>
+  
+
+      </a>
+    </li>
+  
+
+              
+            
+              
+                
+  
+  
+  
+  
+    <li class="md-nav__item">
+      <a href="../dotnet/database/entity-framework.html" class="md-nav__link">
+        
+  
+  <span class="md-ellipsis">
+    Entity Framework
+  </span>
+  
+
+      </a>
+    </li>
+  
+
+              
+            
+          </ul>
+        </nav>
+      
+    </li>
+  
+
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+            
+          </ul>
+        </nav>
+      
+    </li>
+  
+
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+            
+              
+                
+  
+  
+  
+  
+    
+    
+      
+        
+      
+        
+      
+        
+      
+        
+      
+    
+    
+      
+      
+        
+          
+          
+        
+      
+    
+    
+    <li class="md-nav__item md-nav__item--section md-nav__item--nested">
+      
+        
+        
+        <input class="md-nav__toggle md-toggle " type="checkbox" id="__nav_4_10" >
+        
+          
+          <label class="md-nav__link" for="__nav_4_10" id="__nav_4_10_label" tabindex="">
+            
+  
+  <span class="md-ellipsis">
+    Java
+  </span>
+  
+
+            <span class="md-nav__icon md-icon"></span>
+          </label>
+        
+        <nav class="md-nav" data-md-level="2" aria-labelledby="__nav_4_10_label" aria-expanded="false">
+          <label class="md-nav__title" for="__nav_4_10">
+            <span class="md-nav__icon md-icon"></span>
+            Java
+          </label>
+          <ul class="md-nav__list" data-md-scrollfix>
+            
+              
+                
+  
+  
+  
+  
+    <li class="md-nav__item">
+      <a href="../java/java.html" class="md-nav__link">
+        
+  
+  <span class="md-ellipsis">
+    Java
+  </span>
+  
+
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+    </li>
+  
+
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+            
+              
+                
+  
+  
+  
+  
+    <li class="md-nav__item">
+      <a href="../java/java-collection-framework.html" class="md-nav__link">
+        
+  
+  <span class="md-ellipsis">
+    Java Collection Framework
+  </span>
+  
+
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+    </li>
+  
+
+              
+            
+              
+                
+  
+  
+  
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+    <li class="md-nav__item">
+      <a href="../java/dao.html" class="md-nav__link">
+        
+  
+  <span class="md-ellipsis">
+    DAO
+  </span>
+  
+
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+    </li>
+  
+
+              
+            
+              
+                
+  
+  
+  
+  
+    
+    
+      
+        
+      
+        
+      
+    
+    
+      
+      
+        
+      
+    
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+    <li class="md-nav__item md-nav__item--nested">
+      
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+            
+  
+  <span class="md-ellipsis">
+    Web
+  </span>
+  
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+          </label>
+        
+        <nav class="md-nav" data-md-level="3" aria-labelledby="__nav_4_10_4_label" aria-expanded="false">
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+            <span class="md-nav__icon md-icon"></span>
+            Web
+          </label>
+          <ul class="md-nav__list" data-md-scrollfix>
+            
+              
+                
+  
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+  
+  
+    <li class="md-nav__item">
+      <a href="../java/web/servlet.html" class="md-nav__link">
+        
+  
+  <span class="md-ellipsis">
+    Serverlet
+  </span>
+  
+
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+    </li>
+  
+
+              
+            
+              
+                
+  
+  
+  
+  
+    
+    
+      
+        
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+        
+      
+    
+    
+      
+      
+        
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+    
+    <li class="md-nav__item md-nav__item--nested">
+      
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+          <label class="md-nav__link" for="__nav_4_10_4_2" id="__nav_4_10_4_2_label" tabindex="0">
+            
+  
+  <span class="md-ellipsis">
+    Spring
+  </span>
+  
+
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+          </label>
+        
+        <nav class="md-nav" data-md-level="4" aria-labelledby="__nav_4_10_4_2_label" aria-expanded="false">
+          <label class="md-nav__title" for="__nav_4_10_4_2">
+            <span class="md-nav__icon md-icon"></span>
+            Spring
+          </label>
+          <ul class="md-nav__list" data-md-scrollfix>
+            
+              
+                
+  
+  
+  
+  
+    <li class="md-nav__item">
+      <a href="../java/spring/pom.xml.html" class="md-nav__link">
+        
+  
+  <span class="md-ellipsis">
+    POM
+  </span>
+  
+
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+    </li>
+  
+
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+            
+              
+                
+  
+  
+  
+  
+    <li class="md-nav__item">
+      <a href="../java/spring/spring-project.html" class="md-nav__link">
+        
+  
+  <span class="md-ellipsis">
+    Project Structure
+  </span>
+  
+
+      </a>
+    </li>
+  
+
+              
+            
+          </ul>
+        </nav>
+      
+    </li>
+  
+
+              
+            
+          </ul>
+        </nav>
+      
+    </li>
+  
+
+              
+            
+          </ul>
+        </nav>
+      
+    </li>
+  
+
+              
+            
+              
+                
+  
+  
+  
+  
+    
+    
+      
+        
+      
+        
+      
+        
+      
+        
+      
+        
+      
+        
+      
+        
+      
+        
+      
+        
+      
+    
+    
+      
+      
+        
+          
+          
+        
+      
+    
+    
+    <li class="md-nav__item md-nav__item--section md-nav__item--nested">
+      
+        
+        
+        <input class="md-nav__toggle md-toggle " type="checkbox" id="__nav_4_11" >
+        
+          
+          <label class="md-nav__link" for="__nav_4_11" id="__nav_4_11_label" tabindex="">
+            
+  
+  <span class="md-ellipsis">
+    PHP
+  </span>
+  
+
+            <span class="md-nav__icon md-icon"></span>
+          </label>
+        
+        <nav class="md-nav" data-md-level="2" aria-labelledby="__nav_4_11_label" aria-expanded="false">
+          <label class="md-nav__title" for="__nav_4_11">
+            <span class="md-nav__icon md-icon"></span>
+            PHP
+          </label>
+          <ul class="md-nav__list" data-md-scrollfix>
+            
+              
+                
+  
+  
+  
+  
+    <li class="md-nav__item">
+      <a href="../php/php.html" class="md-nav__link">
+        
+  
+  <span class="md-ellipsis">
+    PHP
+  </span>
+  
+
+      </a>
+    </li>
+  
+
+              
+            
+              
+                
+  
+  
+  
+  
+    <li class="md-nav__item">
+      <a href="../php/database.html" class="md-nav__link">
+        
+  
+  <span class="md-ellipsis">
+    Database
+  </span>
+  
+
+      </a>
+    </li>
+  
+
+              
+            
+              
+                
+  
+  
+  
+  
+    <li class="md-nav__item">
+      <a href="../php/web.html" class="md-nav__link">
+        
+  
+  <span class="md-ellipsis">
+    Web
+  </span>
+  
+
+      </a>
+    </li>
+  
+
+              
+            
+              
+                
+  
+  
+  
+  
+    <li class="md-nav__item">
+      <a href="../php/dependency-injection.html" class="md-nav__link">
+        
+  
+  <span class="md-ellipsis">
+    Dependency Injection
+  </span>
+  
+
+      </a>
+    </li>
+  
+
+              
+            
+              
+                
+  
+  
+  
+  
+    <li class="md-nav__item">
+      <a href="../php/unit-tests.html" class="md-nav__link">
+        
+  
+  <span class="md-ellipsis">
+    Unit Tests
+  </span>
+  
+
+      </a>
+    </li>
+  
+
+              
+            
+              
+                
+  
+  
+  
+  
+    <li class="md-nav__item">
+      <a href="../php/composer.html" class="md-nav__link">
+        
+  
+  <span class="md-ellipsis">
+    Composer
+  </span>
+  
+
+      </a>
+    </li>
+  
+
+              
+            
+              
+                
+  
+  
+  
+  
+    <li class="md-nav__item">
+      <a href="../php/psr-7.html" class="md-nav__link">
+        
+  
+  <span class="md-ellipsis">
+    PSR 7
+  </span>
+  
+
+      </a>
+    </li>
+  
+
+              
+            
+              
+                
+  
+  
+  
+  
+    <li class="md-nav__item">
+      <a href="../php/plates-templating.html" class="md-nav__link">
+        
+  
+  <span class="md-ellipsis">
+    Plates
+  </span>
+  
+
+      </a>
+    </li>
+  
+
+              
+            
+              
+                
+  
+  
+  
+  
+    
+    
+      
+        
+      
+        
+      
+    
+    
+      
+      
+        
+      
+    
+    
+    <li class="md-nav__item md-nav__item--nested">
+      
+        
+        
+        <input class="md-nav__toggle md-toggle " type="checkbox" id="__nav_4_11_9" >
+        
+          
+          <label class="md-nav__link" for="__nav_4_11_9" id="__nav_4_11_9_label" tabindex="0">
+            
+  
+  <span class="md-ellipsis">
+    Simple MVC
+  </span>
+  
+
+            <span class="md-nav__icon md-icon"></span>
+          </label>
+        
+        <nav class="md-nav" data-md-level="3" aria-labelledby="__nav_4_11_9_label" aria-expanded="false">
+          <label class="md-nav__title" for="__nav_4_11_9">
+            <span class="md-nav__icon md-icon"></span>
+            Simple MVC
+          </label>
+          <ul class="md-nav__list" data-md-scrollfix>
+            
+              
+                
+  
+  
+  
+  
+    <li class="md-nav__item">
+      <a href="../php/simple-mvc/simple-mvc.html" class="md-nav__link">
+        
+  
+  <span class="md-ellipsis">
+    Simple MVC
+  </span>
+  
+
+      </a>
+    </li>
+  
+
+              
+            
+              
+                
+  
+  
+  
+  
+    <li class="md-nav__item">
+      <a href="../php/simple-mvc/rest-api.html" class="md-nav__link">
+        
+  
+  <span class="md-ellipsis">
+    REST API
+  </span>
+  
+
+      </a>
+    </li>
+  
+
+              
+            
+          </ul>
+        </nav>
+      
+    </li>
+  
+
+              
+            
+          </ul>
+        </nav>
+      
+    </li>
+  
+
+              
+            
+              
+                
+  
+  
+  
+  
+    
+    
+      
+        
+      
+        
+      
+        
+      
+        
+      
+        
+      
+    
+    
+      
+      
+        
+          
+          
+        
+      
+    
+    
+    <li class="md-nav__item md-nav__item--section md-nav__item--nested">
+      
+        
+        
+        <input class="md-nav__toggle md-toggle " type="checkbox" id="__nav_4_12" >
+        
+          
+          <label class="md-nav__link" for="__nav_4_12" id="__nav_4_12_label" tabindex="">
+            
+  
+  <span class="md-ellipsis">
+    Rust
+  </span>
+  
+
+            <span class="md-nav__icon md-icon"></span>
+          </label>
+        
+        <nav class="md-nav" data-md-level="2" aria-labelledby="__nav_4_12_label" aria-expanded="false">
+          <label class="md-nav__title" for="__nav_4_12">
+            <span class="md-nav__icon md-icon"></span>
+            Rust
+          </label>
+          <ul class="md-nav__list" data-md-scrollfix>
+            
+              
+                
+  
+  
+  
+  
+    <li class="md-nav__item">
+      <a href="../rust/rust.html" class="md-nav__link">
+        
+  
+  <span class="md-ellipsis">
+    Rust
+  </span>
+  
+
+      </a>
+    </li>
+  
+
+              
+            
+              
+                
+  
+  
+  
+  
+    <li class="md-nav__item">
+      <a href="../rust/macros.html" class="md-nav__link">
+        
+  
+  <span class="md-ellipsis">
+    Macros
+  </span>
+  
+
+      </a>
+    </li>
+  
+
+              
+            
+              
+                
+  
+  
+  
+  
+    <li class="md-nav__item">
+      <a href="../rust/cargo.html" class="md-nav__link">
+        
+  
+  <span class="md-ellipsis">
+    Cargo
+  </span>
+  
+
+      </a>
+    </li>
+  
+
+              
+            
+              
+                
+  
+  
+  
+  
+    <li class="md-nav__item">
+      <a href="../rust/concurrency.html" class="md-nav__link">
+        
+  
+  <span class="md-ellipsis">
+    Concurrency
+  </span>
+  
+
+      </a>
+    </li>
+  
+
+              
+            
+              
+                
+  
+  
+  
+  
+    <li class="md-nav__item">
+      <a href="../rust/unit-tests.html" class="md-nav__link">
+        
+  
+  <span class="md-ellipsis">
+    Unit Tests
+  </span>
+  
+
+      </a>
+    </li>
+  
+
+              
+            
+          </ul>
+        </nav>
+      
+    </li>
+  
+
+              
+            
+              
+                
+  
+  
+  
+  
+    
+    
+      
+        
+      
+        
+      
+        
+      
+        
+      
+        
+      
+        
+      
+        
+      
+    
+    
+      
+      
+        
+          
+          
+        
+      
+    
+    
+    <li class="md-nav__item md-nav__item--section md-nav__item--nested">
+      
+        
+        
+        <input class="md-nav__toggle md-toggle " type="checkbox" id="__nav_4_13" >
+        
+          
+          <label class="md-nav__link" for="__nav_4_13" id="__nav_4_13_label" tabindex="">
+            
+  
+  <span class="md-ellipsis">
+    Javascript
+  </span>
+  
+
+            <span class="md-nav__icon md-icon"></span>
+          </label>
+        
+        <nav class="md-nav" data-md-level="2" aria-labelledby="__nav_4_13_label" aria-expanded="false">
+          <label class="md-nav__title" for="__nav_4_13">
+            <span class="md-nav__icon md-icon"></span>
+            Javascript
+          </label>
+          <ul class="md-nav__list" data-md-scrollfix>
+            
+              
+                
+  
+  
+  
+  
+    <li class="md-nav__item">
+      <a href="../javascript/javascript.html" class="md-nav__link">
+        
+  
+  <span class="md-ellipsis">
+    Javascript
+  </span>
+  
+
+      </a>
+    </li>
+  
+
+              
+            
+              
+                
+  
+  
+  
+  
+    <li class="md-nav__item">
+      <a href="../javascript/dom.html" class="md-nav__link">
+        
+  
+  <span class="md-ellipsis">
+    DOM
+  </span>
+  
+
+      </a>
+    </li>
+  
+
+              
+            
+              
+                
+  
+  
+  
+  
+    <li class="md-nav__item">
+      <a href="../javascript/events-animation.html" class="md-nav__link">
+        
+  
+  <span class="md-ellipsis">
+    Events & Animation
+  </span>
+  
+
+      </a>
+    </li>
+  
+
+              
+            
+              
+                
+  
+  
+  
+  
+    <li class="md-nav__item">
+      <a href="../javascript/ajax.html" class="md-nav__link">
+        
+  
+  <span class="md-ellipsis">
+    AJAX
+  </span>
+  
+
+      </a>
+    </li>
+  
+
+              
+            
+              
+                
+  
+  
+  
+  
+    <li class="md-nav__item">
+      <a href="../javascript/jquery.html" class="md-nav__link">
+        
+  
+  <span class="md-ellipsis">
+    jQuery
+  </span>
+  
+
+      </a>
+    </li>
+  
+
+              
+            
+              
+                
+  
+  
+  
+  
+    
+    
+      
+        
+      
+        
+      
+        
+      
+        
+      
+        
+      
+    
+    
+      
+      
+        
+      
+    
+    
+    <li class="md-nav__item md-nav__item--nested">
+      
+        
+        
+        <input class="md-nav__toggle md-toggle " type="checkbox" id="__nav_4_13_6" >
+        
+          
+          <label class="md-nav__link" for="__nav_4_13_6" id="__nav_4_13_6_label" tabindex="0">
+            
+  
+  <span class="md-ellipsis">
+    React
+  </span>
+  
+
+            <span class="md-nav__icon md-icon"></span>
+          </label>
+        
+        <nav class="md-nav" data-md-level="3" aria-labelledby="__nav_4_13_6_label" aria-expanded="false">
+          <label class="md-nav__title" for="__nav_4_13_6">
+            <span class="md-nav__icon md-icon"></span>
+            React
+          </label>
+          <ul class="md-nav__list" data-md-scrollfix>
+            
+              
+                
+  
+  
+  
+  
+    <li class="md-nav__item">
+      <a href="../javascript/react/react.html" class="md-nav__link">
+        
+  
+  <span class="md-ellipsis">
+    React
+  </span>
+  
+
+      </a>
+    </li>
+  
+
+              
+            
+              
+                
+  
+  
+  
+  
+    <li class="md-nav__item">
+      <a href="../javascript/react/react-router.html" class="md-nav__link">
+        
+  
+  <span class="md-ellipsis">
+    React Router
+  </span>
+  
+
+      </a>
+    </li>
+  
+
+              
+            
+              
+                
+  
+  
+  
+  
+    <li class="md-nav__item">
+      <a href="../javascript/react/react-tests.html" class="md-nav__link">
+        
+  
+  <span class="md-ellipsis">
+    React Tests
+  </span>
+  
+
+      </a>
+    </li>
+  
+
+              
+            
+              
+                
+  
+  
+  
+  
+    <li class="md-nav__item">
+      <a href="../javascript/react/redux.html" class="md-nav__link">
+        
+  
+  <span class="md-ellipsis">
+    Redux
+  </span>
+  
+
+      </a>
+    </li>
+  
+
+              
+            
+              
+                
+  
+  
+  
+  
+    <li class="md-nav__item">
+      <a href="../javascript/react/redux-tests.html" class="md-nav__link">
+        
+  
+  <span class="md-ellipsis">
+    Redux Tests
+  </span>
+  
+
+      </a>
+    </li>
+  
+
+              
+            
+          </ul>
+        </nav>
+      
+    </li>
+  
+
+              
+            
+              
+                
+  
+  
+  
+  
+    <li class="md-nav__item">
+      <a href="../javascript/svelte/svelte.html" class="md-nav__link">
+        
+  
+  <span class="md-ellipsis">
+    Svelte
+  </span>
+  
+
+      </a>
+    </li>
+  
+
+              
+            
+          </ul>
+        </nav>
+      
+    </li>
+  
+
+              
+            
+              
+                
+  
+  
+  
+  
+    
+    
+      
+        
+      
+        
+      
+    
+    
+      
+      
+        
+          
+          
+        
+      
+    
+    
+    <li class="md-nav__item md-nav__item--section md-nav__item--nested">
+      
+        
+        
+        <input class="md-nav__toggle md-toggle " type="checkbox" id="__nav_4_14" >
+        
+          
+          <label class="md-nav__link" for="__nav_4_14" id="__nav_4_14_label" tabindex="">
+            
+  
+  <span class="md-ellipsis">
+    PowerShell
+  </span>
+  
+
+            <span class="md-nav__icon md-icon"></span>
+          </label>
+        
+        <nav class="md-nav" data-md-level="2" aria-labelledby="__nav_4_14_label" aria-expanded="false">
+          <label class="md-nav__title" for="__nav_4_14">
+            <span class="md-nav__icon md-icon"></span>
+            PowerShell
+          </label>
+          <ul class="md-nav__list" data-md-scrollfix>
+            
+              
+                
+  
+  
+  
+  
+    <li class="md-nav__item">
+      <a href="../powershell/scripting.html" class="md-nav__link">
+        
+  
+  <span class="md-ellipsis">
+    Scripting
+  </span>
+  
+
+      </a>
+    </li>
+  
+
+              
+            
+              
+                
+  
+  
+  
+  
+    <li class="md-nav__item">
+      <a href="../powershell/commands.html" class="md-nav__link">
+        
+  
+  <span class="md-ellipsis">
+    Commands
+  </span>
+  
+
+      </a>
+    </li>
+  
+
+              
+            
+          </ul>
+        </nav>
+      
+    </li>
+  
+
+              
+            
+              
+                
+  
+  
+  
+  
+    
+    
+      
+        
+      
+        
+      
+    
+    
+      
+      
+        
+          
+          
+        
+      
+    
+    
+    <li class="md-nav__item md-nav__item--section md-nav__item--nested">
+      
+        
+        
+        <input class="md-nav__toggle md-toggle " type="checkbox" id="__nav_4_15" >
+        
+          
+          <label class="md-nav__link" for="__nav_4_15" id="__nav_4_15_label" tabindex="">
+            
+  
+  <span class="md-ellipsis">
+    Bash
+  </span>
+  
+
+            <span class="md-nav__icon md-icon"></span>
+          </label>
+        
+        <nav class="md-nav" data-md-level="2" aria-labelledby="__nav_4_15_label" aria-expanded="false">
+          <label class="md-nav__title" for="__nav_4_15">
+            <span class="md-nav__icon md-icon"></span>
+            Bash
+          </label>
+          <ul class="md-nav__list" data-md-scrollfix>
+            
+              
+                
+  
+  
+  
+  
+    <li class="md-nav__item">
+      <a href="../bash/scripting.html" class="md-nav__link">
+        
+  
+  <span class="md-ellipsis">
+    Scripting
+  </span>
+  
+
+      </a>
+    </li>
+  
+
+              
+            
+              
+                
+  
+  
+  
+  
+    <li class="md-nav__item">
+      <a href="../bash/commands.html" class="md-nav__link">
+        
+  
+  <span class="md-ellipsis">
+    Commands
+  </span>
+  
+
+      </a>
+    </li>
+  
+
+              
+            
+          </ul>
+        </nav>
+      
+    </li>
+  
+
+              
+            
+          </ul>
+        </nav>
+      
+    </li>
+  
+
+    
+      
+      
+  
+  
+  
+  
+    
+    
+      
+        
+      
+        
+      
+        
+      
+        
+      
+        
+      
+    
+    
+      
+      
+        
+      
+    
+    
+    <li class="md-nav__item md-nav__item--nested">
+      
+        
+        
+        <input class="md-nav__toggle md-toggle " type="checkbox" id="__nav_5" >
+        
+          
+          <label class="md-nav__link" for="__nav_5" id="__nav_5_label" tabindex="0">
+            
+  
+  <span class="md-ellipsis">
+    Misc
+  </span>
+  
+
+            <span class="md-nav__icon md-icon"></span>
+          </label>
+        
+        <nav class="md-nav" data-md-level="1" aria-labelledby="__nav_5_label" aria-expanded="false">
+          <label class="md-nav__title" for="__nav_5">
+            <span class="md-nav__icon md-icon"></span>
+            Misc
+          </label>
+          <ul class="md-nav__list" data-md-scrollfix>
+            
+              
+                
+  
+  
+  
+  
+    <li class="md-nav__item">
+      <a href="../../misc/git.html" class="md-nav__link">
+        
+  
+  <span class="md-ellipsis">
+    Git
+  </span>
+  
+
+      </a>
+    </li>
+  
+
+              
+            
+              
+                
+  
+  
+  
+  
+    <li class="md-nav__item">
+      <a href="../../misc/graph-ql.html" class="md-nav__link">
+        
+  
+  <span class="md-ellipsis">
+    GraphQL
+  </span>
+  
+
+      </a>
+    </li>
+  
+
+              
+            
+              
+                
+  
+  
+  
+  
+    <li class="md-nav__item">
+      <a href="../../misc/regular-expressions.html" class="md-nav__link">
+        
+  
+  <span class="md-ellipsis">
+    RegEx
+  </span>
+  
+
+      </a>
+    </li>
+  
+
+              
+            
+              
+                
+  
+  
+  
+  
+    <li class="md-nav__item">
+      <a href="../../misc/ssh.html" class="md-nav__link">
+        
+  
+  <span class="md-ellipsis">
+    SSH
+  </span>
+  
+
+      </a>
+    </li>
+  
+
+              
+            
+              
+                
+  
+  
+  
+  
+    <li class="md-nav__item">
+      <a href="../../misc/web-components.html" class="md-nav__link">
+        
+  
+  <span class="md-ellipsis">
+    WebComponents
+  </span>
+  
+
+      </a>
+    </li>
+  
+
+              
+            
+          </ul>
+        </nav>
+      
+    </li>
+  
+
+    
+      
+      
+  
+  
+  
+  
+    
+    
+      
+        
+      
+        
+      
+    
+    
+      
+      
+        
+      
+    
+    
+    <li class="md-nav__item md-nav__item--nested">
+      
+        
+        
+        <input class="md-nav__toggle md-toggle " type="checkbox" id="__nav_6" >
+        
+          
+          <label class="md-nav__link" for="__nav_6" id="__nav_6_label" tabindex="0">
+            
+  
+  <span class="md-ellipsis">
+    Linux
+  </span>
+  
+
+            <span class="md-nav__icon md-icon"></span>
+          </label>
+        
+        <nav class="md-nav" data-md-level="1" aria-labelledby="__nav_6_label" aria-expanded="false">
+          <label class="md-nav__title" for="__nav_6">
+            <span class="md-nav__icon md-icon"></span>
+            Linux
+          </label>
+          <ul class="md-nav__list" data-md-scrollfix>
+            
+              
+                
+  
+  
+  
+  
+    
+    
+      
+        
+      
+        
+      
+        
+      
+    
+    
+      
+      
+        
+      
+    
+    
+    <li class="md-nav__item md-nav__item--nested">
+      
+        
+        
+        <input class="md-nav__toggle md-toggle " type="checkbox" id="__nav_6_1" >
+        
+          
+          <label class="md-nav__link" for="__nav_6_1" id="__nav_6_1_label" tabindex="0">
+            
+  
+  <span class="md-ellipsis">
+    Filesystem
+  </span>
+  
+
+            <span class="md-nav__icon md-icon"></span>
+          </label>
+        
+        <nav class="md-nav" data-md-level="2" aria-labelledby="__nav_6_1_label" aria-expanded="false">
+          <label class="md-nav__title" for="__nav_6_1">
+            <span class="md-nav__icon md-icon"></span>
+            Filesystem
+          </label>
+          <ul class="md-nav__list" data-md-scrollfix>
+            
+              
+                
+  
+  
+  
+  
+    <li class="md-nav__item">
+      <a href="../../linux/filesystem/file-links.html" class="md-nav__link">
+        
+  
+  <span class="md-ellipsis">
+    File Links
+  </span>
+  
+
+      </a>
+    </li>
+  
+
+              
+            
+              
+                
+  
+  
+  
+  
+    <li class="md-nav__item">
+      <a href="../../linux/filesystem/procfs.html" class="md-nav__link">
+        
+  
+  <span class="md-ellipsis">
+    /proc
+  </span>
+  
+
+      </a>
+    </li>
+  
+
+              
+            
+              
+                
+  
+  
+  
+  
+    <li class="md-nav__item">
+      <a href="../../linux/filesystem/sysfs.html" class="md-nav__link">
+        
+  
+  <span class="md-ellipsis">
+    /sys
+  </span>
+  
+
+      </a>
+    </li>
+  
+
+              
+            
+          </ul>
+        </nav>
+      
+    </li>
+  
+
+              
+            
+              
+                
+  
+  
+  
+  
+    
+    
+      
+        
+      
+        
+      
+    
+    
+      
+      
+        
+      
+    
+    
+    <li class="md-nav__item md-nav__item--nested">
+      
+        
+        
+        <input class="md-nav__toggle md-toggle " type="checkbox" id="__nav_6_2" >
+        
+          
+          <label class="md-nav__link" for="__nav_6_2" id="__nav_6_2_label" tabindex="0">
+            
+  
+  <span class="md-ellipsis">
+    System Init
+  </span>
+  
+
+            <span class="md-nav__icon md-icon"></span>
+          </label>
+        
+        <nav class="md-nav" data-md-level="2" aria-labelledby="__nav_6_2_label" aria-expanded="false">
+          <label class="md-nav__title" for="__nav_6_2">
+            <span class="md-nav__icon md-icon"></span>
+            System Init
+          </label>
+          <ul class="md-nav__list" data-md-scrollfix>
+            
+              
+                
+  
+  
+  
+  
+    <li class="md-nav__item">
+      <a href="../../linux/init/systemd.html" class="md-nav__link">
+        
+  
+  <span class="md-ellipsis">
+    Systemd
+  </span>
+  
+
+      </a>
+    </li>
+  
+
+              
+            
+              
+                
+  
+  
+  
+  
+    <li class="md-nav__item">
+      <a href="../../linux/init/open-rc.html" class="md-nav__link">
+        
+  
+  <span class="md-ellipsis">
+    OpenRC
+  </span>
+  
+
+      </a>
+    </li>
+  
+
+              
+            
+          </ul>
+        </nav>
+      
+    </li>
+  
+
+              
+            
+          </ul>
+        </nav>
+      
+    </li>
+  
+
+    
+  </ul>
+</nav>
+                  </div>
+                </div>
+              </div>
+            
+            
+              
+              <div class="md-sidebar md-sidebar--secondary" data-md-component="sidebar" data-md-type="toc" >
+                <div class="md-sidebar__scrollwrap">
+                  <div class="md-sidebar__inner">
+                    
+
+<nav class="md-nav md-nav--secondary" aria-label="Table of contents">
+  
+  
+  
+    
+  
+  
+    <label class="md-nav__title" for="__toc">
+      <span class="md-nav__icon md-icon"></span>
+      Table of contents
+    </label>
+    <ul class="md-nav__list" data-md-component="toc" data-md-scrollfix>
+      
+        <li class="md-nav__item">
+  <a href="#basics" class="md-nav__link">
+    <span class="md-ellipsis">
+      Basics
+    </span>
+  </a>
+  
+    <nav class="md-nav" aria-label="Basics">
+      <ul class="md-nav__list">
+        
+          <li class="md-nav__item">
+  <a href="#naming-convention" class="md-nav__link">
+    <span class="md-ellipsis">
+      Naming Convention
+    </span>
+  </a>
+  
+</li>
+        
+          <li class="md-nav__item">
+  <a href="#assignment-operation" class="md-nav__link">
+    <span class="md-ellipsis">
+      Assignment Operation
+    </span>
+  </a>
+  
+</li>
+        
+          <li class="md-nav__item">
+  <a href="#variable-type-conversion" class="md-nav__link">
+    <span class="md-ellipsis">
+      Variable Type Conversion
+    </span>
+  </a>
+  
+</li>
+        
+          <li class="md-nav__item">
+  <a href="#expression-assignment" class="md-nav__link">
+    <span class="md-ellipsis">
+      Expression Assignment
+    </span>
+  </a>
+  
+</li>
+        
+          <li class="md-nav__item">
+  <a href="#variable-comparison-vs-is" class="md-nav__link">
+    <span class="md-ellipsis">
+      Variable Comparison (== vs is)
+    </span>
+  </a>
+  
+</li>
+        
+          <li class="md-nav__item">
+  <a href="#on-screen-output" class="md-nav__link">
+    <span class="md-ellipsis">
+      On Screen Output
+    </span>
+  </a>
+  
+</li>
+        
+          <li class="md-nav__item">
+  <a href="#format-specification-mini-language" class="md-nav__link">
+    <span class="md-ellipsis">
+      Format Specification Mini-Language
+    </span>
+  </a>
+  
+</li>
+        
+          <li class="md-nav__item">
+  <a href="#keyboard-input" class="md-nav__link">
+    <span class="md-ellipsis">
+      Keyboard Input
+    </span>
+  </a>
+  
+</li>
+        
+      </ul>
+    </nav>
+  
+</li>
+      
+        <li class="md-nav__item">
+  <a href="#numeric-types" class="md-nav__link">
+    <span class="md-ellipsis">
+      Numeric Types
+    </span>
+  </a>
+  
+    <nav class="md-nav" aria-label="Numeric Types">
+      <ul class="md-nav__list">
+        
+          <li class="md-nav__item">
+  <a href="#comparison-of-decimal-numbers" class="md-nav__link">
+    <span class="md-ellipsis">
+      Comparison of Decimal Numbers
+    </span>
+  </a>
+  
+</li>
+        
+      </ul>
+    </nav>
+  
+</li>
+      
+        <li class="md-nav__item">
+  <a href="#strings" class="md-nav__link">
+    <span class="md-ellipsis">
+      Strings
+    </span>
+  </a>
+  
+</li>
+      
+        <li class="md-nav__item">
+  <a href="#lists" class="md-nav__link">
+    <span class="md-ellipsis">
+      Lists
+    </span>
+  </a>
+  
+</li>
+      
+        <li class="md-nav__item">
+  <a href="#tuple" class="md-nav__link">
+    <span class="md-ellipsis">
+      Tuple
+    </span>
+  </a>
+  
+</li>
+      
+        <li class="md-nav__item">
+  <a href="#set" class="md-nav__link">
+    <span class="md-ellipsis">
+      Set
+    </span>
+  </a>
+  
+</li>
+      
+        <li class="md-nav__item">
+  <a href="#bytes-e-bytearray" class="md-nav__link">
+    <span class="md-ellipsis">
+      Bytes e Bytearray
+    </span>
+  </a>
+  
+</li>
+      
+        <li class="md-nav__item">
+  <a href="#encoding-decoding-unicode" class="md-nav__link">
+    <span class="md-ellipsis">
+      Encoding-Decoding &amp; Unicode
+    </span>
+  </a>
+  
+</li>
+      
+        <li class="md-nav__item">
+  <a href="#memoryview" class="md-nav__link">
+    <span class="md-ellipsis">
+      Memoryview
+    </span>
+  </a>
+  
+</li>
+      
+        <li class="md-nav__item">
+  <a href="#dictionaries" class="md-nav__link">
+    <span class="md-ellipsis">
+      Dictionaries
+    </span>
+  </a>
+  
+</li>
+      
+        <li class="md-nav__item">
+  <a href="#operators" class="md-nav__link">
+    <span class="md-ellipsis">
+      Operators
+    </span>
+  </a>
+  
+    <nav class="md-nav" aria-label="Operators">
+      <ul class="md-nav__list">
+        
+          <li class="md-nav__item">
+  <a href="#mathematical-operators" class="md-nav__link">
+    <span class="md-ellipsis">
+      Mathematical Operators
+    </span>
+  </a>
+  
+</li>
+        
+          <li class="md-nav__item">
+  <a href="#relational-operators" class="md-nav__link">
+    <span class="md-ellipsis">
+      Relational Operators
+    </span>
+  </a>
+  
+</li>
+        
+          <li class="md-nav__item">
+  <a href="#assignment" class="md-nav__link">
+    <span class="md-ellipsis">
+      Assignment
+    </span>
+  </a>
+  
+</li>
+        
+          <li class="md-nav__item">
+  <a href="#bitwise-operators" class="md-nav__link">
+    <span class="md-ellipsis">
+      Bitwise Operators
+    </span>
+  </a>
+  
+</li>
+        
+          <li class="md-nav__item">
+  <a href="#logical-operators" class="md-nav__link">
+    <span class="md-ellipsis">
+      Logical Operators
+    </span>
+  </a>
+  
+</li>
+        
+          <li class="md-nav__item">
+  <a href="#identity-operators" class="md-nav__link">
+    <span class="md-ellipsis">
+      Identity Operators
+    </span>
+  </a>
+  
+</li>
+        
+          <li class="md-nav__item">
+  <a href="#membership-operators" class="md-nav__link">
+    <span class="md-ellipsis">
+      Membership Operators
+    </span>
+  </a>
+  
+</li>
+        
+          <li class="md-nav__item">
+  <a href="#operator-precedence" class="md-nav__link">
+    <span class="md-ellipsis">
+      OPerator Precedence
+    </span>
+  </a>
+  
+</li>
+        
+      </ul>
+    </nav>
+  
+</li>
+      
+        <li class="md-nav__item">
+  <a href="#conditional-statements" class="md-nav__link">
+    <span class="md-ellipsis">
+      Conditional Statements
+    </span>
+  </a>
+  
+    <nav class="md-nav" aria-label="Conditional Statements">
+      <ul class="md-nav__list">
+        
+          <li class="md-nav__item">
+  <a href="#if-else" class="md-nav__link">
+    <span class="md-ellipsis">
+      if-else
+    </span>
+  </a>
+  
+</li>
+        
+          <li class="md-nav__item">
+  <a href="#context-manager" class="md-nav__link">
+    <span class="md-ellipsis">
+      Context Manager
+    </span>
+  </a>
+  
+</li>
+        
+      </ul>
+    </nav>
+  
+</li>
+      
+        <li class="md-nav__item">
+  <a href="#loops" class="md-nav__link">
+    <span class="md-ellipsis">
+      Loops
+    </span>
+  </a>
+  
+    <nav class="md-nav" aria-label="Loops">
+      <ul class="md-nav__list">
+        
+          <li class="md-nav__item">
+  <a href="#while" class="md-nav__link">
+    <span class="md-ellipsis">
+      while
+    </span>
+  </a>
+  
+</li>
+        
+          <li class="md-nav__item">
+  <a href="#for" class="md-nav__link">
+    <span class="md-ellipsis">
+      for
+    </span>
+  </a>
+  
+</li>
+        
+          <li class="md-nav__item">
+  <a href="#break-continue" class="md-nav__link">
+    <span class="md-ellipsis">
+      break &amp; continue
+    </span>
+  </a>
+  
+</li>
+        
+          <li class="md-nav__item">
+  <a href="#range" class="md-nav__link">
+    <span class="md-ellipsis">
+      range
+    </span>
+  </a>
+  
+</li>
+        
+          <li class="md-nav__item">
+  <a href="#enumerate" class="md-nav__link">
+    <span class="md-ellipsis">
+      enumerate
+    </span>
+  </a>
+  
+</li>
+        
+          <li class="md-nav__item">
+  <a href="#zip" class="md-nav__link">
+    <span class="md-ellipsis">
+      zip
+    </span>
+  </a>
+  
+</li>
+        
+          <li class="md-nav__item">
+  <a href="#shuffle-randint" class="md-nav__link">
+    <span class="md-ellipsis">
+      shuffle &amp; randint
+    </span>
+  </a>
+  
+</li>
+        
+          <li class="md-nav__item">
+  <a href="#in" class="md-nav__link">
+    <span class="md-ellipsis">
+      in
+    </span>
+  </a>
+  
+</li>
+        
+      </ul>
+    </nav>
+  
+</li>
+      
+        <li class="md-nav__item">
+  <a href="#functions" class="md-nav__link">
+    <span class="md-ellipsis">
+      Functions
+    </span>
+  </a>
+  
+    <nav class="md-nav" aria-label="Functions">
+      <ul class="md-nav__list">
+        
+          <li class="md-nav__item">
+  <a href="#function-definition" class="md-nav__link">
+    <span class="md-ellipsis">
+      Function Definition
+    </span>
+  </a>
+  
+</li>
+        
+          <li class="md-nav__item">
+  <a href="#specify-type-parameters-in-functions" class="md-nav__link">
+    <span class="md-ellipsis">
+      Specify Type Parameters In Functions
+    </span>
+  </a>
+  
+</li>
+        
+          <li class="md-nav__item">
+  <a href="#docstring-style" class="md-nav__link">
+    <span class="md-ellipsis">
+      Docstring Style
+    </span>
+  </a>
+  
+</li>
+        
+          <li class="md-nav__item">
+  <a href="#args-kwargs" class="md-nav__link">
+    <span class="md-ellipsis">
+      args *kwargs
+    </span>
+  </a>
+  
+</li>
+        
+          <li class="md-nav__item">
+  <a href="#function-with-default-parameters" class="md-nav__link">
+    <span class="md-ellipsis">
+      Function with default parameters
+    </span>
+  </a>
+  
+</li>
+        
+          <li class="md-nav__item">
+  <a href="#global-and-local-variables" class="md-nav__link">
+    <span class="md-ellipsis">
+      Global And Local Variables
+    </span>
+  </a>
+  
+</li>
+        
+          <li class="md-nav__item">
+  <a href="#iterables-iterators-generators" class="md-nav__link">
+    <span class="md-ellipsis">
+      Iterables, Iterators &amp; Generators
+    </span>
+  </a>
+  
+</li>
+        
+          <li class="md-nav__item">
+  <a href="#next-iter" class="md-nav__link">
+    <span class="md-ellipsis">
+      next() &amp; iter()
+    </span>
+  </a>
+  
+</li>
+        
+          <li class="md-nav__item">
+  <a href="#customs-generators" class="md-nav__link">
+    <span class="md-ellipsis">
+      Customs Generators
+    </span>
+  </a>
+  
+</li>
+        
+          <li class="md-nav__item">
+  <a href="#termination-generator-and-exception-handling" class="md-nav__link">
+    <span class="md-ellipsis">
+      Termination Generator And Exception Handling
+    </span>
+  </a>
+  
+</li>
+        
+          <li class="md-nav__item">
+  <a href="#generator-comprehensions" class="md-nav__link">
+    <span class="md-ellipsis">
+      Generator Comprehensions
+    </span>
+  </a>
+  
+</li>
+        
+      </ul>
+    </nav>
+  
+</li>
+      
+        <li class="md-nav__item">
+  <a href="#coroutines" class="md-nav__link">
+    <span class="md-ellipsis">
+      Coroutines
+    </span>
+  </a>
+  
+    <nav class="md-nav" aria-label="Coroutines">
+      <ul class="md-nav__list">
+        
+          <li class="md-nav__item">
+  <a href="#yield-from-iterabile" class="md-nav__link">
+    <span class="md-ellipsis">
+      yield from &lt;iterabile&gt;
+    </span>
+  </a>
+  
+</li>
+        
+      </ul>
+    </nav>
+  
+</li>
+      
+        <li class="md-nav__item">
+  <a href="#lambda-functions" class="md-nav__link">
+    <span class="md-ellipsis">
+      LAMBDA Functions
+    </span>
+  </a>
+  
+</li>
+      
+        <li class="md-nav__item">
+  <a href="#object-oriented-programming" class="md-nav__link">
+    <span class="md-ellipsis">
+      Object Oriented Programming
+    </span>
+  </a>
+  
+    <nav class="md-nav" aria-label="Object Oriented Programming">
+      <ul class="md-nav__list">
+        
+          <li class="md-nav__item">
+  <a href="#class-definition" class="md-nav__link">
+    <span class="md-ellipsis">
+      Class Definition
+    </span>
+  </a>
+  
+</li>
+        
+          <li class="md-nav__item">
+  <a href="#setter-getter-with-property" class="md-nav__link">
+    <span class="md-ellipsis">
+      Setter &amp; Getter with @Property
+    </span>
+  </a>
+  
+</li>
+        
+          <li class="md-nav__item">
+  <a href="#__slots__" class="md-nav__link">
+    <span class="md-ellipsis">
+      __slots__
+    </span>
+  </a>
+  
+</li>
+        
+          <li class="md-nav__item">
+  <a href="#inner-classes" class="md-nav__link">
+    <span class="md-ellipsis">
+      Inner Classes
+    </span>
+  </a>
+  
+</li>
+        
+          <li class="md-nav__item">
+  <a href="#special-methods" class="md-nav__link">
+    <span class="md-ellipsis">
+      Special Methods
+    </span>
+  </a>
+  
+    <nav class="md-nav" aria-label="Special Methods">
+      <ul class="md-nav__list">
+        
+          <li class="md-nav__item">
+  <a href="#special-methods-list" class="md-nav__link">
+    <span class="md-ellipsis">
+      Special Methods List
+    </span>
+  </a>
+  
+</li>
+        
+      </ul>
+    </nav>
+  
+</li>
+        
+          <li class="md-nav__item">
+  <a href="#inheritance" class="md-nav__link">
+    <span class="md-ellipsis">
+      Inheritance
+    </span>
+  </a>
+  
+</li>
+        
+          <li class="md-nav__item">
+  <a href="#polymorphism" class="md-nav__link">
+    <span class="md-ellipsis">
+      Polymorphism
+    </span>
+  </a>
+  
+</li>
+        
+          <li class="md-nav__item">
+  <a href="#operator-overloading" class="md-nav__link">
+    <span class="md-ellipsis">
+      Operator Overloading
+    </span>
+  </a>
+  
+</li>
+        
+          <li class="md-nav__item">
+  <a href="#astrazione" class="md-nav__link">
+    <span class="md-ellipsis">
+      Astrazione
+    </span>
+  </a>
+  
+</li>
+        
+      </ul>
+    </nav>
+  
+</li>
+      
+        <li class="md-nav__item">
+  <a href="#exception-handling" class="md-nav__link">
+    <span class="md-ellipsis">
+      Exception Handling
+    </span>
+  </a>
+  
+</li>
+      
+        <li class="md-nav__item">
+  <a href="#file" class="md-nav__link">
+    <span class="md-ellipsis">
+      File
+    </span>
+  </a>
+  
+    <nav class="md-nav" aria-label="File">
+      <ul class="md-nav__list">
+        
+          <li class="md-nav__item">
+  <a href="#opening-a-file" class="md-nav__link">
+    <span class="md-ellipsis">
+      Opening A File
+    </span>
+  </a>
+  
+</li>
+        
+      </ul>
+    </nav>
+  
+</li>
+      
+        <li class="md-nav__item">
+  <a href="#copy" class="md-nav__link">
+    <span class="md-ellipsis">
+      COPY
+    </span>
+  </a>
+  
+</li>
+      
+    </ul>
+  
+</nav>
+                  </div>
+                </div>
+              </div>
+            
+          
+          
+            <div class="md-content" data-md-component="content">
+              <article class="md-content__inner md-typeset">
+                
+                  
+
+  
+  
+
+
+<h1 id="python-notes">Python Notes</h1>
+<h2 id="basics">Basics</h2>
+<h3 id="naming-convention">Naming Convention</h3>
+<p>Class -&gt; PascalCase<br />
+Method, Function -&gt; snake_case<br />
+Variable -&gt; snake_case</p>
+<div class="highlight"><table class="highlighttable"><tr><th colspan="2" class="filename"><span class="filename">Python</span></th></tr><tr><td class="linenos"><div class="linenodiv"><pre><span></span><span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-0-1"> 1</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-0-2"> 2</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-0-3"> 3</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-0-4"> 4</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-0-5"> 5</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-0-6"> 6</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-0-7"> 7</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-0-8"> 8</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-0-9"> 9</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-0-10">10</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-0-11">11</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-0-12">12</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-0-13">13</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-0-14">14</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-0-15">15</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-0-16">16</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-0-17">17</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-0-18">18</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-0-19">19</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-0-20">20</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-0-21">21</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-0-22">22</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-0-23">23</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-0-24">24</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-0-25">25</a></span></pre></div></td><td class="code"><div><pre><span></span><code><a id="__codelineno-0-1" name="__codelineno-0-1"></a><span class="c1"># standard comment</span>
+<a id="__codelineno-0-2" name="__codelineno-0-2"></a><span class="sd">&#39;&#39;&#39;multiline comment&#39;&#39;&#39;</span>
+<a id="__codelineno-0-3" name="__codelineno-0-3"></a><span class="sd">&quot;&quot;&quot;DOCSTRING&quot;&quot;&quot;</span>
+<a id="__codelineno-0-4" name="__codelineno-0-4"></a>
+<a id="__codelineno-0-5" name="__codelineno-0-5"></a><span class="n">help</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="nb">object</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">method</span><span class="p">)</span> <span class="c1"># return method explanation</span>
+<a id="__codelineno-0-6" name="__codelineno-0-6"></a><span class="nb">dir</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="nb">object</span><span class="p">)</span> <span class="c1"># return an alphabetized list of names comprising (some of) the attributes of the given object</span>
+<a id="__codelineno-0-7" name="__codelineno-0-7"></a>
+<a id="__codelineno-0-8" name="__codelineno-0-8"></a><span class="kn">import</span> <span class="nn">sys</span> <span class="c1"># import module</span>
+<a id="__codelineno-0-9" name="__codelineno-0-9"></a><span class="kn">from</span> <span class="nn">sys</span> <span class="kn">import</span> <span class="n">argv</span> <span class="c1"># import single item from a module</span>
+<a id="__codelineno-0-10" name="__codelineno-0-10"></a><span class="kn">from</span> <span class="nn">sys</span> <span class="kn">import</span> <span class="o">*</span> <span class="c1"># import all elements of a module (no module syntax.method needed)</span>
+<a id="__codelineno-0-11" name="__codelineno-0-11"></a><span class="kn">import</span> <span class="nn">sys</span> <span class="k">as</span> <span class="nn">alias</span> <span class="c1"># import the module with an alias, I use alias.method</span>
+<a id="__codelineno-0-12" name="__codelineno-0-12"></a>
+<a id="__codelineno-0-13" name="__codelineno-0-13"></a><span class="c1"># CHARACTER SET</span>
+<a id="__codelineno-0-14" name="__codelineno-0-14"></a><span class="kn">import</span> <span class="nn">string</span>
+<a id="__codelineno-0-15" name="__codelineno-0-15"></a><span class="n">string</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">ascii_lowercase</span> <span class="o">=</span> <span class="s1">&#39;abcdefghijklmnopqrstuvwxyz&#39;</span>
+<a id="__codelineno-0-16" name="__codelineno-0-16"></a><span class="n">string</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">asci_uppercase</span> <span class="o">=</span> <span class="s1">&#39;ABCDEFGHIJKLMNOPQRSTUVWXYZ&#39;</span>
+<a id="__codelineno-0-17" name="__codelineno-0-17"></a><span class="n">string</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">asci_letters</span> <span class="o">=</span> <span class="s1">&#39;abcdefghijklmnopqrstuvwxyzABCDEFGHIJKLMNOPQRSTUVWXYZ&#39;</span>
+<a id="__codelineno-0-18" name="__codelineno-0-18"></a><span class="n">string</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">digits</span> <span class="o">=</span> <span class="s1">&#39;0123456789&#39;</span>
+<a id="__codelineno-0-19" name="__codelineno-0-19"></a><span class="n">string</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">hexdigits</span> <span class="o">=</span> <span class="s1">&#39;0123456789abcdefABCDEF&#39;</span>
+<a id="__codelineno-0-20" name="__codelineno-0-20"></a><span class="n">string</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">octdigits</span> <span class="o">=</span> <span class="s1">&#39;01234567&#39;</span>
+<a id="__codelineno-0-21" name="__codelineno-0-21"></a><span class="n">string</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">punctuation</span>
+<a id="__codelineno-0-22" name="__codelineno-0-22"></a><span class="n">string</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">whitespace</span>
+<a id="__codelineno-0-23" name="__codelineno-0-23"></a>
+<a id="__codelineno-0-24" name="__codelineno-0-24"></a><span class="c1"># SPECIAL CHARACTERS</span>
+<a id="__codelineno-0-25" name="__codelineno-0-25"></a><span class="c1"># (\a, \b, \f, \n, \r, \t, \u, \U, \v, \x, \\)</span>
+</code></pre></div></td></tr></table></div>
+<h3 id="assignment-operation">Assignment Operation</h3>
+<div class="highlight"><table class="highlighttable"><tr><th colspan="2" class="filename"><span class="filename">Python</span></th></tr><tr><td class="linenos"><div class="linenodiv"><pre><span></span><span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-1-1">1</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-1-2">2</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-1-3">3</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-1-4">4</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-1-5">5</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-1-6">6</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-1-7">7</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-1-8">8</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-1-9">9</a></span></pre></div></td><td class="code"><div><pre><span></span><code><a id="__codelineno-1-1" name="__codelineno-1-1"></a><span class="sd">&quot;&quot;&quot;instructions to the right of = executed before instructions to the left of =&quot;&quot;&quot;</span>
+<a id="__codelineno-1-2" name="__codelineno-1-2"></a><span class="n">variable</span> <span class="o">=</span> <span class="n">expression</span> <span class="c1"># the type of the variable is dynamically decided by python based on the content</span>
+<a id="__codelineno-1-3" name="__codelineno-1-3"></a><span class="n">var_1</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="n">var_2</span> <span class="o">=</span> <span class="n">value1</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="n">value2</span> <span class="c1"># parallel assignment</span>
+<a id="__codelineno-1-4" name="__codelineno-1-4"></a><span class="n">var_1</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="n">var_2</span> <span class="o">=</span> <span class="n">var_2</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="n">var_1</span> <span class="c1"># swap values</span>
+<a id="__codelineno-1-5" name="__codelineno-1-5"></a>
+<a id="__codelineno-1-6" name="__codelineno-1-6"></a><span class="c1"># conditional assignment</span>
+<a id="__codelineno-1-7" name="__codelineno-1-7"></a><span class="n">x</span> <span class="o">=</span> <span class="n">a</span> <span class="k">if</span> <span class="n">condition</span> <span class="k">else</span> <span class="n">b</span>
+<a id="__codelineno-1-8" name="__codelineno-1-8"></a><span class="n">x</span> <span class="o">=</span> <span class="n">a</span> <span class="ow">or</span> <span class="n">b</span> <span class="c1"># If bool (a) returns False, then x is assigned the value of b</span>
+<a id="__codelineno-1-9" name="__codelineno-1-9"></a><span class="c1"># a series of OR expressions has the effect of returning the first item that evaluates True, or the last item (last item should be a literal).</span>
+</code></pre></div></td></tr></table></div>
+<h3 id="variable-type-conversion">Variable Type Conversion</h3>
+<p><code>type(expression)</code></p>
+<h3 id="expression-assignment">Expression Assignment</h3>
+<div class="highlight"><table class="highlighttable"><tr><th colspan="2" class="filename"><span class="filename">Python</span></th></tr><tr><td class="linenos"><div class="linenodiv"><pre><span></span><span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-2-1">1</a></span></pre></div></td><td class="code"><div><pre><span></span><code><a id="__codelineno-2-1" name="__codelineno-2-1"></a><span class="p">(</span><span class="n">var</span><span class="p">:</span> <span class="o">=</span> <span class="n">expression</span><span class="p">)</span> <span class="c1"># assign an expression to a variable to avoid repeating the expression</span>
+</code></pre></div></td></tr></table></div>
+<h3 id="variable-comparison-vs-is">Variable Comparison (<code>==</code> vs <code>is</code>)</h3>
+<p><code>==</code> compares the values ​​of objects
+<code>is</code> compares the identities of objects</p>
+<h3 id="on-screen-output">On Screen Output</h3>
+<div class="highlight"><table class="highlighttable"><tr><th colspan="2" class="filename"><span class="filename">Python</span></th></tr><tr><td class="linenos"><div class="linenodiv"><pre><span></span><span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-3-1"> 1</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-3-2"> 2</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-3-3"> 3</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-3-4"> 4</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-3-5"> 5</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-3-6"> 6</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-3-7"> 7</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-3-8"> 8</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-3-9"> 9</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-3-10">10</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-3-11">11</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-3-12">12</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-3-13">13</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-3-14">14</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-3-15">15</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-3-16">16</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-3-17">17</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-3-18">18</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-3-19">19</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-3-20">20</a></span></pre></div></td><td class="code"><div><pre><span></span><code><a id="__codelineno-3-1" name="__codelineno-3-1"></a><span class="nb">print</span><span class="p">()</span> <span class="c1"># print blank line and wrap</span>
+<a id="__codelineno-3-2" name="__codelineno-3-2"></a><span class="nb">print</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="s1">&#39;string&#39;</span> <span class="o">*</span> <span class="n">n</span><span class="p">)</span> <span class="c1"># print string n times</span>
+<a id="__codelineno-3-3" name="__codelineno-3-3"></a><span class="nb">print</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="s1">&#39;string1 \ n string2&#39;</span><span class="p">)</span> <span class="c1"># wrap with \ n</span>
+<a id="__codelineno-3-4" name="__codelineno-3-4"></a><span class="nb">print</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="n">variable</span><span class="p">)</span> <span class="c1"># print variable content</span>
+<a id="__codelineno-3-5" name="__codelineno-3-5"></a><span class="nb">print</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="s1">&#39;string&#39;</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="n">end</span> <span class="o">=</span> <span class="s1">&#39;&#39;</span><span class="p">)</span> <span class="c1"># print without wrapping</span>
+<a id="__codelineno-3-6" name="__codelineno-3-6"></a>
+<a id="__codelineno-3-7" name="__codelineno-3-7"></a><span class="c1"># FORMATTING</span>
+<a id="__codelineno-3-8" name="__codelineno-3-8"></a><span class="n">name</span> <span class="o">=</span> <span class="s1">&#39;Alex&#39;</span>
+<a id="__codelineno-3-9" name="__codelineno-3-9"></a><span class="n">marks</span> <span class="o">=</span> <span class="mf">94.5</span>
+<a id="__codelineno-3-10" name="__codelineno-3-10"></a><span class="nb">print</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="n">name</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="n">marks</span><span class="p">)</span>
+<a id="__codelineno-3-11" name="__codelineno-3-11"></a><span class="nb">print</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="s1">&#39;Name is&#39;</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="n">name</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="s1">&#39;\ nMarks are&#39;</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="n">marks</span><span class="p">)</span>
+<a id="__codelineno-3-12" name="__codelineno-3-12"></a><span class="c1"># expand the rest of the expression and write tense before = in output</span>
+<a id="__codelineno-3-13" name="__codelineno-3-13"></a><span class="nb">print</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="n">f</span> <span class="s1">&#39;{name =}, {marks =}&#39;</span><span class="p">)</span> <span class="c1"># OUTPUT: name = Alex, marks = 94.5</span>
+<a id="__codelineno-3-14" name="__codelineno-3-14"></a>
+<a id="__codelineno-3-15" name="__codelineno-3-15"></a><span class="c1"># USE OF PLACEHOLDERS</span>
+<a id="__codelineno-3-16" name="__codelineno-3-16"></a><span class="nb">print</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="s1">&#39;Name is</span><span class="si">% s</span><span class="s1">, Marks are</span><span class="si">% 3.2f</span><span class="s1">&#39;</span><span class="o">%</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="n">name</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="n">marks</span><span class="p">))</span> <span class="c1"># method inherited from C. Variable is substituted for% ..</span>
+<a id="__codelineno-3-17" name="__codelineno-3-17"></a><span class="nb">print</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="s2">&quot;Name is </span><span class="si">{}</span><span class="s2">, Marks are </span><span class="si">{}</span><span class="s2">&quot;</span><span class="o">.</span> <span class="nb">format</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="n">name</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="n">marks</span><span class="p">))</span>
+<a id="__codelineno-3-18" name="__codelineno-3-18"></a><span class="nb">print</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="s2">&quot;Name is </span><span class="si">{1}</span><span class="s2">, Marks are </span><span class="si">{2}</span><span class="s2">&quot;</span><span class="o">.</span> <span class="nb">format</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="n">marks</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="n">name</span><span class="p">))</span> <span class="c1"># indices in brackets sort elements in .format</span>
+<a id="__codelineno-3-19" name="__codelineno-3-19"></a><span class="nb">print</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="s2">&quot;Name is </span><span class="si">{n}</span><span class="s2">, Marks are </span><span class="si">{m}</span><span class="s2">&quot;</span><span class="o">.</span> <span class="nb">format</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="n">m</span> <span class="o">=</span> <span class="s1">&#39;94 .5 &#39;</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="n">n</span> <span class="o">=</span><span class="s1">&#39; Alex &#39;</span><span class="p">))</span> <span class="c1"># indices in brackets sort elements in .format</span>
+<a id="__codelineno-3-20" name="__codelineno-3-20"></a><span class="nb">print</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="sa">f</span><span class="s1">&#39;Name is </span><span class="si">{</span><span class="n">name</span><span class="si">}</span><span class="s1">, Marks are </span><span class="si">{</span><span class="n">marks</span><span class="si">}</span><span class="s1"> &#39;</span><span class="p">)</span> <span class="c1"># formatting with f-strings</span>
+</code></pre></div></td></tr></table></div>
+<h3 id="format-specification-mini-language">Format Specification Mini-Language</h3>
+<p><code>{value:width.precision symbol}</code></p>
+<p>Format: <code>[[fill]align] [sign] [#] [width] [grouping] [.precision] [type]</code></p>
+<table>
+<thead>
+<tr>
+<th><code>[align]</code></th>
+<th>Alignment</th>
+</tr>
+</thead>
+<tbody>
+<tr>
+<td><code>:&lt;</code></td>
+<td>left alignment</td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+<td><code>:&gt;</code></td>
+<td>right alignment</td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+<td><code>:=</code></td>
+<td>padding after the mark</td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+<td><code>:^</code></td>
+<td>centered</td>
+</tr>
+</tbody>
+</table>
+<table>
+<thead>
+<tr>
+<th><code>[sign]</code></th>
+<th>NUMBER SIGNS</th>
+</tr>
+</thead>
+<tbody>
+<tr>
+<td><code>:+</code></td>
+<td>sign for both positive and negative numbers</td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+<td><code>:-</code></td>
+<td>sign only for negative numbers</td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+<td><code>:</code></td>
+<td>space for num &gt; 0, '-' for num &lt; 0</td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+<td><code>:#</code></td>
+<td>alternative form:prefix integers type (0x, 0b, 0o), floats and complexes always have at least one decimal place</td>
+</tr>
+</tbody>
+</table>
+<table>
+<thead>
+<tr>
+<th><code>[grouping]</code></th>
+<th>GROUPING</th>
+</tr>
+</thead>
+<tbody>
+<tr>
+<td><code>:,</code></td>
+<td>use comma to separate thousands</td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+<td><code>:_</code></td>
+<td>use underscore to separate thousands</td>
+</tr>
+</tbody>
+</table>
+<table>
+<thead>
+<tr>
+<th><code>[type]</code></th>
+<th>OUTPUT TYPE</th>
+</tr>
+</thead>
+<tbody>
+<tr>
+<td><code>:s</code></td>
+<td>output is string</td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+<td><code>:b</code></td>
+<td>output is binary</td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+<td><code>:c</code></td>
+<td>output is character</td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+<td><code>:d</code></td>
+<td>output is a decimal integer (base 10)</td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+<td><code>:or</code></td>
+<td>output is octal integer (base 8)</td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+<td><code>:x</code></td>
+<td>output is hexadecimal integer (base 16)</td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+<td><code>:X</code></td>
+<td>output is hexadecimal integer (base 16) with uppercase</td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+<td><code>:e</code></td>
+<td>output is exponential notation (6-digit base precision)</td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+<td><code>:E</code></td>
+<td>output is exponential notation (6-digit base precision) uppercase separator</td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+<td><code>:f</code></td>
+<td>output is float (6-digit base precision)</td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+<td><code>:%</code></td>
+<td>output is percentage (multiplies * 100, displays as:f)</td>
+</tr>
+</tbody>
+</table>
+<h3 id="keyboard-input">Keyboard Input</h3>
+<div class="highlight"><table class="highlighttable"><tr><th colspan="2" class="filename"><span class="filename">Python</span></th></tr><tr><td class="linenos"><div class="linenodiv"><pre><span></span><span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-4-1">1</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-4-2">2</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-4-3">3</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-4-4">4</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-4-5">5</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-4-6">6</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-4-7">7</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-4-8">8</a></span></pre></div></td><td class="code"><div><pre><span></span><code><a id="__codelineno-4-1" name="__codelineno-4-1"></a><span class="c1"># input always returns a STRING</span>
+<a id="__codelineno-4-2" name="__codelineno-4-2"></a><span class="n">s</span> <span class="o">=</span> <span class="nb">input</span><span class="p">()</span> <span class="c1"># input request without message</span>
+<a id="__codelineno-4-3" name="__codelineno-4-3"></a><span class="n">s</span> <span class="o">=</span> <span class="nb">input</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="s1">&#39;Prompt&#39;</span><span class="p">)</span> <span class="c1"># request input</span>
+<a id="__codelineno-4-4" name="__codelineno-4-4"></a><span class="n">i</span> <span class="o">=</span> <span class="nb">int</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="nb">input</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="s1">&#39;prompt&#39;</span><span class="p">))</span> <span class="c1"># request input with type conversion</span>
+<a id="__codelineno-4-5" name="__codelineno-4-5"></a>
+<a id="__codelineno-4-6" name="__codelineno-4-6"></a><span class="c1"># MULTIPLE INPUTS</span>
+<a id="__codelineno-4-7" name="__codelineno-4-7"></a><span class="nb">list</span> <span class="o">=</span> <span class="p">[</span><span class="nb">int</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="n">x</span><span class="p">)</span> <span class="k">for</span> <span class="n">x</span> <span class="ow">in</span> <span class="nb">input</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="s1">&#39;prompt&#39;</span><span class="p">)</span><span class="o">.</span> <span class="n">split</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="s1">&#39;separator&#39;</span><span class="p">)]</span>
+<a id="__codelineno-4-8" name="__codelineno-4-8"></a><span class="c1"># save multiple inputs in a list(.split separates values ​​and defines separator</span>
+</code></pre></div></td></tr></table></div>
+<h2 id="numeric-types">Numeric Types</h2>
+<div class="highlight"><table class="highlighttable"><tr><th colspan="2" class="filename"><span class="filename">Python</span></th></tr><tr><td class="linenos"><div class="linenodiv"><pre><span></span><span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-5-1"> 1</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-5-2"> 2</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-5-3"> 3</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-5-4"> 4</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-5-5"> 5</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-5-6"> 6</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-5-7"> 7</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-5-8"> 8</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-5-9"> 9</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-5-10">10</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-5-11">11</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-5-12">12</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-5-13">13</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-5-14">14</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-5-15">15</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-5-16">16</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-5-17">17</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-5-18">18</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-5-19">19</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-5-20">20</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-5-21">21</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-5-22">22</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-5-23">23</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-5-24">24</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-5-25">25</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-5-26">26</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-5-27">27</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-5-28">28</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-5-29">29</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-5-30">30</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-5-31">31</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-5-32">32</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-5-33">33</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-5-34">34</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-5-35">35</a></span></pre></div></td><td class="code"><div><pre><span></span><code><a id="__codelineno-5-1" name="__codelineno-5-1"></a><span class="n">a</span> <span class="o">=</span> <span class="mi">77</span>
+<a id="__codelineno-5-2" name="__codelineno-5-2"></a><span class="n">b</span> <span class="o">=</span> <span class="mi">1_000_000</span> <span class="c1"># underscore can be used to separate groups of digits</span>
+<a id="__codelineno-5-3" name="__codelineno-5-3"></a><span class="n">c</span> <span class="o">=</span> <span class="o">-</span><span class="mi">69</span>
+<a id="__codelineno-5-4" name="__codelineno-5-4"></a>
+<a id="__codelineno-5-5" name="__codelineno-5-5"></a><span class="c1"># float numbers</span>
+<a id="__codelineno-5-6" name="__codelineno-5-6"></a><span class="n">x</span> <span class="o">=</span> <span class="mf">3.15</span>
+<a id="__codelineno-5-7" name="__codelineno-5-7"></a><span class="n">y</span> <span class="o">=</span> <span class="mf">2.71</span>
+<a id="__codelineno-5-8" name="__codelineno-5-8"></a><span class="n">z</span> <span class="o">=</span> <span class="mf">25.0</span>
+<a id="__codelineno-5-9" name="__codelineno-5-9"></a>
+<a id="__codelineno-5-10" name="__codelineno-5-10"></a><span class="n">d</span> <span class="o">=</span> <span class="mi">6</span> <span class="o">+</span> <span class="mi">9</span><span class="n">j</span> <span class="c1"># complex number</span>
+<a id="__codelineno-5-11" name="__codelineno-5-11"></a><span class="c1"># returns a complex number starting with two reals</span>
+<a id="__codelineno-5-12" name="__codelineno-5-12"></a><span class="nb">complex</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="n">real</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="n">imag</span><span class="p">)</span> <span class="c1"># -&gt; complex #(real + imag * 1j)</span>
+<a id="__codelineno-5-13" name="__codelineno-5-13"></a>
+<a id="__codelineno-5-14" name="__codelineno-5-14"></a><span class="n">e</span> <span class="o">=</span> <span class="mb">0B1101</span> <span class="c1"># BINARY TYPE(0B ...)</span>
+<a id="__codelineno-5-15" name="__codelineno-5-15"></a><span class="n">f</span> <span class="o">=</span> <span class="mh">0xFF</span> <span class="c1"># EXADECIMAL TYPE(0X ...)</span>
+<a id="__codelineno-5-16" name="__codelineno-5-16"></a><span class="n">o</span> <span class="o">=</span> <span class="mo">0o77</span> <span class="c1"># OCTAL TYPE</span>
+<a id="__codelineno-5-17" name="__codelineno-5-17"></a><span class="n">g</span> <span class="o">=</span> <span class="kc">True</span> <span class="c1"># BOOLEAN TYPE</span>
+<a id="__codelineno-5-18" name="__codelineno-5-18"></a>
+<a id="__codelineno-5-19" name="__codelineno-5-19"></a><span class="c1"># VARIABLE TYPE CONVERSION</span>
+<a id="__codelineno-5-20" name="__codelineno-5-20"></a><span class="n">h</span> <span class="o">=</span> <span class="nb">int</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="n">y</span><span class="p">)</span>
+<a id="__codelineno-5-21" name="__codelineno-5-21"></a><span class="n">i</span> <span class="o">=</span> <span class="nb">float</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="s1">&#39;22 .5 &#39;</span><span class="p">)</span>
+<a id="__codelineno-5-22" name="__codelineno-5-22"></a>
+<a id="__codelineno-5-23" name="__codelineno-5-23"></a><span class="c1"># NUMERIC BASIC CONVERSION</span>
+<a id="__codelineno-5-24" name="__codelineno-5-24"></a><span class="nb">bin</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="mi">3616544</span><span class="p">)</span>
+<a id="__codelineno-5-25" name="__codelineno-5-25"></a><span class="nb">hex</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="mi">589</span><span class="p">)</span>
+<a id="__codelineno-5-26" name="__codelineno-5-26"></a><span class="nb">oct</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="mi">265846</span><span class="p">)</span>
+<a id="__codelineno-5-27" name="__codelineno-5-27"></a>
+<a id="__codelineno-5-28" name="__codelineno-5-28"></a><span class="c1"># UNICODE CONVERSION</span>
+<a id="__codelineno-5-29" name="__codelineno-5-29"></a><span class="nb">ord</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="n">c</span><span class="p">)</span> <span class="c1"># Given a string representing one Unicode character, return an integer representing the Unicode code point of that character</span>
+<a id="__codelineno-5-30" name="__codelineno-5-30"></a><span class="nb">chr</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="n">i</span><span class="p">)</span> <span class="c1"># Return the string representing a character whose Unicode code point is the integer i</span>
+<a id="__codelineno-5-31" name="__codelineno-5-31"></a>
+<a id="__codelineno-5-32" name="__codelineno-5-32"></a>
+<a id="__codelineno-5-33" name="__codelineno-5-33"></a><span class="nb">pow</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="n">x</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="n">y</span><span class="p">)</span> <span class="c1"># x ^ y</span>
+<a id="__codelineno-5-34" name="__codelineno-5-34"></a><span class="nb">abs</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="n">num</span><span class="p">)</span> <span class="c1"># returns absolute value of num(| num |)</span>
+<a id="__codelineno-5-35" name="__codelineno-5-35"></a><span class="nb">round</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="n">num</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="n">precision</span><span class="p">)</span> <span class="c1"># rounds number to given precision, does not convert float to int</span>
+</code></pre></div></td></tr></table></div>
+<h3 id="comparison-of-decimal-numbers">Comparison of Decimal Numbers</h3>
+<p>Do not use <code>==</code> or <code>! =</code> To compare floating point numbers. They are approximations or have several digits.
+It is worth checking if the difference between the numbers is small enough.</p>
+<h2 id="strings">Strings</h2>
+<div class="highlight"><table class="highlighttable"><tr><th colspan="2" class="filename"><span class="filename">Python</span></th></tr><tr><td class="linenos"><div class="linenodiv"><pre><span></span><span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-6-1"> 1</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-6-2"> 2</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-6-3"> 3</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-6-4"> 4</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-6-5"> 5</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-6-6"> 6</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-6-7"> 7</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-6-8"> 8</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-6-9"> 9</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-6-10">10</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-6-11">11</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-6-12">12</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-6-13">13</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-6-14">14</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-6-15">15</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-6-16">16</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-6-17">17</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-6-18">18</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-6-19">19</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-6-20">20</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-6-21">21</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-6-22">22</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-6-23">23</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-6-24">24</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-6-25">25</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-6-26">26</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-6-27">27</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-6-28">28</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-6-29">29</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-6-30">30</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-6-31">31</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-6-32">32</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-6-33">33</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-6-34">34</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-6-35">35</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-6-36">36</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-6-37">37</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-6-38">38</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-6-39">39</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-6-40">40</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-6-41">41</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-6-42">42</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-6-43">43</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-6-44">44</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-6-45">45</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-6-46">46</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-6-47">47</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-6-48">48</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-6-49">49</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-6-50">50</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-6-51">51</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-6-52">52</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-6-53">53</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-6-54">54</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-6-55">55</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-6-56">56</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-6-57">57</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-6-58">58</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-6-59">59</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-6-60">60</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-6-61">61</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-6-62">62</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-6-63">63</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-6-64">64</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-6-65">65</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-6-66">66</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-6-67">67</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-6-68">68</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-6-69">69</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-6-70">70</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-6-71">71</a></span></pre></div></td><td class="code"><div><pre><span></span><code><a id="__codelineno-6-1" name="__codelineno-6-1"></a><span class="n">string</span> <span class="o">=</span> <span class="s1">&#39;string content&#39;</span> <span class="c1"># assignment and creation of string variable</span>
+<a id="__codelineno-6-2" name="__codelineno-6-2"></a><span class="n">string</span> <span class="o">=</span> <span class="s1">&#39;&#39;&#39;multi</span>
+<a id="__codelineno-6-3" name="__codelineno-6-3"></a><span class="s1">line</span>
+<a id="__codelineno-6-4" name="__codelineno-6-4"></a><span class="s1">string&#39;&#39;&#39;</span>
+<a id="__codelineno-6-5" name="__codelineno-6-5"></a>
+<a id="__codelineno-6-6" name="__codelineno-6-6"></a><span class="n">string3</span> <span class="o">=</span> <span class="n">string1</span> <span class="o">+</span> <span class="n">string2</span> <span class="c1"># string concatenation(operator polymorphism +)</span>
+<a id="__codelineno-6-7" name="__codelineno-6-7"></a>
+<a id="__codelineno-6-8" name="__codelineno-6-8"></a><span class="c1"># INDEXING(selection of a character in the string)</span>
+<a id="__codelineno-6-9" name="__codelineno-6-9"></a><span class="n">string</span><span class="p">[</span><span class="mi">0</span><span class="p">]</span>
+<a id="__codelineno-6-10" name="__codelineno-6-10"></a><span class="n">string</span><span class="p">[</span><span class="mi">2</span><span class="p">]</span>
+<a id="__codelineno-6-11" name="__codelineno-6-11"></a><span class="n">string</span><span class="p">[</span><span class="o">-</span><span class="mi">3</span><span class="p">]</span> <span class="c1"># selection starting from the bottom(negative index)</span>
+<a id="__codelineno-6-12" name="__codelineno-6-12"></a>
+<a id="__codelineno-6-13" name="__codelineno-6-13"></a><span class="c1"># REPETITION (repeat string output)</span>
+<a id="__codelineno-6-14" name="__codelineno-6-14"></a><span class="nb">print</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="n">string</span> <span class="o">*</span> <span class="n">n</span><span class="p">)</span>
+<a id="__codelineno-6-15" name="__codelineno-6-15"></a>
+<a id="__codelineno-6-16" name="__codelineno-6-16"></a><span class="nb">len</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="n">string</span><span class="p">)</span> <span class="c1"># show the length of a string</span>
+<a id="__codelineno-6-17" name="__codelineno-6-17"></a>
+<a id="__codelineno-6-18" name="__codelineno-6-18"></a><span class="c1"># SLICING (extraction of sub-strings, does not include the position of the last index)</span>
+<a id="__codelineno-6-19" name="__codelineno-6-19"></a><span class="n">string</span><span class="p">[</span><span class="mi">0</span><span class="p">:</span> <span class="mi">5</span><span class="p">]</span>
+<a id="__codelineno-6-20" name="__codelineno-6-20"></a><span class="n">string</span><span class="p">[:</span> <span class="mi">6</span><span class="p">]</span>
+<a id="__codelineno-6-21" name="__codelineno-6-21"></a><span class="n">string</span><span class="p">[</span><span class="o">-</span><span class="mi">3</span><span class="p">:</span> <span class="o">-</span><span class="mi">1</span><span class="p">]</span>
+<a id="__codelineno-6-22" name="__codelineno-6-22"></a>
+<a id="__codelineno-6-23" name="__codelineno-6-23"></a><span class="c1"># SLICING WITH STEP</span>
+<a id="__codelineno-6-24" name="__codelineno-6-24"></a><span class="n">string</span><span class="p">[</span><span class="mi">0</span><span class="p">:</span> <span class="mi">12</span><span class="p">:</span> <span class="mi">3</span><span class="p">]</span>
+<a id="__codelineno-6-25" name="__codelineno-6-25"></a><span class="n">string</span><span class="p">[</span><span class="mi">15</span> <span class="p">::</span> <span class="o">-</span> <span class="mi">1</span><span class="p">]</span>
+<a id="__codelineno-6-26" name="__codelineno-6-26"></a><span class="n">string</span><span class="p">[::</span> <span class="o">-</span> <span class="mi">1</span><span class="p">]</span> <span class="c1"># selection in reverse order (negative step)</span>
+<a id="__codelineno-6-27" name="__codelineno-6-27"></a>
+<a id="__codelineno-6-28" name="__codelineno-6-28"></a><span class="c1"># STRIPPING (elimination of spaces before and after string)</span>
+<a id="__codelineno-6-29" name="__codelineno-6-29"></a><span class="n">string</span> <span class="o">=</span> <span class="s1">&#39;stripping test&#39;</span>
+<a id="__codelineno-6-30" name="__codelineno-6-30"></a><span class="n">string</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">strip</span><span class="p">()</span>
+<a id="__codelineno-6-31" name="__codelineno-6-31"></a><span class="n">string</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">lstrip</span><span class="p">()</span> <span class="c1"># only left spaces removed</span>
+<a id="__codelineno-6-32" name="__codelineno-6-32"></a><span class="n">string</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">rstrip</span><span class="p">()</span> <span class="c1"># only right spaces removed</span>
+<a id="__codelineno-6-33" name="__codelineno-6-33"></a><span class="n">string</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">removeprefix</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="n">prefix</span><span class="p">)</span> <span class="c1"># If the string starts with the prefix string, return string [len (prefix):]</span>
+<a id="__codelineno-6-34" name="__codelineno-6-34"></a><span class="n">string</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">removesuffix</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="n">suffix</span><span class="p">)</span> <span class="c1"># If the string ends with the suffix string and that suffix is ​​not empty, return string [: - len (suffix)]</span>
+<a id="__codelineno-6-35" name="__codelineno-6-35"></a>
+<a id="__codelineno-6-36" name="__codelineno-6-36"></a><span class="c1"># SUBSTRING IDENTIFICATION</span>
+<a id="__codelineno-6-37" name="__codelineno-6-37"></a><span class="c1">#returns starting index of the substring or -1 if it is not present</span>
+<a id="__codelineno-6-38" name="__codelineno-6-38"></a><span class="n">string</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">find</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="s1">&#39;substring&#39;</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="mi">0</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="nb">len</span> <span class="p">(</span><span class="n">string</span><span class="p">))</span> <span class="c1"># you can specify the start and end index of the search</span>
+<a id="__codelineno-6-39" name="__codelineno-6-39"></a>
+<a id="__codelineno-6-40" name="__codelineno-6-40"></a><span class="c1"># COUNT OF APPARITIONS</span>
+<a id="__codelineno-6-41" name="__codelineno-6-41"></a><span class="n">string</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">count</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="s1">&#39;t&#39;</span><span class="p">)</span>
+<a id="__codelineno-6-42" name="__codelineno-6-42"></a>
+<a id="__codelineno-6-43" name="__codelineno-6-43"></a><span class="c1"># REPLACEMENT</span>
+<a id="__codelineno-6-44" name="__codelineno-6-44"></a><span class="n">string</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">replace</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="s1">&#39;multi&#39;</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="s1">&#39;multiple&#39;</span><span class="p">)</span>
+<a id="__codelineno-6-45" name="__codelineno-6-45"></a>
+<a id="__codelineno-6-46" name="__codelineno-6-46"></a><span class="c1"># UPPER CASE CONVERSION</span>
+<a id="__codelineno-6-47" name="__codelineno-6-47"></a><span class="n">string</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">upper</span><span class="p">()</span>
+<a id="__codelineno-6-48" name="__codelineno-6-48"></a><span class="n">string</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">lower</span><span class="p">()</span>
+<a id="__codelineno-6-49" name="__codelineno-6-49"></a><span class="n">string</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">title</span><span class="p">()</span>
+<a id="__codelineno-6-50" name="__codelineno-6-50"></a><span class="n">string</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">capitalize</span><span class="p">()</span>
+<a id="__codelineno-6-51" name="__codelineno-6-51"></a>
+<a id="__codelineno-6-52" name="__codelineno-6-52"></a><span class="c1"># SEPARATION IN LIST ELEMENTS</span>
+<a id="__codelineno-6-53" name="__codelineno-6-53"></a><span class="n">string</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">split</span><span class="p">()</span>
+<a id="__codelineno-6-54" name="__codelineno-6-54"></a><span class="n">string</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">split</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="s1">&#39;separator&#39;</span><span class="p">)</span> <span class="c1"># separate using separator (separator omitted in list)</span>
+<a id="__codelineno-6-55" name="__codelineno-6-55"></a><span class="n">string</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">partition</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="s1">&#39;char&#39;</span><span class="p">)</span> <span class="c1"># -&gt; tuple # separates the string from the 3 parts at the first occurrence of separator</span>
+<a id="__codelineno-6-56" name="__codelineno-6-56"></a>
+<a id="__codelineno-6-57" name="__codelineno-6-57"></a><span class="c1"># IS_CHECK METHODS -&gt; bool</span>
+<a id="__codelineno-6-58" name="__codelineno-6-58"></a><span class="n">string</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">isalnum</span><span class="p">()</span>
+<a id="__codelineno-6-59" name="__codelineno-6-59"></a><span class="n">string</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">isalpha</span><span class="p">()</span>
+<a id="__codelineno-6-60" name="__codelineno-6-60"></a><span class="n">string</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">islower</span><span class="p">()</span>
+<a id="__codelineno-6-61" name="__codelineno-6-61"></a><span class="n">string</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">isspace</span><span class="p">()</span>
+<a id="__codelineno-6-62" name="__codelineno-6-62"></a><span class="n">string</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">istitle</span><span class="p">()</span>
+<a id="__codelineno-6-63" name="__codelineno-6-63"></a><span class="n">string</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">isupper</span><span class="p">()</span>
+<a id="__codelineno-6-64" name="__codelineno-6-64"></a><span class="n">string</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">endswith</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="s1">&#39;char&#39;</span><span class="p">)</span>
+<a id="__codelineno-6-65" name="__codelineno-6-65"></a>
+<a id="__codelineno-6-66" name="__codelineno-6-66"></a><span class="c1"># JOIN INSTRUCTION()</span>
+<a id="__codelineno-6-67" name="__codelineno-6-67"></a><span class="s1">&#39;&#39;</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">join</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="n">iterable</span><span class="p">)</span> <span class="c1"># merges all elements of the iterable into the new string</span>
+<a id="__codelineno-6-68" name="__codelineno-6-68"></a>
+<a id="__codelineno-6-69" name="__codelineno-6-69"></a><span class="c1"># FORMATTING</span>
+<a id="__codelineno-6-70" name="__codelineno-6-70"></a><span class="n">string</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">center</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="n">width</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="s1">&#39;char&#39;</span><span class="p">)</span> <span class="c1"># stretch the string with char to width</span>
+<a id="__codelineno-6-71" name="__codelineno-6-71"></a><span class="s1">&#39;...</span><span class="se">\t</span><span class="s1">...&#39;</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">expandtabs</span><span class="p">()</span> <span class="c1"># transform tabs into spaces</span>
+</code></pre></div></td></tr></table></div>
+<h2 id="lists">Lists</h2>
+<div class="highlight"><table class="highlighttable"><tr><th colspan="2" class="filename"><span class="filename">Python</span></th></tr><tr><td class="linenos"><div class="linenodiv"><pre><span></span><span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-7-1"> 1</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-7-2"> 2</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-7-3"> 3</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-7-4"> 4</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-7-5"> 5</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-7-6"> 6</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-7-7"> 7</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-7-8"> 8</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-7-9"> 9</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-7-10">10</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-7-11">11</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-7-12">12</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-7-13">13</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-7-14">14</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-7-15">15</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-7-16">16</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-7-17">17</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-7-18">18</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-7-19">19</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-7-20">20</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-7-21">21</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-7-22">22</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-7-23">23</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-7-24">24</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-7-25">25</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-7-26">26</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-7-27">27</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-7-28">28</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-7-29">29</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-7-30">30</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-7-31">31</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-7-32">32</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-7-33">33</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-7-34">34</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-7-35">35</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-7-36">36</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-7-37">37</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-7-38">38</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-7-39">39</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-7-40">40</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-7-41">41</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-7-42">42</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-7-43">43</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-7-44">44</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-7-45">45</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-7-46">46</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-7-47">47</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-7-48">48</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-7-49">49</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-7-50">50</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-7-51">51</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-7-52">52</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-7-53">53</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-7-54">54</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-7-55">55</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-7-56">56</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-7-57">57</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-7-58">58</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-7-59">59</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-7-60">60</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-7-61">61</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-7-62">62</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-7-63">63</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-7-64">64</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-7-65">65</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-7-66">66</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-7-67">67</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-7-68">68</a></span></pre></div></td><td class="code"><div><pre><span></span><code><a id="__codelineno-7-1" name="__codelineno-7-1"></a><span class="nb">list</span> <span class="o">=</span> <span class="p">[</span><span class="mi">9</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="mi">11</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="s1">&#39;WTC&#39;</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="o">-</span><span class="mf">5.6</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="kc">True</span><span class="p">]</span> <span class="c1"># lists can contain data of different types</span>
+<a id="__codelineno-7-2" name="__codelineno-7-2"></a>
+<a id="__codelineno-7-3" name="__codelineno-7-3"></a><span class="nb">list</span><span class="p">[</span><span class="mi">3</span><span class="p">]</span> <span class="c1"># indexing</span>
+<a id="__codelineno-7-4" name="__codelineno-7-4"></a><span class="nb">list</span><span class="p">[</span><span class="mi">3</span><span class="p">:</span> <span class="mi">5</span><span class="p">]</span> <span class="c1"># slicing</span>
+<a id="__codelineno-7-5" name="__codelineno-7-5"></a><span class="nb">list</span> <span class="o">*</span> <span class="mi">3</span> <span class="c1"># repetition</span>
+<a id="__codelineno-7-6" name="__codelineno-7-6"></a><span class="nb">len</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="nb">list</span><span class="p">)</span> <span class="c1"># length</span>
+<a id="__codelineno-7-7" name="__codelineno-7-7"></a><span class="n">list3</span> <span class="o">=</span> <span class="n">list1</span> <span class="o">+</span> <span class="n">list2</span> <span class="c1"># list concatenation (operator + polymorphism)</span>
+<a id="__codelineno-7-8" name="__codelineno-7-8"></a><span class="nb">list</span><span class="p">[</span><span class="n">index</span><span class="p">]</span> <span class="o">=</span> <span class="n">value</span> <span class="c1"># modify list element</span>
+<a id="__codelineno-7-9" name="__codelineno-7-9"></a><span class="k">del</span> <span class="p">(</span><span class="nb">list</span> <span class="p">[</span><span class="mi">1</span><span class="p">])</span> <span class="c1"># remove by index (INBUILT IN PYTHON)</span>
+<a id="__codelineno-7-10" name="__codelineno-7-10"></a><span class="c1"># modify the list between the start and stop indices by reassigning the elements of the iterable</span>
+<a id="__codelineno-7-11" name="__codelineno-7-11"></a><span class="nb">list</span><span class="p">[</span><span class="n">start</span><span class="p">:</span> <span class="n">stop</span><span class="p">]</span> <span class="o">=</span> <span class="n">iterable</span>
+<a id="__codelineno-7-12" name="__codelineno-7-12"></a>
+<a id="__codelineno-7-13" name="__codelineno-7-13"></a><span class="c1"># LIST METHODS</span>
+<a id="__codelineno-7-14" name="__codelineno-7-14"></a><span class="nb">list</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">append</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="nb">object</span><span class="p">)</span> <span class="c1"># add object to background</span>
+<a id="__codelineno-7-15" name="__codelineno-7-15"></a><span class="nb">list</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">count</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="n">item</span><span class="p">)</span> <span class="c1"># counts the number of occurrences of item</span>
+<a id="__codelineno-7-16" name="__codelineno-7-16"></a><span class="nb">list</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">extend</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="n">sequence</span><span class="p">)</span> <span class="c1"># add sequence elements to the list</span>
+<a id="__codelineno-7-17" name="__codelineno-7-17"></a><span class="nb">list</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">insert</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="n">position</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="nb">object</span><span class="p">)</span> <span class="c1"># insert object in list [position]</span>
+<a id="__codelineno-7-18" name="__codelineno-7-18"></a><span class="nb">list</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">index</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="n">item</span><span class="p">)</span> <span class="c1"># returns the index of item</span>
+<a id="__codelineno-7-19" name="__codelineno-7-19"></a><span class="nb">list</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">remove</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="n">item</span><span class="p">)</span> <span class="c1"># remove item</span>
+<a id="__codelineno-7-20" name="__codelineno-7-20"></a><span class="n">poplist</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="n">item</span><span class="p">)</span> <span class="c1"># delete item and return it</span>
+<a id="__codelineno-7-21" name="__codelineno-7-21"></a><span class="nb">list</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">clear</span><span class="p">()</span> <span class="c1"># remove all elements</span>
+<a id="__codelineno-7-22" name="__codelineno-7-22"></a>
+<a id="__codelineno-7-23" name="__codelineno-7-23"></a><span class="nb">list</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">sort</span><span class="p">()</span> <span class="c1"># sorts in ascending order (in place)</span>
+<a id="__codelineno-7-24" name="__codelineno-7-24"></a><span class="nb">list</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">sort</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="n">reverse</span> <span class="o">=</span> <span class="kc">True</span><span class="p">)</span> <span class="c1"># sorts in descending order (in place)</span>
+<a id="__codelineno-7-25" name="__codelineno-7-25"></a><span class="nb">list</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">reverse</span><span class="p">()</span> <span class="c1"># invert the string (in place)</span>
+<a id="__codelineno-7-26" name="__codelineno-7-26"></a>
+<a id="__codelineno-7-27" name="__codelineno-7-27"></a><span class="c1"># CLONING</span>
+<a id="__codelineno-7-28" name="__codelineno-7-28"></a><span class="n">list1</span> <span class="o">=</span> <span class="p">[</span><span class="o">...</span><span class="p">]</span>
+<a id="__codelineno-7-29" name="__codelineno-7-29"></a><span class="n">list2</span> <span class="o">=</span> <span class="n">list1</span> <span class="c1"># list2 points to the same object of list 1 (changes are shared)</span>
+<a id="__codelineno-7-30" name="__codelineno-7-30"></a><span class="n">list3</span> <span class="o">=</span> <span class="n">list1</span> <span class="p">[:]</span> <span class="c1"># list3 is a clone of list1 (no shared changes)</span>
+<a id="__codelineno-7-31" name="__codelineno-7-31"></a>
+<a id="__codelineno-7-32" name="__codelineno-7-32"></a><span class="c1"># NESTED LISTS (MATRICES)</span>
+<a id="__codelineno-7-33" name="__codelineno-7-33"></a><span class="n">list_1</span> <span class="o">=</span> <span class="p">[</span><span class="mi">1</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="mi">2</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="mi">3</span><span class="p">]</span>
+<a id="__codelineno-7-34" name="__codelineno-7-34"></a><span class="n">list_2</span> <span class="o">=</span> <span class="p">[</span><span class="mi">4</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="mi">5</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="mi">6</span><span class="p">]</span>
+<a id="__codelineno-7-35" name="__codelineno-7-35"></a><span class="n">list_3</span> <span class="o">=</span> <span class="p">[</span><span class="mi">7</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="mi">8</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="mi">9</span><span class="p">]</span>
+<a id="__codelineno-7-36" name="__codelineno-7-36"></a>
+<a id="__codelineno-7-37" name="__codelineno-7-37"></a><span class="n">matrix</span> <span class="o">=</span> <span class="p">[</span><span class="n">list_1</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="n">list_2</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="n">list_3</span><span class="p">]</span>
+<a id="__codelineno-7-38" name="__codelineno-7-38"></a><span class="n">matrix</span> <span class="p">[</span><span class="n">i</span><span class="p">][</span><span class="n">j</span><span class="p">]</span> <span class="c1"># identify element of list_i index j</span>
+<a id="__codelineno-7-39" name="__codelineno-7-39"></a>
+<a id="__codelineno-7-40" name="__codelineno-7-40"></a><span class="c1"># MAXIMUM AND MINIMUM</span>
+<a id="__codelineno-7-41" name="__codelineno-7-41"></a><span class="nb">max</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="nb">list</span><span class="p">)</span>
+<a id="__codelineno-7-42" name="__codelineno-7-42"></a><span class="nb">min</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="nb">list</span><span class="p">)</span>
+<a id="__codelineno-7-43" name="__codelineno-7-43"></a>
+<a id="__codelineno-7-44" name="__codelineno-7-44"></a><span class="c1"># ALL () &amp; ANY ()</span>
+<a id="__codelineno-7-45" name="__codelineno-7-45"></a><span class="nb">all</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="n">sequence</span><span class="p">)</span> <span class="c1"># returns TRUE if all elements of the sequence are true</span>
+<a id="__codelineno-7-46" name="__codelineno-7-46"></a><span class="nb">any</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="n">sequence</span><span class="p">)</span> <span class="c1"># returns TRUE if at least one element of the sequence has the value True</span>
+<a id="__codelineno-7-47" name="__codelineno-7-47"></a>
+<a id="__codelineno-7-48" name="__codelineno-7-48"></a><span class="c1"># MAP INSTRUCTION</span>
+<a id="__codelineno-7-49" name="__codelineno-7-49"></a><span class="c1"># apply function to iterable and create new list (map object)</span>
+<a id="__codelineno-7-50" name="__codelineno-7-50"></a><span class="c1"># function can be lambda</span>
+<a id="__codelineno-7-51" name="__codelineno-7-51"></a><span class="nb">map</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="n">function</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="n">iterable</span><span class="p">)</span> <span class="c1"># -&gt; map object</span>
+<a id="__codelineno-7-52" name="__codelineno-7-52"></a>
+<a id="__codelineno-7-53" name="__codelineno-7-53"></a><span class="c1"># FILTER INSTRUCTION ()</span>
+<a id="__codelineno-7-54" name="__codelineno-7-54"></a><span class="c1"># create a new list composed of the iterable elements for which the function returns TRUE</span>
+<a id="__codelineno-7-55" name="__codelineno-7-55"></a><span class="nb">filter</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="n">function</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="n">iterable</span><span class="p">)</span> <span class="c1"># -&gt; filter object</span>
+<a id="__codelineno-7-56" name="__codelineno-7-56"></a>
+<a id="__codelineno-7-57" name="__codelineno-7-57"></a><span class="c1"># ZIP INSTRUCTION ()</span>
+<a id="__codelineno-7-58" name="__codelineno-7-58"></a><span class="c1"># create a tuple generator by joining two or more iterables</span>
+<a id="__codelineno-7-59" name="__codelineno-7-59"></a><span class="c1"># [(seq_1 [0], seq_2 [0], ...), (seq_1 [1], seq_2 [1], ...), ...]</span>
+<a id="__codelineno-7-60" name="__codelineno-7-60"></a><span class="c1"># truncate the sequence to the length of the shortest input sequence</span>
+<a id="__codelineno-7-61" name="__codelineno-7-61"></a><span class="nb">zip</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="n">seq_1</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="n">seq_2</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="o">...</span><span class="p">)</span> <span class="c1"># -&gt; zip object (tuple generator)</span>
+<a id="__codelineno-7-62" name="__codelineno-7-62"></a>
+<a id="__codelineno-7-63" name="__codelineno-7-63"></a><span class="c1"># LIST COMPREHENSIONS</span>
+<a id="__codelineno-7-64" name="__codelineno-7-64"></a><span class="n">var</span> <span class="o">=</span> <span class="p">[</span><span class="n">expression</span> <span class="k">for</span> <span class="n">element</span> <span class="ow">in</span> <span class="n">sequence</span> <span class="k">if</span> <span class="n">condition</span><span class="p">]</span> <span class="c1"># create list from pre-existing list (instead of map, filter, reduce) applying any manipulations</span>
+<a id="__codelineno-7-65" name="__codelineno-7-65"></a><span class="c1"># expression can be lambda, if is optional</span>
+<a id="__codelineno-7-66" name="__codelineno-7-66"></a><span class="n">var</span> <span class="o">=</span> <span class="p">[</span><span class="n">expression</span> <span class="k">if</span> <span class="n">condition</span> <span class="k">else</span> <span class="n">statement</span> <span class="k">for</span> <span class="n">element</span> <span class="ow">in</span> <span class="n">sequence</span><span class="p">]</span> <span class="c1"># list comprehension with IF-ELSE</span>
+<a id="__codelineno-7-67" name="__codelineno-7-67"></a><span class="n">var</span> <span class="o">=</span> <span class="p">[</span><span class="n">expression_1</span> <span class="k">for</span> <span class="n">element</span> <span class="ow">in</span> <span class="p">[</span><span class="n">expression_2</span> <span class="k">for</span> <span class="n">element</span> <span class="ow">in</span> <span class="n">sequence</span><span class="p">]]</span> <span class="c1"># nested list comprehension</span>
+<a id="__codelineno-7-68" name="__codelineno-7-68"></a><span class="n">var</span> <span class="o">=</span> <span class="p">[(</span><span class="n">exp_1</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="n">exp_2</span><span class="p">)</span> <span class="k">for</span> <span class="n">item_1</span> <span class="ow">in</span> <span class="n">seq_1</span> <span class="k">for</span> <span class="n">item_2</span> <span class="ow">in</span> <span class="n">seq_2</span><span class="p">]</span> <span class="c1"># -&gt; [(..., ...), (..., ...), ...]</span>
+</code></pre></div></td></tr></table></div>
+<h2 id="tuple">Tuple</h2>
+<div class="highlight"><table class="highlighttable"><tr><th colspan="2" class="filename"><span class="filename">Python</span></th></tr><tr><td class="linenos"><div class="linenodiv"><pre><span></span><span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-8-1"> 1</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-8-2"> 2</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-8-3"> 3</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-8-4"> 4</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-8-5"> 5</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-8-6"> 6</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-8-7"> 7</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-8-8"> 8</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-8-9"> 9</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-8-10">10</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-8-11">11</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-8-12">12</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-8-13">13</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-8-14">14</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-8-15">15</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-8-16">16</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-8-17">17</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-8-18">18</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-8-19">19</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-8-20">20</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-8-21">21</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-8-22">22</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-8-23">23</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-8-24">24</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-8-25">25</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-8-26">26</a></span></pre></div></td><td class="code"><div><pre><span></span><code><a id="__codelineno-8-1" name="__codelineno-8-1"></a><span class="c1"># TUPLES CANNOT BE MODIFIED</span>
+<a id="__codelineno-8-2" name="__codelineno-8-2"></a><span class="nb">tuple</span> <span class="o">=</span> <span class="p">(</span><span class="mi">69</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="mi">420</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="mi">69</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="s1">&#39;abc&#39;</span><span class="p">)</span> <span class="c1"># tuple assignment</span>
+<a id="__codelineno-8-3" name="__codelineno-8-3"></a><span class="nb">tuple</span> <span class="o">=</span> <span class="p">(</span><span class="mi">44</span><span class="p">,)</span> <span class="c1"># single element tuples need a comma</span>
+<a id="__codelineno-8-4" name="__codelineno-8-4"></a>
+<a id="__codelineno-8-5" name="__codelineno-8-5"></a><span class="nb">tuple</span><span class="p">[</span><span class="mi">3</span><span class="p">]</span> <span class="c1"># indexing</span>
+<a id="__codelineno-8-6" name="__codelineno-8-6"></a><span class="nb">tuple</span> <span class="o">*</span> <span class="mi">3</span> <span class="c1"># repetition</span>
+<a id="__codelineno-8-7" name="__codelineno-8-7"></a><span class="nb">tuple</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">count</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="mi">69</span><span class="p">)</span> <span class="c1"># counting</span>
+<a id="__codelineno-8-8" name="__codelineno-8-8"></a><span class="nb">tuple</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">index</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="mi">420</span><span class="p">)</span> <span class="c1"># find index</span>
+<a id="__codelineno-8-9" name="__codelineno-8-9"></a><span class="nb">len</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="nb">tuple</span><span class="p">)</span> <span class="c1"># length tuple</span>
+<a id="__codelineno-8-10" name="__codelineno-8-10"></a>
+<a id="__codelineno-8-11" name="__codelineno-8-11"></a><span class="c1"># CONVERSION FROM TUPLE TO LIST</span>
+<a id="__codelineno-8-12" name="__codelineno-8-12"></a><span class="nb">tuple</span> <span class="o">=</span> <span class="nb">tuple</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="nb">list</span><span class="p">)</span>
+<a id="__codelineno-8-13" name="__codelineno-8-13"></a>
+<a id="__codelineno-8-14" name="__codelineno-8-14"></a><span class="c1"># TUPLE UNPACKING</span>
+<a id="__codelineno-8-15" name="__codelineno-8-15"></a><span class="n">tup</span> <span class="o">=</span> <span class="p">(</span><span class="n">item_1</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="n">item_2</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="n">etc</span><span class="p">)</span>
+<a id="__codelineno-8-16" name="__codelineno-8-16"></a><span class="n">var_1</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="n">var_2</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="n">etc</span> <span class="o">=</span> <span class="n">tup</span>
+<a id="__codelineno-8-17" name="__codelineno-8-17"></a><span class="c1"># var_1 = item_1, var_2 = item_2, ...</span>
+<a id="__codelineno-8-18" name="__codelineno-8-18"></a>
+<a id="__codelineno-8-19" name="__codelineno-8-19"></a><span class="n">tup</span> <span class="o">=</span> <span class="p">(</span><span class="n">item_1</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="p">(</span><span class="n">item_2</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="n">item_3</span><span class="p">))</span>
+<a id="__codelineno-8-20" name="__codelineno-8-20"></a><span class="n">var_1</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="p">(</span><span class="n">var_2</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="n">var_3</span><span class="p">)</span> <span class="o">=</span> <span class="n">tup</span>
+<a id="__codelineno-8-21" name="__codelineno-8-21"></a><span class="c1"># var_1 = item_1, var_2 = item_2, var_3 = item_3</span>
+<a id="__codelineno-8-22" name="__codelineno-8-22"></a>
+<a id="__codelineno-8-23" name="__codelineno-8-23"></a><span class="c1">#OPERATOR * VAR (tuple unpacking)</span>
+<a id="__codelineno-8-24" name="__codelineno-8-24"></a><span class="n">var_1</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="n">var_2</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="o">*</span> <span class="n">rest</span> <span class="o">=</span> <span class="n">sequence</span> <span class="c1"># var_1 = seq [0], var_2 = seq [1], rest = seq [2:]</span>
+<a id="__codelineno-8-25" name="__codelineno-8-25"></a><span class="n">var_1</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="o">*</span> <span class="n">body</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="n">var_2</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="n">var_3</span> <span class="o">=</span> <span class="n">sequence</span> <span class="c1"># var_1 = seq [0], body = seq [1: -2], var_2 = sequence [-2], var_3 = seq [-1]</span>
+<a id="__codelineno-8-26" name="__codelineno-8-26"></a><span class="c1"># * var retrieves the excess items, if in parallel assignment usable max once but in any position</span>
+</code></pre></div></td></tr></table></div>
+<h2 id="set">Set</h2>
+<div class="highlight"><table class="highlighttable"><tr><th colspan="2" class="filename"><span class="filename">Python</span></th></tr><tr><td class="linenos"><div class="linenodiv"><pre><span></span><span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-9-1"> 1</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-9-2"> 2</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-9-3"> 3</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-9-4"> 4</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-9-5"> 5</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-9-6"> 6</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-9-7"> 7</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-9-8"> 8</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-9-9"> 9</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-9-10">10</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-9-11">11</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-9-12">12</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-9-13">13</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-9-14">14</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-9-15">15</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-9-16">16</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-9-17">17</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-9-18">18</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-9-19">19</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-9-20">20</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-9-21">21</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-9-22">22</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-9-23">23</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-9-24">24</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-9-25">25</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-9-26">26</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-9-27">27</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-9-28">28</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-9-29">29</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-9-30">30</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-9-31">31</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-9-32">32</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-9-33">33</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-9-34">34</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-9-35">35</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-9-36">36</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-9-37">37</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-9-38">38</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-9-39">39</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-9-40">40</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-9-41">41</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-9-42">42</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-9-43">43</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-9-44">44</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-9-45">45</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-9-46">46</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-9-47">47</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-9-48">48</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-9-49">49</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-9-50">50</a></span></pre></div></td><td class="code"><div><pre><span></span><code><a id="__codelineno-9-1" name="__codelineno-9-1"></a><span class="c1"># SETS MAY NOT CONTAIN REPEATED ELEMENTS (THEY ARE OMITTED)</span>
+<a id="__codelineno-9-2" name="__codelineno-9-2"></a><span class="c1"># THE ORDER DOES NOT MATTER (NO SLICING, INDEXING, REPETITION, ...)</span>
+<a id="__codelineno-9-3" name="__codelineno-9-3"></a><span class="nb">set</span> <span class="o">=</span> <span class="p">{</span><span class="mi">10</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="mi">20</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="mi">30</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="s1">&#39;abc&#39;</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="mi">20</span><span class="p">}</span>
+<a id="__codelineno-9-4" name="__codelineno-9-4"></a><span class="nb">len</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="nb">set</span><span class="p">)</span> <span class="c1"># length set</span>
+<a id="__codelineno-9-5" name="__codelineno-9-5"></a><span class="nb">set</span><span class="p">()</span> <span class="c1"># create empty set ({} create empty dictionary)</span>
+<a id="__codelineno-9-6" name="__codelineno-9-6"></a><span class="c1"># FREEZING SETS (no longer editable)</span>
+<a id="__codelineno-9-7" name="__codelineno-9-7"></a><span class="n">fset</span> <span class="o">=</span> <span class="nb">frozenset</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="nb">set</span><span class="p">)</span>
+<a id="__codelineno-9-8" name="__codelineno-9-8"></a>
+<a id="__codelineno-9-9" name="__codelineno-9-9"></a><span class="c1"># OPERATORS</span>
+<a id="__codelineno-9-10" name="__codelineno-9-10"></a><span class="n">set_1</span> <span class="o">-</span> <span class="n">set_2</span> <span class="c1"># elements in set_1 but not in set_2</span>
+<a id="__codelineno-9-11" name="__codelineno-9-11"></a><span class="n">set_1</span> <span class="o">|</span> <span class="n">set_2</span> <span class="c1"># elements in set_1 or set_2</span>
+<a id="__codelineno-9-12" name="__codelineno-9-12"></a><span class="n">set_1</span> <span class="o">&amp;</span> <span class="n">set_2</span> <span class="c1"># elements in set_1 and set_2</span>
+<a id="__codelineno-9-13" name="__codelineno-9-13"></a><span class="n">set_1</span> <span class="o">^</span> <span class="n">set_1</span> <span class="c1"># elements in either set_1 or set_2</span>
+<a id="__codelineno-9-14" name="__codelineno-9-14"></a><span class="n">set_1</span> <span class="o">&lt;=</span> <span class="n">set_2</span> <span class="c1"># elements set_1 also in set_2</span>
+<a id="__codelineno-9-15" name="__codelineno-9-15"></a><span class="n">set_1</span> <span class="o">&lt;</span> <span class="n">set_2</span> <span class="c1"># set_1 &lt;= set_2 and set_1! = set_2</span>
+<a id="__codelineno-9-16" name="__codelineno-9-16"></a><span class="n">set_1</span> <span class="o">&gt;=</span> <span class="n">set_2</span> <span class="c1"># elements set_2 also in set_1</span>
+<a id="__codelineno-9-17" name="__codelineno-9-17"></a><span class="n">set_1</span> <span class="o">&gt;</span> <span class="n">set_2</span> <span class="c1"># set_1&gt; = set_2 and set_1! = set_2</span>
+<a id="__codelineno-9-18" name="__codelineno-9-18"></a>
+<a id="__codelineno-9-19" name="__codelineno-9-19"></a><span class="c1"># METHODS SET</span>
+<a id="__codelineno-9-20" name="__codelineno-9-20"></a><span class="nb">set</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">pop</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="n">item</span><span class="p">)</span> <span class="c1"># remove and return item</span>
+<a id="__codelineno-9-21" name="__codelineno-9-21"></a><span class="nb">set</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">add</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="n">item</span><span class="p">)</span> <span class="c1"># add item to set</span>
+<a id="__codelineno-9-22" name="__codelineno-9-22"></a>
+<a id="__codelineno-9-23" name="__codelineno-9-23"></a><span class="nb">set</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">copy</span><span class="p">()</span> <span class="c1"># -&gt; set # returns a copy of the set</span>
+<a id="__codelineno-9-24" name="__codelineno-9-24"></a><span class="nb">set</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">clear</span><span class="p">()</span> <span class="c1"># remove all elements from the set</span>
+<a id="__codelineno-9-25" name="__codelineno-9-25"></a><span class="nb">set</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">remove</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="n">item</span><span class="p">)</span> <span class="c1"># remove item from set if present, otherwise raise KeyError</span>
+<a id="__codelineno-9-26" name="__codelineno-9-26"></a><span class="nb">set</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">discard</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="n">item</span><span class="p">)</span> <span class="c1"># remove item from set if present, otherwise do nothing</span>
+<a id="__codelineno-9-27" name="__codelineno-9-27"></a><span class="nb">set</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">difference</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="o">*</span> <span class="n">sets</span><span class="p">)</span> <span class="c1"># -&gt; set # returns elements in set that are absent in * sets</span>
+<a id="__codelineno-9-28" name="__codelineno-9-28"></a><span class="nb">set</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">difference_update</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="o">*</span> <span class="n">sets</span><span class="p">)</span> <span class="c1"># remove differences from set_2</span>
+<a id="__codelineno-9-29" name="__codelineno-9-29"></a><span class="nb">set</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">union</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="o">*</span> <span class="n">sets</span><span class="p">)</span> <span class="c1"># -&gt; set # returns all elements of sets</span>
+<a id="__codelineno-9-30" name="__codelineno-9-30"></a><span class="nb">set</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">update</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="o">*</span> <span class="n">sets</span><span class="p">)</span> <span class="c1"># add * sets elements to set</span>
+<a id="__codelineno-9-31" name="__codelineno-9-31"></a><span class="nb">set</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">intersection</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="o">*</span> <span class="n">sets</span><span class="p">)</span> <span class="c1"># -&gt; set # returns the elements common to sets</span>
+<a id="__codelineno-9-32" name="__codelineno-9-32"></a><span class="nb">set</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">intersection_update</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="o">*</span> <span class="n">sets</span><span class="p">)</span> <span class="c1"># remove all elements except those common to sets</span>
+<a id="__codelineno-9-33" name="__codelineno-9-33"></a><span class="nb">set</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">symmetric_difference</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="o">*</span> <span class="n">sets</span><span class="p">)</span> <span class="c1"># -&gt; set # returns elements not common to sets</span>
+<a id="__codelineno-9-34" name="__codelineno-9-34"></a><span class="nb">set</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">symmetric_difference_update</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="o">*</span> <span class="n">sets</span><span class="p">)</span> <span class="c1"># remove all elements common to sets (leave only uncommon elements)</span>
+<a id="__codelineno-9-35" name="__codelineno-9-35"></a>
+<a id="__codelineno-9-36" name="__codelineno-9-36"></a><span class="n">set_1</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">isdisjoint</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="n">set_2</span><span class="p">)</span> <span class="c1"># -&gt; bool # True if there are no common elements (intersection is empty)</span>
+<a id="__codelineno-9-37" name="__codelineno-9-37"></a><span class="n">set_1</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">issubset</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="n">set_2</span><span class="p">)</span> <span class="c1"># -&gt; bool # True if every element of set_1 is also in set_2</span>
+<a id="__codelineno-9-38" name="__codelineno-9-38"></a><span class="n">set_1</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">issuperset</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="n">set_2</span><span class="p">)</span> <span class="c1"># -&gt; bool # True if every element of set_2 is also in set_1</span>
+<a id="__codelineno-9-39" name="__codelineno-9-39"></a>
+<a id="__codelineno-9-40" name="__codelineno-9-40"></a><span class="c1"># SET COMPREHENSIONS</span>
+<a id="__codelineno-9-41" name="__codelineno-9-41"></a><span class="n">var</span> <span class="o">=</span> <span class="p">{</span><span class="n">expression</span> <span class="k">for</span> <span class="n">element</span> <span class="ow">in</span> <span class="n">sequence</span> <span class="k">if</span> <span class="n">condition</span><span class="p">}</span>
+<a id="__codelineno-9-42" name="__codelineno-9-42"></a>
+<a id="__codelineno-9-43" name="__codelineno-9-43"></a><span class="c1"># SLICE OBJECT</span>
+<a id="__codelineno-9-44" name="__codelineno-9-44"></a><span class="c1"># [start: stop: step] -&gt; slice object (start, stop, step)</span>
+<a id="__codelineno-9-45" name="__codelineno-9-45"></a><span class="n">var_1</span> <span class="o">=</span> <span class="nb">slice</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="n">start</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="n">stop</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="n">step</span><span class="p">)</span> <span class="c1"># assignment to variable</span>
+<a id="__codelineno-9-46" name="__codelineno-9-46"></a><span class="n">var_2</span><span class="p">[</span><span class="n">var_1</span><span class="p">]</span> <span class="c1"># same as var_2 [start: stop: step]</span>
+<a id="__codelineno-9-47" name="__codelineno-9-47"></a>
+<a id="__codelineno-9-48" name="__codelineno-9-48"></a><span class="c1"># ELLIPSIS OBJECT</span>
+<a id="__codelineno-9-49" name="__codelineno-9-49"></a><span class="n">var</span><span class="p">[</span><span class="n">i</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="o">...</span><span class="p">]</span> <span class="c1"># -&gt; shortcut for var [i,:,:,:,]</span>
+<a id="__codelineno-9-50" name="__codelineno-9-50"></a><span class="c1"># used for multidimensional slices (NumPy, ...)</span>
+</code></pre></div></td></tr></table></div>
+<h2 id="bytes-e-bytearray">Bytes e Bytearray</h2>
+<div class="highlight"><table class="highlighttable"><tr><th colspan="2" class="filename"><span class="filename">Python</span></th></tr><tr><td class="linenos"><div class="linenodiv"><pre><span></span><span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-10-1"> 1</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-10-2"> 2</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-10-3"> 3</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-10-4"> 4</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-10-5"> 5</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-10-6"> 6</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-10-7"> 7</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-10-8"> 8</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-10-9"> 9</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-10-10">10</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-10-11">11</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-10-12">12</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-10-13">13</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-10-14">14</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-10-15">15</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-10-16">16</a></span></pre></div></td><td class="code"><div><pre><span></span><code><a id="__codelineno-10-1" name="__codelineno-10-1"></a><span class="c1"># THE BYTES CANNOT BE MODIFIED OR INDEXED</span>
+<a id="__codelineno-10-2" name="__codelineno-10-2"></a><span class="c1"># THE BYTEARRAYS CAN BE MODIFIED AND INDEXED</span>
+<a id="__codelineno-10-3" name="__codelineno-10-3"></a><span class="c1"># YOU CANNOT DO REPETITION AND SLICING ON BYTE OR BYTEARRAY</span>
+<a id="__codelineno-10-4" name="__codelineno-10-4"></a>
+<a id="__codelineno-10-5" name="__codelineno-10-5"></a><span class="n">b</span> <span class="o">=</span> <span class="nb">bytes</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="nb">list</span><span class="p">)</span>
+<a id="__codelineno-10-6" name="__codelineno-10-6"></a><span class="n">ba</span> <span class="o">=</span> <span class="nb">bytearray</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="nb">list</span><span class="p">)</span>
+<a id="__codelineno-10-7" name="__codelineno-10-7"></a>
+<a id="__codelineno-10-8" name="__codelineno-10-8"></a><span class="c1"># item of bytes and bytearray is always integer between 0 and 255</span>
+<a id="__codelineno-10-9" name="__codelineno-10-9"></a><span class="c1"># slice of bytes and bytearray is binary sequence (even if len = 1)</span>
+<a id="__codelineno-10-10" name="__codelineno-10-10"></a>
+<a id="__codelineno-10-11" name="__codelineno-10-11"></a><span class="c1"># BYTES AND BYTEARRAY METHODS</span>
+<a id="__codelineno-10-12" name="__codelineno-10-12"></a><span class="nb">bytes</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">fromhex</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="n">pair_hex_digits</span><span class="p">)</span> <span class="c1"># -&gt; byte literal</span>
+<a id="__codelineno-10-13" name="__codelineno-10-13"></a><span class="sa">b</span><span class="s1">&#39;bite_literal&#39;</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">hex</span><span class="p">()</span> <span class="c1"># -&gt; str # returns a string containing hex digit pairs</span>
+<a id="__codelineno-10-14" name="__codelineno-10-14"></a><span class="nb">bytearray</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">fromhex</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="n">pair_hex_digits</span><span class="p">)</span> <span class="c1"># -&gt; byte literal</span>
+<a id="__codelineno-10-15" name="__codelineno-10-15"></a><span class="nb">bytes</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">count</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="n">subseq</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="n">start</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="n">end</span><span class="p">)</span> <span class="c1"># returns subseq appearance count between start and end positions</span>
+<a id="__codelineno-10-16" name="__codelineno-10-16"></a><span class="nb">bytearray</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">count</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="n">subseq</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="n">start</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="n">end</span><span class="p">)</span> <span class="c1"># returns subseq appearance count between start and end positions</span>
+</code></pre></div></td></tr></table></div>
+<h2 id="encoding-decoding-unicode">Encoding-Decoding &amp; Unicode</h2>
+<p>Unicode Literals:</p>
+<ul>
+<li><code>\u0041</code> &rarr; 'A'</li>
+<li><code>\U00000041</code> &rarr; 'A'</li>
+<li><code>\x41</code> &rarr; 'A'</li>
+</ul>
+<div class="highlight"><table class="highlighttable"><tr><th colspan="2" class="filename"><span class="filename">Python</span></th></tr><tr><td class="linenos"><div class="linenodiv"><pre><span></span><span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-11-1"> 1</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-11-2"> 2</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-11-3"> 3</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-11-4"> 4</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-11-5"> 5</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-11-6"> 6</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-11-7"> 7</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-11-8"> 8</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-11-9"> 9</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-11-10">10</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-11-11">11</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-11-12">12</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-11-13">13</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-11-14">14</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-11-15">15</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-11-16">16</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-11-17">17</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-11-18">18</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-11-19">19</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-11-20">20</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-11-21">21</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-11-22">22</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-11-23">23</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-11-24">24</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-11-25">25</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-11-26">26</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-11-27">27</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-11-28">28</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-11-29">29</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-11-30">30</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-11-31">31</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-11-32">32</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-11-33">33</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-11-34">34</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-11-35">35</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-11-36">36</a></span></pre></div></td><td class="code"><div><pre><span></span><code><a id="__codelineno-11-1" name="__codelineno-11-1"></a><span class="c1"># ENCODING</span>
+<a id="__codelineno-11-2" name="__codelineno-11-2"></a><span class="c1"># transform string into literal byte</span>
+<a id="__codelineno-11-3" name="__codelineno-11-3"></a><span class="c1"># UnicodeEncodeError on error</span>
+<a id="__codelineno-11-4" name="__codelineno-11-4"></a><span class="c1"># errors = ignore -&gt; skip error-causing characters</span>
+<a id="__codelineno-11-5" name="__codelineno-11-5"></a><span class="c1"># errors = replace -&gt; replace? to characters causing error</span>
+<a id="__codelineno-11-6" name="__codelineno-11-6"></a><span class="c1"># errors = xmlcharrefreplace -&gt; substitutes XML entities for error-causing characters</span>
+<a id="__codelineno-11-7" name="__codelineno-11-7"></a><span class="n">string</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">encode</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="s1">&#39;utf-8&#39;</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="n">errors</span> <span class="o">=</span> <span class="s1">&#39;replace&#39;</span><span class="p">)</span> <span class="c1"># -&gt; b&#39;byte literals&#39;</span>
+<a id="__codelineno-11-8" name="__codelineno-11-8"></a>
+<a id="__codelineno-11-9" name="__codelineno-11-9"></a><span class="c1"># BOM (BYTE ORDER MARK)</span>
+<a id="__codelineno-11-10" name="__codelineno-11-10"></a><span class="c1"># byte literal given to indicate byte ordering (little-endian vs big-endian)</span>
+<a id="__codelineno-11-11" name="__codelineno-11-11"></a><span class="c1"># in little-endian the least significant bytes come first (e.g. U + 0045 -&gt; DEC 069 -&gt; encoded as 69 and 0)</span>
+<a id="__codelineno-11-12" name="__codelineno-11-12"></a><span class="c1"># U + FEFF (ZERO WIDTH NO-BREAK SPACE) -&gt; b &#39;\ xff \ xfe&#39; indicates little-endian</span>
+<a id="__codelineno-11-13" name="__codelineno-11-13"></a>
+<a id="__codelineno-11-14" name="__codelineno-11-14"></a><span class="c1"># DECODING</span>
+<a id="__codelineno-11-15" name="__codelineno-11-15"></a><span class="c1"># transform byte literal to string</span>
+<a id="__codelineno-11-16" name="__codelineno-11-16"></a><span class="c1"># error = &#39;replace&#39; replaces errors (byte literals not belonging to decoding format) with U + FFFD &quot;REPLACEMENT CHARACTER&quot;</span>
+<a id="__codelineno-11-17" name="__codelineno-11-17"></a><span class="nb">bytes</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">decode</span> <span class="p">(</span><span class="s1">&#39;utf-8&#39;</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="n">errors</span> <span class="o">=</span> <span class="s1">&#39;replace&#39;</span><span class="p">)</span> <span class="c1"># -&gt; str</span>
+<a id="__codelineno-11-18" name="__codelineno-11-18"></a>
+<a id="__codelineno-11-19" name="__codelineno-11-19"></a><span class="c1"># UNICODE NORMALIZATION</span>
+<a id="__codelineno-11-20" name="__codelineno-11-20"></a><span class="c1"># handling canonical unicode equivalents (e.g. é, and \ u0301 are equivalent for unicode)</span>
+<a id="__codelineno-11-21" name="__codelineno-11-21"></a><span class="n">unicodedata</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">normalize</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="n">form</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="n">unicode_string</span><span class="p">)</span> <span class="c1"># FORM: NFC, NFD, NFCK, NFDK</span>
+<a id="__codelineno-11-22" name="__codelineno-11-22"></a><span class="c1"># NFC -&gt; &quot;Normalization Form C&quot; -&gt; produces the shortest equivalent string</span>
+<a id="__codelineno-11-23" name="__codelineno-11-23"></a><span class="c1"># NFD -&gt; &quot;Normalization Form D&quot; -&gt; produces the longest equivalent string</span>
+<a id="__codelineno-11-24" name="__codelineno-11-24"></a>
+<a id="__codelineno-11-25" name="__codelineno-11-25"></a><span class="c1"># CASE FOLDING UNICODE</span>
+<a id="__codelineno-11-26" name="__codelineno-11-26"></a><span class="c1"># transform to lowercase with some differences (116 differences, 0.11% of Unicode 6.3)</span>
+<a id="__codelineno-11-27" name="__codelineno-11-27"></a><span class="n">string</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">casefold</span><span class="p">()</span>
+<a id="__codelineno-11-28" name="__codelineno-11-28"></a>
+<a id="__codelineno-11-29" name="__codelineno-11-29"></a><span class="c1"># USEFUL FUNCTIONS FOR NORMALIZED EQUIVALENCE (Source: Fluent Python p. 121, Luciano Ramalho)</span>
+<a id="__codelineno-11-30" name="__codelineno-11-30"></a><span class="kn">from</span> <span class="nn">unicodedata</span> <span class="kn">import</span> <span class="n">normalize</span>
+<a id="__codelineno-11-31" name="__codelineno-11-31"></a>
+<a id="__codelineno-11-32" name="__codelineno-11-32"></a><span class="k">def</span> <span class="nf">nfc_eual</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="n">str_1</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="n">str_2</span><span class="p">):</span>
+<a id="__codelineno-11-33" name="__codelineno-11-33"></a>    <span class="k">return</span> <span class="p">(</span><span class="n">normalize</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="s1">&#39;NFC&#39;</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="n">str1</span><span class="p">)</span> <span class="o">==</span> <span class="n">normalize</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="s1">&#39;NFC&#39;</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="n">str2</span><span class="p">))</span>
+<a id="__codelineno-11-34" name="__codelineno-11-34"></a><span class="k">def</span> <span class="nf">fold_equal</span> <span class="p">(</span><span class="n">str_1</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="n">str_2</span><span class="p">):</span>
+<a id="__codelineno-11-35" name="__codelineno-11-35"></a>    <span class="k">return</span> <span class="p">(</span><span class="n">normalize</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="s1">&#39;NFC&#39;</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="n">str_1</span><span class="p">)</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">casefold</span><span class="p">()</span> <span class="o">==</span>
+<a id="__codelineno-11-36" name="__codelineno-11-36"></a>            <span class="n">normalize</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="s1">&#39;NFC&#39;</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="n">st_2</span><span class="p">)</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">casefold</span><span class="p">())</span>
+</code></pre></div></td></tr></table></div>
+<h2 id="memoryview">Memoryview</h2>
+<div class="highlight"><table class="highlighttable"><tr><th colspan="2" class="filename"><span class="filename">Python</span></th></tr><tr><td class="linenos"><div class="linenodiv"><pre><span></span><span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-12-1"> 1</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-12-2"> 2</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-12-3"> 3</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-12-4"> 4</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-12-5"> 5</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-12-6"> 6</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-12-7"> 7</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-12-8"> 8</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-12-9"> 9</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-12-10">10</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-12-11">11</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-12-12">12</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-12-13">13</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-12-14">14</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-12-15">15</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-12-16">16</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-12-17">17</a></span></pre></div></td><td class="code"><div><pre><span></span><code><a id="__codelineno-12-1" name="__codelineno-12-1"></a><span class="c1"># memoryview objects allow python to access the data inside the object</span>
+<a id="__codelineno-12-2" name="__codelineno-12-2"></a><span class="c1"># without copy if it supports the buffer protocol</span>
+<a id="__codelineno-12-3" name="__codelineno-12-3"></a><span class="n">v</span> <span class="o">=</span> <span class="nb">memoryview</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="nb">object</span><span class="p">)</span> <span class="c1"># create a memoryview with reference to object</span>
+<a id="__codelineno-12-4" name="__codelineno-12-4"></a><span class="c1"># slice of memoryview produces new memoryview</span>
+<a id="__codelineno-12-5" name="__codelineno-12-5"></a>
+<a id="__codelineno-12-6" name="__codelineno-12-6"></a><span class="c1"># MEMORYVIEW METHODS</span>
+<a id="__codelineno-12-7" name="__codelineno-12-7"></a><span class="n">v</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">tobytes</span><span class="p">()</span> <span class="c1"># return data as bytestring, equivalent to bytes (v)</span>
+<a id="__codelineno-12-8" name="__codelineno-12-8"></a><span class="n">v</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">hex</span><span class="p">()</span> <span class="c1"># returns string containing two hex digits for each byte in the buffer</span>
+<a id="__codelineno-12-9" name="__codelineno-12-9"></a><span class="n">v</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">tolist</span><span class="p">()</span> <span class="c1"># returns the data in the buffer as a list of elements</span>
+<a id="__codelineno-12-10" name="__codelineno-12-10"></a><span class="n">v</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">toreadonly</span><span class="p">()</span>
+<a id="__codelineno-12-11" name="__codelineno-12-11"></a><span class="n">v</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">release</span><span class="p">()</span> <span class="c1"># release the buffer below</span>
+<a id="__codelineno-12-12" name="__codelineno-12-12"></a><span class="n">v</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">cast</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="nb">format</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="n">shape</span><span class="p">)</span> <span class="c1"># change the format or shape of the memoryview</span>
+<a id="__codelineno-12-13" name="__codelineno-12-13"></a><span class="n">see</span> <span class="nb">object</span> <span class="c1"># object of the memoryview</span>
+<a id="__codelineno-12-14" name="__codelineno-12-14"></a><span class="n">v</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">format</span> <span class="c1"># format of the memoryview</span>
+<a id="__codelineno-12-15" name="__codelineno-12-15"></a><span class="n">v</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">itemsize</span> <span class="c1"># size in bytes of each element of the memoryview</span>
+<a id="__codelineno-12-16" name="__codelineno-12-16"></a><span class="n">v</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">ndim</span> <span class="c1"># integer indicating the size of the multidimensional array represented</span>
+<a id="__codelineno-12-17" name="__codelineno-12-17"></a><span class="n">v</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">shape</span> <span class="c1"># tuple of integers indicating the shape of the memoryview</span>
+</code></pre></div></td></tr></table></div>
+<table>
+<thead>
+<tr>
+<th>Format String</th>
+<th>C Type</th>
+<th>Python Type</th>
+<th>Standard Size</th>
+</tr>
+</thead>
+<tbody>
+<tr>
+<td><code>x</code></td>
+<td><code>pad byte</code></td>
+<td><code>no value</code></td>
+<td></td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+<td><code>c</code></td>
+<td><code>char</code></td>
+<td><code>bytes</code></td>
+<td><code>1</code></td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+<td><code>b</code></td>
+<td><code>signed char</code></td>
+<td><code>integer</code></td>
+<td><code>1</code></td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+<td><code>B</code></td>
+<td><code>unsigned char</code></td>
+<td><code>integer</code></td>
+<td><code>1</code></td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+<td><code>?</code></td>
+<td><code>_Bool</code></td>
+<td><code>bool</code></td>
+<td><code>1</code></td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+<td><code>h</code></td>
+<td><code>short</code></td>
+<td><code>integer</code></td>
+<td><code>2</code></td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+<td><code>H</code></td>
+<td><code>unsigned short</code></td>
+<td><code>integer</code></td>
+<td><code>2</code></td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+<td><code>i</code></td>
+<td><code>int</code></td>
+<td><code>integer</code></td>
+<td><code>4</code></td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+<td><code>I</code></td>
+<td><code>unsigned int</code></td>
+<td><code>integer</code></td>
+<td><code>4</code></td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+<td><code>l</code></td>
+<td><code>long</code></td>
+<td><code>integer</code></td>
+<td><code>4</code></td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+<td><code>L</code></td>
+<td><code>unsigned long</code></td>
+<td><code>integer</code></td>
+<td><code>4</code></td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+<td><code>q</code></td>
+<td><code>long long</code></td>
+<td><code>integer</code></td>
+<td><code>8</code></td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+<td><code>Q</code></td>
+<td><code>unsigned long long</code></td>
+<td><code>integer</code></td>
+<td><code>8</code></td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+<td><code>n</code></td>
+<td><code>ssize_t</code></td>
+<td><code>integer</code></td>
+<td></td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+<td><code>N</code></td>
+<td><code>size_t</code></td>
+<td><code>integer</code></td>
+<td></td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+<td><code>f</code></td>
+<td><code>float</code></td>
+<td><code>float</code></td>
+<td><code>4</code></td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+<td><code>F</code></td>
+<td><code>double</code></td>
+<td><code>float</code></td>
+<td><code>8</code></td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+<td><code>s</code></td>
+<td><code>char[]</code></td>
+<td><code>bytes</code></td>
+<td></td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+<td><code>P</code></td>
+<td><code>char[]</code></td>
+<td><code>bytes</code></td>
+<td></td>
+</tr>
+</tbody>
+</table>
+<h2 id="dictionaries">Dictionaries</h2>
+<div class="highlight"><table class="highlighttable"><tr><th colspan="2" class="filename"><span class="filename">Python</span></th></tr><tr><td class="linenos"><div class="linenodiv"><pre><span></span><span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-13-1"> 1</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-13-2"> 2</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-13-3"> 3</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-13-4"> 4</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-13-5"> 5</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-13-6"> 6</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-13-7"> 7</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-13-8"> 8</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-13-9"> 9</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-13-10">10</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-13-11">11</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-13-12">12</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-13-13">13</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-13-14">14</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-13-15">15</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-13-16">16</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-13-17">17</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-13-18">18</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-13-19">19</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-13-20">20</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-13-21">21</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-13-22">22</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-13-23">23</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-13-24">24</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-13-25">25</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-13-26">26</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-13-27">27</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-13-28">28</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-13-29">29</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-13-30">30</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-13-31">31</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-13-32">32</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-13-33">33</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-13-34">34</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-13-35">35</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-13-36">36</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-13-37">37</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-13-38">38</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-13-39">39</a></span></pre></div></td><td class="code"><div><pre><span></span><code><a id="__codelineno-13-1" name="__codelineno-13-1"></a><span class="c1"># SET OF KEY-VALUE PAIRS</span>
+<a id="__codelineno-13-2" name="__codelineno-13-2"></a><span class="n">d</span> <span class="o">=</span> <span class="p">{</span><span class="mi">1</span><span class="p">:</span> <span class="s1">&#39;Alex&#39;</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="mi">2</span><span class="p">:</span> <span class="s1">&#39;Bob&#39;</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="mi">3</span><span class="p">:</span> <span class="s1">&#39;Carl&#39;</span><span class="p">}</span>
+<a id="__codelineno-13-3" name="__codelineno-13-3"></a><span class="n">d</span> <span class="o">=</span> <span class="nb">dict</span> <span class="p">(</span><span class="n">one</span> <span class="o">=</span> <span class="s1">&#39;Alex&#39;</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="n">two</span> <span class="o">=</span> <span class="s1">&#39;Bob&#39;</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="n">three</span> <span class="o">=</span> <span class="s1">&#39;Carl&#39;</span><span class="p">)</span>
+<a id="__codelineno-13-4" name="__codelineno-13-4"></a><span class="n">d</span> <span class="o">=</span> <span class="nb">dict</span> <span class="p">(</span><span class="nb">zip</span> <span class="p">([</span><span class="mi">1</span><span class="p">,</span><span class="mi">2</span><span class="p">,</span><span class="mi">3</span><span class="p">],</span> <span class="p">[</span><span class="s1">&#39;Alex&#39;</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="s1">&#39;Bob&#39;</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="s1">&#39;Carl&#39;</span><span class="p">]))</span>
+<a id="__codelineno-13-5" name="__codelineno-13-5"></a><span class="n">d</span> <span class="o">=</span> <span class="nb">dict</span> <span class="p">([(</span><span class="mi">1</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="s1">&#39;Alex&#39;</span><span class="p">),</span> <span class="p">(</span><span class="mi">2</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="s1">&#39;Bob&#39;</span><span class="p">),</span> <span class="p">(</span><span class="mi">3</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="s1">&#39;Carl&#39;</span><span class="p">)])</span>
+<a id="__codelineno-13-6" name="__codelineno-13-6"></a>
+<a id="__codelineno-13-7" name="__codelineno-13-7"></a><span class="n">d</span><span class="p">[</span><span class="n">key</span><span class="p">]</span> <span class="c1"># returns value associated with key</span>
+<a id="__codelineno-13-8" name="__codelineno-13-8"></a><span class="n">d</span><span class="p">[</span><span class="mi">4</span><span class="p">]</span> <span class="o">=</span> <span class="s1">&#39;Dan&#39;</span> <span class="c1"># add or change element</span>
+<a id="__codelineno-13-9" name="__codelineno-13-9"></a><span class="nb">list</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="n">d</span><span class="p">)</span> <span class="c1"># returns a list of all elements</span>
+<a id="__codelineno-13-10" name="__codelineno-13-10"></a><span class="nb">len</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="n">d</span><span class="p">)</span> <span class="c1"># returns the number of elements</span>
+<a id="__codelineno-13-11" name="__codelineno-13-11"></a><span class="k">del</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="n">d</span><span class="p">[</span><span class="mi">2</span><span class="p">])</span> <span class="c1"># delete element</span>
+<a id="__codelineno-13-12" name="__codelineno-13-12"></a>
+<a id="__codelineno-13-13" name="__codelineno-13-13"></a><span class="c1"># DICTIONARY METHODS</span>
+<a id="__codelineno-13-14" name="__codelineno-13-14"></a><span class="n">d</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">clear</span><span class="p">()</span> <span class="c1"># remove all elements</span>
+<a id="__codelineno-13-15" name="__codelineno-13-15"></a><span class="n">d</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">copy</span><span class="p">()</span> <span class="c1"># shallow copy of the dictionary</span>
+<a id="__codelineno-13-16" name="__codelineno-13-16"></a><span class="n">d</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">get</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="n">key</span><span class="p">)</span> <span class="c1"># returns the value associated with key</span>
+<a id="__codelineno-13-17" name="__codelineno-13-17"></a><span class="n">d</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">items</span><span class="p">()</span> <span class="c1"># return key-value pairs (view object)</span>
+<a id="__codelineno-13-18" name="__codelineno-13-18"></a><span class="n">d</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">keys</span><span class="p">()</span> <span class="c1"># return dictionary keys (view object)</span>
+<a id="__codelineno-13-19" name="__codelineno-13-19"></a><span class="n">d</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">values</span><span class="err">​​</span><span class="p">()</span> <span class="c1"># returns dictionary values ​​(view object)</span>
+<a id="__codelineno-13-20" name="__codelineno-13-20"></a><span class="n">d</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">pop</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="n">key</span><span class="p">)</span> <span class="c1"># remove and return the value associated with key</span>
+<a id="__codelineno-13-21" name="__codelineno-13-21"></a><span class="n">d</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">popitem</span><span class="p">()</span> <span class="c1"># remove and return the last key-value pair</span>
+<a id="__codelineno-13-22" name="__codelineno-13-22"></a><span class="n">d</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">setdefault</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="n">key</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="n">default</span><span class="p">)</span> <span class="c1"># if the key is present in the dictionary it returns it, otherwise it inserts it with the default value and returns default</span>
+<a id="__codelineno-13-23" name="__codelineno-13-23"></a>
+<a id="__codelineno-13-24" name="__codelineno-13-24"></a><span class="n">d</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">update</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="n">iterable</span><span class="p">)</span> <span class="c1"># add or modify dictionary elements, argument must be key-value pair</span>
+<a id="__codelineno-13-25" name="__codelineno-13-25"></a>
+<a id="__codelineno-13-26" name="__codelineno-13-26"></a><span class="c1"># DICT UNION</span>
+<a id="__codelineno-13-27" name="__codelineno-13-27"></a><span class="n">d</span> <span class="o">=</span> <span class="p">{</span><span class="s1">&#39;spam&#39;</span><span class="p">:</span> <span class="mi">1</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="s1">&#39;eggs&#39;</span><span class="p">:</span> <span class="mi">2</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="s1">&#39;cheese&#39;</span><span class="p">:</span> <span class="mi">3</span><span class="p">}</span>
+<a id="__codelineno-13-28" name="__codelineno-13-28"></a><span class="n">e</span> <span class="o">=</span> <span class="p">{</span><span class="s1">&#39;cheese&#39;</span><span class="p">:</span> <span class="s1">&#39;cheddar&#39;</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="s1">&#39;aardvark&#39;</span><span class="p">:</span> <span class="s1">&#39;Ethel&#39;</span><span class="p">}</span>
+<a id="__codelineno-13-29" name="__codelineno-13-29"></a>
+<a id="__codelineno-13-30" name="__codelineno-13-30"></a><span class="n">d</span> <span class="o">|</span> <span class="n">e</span> <span class="c1"># {&#39;spam&#39;: 1, &#39;eggs&#39;: 2, &#39;cheese&#39;: &#39;cheddar&#39;, &#39;aardvark&#39;: &#39;Ethel&#39;}</span>
+<a id="__codelineno-13-31" name="__codelineno-13-31"></a><span class="n">e</span> <span class="o">|</span> <span class="n">d</span> <span class="c1"># {&#39;aardvark&#39;: &#39;Ethel&#39;, &#39;spam&#39;: 1, &#39;eggs&#39;: 2, &#39;cheese&#39;: 3}</span>
+<a id="__codelineno-13-32" name="__codelineno-13-32"></a><span class="n">d</span> <span class="o">|=</span> <span class="n">e</span> <span class="c1"># {&#39;spam&#39;: 1, &#39;eggs&#39;: 2, &#39;cheese&#39;: &#39;cheddar&#39;, &#39;aardvark&#39;: &#39;Ethel&#39;}</span>
+<a id="__codelineno-13-33" name="__codelineno-13-33"></a>
+<a id="__codelineno-13-34" name="__codelineno-13-34"></a><span class="c1"># NESTED DICTIONARIES (it is possible to nest dictionaries within dictionaries)</span>
+<a id="__codelineno-13-35" name="__codelineno-13-35"></a><span class="n">my_dict</span> <span class="o">=</span> <span class="p">{</span><span class="s1">&#39;key_1&#39;</span><span class="p">:</span> <span class="mi">123</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="s1">&#39;key_2&#39;</span><span class="p">:</span> <span class="p">[</span><span class="mi">12</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="mi">23</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="mi">33</span><span class="p">],</span> <span class="s1">&#39;key_3&#39;</span><span class="p">:</span> <span class="p">[</span><span class="s1">&#39;item_0&#39;</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="s1">&#39;item_1&#39;</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="s1">&#39;item_2&#39;</span><span class="p">]}</span>
+<a id="__codelineno-13-36" name="__codelineno-13-36"></a><span class="n">my_dict</span> <span class="p">[</span><span class="s1">&#39;key&#39;</span><span class="p">][</span><span class="mi">0</span><span class="p">]</span> <span class="c1"># returns nested element</span>
+<a id="__codelineno-13-37" name="__codelineno-13-37"></a>
+<a id="__codelineno-13-38" name="__codelineno-13-38"></a><span class="c1"># DICT COMPREHENSIONS</span>
+<a id="__codelineno-13-39" name="__codelineno-13-39"></a><span class="n">var</span> <span class="o">=</span> <span class="p">{</span><span class="n">key</span><span class="p">:</span> <span class="n">value</span> <span class="k">for</span> <span class="n">element</span> <span class="ow">in</span> <span class="n">sequence</span><span class="p">}</span>
+</code></pre></div></td></tr></table></div>
+<h2 id="operators">Operators</h2>
+<h3 id="mathematical-operators">Mathematical Operators</h3>
+<table>
+<thead>
+<tr>
+<th>Operator</th>
+<th>Operation</th>
+</tr>
+</thead>
+<tbody>
+<tr>
+<td>x <code>+</code> y</td>
+<td>addition, string concatenation</td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+<td>x <code>-</code> y</td>
+<td>subtraction</td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+<td>x <code>*</code> y</td>
+<td>multiplication</td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+<td>x <code>*+</code> y</td>
+<td>exponentiation</td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+<td>x <code>/</code> y</td>
+<td>division (result always float)</td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+<td>x <code>//</code> y</td>
+<td>integer division</td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+<td>x <code>%</code> y</td>
+<td>modulo, remainder</td>
+</tr>
+</tbody>
+</table>
+<h3 id="relational-operators">Relational Operators</h3>
+<table>
+<thead>
+<tr>
+<th>Operator</th>
+<th>Operation</th>
+</tr>
+</thead>
+<tbody>
+<tr>
+<td>x <code>&lt;</code> y</td>
+<td>less than</td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+<td>x <code>&lt;=</code> y</td>
+<td>less or equal to</td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+<td>x <code>&gt;</code> y</td>
+<td>greater than</td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+<td>x <code>&gt;=</code> y</td>
+<td>greater or equal to</td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+<td>x <code>==</code> y</td>
+<td>equality</td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+<td>x <code>!=</code> y</td>
+<td>inequality</td>
+</tr>
+</tbody>
+</table>
+<h3 id="assignment">Assignment</h3>
+<table>
+<thead>
+<tr>
+<th>Operator</th>
+<th>Operation</th>
+</tr>
+</thead>
+<tbody>
+<tr>
+<td>x <code>+=</code> y</td>
+<td>x = x + y</td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+<td>x <code>-=</code> y</td>
+<td>x = x - y</td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+<td>x <code>*=</code> y</td>
+<td>x = x * y</td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+<td>x <code>/=</code> y</td>
+<td>x = x / y</td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+<td>x <code>//=</code> y</td>
+<td>x = x // y</td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+<td>x <code>%=</code> y</td>
+<td>x = x % y</td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+<td>x <code>&lt;&lt;=</code> y</td>
+<td>x = x &lt;&lt; y</td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+<td>x <code>&gt;&gt;=</code> y</td>
+<td>x = x &gt;&gt; y</td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+<td>x <code>&amp;=</code> y</td>
+<td>x = x &amp; y</td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+<td>x <code>| =</code> y</td>
+<td>x = x</td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+<td>x <code>^=</code> y</td>
+<td>x = x ^ y</td>
+</tr>
+</tbody>
+</table>
+<h3 id="bitwise-operators">Bitwise Operators</h3>
+<table>
+<thead>
+<tr>
+<th>Operator</th>
+<th>Operation</th>
+</tr>
+</thead>
+<tbody>
+<tr>
+<td><code>~</code>x</td>
+<td>bitwise NOT</td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+<td>x <code>&amp;</code> y</td>
+<td>bitwise AND</td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+<td>x <code>^</code> y</td>
+<td>bitwise XOR</td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+<td>x <code>|</code> y</td>
+<td>bitwise OR</td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+<td>x <code>&lt;&lt;</code> y</td>
+<td>left bit shift</td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+<td>x <code>&gt;&gt;</code> y</td>
+<td>right bit shift</td>
+</tr>
+</tbody>
+</table>
+<h3 id="logical-operators">Logical Operators</h3>
+<table>
+<thead>
+<tr>
+<th>Operator</th>
+<th>Operation</th>
+</tr>
+</thead>
+<tbody>
+<tr>
+<td><code>and</code></td>
+<td>logical AND</td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+<td><code>or</code></td>
+<td>logical OR</td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+<td><code>not</code></td>
+<td>logical NOT</td>
+</tr>
+</tbody>
+</table>
+<h3 id="identity-operators">Identity Operators</h3>
+<table>
+<thead>
+<tr>
+<th>Operator</th>
+<th>Operation</th>
+</tr>
+</thead>
+<tbody>
+<tr>
+<td><code>is</code></td>
+<td>reference equality</td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+<td><code>is not</code></td>
+<td>reference inequality</td>
+</tr>
+</tbody>
+</table>
+<h3 id="membership-operators">Membership Operators</h3>
+<table>
+<thead>
+<tr>
+<th>Operator</th>
+<th>Operation</th>
+</tr>
+</thead>
+<tbody>
+<tr>
+<td><code>in</code></td>
+<td>item in collection</td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+<td><code>not in</code></td>
+<td>item not in collection</td>
+</tr>
+</tbody>
+</table>
+<h3 id="operator-precedence">OPerator Precedence</h3>
+<ol>
+<li>assignment operators <code>+=</code>, <code>-=</code>, <code>*=</code>, <code>/=</code>, <code>%=</code>, <code>**=</code>, <code>//=</code></li>
+<li>binary arithmetic operators <code>*</code>, <code>/</code>, <code>%</code>, <code>//</code> (floor division)</li>
+<li>binary arithmetic operators <code>+</code>, <code>-</code></li>
+<li>boolean operators <code>&lt;</code>, <code>&gt;</code>, <code>&lt;=</code>, <code>&gt;=</code></li>
+<li>boolean operators <code>==</code>, <code>!=</code></li>
+<li>boolean operator <code>and</code></li>
+<li>boolean operator <code>or</code></li>
+<li>boolean operator <code>not</code></li>
+</ol>
+<h2 id="conditional-statements">Conditional Statements</h2>
+<p>Any object can be tested for truth value for use in an if or while condition or as operand of the Boolean operations.</p>
+<p>built-in objects considered <em>false</em>:</p>
+<ul>
+<li>constants defined to be false: <code>None</code> and <code>False</code>.</li>
+<li>zero of any numeric type: <code>0</code>, <code>0.0</code>, <code>0j</code>, <code>Decimal(0)</code>, <code>Fraction(0, 1)</code></li>
+<li>empty sequences and collections: <code>''</code>, <code>()</code>, <code>[]</code>, <code>{}</code>, <code>set()</code>, <code>range(0)</code></li>
+</ul>
+<h3 id="if-else"><code>if-else</code></h3>
+<div class="highlight"><table class="highlighttable"><tr><th colspan="2" class="filename"><span class="filename">Python</span></th></tr><tr><td class="linenos"><div class="linenodiv"><pre><span></span><span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-14-1">1</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-14-2">2</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-14-3">3</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-14-4">4</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-14-5">5</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-14-6">6</a></span></pre></div></td><td class="code"><div><pre><span></span><code><a id="__codelineno-14-1" name="__codelineno-14-1"></a><span class="k">if</span> <span class="p">(</span><span class="n">condition</span><span class="p">):</span>
+<a id="__codelineno-14-2" name="__codelineno-14-2"></a>    <span class="c1"># code here</span>
+<a id="__codelineno-14-3" name="__codelineno-14-3"></a><span class="k">elif</span> <span class="p">(</span><span class="n">condition</span><span class="p">):</span>
+<a id="__codelineno-14-4" name="__codelineno-14-4"></a>    <span class="c1"># code here</span>
+<a id="__codelineno-14-5" name="__codelineno-14-5"></a><span class="k">else</span><span class="p">:</span>
+<a id="__codelineno-14-6" name="__codelineno-14-6"></a>    <span class="c1"># code here</span>
+</code></pre></div></td></tr></table></div>
+<h3 id="context-manager">Context Manager</h3>
+<div class="highlight"><table class="highlighttable"><tr><th colspan="2" class="filename"><span class="filename">Python</span></th></tr><tr><td class="linenos"><div class="linenodiv"><pre><span></span><span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-15-1"> 1</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-15-2"> 2</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-15-3"> 3</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-15-4"> 4</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-15-5"> 5</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-15-6"> 6</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-15-7"> 7</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-15-8"> 8</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-15-9"> 9</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-15-10">10</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-15-11">11</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-15-12">12</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-15-13">13</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-15-14">14</a></span></pre></div></td><td class="code"><div><pre><span></span><code><a id="__codelineno-15-1" name="__codelineno-15-1"></a><span class="k">with</span> <span class="n">resource</span> <span class="k">as</span> <span class="n">target</span><span class="p">:</span>
+<a id="__codelineno-15-2" name="__codelineno-15-2"></a>     <span class="c1"># code here</span>
+<a id="__codelineno-15-3" name="__codelineno-15-3"></a>
+<a id="__codelineno-15-4" name="__codelineno-15-4"></a><span class="c1"># start context manager and bind resource returned by method to target using as operator</span>
+<a id="__codelineno-15-5" name="__codelineno-15-5"></a><span class="n">contextmanager</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="fm">__enter__</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="bp">self</span><span class="p">)</span>
+<a id="__codelineno-15-6" name="__codelineno-15-6"></a>
+<a id="__codelineno-15-7" name="__codelineno-15-7"></a><span class="c1"># exit runtime context</span>
+<a id="__codelineno-15-8" name="__codelineno-15-8"></a><span class="c1"># returns exc_type, exc_value, traceback</span>
+<a id="__codelineno-15-9" name="__codelineno-15-9"></a><span class="n">contextmanager</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="fm">__exit__</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="bp">self</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="n">exc_type</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="n">exc_value</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="n">traceback</span><span class="p">)</span>
+<a id="__codelineno-15-10" name="__codelineno-15-10"></a><span class="c1"># exc_type: exception class</span>
+<a id="__codelineno-15-11" name="__codelineno-15-11"></a><span class="c1"># exc_value: exception instance</span>
+<a id="__codelineno-15-12" name="__codelineno-15-12"></a><span class="c1"># traceback: traceback object</span>
+<a id="__codelineno-15-13" name="__codelineno-15-13"></a><span class="c1"># NO EXCEPTION -&gt; returns None, None, None</span>
+<a id="__codelineno-15-14" name="__codelineno-15-14"></a><span class="c1"># SUPPRESSION EXCEPTION: Must return True value</span>
+</code></pre></div></td></tr></table></div>
+<h2 id="loops">Loops</h2>
+<h3 id="while"><code>while</code></h3>
+<div class="highlight"><table class="highlighttable"><tr><th colspan="2" class="filename"><span class="filename">Python</span></th></tr><tr><td class="linenos"><div class="linenodiv"><pre><span></span><span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-16-1">1</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-16-2">2</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-16-3">3</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-16-4">4</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-16-5">5</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-16-6">6</a></span></pre></div></td><td class="code"><div><pre><span></span><code><a id="__codelineno-16-1" name="__codelineno-16-1"></a><span class="k">while</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="n">condition</span><span class="p">):</span>
+<a id="__codelineno-16-2" name="__codelineno-16-2"></a>     <span class="c1"># code here</span>
+<a id="__codelineno-16-3" name="__codelineno-16-3"></a><span class="k">else</span><span class="p">:</span>
+<a id="__codelineno-16-4" name="__codelineno-16-4"></a>     <span class="c1"># executed only if condition becomes False</span>
+<a id="__codelineno-16-5" name="__codelineno-16-5"></a>     <span class="c1"># break, continue, return in block while do not perform else block</span>
+<a id="__codelineno-16-6" name="__codelineno-16-6"></a>     <span class="c1"># code here</span>
+</code></pre></div></td></tr></table></div>
+<h3 id="for"><code>for</code></h3>
+<div class="highlight"><table class="highlighttable"><tr><th colspan="2" class="filename"><span class="filename">Python</span></th></tr><tr><td class="linenos"><div class="linenodiv"><pre><span></span><span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-17-1"> 1</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-17-2"> 2</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-17-3"> 3</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-17-4"> 4</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-17-5"> 5</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-17-6"> 6</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-17-7"> 7</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-17-8"> 8</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-17-9"> 9</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-17-10">10</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-17-11">11</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-17-12">12</a></span></pre></div></td><td class="code"><div><pre><span></span><code><a id="__codelineno-17-1" name="__codelineno-17-1"></a><span class="k">for</span> <span class="n">index</span> <span class="ow">in</span> <span class="n">sequence</span><span class="p">:</span> <span class="c1"># sequence can be a list, set, tuple, etc ..</span>
+<a id="__codelineno-17-2" name="__codelineno-17-2"></a>     <span class="c1"># code here</span>
+<a id="__codelineno-17-3" name="__codelineno-17-3"></a><span class="k">else</span><span class="p">:</span>
+<a id="__codelineno-17-4" name="__codelineno-17-4"></a>     <span class="c1"># executed only if for reaches the end of the loop</span>
+<a id="__codelineno-17-5" name="__codelineno-17-5"></a>     <span class="c1"># break, continue, return in block for do not perform else block</span>
+<a id="__codelineno-17-6" name="__codelineno-17-6"></a>     <span class="c1"># code here</span>
+<a id="__codelineno-17-7" name="__codelineno-17-7"></a>
+<a id="__codelineno-17-8" name="__codelineno-17-8"></a><span class="k">for</span> <span class="n">index</span> <span class="ow">in</span> <span class="nb">range</span> <span class="p">(</span><span class="n">start</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="n">end</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="n">step</span><span class="p">):</span>
+<a id="__codelineno-17-9" name="__codelineno-17-9"></a>     <span class="c1"># code here</span>
+<a id="__codelineno-17-10" name="__codelineno-17-10"></a>
+<a id="__codelineno-17-11" name="__codelineno-17-11"></a><span class="k">for</span> <span class="n">key</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="n">value</span> <span class="ow">in</span> <span class="nb">dict</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">items</span> <span class="p">():</span>
+<a id="__codelineno-17-12" name="__codelineno-17-12"></a>     <span class="c1"># code here</span>
+</code></pre></div></td></tr></table></div>
+<h3 id="break-continue"><code>break</code> &amp; <code>continue</code></h3>
+<p><code>break</code>: causes the loop to exit immediately without executing subsequent iterations
+<code>continue</code>: skip the remaining iteration statements and continue the loop</p>
+<h3 id="range"><code>range</code></h3>
+<div class="highlight"><table class="highlighttable"><tr><th colspan="2" class="filename"><span class="filename">Python</span></th></tr><tr><td class="linenos"><div class="linenodiv"><pre><span></span><span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-18-1">1</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-18-2">2</a></span></pre></div></td><td class="code"><div><pre><span></span><code><a id="__codelineno-18-1" name="__codelineno-18-1"></a><span class="nb">range</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="n">start</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="n">end</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="n">step</span><span class="p">)</span> <span class="c1"># generate sequence num integers (does not include num stops) with possible step</span>
+<a id="__codelineno-18-2" name="__codelineno-18-2"></a><span class="nb">list</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="nb">range</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="n">start</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="n">end</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="n">step</span><span class="p">))</span> <span class="c1"># return sequence of integers in a list</span>
+</code></pre></div></td></tr></table></div>
+<h3 id="enumerate"><code>enumerate</code></h3>
+<div class="highlight"><table class="highlighttable"><tr><th colspan="2" class="filename"><span class="filename">Python</span></th></tr><tr><td class="linenos"><div class="linenodiv"><pre><span></span><span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-19-1">1</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-19-2">2</a></span></pre></div></td><td class="code"><div><pre><span></span><code><a id="__codelineno-19-1" name="__codelineno-19-1"></a><span class="nb">enumerate</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="n">iterable</span><span class="p">)</span> <span class="c1"># iterable of item &amp; index pairs</span>
+<a id="__codelineno-19-2" name="__codelineno-19-2"></a><span class="nb">list</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="nb">enumerate</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="n">iterable</span><span class="p">))</span> <span class="c1"># returns list of tuples [(1, iterable [0]), (2, iterable [1]), (3, iterable [2])]</span>
+</code></pre></div></td></tr></table></div>
+<h3 id="zip"><code>zip</code></h3>
+<div class="highlight"><table class="highlighttable"><tr><th colspan="2" class="filename"><span class="filename">Python</span></th></tr><tr><td class="linenos"><div class="linenodiv"><pre><span></span><span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-20-1">1</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-20-2">2</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-20-3">3</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-20-4">4</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-20-5">5</a></span></pre></div></td><td class="code"><div><pre><span></span><code><a id="__codelineno-20-1" name="__codelineno-20-1"></a><span class="n">list_1</span> <span class="o">=</span> <span class="p">[</span><span class="mi">1</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="mi">2</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="mi">3</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="mi">4</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="mi">5</span><span class="p">]</span>
+<a id="__codelineno-20-2" name="__codelineno-20-2"></a><span class="n">list_2</span> <span class="o">=</span> <span class="p">[</span><span class="s1">&#39;a&#39;</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="s1">&#39;b&#39;</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="s1">&#39;c&#39;</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="s1">&#39;d&#39;</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="s1">&#39;e&#39;</span><span class="p">]</span>
+<a id="__codelineno-20-3" name="__codelineno-20-3"></a>
+<a id="__codelineno-20-4" name="__codelineno-20-4"></a><span class="nb">zip</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="n">list_1</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="n">list_2</span><span class="p">)</span> <span class="c1"># return zip object</span>
+<a id="__codelineno-20-5" name="__codelineno-20-5"></a><span class="nb">list</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="nb">zip</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="n">list_1</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="n">list_2</span><span class="p">))</span> <span class="c1"># returns list of tuples by merging list [(list_1 [0], list_2 [0]), (list_1 [1], list_2 [1]), ...]</span>
+</code></pre></div></td></tr></table></div>
+<h3 id="shuffle-randint"><code>shuffle</code> &amp; <code>randint</code></h3>
+<div class="highlight"><table class="highlighttable"><tr><th colspan="2" class="filename"><span class="filename">Python</span></th></tr><tr><td class="linenos"><div class="linenodiv"><pre><span></span><span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-21-1">1</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-21-2">2</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-21-3">3</a></span></pre></div></td><td class="code"><div><pre><span></span><code><a id="__codelineno-21-1" name="__codelineno-21-1"></a><span class="kn">from</span> <span class="nn">random</span> <span class="kn">import</span> <span class="n">shuffle</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="n">randint</span>
+<a id="__codelineno-21-2" name="__codelineno-21-2"></a><span class="n">shuffle</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="n">iterable</span><span class="p">)</span> <span class="c1"># shuffle the list</span>
+<a id="__codelineno-21-3" name="__codelineno-21-3"></a><span class="n">randint</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="n">start</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="n">end</span><span class="p">)</span> <span class="c1"># returns a random integer between start and end</span>
+</code></pre></div></td></tr></table></div>
+<h3 id="in"><code>in</code></h3>
+<div class="highlight"><table class="highlighttable"><tr><th colspan="2" class="filename"><span class="filename">Python</span></th></tr><tr><td class="linenos"><div class="linenodiv"><pre><span></span><span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-22-1">1</a></span></pre></div></td><td class="code"><div><pre><span></span><code><a id="__codelineno-22-1" name="__codelineno-22-1"></a><span class="n">item</span> <span class="ow">in</span> <span class="n">iterable</span> <span class="c1"># check for the presence of item in iterable (returns True or False)</span>
+</code></pre></div></td></tr></table></div>
+<h2 id="functions">Functions</h2>
+<h3 id="function-definition">Function Definition</h3>
+<div class="highlight"><table class="highlighttable"><tr><th colspan="2" class="filename"><span class="filename">Python</span></th></tr><tr><td class="linenos"><div class="linenodiv"><pre><span></span><span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-23-1">1</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-23-2">2</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-23-3">3</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-23-4">4</a></span></pre></div></td><td class="code"><div><pre><span></span><code><a id="__codelineno-23-1" name="__codelineno-23-1"></a><span class="k">def</span> <span class="nf">function_name</span> <span class="p">(</span><span class="n">parameters</span><span class="p">):</span>
+<a id="__codelineno-23-2" name="__codelineno-23-2"></a>     <span class="s2">&quot;&quot;</span> <span class="s2">&quot;DOCSTRING&quot;</span> <span class="s2">&quot;&quot;</span>
+<a id="__codelineno-23-3" name="__codelineno-23-3"></a>     <span class="c1"># code here</span>
+<a id="__codelineno-23-4" name="__codelineno-23-4"></a>     <span class="k">return</span> <span class="n">expression</span> <span class="c1"># if return id missing the function returns None</span>
+</code></pre></div></td></tr></table></div>
+<h3 id="specify-type-parameters-in-functions">Specify Type Parameters In Functions</h3>
+<ul>
+<li>parameters before <code>/</code> can only be <em>positional</em></li>
+<li>parameters between <code>/</code> and <code>*</code> can be <em>positional</em> or <em>keyworded</em></li>
+<li>parameters after <code>*</code> can only be <em>keyworded</em></li>
+</ul>
+<div class="highlight"><table class="highlighttable"><tr><th colspan="2" class="filename"><span class="filename">Python</span></th></tr><tr><td class="linenos"><div class="linenodiv"><pre><span></span><span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-24-1">1</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-24-2">2</a></span></pre></div></td><td class="code"><div><pre><span></span><code><a id="__codelineno-24-1" name="__codelineno-24-1"></a><span class="k">def</span> <span class="nf">func</span> <span class="p">(</span><span class="n">a</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="n">b</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="o">/</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="n">c</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="n">d</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="o">*</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="n">e</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="n">f</span><span class="p">):</span>
+<a id="__codelineno-24-2" name="__codelineno-24-2"></a>     <span class="c1"># code here</span>
+</code></pre></div></td></tr></table></div>
+<h3 id="docstring-style">Docstring Style</h3>
+<div class="highlight"><table class="highlighttable"><tr><th colspan="2" class="filename"><span class="filename">Python</span></th></tr><tr><td class="linenos"><div class="linenodiv"><pre><span></span><span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-25-1"> 1</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-25-2"> 2</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-25-3"> 3</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-25-4"> 4</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-25-5"> 5</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-25-6"> 6</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-25-7"> 7</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-25-8"> 8</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-25-9"> 9</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-25-10">10</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-25-11">11</a></span></pre></div></td><td class="code"><div><pre><span></span><code><a id="__codelineno-25-1" name="__codelineno-25-1"></a><span class="sd">&quot;&quot;&quot;function description</span>
+<a id="__codelineno-25-2" name="__codelineno-25-2"></a>
+<a id="__codelineno-25-3" name="__codelineno-25-3"></a><span class="sd">Args:</span>
+<a id="__codelineno-25-4" name="__codelineno-25-4"></a><span class="sd">     argument: Type - description of the parameter</span>
+<a id="__codelineno-25-5" name="__codelineno-25-5"></a>
+<a id="__codelineno-25-6" name="__codelineno-25-6"></a><span class="sd">Returns:</span>
+<a id="__codelineno-25-7" name="__codelineno-25-7"></a><span class="sd">     Type - description of &lt;expr&gt;</span>
+<a id="__codelineno-25-8" name="__codelineno-25-8"></a>
+<a id="__codelineno-25-9" name="__codelineno-25-9"></a><span class="sd">Raises:</span>
+<a id="__codelineno-25-10" name="__codelineno-25-10"></a><span class="sd">     Exception: Cause of the exception</span>
+<a id="__codelineno-25-11" name="__codelineno-25-11"></a><span class="sd">&quot;&quot;&quot;</span>
+</code></pre></div></td></tr></table></div>
+<h3 id="args-kwargs"><em>args </em>*kwargs</h3>
+<p><code>*args</code> allows the function to accept a variable number of parameters (parameters stored in a tuple)
+<code>**kwargs</code> allows the function to accept a variable number of key-value parameters (parameters stored in a dictionary)</p>
+<p>When used in combination <code>*args</code> always goes before<code>**kwargs</code> (in def function and in function call)</p>
+<div class="highlight"><table class="highlighttable"><tr><th colspan="2" class="filename"><span class="filename">Python</span></th></tr><tr><td class="linenos"><div class="linenodiv"><pre><span></span><span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-26-1">1</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-26-2">2</a></span></pre></div></td><td class="code"><div><pre><span></span><code><a id="__codelineno-26-1" name="__codelineno-26-1"></a><span class="k">def</span> <span class="nf">func</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="o">*</span><span class="n">args</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="o">**</span><span class="n">kwargs</span><span class="p">):</span>
+<a id="__codelineno-26-2" name="__codelineno-26-2"></a>    <span class="c1"># code here</span>
+</code></pre></div></td></tr></table></div>
+<h3 id="function-with-default-parameters">Function with default parameters</h3>
+<div class="highlight"><table class="highlighttable"><tr><th colspan="2" class="filename"><span class="filename">Python</span></th></tr><tr><td class="linenos"><div class="linenodiv"><pre><span></span><span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-27-1">1</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-27-2">2</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-27-3">3</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-27-4">4</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-27-5">5</a></span></pre></div></td><td class="code"><div><pre><span></span><code><a id="__codelineno-27-1" name="__codelineno-27-1"></a><span class="k">def</span> <span class="nf">function</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="n">parameter1</span> <span class="o">=</span> <span class="n">value1</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="n">parameter2</span> <span class="o">=</span> <span class="n">value3</span><span class="p">):</span> <span class="c1"># default values in case of omitted use of arguments in the call</span>
+<a id="__codelineno-27-2" name="__codelineno-27-2"></a>     <span class="c1"># code here</span>
+<a id="__codelineno-27-3" name="__codelineno-27-3"></a>     <span class="k">return</span> <span class="n">expression</span>
+<a id="__codelineno-27-4" name="__codelineno-27-4"></a>
+<a id="__codelineno-27-5" name="__codelineno-27-5"></a><span class="n">function</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="n">parameter2</span> <span class="o">=</span> <span class="n">value2</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="n">parameter1</span> <span class="o">=</span> <span class="n">value1</span><span class="p">)</span> <span class="c1"># arguments passed with keyword to enforce the order of reference</span>
+</code></pre></div></td></tr></table></div>
+<h3 id="global-and-local-variables">Global And Local Variables</h3>
+<div class="highlight"><table class="highlighttable"><tr><th colspan="2" class="filename"><span class="filename">Python</span></th></tr><tr><td class="linenos"><div class="linenodiv"><pre><span></span><span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-28-1">1</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-28-2">2</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-28-3">3</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-28-4">4</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-28-5">5</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-28-6">6</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-28-7">7</a></span></pre></div></td><td class="code"><div><pre><span></span><code><a id="__codelineno-28-1" name="__codelineno-28-1"></a><span class="c1"># global scope</span>
+<a id="__codelineno-28-2" name="__codelineno-28-2"></a>
+<a id="__codelineno-28-3" name="__codelineno-28-3"></a><span class="k">def</span> <span class="nf">external_func</span><span class="p">():</span>
+<a id="__codelineno-28-4" name="__codelineno-28-4"></a>     <span class="c1"># enclosing local scope</span>
+<a id="__codelineno-28-5" name="__codelineno-28-5"></a>
+<a id="__codelineno-28-6" name="__codelineno-28-6"></a>     <span class="k">def</span> <span class="nf">internal_func</span><span class="p">():</span>
+<a id="__codelineno-28-7" name="__codelineno-28-7"></a>         <span class="c1"># local scope</span>
+</code></pre></div></td></tr></table></div>
+<p><strong>LEGB Rule</strong>:</p>
+<ul>
+<li><strong>L</strong> - <strong>Local</strong>: Names assigned in any way within a function (<code>def</code> or <code>lambda</code>), and not declared global in that function.</li>
+<li><strong>E</strong> - <strong>Enclosing function locals</strong>: Names in the local scope of any and all enclosing functions (<code>def</code> or <code>lambda</code>), from inner to outer.</li>
+<li><strong>G</strong> - <strong>Global</strong> (module): Names assigned at the top-level of a module file, or declared global in a def within the file.</li>
+<li><strong>B</strong> - <strong>Built-in</strong> (Python): Names preassigned in the built-in names module : <code>open</code>, <code>range</code>, <code>SyntaxError</code>,...</li>
+</ul>
+<p><code>Note</code>: variables declared inside a function are not usable outside</p>
+<div class="highlight"><table class="highlighttable"><tr><th colspan="2" class="filename"><span class="filename">Python</span></th></tr><tr><td class="linenos"><div class="linenodiv"><pre><span></span><span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-29-1">1</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-29-2">2</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-29-3">3</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-29-4">4</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-29-5">5</a></span></pre></div></td><td class="code"><div><pre><span></span><code><a id="__codelineno-29-1" name="__codelineno-29-1"></a><span class="k">def</span> <span class="nf">function</span><span class="p">():</span>
+<a id="__codelineno-29-2" name="__codelineno-29-2"></a>     <span class="c1"># global statement makes a variable global</span>
+<a id="__codelineno-29-3" name="__codelineno-29-3"></a>     <span class="c1"># actions on global variable within the function also have an effect outside</span>
+<a id="__codelineno-29-4" name="__codelineno-29-4"></a>
+<a id="__codelineno-29-5" name="__codelineno-29-5"></a>     <span class="k">global</span> <span class="n">variable</span>
+</code></pre></div></td></tr></table></div>
+<h3 id="iterables-iterators-generators">Iterables, Iterators &amp; Generators</h3>
+<p><strong>Iterable</strong>: object implementing <code>__iter __()</code>, sequences and objects supporting <code>__getitem__</code> with index <code>0</code></p>
+<p><strong>Iterator</strong>: object implementing <code>__next__</code> and <code>__iter__</code> (<strong>iterator protocol</strong>), when entirely consumed by <code>next()</code> it becomes unusable. Returns <code>StopIteration</code> when <code>next()</code> has returned all elements.</p>
+<p><strong>Generator Function</strong>: function with keyword <code>yield</code> (if present also <code>return</code> causes <code>StopIteration</code>), returns a generator that produces the values ​​one at a time.</p>
+<p><strong>Generator Factory</strong>: generator returning function (may not contain <code>yield</code>).</p>
+<p>Operation <code>iter()</code>:</p>
+<ul>
+<li>calls <code>__iter__()</code></li>
+<li>in the absence of it python uses <code>__getitem__()</code> (if present) to create an iterator that tries to retrieve the items in order, starting from the index <code>0</code></li>
+<li>on failure it returns <code>TypeError</code></li>
+</ul>
+<p><strong>Note</strong>: <code>abc.Iterable</code> does not check for the presence of <code>__getitem__</code> to decide if a sub-object is a member therefore the best test for iterability is to use <code>iter()</code> and handle exceptions.</p>
+<h3 id="next-iter"><code>next()</code> &amp; <code>iter()</code></h3>
+<div class="highlight"><table class="highlighttable"><tr><th colspan="2" class="filename"><span class="filename">Python</span></th></tr><tr><td class="linenos"><div class="linenodiv"><pre><span></span><span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-30-1">1</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-30-2">2</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-30-3">3</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-30-4">4</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-30-5">5</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-30-6">6</a></span></pre></div></td><td class="code"><div><pre><span></span><code><a id="__codelineno-30-1" name="__codelineno-30-1"></a><span class="nb">next</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="n">iterable</span><span class="p">)</span> <span class="c1"># next item of the iterable or error StopIteration</span>
+<a id="__codelineno-30-2" name="__codelineno-30-2"></a>
+<a id="__codelineno-30-3" name="__codelineno-30-3"></a><span class="nb">iter</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="nb">object</span><span class="p">)</span> <span class="c1"># get an iterator from an object</span>
+<a id="__codelineno-30-4" name="__codelineno-30-4"></a><span class="c1"># call callable_onj.next () with no arguments as long as it returns non-sentinel values</span>
+<a id="__codelineno-30-5" name="__codelineno-30-5"></a>
+<a id="__codelineno-30-6" name="__codelineno-30-6"></a><span class="nb">iter</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="n">callable_obj</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="n">sentinel</span><span class="p">)</span>
+</code></pre></div></td></tr></table></div>
+<h3 id="customs-generators">Customs Generators</h3>
+<p>Used to generate a sequence of values to be used once (they are not stored)</p>
+<div class="highlight"><table class="highlighttable"><tr><th colspan="2" class="filename"><span class="filename">Python</span></th></tr><tr><td class="linenos"><div class="linenodiv"><pre><span></span><span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-31-1">1</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-31-2">2</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-31-3">3</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-31-4">4</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-31-5">5</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-31-6">6</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-31-7">7</a></span></pre></div></td><td class="code"><div><pre><span></span><code><a id="__codelineno-31-1" name="__codelineno-31-1"></a><span class="k">def</span> <span class="nf">custom_generator</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="n">parameters</span><span class="p">):</span>
+<a id="__codelineno-31-2" name="__codelineno-31-2"></a>     <span class="k">while</span> <span class="n">condition</span><span class="p">:</span> <span class="c1"># or for loop</span>
+<a id="__codelineno-31-3" name="__codelineno-31-3"></a>         <span class="k">yield</span> <span class="n">variable</span> <span class="c1"># returns the value without terminating the function, values passed to the caller without storing in a variable</span>
+<a id="__codelineno-31-4" name="__codelineno-31-4"></a>
+<a id="__codelineno-31-5" name="__codelineno-31-5"></a><span class="c1"># generator implementation</span>
+<a id="__codelineno-31-6" name="__codelineno-31-6"></a><span class="k">for</span> <span class="n">item</span> <span class="ow">in</span> <span class="n">custom_generator</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="n">parameters</span><span class="p">):</span>
+<a id="__codelineno-31-7" name="__codelineno-31-7"></a>     <span class="c1"># code here</span>
+</code></pre></div></td></tr></table></div>
+<h3 id="termination-generator-and-exception-handling">Termination Generator And Exception Handling</h3>
+<div class="highlight"><table class="highlighttable"><tr><th colspan="2" class="filename"><span class="filename">Python</span></th></tr><tr><td class="linenos"><div class="linenodiv"><pre><span></span><span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-32-1">1</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-32-2">2</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-32-3">3</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-32-4">4</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-32-5">5</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-32-6">6</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-32-7">7</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-32-8">8</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-32-9">9</a></span></pre></div></td><td class="code"><div><pre><span></span><code><a id="__codelineno-32-1" name="__codelineno-32-1"></a><span class="c1"># raise exception at the suspension point and return generator value</span>
+<a id="__codelineno-32-2" name="__codelineno-32-2"></a><span class="c1"># if the generator terminates without returning values it raises StopIteration</span>
+<a id="__codelineno-32-3" name="__codelineno-32-3"></a><span class="c1"># if an exception is not handled it is propagated to the caller</span>
+<a id="__codelineno-32-4" name="__codelineno-32-4"></a><span class="n">generator</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">throw</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="n">ExceptionType</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="n">exception_value</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="n">traceback</span><span class="p">)</span>
+<a id="__codelineno-32-5" name="__codelineno-32-5"></a>
+<a id="__codelineno-32-6" name="__codelineno-32-6"></a><span class="c1"># raises GeneratorExit to the point of suspension</span>
+<a id="__codelineno-32-7" name="__codelineno-32-7"></a><span class="c1"># if generator returns a value -&gt; RuntimeError</span>
+<a id="__codelineno-32-8" name="__codelineno-32-8"></a><span class="c1"># if an exception is raised it propagates to the caller</span>
+<a id="__codelineno-32-9" name="__codelineno-32-9"></a><span class="n">generator</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">close</span><span class="p">()</span>
+</code></pre></div></td></tr></table></div>
+<h3 id="generator-comprehensions">Generator Comprehensions</h3>
+<div class="highlight"><table class="highlighttable"><tr><th colspan="2" class="filename"><span class="filename">Python</span></th></tr><tr><td class="linenos"><div class="linenodiv"><pre><span></span><span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-33-1">1</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-33-2">2</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-33-3">3</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-33-4">4</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-33-5">5</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-33-6">6</a></span></pre></div></td><td class="code"><div><pre><span></span><code><a id="__codelineno-33-1" name="__codelineno-33-1"></a><span class="c1"># zero-length sequence (instantaneously generated values)</span>
+<a id="__codelineno-33-2" name="__codelineno-33-2"></a><span class="n">var</span> <span class="o">=</span> <span class="p">(</span><span class="k">for</span> <span class="n">expression</span> <span class="n">iterable</span> <span class="ow">in</span> <span class="n">sequence</span> <span class="k">if</span> <span class="n">condition</span><span class="p">)</span>
+<a id="__codelineno-33-3" name="__codelineno-33-3"></a><span class="c1"># EDUCATION ENUMERATE ()</span>
+<a id="__codelineno-33-4" name="__codelineno-33-4"></a><span class="c1"># returns a list of tuples associating a position index to each element of the sequence</span>
+<a id="__codelineno-33-5" name="__codelineno-33-5"></a><span class="c1"># [(0, sequence [0]), (1, sequence [1]), (2, sequence [2]), ...)</span>
+<a id="__codelineno-33-6" name="__codelineno-33-6"></a><span class="nb">enumerate</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="n">sequence</span><span class="p">)</span> <span class="c1"># -&gt; enumerate object</span>
+</code></pre></div></td></tr></table></div>
+<h2 id="coroutines">Coroutines</h2>
+<div class="highlight"><table class="highlighttable"><tr><th colspan="2" class="filename"><span class="filename">Python</span></th></tr><tr><td class="linenos"><div class="linenodiv"><pre><span></span><span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-34-1"> 1</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-34-2"> 2</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-34-3"> 3</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-34-4"> 4</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-34-5"> 5</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-34-6"> 6</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-34-7"> 7</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-34-8"> 8</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-34-9"> 9</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-34-10">10</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-34-11">11</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-34-12">12</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-34-13">13</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-34-14">14</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-34-15">15</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-34-16">16</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-34-17">17</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-34-18">18</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-34-19">19</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-34-20">20</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-34-21">21</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-34-22">22</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-34-23">23</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-34-24">24</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-34-25">25</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-34-26">26</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-34-27">27</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-34-28">28</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-34-29">29</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-34-30">30</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-34-31">31</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-34-32">32</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-34-33">33</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-34-34">34</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-34-35">35</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-34-36">36</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-34-37">37</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-34-38">38</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-34-39">39</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-34-40">40</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-34-41">41</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-34-42">42</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-34-43">43</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-34-44">44</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-34-45">45</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-34-46">46</a></span></pre></div></td><td class="code"><div><pre><span></span><code><a id="__codelineno-34-1" name="__codelineno-34-1"></a><span class="k">def</span> <span class="nf">simple_coroutine</span><span class="p">():</span>
+<a id="__codelineno-34-2" name="__codelineno-34-2"></a><span class="w">    </span><span class="sd">&quot;&quot;&quot;coroutine defined as a generator: yield in block&quot;&quot;&quot;</span>
+<a id="__codelineno-34-3" name="__codelineno-34-3"></a>
+<a id="__codelineno-34-4" name="__codelineno-34-4"></a>    <span class="c1"># yield in expression to receive data</span>
+<a id="__codelineno-34-5" name="__codelineno-34-5"></a>    <span class="c1"># returns None (no variables on the right of yield)</span>
+<a id="__codelineno-34-6" name="__codelineno-34-6"></a>    <span class="n">var</span> <span class="o">=</span> <span class="k">yield</span> <span class="n">value</span> <span class="c1"># returns value and then suspends coroutine waiting for input</span>
+<a id="__codelineno-34-7" name="__codelineno-34-7"></a>    <span class="c1"># instructions to the right of = executed before instructions to the left of =</span>
+<a id="__codelineno-34-8" name="__codelineno-34-8"></a>
+<a id="__codelineno-34-9" name="__codelineno-34-9"></a><span class="n">gen_obj</span> <span class="o">=</span> <span class="n">simple_coroutine</span><span class="p">()</span> <span class="c1"># returns generator object</span>
+<a id="__codelineno-34-10" name="__codelineno-34-10"></a><span class="nb">next</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="n">gen_obj</span><span class="p">)</span> <span class="c1"># start coroutine (PRIMING)</span>
+<a id="__codelineno-34-11" name="__codelineno-34-11"></a><span class="n">gen_obj</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">send</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="kc">None</span><span class="p">)</span> <span class="c1"># start coroutine (PRIMING)</span>
+<a id="__codelineno-34-12" name="__codelineno-34-12"></a><span class="n">gen_obj</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">send</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="n">value</span><span class="p">)</span> <span class="c1"># send value to the coroutine (only possible in suspended state)</span>
+<a id="__codelineno-34-13" name="__codelineno-34-13"></a>
+<a id="__codelineno-34-14" name="__codelineno-34-14"></a><span class="c1"># STATES OF COROUTINE</span>
+<a id="__codelineno-34-15" name="__codelineno-34-15"></a><span class="n">inspect</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">generatorstate</span><span class="p">()</span> <span class="c1"># returns the status of the coroutine</span>
+<a id="__codelineno-34-16" name="__codelineno-34-16"></a><span class="c1"># GEN_CREATED: waiting to start execution</span>
+<a id="__codelineno-34-17" name="__codelineno-34-17"></a><span class="c1"># GEN_RUNNING: currently run by the interpreter (visible if multithreaded)</span>
+<a id="__codelineno-34-18" name="__codelineno-34-18"></a><span class="c1"># GEN_SUSPENDED: currently suspended by yield statement</span>
+<a id="__codelineno-34-19" name="__codelineno-34-19"></a><span class="c1"># GEN_CLOSED: execution completed successfully</span>
+<a id="__codelineno-34-20" name="__codelineno-34-20"></a>
+<a id="__codelineno-34-21" name="__codelineno-34-21"></a><span class="c1"># COROUTINE PRIMING</span>
+<a id="__codelineno-34-22" name="__codelineno-34-22"></a><span class="kn">from</span> <span class="nn">functools</span> <span class="kn">import</span> <span class="n">wraps</span>
+<a id="__codelineno-34-23" name="__codelineno-34-23"></a>
+<a id="__codelineno-34-24" name="__codelineno-34-24"></a><span class="k">def</span> <span class="nf">coroutine</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="n">func</span><span class="p">):</span>
+<a id="__codelineno-34-25" name="__codelineno-34-25"></a>    <span class="s2">&quot;Decorator: primes &#39;func&#39; by advancing to first &#39;yield&#39;&quot;</span>
+<a id="__codelineno-34-26" name="__codelineno-34-26"></a>
+<a id="__codelineno-34-27" name="__codelineno-34-27"></a>    <span class="nd">@wraps</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="n">func</span><span class="p">)</span>
+<a id="__codelineno-34-28" name="__codelineno-34-28"></a>    <span class="k">def</span> <span class="nf">primer</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="o">*</span><span class="n">args</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="o">**</span><span class="n">kwargs</span><span class="p">):</span>
+<a id="__codelineno-34-29" name="__codelineno-34-29"></a>        <span class="n">gen</span> <span class="o">=</span> <span class="n">func</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="o">*</span><span class="n">args</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="o">**</span><span class="n">kwargs</span><span class="p">)</span>
+<a id="__codelineno-34-30" name="__codelineno-34-30"></a>        <span class="nb">next</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="n">gen</span><span class="p">)</span>
+<a id="__codelineno-34-31" name="__codelineno-34-31"></a>        <span class="k">return</span> <span class="n">gen</span>
+<a id="__codelineno-34-32" name="__codelineno-34-32"></a>    <span class="k">return</span> <span class="n">primer</span>
+<a id="__codelineno-34-33" name="__codelineno-34-33"></a>
+<a id="__codelineno-34-34" name="__codelineno-34-34"></a><span class="c1"># COROUTINE TERMINATION AND EXCEPTION HANDLING</span>
+<a id="__codelineno-34-35" name="__codelineno-34-35"></a><span class="c1"># exceptions in unhandled coroutines propagate to subsequent iterations</span>
+<a id="__codelineno-34-36" name="__codelineno-34-36"></a><span class="c1"># an exception causes the coroutine to terminate which it cannot resume</span>
+<a id="__codelineno-34-37" name="__codelineno-34-37"></a>
+<a id="__codelineno-34-38" name="__codelineno-34-38"></a><span class="c1"># yield raises exception, if handled loop continues</span>
+<a id="__codelineno-34-39" name="__codelineno-34-39"></a><span class="c1"># throw() returns value of the generator</span>
+<a id="__codelineno-34-40" name="__codelineno-34-40"></a><span class="n">coroutine</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">throw</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="n">exc_type</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="n">exc_value</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="n">traceback</span><span class="p">)</span>
+<a id="__codelineno-34-41" name="__codelineno-34-41"></a>
+<a id="__codelineno-34-42" name="__codelineno-34-42"></a><span class="c1"># yield raises GeneratorExit to the suspension point</span>
+<a id="__codelineno-34-43" name="__codelineno-34-43"></a><span class="c1"># if the generator yields a value -&gt; RuntimeError</span>
+<a id="__codelineno-34-44" name="__codelineno-34-44"></a><span class="c1"># if there are other exceptions they are propagated to the caller</span>
+<a id="__codelineno-34-45" name="__codelineno-34-45"></a><span class="n">coroutine</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">close</span><span class="p">()</span>
+<a id="__codelineno-34-46" name="__codelineno-34-46"></a><span class="c1"># coroutine state becomes GEN_CLOSED</span>
+</code></pre></div></td></tr></table></div>
+<h3 id="yield-from-iterabile"><code>yield from &lt;iterabile&gt;</code></h3>
+<p><strong>Note</strong>: auto-priming generators incompatible with <code>yield from</code></p>
+<p><strong>DELEGATING GENERATOR</strong>: generator function containing <code>yield from</code>
+<strong>SUBGENERATOR</strong>: generator obtained from <code>yield from</code>
+<strong>CALLER-CLIENT</strong>: code calling <em>delegating generator</em></p>
+<p>The main function of <code>yield from</code> is to open a bidirectional channel between the external caller (<em>client</em>) and the internal <em>subgenerator</em> so that values and exceptions can pass between the two.</p>
+<ol>
+<li>client calls delegating generator, delegating generator calls subgenerator</li>
+<li>exhausted subgenerator returns value to <code>yield from &lt;expr&gt;</code> (<code>return &lt;result&gt;</code> statement)</li>
+<li>
+<p>delegating generator returns <code>&lt;expr&gt;</code> to client</p>
+</li>
+<li>
+<p>Any values that the subgenerator yields are passed directly to the caller of the delegating generator (i.e., the client code).</p>
+</li>
+<li>
+<p>Any values sent to the delegating generator using <code>send()</code> are passed directly to the subgenerator.</p>
+</li>
+<li>If the sent value is <code>None</code>, the subgenerator's <code>__next__()</code> method is called.</li>
+<li>If the sent value is not <code>None</code>, the subgenerator's <code>send()</code> method is called.</li>
+<li>If the call raises <code>StopIteration</code>, the delegating generator is resumed.</li>
+<li>
+<p>Any other exception is propagated to the delegating generator.</p>
+</li>
+<li>
+<p><code>return &lt;expr&gt;</code> in a generator (or subgenerator) causes <code>StopIteration(&lt;expr&gt;)</code> to be raised upon exit from the generator.</p>
+</li>
+<li>
+<p>The value of the <code>yield from</code> expression is the first argument to the <code>StopIteration</code> exception raised by the subgenerator when it terminates.</p>
+</li>
+<li>
+<p>Exceptions other than <code>GeneratorExit</code> thrown into the delegating generator are passed to the <code>throw()</code> method of the subgenerator.</p>
+</li>
+<li>If the call raises <code>StopIteration</code>, the delegating generator is resumed.</li>
+<li>
+<p>Any other exception is propagated to the delegating generator.</p>
+</li>
+<li>
+<p>If a <code>GeneratorExit</code> exception is thrown into the delegating generator, or the <code>close()</code> method of the delegating generator is called, then the <code>close()</code> method of the subgenerator is called if it has one.</p>
+</li>
+<li>If this call results in an exception, it is propagated to the delegating generator.</li>
+<li>Otherwise, <code>GeneratorExit</code> is raised in the delegating generator</li>
+</ol>
+<div class="highlight"><table class="highlighttable"><tr><th colspan="2" class="filename"><span class="filename">Python</span></th></tr><tr><td class="linenos"><div class="linenodiv"><pre><span></span><span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-35-1"> 1</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-35-2"> 2</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-35-3"> 3</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-35-4"> 4</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-35-5"> 5</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-35-6"> 6</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-35-7"> 7</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-35-8"> 8</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-35-9"> 9</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-35-10">10</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-35-11">11</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-35-12">12</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-35-13">13</a></span></pre></div></td><td class="code"><div><pre><span></span><code><a id="__codelineno-35-1" name="__codelineno-35-1"></a><span class="k">def</span> <span class="nf">sub_gen</span><span class="p">():</span>
+<a id="__codelineno-35-2" name="__codelineno-35-2"></a>     <span class="n">sent_input</span> <span class="o">=</span> <span class="k">yield</span>
+<a id="__codelineno-35-3" name="__codelineno-35-3"></a>     <span class="c1"># result of sub_gen() returned to delegating_gen()</span>
+<a id="__codelineno-35-4" name="__codelineno-35-4"></a>     <span class="c1"># result of yield from &lt;expr&gt;</span>
+<a id="__codelineno-35-5" name="__codelineno-35-5"></a>
+<a id="__codelineno-35-6" name="__codelineno-35-6"></a>     <span class="k">return</span> <span class="n">result</span>
+<a id="__codelineno-35-7" name="__codelineno-35-7"></a>
+<a id="__codelineno-35-8" name="__codelineno-35-8"></a><span class="k">def</span> <span class="nf">delegating_gen</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="n">var</span><span class="p">):</span>
+<a id="__codelineno-35-9" name="__codelineno-35-9"></a>     <span class="n">var</span> <span class="o">=</span> <span class="k">yield from</span> <span class="n">sub_gen</span><span class="p">()</span> <span class="c1"># get values from sub_gen</span>
+<a id="__codelineno-35-10" name="__codelineno-35-10"></a>
+<a id="__codelineno-35-11" name="__codelineno-35-11"></a><span class="k">def</span> <span class="nf">client</span><span class="p">():</span>
+<a id="__codelineno-35-12" name="__codelineno-35-12"></a>     <span class="n">result</span> <span class="o">=</span> <span class="n">delegating_gen</span><span class="p">()</span> <span class="c1"># use delegating_gen</span>
+<a id="__codelineno-35-13" name="__codelineno-35-13"></a>     <span class="n">result</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">send</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="kc">None</span><span class="p">)</span> <span class="c1"># terminate sub_gen instance (IMPORTANT)</span>
+</code></pre></div></td></tr></table></div>
+<h2 id="lambda-functions">LAMBDA Functions</h2>
+<p>Possible use within functions. Useful for replacing functions if the logic is simple.</p>
+<div class="highlight"><table class="highlighttable"><tr><th colspan="2" class="filename"><span class="filename">Python</span></th></tr><tr><td class="linenos"><div class="linenodiv"><pre><span></span><span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-36-1">1</a></span></pre></div></td><td class="code"><div><pre><span></span><code><a id="__codelineno-36-1" name="__codelineno-36-1"></a><span class="n">var</span> <span class="o">=</span> <span class="k">lambda</span> <span class="n">argument_list</span><span class="p">:</span> <span class="o">&lt;</span><span class="n">expression</span><span class="o">&gt;</span>
+</code></pre></div></td></tr></table></div>
+<h2 id="object-oriented-programming">Object Oriented Programming</h2>
+<h3 id="class-definition">Class Definition</h3>
+<div class="highlight"><table class="highlighttable"><tr><th colspan="2" class="filename"><span class="filename">Python</span></th></tr><tr><td class="linenos"><div class="linenodiv"><pre><span></span><span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-37-1"> 1</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-37-2"> 2</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-37-3"> 3</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-37-4"> 4</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-37-5"> 5</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-37-6"> 6</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-37-7"> 7</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-37-8"> 8</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-37-9"> 9</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-37-10">10</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-37-11">11</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-37-12">12</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-37-13">13</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-37-14">14</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-37-15">15</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-37-16">16</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-37-17">17</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-37-18">18</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-37-19">19</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-37-20">20</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-37-21">21</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-37-22">22</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-37-23">23</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-37-24">24</a></span></pre></div></td><td class="code"><div><pre><span></span><code><a id="__codelineno-37-1" name="__codelineno-37-1"></a><span class="k">class</span> <span class="nc">Class</span><span class="p">:</span>
+<a id="__codelineno-37-2" name="__codelineno-37-2"></a>
+<a id="__codelineno-37-3" name="__codelineno-37-3"></a>    <span class="n">static_var</span> <span class="o">=</span> <span class="n">expression</span>
+<a id="__codelineno-37-4" name="__codelineno-37-4"></a>
+<a id="__codelineno-37-5" name="__codelineno-37-5"></a>    <span class="k">def</span> <span class="fm">__init__</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="bp">self</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="n">value_1</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="n">value_2</span><span class="p">):</span> <span class="c1"># parameterized default constructor</span>
+<a id="__codelineno-37-6" name="__codelineno-37-6"></a>        <span class="bp">self</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">variable</span> <span class="o">=</span> <span class="n">value_1</span> <span class="c1"># create instance variables</span>
+<a id="__codelineno-37-7" name="__codelineno-37-7"></a>        <span class="bp">self</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">__private</span> <span class="o">=</span> <span class="n">value_2</span> <span class="c1"># private, accessed via NAME MANGLING</span>
+<a id="__codelineno-37-8" name="__codelineno-37-8"></a>
+<a id="__codelineno-37-9" name="__codelineno-37-9"></a>    <span class="k">def</span> <span class="nf">method</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="bp">self</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="n">parameters</span><span class="p">):</span>
+<a id="__codelineno-37-10" name="__codelineno-37-10"></a>        <span class="o">...</span>
+<a id="__codelineno-37-11" name="__codelineno-37-11"></a>
+<a id="__codelineno-37-12" name="__codelineno-37-12"></a>    <span class="nd">@staticmethod</span>
+<a id="__codelineno-37-13" name="__codelineno-37-13"></a>    <span class="k">def</span> <span class="nf">static_method</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="n">parameters</span><span class="p">):</span> <span class="c1"># static methods do not affect instance variables (SELF not needed)</span>
+<a id="__codelineno-37-14" name="__codelineno-37-14"></a>        <span class="o">...</span>
+<a id="__codelineno-37-15" name="__codelineno-37-15"></a>
+<a id="__codelineno-37-16" name="__codelineno-37-16"></a>    <span class="nd">@classmethod</span> <span class="c1"># method acting on the class and not on the object (useful for alternative constructors)</span>
+<a id="__codelineno-37-17" name="__codelineno-37-17"></a>    <span class="k">def</span> <span class="nf">class_method</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="bp">cls</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="n">parameters</span><span class="p">):</span>
+<a id="__codelineno-37-18" name="__codelineno-37-18"></a>        <span class="o">...</span>
+<a id="__codelineno-37-19" name="__codelineno-37-19"></a>
+<a id="__codelineno-37-20" name="__codelineno-37-20"></a>    <span class="nb">object</span> <span class="o">=</span> <span class="n">Class</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="n">parameters</span><span class="p">)</span> <span class="c1"># creation of an object</span>
+<a id="__codelineno-37-21" name="__codelineno-37-21"></a>    <span class="nb">object</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">variable</span> <span class="o">=</span> <span class="n">expression</span> <span class="c1"># edit public variable</span>
+<a id="__codelineno-37-22" name="__codelineno-37-22"></a>    <span class="nb">object</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">method</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="n">parameters</span><span class="p">)</span> <span class="c1"># invocation method of instance</span>
+<a id="__codelineno-37-23" name="__codelineno-37-23"></a>    <span class="nb">object</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">_Class__private</span> <span class="c1"># access to variable specifying the membership class (NAME MANGLING)</span>
+<a id="__codelineno-37-24" name="__codelineno-37-24"></a>    <span class="n">Class</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">method</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="n">parameters</span><span class="p">)</span> <span class="c1"># static method invocation</span>
+</code></pre></div></td></tr></table></div>
+<h3 id="setter-getter-with-property">Setter &amp; Getter with <code>@Property</code></h3>
+<div class="highlight"><table class="highlighttable"><tr><th colspan="2" class="filename"><span class="filename">Python</span></th></tr><tr><td class="linenos"><div class="linenodiv"><pre><span></span><span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-38-1"> 1</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-38-2"> 2</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-38-3"> 3</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-38-4"> 4</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-38-5"> 5</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-38-6"> 6</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-38-7"> 7</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-38-8"> 8</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-38-9"> 9</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-38-10">10</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-38-11">11</a></span></pre></div></td><td class="code"><div><pre><span></span><code><a id="__codelineno-38-1" name="__codelineno-38-1"></a><span class="k">class</span> <span class="nc">Class</span><span class="p">:</span>
+<a id="__codelineno-38-2" name="__codelineno-38-2"></a>     <span class="k">def</span> <span class="fm">__init__</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="bp">self</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="n">parameter</span><span class="p">):</span>
+<a id="__codelineno-38-3" name="__codelineno-38-3"></a>         <span class="bp">self</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">__parameter</span> <span class="o">=</span> <span class="n">parameter</span>
+<a id="__codelineno-38-4" name="__codelineno-38-4"></a>
+<a id="__codelineno-38-5" name="__codelineno-38-5"></a>     <span class="nd">@property</span> <span class="c1"># getter</span>
+<a id="__codelineno-38-6" name="__codelineno-38-6"></a>     <span class="k">def</span> <span class="nf">parameter</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="bp">self</span><span class="p">):</span>
+<a id="__codelineno-38-7" name="__codelineno-38-7"></a>         <span class="k">return</span> <span class="bp">self</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">__parameter</span>
+<a id="__codelineno-38-8" name="__codelineno-38-8"></a>
+<a id="__codelineno-38-9" name="__codelineno-38-9"></a>     <span class="o">@&lt;</span><span class="n">parameter</span><span class="o">&gt;.</span><span class="n">setter</span>
+<a id="__codelineno-38-10" name="__codelineno-38-10"></a>     <span class="k">def</span> <span class="nf">parameter</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="bp">self</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="n">value</span><span class="p">):</span>
+<a id="__codelineno-38-11" name="__codelineno-38-11"></a>         <span class="bp">self</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">__parameter</span> <span class="o">=</span> <span class="n">value</span>
+</code></pre></div></td></tr></table></div>
+<h3 id="__slots__"><code>__slots__</code></h3>
+<p>The <code>__slots__</code> attribute implements the <strong>Flyweight Design Pattern</strong>: it saves the instance attributes in a tuple and can be used to decrease the cost in memory by inserting only the instance variables into it (suppress the instance dictionary).</p>
+<p><strong>Default</strong>: attributes saved in a dictionary (<code>object .__ dict__</code>)
+<strong>Usage</strong>: <code>__slots_ = [attributes]</code></p>
+<p><code>__slots__</code> is not inherited by subclasses, it prevents dynamically adding attributes.</p>
+<h3 id="inner-classes">Inner Classes</h3>
+<div class="highlight"><table class="highlighttable"><tr><th colspan="2" class="filename"><span class="filename">Python</span></th></tr><tr><td class="linenos"><div class="linenodiv"><pre><span></span><span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-39-1"> 1</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-39-2"> 2</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-39-3"> 3</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-39-4"> 4</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-39-5"> 5</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-39-6"> 6</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-39-7"> 7</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-39-8"> 8</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-39-9"> 9</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-39-10">10</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-39-11">11</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-39-12">12</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-39-13">13</a></span></pre></div></td><td class="code"><div><pre><span></span><code><a id="__codelineno-39-1" name="__codelineno-39-1"></a><span class="k">class</span> <span class="nc">Class</span><span class="p">:</span>
+<a id="__codelineno-39-2" name="__codelineno-39-2"></a>     <span class="k">def</span> <span class="fm">__init__</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="bp">self</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="n">parameters</span><span class="p">):</span>
+<a id="__codelineno-39-3" name="__codelineno-39-3"></a>         <span class="o">...</span>
+<a id="__codelineno-39-4" name="__codelineno-39-4"></a>
+<a id="__codelineno-39-5" name="__codelineno-39-5"></a>     <span class="k">class</span> <span class="nc">InnerClass</span><span class="p">:</span>
+<a id="__codelineno-39-6" name="__codelineno-39-6"></a>         <span class="k">def</span> <span class="fm">__init__</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="bp">self</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="n">parameters</span><span class="p">):</span>
+<a id="__codelineno-39-7" name="__codelineno-39-7"></a>             <span class="o">...</span>
+<a id="__codelineno-39-8" name="__codelineno-39-8"></a>
+<a id="__codelineno-39-9" name="__codelineno-39-9"></a>         <span class="k">def</span> <span class="nf">method</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="bp">self</span><span class="p">):</span>
+<a id="__codelineno-39-10" name="__codelineno-39-10"></a>             <span class="o">...</span>
+<a id="__codelineno-39-11" name="__codelineno-39-11"></a>
+<a id="__codelineno-39-12" name="__codelineno-39-12"></a><span class="n">object_1</span> <span class="o">=</span> <span class="n">Class</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="n">arguments</span><span class="p">)</span> <span class="c1"># create &#39;external&#39; class</span>
+<a id="__codelineno-39-13" name="__codelineno-39-13"></a><span class="n">object_2</span> <span class="o">=</span> <span class="n">Class</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">InnerClass</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="n">arguments</span><span class="p">)</span> <span class="c1"># inner class created as object of the &#39;external&#39; class</span>
+</code></pre></div></td></tr></table></div>
+<h3 id="special-methods">Special Methods</h3>
+<p>Special methods are defined by the use of double underscores; they allow the use of specific functions (possibly adapted) on the objects defined by the class.</p>
+<div class="highlight"><table class="highlighttable"><tr><th colspan="2" class="filename"><span class="filename">Python</span></th></tr><tr><td class="linenos"><div class="linenodiv"><pre><span></span><span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-40-1"> 1</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-40-2"> 2</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-40-3"> 3</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-40-4"> 4</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-40-5"> 5</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-40-6"> 6</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-40-7"> 7</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-40-8"> 8</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-40-9"> 9</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-40-10">10</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-40-11">11</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-40-12">12</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-40-13">13</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-40-14">14</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-40-15">15</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-40-16">16</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-40-17">17</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-40-18">18</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-40-19">19</a></span></pre></div></td><td class="code"><div><pre><span></span><code><a id="__codelineno-40-1" name="__codelineno-40-1"></a><span class="k">class</span> <span class="nc">Class</span><span class="p">():</span>
+<a id="__codelineno-40-2" name="__codelineno-40-2"></a>
+<a id="__codelineno-40-3" name="__codelineno-40-3"></a>     <span class="k">def</span> <span class="fm">__init__</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="bp">self</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="n">parameters</span><span class="p">):</span>
+<a id="__codelineno-40-4" name="__codelineno-40-4"></a>         <span class="n">instructions</span>
+<a id="__codelineno-40-5" name="__codelineno-40-5"></a>
+<a id="__codelineno-40-6" name="__codelineno-40-6"></a>     <span class="c1"># used by str() and print() method</span>
+<a id="__codelineno-40-7" name="__codelineno-40-7"></a>     <span class="c1"># handle requests for impersonation as a string</span>
+<a id="__codelineno-40-8" name="__codelineno-40-8"></a>     <span class="k">def</span> <span class="fm">__str__</span> <span class="p">(</span><span class="bp">self</span><span class="p">):</span>
+<a id="__codelineno-40-9" name="__codelineno-40-9"></a>         <span class="k">return</span> <span class="n">expression</span> <span class="c1"># return required</span>
+<a id="__codelineno-40-10" name="__codelineno-40-10"></a>
+<a id="__codelineno-40-11" name="__codelineno-40-11"></a>     <span class="k">def</span> <span class="fm">__len__</span> <span class="p">(</span><span class="bp">self</span><span class="p">):</span>
+<a id="__codelineno-40-12" name="__codelineno-40-12"></a>         <span class="k">return</span> <span class="n">expression</span> <span class="c1"># must return as len requires a length / size</span>
+<a id="__codelineno-40-13" name="__codelineno-40-13"></a>
+<a id="__codelineno-40-14" name="__codelineno-40-14"></a>     <span class="k">def</span> <span class="fm">__del__</span> <span class="p">(</span><span class="bp">self</span><span class="p">):</span> <span class="c1"># delete the class instance</span>
+<a id="__codelineno-40-15" name="__codelineno-40-15"></a>         <span class="n">instruction</span> <span class="c1"># any instructions that occur on deletion</span>
+<a id="__codelineno-40-16" name="__codelineno-40-16"></a>
+<a id="__codelineno-40-17" name="__codelineno-40-17"></a><span class="nb">object</span> <span class="o">=</span> <span class="n">Class</span><span class="p">()</span>
+<a id="__codelineno-40-18" name="__codelineno-40-18"></a><span class="nb">len</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="nb">object</span><span class="p">)</span> <span class="c1"># special function applied to an object</span>
+<a id="__codelineno-40-19" name="__codelineno-40-19"></a><span class="k">del</span> <span class="nb">object</span> <span class="c1"># delete object</span>
+</code></pre></div></td></tr></table></div>
+<h4 id="special-methods-list">Special Methods List</h4>
+<p><strong>Note</strong>: if the operator cannot be applied, returns <code>NotImplemented</code></p>
+<div class="highlight"><table class="highlighttable"><tr><th colspan="2" class="filename"><span class="filename">Python</span></th></tr><tr><td class="linenos"><div class="linenodiv"><pre><span></span><span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-41-1">  1</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-41-2">  2</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-41-3">  3</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-41-4">  4</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-41-5">  5</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-41-6">  6</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-41-7">  7</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-41-8">  8</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-41-9">  9</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-41-10"> 10</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-41-11"> 11</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-41-12"> 12</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-41-13"> 13</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-41-14"> 14</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-41-15"> 15</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-41-16"> 16</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-41-17"> 17</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-41-18"> 18</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-41-19"> 19</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-41-20"> 20</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-41-21"> 21</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-41-22"> 22</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-41-23"> 23</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-41-24"> 24</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-41-25"> 25</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-41-26"> 26</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-41-27"> 27</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-41-28"> 28</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-41-29"> 29</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-41-30"> 30</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-41-31"> 31</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-41-32"> 32</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-41-33"> 33</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-41-34"> 34</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-41-35"> 35</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-41-36"> 36</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-41-37"> 37</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-41-38"> 38</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-41-39"> 39</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-41-40"> 40</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-41-41"> 41</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-41-42"> 42</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-41-43"> 43</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-41-44"> 44</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-41-45"> 45</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-41-46"> 46</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-41-47"> 47</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-41-48"> 48</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-41-49"> 49</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-41-50"> 50</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-41-51"> 51</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-41-52"> 52</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-41-53"> 53</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-41-54"> 54</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-41-55"> 55</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-41-56"> 56</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-41-57"> 57</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-41-58"> 58</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-41-59"> 59</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-41-60"> 60</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-41-61"> 61</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-41-62"> 62</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-41-63"> 63</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-41-64"> 64</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-41-65"> 65</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-41-66"> 66</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-41-67"> 67</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-41-68"> 68</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-41-69"> 69</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-41-70"> 70</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-41-71"> 71</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-41-72"> 72</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-41-73"> 73</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-41-74"> 74</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-41-75"> 75</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-41-76"> 76</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-41-77"> 77</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-41-78"> 78</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-41-79"> 79</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-41-80"> 80</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-41-81"> 81</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-41-82"> 82</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-41-83"> 83</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-41-84"> 84</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-41-85"> 85</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-41-86"> 86</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-41-87"> 87</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-41-88"> 88</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-41-89"> 89</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-41-90"> 90</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-41-91"> 91</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-41-92"> 92</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-41-93"> 93</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-41-94"> 94</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-41-95"> 95</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-41-96"> 96</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-41-97"> 97</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-41-98"> 98</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-41-99"> 99</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-41-100">100</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-41-101">101</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-41-102">102</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-41-103">103</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-41-104">104</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-41-105">105</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-41-106">106</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-41-107">107</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-41-108">108</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-41-109">109</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-41-110">110</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-41-111">111</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-41-112">112</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-41-113">113</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-41-114">114</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-41-115">115</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-41-116">116</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-41-117">117</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-41-118">118</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-41-119">119</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-41-120">120</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-41-121">121</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-41-122">122</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-41-123">123</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-41-124">124</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-41-125">125</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-41-126">126</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-41-127">127</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-41-128">128</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-41-129">129</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-41-130">130</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-41-131">131</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-41-132">132</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-41-133">133</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-41-134">134</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-41-135">135</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-41-136">136</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-41-137">137</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-41-138">138</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-41-139">139</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-41-140">140</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-41-141">141</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-41-142">142</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-41-143">143</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-41-144">144</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-41-145">145</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-41-146">146</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-41-147">147</a></span></pre></div></td><td class="code"><div><pre><span></span><code><a id="__codelineno-41-1" name="__codelineno-41-1"></a><span class="c1"># arithmetic operators</span>
+<a id="__codelineno-41-2" name="__codelineno-41-2"></a><span class="fm">__add__</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="bp">self</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="n">other</span><span class="p">)</span>         <span class="c1"># +</span>
+<a id="__codelineno-41-3" name="__codelineno-41-3"></a><span class="fm">__sub__</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="bp">self</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="n">other</span><span class="p">)</span>         <span class="c1"># -</span>
+<a id="__codelineno-41-4" name="__codelineno-41-4"></a><span class="fm">__mul__</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="bp">self</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="n">other</span><span class="p">)</span>         <span class="c1"># *</span>
+<a id="__codelineno-41-5" name="__codelineno-41-5"></a><span class="fm">__matmul__</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="bp">self</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="n">other</span><span class="p">)</span>      <span class="c1"># (@) matrix multiplication</span>
+<a id="__codelineno-41-6" name="__codelineno-41-6"></a><span class="fm">__truediv__</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="bp">self</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="n">other</span><span class="p">)</span>     <span class="c1"># /</span>
+<a id="__codelineno-41-7" name="__codelineno-41-7"></a><span class="fm">__floordiv__</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="bp">self</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="n">other</span><span class="p">)</span>  <span class="c1"># //</span>
+<a id="__codelineno-41-8" name="__codelineno-41-8"></a><span class="fm">__mod__</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="bp">self</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="n">other</span><span class="p">)</span>         <span class="c1"># %</span>
+<a id="__codelineno-41-9" name="__codelineno-41-9"></a><span class="fm">__divmod__</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="bp">self</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="n">other</span><span class="p">)</span>      <span class="c1"># divmod()</span>
+<a id="__codelineno-41-10" name="__codelineno-41-10"></a><span class="fm">__pow__</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="bp">self</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="n">other</span><span class="p">)</span>         <span class="c1"># **, pow()</span>
+<a id="__codelineno-41-11" name="__codelineno-41-11"></a><span class="fm">__lshift__</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="bp">self</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="n">other</span><span class="p">)</span>      <span class="c1"># &lt;&lt;</span>
+<a id="__codelineno-41-12" name="__codelineno-41-12"></a><span class="fm">__rshift__</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="bp">self</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="n">other</span><span class="p">)</span>      <span class="c1"># &gt;&gt;</span>
+<a id="__codelineno-41-13" name="__codelineno-41-13"></a><span class="fm">__and__</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="bp">self</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="n">other</span><span class="p">)</span>         <span class="c1"># &amp;</span>
+<a id="__codelineno-41-14" name="__codelineno-41-14"></a><span class="fm">__xor__</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="bp">self</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="n">other</span><span class="p">)</span>         <span class="c1"># ^</span>
+<a id="__codelineno-41-15" name="__codelineno-41-15"></a><span class="fm">__or__</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="bp">self</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="n">other</span><span class="p">)</span>          <span class="c1"># |</span>
+<a id="__codelineno-41-16" name="__codelineno-41-16"></a>
+<a id="__codelineno-41-17" name="__codelineno-41-17"></a><span class="c1"># reflex arithmetic operators</span>
+<a id="__codelineno-41-18" name="__codelineno-41-18"></a><span class="c1"># if self.__ dunder __(other) fails, other.__ dunder__(self) is called</span>
+<a id="__codelineno-41-19" name="__codelineno-41-19"></a><span class="fm">__radd__</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="bp">self</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="n">other</span><span class="p">)</span>         <span class="c1"># reverse +</span>
+<a id="__codelineno-41-20" name="__codelineno-41-20"></a><span class="fm">__rsub__</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="bp">self</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="n">other</span><span class="p">)</span>         <span class="c1"># reverse -</span>
+<a id="__codelineno-41-21" name="__codelineno-41-21"></a><span class="fm">__rmul__</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="bp">self</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="n">other</span><span class="p">)</span>         <span class="c1"># reverse *</span>
+<a id="__codelineno-41-22" name="__codelineno-41-22"></a><span class="fm">__rmatmul__</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="bp">self</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="n">other</span><span class="p">)</span>      <span class="c1"># reverse @</span>
+<a id="__codelineno-41-23" name="__codelineno-41-23"></a><span class="fm">__rtruediv__</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="bp">self</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="n">other</span><span class="p">)</span>     <span class="c1"># reverse /</span>
+<a id="__codelineno-41-24" name="__codelineno-41-24"></a><span class="fm">__rfloordiv__</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="bp">self</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="n">other</span><span class="p">)</span>    <span class="c1"># reverse //</span>
+<a id="__codelineno-41-25" name="__codelineno-41-25"></a><span class="fm">__rmod__</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="bp">self</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="n">other</span><span class="p">)</span>         <span class="c1"># reverse %</span>
+<a id="__codelineno-41-26" name="__codelineno-41-26"></a><span class="fm">__rdivmod__</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="bp">self</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="n">other</span><span class="p">)</span>      <span class="c1"># reverse divmod()</span>
+<a id="__codelineno-41-27" name="__codelineno-41-27"></a><span class="fm">__rpow__</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="bp">self</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="n">other</span><span class="p">)</span>         <span class="c1"># reverse **, pow()</span>
+<a id="__codelineno-41-28" name="__codelineno-41-28"></a><span class="fm">__rlshift__</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="bp">self</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="n">other</span><span class="p">)</span>      <span class="c1"># reverse &lt;&lt;</span>
+<a id="__codelineno-41-29" name="__codelineno-41-29"></a><span class="fm">__rrshift__</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="bp">self</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="n">other</span><span class="p">)</span>      <span class="c1"># reverse &gt;&gt;</span>
+<a id="__codelineno-41-30" name="__codelineno-41-30"></a><span class="fm">__rand__</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="bp">self</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="n">other</span><span class="p">)</span>         <span class="c1"># reverse &amp;</span>
+<a id="__codelineno-41-31" name="__codelineno-41-31"></a><span class="fm">__rxor__</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="bp">self</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="n">other</span><span class="p">)</span>         <span class="c1"># reverse ^</span>
+<a id="__codelineno-41-32" name="__codelineno-41-32"></a><span class="fm">__ror__</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="bp">self</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="n">other</span><span class="p">)</span>          <span class="c1"># reverse |</span>
+<a id="__codelineno-41-33" name="__codelineno-41-33"></a>
+<a id="__codelineno-41-34" name="__codelineno-41-34"></a><span class="c1"># in-place arithmetic operators</span>
+<a id="__codelineno-41-35" name="__codelineno-41-35"></a><span class="c1"># base implementation (built-in) like self = self &lt;operator&gt; other</span>
+<a id="__codelineno-41-36" name="__codelineno-41-36"></a><span class="c1">#! not to be implemented for immutable objects!</span>
+<a id="__codelineno-41-37" name="__codelineno-41-37"></a><span class="c1">#! in-place operators return self!</span>
+<a id="__codelineno-41-38" name="__codelineno-41-38"></a><span class="fm">__iadd__</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="bp">self</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="n">other</span><span class="p">)</span>         <span class="c1"># +=</span>
+<a id="__codelineno-41-39" name="__codelineno-41-39"></a><span class="fm">__isub__</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="bp">self</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="n">other</span><span class="p">)</span>         <span class="c1"># -=</span>
+<a id="__codelineno-41-40" name="__codelineno-41-40"></a><span class="fm">__imul__</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="bp">self</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="n">other</span><span class="p">)</span>         <span class="c1"># *=</span>
+<a id="__codelineno-41-41" name="__codelineno-41-41"></a><span class="fm">__imatmul__</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="bp">self</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="n">other</span><span class="p">)</span>      <span class="c1"># @=</span>
+<a id="__codelineno-41-42" name="__codelineno-41-42"></a><span class="fm">__itruediv__</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="bp">self</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="n">other</span><span class="p">)</span>     <span class="c1"># /=</span>
+<a id="__codelineno-41-43" name="__codelineno-41-43"></a><span class="fm">__ifloordiv__</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="bp">self</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="n">other</span><span class="p">)</span>    <span class="c1"># //=</span>
+<a id="__codelineno-41-44" name="__codelineno-41-44"></a><span class="fm">__imod__</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="bp">self</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="n">other</span><span class="p">)</span>         <span class="c1"># %=</span>
+<a id="__codelineno-41-45" name="__codelineno-41-45"></a><span class="fm">__ipow__</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="bp">self</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="n">other</span><span class="p">)</span>         <span class="c1"># **=</span>
+<a id="__codelineno-41-46" name="__codelineno-41-46"></a><span class="fm">__ilshift__</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="bp">self</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="n">other</span><span class="p">)</span>      <span class="c1"># &lt;&lt;=</span>
+<a id="__codelineno-41-47" name="__codelineno-41-47"></a><span class="fm">__irshift__</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="bp">self</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="n">other</span><span class="p">)</span>      <span class="c1"># &gt;&gt;=</span>
+<a id="__codelineno-41-48" name="__codelineno-41-48"></a><span class="fm">__iand__</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="bp">self</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="n">other</span><span class="p">)</span>         <span class="c1"># &amp;=</span>
+<a id="__codelineno-41-49" name="__codelineno-41-49"></a><span class="fm">__ixor__</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="bp">self</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="n">other</span><span class="p">)</span>         <span class="c1"># ^=</span>
+<a id="__codelineno-41-50" name="__codelineno-41-50"></a><span class="fm">__ior__</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="bp">self</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="n">other</span><span class="p">)</span>          <span class="c1"># |=</span>
+<a id="__codelineno-41-51" name="__codelineno-41-51"></a>
+<a id="__codelineno-41-52" name="__codelineno-41-52"></a><span class="c1"># unary mathematical operators (-, +, abs (), ~)</span>
+<a id="__codelineno-41-53" name="__codelineno-41-53"></a><span class="fm">__neg__</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="bp">self</span><span class="p">)</span>  <span class="c1"># (-) negazione matematica unaria [if x = 2 then -x = 2]</span>
+<a id="__codelineno-41-54" name="__codelineno-41-54"></a><span class="fm">__pos__</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="bp">self</span><span class="p">)</span>  <span class="c1"># (+) addizione unaria [x = +x]</span>
+<a id="__codelineno-41-55" name="__codelineno-41-55"></a><span class="fm">__abs__</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="bp">self</span><span class="p">)</span>  <span class="c1"># [abs()] valore assoluto [|-x| = x]</span>
+<a id="__codelineno-41-56" name="__codelineno-41-56"></a><span class="fm">__invert__</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="bp">self</span><span class="p">)</span>  <span class="c1"># (~) inversione binaria di un intero [~x == -(x + 1)]</span>
+<a id="__codelineno-41-57" name="__codelineno-41-57"></a>
+<a id="__codelineno-41-58" name="__codelineno-41-58"></a><span class="c1"># numeric type conversion</span>
+<a id="__codelineno-41-59" name="__codelineno-41-59"></a><span class="fm">__complex__</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="bp">self</span><span class="p">)</span>
+<a id="__codelineno-41-60" name="__codelineno-41-60"></a><span class="fm">__int__</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="bp">self</span><span class="p">)</span>  <span class="c1"># if not defined fall-back on __trunc__()</span>
+<a id="__codelineno-41-61" name="__codelineno-41-61"></a><span class="fm">__float__</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="bp">self</span><span class="p">)</span>
+<a id="__codelineno-41-62" name="__codelineno-41-62"></a><span class="fm">__index__</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="bp">self</span><span class="p">)</span>  <span class="c1"># conversion in bin(), hex(), oct() e slicing</span>
+<a id="__codelineno-41-63" name="__codelineno-41-63"></a>
+<a id="__codelineno-41-64" name="__codelineno-41-64"></a><span class="c1"># operations round() math.trunc(), math.floor(), math.ceil()</span>
+<a id="__codelineno-41-65" name="__codelineno-41-65"></a><span class="fm">__round__</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="bp">self</span><span class="p">)</span>
+<a id="__codelineno-41-66" name="__codelineno-41-66"></a><span class="n">__trunc__</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="bp">self</span><span class="p">)</span>
+<a id="__codelineno-41-67" name="__codelineno-41-67"></a><span class="n">__floor__</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="bp">self</span><span class="p">)</span>
+<a id="__codelineno-41-68" name="__codelineno-41-68"></a><span class="n">__ceil__</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="bp">self</span><span class="p">)</span>
+<a id="__codelineno-41-69" name="__codelineno-41-69"></a>
+<a id="__codelineno-41-70" name="__codelineno-41-70"></a><span class="c1"># equality operators</span>
+<a id="__codelineno-41-71" name="__codelineno-41-71"></a><span class="bp">self</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="fm">__eq__</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="n">other</span><span class="p">)</span>  <span class="c1"># self == other</span>
+<a id="__codelineno-41-72" name="__codelineno-41-72"></a><span class="bp">self</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="fm">__ne__</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="n">other</span><span class="p">)</span> <span class="c1"># self != other</span>
+<a id="__codelineno-41-73" name="__codelineno-41-73"></a><span class="bp">self</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="fm">__gt__</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="n">other</span><span class="p">)</span> <span class="c1"># self &gt; other</span>
+<a id="__codelineno-41-74" name="__codelineno-41-74"></a><span class="bp">self</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="fm">__ge__</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="n">other</span><span class="p">)</span> <span class="c1"># self &gt;= other</span>
+<a id="__codelineno-41-75" name="__codelineno-41-75"></a><span class="bp">self</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="fm">__lt__</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="n">other</span><span class="p">)</span> <span class="c1"># self &lt; other</span>
+<a id="__codelineno-41-76" name="__codelineno-41-76"></a><span class="bp">self</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="fm">__le__</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="n">other</span><span class="p">)</span> <span class="c1"># self &lt;= other</span>
+<a id="__codelineno-41-77" name="__codelineno-41-77"></a>
+<a id="__codelineno-41-78" name="__codelineno-41-78"></a><span class="c1"># reflected equality operators</span>
+<a id="__codelineno-41-79" name="__codelineno-41-79"></a><span class="n">other</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="fm">__eq__</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="bp">self</span><span class="p">)</span>  <span class="c1"># other == self,   fall-back id(self) == id(other)</span>
+<a id="__codelineno-41-80" name="__codelineno-41-80"></a><span class="n">other</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="fm">__ne__</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="bp">self</span><span class="p">)</span>  <span class="c1"># other != self,   fall-back not (self == other)</span>
+<a id="__codelineno-41-81" name="__codelineno-41-81"></a><span class="n">other</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="fm">__gt__</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="bp">self</span><span class="p">)</span>  <span class="c1"># reverse self &lt; other,   fall-back TypeError</span>
+<a id="__codelineno-41-82" name="__codelineno-41-82"></a><span class="n">other</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="fm">__ge__</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="bp">self</span><span class="p">)</span>  <span class="c1"># reverse self &lt;= other,   fall-back TypeError</span>
+<a id="__codelineno-41-83" name="__codelineno-41-83"></a><span class="n">other</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="fm">__lt__</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="bp">self</span><span class="p">)</span>  <span class="c1"># reverse self &gt; other,   fall-back TypeError</span>
+<a id="__codelineno-41-84" name="__codelineno-41-84"></a><span class="n">other</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="fm">__le__</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="bp">self</span><span class="p">)</span>  <span class="c1"># reverse self &gt;= other,   fall-back TypeError</span>
+<a id="__codelineno-41-85" name="__codelineno-41-85"></a>
+<a id="__codelineno-41-86" name="__codelineno-41-86"></a><span class="c1"># called when the instance is &quot;called&quot; as a function</span>
+<a id="__codelineno-41-87" name="__codelineno-41-87"></a><span class="c1"># x (arg1, arg2, arg3) is short for x .__ call __ (arg1, arg2, arg3)</span>
+<a id="__codelineno-41-88" name="__codelineno-41-88"></a><span class="fm">__call__</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="bp">self</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="n">args</span><span class="p">)</span>
+<a id="__codelineno-41-89" name="__codelineno-41-89"></a>
+<a id="__codelineno-41-90" name="__codelineno-41-90"></a><span class="c1"># string object representation for the developer</span>
+<a id="__codelineno-41-91" name="__codelineno-41-91"></a><span class="fm">__repr__</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="bp">self</span><span class="p">)</span>
+<a id="__codelineno-41-92" name="__codelineno-41-92"></a>
+<a id="__codelineno-41-93" name="__codelineno-41-93"></a><span class="c1"># string object representation for user (used by print)</span>
+<a id="__codelineno-41-94" name="__codelineno-41-94"></a><span class="fm">__str__</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="bp">self</span><span class="p">)</span>
+<a id="__codelineno-41-95" name="__codelineno-41-95"></a>
+<a id="__codelineno-41-96" name="__codelineno-41-96"></a><span class="c1"># specify formatting for format ), str.format() [format_spec = format-mini-language]</span>
+<a id="__codelineno-41-97" name="__codelineno-41-97"></a><span class="fm">__format__</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="n">format_spec</span><span class="p">)</span>
+<a id="__codelineno-41-98" name="__codelineno-41-98"></a>
+<a id="__codelineno-41-99" name="__codelineno-41-99"></a><span class="c1"># returns unique (integer) value for objects that have equal value</span>
+<a id="__codelineno-41-100" name="__codelineno-41-100"></a><span class="c1"># __EQ__ MUST EXIST IN THE CLASS, usually hash((self.param_1, self.param_2, ...))</span>
+<a id="__codelineno-41-101" name="__codelineno-41-101"></a><span class="fm">__hash__</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="bp">self</span><span class="p">)</span>
+<a id="__codelineno-41-102" name="__codelineno-41-102"></a>
+<a id="__codelineno-41-103" name="__codelineno-41-103"></a><span class="c1"># makes object iterable:</span>
+<a id="__codelineno-41-104" name="__codelineno-41-104"></a><span class="c1"># - returning self (in the iterator)</span>
+<a id="__codelineno-41-105" name="__codelineno-41-105"></a><span class="c1"># - returning an iterator (in the iterable)</span>
+<a id="__codelineno-41-106" name="__codelineno-41-106"></a><span class="c1"># - using yield (in the __iter__ generator)</span>
+<a id="__codelineno-41-107" name="__codelineno-41-107"></a><span class="fm">__iter__</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="bp">self</span><span class="p">)</span>
+<a id="__codelineno-41-108" name="__codelineno-41-108"></a>
+<a id="__codelineno-41-109" name="__codelineno-41-109"></a><span class="c1"># returns next available element, StopIteration otherwise (iterator scrolls)</span>
+<a id="__codelineno-41-110" name="__codelineno-41-110"></a><span class="fm">__next__</span><span class="p">()</span>
+<a id="__codelineno-41-111" name="__codelineno-41-111"></a>
+<a id="__codelineno-41-112" name="__codelineno-41-112"></a><span class="c1"># returns truth value</span>
+<a id="__codelineno-41-113" name="__codelineno-41-113"></a><span class="fm">__bool__</span><span class="p">()</span>
+<a id="__codelineno-41-114" name="__codelineno-41-114"></a>
+<a id="__codelineno-41-115" name="__codelineno-41-115"></a><span class="c1"># returns item associated with key of a sequence (self [key])</span>
+<a id="__codelineno-41-116" name="__codelineno-41-116"></a><span class="c1"># IndexError if key is not appropriate</span>
+<a id="__codelineno-41-117" name="__codelineno-41-117"></a><span class="fm">__getitem__</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="bp">self</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="n">key</span><span class="p">)</span>
+<a id="__codelineno-41-118" name="__codelineno-41-118"></a>
+<a id="__codelineno-41-119" name="__codelineno-41-119"></a><span class="c1"># item assignment operation in sequence (self [key] = value)</span>
+<a id="__codelineno-41-120" name="__codelineno-41-120"></a><span class="c1"># IndexError if key is not appropriate</span>
+<a id="__codelineno-41-121" name="__codelineno-41-121"></a><span class="fm">__setitem__</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="bp">self</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="n">key</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="n">value</span><span class="p">)</span>
+<a id="__codelineno-41-122" name="__codelineno-41-122"></a>
+<a id="__codelineno-41-123" name="__codelineno-41-123"></a><span class="c1"># operation deleting item in sequence (del self [key])</span>
+<a id="__codelineno-41-124" name="__codelineno-41-124"></a><span class="c1"># IndexError if key is not appropriate</span>
+<a id="__codelineno-41-125" name="__codelineno-41-125"></a><span class="fm">__delitem__</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="bp">self</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="n">key</span><span class="p">)</span>
+<a id="__codelineno-41-126" name="__codelineno-41-126"></a>
+<a id="__codelineno-41-127" name="__codelineno-41-127"></a><span class="c1"># called by dict.__getitem__() to implement self [key] if key is not in the dictionary</span>
+<a id="__codelineno-41-128" name="__codelineno-41-128"></a><span class="fm">__missing__</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="bp">self</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="n">key</span><span class="p">)</span>
+<a id="__codelineno-41-129" name="__codelineno-41-129"></a>
+<a id="__codelineno-41-130" name="__codelineno-41-130"></a><span class="c1"># implement container iteration</span>
+<a id="__codelineno-41-131" name="__codelineno-41-131"></a><span class="fm">__iter__</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="bp">self</span><span class="p">)</span>
+<a id="__codelineno-41-132" name="__codelineno-41-132"></a>
+<a id="__codelineno-41-133" name="__codelineno-41-133"></a><span class="c1"># implement membership test</span>
+<a id="__codelineno-41-134" name="__codelineno-41-134"></a><span class="fm">__contains__</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="bp">self</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="n">item</span><span class="p">)</span>
+<a id="__codelineno-41-135" name="__codelineno-41-135"></a>
+<a id="__codelineno-41-136" name="__codelineno-41-136"></a><span class="c1"># implementation issublass (instance, class)</span>
+<a id="__codelineno-41-137" name="__codelineno-41-137"></a><span class="fm">__instancecheck__</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="bp">self</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="n">instance</span><span class="p">)</span>
+<a id="__codelineno-41-138" name="__codelineno-41-138"></a>
+<a id="__codelineno-41-139" name="__codelineno-41-139"></a><span class="c1"># implementation issubclass (subclass, class)</span>
+<a id="__codelineno-41-140" name="__codelineno-41-140"></a><span class="fm">__subclasscheck__</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="bp">self</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="n">subclass</span><span class="p">)</span>
+<a id="__codelineno-41-141" name="__codelineno-41-141"></a>
+<a id="__codelineno-41-142" name="__codelineno-41-142"></a><span class="c1"># implement attribute access (obj.name)</span>
+<a id="__codelineno-41-143" name="__codelineno-41-143"></a><span class="c1"># called if AttributeError happens or if called by __getattribute __()</span>
+<a id="__codelineno-41-144" name="__codelineno-41-144"></a><span class="fm">__getattr__</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="bp">self</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="n">name</span><span class="p">)</span>
+<a id="__codelineno-41-145" name="__codelineno-41-145"></a>
+<a id="__codelineno-41-146" name="__codelineno-41-146"></a><span class="c1"># implement value assignment to attribute (obj.name = value)</span>
+<a id="__codelineno-41-147" name="__codelineno-41-147"></a><span class="fm">__setattr__</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="bp">self</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="n">name</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="n">value</span><span class="p">)</span>
+</code></pre></div></td></tr></table></div>
+<p><strong>Note</strong>: Itearbility is tricky.</p>
+<p>To make an object directly iterable (<code>for i in object</code>) <code>__iter__()</code> and <code>__next__()</code> are needed.
+To make an iterable through an index (<code>for i in range(len(object)): object[i]</code>) <code>__getitem()__</code> is needed.</p>
+<p>Some of the mixin methods, such as <code>__iter__()</code>, <code>__reversed__()</code> and <code>index()</code>, make repeated calls to the underlying <code>__getitem__()</code> method.
+Consequently, if <code>__getitem__()</code> is implemented with constant access speed, the mixin methods will have linear performance;
+however, if the underlying method is linear (as it would be with a linked list), the mixins will have quadratic performance and will likely need to be overridden.</p>
+<h3 id="inheritance">Inheritance</h3>
+<div class="highlight"><table class="highlighttable"><tr><th colspan="2" class="filename"><span class="filename">Python</span></th></tr><tr><td class="linenos"><div class="linenodiv"><pre><span></span><span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-42-1"> 1</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-42-2"> 2</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-42-3"> 3</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-42-4"> 4</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-42-5"> 5</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-42-6"> 6</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-42-7"> 7</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-42-8"> 8</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-42-9"> 9</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-42-10">10</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-42-11">11</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-42-12">12</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-42-13">13</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-42-14">14</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-42-15">15</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-42-16">16</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-42-17">17</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-42-18">18</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-42-19">19</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-42-20">20</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-42-21">21</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-42-22">22</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-42-23">23</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-42-24">24</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-42-25">25</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-42-26">26</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-42-27">27</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-42-28">28</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-42-29">29</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-42-30">30</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-42-31">31</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-42-32">32</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-42-33">33</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-42-34">34</a></span></pre></div></td><td class="code"><div><pre><span></span><code><a id="__codelineno-42-1" name="__codelineno-42-1"></a><span class="k">class</span> <span class="nc">Parent</span> <span class="p">():</span>
+<a id="__codelineno-42-2" name="__codelineno-42-2"></a>    <span class="k">def</span> <span class="nf">__init</span> <span class="n">__</span> <span class="p">(</span><span class="bp">self</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="n">parameters</span><span class="p">):</span>
+<a id="__codelineno-42-3" name="__codelineno-42-3"></a>        <span class="o">...</span>
+<a id="__codelineno-42-4" name="__codelineno-42-4"></a>
+<a id="__codelineno-42-5" name="__codelineno-42-5"></a>    <span class="k">def</span> <span class="nf">method_1</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="bp">self</span><span class="p">):</span>
+<a id="__codelineno-42-6" name="__codelineno-42-6"></a>        <span class="o">...</span>
+<a id="__codelineno-42-7" name="__codelineno-42-7"></a>
+<a id="__codelineno-42-8" name="__codelineno-42-8"></a>    <span class="k">def</span> <span class="nf">method_2</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="bp">self</span><span class="p">):</span>
+<a id="__codelineno-42-9" name="__codelineno-42-9"></a>        <span class="o">...</span>
+<a id="__codelineno-42-10" name="__codelineno-42-10"></a>
+<a id="__codelineno-42-11" name="__codelineno-42-11"></a><span class="k">class</span> <span class="nc">Child</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="n">Parent</span><span class="p">):</span> <span class="c1"># parent class in parentheses to inherit variables and methods</span>
+<a id="__codelineno-42-12" name="__codelineno-42-12"></a>
+<a id="__codelineno-42-13" name="__codelineno-42-13"></a>    <span class="k">def</span> <span class="fm">__init__</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="bp">self</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="n">parameters</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="n">parent_parameters</span><span class="p">):</span>
+<a id="__codelineno-42-14" name="__codelineno-42-14"></a>        <span class="n">Parent</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="fm">__init__</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="bp">self</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="n">parent_parameters</span><span class="p">)</span> <span class="c1"># inherit parent variables</span>
+<a id="__codelineno-42-15" name="__codelineno-42-15"></a>        <span class="o">...</span>
+<a id="__codelineno-42-16" name="__codelineno-42-16"></a>
+<a id="__codelineno-42-17" name="__codelineno-42-17"></a>    <span class="k">def</span> <span class="nf">method</span> <span class="p">(</span><span class="bp">self</span><span class="p">):</span>
+<a id="__codelineno-42-18" name="__codelineno-42-18"></a>        <span class="o">...</span>
+<a id="__codelineno-42-19" name="__codelineno-42-19"></a>
+<a id="__codelineno-42-20" name="__codelineno-42-20"></a>    <span class="k">def</span> <span class="nf">method_parent_1</span> <span class="p">(</span><span class="bp">self</span><span class="p">):</span> <span class="c1"># override method (child class with homonymous method to parent class)</span>
+<a id="__codelineno-42-21" name="__codelineno-42-21"></a>        <span class="o">...</span>
+<a id="__codelineno-42-22" name="__codelineno-42-22"></a>
+<a id="__codelineno-42-23" name="__codelineno-42-23"></a><span class="k">class</span> <span class="nc">Child</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="n">Parent</span><span class="p">):</span> <span class="c1"># parent class in brackets to inherit properties</span>
+<a id="__codelineno-42-24" name="__codelineno-42-24"></a>
+<a id="__codelineno-42-25" name="__codelineno-42-25"></a>    <span class="k">def</span> <span class="fm">__init__</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="bp">self</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="n">parameters</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="n">parent_parameters</span><span class="p">):</span>
+<a id="__codelineno-42-26" name="__codelineno-42-26"></a>        <span class="nb">super</span><span class="p">()</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="fm">__init__</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="n">parent_parameters</span><span class="p">)</span> <span class="c1"># different method to inherit parent variables (SELF not needed) using SUPER()</span>
+<a id="__codelineno-42-27" name="__codelineno-42-27"></a>        <span class="nb">super</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="n">Parent</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="bp">self</span><span class="p">)</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="fm">__init__</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="n">parent_parameters</span><span class="p">)</span> <span class="c1"># parent constructor invoked separately</span>
+<a id="__codelineno-42-28" name="__codelineno-42-28"></a>
+<a id="__codelineno-42-29" name="__codelineno-42-29"></a>    <span class="k">def</span> <span class="nf">method</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="bp">self</span><span class="p">):</span>
+<a id="__codelineno-42-30" name="__codelineno-42-30"></a>        <span class="o">...</span>
+<a id="__codelineno-42-31" name="__codelineno-42-31"></a>
+<a id="__codelineno-42-32" name="__codelineno-42-32"></a>    <span class="k">def</span> <span class="nf">method_2</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="bp">self</span><span class="p">):</span> <span class="c1"># parent method updated</span>
+<a id="__codelineno-42-33" name="__codelineno-42-33"></a>        <span class="nb">super</span><span class="p">()</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">method_2</span><span class="p">()</span> <span class="c1"># invoke parent method as is</span>
+<a id="__codelineno-42-34" name="__codelineno-42-34"></a>        <span class="o">...</span>
+</code></pre></div></td></tr></table></div>
+<h3 id="polymorphism">Polymorphism</h3>
+<p><strong>Note</strong>: python does not support method overloading</p>
+<div class="highlight"><table class="highlighttable"><tr><th colspan="2" class="filename"><span class="filename">Python</span></th></tr><tr><td class="linenos"><div class="linenodiv"><pre><span></span><span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-43-1"> 1</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-43-2"> 2</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-43-3"> 3</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-43-4"> 4</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-43-5"> 5</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-43-6"> 6</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-43-7"> 7</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-43-8"> 8</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-43-9"> 9</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-43-10">10</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-43-11">11</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-43-12">12</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-43-13">13</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-43-14">14</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-43-15">15</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-43-16">16</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-43-17">17</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-43-18">18</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-43-19">19</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-43-20">20</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-43-21">21</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-43-22">22</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-43-23">23</a></span></pre></div></td><td class="code"><div><pre><span></span><code><a id="__codelineno-43-1" name="__codelineno-43-1"></a><span class="c1"># DUCKTYPING</span>
+<a id="__codelineno-43-2" name="__codelineno-43-2"></a><span class="c1"># Working with objects regardless of their type, as long as they implement certain protocols</span>
+<a id="__codelineno-43-3" name="__codelineno-43-3"></a>
+<a id="__codelineno-43-4" name="__codelineno-43-4"></a><span class="k">class</span> <span class="nc">Class1</span><span class="p">:</span>
+<a id="__codelineno-43-5" name="__codelineno-43-5"></a>    <span class="k">def</span> <span class="nf">method_1</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="bp">self</span><span class="p">):</span>
+<a id="__codelineno-43-6" name="__codelineno-43-6"></a>        <span class="o">...</span>
+<a id="__codelineno-43-7" name="__codelineno-43-7"></a>
+<a id="__codelineno-43-8" name="__codelineno-43-8"></a><span class="k">class</span> <span class="nc">Class2</span><span class="p">:</span>
+<a id="__codelineno-43-9" name="__codelineno-43-9"></a>    <span class="k">def</span> <span class="nf">method_1</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="bp">self</span><span class="p">):</span>
+<a id="__codelineno-43-10" name="__codelineno-43-10"></a>        <span class="o">...</span>
+<a id="__codelineno-43-11" name="__codelineno-43-11"></a>
+<a id="__codelineno-43-12" name="__codelineno-43-12"></a><span class="c1"># since python is a dynamic language it doesn&#39;t matter what type (class) the object passed is</span>
+<a id="__codelineno-43-13" name="__codelineno-43-13"></a><span class="c1"># the function invokes the object method passed regardless of the object class</span>
+<a id="__codelineno-43-14" name="__codelineno-43-14"></a><span class="k">def</span> <span class="nf">polymorph_method</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="nb">object</span><span class="p">):</span>
+<a id="__codelineno-43-15" name="__codelineno-43-15"></a>    <span class="nb">object</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">method_1</span><span class="p">()</span>
+<a id="__codelineno-43-16" name="__codelineno-43-16"></a>
+<a id="__codelineno-43-17" name="__codelineno-43-17"></a><span class="c1"># DEPENDENCY INJECTION WITH DUCKTYPING</span>
+<a id="__codelineno-43-18" name="__codelineno-43-18"></a><span class="k">class</span> <span class="nc">Class</span><span class="p">:</span>
+<a id="__codelineno-43-19" name="__codelineno-43-19"></a>    <span class="k">def</span> <span class="fm">__init__</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="bp">self</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="nb">object</span><span class="p">):</span>
+<a id="__codelineno-43-20" name="__codelineno-43-20"></a>        <span class="bp">self</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">dependency</span> <span class="o">=</span> <span class="nb">object</span>
+<a id="__codelineno-43-21" name="__codelineno-43-21"></a>
+<a id="__codelineno-43-22" name="__codelineno-43-22"></a>    <span class="k">def</span> <span class="nf">method_1</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="bp">self</span><span class="p">):</span> <span class="c1"># the function invokes the method of the object passed</span>
+<a id="__codelineno-43-23" name="__codelineno-43-23"></a>        <span class="bp">self</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">dependency</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">method_1</span><span class="p">()</span>
+</code></pre></div></td></tr></table></div>
+<h3 id="operator-overloading">Operator Overloading</h3>
+<p><strong>Operators fundamental rule</strong>: <em>always</em> return an object, if operation fails return <code>NotImplemented</code></p>
+<p>Limitations of operator overloading:</p>
+<ul>
+<li>no overloading of built-in types</li>
+<li>no creation of new operators</li>
+<li>no overloading operators <code>is</code>, <code>and</code>, <code>or</code>, <code>not</code></li>
+</ul>
+<h3 id="astrazione">Astrazione</h3>
+<p>The <strong>interfaces</strong> are abstract classes with <em>all</em> abstract methods, they are used to indicate which methods such as child classes <em>must</em> have. Interfaces have <em>only</em> a list of abstract methods.</p>
+<p><strong>abstract classes</strong> have <em>at least</em> one abstract method; child classes that inherit from an abstract class <em>must</em> implement abstract methods. Abstract classes <em>cannot</em> be instantiated.</p>
+<p>Virtual subclasses are used to include third-party classes as subclasses of a class of their own. They are recognized as belonging to the parent class without however having to implement their methods.</p>
+<p>The <code>@Class.register</code> or <code>Class.register(subclass)</code> decorators are used to mark subclasses.</p>
+<div class="highlight"><table class="highlighttable"><tr><th colspan="2" class="filename"><span class="filename">Python</span></th></tr><tr><td class="linenos"><div class="linenodiv"><pre><span></span><span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-44-1"> 1</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-44-2"> 2</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-44-3"> 3</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-44-4"> 4</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-44-5"> 5</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-44-6"> 6</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-44-7"> 7</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-44-8"> 8</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-44-9"> 9</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-44-10">10</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-44-11">11</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-44-12">12</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-44-13">13</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-44-14">14</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-44-15">15</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-44-16">16</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-44-17">17</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-44-18">18</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-44-19">19</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-44-20">20</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-44-21">21</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-44-22">22</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-44-23">23</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-44-24">24</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-44-25">25</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-44-26">26</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-44-27">27</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-44-28">28</a></span></pre></div></td><td class="code"><div><pre><span></span><code><a id="__codelineno-44-1" name="__codelineno-44-1"></a><span class="kn">from</span> <span class="nn">abc</span> <span class="kn">import</span> <span class="n">abstractmethod</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="n">ABC</span>
+<a id="__codelineno-44-2" name="__codelineno-44-2"></a>
+<a id="__codelineno-44-3" name="__codelineno-44-3"></a><span class="k">class</span> <span class="nc">Abstract</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="n">ABC</span><span class="p">):</span> <span class="c1"># abstract class MUST INHERIT from parent class ABC</span>
+<a id="__codelineno-44-4" name="__codelineno-44-4"></a>    <span class="k">def</span> <span class="fm">__init__</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="bp">self</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="n">parameters</span><span class="p">):</span>
+<a id="__codelineno-44-5" name="__codelineno-44-5"></a>        <span class="o">...</span>
+<a id="__codelineno-44-6" name="__codelineno-44-6"></a>
+<a id="__codelineno-44-7" name="__codelineno-44-7"></a>    <span class="k">def</span> <span class="nf">parent_method</span> <span class="p">(</span><span class="bp">self</span><span class="p">):</span>
+<a id="__codelineno-44-8" name="__codelineno-44-8"></a>        <span class="o">...</span>
+<a id="__codelineno-44-9" name="__codelineno-44-9"></a>
+<a id="__codelineno-44-10" name="__codelineno-44-10"></a>    <span class="nd">@abstractmethod</span> <span class="c1"># abstract method MUST be marked with @abstractmethod decorator</span>
+<a id="__codelineno-44-11" name="__codelineno-44-11"></a>    <span class="k">def</span> <span class="nf">abstract_method</span> <span class="p">(</span><span class="bp">self</span><span class="p">):</span>
+<a id="__codelineno-44-12" name="__codelineno-44-12"></a>        <span class="k">pass</span>
+<a id="__codelineno-44-13" name="__codelineno-44-13"></a>        <span class="c1"># abstract method MUST be overridden (can be non-empty)</span>
+<a id="__codelineno-44-14" name="__codelineno-44-14"></a>        <span class="c1"># super() to invoke it in the concrete class</span>
+<a id="__codelineno-44-15" name="__codelineno-44-15"></a>
+<a id="__codelineno-44-16" name="__codelineno-44-16"></a><span class="k">class</span> <span class="nc">Child</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="n">Abstract</span><span class="p">):</span>
+<a id="__codelineno-44-17" name="__codelineno-44-17"></a>
+<a id="__codelineno-44-18" name="__codelineno-44-18"></a>    <span class="k">def</span> <span class="fm">__init__</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="bp">self</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="n">parameters</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="n">parent_parameters</span><span class="p">):</span>
+<a id="__codelineno-44-19" name="__codelineno-44-19"></a>        <span class="n">parent_class</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="fm">__init__</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="bp">self</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="n">parent_parameters</span><span class="p">)</span>
+<a id="__codelineno-44-20" name="__codelineno-44-20"></a>
+<a id="__codelineno-44-21" name="__codelineno-44-21"></a>    <span class="k">def</span> <span class="nf">method</span> <span class="p">(</span><span class="bp">self</span><span class="p">):</span>
+<a id="__codelineno-44-22" name="__codelineno-44-22"></a>        <span class="o">...</span>
+<a id="__codelineno-44-23" name="__codelineno-44-23"></a>
+<a id="__codelineno-44-24" name="__codelineno-44-24"></a>    <span class="k">def</span> <span class="nf">parent_method</span> <span class="p">(</span><span class="bp">self</span><span class="p">):</span> <span class="c1"># override method (child class with homonymous method to parent class)</span>
+<a id="__codelineno-44-25" name="__codelineno-44-25"></a>        <span class="o">...</span>
+<a id="__codelineno-44-26" name="__codelineno-44-26"></a>
+<a id="__codelineno-44-27" name="__codelineno-44-27"></a>    <span class="k">def</span> <span class="nf">abstract_method</span> <span class="p">(</span><span class="bp">self</span><span class="p">):</span> <span class="c1"># implementation of abstract method inherited from abstract class (NECESSARY) by override</span>
+<a id="__codelineno-44-28" name="__codelineno-44-28"></a>        <span class="o">...</span>
+</code></pre></div></td></tr></table></div>
+<h2 id="exception-handling">Exception Handling</h2>
+<div class="highlight"><table class="highlighttable"><tr><th colspan="2" class="filename"><span class="filename">Python</span></th></tr><tr><td class="linenos"><div class="linenodiv"><pre><span></span><span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-45-1"> 1</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-45-2"> 2</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-45-3"> 3</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-45-4"> 4</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-45-5"> 5</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-45-6"> 6</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-45-7"> 7</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-45-8"> 8</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-45-9"> 9</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-45-10">10</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-45-11">11</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-45-12">12</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-45-13">13</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-45-14">14</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-45-15">15</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-45-16">16</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-45-17">17</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-45-18">18</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-45-19">19</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-45-20">20</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-45-21">21</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-45-22">22</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-45-23">23</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-45-24">24</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-45-25">25</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-45-26">26</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-45-27">27</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-45-28">28</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-45-29">29</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-45-30">30</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-45-31">31</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-45-32">32</a></span></pre></div></td><td class="code"><div><pre><span></span><code><a id="__codelineno-45-1" name="__codelineno-45-1"></a><span class="c1"># CHECK ASERATIONS</span>
+<a id="__codelineno-45-2" name="__codelineno-45-2"></a><span class="k">assert</span> <span class="n">condition</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="s1">&#39;error message&#39;</span> <span class="c1"># if the assertion is false show an error message</span>
+<a id="__codelineno-45-3" name="__codelineno-45-3"></a>
+<a id="__codelineno-45-4" name="__codelineno-45-4"></a><span class="c1"># particular errors are objects of a particular class of exceptions which in turn is a child of the base exception class (exception)</span>
+<a id="__codelineno-45-5" name="__codelineno-45-5"></a><span class="k">class</span> <span class="nc">CustomExceptionError</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="ne">Exception</span><span class="p">):</span> <span class="c1"># MUST somehow inherit from class exception (even in later inheritance steps)</span>
+<a id="__codelineno-45-6" name="__codelineno-45-6"></a>    <span class="k">pass</span> <span class="c1"># or instructions</span>
+<a id="__codelineno-45-7" name="__codelineno-45-7"></a>
+<a id="__codelineno-45-8" name="__codelineno-45-8"></a><span class="c1"># try block contains code that might cause an exception</span>
+<a id="__codelineno-45-9" name="__codelineno-45-9"></a><span class="c1"># code inside try and after the error it is not executed</span>
+<a id="__codelineno-45-10" name="__codelineno-45-10"></a><span class="k">try</span><span class="p">:</span>
+<a id="__codelineno-45-11" name="__codelineno-45-11"></a>    <span class="o">...</span>
+<a id="__codelineno-45-12" name="__codelineno-45-12"></a>    <span class="k">raise</span> <span class="n">CustomExceptionError</span> <span class="p">(</span><span class="s2">&quot;message&quot;</span><span class="p">)</span> <span class="c1"># raise the exception</span>
+<a id="__codelineno-45-13" name="__codelineno-45-13"></a>
+<a id="__codelineno-45-14" name="__codelineno-45-14"></a><span class="c1"># except takes control of error handling without passing through the interpreter</span>
+<a id="__codelineno-45-15" name="__codelineno-45-15"></a><span class="c1"># block executed if an error occurs in try</span>
+<a id="__codelineno-45-16" name="__codelineno-45-16"></a>
+<a id="__codelineno-45-17" name="__codelineno-45-17"></a><span class="c1"># except error specified by class</span>
+<a id="__codelineno-45-18" name="__codelineno-45-18"></a><span class="k">except</span> <span class="n">ExceptionClass</span><span class="p">:</span>
+<a id="__codelineno-45-19" name="__codelineno-45-19"></a>    <span class="c1"># Default error message is not shown</span>
+<a id="__codelineno-45-20" name="__codelineno-45-20"></a>    <span class="c1"># the program does not stop</span>
+<a id="__codelineno-45-21" name="__codelineno-45-21"></a>
+<a id="__codelineno-45-22" name="__codelineno-45-22"></a><span class="c1"># except on generic errors</span>
+<a id="__codelineno-45-23" name="__codelineno-45-23"></a><span class="k">except</span><span class="p">:</span>
+<a id="__codelineno-45-24" name="__codelineno-45-24"></a>     <span class="c1"># code here</span>
+<a id="__codelineno-45-25" name="__codelineno-45-25"></a>
+<a id="__codelineno-45-26" name="__codelineno-45-26"></a><span class="c1"># block executed if exception does not occur</span>
+<a id="__codelineno-45-27" name="__codelineno-45-27"></a><span class="k">else</span><span class="p">:</span>
+<a id="__codelineno-45-28" name="__codelineno-45-28"></a>    <span class="c1"># code here</span>
+<a id="__codelineno-45-29" name="__codelineno-45-29"></a>
+<a id="__codelineno-45-30" name="__codelineno-45-30"></a><span class="c1"># block executed in all cases, cleanup code goes here</span>
+<a id="__codelineno-45-31" name="__codelineno-45-31"></a><span class="k">finally</span><span class="p">:</span>
+<a id="__codelineno-45-32" name="__codelineno-45-32"></a>    <span class="c1"># code here</span>
+</code></pre></div></td></tr></table></div>
+<h2 id="file">File</h2>
+<h3 id="opening-a-file">Opening A File</h3>
+<p>Text file opening mode:</p>
+<ul>
+<li><code>w</code>: write, overwrite the contents of the file</li>
+<li><code>r</code>: read, read file contents</li>
+<li><code>a</code>: append, add content to the file</li>
+<li><code>w +</code>: write &amp; read</li>
+<li><code>r +</code>: write &amp; read &amp; append</li>
+<li><code>a +</code>: append &amp; read</li>
+<li><code>x</code>: exclusive creation, if the file already exists -&gt; <code>FileExistError</code> (extended write mode)</li>
+</ul>
+<p>Open binary file mode:</p>
+<ul>
+<li><code>wb</code>: write, overwrites the contents of the file</li>
+<li><code>rb</code>: read, read file contents</li>
+<li><code>ab</code>: append, add content to the file</li>
+<li><code>w + b</code>: write &amp; read</li>
+<li><code>r + b</code>: write &amp; read &amp; append</li>
+<li><code>a + b</code>: append &amp; read</li>
+<li><code>xb</code>: exclusive creation, if the file already exists -&gt; <code>FileExistError</code> (extended write mode)</li>
+</ul>
+<p><strong>Note</strong>: Linux and MacOSX use <code>UTF-8</code> everywhere while windows uses <code>cp1252</code>, <code>cp850</code>,<code>mbcs</code>, <code>UTF-8</code>. Don't rely on default encoding and use <strong>explicitly</strong> <code>UTF-8</code>.</p>
+<div class="highlight"><table class="highlighttable"><tr><th colspan="2" class="filename"><span class="filename">Python</span></th></tr><tr><td class="linenos"><div class="linenodiv"><pre><span></span><span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-46-1"> 1</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-46-2"> 2</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-46-3"> 3</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-46-4"> 4</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-46-5"> 5</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-46-6"> 6</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-46-7"> 7</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-46-8"> 8</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-46-9"> 9</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-46-10">10</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-46-11">11</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-46-12">12</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-46-13">13</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-46-14">14</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-46-15">15</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-46-16">16</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-46-17">17</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-46-18">18</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-46-19">19</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-46-20">20</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-46-21">21</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-46-22">22</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-46-23">23</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-46-24">24</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-46-25">25</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-46-26">26</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-46-27">27</a></span></pre></div></td><td class="code"><div><pre><span></span><code><a id="__codelineno-46-1" name="__codelineno-46-1"></a><span class="nb">object</span> <span class="o">=</span> <span class="nb">open</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="s1">&#39;filename&#39;</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="n">mode</span> <span class="o">=</span> <span class="s1">&#39;r&#39;</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="n">encoding</span> <span class="o">=</span> <span class="s1">&#39;utf-8&#39;</span><span class="p">)</span> <span class="c1"># encoding MUST BE utf-8 for compatibility</span>
+<a id="__codelineno-46-2" name="__codelineno-46-2"></a><span class="c1"># filename can be the absolute path to the file location (default: file created in the source code folder)</span>
+<a id="__codelineno-46-3" name="__codelineno-46-3"></a><span class="c1"># double slash to avoid \ escaping</span>
+<a id="__codelineno-46-4" name="__codelineno-46-4"></a>
+<a id="__codelineno-46-5" name="__codelineno-46-5"></a><span class="k">with</span> <span class="nb">open</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="s1">&#39;filename&#39;</span><span class="p">)</span> <span class="k">as</span> <span class="n">file</span><span class="p">:</span>
+<a id="__codelineno-46-6" name="__codelineno-46-6"></a>    <span class="n">instructions_to_file</span> <span class="c1"># block use filename to indicate file</span>
+<a id="__codelineno-46-7" name="__codelineno-46-7"></a>
+<a id="__codelineno-46-8" name="__codelineno-46-8"></a><span class="c1"># CLOSE A FILE</span>
+<a id="__codelineno-46-9" name="__codelineno-46-9"></a><span class="nb">object</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">close</span><span class="p">()</span>
+<a id="__codelineno-46-10" name="__codelineno-46-10"></a>
+<a id="__codelineno-46-11" name="__codelineno-46-11"></a><span class="c1"># WRITE TO A FILE</span>
+<a id="__codelineno-46-12" name="__codelineno-46-12"></a><span class="nb">object</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">write</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="n">string</span><span class="p">)</span> <span class="c1"># write single string to file</span>
+<a id="__codelineno-46-13" name="__codelineno-46-13"></a><span class="nb">object</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">writelines</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="o">*</span> <span class="n">strings</span><span class="p">)</span> <span class="c1"># write multiple strings to file</span>
+<a id="__codelineno-46-14" name="__codelineno-46-14"></a>
+<a id="__codelineno-46-15" name="__codelineno-46-15"></a><span class="c1"># READING FROM A FILE</span>
+<a id="__codelineno-46-16" name="__codelineno-46-16"></a><span class="nb">object</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">read</span><span class="p">()</span> <span class="c1"># return ALL the contents of the file (including escape sequence) and place the &quot;cursor&quot; at the end of the file</span>
+<a id="__codelineno-46-17" name="__codelineno-46-17"></a><span class="nb">object</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">seek</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="mi">0</span><span class="p">)</span> <span class="c1"># returns 0 (zero) and places the cursor at the beginning of the file</span>
+<a id="__codelineno-46-18" name="__codelineno-46-18"></a><span class="nb">object</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">readlines</span><span class="p">()</span> <span class="c1"># return list of file lines (ATTENTION: keep everything in memory, be careful with large files)</span>
+<a id="__codelineno-46-19" name="__codelineno-46-19"></a><span class="nb">object</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">readline</span><span class="p">()</span> <span class="c1"># returns single line file</span>
+<a id="__codelineno-46-20" name="__codelineno-46-20"></a>
+<a id="__codelineno-46-21" name="__codelineno-46-21"></a><span class="c1"># CHECK FILE EXISTENCE</span>
+<a id="__codelineno-46-22" name="__codelineno-46-22"></a><span class="kn">import</span> <span class="nn">os</span><span class="o">,</span> <span class="nn">sys</span>
+<a id="__codelineno-46-23" name="__codelineno-46-23"></a><span class="k">if</span> <span class="n">os</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">path</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">isfile</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="s1">&#39;filepath&#39;</span><span class="p">):</span> <span class="c1"># check file existence (TRUE if it exists)</span>
+<a id="__codelineno-46-24" name="__codelineno-46-24"></a>    <span class="c1"># code here</span>
+<a id="__codelineno-46-25" name="__codelineno-46-25"></a><span class="k">else</span><span class="p">:</span>
+<a id="__codelineno-46-26" name="__codelineno-46-26"></a>    <span class="c1"># code here</span>
+<a id="__codelineno-46-27" name="__codelineno-46-27"></a>    <span class="n">sys</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">exit</span><span class="p">()</span> <span class="c1"># exits the program and does not execute the next cosice</span>
+</code></pre></div></td></tr></table></div>
+<h2 id="copy">COPY</h2>
+<p><strong>SHALLOW COPY</strong>: copies the "container" and references to the content
+<strong>DEEP COPY</strong>: copies the "container" and contents (no reference)</p>
+<div class="highlight"><table class="highlighttable"><tr><th colspan="2" class="filename"><span class="filename">Python</span></th></tr><tr><td class="linenos"><div class="linenodiv"><pre><span></span><span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-47-1">1</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-47-2">2</a></span></pre></div></td><td class="code"><div><pre><span></span><code><a id="__codelineno-47-1" name="__codelineno-47-1"></a><span class="n">copy</span> <span class="p">(</span><span class="n">x</span><span class="p">)</span> <span class="c1"># returns shallow copy of xor</span>
+<a id="__codelineno-47-2" name="__codelineno-47-2"></a><span class="n">deepcopy</span> <span class="p">(</span><span class="n">x</span><span class="p">)</span> <span class="c1"># returns shallow copy of x</span>
+</code></pre></div></td></tr></table></div>
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+          </ul>
+        </nav>
+      
+    </li>
+  
+
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+                
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+        
+      
+        
+      
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+          <label class="md-nav__link" for="__nav_4_9" id="__nav_4_9_label" tabindex="">
+            
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+  <span class="md-ellipsis">
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+  </span>
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+            <span class="md-nav__icon md-icon"></span>
+            .NET
+          </label>
+          <ul class="md-nav__list" data-md-scrollfix>
+            
+              
+                
+  
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+  
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+    
+    
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+        
+      
+        
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+        
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+      
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+    <li class="md-nav__item md-nav__item--nested">
+      
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+            
+  
+  <span class="md-ellipsis">
+    C#
+  </span>
+  
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+            <span class="md-nav__icon md-icon"></span>
+          </label>
+        
+        <nav class="md-nav" data-md-level="3" aria-labelledby="__nav_4_9_1_label" aria-expanded="false">
+          <label class="md-nav__title" for="__nav_4_9_1">
+            <span class="md-nav__icon md-icon"></span>
+            C#
+          </label>
+          <ul class="md-nav__list" data-md-scrollfix>
+            
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+    <li class="md-nav__item">
+      <a href="../dotnet/csharp/csharp.html" class="md-nav__link">
+        
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+  <span class="md-ellipsis">
+    C#
+  </span>
+  
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+    </li>
+  
+
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+  
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+    <li class="md-nav__item">
+      <a href="../dotnet/csharp/linq.html" class="md-nav__link">
+        
+  
+  <span class="md-ellipsis">
+    Linq
+  </span>
+  
+
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+    </li>
+  
+
+              
+            
+              
+                
+  
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+  
+  
+    <li class="md-nav__item">
+      <a href="../dotnet/csharp/collections.html" class="md-nav__link">
+        
+  
+  <span class="md-ellipsis">
+    Collections
+  </span>
+  
+
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+    </li>
+  
+
+              
+            
+              
+                
+  
+  
+  
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+    <li class="md-nav__item">
+      <a href="../dotnet/csharp/reactive-extensions.html" class="md-nav__link">
+        
+  
+  <span class="md-ellipsis">
+    Reactive Extensions
+  </span>
+  
+
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+    </li>
+  
+
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+              
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+  
+  
+  
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+    <li class="md-nav__item">
+      <a href="../dotnet/csharp/async-programming.html" class="md-nav__link">
+        
+  
+  <span class="md-ellipsis">
+    Async Programming
+  </span>
+  
+
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+    </li>
+  
+
+              
+            
+              
+                
+  
+  
+  
+  
+    <li class="md-nav__item">
+      <a href="../dotnet/csharp/unit-tests.html" class="md-nav__link">
+        
+  
+  <span class="md-ellipsis">
+    Unit Tests
+  </span>
+  
+
+      </a>
+    </li>
+  
+
+              
+            
+          </ul>
+        </nav>
+      
+    </li>
+  
+
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+            
+              
+                
+  
+  
+  
+  
+    
+    
+      
+        
+      
+        
+      
+        
+      
+        
+      
+        
+      
+        
+      
+        
+      
+    
+    
+      
+      
+        
+      
+    
+    
+    <li class="md-nav__item md-nav__item--nested">
+      
+        
+        
+        <input class="md-nav__toggle md-toggle " type="checkbox" id="__nav_4_9_2" >
+        
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+          <label class="md-nav__link" for="__nav_4_9_2" id="__nav_4_9_2_label" tabindex="0">
+            
+  
+  <span class="md-ellipsis">
+    ASP.NET
+  </span>
+  
+
+            <span class="md-nav__icon md-icon"></span>
+          </label>
+        
+        <nav class="md-nav" data-md-level="3" aria-labelledby="__nav_4_9_2_label" aria-expanded="false">
+          <label class="md-nav__title" for="__nav_4_9_2">
+            <span class="md-nav__icon md-icon"></span>
+            ASP.NET
+          </label>
+          <ul class="md-nav__list" data-md-scrollfix>
+            
+              
+                
+  
+  
+  
+  
+    <li class="md-nav__item">
+      <a href="../dotnet/asp.net/minimal-api.html" class="md-nav__link">
+        
+  
+  <span class="md-ellipsis">
+    Minimal API
+  </span>
+  
+
+      </a>
+    </li>
+  
+
+              
+            
+              
+                
+  
+  
+  
+  
+    <li class="md-nav__item">
+      <a href="../dotnet/asp.net/filters.html" class="md-nav__link">
+        
+  
+  <span class="md-ellipsis">
+    FIlters
+  </span>
+  
+
+      </a>
+    </li>
+  
+
+              
+            
+              
+                
+  
+  
+  
+  
+    <li class="md-nav__item">
+      <a href="../dotnet/asp.net/middleware.html" class="md-nav__link">
+        
+  
+  <span class="md-ellipsis">
+    Middleware
+  </span>
+  
+
+      </a>
+    </li>
+  
+
+              
+            
+              
+                
+  
+  
+  
+  
+    <li class="md-nav__item">
+      <a href="../dotnet/asp.net/razor-syntax.html" class="md-nav__link">
+        
+  
+  <span class="md-ellipsis">
+    Razor Syntax
+  </span>
+  
+
+      </a>
+    </li>
+  
+
+              
+            
+              
+                
+  
+  
+  
+  
+    <li class="md-nav__item">
+      <a href="../dotnet/asp.net/blazor.html" class="md-nav__link">
+        
+  
+  <span class="md-ellipsis">
+    Blazor
+  </span>
+  
+
+      </a>
+    </li>
+  
+
+              
+            
+              
+                
+  
+  
+  
+  
+    <li class="md-nav__item">
+      <a href="../dotnet/asp.net/signalr.html" class="md-nav__link">
+        
+  
+  <span class="md-ellipsis">
+    SignalR
+  </span>
+  
+
+      </a>
+    </li>
+  
+
+              
+            
+              
+                
+  
+  
+  
+  
+    <li class="md-nav__item">
+      <a href="../dotnet/asp.net/web-forms.html" class="md-nav__link">
+        
+  
+  <span class="md-ellipsis">
+    Web Forms
+  </span>
+  
+
+      </a>
+    </li>
+  
+
+              
+            
+          </ul>
+        </nav>
+      
+    </li>
+  
+
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+            
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+                
+  
+  
+  
+  
+    
+    
+      
+        
+      
+        
+      
+    
+    
+      
+      
+        
+      
+    
+    
+    <li class="md-nav__item md-nav__item--nested">
+      
+        
+        
+        <input class="md-nav__toggle md-toggle " type="checkbox" id="__nav_4_9_3" >
+        
+          
+          <label class="md-nav__link" for="__nav_4_9_3" id="__nav_4_9_3_label" tabindex="0">
+            
+  
+  <span class="md-ellipsis">
+    Database
+  </span>
+  
+
+            <span class="md-nav__icon md-icon"></span>
+          </label>
+        
+        <nav class="md-nav" data-md-level="3" aria-labelledby="__nav_4_9_3_label" aria-expanded="false">
+          <label class="md-nav__title" for="__nav_4_9_3">
+            <span class="md-nav__icon md-icon"></span>
+            Database
+          </label>
+          <ul class="md-nav__list" data-md-scrollfix>
+            
+              
+                
+  
+  
+  
+  
+    <li class="md-nav__item">
+      <a href="../dotnet/database/ado.net.html" class="md-nav__link">
+        
+  
+  <span class="md-ellipsis">
+    ADO.NET
+  </span>
+  
+
+      </a>
+    </li>
+  
+
+              
+            
+              
+                
+  
+  
+  
+  
+    <li class="md-nav__item">
+      <a href="../dotnet/database/entity-framework.html" class="md-nav__link">
+        
+  
+  <span class="md-ellipsis">
+    Entity Framework
+  </span>
+  
+
+      </a>
+    </li>
+  
+
+              
+            
+          </ul>
+        </nav>
+      
+    </li>
+  
+
+              
+            
+          </ul>
+        </nav>
+      
+    </li>
+  
+
+              
+            
+              
+                
+  
+  
+  
+  
+    
+    
+      
+        
+      
+        
+      
+        
+      
+        
+      
+    
+    
+      
+      
+        
+          
+          
+        
+      
+    
+    
+    <li class="md-nav__item md-nav__item--section md-nav__item--nested">
+      
+        
+        
+        <input class="md-nav__toggle md-toggle " type="checkbox" id="__nav_4_10" >
+        
+          
+          <label class="md-nav__link" for="__nav_4_10" id="__nav_4_10_label" tabindex="">
+            
+  
+  <span class="md-ellipsis">
+    Java
+  </span>
+  
+
+            <span class="md-nav__icon md-icon"></span>
+          </label>
+        
+        <nav class="md-nav" data-md-level="2" aria-labelledby="__nav_4_10_label" aria-expanded="false">
+          <label class="md-nav__title" for="__nav_4_10">
+            <span class="md-nav__icon md-icon"></span>
+            Java
+          </label>
+          <ul class="md-nav__list" data-md-scrollfix>
+            
+              
+                
+  
+  
+  
+  
+    <li class="md-nav__item">
+      <a href="../java/java.html" class="md-nav__link">
+        
+  
+  <span class="md-ellipsis">
+    Java
+  </span>
+  
+
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+    </li>
+  
+
+              
+            
+              
+                
+  
+  
+  
+  
+    <li class="md-nav__item">
+      <a href="../java/java-collection-framework.html" class="md-nav__link">
+        
+  
+  <span class="md-ellipsis">
+    Java Collection Framework
+  </span>
+  
+
+      </a>
+    </li>
+  
+
+              
+            
+              
+                
+  
+  
+  
+  
+    <li class="md-nav__item">
+      <a href="../java/dao.html" class="md-nav__link">
+        
+  
+  <span class="md-ellipsis">
+    DAO
+  </span>
+  
+
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+    </li>
+  
+
+              
+            
+              
+                
+  
+  
+  
+  
+    
+    
+      
+        
+      
+        
+      
+    
+    
+      
+      
+        
+      
+    
+    
+    <li class="md-nav__item md-nav__item--nested">
+      
+        
+        
+        <input class="md-nav__toggle md-toggle " type="checkbox" id="__nav_4_10_4" >
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+          
+          <label class="md-nav__link" for="__nav_4_10_4" id="__nav_4_10_4_label" tabindex="0">
+            
+  
+  <span class="md-ellipsis">
+    Web
+  </span>
+  
+
+            <span class="md-nav__icon md-icon"></span>
+          </label>
+        
+        <nav class="md-nav" data-md-level="3" aria-labelledby="__nav_4_10_4_label" aria-expanded="false">
+          <label class="md-nav__title" for="__nav_4_10_4">
+            <span class="md-nav__icon md-icon"></span>
+            Web
+          </label>
+          <ul class="md-nav__list" data-md-scrollfix>
+            
+              
+                
+  
+  
+  
+  
+    <li class="md-nav__item">
+      <a href="../java/web/servlet.html" class="md-nav__link">
+        
+  
+  <span class="md-ellipsis">
+    Serverlet
+  </span>
+  
+
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+    </li>
+  
+
+              
+            
+              
+                
+  
+  
+  
+  
+    
+    
+      
+        
+      
+        
+      
+    
+    
+      
+      
+        
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+    
+    
+    <li class="md-nav__item md-nav__item--nested">
+      
+        
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+        <input class="md-nav__toggle md-toggle " type="checkbox" id="__nav_4_10_4_2" >
+        
+          
+          <label class="md-nav__link" for="__nav_4_10_4_2" id="__nav_4_10_4_2_label" tabindex="0">
+            
+  
+  <span class="md-ellipsis">
+    Spring
+  </span>
+  
+
+            <span class="md-nav__icon md-icon"></span>
+          </label>
+        
+        <nav class="md-nav" data-md-level="4" aria-labelledby="__nav_4_10_4_2_label" aria-expanded="false">
+          <label class="md-nav__title" for="__nav_4_10_4_2">
+            <span class="md-nav__icon md-icon"></span>
+            Spring
+          </label>
+          <ul class="md-nav__list" data-md-scrollfix>
+            
+              
+                
+  
+  
+  
+  
+    <li class="md-nav__item">
+      <a href="../java/spring/pom.xml.html" class="md-nav__link">
+        
+  
+  <span class="md-ellipsis">
+    POM
+  </span>
+  
+
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+    </li>
+  
+
+              
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+              
+                
+  
+  
+  
+  
+    <li class="md-nav__item">
+      <a href="../java/spring/spring-project.html" class="md-nav__link">
+        
+  
+  <span class="md-ellipsis">
+    Project Structure
+  </span>
+  
+
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+    </li>
+  
+
+              
+            
+          </ul>
+        </nav>
+      
+    </li>
+  
+
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+            
+          </ul>
+        </nav>
+      
+    </li>
+  
+
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+            
+          </ul>
+        </nav>
+      
+    </li>
+  
+
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+            
+              
+                
+  
+  
+  
+  
+    
+    
+      
+        
+      
+        
+      
+        
+      
+        
+      
+        
+      
+        
+      
+        
+      
+        
+      
+        
+      
+    
+    
+      
+      
+        
+          
+          
+        
+      
+    
+    
+    <li class="md-nav__item md-nav__item--section md-nav__item--nested">
+      
+        
+        
+        <input class="md-nav__toggle md-toggle " type="checkbox" id="__nav_4_11" >
+        
+          
+          <label class="md-nav__link" for="__nav_4_11" id="__nav_4_11_label" tabindex="">
+            
+  
+  <span class="md-ellipsis">
+    PHP
+  </span>
+  
+
+            <span class="md-nav__icon md-icon"></span>
+          </label>
+        
+        <nav class="md-nav" data-md-level="2" aria-labelledby="__nav_4_11_label" aria-expanded="false">
+          <label class="md-nav__title" for="__nav_4_11">
+            <span class="md-nav__icon md-icon"></span>
+            PHP
+          </label>
+          <ul class="md-nav__list" data-md-scrollfix>
+            
+              
+                
+  
+  
+  
+  
+    <li class="md-nav__item">
+      <a href="../php/php.html" class="md-nav__link">
+        
+  
+  <span class="md-ellipsis">
+    PHP
+  </span>
+  
+
+      </a>
+    </li>
+  
+
+              
+            
+              
+                
+  
+  
+  
+  
+    <li class="md-nav__item">
+      <a href="../php/database.html" class="md-nav__link">
+        
+  
+  <span class="md-ellipsis">
+    Database
+  </span>
+  
+
+      </a>
+    </li>
+  
+
+              
+            
+              
+                
+  
+  
+  
+  
+    <li class="md-nav__item">
+      <a href="../php/web.html" class="md-nav__link">
+        
+  
+  <span class="md-ellipsis">
+    Web
+  </span>
+  
+
+      </a>
+    </li>
+  
+
+              
+            
+              
+                
+  
+  
+  
+  
+    <li class="md-nav__item">
+      <a href="../php/dependency-injection.html" class="md-nav__link">
+        
+  
+  <span class="md-ellipsis">
+    Dependency Injection
+  </span>
+  
+
+      </a>
+    </li>
+  
+
+              
+            
+              
+                
+  
+  
+  
+  
+    <li class="md-nav__item">
+      <a href="../php/unit-tests.html" class="md-nav__link">
+        
+  
+  <span class="md-ellipsis">
+    Unit Tests
+  </span>
+  
+
+      </a>
+    </li>
+  
+
+              
+            
+              
+                
+  
+  
+  
+  
+    <li class="md-nav__item">
+      <a href="../php/composer.html" class="md-nav__link">
+        
+  
+  <span class="md-ellipsis">
+    Composer
+  </span>
+  
+
+      </a>
+    </li>
+  
+
+              
+            
+              
+                
+  
+  
+  
+  
+    <li class="md-nav__item">
+      <a href="../php/psr-7.html" class="md-nav__link">
+        
+  
+  <span class="md-ellipsis">
+    PSR 7
+  </span>
+  
+
+      </a>
+    </li>
+  
+
+              
+            
+              
+                
+  
+  
+  
+  
+    <li class="md-nav__item">
+      <a href="../php/plates-templating.html" class="md-nav__link">
+        
+  
+  <span class="md-ellipsis">
+    Plates
+  </span>
+  
+
+      </a>
+    </li>
+  
+
+              
+            
+              
+                
+  
+  
+  
+  
+    
+    
+      
+        
+      
+        
+      
+    
+    
+      
+      
+        
+      
+    
+    
+    <li class="md-nav__item md-nav__item--nested">
+      
+        
+        
+        <input class="md-nav__toggle md-toggle " type="checkbox" id="__nav_4_11_9" >
+        
+          
+          <label class="md-nav__link" for="__nav_4_11_9" id="__nav_4_11_9_label" tabindex="0">
+            
+  
+  <span class="md-ellipsis">
+    Simple MVC
+  </span>
+  
+
+            <span class="md-nav__icon md-icon"></span>
+          </label>
+        
+        <nav class="md-nav" data-md-level="3" aria-labelledby="__nav_4_11_9_label" aria-expanded="false">
+          <label class="md-nav__title" for="__nav_4_11_9">
+            <span class="md-nav__icon md-icon"></span>
+            Simple MVC
+          </label>
+          <ul class="md-nav__list" data-md-scrollfix>
+            
+              
+                
+  
+  
+  
+  
+    <li class="md-nav__item">
+      <a href="../php/simple-mvc/simple-mvc.html" class="md-nav__link">
+        
+  
+  <span class="md-ellipsis">
+    Simple MVC
+  </span>
+  
+
+      </a>
+    </li>
+  
+
+              
+            
+              
+                
+  
+  
+  
+  
+    <li class="md-nav__item">
+      <a href="../php/simple-mvc/rest-api.html" class="md-nav__link">
+        
+  
+  <span class="md-ellipsis">
+    REST API
+  </span>
+  
+
+      </a>
+    </li>
+  
+
+              
+            
+          </ul>
+        </nav>
+      
+    </li>
+  
+
+              
+            
+          </ul>
+        </nav>
+      
+    </li>
+  
+
+              
+            
+              
+                
+  
+  
+    
+  
+  
+  
+    
+    
+      
+        
+      
+        
+      
+        
+      
+        
+      
+        
+      
+    
+    
+      
+      
+        
+          
+          
+        
+      
+    
+    
+    <li class="md-nav__item md-nav__item--active md-nav__item--section md-nav__item--nested">
+      
+        
+        
+        <input class="md-nav__toggle md-toggle " type="checkbox" id="__nav_4_12" checked>
+        
+          
+          <label class="md-nav__link" for="__nav_4_12" id="__nav_4_12_label" tabindex="">
+            
+  
+  <span class="md-ellipsis">
+    Rust
+  </span>
+  
+
+            <span class="md-nav__icon md-icon"></span>
+          </label>
+        
+        <nav class="md-nav" data-md-level="2" aria-labelledby="__nav_4_12_label" aria-expanded="true">
+          <label class="md-nav__title" for="__nav_4_12">
+            <span class="md-nav__icon md-icon"></span>
+            Rust
+          </label>
+          <ul class="md-nav__list" data-md-scrollfix>
+            
+              
+                
+  
+  
+  
+  
+    <li class="md-nav__item">
+      <a href="rust.html" class="md-nav__link">
+        
+  
+  <span class="md-ellipsis">
+    Rust
+  </span>
+  
+
+      </a>
+    </li>
+  
+
+              
+            
+              
+                
+  
+  
+  
+  
+    <li class="md-nav__item">
+      <a href="macros.html" class="md-nav__link">
+        
+  
+  <span class="md-ellipsis">
+    Macros
+  </span>
+  
+
+      </a>
+    </li>
+  
+
+              
+            
+              
+                
+  
+  
+    
+  
+  
+  
+    <li class="md-nav__item md-nav__item--active">
+      
+      <input class="md-nav__toggle md-toggle" type="checkbox" id="__toc">
+      
+      
+        
+      
+      
+        <label class="md-nav__link md-nav__link--active" for="__toc">
+          
+  
+  <span class="md-ellipsis">
+    Cargo
+  </span>
+  
+
+          <span class="md-nav__icon md-icon"></span>
+        </label>
+      
+      <a href="cargo.html" class="md-nav__link md-nav__link--active">
+        
+  
+  <span class="md-ellipsis">
+    Cargo
+  </span>
+  
+
+      </a>
+      
+        
+
+<nav class="md-nav md-nav--secondary" aria-label="Table of contents">
+  
+  
+  
+    
+  
+  
+    <label class="md-nav__title" for="__toc">
+      <span class="md-nav__icon md-icon"></span>
+      Table of contents
+    </label>
+    <ul class="md-nav__list" data-md-component="toc" data-md-scrollfix>
+      
+        <li class="md-nav__item">
+  <a href="#creating-a-project" class="md-nav__link">
+    <span class="md-ellipsis">
+      Creating a project
+    </span>
+  </a>
+  
+</li>
+      
+        <li class="md-nav__item">
+  <a href="#building-running-checking-a-project" class="md-nav__link">
+    <span class="md-ellipsis">
+      Building, Running &amp; Checking a project
+    </span>
+  </a>
+  
+</li>
+      
+        <li class="md-nav__item">
+  <a href="#dependencies" class="md-nav__link">
+    <span class="md-ellipsis">
+      Dependencies
+    </span>
+  </a>
+  
+</li>
+      
+        <li class="md-nav__item">
+  <a href="#code-organization" class="md-nav__link">
+    <span class="md-ellipsis">
+      Code Organization
+    </span>
+  </a>
+  
+    <nav class="md-nav" aria-label="Code Organization">
+      <ul class="md-nav__list">
+        
+          <li class="md-nav__item">
+  <a href="#packages-crates" class="md-nav__link">
+    <span class="md-ellipsis">
+      Packages &amp; Crates
+    </span>
+  </a>
+  
+</li>
+        
+          <li class="md-nav__item">
+  <a href="#modules" class="md-nav__link">
+    <span class="md-ellipsis">
+      Modules
+    </span>
+  </a>
+  
+</li>
+        
+          <li class="md-nav__item">
+  <a href="#paths" class="md-nav__link">
+    <span class="md-ellipsis">
+      Paths
+    </span>
+  </a>
+  
+</li>
+        
+          <li class="md-nav__item">
+  <a href="#public-vs-private" class="md-nav__link">
+    <span class="md-ellipsis">
+      Public vs Private
+    </span>
+  </a>
+  
+</li>
+        
+          <li class="md-nav__item">
+  <a href="#use" class="md-nav__link">
+    <span class="md-ellipsis">
+      use
+    </span>
+  </a>
+  
+</li>
+        
+      </ul>
+    </nav>
+  
+</li>
+      
+        <li class="md-nav__item">
+  <a href="#separating-into-multiple-files" class="md-nav__link">
+    <span class="md-ellipsis">
+      Separating into multiple files
+    </span>
+  </a>
+  
+</li>
+      
+    </ul>
+  
+</nav>
+      
+    </li>
+  
+
+              
+            
+              
+                
+  
+  
+  
+  
+    <li class="md-nav__item">
+      <a href="concurrency.html" class="md-nav__link">
+        
+  
+  <span class="md-ellipsis">
+    Concurrency
+  </span>
+  
+
+      </a>
+    </li>
+  
+
+              
+            
+              
+                
+  
+  
+  
+  
+    <li class="md-nav__item">
+      <a href="unit-tests.html" class="md-nav__link">
+        
+  
+  <span class="md-ellipsis">
+    Unit Tests
+  </span>
+  
+
+      </a>
+    </li>
+  
+
+              
+            
+          </ul>
+        </nav>
+      
+    </li>
+  
+
+              
+            
+              
+                
+  
+  
+  
+  
+    
+    
+      
+        
+      
+        
+      
+        
+      
+        
+      
+        
+      
+        
+      
+        
+      
+    
+    
+      
+      
+        
+          
+          
+        
+      
+    
+    
+    <li class="md-nav__item md-nav__item--section md-nav__item--nested">
+      
+        
+        
+        <input class="md-nav__toggle md-toggle " type="checkbox" id="__nav_4_13" >
+        
+          
+          <label class="md-nav__link" for="__nav_4_13" id="__nav_4_13_label" tabindex="">
+            
+  
+  <span class="md-ellipsis">
+    Javascript
+  </span>
+  
+
+            <span class="md-nav__icon md-icon"></span>
+          </label>
+        
+        <nav class="md-nav" data-md-level="2" aria-labelledby="__nav_4_13_label" aria-expanded="false">
+          <label class="md-nav__title" for="__nav_4_13">
+            <span class="md-nav__icon md-icon"></span>
+            Javascript
+          </label>
+          <ul class="md-nav__list" data-md-scrollfix>
+            
+              
+                
+  
+  
+  
+  
+    <li class="md-nav__item">
+      <a href="../javascript/javascript.html" class="md-nav__link">
+        
+  
+  <span class="md-ellipsis">
+    Javascript
+  </span>
+  
+
+      </a>
+    </li>
+  
+
+              
+            
+              
+                
+  
+  
+  
+  
+    <li class="md-nav__item">
+      <a href="../javascript/dom.html" class="md-nav__link">
+        
+  
+  <span class="md-ellipsis">
+    DOM
+  </span>
+  
+
+      </a>
+    </li>
+  
+
+              
+            
+              
+                
+  
+  
+  
+  
+    <li class="md-nav__item">
+      <a href="../javascript/events-animation.html" class="md-nav__link">
+        
+  
+  <span class="md-ellipsis">
+    Events & Animation
+  </span>
+  
+
+      </a>
+    </li>
+  
+
+              
+            
+              
+                
+  
+  
+  
+  
+    <li class="md-nav__item">
+      <a href="../javascript/ajax.html" class="md-nav__link">
+        
+  
+  <span class="md-ellipsis">
+    AJAX
+  </span>
+  
+
+      </a>
+    </li>
+  
+
+              
+            
+              
+                
+  
+  
+  
+  
+    <li class="md-nav__item">
+      <a href="../javascript/jquery.html" class="md-nav__link">
+        
+  
+  <span class="md-ellipsis">
+    jQuery
+  </span>
+  
+
+      </a>
+    </li>
+  
+
+              
+            
+              
+                
+  
+  
+  
+  
+    
+    
+      
+        
+      
+        
+      
+        
+      
+        
+      
+        
+      
+    
+    
+      
+      
+        
+      
+    
+    
+    <li class="md-nav__item md-nav__item--nested">
+      
+        
+        
+        <input class="md-nav__toggle md-toggle " type="checkbox" id="__nav_4_13_6" >
+        
+          
+          <label class="md-nav__link" for="__nav_4_13_6" id="__nav_4_13_6_label" tabindex="0">
+            
+  
+  <span class="md-ellipsis">
+    React
+  </span>
+  
+
+            <span class="md-nav__icon md-icon"></span>
+          </label>
+        
+        <nav class="md-nav" data-md-level="3" aria-labelledby="__nav_4_13_6_label" aria-expanded="false">
+          <label class="md-nav__title" for="__nav_4_13_6">
+            <span class="md-nav__icon md-icon"></span>
+            React
+          </label>
+          <ul class="md-nav__list" data-md-scrollfix>
+            
+              
+                
+  
+  
+  
+  
+    <li class="md-nav__item">
+      <a href="../javascript/react/react.html" class="md-nav__link">
+        
+  
+  <span class="md-ellipsis">
+    React
+  </span>
+  
+
+      </a>
+    </li>
+  
+
+              
+            
+              
+                
+  
+  
+  
+  
+    <li class="md-nav__item">
+      <a href="../javascript/react/react-router.html" class="md-nav__link">
+        
+  
+  <span class="md-ellipsis">
+    React Router
+  </span>
+  
+
+      </a>
+    </li>
+  
+
+              
+            
+              
+                
+  
+  
+  
+  
+    <li class="md-nav__item">
+      <a href="../javascript/react/react-tests.html" class="md-nav__link">
+        
+  
+  <span class="md-ellipsis">
+    React Tests
+  </span>
+  
+
+      </a>
+    </li>
+  
+
+              
+            
+              
+                
+  
+  
+  
+  
+    <li class="md-nav__item">
+      <a href="../javascript/react/redux.html" class="md-nav__link">
+        
+  
+  <span class="md-ellipsis">
+    Redux
+  </span>
+  
+
+      </a>
+    </li>
+  
+
+              
+            
+              
+                
+  
+  
+  
+  
+    <li class="md-nav__item">
+      <a href="../javascript/react/redux-tests.html" class="md-nav__link">
+        
+  
+  <span class="md-ellipsis">
+    Redux Tests
+  </span>
+  
+
+      </a>
+    </li>
+  
+
+              
+            
+          </ul>
+        </nav>
+      
+    </li>
+  
+
+              
+            
+              
+                
+  
+  
+  
+  
+    <li class="md-nav__item">
+      <a href="../javascript/svelte/svelte.html" class="md-nav__link">
+        
+  
+  <span class="md-ellipsis">
+    Svelte
+  </span>
+  
+
+      </a>
+    </li>
+  
+
+              
+            
+          </ul>
+        </nav>
+      
+    </li>
+  
+
+              
+            
+              
+                
+  
+  
+  
+  
+    
+    
+      
+        
+      
+        
+      
+    
+    
+      
+      
+        
+          
+          
+        
+      
+    
+    
+    <li class="md-nav__item md-nav__item--section md-nav__item--nested">
+      
+        
+        
+        <input class="md-nav__toggle md-toggle " type="checkbox" id="__nav_4_14" >
+        
+          
+          <label class="md-nav__link" for="__nav_4_14" id="__nav_4_14_label" tabindex="">
+            
+  
+  <span class="md-ellipsis">
+    PowerShell
+  </span>
+  
+
+            <span class="md-nav__icon md-icon"></span>
+          </label>
+        
+        <nav class="md-nav" data-md-level="2" aria-labelledby="__nav_4_14_label" aria-expanded="false">
+          <label class="md-nav__title" for="__nav_4_14">
+            <span class="md-nav__icon md-icon"></span>
+            PowerShell
+          </label>
+          <ul class="md-nav__list" data-md-scrollfix>
+            
+              
+                
+  
+  
+  
+  
+    <li class="md-nav__item">
+      <a href="../powershell/scripting.html" class="md-nav__link">
+        
+  
+  <span class="md-ellipsis">
+    Scripting
+  </span>
+  
+
+      </a>
+    </li>
+  
+
+              
+            
+              
+                
+  
+  
+  
+  
+    <li class="md-nav__item">
+      <a href="../powershell/commands.html" class="md-nav__link">
+        
+  
+  <span class="md-ellipsis">
+    Commands
+  </span>
+  
+
+      </a>
+    </li>
+  
+
+              
+            
+          </ul>
+        </nav>
+      
+    </li>
+  
+
+              
+            
+              
+                
+  
+  
+  
+  
+    
+    
+      
+        
+      
+        
+      
+    
+    
+      
+      
+        
+          
+          
+        
+      
+    
+    
+    <li class="md-nav__item md-nav__item--section md-nav__item--nested">
+      
+        
+        
+        <input class="md-nav__toggle md-toggle " type="checkbox" id="__nav_4_15" >
+        
+          
+          <label class="md-nav__link" for="__nav_4_15" id="__nav_4_15_label" tabindex="">
+            
+  
+  <span class="md-ellipsis">
+    Bash
+  </span>
+  
+
+            <span class="md-nav__icon md-icon"></span>
+          </label>
+        
+        <nav class="md-nav" data-md-level="2" aria-labelledby="__nav_4_15_label" aria-expanded="false">
+          <label class="md-nav__title" for="__nav_4_15">
+            <span class="md-nav__icon md-icon"></span>
+            Bash
+          </label>
+          <ul class="md-nav__list" data-md-scrollfix>
+            
+              
+                
+  
+  
+  
+  
+    <li class="md-nav__item">
+      <a href="../bash/scripting.html" class="md-nav__link">
+        
+  
+  <span class="md-ellipsis">
+    Scripting
+  </span>
+  
+
+      </a>
+    </li>
+  
+
+              
+            
+              
+                
+  
+  
+  
+  
+    <li class="md-nav__item">
+      <a href="../bash/commands.html" class="md-nav__link">
+        
+  
+  <span class="md-ellipsis">
+    Commands
+  </span>
+  
+
+      </a>
+    </li>
+  
+
+              
+            
+          </ul>
+        </nav>
+      
+    </li>
+  
+
+              
+            
+          </ul>
+        </nav>
+      
+    </li>
+  
+
+    
+      
+      
+  
+  
+  
+  
+    
+    
+      
+        
+      
+        
+      
+        
+      
+        
+      
+        
+      
+    
+    
+      
+      
+        
+      
+    
+    
+    <li class="md-nav__item md-nav__item--nested">
+      
+        
+        
+        <input class="md-nav__toggle md-toggle " type="checkbox" id="__nav_5" >
+        
+          
+          <label class="md-nav__link" for="__nav_5" id="__nav_5_label" tabindex="0">
+            
+  
+  <span class="md-ellipsis">
+    Misc
+  </span>
+  
+
+            <span class="md-nav__icon md-icon"></span>
+          </label>
+        
+        <nav class="md-nav" data-md-level="1" aria-labelledby="__nav_5_label" aria-expanded="false">
+          <label class="md-nav__title" for="__nav_5">
+            <span class="md-nav__icon md-icon"></span>
+            Misc
+          </label>
+          <ul class="md-nav__list" data-md-scrollfix>
+            
+              
+                
+  
+  
+  
+  
+    <li class="md-nav__item">
+      <a href="../../misc/git.html" class="md-nav__link">
+        
+  
+  <span class="md-ellipsis">
+    Git
+  </span>
+  
+
+      </a>
+    </li>
+  
+
+              
+            
+              
+                
+  
+  
+  
+  
+    <li class="md-nav__item">
+      <a href="../../misc/graph-ql.html" class="md-nav__link">
+        
+  
+  <span class="md-ellipsis">
+    GraphQL
+  </span>
+  
+
+      </a>
+    </li>
+  
+
+              
+            
+              
+                
+  
+  
+  
+  
+    <li class="md-nav__item">
+      <a href="../../misc/regular-expressions.html" class="md-nav__link">
+        
+  
+  <span class="md-ellipsis">
+    RegEx
+  </span>
+  
+
+      </a>
+    </li>
+  
+
+              
+            
+              
+                
+  
+  
+  
+  
+    <li class="md-nav__item">
+      <a href="../../misc/ssh.html" class="md-nav__link">
+        
+  
+  <span class="md-ellipsis">
+    SSH
+  </span>
+  
+
+      </a>
+    </li>
+  
+
+              
+            
+              
+                
+  
+  
+  
+  
+    <li class="md-nav__item">
+      <a href="../../misc/web-components.html" class="md-nav__link">
+        
+  
+  <span class="md-ellipsis">
+    WebComponents
+  </span>
+  
+
+      </a>
+    </li>
+  
+
+              
+            
+          </ul>
+        </nav>
+      
+    </li>
+  
+
+    
+      
+      
+  
+  
+  
+  
+    
+    
+      
+        
+      
+        
+      
+    
+    
+      
+      
+        
+      
+    
+    
+    <li class="md-nav__item md-nav__item--nested">
+      
+        
+        
+        <input class="md-nav__toggle md-toggle " type="checkbox" id="__nav_6" >
+        
+          
+          <label class="md-nav__link" for="__nav_6" id="__nav_6_label" tabindex="0">
+            
+  
+  <span class="md-ellipsis">
+    Linux
+  </span>
+  
+
+            <span class="md-nav__icon md-icon"></span>
+          </label>
+        
+        <nav class="md-nav" data-md-level="1" aria-labelledby="__nav_6_label" aria-expanded="false">
+          <label class="md-nav__title" for="__nav_6">
+            <span class="md-nav__icon md-icon"></span>
+            Linux
+          </label>
+          <ul class="md-nav__list" data-md-scrollfix>
+            
+              
+                
+  
+  
+  
+  
+    
+    
+      
+        
+      
+        
+      
+        
+      
+    
+    
+      
+      
+        
+      
+    
+    
+    <li class="md-nav__item md-nav__item--nested">
+      
+        
+        
+        <input class="md-nav__toggle md-toggle " type="checkbox" id="__nav_6_1" >
+        
+          
+          <label class="md-nav__link" for="__nav_6_1" id="__nav_6_1_label" tabindex="0">
+            
+  
+  <span class="md-ellipsis">
+    Filesystem
+  </span>
+  
+
+            <span class="md-nav__icon md-icon"></span>
+          </label>
+        
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+<nav class="md-nav md-nav--secondary" aria-label="Table of contents">
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+      Table of contents
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+    <ul class="md-nav__list" data-md-component="toc" data-md-scrollfix>
+      
+        <li class="md-nav__item">
+  <a href="#creating-a-project" class="md-nav__link">
+    <span class="md-ellipsis">
+      Creating a project
+    </span>
+  </a>
+  
+</li>
+      
+        <li class="md-nav__item">
+  <a href="#building-running-checking-a-project" class="md-nav__link">
+    <span class="md-ellipsis">
+      Building, Running &amp; Checking a project
+    </span>
+  </a>
+  
+</li>
+      
+        <li class="md-nav__item">
+  <a href="#dependencies" class="md-nav__link">
+    <span class="md-ellipsis">
+      Dependencies
+    </span>
+  </a>
+  
+</li>
+      
+        <li class="md-nav__item">
+  <a href="#code-organization" class="md-nav__link">
+    <span class="md-ellipsis">
+      Code Organization
+    </span>
+  </a>
+  
+    <nav class="md-nav" aria-label="Code Organization">
+      <ul class="md-nav__list">
+        
+          <li class="md-nav__item">
+  <a href="#packages-crates" class="md-nav__link">
+    <span class="md-ellipsis">
+      Packages &amp; Crates
+    </span>
+  </a>
+  
+</li>
+        
+          <li class="md-nav__item">
+  <a href="#modules" class="md-nav__link">
+    <span class="md-ellipsis">
+      Modules
+    </span>
+  </a>
+  
+</li>
+        
+          <li class="md-nav__item">
+  <a href="#paths" class="md-nav__link">
+    <span class="md-ellipsis">
+      Paths
+    </span>
+  </a>
+  
+</li>
+        
+          <li class="md-nav__item">
+  <a href="#public-vs-private" class="md-nav__link">
+    <span class="md-ellipsis">
+      Public vs Private
+    </span>
+  </a>
+  
+</li>
+        
+          <li class="md-nav__item">
+  <a href="#use" class="md-nav__link">
+    <span class="md-ellipsis">
+      use
+    </span>
+  </a>
+  
+</li>
+        
+      </ul>
+    </nav>
+  
+</li>
+      
+        <li class="md-nav__item">
+  <a href="#separating-into-multiple-files" class="md-nav__link">
+    <span class="md-ellipsis">
+      Separating into multiple files
+    </span>
+  </a>
+  
+</li>
+      
+    </ul>
+  
+</nav>
+                  </div>
+                </div>
+              </div>
+            
+          
+          
+            <div class="md-content" data-md-component="content">
+              <article class="md-content__inner md-typeset">
+                
+                  
+
+  
+  
+
+
+<h1 id="cargo-build-system-and-package-manager">Cargo build system and package manager</h1>
+<h2 id="creating-a-project">Creating a project</h2>
+<div class="highlight"><table class="highlighttable"><tr><th colspan="2" class="filename"><span class="filename">PowerShell</span></th></tr><tr><td class="linenos"><div class="linenodiv"><pre><span></span><span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-0-1">1</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-0-2">2</a></span></pre></div></td><td class="code"><div><pre><span></span><code><a id="__codelineno-0-1" name="__codelineno-0-1"></a><span class="n">cargo</span> <span class="n">new</span> <span class="n">project_name</span>  <span class="c"># creates project folder and basic files</span>
+<a id="__codelineno-0-2" name="__codelineno-0-2"></a><span class="n">cargo</span> <span class="n">new</span> <span class="p">-</span><span class="n">-vcs</span><span class="p">=</span><span class="n">git</span> <span class="n">project_name</span>  <span class="c"># init project as git repo</span>
+</code></pre></div></td></tr></table></div>
+<h2 id="building-running-checking-a-project">Building, Running &amp; Checking a project</h2>
+<p>Inside the project directory:</p>
+<div class="highlight"><table class="highlighttable"><tr><th colspan="2" class="filename"><span class="filename">PowerShell</span></th></tr><tr><td class="linenos"><div class="linenodiv"><pre><span></span><span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-1-1">1</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-1-2">2</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-1-3">3</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-1-4">4</a></span></pre></div></td><td class="code"><div><pre><span></span><code><a id="__codelineno-1-1" name="__codelineno-1-1"></a><span class="n">cargo</span> <span class="n">build</span>  <span class="c"># build project and download eventual needed dependencies</span>
+<a id="__codelineno-1-2" name="__codelineno-1-2"></a><span class="n">cargo</span> <span class="n">build</span> <span class="p">-</span><span class="n">-release</span>  <span class="c"># build project for release (build + optimisations)</span>
+<a id="__codelineno-1-3" name="__codelineno-1-3"></a><span class="n">cargo</span> <span class="n">run</span>  <span class="c"># executes the built executable</span>
+<a id="__codelineno-1-4" name="__codelineno-1-4"></a><span class="n">cargo</span> <span class="n">check</span>  <span class="c"># verifies buildability without producing an executable</span>
+</code></pre></div></td></tr></table></div>
+<h2 id="dependencies">Dependencies</h2>
+<p>In <code>Cargo.toml</code>:</p>
+<div class="highlight"><table class="highlighttable"><tr><th colspan="2" class="filename"><span class="filename">TOML</span></th></tr><tr><td class="linenos"><div class="linenodiv"><pre><span></span><span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-2-1">1</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-2-2">2</a></span></pre></div></td><td class="code"><div><pre><span></span><code><a id="__codelineno-2-1" name="__codelineno-2-1"></a><span class="k">[dependencies]</span>
+<a id="__codelineno-2-2" name="__codelineno-2-2"></a><span class="n">crate_name</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="o">=</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="s2">&quot;&lt;version_number&gt;&quot;</span>
+</code></pre></div></td></tr></table></div>
+<h2 id="code-organization">Code Organization</h2>
+<p>Rust has a number of features that allow to manage the code's organization, including which details are exposed, which details are private, and what names are in each scope in the programs.</p>
+<p>These features, sometimes collectively referred to as the module system, include:</p>
+<ul>
+<li><strong>Packages</strong>: A Cargo feature that allows to build, test, and share crates</li>
+<li><strong>Crates</strong>: A tree of modules that produces a library or executable</li>
+<li><strong>Modules</strong> and <code>use</code>: Allow to control the organization, scope, and privacy of paths</li>
+<li><strong>Paths</strong>: A way of naming an item, such as a struct, function, or module</li>
+</ul>
+<h3 id="packages-crates">Packages &amp; Crates</h3>
+<p>A crate is a binary or library. The crate root is a source file that the Rust compiler starts from and makes up the root module of he crate.<br />
+A package is one or more crates that provide a set of functionality. A package contains a <code>Cargo.toml</code> file that describes how to build those crates.</p>
+<p>Several rules determine what a package can contain. A package must contain <code>zero</code> or <code>one</code> <strong>library crates</strong> (<code>lib</code> ?), and no more.<br />
+It can contain as many <code>binary</code> crates as you'd like, but it must contain at least one crate (either library or binary).</p>
+<p>If a package contains <code>src/main.rs</code> and <code>src/lib.rs</code>, it has two crates: a library and a binary, both with the same name as the package.<br />
+A package can have multiple binary crates by placing files in the <code>src/bin</code> directory: each file will be a separate binary crate.</p>
+<p>A crate will group related functionality together in a scope so the functionality is easy to share between multiple projects.</p>
+<p>Cargo follows a convention that <code>src/main.rs</code> is the crate root of a binary crate with the same name as the package.<br />
+Likewise, Cargo knows that if the package directory contains <code>src/lib.rs</code>, the package contains a library crate with the same name as the package, and <code>src/lib.rs</code> is its crate root.</p>
+<h3 id="modules">Modules</h3>
+<p>Modules allow to organize code within a crate into groups for readability and easy reuse. Modules also control the privacy of items, which is whether an item can be used by outside code (<em>public</em>) or is an internal implementation detail and not available for outside use (<em>private</em>).</p>
+<p>Define a module by starting with the <code>mod</code> keyword and then specify the name of the module and place curly brackets around the body of the module.<br />
+Inside modules, it's possible to have other modules. Modules can also hold definitions for other items, such as structs, enums, constants, traits, or functions.</p>
+<h3 id="paths">Paths</h3>
+<p>A path can take two forms:</p>
+<ul>
+<li>An <strong>absolute path</strong> starts from a crate root by using a crate name or a literal crate.</li>
+<li>A <strong>relative path</strong> starts from the current module and uses self, super, or an identifier in the current module.</li>
+</ul>
+<p>Both absolute and relative paths are followed by one or more identifiers separated by double colons (<code>::</code>).</p>
+<div class="highlight"><table class="highlighttable"><tr><th colspan="2" class="filename"><span class="filename">Rust</span></th></tr><tr><td class="linenos"><div class="linenodiv"><pre><span></span><span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-3-1">1</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-3-2">2</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-3-3">3</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-3-4">4</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-3-5">5</a></span></pre></div></td><td class="code"><div><pre><span></span><code><a id="__codelineno-3-1" name="__codelineno-3-1"></a><span class="n">module</span><span class="p">::</span><span class="n">function</span><span class="p">();</span><span class="w">  </span><span class="c1">// rel path (same crate)</span>
+<a id="__codelineno-3-2" name="__codelineno-3-2"></a><span class="k">super</span><span class="p">::</span><span class="n">function</span><span class="p">();;</span><span class="w">  </span><span class="c1">// rel path starting in outer module (same crate)</span>
+<a id="__codelineno-3-3" name="__codelineno-3-3"></a>
+<a id="__codelineno-3-4" name="__codelineno-3-4"></a><span class="k">crate</span><span class="p">::</span><span class="n">module</span><span class="p">::</span><span class="n">function</span><span class="p">();</span><span class="w">  </span><span class="c1">// abs path (same crate)</span>
+<a id="__codelineno-3-5" name="__codelineno-3-5"></a><span class="o">&lt;</span><span class="n">crate_name</span><span class="o">&gt;</span><span class="p">::</span><span class="n">module</span><span class="p">::</span><span class="n">function</span><span class="p">();</span><span class="w">  </span><span class="c1">// abs path (other crate)</span>
+</code></pre></div></td></tr></table></div>
+<h3 id="public-vs-private">Public vs Private</h3>
+<p>Modules aren’t useful only for organizing the code. They also define Rust’s privacy boundary:<br />
+the line that encapsulates the implementation details external code isn’t allowed to know about, call, or rely on.<br />
+So, to make an item like a function or struct private, put it in a module.</p>
+<p>The way privacy works in Rust is that all items (functions, methods, structs, enums, modules, and constants) are <em>private by default</em>.<br />
+Items in a parent module can’t use the private items inside child modules, but items in child modules can use the items in their ancestor modules.<br />
+The reason is that child modules wrap and hide their implementation details, but the child modules can see the context in which they’re defined.</p>
+<div class="highlight"><table class="highlighttable"><tr><th colspan="2" class="filename"><span class="filename">Rust</span></th></tr><tr><td class="linenos"><div class="linenodiv"><pre><span></span><span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-4-1"> 1</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-4-2"> 2</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-4-3"> 3</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-4-4"> 4</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-4-5"> 5</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-4-6"> 6</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-4-7"> 7</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-4-8"> 8</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-4-9"> 9</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-4-10">10</a></span></pre></div></td><td class="code"><div><pre><span></span><code><a id="__codelineno-4-1" name="__codelineno-4-1"></a><span class="k">mod</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="nn">module</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="p">{</span>
+<a id="__codelineno-4-2" name="__codelineno-4-2"></a><span class="w">    </span><span class="k">fn</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="nf">func</span><span class="p">()</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="p">{}</span>
+<a id="__codelineno-4-3" name="__codelineno-4-3"></a><span class="p">}</span>
+<a id="__codelineno-4-4" name="__codelineno-4-4"></a>
+<a id="__codelineno-4-5" name="__codelineno-4-5"></a><span class="c1">// for a function to be accessible both module and function must be public</span>
+<a id="__codelineno-4-6" name="__codelineno-4-6"></a><span class="k">pub</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="k">mod</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="nn">public_module</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="p">{</span>
+<a id="__codelineno-4-7" name="__codelineno-4-7"></a><span class="w">    </span><span class="k">pub</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="k">fn</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="nf">public_func</span><span class="p">()</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="p">{}</span>
+<a id="__codelineno-4-8" name="__codelineno-4-8"></a><span class="p">}</span>
+<a id="__codelineno-4-9" name="__codelineno-4-9"></a>
+<a id="__codelineno-4-10" name="__codelineno-4-10"></a><span class="k">mod</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="nn">file_level_module</span><span class="p">;</span><span class="w">  </span><span class="c1">// define a module for the whole file (same name as file)</span>
+</code></pre></div></td></tr></table></div>
+<p>It's possible to use <code>pub</code> to designate <em>structs</em> and <em>enums</em> as public, but there are a few extra details.<br />
+If <code>pub</code> is used before a struct definition, this makes the struct public, but the struct's fields will still be private.<br />
+It's possible make each field public or not on a case-by-case basis.</p>
+<p>In contrast, if an enum is made public, all of its variants are then public.</p>
+<h3 id="use"><code>use</code></h3>
+<div class="highlight"><table class="highlighttable"><tr><th colspan="2" class="filename"><span class="filename">Rust</span></th></tr><tr><td class="linenos"><div class="linenodiv"><pre><span></span><span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-5-1"> 1</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-5-2"> 2</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-5-3"> 3</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-5-4"> 4</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-5-5"> 5</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-5-6"> 6</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-5-7"> 7</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-5-8"> 8</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-5-9"> 9</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-5-10">10</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-5-11">11</a></span></pre></div></td><td class="code"><div><pre><span></span><code><a id="__codelineno-5-1" name="__codelineno-5-1"></a><span class="k">use</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="o">&lt;</span><span class="n">crate_name</span><span class="o">&gt;</span><span class="p">::</span><span class="n">module</span><span class="p">;</span><span class="w">  </span><span class="c1">// import module (abs path, other crate)</span>
+<a id="__codelineno-5-2" name="__codelineno-5-2"></a><span class="k">use</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="k">crate</span><span class="p">::</span><span class="n">module</span><span class="p">;</span><span class="w">  </span><span class="c1">// import module (abs path, same crate)</span>
+<a id="__codelineno-5-3" name="__codelineno-5-3"></a><span class="k">use</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="bp">self</span><span class="p">::</span><span class="n">module</span><span class="p">;</span><span class="w">  </span><span class="c1">// import module (rel path, same crate)</span>
+<a id="__codelineno-5-4" name="__codelineno-5-4"></a>
+<a id="__codelineno-5-5" name="__codelineno-5-5"></a><span class="k">use</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="o">&lt;</span><span class="n">crate_name</span><span class="o">&gt;</span><span class="p">::</span><span class="n">module</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="k">as</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="n">alias</span><span class="p">;</span><span class="w">  </span><span class="c1">// import module w/ aliases</span>
+<a id="__codelineno-5-6" name="__codelineno-5-6"></a><span class="k">pub</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="k">use</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="o">&lt;</span><span class="n">crate_name</span><span class="o">&gt;</span><span class="p">::</span><span class="n">module</span><span class="p">;</span><span class="w">  </span><span class="c1">// re-exporting (import and make available to others)</span>
+<a id="__codelineno-5-7" name="__codelineno-5-7"></a>
+<a id="__codelineno-5-8" name="__codelineno-5-8"></a><span class="k">use</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="o">&lt;</span><span class="n">crate_name</span><span class="o">&gt;</span><span class="p">::</span><span class="n">module</span><span class="p">::{</span><span class="bp">self</span><span class="p">,</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="n">Item</span><span class="p">};</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="c1">// import multiple paths</span>
+<a id="__codelineno-5-9" name="__codelineno-5-9"></a><span class="k">pub</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="k">use</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="o">&lt;</span><span class="n">crate_name</span><span class="o">&gt;</span><span class="p">::</span><span class="n">module</span><span class="p">::</span><span class="o">*</span><span class="p">;</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="c1">// import all public items (Glob operator)</span>
+<a id="__codelineno-5-10" name="__codelineno-5-10"></a>
+<a id="__codelineno-5-11" name="__codelineno-5-11"></a><span class="n">module</span><span class="p">::</span><span class="n">function</span><span class="p">();</span><span class="w">  </span><span class="c1">// use func w/ shorter path</span>
+</code></pre></div></td></tr></table></div>
+<h2 id="separating-into-multiple-files">Separating into multiple files</h2>
+<div class="highlight"><table class="highlighttable"><tr><th colspan="2" class="filename"><span class="filename">Text Only</span></th></tr><tr><td class="linenos"><div class="linenodiv"><pre><span></span><span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-6-1">1</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-6-2">2</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-6-3">3</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-6-4">4</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-6-5">5</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-6-6">6</a></span></pre></div></td><td class="code"><div><pre><span></span><code><a id="__codelineno-6-1" name="__codelineno-6-1"></a>src
+<a id="__codelineno-6-2" name="__codelineno-6-2"></a>|_main.rs  --&gt; default executable file
+<a id="__codelineno-6-3" name="__codelineno-6-3"></a>|_lib.rs  --&gt; default library file
+<a id="__codelineno-6-4" name="__codelineno-6-4"></a>|__module
+<a id="__codelineno-6-5" name="__codelineno-6-5"></a>|  |_mod.rs --&gt; export submodules
+<a id="__codelineno-6-6" name="__codelineno-6-6"></a>|  |_submodule.rs --&gt; submodule
+</code></pre></div></td></tr></table></div>
+<div class="highlight"><table class="highlighttable"><tr><th colspan="2" class="filename"><span class="filename">Rust</span></th></tr><tr><td class="linenos"><div class="linenodiv"><pre><span></span><span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-7-1">1</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-7-2">2</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-7-3">3</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-7-4">4</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-7-5">5</a></span></pre></div></td><td class="code"><div><pre><span></span><code><a id="__codelineno-7-1" name="__codelineno-7-1"></a><span class="c1">// main.rs</span>
+<a id="__codelineno-7-2" name="__codelineno-7-2"></a><span class="k">mod</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="nn">module</span><span class="p">;</span><span class="w">  </span><span class="c1">// declare module directory as a module</span>
+<a id="__codelineno-7-3" name="__codelineno-7-3"></a>
+<a id="__codelineno-7-4" name="__codelineno-7-4"></a><span class="c1">// mod.rs</span>
+<a id="__codelineno-7-5" name="__codelineno-7-5"></a><span class="k">pub</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="k">mod</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="nn">sub_module</span><span class="p">;</span><span class="w">  </span><span class="c1">// declare sub_module file as a module</span>
+</code></pre></div></td></tr></table></div>
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+            
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+  
+    <li class="md-nav__item">
+      <a href="../python/modules/argparse.html" class="md-nav__link">
+        
+  
+  <span class="md-ellipsis">
+    argparse
+  </span>
+  
+
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+    </li>
+  
+
+              
+            
+              
+                
+  
+  
+  
+  
+    <li class="md-nav__item">
+      <a href="../python/modules/collections.html" class="md-nav__link">
+        
+  
+  <span class="md-ellipsis">
+    collection
+  </span>
+  
+
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+    </li>
+  
+
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+            
+              
+                
+  
+  
+  
+  
+    <li class="md-nav__item">
+      <a href="../python/modules/csv.html" class="md-nav__link">
+        
+  
+  <span class="md-ellipsis">
+    csv
+  </span>
+  
+
+      </a>
+    </li>
+  
+
+              
+            
+              
+                
+  
+  
+  
+  
+    <li class="md-nav__item">
+      <a href="../python/modules/ftplib.html" class="md-nav__link">
+        
+  
+  <span class="md-ellipsis">
+    ftplib
+  </span>
+  
+
+      </a>
+    </li>
+  
+
+              
+            
+              
+                
+  
+  
+  
+  
+    <li class="md-nav__item">
+      <a href="../python/modules/itertools.html" class="md-nav__link">
+        
+  
+  <span class="md-ellipsis">
+    itertools
+  </span>
+  
+
+      </a>
+    </li>
+  
+
+              
+            
+              
+                
+  
+  
+  
+  
+    <li class="md-nav__item">
+      <a href="../python/modules/json.html" class="md-nav__link">
+        
+  
+  <span class="md-ellipsis">
+    json
+  </span>
+  
+
+      </a>
+    </li>
+  
+
+              
+            
+              
+                
+  
+  
+  
+  
+    <li class="md-nav__item">
+      <a href="../python/modules/logging.html" class="md-nav__link">
+        
+  
+  <span class="md-ellipsis">
+    logging
+  </span>
+  
+
+      </a>
+    </li>
+  
+
+              
+            
+              
+                
+  
+  
+  
+  
+    <li class="md-nav__item">
+      <a href="../python/modules/shutil.html" class="md-nav__link">
+        
+  
+  <span class="md-ellipsis">
+    shutil
+  </span>
+  
+
+      </a>
+    </li>
+  
+
+              
+            
+              
+                
+  
+  
+  
+  
+    <li class="md-nav__item">
+      <a href="../python/modules/smtplib.html" class="md-nav__link">
+        
+  
+  <span class="md-ellipsis">
+    smtplib
+  </span>
+  
+
+      </a>
+    </li>
+  
+
+              
+            
+              
+                
+  
+  
+  
+  
+    <li class="md-nav__item">
+      <a href="../python/modules/socket.html" class="md-nav__link">
+        
+  
+  <span class="md-ellipsis">
+    socket
+  </span>
+  
+
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+    </li>
+  
+
+              
+            
+              
+                
+  
+  
+  
+  
+    <li class="md-nav__item">
+      <a href="../python/modules/sqlite.html" class="md-nav__link">
+        
+  
+  <span class="md-ellipsis">
+    sqlite
+  </span>
+  
+
+      </a>
+    </li>
+  
+
+              
+            
+              
+                
+  
+  
+  
+  
+    <li class="md-nav__item">
+      <a href="../python/modules/time-datetime.html" class="md-nav__link">
+        
+  
+  <span class="md-ellipsis">
+    time & datetime
+  </span>
+  
+
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+    </li>
+  
+
+              
+            
+              
+                
+  
+  
+  
+  
+    <li class="md-nav__item">
+      <a href="../python/modules/unittest.html" class="md-nav__link">
+        
+  
+  <span class="md-ellipsis">
+    unittest
+  </span>
+  
+
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+    </li>
+  
+
+              
+            
+          </ul>
+        </nav>
+      
+    </li>
+  
+
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+            
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+  
+  
+  
+  
+    
+    
+      
+        
+      
+        
+      
+        
+      
+        
+      
+        
+      
+        
+      
+    
+    
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+      
+        
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+          </label>
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+  
+    <li class="md-nav__item">
+      <a href="../python/libs/tkinter.html" class="md-nav__link">
+        
+  
+  <span class="md-ellipsis">
+    TKinter
+  </span>
+  
+
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+    </li>
+  
+
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+            
+              
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+  
+  
+  
+  
+    <li class="md-nav__item">
+      <a href="../python/libs/numpy.html" class="md-nav__link">
+        
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+  <span class="md-ellipsis">
+    Numpy
+  </span>
+  
+
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+  
+  
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+    <li class="md-nav__item">
+      <a href="../python/libs/pandas.html" class="md-nav__link">
+        
+  
+  <span class="md-ellipsis">
+    Pandas
+  </span>
+  
+
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+    </li>
+  
+
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+            
+              
+                
+  
+  
+  
+  
+    <li class="md-nav__item">
+      <a href="../python/libs/seaborn.html" class="md-nav__link">
+        
+  
+  <span class="md-ellipsis">
+    Seaborn
+  </span>
+  
+
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+    </li>
+  
+
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+            
+              
+                
+  
+  
+  
+  
+    <li class="md-nav__item">
+      <a href="../python/libs/requests.html" class="md-nav__link">
+        
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+  <span class="md-ellipsis">
+    Requests
+  </span>
+  
+
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+
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+  
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+    <li class="md-nav__item">
+      <a href="../python/libs/beautiful-soup.html" class="md-nav__link">
+        
+  
+  <span class="md-ellipsis">
+    Beatiful Soup
+  </span>
+  
+
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+    </li>
+  
+
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+            
+          </ul>
+        </nav>
+      
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+  
+  
+    
+    
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+        
+      
+        
+      
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+      
+    
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+      
+        
+          
+          
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+    
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+          <label class="md-nav__link" for="__nav_4_9" id="__nav_4_9_label" tabindex="">
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+  <span class="md-ellipsis">
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+  </span>
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+          </label>
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+      <a href="../dotnet/csharp/csharp.html" class="md-nav__link">
+        
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+    C#
+  </span>
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+    <li class="md-nav__item">
+      <a href="../dotnet/csharp/linq.html" class="md-nav__link">
+        
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+  <span class="md-ellipsis">
+    Linq
+  </span>
+  
+
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+  
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+  
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+    <li class="md-nav__item">
+      <a href="../dotnet/csharp/collections.html" class="md-nav__link">
+        
+  
+  <span class="md-ellipsis">
+    Collections
+  </span>
+  
+
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+    </li>
+  
+
+              
+            
+              
+                
+  
+  
+  
+  
+    <li class="md-nav__item">
+      <a href="../dotnet/csharp/reactive-extensions.html" class="md-nav__link">
+        
+  
+  <span class="md-ellipsis">
+    Reactive Extensions
+  </span>
+  
+
+      </a>
+    </li>
+  
+
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+            
+              
+                
+  
+  
+  
+  
+    <li class="md-nav__item">
+      <a href="../dotnet/csharp/async-programming.html" class="md-nav__link">
+        
+  
+  <span class="md-ellipsis">
+    Async Programming
+  </span>
+  
+
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+    </li>
+  
+
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+            
+              
+                
+  
+  
+  
+  
+    <li class="md-nav__item">
+      <a href="../dotnet/csharp/unit-tests.html" class="md-nav__link">
+        
+  
+  <span class="md-ellipsis">
+    Unit Tests
+  </span>
+  
+
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+    </li>
+  
+
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+          </ul>
+        </nav>
+      
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+  
+
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+  
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+  
+  
+    
+    
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+        
+      
+        
+      
+        
+      
+        
+      
+        
+      
+        
+      
+        
+      
+    
+    
+      
+      
+        
+      
+    
+    
+    <li class="md-nav__item md-nav__item--nested">
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+            
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+  <span class="md-ellipsis">
+    ASP.NET
+  </span>
+  
+
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+        
+        <nav class="md-nav" data-md-level="3" aria-labelledby="__nav_4_9_2_label" aria-expanded="false">
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+            <span class="md-nav__icon md-icon"></span>
+            ASP.NET
+          </label>
+          <ul class="md-nav__list" data-md-scrollfix>
+            
+              
+                
+  
+  
+  
+  
+    <li class="md-nav__item">
+      <a href="../dotnet/asp.net/minimal-api.html" class="md-nav__link">
+        
+  
+  <span class="md-ellipsis">
+    Minimal API
+  </span>
+  
+
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+    </li>
+  
+
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+            
+              
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+  
+  
+  
+  
+    <li class="md-nav__item">
+      <a href="../dotnet/asp.net/filters.html" class="md-nav__link">
+        
+  
+  <span class="md-ellipsis">
+    FIlters
+  </span>
+  
+
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+    </li>
+  
+
+              
+            
+              
+                
+  
+  
+  
+  
+    <li class="md-nav__item">
+      <a href="../dotnet/asp.net/middleware.html" class="md-nav__link">
+        
+  
+  <span class="md-ellipsis">
+    Middleware
+  </span>
+  
+
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+    </li>
+  
+
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+            
+              
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+  
+  
+  
+  
+    <li class="md-nav__item">
+      <a href="../dotnet/asp.net/razor-syntax.html" class="md-nav__link">
+        
+  
+  <span class="md-ellipsis">
+    Razor Syntax
+  </span>
+  
+
+      </a>
+    </li>
+  
+
+              
+            
+              
+                
+  
+  
+  
+  
+    <li class="md-nav__item">
+      <a href="../dotnet/asp.net/blazor.html" class="md-nav__link">
+        
+  
+  <span class="md-ellipsis">
+    Blazor
+  </span>
+  
+
+      </a>
+    </li>
+  
+
+              
+            
+              
+                
+  
+  
+  
+  
+    <li class="md-nav__item">
+      <a href="../dotnet/asp.net/signalr.html" class="md-nav__link">
+        
+  
+  <span class="md-ellipsis">
+    SignalR
+  </span>
+  
+
+      </a>
+    </li>
+  
+
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+            
+              
+                
+  
+  
+  
+  
+    <li class="md-nav__item">
+      <a href="../dotnet/asp.net/web-forms.html" class="md-nav__link">
+        
+  
+  <span class="md-ellipsis">
+    Web Forms
+  </span>
+  
+
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+    </li>
+  
+
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+            
+          </ul>
+        </nav>
+      
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+  
+
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+  
+  
+  
+  
+    
+    
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+        
+      
+        
+      
+    
+    
+      
+      
+        
+      
+    
+    
+    <li class="md-nav__item md-nav__item--nested">
+      
+        
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+        <input class="md-nav__toggle md-toggle " type="checkbox" id="__nav_4_9_3" >
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+          <label class="md-nav__link" for="__nav_4_9_3" id="__nav_4_9_3_label" tabindex="0">
+            
+  
+  <span class="md-ellipsis">
+    Database
+  </span>
+  
+
+            <span class="md-nav__icon md-icon"></span>
+          </label>
+        
+        <nav class="md-nav" data-md-level="3" aria-labelledby="__nav_4_9_3_label" aria-expanded="false">
+          <label class="md-nav__title" for="__nav_4_9_3">
+            <span class="md-nav__icon md-icon"></span>
+            Database
+          </label>
+          <ul class="md-nav__list" data-md-scrollfix>
+            
+              
+                
+  
+  
+  
+  
+    <li class="md-nav__item">
+      <a href="../dotnet/database/ado.net.html" class="md-nav__link">
+        
+  
+  <span class="md-ellipsis">
+    ADO.NET
+  </span>
+  
+
+      </a>
+    </li>
+  
+
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+            
+              
+                
+  
+  
+  
+  
+    <li class="md-nav__item">
+      <a href="../dotnet/database/entity-framework.html" class="md-nav__link">
+        
+  
+  <span class="md-ellipsis">
+    Entity Framework
+  </span>
+  
+
+      </a>
+    </li>
+  
+
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+            
+          </ul>
+        </nav>
+      
+    </li>
+  
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+        </nav>
+      
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+  
+
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+                
+  
+  
+  
+  
+    
+    
+      
+        
+      
+        
+      
+        
+      
+        
+      
+    
+    
+      
+      
+        
+          
+          
+        
+      
+    
+    
+    <li class="md-nav__item md-nav__item--section md-nav__item--nested">
+      
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+        <input class="md-nav__toggle md-toggle " type="checkbox" id="__nav_4_10" >
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+          <label class="md-nav__link" for="__nav_4_10" id="__nav_4_10_label" tabindex="">
+            
+  
+  <span class="md-ellipsis">
+    Java
+  </span>
+  
+
+            <span class="md-nav__icon md-icon"></span>
+          </label>
+        
+        <nav class="md-nav" data-md-level="2" aria-labelledby="__nav_4_10_label" aria-expanded="false">
+          <label class="md-nav__title" for="__nav_4_10">
+            <span class="md-nav__icon md-icon"></span>
+            Java
+          </label>
+          <ul class="md-nav__list" data-md-scrollfix>
+            
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+  
+  
+    <li class="md-nav__item">
+      <a href="../java/java.html" class="md-nav__link">
+        
+  
+  <span class="md-ellipsis">
+    Java
+  </span>
+  
+
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+    </li>
+  
+
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+            
+              
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+  
+  
+  
+  
+    <li class="md-nav__item">
+      <a href="../java/java-collection-framework.html" class="md-nav__link">
+        
+  
+  <span class="md-ellipsis">
+    Java Collection Framework
+  </span>
+  
+
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+    </li>
+  
+
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+            
+              
+                
+  
+  
+  
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+    <li class="md-nav__item">
+      <a href="../java/dao.html" class="md-nav__link">
+        
+  
+  <span class="md-ellipsis">
+    DAO
+  </span>
+  
+
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+    </li>
+  
+
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+            
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+                
+  
+  
+  
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+    
+    
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+    Web
+  </span>
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+          </label>
+        
+        <nav class="md-nav" data-md-level="3" aria-labelledby="__nav_4_10_4_label" aria-expanded="false">
+          <label class="md-nav__title" for="__nav_4_10_4">
+            <span class="md-nav__icon md-icon"></span>
+            Web
+          </label>
+          <ul class="md-nav__list" data-md-scrollfix>
+            
+              
+                
+  
+  
+  
+  
+    <li class="md-nav__item">
+      <a href="../java/web/servlet.html" class="md-nav__link">
+        
+  
+  <span class="md-ellipsis">
+    Serverlet
+  </span>
+  
+
+      </a>
+    </li>
+  
+
+              
+            
+              
+                
+  
+  
+  
+  
+    
+    
+      
+        
+      
+        
+      
+    
+    
+      
+      
+        
+      
+    
+    
+    <li class="md-nav__item md-nav__item--nested">
+      
+        
+        
+        <input class="md-nav__toggle md-toggle " type="checkbox" id="__nav_4_10_4_2" >
+        
+          
+          <label class="md-nav__link" for="__nav_4_10_4_2" id="__nav_4_10_4_2_label" tabindex="0">
+            
+  
+  <span class="md-ellipsis">
+    Spring
+  </span>
+  
+
+            <span class="md-nav__icon md-icon"></span>
+          </label>
+        
+        <nav class="md-nav" data-md-level="4" aria-labelledby="__nav_4_10_4_2_label" aria-expanded="false">
+          <label class="md-nav__title" for="__nav_4_10_4_2">
+            <span class="md-nav__icon md-icon"></span>
+            Spring
+          </label>
+          <ul class="md-nav__list" data-md-scrollfix>
+            
+              
+                
+  
+  
+  
+  
+    <li class="md-nav__item">
+      <a href="../java/spring/pom.xml.html" class="md-nav__link">
+        
+  
+  <span class="md-ellipsis">
+    POM
+  </span>
+  
+
+      </a>
+    </li>
+  
+
+              
+            
+              
+                
+  
+  
+  
+  
+    <li class="md-nav__item">
+      <a href="../java/spring/spring-project.html" class="md-nav__link">
+        
+  
+  <span class="md-ellipsis">
+    Project Structure
+  </span>
+  
+
+      </a>
+    </li>
+  
+
+              
+            
+          </ul>
+        </nav>
+      
+    </li>
+  
+
+              
+            
+          </ul>
+        </nav>
+      
+    </li>
+  
+
+              
+            
+          </ul>
+        </nav>
+      
+    </li>
+  
+
+              
+            
+              
+                
+  
+  
+  
+  
+    
+    
+      
+        
+      
+        
+      
+        
+      
+        
+      
+        
+      
+        
+      
+        
+      
+        
+      
+        
+      
+    
+    
+      
+      
+        
+          
+          
+        
+      
+    
+    
+    <li class="md-nav__item md-nav__item--section md-nav__item--nested">
+      
+        
+        
+        <input class="md-nav__toggle md-toggle " type="checkbox" id="__nav_4_11" >
+        
+          
+          <label class="md-nav__link" for="__nav_4_11" id="__nav_4_11_label" tabindex="">
+            
+  
+  <span class="md-ellipsis">
+    PHP
+  </span>
+  
+
+            <span class="md-nav__icon md-icon"></span>
+          </label>
+        
+        <nav class="md-nav" data-md-level="2" aria-labelledby="__nav_4_11_label" aria-expanded="false">
+          <label class="md-nav__title" for="__nav_4_11">
+            <span class="md-nav__icon md-icon"></span>
+            PHP
+          </label>
+          <ul class="md-nav__list" data-md-scrollfix>
+            
+              
+                
+  
+  
+  
+  
+    <li class="md-nav__item">
+      <a href="../php/php.html" class="md-nav__link">
+        
+  
+  <span class="md-ellipsis">
+    PHP
+  </span>
+  
+
+      </a>
+    </li>
+  
+
+              
+            
+              
+                
+  
+  
+  
+  
+    <li class="md-nav__item">
+      <a href="../php/database.html" class="md-nav__link">
+        
+  
+  <span class="md-ellipsis">
+    Database
+  </span>
+  
+
+      </a>
+    </li>
+  
+
+              
+            
+              
+                
+  
+  
+  
+  
+    <li class="md-nav__item">
+      <a href="../php/web.html" class="md-nav__link">
+        
+  
+  <span class="md-ellipsis">
+    Web
+  </span>
+  
+
+      </a>
+    </li>
+  
+
+              
+            
+              
+                
+  
+  
+  
+  
+    <li class="md-nav__item">
+      <a href="../php/dependency-injection.html" class="md-nav__link">
+        
+  
+  <span class="md-ellipsis">
+    Dependency Injection
+  </span>
+  
+
+      </a>
+    </li>
+  
+
+              
+            
+              
+                
+  
+  
+  
+  
+    <li class="md-nav__item">
+      <a href="../php/unit-tests.html" class="md-nav__link">
+        
+  
+  <span class="md-ellipsis">
+    Unit Tests
+  </span>
+  
+
+      </a>
+    </li>
+  
+
+              
+            
+              
+                
+  
+  
+  
+  
+    <li class="md-nav__item">
+      <a href="../php/composer.html" class="md-nav__link">
+        
+  
+  <span class="md-ellipsis">
+    Composer
+  </span>
+  
+
+      </a>
+    </li>
+  
+
+              
+            
+              
+                
+  
+  
+  
+  
+    <li class="md-nav__item">
+      <a href="../php/psr-7.html" class="md-nav__link">
+        
+  
+  <span class="md-ellipsis">
+    PSR 7
+  </span>
+  
+
+      </a>
+    </li>
+  
+
+              
+            
+              
+                
+  
+  
+  
+  
+    <li class="md-nav__item">
+      <a href="../php/plates-templating.html" class="md-nav__link">
+        
+  
+  <span class="md-ellipsis">
+    Plates
+  </span>
+  
+
+      </a>
+    </li>
+  
+
+              
+            
+              
+                
+  
+  
+  
+  
+    
+    
+      
+        
+      
+        
+      
+    
+    
+      
+      
+        
+      
+    
+    
+    <li class="md-nav__item md-nav__item--nested">
+      
+        
+        
+        <input class="md-nav__toggle md-toggle " type="checkbox" id="__nav_4_11_9" >
+        
+          
+          <label class="md-nav__link" for="__nav_4_11_9" id="__nav_4_11_9_label" tabindex="0">
+            
+  
+  <span class="md-ellipsis">
+    Simple MVC
+  </span>
+  
+
+            <span class="md-nav__icon md-icon"></span>
+          </label>
+        
+        <nav class="md-nav" data-md-level="3" aria-labelledby="__nav_4_11_9_label" aria-expanded="false">
+          <label class="md-nav__title" for="__nav_4_11_9">
+            <span class="md-nav__icon md-icon"></span>
+            Simple MVC
+          </label>
+          <ul class="md-nav__list" data-md-scrollfix>
+            
+              
+                
+  
+  
+  
+  
+    <li class="md-nav__item">
+      <a href="../php/simple-mvc/simple-mvc.html" class="md-nav__link">
+        
+  
+  <span class="md-ellipsis">
+    Simple MVC
+  </span>
+  
+
+      </a>
+    </li>
+  
+
+              
+            
+              
+                
+  
+  
+  
+  
+    <li class="md-nav__item">
+      <a href="../php/simple-mvc/rest-api.html" class="md-nav__link">
+        
+  
+  <span class="md-ellipsis">
+    REST API
+  </span>
+  
+
+      </a>
+    </li>
+  
+
+              
+            
+          </ul>
+        </nav>
+      
+    </li>
+  
+
+              
+            
+          </ul>
+        </nav>
+      
+    </li>
+  
+
+              
+            
+              
+                
+  
+  
+    
+  
+  
+  
+    
+    
+      
+        
+      
+        
+      
+        
+      
+        
+      
+        
+      
+    
+    
+      
+      
+        
+          
+          
+        
+      
+    
+    
+    <li class="md-nav__item md-nav__item--active md-nav__item--section md-nav__item--nested">
+      
+        
+        
+        <input class="md-nav__toggle md-toggle " type="checkbox" id="__nav_4_12" checked>
+        
+          
+          <label class="md-nav__link" for="__nav_4_12" id="__nav_4_12_label" tabindex="">
+            
+  
+  <span class="md-ellipsis">
+    Rust
+  </span>
+  
+
+            <span class="md-nav__icon md-icon"></span>
+          </label>
+        
+        <nav class="md-nav" data-md-level="2" aria-labelledby="__nav_4_12_label" aria-expanded="true">
+          <label class="md-nav__title" for="__nav_4_12">
+            <span class="md-nav__icon md-icon"></span>
+            Rust
+          </label>
+          <ul class="md-nav__list" data-md-scrollfix>
+            
+              
+                
+  
+  
+  
+  
+    <li class="md-nav__item">
+      <a href="rust.html" class="md-nav__link">
+        
+  
+  <span class="md-ellipsis">
+    Rust
+  </span>
+  
+
+      </a>
+    </li>
+  
+
+              
+            
+              
+                
+  
+  
+  
+  
+    <li class="md-nav__item">
+      <a href="macros.html" class="md-nav__link">
+        
+  
+  <span class="md-ellipsis">
+    Macros
+  </span>
+  
+
+      </a>
+    </li>
+  
+
+              
+            
+              
+                
+  
+  
+  
+  
+    <li class="md-nav__item">
+      <a href="cargo.html" class="md-nav__link">
+        
+  
+  <span class="md-ellipsis">
+    Cargo
+  </span>
+  
+
+      </a>
+    </li>
+  
+
+              
+            
+              
+                
+  
+  
+    
+  
+  
+  
+    <li class="md-nav__item md-nav__item--active">
+      
+      <input class="md-nav__toggle md-toggle" type="checkbox" id="__toc">
+      
+      
+        
+      
+      
+        <label class="md-nav__link md-nav__link--active" for="__toc">
+          
+  
+  <span class="md-ellipsis">
+    Concurrency
+  </span>
+  
+
+          <span class="md-nav__icon md-icon"></span>
+        </label>
+      
+      <a href="concurrency.html" class="md-nav__link md-nav__link--active">
+        
+  
+  <span class="md-ellipsis">
+    Concurrency
+  </span>
+  
+
+      </a>
+      
+        
+
+<nav class="md-nav md-nav--secondary" aria-label="Table of contents">
+  
+  
+  
+    
+  
+  
+    <label class="md-nav__title" for="__toc">
+      <span class="md-nav__icon md-icon"></span>
+      Table of contents
+    </label>
+    <ul class="md-nav__list" data-md-component="toc" data-md-scrollfix>
+      
+        <li class="md-nav__item">
+  <a href="#threads" class="md-nav__link">
+    <span class="md-ellipsis">
+      Threads
+    </span>
+  </a>
+  
+    <nav class="md-nav" aria-label="Threads">
+      <ul class="md-nav__list">
+        
+          <li class="md-nav__item">
+  <a href="#scoped-threads" class="md-nav__link">
+    <span class="md-ellipsis">
+      Scoped Threads
+    </span>
+  </a>
+  
+</li>
+        
+          <li class="md-nav__item">
+  <a href="#shared-ownership" class="md-nav__link">
+    <span class="md-ellipsis">
+      Shared Ownership
+    </span>
+  </a>
+  
+</li>
+        
+          <li class="md-nav__item">
+  <a href="#thread-safety-send-and-sync" class="md-nav__link">
+    <span class="md-ellipsis">
+      Thread Safety: Send and Sync
+    </span>
+  </a>
+  
+</li>
+        
+      </ul>
+    </nav>
+  
+</li>
+      
+        <li class="md-nav__item">
+  <a href="#locking-protecting-shared-data" class="md-nav__link">
+    <span class="md-ellipsis">
+      Locking: Protecting Shared Data
+    </span>
+  </a>
+  
+    <nav class="md-nav" aria-label="Locking: Protecting Shared Data">
+      <ul class="md-nav__list">
+        
+          <li class="md-nav__item">
+  <a href="#mutex" class="md-nav__link">
+    <span class="md-ellipsis">
+      Mutex
+    </span>
+  </a>
+  
+</li>
+        
+          <li class="md-nav__item">
+  <a href="#lock-poisoning" class="md-nav__link">
+    <span class="md-ellipsis">
+      Lock Poisoning
+    </span>
+  </a>
+  
+</li>
+        
+          <li class="md-nav__item">
+  <a href="#reader-writer-lock" class="md-nav__link">
+    <span class="md-ellipsis">
+      Reader-Writer Lock
+    </span>
+  </a>
+  
+</li>
+        
+      </ul>
+    </nav>
+  
+</li>
+      
+        <li class="md-nav__item">
+  <a href="#waiting-putting-thread-to-sleep" class="md-nav__link">
+    <span class="md-ellipsis">
+      Waiting: Putting Thread to Sleep
+    </span>
+  </a>
+  
+    <nav class="md-nav" aria-label="Waiting: Putting Thread to Sleep">
+      <ul class="md-nav__list">
+        
+          <li class="md-nav__item">
+  <a href="#thread-parking" class="md-nav__link">
+    <span class="md-ellipsis">
+      Thread Parking
+    </span>
+  </a>
+  
+</li>
+        
+          <li class="md-nav__item">
+  <a href="#condition-variables" class="md-nav__link">
+    <span class="md-ellipsis">
+      Condition Variables
+    </span>
+  </a>
+  
+</li>
+        
+      </ul>
+    </nav>
+  
+</li>
+      
+        <li class="md-nav__item">
+  <a href="#atomics" class="md-nav__link">
+    <span class="md-ellipsis">
+      Atomics
+    </span>
+  </a>
+  
+    <nav class="md-nav" aria-label="Atomics">
+      <ul class="md-nav__list">
+        
+          <li class="md-nav__item">
+  <a href="#load-store" class="md-nav__link">
+    <span class="md-ellipsis">
+      Load &amp; Store
+    </span>
+  </a>
+  
+</li>
+        
+          <li class="md-nav__item">
+  <a href="#fetch-and-modify-operations" class="md-nav__link">
+    <span class="md-ellipsis">
+      Fetch-and-Modify Operations
+    </span>
+  </a>
+  
+</li>
+        
+          <li class="md-nav__item">
+  <a href="#compare-and-exchange-operations" class="md-nav__link">
+    <span class="md-ellipsis">
+      Compare-and-Exchange Operations
+    </span>
+  </a>
+  
+</li>
+        
+      </ul>
+    </nav>
+  
+</li>
+      
+        <li class="md-nav__item">
+  <a href="#memory-ordering" class="md-nav__link">
+    <span class="md-ellipsis">
+      Memory Ordering
+    </span>
+  </a>
+  
+    <nav class="md-nav" aria-label="Memory Ordering">
+      <ul class="md-nav__list">
+        
+          <li class="md-nav__item">
+  <a href="#reordering-and-optimizations" class="md-nav__link">
+    <span class="md-ellipsis">
+      Reordering and Optimizations
+    </span>
+  </a>
+  
+</li>
+        
+          <li class="md-nav__item">
+  <a href="#the-memory-model" class="md-nav__link">
+    <span class="md-ellipsis">
+      The Memory Model
+    </span>
+  </a>
+  
+</li>
+        
+          <li class="md-nav__item">
+  <a href="#happens-before-relationship" class="md-nav__link">
+    <span class="md-ellipsis">
+      Happens-Before Relationship
+    </span>
+  </a>
+  
+</li>
+        
+          <li class="md-nav__item">
+  <a href="#relaxed-ordering" class="md-nav__link">
+    <span class="md-ellipsis">
+      Relaxed Ordering
+    </span>
+  </a>
+  
+</li>
+        
+          <li class="md-nav__item">
+  <a href="#release-and-acquire-ordering" class="md-nav__link">
+    <span class="md-ellipsis">
+      Release and Acquire Ordering
+    </span>
+  </a>
+  
+</li>
+        
+          <li class="md-nav__item">
+  <a href="#consume-ordering" class="md-nav__link">
+    <span class="md-ellipsis">
+      Consume Ordering
+    </span>
+  </a>
+  
+</li>
+        
+          <li class="md-nav__item">
+  <a href="#sequentially-consistent-ordering" class="md-nav__link">
+    <span class="md-ellipsis">
+      Sequentially Consistent Ordering
+    </span>
+  </a>
+  
+</li>
+        
+          <li class="md-nav__item">
+  <a href="#fences" class="md-nav__link">
+    <span class="md-ellipsis">
+      Fences
+    </span>
+  </a>
+  
+</li>
+        
+      </ul>
+    </nav>
+  
+</li>
+      
+    </ul>
+  
+</nav>
+      
+    </li>
+  
+
+              
+            
+              
+                
+  
+  
+  
+  
+    <li class="md-nav__item">
+      <a href="unit-tests.html" class="md-nav__link">
+        
+  
+  <span class="md-ellipsis">
+    Unit Tests
+  </span>
+  
+
+      </a>
+    </li>
+  
+
+              
+            
+          </ul>
+        </nav>
+      
+    </li>
+  
+
+              
+            
+              
+                
+  
+  
+  
+  
+    
+    
+      
+        
+      
+        
+      
+        
+      
+        
+      
+        
+      
+        
+      
+        
+      
+    
+    
+      
+      
+        
+          
+          
+        
+      
+    
+    
+    <li class="md-nav__item md-nav__item--section md-nav__item--nested">
+      
+        
+        
+        <input class="md-nav__toggle md-toggle " type="checkbox" id="__nav_4_13" >
+        
+          
+          <label class="md-nav__link" for="__nav_4_13" id="__nav_4_13_label" tabindex="">
+            
+  
+  <span class="md-ellipsis">
+    Javascript
+  </span>
+  
+
+            <span class="md-nav__icon md-icon"></span>
+          </label>
+        
+        <nav class="md-nav" data-md-level="2" aria-labelledby="__nav_4_13_label" aria-expanded="false">
+          <label class="md-nav__title" for="__nav_4_13">
+            <span class="md-nav__icon md-icon"></span>
+            Javascript
+          </label>
+          <ul class="md-nav__list" data-md-scrollfix>
+            
+              
+                
+  
+  
+  
+  
+    <li class="md-nav__item">
+      <a href="../javascript/javascript.html" class="md-nav__link">
+        
+  
+  <span class="md-ellipsis">
+    Javascript
+  </span>
+  
+
+      </a>
+    </li>
+  
+
+              
+            
+              
+                
+  
+  
+  
+  
+    <li class="md-nav__item">
+      <a href="../javascript/dom.html" class="md-nav__link">
+        
+  
+  <span class="md-ellipsis">
+    DOM
+  </span>
+  
+
+      </a>
+    </li>
+  
+
+              
+            
+              
+                
+  
+  
+  
+  
+    <li class="md-nav__item">
+      <a href="../javascript/events-animation.html" class="md-nav__link">
+        
+  
+  <span class="md-ellipsis">
+    Events & Animation
+  </span>
+  
+
+      </a>
+    </li>
+  
+
+              
+            
+              
+                
+  
+  
+  
+  
+    <li class="md-nav__item">
+      <a href="../javascript/ajax.html" class="md-nav__link">
+        
+  
+  <span class="md-ellipsis">
+    AJAX
+  </span>
+  
+
+      </a>
+    </li>
+  
+
+              
+            
+              
+                
+  
+  
+  
+  
+    <li class="md-nav__item">
+      <a href="../javascript/jquery.html" class="md-nav__link">
+        
+  
+  <span class="md-ellipsis">
+    jQuery
+  </span>
+  
+
+      </a>
+    </li>
+  
+
+              
+            
+              
+                
+  
+  
+  
+  
+    
+    
+      
+        
+      
+        
+      
+        
+      
+        
+      
+        
+      
+    
+    
+      
+      
+        
+      
+    
+    
+    <li class="md-nav__item md-nav__item--nested">
+      
+        
+        
+        <input class="md-nav__toggle md-toggle " type="checkbox" id="__nav_4_13_6" >
+        
+          
+          <label class="md-nav__link" for="__nav_4_13_6" id="__nav_4_13_6_label" tabindex="0">
+            
+  
+  <span class="md-ellipsis">
+    React
+  </span>
+  
+
+            <span class="md-nav__icon md-icon"></span>
+          </label>
+        
+        <nav class="md-nav" data-md-level="3" aria-labelledby="__nav_4_13_6_label" aria-expanded="false">
+          <label class="md-nav__title" for="__nav_4_13_6">
+            <span class="md-nav__icon md-icon"></span>
+            React
+          </label>
+          <ul class="md-nav__list" data-md-scrollfix>
+            
+              
+                
+  
+  
+  
+  
+    <li class="md-nav__item">
+      <a href="../javascript/react/react.html" class="md-nav__link">
+        
+  
+  <span class="md-ellipsis">
+    React
+  </span>
+  
+
+      </a>
+    </li>
+  
+
+              
+            
+              
+                
+  
+  
+  
+  
+    <li class="md-nav__item">
+      <a href="../javascript/react/react-router.html" class="md-nav__link">
+        
+  
+  <span class="md-ellipsis">
+    React Router
+  </span>
+  
+
+      </a>
+    </li>
+  
+
+              
+            
+              
+                
+  
+  
+  
+  
+    <li class="md-nav__item">
+      <a href="../javascript/react/react-tests.html" class="md-nav__link">
+        
+  
+  <span class="md-ellipsis">
+    React Tests
+  </span>
+  
+
+      </a>
+    </li>
+  
+
+              
+            
+              
+                
+  
+  
+  
+  
+    <li class="md-nav__item">
+      <a href="../javascript/react/redux.html" class="md-nav__link">
+        
+  
+  <span class="md-ellipsis">
+    Redux
+  </span>
+  
+
+      </a>
+    </li>
+  
+
+              
+            
+              
+                
+  
+  
+  
+  
+    <li class="md-nav__item">
+      <a href="../javascript/react/redux-tests.html" class="md-nav__link">
+        
+  
+  <span class="md-ellipsis">
+    Redux Tests
+  </span>
+  
+
+      </a>
+    </li>
+  
+
+              
+            
+          </ul>
+        </nav>
+      
+    </li>
+  
+
+              
+            
+              
+                
+  
+  
+  
+  
+    <li class="md-nav__item">
+      <a href="../javascript/svelte/svelte.html" class="md-nav__link">
+        
+  
+  <span class="md-ellipsis">
+    Svelte
+  </span>
+  
+
+      </a>
+    </li>
+  
+
+              
+            
+          </ul>
+        </nav>
+      
+    </li>
+  
+
+              
+            
+              
+                
+  
+  
+  
+  
+    
+    
+      
+        
+      
+        
+      
+    
+    
+      
+      
+        
+          
+          
+        
+      
+    
+    
+    <li class="md-nav__item md-nav__item--section md-nav__item--nested">
+      
+        
+        
+        <input class="md-nav__toggle md-toggle " type="checkbox" id="__nav_4_14" >
+        
+          
+          <label class="md-nav__link" for="__nav_4_14" id="__nav_4_14_label" tabindex="">
+            
+  
+  <span class="md-ellipsis">
+    PowerShell
+  </span>
+  
+
+            <span class="md-nav__icon md-icon"></span>
+          </label>
+        
+        <nav class="md-nav" data-md-level="2" aria-labelledby="__nav_4_14_label" aria-expanded="false">
+          <label class="md-nav__title" for="__nav_4_14">
+            <span class="md-nav__icon md-icon"></span>
+            PowerShell
+          </label>
+          <ul class="md-nav__list" data-md-scrollfix>
+            
+              
+                
+  
+  
+  
+  
+    <li class="md-nav__item">
+      <a href="../powershell/scripting.html" class="md-nav__link">
+        
+  
+  <span class="md-ellipsis">
+    Scripting
+  </span>
+  
+
+      </a>
+    </li>
+  
+
+              
+            
+              
+                
+  
+  
+  
+  
+    <li class="md-nav__item">
+      <a href="../powershell/commands.html" class="md-nav__link">
+        
+  
+  <span class="md-ellipsis">
+    Commands
+  </span>
+  
+
+      </a>
+    </li>
+  
+
+              
+            
+          </ul>
+        </nav>
+      
+    </li>
+  
+
+              
+            
+              
+                
+  
+  
+  
+  
+    
+    
+      
+        
+      
+        
+      
+    
+    
+      
+      
+        
+          
+          
+        
+      
+    
+    
+    <li class="md-nav__item md-nav__item--section md-nav__item--nested">
+      
+        
+        
+        <input class="md-nav__toggle md-toggle " type="checkbox" id="__nav_4_15" >
+        
+          
+          <label class="md-nav__link" for="__nav_4_15" id="__nav_4_15_label" tabindex="">
+            
+  
+  <span class="md-ellipsis">
+    Bash
+  </span>
+  
+
+            <span class="md-nav__icon md-icon"></span>
+          </label>
+        
+        <nav class="md-nav" data-md-level="2" aria-labelledby="__nav_4_15_label" aria-expanded="false">
+          <label class="md-nav__title" for="__nav_4_15">
+            <span class="md-nav__icon md-icon"></span>
+            Bash
+          </label>
+          <ul class="md-nav__list" data-md-scrollfix>
+            
+              
+                
+  
+  
+  
+  
+    <li class="md-nav__item">
+      <a href="../bash/scripting.html" class="md-nav__link">
+        
+  
+  <span class="md-ellipsis">
+    Scripting
+  </span>
+  
+
+      </a>
+    </li>
+  
+
+              
+            
+              
+                
+  
+  
+  
+  
+    <li class="md-nav__item">
+      <a href="../bash/commands.html" class="md-nav__link">
+        
+  
+  <span class="md-ellipsis">
+    Commands
+  </span>
+  
+
+      </a>
+    </li>
+  
+
+              
+            
+          </ul>
+        </nav>
+      
+    </li>
+  
+
+              
+            
+          </ul>
+        </nav>
+      
+    </li>
+  
+
+    
+      
+      
+  
+  
+  
+  
+    
+    
+      
+        
+      
+        
+      
+        
+      
+        
+      
+        
+      
+    
+    
+      
+      
+        
+      
+    
+    
+    <li class="md-nav__item md-nav__item--nested">
+      
+        
+        
+        <input class="md-nav__toggle md-toggle " type="checkbox" id="__nav_5" >
+        
+          
+          <label class="md-nav__link" for="__nav_5" id="__nav_5_label" tabindex="0">
+            
+  
+  <span class="md-ellipsis">
+    Misc
+  </span>
+  
+
+            <span class="md-nav__icon md-icon"></span>
+          </label>
+        
+        <nav class="md-nav" data-md-level="1" aria-labelledby="__nav_5_label" aria-expanded="false">
+          <label class="md-nav__title" for="__nav_5">
+            <span class="md-nav__icon md-icon"></span>
+            Misc
+          </label>
+          <ul class="md-nav__list" data-md-scrollfix>
+            
+              
+                
+  
+  
+  
+  
+    <li class="md-nav__item">
+      <a href="../../misc/git.html" class="md-nav__link">
+        
+  
+  <span class="md-ellipsis">
+    Git
+  </span>
+  
+
+      </a>
+    </li>
+  
+
+              
+            
+              
+                
+  
+  
+  
+  
+    <li class="md-nav__item">
+      <a href="../../misc/graph-ql.html" class="md-nav__link">
+        
+  
+  <span class="md-ellipsis">
+    GraphQL
+  </span>
+  
+
+      </a>
+    </li>
+  
+
+              
+            
+              
+                
+  
+  
+  
+  
+    <li class="md-nav__item">
+      <a href="../../misc/regular-expressions.html" class="md-nav__link">
+        
+  
+  <span class="md-ellipsis">
+    RegEx
+  </span>
+  
+
+      </a>
+    </li>
+  
+
+              
+            
+              
+                
+  
+  
+  
+  
+    <li class="md-nav__item">
+      <a href="../../misc/ssh.html" class="md-nav__link">
+        
+  
+  <span class="md-ellipsis">
+    SSH
+  </span>
+  
+
+      </a>
+    </li>
+  
+
+              
+            
+              
+                
+  
+  
+  
+  
+    <li class="md-nav__item">
+      <a href="../../misc/web-components.html" class="md-nav__link">
+        
+  
+  <span class="md-ellipsis">
+    WebComponents
+  </span>
+  
+
+      </a>
+    </li>
+  
+
+              
+            
+          </ul>
+        </nav>
+      
+    </li>
+  
+
+    
+      
+      
+  
+  
+  
+  
+    
+    
+      
+        
+      
+        
+      
+    
+    
+      
+      
+        
+      
+    
+    
+    <li class="md-nav__item md-nav__item--nested">
+      
+        
+        
+        <input class="md-nav__toggle md-toggle " type="checkbox" id="__nav_6" >
+        
+          
+          <label class="md-nav__link" for="__nav_6" id="__nav_6_label" tabindex="0">
+            
+  
+  <span class="md-ellipsis">
+    Linux
+  </span>
+  
+
+            <span class="md-nav__icon md-icon"></span>
+          </label>
+        
+        <nav class="md-nav" data-md-level="1" aria-labelledby="__nav_6_label" aria-expanded="false">
+          <label class="md-nav__title" for="__nav_6">
+            <span class="md-nav__icon md-icon"></span>
+            Linux
+          </label>
+          <ul class="md-nav__list" data-md-scrollfix>
+            
+              
+                
+  
+  
+  
+  
+    
+    
+      
+        
+      
+        
+      
+        
+      
+    
+    
+      
+      
+        
+      
+    
+    
+    <li class="md-nav__item md-nav__item--nested">
+      
+        
+        
+        <input class="md-nav__toggle md-toggle " type="checkbox" id="__nav_6_1" >
+        
+          
+          <label class="md-nav__link" for="__nav_6_1" id="__nav_6_1_label" tabindex="0">
+            
+  
+  <span class="md-ellipsis">
+    Filesystem
+  </span>
+  
+
+            <span class="md-nav__icon md-icon"></span>
+          </label>
+        
+        <nav class="md-nav" data-md-level="2" aria-labelledby="__nav_6_1_label" aria-expanded="false">
+          <label class="md-nav__title" for="__nav_6_1">
+            <span class="md-nav__icon md-icon"></span>
+            Filesystem
+          </label>
+          <ul class="md-nav__list" data-md-scrollfix>
+            
+              
+                
+  
+  
+  
+  
+    <li class="md-nav__item">
+      <a href="../../linux/filesystem/file-links.html" class="md-nav__link">
+        
+  
+  <span class="md-ellipsis">
+    File Links
+  </span>
+  
+
+      </a>
+    </li>
+  
+
+              
+            
+              
+                
+  
+  
+  
+  
+    <li class="md-nav__item">
+      <a href="../../linux/filesystem/procfs.html" class="md-nav__link">
+        
+  
+  <span class="md-ellipsis">
+    /proc
+  </span>
+  
+
+      </a>
+    </li>
+  
+
+              
+            
+              
+                
+  
+  
+  
+  
+    <li class="md-nav__item">
+      <a href="../../linux/filesystem/sysfs.html" class="md-nav__link">
+        
+  
+  <span class="md-ellipsis">
+    /sys
+  </span>
+  
+
+      </a>
+    </li>
+  
+
+              
+            
+          </ul>
+        </nav>
+      
+    </li>
+  
+
+              
+            
+              
+                
+  
+  
+  
+  
+    
+    
+      
+        
+      
+        
+      
+    
+    
+      
+      
+        
+      
+    
+    
+    <li class="md-nav__item md-nav__item--nested">
+      
+        
+        
+        <input class="md-nav__toggle md-toggle " type="checkbox" id="__nav_6_2" >
+        
+          
+          <label class="md-nav__link" for="__nav_6_2" id="__nav_6_2_label" tabindex="0">
+            
+  
+  <span class="md-ellipsis">
+    System Init
+  </span>
+  
+
+            <span class="md-nav__icon md-icon"></span>
+          </label>
+        
+        <nav class="md-nav" data-md-level="2" aria-labelledby="__nav_6_2_label" aria-expanded="false">
+          <label class="md-nav__title" for="__nav_6_2">
+            <span class="md-nav__icon md-icon"></span>
+            System Init
+          </label>
+          <ul class="md-nav__list" data-md-scrollfix>
+            
+              
+                
+  
+  
+  
+  
+    <li class="md-nav__item">
+      <a href="../../linux/init/systemd.html" class="md-nav__link">
+        
+  
+  <span class="md-ellipsis">
+    Systemd
+  </span>
+  
+
+      </a>
+    </li>
+  
+
+              
+            
+              
+                
+  
+  
+  
+  
+    <li class="md-nav__item">
+      <a href="../../linux/init/open-rc.html" class="md-nav__link">
+        
+  
+  <span class="md-ellipsis">
+    OpenRC
+  </span>
+  
+
+      </a>
+    </li>
+  
+
+              
+            
+          </ul>
+        </nav>
+      
+    </li>
+  
+
+              
+            
+          </ul>
+        </nav>
+      
+    </li>
+  
+
+    
+  </ul>
+</nav>
+                  </div>
+                </div>
+              </div>
+            
+            
+              
+              <div class="md-sidebar md-sidebar--secondary" data-md-component="sidebar" data-md-type="toc" >
+                <div class="md-sidebar__scrollwrap">
+                  <div class="md-sidebar__inner">
+                    
+
+<nav class="md-nav md-nav--secondary" aria-label="Table of contents">
+  
+  
+  
+    
+  
+  
+    <label class="md-nav__title" for="__toc">
+      <span class="md-nav__icon md-icon"></span>
+      Table of contents
+    </label>
+    <ul class="md-nav__list" data-md-component="toc" data-md-scrollfix>
+      
+        <li class="md-nav__item">
+  <a href="#threads" class="md-nav__link">
+    <span class="md-ellipsis">
+      Threads
+    </span>
+  </a>
+  
+    <nav class="md-nav" aria-label="Threads">
+      <ul class="md-nav__list">
+        
+          <li class="md-nav__item">
+  <a href="#scoped-threads" class="md-nav__link">
+    <span class="md-ellipsis">
+      Scoped Threads
+    </span>
+  </a>
+  
+</li>
+        
+          <li class="md-nav__item">
+  <a href="#shared-ownership" class="md-nav__link">
+    <span class="md-ellipsis">
+      Shared Ownership
+    </span>
+  </a>
+  
+</li>
+        
+          <li class="md-nav__item">
+  <a href="#thread-safety-send-and-sync" class="md-nav__link">
+    <span class="md-ellipsis">
+      Thread Safety: Send and Sync
+    </span>
+  </a>
+  
+</li>
+        
+      </ul>
+    </nav>
+  
+</li>
+      
+        <li class="md-nav__item">
+  <a href="#locking-protecting-shared-data" class="md-nav__link">
+    <span class="md-ellipsis">
+      Locking: Protecting Shared Data
+    </span>
+  </a>
+  
+    <nav class="md-nav" aria-label="Locking: Protecting Shared Data">
+      <ul class="md-nav__list">
+        
+          <li class="md-nav__item">
+  <a href="#mutex" class="md-nav__link">
+    <span class="md-ellipsis">
+      Mutex
+    </span>
+  </a>
+  
+</li>
+        
+          <li class="md-nav__item">
+  <a href="#lock-poisoning" class="md-nav__link">
+    <span class="md-ellipsis">
+      Lock Poisoning
+    </span>
+  </a>
+  
+</li>
+        
+          <li class="md-nav__item">
+  <a href="#reader-writer-lock" class="md-nav__link">
+    <span class="md-ellipsis">
+      Reader-Writer Lock
+    </span>
+  </a>
+  
+</li>
+        
+      </ul>
+    </nav>
+  
+</li>
+      
+        <li class="md-nav__item">
+  <a href="#waiting-putting-thread-to-sleep" class="md-nav__link">
+    <span class="md-ellipsis">
+      Waiting: Putting Thread to Sleep
+    </span>
+  </a>
+  
+    <nav class="md-nav" aria-label="Waiting: Putting Thread to Sleep">
+      <ul class="md-nav__list">
+        
+          <li class="md-nav__item">
+  <a href="#thread-parking" class="md-nav__link">
+    <span class="md-ellipsis">
+      Thread Parking
+    </span>
+  </a>
+  
+</li>
+        
+          <li class="md-nav__item">
+  <a href="#condition-variables" class="md-nav__link">
+    <span class="md-ellipsis">
+      Condition Variables
+    </span>
+  </a>
+  
+</li>
+        
+      </ul>
+    </nav>
+  
+</li>
+      
+        <li class="md-nav__item">
+  <a href="#atomics" class="md-nav__link">
+    <span class="md-ellipsis">
+      Atomics
+    </span>
+  </a>
+  
+    <nav class="md-nav" aria-label="Atomics">
+      <ul class="md-nav__list">
+        
+          <li class="md-nav__item">
+  <a href="#load-store" class="md-nav__link">
+    <span class="md-ellipsis">
+      Load &amp; Store
+    </span>
+  </a>
+  
+</li>
+        
+          <li class="md-nav__item">
+  <a href="#fetch-and-modify-operations" class="md-nav__link">
+    <span class="md-ellipsis">
+      Fetch-and-Modify Operations
+    </span>
+  </a>
+  
+</li>
+        
+          <li class="md-nav__item">
+  <a href="#compare-and-exchange-operations" class="md-nav__link">
+    <span class="md-ellipsis">
+      Compare-and-Exchange Operations
+    </span>
+  </a>
+  
+</li>
+        
+      </ul>
+    </nav>
+  
+</li>
+      
+        <li class="md-nav__item">
+  <a href="#memory-ordering" class="md-nav__link">
+    <span class="md-ellipsis">
+      Memory Ordering
+    </span>
+  </a>
+  
+    <nav class="md-nav" aria-label="Memory Ordering">
+      <ul class="md-nav__list">
+        
+          <li class="md-nav__item">
+  <a href="#reordering-and-optimizations" class="md-nav__link">
+    <span class="md-ellipsis">
+      Reordering and Optimizations
+    </span>
+  </a>
+  
+</li>
+        
+          <li class="md-nav__item">
+  <a href="#the-memory-model" class="md-nav__link">
+    <span class="md-ellipsis">
+      The Memory Model
+    </span>
+  </a>
+  
+</li>
+        
+          <li class="md-nav__item">
+  <a href="#happens-before-relationship" class="md-nav__link">
+    <span class="md-ellipsis">
+      Happens-Before Relationship
+    </span>
+  </a>
+  
+</li>
+        
+          <li class="md-nav__item">
+  <a href="#relaxed-ordering" class="md-nav__link">
+    <span class="md-ellipsis">
+      Relaxed Ordering
+    </span>
+  </a>
+  
+</li>
+        
+          <li class="md-nav__item">
+  <a href="#release-and-acquire-ordering" class="md-nav__link">
+    <span class="md-ellipsis">
+      Release and Acquire Ordering
+    </span>
+  </a>
+  
+</li>
+        
+          <li class="md-nav__item">
+  <a href="#consume-ordering" class="md-nav__link">
+    <span class="md-ellipsis">
+      Consume Ordering
+    </span>
+  </a>
+  
+</li>
+        
+          <li class="md-nav__item">
+  <a href="#sequentially-consistent-ordering" class="md-nav__link">
+    <span class="md-ellipsis">
+      Sequentially Consistent Ordering
+    </span>
+  </a>
+  
+</li>
+        
+          <li class="md-nav__item">
+  <a href="#fences" class="md-nav__link">
+    <span class="md-ellipsis">
+      Fences
+    </span>
+  </a>
+  
+</li>
+        
+      </ul>
+    </nav>
+  
+</li>
+      
+    </ul>
+  
+</nav>
+                  </div>
+                </div>
+              </div>
+            
+          
+          
+            <div class="md-content" data-md-component="content">
+              <article class="md-content__inner md-typeset">
+                
+                  
+
+  
+  
+
+
+<h1 id="concurrency">Concurrency</h1>
+<p><a href="https://doc.rust-lang.org/book/ch16-00-concurrency.html" title="Rust Book - Fearless Concurrency">Rust Book - Concurrency</a><br />
+<a href="https://marabos.nl/atomics/" title="Rust Atomics and Locks - Low-Level Concurrency in Practice">Rust Atomics and Locks - Mara Bos</a></p>
+<p>Operating systems isolate processes from each other as much as possible, allowing a program to do its thing while completely unaware of what any other processes are doing. For example, a process cannot normally access the memory of another process, or communicate with it in any way, without asking the operating system’s kernel first.</p>
+<p>However, a program can spawn extra threads of execution, as part of the same process. Threads within the same process are not isolated from each other. Threads share memory and can interact with each other through that memory.</p>
+<h2 id="threads">Threads</h2>
+<p>Every program starts with exactly <em>one</em> thread: the <strong>main</strong> thread. This thread will execute the <code>main</code> function and can be used to spawn more threads if necessary.</p>
+<p>New threads are spawned using the <code>std::thread::spawn</code> function from the standard library. It takes a single argument: the function the new thread will execute. The thread stops once this function returns.</p>
+<p>Returning from <code>main</code> will exit the entire program, even if other threads are still running. To make sure the spawned threads have finished their work it's possible to wait by <em>joining</em> them.</p>
+<div class="highlight"><table class="highlighttable"><tr><th colspan="2" class="filename"><span class="filename">Rust</span></th></tr><tr><td class="linenos"><div class="linenodiv"><pre><span></span><span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-0-1">1</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-0-2">2</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-0-3">3</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-0-4">4</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-0-5">5</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-0-6">6</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-0-7">7</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-0-8">8</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-0-9">9</a></span></pre></div></td><td class="code"><div><pre><span></span><code><a id="__codelineno-0-1" name="__codelineno-0-1"></a><span class="c1">// spawn a new thread</span>
+<a id="__codelineno-0-2" name="__codelineno-0-2"></a><span class="kd">let</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="n">handle</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="o">=</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="n">std</span><span class="p">::</span><span class="n">thread</span><span class="p">::</span><span class="n">spawn</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="k">move</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="o">||</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="p">{</span>
+<a id="__codelineno-0-3" name="__codelineno-0-3"></a>
+<a id="__codelineno-0-4" name="__codelineno-0-4"></a><span class="w">    </span><span class="c1">// read the current thread ID</span>
+<a id="__codelineno-0-5" name="__codelineno-0-5"></a><span class="w">    </span><span class="kd">let</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="n">thread_id</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="o">=</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="n">std</span><span class="p">::</span><span class="n">thread</span><span class="p">::</span><span class="n">current</span><span class="p">().</span><span class="n">id</span><span class="p">();</span>
+<a id="__codelineno-0-6" name="__codelineno-0-6"></a><span class="p">});</span>
+<a id="__codelineno-0-7" name="__codelineno-0-7"></a>
+<a id="__codelineno-0-8" name="__codelineno-0-8"></a><span class="c1">// wait for the thread to finish by joining it</span>
+<a id="__codelineno-0-9" name="__codelineno-0-9"></a><span class="n">handle</span><span class="p">.</span><span class="n">join</span><span class="p">();</span>
+</code></pre></div></td></tr></table></div>
+<p>Since a thread might run until the very end of the program’s execution, the spawn function has a <code>'static</code> lifetime bound on its argument type. In other words, it only accepts functions that may be kept around forever. A closure capturing a local variable by reference may not be kept around forever, since that reference would become invalid the moment the local variable ceases to exist.</p>
+<p>Getting a value back out of the thread is done by returning it from the closure. This return value can be obtained from the <code>Result</code> returned by the <code>join</code> method.</p>
+<blockquote>
+<p><strong>Note</strong>: if a thread panics the handle will return the panic message so that it can be handled.</p>
+</blockquote>
+<div class="highlight"><table class="highlighttable"><tr><th colspan="2" class="filename"><span class="filename">Rust</span></th></tr><tr><td class="linenos"><div class="linenodiv"><pre><span></span><span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-1-1"> 1</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-1-2"> 2</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-1-3"> 3</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-1-4"> 4</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-1-5"> 5</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-1-6"> 6</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-1-7"> 7</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-1-8"> 8</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-1-9"> 9</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-1-10">10</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-1-11">11</a></span></pre></div></td><td class="code"><div><pre><span></span><code><a id="__codelineno-1-1" name="__codelineno-1-1"></a><span class="kd">let</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="n">numbers</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="o">=</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="nb">Vec</span><span class="p">::</span><span class="n">from_iter</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="mi">0</span><span class="o">..=</span><span class="mi">1000</span><span class="p">);</span>
+<a id="__codelineno-1-2" name="__codelineno-1-2"></a>
+<a id="__codelineno-1-3" name="__codelineno-1-3"></a><span class="c1">// `move` ensures the tread takes ownership by move the data</span>
+<a id="__codelineno-1-4" name="__codelineno-1-4"></a><span class="kd">let</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="n">handle</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="o">=</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="n">thread</span><span class="p">::</span><span class="n">spawn</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="k">move</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="o">||</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="p">{</span>
+<a id="__codelineno-1-5" name="__codelineno-1-5"></a><span class="w">    </span><span class="kd">let</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="n">len</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="o">=</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="n">numbers</span><span class="p">.</span><span class="n">len</span><span class="p">();</span>
+<a id="__codelineno-1-6" name="__codelineno-1-6"></a><span class="w">    </span><span class="kd">let</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="n">sum</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="o">=</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="n">numbers</span><span class="p">.</span><span class="n">iter</span><span class="p">().</span><span class="n">sum</span><span class="p">::</span><span class="o">&lt;</span><span class="kt">usize</span><span class="o">&gt;</span><span class="p">();</span>
+<a id="__codelineno-1-7" name="__codelineno-1-7"></a><span class="w">    </span><span class="n">sum</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="o">/</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="n">len</span>
+<a id="__codelineno-1-8" name="__codelineno-1-8"></a><span class="p">});</span>
+<a id="__codelineno-1-9" name="__codelineno-1-9"></a>
+<a id="__codelineno-1-10" name="__codelineno-1-10"></a>
+<a id="__codelineno-1-11" name="__codelineno-1-11"></a><span class="kd">let</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="n">average</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="o">=</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="n">handle</span><span class="p">.</span><span class="n">join</span><span class="p">().</span><span class="n">unwrap</span><span class="p">();</span>
+</code></pre></div></td></tr></table></div>
+<h3 id="scoped-threads">Scoped Threads</h3>
+<p><strong>Scoped threads</strong> ensure that all thread spawned within a <em>scope</em> do not outlive said scope. This makes possible to borrow data that outlives the scope. This is possible since the scope <code>spawn</code> function does not have a <code>'static</code> bound.</p>
+<p><strong>Note</strong>: it's not possible to spawn multiple threads sharing the same data is one of the is mutating it.</p>
+<div class="highlight"><table class="highlighttable"><tr><th colspan="2" class="filename"><span class="filename">Rust</span></th></tr><tr><td class="linenos"><div class="linenodiv"><pre><span></span><span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-2-1"> 1</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-2-2"> 2</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-2-3"> 3</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-2-4"> 4</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-2-5"> 5</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-2-6"> 6</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-2-7"> 7</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-2-8"> 8</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-2-9"> 9</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-2-10">10</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-2-11">11</a></span></pre></div></td><td class="code"><div><pre><span></span><code><a id="__codelineno-2-1" name="__codelineno-2-1"></a><span class="kd">let</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="n">numbers</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="o">=</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="nb">Vec</span><span class="p">::</span><span class="n">from_iter</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="mi">0</span><span class="o">..=</span><span class="mi">10</span><span class="p">);</span>
+<a id="__codelineno-2-2" name="__codelineno-2-2"></a>
+<a id="__codelineno-2-3" name="__codelineno-2-3"></a><span class="n">std</span><span class="p">::</span><span class="n">thread</span><span class="p">::</span><span class="n">scope</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="o">|</span><span class="n">scope</span><span class="o">|</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="p">{</span>
+<a id="__codelineno-2-4" name="__codelineno-2-4"></a><span class="w">    </span><span class="c1">// data is borrowed since the `move` keyword is missing</span>
+<a id="__codelineno-2-5" name="__codelineno-2-5"></a><span class="w">    </span><span class="n">scope</span><span class="p">.</span><span class="n">spawn</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="o">||</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="p">{</span><span class="w"> </span>
+<a id="__codelineno-2-6" name="__codelineno-2-6"></a><span class="w">        </span><span class="kd">let</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="n">len</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="o">=</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="n">numbers</span><span class="p">.</span><span class="n">len</span><span class="p">();</span><span class="w"> </span>
+<a id="__codelineno-2-7" name="__codelineno-2-7"></a><span class="w">        </span><span class="c1">// ...</span>
+<a id="__codelineno-2-8" name="__codelineno-2-8"></a><span class="w">    </span><span class="p">});</span>
+<a id="__codelineno-2-9" name="__codelineno-2-9"></a>
+<a id="__codelineno-2-10" name="__codelineno-2-10"></a><span class="w">    </span><span class="n">scope</span><span class="p">.</span><span class="n">spawn</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="o">||</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="p">{</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="cm">/* ... */</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="p">});</span>
+<a id="__codelineno-2-11" name="__codelineno-2-11"></a><span class="p">});</span>
+</code></pre></div></td></tr></table></div>
+<h3 id="shared-ownership">Shared Ownership</h3>
+<p>When sharing data between two threads where neither thread is guaranteed to outlive the other, neither of them can be the owner of that data. Any data shared between them will need to live as long as the longest living thread.</p>
+<p>There are several ways to create data that is not owned by any single thread:</p>
+<ul>
+<li>
+<p><strong>Statics</strong>: A <code>static</code> item has a constant initializer, is never dropped, and already exists before the main function of the program even starts. Every thread can borrow it, since it’s guaranteed to always exist.</p>
+</li>
+<li>
+<p><strong>Leaking</strong>: Using <code>Box::leak</code>, one can <em>release</em> ownership of a <code>Box</code>, promising to never drop it. From that point on, the <code>Box</code> will live forever, without an owner, allowing it to be borrowed by any thread for as long as the program runs.</p>
+</li>
+<li>
+<p><strong>Reference Counting</strong>: To make sure that shared data gets dropped and deallocated data ownership it's never gave up completely, is instead <em>shared</em>. By keeping track of the number of owners, it's possible to make sure the value is dropped only when there are no owners left. The standard library offers such functionality with the <code>Rc&lt;T&gt;</code> &amp; <code>Arc&lt;T&gt;</code> types.</p>
+</li>
+</ul>
+<h3 id="thread-safety-send-and-sync">Thread Safety: Send and Sync</h3>
+<p>The <code>Send</code> marker trait indicates that ownership of values of the type implementing <code>Send</code> can be transferred between threads. Any type composed entirely of <code>Send</code> types is automatically marked as <code>Send</code>.  Almost all primitive types are <code>Send</code>, aside from raw pointers.</p>
+<p>The <code>Sync</code> marker trait indicates that it is safe for the type implementing <code>Sync</code> to be referenced from multiple threads. In other words, any type <code>T</code> is <code>Sync</code> if <code>&amp;T</code> (an immutable reference to <code>T</code>) is <code>Send</code>, meaning the reference can be sent safely to another thread. Similar to <code>Send</code>, primitive types are <code>Sync</code>, and types composed entirely of types that are <code>Sync</code>are also <code>Sync</code>.</p>
+<blockquote>
+<p><strong>Note</strong>: All primitive types such as <code>i32</code>, <code>bool</code>, and <code>str</code> are both <code>Send</code> and <code>Sync</code>.</p>
+</blockquote>
+<h2 id="locking-protecting-shared-data">Locking: Protecting Shared Data</h2>
+<h3 id="mutex">Mutex</h3>
+<p>The most commonly used tool for sharing (mutable) data between threads is a <strong>mutex</strong>, which is short for "mutual exclusion." The job of a mutex is to ensure threads have <em>exclusive access</em> to some data by temporarily blocking other threads that try to access it at the same time.</p>
+<p>A mutex has only two <em>states</em>: <strong>locked</strong> and <strong>unlocked</strong>.</p>
+<p>When a thread locks an unlocked mutex, the mutex is marked as locked and the thread can immediately continue. When a thread then attempts to lock an already locked mutex, that operation will block. The thread is put to sleep while it waits for the mutex to be unlocked. Unlocking is only possible on a locked mutex, and should be done by the same thread that locked it. If other threads are waiting to lock the mutex, unlocking will cause one of those threads to be woken up, so it can try to lock the mutex again and continue its course.</p>
+<p>Protecting data with a mutex is simply the agreement between all threads that they will only access the data when they have the mutex locked. That way, no two threads can ever access that data concurrently and cause a <strong>data race</strong>.</p>
+<p>The Rust standard library provides this functionality through <code>std::sync::Mutex&lt;T&gt;</code>. Since the mutex wraps and owns the <code>T</code> it protects, the data can only be accessed through the mutex, allowing for a safe interface that can guarantee only one thread at a time can access the wrapped <code>T</code>.</p>
+<p>To ensure a locked mutex can only be unlocked by the thread that locked it, it does not have an <code>unlock()</code> method. Instead, its <code>lock()</code> method returns a  a <code>MutexGuard</code> to represent the lock. The <code>MutexGuard</code> allows exclusive access to the data the mutex protects. Unlocking the mutex is done by dropping the guard.</p>
+<div class="highlight"><table class="highlighttable"><tr><th colspan="2" class="filename"><span class="filename">Rust</span></th></tr><tr><td class="linenos"><div class="linenodiv"><pre><span></span><span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-3-1">1</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-3-2">2</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-3-3">3</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-3-4">4</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-3-5">5</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-3-6">6</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-3-7">7</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-3-8">8</a></span></pre></div></td><td class="code"><div><pre><span></span><code><a id="__codelineno-3-1" name="__codelineno-3-1"></a><span class="kd">let</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="n">mutex</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="o">=</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="n">std</span><span class="p">::</span><span class="n">sync</span><span class="p">::</span><span class="n">Mutex</span><span class="p">::</span><span class="n">new</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="mi">0</span><span class="p">);</span>
+<a id="__codelineno-3-2" name="__codelineno-3-2"></a>
+<a id="__codelineno-3-3" name="__codelineno-3-3"></a><span class="n">std</span><span class="p">::</span><span class="n">thread</span><span class="p">::</span><span class="n">scope</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="o">|</span><span class="n">scope</span><span class="o">|</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="p">{</span>
+<a id="__codelineno-3-4" name="__codelineno-3-4"></a><span class="w">    </span><span class="n">scope</span><span class="p">.</span><span class="n">spawn</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="o">||</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="p">{</span>
+<a id="__codelineno-3-5" name="__codelineno-3-5"></a><span class="w">        </span><span class="kd">let</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="n">guard</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="o">=</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="n">mutex</span><span class="p">.</span><span class="n">lock</span><span class="p">().</span><span class="n">unwrap</span><span class="p">();</span><span class="w">  </span><span class="c1">// obtain access</span>
+<a id="__codelineno-3-6" name="__codelineno-3-6"></a><span class="w">        </span><span class="o">*</span><span class="n">guard</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="o">+=</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="mi">1</span><span class="p">;</span><span class="w">  </span><span class="c1">// mutate protected value</span>
+<a id="__codelineno-3-7" name="__codelineno-3-7"></a><span class="w">    </span><span class="p">})</span>
+<a id="__codelineno-3-8" name="__codelineno-3-8"></a><span class="p">});</span>
+</code></pre></div></td></tr></table></div>
+<h3 id="lock-poisoning">Lock Poisoning</h3>
+<p>The <code>lock()</code> method returns a <code>Result</code> since the mutex can become <strong>poisoned</strong>. A mutex get marked as poisoned when a thread panics while holding the lock. Calling <code>lock()</code> on a poisoned mutex will return an <code>Err</code>. This poisoning mechanism protects against accessing data that may be in an inconsistent state.  </p>
+<blockquote>
+<p><strong>Note</strong>: The lock is still acquired and the <code>Err</code> variant contains the guard, allowing to correct the data inconsistency.</p>
+</blockquote>
+<h3 id="reader-writer-lock">Reader-Writer Lock</h3>
+<p>A <strong>reader-writer lock</strong> understands the difference between <em>exclusive</em> and <em>shared</em> access, and can provide either. It has three states: unlocked, locked by a single writer (for exclusive access), and locked by any number of readers (for shared access).</p>
+<p>The Rust standard library provides this lock through the <code>std::sync::RwLock&lt;T&gt;</code> type.  It has a <code>read()</code> and <code>write()</code> method for locking as either a reader or a writer and it has two guard types: <code>RwLockReadGuard</code> and <code>RwLockWriteGuard</code>.</p>
+<p>The first only implements <code>Deref</code> to behave like a shared reference to the protected data, while the second also implements <code>DerefMut</code> to behave like an exclusive reference.</p>
+<p>Most implementations will block new readers when there is a writer waiting, even when the lock is already read-locked. This is done to prevent <em>writer starvation</em>, a situation where many readers collectively keep the lock from ever unlocking, never allowing any writer to update the data.</p>
+<h2 id="waiting-putting-thread-to-sleep">Waiting: Putting Thread to Sleep</h2>
+<h3 id="thread-parking">Thread Parking</h3>
+<p>One way to wait for a notification from another thread is called thread <strong>parking</strong>. A thread can <em>park</em> itself, which puts it to sleep, stopping it from consuming any CPU cycles. Another thread can then <em>unpark</em> the parked thread, waking it up from its sleep.</p>
+<p>Thread parking is available through the <code>std::thread::park()</code> function. For unparking, it's possible to call the <code>unpark()</code> method on a <code>Thread</code> handle.</p>
+<p>An important property of thread parking is that a call to <code>unpark()</code> before the thread parks itself does not get lost. The request to unpark is still recorded, and the next time the thread tries to park itself, it clears that request and directly continues without actually going to sleep.</p>
+<blockquote>
+<p><strong>Note</strong>: calls to <code>unpark()</code> do not stack up.</p>
+</blockquote>
+<h3 id="condition-variables">Condition Variables</h3>
+<p><strong>Condition variables</strong> are a more commonly used option for waiting for something to happen to data protected by a mutex. They have two basic operations: <strong>wait</strong> and <strong>notify</strong>.</p>
+<p>Threads can wait on a condition variable, after which they can be woken up when another thread notifies that same condition variable. Multiple threads can wait on the same condition variable, and notifications can either be sent to one waiting thread, or to all of them.</p>
+<p>To avoid the issue of missing notifications in the brief moment between unlocking a mutex and waiting for a condition variable, condition variables provide a way to atomically unlock the mutex and start waiting. This means there is simply no possible moment for notifications to get lost.</p>
+<p>The Rust standard library provides a condition variable as <code>std::sync::Condvar</code>. Its <code>wait</code> method takes a <code>MutexGuard</code> that proves we’ve locked the mutex. It first unlocks the mutex (allowing other threads to work on it) and goes to sleep. When woken up, it relocks the mutex and returns a new <code>MutexGuard</code> (which proves that the mutex is locked again).</p>
+<p>It has two notify functions: <code>notify_one</code> to wake up just one waiting thread (if any), and <code>notify_all</code> to wake them all up.</p>
+<h2 id="atomics">Atomics</h2>
+<p>The word atomic comes from the Greek word ἄτομος, meaning indivisible, something that cannot be cut into smaller pieces. In computer science, it is used to describe an operation that is indivisible: it is either fully completed, or it didn’t happen yet.</p>
+<p><strong>Atomic operations</strong> are the main building block for anything involving multiple threads. All the other concurrency primitives, such as mutexes and condition variables, are implemented using atomic operations.</p>
+<p>Each of the available atomic types has the same interface with methods for <em>storing</em> and <em>loading</em>, methods for atomic "fetch-and-modify" operations, and some more advanced "compare-and-exchange" methods.</p>
+<p>Every atomic operation takes an argument of type <code>std::sync::atomic::Ordering</code>, which determines the guarantees about the relative ordering of operations. Based on the ordering the various threads can witness the same operations happening in different orders.</p>
+<h3 id="load-store">Load &amp; Store</h3>
+<p>The first two atomic operations are the most basic ones: <strong>load</strong> and <strong>store</strong>. Their function signatures are as follows, using AtomicI32 as an example:</p>
+<div class="highlight"><table class="highlighttable"><tr><th colspan="2" class="filename"><span class="filename">Rust</span></th></tr><tr><td class="linenos"><div class="linenodiv"><pre><span></span><span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-4-1">1</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-4-2">2</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-4-3">3</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-4-4">4</a></span></pre></div></td><td class="code"><div><pre><span></span><code><a id="__codelineno-4-1" name="__codelineno-4-1"></a><span class="k">impl</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="n">AtomicI32</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="p">{</span>
+<a id="__codelineno-4-2" name="__codelineno-4-2"></a><span class="w">    </span><span class="k">pub</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="k">fn</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="nf">load</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="o">&amp;</span><span class="bp">self</span><span class="p">,</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="n">ordering</span><span class="p">:</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="nc">Ordering</span><span class="p">)</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="p">-&gt;</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="kt">i32</span><span class="p">;</span>
+<a id="__codelineno-4-3" name="__codelineno-4-3"></a><span class="w">    </span><span class="k">pub</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="k">fn</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="nf">store</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="o">&amp;</span><span class="bp">self</span><span class="p">,</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="n">value</span><span class="p">:</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="kt">i32</span><span class="p">,</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="n">ordering</span><span class="p">:</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="nc">Ordering</span><span class="p">);</span>
+<a id="__codelineno-4-4" name="__codelineno-4-4"></a><span class="p">}</span>
+</code></pre></div></td></tr></table></div>
+<p>The <code>load</code> method atomically loads the value stored in the atomic variable, and the <code>store</code> method atomically stores a new value in it.</p>
+<blockquote>
+<p><strong>Note</strong>: the store method takes a shared reference (<code>&amp;T</code>) even though it modifies itself.</p>
+</blockquote>
+<h3 id="fetch-and-modify-operations">Fetch-and-Modify Operations</h3>
+<p>The <strong>fetch-and-modify</strong> operations modify the atomic variable, but also load (fetch) the original value, as a single atomic operation.</p>
+<div class="highlight"><table class="highlighttable"><tr><th colspan="2" class="filename"><span class="filename">Rust</span></th></tr><tr><td class="linenos"><div class="linenodiv"><pre><span></span><span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-5-1"> 1</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-5-2"> 2</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-5-3"> 3</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-5-4"> 4</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-5-5"> 5</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-5-6"> 6</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-5-7"> 7</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-5-8"> 8</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-5-9"> 9</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-5-10">10</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-5-11">11</a></span></pre></div></td><td class="code"><div><pre><span></span><code><a id="__codelineno-5-1" name="__codelineno-5-1"></a><span class="k">impl</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="n">AtomicI32</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="p">{</span>
+<a id="__codelineno-5-2" name="__codelineno-5-2"></a><span class="w">    </span><span class="k">pub</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="k">fn</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="nf">fetch_add</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="o">&amp;</span><span class="bp">self</span><span class="p">,</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="n">v</span><span class="p">:</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="kt">i32</span><span class="p">,</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="n">ordering</span><span class="p">:</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="nc">Ordering</span><span class="p">)</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="p">-&gt;</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="kt">i32</span><span class="p">;</span>
+<a id="__codelineno-5-3" name="__codelineno-5-3"></a><span class="w">    </span><span class="k">pub</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="k">fn</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="nf">fetch_sub</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="o">&amp;</span><span class="bp">self</span><span class="p">,</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="n">v</span><span class="p">:</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="kt">i32</span><span class="p">,</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="n">ordering</span><span class="p">:</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="nc">Ordering</span><span class="p">)</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="p">-&gt;</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="kt">i32</span><span class="p">;</span>
+<a id="__codelineno-5-4" name="__codelineno-5-4"></a><span class="w">    </span><span class="k">pub</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="k">fn</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="nf">fetch_or</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="o">&amp;</span><span class="bp">self</span><span class="p">,</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="n">v</span><span class="p">:</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="kt">i32</span><span class="p">,</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="n">ordering</span><span class="p">:</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="nc">Ordering</span><span class="p">)</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="p">-&gt;</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="kt">i32</span><span class="p">;</span>
+<a id="__codelineno-5-5" name="__codelineno-5-5"></a><span class="w">    </span><span class="k">pub</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="k">fn</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="nf">fetch_and</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="o">&amp;</span><span class="bp">self</span><span class="p">,</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="n">v</span><span class="p">:</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="kt">i32</span><span class="p">,</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="n">ordering</span><span class="p">:</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="nc">Ordering</span><span class="p">)</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="p">-&gt;</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="kt">i32</span><span class="p">;</span>
+<a id="__codelineno-5-6" name="__codelineno-5-6"></a><span class="w">    </span><span class="k">pub</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="k">fn</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="nf">fetch_nand</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="o">&amp;</span><span class="bp">self</span><span class="p">,</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="n">v</span><span class="p">:</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="kt">i32</span><span class="p">,</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="n">ordering</span><span class="p">:</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="nc">Ordering</span><span class="p">)</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="p">-&gt;</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="kt">i32</span><span class="p">;</span>
+<a id="__codelineno-5-7" name="__codelineno-5-7"></a><span class="w">    </span><span class="k">pub</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="k">fn</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="nf">fetch_xor</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="o">&amp;</span><span class="bp">self</span><span class="p">,</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="n">v</span><span class="p">:</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="kt">i32</span><span class="p">,</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="n">ordering</span><span class="p">:</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="nc">Ordering</span><span class="p">)</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="p">-&gt;</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="kt">i32</span><span class="p">;</span>
+<a id="__codelineno-5-8" name="__codelineno-5-8"></a><span class="w">    </span><span class="k">pub</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="k">fn</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="nf">fetch_max</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="o">&amp;</span><span class="bp">self</span><span class="p">,</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="n">v</span><span class="p">:</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="kt">i32</span><span class="p">,</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="n">ordering</span><span class="p">:</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="nc">Ordering</span><span class="p">)</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="p">-&gt;</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="kt">i32</span><span class="p">;</span>
+<a id="__codelineno-5-9" name="__codelineno-5-9"></a><span class="w">    </span><span class="k">pub</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="k">fn</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="nf">fetch_min</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="o">&amp;</span><span class="bp">self</span><span class="p">,</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="n">v</span><span class="p">:</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="kt">i32</span><span class="p">,</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="n">ordering</span><span class="p">:</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="nc">Ordering</span><span class="p">)</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="p">-&gt;</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="kt">i32</span><span class="p">;</span>
+<a id="__codelineno-5-10" name="__codelineno-5-10"></a><span class="w">    </span><span class="k">pub</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="k">fn</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="nf">swap</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="o">&amp;</span><span class="bp">self</span><span class="p">,</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="n">v</span><span class="p">:</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="kt">i32</span><span class="p">,</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="n">ordering</span><span class="p">:</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="nc">Ordering</span><span class="p">)</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="p">-&gt;</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="kt">i32</span><span class="p">;</span><span class="w">  </span><span class="c1">// aka fetch_store</span>
+<a id="__codelineno-5-11" name="__codelineno-5-11"></a><span class="p">}</span>
+</code></pre></div></td></tr></table></div>
+<h3 id="compare-and-exchange-operations">Compare-and-Exchange Operations</h3>
+<p>The <strong>compare-and-exchange</strong> operation checks if the atomic value is equal to a given value, and only if that is the case does it replace it with a new value, all atomically as a single operation. It will return the previous value and tell whether it replaced it or not.</p>
+<div class="highlight"><table class="highlighttable"><tr><th colspan="2" class="filename"><span class="filename">Rust</span></th></tr><tr><td class="linenos"><div class="linenodiv"><pre><span></span><span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-6-1">1</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-6-2">2</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-6-3">3</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-6-4">4</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-6-5">5</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-6-6">6</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-6-7">7</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-6-8">8</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-6-9">9</a></span></pre></div></td><td class="code"><div><pre><span></span><code><a id="__codelineno-6-1" name="__codelineno-6-1"></a><span class="k">impl</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="n">AtomicI32</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="p">{</span>
+<a id="__codelineno-6-2" name="__codelineno-6-2"></a><span class="w">    </span><span class="k">pub</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="k">fn</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="nf">compare_exchange</span><span class="p">(</span>
+<a id="__codelineno-6-3" name="__codelineno-6-3"></a><span class="w">        </span><span class="o">&amp;</span><span class="bp">self</span><span class="p">,</span>
+<a id="__codelineno-6-4" name="__codelineno-6-4"></a><span class="w">        </span><span class="n">expected</span><span class="p">:</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="kt">i32</span><span class="p">,</span>
+<a id="__codelineno-6-5" name="__codelineno-6-5"></a><span class="w">        </span><span class="n">new</span><span class="p">:</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="kt">i32</span><span class="p">,</span>
+<a id="__codelineno-6-6" name="__codelineno-6-6"></a><span class="w">        </span><span class="n">success_order</span><span class="p">:</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="nc">Ordering</span><span class="p">,</span>
+<a id="__codelineno-6-7" name="__codelineno-6-7"></a><span class="w">        </span><span class="n">failure_order</span><span class="p">:</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="nc">Ordering</span>
+<a id="__codelineno-6-8" name="__codelineno-6-8"></a><span class="w">    </span><span class="p">)</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="p">-&gt;</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="nb">Result</span><span class="o">&lt;</span><span class="kt">i32</span><span class="p">,</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="kt">i32</span><span class="o">&gt;</span><span class="p">;</span>
+<a id="__codelineno-6-9" name="__codelineno-6-9"></a><span class="p">}</span>
+</code></pre></div></td></tr></table></div>
+<h2 id="memory-ordering">Memory Ordering</h2>
+<h3 id="reordering-and-optimizations">Reordering and Optimizations</h3>
+<p>Processors and compilers perform tricks to make programs run as fast as possible. A processor might determine that two particular consecutive instructions in the program will not affect each other, and execute them out of order, if that is faster.
+Similarly, a compiler might decide to reorder or rewrite parts of the program if it has reason to believe it might result in faster execution. But only if that wouldn’t change the behavior of the program.</p>
+<p>The logic for verifying that a specific reordering or other optimization won’t affect the behavior of the program does not take other threads into account. This is why explicitly telling the compiler and processor what they can and can’t do with the atomic operations it's necessary, since their usual logic ignores interactions between threads and might allow for optimizations that do change the result of the program.</p>
+<p>The available orderings in Rust are:</p>
+<ul>
+<li>Relaxed ordering: <code>Ordering::Relaxed</code></li>
+<li>Release and acquire ordering: <code>Ordering::{Release, Acquire, AcqRel}</code></li>
+<li>Sequentially consistent ordering: <code>Ordering::SeqCst</code></li>
+</ul>
+<h3 id="the-memory-model">The Memory Model</h3>
+<p>The different memory ordering options have a strict formal definition to make sure their assumption are known, and compiler writers know exactly what guarantees they need to provide. To decouple this from the details of specific processor architectures, memory ordering is defined in terms of an <em>abstract</em> memory model.</p>
+<p>Rust’s memory model allows for concurrent atomic stores, but considers concurrent non-atomic stores to the same variable to be a data race, resulting in undefined behavior.</p>
+<h3 id="happens-before-relationship">Happens-Before Relationship</h3>
+<p>The memory model defines the order in which operations happen in terms of <em>happens-before</em> relationships. This means that as an abstract model only defines situations where one thing is guaranteed to happen before another thing, and leaves the order of everything else undefined.</p>
+<p>Between threads, however, happens-before relationships only occur in a few specific cases, such as when spawning and joining a thread, unlocking and locking a mutex, and through atomic operations that use non-relaxed memory ordering. Relaxed memory ordering is the most basic (and most performant) memory ordering that, by itself, never results in any cross-thread happens-before relationships.</p>
+<p><em>Spawning</em> a thread creates a happens-before relationship between what happened before the <code>spawn()</code> call, and the new thread. Similarly, <em>joining</em> a thread creates a happens-before relationship between the joined thread and what happens after the <code>join()</code> call.</p>
+<div class="highlight"><table class="highlighttable"><tr><th colspan="2" class="filename"><span class="filename">Rust</span></th></tr><tr><td class="linenos"><div class="linenodiv"><pre><span></span><span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-7-1"> 1</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-7-2"> 2</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-7-3"> 3</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-7-4"> 4</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-7-5"> 5</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-7-6"> 6</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-7-7"> 7</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-7-8"> 8</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-7-9"> 9</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-7-10">10</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-7-11">11</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-7-12">12</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-7-13">13</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-7-14">14</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-7-15">15</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-7-16">16</a></span></pre></div></td><td class="code"><div><pre><span></span><code><a id="__codelineno-7-1" name="__codelineno-7-1"></a><span class="k">static</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="n">X</span><span class="p">:</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="nc">AtomicI32</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="o">=</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="n">AtomicI32</span><span class="p">::</span><span class="n">new</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="mi">0</span><span class="p">);</span>
+<a id="__codelineno-7-2" name="__codelineno-7-2"></a>
+<a id="__codelineno-7-3" name="__codelineno-7-3"></a><span class="k">fn</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="nf">main</span><span class="p">()</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="p">{</span>
+<a id="__codelineno-7-4" name="__codelineno-7-4"></a><span class="w">    </span><span class="n">X</span><span class="p">.</span><span class="n">store</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="mi">1</span><span class="p">,</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="n">Relaxed</span><span class="p">);</span>
+<a id="__codelineno-7-5" name="__codelineno-7-5"></a>
+<a id="__codelineno-7-6" name="__codelineno-7-6"></a><span class="w">    </span><span class="kd">let</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="n">t</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="o">=</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="n">thread</span><span class="p">::</span><span class="n">spawn</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="n">f</span><span class="p">);</span><span class="w">  </span><span class="c1">// happens after &quot;store 1&quot;</span>
+<a id="__codelineno-7-7" name="__codelineno-7-7"></a><span class="w">    </span><span class="n">X</span><span class="p">.</span><span class="n">store</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="mi">2</span><span class="p">,</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="n">Relaxed</span><span class="p">);</span>
+<a id="__codelineno-7-8" name="__codelineno-7-8"></a><span class="w">    </span><span class="n">t</span><span class="p">.</span><span class="n">join</span><span class="p">().</span><span class="n">unwrap</span><span class="p">();</span><span class="w">  </span><span class="c1">// happens before &quot;store 3&quot;</span>
+<a id="__codelineno-7-9" name="__codelineno-7-9"></a>
+<a id="__codelineno-7-10" name="__codelineno-7-10"></a><span class="w">    </span><span class="n">X</span><span class="p">.</span><span class="n">store</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="mi">3</span><span class="p">,</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="n">Relaxed</span><span class="p">);</span>
+<a id="__codelineno-7-11" name="__codelineno-7-11"></a><span class="p">}</span>
+<a id="__codelineno-7-12" name="__codelineno-7-12"></a>
+<a id="__codelineno-7-13" name="__codelineno-7-13"></a><span class="k">fn</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="nf">f</span><span class="p">()</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="p">{</span>
+<a id="__codelineno-7-14" name="__codelineno-7-14"></a><span class="w">    </span><span class="kd">let</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="n">x</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="o">=</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="n">X</span><span class="p">.</span><span class="n">load</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="n">Relaxed</span><span class="p">);</span><span class="w">  </span><span class="c1">// could happen after either before or after &quot;store 2&quot;</span>
+<a id="__codelineno-7-15" name="__codelineno-7-15"></a><span class="w">    </span><span class="fm">assert!</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="n">x</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="o">==</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="mi">1</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="o">||</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="n">x</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="o">==</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="mi">2</span><span class="p">);</span>
+<a id="__codelineno-7-16" name="__codelineno-7-16"></a><span class="p">}</span>
+</code></pre></div></td></tr></table></div>
+<h3 id="relaxed-ordering">Relaxed Ordering</h3>
+<p>While atomic operations using <code>Relaxed</code> memory ordering do not provide any happens-before relationship, they do guarantee a <em>total modification order</em> of each individual atomic variable. This means that all modifications <em>of the same atomic variable</em> happen in an order that is the same from the perspective of every single thread.</p>
+<h3 id="release-and-acquire-ordering">Release and Acquire Ordering</h3>
+<p><code>Release</code> and <code>Acquire</code> memory ordering are used in a pair to form a happens-before relationship between threads. <code>Release</code> memory ordering applies to <em>store</em> operations, while <code>Acquire</code> memory ordering applies to <em>load</em> operations.</p>
+<p>A happens-before relationship is formed when an <strong>acquire-load</strong> operation observes the result of a <strong>release-store</strong> operation. In this case, the store and everything before it, happened before the load and everything after it.</p>
+<p>When using <code>Acquire</code> for a <strong>fetch-and-modify</strong> or <strong>compare-and-exchange</strong> operation, it applies only to the part of the operation that <em>loads</em> the value. Similarly, <code>Release</code> applies only to the <em>store</em> part of an operation. <code>AcqRel</code> is used to represent the combination of <code>Acquire</code> and <code>Release</code>, which causes both the <em>load</em> to use <code>Acquire</code> ordering, and the <em>store</em> to use <code>Release</code> ordering.</p>
+<div class="highlight"><table class="highlighttable"><tr><th colspan="2" class="filename"><span class="filename">Rust</span></th></tr><tr><td class="linenos"><div class="linenodiv"><pre><span></span><span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-8-1"> 1</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-8-2"> 2</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-8-3"> 3</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-8-4"> 4</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-8-5"> 5</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-8-6"> 6</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-8-7"> 7</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-8-8"> 8</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-8-9"> 9</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-8-10">10</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-8-11">11</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-8-12">12</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-8-13">13</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-8-14">14</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-8-15">15</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-8-16">16</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-8-17">17</a></span></pre></div></td><td class="code"><div><pre><span></span><code><a id="__codelineno-8-1" name="__codelineno-8-1"></a><span class="k">use</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="n">std</span><span class="p">::</span><span class="n">sync</span><span class="p">::</span><span class="n">atomic</span><span class="p">::</span><span class="n">Ordering</span><span class="p">::{</span><span class="n">Acquire</span><span class="p">,</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="n">Release</span><span class="p">};</span>
+<a id="__codelineno-8-2" name="__codelineno-8-2"></a>
+<a id="__codelineno-8-3" name="__codelineno-8-3"></a><span class="k">static</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="n">DATA</span><span class="p">:</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="nc">AtomicU64</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="o">=</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="n">AtomicU64</span><span class="p">::</span><span class="n">new</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="mi">0</span><span class="p">);</span>
+<a id="__codelineno-8-4" name="__codelineno-8-4"></a><span class="k">static</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="n">READY</span><span class="p">:</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="nc">AtomicBool</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="o">=</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="n">AtomicBool</span><span class="p">::</span><span class="n">new</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="kc">false</span><span class="p">);</span>
+<a id="__codelineno-8-5" name="__codelineno-8-5"></a>
+<a id="__codelineno-8-6" name="__codelineno-8-6"></a><span class="k">fn</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="nf">main</span><span class="p">()</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="p">{</span>
+<a id="__codelineno-8-7" name="__codelineno-8-7"></a><span class="w">    </span><span class="n">thread</span><span class="p">::</span><span class="n">spawn</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="o">||</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="p">{</span>
+<a id="__codelineno-8-8" name="__codelineno-8-8"></a><span class="w">        </span><span class="n">DATA</span><span class="p">.</span><span class="n">store</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="mi">123</span><span class="p">,</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="n">Relaxed</span><span class="p">);</span>
+<a id="__codelineno-8-9" name="__codelineno-8-9"></a><span class="w">        </span><span class="n">READY</span><span class="p">.</span><span class="n">store</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="kc">true</span><span class="p">,</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="n">Release</span><span class="p">);</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="c1">// Everything from before this store ..</span>
+<a id="__codelineno-8-10" name="__codelineno-8-10"></a><span class="w">    </span><span class="p">});</span>
+<a id="__codelineno-8-11" name="__codelineno-8-11"></a>
+<a id="__codelineno-8-12" name="__codelineno-8-12"></a><span class="w">    </span><span class="k">while</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="o">!</span><span class="n">READY</span><span class="p">.</span><span class="n">load</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="n">Acquire</span><span class="p">)</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="p">{</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="c1">// .. is visible after this loads `true`.</span>
+<a id="__codelineno-8-13" name="__codelineno-8-13"></a><span class="w">        </span><span class="n">thread</span><span class="p">::</span><span class="n">sleep</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="n">Duration</span><span class="p">::</span><span class="n">from_millis</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="mi">100</span><span class="p">));</span>
+<a id="__codelineno-8-14" name="__codelineno-8-14"></a><span class="w">        </span><span class="fm">println!</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="s">&quot;waiting...&quot;</span><span class="p">);</span>
+<a id="__codelineno-8-15" name="__codelineno-8-15"></a><span class="w">    </span><span class="p">}</span>
+<a id="__codelineno-8-16" name="__codelineno-8-16"></a><span class="w">    </span><span class="fm">println!</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="s">&quot;{}&quot;</span><span class="p">,</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="n">DATA</span><span class="p">.</span><span class="n">load</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="n">Relaxed</span><span class="p">));</span>
+<a id="__codelineno-8-17" name="__codelineno-8-17"></a><span class="p">}</span>
+</code></pre></div></td></tr></table></div>
+<h3 id="consume-ordering">Consume Ordering</h3>
+<p><code>Consume</code> ordering is a lightweight, more efficient, ​variant of <code>Acquire</code> ordering, whose synchronizing effects are limited to things that <em>depend on</em> the loaded value.</p>
+<p>Now there’s good news and bad news.</p>
+<p>In all modern processor architectures, <code>Consume</code> ordering is achieved with the exact same instructions as <code>Relaxed</code> ordering. In other words, <code>Consume</code> ordering can be "free," which, at least on some platforms, is not the case for acquire ordering. Unfortunately no compiler actually implements <code>Consume</code> ordering.</p>
+<p>The concept of a "dependent" evaluation hard to define, it’s even harder to keep such dependencies intact while transforming and optimizing a program.</p>
+<p>Because of this, compilers upgrade <code>Consume</code> ordering to <code>Acquire</code> ordering, just to be safe. The C++20 standard even explicitly discourages the use of <code>Consume</code> ordering, noting that an implementation other than just <code>Acquire</code> ordering turned out to be infeasible.</p>
+<h3 id="sequentially-consistent-ordering">Sequentially Consistent Ordering</h3>
+<p>The strongest memory ordering is s<strong>sequentially consistent</strong> ordering (<code>SeqCst</code>). It includes all the guarantees of <code>Acquire</code> ordering (for loads) and <code>Release</code> ordering (for stores), and also guarantees a <em>globally consistent order</em> of operations.</p>
+<p>This means that every single operation using <code>SeqCst</code> ordering within a program is part of a single total order that all threads agree on. This total order is consistent with the total modification order of each individual variable.</p>
+<p>Since it is strictly stronger than <code>Acquire</code> and <code>Release</code> memory ordering, a sequentially consistent load or store can take the place of an <strong>acquire-load</strong> or <strong>release-store</strong> in a <em>release-acquire</em> pair to form a happens-before relationship. In other words, an <strong>acquire-load</strong> can not only form a happens-before relationship with a <strong>release-store</strong>, but also with a sequentially consistent store, and similarly the other way around.</p>
+<p>Virtually all real-world uses of <code>SeqCst</code> involve a pattern of a store that must be globally visible before a subsequent load on the same thread. For these situations, a potentially more efficient alternative is to instead use <code>Relaxed</code> operations in combination with a <code>SeqCst</code> <strong>fence</strong>.</p>
+<h3 id="fences">Fences</h3>
+<p>The <code>std::sync::atomic::fence</code> function represents an <strong>atomic fence</strong> and is either a release fence (<code>Release</code>), an acquire fence (<code>Acquire</code>), or both (<code>AcqRel</code> or <code>SeqCst</code>). A <code>SeqCst</code> fence additionally also takes part in the sequentially consistent total order.</p>
+<p>An atomic fence allows to <em>separate</em> the memory ordering from the atomic operation. This can be useful to apply a memory ordering to <em>multiple</em> operations, or to apply it conditionally.</p>
+<p>In essence, a <strong>release-store</strong> can be split into a release fence followed by a (<code>Relaxed</code>) store, and an <strong>acquire-load</strong> can be split into a (<code>Relaxed</code>) load followed by an acquire fence.</p>
+<div class="highlight"><table class="highlighttable"><tr><th colspan="2" class="filename"><span class="filename">Rust</span></th></tr><tr><td class="linenos"><div class="linenodiv"><pre><span></span><span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-9-1">1</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-9-2">2</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-9-3">3</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-9-4">4</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-9-5">5</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-9-6">6</a></span></pre></div></td><td class="code"><div><pre><span></span><code><a id="__codelineno-9-1" name="__codelineno-9-1"></a><span class="c1">// The store of a release-acquire relationship</span>
+<a id="__codelineno-9-2" name="__codelineno-9-2"></a><span class="n">atom</span><span class="p">.</span><span class="n">store</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="mi">1</span><span class="p">,</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="n">Release</span><span class="p">);</span>
+<a id="__codelineno-9-3" name="__codelineno-9-3"></a>
+<a id="__codelineno-9-4" name="__codelineno-9-4"></a><span class="c1">// can be substituted by a release fence followed by a relaxed store</span>
+<a id="__codelineno-9-5" name="__codelineno-9-5"></a><span class="n">fence</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="n">Release</span><span class="p">);</span>
+<a id="__codelineno-9-6" name="__codelineno-9-6"></a><span class="n">atom</span><span class="p">.</span><span class="n">store</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="mi">1</span><span class="p">,</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="n">Relaxed</span><span class="p">);</span>
+</code></pre></div></td></tr></table></div>
+<div class="highlight"><table class="highlighttable"><tr><th colspan="2" class="filename"><span class="filename">Rust</span></th></tr><tr><td class="linenos"><div class="linenodiv"><pre><span></span><span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-10-1">1</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-10-2">2</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-10-3">3</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-10-4">4</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-10-5">5</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-10-6">6</a></span></pre></div></td><td class="code"><div><pre><span></span><code><a id="__codelineno-10-1" name="__codelineno-10-1"></a><span class="c1">// The load of a release-acquire relationship,</span>
+<a id="__codelineno-10-2" name="__codelineno-10-2"></a><span class="n">atom</span><span class="p">.</span><span class="n">load</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="n">Acquire</span><span class="p">);</span>
+<a id="__codelineno-10-3" name="__codelineno-10-3"></a>
+<a id="__codelineno-10-4" name="__codelineno-10-4"></a><span class="c1">// can be substituted by a relaxed load followed by an acquire fence</span>
+<a id="__codelineno-10-5" name="__codelineno-10-5"></a><span class="n">atom</span><span class="p">.</span><span class="n">load</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="n">Relaxed</span><span class="p">);</span>
+<a id="__codelineno-10-6" name="__codelineno-10-6"></a><span class="n">fence</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="n">Acquire</span><span class="p">);</span>
+</code></pre></div></td></tr></table></div>
+<blockquote>
+<p><strong>Note</strong>: Using a separate fence can result in an extra processor instruction which can be slightly less efficient.
+<strong>Note</strong>: A fence is not tied to any single atomic variable. This means that a single fence can be used for multiple variables at once.</p>
+</blockquote>
+<p>A release fence can take the place of a release operation in a happens-before relationship if that release fence is followed (on the same thread) by any atomic operation that stores a value observed by the acquire operation it's synchronizing with.<br />
+Similarly, an acquire fence can take the place of any acquire operation if that acquire fence is preceded (on the same thread) by any atomic operation that loads a value stored by the release operation.</p>
+<p>An happens-before relationship is created between a release fence and an acquire fence if <em>any</em> store after the release fence is observed by <em>any</em> load before the acquire fence.</p>
+<p>A <code>SeqCst</code> fence is both a <code>Release</code> fence and an <code>Acquire</code> fence (just like <code>AcqRel</code>), but also part of the single total order of sequentially consistent operations. However, <em>only</em> the fence is part of the total order, but not necessarily the atomic operations before or after it. This means that unlike a release or acquire operation, a sequentially consistent operation <em>cannot</em> be split into a relaxed operation and a memory fence.</p>
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+          </ul>
+        </nav>
+      
+    </li>
+  
+
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+                
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+        
+      
+        
+      
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+          <label class="md-nav__link" for="__nav_4_9" id="__nav_4_9_label" tabindex="">
+            
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+  <span class="md-ellipsis">
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+  </span>
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+            <span class="md-nav__icon md-icon"></span>
+            .NET
+          </label>
+          <ul class="md-nav__list" data-md-scrollfix>
+            
+              
+                
+  
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+  
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+    
+    
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+        
+      
+        
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+        
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+      
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+    <li class="md-nav__item md-nav__item--nested">
+      
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+            
+  
+  <span class="md-ellipsis">
+    C#
+  </span>
+  
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+            <span class="md-nav__icon md-icon"></span>
+          </label>
+        
+        <nav class="md-nav" data-md-level="3" aria-labelledby="__nav_4_9_1_label" aria-expanded="false">
+          <label class="md-nav__title" for="__nav_4_9_1">
+            <span class="md-nav__icon md-icon"></span>
+            C#
+          </label>
+          <ul class="md-nav__list" data-md-scrollfix>
+            
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+    <li class="md-nav__item">
+      <a href="../dotnet/csharp/csharp.html" class="md-nav__link">
+        
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+  <span class="md-ellipsis">
+    C#
+  </span>
+  
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+    </li>
+  
+
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+  
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+    <li class="md-nav__item">
+      <a href="../dotnet/csharp/linq.html" class="md-nav__link">
+        
+  
+  <span class="md-ellipsis">
+    Linq
+  </span>
+  
+
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+    </li>
+  
+
+              
+            
+              
+                
+  
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+  
+  
+    <li class="md-nav__item">
+      <a href="../dotnet/csharp/collections.html" class="md-nav__link">
+        
+  
+  <span class="md-ellipsis">
+    Collections
+  </span>
+  
+
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+    </li>
+  
+
+              
+            
+              
+                
+  
+  
+  
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+    <li class="md-nav__item">
+      <a href="../dotnet/csharp/reactive-extensions.html" class="md-nav__link">
+        
+  
+  <span class="md-ellipsis">
+    Reactive Extensions
+  </span>
+  
+
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+    </li>
+  
+
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+              
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+  
+  
+  
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+    <li class="md-nav__item">
+      <a href="../dotnet/csharp/async-programming.html" class="md-nav__link">
+        
+  
+  <span class="md-ellipsis">
+    Async Programming
+  </span>
+  
+
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+    </li>
+  
+
+              
+            
+              
+                
+  
+  
+  
+  
+    <li class="md-nav__item">
+      <a href="../dotnet/csharp/unit-tests.html" class="md-nav__link">
+        
+  
+  <span class="md-ellipsis">
+    Unit Tests
+  </span>
+  
+
+      </a>
+    </li>
+  
+
+              
+            
+          </ul>
+        </nav>
+      
+    </li>
+  
+
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+            
+              
+                
+  
+  
+  
+  
+    
+    
+      
+        
+      
+        
+      
+        
+      
+        
+      
+        
+      
+        
+      
+        
+      
+    
+    
+      
+      
+        
+      
+    
+    
+    <li class="md-nav__item md-nav__item--nested">
+      
+        
+        
+        <input class="md-nav__toggle md-toggle " type="checkbox" id="__nav_4_9_2" >
+        
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+          <label class="md-nav__link" for="__nav_4_9_2" id="__nav_4_9_2_label" tabindex="0">
+            
+  
+  <span class="md-ellipsis">
+    ASP.NET
+  </span>
+  
+
+            <span class="md-nav__icon md-icon"></span>
+          </label>
+        
+        <nav class="md-nav" data-md-level="3" aria-labelledby="__nav_4_9_2_label" aria-expanded="false">
+          <label class="md-nav__title" for="__nav_4_9_2">
+            <span class="md-nav__icon md-icon"></span>
+            ASP.NET
+          </label>
+          <ul class="md-nav__list" data-md-scrollfix>
+            
+              
+                
+  
+  
+  
+  
+    <li class="md-nav__item">
+      <a href="../dotnet/asp.net/minimal-api.html" class="md-nav__link">
+        
+  
+  <span class="md-ellipsis">
+    Minimal API
+  </span>
+  
+
+      </a>
+    </li>
+  
+
+              
+            
+              
+                
+  
+  
+  
+  
+    <li class="md-nav__item">
+      <a href="../dotnet/asp.net/filters.html" class="md-nav__link">
+        
+  
+  <span class="md-ellipsis">
+    FIlters
+  </span>
+  
+
+      </a>
+    </li>
+  
+
+              
+            
+              
+                
+  
+  
+  
+  
+    <li class="md-nav__item">
+      <a href="../dotnet/asp.net/middleware.html" class="md-nav__link">
+        
+  
+  <span class="md-ellipsis">
+    Middleware
+  </span>
+  
+
+      </a>
+    </li>
+  
+
+              
+            
+              
+                
+  
+  
+  
+  
+    <li class="md-nav__item">
+      <a href="../dotnet/asp.net/razor-syntax.html" class="md-nav__link">
+        
+  
+  <span class="md-ellipsis">
+    Razor Syntax
+  </span>
+  
+
+      </a>
+    </li>
+  
+
+              
+            
+              
+                
+  
+  
+  
+  
+    <li class="md-nav__item">
+      <a href="../dotnet/asp.net/blazor.html" class="md-nav__link">
+        
+  
+  <span class="md-ellipsis">
+    Blazor
+  </span>
+  
+
+      </a>
+    </li>
+  
+
+              
+            
+              
+                
+  
+  
+  
+  
+    <li class="md-nav__item">
+      <a href="../dotnet/asp.net/signalr.html" class="md-nav__link">
+        
+  
+  <span class="md-ellipsis">
+    SignalR
+  </span>
+  
+
+      </a>
+    </li>
+  
+
+              
+            
+              
+                
+  
+  
+  
+  
+    <li class="md-nav__item">
+      <a href="../dotnet/asp.net/web-forms.html" class="md-nav__link">
+        
+  
+  <span class="md-ellipsis">
+    Web Forms
+  </span>
+  
+
+      </a>
+    </li>
+  
+
+              
+            
+          </ul>
+        </nav>
+      
+    </li>
+  
+
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+            
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+                
+  
+  
+  
+  
+    
+    
+      
+        
+      
+        
+      
+    
+    
+      
+      
+        
+      
+    
+    
+    <li class="md-nav__item md-nav__item--nested">
+      
+        
+        
+        <input class="md-nav__toggle md-toggle " type="checkbox" id="__nav_4_9_3" >
+        
+          
+          <label class="md-nav__link" for="__nav_4_9_3" id="__nav_4_9_3_label" tabindex="0">
+            
+  
+  <span class="md-ellipsis">
+    Database
+  </span>
+  
+
+            <span class="md-nav__icon md-icon"></span>
+          </label>
+        
+        <nav class="md-nav" data-md-level="3" aria-labelledby="__nav_4_9_3_label" aria-expanded="false">
+          <label class="md-nav__title" for="__nav_4_9_3">
+            <span class="md-nav__icon md-icon"></span>
+            Database
+          </label>
+          <ul class="md-nav__list" data-md-scrollfix>
+            
+              
+                
+  
+  
+  
+  
+    <li class="md-nav__item">
+      <a href="../dotnet/database/ado.net.html" class="md-nav__link">
+        
+  
+  <span class="md-ellipsis">
+    ADO.NET
+  </span>
+  
+
+      </a>
+    </li>
+  
+
+              
+            
+              
+                
+  
+  
+  
+  
+    <li class="md-nav__item">
+      <a href="../dotnet/database/entity-framework.html" class="md-nav__link">
+        
+  
+  <span class="md-ellipsis">
+    Entity Framework
+  </span>
+  
+
+      </a>
+    </li>
+  
+
+              
+            
+          </ul>
+        </nav>
+      
+    </li>
+  
+
+              
+            
+          </ul>
+        </nav>
+      
+    </li>
+  
+
+              
+            
+              
+                
+  
+  
+  
+  
+    
+    
+      
+        
+      
+        
+      
+        
+      
+        
+      
+    
+    
+      
+      
+        
+          
+          
+        
+      
+    
+    
+    <li class="md-nav__item md-nav__item--section md-nav__item--nested">
+      
+        
+        
+        <input class="md-nav__toggle md-toggle " type="checkbox" id="__nav_4_10" >
+        
+          
+          <label class="md-nav__link" for="__nav_4_10" id="__nav_4_10_label" tabindex="">
+            
+  
+  <span class="md-ellipsis">
+    Java
+  </span>
+  
+
+            <span class="md-nav__icon md-icon"></span>
+          </label>
+        
+        <nav class="md-nav" data-md-level="2" aria-labelledby="__nav_4_10_label" aria-expanded="false">
+          <label class="md-nav__title" for="__nav_4_10">
+            <span class="md-nav__icon md-icon"></span>
+            Java
+          </label>
+          <ul class="md-nav__list" data-md-scrollfix>
+            
+              
+                
+  
+  
+  
+  
+    <li class="md-nav__item">
+      <a href="../java/java.html" class="md-nav__link">
+        
+  
+  <span class="md-ellipsis">
+    Java
+  </span>
+  
+
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+    </li>
+  
+
+              
+            
+              
+                
+  
+  
+  
+  
+    <li class="md-nav__item">
+      <a href="../java/java-collection-framework.html" class="md-nav__link">
+        
+  
+  <span class="md-ellipsis">
+    Java Collection Framework
+  </span>
+  
+
+      </a>
+    </li>
+  
+
+              
+            
+              
+                
+  
+  
+  
+  
+    <li class="md-nav__item">
+      <a href="../java/dao.html" class="md-nav__link">
+        
+  
+  <span class="md-ellipsis">
+    DAO
+  </span>
+  
+
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+    </li>
+  
+
+              
+            
+              
+                
+  
+  
+  
+  
+    
+    
+      
+        
+      
+        
+      
+    
+    
+      
+      
+        
+      
+    
+    
+    <li class="md-nav__item md-nav__item--nested">
+      
+        
+        
+        <input class="md-nav__toggle md-toggle " type="checkbox" id="__nav_4_10_4" >
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+          
+          <label class="md-nav__link" for="__nav_4_10_4" id="__nav_4_10_4_label" tabindex="0">
+            
+  
+  <span class="md-ellipsis">
+    Web
+  </span>
+  
+
+            <span class="md-nav__icon md-icon"></span>
+          </label>
+        
+        <nav class="md-nav" data-md-level="3" aria-labelledby="__nav_4_10_4_label" aria-expanded="false">
+          <label class="md-nav__title" for="__nav_4_10_4">
+            <span class="md-nav__icon md-icon"></span>
+            Web
+          </label>
+          <ul class="md-nav__list" data-md-scrollfix>
+            
+              
+                
+  
+  
+  
+  
+    <li class="md-nav__item">
+      <a href="../java/web/servlet.html" class="md-nav__link">
+        
+  
+  <span class="md-ellipsis">
+    Serverlet
+  </span>
+  
+
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+    </li>
+  
+
+              
+            
+              
+                
+  
+  
+  
+  
+    
+    
+      
+        
+      
+        
+      
+    
+    
+      
+      
+        
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+    
+    
+    <li class="md-nav__item md-nav__item--nested">
+      
+        
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+        <input class="md-nav__toggle md-toggle " type="checkbox" id="__nav_4_10_4_2" >
+        
+          
+          <label class="md-nav__link" for="__nav_4_10_4_2" id="__nav_4_10_4_2_label" tabindex="0">
+            
+  
+  <span class="md-ellipsis">
+    Spring
+  </span>
+  
+
+            <span class="md-nav__icon md-icon"></span>
+          </label>
+        
+        <nav class="md-nav" data-md-level="4" aria-labelledby="__nav_4_10_4_2_label" aria-expanded="false">
+          <label class="md-nav__title" for="__nav_4_10_4_2">
+            <span class="md-nav__icon md-icon"></span>
+            Spring
+          </label>
+          <ul class="md-nav__list" data-md-scrollfix>
+            
+              
+                
+  
+  
+  
+  
+    <li class="md-nav__item">
+      <a href="../java/spring/pom.xml.html" class="md-nav__link">
+        
+  
+  <span class="md-ellipsis">
+    POM
+  </span>
+  
+
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+    </li>
+  
+
+              
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+              
+                
+  
+  
+  
+  
+    <li class="md-nav__item">
+      <a href="../java/spring/spring-project.html" class="md-nav__link">
+        
+  
+  <span class="md-ellipsis">
+    Project Structure
+  </span>
+  
+
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+    </li>
+  
+
+              
+            
+          </ul>
+        </nav>
+      
+    </li>
+  
+
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+            
+          </ul>
+        </nav>
+      
+    </li>
+  
+
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+            
+          </ul>
+        </nav>
+      
+    </li>
+  
+
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+            
+              
+                
+  
+  
+  
+  
+    
+    
+      
+        
+      
+        
+      
+        
+      
+        
+      
+        
+      
+        
+      
+        
+      
+        
+      
+        
+      
+    
+    
+      
+      
+        
+          
+          
+        
+      
+    
+    
+    <li class="md-nav__item md-nav__item--section md-nav__item--nested">
+      
+        
+        
+        <input class="md-nav__toggle md-toggle " type="checkbox" id="__nav_4_11" >
+        
+          
+          <label class="md-nav__link" for="__nav_4_11" id="__nav_4_11_label" tabindex="">
+            
+  
+  <span class="md-ellipsis">
+    PHP
+  </span>
+  
+
+            <span class="md-nav__icon md-icon"></span>
+          </label>
+        
+        <nav class="md-nav" data-md-level="2" aria-labelledby="__nav_4_11_label" aria-expanded="false">
+          <label class="md-nav__title" for="__nav_4_11">
+            <span class="md-nav__icon md-icon"></span>
+            PHP
+          </label>
+          <ul class="md-nav__list" data-md-scrollfix>
+            
+              
+                
+  
+  
+  
+  
+    <li class="md-nav__item">
+      <a href="../php/php.html" class="md-nav__link">
+        
+  
+  <span class="md-ellipsis">
+    PHP
+  </span>
+  
+
+      </a>
+    </li>
+  
+
+              
+            
+              
+                
+  
+  
+  
+  
+    <li class="md-nav__item">
+      <a href="../php/database.html" class="md-nav__link">
+        
+  
+  <span class="md-ellipsis">
+    Database
+  </span>
+  
+
+      </a>
+    </li>
+  
+
+              
+            
+              
+                
+  
+  
+  
+  
+    <li class="md-nav__item">
+      <a href="../php/web.html" class="md-nav__link">
+        
+  
+  <span class="md-ellipsis">
+    Web
+  </span>
+  
+
+      </a>
+    </li>
+  
+
+              
+            
+              
+                
+  
+  
+  
+  
+    <li class="md-nav__item">
+      <a href="../php/dependency-injection.html" class="md-nav__link">
+        
+  
+  <span class="md-ellipsis">
+    Dependency Injection
+  </span>
+  
+
+      </a>
+    </li>
+  
+
+              
+            
+              
+                
+  
+  
+  
+  
+    <li class="md-nav__item">
+      <a href="../php/unit-tests.html" class="md-nav__link">
+        
+  
+  <span class="md-ellipsis">
+    Unit Tests
+  </span>
+  
+
+      </a>
+    </li>
+  
+
+              
+            
+              
+                
+  
+  
+  
+  
+    <li class="md-nav__item">
+      <a href="../php/composer.html" class="md-nav__link">
+        
+  
+  <span class="md-ellipsis">
+    Composer
+  </span>
+  
+
+      </a>
+    </li>
+  
+
+              
+            
+              
+                
+  
+  
+  
+  
+    <li class="md-nav__item">
+      <a href="../php/psr-7.html" class="md-nav__link">
+        
+  
+  <span class="md-ellipsis">
+    PSR 7
+  </span>
+  
+
+      </a>
+    </li>
+  
+
+              
+            
+              
+                
+  
+  
+  
+  
+    <li class="md-nav__item">
+      <a href="../php/plates-templating.html" class="md-nav__link">
+        
+  
+  <span class="md-ellipsis">
+    Plates
+  </span>
+  
+
+      </a>
+    </li>
+  
+
+              
+            
+              
+                
+  
+  
+  
+  
+    
+    
+      
+        
+      
+        
+      
+    
+    
+      
+      
+        
+      
+    
+    
+    <li class="md-nav__item md-nav__item--nested">
+      
+        
+        
+        <input class="md-nav__toggle md-toggle " type="checkbox" id="__nav_4_11_9" >
+        
+          
+          <label class="md-nav__link" for="__nav_4_11_9" id="__nav_4_11_9_label" tabindex="0">
+            
+  
+  <span class="md-ellipsis">
+    Simple MVC
+  </span>
+  
+
+            <span class="md-nav__icon md-icon"></span>
+          </label>
+        
+        <nav class="md-nav" data-md-level="3" aria-labelledby="__nav_4_11_9_label" aria-expanded="false">
+          <label class="md-nav__title" for="__nav_4_11_9">
+            <span class="md-nav__icon md-icon"></span>
+            Simple MVC
+          </label>
+          <ul class="md-nav__list" data-md-scrollfix>
+            
+              
+                
+  
+  
+  
+  
+    <li class="md-nav__item">
+      <a href="../php/simple-mvc/simple-mvc.html" class="md-nav__link">
+        
+  
+  <span class="md-ellipsis">
+    Simple MVC
+  </span>
+  
+
+      </a>
+    </li>
+  
+
+              
+            
+              
+                
+  
+  
+  
+  
+    <li class="md-nav__item">
+      <a href="../php/simple-mvc/rest-api.html" class="md-nav__link">
+        
+  
+  <span class="md-ellipsis">
+    REST API
+  </span>
+  
+
+      </a>
+    </li>
+  
+
+              
+            
+          </ul>
+        </nav>
+      
+    </li>
+  
+
+              
+            
+          </ul>
+        </nav>
+      
+    </li>
+  
+
+              
+            
+              
+                
+  
+  
+    
+  
+  
+  
+    
+    
+      
+        
+      
+        
+      
+        
+      
+        
+      
+        
+      
+    
+    
+      
+      
+        
+          
+          
+        
+      
+    
+    
+    <li class="md-nav__item md-nav__item--active md-nav__item--section md-nav__item--nested">
+      
+        
+        
+        <input class="md-nav__toggle md-toggle " type="checkbox" id="__nav_4_12" checked>
+        
+          
+          <label class="md-nav__link" for="__nav_4_12" id="__nav_4_12_label" tabindex="">
+            
+  
+  <span class="md-ellipsis">
+    Rust
+  </span>
+  
+
+            <span class="md-nav__icon md-icon"></span>
+          </label>
+        
+        <nav class="md-nav" data-md-level="2" aria-labelledby="__nav_4_12_label" aria-expanded="true">
+          <label class="md-nav__title" for="__nav_4_12">
+            <span class="md-nav__icon md-icon"></span>
+            Rust
+          </label>
+          <ul class="md-nav__list" data-md-scrollfix>
+            
+              
+                
+  
+  
+  
+  
+    <li class="md-nav__item">
+      <a href="rust.html" class="md-nav__link">
+        
+  
+  <span class="md-ellipsis">
+    Rust
+  </span>
+  
+
+      </a>
+    </li>
+  
+
+              
+            
+              
+                
+  
+  
+    
+  
+  
+  
+    <li class="md-nav__item md-nav__item--active">
+      
+      <input class="md-nav__toggle md-toggle" type="checkbox" id="__toc">
+      
+      
+        
+      
+      
+        <label class="md-nav__link md-nav__link--active" for="__toc">
+          
+  
+  <span class="md-ellipsis">
+    Macros
+  </span>
+  
+
+          <span class="md-nav__icon md-icon"></span>
+        </label>
+      
+      <a href="macros.html" class="md-nav__link md-nav__link--active">
+        
+  
+  <span class="md-ellipsis">
+    Macros
+  </span>
+  
+
+      </a>
+      
+        
+
+<nav class="md-nav md-nav--secondary" aria-label="Table of contents">
+  
+  
+  
+    
+  
+  
+    <label class="md-nav__title" for="__toc">
+      <span class="md-nav__icon md-icon"></span>
+      Table of contents
+    </label>
+    <ul class="md-nav__list" data-md-component="toc" data-md-scrollfix>
+      
+        <li class="md-nav__item">
+  <a href="#declarative-macros-macro-by-example" class="md-nav__link">
+    <span class="md-ellipsis">
+      Declarative Macros (Macro-by-Example)
+    </span>
+  </a>
+  
+    <nav class="md-nav" aria-label="Declarative Macros (Macro-by-Example)">
+      <ul class="md-nav__list">
+        
+          <li class="md-nav__item">
+  <a href="#transcribing" class="md-nav__link">
+    <span class="md-ellipsis">
+      Transcribing
+    </span>
+  </a>
+  
+</li>
+        
+          <li class="md-nav__item">
+  <a href="#metavariables" class="md-nav__link">
+    <span class="md-ellipsis">
+      Metavariables
+    </span>
+  </a>
+  
+</li>
+        
+          <li class="md-nav__item">
+  <a href="#repetitions" class="md-nav__link">
+    <span class="md-ellipsis">
+      Repetitions
+    </span>
+  </a>
+  
+</li>
+        
+          <li class="md-nav__item">
+  <a href="#scoping-exporting-and-importing" class="md-nav__link">
+    <span class="md-ellipsis">
+      Scoping, Exporting, and Importing
+    </span>
+  </a>
+  
+</li>
+        
+          <li class="md-nav__item">
+  <a href="#the-macro_use-attribute" class="md-nav__link">
+    <span class="md-ellipsis">
+      The macro_use attribute
+    </span>
+  </a>
+  
+</li>
+        
+          <li class="md-nav__item">
+  <a href="#the-macro_export-attribute" class="md-nav__link">
+    <span class="md-ellipsis">
+      The macro_export attribute
+    </span>
+  </a>
+  
+</li>
+        
+          <li class="md-nav__item">
+  <a href="#follow-set-ambiguity-restrictions" class="md-nav__link">
+    <span class="md-ellipsis">
+      Follow-set Ambiguity Restrictions
+    </span>
+  </a>
+  
+</li>
+        
+      </ul>
+    </nav>
+  
+</li>
+      
+    </ul>
+  
+</nav>
+      
+    </li>
+  
+
+              
+            
+              
+                
+  
+  
+  
+  
+    <li class="md-nav__item">
+      <a href="cargo.html" class="md-nav__link">
+        
+  
+  <span class="md-ellipsis">
+    Cargo
+  </span>
+  
+
+      </a>
+    </li>
+  
+
+              
+            
+              
+                
+  
+  
+  
+  
+    <li class="md-nav__item">
+      <a href="concurrency.html" class="md-nav__link">
+        
+  
+  <span class="md-ellipsis">
+    Concurrency
+  </span>
+  
+
+      </a>
+    </li>
+  
+
+              
+            
+              
+                
+  
+  
+  
+  
+    <li class="md-nav__item">
+      <a href="unit-tests.html" class="md-nav__link">
+        
+  
+  <span class="md-ellipsis">
+    Unit Tests
+  </span>
+  
+
+      </a>
+    </li>
+  
+
+              
+            
+          </ul>
+        </nav>
+      
+    </li>
+  
+
+              
+            
+              
+                
+  
+  
+  
+  
+    
+    
+      
+        
+      
+        
+      
+        
+      
+        
+      
+        
+      
+        
+      
+        
+      
+    
+    
+      
+      
+        
+          
+          
+        
+      
+    
+    
+    <li class="md-nav__item md-nav__item--section md-nav__item--nested">
+      
+        
+        
+        <input class="md-nav__toggle md-toggle " type="checkbox" id="__nav_4_13" >
+        
+          
+          <label class="md-nav__link" for="__nav_4_13" id="__nav_4_13_label" tabindex="">
+            
+  
+  <span class="md-ellipsis">
+    Javascript
+  </span>
+  
+
+            <span class="md-nav__icon md-icon"></span>
+          </label>
+        
+        <nav class="md-nav" data-md-level="2" aria-labelledby="__nav_4_13_label" aria-expanded="false">
+          <label class="md-nav__title" for="__nav_4_13">
+            <span class="md-nav__icon md-icon"></span>
+            Javascript
+          </label>
+          <ul class="md-nav__list" data-md-scrollfix>
+            
+              
+                
+  
+  
+  
+  
+    <li class="md-nav__item">
+      <a href="../javascript/javascript.html" class="md-nav__link">
+        
+  
+  <span class="md-ellipsis">
+    Javascript
+  </span>
+  
+
+      </a>
+    </li>
+  
+
+              
+            
+              
+                
+  
+  
+  
+  
+    <li class="md-nav__item">
+      <a href="../javascript/dom.html" class="md-nav__link">
+        
+  
+  <span class="md-ellipsis">
+    DOM
+  </span>
+  
+
+      </a>
+    </li>
+  
+
+              
+            
+              
+                
+  
+  
+  
+  
+    <li class="md-nav__item">
+      <a href="../javascript/events-animation.html" class="md-nav__link">
+        
+  
+  <span class="md-ellipsis">
+    Events & Animation
+  </span>
+  
+
+      </a>
+    </li>
+  
+
+              
+            
+              
+                
+  
+  
+  
+  
+    <li class="md-nav__item">
+      <a href="../javascript/ajax.html" class="md-nav__link">
+        
+  
+  <span class="md-ellipsis">
+    AJAX
+  </span>
+  
+
+      </a>
+    </li>
+  
+
+              
+            
+              
+                
+  
+  
+  
+  
+    <li class="md-nav__item">
+      <a href="../javascript/jquery.html" class="md-nav__link">
+        
+  
+  <span class="md-ellipsis">
+    jQuery
+  </span>
+  
+
+      </a>
+    </li>
+  
+
+              
+            
+              
+                
+  
+  
+  
+  
+    
+    
+      
+        
+      
+        
+      
+        
+      
+        
+      
+        
+      
+    
+    
+      
+      
+        
+      
+    
+    
+    <li class="md-nav__item md-nav__item--nested">
+      
+        
+        
+        <input class="md-nav__toggle md-toggle " type="checkbox" id="__nav_4_13_6" >
+        
+          
+          <label class="md-nav__link" for="__nav_4_13_6" id="__nav_4_13_6_label" tabindex="0">
+            
+  
+  <span class="md-ellipsis">
+    React
+  </span>
+  
+
+            <span class="md-nav__icon md-icon"></span>
+          </label>
+        
+        <nav class="md-nav" data-md-level="3" aria-labelledby="__nav_4_13_6_label" aria-expanded="false">
+          <label class="md-nav__title" for="__nav_4_13_6">
+            <span class="md-nav__icon md-icon"></span>
+            React
+          </label>
+          <ul class="md-nav__list" data-md-scrollfix>
+            
+              
+                
+  
+  
+  
+  
+    <li class="md-nav__item">
+      <a href="../javascript/react/react.html" class="md-nav__link">
+        
+  
+  <span class="md-ellipsis">
+    React
+  </span>
+  
+
+      </a>
+    </li>
+  
+
+              
+            
+              
+                
+  
+  
+  
+  
+    <li class="md-nav__item">
+      <a href="../javascript/react/react-router.html" class="md-nav__link">
+        
+  
+  <span class="md-ellipsis">
+    React Router
+  </span>
+  
+
+      </a>
+    </li>
+  
+
+              
+            
+              
+                
+  
+  
+  
+  
+    <li class="md-nav__item">
+      <a href="../javascript/react/react-tests.html" class="md-nav__link">
+        
+  
+  <span class="md-ellipsis">
+    React Tests
+  </span>
+  
+
+      </a>
+    </li>
+  
+
+              
+            
+              
+                
+  
+  
+  
+  
+    <li class="md-nav__item">
+      <a href="../javascript/react/redux.html" class="md-nav__link">
+        
+  
+  <span class="md-ellipsis">
+    Redux
+  </span>
+  
+
+      </a>
+    </li>
+  
+
+              
+            
+              
+                
+  
+  
+  
+  
+    <li class="md-nav__item">
+      <a href="../javascript/react/redux-tests.html" class="md-nav__link">
+        
+  
+  <span class="md-ellipsis">
+    Redux Tests
+  </span>
+  
+
+      </a>
+    </li>
+  
+
+              
+            
+          </ul>
+        </nav>
+      
+    </li>
+  
+
+              
+            
+              
+                
+  
+  
+  
+  
+    <li class="md-nav__item">
+      <a href="../javascript/svelte/svelte.html" class="md-nav__link">
+        
+  
+  <span class="md-ellipsis">
+    Svelte
+  </span>
+  
+
+      </a>
+    </li>
+  
+
+              
+            
+          </ul>
+        </nav>
+      
+    </li>
+  
+
+              
+            
+              
+                
+  
+  
+  
+  
+    
+    
+      
+        
+      
+        
+      
+    
+    
+      
+      
+        
+          
+          
+        
+      
+    
+    
+    <li class="md-nav__item md-nav__item--section md-nav__item--nested">
+      
+        
+        
+        <input class="md-nav__toggle md-toggle " type="checkbox" id="__nav_4_14" >
+        
+          
+          <label class="md-nav__link" for="__nav_4_14" id="__nav_4_14_label" tabindex="">
+            
+  
+  <span class="md-ellipsis">
+    PowerShell
+  </span>
+  
+
+            <span class="md-nav__icon md-icon"></span>
+          </label>
+        
+        <nav class="md-nav" data-md-level="2" aria-labelledby="__nav_4_14_label" aria-expanded="false">
+          <label class="md-nav__title" for="__nav_4_14">
+            <span class="md-nav__icon md-icon"></span>
+            PowerShell
+          </label>
+          <ul class="md-nav__list" data-md-scrollfix>
+            
+              
+                
+  
+  
+  
+  
+    <li class="md-nav__item">
+      <a href="../powershell/scripting.html" class="md-nav__link">
+        
+  
+  <span class="md-ellipsis">
+    Scripting
+  </span>
+  
+
+      </a>
+    </li>
+  
+
+              
+            
+              
+                
+  
+  
+  
+  
+    <li class="md-nav__item">
+      <a href="../powershell/commands.html" class="md-nav__link">
+        
+  
+  <span class="md-ellipsis">
+    Commands
+  </span>
+  
+
+      </a>
+    </li>
+  
+
+              
+            
+          </ul>
+        </nav>
+      
+    </li>
+  
+
+              
+            
+              
+                
+  
+  
+  
+  
+    
+    
+      
+        
+      
+        
+      
+    
+    
+      
+      
+        
+          
+          
+        
+      
+    
+    
+    <li class="md-nav__item md-nav__item--section md-nav__item--nested">
+      
+        
+        
+        <input class="md-nav__toggle md-toggle " type="checkbox" id="__nav_4_15" >
+        
+          
+          <label class="md-nav__link" for="__nav_4_15" id="__nav_4_15_label" tabindex="">
+            
+  
+  <span class="md-ellipsis">
+    Bash
+  </span>
+  
+
+            <span class="md-nav__icon md-icon"></span>
+          </label>
+        
+        <nav class="md-nav" data-md-level="2" aria-labelledby="__nav_4_15_label" aria-expanded="false">
+          <label class="md-nav__title" for="__nav_4_15">
+            <span class="md-nav__icon md-icon"></span>
+            Bash
+          </label>
+          <ul class="md-nav__list" data-md-scrollfix>
+            
+              
+                
+  
+  
+  
+  
+    <li class="md-nav__item">
+      <a href="../bash/scripting.html" class="md-nav__link">
+        
+  
+  <span class="md-ellipsis">
+    Scripting
+  </span>
+  
+
+      </a>
+    </li>
+  
+
+              
+            
+              
+                
+  
+  
+  
+  
+    <li class="md-nav__item">
+      <a href="../bash/commands.html" class="md-nav__link">
+        
+  
+  <span class="md-ellipsis">
+    Commands
+  </span>
+  
+
+      </a>
+    </li>
+  
+
+              
+            
+          </ul>
+        </nav>
+      
+    </li>
+  
+
+              
+            
+          </ul>
+        </nav>
+      
+    </li>
+  
+
+    
+      
+      
+  
+  
+  
+  
+    
+    
+      
+        
+      
+        
+      
+        
+      
+        
+      
+        
+      
+    
+    
+      
+      
+        
+      
+    
+    
+    <li class="md-nav__item md-nav__item--nested">
+      
+        
+        
+        <input class="md-nav__toggle md-toggle " type="checkbox" id="__nav_5" >
+        
+          
+          <label class="md-nav__link" for="__nav_5" id="__nav_5_label" tabindex="0">
+            
+  
+  <span class="md-ellipsis">
+    Misc
+  </span>
+  
+
+            <span class="md-nav__icon md-icon"></span>
+          </label>
+        
+        <nav class="md-nav" data-md-level="1" aria-labelledby="__nav_5_label" aria-expanded="false">
+          <label class="md-nav__title" for="__nav_5">
+            <span class="md-nav__icon md-icon"></span>
+            Misc
+          </label>
+          <ul class="md-nav__list" data-md-scrollfix>
+            
+              
+                
+  
+  
+  
+  
+    <li class="md-nav__item">
+      <a href="../../misc/git.html" class="md-nav__link">
+        
+  
+  <span class="md-ellipsis">
+    Git
+  </span>
+  
+
+      </a>
+    </li>
+  
+
+              
+            
+              
+                
+  
+  
+  
+  
+    <li class="md-nav__item">
+      <a href="../../misc/graph-ql.html" class="md-nav__link">
+        
+  
+  <span class="md-ellipsis">
+    GraphQL
+  </span>
+  
+
+      </a>
+    </li>
+  
+
+              
+            
+              
+                
+  
+  
+  
+  
+    <li class="md-nav__item">
+      <a href="../../misc/regular-expressions.html" class="md-nav__link">
+        
+  
+  <span class="md-ellipsis">
+    RegEx
+  </span>
+  
+
+      </a>
+    </li>
+  
+
+              
+            
+              
+                
+  
+  
+  
+  
+    <li class="md-nav__item">
+      <a href="../../misc/ssh.html" class="md-nav__link">
+        
+  
+  <span class="md-ellipsis">
+    SSH
+  </span>
+  
+
+      </a>
+    </li>
+  
+
+              
+            
+              
+                
+  
+  
+  
+  
+    <li class="md-nav__item">
+      <a href="../../misc/web-components.html" class="md-nav__link">
+        
+  
+  <span class="md-ellipsis">
+    WebComponents
+  </span>
+  
+
+      </a>
+    </li>
+  
+
+              
+            
+          </ul>
+        </nav>
+      
+    </li>
+  
+
+    
+      
+      
+  
+  
+  
+  
+    
+    
+      
+        
+      
+        
+      
+    
+    
+      
+      
+        
+      
+    
+    
+    <li class="md-nav__item md-nav__item--nested">
+      
+        
+        
+        <input class="md-nav__toggle md-toggle " type="checkbox" id="__nav_6" >
+        
+          
+          <label class="md-nav__link" for="__nav_6" id="__nav_6_label" tabindex="0">
+            
+  
+  <span class="md-ellipsis">
+    Linux
+  </span>
+  
+
+            <span class="md-nav__icon md-icon"></span>
+          </label>
+        
+        <nav class="md-nav" data-md-level="1" aria-labelledby="__nav_6_label" aria-expanded="false">
+          <label class="md-nav__title" for="__nav_6">
+            <span class="md-nav__icon md-icon"></span>
+            Linux
+          </label>
+          <ul class="md-nav__list" data-md-scrollfix>
+            
+              
+                
+  
+  
+  
+  
+    
+    
+      
+        
+      
+        
+      
+        
+      
+    
+    
+      
+      
+        
+      
+    
+    
+    <li class="md-nav__item md-nav__item--nested">
+      
+        
+        
+        <input class="md-nav__toggle md-toggle " type="checkbox" id="__nav_6_1" >
+        
+          
+          <label class="md-nav__link" for="__nav_6_1" id="__nav_6_1_label" tabindex="0">
+            
+  
+  <span class="md-ellipsis">
+    Filesystem
+  </span>
+  
+
+            <span class="md-nav__icon md-icon"></span>
+          </label>
+        
+        <nav class="md-nav" data-md-level="2" aria-labelledby="__nav_6_1_label" aria-expanded="false">
+          <label class="md-nav__title" for="__nav_6_1">
+            <span class="md-nav__icon md-icon"></span>
+            Filesystem
+          </label>
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+<nav class="md-nav md-nav--secondary" aria-label="Table of contents">
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+      
+        <li class="md-nav__item">
+  <a href="#declarative-macros-macro-by-example" class="md-nav__link">
+    <span class="md-ellipsis">
+      Declarative Macros (Macro-by-Example)
+    </span>
+  </a>
+  
+    <nav class="md-nav" aria-label="Declarative Macros (Macro-by-Example)">
+      <ul class="md-nav__list">
+        
+          <li class="md-nav__item">
+  <a href="#transcribing" class="md-nav__link">
+    <span class="md-ellipsis">
+      Transcribing
+    </span>
+  </a>
+  
+</li>
+        
+          <li class="md-nav__item">
+  <a href="#metavariables" class="md-nav__link">
+    <span class="md-ellipsis">
+      Metavariables
+    </span>
+  </a>
+  
+</li>
+        
+          <li class="md-nav__item">
+  <a href="#repetitions" class="md-nav__link">
+    <span class="md-ellipsis">
+      Repetitions
+    </span>
+  </a>
+  
+</li>
+        
+          <li class="md-nav__item">
+  <a href="#scoping-exporting-and-importing" class="md-nav__link">
+    <span class="md-ellipsis">
+      Scoping, Exporting, and Importing
+    </span>
+  </a>
+  
+</li>
+        
+          <li class="md-nav__item">
+  <a href="#the-macro_use-attribute" class="md-nav__link">
+    <span class="md-ellipsis">
+      The macro_use attribute
+    </span>
+  </a>
+  
+</li>
+        
+          <li class="md-nav__item">
+  <a href="#the-macro_export-attribute" class="md-nav__link">
+    <span class="md-ellipsis">
+      The macro_export attribute
+    </span>
+  </a>
+  
+</li>
+        
+          <li class="md-nav__item">
+  <a href="#follow-set-ambiguity-restrictions" class="md-nav__link">
+    <span class="md-ellipsis">
+      Follow-set Ambiguity Restrictions
+    </span>
+  </a>
+  
+</li>
+        
+      </ul>
+    </nav>
+  
+</li>
+      
+    </ul>
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+</nav>
+                  </div>
+                </div>
+              </div>
+            
+          
+          
+            <div class="md-content" data-md-component="content">
+              <article class="md-content__inner md-typeset">
+                
+                  
+
+  
+  
+
+
+<h1 id="macros">Macros</h1>
+<p>Fundamentally, <strong>macros</strong> are a way of <em>writing code that writes other code</em>, which is known as <strong>metaprogramming</strong>.</p>
+<p>Metaprogramming is useful for reducing the amount of code to be written and maintained, which is also one of the roles of functions.  However, macros have some additional powers that functions don’t.</p>
+<p>A function signature must declare the number and type of parameters the function has. Macros, on the other hand, can take a variable number of parameters. Also, macros are expanded before the compiler interprets the meaning of the code, so a macro can, for example, implement a trait on a given type. A function can’t, because it gets called at runtime and a trait needs to be implemented at compile time.</p>
+<p>The downside to implementing a macro instead of a function is that macro definitions are more complex than function definitions because it's Rust code that writes Rust code. Due to this indirection, macro definitions are generally more difficult to read, understand, and maintain than function definitions.</p>
+<blockquote>
+<p><strong>Note</strong>: macros need to be defined and brought into scope before they are usable in a file, as opposed to functions that can be defined anywhere and be called anywhere.</p>
+</blockquote>
+<h2 id="declarative-macros-macro-by-example">Declarative Macros (Macro-by-Example)</h2>
+<p>At their core, <strong>declarative macros</strong> allow to write something similar to a Rust match expression.</p>
+<p>Macros compare a value to patterns that are associated with particular code: in this situation, the value is the literal Rust source code passed to the macro; the patterns are compared with the structure of that source code; and the code associated with each pattern, when matched, replaces the code passed to the macro. This all happens during compilation.</p>
+<p>Declarative macros are defined using the <code>macro_rules!</code> construct.</p>
+<p>Each macro has a <em>name</em>, and <em>one or more rules</em>.</p>
+<p>Each rule has two parts: a <em>matcher</em>, describing the syntax that it matches, and a <em>transcriber</em>, describing the syntax that will replace a successfully matched invocation. Both the matcher and the transcriber must be surrounded by delimiters.<br />
+Macros can expand to expressions, statements, items (including traits, impls, and foreign items), types, or patterns.</p>
+<div class="highlight"><table class="highlighttable"><tr><th colspan="2" class="filename"><span class="filename">Rust</span></th></tr><tr><td class="linenos"><div class="linenodiv"><pre><span></span><span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-0-1">1</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-0-2">2</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-0-3">3</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-0-4">4</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-0-5">5</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-0-6">6</a></span></pre></div></td><td class="code"><div><pre><span></span><code><a id="__codelineno-0-1" name="__codelineno-0-1"></a><span class="cp">#[macro_export]</span>
+<a id="__codelineno-0-2" name="__codelineno-0-2"></a><span class="fm">macro_rules!</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="o">&lt;</span><span class="n">name</span><span class="o">&gt;</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="p">{</span>
+<a id="__codelineno-0-3" name="__codelineno-0-3"></a><span class="w">    </span><span class="p">(</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="o">&lt;</span><span class="n">matcher</span><span class="o">&gt;</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="p">)</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="o">=&gt;</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="p">{</span>
+<a id="__codelineno-0-4" name="__codelineno-0-4"></a><span class="w">        </span><span class="o">&lt;</span><span class="n">transcriber</span><span class="o">&gt;</span>
+<a id="__codelineno-0-5" name="__codelineno-0-5"></a><span class="w">    </span><span class="p">};</span>
+<a id="__codelineno-0-6" name="__codelineno-0-6"></a><span class="p">}</span>
+</code></pre></div></td></tr></table></div>
+<h3 id="transcribing">Transcribing</h3>
+<p>When a macro is invoked, the macro expander looks up macro invocations by name, and tries each macro rule in turn. It transcribes the first successful match; if this results in an error, then future matches are not tried.</p>
+<p>When matching, no lookahead is performed; if the compiler cannot unambiguously determine how to parse the macro invocation one token at a time, then it is an error.</p>
+<p>In both the matcher and the transcriber, the <code>$</code> token is used to invoke special behaviours from the macro engine. Tokens that aren't part of such an invocation are matched and transcribed literally, with one exception.</p>
+<p>The exception is that the outer delimiters for the matcher will match any pair of delimiters.<br />
+Thus, for instance, the matcher (()) will match <code>{()}</code> but not <code>{{}}</code>.</p>
+<blockquote>
+<p><strong>Note</strong>: The character <code>$</code> cannot be matched or transcribed literally.</p>
+</blockquote>
+<p>When forwarding a matched fragment to another macro-by-example, matchers in the <em>second macro</em> will see an opaque AST of the fragment type. The second macro can't use literal tokens to match the fragments in the matcher, only a fragment specifier of the same type. The <code>ident</code>, <code>lifetime</code>, and <code>tt</code> fragment types are an exception, and can be matched by literal tokens.</p>
+<div class="highlight"><table class="highlighttable"><tr><th colspan="2" class="filename"><span class="filename">Rust</span></th></tr><tr><td class="linenos"><div class="linenodiv"><pre><span></span><span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-1-1"> 1</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-1-2"> 2</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-1-3"> 3</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-1-4"> 4</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-1-5"> 5</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-1-6"> 6</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-1-7"> 7</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-1-8"> 8</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-1-9"> 9</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-1-10">10</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-1-11">11</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-1-12">12</a></span></pre></div></td><td class="code"><div><pre><span></span><code><a id="__codelineno-1-1" name="__codelineno-1-1"></a><span class="fm">macro_rules!</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="n">foo</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="p">{</span>
+<a id="__codelineno-1-2" name="__codelineno-1-2"></a><span class="w">    </span><span class="p">(</span><span class="mi">3</span><span class="p">)</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="o">=&gt;</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="p">{}</span>
+<a id="__codelineno-1-3" name="__codelineno-1-3"></a><span class="p">}</span>
+<a id="__codelineno-1-4" name="__codelineno-1-4"></a>
+<a id="__codelineno-1-5" name="__codelineno-1-5"></a><span class="fm">macro_rules!</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="n">bar</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="p">{</span>
+<a id="__codelineno-1-6" name="__codelineno-1-6"></a><span class="w">    </span><span class="p">(</span><span class="cp">$l</span><span class="p">:</span><span class="nc">expr</span><span class="p">)</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="o">=&gt;</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="p">{</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="n">foo</span><span class="o">!</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="cp">$l</span><span class="p">);</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="p">}</span>
+<a id="__codelineno-1-7" name="__codelineno-1-7"></a><span class="w">    </span><span class="c1">// ERROR:           ^^ no rules expected this token in macro call</span>
+<a id="__codelineno-1-8" name="__codelineno-1-8"></a><span class="p">}</span>
+<a id="__codelineno-1-9" name="__codelineno-1-9"></a>
+<a id="__codelineno-1-10" name="__codelineno-1-10"></a><span class="fm">macro_rules!</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="n">baz</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="p">{</span>
+<a id="__codelineno-1-11" name="__codelineno-1-11"></a><span class="w">    </span><span class="p">(</span><span class="cp">$l</span><span class="p">:</span><span class="nc">tt</span><span class="p">)</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="o">=&gt;</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="p">{</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="n">foo</span><span class="o">!</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="cp">$l</span><span class="p">);</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="p">}</span>
+<a id="__codelineno-1-12" name="__codelineno-1-12"></a><span class="p">}</span>
+</code></pre></div></td></tr></table></div>
+<h3 id="metavariables"><a href="https://doc.rust-lang.org/reference/macros-by-example.html#metavariables">Metavariables</a></h3>
+<p>In the matcher, <code>$name:fragment</code> matches a Rust syntax fragment of the kind specified and binds it to the metavariable <code>$name</code>.</p>
+<p>Valid fragment specifiers are:</p>
+<ul>
+<li><code>item</code>: an <a href="https://doc.rust-lang.org/reference/items.html">Item</a></li>
+<li><code>block</code>: a <a href="https://doc.rust-lang.org/reference/expressions/block-expr.html">BlockExpression</a></li>
+<li><code>stmt</code>: a <a href="https://doc.rust-lang.org/reference/statements.html">Statement</a> without the trailing semicolon (except for item statements that require semicolons)</li>
+<li><code>pat</code>: a <a href="https://doc.rust-lang.org/reference/patterns.html">Pattern</a></li>
+<li><code>expr</code>: an <a href="https://doc.rust-lang.org/reference/expressions.html">Expression</a></li>
+<li><code>ty</code>: a <a href="https://doc.rust-lang.org/reference/types.html#type-expressions">Type</a></li>
+<li><code>ident</code>: an <a href="https://doc.rust-lang.org/reference/identifiers.html">IDENTIFIER_OR_KEYWORD</a> or <a href="https://doc.rust-lang.org/reference/identifiers.html">RAW_IDENTIFIER</a></li>
+<li><code>path</code>: a <a href="https://doc.rust-lang.org/reference/paths.html#paths-in-types">TypePath</a> style path</li>
+<li><code>tt</code>: a <a href="https://doc.rust-lang.org/reference/macros.html#macro-invocation">TokenTree</a> (a single token or tokens in matching delimiters <code>()</code>, <code>[]</code>, or <code>{}</code>)</li>
+<li><code>meta</code>: an <a href="https://doc.rust-lang.org/reference/attributes.html">Attr</a>, the contents of an attribute</li>
+<li><code>lifetime</code>: a <a href="https://doc.rust-lang.org/reference/visibility-and-privacy.html">LIFETIME_TOKEN</a></li>
+<li><code>vis</code>: a possibly empty <a href="https://doc.rust-lang.org/reference/visibility-and-privacy.html">Visibility</a> qualifier</li>
+<li><code>literal</code>: matches <a href="https://doc.rust-lang.org/reference/expressions/literal-expr.html">LiteralExpression</a></li>
+</ul>
+<p>In the transcriber, metavariables are referred to simply by <code>$name</code>, since the fragment kind is specified in the matcher. Metavariables are replaced with the syntax element that matched them.</p>
+<p>The keyword metavariable <code>$crate</code> can be used to refer to the current crate. Metavariables can be transcribed more than once or not at all.</p>
+<h3 id="repetitions">Repetitions</h3>
+<p>In both the matcher and transcriber, repetitions are indicated by placing the tokens to be repeated inside <code>$(…)</code>, followed by a repetition operator, optionally with a separator token between. The separator token can be any token other than a delimiter or one of the repetition operators, but <code>;</code> and <code>,</code> are the most common.</p>
+<p>The repetition operators are:</p>
+<ul>
+<li><code>*</code>: indicates any number of repetitions.</li>
+<li><code>+</code>: indicates any number but at least one.</li>
+<li><code>?</code>: indicates an optional fragment with zero or one occurrence.</li>
+</ul>
+<blockquote>
+<p><strong>Note</strong>: Since <code>?</code> represents at most one occurrence, it cannot be used with a separator.</p>
+</blockquote>
+<p>The repeated fragment both matches and transcribes to the specified number of the fragment, separated by the separator token. Metavariables are matched to every repetition of their corresponding fragment.</p>
+<p>During transcription, additional restrictions apply to repetitions so that the compiler knows how to expand them properly:</p>
+<ol>
+<li>A metavariable must appear in <em>exactly</em> the same number, kind, and nesting order of repetitions in the transcriber as it did in the matcher.</li>
+<li>Each repetition in the transcriber must contain at least one metavariable to decide how many times to expand it. If multiple metavariables appear in the same repetition, they must be bound to the same number of fragments.</li>
+</ol>
+<h3 id="scoping-exporting-and-importing">Scoping, Exporting, and Importing</h3>
+<p>Macros have two forms of scope: <em>textual scope</em>, and <em>path-based scope</em>. Textual scope is based on the order that things appear in source files, or even across multiple files, and is the default scoping. Path-based scope works exactly the same way that item scoping does. The scoping, exporting, and importing of macros is controlled largely by attributes.</p>
+<p>When a macro is invoked by an unqualified identifier (not part of a multi-part path), it is first looked up in textual scoping. If this does not yield any results, then it is looked up in path-based scoping. If the macro's name is qualified with a path, then it is only looked up in path-based scoping.</p>
+<div class="highlight"><table class="highlighttable"><tr><th colspan="2" class="filename"><span class="filename">Rust</span></th></tr><tr><td class="linenos"><div class="linenodiv"><pre><span></span><span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-2-1">1</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-2-2">2</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-2-3">3</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-2-4">4</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-2-5">5</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-2-6">6</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-2-7">7</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-2-8">8</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-2-9">9</a></span></pre></div></td><td class="code"><div><pre><span></span><code><a id="__codelineno-2-1" name="__codelineno-2-1"></a><span class="k">use</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="n">lazy_static</span><span class="p">::</span><span class="n">lazy_static</span><span class="p">;</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="c1">// path-based import.</span>
+<a id="__codelineno-2-2" name="__codelineno-2-2"></a>
+<a id="__codelineno-2-3" name="__codelineno-2-3"></a><span class="c1">// local textual definition.</span>
+<a id="__codelineno-2-4" name="__codelineno-2-4"></a><span class="fm">macro_rules!</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="n">lazy_static</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="p">{</span>
+<a id="__codelineno-2-5" name="__codelineno-2-5"></a><span class="w">    </span><span class="p">(</span><span class="n">lazy</span><span class="p">)</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="o">=&gt;</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="p">{};</span>
+<a id="__codelineno-2-6" name="__codelineno-2-6"></a><span class="p">}</span>
+<a id="__codelineno-2-7" name="__codelineno-2-7"></a>
+<a id="__codelineno-2-8" name="__codelineno-2-8"></a><span class="n">lazy_static</span><span class="o">!</span><span class="p">{</span><span class="n">lazy</span><span class="p">}</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="c1">// textual lookup finds local macro first.</span>
+<a id="__codelineno-2-9" name="__codelineno-2-9"></a><span class="bp">self</span><span class="p">::</span><span class="n">lazy_static</span><span class="o">!</span><span class="p">{}</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="c1">// path-based lookup ignores local macro, finds imported one.</span>
+</code></pre></div></td></tr></table></div>
+<blockquote>
+<p><strong>Note</strong>: It is not an error to define a macro multiple times; the most recent declaration will shadow the previous one unless it has gone out of scope.</p>
+</blockquote>
+<h3 id="the-macro_use-attribute">The <code>macro_use</code> attribute</h3>
+<p>The <code>macro_use</code> attribute has two purposes. First, it can be used to make a module's macro scope not end when the module is closed, by applying it to a module:</p>
+<div class="highlight"><table class="highlighttable"><tr><th colspan="2" class="filename"><span class="filename">Rust</span></th></tr><tr><td class="linenos"><div class="linenodiv"><pre><span></span><span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-3-1">1</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-3-2">2</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-3-3">3</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-3-4">4</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-3-5">5</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-3-6">6</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-3-7">7</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-3-8">8</a></span></pre></div></td><td class="code"><div><pre><span></span><code><a id="__codelineno-3-1" name="__codelineno-3-1"></a><span class="cp">#[macro_use]</span>
+<a id="__codelineno-3-2" name="__codelineno-3-2"></a><span class="k">mod</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="nn">inner</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="p">{</span>
+<a id="__codelineno-3-3" name="__codelineno-3-3"></a><span class="w">    </span><span class="fm">macro_rules!</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="n">m</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="p">{</span>
+<a id="__codelineno-3-4" name="__codelineno-3-4"></a><span class="w">        </span><span class="p">()</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="o">=&gt;</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="p">{};</span>
+<a id="__codelineno-3-5" name="__codelineno-3-5"></a><span class="w">    </span><span class="p">}</span>
+<a id="__codelineno-3-6" name="__codelineno-3-6"></a><span class="p">}</span>
+<a id="__codelineno-3-7" name="__codelineno-3-7"></a>
+<a id="__codelineno-3-8" name="__codelineno-3-8"></a><span class="n">m</span><span class="o">!</span><span class="p">();</span>
+</code></pre></div></td></tr></table></div>
+<p>Second, it can be used to import macros from another crate, by attaching it to an extern crate declaration appearing in the crate's root module. Macros imported this way are imported into the <code>macro_use</code> prelude, not textually, which means that they can be shadowed by any other name.</p>
+<p>While macros imported by <code>#[macro_use]</code> can be used before the import statement, in case of a conflict, the last macro imported wins. Optionally, a list of macros to import can be specified using the <a href="https://doc.rust-lang.org/reference/attributes.html#meta-item-attribute-syntax"><code>MetaListIdents</code></a> syntax; this is not supported when <code>#[macro_use]</code> is applied to a module.</p>
+<div class="highlight"><table class="highlighttable"><tr><th colspan="2" class="filename"><span class="filename">Rust</span></th></tr><tr><td class="linenos"><div class="linenodiv"><pre><span></span><span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-4-1">1</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-4-2">2</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-4-3">3</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-4-4">4</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-4-5">5</a></span></pre></div></td><td class="code"><div><pre><span></span><code><a id="__codelineno-4-1" name="__codelineno-4-1"></a><span class="p">#</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="p">[</span><span class="n">macro_use</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="n">lazy_static</span><span class="p">)]</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="c1">// or #[macro_use] to import all macros.</span>
+<a id="__codelineno-4-2" name="__codelineno-4-2"></a><span class="k">extern</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="k">crate</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="n">lazy_static</span><span class="p">;</span>
+<a id="__codelineno-4-3" name="__codelineno-4-3"></a>
+<a id="__codelineno-4-4" name="__codelineno-4-4"></a><span class="n">lazy_static</span><span class="o">!</span><span class="p">{}</span>
+<a id="__codelineno-4-5" name="__codelineno-4-5"></a><span class="bp">self</span><span class="p">::</span><span class="n">lazy_static</span><span class="o">!</span><span class="p">{}</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="c1">// Error: lazy_static is not defined in `self`</span>
+</code></pre></div></td></tr></table></div>
+<blockquote>
+<p><strong>Note</strong>: Macros to be imported with <code>#[macro_use]</code> must be exported with <code>#[macro_export]</code>.</p>
+</blockquote>
+<h3 id="the-macro_export-attribute">The <code>macro_export</code> attribute</h3>
+<p>By default, a macro has no path-based scope. However, if it has the <code>#[macro_export]</code> attribute, then it is declared in the crate root scope and can be referred to normally.</p>
+<div class="highlight"><table class="highlighttable"><tr><th colspan="2" class="filename"><span class="filename">Rust</span></th></tr><tr><td class="linenos"><div class="linenodiv"><pre><span></span><span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-5-1"> 1</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-5-2"> 2</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-5-3"> 3</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-5-4"> 4</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-5-5"> 5</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-5-6"> 6</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-5-7"> 7</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-5-8"> 8</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-5-9"> 9</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-5-10">10</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-5-11">11</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-5-12">12</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-5-13">13</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-5-14">14</a></span></pre></div></td><td class="code"><div><pre><span></span><code><a id="__codelineno-5-1" name="__codelineno-5-1"></a><span class="bp">self</span><span class="p">::</span><span class="n">m</span><span class="o">!</span><span class="p">();</span>
+<a id="__codelineno-5-2" name="__codelineno-5-2"></a><span class="n">m</span><span class="o">!</span><span class="p">();</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="c1">// OK: Path-based lookup finds m in the current module.</span>
+<a id="__codelineno-5-3" name="__codelineno-5-3"></a>
+<a id="__codelineno-5-4" name="__codelineno-5-4"></a><span class="k">mod</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="nn">inner</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="p">{</span>
+<a id="__codelineno-5-5" name="__codelineno-5-5"></a><span class="w">    </span><span class="k">super</span><span class="p">::</span><span class="n">m</span><span class="o">!</span><span class="p">();</span>
+<a id="__codelineno-5-6" name="__codelineno-5-6"></a><span class="w">    </span><span class="k">crate</span><span class="p">::</span><span class="n">m</span><span class="o">!</span><span class="p">();</span>
+<a id="__codelineno-5-7" name="__codelineno-5-7"></a><span class="p">}</span>
+<a id="__codelineno-5-8" name="__codelineno-5-8"></a>
+<a id="__codelineno-5-9" name="__codelineno-5-9"></a><span class="k">mod</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="nn">mac</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="p">{</span>
+<a id="__codelineno-5-10" name="__codelineno-5-10"></a><span class="w">    </span><span class="cp">#[macro_export]</span>
+<a id="__codelineno-5-11" name="__codelineno-5-11"></a><span class="w">    </span><span class="fm">macro_rules!</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="n">m</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="p">{</span>
+<a id="__codelineno-5-12" name="__codelineno-5-12"></a><span class="w">        </span><span class="p">()</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="o">=&gt;</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="p">{};</span>
+<a id="__codelineno-5-13" name="__codelineno-5-13"></a><span class="w">    </span><span class="p">}</span>
+<a id="__codelineno-5-14" name="__codelineno-5-14"></a><span class="p">}</span>
+</code></pre></div></td></tr></table></div>
+<blockquote>
+<p><strong>Note</strong>: Macros labeled with <code>#[macro_export]</code> are always pub and can be referred to by other crates, either by path or by <code>#[macro_use]</code>.</p>
+</blockquote>
+<h3 id="follow-set-ambiguity-restrictions"><a href="https://doc.rust-lang.org/reference/macro-ambiguity.html">Follow-set Ambiguity Restrictions</a></h3>
+<p>The parser used by the macro system is reasonably powerful, but it is limited in order to prevent ambiguity in current or future versions of the language.</p>
+<p>In particular, in addition to the rule about ambiguous expansions, a nonterminal matched by a metavariable must be followed by a token which has been decided can be safely used after that kind of match.</p>
+<p>The specific rules are:</p>
+<ul>
+<li><code>expr</code> and <code>stmt</code> may only be followed by one of: <code>=&gt;</code>, <code>,</code>, or <code>;</code>.</li>
+<li><code>pat</code> may only be followed by one of: <code>=&gt;</code>, <code>,</code>, <code>=</code>, <code>if</code>, or <code>in</code>.</li>
+<li><code>path</code> and <code>ty</code> may only be followed by one of: <code>=&gt;</code>, <code>,</code>, <code>=</code>, <code>|</code>, <code>;</code>, <code>:</code>, <code>&gt;</code>, <code>&gt;&gt;</code>, <code>[</code>, <code>{</code>, <code>as</code>, <code>where</code>, or a macro variable of block fragment specifier.</li>
+<li><code>vis</code> may only be followed by one of: <code>,</code>, an identifier other than a non-raw priv, any token that can begin a type, or a metavariable with a <code>ident</code>, <code>ty</code>, or <code>path</code> fragment specifier.</li>
+</ul>
+<p>All other fragment specifiers have no restrictions.</p>
+<p>When repetitions are involved, then the rules apply to every possible number of expansions, taking separators into account. This means:</p>
+<ul>
+<li>If the repetition includes a separator, that separator must be able to follow the contents of the repetition.</li>
+<li>If the repetition can repeat multiple times (<code>*</code> or <code>+</code>), then the contents must be able to follow themselves.</li>
+<li>The contents of the repetition must be able to follow whatever comes before, and whatever comes after must be able to follow the contents of the repetition.</li>
+<li>If the repetition can match zero times (<code>*</code> or <code>?</code>), then whatever comes after must be able to follow whatever comes before.</li>
+</ul>
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+    Markdown
+  </span>
+  
+
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+    </li>
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+
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+    <li class="md-nav__item">
+      <a href="../css/css.html" class="md-nav__link">
+        
+  
+  <span class="md-ellipsis">
+    CSS
+  </span>
+  
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+    </li>
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+  
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+    <li class="md-nav__item">
+      <a href="../c/c.html" class="md-nav__link">
+        
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+  <span class="md-ellipsis">
+    C
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+    <li class="md-nav__item">
+      <a href="../kotlin/kotlin.html" class="md-nav__link">
+        
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+  <span class="md-ellipsis">
+    Kotlin
+  </span>
+  
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+    <li class="md-nav__item">
+      <a href="../swift/swift.html" class="md-nav__link">
+        
+  
+  <span class="md-ellipsis">
+    Swift
+  </span>
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+    </li>
+  
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+              
+            
+              
+                
+  
+  
+  
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+        
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+        
+          
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+          <label class="md-nav__link" for="__nav_4_7" id="__nav_4_7_label" tabindex="">
+            
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+  <span class="md-ellipsis">
+    Assembly
+  </span>
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+          </label>
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+      <a href="../assembly/intel.html" class="md-nav__link">
+        
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+    Intel
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+    <li class="md-nav__item">
+      <a href="../assembly/riscv.html" class="md-nav__link">
+        
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+      <a href="../python/python.html" class="md-nav__link">
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+  
+    
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+        
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+        
+      
+        
+      
+        
+      
+        
+      
+        
+      
+        
+      
+        
+      
+        
+      
+        
+      
+        
+      
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+      
+    
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+          </label>
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+    <li class="md-nav__item">
+      <a href="../python/modules/argparse.html" class="md-nav__link">
+        
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+  <span class="md-ellipsis">
+    argparse
+  </span>
+  
+
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+    </li>
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+
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+            
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+  
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+  
+  
+    <li class="md-nav__item">
+      <a href="../python/modules/collections.html" class="md-nav__link">
+        
+  
+  <span class="md-ellipsis">
+    collection
+  </span>
+  
+
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+    </li>
+  
+
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+  
+  
+  
+  
+    <li class="md-nav__item">
+      <a href="../python/modules/csv.html" class="md-nav__link">
+        
+  
+  <span class="md-ellipsis">
+    csv
+  </span>
+  
+
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+    </li>
+  
+
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+            
+              
+                
+  
+  
+  
+  
+    <li class="md-nav__item">
+      <a href="../python/modules/ftplib.html" class="md-nav__link">
+        
+  
+  <span class="md-ellipsis">
+    ftplib
+  </span>
+  
+
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+    </li>
+  
+
+              
+            
+              
+                
+  
+  
+  
+  
+    <li class="md-nav__item">
+      <a href="../python/modules/itertools.html" class="md-nav__link">
+        
+  
+  <span class="md-ellipsis">
+    itertools
+  </span>
+  
+
+      </a>
+    </li>
+  
+
+              
+            
+              
+                
+  
+  
+  
+  
+    <li class="md-nav__item">
+      <a href="../python/modules/json.html" class="md-nav__link">
+        
+  
+  <span class="md-ellipsis">
+    json
+  </span>
+  
+
+      </a>
+    </li>
+  
+
+              
+            
+              
+                
+  
+  
+  
+  
+    <li class="md-nav__item">
+      <a href="../python/modules/logging.html" class="md-nav__link">
+        
+  
+  <span class="md-ellipsis">
+    logging
+  </span>
+  
+
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+    </li>
+  
+
+              
+            
+              
+                
+  
+  
+  
+  
+    <li class="md-nav__item">
+      <a href="../python/modules/shutil.html" class="md-nav__link">
+        
+  
+  <span class="md-ellipsis">
+    shutil
+  </span>
+  
+
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+    </li>
+  
+
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+            
+              
+                
+  
+  
+  
+  
+    <li class="md-nav__item">
+      <a href="../python/modules/smtplib.html" class="md-nav__link">
+        
+  
+  <span class="md-ellipsis">
+    smtplib
+  </span>
+  
+
+      </a>
+    </li>
+  
+
+              
+            
+              
+                
+  
+  
+  
+  
+    <li class="md-nav__item">
+      <a href="../python/modules/socket.html" class="md-nav__link">
+        
+  
+  <span class="md-ellipsis">
+    socket
+  </span>
+  
+
+      </a>
+    </li>
+  
+
+              
+            
+              
+                
+  
+  
+  
+  
+    <li class="md-nav__item">
+      <a href="../python/modules/sqlite.html" class="md-nav__link">
+        
+  
+  <span class="md-ellipsis">
+    sqlite
+  </span>
+  
+
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+    </li>
+  
+
+              
+            
+              
+                
+  
+  
+  
+  
+    <li class="md-nav__item">
+      <a href="../python/modules/time-datetime.html" class="md-nav__link">
+        
+  
+  <span class="md-ellipsis">
+    time & datetime
+  </span>
+  
+
+      </a>
+    </li>
+  
+
+              
+            
+              
+                
+  
+  
+  
+  
+    <li class="md-nav__item">
+      <a href="../python/modules/unittest.html" class="md-nav__link">
+        
+  
+  <span class="md-ellipsis">
+    unittest
+  </span>
+  
+
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+    </li>
+  
+
+              
+            
+          </ul>
+        </nav>
+      
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+        
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+        
+      
+        
+      
+        
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+        
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+        
+      
+    
+    
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+      
+        
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+            
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+  <span class="md-ellipsis">
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+  </span>
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+    <li class="md-nav__item">
+      <a href="../python/libs/tkinter.html" class="md-nav__link">
+        
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+  <span class="md-ellipsis">
+    TKinter
+  </span>
+  
+
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+  
+
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+              
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+  
+  
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+    <li class="md-nav__item">
+      <a href="../python/libs/numpy.html" class="md-nav__link">
+        
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+  </span>
+  
+
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+    <li class="md-nav__item">
+      <a href="../python/libs/pandas.html" class="md-nav__link">
+        
+  
+  <span class="md-ellipsis">
+    Pandas
+  </span>
+  
+
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+  
+
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+                
+  
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+    <li class="md-nav__item">
+      <a href="../python/libs/seaborn.html" class="md-nav__link">
+        
+  
+  <span class="md-ellipsis">
+    Seaborn
+  </span>
+  
+
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+    </li>
+  
+
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+            
+              
+                
+  
+  
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+      <a href="../python/libs/requests.html" class="md-nav__link">
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+    Requests
+  </span>
+  
+
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+
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+    <li class="md-nav__item">
+      <a href="../python/libs/beautiful-soup.html" class="md-nav__link">
+        
+  
+  <span class="md-ellipsis">
+    Beatiful Soup
+  </span>
+  
+
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+    </li>
+  
+
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+            
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+        </nav>
+      
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+  </span>
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+      <a href="../dotnet/csharp/collections.html" class="md-nav__link">
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+      <a href="../dotnet/csharp/reactive-extensions.html" class="md-nav__link">
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+  
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+      <a href="../dotnet/csharp/async-programming.html" class="md-nav__link">
+        
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+    Async Programming
+  </span>
+  
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+      <a href="../dotnet/csharp/unit-tests.html" class="md-nav__link">
+        
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+  <span class="md-ellipsis">
+    Unit Tests
+  </span>
+  
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+  
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+        </nav>
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+        
+      
+        
+      
+        
+      
+        
+      
+        
+      
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+        
+      
+    
+    
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+      
+        
+      
+    
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+    ASP.NET
+  </span>
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+      <a href="../dotnet/asp.net/minimal-api.html" class="md-nav__link">
+        
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+  <span class="md-ellipsis">
+    Minimal API
+  </span>
+  
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+      <a href="../dotnet/asp.net/filters.html" class="md-nav__link">
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+  
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+      <a href="../dotnet/asp.net/middleware.html" class="md-nav__link">
+        
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+  <span class="md-ellipsis">
+    Middleware
+  </span>
+  
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+      <a href="../dotnet/asp.net/razor-syntax.html" class="md-nav__link">
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+  <span class="md-ellipsis">
+    Razor Syntax
+  </span>
+  
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+  
+
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+  
+    <li class="md-nav__item">
+      <a href="../dotnet/asp.net/blazor.html" class="md-nav__link">
+        
+  
+  <span class="md-ellipsis">
+    Blazor
+  </span>
+  
+
+      </a>
+    </li>
+  
+
+              
+            
+              
+                
+  
+  
+  
+  
+    <li class="md-nav__item">
+      <a href="../dotnet/asp.net/signalr.html" class="md-nav__link">
+        
+  
+  <span class="md-ellipsis">
+    SignalR
+  </span>
+  
+
+      </a>
+    </li>
+  
+
+              
+            
+              
+                
+  
+  
+  
+  
+    <li class="md-nav__item">
+      <a href="../dotnet/asp.net/web-forms.html" class="md-nav__link">
+        
+  
+  <span class="md-ellipsis">
+    Web Forms
+  </span>
+  
+
+      </a>
+    </li>
+  
+
+              
+            
+          </ul>
+        </nav>
+      
+    </li>
+  
+
+              
+            
+              
+                
+  
+  
+  
+  
+    
+    
+      
+        
+      
+        
+      
+    
+    
+      
+      
+        
+      
+    
+    
+    <li class="md-nav__item md-nav__item--nested">
+      
+        
+        
+        <input class="md-nav__toggle md-toggle " type="checkbox" id="__nav_4_9_3" >
+        
+          
+          <label class="md-nav__link" for="__nav_4_9_3" id="__nav_4_9_3_label" tabindex="0">
+            
+  
+  <span class="md-ellipsis">
+    Database
+  </span>
+  
+
+            <span class="md-nav__icon md-icon"></span>
+          </label>
+        
+        <nav class="md-nav" data-md-level="3" aria-labelledby="__nav_4_9_3_label" aria-expanded="false">
+          <label class="md-nav__title" for="__nav_4_9_3">
+            <span class="md-nav__icon md-icon"></span>
+            Database
+          </label>
+          <ul class="md-nav__list" data-md-scrollfix>
+            
+              
+                
+  
+  
+  
+  
+    <li class="md-nav__item">
+      <a href="../dotnet/database/ado.net.html" class="md-nav__link">
+        
+  
+  <span class="md-ellipsis">
+    ADO.NET
+  </span>
+  
+
+      </a>
+    </li>
+  
+
+              
+            
+              
+                
+  
+  
+  
+  
+    <li class="md-nav__item">
+      <a href="../dotnet/database/entity-framework.html" class="md-nav__link">
+        
+  
+  <span class="md-ellipsis">
+    Entity Framework
+  </span>
+  
+
+      </a>
+    </li>
+  
+
+              
+            
+          </ul>
+        </nav>
+      
+    </li>
+  
+
+              
+            
+          </ul>
+        </nav>
+      
+    </li>
+  
+
+              
+            
+              
+                
+  
+  
+  
+  
+    
+    
+      
+        
+      
+        
+      
+        
+      
+        
+      
+    
+    
+      
+      
+        
+          
+          
+        
+      
+    
+    
+    <li class="md-nav__item md-nav__item--section md-nav__item--nested">
+      
+        
+        
+        <input class="md-nav__toggle md-toggle " type="checkbox" id="__nav_4_10" >
+        
+          
+          <label class="md-nav__link" for="__nav_4_10" id="__nav_4_10_label" tabindex="">
+            
+  
+  <span class="md-ellipsis">
+    Java
+  </span>
+  
+
+            <span class="md-nav__icon md-icon"></span>
+          </label>
+        
+        <nav class="md-nav" data-md-level="2" aria-labelledby="__nav_4_10_label" aria-expanded="false">
+          <label class="md-nav__title" for="__nav_4_10">
+            <span class="md-nav__icon md-icon"></span>
+            Java
+          </label>
+          <ul class="md-nav__list" data-md-scrollfix>
+            
+              
+                
+  
+  
+  
+  
+    <li class="md-nav__item">
+      <a href="../java/java.html" class="md-nav__link">
+        
+  
+  <span class="md-ellipsis">
+    Java
+  </span>
+  
+
+      </a>
+    </li>
+  
+
+              
+            
+              
+                
+  
+  
+  
+  
+    <li class="md-nav__item">
+      <a href="../java/java-collection-framework.html" class="md-nav__link">
+        
+  
+  <span class="md-ellipsis">
+    Java Collection Framework
+  </span>
+  
+
+      </a>
+    </li>
+  
+
+              
+            
+              
+                
+  
+  
+  
+  
+    <li class="md-nav__item">
+      <a href="../java/dao.html" class="md-nav__link">
+        
+  
+  <span class="md-ellipsis">
+    DAO
+  </span>
+  
+
+      </a>
+    </li>
+  
+
+              
+            
+              
+                
+  
+  
+  
+  
+    
+    
+      
+        
+      
+        
+      
+    
+    
+      
+      
+        
+      
+    
+    
+    <li class="md-nav__item md-nav__item--nested">
+      
+        
+        
+        <input class="md-nav__toggle md-toggle " type="checkbox" id="__nav_4_10_4" >
+        
+          
+          <label class="md-nav__link" for="__nav_4_10_4" id="__nav_4_10_4_label" tabindex="0">
+            
+  
+  <span class="md-ellipsis">
+    Web
+  </span>
+  
+
+            <span class="md-nav__icon md-icon"></span>
+          </label>
+        
+        <nav class="md-nav" data-md-level="3" aria-labelledby="__nav_4_10_4_label" aria-expanded="false">
+          <label class="md-nav__title" for="__nav_4_10_4">
+            <span class="md-nav__icon md-icon"></span>
+            Web
+          </label>
+          <ul class="md-nav__list" data-md-scrollfix>
+            
+              
+                
+  
+  
+  
+  
+    <li class="md-nav__item">
+      <a href="../java/web/servlet.html" class="md-nav__link">
+        
+  
+  <span class="md-ellipsis">
+    Serverlet
+  </span>
+  
+
+      </a>
+    </li>
+  
+
+              
+            
+              
+                
+  
+  
+  
+  
+    
+    
+      
+        
+      
+        
+      
+    
+    
+      
+      
+        
+      
+    
+    
+    <li class="md-nav__item md-nav__item--nested">
+      
+        
+        
+        <input class="md-nav__toggle md-toggle " type="checkbox" id="__nav_4_10_4_2" >
+        
+          
+          <label class="md-nav__link" for="__nav_4_10_4_2" id="__nav_4_10_4_2_label" tabindex="0">
+            
+  
+  <span class="md-ellipsis">
+    Spring
+  </span>
+  
+
+            <span class="md-nav__icon md-icon"></span>
+          </label>
+        
+        <nav class="md-nav" data-md-level="4" aria-labelledby="__nav_4_10_4_2_label" aria-expanded="false">
+          <label class="md-nav__title" for="__nav_4_10_4_2">
+            <span class="md-nav__icon md-icon"></span>
+            Spring
+          </label>
+          <ul class="md-nav__list" data-md-scrollfix>
+            
+              
+                
+  
+  
+  
+  
+    <li class="md-nav__item">
+      <a href="../java/spring/pom.xml.html" class="md-nav__link">
+        
+  
+  <span class="md-ellipsis">
+    POM
+  </span>
+  
+
+      </a>
+    </li>
+  
+
+              
+            
+              
+                
+  
+  
+  
+  
+    <li class="md-nav__item">
+      <a href="../java/spring/spring-project.html" class="md-nav__link">
+        
+  
+  <span class="md-ellipsis">
+    Project Structure
+  </span>
+  
+
+      </a>
+    </li>
+  
+
+              
+            
+          </ul>
+        </nav>
+      
+    </li>
+  
+
+              
+            
+          </ul>
+        </nav>
+      
+    </li>
+  
+
+              
+            
+          </ul>
+        </nav>
+      
+    </li>
+  
+
+              
+            
+              
+                
+  
+  
+  
+  
+    
+    
+      
+        
+      
+        
+      
+        
+      
+        
+      
+        
+      
+        
+      
+        
+      
+        
+      
+        
+      
+    
+    
+      
+      
+        
+          
+          
+        
+      
+    
+    
+    <li class="md-nav__item md-nav__item--section md-nav__item--nested">
+      
+        
+        
+        <input class="md-nav__toggle md-toggle " type="checkbox" id="__nav_4_11" >
+        
+          
+          <label class="md-nav__link" for="__nav_4_11" id="__nav_4_11_label" tabindex="">
+            
+  
+  <span class="md-ellipsis">
+    PHP
+  </span>
+  
+
+            <span class="md-nav__icon md-icon"></span>
+          </label>
+        
+        <nav class="md-nav" data-md-level="2" aria-labelledby="__nav_4_11_label" aria-expanded="false">
+          <label class="md-nav__title" for="__nav_4_11">
+            <span class="md-nav__icon md-icon"></span>
+            PHP
+          </label>
+          <ul class="md-nav__list" data-md-scrollfix>
+            
+              
+                
+  
+  
+  
+  
+    <li class="md-nav__item">
+      <a href="../php/php.html" class="md-nav__link">
+        
+  
+  <span class="md-ellipsis">
+    PHP
+  </span>
+  
+
+      </a>
+    </li>
+  
+
+              
+            
+              
+                
+  
+  
+  
+  
+    <li class="md-nav__item">
+      <a href="../php/database.html" class="md-nav__link">
+        
+  
+  <span class="md-ellipsis">
+    Database
+  </span>
+  
+
+      </a>
+    </li>
+  
+
+              
+            
+              
+                
+  
+  
+  
+  
+    <li class="md-nav__item">
+      <a href="../php/web.html" class="md-nav__link">
+        
+  
+  <span class="md-ellipsis">
+    Web
+  </span>
+  
+
+      </a>
+    </li>
+  
+
+              
+            
+              
+                
+  
+  
+  
+  
+    <li class="md-nav__item">
+      <a href="../php/dependency-injection.html" class="md-nav__link">
+        
+  
+  <span class="md-ellipsis">
+    Dependency Injection
+  </span>
+  
+
+      </a>
+    </li>
+  
+
+              
+            
+              
+                
+  
+  
+  
+  
+    <li class="md-nav__item">
+      <a href="../php/unit-tests.html" class="md-nav__link">
+        
+  
+  <span class="md-ellipsis">
+    Unit Tests
+  </span>
+  
+
+      </a>
+    </li>
+  
+
+              
+            
+              
+                
+  
+  
+  
+  
+    <li class="md-nav__item">
+      <a href="../php/composer.html" class="md-nav__link">
+        
+  
+  <span class="md-ellipsis">
+    Composer
+  </span>
+  
+
+      </a>
+    </li>
+  
+
+              
+            
+              
+                
+  
+  
+  
+  
+    <li class="md-nav__item">
+      <a href="../php/psr-7.html" class="md-nav__link">
+        
+  
+  <span class="md-ellipsis">
+    PSR 7
+  </span>
+  
+
+      </a>
+    </li>
+  
+
+              
+            
+              
+                
+  
+  
+  
+  
+    <li class="md-nav__item">
+      <a href="../php/plates-templating.html" class="md-nav__link">
+        
+  
+  <span class="md-ellipsis">
+    Plates
+  </span>
+  
+
+      </a>
+    </li>
+  
+
+              
+            
+              
+                
+  
+  
+  
+  
+    
+    
+      
+        
+      
+        
+      
+    
+    
+      
+      
+        
+      
+    
+    
+    <li class="md-nav__item md-nav__item--nested">
+      
+        
+        
+        <input class="md-nav__toggle md-toggle " type="checkbox" id="__nav_4_11_9" >
+        
+          
+          <label class="md-nav__link" for="__nav_4_11_9" id="__nav_4_11_9_label" tabindex="0">
+            
+  
+  <span class="md-ellipsis">
+    Simple MVC
+  </span>
+  
+
+            <span class="md-nav__icon md-icon"></span>
+          </label>
+        
+        <nav class="md-nav" data-md-level="3" aria-labelledby="__nav_4_11_9_label" aria-expanded="false">
+          <label class="md-nav__title" for="__nav_4_11_9">
+            <span class="md-nav__icon md-icon"></span>
+            Simple MVC
+          </label>
+          <ul class="md-nav__list" data-md-scrollfix>
+            
+              
+                
+  
+  
+  
+  
+    <li class="md-nav__item">
+      <a href="../php/simple-mvc/simple-mvc.html" class="md-nav__link">
+        
+  
+  <span class="md-ellipsis">
+    Simple MVC
+  </span>
+  
+
+      </a>
+    </li>
+  
+
+              
+            
+              
+                
+  
+  
+  
+  
+    <li class="md-nav__item">
+      <a href="../php/simple-mvc/rest-api.html" class="md-nav__link">
+        
+  
+  <span class="md-ellipsis">
+    REST API
+  </span>
+  
+
+      </a>
+    </li>
+  
+
+              
+            
+          </ul>
+        </nav>
+      
+    </li>
+  
+
+              
+            
+          </ul>
+        </nav>
+      
+    </li>
+  
+
+              
+            
+              
+                
+  
+  
+    
+  
+  
+  
+    
+    
+      
+        
+      
+        
+      
+        
+      
+        
+      
+        
+      
+    
+    
+      
+      
+        
+          
+          
+        
+      
+    
+    
+    <li class="md-nav__item md-nav__item--active md-nav__item--section md-nav__item--nested">
+      
+        
+        
+        <input class="md-nav__toggle md-toggle " type="checkbox" id="__nav_4_12" checked>
+        
+          
+          <label class="md-nav__link" for="__nav_4_12" id="__nav_4_12_label" tabindex="">
+            
+  
+  <span class="md-ellipsis">
+    Rust
+  </span>
+  
+
+            <span class="md-nav__icon md-icon"></span>
+          </label>
+        
+        <nav class="md-nav" data-md-level="2" aria-labelledby="__nav_4_12_label" aria-expanded="true">
+          <label class="md-nav__title" for="__nav_4_12">
+            <span class="md-nav__icon md-icon"></span>
+            Rust
+          </label>
+          <ul class="md-nav__list" data-md-scrollfix>
+            
+              
+                
+  
+  
+    
+  
+  
+  
+    <li class="md-nav__item md-nav__item--active">
+      
+      <input class="md-nav__toggle md-toggle" type="checkbox" id="__toc">
+      
+      
+        
+      
+      
+        <label class="md-nav__link md-nav__link--active" for="__toc">
+          
+  
+  <span class="md-ellipsis">
+    Rust
+  </span>
+  
+
+          <span class="md-nav__icon md-icon"></span>
+        </label>
+      
+      <a href="rust.html" class="md-nav__link md-nav__link--active">
+        
+  
+  <span class="md-ellipsis">
+    Rust
+  </span>
+  
+
+      </a>
+      
+        
+
+<nav class="md-nav md-nav--secondary" aria-label="Table of contents">
+  
+  
+  
+    
+  
+  
+    <label class="md-nav__title" for="__toc">
+      <span class="md-nav__icon md-icon"></span>
+      Table of contents
+    </label>
+    <ul class="md-nav__list" data-md-component="toc" data-md-scrollfix>
+      
+        <li class="md-nav__item">
+  <a href="#basics" class="md-nav__link">
+    <span class="md-ellipsis">
+      Basics
+    </span>
+  </a>
+  
+    <nav class="md-nav" aria-label="Basics">
+      <ul class="md-nav__list">
+        
+          <li class="md-nav__item">
+  <a href="#standard-output" class="md-nav__link">
+    <span class="md-ellipsis">
+      Standard Output
+    </span>
+  </a>
+  
+</li>
+        
+          <li class="md-nav__item">
+  <a href="#standard-input" class="md-nav__link">
+    <span class="md-ellipsis">
+      Standard Input
+    </span>
+  </a>
+  
+</li>
+        
+      </ul>
+    </nav>
+  
+</li>
+      
+        <li class="md-nav__item">
+  <a href="#variables-mutability" class="md-nav__link">
+    <span class="md-ellipsis">
+      Variables &amp; Mutability
+    </span>
+  </a>
+  
+    <nav class="md-nav" aria-label="Variables & Mutability">
+      <ul class="md-nav__list">
+        
+          <li class="md-nav__item">
+  <a href="#shadowing" class="md-nav__link">
+    <span class="md-ellipsis">
+      Shadowing
+    </span>
+  </a>
+  
+</li>
+        
+      </ul>
+    </nav>
+  
+</li>
+      
+        <li class="md-nav__item">
+  <a href="#data-types" class="md-nav__link">
+    <span class="md-ellipsis">
+      Data Types
+    </span>
+  </a>
+  
+    <nav class="md-nav" aria-label="Data Types">
+      <ul class="md-nav__list">
+        
+          <li class="md-nav__item">
+  <a href="#integer-types" class="md-nav__link">
+    <span class="md-ellipsis">
+      Integer Types
+    </span>
+  </a>
+  
+    <nav class="md-nav" aria-label="Integer Types">
+      <ul class="md-nav__list">
+        
+          <li class="md-nav__item">
+  <a href="#explicit-mathematical-operations-integers" class="md-nav__link">
+    <span class="md-ellipsis">
+      Explicit Mathematical Operations (Integers)
+    </span>
+  </a>
+  
+</li>
+        
+      </ul>
+    </nav>
+  
+</li>
+        
+          <li class="md-nav__item">
+  <a href="#floating-point-types" class="md-nav__link">
+    <span class="md-ellipsis">
+      Floating-Point Types
+    </span>
+  </a>
+  
+</li>
+        
+          <li class="md-nav__item">
+  <a href="#numeric-byte-literals" class="md-nav__link">
+    <span class="md-ellipsis">
+      Numeric &amp; Byte Literals
+    </span>
+  </a>
+  
+</li>
+        
+          <li class="md-nav__item">
+  <a href="#numeric-operators" class="md-nav__link">
+    <span class="md-ellipsis">
+      Numeric Operators
+    </span>
+  </a>
+  
+</li>
+        
+          <li class="md-nav__item">
+  <a href="#comparison-operators" class="md-nav__link">
+    <span class="md-ellipsis">
+      Comparison Operators
+    </span>
+  </a>
+  
+</li>
+        
+          <li class="md-nav__item">
+  <a href="#boolean-types" class="md-nav__link">
+    <span class="md-ellipsis">
+      Boolean Types
+    </span>
+  </a>
+  
+</li>
+        
+          <li class="md-nav__item">
+  <a href="#bitwise-operators" class="md-nav__link">
+    <span class="md-ellipsis">
+      Bitwise Operators
+    </span>
+  </a>
+  
+</li>
+        
+          <li class="md-nav__item">
+  <a href="#character-types" class="md-nav__link">
+    <span class="md-ellipsis">
+      Character Types
+    </span>
+  </a>
+  
+</li>
+        
+          <li class="md-nav__item">
+  <a href="#string-types" class="md-nav__link">
+    <span class="md-ellipsis">
+      String Types
+    </span>
+  </a>
+  
+</li>
+        
+          <li class="md-nav__item">
+  <a href="#tuple-types" class="md-nav__link">
+    <span class="md-ellipsis">
+      Tuple Types
+    </span>
+  </a>
+  
+</li>
+        
+          <li class="md-nav__item">
+  <a href="#array-types" class="md-nav__link">
+    <span class="md-ellipsis">
+      Array Types
+    </span>
+  </a>
+  
+</li>
+        
+          <li class="md-nav__item">
+  <a href="#slice-types-t-mut-t" class="md-nav__link">
+    <span class="md-ellipsis">
+      Slice Types (&amp;[T], &amp;mut [T])
+    </span>
+  </a>
+  
+</li>
+        
+          <li class="md-nav__item">
+  <a href="#type-aliases" class="md-nav__link">
+    <span class="md-ellipsis">
+      Type Aliases
+    </span>
+  </a>
+  
+</li>
+        
+      </ul>
+    </nav>
+  
+</li>
+      
+        <li class="md-nav__item">
+  <a href="#functions" class="md-nav__link">
+    <span class="md-ellipsis">
+      Functions
+    </span>
+  </a>
+  
+</li>
+      
+        <li class="md-nav__item">
+  <a href="#control-flow" class="md-nav__link">
+    <span class="md-ellipsis">
+      Control Flow
+    </span>
+  </a>
+  
+    <nav class="md-nav" aria-label="Control Flow">
+      <ul class="md-nav__list">
+        
+          <li class="md-nav__item">
+  <a href="#if-else-if-else" class="md-nav__link">
+    <span class="md-ellipsis">
+      if, else-if, else
+    </span>
+  </a>
+  
+</li>
+        
+          <li class="md-nav__item">
+  <a href="#let-if" class="md-nav__link">
+    <span class="md-ellipsis">
+      let if
+    </span>
+  </a>
+  
+</li>
+        
+          <li class="md-nav__item">
+  <a href="#if-let" class="md-nav__link">
+    <span class="md-ellipsis">
+      if-let
+    </span>
+  </a>
+  
+</li>
+        
+          <li class="md-nav__item">
+  <a href="#loop" class="md-nav__link">
+    <span class="md-ellipsis">
+      loop
+    </span>
+  </a>
+  
+</li>
+        
+          <li class="md-nav__item">
+  <a href="#while-while-let" class="md-nav__link">
+    <span class="md-ellipsis">
+      while, while-let
+    </span>
+  </a>
+  
+</li>
+        
+          <li class="md-nav__item">
+  <a href="#for" class="md-nav__link">
+    <span class="md-ellipsis">
+      for
+    </span>
+  </a>
+  
+</li>
+        
+          <li class="md-nav__item">
+  <a href="#range" class="md-nav__link">
+    <span class="md-ellipsis">
+      Range
+    </span>
+  </a>
+  
+</li>
+        
+          <li class="md-nav__item">
+  <a href="#break-continue" class="md-nav__link">
+    <span class="md-ellipsis">
+      break &amp; continue
+    </span>
+  </a>
+  
+</li>
+        
+      </ul>
+    </nav>
+  
+</li>
+      
+        <li class="md-nav__item">
+  <a href="#ownership" class="md-nav__link">
+    <span class="md-ellipsis">
+      Ownership
+    </span>
+  </a>
+  
+    <nav class="md-nav" aria-label="Ownership">
+      <ul class="md-nav__list">
+        
+          <li class="md-nav__item">
+  <a href="#stack-heap" class="md-nav__link">
+    <span class="md-ellipsis">
+      Stack &amp; Heap
+    </span>
+  </a>
+  
+</li>
+        
+          <li class="md-nav__item">
+  <a href="#ownership-rules" class="md-nav__link">
+    <span class="md-ellipsis">
+      Ownership Rules
+    </span>
+  </a>
+  
+</li>
+        
+          <li class="md-nav__item">
+  <a href="#moving-cloning-copying-data" class="md-nav__link">
+    <span class="md-ellipsis">
+      Moving, Cloning &amp; Copying data
+    </span>
+  </a>
+  
+</li>
+        
+          <li class="md-nav__item">
+  <a href="#ownership-functions" class="md-nav__link">
+    <span class="md-ellipsis">
+      Ownership &amp; Functions
+    </span>
+  </a>
+  
+</li>
+        
+          <li class="md-nav__item">
+  <a href="#return-values-scope" class="md-nav__link">
+    <span class="md-ellipsis">
+      Return Values &amp; Scope
+    </span>
+  </a>
+  
+</li>
+        
+          <li class="md-nav__item">
+  <a href="#references-raw-pointers-borrowing" class="md-nav__link">
+    <span class="md-ellipsis">
+      References, Raw Pointers &amp; Borrowing
+    </span>
+  </a>
+  
+</li>
+        
+      </ul>
+    </nav>
+  
+</li>
+      
+        <li class="md-nav__item">
+  <a href="#structs" class="md-nav__link">
+    <span class="md-ellipsis">
+      Structs
+    </span>
+  </a>
+  
+    <nav class="md-nav" aria-label="Structs">
+      <ul class="md-nav__list">
+        
+          <li class="md-nav__item">
+  <a href="#field-init-shorthand" class="md-nav__link">
+    <span class="md-ellipsis">
+      Field Init Shorthand
+    </span>
+  </a>
+  
+</li>
+        
+          <li class="md-nav__item">
+  <a href="#struct-update-syntax" class="md-nav__link">
+    <span class="md-ellipsis">
+      Struct Update Syntax
+    </span>
+  </a>
+  
+</li>
+        
+          <li class="md-nav__item">
+  <a href="#tuple-structs" class="md-nav__link">
+    <span class="md-ellipsis">
+      Tuple Structs
+    </span>
+  </a>
+  
+</li>
+        
+          <li class="md-nav__item">
+  <a href="#struct-printing" class="md-nav__link">
+    <span class="md-ellipsis">
+      Struct Printing
+    </span>
+  </a>
+  
+</li>
+        
+          <li class="md-nav__item">
+  <a href="#associated-functions-type-associated-functions-aka-methods" class="md-nav__link">
+    <span class="md-ellipsis">
+      Associated Functions &amp; Type-Associated Functions (aka Methods)
+    </span>
+  </a>
+  
+</li>
+        
+          <li class="md-nav__item">
+  <a href="#associated-consts" class="md-nav__link">
+    <span class="md-ellipsis">
+      Associated Consts
+    </span>
+  </a>
+  
+</li>
+        
+      </ul>
+    </nav>
+  
+</li>
+      
+        <li class="md-nav__item">
+  <a href="#traits" class="md-nav__link">
+    <span class="md-ellipsis">
+      Traits
+    </span>
+  </a>
+  
+    <nav class="md-nav" aria-label="Traits">
+      <ul class="md-nav__list">
+        
+          <li class="md-nav__item">
+  <a href="#fully-qualified-method-calls" class="md-nav__link">
+    <span class="md-ellipsis">
+      Fully Qualified Method Calls
+    </span>
+  </a>
+  
+</li>
+        
+          <li class="md-nav__item">
+  <a href="#derive-traits" class="md-nav__link">
+    <span class="md-ellipsis">
+      Derive Traits
+    </span>
+  </a>
+  
+</li>
+        
+          <li class="md-nav__item">
+  <a href="#trait-bounds" class="md-nav__link">
+    <span class="md-ellipsis">
+      Trait Bounds
+    </span>
+  </a>
+  
+</li>
+        
+          <li class="md-nav__item">
+  <a href="#trait-extensions" class="md-nav__link">
+    <span class="md-ellipsis">
+      Trait Extensions
+    </span>
+  </a>
+  
+</li>
+        
+          <li class="md-nav__item">
+  <a href="#generic-structs-methods" class="md-nav__link">
+    <span class="md-ellipsis">
+      Generic Structs &amp; Methods
+    </span>
+  </a>
+  
+</li>
+        
+          <li class="md-nav__item">
+  <a href="#associated-types" class="md-nav__link">
+    <span class="md-ellipsis">
+      Associated Types
+    </span>
+  </a>
+  
+</li>
+        
+          <li class="md-nav__item">
+  <a href="#generic-traits-vs-associated-types" class="md-nav__link">
+    <span class="md-ellipsis">
+      Generic Traits vs Associated Types
+    </span>
+  </a>
+  
+</li>
+        
+          <li class="md-nav__item">
+  <a href="#trait-objects" class="md-nav__link">
+    <span class="md-ellipsis">
+      Trait Objects
+    </span>
+  </a>
+  
+</li>
+        
+      </ul>
+    </nav>
+  
+</li>
+      
+        <li class="md-nav__item">
+  <a href="#lifetimes" class="md-nav__link">
+    <span class="md-ellipsis">
+      Lifetimes
+    </span>
+  </a>
+  
+    <nav class="md-nav" aria-label="Lifetimes">
+      <ul class="md-nav__list">
+        
+          <li class="md-nav__item">
+  <a href="#lifetime-elision-rules" class="md-nav__link">
+    <span class="md-ellipsis">
+      Lifetime Elision Rules
+    </span>
+  </a>
+  
+</li>
+        
+      </ul>
+    </nav>
+  
+</li>
+      
+        <li class="md-nav__item">
+  <a href="#enums" class="md-nav__link">
+    <span class="md-ellipsis">
+      Enums
+    </span>
+  </a>
+  
+    <nav class="md-nav" aria-label="Enums">
+      <ul class="md-nav__list">
+        
+          <li class="md-nav__item">
+  <a href="#match-expressions" class="md-nav__link">
+    <span class="md-ellipsis">
+      Match Expressions
+    </span>
+  </a>
+  
+</li>
+        
+          <li class="md-nav__item">
+  <a href="#pattern-matching" class="md-nav__link">
+    <span class="md-ellipsis">
+      Pattern Matching
+    </span>
+  </a>
+  
+</li>
+        
+      </ul>
+    </nav>
+  
+</li>
+      
+        <li class="md-nav__item">
+  <a href="#error-handling" class="md-nav__link">
+    <span class="md-ellipsis">
+      Error Handling
+    </span>
+  </a>
+  
+    <nav class="md-nav" aria-label="Error Handling">
+      <ul class="md-nav__list">
+        
+          <li class="md-nav__item">
+  <a href="#option-result" class="md-nav__link">
+    <span class="md-ellipsis">
+      Option &amp; Result
+    </span>
+  </a>
+  
+</li>
+        
+          <li class="md-nav__item">
+  <a href="#multiple-error-types" class="md-nav__link">
+    <span class="md-ellipsis">
+      Multiple Error Types
+    </span>
+  </a>
+  
+</li>
+        
+          <li class="md-nav__item">
+  <a href="#custom-error-types" class="md-nav__link">
+    <span class="md-ellipsis">
+      Custom Error Types
+    </span>
+  </a>
+  
+</li>
+        
+      </ul>
+    </nav>
+  
+</li>
+      
+        <li class="md-nav__item">
+  <a href="#collections" class="md-nav__link">
+    <span class="md-ellipsis">
+      Collections
+    </span>
+  </a>
+  
+    <nav class="md-nav" aria-label="Collections">
+      <ul class="md-nav__list">
+        
+          <li class="md-nav__item">
+  <a href="#vector" class="md-nav__link">
+    <span class="md-ellipsis">
+      Vector
+    </span>
+  </a>
+  
+</li>
+        
+          <li class="md-nav__item">
+  <a href="#hashmap" class="md-nav__link">
+    <span class="md-ellipsis">
+      HashMap
+    </span>
+  </a>
+  
+</li>
+        
+      </ul>
+    </nav>
+  
+</li>
+      
+        <li class="md-nav__item">
+  <a href="#closures" class="md-nav__link">
+    <span class="md-ellipsis">
+      Closures
+    </span>
+  </a>
+  
+    <nav class="md-nav" aria-label="Closures">
+      <ul class="md-nav__list">
+        
+          <li class="md-nav__item">
+  <a href="#storing-closures-using-generic-parameters-and-the-fn-traits" class="md-nav__link">
+    <span class="md-ellipsis">
+      Storing Closures Using Generic Parameters and the Fn Traits
+    </span>
+  </a>
+  
+</li>
+        
+          <li class="md-nav__item">
+  <a href="#capturing-the-environment-with-closures" class="md-nav__link">
+    <span class="md-ellipsis">
+      Capturing the Environment with Closures
+    </span>
+  </a>
+  
+</li>
+        
+      </ul>
+    </nav>
+  
+</li>
+      
+        <li class="md-nav__item">
+  <a href="#function-pointers" class="md-nav__link">
+    <span class="md-ellipsis">
+      Function Pointers
+    </span>
+  </a>
+  
+</li>
+      
+        <li class="md-nav__item">
+  <a href="#iterators" class="md-nav__link">
+    <span class="md-ellipsis">
+      Iterators
+    </span>
+  </a>
+  
+    <nav class="md-nav" aria-label="Iterators">
+      <ul class="md-nav__list">
+        
+          <li class="md-nav__item">
+  <a href="#custom-iterators" class="md-nav__link">
+    <span class="md-ellipsis">
+      Custom Iterators
+    </span>
+  </a>
+  
+</li>
+        
+      </ul>
+    </nav>
+  
+</li>
+      
+        <li class="md-nav__item">
+  <a href="#smart-pointers" class="md-nav__link">
+    <span class="md-ellipsis">
+      Smart Pointers
+    </span>
+  </a>
+  
+    <nav class="md-nav" aria-label="Smart Pointers">
+      <ul class="md-nav__list">
+        
+          <li class="md-nav__item">
+  <a href="#using-boxt-to-point-to-data-on-the-heap" class="md-nav__link">
+    <span class="md-ellipsis">
+      Using Box&lt;T&gt; to Point to Data on the Heap
+    </span>
+  </a>
+  
+</li>
+        
+          <li class="md-nav__item">
+  <a href="#deref-trait-deref-coercion" class="md-nav__link">
+    <span class="md-ellipsis">
+      Deref Trait &amp; Deref Coercion
+    </span>
+  </a>
+  
+</li>
+        
+          <li class="md-nav__item">
+  <a href="#drop-trait" class="md-nav__link">
+    <span class="md-ellipsis">
+      Drop Trait
+    </span>
+  </a>
+  
+</li>
+        
+          <li class="md-nav__item">
+  <a href="#rct-arct-multiple-ownership" class="md-nav__link">
+    <span class="md-ellipsis">
+      Rc&lt;T&gt;, Arc&lt;T&gt; &amp; Multiple Ownership
+    </span>
+  </a>
+  
+</li>
+        
+          <li class="md-nav__item">
+  <a href="#refcellt-interior-mutability-pattern" class="md-nav__link">
+    <span class="md-ellipsis">
+      RefCell&lt;T&gt; &amp; Interior Mutability Pattern
+    </span>
+  </a>
+  
+</li>
+        
+          <li class="md-nav__item">
+  <a href="#reference-cycles-can-leak-memory" class="md-nav__link">
+    <span class="md-ellipsis">
+      Reference Cycles Can Leak Memory
+    </span>
+  </a>
+  
+</li>
+        
+      </ul>
+    </nav>
+  
+</li>
+      
+        <li class="md-nav__item">
+  <a href="#files" class="md-nav__link">
+    <span class="md-ellipsis">
+      Files
+    </span>
+  </a>
+  
+    <nav class="md-nav" aria-label="Files">
+      <ul class="md-nav__list">
+        
+          <li class="md-nav__item">
+  <a href="#reading-files" class="md-nav__link">
+    <span class="md-ellipsis">
+      Reading Files
+    </span>
+  </a>
+  
+</li>
+        
+          <li class="md-nav__item">
+  <a href="#writing-files" class="md-nav__link">
+    <span class="md-ellipsis">
+      Writing Files
+    </span>
+  </a>
+  
+</li>
+        
+      </ul>
+    </nav>
+  
+</li>
+      
+        <li class="md-nav__item">
+  <a href="#external-code" class="md-nav__link">
+    <span class="md-ellipsis">
+      External Code
+    </span>
+  </a>
+  
+</li>
+      
+    </ul>
+  
+</nav>
+      
+    </li>
+  
+
+              
+            
+              
+                
+  
+  
+  
+  
+    <li class="md-nav__item">
+      <a href="macros.html" class="md-nav__link">
+        
+  
+  <span class="md-ellipsis">
+    Macros
+  </span>
+  
+
+      </a>
+    </li>
+  
+
+              
+            
+              
+                
+  
+  
+  
+  
+    <li class="md-nav__item">
+      <a href="cargo.html" class="md-nav__link">
+        
+  
+  <span class="md-ellipsis">
+    Cargo
+  </span>
+  
+
+      </a>
+    </li>
+  
+
+              
+            
+              
+                
+  
+  
+  
+  
+    <li class="md-nav__item">
+      <a href="concurrency.html" class="md-nav__link">
+        
+  
+  <span class="md-ellipsis">
+    Concurrency
+  </span>
+  
+
+      </a>
+    </li>
+  
+
+              
+            
+              
+                
+  
+  
+  
+  
+    <li class="md-nav__item">
+      <a href="unit-tests.html" class="md-nav__link">
+        
+  
+  <span class="md-ellipsis">
+    Unit Tests
+  </span>
+  
+
+      </a>
+    </li>
+  
+
+              
+            
+          </ul>
+        </nav>
+      
+    </li>
+  
+
+              
+            
+              
+                
+  
+  
+  
+  
+    
+    
+      
+        
+      
+        
+      
+        
+      
+        
+      
+        
+      
+        
+      
+        
+      
+    
+    
+      
+      
+        
+          
+          
+        
+      
+    
+    
+    <li class="md-nav__item md-nav__item--section md-nav__item--nested">
+      
+        
+        
+        <input class="md-nav__toggle md-toggle " type="checkbox" id="__nav_4_13" >
+        
+          
+          <label class="md-nav__link" for="__nav_4_13" id="__nav_4_13_label" tabindex="">
+            
+  
+  <span class="md-ellipsis">
+    Javascript
+  </span>
+  
+
+            <span class="md-nav__icon md-icon"></span>
+          </label>
+        
+        <nav class="md-nav" data-md-level="2" aria-labelledby="__nav_4_13_label" aria-expanded="false">
+          <label class="md-nav__title" for="__nav_4_13">
+            <span class="md-nav__icon md-icon"></span>
+            Javascript
+          </label>
+          <ul class="md-nav__list" data-md-scrollfix>
+            
+              
+                
+  
+  
+  
+  
+    <li class="md-nav__item">
+      <a href="../javascript/javascript.html" class="md-nav__link">
+        
+  
+  <span class="md-ellipsis">
+    Javascript
+  </span>
+  
+
+      </a>
+    </li>
+  
+
+              
+            
+              
+                
+  
+  
+  
+  
+    <li class="md-nav__item">
+      <a href="../javascript/dom.html" class="md-nav__link">
+        
+  
+  <span class="md-ellipsis">
+    DOM
+  </span>
+  
+
+      </a>
+    </li>
+  
+
+              
+            
+              
+                
+  
+  
+  
+  
+    <li class="md-nav__item">
+      <a href="../javascript/events-animation.html" class="md-nav__link">
+        
+  
+  <span class="md-ellipsis">
+    Events & Animation
+  </span>
+  
+
+      </a>
+    </li>
+  
+
+              
+            
+              
+                
+  
+  
+  
+  
+    <li class="md-nav__item">
+      <a href="../javascript/ajax.html" class="md-nav__link">
+        
+  
+  <span class="md-ellipsis">
+    AJAX
+  </span>
+  
+
+      </a>
+    </li>
+  
+
+              
+            
+              
+                
+  
+  
+  
+  
+    <li class="md-nav__item">
+      <a href="../javascript/jquery.html" class="md-nav__link">
+        
+  
+  <span class="md-ellipsis">
+    jQuery
+  </span>
+  
+
+      </a>
+    </li>
+  
+
+              
+            
+              
+                
+  
+  
+  
+  
+    
+    
+      
+        
+      
+        
+      
+        
+      
+        
+      
+        
+      
+    
+    
+      
+      
+        
+      
+    
+    
+    <li class="md-nav__item md-nav__item--nested">
+      
+        
+        
+        <input class="md-nav__toggle md-toggle " type="checkbox" id="__nav_4_13_6" >
+        
+          
+          <label class="md-nav__link" for="__nav_4_13_6" id="__nav_4_13_6_label" tabindex="0">
+            
+  
+  <span class="md-ellipsis">
+    React
+  </span>
+  
+
+            <span class="md-nav__icon md-icon"></span>
+          </label>
+        
+        <nav class="md-nav" data-md-level="3" aria-labelledby="__nav_4_13_6_label" aria-expanded="false">
+          <label class="md-nav__title" for="__nav_4_13_6">
+            <span class="md-nav__icon md-icon"></span>
+            React
+          </label>
+          <ul class="md-nav__list" data-md-scrollfix>
+            
+              
+                
+  
+  
+  
+  
+    <li class="md-nav__item">
+      <a href="../javascript/react/react.html" class="md-nav__link">
+        
+  
+  <span class="md-ellipsis">
+    React
+  </span>
+  
+
+      </a>
+    </li>
+  
+
+              
+            
+              
+                
+  
+  
+  
+  
+    <li class="md-nav__item">
+      <a href="../javascript/react/react-router.html" class="md-nav__link">
+        
+  
+  <span class="md-ellipsis">
+    React Router
+  </span>
+  
+
+      </a>
+    </li>
+  
+
+              
+            
+              
+                
+  
+  
+  
+  
+    <li class="md-nav__item">
+      <a href="../javascript/react/react-tests.html" class="md-nav__link">
+        
+  
+  <span class="md-ellipsis">
+    React Tests
+  </span>
+  
+
+      </a>
+    </li>
+  
+
+              
+            
+              
+                
+  
+  
+  
+  
+    <li class="md-nav__item">
+      <a href="../javascript/react/redux.html" class="md-nav__link">
+        
+  
+  <span class="md-ellipsis">
+    Redux
+  </span>
+  
+
+      </a>
+    </li>
+  
+
+              
+            
+              
+                
+  
+  
+  
+  
+    <li class="md-nav__item">
+      <a href="../javascript/react/redux-tests.html" class="md-nav__link">
+        
+  
+  <span class="md-ellipsis">
+    Redux Tests
+  </span>
+  
+
+      </a>
+    </li>
+  
+
+              
+            
+          </ul>
+        </nav>
+      
+    </li>
+  
+
+              
+            
+              
+                
+  
+  
+  
+  
+    <li class="md-nav__item">
+      <a href="../javascript/svelte/svelte.html" class="md-nav__link">
+        
+  
+  <span class="md-ellipsis">
+    Svelte
+  </span>
+  
+
+      </a>
+    </li>
+  
+
+              
+            
+          </ul>
+        </nav>
+      
+    </li>
+  
+
+              
+            
+              
+                
+  
+  
+  
+  
+    
+    
+      
+        
+      
+        
+      
+    
+    
+      
+      
+        
+          
+          
+        
+      
+    
+    
+    <li class="md-nav__item md-nav__item--section md-nav__item--nested">
+      
+        
+        
+        <input class="md-nav__toggle md-toggle " type="checkbox" id="__nav_4_14" >
+        
+          
+          <label class="md-nav__link" for="__nav_4_14" id="__nav_4_14_label" tabindex="">
+            
+  
+  <span class="md-ellipsis">
+    PowerShell
+  </span>
+  
+
+            <span class="md-nav__icon md-icon"></span>
+          </label>
+        
+        <nav class="md-nav" data-md-level="2" aria-labelledby="__nav_4_14_label" aria-expanded="false">
+          <label class="md-nav__title" for="__nav_4_14">
+            <span class="md-nav__icon md-icon"></span>
+            PowerShell
+          </label>
+          <ul class="md-nav__list" data-md-scrollfix>
+            
+              
+                
+  
+  
+  
+  
+    <li class="md-nav__item">
+      <a href="../powershell/scripting.html" class="md-nav__link">
+        
+  
+  <span class="md-ellipsis">
+    Scripting
+  </span>
+  
+
+      </a>
+    </li>
+  
+
+              
+            
+              
+                
+  
+  
+  
+  
+    <li class="md-nav__item">
+      <a href="../powershell/commands.html" class="md-nav__link">
+        
+  
+  <span class="md-ellipsis">
+    Commands
+  </span>
+  
+
+      </a>
+    </li>
+  
+
+              
+            
+          </ul>
+        </nav>
+      
+    </li>
+  
+
+              
+            
+              
+                
+  
+  
+  
+  
+    
+    
+      
+        
+      
+        
+      
+    
+    
+      
+      
+        
+          
+          
+        
+      
+    
+    
+    <li class="md-nav__item md-nav__item--section md-nav__item--nested">
+      
+        
+        
+        <input class="md-nav__toggle md-toggle " type="checkbox" id="__nav_4_15" >
+        
+          
+          <label class="md-nav__link" for="__nav_4_15" id="__nav_4_15_label" tabindex="">
+            
+  
+  <span class="md-ellipsis">
+    Bash
+  </span>
+  
+
+            <span class="md-nav__icon md-icon"></span>
+          </label>
+        
+        <nav class="md-nav" data-md-level="2" aria-labelledby="__nav_4_15_label" aria-expanded="false">
+          <label class="md-nav__title" for="__nav_4_15">
+            <span class="md-nav__icon md-icon"></span>
+            Bash
+          </label>
+          <ul class="md-nav__list" data-md-scrollfix>
+            
+              
+                
+  
+  
+  
+  
+    <li class="md-nav__item">
+      <a href="../bash/scripting.html" class="md-nav__link">
+        
+  
+  <span class="md-ellipsis">
+    Scripting
+  </span>
+  
+
+      </a>
+    </li>
+  
+
+              
+            
+              
+                
+  
+  
+  
+  
+    <li class="md-nav__item">
+      <a href="../bash/commands.html" class="md-nav__link">
+        
+  
+  <span class="md-ellipsis">
+    Commands
+  </span>
+  
+
+      </a>
+    </li>
+  
+
+              
+            
+          </ul>
+        </nav>
+      
+    </li>
+  
+
+              
+            
+          </ul>
+        </nav>
+      
+    </li>
+  
+
+    
+      
+      
+  
+  
+  
+  
+    
+    
+      
+        
+      
+        
+      
+        
+      
+        
+      
+        
+      
+    
+    
+      
+      
+        
+      
+    
+    
+    <li class="md-nav__item md-nav__item--nested">
+      
+        
+        
+        <input class="md-nav__toggle md-toggle " type="checkbox" id="__nav_5" >
+        
+          
+          <label class="md-nav__link" for="__nav_5" id="__nav_5_label" tabindex="0">
+            
+  
+  <span class="md-ellipsis">
+    Misc
+  </span>
+  
+
+            <span class="md-nav__icon md-icon"></span>
+          </label>
+        
+        <nav class="md-nav" data-md-level="1" aria-labelledby="__nav_5_label" aria-expanded="false">
+          <label class="md-nav__title" for="__nav_5">
+            <span class="md-nav__icon md-icon"></span>
+            Misc
+          </label>
+          <ul class="md-nav__list" data-md-scrollfix>
+            
+              
+                
+  
+  
+  
+  
+    <li class="md-nav__item">
+      <a href="../../misc/git.html" class="md-nav__link">
+        
+  
+  <span class="md-ellipsis">
+    Git
+  </span>
+  
+
+      </a>
+    </li>
+  
+
+              
+            
+              
+                
+  
+  
+  
+  
+    <li class="md-nav__item">
+      <a href="../../misc/graph-ql.html" class="md-nav__link">
+        
+  
+  <span class="md-ellipsis">
+    GraphQL
+  </span>
+  
+
+      </a>
+    </li>
+  
+
+              
+            
+              
+                
+  
+  
+  
+  
+    <li class="md-nav__item">
+      <a href="../../misc/regular-expressions.html" class="md-nav__link">
+        
+  
+  <span class="md-ellipsis">
+    RegEx
+  </span>
+  
+
+      </a>
+    </li>
+  
+
+              
+            
+              
+                
+  
+  
+  
+  
+    <li class="md-nav__item">
+      <a href="../../misc/ssh.html" class="md-nav__link">
+        
+  
+  <span class="md-ellipsis">
+    SSH
+  </span>
+  
+
+      </a>
+    </li>
+  
+
+              
+            
+              
+                
+  
+  
+  
+  
+    <li class="md-nav__item">
+      <a href="../../misc/web-components.html" class="md-nav__link">
+        
+  
+  <span class="md-ellipsis">
+    WebComponents
+  </span>
+  
+
+      </a>
+    </li>
+  
+
+              
+            
+          </ul>
+        </nav>
+      
+    </li>
+  
+
+    
+      
+      
+  
+  
+  
+  
+    
+    
+      
+        
+      
+        
+      
+    
+    
+      
+      
+        
+      
+    
+    
+    <li class="md-nav__item md-nav__item--nested">
+      
+        
+        
+        <input class="md-nav__toggle md-toggle " type="checkbox" id="__nav_6" >
+        
+          
+          <label class="md-nav__link" for="__nav_6" id="__nav_6_label" tabindex="0">
+            
+  
+  <span class="md-ellipsis">
+    Linux
+  </span>
+  
+
+            <span class="md-nav__icon md-icon"></span>
+          </label>
+        
+        <nav class="md-nav" data-md-level="1" aria-labelledby="__nav_6_label" aria-expanded="false">
+          <label class="md-nav__title" for="__nav_6">
+            <span class="md-nav__icon md-icon"></span>
+            Linux
+          </label>
+          <ul class="md-nav__list" data-md-scrollfix>
+            
+              
+                
+  
+  
+  
+  
+    
+    
+      
+        
+      
+        
+      
+        
+      
+    
+    
+      
+      
+        
+      
+    
+    
+    <li class="md-nav__item md-nav__item--nested">
+      
+        
+        
+        <input class="md-nav__toggle md-toggle " type="checkbox" id="__nav_6_1" >
+        
+          
+          <label class="md-nav__link" for="__nav_6_1" id="__nav_6_1_label" tabindex="0">
+            
+  
+  <span class="md-ellipsis">
+    Filesystem
+  </span>
+  
+
+            <span class="md-nav__icon md-icon"></span>
+          </label>
+        
+        <nav class="md-nav" data-md-level="2" aria-labelledby="__nav_6_1_label" aria-expanded="false">
+          <label class="md-nav__title" for="__nav_6_1">
+            <span class="md-nav__icon md-icon"></span>
+            Filesystem
+          </label>
+          <ul class="md-nav__list" data-md-scrollfix>
+            
+              
+                
+  
+  
+  
+  
+    <li class="md-nav__item">
+      <a href="../../linux/filesystem/file-links.html" class="md-nav__link">
+        
+  
+  <span class="md-ellipsis">
+    File Links
+  </span>
+  
+
+      </a>
+    </li>
+  
+
+              
+            
+              
+                
+  
+  
+  
+  
+    <li class="md-nav__item">
+      <a href="../../linux/filesystem/procfs.html" class="md-nav__link">
+        
+  
+  <span class="md-ellipsis">
+    /proc
+  </span>
+  
+
+      </a>
+    </li>
+  
+
+              
+            
+              
+                
+  
+  
+  
+  
+    <li class="md-nav__item">
+      <a href="../../linux/filesystem/sysfs.html" class="md-nav__link">
+        
+  
+  <span class="md-ellipsis">
+    /sys
+  </span>
+  
+
+      </a>
+    </li>
+  
+
+              
+            
+          </ul>
+        </nav>
+      
+    </li>
+  
+
+              
+            
+              
+                
+  
+  
+  
+  
+    
+    
+      
+        
+      
+        
+      
+    
+    
+      
+      
+        
+      
+    
+    
+    <li class="md-nav__item md-nav__item--nested">
+      
+        
+        
+        <input class="md-nav__toggle md-toggle " type="checkbox" id="__nav_6_2" >
+        
+          
+          <label class="md-nav__link" for="__nav_6_2" id="__nav_6_2_label" tabindex="0">
+            
+  
+  <span class="md-ellipsis">
+    System Init
+  </span>
+  
+
+            <span class="md-nav__icon md-icon"></span>
+          </label>
+        
+        <nav class="md-nav" data-md-level="2" aria-labelledby="__nav_6_2_label" aria-expanded="false">
+          <label class="md-nav__title" for="__nav_6_2">
+            <span class="md-nav__icon md-icon"></span>
+            System Init
+          </label>
+          <ul class="md-nav__list" data-md-scrollfix>
+            
+              
+                
+  
+  
+  
+  
+    <li class="md-nav__item">
+      <a href="../../linux/init/systemd.html" class="md-nav__link">
+        
+  
+  <span class="md-ellipsis">
+    Systemd
+  </span>
+  
+
+      </a>
+    </li>
+  
+
+              
+            
+              
+                
+  
+  
+  
+  
+    <li class="md-nav__item">
+      <a href="../../linux/init/open-rc.html" class="md-nav__link">
+        
+  
+  <span class="md-ellipsis">
+    OpenRC
+  </span>
+  
+
+      </a>
+    </li>
+  
+
+              
+            
+          </ul>
+        </nav>
+      
+    </li>
+  
+
+              
+            
+          </ul>
+        </nav>
+      
+    </li>
+  
+
+    
+  </ul>
+</nav>
+                  </div>
+                </div>
+              </div>
+            
+            
+              
+              <div class="md-sidebar md-sidebar--secondary" data-md-component="sidebar" data-md-type="toc" >
+                <div class="md-sidebar__scrollwrap">
+                  <div class="md-sidebar__inner">
+                    
+
+<nav class="md-nav md-nav--secondary" aria-label="Table of contents">
+  
+  
+  
+    
+  
+  
+    <label class="md-nav__title" for="__toc">
+      <span class="md-nav__icon md-icon"></span>
+      Table of contents
+    </label>
+    <ul class="md-nav__list" data-md-component="toc" data-md-scrollfix>
+      
+        <li class="md-nav__item">
+  <a href="#basics" class="md-nav__link">
+    <span class="md-ellipsis">
+      Basics
+    </span>
+  </a>
+  
+    <nav class="md-nav" aria-label="Basics">
+      <ul class="md-nav__list">
+        
+          <li class="md-nav__item">
+  <a href="#standard-output" class="md-nav__link">
+    <span class="md-ellipsis">
+      Standard Output
+    </span>
+  </a>
+  
+</li>
+        
+          <li class="md-nav__item">
+  <a href="#standard-input" class="md-nav__link">
+    <span class="md-ellipsis">
+      Standard Input
+    </span>
+  </a>
+  
+</li>
+        
+      </ul>
+    </nav>
+  
+</li>
+      
+        <li class="md-nav__item">
+  <a href="#variables-mutability" class="md-nav__link">
+    <span class="md-ellipsis">
+      Variables &amp; Mutability
+    </span>
+  </a>
+  
+    <nav class="md-nav" aria-label="Variables & Mutability">
+      <ul class="md-nav__list">
+        
+          <li class="md-nav__item">
+  <a href="#shadowing" class="md-nav__link">
+    <span class="md-ellipsis">
+      Shadowing
+    </span>
+  </a>
+  
+</li>
+        
+      </ul>
+    </nav>
+  
+</li>
+      
+        <li class="md-nav__item">
+  <a href="#data-types" class="md-nav__link">
+    <span class="md-ellipsis">
+      Data Types
+    </span>
+  </a>
+  
+    <nav class="md-nav" aria-label="Data Types">
+      <ul class="md-nav__list">
+        
+          <li class="md-nav__item">
+  <a href="#integer-types" class="md-nav__link">
+    <span class="md-ellipsis">
+      Integer Types
+    </span>
+  </a>
+  
+    <nav class="md-nav" aria-label="Integer Types">
+      <ul class="md-nav__list">
+        
+          <li class="md-nav__item">
+  <a href="#explicit-mathematical-operations-integers" class="md-nav__link">
+    <span class="md-ellipsis">
+      Explicit Mathematical Operations (Integers)
+    </span>
+  </a>
+  
+</li>
+        
+      </ul>
+    </nav>
+  
+</li>
+        
+          <li class="md-nav__item">
+  <a href="#floating-point-types" class="md-nav__link">
+    <span class="md-ellipsis">
+      Floating-Point Types
+    </span>
+  </a>
+  
+</li>
+        
+          <li class="md-nav__item">
+  <a href="#numeric-byte-literals" class="md-nav__link">
+    <span class="md-ellipsis">
+      Numeric &amp; Byte Literals
+    </span>
+  </a>
+  
+</li>
+        
+          <li class="md-nav__item">
+  <a href="#numeric-operators" class="md-nav__link">
+    <span class="md-ellipsis">
+      Numeric Operators
+    </span>
+  </a>
+  
+</li>
+        
+          <li class="md-nav__item">
+  <a href="#comparison-operators" class="md-nav__link">
+    <span class="md-ellipsis">
+      Comparison Operators
+    </span>
+  </a>
+  
+</li>
+        
+          <li class="md-nav__item">
+  <a href="#boolean-types" class="md-nav__link">
+    <span class="md-ellipsis">
+      Boolean Types
+    </span>
+  </a>
+  
+</li>
+        
+          <li class="md-nav__item">
+  <a href="#bitwise-operators" class="md-nav__link">
+    <span class="md-ellipsis">
+      Bitwise Operators
+    </span>
+  </a>
+  
+</li>
+        
+          <li class="md-nav__item">
+  <a href="#character-types" class="md-nav__link">
+    <span class="md-ellipsis">
+      Character Types
+    </span>
+  </a>
+  
+</li>
+        
+          <li class="md-nav__item">
+  <a href="#string-types" class="md-nav__link">
+    <span class="md-ellipsis">
+      String Types
+    </span>
+  </a>
+  
+</li>
+        
+          <li class="md-nav__item">
+  <a href="#tuple-types" class="md-nav__link">
+    <span class="md-ellipsis">
+      Tuple Types
+    </span>
+  </a>
+  
+</li>
+        
+          <li class="md-nav__item">
+  <a href="#array-types" class="md-nav__link">
+    <span class="md-ellipsis">
+      Array Types
+    </span>
+  </a>
+  
+</li>
+        
+          <li class="md-nav__item">
+  <a href="#slice-types-t-mut-t" class="md-nav__link">
+    <span class="md-ellipsis">
+      Slice Types (&amp;[T], &amp;mut [T])
+    </span>
+  </a>
+  
+</li>
+        
+          <li class="md-nav__item">
+  <a href="#type-aliases" class="md-nav__link">
+    <span class="md-ellipsis">
+      Type Aliases
+    </span>
+  </a>
+  
+</li>
+        
+      </ul>
+    </nav>
+  
+</li>
+      
+        <li class="md-nav__item">
+  <a href="#functions" class="md-nav__link">
+    <span class="md-ellipsis">
+      Functions
+    </span>
+  </a>
+  
+</li>
+      
+        <li class="md-nav__item">
+  <a href="#control-flow" class="md-nav__link">
+    <span class="md-ellipsis">
+      Control Flow
+    </span>
+  </a>
+  
+    <nav class="md-nav" aria-label="Control Flow">
+      <ul class="md-nav__list">
+        
+          <li class="md-nav__item">
+  <a href="#if-else-if-else" class="md-nav__link">
+    <span class="md-ellipsis">
+      if, else-if, else
+    </span>
+  </a>
+  
+</li>
+        
+          <li class="md-nav__item">
+  <a href="#let-if" class="md-nav__link">
+    <span class="md-ellipsis">
+      let if
+    </span>
+  </a>
+  
+</li>
+        
+          <li class="md-nav__item">
+  <a href="#if-let" class="md-nav__link">
+    <span class="md-ellipsis">
+      if-let
+    </span>
+  </a>
+  
+</li>
+        
+          <li class="md-nav__item">
+  <a href="#loop" class="md-nav__link">
+    <span class="md-ellipsis">
+      loop
+    </span>
+  </a>
+  
+</li>
+        
+          <li class="md-nav__item">
+  <a href="#while-while-let" class="md-nav__link">
+    <span class="md-ellipsis">
+      while, while-let
+    </span>
+  </a>
+  
+</li>
+        
+          <li class="md-nav__item">
+  <a href="#for" class="md-nav__link">
+    <span class="md-ellipsis">
+      for
+    </span>
+  </a>
+  
+</li>
+        
+          <li class="md-nav__item">
+  <a href="#range" class="md-nav__link">
+    <span class="md-ellipsis">
+      Range
+    </span>
+  </a>
+  
+</li>
+        
+          <li class="md-nav__item">
+  <a href="#break-continue" class="md-nav__link">
+    <span class="md-ellipsis">
+      break &amp; continue
+    </span>
+  </a>
+  
+</li>
+        
+      </ul>
+    </nav>
+  
+</li>
+      
+        <li class="md-nav__item">
+  <a href="#ownership" class="md-nav__link">
+    <span class="md-ellipsis">
+      Ownership
+    </span>
+  </a>
+  
+    <nav class="md-nav" aria-label="Ownership">
+      <ul class="md-nav__list">
+        
+          <li class="md-nav__item">
+  <a href="#stack-heap" class="md-nav__link">
+    <span class="md-ellipsis">
+      Stack &amp; Heap
+    </span>
+  </a>
+  
+</li>
+        
+          <li class="md-nav__item">
+  <a href="#ownership-rules" class="md-nav__link">
+    <span class="md-ellipsis">
+      Ownership Rules
+    </span>
+  </a>
+  
+</li>
+        
+          <li class="md-nav__item">
+  <a href="#moving-cloning-copying-data" class="md-nav__link">
+    <span class="md-ellipsis">
+      Moving, Cloning &amp; Copying data
+    </span>
+  </a>
+  
+</li>
+        
+          <li class="md-nav__item">
+  <a href="#ownership-functions" class="md-nav__link">
+    <span class="md-ellipsis">
+      Ownership &amp; Functions
+    </span>
+  </a>
+  
+</li>
+        
+          <li class="md-nav__item">
+  <a href="#return-values-scope" class="md-nav__link">
+    <span class="md-ellipsis">
+      Return Values &amp; Scope
+    </span>
+  </a>
+  
+</li>
+        
+          <li class="md-nav__item">
+  <a href="#references-raw-pointers-borrowing" class="md-nav__link">
+    <span class="md-ellipsis">
+      References, Raw Pointers &amp; Borrowing
+    </span>
+  </a>
+  
+</li>
+        
+      </ul>
+    </nav>
+  
+</li>
+      
+        <li class="md-nav__item">
+  <a href="#structs" class="md-nav__link">
+    <span class="md-ellipsis">
+      Structs
+    </span>
+  </a>
+  
+    <nav class="md-nav" aria-label="Structs">
+      <ul class="md-nav__list">
+        
+          <li class="md-nav__item">
+  <a href="#field-init-shorthand" class="md-nav__link">
+    <span class="md-ellipsis">
+      Field Init Shorthand
+    </span>
+  </a>
+  
+</li>
+        
+          <li class="md-nav__item">
+  <a href="#struct-update-syntax" class="md-nav__link">
+    <span class="md-ellipsis">
+      Struct Update Syntax
+    </span>
+  </a>
+  
+</li>
+        
+          <li class="md-nav__item">
+  <a href="#tuple-structs" class="md-nav__link">
+    <span class="md-ellipsis">
+      Tuple Structs
+    </span>
+  </a>
+  
+</li>
+        
+          <li class="md-nav__item">
+  <a href="#struct-printing" class="md-nav__link">
+    <span class="md-ellipsis">
+      Struct Printing
+    </span>
+  </a>
+  
+</li>
+        
+          <li class="md-nav__item">
+  <a href="#associated-functions-type-associated-functions-aka-methods" class="md-nav__link">
+    <span class="md-ellipsis">
+      Associated Functions &amp; Type-Associated Functions (aka Methods)
+    </span>
+  </a>
+  
+</li>
+        
+          <li class="md-nav__item">
+  <a href="#associated-consts" class="md-nav__link">
+    <span class="md-ellipsis">
+      Associated Consts
+    </span>
+  </a>
+  
+</li>
+        
+      </ul>
+    </nav>
+  
+</li>
+      
+        <li class="md-nav__item">
+  <a href="#traits" class="md-nav__link">
+    <span class="md-ellipsis">
+      Traits
+    </span>
+  </a>
+  
+    <nav class="md-nav" aria-label="Traits">
+      <ul class="md-nav__list">
+        
+          <li class="md-nav__item">
+  <a href="#fully-qualified-method-calls" class="md-nav__link">
+    <span class="md-ellipsis">
+      Fully Qualified Method Calls
+    </span>
+  </a>
+  
+</li>
+        
+          <li class="md-nav__item">
+  <a href="#derive-traits" class="md-nav__link">
+    <span class="md-ellipsis">
+      Derive Traits
+    </span>
+  </a>
+  
+</li>
+        
+          <li class="md-nav__item">
+  <a href="#trait-bounds" class="md-nav__link">
+    <span class="md-ellipsis">
+      Trait Bounds
+    </span>
+  </a>
+  
+</li>
+        
+          <li class="md-nav__item">
+  <a href="#trait-extensions" class="md-nav__link">
+    <span class="md-ellipsis">
+      Trait Extensions
+    </span>
+  </a>
+  
+</li>
+        
+          <li class="md-nav__item">
+  <a href="#generic-structs-methods" class="md-nav__link">
+    <span class="md-ellipsis">
+      Generic Structs &amp; Methods
+    </span>
+  </a>
+  
+</li>
+        
+          <li class="md-nav__item">
+  <a href="#associated-types" class="md-nav__link">
+    <span class="md-ellipsis">
+      Associated Types
+    </span>
+  </a>
+  
+</li>
+        
+          <li class="md-nav__item">
+  <a href="#generic-traits-vs-associated-types" class="md-nav__link">
+    <span class="md-ellipsis">
+      Generic Traits vs Associated Types
+    </span>
+  </a>
+  
+</li>
+        
+          <li class="md-nav__item">
+  <a href="#trait-objects" class="md-nav__link">
+    <span class="md-ellipsis">
+      Trait Objects
+    </span>
+  </a>
+  
+</li>
+        
+      </ul>
+    </nav>
+  
+</li>
+      
+        <li class="md-nav__item">
+  <a href="#lifetimes" class="md-nav__link">
+    <span class="md-ellipsis">
+      Lifetimes
+    </span>
+  </a>
+  
+    <nav class="md-nav" aria-label="Lifetimes">
+      <ul class="md-nav__list">
+        
+          <li class="md-nav__item">
+  <a href="#lifetime-elision-rules" class="md-nav__link">
+    <span class="md-ellipsis">
+      Lifetime Elision Rules
+    </span>
+  </a>
+  
+</li>
+        
+      </ul>
+    </nav>
+  
+</li>
+      
+        <li class="md-nav__item">
+  <a href="#enums" class="md-nav__link">
+    <span class="md-ellipsis">
+      Enums
+    </span>
+  </a>
+  
+    <nav class="md-nav" aria-label="Enums">
+      <ul class="md-nav__list">
+        
+          <li class="md-nav__item">
+  <a href="#match-expressions" class="md-nav__link">
+    <span class="md-ellipsis">
+      Match Expressions
+    </span>
+  </a>
+  
+</li>
+        
+          <li class="md-nav__item">
+  <a href="#pattern-matching" class="md-nav__link">
+    <span class="md-ellipsis">
+      Pattern Matching
+    </span>
+  </a>
+  
+</li>
+        
+      </ul>
+    </nav>
+  
+</li>
+      
+        <li class="md-nav__item">
+  <a href="#error-handling" class="md-nav__link">
+    <span class="md-ellipsis">
+      Error Handling
+    </span>
+  </a>
+  
+    <nav class="md-nav" aria-label="Error Handling">
+      <ul class="md-nav__list">
+        
+          <li class="md-nav__item">
+  <a href="#option-result" class="md-nav__link">
+    <span class="md-ellipsis">
+      Option &amp; Result
+    </span>
+  </a>
+  
+</li>
+        
+          <li class="md-nav__item">
+  <a href="#multiple-error-types" class="md-nav__link">
+    <span class="md-ellipsis">
+      Multiple Error Types
+    </span>
+  </a>
+  
+</li>
+        
+          <li class="md-nav__item">
+  <a href="#custom-error-types" class="md-nav__link">
+    <span class="md-ellipsis">
+      Custom Error Types
+    </span>
+  </a>
+  
+</li>
+        
+      </ul>
+    </nav>
+  
+</li>
+      
+        <li class="md-nav__item">
+  <a href="#collections" class="md-nav__link">
+    <span class="md-ellipsis">
+      Collections
+    </span>
+  </a>
+  
+    <nav class="md-nav" aria-label="Collections">
+      <ul class="md-nav__list">
+        
+          <li class="md-nav__item">
+  <a href="#vector" class="md-nav__link">
+    <span class="md-ellipsis">
+      Vector
+    </span>
+  </a>
+  
+</li>
+        
+          <li class="md-nav__item">
+  <a href="#hashmap" class="md-nav__link">
+    <span class="md-ellipsis">
+      HashMap
+    </span>
+  </a>
+  
+</li>
+        
+      </ul>
+    </nav>
+  
+</li>
+      
+        <li class="md-nav__item">
+  <a href="#closures" class="md-nav__link">
+    <span class="md-ellipsis">
+      Closures
+    </span>
+  </a>
+  
+    <nav class="md-nav" aria-label="Closures">
+      <ul class="md-nav__list">
+        
+          <li class="md-nav__item">
+  <a href="#storing-closures-using-generic-parameters-and-the-fn-traits" class="md-nav__link">
+    <span class="md-ellipsis">
+      Storing Closures Using Generic Parameters and the Fn Traits
+    </span>
+  </a>
+  
+</li>
+        
+          <li class="md-nav__item">
+  <a href="#capturing-the-environment-with-closures" class="md-nav__link">
+    <span class="md-ellipsis">
+      Capturing the Environment with Closures
+    </span>
+  </a>
+  
+</li>
+        
+      </ul>
+    </nav>
+  
+</li>
+      
+        <li class="md-nav__item">
+  <a href="#function-pointers" class="md-nav__link">
+    <span class="md-ellipsis">
+      Function Pointers
+    </span>
+  </a>
+  
+</li>
+      
+        <li class="md-nav__item">
+  <a href="#iterators" class="md-nav__link">
+    <span class="md-ellipsis">
+      Iterators
+    </span>
+  </a>
+  
+    <nav class="md-nav" aria-label="Iterators">
+      <ul class="md-nav__list">
+        
+          <li class="md-nav__item">
+  <a href="#custom-iterators" class="md-nav__link">
+    <span class="md-ellipsis">
+      Custom Iterators
+    </span>
+  </a>
+  
+</li>
+        
+      </ul>
+    </nav>
+  
+</li>
+      
+        <li class="md-nav__item">
+  <a href="#smart-pointers" class="md-nav__link">
+    <span class="md-ellipsis">
+      Smart Pointers
+    </span>
+  </a>
+  
+    <nav class="md-nav" aria-label="Smart Pointers">
+      <ul class="md-nav__list">
+        
+          <li class="md-nav__item">
+  <a href="#using-boxt-to-point-to-data-on-the-heap" class="md-nav__link">
+    <span class="md-ellipsis">
+      Using Box&lt;T&gt; to Point to Data on the Heap
+    </span>
+  </a>
+  
+</li>
+        
+          <li class="md-nav__item">
+  <a href="#deref-trait-deref-coercion" class="md-nav__link">
+    <span class="md-ellipsis">
+      Deref Trait &amp; Deref Coercion
+    </span>
+  </a>
+  
+</li>
+        
+          <li class="md-nav__item">
+  <a href="#drop-trait" class="md-nav__link">
+    <span class="md-ellipsis">
+      Drop Trait
+    </span>
+  </a>
+  
+</li>
+        
+          <li class="md-nav__item">
+  <a href="#rct-arct-multiple-ownership" class="md-nav__link">
+    <span class="md-ellipsis">
+      Rc&lt;T&gt;, Arc&lt;T&gt; &amp; Multiple Ownership
+    </span>
+  </a>
+  
+</li>
+        
+          <li class="md-nav__item">
+  <a href="#refcellt-interior-mutability-pattern" class="md-nav__link">
+    <span class="md-ellipsis">
+      RefCell&lt;T&gt; &amp; Interior Mutability Pattern
+    </span>
+  </a>
+  
+</li>
+        
+          <li class="md-nav__item">
+  <a href="#reference-cycles-can-leak-memory" class="md-nav__link">
+    <span class="md-ellipsis">
+      Reference Cycles Can Leak Memory
+    </span>
+  </a>
+  
+</li>
+        
+      </ul>
+    </nav>
+  
+</li>
+      
+        <li class="md-nav__item">
+  <a href="#files" class="md-nav__link">
+    <span class="md-ellipsis">
+      Files
+    </span>
+  </a>
+  
+    <nav class="md-nav" aria-label="Files">
+      <ul class="md-nav__list">
+        
+          <li class="md-nav__item">
+  <a href="#reading-files" class="md-nav__link">
+    <span class="md-ellipsis">
+      Reading Files
+    </span>
+  </a>
+  
+</li>
+        
+          <li class="md-nav__item">
+  <a href="#writing-files" class="md-nav__link">
+    <span class="md-ellipsis">
+      Writing Files
+    </span>
+  </a>
+  
+</li>
+        
+      </ul>
+    </nav>
+  
+</li>
+      
+        <li class="md-nav__item">
+  <a href="#external-code" class="md-nav__link">
+    <span class="md-ellipsis">
+      External Code
+    </span>
+  </a>
+  
+</li>
+      
+    </ul>
+  
+</nav>
+                  </div>
+                </div>
+              </div>
+            
+          
+          
+            <div class="md-content" data-md-component="content">
+              <article class="md-content__inner md-typeset">
+                
+                  
+
+  
+  
+
+
+<h1 id="rust">Rust</h1>
+<h2 id="basics">Basics</h2>
+<div class="highlight"><table class="highlighttable"><tr><th colspan="2" class="filename"><span class="filename">Rust</span></th></tr><tr><td class="linenos"><div class="linenodiv"><pre><span></span><span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-0-1">1</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-0-2">2</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-0-3">3</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-0-4">4</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-0-5">5</a></span></pre></div></td><td class="code"><div><pre><span></span><code><a id="__codelineno-0-1" name="__codelineno-0-1"></a><span class="k">use</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="o">&lt;</span><span class="n">module</span><span class="o">&gt;</span><span class="p">;</span><span class="w">  </span><span class="c1">// bring a type into scope</span>
+<a id="__codelineno-0-2" name="__codelineno-0-2"></a>
+<a id="__codelineno-0-3" name="__codelineno-0-3"></a><span class="k">fn</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="nf">main</span><span class="p">()</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="p">{</span><span class="w">  </span><span class="c1">//program entry point</span>
+<a id="__codelineno-0-4" name="__codelineno-0-4"></a><span class="w">    </span><span class="c1">// code here</span>
+<a id="__codelineno-0-5" name="__codelineno-0-5"></a><span class="p">}</span>
+</code></pre></div></td></tr></table></div>
+<h3 id="standard-output">Standard Output</h3>
+<div class="highlight"><table class="highlighttable"><tr><th colspan="2" class="filename"><span class="filename">Rust</span></th></tr><tr><td class="linenos"><div class="linenodiv"><pre><span></span><span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-1-1"> 1</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-1-2"> 2</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-1-3"> 3</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-1-4"> 4</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-1-5"> 5</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-1-6"> 6</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-1-7"> 7</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-1-8"> 8</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-1-9"> 9</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-1-10">10</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-1-11">11</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-1-12">12</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-1-13">13</a></span></pre></div></td><td class="code"><div><pre><span></span><code><a id="__codelineno-1-1" name="__codelineno-1-1"></a><span class="c1">// macro (func have no &quot;!&quot;)</span>
+<a id="__codelineno-1-2" name="__codelineno-1-2"></a><span class="fm">println!</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="s">&quot;Value: {}&quot;</span><span class="p">,</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="n">value</span><span class="p">);</span><span class="w">  </span><span class="c1">// {} is a placeholder for a value or variable</span>
+<a id="__codelineno-1-3" name="__codelineno-1-3"></a><span class="fm">println!</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="s">&quot;Values: {1}, {0}&quot;</span><span class="p">,</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="n">value1</span><span class="p">,</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="n">value2</span><span class="p">);</span><span class="w">  </span><span class="c1">// use index to print values</span>
+<a id="__codelineno-1-4" name="__codelineno-1-4"></a>
+<a id="__codelineno-1-5" name="__codelineno-1-5"></a><span class="fm">println!</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="s">&quot;Value {a}, {b}&quot;</span><span class="p">,</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="n">a</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="o">=</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="n">value1</span><span class="p">,</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="n">b</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="o">=</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="n">value2</span><span class="p">);</span><span class="w">  </span><span class="c1">// named parameters</span>
+<a id="__codelineno-1-6" name="__codelineno-1-6"></a><span class="fm">println!</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="s">&quot;Value {scoped_variable}&quot;</span><span class="p">);</span><span class="w">  </span><span class="c1">// reference a variable in scope (must not have any parameters)</span>
+<a id="__codelineno-1-7" name="__codelineno-1-7"></a>
+<a id="__codelineno-1-8" name="__codelineno-1-8"></a><span class="fm">println!</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="s">&quot;Num: {:&lt;total_digits&gt;.&lt;decimal_digits&gt;}&quot;</span><span class="p">,</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="n">number</span><span class="p">);</span>
+<a id="__codelineno-1-9" name="__codelineno-1-9"></a><span class="fm">println!</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="s">&quot;Num: {:0&lt;total&gt;.&lt;decimal&gt;}&quot;</span><span class="p">,</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="n">number</span><span class="p">);</span><span class="w">  </span><span class="c1">// prefix number with zeroes</span>
+<a id="__codelineno-1-10" name="__codelineno-1-10"></a>
+<a id="__codelineno-1-11" name="__codelineno-1-11"></a><span class="fm">println!</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="s">&quot;{:b}&quot;</span><span class="p">,</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="mb">0b11011</span><span class="p">);</span><span class="w">  </span><span class="c1">// print as bits</span>
+<a id="__codelineno-1-12" name="__codelineno-1-12"></a>
+<a id="__codelineno-1-13" name="__codelineno-1-13"></a><span class="fm">print!</span><span class="p">();</span>
+</code></pre></div></td></tr></table></div>
+<h3 id="standard-input">Standard Input</h3>
+<div class="highlight"><table class="highlighttable"><tr><th colspan="2" class="filename"><span class="filename">Rust</span></th></tr><tr><td class="linenos"><div class="linenodiv"><pre><span></span><span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-2-1"> 1</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-2-2"> 2</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-2-3"> 3</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-2-4"> 4</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-2-5"> 5</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-2-6"> 6</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-2-7"> 7</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-2-8"> 8</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-2-9"> 9</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-2-10">10</a></span></pre></div></td><td class="code"><div><pre><span></span><code><a id="__codelineno-2-1" name="__codelineno-2-1"></a><span class="k">use</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="n">io</span><span class="p">;</span>
+<a id="__codelineno-2-2" name="__codelineno-2-2"></a>
+<a id="__codelineno-2-3" name="__codelineno-2-3"></a><span class="kd">let</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="k">mut</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="n">buffer</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="o">=</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="nb">String</span><span class="p">::</span><span class="n">new</span><span class="p">();</span>
+<a id="__codelineno-2-4" name="__codelineno-2-4"></a>
+<a id="__codelineno-2-5" name="__codelineno-2-5"></a><span class="n">io</span><span class="p">::</span><span class="n">stdin</span><span class="p">()</span><span class="w">  </span><span class="c1">// read line from stdin</span>
+<a id="__codelineno-2-6" name="__codelineno-2-6"></a><span class="w">    </span><span class="p">.</span><span class="n">read_line</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="o">&amp;</span><span class="k">mut</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="n">buffer</span><span class="p">)</span><span class="w">  </span><span class="c1">// put in into the string variable</span>
+<a id="__codelineno-2-7" name="__codelineno-2-7"></a><span class="w">    </span><span class="p">.</span><span class="n">expect</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="s">&quot;Error Message&quot;</span><span class="p">);</span><span class="w">  </span><span class="c1">// in case of errors return an error message</span>
+<a id="__codelineno-2-8" name="__codelineno-2-8"></a>
+<a id="__codelineno-2-9" name="__codelineno-2-9"></a><span class="kd">let</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="n">var</span><span class="p">:</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="kt">i32</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="o">=</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="n">buffer</span><span class="p">.</span><span class="n">trim</span><span class="p">().</span><span class="n">parse</span><span class="p">()</span><span class="w">  </span><span class="c1">// returns a Result enum</span>
+<a id="__codelineno-2-10" name="__codelineno-2-10"></a><span class="kd">let</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="n">var</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="o">=</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="n">buffer</span><span class="p">.</span><span class="n">trim</span><span class="p">().</span><span class="n">parse</span><span class="p">::</span><span class="o">&lt;</span><span class="kt">i32</span><span class="o">&gt;</span><span class="p">()</span><span class="w">  </span><span class="c1">// returns a Result enum</span>
+</code></pre></div></td></tr></table></div>
+<p>The <code>::</code> syntax in the <code>::new</code> line indicates that <code>new</code> is an <strong>associated function</strong> of the <code>String</code> type.<br />
+An associated function is implemented on a type rather than on a particular instance of the type. Some languages call this a <code>static method</code>.</p>
+<h2 id="variables-mutability">Variables &amp; Mutability</h2>
+<p>By default variables are <em>immutable</em>.</p>
+<div class="highlight"><table class="highlighttable"><tr><th colspan="2" class="filename"><span class="filename">Rust</span></th></tr><tr><td class="linenos"><div class="linenodiv"><pre><span></span><span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-3-1">1</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-3-2">2</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-3-3">3</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-3-4">4</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-3-5">5</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-3-6">6</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-3-7">7</a></span></pre></div></td><td class="code"><div><pre><span></span><code><a id="__codelineno-3-1" name="__codelineno-3-1"></a><span class="kd">let</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="n">var1</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="o">=</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="n">value</span><span class="p">;</span><span class="w">  </span><span class="c1">// immutable var init</span>
+<a id="__codelineno-3-2" name="__codelineno-3-2"></a><span class="kd">let</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="n">var2</span><span class="p">:</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="nc">Type</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="o">=</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="n">value</span><span class="p">;</span><span class="w">  </span><span class="c1">// explicit type annotation</span>
+<a id="__codelineno-3-3" name="__codelineno-3-3"></a>
+<a id="__codelineno-3-4" name="__codelineno-3-4"></a><span class="kd">let</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="k">mut</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="n">var3</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="o">=</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="n">value</span><span class="p">;</span><span class="w">  </span><span class="c1">// mutable var init</span>
+<a id="__codelineno-3-5" name="__codelineno-3-5"></a><span class="kd">let</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="k">mut</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="n">var4</span><span class="p">:</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="nc">Type</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="o">=</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="n">value</span><span class="p">;</span><span class="w">  </span><span class="c1">// explicit type annotation</span>
+<a id="__codelineno-3-6" name="__codelineno-3-6"></a>
+<a id="__codelineno-3-7" name="__codelineno-3-7"></a><span class="k">const</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="n">CONSTANT_NAME</span><span class="p">:</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="nc">type</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="o">=</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="n">value</span><span class="p">;</span><span class="w">  </span><span class="c1">// constant must have the type annotation</span>
+</code></pre></div></td></tr></table></div>
+<h3 id="shadowing">Shadowing</h3>
+<p>It's possible declare a new variable with the <em>same name</em> as a previous variable, and the new variable <em>shadows</em> the previous variable.<br />
+By using let, it's possible to perform a few transformations on a value but have the variable be immutable after those transformations have been completed.</p>
+<p>The other difference between <em>mut</em> and <em>shadowing</em> is that because we're effectively creating a new variable when we use the let keyword again,<br />
+we can change the type of the value but reuse the same name.</p>
+<div class="highlight"><table class="highlighttable"><tr><th colspan="2" class="filename"><span class="filename">Rust</span></th></tr><tr><td class="linenos"><div class="linenodiv"><pre><span></span><span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-4-1">1</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-4-2">2</a></span></pre></div></td><td class="code"><div><pre><span></span><code><a id="__codelineno-4-1" name="__codelineno-4-1"></a><span class="kd">let</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="n">x</span><span class="p">:</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="kt">u32</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="o">=</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="mi">10</span><span class="p">;</span>
+<a id="__codelineno-4-2" name="__codelineno-4-2"></a><span class="kd">let</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="n">x</span><span class="p">:</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="kt">i32</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="o">=</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="mi">11</span><span class="p">;</span><span class="w">  </span><span class="c1">// shadowing</span>
+</code></pre></div></td></tr></table></div>
+<h2 id="data-types">Data Types</h2>
+<h3 id="integer-types">Integer Types</h3>
+<table>
+<thead>
+<tr>
+<th>Length</th>
+<th>Signed</th>
+<th>Unsigned</th>
+</tr>
+</thead>
+<tbody>
+<tr>
+<td>8-bit</td>
+<td><code>i8</code></td>
+<td><code>u8</code></td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+<td>16-bit</td>
+<td><code>i16</code></td>
+<td><code>u16</code></td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+<td>32-bit</td>
+<td><code>i32</code></td>
+<td><code>u32</code></td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+<td>64-bit</td>
+<td><code>i64</code></td>
+<td><code>u64</code></td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+<td>128-bit</td>
+<td><code>i128</code></td>
+<td><code>u128</code></td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+<td>architecture</td>
+<td><code>isize</code></td>
+<td><code>usize</code></td>
+</tr>
+</tbody>
+</table>
+<h4 id="explicit-mathematical-operations-integers">Explicit Mathematical Operations (Integers)</h4>
+<div class="highlight"><table class="highlighttable"><tr><th colspan="2" class="filename"><span class="filename">Rust</span></th></tr><tr><td class="linenos"><div class="linenodiv"><pre><span></span><span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-5-1">1</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-5-2">2</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-5-3">3</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-5-4">4</a></span></pre></div></td><td class="code"><div><pre><span></span><code><a id="__codelineno-5-1" name="__codelineno-5-1"></a><span class="kt">i32</span><span class="p">::</span><span class="n">MAX</span><span class="p">.</span><span class="n">checked_add</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="n">value</span><span class="p">);</span><span class="w">  </span><span class="c1">// Option&lt;i32&gt; =&gt; None if overflow</span>
+<a id="__codelineno-5-2" name="__codelineno-5-2"></a><span class="kt">i32</span><span class="p">::</span><span class="n">MAX</span><span class="p">.</span><span class="n">wrapping_add</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="n">value</span><span class="p">);</span><span class="w">  </span><span class="c1">// i32 =&gt; Wrap around</span>
+<a id="__codelineno-5-3" name="__codelineno-5-3"></a><span class="kt">i32</span><span class="p">::</span><span class="n">MAX</span><span class="p">.</span><span class="n">saturating_add</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="n">value</span><span class="p">);</span><span class="w">  </span><span class="c1">//  i32 =&gt; MIN &lt;= x &lt;= MAX (Clamp)</span>
+<a id="__codelineno-5-4" name="__codelineno-5-4"></a><span class="kt">i32</span><span class="p">::</span><span class="n">MAX</span><span class="p">.</span><span class="n">overflowing_add</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="n">value</span><span class="p">);</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="c1">// (i32, bool) =&gt; overflowed result and if overflowed</span>
+</code></pre></div></td></tr></table></div>
+<blockquote>
+<p><strong>Note</strong>: analogous method exist for other mathematical operation</p>
+</blockquote>
+<h3 id="floating-point-types">Floating-Point Types</h3>
+<p>Rust also has two primitive types for floating-point numbers, which are numbers with decimal points.<br />
+Rust's floating-point types are <code>f32</code> and <code>f64</code>, which are 32 bits and 64 bits in size, respectively.<br />
+The default type is <code>f64</code> because on modern CPUs it's roughly the same speed as <code>f32</code> but is capable of more precision.</p>
+<h3 id="numeric-byte-literals">Numeric &amp; Byte Literals</h3>
+<p>Numeric Base Prefix:</p>
+<ul>
+<li><code>0x</code>: Hexadecimal Number</li>
+<li><code>0o</code>: Octal Number</li>
+<li><code>0b</code>: Binary Number</li>
+</ul>
+<blockquote>
+<p><strong>Note</strong>: Number can have <code>_</code> interposed for legibility (E.g: <code>1_000_u64</code>)</p>
+</blockquote>
+<p>Binary Literals:</p>
+<ul>
+<li><code>b'\''</code>, <code>b'\1'</code>, <code>b'\n'</code>, <code>b'\r'</code>, <code>b'\t'</code>: Escaped characters</li>
+<li><code>b'&lt;C&gt;'</code>: Byte whose value is the ASCII character <code>&lt;C&gt;</code></li>
+<li><code>b'\x&lt;HH&gt;'</code>: Byte whose value is the hexadecimal <code>&lt;HH&gt;</code></li>
+</ul>
+<h3 id="numeric-operators">Numeric Operators</h3>
+<table>
+<thead>
+<tr>
+<th>Operator</th>
+<th>Operation</th>
+</tr>
+</thead>
+<tbody>
+<tr>
+<td><code>&gt;</code></td>
+<td>Greater than</td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+<td><code>&gt;=</code></td>
+<td>Greater or Equal to</td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+<td><code>&lt;</code></td>
+<td>Less than</td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+<td><code>&lt;=</code></td>
+<td>Less or Equal to</td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+<td><code>==</code></td>
+<td>Equals</td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+<td><code>!=</code></td>
+<td>Not Equals</td>
+</tr>
+</tbody>
+</table>
+<h3 id="comparison-operators">Comparison Operators</h3>
+<table>
+<thead>
+<tr>
+<th>Operator</th>
+<th>Operation</th>
+</tr>
+</thead>
+<tbody>
+<tr>
+<td><code>+</code></td>
+<td>Addition</td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+<td><code>-</code></td>
+<td>Subtraction</td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+<td><code>*</code></td>
+<td>Multiplication</td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+<td><code>/</code></td>
+<td>Division</td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+<td><code>%</code></td>
+<td>Modulo</td>
+</tr>
+</tbody>
+</table>
+<h3 id="boolean-types">Boolean Types</h3>
+<p>Boolean types in Rust have two possible values: <code>true</code> and <code>false</code>.<br />
+Booleans are one byte in size. The Boolean type in Rust is specified using <code>bool</code>.</p>
+<h3 id="bitwise-operators">Bitwise Operators</h3>
+<table>
+<thead>
+<tr>
+<th>Operator</th>
+<th>Operation</th>
+</tr>
+</thead>
+<tbody>
+<tr>
+<td><code>&amp;</code></td>
+<td>AND</td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+<td><code>|</code></td>
+<td>OR</td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+<td><code>&amp;&amp;</code></td>
+<td>SHORT-CIRCUIT AND</td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+<td><code>||</code></td>
+<td>SHORT-CIRCUIT OR</td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+<td><code>^</code></td>
+<td>XOR</td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+<td><code>!</code></td>
+<td>NOT</td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+<td><code>&lt;&lt;</code></td>
+<td>LEFT SHIFT</td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+<td><code>&gt;&gt;</code></td>
+<td>RIGHT SHIFT</td>
+</tr>
+</tbody>
+</table>
+<h3 id="character-types">Character Types</h3>
+<p>Rust's <code>char</code> type is the language's most primitive alphabetic type.</p>
+<p>Rust's <code>char</code> type is four bytes in size and represents a Unicode Scalar Value: range from <code>U+0000</code> to <code>U+D7FF</code> and <code>U+E000</code> to <code>U+10FFFF</code> inclusive.</p>
+<div class="highlight"><table class="highlighttable"><tr><th colspan="2" class="filename"><span class="filename">Rust</span></th></tr><tr><td class="linenos"><div class="linenodiv"><pre><span></span><span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-6-1"> 1</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-6-2"> 2</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-6-3"> 3</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-6-4"> 4</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-6-5"> 5</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-6-6"> 6</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-6-7"> 7</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-6-8"> 8</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-6-9"> 9</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-6-10">10</a></span></pre></div></td><td class="code"><div><pre><span></span><code><a id="__codelineno-6-1" name="__codelineno-6-1"></a><span class="kd">let</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="n">c</span><span class="p">:</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="kt">char</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="o">=</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="sc">&#39;C&#39;</span><span class="p">;</span><span class="w">  </span><span class="c1">// SINGLE QUOTES</span>
+<a id="__codelineno-6-2" name="__codelineno-6-2"></a><span class="kd">let</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="n">c</span><span class="p">:</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="kt">char</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="o">=</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="sc">&#39;\u{261D}&#39;</span><span class="p">;</span><span class="w">  </span><span class="c1">// Unicode Code Point U+261D</span>
+<a id="__codelineno-6-3" name="__codelineno-6-3"></a><span class="kd">let</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="n">c</span><span class="p">:</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="kt">char</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="o">=</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="sc">&#39;\x2A&#39;</span><span class="p">;</span><span class="w">  </span><span class="c1">// ASCII for *</span>
+<a id="__codelineno-6-4" name="__codelineno-6-4"></a>
+<a id="__codelineno-6-5" name="__codelineno-6-5"></a>
+<a id="__codelineno-6-6" name="__codelineno-6-6"></a><span class="sc">&#39;*&#39;</span><span class="p">.</span><span class="n">is_alphabetic</span><span class="p">();</span><span class="w">  </span><span class="c1">// false</span>
+<a id="__codelineno-6-7" name="__codelineno-6-7"></a><span class="sc">&#39;β&#39;</span><span class="p">.</span><span class="n">is_alphabetic</span><span class="p">();</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="c1">// true</span>
+<a id="__codelineno-6-8" name="__codelineno-6-8"></a><span class="sc">&#39;8&#39;</span><span class="p">.</span><span class="n">to_digit</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="mi">10</span><span class="p">);</span><span class="w">  </span><span class="c1">// Some(8)</span>
+<a id="__codelineno-6-9" name="__codelineno-6-9"></a><span class="sc">&#39;\u{CA0}&#39;</span><span class="p">.</span><span class="n">len_utf8</span><span class="p">();</span><span class="w">  </span><span class="c1">// 3</span>
+<a id="__codelineno-6-10" name="__codelineno-6-10"></a><span class="n">std</span><span class="p">::</span><span class="kt">char</span><span class="p">::</span><span class="n">from</span><span class="p">:</span><span class="nc">digit</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="mi">2</span><span class="p">,</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="mi">10</span><span class="p">);</span><span class="w">  </span><span class="c1">// Some(2)</span>
+</code></pre></div></td></tr></table></div>
+<h3 id="string-types">String Types</h3>
+<div class="highlight"><table class="highlighttable"><tr><th colspan="2" class="filename"><span class="filename">Rust</span></th></tr><tr><td class="linenos"><div class="linenodiv"><pre><span></span><span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-7-1"> 1</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-7-2"> 2</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-7-3"> 3</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-7-4"> 4</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-7-5"> 5</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-7-6"> 6</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-7-7"> 7</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-7-8"> 8</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-7-9"> 9</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-7-10">10</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-7-11">11</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-7-12">12</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-7-13">13</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-7-14">14</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-7-15">15</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-7-16">16</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-7-17">17</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-7-18">18</a></span></pre></div></td><td class="code"><div><pre><span></span><code><a id="__codelineno-7-1" name="__codelineno-7-1"></a><span class="kd">let</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="n">s</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="o">=</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="nb">String</span><span class="p">::</span><span class="n">new</span><span class="p">();</span><span class="w">  </span><span class="c1">// create empty string</span>
+<a id="__codelineno-7-2" name="__codelineno-7-2"></a><span class="kd">let</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="n">s</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="o">=</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="nb">String</span><span class="p">::</span><span class="n">from</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="s">&quot;string literal&quot;</span><span class="p">);</span><span class="w">  </span><span class="c1">// construct string from literal</span>
+<a id="__codelineno-7-3" name="__codelineno-7-3"></a>
+<a id="__codelineno-7-4" name="__codelineno-7-4"></a><span class="c1">// string literals</span>
+<a id="__codelineno-7-5" name="__codelineno-7-5"></a><span class="kd">let</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="n">s</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="o">=</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="s">&quot;a multiline</span>
+<a id="__codelineno-7-6" name="__codelineno-7-6"></a><span class="s">    string literal&quot;</span><span class="p">;</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="c1">// includes whitespace and new lines</span>
+<a id="__codelineno-7-7" name="__codelineno-7-7"></a>
+<a id="__codelineno-7-8" name="__codelineno-7-8"></a><span class="kd">let</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="n">s</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="o">=</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="s">&quot;single line \</span>
+<a id="__codelineno-7-9" name="__codelineno-7-9"></a><span class="s">    string literal&quot;</span><span class="p">;</span><span class="w">  </span><span class="c1">// the trailing \ avoids the new line &amp; trailing/leading whitespace</span>
+<a id="__codelineno-7-10" name="__codelineno-7-10"></a>
+<a id="__codelineno-7-11" name="__codelineno-7-11"></a><span class="c1">// raw strings</span>
+<a id="__codelineno-7-12" name="__codelineno-7-12"></a><span class="kd">let</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="n">raw</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="o">=</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="s">r&quot;\d+(\.\d+)*&quot;</span><span class="w">  </span><span class="c1">// backslash and whitespace included verbatim</span>
+<a id="__codelineno-7-13" name="__codelineno-7-13"></a><span class="kd">let</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="n">raw</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="o">=</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="s">r#&quot;raw literal with explicit delimiters, allows double quotes (&quot;) inside&quot;#</span><span class="p">;</span>
+<a id="__codelineno-7-14" name="__codelineno-7-14"></a>
+<a id="__codelineno-7-15" name="__codelineno-7-15"></a><span class="c1">// byte strings</span>
+<a id="__codelineno-7-16" name="__codelineno-7-16"></a><span class="kd">let</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="n">byte_string</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="o">=</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="s">b&quot;some bite string&quot;</span><span class="w">  </span><span class="c1">// &amp;[u8] =&gt; slice og u8, equal to &amp;[b&#39;E&#39;, b&#39;q&#39;, ...]</span>
+<a id="__codelineno-7-17" name="__codelineno-7-17"></a>
+<a id="__codelineno-7-18" name="__codelineno-7-18"></a><span class="n">s</span><span class="p">.</span><span class="n">push_str</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="s">&quot;&quot;</span><span class="p">);</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="c1">// appending string literals</span>
+</code></pre></div></td></tr></table></div>
+<h3 id="tuple-types">Tuple Types</h3>
+<p>A tuple is a general way of grouping together a number of values with a variety of types into one compound type.<br />
+Tuples have a <em>fixed length</em>: once declared, they cannot grow or shrink in size.</p>
+<div class="highlight"><table class="highlighttable"><tr><th colspan="2" class="filename"><span class="filename">Rust</span></th></tr><tr><td class="linenos"><div class="linenodiv"><pre><span></span><span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-8-1">1</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-8-2">2</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-8-3">3</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-8-4">4</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-8-5">5</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-8-6">6</a></span></pre></div></td><td class="code"><div><pre><span></span><code><a id="__codelineno-8-1" name="__codelineno-8-1"></a><span class="kd">let</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="n">tup</span><span class="p">:</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="p">(</span><span class="kt">i32</span><span class="p">,</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="kt">f64</span><span class="p">,</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="kt">u8</span><span class="p">)</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="o">=</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="p">(</span><span class="mi">500</span><span class="p">,</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="mf">6.4</span><span class="p">,</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="mi">1</span><span class="p">);</span>
+<a id="__codelineno-8-2" name="__codelineno-8-2"></a><span class="kd">let</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="n">tup</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="o">=</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="p">(</span><span class="mi">500</span><span class="p">,</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="mf">6.4</span><span class="p">,</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="mi">1</span><span class="p">);</span>
+<a id="__codelineno-8-3" name="__codelineno-8-3"></a>
+<a id="__codelineno-8-4" name="__codelineno-8-4"></a><span class="kd">let</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="p">(</span><span class="n">x</span><span class="p">,</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="n">y</span><span class="p">,</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="n">z</span><span class="p">)</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="o">=</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="n">tup</span><span class="p">;</span><span class="w">  </span><span class="c1">// tuple deconstruction (unpacking)</span>
+<a id="__codelineno-8-5" name="__codelineno-8-5"></a>
+<a id="__codelineno-8-6" name="__codelineno-8-6"></a><span class="n">tup</span><span class="p">.</span><span class="mi">0</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="o">=</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="n">value</span><span class="p">;</span><span class="w">  </span><span class="c1">// member access &amp; update (mut be mutable)</span>
+</code></pre></div></td></tr></table></div>
+<h3 id="array-types">Array Types</h3>
+<p>Every element of an array must have the <em>same type</em>. Arrays in Rust have a fixed length, like tuples.<br />
+An array isn't as flexible as the <code>vector</code> type, though. A vector is a similar collection type provided by the standard library that <em>is allowed to grow or shrink in size</em>.</p>
+<div class="highlight"><table class="highlighttable"><tr><th colspan="2" class="filename"><span class="filename">Rust</span></th></tr><tr><td class="linenos"><div class="linenodiv"><pre><span></span><span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-9-1"> 1</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-9-2"> 2</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-9-3"> 3</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-9-4"> 4</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-9-5"> 5</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-9-6"> 6</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-9-7"> 7</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-9-8"> 8</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-9-9"> 9</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-9-10">10</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-9-11">11</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-9-12">12</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-9-13">13</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-9-14">14</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-9-15">15</a></span></pre></div></td><td class="code"><div><pre><span></span><code><a id="__codelineno-9-1" name="__codelineno-9-1"></a><span class="kd">let</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="n">array</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="o">=</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="p">[</span><span class="mi">0</span><span class="p">,</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="mi">1</span><span class="p">,</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="mi">2</span><span class="p">,</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="mi">3</span><span class="p">,</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="mi">4</span><span class="p">];</span>
+<a id="__codelineno-9-2" name="__codelineno-9-2"></a><span class="kd">let</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="n">array</span><span class="p">:</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="p">[</span><span class="n">Type</span><span class="p">;</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="n">length</span><span class="p">]</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="o">=</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="p">[</span><span class="o">..</span><span class="p">.];</span>
+<a id="__codelineno-9-3" name="__codelineno-9-3"></a><span class="kd">let</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="n">array</span><span class="p">:</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="p">[</span><span class="n">value</span><span class="p">;</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="n">length</span><span class="p">];</span><span class="w">  </span><span class="c1">// repeat expression (same as python&#39;s [value] * length)</span>
+<a id="__codelineno-9-4" name="__codelineno-9-4"></a>
+<a id="__codelineno-9-5" name="__codelineno-9-5"></a><span class="kd">let</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="n">index</span><span class="p">:</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="kt">usize</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="o">=</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="o">&lt;</span><span class="n">index_value</span><span class="o">&gt;</span><span class="p">;</span><span class="w">  </span><span class="c1">// indexes and ranges must be of type usize</span>
+<a id="__codelineno-9-6" name="__codelineno-9-6"></a><span class="n">array</span><span class="p">[</span><span class="n">index</span><span class="p">]</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="o">=</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="n">value</span><span class="p">;</span><span class="w">  </span><span class="c1">// member access and update (must be mutable)</span>
+<a id="__codelineno-9-7" name="__codelineno-9-7"></a>
+<a id="__codelineno-9-8" name="__codelineno-9-8"></a><span class="kd">let</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="n">matrix</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="o">=</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="p">[</span>
+<a id="__codelineno-9-9" name="__codelineno-9-9"></a><span class="w">    </span><span class="p">[</span><span class="mi">0</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="p">,</span><span class="mi">1</span><span class="p">,</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="mi">2</span><span class="p">],</span>
+<a id="__codelineno-9-10" name="__codelineno-9-10"></a><span class="w">    </span><span class="p">[</span><span class="mi">3</span><span class="p">,</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="mi">4</span><span class="p">,</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="mi">5</span><span class="p">]</span>
+<a id="__codelineno-9-11" name="__codelineno-9-11"></a><span class="p">]</span>
+<a id="__codelineno-9-12" name="__codelineno-9-12"></a>
+<a id="__codelineno-9-13" name="__codelineno-9-13"></a><span class="kd">let</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="n">matrix</span><span class="p">:</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="p">[[</span><span class="n">Type</span><span class="p">,</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="n">length</span><span class="p">];</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="n">length</span><span class="p">];</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="o">=</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="p">[[</span><span class="o">..</span><span class="p">.],</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="p">[</span><span class="o">..</span><span class="p">.],</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="o">..</span><span class="p">.]</span>
+<a id="__codelineno-9-14" name="__codelineno-9-14"></a>
+<a id="__codelineno-9-15" name="__codelineno-9-15"></a><span class="n">matrix</span><span class="p">[</span><span class="n">row</span><span class="p">][</span><span class="n">column</span><span class="p">];</span>
+</code></pre></div></td></tr></table></div>
+<h3 id="slice-types-t-mut-t">Slice Types (<code>&amp;[T]</code>, <code>&amp;mut [T]</code>)</h3>
+<p>Slices allows to reference a contiguous sequence of elements in a collection rather than the whole collection. <strong>Slices don't take ownership</strong>.</p>
+<p>A <em>mutable</em> slice <code>&amp;mut [T]</code> allows to read and modify elements, but can’t be shared;
+a <em>shared</em> slice <code>&amp;[T]</code> allows to share access among several readers, but doesn’t allow to modify elements.</p>
+<p><code>&amp;String</code> can be used in place of a <code>&amp;str</code> (string slice)  trough <em>String Coercion</em>. The <code>&amp;String</code> gets converted to a <code>&amp;str</code> that borrows the entire string.
+The reverse is not possible since the slice lacks some information about the String.</p>
+<blockquote>
+<p><strong>Note</strong>: When working with functions is easier to always expect a <code>&amp;str</code> instead of a <code>&amp;String</code>.</p>
+</blockquote>
+<div class="highlight"><table class="highlighttable"><tr><th colspan="2" class="filename"><span class="filename">Rust</span></th></tr><tr><td class="linenos"><div class="linenodiv"><pre><span></span><span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-10-1">1</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-10-2">2</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-10-3">3</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-10-4">4</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-10-5">5</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-10-6">6</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-10-7">7</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-10-8">8</a></span></pre></div></td><td class="code"><div><pre><span></span><code><a id="__codelineno-10-1" name="__codelineno-10-1"></a><span class="kd">let</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="n">s</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="o">=</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="nb">String</span><span class="p">::</span><span class="n">from</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="s">&quot;string literal&quot;</span><span class="p">);</span>
+<a id="__codelineno-10-2" name="__codelineno-10-2"></a><span class="kd">let</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="n">slice</span><span class="p">:</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="kp">&amp;</span><span class="kt">str</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="o">=</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="o">&amp;</span><span class="n">s</span><span class="p">[</span><span class="n">start</span><span class="o">..</span><span class="n">end</span><span class="p">];</span>
+<a id="__codelineno-10-3" name="__codelineno-10-3"></a>
+<a id="__codelineno-10-4" name="__codelineno-10-4"></a><span class="kd">let</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="n">a</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="o">=</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="p">[</span><span class="mi">0</span><span class="p">,</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="mi">1</span><span class="p">,</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="mi">2</span><span class="p">,</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="mi">3</span><span class="p">,</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="mi">4</span><span class="p">,</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="mi">5</span><span class="p">];</span>
+<a id="__codelineno-10-5" name="__codelineno-10-5"></a><span class="kd">let</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="n">slice</span><span class="p">:</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="kp">&amp;</span><span class="p">[</span><span class="kt">i32</span><span class="p">]</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="o">=</span><span class="w">  </span><span class="o">&amp;</span><span class="n">a</span><span class="p">[</span><span class="n">start</span><span class="o">..</span><span class="n">end</span><span class="p">];</span>
+<a id="__codelineno-10-6" name="__codelineno-10-6"></a>
+<a id="__codelineno-10-7" name="__codelineno-10-7"></a><span class="n">sequence</span><span class="p">[</span><span class="n">start</span><span class="o">..</span><span class="p">]</span><span class="w">  </span><span class="c1">// slice to end of sequence</span>
+<a id="__codelineno-10-8" name="__codelineno-10-8"></a><span class="n">sequence</span><span class="p">[</span><span class="o">..</span><span class="n">end</span><span class="p">]</span><span class="w">  </span><span class="c1">// slice from start to end (excluded)</span>
+</code></pre></div></td></tr></table></div>
+<h3 id="type-aliases">Type Aliases</h3>
+<div class="highlight"><table class="highlighttable"><tr><th colspan="2" class="filename"><span class="filename">Rust</span></th></tr><tr><td class="linenos"><div class="linenodiv"><pre><span></span><span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-11-1">1</a></span></pre></div></td><td class="code"><div><pre><span></span><code><a id="__codelineno-11-1" name="__codelineno-11-1"></a><span class="k">type</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="nc">Alias</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="o">=</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="n">T</span><span class="p">;</span>
+</code></pre></div></td></tr></table></div>
+<h2 id="functions">Functions</h2>
+<p>Rust code uses <em>snake_case</em> as the conventional style for function and variable names.</p>
+<p>Function definitions in Rust start with <code>fn</code> and have a set of parentheses after the function name.<br />
+The curly brackets tell the compiler where the function body begins and ends.</p>
+<p>Rust doesn't care where the functions are defined, only that they're defined somewhere.</p>
+<div class="highlight"><table class="highlighttable"><tr><th colspan="2" class="filename"><span class="filename">Rust</span></th></tr><tr><td class="linenos"><div class="linenodiv"><pre><span></span><span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-12-1"> 1</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-12-2"> 2</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-12-3"> 3</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-12-4"> 4</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-12-5"> 5</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-12-6"> 6</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-12-7"> 7</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-12-8"> 8</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-12-9"> 9</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-12-10">10</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-12-11">11</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-12-12">12</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-12-13">13</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-12-14">14</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-12-15">15</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-12-16">16</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-12-17">17</a></span></pre></div></td><td class="code"><div><pre><span></span><code><a id="__codelineno-12-1" name="__codelineno-12-1"></a><span class="w">  </span><span class="c1">// parameters MUST have the Type annotation</span>
+<a id="__codelineno-12-2" name="__codelineno-12-2"></a><span class="k">fn</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="nf">func</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="n">param</span><span class="p">:</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="nc">Type</span><span class="p">)</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="p">{}</span>
+<a id="__codelineno-12-3" name="__codelineno-12-3"></a>
+<a id="__codelineno-12-4" name="__codelineno-12-4"></a><span class="w">  </span><span class="c1">// -&gt; specifies the return type</span>
+<a id="__codelineno-12-5" name="__codelineno-12-5"></a><span class="k">fn</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="nf">func</span><span class="p">()</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="p">-&gt;</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="nc">Type</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="p">{}</span>
+<a id="__codelineno-12-6" name="__codelineno-12-6"></a>
+<a id="__codelineno-12-7" name="__codelineno-12-7"></a><span class="k">fn</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="nf">func</span><span class="p">()</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="p">{</span>
+<a id="__codelineno-12-8" name="__codelineno-12-8"></a><span class="w">    </span><span class="n">value</span><span class="w">  </span><span class="c1">// returns value</span>
+<a id="__codelineno-12-9" name="__codelineno-12-9"></a><span class="p">}</span>
+<a id="__codelineno-12-10" name="__codelineno-12-10"></a><span class="c1">// same as</span>
+<a id="__codelineno-12-11" name="__codelineno-12-11"></a><span class="k">fn</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="nf">func</span><span class="p">()</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="p">{</span>
+<a id="__codelineno-12-12" name="__codelineno-12-12"></a><span class="w">    </span><span class="k">return</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="n">value</span><span class="p">;</span>
+<a id="__codelineno-12-13" name="__codelineno-12-13"></a><span class="p">}</span>
+<a id="__codelineno-12-14" name="__codelineno-12-14"></a>
+<a id="__codelineno-12-15" name="__codelineno-12-15"></a><span class="k">fn</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="nf">func</span><span class="p">()</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="p">{</span>
+<a id="__codelineno-12-16" name="__codelineno-12-16"></a><span class="w">    </span><span class="k">return</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="p">(</span><span class="n">value1</span><span class="p">,</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="n">value2</span><span class="p">,</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="o">..</span><span class="p">.);</span><span class="w">  </span><span class="c1">// return multiple values with tuples</span>
+<a id="__codelineno-12-17" name="__codelineno-12-17"></a><span class="p">}</span>
+</code></pre></div></td></tr></table></div>
+<h2 id="control-flow">Control Flow</h2>
+<h3 id="if-else-if-else">if, else-if, else</h3>
+<div class="highlight"><table class="highlighttable"><tr><th colspan="2" class="filename"><span class="filename">Rust</span></th></tr><tr><td class="linenos"><div class="linenodiv"><pre><span></span><span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-13-1">1</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-13-2">2</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-13-3">3</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-13-4">4</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-13-5">5</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-13-6">6</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-13-7">7</a></span></pre></div></td><td class="code"><div><pre><span></span><code><a id="__codelineno-13-1" name="__codelineno-13-1"></a><span class="k">if</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="n">condition</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="p">{</span>
+<a id="__codelineno-13-2" name="__codelineno-13-2"></a><span class="w">    </span><span class="c1">// [...]</span>
+<a id="__codelineno-13-3" name="__codelineno-13-3"></a><span class="p">}</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="k">else</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="k">if</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="n">condition</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="p">{</span>
+<a id="__codelineno-13-4" name="__codelineno-13-4"></a><span class="w">    </span><span class="c1">// [...]</span>
+<a id="__codelineno-13-5" name="__codelineno-13-5"></a><span class="p">}</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="k">else</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="p">{</span>
+<a id="__codelineno-13-6" name="__codelineno-13-6"></a><span class="w">    </span><span class="c1">// [...]</span>
+<a id="__codelineno-13-7" name="__codelineno-13-7"></a><span class="p">}</span>
+</code></pre></div></td></tr></table></div>
+<h3 id="let-if">let if</h3>
+<div class="highlight"><table class="highlighttable"><tr><th colspan="2" class="filename"><span class="filename">Rust</span></th></tr><tr><td class="linenos"><div class="linenodiv"><pre><span></span><span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-14-1">1</a></span></pre></div></td><td class="code"><div><pre><span></span><code><a id="__codelineno-14-1" name="__codelineno-14-1"></a><span class="kd">let</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="n">var</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="o">=</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="k">if</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="n">condition</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="p">{</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="n">value</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="p">}</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="k">else</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="p">{</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="n">value</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="p">};</span><span class="w">  </span><span class="c1">// returned types must be the same</span>
+</code></pre></div></td></tr></table></div>
+<h3 id="if-let">if-let</h3>
+<div class="highlight"><table class="highlighttable"><tr><th colspan="2" class="filename"><span class="filename">Rust</span></th></tr><tr><td class="linenos"><div class="linenodiv"><pre><span></span><span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-15-1"> 1</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-15-2"> 2</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-15-3"> 3</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-15-4"> 4</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-15-5"> 5</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-15-6"> 6</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-15-7"> 7</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-15-8"> 8</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-15-9"> 9</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-15-10">10</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-15-11">11</a></span></pre></div></td><td class="code"><div><pre><span></span><code><a id="__codelineno-15-1" name="__codelineno-15-1"></a><span class="k">if</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="kd">let</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="o">&lt;</span><span class="n">pattern</span><span class="o">&gt;</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="o">=</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="o">&lt;</span><span class="n">expr</span><span class="o">&gt;</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="p">{</span>
+<a id="__codelineno-15-2" name="__codelineno-15-2"></a><span class="w">    </span><span class="o">&lt;</span><span class="n">block1</span><span class="o">&gt;</span>
+<a id="__codelineno-15-3" name="__codelineno-15-3"></a><span class="p">}</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="k">else</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="p">{</span>
+<a id="__codelineno-15-4" name="__codelineno-15-4"></a><span class="w">    </span><span class="o">&lt;</span><span class="n">block2</span><span class="o">&gt;</span>
+<a id="__codelineno-15-5" name="__codelineno-15-5"></a><span class="p">}</span>
+<a id="__codelineno-15-6" name="__codelineno-15-6"></a>
+<a id="__codelineno-15-7" name="__codelineno-15-7"></a><span class="c1">// same as</span>
+<a id="__codelineno-15-8" name="__codelineno-15-8"></a><span class="k">match</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="o">&lt;</span><span class="n">expr</span><span class="o">&gt;</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="p">{</span>
+<a id="__codelineno-15-9" name="__codelineno-15-9"></a><span class="w">    </span><span class="o">&lt;</span><span class="n">pattern</span><span class="o">&gt;</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="o">=&gt;</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="p">{</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="n">block1</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="p">}</span>
+<a id="__codelineno-15-10" name="__codelineno-15-10"></a><span class="w">    </span><span class="n">_</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="o">=&gt;</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="p">{</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="n">block2</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="p">}</span>
+<a id="__codelineno-15-11" name="__codelineno-15-11"></a><span class="p">}</span>
+</code></pre></div></td></tr></table></div>
+<h3 id="loop">loop</h3>
+<div class="highlight"><table class="highlighttable"><tr><th colspan="2" class="filename"><span class="filename">Rust</span></th></tr><tr><td class="linenos"><div class="linenodiv"><pre><span></span><span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-16-1">1</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-16-2">2</a></span></pre></div></td><td class="code"><div><pre><span></span><code><a id="__codelineno-16-1" name="__codelineno-16-1"></a><span class="c1">// loop&#39;s forever if not explicitly stopped (return or break)</span>
+<a id="__codelineno-16-2" name="__codelineno-16-2"></a><span class="k">loop</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="p">{</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="p">}</span>
+</code></pre></div></td></tr></table></div>
+<h3 id="while-while-let">while, while-let</h3>
+<div class="highlight"><table class="highlighttable"><tr><th colspan="2" class="filename"><span class="filename">Rust</span></th></tr><tr><td class="linenos"><div class="linenodiv"><pre><span></span><span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-17-1">1</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-17-2">2</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-17-3">3</a></span></pre></div></td><td class="code"><div><pre><span></span><code><a id="__codelineno-17-1" name="__codelineno-17-1"></a><span class="k">while</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="n">condition</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="p">{</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="p">}</span>
+<a id="__codelineno-17-2" name="__codelineno-17-2"></a>
+<a id="__codelineno-17-3" name="__codelineno-17-3"></a><span class="k">while</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="kd">let</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="o">&lt;</span><span class="n">pattern</span><span class="o">&gt;</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="p">{}</span>
+</code></pre></div></td></tr></table></div>
+<h3 id="for">for</h3>
+<div class="highlight"><table class="highlighttable"><tr><th colspan="2" class="filename"><span class="filename">Rust</span></th></tr><tr><td class="linenos"><div class="linenodiv"><pre><span></span><span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-18-1">1</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-18-2">2</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-18-3">3</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-18-4">4</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-18-5">5</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-18-6">6</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-18-7">7</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-18-8">8</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-18-9">9</a></span></pre></div></td><td class="code"><div><pre><span></span><code><a id="__codelineno-18-1" name="__codelineno-18-1"></a><span class="k">for</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="n">item</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="k">in</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="n">sequence</span><span class="p">.</span><span class="n">iter</span><span class="p">()</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="p">{</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="p">}</span>
+<a id="__codelineno-18-2" name="__codelineno-18-2"></a><span class="k">for</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="n">item</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="k">in</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="n">sequence</span><span class="p">.</span><span class="n">iter_mut</span><span class="p">()</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="p">{</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="p">}</span><span class="w">  </span><span class="c1">// iterate over mutable items</span>
+<a id="__codelineno-18-3" name="__codelineno-18-3"></a>
+<a id="__codelineno-18-4" name="__codelineno-18-4"></a><span class="k">for</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="n">item</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="k">in</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="n">sequence</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="p">{</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="p">}</span><span class="w">  </span><span class="c1">// consumes the values (moved into item)</span>
+<a id="__codelineno-18-5" name="__codelineno-18-5"></a><span class="k">for</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="n">item</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="k">in</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="o">&amp;</span><span class="n">sequence</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="p">{</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="p">}</span><span class="w">  </span><span class="c1">// doesn&#39;t consumes the values (item is a reference)</span>
+<a id="__codelineno-18-6" name="__codelineno-18-6"></a><span class="k">for</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="n">item</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="k">in</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="o">&amp;</span><span class="k">mut</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="n">sequence</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="p">{</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="p">}</span>
+<a id="__codelineno-18-7" name="__codelineno-18-7"></a>
+<a id="__codelineno-18-8" name="__codelineno-18-8"></a><span class="c1">// for (i = start; i &lt; end; i += 1)</span>
+<a id="__codelineno-18-9" name="__codelineno-18-9"></a><span class="k">for</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="n">i</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="k">in</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="p">(</span><span class="n">start</span><span class="o">..</span><span class="n">end</span><span class="p">)</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="p">{</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="p">}</span>
+</code></pre></div></td></tr></table></div>
+<h3 id="range">Range</h3>
+<div class="highlight"><table class="highlighttable"><tr><th colspan="2" class="filename"><span class="filename">Rust</span></th></tr><tr><td class="linenos"><div class="linenodiv"><pre><span></span><span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-19-1">1</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-19-2">2</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-19-3">3</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-19-4">4</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-19-5">5</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-19-6">6</a></span></pre></div></td><td class="code"><div><pre><span></span><code><a id="__codelineno-19-1" name="__codelineno-19-1"></a><span class="o">..</span><span class="w">  </span><span class="c1">// RangeFull</span>
+<a id="__codelineno-19-2" name="__codelineno-19-2"></a><span class="n">a</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="o">..</span><span class="w">  </span><span class="c1">// RangeFrom { start: a }</span>
+<a id="__codelineno-19-3" name="__codelineno-19-3"></a><span class="o">..</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="n">b</span><span class="w">  </span><span class="c1">// RangeTo { end: b }</span>
+<a id="__codelineno-19-4" name="__codelineno-19-4"></a><span class="n">a</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="o">..</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="n">b</span><span class="w">  </span><span class="c1">// Range { start: a, end: b }</span>
+<a id="__codelineno-19-5" name="__codelineno-19-5"></a><span class="o">..=</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="n">b</span><span class="w">  </span><span class="c1">// RangeToInclusive { end: b }</span>
+<a id="__codelineno-19-6" name="__codelineno-19-6"></a><span class="n">a</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="o">..=</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="n">b</span><span class="w">  </span><span class="c1">// RangeInclusive::new(a, b)</span>
+</code></pre></div></td></tr></table></div>
+<h3 id="break-continue"><code>break</code> &amp; <code>continue</code></h3>
+<div class="highlight"><table class="highlighttable"><tr><th colspan="2" class="filename"><span class="filename">Rust</span></th></tr><tr><td class="linenos"><div class="linenodiv"><pre><span></span><span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-20-1"> 1</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-20-2"> 2</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-20-3"> 3</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-20-4"> 4</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-20-5"> 5</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-20-6"> 6</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-20-7"> 7</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-20-8"> 8</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-20-9"> 9</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-20-10">10</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-20-11">11</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-20-12">12</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-20-13">13</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-20-14">14</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-20-15">15</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-20-16">16</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-20-17">17</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-20-18">18</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-20-19">19</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-20-20">20</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-20-21">21</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-20-22">22</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-20-23">23</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-20-24">24</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-20-25">25</a></span></pre></div></td><td class="code"><div><pre><span></span><code><a id="__codelineno-20-1" name="__codelineno-20-1"></a><span class="k">while</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="o">&lt;</span><span class="n">condition</span><span class="o">&gt;</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="p">{</span>
+<a id="__codelineno-20-2" name="__codelineno-20-2"></a><span class="w">    </span><span class="c1">// [...]</span>
+<a id="__codelineno-20-3" name="__codelineno-20-3"></a>
+<a id="__codelineno-20-4" name="__codelineno-20-4"></a><span class="w">    </span><span class="k">continue</span><span class="p">;</span><span class="w">  </span><span class="c1">// jump to condition evaluation</span>
+<a id="__codelineno-20-5" name="__codelineno-20-5"></a><span class="p">}</span>
+<a id="__codelineno-20-6" name="__codelineno-20-6"></a>
+<a id="__codelineno-20-7" name="__codelineno-20-7"></a><span class="kd">let</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="n">loop_result</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="o">=</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="k">loop</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="p">{</span>
+<a id="__codelineno-20-8" name="__codelineno-20-8"></a><span class="w">    </span><span class="c1">// [...]</span>
+<a id="__codelineno-20-9" name="__codelineno-20-9"></a>
+<a id="__codelineno-20-10" name="__codelineno-20-10"></a><span class="w">    </span><span class="k">break</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="o">&lt;</span><span class="k">loop</span><span class="o">-</span><span class="n">value</span><span class="o">&gt;</span><span class="p">;</span>
+<a id="__codelineno-20-11" name="__codelineno-20-11"></a><span class="p">}</span>
+<a id="__codelineno-20-12" name="__codelineno-20-12"></a>
+<a id="__codelineno-20-13" name="__codelineno-20-13"></a><span class="o">&#39;</span><span class="na">outer</span><span class="p">:</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="nc">loop</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="p">{</span>
+<a id="__codelineno-20-14" name="__codelineno-20-14"></a><span class="w">    </span><span class="c1">// [...]</span>
+<a id="__codelineno-20-15" name="__codelineno-20-15"></a><span class="w">    </span><span class="k">loop</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="p">{}</span>
+<a id="__codelineno-20-16" name="__codelineno-20-16"></a>
+<a id="__codelineno-20-17" name="__codelineno-20-17"></a><span class="w">    </span><span class="k">break</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="nl">&#39;outer</span><span class="p">;</span><span class="w">  </span><span class="c1">// break labeled loop</span>
+<a id="__codelineno-20-18" name="__codelineno-20-18"></a><span class="p">}</span>
+<a id="__codelineno-20-19" name="__codelineno-20-19"></a>
+<a id="__codelineno-20-20" name="__codelineno-20-20"></a><span class="kd">let</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="n">loop_result</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="o">=</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="o">&#39;</span><span class="na">outer</span><span class="p">:</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="nc">loop</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="p">{</span>
+<a id="__codelineno-20-21" name="__codelineno-20-21"></a><span class="w">    </span><span class="c1">// [...]</span>
+<a id="__codelineno-20-22" name="__codelineno-20-22"></a><span class="w">    </span><span class="k">loop</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="p">{}</span>
+<a id="__codelineno-20-23" name="__codelineno-20-23"></a>
+<a id="__codelineno-20-24" name="__codelineno-20-24"></a><span class="w">    </span><span class="k">break</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="nl">&#39;outer</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="o">&lt;</span><span class="k">loop</span><span class="o">-</span><span class="n">value</span><span class="o">&gt;</span><span class="p">;</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="c1">// break labeled loop and return value</span>
+<a id="__codelineno-20-25" name="__codelineno-20-25"></a><span class="p">}</span>
+</code></pre></div></td></tr></table></div>
+<h2 id="ownership">Ownership</h2>
+<p>Ownership is Rust's most unique feature, and it enables Rust to make memory safety guarantees without needing a garbage collector.</p>
+<p>All programs have to manage the way they use a computer's memory while running.<br />
+Some languages have garbage collection that constantly looks for no longer used memory as the program runs; in other languages, the programmer must explicitly allocate and free the memory.<br />
+Rust uses a third approach: memory is managed through a system of ownership with a set of rules that the compiler checks at compile time.<br />
+None of the ownership features slow down your program while it's running.</p>
+<h3 id="stack-heap">Stack &amp; Heap</h3>
+<p>Both the stack and the heap are parts of memory that are available to your code to use at runtime, but they are structured in different ways.</p>
+<p>The <em>stack</em> stores values in the order it gets them and removes the values in the opposite order. This is referred to as <em>last in, first out</em>.<br />
+Adding data is called <em>pushing</em> onto the stack, and removing data is called <em>popping</em> off the stack.</p>
+<p>All data stored on the stack must have a known, fixed size. Data with an unknown size at compile time or a size that might change must be stored on the heap instead.</p>
+<p>The heap is less organized: when you put data on the heap, you request a certain amount of space. The memory allocator finds an empty spot in the heap that is big enough, marks it as being in use, and returns a <strong>pointer</strong>, which is the address of that location. This process is called <em>allocating on the heap</em> and is sometimes abbreviated as just <em>allocating</em>.</p>
+<p>Pushing to the stack is faster than allocating on the heap because the allocator never has to search for a place to store new data; that location is always at the top of the stack.<br />
+Comparatively, allocating space on the heap requires more work, because the allocator must first find a big enough space to hold the data and then perform bookkeeping to prepare for the next allocation.</p>
+<p>Accessing data in the heap is slower than accessing data on the stack because you have to follow a pointer to get there. Contemporary processors are faster if they jump around less in memory.</p>
+<p>Keeping track of what parts of code are using what data on the heap, minimizing the amount of duplicate data on the heap, and cleaning up unused data on the heap so you don't run out of space are all problems that ownership addresses.</p>
+<h3 id="ownership-rules">Ownership Rules</h3>
+<ul>
+<li>Each <em>value</em> in Rust has a variable that's called its <em>owner</em>.</li>
+<li>There can only be one owner at a time.</li>
+<li>When the owner goes out of scope, the value will be dropped.</li>
+</ul>
+<h3 id="moving-cloning-copying-data">Moving, Cloning &amp; Copying data</h3>
+<p>A "shallow copy" of a variable allocated on the <em>heap</em> causes the original variable goes out of scope and only the "copy" remains (<strong>MOVING</strong>).<br />
+A "deep copy" (<code>var.clone()</code>) makes a copy of the data in the new variable without make the original fall out of scope (<strong>CLONING</strong>).</p>
+<p>When a variable goes out of scope, Rust calls the special function <code>drop</code>, where the code to return/free the memory is located.</p>
+<p>Rust has a special annotation called the <code>Copy</code> trait that it's placeable on types that are stored on the stack.<br />
+If a type has the <code>Copy</code> trait, an older variable is still usable after assignment.</p>
+<p>Copies happen implicitly, for example as part of an assignment <code>y = x</code>. The behavior of <code>Copy</code> is not overloadable; it is always a simple bit-wise copy.<br />
+Cloning is an explicit action, <code>x.clone()</code>. The implementation of Clone can provide any type-specific behavior necessary to duplicate values safely.</p>
+<p>Rust won't allow to annotate a type with the <code>Copy</code> trait if the type, or any of its parts, has implemented the <code>Drop</code> trait.  </p>
+<div class="highlight"><table class="highlighttable"><tr><th colspan="2" class="filename"><span class="filename">Rust</span></th></tr><tr><td class="linenos"><div class="linenodiv"><pre><span></span><span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-21-1">1</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-21-2">2</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-21-3">3</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-21-4">4</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-21-5">5</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-21-6">6</a></span></pre></div></td><td class="code"><div><pre><span></span><code><a id="__codelineno-21-1" name="__codelineno-21-1"></a><span class="kd">let</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="n">s</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="o">=</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="nb">String</span><span class="p">::</span><span class="n">new</span><span class="p">()</span>
+<a id="__codelineno-21-2" name="__codelineno-21-2"></a><span class="kd">let</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="n">t</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="o">=</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="n">s</span><span class="p">;</span><span class="w">  </span><span class="c1">// MOVE, s is now uninitialized</span>
+<a id="__codelineno-21-3" name="__codelineno-21-3"></a><span class="kd">let</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="n">u</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="o">=</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="n">t</span><span class="p">.</span><span class="n">clone</span><span class="p">();</span><span class="w">  </span><span class="c1">// deep copy, t is still valid</span>
+<a id="__codelineno-21-4" name="__codelineno-21-4"></a>
+<a id="__codelineno-21-5" name="__codelineno-21-5"></a><span class="kd">let</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="n">n</span><span class="p">:</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="kt">i32</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="o">=</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="mi">1</span><span class="p">;</span>
+<a id="__codelineno-21-6" name="__codelineno-21-6"></a><span class="kd">let</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="n">x</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="o">=</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="n">n</span><span class="p">;</span><span class="w">  </span><span class="c1">// x holds a COPY of the VALUE of n</span>
+</code></pre></div></td></tr></table></div>
+<h3 id="ownership-functions">Ownership &amp; Functions</h3>
+<p>The semantics for passing a value to a function are similar to those for assigning a value to a variable. Passing a variable to a function will move or copy, just as assignment does.</p>
+<div class="highlight"><table class="highlighttable"><tr><th colspan="2" class="filename"><span class="filename">Rust</span></th></tr><tr><td class="linenos"><div class="linenodiv"><pre><span></span><span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-22-1"> 1</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-22-2"> 2</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-22-3"> 3</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-22-4"> 4</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-22-5"> 5</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-22-6"> 6</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-22-7"> 7</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-22-8"> 8</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-22-9"> 9</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-22-10">10</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-22-11">11</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-22-12">12</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-22-13">13</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-22-14">14</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-22-15">15</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-22-16">16</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-22-17">17</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-22-18">18</a></span></pre></div></td><td class="code"><div><pre><span></span><code><a id="__codelineno-22-1" name="__codelineno-22-1"></a><span class="k">fn</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="nf">main</span><span class="p">()</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="p">{</span>
+<a id="__codelineno-22-2" name="__codelineno-22-2"></a><span class="w">    </span><span class="kd">let</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="n">s</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="o">=</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="nb">String</span><span class="p">::</span><span class="n">from</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="s">&quot;hello&quot;</span><span class="p">);</span><span class="w">  </span><span class="c1">// s comes into scope</span>
+<a id="__codelineno-22-3" name="__codelineno-22-3"></a>
+<a id="__codelineno-22-4" name="__codelineno-22-4"></a><span class="w">    </span><span class="n">takes_ownership</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="n">s</span><span class="p">);</span><span class="w">             </span><span class="c1">// s&#39;s value moves into the function and so is no longer valid here</span>
+<a id="__codelineno-22-5" name="__codelineno-22-5"></a>
+<a id="__codelineno-22-6" name="__codelineno-22-6"></a><span class="w">    </span><span class="kd">let</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="n">x</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="o">=</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="mi">5</span><span class="p">;</span><span class="w">                      </span><span class="c1">// x comes into scope</span>
+<a id="__codelineno-22-7" name="__codelineno-22-7"></a>
+<a id="__codelineno-22-8" name="__codelineno-22-8"></a><span class="w">    </span><span class="n">makes_copy</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="n">x</span><span class="p">);</span><span class="w">                  </span><span class="c1">// x would move into the function, but i32 is Copy, so it&#39;s okay to still use x afterward</span>
+<a id="__codelineno-22-9" name="__codelineno-22-9"></a>
+<a id="__codelineno-22-10" name="__codelineno-22-10"></a><span class="p">}</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="c1">// Here, x goes out of scope, then s. But because s&#39;s value was moved, nothing special happens.</span>
+<a id="__codelineno-22-11" name="__codelineno-22-11"></a>
+<a id="__codelineno-22-12" name="__codelineno-22-12"></a><span class="k">fn</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="nf">takes_ownership</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="n">some_string</span><span class="p">:</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="nb">String</span><span class="p">)</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="p">{</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="c1">// some_string comes into scope</span>
+<a id="__codelineno-22-13" name="__codelineno-22-13"></a><span class="w">    </span><span class="fm">println!</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="s">&quot;{}&quot;</span><span class="p">,</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="n">some_string</span><span class="p">);</span>
+<a id="__codelineno-22-14" name="__codelineno-22-14"></a><span class="p">}</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="c1">// Here, some_string goes out of scope and `drop` is called. The backing memory is freed.</span>
+<a id="__codelineno-22-15" name="__codelineno-22-15"></a>
+<a id="__codelineno-22-16" name="__codelineno-22-16"></a><span class="k">fn</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="nf">makes_copy</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="n">some_integer</span><span class="p">:</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="kt">i32</span><span class="p">)</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="p">{</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="c1">// some_integer comes into scope</span>
+<a id="__codelineno-22-17" name="__codelineno-22-17"></a><span class="w">    </span><span class="fm">println!</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="s">&quot;{}&quot;</span><span class="p">,</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="n">some_integer</span><span class="p">);</span>
+<a id="__codelineno-22-18" name="__codelineno-22-18"></a><span class="p">}</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="c1">// Here, some_integer goes out of scope. Nothing special happens.</span>
+</code></pre></div></td></tr></table></div>
+<h3 id="return-values-scope">Return Values &amp; Scope</h3>
+<p>Returning values can also transfer ownership.</p>
+<div class="highlight"><table class="highlighttable"><tr><th colspan="2" class="filename"><span class="filename">Rust</span></th></tr><tr><td class="linenos"><div class="linenodiv"><pre><span></span><span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-23-1"> 1</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-23-2"> 2</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-23-3"> 3</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-23-4"> 4</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-23-5"> 5</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-23-6"> 6</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-23-7"> 7</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-23-8"> 8</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-23-9"> 9</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-23-10">10</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-23-11">11</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-23-12">12</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-23-13">13</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-23-14">14</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-23-15">15</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-23-16">16</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-23-17">17</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-23-18">18</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-23-19">19</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-23-20">20</a></span></pre></div></td><td class="code"><div><pre><span></span><code><a id="__codelineno-23-1" name="__codelineno-23-1"></a><span class="k">fn</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="nf">main</span><span class="p">()</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="p">{</span>
+<a id="__codelineno-23-2" name="__codelineno-23-2"></a><span class="w">    </span><span class="kd">let</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="n">s1</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="o">=</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="n">gives_ownership</span><span class="p">();</span><span class="w">         </span><span class="c1">// gives_ownership moves its return value into s1</span>
+<a id="__codelineno-23-3" name="__codelineno-23-3"></a>
+<a id="__codelineno-23-4" name="__codelineno-23-4"></a><span class="w">    </span><span class="kd">let</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="n">s2</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="o">=</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="nb">String</span><span class="p">::</span><span class="n">from</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="s">&quot;hello&quot;</span><span class="p">);</span><span class="w">     </span><span class="c1">// s2 comes into scope</span>
+<a id="__codelineno-23-5" name="__codelineno-23-5"></a>
+<a id="__codelineno-23-6" name="__codelineno-23-6"></a><span class="w">    </span><span class="kd">let</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="n">s3</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="o">=</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="n">takes_and_gives_back</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="n">s2</span><span class="p">);</span><span class="w">  </span><span class="c1">// s2 is moved into takes_and_gives_back, which also moves its return value into s3</span>
+<a id="__codelineno-23-7" name="__codelineno-23-7"></a><span class="p">}</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="c1">// Here, s3 goes out of scope and is dropped. s2 goes out of scope but was moved, so nothing happens. s1 goes out of scope and is dropped.</span>
+<a id="__codelineno-23-8" name="__codelineno-23-8"></a>
+<a id="__codelineno-23-9" name="__codelineno-23-9"></a><span class="k">fn</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="nf">gives_ownership</span><span class="p">()</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="p">-&gt;</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="nb">String</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="p">{</span><span class="w">             </span><span class="c1">// gives_ownership will move its return value into the function that calls it</span>
+<a id="__codelineno-23-10" name="__codelineno-23-10"></a>
+<a id="__codelineno-23-11" name="__codelineno-23-11"></a><span class="w">    </span><span class="kd">let</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="n">some_string</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="o">=</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="nb">String</span><span class="p">::</span><span class="n">from</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="s">&quot;hello&quot;</span><span class="p">);</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="c1">// some_string comes into scope</span>
+<a id="__codelineno-23-12" name="__codelineno-23-12"></a>
+<a id="__codelineno-23-13" name="__codelineno-23-13"></a><span class="w">    </span><span class="n">some_string</span><span class="w">                              </span><span class="c1">// some_string is returned and moves out to the calling function</span>
+<a id="__codelineno-23-14" name="__codelineno-23-14"></a><span class="p">}</span>
+<a id="__codelineno-23-15" name="__codelineno-23-15"></a>
+<a id="__codelineno-23-16" name="__codelineno-23-16"></a><span class="c1">// takes_and_gives_back will take a String and return one</span>
+<a id="__codelineno-23-17" name="__codelineno-23-17"></a><span class="k">fn</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="nf">takes_and_gives_back</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="n">a_string</span><span class="p">:</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="nb">String</span><span class="p">)</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="p">-&gt;</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="nb">String</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="p">{</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="c1">// a_string comes into scope</span>
+<a id="__codelineno-23-18" name="__codelineno-23-18"></a>
+<a id="__codelineno-23-19" name="__codelineno-23-19"></a><span class="w">    </span><span class="n">a_string</span><span class="w">  </span><span class="c1">// a_string is returned and moves out to the calling function</span>
+<a id="__codelineno-23-20" name="__codelineno-23-20"></a><span class="p">}</span>
+</code></pre></div></td></tr></table></div>
+<h3 id="references-raw-pointers-borrowing">References, Raw Pointers &amp; Borrowing</h3>
+<p>Reference types:</p>
+<ul>
+<li><code>&amp;T</code>: <em>immutable</em> (aka <em>shared</em>) reference, admits multiple references at the same time, (Read-Only, implements <code>Copy</code>)</li>
+<li><code>&amp;mut T</code>: <em>mutable</em> reference, there can be only one</li>
+</ul>
+<p>Raw Pointers types:</p>
+<ul>
+<li><code>*mut T</code></li>
+<li><code>* const T</code></li>
+</ul>
+<p>As long as there are <em>shared references</em> to a value, not even its owner can modify it, the value is locked down.<br />
+Similarly, if there is a <em>mutable reference</em> to a value, it has exclusive access to the value;
+it's not possible to use the owner at all, until the mutable reference goes away.</p>
+<blockquote>
+<p><strong>Note</strong>: raw pointers can be used only in <code>unsafe</code> block. Rust doesn't track the pointed value</p>
+</blockquote>
+<p><em>Mutable references</em> have one big restriction: it's possible to have <em>only one</em> mutable reference to a particular piece of data in a particular scope.</p>
+<p>The benefit of having this restriction is that Rust can prevent <strong>data races</strong> at compile time.<br />
+A data race is similar to a race condition and happens when these three behaviors occur:</p>
+<ul>
+<li>Two or more pointers access the same data at the same time.  </li>
+<li>At least one of the pointers is being used to write to the data.  </li>
+<li>There's no mechanism being used to synchronize access to the data.</li>
+</ul>
+<div class="highlight"><table class="highlighttable"><tr><th colspan="2" class="filename"><span class="filename">Rust</span></th></tr><tr><td class="linenos"><div class="linenodiv"><pre><span></span><span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-24-1"> 1</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-24-2"> 2</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-24-3"> 3</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-24-4"> 4</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-24-5"> 5</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-24-6"> 6</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-24-7"> 7</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-24-8"> 8</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-24-9"> 9</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-24-10">10</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-24-11">11</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-24-12">12</a></span></pre></div></td><td class="code"><div><pre><span></span><code><a id="__codelineno-24-1" name="__codelineno-24-1"></a><span class="k">fn</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="nf">borrow</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="n">var</span><span class="p">:</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="kp">&amp;</span><span class="nc">Type</span><span class="p">)</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="p">{</span><span class="w">  </span><span class="c1">// &amp;Type indicates that the var is a reference</span>
+<a id="__codelineno-24-2" name="__codelineno-24-2"></a><span class="w">    </span><span class="c1">// here var cannot be modified</span>
+<a id="__codelineno-24-3" name="__codelineno-24-3"></a><span class="p">}</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="c1">// when var goes out of scope it doesn&#39;t get dropped because the scope didn&#39;t own it</span>
+<a id="__codelineno-24-4" name="__codelineno-24-4"></a>
+<a id="__codelineno-24-5" name="__codelineno-24-5"></a><span class="n">borrow</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="o">&amp;</span><span class="n">variable</span><span class="p">);</span><span class="w">  </span><span class="c1">// &amp;variable creates a reference to variable but does not take ownership</span>
+<a id="__codelineno-24-6" name="__codelineno-24-6"></a>
+<a id="__codelineno-24-7" name="__codelineno-24-7"></a><span class="k">fn</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="nf">borrow2</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="n">var</span><span class="p">:</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="kp">&amp;</span><span class="nc">mut</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="n">Type</span><span class="p">)</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="p">{</span>
+<a id="__codelineno-24-8" name="__codelineno-24-8"></a><span class="w">    </span><span class="c1">// here var can be modified</span>
+<a id="__codelineno-24-9" name="__codelineno-24-9"></a><span class="p">}</span>
+<a id="__codelineno-24-10" name="__codelineno-24-10"></a>
+<a id="__codelineno-24-11" name="__codelineno-24-11"></a><span class="o">&amp;</span><span class="n">variable</span><span class="p">;</span><span class="w">  </span><span class="c1">// borrow a value from a variable (returns reference)</span>
+<a id="__codelineno-24-12" name="__codelineno-24-12"></a><span class="o">*</span><span class="n">variable</span><span class="p">;</span><span class="w">  </span><span class="c1">// dereference value (access value pointed by the reference)</span>
+</code></pre></div></td></tr></table></div>
+<p>The <code>.</code> operator can <strong>implicitly borrow or dereference</strong> a reference</p>
+<div class="highlight"><table class="highlighttable"><tr><th colspan="2" class="filename"><span class="filename">Rust</span></th></tr><tr><td class="linenos"><div class="linenodiv"><pre><span></span><span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-25-1"> 1</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-25-2"> 2</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-25-3"> 3</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-25-4"> 4</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-25-5"> 5</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-25-6"> 6</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-25-7"> 7</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-25-8"> 8</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-25-9"> 9</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-25-10">10</a></span></pre></div></td><td class="code"><div><pre><span></span><code><a id="__codelineno-25-1" name="__codelineno-25-1"></a><span class="kd">let</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="k">struct</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="o">=</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="n">Struct</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="p">{</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="n">field</span><span class="p">:</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="cm">/* [...] */</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="p">}</span>
+<a id="__codelineno-25-2" name="__codelineno-25-2"></a><span class="kd">let</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="k">ref</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="o">=</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="o">&amp;</span><span class="k">struct</span><span class="p">;</span>
+<a id="__codelineno-25-3" name="__codelineno-25-3"></a>
+<a id="__codelineno-25-4" name="__codelineno-25-4"></a><span class="k">ref</span><span class="p">.</span><span class="n">field</span><span class="w">  </span><span class="c1">// implicit deref</span>
+<a id="__codelineno-25-5" name="__codelineno-25-5"></a><span class="p">(</span><span class="o">*</span><span class="k">ref</span><span class="p">).</span><span class="n">field</span><span class="w">  </span><span class="c1">// explicit deref</span>
+<a id="__codelineno-25-6" name="__codelineno-25-6"></a>
+<a id="__codelineno-25-7" name="__codelineno-25-7"></a><span class="kd">let</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="k">mut</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="n">vec</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="o">=</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="fm">vec!</span><span class="p">[</span><span class="cm">/* */</span><span class="p">];</span>
+<a id="__codelineno-25-8" name="__codelineno-25-8"></a>
+<a id="__codelineno-25-9" name="__codelineno-25-9"></a><span class="n">v</span><span class="p">.</span><span class="n">sort</span><span class="p">()</span><span class="w">  </span><span class="c1">// implicit mutable borrow</span>
+<a id="__codelineno-25-10" name="__codelineno-25-10"></a><span class="p">(</span><span class="o">&amp;</span><span class="k">mut</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="n">vec</span><span class="p">).</span><span class="n">sort</span><span class="p">()</span><span class="w">  </span><span class="c1">// explicit mutable borrow</span>
+</code></pre></div></td></tr></table></div>
+<blockquote>
+<p><strong>Note</strong>: arithmetic expressions can "see through" one level of references.<br />
+<strong>Note</strong>: comparison affect the final value of a reference chain. To compare references directly use <code>std::ptr::eq</code></p>
+</blockquote>
+<h2 id="structs">Structs</h2>
+<p>A <strong>struct</strong>, or structure, is a custom data type that allows to name and package together multiple related values that make up a meaningful group.</p>
+<p>To define a struct enter the keyword struct and name the entire struct.<br />
+A struct's name should describe the significance of the pieces of data being grouped together.<br />
+Then, inside curly brackets, define the names and types of the pieces of data, which we call <em>fields</em>.</p>
+<div class="highlight"><table class="highlighttable"><tr><th colspan="2" class="filename"><span class="filename">Rust</span></th></tr><tr><td class="linenos"><div class="linenodiv"><pre><span></span><span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-26-1">1</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-26-2">2</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-26-3">3</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-26-4">4</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-26-5">5</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-26-6">6</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-26-7">7</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-26-8">8</a></span></pre></div></td><td class="code"><div><pre><span></span><code><a id="__codelineno-26-1" name="__codelineno-26-1"></a><span class="k">struct</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="nc">Struct</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="p">{</span>
+<a id="__codelineno-26-2" name="__codelineno-26-2"></a><span class="w">    </span><span class="n">field</span><span class="p">:</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="nc">Type</span><span class="p">,</span>
+<a id="__codelineno-26-3" name="__codelineno-26-3"></a><span class="w">    </span><span class="o">..</span><span class="p">.</span>
+<a id="__codelineno-26-4" name="__codelineno-26-4"></a><span class="p">}</span>
+<a id="__codelineno-26-5" name="__codelineno-26-5"></a>
+<a id="__codelineno-26-6" name="__codelineno-26-6"></a><span class="k">struct</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="nc">UnitStruct</span><span class="p">;</span><span class="w">  </span><span class="c1">// no field, useful in generics</span>
+<a id="__codelineno-26-7" name="__codelineno-26-7"></a>
+<a id="__codelineno-26-8" name="__codelineno-26-8"></a><span class="p">{</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="n">x</span><span class="p">:</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="nc">Type</span><span class="p">,</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="n">y</span><span class="p">:</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="nc">Type</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="p">}</span><span class="w">  </span><span class="c1">// anonymous struct</span>
+</code></pre></div></td></tr></table></div>
+<p>To use a struct after defining it, create an instance of that struct by specifying concrete values for each of the fields.</p>
+<div class="highlight"><table class="highlighttable"><tr><th colspan="2" class="filename"><span class="filename">Rust</span></th></tr><tr><td class="linenos"><div class="linenodiv"><pre><span></span><span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-27-1">1</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-27-2">2</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-27-3">3</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-27-4">4</a></span></pre></div></td><td class="code"><div><pre><span></span><code><a id="__codelineno-27-1" name="__codelineno-27-1"></a><span class="kd">let</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="k">mut</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="n">var</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="o">=</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="n">Struct</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="p">{</span>
+<a id="__codelineno-27-2" name="__codelineno-27-2"></a><span class="w">    </span><span class="n">field</span><span class="p">:</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="nc">value</span><span class="p">,</span>
+<a id="__codelineno-27-3" name="__codelineno-27-3"></a><span class="w">    </span><span class="o">..</span><span class="p">.</span>
+<a id="__codelineno-27-4" name="__codelineno-27-4"></a><span class="p">};</span>
+</code></pre></div></td></tr></table></div>
+<h3 id="field-init-shorthand">Field Init Shorthand</h3>
+<div class="highlight"><table class="highlighttable"><tr><th colspan="2" class="filename"><span class="filename">Rust</span></th></tr><tr><td class="linenos"><div class="linenodiv"><pre><span></span><span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-28-1">1</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-28-2">2</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-28-3">3</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-28-4">4</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-28-5">5</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-28-6">6</a></span></pre></div></td><td class="code"><div><pre><span></span><code><a id="__codelineno-28-1" name="__codelineno-28-1"></a><span class="kd">let</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="k">mut</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="n">var</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="o">=</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="n">Struct</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="p">{</span>
+<a id="__codelineno-28-2" name="__codelineno-28-2"></a><span class="w">    </span><span class="n">field</span><span class="p">,</span><span class="w">  </span><span class="c1">// shortened form since func param is named as the struct&#39;s field</span>
+<a id="__codelineno-28-3" name="__codelineno-28-3"></a><span class="w">    </span><span class="o">..</span><span class="p">.</span>
+<a id="__codelineno-28-4" name="__codelineno-28-4"></a><span class="p">};</span>
+<a id="__codelineno-28-5" name="__codelineno-28-5"></a>
+<a id="__codelineno-28-6" name="__codelineno-28-6"></a><span class="n">var</span><span class="p">.</span><span class="n">field</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="o">=</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="n">value</span><span class="p">;</span><span class="w">  </span><span class="c1">// member access</span>
+</code></pre></div></td></tr></table></div>
+<p><strong>Note</strong>: the entire instance must be mutable; Rust doesn't allow to mark only certain fields as mutable.</p>
+<h3 id="struct-update-syntax">Struct Update Syntax</h3>
+<div class="highlight"><table class="highlighttable"><tr><th colspan="2" class="filename"><span class="filename">Rust</span></th></tr><tr><td class="linenos"><div class="linenodiv"><pre><span></span><span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-29-1"> 1</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-29-2"> 2</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-29-3"> 3</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-29-4"> 4</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-29-5"> 5</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-29-6"> 6</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-29-7"> 7</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-29-8"> 8</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-29-9"> 9</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-29-10">10</a></span></pre></div></td><td class="code"><div><pre><span></span><code><a id="__codelineno-29-1" name="__codelineno-29-1"></a><span class="kd">let</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="n">struct1</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="o">=</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="n">Struct</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="p">{</span>
+<a id="__codelineno-29-2" name="__codelineno-29-2"></a><span class="w">    </span><span class="n">field1</span><span class="p">:</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="nc">value</span><span class="p">,</span>
+<a id="__codelineno-29-3" name="__codelineno-29-3"></a><span class="w">    </span><span class="n">field2</span><span class="p">:</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="nc">value</span><span class="p">,</span>
+<a id="__codelineno-29-4" name="__codelineno-29-4"></a><span class="w">    </span><span class="o">..</span><span class="p">.</span>
+<a id="__codelineno-29-5" name="__codelineno-29-5"></a><span class="p">}</span>
+<a id="__codelineno-29-6" name="__codelineno-29-6"></a><span class="c1">// same as</span>
+<a id="__codelineno-29-7" name="__codelineno-29-7"></a><span class="kd">let</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="n">struct2</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="o">=</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="n">Struct</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="p">{</span>
+<a id="__codelineno-29-8" name="__codelineno-29-8"></a><span class="w">    </span><span class="n">field1</span><span class="p">:</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="nc">other_value</span><span class="p">,</span>
+<a id="__codelineno-29-9" name="__codelineno-29-9"></a><span class="w">    </span><span class="o">..</span><span class="n">struct1</span><span class="w">  </span><span class="c1">// all remaining fields have the same values of struct1</span>
+<a id="__codelineno-29-10" name="__codelineno-29-10"></a><span class="p">}</span>
+</code></pre></div></td></tr></table></div>
+<h3 id="tuple-structs">Tuple Structs</h3>
+<p>Use Tuple Structs to create different types easily.<br />
+To define a <strong>tuple struct</strong>, start with the <code>struct</code> keyword and the struct name followed by the types in the tuple.</p>
+<div class="highlight"><table class="highlighttable"><tr><th colspan="2" class="filename"><span class="filename">Rust</span></th></tr><tr><td class="linenos"><div class="linenodiv"><pre><span></span><span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-30-1">1</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-30-2">2</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-30-3">3</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-30-4">4</a></span></pre></div></td><td class="code"><div><pre><span></span><code><a id="__codelineno-30-1" name="__codelineno-30-1"></a><span class="k">struct</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="nc">Point</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="kt">i32</span><span class="p">,</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="kt">i32</span><span class="p">,</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="kt">i32</span><span class="p">);</span>
+<a id="__codelineno-30-2" name="__codelineno-30-2"></a><span class="k">struct</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="nc">Color</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="kt">i32</span><span class="p">,</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="kt">i32</span><span class="p">,</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="kt">i32</span><span class="p">);</span>
+<a id="__codelineno-30-3" name="__codelineno-30-3"></a>
+<a id="__codelineno-30-4" name="__codelineno-30-4"></a><span class="kd">let</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="n">origin</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="o">=</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="n">Point</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="mi">0</span><span class="p">,</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="mi">0</span><span class="p">,</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="mi">0</span><span class="p">);</span>
+</code></pre></div></td></tr></table></div>
+<h3 id="struct-printing">Struct Printing</h3>
+<div class="highlight"><table class="highlighttable"><tr><th colspan="2" class="filename"><span class="filename">Rust</span></th></tr><tr><td class="linenos"><div class="linenodiv"><pre><span></span><span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-31-1">1</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-31-2">2</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-31-3">3</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-31-4">4</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-31-5">5</a></span></pre></div></td><td class="code"><div><pre><span></span><code><a id="__codelineno-31-1" name="__codelineno-31-1"></a><span class="cp">#[derive(Debug)]</span><span class="w">  </span><span class="c1">// inherit the debug trait</span>
+<a id="__codelineno-31-2" name="__codelineno-31-2"></a><span class="k">struct</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="nc">Struct</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="p">{</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="p">}</span>
+<a id="__codelineno-31-3" name="__codelineno-31-3"></a>
+<a id="__codelineno-31-4" name="__codelineno-31-4"></a><span class="kd">let</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="n">s</span><span class="p">:</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="nc">Struct</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="o">=</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="p">{</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="cm">/* valorization */</span><span class="p">};</span>
+<a id="__codelineno-31-5" name="__codelineno-31-5"></a><span class="fm">println!</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="s">&quot;{:?}&quot;</span><span class="p">,</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="n">s</span><span class="p">)</span><span class="w">  </span><span class="c1">// debug output: { field: value, ... }</span>
+</code></pre></div></td></tr></table></div>
+<h3 id="associated-functions-type-associated-functions-aka-methods">Associated Functions &amp; Type-Associated Functions (aka Methods)</h3>
+<div class="highlight"><table class="highlighttable"><tr><th colspan="2" class="filename"><span class="filename">Rust</span></th></tr><tr><td class="linenos"><div class="linenodiv"><pre><span></span><span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-32-1"> 1</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-32-2"> 2</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-32-3"> 3</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-32-4"> 4</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-32-5"> 5</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-32-6"> 6</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-32-7"> 7</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-32-8"> 8</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-32-9"> 9</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-32-10">10</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-32-11">11</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-32-12">12</a></span></pre></div></td><td class="code"><div><pre><span></span><code><a id="__codelineno-32-1" name="__codelineno-32-1"></a><span class="k">struct</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="nc">Struct</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="p">{</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="p">};</span>
+<a id="__codelineno-32-2" name="__codelineno-32-2"></a><span class="k">impl</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="n">Struct</span>
+<a id="__codelineno-32-3" name="__codelineno-32-3"></a><span class="p">{</span>
+<a id="__codelineno-32-4" name="__codelineno-32-4"></a><span class="w">    </span><span class="k">fn</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="nf">associated_function</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="o">&amp;</span><span class="bp">self</span><span class="p">,</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="n">arg</span><span class="p">:</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="nc">Type</span><span class="p">)</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="p">-&gt;</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="nc">Type</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="p">{</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="p">}</span>
+<a id="__codelineno-32-5" name="__codelineno-32-5"></a><span class="w">    </span><span class="k">fn</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="nf">associated_function</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="o">&amp;</span><span class="k">mut</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="bp">self</span><span class="p">,</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="n">arg</span><span class="p">:</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="nc">Type</span><span class="p">)</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="p">-&gt;</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="nc">Type</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="p">{</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="p">}</span><span class="w">  </span><span class="c1">// able to modify instance</span>
+<a id="__codelineno-32-6" name="__codelineno-32-6"></a><span class="w">    </span><span class="k">fn</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="nf">type_associated_function</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="n">arg</span><span class="p">:</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="nc">Type</span><span class="p">)</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="p">-&gt;</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="nc">Type</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="p">{</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="p">}</span><span class="w">  </span><span class="c1">// does not have self parameter</span>
+<a id="__codelineno-32-7" name="__codelineno-32-7"></a><span class="p">}</span>
+<a id="__codelineno-32-8" name="__codelineno-32-8"></a>
+<a id="__codelineno-32-9" name="__codelineno-32-9"></a><span class="kd">let</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="n">s</span><span class="p">:</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="nc">Struct</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="o">=</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="p">{</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="cm">/* valorization */</span><span class="p">};</span>
+<a id="__codelineno-32-10" name="__codelineno-32-10"></a><span class="n">s</span><span class="p">.</span><span class="n">associated_function</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="n">arg</span><span class="p">);</span><span class="w">  </span><span class="c1">// use struct method</span>
+<a id="__codelineno-32-11" name="__codelineno-32-11"></a>
+<a id="__codelineno-32-12" name="__codelineno-32-12"></a><span class="n">Struct</span><span class="p">::</span><span class="n">type_associated_function</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="n">arg</span><span class="p">);</span>
+</code></pre></div></td></tr></table></div>
+<h3 id="associated-consts">Associated Consts</h3>
+<div class="highlight"><table class="highlighttable"><tr><th colspan="2" class="filename"><span class="filename">Rust</span></th></tr><tr><td class="linenos"><div class="linenodiv"><pre><span></span><span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-33-1">1</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-33-2">2</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-33-3">3</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-33-4">4</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-33-5">5</a></span></pre></div></td><td class="code"><div><pre><span></span><code><a id="__codelineno-33-1" name="__codelineno-33-1"></a><span class="k">struct</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="nc">Struct</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="p">{</span>
+<a id="__codelineno-33-2" name="__codelineno-33-2"></a><span class="w">    </span><span class="k">const</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="n">ASSOCIATED_CONST</span><span class="p">:</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="nc">Type</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="o">=</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="o">&lt;</span><span class="n">value</span><span class="o">&gt;</span><span class="p">;</span>
+<a id="__codelineno-33-3" name="__codelineno-33-3"></a><span class="p">}</span>
+<a id="__codelineno-33-4" name="__codelineno-33-4"></a>
+<a id="__codelineno-33-5" name="__codelineno-33-5"></a><span class="n">Struct</span><span class="p">::</span><span class="n">ASSOCIATED_CONST</span><span class="p">;</span>
+</code></pre></div></td></tr></table></div>
+<h2 id="traits">Traits</h2>
+<p>A Trait is a collection of methods representing a set of behaviours necessary to accomplish some task.<br />
+Traits can be used as generic types constraints and can be implemented by data types.</p>
+<div class="highlight"><table class="highlighttable"><tr><th colspan="2" class="filename"><span class="filename">Rust</span></th></tr><tr><td class="linenos"><div class="linenodiv"><pre><span></span><span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-34-1"> 1</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-34-2"> 2</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-34-3"> 3</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-34-4"> 4</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-34-5"> 5</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-34-6"> 6</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-34-7"> 7</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-34-8"> 8</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-34-9"> 9</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-34-10">10</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-34-11">11</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-34-12">12</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-34-13">13</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-34-14">14</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-34-15">15</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-34-16">16</a></span></pre></div></td><td class="code"><div><pre><span></span><code><a id="__codelineno-34-1" name="__codelineno-34-1"></a><span class="k">trait</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="n">Trait</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="p">{</span>
+<a id="__codelineno-34-2" name="__codelineno-34-2"></a><span class="w">    </span><span class="k">fn</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="nf">method_signature</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="o">&amp;</span><span class="bp">self</span><span class="p">,</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="n">param</span><span class="p">:</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="nc">Type</span><span class="p">)</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="p">-&gt;</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="nc">Type</span><span class="p">;</span>
+<a id="__codelineno-34-3" name="__codelineno-34-3"></a><span class="w">    </span><span class="k">fn</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="nf">method_signature</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="o">&amp;</span><span class="bp">self</span><span class="p">,</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="n">param</span><span class="p">:</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="nc">Type</span><span class="p">)</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="p">-&gt;</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="nc">Type</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="p">{</span>
+<a id="__codelineno-34-4" name="__codelineno-34-4"></a><span class="w">        </span><span class="c1">// default implementation</span>
+<a id="__codelineno-34-5" name="__codelineno-34-5"></a><span class="w">    </span><span class="p">}</span>
+<a id="__codelineno-34-6" name="__codelineno-34-6"></a><span class="p">}</span>
+<a id="__codelineno-34-7" name="__codelineno-34-7"></a>
+<a id="__codelineno-34-8" name="__codelineno-34-8"></a><span class="k">trait</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="n">SubTrait</span><span class="p">:</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="nc">Trait</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="p">{</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="p">}</span><span class="w">  </span><span class="c1">// must have impl blocks for all super traits</span>
+<a id="__codelineno-34-9" name="__codelineno-34-9"></a><span class="c1">//same as</span>
+<a id="__codelineno-34-10" name="__codelineno-34-10"></a><span class="k">trait</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="n">SubTrait</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="k">where</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="bp">Self</span><span class="p">:</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="nc">Trait</span>
+<a id="__codelineno-34-11" name="__codelineno-34-11"></a>
+<a id="__codelineno-34-12" name="__codelineno-34-12"></a><span class="k">impl</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="n">Trait</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="k">for</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="n">Struct</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="p">{</span>
+<a id="__codelineno-34-13" name="__codelineno-34-13"></a><span class="w">    </span><span class="k">fn</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="nf">method_signature</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="o">&amp;</span><span class="bp">self</span><span class="p">,</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="n">param</span><span class="p">:</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="nc">Type</span><span class="p">)</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="p">-&gt;</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="nc">Type</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="p">{</span>
+<a id="__codelineno-34-14" name="__codelineno-34-14"></a><span class="w">        </span><span class="c1">// specific implementation</span>
+<a id="__codelineno-34-15" name="__codelineno-34-15"></a><span class="w">    </span><span class="p">}</span>
+<a id="__codelineno-34-16" name="__codelineno-34-16"></a><span class="p">}</span>
+</code></pre></div></td></tr></table></div>
+<h3 id="fully-qualified-method-calls">Fully Qualified Method Calls</h3>
+<div class="highlight"><table class="highlighttable"><tr><th colspan="2" class="filename"><span class="filename">Rust</span></th></tr><tr><td class="linenos"><div class="linenodiv"><pre><span></span><span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-35-1">1</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-35-2">2</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-35-3">3</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-35-4">4</a></span></pre></div></td><td class="code"><div><pre><span></span><code><a id="__codelineno-35-1" name="__codelineno-35-1"></a><span class="n">value</span><span class="p">.</span><span class="n">method</span><span class="p">();</span>
+<a id="__codelineno-35-2" name="__codelineno-35-2"></a><span class="n">Type</span><span class="p">::</span><span class="n">method</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="n">value</span><span class="p">);</span>
+<a id="__codelineno-35-3" name="__codelineno-35-3"></a><span class="n">Trait</span><span class="p">::</span><span class="n">method</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="n">value</span><span class="p">);</span>
+<a id="__codelineno-35-4" name="__codelineno-35-4"></a><span class="o">&lt;</span><span class="n">Type</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="k">as</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="n">Trait</span><span class="o">&gt;</span><span class="p">::</span><span class="n">method</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="n">value</span><span class="p">);</span>
+</code></pre></div></td></tr></table></div>
+<blockquote>
+<p><strong>Note</strong>: fully qualified method calls also works with associated functions</p>
+</blockquote>
+<h3 id="derive-traits">Derive Traits</h3>
+<p>The Rust compiler is able to provide a basic implementation of a trait with the <code>derive</code> attribute.  </p>
+<p>Derivable Traits:</p>
+<ul>
+<li><code>Eq</code></li>
+<li><code>PartialEq</code></li>
+<li><code>Ord</code></li>
+<li><code>PartialOrd</code></li>
+<li><code>Clone</code></li>
+<li><code>Copy</code></li>
+<li><code>Hash</code></li>
+<li><code>Default</code></li>
+<li><code>Debug</code></li>
+</ul>
+<div class="highlight"><table class="highlighttable"><tr><th colspan="2" class="filename"><span class="filename">Rust</span></th></tr><tr><td class="linenos"><div class="linenodiv"><pre><span></span><span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-36-1">1</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-36-2">2</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-36-3">3</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-36-4">4</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-36-5">5</a></span></pre></div></td><td class="code"><div><pre><span></span><code><a id="__codelineno-36-1" name="__codelineno-36-1"></a><span class="cp">#[derive(Trait)]</span><span class="w">  </span><span class="c1">// derive a trait for the struct</span>
+<a id="__codelineno-36-2" name="__codelineno-36-2"></a><span class="cp">#[derive(Trait, Trait, ...)]</span><span class="w">  </span><span class="c1">// derive multiple traits</span>
+<a id="__codelineno-36-3" name="__codelineno-36-3"></a><span class="k">struct</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="nc">Struct</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="p">{</span>
+<a id="__codelineno-36-4" name="__codelineno-36-4"></a><span class="w">    </span><span class="c1">// [...]</span>
+<a id="__codelineno-36-5" name="__codelineno-36-5"></a><span class="p">}</span>
+</code></pre></div></td></tr></table></div>
+<h3 id="trait-bounds">Trait Bounds</h3>
+<p>Trait Bound are used to require a generic to implement specific traits and guarantee that a type will have the necessary behaviours.</p>
+<div class="highlight"><table class="highlighttable"><tr><th colspan="2" class="filename"><span class="filename">Rust</span></th></tr><tr><td class="linenos"><div class="linenodiv"><pre><span></span><span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-37-1"> 1</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-37-2"> 2</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-37-3"> 3</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-37-4"> 4</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-37-5"> 5</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-37-6"> 6</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-37-7"> 7</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-37-8"> 8</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-37-9"> 9</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-37-10">10</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-37-11">11</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-37-12">12</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-37-13">13</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-37-14">14</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-37-15">15</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-37-16">16</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-37-17">17</a></span></pre></div></td><td class="code"><div><pre><span></span><code><a id="__codelineno-37-1" name="__codelineno-37-1"></a><span class="k">fn</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="nf">generic_method</span><span class="o">&lt;</span><span class="n">T</span><span class="p">:</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="nc">RequiredTrait</span><span class="o">&gt;</span><span class="p">()</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="p">{}</span>
+<a id="__codelineno-37-2" name="__codelineno-37-2"></a><span class="k">fn</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="nf">generic_method</span><span class="o">&lt;</span><span class="n">T</span><span class="p">:</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="nc">RequiredTrait</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="o">+</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="n">RequiredTrait</span><span class="o">&gt;</span><span class="p">()</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="p">{}</span><span class="w">  </span><span class="c1">// multiple bounds</span>
+<a id="__codelineno-37-3" name="__codelineno-37-3"></a><span class="c1">// or</span>
+<a id="__codelineno-37-4" name="__codelineno-37-4"></a><span class="k">fn</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="nf">generic_method</span><span class="o">&lt;</span><span class="n">T</span><span class="p">,</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="n">U</span><span class="o">&gt;</span><span class="p">()</span><span class="w"> </span>
+<a id="__codelineno-37-5" name="__codelineno-37-5"></a><span class="w">    </span><span class="k">where</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="n">T</span><span class="p">:</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="nc">RequiredTrait</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="o">+</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="n">RequiredTrait</span><span class="p">,</span>
+<a id="__codelineno-37-6" name="__codelineno-37-6"></a><span class="w">          </span><span class="n">U</span><span class="p">:</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="nc">RequiredTrait</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="o">+</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="n">RequiredTrait</span>
+<a id="__codelineno-37-7" name="__codelineno-37-7"></a><span class="p">{</span>
+<a id="__codelineno-37-8" name="__codelineno-37-8"></a><span class="w">    </span><span class="c1">// implementation</span>
+<a id="__codelineno-37-9" name="__codelineno-37-9"></a><span class="p">}</span>
+<a id="__codelineno-37-10" name="__codelineno-37-10"></a>
+<a id="__codelineno-37-11" name="__codelineno-37-11"></a><span class="c1">// returned must implement specified trait, retuned type can be only one</span>
+<a id="__codelineno-37-12" name="__codelineno-37-12"></a><span class="c1">// useful for closures or iterators</span>
+<a id="__codelineno-37-13" name="__codelineno-37-13"></a><span class="k">fn</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="nf">generic_return</span><span class="p">()</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="p">-&gt;</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="nc">impl</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="n">RequiredTrait</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="p">{</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="p">}</span>
+<a id="__codelineno-37-14" name="__codelineno-37-14"></a>
+<a id="__codelineno-37-15" name="__codelineno-37-15"></a><span class="c1">// trait as parameter or return (syntactic sugar for trait bounds)</span>
+<a id="__codelineno-37-16" name="__codelineno-37-16"></a><span class="k">fn</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="nf">method_signature</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="n">param</span><span class="p">:</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="kp">&amp;</span><span class="nc">impl</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="n">Trait</span><span class="p">)</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="p">-&gt;</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="nc">Type</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="p">{}</span>
+<a id="__codelineno-37-17" name="__codelineno-37-17"></a><span class="k">fn</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="nf">method_signature</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="n">param</span><span class="p">:</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="kp">&amp;</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="k">impl</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="n">TraitOne</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="o">+</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="n">TraitTwo</span><span class="p">))</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="p">-&gt;</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="nc">Type</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="p">{}</span>
+</code></pre></div></td></tr></table></div>
+<h3 id="trait-extensions">Trait Extensions</h3>
+<div class="highlight"><table class="highlighttable"><tr><th colspan="2" class="filename"><span class="filename">Rust</span></th></tr><tr><td class="linenos"><div class="linenodiv"><pre><span></span><span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-38-1"> 1</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-38-2"> 2</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-38-3"> 3</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-38-4"> 4</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-38-5"> 5</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-38-6"> 6</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-38-7"> 7</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-38-8"> 8</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-38-9"> 9</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-38-10">10</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-38-11">11</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-38-12">12</a></span></pre></div></td><td class="code"><div><pre><span></span><code><a id="__codelineno-38-1" name="__codelineno-38-1"></a><span class="k">extern</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="k">crate</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="n">foo</span><span class="p">;</span>
+<a id="__codelineno-38-2" name="__codelineno-38-2"></a><span class="k">use</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="n">foo</span><span class="p">::</span><span class="n">Foo</span><span class="p">;</span>
+<a id="__codelineno-38-3" name="__codelineno-38-3"></a>
+<a id="__codelineno-38-4" name="__codelineno-38-4"></a><span class="c1">// define the methods to be added to the existing type</span>
+<a id="__codelineno-38-5" name="__codelineno-38-5"></a><span class="k">trait</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="n">FooExt</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="p">{</span>
+<a id="__codelineno-38-6" name="__codelineno-38-6"></a><span class="w">    </span><span class="k">fn</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="nf">bar</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="o">&amp;</span><span class="bp">self</span><span class="p">);</span>
+<a id="__codelineno-38-7" name="__codelineno-38-7"></a><span class="p">}</span>
+<a id="__codelineno-38-8" name="__codelineno-38-8"></a>
+<a id="__codelineno-38-9" name="__codelineno-38-9"></a><span class="c1">// implement the extension methods</span>
+<a id="__codelineno-38-10" name="__codelineno-38-10"></a><span class="k">impl</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="n">FooExt</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="k">for</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="n">Foo</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="p">{</span>
+<a id="__codelineno-38-11" name="__codelineno-38-11"></a><span class="w">    </span><span class="k">fn</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="nf">bar</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="o">&amp;</span><span class="bp">self</span><span class="p">)</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="p">{</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="o">..</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="p">}</span>
+<a id="__codelineno-38-12" name="__codelineno-38-12"></a><span class="p">}</span>
+</code></pre></div></td></tr></table></div>
+<h3 id="generic-structs-methods">Generic Structs &amp; Methods</h3>
+<p>Generic Data Types are abstract stand-ind for concrete data types or other properties.<br />
+They can be used with structs, functions, methods, etc.</p>
+<p>Rust accomplishes this by performing <em>monomorphization</em> of the code that is using generics at compile time.<br />
+Monomorphization is the process of turning generic code into specific code by filling in the concrete types that are used when compiled.
+For this reason if a function as a trait as return type (trait bound), only a single type that implements the trait can be returned.</p>
+<div class="highlight"><table class="highlighttable"><tr><th colspan="2" class="filename"><span class="filename">Rust</span></th></tr><tr><td class="linenos"><div class="linenodiv"><pre><span></span><span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-39-1"> 1</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-39-2"> 2</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-39-3"> 3</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-39-4"> 4</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-39-5"> 5</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-39-6"> 6</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-39-7"> 7</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-39-8"> 8</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-39-9"> 9</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-39-10">10</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-39-11">11</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-39-12">12</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-39-13">13</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-39-14">14</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-39-15">15</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-39-16">16</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-39-17">17</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-39-18">18</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-39-19">19</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-39-20">20</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-39-21">21</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-39-22">22</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-39-23">23</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-39-24">24</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-39-25">25</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-39-26">26</a></span></pre></div></td><td class="code"><div><pre><span></span><code><a id="__codelineno-39-1" name="__codelineno-39-1"></a><span class="k">struct</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="nc">GenericStruct</span><span class="o">&lt;</span><span class="n">T</span><span class="p">,</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="n">U</span><span class="o">&gt;</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="p">{</span>
+<a id="__codelineno-39-2" name="__codelineno-39-2"></a><span class="w">    </span><span class="n">T</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="n">generic_field</span><span class="p">,</span>
+<a id="__codelineno-39-3" name="__codelineno-39-3"></a><span class="w">    </span><span class="n">U</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="n">generic_field</span><span class="p">,</span>
+<a id="__codelineno-39-4" name="__codelineno-39-4"></a><span class="w">    </span><span class="o">..</span><span class="p">.</span>
+<a id="__codelineno-39-5" name="__codelineno-39-5"></a><span class="p">}</span>
+<a id="__codelineno-39-6" name="__codelineno-39-6"></a>
+<a id="__codelineno-39-7" name="__codelineno-39-7"></a><span class="k">impl</span><span class="o">&lt;</span><span class="n">T</span><span class="p">,</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="n">U</span><span class="o">&gt;</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="n">GenericStruct</span><span class="o">&lt;</span><span class="n">T</span><span class="p">,</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="n">U</span><span class="o">&gt;</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="p">{</span>
+<a id="__codelineno-39-8" name="__codelineno-39-8"></a><span class="w">    </span><span class="k">fn</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="nf">generic_method</span><span class="o">&lt;</span><span class="n">T</span><span class="o">&gt;</span><span class="p">()</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="p">-&gt;</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="nc">Type</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="p">{</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="p">}</span>
+<a id="__codelineno-39-9" name="__codelineno-39-9"></a><span class="w">    </span><span class="k">fn</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="nf">generic_method</span><span class="o">&lt;</span><span class="n">U</span><span class="o">&gt;</span><span class="p">()</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="p">-&gt;</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="nc">Type</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="p">{</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="p">}</span>
+<a id="__codelineno-39-10" name="__codelineno-39-10"></a><span class="p">}</span>
+<a id="__codelineno-39-11" name="__codelineno-39-11"></a>
+<a id="__codelineno-39-12" name="__codelineno-39-12"></a><span class="c1">// implementation for specific types</span>
+<a id="__codelineno-39-13" name="__codelineno-39-13"></a><span class="k">impl</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="n">GenericStruct</span><span class="o">&lt;</span><span class="n">Type</span><span class="p">,</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="n">Type</span><span class="o">&gt;</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="p">{</span>
+<a id="__codelineno-39-14" name="__codelineno-39-14"></a><span class="w">    </span><span class="k">fn</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="nf">method</span><span class="p">()</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="p">-&gt;</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="nc">Type</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="p">{</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="p">}</span>
+<a id="__codelineno-39-15" name="__codelineno-39-15"></a><span class="p">}</span>
+<a id="__codelineno-39-16" name="__codelineno-39-16"></a>
+<a id="__codelineno-39-17" name="__codelineno-39-17"></a><span class="c1">// implementation for specific traits </span>
+<a id="__codelineno-39-18" name="__codelineno-39-18"></a><span class="k">impl</span><span class="o">&lt;</span><span class="n">T</span><span class="p">:</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="nc">Trait</span><span class="p">,</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="n">U</span><span class="o">&gt;</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="n">GenericStruct</span><span class="o">&lt;</span><span class="n">T</span><span class="p">,</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="n">U</span><span class="o">&gt;</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="p">{</span><span class="cm">/* ...*/</span><span class="p">}</span>
+<a id="__codelineno-39-19" name="__codelineno-39-19"></a>
+<a id="__codelineno-39-20" name="__codelineno-39-20"></a><span class="c1">// implement a trait for all types with a specific trait (AKA blanket implementation)</span>
+<a id="__codelineno-39-21" name="__codelineno-39-21"></a><span class="k">impl</span><span class="o">&lt;</span><span class="n">T</span><span class="p">:</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="nc">WantedTrait</span><span class="o">&gt;</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="n">ImplementedTrait</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="k">for</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="n">T</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="p">{</span><span class="cm">/* ...*/</span><span class="p">}</span>
+<a id="__codelineno-39-22" name="__codelineno-39-22"></a>
+<a id="__codelineno-39-23" name="__codelineno-39-23"></a><span class="k">fn</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="nf">generic_func</span><span class="o">&lt;</span><span class="n">T</span><span class="o">&gt;</span><span class="p">()</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="p">-&gt;</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="nc">Type</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="p">{</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="p">}</span>
+<a id="__codelineno-39-24" name="__codelineno-39-24"></a><span class="k">fn</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="nf">generic_func</span><span class="o">&lt;</span><span class="n">T</span><span class="o">&gt;</span><span class="p">()</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="p">-&gt;</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="kp">&amp;</span><span class="nc">T</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="p">{</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="p">}</span><span class="w">  </span><span class="c1">// T could be heap-based type, returning reference is always valid</span>
+<a id="__codelineno-39-25" name="__codelineno-39-25"></a>
+<a id="__codelineno-39-26" name="__codelineno-39-26"></a><span class="k">fn</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="nf">generic</span><span class="o">&lt;</span><span class="n">T</span><span class="p">:</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="nc">Trait</span><span class="o">&gt;</span><span class="p">()</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="p">-&gt;</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="nc">Type</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="p">{</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="p">}</span><span class="w">  </span><span class="c1">// use generic constraint</span>
+</code></pre></div></td></tr></table></div>
+<blockquote>
+<p><strong>Note</strong>: the calling code needs to import your new trait in addition to the external type</p>
+</blockquote>
+<h3 id="associated-types">Associated Types</h3>
+<p><em>Associated types</em> connect a type placeholder with a trait such that the trait method definitions can use these placeholder types in their signatures.<br />
+The implementor of a trait will specify the concrete type to be used instead of the placeholder type for the particular implementation.</p>
+<div class="highlight"><table class="highlighttable"><tr><th colspan="2" class="filename"><span class="filename">Rust</span></th></tr><tr><td class="linenos"><div class="linenodiv"><pre><span></span><span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-40-1">1</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-40-2">2</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-40-3">3</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-40-4">4</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-40-5">5</a></span></pre></div></td><td class="code"><div><pre><span></span><code><a id="__codelineno-40-1" name="__codelineno-40-1"></a><span class="k">trait</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="nb">Iterator</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="p">{</span>
+<a id="__codelineno-40-2" name="__codelineno-40-2"></a><span class="w">    </span><span class="k">type</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="nc">Item</span><span class="p">;</span>
+<a id="__codelineno-40-3" name="__codelineno-40-3"></a>
+<a id="__codelineno-40-4" name="__codelineno-40-4"></a><span class="w">    </span><span class="k">fn</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="nf">next</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="o">&amp;</span><span class="k">mut</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="bp">self</span><span class="p">)</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="p">-&gt;</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="nb">Option</span><span class="o">&lt;</span><span class="bp">Self</span><span class="p">::</span><span class="n">Item</span><span class="o">&gt;</span><span class="p">;</span>
+<a id="__codelineno-40-5" name="__codelineno-40-5"></a><span class="p">}</span>
+</code></pre></div></td></tr></table></div>
+<p>The type <code>Item</code> is a placeholder, and the next method’s definition shows that it will return values of type <code>Option&lt;Self::Item&gt;</code>. Implementors of the <code>Iterator</code> trait will specify the concrete type for <code>Item</code>, and the next method will return an <code>Option</code> containing a value of that concrete type.</p>
+<blockquote>
+<p><strong>Note</strong>: if the type is <em>generic</em> then then they are called <strong>generic associated types</strong></p>
+</blockquote>
+<h3 id="generic-traits-vs-associated-types">Generic Traits vs Associated Types</h3>
+<p>The difference is that when a trait has a generic parameter, it can be implemented for a type multiple times, changing the concrete types of the generic type parameters each time.<br />
+With associated types, it's not possible to implement the trait multiple times so annotations are not needed.</p>
+<p>Associated types also become part of the trait’s contract: implementors of the trait must provide a type to stand in for the associated type placeholder.<br />
+Associated types often have a name that describes how the type will be used, and documenting the associated type in the API documentation is good practice.</p>
+<h3 id="trait-objects">Trait Objects</h3>
+<p>A <em>reference</em> to a trait is called a <strong>Trait Object</strong>. Like any other reference, a trait object points to some value, it has a lifetime, and it can be either mut or shared.<br />
+What makes a trait object different is that Rust usually doesn’t know the type of the referent at compile time.<br />
+So a trait object includes a little extra information about the referent’s type.</p>
+<p>In memory, a trait object is a fat pointer consisting of a pointer to the value, plus a pointer to a table representing that value’s type.  </p>
+<blockquote>
+<p><strong>Note</strong>: Rust automatically converts ordinary references into trait objects when needed</p>
+</blockquote>
+<div class="highlight"><table class="highlighttable"><tr><th colspan="2" class="filename"><span class="filename">Rust</span></th></tr><tr><td class="linenos"><div class="linenodiv"><pre><span></span><span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-41-1">1</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-41-2">2</a></span></pre></div></td><td class="code"><div><pre><span></span><code><a id="__codelineno-41-1" name="__codelineno-41-1"></a><span class="kd">let</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="n">trait_object</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="o">=</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="o">&amp;</span><span class="k">mut</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="k">dyn</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="n">Trait</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="o">=</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="o">&amp;</span><span class="k">mut</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="n">source</span><span class="p">;</span>
+<a id="__codelineno-41-2" name="__codelineno-41-2"></a><span class="kd">let</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="n">trait_object</span><span class="p">:</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="nb">Box</span><span class="o">&lt;</span><span class="k">dyn</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="n">Trait</span><span class="o">&gt;</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="o">=</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="nb">Box</span><span class="p">::</span><span class="n">new</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="n">source</span><span class="p">);</span><span class="w">  </span><span class="c1">// same for Rc&lt;T&gt;, Arc&lt;T&gt;, ...</span>
+</code></pre></div></td></tr></table></div>
+<p>This works differently from defining a struct or function that uses a generic type parameter with trait bounds.<br />
+A generic type parameter can only be substituted with <em>one concrete type</em> at a time, whereas trait objects allow for <em>multiple</em> concrete types to fill in for the trait object at runtime.</p>
+<div class="highlight"><table class="highlighttable"><tr><th colspan="2" class="filename"><span class="filename">Rust</span></th></tr><tr><td class="linenos"><div class="linenodiv"><pre><span></span><span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-42-1">1</a></span></pre></div></td><td class="code"><div><pre><span></span><code><a id="__codelineno-42-1" name="__codelineno-42-1"></a><span class="k">fn</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="nf">func</span><span class="p">()</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="p">-&gt;</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="nb">Box</span><span class="o">&lt;</span><span class="k">dyn</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="n">Trait</span><span class="o">&gt;</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="p">{</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="p">}</span><span class="w">  </span><span class="c1">// return something that implements the specified trait</span>
+</code></pre></div></td></tr></table></div>
+<p>If homogeneous collections are needed, using generics and trait bounds is preferable because the definitions will be monomorphized at compile time to use the concrete types.</p>
+<p>The code that results from <em>monomorphization</em> uses <strong>static dispatch</strong>, which is when the compiler knows what method will be called at compile time.</p>
+<p>This is opposed to <strong>dynamic dispatch</strong>, which is when the compiler can't tell at compile time which method will be called.  At runtime Rust uses the pointers inside the trait object to know which method to call.
+There is a runtime cost when this lookup happens that doesn't occur with static dispatch.</p>
+<p>Dynamic dispatch also prevents the compiler from choosing to inline a method's code, which in turn prevents some optimizations.</p>
+<p>It's only possible to make <em>object-safe</em> traits into trait objects. A trait is object safe if all the methods defined in the trait have the following properties:</p>
+<ul>
+<li>The return type isn't <code>Self</code>.</li>
+<li>There are no generic type parameters.</li>
+</ul>
+<h2 id="lifetimes">Lifetimes</h2>
+<p>Lifetime annotation indicates to the <em>borrow checker</em> that the lifetime of the returned value is as long as the lifetime of the referenced value.<br />
+The annotation does not affect how long the references live.</p>
+<p>In case of different lifetimes the complier will use the most restrictive.</p>
+<div class="highlight"><table class="highlighttable"><tr><th colspan="2" class="filename"><span class="filename">Rust</span></th></tr><tr><td class="linenos"><div class="linenodiv"><pre><span></span><span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-43-1"> 1</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-43-2"> 2</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-43-3"> 3</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-43-4"> 4</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-43-5"> 5</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-43-6"> 6</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-43-7"> 7</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-43-8"> 8</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-43-9"> 9</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-43-10">10</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-43-11">11</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-43-12">12</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-43-13">13</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-43-14">14</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-43-15">15</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-43-16">16</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-43-17">17</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-43-18">18</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-43-19">19</a></span></pre></div></td><td class="code"><div><pre><span></span><code><a id="__codelineno-43-1" name="__codelineno-43-1"></a><span class="c1">// lifetime annotation syntax</span>
+<a id="__codelineno-43-2" name="__codelineno-43-2"></a><span class="k">fn</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="nf">func</span><span class="o">&lt;&#39;</span><span class="na">a</span><span class="o">&gt;</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="n">x</span><span class="p">:</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="kp">&amp;</span><span class="o">&#39;</span><span class="na">a</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="nc">Type</span><span class="p">,</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="n">y</span><span class="p">:</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="kp">&amp;</span><span class="o">&#39;</span><span class="na">a</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="nc">Type</span><span class="p">)</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="p">-&gt;</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="kp">&amp;</span><span class="o">&#39;</span><span class="na">a</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="nc">Type</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="p">{</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="p">}</span>
+<a id="__codelineno-43-3" name="__codelineno-43-3"></a>
+<a id="__codelineno-43-4" name="__codelineno-43-4"></a><span class="c1">// multiple lifetimes annotations</span>
+<a id="__codelineno-43-5" name="__codelineno-43-5"></a><span class="k">fn</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="nf">func</span><span class="o">&lt;&#39;</span><span class="na">a</span><span class="p">,</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="o">&#39;</span><span class="na">b</span><span class="o">&gt;</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="n">x</span><span class="p">:</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="kp">&amp;</span><span class="o">&#39;</span><span class="na">a</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="nc">Type</span><span class="p">,</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="n">y</span><span class="p">:</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="kp">&amp;</span><span class="o">&#39;</span><span class="na">b</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="nc">Type</span><span class="p">)</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="p">-&gt;</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="kp">&amp;</span><span class="o">&#39;</span><span class="na">a</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="nc">Type</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="p">{</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="p">}</span>
+<a id="__codelineno-43-6" name="__codelineno-43-6"></a>
+<a id="__codelineno-43-7" name="__codelineno-43-7"></a><span class="c1">// struct lifetime annotation</span>
+<a id="__codelineno-43-8" name="__codelineno-43-8"></a><span class="k">struct</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="nc">Struct</span><span class="o">&lt;&#39;</span><span class="na">a</span><span class="o">&gt;</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="p">{</span>
+<a id="__codelineno-43-9" name="__codelineno-43-9"></a><span class="w">    </span><span class="n">name</span><span class="p">:</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="kp">&amp;</span><span class="o">&#39;</span><span class="na">a</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="kt">str</span><span class="w">  </span><span class="c1">// is borrowed, needs lifetime</span>
+<a id="__codelineno-43-10" name="__codelineno-43-10"></a><span class="p">}</span>
+<a id="__codelineno-43-11" name="__codelineno-43-11"></a>
+<a id="__codelineno-43-12" name="__codelineno-43-12"></a><span class="k">impl</span><span class="o">&lt;&#39;</span><span class="na">a</span><span class="o">&gt;</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="n">Struct</span><span class="o">&lt;&#39;</span><span class="na">a</span><span class="o">&gt;</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="p">{</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="p">}</span>
+<a id="__codelineno-43-13" name="__codelineno-43-13"></a><span class="k">impl</span><span class="o">&lt;&#39;</span><span class="na">a</span><span class="p">,</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="o">&#39;</span><span class="na">b</span><span class="o">&gt;</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="n">Struct</span><span class="o">&lt;&#39;</span><span class="na">a</span><span class="o">&gt;</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="p">{</span><span class="w"> </span>
+<a id="__codelineno-43-14" name="__codelineno-43-14"></a><span class="w">    </span><span class="k">fn</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="nf">method</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="o">&amp;&#39;</span><span class="na">a</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="bp">self</span><span class="p">,</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="n">param</span><span class="p">:</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="kp">&amp;</span><span class="o">&#39;</span><span class="na">b</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="nc">Type</span><span class="p">)</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="p">-&gt;</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="kp">&amp;</span><span class="o">&#39;</span><span class="na">b</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="nc">Type</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="p">{}</span>
+<a id="__codelineno-43-15" name="__codelineno-43-15"></a><span class="p">}</span>
+<a id="__codelineno-43-16" name="__codelineno-43-16"></a>
+<a id="__codelineno-43-17" name="__codelineno-43-17"></a><span class="c1">// static lifetime, same duration as entire program</span>
+<a id="__codelineno-43-18" name="__codelineno-43-18"></a><span class="c1">// can be coerced to more restrictive lifetime</span>
+<a id="__codelineno-43-19" name="__codelineno-43-19"></a><span class="kd">let</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="n">string</span><span class="p">:</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="kp">&amp;</span><span class="o">&#39;</span><span class="nb">static</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="kt">str</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="o">=</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="s">&quot;...&quot;</span><span class="p">;</span>
+</code></pre></div></td></tr></table></div>
+<h3 id="lifetime-elision-rules">Lifetime Elision Rules</h3>
+<p>The <em>Lifetime Elision Rules</em> are a set of rules for the compiler to analyze references lifetimes.<br />
+They describe situations that do not require explicit lifetime annotations.  </p>
+<ul>
+<li><strong>Rule 1</strong>: Each input parameter that is a reference is assigned it's own lifetime</li>
+<li><strong>Rule 2</strong>: If there is exactly one input lifetime, assign it to all output lifetimes</li>
+<li><strong>Rule 3</strong>: If there is a <code>&amp;self</code> or <code>&amp;mut self</code> input parameter, it's lifetime will be assigned to all output lifetimes</li>
+</ul>
+<h2 id="enums">Enums</h2>
+<div class="highlight"><table class="highlighttable"><tr><th colspan="2" class="filename"><span class="filename">Rust</span></th></tr><tr><td class="linenos"><div class="linenodiv"><pre><span></span><span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-44-1"> 1</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-44-2"> 2</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-44-3"> 3</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-44-4"> 4</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-44-5"> 5</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-44-6"> 6</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-44-7"> 7</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-44-8"> 8</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-44-9"> 9</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-44-10">10</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-44-11">11</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-44-12">12</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-44-13">13</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-44-14">14</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-44-15">15</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-44-16">16</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-44-17">17</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-44-18">18</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-44-19">19</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-44-20">20</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-44-21">21</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-44-22">22</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-44-23">23</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-44-24">24</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-44-25">25</a></span></pre></div></td><td class="code"><div><pre><span></span><code><a id="__codelineno-44-1" name="__codelineno-44-1"></a><span class="c1">// enum definition</span>
+<a id="__codelineno-44-2" name="__codelineno-44-2"></a><span class="k">enum</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="nc">Enum</span>
+<a id="__codelineno-44-3" name="__codelineno-44-3"></a><span class="p">{</span>
+<a id="__codelineno-44-4" name="__codelineno-44-4"></a><span class="w">    </span><span class="n">Variant1</span><span class="p">,</span>
+<a id="__codelineno-44-5" name="__codelineno-44-5"></a><span class="w">    </span><span class="n">Variant2</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="n">Type</span><span class="p">,</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="o">..</span><span class="p">.),</span><span class="w">  </span><span class="c1">// each variant can have different types (even structs and enums) and amounts of associated data</span>
+<a id="__codelineno-44-6" name="__codelineno-44-6"></a><span class="w">    </span><span class="n">Variant3</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="p">{</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="n">x</span><span class="p">:</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="kt">u8</span><span class="p">,</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="n">y</span><span class="p">:</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="kt">u8</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="p">}</span><span class="w">  </span><span class="c1">// c-like struct</span>
+<a id="__codelineno-44-7" name="__codelineno-44-7"></a><span class="w">    </span><span class="o">..</span><span class="p">.</span>
+<a id="__codelineno-44-8" name="__codelineno-44-8"></a><span class="p">}</span>
+<a id="__codelineno-44-9" name="__codelineno-44-9"></a>
+<a id="__codelineno-44-10" name="__codelineno-44-10"></a><span class="c1">// value assignment</span>
+<a id="__codelineno-44-11" name="__codelineno-44-11"></a><span class="kd">let</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="n">e</span><span class="p">:</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="nc">Enum</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="o">=</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="n">Enum</span><span class="p">::</span><span class="n">Variant1</span><span class="p">;</span>
+<a id="__codelineno-44-12" name="__codelineno-44-12"></a><span class="kd">let</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="n">e</span><span class="p">:</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="nc">Enum</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="o">=</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="n">Enum</span><span class="p">::</span><span class="n">Variant2</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="n">arg</span><span class="p">,</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="o">..</span><span class="p">.);</span><span class="w">  </span><span class="c1">// variant w/ data</span>
+<a id="__codelineno-44-13" name="__codelineno-44-13"></a><span class="kd">let</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="n">e</span><span class="p">:</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="nc">Enum</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="o">=</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="n">Enum</span><span class="p">::</span><span class="n">Variant3</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="p">{</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="n">x</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="o">=</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="mi">1</span><span class="p">,</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="n">y</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="o">=</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="mi">0</span><span class="p">};</span>
+<a id="__codelineno-44-14" name="__codelineno-44-14"></a>
+<a id="__codelineno-44-15" name="__codelineno-44-15"></a><span class="c1">// methods on enum</span>
+<a id="__codelineno-44-16" name="__codelineno-44-16"></a><span class="k">impl</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="n">Enum</span>
+<a id="__codelineno-44-17" name="__codelineno-44-17"></a><span class="p">{</span>
+<a id="__codelineno-44-18" name="__codelineno-44-18"></a><span class="w">    </span><span class="k">fn</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="nf">method</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="o">&amp;</span><span class="bp">self</span><span class="p">)</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="p">-&gt;</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="nc">Type</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="p">{</span>
+<a id="__codelineno-44-19" name="__codelineno-44-19"></a><span class="w">        </span><span class="k">match</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="bp">self</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="p">{</span>
+<a id="__codelineno-44-20" name="__codelineno-44-20"></a><span class="w">            </span><span class="n">Enum</span><span class="p">::</span><span class="n">Variant1</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="o">=&gt;</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="o">&lt;</span><span class="n">expr</span><span class="o">&gt;</span>
+<a id="__codelineno-44-21" name="__codelineno-44-21"></a><span class="w">            </span><span class="n">Enum</span><span class="p">::</span><span class="n">Variant2</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="n">arg</span><span class="p">)</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="o">=&gt;</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="o">&lt;</span><span class="n">expr</span><span class="o">&gt;</span><span class="p">,</span>
+<a id="__codelineno-44-22" name="__codelineno-44-22"></a><span class="w">            </span><span class="n">Enum</span><span class="p">::</span><span class="n">Variant3</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="p">{</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="n">x</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="o">=</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="mi">1</span><span class="p">,</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="n">y</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="o">=</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="mi">0</span><span class="p">}</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="o">=&gt;</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="o">&lt;</span><span class="n">expr</span><span class="o">&gt;</span><span class="p">;</span>
+<a id="__codelineno-44-23" name="__codelineno-44-23"></a><span class="w">        </span><span class="p">}</span>
+<a id="__codelineno-44-24" name="__codelineno-44-24"></a><span class="w">    </span><span class="p">}</span>
+<a id="__codelineno-44-25" name="__codelineno-44-25"></a><span class="p">}</span>
+</code></pre></div></td></tr></table></div>
+<h3 id="match-expressions">Match Expressions</h3>
+<p>A <em>match expression</em> is made up of <em>arms</em>. An arm consists of a <em>pattern</em> and the code that should be run if the value given to the beginning of the match expression fits that arm's pattern. Rust takes the value given to match and looks through each arm's pattern in turn.</p>
+<blockquote>
+<p><strong>Note</strong>: <code>match</code> arms must be exhaustive for compilation.</p>
+</blockquote>
+<div class="highlight"><table class="highlighttable"><tr><th colspan="2" class="filename"><span class="filename">Rust</span></th></tr><tr><td class="linenos"><div class="linenodiv"><pre><span></span><span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-45-1"> 1</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-45-2"> 2</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-45-3"> 3</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-45-4"> 4</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-45-5"> 5</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-45-6"> 6</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-45-7"> 7</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-45-8"> 8</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-45-9"> 9</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-45-10">10</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-45-11">11</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-45-12">12</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-45-13">13</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-45-14">14</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-45-15">15</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-45-16">16</a></span></pre></div></td><td class="code"><div><pre><span></span><code><a id="__codelineno-45-1" name="__codelineno-45-1"></a><span class="k">enum</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="nc">Enum</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="p">{</span>
+<a id="__codelineno-45-2" name="__codelineno-45-2"></a><span class="w">    </span><span class="n">Variant1</span><span class="p">,</span>
+<a id="__codelineno-45-3" name="__codelineno-45-3"></a><span class="w">    </span><span class="n">Variant2</span><span class="p">,</span>
+<a id="__codelineno-45-4" name="__codelineno-45-4"></a><span class="w">    </span><span class="n">Variant3</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="n">Type</span><span class="p">),</span>
+<a id="__codelineno-45-5" name="__codelineno-45-5"></a><span class="w">    </span><span class="o">..</span><span class="p">.</span>
+<a id="__codelineno-45-6" name="__codelineno-45-6"></a><span class="p">}</span>
+<a id="__codelineno-45-7" name="__codelineno-45-7"></a>
+<a id="__codelineno-45-8" name="__codelineno-45-8"></a><span class="c1">// match expression on enum</span>
+<a id="__codelineno-45-9" name="__codelineno-45-9"></a><span class="k">fn</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="nf">match_variant</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="n">e</span><span class="p">:</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="nc">Enum</span><span class="p">)</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="p">{</span>
+<a id="__codelineno-45-10" name="__codelineno-45-10"></a><span class="w">    </span><span class="k">match</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="n">e</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="p">{</span>
+<a id="__codelineno-45-11" name="__codelineno-45-11"></a><span class="w">        </span><span class="n">Enum</span><span class="p">::</span><span class="n">Variant1</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="o">=&gt;</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="o">&lt;</span><span class="n">expr</span><span class="o">&gt;</span><span class="p">,</span>
+<a id="__codelineno-45-12" name="__codelineno-45-12"></a><span class="w">        </span><span class="n">Enum</span><span class="p">::</span><span class="n">Variant2</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="o">=&gt;</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="p">{</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="cm">/* code block */</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="p">},</span>
+<a id="__codelineno-45-13" name="__codelineno-45-13"></a><span class="w">        </span><span class="n">Enum</span><span class="p">::</span><span class="n">Variant3</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="n">parm_name</span><span class="p">)</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="o">=&gt;</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="o">&lt;</span><span class="n">expr</span><span class="o">&gt;</span><span class="p">,</span>
+<a id="__codelineno-45-14" name="__codelineno-45-14"></a><span class="w">        </span><span class="n">_</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="o">=&gt;</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="p">()</span><span class="w">  </span><span class="c1">// () is unit value</span>
+<a id="__codelineno-45-15" name="__codelineno-45-15"></a><span class="w">    </span><span class="p">}</span>
+<a id="__codelineno-45-16" name="__codelineno-45-16"></a><span class="p">}</span>
+</code></pre></div></td></tr></table></div>
+<h3 id="pattern-matching">Pattern Matching</h3>
+<table>
+<thead>
+<tr>
+<th style="text-align: center;">Pattern</th>
+<th style="text-align: center;">Example</th>
+<th style="text-align: center;">Notes</th>
+</tr>
+</thead>
+<tbody>
+<tr>
+<td style="text-align: center;">Literal</td>
+<td style="text-align: center;"><code>100</code></td>
+<td style="text-align: center;">Match exact value or <code>const</code> name</td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+<td style="text-align: center;">Range</td>
+<td style="text-align: center;"><code>x..=y</code></td>
+<td style="text-align: center;">Match any value in range, including end</td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+<td style="text-align: center;">Wildcard</td>
+<td style="text-align: center;"><code>_</code></td>
+<td style="text-align: center;">Match any value and ignore it</td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+<td style="text-align: center;"><code>ref</code> Variable</td>
+<td style="text-align: center;"><code>ref field</code></td>
+<td style="text-align: center;">Borrow reference of matched variable</td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+<td style="text-align: center;">Variable</td>
+<td style="text-align: center;"><code>count</code></td>
+<td style="text-align: center;">Match any value and copy it to variable</td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+<td style="text-align: center;">Bind with syb-pattern</td>
+<td style="text-align: center;"><code>variable @ &lt;pattern&gt;</code></td>
+<td style="text-align: center;">Match pattern and copy to variable</td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+<td style="text-align: center;">Enum</td>
+<td style="text-align: center;"><code>Some(value)</code></td>
+<td style="text-align: center;"></td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+<td style="text-align: center;">Tuple</td>
+<td style="text-align: center;"><code>(key, value)</code></td>
+<td style="text-align: center;"></td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+<td style="text-align: center;">Array</td>
+<td style="text-align: center;"><code>[first, second, third]</code></td>
+<td style="text-align: center;"></td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+<td style="text-align: center;">Slice</td>
+<td style="text-align: center;"><code>[first, .., last]</code></td>
+<td style="text-align: center;"></td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+<td style="text-align: center;">Struct</td>
+<td style="text-align: center;"><code>Point { x, y, .. }</code></td>
+<td style="text-align: center;"></td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+<td style="text-align: center;">Reference</td>
+<td style="text-align: center;"><code>&amp;value</code></td>
+<td style="text-align: center;"></td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+<td style="text-align: center;">Multiple Patterns</td>
+<td style="text-align: center;"><code>'a' \| 'A'</code></td>
+<td style="text-align: center;"><code>match, if let, while let</code> only</td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+<td style="text-align: center;">Guard Expression</td>
+<td style="text-align: center;"><code>&lt;pattern&gt; if &lt;condition&gt;</code></td>
+<td style="text-align: center;"><code>match</code> only</td>
+</tr>
+</tbody>
+</table>
+<blockquote>
+<p><strong>Note</strong>: <code>..</code> in slices matches <em>any number</em> of elements. <code>..</code> in structs <em>ignores</em> all remaining fields</p>
+</blockquote>
+<div class="highlight"><table class="highlighttable"><tr><th colspan="2" class="filename"><span class="filename">Rust</span></th></tr><tr><td class="linenos"><div class="linenodiv"><pre><span></span><span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-46-1"> 1</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-46-2"> 2</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-46-3"> 3</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-46-4"> 4</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-46-5"> 5</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-46-6"> 6</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-46-7"> 7</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-46-8"> 8</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-46-9"> 9</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-46-10">10</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-46-11">11</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-46-12">12</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-46-13">13</a></span></pre></div></td><td class="code"><div><pre><span></span><code><a id="__codelineno-46-1" name="__codelineno-46-1"></a><span class="c1">// unpack a struct into local variables</span>
+<a id="__codelineno-46-2" name="__codelineno-46-2"></a><span class="kd">let</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="n">Struct</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="p">{</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="n">local_1</span><span class="p">,</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="n">local_2</span><span class="p">,</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="n">local_3</span><span class="p">,</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="o">..</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="p">}</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="o">=</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="n">source</span><span class="p">;</span>
+<a id="__codelineno-46-3" name="__codelineno-46-3"></a>
+<a id="__codelineno-46-4" name="__codelineno-46-4"></a><span class="c1">// ...unpack a function argument that&#39;s a tuple</span>
+<a id="__codelineno-46-5" name="__codelineno-46-5"></a><span class="k">fn</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="nf">distance_to</span><span class="p">((</span><span class="n">x</span><span class="p">,</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="n">y</span><span class="p">):</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="p">(</span><span class="kt">f64</span><span class="p">,</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="kt">f64</span><span class="p">))</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="p">-&gt;</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="kt">f64</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="p">{</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="p">}</span>
+<a id="__codelineno-46-6" name="__codelineno-46-6"></a>
+<a id="__codelineno-46-7" name="__codelineno-46-7"></a><span class="c1">// iterate over keys and values of a HashMap</span>
+<a id="__codelineno-46-8" name="__codelineno-46-8"></a><span class="k">for</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="p">(</span><span class="n">key</span><span class="p">,</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="n">value</span><span class="p">)</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="k">in</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="o">&amp;</span><span class="n">hash_map</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="p">{</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="p">}</span>
+<a id="__codelineno-46-9" name="__codelineno-46-9"></a>
+<a id="__codelineno-46-10" name="__codelineno-46-10"></a><span class="c1">// automatically dereference an argument to a closure</span>
+<a id="__codelineno-46-11" name="__codelineno-46-11"></a><span class="c1">// (handy because sometimes other code passes you a reference</span>
+<a id="__codelineno-46-12" name="__codelineno-46-12"></a><span class="c1">// when you&#39;d rather have a copy)</span>
+<a id="__codelineno-46-13" name="__codelineno-46-13"></a><span class="kd">let</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="n">sum</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="o">=</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="n">numbers</span><span class="p">.</span><span class="n">fold</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="mi">0</span><span class="p">,</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="o">|</span><span class="n">a</span><span class="p">,</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="o">&amp;</span><span class="n">num</span><span class="o">|</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="n">a</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="o">+</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="n">num</span><span class="p">);</span>
+</code></pre></div></td></tr></table></div>
+<p>Patterns that always match are special in Rust. They’re called <strong>irrefutable patterns</strong>, and they’re the only patterns allowed in <code>let</code>, in function arguments, after <code>for</code>, and in closure arguments.</p>
+<p>A <strong>refutable pattern</strong> is one that might not match, like <code>Ok(x)</code>. Refutable patterns can be used in <code>match</code> arms, because match is designed for them: if one pattern fails to match, it’s clear what happens next.</p>
+<p>Refutable patterns are also allowed in <code>if let</code> and <code>while let</code> expressions:</p>
+<div class="highlight"><table class="highlighttable"><tr><th colspan="2" class="filename"><span class="filename">Rust</span></th></tr><tr><td class="linenos"><div class="linenodiv"><pre><span></span><span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-47-1"> 1</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-47-2"> 2</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-47-3"> 3</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-47-4"> 4</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-47-5"> 5</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-47-6"> 6</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-47-7"> 7</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-47-8"> 8</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-47-9"> 9</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-47-10">10</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-47-11">11</a></span></pre></div></td><td class="code"><div><pre><span></span><code><a id="__codelineno-47-1" name="__codelineno-47-1"></a><span class="c1">// handle just one enum variant specially</span>
+<a id="__codelineno-47-2" name="__codelineno-47-2"></a><span class="k">if</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="kd">let</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="n">Enum</span><span class="p">::</span><span class="n">VariantX</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="n">_</span><span class="p">,</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="n">_</span><span class="p">)</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="o">=</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="n">source</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="p">{</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="p">}</span>
+<a id="__codelineno-47-3" name="__codelineno-47-3"></a>
+<a id="__codelineno-47-4" name="__codelineno-47-4"></a><span class="c1">// run some code only if a table lookup succeeds</span>
+<a id="__codelineno-47-5" name="__codelineno-47-5"></a><span class="k">if</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="kd">let</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="nb">Some</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="n">value</span><span class="p">)</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="o">=</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="n">hash_map</span><span class="p">.</span><span class="n">get</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="o">&amp;</span><span class="n">key</span><span class="p">)</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="p">{</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="p">}</span>
+<a id="__codelineno-47-6" name="__codelineno-47-6"></a>
+<a id="__codelineno-47-7" name="__codelineno-47-7"></a><span class="c1">// repeatedly try something until it succeeds</span>
+<a id="__codelineno-47-8" name="__codelineno-47-8"></a><span class="k">while</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="kd">let</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="nb">Err</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="n">err</span><span class="p">)</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="o">=</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="n">fallible_func</span><span class="p">()</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="p">{</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="p">}</span>
+<a id="__codelineno-47-9" name="__codelineno-47-9"></a>
+<a id="__codelineno-47-10" name="__codelineno-47-10"></a><span class="c1">// manually loop over an iterator</span>
+<a id="__codelineno-47-11" name="__codelineno-47-11"></a><span class="k">while</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="kd">let</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="nb">Some</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="n">_</span><span class="p">)</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="o">=</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="n">lines</span><span class="p">.</span><span class="n">peek</span><span class="p">()</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="p">{</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="p">}</span>
+</code></pre></div></td></tr></table></div>
+<h2 id="error-handling">Error Handling</h2>
+<h3 id="option-result">Option &amp; Result</h3>
+<p>The <code>Option</code> type is used in many places because it encodes the very common scenario in which a value could be something or it could be nothing. Expressing this concept in terms of the type system means the compiler can check whether you've handled all the cases you should be handling; this functionality can prevent bugs that are extremely common in other programming languages.</p>
+<p><code>Result&lt;T, E&gt;</code> is the type used for returning and propagating errors. It is an enum with the variants, <code>Ok(T)</code>, representing success and containing a value, and <code>Err(E)</code>, representing error and containing an error value.</p>
+<div class="highlight"><table class="highlighttable"><tr><th colspan="2" class="filename"><span class="filename">Rust</span></th></tr><tr><td class="linenos"><div class="linenodiv"><pre><span></span><span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-48-1"> 1</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-48-2"> 2</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-48-3"> 3</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-48-4"> 4</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-48-5"> 5</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-48-6"> 6</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-48-7"> 7</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-48-8"> 8</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-48-9"> 9</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-48-10">10</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-48-11">11</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-48-12">12</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-48-13">13</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-48-14">14</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-48-15">15</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-48-16">16</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-48-17">17</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-48-18">18</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-48-19">19</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-48-20">20</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-48-21">21</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-48-22">22</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-48-23">23</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-48-24">24</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-48-25">25</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-48-26">26</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-48-27">27</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-48-28">28</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-48-29">29</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-48-30">30</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-48-31">31</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-48-32">32</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-48-33">33</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-48-34">34</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-48-35">35</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-48-36">36</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-48-37">37</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-48-38">38</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-48-39">39</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-48-40">40</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-48-41">41</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-48-42">42</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-48-43">43</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-48-44">44</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-48-45">45</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-48-46">46</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-48-47">47</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-48-48">48</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-48-49">49</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-48-50">50</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-48-51">51</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-48-52">52</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-48-53">53</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-48-54">54</a></span></pre></div></td><td class="code"><div><pre><span></span><code><a id="__codelineno-48-1" name="__codelineno-48-1"></a><span class="c1">// std implementation</span>
+<a id="__codelineno-48-2" name="__codelineno-48-2"></a><span class="k">enum</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="nb">Option</span><span class="o">&lt;</span><span class="n">T</span><span class="o">&gt;</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="p">{</span>
+<a id="__codelineno-48-3" name="__codelineno-48-3"></a><span class="w">    </span><span class="nb">Some</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="n">T</span><span class="p">),</span>
+<a id="__codelineno-48-4" name="__codelineno-48-4"></a><span class="w">    </span><span class="nb">None</span>
+<a id="__codelineno-48-5" name="__codelineno-48-5"></a><span class="p">}</span>
+<a id="__codelineno-48-6" name="__codelineno-48-6"></a>
+<a id="__codelineno-48-7" name="__codelineno-48-7"></a><span class="k">enum</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="nb">Result</span><span class="o">&lt;</span><span class="n">T</span><span class="p">,</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="n">E</span><span class="o">&gt;</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="p">{</span>
+<a id="__codelineno-48-8" name="__codelineno-48-8"></a><span class="w">    </span><span class="nb">Ok</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="n">T</span><span class="p">),</span>
+<a id="__codelineno-48-9" name="__codelineno-48-9"></a><span class="w">    </span><span class="nb">Err</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="n">E</span><span class="p">)</span>
+<a id="__codelineno-48-10" name="__codelineno-48-10"></a><span class="p">}</span>
+<a id="__codelineno-48-11" name="__codelineno-48-11"></a>
+<a id="__codelineno-48-12" name="__codelineno-48-12"></a><span class="kd">let</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="n">option</span><span class="p">:</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="nb">Option</span><span class="o">&lt;</span><span class="n">T</span><span class="o">&gt;</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="o">=</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="cm">/* */</span><span class="p">;</span>
+<a id="__codelineno-48-13" name="__codelineno-48-13"></a>
+<a id="__codelineno-48-14" name="__codelineno-48-14"></a><span class="n">option</span><span class="p">.</span><span class="n">is_some</span><span class="p">();</span>
+<a id="__codelineno-48-15" name="__codelineno-48-15"></a><span class="n">option</span><span class="p">.</span><span class="n">is_none</span><span class="p">();</span>
+<a id="__codelineno-48-16" name="__codelineno-48-16"></a>
+<a id="__codelineno-48-17" name="__codelineno-48-17"></a><span class="n">option</span><span class="p">.</span><span class="n">unwrap</span><span class="p">();</span><span class="w">  </span><span class="c1">// get value of Some or panic</span>
+<a id="__codelineno-48-18" name="__codelineno-48-18"></a><span class="n">option</span><span class="p">.</span><span class="n">unwrap_or</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="n">value</span><span class="p">);</span><span class="w">  </span><span class="c1">// get value of Some or return a specified value</span>
+<a id="__codelineno-48-19" name="__codelineno-48-19"></a><span class="n">option</span><span class="p">.</span><span class="n">unwrap_or_default</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="n">fallback</span><span class="p">);</span><span class="w">  </span><span class="c1">// get value of Some or return the default value of T</span>
+<a id="__codelineno-48-20" name="__codelineno-48-20"></a>
+<a id="__codelineno-48-21" name="__codelineno-48-21"></a><span class="kd">let</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="n">result</span><span class="p">:</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="nb">Result</span><span class="o">&lt;</span><span class="n">T</span><span class="p">,</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="n">E</span><span class="o">&gt;</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="o">=</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="cm">/* */</span><span class="p">;</span>
+<a id="__codelineno-48-22" name="__codelineno-48-22"></a>
+<a id="__codelineno-48-23" name="__codelineno-48-23"></a><span class="n">result</span><span class="p">.</span><span class="n">is_ok</span><span class="p">();</span>
+<a id="__codelineno-48-24" name="__codelineno-48-24"></a><span class="n">result</span><span class="p">.</span><span class="n">is_err</span><span class="p">();</span>
+<a id="__codelineno-48-25" name="__codelineno-48-25"></a><span class="n">result</span><span class="p">.</span><span class="n">as_ref</span><span class="p">();</span><span class="w">  </span><span class="c1">// returns Result&lt;&amp;T, &amp;E&gt;</span>
+<a id="__codelineno-48-26" name="__codelineno-48-26"></a><span class="n">result</span><span class="p">.</span><span class="n">as_mut</span><span class="p">();</span><span class="w">  </span><span class="c1">// returns Result&lt;&amp;mut T, &amp;mut E&gt;</span>
+<a id="__codelineno-48-27" name="__codelineno-48-27"></a>
+<a id="__codelineno-48-28" name="__codelineno-48-28"></a><span class="c1">// methods consuming the result</span>
+<a id="__codelineno-48-29" name="__codelineno-48-29"></a><span class="n">result</span><span class="p">.</span><span class="n">ok</span><span class="p">();</span><span class="w">  </span><span class="c1">// returns Option&lt;T&gt;, discarding the error</span>
+<a id="__codelineno-48-30" name="__codelineno-48-30"></a><span class="n">result</span><span class="p">.</span><span class="n">err</span><span class="p">();</span><span class="w">  </span><span class="c1">// returns Option&lt;T&gt;, discarding the error</span>
+<a id="__codelineno-48-31" name="__codelineno-48-31"></a><span class="n">result</span><span class="p">.</span><span class="n">unwrap</span><span class="p">();</span><span class="w">  </span><span class="c1">// get value of Ok or panic if Err</span>
+<a id="__codelineno-48-32" name="__codelineno-48-32"></a><span class="n">result</span><span class="p">.</span><span class="n">unwrap_or</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="n">value</span><span class="p">);</span><span class="w">  </span><span class="c1">// get value of OK or return a specified value</span>
+<a id="__codelineno-48-33" name="__codelineno-48-33"></a><span class="n">result</span><span class="p">.</span><span class="n">unwrap_or_default</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="n">fallback</span><span class="p">);</span><span class="w">  </span><span class="c1">// get value of Ok or return the default value of T</span>
+<a id="__codelineno-48-34" name="__codelineno-48-34"></a><span class="n">result</span><span class="p">.</span><span class="n">unwrap_or_else</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="n">fallback_fn</span><span class="p">)</span>
+<a id="__codelineno-48-35" name="__codelineno-48-35"></a><span class="n">result</span><span class="p">.</span><span class="n">unwrap_err</span><span class="p">();</span><span class="w">  </span><span class="c1">// get value of Err or panic if Ok</span>
+<a id="__codelineno-48-36" name="__codelineno-48-36"></a><span class="n">result</span><span class="p">.</span><span class="n">expect</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="n">message</span><span class="p">);</span><span class="w">  </span><span class="c1">// write message to stderr if Err</span>
+<a id="__codelineno-48-37" name="__codelineno-48-37"></a>
+<a id="__codelineno-48-38" name="__codelineno-48-38"></a><span class="n">result_or_option</span><span class="p">.</span><span class="n">expect</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="s">&quot;Error Message&quot;</span><span class="p">);</span><span class="w">  </span><span class="c1">// if Err or None panics with a custom error message</span>
+<a id="__codelineno-48-39" name="__codelineno-48-39"></a>
+<a id="__codelineno-48-40" name="__codelineno-48-40"></a><span class="k">fn</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="nf">returns_result</span><span class="p">()</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="p">-&gt;</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="nb">Result</span><span class="o">&lt;</span><span class="n">T</span><span class="p">,</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="n">E</span><span class="o">&gt;</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="p">{</span><span class="w"> </span>
+<a id="__codelineno-48-41" name="__codelineno-48-41"></a><span class="w">    </span><span class="kd">let</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="n">result</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="o">=</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="k">match</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="n">may_return_err</span><span class="p">()</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="p">{</span>
+<a id="__codelineno-48-42" name="__codelineno-48-42"></a><span class="w">        </span><span class="nb">Ok</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="n">value</span><span class="p">)</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="o">=&gt;</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="n">value</span><span class="p">,</span>
+<a id="__codelineno-48-43" name="__codelineno-48-43"></a><span class="w">        </span><span class="nb">Err</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="n">error</span><span class="p">)</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="o">=&gt;</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="k">return</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="nb">Err</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="n">error</span><span class="p">)</span><span class="w">  </span><span class="c1">// return Err early</span>
+<a id="__codelineno-48-44" name="__codelineno-48-44"></a><span class="w">    </span><span class="p">};</span>
+<a id="__codelineno-48-45" name="__codelineno-48-45"></a>
+<a id="__codelineno-48-46" name="__codelineno-48-46"></a><span class="w">    </span><span class="nb">Ok</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="n">result</span><span class="p">)</span>
+<a id="__codelineno-48-47" name="__codelineno-48-47"></a><span class="p">}</span>
+<a id="__codelineno-48-48" name="__codelineno-48-48"></a><span class="c1">// same as</span>
+<a id="__codelineno-48-49" name="__codelineno-48-49"></a><span class="k">fn</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="nf">returns_result</span><span class="p">()</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="p">-&gt;</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="nb">Result</span><span class="o">&lt;</span><span class="n">T</span><span class="p">,</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="n">E</span><span class="o">&gt;</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="p">{</span><span class="w"> </span>
+<a id="__codelineno-48-50" name="__codelineno-48-50"></a><span class="w">    </span><span class="kd">let</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="n">result</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="o">=</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="n">may_return_err</span><span class="p">()</span><span class="o">?</span><span class="p">;</span><span class="w">  </span><span class="c1">// error propagation</span>
+<a id="__codelineno-48-51" name="__codelineno-48-51"></a><span class="w">    </span><span class="c1">// result contains Err ot value of Ok</span>
+<a id="__codelineno-48-52" name="__codelineno-48-52"></a>
+<a id="__codelineno-48-53" name="__codelineno-48-53"></a><span class="w">    </span><span class="nb">Ok</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="n">result</span><span class="p">)</span>
+<a id="__codelineno-48-54" name="__codelineno-48-54"></a><span class="p">}</span>
+</code></pre></div></td></tr></table></div>
+<p>Ending an expression with <code>?</code> will result in the unwrapped success (<code>Ok</code>) value, unless the result is <code>Err</code>, in which case <code>Err</code> is returned early from the enclosing function.<br />
+<code>?</code> can only be used in functions that return <code>Result</code> because of the early return of <code>Err</code> that it provides.</p>
+<blockquote>
+<p><strong>Note</strong>: When <code>None</code> is used the type of <code>Option&lt;T&gt;</code> must be specified, because the compiler can't infer the type that the <code>Some</code> variant will hold by looking only at a <code>None</code> value.
+<strong>Note</strong>: error values that have the <code>?</code> operator called on them go through the <code>from</code> function, defined in the <code>From</code> trait in the standard library, which is used to convert errors from one type into another</p>
+</blockquote>
+<h3 id="multiple-error-types">Multiple Error Types</h3>
+<p>When working with multiple error types is useful to return a "generic error" type. All the standard library error types can be represented by <code>Box&lt;dyn std::Error + Send + Sync + 'static&gt;</code>.</p>
+<div class="highlight"><table class="highlighttable"><tr><th colspan="2" class="filename"><span class="filename">Rust</span></th></tr><tr><td class="linenos"><div class="linenodiv"><pre><span></span><span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-49-1">1</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-49-2">2</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-49-3">3</a></span></pre></div></td><td class="code"><div><pre><span></span><code><a id="__codelineno-49-1" name="__codelineno-49-1"></a><span class="c1">// convenience type aliases for the generic error</span>
+<a id="__codelineno-49-2" name="__codelineno-49-2"></a><span class="k">type</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="nc">GenericError</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="o">=</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="nb">Box</span><span class="o">&lt;</span><span class="k">dyn</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="n">std</span><span class="p">::</span><span class="n">Error</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="o">+</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="nb">Send</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="o">+</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="nb">Sync</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="o">+</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="o">&#39;</span><span class="nb">static</span><span class="o">&gt;</span><span class="p">;</span>
+<a id="__codelineno-49-3" name="__codelineno-49-3"></a><span class="k">type</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="nc">GenericResult</span><span class="o">&lt;</span><span class="n">T</span><span class="o">&gt;</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="o">=</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="nb">Result</span><span class="o">&lt;</span><span class="n">T</span><span class="p">;</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="n">GenericError</span><span class="o">&gt;</span><span class="p">;</span>
+</code></pre></div></td></tr></table></div>
+<blockquote>
+<p><strong>Note</strong>: the <a href="https://crates.io/crates/anyhow"><code>anyhow</code></a> crate provides error and result types like <code>GenericError</code> with additional features</p>
+</blockquote>
+<h3 id="custom-error-types">Custom Error Types</h3>
+<div class="highlight"><table class="highlighttable"><tr><th colspan="2" class="filename"><span class="filename">Rust</span></th></tr><tr><td class="linenos"><div class="linenodiv"><pre><span></span><span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-50-1">1</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-50-2">2</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-50-3">3</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-50-4">4</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-50-5">5</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-50-6">6</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-50-7">7</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-50-8">8</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-50-9">9</a></span></pre></div></td><td class="code"><div><pre><span></span><code><a id="__codelineno-50-1" name="__codelineno-50-1"></a><span class="k">use</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="n">thiserror</span><span class="p">::</span><span class="n">Error</span><span class="p">;</span><span class="w">  </span><span class="c1">// utility crate for custom errors</span>
+<a id="__codelineno-50-2" name="__codelineno-50-2"></a>
+<a id="__codelineno-50-3" name="__codelineno-50-3"></a><span class="cp">#[derive(Error, Debug)]</span>
+<a id="__codelineno-50-4" name="__codelineno-50-4"></a><span class="cp">#[error(</span><span class="s">&quot;{message:} ({line:}, {column})&quot;</span><span class="cp">)]</span>
+<a id="__codelineno-50-5" name="__codelineno-50-5"></a><span class="k">pub</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="k">struct</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="nc">JsonError</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="p">{</span>
+<a id="__codelineno-50-6" name="__codelineno-50-6"></a><span class="w">    </span><span class="n">message</span><span class="p">:</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="nb">String</span><span class="p">,</span>
+<a id="__codelineno-50-7" name="__codelineno-50-7"></a><span class="w">    </span><span class="n">line</span><span class="p">:</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="kt">usize</span><span class="p">,</span>
+<a id="__codelineno-50-8" name="__codelineno-50-8"></a><span class="w">    </span><span class="n">column</span><span class="p">:</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="kt">usize</span><span class="p">,</span>
+<a id="__codelineno-50-9" name="__codelineno-50-9"></a><span class="p">}</span>
+</code></pre></div></td></tr></table></div>
+<blockquote>
+<p><strong>Note</strong>: the <a href="https://crates.io/crates/thiserror"><code>thiserror</code></a> crate provides utilities to create custom error types</p>
+</blockquote>
+<h2 id="collections">Collections</h2>
+<h3 id="vector">Vector</h3>
+<p>Vectors allow to store more than one value in a single data structure that puts all the values next to each other in memory. Vectors can only store values of the <em>same type</em>.<br />
+Like any other struct, a vector is freed when it goes out of scope. When the vector gets dropped, all of its contents are also dropped.</p>
+<div class="highlight"><table class="highlighttable"><tr><th colspan="2" class="filename"><span class="filename">Rust</span></th></tr><tr><td class="linenos"><div class="linenodiv"><pre><span></span><span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-51-1"> 1</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-51-2"> 2</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-51-3"> 3</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-51-4"> 4</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-51-5"> 5</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-51-6"> 6</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-51-7"> 7</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-51-8"> 8</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-51-9"> 9</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-51-10">10</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-51-11">11</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-51-12">12</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-51-13">13</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-51-14">14</a></span></pre></div></td><td class="code"><div><pre><span></span><code><a id="__codelineno-51-1" name="__codelineno-51-1"></a><span class="kd">let</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="n">v</span><span class="p">:</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="nb">Vec</span><span class="o">&lt;</span><span class="n">Type</span><span class="o">&gt;</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="o">=</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="nb">Vec</span><span class="o">&lt;</span><span class="n">Type</span><span class="o">&gt;</span><span class="p">::</span><span class="n">new</span><span class="p">();</span><span class="w">  </span><span class="c1">// empty vec init</span>
+<a id="__codelineno-51-2" name="__codelineno-51-2"></a><span class="kd">let</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="k">mut</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="n">v</span><span class="p">:</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="nc">vec</span><span class="o">!</span><span class="p">[</span><span class="n">item1</span><span class="p">,</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="n">item2</span><span class="p">,</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="o">..</span><span class="p">.];</span><span class="w">  </span><span class="c1">// vec init (type inferred)</span>
+<a id="__codelineno-51-3" name="__codelineno-51-3"></a>
+<a id="__codelineno-51-4" name="__codelineno-51-4"></a><span class="n">v</span><span class="p">.</span><span class="n">push</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="n">item</span><span class="p">);</span><span class="w">  </span><span class="c1">// add elements to vector</span>
+<a id="__codelineno-51-5" name="__codelineno-51-5"></a><span class="n">v</span><span class="p">.</span><span class="n">pop</span><span class="p">();</span><span class="w">  </span><span class="c1">// last item as Option&lt;T&gt; (vector must be mutable)</span>
+<a id="__codelineno-51-6" name="__codelineno-51-6"></a>
+<a id="__codelineno-51-7" name="__codelineno-51-7"></a><span class="c1">// element access</span>
+<a id="__codelineno-51-8" name="__codelineno-51-8"></a><span class="kd">let</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="n">value</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="o">=</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="n">v</span><span class="p">.</span><span class="n">get</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="n">index</span><span class="p">);</span><span class="w">  </span><span class="c1">// get method (returns Option&lt;&amp;T&gt;)</span>
+<a id="__codelineno-51-9" name="__codelineno-51-9"></a><span class="kd">let</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="n">value</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="o">=</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="o">&amp;</span><span class="n">v</span><span class="p">[</span><span class="n">index</span><span class="p">];</span><span class="w">  </span><span class="c1">// index syntax  (returns reference, panic on index out of bounds)</span>
+<a id="__codelineno-51-10" name="__codelineno-51-10"></a>
+<a id="__codelineno-51-11" name="__codelineno-51-11"></a><span class="c1">// iterate over mutable references to each element in a mutable vector in order to make changes to all the elements</span>
+<a id="__codelineno-51-12" name="__codelineno-51-12"></a><span class="k">for</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="n">i</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="k">in</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="k">mut</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="o">&amp;</span><span class="n">v</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="p">{</span>
+<a id="__codelineno-51-13" name="__codelineno-51-13"></a><span class="w">    </span><span class="o">*</span><span class="n">i</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="o">=</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="n">value</span><span class="p">;</span><span class="w">  </span><span class="c1">// dereference and modify value</span>
+<a id="__codelineno-51-14" name="__codelineno-51-14"></a><span class="p">}</span>
+</code></pre></div></td></tr></table></div>
+<p>A vector can hold different types if those type are variants of the same enum. It's also possible to use trait objects.</p>
+<div class="highlight"><table class="highlighttable"><tr><th colspan="2" class="filename"><span class="filename">Rust</span></th></tr><tr><td class="linenos"><div class="linenodiv"><pre><span></span><span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-52-1"> 1</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-52-2"> 2</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-52-3"> 3</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-52-4"> 4</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-52-5"> 5</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-52-6"> 6</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-52-7"> 7</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-52-8"> 8</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-52-9"> 9</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-52-10">10</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-52-11">11</a></span></pre></div></td><td class="code"><div><pre><span></span><code><a id="__codelineno-52-1" name="__codelineno-52-1"></a><span class="k">enum</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="nc">Enum</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="p">{</span>
+<a id="__codelineno-52-2" name="__codelineno-52-2"></a><span class="w">    </span><span class="n">Int</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="kt">i32</span><span class="p">),</span>
+<a id="__codelineno-52-3" name="__codelineno-52-3"></a><span class="w">    </span><span class="n">Float</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="kt">f64</span><span class="p">),</span>
+<a id="__codelineno-52-4" name="__codelineno-52-4"></a><span class="w">    </span><span class="n">Text</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="nb">String</span><span class="p">)</span>
+<a id="__codelineno-52-5" name="__codelineno-52-5"></a><span class="p">}</span>
+<a id="__codelineno-52-6" name="__codelineno-52-6"></a>
+<a id="__codelineno-52-7" name="__codelineno-52-7"></a><span class="kd">let</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="n">v</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="o">=</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="fm">vec!</span><span class="p">[</span>
+<a id="__codelineno-52-8" name="__codelineno-52-8"></a><span class="w">    </span><span class="n">Enum</span><span class="p">::</span><span class="n">Int</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="mi">2</span><span class="p">),</span>
+<a id="__codelineno-52-9" name="__codelineno-52-9"></a><span class="w">    </span><span class="n">Enum</span><span class="p">::</span><span class="n">Float</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="mf">3.14</span><span class="p">),</span>
+<a id="__codelineno-52-10" name="__codelineno-52-10"></a><span class="w">    </span><span class="n">Enum</span><span class="p">::</span><span class="n">Text</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="nb">String</span><span class="p">::</span><span class="n">from</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="s">&quot;text&quot;</span><span class="p">))</span>
+<a id="__codelineno-52-11" name="__codelineno-52-11"></a><span class="p">];</span>
+</code></pre></div></td></tr></table></div>
+<h3 id="hashmap">HashMap</h3>
+<p>Stores data in key-value pairs.</p>
+<div class="highlight"><table class="highlighttable"><tr><th colspan="2" class="filename"><span class="filename">Rust</span></th></tr><tr><td class="linenos"><div class="linenodiv"><pre><span></span><span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-53-1">1</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-53-2">2</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-53-3">3</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-53-4">4</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-53-5">5</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-53-6">6</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-53-7">7</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-53-8">8</a></span></pre></div></td><td class="code"><div><pre><span></span><code><a id="__codelineno-53-1" name="__codelineno-53-1"></a><span class="k">use</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="n">std</span><span class="p">::</span><span class="n">collections</span><span class="p">::</span><span class="n">HashMap</span><span class="p">;</span>
+<a id="__codelineno-53-2" name="__codelineno-53-2"></a>
+<a id="__codelineno-53-3" name="__codelineno-53-3"></a><span class="kd">let</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="n">map</span><span class="p">:</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="nc">HashMap</span><span class="o">&lt;</span><span class="n">K</span><span class="p">,</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="n">V</span><span class="o">&gt;</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="o">=</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="n">HashMap</span><span class="p">::</span><span class="n">new</span><span class="p">();</span>
+<a id="__codelineno-53-4" name="__codelineno-53-4"></a>
+<a id="__codelineno-53-5" name="__codelineno-53-5"></a><span class="kd">let</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="n">value</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="o">=</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="n">map</span><span class="p">.</span><span class="n">get</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="n">key</span><span class="p">);</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="c1">// returns Option&lt;&amp;V&gt;</span>
+<a id="__codelineno-53-6" name="__codelineno-53-6"></a><span class="n">map</span><span class="p">.</span><span class="n">inset</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="n">key</span><span class="p">,</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="n">value</span><span class="p">);</span><span class="w">  </span><span class="c1">// insert or override value</span>
+<a id="__codelineno-53-7" name="__codelineno-53-7"></a><span class="n">map</span><span class="p">.</span><span class="n">entry</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="n">key</span><span class="p">).</span><span class="n">or_insert</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="n">value</span><span class="p">);</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="c1">// insert if not existing</span>
+<a id="__codelineno-53-8" name="__codelineno-53-8"></a><span class="n">map</span><span class="p">.</span><span class="n">entry</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="n">key</span><span class="p">).</span><span class="n">and_modify</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="o">|</span><span class="n">value</span><span class="o">|</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="p">{</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="o">*</span><span class="n">value</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="o">=</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="o">&lt;</span><span class="n">expr</span><span class="o">&gt;</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="p">});</span><span class="w">  </span><span class="c1">// modify item based on current value</span>
+</code></pre></div></td></tr></table></div>
+<h2 id="closures">Closures</h2>
+<p>Rust's closures are anonymous functions that can be saved in a variable or passed as arguments to other functions.<br />
+Unlike functions, closures can capture values from the scope in which they're defined.</p>
+<p>Closures are usually short and relevant only within a narrow context rather than in any arbitrary scenario.<br />
+Within these limited contexts, the compiler is reliably able to infer the types of the parameters and the return type, similar to how it's able to infer the types of most variables.</p>
+<p>The first time a closure is called with an argument, the compiler infers the type of the parameter and the return type of the closure.<br />
+Those types are then locked into the closure and a type error is returned if a different type is used with the same closure.</p>
+<div class="highlight"><table class="highlighttable"><tr><th colspan="2" class="filename"><span class="filename">Rust</span></th></tr><tr><td class="linenos"><div class="linenodiv"><pre><span></span><span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-54-1">1</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-54-2">2</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-54-3">3</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-54-4">4</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-54-5">5</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-54-6">6</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-54-7">7</a></span></pre></div></td><td class="code"><div><pre><span></span><code><a id="__codelineno-54-1" name="__codelineno-54-1"></a><span class="c1">// closure definition</span>
+<a id="__codelineno-54-2" name="__codelineno-54-2"></a><span class="kd">let</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="n">closure</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="o">=</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="o">|</span><span class="n">param1</span><span class="p">,</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="n">param2</span><span class="o">|</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="o">&lt;</span><span class="n">expr</span><span class="o">&gt;</span><span class="p">;</span>
+<a id="__codelineno-54-3" name="__codelineno-54-3"></a><span class="kd">let</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="n">closure</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="o">=</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="o">|</span><span class="n">param1</span><span class="p">,</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="n">param2</span><span class="o">|</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="p">{</span><span class="cm">/* multiple lines of code */</span><span class="p">};</span>
+<a id="__codelineno-54-4" name="__codelineno-54-4"></a><span class="kd">let</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="n">closure</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="o">=</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="o">|</span><span class="n">num</span><span class="p">:</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="kt">i32</span><span class="o">|</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="o">=</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="o">&lt;</span><span class="n">expr</span><span class="o">&gt;</span><span class="p">;</span>
+<a id="__codelineno-54-5" name="__codelineno-54-5"></a>
+<a id="__codelineno-54-6" name="__codelineno-54-6"></a><span class="c1">// closure usage</span>
+<a id="__codelineno-54-7" name="__codelineno-54-7"></a><span class="kd">let</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="n">result</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="o">=</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="n">closure</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="n">arg1</span><span class="p">,</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="n">arg2</span><span class="p">);</span>
+</code></pre></div></td></tr></table></div>
+<h3 id="storing-closures-using-generic-parameters-and-the-fn-traits">Storing Closures Using Generic Parameters and the Fn Traits</h3>
+<p>To make a struct that holds a closure, the type of the closure must be specified, because a struct definition needs to know the types of each of its fields.<br />
+Each closure instance has its own unique anonymous type: that is, even if two closures have the same signature, their types are still considered different.<br />
+To define structs, enums, or function parameters that use closures generics and trait bounds are used.</p>
+<p>The <code>Fn</code> traits are provided by the standard library. All closures implement at least one of the traits: <code>Fn</code>, <code>FnMut</code>, or <code>FnOnce</code>.</p>
+<div class="highlight"><table class="highlighttable"><tr><th colspan="2" class="filename"><span class="filename">Rust</span></th></tr><tr><td class="linenos"><div class="linenodiv"><pre><span></span><span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-55-1">1</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-55-2">2</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-55-3">3</a></span></pre></div></td><td class="code"><div><pre><span></span><code><a id="__codelineno-55-1" name="__codelineno-55-1"></a><span class="k">struct</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="nc">ClosureStruct</span><span class="o">&lt;</span><span class="n">T</span><span class="o">&gt;</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="k">where</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="n">T</span><span class="p">:</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="nb">Fn</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="kt">u32</span><span class="p">)</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="p">-&gt;</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="kt">u32</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="p">{</span>
+<a id="__codelineno-55-2" name="__codelineno-55-2"></a><span class="w">    </span><span class="n">closure</span><span class="p">:</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="nc">T</span><span class="p">,</span>
+<a id="__codelineno-55-3" name="__codelineno-55-3"></a><span class="p">}</span>
+</code></pre></div></td></tr></table></div>
+<h3 id="capturing-the-environment-with-closures">Capturing the Environment with Closures</h3>
+<p>When a closure captures a value from its environment, it uses memory to store the values for use in the closure body.<br />
+Because functions are never allowed to capture their environment, defining and using functions will never incur this overhead.</p>
+<p>Closures can capture values from their environment in three ways, which directly map to the three ways a function can take a parameter:</p>
+<ul>
+<li>taking ownership</li>
+<li>borrowing mutably</li>
+<li>and borrowing immutably.</li>
+</ul>
+<p>These are encoded in the three <code>Fn</code> traits as follows:</p>
+<ul>
+<li><code>FnOnce</code> consumes the variables it captures from its enclosing scope. The closure takes ownership of these variables and move them into the closure when it is defined.</li>
+<li><code>FnMut</code> can change the environment because it mutably borrows values.</li>
+<li><code>Fn</code> borrows values from the environment immutably.</li>
+</ul>
+<p>When a closure is created, Rust infers which trait to use based on how the closure uses the values from the environment.<br />
+All closures implement <code>FnOnce</code> because they can all be called at least once. Closures that don't move the captured variables also implement <code>FnMut</code>, and closures that don't need mutable access to the captured variables also implement <code>Fn</code>.</p>
+<p>To force the closure to take ownership of the values it uses in the environment, use the <code>move</code> keyword before the parameter list.<br />
+This technique is mostly useful when passing a closure to a new thread to move the data so it's owned by the new thread.</p>
+<div class="highlight"><table class="highlighttable"><tr><th colspan="2" class="filename"><span class="filename">Rust</span></th></tr><tr><td class="linenos"><div class="linenodiv"><pre><span></span><span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-56-1">1</a></span></pre></div></td><td class="code"><div><pre><span></span><code><a id="__codelineno-56-1" name="__codelineno-56-1"></a><span class="kd">let</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="n">closure</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="o">=</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="k">move</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="o">|</span><span class="n">param</span><span class="o">|</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="o">&lt;</span><span class="n">expr</span><span class="o">&gt;</span><span class="p">;</span>
+</code></pre></div></td></tr></table></div>
+<h2 id="function-pointers">Function Pointers</h2>
+<p><strong>Function pointer</strong> types, written using the <code>fn</code> keyword, refer to a function whose identity is not necessarily known at compile-time.<br />
+They can be created via a coercion from both <em>function items</em> and <em>non-capturing closures</em>.</p>
+<div class="highlight"><table class="highlighttable"><tr><th colspan="2" class="filename"><span class="filename">Rust</span></th></tr><tr><td class="linenos"><div class="linenodiv"><pre><span></span><span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-57-1">1</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-57-2">2</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-57-3">3</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-57-4">4</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-57-5">5</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-57-6">6</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-57-7">7</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-57-8">8</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-57-9">9</a></span></pre></div></td><td class="code"><div><pre><span></span><code><a id="__codelineno-57-1" name="__codelineno-57-1"></a><span class="k">fn</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="nf">add_one</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="n">x</span><span class="p">:</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="kt">usize</span><span class="p">)</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="p">-&gt;</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="kt">usize</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="p">{</span>
+<a id="__codelineno-57-2" name="__codelineno-57-2"></a><span class="w">    </span><span class="n">x</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="o">+</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="mi">1</span>
+<a id="__codelineno-57-3" name="__codelineno-57-3"></a><span class="p">}</span>
+<a id="__codelineno-57-4" name="__codelineno-57-4"></a>
+<a id="__codelineno-57-5" name="__codelineno-57-5"></a><span class="kd">let</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="n">ptr</span><span class="p">:</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="nc">fn</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="kt">usize</span><span class="p">)</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="p">-&gt;</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="kt">usize</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="o">=</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="n">add_one</span><span class="p">;</span>
+<a id="__codelineno-57-6" name="__codelineno-57-6"></a><span class="fm">assert_eq!</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="n">ptr</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="mi">5</span><span class="p">),</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="mi">6</span><span class="p">);</span>
+<a id="__codelineno-57-7" name="__codelineno-57-7"></a>
+<a id="__codelineno-57-8" name="__codelineno-57-8"></a><span class="kd">let</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="n">clos</span><span class="p">:</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="nc">fn</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="kt">usize</span><span class="p">)</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="p">-&gt;</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="kt">usize</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="o">=</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="o">|</span><span class="n">x</span><span class="o">|</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="n">x</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="o">+</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="mi">5</span><span class="p">;</span>
+<a id="__codelineno-57-9" name="__codelineno-57-9"></a><span class="fm">assert_eq!</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="n">clos</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="mi">5</span><span class="p">),</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="mi">10</span><span class="p">);</span>
+</code></pre></div></td></tr></table></div>
+<h2 id="iterators">Iterators</h2>
+<p>The <em>iterator pattern</em> allows to perform some task on a sequence of items in turn. An iterator is responsible for the logic of iterating over each item and determining when the sequence has finished.</p>
+<p>In Rust, iterators are <em>lazy</em>, meaning they have no effect until a call to methods that consume the iterator to use it up.</p>
+<div class="highlight"><table class="highlighttable"><tr><th colspan="2" class="filename"><span class="filename">Rust</span></th></tr><tr><td class="linenos"><div class="linenodiv"><pre><span></span><span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-58-1">1</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-58-2">2</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-58-3">3</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-58-4">4</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-58-5">5</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-58-6">6</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-58-7">7</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-58-8">8</a></span></pre></div></td><td class="code"><div><pre><span></span><code><a id="__codelineno-58-1" name="__codelineno-58-1"></a><span class="c1">// iterator trait</span>
+<a id="__codelineno-58-2" name="__codelineno-58-2"></a><span class="k">pub</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="k">trait</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="nb">Iterator</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="p">{</span>
+<a id="__codelineno-58-3" name="__codelineno-58-3"></a><span class="w">    </span><span class="k">type</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="nc">Item</span><span class="p">;</span>
+<a id="__codelineno-58-4" name="__codelineno-58-4"></a>
+<a id="__codelineno-58-5" name="__codelineno-58-5"></a><span class="w">    </span><span class="k">fn</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="nf">next</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="o">&amp;</span><span class="k">mut</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="bp">self</span><span class="p">)</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="p">-&gt;</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="nb">Option</span><span class="o">&lt;</span><span class="bp">Self</span><span class="p">::</span><span class="n">Item</span><span class="o">&gt;</span><span class="p">;</span>
+<a id="__codelineno-58-6" name="__codelineno-58-6"></a>
+<a id="__codelineno-58-7" name="__codelineno-58-7"></a><span class="w">    </span><span class="c1">// methods with default implementations elided</span>
+<a id="__codelineno-58-8" name="__codelineno-58-8"></a><span class="p">}</span>
+</code></pre></div></td></tr></table></div>
+<p>Calling the <code>next</code> method on an iterator changes internal state that the iterator uses to keep track of where it is in the sequence.<br />
+In other words, this code consumes, or uses up, the iterator. Each call to next eats up an item from the iterator.</p>
+<p>Methods that call next are called <code>consuming adaptors</code>, because calling them uses up the iterator.</p>
+<p>Other methods defined on the <code>Iterator</code> trait, known as <em>iterator adaptors</em>, allow to change iterators into different kinds of iterators.<br />
+It's possible to chain multiple calls to iterator adaptors to perform complex actions in a readable way.<br />
+But because all iterators are lazy, a call one of the consuming adaptor methods is needed to get the results.</p>
+<div class="highlight"><table class="highlighttable"><tr><th colspan="2" class="filename"><span class="filename">Rust</span></th></tr><tr><td class="linenos"><div class="linenodiv"><pre><span></span><span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-59-1">1</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-59-2">2</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-59-3">3</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-59-4">4</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-59-5">5</a></span></pre></div></td><td class="code"><div><pre><span></span><code><a id="__codelineno-59-1" name="__codelineno-59-1"></a><span class="kd">let</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="n">iterator</span><span class="p">:</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="o">=</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="fm">vec!</span><span class="p">[</span><span class="mi">1</span><span class="p">,</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="mi">2</span><span class="p">,</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="mi">3</span><span class="p">];</span>
+<a id="__codelineno-59-2" name="__codelineno-59-2"></a><span class="n">iterator</span>
+<a id="__codelineno-59-3" name="__codelineno-59-3"></a><span class="w">    </span><span class="p">.</span><span class="n">map</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="o">|</span><span class="n">x</span><span class="o">|</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="n">x</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="o">+</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="mi">1</span><span class="p">)</span><span class="w">  </span><span class="c1">// iterator adapter</span>
+<a id="__codelineno-59-4" name="__codelineno-59-4"></a><span class="w">    </span><span class="p">.</span><span class="n">filter</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="o">|</span><span class="n">x</span><span class="o">|</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="n">x</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="o">%</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="mi">2</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="o">==</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="mi">0</span><span class="p">)</span><span class="w">  </span><span class="c1">// iterator adapter</span>
+<a id="__codelineno-59-5" name="__codelineno-59-5"></a><span class="w">    </span><span class="p">.</span><span class="n">collect</span><span class="p">();</span><span class="w">  </span><span class="c1">// consuming adapter</span>
+</code></pre></div></td></tr></table></div>
+<h3 id="custom-iterators">Custom Iterators</h3>
+<div class="highlight"><table class="highlighttable"><tr><th colspan="2" class="filename"><span class="filename">Rust</span></th></tr><tr><td class="linenos"><div class="linenodiv"><pre><span></span><span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-60-1"> 1</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-60-2"> 2</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-60-3"> 3</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-60-4"> 4</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-60-5"> 5</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-60-6"> 6</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-60-7"> 7</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-60-8"> 8</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-60-9"> 9</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-60-10">10</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-60-11">11</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-60-12">12</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-60-13">13</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-60-14">14</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-60-15">15</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-60-16">16</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-60-17">17</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-60-18">18</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-60-19">19</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-60-20">20</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-60-21">21</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-60-22">22</a></span></pre></div></td><td class="code"><div><pre><span></span><code><a id="__codelineno-60-1" name="__codelineno-60-1"></a><span class="k">struct</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="nc">Counter</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="p">{</span>
+<a id="__codelineno-60-2" name="__codelineno-60-2"></a><span class="w">    </span><span class="n">count</span><span class="p">:</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="kt">u32</span><span class="p">,</span>
+<a id="__codelineno-60-3" name="__codelineno-60-3"></a><span class="p">}</span>
+<a id="__codelineno-60-4" name="__codelineno-60-4"></a>
+<a id="__codelineno-60-5" name="__codelineno-60-5"></a><span class="k">impl</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="n">Counter</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="p">{</span>
+<a id="__codelineno-60-6" name="__codelineno-60-6"></a><span class="w">    </span><span class="k">fn</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="nf">new</span><span class="p">()</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="p">-&gt;</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="nc">Counter</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="p">{</span>
+<a id="__codelineno-60-7" name="__codelineno-60-7"></a><span class="w">        </span><span class="n">Counter</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="p">{</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="n">count</span><span class="p">:</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="mi">0</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="p">}</span>
+<a id="__codelineno-60-8" name="__codelineno-60-8"></a><span class="w">    </span><span class="p">}</span>
+<a id="__codelineno-60-9" name="__codelineno-60-9"></a><span class="p">}</span>
+<a id="__codelineno-60-10" name="__codelineno-60-10"></a>
+<a id="__codelineno-60-11" name="__codelineno-60-11"></a><span class="k">impl</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="nb">Iterator</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="k">for</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="n">Counter</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="p">{</span>
+<a id="__codelineno-60-12" name="__codelineno-60-12"></a><span class="w">    </span><span class="k">type</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="nc">Item</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="o">=</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="kt">u32</span><span class="p">;</span>
+<a id="__codelineno-60-13" name="__codelineno-60-13"></a>
+<a id="__codelineno-60-14" name="__codelineno-60-14"></a><span class="w">    </span><span class="k">fn</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="nf">next</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="o">&amp;</span><span class="k">mut</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="bp">self</span><span class="p">)</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="p">-&gt;</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="nb">Option</span><span class="o">&lt;</span><span class="bp">Self</span><span class="p">::</span><span class="n">Item</span><span class="o">&gt;</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="p">{</span>
+<a id="__codelineno-60-15" name="__codelineno-60-15"></a><span class="w">        </span><span class="k">if</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="bp">self</span><span class="p">.</span><span class="n">count</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="o">&lt;</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="mi">5</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="p">{</span>
+<a id="__codelineno-60-16" name="__codelineno-60-16"></a><span class="w">            </span><span class="bp">self</span><span class="p">.</span><span class="n">count</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="o">+=</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="mi">1</span><span class="p">;</span>
+<a id="__codelineno-60-17" name="__codelineno-60-17"></a><span class="w">            </span><span class="nb">Some</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="bp">self</span><span class="p">.</span><span class="n">count</span><span class="p">)</span>
+<a id="__codelineno-60-18" name="__codelineno-60-18"></a><span class="w">        </span><span class="p">}</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="k">else</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="p">{</span>
+<a id="__codelineno-60-19" name="__codelineno-60-19"></a><span class="w">            </span><span class="nb">None</span>
+<a id="__codelineno-60-20" name="__codelineno-60-20"></a><span class="w">        </span><span class="p">}</span>
+<a id="__codelineno-60-21" name="__codelineno-60-21"></a><span class="w">    </span><span class="p">}</span>
+<a id="__codelineno-60-22" name="__codelineno-60-22"></a><span class="p">}</span>
+</code></pre></div></td></tr></table></div>
+<h2 id="smart-pointers">Smart Pointers</h2>
+<p><img alt="Rust Container Types" src="../../img/rust_container-types.svg" title="Rust Container Types Data Layout" /></p>
+<p>A <strong>pointer</strong> is a general concept for a variable that contains an address in memory. This address refers to, or "points at" some other data.<br />
+The most common kind of pointer in Rust is a <em>reference</em>, which you learned about in Chapter 4. References are indicated by the <code>&amp;</code> symbol and borrow the value they point to.<br />
+They don't have any special capabilities other than referring to data. Also, they don`t have any overhead and are the kind of pointer used most often.</p>
+<p><strong>Smart pointers</strong>, on the other hand, are <em>data structures</em> that not only act like a pointer but also have additional metadata and capabilities.<br />
+The different smart pointers defined in the standard library provide functionality beyond that provided by references.</p>
+<p>In Rust, which uses the concept of ownership and borrowing, an additional difference between references and smart pointers is that references are pointers that only borrow data;<br />
+in contrast, in many cases, smart pointers <em>own</em> the data they point to.</p>
+<p>Smart pointers are usually implemented using structs. The characteristic distinguishing a smart pointer from a struct is that smart pointers implement the <code>Deref</code> and <code>Drop</code> traits.<br />
+The <code>Deref</code> trait allows an instance of the smart pointer struct to behave like a reference so it's possible to write code that works with either references or smart pointers.<br />
+The <code>Drop</code> trait allows to customize the code that is run when an instance of the smart pointer goes out of scope.</p>
+<p>The most common smart pointers in the standard library are:</p>
+<ul>
+<li><code>Box&lt;T&gt;</code>: for allocating values on the heap</li>
+<li><code>Rc&lt;T&gt;</code>: a reference counting type that enables multiple ownership</li>
+<li><code>Ref&lt;T&gt;</code> and <code>RefMut&lt;T&gt;</code>, accessed through <code>RefCell&lt;T&gt;</code>: a type that enforces the borrowing rules at runtime instead of compile time</li>
+</ul>
+<h3 id="using-boxt-to-point-to-data-on-the-heap">Using <code>Box&lt;T&gt;</code> to Point to Data on the Heap</h3>
+<p>The most straightforward smart pointer is <code>Box&lt;T&gt;</code>. Boxes allow to store data on the heap rather than the stack. What remains on the stack is the pointer to the heap data.<br />
+Boxes don't have performance overhead, other than storing their data on the heap instead of on the stack. But they don't have many extra capabilities either.</p>
+<p><code>Box&lt;T&gt;</code> use cases:</p>
+<ul>
+<li>Using a type whose size can't be known at compile time in a context that requires an exact size</li>
+<li>Transferring ownership of a large amount of data but ensuring the data won't be copied when you do so</li>
+<li>Owning a value and which implements a particular trait rather than being of a specific type</li>
+</ul>
+<div class="highlight"><table class="highlighttable"><tr><th colspan="2" class="filename"><span class="filename">Rust</span></th></tr><tr><td class="linenos"><div class="linenodiv"><pre><span></span><span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-61-1">1</a></span></pre></div></td><td class="code"><div><pre><span></span><code><a id="__codelineno-61-1" name="__codelineno-61-1"></a><span class="kd">let</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="n">_box</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="o">=</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="nb">Box</span><span class="p">::</span><span class="n">new</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="n">pointed_value</span><span class="p">);</span>
+</code></pre></div></td></tr></table></div>
+<h3 id="deref-trait-deref-coercion"><code>Deref</code> Trait &amp; Deref Coercion</h3>
+<p>Implementing the <code>Deref</code> trait allows to customize the behavior of the dereference operator, <code>*</code>.
+By implementing <code>Deref</code> in such a way that a smart pointer can be treated like a regular reference.</p>
+<div class="highlight"><table class="highlighttable"><tr><th colspan="2" class="filename"><span class="filename">Rust</span></th></tr><tr><td class="linenos"><div class="linenodiv"><pre><span></span><span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-62-1"> 1</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-62-2"> 2</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-62-3"> 3</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-62-4"> 4</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-62-5"> 5</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-62-6"> 6</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-62-7"> 7</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-62-8"> 8</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-62-9"> 9</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-62-10">10</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-62-11">11</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-62-12">12</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-62-13">13</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-62-14">14</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-62-15">15</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-62-16">16</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-62-17">17</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-62-18">18</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-62-19">19</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-62-20">20</a></span></pre></div></td><td class="code"><div><pre><span></span><code><a id="__codelineno-62-1" name="__codelineno-62-1"></a><span class="k">struct</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="nc">CustomSmartPointer</span><span class="o">&lt;</span><span class="n">T</span><span class="o">&gt;</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="n">T</span><span class="p">);</span>
+<a id="__codelineno-62-2" name="__codelineno-62-2"></a>
+<a id="__codelineno-62-3" name="__codelineno-62-3"></a><span class="k">impl</span><span class="o">&lt;</span><span class="n">T</span><span class="o">&gt;</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="n">CustomSmartPointer</span><span class="o">&lt;</span><span class="n">T</span><span class="o">&gt;</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="p">{</span>
+<a id="__codelineno-62-4" name="__codelineno-62-4"></a><span class="w">    </span><span class="k">fn</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="nf">new</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="n">x</span><span class="p">:</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="nc">T</span><span class="p">)</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="p">{</span>
+<a id="__codelineno-62-5" name="__codelineno-62-5"></a><span class="w">        </span><span class="n">CustomSmartPointer</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="n">x</span><span class="p">)</span>
+<a id="__codelineno-62-6" name="__codelineno-62-6"></a><span class="w">    </span><span class="p">}</span>
+<a id="__codelineno-62-7" name="__codelineno-62-7"></a><span class="p">}</span>
+<a id="__codelineno-62-8" name="__codelineno-62-8"></a>
+<a id="__codelineno-62-9" name="__codelineno-62-9"></a><span class="k">impl</span><span class="o">&lt;</span><span class="n">T</span><span class="o">&gt;</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="n">Deref</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="k">for</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="n">CustomSmartPointer</span><span class="o">&lt;</span><span class="n">T</span><span class="o">&gt;</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="p">{</span>
+<a id="__codelineno-62-10" name="__codelineno-62-10"></a><span class="w">    </span><span class="k">type</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="nc">Target</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="o">=</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="n">T</span><span class="p">;</span>
+<a id="__codelineno-62-11" name="__codelineno-62-11"></a>
+<a id="__codelineno-62-12" name="__codelineno-62-12"></a><span class="w">    </span><span class="k">fn</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="nf">deref</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="o">&amp;</span><span class="bp">self</span><span class="p">)</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="p">-&gt;</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="kp">&amp;</span><span class="nc">Self</span><span class="p">::</span><span class="n">Target</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="p">{</span>
+<a id="__codelineno-62-13" name="__codelineno-62-13"></a><span class="w">        </span><span class="c1">// return reference to value</span>
+<a id="__codelineno-62-14" name="__codelineno-62-14"></a><span class="w">    </span><span class="p">}</span>
+<a id="__codelineno-62-15" name="__codelineno-62-15"></a><span class="p">}</span>
+<a id="__codelineno-62-16" name="__codelineno-62-16"></a>
+<a id="__codelineno-62-17" name="__codelineno-62-17"></a><span class="kd">let</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="n">s</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="o">=</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="n">CustomSmartPointer</span><span class="p">::</span><span class="n">new</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="n">value</span><span class="p">);</span>
+<a id="__codelineno-62-18" name="__codelineno-62-18"></a><span class="kd">let</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="n">v</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="o">=</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="o">*</span><span class="n">s</span><span class="p">;</span>
+<a id="__codelineno-62-19" name="__codelineno-62-19"></a><span class="c1">// same as</span>
+<a id="__codelineno-62-20" name="__codelineno-62-20"></a><span class="kd">let</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="n">v</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="o">=</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="o">*</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="n">s</span><span class="p">.</span><span class="n">deref</span><span class="p">());</span>
+</code></pre></div></td></tr></table></div>
+<p><em>Deref coercion</em> is a convenience that Rust performs on arguments to functions and methods.
+It works only on types that implement the <code>Deref</code> trait and converts such a type into a reference to another type.<br />
+Deref coercion was added to Rust so that programmers writing function and method calls don't need to add as many explicit references and dereferences with <code>&amp;</code> and <code>*</code>.</p>
+<div class="highlight"><table class="highlighttable"><tr><th colspan="2" class="filename"><span class="filename">Rust</span></th></tr><tr><td class="linenos"><div class="linenodiv"><pre><span></span><span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-63-1">1</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-63-2">2</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-63-3">3</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-63-4">4</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-63-5">5</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-63-6">6</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-63-7">7</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-63-8">8</a></span></pre></div></td><td class="code"><div><pre><span></span><code><a id="__codelineno-63-1" name="__codelineno-63-1"></a><span class="k">fn</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="nf">hello</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="n">name</span><span class="p">:</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="kp">&amp;</span><span class="kt">str</span><span class="p">)</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="p">{</span>
+<a id="__codelineno-63-2" name="__codelineno-63-2"></a><span class="w">    </span><span class="fm">println!</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="s">&quot;Hello {}&quot;</span><span class="p">,</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="n">name</span><span class="p">);</span>
+<a id="__codelineno-63-3" name="__codelineno-63-3"></a><span class="p">}</span>
+<a id="__codelineno-63-4" name="__codelineno-63-4"></a>
+<a id="__codelineno-63-5" name="__codelineno-63-5"></a><span class="k">fn</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="nf">main</span><span class="p">()</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="p">{</span>
+<a id="__codelineno-63-6" name="__codelineno-63-6"></a><span class="w">    </span><span class="kd">let</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="n">name</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="o">=</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="nb">Box</span><span class="p">::</span><span class="n">new</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="nb">String</span><span class="p">::</span><span class="n">from</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="s">&quot;Rust&quot;</span><span class="p">));</span>
+<a id="__codelineno-63-7" name="__codelineno-63-7"></a><span class="w">    </span><span class="n">hello</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="o">&amp;</span><span class="n">name</span><span class="p">);</span><span class="w">  </span><span class="c1">// Box&lt;string&gt; coerced to &amp;str (Box -&gt; String -&gt; &amp;str)</span>
+<a id="__codelineno-63-8" name="__codelineno-63-8"></a><span class="p">}</span>
+</code></pre></div></td></tr></table></div>
+<p>When the <code>Deref</code> trait is defined for the types involved, Rust will analyze the types and use <code>Deref::deref</code> as many times as necessary to get a reference to match the parameter's type.</p>
+<p>Similar to the <code>Deref</code> trait to override the <code>*</code> operator on <em>immutable references</em>, it's possible to use the <code>DerefMut</code> trait to override the <code>*</code> operator on <em>mutable references</em>.</p>
+<p>Rust does <em>deref coercion</em> when it finds types and trait implementations in three cases:</p>
+<ul>
+<li>From <code>&amp;T</code> to <code>&amp;U</code> when <code>T: Deref&lt;Target=U&gt;</code></li>
+<li>From <code>&amp;mut T</code> to <code>&amp;mut U</code> when <code>T: DerefMut&lt;Target=U&gt;</code></li>
+<li>From <code>&amp;mut T</code> to <code>&amp;U</code> when <code>T: Deref&lt;Target=U&gt;</code></li>
+</ul>
+<h3 id="drop-trait"><code>Drop</code> Trait</h3>
+<p><code>Drop</code> allows to customize what happens when a value is about to go out of scope. It-s possible to provide an implementation for the <code>Drop</code> trait on any type.</p>
+<div class="highlight"><table class="highlighttable"><tr><th colspan="2" class="filename"><span class="filename">Rust</span></th></tr><tr><td class="linenos"><div class="linenodiv"><pre><span></span><span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-64-1"> 1</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-64-2"> 2</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-64-3"> 3</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-64-4"> 4</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-64-5"> 5</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-64-6"> 6</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-64-7"> 7</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-64-8"> 8</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-64-9"> 9</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-64-10">10</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-64-11">11</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-64-12">12</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-64-13">13</a></span></pre></div></td><td class="code"><div><pre><span></span><code><a id="__codelineno-64-1" name="__codelineno-64-1"></a><span class="k">struct</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="nc">CustomSmartPointer</span><span class="o">&lt;</span><span class="n">T</span><span class="o">&gt;</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="n">T</span><span class="p">);</span>
+<a id="__codelineno-64-2" name="__codelineno-64-2"></a>
+<a id="__codelineno-64-3" name="__codelineno-64-3"></a><span class="k">impl</span><span class="o">&lt;</span><span class="n">T</span><span class="o">&gt;</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="nb">Drop</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="k">for</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="n">CustomSmartPointer</span><span class="o">&lt;</span><span class="n">T</span><span class="o">&gt;</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="p">{</span>
+<a id="__codelineno-64-4" name="__codelineno-64-4"></a><span class="w">    </span><span class="k">fn</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="nf">drop</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="o">&amp;</span><span class="k">mut</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="bp">self</span><span class="p">)</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="p">{</span>
+<a id="__codelineno-64-5" name="__codelineno-64-5"></a><span class="w">        </span><span class="c1">// clean up memory</span>
+<a id="__codelineno-64-6" name="__codelineno-64-6"></a><span class="w">    </span><span class="p">}</span>
+<a id="__codelineno-64-7" name="__codelineno-64-7"></a><span class="p">}</span>
+<a id="__codelineno-64-8" name="__codelineno-64-8"></a>
+<a id="__codelineno-64-9" name="__codelineno-64-9"></a><span class="k">fn</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="nf">main</span><span class="p">()</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="p">{</span>
+<a id="__codelineno-64-10" name="__codelineno-64-10"></a><span class="w">    </span><span class="kd">let</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="n">var1</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="o">=</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="n">CustomSmartPointer</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="n">value</span><span class="p">);</span><span class="w">  </span><span class="c1">// dropped when var1 goes out of scope</span>
+<a id="__codelineno-64-11" name="__codelineno-64-11"></a><span class="w">    </span><span class="kd">let</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="n">var2</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="o">=</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="n">CustomSmartPointer</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="n">value</span><span class="p">);</span>
+<a id="__codelineno-64-12" name="__codelineno-64-12"></a><span class="w">    </span><span class="nb">drop</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="n">var2</span><span class="p">);</span><span class="w">  </span><span class="c1">// dropped early by using std::mem::drop</span>
+<a id="__codelineno-64-13" name="__codelineno-64-13"></a><span class="p">}</span>
+</code></pre></div></td></tr></table></div>
+<p>Rust automatically calls <code>drop</code> when the instances went go of scope. Variables are dropped in the reverse order of their creation.</p>
+<h3 id="rct-arct-multiple-ownership"><code>Rc&lt;T&gt;</code>, <code>Arc&lt;T&gt;</code> &amp; Multiple Ownership</h3>
+<p>Rust provides the <em>reference-counted</em> pointer types <code>Rc&lt;T&gt;</code> and <code>Arc&lt;T&gt;</code>.<br />
+The <code>Rc&lt;T&gt;</code> and <code>Arc&lt;T&gt;</code> types are very similar; the only difference between them is that an <code>Arc&lt;T&gt;</code> is safe to share between
+threads directly (the name Arc is short for <em>atomic</em> reference count) whereas a plain <code>Rc&lt;T&gt;</code> uses faster non-thread-safe code to update its reference count.</p>
+<div class="highlight"><table class="highlighttable"><tr><th colspan="2" class="filename"><span class="filename">Rust</span></th></tr><tr><td class="linenos"><div class="linenodiv"><pre><span></span><span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-65-1">1</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-65-2">2</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-65-3">3</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-65-4">4</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-65-5">5</a></span></pre></div></td><td class="code"><div><pre><span></span><code><a id="__codelineno-65-1" name="__codelineno-65-1"></a><span class="k">use</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="n">std</span><span class="p">::</span><span class="n">rc</span><span class="p">::</span><span class="n">Rc</span><span class="p">;</span>
+<a id="__codelineno-65-2" name="__codelineno-65-2"></a>
+<a id="__codelineno-65-3" name="__codelineno-65-3"></a><span class="kd">let</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="n">s</span><span class="p">:</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="nc">Rc</span><span class="o">&lt;</span><span class="nb">String</span><span class="o">&gt;</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="o">=</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="n">Rc</span><span class="p">::</span><span class="n">new</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="s">&quot;some string&quot;</span><span class="p">.</span><span class="n">to_string</span><span class="p">());</span>
+<a id="__codelineno-65-4" name="__codelineno-65-4"></a><span class="kd">let</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="n">t</span><span class="p">:</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="nc">Rc</span><span class="o">&lt;</span><span class="nb">String</span><span class="o">&gt;</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="o">=</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="n">s</span><span class="p">.</span><span class="n">clone</span><span class="p">();</span><span class="w">  </span><span class="c1">// contains a new pointer to the value held by s</span>
+<a id="__codelineno-65-5" name="__codelineno-65-5"></a><span class="kd">let</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="n">u</span><span class="p">:</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="nc">Rc</span><span class="o">&lt;</span><span class="nb">String</span><span class="o">&gt;</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="o">=</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="n">s</span><span class="p">.</span><span class="n">clone</span><span class="p">();</span><span class="w">  </span><span class="c1">// contains a new pointer to the value held by s</span>
+</code></pre></div></td></tr></table></div>
+<p>Each of the <code>Rc&lt;T&gt;</code> pointers is referring to the same block of memory, which holds a reference count and space for the value.<br />
+The usual ownership rules apply to the <code>Rc&lt;T&gt;</code> pointers themselves, and when the last extant <code>Rc&lt;T&gt;</code> is dropped, Rust drops the value as well.</p>
+<blockquote>
+<p><strong>Note</strong>: A value owned by an <code>Rc&lt;T&gt;</code> pointer is immutable.</p>
+</blockquote>
+<h3 id="refcellt-interior-mutability-pattern"><code>RefCell&lt;T&gt;</code> &amp; Interior Mutability Pattern</h3>
+<p><em>Interior mutability</em> is a design pattern in Rust that allows to mutate data even when there are immutable references to that data;<br />
+normally, this action is disallowed by the borrowing rules.<br />
+To mutate data, the pattern uses unsafe code inside a data structure to bend Rust's usual rules that govern mutation and borrowing.</p>
+<p>With references and <code>Box&lt;T&gt;</code>, the borrowing rules' invariants are enforced at compile time. With <code>RefCell&lt;T&gt;</code>, these invariants are enforced at runtime.<br />
+With references, if these rules are broken, a compiler error is thrown. With <code>RefCell&lt;T&gt;</code> the program will panic and exit.</p>
+<p>The advantages of checking the borrowing rules at compile time are that errors will be caught sooner in the development process, and there is no impact on runtime performance because all the analysis is completed beforehand.<br />
+For those reasons, checking the borrowing rules at compile time is the best choice in the majority of cases, which is why this is Rust's default.</p>
+<p>The advantage of checking the borrowing rules at runtime instead is that certain memory-safe scenarios are then allowed, whereas they are disallowed by the compile-time checks.<br />
+Static analysis, like the Rust compiler, is inherently conservative.</p>
+<blockquote>
+<p><strong>Note</strong>: <code>RefCell&lt;T&gt;</code> is only for use in single-threaded scenarios and will cause a compile-time error if used it in a multithreaded context.</p>
+</blockquote>
+<p>When creating immutable and mutable references, the <code>&amp;</code> and <code>&amp;mut</code> syntax is used, respectively.<br />
+With <code>RefCell&lt;T&gt;</code>, the <code>borrow</code> and <code>borrow_mut</code> methods are ued, which are part of the safe API that belongs to <code>RefCell&lt;T&gt;</code>.<br />
+The <code>borrow</code> method returns the smart pointer type <code>Ref&lt;T&gt;</code>, and <code>borrow_mut</code> returns the smart pointer type <code>RefMut&lt;T&gt;</code>.<br />
+Both types implement <code>Deref</code>, so can be treated like regular references.</p>
+<p>The <code>RefCell&lt;T&gt;</code> keeps track of how many <code>Ref&lt;T&gt;</code> and <code>RefMut&lt;T&gt;</code> smart pointers are currently active.<br />
+Every time <code>borrow</code> is called, the <code>RefCell&lt;T&gt;</code> increases its count of how many immutable borrows are active.<br />
+When a <code>Ref&lt;T&gt;</code> value goes out of scope, the count of immutable borrows goes down by one.<br />
+Just like the compile-time borrowing rules, <code>RefCell&lt;T&gt;</code> allows to have many immutable borrows or one mutable borrow at any point in time.</p>
+<p>A common way to use <code>RefCell&lt;T&gt;</code> is in combination with <code>Rc&lt;T&gt;</code>. <code>Rc&lt;T&gt;</code> allows to have multiple owners of some data, but it only gives immutable access to that data.<br />
+By having a <code>Rc&lt;T&gt;</code> that holds a <code>RefCell&lt;T&gt;</code>, its' possible to get a value that can have multiple owners and that can mutate.</p>
+<p>The standard library has other types that provide interior mutability:</p>
+<ul>
+<li><code>Cell&lt;T&gt;</code> which is similar except that instead of giving references to the inner value, the value is copied in and out of the <code>Cell&lt;T&gt;</code>.</li>
+<li><code>Mutex&lt;T&gt;</code> which offers interior mutability that's safe to use across threads;</li>
+</ul>
+<h3 id="reference-cycles-can-leak-memory">Reference Cycles Can Leak Memory</h3>
+<p>Rust's memory safety guarantees make it difficult, but not impossible, to accidentally create memory that is never cleaned up (known as a memory leak).<br />
+Rust allows memory leaks by using <code>Rc&lt;T&gt;</code> and <code>RefCell&lt;T&gt;</code>: it's possible to create references where items refer to each other in a cycle.<br />
+This creates memory leaks because the reference count of each item in the cycle will never reach 0, and the values will never be dropped.</p>
+<h2 id="files">Files</h2>
+<h3 id="reading-files">Reading Files</h3>
+<div class="highlight"><table class="highlighttable"><tr><th colspan="2" class="filename"><span class="filename">Rust</span></th></tr><tr><td class="linenos"><div class="linenodiv"><pre><span></span><span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-66-1">1</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-66-2">2</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-66-3">3</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-66-4">4</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-66-5">5</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-66-6">6</a></span></pre></div></td><td class="code"><div><pre><span></span><code><a id="__codelineno-66-1" name="__codelineno-66-1"></a><span class="k">use</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="n">std</span><span class="p">::</span><span class="n">fs</span><span class="p">;</span>
+<a id="__codelineno-66-2" name="__codelineno-66-2"></a>
+<a id="__codelineno-66-3" name="__codelineno-66-3"></a><span class="kd">let</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="n">contents</span><span class="p">:</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="nb">Vec</span><span class="o">&lt;</span><span class="kt">u8</span><span class="o">&gt;</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="o">=</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="n">fs</span><span class="p">::</span><span class="n">read</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="s">&quot;path/to/file&quot;</span><span class="p">).</span><span class="n">unwrap_or_default</span><span class="p">();</span>
+<a id="__codelineno-66-4" name="__codelineno-66-4"></a><span class="kd">let</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="n">contents</span><span class="p">:</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="nb">String</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="o">=</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="n">fs</span><span class="p">::</span><span class="n">read_to_string</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="s">&quot;path/to/file&quot;</span><span class="p">).</span><span class="n">unwrap_or_default</span><span class="p">();</span>
+<a id="__codelineno-66-5" name="__codelineno-66-5"></a>
+<a id="__codelineno-66-6" name="__codelineno-66-6"></a><span class="n">contents</span><span class="p">.</span><span class="n">lines</span><span class="p">();</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="c1">// iterator over text lines</span>
+</code></pre></div></td></tr></table></div>
+<h3 id="writing-files">Writing Files</h3>
+<div class="highlight"><table class="highlighttable"><tr><th colspan="2" class="filename"><span class="filename">Rust</span></th></tr><tr><td class="linenos"><div class="linenodiv"><pre><span></span><span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-67-1"> 1</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-67-2"> 2</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-67-3"> 3</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-67-4"> 4</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-67-5"> 5</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-67-6"> 6</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-67-7"> 7</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-67-8"> 8</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-67-9"> 9</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-67-10">10</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-67-11">11</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-67-12">12</a></span></pre></div></td><td class="code"><div><pre><span></span><code><a id="__codelineno-67-1" name="__codelineno-67-1"></a><span class="k">use</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="n">std</span><span class="p">::</span><span class="n">fs</span><span class="p">;</span>
+<a id="__codelineno-67-2" name="__codelineno-67-2"></a><span class="k">use</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="n">std</span><span class="p">::</span><span class="n">io</span><span class="p">::</span><span class="n">Write</span><span class="p">;</span><span class="w">  </span><span class="c1">// write trait</span>
+<a id="__codelineno-67-3" name="__codelineno-67-3"></a><span class="c1">// or</span>
+<a id="__codelineno-67-4" name="__codelineno-67-4"></a><span class="k">use</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="n">std</span><span class="p">::</span><span class="n">io</span><span class="p">::</span><span class="n">prelude</span><span class="p">::</span><span class="o">*</span><span class="p">;</span>
+<a id="__codelineno-67-5" name="__codelineno-67-5"></a>
+<a id="__codelineno-67-6" name="__codelineno-67-6"></a><span class="kd">let</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="n">contents</span><span class="p">:</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="p">[</span><span class="kt">u8</span><span class="p">]</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="o">=</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="cm">/* */</span><span class="p">;</span>
+<a id="__codelineno-67-7" name="__codelineno-67-7"></a><span class="kd">let</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="n">contents</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="o">=</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="nb">String</span><span class="p">::</span><span class="n">from</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="cm">/* */</span><span class="p">);</span>
+<a id="__codelineno-67-8" name="__codelineno-67-8"></a>
+<a id="__codelineno-67-9" name="__codelineno-67-9"></a><span class="n">fs</span><span class="p">::</span><span class="n">write</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="s">&quot;path/to/file&quot;</span><span class="p">,</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="n">contents</span><span class="p">);</span>
+<a id="__codelineno-67-10" name="__codelineno-67-10"></a>
+<a id="__codelineno-67-11" name="__codelineno-67-11"></a><span class="kd">let</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="k">mut</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="n">file</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="o">=</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="n">fs</span><span class="p">::</span><span class="n">OpenOptions</span><span class="p">::</span><span class="n">new</span><span class="p">().</span><span class="n">append</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="kc">true</span><span class="p">).</span><span class="n">open</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="s">&quot;path/to/file&quot;</span><span class="p">).</span><span class="n">unwrap</span><span class="p">();</span>
+<a id="__codelineno-67-12" name="__codelineno-67-12"></a><span class="n">file</span><span class="p">.</span><span class="n">write</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="s">b&quot;appended text&quot;</span><span class="p">);</span><span class="w">  </span><span class="c1">// write wants an [u8]</span>
+</code></pre></div></td></tr></table></div>
+<h2 id="external-code">External Code</h2>
+<p>The extern keyword is used in two places in Rust:</p>
+<ul>
+<li>in conjunction with the crate keyword to make Rust code aware of other Rust crates in the project</li>
+<li>in foreign function interfaces (FFI).</li>
+</ul>
+<p><code>extern</code> is used in two different contexts within FFI. The first is in the form of external blocks, for declaring function interfaces that Rust code can call foreign code by.</p>
+<div class="highlight"><table class="highlighttable"><tr><th colspan="2" class="filename"><span class="filename">Rust</span></th></tr><tr><td class="linenos"><div class="linenodiv"><pre><span></span><span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-68-1">1</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-68-2">2</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-68-3">3</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-68-4">4</a></span></pre></div></td><td class="code"><div><pre><span></span><code><a id="__codelineno-68-1" name="__codelineno-68-1"></a><span class="cp">#[link(name = </span><span class="s">&quot;my_c_library&quot;</span><span class="cp">)]</span>
+<a id="__codelineno-68-2" name="__codelineno-68-2"></a><span class="k">extern</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="s">&quot;C&quot;</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="p">{</span>
+<a id="__codelineno-68-3" name="__codelineno-68-3"></a><span class="w">    </span><span class="k">fn</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="nf">my_c_function</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="n">x</span><span class="p">:</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="kt">i32</span><span class="p">)</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="p">-&gt;</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="kt">bool</span><span class="p">;</span>
+<a id="__codelineno-68-4" name="__codelineno-68-4"></a><span class="p">}</span>
+</code></pre></div></td></tr></table></div>
+<p>This code would attempt to link with <code>libmy_c_library.so</code> on unix-like systems and <code>my_c_library.dll</code> on Windows at runtime, and panic if it can't find something to link to.<br />
+Rust code could then use my_c_function as if it were any other unsafe Rust function.<br />
+Working with non-Rust languages and FFI is inherently unsafe, so wrappers are usually built around C APIs.</p>
+<p>The mirror use case of FFI is also done via the extern keyword:</p>
+<div class="highlight"><table class="highlighttable"><tr><th colspan="2" class="filename"><span class="filename">Rust</span></th></tr><tr><td class="linenos"><div class="linenodiv"><pre><span></span><span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-69-1">1</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-69-2">2</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-69-3">3</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-69-4">4</a></span></pre></div></td><td class="code"><div><pre><span></span><code><a id="__codelineno-69-1" name="__codelineno-69-1"></a><span class="cp">#[no_mangle]</span>
+<a id="__codelineno-69-2" name="__codelineno-69-2"></a><span class="k">pub</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="k">extern</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="s">&quot;C&quot;</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="k">fn</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="nf">callable_from_c</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="n">x</span><span class="p">:</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="kt">i32</span><span class="p">)</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="p">-&gt;</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="kt">bool</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="p">{</span>
+<a id="__codelineno-69-3" name="__codelineno-69-3"></a><span class="w">    </span><span class="n">x</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="o">%</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="mi">3</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="o">==</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="mi">0</span>
+<a id="__codelineno-69-4" name="__codelineno-69-4"></a><span class="p">}</span>
+</code></pre></div></td></tr></table></div>
+<p>If compiled as a dylib, the resulting <code>.so</code> could then be linked to from a C library, and the function could be used as if it was from any other library</p>
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+  
+  
+  
+    <li class="md-nav__item">
+      <a href="../python/libs/numpy.html" class="md-nav__link">
+        
+  
+  <span class="md-ellipsis">
+    Numpy
+  </span>
+  
+
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+    </li>
+  
+
+              
+            
+              
+                
+  
+  
+  
+  
+    <li class="md-nav__item">
+      <a href="../python/libs/pandas.html" class="md-nav__link">
+        
+  
+  <span class="md-ellipsis">
+    Pandas
+  </span>
+  
+
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+    </li>
+  
+
+              
+            
+              
+                
+  
+  
+  
+  
+    <li class="md-nav__item">
+      <a href="../python/libs/seaborn.html" class="md-nav__link">
+        
+  
+  <span class="md-ellipsis">
+    Seaborn
+  </span>
+  
+
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+    </li>
+  
+
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+            
+              
+                
+  
+  
+  
+  
+    <li class="md-nav__item">
+      <a href="../python/libs/requests.html" class="md-nav__link">
+        
+  
+  <span class="md-ellipsis">
+    Requests
+  </span>
+  
+
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+    </li>
+  
+
+              
+            
+              
+                
+  
+  
+  
+  
+    <li class="md-nav__item">
+      <a href="../python/libs/beautiful-soup.html" class="md-nav__link">
+        
+  
+  <span class="md-ellipsis">
+    Beatiful Soup
+  </span>
+  
+
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+    </li>
+  
+
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+            
+          </ul>
+        </nav>
+      
+    </li>
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+  
+
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+              
+                
+  
+  
+  
+  
+    
+    
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+        
+      
+        
+      
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+      
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+      
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+  </span>
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+            
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+    
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+        
+      
+        
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+  <span class="md-ellipsis">
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+          </label>
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+      <a href="../dotnet/csharp/csharp.html" class="md-nav__link">
+        
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+
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+  
+  
+    <li class="md-nav__item">
+      <a href="../dotnet/csharp/linq.html" class="md-nav__link">
+        
+  
+  <span class="md-ellipsis">
+    Linq
+  </span>
+  
+
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+  
+
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+              
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+  
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+  
+  
+    <li class="md-nav__item">
+      <a href="../dotnet/csharp/collections.html" class="md-nav__link">
+        
+  
+  <span class="md-ellipsis">
+    Collections
+  </span>
+  
+
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+    </li>
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+
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+                
+  
+  
+  
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+    <li class="md-nav__item">
+      <a href="../dotnet/csharp/reactive-extensions.html" class="md-nav__link">
+        
+  
+  <span class="md-ellipsis">
+    Reactive Extensions
+  </span>
+  
+
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+    </li>
+  
+
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+            
+              
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+  
+  
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+    <li class="md-nav__item">
+      <a href="../dotnet/csharp/async-programming.html" class="md-nav__link">
+        
+  
+  <span class="md-ellipsis">
+    Async Programming
+  </span>
+  
+
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+    </li>
+  
+
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+              
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+  
+  
+  
+  
+    <li class="md-nav__item">
+      <a href="../dotnet/csharp/unit-tests.html" class="md-nav__link">
+        
+  
+  <span class="md-ellipsis">
+    Unit Tests
+  </span>
+  
+
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+    </li>
+  
+
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+          </ul>
+        </nav>
+      
+    </li>
+  
+
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+            
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+                
+  
+  
+  
+  
+    
+    
+      
+        
+      
+        
+      
+        
+      
+        
+      
+        
+      
+        
+      
+        
+      
+    
+    
+      
+      
+        
+      
+    
+    
+    <li class="md-nav__item md-nav__item--nested">
+      
+        
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+        <input class="md-nav__toggle md-toggle " type="checkbox" id="__nav_4_9_2" >
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+          <label class="md-nav__link" for="__nav_4_9_2" id="__nav_4_9_2_label" tabindex="0">
+            
+  
+  <span class="md-ellipsis">
+    ASP.NET
+  </span>
+  
+
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+          </label>
+        
+        <nav class="md-nav" data-md-level="3" aria-labelledby="__nav_4_9_2_label" aria-expanded="false">
+          <label class="md-nav__title" for="__nav_4_9_2">
+            <span class="md-nav__icon md-icon"></span>
+            ASP.NET
+          </label>
+          <ul class="md-nav__list" data-md-scrollfix>
+            
+              
+                
+  
+  
+  
+  
+    <li class="md-nav__item">
+      <a href="../dotnet/asp.net/minimal-api.html" class="md-nav__link">
+        
+  
+  <span class="md-ellipsis">
+    Minimal API
+  </span>
+  
+
+      </a>
+    </li>
+  
+
+              
+            
+              
+                
+  
+  
+  
+  
+    <li class="md-nav__item">
+      <a href="../dotnet/asp.net/filters.html" class="md-nav__link">
+        
+  
+  <span class="md-ellipsis">
+    FIlters
+  </span>
+  
+
+      </a>
+    </li>
+  
+
+              
+            
+              
+                
+  
+  
+  
+  
+    <li class="md-nav__item">
+      <a href="../dotnet/asp.net/middleware.html" class="md-nav__link">
+        
+  
+  <span class="md-ellipsis">
+    Middleware
+  </span>
+  
+
+      </a>
+    </li>
+  
+
+              
+            
+              
+                
+  
+  
+  
+  
+    <li class="md-nav__item">
+      <a href="../dotnet/asp.net/razor-syntax.html" class="md-nav__link">
+        
+  
+  <span class="md-ellipsis">
+    Razor Syntax
+  </span>
+  
+
+      </a>
+    </li>
+  
+
+              
+            
+              
+                
+  
+  
+  
+  
+    <li class="md-nav__item">
+      <a href="../dotnet/asp.net/blazor.html" class="md-nav__link">
+        
+  
+  <span class="md-ellipsis">
+    Blazor
+  </span>
+  
+
+      </a>
+    </li>
+  
+
+              
+            
+              
+                
+  
+  
+  
+  
+    <li class="md-nav__item">
+      <a href="../dotnet/asp.net/signalr.html" class="md-nav__link">
+        
+  
+  <span class="md-ellipsis">
+    SignalR
+  </span>
+  
+
+      </a>
+    </li>
+  
+
+              
+            
+              
+                
+  
+  
+  
+  
+    <li class="md-nav__item">
+      <a href="../dotnet/asp.net/web-forms.html" class="md-nav__link">
+        
+  
+  <span class="md-ellipsis">
+    Web Forms
+  </span>
+  
+
+      </a>
+    </li>
+  
+
+              
+            
+          </ul>
+        </nav>
+      
+    </li>
+  
+
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+            
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+                
+  
+  
+  
+  
+    
+    
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+        
+      
+        
+      
+    
+    
+      
+      
+        
+      
+    
+    
+    <li class="md-nav__item md-nav__item--nested">
+      
+        
+        
+        <input class="md-nav__toggle md-toggle " type="checkbox" id="__nav_4_9_3" >
+        
+          
+          <label class="md-nav__link" for="__nav_4_9_3" id="__nav_4_9_3_label" tabindex="0">
+            
+  
+  <span class="md-ellipsis">
+    Database
+  </span>
+  
+
+            <span class="md-nav__icon md-icon"></span>
+          </label>
+        
+        <nav class="md-nav" data-md-level="3" aria-labelledby="__nav_4_9_3_label" aria-expanded="false">
+          <label class="md-nav__title" for="__nav_4_9_3">
+            <span class="md-nav__icon md-icon"></span>
+            Database
+          </label>
+          <ul class="md-nav__list" data-md-scrollfix>
+            
+              
+                
+  
+  
+  
+  
+    <li class="md-nav__item">
+      <a href="../dotnet/database/ado.net.html" class="md-nav__link">
+        
+  
+  <span class="md-ellipsis">
+    ADO.NET
+  </span>
+  
+
+      </a>
+    </li>
+  
+
+              
+            
+              
+                
+  
+  
+  
+  
+    <li class="md-nav__item">
+      <a href="../dotnet/database/entity-framework.html" class="md-nav__link">
+        
+  
+  <span class="md-ellipsis">
+    Entity Framework
+  </span>
+  
+
+      </a>
+    </li>
+  
+
+              
+            
+          </ul>
+        </nav>
+      
+    </li>
+  
+
+              
+            
+          </ul>
+        </nav>
+      
+    </li>
+  
+
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+            
+              
+                
+  
+  
+  
+  
+    
+    
+      
+        
+      
+        
+      
+        
+      
+        
+      
+    
+    
+      
+      
+        
+          
+          
+        
+      
+    
+    
+    <li class="md-nav__item md-nav__item--section md-nav__item--nested">
+      
+        
+        
+        <input class="md-nav__toggle md-toggle " type="checkbox" id="__nav_4_10" >
+        
+          
+          <label class="md-nav__link" for="__nav_4_10" id="__nav_4_10_label" tabindex="">
+            
+  
+  <span class="md-ellipsis">
+    Java
+  </span>
+  
+
+            <span class="md-nav__icon md-icon"></span>
+          </label>
+        
+        <nav class="md-nav" data-md-level="2" aria-labelledby="__nav_4_10_label" aria-expanded="false">
+          <label class="md-nav__title" for="__nav_4_10">
+            <span class="md-nav__icon md-icon"></span>
+            Java
+          </label>
+          <ul class="md-nav__list" data-md-scrollfix>
+            
+              
+                
+  
+  
+  
+  
+    <li class="md-nav__item">
+      <a href="../java/java.html" class="md-nav__link">
+        
+  
+  <span class="md-ellipsis">
+    Java
+  </span>
+  
+
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+    </li>
+  
+
+              
+            
+              
+                
+  
+  
+  
+  
+    <li class="md-nav__item">
+      <a href="../java/java-collection-framework.html" class="md-nav__link">
+        
+  
+  <span class="md-ellipsis">
+    Java Collection Framework
+  </span>
+  
+
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+    </li>
+  
+
+              
+            
+              
+                
+  
+  
+  
+  
+    <li class="md-nav__item">
+      <a href="../java/dao.html" class="md-nav__link">
+        
+  
+  <span class="md-ellipsis">
+    DAO
+  </span>
+  
+
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+    </li>
+  
+
+              
+            
+              
+                
+  
+  
+  
+  
+    
+    
+      
+        
+      
+        
+      
+    
+    
+      
+      
+        
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+    
+    
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+      
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+        <input class="md-nav__toggle md-toggle " type="checkbox" id="__nav_4_10_4" >
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+            
+  
+  <span class="md-ellipsis">
+    Web
+  </span>
+  
+
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+          </label>
+        
+        <nav class="md-nav" data-md-level="3" aria-labelledby="__nav_4_10_4_label" aria-expanded="false">
+          <label class="md-nav__title" for="__nav_4_10_4">
+            <span class="md-nav__icon md-icon"></span>
+            Web
+          </label>
+          <ul class="md-nav__list" data-md-scrollfix>
+            
+              
+                
+  
+  
+  
+  
+    <li class="md-nav__item">
+      <a href="../java/web/servlet.html" class="md-nav__link">
+        
+  
+  <span class="md-ellipsis">
+    Serverlet
+  </span>
+  
+
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+    </li>
+  
+
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+            
+              
+                
+  
+  
+  
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+    
+    
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+        
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+      
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+            
+  
+  <span class="md-ellipsis">
+    Spring
+  </span>
+  
+
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+          </label>
+        
+        <nav class="md-nav" data-md-level="4" aria-labelledby="__nav_4_10_4_2_label" aria-expanded="false">
+          <label class="md-nav__title" for="__nav_4_10_4_2">
+            <span class="md-nav__icon md-icon"></span>
+            Spring
+          </label>
+          <ul class="md-nav__list" data-md-scrollfix>
+            
+              
+                
+  
+  
+  
+  
+    <li class="md-nav__item">
+      <a href="../java/spring/pom.xml.html" class="md-nav__link">
+        
+  
+  <span class="md-ellipsis">
+    POM
+  </span>
+  
+
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+    </li>
+  
+
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+              
+                
+  
+  
+  
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+    <li class="md-nav__item">
+      <a href="../java/spring/spring-project.html" class="md-nav__link">
+        
+  
+  <span class="md-ellipsis">
+    Project Structure
+  </span>
+  
+
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+    </li>
+  
+
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+          </ul>
+        </nav>
+      
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+  
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+      
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+          </ul>
+        </nav>
+      
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+  
+
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+            
+              
+                
+  
+  
+  
+  
+    
+    
+      
+        
+      
+        
+      
+        
+      
+        
+      
+        
+      
+        
+      
+        
+      
+        
+      
+        
+      
+    
+    
+      
+      
+        
+          
+          
+        
+      
+    
+    
+    <li class="md-nav__item md-nav__item--section md-nav__item--nested">
+      
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+        
+        <input class="md-nav__toggle md-toggle " type="checkbox" id="__nav_4_11" >
+        
+          
+          <label class="md-nav__link" for="__nav_4_11" id="__nav_4_11_label" tabindex="">
+            
+  
+  <span class="md-ellipsis">
+    PHP
+  </span>
+  
+
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+          </label>
+        
+        <nav class="md-nav" data-md-level="2" aria-labelledby="__nav_4_11_label" aria-expanded="false">
+          <label class="md-nav__title" for="__nav_4_11">
+            <span class="md-nav__icon md-icon"></span>
+            PHP
+          </label>
+          <ul class="md-nav__list" data-md-scrollfix>
+            
+              
+                
+  
+  
+  
+  
+    <li class="md-nav__item">
+      <a href="../php/php.html" class="md-nav__link">
+        
+  
+  <span class="md-ellipsis">
+    PHP
+  </span>
+  
+
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+    </li>
+  
+
+              
+            
+              
+                
+  
+  
+  
+  
+    <li class="md-nav__item">
+      <a href="../php/database.html" class="md-nav__link">
+        
+  
+  <span class="md-ellipsis">
+    Database
+  </span>
+  
+
+      </a>
+    </li>
+  
+
+              
+            
+              
+                
+  
+  
+  
+  
+    <li class="md-nav__item">
+      <a href="../php/web.html" class="md-nav__link">
+        
+  
+  <span class="md-ellipsis">
+    Web
+  </span>
+  
+
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+    </li>
+  
+
+              
+            
+              
+                
+  
+  
+  
+  
+    <li class="md-nav__item">
+      <a href="../php/dependency-injection.html" class="md-nav__link">
+        
+  
+  <span class="md-ellipsis">
+    Dependency Injection
+  </span>
+  
+
+      </a>
+    </li>
+  
+
+              
+            
+              
+                
+  
+  
+  
+  
+    <li class="md-nav__item">
+      <a href="../php/unit-tests.html" class="md-nav__link">
+        
+  
+  <span class="md-ellipsis">
+    Unit Tests
+  </span>
+  
+
+      </a>
+    </li>
+  
+
+              
+            
+              
+                
+  
+  
+  
+  
+    <li class="md-nav__item">
+      <a href="../php/composer.html" class="md-nav__link">
+        
+  
+  <span class="md-ellipsis">
+    Composer
+  </span>
+  
+
+      </a>
+    </li>
+  
+
+              
+            
+              
+                
+  
+  
+  
+  
+    <li class="md-nav__item">
+      <a href="../php/psr-7.html" class="md-nav__link">
+        
+  
+  <span class="md-ellipsis">
+    PSR 7
+  </span>
+  
+
+      </a>
+    </li>
+  
+
+              
+            
+              
+                
+  
+  
+  
+  
+    <li class="md-nav__item">
+      <a href="../php/plates-templating.html" class="md-nav__link">
+        
+  
+  <span class="md-ellipsis">
+    Plates
+  </span>
+  
+
+      </a>
+    </li>
+  
+
+              
+            
+              
+                
+  
+  
+  
+  
+    
+    
+      
+        
+      
+        
+      
+    
+    
+      
+      
+        
+      
+    
+    
+    <li class="md-nav__item md-nav__item--nested">
+      
+        
+        
+        <input class="md-nav__toggle md-toggle " type="checkbox" id="__nav_4_11_9" >
+        
+          
+          <label class="md-nav__link" for="__nav_4_11_9" id="__nav_4_11_9_label" tabindex="0">
+            
+  
+  <span class="md-ellipsis">
+    Simple MVC
+  </span>
+  
+
+            <span class="md-nav__icon md-icon"></span>
+          </label>
+        
+        <nav class="md-nav" data-md-level="3" aria-labelledby="__nav_4_11_9_label" aria-expanded="false">
+          <label class="md-nav__title" for="__nav_4_11_9">
+            <span class="md-nav__icon md-icon"></span>
+            Simple MVC
+          </label>
+          <ul class="md-nav__list" data-md-scrollfix>
+            
+              
+                
+  
+  
+  
+  
+    <li class="md-nav__item">
+      <a href="../php/simple-mvc/simple-mvc.html" class="md-nav__link">
+        
+  
+  <span class="md-ellipsis">
+    Simple MVC
+  </span>
+  
+
+      </a>
+    </li>
+  
+
+              
+            
+              
+                
+  
+  
+  
+  
+    <li class="md-nav__item">
+      <a href="../php/simple-mvc/rest-api.html" class="md-nav__link">
+        
+  
+  <span class="md-ellipsis">
+    REST API
+  </span>
+  
+
+      </a>
+    </li>
+  
+
+              
+            
+          </ul>
+        </nav>
+      
+    </li>
+  
+
+              
+            
+          </ul>
+        </nav>
+      
+    </li>
+  
+
+              
+            
+              
+                
+  
+  
+    
+  
+  
+  
+    
+    
+      
+        
+      
+        
+      
+        
+      
+        
+      
+        
+      
+    
+    
+      
+      
+        
+          
+          
+        
+      
+    
+    
+    <li class="md-nav__item md-nav__item--active md-nav__item--section md-nav__item--nested">
+      
+        
+        
+        <input class="md-nav__toggle md-toggle " type="checkbox" id="__nav_4_12" checked>
+        
+          
+          <label class="md-nav__link" for="__nav_4_12" id="__nav_4_12_label" tabindex="">
+            
+  
+  <span class="md-ellipsis">
+    Rust
+  </span>
+  
+
+            <span class="md-nav__icon md-icon"></span>
+          </label>
+        
+        <nav class="md-nav" data-md-level="2" aria-labelledby="__nav_4_12_label" aria-expanded="true">
+          <label class="md-nav__title" for="__nav_4_12">
+            <span class="md-nav__icon md-icon"></span>
+            Rust
+          </label>
+          <ul class="md-nav__list" data-md-scrollfix>
+            
+              
+                
+  
+  
+  
+  
+    <li class="md-nav__item">
+      <a href="rust.html" class="md-nav__link">
+        
+  
+  <span class="md-ellipsis">
+    Rust
+  </span>
+  
+
+      </a>
+    </li>
+  
+
+              
+            
+              
+                
+  
+  
+  
+  
+    <li class="md-nav__item">
+      <a href="macros.html" class="md-nav__link">
+        
+  
+  <span class="md-ellipsis">
+    Macros
+  </span>
+  
+
+      </a>
+    </li>
+  
+
+              
+            
+              
+                
+  
+  
+  
+  
+    <li class="md-nav__item">
+      <a href="cargo.html" class="md-nav__link">
+        
+  
+  <span class="md-ellipsis">
+    Cargo
+  </span>
+  
+
+      </a>
+    </li>
+  
+
+              
+            
+              
+                
+  
+  
+  
+  
+    <li class="md-nav__item">
+      <a href="concurrency.html" class="md-nav__link">
+        
+  
+  <span class="md-ellipsis">
+    Concurrency
+  </span>
+  
+
+      </a>
+    </li>
+  
+
+              
+            
+              
+                
+  
+  
+    
+  
+  
+  
+    <li class="md-nav__item md-nav__item--active">
+      
+      <input class="md-nav__toggle md-toggle" type="checkbox" id="__toc">
+      
+      
+        
+      
+      
+        <label class="md-nav__link md-nav__link--active" for="__toc">
+          
+  
+  <span class="md-ellipsis">
+    Unit Tests
+  </span>
+  
+
+          <span class="md-nav__icon md-icon"></span>
+        </label>
+      
+      <a href="unit-tests.html" class="md-nav__link md-nav__link--active">
+        
+  
+  <span class="md-ellipsis">
+    Unit Tests
+  </span>
+  
+
+      </a>
+      
+        
+
+<nav class="md-nav md-nav--secondary" aria-label="Table of contents">
+  
+  
+  
+    
+  
+  
+    <label class="md-nav__title" for="__toc">
+      <span class="md-nav__icon md-icon"></span>
+      Table of contents
+    </label>
+    <ul class="md-nav__list" data-md-component="toc" data-md-scrollfix>
+      
+        <li class="md-nav__item">
+  <a href="#test-functions" class="md-nav__link">
+    <span class="md-ellipsis">
+      Test Functions
+    </span>
+  </a>
+  
+</li>
+      
+        <li class="md-nav__item">
+  <a href="#controlling-how-tests-are-run" class="md-nav__link">
+    <span class="md-ellipsis">
+      Controlling How Tests Are Run
+    </span>
+  </a>
+  
+</li>
+      
+        <li class="md-nav__item">
+  <a href="#test-organization" class="md-nav__link">
+    <span class="md-ellipsis">
+      Test Organization
+    </span>
+  </a>
+  
+</li>
+      
+    </ul>
+  
+</nav>
+      
+    </li>
+  
+
+              
+            
+          </ul>
+        </nav>
+      
+    </li>
+  
+
+              
+            
+              
+                
+  
+  
+  
+  
+    
+    
+      
+        
+      
+        
+      
+        
+      
+        
+      
+        
+      
+        
+      
+        
+      
+    
+    
+      
+      
+        
+          
+          
+        
+      
+    
+    
+    <li class="md-nav__item md-nav__item--section md-nav__item--nested">
+      
+        
+        
+        <input class="md-nav__toggle md-toggle " type="checkbox" id="__nav_4_13" >
+        
+          
+          <label class="md-nav__link" for="__nav_4_13" id="__nav_4_13_label" tabindex="">
+            
+  
+  <span class="md-ellipsis">
+    Javascript
+  </span>
+  
+
+            <span class="md-nav__icon md-icon"></span>
+          </label>
+        
+        <nav class="md-nav" data-md-level="2" aria-labelledby="__nav_4_13_label" aria-expanded="false">
+          <label class="md-nav__title" for="__nav_4_13">
+            <span class="md-nav__icon md-icon"></span>
+            Javascript
+          </label>
+          <ul class="md-nav__list" data-md-scrollfix>
+            
+              
+                
+  
+  
+  
+  
+    <li class="md-nav__item">
+      <a href="../javascript/javascript.html" class="md-nav__link">
+        
+  
+  <span class="md-ellipsis">
+    Javascript
+  </span>
+  
+
+      </a>
+    </li>
+  
+
+              
+            
+              
+                
+  
+  
+  
+  
+    <li class="md-nav__item">
+      <a href="../javascript/dom.html" class="md-nav__link">
+        
+  
+  <span class="md-ellipsis">
+    DOM
+  </span>
+  
+
+      </a>
+    </li>
+  
+
+              
+            
+              
+                
+  
+  
+  
+  
+    <li class="md-nav__item">
+      <a href="../javascript/events-animation.html" class="md-nav__link">
+        
+  
+  <span class="md-ellipsis">
+    Events & Animation
+  </span>
+  
+
+      </a>
+    </li>
+  
+
+              
+            
+              
+                
+  
+  
+  
+  
+    <li class="md-nav__item">
+      <a href="../javascript/ajax.html" class="md-nav__link">
+        
+  
+  <span class="md-ellipsis">
+    AJAX
+  </span>
+  
+
+      </a>
+    </li>
+  
+
+              
+            
+              
+                
+  
+  
+  
+  
+    <li class="md-nav__item">
+      <a href="../javascript/jquery.html" class="md-nav__link">
+        
+  
+  <span class="md-ellipsis">
+    jQuery
+  </span>
+  
+
+      </a>
+    </li>
+  
+
+              
+            
+              
+                
+  
+  
+  
+  
+    
+    
+      
+        
+      
+        
+      
+        
+      
+        
+      
+        
+      
+    
+    
+      
+      
+        
+      
+    
+    
+    <li class="md-nav__item md-nav__item--nested">
+      
+        
+        
+        <input class="md-nav__toggle md-toggle " type="checkbox" id="__nav_4_13_6" >
+        
+          
+          <label class="md-nav__link" for="__nav_4_13_6" id="__nav_4_13_6_label" tabindex="0">
+            
+  
+  <span class="md-ellipsis">
+    React
+  </span>
+  
+
+            <span class="md-nav__icon md-icon"></span>
+          </label>
+        
+        <nav class="md-nav" data-md-level="3" aria-labelledby="__nav_4_13_6_label" aria-expanded="false">
+          <label class="md-nav__title" for="__nav_4_13_6">
+            <span class="md-nav__icon md-icon"></span>
+            React
+          </label>
+          <ul class="md-nav__list" data-md-scrollfix>
+            
+              
+                
+  
+  
+  
+  
+    <li class="md-nav__item">
+      <a href="../javascript/react/react.html" class="md-nav__link">
+        
+  
+  <span class="md-ellipsis">
+    React
+  </span>
+  
+
+      </a>
+    </li>
+  
+
+              
+            
+              
+                
+  
+  
+  
+  
+    <li class="md-nav__item">
+      <a href="../javascript/react/react-router.html" class="md-nav__link">
+        
+  
+  <span class="md-ellipsis">
+    React Router
+  </span>
+  
+
+      </a>
+    </li>
+  
+
+              
+            
+              
+                
+  
+  
+  
+  
+    <li class="md-nav__item">
+      <a href="../javascript/react/react-tests.html" class="md-nav__link">
+        
+  
+  <span class="md-ellipsis">
+    React Tests
+  </span>
+  
+
+      </a>
+    </li>
+  
+
+              
+            
+              
+                
+  
+  
+  
+  
+    <li class="md-nav__item">
+      <a href="../javascript/react/redux.html" class="md-nav__link">
+        
+  
+  <span class="md-ellipsis">
+    Redux
+  </span>
+  
+
+      </a>
+    </li>
+  
+
+              
+            
+              
+                
+  
+  
+  
+  
+    <li class="md-nav__item">
+      <a href="../javascript/react/redux-tests.html" class="md-nav__link">
+        
+  
+  <span class="md-ellipsis">
+    Redux Tests
+  </span>
+  
+
+      </a>
+    </li>
+  
+
+              
+            
+          </ul>
+        </nav>
+      
+    </li>
+  
+
+              
+            
+              
+                
+  
+  
+  
+  
+    <li class="md-nav__item">
+      <a href="../javascript/svelte/svelte.html" class="md-nav__link">
+        
+  
+  <span class="md-ellipsis">
+    Svelte
+  </span>
+  
+
+      </a>
+    </li>
+  
+
+              
+            
+          </ul>
+        </nav>
+      
+    </li>
+  
+
+              
+            
+              
+                
+  
+  
+  
+  
+    
+    
+      
+        
+      
+        
+      
+    
+    
+      
+      
+        
+          
+          
+        
+      
+    
+    
+    <li class="md-nav__item md-nav__item--section md-nav__item--nested">
+      
+        
+        
+        <input class="md-nav__toggle md-toggle " type="checkbox" id="__nav_4_14" >
+        
+          
+          <label class="md-nav__link" for="__nav_4_14" id="__nav_4_14_label" tabindex="">
+            
+  
+  <span class="md-ellipsis">
+    PowerShell
+  </span>
+  
+
+            <span class="md-nav__icon md-icon"></span>
+          </label>
+        
+        <nav class="md-nav" data-md-level="2" aria-labelledby="__nav_4_14_label" aria-expanded="false">
+          <label class="md-nav__title" for="__nav_4_14">
+            <span class="md-nav__icon md-icon"></span>
+            PowerShell
+          </label>
+          <ul class="md-nav__list" data-md-scrollfix>
+            
+              
+                
+  
+  
+  
+  
+    <li class="md-nav__item">
+      <a href="../powershell/scripting.html" class="md-nav__link">
+        
+  
+  <span class="md-ellipsis">
+    Scripting
+  </span>
+  
+
+      </a>
+    </li>
+  
+
+              
+            
+              
+                
+  
+  
+  
+  
+    <li class="md-nav__item">
+      <a href="../powershell/commands.html" class="md-nav__link">
+        
+  
+  <span class="md-ellipsis">
+    Commands
+  </span>
+  
+
+      </a>
+    </li>
+  
+
+              
+            
+          </ul>
+        </nav>
+      
+    </li>
+  
+
+              
+            
+              
+                
+  
+  
+  
+  
+    
+    
+      
+        
+      
+        
+      
+    
+    
+      
+      
+        
+          
+          
+        
+      
+    
+    
+    <li class="md-nav__item md-nav__item--section md-nav__item--nested">
+      
+        
+        
+        <input class="md-nav__toggle md-toggle " type="checkbox" id="__nav_4_15" >
+        
+          
+          <label class="md-nav__link" for="__nav_4_15" id="__nav_4_15_label" tabindex="">
+            
+  
+  <span class="md-ellipsis">
+    Bash
+  </span>
+  
+
+            <span class="md-nav__icon md-icon"></span>
+          </label>
+        
+        <nav class="md-nav" data-md-level="2" aria-labelledby="__nav_4_15_label" aria-expanded="false">
+          <label class="md-nav__title" for="__nav_4_15">
+            <span class="md-nav__icon md-icon"></span>
+            Bash
+          </label>
+          <ul class="md-nav__list" data-md-scrollfix>
+            
+              
+                
+  
+  
+  
+  
+    <li class="md-nav__item">
+      <a href="../bash/scripting.html" class="md-nav__link">
+        
+  
+  <span class="md-ellipsis">
+    Scripting
+  </span>
+  
+
+      </a>
+    </li>
+  
+
+              
+            
+              
+                
+  
+  
+  
+  
+    <li class="md-nav__item">
+      <a href="../bash/commands.html" class="md-nav__link">
+        
+  
+  <span class="md-ellipsis">
+    Commands
+  </span>
+  
+
+      </a>
+    </li>
+  
+
+              
+            
+          </ul>
+        </nav>
+      
+    </li>
+  
+
+              
+            
+          </ul>
+        </nav>
+      
+    </li>
+  
+
+    
+      
+      
+  
+  
+  
+  
+    
+    
+      
+        
+      
+        
+      
+        
+      
+        
+      
+        
+      
+    
+    
+      
+      
+        
+      
+    
+    
+    <li class="md-nav__item md-nav__item--nested">
+      
+        
+        
+        <input class="md-nav__toggle md-toggle " type="checkbox" id="__nav_5" >
+        
+          
+          <label class="md-nav__link" for="__nav_5" id="__nav_5_label" tabindex="0">
+            
+  
+  <span class="md-ellipsis">
+    Misc
+  </span>
+  
+
+            <span class="md-nav__icon md-icon"></span>
+          </label>
+        
+        <nav class="md-nav" data-md-level="1" aria-labelledby="__nav_5_label" aria-expanded="false">
+          <label class="md-nav__title" for="__nav_5">
+            <span class="md-nav__icon md-icon"></span>
+            Misc
+          </label>
+          <ul class="md-nav__list" data-md-scrollfix>
+            
+              
+                
+  
+  
+  
+  
+    <li class="md-nav__item">
+      <a href="../../misc/git.html" class="md-nav__link">
+        
+  
+  <span class="md-ellipsis">
+    Git
+  </span>
+  
+
+      </a>
+    </li>
+  
+
+              
+            
+              
+                
+  
+  
+  
+  
+    <li class="md-nav__item">
+      <a href="../../misc/graph-ql.html" class="md-nav__link">
+        
+  
+  <span class="md-ellipsis">
+    GraphQL
+  </span>
+  
+
+      </a>
+    </li>
+  
+
+              
+            
+              
+                
+  
+  
+  
+  
+    <li class="md-nav__item">
+      <a href="../../misc/regular-expressions.html" class="md-nav__link">
+        
+  
+  <span class="md-ellipsis">
+    RegEx
+  </span>
+  
+
+      </a>
+    </li>
+  
+
+              
+            
+              
+                
+  
+  
+  
+  
+    <li class="md-nav__item">
+      <a href="../../misc/ssh.html" class="md-nav__link">
+        
+  
+  <span class="md-ellipsis">
+    SSH
+  </span>
+  
+
+      </a>
+    </li>
+  
+
+              
+            
+              
+                
+  
+  
+  
+  
+    <li class="md-nav__item">
+      <a href="../../misc/web-components.html" class="md-nav__link">
+        
+  
+  <span class="md-ellipsis">
+    WebComponents
+  </span>
+  
+
+      </a>
+    </li>
+  
+
+              
+            
+          </ul>
+        </nav>
+      
+    </li>
+  
+
+    
+      
+      
+  
+  
+  
+  
+    
+    
+      
+        
+      
+        
+      
+    
+    
+      
+      
+        
+      
+    
+    
+    <li class="md-nav__item md-nav__item--nested">
+      
+        
+        
+        <input class="md-nav__toggle md-toggle " type="checkbox" id="__nav_6" >
+        
+          
+          <label class="md-nav__link" for="__nav_6" id="__nav_6_label" tabindex="0">
+            
+  
+  <span class="md-ellipsis">
+    Linux
+  </span>
+  
+
+            <span class="md-nav__icon md-icon"></span>
+          </label>
+        
+        <nav class="md-nav" data-md-level="1" aria-labelledby="__nav_6_label" aria-expanded="false">
+          <label class="md-nav__title" for="__nav_6">
+            <span class="md-nav__icon md-icon"></span>
+            Linux
+          </label>
+          <ul class="md-nav__list" data-md-scrollfix>
+            
+              
+                
+  
+  
+  
+  
+    
+    
+      
+        
+      
+        
+      
+        
+      
+    
+    
+      
+      
+        
+      
+    
+    
+    <li class="md-nav__item md-nav__item--nested">
+      
+        
+        
+        <input class="md-nav__toggle md-toggle " type="checkbox" id="__nav_6_1" >
+        
+          
+          <label class="md-nav__link" for="__nav_6_1" id="__nav_6_1_label" tabindex="0">
+            
+  
+  <span class="md-ellipsis">
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+  <a href="#test-functions" class="md-nav__link">
+    <span class="md-ellipsis">
+      Test Functions
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+  <a href="#controlling-how-tests-are-run" class="md-nav__link">
+    <span class="md-ellipsis">
+      Controlling How Tests Are Run
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+  
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+
+<h1 id="unit-tests">Unit Tests</h1>
+<h2 id="test-functions">Test Functions</h2>
+<div class="highlight"><table class="highlighttable"><tr><th colspan="2" class="filename"><span class="filename">Rust</span></th></tr><tr><td class="linenos"><div class="linenodiv"><pre><span></span><span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-0-1"> 1</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-0-2"> 2</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-0-3"> 3</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-0-4"> 4</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-0-5"> 5</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-0-6"> 6</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-0-7"> 7</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-0-8"> 8</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-0-9"> 9</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-0-10">10</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-0-11">11</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-0-12">12</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-0-13">13</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-0-14">14</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-0-15">15</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-0-16">16</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-0-17">17</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-0-18">18</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-0-19">19</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-0-20">20</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-0-21">21</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-0-22">22</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-0-23">23</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-0-24">24</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-0-25">25</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-0-26">26</a></span></pre></div></td><td class="code"><div><pre><span></span><code><a id="__codelineno-0-1" name="__codelineno-0-1"></a><span class="c1">// module code here</span>
+<a id="__codelineno-0-2" name="__codelineno-0-2"></a>
+<a id="__codelineno-0-3" name="__codelineno-0-3"></a><span class="cp">#[cfg(test)]</span>
+<a id="__codelineno-0-4" name="__codelineno-0-4"></a><span class="k">mod</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="nn">tests</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="p">{</span>
+<a id="__codelineno-0-5" name="__codelineno-0-5"></a><span class="w">    </span><span class="k">use</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="k">super</span><span class="p">::</span><span class="o">*</span><span class="p">;</span>
+<a id="__codelineno-0-6" name="__codelineno-0-6"></a>
+<a id="__codelineno-0-7" name="__codelineno-0-7"></a><span class="w">    </span><span class="cp">#[test]</span>
+<a id="__codelineno-0-8" name="__codelineno-0-8"></a><span class="w">    </span><span class="k">fn</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="nf">test_func</span><span class="p">()</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="p">{</span>
+<a id="__codelineno-0-9" name="__codelineno-0-9"></a><span class="w">        </span><span class="c1">//ARRANGE</span>
+<a id="__codelineno-0-10" name="__codelineno-0-10"></a>
+<a id="__codelineno-0-11" name="__codelineno-0-11"></a><span class="w">        </span><span class="c1">// ACT</span>
+<a id="__codelineno-0-12" name="__codelineno-0-12"></a>
+<a id="__codelineno-0-13" name="__codelineno-0-13"></a><span class="w">        </span><span class="c1">// ASSERT</span>
+<a id="__codelineno-0-14" name="__codelineno-0-14"></a><span class="w">        </span><span class="fm">assert!</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="kt">bool</span><span class="p">,</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="s">&quot;optional custom error message&quot;</span><span class="p">);</span>
+<a id="__codelineno-0-15" name="__codelineno-0-15"></a><span class="w">        </span><span class="fm">assert_eq!</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="n">expected</span><span class="p">,</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="n">actual</span><span class="p">,</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="s">&quot;optional custom error message&quot;</span><span class="p">);</span>
+<a id="__codelineno-0-16" name="__codelineno-0-16"></a><span class="w">        </span><span class="fm">assert_ne!</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="n">expected</span><span class="p">,</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="n">actual</span><span class="p">,</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="s">&quot;optional custom error message&quot;</span><span class="p">);</span>
+<a id="__codelineno-0-17" name="__codelineno-0-17"></a><span class="w">    </span><span class="p">}</span>
+<a id="__codelineno-0-18" name="__codelineno-0-18"></a>
+<a id="__codelineno-0-19" name="__codelineno-0-19"></a><span class="w">    </span><span class="cp">#[test]</span>
+<a id="__codelineno-0-20" name="__codelineno-0-20"></a><span class="w">    </span><span class="cp">#[should_panic(</span><span class="s">&quot;optional custom error message&quot;</span><span class="cp">)]</span>
+<a id="__codelineno-0-21" name="__codelineno-0-21"></a><span class="w">    </span><span class="k">fn</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="nf">test_func</span><span class="p">()</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="p">{</span><span class="cm">/* ... */</span><span class="p">}</span>
+<a id="__codelineno-0-22" name="__codelineno-0-22"></a>
+<a id="__codelineno-0-23" name="__codelineno-0-23"></a><span class="w">    </span><span class="cp">#[test]</span>
+<a id="__codelineno-0-24" name="__codelineno-0-24"></a><span class="w">    </span><span class="cp">#[ignore]</span>
+<a id="__codelineno-0-25" name="__codelineno-0-25"></a><span class="w">    </span><span class="k">fn</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="nf">test_func</span><span class="p">()</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="p">{</span><span class="cm">/* ... */</span><span class="p">}</span>
+<a id="__codelineno-0-26" name="__codelineno-0-26"></a><span class="p">}</span>
+</code></pre></div></td></tr></table></div>
+<h2 id="controlling-how-tests-are-run">Controlling How Tests Are Run</h2>
+<div class="highlight"><table class="highlighttable"><tr><th colspan="2" class="filename"><span class="filename">Bash</span></th></tr><tr><td class="linenos"><div class="linenodiv"><pre><span></span><span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-1-1">1</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-1-2">2</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-1-3">3</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-1-4">4</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-1-5">5</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-1-6">6</a></span></pre></div></td><td class="code"><div><pre><span></span><code><a id="__codelineno-1-1" name="__codelineno-1-1"></a>cargo<span class="w"> </span><span class="nb">test</span><span class="w"> </span>--<span class="w"> </span>--test-threads<span class="o">=</span>&lt;number&gt;<span class="w">  </span><span class="c1"># run tests in parallel (1 no parallelism)</span>
+<a id="__codelineno-1-2" name="__codelineno-1-2"></a>cargo<span class="w"> </span><span class="nb">test</span><span class="w"> </span>--<span class="w"> </span>--show-output<span class="w">  </span><span class="c1"># show content printed in stdout in each test</span>
+<a id="__codelineno-1-3" name="__codelineno-1-3"></a>cargo<span class="w"> </span><span class="nb">test</span><span class="w"> </span>&lt;test_name&gt;<span class="w">  </span><span class="c1"># run only a specific test</span>
+<a id="__codelineno-1-4" name="__codelineno-1-4"></a>cargo<span class="w"> </span><span class="nb">test</span><span class="w"> </span>&lt;partial_test_name&gt;<span class="w">  </span><span class="c1"># run only specific tests</span>
+<a id="__codelineno-1-5" name="__codelineno-1-5"></a>cargo<span class="w"> </span><span class="nb">test</span><span class="w"> </span>--<span class="w"> </span>--ignored<span class="w">  </span><span class="c1"># run tests annotated with #[ignore]</span>
+<a id="__codelineno-1-6" name="__codelineno-1-6"></a>cargo<span class="w"> </span><span class="nb">test</span><span class="w"> </span>--test<span class="w">  </span><span class="c1"># run all integration tests</span>
+</code></pre></div></td></tr></table></div>
+<h2 id="test-organization">Test Organization</h2>
+<p>Unit Tests:</p>
+<ul>
+<li>Inside the same module as the tested code</li>
+<li>annotated with <code>#[cfg(test)]</code></li>
+<li>can test private code by default</li>
+<li>import tested code with <code>super::*</code></li>
+<li>compiled only with <code>cargo test</code></li>
+</ul>
+<p>Integration tests:</p>
+<ul>
+<li>inside top level <code>tests</code> folder</li>
+<li>need to import tested code by crate name</li>
+<li>place util functions in a <code>mod.rs</code> to avoid testing them, e.g: <code>tests/common/mod.rs</code></li>
+<li>compiled only with <code>cargo test</code></li>
+</ul>
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new file mode 100644
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+  </div>
+  <div class="md-source__repository">
+    GitHub
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+</a>
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+  
+  <ul class="md-nav__list" data-md-scrollfix>
+    
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+    <li class="md-nav__item">
+      <a href="../../index.html" class="md-nav__link">
+        
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+  <span class="md-ellipsis">
+    Home
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+        <input class="md-nav__toggle md-toggle " type="checkbox" id="__nav_2" >
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+          
+          <label class="md-nav__link" for="__nav_2" id="__nav_2_label" tabindex="0">
+            
+  
+  <span class="md-ellipsis">
+    Containers
+  </span>
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+            <span class="md-nav__icon md-icon"></span>
+          </label>
+        
+        <nav class="md-nav" data-md-level="1" aria-labelledby="__nav_2_label" aria-expanded="false">
+          <label class="md-nav__title" for="__nav_2">
+            <span class="md-nav__icon md-icon"></span>
+            Containers
+          </label>
+          <ul class="md-nav__list" data-md-scrollfix>
+            
+              
+                
+  
+  
+  
+  
+    <li class="md-nav__item">
+      <a href="../../containers/docker.html" class="md-nav__link">
+        
+  
+  <span class="md-ellipsis">
+    Docker
+  </span>
+  
+
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+    </li>
+  
+
+              
+            
+              
+                
+  
+  
+  
+  
+    <li class="md-nav__item">
+      <a href="../../containers/kubernetes.html" class="md-nav__link">
+        
+  
+  <span class="md-ellipsis">
+    Kubernetes
+  </span>
+  
+
+      </a>
+    </li>
+  
+
+              
+            
+          </ul>
+        </nav>
+      
+    </li>
+  
+
+    
+      
+      
+  
+  
+  
+  
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+    <li class="md-nav__item md-nav__item--nested">
+      
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+        <input class="md-nav__toggle md-toggle " type="checkbox" id="__nav_3" >
+        
+          
+          <label class="md-nav__link" for="__nav_3" id="__nav_3_label" tabindex="0">
+            
+  
+  <span class="md-ellipsis">
+    Databases
+  </span>
+  
+
+            <span class="md-nav__icon md-icon"></span>
+          </label>
+        
+        <nav class="md-nav" data-md-level="1" aria-labelledby="__nav_3_label" aria-expanded="false">
+          <label class="md-nav__title" for="__nav_3">
+            <span class="md-nav__icon md-icon"></span>
+            Databases
+          </label>
+          <ul class="md-nav__list" data-md-scrollfix>
+            
+              
+                
+  
+  
+  
+  
+    <li class="md-nav__item">
+      <a href="../../databases/redis.html" class="md-nav__link">
+        
+  
+  <span class="md-ellipsis">
+    Redis
+  </span>
+  
+
+      </a>
+    </li>
+  
+
+              
+            
+              
+                
+  
+  
+  
+  
+    <li class="md-nav__item">
+      <a href="../../databases/sql.html" class="md-nav__link">
+        
+  
+  <span class="md-ellipsis">
+    SQL
+  </span>
+  
+
+      </a>
+    </li>
+  
+
+              
+            
+              
+                
+  
+  
+  
+  
+    <li class="md-nav__item">
+      <a href="../../databases/mongo-db.html" class="md-nav__link">
+        
+  
+  <span class="md-ellipsis">
+    MongoDB
+  </span>
+  
+
+      </a>
+    </li>
+  
+
+              
+            
+          </ul>
+        </nav>
+      
+    </li>
+  
+
+    
+      
+      
+  
+  
+    
+  
+  
+  
+    
+    
+      
+        
+      
+        
+      
+        
+      
+        
+      
+        
+      
+        
+      
+        
+      
+        
+      
+        
+      
+        
+      
+        
+      
+        
+      
+        
+      
+        
+      
+        
+      
+    
+    
+      
+        
+        
+      
+      
+        
+      
+    
+    
+    <li class="md-nav__item md-nav__item--active md-nav__item--section md-nav__item--nested">
+      
+        
+        
+        <input class="md-nav__toggle md-toggle " type="checkbox" id="__nav_4" checked>
+        
+          
+          <label class="md-nav__link" for="__nav_4" id="__nav_4_label" tabindex="">
+            
+  
+  <span class="md-ellipsis">
+    Languages
+  </span>
+  
+
+            <span class="md-nav__icon md-icon"></span>
+          </label>
+        
+        <nav class="md-nav" data-md-level="1" aria-labelledby="__nav_4_label" aria-expanded="true">
+          <label class="md-nav__title" for="__nav_4">
+            <span class="md-nav__icon md-icon"></span>
+            Languages
+          </label>
+          <ul class="md-nav__list" data-md-scrollfix>
+            
+              
+                
+  
+  
+  
+  
+    <li class="md-nav__item">
+      <a href="../html/html.html" class="md-nav__link">
+        
+  
+  <span class="md-ellipsis">
+    HTML
+  </span>
+  
+
+      </a>
+    </li>
+  
+
+              
+            
+              
+                
+  
+  
+  
+  
+    <li class="md-nav__item">
+      <a href="../markdown.html" class="md-nav__link">
+        
+  
+  <span class="md-ellipsis">
+    Markdown
+  </span>
+  
+
+      </a>
+    </li>
+  
+
+              
+            
+              
+                
+  
+  
+  
+  
+    <li class="md-nav__item">
+      <a href="../css/css.html" class="md-nav__link">
+        
+  
+  <span class="md-ellipsis">
+    CSS
+  </span>
+  
+
+      </a>
+    </li>
+  
+
+              
+            
+              
+                
+  
+  
+  
+  
+    <li class="md-nav__item">
+      <a href="../c/c.html" class="md-nav__link">
+        
+  
+  <span class="md-ellipsis">
+    C
+  </span>
+  
+
+      </a>
+    </li>
+  
+
+              
+            
+              
+                
+  
+  
+  
+  
+    <li class="md-nav__item">
+      <a href="../kotlin/kotlin.html" class="md-nav__link">
+        
+  
+  <span class="md-ellipsis">
+    Kotlin
+  </span>
+  
+
+      </a>
+    </li>
+  
+
+              
+            
+              
+                
+  
+  
+    
+  
+  
+  
+    <li class="md-nav__item md-nav__item--active">
+      
+      <input class="md-nav__toggle md-toggle" type="checkbox" id="__toc">
+      
+      
+        
+      
+      
+        <label class="md-nav__link md-nav__link--active" for="__toc">
+          
+  
+  <span class="md-ellipsis">
+    Swift
+  </span>
+  
+
+          <span class="md-nav__icon md-icon"></span>
+        </label>
+      
+      <a href="swift.html" class="md-nav__link md-nav__link--active">
+        
+  
+  <span class="md-ellipsis">
+    Swift
+  </span>
+  
+
+      </a>
+      
+        
+
+<nav class="md-nav md-nav--secondary" aria-label="Table of contents">
+  
+  
+  
+    
+  
+  
+    <label class="md-nav__title" for="__toc">
+      <span class="md-nav__icon md-icon"></span>
+      Table of contents
+    </label>
+    <ul class="md-nav__list" data-md-component="toc" data-md-scrollfix>
+      
+        <li class="md-nav__item">
+  <a href="#basics" class="md-nav__link">
+    <span class="md-ellipsis">
+      Basics
+    </span>
+  </a>
+  
+    <nav class="md-nav" aria-label="Basics">
+      <ul class="md-nav__list">
+        
+          <li class="md-nav__item">
+  <a href="#macro" class="md-nav__link">
+    <span class="md-ellipsis">
+      Macro
+    </span>
+  </a>
+  
+</li>
+        
+          <li class="md-nav__item">
+  <a href="#comments" class="md-nav__link">
+    <span class="md-ellipsis">
+      Comments
+    </span>
+  </a>
+  
+</li>
+        
+          <li class="md-nav__item">
+  <a href="#variables" class="md-nav__link">
+    <span class="md-ellipsis">
+      Variables
+    </span>
+  </a>
+  
+</li>
+        
+          <li class="md-nav__item">
+  <a href="#constants" class="md-nav__link">
+    <span class="md-ellipsis">
+      Constants
+    </span>
+  </a>
+  
+</li>
+        
+          <li class="md-nav__item">
+  <a href="#console-output" class="md-nav__link">
+    <span class="md-ellipsis">
+      Console Output
+    </span>
+  </a>
+  
+</li>
+        
+      </ul>
+    </nav>
+  
+</li>
+      
+        <li class="md-nav__item">
+  <a href="#strings" class="md-nav__link">
+    <span class="md-ellipsis">
+      Strings
+    </span>
+  </a>
+  
+</li>
+      
+        <li class="md-nav__item">
+  <a href="#array" class="md-nav__link">
+    <span class="md-ellipsis">
+      Array
+    </span>
+  </a>
+  
+</li>
+      
+        <li class="md-nav__item">
+  <a href="#tuple" class="md-nav__link">
+    <span class="md-ellipsis">
+      Tuple
+    </span>
+  </a>
+  
+    <nav class="md-nav" aria-label="Tuple">
+      <ul class="md-nav__list">
+        
+          <li class="md-nav__item">
+  <a href="#tuple-decomposition" class="md-nav__link">
+    <span class="md-ellipsis">
+      Tuple Decomposition
+    </span>
+  </a>
+  
+</li>
+        
+      </ul>
+    </nav>
+  
+</li>
+      
+        <li class="md-nav__item">
+  <a href="#type-identifier" class="md-nav__link">
+    <span class="md-ellipsis">
+      Type Identifier
+    </span>
+  </a>
+  
+</li>
+      
+        <li class="md-nav__item">
+  <a href="#dictionary" class="md-nav__link">
+    <span class="md-ellipsis">
+      Dictionary
+    </span>
+  </a>
+  
+</li>
+      
+        <li class="md-nav__item">
+  <a href="#expressions-operators" class="md-nav__link">
+    <span class="md-ellipsis">
+      Expressions &amp; Operators
+    </span>
+  </a>
+  
+    <nav class="md-nav" aria-label="Expressions & Operators">
+      <ul class="md-nav__list">
+        
+          <li class="md-nav__item">
+  <a href="#primary-expressions" class="md-nav__link">
+    <span class="md-ellipsis">
+      Primary Expressions
+    </span>
+  </a>
+  
+</li>
+        
+          <li class="md-nav__item">
+  <a href="#unary-operators" class="md-nav__link">
+    <span class="md-ellipsis">
+      Unary Operators
+    </span>
+  </a>
+  
+</li>
+        
+          <li class="md-nav__item">
+  <a href="#mathematical-operators" class="md-nav__link">
+    <span class="md-ellipsis">
+      Mathematical Operators
+    </span>
+  </a>
+  
+</li>
+        
+          <li class="md-nav__item">
+  <a href="#relational-operators" class="md-nav__link">
+    <span class="md-ellipsis">
+      Relational Operators
+    </span>
+  </a>
+  
+</li>
+        
+          <li class="md-nav__item">
+  <a href="#logical-operators" class="md-nav__link">
+    <span class="md-ellipsis">
+      Logical Operators
+    </span>
+  </a>
+  
+</li>
+        
+          <li class="md-nav__item">
+  <a href="#assignment" class="md-nav__link">
+    <span class="md-ellipsis">
+      Assignment
+    </span>
+  </a>
+  
+</li>
+        
+          <li class="md-nav__item">
+  <a href="#conditional-operator" class="md-nav__link">
+    <span class="md-ellipsis">
+      Conditional Operator
+    </span>
+  </a>
+  
+</li>
+        
+          <li class="md-nav__item">
+  <a href="#nil-checks" class="md-nav__link">
+    <span class="md-ellipsis">
+      Nil Checks
+    </span>
+  </a>
+  
+</li>
+        
+      </ul>
+    </nav>
+  
+</li>
+      
+        <li class="md-nav__item">
+  <a href="#if-else" class="md-nav__link">
+    <span class="md-ellipsis">
+      If-Else
+    </span>
+  </a>
+  
+    <nav class="md-nav" aria-label="If-Else">
+      <ul class="md-nav__list">
+        
+          <li class="md-nav__item">
+  <a href="#switch" class="md-nav__link">
+    <span class="md-ellipsis">
+      Switch
+    </span>
+  </a>
+  
+</li>
+        
+      </ul>
+    </nav>
+  
+</li>
+      
+        <li class="md-nav__item">
+  <a href="#loops" class="md-nav__link">
+    <span class="md-ellipsis">
+      Loops
+    </span>
+  </a>
+  
+    <nav class="md-nav" aria-label="Loops">
+      <ul class="md-nav__list">
+        
+          <li class="md-nav__item">
+  <a href="#for-loop" class="md-nav__link">
+    <span class="md-ellipsis">
+      For Loop
+    </span>
+  </a>
+  
+</li>
+        
+          <li class="md-nav__item">
+  <a href="#while-loop" class="md-nav__link">
+    <span class="md-ellipsis">
+      While Loop
+    </span>
+  </a>
+  
+</li>
+        
+      </ul>
+    </nav>
+  
+</li>
+      
+        <li class="md-nav__item">
+  <a href="#functions" class="md-nav__link">
+    <span class="md-ellipsis">
+      Functions
+    </span>
+  </a>
+  
+    <nav class="md-nav" aria-label="Functions">
+      <ul class="md-nav__list">
+        
+          <li class="md-nav__item">
+  <a href="#passing-functions-as-parameters" class="md-nav__link">
+    <span class="md-ellipsis">
+      Passing Functions as Parameters
+    </span>
+  </a>
+  
+</li>
+        
+          <li class="md-nav__item">
+  <a href="#functions-returning-functions" class="md-nav__link">
+    <span class="md-ellipsis">
+      Functions Returning Functions
+    </span>
+  </a>
+  
+</li>
+        
+      </ul>
+    </nav>
+  
+</li>
+      
+        <li class="md-nav__item">
+  <a href="#closure" class="md-nav__link">
+    <span class="md-ellipsis">
+      Closure ({ .. })
+    </span>
+  </a>
+  
+</li>
+      
+        <li class="md-nav__item">
+  <a href="#enums" class="md-nav__link">
+    <span class="md-ellipsis">
+      Enums
+    </span>
+  </a>
+  
+    <nav class="md-nav" aria-label="Enums">
+      <ul class="md-nav__list">
+        
+          <li class="md-nav__item">
+  <a href="#enum-definition" class="md-nav__link">
+    <span class="md-ellipsis">
+      Enum Definition
+    </span>
+  </a>
+  
+</li>
+        
+          <li class="md-nav__item">
+  <a href="#enum-with-raw-values" class="md-nav__link">
+    <span class="md-ellipsis">
+      Enum with Raw Values
+    </span>
+  </a>
+  
+</li>
+        
+          <li class="md-nav__item">
+  <a href="#matching-enumeration-values-with-a-switch-statement" class="md-nav__link">
+    <span class="md-ellipsis">
+      Matching Enumeration Values with a Switch Statement
+    </span>
+  </a>
+  
+</li>
+        
+      </ul>
+    </nav>
+  
+</li>
+      
+        <li class="md-nav__item">
+  <a href="#struct-value-type" class="md-nav__link">
+    <span class="md-ellipsis">
+      Struct (Value Type)
+    </span>
+  </a>
+  
+</li>
+      
+        <li class="md-nav__item">
+  <a href="#classes-reference-type" class="md-nav__link">
+    <span class="md-ellipsis">
+      Classes (Reference Type)
+    </span>
+  </a>
+  
+    <nav class="md-nav" aria-label="Classes (Reference Type)">
+      <ul class="md-nav__list">
+        
+          <li class="md-nav__item">
+  <a href="#class-definition-instantiation" class="md-nav__link">
+    <span class="md-ellipsis">
+      Class Definition &amp; Instantiation
+    </span>
+  </a>
+  
+</li>
+        
+          <li class="md-nav__item">
+  <a href="#property-observers-willset-didset" class="md-nav__link">
+    <span class="md-ellipsis">
+      Property Observers willSet &amp; didSet
+    </span>
+  </a>
+  
+</li>
+        
+          <li class="md-nav__item">
+  <a href="#inheritance" class="md-nav__link">
+    <span class="md-ellipsis">
+      Inheritance
+    </span>
+  </a>
+  
+</li>
+        
+          <li class="md-nav__item">
+  <a href="#exception-handling" class="md-nav__link">
+    <span class="md-ellipsis">
+      Exception Handling
+    </span>
+  </a>
+  
+</li>
+        
+      </ul>
+    </nav>
+  
+</li>
+      
+    </ul>
+  
+</nav>
+      
+    </li>
+  
+
+              
+            
+              
+                
+  
+  
+  
+  
+    
+    
+      
+        
+      
+        
+      
+    
+    
+      
+      
+        
+          
+          
+        
+      
+    
+    
+    <li class="md-nav__item md-nav__item--section md-nav__item--nested">
+      
+        
+        
+        <input class="md-nav__toggle md-toggle " type="checkbox" id="__nav_4_7" >
+        
+          
+          <label class="md-nav__link" for="__nav_4_7" id="__nav_4_7_label" tabindex="">
+            
+  
+  <span class="md-ellipsis">
+    Assembly
+  </span>
+  
+
+            <span class="md-nav__icon md-icon"></span>
+          </label>
+        
+        <nav class="md-nav" data-md-level="2" aria-labelledby="__nav_4_7_label" aria-expanded="false">
+          <label class="md-nav__title" for="__nav_4_7">
+            <span class="md-nav__icon md-icon"></span>
+            Assembly
+          </label>
+          <ul class="md-nav__list" data-md-scrollfix>
+            
+              
+                
+  
+  
+  
+  
+    <li class="md-nav__item">
+      <a href="../assembly/intel.html" class="md-nav__link">
+        
+  
+  <span class="md-ellipsis">
+    Intel
+  </span>
+  
+
+      </a>
+    </li>
+  
+
+              
+            
+              
+                
+  
+  
+  
+  
+    <li class="md-nav__item">
+      <a href="../assembly/riscv.html" class="md-nav__link">
+        
+  
+  <span class="md-ellipsis">
+    RISC-V
+  </span>
+  
+
+      </a>
+    </li>
+  
+
+              
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+        </nav>
+      
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+      <a href="../python/python.html" class="md-nav__link">
+        
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+        
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+          </label>
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+            
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+  
+    <li class="md-nav__item">
+      <a href="../python/modules/argparse.html" class="md-nav__link">
+        
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+  <span class="md-ellipsis">
+    argparse
+  </span>
+  
+
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+    </li>
+  
+
+              
+            
+              
+                
+  
+  
+  
+  
+    <li class="md-nav__item">
+      <a href="../python/modules/collections.html" class="md-nav__link">
+        
+  
+  <span class="md-ellipsis">
+    collection
+  </span>
+  
+
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+    </li>
+  
+
+              
+            
+              
+                
+  
+  
+  
+  
+    <li class="md-nav__item">
+      <a href="../python/modules/csv.html" class="md-nav__link">
+        
+  
+  <span class="md-ellipsis">
+    csv
+  </span>
+  
+
+      </a>
+    </li>
+  
+
+              
+            
+              
+                
+  
+  
+  
+  
+    <li class="md-nav__item">
+      <a href="../python/modules/ftplib.html" class="md-nav__link">
+        
+  
+  <span class="md-ellipsis">
+    ftplib
+  </span>
+  
+
+      </a>
+    </li>
+  
+
+              
+            
+              
+                
+  
+  
+  
+  
+    <li class="md-nav__item">
+      <a href="../python/modules/itertools.html" class="md-nav__link">
+        
+  
+  <span class="md-ellipsis">
+    itertools
+  </span>
+  
+
+      </a>
+    </li>
+  
+
+              
+            
+              
+                
+  
+  
+  
+  
+    <li class="md-nav__item">
+      <a href="../python/modules/json.html" class="md-nav__link">
+        
+  
+  <span class="md-ellipsis">
+    json
+  </span>
+  
+
+      </a>
+    </li>
+  
+
+              
+            
+              
+                
+  
+  
+  
+  
+    <li class="md-nav__item">
+      <a href="../python/modules/logging.html" class="md-nav__link">
+        
+  
+  <span class="md-ellipsis">
+    logging
+  </span>
+  
+
+      </a>
+    </li>
+  
+
+              
+            
+              
+                
+  
+  
+  
+  
+    <li class="md-nav__item">
+      <a href="../python/modules/shutil.html" class="md-nav__link">
+        
+  
+  <span class="md-ellipsis">
+    shutil
+  </span>
+  
+
+      </a>
+    </li>
+  
+
+              
+            
+              
+                
+  
+  
+  
+  
+    <li class="md-nav__item">
+      <a href="../python/modules/smtplib.html" class="md-nav__link">
+        
+  
+  <span class="md-ellipsis">
+    smtplib
+  </span>
+  
+
+      </a>
+    </li>
+  
+
+              
+            
+              
+                
+  
+  
+  
+  
+    <li class="md-nav__item">
+      <a href="../python/modules/socket.html" class="md-nav__link">
+        
+  
+  <span class="md-ellipsis">
+    socket
+  </span>
+  
+
+      </a>
+    </li>
+  
+
+              
+            
+              
+                
+  
+  
+  
+  
+    <li class="md-nav__item">
+      <a href="../python/modules/sqlite.html" class="md-nav__link">
+        
+  
+  <span class="md-ellipsis">
+    sqlite
+  </span>
+  
+
+      </a>
+    </li>
+  
+
+              
+            
+              
+                
+  
+  
+  
+  
+    <li class="md-nav__item">
+      <a href="../python/modules/time-datetime.html" class="md-nav__link">
+        
+  
+  <span class="md-ellipsis">
+    time & datetime
+  </span>
+  
+
+      </a>
+    </li>
+  
+
+              
+            
+              
+                
+  
+  
+  
+  
+    <li class="md-nav__item">
+      <a href="../python/modules/unittest.html" class="md-nav__link">
+        
+  
+  <span class="md-ellipsis">
+    unittest
+  </span>
+  
+
+      </a>
+    </li>
+  
+
+              
+            
+          </ul>
+        </nav>
+      
+    </li>
+  
+
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+  
+  
+  
+  
+    
+    
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+        
+      
+        
+      
+        
+      
+        
+      
+        
+      
+        
+      
+    
+    
+      
+      
+        
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+    
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+          <label class="md-nav__link" for="__nav_4_8_3" id="__nav_4_8_3_label" tabindex="0">
+            
+  
+  <span class="md-ellipsis">
+    Libraries
+  </span>
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+          </label>
+        
+        <nav class="md-nav" data-md-level="3" aria-labelledby="__nav_4_8_3_label" aria-expanded="false">
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+          </label>
+          <ul class="md-nav__list" data-md-scrollfix>
+            
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+  
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+  
+  
+    <li class="md-nav__item">
+      <a href="../python/libs/tkinter.html" class="md-nav__link">
+        
+  
+  <span class="md-ellipsis">
+    TKinter
+  </span>
+  
+
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+    </li>
+  
+
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+            
+              
+                
+  
+  
+  
+  
+    <li class="md-nav__item">
+      <a href="../python/libs/numpy.html" class="md-nav__link">
+        
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+  <span class="md-ellipsis">
+    Numpy
+  </span>
+  
+
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+    </li>
+  
+
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+            
+              
+                
+  
+  
+  
+  
+    <li class="md-nav__item">
+      <a href="../python/libs/pandas.html" class="md-nav__link">
+        
+  
+  <span class="md-ellipsis">
+    Pandas
+  </span>
+  
+
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+    </li>
+  
+
+              
+            
+              
+                
+  
+  
+  
+  
+    <li class="md-nav__item">
+      <a href="../python/libs/seaborn.html" class="md-nav__link">
+        
+  
+  <span class="md-ellipsis">
+    Seaborn
+  </span>
+  
+
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+    </li>
+  
+
+              
+            
+              
+                
+  
+  
+  
+  
+    <li class="md-nav__item">
+      <a href="../python/libs/requests.html" class="md-nav__link">
+        
+  
+  <span class="md-ellipsis">
+    Requests
+  </span>
+  
+
+      </a>
+    </li>
+  
+
+              
+            
+              
+                
+  
+  
+  
+  
+    <li class="md-nav__item">
+      <a href="../python/libs/beautiful-soup.html" class="md-nav__link">
+        
+  
+  <span class="md-ellipsis">
+    Beatiful Soup
+  </span>
+  
+
+      </a>
+    </li>
+  
+
+              
+            
+          </ul>
+        </nav>
+      
+    </li>
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+      
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+        
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+      
+    
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+        
+          
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+        
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+    
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+    <li class="md-nav__item md-nav__item--section md-nav__item--nested">
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+        <input class="md-nav__toggle md-toggle " type="checkbox" id="__nav_4_9" >
+        
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+          <label class="md-nav__link" for="__nav_4_9" id="__nav_4_9_label" tabindex="">
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+  <span class="md-ellipsis">
+    .NET
+  </span>
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+            .NET
+          </label>
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+    
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+    C#
+  </span>
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+          </label>
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+    <li class="md-nav__item">
+      <a href="../dotnet/csharp/csharp.html" class="md-nav__link">
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+    C#
+  </span>
+  
+
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+    <li class="md-nav__item">
+      <a href="../dotnet/csharp/linq.html" class="md-nav__link">
+        
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+    Linq
+  </span>
+  
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+    <li class="md-nav__item">
+      <a href="../dotnet/csharp/collections.html" class="md-nav__link">
+        
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+  <span class="md-ellipsis">
+    Collections
+  </span>
+  
+
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+    <li class="md-nav__item">
+      <a href="../dotnet/csharp/reactive-extensions.html" class="md-nav__link">
+        
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+  <span class="md-ellipsis">
+    Reactive Extensions
+  </span>
+  
+
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+  
+
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+            
+              
+                
+  
+  
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+    <li class="md-nav__item">
+      <a href="../dotnet/csharp/async-programming.html" class="md-nav__link">
+        
+  
+  <span class="md-ellipsis">
+    Async Programming
+  </span>
+  
+
+      </a>
+    </li>
+  
+
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+            
+              
+                
+  
+  
+  
+  
+    <li class="md-nav__item">
+      <a href="../dotnet/csharp/unit-tests.html" class="md-nav__link">
+        
+  
+  <span class="md-ellipsis">
+    Unit Tests
+  </span>
+  
+
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+    </li>
+  
+
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+            
+          </ul>
+        </nav>
+      
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+  
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+  
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+  
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+    
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+        
+      
+        
+      
+        
+      
+        
+      
+        
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+      
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+            
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+  <span class="md-ellipsis">
+    ASP.NET
+  </span>
+  
+
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+        
+        <nav class="md-nav" data-md-level="3" aria-labelledby="__nav_4_9_2_label" aria-expanded="false">
+          <label class="md-nav__title" for="__nav_4_9_2">
+            <span class="md-nav__icon md-icon"></span>
+            ASP.NET
+          </label>
+          <ul class="md-nav__list" data-md-scrollfix>
+            
+              
+                
+  
+  
+  
+  
+    <li class="md-nav__item">
+      <a href="../dotnet/asp.net/minimal-api.html" class="md-nav__link">
+        
+  
+  <span class="md-ellipsis">
+    Minimal API
+  </span>
+  
+
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+    </li>
+  
+
+              
+            
+              
+                
+  
+  
+  
+  
+    <li class="md-nav__item">
+      <a href="../dotnet/asp.net/filters.html" class="md-nav__link">
+        
+  
+  <span class="md-ellipsis">
+    FIlters
+  </span>
+  
+
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+    </li>
+  
+
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+            
+              
+                
+  
+  
+  
+  
+    <li class="md-nav__item">
+      <a href="../dotnet/asp.net/middleware.html" class="md-nav__link">
+        
+  
+  <span class="md-ellipsis">
+    Middleware
+  </span>
+  
+
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+    </li>
+  
+
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+            
+              
+                
+  
+  
+  
+  
+    <li class="md-nav__item">
+      <a href="../dotnet/asp.net/razor-syntax.html" class="md-nav__link">
+        
+  
+  <span class="md-ellipsis">
+    Razor Syntax
+  </span>
+  
+
+      </a>
+    </li>
+  
+
+              
+            
+              
+                
+  
+  
+  
+  
+    <li class="md-nav__item">
+      <a href="../dotnet/asp.net/blazor.html" class="md-nav__link">
+        
+  
+  <span class="md-ellipsis">
+    Blazor
+  </span>
+  
+
+      </a>
+    </li>
+  
+
+              
+            
+              
+                
+  
+  
+  
+  
+    <li class="md-nav__item">
+      <a href="../dotnet/asp.net/signalr.html" class="md-nav__link">
+        
+  
+  <span class="md-ellipsis">
+    SignalR
+  </span>
+  
+
+      </a>
+    </li>
+  
+
+              
+            
+              
+                
+  
+  
+  
+  
+    <li class="md-nav__item">
+      <a href="../dotnet/asp.net/web-forms.html" class="md-nav__link">
+        
+  
+  <span class="md-ellipsis">
+    Web Forms
+  </span>
+  
+
+      </a>
+    </li>
+  
+
+              
+            
+          </ul>
+        </nav>
+      
+    </li>
+  
+
+              
+            
+              
+                
+  
+  
+  
+  
+    
+    
+      
+        
+      
+        
+      
+    
+    
+      
+      
+        
+      
+    
+    
+    <li class="md-nav__item md-nav__item--nested">
+      
+        
+        
+        <input class="md-nav__toggle md-toggle " type="checkbox" id="__nav_4_9_3" >
+        
+          
+          <label class="md-nav__link" for="__nav_4_9_3" id="__nav_4_9_3_label" tabindex="0">
+            
+  
+  <span class="md-ellipsis">
+    Database
+  </span>
+  
+
+            <span class="md-nav__icon md-icon"></span>
+          </label>
+        
+        <nav class="md-nav" data-md-level="3" aria-labelledby="__nav_4_9_3_label" aria-expanded="false">
+          <label class="md-nav__title" for="__nav_4_9_3">
+            <span class="md-nav__icon md-icon"></span>
+            Database
+          </label>
+          <ul class="md-nav__list" data-md-scrollfix>
+            
+              
+                
+  
+  
+  
+  
+    <li class="md-nav__item">
+      <a href="../dotnet/database/ado.net.html" class="md-nav__link">
+        
+  
+  <span class="md-ellipsis">
+    ADO.NET
+  </span>
+  
+
+      </a>
+    </li>
+  
+
+              
+            
+              
+                
+  
+  
+  
+  
+    <li class="md-nav__item">
+      <a href="../dotnet/database/entity-framework.html" class="md-nav__link">
+        
+  
+  <span class="md-ellipsis">
+    Entity Framework
+  </span>
+  
+
+      </a>
+    </li>
+  
+
+              
+            
+          </ul>
+        </nav>
+      
+    </li>
+  
+
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+            
+          </ul>
+        </nav>
+      
+    </li>
+  
+
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+            
+              
+                
+  
+  
+  
+  
+    
+    
+      
+        
+      
+        
+      
+        
+      
+        
+      
+    
+    
+      
+      
+        
+          
+          
+        
+      
+    
+    
+    <li class="md-nav__item md-nav__item--section md-nav__item--nested">
+      
+        
+        
+        <input class="md-nav__toggle md-toggle " type="checkbox" id="__nav_4_10" >
+        
+          
+          <label class="md-nav__link" for="__nav_4_10" id="__nav_4_10_label" tabindex="">
+            
+  
+  <span class="md-ellipsis">
+    Java
+  </span>
+  
+
+            <span class="md-nav__icon md-icon"></span>
+          </label>
+        
+        <nav class="md-nav" data-md-level="2" aria-labelledby="__nav_4_10_label" aria-expanded="false">
+          <label class="md-nav__title" for="__nav_4_10">
+            <span class="md-nav__icon md-icon"></span>
+            Java
+          </label>
+          <ul class="md-nav__list" data-md-scrollfix>
+            
+              
+                
+  
+  
+  
+  
+    <li class="md-nav__item">
+      <a href="../java/java.html" class="md-nav__link">
+        
+  
+  <span class="md-ellipsis">
+    Java
+  </span>
+  
+
+      </a>
+    </li>
+  
+
+              
+            
+              
+                
+  
+  
+  
+  
+    <li class="md-nav__item">
+      <a href="../java/java-collection-framework.html" class="md-nav__link">
+        
+  
+  <span class="md-ellipsis">
+    Java Collection Framework
+  </span>
+  
+
+      </a>
+    </li>
+  
+
+              
+            
+              
+                
+  
+  
+  
+  
+    <li class="md-nav__item">
+      <a href="../java/dao.html" class="md-nav__link">
+        
+  
+  <span class="md-ellipsis">
+    DAO
+  </span>
+  
+
+      </a>
+    </li>
+  
+
+              
+            
+              
+                
+  
+  
+  
+  
+    
+    
+      
+        
+      
+        
+      
+    
+    
+      
+      
+        
+      
+    
+    
+    <li class="md-nav__item md-nav__item--nested">
+      
+        
+        
+        <input class="md-nav__toggle md-toggle " type="checkbox" id="__nav_4_10_4" >
+        
+          
+          <label class="md-nav__link" for="__nav_4_10_4" id="__nav_4_10_4_label" tabindex="0">
+            
+  
+  <span class="md-ellipsis">
+    Web
+  </span>
+  
+
+            <span class="md-nav__icon md-icon"></span>
+          </label>
+        
+        <nav class="md-nav" data-md-level="3" aria-labelledby="__nav_4_10_4_label" aria-expanded="false">
+          <label class="md-nav__title" for="__nav_4_10_4">
+            <span class="md-nav__icon md-icon"></span>
+            Web
+          </label>
+          <ul class="md-nav__list" data-md-scrollfix>
+            
+              
+                
+  
+  
+  
+  
+    <li class="md-nav__item">
+      <a href="../java/web/servlet.html" class="md-nav__link">
+        
+  
+  <span class="md-ellipsis">
+    Serverlet
+  </span>
+  
+
+      </a>
+    </li>
+  
+
+              
+            
+              
+                
+  
+  
+  
+  
+    
+    
+      
+        
+      
+        
+      
+    
+    
+      
+      
+        
+      
+    
+    
+    <li class="md-nav__item md-nav__item--nested">
+      
+        
+        
+        <input class="md-nav__toggle md-toggle " type="checkbox" id="__nav_4_10_4_2" >
+        
+          
+          <label class="md-nav__link" for="__nav_4_10_4_2" id="__nav_4_10_4_2_label" tabindex="0">
+            
+  
+  <span class="md-ellipsis">
+    Spring
+  </span>
+  
+
+            <span class="md-nav__icon md-icon"></span>
+          </label>
+        
+        <nav class="md-nav" data-md-level="4" aria-labelledby="__nav_4_10_4_2_label" aria-expanded="false">
+          <label class="md-nav__title" for="__nav_4_10_4_2">
+            <span class="md-nav__icon md-icon"></span>
+            Spring
+          </label>
+          <ul class="md-nav__list" data-md-scrollfix>
+            
+              
+                
+  
+  
+  
+  
+    <li class="md-nav__item">
+      <a href="../java/spring/pom.xml.html" class="md-nav__link">
+        
+  
+  <span class="md-ellipsis">
+    POM
+  </span>
+  
+
+      </a>
+    </li>
+  
+
+              
+            
+              
+                
+  
+  
+  
+  
+    <li class="md-nav__item">
+      <a href="../java/spring/spring-project.html" class="md-nav__link">
+        
+  
+  <span class="md-ellipsis">
+    Project Structure
+  </span>
+  
+
+      </a>
+    </li>
+  
+
+              
+            
+          </ul>
+        </nav>
+      
+    </li>
+  
+
+              
+            
+          </ul>
+        </nav>
+      
+    </li>
+  
+
+              
+            
+          </ul>
+        </nav>
+      
+    </li>
+  
+
+              
+            
+              
+                
+  
+  
+  
+  
+    
+    
+      
+        
+      
+        
+      
+        
+      
+        
+      
+        
+      
+        
+      
+        
+      
+        
+      
+        
+      
+    
+    
+      
+      
+        
+          
+          
+        
+      
+    
+    
+    <li class="md-nav__item md-nav__item--section md-nav__item--nested">
+      
+        
+        
+        <input class="md-nav__toggle md-toggle " type="checkbox" id="__nav_4_11" >
+        
+          
+          <label class="md-nav__link" for="__nav_4_11" id="__nav_4_11_label" tabindex="">
+            
+  
+  <span class="md-ellipsis">
+    PHP
+  </span>
+  
+
+            <span class="md-nav__icon md-icon"></span>
+          </label>
+        
+        <nav class="md-nav" data-md-level="2" aria-labelledby="__nav_4_11_label" aria-expanded="false">
+          <label class="md-nav__title" for="__nav_4_11">
+            <span class="md-nav__icon md-icon"></span>
+            PHP
+          </label>
+          <ul class="md-nav__list" data-md-scrollfix>
+            
+              
+                
+  
+  
+  
+  
+    <li class="md-nav__item">
+      <a href="../php/php.html" class="md-nav__link">
+        
+  
+  <span class="md-ellipsis">
+    PHP
+  </span>
+  
+
+      </a>
+    </li>
+  
+
+              
+            
+              
+                
+  
+  
+  
+  
+    <li class="md-nav__item">
+      <a href="../php/database.html" class="md-nav__link">
+        
+  
+  <span class="md-ellipsis">
+    Database
+  </span>
+  
+
+      </a>
+    </li>
+  
+
+              
+            
+              
+                
+  
+  
+  
+  
+    <li class="md-nav__item">
+      <a href="../php/web.html" class="md-nav__link">
+        
+  
+  <span class="md-ellipsis">
+    Web
+  </span>
+  
+
+      </a>
+    </li>
+  
+
+              
+            
+              
+                
+  
+  
+  
+  
+    <li class="md-nav__item">
+      <a href="../php/dependency-injection.html" class="md-nav__link">
+        
+  
+  <span class="md-ellipsis">
+    Dependency Injection
+  </span>
+  
+
+      </a>
+    </li>
+  
+
+              
+            
+              
+                
+  
+  
+  
+  
+    <li class="md-nav__item">
+      <a href="../php/unit-tests.html" class="md-nav__link">
+        
+  
+  <span class="md-ellipsis">
+    Unit Tests
+  </span>
+  
+
+      </a>
+    </li>
+  
+
+              
+            
+              
+                
+  
+  
+  
+  
+    <li class="md-nav__item">
+      <a href="../php/composer.html" class="md-nav__link">
+        
+  
+  <span class="md-ellipsis">
+    Composer
+  </span>
+  
+
+      </a>
+    </li>
+  
+
+              
+            
+              
+                
+  
+  
+  
+  
+    <li class="md-nav__item">
+      <a href="../php/psr-7.html" class="md-nav__link">
+        
+  
+  <span class="md-ellipsis">
+    PSR 7
+  </span>
+  
+
+      </a>
+    </li>
+  
+
+              
+            
+              
+                
+  
+  
+  
+  
+    <li class="md-nav__item">
+      <a href="../php/plates-templating.html" class="md-nav__link">
+        
+  
+  <span class="md-ellipsis">
+    Plates
+  </span>
+  
+
+      </a>
+    </li>
+  
+
+              
+            
+              
+                
+  
+  
+  
+  
+    
+    
+      
+        
+      
+        
+      
+    
+    
+      
+      
+        
+      
+    
+    
+    <li class="md-nav__item md-nav__item--nested">
+      
+        
+        
+        <input class="md-nav__toggle md-toggle " type="checkbox" id="__nav_4_11_9" >
+        
+          
+          <label class="md-nav__link" for="__nav_4_11_9" id="__nav_4_11_9_label" tabindex="0">
+            
+  
+  <span class="md-ellipsis">
+    Simple MVC
+  </span>
+  
+
+            <span class="md-nav__icon md-icon"></span>
+          </label>
+        
+        <nav class="md-nav" data-md-level="3" aria-labelledby="__nav_4_11_9_label" aria-expanded="false">
+          <label class="md-nav__title" for="__nav_4_11_9">
+            <span class="md-nav__icon md-icon"></span>
+            Simple MVC
+          </label>
+          <ul class="md-nav__list" data-md-scrollfix>
+            
+              
+                
+  
+  
+  
+  
+    <li class="md-nav__item">
+      <a href="../php/simple-mvc/simple-mvc.html" class="md-nav__link">
+        
+  
+  <span class="md-ellipsis">
+    Simple MVC
+  </span>
+  
+
+      </a>
+    </li>
+  
+
+              
+            
+              
+                
+  
+  
+  
+  
+    <li class="md-nav__item">
+      <a href="../php/simple-mvc/rest-api.html" class="md-nav__link">
+        
+  
+  <span class="md-ellipsis">
+    REST API
+  </span>
+  
+
+      </a>
+    </li>
+  
+
+              
+            
+          </ul>
+        </nav>
+      
+    </li>
+  
+
+              
+            
+          </ul>
+        </nav>
+      
+    </li>
+  
+
+              
+            
+              
+                
+  
+  
+  
+  
+    
+    
+      
+        
+      
+        
+      
+        
+      
+        
+      
+        
+      
+    
+    
+      
+      
+        
+          
+          
+        
+      
+    
+    
+    <li class="md-nav__item md-nav__item--section md-nav__item--nested">
+      
+        
+        
+        <input class="md-nav__toggle md-toggle " type="checkbox" id="__nav_4_12" >
+        
+          
+          <label class="md-nav__link" for="__nav_4_12" id="__nav_4_12_label" tabindex="">
+            
+  
+  <span class="md-ellipsis">
+    Rust
+  </span>
+  
+
+            <span class="md-nav__icon md-icon"></span>
+          </label>
+        
+        <nav class="md-nav" data-md-level="2" aria-labelledby="__nav_4_12_label" aria-expanded="false">
+          <label class="md-nav__title" for="__nav_4_12">
+            <span class="md-nav__icon md-icon"></span>
+            Rust
+          </label>
+          <ul class="md-nav__list" data-md-scrollfix>
+            
+              
+                
+  
+  
+  
+  
+    <li class="md-nav__item">
+      <a href="../rust/rust.html" class="md-nav__link">
+        
+  
+  <span class="md-ellipsis">
+    Rust
+  </span>
+  
+
+      </a>
+    </li>
+  
+
+              
+            
+              
+                
+  
+  
+  
+  
+    <li class="md-nav__item">
+      <a href="../rust/macros.html" class="md-nav__link">
+        
+  
+  <span class="md-ellipsis">
+    Macros
+  </span>
+  
+
+      </a>
+    </li>
+  
+
+              
+            
+              
+                
+  
+  
+  
+  
+    <li class="md-nav__item">
+      <a href="../rust/cargo.html" class="md-nav__link">
+        
+  
+  <span class="md-ellipsis">
+    Cargo
+  </span>
+  
+
+      </a>
+    </li>
+  
+
+              
+            
+              
+                
+  
+  
+  
+  
+    <li class="md-nav__item">
+      <a href="../rust/concurrency.html" class="md-nav__link">
+        
+  
+  <span class="md-ellipsis">
+    Concurrency
+  </span>
+  
+
+      </a>
+    </li>
+  
+
+              
+            
+              
+                
+  
+  
+  
+  
+    <li class="md-nav__item">
+      <a href="../rust/unit-tests.html" class="md-nav__link">
+        
+  
+  <span class="md-ellipsis">
+    Unit Tests
+  </span>
+  
+
+      </a>
+    </li>
+  
+
+              
+            
+          </ul>
+        </nav>
+      
+    </li>
+  
+
+              
+            
+              
+                
+  
+  
+  
+  
+    
+    
+      
+        
+      
+        
+      
+        
+      
+        
+      
+        
+      
+        
+      
+        
+      
+    
+    
+      
+      
+        
+          
+          
+        
+      
+    
+    
+    <li class="md-nav__item md-nav__item--section md-nav__item--nested">
+      
+        
+        
+        <input class="md-nav__toggle md-toggle " type="checkbox" id="__nav_4_13" >
+        
+          
+          <label class="md-nav__link" for="__nav_4_13" id="__nav_4_13_label" tabindex="">
+            
+  
+  <span class="md-ellipsis">
+    Javascript
+  </span>
+  
+
+            <span class="md-nav__icon md-icon"></span>
+          </label>
+        
+        <nav class="md-nav" data-md-level="2" aria-labelledby="__nav_4_13_label" aria-expanded="false">
+          <label class="md-nav__title" for="__nav_4_13">
+            <span class="md-nav__icon md-icon"></span>
+            Javascript
+          </label>
+          <ul class="md-nav__list" data-md-scrollfix>
+            
+              
+                
+  
+  
+  
+  
+    <li class="md-nav__item">
+      <a href="../javascript/javascript.html" class="md-nav__link">
+        
+  
+  <span class="md-ellipsis">
+    Javascript
+  </span>
+  
+
+      </a>
+    </li>
+  
+
+              
+            
+              
+                
+  
+  
+  
+  
+    <li class="md-nav__item">
+      <a href="../javascript/dom.html" class="md-nav__link">
+        
+  
+  <span class="md-ellipsis">
+    DOM
+  </span>
+  
+
+      </a>
+    </li>
+  
+
+              
+            
+              
+                
+  
+  
+  
+  
+    <li class="md-nav__item">
+      <a href="../javascript/events-animation.html" class="md-nav__link">
+        
+  
+  <span class="md-ellipsis">
+    Events & Animation
+  </span>
+  
+
+      </a>
+    </li>
+  
+
+              
+            
+              
+                
+  
+  
+  
+  
+    <li class="md-nav__item">
+      <a href="../javascript/ajax.html" class="md-nav__link">
+        
+  
+  <span class="md-ellipsis">
+    AJAX
+  </span>
+  
+
+      </a>
+    </li>
+  
+
+              
+            
+              
+                
+  
+  
+  
+  
+    <li class="md-nav__item">
+      <a href="../javascript/jquery.html" class="md-nav__link">
+        
+  
+  <span class="md-ellipsis">
+    jQuery
+  </span>
+  
+
+      </a>
+    </li>
+  
+
+              
+            
+              
+                
+  
+  
+  
+  
+    
+    
+      
+        
+      
+        
+      
+        
+      
+        
+      
+        
+      
+    
+    
+      
+      
+        
+      
+    
+    
+    <li class="md-nav__item md-nav__item--nested">
+      
+        
+        
+        <input class="md-nav__toggle md-toggle " type="checkbox" id="__nav_4_13_6" >
+        
+          
+          <label class="md-nav__link" for="__nav_4_13_6" id="__nav_4_13_6_label" tabindex="0">
+            
+  
+  <span class="md-ellipsis">
+    React
+  </span>
+  
+
+            <span class="md-nav__icon md-icon"></span>
+          </label>
+        
+        <nav class="md-nav" data-md-level="3" aria-labelledby="__nav_4_13_6_label" aria-expanded="false">
+          <label class="md-nav__title" for="__nav_4_13_6">
+            <span class="md-nav__icon md-icon"></span>
+            React
+          </label>
+          <ul class="md-nav__list" data-md-scrollfix>
+            
+              
+                
+  
+  
+  
+  
+    <li class="md-nav__item">
+      <a href="../javascript/react/react.html" class="md-nav__link">
+        
+  
+  <span class="md-ellipsis">
+    React
+  </span>
+  
+
+      </a>
+    </li>
+  
+
+              
+            
+              
+                
+  
+  
+  
+  
+    <li class="md-nav__item">
+      <a href="../javascript/react/react-router.html" class="md-nav__link">
+        
+  
+  <span class="md-ellipsis">
+    React Router
+  </span>
+  
+
+      </a>
+    </li>
+  
+
+              
+            
+              
+                
+  
+  
+  
+  
+    <li class="md-nav__item">
+      <a href="../javascript/react/react-tests.html" class="md-nav__link">
+        
+  
+  <span class="md-ellipsis">
+    React Tests
+  </span>
+  
+
+      </a>
+    </li>
+  
+
+              
+            
+              
+                
+  
+  
+  
+  
+    <li class="md-nav__item">
+      <a href="../javascript/react/redux.html" class="md-nav__link">
+        
+  
+  <span class="md-ellipsis">
+    Redux
+  </span>
+  
+
+      </a>
+    </li>
+  
+
+              
+            
+              
+                
+  
+  
+  
+  
+    <li class="md-nav__item">
+      <a href="../javascript/react/redux-tests.html" class="md-nav__link">
+        
+  
+  <span class="md-ellipsis">
+    Redux Tests
+  </span>
+  
+
+      </a>
+    </li>
+  
+
+              
+            
+          </ul>
+        </nav>
+      
+    </li>
+  
+
+              
+            
+              
+                
+  
+  
+  
+  
+    <li class="md-nav__item">
+      <a href="../javascript/svelte/svelte.html" class="md-nav__link">
+        
+  
+  <span class="md-ellipsis">
+    Svelte
+  </span>
+  
+
+      </a>
+    </li>
+  
+
+              
+            
+          </ul>
+        </nav>
+      
+    </li>
+  
+
+              
+            
+              
+                
+  
+  
+  
+  
+    
+    
+      
+        
+      
+        
+      
+    
+    
+      
+      
+        
+          
+          
+        
+      
+    
+    
+    <li class="md-nav__item md-nav__item--section md-nav__item--nested">
+      
+        
+        
+        <input class="md-nav__toggle md-toggle " type="checkbox" id="__nav_4_14" >
+        
+          
+          <label class="md-nav__link" for="__nav_4_14" id="__nav_4_14_label" tabindex="">
+            
+  
+  <span class="md-ellipsis">
+    PowerShell
+  </span>
+  
+
+            <span class="md-nav__icon md-icon"></span>
+          </label>
+        
+        <nav class="md-nav" data-md-level="2" aria-labelledby="__nav_4_14_label" aria-expanded="false">
+          <label class="md-nav__title" for="__nav_4_14">
+            <span class="md-nav__icon md-icon"></span>
+            PowerShell
+          </label>
+          <ul class="md-nav__list" data-md-scrollfix>
+            
+              
+                
+  
+  
+  
+  
+    <li class="md-nav__item">
+      <a href="../powershell/scripting.html" class="md-nav__link">
+        
+  
+  <span class="md-ellipsis">
+    Scripting
+  </span>
+  
+
+      </a>
+    </li>
+  
+
+              
+            
+              
+                
+  
+  
+  
+  
+    <li class="md-nav__item">
+      <a href="../powershell/commands.html" class="md-nav__link">
+        
+  
+  <span class="md-ellipsis">
+    Commands
+  </span>
+  
+
+      </a>
+    </li>
+  
+
+              
+            
+          </ul>
+        </nav>
+      
+    </li>
+  
+
+              
+            
+              
+                
+  
+  
+  
+  
+    
+    
+      
+        
+      
+        
+      
+    
+    
+      
+      
+        
+          
+          
+        
+      
+    
+    
+    <li class="md-nav__item md-nav__item--section md-nav__item--nested">
+      
+        
+        
+        <input class="md-nav__toggle md-toggle " type="checkbox" id="__nav_4_15" >
+        
+          
+          <label class="md-nav__link" for="__nav_4_15" id="__nav_4_15_label" tabindex="">
+            
+  
+  <span class="md-ellipsis">
+    Bash
+  </span>
+  
+
+            <span class="md-nav__icon md-icon"></span>
+          </label>
+        
+        <nav class="md-nav" data-md-level="2" aria-labelledby="__nav_4_15_label" aria-expanded="false">
+          <label class="md-nav__title" for="__nav_4_15">
+            <span class="md-nav__icon md-icon"></span>
+            Bash
+          </label>
+          <ul class="md-nav__list" data-md-scrollfix>
+            
+              
+                
+  
+  
+  
+  
+    <li class="md-nav__item">
+      <a href="../bash/scripting.html" class="md-nav__link">
+        
+  
+  <span class="md-ellipsis">
+    Scripting
+  </span>
+  
+
+      </a>
+    </li>
+  
+
+              
+            
+              
+                
+  
+  
+  
+  
+    <li class="md-nav__item">
+      <a href="../bash/commands.html" class="md-nav__link">
+        
+  
+  <span class="md-ellipsis">
+    Commands
+  </span>
+  
+
+      </a>
+    </li>
+  
+
+              
+            
+          </ul>
+        </nav>
+      
+    </li>
+  
+
+              
+            
+          </ul>
+        </nav>
+      
+    </li>
+  
+
+    
+      
+      
+  
+  
+  
+  
+    
+    
+      
+        
+      
+        
+      
+        
+      
+        
+      
+        
+      
+    
+    
+      
+      
+        
+      
+    
+    
+    <li class="md-nav__item md-nav__item--nested">
+      
+        
+        
+        <input class="md-nav__toggle md-toggle " type="checkbox" id="__nav_5" >
+        
+          
+          <label class="md-nav__link" for="__nav_5" id="__nav_5_label" tabindex="0">
+            
+  
+  <span class="md-ellipsis">
+    Misc
+  </span>
+  
+
+            <span class="md-nav__icon md-icon"></span>
+          </label>
+        
+        <nav class="md-nav" data-md-level="1" aria-labelledby="__nav_5_label" aria-expanded="false">
+          <label class="md-nav__title" for="__nav_5">
+            <span class="md-nav__icon md-icon"></span>
+            Misc
+          </label>
+          <ul class="md-nav__list" data-md-scrollfix>
+            
+              
+                
+  
+  
+  
+  
+    <li class="md-nav__item">
+      <a href="../../misc/git.html" class="md-nav__link">
+        
+  
+  <span class="md-ellipsis">
+    Git
+  </span>
+  
+
+      </a>
+    </li>
+  
+
+              
+            
+              
+                
+  
+  
+  
+  
+    <li class="md-nav__item">
+      <a href="../../misc/graph-ql.html" class="md-nav__link">
+        
+  
+  <span class="md-ellipsis">
+    GraphQL
+  </span>
+  
+
+      </a>
+    </li>
+  
+
+              
+            
+              
+                
+  
+  
+  
+  
+    <li class="md-nav__item">
+      <a href="../../misc/regular-expressions.html" class="md-nav__link">
+        
+  
+  <span class="md-ellipsis">
+    RegEx
+  </span>
+  
+
+      </a>
+    </li>
+  
+
+              
+            
+              
+                
+  
+  
+  
+  
+    <li class="md-nav__item">
+      <a href="../../misc/ssh.html" class="md-nav__link">
+        
+  
+  <span class="md-ellipsis">
+    SSH
+  </span>
+  
+
+      </a>
+    </li>
+  
+
+              
+            
+              
+                
+  
+  
+  
+  
+    <li class="md-nav__item">
+      <a href="../../misc/web-components.html" class="md-nav__link">
+        
+  
+  <span class="md-ellipsis">
+    WebComponents
+  </span>
+  
+
+      </a>
+    </li>
+  
+
+              
+            
+          </ul>
+        </nav>
+      
+    </li>
+  
+
+    
+      
+      
+  
+  
+  
+  
+    
+    
+      
+        
+      
+        
+      
+    
+    
+      
+      
+        
+      
+    
+    
+    <li class="md-nav__item md-nav__item--nested">
+      
+        
+        
+        <input class="md-nav__toggle md-toggle " type="checkbox" id="__nav_6" >
+        
+          
+          <label class="md-nav__link" for="__nav_6" id="__nav_6_label" tabindex="0">
+            
+  
+  <span class="md-ellipsis">
+    Linux
+  </span>
+  
+
+            <span class="md-nav__icon md-icon"></span>
+          </label>
+        
+        <nav class="md-nav" data-md-level="1" aria-labelledby="__nav_6_label" aria-expanded="false">
+          <label class="md-nav__title" for="__nav_6">
+            <span class="md-nav__icon md-icon"></span>
+            Linux
+          </label>
+          <ul class="md-nav__list" data-md-scrollfix>
+            
+              
+                
+  
+  
+  
+  
+    
+    
+      
+        
+      
+        
+      
+        
+      
+    
+    
+      
+      
+        
+      
+    
+    
+    <li class="md-nav__item md-nav__item--nested">
+      
+        
+        
+        <input class="md-nav__toggle md-toggle " type="checkbox" id="__nav_6_1" >
+        
+          
+          <label class="md-nav__link" for="__nav_6_1" id="__nav_6_1_label" tabindex="0">
+            
+  
+  <span class="md-ellipsis">
+    Filesystem
+  </span>
+  
+
+            <span class="md-nav__icon md-icon"></span>
+          </label>
+        
+        <nav class="md-nav" data-md-level="2" aria-labelledby="__nav_6_1_label" aria-expanded="false">
+          <label class="md-nav__title" for="__nav_6_1">
+            <span class="md-nav__icon md-icon"></span>
+            Filesystem
+          </label>
+          <ul class="md-nav__list" data-md-scrollfix>
+            
+              
+                
+  
+  
+  
+  
+    <li class="md-nav__item">
+      <a href="../../linux/filesystem/file-links.html" class="md-nav__link">
+        
+  
+  <span class="md-ellipsis">
+    File Links
+  </span>
+  
+
+      </a>
+    </li>
+  
+
+              
+            
+              
+                
+  
+  
+  
+  
+    <li class="md-nav__item">
+      <a href="../../linux/filesystem/procfs.html" class="md-nav__link">
+        
+  
+  <span class="md-ellipsis">
+    /proc
+  </span>
+  
+
+      </a>
+    </li>
+  
+
+              
+            
+              
+                
+  
+  
+  
+  
+    <li class="md-nav__item">
+      <a href="../../linux/filesystem/sysfs.html" class="md-nav__link">
+        
+  
+  <span class="md-ellipsis">
+    /sys
+  </span>
+  
+
+      </a>
+    </li>
+  
+
+              
+            
+          </ul>
+        </nav>
+      
+    </li>
+  
+
+              
+            
+              
+                
+  
+  
+  
+  
+    
+    
+      
+        
+      
+        
+      
+    
+    
+      
+      
+        
+      
+    
+    
+    <li class="md-nav__item md-nav__item--nested">
+      
+        
+        
+        <input class="md-nav__toggle md-toggle " type="checkbox" id="__nav_6_2" >
+        
+          
+          <label class="md-nav__link" for="__nav_6_2" id="__nav_6_2_label" tabindex="0">
+            
+  
+  <span class="md-ellipsis">
+    System Init
+  </span>
+  
+
+            <span class="md-nav__icon md-icon"></span>
+          </label>
+        
+        <nav class="md-nav" data-md-level="2" aria-labelledby="__nav_6_2_label" aria-expanded="false">
+          <label class="md-nav__title" for="__nav_6_2">
+            <span class="md-nav__icon md-icon"></span>
+            System Init
+          </label>
+          <ul class="md-nav__list" data-md-scrollfix>
+            
+              
+                
+  
+  
+  
+  
+    <li class="md-nav__item">
+      <a href="../../linux/init/systemd.html" class="md-nav__link">
+        
+  
+  <span class="md-ellipsis">
+    Systemd
+  </span>
+  
+
+      </a>
+    </li>
+  
+
+              
+            
+              
+                
+  
+  
+  
+  
+    <li class="md-nav__item">
+      <a href="../../linux/init/open-rc.html" class="md-nav__link">
+        
+  
+  <span class="md-ellipsis">
+    OpenRC
+  </span>
+  
+
+      </a>
+    </li>
+  
+
+              
+            
+          </ul>
+        </nav>
+      
+    </li>
+  
+
+              
+            
+          </ul>
+        </nav>
+      
+    </li>
+  
+
+    
+  </ul>
+</nav>
+                  </div>
+                </div>
+              </div>
+            
+            
+              
+              <div class="md-sidebar md-sidebar--secondary" data-md-component="sidebar" data-md-type="toc" >
+                <div class="md-sidebar__scrollwrap">
+                  <div class="md-sidebar__inner">
+                    
+
+<nav class="md-nav md-nav--secondary" aria-label="Table of contents">
+  
+  
+  
+    
+  
+  
+    <label class="md-nav__title" for="__toc">
+      <span class="md-nav__icon md-icon"></span>
+      Table of contents
+    </label>
+    <ul class="md-nav__list" data-md-component="toc" data-md-scrollfix>
+      
+        <li class="md-nav__item">
+  <a href="#basics" class="md-nav__link">
+    <span class="md-ellipsis">
+      Basics
+    </span>
+  </a>
+  
+    <nav class="md-nav" aria-label="Basics">
+      <ul class="md-nav__list">
+        
+          <li class="md-nav__item">
+  <a href="#macro" class="md-nav__link">
+    <span class="md-ellipsis">
+      Macro
+    </span>
+  </a>
+  
+</li>
+        
+          <li class="md-nav__item">
+  <a href="#comments" class="md-nav__link">
+    <span class="md-ellipsis">
+      Comments
+    </span>
+  </a>
+  
+</li>
+        
+          <li class="md-nav__item">
+  <a href="#variables" class="md-nav__link">
+    <span class="md-ellipsis">
+      Variables
+    </span>
+  </a>
+  
+</li>
+        
+          <li class="md-nav__item">
+  <a href="#constants" class="md-nav__link">
+    <span class="md-ellipsis">
+      Constants
+    </span>
+  </a>
+  
+</li>
+        
+          <li class="md-nav__item">
+  <a href="#console-output" class="md-nav__link">
+    <span class="md-ellipsis">
+      Console Output
+    </span>
+  </a>
+  
+</li>
+        
+      </ul>
+    </nav>
+  
+</li>
+      
+        <li class="md-nav__item">
+  <a href="#strings" class="md-nav__link">
+    <span class="md-ellipsis">
+      Strings
+    </span>
+  </a>
+  
+</li>
+      
+        <li class="md-nav__item">
+  <a href="#array" class="md-nav__link">
+    <span class="md-ellipsis">
+      Array
+    </span>
+  </a>
+  
+</li>
+      
+        <li class="md-nav__item">
+  <a href="#tuple" class="md-nav__link">
+    <span class="md-ellipsis">
+      Tuple
+    </span>
+  </a>
+  
+    <nav class="md-nav" aria-label="Tuple">
+      <ul class="md-nav__list">
+        
+          <li class="md-nav__item">
+  <a href="#tuple-decomposition" class="md-nav__link">
+    <span class="md-ellipsis">
+      Tuple Decomposition
+    </span>
+  </a>
+  
+</li>
+        
+      </ul>
+    </nav>
+  
+</li>
+      
+        <li class="md-nav__item">
+  <a href="#type-identifier" class="md-nav__link">
+    <span class="md-ellipsis">
+      Type Identifier
+    </span>
+  </a>
+  
+</li>
+      
+        <li class="md-nav__item">
+  <a href="#dictionary" class="md-nav__link">
+    <span class="md-ellipsis">
+      Dictionary
+    </span>
+  </a>
+  
+</li>
+      
+        <li class="md-nav__item">
+  <a href="#expressions-operators" class="md-nav__link">
+    <span class="md-ellipsis">
+      Expressions &amp; Operators
+    </span>
+  </a>
+  
+    <nav class="md-nav" aria-label="Expressions & Operators">
+      <ul class="md-nav__list">
+        
+          <li class="md-nav__item">
+  <a href="#primary-expressions" class="md-nav__link">
+    <span class="md-ellipsis">
+      Primary Expressions
+    </span>
+  </a>
+  
+</li>
+        
+          <li class="md-nav__item">
+  <a href="#unary-operators" class="md-nav__link">
+    <span class="md-ellipsis">
+      Unary Operators
+    </span>
+  </a>
+  
+</li>
+        
+          <li class="md-nav__item">
+  <a href="#mathematical-operators" class="md-nav__link">
+    <span class="md-ellipsis">
+      Mathematical Operators
+    </span>
+  </a>
+  
+</li>
+        
+          <li class="md-nav__item">
+  <a href="#relational-operators" class="md-nav__link">
+    <span class="md-ellipsis">
+      Relational Operators
+    </span>
+  </a>
+  
+</li>
+        
+          <li class="md-nav__item">
+  <a href="#logical-operators" class="md-nav__link">
+    <span class="md-ellipsis">
+      Logical Operators
+    </span>
+  </a>
+  
+</li>
+        
+          <li class="md-nav__item">
+  <a href="#assignment" class="md-nav__link">
+    <span class="md-ellipsis">
+      Assignment
+    </span>
+  </a>
+  
+</li>
+        
+          <li class="md-nav__item">
+  <a href="#conditional-operator" class="md-nav__link">
+    <span class="md-ellipsis">
+      Conditional Operator
+    </span>
+  </a>
+  
+</li>
+        
+          <li class="md-nav__item">
+  <a href="#nil-checks" class="md-nav__link">
+    <span class="md-ellipsis">
+      Nil Checks
+    </span>
+  </a>
+  
+</li>
+        
+      </ul>
+    </nav>
+  
+</li>
+      
+        <li class="md-nav__item">
+  <a href="#if-else" class="md-nav__link">
+    <span class="md-ellipsis">
+      If-Else
+    </span>
+  </a>
+  
+    <nav class="md-nav" aria-label="If-Else">
+      <ul class="md-nav__list">
+        
+          <li class="md-nav__item">
+  <a href="#switch" class="md-nav__link">
+    <span class="md-ellipsis">
+      Switch
+    </span>
+  </a>
+  
+</li>
+        
+      </ul>
+    </nav>
+  
+</li>
+      
+        <li class="md-nav__item">
+  <a href="#loops" class="md-nav__link">
+    <span class="md-ellipsis">
+      Loops
+    </span>
+  </a>
+  
+    <nav class="md-nav" aria-label="Loops">
+      <ul class="md-nav__list">
+        
+          <li class="md-nav__item">
+  <a href="#for-loop" class="md-nav__link">
+    <span class="md-ellipsis">
+      For Loop
+    </span>
+  </a>
+  
+</li>
+        
+          <li class="md-nav__item">
+  <a href="#while-loop" class="md-nav__link">
+    <span class="md-ellipsis">
+      While Loop
+    </span>
+  </a>
+  
+</li>
+        
+      </ul>
+    </nav>
+  
+</li>
+      
+        <li class="md-nav__item">
+  <a href="#functions" class="md-nav__link">
+    <span class="md-ellipsis">
+      Functions
+    </span>
+  </a>
+  
+    <nav class="md-nav" aria-label="Functions">
+      <ul class="md-nav__list">
+        
+          <li class="md-nav__item">
+  <a href="#passing-functions-as-parameters" class="md-nav__link">
+    <span class="md-ellipsis">
+      Passing Functions as Parameters
+    </span>
+  </a>
+  
+</li>
+        
+          <li class="md-nav__item">
+  <a href="#functions-returning-functions" class="md-nav__link">
+    <span class="md-ellipsis">
+      Functions Returning Functions
+    </span>
+  </a>
+  
+</li>
+        
+      </ul>
+    </nav>
+  
+</li>
+      
+        <li class="md-nav__item">
+  <a href="#closure" class="md-nav__link">
+    <span class="md-ellipsis">
+      Closure ({ .. })
+    </span>
+  </a>
+  
+</li>
+      
+        <li class="md-nav__item">
+  <a href="#enums" class="md-nav__link">
+    <span class="md-ellipsis">
+      Enums
+    </span>
+  </a>
+  
+    <nav class="md-nav" aria-label="Enums">
+      <ul class="md-nav__list">
+        
+          <li class="md-nav__item">
+  <a href="#enum-definition" class="md-nav__link">
+    <span class="md-ellipsis">
+      Enum Definition
+    </span>
+  </a>
+  
+</li>
+        
+          <li class="md-nav__item">
+  <a href="#enum-with-raw-values" class="md-nav__link">
+    <span class="md-ellipsis">
+      Enum with Raw Values
+    </span>
+  </a>
+  
+</li>
+        
+          <li class="md-nav__item">
+  <a href="#matching-enumeration-values-with-a-switch-statement" class="md-nav__link">
+    <span class="md-ellipsis">
+      Matching Enumeration Values with a Switch Statement
+    </span>
+  </a>
+  
+</li>
+        
+      </ul>
+    </nav>
+  
+</li>
+      
+        <li class="md-nav__item">
+  <a href="#struct-value-type" class="md-nav__link">
+    <span class="md-ellipsis">
+      Struct (Value Type)
+    </span>
+  </a>
+  
+</li>
+      
+        <li class="md-nav__item">
+  <a href="#classes-reference-type" class="md-nav__link">
+    <span class="md-ellipsis">
+      Classes (Reference Type)
+    </span>
+  </a>
+  
+    <nav class="md-nav" aria-label="Classes (Reference Type)">
+      <ul class="md-nav__list">
+        
+          <li class="md-nav__item">
+  <a href="#class-definition-instantiation" class="md-nav__link">
+    <span class="md-ellipsis">
+      Class Definition &amp; Instantiation
+    </span>
+  </a>
+  
+</li>
+        
+          <li class="md-nav__item">
+  <a href="#property-observers-willset-didset" class="md-nav__link">
+    <span class="md-ellipsis">
+      Property Observers willSet &amp; didSet
+    </span>
+  </a>
+  
+</li>
+        
+          <li class="md-nav__item">
+  <a href="#inheritance" class="md-nav__link">
+    <span class="md-ellipsis">
+      Inheritance
+    </span>
+  </a>
+  
+</li>
+        
+          <li class="md-nav__item">
+  <a href="#exception-handling" class="md-nav__link">
+    <span class="md-ellipsis">
+      Exception Handling
+    </span>
+  </a>
+  
+</li>
+        
+      </ul>
+    </nav>
+  
+</li>
+      
+    </ul>
+  
+</nav>
+                  </div>
+                </div>
+              </div>
+            
+          
+          
+            <div class="md-content" data-md-component="content">
+              <article class="md-content__inner md-typeset">
+                
+                  
+
+  
+  
+
+
+<h1 id="swift">Swift</h1>
+<h2 id="basics">Basics</h2>
+<h3 id="macro">Macro</h3>
+<div class="highlight"><table class="highlighttable"><tr><th colspan="2" class="filename"><span class="filename">Swift</span></th></tr><tr><td class="linenos"><div class="linenodiv"><pre><span></span><span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-0-1">1</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-0-2">2</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-0-3">3</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-0-4">4</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-0-5">5</a></span></pre></div></td><td class="code"><div><pre><span></span><code><a id="__codelineno-0-1" name="__codelineno-0-1"></a><span class="cp">#if</span> <span class="cp">DEBUG</span>
+<a id="__codelineno-0-2" name="__codelineno-0-2"></a>
+<a id="__codelineno-0-3" name="__codelineno-0-3"></a><span class="c1">// contents compiled only if in DEBUG build</span>
+<a id="__codelineno-0-4" name="__codelineno-0-4"></a>
+<a id="__codelineno-0-5" name="__codelineno-0-5"></a><span class="cp">#endif</span>
+</code></pre></div></td></tr></table></div>
+<h3 id="comments">Comments</h3>
+<div class="highlight"><table class="highlighttable"><tr><th colspan="2" class="filename"><span class="filename">Swift</span></th></tr><tr><td class="linenos"><div class="linenodiv"><pre><span></span><span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-1-1">1</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-1-2">2</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-1-3">3</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-1-4">4</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-1-5">5</a></span></pre></div></td><td class="code"><div><pre><span></span><code><a id="__codelineno-1-1" name="__codelineno-1-1"></a><span class="c1">// single line comment</span>
+<a id="__codelineno-1-2" name="__codelineno-1-2"></a>
+<a id="__codelineno-1-3" name="__codelineno-1-3"></a><span class="cm">/*  </span>
+<a id="__codelineno-1-4" name="__codelineno-1-4"></a><span class="cm">multi line comment</span>
+<a id="__codelineno-1-5" name="__codelineno-1-5"></a><span class="cm">*/</span>
+</code></pre></div></td></tr></table></div>
+<h3 id="variables">Variables</h3>
+<div class="highlight"><table class="highlighttable"><tr><th colspan="2" class="filename"><span class="filename">Swift</span></th></tr><tr><td class="linenos"><div class="linenodiv"><pre><span></span><span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-2-1">1</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-2-2">2</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-2-3">3</a></span></pre></div></td><td class="code"><div><pre><span></span><code><a id="__codelineno-2-1" name="__codelineno-2-1"></a><span class="kd">var</span> <span class="nv">variable</span> <span class="p">=</span> <span class="n">value</span>  <span class="c1">// implicit variable init (auto-determine type)</span>
+<a id="__codelineno-2-2" name="__codelineno-2-2"></a><span class="kd">var</span> <span class="nv">variable</span><span class="p">:</span> <span class="kr">Type</span> <span class="p">=</span> <span class="n">value</span>  <span class="c1">// explicit variable init</span>
+<a id="__codelineno-2-3" name="__codelineno-2-3"></a><span class="kd">var</span> <span class="nv">variable</span><span class="p">:</span> <span class="kr">Type</span><span class="p">?</span> <span class="p">=</span> <span class="n">value</span>  <span class="c1">// explicit nullable variable init</span>
+</code></pre></div></td></tr></table></div>
+<h3 id="constants">Constants</h3>
+<div class="highlight"><table class="highlighttable"><tr><th colspan="2" class="filename"><span class="filename">Swift</span></th></tr><tr><td class="linenos"><div class="linenodiv"><pre><span></span><span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-3-1">1</a></span></pre></div></td><td class="code"><div><pre><span></span><code><a id="__codelineno-3-1" name="__codelineno-3-1"></a><span class="kd">let</span> <span class="nv">CONSTANT</span> <span class="p">=</span> <span class="n">value</span>  <span class="c1">// constant init (value can be assigned at runtime)</span>
+</code></pre></div></td></tr></table></div>
+<h3 id="console-output">Console Output</h3>
+<div class="highlight"><table class="highlighttable"><tr><th colspan="2" class="filename"><span class="filename">Swift</span></th></tr><tr><td class="linenos"><div class="linenodiv"><pre><span></span><span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-4-1">1</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-4-2">2</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-4-3">3</a></span></pre></div></td><td class="code"><div><pre><span></span><code><a id="__codelineno-4-1" name="__codelineno-4-1"></a><span class="bp">print</span><span class="p">()</span>  <span class="c1">// empty line</span>
+<a id="__codelineno-4-2" name="__codelineno-4-2"></a><span class="bp">print</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="n">variable</span><span class="p">)</span>
+<a id="__codelineno-4-3" name="__codelineno-4-3"></a><span class="bp">print</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="s">&quot;string&quot;</span><span class="p">)</span>
+</code></pre></div></td></tr></table></div>
+<h2 id="strings">Strings</h2>
+<div class="highlight"><table class="highlighttable"><tr><th colspan="2" class="filename"><span class="filename">Swift</span></th></tr><tr><td class="linenos"><div class="linenodiv"><pre><span></span><span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-5-1">1</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-5-2">2</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-5-3">3</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-5-4">4</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-5-5">5</a></span></pre></div></td><td class="code"><div><pre><span></span><code><a id="__codelineno-5-1" name="__codelineno-5-1"></a><span class="kd">var</span> <span class="nv">string</span> <span class="s">&quot;Text: </span><span class="si">\(</span><span class="p">&lt;</span><span class="n">expr</span><span class="p">&gt;</span><span class="si">)</span><span class="s">&quot;</span>  <span class="c1">// string interpolation</span>
+<a id="__codelineno-5-2" name="__codelineno-5-2"></a><span class="kd">var</span> <span class="nv">string</span> <span class="p">=</span> <span class="s">&quot;Hello&quot;</span> <span class="o">+</span> <span class="s">&quot;There&quot;</span>  <span class="c1">// string concatenation</span>
+<a id="__codelineno-5-3" name="__codelineno-5-3"></a>
+<a id="__codelineno-5-4" name="__codelineno-5-4"></a><span class="kd">var</span> <span class="nv">multilineString</span> <span class="p">=</span> <span class="s">&quot;&quot;&quot;Use double quotes trice</span>
+<a id="__codelineno-5-5" name="__codelineno-5-5"></a><span class="s">to make a string span multiple lines&quot;&quot;&quot;</span>
+</code></pre></div></td></tr></table></div>
+<h2 id="array">Array</h2>
+<div class="highlight"><table class="highlighttable"><tr><th colspan="2" class="filename"><span class="filename">Swift</span></th></tr><tr><td class="linenos"><div class="linenodiv"><pre><span></span><span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-6-1"> 1</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-6-2"> 2</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-6-3"> 3</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-6-4"> 4</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-6-5"> 5</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-6-6"> 6</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-6-7"> 7</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-6-8"> 8</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-6-9"> 9</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-6-10">10</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-6-11">11</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-6-12">12</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-6-13">13</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-6-14">14</a></span></pre></div></td><td class="code"><div><pre><span></span><code><a id="__codelineno-6-1" name="__codelineno-6-1"></a><span class="kd">var</span> <span class="nv">array</span> <span class="p">=</span> <span class="p">[</span><span class="s">&quot;firstItem&quot;</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="s">&quot;secondItem&quot;</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="p">...]</span>
+<a id="__codelineno-6-2" name="__codelineno-6-2"></a><span class="kd">var</span> <span class="nv">array</span> <span class="p">=</span> <span class="p">[</span><span class="kr">Type</span><span class="p">()]</span>  <span class="c1">// init empty homogeneous array</span>
+<a id="__codelineno-6-3" name="__codelineno-6-3"></a>
+<a id="__codelineno-6-4" name="__codelineno-6-4"></a><span class="n">array</span><span class="p">[</span><span class="n">index</span><span class="p">]</span>  <span class="c1">// value access</span>
+<a id="__codelineno-6-5" name="__codelineno-6-5"></a><span class="n">array</span><span class="p">[</span><span class="n">index</span><span class="p">]</span> <span class="p">=</span> <span class="n">value</span>  <span class="c1">// value update</span>
+<a id="__codelineno-6-6" name="__codelineno-6-6"></a>
+<a id="__codelineno-6-7" name="__codelineno-6-7"></a><span class="n">array</span><span class="p">.</span><span class="n">append</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="n">item</span><span class="p">)</span>  <span class="c1">// add item to the end</span>
+<a id="__codelineno-6-8" name="__codelineno-6-8"></a><span class="n">array</span><span class="p">.</span><span class="bp">contains</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="n">item</span><span class="p">)</span>  <span class="c1">// membership check</span>
+<a id="__codelineno-6-9" name="__codelineno-6-9"></a><span class="n">array</span><span class="p">.</span><span class="bp">sort</span><span class="p">()</span>  <span class="c1">// in place sort</span>
+<a id="__codelineno-6-10" name="__codelineno-6-10"></a>
+<a id="__codelineno-6-11" name="__codelineno-6-11"></a>
+<a id="__codelineno-6-12" name="__codelineno-6-12"></a><span class="c1">// Heterogeneous Array</span>
+<a id="__codelineno-6-13" name="__codelineno-6-13"></a><span class="kd">var</span> <span class="nv">list</span><span class="p">:</span> <span class="nb">Any</span> <span class="p">=</span> <span class="p">[</span><span class="s">&quot;string&quot;</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="mi">47</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="p">...]</span>  <span class="c1">// cannot access with [index]</span>
+<a id="__codelineno-6-14" name="__codelineno-6-14"></a><span class="kd">var</span> <span class="nv">list</span><span class="p">:</span> <span class="nb">Any</span> <span class="p">=</span> <span class="p">[]</span>  <span class="c1">// init empty heterogeneous array</span>
+</code></pre></div></td></tr></table></div>
+<h2 id="tuple">Tuple</h2>
+<p>A <strong>tuple</strong> type is a comma-separated list of types, enclosed in parentheses.</p>
+<p>It's possible to use a tuple type as the return type of a function to enable the function to return a single tuple containing multiple values.
+It's possible to name the elements of a tuple type and use those names to refer to the values of the individual elements.
+An element name consists of an identifier followed immediately by a colon (:).</p>
+<div class="highlight"><table class="highlighttable"><tr><th colspan="2" class="filename"><span class="filename">Swift</span></th></tr><tr><td class="linenos"><div class="linenodiv"><pre><span></span><span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-7-1">1</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-7-2">2</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-7-3">3</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-7-4">4</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-7-5">5</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-7-6">6</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-7-7">7</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-7-8">8</a></span></pre></div></td><td class="code"><div><pre><span></span><code><a id="__codelineno-7-1" name="__codelineno-7-1"></a><span class="kd">var</span> <span class="nv">tuple</span><span class="p">:</span> <span class="p">(</span><span class="kr">Type</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="kr">Type</span><span class="p">)</span> <span class="p">=</span> <span class="p">(</span><span class="n">value</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="n">value</span><span class="p">)</span>  <span class="c1">// explicit type</span>
+<a id="__codelineno-7-2" name="__codelineno-7-2"></a><span class="kd">var</span> <span class="nv">tuple</span> <span class="p">=</span> <span class="p">(</span><span class="n">value</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="n">value</span><span class="p">)</span>  <span class="c1">// implicit type</span>
+<a id="__codelineno-7-3" name="__codelineno-7-3"></a><span class="n">tuple</span><span class="p">.</span><span class="mi">0</span>  <span class="c1">// item access</span>
+<a id="__codelineno-7-4" name="__codelineno-7-4"></a>
+<a id="__codelineno-7-5" name="__codelineno-7-5"></a><span class="c1">// named elements</span>
+<a id="__codelineno-7-6" name="__codelineno-7-6"></a><span class="kd">var</span> <span class="nv">tuple</span> <span class="p">=</span> <span class="p">(</span><span class="n">name1</span><span class="p">:</span> <span class="n">value1</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="n">name2</span><span class="p">:</span> <span class="n">value2</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="p">...)</span>  <span class="c1">// tuple init</span>
+<a id="__codelineno-7-7" name="__codelineno-7-7"></a><span class="n">tuple</span> <span class="p">=</span> <span class="p">(</span><span class="n">value1</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="n">value2</span><span class="p">)</span>  <span class="c1">// names are inferred</span>
+<a id="__codelineno-7-8" name="__codelineno-7-8"></a><span class="n">tuple</span><span class="p">.</span><span class="n">name1</span>  <span class="c1">// item access</span>
+</code></pre></div></td></tr></table></div>
+<h3 id="tuple-decomposition">Tuple Decomposition</h3>
+<div class="highlight"><table class="highlighttable"><tr><th colspan="2" class="filename"><span class="filename">Swift</span></th></tr><tr><td class="linenos"><div class="linenodiv"><pre><span></span><span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-8-1">1</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-8-2">2</a></span></pre></div></td><td class="code"><div><pre><span></span><code><a id="__codelineno-8-1" name="__codelineno-8-1"></a><span class="kd">var</span> <span class="nv">tuple</span> <span class="p">=</span> <span class="p">(</span><span class="n">value1</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="n">value2</span><span class="p">)</span>
+<a id="__codelineno-8-2" name="__codelineno-8-2"></a><span class="kd">var</span> <span class="p">(</span><span class="n">var1</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="n">var2</span><span class="p">)</span> <span class="p">=</span> <span class="n">tuple</span>  <span class="c1">// var1 = value1, var2 = value2</span>
+</code></pre></div></td></tr></table></div>
+<h2 id="type-identifier">Type Identifier</h2>
+<div class="highlight"><table class="highlighttable"><tr><th colspan="2" class="filename"><span class="filename">Swift</span></th></tr><tr><td class="linenos"><div class="linenodiv"><pre><span></span><span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-9-1">1</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-9-2">2</a></span></pre></div></td><td class="code"><div><pre><span></span><code><a id="__codelineno-9-1" name="__codelineno-9-1"></a><span class="kd">typealias</span> <span class="n">Point</span> <span class="p">=</span> <span class="p">(</span><span class="nb">Int</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="nb">Int</span><span class="p">)</span>
+<a id="__codelineno-9-2" name="__codelineno-9-2"></a><span class="kd">var</span> <span class="nv">origin</span><span class="p">:</span> <span class="p">(</span><span class="mi">0</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="mi">0</span><span class="p">)</span>
+</code></pre></div></td></tr></table></div>
+<h2 id="dictionary">Dictionary</h2>
+<div class="highlight"><table class="highlighttable"><tr><th colspan="2" class="filename"><span class="filename">Swift</span></th></tr><tr><td class="linenos"><div class="linenodiv"><pre><span></span><span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-10-1">1</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-10-2">2</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-10-3">3</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-10-4">4</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-10-5">5</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-10-6">6</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-10-7">7</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-10-8">8</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-10-9">9</a></span></pre></div></td><td class="code"><div><pre><span></span><code><a id="__codelineno-10-1" name="__codelineno-10-1"></a><span class="kd">var</span> <span class="nv">dict</span> <span class="p">=</span> <span class="p">[</span>
+<a id="__codelineno-10-2" name="__codelineno-10-2"></a>    <span class="s">&quot;key&quot;</span><span class="p">:</span> <span class="s">&quot;value&quot;</span><span class="p">,</span>
+<a id="__codelineno-10-3" name="__codelineno-10-3"></a>    <span class="p">...</span>
+<a id="__codelineno-10-4" name="__codelineno-10-4"></a><span class="p">]</span>
+<a id="__codelineno-10-5" name="__codelineno-10-5"></a>
+<a id="__codelineno-10-6" name="__codelineno-10-6"></a><span class="kd">var</span> <span class="nv">dict</span> <span class="p">=</span> <span class="p">[</span><span class="kr">Type</span><span class="p">:</span> <span class="kr">Type</span><span class="p">]()</span>  <span class="c1">// init empty dict</span>
+<a id="__codelineno-10-7" name="__codelineno-10-7"></a>
+<a id="__codelineno-10-8" name="__codelineno-10-8"></a><span class="n">dict</span><span class="p">[</span><span class="n">key</span><span class="p">]</span>  <span class="c1">// value access</span>
+<a id="__codelineno-10-9" name="__codelineno-10-9"></a><span class="n">dict</span><span class="p">[</span><span class="n">key</span><span class="p">]</span> <span class="p">=</span> <span class="n">value</span> <span class="c1">// value update</span>
+</code></pre></div></td></tr></table></div>
+<h2 id="expressions-operators">Expressions &amp; Operators</h2>
+<h3 id="primary-expressions">Primary Expressions</h3>
+<table>
+<thead>
+<tr>
+<th>Syntax</th>
+<th>Operation</th>
+</tr>
+</thead>
+<tbody>
+<tr>
+<td>x<code>.</code>m</td>
+<td>access to member <code>m</code> of object <code>x</code> ("." &rarr; member access operator)</td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+<td>x<code>(...)</code></td>
+<td>method invocation ("()" &rarr; method invocation operator)</td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+<td>x<code>[...]</code></td>
+<td>array access and indicization</td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+<td><code>new</code> T(...)</td>
+<td>object instantiation</td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+<td><code>x!</code></td>
+<td>declare x as not nil</td>
+</tr>
+</tbody>
+</table>
+<h3 id="unary-operators">Unary Operators</h3>
+<table>
+<thead>
+<tr>
+<th>Operator</th>
+<th>Operation</th>
+</tr>
+</thead>
+<tbody>
+<tr>
+<td><code>+</code>x</td>
+<td>identity</td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+<td><code>-</code>x</td>
+<td>negation</td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+<td><code>!</code>x</td>
+<td>logic negation</td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+<td><code>~</code>x</td>
+<td>binary negation</td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+<td><code>++</code>x</td>
+<td>pre-increment</td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+<td><code>--</code>x</td>
+<td>pre-decrement</td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+<td>x<code>++</code></td>
+<td>post-increment</td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+<td>x<code>--</code></td>
+<td>post decrement</td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+<td><code>(type)</code>x</td>
+<td>explicit casting</td>
+</tr>
+</tbody>
+</table>
+<h3 id="mathematical-operators">Mathematical Operators</h3>
+<table>
+<thead>
+<tr>
+<th>Operator</th>
+<th>Operation</th>
+</tr>
+</thead>
+<tbody>
+<tr>
+<td>x <code>+</code> y</td>
+<td>addition, string concatenation</td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+<td>x <code>-</code> y</td>
+<td>subtraction</td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+<td>x <code>*</code> y</td>
+<td>multiplication</td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+<td>x <code>/</code> y</td>
+<td>integer division, <strong>always</strong> returns an <code>int</code></td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+<td>x <code>%</code> y</td>
+<td>modulo, remainder</td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+<td>x <code>&lt;&lt;</code> y</td>
+<td>left bit shift</td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+<td>x <code>&gt;&gt;</code> y</td>
+<td>right bit shift</td>
+</tr>
+</tbody>
+</table>
+<h3 id="relational-operators">Relational Operators</h3>
+<table>
+<thead>
+<tr>
+<th>Operator</th>
+<th>Operation</th>
+</tr>
+</thead>
+<tbody>
+<tr>
+<td>x <code>&lt;=</code> y</td>
+<td>less or equal to</td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+<td>x <code>&gt;</code> y</td>
+<td>greater than</td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+<td>x <code>&gt;=</code> y</td>
+<td>greater or equal to</td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+<td>x <code>is</code> T</td>
+<td><code>true</code> if <code>x</code> is an object of type <code>T</code></td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+<td>x <code>==</code> y</td>
+<td>equality</td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+<td><code>!</code>x</td>
+<td>inequality</td>
+</tr>
+</tbody>
+</table>
+<h3 id="logical-operators">Logical Operators</h3>
+<table>
+<thead>
+<tr>
+<th>Operator</th>
+<th>Operation</th>
+<th>Name</th>
+</tr>
+</thead>
+<tbody>
+<tr>
+<td><code>~</code>x</td>
+<td>bitwise NOT</td>
+<td></td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+<td>x <code>&amp;</code> y</td>
+<td>bitwise AND</td>
+<td></td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+<td>x <code>^</code> y</td>
+<td>bitwise XOR</td>
+<td></td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+<td>x <code>|</code> y</td>
+<td>bitwise OR</td>
+<td></td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+<td>x <code>&amp;&amp;</code> y</td>
+<td>evaluate <code>y</code> only if <code>x</code> is <code>true</code></td>
+<td></td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+<td>x <code>||</code> y</td>
+<td>evaluate <code>y</code> only if <code>x</code> is <code>false</code></td>
+<td></td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+<td>x <code>??</code> y</td>
+<td>evaluates to <code>y</code> only if <code>x</code> is <code>nil</code>, <code>x</code> otherwise</td>
+<td>nil coalescing</td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+<td>x<code>?.</code>y</td>
+<td>stop if <code>x == nil</code>, evaluate <code>x.y</code> otherwise</td>
+<td>nil conditional</td>
+</tr>
+</tbody>
+</table>
+<h3 id="assignment">Assignment</h3>
+<table>
+<thead>
+<tr>
+<th>Operator</th>
+<th>Operation</th>
+</tr>
+</thead>
+<tbody>
+<tr>
+<td>x <code>+=</code> y</td>
+<td>x = x + y</td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+<td>x <code>-=</code> y</td>
+<td>x = x - y</td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+<td>x <code>*=</code> y</td>
+<td>x = x * y</td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+<td>x <code>/=</code> y</td>
+<td>x = x / y</td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+<td>x <code>%=</code> y</td>
+<td>x = x % y</td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+<td>x <code>&lt;&lt;=</code> y</td>
+<td>x = x &lt;&lt; y</td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+<td>x <code>&gt;&gt;=</code> y</td>
+<td>x = x &gt;&gt; y</td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+<td>x <code>&amp;=</code> y</td>
+<td>x = x &amp; y</td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+<td>x <code>|=</code> y</td>
+<td>x = x</td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+<td>x <code>^=</code> y</td>
+<td>x = x ^ y</td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+<td>x <code>??=</code> y</td>
+<td>if (x == nil) {x = y}</td>
+</tr>
+</tbody>
+</table>
+<h3 id="conditional-operator">Conditional Operator</h3>
+<p><code>&lt;condition&gt; ? &lt;return_if_condition_true&gt; : &lt;return_if_condition_false&gt;;</code></p>
+<h3 id="nil-checks">Nil Checks</h3>
+<div class="highlight"><table class="highlighttable"><tr><th colspan="2" class="filename"><span class="filename">Swift</span></th></tr><tr><td class="linenos"><div class="linenodiv"><pre><span></span><span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-11-1">1</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-11-2">2</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-11-3">3</a></span></pre></div></td><td class="code"><div><pre><span></span><code><a id="__codelineno-11-1" name="__codelineno-11-1"></a><span class="n">variable</span> <span class="p">??</span> <span class="n">value</span>
+<a id="__codelineno-11-2" name="__codelineno-11-2"></a><span class="c1">// same as</span>
+<a id="__codelineno-11-3" name="__codelineno-11-3"></a><span class="k">if</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="n">variable</span> <span class="p">==</span> <span class="kc">nil</span><span class="p">)</span> <span class="p">{</span> <span class="n">variable</span> <span class="p">=</span> <span class="n">value</span> <span class="p">}</span>
+</code></pre></div></td></tr></table></div>
+<h2 id="if-else">If-Else</h2>
+<div class="highlight"><table class="highlighttable"><tr><th colspan="2" class="filename"><span class="filename">Swift</span></th></tr><tr><td class="linenos"><div class="linenodiv"><pre><span></span><span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-12-1"> 1</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-12-2"> 2</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-12-3"> 3</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-12-4"> 4</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-12-5"> 5</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-12-6"> 6</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-12-7"> 7</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-12-8"> 8</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-12-9"> 9</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-12-10">10</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-12-11">11</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-12-12">12</a></span></pre></div></td><td class="code"><div><pre><span></span><code><a id="__codelineno-12-1" name="__codelineno-12-1"></a><span class="k">if</span> <span class="n">condition</span> <span class="p">{</span>
+<a id="__codelineno-12-2" name="__codelineno-12-2"></a>    <span class="c1">// code here</span>
+<a id="__codelineno-12-3" name="__codelineno-12-3"></a><span class="p">}</span> <span class="k">else</span> <span class="k">if</span> <span class="n">condition</span> <span class="p">{</span>
+<a id="__codelineno-12-4" name="__codelineno-12-4"></a>    <span class="c1">//code here</span>
+<a id="__codelineno-12-5" name="__codelineno-12-5"></a><span class="p">}</span> <span class="k">else</span> <span class="p">{</span>
+<a id="__codelineno-12-6" name="__codelineno-12-6"></a>    <span class="c1">// code here</span>
+<a id="__codelineno-12-7" name="__codelineno-12-7"></a><span class="p">}</span>
+<a id="__codelineno-12-8" name="__codelineno-12-8"></a>
+<a id="__codelineno-12-9" name="__codelineno-12-9"></a><span class="k">if</span> <span class="kd">let</span> <span class="nv">var0</span> <span class="p">=</span> <span class="n">var1</span> <span class="p">{</span> <span class="cm">/* statements */</span> <span class="p">}</span>
+<a id="__codelineno-12-10" name="__codelineno-12-10"></a><span class="c1">// same as</span>
+<a id="__codelineno-12-11" name="__codelineno-12-11"></a><span class="kd">let</span> <span class="nv">var0</span> <span class="p">=</span> <span class="n">var1</span>
+<a id="__codelineno-12-12" name="__codelineno-12-12"></a><span class="k">if</span> <span class="n">var0</span> <span class="o">!=</span> <span class="kc">nil</span> <span class="p">{</span> <span class="cm">/* statements */</span> <span class="p">}</span>
+</code></pre></div></td></tr></table></div>
+<h3 id="switch">Switch</h3>
+<div class="highlight"><table class="highlighttable"><tr><th colspan="2" class="filename"><span class="filename">Swift</span></th></tr><tr><td class="linenos"><div class="linenodiv"><pre><span></span><span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-13-1"> 1</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-13-2"> 2</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-13-3"> 3</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-13-4"> 4</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-13-5"> 5</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-13-6"> 6</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-13-7"> 7</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-13-8"> 8</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-13-9"> 9</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-13-10">10</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-13-11">11</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-13-12">12</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-13-13">13</a></span></pre></div></td><td class="code"><div><pre><span></span><code><a id="__codelineno-13-1" name="__codelineno-13-1"></a><span class="k">switch</span> <span class="p">&lt;</span><span class="n">value</span><span class="p">&gt;</span> <span class="p">{</span>
+<a id="__codelineno-13-2" name="__codelineno-13-2"></a>    <span class="k">case</span> <span class="p">&lt;</span><span class="n">pattern</span><span class="o">/</span><span class="n">key</span><span class="p">&gt;:</span>
+<a id="__codelineno-13-3" name="__codelineno-13-3"></a>        <span class="c1">// code here</span>
+<a id="__codelineno-13-4" name="__codelineno-13-4"></a>        <span class="k">break</span>  <span class="c1">// can be implicit</span>
+<a id="__codelineno-13-5" name="__codelineno-13-5"></a>
+<a id="__codelineno-13-6" name="__codelineno-13-6"></a>    <span class="k">case</span> <span class="n">key</span> <span class="k">where</span> <span class="p">&lt;</span><span class="n">condition_on_key</span><span class="p">&gt;:</span>
+<a id="__codelineno-13-7" name="__codelineno-13-7"></a>        <span class="c1">// code here</span>
+<a id="__codelineno-13-8" name="__codelineno-13-8"></a>        <span class="k">break</span>
+<a id="__codelineno-13-9" name="__codelineno-13-9"></a>
+<a id="__codelineno-13-10" name="__codelineno-13-10"></a>    <span class="k">default</span><span class="p">:</span>
+<a id="__codelineno-13-11" name="__codelineno-13-11"></a>        <span class="c1">// code here</span>
+<a id="__codelineno-13-12" name="__codelineno-13-12"></a>        <span class="k">break</span>
+<a id="__codelineno-13-13" name="__codelineno-13-13"></a><span class="p">}</span>
+</code></pre></div></td></tr></table></div>
+<h2 id="loops">Loops</h2>
+<h3 id="for-loop">For Loop</h3>
+<div class="highlight"><table class="highlighttable"><tr><th colspan="2" class="filename"><span class="filename">Swift</span></th></tr><tr><td class="linenos"><div class="linenodiv"><pre><span></span><span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-14-1"> 1</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-14-2"> 2</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-14-3"> 3</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-14-4"> 4</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-14-5"> 5</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-14-6"> 6</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-14-7"> 7</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-14-8"> 8</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-14-9"> 9</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-14-10">10</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-14-11">11</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-14-12">12</a></span></pre></div></td><td class="code"><div><pre><span></span><code><a id="__codelineno-14-1" name="__codelineno-14-1"></a><span class="c1">// range based for</span>
+<a id="__codelineno-14-2" name="__codelineno-14-2"></a><span class="k">for</span> <span class="n">i</span> <span class="k">in</span> <span class="n">start</span><span class="p">...</span><span class="n">end</span> <span class="p">{</span> <span class="cm">/* statements */</span> <span class="p">}</span>  <span class="c1">// end included</span>
+<a id="__codelineno-14-3" name="__codelineno-14-3"></a><span class="k">for</span> <span class="n">i</span> <span class="k">in</span> <span class="n">start</span><span class="p">..&lt;</span><span class="n">end</span> <span class="p">{</span> <span class="cm">/* statements */</span> <span class="p">}</span>  <span class="c1">// end excluded</span>
+<a id="__codelineno-14-4" name="__codelineno-14-4"></a><span class="k">for</span> <span class="kc">_</span> <span class="k">in</span> <span class="n">start</span><span class="p">...</span><span class="n">end</span>
+<a id="__codelineno-14-5" name="__codelineno-14-5"></a>
+<a id="__codelineno-14-6" name="__codelineno-14-6"></a><span class="k">for</span> <span class="n">item</span> <span class="k">in</span> <span class="n">sequence</span> <span class="p">{</span>
+<a id="__codelineno-14-7" name="__codelineno-14-7"></a>    <span class="c1">// code here</span>
+<a id="__codelineno-14-8" name="__codelineno-14-8"></a><span class="p">}</span>
+<a id="__codelineno-14-9" name="__codelineno-14-9"></a>
+<a id="__codelineno-14-10" name="__codelineno-14-10"></a><span class="k">for</span> <span class="p">(</span><span class="n">key</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="n">value</span><span class="p">)</span> <span class="k">in</span> <span class="n">dict</span> <span class="p">{</span>
+<a id="__codelineno-14-11" name="__codelineno-14-11"></a>    <span class="c1">// code here</span>
+<a id="__codelineno-14-12" name="__codelineno-14-12"></a><span class="p">}</span>
+</code></pre></div></td></tr></table></div>
+<h3 id="while-loop">While Loop</h3>
+<div class="highlight"><table class="highlighttable"><tr><th colspan="2" class="filename"><span class="filename">Swift</span></th></tr><tr><td class="linenos"><div class="linenodiv"><pre><span></span><span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-15-1">1</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-15-2">2</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-15-3">3</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-15-4">4</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-15-5">5</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-15-6">6</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-15-7">7</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-15-8">8</a></span></pre></div></td><td class="code"><div><pre><span></span><code><a id="__codelineno-15-1" name="__codelineno-15-1"></a><span class="k">while</span> <span class="n">condition</span> <span class="p">{</span>
+<a id="__codelineno-15-2" name="__codelineno-15-2"></a>    <span class="c1">// code here</span>
+<a id="__codelineno-15-3" name="__codelineno-15-3"></a><span class="p">}</span>
+<a id="__codelineno-15-4" name="__codelineno-15-4"></a>
+<a id="__codelineno-15-5" name="__codelineno-15-5"></a><span class="c1">// &quot;do&quot;..while</span>
+<a id="__codelineno-15-6" name="__codelineno-15-6"></a><span class="k">repeat</span> <span class="p">{</span>
+<a id="__codelineno-15-7" name="__codelineno-15-7"></a>    <span class="c1">// code here</span>
+<a id="__codelineno-15-8" name="__codelineno-15-8"></a><span class="p">}</span> <span class="k">while</span> <span class="n">condition</span>
+</code></pre></div></td></tr></table></div>
+<h2 id="functions">Functions</h2>
+<div class="highlight"><table class="highlighttable"><tr><th colspan="2" class="filename"><span class="filename">Swift</span></th></tr><tr><td class="linenos"><div class="linenodiv"><pre><span></span><span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-16-1"> 1</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-16-2"> 2</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-16-3"> 3</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-16-4"> 4</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-16-5"> 5</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-16-6"> 6</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-16-7"> 7</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-16-8"> 8</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-16-9"> 9</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-16-10">10</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-16-11">11</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-16-12">12</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-16-13">13</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-16-14">14</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-16-15">15</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-16-16">16</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-16-17">17</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-16-18">18</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-16-19">19</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-16-20">20</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-16-21">21</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-16-22">22</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-16-23">23</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-16-24">24</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-16-25">25</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-16-26">26</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-16-27">27</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-16-28">28</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-16-29">29</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-16-30">30</a></span></pre></div></td><td class="code"><div><pre><span></span><code><a id="__codelineno-16-1" name="__codelineno-16-1"></a><span class="c1">// &quot;void function&quot;</span>
+<a id="__codelineno-16-2" name="__codelineno-16-2"></a><span class="kd">func</span> <span class="nf">funcName</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="n">param</span><span class="p">:</span> <span class="kr">Type</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="p">...)</span> <span class="p">{</span>
+<a id="__codelineno-16-3" name="__codelineno-16-3"></a>    <span class="c1">// code here</span>
+<a id="__codelineno-16-4" name="__codelineno-16-4"></a><span class="p">}</span>
+<a id="__codelineno-16-5" name="__codelineno-16-5"></a>
+<a id="__codelineno-16-6" name="__codelineno-16-6"></a><span class="kd">func</span> <span class="nf">funcName</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="n">param</span><span class="p">:</span> <span class="kr">Type</span> <span class="p">=</span> <span class="n">defaultValue</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="p">...)</span> <span class="p">-&gt;</span> <span class="kr">Type</span> <span class="p">{</span>
+<a id="__codelineno-16-7" name="__codelineno-16-7"></a>    <span class="c1">//code here</span>
+<a id="__codelineno-16-8" name="__codelineno-16-8"></a>    <span class="k">return</span> <span class="p">&lt;</span><span class="n">expression</span><span class="p">&gt;</span>
+<a id="__codelineno-16-9" name="__codelineno-16-9"></a><span class="p">}</span>
+<a id="__codelineno-16-10" name="__codelineno-16-10"></a>
+<a id="__codelineno-16-11" name="__codelineno-16-11"></a><span class="kd">func</span> <span class="nf">funcName</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="n">param</span><span class="p">:</span> <span class="kr">Type</span><span class="p">)</span> <span class="p">-&gt;</span> <span class="kr">Type</span> <span class="p">{</span>
+<a id="__codelineno-16-12" name="__codelineno-16-12"></a>    <span class="p">&lt;</span><span class="n">expression</span><span class="p">&gt;</span>  <span class="c1">// implicit return</span>
+<a id="__codelineno-16-13" name="__codelineno-16-13"></a><span class="p">}</span>
+<a id="__codelineno-16-14" name="__codelineno-16-14"></a>
+<a id="__codelineno-16-15" name="__codelineno-16-15"></a><span class="c1">// func call MUST have parameter&#39;s names</span>
+<a id="__codelineno-16-16" name="__codelineno-16-16"></a><span class="n">funcName</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="n">param</span><span class="p">:</span> <span class="n">value</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="p">...)</span>
+<a id="__codelineno-16-17" name="__codelineno-16-17"></a>
+<a id="__codelineno-16-18" name="__codelineno-16-18"></a><span class="c1">// multiple return values</span>
+<a id="__codelineno-16-19" name="__codelineno-16-19"></a><span class="kd">func</span> <span class="nf">funcMultipleParameters</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="n">param</span><span class="p">:</span> <span class="kr">Type</span><span class="p">)</span> <span class="p">-&gt;</span> <span class="p">(</span><span class="n">retVal1</span><span class="p">:</span> <span class="kr">Type</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="n">retVal2</span><span class="p">:</span> <span class="kr">Type</span><span class="p">)</span> <span class="p">{</span>
+<a id="__codelineno-16-20" name="__codelineno-16-20"></a>    <span class="c1">//code here</span>
+<a id="__codelineno-16-21" name="__codelineno-16-21"></a>
+<a id="__codelineno-16-22" name="__codelineno-16-22"></a>    <span class="k">return</span> <span class="p">(&lt;</span><span class="n">expression</span><span class="p">&gt;,</span> <span class="p">&lt;</span><span class="n">expression</span><span class="p">&gt;)</span>
+<a id="__codelineno-16-23" name="__codelineno-16-23"></a><span class="p">}</span>
+<a id="__codelineno-16-24" name="__codelineno-16-24"></a>
+<a id="__codelineno-16-25" name="__codelineno-16-25"></a><span class="kd">var</span> <span class="nv">result</span> <span class="p">=</span> <span class="n">funcMultipleReturns</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="n">param</span><span class="p">:</span> <span class="n">value</span><span class="p">)</span>
+<a id="__codelineno-16-26" name="__codelineno-16-26"></a><span class="n">result</span><span class="p">.</span><span class="n">retVal1</span>  <span class="c1">// access to tuple components</span>
+<a id="__codelineno-16-27" name="__codelineno-16-27"></a>
+<a id="__codelineno-16-28" name="__codelineno-16-28"></a><span class="c1">// argument labels (only first label can be omitted)</span>
+<a id="__codelineno-16-29" name="__codelineno-16-29"></a><span class="kd">func</span> <span class="nf">funcWithLabels</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="kc">_</span> <span class="n">param</span><span class="p">:</span> <span class="kr">Type</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="n">label</span> <span class="n">param</span><span class="p">:</span> <span class="kr">Type</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="p">...)</span> <span class="p">-&gt;</span> <span class="kr">Type</span> <span class="p">{</span> <span class="p">}</span>
+<a id="__codelineno-16-30" name="__codelineno-16-30"></a><span class="n">funcWithLabels</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="n">value</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="n">label</span><span class="p">:</span> <span class="n">value</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="p">...)</span>
+</code></pre></div></td></tr></table></div>
+<h3 id="passing-functions-as-parameters">Passing Functions as Parameters</h3>
+<div class="highlight"><table class="highlighttable"><tr><th colspan="2" class="filename"><span class="filename">Swift</span></th></tr><tr><td class="linenos"><div class="linenodiv"><pre><span></span><span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-17-1">1</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-17-2">2</a></span></pre></div></td><td class="code"><div><pre><span></span><code><a id="__codelineno-17-1" name="__codelineno-17-1"></a><span class="kd">func</span> <span class="nf">f</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="n">param</span><span class="p">:</span> <span class="kr">Type</span><span class="p">)</span> <span class="p">-&gt;</span> <span class="kr">Type</span> <span class="p">{}</span>
+<a id="__codelineno-17-2" name="__codelineno-17-2"></a><span class="kd">func</span> <span class="nf">g</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="n">f</span><span class="p">:</span> <span class="p">(</span><span class="kr">Type</span><span class="p">)</span> <span class="p">-&gt;</span> <span class="kr">Type</span><span class="p">)</span> <span class="p">{}</span>  <span class="c1">// (Type) -&gt; Type are the passed func input and output types</span>
+</code></pre></div></td></tr></table></div>
+<h3 id="functions-returning-functions">Functions Returning Functions</h3>
+<div class="highlight"><table class="highlighttable"><tr><th colspan="2" class="filename"><span class="filename">Swift</span></th></tr><tr><td class="linenos"><div class="linenodiv"><pre><span></span><span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-18-1">1</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-18-2">2</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-18-3">3</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-18-4">4</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-18-5">5</a></span></pre></div></td><td class="code"><div><pre><span></span><code><a id="__codelineno-18-1" name="__codelineno-18-1"></a><span class="kd">func</span> <span class="nf">f</span><span class="p">()</span> <span class="p">-&gt;</span> <span class="p">((</span><span class="kr">Type</span><span class="p">)</span> <span class="p">-&gt;</span> <span class="kr">Type</span><span class="p">)</span> <span class="p">{</span>
+<a id="__codelineno-18-2" name="__codelineno-18-2"></a>    <span class="kd">func</span> <span class="nf">g</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="n">param</span><span class="p">:</span> <span class="kr">Type</span><span class="p">)</span> <span class="p">-&gt;</span> <span class="n">type</span> <span class="p">{}</span>
+<a id="__codelineno-18-3" name="__codelineno-18-3"></a>
+<a id="__codelineno-18-4" name="__codelineno-18-4"></a>    <span class="k">return</span> <span class="n">g</span>
+<a id="__codelineno-18-5" name="__codelineno-18-5"></a><span class="p">}</span>
+</code></pre></div></td></tr></table></div>
+<h2 id="closure"><a href="https://docs.swift.org/swift-book/LanguageGuide/Closures.html">Closure</a> (<code>{ .. }</code>)</h2>
+<p><strong>Closures</strong> are self-contained blocks of functionality that can be passed around and used in code.
+Closures in Swift are similar to blocks in C and Objective-C and to lambdas in other programming languages.</p>
+<div class="highlight"><table class="highlighttable"><tr><th colspan="2" class="filename"><span class="filename">Swift</span></th></tr><tr><td class="linenos"><div class="linenodiv"><pre><span></span><span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-19-1">1</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-19-2">2</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-19-3">3</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-19-4">4</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-19-5">5</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-19-6">6</a></span></pre></div></td><td class="code"><div><pre><span></span><code><a id="__codelineno-19-1" name="__codelineno-19-1"></a><span class="p">{</span> <span class="p">(</span><span class="n">parameters</span><span class="p">:</span> <span class="kr">Type</span><span class="p">)</span> <span class="p">-&gt;</span> <span class="kr">Type</span> <span class="k">in</span>
+<a id="__codelineno-19-2" name="__codelineno-19-2"></a>    <span class="c1">// statements</span>
+<a id="__codelineno-19-3" name="__codelineno-19-3"></a><span class="p">}</span>
+<a id="__codelineno-19-4" name="__codelineno-19-4"></a>
+<a id="__codelineno-19-5" name="__codelineno-19-5"></a><span class="p">{</span> <span class="n">parameters</span> <span class="k">in</span> <span class="k">return</span> <span class="p">&lt;</span><span class="n">expression</span><span class="p">&gt;</span> <span class="p">}</span>  <span class="c1">// type inference from context</span>
+<a id="__codelineno-19-6" name="__codelineno-19-6"></a><span class="p">{</span> <span class="nv">$0</span> <span class="o">&gt;</span> <span class="nv">$1</span> <span class="p">}</span>  <span class="c1">// $&lt;n&gt; identifies the n-th argument, IN can be omitted if closure has only the body</span>
+</code></pre></div></td></tr></table></div>
+<h2 id="enums"><a href="https://docs.swift.org/swift-book/LanguageGuide/Enumerations.html">Enums</a></h2>
+<h3 id="enum-definition">Enum Definition</h3>
+<div class="highlight"><table class="highlighttable"><tr><th colspan="2" class="filename"><span class="filename">Swift</span></th></tr><tr><td class="linenos"><div class="linenodiv"><pre><span></span><span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-20-1">1</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-20-2">2</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-20-3">3</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-20-4">4</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-20-5">5</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-20-6">6</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-20-7">7</a></span></pre></div></td><td class="code"><div><pre><span></span><code><a id="__codelineno-20-1" name="__codelineno-20-1"></a><span class="kd">enum</span> <span class="nc">EnumName</span> <span class="p">{</span>
+<a id="__codelineno-20-2" name="__codelineno-20-2"></a>    <span class="k">case</span> <span class="n">key1</span>
+<a id="__codelineno-20-3" name="__codelineno-20-3"></a>    <span class="k">case</span> <span class="n">key2</span>
+<a id="__codelineno-20-4" name="__codelineno-20-4"></a>    <span class="k">case</span> <span class="p">...</span>
+<a id="__codelineno-20-5" name="__codelineno-20-5"></a><span class="p">}</span>
+<a id="__codelineno-20-6" name="__codelineno-20-6"></a>
+<a id="__codelineno-20-7" name="__codelineno-20-7"></a><span class="n">EnumName</span><span class="p">.</span><span class="n">key1</span> <span class="c1">// key1</span>
+</code></pre></div></td></tr></table></div>
+<h3 id="enum-with-raw-values">Enum with Raw Values</h3>
+<div class="highlight"><table class="highlighttable"><tr><th colspan="2" class="filename"><span class="filename">Swift</span></th></tr><tr><td class="linenos"><div class="linenodiv"><pre><span></span><span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-21-1"> 1</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-21-2"> 2</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-21-3"> 3</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-21-4"> 4</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-21-5"> 5</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-21-6"> 6</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-21-7"> 7</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-21-8"> 8</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-21-9"> 9</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-21-10">10</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-21-11">11</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-21-12">12</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-21-13">13</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-21-14">14</a></span></pre></div></td><td class="code"><div><pre><span></span><code><a id="__codelineno-21-1" name="__codelineno-21-1"></a><span class="kd">enum</span> <span class="nc">EnumName</span><span class="p">:</span> <span class="kr">Type</span> <span class="p">{</span>
+<a id="__codelineno-21-2" name="__codelineno-21-2"></a>    <span class="k">case</span> <span class="n">key1</span> <span class="p">=</span> <span class="n">value</span>
+<a id="__codelineno-21-3" name="__codelineno-21-3"></a>    <span class="k">case</span> <span class="n">key2</span> <span class="p">=</span> <span class="n">value</span>
+<a id="__codelineno-21-4" name="__codelineno-21-4"></a>    <span class="k">case</span> <span class="p">...</span>
+<a id="__codelineno-21-5" name="__codelineno-21-5"></a><span class="p">}</span>
+<a id="__codelineno-21-6" name="__codelineno-21-6"></a>
+<a id="__codelineno-21-7" name="__codelineno-21-7"></a><span class="n">EnumName</span><span class="p">.</span><span class="n">key1</span><span class="p">.</span><span class="n">rawValue</span>  <span class="c1">// value</span>
+<a id="__codelineno-21-8" name="__codelineno-21-8"></a>
+<a id="__codelineno-21-9" name="__codelineno-21-9"></a><span class="kd">enum</span> <span class="nc">IntegerEnum</span><span class="p">:</span> <span class="nb">Int</span> <span class="p">{</span>
+<a id="__codelineno-21-10" name="__codelineno-21-10"></a>    <span class="c1">// the value of each case is one more then the previous case</span>
+<a id="__codelineno-21-11" name="__codelineno-21-11"></a>    <span class="k">case</span> <span class="n">one</span> <span class="p">=</span> <span class="mi">1</span>
+<a id="__codelineno-21-12" name="__codelineno-21-12"></a>    <span class="k">case</span> <span class="n">two</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="n">three</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="n">four</span>
+<a id="__codelineno-21-13" name="__codelineno-21-13"></a>    <span class="k">case</span> <span class="p">...</span>
+<a id="__codelineno-21-14" name="__codelineno-21-14"></a><span class="p">}</span>
+</code></pre></div></td></tr></table></div>
+<h3 id="matching-enumeration-values-with-a-switch-statement">Matching Enumeration Values with a Switch Statement</h3>
+<div class="highlight"><table class="highlighttable"><tr><th colspan="2" class="filename"><span class="filename">Swift</span></th></tr><tr><td class="linenos"><div class="linenodiv"><pre><span></span><span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-22-1"> 1</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-22-2"> 2</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-22-3"> 3</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-22-4"> 4</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-22-5"> 5</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-22-6"> 6</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-22-7"> 7</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-22-8"> 8</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-22-9"> 9</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-22-10">10</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-22-11">11</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-22-12">12</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-22-13">13</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-22-14">14</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-22-15">15</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-22-16">16</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-22-17">17</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-22-18">18</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-22-19">19</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-22-20">20</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-22-21">21</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-22-22">22</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-22-23">23</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-22-24">24</a></span></pre></div></td><td class="code"><div><pre><span></span><code><a id="__codelineno-22-1" name="__codelineno-22-1"></a><span class="kd">enum</span> <span class="nc">Rank</span><span class="p">:</span> <span class="nb">Int</span> <span class="p">{</span>
+<a id="__codelineno-22-2" name="__codelineno-22-2"></a>    <span class="k">case</span> <span class="n">ace</span> <span class="p">=</span> <span class="mi">1</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="n">two</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="n">three</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="n">four</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="n">five</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="n">six</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="n">seven</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="n">eight</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="n">nine</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="n">ten</span>
+<a id="__codelineno-22-3" name="__codelineno-22-3"></a>    <span class="k">case</span> <span class="n">jack</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="n">queen</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="n">king</span>
+<a id="__codelineno-22-4" name="__codelineno-22-4"></a>
+<a id="__codelineno-22-5" name="__codelineno-22-5"></a>    <span class="kd">func</span> <span class="nf">getValue</span><span class="p">()</span> <span class="p">-&gt;</span> <span class="nb">String</span> <span class="p">{</span>
+<a id="__codelineno-22-6" name="__codelineno-22-6"></a>        <span class="k">switch</span> <span class="kc">self</span> <span class="p">{</span>
+<a id="__codelineno-22-7" name="__codelineno-22-7"></a>
+<a id="__codelineno-22-8" name="__codelineno-22-8"></a>        <span class="k">case</span> <span class="p">.</span><span class="n">jack</span><span class="p">:</span>
+<a id="__codelineno-22-9" name="__codelineno-22-9"></a>            <span class="k">return</span> <span class="s">&quot;jack&quot;</span>
+<a id="__codelineno-22-10" name="__codelineno-22-10"></a>
+<a id="__codelineno-22-11" name="__codelineno-22-11"></a>        <span class="k">case</span> <span class="p">.</span><span class="n">queen</span><span class="p">:</span>
+<a id="__codelineno-22-12" name="__codelineno-22-12"></a>            <span class="k">return</span> <span class="s">&quot;queen&quot;</span>
+<a id="__codelineno-22-13" name="__codelineno-22-13"></a>
+<a id="__codelineno-22-14" name="__codelineno-22-14"></a>        <span class="k">case</span> <span class="p">.</span><span class="n">king</span><span class="p">:</span>
+<a id="__codelineno-22-15" name="__codelineno-22-15"></a>            <span class="k">return</span> <span class="s">&quot;king&quot;</span>
+<a id="__codelineno-22-16" name="__codelineno-22-16"></a>
+<a id="__codelineno-22-17" name="__codelineno-22-17"></a>        <span class="k">default</span><span class="p">:</span>
+<a id="__codelineno-22-18" name="__codelineno-22-18"></a>            <span class="k">return</span> <span class="nb">String</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="kc">self</span><span class="p">.</span><span class="n">rawValue</span><span class="p">)</span>
+<a id="__codelineno-22-19" name="__codelineno-22-19"></a>        <span class="p">}</span>
+<a id="__codelineno-22-20" name="__codelineno-22-20"></a>    <span class="p">}</span>
+<a id="__codelineno-22-21" name="__codelineno-22-21"></a><span class="p">}</span>
+<a id="__codelineno-22-22" name="__codelineno-22-22"></a>
+<a id="__codelineno-22-23" name="__codelineno-22-23"></a><span class="n">Rank</span><span class="p">.</span><span class="n">jack</span><span class="p">.</span><span class="n">getValue</span><span class="p">()</span> <span class="c1">// &quot;jack&quot;</span>
+<a id="__codelineno-22-24" name="__codelineno-22-24"></a><span class="n">Rank</span><span class="p">.</span><span class="n">jack</span><span class="p">.</span><span class="n">rawValue</span> <span class="c1">// 11</span>
+</code></pre></div></td></tr></table></div>
+<h2 id="struct-value-type">Struct (Value Type)</h2>
+<div class="highlight"><table class="highlighttable"><tr><th colspan="2" class="filename"><span class="filename">Swift</span></th></tr><tr><td class="linenos"><div class="linenodiv"><pre><span></span><span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-23-1"> 1</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-23-2"> 2</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-23-3"> 3</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-23-4"> 4</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-23-5"> 5</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-23-6"> 6</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-23-7"> 7</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-23-8"> 8</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-23-9"> 9</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-23-10">10</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-23-11">11</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-23-12">12</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-23-13">13</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-23-14">14</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-23-15">15</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-23-16">16</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-23-17">17</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-23-18">18</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-23-19">19</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-23-20">20</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-23-21">21</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-23-22">22</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-23-23">23</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-23-24">24</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-23-25">25</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-23-26">26</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-23-27">27</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-23-28">28</a></span></pre></div></td><td class="code"><div><pre><span></span><code><a id="__codelineno-23-1" name="__codelineno-23-1"></a><span class="kd">struct</span> <span class="nc">StructName</span> <span class="p">{</span>
+<a id="__codelineno-23-2" name="__codelineno-23-2"></a>    <span class="kd">var</span> <span class="nv">attribute</span> <span class="p">=</span> <span class="n">value</span>  <span class="c1">// instance variable</span>
+<a id="__codelineno-23-3" name="__codelineno-23-3"></a>    <span class="kd">private</span> <span class="kd">var</span> <span class="nv">_attribute</span><span class="p">:</span> <span class="kr">Type</span>  <span class="c1">// backing field for property</span>
+<a id="__codelineno-23-4" name="__codelineno-23-4"></a>
+<a id="__codelineno-23-5" name="__codelineno-23-5"></a>    <span class="kd">var</span> <span class="nv">property</span><span class="p">:</span> <span class="kr">Type</span> <span class="p">{</span>
+<a id="__codelineno-23-6" name="__codelineno-23-6"></a>        <span class="kr">get</span> <span class="p">{</span> <span class="k">return</span> <span class="n">_attribute</span> <span class="p">}</span>
+<a id="__codelineno-23-7" name="__codelineno-23-7"></a>
+<a id="__codelineno-23-8" name="__codelineno-23-8"></a>        <span class="kr">set</span> <span class="p">{</span> <span class="n">_attribute</span> <span class="p">=</span> <span class="n">newValue</span> <span class="p">}</span>  <span class="c1">// newValue contains the passed value</span>
+<a id="__codelineno-23-9" name="__codelineno-23-9"></a>        <span class="c1">// OR</span>
+<a id="__codelineno-23-10" name="__codelineno-23-10"></a>        <span class="kr">set</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="n">param</span><span class="p">)</span> <span class="p">{</span> <span class="n">_attribute</span> <span class="p">=</span> <span class="n">param</span> <span class="p">}</span>
+<a id="__codelineno-23-11" name="__codelineno-23-11"></a>    <span class="p">}</span>
+<a id="__codelineno-23-12" name="__codelineno-23-12"></a>
+<a id="__codelineno-23-13" name="__codelineno-23-13"></a>    <span class="c1">// constructor</span>
+<a id="__codelineno-23-14" name="__codelineno-23-14"></a>    <span class="kd">init</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="n">param</span><span class="p">:</span> <span class="kr">Type</span><span class="p">)</span> <span class="p">{</span>
+<a id="__codelineno-23-15" name="__codelineno-23-15"></a>        <span class="kc">self</span><span class="p">.</span><span class="n">attribute</span> <span class="p">=</span> <span class="n">param</span>  <span class="c1">// attribute valorization</span>
+<a id="__codelineno-23-16" name="__codelineno-23-16"></a>    <span class="p">}</span>
+<a id="__codelineno-23-17" name="__codelineno-23-17"></a>
+<a id="__codelineno-23-18" name="__codelineno-23-18"></a>    <span class="c1">// de-initializer (free memory containing obj?)</span>
+<a id="__codelineno-23-19" name="__codelineno-23-19"></a>    <span class="kd">deinit</span> <span class="p">{</span>
+<a id="__codelineno-23-20" name="__codelineno-23-20"></a>        <span class="c1">// empty the attributes</span>
+<a id="__codelineno-23-21" name="__codelineno-23-21"></a>    <span class="p">}</span>
+<a id="__codelineno-23-22" name="__codelineno-23-22"></a>
+<a id="__codelineno-23-23" name="__codelineno-23-23"></a>    <span class="c1">// overloading</span>
+<a id="__codelineno-23-24" name="__codelineno-23-24"></a>    <span class="kd">func</span> <span class="nf">method</span><span class="p">()</span> <span class="p">-&gt;</span> <span class="kr">Type</span> <span class="p">{</span> <span class="p">}</span>
+<a id="__codelineno-23-25" name="__codelineno-23-25"></a>    <span class="kd">func</span> <span class="nf">method</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="n">param</span><span class="p">:</span> <span class="kr">Type</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="p">...)</span> <span class="p">-&gt;</span> <span class="kr">Type</span> <span class="p">{</span> <span class="p">}</span>
+<a id="__codelineno-23-26" name="__codelineno-23-26"></a><span class="p">}</span>
+<a id="__codelineno-23-27" name="__codelineno-23-27"></a>
+<a id="__codelineno-23-28" name="__codelineno-23-28"></a><span class="kd">var</span> <span class="nv">structure</span> <span class="p">=</span> <span class="n">StructName</span><span class="p">()</span>  <span class="c1">// struct instantiation</span>
+</code></pre></div></td></tr></table></div>
+<h2 id="classes-reference-type">Classes (Reference Type)</h2>
+<h3 id="class-definition-instantiation">Class Definition &amp; Instantiation</h3>
+<div class="highlight"><table class="highlighttable"><tr><th colspan="2" class="filename"><span class="filename">Swift</span></th></tr><tr><td class="linenos"><div class="linenodiv"><pre><span></span><span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-24-1"> 1</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-24-2"> 2</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-24-3"> 3</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-24-4"> 4</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-24-5"> 5</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-24-6"> 6</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-24-7"> 7</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-24-8"> 8</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-24-9"> 9</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-24-10">10</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-24-11">11</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-24-12">12</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-24-13">13</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-24-14">14</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-24-15">15</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-24-16">16</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-24-17">17</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-24-18">18</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-24-19">19</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-24-20">20</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-24-21">21</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-24-22">22</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-24-23">23</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-24-24">24</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-24-25">25</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-24-26">26</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-24-27">27</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-24-28">28</a></span></pre></div></td><td class="code"><div><pre><span></span><code><a id="__codelineno-24-1" name="__codelineno-24-1"></a><span class="kd">class</span> <span class="nc">ClassName</span> <span class="p">{</span>
+<a id="__codelineno-24-2" name="__codelineno-24-2"></a>    <span class="kd">var</span> <span class="nv">attribute</span> <span class="p">=</span> <span class="n">value</span>  <span class="c1">// instance variable</span>
+<a id="__codelineno-24-3" name="__codelineno-24-3"></a>    <span class="kd">private</span> <span class="kd">var</span> <span class="nv">_attribute</span><span class="p">:</span> <span class="kr">Type</span>  <span class="c1">// backing field for property</span>
+<a id="__codelineno-24-4" name="__codelineno-24-4"></a>
+<a id="__codelineno-24-5" name="__codelineno-24-5"></a>    <span class="kd">var</span> <span class="nv">property</span><span class="p">:</span> <span class="kr">Type</span> <span class="p">{</span>
+<a id="__codelineno-24-6" name="__codelineno-24-6"></a>        <span class="kr">get</span> <span class="p">{</span> <span class="k">return</span> <span class="n">_attribute</span> <span class="p">}</span>
+<a id="__codelineno-24-7" name="__codelineno-24-7"></a>
+<a id="__codelineno-24-8" name="__codelineno-24-8"></a>        <span class="kr">set</span> <span class="p">{</span> <span class="n">_attribute</span> <span class="p">=</span> <span class="n">newValue</span> <span class="p">}</span>  <span class="c1">// newValue contains the passed value</span>
+<a id="__codelineno-24-9" name="__codelineno-24-9"></a>        <span class="c1">// OR</span>
+<a id="__codelineno-24-10" name="__codelineno-24-10"></a>        <span class="kr">set</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="n">param</span><span class="p">)</span> <span class="p">{</span> <span class="n">_attribute</span> <span class="p">=</span> <span class="n">param</span> <span class="p">}</span>
+<a id="__codelineno-24-11" name="__codelineno-24-11"></a>    <span class="p">}</span>
+<a id="__codelineno-24-12" name="__codelineno-24-12"></a>
+<a id="__codelineno-24-13" name="__codelineno-24-13"></a>    <span class="c1">// constructor</span>
+<a id="__codelineno-24-14" name="__codelineno-24-14"></a>    <span class="kd">init</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="n">param</span><span class="p">:</span> <span class="kr">Type</span><span class="p">)</span> <span class="p">{</span>
+<a id="__codelineno-24-15" name="__codelineno-24-15"></a>        <span class="kc">self</span><span class="p">.</span><span class="n">attribute</span> <span class="p">=</span> <span class="n">param</span>  <span class="c1">// attribute valorization</span>
+<a id="__codelineno-24-16" name="__codelineno-24-16"></a>    <span class="p">}</span>
+<a id="__codelineno-24-17" name="__codelineno-24-17"></a>
+<a id="__codelineno-24-18" name="__codelineno-24-18"></a>    <span class="c1">// de-initializer (free memory containing obj?)</span>
+<a id="__codelineno-24-19" name="__codelineno-24-19"></a>    <span class="kd">deinit</span> <span class="p">{</span>
+<a id="__codelineno-24-20" name="__codelineno-24-20"></a>        <span class="c1">// empty the attributes</span>
+<a id="__codelineno-24-21" name="__codelineno-24-21"></a>    <span class="p">}</span>
+<a id="__codelineno-24-22" name="__codelineno-24-22"></a>
+<a id="__codelineno-24-23" name="__codelineno-24-23"></a>    <span class="c1">// overloading</span>
+<a id="__codelineno-24-24" name="__codelineno-24-24"></a>    <span class="kd">func</span> <span class="nf">method</span><span class="p">()</span> <span class="p">-&gt;</span> <span class="kr">Type</span> <span class="p">{</span> <span class="p">}</span>
+<a id="__codelineno-24-25" name="__codelineno-24-25"></a>    <span class="kd">func</span> <span class="nf">method</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="n">param</span><span class="p">:</span> <span class="kr">Type</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="p">...)</span> <span class="p">-&gt;</span> <span class="kr">Type</span> <span class="p">{</span> <span class="p">}</span>
+<a id="__codelineno-24-26" name="__codelineno-24-26"></a><span class="p">}</span>
+<a id="__codelineno-24-27" name="__codelineno-24-27"></a>
+<a id="__codelineno-24-28" name="__codelineno-24-28"></a><span class="kd">var</span> <span class="nv">obj</span> <span class="p">=</span> <span class="n">ClassName</span><span class="p">()</span>  <span class="c1">// obj instantiation</span>
+</code></pre></div></td></tr></table></div>
+<h3 id="property-observers-willset-didset">Property Observers <code>willSet</code> &amp; <code>didSet</code></h3>
+<p>Do actions before/after modifying a property value.</p>
+<blockquote>
+<p><strong>Note</strong>: <code>willSet</code> and <code>didSet</code> do not <em>set</em> the value of the property.</p>
+</blockquote>
+<div class="highlight"><table class="highlighttable"><tr><th colspan="2" class="filename"><span class="filename">Swift</span></th></tr><tr><td class="linenos"><div class="linenodiv"><pre><span></span><span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-25-1"> 1</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-25-2"> 2</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-25-3"> 3</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-25-4"> 4</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-25-5"> 5</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-25-6"> 6</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-25-7"> 7</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-25-8"> 8</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-25-9"> 9</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-25-10">10</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-25-11">11</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-25-12">12</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-25-13">13</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-25-14">14</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-25-15">15</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-25-16">16</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-25-17">17</a></span></pre></div></td><td class="code"><div><pre><span></span><code><a id="__codelineno-25-1" name="__codelineno-25-1"></a><span class="kd">class</span> <span class="nc">ClassName</span> <span class="p">{</span>
+<a id="__codelineno-25-2" name="__codelineno-25-2"></a>
+<a id="__codelineno-25-3" name="__codelineno-25-3"></a>    <span class="kd">var</span> <span class="nv">_attribute</span><span class="p">:</span> <span class="kr">Type</span>
+<a id="__codelineno-25-4" name="__codelineno-25-4"></a>
+<a id="__codelineno-25-5" name="__codelineno-25-5"></a>    <span class="kd">var</span> <span class="nv">property</span> <span class="p">{</span>
+<a id="__codelineno-25-6" name="__codelineno-25-6"></a>        <span class="kr">get</span> <span class="p">{</span> <span class="k">return</span> <span class="n">_attribute</span> <span class="p">}</span>
+<a id="__codelineno-25-7" name="__codelineno-25-7"></a>        <span class="kr">set</span><span class="p">{</span> <span class="n">_attribute</span> <span class="p">=</span> <span class="n">newValue</span> <span class="p">}</span>
+<a id="__codelineno-25-8" name="__codelineno-25-8"></a>
+<a id="__codelineno-25-9" name="__codelineno-25-9"></a>        <span class="kr">willSet</span> <span class="p">{</span>
+<a id="__codelineno-25-10" name="__codelineno-25-10"></a>            <span class="c1">// act before setting the property value</span>
+<a id="__codelineno-25-11" name="__codelineno-25-11"></a>        <span class="p">}</span>
+<a id="__codelineno-25-12" name="__codelineno-25-12"></a>
+<a id="__codelineno-25-13" name="__codelineno-25-13"></a>        <span class="kr">didSet</span> <span class="p">{</span>
+<a id="__codelineno-25-14" name="__codelineno-25-14"></a>            <span class="c1">// act after setting the property value</span>
+<a id="__codelineno-25-15" name="__codelineno-25-15"></a>        <span class="p">}</span>
+<a id="__codelineno-25-16" name="__codelineno-25-16"></a>    <span class="p">}</span>
+<a id="__codelineno-25-17" name="__codelineno-25-17"></a><span class="p">}</span>
+</code></pre></div></td></tr></table></div>
+<h3 id="inheritance">Inheritance</h3>
+<div class="highlight"><table class="highlighttable"><tr><th colspan="2" class="filename"><span class="filename">Swift</span></th></tr><tr><td class="linenos"><div class="linenodiv"><pre><span></span><span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-26-1"> 1</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-26-2"> 2</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-26-3"> 3</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-26-4"> 4</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-26-5"> 5</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-26-6"> 6</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-26-7"> 7</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-26-8"> 8</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-26-9"> 9</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-26-10">10</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-26-11">11</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-26-12">12</a></span></pre></div></td><td class="code"><div><pre><span></span><code><a id="__codelineno-26-1" name="__codelineno-26-1"></a><span class="kd">class</span> <span class="nc">Derived</span><span class="p">:</span> <span class="n">SuperClass</span> <span class="p">{</span>
+<a id="__codelineno-26-2" name="__codelineno-26-2"></a>
+<a id="__codelineno-26-3" name="__codelineno-26-3"></a>    <span class="kd">var</span> <span class="nv">attribute</span><span class="p">:</span> <span class="kr">Type</span>
+<a id="__codelineno-26-4" name="__codelineno-26-4"></a>
+<a id="__codelineno-26-5" name="__codelineno-26-5"></a>    <span class="kd">init</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="n">param1</span><span class="p">:</span> <span class="kr">Type</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="n">param2</span><span class="p">:</span> <span class="kr">Type</span><span class="p">)</span> <span class="p">{</span>
+<a id="__codelineno-26-6" name="__codelineno-26-6"></a>        <span class="kc">self</span><span class="p">.</span><span class="n">attribute</span> <span class="p">=</span> <span class="n">param1</span>
+<a id="__codelineno-26-7" name="__codelineno-26-7"></a>        <span class="kc">super</span><span class="p">.</span><span class="kd">init</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="n">param</span><span class="p">:</span> <span class="n">param2</span> <span class="p">)</span>  <span class="c1">// superclass init (NEEDED)</span>
+<a id="__codelineno-26-8" name="__codelineno-26-8"></a>    <span class="p">}</span>
+<a id="__codelineno-26-9" name="__codelineno-26-9"></a>
+<a id="__codelineno-26-10" name="__codelineno-26-10"></a>    <span class="c1">// overriding</span>
+<a id="__codelineno-26-11" name="__codelineno-26-11"></a>    <span class="kr">override</span> <span class="kd">func</span> <span class="nf">method</span><span class="p">()</span> <span class="p">{}</span>
+<a id="__codelineno-26-12" name="__codelineno-26-12"></a><span class="p">}</span>
+</code></pre></div></td></tr></table></div>
+<h3 id="exception-handling">Exception Handling</h3>
+<div class="highlight"><table class="highlighttable"><tr><th colspan="2" class="filename"><span class="filename">Swift</span></th></tr><tr><td class="linenos"><div class="linenodiv"><pre><span></span><span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-27-1"> 1</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-27-2"> 2</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-27-3"> 3</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-27-4"> 4</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-27-5"> 5</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-27-6"> 6</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-27-7"> 7</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-27-8"> 8</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-27-9"> 9</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-27-10">10</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-27-11">11</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-27-12">12</a></span></pre></div></td><td class="code"><div><pre><span></span><code><a id="__codelineno-27-1" name="__codelineno-27-1"></a><span class="k">guard</span> <span class="kd">let</span> <span class="nv">variable</span> <span class="p">=</span> <span class="p">&lt;</span><span class="n">expression</span><span class="p">&gt;</span>
+<a id="__codelineno-27-2" name="__codelineno-27-2"></a><span class="k">else</span> <span class="p">{</span>
+<a id="__codelineno-27-3" name="__codelineno-27-3"></a>    <span class="cm">/* statements */</span>
+<a id="__codelineno-27-4" name="__codelineno-27-4"></a>    <span class="c1">// throw or return to exit code branch</span>
+<a id="__codelineno-27-5" name="__codelineno-27-5"></a><span class="p">}</span>
+<a id="__codelineno-27-6" name="__codelineno-27-6"></a>
+<a id="__codelineno-27-7" name="__codelineno-27-7"></a>
+<a id="__codelineno-27-8" name="__codelineno-27-8"></a><span class="k">do</span> <span class="p">{</span>
+<a id="__codelineno-27-9" name="__codelineno-27-9"></a>    <span class="k">try</span> <span class="p">&lt;</span><span class="n">throwing</span> <span class="n">expression</span><span class="p">&gt;</span>
+<a id="__codelineno-27-10" name="__codelineno-27-10"></a><span class="p">}</span> <span class="k">catch</span> <span class="p">&lt;</span><span class="n">pattern</span><span class="p">&gt;</span> <span class="p">{</span>
+<a id="__codelineno-27-11" name="__codelineno-27-11"></a>    <span class="c1">// statements</span>
+<a id="__codelineno-27-12" name="__codelineno-27-12"></a><span class="p">}</span>
+</code></pre></div></td></tr></table></div>
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+          <ul class="md-nav__list" data-md-scrollfix>
+            
+              
+                
+  
+  
+  
+  
+    <li class="md-nav__item">
+      <a href="../../languages/python/modules/argparse.html" class="md-nav__link">
+        
+  
+  <span class="md-ellipsis">
+    argparse
+  </span>
+  
+
+      </a>
+    </li>
+  
+
+              
+            
+              
+                
+  
+  
+  
+  
+    <li class="md-nav__item">
+      <a href="../../languages/python/modules/collections.html" class="md-nav__link">
+        
+  
+  <span class="md-ellipsis">
+    collection
+  </span>
+  
+
+      </a>
+    </li>
+  
+
+              
+            
+              
+                
+  
+  
+  
+  
+    <li class="md-nav__item">
+      <a href="../../languages/python/modules/csv.html" class="md-nav__link">
+        
+  
+  <span class="md-ellipsis">
+    csv
+  </span>
+  
+
+      </a>
+    </li>
+  
+
+              
+            
+              
+                
+  
+  
+  
+  
+    <li class="md-nav__item">
+      <a href="../../languages/python/modules/ftplib.html" class="md-nav__link">
+        
+  
+  <span class="md-ellipsis">
+    ftplib
+  </span>
+  
+
+      </a>
+    </li>
+  
+
+              
+            
+              
+                
+  
+  
+  
+  
+    <li class="md-nav__item">
+      <a href="../../languages/python/modules/itertools.html" class="md-nav__link">
+        
+  
+  <span class="md-ellipsis">
+    itertools
+  </span>
+  
+
+      </a>
+    </li>
+  
+
+              
+            
+              
+                
+  
+  
+  
+  
+    <li class="md-nav__item">
+      <a href="../../languages/python/modules/json.html" class="md-nav__link">
+        
+  
+  <span class="md-ellipsis">
+    json
+  </span>
+  
+
+      </a>
+    </li>
+  
+
+              
+            
+              
+                
+  
+  
+  
+  
+    <li class="md-nav__item">
+      <a href="../../languages/python/modules/logging.html" class="md-nav__link">
+        
+  
+  <span class="md-ellipsis">
+    logging
+  </span>
+  
+
+      </a>
+    </li>
+  
+
+              
+            
+              
+                
+  
+  
+  
+  
+    <li class="md-nav__item">
+      <a href="../../languages/python/modules/shutil.html" class="md-nav__link">
+        
+  
+  <span class="md-ellipsis">
+    shutil
+  </span>
+  
+
+      </a>
+    </li>
+  
+
+              
+            
+              
+                
+  
+  
+  
+  
+    <li class="md-nav__item">
+      <a href="../../languages/python/modules/smtplib.html" class="md-nav__link">
+        
+  
+  <span class="md-ellipsis">
+    smtplib
+  </span>
+  
+
+      </a>
+    </li>
+  
+
+              
+            
+              
+                
+  
+  
+  
+  
+    <li class="md-nav__item">
+      <a href="../../languages/python/modules/socket.html" class="md-nav__link">
+        
+  
+  <span class="md-ellipsis">
+    socket
+  </span>
+  
+
+      </a>
+    </li>
+  
+
+              
+            
+              
+                
+  
+  
+  
+  
+    <li class="md-nav__item">
+      <a href="../../languages/python/modules/sqlite.html" class="md-nav__link">
+        
+  
+  <span class="md-ellipsis">
+    sqlite
+  </span>
+  
+
+      </a>
+    </li>
+  
+
+              
+            
+              
+                
+  
+  
+  
+  
+    <li class="md-nav__item">
+      <a href="../../languages/python/modules/time-datetime.html" class="md-nav__link">
+        
+  
+  <span class="md-ellipsis">
+    time & datetime
+  </span>
+  
+
+      </a>
+    </li>
+  
+
+              
+            
+              
+                
+  
+  
+  
+  
+    <li class="md-nav__item">
+      <a href="../../languages/python/modules/unittest.html" class="md-nav__link">
+        
+  
+  <span class="md-ellipsis">
+    unittest
+  </span>
+  
+
+      </a>
+    </li>
+  
+
+              
+            
+          </ul>
+        </nav>
+      
+    </li>
+  
+
+              
+            
+              
+                
+  
+  
+  
+  
+    
+    
+      
+        
+      
+        
+      
+        
+      
+        
+      
+        
+      
+        
+      
+    
+    
+      
+      
+        
+      
+    
+    
+    <li class="md-nav__item md-nav__item--nested">
+      
+        
+        
+        <input class="md-nav__toggle md-toggle " type="checkbox" id="__nav_4_8_3" >
+        
+          
+          <label class="md-nav__link" for="__nav_4_8_3" id="__nav_4_8_3_label" tabindex="0">
+            
+  
+  <span class="md-ellipsis">
+    Libraries
+  </span>
+  
+
+            <span class="md-nav__icon md-icon"></span>
+          </label>
+        
+        <nav class="md-nav" data-md-level="3" aria-labelledby="__nav_4_8_3_label" aria-expanded="false">
+          <label class="md-nav__title" for="__nav_4_8_3">
+            <span class="md-nav__icon md-icon"></span>
+            Libraries
+          </label>
+          <ul class="md-nav__list" data-md-scrollfix>
+            
+              
+                
+  
+  
+  
+  
+    <li class="md-nav__item">
+      <a href="../../languages/python/libs/tkinter.html" class="md-nav__link">
+        
+  
+  <span class="md-ellipsis">
+    TKinter
+  </span>
+  
+
+      </a>
+    </li>
+  
+
+              
+            
+              
+                
+  
+  
+  
+  
+    <li class="md-nav__item">
+      <a href="../../languages/python/libs/numpy.html" class="md-nav__link">
+        
+  
+  <span class="md-ellipsis">
+    Numpy
+  </span>
+  
+
+      </a>
+    </li>
+  
+
+              
+            
+              
+                
+  
+  
+  
+  
+    <li class="md-nav__item">
+      <a href="../../languages/python/libs/pandas.html" class="md-nav__link">
+        
+  
+  <span class="md-ellipsis">
+    Pandas
+  </span>
+  
+
+      </a>
+    </li>
+  
+
+              
+            
+              
+                
+  
+  
+  
+  
+    <li class="md-nav__item">
+      <a href="../../languages/python/libs/seaborn.html" class="md-nav__link">
+        
+  
+  <span class="md-ellipsis">
+    Seaborn
+  </span>
+  
+
+      </a>
+    </li>
+  
+
+              
+            
+              
+                
+  
+  
+  
+  
+    <li class="md-nav__item">
+      <a href="../../languages/python/libs/requests.html" class="md-nav__link">
+        
+  
+  <span class="md-ellipsis">
+    Requests
+  </span>
+  
+
+      </a>
+    </li>
+  
+
+              
+            
+              
+                
+  
+  
+  
+  
+    <li class="md-nav__item">
+      <a href="../../languages/python/libs/beautiful-soup.html" class="md-nav__link">
+        
+  
+  <span class="md-ellipsis">
+    Beatiful Soup
+  </span>
+  
+
+      </a>
+    </li>
+  
+
+              
+            
+          </ul>
+        </nav>
+      
+    </li>
+  
+
+              
+            
+          </ul>
+        </nav>
+      
+    </li>
+  
+
+              
+            
+              
+                
+  
+  
+  
+  
+    
+    
+      
+        
+      
+        
+      
+        
+      
+    
+    
+      
+      
+        
+      
+    
+    
+    <li class="md-nav__item md-nav__item--nested">
+      
+        
+        
+        <input class="md-nav__toggle md-toggle " type="checkbox" id="__nav_4_9" >
+        
+          
+          <label class="md-nav__link" for="__nav_4_9" id="__nav_4_9_label" tabindex="0">
+            
+  
+  <span class="md-ellipsis">
+    .NET
+  </span>
+  
+
+            <span class="md-nav__icon md-icon"></span>
+          </label>
+        
+        <nav class="md-nav" data-md-level="2" aria-labelledby="__nav_4_9_label" aria-expanded="false">
+          <label class="md-nav__title" for="__nav_4_9">
+            <span class="md-nav__icon md-icon"></span>
+            .NET
+          </label>
+          <ul class="md-nav__list" data-md-scrollfix>
+            
+              
+                
+  
+  
+  
+  
+    
+    
+      
+        
+      
+        
+      
+        
+      
+        
+      
+        
+      
+        
+      
+    
+    
+      
+      
+        
+      
+    
+    
+    <li class="md-nav__item md-nav__item--nested">
+      
+        
+        
+        <input class="md-nav__toggle md-toggle " type="checkbox" id="__nav_4_9_1" >
+        
+          
+          <label class="md-nav__link" for="__nav_4_9_1" id="__nav_4_9_1_label" tabindex="0">
+            
+  
+  <span class="md-ellipsis">
+    C#
+  </span>
+  
+
+            <span class="md-nav__icon md-icon"></span>
+          </label>
+        
+        <nav class="md-nav" data-md-level="3" aria-labelledby="__nav_4_9_1_label" aria-expanded="false">
+          <label class="md-nav__title" for="__nav_4_9_1">
+            <span class="md-nav__icon md-icon"></span>
+            C#
+          </label>
+          <ul class="md-nav__list" data-md-scrollfix>
+            
+              
+                
+  
+  
+  
+  
+    <li class="md-nav__item">
+      <a href="../../languages/dotnet/csharp/csharp.html" class="md-nav__link">
+        
+  
+  <span class="md-ellipsis">
+    C#
+  </span>
+  
+
+      </a>
+    </li>
+  
+
+              
+            
+              
+                
+  
+  
+  
+  
+    <li class="md-nav__item">
+      <a href="../../languages/dotnet/csharp/linq.html" class="md-nav__link">
+        
+  
+  <span class="md-ellipsis">
+    Linq
+  </span>
+  
+
+      </a>
+    </li>
+  
+
+              
+            
+              
+                
+  
+  
+  
+  
+    <li class="md-nav__item">
+      <a href="../../languages/dotnet/csharp/collections.html" class="md-nav__link">
+        
+  
+  <span class="md-ellipsis">
+    Collections
+  </span>
+  
+
+      </a>
+    </li>
+  
+
+              
+            
+              
+                
+  
+  
+  
+  
+    <li class="md-nav__item">
+      <a href="../../languages/dotnet/csharp/reactive-extensions.html" class="md-nav__link">
+        
+  
+  <span class="md-ellipsis">
+    Reactive Extensions
+  </span>
+  
+
+      </a>
+    </li>
+  
+
+              
+            
+              
+                
+  
+  
+  
+  
+    <li class="md-nav__item">
+      <a href="../../languages/dotnet/csharp/async-programming.html" class="md-nav__link">
+        
+  
+  <span class="md-ellipsis">
+    Async Programming
+  </span>
+  
+
+      </a>
+    </li>
+  
+
+              
+            
+              
+                
+  
+  
+  
+  
+    <li class="md-nav__item">
+      <a href="../../languages/dotnet/csharp/unit-tests.html" class="md-nav__link">
+        
+  
+  <span class="md-ellipsis">
+    Unit Tests
+  </span>
+  
+
+      </a>
+    </li>
+  
+
+              
+            
+          </ul>
+        </nav>
+      
+    </li>
+  
+
+              
+            
+              
+                
+  
+  
+  
+  
+    
+    
+      
+        
+      
+        
+      
+        
+      
+        
+      
+        
+      
+        
+      
+        
+      
+    
+    
+      
+      
+        
+      
+    
+    
+    <li class="md-nav__item md-nav__item--nested">
+      
+        
+        
+        <input class="md-nav__toggle md-toggle " type="checkbox" id="__nav_4_9_2" >
+        
+          
+          <label class="md-nav__link" for="__nav_4_9_2" id="__nav_4_9_2_label" tabindex="0">
+            
+  
+  <span class="md-ellipsis">
+    ASP.NET
+  </span>
+  
+
+            <span class="md-nav__icon md-icon"></span>
+          </label>
+        
+        <nav class="md-nav" data-md-level="3" aria-labelledby="__nav_4_9_2_label" aria-expanded="false">
+          <label class="md-nav__title" for="__nav_4_9_2">
+            <span class="md-nav__icon md-icon"></span>
+            ASP.NET
+          </label>
+          <ul class="md-nav__list" data-md-scrollfix>
+            
+              
+                
+  
+  
+  
+  
+    <li class="md-nav__item">
+      <a href="../../languages/dotnet/asp.net/minimal-api.html" class="md-nav__link">
+        
+  
+  <span class="md-ellipsis">
+    Minimal API
+  </span>
+  
+
+      </a>
+    </li>
+  
+
+              
+            
+              
+                
+  
+  
+  
+  
+    <li class="md-nav__item">
+      <a href="../../languages/dotnet/asp.net/filters.html" class="md-nav__link">
+        
+  
+  <span class="md-ellipsis">
+    FIlters
+  </span>
+  
+
+      </a>
+    </li>
+  
+
+              
+            
+              
+                
+  
+  
+  
+  
+    <li class="md-nav__item">
+      <a href="../../languages/dotnet/asp.net/middleware.html" class="md-nav__link">
+        
+  
+  <span class="md-ellipsis">
+    Middleware
+  </span>
+  
+
+      </a>
+    </li>
+  
+
+              
+            
+              
+                
+  
+  
+  
+  
+    <li class="md-nav__item">
+      <a href="../../languages/dotnet/asp.net/razor-syntax.html" class="md-nav__link">
+        
+  
+  <span class="md-ellipsis">
+    Razor Syntax
+  </span>
+  
+
+      </a>
+    </li>
+  
+
+              
+            
+              
+                
+  
+  
+  
+  
+    <li class="md-nav__item">
+      <a href="../../languages/dotnet/asp.net/blazor.html" class="md-nav__link">
+        
+  
+  <span class="md-ellipsis">
+    Blazor
+  </span>
+  
+
+      </a>
+    </li>
+  
+
+              
+            
+              
+                
+  
+  
+  
+  
+    <li class="md-nav__item">
+      <a href="../../languages/dotnet/asp.net/signalr.html" class="md-nav__link">
+        
+  
+  <span class="md-ellipsis">
+    SignalR
+  </span>
+  
+
+      </a>
+    </li>
+  
+
+              
+            
+              
+                
+  
+  
+  
+  
+    <li class="md-nav__item">
+      <a href="../../languages/dotnet/asp.net/web-forms.html" class="md-nav__link">
+        
+  
+  <span class="md-ellipsis">
+    Web Forms
+  </span>
+  
+
+      </a>
+    </li>
+  
+
+              
+            
+          </ul>
+        </nav>
+      
+    </li>
+  
+
+              
+            
+              
+                
+  
+  
+  
+  
+    
+    
+      
+        
+      
+        
+      
+    
+    
+      
+      
+        
+      
+    
+    
+    <li class="md-nav__item md-nav__item--nested">
+      
+        
+        
+        <input class="md-nav__toggle md-toggle " type="checkbox" id="__nav_4_9_3" >
+        
+          
+          <label class="md-nav__link" for="__nav_4_9_3" id="__nav_4_9_3_label" tabindex="0">
+            
+  
+  <span class="md-ellipsis">
+    Database
+  </span>
+  
+
+            <span class="md-nav__icon md-icon"></span>
+          </label>
+        
+        <nav class="md-nav" data-md-level="3" aria-labelledby="__nav_4_9_3_label" aria-expanded="false">
+          <label class="md-nav__title" for="__nav_4_9_3">
+            <span class="md-nav__icon md-icon"></span>
+            Database
+          </label>
+          <ul class="md-nav__list" data-md-scrollfix>
+            
+              
+                
+  
+  
+  
+  
+    <li class="md-nav__item">
+      <a href="../../languages/dotnet/database/ado.net.html" class="md-nav__link">
+        
+  
+  <span class="md-ellipsis">
+    ADO.NET
+  </span>
+  
+
+      </a>
+    </li>
+  
+
+              
+            
+              
+                
+  
+  
+  
+  
+    <li class="md-nav__item">
+      <a href="../../languages/dotnet/database/entity-framework.html" class="md-nav__link">
+        
+  
+  <span class="md-ellipsis">
+    Entity Framework
+  </span>
+  
+
+      </a>
+    </li>
+  
+
+              
+            
+          </ul>
+        </nav>
+      
+    </li>
+  
+
+              
+            
+          </ul>
+        </nav>
+      
+    </li>
+  
+
+              
+            
+              
+                
+  
+  
+  
+  
+    
+    
+      
+        
+      
+        
+      
+        
+      
+        
+      
+    
+    
+      
+      
+        
+      
+    
+    
+    <li class="md-nav__item md-nav__item--nested">
+      
+        
+        
+        <input class="md-nav__toggle md-toggle " type="checkbox" id="__nav_4_10" >
+        
+          
+          <label class="md-nav__link" for="__nav_4_10" id="__nav_4_10_label" tabindex="0">
+            
+  
+  <span class="md-ellipsis">
+    Java
+  </span>
+  
+
+            <span class="md-nav__icon md-icon"></span>
+          </label>
+        
+        <nav class="md-nav" data-md-level="2" aria-labelledby="__nav_4_10_label" aria-expanded="false">
+          <label class="md-nav__title" for="__nav_4_10">
+            <span class="md-nav__icon md-icon"></span>
+            Java
+          </label>
+          <ul class="md-nav__list" data-md-scrollfix>
+            
+              
+                
+  
+  
+  
+  
+    <li class="md-nav__item">
+      <a href="../../languages/java/java.html" class="md-nav__link">
+        
+  
+  <span class="md-ellipsis">
+    Java
+  </span>
+  
+
+      </a>
+    </li>
+  
+
+              
+            
+              
+                
+  
+  
+  
+  
+    <li class="md-nav__item">
+      <a href="../../languages/java/java-collection-framework.html" class="md-nav__link">
+        
+  
+  <span class="md-ellipsis">
+    Java Collection Framework
+  </span>
+  
+
+      </a>
+    </li>
+  
+
+              
+            
+              
+                
+  
+  
+  
+  
+    <li class="md-nav__item">
+      <a href="../../languages/java/dao.html" class="md-nav__link">
+        
+  
+  <span class="md-ellipsis">
+    DAO
+  </span>
+  
+
+      </a>
+    </li>
+  
+
+              
+            
+              
+                
+  
+  
+  
+  
+    
+    
+      
+        
+      
+        
+      
+    
+    
+      
+      
+        
+      
+    
+    
+    <li class="md-nav__item md-nav__item--nested">
+      
+        
+        
+        <input class="md-nav__toggle md-toggle " type="checkbox" id="__nav_4_10_4" >
+        
+          
+          <label class="md-nav__link" for="__nav_4_10_4" id="__nav_4_10_4_label" tabindex="0">
+            
+  
+  <span class="md-ellipsis">
+    Web
+  </span>
+  
+
+            <span class="md-nav__icon md-icon"></span>
+          </label>
+        
+        <nav class="md-nav" data-md-level="3" aria-labelledby="__nav_4_10_4_label" aria-expanded="false">
+          <label class="md-nav__title" for="__nav_4_10_4">
+            <span class="md-nav__icon md-icon"></span>
+            Web
+          </label>
+          <ul class="md-nav__list" data-md-scrollfix>
+            
+              
+                
+  
+  
+  
+  
+    <li class="md-nav__item">
+      <a href="../../languages/java/web/servlet.html" class="md-nav__link">
+        
+  
+  <span class="md-ellipsis">
+    Serverlet
+  </span>
+  
+
+      </a>
+    </li>
+  
+
+              
+            
+              
+                
+  
+  
+  
+  
+    
+    
+      
+        
+      
+        
+      
+    
+    
+      
+      
+        
+      
+    
+    
+    <li class="md-nav__item md-nav__item--nested">
+      
+        
+        
+        <input class="md-nav__toggle md-toggle " type="checkbox" id="__nav_4_10_4_2" >
+        
+          
+          <label class="md-nav__link" for="__nav_4_10_4_2" id="__nav_4_10_4_2_label" tabindex="0">
+            
+  
+  <span class="md-ellipsis">
+    Spring
+  </span>
+  
+
+            <span class="md-nav__icon md-icon"></span>
+          </label>
+        
+        <nav class="md-nav" data-md-level="4" aria-labelledby="__nav_4_10_4_2_label" aria-expanded="false">
+          <label class="md-nav__title" for="__nav_4_10_4_2">
+            <span class="md-nav__icon md-icon"></span>
+            Spring
+          </label>
+          <ul class="md-nav__list" data-md-scrollfix>
+            
+              
+                
+  
+  
+  
+  
+    <li class="md-nav__item">
+      <a href="../../languages/java/spring/pom.xml.html" class="md-nav__link">
+        
+  
+  <span class="md-ellipsis">
+    POM
+  </span>
+  
+
+      </a>
+    </li>
+  
+
+              
+            
+              
+                
+  
+  
+  
+  
+    <li class="md-nav__item">
+      <a href="../../languages/java/spring/spring-project.html" class="md-nav__link">
+        
+  
+  <span class="md-ellipsis">
+    Project Structure
+  </span>
+  
+
+      </a>
+    </li>
+  
+
+              
+            
+          </ul>
+        </nav>
+      
+    </li>
+  
+
+              
+            
+          </ul>
+        </nav>
+      
+    </li>
+  
+
+              
+            
+          </ul>
+        </nav>
+      
+    </li>
+  
+
+              
+            
+              
+                
+  
+  
+  
+  
+    
+    
+      
+        
+      
+        
+      
+        
+      
+        
+      
+        
+      
+        
+      
+        
+      
+        
+      
+        
+      
+    
+    
+      
+      
+        
+      
+    
+    
+    <li class="md-nav__item md-nav__item--nested">
+      
+        
+        
+        <input class="md-nav__toggle md-toggle " type="checkbox" id="__nav_4_11" >
+        
+          
+          <label class="md-nav__link" for="__nav_4_11" id="__nav_4_11_label" tabindex="0">
+            
+  
+  <span class="md-ellipsis">
+    PHP
+  </span>
+  
+
+            <span class="md-nav__icon md-icon"></span>
+          </label>
+        
+        <nav class="md-nav" data-md-level="2" aria-labelledby="__nav_4_11_label" aria-expanded="false">
+          <label class="md-nav__title" for="__nav_4_11">
+            <span class="md-nav__icon md-icon"></span>
+            PHP
+          </label>
+          <ul class="md-nav__list" data-md-scrollfix>
+            
+              
+                
+  
+  
+  
+  
+    <li class="md-nav__item">
+      <a href="../../languages/php/php.html" class="md-nav__link">
+        
+  
+  <span class="md-ellipsis">
+    PHP
+  </span>
+  
+
+      </a>
+    </li>
+  
+
+              
+            
+              
+                
+  
+  
+  
+  
+    <li class="md-nav__item">
+      <a href="../../languages/php/database.html" class="md-nav__link">
+        
+  
+  <span class="md-ellipsis">
+    Database
+  </span>
+  
+
+      </a>
+    </li>
+  
+
+              
+            
+              
+                
+  
+  
+  
+  
+    <li class="md-nav__item">
+      <a href="../../languages/php/web.html" class="md-nav__link">
+        
+  
+  <span class="md-ellipsis">
+    Web
+  </span>
+  
+
+      </a>
+    </li>
+  
+
+              
+            
+              
+                
+  
+  
+  
+  
+    <li class="md-nav__item">
+      <a href="../../languages/php/dependency-injection.html" class="md-nav__link">
+        
+  
+  <span class="md-ellipsis">
+    Dependency Injection
+  </span>
+  
+
+      </a>
+    </li>
+  
+
+              
+            
+              
+                
+  
+  
+  
+  
+    <li class="md-nav__item">
+      <a href="../../languages/php/unit-tests.html" class="md-nav__link">
+        
+  
+  <span class="md-ellipsis">
+    Unit Tests
+  </span>
+  
+
+      </a>
+    </li>
+  
+
+              
+            
+              
+                
+  
+  
+  
+  
+    <li class="md-nav__item">
+      <a href="../../languages/php/composer.html" class="md-nav__link">
+        
+  
+  <span class="md-ellipsis">
+    Composer
+  </span>
+  
+
+      </a>
+    </li>
+  
+
+              
+            
+              
+                
+  
+  
+  
+  
+    <li class="md-nav__item">
+      <a href="../../languages/php/psr-7.html" class="md-nav__link">
+        
+  
+  <span class="md-ellipsis">
+    PSR 7
+  </span>
+  
+
+      </a>
+    </li>
+  
+
+              
+            
+              
+                
+  
+  
+  
+  
+    <li class="md-nav__item">
+      <a href="../../languages/php/plates-templating.html" class="md-nav__link">
+        
+  
+  <span class="md-ellipsis">
+    Plates
+  </span>
+  
+
+      </a>
+    </li>
+  
+
+              
+            
+              
+                
+  
+  
+  
+  
+    
+    
+      
+        
+      
+        
+      
+    
+    
+      
+      
+        
+      
+    
+    
+    <li class="md-nav__item md-nav__item--nested">
+      
+        
+        
+        <input class="md-nav__toggle md-toggle " type="checkbox" id="__nav_4_11_9" >
+        
+          
+          <label class="md-nav__link" for="__nav_4_11_9" id="__nav_4_11_9_label" tabindex="0">
+            
+  
+  <span class="md-ellipsis">
+    Simple MVC
+  </span>
+  
+
+            <span class="md-nav__icon md-icon"></span>
+          </label>
+        
+        <nav class="md-nav" data-md-level="3" aria-labelledby="__nav_4_11_9_label" aria-expanded="false">
+          <label class="md-nav__title" for="__nav_4_11_9">
+            <span class="md-nav__icon md-icon"></span>
+            Simple MVC
+          </label>
+          <ul class="md-nav__list" data-md-scrollfix>
+            
+              
+                
+  
+  
+  
+  
+    <li class="md-nav__item">
+      <a href="../../languages/php/simple-mvc/simple-mvc.html" class="md-nav__link">
+        
+  
+  <span class="md-ellipsis">
+    Simple MVC
+  </span>
+  
+
+      </a>
+    </li>
+  
+
+              
+            
+              
+                
+  
+  
+  
+  
+    <li class="md-nav__item">
+      <a href="../../languages/php/simple-mvc/rest-api.html" class="md-nav__link">
+        
+  
+  <span class="md-ellipsis">
+    REST API
+  </span>
+  
+
+      </a>
+    </li>
+  
+
+              
+            
+          </ul>
+        </nav>
+      
+    </li>
+  
+
+              
+            
+          </ul>
+        </nav>
+      
+    </li>
+  
+
+              
+            
+              
+                
+  
+  
+  
+  
+    
+    
+      
+        
+      
+        
+      
+        
+      
+        
+      
+        
+      
+    
+    
+      
+      
+        
+      
+    
+    
+    <li class="md-nav__item md-nav__item--nested">
+      
+        
+        
+        <input class="md-nav__toggle md-toggle " type="checkbox" id="__nav_4_12" >
+        
+          
+          <label class="md-nav__link" for="__nav_4_12" id="__nav_4_12_label" tabindex="0">
+            
+  
+  <span class="md-ellipsis">
+    Rust
+  </span>
+  
+
+            <span class="md-nav__icon md-icon"></span>
+          </label>
+        
+        <nav class="md-nav" data-md-level="2" aria-labelledby="__nav_4_12_label" aria-expanded="false">
+          <label class="md-nav__title" for="__nav_4_12">
+            <span class="md-nav__icon md-icon"></span>
+            Rust
+          </label>
+          <ul class="md-nav__list" data-md-scrollfix>
+            
+              
+                
+  
+  
+  
+  
+    <li class="md-nav__item">
+      <a href="../../languages/rust/rust.html" class="md-nav__link">
+        
+  
+  <span class="md-ellipsis">
+    Rust
+  </span>
+  
+
+      </a>
+    </li>
+  
+
+              
+            
+              
+                
+  
+  
+  
+  
+    <li class="md-nav__item">
+      <a href="../../languages/rust/macros.html" class="md-nav__link">
+        
+  
+  <span class="md-ellipsis">
+    Macros
+  </span>
+  
+
+      </a>
+    </li>
+  
+
+              
+            
+              
+                
+  
+  
+  
+  
+    <li class="md-nav__item">
+      <a href="../../languages/rust/cargo.html" class="md-nav__link">
+        
+  
+  <span class="md-ellipsis">
+    Cargo
+  </span>
+  
+
+      </a>
+    </li>
+  
+
+              
+            
+              
+                
+  
+  
+  
+  
+    <li class="md-nav__item">
+      <a href="../../languages/rust/concurrency.html" class="md-nav__link">
+        
+  
+  <span class="md-ellipsis">
+    Concurrency
+  </span>
+  
+
+      </a>
+    </li>
+  
+
+              
+            
+              
+                
+  
+  
+  
+  
+    <li class="md-nav__item">
+      <a href="../../languages/rust/unit-tests.html" class="md-nav__link">
+        
+  
+  <span class="md-ellipsis">
+    Unit Tests
+  </span>
+  
+
+      </a>
+    </li>
+  
+
+              
+            
+          </ul>
+        </nav>
+      
+    </li>
+  
+
+              
+            
+              
+                
+  
+  
+  
+  
+    
+    
+      
+        
+      
+        
+      
+        
+      
+        
+      
+        
+      
+        
+      
+        
+      
+    
+    
+      
+      
+        
+      
+    
+    
+    <li class="md-nav__item md-nav__item--nested">
+      
+        
+        
+        <input class="md-nav__toggle md-toggle " type="checkbox" id="__nav_4_13" >
+        
+          
+          <label class="md-nav__link" for="__nav_4_13" id="__nav_4_13_label" tabindex="0">
+            
+  
+  <span class="md-ellipsis">
+    Javascript
+  </span>
+  
+
+            <span class="md-nav__icon md-icon"></span>
+          </label>
+        
+        <nav class="md-nav" data-md-level="2" aria-labelledby="__nav_4_13_label" aria-expanded="false">
+          <label class="md-nav__title" for="__nav_4_13">
+            <span class="md-nav__icon md-icon"></span>
+            Javascript
+          </label>
+          <ul class="md-nav__list" data-md-scrollfix>
+            
+              
+                
+  
+  
+  
+  
+    <li class="md-nav__item">
+      <a href="../../languages/javascript/javascript.html" class="md-nav__link">
+        
+  
+  <span class="md-ellipsis">
+    Javascript
+  </span>
+  
+
+      </a>
+    </li>
+  
+
+              
+            
+              
+                
+  
+  
+  
+  
+    <li class="md-nav__item">
+      <a href="../../languages/javascript/dom.html" class="md-nav__link">
+        
+  
+  <span class="md-ellipsis">
+    DOM
+  </span>
+  
+
+      </a>
+    </li>
+  
+
+              
+            
+              
+                
+  
+  
+  
+  
+    <li class="md-nav__item">
+      <a href="../../languages/javascript/events-animation.html" class="md-nav__link">
+        
+  
+  <span class="md-ellipsis">
+    Events & Animation
+  </span>
+  
+
+      </a>
+    </li>
+  
+
+              
+            
+              
+                
+  
+  
+  
+  
+    <li class="md-nav__item">
+      <a href="../../languages/javascript/ajax.html" class="md-nav__link">
+        
+  
+  <span class="md-ellipsis">
+    AJAX
+  </span>
+  
+
+      </a>
+    </li>
+  
+
+              
+            
+              
+                
+  
+  
+  
+  
+    <li class="md-nav__item">
+      <a href="../../languages/javascript/jquery.html" class="md-nav__link">
+        
+  
+  <span class="md-ellipsis">
+    jQuery
+  </span>
+  
+
+      </a>
+    </li>
+  
+
+              
+            
+              
+                
+  
+  
+  
+  
+    
+    
+      
+        
+      
+        
+      
+        
+      
+        
+      
+        
+      
+    
+    
+      
+      
+        
+      
+    
+    
+    <li class="md-nav__item md-nav__item--nested">
+      
+        
+        
+        <input class="md-nav__toggle md-toggle " type="checkbox" id="__nav_4_13_6" >
+        
+          
+          <label class="md-nav__link" for="__nav_4_13_6" id="__nav_4_13_6_label" tabindex="0">
+            
+  
+  <span class="md-ellipsis">
+    React
+  </span>
+  
+
+            <span class="md-nav__icon md-icon"></span>
+          </label>
+        
+        <nav class="md-nav" data-md-level="3" aria-labelledby="__nav_4_13_6_label" aria-expanded="false">
+          <label class="md-nav__title" for="__nav_4_13_6">
+            <span class="md-nav__icon md-icon"></span>
+            React
+          </label>
+          <ul class="md-nav__list" data-md-scrollfix>
+            
+              
+                
+  
+  
+  
+  
+    <li class="md-nav__item">
+      <a href="../../languages/javascript/react/react.html" class="md-nav__link">
+        
+  
+  <span class="md-ellipsis">
+    React
+  </span>
+  
+
+      </a>
+    </li>
+  
+
+              
+            
+              
+                
+  
+  
+  
+  
+    <li class="md-nav__item">
+      <a href="../../languages/javascript/react/react-router.html" class="md-nav__link">
+        
+  
+  <span class="md-ellipsis">
+    React Router
+  </span>
+  
+
+      </a>
+    </li>
+  
+
+              
+            
+              
+                
+  
+  
+  
+  
+    <li class="md-nav__item">
+      <a href="../../languages/javascript/react/react-tests.html" class="md-nav__link">
+        
+  
+  <span class="md-ellipsis">
+    React Tests
+  </span>
+  
+
+      </a>
+    </li>
+  
+
+              
+            
+              
+                
+  
+  
+  
+  
+    <li class="md-nav__item">
+      <a href="../../languages/javascript/react/redux.html" class="md-nav__link">
+        
+  
+  <span class="md-ellipsis">
+    Redux
+  </span>
+  
+
+      </a>
+    </li>
+  
+
+              
+            
+              
+                
+  
+  
+  
+  
+    <li class="md-nav__item">
+      <a href="../../languages/javascript/react/redux-tests.html" class="md-nav__link">
+        
+  
+  <span class="md-ellipsis">
+    Redux Tests
+  </span>
+  
+
+      </a>
+    </li>
+  
+
+              
+            
+          </ul>
+        </nav>
+      
+    </li>
+  
+
+              
+            
+              
+                
+  
+  
+  
+  
+    <li class="md-nav__item">
+      <a href="../../languages/javascript/svelte/svelte.html" class="md-nav__link">
+        
+  
+  <span class="md-ellipsis">
+    Svelte
+  </span>
+  
+
+      </a>
+    </li>
+  
+
+              
+            
+          </ul>
+        </nav>
+      
+    </li>
+  
+
+              
+            
+              
+                
+  
+  
+  
+  
+    
+    
+      
+        
+      
+        
+      
+    
+    
+      
+      
+        
+      
+    
+    
+    <li class="md-nav__item md-nav__item--nested">
+      
+        
+        
+        <input class="md-nav__toggle md-toggle " type="checkbox" id="__nav_4_14" >
+        
+          
+          <label class="md-nav__link" for="__nav_4_14" id="__nav_4_14_label" tabindex="0">
+            
+  
+  <span class="md-ellipsis">
+    PowerShell
+  </span>
+  
+
+            <span class="md-nav__icon md-icon"></span>
+          </label>
+        
+        <nav class="md-nav" data-md-level="2" aria-labelledby="__nav_4_14_label" aria-expanded="false">
+          <label class="md-nav__title" for="__nav_4_14">
+            <span class="md-nav__icon md-icon"></span>
+            PowerShell
+          </label>
+          <ul class="md-nav__list" data-md-scrollfix>
+            
+              
+                
+  
+  
+  
+  
+    <li class="md-nav__item">
+      <a href="../../languages/powershell/scripting.html" class="md-nav__link">
+        
+  
+  <span class="md-ellipsis">
+    Scripting
+  </span>
+  
+
+      </a>
+    </li>
+  
+
+              
+            
+              
+                
+  
+  
+  
+  
+    <li class="md-nav__item">
+      <a href="../../languages/powershell/commands.html" class="md-nav__link">
+        
+  
+  <span class="md-ellipsis">
+    Commands
+  </span>
+  
+
+      </a>
+    </li>
+  
+
+              
+            
+          </ul>
+        </nav>
+      
+    </li>
+  
+
+              
+            
+              
+                
+  
+  
+  
+  
+    
+    
+      
+        
+      
+        
+      
+    
+    
+      
+      
+        
+      
+    
+    
+    <li class="md-nav__item md-nav__item--nested">
+      
+        
+        
+        <input class="md-nav__toggle md-toggle " type="checkbox" id="__nav_4_15" >
+        
+          
+          <label class="md-nav__link" for="__nav_4_15" id="__nav_4_15_label" tabindex="0">
+            
+  
+  <span class="md-ellipsis">
+    Bash
+  </span>
+  
+
+            <span class="md-nav__icon md-icon"></span>
+          </label>
+        
+        <nav class="md-nav" data-md-level="2" aria-labelledby="__nav_4_15_label" aria-expanded="false">
+          <label class="md-nav__title" for="__nav_4_15">
+            <span class="md-nav__icon md-icon"></span>
+            Bash
+          </label>
+          <ul class="md-nav__list" data-md-scrollfix>
+            
+              
+                
+  
+  
+  
+  
+    <li class="md-nav__item">
+      <a href="../../languages/bash/scripting.html" class="md-nav__link">
+        
+  
+  <span class="md-ellipsis">
+    Scripting
+  </span>
+  
+
+      </a>
+    </li>
+  
+
+              
+            
+              
+                
+  
+  
+  
+  
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+  <a href="#symlinks-aka-softlinks" class="md-nav__link">
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+  </span>
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+    Systemd
+  </span>
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+      <a href="../init/open-rc.html" class="md-nav__link">
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+  </span>
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+                <div class="md-sidebar__scrollwrap">
+                  <div class="md-sidebar__inner">
+                    
+
+<nav class="md-nav md-nav--secondary" aria-label="Table of contents">
+  
+  
+  
+    
+  
+  
+    <label class="md-nav__title" for="__toc">
+      <span class="md-nav__icon md-icon"></span>
+      Table of contents
+    </label>
+    <ul class="md-nav__list" data-md-component="toc" data-md-scrollfix>
+      
+        <li class="md-nav__item">
+  <a href="#hardlinks" class="md-nav__link">
+    <span class="md-ellipsis">
+      Hardlinks
+    </span>
+  </a>
+  
+</li>
+      
+        <li class="md-nav__item">
+  <a href="#symlinks-aka-softlinks" class="md-nav__link">
+    <span class="md-ellipsis">
+      Symlinks (aka Softlinks)
+    </span>
+  </a>
+  
+</li>
+      
+        <li class="md-nav__item">
+  <a href="#reflink" class="md-nav__link">
+    <span class="md-ellipsis">
+      Reflink
+    </span>
+  </a>
+  
+</li>
+      
+        <li class="md-nav__item">
+  <a href="#directories" class="md-nav__link">
+    <span class="md-ellipsis">
+      Directories
+    </span>
+  </a>
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+</li>
+      
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+  
+</nav>
+                  </div>
+                </div>
+              </div>
+            
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+          
+            <div class="md-content" data-md-component="content">
+              <article class="md-content__inner md-typeset">
+                
+                  
+
+  
+  
+
+
+<h1 id="symlink-hardlink-reflink">Symlink, Hardlink, Reflink</h1>
+<p>Unix files consist of two parts: the <em>data part</em> and the <em>filename part</em>.<br />
+The data part is associated with something called an <strong>inode</strong>. The inode carries the map of where the data is, the file permissions, etc. for the data.</p>
+<div class="highlight"><table class="highlighttable"><tr><th colspan="2" class="filename"><span class="filename">Text Only</span></th></tr><tr><td class="linenos"><div class="linenodiv"><pre><span></span><span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-0-1">1</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-0-2">2</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-0-3">3</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-0-4">4</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-0-5">5</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-0-6">6</a></span></pre></div></td><td class="code"><div><pre><span></span><code><a id="__codelineno-0-1" name="__codelineno-0-1"></a>                                           +------+ +------+
+<a id="__codelineno-0-2" name="__codelineno-0-2"></a>                         .---------------&gt; | data | | data | etc
+<a id="__codelineno-0-3" name="__codelineno-0-3"></a>                        /                  +------+ +------+
+<a id="__codelineno-0-4" name="__codelineno-0-4"></a>+--------------------------------+
+<a id="__codelineno-0-5" name="__codelineno-0-5"></a>| permbits, etc | data addresses |
+<a id="__codelineno-0-6" name="__codelineno-0-6"></a>+--------------inode-------------+
+</code></pre></div></td></tr></table></div>
+<p>The filename part carries a name and an associated inode number.</p>
+<div class="highlight"><table class="highlighttable"><tr><th colspan="2" class="filename"><span class="filename">Text Only</span></th></tr><tr><td class="linenos"><div class="linenodiv"><pre><span></span><span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-1-1">1</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-1-2">2</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-1-3">3</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-1-4">4</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-1-5">5</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-1-6">6</a></span></pre></div></td><td class="code"><div><pre><span></span><code><a id="__codelineno-1-1" name="__codelineno-1-1"></a>                                  +---------------------------+
+<a id="__codelineno-1-2" name="__codelineno-1-2"></a>                 .--------------&gt; | permbits, etc | addresses |
+<a id="__codelineno-1-3" name="__codelineno-1-3"></a>                /                 +-----------inode-----------+
+<a id="__codelineno-1-4" name="__codelineno-1-4"></a>+--------------------+
+<a id="__codelineno-1-5" name="__codelineno-1-5"></a>| filename | inode # |
+<a id="__codelineno-1-6" name="__codelineno-1-6"></a>+--------------------+
+</code></pre></div></td></tr></table></div>
+<h2 id="hardlinks">Hardlinks</h2>
+<p>More than one filename can reference the same inode number. These files are said to be <em>hard linked</em> together.</p>
+<div class="highlight"><table class="highlighttable"><tr><th colspan="2" class="filename"><span class="filename">Text Only</span></th></tr><tr><td class="linenos"><div class="linenodiv"><pre><span></span><span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-2-1">1</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-2-2">2</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-2-3">3</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-2-4">4</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-2-5">5</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-2-6">6</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-2-7">7</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-2-8">8</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-2-9">9</a></span></pre></div></td><td class="code"><div><pre><span></span><code><a id="__codelineno-2-1" name="__codelineno-2-1"></a>+--------------------+
+<a id="__codelineno-2-2" name="__codelineno-2-2"></a>| filename | inode # |
+<a id="__codelineno-2-3" name="__codelineno-2-3"></a>+--------------------+
+<a id="__codelineno-2-4" name="__codelineno-2-4"></a>                \                 +---------------------------+
+<a id="__codelineno-2-5" name="__codelineno-2-5"></a>                 &gt;--------------&gt; | permbits, etc | addresses |
+<a id="__codelineno-2-6" name="__codelineno-2-6"></a>                /                 +------------inode----------+
+<a id="__codelineno-2-7" name="__codelineno-2-7"></a>+---------------------+
+<a id="__codelineno-2-8" name="__codelineno-2-8"></a>| othername | inode # |
+<a id="__codelineno-2-9" name="__codelineno-2-9"></a>+---------------------+
+</code></pre></div></td></tr></table></div>
+<h2 id="symlinks-aka-softlinks">Symlinks (aka Softlinks)</h2>
+<p><strong>Symlinks</strong> are a special file type whose data part carries a path to another file.<br />
+Since it is a special file, the OS recognizes the data as a path, and redirects opens, reads, and writes so that, instead of accessing the data within the special file, they access the data in the file named by the data in the special file.</p>
+<div class="highlight"><table class="highlighttable"><tr><th colspan="2" class="filename"><span class="filename">Text Only</span></th></tr><tr><td class="linenos"><div class="linenodiv"><pre><span></span><span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-3-1"> 1</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-3-2"> 2</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-3-3"> 3</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-3-4"> 4</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-3-5"> 5</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-3-6"> 6</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-3-7"> 7</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-3-8"> 8</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-3-9"> 9</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-3-10">10</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-3-11">11</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-3-12">12</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-3-13">13</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-3-14">14</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-3-15">15</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-3-16">16</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-3-17">17</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-3-18">18</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-3-19">19</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-3-20">20</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-3-21">21</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-3-22">22</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-3-23">23</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-3-24">24</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-3-25">25</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-3-26">26</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-3-27">27</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-3-28">28</a></span></pre></div></td><td class="code"><div><pre><span></span><code><a id="__codelineno-3-1" name="__codelineno-3-1"></a>+--------------------+
+<a id="__codelineno-3-2" name="__codelineno-3-2"></a>| filename | inode # |
+<a id="__codelineno-3-3" name="__codelineno-3-3"></a>+--------------------+
+<a id="__codelineno-3-4" name="__codelineno-3-4"></a>              \
+<a id="__codelineno-3-5" name="__codelineno-3-5"></a>               \     +---------------------------+
+<a id="__codelineno-3-6" name="__codelineno-3-6"></a>                &#39;--&gt; | permbits, etc | addresses |
+<a id="__codelineno-3-7" name="__codelineno-3-7"></a>                     +-----------inode-----------+
+<a id="__codelineno-3-8" name="__codelineno-3-8"></a>                                     /
+<a id="__codelineno-3-9" name="__codelineno-3-9"></a>                                    /
+<a id="__codelineno-3-10" name="__codelineno-3-10"></a>                                   /
+<a id="__codelineno-3-11" name="__codelineno-3-11"></a> .--------------------------------&#39;
+<a id="__codelineno-3-12" name="__codelineno-3-12"></a>(     +--------------------------+
+<a id="__codelineno-3-13" name="__codelineno-3-13"></a> &#39;--&gt; |&quot;/path/to/some/other/file&quot;| 
+<a id="__codelineno-3-14" name="__codelineno-3-14"></a>      +----------data------------+
+<a id="__codelineno-3-15" name="__codelineno-3-15"></a>                  /                     |
+<a id="__codelineno-3-16" name="__codelineno-3-16"></a> .~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~&#39;                      |-- (redirected at open() time)
+<a id="__codelineno-3-17" name="__codelineno-3-17"></a>(     +--------------------+            |
+<a id="__codelineno-3-18" name="__codelineno-3-18"></a> &#39;~~&gt; | filename | inode # |
+<a id="__codelineno-3-19" name="__codelineno-3-19"></a>      +--------------------+
+<a id="__codelineno-3-20" name="__codelineno-3-20"></a>                   \               +---------------------------+
+<a id="__codelineno-3-21" name="__codelineno-3-21"></a>                    &#39;------------&gt; | permbits, etc | addresses |
+<a id="__codelineno-3-22" name="__codelineno-3-22"></a>                                   +-----------inode-----------+
+<a id="__codelineno-3-23" name="__codelineno-3-23"></a>                                                /
+<a id="__codelineno-3-24" name="__codelineno-3-24"></a>                                               /
+<a id="__codelineno-3-25" name="__codelineno-3-25"></a> .--------------------------------------------&#39;
+<a id="__codelineno-3-26" name="__codelineno-3-26"></a>(     +------+  +------+ 
+<a id="__codelineno-3-27" name="__codelineno-3-27"></a> &#39;--&gt; | data |  | data | etc.
+<a id="__codelineno-3-28" name="__codelineno-3-28"></a>      +------+  +------+ 
+</code></pre></div></td></tr></table></div>
+<p>Now, the filename part of the file is stored in a special file of its own along with the filename parts of other files; this special file is called a directory.</p>
+<h2 id="reflink">Reflink</h2>
+<p>A <strong>Reflink</strong> is a type of <em>shallow copy</em> of file data that shares the blocks but otherwise the files are independent and any change to the file will not affect the other. This builds on the underlying copy-on-write mechanism. A reflink will effectively create only a separate metadata pointing to the shared blocks which is typically much faster than a deep copy of all blocks.</p>
+<div class="highlight"><table class="highlighttable"><tr><th colspan="2" class="filename"><span class="filename">Text Only</span></th></tr><tr><td class="linenos"><div class="linenodiv"><pre><span></span><span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-4-1"> 1</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-4-2"> 2</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-4-3"> 3</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-4-4"> 4</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-4-5"> 5</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-4-6"> 6</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-4-7"> 7</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-4-8"> 8</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-4-9"> 9</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-4-10">10</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-4-11">11</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-4-12">12</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-4-13">13</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-4-14">14</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-4-15">15</a></span></pre></div></td><td class="code"><div><pre><span></span><code><a id="__codelineno-4-1" name="__codelineno-4-1"></a>+--------------------+
+<a id="__codelineno-4-2" name="__codelineno-4-2"></a>| filename | inode # |
+<a id="__codelineno-4-3" name="__codelineno-4-3"></a>+--------------------+
+<a id="__codelineno-4-4" name="__codelineno-4-4"></a>            \        +---------------------------+
+<a id="__codelineno-4-5" name="__codelineno-4-5"></a>             &#39;-----&gt; | permbits, etc | addresses |
+<a id="__codelineno-4-6" name="__codelineno-4-6"></a>                     +-----------inode-----------+
+<a id="__codelineno-4-7" name="__codelineno-4-7"></a>                                   \                +------+  +------+
+<a id="__codelineno-4-8" name="__codelineno-4-8"></a>                                    &gt;-------------&gt; | data |  | data | etc.
+<a id="__codelineno-4-9" name="__codelineno-4-9"></a>                                   /                +------+  +------+
+<a id="__codelineno-4-10" name="__codelineno-4-10"></a>                     +---------------------------+
+<a id="__codelineno-4-11" name="__codelineno-4-11"></a>             .-----&gt; | permbits, etc | addresses |
+<a id="__codelineno-4-12" name="__codelineno-4-12"></a>            /        +-----------inode-----------+
+<a id="__codelineno-4-13" name="__codelineno-4-13"></a>+---------------------+
+<a id="__codelineno-4-14" name="__codelineno-4-14"></a>| othername | inode # |
+<a id="__codelineno-4-15" name="__codelineno-4-15"></a>+---------------------+
+</code></pre></div></td></tr></table></div>
+<p>There are some constraints:</p>
+<ul>
+<li>cross-filesystem reflink is not possible, there’s nothing in common between so the block sharing can’t work</li>
+<li>reflink crossing two mount points of the same filesystem support depends on kernel version</li>
+</ul>
+<h2 id="directories">Directories</h2>
+<p>The directory, as a file, is just an array of filename parts of other files.</p>
+<p>When a directory is built, it is initially populated with the filename parts of two special files: the <code>.</code> and <code>..</code> files.</p>
+<p>The filename part for the <code>.</code> file is populated with the <code>inode</code> of the directory file in which the entry has been made: <code>.</code> is a hardlink to the file that implements the current directory.</p>
+<p>The <em>filename part</em> for the <code>..</code> file is populated with the <code>inode</code> of the directory file that contains the filename part of the current directory file: <code>..</code> is a hardlink to the file that implements the immediate parent of the current directory.</p>
+<p>The <code>ln</code> command knows how to build hardlinks and softlinks; the <code>mkdir</code> command knows how to build directories (the OS takes care of the above hardlinks).</p>
+<p>There are restrictions on what can be hardlinked (both links must reside on the same filesystem, the source file must exist, etc.) that are not applicable to softlinks (source and target can be on separate file systems, source does not have to exist, etc.).</p>
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+      </a>
+    </li>
+  
+
+              
+            
+              
+                
+  
+  
+  
+  
+    
+    
+      
+        
+      
+        
+      
+        
+      
+        
+      
+        
+      
+        
+      
+        
+      
+        
+      
+        
+      
+        
+      
+        
+      
+        
+      
+        
+      
+    
+    
+      
+      
+        
+      
+    
+    
+    <li class="md-nav__item md-nav__item--nested">
+      
+        
+        
+        <input class="md-nav__toggle md-toggle " type="checkbox" id="__nav_4_8_2" >
+        
+          
+          <label class="md-nav__link" for="__nav_4_8_2" id="__nav_4_8_2_label" tabindex="0">
+            
+  
+  <span class="md-ellipsis">
+    Modules
+  </span>
+  
+
+            <span class="md-nav__icon md-icon"></span>
+          </label>
+        
+        <nav class="md-nav" data-md-level="3" aria-labelledby="__nav_4_8_2_label" aria-expanded="false">
+          <label class="md-nav__title" for="__nav_4_8_2">
+            <span class="md-nav__icon md-icon"></span>
+            Modules
+          </label>
+          <ul class="md-nav__list" data-md-scrollfix>
+            
+              
+                
+  
+  
+  
+  
+    <li class="md-nav__item">
+      <a href="../../languages/python/modules/argparse.html" class="md-nav__link">
+        
+  
+  <span class="md-ellipsis">
+    argparse
+  </span>
+  
+
+      </a>
+    </li>
+  
+
+              
+            
+              
+                
+  
+  
+  
+  
+    <li class="md-nav__item">
+      <a href="../../languages/python/modules/collections.html" class="md-nav__link">
+        
+  
+  <span class="md-ellipsis">
+    collection
+  </span>
+  
+
+      </a>
+    </li>
+  
+
+              
+            
+              
+                
+  
+  
+  
+  
+    <li class="md-nav__item">
+      <a href="../../languages/python/modules/csv.html" class="md-nav__link">
+        
+  
+  <span class="md-ellipsis">
+    csv
+  </span>
+  
+
+      </a>
+    </li>
+  
+
+              
+            
+              
+                
+  
+  
+  
+  
+    <li class="md-nav__item">
+      <a href="../../languages/python/modules/ftplib.html" class="md-nav__link">
+        
+  
+  <span class="md-ellipsis">
+    ftplib
+  </span>
+  
+
+      </a>
+    </li>
+  
+
+              
+            
+              
+                
+  
+  
+  
+  
+    <li class="md-nav__item">
+      <a href="../../languages/python/modules/itertools.html" class="md-nav__link">
+        
+  
+  <span class="md-ellipsis">
+    itertools
+  </span>
+  
+
+      </a>
+    </li>
+  
+
+              
+            
+              
+                
+  
+  
+  
+  
+    <li class="md-nav__item">
+      <a href="../../languages/python/modules/json.html" class="md-nav__link">
+        
+  
+  <span class="md-ellipsis">
+    json
+  </span>
+  
+
+      </a>
+    </li>
+  
+
+              
+            
+              
+                
+  
+  
+  
+  
+    <li class="md-nav__item">
+      <a href="../../languages/python/modules/logging.html" class="md-nav__link">
+        
+  
+  <span class="md-ellipsis">
+    logging
+  </span>
+  
+
+      </a>
+    </li>
+  
+
+              
+            
+              
+                
+  
+  
+  
+  
+    <li class="md-nav__item">
+      <a href="../../languages/python/modules/shutil.html" class="md-nav__link">
+        
+  
+  <span class="md-ellipsis">
+    shutil
+  </span>
+  
+
+      </a>
+    </li>
+  
+
+              
+            
+              
+                
+  
+  
+  
+  
+    <li class="md-nav__item">
+      <a href="../../languages/python/modules/smtplib.html" class="md-nav__link">
+        
+  
+  <span class="md-ellipsis">
+    smtplib
+  </span>
+  
+
+      </a>
+    </li>
+  
+
+              
+            
+              
+                
+  
+  
+  
+  
+    <li class="md-nav__item">
+      <a href="../../languages/python/modules/socket.html" class="md-nav__link">
+        
+  
+  <span class="md-ellipsis">
+    socket
+  </span>
+  
+
+      </a>
+    </li>
+  
+
+              
+            
+              
+                
+  
+  
+  
+  
+    <li class="md-nav__item">
+      <a href="../../languages/python/modules/sqlite.html" class="md-nav__link">
+        
+  
+  <span class="md-ellipsis">
+    sqlite
+  </span>
+  
+
+      </a>
+    </li>
+  
+
+              
+            
+              
+                
+  
+  
+  
+  
+    <li class="md-nav__item">
+      <a href="../../languages/python/modules/time-datetime.html" class="md-nav__link">
+        
+  
+  <span class="md-ellipsis">
+    time & datetime
+  </span>
+  
+
+      </a>
+    </li>
+  
+
+              
+            
+              
+                
+  
+  
+  
+  
+    <li class="md-nav__item">
+      <a href="../../languages/python/modules/unittest.html" class="md-nav__link">
+        
+  
+  <span class="md-ellipsis">
+    unittest
+  </span>
+  
+
+      </a>
+    </li>
+  
+
+              
+            
+          </ul>
+        </nav>
+      
+    </li>
+  
+
+              
+            
+              
+                
+  
+  
+  
+  
+    
+    
+      
+        
+      
+        
+      
+        
+      
+        
+      
+        
+      
+        
+      
+    
+    
+      
+      
+        
+      
+    
+    
+    <li class="md-nav__item md-nav__item--nested">
+      
+        
+        
+        <input class="md-nav__toggle md-toggle " type="checkbox" id="__nav_4_8_3" >
+        
+          
+          <label class="md-nav__link" for="__nav_4_8_3" id="__nav_4_8_3_label" tabindex="0">
+            
+  
+  <span class="md-ellipsis">
+    Libraries
+  </span>
+  
+
+            <span class="md-nav__icon md-icon"></span>
+          </label>
+        
+        <nav class="md-nav" data-md-level="3" aria-labelledby="__nav_4_8_3_label" aria-expanded="false">
+          <label class="md-nav__title" for="__nav_4_8_3">
+            <span class="md-nav__icon md-icon"></span>
+            Libraries
+          </label>
+          <ul class="md-nav__list" data-md-scrollfix>
+            
+              
+                
+  
+  
+  
+  
+    <li class="md-nav__item">
+      <a href="../../languages/python/libs/tkinter.html" class="md-nav__link">
+        
+  
+  <span class="md-ellipsis">
+    TKinter
+  </span>
+  
+
+      </a>
+    </li>
+  
+
+              
+            
+              
+                
+  
+  
+  
+  
+    <li class="md-nav__item">
+      <a href="../../languages/python/libs/numpy.html" class="md-nav__link">
+        
+  
+  <span class="md-ellipsis">
+    Numpy
+  </span>
+  
+
+      </a>
+    </li>
+  
+
+              
+            
+              
+                
+  
+  
+  
+  
+    <li class="md-nav__item">
+      <a href="../../languages/python/libs/pandas.html" class="md-nav__link">
+        
+  
+  <span class="md-ellipsis">
+    Pandas
+  </span>
+  
+
+      </a>
+    </li>
+  
+
+              
+            
+              
+                
+  
+  
+  
+  
+    <li class="md-nav__item">
+      <a href="../../languages/python/libs/seaborn.html" class="md-nav__link">
+        
+  
+  <span class="md-ellipsis">
+    Seaborn
+  </span>
+  
+
+      </a>
+    </li>
+  
+
+              
+            
+              
+                
+  
+  
+  
+  
+    <li class="md-nav__item">
+      <a href="../../languages/python/libs/requests.html" class="md-nav__link">
+        
+  
+  <span class="md-ellipsis">
+    Requests
+  </span>
+  
+
+      </a>
+    </li>
+  
+
+              
+            
+              
+                
+  
+  
+  
+  
+    <li class="md-nav__item">
+      <a href="../../languages/python/libs/beautiful-soup.html" class="md-nav__link">
+        
+  
+  <span class="md-ellipsis">
+    Beatiful Soup
+  </span>
+  
+
+      </a>
+    </li>
+  
+
+              
+            
+          </ul>
+        </nav>
+      
+    </li>
+  
+
+              
+            
+          </ul>
+        </nav>
+      
+    </li>
+  
+
+              
+            
+              
+                
+  
+  
+  
+  
+    
+    
+      
+        
+      
+        
+      
+        
+      
+    
+    
+      
+      
+        
+      
+    
+    
+    <li class="md-nav__item md-nav__item--nested">
+      
+        
+        
+        <input class="md-nav__toggle md-toggle " type="checkbox" id="__nav_4_9" >
+        
+          
+          <label class="md-nav__link" for="__nav_4_9" id="__nav_4_9_label" tabindex="0">
+            
+  
+  <span class="md-ellipsis">
+    .NET
+  </span>
+  
+
+            <span class="md-nav__icon md-icon"></span>
+          </label>
+        
+        <nav class="md-nav" data-md-level="2" aria-labelledby="__nav_4_9_label" aria-expanded="false">
+          <label class="md-nav__title" for="__nav_4_9">
+            <span class="md-nav__icon md-icon"></span>
+            .NET
+          </label>
+          <ul class="md-nav__list" data-md-scrollfix>
+            
+              
+                
+  
+  
+  
+  
+    
+    
+      
+        
+      
+        
+      
+        
+      
+        
+      
+        
+      
+        
+      
+    
+    
+      
+      
+        
+      
+    
+    
+    <li class="md-nav__item md-nav__item--nested">
+      
+        
+        
+        <input class="md-nav__toggle md-toggle " type="checkbox" id="__nav_4_9_1" >
+        
+          
+          <label class="md-nav__link" for="__nav_4_9_1" id="__nav_4_9_1_label" tabindex="0">
+            
+  
+  <span class="md-ellipsis">
+    C#
+  </span>
+  
+
+            <span class="md-nav__icon md-icon"></span>
+          </label>
+        
+        <nav class="md-nav" data-md-level="3" aria-labelledby="__nav_4_9_1_label" aria-expanded="false">
+          <label class="md-nav__title" for="__nav_4_9_1">
+            <span class="md-nav__icon md-icon"></span>
+            C#
+          </label>
+          <ul class="md-nav__list" data-md-scrollfix>
+            
+              
+                
+  
+  
+  
+  
+    <li class="md-nav__item">
+      <a href="../../languages/dotnet/csharp/csharp.html" class="md-nav__link">
+        
+  
+  <span class="md-ellipsis">
+    C#
+  </span>
+  
+
+      </a>
+    </li>
+  
+
+              
+            
+              
+                
+  
+  
+  
+  
+    <li class="md-nav__item">
+      <a href="../../languages/dotnet/csharp/linq.html" class="md-nav__link">
+        
+  
+  <span class="md-ellipsis">
+    Linq
+  </span>
+  
+
+      </a>
+    </li>
+  
+
+              
+            
+              
+                
+  
+  
+  
+  
+    <li class="md-nav__item">
+      <a href="../../languages/dotnet/csharp/collections.html" class="md-nav__link">
+        
+  
+  <span class="md-ellipsis">
+    Collections
+  </span>
+  
+
+      </a>
+    </li>
+  
+
+              
+            
+              
+                
+  
+  
+  
+  
+    <li class="md-nav__item">
+      <a href="../../languages/dotnet/csharp/reactive-extensions.html" class="md-nav__link">
+        
+  
+  <span class="md-ellipsis">
+    Reactive Extensions
+  </span>
+  
+
+      </a>
+    </li>
+  
+
+              
+            
+              
+                
+  
+  
+  
+  
+    <li class="md-nav__item">
+      <a href="../../languages/dotnet/csharp/async-programming.html" class="md-nav__link">
+        
+  
+  <span class="md-ellipsis">
+    Async Programming
+  </span>
+  
+
+      </a>
+    </li>
+  
+
+              
+            
+              
+                
+  
+  
+  
+  
+    <li class="md-nav__item">
+      <a href="../../languages/dotnet/csharp/unit-tests.html" class="md-nav__link">
+        
+  
+  <span class="md-ellipsis">
+    Unit Tests
+  </span>
+  
+
+      </a>
+    </li>
+  
+
+              
+            
+          </ul>
+        </nav>
+      
+    </li>
+  
+
+              
+            
+              
+                
+  
+  
+  
+  
+    
+    
+      
+        
+      
+        
+      
+        
+      
+        
+      
+        
+      
+        
+      
+        
+      
+    
+    
+      
+      
+        
+      
+    
+    
+    <li class="md-nav__item md-nav__item--nested">
+      
+        
+        
+        <input class="md-nav__toggle md-toggle " type="checkbox" id="__nav_4_9_2" >
+        
+          
+          <label class="md-nav__link" for="__nav_4_9_2" id="__nav_4_9_2_label" tabindex="0">
+            
+  
+  <span class="md-ellipsis">
+    ASP.NET
+  </span>
+  
+
+            <span class="md-nav__icon md-icon"></span>
+          </label>
+        
+        <nav class="md-nav" data-md-level="3" aria-labelledby="__nav_4_9_2_label" aria-expanded="false">
+          <label class="md-nav__title" for="__nav_4_9_2">
+            <span class="md-nav__icon md-icon"></span>
+            ASP.NET
+          </label>
+          <ul class="md-nav__list" data-md-scrollfix>
+            
+              
+                
+  
+  
+  
+  
+    <li class="md-nav__item">
+      <a href="../../languages/dotnet/asp.net/minimal-api.html" class="md-nav__link">
+        
+  
+  <span class="md-ellipsis">
+    Minimal API
+  </span>
+  
+
+      </a>
+    </li>
+  
+
+              
+            
+              
+                
+  
+  
+  
+  
+    <li class="md-nav__item">
+      <a href="../../languages/dotnet/asp.net/filters.html" class="md-nav__link">
+        
+  
+  <span class="md-ellipsis">
+    FIlters
+  </span>
+  
+
+      </a>
+    </li>
+  
+
+              
+            
+              
+                
+  
+  
+  
+  
+    <li class="md-nav__item">
+      <a href="../../languages/dotnet/asp.net/middleware.html" class="md-nav__link">
+        
+  
+  <span class="md-ellipsis">
+    Middleware
+  </span>
+  
+
+      </a>
+    </li>
+  
+
+              
+            
+              
+                
+  
+  
+  
+  
+    <li class="md-nav__item">
+      <a href="../../languages/dotnet/asp.net/razor-syntax.html" class="md-nav__link">
+        
+  
+  <span class="md-ellipsis">
+    Razor Syntax
+  </span>
+  
+
+      </a>
+    </li>
+  
+
+              
+            
+              
+                
+  
+  
+  
+  
+    <li class="md-nav__item">
+      <a href="../../languages/dotnet/asp.net/blazor.html" class="md-nav__link">
+        
+  
+  <span class="md-ellipsis">
+    Blazor
+  </span>
+  
+
+      </a>
+    </li>
+  
+
+              
+            
+              
+                
+  
+  
+  
+  
+    <li class="md-nav__item">
+      <a href="../../languages/dotnet/asp.net/signalr.html" class="md-nav__link">
+        
+  
+  <span class="md-ellipsis">
+    SignalR
+  </span>
+  
+
+      </a>
+    </li>
+  
+
+              
+            
+              
+                
+  
+  
+  
+  
+    <li class="md-nav__item">
+      <a href="../../languages/dotnet/asp.net/web-forms.html" class="md-nav__link">
+        
+  
+  <span class="md-ellipsis">
+    Web Forms
+  </span>
+  
+
+      </a>
+    </li>
+  
+
+              
+            
+          </ul>
+        </nav>
+      
+    </li>
+  
+
+              
+            
+              
+                
+  
+  
+  
+  
+    
+    
+      
+        
+      
+        
+      
+    
+    
+      
+      
+        
+      
+    
+    
+    <li class="md-nav__item md-nav__item--nested">
+      
+        
+        
+        <input class="md-nav__toggle md-toggle " type="checkbox" id="__nav_4_9_3" >
+        
+          
+          <label class="md-nav__link" for="__nav_4_9_3" id="__nav_4_9_3_label" tabindex="0">
+            
+  
+  <span class="md-ellipsis">
+    Database
+  </span>
+  
+
+            <span class="md-nav__icon md-icon"></span>
+          </label>
+        
+        <nav class="md-nav" data-md-level="3" aria-labelledby="__nav_4_9_3_label" aria-expanded="false">
+          <label class="md-nav__title" for="__nav_4_9_3">
+            <span class="md-nav__icon md-icon"></span>
+            Database
+          </label>
+          <ul class="md-nav__list" data-md-scrollfix>
+            
+              
+                
+  
+  
+  
+  
+    <li class="md-nav__item">
+      <a href="../../languages/dotnet/database/ado.net.html" class="md-nav__link">
+        
+  
+  <span class="md-ellipsis">
+    ADO.NET
+  </span>
+  
+
+      </a>
+    </li>
+  
+
+              
+            
+              
+                
+  
+  
+  
+  
+    <li class="md-nav__item">
+      <a href="../../languages/dotnet/database/entity-framework.html" class="md-nav__link">
+        
+  
+  <span class="md-ellipsis">
+    Entity Framework
+  </span>
+  
+
+      </a>
+    </li>
+  
+
+              
+            
+          </ul>
+        </nav>
+      
+    </li>
+  
+
+              
+            
+          </ul>
+        </nav>
+      
+    </li>
+  
+
+              
+            
+              
+                
+  
+  
+  
+  
+    
+    
+      
+        
+      
+        
+      
+        
+      
+        
+      
+    
+    
+      
+      
+        
+      
+    
+    
+    <li class="md-nav__item md-nav__item--nested">
+      
+        
+        
+        <input class="md-nav__toggle md-toggle " type="checkbox" id="__nav_4_10" >
+        
+          
+          <label class="md-nav__link" for="__nav_4_10" id="__nav_4_10_label" tabindex="0">
+            
+  
+  <span class="md-ellipsis">
+    Java
+  </span>
+  
+
+            <span class="md-nav__icon md-icon"></span>
+          </label>
+        
+        <nav class="md-nav" data-md-level="2" aria-labelledby="__nav_4_10_label" aria-expanded="false">
+          <label class="md-nav__title" for="__nav_4_10">
+            <span class="md-nav__icon md-icon"></span>
+            Java
+          </label>
+          <ul class="md-nav__list" data-md-scrollfix>
+            
+              
+                
+  
+  
+  
+  
+    <li class="md-nav__item">
+      <a href="../../languages/java/java.html" class="md-nav__link">
+        
+  
+  <span class="md-ellipsis">
+    Java
+  </span>
+  
+
+      </a>
+    </li>
+  
+
+              
+            
+              
+                
+  
+  
+  
+  
+    <li class="md-nav__item">
+      <a href="../../languages/java/java-collection-framework.html" class="md-nav__link">
+        
+  
+  <span class="md-ellipsis">
+    Java Collection Framework
+  </span>
+  
+
+      </a>
+    </li>
+  
+
+              
+            
+              
+                
+  
+  
+  
+  
+    <li class="md-nav__item">
+      <a href="../../languages/java/dao.html" class="md-nav__link">
+        
+  
+  <span class="md-ellipsis">
+    DAO
+  </span>
+  
+
+      </a>
+    </li>
+  
+
+              
+            
+              
+                
+  
+  
+  
+  
+    
+    
+      
+        
+      
+        
+      
+    
+    
+      
+      
+        
+      
+    
+    
+    <li class="md-nav__item md-nav__item--nested">
+      
+        
+        
+        <input class="md-nav__toggle md-toggle " type="checkbox" id="__nav_4_10_4" >
+        
+          
+          <label class="md-nav__link" for="__nav_4_10_4" id="__nav_4_10_4_label" tabindex="0">
+            
+  
+  <span class="md-ellipsis">
+    Web
+  </span>
+  
+
+            <span class="md-nav__icon md-icon"></span>
+          </label>
+        
+        <nav class="md-nav" data-md-level="3" aria-labelledby="__nav_4_10_4_label" aria-expanded="false">
+          <label class="md-nav__title" for="__nav_4_10_4">
+            <span class="md-nav__icon md-icon"></span>
+            Web
+          </label>
+          <ul class="md-nav__list" data-md-scrollfix>
+            
+              
+                
+  
+  
+  
+  
+    <li class="md-nav__item">
+      <a href="../../languages/java/web/servlet.html" class="md-nav__link">
+        
+  
+  <span class="md-ellipsis">
+    Serverlet
+  </span>
+  
+
+      </a>
+    </li>
+  
+
+              
+            
+              
+                
+  
+  
+  
+  
+    
+    
+      
+        
+      
+        
+      
+    
+    
+      
+      
+        
+      
+    
+    
+    <li class="md-nav__item md-nav__item--nested">
+      
+        
+        
+        <input class="md-nav__toggle md-toggle " type="checkbox" id="__nav_4_10_4_2" >
+        
+          
+          <label class="md-nav__link" for="__nav_4_10_4_2" id="__nav_4_10_4_2_label" tabindex="0">
+            
+  
+  <span class="md-ellipsis">
+    Spring
+  </span>
+  
+
+            <span class="md-nav__icon md-icon"></span>
+          </label>
+        
+        <nav class="md-nav" data-md-level="4" aria-labelledby="__nav_4_10_4_2_label" aria-expanded="false">
+          <label class="md-nav__title" for="__nav_4_10_4_2">
+            <span class="md-nav__icon md-icon"></span>
+            Spring
+          </label>
+          <ul class="md-nav__list" data-md-scrollfix>
+            
+              
+                
+  
+  
+  
+  
+    <li class="md-nav__item">
+      <a href="../../languages/java/spring/pom.xml.html" class="md-nav__link">
+        
+  
+  <span class="md-ellipsis">
+    POM
+  </span>
+  
+
+      </a>
+    </li>
+  
+
+              
+            
+              
+                
+  
+  
+  
+  
+    <li class="md-nav__item">
+      <a href="../../languages/java/spring/spring-project.html" class="md-nav__link">
+        
+  
+  <span class="md-ellipsis">
+    Project Structure
+  </span>
+  
+
+      </a>
+    </li>
+  
+
+              
+            
+          </ul>
+        </nav>
+      
+    </li>
+  
+
+              
+            
+          </ul>
+        </nav>
+      
+    </li>
+  
+
+              
+            
+          </ul>
+        </nav>
+      
+    </li>
+  
+
+              
+            
+              
+                
+  
+  
+  
+  
+    
+    
+      
+        
+      
+        
+      
+        
+      
+        
+      
+        
+      
+        
+      
+        
+      
+        
+      
+        
+      
+    
+    
+      
+      
+        
+      
+    
+    
+    <li class="md-nav__item md-nav__item--nested">
+      
+        
+        
+        <input class="md-nav__toggle md-toggle " type="checkbox" id="__nav_4_11" >
+        
+          
+          <label class="md-nav__link" for="__nav_4_11" id="__nav_4_11_label" tabindex="0">
+            
+  
+  <span class="md-ellipsis">
+    PHP
+  </span>
+  
+
+            <span class="md-nav__icon md-icon"></span>
+          </label>
+        
+        <nav class="md-nav" data-md-level="2" aria-labelledby="__nav_4_11_label" aria-expanded="false">
+          <label class="md-nav__title" for="__nav_4_11">
+            <span class="md-nav__icon md-icon"></span>
+            PHP
+          </label>
+          <ul class="md-nav__list" data-md-scrollfix>
+            
+              
+                
+  
+  
+  
+  
+    <li class="md-nav__item">
+      <a href="../../languages/php/php.html" class="md-nav__link">
+        
+  
+  <span class="md-ellipsis">
+    PHP
+  </span>
+  
+
+      </a>
+    </li>
+  
+
+              
+            
+              
+                
+  
+  
+  
+  
+    <li class="md-nav__item">
+      <a href="../../languages/php/database.html" class="md-nav__link">
+        
+  
+  <span class="md-ellipsis">
+    Database
+  </span>
+  
+
+      </a>
+    </li>
+  
+
+              
+            
+              
+                
+  
+  
+  
+  
+    <li class="md-nav__item">
+      <a href="../../languages/php/web.html" class="md-nav__link">
+        
+  
+  <span class="md-ellipsis">
+    Web
+  </span>
+  
+
+      </a>
+    </li>
+  
+
+              
+            
+              
+                
+  
+  
+  
+  
+    <li class="md-nav__item">
+      <a href="../../languages/php/dependency-injection.html" class="md-nav__link">
+        
+  
+  <span class="md-ellipsis">
+    Dependency Injection
+  </span>
+  
+
+      </a>
+    </li>
+  
+
+              
+            
+              
+                
+  
+  
+  
+  
+    <li class="md-nav__item">
+      <a href="../../languages/php/unit-tests.html" class="md-nav__link">
+        
+  
+  <span class="md-ellipsis">
+    Unit Tests
+  </span>
+  
+
+      </a>
+    </li>
+  
+
+              
+            
+              
+                
+  
+  
+  
+  
+    <li class="md-nav__item">
+      <a href="../../languages/php/composer.html" class="md-nav__link">
+        
+  
+  <span class="md-ellipsis">
+    Composer
+  </span>
+  
+
+      </a>
+    </li>
+  
+
+              
+            
+              
+                
+  
+  
+  
+  
+    <li class="md-nav__item">
+      <a href="../../languages/php/psr-7.html" class="md-nav__link">
+        
+  
+  <span class="md-ellipsis">
+    PSR 7
+  </span>
+  
+
+      </a>
+    </li>
+  
+
+              
+            
+              
+                
+  
+  
+  
+  
+    <li class="md-nav__item">
+      <a href="../../languages/php/plates-templating.html" class="md-nav__link">
+        
+  
+  <span class="md-ellipsis">
+    Plates
+  </span>
+  
+
+      </a>
+    </li>
+  
+
+              
+            
+              
+                
+  
+  
+  
+  
+    
+    
+      
+        
+      
+        
+      
+    
+    
+      
+      
+        
+      
+    
+    
+    <li class="md-nav__item md-nav__item--nested">
+      
+        
+        
+        <input class="md-nav__toggle md-toggle " type="checkbox" id="__nav_4_11_9" >
+        
+          
+          <label class="md-nav__link" for="__nav_4_11_9" id="__nav_4_11_9_label" tabindex="0">
+            
+  
+  <span class="md-ellipsis">
+    Simple MVC
+  </span>
+  
+
+            <span class="md-nav__icon md-icon"></span>
+          </label>
+        
+        <nav class="md-nav" data-md-level="3" aria-labelledby="__nav_4_11_9_label" aria-expanded="false">
+          <label class="md-nav__title" for="__nav_4_11_9">
+            <span class="md-nav__icon md-icon"></span>
+            Simple MVC
+          </label>
+          <ul class="md-nav__list" data-md-scrollfix>
+            
+              
+                
+  
+  
+  
+  
+    <li class="md-nav__item">
+      <a href="../../languages/php/simple-mvc/simple-mvc.html" class="md-nav__link">
+        
+  
+  <span class="md-ellipsis">
+    Simple MVC
+  </span>
+  
+
+      </a>
+    </li>
+  
+
+              
+            
+              
+                
+  
+  
+  
+  
+    <li class="md-nav__item">
+      <a href="../../languages/php/simple-mvc/rest-api.html" class="md-nav__link">
+        
+  
+  <span class="md-ellipsis">
+    REST API
+  </span>
+  
+
+      </a>
+    </li>
+  
+
+              
+            
+          </ul>
+        </nav>
+      
+    </li>
+  
+
+              
+            
+          </ul>
+        </nav>
+      
+    </li>
+  
+
+              
+            
+              
+                
+  
+  
+  
+  
+    
+    
+      
+        
+      
+        
+      
+        
+      
+        
+      
+        
+      
+    
+    
+      
+      
+        
+      
+    
+    
+    <li class="md-nav__item md-nav__item--nested">
+      
+        
+        
+        <input class="md-nav__toggle md-toggle " type="checkbox" id="__nav_4_12" >
+        
+          
+          <label class="md-nav__link" for="__nav_4_12" id="__nav_4_12_label" tabindex="0">
+            
+  
+  <span class="md-ellipsis">
+    Rust
+  </span>
+  
+
+            <span class="md-nav__icon md-icon"></span>
+          </label>
+        
+        <nav class="md-nav" data-md-level="2" aria-labelledby="__nav_4_12_label" aria-expanded="false">
+          <label class="md-nav__title" for="__nav_4_12">
+            <span class="md-nav__icon md-icon"></span>
+            Rust
+          </label>
+          <ul class="md-nav__list" data-md-scrollfix>
+            
+              
+                
+  
+  
+  
+  
+    <li class="md-nav__item">
+      <a href="../../languages/rust/rust.html" class="md-nav__link">
+        
+  
+  <span class="md-ellipsis">
+    Rust
+  </span>
+  
+
+      </a>
+    </li>
+  
+
+              
+            
+              
+                
+  
+  
+  
+  
+    <li class="md-nav__item">
+      <a href="../../languages/rust/macros.html" class="md-nav__link">
+        
+  
+  <span class="md-ellipsis">
+    Macros
+  </span>
+  
+
+      </a>
+    </li>
+  
+
+              
+            
+              
+                
+  
+  
+  
+  
+    <li class="md-nav__item">
+      <a href="../../languages/rust/cargo.html" class="md-nav__link">
+        
+  
+  <span class="md-ellipsis">
+    Cargo
+  </span>
+  
+
+      </a>
+    </li>
+  
+
+              
+            
+              
+                
+  
+  
+  
+  
+    <li class="md-nav__item">
+      <a href="../../languages/rust/concurrency.html" class="md-nav__link">
+        
+  
+  <span class="md-ellipsis">
+    Concurrency
+  </span>
+  
+
+      </a>
+    </li>
+  
+
+              
+            
+              
+                
+  
+  
+  
+  
+    <li class="md-nav__item">
+      <a href="../../languages/rust/unit-tests.html" class="md-nav__link">
+        
+  
+  <span class="md-ellipsis">
+    Unit Tests
+  </span>
+  
+
+      </a>
+    </li>
+  
+
+              
+            
+          </ul>
+        </nav>
+      
+    </li>
+  
+
+              
+            
+              
+                
+  
+  
+  
+  
+    
+    
+      
+        
+      
+        
+      
+        
+      
+        
+      
+        
+      
+        
+      
+        
+      
+    
+    
+      
+      
+        
+      
+    
+    
+    <li class="md-nav__item md-nav__item--nested">
+      
+        
+        
+        <input class="md-nav__toggle md-toggle " type="checkbox" id="__nav_4_13" >
+        
+          
+          <label class="md-nav__link" for="__nav_4_13" id="__nav_4_13_label" tabindex="0">
+            
+  
+  <span class="md-ellipsis">
+    Javascript
+  </span>
+  
+
+            <span class="md-nav__icon md-icon"></span>
+          </label>
+        
+        <nav class="md-nav" data-md-level="2" aria-labelledby="__nav_4_13_label" aria-expanded="false">
+          <label class="md-nav__title" for="__nav_4_13">
+            <span class="md-nav__icon md-icon"></span>
+            Javascript
+          </label>
+          <ul class="md-nav__list" data-md-scrollfix>
+            
+              
+                
+  
+  
+  
+  
+    <li class="md-nav__item">
+      <a href="../../languages/javascript/javascript.html" class="md-nav__link">
+        
+  
+  <span class="md-ellipsis">
+    Javascript
+  </span>
+  
+
+      </a>
+    </li>
+  
+
+              
+            
+              
+                
+  
+  
+  
+  
+    <li class="md-nav__item">
+      <a href="../../languages/javascript/dom.html" class="md-nav__link">
+        
+  
+  <span class="md-ellipsis">
+    DOM
+  </span>
+  
+
+      </a>
+    </li>
+  
+
+              
+            
+              
+                
+  
+  
+  
+  
+    <li class="md-nav__item">
+      <a href="../../languages/javascript/events-animation.html" class="md-nav__link">
+        
+  
+  <span class="md-ellipsis">
+    Events & Animation
+  </span>
+  
+
+      </a>
+    </li>
+  
+
+              
+            
+              
+                
+  
+  
+  
+  
+    <li class="md-nav__item">
+      <a href="../../languages/javascript/ajax.html" class="md-nav__link">
+        
+  
+  <span class="md-ellipsis">
+    AJAX
+  </span>
+  
+
+      </a>
+    </li>
+  
+
+              
+            
+              
+                
+  
+  
+  
+  
+    <li class="md-nav__item">
+      <a href="../../languages/javascript/jquery.html" class="md-nav__link">
+        
+  
+  <span class="md-ellipsis">
+    jQuery
+  </span>
+  
+
+      </a>
+    </li>
+  
+
+              
+            
+              
+                
+  
+  
+  
+  
+    
+    
+      
+        
+      
+        
+      
+        
+      
+        
+      
+        
+      
+    
+    
+      
+      
+        
+      
+    
+    
+    <li class="md-nav__item md-nav__item--nested">
+      
+        
+        
+        <input class="md-nav__toggle md-toggle " type="checkbox" id="__nav_4_13_6" >
+        
+          
+          <label class="md-nav__link" for="__nav_4_13_6" id="__nav_4_13_6_label" tabindex="0">
+            
+  
+  <span class="md-ellipsis">
+    React
+  </span>
+  
+
+            <span class="md-nav__icon md-icon"></span>
+          </label>
+        
+        <nav class="md-nav" data-md-level="3" aria-labelledby="__nav_4_13_6_label" aria-expanded="false">
+          <label class="md-nav__title" for="__nav_4_13_6">
+            <span class="md-nav__icon md-icon"></span>
+            React
+          </label>
+          <ul class="md-nav__list" data-md-scrollfix>
+            
+              
+                
+  
+  
+  
+  
+    <li class="md-nav__item">
+      <a href="../../languages/javascript/react/react.html" class="md-nav__link">
+        
+  
+  <span class="md-ellipsis">
+    React
+  </span>
+  
+
+      </a>
+    </li>
+  
+
+              
+            
+              
+                
+  
+  
+  
+  
+    <li class="md-nav__item">
+      <a href="../../languages/javascript/react/react-router.html" class="md-nav__link">
+        
+  
+  <span class="md-ellipsis">
+    React Router
+  </span>
+  
+
+      </a>
+    </li>
+  
+
+              
+            
+              
+                
+  
+  
+  
+  
+    <li class="md-nav__item">
+      <a href="../../languages/javascript/react/react-tests.html" class="md-nav__link">
+        
+  
+  <span class="md-ellipsis">
+    React Tests
+  </span>
+  
+
+      </a>
+    </li>
+  
+
+              
+            
+              
+                
+  
+  
+  
+  
+    <li class="md-nav__item">
+      <a href="../../languages/javascript/react/redux.html" class="md-nav__link">
+        
+  
+  <span class="md-ellipsis">
+    Redux
+  </span>
+  
+
+      </a>
+    </li>
+  
+
+              
+            
+              
+                
+  
+  
+  
+  
+    <li class="md-nav__item">
+      <a href="../../languages/javascript/react/redux-tests.html" class="md-nav__link">
+        
+  
+  <span class="md-ellipsis">
+    Redux Tests
+  </span>
+  
+
+      </a>
+    </li>
+  
+
+              
+            
+          </ul>
+        </nav>
+      
+    </li>
+  
+
+              
+            
+              
+                
+  
+  
+  
+  
+    <li class="md-nav__item">
+      <a href="../../languages/javascript/svelte/svelte.html" class="md-nav__link">
+        
+  
+  <span class="md-ellipsis">
+    Svelte
+  </span>
+  
+
+      </a>
+    </li>
+  
+
+              
+            
+          </ul>
+        </nav>
+      
+    </li>
+  
+
+              
+            
+              
+                
+  
+  
+  
+  
+    
+    
+      
+        
+      
+        
+      
+    
+    
+      
+      
+        
+      
+    
+    
+    <li class="md-nav__item md-nav__item--nested">
+      
+        
+        
+        <input class="md-nav__toggle md-toggle " type="checkbox" id="__nav_4_14" >
+        
+          
+          <label class="md-nav__link" for="__nav_4_14" id="__nav_4_14_label" tabindex="0">
+            
+  
+  <span class="md-ellipsis">
+    PowerShell
+  </span>
+  
+
+            <span class="md-nav__icon md-icon"></span>
+          </label>
+        
+        <nav class="md-nav" data-md-level="2" aria-labelledby="__nav_4_14_label" aria-expanded="false">
+          <label class="md-nav__title" for="__nav_4_14">
+            <span class="md-nav__icon md-icon"></span>
+            PowerShell
+          </label>
+          <ul class="md-nav__list" data-md-scrollfix>
+            
+              
+                
+  
+  
+  
+  
+    <li class="md-nav__item">
+      <a href="../../languages/powershell/scripting.html" class="md-nav__link">
+        
+  
+  <span class="md-ellipsis">
+    Scripting
+  </span>
+  
+
+      </a>
+    </li>
+  
+
+              
+            
+              
+                
+  
+  
+  
+  
+    <li class="md-nav__item">
+      <a href="../../languages/powershell/commands.html" class="md-nav__link">
+        
+  
+  <span class="md-ellipsis">
+    Commands
+  </span>
+  
+
+      </a>
+    </li>
+  
+
+              
+            
+          </ul>
+        </nav>
+      
+    </li>
+  
+
+              
+            
+              
+                
+  
+  
+  
+  
+    
+    
+      
+        
+      
+        
+      
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+<nav class="md-nav md-nav--secondary" aria-label="Table of contents">
+  
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+      Table of contents
+    </label>
+    <ul class="md-nav__list" data-md-component="toc" data-md-scrollfix>
+      
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+  <a href="#top-level-files-within-proc" class="md-nav__link">
+    <span class="md-ellipsis">
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+    </span>
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+  
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+  <a href="#process-directories-in-proc" class="md-nav__link">
+    <span class="md-ellipsis">
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+  <a href="#other-directories-in-proc" class="md-nav__link">
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+                
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+
+  
+  
+
+
+<h1 id="proc-filesystem"><code>/proc</code> Filesystem</h1>
+<p>The proc file system contains a hierarchy of special files that represent the current state of the kernel.</p>
+<p>Files in the <code>/proc</code> directory contain information about the hardware and current processes running on the system.
+Files that have <em>write permission</em> can be modified to change the configuration of the kernel.</p>
+<h2 id="top-level-files-within-proc">Top-Level Files Within <code>/proc</code></h2>
+<ul>
+<li>
+<p><code>/proc/buddyinfo</code>: This file is used primarily for diagnosing memory fragmentation issues.</p>
+</li>
+<li>
+<p><code>/proc/cmdline</code>: This file shows the parameters passed to the kernel at the time it is started.</p>
+</li>
+<li>
+<p><code>/proc/cpuinfo</code>: This virtual file identifies the type of processor used by the system.</p>
+</li>
+<li>
+<p><code>/proc/crypto</code>: This file lists all installed cryptographic ciphers used by the Linux kernel, including additional details for each.</p>
+</li>
+<li>
+<p><code>/proc/devices</code>: This file displays the various character and block devices currently configured (not including devices whose modules are not loaded).</p>
+</li>
+<li>
+<p><code>/proc/dma</code>: This file contains a list of the registered ISA DMA channels in use.</p>
+</li>
+<li>
+<p><code>/proc/execdomains</code>: This file lists the execution domains currently supported by the Linux kernel, along with the
+  range of personalities they support.</p>
+</li>
+<li>
+<p><code>/proc/filesystems</code>: This file displays a list of the file system types currently supported by the kernel.<br />
+  The first column signifies whether the file system is mounted on a block device. Those beginning with <code>nodev</code> are not mounted on a device.<br />
+  The second column lists the names of the file systems supported.<br />
+  The mount command cycles through the file systems listed here when one is not specified as an argument.</p>
+</li>
+<li>
+<p><code>/proc/interrupts</code>: This file records the number of interrupts per IRQ on the <code>x86</code> architecture.</p>
+</li>
+<li>
+<p><code>/proc/iomem</code>: This file shows the current map of the system’s memory for each physical device.</p>
+</li>
+<li>
+<p><code>/proc/ioports</code>: This file provides a list of currently registered port regions used for input or output communication with a device.</p>
+</li>
+<li>
+<p><code>/proc/kcore</code>: This file represents the physical memory of the system and is stored in the core file format.
+  The contents of this file are designed to be examined by a debugger, such as gdb, and is not human readable.</p>
+</li>
+<li>
+<p><code>/proc/kmsg</code>: This file is used to hold messages generated by the kernel. These messages are then picked up by other
+  programs, such as <code>/bin/dmesg</code>.</p>
+</li>
+<li>
+<p><code>/proc/loadavg</code>: This file provides a look at the load average in regard to both the CPU and I/O over time, as well as
+  additional data used by uptime and other commands.</p>
+</li>
+<li>
+<p><code>/proc/locks</code>: This file displays the files currently locked by the kernel. The contents of this file contain internal
+  kernel debugging data and can vary tremendously, depending on the use of the system.</p>
+</li>
+<li>
+<p><code>/proc/mdstat</code>: This file contains the current information for multiple-disk, RAID configurations.</p>
+</li>
+<li>
+<p><code>/proc/meminfo</code>: This file reports a large amount of valuable information about the system’s RAM usage.</p>
+</li>
+<li>
+<p><code>/proc/modules</code>: This file displays a list of all modules loaded into the kernel. Most of this information can also be
+  viewed by using the /sbin/lsmod command.</p>
+</li>
+</ul>
+<h2 id="process-directories-in-proc">Process Directories in <code>/proc</code></h2>
+<p>The <code>/proc</code> directory contains directories with numerical names.
+These directories are named after a program’s process ID and contain information about that process.
+The owner and group of each process directory are set to the user running the process.</p>
+<p>Each <code>/proc/&lt;pid&gt;</code> directory contains several files including:</p>
+<ul>
+<li><code>cmdline</code>: The command issued when starting the process</li>
+<li><code>cwd</code>: A symbolic link to the current working directory for the process</li>
+<li><code>environ</code>: A list of the environment variables for the process</li>
+<li><code>exe</code>: A symbolic link to the executable of this process</li>
+<li><code>fd</code>: The directory containing all of the file descriptors for a particular process</li>
+<li><code>maps</code>: A list of memory maps to executables and library files associated with process</li>
+<li><code>mem</code>: The memory held by the process (the file cannot be read by the user)</li>
+<li><code>root</code>: A link to the root directory of the process</li>
+<li><code>stat</code>: The status of the process including run state and memory usage</li>
+<li><code>statm</code>: The status of the memory in use by the process</li>
+<li><code>status</code>: The status of the process in a more readable form than stat or statm</li>
+</ul>
+<h2 id="other-directories-in-proc">Other Directories in <code>/proc</code></h2>
+<p>Other directories within the <code>/proc</code> directory group similar information by topic. The following is a partial list of these directories:</p>
+<ul>
+<li>
+<p><code>/proc/bus</code>: This directory contains information about the various buses available on the system.
+  The subdirectories and files available within /proc/bus vary depending on the devices connected to the system.</p>
+</li>
+<li>
+<p><code>/proc/bus/pci</code>, <code>/proc/bus/usb</code>: It's possible to get a list of all PCI and USB devices present on the system by using
+  the cat command on the devices file within these directories, but the output is difficult to read and interpret.<br />
+  For a human-readable list of devices, run the <code>lspci</code> and <code>lsusb</code> commands.</p>
+</li>
+<li>
+<p><code>/proc/driver</code>: This directory contains information for specific drivers in use by the kernel.</p>
+</li>
+<li>
+<p><code>/proc/fs</code>: This directory shows which file systems are exported.</p>
+</li>
+<li>
+<p><code>/proc/irq</code>: This directory is used to set IRQ to CPU affinity, which allows the system to connect a particular IRQ to only one CPU.
+  Alternatively, it can exclude a CPU from handling any IRQs.</p>
+</li>
+<li>
+<p><code>/proc/self/net</code>: This directory provides a comprehensive look at various networking parameters and statistics.
+  Each directory and virtual file within this directory describes aspects of the system’s network configuration.
+  The <code>/proc/net</code> file is a symbolic link to this directory.</p>
+</li>
+<li>
+<p><code>/proc/scsi</code>: The primary file in this directory is <code>/proc/scsi/scsi</code>, which contains a list of every recognized SCSI device.
+  From this listing, the type of device, as well as the model name, vendor, SCSI channel, and ID data is available.</p>
+</li>
+<li>
+<p><code>/proc/sys</code>: This directory is different from others in <code>/proc</code>, because it not only provides information about the system
+  but also allows to immediately enable and disable kernel features.<br />
+  Changes made by writing to the files are not persistent and disappear when the system is restarted.
+  To make changes persist after rebooting, add them to the <code>/etc/sysctl.conf</code> file.</p>
+</li>
+<li>
+<p><code>/proc/sys/dev</code>: This directory provides parameters for particular devices on the system.</p>
+</li>
+<li>
+<p><code>/proc/sys/fs</code>: This directory contains options and information concerning various aspects of the file system, including quota, file handle, and inode information.</p>
+</li>
+<li>
+<p><code>/proc/sys/kernel</code>: This directory contains a variety of different configuration files that directly affect the operation of the kernel.</p>
+</li>
+<li>
+<p><code>/proc/sys/net</code>: This directory contains subdirectories concerning various networking topics.
+  Ir's possible to alter the files within these directories to adjust the network configuration on a running system.</p>
+</li>
+<li>
+<p><code>/proc/sysvipc</code>: This directory contains information about System V Interprocess Communication (IPC) resources.
+  The files in this directory relate to System V IPC calls for messages (msg), semaphores (sem), and shared memory (shm).</p>
+</li>
+<li>
+<p><code>/proc/tty</code>: This directory contains information about the available and currently used tty devices on the system.
+  The drivers file is a list of the current tty devices in use.</p>
+</li>
+</ul>
+
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+        <nav class="md-nav" data-md-level="3" aria-labelledby="__nav_4_8_3_label" aria-expanded="false">
+          <label class="md-nav__title" for="__nav_4_8_3">
+            <span class="md-nav__icon md-icon"></span>
+            Libraries
+          </label>
+          <ul class="md-nav__list" data-md-scrollfix>
+            
+              
+                
+  
+  
+  
+  
+    <li class="md-nav__item">
+      <a href="../../languages/python/libs/tkinter.html" class="md-nav__link">
+        
+  
+  <span class="md-ellipsis">
+    TKinter
+  </span>
+  
+
+      </a>
+    </li>
+  
+
+              
+            
+              
+                
+  
+  
+  
+  
+    <li class="md-nav__item">
+      <a href="../../languages/python/libs/numpy.html" class="md-nav__link">
+        
+  
+  <span class="md-ellipsis">
+    Numpy
+  </span>
+  
+
+      </a>
+    </li>
+  
+
+              
+            
+              
+                
+  
+  
+  
+  
+    <li class="md-nav__item">
+      <a href="../../languages/python/libs/pandas.html" class="md-nav__link">
+        
+  
+  <span class="md-ellipsis">
+    Pandas
+  </span>
+  
+
+      </a>
+    </li>
+  
+
+              
+            
+              
+                
+  
+  
+  
+  
+    <li class="md-nav__item">
+      <a href="../../languages/python/libs/seaborn.html" class="md-nav__link">
+        
+  
+  <span class="md-ellipsis">
+    Seaborn
+  </span>
+  
+
+      </a>
+    </li>
+  
+
+              
+            
+              
+                
+  
+  
+  
+  
+    <li class="md-nav__item">
+      <a href="../../languages/python/libs/requests.html" class="md-nav__link">
+        
+  
+  <span class="md-ellipsis">
+    Requests
+  </span>
+  
+
+      </a>
+    </li>
+  
+
+              
+            
+              
+                
+  
+  
+  
+  
+    <li class="md-nav__item">
+      <a href="../../languages/python/libs/beautiful-soup.html" class="md-nav__link">
+        
+  
+  <span class="md-ellipsis">
+    Beatiful Soup
+  </span>
+  
+
+      </a>
+    </li>
+  
+
+              
+            
+          </ul>
+        </nav>
+      
+    </li>
+  
+
+              
+            
+          </ul>
+        </nav>
+      
+    </li>
+  
+
+              
+            
+              
+                
+  
+  
+  
+  
+    
+    
+      
+        
+      
+        
+      
+        
+      
+    
+    
+      
+      
+        
+      
+    
+    
+    <li class="md-nav__item md-nav__item--nested">
+      
+        
+        
+        <input class="md-nav__toggle md-toggle " type="checkbox" id="__nav_4_9" >
+        
+          
+          <label class="md-nav__link" for="__nav_4_9" id="__nav_4_9_label" tabindex="0">
+            
+  
+  <span class="md-ellipsis">
+    .NET
+  </span>
+  
+
+            <span class="md-nav__icon md-icon"></span>
+          </label>
+        
+        <nav class="md-nav" data-md-level="2" aria-labelledby="__nav_4_9_label" aria-expanded="false">
+          <label class="md-nav__title" for="__nav_4_9">
+            <span class="md-nav__icon md-icon"></span>
+            .NET
+          </label>
+          <ul class="md-nav__list" data-md-scrollfix>
+            
+              
+                
+  
+  
+  
+  
+    
+    
+      
+        
+      
+        
+      
+        
+      
+        
+      
+        
+      
+        
+      
+    
+    
+      
+      
+        
+      
+    
+    
+    <li class="md-nav__item md-nav__item--nested">
+      
+        
+        
+        <input class="md-nav__toggle md-toggle " type="checkbox" id="__nav_4_9_1" >
+        
+          
+          <label class="md-nav__link" for="__nav_4_9_1" id="__nav_4_9_1_label" tabindex="0">
+            
+  
+  <span class="md-ellipsis">
+    C#
+  </span>
+  
+
+            <span class="md-nav__icon md-icon"></span>
+          </label>
+        
+        <nav class="md-nav" data-md-level="3" aria-labelledby="__nav_4_9_1_label" aria-expanded="false">
+          <label class="md-nav__title" for="__nav_4_9_1">
+            <span class="md-nav__icon md-icon"></span>
+            C#
+          </label>
+          <ul class="md-nav__list" data-md-scrollfix>
+            
+              
+                
+  
+  
+  
+  
+    <li class="md-nav__item">
+      <a href="../../languages/dotnet/csharp/csharp.html" class="md-nav__link">
+        
+  
+  <span class="md-ellipsis">
+    C#
+  </span>
+  
+
+      </a>
+    </li>
+  
+
+              
+            
+              
+                
+  
+  
+  
+  
+    <li class="md-nav__item">
+      <a href="../../languages/dotnet/csharp/linq.html" class="md-nav__link">
+        
+  
+  <span class="md-ellipsis">
+    Linq
+  </span>
+  
+
+      </a>
+    </li>
+  
+
+              
+            
+              
+                
+  
+  
+  
+  
+    <li class="md-nav__item">
+      <a href="../../languages/dotnet/csharp/collections.html" class="md-nav__link">
+        
+  
+  <span class="md-ellipsis">
+    Collections
+  </span>
+  
+
+      </a>
+    </li>
+  
+
+              
+            
+              
+                
+  
+  
+  
+  
+    <li class="md-nav__item">
+      <a href="../../languages/dotnet/csharp/reactive-extensions.html" class="md-nav__link">
+        
+  
+  <span class="md-ellipsis">
+    Reactive Extensions
+  </span>
+  
+
+      </a>
+    </li>
+  
+
+              
+            
+              
+                
+  
+  
+  
+  
+    <li class="md-nav__item">
+      <a href="../../languages/dotnet/csharp/async-programming.html" class="md-nav__link">
+        
+  
+  <span class="md-ellipsis">
+    Async Programming
+  </span>
+  
+
+      </a>
+    </li>
+  
+
+              
+            
+              
+                
+  
+  
+  
+  
+    <li class="md-nav__item">
+      <a href="../../languages/dotnet/csharp/unit-tests.html" class="md-nav__link">
+        
+  
+  <span class="md-ellipsis">
+    Unit Tests
+  </span>
+  
+
+      </a>
+    </li>
+  
+
+              
+            
+          </ul>
+        </nav>
+      
+    </li>
+  
+
+              
+            
+              
+                
+  
+  
+  
+  
+    
+    
+      
+        
+      
+        
+      
+        
+      
+        
+      
+        
+      
+        
+      
+        
+      
+    
+    
+      
+      
+        
+      
+    
+    
+    <li class="md-nav__item md-nav__item--nested">
+      
+        
+        
+        <input class="md-nav__toggle md-toggle " type="checkbox" id="__nav_4_9_2" >
+        
+          
+          <label class="md-nav__link" for="__nav_4_9_2" id="__nav_4_9_2_label" tabindex="0">
+            
+  
+  <span class="md-ellipsis">
+    ASP.NET
+  </span>
+  
+
+            <span class="md-nav__icon md-icon"></span>
+          </label>
+        
+        <nav class="md-nav" data-md-level="3" aria-labelledby="__nav_4_9_2_label" aria-expanded="false">
+          <label class="md-nav__title" for="__nav_4_9_2">
+            <span class="md-nav__icon md-icon"></span>
+            ASP.NET
+          </label>
+          <ul class="md-nav__list" data-md-scrollfix>
+            
+              
+                
+  
+  
+  
+  
+    <li class="md-nav__item">
+      <a href="../../languages/dotnet/asp.net/minimal-api.html" class="md-nav__link">
+        
+  
+  <span class="md-ellipsis">
+    Minimal API
+  </span>
+  
+
+      </a>
+    </li>
+  
+
+              
+            
+              
+                
+  
+  
+  
+  
+    <li class="md-nav__item">
+      <a href="../../languages/dotnet/asp.net/filters.html" class="md-nav__link">
+        
+  
+  <span class="md-ellipsis">
+    FIlters
+  </span>
+  
+
+      </a>
+    </li>
+  
+
+              
+            
+              
+                
+  
+  
+  
+  
+    <li class="md-nav__item">
+      <a href="../../languages/dotnet/asp.net/middleware.html" class="md-nav__link">
+        
+  
+  <span class="md-ellipsis">
+    Middleware
+  </span>
+  
+
+      </a>
+    </li>
+  
+
+              
+            
+              
+                
+  
+  
+  
+  
+    <li class="md-nav__item">
+      <a href="../../languages/dotnet/asp.net/razor-syntax.html" class="md-nav__link">
+        
+  
+  <span class="md-ellipsis">
+    Razor Syntax
+  </span>
+  
+
+      </a>
+    </li>
+  
+
+              
+            
+              
+                
+  
+  
+  
+  
+    <li class="md-nav__item">
+      <a href="../../languages/dotnet/asp.net/blazor.html" class="md-nav__link">
+        
+  
+  <span class="md-ellipsis">
+    Blazor
+  </span>
+  
+
+      </a>
+    </li>
+  
+
+              
+            
+              
+                
+  
+  
+  
+  
+    <li class="md-nav__item">
+      <a href="../../languages/dotnet/asp.net/signalr.html" class="md-nav__link">
+        
+  
+  <span class="md-ellipsis">
+    SignalR
+  </span>
+  
+
+      </a>
+    </li>
+  
+
+              
+            
+              
+                
+  
+  
+  
+  
+    <li class="md-nav__item">
+      <a href="../../languages/dotnet/asp.net/web-forms.html" class="md-nav__link">
+        
+  
+  <span class="md-ellipsis">
+    Web Forms
+  </span>
+  
+
+      </a>
+    </li>
+  
+
+              
+            
+          </ul>
+        </nav>
+      
+    </li>
+  
+
+              
+            
+              
+                
+  
+  
+  
+  
+    
+    
+      
+        
+      
+        
+      
+    
+    
+      
+      
+        
+      
+    
+    
+    <li class="md-nav__item md-nav__item--nested">
+      
+        
+        
+        <input class="md-nav__toggle md-toggle " type="checkbox" id="__nav_4_9_3" >
+        
+          
+          <label class="md-nav__link" for="__nav_4_9_3" id="__nav_4_9_3_label" tabindex="0">
+            
+  
+  <span class="md-ellipsis">
+    Database
+  </span>
+  
+
+            <span class="md-nav__icon md-icon"></span>
+          </label>
+        
+        <nav class="md-nav" data-md-level="3" aria-labelledby="__nav_4_9_3_label" aria-expanded="false">
+          <label class="md-nav__title" for="__nav_4_9_3">
+            <span class="md-nav__icon md-icon"></span>
+            Database
+          </label>
+          <ul class="md-nav__list" data-md-scrollfix>
+            
+              
+                
+  
+  
+  
+  
+    <li class="md-nav__item">
+      <a href="../../languages/dotnet/database/ado.net.html" class="md-nav__link">
+        
+  
+  <span class="md-ellipsis">
+    ADO.NET
+  </span>
+  
+
+      </a>
+    </li>
+  
+
+              
+            
+              
+                
+  
+  
+  
+  
+    <li class="md-nav__item">
+      <a href="../../languages/dotnet/database/entity-framework.html" class="md-nav__link">
+        
+  
+  <span class="md-ellipsis">
+    Entity Framework
+  </span>
+  
+
+      </a>
+    </li>
+  
+
+              
+            
+          </ul>
+        </nav>
+      
+    </li>
+  
+
+              
+            
+          </ul>
+        </nav>
+      
+    </li>
+  
+
+              
+            
+              
+                
+  
+  
+  
+  
+    
+    
+      
+        
+      
+        
+      
+        
+      
+        
+      
+    
+    
+      
+      
+        
+      
+    
+    
+    <li class="md-nav__item md-nav__item--nested">
+      
+        
+        
+        <input class="md-nav__toggle md-toggle " type="checkbox" id="__nav_4_10" >
+        
+          
+          <label class="md-nav__link" for="__nav_4_10" id="__nav_4_10_label" tabindex="0">
+            
+  
+  <span class="md-ellipsis">
+    Java
+  </span>
+  
+
+            <span class="md-nav__icon md-icon"></span>
+          </label>
+        
+        <nav class="md-nav" data-md-level="2" aria-labelledby="__nav_4_10_label" aria-expanded="false">
+          <label class="md-nav__title" for="__nav_4_10">
+            <span class="md-nav__icon md-icon"></span>
+            Java
+          </label>
+          <ul class="md-nav__list" data-md-scrollfix>
+            
+              
+                
+  
+  
+  
+  
+    <li class="md-nav__item">
+      <a href="../../languages/java/java.html" class="md-nav__link">
+        
+  
+  <span class="md-ellipsis">
+    Java
+  </span>
+  
+
+      </a>
+    </li>
+  
+
+              
+            
+              
+                
+  
+  
+  
+  
+    <li class="md-nav__item">
+      <a href="../../languages/java/java-collection-framework.html" class="md-nav__link">
+        
+  
+  <span class="md-ellipsis">
+    Java Collection Framework
+  </span>
+  
+
+      </a>
+    </li>
+  
+
+              
+            
+              
+                
+  
+  
+  
+  
+    <li class="md-nav__item">
+      <a href="../../languages/java/dao.html" class="md-nav__link">
+        
+  
+  <span class="md-ellipsis">
+    DAO
+  </span>
+  
+
+      </a>
+    </li>
+  
+
+              
+            
+              
+                
+  
+  
+  
+  
+    
+    
+      
+        
+      
+        
+      
+    
+    
+      
+      
+        
+      
+    
+    
+    <li class="md-nav__item md-nav__item--nested">
+      
+        
+        
+        <input class="md-nav__toggle md-toggle " type="checkbox" id="__nav_4_10_4" >
+        
+          
+          <label class="md-nav__link" for="__nav_4_10_4" id="__nav_4_10_4_label" tabindex="0">
+            
+  
+  <span class="md-ellipsis">
+    Web
+  </span>
+  
+
+            <span class="md-nav__icon md-icon"></span>
+          </label>
+        
+        <nav class="md-nav" data-md-level="3" aria-labelledby="__nav_4_10_4_label" aria-expanded="false">
+          <label class="md-nav__title" for="__nav_4_10_4">
+            <span class="md-nav__icon md-icon"></span>
+            Web
+          </label>
+          <ul class="md-nav__list" data-md-scrollfix>
+            
+              
+                
+  
+  
+  
+  
+    <li class="md-nav__item">
+      <a href="../../languages/java/web/servlet.html" class="md-nav__link">
+        
+  
+  <span class="md-ellipsis">
+    Serverlet
+  </span>
+  
+
+      </a>
+    </li>
+  
+
+              
+            
+              
+                
+  
+  
+  
+  
+    
+    
+      
+        
+      
+        
+      
+    
+    
+      
+      
+        
+      
+    
+    
+    <li class="md-nav__item md-nav__item--nested">
+      
+        
+        
+        <input class="md-nav__toggle md-toggle " type="checkbox" id="__nav_4_10_4_2" >
+        
+          
+          <label class="md-nav__link" for="__nav_4_10_4_2" id="__nav_4_10_4_2_label" tabindex="0">
+            
+  
+  <span class="md-ellipsis">
+    Spring
+  </span>
+  
+
+            <span class="md-nav__icon md-icon"></span>
+          </label>
+        
+        <nav class="md-nav" data-md-level="4" aria-labelledby="__nav_4_10_4_2_label" aria-expanded="false">
+          <label class="md-nav__title" for="__nav_4_10_4_2">
+            <span class="md-nav__icon md-icon"></span>
+            Spring
+          </label>
+          <ul class="md-nav__list" data-md-scrollfix>
+            
+              
+                
+  
+  
+  
+  
+    <li class="md-nav__item">
+      <a href="../../languages/java/spring/pom.xml.html" class="md-nav__link">
+        
+  
+  <span class="md-ellipsis">
+    POM
+  </span>
+  
+
+      </a>
+    </li>
+  
+
+              
+            
+              
+                
+  
+  
+  
+  
+    <li class="md-nav__item">
+      <a href="../../languages/java/spring/spring-project.html" class="md-nav__link">
+        
+  
+  <span class="md-ellipsis">
+    Project Structure
+  </span>
+  
+
+      </a>
+    </li>
+  
+
+              
+            
+          </ul>
+        </nav>
+      
+    </li>
+  
+
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+            
+          </ul>
+        </nav>
+      
+    </li>
+  
+
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+            
+          </ul>
+        </nav>
+      
+    </li>
+  
+
+              
+            
+              
+                
+  
+  
+  
+  
+    
+    
+      
+        
+      
+        
+      
+        
+      
+        
+      
+        
+      
+        
+      
+        
+      
+        
+      
+        
+      
+    
+    
+      
+      
+        
+      
+    
+    
+    <li class="md-nav__item md-nav__item--nested">
+      
+        
+        
+        <input class="md-nav__toggle md-toggle " type="checkbox" id="__nav_4_11" >
+        
+          
+          <label class="md-nav__link" for="__nav_4_11" id="__nav_4_11_label" tabindex="0">
+            
+  
+  <span class="md-ellipsis">
+    PHP
+  </span>
+  
+
+            <span class="md-nav__icon md-icon"></span>
+          </label>
+        
+        <nav class="md-nav" data-md-level="2" aria-labelledby="__nav_4_11_label" aria-expanded="false">
+          <label class="md-nav__title" for="__nav_4_11">
+            <span class="md-nav__icon md-icon"></span>
+            PHP
+          </label>
+          <ul class="md-nav__list" data-md-scrollfix>
+            
+              
+                
+  
+  
+  
+  
+    <li class="md-nav__item">
+      <a href="../../languages/php/php.html" class="md-nav__link">
+        
+  
+  <span class="md-ellipsis">
+    PHP
+  </span>
+  
+
+      </a>
+    </li>
+  
+
+              
+            
+              
+                
+  
+  
+  
+  
+    <li class="md-nav__item">
+      <a href="../../languages/php/database.html" class="md-nav__link">
+        
+  
+  <span class="md-ellipsis">
+    Database
+  </span>
+  
+
+      </a>
+    </li>
+  
+
+              
+            
+              
+                
+  
+  
+  
+  
+    <li class="md-nav__item">
+      <a href="../../languages/php/web.html" class="md-nav__link">
+        
+  
+  <span class="md-ellipsis">
+    Web
+  </span>
+  
+
+      </a>
+    </li>
+  
+
+              
+            
+              
+                
+  
+  
+  
+  
+    <li class="md-nav__item">
+      <a href="../../languages/php/dependency-injection.html" class="md-nav__link">
+        
+  
+  <span class="md-ellipsis">
+    Dependency Injection
+  </span>
+  
+
+      </a>
+    </li>
+  
+
+              
+            
+              
+                
+  
+  
+  
+  
+    <li class="md-nav__item">
+      <a href="../../languages/php/unit-tests.html" class="md-nav__link">
+        
+  
+  <span class="md-ellipsis">
+    Unit Tests
+  </span>
+  
+
+      </a>
+    </li>
+  
+
+              
+            
+              
+                
+  
+  
+  
+  
+    <li class="md-nav__item">
+      <a href="../../languages/php/composer.html" class="md-nav__link">
+        
+  
+  <span class="md-ellipsis">
+    Composer
+  </span>
+  
+
+      </a>
+    </li>
+  
+
+              
+            
+              
+                
+  
+  
+  
+  
+    <li class="md-nav__item">
+      <a href="../../languages/php/psr-7.html" class="md-nav__link">
+        
+  
+  <span class="md-ellipsis">
+    PSR 7
+  </span>
+  
+
+      </a>
+    </li>
+  
+
+              
+            
+              
+                
+  
+  
+  
+  
+    <li class="md-nav__item">
+      <a href="../../languages/php/plates-templating.html" class="md-nav__link">
+        
+  
+  <span class="md-ellipsis">
+    Plates
+  </span>
+  
+
+      </a>
+    </li>
+  
+
+              
+            
+              
+                
+  
+  
+  
+  
+    
+    
+      
+        
+      
+        
+      
+    
+    
+      
+      
+        
+      
+    
+    
+    <li class="md-nav__item md-nav__item--nested">
+      
+        
+        
+        <input class="md-nav__toggle md-toggle " type="checkbox" id="__nav_4_11_9" >
+        
+          
+          <label class="md-nav__link" for="__nav_4_11_9" id="__nav_4_11_9_label" tabindex="0">
+            
+  
+  <span class="md-ellipsis">
+    Simple MVC
+  </span>
+  
+
+            <span class="md-nav__icon md-icon"></span>
+          </label>
+        
+        <nav class="md-nav" data-md-level="3" aria-labelledby="__nav_4_11_9_label" aria-expanded="false">
+          <label class="md-nav__title" for="__nav_4_11_9">
+            <span class="md-nav__icon md-icon"></span>
+            Simple MVC
+          </label>
+          <ul class="md-nav__list" data-md-scrollfix>
+            
+              
+                
+  
+  
+  
+  
+    <li class="md-nav__item">
+      <a href="../../languages/php/simple-mvc/simple-mvc.html" class="md-nav__link">
+        
+  
+  <span class="md-ellipsis">
+    Simple MVC
+  </span>
+  
+
+      </a>
+    </li>
+  
+
+              
+            
+              
+                
+  
+  
+  
+  
+    <li class="md-nav__item">
+      <a href="../../languages/php/simple-mvc/rest-api.html" class="md-nav__link">
+        
+  
+  <span class="md-ellipsis">
+    REST API
+  </span>
+  
+
+      </a>
+    </li>
+  
+
+              
+            
+          </ul>
+        </nav>
+      
+    </li>
+  
+
+              
+            
+          </ul>
+        </nav>
+      
+    </li>
+  
+
+              
+            
+              
+                
+  
+  
+  
+  
+    
+    
+      
+        
+      
+        
+      
+        
+      
+        
+      
+        
+      
+    
+    
+      
+      
+        
+      
+    
+    
+    <li class="md-nav__item md-nav__item--nested">
+      
+        
+        
+        <input class="md-nav__toggle md-toggle " type="checkbox" id="__nav_4_12" >
+        
+          
+          <label class="md-nav__link" for="__nav_4_12" id="__nav_4_12_label" tabindex="0">
+            
+  
+  <span class="md-ellipsis">
+    Rust
+  </span>
+  
+
+            <span class="md-nav__icon md-icon"></span>
+          </label>
+        
+        <nav class="md-nav" data-md-level="2" aria-labelledby="__nav_4_12_label" aria-expanded="false">
+          <label class="md-nav__title" for="__nav_4_12">
+            <span class="md-nav__icon md-icon"></span>
+            Rust
+          </label>
+          <ul class="md-nav__list" data-md-scrollfix>
+            
+              
+                
+  
+  
+  
+  
+    <li class="md-nav__item">
+      <a href="../../languages/rust/rust.html" class="md-nav__link">
+        
+  
+  <span class="md-ellipsis">
+    Rust
+  </span>
+  
+
+      </a>
+    </li>
+  
+
+              
+            
+              
+                
+  
+  
+  
+  
+    <li class="md-nav__item">
+      <a href="../../languages/rust/macros.html" class="md-nav__link">
+        
+  
+  <span class="md-ellipsis">
+    Macros
+  </span>
+  
+
+      </a>
+    </li>
+  
+
+              
+            
+              
+                
+  
+  
+  
+  
+    <li class="md-nav__item">
+      <a href="../../languages/rust/cargo.html" class="md-nav__link">
+        
+  
+  <span class="md-ellipsis">
+    Cargo
+  </span>
+  
+
+      </a>
+    </li>
+  
+
+              
+            
+              
+                
+  
+  
+  
+  
+    <li class="md-nav__item">
+      <a href="../../languages/rust/concurrency.html" class="md-nav__link">
+        
+  
+  <span class="md-ellipsis">
+    Concurrency
+  </span>
+  
+
+      </a>
+    </li>
+  
+
+              
+            
+              
+                
+  
+  
+  
+  
+    <li class="md-nav__item">
+      <a href="../../languages/rust/unit-tests.html" class="md-nav__link">
+        
+  
+  <span class="md-ellipsis">
+    Unit Tests
+  </span>
+  
+
+      </a>
+    </li>
+  
+
+              
+            
+          </ul>
+        </nav>
+      
+    </li>
+  
+
+              
+            
+              
+                
+  
+  
+  
+  
+    
+    
+      
+        
+      
+        
+      
+        
+      
+        
+      
+        
+      
+        
+      
+        
+      
+    
+    
+      
+      
+        
+      
+    
+    
+    <li class="md-nav__item md-nav__item--nested">
+      
+        
+        
+        <input class="md-nav__toggle md-toggle " type="checkbox" id="__nav_4_13" >
+        
+          
+          <label class="md-nav__link" for="__nav_4_13" id="__nav_4_13_label" tabindex="0">
+            
+  
+  <span class="md-ellipsis">
+    Javascript
+  </span>
+  
+
+            <span class="md-nav__icon md-icon"></span>
+          </label>
+        
+        <nav class="md-nav" data-md-level="2" aria-labelledby="__nav_4_13_label" aria-expanded="false">
+          <label class="md-nav__title" for="__nav_4_13">
+            <span class="md-nav__icon md-icon"></span>
+            Javascript
+          </label>
+          <ul class="md-nav__list" data-md-scrollfix>
+            
+              
+                
+  
+  
+  
+  
+    <li class="md-nav__item">
+      <a href="../../languages/javascript/javascript.html" class="md-nav__link">
+        
+  
+  <span class="md-ellipsis">
+    Javascript
+  </span>
+  
+
+      </a>
+    </li>
+  
+
+              
+            
+              
+                
+  
+  
+  
+  
+    <li class="md-nav__item">
+      <a href="../../languages/javascript/dom.html" class="md-nav__link">
+        
+  
+  <span class="md-ellipsis">
+    DOM
+  </span>
+  
+
+      </a>
+    </li>
+  
+
+              
+            
+              
+                
+  
+  
+  
+  
+    <li class="md-nav__item">
+      <a href="../../languages/javascript/events-animation.html" class="md-nav__link">
+        
+  
+  <span class="md-ellipsis">
+    Events & Animation
+  </span>
+  
+
+      </a>
+    </li>
+  
+
+              
+            
+              
+                
+  
+  
+  
+  
+    <li class="md-nav__item">
+      <a href="../../languages/javascript/ajax.html" class="md-nav__link">
+        
+  
+  <span class="md-ellipsis">
+    AJAX
+  </span>
+  
+
+      </a>
+    </li>
+  
+
+              
+            
+              
+                
+  
+  
+  
+  
+    <li class="md-nav__item">
+      <a href="../../languages/javascript/jquery.html" class="md-nav__link">
+        
+  
+  <span class="md-ellipsis">
+    jQuery
+  </span>
+  
+
+      </a>
+    </li>
+  
+
+              
+            
+              
+                
+  
+  
+  
+  
+    
+    
+      
+        
+      
+        
+      
+        
+      
+        
+      
+        
+      
+    
+    
+      
+      
+        
+      
+    
+    
+    <li class="md-nav__item md-nav__item--nested">
+      
+        
+        
+        <input class="md-nav__toggle md-toggle " type="checkbox" id="__nav_4_13_6" >
+        
+          
+          <label class="md-nav__link" for="__nav_4_13_6" id="__nav_4_13_6_label" tabindex="0">
+            
+  
+  <span class="md-ellipsis">
+    React
+  </span>
+  
+
+            <span class="md-nav__icon md-icon"></span>
+          </label>
+        
+        <nav class="md-nav" data-md-level="3" aria-labelledby="__nav_4_13_6_label" aria-expanded="false">
+          <label class="md-nav__title" for="__nav_4_13_6">
+            <span class="md-nav__icon md-icon"></span>
+            React
+          </label>
+          <ul class="md-nav__list" data-md-scrollfix>
+            
+              
+                
+  
+  
+  
+  
+    <li class="md-nav__item">
+      <a href="../../languages/javascript/react/react.html" class="md-nav__link">
+        
+  
+  <span class="md-ellipsis">
+    React
+  </span>
+  
+
+      </a>
+    </li>
+  
+
+              
+            
+              
+                
+  
+  
+  
+  
+    <li class="md-nav__item">
+      <a href="../../languages/javascript/react/react-router.html" class="md-nav__link">
+        
+  
+  <span class="md-ellipsis">
+    React Router
+  </span>
+  
+
+      </a>
+    </li>
+  
+
+              
+            
+              
+                
+  
+  
+  
+  
+    <li class="md-nav__item">
+      <a href="../../languages/javascript/react/react-tests.html" class="md-nav__link">
+        
+  
+  <span class="md-ellipsis">
+    React Tests
+  </span>
+  
+
+      </a>
+    </li>
+  
+
+              
+            
+              
+                
+  
+  
+  
+  
+    <li class="md-nav__item">
+      <a href="../../languages/javascript/react/redux.html" class="md-nav__link">
+        
+  
+  <span class="md-ellipsis">
+    Redux
+  </span>
+  
+
+      </a>
+    </li>
+  
+
+              
+            
+              
+                
+  
+  
+  
+  
+    <li class="md-nav__item">
+      <a href="../../languages/javascript/react/redux-tests.html" class="md-nav__link">
+        
+  
+  <span class="md-ellipsis">
+    Redux Tests
+  </span>
+  
+
+      </a>
+    </li>
+  
+
+              
+            
+          </ul>
+        </nav>
+      
+    </li>
+  
+
+              
+            
+              
+                
+  
+  
+  
+  
+    <li class="md-nav__item">
+      <a href="../../languages/javascript/svelte/svelte.html" class="md-nav__link">
+        
+  
+  <span class="md-ellipsis">
+    Svelte
+  </span>
+  
+
+      </a>
+    </li>
+  
+
+              
+            
+          </ul>
+        </nav>
+      
+    </li>
+  
+
+              
+            
+              
+                
+  
+  
+  
+  
+    
+    
+      
+        
+      
+        
+      
+    
+    
+      
+      
+        
+      
+    
+    
+    <li class="md-nav__item md-nav__item--nested">
+      
+        
+        
+        <input class="md-nav__toggle md-toggle " type="checkbox" id="__nav_4_14" >
+        
+          
+          <label class="md-nav__link" for="__nav_4_14" id="__nav_4_14_label" tabindex="0">
+            
+  
+  <span class="md-ellipsis">
+    PowerShell
+  </span>
+  
+
+            <span class="md-nav__icon md-icon"></span>
+          </label>
+        
+        <nav class="md-nav" data-md-level="2" aria-labelledby="__nav_4_14_label" aria-expanded="false">
+          <label class="md-nav__title" for="__nav_4_14">
+            <span class="md-nav__icon md-icon"></span>
+            PowerShell
+          </label>
+          <ul class="md-nav__list" data-md-scrollfix>
+            
+              
+                
+  
+  
+  
+  
+    <li class="md-nav__item">
+      <a href="../../languages/powershell/scripting.html" class="md-nav__link">
+        
+  
+  <span class="md-ellipsis">
+    Scripting
+  </span>
+  
+
+      </a>
+    </li>
+  
+
+              
+            
+              
+                
+  
+  
+  
+  
+    <li class="md-nav__item">
+      <a href="../../languages/powershell/commands.html" class="md-nav__link">
+        
+  
+  <span class="md-ellipsis">
+    Commands
+  </span>
+  
+
+      </a>
+    </li>
+  
+
+              
+            
+          </ul>
+        </nav>
+      
+    </li>
+  
+
+              
+            
+              
+                
+  
+  
+  
+  
+    
+    
+      
+        
+      
+        
+      
+    
+    
+      
+      
+        
+      
+    
+    
+    <li class="md-nav__item md-nav__item--nested">
+      
+        
+        
+        <input class="md-nav__toggle md-toggle " type="checkbox" id="__nav_4_15" >
+        
+          
+          <label class="md-nav__link" for="__nav_4_15" id="__nav_4_15_label" tabindex="0">
+            
+  
+  <span class="md-ellipsis">
+    Bash
+  </span>
+  
+
+            <span class="md-nav__icon md-icon"></span>
+          </label>
+        
+        <nav class="md-nav" data-md-level="2" aria-labelledby="__nav_4_15_label" aria-expanded="false">
+          <label class="md-nav__title" for="__nav_4_15">
+            <span class="md-nav__icon md-icon"></span>
+            Bash
+          </label>
+          <ul class="md-nav__list" data-md-scrollfix>
+            
+              
+                
+  
+  
+  
+  
+    <li class="md-nav__item">
+      <a href="../../languages/bash/scripting.html" class="md-nav__link">
+        
+  
+  <span class="md-ellipsis">
+    Scripting
+  </span>
+  
+
+      </a>
+    </li>
+  
+
+              
+            
+              
+                
+  
+  
+  
+  
+    <li class="md-nav__item">
+      <a href="../../languages/bash/commands.html" class="md-nav__link">
+        
+  
+  <span class="md-ellipsis">
+    Commands
+  </span>
+  
+
+      </a>
+    </li>
+  
+
+              
+            
+          </ul>
+        </nav>
+      
+    </li>
+  
+
+              
+            
+          </ul>
+        </nav>
+      
+    </li>
+  
+
+    
+      
+      
+  
+  
+  
+  
+    
+    
+      
+        
+      
+        
+      
+        
+      
+        
+      
+        
+      
+    
+    
+      
+      
+        
+      
+    
+    
+    <li class="md-nav__item md-nav__item--nested">
+      
+        
+        
+        <input class="md-nav__toggle md-toggle " type="checkbox" id="__nav_5" >
+        
+          
+          <label class="md-nav__link" for="__nav_5" id="__nav_5_label" tabindex="0">
+            
+  
+  <span class="md-ellipsis">
+    Misc
+  </span>
+  
+
+            <span class="md-nav__icon md-icon"></span>
+          </label>
+        
+        <nav class="md-nav" data-md-level="1" aria-labelledby="__nav_5_label" aria-expanded="false">
+          <label class="md-nav__title" for="__nav_5">
+            <span class="md-nav__icon md-icon"></span>
+            Misc
+          </label>
+          <ul class="md-nav__list" data-md-scrollfix>
+            
+              
+                
+  
+  
+  
+  
+    <li class="md-nav__item">
+      <a href="../../misc/git.html" class="md-nav__link">
+        
+  
+  <span class="md-ellipsis">
+    Git
+  </span>
+  
+
+      </a>
+    </li>
+  
+
+              
+            
+              
+                
+  
+  
+  
+  
+    <li class="md-nav__item">
+      <a href="../../misc/graph-ql.html" class="md-nav__link">
+        
+  
+  <span class="md-ellipsis">
+    GraphQL
+  </span>
+  
+
+      </a>
+    </li>
+  
+
+              
+            
+              
+                
+  
+  
+  
+  
+    <li class="md-nav__item">
+      <a href="../../misc/regular-expressions.html" class="md-nav__link">
+        
+  
+  <span class="md-ellipsis">
+    RegEx
+  </span>
+  
+
+      </a>
+    </li>
+  
+
+              
+            
+              
+                
+  
+  
+  
+  
+    <li class="md-nav__item">
+      <a href="../../misc/ssh.html" class="md-nav__link">
+        
+  
+  <span class="md-ellipsis">
+    SSH
+  </span>
+  
+
+      </a>
+    </li>
+  
+
+              
+            
+              
+                
+  
+  
+  
+  
+    <li class="md-nav__item">
+      <a href="../../misc/web-components.html" class="md-nav__link">
+        
+  
+  <span class="md-ellipsis">
+    WebComponents
+  </span>
+  
+
+      </a>
+    </li>
+  
+
+              
+            
+          </ul>
+        </nav>
+      
+    </li>
+  
+
+    
+      
+      
+  
+  
+    
+  
+  
+  
+    
+    
+      
+        
+      
+        
+      
+    
+    
+      
+        
+        
+      
+      
+        
+      
+    
+    
+    <li class="md-nav__item md-nav__item--active md-nav__item--section md-nav__item--nested">
+      
+        
+        
+        <input class="md-nav__toggle md-toggle " type="checkbox" id="__nav_6" checked>
+        
+          
+          <label class="md-nav__link" for="__nav_6" id="__nav_6_label" tabindex="">
+            
+  
+  <span class="md-ellipsis">
+    Linux
+  </span>
+  
+
+            <span class="md-nav__icon md-icon"></span>
+          </label>
+        
+        <nav class="md-nav" data-md-level="1" aria-labelledby="__nav_6_label" aria-expanded="true">
+          <label class="md-nav__title" for="__nav_6">
+            <span class="md-nav__icon md-icon"></span>
+            Linux
+          </label>
+          <ul class="md-nav__list" data-md-scrollfix>
+            
+              
+                
+  
+  
+    
+  
+  
+  
+    
+    
+      
+        
+      
+        
+      
+        
+      
+    
+    
+      
+      
+        
+          
+          
+        
+      
+    
+    
+    <li class="md-nav__item md-nav__item--active md-nav__item--section md-nav__item--nested">
+      
+        
+        
+        <input class="md-nav__toggle md-toggle " type="checkbox" id="__nav_6_1" checked>
+        
+          
+          <label class="md-nav__link" for="__nav_6_1" id="__nav_6_1_label" tabindex="">
+            
+  
+  <span class="md-ellipsis">
+    Filesystem
+  </span>
+  
+
+            <span class="md-nav__icon md-icon"></span>
+          </label>
+        
+        <nav class="md-nav" data-md-level="2" aria-labelledby="__nav_6_1_label" aria-expanded="true">
+          <label class="md-nav__title" for="__nav_6_1">
+            <span class="md-nav__icon md-icon"></span>
+            Filesystem
+          </label>
+          <ul class="md-nav__list" data-md-scrollfix>
+            
+              
+                
+  
+  
+  
+  
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+        
+          <li class="md-nav__item">
+  <a href="#sysdevices" class="md-nav__link">
+    <span class="md-ellipsis">
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+  
+</li>
+        
+          <li class="md-nav__item">
+  <a href="#sysfirmware" class="md-nav__link">
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+  <a href="#sysclass" class="md-nav__link">
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+        
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+  <a href="#sysdevices" class="md-nav__link">
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+  <a href="#sysfirmware" class="md-nav__link">
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+      /sys/firmware
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+</li>
+        
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+  <a href="#sysmodule" class="md-nav__link">
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+
+<h1 id="sys-filesystem-sysfs"><code>/sys</code> Filesystem (<code>sysfs</code>)</h1>
+<h2 id="sysfs-directories"><code>sysfs</code> Directories</h2>
+<p>In addition to <code>/proc</code>, the kernel also exports information to another <em>virtual file system</em> called <code>sysfs</code>. <code>sysfs</code> is used by programs such as <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Udev"><code>udev</code></a> to access device and device driver information.</p>
+<h3 id="sysblock"><code>/sys/block</code></h3>
+<p>This directory contains entries for each <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Device_file#Block_devices"><strong>block device</strong></a> in the system. Symbolic links point to the physical device that the device maps to in the physical device tree.</p>
+<p>For example, attributes for the <em>sda</em> disks reside in the <code>/sys/block/sda</code> directory.</p>
+<h3 id="sysbus"><code>/sys/bus</code></h3>
+<p>This directory contains subdirectories for each <strong>physical bus</strong> type supported in the kernel. Each bus type has two subdirectories: <strong>devices</strong> and <strong>drivers</strong>.  </p>
+<p>The devices directory lists devices discovered on that type of bus. The drivers directory contains directories for each device driver registered with the bus type. Driver parameters can be viewed and manipulated.</p>
+<h3 id="sysclass"><code>/sys/class</code></h3>
+<p>This directory contains every device class registered with the kernel. Device classes describe a functional type of device. Examples include input devices, network devices, and block devices.</p>
+<h3 id="sysdevices"><code>/sys/devices</code></h3>
+<p>This directory contains the global device hierarchy of <em>all devices</em> on the system. This directory also contains a platform directory and a system directory. </p>
+<p>The platform directory contains peripheral devices specific to a particular platform such as device controllers. The system directory contains non-peripheral devices such as CPUs and APICs.</p>
+<h3 id="sysfirmware"><code>/sys/firmware</code></h3>
+<p>This directory contains subdirectories with firmware objects and attributes.</p>
+<h3 id="sysmodule"><code>/sys/module</code></h3>
+<p>This directory contains subdirectories for each module that is loaded into the kernel.</p>
+<h3 id="syspower"><code>/sys/power</code></h3>
+<p>The system power state can be controlled from this directory. The disk attribute controls the method by which the system suspends to disk. The state attribute allows a process to enter a low power state.</p>
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+
+      </a>
+    </li>
+  
+
+              
+            
+              
+                
+  
+  
+  
+  
+    <li class="md-nav__item">
+      <a href="../../languages/css/css.html" class="md-nav__link">
+        
+  
+  <span class="md-ellipsis">
+    CSS
+  </span>
+  
+
+      </a>
+    </li>
+  
+
+              
+            
+              
+                
+  
+  
+  
+  
+    <li class="md-nav__item">
+      <a href="../../languages/c/c.html" class="md-nav__link">
+        
+  
+  <span class="md-ellipsis">
+    C
+  </span>
+  
+
+      </a>
+    </li>
+  
+
+              
+            
+              
+                
+  
+  
+  
+  
+    <li class="md-nav__item">
+      <a href="../../languages/kotlin/kotlin.html" class="md-nav__link">
+        
+  
+  <span class="md-ellipsis">
+    Kotlin
+  </span>
+  
+
+      </a>
+    </li>
+  
+
+              
+            
+              
+                
+  
+  
+  
+  
+    <li class="md-nav__item">
+      <a href="../../languages/swift/swift.html" class="md-nav__link">
+        
+  
+  <span class="md-ellipsis">
+    Swift
+  </span>
+  
+
+      </a>
+    </li>
+  
+
+              
+            
+              
+                
+  
+  
+  
+  
+    
+    
+      
+        
+      
+        
+      
+    
+    
+      
+      
+        
+      
+    
+    
+    <li class="md-nav__item md-nav__item--nested">
+      
+        
+        
+        <input class="md-nav__toggle md-toggle " type="checkbox" id="__nav_4_7" >
+        
+          
+          <label class="md-nav__link" for="__nav_4_7" id="__nav_4_7_label" tabindex="0">
+            
+  
+  <span class="md-ellipsis">
+    Assembly
+  </span>
+  
+
+            <span class="md-nav__icon md-icon"></span>
+          </label>
+        
+        <nav class="md-nav" data-md-level="2" aria-labelledby="__nav_4_7_label" aria-expanded="false">
+          <label class="md-nav__title" for="__nav_4_7">
+            <span class="md-nav__icon md-icon"></span>
+            Assembly
+          </label>
+          <ul class="md-nav__list" data-md-scrollfix>
+            
+              
+                
+  
+  
+  
+  
+    <li class="md-nav__item">
+      <a href="../../languages/assembly/intel.html" class="md-nav__link">
+        
+  
+  <span class="md-ellipsis">
+    Intel
+  </span>
+  
+
+      </a>
+    </li>
+  
+
+              
+            
+              
+                
+  
+  
+  
+  
+    <li class="md-nav__item">
+      <a href="../../languages/assembly/riscv.html" class="md-nav__link">
+        
+  
+  <span class="md-ellipsis">
+    RISC-V
+  </span>
+  
+
+      </a>
+    </li>
+  
+
+              
+            
+          </ul>
+        </nav>
+      
+    </li>
+  
+
+              
+            
+              
+                
+  
+  
+  
+  
+    
+    
+      
+        
+      
+        
+      
+        
+      
+    
+    
+      
+      
+        
+      
+    
+    
+    <li class="md-nav__item md-nav__item--nested">
+      
+        
+        
+        <input class="md-nav__toggle md-toggle " type="checkbox" id="__nav_4_8" >
+        
+          
+          <label class="md-nav__link" for="__nav_4_8" id="__nav_4_8_label" tabindex="0">
+            
+  
+  <span class="md-ellipsis">
+    Python
+  </span>
+  
+
+            <span class="md-nav__icon md-icon"></span>
+          </label>
+        
+        <nav class="md-nav" data-md-level="2" aria-labelledby="__nav_4_8_label" aria-expanded="false">
+          <label class="md-nav__title" for="__nav_4_8">
+            <span class="md-nav__icon md-icon"></span>
+            Python
+          </label>
+          <ul class="md-nav__list" data-md-scrollfix>
+            
+              
+                
+  
+  
+  
+  
+    <li class="md-nav__item">
+      <a href="../../languages/python/python.html" class="md-nav__link">
+        
+  
+  <span class="md-ellipsis">
+    Python
+  </span>
+  
+
+      </a>
+    </li>
+  
+
+              
+            
+              
+                
+  
+  
+  
+  
+    
+    
+      
+        
+      
+        
+      
+        
+      
+        
+      
+        
+      
+        
+      
+        
+      
+        
+      
+        
+      
+        
+      
+        
+      
+        
+      
+        
+      
+    
+    
+      
+      
+        
+      
+    
+    
+    <li class="md-nav__item md-nav__item--nested">
+      
+        
+        
+        <input class="md-nav__toggle md-toggle " type="checkbox" id="__nav_4_8_2" >
+        
+          
+          <label class="md-nav__link" for="__nav_4_8_2" id="__nav_4_8_2_label" tabindex="0">
+            
+  
+  <span class="md-ellipsis">
+    Modules
+  </span>
+  
+
+            <span class="md-nav__icon md-icon"></span>
+          </label>
+        
+        <nav class="md-nav" data-md-level="3" aria-labelledby="__nav_4_8_2_label" aria-expanded="false">
+          <label class="md-nav__title" for="__nav_4_8_2">
+            <span class="md-nav__icon md-icon"></span>
+            Modules
+          </label>
+          <ul class="md-nav__list" data-md-scrollfix>
+            
+              
+                
+  
+  
+  
+  
+    <li class="md-nav__item">
+      <a href="../../languages/python/modules/argparse.html" class="md-nav__link">
+        
+  
+  <span class="md-ellipsis">
+    argparse
+  </span>
+  
+
+      </a>
+    </li>
+  
+
+              
+            
+              
+                
+  
+  
+  
+  
+    <li class="md-nav__item">
+      <a href="../../languages/python/modules/collections.html" class="md-nav__link">
+        
+  
+  <span class="md-ellipsis">
+    collection
+  </span>
+  
+
+      </a>
+    </li>
+  
+
+              
+            
+              
+                
+  
+  
+  
+  
+    <li class="md-nav__item">
+      <a href="../../languages/python/modules/csv.html" class="md-nav__link">
+        
+  
+  <span class="md-ellipsis">
+    csv
+  </span>
+  
+
+      </a>
+    </li>
+  
+
+              
+            
+              
+                
+  
+  
+  
+  
+    <li class="md-nav__item">
+      <a href="../../languages/python/modules/ftplib.html" class="md-nav__link">
+        
+  
+  <span class="md-ellipsis">
+    ftplib
+  </span>
+  
+
+      </a>
+    </li>
+  
+
+              
+            
+              
+                
+  
+  
+  
+  
+    <li class="md-nav__item">
+      <a href="../../languages/python/modules/itertools.html" class="md-nav__link">
+        
+  
+  <span class="md-ellipsis">
+    itertools
+  </span>
+  
+
+      </a>
+    </li>
+  
+
+              
+            
+              
+                
+  
+  
+  
+  
+    <li class="md-nav__item">
+      <a href="../../languages/python/modules/json.html" class="md-nav__link">
+        
+  
+  <span class="md-ellipsis">
+    json
+  </span>
+  
+
+      </a>
+    </li>
+  
+
+              
+            
+              
+                
+  
+  
+  
+  
+    <li class="md-nav__item">
+      <a href="../../languages/python/modules/logging.html" class="md-nav__link">
+        
+  
+  <span class="md-ellipsis">
+    logging
+  </span>
+  
+
+      </a>
+    </li>
+  
+
+              
+            
+              
+                
+  
+  
+  
+  
+    <li class="md-nav__item">
+      <a href="../../languages/python/modules/shutil.html" class="md-nav__link">
+        
+  
+  <span class="md-ellipsis">
+    shutil
+  </span>
+  
+
+      </a>
+    </li>
+  
+
+              
+            
+              
+                
+  
+  
+  
+  
+    <li class="md-nav__item">
+      <a href="../../languages/python/modules/smtplib.html" class="md-nav__link">
+        
+  
+  <span class="md-ellipsis">
+    smtplib
+  </span>
+  
+
+      </a>
+    </li>
+  
+
+              
+            
+              
+                
+  
+  
+  
+  
+    <li class="md-nav__item">
+      <a href="../../languages/python/modules/socket.html" class="md-nav__link">
+        
+  
+  <span class="md-ellipsis">
+    socket
+  </span>
+  
+
+      </a>
+    </li>
+  
+
+              
+            
+              
+                
+  
+  
+  
+  
+    <li class="md-nav__item">
+      <a href="../../languages/python/modules/sqlite.html" class="md-nav__link">
+        
+  
+  <span class="md-ellipsis">
+    sqlite
+  </span>
+  
+
+      </a>
+    </li>
+  
+
+              
+            
+              
+                
+  
+  
+  
+  
+    <li class="md-nav__item">
+      <a href="../../languages/python/modules/time-datetime.html" class="md-nav__link">
+        
+  
+  <span class="md-ellipsis">
+    time & datetime
+  </span>
+  
+
+      </a>
+    </li>
+  
+
+              
+            
+              
+                
+  
+  
+  
+  
+    <li class="md-nav__item">
+      <a href="../../languages/python/modules/unittest.html" class="md-nav__link">
+        
+  
+  <span class="md-ellipsis">
+    unittest
+  </span>
+  
+
+      </a>
+    </li>
+  
+
+              
+            
+          </ul>
+        </nav>
+      
+    </li>
+  
+
+              
+            
+              
+                
+  
+  
+  
+  
+    
+    
+      
+        
+      
+        
+      
+        
+      
+        
+      
+        
+      
+        
+      
+    
+    
+      
+      
+        
+      
+    
+    
+    <li class="md-nav__item md-nav__item--nested">
+      
+        
+        
+        <input class="md-nav__toggle md-toggle " type="checkbox" id="__nav_4_8_3" >
+        
+          
+          <label class="md-nav__link" for="__nav_4_8_3" id="__nav_4_8_3_label" tabindex="0">
+            
+  
+  <span class="md-ellipsis">
+    Libraries
+  </span>
+  
+
+            <span class="md-nav__icon md-icon"></span>
+          </label>
+        
+        <nav class="md-nav" data-md-level="3" aria-labelledby="__nav_4_8_3_label" aria-expanded="false">
+          <label class="md-nav__title" for="__nav_4_8_3">
+            <span class="md-nav__icon md-icon"></span>
+            Libraries
+          </label>
+          <ul class="md-nav__list" data-md-scrollfix>
+            
+              
+                
+  
+  
+  
+  
+    <li class="md-nav__item">
+      <a href="../../languages/python/libs/tkinter.html" class="md-nav__link">
+        
+  
+  <span class="md-ellipsis">
+    TKinter
+  </span>
+  
+
+      </a>
+    </li>
+  
+
+              
+            
+              
+                
+  
+  
+  
+  
+    <li class="md-nav__item">
+      <a href="../../languages/python/libs/numpy.html" class="md-nav__link">
+        
+  
+  <span class="md-ellipsis">
+    Numpy
+  </span>
+  
+
+      </a>
+    </li>
+  
+
+              
+            
+              
+                
+  
+  
+  
+  
+    <li class="md-nav__item">
+      <a href="../../languages/python/libs/pandas.html" class="md-nav__link">
+        
+  
+  <span class="md-ellipsis">
+    Pandas
+  </span>
+  
+
+      </a>
+    </li>
+  
+
+              
+            
+              
+                
+  
+  
+  
+  
+    <li class="md-nav__item">
+      <a href="../../languages/python/libs/seaborn.html" class="md-nav__link">
+        
+  
+  <span class="md-ellipsis">
+    Seaborn
+  </span>
+  
+
+      </a>
+    </li>
+  
+
+              
+            
+              
+                
+  
+  
+  
+  
+    <li class="md-nav__item">
+      <a href="../../languages/python/libs/requests.html" class="md-nav__link">
+        
+  
+  <span class="md-ellipsis">
+    Requests
+  </span>
+  
+
+      </a>
+    </li>
+  
+
+              
+            
+              
+                
+  
+  
+  
+  
+    <li class="md-nav__item">
+      <a href="../../languages/python/libs/beautiful-soup.html" class="md-nav__link">
+        
+  
+  <span class="md-ellipsis">
+    Beatiful Soup
+  </span>
+  
+
+      </a>
+    </li>
+  
+
+              
+            
+          </ul>
+        </nav>
+      
+    </li>
+  
+
+              
+            
+          </ul>
+        </nav>
+      
+    </li>
+  
+
+              
+            
+              
+                
+  
+  
+  
+  
+    
+    
+      
+        
+      
+        
+      
+        
+      
+    
+    
+      
+      
+        
+      
+    
+    
+    <li class="md-nav__item md-nav__item--nested">
+      
+        
+        
+        <input class="md-nav__toggle md-toggle " type="checkbox" id="__nav_4_9" >
+        
+          
+          <label class="md-nav__link" for="__nav_4_9" id="__nav_4_9_label" tabindex="0">
+            
+  
+  <span class="md-ellipsis">
+    .NET
+  </span>
+  
+
+            <span class="md-nav__icon md-icon"></span>
+          </label>
+        
+        <nav class="md-nav" data-md-level="2" aria-labelledby="__nav_4_9_label" aria-expanded="false">
+          <label class="md-nav__title" for="__nav_4_9">
+            <span class="md-nav__icon md-icon"></span>
+            .NET
+          </label>
+          <ul class="md-nav__list" data-md-scrollfix>
+            
+              
+                
+  
+  
+  
+  
+    
+    
+      
+        
+      
+        
+      
+        
+      
+        
+      
+        
+      
+        
+      
+    
+    
+      
+      
+        
+      
+    
+    
+    <li class="md-nav__item md-nav__item--nested">
+      
+        
+        
+        <input class="md-nav__toggle md-toggle " type="checkbox" id="__nav_4_9_1" >
+        
+          
+          <label class="md-nav__link" for="__nav_4_9_1" id="__nav_4_9_1_label" tabindex="0">
+            
+  
+  <span class="md-ellipsis">
+    C#
+  </span>
+  
+
+            <span class="md-nav__icon md-icon"></span>
+          </label>
+        
+        <nav class="md-nav" data-md-level="3" aria-labelledby="__nav_4_9_1_label" aria-expanded="false">
+          <label class="md-nav__title" for="__nav_4_9_1">
+            <span class="md-nav__icon md-icon"></span>
+            C#
+          </label>
+          <ul class="md-nav__list" data-md-scrollfix>
+            
+              
+                
+  
+  
+  
+  
+    <li class="md-nav__item">
+      <a href="../../languages/dotnet/csharp/csharp.html" class="md-nav__link">
+        
+  
+  <span class="md-ellipsis">
+    C#
+  </span>
+  
+
+      </a>
+    </li>
+  
+
+              
+            
+              
+                
+  
+  
+  
+  
+    <li class="md-nav__item">
+      <a href="../../languages/dotnet/csharp/linq.html" class="md-nav__link">
+        
+  
+  <span class="md-ellipsis">
+    Linq
+  </span>
+  
+
+      </a>
+    </li>
+  
+
+              
+            
+              
+                
+  
+  
+  
+  
+    <li class="md-nav__item">
+      <a href="../../languages/dotnet/csharp/collections.html" class="md-nav__link">
+        
+  
+  <span class="md-ellipsis">
+    Collections
+  </span>
+  
+
+      </a>
+    </li>
+  
+
+              
+            
+              
+                
+  
+  
+  
+  
+    <li class="md-nav__item">
+      <a href="../../languages/dotnet/csharp/reactive-extensions.html" class="md-nav__link">
+        
+  
+  <span class="md-ellipsis">
+    Reactive Extensions
+  </span>
+  
+
+      </a>
+    </li>
+  
+
+              
+            
+              
+                
+  
+  
+  
+  
+    <li class="md-nav__item">
+      <a href="../../languages/dotnet/csharp/async-programming.html" class="md-nav__link">
+        
+  
+  <span class="md-ellipsis">
+    Async Programming
+  </span>
+  
+
+      </a>
+    </li>
+  
+
+              
+            
+              
+                
+  
+  
+  
+  
+    <li class="md-nav__item">
+      <a href="../../languages/dotnet/csharp/unit-tests.html" class="md-nav__link">
+        
+  
+  <span class="md-ellipsis">
+    Unit Tests
+  </span>
+  
+
+      </a>
+    </li>
+  
+
+              
+            
+          </ul>
+        </nav>
+      
+    </li>
+  
+
+              
+            
+              
+                
+  
+  
+  
+  
+    
+    
+      
+        
+      
+        
+      
+        
+      
+        
+      
+        
+      
+        
+      
+        
+      
+    
+    
+      
+      
+        
+      
+    
+    
+    <li class="md-nav__item md-nav__item--nested">
+      
+        
+        
+        <input class="md-nav__toggle md-toggle " type="checkbox" id="__nav_4_9_2" >
+        
+          
+          <label class="md-nav__link" for="__nav_4_9_2" id="__nav_4_9_2_label" tabindex="0">
+            
+  
+  <span class="md-ellipsis">
+    ASP.NET
+  </span>
+  
+
+            <span class="md-nav__icon md-icon"></span>
+          </label>
+        
+        <nav class="md-nav" data-md-level="3" aria-labelledby="__nav_4_9_2_label" aria-expanded="false">
+          <label class="md-nav__title" for="__nav_4_9_2">
+            <span class="md-nav__icon md-icon"></span>
+            ASP.NET
+          </label>
+          <ul class="md-nav__list" data-md-scrollfix>
+            
+              
+                
+  
+  
+  
+  
+    <li class="md-nav__item">
+      <a href="../../languages/dotnet/asp.net/minimal-api.html" class="md-nav__link">
+        
+  
+  <span class="md-ellipsis">
+    Minimal API
+  </span>
+  
+
+      </a>
+    </li>
+  
+
+              
+            
+              
+                
+  
+  
+  
+  
+    <li class="md-nav__item">
+      <a href="../../languages/dotnet/asp.net/filters.html" class="md-nav__link">
+        
+  
+  <span class="md-ellipsis">
+    FIlters
+  </span>
+  
+
+      </a>
+    </li>
+  
+
+              
+            
+              
+                
+  
+  
+  
+  
+    <li class="md-nav__item">
+      <a href="../../languages/dotnet/asp.net/middleware.html" class="md-nav__link">
+        
+  
+  <span class="md-ellipsis">
+    Middleware
+  </span>
+  
+
+      </a>
+    </li>
+  
+
+              
+            
+              
+                
+  
+  
+  
+  
+    <li class="md-nav__item">
+      <a href="../../languages/dotnet/asp.net/razor-syntax.html" class="md-nav__link">
+        
+  
+  <span class="md-ellipsis">
+    Razor Syntax
+  </span>
+  
+
+      </a>
+    </li>
+  
+
+              
+            
+              
+                
+  
+  
+  
+  
+    <li class="md-nav__item">
+      <a href="../../languages/dotnet/asp.net/blazor.html" class="md-nav__link">
+        
+  
+  <span class="md-ellipsis">
+    Blazor
+  </span>
+  
+
+      </a>
+    </li>
+  
+
+              
+            
+              
+                
+  
+  
+  
+  
+    <li class="md-nav__item">
+      <a href="../../languages/dotnet/asp.net/signalr.html" class="md-nav__link">
+        
+  
+  <span class="md-ellipsis">
+    SignalR
+  </span>
+  
+
+      </a>
+    </li>
+  
+
+              
+            
+              
+                
+  
+  
+  
+  
+    <li class="md-nav__item">
+      <a href="../../languages/dotnet/asp.net/web-forms.html" class="md-nav__link">
+        
+  
+  <span class="md-ellipsis">
+    Web Forms
+  </span>
+  
+
+      </a>
+    </li>
+  
+
+              
+            
+          </ul>
+        </nav>
+      
+    </li>
+  
+
+              
+            
+              
+                
+  
+  
+  
+  
+    
+    
+      
+        
+      
+        
+      
+    
+    
+      
+      
+        
+      
+    
+    
+    <li class="md-nav__item md-nav__item--nested">
+      
+        
+        
+        <input class="md-nav__toggle md-toggle " type="checkbox" id="__nav_4_9_3" >
+        
+          
+          <label class="md-nav__link" for="__nav_4_9_3" id="__nav_4_9_3_label" tabindex="0">
+            
+  
+  <span class="md-ellipsis">
+    Database
+  </span>
+  
+
+            <span class="md-nav__icon md-icon"></span>
+          </label>
+        
+        <nav class="md-nav" data-md-level="3" aria-labelledby="__nav_4_9_3_label" aria-expanded="false">
+          <label class="md-nav__title" for="__nav_4_9_3">
+            <span class="md-nav__icon md-icon"></span>
+            Database
+          </label>
+          <ul class="md-nav__list" data-md-scrollfix>
+            
+              
+                
+  
+  
+  
+  
+    <li class="md-nav__item">
+      <a href="../../languages/dotnet/database/ado.net.html" class="md-nav__link">
+        
+  
+  <span class="md-ellipsis">
+    ADO.NET
+  </span>
+  
+
+      </a>
+    </li>
+  
+
+              
+            
+              
+                
+  
+  
+  
+  
+    <li class="md-nav__item">
+      <a href="../../languages/dotnet/database/entity-framework.html" class="md-nav__link">
+        
+  
+  <span class="md-ellipsis">
+    Entity Framework
+  </span>
+  
+
+      </a>
+    </li>
+  
+
+              
+            
+          </ul>
+        </nav>
+      
+    </li>
+  
+
+              
+            
+          </ul>
+        </nav>
+      
+    </li>
+  
+
+              
+            
+              
+                
+  
+  
+  
+  
+    
+    
+      
+        
+      
+        
+      
+        
+      
+        
+      
+    
+    
+      
+      
+        
+      
+    
+    
+    <li class="md-nav__item md-nav__item--nested">
+      
+        
+        
+        <input class="md-nav__toggle md-toggle " type="checkbox" id="__nav_4_10" >
+        
+          
+          <label class="md-nav__link" for="__nav_4_10" id="__nav_4_10_label" tabindex="0">
+            
+  
+  <span class="md-ellipsis">
+    Java
+  </span>
+  
+
+            <span class="md-nav__icon md-icon"></span>
+          </label>
+        
+        <nav class="md-nav" data-md-level="2" aria-labelledby="__nav_4_10_label" aria-expanded="false">
+          <label class="md-nav__title" for="__nav_4_10">
+            <span class="md-nav__icon md-icon"></span>
+            Java
+          </label>
+          <ul class="md-nav__list" data-md-scrollfix>
+            
+              
+                
+  
+  
+  
+  
+    <li class="md-nav__item">
+      <a href="../../languages/java/java.html" class="md-nav__link">
+        
+  
+  <span class="md-ellipsis">
+    Java
+  </span>
+  
+
+      </a>
+    </li>
+  
+
+              
+            
+              
+                
+  
+  
+  
+  
+    <li class="md-nav__item">
+      <a href="../../languages/java/java-collection-framework.html" class="md-nav__link">
+        
+  
+  <span class="md-ellipsis">
+    Java Collection Framework
+  </span>
+  
+
+      </a>
+    </li>
+  
+
+              
+            
+              
+                
+  
+  
+  
+  
+    <li class="md-nav__item">
+      <a href="../../languages/java/dao.html" class="md-nav__link">
+        
+  
+  <span class="md-ellipsis">
+    DAO
+  </span>
+  
+
+      </a>
+    </li>
+  
+
+              
+            
+              
+                
+  
+  
+  
+  
+    
+    
+      
+        
+      
+        
+      
+    
+    
+      
+      
+        
+      
+    
+    
+    <li class="md-nav__item md-nav__item--nested">
+      
+        
+        
+        <input class="md-nav__toggle md-toggle " type="checkbox" id="__nav_4_10_4" >
+        
+          
+          <label class="md-nav__link" for="__nav_4_10_4" id="__nav_4_10_4_label" tabindex="0">
+            
+  
+  <span class="md-ellipsis">
+    Web
+  </span>
+  
+
+            <span class="md-nav__icon md-icon"></span>
+          </label>
+        
+        <nav class="md-nav" data-md-level="3" aria-labelledby="__nav_4_10_4_label" aria-expanded="false">
+          <label class="md-nav__title" for="__nav_4_10_4">
+            <span class="md-nav__icon md-icon"></span>
+            Web
+          </label>
+          <ul class="md-nav__list" data-md-scrollfix>
+            
+              
+                
+  
+  
+  
+  
+    <li class="md-nav__item">
+      <a href="../../languages/java/web/servlet.html" class="md-nav__link">
+        
+  
+  <span class="md-ellipsis">
+    Serverlet
+  </span>
+  
+
+      </a>
+    </li>
+  
+
+              
+            
+              
+                
+  
+  
+  
+  
+    
+    
+      
+        
+      
+        
+      
+    
+    
+      
+      
+        
+      
+    
+    
+    <li class="md-nav__item md-nav__item--nested">
+      
+        
+        
+        <input class="md-nav__toggle md-toggle " type="checkbox" id="__nav_4_10_4_2" >
+        
+          
+          <label class="md-nav__link" for="__nav_4_10_4_2" id="__nav_4_10_4_2_label" tabindex="0">
+            
+  
+  <span class="md-ellipsis">
+    Spring
+  </span>
+  
+
+            <span class="md-nav__icon md-icon"></span>
+          </label>
+        
+        <nav class="md-nav" data-md-level="4" aria-labelledby="__nav_4_10_4_2_label" aria-expanded="false">
+          <label class="md-nav__title" for="__nav_4_10_4_2">
+            <span class="md-nav__icon md-icon"></span>
+            Spring
+          </label>
+          <ul class="md-nav__list" data-md-scrollfix>
+            
+              
+                
+  
+  
+  
+  
+    <li class="md-nav__item">
+      <a href="../../languages/java/spring/pom.xml.html" class="md-nav__link">
+        
+  
+  <span class="md-ellipsis">
+    POM
+  </span>
+  
+
+      </a>
+    </li>
+  
+
+              
+            
+              
+                
+  
+  
+  
+  
+    <li class="md-nav__item">
+      <a href="../../languages/java/spring/spring-project.html" class="md-nav__link">
+        
+  
+  <span class="md-ellipsis">
+    Project Structure
+  </span>
+  
+
+      </a>
+    </li>
+  
+
+              
+            
+          </ul>
+        </nav>
+      
+    </li>
+  
+
+              
+            
+          </ul>
+        </nav>
+      
+    </li>
+  
+
+              
+            
+          </ul>
+        </nav>
+      
+    </li>
+  
+
+              
+            
+              
+                
+  
+  
+  
+  
+    
+    
+      
+        
+      
+        
+      
+        
+      
+        
+      
+        
+      
+        
+      
+        
+      
+        
+      
+        
+      
+    
+    
+      
+      
+        
+      
+    
+    
+    <li class="md-nav__item md-nav__item--nested">
+      
+        
+        
+        <input class="md-nav__toggle md-toggle " type="checkbox" id="__nav_4_11" >
+        
+          
+          <label class="md-nav__link" for="__nav_4_11" id="__nav_4_11_label" tabindex="0">
+            
+  
+  <span class="md-ellipsis">
+    PHP
+  </span>
+  
+
+            <span class="md-nav__icon md-icon"></span>
+          </label>
+        
+        <nav class="md-nav" data-md-level="2" aria-labelledby="__nav_4_11_label" aria-expanded="false">
+          <label class="md-nav__title" for="__nav_4_11">
+            <span class="md-nav__icon md-icon"></span>
+            PHP
+          </label>
+          <ul class="md-nav__list" data-md-scrollfix>
+            
+              
+                
+  
+  
+  
+  
+    <li class="md-nav__item">
+      <a href="../../languages/php/php.html" class="md-nav__link">
+        
+  
+  <span class="md-ellipsis">
+    PHP
+  </span>
+  
+
+      </a>
+    </li>
+  
+
+              
+            
+              
+                
+  
+  
+  
+  
+    <li class="md-nav__item">
+      <a href="../../languages/php/database.html" class="md-nav__link">
+        
+  
+  <span class="md-ellipsis">
+    Database
+  </span>
+  
+
+      </a>
+    </li>
+  
+
+              
+            
+              
+                
+  
+  
+  
+  
+    <li class="md-nav__item">
+      <a href="../../languages/php/web.html" class="md-nav__link">
+        
+  
+  <span class="md-ellipsis">
+    Web
+  </span>
+  
+
+      </a>
+    </li>
+  
+
+              
+            
+              
+                
+  
+  
+  
+  
+    <li class="md-nav__item">
+      <a href="../../languages/php/dependency-injection.html" class="md-nav__link">
+        
+  
+  <span class="md-ellipsis">
+    Dependency Injection
+  </span>
+  
+
+      </a>
+    </li>
+  
+
+              
+            
+              
+                
+  
+  
+  
+  
+    <li class="md-nav__item">
+      <a href="../../languages/php/unit-tests.html" class="md-nav__link">
+        
+  
+  <span class="md-ellipsis">
+    Unit Tests
+  </span>
+  
+
+      </a>
+    </li>
+  
+
+              
+            
+              
+                
+  
+  
+  
+  
+    <li class="md-nav__item">
+      <a href="../../languages/php/composer.html" class="md-nav__link">
+        
+  
+  <span class="md-ellipsis">
+    Composer
+  </span>
+  
+
+      </a>
+    </li>
+  
+
+              
+            
+              
+                
+  
+  
+  
+  
+    <li class="md-nav__item">
+      <a href="../../languages/php/psr-7.html" class="md-nav__link">
+        
+  
+  <span class="md-ellipsis">
+    PSR 7
+  </span>
+  
+
+      </a>
+    </li>
+  
+
+              
+            
+              
+                
+  
+  
+  
+  
+    <li class="md-nav__item">
+      <a href="../../languages/php/plates-templating.html" class="md-nav__link">
+        
+  
+  <span class="md-ellipsis">
+    Plates
+  </span>
+  
+
+      </a>
+    </li>
+  
+
+              
+            
+              
+                
+  
+  
+  
+  
+    
+    
+      
+        
+      
+        
+      
+    
+    
+      
+      
+        
+      
+    
+    
+    <li class="md-nav__item md-nav__item--nested">
+      
+        
+        
+        <input class="md-nav__toggle md-toggle " type="checkbox" id="__nav_4_11_9" >
+        
+          
+          <label class="md-nav__link" for="__nav_4_11_9" id="__nav_4_11_9_label" tabindex="0">
+            
+  
+  <span class="md-ellipsis">
+    Simple MVC
+  </span>
+  
+
+            <span class="md-nav__icon md-icon"></span>
+          </label>
+        
+        <nav class="md-nav" data-md-level="3" aria-labelledby="__nav_4_11_9_label" aria-expanded="false">
+          <label class="md-nav__title" for="__nav_4_11_9">
+            <span class="md-nav__icon md-icon"></span>
+            Simple MVC
+          </label>
+          <ul class="md-nav__list" data-md-scrollfix>
+            
+              
+                
+  
+  
+  
+  
+    <li class="md-nav__item">
+      <a href="../../languages/php/simple-mvc/simple-mvc.html" class="md-nav__link">
+        
+  
+  <span class="md-ellipsis">
+    Simple MVC
+  </span>
+  
+
+      </a>
+    </li>
+  
+
+              
+            
+              
+                
+  
+  
+  
+  
+    <li class="md-nav__item">
+      <a href="../../languages/php/simple-mvc/rest-api.html" class="md-nav__link">
+        
+  
+  <span class="md-ellipsis">
+    REST API
+  </span>
+  
+
+      </a>
+    </li>
+  
+
+              
+            
+          </ul>
+        </nav>
+      
+    </li>
+  
+
+              
+            
+          </ul>
+        </nav>
+      
+    </li>
+  
+
+              
+            
+              
+                
+  
+  
+  
+  
+    
+    
+      
+        
+      
+        
+      
+        
+      
+        
+      
+        
+      
+    
+    
+      
+      
+        
+      
+    
+    
+    <li class="md-nav__item md-nav__item--nested">
+      
+        
+        
+        <input class="md-nav__toggle md-toggle " type="checkbox" id="__nav_4_12" >
+        
+          
+          <label class="md-nav__link" for="__nav_4_12" id="__nav_4_12_label" tabindex="0">
+            
+  
+  <span class="md-ellipsis">
+    Rust
+  </span>
+  
+
+            <span class="md-nav__icon md-icon"></span>
+          </label>
+        
+        <nav class="md-nav" data-md-level="2" aria-labelledby="__nav_4_12_label" aria-expanded="false">
+          <label class="md-nav__title" for="__nav_4_12">
+            <span class="md-nav__icon md-icon"></span>
+            Rust
+          </label>
+          <ul class="md-nav__list" data-md-scrollfix>
+            
+              
+                
+  
+  
+  
+  
+    <li class="md-nav__item">
+      <a href="../../languages/rust/rust.html" class="md-nav__link">
+        
+  
+  <span class="md-ellipsis">
+    Rust
+  </span>
+  
+
+      </a>
+    </li>
+  
+
+              
+            
+              
+                
+  
+  
+  
+  
+    <li class="md-nav__item">
+      <a href="../../languages/rust/macros.html" class="md-nav__link">
+        
+  
+  <span class="md-ellipsis">
+    Macros
+  </span>
+  
+
+      </a>
+    </li>
+  
+
+              
+            
+              
+                
+  
+  
+  
+  
+    <li class="md-nav__item">
+      <a href="../../languages/rust/cargo.html" class="md-nav__link">
+        
+  
+  <span class="md-ellipsis">
+    Cargo
+  </span>
+  
+
+      </a>
+    </li>
+  
+
+              
+            
+              
+                
+  
+  
+  
+  
+    <li class="md-nav__item">
+      <a href="../../languages/rust/concurrency.html" class="md-nav__link">
+        
+  
+  <span class="md-ellipsis">
+    Concurrency
+  </span>
+  
+
+      </a>
+    </li>
+  
+
+              
+            
+              
+                
+  
+  
+  
+  
+    <li class="md-nav__item">
+      <a href="../../languages/rust/unit-tests.html" class="md-nav__link">
+        
+  
+  <span class="md-ellipsis">
+    Unit Tests
+  </span>
+  
+
+      </a>
+    </li>
+  
+
+              
+            
+          </ul>
+        </nav>
+      
+    </li>
+  
+
+              
+            
+              
+                
+  
+  
+  
+  
+    
+    
+      
+        
+      
+        
+      
+        
+      
+        
+      
+        
+      
+        
+      
+        
+      
+    
+    
+      
+      
+        
+      
+    
+    
+    <li class="md-nav__item md-nav__item--nested">
+      
+        
+        
+        <input class="md-nav__toggle md-toggle " type="checkbox" id="__nav_4_13" >
+        
+          
+          <label class="md-nav__link" for="__nav_4_13" id="__nav_4_13_label" tabindex="0">
+            
+  
+  <span class="md-ellipsis">
+    Javascript
+  </span>
+  
+
+            <span class="md-nav__icon md-icon"></span>
+          </label>
+        
+        <nav class="md-nav" data-md-level="2" aria-labelledby="__nav_4_13_label" aria-expanded="false">
+          <label class="md-nav__title" for="__nav_4_13">
+            <span class="md-nav__icon md-icon"></span>
+            Javascript
+          </label>
+          <ul class="md-nav__list" data-md-scrollfix>
+            
+              
+                
+  
+  
+  
+  
+    <li class="md-nav__item">
+      <a href="../../languages/javascript/javascript.html" class="md-nav__link">
+        
+  
+  <span class="md-ellipsis">
+    Javascript
+  </span>
+  
+
+      </a>
+    </li>
+  
+
+              
+            
+              
+                
+  
+  
+  
+  
+    <li class="md-nav__item">
+      <a href="../../languages/javascript/dom.html" class="md-nav__link">
+        
+  
+  <span class="md-ellipsis">
+    DOM
+  </span>
+  
+
+      </a>
+    </li>
+  
+
+              
+            
+              
+                
+  
+  
+  
+  
+    <li class="md-nav__item">
+      <a href="../../languages/javascript/events-animation.html" class="md-nav__link">
+        
+  
+  <span class="md-ellipsis">
+    Events & Animation
+  </span>
+  
+
+      </a>
+    </li>
+  
+
+              
+            
+              
+                
+  
+  
+  
+  
+    <li class="md-nav__item">
+      <a href="../../languages/javascript/ajax.html" class="md-nav__link">
+        
+  
+  <span class="md-ellipsis">
+    AJAX
+  </span>
+  
+
+      </a>
+    </li>
+  
+
+              
+            
+              
+                
+  
+  
+  
+  
+    <li class="md-nav__item">
+      <a href="../../languages/javascript/jquery.html" class="md-nav__link">
+        
+  
+  <span class="md-ellipsis">
+    jQuery
+  </span>
+  
+
+      </a>
+    </li>
+  
+
+              
+            
+              
+                
+  
+  
+  
+  
+    
+    
+      
+        
+      
+        
+      
+        
+      
+        
+      
+        
+      
+    
+    
+      
+      
+        
+      
+    
+    
+    <li class="md-nav__item md-nav__item--nested">
+      
+        
+        
+        <input class="md-nav__toggle md-toggle " type="checkbox" id="__nav_4_13_6" >
+        
+          
+          <label class="md-nav__link" for="__nav_4_13_6" id="__nav_4_13_6_label" tabindex="0">
+            
+  
+  <span class="md-ellipsis">
+    React
+  </span>
+  
+
+            <span class="md-nav__icon md-icon"></span>
+          </label>
+        
+        <nav class="md-nav" data-md-level="3" aria-labelledby="__nav_4_13_6_label" aria-expanded="false">
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+          </label>
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+    <li class="md-nav__item">
+      <a href="../../languages/javascript/react/react.html" class="md-nav__link">
+        
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+  </span>
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+
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+    <li class="md-nav__item">
+      <a href="../../languages/javascript/react/react-router.html" class="md-nav__link">
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+  
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+      <a href="../../languages/javascript/react/react-tests.html" class="md-nav__link">
+        
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+      <a href="../../languages/javascript/react/redux.html" class="md-nav__link">
+        
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+  </span>
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+      <a href="../../languages/javascript/react/redux-tests.html" class="md-nav__link">
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+      <a href="../../languages/javascript/svelte/svelte.html" class="md-nav__link">
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+      <a href="../../languages/powershell/commands.html" class="md-nav__link">
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+    <li class="md-nav__item">
+      <a href="../../languages/bash/commands.html" class="md-nav__link">
+        
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+    Misc
+  </span>
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+          </label>
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+        <nav class="md-nav" data-md-level="1" aria-labelledby="__nav_5_label" aria-expanded="false">
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+            Misc
+          </label>
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+    <li class="md-nav__item">
+      <a href="../../misc/git.html" class="md-nav__link">
+        
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+    <li class="md-nav__item">
+      <a href="../../misc/graph-ql.html" class="md-nav__link">
+        
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+  <span class="md-ellipsis">
+    GraphQL
+  </span>
+  
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+  
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+    <li class="md-nav__item">
+      <a href="../../misc/regular-expressions.html" class="md-nav__link">
+        
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+    RegEx
+  </span>
+  
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+  
+    <li class="md-nav__item">
+      <a href="../../misc/ssh.html" class="md-nav__link">
+        
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+    SSH
+  </span>
+  
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+    </li>
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+  
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+  
+    <li class="md-nav__item">
+      <a href="../../misc/web-components.html" class="md-nav__link">
+        
+  
+  <span class="md-ellipsis">
+    WebComponents
+  </span>
+  
+
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+    </li>
+  
+
+              
+            
+          </ul>
+        </nav>
+      
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+  
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+          
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+  
+  <span class="md-ellipsis">
+    Linux
+  </span>
+  
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+            <span class="md-nav__icon md-icon"></span>
+          </label>
+        
+        <nav class="md-nav" data-md-level="1" aria-labelledby="__nav_6_label" aria-expanded="true">
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+            Linux
+          </label>
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+              
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+          <label class="md-nav__link" for="__nav_6_1" id="__nav_6_1_label" tabindex="">
+            
+  
+  <span class="md-ellipsis">
+    Filesystem
+  </span>
+  
+
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+          </label>
+        
+        <nav class="md-nav" data-md-level="2" aria-labelledby="__nav_6_1_label" aria-expanded="false">
+          <label class="md-nav__title" for="__nav_6_1">
+            <span class="md-nav__icon md-icon"></span>
+            Filesystem
+          </label>
+          <ul class="md-nav__list" data-md-scrollfix>
+            
+              
+                
+  
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+    <li class="md-nav__item">
+      <a href="../filesystem/file-links.html" class="md-nav__link">
+        
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+  <span class="md-ellipsis">
+    File Links
+  </span>
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+  
+
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+              
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+  
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+  
+    <li class="md-nav__item">
+      <a href="../filesystem/procfs.html" class="md-nav__link">
+        
+  
+  <span class="md-ellipsis">
+    /proc
+  </span>
+  
+
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+    </li>
+  
+
+              
+            
+              
+                
+  
+  
+  
+  
+    <li class="md-nav__item">
+      <a href="../filesystem/sysfs.html" class="md-nav__link">
+        
+  
+  <span class="md-ellipsis">
+    /sys
+  </span>
+  
+
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+    </li>
+  
+
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+        </nav>
+      
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+  
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+  
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+    
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+  
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+    
+      
+        
+      
+        
+      
+    
+    
+      
+      
+        
+          
+          
+        
+      
+    
+    
+    <li class="md-nav__item md-nav__item--active md-nav__item--section md-nav__item--nested">
+      
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+        <input class="md-nav__toggle md-toggle " type="checkbox" id="__nav_6_2" checked>
+        
+          
+          <label class="md-nav__link" for="__nav_6_2" id="__nav_6_2_label" tabindex="">
+            
+  
+  <span class="md-ellipsis">
+    System Init
+  </span>
+  
+
+            <span class="md-nav__icon md-icon"></span>
+          </label>
+        
+        <nav class="md-nav" data-md-level="2" aria-labelledby="__nav_6_2_label" aria-expanded="true">
+          <label class="md-nav__title" for="__nav_6_2">
+            <span class="md-nav__icon md-icon"></span>
+            System Init
+          </label>
+          <ul class="md-nav__list" data-md-scrollfix>
+            
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+                
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+  
+  
+    <li class="md-nav__item">
+      <a href="systemd.html" class="md-nav__link">
+        
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+  <span class="md-ellipsis">
+    Systemd
+  </span>
+  
+
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+    </li>
+  
+
+              
+            
+              
+                
+  
+  
+    
+  
+  
+  
+    <li class="md-nav__item md-nav__item--active">
+      
+      <input class="md-nav__toggle md-toggle" type="checkbox" id="__toc">
+      
+      
+        
+      
+      
+        <label class="md-nav__link md-nav__link--active" for="__toc">
+          
+  
+  <span class="md-ellipsis">
+    OpenRC
+  </span>
+  
+
+          <span class="md-nav__icon md-icon"></span>
+        </label>
+      
+      <a href="open-rc.html" class="md-nav__link md-nav__link--active">
+        
+  
+  <span class="md-ellipsis">
+    OpenRC
+  </span>
+  
+
+      </a>
+      
+        
+
+<nav class="md-nav md-nav--secondary" aria-label="Table of contents">
+  
+  
+  
+    
+  
+  
+    <label class="md-nav__title" for="__toc">
+      <span class="md-nav__icon md-icon"></span>
+      Table of contents
+    </label>
+    <ul class="md-nav__list" data-md-component="toc" data-md-scrollfix>
+      
+        <li class="md-nav__item">
+  <a href="#runlevels-services" class="md-nav__link">
+    <span class="md-ellipsis">
+      Runlevels &amp; Services
+    </span>
+  </a>
+  
+    <nav class="md-nav" aria-label="Runlevels & Services">
+      <ul class="md-nav__list">
+        
+          <li class="md-nav__item">
+  <a href="#managing-runlevels" class="md-nav__link">
+    <span class="md-ellipsis">
+      Managing Runlevels
+    </span>
+  </a>
+  
+</li>
+        
+          <li class="md-nav__item">
+  <a href="#managing-services" class="md-nav__link">
+    <span class="md-ellipsis">
+      Managing Services
+    </span>
+  </a>
+  
+</li>
+        
+      </ul>
+    </nav>
+  
+</li>
+      
+    </ul>
+  
+</nav>
+      
+    </li>
+  
+
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+            
+          </ul>
+        </nav>
+      
+    </li>
+  
+
+              
+            
+          </ul>
+        </nav>
+      
+    </li>
+  
+
+    
+  </ul>
+</nav>
+                  </div>
+                </div>
+              </div>
+            
+            
+              
+              <div class="md-sidebar md-sidebar--secondary" data-md-component="sidebar" data-md-type="toc" >
+                <div class="md-sidebar__scrollwrap">
+                  <div class="md-sidebar__inner">
+                    
+
+<nav class="md-nav md-nav--secondary" aria-label="Table of contents">
+  
+  
+  
+    
+  
+  
+    <label class="md-nav__title" for="__toc">
+      <span class="md-nav__icon md-icon"></span>
+      Table of contents
+    </label>
+    <ul class="md-nav__list" data-md-component="toc" data-md-scrollfix>
+      
+        <li class="md-nav__item">
+  <a href="#runlevels-services" class="md-nav__link">
+    <span class="md-ellipsis">
+      Runlevels &amp; Services
+    </span>
+  </a>
+  
+    <nav class="md-nav" aria-label="Runlevels & Services">
+      <ul class="md-nav__list">
+        
+          <li class="md-nav__item">
+  <a href="#managing-runlevels" class="md-nav__link">
+    <span class="md-ellipsis">
+      Managing Runlevels
+    </span>
+  </a>
+  
+</li>
+        
+          <li class="md-nav__item">
+  <a href="#managing-services" class="md-nav__link">
+    <span class="md-ellipsis">
+      Managing Services
+    </span>
+  </a>
+  
+</li>
+        
+      </ul>
+    </nav>
+  
+</li>
+      
+    </ul>
+  
+</nav>
+                  </div>
+                </div>
+              </div>
+            
+          
+          
+            <div class="md-content" data-md-component="content">
+              <article class="md-content__inner md-typeset">
+                
+                  
+
+  
+  
+
+
+<h1 id="openrc"><a href="https://github.com/OpenRC/openrc/blob/master/user-guide.md">OpenRC</a></h1>
+<p><strong>OpenRC</strong> is a dependency-based init system for Unix-like systems that maintains compatibility with the system-provided init system, normally located in /sbin/init. OpenRC is Gentoo's native init system, although other init systems are available.</p>
+<p>OpenRC will start necessary system services in the correct order at boot, manage them while the system is in use, and stop them at shutdown. It can manage daemons installed from the Gentoo repository, can optionally supervise the processes it launches, and has an the possibility to start processes in parallel - when possible - to shorten boot time.</p>
+<h2 id="runlevels-services">Runlevels &amp; Services</h2>
+<p>OpenRC has a concept of <strong>runlevels</strong>. A runlevel is a collection of services that needs to be started. Instead of random numbers they are named, and users can create their own if needed.</p>
+<p>The <code>rc-status</code> helper will print all currently active runlevels and the state of services in them:</p>
+<div class="highlight"><table class="highlighttable"><tr><th colspan="2" class="filename"><span class="filename">Bash</span></th></tr><tr><td class="linenos"><div class="linenodiv"><pre><span></span><span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-0-1">1</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-0-2">2</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-0-3">3</a></span></pre></div></td><td class="code"><div><pre><span></span><code><a id="__codelineno-0-1" name="__codelineno-0-1"></a>Runlevel:<span class="w"> </span>default
+<a id="__codelineno-0-2" name="__codelineno-0-2"></a><span class="w">  </span>modules<span class="w">                     </span><span class="o">[</span><span class="w">  </span>started<span class="w">  </span><span class="o">]</span>
+<a id="__codelineno-0-3" name="__codelineno-0-3"></a><span class="w">  </span>lvm<span class="w">                         </span><span class="o">[</span><span class="w">  </span>started<span class="w">  </span><span class="o">]</span>
+</code></pre></div></td></tr></table></div>
+<p>All runlevels are represented as folders in <code>/etc/runlevels/</code> with symlinks to the actual service scripts.</p>
+<p>Calling <code>openrc</code> with an argument will switch to that runlevel; this will start and stop services as needed.</p>
+<h3 id="managing-runlevels">Managing Runlevels</h3>
+<p>Managing runlevels is usually done through the <code>rc-update</code> helper, but could of course be done by hand if desired.</p>
+<div class="highlight"><table class="highlighttable"><tr><th colspan="2" class="filename"><span class="filename">Bash</span></th></tr><tr><td class="linenos"><div class="linenodiv"><pre><span></span><span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-1-1">1</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-1-2">2</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-1-3">3</a></span></pre></div></td><td class="code"><div><pre><span></span><code><a id="__codelineno-1-1" name="__codelineno-1-1"></a>rc-update<span class="w"> </span>add<span class="w"> </span>&lt;service&gt;<span class="w"> </span>&lt;runlevel&gt;
+<a id="__codelineno-1-2" name="__codelineno-1-2"></a>rc-update<span class="w"> </span>del<span class="w"> </span>&lt;service&gt;<span class="w"> </span>&lt;runlevel&gt;
+<a id="__codelineno-1-3" name="__codelineno-1-3"></a>rc-update<span class="w"> </span>show<span class="w"> </span>&lt;runlevel&gt;
+</code></pre></div></td></tr></table></div>
+<p>The default startup uses the runlevels <code>sysinit</code>, <code>boot</code>, and <code>default</code>, in that order. Shutdown uses the <code>shutdown</code> runlevel.</p>
+<h3 id="managing-services">Managing Services</h3>
+<p>Any service can, at any time, be started/stopped/restarted by executing with the <code>rc-service</code> helper  someservice start, rc-service someservice stop, etc.</p>
+<div class="highlight"><table class="highlighttable"><tr><th colspan="2" class="filename"><span class="filename">Bash</span></th></tr><tr><td class="linenos"><div class="linenodiv"><pre><span></span><span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-2-1">1</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-2-2">2</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-2-3">3</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-2-4">4</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-2-5">5</a></span></pre></div></td><td class="code"><div><pre><span></span><code><a id="__codelineno-2-1" name="__codelineno-2-1"></a>rc-service<span class="w"> </span>&lt;service&gt;<span class="w"> </span>start
+<a id="__codelineno-2-2" name="__codelineno-2-2"></a>rc-service<span class="w"> </span>&lt;service&gt;<span class="w"> </span>stop
+<a id="__codelineno-2-3" name="__codelineno-2-3"></a>rc-service<span class="w"> </span>&lt;service&gt;<span class="w"> </span>restart
+<a id="__codelineno-2-4" name="__codelineno-2-4"></a>rc-service<span class="w"> </span>&lt;service&gt;<span class="w"> </span>status
+<a id="__codelineno-2-5" name="__codelineno-2-5"></a>rc-service<span class="w"> </span>&lt;service&gt;<span class="w"> </span>zap
+</code></pre></div></td></tr></table></div>
+<p>Another, less preferred method, is to run the service script directly, e.g. /etc/init.d/service start, /etc/init.d/service stop, etc.</p>
+<div class="highlight"><table class="highlighttable"><tr><th colspan="2" class="filename"><span class="filename">Bash</span></th></tr><tr><td class="linenos"><div class="linenodiv"><pre><span></span><span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-3-1">1</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-3-2">2</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-3-3">3</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-3-4">4</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-3-5">5</a></span></pre></div></td><td class="code"><div><pre><span></span><code><a id="__codelineno-3-1" name="__codelineno-3-1"></a>/etc/init.d/&lt;service&gt;<span class="w"> </span>start
+<a id="__codelineno-3-2" name="__codelineno-3-2"></a>/etc/init.d/&lt;service&gt;<span class="w"> </span>stop
+<a id="__codelineno-3-3" name="__codelineno-3-3"></a>/etc/init.d/&lt;service&gt;<span class="w"> </span>restart
+<a id="__codelineno-3-4" name="__codelineno-3-4"></a>/etc/init.d/&lt;service&gt;<span class="w"> </span>status
+<a id="__codelineno-3-5" name="__codelineno-3-5"></a>/etc/init.d/&lt;service&gt;<span class="w"> </span>zap
+</code></pre></div></td></tr></table></div>
+<p>There is a special command <code>zap</code> that makes OpenRC 'forget' that a service is started. This is mostly useful to reset a crashed service to stopped state without invoking the (possibly broken) stop function of the service script.</p>
+<p>Calling <code>openrc</code> without any arguments will try to reset all services so that the current runlevel is satisfied.</p>
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+              
+            
+              
+                
+  
+  
+  
+  
+    <li class="md-nav__item">
+      <a href="../../languages/python/modules/itertools.html" class="md-nav__link">
+        
+  
+  <span class="md-ellipsis">
+    itertools
+  </span>
+  
+
+      </a>
+    </li>
+  
+
+              
+            
+              
+                
+  
+  
+  
+  
+    <li class="md-nav__item">
+      <a href="../../languages/python/modules/json.html" class="md-nav__link">
+        
+  
+  <span class="md-ellipsis">
+    json
+  </span>
+  
+
+      </a>
+    </li>
+  
+
+              
+            
+              
+                
+  
+  
+  
+  
+    <li class="md-nav__item">
+      <a href="../../languages/python/modules/logging.html" class="md-nav__link">
+        
+  
+  <span class="md-ellipsis">
+    logging
+  </span>
+  
+
+      </a>
+    </li>
+  
+
+              
+            
+              
+                
+  
+  
+  
+  
+    <li class="md-nav__item">
+      <a href="../../languages/python/modules/shutil.html" class="md-nav__link">
+        
+  
+  <span class="md-ellipsis">
+    shutil
+  </span>
+  
+
+      </a>
+    </li>
+  
+
+              
+            
+              
+                
+  
+  
+  
+  
+    <li class="md-nav__item">
+      <a href="../../languages/python/modules/smtplib.html" class="md-nav__link">
+        
+  
+  <span class="md-ellipsis">
+    smtplib
+  </span>
+  
+
+      </a>
+    </li>
+  
+
+              
+            
+              
+                
+  
+  
+  
+  
+    <li class="md-nav__item">
+      <a href="../../languages/python/modules/socket.html" class="md-nav__link">
+        
+  
+  <span class="md-ellipsis">
+    socket
+  </span>
+  
+
+      </a>
+    </li>
+  
+
+              
+            
+              
+                
+  
+  
+  
+  
+    <li class="md-nav__item">
+      <a href="../../languages/python/modules/sqlite.html" class="md-nav__link">
+        
+  
+  <span class="md-ellipsis">
+    sqlite
+  </span>
+  
+
+      </a>
+    </li>
+  
+
+              
+            
+              
+                
+  
+  
+  
+  
+    <li class="md-nav__item">
+      <a href="../../languages/python/modules/time-datetime.html" class="md-nav__link">
+        
+  
+  <span class="md-ellipsis">
+    time & datetime
+  </span>
+  
+
+      </a>
+    </li>
+  
+
+              
+            
+              
+                
+  
+  
+  
+  
+    <li class="md-nav__item">
+      <a href="../../languages/python/modules/unittest.html" class="md-nav__link">
+        
+  
+  <span class="md-ellipsis">
+    unittest
+  </span>
+  
+
+      </a>
+    </li>
+  
+
+              
+            
+          </ul>
+        </nav>
+      
+    </li>
+  
+
+              
+            
+              
+                
+  
+  
+  
+  
+    
+    
+      
+        
+      
+        
+      
+        
+      
+        
+      
+        
+      
+        
+      
+    
+    
+      
+      
+        
+      
+    
+    
+    <li class="md-nav__item md-nav__item--nested">
+      
+        
+        
+        <input class="md-nav__toggle md-toggle " type="checkbox" id="__nav_4_8_3" >
+        
+          
+          <label class="md-nav__link" for="__nav_4_8_3" id="__nav_4_8_3_label" tabindex="0">
+            
+  
+  <span class="md-ellipsis">
+    Libraries
+  </span>
+  
+
+            <span class="md-nav__icon md-icon"></span>
+          </label>
+        
+        <nav class="md-nav" data-md-level="3" aria-labelledby="__nav_4_8_3_label" aria-expanded="false">
+          <label class="md-nav__title" for="__nav_4_8_3">
+            <span class="md-nav__icon md-icon"></span>
+            Libraries
+          </label>
+          <ul class="md-nav__list" data-md-scrollfix>
+            
+              
+                
+  
+  
+  
+  
+    <li class="md-nav__item">
+      <a href="../../languages/python/libs/tkinter.html" class="md-nav__link">
+        
+  
+  <span class="md-ellipsis">
+    TKinter
+  </span>
+  
+
+      </a>
+    </li>
+  
+
+              
+            
+              
+                
+  
+  
+  
+  
+    <li class="md-nav__item">
+      <a href="../../languages/python/libs/numpy.html" class="md-nav__link">
+        
+  
+  <span class="md-ellipsis">
+    Numpy
+  </span>
+  
+
+      </a>
+    </li>
+  
+
+              
+            
+              
+                
+  
+  
+  
+  
+    <li class="md-nav__item">
+      <a href="../../languages/python/libs/pandas.html" class="md-nav__link">
+        
+  
+  <span class="md-ellipsis">
+    Pandas
+  </span>
+  
+
+      </a>
+    </li>
+  
+
+              
+            
+              
+                
+  
+  
+  
+  
+    <li class="md-nav__item">
+      <a href="../../languages/python/libs/seaborn.html" class="md-nav__link">
+        
+  
+  <span class="md-ellipsis">
+    Seaborn
+  </span>
+  
+
+      </a>
+    </li>
+  
+
+              
+            
+              
+                
+  
+  
+  
+  
+    <li class="md-nav__item">
+      <a href="../../languages/python/libs/requests.html" class="md-nav__link">
+        
+  
+  <span class="md-ellipsis">
+    Requests
+  </span>
+  
+
+      </a>
+    </li>
+  
+
+              
+            
+              
+                
+  
+  
+  
+  
+    <li class="md-nav__item">
+      <a href="../../languages/python/libs/beautiful-soup.html" class="md-nav__link">
+        
+  
+  <span class="md-ellipsis">
+    Beatiful Soup
+  </span>
+  
+
+      </a>
+    </li>
+  
+
+              
+            
+          </ul>
+        </nav>
+      
+    </li>
+  
+
+              
+            
+          </ul>
+        </nav>
+      
+    </li>
+  
+
+              
+            
+              
+                
+  
+  
+  
+  
+    
+    
+      
+        
+      
+        
+      
+        
+      
+    
+    
+      
+      
+        
+      
+    
+    
+    <li class="md-nav__item md-nav__item--nested">
+      
+        
+        
+        <input class="md-nav__toggle md-toggle " type="checkbox" id="__nav_4_9" >
+        
+          
+          <label class="md-nav__link" for="__nav_4_9" id="__nav_4_9_label" tabindex="0">
+            
+  
+  <span class="md-ellipsis">
+    .NET
+  </span>
+  
+
+            <span class="md-nav__icon md-icon"></span>
+          </label>
+        
+        <nav class="md-nav" data-md-level="2" aria-labelledby="__nav_4_9_label" aria-expanded="false">
+          <label class="md-nav__title" for="__nav_4_9">
+            <span class="md-nav__icon md-icon"></span>
+            .NET
+          </label>
+          <ul class="md-nav__list" data-md-scrollfix>
+            
+              
+                
+  
+  
+  
+  
+    
+    
+      
+        
+      
+        
+      
+        
+      
+        
+      
+        
+      
+        
+      
+    
+    
+      
+      
+        
+      
+    
+    
+    <li class="md-nav__item md-nav__item--nested">
+      
+        
+        
+        <input class="md-nav__toggle md-toggle " type="checkbox" id="__nav_4_9_1" >
+        
+          
+          <label class="md-nav__link" for="__nav_4_9_1" id="__nav_4_9_1_label" tabindex="0">
+            
+  
+  <span class="md-ellipsis">
+    C#
+  </span>
+  
+
+            <span class="md-nav__icon md-icon"></span>
+          </label>
+        
+        <nav class="md-nav" data-md-level="3" aria-labelledby="__nav_4_9_1_label" aria-expanded="false">
+          <label class="md-nav__title" for="__nav_4_9_1">
+            <span class="md-nav__icon md-icon"></span>
+            C#
+          </label>
+          <ul class="md-nav__list" data-md-scrollfix>
+            
+              
+                
+  
+  
+  
+  
+    <li class="md-nav__item">
+      <a href="../../languages/dotnet/csharp/csharp.html" class="md-nav__link">
+        
+  
+  <span class="md-ellipsis">
+    C#
+  </span>
+  
+
+      </a>
+    </li>
+  
+
+              
+            
+              
+                
+  
+  
+  
+  
+    <li class="md-nav__item">
+      <a href="../../languages/dotnet/csharp/linq.html" class="md-nav__link">
+        
+  
+  <span class="md-ellipsis">
+    Linq
+  </span>
+  
+
+      </a>
+    </li>
+  
+
+              
+            
+              
+                
+  
+  
+  
+  
+    <li class="md-nav__item">
+      <a href="../../languages/dotnet/csharp/collections.html" class="md-nav__link">
+        
+  
+  <span class="md-ellipsis">
+    Collections
+  </span>
+  
+
+      </a>
+    </li>
+  
+
+              
+            
+              
+                
+  
+  
+  
+  
+    <li class="md-nav__item">
+      <a href="../../languages/dotnet/csharp/reactive-extensions.html" class="md-nav__link">
+        
+  
+  <span class="md-ellipsis">
+    Reactive Extensions
+  </span>
+  
+
+      </a>
+    </li>
+  
+
+              
+            
+              
+                
+  
+  
+  
+  
+    <li class="md-nav__item">
+      <a href="../../languages/dotnet/csharp/async-programming.html" class="md-nav__link">
+        
+  
+  <span class="md-ellipsis">
+    Async Programming
+  </span>
+  
+
+      </a>
+    </li>
+  
+
+              
+            
+              
+                
+  
+  
+  
+  
+    <li class="md-nav__item">
+      <a href="../../languages/dotnet/csharp/unit-tests.html" class="md-nav__link">
+        
+  
+  <span class="md-ellipsis">
+    Unit Tests
+  </span>
+  
+
+      </a>
+    </li>
+  
+
+              
+            
+          </ul>
+        </nav>
+      
+    </li>
+  
+
+              
+            
+              
+                
+  
+  
+  
+  
+    
+    
+      
+        
+      
+        
+      
+        
+      
+        
+      
+        
+      
+        
+      
+        
+      
+    
+    
+      
+      
+        
+      
+    
+    
+    <li class="md-nav__item md-nav__item--nested">
+      
+        
+        
+        <input class="md-nav__toggle md-toggle " type="checkbox" id="__nav_4_9_2" >
+        
+          
+          <label class="md-nav__link" for="__nav_4_9_2" id="__nav_4_9_2_label" tabindex="0">
+            
+  
+  <span class="md-ellipsis">
+    ASP.NET
+  </span>
+  
+
+            <span class="md-nav__icon md-icon"></span>
+          </label>
+        
+        <nav class="md-nav" data-md-level="3" aria-labelledby="__nav_4_9_2_label" aria-expanded="false">
+          <label class="md-nav__title" for="__nav_4_9_2">
+            <span class="md-nav__icon md-icon"></span>
+            ASP.NET
+          </label>
+          <ul class="md-nav__list" data-md-scrollfix>
+            
+              
+                
+  
+  
+  
+  
+    <li class="md-nav__item">
+      <a href="../../languages/dotnet/asp.net/minimal-api.html" class="md-nav__link">
+        
+  
+  <span class="md-ellipsis">
+    Minimal API
+  </span>
+  
+
+      </a>
+    </li>
+  
+
+              
+            
+              
+                
+  
+  
+  
+  
+    <li class="md-nav__item">
+      <a href="../../languages/dotnet/asp.net/filters.html" class="md-nav__link">
+        
+  
+  <span class="md-ellipsis">
+    FIlters
+  </span>
+  
+
+      </a>
+    </li>
+  
+
+              
+            
+              
+                
+  
+  
+  
+  
+    <li class="md-nav__item">
+      <a href="../../languages/dotnet/asp.net/middleware.html" class="md-nav__link">
+        
+  
+  <span class="md-ellipsis">
+    Middleware
+  </span>
+  
+
+      </a>
+    </li>
+  
+
+              
+            
+              
+                
+  
+  
+  
+  
+    <li class="md-nav__item">
+      <a href="../../languages/dotnet/asp.net/razor-syntax.html" class="md-nav__link">
+        
+  
+  <span class="md-ellipsis">
+    Razor Syntax
+  </span>
+  
+
+      </a>
+    </li>
+  
+
+              
+            
+              
+                
+  
+  
+  
+  
+    <li class="md-nav__item">
+      <a href="../../languages/dotnet/asp.net/blazor.html" class="md-nav__link">
+        
+  
+  <span class="md-ellipsis">
+    Blazor
+  </span>
+  
+
+      </a>
+    </li>
+  
+
+              
+            
+              
+                
+  
+  
+  
+  
+    <li class="md-nav__item">
+      <a href="../../languages/dotnet/asp.net/signalr.html" class="md-nav__link">
+        
+  
+  <span class="md-ellipsis">
+    SignalR
+  </span>
+  
+
+      </a>
+    </li>
+  
+
+              
+            
+              
+                
+  
+  
+  
+  
+    <li class="md-nav__item">
+      <a href="../../languages/dotnet/asp.net/web-forms.html" class="md-nav__link">
+        
+  
+  <span class="md-ellipsis">
+    Web Forms
+  </span>
+  
+
+      </a>
+    </li>
+  
+
+              
+            
+          </ul>
+        </nav>
+      
+    </li>
+  
+
+              
+            
+              
+                
+  
+  
+  
+  
+    
+    
+      
+        
+      
+        
+      
+    
+    
+      
+      
+        
+      
+    
+    
+    <li class="md-nav__item md-nav__item--nested">
+      
+        
+        
+        <input class="md-nav__toggle md-toggle " type="checkbox" id="__nav_4_9_3" >
+        
+          
+          <label class="md-nav__link" for="__nav_4_9_3" id="__nav_4_9_3_label" tabindex="0">
+            
+  
+  <span class="md-ellipsis">
+    Database
+  </span>
+  
+
+            <span class="md-nav__icon md-icon"></span>
+          </label>
+        
+        <nav class="md-nav" data-md-level="3" aria-labelledby="__nav_4_9_3_label" aria-expanded="false">
+          <label class="md-nav__title" for="__nav_4_9_3">
+            <span class="md-nav__icon md-icon"></span>
+            Database
+          </label>
+          <ul class="md-nav__list" data-md-scrollfix>
+            
+              
+                
+  
+  
+  
+  
+    <li class="md-nav__item">
+      <a href="../../languages/dotnet/database/ado.net.html" class="md-nav__link">
+        
+  
+  <span class="md-ellipsis">
+    ADO.NET
+  </span>
+  
+
+      </a>
+    </li>
+  
+
+              
+            
+              
+                
+  
+  
+  
+  
+    <li class="md-nav__item">
+      <a href="../../languages/dotnet/database/entity-framework.html" class="md-nav__link">
+        
+  
+  <span class="md-ellipsis">
+    Entity Framework
+  </span>
+  
+
+      </a>
+    </li>
+  
+
+              
+            
+          </ul>
+        </nav>
+      
+    </li>
+  
+
+              
+            
+          </ul>
+        </nav>
+      
+    </li>
+  
+
+              
+            
+              
+                
+  
+  
+  
+  
+    
+    
+      
+        
+      
+        
+      
+        
+      
+        
+      
+    
+    
+      
+      
+        
+      
+    
+    
+    <li class="md-nav__item md-nav__item--nested">
+      
+        
+        
+        <input class="md-nav__toggle md-toggle " type="checkbox" id="__nav_4_10" >
+        
+          
+          <label class="md-nav__link" for="__nav_4_10" id="__nav_4_10_label" tabindex="0">
+            
+  
+  <span class="md-ellipsis">
+    Java
+  </span>
+  
+
+            <span class="md-nav__icon md-icon"></span>
+          </label>
+        
+        <nav class="md-nav" data-md-level="2" aria-labelledby="__nav_4_10_label" aria-expanded="false">
+          <label class="md-nav__title" for="__nav_4_10">
+            <span class="md-nav__icon md-icon"></span>
+            Java
+          </label>
+          <ul class="md-nav__list" data-md-scrollfix>
+            
+              
+                
+  
+  
+  
+  
+    <li class="md-nav__item">
+      <a href="../../languages/java/java.html" class="md-nav__link">
+        
+  
+  <span class="md-ellipsis">
+    Java
+  </span>
+  
+
+      </a>
+    </li>
+  
+
+              
+            
+              
+                
+  
+  
+  
+  
+    <li class="md-nav__item">
+      <a href="../../languages/java/java-collection-framework.html" class="md-nav__link">
+        
+  
+  <span class="md-ellipsis">
+    Java Collection Framework
+  </span>
+  
+
+      </a>
+    </li>
+  
+
+              
+            
+              
+                
+  
+  
+  
+  
+    <li class="md-nav__item">
+      <a href="../../languages/java/dao.html" class="md-nav__link">
+        
+  
+  <span class="md-ellipsis">
+    DAO
+  </span>
+  
+
+      </a>
+    </li>
+  
+
+              
+            
+              
+                
+  
+  
+  
+  
+    
+    
+      
+        
+      
+        
+      
+    
+    
+      
+      
+        
+      
+    
+    
+    <li class="md-nav__item md-nav__item--nested">
+      
+        
+        
+        <input class="md-nav__toggle md-toggle " type="checkbox" id="__nav_4_10_4" >
+        
+          
+          <label class="md-nav__link" for="__nav_4_10_4" id="__nav_4_10_4_label" tabindex="0">
+            
+  
+  <span class="md-ellipsis">
+    Web
+  </span>
+  
+
+            <span class="md-nav__icon md-icon"></span>
+          </label>
+        
+        <nav class="md-nav" data-md-level="3" aria-labelledby="__nav_4_10_4_label" aria-expanded="false">
+          <label class="md-nav__title" for="__nav_4_10_4">
+            <span class="md-nav__icon md-icon"></span>
+            Web
+          </label>
+          <ul class="md-nav__list" data-md-scrollfix>
+            
+              
+                
+  
+  
+  
+  
+    <li class="md-nav__item">
+      <a href="../../languages/java/web/servlet.html" class="md-nav__link">
+        
+  
+  <span class="md-ellipsis">
+    Serverlet
+  </span>
+  
+
+      </a>
+    </li>
+  
+
+              
+            
+              
+                
+  
+  
+  
+  
+    
+    
+      
+        
+      
+        
+      
+    
+    
+      
+      
+        
+      
+    
+    
+    <li class="md-nav__item md-nav__item--nested">
+      
+        
+        
+        <input class="md-nav__toggle md-toggle " type="checkbox" id="__nav_4_10_4_2" >
+        
+          
+          <label class="md-nav__link" for="__nav_4_10_4_2" id="__nav_4_10_4_2_label" tabindex="0">
+            
+  
+  <span class="md-ellipsis">
+    Spring
+  </span>
+  
+
+            <span class="md-nav__icon md-icon"></span>
+          </label>
+        
+        <nav class="md-nav" data-md-level="4" aria-labelledby="__nav_4_10_4_2_label" aria-expanded="false">
+          <label class="md-nav__title" for="__nav_4_10_4_2">
+            <span class="md-nav__icon md-icon"></span>
+            Spring
+          </label>
+          <ul class="md-nav__list" data-md-scrollfix>
+            
+              
+                
+  
+  
+  
+  
+    <li class="md-nav__item">
+      <a href="../../languages/java/spring/pom.xml.html" class="md-nav__link">
+        
+  
+  <span class="md-ellipsis">
+    POM
+  </span>
+  
+
+      </a>
+    </li>
+  
+
+              
+            
+              
+                
+  
+  
+  
+  
+    <li class="md-nav__item">
+      <a href="../../languages/java/spring/spring-project.html" class="md-nav__link">
+        
+  
+  <span class="md-ellipsis">
+    Project Structure
+  </span>
+  
+
+      </a>
+    </li>
+  
+
+              
+            
+          </ul>
+        </nav>
+      
+    </li>
+  
+
+              
+            
+          </ul>
+        </nav>
+      
+    </li>
+  
+
+              
+            
+          </ul>
+        </nav>
+      
+    </li>
+  
+
+              
+            
+              
+                
+  
+  
+  
+  
+    
+    
+      
+        
+      
+        
+      
+        
+      
+        
+      
+        
+      
+        
+      
+        
+      
+        
+      
+        
+      
+    
+    
+      
+      
+        
+      
+    
+    
+    <li class="md-nav__item md-nav__item--nested">
+      
+        
+        
+        <input class="md-nav__toggle md-toggle " type="checkbox" id="__nav_4_11" >
+        
+          
+          <label class="md-nav__link" for="__nav_4_11" id="__nav_4_11_label" tabindex="0">
+            
+  
+  <span class="md-ellipsis">
+    PHP
+  </span>
+  
+
+            <span class="md-nav__icon md-icon"></span>
+          </label>
+        
+        <nav class="md-nav" data-md-level="2" aria-labelledby="__nav_4_11_label" aria-expanded="false">
+          <label class="md-nav__title" for="__nav_4_11">
+            <span class="md-nav__icon md-icon"></span>
+            PHP
+          </label>
+          <ul class="md-nav__list" data-md-scrollfix>
+            
+              
+                
+  
+  
+  
+  
+    <li class="md-nav__item">
+      <a href="../../languages/php/php.html" class="md-nav__link">
+        
+  
+  <span class="md-ellipsis">
+    PHP
+  </span>
+  
+
+      </a>
+    </li>
+  
+
+              
+            
+              
+                
+  
+  
+  
+  
+    <li class="md-nav__item">
+      <a href="../../languages/php/database.html" class="md-nav__link">
+        
+  
+  <span class="md-ellipsis">
+    Database
+  </span>
+  
+
+      </a>
+    </li>
+  
+
+              
+            
+              
+                
+  
+  
+  
+  
+    <li class="md-nav__item">
+      <a href="../../languages/php/web.html" class="md-nav__link">
+        
+  
+  <span class="md-ellipsis">
+    Web
+  </span>
+  
+
+      </a>
+    </li>
+  
+
+              
+            
+              
+                
+  
+  
+  
+  
+    <li class="md-nav__item">
+      <a href="../../languages/php/dependency-injection.html" class="md-nav__link">
+        
+  
+  <span class="md-ellipsis">
+    Dependency Injection
+  </span>
+  
+
+      </a>
+    </li>
+  
+
+              
+            
+              
+                
+  
+  
+  
+  
+    <li class="md-nav__item">
+      <a href="../../languages/php/unit-tests.html" class="md-nav__link">
+        
+  
+  <span class="md-ellipsis">
+    Unit Tests
+  </span>
+  
+
+      </a>
+    </li>
+  
+
+              
+            
+              
+                
+  
+  
+  
+  
+    <li class="md-nav__item">
+      <a href="../../languages/php/composer.html" class="md-nav__link">
+        
+  
+  <span class="md-ellipsis">
+    Composer
+  </span>
+  
+
+      </a>
+    </li>
+  
+
+              
+            
+              
+                
+  
+  
+  
+  
+    <li class="md-nav__item">
+      <a href="../../languages/php/psr-7.html" class="md-nav__link">
+        
+  
+  <span class="md-ellipsis">
+    PSR 7
+  </span>
+  
+
+      </a>
+    </li>
+  
+
+              
+            
+              
+                
+  
+  
+  
+  
+    <li class="md-nav__item">
+      <a href="../../languages/php/plates-templating.html" class="md-nav__link">
+        
+  
+  <span class="md-ellipsis">
+    Plates
+  </span>
+  
+
+      </a>
+    </li>
+  
+
+              
+            
+              
+                
+  
+  
+  
+  
+    
+    
+      
+        
+      
+        
+      
+    
+    
+      
+      
+        
+      
+    
+    
+    <li class="md-nav__item md-nav__item--nested">
+      
+        
+        
+        <input class="md-nav__toggle md-toggle " type="checkbox" id="__nav_4_11_9" >
+        
+          
+          <label class="md-nav__link" for="__nav_4_11_9" id="__nav_4_11_9_label" tabindex="0">
+            
+  
+  <span class="md-ellipsis">
+    Simple MVC
+  </span>
+  
+
+            <span class="md-nav__icon md-icon"></span>
+          </label>
+        
+        <nav class="md-nav" data-md-level="3" aria-labelledby="__nav_4_11_9_label" aria-expanded="false">
+          <label class="md-nav__title" for="__nav_4_11_9">
+            <span class="md-nav__icon md-icon"></span>
+            Simple MVC
+          </label>
+          <ul class="md-nav__list" data-md-scrollfix>
+            
+              
+                
+  
+  
+  
+  
+    <li class="md-nav__item">
+      <a href="../../languages/php/simple-mvc/simple-mvc.html" class="md-nav__link">
+        
+  
+  <span class="md-ellipsis">
+    Simple MVC
+  </span>
+  
+
+      </a>
+    </li>
+  
+
+              
+            
+              
+                
+  
+  
+  
+  
+    <li class="md-nav__item">
+      <a href="../../languages/php/simple-mvc/rest-api.html" class="md-nav__link">
+        
+  
+  <span class="md-ellipsis">
+    REST API
+  </span>
+  
+
+      </a>
+    </li>
+  
+
+              
+            
+          </ul>
+        </nav>
+      
+    </li>
+  
+
+              
+            
+          </ul>
+        </nav>
+      
+    </li>
+  
+
+              
+            
+              
+                
+  
+  
+  
+  
+    
+    
+      
+        
+      
+        
+      
+        
+      
+        
+      
+        
+      
+    
+    
+      
+      
+        
+      
+    
+    
+    <li class="md-nav__item md-nav__item--nested">
+      
+        
+        
+        <input class="md-nav__toggle md-toggle " type="checkbox" id="__nav_4_12" >
+        
+          
+          <label class="md-nav__link" for="__nav_4_12" id="__nav_4_12_label" tabindex="0">
+            
+  
+  <span class="md-ellipsis">
+    Rust
+  </span>
+  
+
+            <span class="md-nav__icon md-icon"></span>
+          </label>
+        
+        <nav class="md-nav" data-md-level="2" aria-labelledby="__nav_4_12_label" aria-expanded="false">
+          <label class="md-nav__title" for="__nav_4_12">
+            <span class="md-nav__icon md-icon"></span>
+            Rust
+          </label>
+          <ul class="md-nav__list" data-md-scrollfix>
+            
+              
+                
+  
+  
+  
+  
+    <li class="md-nav__item">
+      <a href="../../languages/rust/rust.html" class="md-nav__link">
+        
+  
+  <span class="md-ellipsis">
+    Rust
+  </span>
+  
+
+      </a>
+    </li>
+  
+
+              
+            
+              
+                
+  
+  
+  
+  
+    <li class="md-nav__item">
+      <a href="../../languages/rust/macros.html" class="md-nav__link">
+        
+  
+  <span class="md-ellipsis">
+    Macros
+  </span>
+  
+
+      </a>
+    </li>
+  
+
+              
+            
+              
+                
+  
+  
+  
+  
+    <li class="md-nav__item">
+      <a href="../../languages/rust/cargo.html" class="md-nav__link">
+        
+  
+  <span class="md-ellipsis">
+    Cargo
+  </span>
+  
+
+      </a>
+    </li>
+  
+
+              
+            
+              
+                
+  
+  
+  
+  
+    <li class="md-nav__item">
+      <a href="../../languages/rust/concurrency.html" class="md-nav__link">
+        
+  
+  <span class="md-ellipsis">
+    Concurrency
+  </span>
+  
+
+      </a>
+    </li>
+  
+
+              
+            
+              
+                
+  
+  
+  
+  
+    <li class="md-nav__item">
+      <a href="../../languages/rust/unit-tests.html" class="md-nav__link">
+        
+  
+  <span class="md-ellipsis">
+    Unit Tests
+  </span>
+  
+
+      </a>
+    </li>
+  
+
+              
+            
+          </ul>
+        </nav>
+      
+    </li>
+  
+
+              
+            
+              
+                
+  
+  
+  
+  
+    
+    
+      
+        
+      
+        
+      
+        
+      
+        
+      
+        
+      
+        
+      
+        
+      
+    
+    
+      
+      
+        
+      
+    
+    
+    <li class="md-nav__item md-nav__item--nested">
+      
+        
+        
+        <input class="md-nav__toggle md-toggle " type="checkbox" id="__nav_4_13" >
+        
+          
+          <label class="md-nav__link" for="__nav_4_13" id="__nav_4_13_label" tabindex="0">
+            
+  
+  <span class="md-ellipsis">
+    Javascript
+  </span>
+  
+
+            <span class="md-nav__icon md-icon"></span>
+          </label>
+        
+        <nav class="md-nav" data-md-level="2" aria-labelledby="__nav_4_13_label" aria-expanded="false">
+          <label class="md-nav__title" for="__nav_4_13">
+            <span class="md-nav__icon md-icon"></span>
+            Javascript
+          </label>
+          <ul class="md-nav__list" data-md-scrollfix>
+            
+              
+                
+  
+  
+  
+  
+    <li class="md-nav__item">
+      <a href="../../languages/javascript/javascript.html" class="md-nav__link">
+        
+  
+  <span class="md-ellipsis">
+    Javascript
+  </span>
+  
+
+      </a>
+    </li>
+  
+
+              
+            
+              
+                
+  
+  
+  
+  
+    <li class="md-nav__item">
+      <a href="../../languages/javascript/dom.html" class="md-nav__link">
+        
+  
+  <span class="md-ellipsis">
+    DOM
+  </span>
+  
+
+      </a>
+    </li>
+  
+
+              
+            
+              
+                
+  
+  
+  
+  
+    <li class="md-nav__item">
+      <a href="../../languages/javascript/events-animation.html" class="md-nav__link">
+        
+  
+  <span class="md-ellipsis">
+    Events & Animation
+  </span>
+  
+
+      </a>
+    </li>
+  
+
+              
+            
+              
+                
+  
+  
+  
+  
+    <li class="md-nav__item">
+      <a href="../../languages/javascript/ajax.html" class="md-nav__link">
+        
+  
+  <span class="md-ellipsis">
+    AJAX
+  </span>
+  
+
+      </a>
+    </li>
+  
+
+              
+            
+              
+                
+  
+  
+  
+  
+    <li class="md-nav__item">
+      <a href="../../languages/javascript/jquery.html" class="md-nav__link">
+        
+  
+  <span class="md-ellipsis">
+    jQuery
+  </span>
+  
+
+      </a>
+    </li>
+  
+
+              
+            
+              
+                
+  
+  
+  
+  
+    
+    
+      
+        
+      
+        
+      
+        
+      
+        
+      
+        
+      
+    
+    
+      
+      
+        
+      
+    
+    
+    <li class="md-nav__item md-nav__item--nested">
+      
+        
+        
+        <input class="md-nav__toggle md-toggle " type="checkbox" id="__nav_4_13_6" >
+        
+          
+          <label class="md-nav__link" for="__nav_4_13_6" id="__nav_4_13_6_label" tabindex="0">
+            
+  
+  <span class="md-ellipsis">
+    React
+  </span>
+  
+
+            <span class="md-nav__icon md-icon"></span>
+          </label>
+        
+        <nav class="md-nav" data-md-level="3" aria-labelledby="__nav_4_13_6_label" aria-expanded="false">
+          <label class="md-nav__title" for="__nav_4_13_6">
+            <span class="md-nav__icon md-icon"></span>
+            React
+          </label>
+          <ul class="md-nav__list" data-md-scrollfix>
+            
+              
+                
+  
+  
+  
+  
+    <li class="md-nav__item">
+      <a href="../../languages/javascript/react/react.html" class="md-nav__link">
+        
+  
+  <span class="md-ellipsis">
+    React
+  </span>
+  
+
+      </a>
+    </li>
+  
+
+              
+            
+              
+                
+  
+  
+  
+  
+    <li class="md-nav__item">
+      <a href="../../languages/javascript/react/react-router.html" class="md-nav__link">
+        
+  
+  <span class="md-ellipsis">
+    React Router
+  </span>
+  
+
+      </a>
+    </li>
+  
+
+              
+            
+              
+                
+  
+  
+  
+  
+    <li class="md-nav__item">
+      <a href="../../languages/javascript/react/react-tests.html" class="md-nav__link">
+        
+  
+  <span class="md-ellipsis">
+    React Tests
+  </span>
+  
+
+      </a>
+    </li>
+  
+
+              
+            
+              
+                
+  
+  
+  
+  
+    <li class="md-nav__item">
+      <a href="../../languages/javascript/react/redux.html" class="md-nav__link">
+        
+  
+  <span class="md-ellipsis">
+    Redux
+  </span>
+  
+
+      </a>
+    </li>
+  
+
+              
+            
+              
+                
+  
+  
+  
+  
+    <li class="md-nav__item">
+      <a href="../../languages/javascript/react/redux-tests.html" class="md-nav__link">
+        
+  
+  <span class="md-ellipsis">
+    Redux Tests
+  </span>
+  
+
+      </a>
+    </li>
+  
+
+              
+            
+          </ul>
+        </nav>
+      
+    </li>
+  
+
+              
+            
+              
+                
+  
+  
+  
+  
+    <li class="md-nav__item">
+      <a href="../../languages/javascript/svelte/svelte.html" class="md-nav__link">
+        
+  
+  <span class="md-ellipsis">
+    Svelte
+  </span>
+  
+
+      </a>
+    </li>
+  
+
+              
+            
+          </ul>
+        </nav>
+      
+    </li>
+  
+
+              
+            
+              
+                
+  
+  
+  
+  
+    
+    
+      
+        
+      
+        
+      
+    
+    
+      
+      
+        
+      
+    
+    
+    <li class="md-nav__item md-nav__item--nested">
+      
+        
+        
+        <input class="md-nav__toggle md-toggle " type="checkbox" id="__nav_4_14" >
+        
+          
+          <label class="md-nav__link" for="__nav_4_14" id="__nav_4_14_label" tabindex="0">
+            
+  
+  <span class="md-ellipsis">
+    PowerShell
+  </span>
+  
+
+            <span class="md-nav__icon md-icon"></span>
+          </label>
+        
+        <nav class="md-nav" data-md-level="2" aria-labelledby="__nav_4_14_label" aria-expanded="false">
+          <label class="md-nav__title" for="__nav_4_14">
+            <span class="md-nav__icon md-icon"></span>
+            PowerShell
+          </label>
+          <ul class="md-nav__list" data-md-scrollfix>
+            
+              
+                
+  
+  
+  
+  
+    <li class="md-nav__item">
+      <a href="../../languages/powershell/scripting.html" class="md-nav__link">
+        
+  
+  <span class="md-ellipsis">
+    Scripting
+  </span>
+  
+
+      </a>
+    </li>
+  
+
+              
+            
+              
+                
+  
+  
+  
+  
+    <li class="md-nav__item">
+      <a href="../../languages/powershell/commands.html" class="md-nav__link">
+        
+  
+  <span class="md-ellipsis">
+    Commands
+  </span>
+  
+
+      </a>
+    </li>
+  
+
+              
+            
+          </ul>
+        </nav>
+      
+    </li>
+  
+
+              
+            
+              
+                
+  
+  
+  
+  
+    
+    
+      
+        
+      
+        
+      
+    
+    
+      
+      
+        
+      
+    
+    
+    <li class="md-nav__item md-nav__item--nested">
+      
+        
+        
+        <input class="md-nav__toggle md-toggle " type="checkbox" id="__nav_4_15" >
+        
+          
+          <label class="md-nav__link" for="__nav_4_15" id="__nav_4_15_label" tabindex="0">
+            
+  
+  <span class="md-ellipsis">
+    Bash
+  </span>
+  
+
+            <span class="md-nav__icon md-icon"></span>
+          </label>
+        
+        <nav class="md-nav" data-md-level="2" aria-labelledby="__nav_4_15_label" aria-expanded="false">
+          <label class="md-nav__title" for="__nav_4_15">
+            <span class="md-nav__icon md-icon"></span>
+            Bash
+          </label>
+          <ul class="md-nav__list" data-md-scrollfix>
+            
+              
+                
+  
+  
+  
+  
+    <li class="md-nav__item">
+      <a href="../../languages/bash/scripting.html" class="md-nav__link">
+        
+  
+  <span class="md-ellipsis">
+    Scripting
+  </span>
+  
+
+      </a>
+    </li>
+  
+
+              
+            
+              
+                
+  
+  
+  
+  
+    <li class="md-nav__item">
+      <a href="../../languages/bash/commands.html" class="md-nav__link">
+        
+  
+  <span class="md-ellipsis">
+    Commands
+  </span>
+  
+
+      </a>
+    </li>
+  
+
+              
+            
+          </ul>
+        </nav>
+      
+    </li>
+  
+
+              
+            
+          </ul>
+        </nav>
+      
+    </li>
+  
+
+    
+      
+      
+  
+  
+  
+  
+    
+    
+      
+        
+      
+        
+      
+        
+      
+        
+      
+        
+      
+    
+    
+      
+      
+        
+      
+    
+    
+    <li class="md-nav__item md-nav__item--nested">
+      
+        
+        
+        <input class="md-nav__toggle md-toggle " type="checkbox" id="__nav_5" >
+        
+          
+          <label class="md-nav__link" for="__nav_5" id="__nav_5_label" tabindex="0">
+            
+  
+  <span class="md-ellipsis">
+    Misc
+  </span>
+  
+
+            <span class="md-nav__icon md-icon"></span>
+          </label>
+        
+        <nav class="md-nav" data-md-level="1" aria-labelledby="__nav_5_label" aria-expanded="false">
+          <label class="md-nav__title" for="__nav_5">
+            <span class="md-nav__icon md-icon"></span>
+            Misc
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+
+<h1 id="systemd"><a href="https://wiki.archlinux.org/title/Systemd">Systemd</a></h1>
+<p><strong>systemd</strong> is a suite of basic building blocks for a Linux system. It provides a <em>system</em> and <em>service manager</em> that runs as PID 1 and starts the rest of the system.</p>
+<p><code>systemd</code> provides aggressive parallelization capabilities, uses socket and D-Bus activation for starting services, offers on-demand starting of daemons, keeps track of processes using Linux control groups, maintains mount and automount points, and implements an elaborate transactional dependency-based service control logic.</p>
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+        
+      
+        
+      
+    
+    
+      
+      
+        
+      
+    
+    
+    <li class="md-nav__item md-nav__item--nested">
+      
+        
+        
+        <input class="md-nav__toggle md-toggle " type="checkbox" id="__nav_4_7" >
+        
+          
+          <label class="md-nav__link" for="__nav_4_7" id="__nav_4_7_label" tabindex="0">
+            
+  
+  <span class="md-ellipsis">
+    Assembly
+  </span>
+  
+
+            <span class="md-nav__icon md-icon"></span>
+          </label>
+        
+        <nav class="md-nav" data-md-level="2" aria-labelledby="__nav_4_7_label" aria-expanded="false">
+          <label class="md-nav__title" for="__nav_4_7">
+            <span class="md-nav__icon md-icon"></span>
+            Assembly
+          </label>
+          <ul class="md-nav__list" data-md-scrollfix>
+            
+              
+                
+  
+  
+  
+  
+    <li class="md-nav__item">
+      <a href="../languages/assembly/intel.html" class="md-nav__link">
+        
+  
+  <span class="md-ellipsis">
+    Intel
+  </span>
+  
+
+      </a>
+    </li>
+  
+
+              
+            
+              
+                
+  
+  
+  
+  
+    <li class="md-nav__item">
+      <a href="../languages/assembly/riscv.html" class="md-nav__link">
+        
+  
+  <span class="md-ellipsis">
+    RISC-V
+  </span>
+  
+
+      </a>
+    </li>
+  
+
+              
+            
+          </ul>
+        </nav>
+      
+    </li>
+  
+
+              
+            
+              
+                
+  
+  
+  
+  
+    
+    
+      
+        
+      
+        
+      
+        
+      
+    
+    
+      
+      
+        
+      
+    
+    
+    <li class="md-nav__item md-nav__item--nested">
+      
+        
+        
+        <input class="md-nav__toggle md-toggle " type="checkbox" id="__nav_4_8" >
+        
+          
+          <label class="md-nav__link" for="__nav_4_8" id="__nav_4_8_label" tabindex="0">
+            
+  
+  <span class="md-ellipsis">
+    Python
+  </span>
+  
+
+            <span class="md-nav__icon md-icon"></span>
+          </label>
+        
+        <nav class="md-nav" data-md-level="2" aria-labelledby="__nav_4_8_label" aria-expanded="false">
+          <label class="md-nav__title" for="__nav_4_8">
+            <span class="md-nav__icon md-icon"></span>
+            Python
+          </label>
+          <ul class="md-nav__list" data-md-scrollfix>
+            
+              
+                
+  
+  
+  
+  
+    <li class="md-nav__item">
+      <a href="../languages/python/python.html" class="md-nav__link">
+        
+  
+  <span class="md-ellipsis">
+    Python
+  </span>
+  
+
+      </a>
+    </li>
+  
+
+              
+            
+              
+                
+  
+  
+  
+  
+    
+    
+      
+        
+      
+        
+      
+        
+      
+        
+      
+        
+      
+        
+      
+        
+      
+        
+      
+        
+      
+        
+      
+        
+      
+        
+      
+        
+      
+    
+    
+      
+      
+        
+      
+    
+    
+    <li class="md-nav__item md-nav__item--nested">
+      
+        
+        
+        <input class="md-nav__toggle md-toggle " type="checkbox" id="__nav_4_8_2" >
+        
+          
+          <label class="md-nav__link" for="__nav_4_8_2" id="__nav_4_8_2_label" tabindex="0">
+            
+  
+  <span class="md-ellipsis">
+    Modules
+  </span>
+  
+
+            <span class="md-nav__icon md-icon"></span>
+          </label>
+        
+        <nav class="md-nav" data-md-level="3" aria-labelledby="__nav_4_8_2_label" aria-expanded="false">
+          <label class="md-nav__title" for="__nav_4_8_2">
+            <span class="md-nav__icon md-icon"></span>
+            Modules
+          </label>
+          <ul class="md-nav__list" data-md-scrollfix>
+            
+              
+                
+  
+  
+  
+  
+    <li class="md-nav__item">
+      <a href="../languages/python/modules/argparse.html" class="md-nav__link">
+        
+  
+  <span class="md-ellipsis">
+    argparse
+  </span>
+  
+
+      </a>
+    </li>
+  
+
+              
+            
+              
+                
+  
+  
+  
+  
+    <li class="md-nav__item">
+      <a href="../languages/python/modules/collections.html" class="md-nav__link">
+        
+  
+  <span class="md-ellipsis">
+    collection
+  </span>
+  
+
+      </a>
+    </li>
+  
+
+              
+            
+              
+                
+  
+  
+  
+  
+    <li class="md-nav__item">
+      <a href="../languages/python/modules/csv.html" class="md-nav__link">
+        
+  
+  <span class="md-ellipsis">
+    csv
+  </span>
+  
+
+      </a>
+    </li>
+  
+
+              
+            
+              
+                
+  
+  
+  
+  
+    <li class="md-nav__item">
+      <a href="../languages/python/modules/ftplib.html" class="md-nav__link">
+        
+  
+  <span class="md-ellipsis">
+    ftplib
+  </span>
+  
+
+      </a>
+    </li>
+  
+
+              
+            
+              
+                
+  
+  
+  
+  
+    <li class="md-nav__item">
+      <a href="../languages/python/modules/itertools.html" class="md-nav__link">
+        
+  
+  <span class="md-ellipsis">
+    itertools
+  </span>
+  
+
+      </a>
+    </li>
+  
+
+              
+            
+              
+                
+  
+  
+  
+  
+    <li class="md-nav__item">
+      <a href="../languages/python/modules/json.html" class="md-nav__link">
+        
+  
+  <span class="md-ellipsis">
+    json
+  </span>
+  
+
+      </a>
+    </li>
+  
+
+              
+            
+              
+                
+  
+  
+  
+  
+    <li class="md-nav__item">
+      <a href="../languages/python/modules/logging.html" class="md-nav__link">
+        
+  
+  <span class="md-ellipsis">
+    logging
+  </span>
+  
+
+      </a>
+    </li>
+  
+
+              
+            
+              
+                
+  
+  
+  
+  
+    <li class="md-nav__item">
+      <a href="../languages/python/modules/shutil.html" class="md-nav__link">
+        
+  
+  <span class="md-ellipsis">
+    shutil
+  </span>
+  
+
+      </a>
+    </li>
+  
+
+              
+            
+              
+                
+  
+  
+  
+  
+    <li class="md-nav__item">
+      <a href="../languages/python/modules/smtplib.html" class="md-nav__link">
+        
+  
+  <span class="md-ellipsis">
+    smtplib
+  </span>
+  
+
+      </a>
+    </li>
+  
+
+              
+            
+              
+                
+  
+  
+  
+  
+    <li class="md-nav__item">
+      <a href="../languages/python/modules/socket.html" class="md-nav__link">
+        
+  
+  <span class="md-ellipsis">
+    socket
+  </span>
+  
+
+      </a>
+    </li>
+  
+
+              
+            
+              
+                
+  
+  
+  
+  
+    <li class="md-nav__item">
+      <a href="../languages/python/modules/sqlite.html" class="md-nav__link">
+        
+  
+  <span class="md-ellipsis">
+    sqlite
+  </span>
+  
+
+      </a>
+    </li>
+  
+
+              
+            
+              
+                
+  
+  
+  
+  
+    <li class="md-nav__item">
+      <a href="../languages/python/modules/time-datetime.html" class="md-nav__link">
+        
+  
+  <span class="md-ellipsis">
+    time & datetime
+  </span>
+  
+
+      </a>
+    </li>
+  
+
+              
+            
+              
+                
+  
+  
+  
+  
+    <li class="md-nav__item">
+      <a href="../languages/python/modules/unittest.html" class="md-nav__link">
+        
+  
+  <span class="md-ellipsis">
+    unittest
+  </span>
+  
+
+      </a>
+    </li>
+  
+
+              
+            
+          </ul>
+        </nav>
+      
+    </li>
+  
+
+              
+            
+              
+                
+  
+  
+  
+  
+    
+    
+      
+        
+      
+        
+      
+        
+      
+        
+      
+        
+      
+        
+      
+    
+    
+      
+      
+        
+      
+    
+    
+    <li class="md-nav__item md-nav__item--nested">
+      
+        
+        
+        <input class="md-nav__toggle md-toggle " type="checkbox" id="__nav_4_8_3" >
+        
+          
+          <label class="md-nav__link" for="__nav_4_8_3" id="__nav_4_8_3_label" tabindex="0">
+            
+  
+  <span class="md-ellipsis">
+    Libraries
+  </span>
+  
+
+            <span class="md-nav__icon md-icon"></span>
+          </label>
+        
+        <nav class="md-nav" data-md-level="3" aria-labelledby="__nav_4_8_3_label" aria-expanded="false">
+          <label class="md-nav__title" for="__nav_4_8_3">
+            <span class="md-nav__icon md-icon"></span>
+            Libraries
+          </label>
+          <ul class="md-nav__list" data-md-scrollfix>
+            
+              
+                
+  
+  
+  
+  
+    <li class="md-nav__item">
+      <a href="../languages/python/libs/tkinter.html" class="md-nav__link">
+        
+  
+  <span class="md-ellipsis">
+    TKinter
+  </span>
+  
+
+      </a>
+    </li>
+  
+
+              
+            
+              
+                
+  
+  
+  
+  
+    <li class="md-nav__item">
+      <a href="../languages/python/libs/numpy.html" class="md-nav__link">
+        
+  
+  <span class="md-ellipsis">
+    Numpy
+  </span>
+  
+
+      </a>
+    </li>
+  
+
+              
+            
+              
+                
+  
+  
+  
+  
+    <li class="md-nav__item">
+      <a href="../languages/python/libs/pandas.html" class="md-nav__link">
+        
+  
+  <span class="md-ellipsis">
+    Pandas
+  </span>
+  
+
+      </a>
+    </li>
+  
+
+              
+            
+              
+                
+  
+  
+  
+  
+    <li class="md-nav__item">
+      <a href="../languages/python/libs/seaborn.html" class="md-nav__link">
+        
+  
+  <span class="md-ellipsis">
+    Seaborn
+  </span>
+  
+
+      </a>
+    </li>
+  
+
+              
+            
+              
+                
+  
+  
+  
+  
+    <li class="md-nav__item">
+      <a href="../languages/python/libs/requests.html" class="md-nav__link">
+        
+  
+  <span class="md-ellipsis">
+    Requests
+  </span>
+  
+
+      </a>
+    </li>
+  
+
+              
+            
+              
+                
+  
+  
+  
+  
+    <li class="md-nav__item">
+      <a href="../languages/python/libs/beautiful-soup.html" class="md-nav__link">
+        
+  
+  <span class="md-ellipsis">
+    Beatiful Soup
+  </span>
+  
+
+      </a>
+    </li>
+  
+
+              
+            
+          </ul>
+        </nav>
+      
+    </li>
+  
+
+              
+            
+          </ul>
+        </nav>
+      
+    </li>
+  
+
+              
+            
+              
+                
+  
+  
+  
+  
+    
+    
+      
+        
+      
+        
+      
+        
+      
+    
+    
+      
+      
+        
+      
+    
+    
+    <li class="md-nav__item md-nav__item--nested">
+      
+        
+        
+        <input class="md-nav__toggle md-toggle " type="checkbox" id="__nav_4_9" >
+        
+          
+          <label class="md-nav__link" for="__nav_4_9" id="__nav_4_9_label" tabindex="0">
+            
+  
+  <span class="md-ellipsis">
+    .NET
+  </span>
+  
+
+            <span class="md-nav__icon md-icon"></span>
+          </label>
+        
+        <nav class="md-nav" data-md-level="2" aria-labelledby="__nav_4_9_label" aria-expanded="false">
+          <label class="md-nav__title" for="__nav_4_9">
+            <span class="md-nav__icon md-icon"></span>
+            .NET
+          </label>
+          <ul class="md-nav__list" data-md-scrollfix>
+            
+              
+                
+  
+  
+  
+  
+    
+    
+      
+        
+      
+        
+      
+        
+      
+        
+      
+        
+      
+        
+      
+    
+    
+      
+      
+        
+      
+    
+    
+    <li class="md-nav__item md-nav__item--nested">
+      
+        
+        
+        <input class="md-nav__toggle md-toggle " type="checkbox" id="__nav_4_9_1" >
+        
+          
+          <label class="md-nav__link" for="__nav_4_9_1" id="__nav_4_9_1_label" tabindex="0">
+            
+  
+  <span class="md-ellipsis">
+    C#
+  </span>
+  
+
+            <span class="md-nav__icon md-icon"></span>
+          </label>
+        
+        <nav class="md-nav" data-md-level="3" aria-labelledby="__nav_4_9_1_label" aria-expanded="false">
+          <label class="md-nav__title" for="__nav_4_9_1">
+            <span class="md-nav__icon md-icon"></span>
+            C#
+          </label>
+          <ul class="md-nav__list" data-md-scrollfix>
+            
+              
+                
+  
+  
+  
+  
+    <li class="md-nav__item">
+      <a href="../languages/dotnet/csharp/csharp.html" class="md-nav__link">
+        
+  
+  <span class="md-ellipsis">
+    C#
+  </span>
+  
+
+      </a>
+    </li>
+  
+
+              
+            
+              
+                
+  
+  
+  
+  
+    <li class="md-nav__item">
+      <a href="../languages/dotnet/csharp/linq.html" class="md-nav__link">
+        
+  
+  <span class="md-ellipsis">
+    Linq
+  </span>
+  
+
+      </a>
+    </li>
+  
+
+              
+            
+              
+                
+  
+  
+  
+  
+    <li class="md-nav__item">
+      <a href="../languages/dotnet/csharp/collections.html" class="md-nav__link">
+        
+  
+  <span class="md-ellipsis">
+    Collections
+  </span>
+  
+
+      </a>
+    </li>
+  
+
+              
+            
+              
+                
+  
+  
+  
+  
+    <li class="md-nav__item">
+      <a href="../languages/dotnet/csharp/reactive-extensions.html" class="md-nav__link">
+        
+  
+  <span class="md-ellipsis">
+    Reactive Extensions
+  </span>
+  
+
+      </a>
+    </li>
+  
+
+              
+            
+              
+                
+  
+  
+  
+  
+    <li class="md-nav__item">
+      <a href="../languages/dotnet/csharp/async-programming.html" class="md-nav__link">
+        
+  
+  <span class="md-ellipsis">
+    Async Programming
+  </span>
+  
+
+      </a>
+    </li>
+  
+
+              
+            
+              
+                
+  
+  
+  
+  
+    <li class="md-nav__item">
+      <a href="../languages/dotnet/csharp/unit-tests.html" class="md-nav__link">
+        
+  
+  <span class="md-ellipsis">
+    Unit Tests
+  </span>
+  
+
+      </a>
+    </li>
+  
+
+              
+            
+          </ul>
+        </nav>
+      
+    </li>
+  
+
+              
+            
+              
+                
+  
+  
+  
+  
+    
+    
+      
+        
+      
+        
+      
+        
+      
+        
+      
+        
+      
+        
+      
+        
+      
+    
+    
+      
+      
+        
+      
+    
+    
+    <li class="md-nav__item md-nav__item--nested">
+      
+        
+        
+        <input class="md-nav__toggle md-toggle " type="checkbox" id="__nav_4_9_2" >
+        
+          
+          <label class="md-nav__link" for="__nav_4_9_2" id="__nav_4_9_2_label" tabindex="0">
+            
+  
+  <span class="md-ellipsis">
+    ASP.NET
+  </span>
+  
+
+            <span class="md-nav__icon md-icon"></span>
+          </label>
+        
+        <nav class="md-nav" data-md-level="3" aria-labelledby="__nav_4_9_2_label" aria-expanded="false">
+          <label class="md-nav__title" for="__nav_4_9_2">
+            <span class="md-nav__icon md-icon"></span>
+            ASP.NET
+          </label>
+          <ul class="md-nav__list" data-md-scrollfix>
+            
+              
+                
+  
+  
+  
+  
+    <li class="md-nav__item">
+      <a href="../languages/dotnet/asp.net/minimal-api.html" class="md-nav__link">
+        
+  
+  <span class="md-ellipsis">
+    Minimal API
+  </span>
+  
+
+      </a>
+    </li>
+  
+
+              
+            
+              
+                
+  
+  
+  
+  
+    <li class="md-nav__item">
+      <a href="../languages/dotnet/asp.net/filters.html" class="md-nav__link">
+        
+  
+  <span class="md-ellipsis">
+    FIlters
+  </span>
+  
+
+      </a>
+    </li>
+  
+
+              
+            
+              
+                
+  
+  
+  
+  
+    <li class="md-nav__item">
+      <a href="../languages/dotnet/asp.net/middleware.html" class="md-nav__link">
+        
+  
+  <span class="md-ellipsis">
+    Middleware
+  </span>
+  
+
+      </a>
+    </li>
+  
+
+              
+            
+              
+                
+  
+  
+  
+  
+    <li class="md-nav__item">
+      <a href="../languages/dotnet/asp.net/razor-syntax.html" class="md-nav__link">
+        
+  
+  <span class="md-ellipsis">
+    Razor Syntax
+  </span>
+  
+
+      </a>
+    </li>
+  
+
+              
+            
+              
+                
+  
+  
+  
+  
+    <li class="md-nav__item">
+      <a href="../languages/dotnet/asp.net/blazor.html" class="md-nav__link">
+        
+  
+  <span class="md-ellipsis">
+    Blazor
+  </span>
+  
+
+      </a>
+    </li>
+  
+
+              
+            
+              
+                
+  
+  
+  
+  
+    <li class="md-nav__item">
+      <a href="../languages/dotnet/asp.net/signalr.html" class="md-nav__link">
+        
+  
+  <span class="md-ellipsis">
+    SignalR
+  </span>
+  
+
+      </a>
+    </li>
+  
+
+              
+            
+              
+                
+  
+  
+  
+  
+    <li class="md-nav__item">
+      <a href="../languages/dotnet/asp.net/web-forms.html" class="md-nav__link">
+        
+  
+  <span class="md-ellipsis">
+    Web Forms
+  </span>
+  
+
+      </a>
+    </li>
+  
+
+              
+            
+          </ul>
+        </nav>
+      
+    </li>
+  
+
+              
+            
+              
+                
+  
+  
+  
+  
+    
+    
+      
+        
+      
+        
+      
+    
+    
+      
+      
+        
+      
+    
+    
+    <li class="md-nav__item md-nav__item--nested">
+      
+        
+        
+        <input class="md-nav__toggle md-toggle " type="checkbox" id="__nav_4_9_3" >
+        
+          
+          <label class="md-nav__link" for="__nav_4_9_3" id="__nav_4_9_3_label" tabindex="0">
+            
+  
+  <span class="md-ellipsis">
+    Database
+  </span>
+  
+
+            <span class="md-nav__icon md-icon"></span>
+          </label>
+        
+        <nav class="md-nav" data-md-level="3" aria-labelledby="__nav_4_9_3_label" aria-expanded="false">
+          <label class="md-nav__title" for="__nav_4_9_3">
+            <span class="md-nav__icon md-icon"></span>
+            Database
+          </label>
+          <ul class="md-nav__list" data-md-scrollfix>
+            
+              
+                
+  
+  
+  
+  
+    <li class="md-nav__item">
+      <a href="../languages/dotnet/database/ado.net.html" class="md-nav__link">
+        
+  
+  <span class="md-ellipsis">
+    ADO.NET
+  </span>
+  
+
+      </a>
+    </li>
+  
+
+              
+            
+              
+                
+  
+  
+  
+  
+    <li class="md-nav__item">
+      <a href="../languages/dotnet/database/entity-framework.html" class="md-nav__link">
+        
+  
+  <span class="md-ellipsis">
+    Entity Framework
+  </span>
+  
+
+      </a>
+    </li>
+  
+
+              
+            
+          </ul>
+        </nav>
+      
+    </li>
+  
+
+              
+            
+          </ul>
+        </nav>
+      
+    </li>
+  
+
+              
+            
+              
+                
+  
+  
+  
+  
+    
+    
+      
+        
+      
+        
+      
+        
+      
+        
+      
+    
+    
+      
+      
+        
+      
+    
+    
+    <li class="md-nav__item md-nav__item--nested">
+      
+        
+        
+        <input class="md-nav__toggle md-toggle " type="checkbox" id="__nav_4_10" >
+        
+          
+          <label class="md-nav__link" for="__nav_4_10" id="__nav_4_10_label" tabindex="0">
+            
+  
+  <span class="md-ellipsis">
+    Java
+  </span>
+  
+
+            <span class="md-nav__icon md-icon"></span>
+          </label>
+        
+        <nav class="md-nav" data-md-level="2" aria-labelledby="__nav_4_10_label" aria-expanded="false">
+          <label class="md-nav__title" for="__nav_4_10">
+            <span class="md-nav__icon md-icon"></span>
+            Java
+          </label>
+          <ul class="md-nav__list" data-md-scrollfix>
+            
+              
+                
+  
+  
+  
+  
+    <li class="md-nav__item">
+      <a href="../languages/java/java.html" class="md-nav__link">
+        
+  
+  <span class="md-ellipsis">
+    Java
+  </span>
+  
+
+      </a>
+    </li>
+  
+
+              
+            
+              
+                
+  
+  
+  
+  
+    <li class="md-nav__item">
+      <a href="../languages/java/java-collection-framework.html" class="md-nav__link">
+        
+  
+  <span class="md-ellipsis">
+    Java Collection Framework
+  </span>
+  
+
+      </a>
+    </li>
+  
+
+              
+            
+              
+                
+  
+  
+  
+  
+    <li class="md-nav__item">
+      <a href="../languages/java/dao.html" class="md-nav__link">
+        
+  
+  <span class="md-ellipsis">
+    DAO
+  </span>
+  
+
+      </a>
+    </li>
+  
+
+              
+            
+              
+                
+  
+  
+  
+  
+    
+    
+      
+        
+      
+        
+      
+    
+    
+      
+      
+        
+      
+    
+    
+    <li class="md-nav__item md-nav__item--nested">
+      
+        
+        
+        <input class="md-nav__toggle md-toggle " type="checkbox" id="__nav_4_10_4" >
+        
+          
+          <label class="md-nav__link" for="__nav_4_10_4" id="__nav_4_10_4_label" tabindex="0">
+            
+  
+  <span class="md-ellipsis">
+    Web
+  </span>
+  
+
+            <span class="md-nav__icon md-icon"></span>
+          </label>
+        
+        <nav class="md-nav" data-md-level="3" aria-labelledby="__nav_4_10_4_label" aria-expanded="false">
+          <label class="md-nav__title" for="__nav_4_10_4">
+            <span class="md-nav__icon md-icon"></span>
+            Web
+          </label>
+          <ul class="md-nav__list" data-md-scrollfix>
+            
+              
+                
+  
+  
+  
+  
+    <li class="md-nav__item">
+      <a href="../languages/java/web/servlet.html" class="md-nav__link">
+        
+  
+  <span class="md-ellipsis">
+    Serverlet
+  </span>
+  
+
+      </a>
+    </li>
+  
+
+              
+            
+              
+                
+  
+  
+  
+  
+    
+    
+      
+        
+      
+        
+      
+    
+    
+      
+      
+        
+      
+    
+    
+    <li class="md-nav__item md-nav__item--nested">
+      
+        
+        
+        <input class="md-nav__toggle md-toggle " type="checkbox" id="__nav_4_10_4_2" >
+        
+          
+          <label class="md-nav__link" for="__nav_4_10_4_2" id="__nav_4_10_4_2_label" tabindex="0">
+            
+  
+  <span class="md-ellipsis">
+    Spring
+  </span>
+  
+
+            <span class="md-nav__icon md-icon"></span>
+          </label>
+        
+        <nav class="md-nav" data-md-level="4" aria-labelledby="__nav_4_10_4_2_label" aria-expanded="false">
+          <label class="md-nav__title" for="__nav_4_10_4_2">
+            <span class="md-nav__icon md-icon"></span>
+            Spring
+          </label>
+          <ul class="md-nav__list" data-md-scrollfix>
+            
+              
+                
+  
+  
+  
+  
+    <li class="md-nav__item">
+      <a href="../languages/java/spring/pom.xml.html" class="md-nav__link">
+        
+  
+  <span class="md-ellipsis">
+    POM
+  </span>
+  
+
+      </a>
+    </li>
+  
+
+              
+            
+              
+                
+  
+  
+  
+  
+    <li class="md-nav__item">
+      <a href="../languages/java/spring/spring-project.html" class="md-nav__link">
+        
+  
+  <span class="md-ellipsis">
+    Project Structure
+  </span>
+  
+
+      </a>
+    </li>
+  
+
+              
+            
+          </ul>
+        </nav>
+      
+    </li>
+  
+
+              
+            
+          </ul>
+        </nav>
+      
+    </li>
+  
+
+              
+            
+          </ul>
+        </nav>
+      
+    </li>
+  
+
+              
+            
+              
+                
+  
+  
+  
+  
+    
+    
+      
+        
+      
+        
+      
+        
+      
+        
+      
+        
+      
+        
+      
+        
+      
+        
+      
+        
+      
+    
+    
+      
+      
+        
+      
+    
+    
+    <li class="md-nav__item md-nav__item--nested">
+      
+        
+        
+        <input class="md-nav__toggle md-toggle " type="checkbox" id="__nav_4_11" >
+        
+          
+          <label class="md-nav__link" for="__nav_4_11" id="__nav_4_11_label" tabindex="0">
+            
+  
+  <span class="md-ellipsis">
+    PHP
+  </span>
+  
+
+            <span class="md-nav__icon md-icon"></span>
+          </label>
+        
+        <nav class="md-nav" data-md-level="2" aria-labelledby="__nav_4_11_label" aria-expanded="false">
+          <label class="md-nav__title" for="__nav_4_11">
+            <span class="md-nav__icon md-icon"></span>
+            PHP
+          </label>
+          <ul class="md-nav__list" data-md-scrollfix>
+            
+              
+                
+  
+  
+  
+  
+    <li class="md-nav__item">
+      <a href="../languages/php/php.html" class="md-nav__link">
+        
+  
+  <span class="md-ellipsis">
+    PHP
+  </span>
+  
+
+      </a>
+    </li>
+  
+
+              
+            
+              
+                
+  
+  
+  
+  
+    <li class="md-nav__item">
+      <a href="../languages/php/database.html" class="md-nav__link">
+        
+  
+  <span class="md-ellipsis">
+    Database
+  </span>
+  
+
+      </a>
+    </li>
+  
+
+              
+            
+              
+                
+  
+  
+  
+  
+    <li class="md-nav__item">
+      <a href="../languages/php/web.html" class="md-nav__link">
+        
+  
+  <span class="md-ellipsis">
+    Web
+  </span>
+  
+
+      </a>
+    </li>
+  
+
+              
+            
+              
+                
+  
+  
+  
+  
+    <li class="md-nav__item">
+      <a href="../languages/php/dependency-injection.html" class="md-nav__link">
+        
+  
+  <span class="md-ellipsis">
+    Dependency Injection
+  </span>
+  
+
+      </a>
+    </li>
+  
+
+              
+            
+              
+                
+  
+  
+  
+  
+    <li class="md-nav__item">
+      <a href="../languages/php/unit-tests.html" class="md-nav__link">
+        
+  
+  <span class="md-ellipsis">
+    Unit Tests
+  </span>
+  
+
+      </a>
+    </li>
+  
+
+              
+            
+              
+                
+  
+  
+  
+  
+    <li class="md-nav__item">
+      <a href="../languages/php/composer.html" class="md-nav__link">
+        
+  
+  <span class="md-ellipsis">
+    Composer
+  </span>
+  
+
+      </a>
+    </li>
+  
+
+              
+            
+              
+                
+  
+  
+  
+  
+    <li class="md-nav__item">
+      <a href="../languages/php/psr-7.html" class="md-nav__link">
+        
+  
+  <span class="md-ellipsis">
+    PSR 7
+  </span>
+  
+
+      </a>
+    </li>
+  
+
+              
+            
+              
+                
+  
+  
+  
+  
+    <li class="md-nav__item">
+      <a href="../languages/php/plates-templating.html" class="md-nav__link">
+        
+  
+  <span class="md-ellipsis">
+    Plates
+  </span>
+  
+
+      </a>
+    </li>
+  
+
+              
+            
+              
+                
+  
+  
+  
+  
+    
+    
+      
+        
+      
+        
+      
+    
+    
+      
+      
+        
+      
+    
+    
+    <li class="md-nav__item md-nav__item--nested">
+      
+        
+        
+        <input class="md-nav__toggle md-toggle " type="checkbox" id="__nav_4_11_9" >
+        
+          
+          <label class="md-nav__link" for="__nav_4_11_9" id="__nav_4_11_9_label" tabindex="0">
+            
+  
+  <span class="md-ellipsis">
+    Simple MVC
+  </span>
+  
+
+            <span class="md-nav__icon md-icon"></span>
+          </label>
+        
+        <nav class="md-nav" data-md-level="3" aria-labelledby="__nav_4_11_9_label" aria-expanded="false">
+          <label class="md-nav__title" for="__nav_4_11_9">
+            <span class="md-nav__icon md-icon"></span>
+            Simple MVC
+          </label>
+          <ul class="md-nav__list" data-md-scrollfix>
+            
+              
+                
+  
+  
+  
+  
+    <li class="md-nav__item">
+      <a href="../languages/php/simple-mvc/simple-mvc.html" class="md-nav__link">
+        
+  
+  <span class="md-ellipsis">
+    Simple MVC
+  </span>
+  
+
+      </a>
+    </li>
+  
+
+              
+            
+              
+                
+  
+  
+  
+  
+    <li class="md-nav__item">
+      <a href="../languages/php/simple-mvc/rest-api.html" class="md-nav__link">
+        
+  
+  <span class="md-ellipsis">
+    REST API
+  </span>
+  
+
+      </a>
+    </li>
+  
+
+              
+            
+          </ul>
+        </nav>
+      
+    </li>
+  
+
+              
+            
+          </ul>
+        </nav>
+      
+    </li>
+  
+
+              
+            
+              
+                
+  
+  
+  
+  
+    
+    
+      
+        
+      
+        
+      
+        
+      
+        
+      
+        
+      
+    
+    
+      
+      
+        
+      
+    
+    
+    <li class="md-nav__item md-nav__item--nested">
+      
+        
+        
+        <input class="md-nav__toggle md-toggle " type="checkbox" id="__nav_4_12" >
+        
+          
+          <label class="md-nav__link" for="__nav_4_12" id="__nav_4_12_label" tabindex="0">
+            
+  
+  <span class="md-ellipsis">
+    Rust
+  </span>
+  
+
+            <span class="md-nav__icon md-icon"></span>
+          </label>
+        
+        <nav class="md-nav" data-md-level="2" aria-labelledby="__nav_4_12_label" aria-expanded="false">
+          <label class="md-nav__title" for="__nav_4_12">
+            <span class="md-nav__icon md-icon"></span>
+            Rust
+          </label>
+          <ul class="md-nav__list" data-md-scrollfix>
+            
+              
+                
+  
+  
+  
+  
+    <li class="md-nav__item">
+      <a href="../languages/rust/rust.html" class="md-nav__link">
+        
+  
+  <span class="md-ellipsis">
+    Rust
+  </span>
+  
+
+      </a>
+    </li>
+  
+
+              
+            
+              
+                
+  
+  
+  
+  
+    <li class="md-nav__item">
+      <a href="../languages/rust/macros.html" class="md-nav__link">
+        
+  
+  <span class="md-ellipsis">
+    Macros
+  </span>
+  
+
+      </a>
+    </li>
+  
+
+              
+            
+              
+                
+  
+  
+  
+  
+    <li class="md-nav__item">
+      <a href="../languages/rust/cargo.html" class="md-nav__link">
+        
+  
+  <span class="md-ellipsis">
+    Cargo
+  </span>
+  
+
+      </a>
+    </li>
+  
+
+              
+            
+              
+                
+  
+  
+  
+  
+    <li class="md-nav__item">
+      <a href="../languages/rust/concurrency.html" class="md-nav__link">
+        
+  
+  <span class="md-ellipsis">
+    Concurrency
+  </span>
+  
+
+      </a>
+    </li>
+  
+
+              
+            
+              
+                
+  
+  
+  
+  
+    <li class="md-nav__item">
+      <a href="../languages/rust/unit-tests.html" class="md-nav__link">
+        
+  
+  <span class="md-ellipsis">
+    Unit Tests
+  </span>
+  
+
+      </a>
+    </li>
+  
+
+              
+            
+          </ul>
+        </nav>
+      
+    </li>
+  
+
+              
+            
+              
+                
+  
+  
+  
+  
+    
+    
+      
+        
+      
+        
+      
+        
+      
+        
+      
+        
+      
+        
+      
+        
+      
+    
+    
+      
+      
+        
+      
+    
+    
+    <li class="md-nav__item md-nav__item--nested">
+      
+        
+        
+        <input class="md-nav__toggle md-toggle " type="checkbox" id="__nav_4_13" >
+        
+          
+          <label class="md-nav__link" for="__nav_4_13" id="__nav_4_13_label" tabindex="0">
+            
+  
+  <span class="md-ellipsis">
+    Javascript
+  </span>
+  
+
+            <span class="md-nav__icon md-icon"></span>
+          </label>
+        
+        <nav class="md-nav" data-md-level="2" aria-labelledby="__nav_4_13_label" aria-expanded="false">
+          <label class="md-nav__title" for="__nav_4_13">
+            <span class="md-nav__icon md-icon"></span>
+            Javascript
+          </label>
+          <ul class="md-nav__list" data-md-scrollfix>
+            
+              
+                
+  
+  
+  
+  
+    <li class="md-nav__item">
+      <a href="../languages/javascript/javascript.html" class="md-nav__link">
+        
+  
+  <span class="md-ellipsis">
+    Javascript
+  </span>
+  
+
+      </a>
+    </li>
+  
+
+              
+            
+              
+                
+  
+  
+  
+  
+    <li class="md-nav__item">
+      <a href="../languages/javascript/dom.html" class="md-nav__link">
+        
+  
+  <span class="md-ellipsis">
+    DOM
+  </span>
+  
+
+      </a>
+    </li>
+  
+
+              
+            
+              
+                
+  
+  
+  
+  
+    <li class="md-nav__item">
+      <a href="../languages/javascript/events-animation.html" class="md-nav__link">
+        
+  
+  <span class="md-ellipsis">
+    Events & Animation
+  </span>
+  
+
+      </a>
+    </li>
+  
+
+              
+            
+              
+                
+  
+  
+  
+  
+    <li class="md-nav__item">
+      <a href="../languages/javascript/ajax.html" class="md-nav__link">
+        
+  
+  <span class="md-ellipsis">
+    AJAX
+  </span>
+  
+
+      </a>
+    </li>
+  
+
+              
+            
+              
+                
+  
+  
+  
+  
+    <li class="md-nav__item">
+      <a href="../languages/javascript/jquery.html" class="md-nav__link">
+        
+  
+  <span class="md-ellipsis">
+    jQuery
+  </span>
+  
+
+      </a>
+    </li>
+  
+
+              
+            
+              
+                
+  
+  
+  
+  
+    
+    
+      
+        
+      
+        
+      
+        
+      
+        
+      
+        
+      
+    
+    
+      
+      
+        
+      
+    
+    
+    <li class="md-nav__item md-nav__item--nested">
+      
+        
+        
+        <input class="md-nav__toggle md-toggle " type="checkbox" id="__nav_4_13_6" >
+        
+          
+          <label class="md-nav__link" for="__nav_4_13_6" id="__nav_4_13_6_label" tabindex="0">
+            
+  
+  <span class="md-ellipsis">
+    React
+  </span>
+  
+
+            <span class="md-nav__icon md-icon"></span>
+          </label>
+        
+        <nav class="md-nav" data-md-level="3" aria-labelledby="__nav_4_13_6_label" aria-expanded="false">
+          <label class="md-nav__title" for="__nav_4_13_6">
+            <span class="md-nav__icon md-icon"></span>
+            React
+          </label>
+          <ul class="md-nav__list" data-md-scrollfix>
+            
+              
+                
+  
+  
+  
+  
+    <li class="md-nav__item">
+      <a href="../languages/javascript/react/react.html" class="md-nav__link">
+        
+  
+  <span class="md-ellipsis">
+    React
+  </span>
+  
+
+      </a>
+    </li>
+  
+
+              
+            
+              
+                
+  
+  
+  
+  
+    <li class="md-nav__item">
+      <a href="../languages/javascript/react/react-router.html" class="md-nav__link">
+        
+  
+  <span class="md-ellipsis">
+    React Router
+  </span>
+  
+
+      </a>
+    </li>
+  
+
+              
+            
+              
+                
+  
+  
+  
+  
+    <li class="md-nav__item">
+      <a href="../languages/javascript/react/react-tests.html" class="md-nav__link">
+        
+  
+  <span class="md-ellipsis">
+    React Tests
+  </span>
+  
+
+      </a>
+    </li>
+  
+
+              
+            
+              
+                
+  
+  
+  
+  
+    <li class="md-nav__item">
+      <a href="../languages/javascript/react/redux.html" class="md-nav__link">
+        
+  
+  <span class="md-ellipsis">
+    Redux
+  </span>
+  
+
+      </a>
+    </li>
+  
+
+              
+            
+              
+                
+  
+  
+  
+  
+    <li class="md-nav__item">
+      <a href="../languages/javascript/react/redux-tests.html" class="md-nav__link">
+        
+  
+  <span class="md-ellipsis">
+    Redux Tests
+  </span>
+  
+
+      </a>
+    </li>
+  
+
+              
+            
+          </ul>
+        </nav>
+      
+    </li>
+  
+
+              
+            
+              
+                
+  
+  
+  
+  
+    <li class="md-nav__item">
+      <a href="../languages/javascript/svelte/svelte.html" class="md-nav__link">
+        
+  
+  <span class="md-ellipsis">
+    Svelte
+  </span>
+  
+
+      </a>
+    </li>
+  
+
+              
+            
+          </ul>
+        </nav>
+      
+    </li>
+  
+
+              
+            
+              
+                
+  
+  
+  
+  
+    
+    
+      
+        
+      
+        
+      
+    
+    
+      
+      
+        
+      
+    
+    
+    <li class="md-nav__item md-nav__item--nested">
+      
+        
+        
+        <input class="md-nav__toggle md-toggle " type="checkbox" id="__nav_4_14" >
+        
+          
+          <label class="md-nav__link" for="__nav_4_14" id="__nav_4_14_label" tabindex="0">
+            
+  
+  <span class="md-ellipsis">
+    PowerShell
+  </span>
+  
+
+            <span class="md-nav__icon md-icon"></span>
+          </label>
+        
+        <nav class="md-nav" data-md-level="2" aria-labelledby="__nav_4_14_label" aria-expanded="false">
+          <label class="md-nav__title" for="__nav_4_14">
+            <span class="md-nav__icon md-icon"></span>
+            PowerShell
+          </label>
+          <ul class="md-nav__list" data-md-scrollfix>
+            
+              
+                
+  
+  
+  
+  
+    <li class="md-nav__item">
+      <a href="../languages/powershell/scripting.html" class="md-nav__link">
+        
+  
+  <span class="md-ellipsis">
+    Scripting
+  </span>
+  
+
+      </a>
+    </li>
+  
+
+              
+            
+              
+                
+  
+  
+  
+  
+    <li class="md-nav__item">
+      <a href="../languages/powershell/commands.html" class="md-nav__link">
+        
+  
+  <span class="md-ellipsis">
+    Commands
+  </span>
+  
+
+      </a>
+    </li>
+  
+
+              
+            
+          </ul>
+        </nav>
+      
+    </li>
+  
+
+              
+            
+              
+                
+  
+  
+  
+  
+    
+    
+      
+        
+      
+        
+      
+    
+    
+      
+      
+        
+      
+    
+    
+    <li class="md-nav__item md-nav__item--nested">
+      
+        
+        
+        <input class="md-nav__toggle md-toggle " type="checkbox" id="__nav_4_15" >
+        
+          
+          <label class="md-nav__link" for="__nav_4_15" id="__nav_4_15_label" tabindex="0">
+            
+  
+  <span class="md-ellipsis">
+    Bash
+  </span>
+  
+
+            <span class="md-nav__icon md-icon"></span>
+          </label>
+        
+        <nav class="md-nav" data-md-level="2" aria-labelledby="__nav_4_15_label" aria-expanded="false">
+          <label class="md-nav__title" for="__nav_4_15">
+            <span class="md-nav__icon md-icon"></span>
+            Bash
+          </label>
+          <ul class="md-nav__list" data-md-scrollfix>
+            
+              
+                
+  
+  
+  
+  
+    <li class="md-nav__item">
+      <a href="../languages/bash/scripting.html" class="md-nav__link">
+        
+  
+  <span class="md-ellipsis">
+    Scripting
+  </span>
+  
+
+      </a>
+    </li>
+  
+
+              
+            
+              
+                
+  
+  
+  
+  
+    <li class="md-nav__item">
+      <a href="../languages/bash/commands.html" class="md-nav__link">
+        
+  
+  <span class="md-ellipsis">
+    Commands
+  </span>
+  
+
+      </a>
+    </li>
+  
+
+              
+            
+          </ul>
+        </nav>
+      
+    </li>
+  
+
+              
+            
+          </ul>
+        </nav>
+      
+    </li>
+  
+
+    
+      
+      
+  
+  
+    
+  
+  
+  
+    
+    
+      
+        
+      
+        
+      
+        
+      
+        
+      
+        
+      
+    
+    
+      
+        
+        
+      
+      
+        
+      
+    
+    
+    <li class="md-nav__item md-nav__item--active md-nav__item--section md-nav__item--nested">
+      
+        
+        
+        <input class="md-nav__toggle md-toggle " type="checkbox" id="__nav_5" checked>
+        
+          
+          <label class="md-nav__link" for="__nav_5" id="__nav_5_label" tabindex="">
+            
+  
+  <span class="md-ellipsis">
+    Misc
+  </span>
+  
+
+            <span class="md-nav__icon md-icon"></span>
+          </label>
+        
+        <nav class="md-nav" data-md-level="1" aria-labelledby="__nav_5_label" aria-expanded="true">
+          <label class="md-nav__title" for="__nav_5">
+            <span class="md-nav__icon md-icon"></span>
+            Misc
+          </label>
+          <ul class="md-nav__list" data-md-scrollfix>
+            
+              
+                
+  
+  
+    
+  
+  
+  
+    <li class="md-nav__item md-nav__item--active">
+      
+      <input class="md-nav__toggle md-toggle" type="checkbox" id="__toc">
+      
+      
+        
+      
+      
+        <label class="md-nav__link md-nav__link--active" for="__toc">
+          
+  
+  <span class="md-ellipsis">
+    Git
+  </span>
+  
+
+          <span class="md-nav__icon md-icon"></span>
+        </label>
+      
+      <a href="git.html" class="md-nav__link md-nav__link--active">
+        
+  
+  <span class="md-ellipsis">
+    Git
+  </span>
+  
+
+      </a>
+      
+        
+
+<nav class="md-nav md-nav--secondary" aria-label="Table of contents">
+  
+  
+  
+    
+  
+  
+    <label class="md-nav__title" for="__toc">
+      <span class="md-nav__icon md-icon"></span>
+      Table of contents
+    </label>
+    <ul class="md-nav__list" data-md-component="toc" data-md-scrollfix>
+      
+        <li class="md-nav__item">
+  <a href="#terminology" class="md-nav__link">
+    <span class="md-ellipsis">
+      Terminology
+    </span>
+  </a>
+  
+</li>
+      
+        <li class="md-nav__item">
+  <a href="#commands" class="md-nav__link">
+    <span class="md-ellipsis">
+      Commands
+    </span>
+  </a>
+  
+    <nav class="md-nav" aria-label="Commands">
+      <ul class="md-nav__list">
+        
+          <li class="md-nav__item">
+  <a href="#managing-configs" class="md-nav__link">
+    <span class="md-ellipsis">
+      Managing Configs
+    </span>
+  </a>
+  
+</li>
+        
+          <li class="md-nav__item">
+  <a href="#tracking-files-making-changes" class="md-nav__link">
+    <span class="md-ellipsis">
+      Tracking Files &amp; Making Changes
+    </span>
+  </a>
+  
+</li>
+        
+          <li class="md-nav__item">
+  <a href="#managing-stashes" class="md-nav__link">
+    <span class="md-ellipsis">
+      Managing Stashes
+    </span>
+  </a>
+  
+</li>
+        
+          <li class="md-nav__item">
+  <a href="#managing-remotes" class="md-nav__link">
+    <span class="md-ellipsis">
+      Managing Remotes
+    </span>
+  </a>
+  
+</li>
+        
+          <li class="md-nav__item">
+  <a href="#viewing-project-history" class="md-nav__link">
+    <span class="md-ellipsis">
+      Viewing Project History
+    </span>
+  </a>
+  
+</li>
+        
+          <li class="md-nav__item">
+  <a href="#managing-tags" class="md-nav__link">
+    <span class="md-ellipsis">
+      Managing Tags
+    </span>
+  </a>
+  
+</li>
+        
+          <li class="md-nav__item">
+  <a href="#branching-and-merging" class="md-nav__link">
+    <span class="md-ellipsis">
+      Branching And Merging
+    </span>
+  </a>
+  
+</li>
+        
+          <li class="md-nav__item">
+  <a href="#worktrees" class="md-nav__link">
+    <span class="md-ellipsis">
+      Worktrees
+    </span>
+  </a>
+  
+</li>
+        
+          <li class="md-nav__item">
+  <a href="#rewriting-history" class="md-nav__link">
+    <span class="md-ellipsis">
+      Rewriting History
+    </span>
+  </a>
+  
+</li>
+        
+      </ul>
+    </nav>
+  
+</li>
+      
+        <li class="md-nav__item">
+  <a href="#git-revisions" class="md-nav__link">
+    <span class="md-ellipsis">
+      Git Revisions
+    </span>
+  </a>
+  
+    <nav class="md-nav" aria-label="Git Revisions">
+      <ul class="md-nav__list">
+        
+          <li class="md-nav__item">
+  <a href="#specifying-revisions" class="md-nav__link">
+    <span class="md-ellipsis">
+      Specifying Revisions
+    </span>
+  </a>
+  
+</li>
+        
+          <li class="md-nav__item">
+  <a href="#specifying-ranges" class="md-nav__link">
+    <span class="md-ellipsis">
+      Specifying Ranges
+    </span>
+  </a>
+  
+</li>
+        
+      </ul>
+    </nav>
+  
+</li>
+      
+    </ul>
+  
+</nav>
+      
+    </li>
+  
+
+              
+            
+              
+                
+  
+  
+  
+  
+    <li class="md-nav__item">
+      <a href="graph-ql.html" class="md-nav__link">
+        
+  
+  <span class="md-ellipsis">
+    GraphQL
+  </span>
+  
+
+      </a>
+    </li>
+  
+
+              
+            
+              
+                
+  
+  
+  
+  
+    <li class="md-nav__item">
+      <a href="regular-expressions.html" class="md-nav__link">
+        
+  
+  <span class="md-ellipsis">
+    RegEx
+  </span>
+  
+
+      </a>
+    </li>
+  
+
+              
+            
+              
+                
+  
+  
+  
+  
+    <li class="md-nav__item">
+      <a href="ssh.html" class="md-nav__link">
+        
+  
+  <span class="md-ellipsis">
+    SSH
+  </span>
+  
+
+      </a>
+    </li>
+  
+
+              
+            
+              
+                
+  
+  
+  
+  
+    <li class="md-nav__item">
+      <a href="web-components.html" class="md-nav__link">
+        
+  
+  <span class="md-ellipsis">
+    WebComponents
+  </span>
+  
+
+      </a>
+    </li>
+  
+
+              
+            
+          </ul>
+        </nav>
+      
+    </li>
+  
+
+    
+      
+      
+  
+  
+  
+  
+    
+    
+      
+        
+      
+        
+      
+    
+    
+      
+      
+        
+      
+    
+    
+    <li class="md-nav__item md-nav__item--nested">
+      
+        
+        
+        <input class="md-nav__toggle md-toggle " type="checkbox" id="__nav_6" >
+        
+          
+          <label class="md-nav__link" for="__nav_6" id="__nav_6_label" tabindex="0">
+            
+  
+  <span class="md-ellipsis">
+    Linux
+  </span>
+  
+
+            <span class="md-nav__icon md-icon"></span>
+          </label>
+        
+        <nav class="md-nav" data-md-level="1" aria-labelledby="__nav_6_label" aria-expanded="false">
+          <label class="md-nav__title" for="__nav_6">
+            <span class="md-nav__icon md-icon"></span>
+            Linux
+          </label>
+          <ul class="md-nav__list" data-md-scrollfix>
+            
+              
+                
+  
+  
+  
+  
+    
+    
+      
+        
+      
+        
+      
+        
+      
+    
+    
+      
+      
+        
+      
+    
+    
+    <li class="md-nav__item md-nav__item--nested">
+      
+        
+        
+        <input class="md-nav__toggle md-toggle " type="checkbox" id="__nav_6_1" >
+        
+          
+          <label class="md-nav__link" for="__nav_6_1" id="__nav_6_1_label" tabindex="0">
+            
+  
+  <span class="md-ellipsis">
+    Filesystem
+  </span>
+  
+
+            <span class="md-nav__icon md-icon"></span>
+          </label>
+        
+        <nav class="md-nav" data-md-level="2" aria-labelledby="__nav_6_1_label" aria-expanded="false">
+          <label class="md-nav__title" for="__nav_6_1">
+            <span class="md-nav__icon md-icon"></span>
+            Filesystem
+          </label>
+          <ul class="md-nav__list" data-md-scrollfix>
+            
+              
+                
+  
+  
+  
+  
+    <li class="md-nav__item">
+      <a href="../linux/filesystem/file-links.html" class="md-nav__link">
+        
+  
+  <span class="md-ellipsis">
+    File Links
+  </span>
+  
+
+      </a>
+    </li>
+  
+
+              
+            
+              
+                
+  
+  
+  
+  
+    <li class="md-nav__item">
+      <a href="../linux/filesystem/procfs.html" class="md-nav__link">
+        
+  
+  <span class="md-ellipsis">
+    /proc
+  </span>
+  
+
+      </a>
+    </li>
+  
+
+              
+            
+              
+                
+  
+  
+  
+  
+    <li class="md-nav__item">
+      <a href="../linux/filesystem/sysfs.html" class="md-nav__link">
+        
+  
+  <span class="md-ellipsis">
+    /sys
+  </span>
+  
+
+      </a>
+    </li>
+  
+
+              
+            
+          </ul>
+        </nav>
+      
+    </li>
+  
+
+              
+            
+              
+                
+  
+  
+  
+  
+    
+    
+      
+        
+      
+        
+      
+    
+    
+      
+      
+        
+      
+    
+    
+    <li class="md-nav__item md-nav__item--nested">
+      
+        
+        
+        <input class="md-nav__toggle md-toggle " type="checkbox" id="__nav_6_2" >
+        
+          
+          <label class="md-nav__link" for="__nav_6_2" id="__nav_6_2_label" tabindex="0">
+            
+  
+  <span class="md-ellipsis">
+    System Init
+  </span>
+  
+
+            <span class="md-nav__icon md-icon"></span>
+          </label>
+        
+        <nav class="md-nav" data-md-level="2" aria-labelledby="__nav_6_2_label" aria-expanded="false">
+          <label class="md-nav__title" for="__nav_6_2">
+            <span class="md-nav__icon md-icon"></span>
+            System Init
+          </label>
+          <ul class="md-nav__list" data-md-scrollfix>
+            
+              
+                
+  
+  
+  
+  
+    <li class="md-nav__item">
+      <a href="../linux/init/systemd.html" class="md-nav__link">
+        
+  
+  <span class="md-ellipsis">
+    Systemd
+  </span>
+  
+
+      </a>
+    </li>
+  
+
+              
+            
+              
+                
+  
+  
+  
+  
+    <li class="md-nav__item">
+      <a href="../linux/init/open-rc.html" class="md-nav__link">
+        
+  
+  <span class="md-ellipsis">
+    OpenRC
+  </span>
+  
+
+      </a>
+    </li>
+  
+
+              
+            
+          </ul>
+        </nav>
+      
+    </li>
+  
+
+              
+            
+          </ul>
+        </nav>
+      
+    </li>
+  
+
+    
+  </ul>
+</nav>
+                  </div>
+                </div>
+              </div>
+            
+            
+              
+              <div class="md-sidebar md-sidebar--secondary" data-md-component="sidebar" data-md-type="toc" >
+                <div class="md-sidebar__scrollwrap">
+                  <div class="md-sidebar__inner">
+                    
+
+<nav class="md-nav md-nav--secondary" aria-label="Table of contents">
+  
+  
+  
+    
+  
+  
+    <label class="md-nav__title" for="__toc">
+      <span class="md-nav__icon md-icon"></span>
+      Table of contents
+    </label>
+    <ul class="md-nav__list" data-md-component="toc" data-md-scrollfix>
+      
+        <li class="md-nav__item">
+  <a href="#terminology" class="md-nav__link">
+    <span class="md-ellipsis">
+      Terminology
+    </span>
+  </a>
+  
+</li>
+      
+        <li class="md-nav__item">
+  <a href="#commands" class="md-nav__link">
+    <span class="md-ellipsis">
+      Commands
+    </span>
+  </a>
+  
+    <nav class="md-nav" aria-label="Commands">
+      <ul class="md-nav__list">
+        
+          <li class="md-nav__item">
+  <a href="#managing-configs" class="md-nav__link">
+    <span class="md-ellipsis">
+      Managing Configs
+    </span>
+  </a>
+  
+</li>
+        
+          <li class="md-nav__item">
+  <a href="#tracking-files-making-changes" class="md-nav__link">
+    <span class="md-ellipsis">
+      Tracking Files &amp; Making Changes
+    </span>
+  </a>
+  
+</li>
+        
+          <li class="md-nav__item">
+  <a href="#managing-stashes" class="md-nav__link">
+    <span class="md-ellipsis">
+      Managing Stashes
+    </span>
+  </a>
+  
+</li>
+        
+          <li class="md-nav__item">
+  <a href="#managing-remotes" class="md-nav__link">
+    <span class="md-ellipsis">
+      Managing Remotes
+    </span>
+  </a>
+  
+</li>
+        
+          <li class="md-nav__item">
+  <a href="#viewing-project-history" class="md-nav__link">
+    <span class="md-ellipsis">
+      Viewing Project History
+    </span>
+  </a>
+  
+</li>
+        
+          <li class="md-nav__item">
+  <a href="#managing-tags" class="md-nav__link">
+    <span class="md-ellipsis">
+      Managing Tags
+    </span>
+  </a>
+  
+</li>
+        
+          <li class="md-nav__item">
+  <a href="#branching-and-merging" class="md-nav__link">
+    <span class="md-ellipsis">
+      Branching And Merging
+    </span>
+  </a>
+  
+</li>
+        
+          <li class="md-nav__item">
+  <a href="#worktrees" class="md-nav__link">
+    <span class="md-ellipsis">
+      Worktrees
+    </span>
+  </a>
+  
+</li>
+        
+          <li class="md-nav__item">
+  <a href="#rewriting-history" class="md-nav__link">
+    <span class="md-ellipsis">
+      Rewriting History
+    </span>
+  </a>
+  
+</li>
+        
+      </ul>
+    </nav>
+  
+</li>
+      
+        <li class="md-nav__item">
+  <a href="#git-revisions" class="md-nav__link">
+    <span class="md-ellipsis">
+      Git Revisions
+    </span>
+  </a>
+  
+    <nav class="md-nav" aria-label="Git Revisions">
+      <ul class="md-nav__list">
+        
+          <li class="md-nav__item">
+  <a href="#specifying-revisions" class="md-nav__link">
+    <span class="md-ellipsis">
+      Specifying Revisions
+    </span>
+  </a>
+  
+</li>
+        
+          <li class="md-nav__item">
+  <a href="#specifying-ranges" class="md-nav__link">
+    <span class="md-ellipsis">
+      Specifying Ranges
+    </span>
+  </a>
+  
+</li>
+        
+      </ul>
+    </nav>
+  
+</li>
+      
+    </ul>
+  
+</nav>
+                  </div>
+                </div>
+              </div>
+            
+          
+          
+            <div class="md-content" data-md-component="content">
+              <article class="md-content__inner md-typeset">
+                
+                  
+
+  
+  
+
+
+<h1 id="git"><a href="https://git-scm.com/" title="Git Home Page">Git</a></h1>
+<p>Git is a free and open source distributed <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Version_control" title="VCS on Wikipedia">version control system</a> designed to handle everything from small to very large projects with speed and efficiency.</p>
+<h2 id="terminology">Terminology</h2>
+<p><strong>Repository</strong>: collection of files (blobs) and directories (trees) managed by git
+<strong>Commit</strong>: snapshot of the entire repository and its metadata
+<strong>Head</strong>: pointer to the current commit<br />
+<strong>Branch</strong>: timeline or collection of consecutive commits<br />
+<strong>Remote</strong>: remote shared repository in which changes as synced
+<strong>Working Tree</strong>: current version of the repository on disk<br />
+<strong>Index (Staging Area)</strong>: collection of changes not yet committed
+<strong>Stash</strong>: collection of pseudo-commits not belonging to a specific branch</p>
+<h2 id="commands">Commands</h2>
+<h3 id="managing-configs">Managing Configs</h3>
+<p>There are three git config sources/scopes:</p>
+<ol>
+<li><strong>system</strong>: defined in git's installation folder and managed with <code>--system</code></li>
+<li><strong>global</strong>: defined in <code>$HOME/.gitconfig</code> or <code>$XDG_CONFIG_HOME/git/config</code> and managed with <code>--global</code></li>
+<li><strong>local</strong>: defined in <code>.git/config</code> and managed with <code>--local</code></li>
+</ol>
+<p>The applied config in each repository is the combination of all three scopes in order.</p>
+<p><code>git config [--&lt;scope&gt;] &lt;key&gt; &lt;value&gt;</code>: set git config key-value pair<br />
+<code>git config [--&lt;scope&gt;] --unset &lt;key&gt;</code>: unset git config key-value pair<br />
+<code>git config [--&lt;scope&gt;] --list</code>: list git config key-value pairs  </p>
+<h3 id="tracking-files-making-changes">Tracking Files &amp; Making Changes</h3>
+<p><code>git status</code>: shows the status of changes as untracked, modified, or staged  </p>
+<p><code>git add &lt;files&gt;</code>: add files contents to the staging area<br />
+<code>git add -u|--update &lt;files&gt;</code>: stage changes but ignore untracked files<br />
+<code>git add -p|--patch &lt;files&gt;</code>: interactively stage chunks of files  </p>
+<p><code>git restore .</code>: discard uncommitted changes<br />
+<code>git restore &lt;file&gt;</code>: discard uncommitted changes to file<br />
+<code>git restore --staged</code>: discard changes made to a file<br />
+<code>git restore --staged --worktree</code>: unstage and discard changes made to a file<br />
+<code>git restore -p|--patch</code>: interactively unstage chunks of files  </p>
+<p><code>git commit</code>: save the snapshot to the project history<br />
+<code>git commit -m|--message "message"</code>: commit and provide a message<br />
+<code>git commit -a|--all</code>: automatically notice any modified (but not new) files and commit<br />
+<code>git commit -v|--verbose</code>: show unified diff between the HEAD commit and what would be committed<br />
+<code>git commit --amend</code>: modify latest commit with the new changes<br />
+<code>git commit --no-verify</code>: commit without executing hooks<br />
+<code>git commit --fixup &lt;commit&gt;</code>: mark commit as correction to another<br />
+<code>git commit -s|--signoff</code>: Add a <code>Signed-off-by</code> trailer by the committer at the end of the commit log message  </p>
+<h3 id="managing-stashes">Managing Stashes</h3>
+<p><code>git stash [push] [-m|--message]</code>: add all changes to the stash (and provide message)<br />
+<code>git stash [push] -k|--keep-index</code>: create a stash but leave files as they are<br />
+<code>git stash list</code> list all stashes<br />
+<code>git stash show [&lt;stash&gt;]</code>: show changes in the stash<br />
+<code>git stash pop</code>: restore last stash<br />
+<code>git stash drop [&lt;stash&gt;]</code>: remove a stash from the list<br />
+<code>git stash clear</code>: remove all stashes  </p>
+<h3 id="managing-remotes">Managing Remotes</h3>
+<p><code>git remote</code>: list remotes<br />
+<code>git remote -v|--verbose</code>: list remotes names and URLs<br />
+<code>git remote show &lt;remote&gt;</code>: inspect the remote  </p>
+<p><code>git remote add &lt;remote&gt; &lt;url | path&gt;</code>: add a remote<br />
+<code>git remote remove &lt;remote&gt;</code>: remove the specified remote<br />
+<code>git remote rename &lt;old_name&gt; &lt;new_name&gt;</code>: rename a remote<br />
+<code>git remote set-url &lt;name&gt; &lt;url&gt;</code>: change the URL for the remote<br />
+<code>git remote set-url --add &lt;name&gt; &lt;url&gt;</code>: add another URL for the remote<br />
+<code>git remote set-url --add --push &lt;name&gt; &lt;url&gt;</code>: add another push URL for the remote<br />
+<code>git remote set-url &lt;name&gt; &lt;url&gt;</code>: change the URL for rhe remote<br />
+<code>git branch -u|--set-upstream-to=&lt;remote&gt;/&lt;remote branch&gt;</code>: set up correspondence between local and remote branch  </p>
+<p><code>git push</code>: send objects to default remote on current branch<br />
+<code>git push &lt;remote&gt; &lt;branch&gt;</code>: send objects to remote<br />
+<code>git push &lt;remote&gt; &lt;local branch&gt;:&lt;remote branch&gt;</code>: send objects to remote, and update remote reference  </p>
+<p><code>git push -f|--force</code>: overwrite remote with local version<br />
+<code>git push --force-with-lease</code>: overwrite remote with local version if remote has not been modified<br />
+<code>git push --force-with-lease --force-if--includes</code>: will verify if updates from the remote that may have been implicitly updated in the background are integrated locally before allowing a forced update  </p>
+<p><code>git fetch [&lt;remote&gt;]</code>: retrieve objects/references from a remote<br />
+<code>git pull</code>: incorporate remote changes by merging, same as <code>git fetch; git merge</code><br />
+<code>git pull --rebase</code>: incorporate remote changes by rebasing<br />
+<code>git pull --ff</code>: fast-forward (only update branch tip) remote changes, merge if not possible<br />
+<code>git pull --ff-only</code>: fast-forward (only update branch tip) remote changes, error if not possible  </p>
+<p><code>git fetch|pull -p|--prune</code>: remove any remote-tracking references that no longer exist on the remote<br />
+<code>git fetch|pull -t|--tags</code>: retrieve all tags from the remote</p>
+<p><code>git clone &lt;url&gt; [&lt;folder_name&gt;]</code>: download repository and repo history from remote<br />
+<code>git clone --shallow</code>: clone only repo files, not history of commits<br />
+<code>git clone --depth &lt;depth&gt;</code>: clone only last <code>&lt;depth&gt;</code> commits  </p>
+<blockquote>
+<p><strong>Note</strong>: for a in depth explanation of <code>--force-if-includes</code> see <a href="https://stackoverflow.com/a/65839129" title="git --force-if-includes explanation">this</a></p>
+</blockquote>
+<h3 id="viewing-project-history">Viewing Project History</h3>
+<p><code>git log [&lt;rev&gt;]</code>: show history of changes<br />
+<code>git log -p|--patch</code>: show history of changes and complete differences<br />
+<code>git log --stat --summary</code>: show overview of the change<br />
+<code>git log --follow &lt;file&gt;</code>: list version history fo file, including renames<br />
+<code>git log --all --graph --decorate</code>: visualizes history as a DAG<br />
+<code>git log --oneline</code>: compact log  </p>
+<p><code>git log -S&lt;string&gt;</code>: Look for diffs that change the number of occurrences of the specified <code>&lt;string&gt;</code><br />
+<code>git log -G&lt;regex&gt;</code>: Look for diffs whose patch text contains added/removed lines that match <code>&lt;regex&gt;</code>  </p>
+<p><code>git log -L &lt;start&gt;,&lt;end&gt;:&lt;file&gt;</code>: Trace the evolution of the line range given by <code>&lt;start&gt;,&lt;end&gt;</code>, within the <code>&lt;file&gt;</code><br />
+<code>git log -L /&lt;regex&gt;/:&lt;file&gt;</code>: Trace the evolution of the line range given by the function name regex <code>&lt;regex&gt;</code>, within the <code>&lt;file&gt;</code>  </p>
+<p><code>git shortlog</code>: list commits by author<br />
+<code>git reflog [&lt;rev&gt;]</code>: show record of when the tips of branches and other references were updated in the local repository  </p>
+<p><code>git show &lt;commit&gt;</code>: show commit metadata and content<br />
+<code>git show --stat &lt;commit&gt;</code>: show number of changes in commit  </p>
+<p><code>git blame &lt;file&gt;</code>: show who last edited which line<br />
+<code>git blame -L &lt;start&gt;,&lt;end&gt; -- &lt;file&gt;</code>: Annotate only the line range given by <code>&lt;start&gt;,&lt;end&gt;</code>, within the <code>&lt;file&gt;</code><br />
+<code>git blame -L /&lt;regex&gt;/ -- &lt;file&gt;</code>: Annotate only the range given by the function name regex <code>&lt;regex&gt;</code>, within the <code>&lt;file&gt;</code><br />
+<code>git blame -w</code>: Ignore whitespace when comparing the parent’s version and the child’s to find where the lines came from<br />
+<code>git blame -M</code>: Detect moved or copied lines within a file.<br />
+<code>git blame -M -C [-C -C]</code>: Detect moved or copied lines within a file (<code>-M</code>), from all modified files in the same commit (<code>-C</code>), in the commit that created the file (<code>-C -C</code>), in all commits (<code>-C -C -C</code>)  </p>
+<p><code>git diff &lt;filename&gt;</code>: show difference since the last commit<br />
+<code>git diff &lt;commit&gt; &lt;filename&gt;</code>: show differences in a file since a particular snapshot<br />
+<code>git diff &lt;reference_1&gt; &lt;reference_2&gt; &lt;filename&gt;</code>: show differences in a file between two snapshots<br />
+<code>git diff  --staged</code>: show what is about to be committed<br />
+<code>git diff &lt;first-branch&gt;...&lt;second-branch&gt;</code>: show content diff between two branches<br />
+<code>git diff -w|--ignore-all-space</code>: show diff ignoring whitespace differences<br />
+<code>git diff --word-diff</code>: show diff word-by-word instead of line-wise  </p>
+<p><code>git bisect start</code>: start binary search through commit history, to find the first "bad" commit<br />
+<code>git bisect good</code>: mark current commit as "good"<br />
+<code>git bisect bad</code>: mark current commit as "bad"<br />
+<code>git bisect reset</code>: conclude search and restore HEAD  </p>
+<h3 id="managing-tags">Managing Tags</h3>
+<p>Git supports two types of tags: <em>lightweight</em> and <em>annotated</em>.  </p>
+<p>A lightweight tag is very much like a branch that doesn't change: it's just a pointer to a specific commit.  </p>
+<p>Annotated tags, however, are stored as full objects in the Git database.<br />
+They're checksummed; contain the tagger name, email, and date; have a tagging message; and can be signed.<br />
+It's generally recommended creating annotated tags so it's possible to have all this information.  </p>
+<p><code>git tag</code>: list existing tags<br />
+<code>git tag -l|--list &lt;pattern&gt;</code>: list existing tags matching a wildcard or pattern  </p>
+<p><code>git tag &lt;tag&gt; [&lt;commit_hash&gt;]</code>: create a <em>lightweight</em> tag on the commit<br />
+<code>git tag -a|--annotate &lt;tag&gt; [&lt;commit_hash&gt; -m &lt;message&gt;]</code>: create am <em>annotated</em> tag on the commit<br />
+<code>git tag -f|--force &lt;tag&gt; [&lt;commit_hash&gt;]</code>: update a tag if it exists<br />
+<code>git tag -s|--sign &lt;tag&gt; [&lt;commit_hash&gt;]</code>: sign a tag  </p>
+<p><code>git push &lt;remote&gt; &lt;tagname&gt;</code>: push a tag to the remote<br />
+<code>git push &lt;remote&gt; --tags</code>: push commits and their tags (both types) to the remote  </p>
+<p><code>git tag -d|--delete &lt;tagname&gt;</code>: delete a tag<br />
+<code>git push &lt;remote&gt; :refs/tags&lt;tagname&gt;:</code>: remove a tag from the remote<br />
+<code>git push &lt;remote&gt; --delete &lt;tagname&gt;</code>: remove a tag from the remote  </p>
+<p><code>git switch &lt;tag&gt;</code>: checkout a tag - <strong>WARNING</strong>: will go into <em>detached HEAD</em>  </p>
+<h3 id="branching-and-merging">Branching And Merging</h3>
+<p><img alt="branch" src="../img/git_branches.avif" title="how branches work" /></p>
+<p><code>git branch</code>: shows branches<br />
+<code>git branch -vv</code>: show branch + last commit + remote status<br />
+<code>git branch --merged [--remote]</code>: show branches (remote) that have been merged into current one (needs same history, merge squash/rebase break history)
+<code>git branch</code>: show list of all existing branches  (* indicates current)<br />
+<code>git branch &lt;branch-name&gt;</code>: create new branch<br />
+<code>git branch -d|--delete &lt;branch-name&gt;</code>: delete specified branch<br />
+<code>git branch -m|--move &lt;old_name&gt; &lt;new_name&gt;</code>: rename a branch without affecting the branch's history<br />
+<code>git switch -c &lt;branch-name&gt;</code>: create a branch and switches to<br />
+<code>git switch &lt;branch-name&gt;</code>: change current branch (update HEAD) and update working directory  </p>
+<p><code>git merge &lt;branch-name&gt;</code>: merges into current branch<br />
+<code>git merge --continue</code>: continue previous merge after solving a merge conflict<br />
+<code>git rebase &lt;branch&gt;</code>: rebase current branch commits onto another branch<br />
+<code>git rebase --onto &lt;new-base&gt; &lt;old-base&gt;</code>: rebase a slice of commits from <code>&lt;old-base&gt;</code> onto <code>&lt;new-base&gt;</code>  </p>
+<p><code>git cherry-pick &lt;commit&gt;</code>: bring in a commit from another branch<br />
+<code>git cherry-pick &lt;commit&gt;..&lt;commit&gt;</code>: bring in a range of commits from another branch (first excluded)<br />
+<code>git cherry-pick &lt;commit&gt;^..&lt;commit&gt;</code>: bring in a range of commits from another branch (first included)  </p>
+<h3 id="worktrees">Worktrees</h3>
+<p>A git repository can support multiple working trees, allowing to check out more than one branch at a time.</p>
+<p>Additional worktrees are called "linked worktrees" as opposed to the "main worktree" prepared by <code>git init</code> or <code>git clone</code>.<br />
+A repository has one main worktree (if it’s not a bare repository) and zero or more linked worktrees.</p>
+<p><code>git worktree list</code>: show worktrees<br />
+<code>git worktree add &lt;path&gt; &lt;commit&gt;</code>: create worktree at <code>&lt;path&gt;</code> and checkout <code>&lt;commit&gt;</code><br />
+<code>git worktree add -b &lt;branch&gt; &lt;path&gt; &lt;commit&gt;</code>: create worktree and branch at <code>&lt;path&gt;</code><br />
+<code>git worktree remove &lt;worktree&gt;</code>: remove a worktree  </p>
+<h3 id="rewriting-history">Rewriting History</h3>
+<p><code>git commit --amend</code>: replace last commit by creating a new one (can add files or rewrite commit message)<br />
+<code>git commit --amend -m "amended message"</code>: replace last commit by creating a new one (can add files or rewrite commit message)<br />
+<code>git commit --amend  --no-edit</code>: replace last commit by creating a new one (can add files or rewrite commit message)  </p>
+<p><code>git reset &lt;commit&gt;</code>: revert to specific commit but keep changes<br />
+<code>git reset --soft &lt;commit&gt;</code>: revert to specific commit but keep changes and staged files<br />
+<code>git reset --hard &lt;commit&gt;</code>: revert to specific commit and discard changes<br />
+<code>git reset &lt;commit&gt; &lt;file&gt;</code>: revert <code>&lt;file&gt;</code> to specific commit  </p>
+<p><code>git clean</code>: remove untracked files form the working tree<br />
+<code>git clean -d</code>: remove untracked files recursively<br />
+<code>git clean --interactive</code>: remove untracked files interactively  </p>
+<p><code>git restore --source &lt;commit&gt; &lt;file&gt;</code>: revert file to commit version<br />
+<code>git restore &lt;deleted-file&gt;</code>: recover deleted file if previously committed  </p>
+<p><code>git rebase -i|--interactive</code>: modify (reword, edit, drop, squash, merge, ...) current branch commits<br />
+<code>git rebase -i|--interactive HEAD~&lt;n&gt;</code>: modify (reword, edit, drop, squash, merge, ...) <em>n</em> commits<br />
+<code>git rebase -i|--interactive &lt;commit&gt;</code>: modify (reword, edit, drop, squash, merge, ...) <em>from</em> commit to latest<br />
+<code>git rebase --autostash</code>: automatically create a temporary stash entry before rebasing<br />
+<code>git rebase --autosquash</code>: automatically apply "squash!" or "fixup!" or "amend!" commits  </p>
+<h2 id="git-revisions"><a href="https://git-scm.com/docs/gitrevisions">Git Revisions</a></h2>
+<h3 id="specifying-revisions">Specifying Revisions</h3>
+<p>A revision parameter <code>&lt;rev&gt;</code> can take one of these forms:</p>
+<ul>
+<li><code>&lt;sha&gt;</code>: full or short sha of the object.</li>
+<li><code>&lt;refname&gt;</code>: a named object reference. One of:<ul>
+<li><code>refs/&lt;refname&gt;</code></li>
+<li><code>refs/tags/&lt;refname&gt;</code></li>
+<li><code>refs/heads/&lt;refname&gt;</code></li>
+<li><code>refs/remotes/&lt;refname&gt;</code></li>
+<li><code>refs/remotes/&lt;refname&gt;</code></li>
+<li><code>HEAD</code> or <code>*_HEAD</code></li>
+</ul>
+</li>
+<li><code>[&lt;refname&gt;]@{&lt;date&gt;}</code>: a revision at a specific point in time.</li>
+<li><code>[&lt;refname&gt;]@{n}</code>: <code>n</code>th prior value of a <code>&lt;refname&gt;</code>.</li>
+<li><code>@{-n}</code>: <code>&lt;n&gt;</code>th branch/commit checked out before the current one.</li>
+<li><code>&lt;rev&gt;^</code>: first parent of <code>&lt;rev&gt;</code>.</li>
+<li><code>&lt;rev&gt;~[&lt;n&gt;]</code>: <code>n</code>th parent of <code>&lt;rev&gt;</code></li>
+</ul>
+<h3 id="specifying-ranges">Specifying Ranges</h3>
+<p>A revision range can take one of these forms:</p>
+<ul>
+<li><code>&lt;rev&gt;</code>: Include commits that are reachable from <code>&lt;rev&gt;</code> (<code>&lt;rev&gt;</code> and its ancestors).</li>
+<li><code>^&lt;rev&gt;</code>: Exclude commits that are reachable from <code>&lt;rev&gt;</code> (<code>&lt;rev&gt;</code> and its ancestors).</li>
+<li><code>&lt;rev1&gt;..&lt;rev2&gt;</code>: Include commits that are reachable from <code>&lt;rev2&gt;</code> but exclude those that are reachable from <code>&lt;rev1&gt;</code>.</li>
+<li><code>&lt;rev1&gt;...&lt;rev2&gt;</code>: Include commits that are reachable from either <rev1> or <rev2> but exclude those that are reachable from both.
+<code>&lt;rev&gt;^@</code>: A suffix <code>^</code> followed by <code>@</code> is the same as listing all parents of <code>&lt;rev&gt;</code> (meaning, include anything reachable from its parents, but not the commit itself).
+<code>&lt;rev&gt;^!</code>: A suffix <code>^</code> followed by <code>!</code> is the same as giving commit <code>&lt;rev&gt;</code> and all its parents prefixed with <code>^</code> to exclude them (and their ancestors).
+<code>&lt;rev&gt;^-&lt;n&gt;</code>: Equivalent to <code>&lt;rev&gt;^&lt;n&gt;..&lt;rev&gt;</code>, with <code>&lt;n&gt; = 1</code> if not given.</li>
+</ul>
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new file mode 100644
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+  
+    <li class="md-nav__item">
+      <a href="../languages/python/libs/pandas.html" class="md-nav__link">
+        
+  
+  <span class="md-ellipsis">
+    Pandas
+  </span>
+  
+
+      </a>
+    </li>
+  
+
+              
+            
+              
+                
+  
+  
+  
+  
+    <li class="md-nav__item">
+      <a href="../languages/python/libs/seaborn.html" class="md-nav__link">
+        
+  
+  <span class="md-ellipsis">
+    Seaborn
+  </span>
+  
+
+      </a>
+    </li>
+  
+
+              
+            
+              
+                
+  
+  
+  
+  
+    <li class="md-nav__item">
+      <a href="../languages/python/libs/requests.html" class="md-nav__link">
+        
+  
+  <span class="md-ellipsis">
+    Requests
+  </span>
+  
+
+      </a>
+    </li>
+  
+
+              
+            
+              
+                
+  
+  
+  
+  
+    <li class="md-nav__item">
+      <a href="../languages/python/libs/beautiful-soup.html" class="md-nav__link">
+        
+  
+  <span class="md-ellipsis">
+    Beatiful Soup
+  </span>
+  
+
+      </a>
+    </li>
+  
+
+              
+            
+          </ul>
+        </nav>
+      
+    </li>
+  
+
+              
+            
+          </ul>
+        </nav>
+      
+    </li>
+  
+
+              
+            
+              
+                
+  
+  
+  
+  
+    
+    
+      
+        
+      
+        
+      
+        
+      
+    
+    
+      
+      
+        
+      
+    
+    
+    <li class="md-nav__item md-nav__item--nested">
+      
+        
+        
+        <input class="md-nav__toggle md-toggle " type="checkbox" id="__nav_4_9" >
+        
+          
+          <label class="md-nav__link" for="__nav_4_9" id="__nav_4_9_label" tabindex="0">
+            
+  
+  <span class="md-ellipsis">
+    .NET
+  </span>
+  
+
+            <span class="md-nav__icon md-icon"></span>
+          </label>
+        
+        <nav class="md-nav" data-md-level="2" aria-labelledby="__nav_4_9_label" aria-expanded="false">
+          <label class="md-nav__title" for="__nav_4_9">
+            <span class="md-nav__icon md-icon"></span>
+            .NET
+          </label>
+          <ul class="md-nav__list" data-md-scrollfix>
+            
+              
+                
+  
+  
+  
+  
+    
+    
+      
+        
+      
+        
+      
+        
+      
+        
+      
+        
+      
+        
+      
+    
+    
+      
+      
+        
+      
+    
+    
+    <li class="md-nav__item md-nav__item--nested">
+      
+        
+        
+        <input class="md-nav__toggle md-toggle " type="checkbox" id="__nav_4_9_1" >
+        
+          
+          <label class="md-nav__link" for="__nav_4_9_1" id="__nav_4_9_1_label" tabindex="0">
+            
+  
+  <span class="md-ellipsis">
+    C#
+  </span>
+  
+
+            <span class="md-nav__icon md-icon"></span>
+          </label>
+        
+        <nav class="md-nav" data-md-level="3" aria-labelledby="__nav_4_9_1_label" aria-expanded="false">
+          <label class="md-nav__title" for="__nav_4_9_1">
+            <span class="md-nav__icon md-icon"></span>
+            C#
+          </label>
+          <ul class="md-nav__list" data-md-scrollfix>
+            
+              
+                
+  
+  
+  
+  
+    <li class="md-nav__item">
+      <a href="../languages/dotnet/csharp/csharp.html" class="md-nav__link">
+        
+  
+  <span class="md-ellipsis">
+    C#
+  </span>
+  
+
+      </a>
+    </li>
+  
+
+              
+            
+              
+                
+  
+  
+  
+  
+    <li class="md-nav__item">
+      <a href="../languages/dotnet/csharp/linq.html" class="md-nav__link">
+        
+  
+  <span class="md-ellipsis">
+    Linq
+  </span>
+  
+
+      </a>
+    </li>
+  
+
+              
+            
+              
+                
+  
+  
+  
+  
+    <li class="md-nav__item">
+      <a href="../languages/dotnet/csharp/collections.html" class="md-nav__link">
+        
+  
+  <span class="md-ellipsis">
+    Collections
+  </span>
+  
+
+      </a>
+    </li>
+  
+
+              
+            
+              
+                
+  
+  
+  
+  
+    <li class="md-nav__item">
+      <a href="../languages/dotnet/csharp/reactive-extensions.html" class="md-nav__link">
+        
+  
+  <span class="md-ellipsis">
+    Reactive Extensions
+  </span>
+  
+
+      </a>
+    </li>
+  
+
+              
+            
+              
+                
+  
+  
+  
+  
+    <li class="md-nav__item">
+      <a href="../languages/dotnet/csharp/async-programming.html" class="md-nav__link">
+        
+  
+  <span class="md-ellipsis">
+    Async Programming
+  </span>
+  
+
+      </a>
+    </li>
+  
+
+              
+            
+              
+                
+  
+  
+  
+  
+    <li class="md-nav__item">
+      <a href="../languages/dotnet/csharp/unit-tests.html" class="md-nav__link">
+        
+  
+  <span class="md-ellipsis">
+    Unit Tests
+  </span>
+  
+
+      </a>
+    </li>
+  
+
+              
+            
+          </ul>
+        </nav>
+      
+    </li>
+  
+
+              
+            
+              
+                
+  
+  
+  
+  
+    
+    
+      
+        
+      
+        
+      
+        
+      
+        
+      
+        
+      
+        
+      
+        
+      
+    
+    
+      
+      
+        
+      
+    
+    
+    <li class="md-nav__item md-nav__item--nested">
+      
+        
+        
+        <input class="md-nav__toggle md-toggle " type="checkbox" id="__nav_4_9_2" >
+        
+          
+          <label class="md-nav__link" for="__nav_4_9_2" id="__nav_4_9_2_label" tabindex="0">
+            
+  
+  <span class="md-ellipsis">
+    ASP.NET
+  </span>
+  
+
+            <span class="md-nav__icon md-icon"></span>
+          </label>
+        
+        <nav class="md-nav" data-md-level="3" aria-labelledby="__nav_4_9_2_label" aria-expanded="false">
+          <label class="md-nav__title" for="__nav_4_9_2">
+            <span class="md-nav__icon md-icon"></span>
+            ASP.NET
+          </label>
+          <ul class="md-nav__list" data-md-scrollfix>
+            
+              
+                
+  
+  
+  
+  
+    <li class="md-nav__item">
+      <a href="../languages/dotnet/asp.net/minimal-api.html" class="md-nav__link">
+        
+  
+  <span class="md-ellipsis">
+    Minimal API
+  </span>
+  
+
+      </a>
+    </li>
+  
+
+              
+            
+              
+                
+  
+  
+  
+  
+    <li class="md-nav__item">
+      <a href="../languages/dotnet/asp.net/filters.html" class="md-nav__link">
+        
+  
+  <span class="md-ellipsis">
+    FIlters
+  </span>
+  
+
+      </a>
+    </li>
+  
+
+              
+            
+              
+                
+  
+  
+  
+  
+    <li class="md-nav__item">
+      <a href="../languages/dotnet/asp.net/middleware.html" class="md-nav__link">
+        
+  
+  <span class="md-ellipsis">
+    Middleware
+  </span>
+  
+
+      </a>
+    </li>
+  
+
+              
+            
+              
+                
+  
+  
+  
+  
+    <li class="md-nav__item">
+      <a href="../languages/dotnet/asp.net/razor-syntax.html" class="md-nav__link">
+        
+  
+  <span class="md-ellipsis">
+    Razor Syntax
+  </span>
+  
+
+      </a>
+    </li>
+  
+
+              
+            
+              
+                
+  
+  
+  
+  
+    <li class="md-nav__item">
+      <a href="../languages/dotnet/asp.net/blazor.html" class="md-nav__link">
+        
+  
+  <span class="md-ellipsis">
+    Blazor
+  </span>
+  
+
+      </a>
+    </li>
+  
+
+              
+            
+              
+                
+  
+  
+  
+  
+    <li class="md-nav__item">
+      <a href="../languages/dotnet/asp.net/signalr.html" class="md-nav__link">
+        
+  
+  <span class="md-ellipsis">
+    SignalR
+  </span>
+  
+
+      </a>
+    </li>
+  
+
+              
+            
+              
+                
+  
+  
+  
+  
+    <li class="md-nav__item">
+      <a href="../languages/dotnet/asp.net/web-forms.html" class="md-nav__link">
+        
+  
+  <span class="md-ellipsis">
+    Web Forms
+  </span>
+  
+
+      </a>
+    </li>
+  
+
+              
+            
+          </ul>
+        </nav>
+      
+    </li>
+  
+
+              
+            
+              
+                
+  
+  
+  
+  
+    
+    
+      
+        
+      
+        
+      
+    
+    
+      
+      
+        
+      
+    
+    
+    <li class="md-nav__item md-nav__item--nested">
+      
+        
+        
+        <input class="md-nav__toggle md-toggle " type="checkbox" id="__nav_4_9_3" >
+        
+          
+          <label class="md-nav__link" for="__nav_4_9_3" id="__nav_4_9_3_label" tabindex="0">
+            
+  
+  <span class="md-ellipsis">
+    Database
+  </span>
+  
+
+            <span class="md-nav__icon md-icon"></span>
+          </label>
+        
+        <nav class="md-nav" data-md-level="3" aria-labelledby="__nav_4_9_3_label" aria-expanded="false">
+          <label class="md-nav__title" for="__nav_4_9_3">
+            <span class="md-nav__icon md-icon"></span>
+            Database
+          </label>
+          <ul class="md-nav__list" data-md-scrollfix>
+            
+              
+                
+  
+  
+  
+  
+    <li class="md-nav__item">
+      <a href="../languages/dotnet/database/ado.net.html" class="md-nav__link">
+        
+  
+  <span class="md-ellipsis">
+    ADO.NET
+  </span>
+  
+
+      </a>
+    </li>
+  
+
+              
+            
+              
+                
+  
+  
+  
+  
+    <li class="md-nav__item">
+      <a href="../languages/dotnet/database/entity-framework.html" class="md-nav__link">
+        
+  
+  <span class="md-ellipsis">
+    Entity Framework
+  </span>
+  
+
+      </a>
+    </li>
+  
+
+              
+            
+          </ul>
+        </nav>
+      
+    </li>
+  
+
+              
+            
+          </ul>
+        </nav>
+      
+    </li>
+  
+
+              
+            
+              
+                
+  
+  
+  
+  
+    
+    
+      
+        
+      
+        
+      
+        
+      
+        
+      
+    
+    
+      
+      
+        
+      
+    
+    
+    <li class="md-nav__item md-nav__item--nested">
+      
+        
+        
+        <input class="md-nav__toggle md-toggle " type="checkbox" id="__nav_4_10" >
+        
+          
+          <label class="md-nav__link" for="__nav_4_10" id="__nav_4_10_label" tabindex="0">
+            
+  
+  <span class="md-ellipsis">
+    Java
+  </span>
+  
+
+            <span class="md-nav__icon md-icon"></span>
+          </label>
+        
+        <nav class="md-nav" data-md-level="2" aria-labelledby="__nav_4_10_label" aria-expanded="false">
+          <label class="md-nav__title" for="__nav_4_10">
+            <span class="md-nav__icon md-icon"></span>
+            Java
+          </label>
+          <ul class="md-nav__list" data-md-scrollfix>
+            
+              
+                
+  
+  
+  
+  
+    <li class="md-nav__item">
+      <a href="../languages/java/java.html" class="md-nav__link">
+        
+  
+  <span class="md-ellipsis">
+    Java
+  </span>
+  
+
+      </a>
+    </li>
+  
+
+              
+            
+              
+                
+  
+  
+  
+  
+    <li class="md-nav__item">
+      <a href="../languages/java/java-collection-framework.html" class="md-nav__link">
+        
+  
+  <span class="md-ellipsis">
+    Java Collection Framework
+  </span>
+  
+
+      </a>
+    </li>
+  
+
+              
+            
+              
+                
+  
+  
+  
+  
+    <li class="md-nav__item">
+      <a href="../languages/java/dao.html" class="md-nav__link">
+        
+  
+  <span class="md-ellipsis">
+    DAO
+  </span>
+  
+
+      </a>
+    </li>
+  
+
+              
+            
+              
+                
+  
+  
+  
+  
+    
+    
+      
+        
+      
+        
+      
+    
+    
+      
+      
+        
+      
+    
+    
+    <li class="md-nav__item md-nav__item--nested">
+      
+        
+        
+        <input class="md-nav__toggle md-toggle " type="checkbox" id="__nav_4_10_4" >
+        
+          
+          <label class="md-nav__link" for="__nav_4_10_4" id="__nav_4_10_4_label" tabindex="0">
+            
+  
+  <span class="md-ellipsis">
+    Web
+  </span>
+  
+
+            <span class="md-nav__icon md-icon"></span>
+          </label>
+        
+        <nav class="md-nav" data-md-level="3" aria-labelledby="__nav_4_10_4_label" aria-expanded="false">
+          <label class="md-nav__title" for="__nav_4_10_4">
+            <span class="md-nav__icon md-icon"></span>
+            Web
+          </label>
+          <ul class="md-nav__list" data-md-scrollfix>
+            
+              
+                
+  
+  
+  
+  
+    <li class="md-nav__item">
+      <a href="../languages/java/web/servlet.html" class="md-nav__link">
+        
+  
+  <span class="md-ellipsis">
+    Serverlet
+  </span>
+  
+
+      </a>
+    </li>
+  
+
+              
+            
+              
+                
+  
+  
+  
+  
+    
+    
+      
+        
+      
+        
+      
+    
+    
+      
+      
+        
+      
+    
+    
+    <li class="md-nav__item md-nav__item--nested">
+      
+        
+        
+        <input class="md-nav__toggle md-toggle " type="checkbox" id="__nav_4_10_4_2" >
+        
+          
+          <label class="md-nav__link" for="__nav_4_10_4_2" id="__nav_4_10_4_2_label" tabindex="0">
+            
+  
+  <span class="md-ellipsis">
+    Spring
+  </span>
+  
+
+            <span class="md-nav__icon md-icon"></span>
+          </label>
+        
+        <nav class="md-nav" data-md-level="4" aria-labelledby="__nav_4_10_4_2_label" aria-expanded="false">
+          <label class="md-nav__title" for="__nav_4_10_4_2">
+            <span class="md-nav__icon md-icon"></span>
+            Spring
+          </label>
+          <ul class="md-nav__list" data-md-scrollfix>
+            
+              
+                
+  
+  
+  
+  
+    <li class="md-nav__item">
+      <a href="../languages/java/spring/pom.xml.html" class="md-nav__link">
+        
+  
+  <span class="md-ellipsis">
+    POM
+  </span>
+  
+
+      </a>
+    </li>
+  
+
+              
+            
+              
+                
+  
+  
+  
+  
+    <li class="md-nav__item">
+      <a href="../languages/java/spring/spring-project.html" class="md-nav__link">
+        
+  
+  <span class="md-ellipsis">
+    Project Structure
+  </span>
+  
+
+      </a>
+    </li>
+  
+
+              
+            
+          </ul>
+        </nav>
+      
+    </li>
+  
+
+              
+            
+          </ul>
+        </nav>
+      
+    </li>
+  
+
+              
+            
+          </ul>
+        </nav>
+      
+    </li>
+  
+
+              
+            
+              
+                
+  
+  
+  
+  
+    
+    
+      
+        
+      
+        
+      
+        
+      
+        
+      
+        
+      
+        
+      
+        
+      
+        
+      
+        
+      
+    
+    
+      
+      
+        
+      
+    
+    
+    <li class="md-nav__item md-nav__item--nested">
+      
+        
+        
+        <input class="md-nav__toggle md-toggle " type="checkbox" id="__nav_4_11" >
+        
+          
+          <label class="md-nav__link" for="__nav_4_11" id="__nav_4_11_label" tabindex="0">
+            
+  
+  <span class="md-ellipsis">
+    PHP
+  </span>
+  
+
+            <span class="md-nav__icon md-icon"></span>
+          </label>
+        
+        <nav class="md-nav" data-md-level="2" aria-labelledby="__nav_4_11_label" aria-expanded="false">
+          <label class="md-nav__title" for="__nav_4_11">
+            <span class="md-nav__icon md-icon"></span>
+            PHP
+          </label>
+          <ul class="md-nav__list" data-md-scrollfix>
+            
+              
+                
+  
+  
+  
+  
+    <li class="md-nav__item">
+      <a href="../languages/php/php.html" class="md-nav__link">
+        
+  
+  <span class="md-ellipsis">
+    PHP
+  </span>
+  
+
+      </a>
+    </li>
+  
+
+              
+            
+              
+                
+  
+  
+  
+  
+    <li class="md-nav__item">
+      <a href="../languages/php/database.html" class="md-nav__link">
+        
+  
+  <span class="md-ellipsis">
+    Database
+  </span>
+  
+
+      </a>
+    </li>
+  
+
+              
+            
+              
+                
+  
+  
+  
+  
+    <li class="md-nav__item">
+      <a href="../languages/php/web.html" class="md-nav__link">
+        
+  
+  <span class="md-ellipsis">
+    Web
+  </span>
+  
+
+      </a>
+    </li>
+  
+
+              
+            
+              
+                
+  
+  
+  
+  
+    <li class="md-nav__item">
+      <a href="../languages/php/dependency-injection.html" class="md-nav__link">
+        
+  
+  <span class="md-ellipsis">
+    Dependency Injection
+  </span>
+  
+
+      </a>
+    </li>
+  
+
+              
+            
+              
+                
+  
+  
+  
+  
+    <li class="md-nav__item">
+      <a href="../languages/php/unit-tests.html" class="md-nav__link">
+        
+  
+  <span class="md-ellipsis">
+    Unit Tests
+  </span>
+  
+
+      </a>
+    </li>
+  
+
+              
+            
+              
+                
+  
+  
+  
+  
+    <li class="md-nav__item">
+      <a href="../languages/php/composer.html" class="md-nav__link">
+        
+  
+  <span class="md-ellipsis">
+    Composer
+  </span>
+  
+
+      </a>
+    </li>
+  
+
+              
+            
+              
+                
+  
+  
+  
+  
+    <li class="md-nav__item">
+      <a href="../languages/php/psr-7.html" class="md-nav__link">
+        
+  
+  <span class="md-ellipsis">
+    PSR 7
+  </span>
+  
+
+      </a>
+    </li>
+  
+
+              
+            
+              
+                
+  
+  
+  
+  
+    <li class="md-nav__item">
+      <a href="../languages/php/plates-templating.html" class="md-nav__link">
+        
+  
+  <span class="md-ellipsis">
+    Plates
+  </span>
+  
+
+      </a>
+    </li>
+  
+
+              
+            
+              
+                
+  
+  
+  
+  
+    
+    
+      
+        
+      
+        
+      
+    
+    
+      
+      
+        
+      
+    
+    
+    <li class="md-nav__item md-nav__item--nested">
+      
+        
+        
+        <input class="md-nav__toggle md-toggle " type="checkbox" id="__nav_4_11_9" >
+        
+          
+          <label class="md-nav__link" for="__nav_4_11_9" id="__nav_4_11_9_label" tabindex="0">
+            
+  
+  <span class="md-ellipsis">
+    Simple MVC
+  </span>
+  
+
+            <span class="md-nav__icon md-icon"></span>
+          </label>
+        
+        <nav class="md-nav" data-md-level="3" aria-labelledby="__nav_4_11_9_label" aria-expanded="false">
+          <label class="md-nav__title" for="__nav_4_11_9">
+            <span class="md-nav__icon md-icon"></span>
+            Simple MVC
+          </label>
+          <ul class="md-nav__list" data-md-scrollfix>
+            
+              
+                
+  
+  
+  
+  
+    <li class="md-nav__item">
+      <a href="../languages/php/simple-mvc/simple-mvc.html" class="md-nav__link">
+        
+  
+  <span class="md-ellipsis">
+    Simple MVC
+  </span>
+  
+
+      </a>
+    </li>
+  
+
+              
+            
+              
+                
+  
+  
+  
+  
+    <li class="md-nav__item">
+      <a href="../languages/php/simple-mvc/rest-api.html" class="md-nav__link">
+        
+  
+  <span class="md-ellipsis">
+    REST API
+  </span>
+  
+
+      </a>
+    </li>
+  
+
+              
+            
+          </ul>
+        </nav>
+      
+    </li>
+  
+
+              
+            
+          </ul>
+        </nav>
+      
+    </li>
+  
+
+              
+            
+              
+                
+  
+  
+  
+  
+    
+    
+      
+        
+      
+        
+      
+        
+      
+        
+      
+        
+      
+    
+    
+      
+      
+        
+      
+    
+    
+    <li class="md-nav__item md-nav__item--nested">
+      
+        
+        
+        <input class="md-nav__toggle md-toggle " type="checkbox" id="__nav_4_12" >
+        
+          
+          <label class="md-nav__link" for="__nav_4_12" id="__nav_4_12_label" tabindex="0">
+            
+  
+  <span class="md-ellipsis">
+    Rust
+  </span>
+  
+
+            <span class="md-nav__icon md-icon"></span>
+          </label>
+        
+        <nav class="md-nav" data-md-level="2" aria-labelledby="__nav_4_12_label" aria-expanded="false">
+          <label class="md-nav__title" for="__nav_4_12">
+            <span class="md-nav__icon md-icon"></span>
+            Rust
+          </label>
+          <ul class="md-nav__list" data-md-scrollfix>
+            
+              
+                
+  
+  
+  
+  
+    <li class="md-nav__item">
+      <a href="../languages/rust/rust.html" class="md-nav__link">
+        
+  
+  <span class="md-ellipsis">
+    Rust
+  </span>
+  
+
+      </a>
+    </li>
+  
+
+              
+            
+              
+                
+  
+  
+  
+  
+    <li class="md-nav__item">
+      <a href="../languages/rust/macros.html" class="md-nav__link">
+        
+  
+  <span class="md-ellipsis">
+    Macros
+  </span>
+  
+
+      </a>
+    </li>
+  
+
+              
+            
+              
+                
+  
+  
+  
+  
+    <li class="md-nav__item">
+      <a href="../languages/rust/cargo.html" class="md-nav__link">
+        
+  
+  <span class="md-ellipsis">
+    Cargo
+  </span>
+  
+
+      </a>
+    </li>
+  
+
+              
+            
+              
+                
+  
+  
+  
+  
+    <li class="md-nav__item">
+      <a href="../languages/rust/concurrency.html" class="md-nav__link">
+        
+  
+  <span class="md-ellipsis">
+    Concurrency
+  </span>
+  
+
+      </a>
+    </li>
+  
+
+              
+            
+              
+                
+  
+  
+  
+  
+    <li class="md-nav__item">
+      <a href="../languages/rust/unit-tests.html" class="md-nav__link">
+        
+  
+  <span class="md-ellipsis">
+    Unit Tests
+  </span>
+  
+
+      </a>
+    </li>
+  
+
+              
+            
+          </ul>
+        </nav>
+      
+    </li>
+  
+
+              
+            
+              
+                
+  
+  
+  
+  
+    
+    
+      
+        
+      
+        
+      
+        
+      
+        
+      
+        
+      
+        
+      
+        
+      
+    
+    
+      
+      
+        
+      
+    
+    
+    <li class="md-nav__item md-nav__item--nested">
+      
+        
+        
+        <input class="md-nav__toggle md-toggle " type="checkbox" id="__nav_4_13" >
+        
+          
+          <label class="md-nav__link" for="__nav_4_13" id="__nav_4_13_label" tabindex="0">
+            
+  
+  <span class="md-ellipsis">
+    Javascript
+  </span>
+  
+
+            <span class="md-nav__icon md-icon"></span>
+          </label>
+        
+        <nav class="md-nav" data-md-level="2" aria-labelledby="__nav_4_13_label" aria-expanded="false">
+          <label class="md-nav__title" for="__nav_4_13">
+            <span class="md-nav__icon md-icon"></span>
+            Javascript
+          </label>
+          <ul class="md-nav__list" data-md-scrollfix>
+            
+              
+                
+  
+  
+  
+  
+    <li class="md-nav__item">
+      <a href="../languages/javascript/javascript.html" class="md-nav__link">
+        
+  
+  <span class="md-ellipsis">
+    Javascript
+  </span>
+  
+
+      </a>
+    </li>
+  
+
+              
+            
+              
+                
+  
+  
+  
+  
+    <li class="md-nav__item">
+      <a href="../languages/javascript/dom.html" class="md-nav__link">
+        
+  
+  <span class="md-ellipsis">
+    DOM
+  </span>
+  
+
+      </a>
+    </li>
+  
+
+              
+            
+              
+                
+  
+  
+  
+  
+    <li class="md-nav__item">
+      <a href="../languages/javascript/events-animation.html" class="md-nav__link">
+        
+  
+  <span class="md-ellipsis">
+    Events & Animation
+  </span>
+  
+
+      </a>
+    </li>
+  
+
+              
+            
+              
+                
+  
+  
+  
+  
+    <li class="md-nav__item">
+      <a href="../languages/javascript/ajax.html" class="md-nav__link">
+        
+  
+  <span class="md-ellipsis">
+    AJAX
+  </span>
+  
+
+      </a>
+    </li>
+  
+
+              
+            
+              
+                
+  
+  
+  
+  
+    <li class="md-nav__item">
+      <a href="../languages/javascript/jquery.html" class="md-nav__link">
+        
+  
+  <span class="md-ellipsis">
+    jQuery
+  </span>
+  
+
+      </a>
+    </li>
+  
+
+              
+            
+              
+                
+  
+  
+  
+  
+    
+    
+      
+        
+      
+        
+      
+        
+      
+        
+      
+        
+      
+    
+    
+      
+      
+        
+      
+    
+    
+    <li class="md-nav__item md-nav__item--nested">
+      
+        
+        
+        <input class="md-nav__toggle md-toggle " type="checkbox" id="__nav_4_13_6" >
+        
+          
+          <label class="md-nav__link" for="__nav_4_13_6" id="__nav_4_13_6_label" tabindex="0">
+            
+  
+  <span class="md-ellipsis">
+    React
+  </span>
+  
+
+            <span class="md-nav__icon md-icon"></span>
+          </label>
+        
+        <nav class="md-nav" data-md-level="3" aria-labelledby="__nav_4_13_6_label" aria-expanded="false">
+          <label class="md-nav__title" for="__nav_4_13_6">
+            <span class="md-nav__icon md-icon"></span>
+            React
+          </label>
+          <ul class="md-nav__list" data-md-scrollfix>
+            
+              
+                
+  
+  
+  
+  
+    <li class="md-nav__item">
+      <a href="../languages/javascript/react/react.html" class="md-nav__link">
+        
+  
+  <span class="md-ellipsis">
+    React
+  </span>
+  
+
+      </a>
+    </li>
+  
+
+              
+            
+              
+                
+  
+  
+  
+  
+    <li class="md-nav__item">
+      <a href="../languages/javascript/react/react-router.html" class="md-nav__link">
+        
+  
+  <span class="md-ellipsis">
+    React Router
+  </span>
+  
+
+      </a>
+    </li>
+  
+
+              
+            
+              
+                
+  
+  
+  
+  
+    <li class="md-nav__item">
+      <a href="../languages/javascript/react/react-tests.html" class="md-nav__link">
+        
+  
+  <span class="md-ellipsis">
+    React Tests
+  </span>
+  
+
+      </a>
+    </li>
+  
+
+              
+            
+              
+                
+  
+  
+  
+  
+    <li class="md-nav__item">
+      <a href="../languages/javascript/react/redux.html" class="md-nav__link">
+        
+  
+  <span class="md-ellipsis">
+    Redux
+  </span>
+  
+
+      </a>
+    </li>
+  
+
+              
+            
+              
+                
+  
+  
+  
+  
+    <li class="md-nav__item">
+      <a href="../languages/javascript/react/redux-tests.html" class="md-nav__link">
+        
+  
+  <span class="md-ellipsis">
+    Redux Tests
+  </span>
+  
+
+      </a>
+    </li>
+  
+
+              
+            
+          </ul>
+        </nav>
+      
+    </li>
+  
+
+              
+            
+              
+                
+  
+  
+  
+  
+    <li class="md-nav__item">
+      <a href="../languages/javascript/svelte/svelte.html" class="md-nav__link">
+        
+  
+  <span class="md-ellipsis">
+    Svelte
+  </span>
+  
+
+      </a>
+    </li>
+  
+
+              
+            
+          </ul>
+        </nav>
+      
+    </li>
+  
+
+              
+            
+              
+                
+  
+  
+  
+  
+    
+    
+      
+        
+      
+        
+      
+    
+    
+      
+      
+        
+      
+    
+    
+    <li class="md-nav__item md-nav__item--nested">
+      
+        
+        
+        <input class="md-nav__toggle md-toggle " type="checkbox" id="__nav_4_14" >
+        
+          
+          <label class="md-nav__link" for="__nav_4_14" id="__nav_4_14_label" tabindex="0">
+            
+  
+  <span class="md-ellipsis">
+    PowerShell
+  </span>
+  
+
+            <span class="md-nav__icon md-icon"></span>
+          </label>
+        
+        <nav class="md-nav" data-md-level="2" aria-labelledby="__nav_4_14_label" aria-expanded="false">
+          <label class="md-nav__title" for="__nav_4_14">
+            <span class="md-nav__icon md-icon"></span>
+            PowerShell
+          </label>
+          <ul class="md-nav__list" data-md-scrollfix>
+            
+              
+                
+  
+  
+  
+  
+    <li class="md-nav__item">
+      <a href="../languages/powershell/scripting.html" class="md-nav__link">
+        
+  
+  <span class="md-ellipsis">
+    Scripting
+  </span>
+  
+
+      </a>
+    </li>
+  
+
+              
+            
+              
+                
+  
+  
+  
+  
+    <li class="md-nav__item">
+      <a href="../languages/powershell/commands.html" class="md-nav__link">
+        
+  
+  <span class="md-ellipsis">
+    Commands
+  </span>
+  
+
+      </a>
+    </li>
+  
+
+              
+            
+          </ul>
+        </nav>
+      
+    </li>
+  
+
+              
+            
+              
+                
+  
+  
+  
+  
+    
+    
+      
+        
+      
+        
+      
+    
+    
+      
+      
+        
+      
+    
+    
+    <li class="md-nav__item md-nav__item--nested">
+      
+        
+        
+        <input class="md-nav__toggle md-toggle " type="checkbox" id="__nav_4_15" >
+        
+          
+          <label class="md-nav__link" for="__nav_4_15" id="__nav_4_15_label" tabindex="0">
+            
+  
+  <span class="md-ellipsis">
+    Bash
+  </span>
+  
+
+            <span class="md-nav__icon md-icon"></span>
+          </label>
+        
+        <nav class="md-nav" data-md-level="2" aria-labelledby="__nav_4_15_label" aria-expanded="false">
+          <label class="md-nav__title" for="__nav_4_15">
+            <span class="md-nav__icon md-icon"></span>
+            Bash
+          </label>
+          <ul class="md-nav__list" data-md-scrollfix>
+            
+              
+                
+  
+  
+  
+  
+    <li class="md-nav__item">
+      <a href="../languages/bash/scripting.html" class="md-nav__link">
+        
+  
+  <span class="md-ellipsis">
+    Scripting
+  </span>
+  
+
+      </a>
+    </li>
+  
+
+              
+            
+              
+                
+  
+  
+  
+  
+    <li class="md-nav__item">
+      <a href="../languages/bash/commands.html" class="md-nav__link">
+        
+  
+  <span class="md-ellipsis">
+    Commands
+  </span>
+  
+
+      </a>
+    </li>
+  
+
+              
+            
+          </ul>
+        </nav>
+      
+    </li>
+  
+
+              
+            
+          </ul>
+        </nav>
+      
+    </li>
+  
+
+    
+      
+      
+  
+  
+    
+  
+  
+  
+    
+    
+      
+        
+      
+        
+      
+        
+      
+        
+      
+        
+      
+    
+    
+      
+        
+        
+      
+      
+        
+      
+    
+    
+    <li class="md-nav__item md-nav__item--active md-nav__item--section md-nav__item--nested">
+      
+        
+        
+        <input class="md-nav__toggle md-toggle " type="checkbox" id="__nav_5" checked>
+        
+          
+          <label class="md-nav__link" for="__nav_5" id="__nav_5_label" tabindex="">
+            
+  
+  <span class="md-ellipsis">
+    Misc
+  </span>
+  
+
+            <span class="md-nav__icon md-icon"></span>
+          </label>
+        
+        <nav class="md-nav" data-md-level="1" aria-labelledby="__nav_5_label" aria-expanded="true">
+          <label class="md-nav__title" for="__nav_5">
+            <span class="md-nav__icon md-icon"></span>
+            Misc
+          </label>
+          <ul class="md-nav__list" data-md-scrollfix>
+            
+              
+                
+  
+  
+  
+  
+    <li class="md-nav__item">
+      <a href="git.html" class="md-nav__link">
+        
+  
+  <span class="md-ellipsis">
+    Git
+  </span>
+  
+
+      </a>
+    </li>
+  
+
+              
+            
+              
+                
+  
+  
+    
+  
+  
+  
+    <li class="md-nav__item md-nav__item--active">
+      
+      <input class="md-nav__toggle md-toggle" type="checkbox" id="__toc">
+      
+      
+        
+      
+      
+        <label class="md-nav__link md-nav__link--active" for="__toc">
+          
+  
+  <span class="md-ellipsis">
+    GraphQL
+  </span>
+  
+
+          <span class="md-nav__icon md-icon"></span>
+        </label>
+      
+      <a href="graph-ql.html" class="md-nav__link md-nav__link--active">
+        
+  
+  <span class="md-ellipsis">
+    GraphQL
+  </span>
+  
+
+      </a>
+      
+        
+
+<nav class="md-nav md-nav--secondary" aria-label="Table of contents">
+  
+  
+  
+    
+  
+  
+    <label class="md-nav__title" for="__toc">
+      <span class="md-nav__icon md-icon"></span>
+      Table of contents
+    </label>
+    <ul class="md-nav__list" data-md-component="toc" data-md-scrollfix>
+      
+        <li class="md-nav__item">
+  <a href="#schema-and-types" class="md-nav__link">
+    <span class="md-ellipsis">
+      Schema and Types
+    </span>
+  </a>
+  
+    <nav class="md-nav" aria-label="Schema and Types">
+      <ul class="md-nav__list">
+        
+          <li class="md-nav__item">
+  <a href="#object-types-and-fields" class="md-nav__link">
+    <span class="md-ellipsis">
+      Object types and fields
+    </span>
+  </a>
+  
+</li>
+        
+          <li class="md-nav__item">
+  <a href="#field-arguments" class="md-nav__link">
+    <span class="md-ellipsis">
+      Field Arguments
+    </span>
+  </a>
+  
+</li>
+        
+          <li class="md-nav__item">
+  <a href="#query-and-mutation-types" class="md-nav__link">
+    <span class="md-ellipsis">
+      Query and Mutation types
+    </span>
+  </a>
+  
+</li>
+        
+          <li class="md-nav__item">
+  <a href="#scalar-types" class="md-nav__link">
+    <span class="md-ellipsis">
+      Scalar Types
+    </span>
+  </a>
+  
+</li>
+        
+          <li class="md-nav__item">
+  <a href="#enumeration-types" class="md-nav__link">
+    <span class="md-ellipsis">
+      Enumeration Types
+    </span>
+  </a>
+  
+</li>
+        
+      </ul>
+    </nav>
+  
+</li>
+      
+        <li class="md-nav__item">
+  <a href="#lists-and-non-null" class="md-nav__link">
+    <span class="md-ellipsis">
+      Lists and Non-Null
+    </span>
+  </a>
+  
+    <nav class="md-nav" aria-label="Lists and Non-Null">
+      <ul class="md-nav__list">
+        
+          <li class="md-nav__item">
+  <a href="#interfaces" class="md-nav__link">
+    <span class="md-ellipsis">
+      Interfaces
+    </span>
+  </a>
+  
+</li>
+        
+          <li class="md-nav__item">
+  <a href="#union-type" class="md-nav__link">
+    <span class="md-ellipsis">
+      Union Type
+    </span>
+  </a>
+  
+</li>
+        
+          <li class="md-nav__item">
+  <a href="#input-type" class="md-nav__link">
+    <span class="md-ellipsis">
+      Input Type
+    </span>
+  </a>
+  
+</li>
+        
+      </ul>
+    </nav>
+  
+</li>
+      
+        <li class="md-nav__item">
+  <a href="#queries-mutations-and-subscriptions" class="md-nav__link">
+    <span class="md-ellipsis">
+      Queries, Mutations and Subscriptions
+    </span>
+  </a>
+  
+    <nav class="md-nav" aria-label="Queries, Mutations and Subscriptions">
+      <ul class="md-nav__list">
+        
+          <li class="md-nav__item">
+  <a href="#simple-query" class="md-nav__link">
+    <span class="md-ellipsis">
+      Simple Query
+    </span>
+  </a>
+  
+</li>
+        
+          <li class="md-nav__item">
+  <a href="#query-arguments" class="md-nav__link">
+    <span class="md-ellipsis">
+      Query Arguments
+    </span>
+  </a>
+  
+</li>
+        
+          <li class="md-nav__item">
+  <a href="#aliases" class="md-nav__link">
+    <span class="md-ellipsis">
+      Aliases
+    </span>
+  </a>
+  
+</li>
+        
+          <li class="md-nav__item">
+  <a href="#fragments" class="md-nav__link">
+    <span class="md-ellipsis">
+      Fragments
+    </span>
+  </a>
+  
+</li>
+        
+          <li class="md-nav__item">
+  <a href="#using-variables-inside-fragments" class="md-nav__link">
+    <span class="md-ellipsis">
+      Using variables inside fragments
+    </span>
+  </a>
+  
+</li>
+        
+          <li class="md-nav__item">
+  <a href="#operation-name" class="md-nav__link">
+    <span class="md-ellipsis">
+      Operation Name
+    </span>
+  </a>
+  
+</li>
+        
+          <li class="md-nav__item">
+  <a href="#variables" class="md-nav__link">
+    <span class="md-ellipsis">
+      Variables
+    </span>
+  </a>
+  
+</li>
+        
+          <li class="md-nav__item">
+  <a href="#directives" class="md-nav__link">
+    <span class="md-ellipsis">
+      Directives
+    </span>
+  </a>
+  
+</li>
+        
+          <li class="md-nav__item">
+  <a href="#mutations" class="md-nav__link">
+    <span class="md-ellipsis">
+      Mutations
+    </span>
+  </a>
+  
+</li>
+        
+          <li class="md-nav__item">
+  <a href="#subscriptions" class="md-nav__link">
+    <span class="md-ellipsis">
+      Subscriptions
+    </span>
+  </a>
+  
+</li>
+        
+          <li class="md-nav__item">
+  <a href="#inline-fragments" class="md-nav__link">
+    <span class="md-ellipsis">
+      Inline Fragments
+    </span>
+  </a>
+  
+</li>
+        
+          <li class="md-nav__item">
+  <a href="#meta-fields" class="md-nav__link">
+    <span class="md-ellipsis">
+      Meta Fields
+    </span>
+  </a>
+  
+</li>
+        
+      </ul>
+    </nav>
+  
+</li>
+      
+        <li class="md-nav__item">
+  <a href="#execution" class="md-nav__link">
+    <span class="md-ellipsis">
+      Execution
+    </span>
+  </a>
+  
+    <nav class="md-nav" aria-label="Execution">
+      <ul class="md-nav__list">
+        
+          <li class="md-nav__item">
+  <a href="#root-fields-and-resolvers" class="md-nav__link">
+    <span class="md-ellipsis">
+      Root fields and Resolvers
+    </span>
+  </a>
+  
+</li>
+        
+      </ul>
+    </nav>
+  
+</li>
+      
+    </ul>
+  
+</nav>
+      
+    </li>
+  
+
+              
+            
+              
+                
+  
+  
+  
+  
+    <li class="md-nav__item">
+      <a href="regular-expressions.html" class="md-nav__link">
+        
+  
+  <span class="md-ellipsis">
+    RegEx
+  </span>
+  
+
+      </a>
+    </li>
+  
+
+              
+            
+              
+                
+  
+  
+  
+  
+    <li class="md-nav__item">
+      <a href="ssh.html" class="md-nav__link">
+        
+  
+  <span class="md-ellipsis">
+    SSH
+  </span>
+  
+
+      </a>
+    </li>
+  
+
+              
+            
+              
+                
+  
+  
+  
+  
+    <li class="md-nav__item">
+      <a href="web-components.html" class="md-nav__link">
+        
+  
+  <span class="md-ellipsis">
+    WebComponents
+  </span>
+  
+
+      </a>
+    </li>
+  
+
+              
+            
+          </ul>
+        </nav>
+      
+    </li>
+  
+
+    
+      
+      
+  
+  
+  
+  
+    
+    
+      
+        
+      
+        
+      
+    
+    
+      
+      
+        
+      
+    
+    
+    <li class="md-nav__item md-nav__item--nested">
+      
+        
+        
+        <input class="md-nav__toggle md-toggle " type="checkbox" id="__nav_6" >
+        
+          
+          <label class="md-nav__link" for="__nav_6" id="__nav_6_label" tabindex="0">
+            
+  
+  <span class="md-ellipsis">
+    Linux
+  </span>
+  
+
+            <span class="md-nav__icon md-icon"></span>
+          </label>
+        
+        <nav class="md-nav" data-md-level="1" aria-labelledby="__nav_6_label" aria-expanded="false">
+          <label class="md-nav__title" for="__nav_6">
+            <span class="md-nav__icon md-icon"></span>
+            Linux
+          </label>
+          <ul class="md-nav__list" data-md-scrollfix>
+            
+              
+                
+  
+  
+  
+  
+    
+    
+      
+        
+      
+        
+      
+        
+      
+    
+    
+      
+      
+        
+      
+    
+    
+    <li class="md-nav__item md-nav__item--nested">
+      
+        
+        
+        <input class="md-nav__toggle md-toggle " type="checkbox" id="__nav_6_1" >
+        
+          
+          <label class="md-nav__link" for="__nav_6_1" id="__nav_6_1_label" tabindex="0">
+            
+  
+  <span class="md-ellipsis">
+    Filesystem
+  </span>
+  
+
+            <span class="md-nav__icon md-icon"></span>
+          </label>
+        
+        <nav class="md-nav" data-md-level="2" aria-labelledby="__nav_6_1_label" aria-expanded="false">
+          <label class="md-nav__title" for="__nav_6_1">
+            <span class="md-nav__icon md-icon"></span>
+            Filesystem
+          </label>
+          <ul class="md-nav__list" data-md-scrollfix>
+            
+              
+                
+  
+  
+  
+  
+    <li class="md-nav__item">
+      <a href="../linux/filesystem/file-links.html" class="md-nav__link">
+        
+  
+  <span class="md-ellipsis">
+    File Links
+  </span>
+  
+
+      </a>
+    </li>
+  
+
+              
+            
+              
+                
+  
+  
+  
+  
+    <li class="md-nav__item">
+      <a href="../linux/filesystem/procfs.html" class="md-nav__link">
+        
+  
+  <span class="md-ellipsis">
+    /proc
+  </span>
+  
+
+      </a>
+    </li>
+  
+
+              
+            
+              
+                
+  
+  
+  
+  
+    <li class="md-nav__item">
+      <a href="../linux/filesystem/sysfs.html" class="md-nav__link">
+        
+  
+  <span class="md-ellipsis">
+    /sys
+  </span>
+  
+
+      </a>
+    </li>
+  
+
+              
+            
+          </ul>
+        </nav>
+      
+    </li>
+  
+
+              
+            
+              
+                
+  
+  
+  
+  
+    
+    
+      
+        
+      
+        
+      
+    
+    
+      
+      
+        
+      
+    
+    
+    <li class="md-nav__item md-nav__item--nested">
+      
+        
+        
+        <input class="md-nav__toggle md-toggle " type="checkbox" id="__nav_6_2" >
+        
+          
+          <label class="md-nav__link" for="__nav_6_2" id="__nav_6_2_label" tabindex="0">
+            
+  
+  <span class="md-ellipsis">
+    System Init
+  </span>
+  
+
+            <span class="md-nav__icon md-icon"></span>
+          </label>
+        
+        <nav class="md-nav" data-md-level="2" aria-labelledby="__nav_6_2_label" aria-expanded="false">
+          <label class="md-nav__title" for="__nav_6_2">
+            <span class="md-nav__icon md-icon"></span>
+            System Init
+          </label>
+          <ul class="md-nav__list" data-md-scrollfix>
+            
+              
+                
+  
+  
+  
+  
+    <li class="md-nav__item">
+      <a href="../linux/init/systemd.html" class="md-nav__link">
+        
+  
+  <span class="md-ellipsis">
+    Systemd
+  </span>
+  
+
+      </a>
+    </li>
+  
+
+              
+            
+              
+                
+  
+  
+  
+  
+    <li class="md-nav__item">
+      <a href="../linux/init/open-rc.html" class="md-nav__link">
+        
+  
+  <span class="md-ellipsis">
+    OpenRC
+  </span>
+  
+
+      </a>
+    </li>
+  
+
+              
+            
+          </ul>
+        </nav>
+      
+    </li>
+  
+
+              
+            
+          </ul>
+        </nav>
+      
+    </li>
+  
+
+    
+  </ul>
+</nav>
+                  </div>
+                </div>
+              </div>
+            
+            
+              
+              <div class="md-sidebar md-sidebar--secondary" data-md-component="sidebar" data-md-type="toc" >
+                <div class="md-sidebar__scrollwrap">
+                  <div class="md-sidebar__inner">
+                    
+
+<nav class="md-nav md-nav--secondary" aria-label="Table of contents">
+  
+  
+  
+    
+  
+  
+    <label class="md-nav__title" for="__toc">
+      <span class="md-nav__icon md-icon"></span>
+      Table of contents
+    </label>
+    <ul class="md-nav__list" data-md-component="toc" data-md-scrollfix>
+      
+        <li class="md-nav__item">
+  <a href="#schema-and-types" class="md-nav__link">
+    <span class="md-ellipsis">
+      Schema and Types
+    </span>
+  </a>
+  
+    <nav class="md-nav" aria-label="Schema and Types">
+      <ul class="md-nav__list">
+        
+          <li class="md-nav__item">
+  <a href="#object-types-and-fields" class="md-nav__link">
+    <span class="md-ellipsis">
+      Object types and fields
+    </span>
+  </a>
+  
+</li>
+        
+          <li class="md-nav__item">
+  <a href="#field-arguments" class="md-nav__link">
+    <span class="md-ellipsis">
+      Field Arguments
+    </span>
+  </a>
+  
+</li>
+        
+          <li class="md-nav__item">
+  <a href="#query-and-mutation-types" class="md-nav__link">
+    <span class="md-ellipsis">
+      Query and Mutation types
+    </span>
+  </a>
+  
+</li>
+        
+          <li class="md-nav__item">
+  <a href="#scalar-types" class="md-nav__link">
+    <span class="md-ellipsis">
+      Scalar Types
+    </span>
+  </a>
+  
+</li>
+        
+          <li class="md-nav__item">
+  <a href="#enumeration-types" class="md-nav__link">
+    <span class="md-ellipsis">
+      Enumeration Types
+    </span>
+  </a>
+  
+</li>
+        
+      </ul>
+    </nav>
+  
+</li>
+      
+        <li class="md-nav__item">
+  <a href="#lists-and-non-null" class="md-nav__link">
+    <span class="md-ellipsis">
+      Lists and Non-Null
+    </span>
+  </a>
+  
+    <nav class="md-nav" aria-label="Lists and Non-Null">
+      <ul class="md-nav__list">
+        
+          <li class="md-nav__item">
+  <a href="#interfaces" class="md-nav__link">
+    <span class="md-ellipsis">
+      Interfaces
+    </span>
+  </a>
+  
+</li>
+        
+          <li class="md-nav__item">
+  <a href="#union-type" class="md-nav__link">
+    <span class="md-ellipsis">
+      Union Type
+    </span>
+  </a>
+  
+</li>
+        
+          <li class="md-nav__item">
+  <a href="#input-type" class="md-nav__link">
+    <span class="md-ellipsis">
+      Input Type
+    </span>
+  </a>
+  
+</li>
+        
+      </ul>
+    </nav>
+  
+</li>
+      
+        <li class="md-nav__item">
+  <a href="#queries-mutations-and-subscriptions" class="md-nav__link">
+    <span class="md-ellipsis">
+      Queries, Mutations and Subscriptions
+    </span>
+  </a>
+  
+    <nav class="md-nav" aria-label="Queries, Mutations and Subscriptions">
+      <ul class="md-nav__list">
+        
+          <li class="md-nav__item">
+  <a href="#simple-query" class="md-nav__link">
+    <span class="md-ellipsis">
+      Simple Query
+    </span>
+  </a>
+  
+</li>
+        
+          <li class="md-nav__item">
+  <a href="#query-arguments" class="md-nav__link">
+    <span class="md-ellipsis">
+      Query Arguments
+    </span>
+  </a>
+  
+</li>
+        
+          <li class="md-nav__item">
+  <a href="#aliases" class="md-nav__link">
+    <span class="md-ellipsis">
+      Aliases
+    </span>
+  </a>
+  
+</li>
+        
+          <li class="md-nav__item">
+  <a href="#fragments" class="md-nav__link">
+    <span class="md-ellipsis">
+      Fragments
+    </span>
+  </a>
+  
+</li>
+        
+          <li class="md-nav__item">
+  <a href="#using-variables-inside-fragments" class="md-nav__link">
+    <span class="md-ellipsis">
+      Using variables inside fragments
+    </span>
+  </a>
+  
+</li>
+        
+          <li class="md-nav__item">
+  <a href="#operation-name" class="md-nav__link">
+    <span class="md-ellipsis">
+      Operation Name
+    </span>
+  </a>
+  
+</li>
+        
+          <li class="md-nav__item">
+  <a href="#variables" class="md-nav__link">
+    <span class="md-ellipsis">
+      Variables
+    </span>
+  </a>
+  
+</li>
+        
+          <li class="md-nav__item">
+  <a href="#directives" class="md-nav__link">
+    <span class="md-ellipsis">
+      Directives
+    </span>
+  </a>
+  
+</li>
+        
+          <li class="md-nav__item">
+  <a href="#mutations" class="md-nav__link">
+    <span class="md-ellipsis">
+      Mutations
+    </span>
+  </a>
+  
+</li>
+        
+          <li class="md-nav__item">
+  <a href="#subscriptions" class="md-nav__link">
+    <span class="md-ellipsis">
+      Subscriptions
+    </span>
+  </a>
+  
+</li>
+        
+          <li class="md-nav__item">
+  <a href="#inline-fragments" class="md-nav__link">
+    <span class="md-ellipsis">
+      Inline Fragments
+    </span>
+  </a>
+  
+</li>
+        
+          <li class="md-nav__item">
+  <a href="#meta-fields" class="md-nav__link">
+    <span class="md-ellipsis">
+      Meta Fields
+    </span>
+  </a>
+  
+</li>
+        
+      </ul>
+    </nav>
+  
+</li>
+      
+        <li class="md-nav__item">
+  <a href="#execution" class="md-nav__link">
+    <span class="md-ellipsis">
+      Execution
+    </span>
+  </a>
+  
+    <nav class="md-nav" aria-label="Execution">
+      <ul class="md-nav__list">
+        
+          <li class="md-nav__item">
+  <a href="#root-fields-and-resolvers" class="md-nav__link">
+    <span class="md-ellipsis">
+      Root fields and Resolvers
+    </span>
+  </a>
+  
+</li>
+        
+      </ul>
+    </nav>
+  
+</li>
+      
+    </ul>
+  
+</nav>
+                  </div>
+                </div>
+              </div>
+            
+          
+          
+            <div class="md-content" data-md-component="content">
+              <article class="md-content__inner md-typeset">
+                
+                  
+
+  
+  
+
+
+<h1 id="graphql">GraphQL</h1>
+<p><a href="https://www.howtographql.com/">How to GraphQL - The Fullstack Tutorial for GraphQL</a></p>
+<p>GraphQL is a query language for APIa, and a server-side runtime for executing queries by using a type system for the data. GraphQL isn't tied to any specific database or storage engine and is instead backed by existing code and data.</p>
+<p>A GraphQL service is created by defining types and fields on those types, then providing functions for each field on each type.</p>
+<hr />
+<h2 id="schema-and-types">Schema and Types</h2>
+<h3 id="object-types-and-fields">Object types and fields</h3>
+<p>The most basic components of a GraphQL schema are object types, which just represent a kind of object fetchable from the service, and what fields it has.</p>
+<div class="highlight"><table class="highlighttable"><tr><th colspan="2" class="filename"><span class="filename">GraphQL</span></th></tr><tr><td class="linenos"><div class="linenodiv"><pre><span></span><span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-0-1">1</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-0-2">2</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-0-3">3</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-0-4">4</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-0-5">5</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-0-6">6</a></span></pre></div></td><td class="code"><div><pre><span></span><code><a id="__codelineno-0-1" name="__codelineno-0-1"></a><span class="k">type</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="err">Type</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="p">{</span>
+<a id="__codelineno-0-2" name="__codelineno-0-2"></a><span class="w">  </span><span class="nl">field</span><span class="p">:</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="n">Type</span>
+<a id="__codelineno-0-3" name="__codelineno-0-3"></a><span class="w">  </span><span class="nl">field</span><span class="p">:</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="n">Type</span><span class="err">!</span><span class="w">  </span><span class="c"># non-nullable type</span>
+<a id="__codelineno-0-4" name="__codelineno-0-4"></a><span class="w">  </span><span class="nl">field</span><span class="p">:</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="err">[</span><span class="n">Type</span><span class="err">]</span><span class="w">  </span><span class="c"># array of objects</span>
+<a id="__codelineno-0-5" name="__codelineno-0-5"></a><span class="w">  </span><span class="nl">field</span><span class="p">:</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="err">[</span><span class="n">Type</span><span class="err">!]!</span><span class="w">  </span><span class="c"># non-nullable array of non-nullable objects</span>
+<a id="__codelineno-0-6" name="__codelineno-0-6"></a><span class="p">}</span>
+</code></pre></div></td></tr></table></div>
+<h3 id="field-arguments">Field Arguments</h3>
+<p>Every field on a GraphQL object type can have zero or more arguments. All arguments are named.</p>
+<p>Arguments can be either <em>required</em> or <em>optional</em>. When an argument is optional, it's possible to define a default value.</p>
+<div class="highlight"><table class="highlighttable"><tr><th colspan="2" class="filename"><span class="filename">GraphQL</span></th></tr><tr><td class="linenos"><div class="linenodiv"><pre><span></span><span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-1-1">1</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-1-2">2</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-1-3">3</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-1-4">4</a></span></pre></div></td><td class="code"><div><pre><span></span><code><a id="__codelineno-1-1" name="__codelineno-1-1"></a><span class="k">type</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="err">Type</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="p">{</span>
+<a id="__codelineno-1-2" name="__codelineno-1-2"></a><span class="w">  </span><span class="nl">field</span><span class="p">:</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="n">Type</span><span class="p">,</span>
+<a id="__codelineno-1-3" name="__codelineno-1-3"></a><span class="w">  </span><span class="n">field</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="n">namedArg</span><span class="p">:</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="no">Type</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="err">=</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="n">defaultValue</span><span class="p">)</span><span class="err">:</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="n">Type</span>
+<a id="__codelineno-1-4" name="__codelineno-1-4"></a><span class="p">}</span>
+</code></pre></div></td></tr></table></div>
+<h3 id="query-and-mutation-types">Query and Mutation types</h3>
+<p>Every GraphQL service has a <code>query</code> type and may or may not have a <code>mutation</code> type. These types are the same as a regular object type, but they are special because they define the <em>entry point</em> of every GraphQL query.</p>
+<h3 id="scalar-types">Scalar Types</h3>
+<p>A GraphQL object type has a name and fields, but at some point those fields have to resolve to some concrete data.
+That's where the scalar types come in: they represent the <em>leaves</em> of the query. Scalar types do not have sub-types and fields.</p>
+<p>GraphQL comes with a set of default scalar types out of the box:</p>
+<ul>
+<li><code>Int</code>: A signed 32‐bit integer.</li>
+<li><code>Float</code>: A signed double-precision floating-point value.</li>
+<li><code>String</code>: A UTF‐8 character sequence.</li>
+<li><code>Boolean</code>: <code>true</code> or <code>false</code>.</li>
+<li><code>ID</code>: The ID scalar type represents a unique identifier, often used to refetch an object or as the key for a cache. The ID type is serialized in the same way as a <code>String</code>; however, defining it as an <code>ID</code> signifies that it is not intended to be human‐readable.</li>
+</ul>
+<p>In most GraphQL service implementations, there is also a way to specify custom scalar types.</p>
+<div class="highlight"><table class="highlighttable"><tr><th colspan="2" class="filename"><span class="filename">GraphQL</span></th></tr><tr><td class="linenos"><div class="linenodiv"><pre><span></span><span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-2-1">1</a></span></pre></div></td><td class="code"><div><pre><span></span><code><a id="__codelineno-2-1" name="__codelineno-2-1"></a><span class="k">scalar</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="err">ScalarType</span>
+</code></pre></div></td></tr></table></div>
+<p>Then it's up to the implementation to define how that type should be serialized, deserialized, and validated.</p>
+<h3 id="enumeration-types">Enumeration Types</h3>
+<p>Also called <em>Enums</em>, enumeration types are a special kind of scalar that is restricted to a particular set of allowed values.</p>
+<p>This allows to:</p>
+<ol>
+<li>Validate that any arguments of this type are one of the allowed values</li>
+<li>Communicate through the type system that a field will always be one of a finite set of values</li>
+</ol>
+<div class="highlight"><table class="highlighttable"><tr><th colspan="2" class="filename"><span class="filename">GraphQL</span></th></tr><tr><td class="linenos"><div class="linenodiv"><pre><span></span><span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-3-1">1</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-3-2">2</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-3-3">3</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-3-4">4</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-3-5">5</a></span></pre></div></td><td class="code"><div><pre><span></span><code><a id="__codelineno-3-1" name="__codelineno-3-1"></a><span class="k">enum</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="err">Type</span><span class="p">{</span>
+<a id="__codelineno-3-2" name="__codelineno-3-2"></a><span class="w">  </span><span class="n">VALUE</span><span class="p">,</span>
+<a id="__codelineno-3-3" name="__codelineno-3-3"></a><span class="w">  </span><span class="n">VALUE</span><span class="p">,</span>
+<a id="__codelineno-3-4" name="__codelineno-3-4"></a><span class="w">    </span><span class="p">...</span>
+<a id="__codelineno-3-5" name="__codelineno-3-5"></a><span class="err">}</span>
+</code></pre></div></td></tr></table></div>
+<p><strong>Note</strong>: GraphQL service implementations in various languages will have their own language-specific way to deal with enums. In languages that support enums as a first-class citizen, the implementation might take advantage of that; in a language like JavaScript with no enum support, these values might be internally mapped to a set of integers. However, these details don't leak out to the client, which can operate entirely in terms of the string names of the enum values.</p>
+<h2 id="lists-and-non-null">Lists and Non-Null</h2>
+<p>Object types, scalars, and enums are the only kinds of types that can be defined in GraphQL.
+But when used in other parts of the schema, or in the query variable declarations, it's possible apply additional <em>type modifiers</em> that affect <strong>validation</strong> of those values.</p>
+<p>It's possible to mark a field as <em>Non-Null</em> by adding an exclamation mark, <code>!</code> after the type name. This means that the server always expects to return a non-null value for this field, and if it ends up getting a null value that will actually trigger a GraphQL execution error, letting the client know that something has gone wrong.</p>
+<p>The <em>Non-Null</em> type modifier can also be used when defining arguments for a field, which will cause the GraphQL server to return a validation error if a null value is passed as that argument, whether in the GraphQL string or in the variables.</p>
+<p>It's possible to use a type modifier to mark a type as a <code>List</code>, which indicates that this field will return an array of that type. In the schema language, this is denoted by wrapping the type in square brackets, <code>[</code> and <code>]</code>. It works the same for arguments, where the validation step will expect an array for that value.</p>
+<h3 id="interfaces">Interfaces</h3>
+<p>Like many type systems, GraphQL supports interfaces. An Interface is an abstract type that includes a certain set of fields that a type must include to implement the interface.</p>
+<p>Interfaces are useful when returning an object or set of objects, but those might be of several different types.</p>
+<div class="highlight"><table class="highlighttable"><tr><th colspan="2" class="filename"><span class="filename">GraphQL</span></th></tr><tr><td class="linenos"><div class="linenodiv"><pre><span></span><span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-4-1"> 1</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-4-2"> 2</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-4-3"> 3</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-4-4"> 4</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-4-5"> 5</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-4-6"> 6</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-4-7"> 7</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-4-8"> 8</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-4-9"> 9</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-4-10">10</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-4-11">11</a></span></pre></div></td><td class="code"><div><pre><span></span><code><a id="__codelineno-4-1" name="__codelineno-4-1"></a><span class="k">interface</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="err">Interface</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="p">{</span>
+<a id="__codelineno-4-2" name="__codelineno-4-2"></a><span class="w">  </span><span class="nl">fieldA</span><span class="p">:</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="n">TypeA</span>
+<a id="__codelineno-4-3" name="__codelineno-4-3"></a><span class="w">  </span><span class="nl">fieldB</span><span class="p">:</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="n">TypeB</span>
+<a id="__codelineno-4-4" name="__codelineno-4-4"></a><span class="p">}</span>
+<a id="__codelineno-4-5" name="__codelineno-4-5"></a>
+<a id="__codelineno-4-6" name="__codelineno-4-6"></a><span class="k">type</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="err">Type</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="k">implements</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="err">Interface</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="p">{</span>
+<a id="__codelineno-4-7" name="__codelineno-4-7"></a><span class="w">  </span><span class="nl">fieldA</span><span class="p">:</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="n">TypeA</span><span class="p">,</span>
+<a id="__codelineno-4-8" name="__codelineno-4-8"></a><span class="w">  </span><span class="nl">fieldB</span><span class="p">:</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="n">TypeB</span>
+<a id="__codelineno-4-9" name="__codelineno-4-9"></a><span class="w">  </span><span class="nl">field</span><span class="p">:</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="n">Type</span><span class="p">,</span>
+<a id="__codelineno-4-10" name="__codelineno-4-10"></a><span class="w">  </span><span class="p">...</span>
+<a id="__codelineno-4-11" name="__codelineno-4-11"></a><span class="err">}</span>
+</code></pre></div></td></tr></table></div>
+<h3 id="union-type">Union Type</h3>
+<p>Interfaces are useful when returning an object or set of objects, but those might be of several different types.</p>
+<div class="highlight"><table class="highlighttable"><tr><th colspan="2" class="filename"><span class="filename">GraphQL</span></th></tr><tr><td class="linenos"><div class="linenodiv"><pre><span></span><span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-5-1">1</a></span></pre></div></td><td class="code"><div><pre><span></span><code><a id="__codelineno-5-1" name="__codelineno-5-1"></a><span class="k">union</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="err">Union</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="err">=</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="err">TypeA</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="err">|</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="err">TypeB</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="err">|</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="err">TypeC</span>
+</code></pre></div></td></tr></table></div>
+<p><strong>Note</strong>: members of a union type need to be <em>concrete</em> object types; it's not possible to create a union type out of interfaces or other unions.</p>
+<h3 id="input-type">Input Type</h3>
+<p>In the GraphQL schema language, input types look exactly the same as regular object types, but with the keyword input instead of type:</p>
+<div class="highlight"><table class="highlighttable"><tr><th colspan="2" class="filename"><span class="filename">GraphQL</span></th></tr><tr><td class="linenos"><div class="linenodiv"><pre><span></span><span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-6-1">1</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-6-2">2</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-6-3">3</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-6-4">4</a></span></pre></div></td><td class="code"><div><pre><span></span><code><a id="__codelineno-6-1" name="__codelineno-6-1"></a><span class="k">input</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="err">Input</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="p">{</span>
+<a id="__codelineno-6-2" name="__codelineno-6-2"></a><span class="w">  </span><span class="nl">field</span><span class="p">:</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="n">Type</span><span class="p">,</span>
+<a id="__codelineno-6-3" name="__codelineno-6-3"></a><span class="w">  </span><span class="p">...</span>
+<a id="__codelineno-6-4" name="__codelineno-6-4"></a><span class="err">}</span>
+</code></pre></div></td></tr></table></div>
+<p>The fields on an input object type can themselves refer to input object types, but it's not possible to mix input and output types in the schema.
+Input object types also can't have arguments on their fields.</p>
+<hr />
+<h2 id="queries-mutations-and-subscriptions">Queries, Mutations and Subscriptions</h2>
+<h3 id="simple-query">Simple Query</h3>
+<div class="highlight"><table class="highlighttable"><tr><th colspan="2" class="filename"><span class="filename">GraphQL</span></th></tr><tr><td class="linenos"><div class="linenodiv"><pre><span></span><span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-7-1">1</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-7-2">2</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-7-3">3</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-7-4">4</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-7-5">5</a></span></pre></div></td><td class="code"><div><pre><span></span><code><a id="__codelineno-7-1" name="__codelineno-7-1"></a><span class="p">{</span>
+<a id="__codelineno-7-2" name="__codelineno-7-2"></a><span class="w">  </span><span class="n">field</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="p">{</span><span class="w">  </span><span class="c"># root field</span>
+<a id="__codelineno-7-3" name="__codelineno-7-3"></a><span class="w">    </span><span class="p">...</span><span class="w">  </span><span class="c"># payload</span>
+<a id="__codelineno-7-4" name="__codelineno-7-4"></a><span class="w">  </span><span class="err">}</span>
+<a id="__codelineno-7-5" name="__codelineno-7-5"></a><span class="err">}</span>
+</code></pre></div></td></tr></table></div>
+<div class="highlight"><table class="highlighttable"><tr><th colspan="2" class="filename"><span class="filename">JSON</span></th></tr><tr><td class="linenos"><div class="linenodiv"><pre><span></span><span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-8-1">1</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-8-2">2</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-8-3">3</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-8-4">4</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-8-5">5</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-8-6">6</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-8-7">7</a></span></pre></div></td><td class="code"><div><pre><span></span><code><a id="__codelineno-8-1" name="__codelineno-8-1"></a><span class="p">{</span>
+<a id="__codelineno-8-2" name="__codelineno-8-2"></a><span class="w">  </span><span class="nt">&quot;data&quot;</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="p">:</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="p">{</span>
+<a id="__codelineno-8-3" name="__codelineno-8-3"></a><span class="w">    </span><span class="nt">&quot;field&quot;</span><span class="p">:</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="p">{</span>
+<a id="__codelineno-8-4" name="__codelineno-8-4"></a><span class="w">  </span><span class="err">...</span>
+<a id="__codelineno-8-5" name="__codelineno-8-5"></a><span class="w">    </span><span class="p">}</span>
+<a id="__codelineno-8-6" name="__codelineno-8-6"></a><span class="w">  </span><span class="p">}</span>
+<a id="__codelineno-8-7" name="__codelineno-8-7"></a><span class="p">}</span>
+</code></pre></div></td></tr></table></div>
+<h3 id="query-arguments">Query Arguments</h3>
+<p>In a system like REST, it's possible to only pass a single set of arguments - the query parameters and URL segments in your request.</p>
+<p>But in GraphQL, every field and nested object can get its own set of arguments, making GraphQL a complete replacement for making multiple API fetches.</p>
+<p>It's aldo possible to pass arguments into scalar fields, to implement data transformations once on the server, instead of on every client separately.</p>
+<div class="highlight"><table class="highlighttable"><tr><th colspan="2" class="filename"><span class="filename">GraphQL</span></th></tr><tr><td class="linenos"><div class="linenodiv"><pre><span></span><span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-9-1">1</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-9-2">2</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-9-3">3</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-9-4">4</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-9-5">5</a></span></pre></div></td><td class="code"><div><pre><span></span><code><a id="__codelineno-9-1" name="__codelineno-9-1"></a><span class="p">{</span>
+<a id="__codelineno-9-2" name="__codelineno-9-2"></a><span class="w">  </span><span class="n">fieldA</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="n">arg</span><span class="p">:</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="no">value</span><span class="p">)</span><span class="w">  </span><span class="c"># filter results</span>
+<a id="__codelineno-9-3" name="__codelineno-9-3"></a><span class="w">  </span><span class="n">fieldB</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="n">arg</span><span class="p">:</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="no">value</span><span class="p">)</span>
+<a id="__codelineno-9-4" name="__codelineno-9-4"></a><span class="w">  </span><span class="p">...</span>
+<a id="__codelineno-9-5" name="__codelineno-9-5"></a><span class="err">}</span>
+</code></pre></div></td></tr></table></div>
+<h3 id="aliases">Aliases</h3>
+<div class="highlight"><table class="highlighttable"><tr><th colspan="2" class="filename"><span class="filename">GraphQL</span></th></tr><tr><td class="linenos"><div class="linenodiv"><pre><span></span><span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-10-1">1</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-10-2">2</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-10-3">3</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-10-4">4</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-10-5">5</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-10-6">6</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-10-7">7</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-10-8">8</a></span></pre></div></td><td class="code"><div><pre><span></span><code><a id="__codelineno-10-1" name="__codelineno-10-1"></a><span class="p">{</span>
+<a id="__codelineno-10-2" name="__codelineno-10-2"></a><span class="w">  </span><span class="nl">aliasA</span><span class="p">:</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="n">field</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="n">arg</span><span class="p">:</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="no">valueA</span><span class="p">)</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="p">{</span>
+<a id="__codelineno-10-3" name="__codelineno-10-3"></a><span class="w">    </span><span class="n">field</span>
+<a id="__codelineno-10-4" name="__codelineno-10-4"></a><span class="w">  </span><span class="p">}</span>
+<a id="__codelineno-10-5" name="__codelineno-10-5"></a><span class="w">  </span><span class="nl">aliasB</span><span class="p">:</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="n">field</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="n">arg</span><span class="p">:</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="no">valueB</span><span class="p">)</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="p">{</span>
+<a id="__codelineno-10-6" name="__codelineno-10-6"></a><span class="w">    </span><span class="n">field</span>
+<a id="__codelineno-10-7" name="__codelineno-10-7"></a><span class="w">  </span><span class="p">}</span>
+<a id="__codelineno-10-8" name="__codelineno-10-8"></a><span class="p">}</span>
+</code></pre></div></td></tr></table></div>
+<h3 id="fragments">Fragments</h3>
+<p>Fragments allow to construct sets of fields, and then include them in queries where that are needed.
+The concept of fragments is frequently used to split complicated application data requirements into smaller chunks.</p>
+<div class="highlight"><table class="highlighttable"><tr><th colspan="2" class="filename"><span class="filename">GraphQL</span></th></tr><tr><td class="linenos"><div class="linenodiv"><pre><span></span><span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-11-1"> 1</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-11-2"> 2</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-11-3"> 3</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-11-4"> 4</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-11-5"> 5</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-11-6"> 6</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-11-7"> 7</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-11-8"> 8</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-11-9"> 9</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-11-10">10</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-11-11">11</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-11-12">12</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-11-13">13</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-11-14">14</a></span></pre></div></td><td class="code"><div><pre><span></span><code><a id="__codelineno-11-1" name="__codelineno-11-1"></a><span class="p">{</span>
+<a id="__codelineno-11-2" name="__codelineno-11-2"></a><span class="w">  </span><span class="nl">aliasA</span><span class="p">:</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="n">field</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="n">arg</span><span class="p">:</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="no">valueA</span><span class="p">)</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="p">{</span>
+<a id="__codelineno-11-3" name="__codelineno-11-3"></a><span class="w">    </span><span class="p">...</span><span class="n">fragment</span>
+<a id="__codelineno-11-4" name="__codelineno-11-4"></a><span class="w">  </span><span class="p">},</span>
+<a id="__codelineno-11-5" name="__codelineno-11-5"></a><span class="w">  </span><span class="nl">aliasB</span><span class="p">:</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="n">field</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="n">arg</span><span class="p">:</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="no">valueB</span><span class="p">)</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="p">{</span>
+<a id="__codelineno-11-6" name="__codelineno-11-6"></a><span class="w">    </span><span class="p">...</span><span class="n">fragment</span>
+<a id="__codelineno-11-7" name="__codelineno-11-7"></a><span class="w">  </span><span class="p">}</span>
+<a id="__codelineno-11-8" name="__codelineno-11-8"></a><span class="p">}</span>
+<a id="__codelineno-11-9" name="__codelineno-11-9"></a>
+<a id="__codelineno-11-10" name="__codelineno-11-10"></a><span class="c"># define a set of fields to be retrieved </span>
+<a id="__codelineno-11-11" name="__codelineno-11-11"></a><span class="k">fragment</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="nf">fragment</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="k">on</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="nc">Type</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="p">{</span>
+<a id="__codelineno-11-12" name="__codelineno-11-12"></a><span class="w">  </span><span class="n">field</span>
+<a id="__codelineno-11-13" name="__codelineno-11-13"></a><span class="w">  </span><span class="p">...</span>
+<a id="__codelineno-11-14" name="__codelineno-11-14"></a><span class="err">}</span>
+</code></pre></div></td></tr></table></div>
+<h3 id="using-variables-inside-fragments">Using variables inside fragments</h3>
+<p>It is possible for fragments to access variables declared in the query or mutation.</p>
+<div class="highlight"><table class="highlighttable"><tr><th colspan="2" class="filename"><span class="filename">GraphQL</span></th></tr><tr><td class="linenos"><div class="linenodiv"><pre><span></span><span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-12-1"> 1</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-12-2"> 2</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-12-3"> 3</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-12-4"> 4</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-12-5"> 5</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-12-6"> 6</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-12-7"> 7</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-12-8"> 8</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-12-9"> 9</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-12-10">10</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-12-11">11</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-12-12">12</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-12-13">13</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-12-14">14</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-12-15">15</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-12-16">16</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-12-17">17</a></span></pre></div></td><td class="code"><div><pre><span></span><code><a id="__codelineno-12-1" name="__codelineno-12-1"></a><span class="k">query</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="nf">Query</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="nv">$var</span><span class="p">:</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="nc">Type</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="p">=</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="no">value</span><span class="p">)</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="p">{</span>
+<a id="__codelineno-12-2" name="__codelineno-12-2"></a><span class="w">    </span><span class="nl">aliasA</span><span class="p">:</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="n">field</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="n">arg</span><span class="p">:</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="no">valueA</span><span class="p">)</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="p">{</span>
+<a id="__codelineno-12-3" name="__codelineno-12-3"></a><span class="w">  </span><span class="p">...</span><span class="n">fragment</span>
+<a id="__codelineno-12-4" name="__codelineno-12-4"></a><span class="w">    </span><span class="p">}</span>
+<a id="__codelineno-12-5" name="__codelineno-12-5"></a><span class="w">    </span><span class="nl">aliasB</span><span class="p">:</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="n">field</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="n">arg</span><span class="p">:</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="no">valueB</span><span class="p">)</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="p">{</span>
+<a id="__codelineno-12-6" name="__codelineno-12-6"></a><span class="w">  </span><span class="p">...</span><span class="n">fragment</span>
+<a id="__codelineno-12-7" name="__codelineno-12-7"></a><span class="w">    </span><span class="p">}</span>
+<a id="__codelineno-12-8" name="__codelineno-12-8"></a><span class="p">}</span>
+<a id="__codelineno-12-9" name="__codelineno-12-9"></a>
+<a id="__codelineno-12-10" name="__codelineno-12-10"></a><span class="k">fragment</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="nf">fragment</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="k">on</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="nc">Type</span><span class="p">{</span>
+<a id="__codelineno-12-11" name="__codelineno-12-11"></a><span class="w">    </span><span class="n">field</span>
+<a id="__codelineno-12-12" name="__codelineno-12-12"></a><span class="w">    </span><span class="n">field</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="n">arg</span><span class="p">:</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="nv">$var</span><span class="p">)</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="p">{</span>
+<a id="__codelineno-12-13" name="__codelineno-12-13"></a><span class="w">  </span><span class="n">field</span>
+<a id="__codelineno-12-14" name="__codelineno-12-14"></a><span class="w">    </span><span class="p">...</span>
+<a id="__codelineno-12-15" name="__codelineno-12-15"></a><span class="w">  </span><span class="err">}</span>
+<a id="__codelineno-12-16" name="__codelineno-12-16"></a><span class="w">    </span><span class="err">}</span>
+<a id="__codelineno-12-17" name="__codelineno-12-17"></a><span class="err">}</span>
+</code></pre></div></td></tr></table></div>
+<h3 id="operation-name">Operation Name</h3>
+<p>The <em>operation type</em> is either <code>query</code>, <code>mutation</code>, or <code>subscription</code> and describes what type of operation it's intended to be done. The operation type is required unless when using the <em>query shorthand syntax</em>, in which case it's not possible to supply a name or variable definitions for the operation.</p>
+<p>The <em>operation name</em> is a meaningful and explicit name for the operation. It is only required in multi-operation documents, but its use is encouraged because it is very helpful for debugging and server-side logging. When something goes wrong it is easier to identify a query in the codebase by name instead of trying to decipher the contents.</p>
+<div class="highlight"><table class="highlighttable"><tr><th colspan="2" class="filename"><span class="filename">GraphQL</span></th></tr><tr><td class="linenos"><div class="linenodiv"><pre><span></span><span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-13-1">1</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-13-2">2</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-13-3">3</a></span></pre></div></td><td class="code"><div><pre><span></span><code><a id="__codelineno-13-1" name="__codelineno-13-1"></a><span class="k">query</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="nf">Operation</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="p">{</span>
+<a id="__codelineno-13-2" name="__codelineno-13-2"></a><span class="w">  </span><span class="p">...</span>
+<a id="__codelineno-13-3" name="__codelineno-13-3"></a><span class="err">}</span>
+</code></pre></div></td></tr></table></div>
+<h3 id="variables">Variables</h3>
+<p>When  working with variables, three things need to be done:</p>
+<ol>
+<li>Replace the static value in the query with <code>$variableName</code></li>
+<li>Declare <code>$variableName</code> as one of the variables accepted by the query</li>
+<li>Pass <code>variableName: value</code> in the separate, transport-specific (usually JSON) variables dictionary</li>
+</ol>
+<div class="highlight"><table class="highlighttable"><tr><th colspan="2" class="filename"><span class="filename">GraphQL</span></th></tr><tr><td class="linenos"><div class="linenodiv"><pre><span></span><span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-14-1">1</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-14-2">2</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-14-3">3</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-14-4">4</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-14-5">5</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-14-6">6</a></span></pre></div></td><td class="code"><div><pre><span></span><code><a id="__codelineno-14-1" name="__codelineno-14-1"></a><span class="k">query</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="nf">Operation</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="nv">$var</span><span class="p">:</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="nc">Type</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="p">=</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="no">defaultValue</span><span class="p">)</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="p">{</span>
+<a id="__codelineno-14-2" name="__codelineno-14-2"></a><span class="w">  </span><span class="n">field</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="n">arg</span><span class="p">:</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="nv">$var</span><span class="p">)</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="p">{</span>
+<a id="__codelineno-14-3" name="__codelineno-14-3"></a><span class="w">    </span><span class="n">field</span>
+<a id="__codelineno-14-4" name="__codelineno-14-4"></a><span class="w">    </span><span class="p">...</span>
+<a id="__codelineno-14-5" name="__codelineno-14-5"></a><span class="w">  </span><span class="err">}</span>
+<a id="__codelineno-14-6" name="__codelineno-14-6"></a><span class="err">}</span>
+</code></pre></div></td></tr></table></div>
+<p>All declared variables must be either <em>scalars</em>, <em>enums</em>, or <em>input</em> object types. So to pass a complex object into a field, the input type that matches on the server must be known.</p>
+<p>Variable definitions can be <em>optional</em> or <em>required</em>.  If the field requires a non-null argument, then the variable has to be required as well.</p>
+<p>Default values can also be assigned to the variables in the query by adding the default value after the type declaration. When default values are provided for all variables, it's possible to call the query without passing any variables. If any variables are passed as part of the variables dictionary, they will override the defaults.</p>
+<h3 id="directives">Directives</h3>
+<p>A directive can be attached to a field or fragment inclusion, and can affect execution of the query in any way the server desires.</p>
+<p>The core GraphQL specification includes exactly two directives, which must be supported by any spec-compliant GraphQL server implementation:</p>
+<ul>
+<li><code>@include(if: Boolean)</code> Only include this field in the result if the argument is <code>true</code>.</li>
+<li><code>@skip(if: Boolean)</code> Skip this field if the argument is <code>true</code>.</li>
+</ul>
+<p>Server implementations may also add experimental features by defining completely new directives.</p>
+<h3 id="mutations">Mutations</h3>
+<p>Operations of mutations:</p>
+<ul>
+<li><strong>Creating</strong> new data</li>
+<li><strong>Updating</strong> existing data</li>
+<li><strong>Deleting</strong> existing data</li>
+</ul>
+<div class="highlight"><table class="highlighttable"><tr><th colspan="2" class="filename"><span class="filename">GraphQL</span></th></tr><tr><td class="linenos"><div class="linenodiv"><pre><span></span><span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-15-1">1</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-15-2">2</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-15-3">3</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-15-4">4</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-15-5">5</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-15-6">6</a></span></pre></div></td><td class="code"><div><pre><span></span><code><a id="__codelineno-15-1" name="__codelineno-15-1"></a><span class="k">mutation</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="nf">Operation</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="p">{</span>
+<a id="__codelineno-15-2" name="__codelineno-15-2"></a><span class="w">  </span><span class="n">createObject</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="n">arg</span><span class="p">:</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="no">value</span><span class="p">,</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="err">...</span><span class="p">)</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="p">{</span>
+<a id="__codelineno-15-3" name="__codelineno-15-3"></a><span class="w">    </span><span class="n">field</span>
+<a id="__codelineno-15-4" name="__codelineno-15-4"></a><span class="w">    </span><span class="err">..</span>
+<a id="__codelineno-15-5" name="__codelineno-15-5"></a><span class="w">  </span><span class="p">}</span>
+<a id="__codelineno-15-6" name="__codelineno-15-6"></a><span class="p">}</span>
+</code></pre></div></td></tr></table></div>
+<h3 id="subscriptions">Subscriptions</h3>
+<p>Open a stable connection with the server to receive real-time updates on the operations happening.</p>
+<div class="highlight"><table class="highlighttable"><tr><th colspan="2" class="filename"><span class="filename">GraphQL</span></th></tr><tr><td class="linenos"><div class="linenodiv"><pre><span></span><span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-16-1">1</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-16-2">2</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-16-3">3</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-16-4">4</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-16-5">5</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-16-6">6</a></span></pre></div></td><td class="code"><div><pre><span></span><code><a id="__codelineno-16-1" name="__codelineno-16-1"></a><span class="k">subscription</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="nf">Operation</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="p">{</span>
+<a id="__codelineno-16-2" name="__codelineno-16-2"></a><span class="w">  </span><span class="n">event</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="p">{</span><span class="w">  </span><span class="c"># get notified when event happens</span>
+<a id="__codelineno-16-3" name="__codelineno-16-3"></a><span class="w">    </span><span class="n">field</span><span class="w">  </span><span class="c"># data received on notification</span>
+<a id="__codelineno-16-4" name="__codelineno-16-4"></a><span class="w">    </span><span class="p">...</span>
+<a id="__codelineno-16-5" name="__codelineno-16-5"></a><span class="w">  </span><span class="err">}</span>
+<a id="__codelineno-16-6" name="__codelineno-16-6"></a><span class="err">}</span>
+</code></pre></div></td></tr></table></div>
+<h3 id="inline-fragments">Inline Fragments</h3>
+<p>If you are querying a field that returns an interface or a union type, you will need to use inline fragments to access data on the underlying concrete type. Named fragments can also be used in the same way, since a named fragment always has a type attached.</p>
+<div class="highlight"><table class="highlighttable"><tr><th colspan="2" class="filename"><span class="filename">GraphQL</span></th></tr><tr><td class="linenos"><div class="linenodiv"><pre><span></span><span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-17-1"> 1</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-17-2"> 2</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-17-3"> 3</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-17-4"> 4</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-17-5"> 5</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-17-6"> 6</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-17-7"> 7</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-17-8"> 8</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-17-9"> 9</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-17-10">10</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-17-11">11</a></span></pre></div></td><td class="code"><div><pre><span></span><code><a id="__codelineno-17-1" name="__codelineno-17-1"></a><span class="k">query</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="nf">Operation</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="nv">$var</span><span class="p">:</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="nc">Type</span><span class="p">)</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="p">{</span>
+<a id="__codelineno-17-2" name="__codelineno-17-2"></a><span class="w">    </span><span class="n">field</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="n">arg</span><span class="p">:</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="nv">$var</span><span class="p">)</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="p">{</span><span class="w">  </span><span class="c"># interface of union</span>
+<a id="__codelineno-17-3" name="__codelineno-17-3"></a><span class="w">  </span><span class="n">field</span>
+<a id="__codelineno-17-4" name="__codelineno-17-4"></a><span class="w">  </span><span class="p">...</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="k">on</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="nc">ConcreteTypeA</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="p">{</span>
+<a id="__codelineno-17-5" name="__codelineno-17-5"></a><span class="w">    </span><span class="n">fieldA</span>
+<a id="__codelineno-17-6" name="__codelineno-17-6"></a><span class="w">  </span><span class="p">}</span>
+<a id="__codelineno-17-7" name="__codelineno-17-7"></a><span class="w">  </span><span class="p">...</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="k">on</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="nc">ConcreteTypeB</span><span class="p">{</span>
+<a id="__codelineno-17-8" name="__codelineno-17-8"></a><span class="w">    </span><span class="n">fieldB</span>
+<a id="__codelineno-17-9" name="__codelineno-17-9"></a><span class="w">  </span><span class="p">}</span>
+<a id="__codelineno-17-10" name="__codelineno-17-10"></a><span class="w">    </span><span class="p">}</span>
+<a id="__codelineno-17-11" name="__codelineno-17-11"></a><span class="p">}</span>
+</code></pre></div></td></tr></table></div>
+<h3 id="meta-fields">Meta Fields</h3>
+<p>GraphQL allows to request <code>__typename</code>, a meta field, at any point in a query to get the name of the object type at that point.</p>
+<div class="highlight"><table class="highlighttable"><tr><th colspan="2" class="filename"><span class="filename">GraphQL</span></th></tr><tr><td class="linenos"><div class="linenodiv"><pre><span></span><span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-18-1">1</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-18-2">2</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-18-3">3</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-18-4">4</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-18-5">5</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-18-6">6</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-18-7">7</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-18-8">8</a></span></pre></div></td><td class="code"><div><pre><span></span><code><a id="__codelineno-18-1" name="__codelineno-18-1"></a><span class="p">{</span>
+<a id="__codelineno-18-2" name="__codelineno-18-2"></a><span class="w">    </span><span class="n">field</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="n">arg</span><span class="p">:</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="no">value</span><span class="p">)</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="p">{</span>
+<a id="__codelineno-18-3" name="__codelineno-18-3"></a><span class="w">  </span><span class="n">__typename</span>
+<a id="__codelineno-18-4" name="__codelineno-18-4"></a><span class="w">  </span><span class="p">...</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="k">on</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="nc">Type</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="p">{</span>
+<a id="__codelineno-18-5" name="__codelineno-18-5"></a><span class="w">    </span><span class="n">field</span>
+<a id="__codelineno-18-6" name="__codelineno-18-6"></a><span class="w">  </span><span class="p">}</span>
+<a id="__codelineno-18-7" name="__codelineno-18-7"></a><span class="w">    </span><span class="p">}</span>
+<a id="__codelineno-18-8" name="__codelineno-18-8"></a><span class="p">}</span>
+</code></pre></div></td></tr></table></div>
+<hr />
+<h2 id="execution">Execution</h2>
+<p>After being validated, a GraphQL query is executed by a GraphQL server which returns a result that mirrors the shape of the requested query, typically as JSON.</p>
+<p>Each field on each type is backed by a function called the <em>resolver</em> which is provided by the GraphQL server developer. When a field is executed, the corresponding <em>resolver</em> is called to produce the next value.</p>
+<p>If a field produces a scalar value like a string or number, then the execution completes. However if a field produces an object value then the query will contain another selection of fields which apply to that object. This continues until scalar values are reached. GraphQL queries always end at scalar values.</p>
+<h3 id="root-fields-and-resolvers">Root fields and Resolvers</h3>
+<p>At the top level of every GraphQL server is a type that represents all of the possible entry points into the GraphQL API, it's often called the <em>Root</em> type or the <em>Query</em> type.</p>
+<div class="highlight"><table class="highlighttable"><tr><th colspan="2" class="filename"><span class="filename">GraphQL</span></th></tr><tr><td class="linenos"><div class="linenodiv"><pre><span></span><span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-19-1"> 1</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-19-2"> 2</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-19-3"> 3</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-19-4"> 4</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-19-5"> 5</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-19-6"> 6</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-19-7"> 7</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-19-8"> 8</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-19-9"> 9</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-19-10">10</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-19-11">11</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-19-12">12</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-19-13">13</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-19-14">14</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-19-15">15</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-19-16">16</a></span></pre></div></td><td class="code"><div><pre><span></span><code><a id="__codelineno-19-1" name="__codelineno-19-1"></a><span class="c"># root types for entry-points</span>
+<a id="__codelineno-19-2" name="__codelineno-19-2"></a>
+<a id="__codelineno-19-3" name="__codelineno-19-3"></a><span class="k">type</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="err">Query</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="p">{</span>
+<a id="__codelineno-19-4" name="__codelineno-19-4"></a><span class="w">  </span><span class="n">rootField</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="n">arg</span><span class="p">:</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="no">Type</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="err">=</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="n">defValue</span><span class="p">,</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="err">...</span><span class="p">)</span><span class="err">:</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="n">Type</span>
+<a id="__codelineno-19-5" name="__codelineno-19-5"></a><span class="w">  </span><span class="p">...</span><span class="w">  </span><span class="c"># other query entry points</span>
+<a id="__codelineno-19-6" name="__codelineno-19-6"></a><span class="err">}</span>
+<a id="__codelineno-19-7" name="__codelineno-19-7"></a>
+<a id="__codelineno-19-8" name="__codelineno-19-8"></a><span class="n">type</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="n">Mutation</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="p">{</span>
+<a id="__codelineno-19-9" name="__codelineno-19-9"></a><span class="w">  </span><span class="n">rootField</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="n">arg</span><span class="p">:</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="no">Type</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="err">=</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="n">defValue</span><span class="p">,</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="err">...</span><span class="p">)</span><span class="err">:</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="n">Type</span>
+<a id="__codelineno-19-10" name="__codelineno-19-10"></a><span class="w">  </span><span class="p">...</span><span class="w">  </span><span class="c"># other mutation entry points</span>
+<a id="__codelineno-19-11" name="__codelineno-19-11"></a><span class="err">}</span>
+<a id="__codelineno-19-12" name="__codelineno-19-12"></a>
+<a id="__codelineno-19-13" name="__codelineno-19-13"></a><span class="n">type</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="n">Subscription</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="p">{</span>
+<a id="__codelineno-19-14" name="__codelineno-19-14"></a><span class="w">  </span><span class="n">rootField</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="n">arg</span><span class="p">:</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="no">Type</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="err">=</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="n">defValue</span><span class="p">,</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="err">...</span><span class="p">)</span><span class="err">:</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="n">Type</span>
+<a id="__codelineno-19-15" name="__codelineno-19-15"></a><span class="w">  </span><span class="p">...</span><span class="w">  </span><span class="c"># other subscription entry points</span>
+<a id="__codelineno-19-16" name="__codelineno-19-16"></a><span class="err">}</span>
+</code></pre></div></td></tr></table></div>
+<p>A resolver function receives four arguments:</p>
+<ul>
+<li><code>obj</code> The previous object, which for a field on the root Query type is often not used.</li>
+<li><code>args</code> The arguments provided to the field in the GraphQL query.</li>
+<li><code>context</code> A value which is provided to every resolver and holds important contextual information like the currently logged in user, or access to a database.</li>
+<li><code>info</code> A value which holds field-specific information relevant to the current query as well as the schema details</li>
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diff --git a/misc/regular-expressions.html b/misc/regular-expressions.html
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+      </a>
+    </li>
+  
+
+              
+            
+              
+                
+  
+  
+  
+  
+    <li class="md-nav__item">
+      <a href="../languages/python/modules/json.html" class="md-nav__link">
+        
+  
+  <span class="md-ellipsis">
+    json
+  </span>
+  
+
+      </a>
+    </li>
+  
+
+              
+            
+              
+                
+  
+  
+  
+  
+    <li class="md-nav__item">
+      <a href="../languages/python/modules/logging.html" class="md-nav__link">
+        
+  
+  <span class="md-ellipsis">
+    logging
+  </span>
+  
+
+      </a>
+    </li>
+  
+
+              
+            
+              
+                
+  
+  
+  
+  
+    <li class="md-nav__item">
+      <a href="../languages/python/modules/shutil.html" class="md-nav__link">
+        
+  
+  <span class="md-ellipsis">
+    shutil
+  </span>
+  
+
+      </a>
+    </li>
+  
+
+              
+            
+              
+                
+  
+  
+  
+  
+    <li class="md-nav__item">
+      <a href="../languages/python/modules/smtplib.html" class="md-nav__link">
+        
+  
+  <span class="md-ellipsis">
+    smtplib
+  </span>
+  
+
+      </a>
+    </li>
+  
+
+              
+            
+              
+                
+  
+  
+  
+  
+    <li class="md-nav__item">
+      <a href="../languages/python/modules/socket.html" class="md-nav__link">
+        
+  
+  <span class="md-ellipsis">
+    socket
+  </span>
+  
+
+      </a>
+    </li>
+  
+
+              
+            
+              
+                
+  
+  
+  
+  
+    <li class="md-nav__item">
+      <a href="../languages/python/modules/sqlite.html" class="md-nav__link">
+        
+  
+  <span class="md-ellipsis">
+    sqlite
+  </span>
+  
+
+      </a>
+    </li>
+  
+
+              
+            
+              
+                
+  
+  
+  
+  
+    <li class="md-nav__item">
+      <a href="../languages/python/modules/time-datetime.html" class="md-nav__link">
+        
+  
+  <span class="md-ellipsis">
+    time & datetime
+  </span>
+  
+
+      </a>
+    </li>
+  
+
+              
+            
+              
+                
+  
+  
+  
+  
+    <li class="md-nav__item">
+      <a href="../languages/python/modules/unittest.html" class="md-nav__link">
+        
+  
+  <span class="md-ellipsis">
+    unittest
+  </span>
+  
+
+      </a>
+    </li>
+  
+
+              
+            
+          </ul>
+        </nav>
+      
+    </li>
+  
+
+              
+            
+              
+                
+  
+  
+  
+  
+    
+    
+      
+        
+      
+        
+      
+        
+      
+        
+      
+        
+      
+        
+      
+    
+    
+      
+      
+        
+      
+    
+    
+    <li class="md-nav__item md-nav__item--nested">
+      
+        
+        
+        <input class="md-nav__toggle md-toggle " type="checkbox" id="__nav_4_8_3" >
+        
+          
+          <label class="md-nav__link" for="__nav_4_8_3" id="__nav_4_8_3_label" tabindex="0">
+            
+  
+  <span class="md-ellipsis">
+    Libraries
+  </span>
+  
+
+            <span class="md-nav__icon md-icon"></span>
+          </label>
+        
+        <nav class="md-nav" data-md-level="3" aria-labelledby="__nav_4_8_3_label" aria-expanded="false">
+          <label class="md-nav__title" for="__nav_4_8_3">
+            <span class="md-nav__icon md-icon"></span>
+            Libraries
+          </label>
+          <ul class="md-nav__list" data-md-scrollfix>
+            
+              
+                
+  
+  
+  
+  
+    <li class="md-nav__item">
+      <a href="../languages/python/libs/tkinter.html" class="md-nav__link">
+        
+  
+  <span class="md-ellipsis">
+    TKinter
+  </span>
+  
+
+      </a>
+    </li>
+  
+
+              
+            
+              
+                
+  
+  
+  
+  
+    <li class="md-nav__item">
+      <a href="../languages/python/libs/numpy.html" class="md-nav__link">
+        
+  
+  <span class="md-ellipsis">
+    Numpy
+  </span>
+  
+
+      </a>
+    </li>
+  
+
+              
+            
+              
+                
+  
+  
+  
+  
+    <li class="md-nav__item">
+      <a href="../languages/python/libs/pandas.html" class="md-nav__link">
+        
+  
+  <span class="md-ellipsis">
+    Pandas
+  </span>
+  
+
+      </a>
+    </li>
+  
+
+              
+            
+              
+                
+  
+  
+  
+  
+    <li class="md-nav__item">
+      <a href="../languages/python/libs/seaborn.html" class="md-nav__link">
+        
+  
+  <span class="md-ellipsis">
+    Seaborn
+  </span>
+  
+
+      </a>
+    </li>
+  
+
+              
+            
+              
+                
+  
+  
+  
+  
+    <li class="md-nav__item">
+      <a href="../languages/python/libs/requests.html" class="md-nav__link">
+        
+  
+  <span class="md-ellipsis">
+    Requests
+  </span>
+  
+
+      </a>
+    </li>
+  
+
+              
+            
+              
+                
+  
+  
+  
+  
+    <li class="md-nav__item">
+      <a href="../languages/python/libs/beautiful-soup.html" class="md-nav__link">
+        
+  
+  <span class="md-ellipsis">
+    Beatiful Soup
+  </span>
+  
+
+      </a>
+    </li>
+  
+
+              
+            
+          </ul>
+        </nav>
+      
+    </li>
+  
+
+              
+            
+          </ul>
+        </nav>
+      
+    </li>
+  
+
+              
+            
+              
+                
+  
+  
+  
+  
+    
+    
+      
+        
+      
+        
+      
+        
+      
+    
+    
+      
+      
+        
+      
+    
+    
+    <li class="md-nav__item md-nav__item--nested">
+      
+        
+        
+        <input class="md-nav__toggle md-toggle " type="checkbox" id="__nav_4_9" >
+        
+          
+          <label class="md-nav__link" for="__nav_4_9" id="__nav_4_9_label" tabindex="0">
+            
+  
+  <span class="md-ellipsis">
+    .NET
+  </span>
+  
+
+            <span class="md-nav__icon md-icon"></span>
+          </label>
+        
+        <nav class="md-nav" data-md-level="2" aria-labelledby="__nav_4_9_label" aria-expanded="false">
+          <label class="md-nav__title" for="__nav_4_9">
+            <span class="md-nav__icon md-icon"></span>
+            .NET
+          </label>
+          <ul class="md-nav__list" data-md-scrollfix>
+            
+              
+                
+  
+  
+  
+  
+    
+    
+      
+        
+      
+        
+      
+        
+      
+        
+      
+        
+      
+        
+      
+    
+    
+      
+      
+        
+      
+    
+    
+    <li class="md-nav__item md-nav__item--nested">
+      
+        
+        
+        <input class="md-nav__toggle md-toggle " type="checkbox" id="__nav_4_9_1" >
+        
+          
+          <label class="md-nav__link" for="__nav_4_9_1" id="__nav_4_9_1_label" tabindex="0">
+            
+  
+  <span class="md-ellipsis">
+    C#
+  </span>
+  
+
+            <span class="md-nav__icon md-icon"></span>
+          </label>
+        
+        <nav class="md-nav" data-md-level="3" aria-labelledby="__nav_4_9_1_label" aria-expanded="false">
+          <label class="md-nav__title" for="__nav_4_9_1">
+            <span class="md-nav__icon md-icon"></span>
+            C#
+          </label>
+          <ul class="md-nav__list" data-md-scrollfix>
+            
+              
+                
+  
+  
+  
+  
+    <li class="md-nav__item">
+      <a href="../languages/dotnet/csharp/csharp.html" class="md-nav__link">
+        
+  
+  <span class="md-ellipsis">
+    C#
+  </span>
+  
+
+      </a>
+    </li>
+  
+
+              
+            
+              
+                
+  
+  
+  
+  
+    <li class="md-nav__item">
+      <a href="../languages/dotnet/csharp/linq.html" class="md-nav__link">
+        
+  
+  <span class="md-ellipsis">
+    Linq
+  </span>
+  
+
+      </a>
+    </li>
+  
+
+              
+            
+              
+                
+  
+  
+  
+  
+    <li class="md-nav__item">
+      <a href="../languages/dotnet/csharp/collections.html" class="md-nav__link">
+        
+  
+  <span class="md-ellipsis">
+    Collections
+  </span>
+  
+
+      </a>
+    </li>
+  
+
+              
+            
+              
+                
+  
+  
+  
+  
+    <li class="md-nav__item">
+      <a href="../languages/dotnet/csharp/reactive-extensions.html" class="md-nav__link">
+        
+  
+  <span class="md-ellipsis">
+    Reactive Extensions
+  </span>
+  
+
+      </a>
+    </li>
+  
+
+              
+            
+              
+                
+  
+  
+  
+  
+    <li class="md-nav__item">
+      <a href="../languages/dotnet/csharp/async-programming.html" class="md-nav__link">
+        
+  
+  <span class="md-ellipsis">
+    Async Programming
+  </span>
+  
+
+      </a>
+    </li>
+  
+
+              
+            
+              
+                
+  
+  
+  
+  
+    <li class="md-nav__item">
+      <a href="../languages/dotnet/csharp/unit-tests.html" class="md-nav__link">
+        
+  
+  <span class="md-ellipsis">
+    Unit Tests
+  </span>
+  
+
+      </a>
+    </li>
+  
+
+              
+            
+          </ul>
+        </nav>
+      
+    </li>
+  
+
+              
+            
+              
+                
+  
+  
+  
+  
+    
+    
+      
+        
+      
+        
+      
+        
+      
+        
+      
+        
+      
+        
+      
+        
+      
+    
+    
+      
+      
+        
+      
+    
+    
+    <li class="md-nav__item md-nav__item--nested">
+      
+        
+        
+        <input class="md-nav__toggle md-toggle " type="checkbox" id="__nav_4_9_2" >
+        
+          
+          <label class="md-nav__link" for="__nav_4_9_2" id="__nav_4_9_2_label" tabindex="0">
+            
+  
+  <span class="md-ellipsis">
+    ASP.NET
+  </span>
+  
+
+            <span class="md-nav__icon md-icon"></span>
+          </label>
+        
+        <nav class="md-nav" data-md-level="3" aria-labelledby="__nav_4_9_2_label" aria-expanded="false">
+          <label class="md-nav__title" for="__nav_4_9_2">
+            <span class="md-nav__icon md-icon"></span>
+            ASP.NET
+          </label>
+          <ul class="md-nav__list" data-md-scrollfix>
+            
+              
+                
+  
+  
+  
+  
+    <li class="md-nav__item">
+      <a href="../languages/dotnet/asp.net/minimal-api.html" class="md-nav__link">
+        
+  
+  <span class="md-ellipsis">
+    Minimal API
+  </span>
+  
+
+      </a>
+    </li>
+  
+
+              
+            
+              
+                
+  
+  
+  
+  
+    <li class="md-nav__item">
+      <a href="../languages/dotnet/asp.net/filters.html" class="md-nav__link">
+        
+  
+  <span class="md-ellipsis">
+    FIlters
+  </span>
+  
+
+      </a>
+    </li>
+  
+
+              
+            
+              
+                
+  
+  
+  
+  
+    <li class="md-nav__item">
+      <a href="../languages/dotnet/asp.net/middleware.html" class="md-nav__link">
+        
+  
+  <span class="md-ellipsis">
+    Middleware
+  </span>
+  
+
+      </a>
+    </li>
+  
+
+              
+            
+              
+                
+  
+  
+  
+  
+    <li class="md-nav__item">
+      <a href="../languages/dotnet/asp.net/razor-syntax.html" class="md-nav__link">
+        
+  
+  <span class="md-ellipsis">
+    Razor Syntax
+  </span>
+  
+
+      </a>
+    </li>
+  
+
+              
+            
+              
+                
+  
+  
+  
+  
+    <li class="md-nav__item">
+      <a href="../languages/dotnet/asp.net/blazor.html" class="md-nav__link">
+        
+  
+  <span class="md-ellipsis">
+    Blazor
+  </span>
+  
+
+      </a>
+    </li>
+  
+
+              
+            
+              
+                
+  
+  
+  
+  
+    <li class="md-nav__item">
+      <a href="../languages/dotnet/asp.net/signalr.html" class="md-nav__link">
+        
+  
+  <span class="md-ellipsis">
+    SignalR
+  </span>
+  
+
+      </a>
+    </li>
+  
+
+              
+            
+              
+                
+  
+  
+  
+  
+    <li class="md-nav__item">
+      <a href="../languages/dotnet/asp.net/web-forms.html" class="md-nav__link">
+        
+  
+  <span class="md-ellipsis">
+    Web Forms
+  </span>
+  
+
+      </a>
+    </li>
+  
+
+              
+            
+          </ul>
+        </nav>
+      
+    </li>
+  
+
+              
+            
+              
+                
+  
+  
+  
+  
+    
+    
+      
+        
+      
+        
+      
+    
+    
+      
+      
+        
+      
+    
+    
+    <li class="md-nav__item md-nav__item--nested">
+      
+        
+        
+        <input class="md-nav__toggle md-toggle " type="checkbox" id="__nav_4_9_3" >
+        
+          
+          <label class="md-nav__link" for="__nav_4_9_3" id="__nav_4_9_3_label" tabindex="0">
+            
+  
+  <span class="md-ellipsis">
+    Database
+  </span>
+  
+
+            <span class="md-nav__icon md-icon"></span>
+          </label>
+        
+        <nav class="md-nav" data-md-level="3" aria-labelledby="__nav_4_9_3_label" aria-expanded="false">
+          <label class="md-nav__title" for="__nav_4_9_3">
+            <span class="md-nav__icon md-icon"></span>
+            Database
+          </label>
+          <ul class="md-nav__list" data-md-scrollfix>
+            
+              
+                
+  
+  
+  
+  
+    <li class="md-nav__item">
+      <a href="../languages/dotnet/database/ado.net.html" class="md-nav__link">
+        
+  
+  <span class="md-ellipsis">
+    ADO.NET
+  </span>
+  
+
+      </a>
+    </li>
+  
+
+              
+            
+              
+                
+  
+  
+  
+  
+    <li class="md-nav__item">
+      <a href="../languages/dotnet/database/entity-framework.html" class="md-nav__link">
+        
+  
+  <span class="md-ellipsis">
+    Entity Framework
+  </span>
+  
+
+      </a>
+    </li>
+  
+
+              
+            
+          </ul>
+        </nav>
+      
+    </li>
+  
+
+              
+            
+          </ul>
+        </nav>
+      
+    </li>
+  
+
+              
+            
+              
+                
+  
+  
+  
+  
+    
+    
+      
+        
+      
+        
+      
+        
+      
+        
+      
+    
+    
+      
+      
+        
+      
+    
+    
+    <li class="md-nav__item md-nav__item--nested">
+      
+        
+        
+        <input class="md-nav__toggle md-toggle " type="checkbox" id="__nav_4_10" >
+        
+          
+          <label class="md-nav__link" for="__nav_4_10" id="__nav_4_10_label" tabindex="0">
+            
+  
+  <span class="md-ellipsis">
+    Java
+  </span>
+  
+
+            <span class="md-nav__icon md-icon"></span>
+          </label>
+        
+        <nav class="md-nav" data-md-level="2" aria-labelledby="__nav_4_10_label" aria-expanded="false">
+          <label class="md-nav__title" for="__nav_4_10">
+            <span class="md-nav__icon md-icon"></span>
+            Java
+          </label>
+          <ul class="md-nav__list" data-md-scrollfix>
+            
+              
+                
+  
+  
+  
+  
+    <li class="md-nav__item">
+      <a href="../languages/java/java.html" class="md-nav__link">
+        
+  
+  <span class="md-ellipsis">
+    Java
+  </span>
+  
+
+      </a>
+    </li>
+  
+
+              
+            
+              
+                
+  
+  
+  
+  
+    <li class="md-nav__item">
+      <a href="../languages/java/java-collection-framework.html" class="md-nav__link">
+        
+  
+  <span class="md-ellipsis">
+    Java Collection Framework
+  </span>
+  
+
+      </a>
+    </li>
+  
+
+              
+            
+              
+                
+  
+  
+  
+  
+    <li class="md-nav__item">
+      <a href="../languages/java/dao.html" class="md-nav__link">
+        
+  
+  <span class="md-ellipsis">
+    DAO
+  </span>
+  
+
+      </a>
+    </li>
+  
+
+              
+            
+              
+                
+  
+  
+  
+  
+    
+    
+      
+        
+      
+        
+      
+    
+    
+      
+      
+        
+      
+    
+    
+    <li class="md-nav__item md-nav__item--nested">
+      
+        
+        
+        <input class="md-nav__toggle md-toggle " type="checkbox" id="__nav_4_10_4" >
+        
+          
+          <label class="md-nav__link" for="__nav_4_10_4" id="__nav_4_10_4_label" tabindex="0">
+            
+  
+  <span class="md-ellipsis">
+    Web
+  </span>
+  
+
+            <span class="md-nav__icon md-icon"></span>
+          </label>
+        
+        <nav class="md-nav" data-md-level="3" aria-labelledby="__nav_4_10_4_label" aria-expanded="false">
+          <label class="md-nav__title" for="__nav_4_10_4">
+            <span class="md-nav__icon md-icon"></span>
+            Web
+          </label>
+          <ul class="md-nav__list" data-md-scrollfix>
+            
+              
+                
+  
+  
+  
+  
+    <li class="md-nav__item">
+      <a href="../languages/java/web/servlet.html" class="md-nav__link">
+        
+  
+  <span class="md-ellipsis">
+    Serverlet
+  </span>
+  
+
+      </a>
+    </li>
+  
+
+              
+            
+              
+                
+  
+  
+  
+  
+    
+    
+      
+        
+      
+        
+      
+    
+    
+      
+      
+        
+      
+    
+    
+    <li class="md-nav__item md-nav__item--nested">
+      
+        
+        
+        <input class="md-nav__toggle md-toggle " type="checkbox" id="__nav_4_10_4_2" >
+        
+          
+          <label class="md-nav__link" for="__nav_4_10_4_2" id="__nav_4_10_4_2_label" tabindex="0">
+            
+  
+  <span class="md-ellipsis">
+    Spring
+  </span>
+  
+
+            <span class="md-nav__icon md-icon"></span>
+          </label>
+        
+        <nav class="md-nav" data-md-level="4" aria-labelledby="__nav_4_10_4_2_label" aria-expanded="false">
+          <label class="md-nav__title" for="__nav_4_10_4_2">
+            <span class="md-nav__icon md-icon"></span>
+            Spring
+          </label>
+          <ul class="md-nav__list" data-md-scrollfix>
+            
+              
+                
+  
+  
+  
+  
+    <li class="md-nav__item">
+      <a href="../languages/java/spring/pom.xml.html" class="md-nav__link">
+        
+  
+  <span class="md-ellipsis">
+    POM
+  </span>
+  
+
+      </a>
+    </li>
+  
+
+              
+            
+              
+                
+  
+  
+  
+  
+    <li class="md-nav__item">
+      <a href="../languages/java/spring/spring-project.html" class="md-nav__link">
+        
+  
+  <span class="md-ellipsis">
+    Project Structure
+  </span>
+  
+
+      </a>
+    </li>
+  
+
+              
+            
+          </ul>
+        </nav>
+      
+    </li>
+  
+
+              
+            
+          </ul>
+        </nav>
+      
+    </li>
+  
+
+              
+            
+          </ul>
+        </nav>
+      
+    </li>
+  
+
+              
+            
+              
+                
+  
+  
+  
+  
+    
+    
+      
+        
+      
+        
+      
+        
+      
+        
+      
+        
+      
+        
+      
+        
+      
+        
+      
+        
+      
+    
+    
+      
+      
+        
+      
+    
+    
+    <li class="md-nav__item md-nav__item--nested">
+      
+        
+        
+        <input class="md-nav__toggle md-toggle " type="checkbox" id="__nav_4_11" >
+        
+          
+          <label class="md-nav__link" for="__nav_4_11" id="__nav_4_11_label" tabindex="0">
+            
+  
+  <span class="md-ellipsis">
+    PHP
+  </span>
+  
+
+            <span class="md-nav__icon md-icon"></span>
+          </label>
+        
+        <nav class="md-nav" data-md-level="2" aria-labelledby="__nav_4_11_label" aria-expanded="false">
+          <label class="md-nav__title" for="__nav_4_11">
+            <span class="md-nav__icon md-icon"></span>
+            PHP
+          </label>
+          <ul class="md-nav__list" data-md-scrollfix>
+            
+              
+                
+  
+  
+  
+  
+    <li class="md-nav__item">
+      <a href="../languages/php/php.html" class="md-nav__link">
+        
+  
+  <span class="md-ellipsis">
+    PHP
+  </span>
+  
+
+      </a>
+    </li>
+  
+
+              
+            
+              
+                
+  
+  
+  
+  
+    <li class="md-nav__item">
+      <a href="../languages/php/database.html" class="md-nav__link">
+        
+  
+  <span class="md-ellipsis">
+    Database
+  </span>
+  
+
+      </a>
+    </li>
+  
+
+              
+            
+              
+                
+  
+  
+  
+  
+    <li class="md-nav__item">
+      <a href="../languages/php/web.html" class="md-nav__link">
+        
+  
+  <span class="md-ellipsis">
+    Web
+  </span>
+  
+
+      </a>
+    </li>
+  
+
+              
+            
+              
+                
+  
+  
+  
+  
+    <li class="md-nav__item">
+      <a href="../languages/php/dependency-injection.html" class="md-nav__link">
+        
+  
+  <span class="md-ellipsis">
+    Dependency Injection
+  </span>
+  
+
+      </a>
+    </li>
+  
+
+              
+            
+              
+                
+  
+  
+  
+  
+    <li class="md-nav__item">
+      <a href="../languages/php/unit-tests.html" class="md-nav__link">
+        
+  
+  <span class="md-ellipsis">
+    Unit Tests
+  </span>
+  
+
+      </a>
+    </li>
+  
+
+              
+            
+              
+                
+  
+  
+  
+  
+    <li class="md-nav__item">
+      <a href="../languages/php/composer.html" class="md-nav__link">
+        
+  
+  <span class="md-ellipsis">
+    Composer
+  </span>
+  
+
+      </a>
+    </li>
+  
+
+              
+            
+              
+                
+  
+  
+  
+  
+    <li class="md-nav__item">
+      <a href="../languages/php/psr-7.html" class="md-nav__link">
+        
+  
+  <span class="md-ellipsis">
+    PSR 7
+  </span>
+  
+
+      </a>
+    </li>
+  
+
+              
+            
+              
+                
+  
+  
+  
+  
+    <li class="md-nav__item">
+      <a href="../languages/php/plates-templating.html" class="md-nav__link">
+        
+  
+  <span class="md-ellipsis">
+    Plates
+  </span>
+  
+
+      </a>
+    </li>
+  
+
+              
+            
+              
+                
+  
+  
+  
+  
+    
+    
+      
+        
+      
+        
+      
+    
+    
+      
+      
+        
+      
+    
+    
+    <li class="md-nav__item md-nav__item--nested">
+      
+        
+        
+        <input class="md-nav__toggle md-toggle " type="checkbox" id="__nav_4_11_9" >
+        
+          
+          <label class="md-nav__link" for="__nav_4_11_9" id="__nav_4_11_9_label" tabindex="0">
+            
+  
+  <span class="md-ellipsis">
+    Simple MVC
+  </span>
+  
+
+            <span class="md-nav__icon md-icon"></span>
+          </label>
+        
+        <nav class="md-nav" data-md-level="3" aria-labelledby="__nav_4_11_9_label" aria-expanded="false">
+          <label class="md-nav__title" for="__nav_4_11_9">
+            <span class="md-nav__icon md-icon"></span>
+            Simple MVC
+          </label>
+          <ul class="md-nav__list" data-md-scrollfix>
+            
+              
+                
+  
+  
+  
+  
+    <li class="md-nav__item">
+      <a href="../languages/php/simple-mvc/simple-mvc.html" class="md-nav__link">
+        
+  
+  <span class="md-ellipsis">
+    Simple MVC
+  </span>
+  
+
+      </a>
+    </li>
+  
+
+              
+            
+              
+                
+  
+  
+  
+  
+    <li class="md-nav__item">
+      <a href="../languages/php/simple-mvc/rest-api.html" class="md-nav__link">
+        
+  
+  <span class="md-ellipsis">
+    REST API
+  </span>
+  
+
+      </a>
+    </li>
+  
+
+              
+            
+          </ul>
+        </nav>
+      
+    </li>
+  
+
+              
+            
+          </ul>
+        </nav>
+      
+    </li>
+  
+
+              
+            
+              
+                
+  
+  
+  
+  
+    
+    
+      
+        
+      
+        
+      
+        
+      
+        
+      
+        
+      
+    
+    
+      
+      
+        
+      
+    
+    
+    <li class="md-nav__item md-nav__item--nested">
+      
+        
+        
+        <input class="md-nav__toggle md-toggle " type="checkbox" id="__nav_4_12" >
+        
+          
+          <label class="md-nav__link" for="__nav_4_12" id="__nav_4_12_label" tabindex="0">
+            
+  
+  <span class="md-ellipsis">
+    Rust
+  </span>
+  
+
+            <span class="md-nav__icon md-icon"></span>
+          </label>
+        
+        <nav class="md-nav" data-md-level="2" aria-labelledby="__nav_4_12_label" aria-expanded="false">
+          <label class="md-nav__title" for="__nav_4_12">
+            <span class="md-nav__icon md-icon"></span>
+            Rust
+          </label>
+          <ul class="md-nav__list" data-md-scrollfix>
+            
+              
+                
+  
+  
+  
+  
+    <li class="md-nav__item">
+      <a href="../languages/rust/rust.html" class="md-nav__link">
+        
+  
+  <span class="md-ellipsis">
+    Rust
+  </span>
+  
+
+      </a>
+    </li>
+  
+
+              
+            
+              
+                
+  
+  
+  
+  
+    <li class="md-nav__item">
+      <a href="../languages/rust/macros.html" class="md-nav__link">
+        
+  
+  <span class="md-ellipsis">
+    Macros
+  </span>
+  
+
+      </a>
+    </li>
+  
+
+              
+            
+              
+                
+  
+  
+  
+  
+    <li class="md-nav__item">
+      <a href="../languages/rust/cargo.html" class="md-nav__link">
+        
+  
+  <span class="md-ellipsis">
+    Cargo
+  </span>
+  
+
+      </a>
+    </li>
+  
+
+              
+            
+              
+                
+  
+  
+  
+  
+    <li class="md-nav__item">
+      <a href="../languages/rust/concurrency.html" class="md-nav__link">
+        
+  
+  <span class="md-ellipsis">
+    Concurrency
+  </span>
+  
+
+      </a>
+    </li>
+  
+
+              
+            
+              
+                
+  
+  
+  
+  
+    <li class="md-nav__item">
+      <a href="../languages/rust/unit-tests.html" class="md-nav__link">
+        
+  
+  <span class="md-ellipsis">
+    Unit Tests
+  </span>
+  
+
+      </a>
+    </li>
+  
+
+              
+            
+          </ul>
+        </nav>
+      
+    </li>
+  
+
+              
+            
+              
+                
+  
+  
+  
+  
+    
+    
+      
+        
+      
+        
+      
+        
+      
+        
+      
+        
+      
+        
+      
+        
+      
+    
+    
+      
+      
+        
+      
+    
+    
+    <li class="md-nav__item md-nav__item--nested">
+      
+        
+        
+        <input class="md-nav__toggle md-toggle " type="checkbox" id="__nav_4_13" >
+        
+          
+          <label class="md-nav__link" for="__nav_4_13" id="__nav_4_13_label" tabindex="0">
+            
+  
+  <span class="md-ellipsis">
+    Javascript
+  </span>
+  
+
+            <span class="md-nav__icon md-icon"></span>
+          </label>
+        
+        <nav class="md-nav" data-md-level="2" aria-labelledby="__nav_4_13_label" aria-expanded="false">
+          <label class="md-nav__title" for="__nav_4_13">
+            <span class="md-nav__icon md-icon"></span>
+            Javascript
+          </label>
+          <ul class="md-nav__list" data-md-scrollfix>
+            
+              
+                
+  
+  
+  
+  
+    <li class="md-nav__item">
+      <a href="../languages/javascript/javascript.html" class="md-nav__link">
+        
+  
+  <span class="md-ellipsis">
+    Javascript
+  </span>
+  
+
+      </a>
+    </li>
+  
+
+              
+            
+              
+                
+  
+  
+  
+  
+    <li class="md-nav__item">
+      <a href="../languages/javascript/dom.html" class="md-nav__link">
+        
+  
+  <span class="md-ellipsis">
+    DOM
+  </span>
+  
+
+      </a>
+    </li>
+  
+
+              
+            
+              
+                
+  
+  
+  
+  
+    <li class="md-nav__item">
+      <a href="../languages/javascript/events-animation.html" class="md-nav__link">
+        
+  
+  <span class="md-ellipsis">
+    Events & Animation
+  </span>
+  
+
+      </a>
+    </li>
+  
+
+              
+            
+              
+                
+  
+  
+  
+  
+    <li class="md-nav__item">
+      <a href="../languages/javascript/ajax.html" class="md-nav__link">
+        
+  
+  <span class="md-ellipsis">
+    AJAX
+  </span>
+  
+
+      </a>
+    </li>
+  
+
+              
+            
+              
+                
+  
+  
+  
+  
+    <li class="md-nav__item">
+      <a href="../languages/javascript/jquery.html" class="md-nav__link">
+        
+  
+  <span class="md-ellipsis">
+    jQuery
+  </span>
+  
+
+      </a>
+    </li>
+  
+
+              
+            
+              
+                
+  
+  
+  
+  
+    
+    
+      
+        
+      
+        
+      
+        
+      
+        
+      
+        
+      
+    
+    
+      
+      
+        
+      
+    
+    
+    <li class="md-nav__item md-nav__item--nested">
+      
+        
+        
+        <input class="md-nav__toggle md-toggle " type="checkbox" id="__nav_4_13_6" >
+        
+          
+          <label class="md-nav__link" for="__nav_4_13_6" id="__nav_4_13_6_label" tabindex="0">
+            
+  
+  <span class="md-ellipsis">
+    React
+  </span>
+  
+
+            <span class="md-nav__icon md-icon"></span>
+          </label>
+        
+        <nav class="md-nav" data-md-level="3" aria-labelledby="__nav_4_13_6_label" aria-expanded="false">
+          <label class="md-nav__title" for="__nav_4_13_6">
+            <span class="md-nav__icon md-icon"></span>
+            React
+          </label>
+          <ul class="md-nav__list" data-md-scrollfix>
+            
+              
+                
+  
+  
+  
+  
+    <li class="md-nav__item">
+      <a href="../languages/javascript/react/react.html" class="md-nav__link">
+        
+  
+  <span class="md-ellipsis">
+    React
+  </span>
+  
+
+      </a>
+    </li>
+  
+
+              
+            
+              
+                
+  
+  
+  
+  
+    <li class="md-nav__item">
+      <a href="../languages/javascript/react/react-router.html" class="md-nav__link">
+        
+  
+  <span class="md-ellipsis">
+    React Router
+  </span>
+  
+
+      </a>
+    </li>
+  
+
+              
+            
+              
+                
+  
+  
+  
+  
+    <li class="md-nav__item">
+      <a href="../languages/javascript/react/react-tests.html" class="md-nav__link">
+        
+  
+  <span class="md-ellipsis">
+    React Tests
+  </span>
+  
+
+      </a>
+    </li>
+  
+
+              
+            
+              
+                
+  
+  
+  
+  
+    <li class="md-nav__item">
+      <a href="../languages/javascript/react/redux.html" class="md-nav__link">
+        
+  
+  <span class="md-ellipsis">
+    Redux
+  </span>
+  
+
+      </a>
+    </li>
+  
+
+              
+            
+              
+                
+  
+  
+  
+  
+    <li class="md-nav__item">
+      <a href="../languages/javascript/react/redux-tests.html" class="md-nav__link">
+        
+  
+  <span class="md-ellipsis">
+    Redux Tests
+  </span>
+  
+
+      </a>
+    </li>
+  
+
+              
+            
+          </ul>
+        </nav>
+      
+    </li>
+  
+
+              
+            
+              
+                
+  
+  
+  
+  
+    <li class="md-nav__item">
+      <a href="../languages/javascript/svelte/svelte.html" class="md-nav__link">
+        
+  
+  <span class="md-ellipsis">
+    Svelte
+  </span>
+  
+
+      </a>
+    </li>
+  
+
+              
+            
+          </ul>
+        </nav>
+      
+    </li>
+  
+
+              
+            
+              
+                
+  
+  
+  
+  
+    
+    
+      
+        
+      
+        
+      
+    
+    
+      
+      
+        
+      
+    
+    
+    <li class="md-nav__item md-nav__item--nested">
+      
+        
+        
+        <input class="md-nav__toggle md-toggle " type="checkbox" id="__nav_4_14" >
+        
+          
+          <label class="md-nav__link" for="__nav_4_14" id="__nav_4_14_label" tabindex="0">
+            
+  
+  <span class="md-ellipsis">
+    PowerShell
+  </span>
+  
+
+            <span class="md-nav__icon md-icon"></span>
+          </label>
+        
+        <nav class="md-nav" data-md-level="2" aria-labelledby="__nav_4_14_label" aria-expanded="false">
+          <label class="md-nav__title" for="__nav_4_14">
+            <span class="md-nav__icon md-icon"></span>
+            PowerShell
+          </label>
+          <ul class="md-nav__list" data-md-scrollfix>
+            
+              
+                
+  
+  
+  
+  
+    <li class="md-nav__item">
+      <a href="../languages/powershell/scripting.html" class="md-nav__link">
+        
+  
+  <span class="md-ellipsis">
+    Scripting
+  </span>
+  
+
+      </a>
+    </li>
+  
+
+              
+            
+              
+                
+  
+  
+  
+  
+    <li class="md-nav__item">
+      <a href="../languages/powershell/commands.html" class="md-nav__link">
+        
+  
+  <span class="md-ellipsis">
+    Commands
+  </span>
+  
+
+      </a>
+    </li>
+  
+
+              
+            
+          </ul>
+        </nav>
+      
+    </li>
+  
+
+              
+            
+              
+                
+  
+  
+  
+  
+    
+    
+      
+        
+      
+        
+      
+    
+    
+      
+      
+        
+      
+    
+    
+    <li class="md-nav__item md-nav__item--nested">
+      
+        
+        
+        <input class="md-nav__toggle md-toggle " type="checkbox" id="__nav_4_15" >
+        
+          
+          <label class="md-nav__link" for="__nav_4_15" id="__nav_4_15_label" tabindex="0">
+            
+  
+  <span class="md-ellipsis">
+    Bash
+  </span>
+  
+
+            <span class="md-nav__icon md-icon"></span>
+          </label>
+        
+        <nav class="md-nav" data-md-level="2" aria-labelledby="__nav_4_15_label" aria-expanded="false">
+          <label class="md-nav__title" for="__nav_4_15">
+            <span class="md-nav__icon md-icon"></span>
+            Bash
+          </label>
+          <ul class="md-nav__list" data-md-scrollfix>
+            
+              
+                
+  
+  
+  
+  
+    <li class="md-nav__item">
+      <a href="../languages/bash/scripting.html" class="md-nav__link">
+        
+  
+  <span class="md-ellipsis">
+    Scripting
+  </span>
+  
+
+      </a>
+    </li>
+  
+
+              
+            
+              
+                
+  
+  
+  
+  
+    <li class="md-nav__item">
+      <a href="../languages/bash/commands.html" class="md-nav__link">
+        
+  
+  <span class="md-ellipsis">
+    Commands
+  </span>
+  
+
+      </a>
+    </li>
+  
+
+              
+            
+          </ul>
+        </nav>
+      
+    </li>
+  
+
+              
+            
+          </ul>
+        </nav>
+      
+    </li>
+  
+
+    
+      
+      
+  
+  
+    
+  
+  
+  
+    
+    
+      
+        
+      
+        
+      
+        
+      
+        
+      
+        
+      
+    
+    
+      
+        
+        
+      
+      
+        
+      
+    
+    
+    <li class="md-nav__item md-nav__item--active md-nav__item--section md-nav__item--nested">
+      
+        
+        
+        <input class="md-nav__toggle md-toggle " type="checkbox" id="__nav_5" checked>
+        
+          
+          <label class="md-nav__link" for="__nav_5" id="__nav_5_label" tabindex="">
+            
+  
+  <span class="md-ellipsis">
+    Misc
+  </span>
+  
+
+            <span class="md-nav__icon md-icon"></span>
+          </label>
+        
+        <nav class="md-nav" data-md-level="1" aria-labelledby="__nav_5_label" aria-expanded="true">
+          <label class="md-nav__title" for="__nav_5">
+            <span class="md-nav__icon md-icon"></span>
+            Misc
+          </label>
+          <ul class="md-nav__list" data-md-scrollfix>
+            
+              
+                
+  
+  
+  
+  
+    <li class="md-nav__item">
+      <a href="git.html" class="md-nav__link">
+        
+  
+  <span class="md-ellipsis">
+    Git
+  </span>
+  
+
+      </a>
+    </li>
+  
+
+              
+            
+              
+                
+  
+  
+  
+  
+    <li class="md-nav__item">
+      <a href="graph-ql.html" class="md-nav__link">
+        
+  
+  <span class="md-ellipsis">
+    GraphQL
+  </span>
+  
+
+      </a>
+    </li>
+  
+
+              
+            
+              
+                
+  
+  
+    
+  
+  
+  
+    <li class="md-nav__item md-nav__item--active">
+      
+      <input class="md-nav__toggle md-toggle" type="checkbox" id="__toc">
+      
+      
+        
+      
+      
+        <label class="md-nav__link md-nav__link--active" for="__toc">
+          
+  
+  <span class="md-ellipsis">
+    RegEx
+  </span>
+  
+
+          <span class="md-nav__icon md-icon"></span>
+        </label>
+      
+      <a href="regular-expressions.html" class="md-nav__link md-nav__link--active">
+        
+  
+  <span class="md-ellipsis">
+    RegEx
+  </span>
+  
+
+      </a>
+      
+        
+
+<nav class="md-nav md-nav--secondary" aria-label="Table of contents">
+  
+  
+  
+    
+  
+  
+    <label class="md-nav__title" for="__toc">
+      <span class="md-nav__icon md-icon"></span>
+      Table of contents
+    </label>
+    <ul class="md-nav__list" data-md-component="toc" data-md-scrollfix>
+      
+        <li class="md-nav__item">
+  <a href="#character-classes" class="md-nav__link">
+    <span class="md-ellipsis">
+      Character Classes
+    </span>
+  </a>
+  
+</li>
+      
+        <li class="md-nav__item">
+  <a href="#anchors" class="md-nav__link">
+    <span class="md-ellipsis">
+      Anchors
+    </span>
+  </a>
+  
+</li>
+      
+        <li class="md-nav__item">
+  <a href="#grouping-constructs" class="md-nav__link">
+    <span class="md-ellipsis">
+      Grouping Constructs
+    </span>
+  </a>
+  
+    <nav class="md-nav" aria-label="Grouping Constructs">
+      <ul class="md-nav__list">
+        
+          <li class="md-nav__item">
+  <a href="#subexpressions" class="md-nav__link">
+    <span class="md-ellipsis">
+      Subexpressions
+    </span>
+  </a>
+  
+</li>
+        
+          <li class="md-nav__item">
+  <a href="#named-subexpressions" class="md-nav__link">
+    <span class="md-ellipsis">
+      Named Subexpressions
+    </span>
+  </a>
+  
+</li>
+        
+          <li class="md-nav__item">
+  <a href="#noncapturing-groups" class="md-nav__link">
+    <span class="md-ellipsis">
+      Noncapturing groups
+    </span>
+  </a>
+  
+</li>
+        
+          <li class="md-nav__item">
+  <a href="#zero-width-positive-lookahead-assertions" class="md-nav__link">
+    <span class="md-ellipsis">
+      Zero-width positive lookahead assertions
+    </span>
+  </a>
+  
+</li>
+        
+          <li class="md-nav__item">
+  <a href="#zero-width-negative-lookahead-assertions" class="md-nav__link">
+    <span class="md-ellipsis">
+      Zero-width negative lookahead assertions
+    </span>
+  </a>
+  
+</li>
+        
+          <li class="md-nav__item">
+  <a href="#zero-width-positive-lookbehind-assertions" class="md-nav__link">
+    <span class="md-ellipsis">
+      Zero-width positive lookbehind assertions
+    </span>
+  </a>
+  
+</li>
+        
+          <li class="md-nav__item">
+  <a href="#zero-width-negative-lookbehind-assertions" class="md-nav__link">
+    <span class="md-ellipsis">
+      Zero-width negative lookbehind assertions
+    </span>
+  </a>
+  
+</li>
+        
+          <li class="md-nav__item">
+  <a href="#atomic-groups" class="md-nav__link">
+    <span class="md-ellipsis">
+      Atomic groups
+    </span>
+  </a>
+  
+</li>
+        
+      </ul>
+    </nav>
+  
+</li>
+      
+        <li class="md-nav__item">
+  <a href="#quantifiers" class="md-nav__link">
+    <span class="md-ellipsis">
+      Quantifiers
+    </span>
+  </a>
+  
+</li>
+      
+        <li class="md-nav__item">
+  <a href="#alternation-constructs" class="md-nav__link">
+    <span class="md-ellipsis">
+      Alternation Constructs
+    </span>
+  </a>
+  
+</li>
+      
+        <li class="md-nav__item">
+  <a href="#backreference-constructs" class="md-nav__link">
+    <span class="md-ellipsis">
+      Backreference Constructs
+    </span>
+  </a>
+  
+</li>
+      
+        <li class="md-nav__item">
+  <a href="#substitutions" class="md-nav__link">
+    <span class="md-ellipsis">
+      Substitutions
+    </span>
+  </a>
+  
+</li>
+      
+        <li class="md-nav__item">
+  <a href="#special-constructs" class="md-nav__link">
+    <span class="md-ellipsis">
+      Special Constructs
+    </span>
+  </a>
+  
+</li>
+      
+    </ul>
+  
+</nav>
+      
+    </li>
+  
+
+              
+            
+              
+                
+  
+  
+  
+  
+    <li class="md-nav__item">
+      <a href="ssh.html" class="md-nav__link">
+        
+  
+  <span class="md-ellipsis">
+    SSH
+  </span>
+  
+
+      </a>
+    </li>
+  
+
+              
+            
+              
+                
+  
+  
+  
+  
+    <li class="md-nav__item">
+      <a href="web-components.html" class="md-nav__link">
+        
+  
+  <span class="md-ellipsis">
+    WebComponents
+  </span>
+  
+
+      </a>
+    </li>
+  
+
+              
+            
+          </ul>
+        </nav>
+      
+    </li>
+  
+
+    
+      
+      
+  
+  
+  
+  
+    
+    
+      
+        
+      
+        
+      
+    
+    
+      
+      
+        
+      
+    
+    
+    <li class="md-nav__item md-nav__item--nested">
+      
+        
+        
+        <input class="md-nav__toggle md-toggle " type="checkbox" id="__nav_6" >
+        
+          
+          <label class="md-nav__link" for="__nav_6" id="__nav_6_label" tabindex="0">
+            
+  
+  <span class="md-ellipsis">
+    Linux
+  </span>
+  
+
+            <span class="md-nav__icon md-icon"></span>
+          </label>
+        
+        <nav class="md-nav" data-md-level="1" aria-labelledby="__nav_6_label" aria-expanded="false">
+          <label class="md-nav__title" for="__nav_6">
+            <span class="md-nav__icon md-icon"></span>
+            Linux
+          </label>
+          <ul class="md-nav__list" data-md-scrollfix>
+            
+              
+                
+  
+  
+  
+  
+    
+    
+      
+        
+      
+        
+      
+        
+      
+    
+    
+      
+      
+        
+      
+    
+    
+    <li class="md-nav__item md-nav__item--nested">
+      
+        
+        
+        <input class="md-nav__toggle md-toggle " type="checkbox" id="__nav_6_1" >
+        
+          
+          <label class="md-nav__link" for="__nav_6_1" id="__nav_6_1_label" tabindex="0">
+            
+  
+  <span class="md-ellipsis">
+    Filesystem
+  </span>
+  
+
+            <span class="md-nav__icon md-icon"></span>
+          </label>
+        
+        <nav class="md-nav" data-md-level="2" aria-labelledby="__nav_6_1_label" aria-expanded="false">
+          <label class="md-nav__title" for="__nav_6_1">
+            <span class="md-nav__icon md-icon"></span>
+            Filesystem
+          </label>
+          <ul class="md-nav__list" data-md-scrollfix>
+            
+              
+                
+  
+  
+  
+  
+    <li class="md-nav__item">
+      <a href="../linux/filesystem/file-links.html" class="md-nav__link">
+        
+  
+  <span class="md-ellipsis">
+    File Links
+  </span>
+  
+
+      </a>
+    </li>
+  
+
+              
+            
+              
+                
+  
+  
+  
+  
+    <li class="md-nav__item">
+      <a href="../linux/filesystem/procfs.html" class="md-nav__link">
+        
+  
+  <span class="md-ellipsis">
+    /proc
+  </span>
+  
+
+      </a>
+    </li>
+  
+
+              
+            
+              
+                
+  
+  
+  
+  
+    <li class="md-nav__item">
+      <a href="../linux/filesystem/sysfs.html" class="md-nav__link">
+        
+  
+  <span class="md-ellipsis">
+    /sys
+  </span>
+  
+
+      </a>
+    </li>
+  
+
+              
+            
+          </ul>
+        </nav>
+      
+    </li>
+  
+
+              
+            
+              
+                
+  
+  
+  
+  
+    
+    
+      
+        
+      
+        
+      
+    
+    
+      
+      
+        
+      
+    
+    
+    <li class="md-nav__item md-nav__item--nested">
+      
+        
+        
+        <input class="md-nav__toggle md-toggle " type="checkbox" id="__nav_6_2" >
+        
+          
+          <label class="md-nav__link" for="__nav_6_2" id="__nav_6_2_label" tabindex="0">
+            
+  
+  <span class="md-ellipsis">
+    System Init
+  </span>
+  
+
+            <span class="md-nav__icon md-icon"></span>
+          </label>
+        
+        <nav class="md-nav" data-md-level="2" aria-labelledby="__nav_6_2_label" aria-expanded="false">
+          <label class="md-nav__title" for="__nav_6_2">
+            <span class="md-nav__icon md-icon"></span>
+            System Init
+          </label>
+          <ul class="md-nav__list" data-md-scrollfix>
+            
+              
+                
+  
+  
+  
+  
+    <li class="md-nav__item">
+      <a href="../linux/init/systemd.html" class="md-nav__link">
+        
+  
+  <span class="md-ellipsis">
+    Systemd
+  </span>
+  
+
+      </a>
+    </li>
+  
+
+              
+            
+              
+                
+  
+  
+  
+  
+    <li class="md-nav__item">
+      <a href="../linux/init/open-rc.html" class="md-nav__link">
+        
+  
+  <span class="md-ellipsis">
+    OpenRC
+  </span>
+  
+
+      </a>
+    </li>
+  
+
+              
+            
+          </ul>
+        </nav>
+      
+    </li>
+  
+
+              
+            
+          </ul>
+        </nav>
+      
+    </li>
+  
+
+    
+  </ul>
+</nav>
+                  </div>
+                </div>
+              </div>
+            
+            
+              
+              <div class="md-sidebar md-sidebar--secondary" data-md-component="sidebar" data-md-type="toc" >
+                <div class="md-sidebar__scrollwrap">
+                  <div class="md-sidebar__inner">
+                    
+
+<nav class="md-nav md-nav--secondary" aria-label="Table of contents">
+  
+  
+  
+    
+  
+  
+    <label class="md-nav__title" for="__toc">
+      <span class="md-nav__icon md-icon"></span>
+      Table of contents
+    </label>
+    <ul class="md-nav__list" data-md-component="toc" data-md-scrollfix>
+      
+        <li class="md-nav__item">
+  <a href="#character-classes" class="md-nav__link">
+    <span class="md-ellipsis">
+      Character Classes
+    </span>
+  </a>
+  
+</li>
+      
+        <li class="md-nav__item">
+  <a href="#anchors" class="md-nav__link">
+    <span class="md-ellipsis">
+      Anchors
+    </span>
+  </a>
+  
+</li>
+      
+        <li class="md-nav__item">
+  <a href="#grouping-constructs" class="md-nav__link">
+    <span class="md-ellipsis">
+      Grouping Constructs
+    </span>
+  </a>
+  
+    <nav class="md-nav" aria-label="Grouping Constructs">
+      <ul class="md-nav__list">
+        
+          <li class="md-nav__item">
+  <a href="#subexpressions" class="md-nav__link">
+    <span class="md-ellipsis">
+      Subexpressions
+    </span>
+  </a>
+  
+</li>
+        
+          <li class="md-nav__item">
+  <a href="#named-subexpressions" class="md-nav__link">
+    <span class="md-ellipsis">
+      Named Subexpressions
+    </span>
+  </a>
+  
+</li>
+        
+          <li class="md-nav__item">
+  <a href="#noncapturing-groups" class="md-nav__link">
+    <span class="md-ellipsis">
+      Noncapturing groups
+    </span>
+  </a>
+  
+</li>
+        
+          <li class="md-nav__item">
+  <a href="#zero-width-positive-lookahead-assertions" class="md-nav__link">
+    <span class="md-ellipsis">
+      Zero-width positive lookahead assertions
+    </span>
+  </a>
+  
+</li>
+        
+          <li class="md-nav__item">
+  <a href="#zero-width-negative-lookahead-assertions" class="md-nav__link">
+    <span class="md-ellipsis">
+      Zero-width negative lookahead assertions
+    </span>
+  </a>
+  
+</li>
+        
+          <li class="md-nav__item">
+  <a href="#zero-width-positive-lookbehind-assertions" class="md-nav__link">
+    <span class="md-ellipsis">
+      Zero-width positive lookbehind assertions
+    </span>
+  </a>
+  
+</li>
+        
+          <li class="md-nav__item">
+  <a href="#zero-width-negative-lookbehind-assertions" class="md-nav__link">
+    <span class="md-ellipsis">
+      Zero-width negative lookbehind assertions
+    </span>
+  </a>
+  
+</li>
+        
+          <li class="md-nav__item">
+  <a href="#atomic-groups" class="md-nav__link">
+    <span class="md-ellipsis">
+      Atomic groups
+    </span>
+  </a>
+  
+</li>
+        
+      </ul>
+    </nav>
+  
+</li>
+      
+        <li class="md-nav__item">
+  <a href="#quantifiers" class="md-nav__link">
+    <span class="md-ellipsis">
+      Quantifiers
+    </span>
+  </a>
+  
+</li>
+      
+        <li class="md-nav__item">
+  <a href="#alternation-constructs" class="md-nav__link">
+    <span class="md-ellipsis">
+      Alternation Constructs
+    </span>
+  </a>
+  
+</li>
+      
+        <li class="md-nav__item">
+  <a href="#backreference-constructs" class="md-nav__link">
+    <span class="md-ellipsis">
+      Backreference Constructs
+    </span>
+  </a>
+  
+</li>
+      
+        <li class="md-nav__item">
+  <a href="#substitutions" class="md-nav__link">
+    <span class="md-ellipsis">
+      Substitutions
+    </span>
+  </a>
+  
+</li>
+      
+        <li class="md-nav__item">
+  <a href="#special-constructs" class="md-nav__link">
+    <span class="md-ellipsis">
+      Special Constructs
+    </span>
+  </a>
+  
+</li>
+      
+    </ul>
+  
+</nav>
+                  </div>
+                </div>
+              </div>
+            
+          
+          
+            <div class="md-content" data-md-component="content">
+              <article class="md-content__inner md-typeset">
+                
+                  
+
+  
+  
+
+
+<h1 id="common-regex-syntax">Common Regex Syntax</h1>
+<p>A <strong>regular expression</strong> is a <em>pattern</em> that the regular expression engine attempts to match in input text. A pattern consists of one or more character literals, operators, or constructs.</p>
+<h2 id="character-classes">Character Classes</h2>
+<p>A <strong>character class</strong> matches any one of a set of characters.</p>
+<ul>
+<li><code>[character_group]</code>:: matches any single character in <em>character_group</em>.</li>
+<li><code>[^character_group]</code>: matches any single character <strong>not</strong> in <em>character_group</em>.</li>
+<li><code>[first-last]</code>: matches any single character in range from <em>first</em> to <em>last</em>.</li>
+<li><code>.</code>: matches any single character except <code>\n</code>.</li>
+<li><code>\p{name}</code>: matches any single character in the Unicode general category or named block specified by <em>name</em>.</li>
+<li><code>\P{name}</code>: matches any single character <strong>not</strong> in the Unicode general category or named block specified by <em>name</em>.</li>
+<li><code>\w</code>: matches any word character.</li>
+<li><code>\W</code>: matches any <strong>non</strong> word character.</li>
+<li><code>\s</code>: matches any whitespace character.</li>
+<li><code>\S</code>: matches any <strong>non</strong> whitespace character.</li>
+<li><code>\d</code>: matches any decimal digit.</li>
+<li><code>\D</code>: matches any character other than a decimal digit.</li>
+</ul>
+<blockquote>
+<p><strong>Note</strong>: <code>^</code>, <code>\</code>, <code>-</code> and <code>]</code> must be escaped to be used in ranges. (<code>[ \] \[ \^ \- ]</code>)</p>
+</blockquote>
+<h2 id="anchors">Anchors</h2>
+<p><strong>Anchors</strong>, or atomic zero-width assertions, cause a match to succeed or fail depending on the current position in the string, but they do not cause the engine to advance through the string or consume characters.</p>
+<ul>
+<li><code>^</code>: The match must be at the <em>start</em> of a string/line.</li>
+<li><code>$</code>: The match must be at the <em>end</em> of a string/line.</li>
+<li><code>\A</code>: The match must occur at the start of the string.</li>
+<li><code>\Z</code>: The match must occur at the end of the string or before <code>\n</code> at the end of the string.</li>
+<li><code>\z</code>: The match must occur at the end of the string.</li>
+<li><code>\G</code>: The match must occur at the point where the previous match ended, or if there was no previous match, at the position in the string where matching started.</li>
+<li><code>\b</code>: The match must occur on a boundary between a <code>\w</code> (alphanumeric) and a <code>\W</code> (non-alphanumeric) character.</li>
+<li><code>\B</code>: The match must not occur on a <code>\b</code> boundary.</li>
+</ul>
+<h2 id="grouping-constructs">Grouping Constructs</h2>
+<p><strong>Grouping constructs</strong> delineate subexpressions of a regular expression and typically capture substrings of an input string.</p>
+<h3 id="subexpressions">Subexpressions</h3>
+<div class="highlight"><table class="highlighttable"><tr><th colspan="2" class="filename"><span class="filename">Regex Syntax</span></th></tr><tr><td class="linenos"><div class="linenodiv"><pre><span></span><span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-0-1">1</a></span></pre></div></td><td class="code"><div><pre><span></span><code><a id="__codelineno-0-1" name="__codelineno-0-1"></a>(subexpression)
+</code></pre></div></td></tr></table></div>
+<p>The <em>subexpression</em> is any valid regular expression pattern.</p>
+<p>Captures that use parentheses are numbered automatically from left to right based on the order of the opening parentheses in the regular expression, starting from <code>1</code>. The capture that's numbered <code>0</code> is the text matched by the entire regular expression pattern.</p>
+<blockquote>
+<p><strong>Note</strong>: named capture groups are always ordered last, after non-named capture groups.</p>
+</blockquote>
+<p>It's possible to access the captured group in the following ways:</p>
+<ul>
+<li>
+<p>By using the <em>backreference construct</em> within the regular expression.</p>
+<p>The matched subexpression is referenced in the same regular expression by using the syntax <code>\number</code>, where number is the ordinal number of the captured subexpression.</p>
+</li>
+<li>
+<p>By using the <em>named backreference construct</em> within the regular expression.</p>
+<p>The matched subexpression is referenced in the same regular expression by using the syntax <code>\k&lt;name&gt;</code>, where name is the name of a capturing group, or <code>\k&lt;number&gt;</code>, where number is the ordinal number of a capturing group.</p>
+<p>A capturing group has a default name that is identical to its ordinal number. For more information, see Named matched subexpressions later in this topic.</p>
+</li>
+<li>
+<p>By using the <code>$number</code> <em>replacement sequence</em> where number is the ordinal number of the captured subexpression.</p>
+</li>
+</ul>
+<h3 id="named-subexpressions">Named Subexpressions</h3>
+<div class="highlight"><table class="highlighttable"><tr><th colspan="2" class="filename"><span class="filename">Regex Syntax</span></th></tr><tr><td class="linenos"><div class="linenodiv"><pre><span></span><span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-1-1">1</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-1-2">2</a></span></pre></div></td><td class="code"><div><pre><span></span><code><a id="__codelineno-1-1" name="__codelineno-1-1"></a>(?&lt;name&gt; subexpression)
+<a id="__codelineno-1-2" name="__codelineno-1-2"></a>(?&#39;name&#39; subexpression)
+</code></pre></div></td></tr></table></div>
+<p>THe <em>name</em> is a valid group name, and <em>subexpression</em> is any valid regular expression pattern. <em>name</em> must not contain any punctuation characters and cannot begin with a number.</p>
+<p>It's possible to access the named captured group in the following ways:</p>
+<ul>
+<li>
+<p>By using the named <em>backreference construct</em> within the regular expression.</p>
+<p>The matched subexpression is referenced in the same regular expression by using the syntax <code>\k&lt;name&gt;</code>, where name is the name of the captured subexpression.</p>
+</li>
+<li>
+<p>By using the <em>backreference construct</em> within the regular expression.</p>
+<p>The matched subexpression is referenced in the same regular expression by using the syntax <code>\number</code>, where number is the ordinal number of the captured subexpression.</p>
+<p>Named matched subexpressions are numbered consecutively from left to right after matched subexpressions.</p>
+</li>
+<li>
+<p>By using the <code>${name}</code> <em>replacement sequence</em> where name is the name of the captured subexpression.</p>
+</li>
+<li>By using the <code>$number</code> <em>replacement sequence</em> where number is the ordinal number of the captured subexpression.</li>
+</ul>
+<h3 id="noncapturing-groups">Noncapturing groups</h3>
+<div class="highlight"><table class="highlighttable"><tr><th colspan="2" class="filename"><span class="filename">Regex Syntax</span></th></tr><tr><td class="linenos"><div class="linenodiv"><pre><span></span><span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-2-1">1</a></span></pre></div></td><td class="code"><div><pre><span></span><code><a id="__codelineno-2-1" name="__codelineno-2-1"></a>(?:subexpression)
+</code></pre></div></td></tr></table></div>
+<p>The <em>subexpression</em> is any valid regular expression pattern. The noncapturing group construct is typically used when a quantifier is applied to a group, but the substrings captured by the group are of no interest.</p>
+<h3 id="zero-width-positive-lookahead-assertions">Zero-width positive lookahead assertions</h3>
+<div class="highlight"><table class="highlighttable"><tr><th colspan="2" class="filename"><span class="filename">Regex Syntax</span></th></tr><tr><td class="linenos"><div class="linenodiv"><pre><span></span><span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-3-1">1</a></span></pre></div></td><td class="code"><div><pre><span></span><code><a id="__codelineno-3-1" name="__codelineno-3-1"></a>(?= subexpression)
+</code></pre></div></td></tr></table></div>
+<p>The <em>subexpression</em> is any regular expression pattern. For a match to be successful, the input string must match the regular expression pattern in subexpression, although the matched substring is not included in the match result. A zero-width positive lookahead assertion does not backtrack.</p>
+<p>Typically, a zero-width positive lookahead assertion is found at the end of a regular expression pattern. It defines a substring that must be found at the end of a string for a match to occur but that should not be included in the match. It is also useful for preventing excessive backtracking.</p>
+<p>It's possible to use a zero-width positive lookahead assertion to ensure that a particular captured group begins with text that matches a subset of the pattern defined for that captured group.</p>
+<h3 id="zero-width-negative-lookahead-assertions">Zero-width negative lookahead assertions</h3>
+<div class="highlight"><table class="highlighttable"><tr><th colspan="2" class="filename"><span class="filename">Regex Syntax</span></th></tr><tr><td class="linenos"><div class="linenodiv"><pre><span></span><span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-4-1">1</a></span></pre></div></td><td class="code"><div><pre><span></span><code><a id="__codelineno-4-1" name="__codelineno-4-1"></a>(?! subexpression)
+</code></pre></div></td></tr></table></div>
+<p>The <em>subexpression</em> is any regular expression pattern. For the match to be successful, the input string must not match the regular expression pattern in subexpression, although the matched string is not included in the match result.</p>
+<p>A zero-width negative lookahead assertion is typically used either at the beginning or at the end of a regular expression. At the beginning of a regular expression, it can define a specific pattern that should not be matched when the beginning of the regular expression defines a similar but more general pattern to be matched. In this case, it is often used to limit backtracking. At the end of a regular expression, it can define a subexpression that cannot occur at the end of a match.</p>
+<h3 id="zero-width-positive-lookbehind-assertions">Zero-width positive lookbehind assertions</h3>
+<div class="highlight"><table class="highlighttable"><tr><th colspan="2" class="filename"><span class="filename">Regex Syntax</span></th></tr><tr><td class="linenos"><div class="linenodiv"><pre><span></span><span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-5-1">1</a></span></pre></div></td><td class="code"><div><pre><span></span><code><a id="__codelineno-5-1" name="__codelineno-5-1"></a>(?&lt;= subexpression)
+</code></pre></div></td></tr></table></div>
+<p>The <em>subexpression</em> is any regular expression pattern. For a match to be successful, subexpression must occur at the input string to the left of the current position, although subexpression is not included in the match result. A zero-width positive lookbehind assertion does not backtrack.</p>
+<p>Zero-width positive lookbehind assertions are typically used at the beginning of regular expressions. The pattern that they define is a precondition for a match, although it is not a part of the match result.</p>
+<h3 id="zero-width-negative-lookbehind-assertions">Zero-width negative lookbehind assertions</h3>
+<div class="highlight"><table class="highlighttable"><tr><th colspan="2" class="filename"><span class="filename">Regex Syntax</span></th></tr><tr><td class="linenos"><div class="linenodiv"><pre><span></span><span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-6-1">1</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-6-2">2</a></span></pre></div></td><td class="code"><div><pre><span></span><code><a id="__codelineno-6-1" name="__codelineno-6-1"></a>(?&lt;! subexpression)
+<a id="__codelineno-6-2" name="__codelineno-6-2"></a>(?&gt; subexpression)
+</code></pre></div></td></tr></table></div>
+<p>Hte <em>subexpression</em> is any regular expression pattern. For a match to be successful, subexpression must not occur at the input string to the left of the current position. However, any substring that does not match subexpression is not included in the match result.</p>
+<p>Zero-width negative lookbehind assertions are typically used at the beginning of regular expressions. The pattern that they define precludes a match in the string that follows. They are also used to limit backtracking when the last character or characters in a captured group must not be one or more of the characters that match that group's regular expression pattern.</p>
+<h3 id="atomic-groups">Atomic groups</h3>
+<div class="highlight"><table class="highlighttable"><tr><th colspan="2" class="filename"><span class="filename">Regex Syntax</span></th></tr><tr><td class="linenos"><div class="linenodiv"><pre><span></span><span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-7-1">1</a></span></pre></div></td><td class="code"><div><pre><span></span><code><a id="__codelineno-7-1" name="__codelineno-7-1"></a>(?&gt; subexpression )
+</code></pre></div></td></tr></table></div>
+<p>The <em>subexpression</em> is any regular expression pattern.</p>
+<p>Ordinarily, if a regular expression includes an optional or alternative matching pattern and a match does not succeed, the regular expression engine can branch in multiple directions to match an input string with a pattern. If a match is not found when it takes the first branch, the regular expression engine can back up or backtrack to the point where it took the first match and attempt the match using the second branch. This process can continue until all branches have been tried.</p>
+<p>The <code>(?&gt;subexpression)</code> language construct disables backtracking. The regular expression engine will match as many characters in the input string as it can. When no further match is possible, it will not backtrack to attempt alternate pattern matches. (That is, the subexpression matches only strings that would be matched by the subexpression alone; it does not attempt to match a string based on the subexpression and any subexpressions that follow it.)</p>
+<h2 id="quantifiers">Quantifiers</h2>
+<p>A quantifier specifies how many instances of the previous element (which can be a character, a group, or a character class) must be present in the input string for a match to occur.</p>
+<ul>
+<li><code>*</code>: Matches the previous element zero or more times.</li>
+<li><code>+</code>: Matches the previous element one or more times.</li>
+<li><code>?</code>: Matches the previous element zero or one time.</li>
+<li><code>{n}</code>: Matches the previous element exactly n times.</li>
+<li><code>{n,}</code>: Matches the previous element at least n times.</li>
+<li><code>{n,m}</code>: Matches the previous element at least n times, but no more than m times.</li>
+<li><code>*?</code>: Matches the previous element zero or more times, but as few times as possible.</li>
+<li><code>+?</code>: Matches the previous element one or more times, but as few times as possible.</li>
+<li><code>??</code>: Matches the previous element zero or one time, but as few times as possible.</li>
+<li><code>{n}?</code>: Matches the previous element at least n times, but as few times as possible.</li>
+<li><code>{n,m}?</code>: Matches the previous element between n and m times, but as few times as possible.</li>
+</ul>
+<h2 id="alternation-constructs">Alternation Constructs</h2>
+<p>Alternation constructs modify a regular expression to enable either/or matching.</p>
+<ul>
+<li><code>|</code>: Matches any one element separated by the vertical bar (<code>|</code>) character.</li>
+</ul>
+<h2 id="backreference-constructs">Backreference Constructs</h2>
+<p>A backreference allows a previously matched subexpression to be identified subsequently in the same regular expression.</p>
+<p><code>\number</code>: Backreference. Matches the value of a numbered subexpression.
+<code>\k&lt;name&gt;</code>: Named backreference. Matches the value of a named expression.</p>
+<h2 id="substitutions">Substitutions</h2>
+<p>Substitutions are regular expression language elements that are supported in replacement patterns.</p>
+<ul>
+<li><code>$ number</code>: Substitutes the substring matched by group number.</li>
+<li><code>${ name }</code>: Substitutes the substring matched by the named group name.</li>
+<li><code>$$</code>: Substitutes a literal "$".</li>
+<li><code>$&amp;</code>: Substitutes a copy of the whole match.</li>
+<li>$`: Substitutes all the text of the input string before the match.</li>
+<li><code>$'</code>: Substitutes all the text of the input string after the match.</li>
+<li><code>$+</code>: Substitutes the last group that was captured.</li>
+<li><code>$_</code>: Substitutes the entire input string.</li>
+</ul>
+<h2 id="special-constructs">Special Constructs</h2>
+<ul>
+<li><code>(.*)</code>: Matches anything</li>
+<li><code>(.*?)</code>: Matches anything, but as few times as possible</li>
+<li><code>(?# comment )</code>: code comment, can be in the middle of the pattern</li>
+</ul>
+<p>Brackets escapes:</p>
+<ul>
+<li><code>\(</code></li>
+<li><code>\)</code></li>
+<li><code>\[</code></li>
+<li><code>\]</code></li>
+</ul>
+<p>Special characters escapes:</p>
+<ul>
+<li><code>\a</code></li>
+<li><code>\b</code></li>
+<li><code>\f</code></li>
+<li><code>\n</code></li>
+<li><code>\r</code></li>
+<li><code>\t</code></li>
+<li><code>\u</code></li>
+<li><code>\U</code></li>
+<li><code>\v</code></li>
+<li><code>\x</code></li>
+<li><code>\\</code></li>
+<li><code>\?</code></li>
+<li><code>\*</code></li>
+<li><code>\+</code></li>
+<li><code>\.</code></li>
+<li><code>\^</code></li>
+<li><code>\$</code></li>
+</ul>
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+              
+                
+  
+  
+  
+  
+    <li class="md-nav__item">
+      <a href="../languages/swift/swift.html" class="md-nav__link">
+        
+  
+  <span class="md-ellipsis">
+    Swift
+  </span>
+  
+
+      </a>
+    </li>
+  
+
+              
+            
+              
+                
+  
+  
+  
+  
+    
+    
+      
+        
+      
+        
+      
+    
+    
+      
+      
+        
+      
+    
+    
+    <li class="md-nav__item md-nav__item--nested">
+      
+        
+        
+        <input class="md-nav__toggle md-toggle " type="checkbox" id="__nav_4_7" >
+        
+          
+          <label class="md-nav__link" for="__nav_4_7" id="__nav_4_7_label" tabindex="0">
+            
+  
+  <span class="md-ellipsis">
+    Assembly
+  </span>
+  
+
+            <span class="md-nav__icon md-icon"></span>
+          </label>
+        
+        <nav class="md-nav" data-md-level="2" aria-labelledby="__nav_4_7_label" aria-expanded="false">
+          <label class="md-nav__title" for="__nav_4_7">
+            <span class="md-nav__icon md-icon"></span>
+            Assembly
+          </label>
+          <ul class="md-nav__list" data-md-scrollfix>
+            
+              
+                
+  
+  
+  
+  
+    <li class="md-nav__item">
+      <a href="../languages/assembly/intel.html" class="md-nav__link">
+        
+  
+  <span class="md-ellipsis">
+    Intel
+  </span>
+  
+
+      </a>
+    </li>
+  
+
+              
+            
+              
+                
+  
+  
+  
+  
+    <li class="md-nav__item">
+      <a href="../languages/assembly/riscv.html" class="md-nav__link">
+        
+  
+  <span class="md-ellipsis">
+    RISC-V
+  </span>
+  
+
+      </a>
+    </li>
+  
+
+              
+            
+          </ul>
+        </nav>
+      
+    </li>
+  
+
+              
+            
+              
+                
+  
+  
+  
+  
+    
+    
+      
+        
+      
+        
+      
+        
+      
+    
+    
+      
+      
+        
+      
+    
+    
+    <li class="md-nav__item md-nav__item--nested">
+      
+        
+        
+        <input class="md-nav__toggle md-toggle " type="checkbox" id="__nav_4_8" >
+        
+          
+          <label class="md-nav__link" for="__nav_4_8" id="__nav_4_8_label" tabindex="0">
+            
+  
+  <span class="md-ellipsis">
+    Python
+  </span>
+  
+
+            <span class="md-nav__icon md-icon"></span>
+          </label>
+        
+        <nav class="md-nav" data-md-level="2" aria-labelledby="__nav_4_8_label" aria-expanded="false">
+          <label class="md-nav__title" for="__nav_4_8">
+            <span class="md-nav__icon md-icon"></span>
+            Python
+          </label>
+          <ul class="md-nav__list" data-md-scrollfix>
+            
+              
+                
+  
+  
+  
+  
+    <li class="md-nav__item">
+      <a href="../languages/python/python.html" class="md-nav__link">
+        
+  
+  <span class="md-ellipsis">
+    Python
+  </span>
+  
+
+      </a>
+    </li>
+  
+
+              
+            
+              
+                
+  
+  
+  
+  
+    
+    
+      
+        
+      
+        
+      
+        
+      
+        
+      
+        
+      
+        
+      
+        
+      
+        
+      
+        
+      
+        
+      
+        
+      
+        
+      
+        
+      
+    
+    
+      
+      
+        
+      
+    
+    
+    <li class="md-nav__item md-nav__item--nested">
+      
+        
+        
+        <input class="md-nav__toggle md-toggle " type="checkbox" id="__nav_4_8_2" >
+        
+          
+          <label class="md-nav__link" for="__nav_4_8_2" id="__nav_4_8_2_label" tabindex="0">
+            
+  
+  <span class="md-ellipsis">
+    Modules
+  </span>
+  
+
+            <span class="md-nav__icon md-icon"></span>
+          </label>
+        
+        <nav class="md-nav" data-md-level="3" aria-labelledby="__nav_4_8_2_label" aria-expanded="false">
+          <label class="md-nav__title" for="__nav_4_8_2">
+            <span class="md-nav__icon md-icon"></span>
+            Modules
+          </label>
+          <ul class="md-nav__list" data-md-scrollfix>
+            
+              
+                
+  
+  
+  
+  
+    <li class="md-nav__item">
+      <a href="../languages/python/modules/argparse.html" class="md-nav__link">
+        
+  
+  <span class="md-ellipsis">
+    argparse
+  </span>
+  
+
+      </a>
+    </li>
+  
+
+              
+            
+              
+                
+  
+  
+  
+  
+    <li class="md-nav__item">
+      <a href="../languages/python/modules/collections.html" class="md-nav__link">
+        
+  
+  <span class="md-ellipsis">
+    collection
+  </span>
+  
+
+      </a>
+    </li>
+  
+
+              
+            
+              
+                
+  
+  
+  
+  
+    <li class="md-nav__item">
+      <a href="../languages/python/modules/csv.html" class="md-nav__link">
+        
+  
+  <span class="md-ellipsis">
+    csv
+  </span>
+  
+
+      </a>
+    </li>
+  
+
+              
+            
+              
+                
+  
+  
+  
+  
+    <li class="md-nav__item">
+      <a href="../languages/python/modules/ftplib.html" class="md-nav__link">
+        
+  
+  <span class="md-ellipsis">
+    ftplib
+  </span>
+  
+
+      </a>
+    </li>
+  
+
+              
+            
+              
+                
+  
+  
+  
+  
+    <li class="md-nav__item">
+      <a href="../languages/python/modules/itertools.html" class="md-nav__link">
+        
+  
+  <span class="md-ellipsis">
+    itertools
+  </span>
+  
+
+      </a>
+    </li>
+  
+
+              
+            
+              
+                
+  
+  
+  
+  
+    <li class="md-nav__item">
+      <a href="../languages/python/modules/json.html" class="md-nav__link">
+        
+  
+  <span class="md-ellipsis">
+    json
+  </span>
+  
+
+      </a>
+    </li>
+  
+
+              
+            
+              
+                
+  
+  
+  
+  
+    <li class="md-nav__item">
+      <a href="../languages/python/modules/logging.html" class="md-nav__link">
+        
+  
+  <span class="md-ellipsis">
+    logging
+  </span>
+  
+
+      </a>
+    </li>
+  
+
+              
+            
+              
+                
+  
+  
+  
+  
+    <li class="md-nav__item">
+      <a href="../languages/python/modules/shutil.html" class="md-nav__link">
+        
+  
+  <span class="md-ellipsis">
+    shutil
+  </span>
+  
+
+      </a>
+    </li>
+  
+
+              
+            
+              
+                
+  
+  
+  
+  
+    <li class="md-nav__item">
+      <a href="../languages/python/modules/smtplib.html" class="md-nav__link">
+        
+  
+  <span class="md-ellipsis">
+    smtplib
+  </span>
+  
+
+      </a>
+    </li>
+  
+
+              
+            
+              
+                
+  
+  
+  
+  
+    <li class="md-nav__item">
+      <a href="../languages/python/modules/socket.html" class="md-nav__link">
+        
+  
+  <span class="md-ellipsis">
+    socket
+  </span>
+  
+
+      </a>
+    </li>
+  
+
+              
+            
+              
+                
+  
+  
+  
+  
+    <li class="md-nav__item">
+      <a href="../languages/python/modules/sqlite.html" class="md-nav__link">
+        
+  
+  <span class="md-ellipsis">
+    sqlite
+  </span>
+  
+
+      </a>
+    </li>
+  
+
+              
+            
+              
+                
+  
+  
+  
+  
+    <li class="md-nav__item">
+      <a href="../languages/python/modules/time-datetime.html" class="md-nav__link">
+        
+  
+  <span class="md-ellipsis">
+    time & datetime
+  </span>
+  
+
+      </a>
+    </li>
+  
+
+              
+            
+              
+                
+  
+  
+  
+  
+    <li class="md-nav__item">
+      <a href="../languages/python/modules/unittest.html" class="md-nav__link">
+        
+  
+  <span class="md-ellipsis">
+    unittest
+  </span>
+  
+
+      </a>
+    </li>
+  
+
+              
+            
+          </ul>
+        </nav>
+      
+    </li>
+  
+
+              
+            
+              
+                
+  
+  
+  
+  
+    
+    
+      
+        
+      
+        
+      
+        
+      
+        
+      
+        
+      
+        
+      
+    
+    
+      
+      
+        
+      
+    
+    
+    <li class="md-nav__item md-nav__item--nested">
+      
+        
+        
+        <input class="md-nav__toggle md-toggle " type="checkbox" id="__nav_4_8_3" >
+        
+          
+          <label class="md-nav__link" for="__nav_4_8_3" id="__nav_4_8_3_label" tabindex="0">
+            
+  
+  <span class="md-ellipsis">
+    Libraries
+  </span>
+  
+
+            <span class="md-nav__icon md-icon"></span>
+          </label>
+        
+        <nav class="md-nav" data-md-level="3" aria-labelledby="__nav_4_8_3_label" aria-expanded="false">
+          <label class="md-nav__title" for="__nav_4_8_3">
+            <span class="md-nav__icon md-icon"></span>
+            Libraries
+          </label>
+          <ul class="md-nav__list" data-md-scrollfix>
+            
+              
+                
+  
+  
+  
+  
+    <li class="md-nav__item">
+      <a href="../languages/python/libs/tkinter.html" class="md-nav__link">
+        
+  
+  <span class="md-ellipsis">
+    TKinter
+  </span>
+  
+
+      </a>
+    </li>
+  
+
+              
+            
+              
+                
+  
+  
+  
+  
+    <li class="md-nav__item">
+      <a href="../languages/python/libs/numpy.html" class="md-nav__link">
+        
+  
+  <span class="md-ellipsis">
+    Numpy
+  </span>
+  
+
+      </a>
+    </li>
+  
+
+              
+            
+              
+                
+  
+  
+  
+  
+    <li class="md-nav__item">
+      <a href="../languages/python/libs/pandas.html" class="md-nav__link">
+        
+  
+  <span class="md-ellipsis">
+    Pandas
+  </span>
+  
+
+      </a>
+    </li>
+  
+
+              
+            
+              
+                
+  
+  
+  
+  
+    <li class="md-nav__item">
+      <a href="../languages/python/libs/seaborn.html" class="md-nav__link">
+        
+  
+  <span class="md-ellipsis">
+    Seaborn
+  </span>
+  
+
+      </a>
+    </li>
+  
+
+              
+            
+              
+                
+  
+  
+  
+  
+    <li class="md-nav__item">
+      <a href="../languages/python/libs/requests.html" class="md-nav__link">
+        
+  
+  <span class="md-ellipsis">
+    Requests
+  </span>
+  
+
+      </a>
+    </li>
+  
+
+              
+            
+              
+                
+  
+  
+  
+  
+    <li class="md-nav__item">
+      <a href="../languages/python/libs/beautiful-soup.html" class="md-nav__link">
+        
+  
+  <span class="md-ellipsis">
+    Beatiful Soup
+  </span>
+  
+
+      </a>
+    </li>
+  
+
+              
+            
+          </ul>
+        </nav>
+      
+    </li>
+  
+
+              
+            
+          </ul>
+        </nav>
+      
+    </li>
+  
+
+              
+            
+              
+                
+  
+  
+  
+  
+    
+    
+      
+        
+      
+        
+      
+        
+      
+    
+    
+      
+      
+        
+      
+    
+    
+    <li class="md-nav__item md-nav__item--nested">
+      
+        
+        
+        <input class="md-nav__toggle md-toggle " type="checkbox" id="__nav_4_9" >
+        
+          
+          <label class="md-nav__link" for="__nav_4_9" id="__nav_4_9_label" tabindex="0">
+            
+  
+  <span class="md-ellipsis">
+    .NET
+  </span>
+  
+
+            <span class="md-nav__icon md-icon"></span>
+          </label>
+        
+        <nav class="md-nav" data-md-level="2" aria-labelledby="__nav_4_9_label" aria-expanded="false">
+          <label class="md-nav__title" for="__nav_4_9">
+            <span class="md-nav__icon md-icon"></span>
+            .NET
+          </label>
+          <ul class="md-nav__list" data-md-scrollfix>
+            
+              
+                
+  
+  
+  
+  
+    
+    
+      
+        
+      
+        
+      
+        
+      
+        
+      
+        
+      
+        
+      
+    
+    
+      
+      
+        
+      
+    
+    
+    <li class="md-nav__item md-nav__item--nested">
+      
+        
+        
+        <input class="md-nav__toggle md-toggle " type="checkbox" id="__nav_4_9_1" >
+        
+          
+          <label class="md-nav__link" for="__nav_4_9_1" id="__nav_4_9_1_label" tabindex="0">
+            
+  
+  <span class="md-ellipsis">
+    C#
+  </span>
+  
+
+            <span class="md-nav__icon md-icon"></span>
+          </label>
+        
+        <nav class="md-nav" data-md-level="3" aria-labelledby="__nav_4_9_1_label" aria-expanded="false">
+          <label class="md-nav__title" for="__nav_4_9_1">
+            <span class="md-nav__icon md-icon"></span>
+            C#
+          </label>
+          <ul class="md-nav__list" data-md-scrollfix>
+            
+              
+                
+  
+  
+  
+  
+    <li class="md-nav__item">
+      <a href="../languages/dotnet/csharp/csharp.html" class="md-nav__link">
+        
+  
+  <span class="md-ellipsis">
+    C#
+  </span>
+  
+
+      </a>
+    </li>
+  
+
+              
+            
+              
+                
+  
+  
+  
+  
+    <li class="md-nav__item">
+      <a href="../languages/dotnet/csharp/linq.html" class="md-nav__link">
+        
+  
+  <span class="md-ellipsis">
+    Linq
+  </span>
+  
+
+      </a>
+    </li>
+  
+
+              
+            
+              
+                
+  
+  
+  
+  
+    <li class="md-nav__item">
+      <a href="../languages/dotnet/csharp/collections.html" class="md-nav__link">
+        
+  
+  <span class="md-ellipsis">
+    Collections
+  </span>
+  
+
+      </a>
+    </li>
+  
+
+              
+            
+              
+                
+  
+  
+  
+  
+    <li class="md-nav__item">
+      <a href="../languages/dotnet/csharp/reactive-extensions.html" class="md-nav__link">
+        
+  
+  <span class="md-ellipsis">
+    Reactive Extensions
+  </span>
+  
+
+      </a>
+    </li>
+  
+
+              
+            
+              
+                
+  
+  
+  
+  
+    <li class="md-nav__item">
+      <a href="../languages/dotnet/csharp/async-programming.html" class="md-nav__link">
+        
+  
+  <span class="md-ellipsis">
+    Async Programming
+  </span>
+  
+
+      </a>
+    </li>
+  
+
+              
+            
+              
+                
+  
+  
+  
+  
+    <li class="md-nav__item">
+      <a href="../languages/dotnet/csharp/unit-tests.html" class="md-nav__link">
+        
+  
+  <span class="md-ellipsis">
+    Unit Tests
+  </span>
+  
+
+      </a>
+    </li>
+  
+
+              
+            
+          </ul>
+        </nav>
+      
+    </li>
+  
+
+              
+            
+              
+                
+  
+  
+  
+  
+    
+    
+      
+        
+      
+        
+      
+        
+      
+        
+      
+        
+      
+        
+      
+        
+      
+    
+    
+      
+      
+        
+      
+    
+    
+    <li class="md-nav__item md-nav__item--nested">
+      
+        
+        
+        <input class="md-nav__toggle md-toggle " type="checkbox" id="__nav_4_9_2" >
+        
+          
+          <label class="md-nav__link" for="__nav_4_9_2" id="__nav_4_9_2_label" tabindex="0">
+            
+  
+  <span class="md-ellipsis">
+    ASP.NET
+  </span>
+  
+
+            <span class="md-nav__icon md-icon"></span>
+          </label>
+        
+        <nav class="md-nav" data-md-level="3" aria-labelledby="__nav_4_9_2_label" aria-expanded="false">
+          <label class="md-nav__title" for="__nav_4_9_2">
+            <span class="md-nav__icon md-icon"></span>
+            ASP.NET
+          </label>
+          <ul class="md-nav__list" data-md-scrollfix>
+            
+              
+                
+  
+  
+  
+  
+    <li class="md-nav__item">
+      <a href="../languages/dotnet/asp.net/minimal-api.html" class="md-nav__link">
+        
+  
+  <span class="md-ellipsis">
+    Minimal API
+  </span>
+  
+
+      </a>
+    </li>
+  
+
+              
+            
+              
+                
+  
+  
+  
+  
+    <li class="md-nav__item">
+      <a href="../languages/dotnet/asp.net/filters.html" class="md-nav__link">
+        
+  
+  <span class="md-ellipsis">
+    FIlters
+  </span>
+  
+
+      </a>
+    </li>
+  
+
+              
+            
+              
+                
+  
+  
+  
+  
+    <li class="md-nav__item">
+      <a href="../languages/dotnet/asp.net/middleware.html" class="md-nav__link">
+        
+  
+  <span class="md-ellipsis">
+    Middleware
+  </span>
+  
+
+      </a>
+    </li>
+  
+
+              
+            
+              
+                
+  
+  
+  
+  
+    <li class="md-nav__item">
+      <a href="../languages/dotnet/asp.net/razor-syntax.html" class="md-nav__link">
+        
+  
+  <span class="md-ellipsis">
+    Razor Syntax
+  </span>
+  
+
+      </a>
+    </li>
+  
+
+              
+            
+              
+                
+  
+  
+  
+  
+    <li class="md-nav__item">
+      <a href="../languages/dotnet/asp.net/blazor.html" class="md-nav__link">
+        
+  
+  <span class="md-ellipsis">
+    Blazor
+  </span>
+  
+
+      </a>
+    </li>
+  
+
+              
+            
+              
+                
+  
+  
+  
+  
+    <li class="md-nav__item">
+      <a href="../languages/dotnet/asp.net/signalr.html" class="md-nav__link">
+        
+  
+  <span class="md-ellipsis">
+    SignalR
+  </span>
+  
+
+      </a>
+    </li>
+  
+
+              
+            
+              
+                
+  
+  
+  
+  
+    <li class="md-nav__item">
+      <a href="../languages/dotnet/asp.net/web-forms.html" class="md-nav__link">
+        
+  
+  <span class="md-ellipsis">
+    Web Forms
+  </span>
+  
+
+      </a>
+    </li>
+  
+
+              
+            
+          </ul>
+        </nav>
+      
+    </li>
+  
+
+              
+            
+              
+                
+  
+  
+  
+  
+    
+    
+      
+        
+      
+        
+      
+    
+    
+      
+      
+        
+      
+    
+    
+    <li class="md-nav__item md-nav__item--nested">
+      
+        
+        
+        <input class="md-nav__toggle md-toggle " type="checkbox" id="__nav_4_9_3" >
+        
+          
+          <label class="md-nav__link" for="__nav_4_9_3" id="__nav_4_9_3_label" tabindex="0">
+            
+  
+  <span class="md-ellipsis">
+    Database
+  </span>
+  
+
+            <span class="md-nav__icon md-icon"></span>
+          </label>
+        
+        <nav class="md-nav" data-md-level="3" aria-labelledby="__nav_4_9_3_label" aria-expanded="false">
+          <label class="md-nav__title" for="__nav_4_9_3">
+            <span class="md-nav__icon md-icon"></span>
+            Database
+          </label>
+          <ul class="md-nav__list" data-md-scrollfix>
+            
+              
+                
+  
+  
+  
+  
+    <li class="md-nav__item">
+      <a href="../languages/dotnet/database/ado.net.html" class="md-nav__link">
+        
+  
+  <span class="md-ellipsis">
+    ADO.NET
+  </span>
+  
+
+      </a>
+    </li>
+  
+
+              
+            
+              
+                
+  
+  
+  
+  
+    <li class="md-nav__item">
+      <a href="../languages/dotnet/database/entity-framework.html" class="md-nav__link">
+        
+  
+  <span class="md-ellipsis">
+    Entity Framework
+  </span>
+  
+
+      </a>
+    </li>
+  
+
+              
+            
+          </ul>
+        </nav>
+      
+    </li>
+  
+
+              
+            
+          </ul>
+        </nav>
+      
+    </li>
+  
+
+              
+            
+              
+                
+  
+  
+  
+  
+    
+    
+      
+        
+      
+        
+      
+        
+      
+        
+      
+    
+    
+      
+      
+        
+      
+    
+    
+    <li class="md-nav__item md-nav__item--nested">
+      
+        
+        
+        <input class="md-nav__toggle md-toggle " type="checkbox" id="__nav_4_10" >
+        
+          
+          <label class="md-nav__link" for="__nav_4_10" id="__nav_4_10_label" tabindex="0">
+            
+  
+  <span class="md-ellipsis">
+    Java
+  </span>
+  
+
+            <span class="md-nav__icon md-icon"></span>
+          </label>
+        
+        <nav class="md-nav" data-md-level="2" aria-labelledby="__nav_4_10_label" aria-expanded="false">
+          <label class="md-nav__title" for="__nav_4_10">
+            <span class="md-nav__icon md-icon"></span>
+            Java
+          </label>
+          <ul class="md-nav__list" data-md-scrollfix>
+            
+              
+                
+  
+  
+  
+  
+    <li class="md-nav__item">
+      <a href="../languages/java/java.html" class="md-nav__link">
+        
+  
+  <span class="md-ellipsis">
+    Java
+  </span>
+  
+
+      </a>
+    </li>
+  
+
+              
+            
+              
+                
+  
+  
+  
+  
+    <li class="md-nav__item">
+      <a href="../languages/java/java-collection-framework.html" class="md-nav__link">
+        
+  
+  <span class="md-ellipsis">
+    Java Collection Framework
+  </span>
+  
+
+      </a>
+    </li>
+  
+
+              
+            
+              
+                
+  
+  
+  
+  
+    <li class="md-nav__item">
+      <a href="../languages/java/dao.html" class="md-nav__link">
+        
+  
+  <span class="md-ellipsis">
+    DAO
+  </span>
+  
+
+      </a>
+    </li>
+  
+
+              
+            
+              
+                
+  
+  
+  
+  
+    
+    
+      
+        
+      
+        
+      
+    
+    
+      
+      
+        
+      
+    
+    
+    <li class="md-nav__item md-nav__item--nested">
+      
+        
+        
+        <input class="md-nav__toggle md-toggle " type="checkbox" id="__nav_4_10_4" >
+        
+          
+          <label class="md-nav__link" for="__nav_4_10_4" id="__nav_4_10_4_label" tabindex="0">
+            
+  
+  <span class="md-ellipsis">
+    Web
+  </span>
+  
+
+            <span class="md-nav__icon md-icon"></span>
+          </label>
+        
+        <nav class="md-nav" data-md-level="3" aria-labelledby="__nav_4_10_4_label" aria-expanded="false">
+          <label class="md-nav__title" for="__nav_4_10_4">
+            <span class="md-nav__icon md-icon"></span>
+            Web
+          </label>
+          <ul class="md-nav__list" data-md-scrollfix>
+            
+              
+                
+  
+  
+  
+  
+    <li class="md-nav__item">
+      <a href="../languages/java/web/servlet.html" class="md-nav__link">
+        
+  
+  <span class="md-ellipsis">
+    Serverlet
+  </span>
+  
+
+      </a>
+    </li>
+  
+
+              
+            
+              
+                
+  
+  
+  
+  
+    
+    
+      
+        
+      
+        
+      
+    
+    
+      
+      
+        
+      
+    
+    
+    <li class="md-nav__item md-nav__item--nested">
+      
+        
+        
+        <input class="md-nav__toggle md-toggle " type="checkbox" id="__nav_4_10_4_2" >
+        
+          
+          <label class="md-nav__link" for="__nav_4_10_4_2" id="__nav_4_10_4_2_label" tabindex="0">
+            
+  
+  <span class="md-ellipsis">
+    Spring
+  </span>
+  
+
+            <span class="md-nav__icon md-icon"></span>
+          </label>
+        
+        <nav class="md-nav" data-md-level="4" aria-labelledby="__nav_4_10_4_2_label" aria-expanded="false">
+          <label class="md-nav__title" for="__nav_4_10_4_2">
+            <span class="md-nav__icon md-icon"></span>
+            Spring
+          </label>
+          <ul class="md-nav__list" data-md-scrollfix>
+            
+              
+                
+  
+  
+  
+  
+    <li class="md-nav__item">
+      <a href="../languages/java/spring/pom.xml.html" class="md-nav__link">
+        
+  
+  <span class="md-ellipsis">
+    POM
+  </span>
+  
+
+      </a>
+    </li>
+  
+
+              
+            
+              
+                
+  
+  
+  
+  
+    <li class="md-nav__item">
+      <a href="../languages/java/spring/spring-project.html" class="md-nav__link">
+        
+  
+  <span class="md-ellipsis">
+    Project Structure
+  </span>
+  
+
+      </a>
+    </li>
+  
+
+              
+            
+          </ul>
+        </nav>
+      
+    </li>
+  
+
+              
+            
+          </ul>
+        </nav>
+      
+    </li>
+  
+
+              
+            
+          </ul>
+        </nav>
+      
+    </li>
+  
+
+              
+            
+              
+                
+  
+  
+  
+  
+    
+    
+      
+        
+      
+        
+      
+        
+      
+        
+      
+        
+      
+        
+      
+        
+      
+        
+      
+        
+      
+    
+    
+      
+      
+        
+      
+    
+    
+    <li class="md-nav__item md-nav__item--nested">
+      
+        
+        
+        <input class="md-nav__toggle md-toggle " type="checkbox" id="__nav_4_11" >
+        
+          
+          <label class="md-nav__link" for="__nav_4_11" id="__nav_4_11_label" tabindex="0">
+            
+  
+  <span class="md-ellipsis">
+    PHP
+  </span>
+  
+
+            <span class="md-nav__icon md-icon"></span>
+          </label>
+        
+        <nav class="md-nav" data-md-level="2" aria-labelledby="__nav_4_11_label" aria-expanded="false">
+          <label class="md-nav__title" for="__nav_4_11">
+            <span class="md-nav__icon md-icon"></span>
+            PHP
+          </label>
+          <ul class="md-nav__list" data-md-scrollfix>
+            
+              
+                
+  
+  
+  
+  
+    <li class="md-nav__item">
+      <a href="../languages/php/php.html" class="md-nav__link">
+        
+  
+  <span class="md-ellipsis">
+    PHP
+  </span>
+  
+
+      </a>
+    </li>
+  
+
+              
+            
+              
+                
+  
+  
+  
+  
+    <li class="md-nav__item">
+      <a href="../languages/php/database.html" class="md-nav__link">
+        
+  
+  <span class="md-ellipsis">
+    Database
+  </span>
+  
+
+      </a>
+    </li>
+  
+
+              
+            
+              
+                
+  
+  
+  
+  
+    <li class="md-nav__item">
+      <a href="../languages/php/web.html" class="md-nav__link">
+        
+  
+  <span class="md-ellipsis">
+    Web
+  </span>
+  
+
+      </a>
+    </li>
+  
+
+              
+            
+              
+                
+  
+  
+  
+  
+    <li class="md-nav__item">
+      <a href="../languages/php/dependency-injection.html" class="md-nav__link">
+        
+  
+  <span class="md-ellipsis">
+    Dependency Injection
+  </span>
+  
+
+      </a>
+    </li>
+  
+
+              
+            
+              
+                
+  
+  
+  
+  
+    <li class="md-nav__item">
+      <a href="../languages/php/unit-tests.html" class="md-nav__link">
+        
+  
+  <span class="md-ellipsis">
+    Unit Tests
+  </span>
+  
+
+      </a>
+    </li>
+  
+
+              
+            
+              
+                
+  
+  
+  
+  
+    <li class="md-nav__item">
+      <a href="../languages/php/composer.html" class="md-nav__link">
+        
+  
+  <span class="md-ellipsis">
+    Composer
+  </span>
+  
+
+      </a>
+    </li>
+  
+
+              
+            
+              
+                
+  
+  
+  
+  
+    <li class="md-nav__item">
+      <a href="../languages/php/psr-7.html" class="md-nav__link">
+        
+  
+  <span class="md-ellipsis">
+    PSR 7
+  </span>
+  
+
+      </a>
+    </li>
+  
+
+              
+            
+              
+                
+  
+  
+  
+  
+    <li class="md-nav__item">
+      <a href="../languages/php/plates-templating.html" class="md-nav__link">
+        
+  
+  <span class="md-ellipsis">
+    Plates
+  </span>
+  
+
+      </a>
+    </li>
+  
+
+              
+            
+              
+                
+  
+  
+  
+  
+    
+    
+      
+        
+      
+        
+      
+    
+    
+      
+      
+        
+      
+    
+    
+    <li class="md-nav__item md-nav__item--nested">
+      
+        
+        
+        <input class="md-nav__toggle md-toggle " type="checkbox" id="__nav_4_11_9" >
+        
+          
+          <label class="md-nav__link" for="__nav_4_11_9" id="__nav_4_11_9_label" tabindex="0">
+            
+  
+  <span class="md-ellipsis">
+    Simple MVC
+  </span>
+  
+
+            <span class="md-nav__icon md-icon"></span>
+          </label>
+        
+        <nav class="md-nav" data-md-level="3" aria-labelledby="__nav_4_11_9_label" aria-expanded="false">
+          <label class="md-nav__title" for="__nav_4_11_9">
+            <span class="md-nav__icon md-icon"></span>
+            Simple MVC
+          </label>
+          <ul class="md-nav__list" data-md-scrollfix>
+            
+              
+                
+  
+  
+  
+  
+    <li class="md-nav__item">
+      <a href="../languages/php/simple-mvc/simple-mvc.html" class="md-nav__link">
+        
+  
+  <span class="md-ellipsis">
+    Simple MVC
+  </span>
+  
+
+      </a>
+    </li>
+  
+
+              
+            
+              
+                
+  
+  
+  
+  
+    <li class="md-nav__item">
+      <a href="../languages/php/simple-mvc/rest-api.html" class="md-nav__link">
+        
+  
+  <span class="md-ellipsis">
+    REST API
+  </span>
+  
+
+      </a>
+    </li>
+  
+
+              
+            
+          </ul>
+        </nav>
+      
+    </li>
+  
+
+              
+            
+          </ul>
+        </nav>
+      
+    </li>
+  
+
+              
+            
+              
+                
+  
+  
+  
+  
+    
+    
+      
+        
+      
+        
+      
+        
+      
+        
+      
+        
+      
+    
+    
+      
+      
+        
+      
+    
+    
+    <li class="md-nav__item md-nav__item--nested">
+      
+        
+        
+        <input class="md-nav__toggle md-toggle " type="checkbox" id="__nav_4_12" >
+        
+          
+          <label class="md-nav__link" for="__nav_4_12" id="__nav_4_12_label" tabindex="0">
+            
+  
+  <span class="md-ellipsis">
+    Rust
+  </span>
+  
+
+            <span class="md-nav__icon md-icon"></span>
+          </label>
+        
+        <nav class="md-nav" data-md-level="2" aria-labelledby="__nav_4_12_label" aria-expanded="false">
+          <label class="md-nav__title" for="__nav_4_12">
+            <span class="md-nav__icon md-icon"></span>
+            Rust
+          </label>
+          <ul class="md-nav__list" data-md-scrollfix>
+            
+              
+                
+  
+  
+  
+  
+    <li class="md-nav__item">
+      <a href="../languages/rust/rust.html" class="md-nav__link">
+        
+  
+  <span class="md-ellipsis">
+    Rust
+  </span>
+  
+
+      </a>
+    </li>
+  
+
+              
+            
+              
+                
+  
+  
+  
+  
+    <li class="md-nav__item">
+      <a href="../languages/rust/macros.html" class="md-nav__link">
+        
+  
+  <span class="md-ellipsis">
+    Macros
+  </span>
+  
+
+      </a>
+    </li>
+  
+
+              
+            
+              
+                
+  
+  
+  
+  
+    <li class="md-nav__item">
+      <a href="../languages/rust/cargo.html" class="md-nav__link">
+        
+  
+  <span class="md-ellipsis">
+    Cargo
+  </span>
+  
+
+      </a>
+    </li>
+  
+
+              
+            
+              
+                
+  
+  
+  
+  
+    <li class="md-nav__item">
+      <a href="../languages/rust/concurrency.html" class="md-nav__link">
+        
+  
+  <span class="md-ellipsis">
+    Concurrency
+  </span>
+  
+
+      </a>
+    </li>
+  
+
+              
+            
+              
+                
+  
+  
+  
+  
+    <li class="md-nav__item">
+      <a href="../languages/rust/unit-tests.html" class="md-nav__link">
+        
+  
+  <span class="md-ellipsis">
+    Unit Tests
+  </span>
+  
+
+      </a>
+    </li>
+  
+
+              
+            
+          </ul>
+        </nav>
+      
+    </li>
+  
+
+              
+            
+              
+                
+  
+  
+  
+  
+    
+    
+      
+        
+      
+        
+      
+        
+      
+        
+      
+        
+      
+        
+      
+        
+      
+    
+    
+      
+      
+        
+      
+    
+    
+    <li class="md-nav__item md-nav__item--nested">
+      
+        
+        
+        <input class="md-nav__toggle md-toggle " type="checkbox" id="__nav_4_13" >
+        
+          
+          <label class="md-nav__link" for="__nav_4_13" id="__nav_4_13_label" tabindex="0">
+            
+  
+  <span class="md-ellipsis">
+    Javascript
+  </span>
+  
+
+            <span class="md-nav__icon md-icon"></span>
+          </label>
+        
+        <nav class="md-nav" data-md-level="2" aria-labelledby="__nav_4_13_label" aria-expanded="false">
+          <label class="md-nav__title" for="__nav_4_13">
+            <span class="md-nav__icon md-icon"></span>
+            Javascript
+          </label>
+          <ul class="md-nav__list" data-md-scrollfix>
+            
+              
+                
+  
+  
+  
+  
+    <li class="md-nav__item">
+      <a href="../languages/javascript/javascript.html" class="md-nav__link">
+        
+  
+  <span class="md-ellipsis">
+    Javascript
+  </span>
+  
+
+      </a>
+    </li>
+  
+
+              
+            
+              
+                
+  
+  
+  
+  
+    <li class="md-nav__item">
+      <a href="../languages/javascript/dom.html" class="md-nav__link">
+        
+  
+  <span class="md-ellipsis">
+    DOM
+  </span>
+  
+
+      </a>
+    </li>
+  
+
+              
+            
+              
+                
+  
+  
+  
+  
+    <li class="md-nav__item">
+      <a href="../languages/javascript/events-animation.html" class="md-nav__link">
+        
+  
+  <span class="md-ellipsis">
+    Events & Animation
+  </span>
+  
+
+      </a>
+    </li>
+  
+
+              
+            
+              
+                
+  
+  
+  
+  
+    <li class="md-nav__item">
+      <a href="../languages/javascript/ajax.html" class="md-nav__link">
+        
+  
+  <span class="md-ellipsis">
+    AJAX
+  </span>
+  
+
+      </a>
+    </li>
+  
+
+              
+            
+              
+                
+  
+  
+  
+  
+    <li class="md-nav__item">
+      <a href="../languages/javascript/jquery.html" class="md-nav__link">
+        
+  
+  <span class="md-ellipsis">
+    jQuery
+  </span>
+  
+
+      </a>
+    </li>
+  
+
+              
+            
+              
+                
+  
+  
+  
+  
+    
+    
+      
+        
+      
+        
+      
+        
+      
+        
+      
+        
+      
+    
+    
+      
+      
+        
+      
+    
+    
+    <li class="md-nav__item md-nav__item--nested">
+      
+        
+        
+        <input class="md-nav__toggle md-toggle " type="checkbox" id="__nav_4_13_6" >
+        
+          
+          <label class="md-nav__link" for="__nav_4_13_6" id="__nav_4_13_6_label" tabindex="0">
+            
+  
+  <span class="md-ellipsis">
+    React
+  </span>
+  
+
+            <span class="md-nav__icon md-icon"></span>
+          </label>
+        
+        <nav class="md-nav" data-md-level="3" aria-labelledby="__nav_4_13_6_label" aria-expanded="false">
+          <label class="md-nav__title" for="__nav_4_13_6">
+            <span class="md-nav__icon md-icon"></span>
+            React
+          </label>
+          <ul class="md-nav__list" data-md-scrollfix>
+            
+              
+                
+  
+  
+  
+  
+    <li class="md-nav__item">
+      <a href="../languages/javascript/react/react.html" class="md-nav__link">
+        
+  
+  <span class="md-ellipsis">
+    React
+  </span>
+  
+
+      </a>
+    </li>
+  
+
+              
+            
+              
+                
+  
+  
+  
+  
+    <li class="md-nav__item">
+      <a href="../languages/javascript/react/react-router.html" class="md-nav__link">
+        
+  
+  <span class="md-ellipsis">
+    React Router
+  </span>
+  
+
+      </a>
+    </li>
+  
+
+              
+            
+              
+                
+  
+  
+  
+  
+    <li class="md-nav__item">
+      <a href="../languages/javascript/react/react-tests.html" class="md-nav__link">
+        
+  
+  <span class="md-ellipsis">
+    React Tests
+  </span>
+  
+
+      </a>
+    </li>
+  
+
+              
+            
+              
+                
+  
+  
+  
+  
+    <li class="md-nav__item">
+      <a href="../languages/javascript/react/redux.html" class="md-nav__link">
+        
+  
+  <span class="md-ellipsis">
+    Redux
+  </span>
+  
+
+      </a>
+    </li>
+  
+
+              
+            
+              
+                
+  
+  
+  
+  
+    <li class="md-nav__item">
+      <a href="../languages/javascript/react/redux-tests.html" class="md-nav__link">
+        
+  
+  <span class="md-ellipsis">
+    Redux Tests
+  </span>
+  
+
+      </a>
+    </li>
+  
+
+              
+            
+          </ul>
+        </nav>
+      
+    </li>
+  
+
+              
+            
+              
+                
+  
+  
+  
+  
+    <li class="md-nav__item">
+      <a href="../languages/javascript/svelte/svelte.html" class="md-nav__link">
+        
+  
+  <span class="md-ellipsis">
+    Svelte
+  </span>
+  
+
+      </a>
+    </li>
+  
+
+              
+            
+          </ul>
+        </nav>
+      
+    </li>
+  
+
+              
+            
+              
+                
+  
+  
+  
+  
+    
+    
+      
+        
+      
+        
+      
+    
+    
+      
+      
+        
+      
+    
+    
+    <li class="md-nav__item md-nav__item--nested">
+      
+        
+        
+        <input class="md-nav__toggle md-toggle " type="checkbox" id="__nav_4_14" >
+        
+          
+          <label class="md-nav__link" for="__nav_4_14" id="__nav_4_14_label" tabindex="0">
+            
+  
+  <span class="md-ellipsis">
+    PowerShell
+  </span>
+  
+
+            <span class="md-nav__icon md-icon"></span>
+          </label>
+        
+        <nav class="md-nav" data-md-level="2" aria-labelledby="__nav_4_14_label" aria-expanded="false">
+          <label class="md-nav__title" for="__nav_4_14">
+            <span class="md-nav__icon md-icon"></span>
+            PowerShell
+          </label>
+          <ul class="md-nav__list" data-md-scrollfix>
+            
+              
+                
+  
+  
+  
+  
+    <li class="md-nav__item">
+      <a href="../languages/powershell/scripting.html" class="md-nav__link">
+        
+  
+  <span class="md-ellipsis">
+    Scripting
+  </span>
+  
+
+      </a>
+    </li>
+  
+
+              
+            
+              
+                
+  
+  
+  
+  
+    <li class="md-nav__item">
+      <a href="../languages/powershell/commands.html" class="md-nav__link">
+        
+  
+  <span class="md-ellipsis">
+    Commands
+  </span>
+  
+
+      </a>
+    </li>
+  
+
+              
+            
+          </ul>
+        </nav>
+      
+    </li>
+  
+
+              
+            
+              
+                
+  
+  
+  
+  
+    
+    
+      
+        
+      
+        
+      
+    
+    
+      
+      
+        
+      
+    
+    
+    <li class="md-nav__item md-nav__item--nested">
+      
+        
+        
+        <input class="md-nav__toggle md-toggle " type="checkbox" id="__nav_4_15" >
+        
+          
+          <label class="md-nav__link" for="__nav_4_15" id="__nav_4_15_label" tabindex="0">
+            
+  
+  <span class="md-ellipsis">
+    Bash
+  </span>
+  
+
+            <span class="md-nav__icon md-icon"></span>
+          </label>
+        
+        <nav class="md-nav" data-md-level="2" aria-labelledby="__nav_4_15_label" aria-expanded="false">
+          <label class="md-nav__title" for="__nav_4_15">
+            <span class="md-nav__icon md-icon"></span>
+            Bash
+          </label>
+          <ul class="md-nav__list" data-md-scrollfix>
+            
+              
+                
+  
+  
+  
+  
+    <li class="md-nav__item">
+      <a href="../languages/bash/scripting.html" class="md-nav__link">
+        
+  
+  <span class="md-ellipsis">
+    Scripting
+  </span>
+  
+
+      </a>
+    </li>
+  
+
+              
+            
+              
+                
+  
+  
+  
+  
+    <li class="md-nav__item">
+      <a href="../languages/bash/commands.html" class="md-nav__link">
+        
+  
+  <span class="md-ellipsis">
+    Commands
+  </span>
+  
+
+      </a>
+    </li>
+  
+
+              
+            
+          </ul>
+        </nav>
+      
+    </li>
+  
+
+              
+            
+          </ul>
+        </nav>
+      
+    </li>
+  
+
+    
+      
+      
+  
+  
+    
+  
+  
+  
+    
+    
+      
+        
+      
+        
+      
+        
+      
+        
+      
+        
+      
+    
+    
+      
+        
+        
+      
+      
+        
+      
+    
+    
+    <li class="md-nav__item md-nav__item--active md-nav__item--section md-nav__item--nested">
+      
+        
+        
+        <input class="md-nav__toggle md-toggle " type="checkbox" id="__nav_5" checked>
+        
+          
+          <label class="md-nav__link" for="__nav_5" id="__nav_5_label" tabindex="">
+            
+  
+  <span class="md-ellipsis">
+    Misc
+  </span>
+  
+
+            <span class="md-nav__icon md-icon"></span>
+          </label>
+        
+        <nav class="md-nav" data-md-level="1" aria-labelledby="__nav_5_label" aria-expanded="true">
+          <label class="md-nav__title" for="__nav_5">
+            <span class="md-nav__icon md-icon"></span>
+            Misc
+          </label>
+          <ul class="md-nav__list" data-md-scrollfix>
+            
+              
+                
+  
+  
+  
+  
+    <li class="md-nav__item">
+      <a href="git.html" class="md-nav__link">
+        
+  
+  <span class="md-ellipsis">
+    Git
+  </span>
+  
+
+      </a>
+    </li>
+  
+
+              
+            
+              
+                
+  
+  
+  
+  
+    <li class="md-nav__item">
+      <a href="graph-ql.html" class="md-nav__link">
+        
+  
+  <span class="md-ellipsis">
+    GraphQL
+  </span>
+  
+
+      </a>
+    </li>
+  
+
+              
+            
+              
+                
+  
+  
+  
+  
+    <li class="md-nav__item">
+      <a href="regular-expressions.html" class="md-nav__link">
+        
+  
+  <span class="md-ellipsis">
+    RegEx
+  </span>
+  
+
+      </a>
+    </li>
+  
+
+              
+            
+              
+                
+  
+  
+    
+  
+  
+  
+    <li class="md-nav__item md-nav__item--active">
+      
+      <input class="md-nav__toggle md-toggle" type="checkbox" id="__toc">
+      
+      
+        
+      
+      
+        <label class="md-nav__link md-nav__link--active" for="__toc">
+          
+  
+  <span class="md-ellipsis">
+    SSH
+  </span>
+  
+
+          <span class="md-nav__icon md-icon"></span>
+        </label>
+      
+      <a href="ssh.html" class="md-nav__link md-nav__link--active">
+        
+  
+  <span class="md-ellipsis">
+    SSH
+  </span>
+  
+
+      </a>
+      
+        
+
+<nav class="md-nav md-nav--secondary" aria-label="Table of contents">
+  
+  
+  
+    
+  
+  
+    <label class="md-nav__title" for="__toc">
+      <span class="md-nav__icon md-icon"></span>
+      Table of contents
+    </label>
+    <ul class="md-nav__list" data-md-component="toc" data-md-scrollfix>
+      
+        <li class="md-nav__item">
+  <a href="#basics" class="md-nav__link">
+    <span class="md-ellipsis">
+      Basics
+    </span>
+  </a>
+  
+    <nav class="md-nav" aria-label="Basics">
+      <ul class="md-nav__list">
+        
+          <li class="md-nav__item">
+  <a href="#jump-hosts" class="md-nav__link">
+    <span class="md-ellipsis">
+      Jump-Hosts
+    </span>
+  </a>
+  
+</li>
+        
+      </ul>
+    </nav>
+  
+</li>
+      
+        <li class="md-nav__item">
+  <a href="#port-forwarding" class="md-nav__link">
+    <span class="md-ellipsis">
+      Port Forwarding
+    </span>
+  </a>
+  
+    <nav class="md-nav" aria-label="Port Forwarding">
+      <ul class="md-nav__list">
+        
+          <li class="md-nav__item">
+  <a href="#local-port-forwarding" class="md-nav__link">
+    <span class="md-ellipsis">
+      Local Port Forwarding
+    </span>
+  </a>
+  
+</li>
+        
+          <li class="md-nav__item">
+  <a href="#remote-port-forwarding" class="md-nav__link">
+    <span class="md-ellipsis">
+      Remote Port Forwarding
+    </span>
+  </a>
+  
+</li>
+        
+      </ul>
+    </nav>
+  
+</li>
+      
+    </ul>
+  
+</nav>
+      
+    </li>
+  
+
+              
+            
+              
+                
+  
+  
+  
+  
+    <li class="md-nav__item">
+      <a href="web-components.html" class="md-nav__link">
+        
+  
+  <span class="md-ellipsis">
+    WebComponents
+  </span>
+  
+
+      </a>
+    </li>
+  
+
+              
+            
+          </ul>
+        </nav>
+      
+    </li>
+  
+
+    
+      
+      
+  
+  
+  
+  
+    
+    
+      
+        
+      
+        
+      
+    
+    
+      
+      
+        
+      
+    
+    
+    <li class="md-nav__item md-nav__item--nested">
+      
+        
+        
+        <input class="md-nav__toggle md-toggle " type="checkbox" id="__nav_6" >
+        
+          
+          <label class="md-nav__link" for="__nav_6" id="__nav_6_label" tabindex="0">
+            
+  
+  <span class="md-ellipsis">
+    Linux
+  </span>
+  
+
+            <span class="md-nav__icon md-icon"></span>
+          </label>
+        
+        <nav class="md-nav" data-md-level="1" aria-labelledby="__nav_6_label" aria-expanded="false">
+          <label class="md-nav__title" for="__nav_6">
+            <span class="md-nav__icon md-icon"></span>
+            Linux
+          </label>
+          <ul class="md-nav__list" data-md-scrollfix>
+            
+              
+                
+  
+  
+  
+  
+    
+    
+      
+        
+      
+        
+      
+        
+      
+    
+    
+      
+      
+        
+      
+    
+    
+    <li class="md-nav__item md-nav__item--nested">
+      
+        
+        
+        <input class="md-nav__toggle md-toggle " type="checkbox" id="__nav_6_1" >
+        
+          
+          <label class="md-nav__link" for="__nav_6_1" id="__nav_6_1_label" tabindex="0">
+            
+  
+  <span class="md-ellipsis">
+    Filesystem
+  </span>
+  
+
+            <span class="md-nav__icon md-icon"></span>
+          </label>
+        
+        <nav class="md-nav" data-md-level="2" aria-labelledby="__nav_6_1_label" aria-expanded="false">
+          <label class="md-nav__title" for="__nav_6_1">
+            <span class="md-nav__icon md-icon"></span>
+            Filesystem
+          </label>
+          <ul class="md-nav__list" data-md-scrollfix>
+            
+              
+                
+  
+  
+  
+  
+    <li class="md-nav__item">
+      <a href="../linux/filesystem/file-links.html" class="md-nav__link">
+        
+  
+  <span class="md-ellipsis">
+    File Links
+  </span>
+  
+
+      </a>
+    </li>
+  
+
+              
+            
+              
+                
+  
+  
+  
+  
+    <li class="md-nav__item">
+      <a href="../linux/filesystem/procfs.html" class="md-nav__link">
+        
+  
+  <span class="md-ellipsis">
+    /proc
+  </span>
+  
+
+      </a>
+    </li>
+  
+
+              
+            
+              
+                
+  
+  
+  
+  
+    <li class="md-nav__item">
+      <a href="../linux/filesystem/sysfs.html" class="md-nav__link">
+        
+  
+  <span class="md-ellipsis">
+    /sys
+  </span>
+  
+
+      </a>
+    </li>
+  
+
+              
+            
+          </ul>
+        </nav>
+      
+    </li>
+  
+
+              
+            
+              
+                
+  
+  
+  
+  
+    
+    
+      
+        
+      
+        
+      
+    
+    
+      
+      
+        
+      
+    
+    
+    <li class="md-nav__item md-nav__item--nested">
+      
+        
+        
+        <input class="md-nav__toggle md-toggle " type="checkbox" id="__nav_6_2" >
+        
+          
+          <label class="md-nav__link" for="__nav_6_2" id="__nav_6_2_label" tabindex="0">
+            
+  
+  <span class="md-ellipsis">
+    System Init
+  </span>
+  
+
+            <span class="md-nav__icon md-icon"></span>
+          </label>
+        
+        <nav class="md-nav" data-md-level="2" aria-labelledby="__nav_6_2_label" aria-expanded="false">
+          <label class="md-nav__title" for="__nav_6_2">
+            <span class="md-nav__icon md-icon"></span>
+            System Init
+          </label>
+          <ul class="md-nav__list" data-md-scrollfix>
+            
+              
+                
+  
+  
+  
+  
+    <li class="md-nav__item">
+      <a href="../linux/init/systemd.html" class="md-nav__link">
+        
+  
+  <span class="md-ellipsis">
+    Systemd
+  </span>
+  
+
+      </a>
+    </li>
+  
+
+              
+            
+              
+                
+  
+  
+  
+  
+    <li class="md-nav__item">
+      <a href="../linux/init/open-rc.html" class="md-nav__link">
+        
+  
+  <span class="md-ellipsis">
+    OpenRC
+  </span>
+  
+
+      </a>
+    </li>
+  
+
+              
+            
+          </ul>
+        </nav>
+      
+    </li>
+  
+
+              
+            
+          </ul>
+        </nav>
+      
+    </li>
+  
+
+    
+  </ul>
+</nav>
+                  </div>
+                </div>
+              </div>
+            
+            
+              
+              <div class="md-sidebar md-sidebar--secondary" data-md-component="sidebar" data-md-type="toc" >
+                <div class="md-sidebar__scrollwrap">
+                  <div class="md-sidebar__inner">
+                    
+
+<nav class="md-nav md-nav--secondary" aria-label="Table of contents">
+  
+  
+  
+    
+  
+  
+    <label class="md-nav__title" for="__toc">
+      <span class="md-nav__icon md-icon"></span>
+      Table of contents
+    </label>
+    <ul class="md-nav__list" data-md-component="toc" data-md-scrollfix>
+      
+        <li class="md-nav__item">
+  <a href="#basics" class="md-nav__link">
+    <span class="md-ellipsis">
+      Basics
+    </span>
+  </a>
+  
+    <nav class="md-nav" aria-label="Basics">
+      <ul class="md-nav__list">
+        
+          <li class="md-nav__item">
+  <a href="#jump-hosts" class="md-nav__link">
+    <span class="md-ellipsis">
+      Jump-Hosts
+    </span>
+  </a>
+  
+</li>
+        
+      </ul>
+    </nav>
+  
+</li>
+      
+        <li class="md-nav__item">
+  <a href="#port-forwarding" class="md-nav__link">
+    <span class="md-ellipsis">
+      Port Forwarding
+    </span>
+  </a>
+  
+    <nav class="md-nav" aria-label="Port Forwarding">
+      <ul class="md-nav__list">
+        
+          <li class="md-nav__item">
+  <a href="#local-port-forwarding" class="md-nav__link">
+    <span class="md-ellipsis">
+      Local Port Forwarding
+    </span>
+  </a>
+  
+</li>
+        
+          <li class="md-nav__item">
+  <a href="#remote-port-forwarding" class="md-nav__link">
+    <span class="md-ellipsis">
+      Remote Port Forwarding
+    </span>
+  </a>
+  
+</li>
+        
+      </ul>
+    </nav>
+  
+</li>
+      
+    </ul>
+  
+</nav>
+                  </div>
+                </div>
+              </div>
+            
+          
+          
+            <div class="md-content" data-md-component="content">
+              <article class="md-content__inner md-typeset">
+                
+                  
+
+  
+  
+
+
+<h1 id="ssh">SSH</h1>
+<p><code>ssh</code> is a program for logging into a remote machine and for executing commands on a remote machine. It is intended to provide secure encrypted communications between two untrusted hosts over an insecure network.</p>
+<h2 id="basics">Basics</h2>
+<div class="highlight"><table class="highlighttable"><tr><th colspan="2" class="filename"><span class="filename">Bash</span></th></tr><tr><td class="linenos"><div class="linenodiv"><pre><span></span><span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-0-1">1</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-0-2">2</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-0-3">3</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-0-4">4</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-0-5">5</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-0-6">6</a></span></pre></div></td><td class="code"><div><pre><span></span><code><a id="__codelineno-0-1" name="__codelineno-0-1"></a>ssh<span class="w"> </span>user@destination<span class="w"> </span>&lt;command&gt;<span class="w"> </span><span class="c1"># exec &lt;command&gt; in remote machine ($SHELL if omitted)</span>
+<a id="__codelineno-0-2" name="__codelineno-0-2"></a>ssh<span class="w"> </span>user@destination<span class="w"> </span>-i<span class="w"> </span>&lt;path/to/private-key&gt;<span class="w">  </span><span class="c1"># use key for auth</span>
+<a id="__codelineno-0-3" name="__codelineno-0-3"></a>ssh<span class="w"> </span>user@destination<span class="w"> </span>-f<span class="w">  </span><span class="c1"># exec ssh in the background</span>
+<a id="__codelineno-0-4" name="__codelineno-0-4"></a>ssh<span class="w"> </span>user@destination<span class="w"> </span>-N<span class="w">  </span><span class="c1"># do not send commands to the server (do not start $SHELL)</span>
+<a id="__codelineno-0-5" name="__codelineno-0-5"></a>ssh<span class="w"> </span>user@destination<span class="w"> </span>-g<span class="w">  </span><span class="c1"># allow remote hosts to connect to local forwarded ports</span>
+<a id="__codelineno-0-6" name="__codelineno-0-6"></a>ssh<span class="w"> </span>user@destination<span class="w"> </span>-t<span class="w">  </span><span class="c1"># force pseudo-tty emulation</span>
+</code></pre></div></td></tr></table></div>
+<blockquote>
+<p><strong>Note</strong>: use <code>~</code> while connected to use the "ssh console".</p>
+</blockquote>
+<h3 id="jump-hosts">Jump-Hosts</h3>
+<p>Connect to the final destination jumping through the specifies other destinations.</p>
+<div class="highlight"><table class="highlighttable"><tr><th colspan="2" class="filename"><span class="filename">Bash</span></th></tr><tr><td class="linenos"><div class="linenodiv"><pre><span></span><span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-1-1">1</a></span></pre></div></td><td class="code"><div><pre><span></span><code><a id="__codelineno-1-1" name="__codelineno-1-1"></a>ssh<span class="w"> </span>-J<span class="w"> </span>user_1@destination_1,user_2@destination_2<span class="w"> </span>user@final_destination
+</code></pre></div></td></tr></table></div>
+<h2 id="port-forwarding">Port Forwarding</h2>
+<p><img alt="ssh-tunnels" src="https://iximiuz.com/ssh-tunnels/ssh-tunnels.png" title="SSH Tunnels Cheat Sheet By Ivan Velichko" /></p>
+<h3 id="local-port-forwarding">Local Port Forwarding</h3>
+<p>Start listening on <code>local_address:local_port</code> and forward any traffic to <code>remote_address:remote_port</code>.</p>
+<div class="highlight"><table class="highlighttable"><tr><th colspan="2" class="filename"><span class="filename">Bash</span></th></tr><tr><td class="linenos"><div class="linenodiv"><pre><span></span><span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-2-1">1</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-2-2">2</a></span></pre></div></td><td class="code"><div><pre><span></span><code><a id="__codelineno-2-1" name="__codelineno-2-1"></a>ssh<span class="w"> </span>-N<span class="w"> </span>-f<span class="w"> </span>-L<span class="w"> </span>local_address:local_port:remote_address:remote_port<span class="w"> </span>user@destination
+<a id="__codelineno-2-2" name="__codelineno-2-2"></a>ssh<span class="w"> </span>-N<span class="w"> </span>-f<span class="w"> </span>-L<span class="w"> </span>local_port:remote_address:remote_port<span class="w"> </span>user@destination<span class="w">  </span><span class="c1"># local_address defaults to localhost</span>
+</code></pre></div></td></tr></table></div>
+<h3 id="remote-port-forwarding">Remote Port Forwarding</h3>
+<p>Start listening on <code>remote_address:remote_port</code> and forward any traffic to <code>local_address:local_port</code>.</p>
+<div class="highlight"><table class="highlighttable"><tr><th colspan="2" class="filename"><span class="filename">Bash</span></th></tr><tr><td class="linenos"><div class="linenodiv"><pre><span></span><span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-3-1">1</a></span></pre></div></td><td class="code"><div><pre><span></span><code><a id="__codelineno-3-1" name="__codelineno-3-1"></a>ssh<span class="w"> </span>-N<span class="w"> </span>-f<span class="w"> </span>-R<span class="w"> </span>remote_address:remote_port:local_address:local_port<span class="w"> </span>user@destination
+</code></pre></div></td></tr></table></div>
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+        
+  
+  <span class="md-ellipsis">
+    shutil
+  </span>
+  
+
+      </a>
+    </li>
+  
+
+              
+            
+              
+                
+  
+  
+  
+  
+    <li class="md-nav__item">
+      <a href="../languages/python/modules/smtplib.html" class="md-nav__link">
+        
+  
+  <span class="md-ellipsis">
+    smtplib
+  </span>
+  
+
+      </a>
+    </li>
+  
+
+              
+            
+              
+                
+  
+  
+  
+  
+    <li class="md-nav__item">
+      <a href="../languages/python/modules/socket.html" class="md-nav__link">
+        
+  
+  <span class="md-ellipsis">
+    socket
+  </span>
+  
+
+      </a>
+    </li>
+  
+
+              
+            
+              
+                
+  
+  
+  
+  
+    <li class="md-nav__item">
+      <a href="../languages/python/modules/sqlite.html" class="md-nav__link">
+        
+  
+  <span class="md-ellipsis">
+    sqlite
+  </span>
+  
+
+      </a>
+    </li>
+  
+
+              
+            
+              
+                
+  
+  
+  
+  
+    <li class="md-nav__item">
+      <a href="../languages/python/modules/time-datetime.html" class="md-nav__link">
+        
+  
+  <span class="md-ellipsis">
+    time & datetime
+  </span>
+  
+
+      </a>
+    </li>
+  
+
+              
+            
+              
+                
+  
+  
+  
+  
+    <li class="md-nav__item">
+      <a href="../languages/python/modules/unittest.html" class="md-nav__link">
+        
+  
+  <span class="md-ellipsis">
+    unittest
+  </span>
+  
+
+      </a>
+    </li>
+  
+
+              
+            
+          </ul>
+        </nav>
+      
+    </li>
+  
+
+              
+            
+              
+                
+  
+  
+  
+  
+    
+    
+      
+        
+      
+        
+      
+        
+      
+        
+      
+        
+      
+        
+      
+    
+    
+      
+      
+        
+      
+    
+    
+    <li class="md-nav__item md-nav__item--nested">
+      
+        
+        
+        <input class="md-nav__toggle md-toggle " type="checkbox" id="__nav_4_8_3" >
+        
+          
+          <label class="md-nav__link" for="__nav_4_8_3" id="__nav_4_8_3_label" tabindex="0">
+            
+  
+  <span class="md-ellipsis">
+    Libraries
+  </span>
+  
+
+            <span class="md-nav__icon md-icon"></span>
+          </label>
+        
+        <nav class="md-nav" data-md-level="3" aria-labelledby="__nav_4_8_3_label" aria-expanded="false">
+          <label class="md-nav__title" for="__nav_4_8_3">
+            <span class="md-nav__icon md-icon"></span>
+            Libraries
+          </label>
+          <ul class="md-nav__list" data-md-scrollfix>
+            
+              
+                
+  
+  
+  
+  
+    <li class="md-nav__item">
+      <a href="../languages/python/libs/tkinter.html" class="md-nav__link">
+        
+  
+  <span class="md-ellipsis">
+    TKinter
+  </span>
+  
+
+      </a>
+    </li>
+  
+
+              
+            
+              
+                
+  
+  
+  
+  
+    <li class="md-nav__item">
+      <a href="../languages/python/libs/numpy.html" class="md-nav__link">
+        
+  
+  <span class="md-ellipsis">
+    Numpy
+  </span>
+  
+
+      </a>
+    </li>
+  
+
+              
+            
+              
+                
+  
+  
+  
+  
+    <li class="md-nav__item">
+      <a href="../languages/python/libs/pandas.html" class="md-nav__link">
+        
+  
+  <span class="md-ellipsis">
+    Pandas
+  </span>
+  
+
+      </a>
+    </li>
+  
+
+              
+            
+              
+                
+  
+  
+  
+  
+    <li class="md-nav__item">
+      <a href="../languages/python/libs/seaborn.html" class="md-nav__link">
+        
+  
+  <span class="md-ellipsis">
+    Seaborn
+  </span>
+  
+
+      </a>
+    </li>
+  
+
+              
+            
+              
+                
+  
+  
+  
+  
+    <li class="md-nav__item">
+      <a href="../languages/python/libs/requests.html" class="md-nav__link">
+        
+  
+  <span class="md-ellipsis">
+    Requests
+  </span>
+  
+
+      </a>
+    </li>
+  
+
+              
+            
+              
+                
+  
+  
+  
+  
+    <li class="md-nav__item">
+      <a href="../languages/python/libs/beautiful-soup.html" class="md-nav__link">
+        
+  
+  <span class="md-ellipsis">
+    Beatiful Soup
+  </span>
+  
+
+      </a>
+    </li>
+  
+
+              
+            
+          </ul>
+        </nav>
+      
+    </li>
+  
+
+              
+            
+          </ul>
+        </nav>
+      
+    </li>
+  
+
+              
+            
+              
+                
+  
+  
+  
+  
+    
+    
+      
+        
+      
+        
+      
+        
+      
+    
+    
+      
+      
+        
+      
+    
+    
+    <li class="md-nav__item md-nav__item--nested">
+      
+        
+        
+        <input class="md-nav__toggle md-toggle " type="checkbox" id="__nav_4_9" >
+        
+          
+          <label class="md-nav__link" for="__nav_4_9" id="__nav_4_9_label" tabindex="0">
+            
+  
+  <span class="md-ellipsis">
+    .NET
+  </span>
+  
+
+            <span class="md-nav__icon md-icon"></span>
+          </label>
+        
+        <nav class="md-nav" data-md-level="2" aria-labelledby="__nav_4_9_label" aria-expanded="false">
+          <label class="md-nav__title" for="__nav_4_9">
+            <span class="md-nav__icon md-icon"></span>
+            .NET
+          </label>
+          <ul class="md-nav__list" data-md-scrollfix>
+            
+              
+                
+  
+  
+  
+  
+    
+    
+      
+        
+      
+        
+      
+        
+      
+        
+      
+        
+      
+        
+      
+    
+    
+      
+      
+        
+      
+    
+    
+    <li class="md-nav__item md-nav__item--nested">
+      
+        
+        
+        <input class="md-nav__toggle md-toggle " type="checkbox" id="__nav_4_9_1" >
+        
+          
+          <label class="md-nav__link" for="__nav_4_9_1" id="__nav_4_9_1_label" tabindex="0">
+            
+  
+  <span class="md-ellipsis">
+    C#
+  </span>
+  
+
+            <span class="md-nav__icon md-icon"></span>
+          </label>
+        
+        <nav class="md-nav" data-md-level="3" aria-labelledby="__nav_4_9_1_label" aria-expanded="false">
+          <label class="md-nav__title" for="__nav_4_9_1">
+            <span class="md-nav__icon md-icon"></span>
+            C#
+          </label>
+          <ul class="md-nav__list" data-md-scrollfix>
+            
+              
+                
+  
+  
+  
+  
+    <li class="md-nav__item">
+      <a href="../languages/dotnet/csharp/csharp.html" class="md-nav__link">
+        
+  
+  <span class="md-ellipsis">
+    C#
+  </span>
+  
+
+      </a>
+    </li>
+  
+
+              
+            
+              
+                
+  
+  
+  
+  
+    <li class="md-nav__item">
+      <a href="../languages/dotnet/csharp/linq.html" class="md-nav__link">
+        
+  
+  <span class="md-ellipsis">
+    Linq
+  </span>
+  
+
+      </a>
+    </li>
+  
+
+              
+            
+              
+                
+  
+  
+  
+  
+    <li class="md-nav__item">
+      <a href="../languages/dotnet/csharp/collections.html" class="md-nav__link">
+        
+  
+  <span class="md-ellipsis">
+    Collections
+  </span>
+  
+
+      </a>
+    </li>
+  
+
+              
+            
+              
+                
+  
+  
+  
+  
+    <li class="md-nav__item">
+      <a href="../languages/dotnet/csharp/reactive-extensions.html" class="md-nav__link">
+        
+  
+  <span class="md-ellipsis">
+    Reactive Extensions
+  </span>
+  
+
+      </a>
+    </li>
+  
+
+              
+            
+              
+                
+  
+  
+  
+  
+    <li class="md-nav__item">
+      <a href="../languages/dotnet/csharp/async-programming.html" class="md-nav__link">
+        
+  
+  <span class="md-ellipsis">
+    Async Programming
+  </span>
+  
+
+      </a>
+    </li>
+  
+
+              
+            
+              
+                
+  
+  
+  
+  
+    <li class="md-nav__item">
+      <a href="../languages/dotnet/csharp/unit-tests.html" class="md-nav__link">
+        
+  
+  <span class="md-ellipsis">
+    Unit Tests
+  </span>
+  
+
+      </a>
+    </li>
+  
+
+              
+            
+          </ul>
+        </nav>
+      
+    </li>
+  
+
+              
+            
+              
+                
+  
+  
+  
+  
+    
+    
+      
+        
+      
+        
+      
+        
+      
+        
+      
+        
+      
+        
+      
+        
+      
+    
+    
+      
+      
+        
+      
+    
+    
+    <li class="md-nav__item md-nav__item--nested">
+      
+        
+        
+        <input class="md-nav__toggle md-toggle " type="checkbox" id="__nav_4_9_2" >
+        
+          
+          <label class="md-nav__link" for="__nav_4_9_2" id="__nav_4_9_2_label" tabindex="0">
+            
+  
+  <span class="md-ellipsis">
+    ASP.NET
+  </span>
+  
+
+            <span class="md-nav__icon md-icon"></span>
+          </label>
+        
+        <nav class="md-nav" data-md-level="3" aria-labelledby="__nav_4_9_2_label" aria-expanded="false">
+          <label class="md-nav__title" for="__nav_4_9_2">
+            <span class="md-nav__icon md-icon"></span>
+            ASP.NET
+          </label>
+          <ul class="md-nav__list" data-md-scrollfix>
+            
+              
+                
+  
+  
+  
+  
+    <li class="md-nav__item">
+      <a href="../languages/dotnet/asp.net/minimal-api.html" class="md-nav__link">
+        
+  
+  <span class="md-ellipsis">
+    Minimal API
+  </span>
+  
+
+      </a>
+    </li>
+  
+
+              
+            
+              
+                
+  
+  
+  
+  
+    <li class="md-nav__item">
+      <a href="../languages/dotnet/asp.net/filters.html" class="md-nav__link">
+        
+  
+  <span class="md-ellipsis">
+    FIlters
+  </span>
+  
+
+      </a>
+    </li>
+  
+
+              
+            
+              
+                
+  
+  
+  
+  
+    <li class="md-nav__item">
+      <a href="../languages/dotnet/asp.net/middleware.html" class="md-nav__link">
+        
+  
+  <span class="md-ellipsis">
+    Middleware
+  </span>
+  
+
+      </a>
+    </li>
+  
+
+              
+            
+              
+                
+  
+  
+  
+  
+    <li class="md-nav__item">
+      <a href="../languages/dotnet/asp.net/razor-syntax.html" class="md-nav__link">
+        
+  
+  <span class="md-ellipsis">
+    Razor Syntax
+  </span>
+  
+
+      </a>
+    </li>
+  
+
+              
+            
+              
+                
+  
+  
+  
+  
+    <li class="md-nav__item">
+      <a href="../languages/dotnet/asp.net/blazor.html" class="md-nav__link">
+        
+  
+  <span class="md-ellipsis">
+    Blazor
+  </span>
+  
+
+      </a>
+    </li>
+  
+
+              
+            
+              
+                
+  
+  
+  
+  
+    <li class="md-nav__item">
+      <a href="../languages/dotnet/asp.net/signalr.html" class="md-nav__link">
+        
+  
+  <span class="md-ellipsis">
+    SignalR
+  </span>
+  
+
+      </a>
+    </li>
+  
+
+              
+            
+              
+                
+  
+  
+  
+  
+    <li class="md-nav__item">
+      <a href="../languages/dotnet/asp.net/web-forms.html" class="md-nav__link">
+        
+  
+  <span class="md-ellipsis">
+    Web Forms
+  </span>
+  
+
+      </a>
+    </li>
+  
+
+              
+            
+          </ul>
+        </nav>
+      
+    </li>
+  
+
+              
+            
+              
+                
+  
+  
+  
+  
+    
+    
+      
+        
+      
+        
+      
+    
+    
+      
+      
+        
+      
+    
+    
+    <li class="md-nav__item md-nav__item--nested">
+      
+        
+        
+        <input class="md-nav__toggle md-toggle " type="checkbox" id="__nav_4_9_3" >
+        
+          
+          <label class="md-nav__link" for="__nav_4_9_3" id="__nav_4_9_3_label" tabindex="0">
+            
+  
+  <span class="md-ellipsis">
+    Database
+  </span>
+  
+
+            <span class="md-nav__icon md-icon"></span>
+          </label>
+        
+        <nav class="md-nav" data-md-level="3" aria-labelledby="__nav_4_9_3_label" aria-expanded="false">
+          <label class="md-nav__title" for="__nav_4_9_3">
+            <span class="md-nav__icon md-icon"></span>
+            Database
+          </label>
+          <ul class="md-nav__list" data-md-scrollfix>
+            
+              
+                
+  
+  
+  
+  
+    <li class="md-nav__item">
+      <a href="../languages/dotnet/database/ado.net.html" class="md-nav__link">
+        
+  
+  <span class="md-ellipsis">
+    ADO.NET
+  </span>
+  
+
+      </a>
+    </li>
+  
+
+              
+            
+              
+                
+  
+  
+  
+  
+    <li class="md-nav__item">
+      <a href="../languages/dotnet/database/entity-framework.html" class="md-nav__link">
+        
+  
+  <span class="md-ellipsis">
+    Entity Framework
+  </span>
+  
+
+      </a>
+    </li>
+  
+
+              
+            
+          </ul>
+        </nav>
+      
+    </li>
+  
+
+              
+            
+          </ul>
+        </nav>
+      
+    </li>
+  
+
+              
+            
+              
+                
+  
+  
+  
+  
+    
+    
+      
+        
+      
+        
+      
+        
+      
+        
+      
+    
+    
+      
+      
+        
+      
+    
+    
+    <li class="md-nav__item md-nav__item--nested">
+      
+        
+        
+        <input class="md-nav__toggle md-toggle " type="checkbox" id="__nav_4_10" >
+        
+          
+          <label class="md-nav__link" for="__nav_4_10" id="__nav_4_10_label" tabindex="0">
+            
+  
+  <span class="md-ellipsis">
+    Java
+  </span>
+  
+
+            <span class="md-nav__icon md-icon"></span>
+          </label>
+        
+        <nav class="md-nav" data-md-level="2" aria-labelledby="__nav_4_10_label" aria-expanded="false">
+          <label class="md-nav__title" for="__nav_4_10">
+            <span class="md-nav__icon md-icon"></span>
+            Java
+          </label>
+          <ul class="md-nav__list" data-md-scrollfix>
+            
+              
+                
+  
+  
+  
+  
+    <li class="md-nav__item">
+      <a href="../languages/java/java.html" class="md-nav__link">
+        
+  
+  <span class="md-ellipsis">
+    Java
+  </span>
+  
+
+      </a>
+    </li>
+  
+
+              
+            
+              
+                
+  
+  
+  
+  
+    <li class="md-nav__item">
+      <a href="../languages/java/java-collection-framework.html" class="md-nav__link">
+        
+  
+  <span class="md-ellipsis">
+    Java Collection Framework
+  </span>
+  
+
+      </a>
+    </li>
+  
+
+              
+            
+              
+                
+  
+  
+  
+  
+    <li class="md-nav__item">
+      <a href="../languages/java/dao.html" class="md-nav__link">
+        
+  
+  <span class="md-ellipsis">
+    DAO
+  </span>
+  
+
+      </a>
+    </li>
+  
+
+              
+            
+              
+                
+  
+  
+  
+  
+    
+    
+      
+        
+      
+        
+      
+    
+    
+      
+      
+        
+      
+    
+    
+    <li class="md-nav__item md-nav__item--nested">
+      
+        
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+        <input class="md-nav__toggle md-toggle " type="checkbox" id="__nav_4_10_4" >
+        
+          
+          <label class="md-nav__link" for="__nav_4_10_4" id="__nav_4_10_4_label" tabindex="0">
+            
+  
+  <span class="md-ellipsis">
+    Web
+  </span>
+  
+
+            <span class="md-nav__icon md-icon"></span>
+          </label>
+        
+        <nav class="md-nav" data-md-level="3" aria-labelledby="__nav_4_10_4_label" aria-expanded="false">
+          <label class="md-nav__title" for="__nav_4_10_4">
+            <span class="md-nav__icon md-icon"></span>
+            Web
+          </label>
+          <ul class="md-nav__list" data-md-scrollfix>
+            
+              
+                
+  
+  
+  
+  
+    <li class="md-nav__item">
+      <a href="../languages/java/web/servlet.html" class="md-nav__link">
+        
+  
+  <span class="md-ellipsis">
+    Serverlet
+  </span>
+  
+
+      </a>
+    </li>
+  
+
+              
+            
+              
+                
+  
+  
+  
+  
+    
+    
+      
+        
+      
+        
+      
+    
+    
+      
+      
+        
+      
+    
+    
+    <li class="md-nav__item md-nav__item--nested">
+      
+        
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+        <input class="md-nav__toggle md-toggle " type="checkbox" id="__nav_4_10_4_2" >
+        
+          
+          <label class="md-nav__link" for="__nav_4_10_4_2" id="__nav_4_10_4_2_label" tabindex="0">
+            
+  
+  <span class="md-ellipsis">
+    Spring
+  </span>
+  
+
+            <span class="md-nav__icon md-icon"></span>
+          </label>
+        
+        <nav class="md-nav" data-md-level="4" aria-labelledby="__nav_4_10_4_2_label" aria-expanded="false">
+          <label class="md-nav__title" for="__nav_4_10_4_2">
+            <span class="md-nav__icon md-icon"></span>
+            Spring
+          </label>
+          <ul class="md-nav__list" data-md-scrollfix>
+            
+              
+                
+  
+  
+  
+  
+    <li class="md-nav__item">
+      <a href="../languages/java/spring/pom.xml.html" class="md-nav__link">
+        
+  
+  <span class="md-ellipsis">
+    POM
+  </span>
+  
+
+      </a>
+    </li>
+  
+
+              
+            
+              
+                
+  
+  
+  
+  
+    <li class="md-nav__item">
+      <a href="../languages/java/spring/spring-project.html" class="md-nav__link">
+        
+  
+  <span class="md-ellipsis">
+    Project Structure
+  </span>
+  
+
+      </a>
+    </li>
+  
+
+              
+            
+          </ul>
+        </nav>
+      
+    </li>
+  
+
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+            
+          </ul>
+        </nav>
+      
+    </li>
+  
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+            
+          </ul>
+        </nav>
+      
+    </li>
+  
+
+              
+            
+              
+                
+  
+  
+  
+  
+    
+    
+      
+        
+      
+        
+      
+        
+      
+        
+      
+        
+      
+        
+      
+        
+      
+        
+      
+        
+      
+    
+    
+      
+      
+        
+      
+    
+    
+    <li class="md-nav__item md-nav__item--nested">
+      
+        
+        
+        <input class="md-nav__toggle md-toggle " type="checkbox" id="__nav_4_11" >
+        
+          
+          <label class="md-nav__link" for="__nav_4_11" id="__nav_4_11_label" tabindex="0">
+            
+  
+  <span class="md-ellipsis">
+    PHP
+  </span>
+  
+
+            <span class="md-nav__icon md-icon"></span>
+          </label>
+        
+        <nav class="md-nav" data-md-level="2" aria-labelledby="__nav_4_11_label" aria-expanded="false">
+          <label class="md-nav__title" for="__nav_4_11">
+            <span class="md-nav__icon md-icon"></span>
+            PHP
+          </label>
+          <ul class="md-nav__list" data-md-scrollfix>
+            
+              
+                
+  
+  
+  
+  
+    <li class="md-nav__item">
+      <a href="../languages/php/php.html" class="md-nav__link">
+        
+  
+  <span class="md-ellipsis">
+    PHP
+  </span>
+  
+
+      </a>
+    </li>
+  
+
+              
+            
+              
+                
+  
+  
+  
+  
+    <li class="md-nav__item">
+      <a href="../languages/php/database.html" class="md-nav__link">
+        
+  
+  <span class="md-ellipsis">
+    Database
+  </span>
+  
+
+      </a>
+    </li>
+  
+
+              
+            
+              
+                
+  
+  
+  
+  
+    <li class="md-nav__item">
+      <a href="../languages/php/web.html" class="md-nav__link">
+        
+  
+  <span class="md-ellipsis">
+    Web
+  </span>
+  
+
+      </a>
+    </li>
+  
+
+              
+            
+              
+                
+  
+  
+  
+  
+    <li class="md-nav__item">
+      <a href="../languages/php/dependency-injection.html" class="md-nav__link">
+        
+  
+  <span class="md-ellipsis">
+    Dependency Injection
+  </span>
+  
+
+      </a>
+    </li>
+  
+
+              
+            
+              
+                
+  
+  
+  
+  
+    <li class="md-nav__item">
+      <a href="../languages/php/unit-tests.html" class="md-nav__link">
+        
+  
+  <span class="md-ellipsis">
+    Unit Tests
+  </span>
+  
+
+      </a>
+    </li>
+  
+
+              
+            
+              
+                
+  
+  
+  
+  
+    <li class="md-nav__item">
+      <a href="../languages/php/composer.html" class="md-nav__link">
+        
+  
+  <span class="md-ellipsis">
+    Composer
+  </span>
+  
+
+      </a>
+    </li>
+  
+
+              
+            
+              
+                
+  
+  
+  
+  
+    <li class="md-nav__item">
+      <a href="../languages/php/psr-7.html" class="md-nav__link">
+        
+  
+  <span class="md-ellipsis">
+    PSR 7
+  </span>
+  
+
+      </a>
+    </li>
+  
+
+              
+            
+              
+                
+  
+  
+  
+  
+    <li class="md-nav__item">
+      <a href="../languages/php/plates-templating.html" class="md-nav__link">
+        
+  
+  <span class="md-ellipsis">
+    Plates
+  </span>
+  
+
+      </a>
+    </li>
+  
+
+              
+            
+              
+                
+  
+  
+  
+  
+    
+    
+      
+        
+      
+        
+      
+    
+    
+      
+      
+        
+      
+    
+    
+    <li class="md-nav__item md-nav__item--nested">
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+        
+        
+        <input class="md-nav__toggle md-toggle " type="checkbox" id="__nav_4_11_9" >
+        
+          
+          <label class="md-nav__link" for="__nav_4_11_9" id="__nav_4_11_9_label" tabindex="0">
+            
+  
+  <span class="md-ellipsis">
+    Simple MVC
+  </span>
+  
+
+            <span class="md-nav__icon md-icon"></span>
+          </label>
+        
+        <nav class="md-nav" data-md-level="3" aria-labelledby="__nav_4_11_9_label" aria-expanded="false">
+          <label class="md-nav__title" for="__nav_4_11_9">
+            <span class="md-nav__icon md-icon"></span>
+            Simple MVC
+          </label>
+          <ul class="md-nav__list" data-md-scrollfix>
+            
+              
+                
+  
+  
+  
+  
+    <li class="md-nav__item">
+      <a href="../languages/php/simple-mvc/simple-mvc.html" class="md-nav__link">
+        
+  
+  <span class="md-ellipsis">
+    Simple MVC
+  </span>
+  
+
+      </a>
+    </li>
+  
+
+              
+            
+              
+                
+  
+  
+  
+  
+    <li class="md-nav__item">
+      <a href="../languages/php/simple-mvc/rest-api.html" class="md-nav__link">
+        
+  
+  <span class="md-ellipsis">
+    REST API
+  </span>
+  
+
+      </a>
+    </li>
+  
+
+              
+            
+          </ul>
+        </nav>
+      
+    </li>
+  
+
+              
+            
+          </ul>
+        </nav>
+      
+    </li>
+  
+
+              
+            
+              
+                
+  
+  
+  
+  
+    
+    
+      
+        
+      
+        
+      
+        
+      
+        
+      
+        
+      
+    
+    
+      
+      
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+    
+    
+    <li class="md-nav__item md-nav__item--nested">
+      
+        
+        
+        <input class="md-nav__toggle md-toggle " type="checkbox" id="__nav_4_12" >
+        
+          
+          <label class="md-nav__link" for="__nav_4_12" id="__nav_4_12_label" tabindex="0">
+            
+  
+  <span class="md-ellipsis">
+    Rust
+  </span>
+  
+
+            <span class="md-nav__icon md-icon"></span>
+          </label>
+        
+        <nav class="md-nav" data-md-level="2" aria-labelledby="__nav_4_12_label" aria-expanded="false">
+          <label class="md-nav__title" for="__nav_4_12">
+            <span class="md-nav__icon md-icon"></span>
+            Rust
+          </label>
+          <ul class="md-nav__list" data-md-scrollfix>
+            
+              
+                
+  
+  
+  
+  
+    <li class="md-nav__item">
+      <a href="../languages/rust/rust.html" class="md-nav__link">
+        
+  
+  <span class="md-ellipsis">
+    Rust
+  </span>
+  
+
+      </a>
+    </li>
+  
+
+              
+            
+              
+                
+  
+  
+  
+  
+    <li class="md-nav__item">
+      <a href="../languages/rust/macros.html" class="md-nav__link">
+        
+  
+  <span class="md-ellipsis">
+    Macros
+  </span>
+  
+
+      </a>
+    </li>
+  
+
+              
+            
+              
+                
+  
+  
+  
+  
+    <li class="md-nav__item">
+      <a href="../languages/rust/cargo.html" class="md-nav__link">
+        
+  
+  <span class="md-ellipsis">
+    Cargo
+  </span>
+  
+
+      </a>
+    </li>
+  
+
+              
+            
+              
+                
+  
+  
+  
+  
+    <li class="md-nav__item">
+      <a href="../languages/rust/concurrency.html" class="md-nav__link">
+        
+  
+  <span class="md-ellipsis">
+    Concurrency
+  </span>
+  
+
+      </a>
+    </li>
+  
+
+              
+            
+              
+                
+  
+  
+  
+  
+    <li class="md-nav__item">
+      <a href="../languages/rust/unit-tests.html" class="md-nav__link">
+        
+  
+  <span class="md-ellipsis">
+    Unit Tests
+  </span>
+  
+
+      </a>
+    </li>
+  
+
+              
+            
+          </ul>
+        </nav>
+      
+    </li>
+  
+
+              
+            
+              
+                
+  
+  
+  
+  
+    
+    
+      
+        
+      
+        
+      
+        
+      
+        
+      
+        
+      
+        
+      
+        
+      
+    
+    
+      
+      
+        
+      
+    
+    
+    <li class="md-nav__item md-nav__item--nested">
+      
+        
+        
+        <input class="md-nav__toggle md-toggle " type="checkbox" id="__nav_4_13" >
+        
+          
+          <label class="md-nav__link" for="__nav_4_13" id="__nav_4_13_label" tabindex="0">
+            
+  
+  <span class="md-ellipsis">
+    Javascript
+  </span>
+  
+
+            <span class="md-nav__icon md-icon"></span>
+          </label>
+        
+        <nav class="md-nav" data-md-level="2" aria-labelledby="__nav_4_13_label" aria-expanded="false">
+          <label class="md-nav__title" for="__nav_4_13">
+            <span class="md-nav__icon md-icon"></span>
+            Javascript
+          </label>
+          <ul class="md-nav__list" data-md-scrollfix>
+            
+              
+                
+  
+  
+  
+  
+    <li class="md-nav__item">
+      <a href="../languages/javascript/javascript.html" class="md-nav__link">
+        
+  
+  <span class="md-ellipsis">
+    Javascript
+  </span>
+  
+
+      </a>
+    </li>
+  
+
+              
+            
+              
+                
+  
+  
+  
+  
+    <li class="md-nav__item">
+      <a href="../languages/javascript/dom.html" class="md-nav__link">
+        
+  
+  <span class="md-ellipsis">
+    DOM
+  </span>
+  
+
+      </a>
+    </li>
+  
+
+              
+            
+              
+                
+  
+  
+  
+  
+    <li class="md-nav__item">
+      <a href="../languages/javascript/events-animation.html" class="md-nav__link">
+        
+  
+  <span class="md-ellipsis">
+    Events & Animation
+  </span>
+  
+
+      </a>
+    </li>
+  
+
+              
+            
+              
+                
+  
+  
+  
+  
+    <li class="md-nav__item">
+      <a href="../languages/javascript/ajax.html" class="md-nav__link">
+        
+  
+  <span class="md-ellipsis">
+    AJAX
+  </span>
+  
+
+      </a>
+    </li>
+  
+
+              
+            
+              
+                
+  
+  
+  
+  
+    <li class="md-nav__item">
+      <a href="../languages/javascript/jquery.html" class="md-nav__link">
+        
+  
+  <span class="md-ellipsis">
+    jQuery
+  </span>
+  
+
+      </a>
+    </li>
+  
+
+              
+            
+              
+                
+  
+  
+  
+  
+    
+    
+      
+        
+      
+        
+      
+        
+      
+        
+      
+        
+      
+    
+    
+      
+      
+        
+      
+    
+    
+    <li class="md-nav__item md-nav__item--nested">
+      
+        
+        
+        <input class="md-nav__toggle md-toggle " type="checkbox" id="__nav_4_13_6" >
+        
+          
+          <label class="md-nav__link" for="__nav_4_13_6" id="__nav_4_13_6_label" tabindex="0">
+            
+  
+  <span class="md-ellipsis">
+    React
+  </span>
+  
+
+            <span class="md-nav__icon md-icon"></span>
+          </label>
+        
+        <nav class="md-nav" data-md-level="3" aria-labelledby="__nav_4_13_6_label" aria-expanded="false">
+          <label class="md-nav__title" for="__nav_4_13_6">
+            <span class="md-nav__icon md-icon"></span>
+            React
+          </label>
+          <ul class="md-nav__list" data-md-scrollfix>
+            
+              
+                
+  
+  
+  
+  
+    <li class="md-nav__item">
+      <a href="../languages/javascript/react/react.html" class="md-nav__link">
+        
+  
+  <span class="md-ellipsis">
+    React
+  </span>
+  
+
+      </a>
+    </li>
+  
+
+              
+            
+              
+                
+  
+  
+  
+  
+    <li class="md-nav__item">
+      <a href="../languages/javascript/react/react-router.html" class="md-nav__link">
+        
+  
+  <span class="md-ellipsis">
+    React Router
+  </span>
+  
+
+      </a>
+    </li>
+  
+
+              
+            
+              
+                
+  
+  
+  
+  
+    <li class="md-nav__item">
+      <a href="../languages/javascript/react/react-tests.html" class="md-nav__link">
+        
+  
+  <span class="md-ellipsis">
+    React Tests
+  </span>
+  
+
+      </a>
+    </li>
+  
+
+              
+            
+              
+                
+  
+  
+  
+  
+    <li class="md-nav__item">
+      <a href="../languages/javascript/react/redux.html" class="md-nav__link">
+        
+  
+  <span class="md-ellipsis">
+    Redux
+  </span>
+  
+
+      </a>
+    </li>
+  
+
+              
+            
+              
+                
+  
+  
+  
+  
+    <li class="md-nav__item">
+      <a href="../languages/javascript/react/redux-tests.html" class="md-nav__link">
+        
+  
+  <span class="md-ellipsis">
+    Redux Tests
+  </span>
+  
+
+      </a>
+    </li>
+  
+
+              
+            
+          </ul>
+        </nav>
+      
+    </li>
+  
+
+              
+            
+              
+                
+  
+  
+  
+  
+    <li class="md-nav__item">
+      <a href="../languages/javascript/svelte/svelte.html" class="md-nav__link">
+        
+  
+  <span class="md-ellipsis">
+    Svelte
+  </span>
+  
+
+      </a>
+    </li>
+  
+
+              
+            
+          </ul>
+        </nav>
+      
+    </li>
+  
+
+              
+            
+              
+                
+  
+  
+  
+  
+    
+    
+      
+        
+      
+        
+      
+    
+    
+      
+      
+        
+      
+    
+    
+    <li class="md-nav__item md-nav__item--nested">
+      
+        
+        
+        <input class="md-nav__toggle md-toggle " type="checkbox" id="__nav_4_14" >
+        
+          
+          <label class="md-nav__link" for="__nav_4_14" id="__nav_4_14_label" tabindex="0">
+            
+  
+  <span class="md-ellipsis">
+    PowerShell
+  </span>
+  
+
+            <span class="md-nav__icon md-icon"></span>
+          </label>
+        
+        <nav class="md-nav" data-md-level="2" aria-labelledby="__nav_4_14_label" aria-expanded="false">
+          <label class="md-nav__title" for="__nav_4_14">
+            <span class="md-nav__icon md-icon"></span>
+            PowerShell
+          </label>
+          <ul class="md-nav__list" data-md-scrollfix>
+            
+              
+                
+  
+  
+  
+  
+    <li class="md-nav__item">
+      <a href="../languages/powershell/scripting.html" class="md-nav__link">
+        
+  
+  <span class="md-ellipsis">
+    Scripting
+  </span>
+  
+
+      </a>
+    </li>
+  
+
+              
+            
+              
+                
+  
+  
+  
+  
+    <li class="md-nav__item">
+      <a href="../languages/powershell/commands.html" class="md-nav__link">
+        
+  
+  <span class="md-ellipsis">
+    Commands
+  </span>
+  
+
+      </a>
+    </li>
+  
+
+              
+            
+          </ul>
+        </nav>
+      
+    </li>
+  
+
+              
+            
+              
+                
+  
+  
+  
+  
+    
+    
+      
+        
+      
+        
+      
+    
+    
+      
+      
+        
+      
+    
+    
+    <li class="md-nav__item md-nav__item--nested">
+      
+        
+        
+        <input class="md-nav__toggle md-toggle " type="checkbox" id="__nav_4_15" >
+        
+          
+          <label class="md-nav__link" for="__nav_4_15" id="__nav_4_15_label" tabindex="0">
+            
+  
+  <span class="md-ellipsis">
+    Bash
+  </span>
+  
+
+            <span class="md-nav__icon md-icon"></span>
+          </label>
+        
+        <nav class="md-nav" data-md-level="2" aria-labelledby="__nav_4_15_label" aria-expanded="false">
+          <label class="md-nav__title" for="__nav_4_15">
+            <span class="md-nav__icon md-icon"></span>
+            Bash
+          </label>
+          <ul class="md-nav__list" data-md-scrollfix>
+            
+              
+                
+  
+  
+  
+  
+    <li class="md-nav__item">
+      <a href="../languages/bash/scripting.html" class="md-nav__link">
+        
+  
+  <span class="md-ellipsis">
+    Scripting
+  </span>
+  
+
+      </a>
+    </li>
+  
+
+              
+            
+              
+                
+  
+  
+  
+  
+    <li class="md-nav__item">
+      <a href="../languages/bash/commands.html" class="md-nav__link">
+        
+  
+  <span class="md-ellipsis">
+    Commands
+  </span>
+  
+
+      </a>
+    </li>
+  
+
+              
+            
+          </ul>
+        </nav>
+      
+    </li>
+  
+
+              
+            
+          </ul>
+        </nav>
+      
+    </li>
+  
+
+    
+      
+      
+  
+  
+    
+  
+  
+  
+    
+    
+      
+        
+      
+        
+      
+        
+      
+        
+      
+        
+      
+    
+    
+      
+        
+        
+      
+      
+        
+      
+    
+    
+    <li class="md-nav__item md-nav__item--active md-nav__item--section md-nav__item--nested">
+      
+        
+        
+        <input class="md-nav__toggle md-toggle " type="checkbox" id="__nav_5" checked>
+        
+          
+          <label class="md-nav__link" for="__nav_5" id="__nav_5_label" tabindex="">
+            
+  
+  <span class="md-ellipsis">
+    Misc
+  </span>
+  
+
+            <span class="md-nav__icon md-icon"></span>
+          </label>
+        
+        <nav class="md-nav" data-md-level="1" aria-labelledby="__nav_5_label" aria-expanded="true">
+          <label class="md-nav__title" for="__nav_5">
+            <span class="md-nav__icon md-icon"></span>
+            Misc
+          </label>
+          <ul class="md-nav__list" data-md-scrollfix>
+            
+              
+                
+  
+  
+  
+  
+    <li class="md-nav__item">
+      <a href="git.html" class="md-nav__link">
+        
+  
+  <span class="md-ellipsis">
+    Git
+  </span>
+  
+
+      </a>
+    </li>
+  
+
+              
+            
+              
+                
+  
+  
+  
+  
+    <li class="md-nav__item">
+      <a href="graph-ql.html" class="md-nav__link">
+        
+  
+  <span class="md-ellipsis">
+    GraphQL
+  </span>
+  
+
+      </a>
+    </li>
+  
+
+              
+            
+              
+                
+  
+  
+  
+  
+    <li class="md-nav__item">
+      <a href="regular-expressions.html" class="md-nav__link">
+        
+  
+  <span class="md-ellipsis">
+    RegEx
+  </span>
+  
+
+      </a>
+    </li>
+  
+
+              
+            
+              
+                
+  
+  
+  
+  
+    <li class="md-nav__item">
+      <a href="ssh.html" class="md-nav__link">
+        
+  
+  <span class="md-ellipsis">
+    SSH
+  </span>
+  
+
+      </a>
+    </li>
+  
+
+              
+            
+              
+                
+  
+  
+    
+  
+  
+  
+    <li class="md-nav__item md-nav__item--active">
+      
+      <input class="md-nav__toggle md-toggle" type="checkbox" id="__toc">
+      
+      
+        
+      
+      
+        <label class="md-nav__link md-nav__link--active" for="__toc">
+          
+  
+  <span class="md-ellipsis">
+    WebComponents
+  </span>
+  
+
+          <span class="md-nav__icon md-icon"></span>
+        </label>
+      
+      <a href="web-components.html" class="md-nav__link md-nav__link--active">
+        
+  
+  <span class="md-ellipsis">
+    WebComponents
+  </span>
+  
+
+      </a>
+      
+        
+
+<nav class="md-nav md-nav--secondary" aria-label="Table of contents">
+  
+  
+  
+    
+  
+  
+    <label class="md-nav__title" for="__toc">
+      <span class="md-nav__icon md-icon"></span>
+      Table of contents
+    </label>
+    <ul class="md-nav__list" data-md-component="toc" data-md-scrollfix>
+      
+        <li class="md-nav__item">
+  <a href="#custom-elements" class="md-nav__link">
+    <span class="md-ellipsis">
+      Custom Elements
+    </span>
+  </a>
+  
+    <nav class="md-nav" aria-label="Custom Elements">
+      <ul class="md-nav__list">
+        
+          <li class="md-nav__item">
+  <a href="#types-of-custom-elements" class="md-nav__link">
+    <span class="md-ellipsis">
+      Types of Custom Elements
+    </span>
+  </a>
+  
+</li>
+        
+          <li class="md-nav__item">
+  <a href="#registering-using-custom-elements" class="md-nav__link">
+    <span class="md-ellipsis">
+      Registering &amp; Using Custom Elements
+    </span>
+  </a>
+  
+</li>
+        
+          <li class="md-nav__item">
+  <a href="#custom-elements-lifecycle-callbacks" class="md-nav__link">
+    <span class="md-ellipsis">
+      Custom Elements Lifecycle Callbacks
+    </span>
+  </a>
+  
+</li>
+        
+      </ul>
+    </nav>
+  
+</li>
+      
+        <li class="md-nav__item">
+  <a href="#shadow-dom" class="md-nav__link">
+    <span class="md-ellipsis">
+      Shadow DOM
+    </span>
+  </a>
+  
+    <nav class="md-nav" aria-label="Shadow DOM">
+      <ul class="md-nav__list">
+        
+          <li class="md-nav__item">
+  <a href="#creating-a-shadow-dom" class="md-nav__link">
+    <span class="md-ellipsis">
+      Creating a Shadow DOM
+    </span>
+  </a>
+  
+</li>
+        
+          <li class="md-nav__item">
+  <a href="#javascript-css-encapsulation" class="md-nav__link">
+    <span class="md-ellipsis">
+      JavaScript &amp; CSS Encapsulation
+    </span>
+  </a>
+  
+</li>
+        
+      </ul>
+    </nav>
+  
+</li>
+      
+        <li class="md-nav__item">
+  <a href="#template-and-slot" class="md-nav__link">
+    <span class="md-ellipsis">
+      &lt;template&gt; and &lt;slot&gt;
+    </span>
+  </a>
+  
+    <nav class="md-nav" aria-label="<template> and <slot>">
+      <ul class="md-nav__list">
+        
+          <li class="md-nav__item">
+  <a href="#the-template-element" class="md-nav__link">
+    <span class="md-ellipsis">
+      The &lt;template&gt; element
+    </span>
+  </a>
+  
+</li>
+        
+          <li class="md-nav__item">
+  <a href="#templates-custom-elements" class="md-nav__link">
+    <span class="md-ellipsis">
+      Templates &amp; Custom Elements
+    </span>
+  </a>
+  
+</li>
+        
+          <li class="md-nav__item">
+  <a href="#the-slot-element" class="md-nav__link">
+    <span class="md-ellipsis">
+      The &lt;slot&gt; element
+    </span>
+  </a>
+  
+</li>
+        
+      </ul>
+    </nav>
+  
+</li>
+      
+    </ul>
+  
+</nav>
+      
+    </li>
+  
+
+              
+            
+          </ul>
+        </nav>
+      
+    </li>
+  
+
+    
+      
+      
+  
+  
+  
+  
+    
+    
+      
+        
+      
+        
+      
+    
+    
+      
+      
+        
+      
+    
+    
+    <li class="md-nav__item md-nav__item--nested">
+      
+        
+        
+        <input class="md-nav__toggle md-toggle " type="checkbox" id="__nav_6" >
+        
+          
+          <label class="md-nav__link" for="__nav_6" id="__nav_6_label" tabindex="0">
+            
+  
+  <span class="md-ellipsis">
+    Linux
+  </span>
+  
+
+            <span class="md-nav__icon md-icon"></span>
+          </label>
+        
+        <nav class="md-nav" data-md-level="1" aria-labelledby="__nav_6_label" aria-expanded="false">
+          <label class="md-nav__title" for="__nav_6">
+            <span class="md-nav__icon md-icon"></span>
+            Linux
+          </label>
+          <ul class="md-nav__list" data-md-scrollfix>
+            
+              
+                
+  
+  
+  
+  
+    
+    
+      
+        
+      
+        
+      
+        
+      
+    
+    
+      
+      
+        
+      
+    
+    
+    <li class="md-nav__item md-nav__item--nested">
+      
+        
+        
+        <input class="md-nav__toggle md-toggle " type="checkbox" id="__nav_6_1" >
+        
+          
+          <label class="md-nav__link" for="__nav_6_1" id="__nav_6_1_label" tabindex="0">
+            
+  
+  <span class="md-ellipsis">
+    Filesystem
+  </span>
+  
+
+            <span class="md-nav__icon md-icon"></span>
+          </label>
+        
+        <nav class="md-nav" data-md-level="2" aria-labelledby="__nav_6_1_label" aria-expanded="false">
+          <label class="md-nav__title" for="__nav_6_1">
+            <span class="md-nav__icon md-icon"></span>
+            Filesystem
+          </label>
+          <ul class="md-nav__list" data-md-scrollfix>
+            
+              
+                
+  
+  
+  
+  
+    <li class="md-nav__item">
+      <a href="../linux/filesystem/file-links.html" class="md-nav__link">
+        
+  
+  <span class="md-ellipsis">
+    File Links
+  </span>
+  
+
+      </a>
+    </li>
+  
+
+              
+            
+              
+                
+  
+  
+  
+  
+    <li class="md-nav__item">
+      <a href="../linux/filesystem/procfs.html" class="md-nav__link">
+        
+  
+  <span class="md-ellipsis">
+    /proc
+  </span>
+  
+
+      </a>
+    </li>
+  
+
+              
+            
+              
+                
+  
+  
+  
+  
+    <li class="md-nav__item">
+      <a href="../linux/filesystem/sysfs.html" class="md-nav__link">
+        
+  
+  <span class="md-ellipsis">
+    /sys
+  </span>
+  
+
+      </a>
+    </li>
+  
+
+              
+            
+          </ul>
+        </nav>
+      
+    </li>
+  
+
+              
+            
+              
+                
+  
+  
+  
+  
+    
+    
+      
+        
+      
+        
+      
+    
+    
+      
+      
+        
+      
+    
+    
+    <li class="md-nav__item md-nav__item--nested">
+      
+        
+        
+        <input class="md-nav__toggle md-toggle " type="checkbox" id="__nav_6_2" >
+        
+          
+          <label class="md-nav__link" for="__nav_6_2" id="__nav_6_2_label" tabindex="0">
+            
+  
+  <span class="md-ellipsis">
+    System Init
+  </span>
+  
+
+            <span class="md-nav__icon md-icon"></span>
+          </label>
+        
+        <nav class="md-nav" data-md-level="2" aria-labelledby="__nav_6_2_label" aria-expanded="false">
+          <label class="md-nav__title" for="__nav_6_2">
+            <span class="md-nav__icon md-icon"></span>
+            System Init
+          </label>
+          <ul class="md-nav__list" data-md-scrollfix>
+            
+              
+                
+  
+  
+  
+  
+    <li class="md-nav__item">
+      <a href="../linux/init/systemd.html" class="md-nav__link">
+        
+  
+  <span class="md-ellipsis">
+    Systemd
+  </span>
+  
+
+      </a>
+    </li>
+  
+
+              
+            
+              
+                
+  
+  
+  
+  
+    <li class="md-nav__item">
+      <a href="../linux/init/open-rc.html" class="md-nav__link">
+        
+  
+  <span class="md-ellipsis">
+    OpenRC
+  </span>
+  
+
+      </a>
+    </li>
+  
+
+              
+            
+          </ul>
+        </nav>
+      
+    </li>
+  
+
+              
+            
+          </ul>
+        </nav>
+      
+    </li>
+  
+
+    
+  </ul>
+</nav>
+                  </div>
+                </div>
+              </div>
+            
+            
+              
+              <div class="md-sidebar md-sidebar--secondary" data-md-component="sidebar" data-md-type="toc" >
+                <div class="md-sidebar__scrollwrap">
+                  <div class="md-sidebar__inner">
+                    
+
+<nav class="md-nav md-nav--secondary" aria-label="Table of contents">
+  
+  
+  
+    
+  
+  
+    <label class="md-nav__title" for="__toc">
+      <span class="md-nav__icon md-icon"></span>
+      Table of contents
+    </label>
+    <ul class="md-nav__list" data-md-component="toc" data-md-scrollfix>
+      
+        <li class="md-nav__item">
+  <a href="#custom-elements" class="md-nav__link">
+    <span class="md-ellipsis">
+      Custom Elements
+    </span>
+  </a>
+  
+    <nav class="md-nav" aria-label="Custom Elements">
+      <ul class="md-nav__list">
+        
+          <li class="md-nav__item">
+  <a href="#types-of-custom-elements" class="md-nav__link">
+    <span class="md-ellipsis">
+      Types of Custom Elements
+    </span>
+  </a>
+  
+</li>
+        
+          <li class="md-nav__item">
+  <a href="#registering-using-custom-elements" class="md-nav__link">
+    <span class="md-ellipsis">
+      Registering &amp; Using Custom Elements
+    </span>
+  </a>
+  
+</li>
+        
+          <li class="md-nav__item">
+  <a href="#custom-elements-lifecycle-callbacks" class="md-nav__link">
+    <span class="md-ellipsis">
+      Custom Elements Lifecycle Callbacks
+    </span>
+  </a>
+  
+</li>
+        
+      </ul>
+    </nav>
+  
+</li>
+      
+        <li class="md-nav__item">
+  <a href="#shadow-dom" class="md-nav__link">
+    <span class="md-ellipsis">
+      Shadow DOM
+    </span>
+  </a>
+  
+    <nav class="md-nav" aria-label="Shadow DOM">
+      <ul class="md-nav__list">
+        
+          <li class="md-nav__item">
+  <a href="#creating-a-shadow-dom" class="md-nav__link">
+    <span class="md-ellipsis">
+      Creating a Shadow DOM
+    </span>
+  </a>
+  
+</li>
+        
+          <li class="md-nav__item">
+  <a href="#javascript-css-encapsulation" class="md-nav__link">
+    <span class="md-ellipsis">
+      JavaScript &amp; CSS Encapsulation
+    </span>
+  </a>
+  
+</li>
+        
+      </ul>
+    </nav>
+  
+</li>
+      
+        <li class="md-nav__item">
+  <a href="#template-and-slot" class="md-nav__link">
+    <span class="md-ellipsis">
+      &lt;template&gt; and &lt;slot&gt;
+    </span>
+  </a>
+  
+    <nav class="md-nav" aria-label="<template> and <slot>">
+      <ul class="md-nav__list">
+        
+          <li class="md-nav__item">
+  <a href="#the-template-element" class="md-nav__link">
+    <span class="md-ellipsis">
+      The &lt;template&gt; element
+    </span>
+  </a>
+  
+</li>
+        
+          <li class="md-nav__item">
+  <a href="#templates-custom-elements" class="md-nav__link">
+    <span class="md-ellipsis">
+      Templates &amp; Custom Elements
+    </span>
+  </a>
+  
+</li>
+        
+          <li class="md-nav__item">
+  <a href="#the-slot-element" class="md-nav__link">
+    <span class="md-ellipsis">
+      The &lt;slot&gt; element
+    </span>
+  </a>
+  
+</li>
+        
+      </ul>
+    </nav>
+  
+</li>
+      
+    </ul>
+  
+</nav>
+                  </div>
+                </div>
+              </div>
+            
+          
+          
+            <div class="md-content" data-md-component="content">
+              <article class="md-content__inner md-typeset">
+                
+                  
+
+  
+  
+
+
+<h1 id="web-components"><a href="https://developer.mozilla.org/en-US/docs/Web/API/Web_Components" title="Web Components Docs">Web Components</a></h1>
+<h2 id="custom-elements"><a href="https://developer.mozilla.org/en-US/docs/Web/API/Web_components/Using_custom_elements" title="Using Custom Elements">Custom Elements</a></h2>
+<p>A set of JavaScript APIs that allow you to define custom elements and their behavior, which can then be used as desired in your user interface.</p>
+<h3 id="types-of-custom-elements">Types of Custom Elements</h3>
+<p>There are two types of custom element:</p>
+<ul>
+<li><strong>Customized built-in elements</strong> inherit from standard HTML elements such as <code>HTMLImageElement</code> or <code>HTMLParagraphElement</code>. Their implementation customizes the behavior of the standard element.</li>
+<li><strong>Autonomous custom elements</strong> inherit from the HTML element base class <code>HTMLElement</code>. Need to implement their behavior from scratch.</li>
+</ul>
+<p>A custom element is implemented as a class which extends <code>HTMLElement</code> (in the case of autonomous elements) or the interface to be customized customized (in the case of customized built-in elements).</p>
+<div class="highlight"><table class="highlighttable"><tr><th colspan="2" class="filename"><span class="filename">JavaScript</span></th></tr><tr><td class="linenos"><div class="linenodiv"><pre><span></span><span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-0-1"> 1</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-0-2"> 2</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-0-3"> 3</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-0-4"> 4</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-0-5"> 5</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-0-6"> 6</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-0-7"> 7</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-0-8"> 8</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-0-9"> 9</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-0-10">10</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-0-11">11</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-0-12">12</a></span></pre></div></td><td class="code"><div><pre><span></span><code><a id="__codelineno-0-1" name="__codelineno-0-1"></a><span class="kd">class</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="nx">CustomParagraph</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="k">extends</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="nx">HTMLParagraphElement</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="p">{</span>
+<a id="__codelineno-0-2" name="__codelineno-0-2"></a><span class="w">  </span><span class="kr">constructor</span><span class="p">()</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="p">{</span>
+<a id="__codelineno-0-3" name="__codelineno-0-3"></a><span class="c1">// self is reference to this element</span>
+<a id="__codelineno-0-4" name="__codelineno-0-4"></a><span class="w">    </span><span class="nx">self</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="o">=</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="k">super</span><span class="p">();</span>
+<a id="__codelineno-0-5" name="__codelineno-0-5"></a><span class="w">  </span><span class="p">}</span>
+<a id="__codelineno-0-6" name="__codelineno-0-6"></a><span class="p">}</span>
+<a id="__codelineno-0-7" name="__codelineno-0-7"></a>
+<a id="__codelineno-0-8" name="__codelineno-0-8"></a><span class="kd">class</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="nx">CustomElement</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="k">extends</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="nx">HTMLElement</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="p">{</span>
+<a id="__codelineno-0-9" name="__codelineno-0-9"></a><span class="w">  </span><span class="kr">constructor</span><span class="p">()</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="p">{</span>
+<a id="__codelineno-0-10" name="__codelineno-0-10"></a><span class="w">    </span><span class="k">super</span><span class="p">();</span>
+<a id="__codelineno-0-11" name="__codelineno-0-11"></a><span class="w">  </span><span class="p">}</span>
+<a id="__codelineno-0-12" name="__codelineno-0-12"></a><span class="p">}</span>
+</code></pre></div></td></tr></table></div>
+<h3 id="registering-using-custom-elements">Registering &amp; Using Custom Elements</h3>
+<p>To make a custom element available in a page, call the <code>define()</code> method of <code>Window.customElements</code>.</p>
+<p>The <code>define()</code> method takes the following arguments:</p>
+<ul>
+<li><code>name</code>: The name of the element. This must start with a lowercase letter, contain a hyphen, and satisfy certain other rules listed in the specification's definition of a valid name.</li>
+<li><code>constructor</code>: The custom element's constructor function.</li>
+<li><code>options</code>: Only included for customized built-in elements, this is an object containing a single property extends, which is a string naming the built-in element to extend.</li>
+</ul>
+<div class="highlight"><table class="highlighttable"><tr><th colspan="2" class="filename"><span class="filename">JavaScript</span></th></tr><tr><td class="linenos"><div class="linenodiv"><pre><span></span><span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-1-1">1</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-1-2">2</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-1-3">3</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-1-4">4</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-1-5">5</a></span></pre></div></td><td class="code"><div><pre><span></span><code><a id="__codelineno-1-1" name="__codelineno-1-1"></a><span class="c1">// register a customized element</span>
+<a id="__codelineno-1-2" name="__codelineno-1-2"></a><span class="nb">window</span><span class="p">.</span><span class="nx">customElements</span><span class="p">.</span><span class="nx">define</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="s2">&quot;custom-paragraph&quot;</span><span class="p">,</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="nx">CustomParagraph</span><span class="p">,</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="p">{</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="k">extends</span><span class="o">:</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="s2">&quot;p&quot;</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="p">});</span>
+<a id="__codelineno-1-3" name="__codelineno-1-3"></a>
+<a id="__codelineno-1-4" name="__codelineno-1-4"></a><span class="c1">// register a fully custom element</span>
+<a id="__codelineno-1-5" name="__codelineno-1-5"></a><span class="nb">window</span><span class="p">.</span><span class="nx">customElements</span><span class="p">.</span><span class="nx">define</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="s2">&quot;custom-element&quot;</span><span class="p">,</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="nx">CustomElement</span><span class="p">);</span>
+</code></pre></div></td></tr></table></div>
+<div class="highlight"><table class="highlighttable"><tr><th colspan="2" class="filename"><span class="filename">HTML</span></th></tr><tr><td class="linenos"><div class="linenodiv"><pre><span></span><span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-2-1">1</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-2-2">2</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-2-3">3</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-2-4">4</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-2-5">5</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-2-6">6</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-2-7">7</a></span></pre></div></td><td class="code"><div><pre><span></span><code><a id="__codelineno-2-1" name="__codelineno-2-1"></a><span class="cm">&lt;!-- need to specify customized name --&gt;</span>
+<a id="__codelineno-2-2" name="__codelineno-2-2"></a><span class="p">&lt;</span><span class="nt">p</span> <span class="na">is</span><span class="o">=</span><span class="s">&quot;custom-paragraph&quot;</span><span class="p">&gt;&lt;/</span><span class="nt">p</span><span class="p">&gt;</span>
+<a id="__codelineno-2-3" name="__codelineno-2-3"></a>
+<a id="__codelineno-2-4" name="__codelineno-2-4"></a><span class="cm">&lt;!-- cannot be used as self-closing tag --&gt;</span>
+<a id="__codelineno-2-5" name="__codelineno-2-5"></a><span class="p">&lt;</span><span class="nt">custom-element</span><span class="p">&gt;</span>
+<a id="__codelineno-2-6" name="__codelineno-2-6"></a>    <span class="cm">&lt;!-- content of the element --&gt;</span>
+<a id="__codelineno-2-7" name="__codelineno-2-7"></a><span class="p">&lt;/</span><span class="nt">custom-element</span><span class="p">&gt;</span>
+</code></pre></div></td></tr></table></div>
+<h3 id="custom-elements-lifecycle-callbacks">Custom Elements Lifecycle Callbacks</h3>
+<p>Once the custom element is <em>registered</em>, the browser will call certain methods of the class when code in the page interacts with the custom element.<br />
+By providing an implementation of these methods, which the specification calls lifecycle callbacks, it's possible to run code in response to these events.</p>
+<p>Custom element lifecycle callbacks include:</p>
+<ul>
+<li><code>connectedCallback()</code>: called each time the element is added to the document. The specification recommends that, as far as possible, developers should implement custom element setup in this callback rather than the constructor.</li>
+<li><code>disconnectedCallback()</code>: called each time the element is removed from the document.</li>
+<li><code>adoptedCallback()</code>: called each time the element is moved to a new document.</li>
+<li><code>attributeChangedCallback(name, oldValue, newValue)</code>: called when attributes are changed, added, removed, or replaced.</li>
+</ul>
+<div class="highlight"><table class="highlighttable"><tr><th colspan="2" class="filename"><span class="filename">JavaScript</span></th></tr><tr><td class="linenos"><div class="linenodiv"><pre><span></span><span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-3-1"> 1</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-3-2"> 2</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-3-3"> 3</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-3-4"> 4</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-3-5"> 5</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-3-6"> 6</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-3-7"> 7</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-3-8"> 8</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-3-9"> 9</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-3-10">10</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-3-11">11</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-3-12">12</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-3-13">13</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-3-14">14</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-3-15">15</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-3-16">16</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-3-17">17</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-3-18">18</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-3-19">19</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-3-20">20</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-3-21">21</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-3-22">22</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-3-23">23</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-3-24">24</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-3-25">25</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-3-26">26</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-3-27">27</a></span></pre></div></td><td class="code"><div><pre><span></span><code><a id="__codelineno-3-1" name="__codelineno-3-1"></a><span class="kd">class</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="nx">CustomElement</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="k">extends</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="nx">HTMLElement</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="p">{</span>
+<a id="__codelineno-3-2" name="__codelineno-3-2"></a>
+<a id="__codelineno-3-3" name="__codelineno-3-3"></a><span class="w">  </span><span class="c1">// array containing the names of all attributes for which the element needs change notifications</span>
+<a id="__codelineno-3-4" name="__codelineno-3-4"></a><span class="w">  </span><span class="k">static</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="nx">observedAttributes</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="o">=</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="p">[</span><span class="s2">&quot;size&quot;</span><span class="p">];</span>
+<a id="__codelineno-3-5" name="__codelineno-3-5"></a>
+<a id="__codelineno-3-6" name="__codelineno-3-6"></a><span class="w">  </span><span class="kr">constructor</span><span class="p">()</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="p">{</span>
+<a id="__codelineno-3-7" name="__codelineno-3-7"></a><span class="w">    </span><span class="k">super</span><span class="p">();</span>
+<a id="__codelineno-3-8" name="__codelineno-3-8"></a><span class="w">  </span><span class="p">}</span>
+<a id="__codelineno-3-9" name="__codelineno-3-9"></a>
+<a id="__codelineno-3-10" name="__codelineno-3-10"></a><span class="w">  </span><span class="nx">connectedCallback</span><span class="p">()</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="p">{</span>
+<a id="__codelineno-3-11" name="__codelineno-3-11"></a><span class="w">    </span><span class="nx">console</span><span class="p">.</span><span class="nx">log</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="s2">&quot;Custom element added to page.&quot;</span><span class="p">);</span>
+<a id="__codelineno-3-12" name="__codelineno-3-12"></a><span class="w">  </span><span class="p">}</span>
+<a id="__codelineno-3-13" name="__codelineno-3-13"></a>
+<a id="__codelineno-3-14" name="__codelineno-3-14"></a><span class="w">  </span><span class="nx">disconnectedCallback</span><span class="p">()</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="p">{</span>
+<a id="__codelineno-3-15" name="__codelineno-3-15"></a><span class="w">    </span><span class="nx">console</span><span class="p">.</span><span class="nx">log</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="s2">&quot;Custom element removed from page.&quot;</span><span class="p">);</span>
+<a id="__codelineno-3-16" name="__codelineno-3-16"></a><span class="w">  </span><span class="p">}</span>
+<a id="__codelineno-3-17" name="__codelineno-3-17"></a>
+<a id="__codelineno-3-18" name="__codelineno-3-18"></a><span class="w">  </span><span class="nx">adoptedCallback</span><span class="p">()</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="p">{</span>
+<a id="__codelineno-3-19" name="__codelineno-3-19"></a><span class="w">    </span><span class="nx">console</span><span class="p">.</span><span class="nx">log</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="s2">&quot;Custom element moved to new page.&quot;</span><span class="p">);</span>
+<a id="__codelineno-3-20" name="__codelineno-3-20"></a><span class="w">  </span><span class="p">}</span>
+<a id="__codelineno-3-21" name="__codelineno-3-21"></a>
+<a id="__codelineno-3-22" name="__codelineno-3-22"></a>
+<a id="__codelineno-3-23" name="__codelineno-3-23"></a><span class="w">  </span><span class="nx">attributeChangedCallback</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="nx">name</span><span class="p">,</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="nx">oldValue</span><span class="p">,</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="nx">newValue</span><span class="p">)</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="p">{</span>
+<a id="__codelineno-3-24" name="__codelineno-3-24"></a><span class="w">    </span><span class="c1">// name is one of observedAttributes</span>
+<a id="__codelineno-3-25" name="__codelineno-3-25"></a><span class="w">    </span><span class="nx">console</span><span class="p">.</span><span class="nx">log</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="sb">`Attribute </span><span class="si">${</span><span class="nx">name</span><span class="si">}</span><span class="sb"> has changed.`</span><span class="p">);</span>
+<a id="__codelineno-3-26" name="__codelineno-3-26"></a><span class="w">  </span><span class="p">}</span>
+<a id="__codelineno-3-27" name="__codelineno-3-27"></a><span class="p">}</span>
+</code></pre></div></td></tr></table></div>
+<h2 id="shadow-dom"><a href="https://developer.mozilla.org/en-US/docs/Web/API/Web_components/Using_shadow_DOM" title="Using Shadow DOM">Shadow DOM</a></h2>
+<p>THe <strong>Shadow DOM</strong> allows to attach a DOM tree to an element, and have the internals of this tree hidden from JavaScript and CSS running in the page.</p>
+<p>The shadow DOM tree starts with a shadow root, underneath which it's possible to attach any element, in the same way as the normal DOM.</p>
+<p>Terminology:</p>
+<ul>
+<li><strong>Shadow host</strong>: The regular DOM node that the shadow DOM is attached to.</li>
+<li><strong>Shadow tree</strong>: The DOM tree inside the shadow DOM.</li>
+<li><strong>Shadow boundary</strong>: the place where the shadow DOM ends, and the regular DOM begins.</li>
+<li><strong>Shadow root</strong>: The root node of the shadow tree.</li>
+</ul>
+<p><img alt="shadow-dom-schema" src="../img/webcomponents_shadowdom.svg" /></p>
+<h3 id="creating-a-shadow-dom">Creating a Shadow DOM</h3>
+<div class="highlight"><table class="highlighttable"><tr><th colspan="2" class="filename"><span class="filename">HTML</span></th></tr><tr><td class="linenos"><div class="linenodiv"><pre><span></span><span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-4-1">1</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-4-2">2</a></span></pre></div></td><td class="code"><div><pre><span></span><code><a id="__codelineno-4-1" name="__codelineno-4-1"></a><span class="p">&lt;</span><span class="nt">div</span> <span class="na">id</span><span class="o">=</span><span class="s">&quot;host&quot;</span><span class="p">&gt;&lt;/</span><span class="nt">div</span><span class="p">&gt;</span>
+<a id="__codelineno-4-2" name="__codelineno-4-2"></a><span class="p">&lt;</span><span class="nt">span</span><span class="p">&gt;</span>I&#39;m not in the shadow DOM<span class="p">&lt;/</span><span class="nt">span</span><span class="p">&gt;</span>
+</code></pre></div></td></tr></table></div>
+<div class="highlight"><table class="highlighttable"><tr><th colspan="2" class="filename"><span class="filename">JavaScript</span></th></tr><tr><td class="linenos"><div class="linenodiv"><pre><span></span><span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-5-1">1</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-5-2">2</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-5-3">3</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-5-4">4</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-5-5">5</a></span></pre></div></td><td class="code"><div><pre><span></span><code><a id="__codelineno-5-1" name="__codelineno-5-1"></a><span class="kd">const</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="nx">host</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="o">=</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="nb">document</span><span class="p">.</span><span class="nx">querySelector</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="s2">&quot;#host&quot;</span><span class="p">);</span>
+<a id="__codelineno-5-2" name="__codelineno-5-2"></a><span class="kd">const</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="nx">shadow</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="o">=</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="nx">host</span><span class="p">.</span><span class="nx">attachShadow</span><span class="p">({</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="nx">mode</span><span class="o">:</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="s2">&quot;open&quot;</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="p">});</span>
+<a id="__codelineno-5-3" name="__codelineno-5-3"></a><span class="kd">const</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="nx">span</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="o">=</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="nb">document</span><span class="p">.</span><span class="nx">createElement</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="s2">&quot;span&quot;</span><span class="p">);</span>
+<a id="__codelineno-5-4" name="__codelineno-5-4"></a><span class="nx">span</span><span class="p">.</span><span class="nx">textContent</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="o">=</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="s2">&quot;I&#39;m in the shadow DOM&quot;</span><span class="p">;</span>
+<a id="__codelineno-5-5" name="__codelineno-5-5"></a><span class="nx">shadow</span><span class="p">.</span><span class="nx">appendChild</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="nx">span</span><span class="p">);</span>
+</code></pre></div></td></tr></table></div>
+<blockquote>
+<p><strong>Note</strong>: <code>{mode: "open"}</code> allows accessing the shadow DOM from the <em>root node</em> <code>shadowDom</code> property. The "close" mode does not expose this property.</p>
+</blockquote>
+<h3 id="javascript-css-encapsulation">JavaScript &amp; CSS Encapsulation</h3>
+<p>The JavaScript and CSS defined outside the shadow DOM do not have effect inside. To style a shadow dom there are two possibilities:</p>
+<ul>
+<li>defining a <code>CSSStylesheet</code> and assigning it to the <code>ShadowRoot: adoptedStyleSheets</code></li>
+<li>adding a <code>&lt;style&gt;</code> element in a <code>&lt;template&gt;</code> element's declaration.</li>
+</ul>
+<div class="highlight"><table class="highlighttable"><tr><th colspan="2" class="filename"><span class="filename">JavaScript</span></th></tr><tr><td class="linenos"><div class="linenodiv"><pre><span></span><span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-6-1"> 1</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-6-2"> 2</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-6-3"> 3</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-6-4"> 4</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-6-5"> 5</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-6-6"> 6</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-6-7"> 7</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-6-8"> 8</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-6-9"> 9</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-6-10">10</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-6-11">11</a></span></pre></div></td><td class="code"><div><pre><span></span><code><a id="__codelineno-6-1" name="__codelineno-6-1"></a><span class="kd">const</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="nx">sheet</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="o">=</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="ow">new</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="nx">CSSStyleSheet</span><span class="p">();</span>
+<a id="__codelineno-6-2" name="__codelineno-6-2"></a><span class="nx">sheet</span><span class="p">.</span><span class="nx">replaceSync</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="s2">&quot;span { color: red; border: 2px dotted black; }&quot;</span><span class="p">);</span>
+<a id="__codelineno-6-3" name="__codelineno-6-3"></a>
+<a id="__codelineno-6-4" name="__codelineno-6-4"></a><span class="kd">const</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="nx">host</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="o">=</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="nb">document</span><span class="p">.</span><span class="nx">querySelector</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="s2">&quot;#host&quot;</span><span class="p">);</span>
+<a id="__codelineno-6-5" name="__codelineno-6-5"></a>
+<a id="__codelineno-6-6" name="__codelineno-6-6"></a><span class="kd">const</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="nx">shadow</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="o">=</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="nx">host</span><span class="p">.</span><span class="nx">attachShadow</span><span class="p">({</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="nx">mode</span><span class="o">:</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="s2">&quot;open&quot;</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="p">});</span>
+<a id="__codelineno-6-7" name="__codelineno-6-7"></a><span class="nx">shadow</span><span class="p">.</span><span class="nx">adoptedStyleSheets</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="o">=</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="p">[</span><span class="nx">sheet</span><span class="p">];</span>
+<a id="__codelineno-6-8" name="__codelineno-6-8"></a>
+<a id="__codelineno-6-9" name="__codelineno-6-9"></a><span class="kd">const</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="nx">span</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="o">=</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="nb">document</span><span class="p">.</span><span class="nx">createElement</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="s2">&quot;span&quot;</span><span class="p">);</span>
+<a id="__codelineno-6-10" name="__codelineno-6-10"></a><span class="nx">span</span><span class="p">.</span><span class="nx">textContent</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="o">=</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="s2">&quot;I&#39;m in the shadow DOM&quot;</span><span class="p">;</span>
+<a id="__codelineno-6-11" name="__codelineno-6-11"></a><span class="nx">shadow</span><span class="p">.</span><span class="nx">appendChild</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="nx">span</span><span class="p">);</span>
+</code></pre></div></td></tr></table></div>
+<div class="highlight"><table class="highlighttable"><tr><th colspan="2" class="filename"><span class="filename">HTML</span></th></tr><tr><td class="linenos"><div class="linenodiv"><pre><span></span><span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-7-1"> 1</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-7-2"> 2</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-7-3"> 3</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-7-4"> 4</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-7-5"> 5</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-7-6"> 6</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-7-7"> 7</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-7-8"> 8</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-7-9"> 9</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-7-10">10</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-7-11">11</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-7-12">12</a></span></pre></div></td><td class="code"><div><pre><span></span><code><a id="__codelineno-7-1" name="__codelineno-7-1"></a><span class="p">&lt;</span><span class="nt">template</span> <span class="na">id</span><span class="o">=</span><span class="s">&quot;custom-element&quot;</span><span class="p">&gt;</span>
+<a id="__codelineno-7-2" name="__codelineno-7-2"></a>  <span class="p">&lt;</span><span class="nt">style</span><span class="p">&gt;</span>
+<a id="__codelineno-7-3" name="__codelineno-7-3"></a><span class="w">    </span><span class="nt">span</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="p">{</span>
+<a id="__codelineno-7-4" name="__codelineno-7-4"></a><span class="w">      </span><span class="k">color</span><span class="p">:</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="kc">red</span><span class="p">;</span>
+<a id="__codelineno-7-5" name="__codelineno-7-5"></a><span class="w">      </span><span class="k">border</span><span class="p">:</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="mi">2</span><span class="kt">px</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="kc">dotted</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="kc">black</span><span class="p">;</span>
+<a id="__codelineno-7-6" name="__codelineno-7-6"></a><span class="w">    </span><span class="p">}</span>
+<a id="__codelineno-7-7" name="__codelineno-7-7"></a><span class="w">  </span><span class="p">&lt;/</span><span class="nt">style</span><span class="p">&gt;</span>
+<a id="__codelineno-7-8" name="__codelineno-7-8"></a>  <span class="p">&lt;</span><span class="nt">span</span><span class="p">&gt;</span>I&#39;m in the shadow DOM<span class="p">&lt;/</span><span class="nt">span</span><span class="p">&gt;</span>
+<a id="__codelineno-7-9" name="__codelineno-7-9"></a><span class="p">&lt;/</span><span class="nt">template</span><span class="p">&gt;</span>
+<a id="__codelineno-7-10" name="__codelineno-7-10"></a>
+<a id="__codelineno-7-11" name="__codelineno-7-11"></a><span class="p">&lt;</span><span class="nt">div</span> <span class="na">id</span><span class="o">=</span><span class="s">&quot;host&quot;</span><span class="p">&gt;&lt;/</span><span class="nt">div</span><span class="p">&gt;</span>
+<a id="__codelineno-7-12" name="__codelineno-7-12"></a><span class="p">&lt;</span><span class="nt">span</span><span class="p">&gt;</span>I&#39;m not in the shadow DOM<span class="p">&lt;/</span><span class="nt">span</span><span class="p">&gt;</span>
+</code></pre></div></td></tr></table></div>
+<h2 id="template-and-slot"><a href="https://developer.mozilla.org/en-US/docs/Web/API/Web_components/Using_templates_and_slots" title="Using Templates and Slots"><code>&lt;template&gt;</code> and <code>&lt;slot&gt;</code></a></h2>
+<h3 id="the-template-element">The <code>&lt;template&gt;</code> element</h3>
+<p>To reuse the same markup structures repeatedly on a web page, it makes sense to use some kind of a template rather than repeating the same structure over and over again.<br />
+The HTML <code>&lt;template&gt;</code> and its contents are not rendered in the DOM, but it can still be referenced using JavaScript.</p>
+<div class="highlight"><table class="highlighttable"><tr><th colspan="2" class="filename"><span class="filename">HTML</span></th></tr><tr><td class="linenos"><div class="linenodiv"><pre><span></span><span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-8-1">1</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-8-2">2</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-8-3">3</a></span></pre></div></td><td class="code"><div><pre><span></span><code><a id="__codelineno-8-1" name="__codelineno-8-1"></a><span class="p">&lt;</span><span class="nt">template</span> <span class="na">id</span><span class="o">=</span><span class="s">&quot;template-id&quot;</span><span class="p">&gt;</span>
+<a id="__codelineno-8-2" name="__codelineno-8-2"></a>  <span class="p">&lt;</span><span class="nt">p</span><span class="p">&gt;</span>template fallback content<span class="p">&lt;/</span><span class="nt">p</span><span class="p">&gt;</span>
+<a id="__codelineno-8-3" name="__codelineno-8-3"></a><span class="p">&lt;/</span><span class="nt">template</span><span class="p">&gt;</span>
+</code></pre></div></td></tr></table></div>
+<div class="highlight"><table class="highlighttable"><tr><th colspan="2" class="filename"><span class="filename">JavaScript</span></th></tr><tr><td class="linenos"><div class="linenodiv"><pre><span></span><span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-9-1">1</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-9-2">2</a></span></pre></div></td><td class="code"><div><pre><span></span><code><a id="__codelineno-9-1" name="__codelineno-9-1"></a><span class="kd">let</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="nx">template</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="o">=</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="nb">document</span><span class="p">.</span><span class="nx">getElementById</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="s2">&quot;template-id&quot;</span><span class="p">).</span><span class="nx">content</span><span class="p">;</span>
+<a id="__codelineno-9-2" name="__codelineno-9-2"></a><span class="nb">document</span><span class="p">.</span><span class="nx">body</span><span class="p">.</span><span class="nx">appendChild</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="nx">template</span><span class="p">);</span>
+</code></pre></div></td></tr></table></div>
+<h3 id="templates-custom-elements">Templates &amp; Custom Elements</h3>
+<p>Templates are useful on their own, but they work even better with web components.</p>
+<p>Since the template is added to a shadow DOM, it's possible to include styling information inside the template in a <code>&lt;style&gt;</code> element, which is then encapsulated inside the custom element.</p>
+<div class="highlight"><table class="highlighttable"><tr><th colspan="2" class="filename"><span class="filename">HTML</span></th></tr><tr><td class="linenos"><div class="linenodiv"><pre><span></span><span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-10-1"> 1</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-10-2"> 2</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-10-3"> 3</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-10-4"> 4</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-10-5"> 5</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-10-6"> 6</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-10-7"> 7</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-10-8"> 8</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-10-9"> 9</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-10-10">10</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-10-11">11</a></span></pre></div></td><td class="code"><div><pre><span></span><code><a id="__codelineno-10-1" name="__codelineno-10-1"></a><span class="p">&lt;</span><span class="nt">template</span> <span class="na">id</span><span class="o">=</span><span class="s">&quot;template-id&quot;</span><span class="p">&gt;</span>
+<a id="__codelineno-10-2" name="__codelineno-10-2"></a>  <span class="p">&lt;</span><span class="nt">style</span><span class="p">&gt;</span>
+<a id="__codelineno-10-3" name="__codelineno-10-3"></a><span class="w">    </span><span class="nt">p</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="p">{</span>
+<a id="__codelineno-10-4" name="__codelineno-10-4"></a><span class="w">      </span><span class="k">color</span><span class="p">:</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="kc">white</span><span class="p">;</span>
+<a id="__codelineno-10-5" name="__codelineno-10-5"></a><span class="w">      </span><span class="k">background-color</span><span class="p">:</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="mh">#666</span><span class="p">;</span>
+<a id="__codelineno-10-6" name="__codelineno-10-6"></a><span class="w">      </span><span class="k">padding</span><span class="p">:</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="mi">5</span><span class="kt">px</span><span class="p">;</span>
+<a id="__codelineno-10-7" name="__codelineno-10-7"></a><span class="w">    </span><span class="p">}</span>
+<a id="__codelineno-10-8" name="__codelineno-10-8"></a><span class="w">  </span><span class="p">&lt;/</span><span class="nt">style</span><span class="p">&gt;</span>
+<a id="__codelineno-10-9" name="__codelineno-10-9"></a>
+<a id="__codelineno-10-10" name="__codelineno-10-10"></a>  <span class="p">&lt;</span><span class="nt">p</span><span class="p">&gt;</span>My paragraph<span class="p">&lt;/</span><span class="nt">p</span><span class="p">&gt;</span>
+<a id="__codelineno-10-11" name="__codelineno-10-11"></a><span class="p">&lt;/</span><span class="nt">template</span><span class="p">&gt;</span>
+</code></pre></div></td></tr></table></div>
+<div class="highlight"><table class="highlighttable"><tr><th colspan="2" class="filename"><span class="filename">JavaScript</span></th></tr><tr><td class="linenos"><div class="linenodiv"><pre><span></span><span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-11-1"> 1</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-11-2"> 2</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-11-3"> 3</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-11-4"> 4</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-11-5"> 5</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-11-6"> 6</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-11-7"> 7</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-11-8"> 8</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-11-9"> 9</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-11-10">10</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-11-11">11</a></span></pre></div></td><td class="code"><div><pre><span></span><code><a id="__codelineno-11-1" name="__codelineno-11-1"></a><span class="kd">class</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="nx">CustomElement</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="k">extends</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="nx">HTMLElement</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="p">{</span>
+<a id="__codelineno-11-2" name="__codelineno-11-2"></a><span class="w">    </span><span class="kr">constructor</span><span class="p">()</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="p">{</span>
+<a id="__codelineno-11-3" name="__codelineno-11-3"></a><span class="w">        </span><span class="k">super</span><span class="p">();</span>
+<a id="__codelineno-11-4" name="__codelineno-11-4"></a><span class="w">        </span><span class="kd">let</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="nx">template</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="o">=</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="nb">document</span><span class="p">.</span><span class="nx">getElementById</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="s2">&quot;template-id&quot;</span><span class="p">).</span><span class="nx">content</span><span class="p">;;</span>
+<a id="__codelineno-11-5" name="__codelineno-11-5"></a>
+<a id="__codelineno-11-6" name="__codelineno-11-6"></a><span class="w">        </span><span class="kd">const</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="nx">shadowRoot</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="o">=</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="k">this</span><span class="p">.</span><span class="nx">attachShadow</span><span class="p">({</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="nx">mode</span><span class="o">:</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="s2">&quot;open&quot;</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="p">});</span>
+<a id="__codelineno-11-7" name="__codelineno-11-7"></a><span class="w">        </span><span class="nx">shadowRoot</span><span class="p">.</span><span class="nx">appendChild</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="nx">template</span><span class="p">.</span><span class="nx">cloneNode</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="kc">true</span><span class="p">));</span>
+<a id="__codelineno-11-8" name="__codelineno-11-8"></a><span class="w">    </span><span class="p">}</span>
+<a id="__codelineno-11-9" name="__codelineno-11-9"></a><span class="p">}</span>
+<a id="__codelineno-11-10" name="__codelineno-11-10"></a>
+<a id="__codelineno-11-11" name="__codelineno-11-11"></a><span class="nx">customElements</span><span class="p">.</span><span class="nx">define</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="s2">&quot;custom-element&quot;</span><span class="p">,</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="nx">CustomElement</span><span class="p">);</span>
+</code></pre></div></td></tr></table></div>
+<h3 id="the-slot-element">The <code>&lt;slot&gt;</code> element</h3>
+<p>It possible to display different content in each element instance in a nice declarative way using the <code>&lt;slot&gt;</code> element.</p>
+<p>Slots are identified by their <em>name attribute</em>, and allow to define placeholders in the template that can be filled with any markup fragment when the element is used in the markup.</p>
+<div class="highlight"><table class="highlighttable"><tr><th colspan="2" class="filename"><span class="filename">HTML</span></th></tr><tr><td class="linenos"><div class="linenodiv"><pre><span></span><span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-12-1">1</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-12-2">2</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-12-3">3</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-12-4">4</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-12-5">5</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-12-6">6</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-12-7">7</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-12-8">8</a></span>
+<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-12-9">9</a></span></pre></div></td><td class="code"><div><pre><span></span><code><a id="__codelineno-12-1" name="__codelineno-12-1"></a><span class="p">&lt;</span><span class="nt">template</span> <span class="na">id</span><span class="o">=</span><span class="s">&quot;template-id&quot;</span><span class="p">&gt;</span>
+<a id="__codelineno-12-2" name="__codelineno-12-2"></a>  <span class="p">&lt;</span><span class="nt">p</span><span class="p">&gt;</span>
+<a id="__codelineno-12-3" name="__codelineno-12-3"></a>    <span class="p">&lt;</span><span class="nt">slot</span> <span class="na">name</span><span class="o">=</span><span class="s">&quot;slot-name&quot;</span><span class="p">&gt;</span>Default slot content<span class="p">&lt;/</span><span class="nt">slot</span><span class="p">&gt;</span>
+<a id="__codelineno-12-4" name="__codelineno-12-4"></a>  <span class="p">&lt;/</span><span class="nt">p</span><span class="p">&gt;</span>
+<a id="__codelineno-12-5" name="__codelineno-12-5"></a><span class="p">&lt;/</span><span class="nt">template</span><span class="p">&gt;</span>
+<a id="__codelineno-12-6" name="__codelineno-12-6"></a>
+<a id="__codelineno-12-7" name="__codelineno-12-7"></a><span class="p">&lt;</span><span class="nt">custom-element</span><span class="p">&gt;</span>
+<a id="__codelineno-12-8" name="__codelineno-12-8"></a>  <span class="p">&lt;</span><span class="nt">span</span> <span class="na">slot</span><span class="o">=</span><span class="s">&quot;slot-name&quot;</span><span class="p">&gt;</span>Substituted slot content<span class="p">&lt;/</span><span class="nt">span</span><span class="p">&gt;</span>
+<a id="__codelineno-12-9" name="__codelineno-12-9"></a><span class="p">&lt;/</span><span class="nt">custom-element</span><span class="p">&gt;</span>
+</code></pre></div></td></tr></table></div>
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diff --git a/search/search_index.js b/search/search_index.js
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..6af9ecc
--- /dev/null
+++ b/search/search_index.js
@@ -0,0 +1 @@
+var __index = {"config":{"lang":["en"],"separator":"[\\s\\-]+","pipeline":["stopWordFilter"]},"docs":[{"location":"index.html","title":"Dev Notes","text":"<p>Personal notes on various programming languages, technologies, tools, etc. to be used as quick reference.</p> <p>Note: These notes are not meant to be comprehensive but to contain frequently used information. For complete and up to date documentation always go to the primary source.</p>"},{"location":"containers/docker.html","title":"Docker","text":""},{"location":"containers/docker.html#images-containers","title":"Images &amp; Containers","text":"<p>Containerization is an approach to software development in which an application or service, its dependencies, and its configuration (abstracted as deployment manifest files) are packaged together as a container image.</p> <p>Just as shipping containers allow goods to be transported by ship, train, or truck regardless of the cargo inside, software containers act as a standard unit of software deployment that can contain different code and dependencies. Containerizing software this way enables developers and IT professionals to deploy them across environments with little or no modification.</p> <p>Containers also isolate applications from each other on a shared OS. Containerized applications run on top of a container host that in turn runs on the OS. Containers therefore have a much smaller footprint than virtual machine (VM) images.</p> <p>In short, containers offer the benefits of isolation, portability, agility, scalability, and control across the entire application lifecycle workflow.</p>"},{"location":"containers/docker.html#containers-vs-virtual-machines","title":"Containers vs Virtual Machines","text":"<p>A container runs natively on Linux and shares the kernel of the host machine with other containers. It runs a discrete process, taking no more memory than any other executable, making it lightweight.</p> <p>By contrast, a virtual machine (VM) runs a full-blown \"guest\" operating system with virtual access to host resources through a hypervisor. In general, VMs incur a lot of overhead beyond what is being consumed by your application logic.</p> <p> </p>"},{"location":"containers/docker.html#docker-terminology","title":"Docker Terminology","text":"<p>Container image: A package with all the dependencies and information needed to create a container. An image includes all the dependencies (such as frameworks) plus deployment and execution configuration to be used by a container runtime. Usually, an image derives from multiple base images that are layers stacked on top of each other to form the container\u2019s filesystem. An image is immutable once it has been created.</p> <p>Dockerfile: A text file that contains instructions for building a Docker image. It\u2019s like a batch script, the first line states the base image to begin with and then follow the instructions to install required programs, copy files, and so on, until you get the working environment you need.</p> <p>Build: The action of building a container image based on the information and context provided by its Dockerfile, plus additional files in the folder where the image is built. You can build images with the following Docker command: <code>docker build</code></p> <p>Container: An instance of a Docker image. A container represents the execution of a single application, process, or service. It consists of the contents of a Docker image, an execution environment, and a standard set of instructions. When scaling a service, you create multiple instances of a container from the same image. Or a batch job can create multiple containers from the same image, passing different parameters to each instance.</p> <p>Volumes: Offer a writable filesystem that the container can use. Since images are read-only but most programs need to write to the filesystem, volumes add a writable layer, on top of the container image, so the programs have access to a writable filesystem. The program doesn\u2019t know it\u2019s accessing a layered filesystem, it\u2019s just the filesystem as usual. Volumes live in the host system and are managed by Docker.</p> <p>Tag: A mark or label you can apply to images so that different images or versions of the same image (depending on the version number or the target environment) can be identified.</p> <p>Multi-stage Build: Is a feature, since Docker 17.05 or higher, that helps to reduce the size of the final images. For example, a large base image, containing the SDK can be used for compiling and publishing and then a small runtime-only base image can be used to host the application.</p> <p>Repository (repo): A collection of related Docker images, labeled with a tag that indicates the image version. Some repos contain multiple variants of a specific image, such as an image containing SDKs (heavier), an image containing only runtimes (lighter), etc. Those variants can be marked with tags. A single repo can contain platform variants, such as a Linux image and a Windows image.</p> <p>Registry: A service that provides access to repositories. The default registry for most public images is Docker Hub (owned by Docker as an organization). A registry usually contains repositories from multiple teams. Companies often have private registries to store and manage images they\u2019ve created.</p> <p>Multi-arch image: For multi-architecture, it\u2019s a feature that simplifies the selection of the appropriate image, according to the platform where Docker is running.</p> <p>Docker Hub: A public registry to upload images and work with them. Docker Hub provides Docker image hosting, public or private registries, build triggers and web hooks, and integration with GitHub and Bitbucket.</p> <p>Azure Container Registry: A public resource for working with Docker images and its components in Azure. This provides a registry that\u2019s close to your deployments in Azure and that gives you control over access, making it possible to use your Azure Active Directory groups and permissions.</p> <p>Docker Trusted Registry (DTR): A Docker registry service (from Docker) that can be installed on-premises so it lives within the organization\u2019s datacenter and network. It\u2019s convenient for private images that should be managed within the enterprise. Docker Trusted Registry is included as part of the Docker Datacenter product. For more information, see Docker Trusted Registry (DTR).</p> <p>Docker Compose: A command-line tool and YAML file format with metadata for defining and running multi-container applications. You define a single application based on multiple images with one or more <code>.yml</code> files that can override values depending on the environment. After you\u2019ve created the definitions, you can deploy the whole multi-container application with a single command (docker-compose up) that creates a container per image on the Docker host.</p> <p>Cluster: A collection of Docker hosts exposed as if it were a single virtual Docker host, so that the application can scale to multiple instances of the services spread across multiple hosts within the cluster. Docker clusters can be created with Kubernetes, Azure Service Fabric, Docker Swarm and Mesosphere DC/OS.</p> <p>Orchestrator: A tool that simplifies the management of clusters and Docker hosts. Orchestrators enable you to manage their images, containers, and hosts through a command-line interface (CLI) or a graphical UI. You can manage container networking, configurations, load balancing, service discovery, high availability, Docker host configuration, and more. An orchestrator is responsible for running, distributing, scaling, and healing workloads across a collection of nodes. Typically, orchestrator products are the same products that provide cluster infrastructure, like Kubernetes and Azure Service Fabric, among other offerings in the market.</p>"},{"location":"containers/docker.html#docker-cli","title":"Docker CLI","text":""},{"location":"containers/docker.html#docker-run","title":"<code>docker run</code>","text":"Bash<pre><code>docker run &lt;image&gt;  # run selected app inside a container (downloaded from Docker Hub if missing from image)\ndocker run -d|--detach &lt;image&gt;  # run docker container in the background (does not occupy stdout &amp; stderr)\ndocker run -i|--interactive &lt;image&gt;  # run docker container in interactive mode (read stdin)\ndocker run -t|--tty &lt;image&gt;  # run docker container allocating a pseudo-TTY (show prompts)\ndocker run -p|--publish &lt;host_port&gt;:&lt;container_port&gt; &lt;image&gt;  # map container ports\ndocker run -v|--volume &lt;existing_host_dir&gt;:&lt;container_dir&gt; &lt;image&gt;  # map container directory to a host directory (external volumes)\ndocker run -v|--volume &lt;volume_name&gt;:&lt;container_dir&gt; &lt;image&gt;  # map container directory to a host directory under the docker main folder (external volumes)\ndocker run -e|--env NAME=value &lt;image&gt;  # set container env vars\ndocker run --entrypoint &lt;executable&gt; &lt;args&gt; &lt;image&gt;  # run with a non-default entrypoint\ndocker run --name=&lt;container_name&gt; &lt;image&gt;  # set container name\n</code></pre> <p>Warn: <code>&lt;image&gt;</code> must be last argument</p>"},{"location":"containers/docker.html#docker-container","title":"<code>docker container</code>","text":"Bash<pre><code>docker container ls  # list of currently running containers\ndocker container ls -a|--all  # list of all containers, running and exited\ndocker container rm &lt;container&gt;  # remove one or more containers\ndocker container prune  # remove stopped containers\n\ndocker container inspect &lt;container&gt;  # full details about a container\ndocker container logs &lt;container&gt;  # see container logs\n\ndocker container stop &lt;container&gt;  # stop a running container\ndocker container start &lt;container&gt;  # start a stopped container\n\ndocker container exec &lt;container&gt; &lt;command&gt;  # exec a command inside a container\n</code></pre>"},{"location":"containers/docker.html#docker-image","title":"<code>docker image</code>","text":"Bash<pre><code>docker image ls  # list of existing images\ndocker image rm &lt;image&gt;  # remove one or more images\ndocker image prune &lt;image&gt;  # remove unused images\ndocker image pull &lt;image&gt;  # download an image w/o starting the container\n</code></pre>"},{"location":"containers/docker.html#docker-build","title":"<code>docker build</code>","text":"Bash<pre><code>docker build -t &lt;tag&gt; -f &lt;dockerfile&gt; &lt;context&gt;  # build image with specific tag (usually user/app:version)\ndocker build -t &lt;tag&gt; -f &lt;dockerfile&gt; --build-arg ARG=value &lt;context&gt;  # pass args to ARG steps\n</code></pre>"},{"location":"containers/docker.html#docker-push","title":"<code>docker push</code>","text":"Bash<pre><code>docker push &lt;image&gt;  # publish image to registry (defaults to Docker Hub)\n</code></pre>"},{"location":"containers/docker.html#dockerfile","title":"Dockerfile","text":"Docker<pre><code># starting image or scratch\nFROM &lt;base_image&gt;:&lt;tag&gt;\n\n# run commands (e.g: install dependencies)\nRUN &lt;command&gt;\n\n# define working directory (usually /app)\nWORKDIR &lt;path&gt;\n\n# copy source code into the image in a specified location\nCOPY &lt;src&gt; &lt;dir_in_container&gt;\n\n# accept args from docker run (--build-arg arg_name=value)\nARG &lt;arg_name&gt;\n\n# set env values inside the container\nENV &lt;ENV_VAR&gt; &lt;value&gt;\n\n# Exec form (Preferred form)\nCMD [\"&lt;executable&gt;\", \"&lt;arg1&gt;\", \"&lt;arg2&gt;\"]\nENTRYPOINT [\"&lt;executable&gt;\", \"&lt;arg1&gt;\", \"&lt;arg2&gt;\"]\n\n# Shell form\nCMD &lt;executable&gt; &lt;arg1&gt; &lt;arg2&gt;\nENTRYPOINT &lt;executable&gt; &lt;arg1&gt; &lt;arg2&gt;\n</code></pre>"},{"location":"containers/docker.html#cmd-vs-entrypoint","title":"<code>CMD</code> vs <code>ENTRYPOINT</code>","text":"<p><code>CMD</code> is used to provide all the default scenarios which can be overridden. Anything defined in CMD can be overridden by passing arguments in <code>docker run</code> command.</p> <p><code>ENTRYPOINT</code> is used to define a specific executable (and it's arguments) to be executed during container invocation which cannot be overridden. The user can however define arguments to be passed in the executable by adding them in the <code>docker run</code> command.</p>"},{"location":"containers/docker.html#docker-multi-stage-build","title":"Docker Multi-Stage Build","text":"<p>With multi-stage builds, it's possible to use multiple <code>FROM</code> statements in the Dockerfile. Each <code>FROM</code> instruction can use a different base, and each of them begins a new stage of the build.</p> <p>It's possible to selectively copy artifacts from one stage to another, leaving behind everything not wanted in the final image.</p> Docker<pre><code>FROM &lt;base_image&gt;:&lt;tag&gt; AS &lt;runtime_alias&gt;\nRUN &lt;command&gt;  # install external dependencies (apt get ...)\n\n# --- START of BUILD LAYERS --- #\nFROM &lt;base_image&gt;:&lt;tag&gt; AS &lt;build_alias&gt;\nWORKDIR &lt;app_path&gt;\n\n# install project dependencies\nCOPY &lt;src&gt; &lt;dir_in_container&gt;  # add lockfiles\nRUN &lt;command&gt;  # install project dependencies from lockfiles\n\nCOPY &lt;src&gt; .&lt;dir_in_container&gt;  # bring in all source code\nWORKDIR &lt;build_location&gt;\nARG version\nRUN &lt;command&gt;  # build project\n# --- END of BUILD LAYERS --- #\n\nFROM &lt;runtime_alias&gt; AS &lt;deploy_alias&gt;\nWORKDIR &lt;app_path&gt;\n\n# bring in release build files\nCOPY --from=&lt;build_alias|stage_number&gt; &lt;src&gt; &lt;dir_in_container&gt;\nCMD [\"executable\"]  # run app\n</code></pre> Docker<pre><code>FROM mcr.microsoft.com/dotnet/&lt;runtime|aspnet&gt;:&lt;alpine_tag&gt; AS runtime\nRUN &lt;command&gt;  # install external dependencies (apt get ...)\n\n# --- START of BUILD LAYERS --- #\nFROM mcr.microsoft.com/dotnet/sdk:&lt;tag&gt; as build\nWORKDIR /app\n\n# install project dependencies\nCOPY *.sln ./src\nCOPY src/*.csproj ./src\nRUN dotnet restore\n\n# publish app\nCOPY /src ./src  # bring in all source code\nWORKDIR /app/src  # reposition to build location\nARG version\nRUN dotnet publish &lt;project&gt;|&lt;solution&gt; -c Release -o out /p:Version=$version\n# --- END of BUILD LAYERS --- #\n\nFROM runtime AS final-runtime\nWORKDIR /app\nCOPY --from=build /app/out .\n\nENTRYPOINT [\"dotnet\", \"&lt;project&gt;.dll\"]\n</code></pre>"},{"location":"containers/docker.html#networking","title":"Networking","text":"<p>Starting container networks: <code>bridge</code> (default), <code>none</code>, <code>host</code>.</p> Bash<pre><code>docker run &lt;image&gt; --network=none/host  # specify a non-default network to be used\ndocker run &lt;image&gt; --add-host=&lt;hostname&gt;:&lt;ip&gt;  # add hostname mapping\ndocker network ls  # list all available networks\n</code></pre> <ul> <li>Bridge: Private internal network created by Docker.   All containers ara attached to this network by default and get an IP in the <code>172.17.xxx.xxx-172.12.xxx.xxx</code> series.   Containers can access each other by using the IP <code>172.17.0.1</code>.   It is possible to create multiple sub-networks in the bridge network to isolate groups of containers from each other.</li> <li>Host: Removes any network isolation between the host and the containers. Cannot run multiple containers on the same port.</li> <li>None: Containers are not attached to a network and cannot access other containers or the external network.</li> </ul> <p>Note: Mapping <code>host-gateway</code> to an hostname allows the container to reach the host network even with networks types different from <code>host</code></p>"},{"location":"containers/docker.html#user-defined-networks","title":"User-defined Networks","text":"Bash<pre><code>docker network create --driver NETWORK_TYPE --subnet GATEWAY_TP/SUBNET_MASK_SIZE NETWORK_NAME\n</code></pre>"},{"location":"containers/docker.html#embedded-dns","title":"Embedded DNS","text":"<p>Docker has an internal DNS that allows finding other container by their name instead of their IP. The DNS always runs at the address <code>127.0.0.11</code>.</p>"},{"location":"containers/docker.html#exposing-ports","title":"Exposing Ports","text":"<p>By default, containers on bridge networks don't expose any ports to the outside world. Using the <code>--publish</code> or <code>-p</code> flag makes a port available to services outside the bridge network. This creates a firewall rule in the host, mapping a container port to a port on the Docker host to the outside world.</p> <p>Here are some examples:</p> Flag value Description <code>-p 8080:80</code> Map port <code>8080</code> on the host to TCP port <code>80</code> in the container. <code>-p 192.168.1.100:8080:80</code> Map port <code>8080</code> on the host IP <code>192.168.1.100</code> to TCP port <code>80</code> in the container. <code>-p 8080:80/udp</code> Map port <code>8080</code> on the host to UDP port <code>80</code> in the container. <code>-p 8080:80/tcp -p 8080:80/udp</code> Map TCP and UDP port <code>8080</code> on the host to TCP and UDP port <code>80</code> in the container. <p>Warn: Publishing container ports is insecure by default. A published port it becomes available not only to the host, but to the outside world as well. If the localhost IP address (<code>127.0.0.1</code>, or <code>::1</code>) is included with the publish flag, only the host and its containers can access the published container port.</p> Bash<pre><code>docker run --publish 127.0.0.1:8080:80 --publish '[::1]:8080:80' nginx\n</code></pre>"},{"location":"containers/docker.html#docker-storage","title":"Docker Storage","text":""},{"location":"containers/docker.html#file-system","title":"File System","text":"Bash<pre><code>/var/lib/docker\n|_&lt;storage_driver&gt;\n|_containers\n|_image\n|_network\n|_volumes\n| |_specific_volume\n|_...\n</code></pre>"},{"location":"containers/docker.html#copy-on-write","title":"Copy-On-Write","text":"<p>To modify a file during while the container runs docker creates a local copy in the specific container and the local copy will be modified.</p>"},{"location":"containers/docker.html#volumes","title":"Volumes","text":"<p>volume mounting: create a volume under the docker installation folder (<code>/var/lib/docker/volumes/</code>). bind mounting: link docker to an exiting folder to be used as a volume.</p> Bash<pre><code>docker run -v &lt;existing_dir&gt;:&lt;container_dir&gt; &lt;image&gt;:&lt;tag&gt;  # older command for bind mounting\ndocker run --mount type=bind, source=:&lt;existing_dir&gt;, target=&lt;container_dir&gt; &lt;image&gt;:&lt;tag&gt;  # modern command for bind mounting\n</code></pre>"},{"location":"containers/docker.html#docker-compose","title":"Docker Compose","text":"<p>Compose is a tool for defining and running multi-container Docker applications. With Compose, you use a YAML file to configure your application\u2019s services. Then, with a single command, you create and start all the services from your configuration.</p> <p>Using Compose is basically a three-step process:</p> <ol> <li>Define the app\u2019s environment with a\u00a0<code>Dockerfile</code>\u00a0so it can be reproduced anywhere.</li> <li>Define the services that make up your app in\u00a0<code>docker-compose.yml</code>\u00a0so they can be run together in an isolated environment.</li> <li>Run\u00a0<code>docker-compose up</code>\u00a0and Compose starts and runs the entire app.</li> </ol> YAML<pre><code>version: 3.x\nservices:\n  &lt;service_name&gt;:\n    image: &lt;image_name&gt;\n    image: &lt;image_url&gt;\n    build: &lt;path&gt;  # path to folder containing a Dockerfile to build the image\n    build:\n      context: &lt;path&gt;\n      dockerfile: &lt;*.Dockerfile&gt;\n      args:  # pass args to dockerfile\n        ARG: &lt;value&gt;\n        - ARG=&lt;value&gt;\n    ports: \n      - &lt;host_port&gt;:&lt;container_port&gt;\n    extra_hosts:  # add hostname mappings to container network interface config\n      - &lt;hostname&gt;:&lt;ip&gt;\n      - &lt;hostname&gt;:host-gateway  # map host machine network\n    profiles:  # partition services into sets\n      - &lt;profile_name&gt;\n    networks:  # attach container to one or more networks\n      - &lt;network_name&gt;\n    depends_on:  # make sure dependencies are running before this container\n      - &lt;container_name&gt;\n    environment:  # declare a env vars for this service\n      ENV_VAR: &lt;value&gt;\n      - ENV_VAR=&lt;value&gt;\n    env_file:\n      - &lt;path/to/env/file&gt;  # reusable env file\n    volumes:\n      - \"./&lt;rel/path/to/volume&gt;:&lt;in/container/path/to/data&gt;\"  # service-dedicated volume\n      - \"&lt;volume_name&gt;:&lt;in/container/path/to/data&gt;\"  # reuseable volume\n    healthcheck:\n      disable: &lt;bool&gt;  # set to true to disable\n      test: curl -f http://localhost  # set to [\"NONE\"] to disable\n      interval:  # interval between checks (default 30s)\n      timeout:  # check fail timeout (default 30s)\n      retries:  # num of retries before unhealty (default 3)\n      start_period:  # container init grace pediod (default 5s)\n      start_interval:  # check interval in start period\n\n# reusable volume definitions\nvolumes:\n  - &lt;volume_name&gt;:\n\n# create networks\nnetworks:\n  &lt;network_name&gt;:\n</code></pre>"},{"location":"containers/kubernetes.html","title":"Kubernetes (<code>k8s</code>)","text":""},{"location":"containers/kubernetes.html#cluster-architecture","title":"Cluster Architecture","text":"<p>A Kubernetes cluster consists of a set of worker machines, called nodes, that run containerized applications. Every cluster has at least one worker node.</p> <p>The worker node(s) host the pods that are the components of the application workload. The control plane manages the worker nodes and the pods in the cluster. In production environments, the control plane usually runs across multiple computers and a cluster usually runs multiple nodes, providing fault-tolerance and high availability.</p> <p></p>"},{"location":"containers/kubernetes.html#control-plane","title":"Control Plane","text":"<p>The control plane is the container orchestration layer that exposes the API and interfaces to define, deploy, and manage the lifecycle of containers. It's components are:</p> <ul> <li>kube-apiserver: entrypoint of the cluster that exposes the kubernetes API</li> <li>kube-controller-manager: keeps track of what is happening in the cluster</li> <li>kube-scheduler: ensures pod placement on the nodes based on node resource availability</li> <li>etcd: key-value store used as Kubernetes backing store for all cluster data</li> </ul> <p>Note: in production environment there are at least two control planes to ensure constant availability of their functionalities</p>"},{"location":"containers/kubernetes.html#node","title":"Node","text":"<p>Nodes are the worker machines in kubernetes. The node components are:</p> <ul> <li>kubelet: the agent that runs on each node in the cluster. It makes sure that containers are running in a pod</li> <li>kube-proxy: the network proxy part of the cluster virtual network that allows communication to pods from inside or outside of the cluster</li> <li>container runtime: the software that is responsible for running containers</li> </ul>"},{"location":"containers/kubernetes.html#kubernetes-components","title":"Kubernetes Components","text":""},{"location":"containers/kubernetes.html#pod","title":"Pod","text":"<p>Pods are the smallest unit in kubernetes. They are an abstraction over a set of running containers. The pod abstraction is used to make kubernetes independent from the container technology.</p> <p>Each pod has it's own IP address inside the virtual network of the cluster; this makes pod communication possible. Since pods are ephemeral resources when a pod dies another one will replace it. The new pod will get a new IP address.</p>"},{"location":"containers/kubernetes.html#service","title":"Service","text":"<p>Services are permanent IP addresses and ar used to resolve the issue of changing pod IPs. Each pod can be attached to a service. The lifecycle of a service is detached from a pod. External services are used to make the contents of a pod accessible from the outside of the cluster while internal services are not exposed.</p>"},{"location":"containers/kubernetes.html#ingress","title":"Ingress","text":"<p>Ingresses are the components hat forwards external requests to specific services. Ingresses are used to expose services through secure protocols and friendly URLs instead of service IPs.</p>"},{"location":"containers/kubernetes.html#configmap","title":"ConfigMap","text":"<p>ConfigMaps are external configurations used to store non-confidential data in key-value pairs. Pods can consume ConfigMaps as environment variables, command-line arguments, or as configuration files in a volume.</p> <p>ConfigMaps allow to decouple environment-specific configuration from container images, so that applications are easily portable.</p>"},{"location":"containers/kubernetes.html#secret","title":"Secret","text":"<p>Secrets contains a small amount of sensitive data such as a password, a token, or a key. Such information might otherwise be put in a Pod specification or in a container image.</p> <p>Secrets are similar to ConfigMaps but are specifically intended to hold confidential data.</p> <p>Because Secrets can be created independently of the Pods that use them, there is less risk of the Secret (and its data) being exposed during the workflow of creating, viewing, and editing Pods.  </p> <p>Warn: secrets, by default, are not encrypted: they are stored in base64. Consider using third-party encryption tools.</p>"},{"location":"containers/kubernetes.html#volumes","title":"Volumes","text":"<p>Volumes are physical storage attached to a pod in order to persist data when a pod is shut down.</p> <p>Warn: kubernetes dows not manage data persistance. Backups must be managed externally.</p>"},{"location":"containers/kubernetes.html#deployment","title":"Deployment","text":"<p>Deployments are a description of the desired state of the cluster. The deployment controller changes the actual state to match the desired one.</p> <p>Deployments can be used to manage the scaling of the replicas of a pod.</p>"},{"location":"containers/kubernetes.html#replicaset","title":"ReplicaSet","text":"<p>ReplicaSets are groups of identical pods and are used to guarantee the availability of the replicated application. ReplicaSets are used to manage stateless applications.</p>"},{"location":"containers/kubernetes.html#statefulset","title":"StatefulSet","text":"<p>StatefulSets are group of pods with guarantees about the ordering and uniqueness of the pods. StatefulSets are used to manage pods that need consistent state like databases.</p>"},{"location":"containers/kubernetes.html#daemonset","title":"DaemonSet","text":"<p>DaemonSets ensure the all or some nodes in a cluster run a copy of a specific pod.</p>"},{"location":"containers/kubernetes.html#jobs","title":"Jobs","text":"<p>Jobs create one or more Pods and will continue to retry execution of the Pods until a specified number of them successfully terminate.</p> <p>As pods successfully complete, the Job tracks the successful completions. When a specified number of successful completions is reached, the task is complete.</p>"},{"location":"containers/kubernetes.html#kubernetes-configuration","title":"Kubernetes Configuration","text":"<p>Each kubernetes configuration file is composed by 3 parts:</p> <ul> <li>metadata</li> <li>specification</li> <li>status (generated by k8s)</li> </ul> <p>Note: kubernetes config files are written in YAML</p>"},{"location":"containers/kubernetes.html#kubectl","title":"<code>kubectl</code>","text":""},{"location":"containers/kubernetes.html#kubectl-get","title":"<code>kubectl get</code>","text":"Bash<pre><code>kubectl config get-contexts  # list available contexts\n\nkubectl get namespaces  # list namespaces inside current context\n\nkubectl get pod -n|--namespace &lt;namespace&gt;  # list pods inside namespace\nkubectl get pod [-n|--namespace &lt;namespace&gt;] &lt;pod&gt; -o|--output jsonpath='{.spec.containers[*].name}'  # list containers inside pod\n</code></pre>"},{"location":"containers/kubernetes.html#kubectl-exec","title":"<code>kubectl exec</code>","text":"Bash<pre><code>kubectl exec [-i|--stdin] [-t|--tty] [-n|--namespace &lt;namespace&gt;] &lt;pod&gt; [-c|--container &lt;container&gt;] -- &lt;command&gt;  # execute a command inside a container\n</code></pre>"},{"location":"containers/kubernetes.html#kubectl-logs","title":"<code>kubectl logs</code>","text":"Bash<pre><code>kubectl logs [-f|--follow] [-n|--namespace &lt;namespace&gt;] &lt;pod&gt; [-c|--container]  # get pod/container logs\n</code></pre>"},{"location":"databases/mongo-db.html","title":"MongoDB","text":"<p>The database is a container of collections. The collections are containers of documents.</p> <p>The documents are schema-less that is they have a dynamic structure that can change between documents in the same collection.</p>"},{"location":"databases/mongo-db.html#data-types","title":"Data Types","text":"Type Example Value Function Text <code>\"Text\"</code> Boolean <code>true</code> Number <code>42</code> Objectid <code>\"_id\": {\"$oid\": \"&lt;id&gt;\"}</code> <code>ObjectId(\"&lt;id&gt;\")</code> ISODate <code>\"&lt;key&gt;\": {\"$date\": \"YYYY-MM-DDThh:mm:ss.sssZ\"}</code> <code>ISODate(\"YYYY-MM-DD\")</code> Timestamp <code>Timestamp(11421532)</code> Embedded Document <code>{\"a\": {...}}</code> Embedded Array <code>{\"b\": [...]}</code> <p>It's mandatory for each document ot have an unique field <code>_id</code>. MongoDB automatically creates an <code>ObjectId()</code> if it's not provided.</p>"},{"location":"databases/mongo-db.html#databases-collections-usage","title":"Databases &amp; Collections Usage","text":"<p>To create a database is sufficient to switch towards a non existing one with <code>use &lt;database&gt;</code> (implicit creation). The database is not actually created until a document is inserted.</p> Bash<pre><code>show dbs  # list all databases\nuse &lt;database&gt;  # use a particular database\nshow collections  # list all collection for the current database\n\ndbs.dropDatabase()  # delete current database\n\ndb.createCollection(name, {options})  # explicit collection creation\ndb.&lt;collection&gt;.insertOne({document})  # implicit collection creation\n</code></pre>"},{"location":"databases/mongo-db.html#operators-mql-syntax","title":"Operators (MQL Syntax)","text":"JSON<pre><code>/* --- Update operators --- */\n{ \"$inc\":  { \"&lt;key&gt;\": \"&lt;increment&gt;\", ... } }  // increment value\n{ \"$set\":  { \"&lt;key&gt;\": \"&lt;value&gt;\", ... } }  // set value\n{ \"$unsetset\":  { \"&lt;key&gt;\": \"true\", ... } }  // unset value\n{ \"$push\": { \"&lt;key&gt;\": \"&lt;value&gt;\", ... } }  // add a value to an array field or turn field into array\n{ \"$pop\": { \"&lt;key&gt;\": &lt;-1 | 1&gt;, ... } }  // remove first or last array element\n{ \"$pull\": { \"&lt;key&gt;\": \"&lt;value | condition&gt;\", ... } }  // remove a specific item in the array\n{ \"$pullAll\": { \"&lt;key&gt;\": [ \"&lt;value1&gt;\", \"&lt;value2&gt;\" ... ], ... } }  // remove all specified values from array\n\n/* --- Query Operators --- */\n{ \"&lt;key&gt;\": { \"$in\": [ \"&lt;value_1&gt;\", \"&lt;value_2&gt;\", ...] } } // Membership\n{ \"&lt;key&gt;\": { \"$nin\": [ \"&lt;value_1&gt;\", \"&lt;value_2&gt;\", ...] } }  // Membership\n{ \"&lt;key&gt;\": { \"$exists\": true } }  // Field Exists\n\n/* --- Comparison Operators (DEFAULT: $eq) --- */\n{ \"&lt;key&gt;\": { \"$gt\":  \"&lt;value&gt;\" }}  // &gt;\n{ \"&lt;key&gt;\": { \"$gte\": \"&lt;value&gt;\" }}  // &gt;=\n{ \"&lt;key&gt;\": { \"$lt\":  \"&lt;value&gt;\" }}  // &lt;\n{ \"&lt;key&gt;\": { \"$lte\": \"&lt;value&gt;\" }}  // &lt;=\n{ \"&lt;key&gt;\": { \"$eq\":  \"&lt;value&gt;\" }}  // ==\n{ \"&lt;key&gt;\": { \"$ne\":  \"&lt;value&gt;\" }}  // !=\n\n/* --- Logic Operators (DEFAULT $and) --- */\n{ \"$and\": [ { \"&lt;expression&gt;\" }, ...] }\n{ \"$or\":  [ { \"&lt;expression&gt;\" }, ...] }\n{ \"$nor\": [ { \"&lt;expression&gt;\" }, ...] }\n{ \"$not\": { \"&lt;expression&gt;\" } }\n\n/* --- Array Operators --- */\n{ \"&lt;key&gt;\": { \"$all\": [\"value&gt;\", \"&lt;value&gt;\", ...] } } // field contains all values\n{ \"&lt;key&gt;\": { \"$size\": \"&lt;value&gt;\" } }\n{ \"&lt;array-key&gt;\": { \"$elemMatch\": { \"&lt;item-key&gt;\": \"&lt;expression&gt;\" } } }  // elements in array must match an expression\n\n/* --- REGEX Operator --- */\n{ \"&lt;key&gt;\": { \"$regex\": \"/pattern/\", \"$options\": \"&lt;options&gt;\" } }\n{ \"&lt;key&gt;\": { \"$regex\": \"pattern\", \"$options\": \"&lt;options&gt;\" } }\n{ \"&lt;key&gt;\": { \"$regex\": \"/pattern/&lt;options&gt;\" } }\n{ \"&lt;key&gt;\": \"/pattern/&lt;options&gt;\" }\n</code></pre>"},{"location":"databases/mongo-db.html#expressive-query-operator","title":"Expressive Query Operator","text":"<p>Note:  <code>$&lt;key&gt;</code> is used to access the value of the field dynamically</p> JSON<pre><code>{ \"$expr\": { \"&lt;expression&gt;\" } }  // aggregation expression, variables, conditional expressions\n{ \"$expr\":  { \"$&lt;comparison_operator&gt;\": [ \"$&lt;key&gt;\", \"$&lt;key&gt;\" ] } }  // compare field values (operators use aggregation syntax)\n</code></pre>"},{"location":"databases/mongo-db.html#mongo-query-language-mql","title":"Mongo Query Language (MQL)","text":""},{"location":"databases/mongo-db.html#insertion","title":"Insertion","text":"<p>It's possible to insert a single document with the command <code>insertOne()</code> or multiple documents with <code>insertMany()</code>.</p> <p>Insertion results:</p> <ul> <li>error -&gt; rollback</li> <li>success -&gt; entire documents gets saved</li> </ul> Bash<pre><code># explicit collection creation, all options are optional\ndb.createCollection( &lt;name&gt;,\n   {\n        capped: &lt;boolean&gt;,\n        autoIndexId: &lt;boolean&gt;,\n        size: &lt;number&gt;,\n        max: &lt;number&gt;,\n        storageEngine: &lt;document&gt;,\n        validator: &lt;document&gt;,\n        validationLevel: &lt;string&gt;,\n        validationAction: &lt;string&gt;,\n        indexOptionDefaults: &lt;document&gt;,\n        viewOn: &lt;string&gt;,\n        pipeline: &lt;pipeline&gt;,\n        collation: &lt;document&gt;,\n        writeConcern: &lt;document&gt;\n   }\n)\n\ndb.createCollection(\"name\", { capped: true, size: max_bytes, max: max_docs_num } )  # creation of a capped collection\n# SIZE: int - will be rounded to a multiple of 256\n\n# implicit creation at doc insertion\ndb.&lt;collection&gt;.insertOne({ document }, options)  # insert a document in a collection\ndb.&lt;collection&gt;.insertMany([ { document }, { document }, ... ], options)  # insert multiple docs\ndb.&lt;collection&gt;.insertMany([ { document }, { document } ] , { \"ordered\": false })  # allow the unordered insertion, only documents that cause errors wont be inserted\n</code></pre> <p>Note: If <code>insertMany()</code> fails the already inserted documents are not rolled back but all the successive ones (even the correct ones) will not be inserted.</p>"},{"location":"databases/mongo-db.html#querying","title":"Querying","text":"Bash<pre><code>db.&lt;collection&gt;.findOne()  # find only one document\ndb.&lt;collection&gt;.find(filter)  # show selected documents\ndb.&lt;collection&gt;.find().pretty()  # show documents formatted\ndb.&lt;collection&gt;.find().limit(n)  # show n documents\ndb.&lt;collection&gt;.find().limit(n).skip(k)  # show n documents skipping k docs\ndb.&lt;collection&gt;.find().count()  # number of found docs\ndb.&lt;collection&gt;.find().sort({ \"&lt;key-1&gt;\": 1, ... , \"&lt;key-n&gt;\": -1 })  # show documents sorted by specified keys in ascending (1) or descending (-1) order\n\n# projection\ndb.&lt;collection&gt;.find(filter, { \"&lt;key&gt;\": 1 })  # show selected values form documents (1 or true =&gt; show, 0 or false =&gt; don't show, cant mix 0 and 1)\ndb.&lt;collection&gt;.find(filter, { _id: 0, \"&lt;key&gt;\": 1 })  # only _id can be set to 0 with other keys at 1\ndb.&lt;collection&gt;.find(filter, { \"&lt;array-key&gt;\": { \"$elemMatch\": { \"&lt;item-key&gt;\": \"&lt;expression&gt;\" } } })  # project only elements matching the expression\n\n# sub documents &amp; arrays\ndb.&lt;collection&gt;.find({ \"&lt;key&gt;.&lt;sub-key&gt;.&lt;sub-key&gt;\": \"&lt;expression&gt;\" })\ndb.&lt;collection&gt;.find({ \"&lt;array-key&gt;.&lt;index&gt;.&lt;sub-key&gt;\": \"&lt;expression&gt;\" })\n\n# GeoJSON - https://docs.mongodb.com/manual/reference/operator/query/near/index.html\ndb.&lt;collection&gt;.find(\n    {\n        &lt;location field&gt;: {\n            $near: {\n                $geometry: { type: \"Point\", coordinates: [ &lt;longitude&gt; , &lt;latitude&gt; ] },\n                $maxDistance: &lt;distance in meters&gt;,\n                $minDistance: &lt;distance in meters&gt;\n            }\n        }\n    }\n)\n\ndb.&lt;collection&gt;.find().hint( { \"&lt;key&gt;\": 1 } )  # specify the index\ndb.&lt;collection&gt;.find().hint( \"index-name\" )  # specify the index using the index name\n\ndb.&lt;collection&gt;.find().hint( { $natural : 1 } )  # force the query to perform a forwards collection scan\ndb.&lt;collection&gt;.find().hint( { $natural : -1 } )  # force the query to perform a reverse collection scan\n</code></pre> <p>Note: <code>{ &lt;key&gt;: &lt;value&gt; }</code> in case of a field array will match if the array contains the value</p>"},{"location":"databases/mongo-db.html#updating","title":"Updating","text":"<p>Update Operators</p> Bash<pre><code>db.&lt;collection&gt;.replaceOne(filter, update, options)\ndb.&lt;collection&gt;.updateOne(filter, update, {upsert: true})  # modify document if existing, insert otherwise\n\ndb.&lt;collection&gt;.updateOne(filter, { \"$push\": { ... }, \"$set\": { ... }, { \"$inc\": { ... }, ... } })\n</code></pre>"},{"location":"databases/mongo-db.html#deletion","title":"Deletion","text":"Bash<pre><code>db.&lt;collection&gt;.deleteOne(filter, options)\ndb.&lt;collection&gt;.deleteMany(filter, options)\n\ndb.&lt;collection&gt;.drop()  # delete whole collection\ndb.dropDatabase()  # delete entire database\n</code></pre>"},{"location":"databases/mongo-db.html#mongodb-database-tools","title":"MongoDB Database Tools","text":""},{"location":"databases/mongo-db.html#mongoimport","title":"Mongoimport","text":"<p>Utility to import all docs into a specified collection. If the collection already exists <code>--drop</code> deletes it before reuploading it. WARNING: CSV separators must be commas (<code>,</code>)</p> Bash<pre><code>mongoimport &lt;options&gt; &lt;connection-string&gt; &lt;file&gt;\n\n--uri=&lt;connectionString&gt;\n--host=&lt;hostname&gt;&lt;:port&gt;, -h=&lt;hostname&gt;&lt;:port&gt;\n--username=&lt;username&gt;, -u=&lt;username&gt;\n--password=&lt;password&gt;, -p=&lt;password&gt;\n--collection=&lt;collection&gt;, -c=&lt;collection&gt;  # Specifies the collection to import.\n--ssl  # Enables connection to a mongod or mongos that has TLS/SSL support enabled.\n--type &lt;json|csv|tsv&gt;  # Specifies the file type to import. DEFAULT: json\n--drop  # drops the collection before importing the data from the input.\n--headerline  # if file is CSV and first line is header\n--jsonarray  # Accepts the import of data expressed with multiple MongoDB documents within a single json array. MAX 16 MB\n</code></pre>"},{"location":"databases/mongo-db.html#mongoexport","title":"Mongoexport","text":"<p>Utility to export documents into a specified file.</p> Bash<pre><code>mongoexport --collection=&lt;collection&gt; &lt;options&gt; &lt;connection-string&gt;\n\n--uri=&lt;connectionString&gt;\n--host=&lt;hostname&gt;&lt;:port&gt;, -h=&lt;hostname&gt;&lt;:port&gt;\n--username=&lt;username&gt;, -u=&lt;username&gt;\n--password=&lt;password&gt;, -p=&lt;password&gt;\n--db=&lt;database&gt;, -d=&lt;database&gt;\n--collection=&lt;collection&gt;, -c=&lt;collection&gt;\n--type=&lt;json|csv&gt;\n--out=&lt;file&gt;, -o=&lt;file&gt;  #Specifies a file to write the export to. DEFAULT: stdout\n--jsonArray  # Write the entire contents of the export as a single json array.\n--pretty  # Outputs documents in a pretty-printed format JSON.\n--skip=&lt;number&gt;\n--limit=&lt;number&gt;  # Specifies a maximum number of documents to include in the export\n--sort=&lt;JSON&gt;  # Specifies an ordering for exported results\n</code></pre>"},{"location":"databases/mongo-db.html#mongodump-mongorestore","title":"Mongodump &amp; Mongorestore","text":"<p><code>mongodump</code> exports the content of a running server into <code>.bson</code> files.</p> <p><code>mongorestore</code> Restore backups generated with <code>mongodump</code> to a running server.</p>"},{"location":"databases/mongo-db.html#indexes","title":"Indexes","text":"<p>Indexes support the efficient execution of queries in MongoDB.</p> <p>Without indexes, MongoDB must perform a collection scan (COLLSCAN): scan every document in a collection, to select those documents that match the query statement. If an appropriate index exists for a query, MongoDB can use the index to limit the number of documents it must inspect (IXSCAN).</p> <p>Indexes are special data structures that store a small portion of the collection's data set in an easy to traverse form. The index stores the value of a specific field or set of fields, ordered by the value of the field. The ordering of the index entries supports efficient equality matches and range-based query operations. In addition, MongoDB can return sorted results by using the ordering in the index.</p> <p>Indexes slow down writing operations since the index must be updated at every writing.</p> <p></p>"},{"location":"databases/mongo-db.html#index-types","title":"Index Types","text":"<ul> <li>Normal: Fields sorted by name</li> <li>Compound: Multiple Fields sorted by name</li> <li>Multikey: values of sorted arrays</li> <li>Text: Ordered text fragments</li> <li>Geospatial: ordered geodata</li> </ul> <p>Sparse indexes only contain entries for documents that have the indexed field, even if the index field contains a null value. The index skips over any document that is missing the indexed field.</p>"},{"location":"databases/mongo-db.html#diagnosis-and-query-planning","title":"Diagnosis and query planning","text":"Bash<pre><code>db.&lt;collection&gt;.find({...}).explain()  # explain won't accept other functions\ndb.explain().&lt;collection&gt;.find({...})  # can accept other functions\ndb.explain(\"executionStats\").&lt;collection&gt;.find({...})  # more info\n</code></pre>"},{"location":"databases/mongo-db.html#index-creation","title":"Index Creation","text":"Bash<pre><code>db.&lt;collection&gt;.createIndex( &lt;key and index type specification&gt;, &lt;options&gt; )\n\ndb.&lt;collection&gt;.createIndex( { \"&lt;key&gt;\": &lt;type&gt;, \"&lt;key&gt;\": &lt;type&gt;, ... } )  # normal, compound or multikey (field is array) index\ndb.&lt;collection&gt;.createIndex( { \"&lt;key&gt;\": \"text\" } )  # text index\ndb.&lt;collection&gt;.createIndex( { \"&lt;key&gt;\": 2dsphere } )  # geospatial 2dsphere index\n\n# sparse index\ndb.&lt;collection&gt;.createIndex(\n    { \"&lt;key&gt;\": &lt;type&gt;, \"&lt;key&gt;\": &lt;type&gt;, ... },\n    { sparse: true }  # sparse option\n)\n\n# custom name\ndb.&lt;collection&gt;.createIndex(\n  { &lt;key and index type specification&gt;, },\n  { name: \"index-name\" }  # name option\n)\n</code></pre>"},{"location":"databases/mongo-db.html#index-management","title":"Index Management","text":"Bash<pre><code># view all db indexes\ndb.getCollectionNames().forEach(function(collection) {\n   indexes = db[collection].getIndexes();\n   print(\"Indexes for \" + collection + \":\");\n   printjson(indexes);\n});\ndb.&lt;collection&gt;.getIndexes()  # view collection's index\n\ndb.&lt;collection&gt;.dropIndexes()  # drop all indexes\ndb.&lt;collection&gt;.dropIndex( { \"index-name\": 1 } )  # drop a specific index\n</code></pre>"},{"location":"databases/mongo-db.html#cluster-administration","title":"Cluster Administration","text":""},{"location":"databases/mongo-db.html#mongod","title":"<code>mongod</code>","text":"<p><code>mongod</code> is the main deamon process for MongoDB. It's the core process of the database, handling connections, requests and persisting the data.</p> <p><code>mongod</code> default configuration:</p> <ul> <li>port: <code>27017</code></li> <li>dbpath: <code>/data/db</code></li> <li>bind_ip: <code>localhost</code></li> <li>auth: disabled</li> </ul> <p><code>mongod</code> config file <code>mongod</code> command line options</p>"},{"location":"databases/mongo-db.html#basic-shell-helpers","title":"Basic Shell Helpers","text":"Bash<pre><code>db.&lt;method&gt;()  # database interaction\ndb.&lt;collection&gt;.&lt;method&gt;()  # collection interaction\nrs.&lt;method&gt;();  # replica set deployment and management\nsh.&lt;method&gt;();  # sharded cluster deployment and management\n\n# user management\ndb.createUser()\ndb.dropUser()\n\n# collection management\ndb.renameCollection()\ndb.&lt;collection&gt;.createIndex()\ndb.&lt;collection&gt;.drop()\n\n# database management\ndb.dropDatabase()\ndb.createCollection()\n\n# database status\ndb.serverStatus()\n\n# database command (underlying to shell helpers and drivers)\ndb.runCommand({ \"&lt;COMMAND&gt;\" })\n\n# help\ndb.commandHelp(\"&lt;command&gt;)\n</code></pre>"},{"location":"databases/mongo-db.html#logging","title":"Logging","text":"<p>The process log displays activity on the MongoDB instance and collects activities of various components:</p> <p>Log Verbosity Level:</p> <ul> <li><code>-1</code>: Inherit from parent</li> <li><code>0</code>: Default Verbosity (Information)</li> <li><code>1 - 5</code>: Increases the verbosity up to Debug messages</li> </ul> Bash<pre><code>db.getLogComponents()  # get components and their verbosity\ndb.adminCommand({\"getLog\": \"&lt;scope&gt;\"})  # retrieve logs (getLog must be run on admin db -&gt; adminCommand)\ndb.setLogLevel(&lt;level&gt;, \"&lt;component&gt;\");  # set log level (output is OLD verbosity levels)\n\ntail -f /path/to/mongod.log  # read end og log file\n</code></pre> <p>Note: Log Message Structure: <code>&lt;timestamp&gt; &lt;severity-level&gt; &lt;component&gt; &lt;connection&gt; &lt;event&gt; ...</code></p>"},{"location":"databases/mongo-db.html#database-profiling","title":"Database Profiling","text":"<p>Profiling Levels:</p> <ul> <li><code>0</code>: no profiling</li> <li><code>1</code>: data on operations slower than <code>slowms</code> (default 100ms)</li> <li><code>2</code>: data on all operations</li> </ul> <p>Events captured by the profiler:</p> <ul> <li>CRUD operations</li> <li>Administrative operations</li> <li>Configuration operations</li> </ul> <p>Note: Logs are saved in the <code>system.profile</code> capped collection.</p> Bash<pre><code>db.setProfilingLevel(n)  # set profiler level\ndb.setProfilingLevel(1, { slowms: &lt;ms&gt; })\ndb.getProfilingStatus()  # check profiler status\n\ndb.system.profile.find().limit(n).sort( {} ).pretty()  # see logs\ndb.system.profile.find().limit(n).sort( { ts : -1 } ).pretty()  # sort by decreasing timestamp\n</code></pre>"},{"location":"databases/mongo-db.html#authentication","title":"Authentication","text":"<p>Client Authentication Mechanisms:</p> <ul> <li>SCRAM (Default): Salted Challenge Response Authentication Mechanism</li> <li>X.509: <code>X.509</code> Certificate</li> <li>LADP: Lightweight Directory Access Protocol (Enterprise Only)</li> <li>KERBEROS (Enterprise Only)</li> </ul>"},{"location":"databases/mongo-db.html#authorization-role-based-access-control-rbac","title":"Authorization: Role Based Access Control (RBAC)","text":"<p>Each user has one or more Roles. Each role has one or more Privileges. A privilege represents a group of actions and the resources those actions apply to.</p> <p>By default no user exists so the ONLY way to act is to connect locally to the server. This is the \"localhost exception\" and it closes after the first user is created.</p> <p>Warn: Always create an admin user first (ideally with the <code>userAdmin</code> role)</p> <p>Role's Resources:</p> <ul> <li>specific database and collection: <code>{ \"db\": \"&lt;database&gt;\", \"collection\": \"&lt;collection&gt;\" }</code></li> <li>all databases and collections: <code>{ \"db\": \"\", \"collection\": \"\" }</code></li> <li>any databases and specific collection: <code>{ \"db\": \"\", \"collection\": \"&lt;collections&gt;\" }</code></li> <li>specific database and any collection: <code>{ \"db\": \"&lt;database&gt;\", \"collection\": \"\" }</code></li> <li>cluster resource: <code>{ \"cluster\": true }</code></li> </ul> <p>Role's Privileges: <code>{ resource: { &lt;resource&gt; }, actions: [ \"&lt;action&gt;\" ] }</code></p> <p>A role can inherit from multiple others and can define network restrictions such as Server Address and Client Source.</p> <p>Built-in Roles Groups and Names:</p> <ul> <li>Database User: <code>read</code>, <code>readWrite</code>, <code>readAnyDatabase</code>, <code>readWriteAnyDatabase</code></li> <li>Database Administration: <code>dbAdmin</code>, <code>userAdmin</code>, <code>dbOwner</code>, <code>dbAdminAnyDatabase</code>, <code>userAdminAnyDatabase</code></li> <li>Cluster Administration: <code>clusterAdmin</code>, <code>clusterManager</code>, <code>clusterMonitor</code>, <code>hostManager</code></li> <li>Backup/Restore: <code>backup</code>, <code>restore</code></li> <li>Super User: <code>root</code></li> </ul> Bash<pre><code>db.createUser({\n    user: \"&lt;username&gt;\",\n    pwd: \"&lt;password&gt;\",\n    roles: [ { role: \"&lt;role&gt;\", db: \"&lt;database&gt;\" } ]\n})\n\ndb.createRole({\n    role: \"&lt;role&gt;\",\n    privileges: [\n        { resource: { cluster: true }, actions: [ \"&lt;action&gt;\", ... ] },\n        {\n            resource: { \n                db: \"&lt;database&gt;\",\n                collection: \"&lt;collection&gt;\"\n            },\n            actions: [ \"&lt;action&gt;\", ... ]\n        },\n    ],\n    roles: [\n        { role: \"&lt;role&gt;\", db: \"&lt;database&gt;\" }  # inherited permissions\n    ]\n})\n\n# add role to existing user\ndb.grantRolesToUser(\n    \"&lt;user&gt;\",\n    [\n        { \n            role: \"&lt;role&gt;\"\n            db: \"&lt;database&gt;\",\n            collection: \"&lt;collection&gt;\",\n        }\n    ]\n)\n\n# show role privileges\ndb.runCommand({\n    rolesInfo: { db: \"&lt;database&gt;\", role: \"&lt;role&gt;\" },\n    showPrivileges: true \n})\n</code></pre>"},{"location":"databases/mongo-db.html#replica-set","title":"Replica set","text":"<p>A replica set in MongoDB is a group of <code>mongod</code> processes that maintain the <code>same dataset</code>. Replica sets provide redundancy and high availability, and are the basis for all production deployments.</p>"},{"location":"databases/mongo-db.html#sharding","title":"Sharding","text":"<p>Sharding is a MongoDB concept through which big datasets are subdivided in smaller sets and distributed towards multiple instances of MongoDB. It's a technique used to improve the performances of large queries towards large quantities of data that require al lot of resources from the server.</p> <p>A collection containing several documents is splitted in more smaller collections (shards) Shards are implemented via cluster that are none other a group of MongoDB instances.</p> <p>Shard components are:</p> <ul> <li>Shards (min 2), instances of MongoDB that contain a subset of the data</li> <li>A config server, instance of MongoDB which contains metadata on the cluster, that is the set of instances that have the shard data.</li> <li>A router (or <code>mongos</code>), instance of MongoDB used to redirect the user instructions from the client to the correct server.</li> </ul> <p></p>"},{"location":"databases/mongo-db.html#aggregation-framework","title":"Aggregation Framework","text":"<p>Sequence of operations applied to a collection as a pipeline to get a result: <code>db.collection.aggregate(pipeline, options)</code>. Each step of the pipeline acts on its inputs and not on the original data in the collection.</p>"},{"location":"databases/mongo-db.html#variables","title":"Variables","text":"<p>Variable syntax in aggregations:</p> <ul> <li><code>$key</code>: field path</li> <li><code>$$UPPERCASE</code>: system variable (e.g.: <code>$$CURRENT</code>)</li> <li><code>$$foo</code>: user defined variable</li> </ul>"},{"location":"databases/mongo-db.html#match-aggregation-stage","title":"<code>$match</code> Aggregation Stage","text":"<p>Filters the documents to pass only the documents that match the specified condition(s) to the next pipeline stage.</p> Bash<pre><code>db.&lt;collection&gt;.aggregate([ \n    { \"$match\": { \"&lt;query&gt;\" } },\n\n    # key exists and is an array\n    { $match: { \"&lt;array-key&gt;\": { $elemMatch: { $exists: true } } } }\n})\n</code></pre> <p>Note: <code>$match</code> can contain the <code>$text</code> query operation but it must ber the first in a pipeline Note: <code>$match</code> cannot contain use <code>$where</code> Note: <code>$match</code> uses the same syntax as <code>find()</code></p>"},{"location":"databases/mongo-db.html#project-aggregation-stage","title":"<code>$project</code> Aggregation Stage","text":"<p>Passes along the documents with the requested fields to the next stage in the pipeline. The specified fields can be existing fields from the input documents or newly computed fields.</p> <p><code>$project</code> Array Expression Operators:</p> <ul> <li><code>$filter</code></li> <li><code>$map</code></li> <li><code>$reduce</code></li> </ul> <p><code>$project</code> Arithmetic Expression Operators:</p> <ul> <li><code>$max</code></li> <li><code>$min</code></li> <li><code>$sum</code></li> <li><code>$avg</code></li> </ul> Bash<pre><code>db.&lt;collection&gt;.aggregate([ \n     { \n        \"$project\": { \n            \"_id\": 0,  # discard value\n            \"&lt;key&gt;\": 1,  # keep value\n            \"&lt;key&gt;\": \"$&lt;other-key&gt;\"  # reassign or create field,\n            \"&lt;key&gt;\": { \"&lt;expression&gt;\" } # calculate field value.\n\n            # filter elements in an array\n            \"&lt;key&gt;\": {\n                \"$filter\": {\n                    \"input\": \"$&lt;array-key&gt;\",\n                    \"as\": \"&lt;name-of-item&gt;\",\n                    \"cond\": { \"&lt;bool-expression&gt;\" }\n                }\n            },\n\n            # transform array items\n            \"&lt;key&gt;\": {\n                \"$map\": {\n                    \"input\": \"$&lt;array-key&gt;\",\n                    \"as\": \"&lt;item&gt;\",\n                    \"in\": { \"&lt;expression&gt;\" }\n                    # $$&lt;item&gt; is the current item's value\n                }\n            }\n\n            # apply expression to each element in an array and combine them\n            \"&lt;key&gt;\": {\n                \"$reduce\": {\n                    \"input\": \"&lt;array-key&gt;\",\n                    \"initialValue\": \"&lt;value&gt;\",\n                    \"in\": { \"&lt;expression&gt;\" }\n                    # $$this is current document, $$value is current accumulated value\n                }\n            }\n        }\n    } \n])\n</code></pre>"},{"location":"databases/mongo-db.html#addfields-aggregation-stage","title":"<code>$addFields</code> Aggregation Stage","text":"<p>Adds new fields to documents (can be result of computation). <code>$addFields</code> outputs documents that contain all existing fields from the input documents and newly added fields.</p> Bash<pre><code>db.&lt;collection&gt;.aggregate({\n    { $addFields: { &lt;newField&gt;: &lt;expression&gt;, ... } }\n})\n</code></pre>"},{"location":"databases/mongo-db.html#group-aggregation-stage","title":"<code>$group</code> Aggregation Stage","text":"<p>The $<code>group</code> stage separates documents into groups according to a \"group key\". The output is one document for each unique group key.</p> Bash<pre><code>db.&lt;collection&gt;.aggregate([ \n     { \n        \"$group\": {\n            \"_id\": \"&lt;expression&gt;\",  # Group By Expression (Required)\n            \"&lt;key-1&gt;\": { \"&lt;accumulator-1&gt;\": \"&lt;expression-1&gt;\" },\n            ...\n        } \n    }\n])\n</code></pre>"},{"location":"databases/mongo-db.html#unwind-aggregation-stage","title":"<code>$unwind</code> Aggregation Stage","text":"<p>Deconstructs an array field from the input documents to output a document for each element. Each output document is the input document with the value of the array field replaced by the element</p> Bash<pre><code>db.&lt;collection&gt;.aggregate([ \n     { \"$unwind\": \"&lt;array-key&gt;\" }\n\n     { \n        \"$unwind\": {\n            \"path\": \"&lt;array-key&gt;\",  # array to unwind\n            \"includeArrayIndex\": \"&lt;string&gt;\",  # name of index field\n            \"preserveNullAndEmptyArrays\": &lt;bool&gt;\n        } \n     }\n], { \"allowDiskUse\": &lt;bool&gt; })\n</code></pre>"},{"location":"databases/mongo-db.html#count-aggregation-stage","title":"<code>$count</code> Aggregation Stage","text":"Bash<pre><code>db.&lt;collection&gt;.aggregate([ \n     { \"$count\": \"&lt;count-key&gt;\" }\n])\n</code></pre>"},{"location":"databases/mongo-db.html#sort-aggregation-stage","title":"<code>$sort</code> Aggregation Stage","text":"Bash<pre><code>db.&lt;collection&gt;.aggregate([ \n     { \n        \"$sort\": { \n            \"&lt;key-1&gt;\": \"&lt;sort order&gt;\", \n            \"&lt;key-2&gt;\": \"&lt;sort order&gt;\", \n            ... \n        } \n    }\n], { \"allowDiskUse\": &lt;bool&gt; })\n</code></pre> <p>Note: can take advantage of indexes if early int the pipeline and before any <code>%project</code>, <code>$group</code> and <code>$unwind</code> Note: By default <code>$sort</code> will use up to 10 MB of RAM. Setting <code>allowDiskUse: true</code> will allow for larger sorts</p>"},{"location":"databases/mongo-db.html#skip-aggregation-stage","title":"<code>$skip</code> Aggregation Stage","text":"Bash<pre><code>db.&lt;collection&gt;.aggregate([ \n     { \"$skip\": \"&lt;positive 64-bit integer&gt;\" }\n])\n</code></pre>"},{"location":"databases/mongo-db.html#limit-aggregation-stage","title":"<code>$limit</code> Aggregation Stage","text":"Bash<pre><code>db.&lt;collection&gt;.aggregate([ \n     { \"$limit\": \"&lt;positive 64-bit integer&gt;\" }\n])\n</code></pre>"},{"location":"databases/mongo-db.html#lookup-aggregation-stage","title":"<code>$lookup</code> Aggregation Stage","text":"<p>Performs a left outer join to a collection in the same database to filter in documents from the \"joined\" collection for processing. The <code>$lookup</code> stage adds a new array field to each input document. The new array field contains the matching documents from the \"joined\" collection.</p> <p>Note: To combine elements from two different collections, use the <code>$unionWith</code> pipeline stage.</p> Bash<pre><code>db.&lt;collection&gt;.aggregate([ \n    {\n        \"$lookup\": {\n            \"from\": \"&lt;foreign-collection&gt;\",\n            \"localField\": \"&lt;key&gt;\",\n            \"foreignField\": \"&lt;foreign-collection&gt;.&lt;key&gt;\",\n            \"as\": \"&lt;output array field&gt;\"\n        }\n    }\n])\n</code></pre>"},{"location":"databases/mongo-db.html#graphlookup-aggregation-stage","title":"<code>$graphLookup</code> Aggregation Stage","text":"<p>Performs a recursive search on a collection, with options for restricting the search by recursion depth and query filter.</p> <p>The collection on which the aggregation is performed and the <code>from</code> collection can be the same (in-collection search) or different (cross-collection search)</p> Bash<pre><code>db.&lt;collection&gt;.aggregate([\n    {\n        $graphLookup: {\n            from: &lt;collection&gt;,  # starting collection of the search\n            startWith: &lt;expression&gt;,  # initial value(s) of search\n            connectFromField: &lt;string&gt;,  # source of the connection\n            connectToField: &lt;string&gt;,  # destination of the connection\n            as: &lt;string&gt;,  # array of found documents\n            maxDepth: &lt;number&gt;,  # recursive search depth limit (steps inside from collection)\n            depthField: &lt;string&gt;,  # field containing distance from start\n            restrictSearchWithMatch: &lt;document&gt;  # filter on found documents\n        }\n    }\n], { allowDiskUse: true })\n</code></pre> <p>Note: Having the <code>connectToField</code> indexed will improve search performance Warn: Can exceed the <code>100 Mb</code> memory limit even with <code>{ allowDiskUse: true }</code></p>"},{"location":"databases/mongo-db.html#sortbycount-aggregation-stage","title":"<code>$sortByCount</code> Aggregation Stage","text":"<p>Groups incoming documents based on the value of a specified expression, then computes the count of documents in each distinct group.</p> <p>Each output document contains two fields: an <code>_id</code> field containing the distinct grouping value, and a <code>count</code> field containing the number of documents belonging to that grouping or category.</p> <p>The documents are sorted by count in descending order.</p> Bash<pre><code>db.&lt;collection&gt;.aggregate([\n    { $sortByCount:  &lt;expression&gt; }\n])\n</code></pre>"},{"location":"databases/redis.html","title":"Redis","text":"<p>Redis is in the family of databases called key-value stores.</p> <p>The essence of a key-value store is the ability to store some data, called a value, inside a key. This data can later be retrieved only if we know the exact key used to store it.</p> <p>Often Redis it is called a data structure server because it has outer key-value shell, but each value can contain a complex data structure, such as a string, a list, a hashes, or ordered data structures called sorted sets as well as probabilistic data structures like hyperloglog.</p>"},{"location":"databases/redis.html#redis-commands","title":"Redis Commands","text":""},{"location":"databases/redis.html#server-startup","title":"Server Startup","text":"Bash<pre><code>redis-server  # start the server\nredis-cli\n</code></pre>"},{"location":"databases/redis.html#key-value-pairs","title":"Key-Value Pairs","text":"Bash<pre><code>SET &lt;key&gt; &lt;value&gt; [ EX &lt;seconds&gt; ] # store a key-value pair, TTL optional\nGET &lt;key&gt;  # read a key content\nEXISTS &lt;key&gt;  # check if a key exists\nDEL &lt;key&gt;  # delete a key-value pair\n\nINCR &lt;key&gt;  # atomically increment a number stored at a given key\nINCRBY &lt;key&gt; &lt;amount&gt;  # increment the number contained inside a key by a specific amount\nDECR &lt;key&gt;\nDECRBY &lt;key&gt; &lt;amount&gt;\n\n# re-setting the key will make it permanent (TTL -1)\nEXPIRE &lt;key&gt; &lt;seconds&gt;  # make the key expire after &lt;second&gt; seconds\nTTL &lt;key&gt;  # see remaining seconds before expiry\nPEXPIRE &lt;key&gt; &lt;seconds&gt;  # make the key expire after &lt;second&gt; milli-seconds\nPTTL &lt;key&gt;  # see remaining milli-seconds before expiry\nPERSIST &lt;key&gt;  # make the key permanent\n</code></pre>"},{"location":"databases/redis.html#lists","title":"Lists","text":"<p>A list is a series of ordered values.</p> Bash<pre><code>RPUSH &lt;key&gt; &lt;value1&gt; &lt;value2&gt; ... # add one or more values to the end of the list\nLPUSH &lt;key&gt; &lt;value1&gt; &lt;value2&gt; ...  # add one or more values to the start of a list\n\nLLEN  # number of items in the list\nLRANGE &lt;key&gt; &lt;start_index&gt; &lt;end_index&gt;  # return a subset of the list, end index included. Negative indexes count backwards from the end\n\nLPOP  # remove and return the first item fro the list\nRPOP  # remove and return the last item fro the list\n</code></pre>"},{"location":"databases/redis.html#sets","title":"Sets","text":"<p>A set is similar to a list, except it does not have a specific order and each element may only appear once.</p> Bash<pre><code>SADD &lt;key&gt; &lt;value1&gt; &lt;value2&gt; ... # add one or more values to the set (return 0 if values are already inside)\nSREM &lt;key&gt; &lt;value&gt;  # remove the given member from the set, return 1 or 0 to signal if the member was actually there or not.\nSPOP &lt;key&gt; &lt;value&gt;  # remove and return value from the set\n\nSISMEMBER &lt;key&gt; &lt;value&gt;  # test if value is in the set\nSMEMBERS &lt;key&gt;  # lis of all set items\n\nSUINION &lt;key1&gt; &lt;key2&gt; ...  # combine two or more sets and return the list of all elements.\n</code></pre>"},{"location":"databases/redis.html#sorted-sets","title":"Sorted Sets","text":"<p>Sets are a very handy data type, but as they are unsorted they don't work well for a number of problems. This is why Redis 1.2 introduced Sorted Sets.</p> <p>A sorted set is similar to a regular set, but now each value has an associated score. This score is used to sort the elements in the set.</p> Bash<pre><code>ZADD &lt;key&gt; &lt;score&gt; &lt;value&gt;  # add a value with it's score\n\nZRANGE &lt;key&gt; &lt;start_index&gt; &lt;end_index&gt;  # return a subset of the sortedSet\n\n...\n</code></pre>"},{"location":"databases/redis.html#hashes","title":"Hashes","text":"<p>Hashes are maps between string fields and string values, so they are the perfect data type to represent objects.</p> Bash<pre><code>HSET &lt;key&gt; &lt;field&gt; &lt;value&gt; [ &lt;field&gt; &lt;value&gt; ... ] # set the string of a hash field\nHSETNX &lt;key&gt; &lt;field&gt; &lt;value&gt;  # set the value of a hash field, only if the field does not exist\n\nHEXISTS &lt;key&gt; &lt;field&gt;  # determine if a hash field exists\n\nHLEN &lt;key&gt;  # get the number of fields in a hash\nHSTRLEN &lt;key&gt; &lt;field&gt;  # get the length of the value of a hash field\nHGETALL &lt;key&gt;  # get all fields and values in a hash\nHGET &lt;key&gt; &lt;field&gt;  # get data on a single field\nHKEYS &lt;key&gt;  # get all the fields in a hash\nHVALS &lt;key&gt;  # get all the values in a hash\n\nHDEL &lt;key&gt; &lt;field_1&gt; &lt;field_2&gt; ...  # delete one or more field hashes\n\nHMGET &lt;key&gt; &lt;field&gt; [&lt;field&gt; ...]  # get the values of all the given hash fields\nHMSET &lt;key&gt; &lt;field&gt; &lt;value&gt; [&lt;field&gt; &lt;value&gt; ...]  # set multiple hash fields to multiple values\n\nHINCRBY &lt;key&gt; &lt;field&gt; &lt;amount&gt;  # increment the integer value of a hash field by the given number\nHINCRBYFLOAT &lt;key&gt; &lt;field&gt; &lt;amount&gt; # increment the float value of a hash field by the given amount\n\nHSCAN &lt;key&gt; &lt;cursor&gt; [MATCH &lt;pattern&gt;] [COUNT &lt;count&gt;]  # incrementally iterate hash fields and associated values\n</code></pre>"},{"location":"databases/sql.html","title":"SQL","text":""},{"location":"databases/sql.html#ddl","title":"DDL","text":"SQL<pre><code>show databases;    -- mostra database\nCREATE DATABASE &lt;database&gt;;    -- database creation\nuse &lt;database_name&gt;;    -- usa un database particolare\nexit;    -- exit mysql\n\nshow tables;    -- mostra tabelle del database\n\n-- INLINE COMMENT\n/* MULTI-LINE COMMENT */\n</code></pre>"},{"location":"databases/sql.html#table-creation","title":"Table Creation","text":"SQL<pre><code>CREATE TABLE &lt;table_name&gt;\n    (&lt;field_name&gt; &lt;field_type&gt; &lt;option&gt;,\n    ...);\n</code></pre>"},{"location":"databases/sql.html#primary-key-from-multiple-fields","title":"PRIMARY KEY from multiple fields","text":"SQL<pre><code>CREATE TABLE &lt;table_name&gt;(\n    ...,\n    PRIMARY KEY (&lt;field1&gt;, ...),\n);\n</code></pre>"},{"location":"databases/sql.html#table-field-options","title":"Table Field Options","text":"SQL<pre><code>PRIMARY KEY -- marks primary key as field option\nNOT NULL -- marks a necessary field\nREFERENCES &lt;table&gt; (&lt;field&gt;) -- adds foreign key reference\nUNIQUE (&lt;field&gt;) -- set field as unique (MySQL)\n&lt;field&gt; UNIQUE -- T-SQL\n</code></pre>"},{"location":"databases/sql.html#table-modification","title":"Table Modification","text":"SQL<pre><code>ALTER TABLE &lt;table&gt;\n    ADD PRIMARY KEY (&lt;field&gt;, ...),    -- definition of PK after table creation\n    ADD &lt;field_name&gt; &lt;field_type&gt; &lt;option&gt;;    -- addition of a new field, field will have no value in the table\n\nALTER TABLE &lt;table&gt;\n    CHANGE &lt;field_name&gt; &lt;new_name&gt; &lt;new_type&gt;;\n    ALTER COLUMN &lt;field_name&gt; &lt;new_name&gt; &lt;new_type&gt;;    -- T-SQL\n\nALTER TABLE &lt;table&gt;\n    DROP &lt;field&gt;;\n\nALTER TABLE &lt;table&gt;\n    ADD FOREIGN KEY (&lt;field&gt;) REFERENCES &lt;TABLE&gt; (&lt;FIELD&gt;);\n</code></pre>"},{"location":"databases/sql.html#dml","title":"DML","text":""},{"location":"databases/sql.html#data-insertion","title":"Data Insertion","text":"SQL<pre><code>INSERT INTO &lt;table&gt; (field_1, ...) VALUES (value_1, ...), (value_1, ...);\nINSERT INTO &lt;table&gt; VALUES (value_1, ...), (value_1, ...);    -- field order MUST respect tables's columns order\n</code></pre>"},{"location":"databases/sql.html#data-update","title":"Data Update","text":"SQL<pre><code>UPDATE &lt;table&gt; SET &lt;field&gt; = &lt;value&gt;, &lt;field&gt; = &lt;value&gt;, ... WHERE &lt;condition&gt;;\n</code></pre>"},{"location":"databases/sql.html#data-elimination","title":"Data Elimination","text":"SQL<pre><code>DELETE FROM &lt;table&gt; WHERE &lt;condition&gt;\nDELETE FROM &lt;table&gt; -- empty the table\n</code></pre>"},{"location":"databases/sql.html#data-selection","title":"Data Selection","text":"<p><code>*</code>: denotes all table fields</p> SQL<pre><code>SELECT * FROM &lt;table&gt;;    -- show table contents\nSHOW columns FROM &lt;table&gt;;    -- show table columns\nDESCRIBE &lt;table&gt;;    -- shows table\n</code></pre>"},{"location":"databases/sql.html#alias","title":"Alias","text":"SQL<pre><code>SELECT &lt;field&gt; as &lt;alias&gt;; -- shows &lt;field/funzione&gt; with name &lt;alias&gt;\n</code></pre>"},{"location":"databases/sql.html#conditional-selection","title":"Conditional Selection","text":"SQL<pre><code>SELECT * FROM &lt;table&gt; WHERE &lt;condition&gt;;    -- shows elements that satisfy the condition\nAND, OR, NOT    -- logic connectors\n\nSELECT * FROM &lt;table&gt; WHERE &lt;field&gt; Between &lt;value_1&gt; AND &lt;value_2&gt;;\n</code></pre>"},{"location":"databases/sql.html#ordering","title":"Ordering","text":"SQL<pre><code>SELECT * FROM &lt;table&gt; ORDER BY &lt;field&gt;, ...;    -- shows the table ordered by &lt;field&gt;\nSELECT * FROM &lt;table&gt; ORDER BY &lt;field&gt;, ... DESC;    -- shows the table ordered by &lt;field&gt;, decreasing order\nSELECT * FROM &lt;table&gt; ORDER BY &lt;field&gt;, ... LIMIT n;    -- shows the table ordered by &lt;field&gt;, shows n items\nSELECT TOP(n) * FROM &lt;table&gt; ORDER BY &lt;field&gt;, ...;    -- T-SQL\n</code></pre>"},{"location":"databases/sql.html#grouping","title":"Grouping","text":"SQL<pre><code>SELECT * FROM &lt;table&gt; GROUP BY &lt;field&gt;;\nSELECT * FROM &lt;table&gt; GROUP BY &lt;field&gt; HAVING &lt;condition&gt;;\nSELECT DISTINCT &lt;field&gt; FROM &lt;table&gt;;    -- shows elements without repetitions\n</code></pre>"},{"location":"databases/sql.html#ricerca-caratteri-in-valori","title":"Ricerca caratteri in valori","text":"<p><code>%</code>: any number of characters</p> SQL<pre><code>SELECT * FROM &lt;table&gt; WHERE &lt;field&gt; LIKE '&lt;char&gt;%';    -- selects items in &lt;field&gt; that start with &lt;char&gt;\nSELECT * FROM &lt;table&gt; WHERE &lt;field&gt; LIKE '%&lt;char&gt;';    -- selects items in &lt;field&gt; that end with &lt;char&gt;\nSELECT * FROM &lt;table&gt; WHERE &lt;field&gt; LIKE '%&lt;char&gt;%';    -- selects items in &lt;field&gt; that contain &lt;char&gt;\nSELECT * FROM &lt;table&gt; WHERE &lt;field&gt; NOT LIKE '%&lt;char&gt;%';    -- selects items in &lt;field&gt; that do not contain &lt;char&gt;\n</code></pre>"},{"location":"databases/sql.html#selection-from-multiple-tables","title":"Selection from multiple tables","text":"SQL<pre><code>SELECT a.&lt;field&gt;, b.&lt;field&gt; FROM &lt;table&gt; AS a, &lt;table&gt; AS b\n    WHERE a.&lt;field&gt; ...;\n</code></pre>"},{"location":"databases/sql.html#functions","title":"Functions","text":"SQL<pre><code>SELECT COUNT(*) FROM &lt;field&gt;;    -- count of items in &lt;field&gt;\nSELECT MIN(*) FROM &lt;table&gt;;    -- min value\nSELECT MAX(*) FROM &lt;table&gt;;    -- max value\nSELECT AVG(*) FROM &lt;table&gt;;    -- mean of values\nALL (SELECT ...)\nANY (SELECT ...)\n</code></pre>"},{"location":"databases/sql.html#nested-queries","title":"Nested Queries","text":"SQL<pre><code>SELECT * FROM &lt;table&gt; WHERE EXISTS (SELECT * FROM &lt;table&gt;)  -- selected field existing in subquery\nSELECT * FROM &lt;table&gt; WHERE NOT EXISTS (SELECT * FROM &lt;table&gt;)  -- selected field not existing in subquery\n</code></pre>"},{"location":"databases/sql.html#new-table-from-data","title":"New table from data","text":"<p>Create new table with necessary fields:</p> SQL<pre><code>CREATE TABLE &lt;table&gt; (\n    (&lt;field_name&gt; &lt;field_type&gt; &lt;option&gt;,\n    ...);\n)\n</code></pre> <p>Fill fields with data from table:</p> SQL<pre><code>INSERT INTO &lt;table&gt;\n    SELECT &lt;fields&gt; FROM &lt;TABLE&gt; WHERE &lt;condition&gt;;\n</code></pre>"},{"location":"databases/sql.html#join","title":"Join","text":"SQL<pre><code>SELECT * FROM &lt;table1&gt; JOIN &lt;table2&gt; ON &lt;table1&gt;.&lt;field&gt; = &lt;table2&gt;.&lt;field&gt;;\nSELECT * FROM &lt;table1&gt; LEFT JOIN &lt;table2&gt; ON &lt;condition&gt;;\nSELECT * FROM &lt;table1&gt; RIGHT JOIN &lt;table2&gt; ON &lt;condition&gt;\n</code></pre> <p>Inner Join, Left Join, Right Join, Full Outer Join</p>"},{"location":"databases/sql.html#multiple-join","title":"Multiple Join","text":"SQL<pre><code>SELECT * FROM &lt;table1&gt;\nJOIN &lt;table2&gt; ON &lt;table1&gt;.&lt;field&gt; = &lt;table2&gt;.&lt;field&gt;\nJOIN &lt;table3&gt; ON &lt;table2&gt;.&lt;field&gt; = &lt;table3&gt;.&lt;field&gt;;\n</code></pre> <p>char, nchar, varchar, nvarchar</p>"},{"location":"databases/sql.html#t-sql-mssql-server","title":"T-SQL (MSSQL Server)","text":""},{"location":"databases/sql.html#t-sql-insert-from-table","title":"T-SQL Insert From table","text":"SQL<pre><code>USE [&lt;db_name&gt;]\n\nSET IDENTITY_INSERT [&lt;destination_table&gt;] ON\n\nINSERT INTO &lt;table&gt; (field_1, ...)\n\nSELECT (field_1, ...) FROM &lt;source_table&gt;\n\nSET IDENTITY_INSERT [&lt;destination_table&gt;] OFF\n</code></pre>"},{"location":"databases/sql.html#t-sql-parametric-query","title":"T-SQL Parametric Query","text":"SQL<pre><code>-- variable declaration\nDECLARE @var_name &lt;type&gt;\n\n-- init variable (input parameter)\nSET @var_name = &lt;value&gt;\n\n-- use in query (memorize data)\nSELECT @var_name = COUNT(*)  -- query won't show results in the \"table view\" since param is used in SELECT\nFROM &lt;table&gt; ...\n\n-- display message (query won't show results in the \"table view\")\nPRINT 'Text: ' + @var_name\nPRINT 'Text: ' + CONVERT(type, @var_name)  -- convert data before printing\nGO\n</code></pre>"},{"location":"databases/sql.html#t-sql-view","title":"T-SQL View","text":"<p>A view represents a virtual table. Join multiple tables in a view and use the view to present the data as if the data were coming from a single table.</p> SQL<pre><code>CREATE VIEW &lt;name&gt; AS\nSELECT * FROM &lt;table&gt; ...\n</code></pre>"},{"location":"databases/sql.html#t-sql-stored-procedure","title":"T-SQL Stored Procedure","text":"<p>Stored Procedure How-To T-SQL Stored Procedure</p> <p>Stored Procedure Definition:</p> SQL<pre><code>CREATE PROCEDURE &lt;Procedure_Name&gt;\n    -- Add the parameters for the stored procedure here\n    &lt;@Param1&gt; &lt;Datatype_For_Param1&gt; = &lt;Default_Value_For_Param1&gt;,\n    &lt;@Param2&gt; &lt;Datatype_For_Param2&gt;\nAS\nBEGIN\n    -- SET NOCOUNT ON added to prevent extra result sets from interfering with SELECT statements.\n    SET NOCOUNT ON;  -- don't return number of selected rows\n\n    -- Insert statements for procedure here\n    SELECT ...\nEND\nGO\n</code></pre> <p>Stored Procedure call in query:</p> SQL<pre><code>USE &lt;database&gt;\nGO\n\n-- Stored Procedure call\nEXECUTE &lt;Procedure_Name&gt;\n-- or\nEXEC &lt;Procedure_Name&gt;\n</code></pre>"},{"location":"languages/markdown.html","title":"Markdown Notes","text":""},{"location":"languages/markdown.html#headings","title":"Headings","text":"Markdown<pre><code>Heading 1\n=========\n\nHeading 2\n---------\n\n# Heading 1\n## Heading 2\n### Heading 3\n</code></pre>"},{"location":"languages/markdown.html#text-formatting","title":"Text Formatting","text":"Markdown<pre><code>*Italic*    _Italic_\n**Bold**    __Bold__\n\n~GitHub's strike-trough~\n</code></pre>"},{"location":"languages/markdown.html#links-images","title":"Links &amp; Images","text":"Markdown<pre><code>[link text](http://b.org \"title\")\n\n[link text][anchor]\n[anchor]: http://b.org \"title\"\n\n![alt attribute](http://url/b.jpg \"title\")\n\n![alt attribute][anchor]\n[anchor]: http://url/b.jpg \"title\"\n</code></pre> Markdown<pre><code>&gt; Blockquote\n\n* unordered list        - unordered list\n* unordered list        - unordered list\n* unordered list        - unordered list\n\n1) ordered list         1. ordered list\n2) ordered list         2. ordered list\n3) ordered list         3. ordered list\n\n- [ ] empty checkbox\n- [x] checked checkbox\n</code></pre>"},{"location":"languages/markdown.html#horizontal-rule","title":"Horizontal rule","text":"Markdown<pre><code>---                     ***\n</code></pre>"},{"location":"languages/markdown.html#code","title":"Code","text":"Markdown<pre><code>`inline code`\n\n    ```lang\n    multi-line\n    code block\n    ```\n</code></pre>"},{"location":"languages/markdown.html#table","title":"Table","text":"Markdown<pre><code>| column label | column label | column label  |\n|:-------------|:------------:|--------------:|\n| left-aligned | centered     | right-aligned |\n| row contents | row contents | row contents  |\n</code></pre>"},{"location":"languages/assembly/intel.html","title":"Assembly (Intel)","text":""},{"location":"languages/assembly/intel.html#compiling-linking","title":"Compiling &amp; Linking","text":"Bash<pre><code># compiling\nnasm -g -f elf64 src.asm  # -g adds debug info, -f specifies the 64bit ELF format\n\n# linking\nld -o src src.o  # -o specifies the output name\n</code></pre>"},{"location":"languages/assembly/intel.html#basics","title":"Basics","text":""},{"location":"languages/assembly/intel.html#exports-sections","title":"Exports &amp; Sections","text":"<p>Symbols can be exported to be linked against with the linker</p> <p>Every program in ELF has several sections:</p> <ul> <li><code>data</code>: global variables</li> <li><code>rodata</code>: global constants (read-only data)</li> <li><code>bss</code>: space reserved at program startup</li> <li><code>text</code>: CPU instructions</li> </ul> GAS<pre><code>; export the '_start' symbol for linking\nglobal _start\n\n; specify a section\nsection .data\nsection .text\n</code></pre>"},{"location":"languages/assembly/intel.html#labels-declarations","title":"Labels &amp; Declarations","text":"<p>Anything that's on the beginning of a line and is followed by a colon (<code>:</code>) is a label. Labels generally store addresses.</p> <p>Declaration instructions:</p> <ul> <li><code>db</code>: declare bytes</li> <li><code>dw</code>: declare word (2 bytes)</li> <li><code>dd</code>: declare double word (4 bytes)</li> <li><code>dq</code>: declare quad word (8 bytes)</li> <li><code>equ</code>: set a name to the value of an expression</li> </ul> <p>Note: See the NASM manual, section 3.2.1 for the full list. Note: all byte declarations are Little Endian</p> GAS<pre><code>arr: db 0x12,0x34,0x56,0x78,0x90\n</code></pre>"},{"location":"languages/assembly/intel.html#registers","title":"Registers","text":"<p>There are several registers available on x86_64. Some serve a specific purposes (e.g. registers for storing floating point ; numbers), while others are called \"general purpose\" registers.</p> <p>There are 16 of them:</p> <ul> <li><code>rax</code>: accumulator</li> <li><code>rbx</code>: base</li> <li><code>rcx</code>: counter</li> <li><code>rdx</code>: destination</li> <li><code>rsp</code> and <code>rbp</code>: stack pointer and base pointer</li> <li><code>rsi</code> and <code>rdi</code>: source and destination index</li> <li><code>r8</code> through <code>r15</code>: lack of creativity</li> </ul> <p>The prefix <code>r</code> means that instructions will use all 64 bits in the registers.  </p> <p>For all those registers, except <code>r8</code> through <code>r15</code>, it's possible to access:</p> <ul> <li>the lowest 32 bits with <code>e</code> prefix (e.g. <code>eax</code>, <code>ebp</code>)</li> <li>the lowest 16 bits without any prefix (e.g. <code>ax</code>, <code>si</code>)</li> </ul> <p>For registers <code>rax</code> through <code>rdx</code>, it's possible to access:</p> <ul> <li>the lowest byte with the <code>l</code> suffix, replacing the trailing <code>x</code> (e.g. <code>al</code>)</li> <li>the highest byt in the 16 bits with the <code>h</code> suffix, in the same way (e.g. <code>ah</code>)</li> </ul>"},{"location":"languages/assembly/intel.html#instructions","title":"Instructions","text":"<p>Instructions are operations that the CPU knowns how to execute directly. They are separated from their operands by whitespace, and the operands are separated from other with commas.</p> GAS<pre><code>&lt;instr&gt; &lt;operand1&gt;, &lt;operand2&gt;, ..., &lt;operand_n&gt;\n\n; Intel syntax dictates the first operand is the destination, and the second is the source\n&lt;instr&gt; DEST, SOURCE\n</code></pre> GAS<pre><code>mov eax, 0x12345678  ; copies 4 bytes to eax\ninc rdi  ; INC: increment\ndec rsi  ; DEC: decrement\n</code></pre>"},{"location":"languages/assembly/intel.html#add","title":"<code>add</code>","text":"<p>Adds the two operands and stores the result in the destination.</p> GAS<pre><code>add rdi, rbx  ; Equivalent to rdi += rbx\n</code></pre>"},{"location":"languages/assembly/intel.html#sub","title":"<code>sub</code>","text":"<p>Subtract the two operands and stores the result in the destination.</p> GAS<pre><code>sub rsi, rbx  ; Equivalent to rsi -= rbx\n</code></pre>"},{"location":"languages/assembly/intel.html#mul-div-imul-idiv","title":"<code>mul</code>, <code>div</code>, <code>imul</code>, <code>idiv</code>","text":"<p><code>mul</code> and <code>div</code> interpret their  operands as unsigned integers. <code>imul</code> and <code>idiv</code> interpret their operands as signed integers in two's complement.</p> <p><code>mul</code> and <code>div</code> instructions take a single operand because they use fixed registers for the other number.</p> <p>For <code>mul</code>, the result is <code>rax</code> * <code>&lt;operand&gt;</code>, and it's a 128-bit value stored in <code>rdx:rax</code>, meaning the 64 lower bits are stored in <code>rdx</code>, while the 64 upper bits are stored in <code>rax</code>.</p> <p>For <code>div</code>, the operand is the divisor and the dividend is <code>rdx:rax</code>, meaning it's a 128-bit value whose 64 upper bits are in <code>rdx</code> and whose 64 lower bits are in <code>rax</code>. The quotient is a 64-bit value stored in <code>rax</code>, and the remainder is also a 64-bit value, stored in <code>rdx</code>.</p>"},{"location":"languages/assembly/intel.html#and-or-xor","title":"<code>and</code>, <code>or</code>, <code>xor</code>","text":"GAS<pre><code>and rdi, rsi  ; bitwise AND\nor rdi, rsi  ; bitwise OR\nxor rdi, rsi  ; bitwise XOR\n</code></pre>"},{"location":"languages/assembly/intel.html#shr-shl","title":"<code>shr</code>, <code>shl</code>","text":"GAS<pre><code>shr rsi, 2  ; right (logical) bitshift: equivalent to rsi &gt;&gt; 2\nshl rsi, 3  ; left (logical) bitshift: equivalent to rsi &lt;&lt; 3\n</code></pre> <p>Note: there's <code>sar</code> for arithmetic right shift and <code>sal</code> for arithmetic shift left.</p>"},{"location":"languages/assembly/riscv.html","title":"Assembly (RISC-V)","text":"<p>Assembly programs are encoded as plain text files and contain four main elements:</p> <ul> <li>Comments: comments are textual notes that are often used to document information on the code.</li> <li>Labels: labels are \"markers\" that represent program locations.</li> <li>Instructions: Assembly instructions are instructions that are converted by the assembler into machine instructions.</li> <li>Directives: Assembly directives are commands used to coordinate the assembling process.</li> </ul>"},{"location":"languages/assembly/riscv.html#assembly-language","title":"Assembly Language","text":""},{"location":"languages/assembly/riscv.html#labels","title":"Labels","text":"<p>Labels are \"markers\" that represent program locations. They can be inserted into an assembly program to \"mark\" a program position so that it can be referred to by assembly instructions.</p> GAS<pre><code>x:  # &lt;-- label definition\n  .word 10\n\nsum:\n  lw a0, x\n  addi a0, a0, 10\n  ret\n</code></pre> <p>Assemblers usually accept two kinds of labels: symbolic and numeric labels.</p> <p>Symbolic labels are de\ufb01ned by an identifier followed by <code>:</code>. They are stored as symbols in the symbol table and are often used to identify global variables and routines.</p> <p>Numeric labels are de\ufb01ned by a single decimal digit followed by <code>:</code>. They are used for local reference and are not included in the symbol table of executable files. They can be redefined repeatedly in the same assembly program.  </p> <p>References to numeric labels contain a suffix that indicates whether the reference is to a numeric label positioned before (<code>b</code> suffix) or after (<code>f</code> suffix) the reference.</p>"},{"location":"languages/assembly/riscv.html#symbols","title":"Symbols","text":"<p>Program symbols are \"names\" that are associated with numerical values and the symbol table is a data structure that maps each program symbol to its value. Labels are automatically converted into program symbols by the assembler and associated with a numerical value that represents its position in the program, which is a memory address.</p> <p>It's possible to explicitly define symbols with the <code>.set</code> (or <code>.equ</code>) directive.</p> GAS<pre><code>.set answer, 42\n\nget_answer:\n  li a0, answer\n  ret\n</code></pre>"},{"location":"languages/assembly/riscv.html#references-relocations","title":"References &amp; Relocations","text":"<p>Each reference to a label must be replaced by an address during the assembling and linking processes. Relocation is the process in which the code and data are assigned new memory addresses so that they do not conflict with addresses of coming from the other linked sources.</p> <p>The relocation table is a data structure that contains information that describes how the program instructions and data need to be modi\ufb01ed to re\ufb02ect the addresses reassignment. Each object \ufb01le contains a relocation table and the linker uses their information to adjust the code when performing the relocation process.</p>"},{"location":"languages/assembly/riscv.html#global-vs-local-symbols","title":"Global vs Local Symbols","text":"<p>Symbols are classified as local or global symbols.</p> <p>Local symbols are only visible on the same \ufb01le, i.e., the linker does not use them to resolve undefined references on other files. Global symbols, on the other hand, are used by the linker to resolve undefined reference on other files.</p> <p>By default, the assembler registers labels as local symbols. The <code>.globl</code> directive instructs the assembler to register a label as a global symbol.</p> GAS<pre><code>.globl exit\n\nexit:\n  li a0, 0\n  li a7, 93\n  ecall\n</code></pre>"},{"location":"languages/assembly/riscv.html#program-entry-point","title":"Program Entry Point","text":"<p>Every program has an entry point: the point from which the CPU must start executing the program. The entry point is de\ufb01ned by an address, which is the address of the first instruction that must be executed.</p> GAS<pre><code>.globl start # &lt;-- program entry point \n</code></pre> <p>Note: the <code>start</code> label must be registered as a global symbol for the linker to recognize it as the entry point.</p>"},{"location":"languages/assembly/riscv.html#program-sections","title":"Program Sections","text":"<p>Executable and object files, and assembly programs are usually organized in sections. A section may contain data or instructions, and the contents of each section are mapped to a set of consecutive main memory addresses.</p> <p>The following sections are often present on executable files generated for Linux-based systems:</p> <ul> <li><code>.text</code>: a section dedicated to store the program instructions.</li> <li><code>.data</code>: a section dedicated to store initialized global variables.</li> <li><code>.bss</code>: a section dedicated to store uninitialized global variables.</li> <li><code>.rodata</code>: a section dedicated to store constants.</li> </ul> <p>When linking multiple object files, the linker groups information from sections with the same name and places them together into a single section on the executable \ufb01le.</p> <p>To instruct the assembler to add the assembled information into other sections, the programmer (or the compiler) may use the <code>.section &lt;name&gt;</code> directive.</p> GAS<pre><code>.section .text\n\nupdate_y:\n  la t1, y\n  sw a0, (t1)\n  ret\n\nupdate_x:\n  la t1, x\n  sw a0, (t1)\n  ret\n\n.section .data\n\nx: .word 10\ny: .word 12\n</code></pre>"},{"location":"languages/assembly/riscv.html#assembly-instructions","title":"Assembly Instructions","text":"<p>Assembly instructions are instructions that are converted by the assembler into machine instructions. They are usually encoded as a string that contains a mnemonic and a sequence of parameters, known as operands.</p> <p>A pseudo-instruction is an assembly instruction that does not have a corresponding machine instruction on the ISA, but can be translated automatically by the assembler into one or more alternative machine instructions to achieve the same effect.</p> <p>The operands of assembly instructions may contain:</p> <ul> <li>A register name: a register name identifies one of the ISA registers.</li> </ul> <ul> <li>An immediate value: an immediate value is a numerical constant that is directly encoded into the machine instruction as a sequence of bits.</li> <li>A symbol name: symbol names identify symbols on the symbol table and are replaced by their respective values during the assembling and linking processes.   Their value are encoded into the machine instruction as a sequence of bits.</li> </ul>"},{"location":"languages/assembly/riscv.html#immediate-values","title":"Immediate Values","text":"<p>Immediate values are represented on assembly language by a sequence of alphanumeric characters.</p> <ul> <li>Sequences started with the <code>0x</code> and the <code>0b</code> prefixes are interpreted as hexadecimal and binary numbers, respectively.  </li> <li>Octal numbers are represented by a sequence of numeric digits starting with digit <code>0</code>.  </li> <li>Sequences of numeric digits starting with digits <code>1</code> to <code>9</code> are interpreted as decimal numbers.</li> <li>Alphanumeric characters represented between single quotation marks are converted to numeric values using the ASCII table</li> <li>To denote a negative integer, it suffices to add the <code>-</code> prefix.</li> </ul> GAS<pre><code>li a0, 10        # load value ten into register a0\n2 li a1, 0xa     # load value ten into register a1\n3 li a2, 0b1010  # load value ten into register a2\n4 li a3, 012     # load value ten into register a3\n5 li a4, \u20190\u2019     # load value forty eight into register a4\n6 li a5, \u2019a\u2019     # load value ninety seven into register a5\n</code></pre>"},{"location":"languages/assembly/riscv.html#the-value-directives","title":"The <code>.&lt;value&gt;</code> Directives","text":"<p>The <code>.byte</code>, <code>.half</code>, <code>.word</code>, and <code>.dword</code> directives add one or more values to the active section. Their arguments may be expressed as immediate values, symbols (which are replaced by their value during the assembling and linking processes) or by arithmetic expressions that combine both.</p> <p>The <code>.string</code>, <code>.asciz</code>, and <code>.ascii</code> directives add strings to the active section. The string is encoded as a sequence of bytes.</p> Directive Arguments Description <code>.byte</code> <code>expr [, expr]*</code> Emit one or more 8bit comma separated words <code>.half</code> <code>expr [, expr]*</code> Emit one or more 16bit comma separated words <code>.word</code> <code>expr [, expr]*</code> Emit one or more 32bit comma separated words <code>.dword</code> <code>expr [, expr]*</code> Emit one or more 64bit comma separated words <code>.string</code> <code>string</code> Emit <code>NULL</code> terminated string <code>.asciz</code> <code>string</code> Alias for <code>.string</code> <code>.ascii</code> <code>string</code> Emit string without <code>NULL</code> character"},{"location":"languages/assembly/riscv.html#the-set-and-equ-directives","title":"The <code>.set</code> and <code>.equ</code> directives","text":"<p>The <code>.set name, expression</code> directive adds a symbol to the symbol table. It takes a name and an expression as arguments, evaluates an expression to a value and store the name and the resulting value into the symbol table.</p> <p>The <code>.equ</code> directive performs the same task as the .set directive.</p>"},{"location":"languages/assembly/riscv.html#the-globl-directive","title":"The <code>.globl</code> directive","text":"<p>The <code>.globl</code> directive can be used to turn local symbols into global ones.</p> GAS<pre><code>.global start\n.global max_value\n\n.set max_value, 42\n\nstart:\n  li a0, max_value\n  jal process_temp\n  ret\n</code></pre>"},{"location":"languages/assembly/riscv.html#the-skip-directive","title":"The <code>.skip</code> directive","text":"<p>The <code>.bss</code> section is dedicated for storing uninitialized global variables. These variables need to be allocated on memory, but they do not need to be initialized by the loader when a program is executed. As a consequence, their initial value do not need to be stored on executable nor object files.</p> <p>To allocate variables on the <code>.bss</code> section it suffices to declare a label to identify the variable and advance the <code>.bss</code> location counter by the amount of bytes the variable require, so further variables are allocated on other address. The <code>.skip N</code> directive is a directive that advances the location counter by <code>N</code> units and can be used to allocate space for variables on the <code>.bss</code> section.</p> GAS<pre><code>.section .bss\nx: .skip 4\ny: .skip 80\nz: .skip 4\n</code></pre>"},{"location":"languages/assembly/riscv.html#the-align-directive","title":"The <code>.align</code> directive","text":"<p>Some ISA's require instructions or multi-byte data to be stored on addresses that are multiple of a given number.</p> <p>The proper way of ensuring the location counter is aligned is by using the <code>.align N</code> directive. The <code>.align N</code> directive checks if the location counter is a multiple of <code>2^N</code>, if it is, it has no effect on the program, otherwise, it advances the location counter to the next value that is a multiple of <code>2^N</code>.</p>"},{"location":"languages/bash/commands.html","title":"Bash Commands","text":"<p>Note: Square brackets (<code>[]</code>) denotes optional commands/flags/arguments. Uppercase denotes placeholders for arguments.</p>"},{"location":"languages/bash/commands.html#basic-commands","title":"Basic Commands","text":""},{"location":"languages/bash/commands.html#elevated-privileges-and-users","title":"Elevated Privileges and Users","text":"<p>sudo vs su</p> Bash<pre><code>sudo su  # login as root (user must be sudoers, root password not required) DANGEROUS\nsudo -s  # act as root and inherit current user environment (env as is now, along current dir and env vars) SAFE (can modify user environment)\nsudo -i  # act as root and and use a clean environment (goes to user's home, runs .bashrc) SAFEST\nsudo COMMAND  # run a command w\\ root permissions\nsudo -u USER COMMAND # run command as user\n\nsu  # become root (must know root password) DANGEROUS\nsu - USER  # change user and load it's home folder\nsu USER  # change user but don't load it's home folder\n</code></pre>"},{"location":"languages/bash/commands.html#getting-info","title":"Getting Info","text":"Bash<pre><code>man COMMAND  # show command manual\nhelp COMMAND  # show command info\nwhatis COMMAND  # one-line command explanation\napropos COMMAND  # search related commands\nwhich COMMAND  # locate a command\nhistory  # list of used commands\n\nid  # Print user and group information for the specified USER, or (when USER omitted) for the current user\n</code></pre>"},{"location":"languages/bash/commands.html#moving-showing-directory-contents","title":"Moving &amp; Showing Directory Contents","text":"Bash<pre><code>pwd  # print working (current) directory\nls [option]... [FILE]...   # list directory contents (\"list storage\")\ncd rel_path  # change directory to path (rel_path must be inside current directory)\ncd abs_path  # change directory to path\ncd ..  # change directory to parent directory\ncd ~  # go to /home\ncd -  # go to previous directory\npushd PATH  # go from current directory to path\npopd  # return to previous directory (before pushd)\n</code></pre>"},{"location":"languages/bash/commands.html#creating-reading-copying-moving-modifying-files-and-directories","title":"Creating, Reading, Copying, Moving, Modifying Files And Directories","text":"Bash<pre><code>touch FILE  # change FILE timestamp fi exists, create file otherwise\ncat [FILE]  # concatenate files and print on standard output (FD 1)\ncat &gt;&gt; FILE  # append following content ot file (Ctrl+D to stop)\nfile FILE  # discover file extension and format\nstat FILE  # display file or file system status\n\ntail  # output the last part of a file\ntail [-nNUM]  # output the last NUM lines\n\nmore  # filter for paging through text one screenful at a time\nless  # opposite of more (display big file in pages), navigate with arrow keys or space bar\n\ncut  # remove sections from each line of files\ncut -[d --delimiter=DELIM]  # use DELIM instead of TAB for field delimiter\ncut [-f --fields=LIST]  # select only these fields\n\ndf  # report file system disk space usage\n\nrm FILE  # remove file or directories\nrm DIRECTORY -r  # remove directory an all its contents (recursive)\nrmdir DIRECTORY  # remove directory only if is empty\n\nmkdir DIRECTORY  # make directories\n\nmv SOURCE DESTINATION  # move or rename files\nmv SOURCE DIRECTORY  # move FILE to DIRECTORY\n\ncp SOURCE DESTINATION  # copy SOURCE to DESTINATION\n</code></pre>"},{"location":"languages/bash/commands.html#files-permissions-ownership","title":"Files Permissions &amp; Ownership","text":"Bash<pre><code>chmod MODE FILE  # change file (or directory) permissions\nchmod OCTAL-MODE FILE  # change file (or directory) permissions\n\nchown [OPTION]... [OWNER][:[GROUP]] FILE...  # change file owner and group\nchgrp [OPTION]... GROUP FILE...  # change group ownership\n</code></pre> <p>File Permissions:</p> <ul> <li><code>r</code>: Read. Can see file content</li> <li><code>w</code>: Write. Can modify file content</li> <li><code>x</code>: Execute. Can execute file</li> </ul> <p>Directory Permissions:</p> <ul> <li><code>r</code>: Read. Can see dir contents</li> <li><code>w</code>: CRUD. Can create, rename and delete files</li> <li><code>x</code>: Search. Can access and navigate inside the dir. Necessary to operate on files</li> </ul> <p>Common Octal Files Permissions:</p> <ul> <li><code>777</code>: (<code>rwxrwxrwx</code>) No restrictions on permissions. Anybody may do anything. Generally not a desirable setting.</li> <li><code>755</code>: (<code>rwxr-xr-x</code>) The file's owner may read, write, and execute the file. All others may read and execute the file. This setting is common for programs that are used by all users.</li> <li><code>700</code>: (<code>rwx------</code>) The file's owner may read, write, and execute the file. Nobody else has any rights. This setting is useful for programs that only the owner may use and must be kept private from others.</li> <li><code>666</code>: (<code>rw-rw-rw-</code>) All users may read and write the file.</li> <li><code>644</code>: (<code>rw-r--r--</code>) The owner may read and write a file, while all others may only read the file. A common setting for data files that everybody may read, but only the owner may change.</li> <li><code>600</code>: (<code>rw-------</code>) The owner may read and write a file. All others have no rights. A common setting for data files that the owner wants to keep private.</li> </ul> <p>Common Octal Directory Permissions:</p> <ul> <li><code>777</code>: (<code>rwxrwxrwx</code>) No restrictions on permissions. Anybody may list files, create new files in the directory and delete files in the directory. Generally not a good setting.</li> <li><code>755</code>: (<code>rwxr-xr-x</code>) The directory owner has full access. All others may list the directory, but cannot create files nor delete them. This setting is common for directories that you wish to share with other users.</li> <li><code>700</code>: (<code>rwx------</code>) The directory owner has full access. Nobody else has any rights. This setting is useful for directories that only the owner may use and must be kept private from others.</li> </ul>"},{"location":"languages/bash/commands.html#finding-files-and-directories","title":"Finding Files And Directories","text":"Bash<pre><code>find [path] [expression]   # search file in directory hierarchy\nfind [start-position] -type f -name FILENAME  # search for a file named \"filename\"\nfind [start-position] -type d -name DIRNAME  # search for a directory named \"dirname\"\nfind [path] -exec &lt;command&gt; {} \\;  # execute command on found items (identified by {})\n\n[[ -f \"path\" ]]  # test if a file exists\n[[ -d \"path\" ]]  # test if a folder exists\n[[ -L \"path\" ]]  # test if is symlink\n</code></pre>"},{"location":"languages/bash/commands.html#other","title":"Other","text":"Bash<pre><code>tee  # copy standard input and write to standard output AND files simultaneously\ntee [FILE]\ncommand | sudo tee FILE  # operate on file w/o using shell as su\n\necho  # display a line of text\necho \"string\" &gt; FILE  # write lin of text to file\necho \"string\" &gt;&gt; FILE  # append line of text to end of file (EOF)\n\nwget URL  # download repositories to linux machine\n\ncurl  # download the contents of a URL\ncurl [-I --head]  # Fetch the headers only\n\nps [-ax]  # display processes\nkill &lt;PID&gt;   # kill process w/ Process ID &lt;PID&gt;\nkillall PROCESS  # kill process by nane\n\ngrep  # search through a string using a REGEX\ngrep [-i]  # grep ignore case\n\nsource script.sh  # load script as a command\ndiff FILES  # compare files line by line\n\n# sudo apt install shellcheck\nshellcheck FILE  # shell linter\n\nxargs [COMMAND]  # build and execute command lines from standard input\n# xargs reads items form the standard input, delimited by blanks or newlines, and executes the COMMAND one or more times with the items as arguments\nwatch [OPTIONS] COMMAND  # execute a program periodically, showing output full-screen\nwatch -n SECONDS COMMAND  # execute command every SECONDS seconds (no less than 0.1 seconds)\n</code></pre>"},{"location":"languages/bash/commands.html#data-wrangling","title":"Data Wrangling","text":"<p>Data wrangling is the process of transforming and mapping data from one \"raw\" data form into another format with the intent of making it more appropriate and valuable for a variety of downstream purposes such as analytics.</p> Bash<pre><code>sed  # stream editor for filtering and transforming text\nsed -E \"s/REGEX/replacement/\"  # substitute text ONCE (-E uses modern REGEX)\nsed -E \"s/REGEX/replacement/g\"  # substitute text multiple times (every match)\n\nwc [FILE] # print newline, word and byte count for each file\nwc [-m --chars] FILE  # print character count\nwc [-c --bytes] FILE  # print bytes count\nwc [-l --lines] FILE  # print lines count\nwc [-w --words] FILE  # print word count\n\nsort [FILE]  # sort lines of a text file\n\nuniq [INPUT [OUTPUT]]  # report or omit repeated lines (from INPUT to OUTPUT)\nuniq [-c --count]  # prefix lines w/ number of occurrences\nuniq [-d --repeated]  # print only duplicare lines, one for each group\nuniq [-D]  # print only duplicare lines\n\npaste [FILE]  # merge lines of files\npaste [-d --delimiters=LIST]  # use delimiters from LIST\npaste [- --serial]  # paste one file at a time instead of in parallel\n\nawk '{program}'  # pattern scanning and processing language\nawk [-f --file PROGRAM_FILE]  # read program source from PROGRAM_FILE instead of from first argument\n\nbc [-hlwsqv long-options] [FILE]  # arbitrary precision calculator language\nbc [-l --mathlib] [FILE]  # use standard math library\n</code></pre>"},{"location":"languages/bash/scripting.html","title":"Bash Scripting","text":"<p>Bash Manual</p> <p><code>Ctrl+Shift+C</code>: copy <code>Ctrl+Shift+C</code>: paste</p>"},{"location":"languages/bash/scripting.html#bash-use-modes","title":"Bash Use Modes","text":"<p>Interactive mode \u2192 shell waits for user's commands Non-interactive mode \u2192 shell runs scripts</p>"},{"location":"languages/bash/scripting.html#file-directories-permissions","title":"File &amp; Directories Permissions","text":"<p>File:</p> <ul> <li><code>r</code>: Read. Can see file content</li> <li><code>w</code>: Write. Can modify file content</li> <li><code>x</code>: Execute. Can execute file</li> </ul> <p>Directory:</p> <ul> <li><code>r</code>: Read. Can see dir contents</li> <li><code>w</code>: CRD. Can create, rename and delete files</li> <li><code>x</code>: Search. Can access and navigate inside the dir. Necessary to operate on files</li> </ul>"},{"location":"languages/bash/scripting.html#file-descriptors","title":"File Descriptors","text":"<p><code>FD 0</code> \"standard input\"    \u2192 Channel for standard input (default keyboard) <code>FD 1</code> \"standard output\"   \u2192 Channel for the default output (default screen) <code>FD 2</code> \"standard error\"    \u2192 Channel for error messages, info messages, prompts (default keyboard) File descriptors chan be joined to create streams that lead to files, devices or other processes.</p> <p>Bash gets commands by reading lines. As soon as it's read enough lines to compose a complete command, bash begins running that command. Usually, commands are just a single line long. An interactive bash session reads lines from you at the prompt. Non-interactive bash processes read their commands from a file or stream. Files with a shebang as their first line (and the executable permission) can be started by your system's kernel like any other program.</p>"},{"location":"languages/bash/scripting.html#first-line-of-bash","title":"First Line Of Bash","text":"<p><code>#!/bin/env bash</code> shebang indicating which interpreter to use</p>"},{"location":"languages/bash/scripting.html#simple-command","title":"Simple Command","text":"Bash<pre><code>[ var=value ... ] command [ arg ... ] [ redirection ... ]  # [.] is optional component\n</code></pre>"},{"location":"languages/bash/scripting.html#pipelines-commands-concatenation","title":"Pipelines (commands concatenation)","text":"Bash<pre><code>command | file.ext  # link the first process' standard output to the second process' standard input\ncommand |&amp; file.ext  # link the first process' standard output &amp; standard error to the second process' standard input\n</code></pre>"},{"location":"languages/bash/scripting.html#lists-sequence-of-commands","title":"Lists (sequence of commands)","text":"Bash<pre><code>command_1; command_2; ...  # execute command in sequence, one after the other\ncommand_1 || command_2 || ...  # execute successive commands only if preceding ones fail\ncommand_1 &amp;&amp; command_2 &amp;&amp; ..  # execute successive commands only if preceding ones succeeds\n</code></pre>"},{"location":"languages/bash/scripting.html#compound-commands-multiple-commands-as-one","title":"COMPOUND COMMANDs (multiple commands as one)","text":"Bash<pre><code># block of commands executed as one\n&lt;keyword&gt;\n    command_1; command_2; ...\n&lt;end_keyword&gt;\n\n{command_1; command_2; ...}  # sequence of commands executed as one\n</code></pre>"},{"location":"languages/bash/scripting.html#functions-blocks-of-easily-reusable-code","title":"Functions (blocks of easily reusable code)","text":"<p><code>function_name () {compound_command}</code> Bash does not accept func arguments, parentheses must be empty</p>"},{"location":"languages/bash/scripting.html#command-names-running-programs","title":"Command names &amp; Running programs","text":"<p>To run a command, bash uses the name of your command and performs a search for how to execute that command. In order, bash will check whether it has a function or builtin by that name. Failing that, it will try to run the name as a program. If bash finds no way to run your command, it will output an error message.  </p>"},{"location":"languages/bash/scripting.html#the-path-to-a-program","title":"The path to a program","text":"<p>When bash needs to run a program, it uses the command name to perform a search. Bash searches the directories in your PATH environment variable, one by one, until it finds a directory that contains a program with the name of your command. To run a program that is not installed in a PATH directory, use the path to that program as your command's name.</p>"},{"location":"languages/bash/scripting.html#command-arguments-quoting-literals","title":"Command arguments &amp; Quoting literals","text":"<p>To tell a command what to do, we pass it arguments. In bash, arguments are tokens, that are separated from each other by blank space. To include blank space in an argument's value, you need to either quote the argument or escape the blank space within. Failing that, bash will break your argument apart into multiple arguments at its blank space. Quoting arguments also prevents other symbols in it from being accidentally interpreted as bash code.  </p>"},{"location":"languages/bash/scripting.html#managing-a-commands-input-and-output-using-redirection","title":"Managing a command's input and output using redirection","text":"<p>By default, new commands inherit the shell's current file descriptors. We can use redirections to change where a command's input comes from and where its output should go to. File redirection allows us to stream file descriptors to files. We can copy file descriptors to make them share a stream. There are also many other more advanced redirection operators.  </p>"},{"location":"languages/bash/scripting.html#redirections","title":"Redirections","text":"Bash<pre><code>[x]&gt;file  # make FD x write to file\n[x]&lt;file  # make FD x read from file\n\n[x]&gt;&amp;y  # make FD x write to FD y's stream\n[x]&lt;&amp;y  # make FD x read from FD y's stream\n&amp;&gt;file  # make both FD 1 (standard output) &amp; FD 2 (standard error) write to file\n\n[x]&gt;&gt;file  # make FD x append to end of file\nx&gt;&amp;-, x&lt;&amp;-  # close FD x (stream disconnected from FD x)\n[x]&gt;&amp;y-, [x]&lt;&amp;y-  # replace FD x with FD y\n[x]&lt;&gt;file  # open FD x for both reading and writing to file\n</code></pre>"},{"location":"languages/bash/scripting.html#pathname-expansion-filname-pattern-glob-matching","title":"Pathname Expansion (filname pattern [glob] matching)","text":"<p><code>*</code> matches any kind of text (even no text). <code>?</code> matches any single character. <code>[characters]</code> matches any single character in the given set. <code>[[:classname:]]</code> specify class of characters to match. <code>{}</code> expand list of arguments (applies command to each one)</p> <p><code>shopt -s extglob</code> enables extended globs (patterns)</p> <p><code>+(pattern [| pattern ...])</code> matches when any of the patterns in the list appears, once or many times over. (\"at least one of ...\"). <code>*(pattern [| pattern ...])</code> matches when any of the patterns in the list appears, once, not at all, or many times over. (\"however many of ...\"). <code>?(pattern [| pattern ...])</code> matches when any of the patterns in the list appears, once, not at all, or many times over. (\"however many of ...\"). <code>@(pattern [| pattern ...])</code> matches when any of the patterns in the list appears just once. (\"one of ...\"). <code>!(pattern [| pattern ...])</code> matches only when none of the patterns in the list appear. (\"none of ...\").</p>"},{"location":"languages/bash/scripting.html#command-substitution","title":"Command Substitution","text":"<p>With Command Substitution, we effectively write a command within a command, and we ask bash to expand the inner command into its output and use that output as argument data for the main command.  </p> Bash<pre><code>$(inner_command)  # $ --&gt; value-expansion prefix\ncommand !*  # !* expands to everything except the first argument in the previous line\ncommand !$  # refers to the last argument of the previous command\nsudo !! # !! expands to the entire previous command\n</code></pre>"},{"location":"languages/bash/scripting.html#shell-variables","title":"Shell Variables","text":"Bash<pre><code>varname=value  # variable assignment\nvarname=\"$(command)\"  # command substitution, MUST be double-quoted\n\"$varname\", \"${varname}\"  # variable expansion, MUST be double-quoted (name substituted w/ variable content)\n\n$$  # pid\n$#  # number of arguments passed\n$@  # all arguments passed\n${n}  # n-th argument passed to the command\n$0  # name of the script\n$_  # last argument passed to the command\n$?  # error message of the last (previous) command\n!!  # executes last command used (echo !! prints the last command)\n</code></pre>"},{"location":"languages/bash/scripting.html#parameter-expansion-modifiers-in-double-quotes","title":"Parameter Expansion Modifiers (in double-quotes)","text":"<p><code>${parameter#pattern}</code> removes the shortest string that matches the pattern if it's at the start of the value. <code>${parameter##pattern}</code> removes the longest string that matches the pattern if it's at the start of the value. <code>${parameter%pattern}</code> removes the shortest string that matches the pattern if it's at the end of the value. <code>${parameter%%pattern}</code> removes the longest string that matches the pattern if it's at the end of the value. <code>${parameter/pattern/replacement}</code> replaces the first string that matches the pattern with the replacement. <code>${parameter//pattern/replacement}</code> replaces each string that matches the pattern with the replacement. <code>${parameter/#pattern/replacement}</code> replaces the string that matches the pattern at the beginning of the value with the replacement. <code>${parameter/%pattern/replacement}</code> replaces the string that matches the pattern at the end of the value with the replacement. <code>${#parameter}</code> expands the length of the value (in bytes). <code>${parameter:start[:length]}</code> expands a part of the value, starting at start, length bytes long. Counts from the end rather than the beginning by using a (space followed by a) negative value. <code>${parameter[^|^^|,|,,][pattern]}</code> expands the transformed value, either upper-casing or lower-casing the first or all characters that match the pattern. Omit the pattern to match any character.</p>"},{"location":"languages/bash/scripting.html#decision-statements","title":"Decision Statements","text":""},{"location":"languages/bash/scripting.html#if-statement","title":"If Statement","text":"<p>Only the final exit code after executing the entire list is relevant for the branch's evaluation.</p> Bash<pre><code>if command_list; then\n    command_list;\nelif command_list; then\n    command_list;\nelse command_list;\nfi\n</code></pre>"},{"location":"languages/bash/scripting.html#test-command","title":"Test Command","text":"<p><code>[[ argument_1 &lt;operator&gt; argument_2 ]]</code></p>"},{"location":"languages/bash/scripting.html#arithmetic-expansion-and-evaluation","title":"Arithmetic expansion and evaluation","text":"<p><code>(( expression ))</code></p>"},{"location":"languages/bash/scripting.html#comparison-operators","title":"Comparison Operators","text":"Bash<pre><code>[[ \"$a\" -eq \"$b\" ]]  # is equal to\n[[ \"$a\" -ne \"$b\" ]]  # in not equal to\n[[ \"$a\" -gt \"$b\" ]]  # greater than\n[[ \"$a\" -ge \"$b\" ]]  # greater than or equal to\n[[ \"$a\" -lt \"$b\" ]]  # less than\n[[ \"$a\" -le \"$b\" ]]  # less than or equal to\n</code></pre>"},{"location":"languages/bash/scripting.html#arithmetic-comparison-operators","title":"Arithmetic Comparison Operators","text":"Bash<pre><code>((\"$a\" &gt; \"$b\"))  # greater than\n((\"$a\" &gt;= \"$b\"))   # greater than or equal to\n((\"$a\" &lt; \"$b\"))  # less than\n((\"$a\" &lt;= \"$b\"))   # less than or equal to\n</code></pre>"},{"location":"languages/bash/scripting.html#string-comparison-operators","title":"String Comparison Operators","text":"Bash<pre><code>[ \"$a\" = \"$b\" ]    # is equal to (whitespace around operator)\n\n[[ $a == z* ]]     # True if $a starts with an \"z\" (pattern matching)\n[[ $a == \"z*\" ]]   # True if $a is equal to z* (literal matching)\n[ $a == z* ]       # File globbing and word splitting take place\n[ \"$a\" == \"z*\" ]   # True if $a is equal to z* (literal matching)\n\n[ \"$a\" != \"$b\" ]   # is not equal to, pattern matching within a [[ ... ]] construct\n\n[[ \"$a\" &lt; \"$b\" ]]  # is less than, in ASCII alphabetical order\n[ \"$a\" \\&lt; \"$b\" ]   # \"&lt;\" needs to be escaped within a [ ] construct.\n\n[[ \"$a\" &gt; \"$b\" ]]  # is greater than, in ASCII alphabetical order\n[ \"$a\" \\&gt; \"$b\" ]   # \"&gt;\" needs to be escaped within a [ ] construct.\n</code></pre>"},{"location":"languages/bash/scripting.html#commands-short-circuit-evaluation","title":"Commands short circuit evaluation","text":"Bash<pre><code>command_1 || command_2  # if command_1 fails executes command_2\ncommand_1 &amp;&amp; command_2  # executes command_2 only if command_1 succeeds\n</code></pre>"},{"location":"languages/bash/scripting.html#loops","title":"Loops","text":"Bash<pre><code>for var in iterable ; do\n    # command here\ndone\n</code></pre>"},{"location":"languages/bash/scripting.html#script-hardening","title":"Script Hardening","text":"Bash<pre><code>set -o errexit  # exit on error\nset -o nounset  # fail on unset variable (bypass with ${VAR:-})\nset -o pipefail  # file entire pipeline if one step fails\n\n# hook to enable tracing\nif [[ \"${TRACE-0}\" == \"1\" ]]; then\n    set -o xtrace\nfi\n</code></pre>"},{"location":"languages/c/c.html","title":"C/C++","text":""},{"location":"languages/c/c.html#library-import","title":"Library Import","text":"C<pre><code>#include &lt;stdio.h&gt;  // search in current + system directories\n#include \"lib.h\" // search in current directory\n</code></pre>"},{"location":"languages/c/c.html#special-operators","title":"Special Operators","text":"Operator Operator Name <code>::</code> global reference operator <code>&amp;</code> address operator (returns a memory address) <code>*</code> deferentiation operator (returns the pointed value)"},{"location":"languages/c/c.html#namespace-definition","title":"Namespace definition","text":"<p>Can be omitted and replaced by namespace<code>::</code> <code>using namespace &lt;namespace&gt;;</code></p>"},{"location":"languages/c/c.html#main-function","title":"Main Function","text":"C<pre><code>int main(int argc, char *argv[]) { }\n</code></pre>"},{"location":"languages/c/c.html#variables-types","title":"Variables &amp; Types","text":""},{"location":"languages/c/c.html#constant-declaration","title":"Constant Declaration","text":"C<pre><code>#define constant_name value\nconst type constant_name = value;\n</code></pre>"},{"location":"languages/c/c.html#variable-declaration","title":"Variable Declaration","text":"C<pre><code>type var_name = value;    //c-like initialization\ntype var_name (value);    //constructor initialization\ntype var_name {value};    //uniform initialization\ntype var_1, var_2, ..., var_n;\n</code></pre>"},{"location":"languages/c/c.html#type-casting","title":"Type Casting","text":"<p><code>(type) var;</code> <code>type(var);</code></p>"},{"location":"languages/c/c.html#variable-types","title":"Variable Types","text":"Type Value Range Byte <code>short</code> -32768 to 32765 1 <code>unsigned short</code> 0 to 65535 1 <code>int</code> -2147483648 to 2147483647 4 <code>unsigned int</code> 0 to 4294967295 4 <code>long</code> -2147483648 to 2147483647 4 <code>unsigned long</code> 0 to 4294967295 4 <code>long long</code> 8 <code>float</code> \u00b1 3.4e \u00b1 38 (~7 digits) 4 <code>double</code> \u00b1 1.7e \u00b1 308 (~15 digits) 8 <code>long double</code> 16 (?) 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   //return number of successfully accepted inputs\n</code></pre>"},{"location":"languages/c/c.html#format-specifiers-widthlengthspecifier","title":"Format Specifiers <code>%[width].[length][specifier]</code>","text":"Specifier Specified Format <code>%d</code>, <code>%i</code> singed decimal integer <code>%u</code> unsigned decimal integer <code>%o</code> unsigned octal <code>%x</code> unsigned hexadecimal integer <code>%X</code> unsigned hexadecimal integer (UPPERCASE) <code>%f</code> decimal floating point (lowercase) <code>%F</code> decimal floating point (UPPERCASE) <code>%e</code> scientific notation (lowercase) <code>%E</code> scientific notation (UPPERCASE) <code>%a</code> hexadecimal floating point (lowercase) <code>%A</code> hexadecimal floating point (UPPERCASE) <code>%c</code> character <code>%s</code> string <code>%p</code> pointer address"},{"location":"languages/c/c.html#operators","title":"Operators","text":""},{"location":"languages/c/c.html#arithmetic-operators","title":"Arithmetic Operators","text":"Operator Operation a <code>+</code> b sum a <code>-</code> b subtraction a <code>*</code> b multiplication a <code>/</code> b division a <code>%</code> b modulo a<code>++</code> increment a<code>--</code> decrement"},{"location":"languages/c/c.html#comparison-operators","title":"Comparison Operators","text":"Operator Operation a <code>==</code> b equal to a <code>!=</code> b not equal to a <code>&gt;</code> b greater than a <code>&lt;</code> b lesser than a <code>&gt;=</code> b greater than or equal to a <code>&lt;=</code> b lesser than or equal to"},{"location":"languages/c/c.html#logical-operator","title":"Logical Operator","text":"Operator Operation <code>!</code>a, <code>not</code> a logical negation (NOT) a <code>&amp;&amp;</code> b, a <code>and</code> b logical AND a <code>||</code> b, a <code>or</code> b logical OR"},{"location":"languages/c/c.html#conditional-ternary-operator","title":"Conditional Ternary Operator","text":"<p><code>condition ? result_1 : result_2</code> If condition is true evaluates to result_1, and otherwise to result_2</p>"},{"location":"languages/c/c.html#bitwise-operators","title":"Bitwise Operators","text":"Operator Operation <code>~</code>a, <code>compl</code> a bitwise NOT a <code>&amp;</code> b, a <code>bitand</code> b bitwise AND a <code>|</code> b, a <code>bitor</code> b bitwise OR a <code>^</code> b, a <code>xor</code> b, bitwise XOR a <code>&lt;&lt;</code> b bitwise left shift a <code>&gt;&gt;</code> b bitwise right shift"},{"location":"languages/c/c.html#compound-assignment-operators","title":"Compound Assignment Operators","text":"Operator Operation a <code>+=</code> b a = a + b a <code>-=</code> b a = a - b a <code>*=</code> b a = a * b a <code>/=</code> b a = a / b a <code>%=</code> b a = a % b a <code>&amp;=</code> b a = a &amp; b a <code>|=</code> b a = a a <code>^=</code> b a = a ^ b a <code>&lt;&lt;=</code> b a = a &lt;&lt; b a <code>&gt;&gt;=</code> b a = a &gt;&gt; b"},{"location":"languages/c/c.html#operator-precedence","title":"Operator Precedence","text":"<ol> <li><code>!</code></li> <li><code>*</code>, <code>/</code>, <code>%</code></li> <li><code>+</code>, <code>-</code></li> <li><code>&lt;</code>, <code>&lt;=</code>, <code>&lt;</code>, <code>&gt;=</code></li> <li><code>==</code>, <code>!=</code></li> <li><code>&amp;&amp;</code></li> <li><code>||</code></li> <li><code>=</code></li> </ol>"},{"location":"languages/c/c.html#common-functions","title":"Common Functions","text":""},{"location":"languages/c/c.html#mathematical-functions","title":"Mathematical Functions","text":"C<pre><code>#include &lt;cmath&gt;\n\nabs(x);    // absolute value\nlabs(x);    //absolute value if x is long, result is long\nfabs(x);    //absolute value if x i float, result is float\nsqrt(x);    // square root\nceil(x);    // ceil function (next integer)\nfloor(x);    // floor function (integer part of x)\nlog(x);    // natural log of x\nlog10(x);    // log base 10 of x\nexp(x);    // e^x\npow(x, y);    // x^y\nsin(x);\ncos(x);\ntan(x);\nasin(x);    //arcsin(x)\nacos(x);    //arccos(x)\natan(x);    //arctan(x)\natan2(x, y);    //arctan(x / y)\nsinh(x);    //hyperbolic sin(x)\ncosh(x);    //hyperbolic cos(x)\ntanh(x);    //hyperbolic tan(X)\n</code></pre>"},{"location":"languages/c/c.html#character-functions","title":"Character Functions","text":"C<pre><code>isalnum(c);    //true if c is alphanumeric\nisalpha(c);    //true if c is a letter\nisdigit(c);    //true if char is 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9\niscntrl(c);    //true id c is DELETE or CONTROL CHARACTER\nisascii(c);    //true if c is a valid ASCII character\nisprint(c);    //true if c is printable\nisgraph(c);    //true id c is printable, SPACE excluded\nislower(c);    //true if c is lowercase\nisupper(c);    //true if c is uppercase\nispunct(c);    //true if c is punctuation\nisspace(c);    //true if c is SPACE\nisxdigit(c);    //true if c is HEX DIGIT\n\ntolower(c);    //transforms character in lowercase\ntoupper(c);    //transform character in uppercase\n</code></pre>"},{"location":"languages/c/c.html#string-functions","title":"String Functions","text":"C<pre><code>strlen(string);    //return length (num of chars) of the string\nstrcat(destination, source);    //appends chars of string2 to string1\nstrncat(string1, string2, nchar);    //appends the first n chars of string 2 to string1\nstrcpy(string1, string2.c_str());    //copies string2 into string1 char by char\nstrncpy(string1, string2, n);    //copy first n chars from string2 to string1\nstrcmp(string1, string2);    //compares string1 w/ string2\nstrncmp(string1, string2, n);    //compares first n chars\n//returns &lt; 0 if string1 precedes string2\n//returns 0 if string1 == string2\n// returns &gt; 0 if string1 succeeds string2\nstrchr(string, c);    //returns index of c in string if it exists, NULL otherwise\nstrstr(string1, string2);    //returns pointer to starting index of string1 in string2\nstrpbrk(string, charSet);    //Returns a pointer to the first occurrence of any character from strCharSet in str, or a NULL pointer if the two string arguments have no characters in common.\n</code></pre>"},{"location":"languages/c/c.html#string-conversion","title":"String Conversion","text":"C<pre><code>atof(string);    //converts string in double if possible\natoi(string);    //converts string in integer if possible\natol(string);    //converts string in long if possible\n</code></pre>"},{"location":"languages/c/c.html#string-methods","title":"String Methods","text":"C++<pre><code>string.at(pos);    // returns char at index pos\nstring.substr(start, end);    // returns substring between indexes START and END\nstring.c_str();    //reads string char by char\nstring.find(substring);    // The zero-based index of the first character in string object that matches the requested substring or characters\n</code></pre>"},{"location":"languages/c/c.html#vectors","title":"Vectors","text":"C<pre><code>#include &lt;vector&gt;\nvector&lt;type&gt; vector_name = {values};    //variable length array\n</code></pre>"},{"location":"languages/c/c.html#decision-statements","title":"Decision Statements","text":""},{"location":"languages/c/c.html#if-statements","title":"If Statements","text":"C<pre><code>if (condition) { }\n\nif (condition) \n{\n\n}\nelse if (condition) \n{\n\n}\nelse\n{\n\n}\n</code></pre>"},{"location":"languages/c/c.html#switch","title":"Switch","text":"C<pre><code>switch (expression) {\n    case constant_1:\n        //code here\n        break;\n\n    case constant_2:\n        //code here\n        break;\n\n    default:\n        //code here\n}\n</code></pre>"},{"location":"languages/c/c.html#loop-statements","title":"Loop Statements","text":""},{"location":"languages/c/c.html#while-loop","title":"While Loop","text":"C<pre><code>while (condition) {\n    //code here\n}\n</code></pre>"},{"location":"languages/c/c.html#do-while","title":"Do While","text":"C<pre><code>do {\n    //code here\n} while (condition);\n</code></pre>"},{"location":"languages/c/c.html#for-loop","title":"For Loop","text":"C<pre><code>for (initialization; condition; increase) {\n    //code here\n}\n</code></pre>"},{"location":"languages/c/c.html#break-statement","title":"Break Statement","text":"<p><code>break;</code> leaves a loop, even if the condition for its end is not fulfilled.</p>"},{"location":"languages/c/c.html#continue-statement","title":"Continue Statement","text":"<p><code>continue;</code> causes the program to skip the rest of the loop in the current iteration.</p>"},{"location":"languages/c/c.html#functions","title":"Functions","text":"<p>Functions must be declared before the main function. It is possible to declare functions after the main only if the prototype is declared before the main. To return multiple variables those variables can be passed by reference so that their values is adjourned in the main.</p> C<pre><code>type function_name(type argument1, ...); // function prototype\n\ntype functionName (parameters) {\n    return &lt;expression&gt;;\n}\n\nvoid functionName (parameters) { }\n</code></pre>"},{"location":"languages/c/c.html#arguments-passed-by-reference-without-pointers","title":"Arguments passed by reference without pointers","text":"<p>Passing arguments by reference causes modifications made inside the function to be propagated to the values outside. Passing arguments by values copies the values to the arguments: changes remain inside the function.  </p> C<pre><code>type functionName (type &amp;argument1, ...) {\n    //code here\n    return &lt;expression&gt;;\n}\n</code></pre> <p><code>functionName (arguments);</code></p>"},{"location":"languages/c/c.html#arguments-passed-by-reference-with-pointers","title":"Arguments passed by reference with pointers","text":"<p>Passing arguments by reference causes modifications made inside the function to be propagated to the values outside. Passing arguments by values copies the values to the arguments: changes remain inside the function.</p> C<pre><code>type function_name (type *argument_1, ...) {\n    instructions;\n    return &lt;expression&gt;;\n}\n</code></pre> <p><code>function_name (&amp;argument_1, ...);</code></p>"},{"location":"languages/c/c.html#arrays","title":"Arrays","text":"C<pre><code>type arrayName[dimension];    //array declaration\ntype arrayName[dimension] = {value1, value2, ...};    //array declaration &amp; initialization, values number must match dimension\n\narray[index]    //item access, index starts at 0 (zero)\narray[index] = value;    //value assignment at position index\n</code></pre>"},{"location":"languages/c/c.html#array-as-function-parameter","title":"Array as function parameter","text":"<p>The dimension is not specified because it is determined by the passed array. The array is passed by reference.</p> C<pre><code>type function(type array[]){\n    //code here\n}\n\n//array is not modifiable inside the function (READ ONLY)\ntype function(const type array[]){\n    //code here\n}\n\nfunction(array);    //array passed w/out square brackets []\n</code></pre>"},{"location":"languages/c/c.html#multi-dimensional-array-matrix","title":"Multi-Dimensional Array (Matrix)","text":"C<pre><code>type matrix[rows][columns];\nmatrix[i][j]    //element A_ij of the matrix\n</code></pre>"},{"location":"languages/c/c.html#matrix-as-function-parameter","title":"Matrix as function parameter","text":"C<pre><code>//matrix passed by reference, second dimension is mandatory\ntype function(type matrix[][columns]){\n    //code here\n};\n\n//matrix values READ ONLY\ntype function(const type matrix[][columns]){\n    //code here\n}\n\ntype function(type matrix[][dim2]...[dimN]){\n    //code here\n}\n</code></pre>"},{"location":"languages/c/c.html#structs","title":"Structs","text":""},{"location":"languages/c/c.html#struct-definition","title":"Struct Definition","text":"C<pre><code>struct Struct {\n    type field1;\n    type field2;\n    type field3;\n    type field4;\n};\n\nStruct variable;    // struct-type variable\nvariable.field    // field access\n</code></pre>"},{"location":"languages/c/c.html#pointers","title":"Pointers","text":"<p>Pointers hold memory addresses of declared variables, they should be initialized to NULL.</p> C<pre><code>type *pointer = &amp;variable;     //pointer init and assignment\ntype *pointer = NULL;\ntype *pointer = otherPointer;\ntype **pointerToPointer = &amp;pointer;    // pointerToPointer -&gt; pointer -&gt; variable\n</code></pre> <p><code>&amp;variable</code> extracts the address, the pointer holds the address of the variable. pointer type and variable type must match. (*) \u2192 \"value pointed to by\"</p> C<pre><code>pointer    //address of pointed value (value of variable)\n*pointer    //value of pointed variable\n**pointer //value pointed by *pointer (pointer to pointer)\n</code></pre>"},{"location":"languages/c/c.html#pointer-to-array","title":"Pointer to array","text":"C<pre><code>type *pointer;\ntype array[dim] = {};\n\n\npointer = array;    //point to array (pointer points to first \"cell\" of array)\npointer++;    //change pointed value to successive \"cell\" of array\n</code></pre>"},{"location":"languages/c/c.html#pointers-arrays-functions","title":"Pointers, Arrays &amp; Functions","text":"C<pre><code>func(array)    //pass entire array to function (no need to use (&amp;) to extract address)\n\ntype func(type* array){\n    array[index]    //access to item of array at index\n}\n</code></pre>"},{"location":"languages/c/c.html#pointer-to-struct","title":"Pointer to Struct","text":"C<pre><code>(*structPointer).field    //access to field value\nstructPointer-&gt;structField    //access to field value\n</code></pre>"},{"location":"languages/c/c.html#dynamic-structures","title":"Dynamic Structures","text":"<p>Dynamic structures are structures without a fixed number of items.  </p> <p>Every item in a dynamic structure is called node. Every node is composed by two parts:</p> <ul> <li>the value (item)</li> <li>pointer to successive node</li> </ul> <p>Lists are linear dynamic structures in which is only defined the preceding and succeeding item. A List is a group of homogeneous items (all of the same type).  </p> <p>Trees, Graphs are non linear dynamic structures in which an item cha have multiple successors.  </p>"},{"location":"languages/c/c.html#stack","title":"Stack","text":"<p>A Stack is a list in with nodes can be extracted from one side only (LIFO). The extraction of an item from the top is called pop</p> C<pre><code>// node structure\nstruct Node {\n    type value;\n    stack *next;\n}\n</code></pre>"},{"location":"languages/c/c.html#node-insertion","title":"Node Insertion","text":"C<pre><code>Node *stackNode;    //current node\nNode* head = NULL;    //pointer to head of stack\n\nint nodeValue;\n//assign value to nodeValue\n\nstackNode = (*Node)malloc(sizeof(Node));    //create new node\n\nstackNode-&gt;value = nodevalue;    //valorize node\nstackNode-&gt;next = head;    //update node pointer to old head adding it to the stack\n\nhead = stackNode;    //update head to point to new first node\n</code></pre>"},{"location":"languages/c/c.html#node-deletion","title":"Node Deletion","text":"C<pre><code>stackNode = head-&gt;next;    //memorize location of second node\nfree(head);    //delete first node\nhead = stackNode;    //update head to point to new first node\n</code></pre>"},{"location":"languages/c/c.html#passing-head-to-functions","title":"Passing Head To Functions","text":"C<pre><code>type function(Node** head)    //value of head passed by address (head is Node*)\n{\n    *head = ...    //update value of head (pointed variable/object/Node)\n}\n</code></pre>"},{"location":"languages/c/c.html#queue","title":"Queue","text":"<p>A Queue is a list in which nodes enter from one side and can be extracted only from the other side (FIFO).</p>"},{"location":"languages/c/c.html#linked-list","title":"Linked List","text":"<p>A Linked List is list in which nodes can be extracted from each side and from inside the linked list.</p> <p>Linked lists can be linear, circular or bidirectional. In circular linked lists the last node points to the first.</p> <p>Nodes of bidirectional linked lists are composed by three parts:</p> <ul> <li>the value (item)</li> <li>pointer to successive node</li> <li>pointer to previous item</li> </ul> <p>Thus the first and last node will have a component empty since they only point to a single node.</p>"},{"location":"languages/c/c.html#dynamic-memory-allocation","title":"Dynamic Memory Allocation","text":"<p>C does not automatically free allocated memory when nodes are deleted. It must be done manually.  </p> <ul> <li><code>malloc()</code> returns a void pointer if the allocation is successful.</li> <li><code>free()</code> frees the memory</li> </ul> C<pre><code>list *pointer = (list*)malloc(sizeof(list));    //memory allocation\nfree(pointer)    //freeing of memory\n</code></pre> <p><code>malloc()</code> returns a void pointer thus the list must be casted to a void type with <code>(list*)</code></p>"},{"location":"languages/c/c.html#files","title":"Files","text":"<p>The object oriented approach is based on the use of streams. A Stream can be considered a stream of data that passes sequentially from a source to a destination.</p> <p>The available classes in C++ to operate on files are:</p> <ul> <li><code>ifstream</code> for the input (reading)</li> <li><code>ofstream</code> for the output (writing)</li> <li><code>fstream</code> for input or output</li> </ul>"},{"location":"languages/c/c.html#file-opening","title":"File Opening","text":"<p>Filename can be string literal or CharArray (use <code>c_str()</code>).</p> C<pre><code>ifstream file;\nfile.open(\"filename\");    //read from file\n\nofstream file;\nfile.open(\"filename\");    //write to file\n\n\nfstream file;\nfile.open(\"filename\", ios::in);    //read form file\nfile.open(\"filename\", ios::out);    //write to file\nfile.open(\"filename\", ios::app);    //append to file\nfile.open(\"filename\", ios::trunc);    //overwrite file\nfile.open(\"filename\", ios::nocreate);    //opens file only if it exists, error otherwise. Does not create new file\nfile.open(\"filename\", ios::noreplace);    //opens file only if it not exists, error otherwise. If it not exists the file is created.\nfile.open(\"filename\", ios::binary);    //opens file in binary format\n</code></pre> <p>If file opening fails the stream has value 0, otherwise the value is the assigned memory address. Opening modes can be combined with the OR operator: <code>ios::mode | ios::mode</code>.</p>"},{"location":"languages/c/c.html#stream-state-input-errors","title":"Stream state &amp; Input errors","text":"<p>Once a stream is in a state of error it will remain so until the status flags are explicitly resetted. The input operations on such a stream are void until the reset happens. To clear the status of a stream the <code>clear()</code> method is used. Furthermore, when an error on the stream happens the stream is not cleared of it's characters contents. To clear the stream contents the <code>ignore()</code> method is used.</p>"},{"location":"languages/css/css.html","title":"CSS","text":""},{"location":"languages/css/css.html#applying-css-to-html","title":"Applying CSS to HTML","text":""},{"location":"languages/css/css.html#inline-css","title":"Inline CSS","text":"<p>The style only applies to one element at a time.</p> HTML<pre><code>&lt;tag style=\"property:value\"&gt;&lt;/tag&gt;\n</code></pre>"},{"location":"languages/css/css.html#embedded-css","title":"Embedded CSS","text":"<p>The style is not shared but only applies to one HTML file.</p> HTML<pre><code>&lt;style&gt;\n    selector {\n        property: value;\n    }\n&lt;/style&gt;\n</code></pre>"},{"location":"languages/css/css.html#external-css","title":"External CSS","text":"<ul> <li>Shared resource, can be referenced from multiple pages.  </li> <li>Can be cached, reduced HTML file size &amp; bandwidth.  </li> </ul> HTML<pre><code>&lt;link rel=\"stylesheet\" href=\"style.css\"&gt;\n</code></pre>"},{"location":"languages/css/css.html#css-selectors","title":"CSS Selectors","text":"<p>A CSS selector points to an html element to style.</p> CSS<pre><code>selector {\n    property: value;\n    property: value;\n}\n</code></pre>"},{"location":"languages/css/css.html#multiple-selectors","title":"Multiple Selectors","text":"CSS<pre><code>selector1, selector2 { property: value; }\n</code></pre>"},{"location":"languages/css/css.html#nested-selectors","title":"Nested Selectors","text":"<p>Used to select tags nested in other tags.</p> CSS<pre><code>outerSelector innerSelector { property: value; }\n</code></pre>"},{"location":"languages/css/css.html#id-selector","title":"ID Selector","text":"<p>Can only apply to one element in a page.</p> CSS<pre><code>#selector { property: value; }    /* selects &lt;tag id=\"selector\"&gt; */\n</code></pre>"},{"location":"languages/css/css.html#class-selector","title":"Class Selector","text":"<p>Many elements can have the same class, classes are used to group HTML elements together.</p> CSS<pre><code>.selector { property: value; }    /* selects &lt;tag class=\"selector\"&gt; */\n</code></pre>"},{"location":"languages/css/css.html#universal-selector","title":"Universal Selector","text":"CSS<pre><code>* { property: value; }    /* selects every HTML element */\n</code></pre>"},{"location":"languages/css/css.html#descendant-selector-space","title":"Descendant selector (space)","text":"<p>Selects an element that resides anywhere within an identified ancestor element.</p> CSS<pre><code>article h2 { property: value; }\n</code></pre> HTML<pre><code>&lt;!-- Will NOT match --&gt;\n&lt;h2&gt;title&lt;/h2&gt;\n&lt;article&gt;\n    &lt;!-- WILL match --&gt;\n    &lt;h2&gt;subtitle&lt;/h2&gt;\n    &lt;div&gt;\n        &lt;!-- WILL match --&gt;\n        &lt;h2&gt;subtitle&lt;/h2&gt;\n    &lt;/div&gt;\n&lt;/article&gt;\n</code></pre>"},{"location":"languages/css/css.html#direct-child-selector","title":"Direct child selector (<code>&gt;</code>)","text":"<p>Selects an elements that resides immediately inside an identified parent element.</p> CSS<pre><code>article &gt; p { property: value; }\n</code></pre> HTML<pre><code>&lt;!-- Will NOT match --&gt;\n&lt;p&gt;Lorem ipsum dolor sit amet&lt;/p&gt;\n&lt;article&gt;\n    &lt;!-- WILL match --&gt;\n    &lt;p&gt;This paragraph will be selected&lt;/p&gt;\n    &lt;div&gt;\n        &lt;!-- Will NOT match --&gt;\n        &lt;p&gt;Lorem ipsum dolor sit amet&lt;/p&gt;\n    &lt;/div&gt;\n&lt;/article&gt;\n</code></pre>"},{"location":"languages/css/css.html#general-sibling-selector","title":"General sibling selector (<code>~</code>)","text":"<p>Selects an element that follows anywhere after the prior element. Both elements share the same parent.</p> CSS<pre><code>h2 ~ p { property: value; }\n</code></pre> HTML<pre><code>&lt;section&gt;\n    &lt;!-- Will NOT match --&gt;\n    &lt;p&gt;Lorem ipsum dolor sit amet&lt;/p&gt;\n    &lt;h2&gt;title&lt;/h2&gt;\n    &lt;!-- WILL match --&gt;\n    &lt;p&gt;This paragraph will be selected&lt;/p&gt;\n    &lt;div&gt;\n        &lt;!-- Will NOT match --&gt;\n        &lt;p&gt;Lorem ipsum dolor sit amet&lt;/p&gt;\n    &lt;/div&gt;\n    &lt;!-- WILL match --&gt;\n    &lt;p&gt;This paragraph will be selected&lt;/p&gt;\n&lt;/section&gt;\n&lt;!-- Will NOT match --&gt;\n&lt;p&gt;Lorem ipsum dolor sit amet&lt;/p&gt;\n</code></pre>"},{"location":"languages/css/css.html#adjacent-sibling-selector","title":"Adjacent sibling selector (<code>+</code>)","text":"<p>Selects an element that follows directly after the prior element. Both elements share the same parent.</p> CSS<pre><code>h2 + p { property: value; }\n</code></pre> HTML<pre><code>&lt;section&gt;\n    &lt;!-- Will NOT match --&gt;\n    &lt;p&gt;Lorem ipsum dolor sit amet&lt;/p&gt;\n    &lt;h2&gt;title&lt;/h2&gt;\n    &lt;!-- WILL match --&gt;\n    &lt;p&gt;This paragraph will be selected&lt;/p&gt;\n    &lt;div&gt;\n        &lt;!-- Will NOT match --&gt;\n        &lt;p&gt;Lorem ipsum dolor sit amet&lt;/p&gt;\n    &lt;/div&gt;\n    &lt;!-- Will NOT match --&gt;\n    &lt;p&gt;Lorem ipsum dolor sit amet&lt;/p&gt;\n&lt;/section&gt;\n&lt;!-- Will NOT match --&gt;\n&lt;p&gt;Lorem ipsum dolor sit amet&lt;/p&gt;\n</code></pre>"},{"location":"languages/css/css.html#namespace-separator","title":"Namespace Separator (<code>|</code>)","text":"<p>The namespace separator separates the selector from the namespace, identifying the namespace, or lack thereof, for a type selector.</p> CSS<pre><code>@namespace &lt;namespace&gt; url(\"&lt;XML-namespace-URL&gt;\");\n\n/* specific namespace */\nnamespace|selector { property: value; }\n\n/* any namespace */\n*|selector { property: value; }\n\n/* no namespace */\n|selector { property: value; }\n</code></pre> CSS<pre><code>@namespace svg url('http://www.w3.org/2000/svg');\n\na {\n  color: orangered;\n  text-decoration: underline dashed;\n  font-weight: bold;\n}\n\nsvg|a {\n  fill: blueviolet;\n  text-decoration: underline solid;\n  text-transform: uppercase;\n}\n</code></pre> HTML<pre><code>&lt;p&gt;This paragraph \n    &lt;!-- will be colored orangered --&gt;\n    &lt;a href=\"#\"&gt;has a link&lt;/a&gt;.\n&lt;/p&gt;\n\n&lt;svg width=\"400\" viewBox=\"0 0 400 20\"&gt;\n  &lt;!-- will be colored blueviolet --&gt;\n  &lt;a href=\"#\"&gt;\n    &lt;text x=\"0\" y=\"15\"&gt;Link created in SVG&lt;/text&gt;\n  &lt;/a&gt;\n&lt;/svg&gt;\n</code></pre>"},{"location":"languages/css/css.html#column-selector","title":"Column Selector (<code>||</code>)","text":"<p>The column combinator (||) is placed between two CSS selectors. It matches only those elements matched by the second selector that belong to the column elements matched by the first.</p> CSS<pre><code>column-selector || cell-selector { property: value; }\n</code></pre>"},{"location":"languages/css/css.html#attribute-present-selector-tagattr","title":"Attribute Present Selector (<code>tag[attr]</code>)","text":"<p><code>a[target]{ property: value; }</code> will match</p> HTML<pre><code>&lt;a href=\"#\" target=\"_blank\"&gt;click here&lt;/a&gt;\n</code></pre>"},{"location":"languages/css/css.html#attribute-equals-selector","title":"Attribute Equals Selector (<code>=</code>)","text":"<p><code>a[href=\"https://google.com\"] { property: value; }</code> will match</p> HTML<pre><code>&lt;a href=\"http://google.com/\"&gt;search on google&lt;/a&gt;\n</code></pre>"},{"location":"languages/css/css.html#attribute-contains-selector","title":"Attribute Contains Selector (<code>*=</code>)","text":"<p><code>a[href*=\"login\"] { property: value; }</code> will match</p> HTML<pre><code>&lt;a href=\"/login.php\"&gt;login page&lt;/a&gt;\n</code></pre>"},{"location":"languages/css/css.html#attribute-begins-with-selector","title":"Attribute Begins With Selector (<code>^=</code>)","text":"<p><code>a[href^=\"Https://\"] { property: value; }</code> will match</p> HTML<pre><code>&lt;a href=\"https://www.bbc.com/\"&gt;The BBC&lt;/a&gt;\n</code></pre>"},{"location":"languages/css/css.html#attribute-ends-with-selector","title":"Attribute Ends With Selector (<code>$=</code>)","text":"<p><code>a[href$=\".pdf\"] { property: value; }</code></p> HTML<pre><code>&lt;!-- WILL match --&gt;\n&lt;a href=\"/docs/menu.pdf\"&gt;download menu&lt;/a&gt;\n&lt;!-- Will NOT match --&gt;\n&lt;a href=\"/audio/song.mp3\"&gt;download song&lt;/a&gt;\n</code></pre>"},{"location":"languages/css/css.html#attribute-spaced-selector","title":"Attribute Spaced Selector (<code>~=</code>)","text":"<p><code>img[alt~=\"child\"] { property: value; }</code></p> HTML<pre><code>&lt;!-- WILL match --&gt;\n&lt;img src=\"child.jpg\" alt='a small child'&gt;\n&lt;!-- Will NOT match --&gt;\n&lt;img src=\"child.jpg\" alt='a-small-child'&gt;\n&lt;!-- Will NOT match --&gt;\n&lt;img src=\"child.jpg\" alt='asmallchild'&gt;\n</code></pre>"},{"location":"languages/css/css.html#attribute-hyphenated-selector","title":"Attribute Hyphenated Selector (<code>|=</code>)","text":"<p><code>p[lang|=\"en\"] { property: value; }</code></p> HTML<pre><code>&lt;!-- WILL match --&gt;\n&lt;p lang=\"en\"&gt;English&lt;/p&gt;\n&lt;!-- WILL match --&gt;\n&lt;p lang=\"en-US\"&gt;American english&lt;/p&gt;\n&lt;!-- Will NOT match --&gt;\n&lt;p lang=\"fr\"&gt;Fran\u00e7ais&lt;/p&gt;\n</code></pre>"},{"location":"languages/css/css.html#pseudo-classes","title":"Pseudo-Classes","text":"<p>Pseudo-classes can style elements based on their current state. They must be specified after the base case.</p> CSS<pre><code>selector:pseudo-class { property: value; }\n</code></pre>"},{"location":"languages/css/css.html#link-pseudo-classes","title":"Link Pseudo-Classes","text":"<p><code>a:link {...}</code> selects only <code>&lt;a&gt;</code> tags that have <code>href</code> attribute, same as <code>a[href]</code>. <code>a:visited {...}</code> selects links that have already been visited by the current browser.</p>"},{"location":"languages/css/css.html#user-action-pseudo-classes","title":"User Action Pseudo-Classes","text":"<p><code>a:hover {...}</code> selects a link when the mouse rolls over it (hover state). <code>a:active {...}</code> selects the link while it's being activated (clicked or otherwise). <code>selector:focus {...}</code> selects an element when the user focuses on it (e.g. tab w/ keyboard). Often used on links, inputs, text-areas.</p>"},{"location":"languages/css/css.html#user-interface-state-pseudo-classes","title":"User Interface State Pseudo-Classes","text":"<p><code>input:enabled {...}</code> selects an input that is in the default state of enabled and available for use. <code>input:disabled {...}</code> selects an input that has the attribute. <code>input:checked {...}</code> selects checkboxes or radio buttons that are checked. <code>input:indeterminate {...}</code> selects checkboxes or radio button that has neither selected nor unselected.</p>"},{"location":"languages/css/css.html#structural-position-pseudo-classes","title":"Structural &amp; Position Pseudo-Classes","text":"<p><code>selector:first-child {...}</code> selects an element if it's the first child within its parent. <code>selector:last-child {...}</code> selects an element if it's the last element within its parent. <code>selector:only-child {...}</code> will select an element if it is the only element within a parent.  </p> <p><code>selector:first-of-type {...}</code> selects the first element of its type within a parent. <code>selector:last-of-type {...}</code> selects the last element of its type within a parent. <code>selector:only-of-type {...}</code> selects an element if it is the only of its type within a parent.</p> <p><code>selector:nth-child() {...}</code> selects elements based on a simple provided algebraic expression (e.g. \"2n\" or \"4n-1\"). Can select even/odd elements, \"every third\", \"the first five\", etc. <code>selector:nth-of-type() {...}</code> works like <code>:nth-child</code> in places where the elements at the same level are of different types. <code>selector:nth-last-of-type() {...}</code> like <code>:nth-of-type</code> but counts up from the bottom instead of the top. <code>selector:nth-last-child() {...}</code> like <code>:nth-child</code> but counts up from the bottom instead of the top.</p>"},{"location":"languages/css/css.html#empty-negation-pseudo-classes","title":"Empty &amp; Negation Pseudo-Classes","text":"<p><code>selector:empty {...}</code> selects elements with no content (empty tags). <code>selector:not() {...}</code> selects elements that do not have a certain tag, attribute, class, ID, etc.</p>"},{"location":"languages/css/css.html#pseudo-elements","title":"Pseudo-Elements","text":"<p>Dynamic elements that don't exist in the document tree. When used within selectors allow unique parts of the page to be stylized. Only one pseudo-element may be used within a selector at a given time.</p>"},{"location":"languages/css/css.html#textual-pseudo-elements","title":"Textual Pseudo-Elements","text":"<p><code>selector::first-letter {...}</code> selects the first letter of the text within an element. <code>selector::first-line {...}</code> selects the first line of text within an element.</p>"},{"location":"languages/css/css.html#content-pseudo-elements","title":"Content Pseudo-Elements","text":"<p><code>selector::before {...}</code> creates a pseudo-element before, or in front of, the selected element. <code>selector::after {...}</code> creates a pseudo-element after, or behind, the selected element. These pseudo-elements appear nested within the selected element, not outside of it.</p> CSS<pre><code>selector::&lt;after|before&gt; {\n    property: value;\n    content: \" (\" attr(attribute_name) \")\";\n    property: value;\n}\n</code></pre>"},{"location":"languages/css/css.html#fragment-pseudo-elements","title":"Fragment Pseudo-Elements","text":"<p><code>selector::selection {...}</code> identifies part of the document that has been selected, or highlighted, by a user's actions.  </p>"},{"location":"languages/css/css.html#css-cascading","title":"CSS Cascading","text":"<p>The browser assigns different priorities to CSS depending on the type of selector.</p> <ol> <li>Inline CSS (Most Important)</li> <li>ID selector</li> <li>Class selector</li> <li>Element selector (Least Important)</li> </ol> <p>The browser also assigns priority based on the specificity of the selection. More specific selectors have higher priority. Rules lower in the file overwrite higher rules in the file.</p>"},{"location":"languages/css/css.html#cascading-override-with-important","title":"Cascading Override With <code>!important</code>","text":"<p>The <code>!important</code> declaration overrides any other declaration. Using it is very bad practice because it makes debugging more difficult by breaking the natural cascading in stylesheets.</p> <p>Only use <code>!important</code> when:</p> <ul> <li>overriding foreign CSS (e.g. from a library)</li> <li>overriding inline CSS</li> </ul> CSS<pre><code>selector[style*=\"property:value\"] {\n    property: value !important;\n}\n</code></pre>"},{"location":"languages/css/css.html#specificity","title":"Specificity","text":"<p>A weight is applied to a CSS declaration, determined by the number of each selector type:</p> <ul> <li><code>1-0-0</code>: ID selector  </li> <li><code>0-1-0</code>: Class selector, Attribute selector, Pseudo-class  </li> <li><code>0-0-1</code>: Element Selector, Pseudo-element  </li> <li><code>0-0-0</code>: Universal selector (<code>*</code>), combinators (<code>+</code>, <code>&gt;</code>, <code>~</code>, <code>||</code>) and negation pseudo-class <code>:not()</code> </li> </ul> <p>Note: The selectors declared inside <code>:not()</code> contribute to the weight.</p>"},{"location":"languages/css/css.html#units","title":"Units","text":""},{"location":"languages/css/css.html#absolute-length-units","title":"Absolute Length units","text":"Unit Name Equivalent to <code>cm</code> centimeters 1cm = 38px = 25/64in <code>mm</code> Millimeters 1mm = 1/10<sup>th</sup> of 1cm <code>Q</code> Quarter-millimeters 1Q = 1/40<sup>th</sup> of 1cm <code>in</code> Inches 1in = 2.54cm = 96px <code>pc</code> Picas 1pc = \u2159th of 1in <code>pt</code> Points 1pt = 1/72th of 1in <code>px</code> Pixels 1px = 1/96<sup>th</sup> of 1in"},{"location":"languages/css/css.html#relative-length-units","title":"Relative Length Units","text":"Unit Relative to <code>rem</code> Font size of the root element. <code>em</code> Font size of the parent or the element itself <code>ex</code> x-height of the element's font. <code>ch</code> The advance measure (width) of the glyph \"0\" of the element's font. <code>lh</code> Line height of the element. <code>vw</code> 1% of the viewport's width. <code>vh</code> 1% of the viewport's height. <code>vmin</code> 1% of the viewport's smaller dimension. <code>vmax</code> 1% of the viewport's larger dimension. <code>%</code> Relative to the parent element"},{"location":"languages/css/css.html#common-element-properties","title":"Common Element Properties","text":""},{"location":"languages/css/css.html#color","title":"Color","text":"CSS<pre><code>selector {\n    color: color-name;\n    color: #&lt;hex-digits&gt;;\n    color: rgb();\n    color: hsl();\n}\n</code></pre>"},{"location":"languages/css/css.html#background","title":"Background","text":"CSS<pre><code>selector {\n    background: &lt;image&gt; &lt;position&gt; / &lt;size&gt; &lt;repeat&gt; &lt;attachment&gt; &lt;origin&gt; &lt;clip&gt; &lt;color&gt;;\n\n    background-image: &lt;image-path&gt;;\n\n    background-position: &lt;top|bottom|left|right|center&gt;;\n    background-position: &lt;inherit|initial|revert|revert-layer|unset&gt;;\n    background-position: &lt;x&gt; &lt;y&gt;\n\n    background-size: &lt;size&gt;;\n    background-size: &lt;width&gt; &lt;height&gt;;\n    background-size: &lt;size&gt;, &lt;size&gt;;  /* multiple background */\n\n\n    background-repeat: &lt;horizontal&gt; &lt;vertical&gt;;\n    background-repeat: &lt;repeat|no-repeat|repeat-x|repeat-y|space|round&gt;;\n\n    background-attachment: &lt;scroll|fixed|local&gt;;\n\n    background-origin: &lt;border-box|padding-box|content-box&gt;;\n    background-clip: &lt;border-box|padding-box|content-box|text&gt;\n\n    background-color: &lt;color&gt;;\n    background-color: color-name;\n    background-color: #&lt;hex-digits&gt;;\n    background-color: rgb();\n    background-color: hsl();\n}\n</code></pre>"},{"location":"languages/css/css.html#font","title":"Font","text":"CSS<pre><code>selector {\n    font: &lt;style&gt; &lt;weight&gt; &lt;size&gt; &lt;family&gt;;\n    font-style: &lt;style&gt;;\n    font-weight: &lt;weight&gt;;\n    font-size: &lt;size&gt;;\n    font-family: &lt;family&gt;;\n\n    /* specific font name */\n    font-family: \"Font Name\";\n\n    /* generic name */\n    font-family: generic-name;\n\n    /* comma separated list */\n    font-family: \"Font Name\", generic-name;\n}\n</code></pre>"},{"location":"languages/css/css.html#text-decoration-aliment","title":"Text Decoration &amp; Aliment","text":"CSS<pre><code>selector {\n    text-decoration: &lt;line&gt; &lt;color&gt; &lt;style&gt; &lt;thickness&gt;;\n    text-align: alignment;\n}\n</code></pre> <p><code>text-decoration</code> values:</p> <ul> <li><code>text-decoration-line</code>: Sets the kind of decoration used, such as underline or line-through.</li> <li><code>text-decoration-color</code>: Sets the color of the decoration.</li> <li><code>text-decoration-style</code>: Sets the style of the line used for the decoration, such as solid, wavy, or dashed.</li> <li><code>text-decoration-thickness</code>: Sets the thickness of the line used for the decoration.</li> </ul> <p><code>text-align</code> values:</p> <ul> <li><code>start</code>: The same as left if direction is left-to-right and right if direction is right-to-left.</li> <li><code>end</code>: The same as right if direction is left-to-right and left if direction is right-to-left.</li> <li><code>left</code>: The inline contents are aligned to the left edge of the line box.</li> <li><code>right</code>: The inline contents are aligned to the right edge of the line box.</li> <li><code>center</code>: The inline contents are centered within the line box.</li> <li><code>justify</code>: The inline contents are justified. Text should be spaced to line up its left and right edges to the left and right edges of the line box, except for the last line.</li> <li><code>justify-all</code>: Same as justify, but also forces the last line to be justified.</li> <li><code>match-parent</code>: Similar to inherit, but the values start and end are calculated according to the parent's direction and are replaced by the appropriate left or right value.</li> </ul>"},{"location":"languages/css/css.html#size","title":"Size","text":"CSS<pre><code>selector {\n    width: &lt;size&gt;;\n    max-width: &lt;size&gt;;\n    min-width: &lt;size&gt;;\n\n    height: &lt;size&gt;;\n    max-height: &lt;size&gt;;\n    min-height: &lt;size&gt;;\n\n    aspect-ratio: &lt;width&gt; / &lt;height&gt;;\n}\n</code></pre> <p>Note: <code>width</code> and <code>height</code> properties do not have effect on inline elements.</p>"},{"location":"languages/css/css.html#hiding-elements","title":"Hiding Elements","text":"<p>There are several methods to 'hide' elements:</p> <ul> <li><code>display: none</code> removes the element from the document flow</li> <li><code>visibility: hidden</code> hides the element, but it still takes up space in the layout</li> <li><code>opacity: 0</code> hides the element, still takes up space in the layout, events work</li> </ul> Rule Collapse Events Tab Order <code>display: none</code> Yes No No <code>visibility: hidden</code> No No No <code>opacity: 0</code> No Yes Yes"},{"location":"languages/css/css.html#box-model","title":"Box Model","text":""},{"location":"languages/css/css.html#padding","title":"Padding","text":"<p>Space between the border and the content.</p> <p>It's possible to specify the padding for each side of the element:</p> CSS<pre><code>selector {\n    padding-top: &lt;size&gt;;\n    padding-right: &lt;size&gt;;\n    padding-bottom: &lt;size&gt;;\n    padding-left: &lt;size&gt;;\n\n    padding: &lt;top&gt; &lt;right&gt; &lt;bottom&gt; &lt;left&gt;;  /* Four values (TRBL) */\n    padding: &lt;top&gt; &lt;right/left&gt; &lt;bottom&gt;;  /* Three values (T/TL/B) */\n    padding: &lt;top/bottom&gt; &lt;right/left&gt;;    /* Two values (TB/RL) */\n    padding: &lt;all&gt;;    /* One value */\n}\n</code></pre> <p>Note: Padding adds to the total size of the box, unless <code>box-sizing: border-box;</code> is used.</p>"},{"location":"languages/css/css.html#border","title":"Border","text":"<p>Borders are specified as \"size, style, color\".</p> CSS<pre><code>selector {\n    border: &lt;size&gt; &lt;style&gt; &lt;color&gt;;\n    border-width: &lt;size&gt;;\n    border-style: &lt;style&gt;;\n    border-color: &lt;color&gt;;\n\n    border-top: &lt;size&gt; &lt;style&gt; &lt;color&gt;;\n    border-right: &lt;size&gt; &lt;style&gt; &lt;color&gt;;\n    border-bottom: &lt;size&gt; &lt;style&gt; &lt;color&gt;;\n    border-left: &lt;size&gt; &lt;style&gt; &lt;color&gt;;\n\n    border-top-width: &lt;size&gt;;\n    border-right-width: &lt;size&gt;;\n    border-bottom-width: &lt;size&gt;;\n    border-left-width: &lt;size&gt;;\n\n    border-top-style: &lt;size&gt;;\n    border-right-style: &lt;size&gt;;\n    border-bottom-style: &lt;size&gt;;\n    border-left-style: &lt;size&gt;;\n\n    border-top-color: &lt;size&gt;;\n    border-right-color: &lt;size&gt;;\n    border-bottom-color: &lt;size&gt;;\n    border-left-color: &lt;size&gt;;\n\n    border-radius: &lt;top-left&gt; &lt;top-right&gt; &lt;bottom-tight&gt; &lt;bottom-left&gt;;\n    border-radius: &lt;top-left&gt; &lt;top-right/bottom-left&gt; &lt;bottom-right&gt;;\n    border-radius: &lt;top-left/bottom-right&gt; &lt;top-right/bottom-left&gt;;\n    border-radius: &lt;all&gt;;\n\n    border-top-left-radius: &lt;size&gt;;\n    border-top-right-radius: &lt;size&gt;;\n    border-bottom-right-radius: &lt;size&gt;;\n    border-bottom-left-radius: &lt;size&gt;;\n}\n</code></pre> <p>Note: Border adds to the total size of the box, <code>unless box-sizing: border-box;</code> is used</p>"},{"location":"languages/css/css.html#box-sizing","title":"Box Sizing","text":"<p>Defines whether the width and height (and min/max) of an element should include padding and borders or not.</p> CSS<pre><code>selector {\n    box-sizing: content-box;    /* Border and padding are not included */\n    box-sizing: border-box;    /* Include the content, padding and border */\n}\n</code></pre>"},{"location":"languages/css/css.html#margin","title":"Margin","text":"<p>Transparent area around the box that separates it from other elements.</p> <p>It's possible to specify the margin for each side of the element.</p> CSS<pre><code>selector {\n    margin-top: &lt;size&gt;;\n    margin-right: &lt;size&gt;;\n    margin-bottom: &lt;size&gt;;\n    margin-left: &lt;size&gt;;\n\n    margin: &lt;top&gt; &lt;right&gt; &lt;bottom&gt; &lt;left&gt;;  /* Four values (TRBL) */\n    margin: &lt;top&gt; &lt;right/left&gt; &lt;bottom&gt;;  /* Three values (T/TL/B) */\n    margin: &lt;top/bottom&gt; &lt;right/left&gt;;    /* Two values (TB/RL) */\n    margin: &lt;all&gt;;    /* One value */\n}\n</code></pre> <p>Note: Top and bottom margins of near elements are collapsed into a single margin that is equal to the largest of the two margins.</p>"},{"location":"languages/css/css.html#element-positioning","title":"Element Positioning","text":""},{"location":"languages/css/css.html#static-positioning","title":"Static Positioning","text":"<p>All HTML elements are positioned static by default. Static elements are positioned in the normal flow of the page. Static elements ignore top, bottom, right, or left property specifications.</p> <p>In normal flow block elements flow from top to bottom making a new line after every element. In normal flow inline elements flow from left to right wrapping to next line when needed.</p> CSS<pre><code>selector {\n    position: static;\n}\n</code></pre>"},{"location":"languages/css/css.html#relative-positioning","title":"Relative positioning","text":"<p>Takes the element out of the normal flow, allowing it to be moved in relation to the top, bottom, right, or left but does not affect the elements surrounding it. Makes an element a \"positioning context\" in which to position other elements relative to it. The relative value will still put the element in the normal flow, but then offset it according to top, bottom, right and left properties.</p> CSS<pre><code>selector {\n    position: relative;\n}\n</code></pre>"},{"location":"languages/css/css.html#absolute-positioning","title":"Absolute Positioning","text":"<p>Positions element outside of the normal flow and other elements act as if it's not there. An absolutely positioned element is offset from its container block, set with the properties top, bottom, right and left. Its container block is the first surrounding element that has any position other than static. If no such element is found, the container block is <code>&lt;html&gt;</code>.</p> CSS<pre><code>selector {\n    position: absolute;\n}\n</code></pre>"},{"location":"languages/css/css.html#fixed-positioning","title":"Fixed Positioning","text":"<p>The fixed value takes an element out of the normal flow, it positions it relative to the viewport. Parent positioning will no longer affect fixed elements.</p> CSS<pre><code>selector {\n    position: fixed;\n}\n</code></pre>"},{"location":"languages/css/css.html#sticky-positioning","title":"Sticky Positioning","text":"<p>Sticky positioning is a hybrid of relative and fixed positioning. The element is treated as relative positioned until it crosses a specified threshold, at which point it is treated as fixed positioned.</p> CSS<pre><code>selector {\n    position: sticky;\n}\n</code></pre> <p><code>Note</code>: sticky is not supported by IE and still needs to be prefixed for webkit based browsers</p>"},{"location":"languages/css/css.html#z-index","title":"Z-Index","text":"<p>When elements overlap, the order of overlapping can be changed with z-index:</p> <ul> <li>The element with highest z-index goes on top</li> <li>Without z-index, elements stack in the order that they appear in the DOM</li> <li>Elements with non-static positioning will always appear on top of elements with default static positioning</li> </ul> <p>Nesting is important: if element B is on top of element A, a child of element A can never be higher than element B.</p> CSS<pre><code>selector {\n    z-index: &lt;int&gt;;\n}\n</code></pre>"},{"location":"languages/css/css.html#layouts","title":"Layouts","text":"CSS<pre><code>div {\n    display: inline; /* Default of all elements, unless UA (user agent) stylesheet overrides */\n    display: block; /* block is default for elements like &lt;div&gt; and &lt;section&gt;*/\n    display: inline-block; /* Characteristics of block, but sits on a line */\n    display: flex;\n    display: grid; /* divide page into major regions or define the relationship in terms of size */\n    display: none; /* Hide */\n}\n</code></pre>"},{"location":"languages/css/css.html#inline","title":"Inline","text":"<ul> <li>The default value for elements (e.g. <code>&lt;span&gt;</code>, <code>&lt;em&gt;</code>, <code>&lt;b&gt;</code>, etc.)</li> <li>Doesn't break the flow of the text</li> <li>The element will accept margin and padding, but the element still sits inline</li> <li>Margin and padding will only push other elements horizontally, not vertically</li> <li>An inline element will not accept height and width.</li> </ul>"},{"location":"languages/css/css.html#block","title":"Block","text":"<ul> <li>Some elements are set to block by the browser UA (user agent) stylesheet</li> <li>Container elements, like <code>&lt;div&gt;</code>, <code>&lt;section&gt;</code>, <code>&lt;ul&gt;</code>, etc.</li> <li>Text block elements like <code>&lt;p&gt;</code>, <code>&lt;h1&gt;</code>, <code>&lt;h2&gt;</code>, etc.</li> <li>Do not sit inline</li> <li>By default take up as much horizontal space as they can</li> </ul>"},{"location":"languages/css/css.html#inline-block","title":"Inline Block","text":"<ul> <li>Combines aspects of inline and block</li> <li>Very similar to inline in that it will sit inline with the natural flow of text</li> <li>Able to set a width and height</li> </ul>"},{"location":"languages/css/css.html#none","title":"None","text":"<ul> <li><code>display: none</code> removes the element from the document flow</li> <li>The element does not take up any space</li> </ul>"},{"location":"languages/css/css.html#flex","title":"Flex","text":"CSS<pre><code>selector {\n    display: \"flex\";\n    flex-direction: &lt;row|column&gt;;\n}\n</code></pre>"},{"location":"languages/css/css.html#grid","title":"Grid","text":"CSS<pre><code>selector {\n    display: grid;\n    grid-template-columns: 1fr 1fr 1fr;  /* 3 equal columns */\n    grid-template-rows: 1fr 1fr 1fr;  /* 3 equal rows */\n}\n</code></pre>"},{"location":"languages/css/css.html#variables","title":"Variables","text":"CSS<pre><code>:root {\n    /* define variables on :root element */\n    --variable: value;\n}\n\nselector {\n    --variable: value;  /* overwrite value */\n    prop: var(--variable);  /* use value of variable */\n}\n</code></pre>"},{"location":"languages/css/css.html#responsive-design","title":"Responsive Design","text":"<p>A responsive website or application automatically adjusts to the screen and adapts to any device.</p>"},{"location":"languages/css/css.html#viewport-meta-tag","title":"Viewport Meta-Tag","text":"<p>Is located in the <code>&lt;head&gt;</code> of the HTML document. It defines how a site should render in a web browser for mobile devices and makes media queries will work as intended.</p> HTML<pre><code>&lt;meta name=\"viewport\" content=\"width=device-width, initial-scale=1\"&gt;\n</code></pre> <ul> <li><code>device-width</code>: indicates the width should match with the viewport of the device</li> <li><code>initial-scale</code>: ensure the zoom will not be applied and the layout will always show on a <code>1:1</code> scale</li> </ul>"},{"location":"languages/css/css.html#media-queries","title":"Media Queries","text":"<p>Media queries allow the customization of web pages for specific devices screen sizes. A media query is a logical expression: true or false; if a media query is true, the related rules are applied to the target device.</p> CSS<pre><code>@media type operator (feature) {\n    selector { property: value; }\n}\n\n/* AND logic: Both conditions must be true */\n@media screen and (min-width: 400px) and (orientation: landscape) {\n    selector { property: value; }\n}\n/* OR logic: At least one conditions should be true */\n@media screen and (min-width: 400px), screen and (orientation: landscape) {\n    selector { property: value; }\n}\n\n/* NOT logic: Negates the entire condition */\n@media not all and (orientation: landscape) {\n    selector { property: value; }\n}\n</code></pre> <p>Types:</p> <ul> <li><code>all</code>: all media type devices.</li> <li><code>print</code>: printers.</li> <li><code>screen</code>: computer screens, tablets, smart-phones, etc.</li> <li><code>speech</code>: screen readers that \"reads\" the page out loud.</li> </ul> <p>Features:</p> <ul> <li><code>width</code></li> <li><code>min-width</code></li> <li><code>max-width</code></li> <li><code>height</code></li> <li><code>min-height</code></li> <li><code>max-height</code></li> <li><code>orientation</code></li> </ul> <p>It's possible to specify a media attribute in the link element. This applies a whole stylesheet when the condition is true:</p> HTML<pre><code>&lt;link rel=\"stylesheet\" media=\"screen and (min-width: 900px)\" href=\"widescreen.css\"&gt;\n&lt;link rel=\"stylesheet\" media=\"screen and (max-width: 600px)\" href=\"smallscreen.css\"&gt;\n</code></pre> <p>It's also possible to have different stylesheets based on media type:</p> HTML<pre><code>&lt;link rel=\"stylesheet\" type=\"text/css\" href=\"screen.css\" media=\"screen\"&gt;\n&lt;link rel=\"stylesheet\" type=\"text/css\" href=\"print.css\" media=\"print\"&gt;\n</code></pre>"},{"location":"languages/dotnet/asp.net/blazor.html","title":"Blazor","text":"<p>Blazor apps are based on components. A component in Blazor is an element of UI, such as a page, dialog, or data entry form.</p> <p>Components are .NET C# classes built into .NET assemblies that:</p> <ul> <li>Define flexible UI rendering logic.</li> <li>Handle user events.</li> <li>Can be nested and reused.</li> <li>Can be shared and distributed as Razor class libraries or NuGet packages.</li> </ul> <p> </p> <p>The component class is usually written in the form of a Razor markup page with a <code>.razor</code> file extension. Components in Blazor are formally referred to as Razor components.</p>"},{"location":"languages/dotnet/asp.net/blazor.html#components-razor","title":"Components (<code>.razor</code>)","text":"<p>Blazor Components</p> C#<pre><code>@page \"/route/{RouteParameter}\"  // make component accessible from a URL\n@page \"/route/{RouteParameter?}\"  // specify route parameter as optional\n@page \"/route/{RouteParameter:&lt;type&gt;}\"  // specify route parameter type\n\n@namespace &lt;Namespace&gt;  // set the component namespace\n@using &lt;Namespace&gt;  // using statement\n@inherits BaseType  // inheritance\n@attribute [Attribute]  // apply an attribute\n@inject Type objectName  // dependency injection\n\n// html of the page here\n\n&lt;Namespace.ComponentFolder.Component /&gt;  // access component w/o @using\n&lt;Component Property=\"value\"/&gt;  // insert component into page, passing attributes\n&lt;Component @onclick=\"@CallbackMethod\"&gt;\n    @ChildContent  // segment of UI content\n&lt;/Component&gt;\n\n@code {\n    // component model (Properties, Methods, ...)\n\n    [Parameter]  // capture attribute \n    public Type Property { get; set; } = defaultValue;\n\n    [Parameter]  // capture route parameters\n    public type RouteParameter { get; set;}\n\n    [Parameter] // segment of UI content\n    public RenderFragment ChildContent { get; set;}\n\n    private void CallbackMethod() { }\n}\n</code></pre>"},{"location":"languages/dotnet/asp.net/blazor.html#state-management","title":"State Management","text":""},{"location":"languages/dotnet/asp.net/blazor.html#passing-state-with-navigationmanager","title":"Passing state with <code>NavigationManager</code>","text":"<p>It's now possible to pass state when navigating in Blazor apps using the <code>NavigationManager</code>.</p> C#<pre><code>navigationManager.NavigateTo(\"/&lt;route&gt;\", new NavigationOptions { HistoryEntryState = value });\n</code></pre> <p>This mechanism allows for simple communication between different pages. The specified state is pushed onto the browser\u2019s history stack so that it can be accessed later using either the <code>NavigationManager.HistoryEntryState</code> property or the <code>LocationChangedEventArgs.HistoryEntryState</code> property when listening for location changed events.</p>"},{"location":"languages/dotnet/asp.net/blazor.html#blazor-wasm","title":"Blazor WASM","text":"C#<pre><code>// setup state singleton\nbuilder.Services.AddSingleton&lt;StateContainer&gt;();\n</code></pre> C#<pre><code>// StateContainer singleton\nusing System;\n\npublic class StateContainer\n{\n    private int _counter;\n\n    public string Property\n    {\n        get =&gt; _counter;\n        set\n        {\n            _counter = value;\n            NotifyStateChanged();  // will trigger StateHasChanged(), causing a render \n        }\n    }\n\n    public event Action OnChange;\n\n    private void NotifyStateChanged() =&gt; OnChange?.Invoke();\n}\n</code></pre> C#<pre><code>// component that changes the state\n@inject StateContainer State\n\n// Delegate event handlers automatically trigger a UI render\n&lt;button @onClick=\"@HandleClick\"&gt;\n    Change State\n&lt;/button&gt;\n\n@code {\n    private void HandleClick()\n    {\n        State.Property += 1;  // update state\n    }\n}\n</code></pre> C#<pre><code>// component that should be update on state change\n@implements IDisposable\n@inject StateContainer State\n\n&lt;p&gt;Property: &lt;b&gt;@State.Property&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/p&gt;\n\n@code {\n\n    // StateHasChanged notifies the component that its state has changed. \n    // When applicable, calling StateHasChanged causes the component to be rerendered.\n\n    protected override void OnInitialized()\n    {\n        State.OnChange += StateHasChanged;\n    }\n\n    public void Dispose()\n    {\n        State.OnChange -= StateHasChanged;\n    }\n}\n</code></pre>"},{"location":"languages/dotnet/asp.net/blazor.html#data-binding-events","title":"Data Binding &amp; Events","text":"C#<pre><code>&lt;p&gt;\n    &lt;button @on{DOM EVENT}=\"{DELEGATE}\" /&gt;\n    &lt;button @on{DOM EVENT}=\"{DELEGATE}\" @on{DOM EVENT}:preventDefault /&gt;  // prevent default action\n    &lt;button @on{DOM EVENT}=\"{DELEGATE}\" @on{DOM EVENT}:preventDefault=\"{CONDITION}\" /&gt;  // prevent default action if CONDITION is true\n\n    &lt;button @on{DOM EVENT}=\"{DELEGATE}\" @on{DOM EVENT}:stopPropagation /&gt;\n    &lt;button @on{DOM EVENT}=\"{DELEGATE}\" @on{DOM EVENT}:stopPropagation=\"{CONDITION}\" /&gt;  // stop event propagation if CONDITION is true\n\n    &lt;button @on{DOM EVENT}=\"@(e =&gt; Property = value)\" /&gt;  // change internal state w/ lambda\n    &lt;button @on{DOM EVENT}=\"@(e =&gt; DelegateAsync(e, value))\" /&gt;  // invoke delegate w/ lambda\n\n    &lt;input @ref=\"elementReference\" /&gt;\n\n    &lt;input @bind=\"{PROPERTY}\" /&gt; // updates variable on ONCHANGE event (focus loss)\n    &lt;input @bind=\"{PROPERTY}\" @bind:event=\"{DOM EVENT}\" /&gt;  // updates value on DOM EVENT\n    &lt;input @bind=\"{PROPERTY}\" @bind:format=\"{FORMAT STRING}\" /&gt;  // use FORMAT STRING to display value\n\n    &lt;ChildComponent @bind-{PROPERTY}=\"{PROPERTY}\" @bind-{PROPERTY}:event=\"{EVENT}\" /&gt;  // bind to child component {PROPERTY}\n    &lt;ChildComponent @bind-{PROPERTY}=\"{PROPERTY}\" @bind-{PROPERTY}:event=\"{PROPERTY}Changed\" /&gt;  // bind to child component {PROPERTY}, listen for custom event\n\n    &lt;input @bind=\"{PROPERTY}\" @bind:after=\"{DELEGATE}\" /&gt;  // run async logic after bind event completion\n    &lt;input @bind:get=\"{PROPERTY}\" @bind:set=\"PropertyChanged\" /&gt;  // two-way data binding\n&lt;/p&gt;\n\n@code {\n    private ElementReference elementReference;\n\n    public string Property { get; set; }\n\n    public EventCallback&lt;Type&gt; PropertyChanged { get; set; }  // custom event {PROPERTY}Changed\n\n    // invoke custom event\n    public async Task DelegateAsync(EventArgs e, Type argument)\n    {   \n        /* ... */\n\n        await PropertyChanged.InvokeAsync(e, argument);  // notify parent bound prop has changed\n        await elementReference.FocusAsync();  // focus an element in code\n    }\n\n    [Parameter] public TValue Value { get; set; }\n    [Parameter] public EventCallback&lt;TValue&gt; ValueChanged { get; set; }\n}\n</code></pre> <p>Note: When a user provides an unparsable value to a data-bound element, the unparsable value is automatically reverted to its previous value when the bind event is triggered. Note: The <code>@bind:get</code> and <code>@bind:set</code> modifiers are always used together. <code>The @bind:get</code> modifier specifies the value to bind to and the <code>@bind:set</code> modifier specifies a callback that is called when the value changes</p>"},{"location":"languages/dotnet/asp.net/blazor.html#javascriptnet-interop","title":"Javascript/.NET Interop","text":"<p>Call Javascript from .NET Call .NET from Javascript</p>"},{"location":"languages/dotnet/asp.net/blazor.html#render-blazor-components-from-javascript","title":"Render Blazor components from JavaScript","text":"<p>To render a Blazor component from JavaScript, first register it as a root component for JavaScript rendering and assign it an identifier:</p> C#<pre><code>// Blazor Server\nbuilder.Services.AddServerSideBlazor(options =&gt;\n{\n    options.RootComponents.RegisterForJavaScript&lt;Counter&gt;(identifier: \"counter\");\n});\n\n// Blazor WebAssembly\nbuilder.RootComponents.RegisterForJavaScript&lt;Counter&gt;(identifier: \"counter\");\n</code></pre> <p>Load Blazor into the JavaScript app (<code>blazor.server.js</code> or <code>blazor.webassembly.js</code>) and then render the component from JavaScript into a container element using the registered identifier, passing component parameters as needed:</p> JavaScript<pre><code>let containerElement = document.getElementById('my-counter');\nawait Blazor.rootComponents.add(containerElement, 'counter', { incrementAmount: 10 });\n</code></pre>"},{"location":"languages/dotnet/asp.net/blazor.html#blazor-custom-elements","title":"Blazor custom elements","text":"<p>Experimental support is also now available for building custom elements with Blazor using the Microsoft.AspNetCore.Components.CustomElements NuGet package. Custom elements use standard HTML interfaces to implement custom HTML elements.</p> <p>To create a custom element using Blazor, register a Blazor root component as custom elements like this:</p> C#<pre><code>options.RootComponents.RegisterAsCustomElement&lt;Counter&gt;(\"my-counter\");\n</code></pre>"},{"location":"languages/dotnet/asp.net/filters.html","title":"Filters","text":"<p>Filters in ASP.NET Core allow code to be run before or after specific stages in the request processing pipeline.</p> <p>Built-in filters handle tasks such as:</p> <ul> <li>Authorization (preventing access to resources a user isn't authorized for).</li> <li>Response caching (short-circuiting the request pipeline to return a cached response).</li> </ul> <p>Custom filters can be created to handle cross-cutting concerns. Examples of cross-cutting concerns include error handling, caching, configuration, authorization, and logging. Filters avoid duplicating code.</p>"},{"location":"languages/dotnet/asp.net/filters.html#how-filters-work","title":"How filters work","text":"<p>Filters run within the ASP.NET Core action invocation pipeline, sometimes referred to as the filter pipeline. The filter pipeline runs after ASP.NET Core selects the action to execute.</p> <p> </p>"},{"location":"languages/dotnet/asp.net/filters.html#filter-types","title":"Filter types","text":"<p>Each filter type is executed at a different stage in the filter pipeline:</p> <ul> <li>Authorization filters run first and are used to determine whether the user is authorized for the request. Authorization filters short-circuit the pipeline if the request is not authorized.</li> <li>Resource filters:</li> <li>Run after authorization.</li> <li><code>OnResourceExecuting</code> runs code before the rest of the filter pipeline. For example, <code>OnResourceExecuting</code> runs code before model binding.</li> <li><code>OnResourceExecuted</code> runs code after the rest of the pipeline has completed.</li> <li>Action filters:</li> <li>Run code immediately before and after an action method is called.</li> <li>Can change the arguments passed into an action.</li> <li>Can change the result returned from the action.</li> <li>Are not supported in Razor Pages.</li> <li>Exception filters apply global policies to unhandled exceptions that occur before the response body has been written to.</li> <li>Result filters run code immediately before and after the execution of action results. They run only when the action method has executed successfully. They are useful for logic that must surround view or formatter execution.</li> </ul>"},{"location":"languages/dotnet/asp.net/filters.html#implementation","title":"Implementation","text":"<p>Filters support both synchronous and asynchronous implementations through different interface definitions.</p> <p>For example, <code>OnActionExecuting</code> is called before the action method is called. <code>OnActionExecuted</code> is called after the action method returns. Asynchronous filters define an <code>On-Stage-ExecutionAsync</code> method, for example <code>OnActionExecutionAsync</code>.</p> <p>Interfaces for multiple filter stages can be implemented in a single class.</p> C#<pre><code>public class SampleActionFilter : IActionFilter\n{\n    public void OnActionExecuting(ActionExecutingContext context)\n    {\n        // Do something before the action executes.\n    }\n\n    public void OnActionExecuted(ActionExecutedContext context)\n    {\n        // Do something after the action executes.\n    }\n}\n\n\npublic class SampleAsyncActionFilter : IAsyncActionFilter\n{\n    public async Task OnActionExecutionAsync(\n        ActionExecutingContext context, ActionExecutionDelegate next)\n    {\n        // Do something before the action executes.\n        await next();\n        // Do something after the action executes.\n    }\n}\n</code></pre>"},{"location":"languages/dotnet/asp.net/filters.html#built-in-filter-attributes","title":"Built-in filter attributes","text":"<p>ASP.NET Core includes built-in attribute-based filters that can be subclassed and customized. Several of the filter interfaces have corresponding attributes that can be used as base classes for custom implementations.</p> <p>Filter attributes:</p> <ul> <li>ActionFilterAttribute</li> <li>ExceptionFilterAttribute</li> <li>ResultFilterAttribute</li> <li>FormatFilterAttribute</li> <li>ServiceFilterAttribute</li> <li>TypeFilterAttribute</li> </ul>"},{"location":"languages/dotnet/asp.net/filters.html#filter-scopes","title":"Filter scopes","text":"<p>A filter can be added to the pipeline at one of three scopes:</p> <ul> <li>Using an attribute on a controller action. Filter attributes cannot be applied to Razor Pages handler methods.</li> </ul> C#<pre><code>services.AddScoped&lt;CustomActionFilterAttribute&gt;();\n\n[ServiceFilter(typeof(CustomActionFilterAttribute))]\npublic IActionResult Action()\n{\n    return Ok();\n}\n</code></pre> <ul> <li>Using an attribute on a controller or Razor Page.</li> </ul> C#<pre><code>services.AddControllersWithViews(options =&gt; { \n    options.Filters.Add(new CustomResponseFilterAttribute(args)); \n});\n\n\n[CustomResponseFilterAttribute(args)]\npublic class SampleController : Controller\n</code></pre> <ul> <li>Globally for all controllers, actions, and Razor Pages.</li> </ul> C#<pre><code>builder.Services.AddControllersWithViews(options =&gt;\n{\n    options.Filters.Add(typeof(CustomActionFilter));\n});\n</code></pre>"},{"location":"languages/dotnet/asp.net/filters.html#filter-order-of-execution","title":"Filter Order of Execution","text":"<p>When there are multiple filters for a particular stage of the pipeline, scope determines the default order of filter execution. Global filters surround class filters, which in turn surround method filters.</p> <p>As a result of filter nesting, the after code of filters runs in the reverse order of the before code. The filter sequence:</p> <ul> <li>The before code of global filters.</li> <li>The before code of controller and Razor Page filters.<ul> <li>The before code of action method filters.</li> <li>The after code of action method filters.</li> </ul> </li> <li>The after code of controller and Razor Page filters.</li> <li>The after code of global filters.</li> </ul>"},{"location":"languages/dotnet/asp.net/filters.html#cancellation-and-short-circuiting","title":"Cancellation and Short-Circuiting","text":"<p>The filter pipeline can be short-circuited by setting the <code>Result</code> property on the <code>ResourceExecutingContext</code> parameter provided to the filter method.</p> C#<pre><code>public class ShortCircuitingResourceFilterAttribute : Attribute, IResourceFilter\n{\n    public void OnResourceExecuting(ResourceExecutingContext context)\n    {\n        context.Result = new ContentResult()\n        {\n            Content = \"Resource unavailable - header not set.\"\n        };\n    }\n\n    public void OnResourceExecuted(ResourceExecutedContext context)\n    {\n    }\n}\n</code></pre>"},{"location":"languages/dotnet/asp.net/filters.html#dependency-injection","title":"Dependency Injection","text":"<p>Filters can be added by type or by instance. If an instance is added, that instance is used for every request. If a type is added, it's type-activated.</p> <p>A type-activated filter means:</p> <ul> <li>An instance is created for each request.</li> <li>Any constructor dependencies are populated by dependency injection (DI).</li> </ul> <p>Filters that are implemented as attributes and added directly to controller classes or action methods cannot have constructor dependencies provided by dependency injection (DI). Constructor dependencies cannot be provided by DI because attributes must have their constructor parameters supplied where they're applied.</p> <p>The following filters support constructor dependencies provided from DI:</p> <ul> <li>ServiceFilterAttribute</li> <li>TypeFilterAttribute</li> <li>IFilterFactory implemented on the attribute.</li> </ul>"},{"location":"languages/dotnet/asp.net/filters.html#servicefilterattribute","title":"<code>ServiceFilterAttribute</code>","text":"C#<pre><code>builder.Services.AddScoped&lt;CustomFilterFromDI&gt;();\n\npublic class CustomFilterFromDI : IResultFilter\n{\n    private readonly ILogger _logger;\n\n    public CustomFilterFromDI(ILogger logger) =&gt;  _logger = logger;\n\n    public void OnResultExecuting(ResultExecutingContext context)\n    {\n    }\n\n    public void OnResultExecuted(ResultExecutedContext context)\n    {\n    }\n}\n\n[ServiceFilter(typeof(CustomFilterFromDI))]\npublic IActionResult Action() =&gt; OK();\n</code></pre>"},{"location":"languages/dotnet/asp.net/middleware.html","title":"Middleware","text":"<p>Middleware is software that's assembled into an app pipeline to handle requests and responses. Each component:</p> <ul> <li>Chooses whether to pass the request to the next component in the pipeline.</li> <li>Can perform work before and after the next component in the pipeline.</li> </ul> <p>Request delegates are used to build the request pipeline. The request delegates handle each HTTP request.</p> <p>Request delegates are configured using Run, Map, and Use extension methods.</p> <p>An individual request delegate can be specified in-line as an anonymous method (called in-line middleware), or it can be defined in a reusable class. These reusable classes and in-line anonymous methods are middleware, also called middleware components.</p> <p>Each middleware component in the request pipeline is responsible for invoking the next component in the pipeline or short-circuiting the pipeline. When a middleware short-circuits, it's called a terminal middleware because it prevents further middleware from processing the request.</p>"},{"location":"languages/dotnet/asp.net/middleware.html#middleware-pipeline","title":"Middleware Pipeline","text":"<p>The ASP.NET Core request pipeline consists of a sequence of request delegates, called one after the other.</p> <p></p> <p>Each delegate can perform operations before and after the next delegate. Exception-handling delegates should be called early in the pipeline, so they can catch exceptions that occur in later stages of the pipeline. It's possible to chain multiple request delegates together with <code>Use</code>.</p> <p>The next parameter represents the next delegate in the pipeline. It's possible to short-circuit the pipeline by not calling the next parameter. When a delegate doesn't pass a request to the next delegate, it's called short-circuiting the request pipeline. Short-circuiting is often desirable because it avoids unnecessary work.</p> <p>It's possible to perform actions both before and after the next delegate:</p> C#<pre><code>// \"inline\" middleware, best if in own class\napp.Use(async (context, next) =&gt;\n{\n    // Do work that doesn't write to the Response.\n    await next.Invoke();\n    // Do logging or other work that doesn't write to the Response.\n});\n</code></pre> <p><code>Run</code> delegates don't receive a next parameter. The first <code>Run</code> delegate is always terminal and terminates the pipeline.</p> C#<pre><code>// \"inline\" middleware, best if in own class\napp.Use(async (context, next) =&gt;\n{\n    // Do work that doesn't write to the Response.\n    await next.Invoke();\n    // Do logging or other work that doesn't write to the Response.\n});\n\napp.Run(async context =&gt;\n{\n    // no invocation of next\n});\n</code></pre>"},{"location":"languages/dotnet/asp.net/middleware.html#middleware-order","title":"Middleware Order","text":"<p>The Endpoint middleware executes the filter pipeline for the corresponding app type.</p> <p>The order that middleware components are added in the <code>Startup.Configure</code> method defines the order in which the middleware components are invoked on requests and the reverse order for the response. The order is critical for security, performance, and functionality.</p> C#<pre><code>if (env.IsDevelopment())\n{\n    app.UseDeveloperExceptionPage();\n    app.UseDatabaseErrorPage();\n}\nelse\n{\n    app.UseExceptionHandler(\"/Error\");\n    app.UseHsts();\n}\n\napp.UseHttpsRedirection();\napp.UseStaticFiles();\napp.UseCookiePolicy();\n\napp.UseRouting();\napp.UseRequestLocalization();\napp.UseCors();\n\napp.UseAuthentication();\napp.UseAuthorization();\napp.UseSession();\napp.UseResponseCompression();\napp.UseResponseCaching();\n\napp.UseEndpoints(endpoints =&gt;\n{\n    endpoints.MapRazorPages();\n    endpoints.MapControllers();\n});\n</code></pre> <p>Built-in Middleware</p>"},{"location":"languages/dotnet/asp.net/middleware.html#branching-the-middleware-pipeline","title":"Branching the Middleware Pipeline","text":"<p><code>Map</code> extensions are used as a convention for branching the pipeline. <code>Map</code> branches the request pipeline based on matches of the given request path. If the request path starts with the given path, the branch is executed.</p> <p>When <code>Map</code> is used, the matched path segments are removed from <code>HttpRequest.Path</code> and appended to <code>HttpRequest.PathBase</code> for each request.</p> <p><code>MapWhen</code> branches the request pipeline based on the result of the given predicate. Any predicate of type <code>Func&lt;HttpContext, bool&gt;</code> can be used to map requests to a new branch of the pipeline.</p> <p><code>UseWhen</code> also branches the request pipeline based on the result of the given predicate. Unlike with <code>MapWhen</code>, this branch is rejoined to the main pipeline if it doesn't short-circuit or contain a terminal middleware.</p>"},{"location":"languages/dotnet/asp.net/middleware.html#custom-middleware-classes","title":"Custom Middleware Classes","text":"<p>Middleware is generally encapsulated in a class and exposed with an extension method.</p> C#<pre><code>public class CustomMiddleware\n{\n    private readonly RequestDelegate _next;\n\n    public CustomMiddleware(RequestDelegate next)\n    {\n        _next = next;\n    }\n\n    public async Task InvokeAsync(HttpContext context)\n    {\n        // Do work that doesn't write to the Response.\n        await _next(context);  // Call the next delegate/middleware in the pipeline\n        // Do logging or other work that doesn't write to the Response.\n    }\n}\n</code></pre> <p>The middleware class must include:</p> <ul> <li>A public constructor with a parameter of type RequestDelegate.</li> <li>A public method named <code>Invoke</code> or <code>InvokeAsync</code>. This method must:</li> <li>Return a <code>Task</code>.</li> <li>Accept a first parameter of type HttpContext.</li> </ul>"},{"location":"languages/dotnet/asp.net/middleware.html#middleware-extension-methods","title":"Middleware Extension Methods","text":"C#<pre><code>using Microsoft.AspNetCore.Builder;\n\npublic static class MiddlewareExtensions\n{\n    public static IApplicationBuilder UseCustom(this IApplicationBuilder builder)\n    {\n        return builder.UseMiddleware&lt;CustomMiddleware&gt;();\n    }\n}\n</code></pre> C#<pre><code>// other middlewares\n\napp.UseCustom();  // add custom middleware in the pipeline\n\napp.UseEndpoints(endpoints =&gt; endpoints.MapControllers());\n</code></pre>"},{"location":"languages/dotnet/asp.net/minimal-api.html","title":"Minimal API","text":"<p>Note: Requires .NET 6+</p> C#<pre><code>var builder = WebApplication.CreateBuilder(args);\n\nbuilder.Services.AddSingleton&lt;IService, Service&gt;();\nbuilder.Services.AddScoped&lt;IService, Service&gt;();\nbuilder.Services.AddTransient&lt;IService, Service&gt;();\n\nvar app = builder.Build();\n\n// [...]\n\napp.Run();\n//or\napp.RunAsync();\n</code></pre>"},{"location":"languages/dotnet/asp.net/minimal-api.html#application-settings","title":"Application Settings","text":"<p>App settings are loaded (in order) from:</p> <ol> <li><code>appsettings.json</code></li> <li><code>appsettings.&lt;Environment&gt;.json</code></li> <li>User Secrets</li> </ol> <p>The environment is controlled by the env var <code>ASPNETCORE_ENVIRONMENT</code>. If a setting is present in multiple locations, the last one is used and overrides the previous ones.</p>"},{"location":"languages/dotnet/asp.net/minimal-api.html#user-secrets","title":"User Secrets","text":"<p>User secrets are specific to each machine and can be initialized with <code>dotnet user-secrets init</code>. Each application is linked with it's settings by a guid.</p> <p>The settings are stored in:</p> <ul> <li><code>%APPDATA%\\Microsoft\\UserSecrets\\&lt;user_secrets_id&gt;\\secrets.json</code> (Windows)</li> <li><code>~/.microsoft/usersecrets/&lt;user_secrets_id&gt;/secrets.json</code> (Linux/macOS)</li> </ul> <p>Setting a value is done with <code>dotnet user-secrets set &lt;key&gt; &lt;value&gt;</code>, keys can be nested by separating each level with <code>:</code> or <code>__</code>.</p>"},{"location":"languages/dotnet/asp.net/minimal-api.html#swagger","title":"Swagger","text":"C#<pre><code>builder.Services.AddEndpointsApiExplorer();\nbuilder.Services.AddSwaggerGen();\n\n// [...]\n\napp.UseSwagger();\napp.UseSwaggerUI();\n\n// add returned content metadata to Swagger\napp.MapGet(\"/route\", Handler).Produces&lt;Type&gt;(statusCode);\n\n// add request body contents metadata to Swagger\napp.MapPost(\"/route\", Handler).Accepts&lt;Type&gt;(contentType);\n</code></pre>"},{"location":"languages/dotnet/asp.net/minimal-api.html#mvc","title":"MVC","text":"C#<pre><code>builder.Services.AddControllersWithViews();\n//or\nbuilder.Services.AddControllers();\n\n// Configure the HTTP request pipeline.\nif (app.Environment.IsDevelopment())\n{\n    app.UseDeveloperExceptionPage();\n}\nelse\n{\n    app.UseExceptionHandler(\"/Home/Error\");\n\n    // The default HSTS value is 30 days. You may want to change this for production scenarios, see https://aka.ms/aspnetcore-hsts.\n    app.UseHsts();\n}\n\napp.UseHttpsRedirection();\napp.UseStaticFiles();\n\napp.UseRouting();\n\napp.UseAuthorization();\n\napp.MapControllers();\n// or\napp.MapControllerRoute(\n    name: \"default\",\n    pattern: \"{controller=Home}/{action=Index}/{id?}\");\n</code></pre>"},{"location":"languages/dotnet/asp.net/minimal-api.html#routing-handlers-results","title":"Routing, Handlers &amp; Results","text":"<p>To define routes and handlers using Minimal APIs, use the <code>Map(Get|Post|Put|Delete)</code> methods.</p> C#<pre><code>// the dependencies are passed as parameters in the handler delegate\napp.MapGet(\"/route/{id}\", (IService service, int id) =&gt; {\n\n    return entity is not null ? Results.Ok(entity) : Results.NotFound();\n});\n\n// pass delegate to use default values\napp.MapGet(\"/search/{id}\", Search);\nIResult Search(int id, int? page = 1, int? pageSize = 10) { /* ... */ }\n</code></pre>"},{"location":"languages/dotnet/asp.net/minimal-api.html#route-groups","title":"Route Groups","text":"<p>The <code>MapGroup()</code> extension method, which helps organize groups of endpoints with a common prefix. It allows for customizing entire groups of endpoints with a singe call to methods like <code>RequireAuthorization()</code> and <code>WithMetadata()</code>.</p> C#<pre><code>var group = app.MapGroup(\"&lt;route-prefix&gt;\");\n\ngroup.MapGet(\"/\", GetAllTodos);  // route: /&lt;route-prefix&gt;\ngroup.MapGet(\"/{id}\", GetTodo);  // route: /&lt;route-prefix&gt;/{id}\n\n// [...]\n</code></pre>"},{"location":"languages/dotnet/asp.net/minimal-api.html#typedresults","title":"<code>TypedResults</code>","text":"<p>The <code>Microsoft.AspNetCore.Http.TypedResults</code> static class is the \u201ctyped\u201d equivalent of the existing <code>Microsoft.AspNetCore.Http.Results</code> class. It's possible to use <code>TypedResults</code> in minimal APIs to create instances of the in-framework <code>IResult</code>-implementing types and preserve the concrete type information.</p> C#<pre><code>public static async Task&lt;IResult&gt; GetAllTodos(TodoDb db)\n{\n    return TypedResults.Ok(await db.Todos.ToArrayAsync());\n}\n</code></pre> C#<pre><code>[Fact]\npublic async Task GetAllTodos_ReturnsOkOfObjectResult()\n{\n    // Arrange\n    var db = CreateDbContext();\n\n    // Act\n    var result = await TodosApi.GetAllTodos(db);\n\n    // Assert: Check the returned result type is correct\n    Assert.IsType&lt;Ok&lt;Todo[]&gt;&gt;(result);\n}\n</code></pre>"},{"location":"languages/dotnet/asp.net/minimal-api.html#multiple-result-types","title":"Multiple Result Types","text":"<p>The <code>Results&lt;TResult1, TResult2, TResultN&gt;</code> generic union types, along with the <code>TypesResults</code> class, can be used to declare that a route handler returns multiple <code>IResult</code>-implementing concrete types.</p> C#<pre><code>// Declare that the lambda returns multiple IResult types\napp.MapGet(\"/todos/{id}\", async Results&lt;Ok&lt;Todo&gt;, NotFound&gt; (int id, TodoDb db)\n{\n    return await db.Todos.FindAsync(id) is Todo todo\n        ? TypedResults.Ok(todo)\n        : TypedResults.NotFound();\n});\n</code></pre>"},{"location":"languages/dotnet/asp.net/minimal-api.html#filters","title":"Filters","text":"C#<pre><code>public class ExampleFilter : IRouteHandlerFilter\n{\n    public async ValueTask&lt;object?&gt; InvokeAsync(RouteHandlerInvocationContext context, RouteHandlerFilterDelegate next)\n    {\n        // before endpoint call\n        var result = next(context);\n        /// after endpoint call\n        return result;\n    }\n}\n</code></pre> C#<pre><code>app.MapPost(\"/route\", Handler).AddFilter&lt;ExampleFilter&gt;();\n</code></pre>"},{"location":"languages/dotnet/asp.net/minimal-api.html#context","title":"Context","text":"<p>With Minimal APIs it's possible to access the contextual information by passing one of the following types as a parameter to your handler delegate:</p> <ul> <li><code>HttpContext</code></li> <li><code>HttpRequest</code></li> <li><code>HttpResponse</code></li> <li><code>ClaimsPrincipal</code></li> <li><code>CancellationToken</code> (RequestAborted)</li> </ul> C#<pre><code>app.MapGet(\"/hello\", (ClaimsPrincipal user) =&gt; {\n    return \"Hello \" + user.FindFirstValue(\"sub\");\n});\n</code></pre>"},{"location":"languages/dotnet/asp.net/minimal-api.html#openapi","title":"OpenAPI","text":"<p>The <code>Microsoft.AspNetCore.OpenApi</code> package exposes a <code>WithOpenApi</code> extension method that generates an <code>OpenApiOperation</code> derived from a given endpoint\u2019s route handler and metadata.</p> C#<pre><code>app.MapGet(\"/todos/{id}\", (int id) =&gt; ...)\n    .WithOpenApi();\n\napp.MapGet(\"/todos/{id}\", (int id) =&gt; ...)\n    .WithOpenApi(operation =&gt; {\n        operation.Summary = \"Retrieve a Todo given its ID\";\n        operation.Parameters[0].AllowEmptyValue = false;\n    });\n</code></pre>"},{"location":"languages/dotnet/asp.net/minimal-api.html#validation","title":"Validation","text":"<p>Using Minimal Validation by Damian Edwards. Alternatively it's possible to use Fluent Validation.</p> C#<pre><code>app.MapPost(\"/widgets\", (Widget widget) =&gt; {\n    var isValid = MinimalValidation.TryValidate(widget, out var errors);\n\n    if(isValid)\n    {\n        return Results.Created($\"/widgets/{widget.Name}\", widget);\n    }\n\n    return Results.BadRequest(errors);\n});\n\nclass Widget\n{\n    [Required, MinLength(3)]\n    public string? Name { get; set; }\n\n    public override string? ToString() =&gt; Name;\n}\n</code></pre>"},{"location":"languages/dotnet/asp.net/minimal-api.html#json-serialization","title":"JSON Serialization","text":"C#<pre><code>// Microsoft.AspNetCore.Http.Json.JsonOptions\nbuilder.Services.Configure&lt;JsonOptions&gt;(opt =&gt;\n{\n    opt.SerializerOptions.PropertyNamingPolicy = new SnakeCaseNamingPolicy();\n});\n</code></pre>"},{"location":"languages/dotnet/asp.net/minimal-api.html#authorization","title":"Authorization","text":"C#<pre><code>builder.Services.AddAuthentication(JwtBearerDefaults.AuthenticationScheme).AddJwtBearer();\n\nbuilder.Services.AddAuthorization();\n// or\nbuilder.Services.AddAuthorization(options =&gt;\n{\n    // for all endpoints\n    options.FallbackPolicy = new AuthorizationPolicyBuilder()\n      .AddAuthenticationSchemes(JwtBearerDefaults.AuthenticationScheme)\n      .RequireAuthenticatedUser();\n})\n// or\nbuilder.Authentication.AddJwtBearer();  // will automatically add required middlewares\n\n// [...]\n\napp.UseAuthentication();\napp.UseAuthorization(); // must come before routes\n\n// [...]\n\napp.MapGet(\"/alcohol\", () =&gt; Results.Ok()).RequireAuthorization(\"&lt;policy&gt;\");  // on specific endpoints\napp.MapGet(\"/free-for-all\", () =&gt; Results.Ok()).AllowAnonymous();\napp.MapGet(\"/special-secret\", () =&gt; \"This is a special secret!\")\n    .RequireAuthorization(p =&gt; p.RequireClaim(\"scope\", \"myapi:secrets\"));\n</code></pre>"},{"location":"languages/dotnet/asp.net/minimal-api.html#local-jwt-tokens","title":"Local JWT Tokens","text":"<p>The <code>user-jwts</code> tool is similar in concept to the existing <code>user-secrets</code> tools, in that it can be used to manage values for the app that are only valid for the current user (the developer) on the current machine. In fact, the <code>user-jwts</code> tool utilizes the <code>user-secrets</code> infrastructure to manage the key that the JWTs will be signed with, ensuring it\u2019s stored safely in the user profile.</p> Bash<pre><code>dotnet user-jwts create  # configure a dev JWT fot the current user\n</code></pre>"},{"location":"languages/dotnet/asp.net/minimal-api.html#output-caching","title":"Output Caching","text":"C#<pre><code>builder.Services.AddOutputCaching();  // no special options\nbuilder.Services.AddOutputCaching(options =&gt; \n{\n    options =&gt; options.AddBasePolicy(x =&gt; x.NoCache())  // no cache policy\n\n    Func&lt;OutputCacheContext, bool&gt; predicate = /* discriminate requests */\n    options.AddBasePolicy(x =&gt; x.With(predicate).CachePolicy());\n    options.AddBasePolicy(\"&lt;policy-name&gt;\", x =&gt; x.CachePolicy());  // named policy\n});\n\n// [...]\n\napp.UseOutputCaching();  // following middlewares can use output cache\n\n// [...]\n\napp.MapGet(\"/&lt;route&gt;\", RouteHandler).CacheOutput();  // cache forever\napp.MapGet(\"/&lt;route&gt;\", RouteHandler).CacheOutput().Expire(timespan);\n\napp.MapGet(\"/&lt;route&gt;\", RouteHandler).CacheOutput(x =&gt; x.CachePolicy());\napp.MapGet(\"/&lt;route&gt;\", RouteHandler).CacheOutput(\"&lt;policy-name&gt;\");\n\napp.MapGet(\"/&lt;route&gt;\", RouteHandler).CacheOutput(x =&gt; x.VaryByHeader(/* headers list */));\napp.MapGet(\"/&lt;route&gt;\", RouteHandler).CacheOutput(x =&gt; x.VaryByQuery(/* query key */));\napp.MapGet(\"/&lt;route&gt;\", RouteHandler).CacheOutput(x =&gt; x.VaryByValue());\n\napp.MapGet(\"/&lt;route&gt;\", [OutputCache(/* options */)]RouteHandler);\n</code></pre>"},{"location":"languages/dotnet/asp.net/minimal-api.html#cache-eviction","title":"Cache Eviction","text":"C#<pre><code>app.MapGet(\"/&lt;route-one&gt;\", RouteHandler).CacheOutput(x =&gt; x.Tag(\"&lt;tag&gt;\"));  // tag cache portion\n\napp.MapGet(\"/&lt;route-two&gt;\", (IOutputCacheStore cache, CancellationToken token) =&gt; \n{\n    await cache.EvictByTag(\"&lt;tag&gt;\", token);  // invalidate a portion of the cache\n});\n</code></pre>"},{"location":"languages/dotnet/asp.net/minimal-api.html#custom-cache-policy","title":"Custom Cache Policy","text":"C#<pre><code>app.MapGet(\"/&lt;route-one&gt;\", RouteHandler).CacheOutput(x =&gt; x.AddCachePolicy&lt;CustomCachePolicy&gt;());\n</code></pre> C#<pre><code>class CustomCachePolicy : IOutputCachePolicy\n{\n    public ValueTask CacheRequestAsync(OutputCacheContext context, CancellationToken cancellationToken) { }\n\n    public ValueTask ServeFromCacheAsync(OutputCacheContext context, CancellationToken cancellationToken) { }\n\n    public ValueTask ServeResponseAsync(OutputCacheContext context, CancellationToken cancellationToken) { }\n}\n</code></pre>"},{"location":"languages/dotnet/asp.net/minimal-api.html#options-pattern","title":"Options Pattern","text":"<p>The options pattern uses classes to provide strongly-typed access to groups of related settings.</p> JSON<pre><code>{\n    \"SecretKey\": \"Secret key value\",\n    \"TransientFaultHandlingOptions\": {\n        \"Enabled\": true,\n        \"AutoRetryDelay\": \"00:00:07\"\n    },\n    \"Logging\": {\n        \"LogLevel\": {\n            \"Default\": \"Information\",\n            \"Microsoft\": \"Warning\",\n            \"Microsoft.Hosting.Lifetime\": \"Information\"\n        }\n    }\n}\n</code></pre> C#<pre><code>// options model for binding\npublic class TransientFaultHandlingOptions\n{\n    public bool Enabled { get; set; }\n    public TimeSpan AutoRetryDelay { get; set; }\n}\n</code></pre> C#<pre><code>// setup the options\nbuilder.Services.Configure&lt;TransientFaultHandlingOptions&gt;(builder.Configuration.GetSection&lt;TransientFaultHandlingOptions&gt;(nameof(Options)));\nbuilder.Services.Configure&lt;TransientFaultHandlingOptions&gt;(builder.Configuration.GetSection&lt;TransientFaultHandlingOptions&gt;(key));\n</code></pre> C#<pre><code>class DependsOnOptions\n{\n  private readonly IOptions&lt;TransientFaultHandlingOptions&gt; _options;\n\n  public DependsOnOptions(IOptions&lt;TransientFaultHandlingOptions&gt; options) =&gt; _options = options;\n}\n</code></pre>"},{"location":"languages/dotnet/asp.net/minimal-api.html#options-interfaces","title":"Options interfaces","text":"<p><code>IOptions&lt;TOptions&gt;</code>:</p> <ul> <li>Does not support:</li> <li>Reading of configuration data after the app has started.</li> <li>Named options</li> <li>Is registered as a Singleton and can be injected into any service lifetime.</li> </ul> <p><code>IOptionsSnapshot&lt;TOptions&gt;</code>:</p> <ul> <li>Is useful in scenarios where options should be recomputed on every injection resolution, in scoped or transient lifetimes.</li> <li>Is registered as Scoped and therefore cannot be injected into a Singleton service.</li> <li>Supports named options</li> </ul> <p><code>IOptionsMonitor&lt;TOptions&gt;</code>:</p> <ul> <li>Is used to retrieve options and manage options notifications for <code>TOptions</code> instances.</li> <li>Is registered as a Singleton and can be injected into any service lifetime.</li> <li>Supports:</li> <li>Change notifications</li> <li>Named options</li> <li>Reloadable configuration</li> <li>Selective options invalidation (<code>IOptionsMonitorCache&lt;TOptions&gt;</code>)</li> </ul>"},{"location":"languages/dotnet/asp.net/razor-syntax.html","title":"Razor Syntax","text":""},{"location":"languages/dotnet/asp.net/razor-syntax.html#markup","title":"Markup","text":"C#<pre><code>@page  // set this as razor page\n\n@model &lt;App&gt;.Models.Entity  // if MVC set type of elements passed to the view \n@model &lt;Page&gt;Model  // if Razor page set underlying class\n\n@* razor comment *@\n\n// substitute @variable with it's value\n&lt;tag&gt;@variable&lt;/tag&gt;\n\n@{\n    // razor code block\n    // can contain C# or HTML\n\n    Model  // access to passed @model (MVC)\n}\n\n@if (condition) { }\n\n@for (init, condition, iteration) { }\n\n@Model.Property  // display Property value (MVC)\n</code></pre>"},{"location":"languages/dotnet/asp.net/razor-syntax.html#tag-helpers-aspnet-core","title":"Tag Helpers (ASP.NET Core)","text":"<p>Tag helpers are reusable components for automating the generation of HTML in Razor Pages. Tag helpers target specific HTML tags.</p> <p>Example:</p> HTML<pre><code>&lt;!-- tag helpers for a lin in ASP.NET MVC --&gt;\n&lt;a class=\"nav-link text-dark\" asp-area=\"\" asp-controller=\"Home\" asp-action=\"Index\"&gt;Home&lt;/a&gt;\n</code></pre>"},{"location":"languages/dotnet/asp.net/razor-syntax.html#managing-tag-helpers","title":"Managing Tag Helpers","text":"<p>The <code>@addTagHelper</code> directive makes Tag Helpers available to the view. Generally, the view file is <code>Pages/_ViewImports.cshtml</code>, which by default is inherited by all files in the <code>Pages</code> folder and subfolders, making Tag Helpers available.</p> C#<pre><code>@using &lt;App&gt;\n@namespace &lt;App&gt;.Pages  // or &lt;Project&gt;.Models\n@addTagHelper *, Microsoft.AspNetCore.Mvc.TagHelpers\n</code></pre> <p>The first parameter after <code>@addTagHelper</code> specifies the Tag Helpers to load (<code>*</code> for all Tag Helpers), and the second parameter (e.g. <code>Microsoft.AspNetCore.Mvc.TagHelpers</code>) specifies the assembly containing the Tag Helpers. <code>Microsoft.AspNetCore.Mvc.TagHelpers</code> is the assembly for the built-in ASP.NET Core Tag Helpers.</p>"},{"location":"languages/dotnet/asp.net/razor-syntax.html#opting-out-of-individual-elements","title":"Opting out of individual elements","text":"<p>It's possible to disable a Tag Helper at the element level with the Tag Helper opt-out character (<code>!</code>)</p> Text Only<pre><code>&lt;!-- disable email validation --&gt;\n&lt;!span asp-validation-for=\"Email\" &gt;&lt;/!span&gt;\n</code></pre>"},{"location":"languages/dotnet/asp.net/razor-syntax.html#explicit-tag-helpers","title":"Explicit Tag Helpers","text":"<p>The <code>@tagHelperPrefix</code> directive allows to specify a tag prefix string to enable Tag Helper support and to make Tag Helper usage explicit.</p> Text Only<pre><code>@tagHelpersPrefix th:\n</code></pre>"},{"location":"languages/dotnet/asp.net/razor-syntax.html#important-tag-helpers-asp-html-helpers-html","title":"Important Tag Helpers (<code>asp-</code>) &amp; HTML Helpers (<code>@Html</code>)","text":"<p>Understanding Html Helpers</p> C#<pre><code>@model &lt;App&gt;.Models.Entity\n\n// Display the name of the property\n@Html.DisplayNameFor(model =&gt; model.EntityProp)\n@nameof(Model.EntityProp)\n\n// Display the value of the property\n@Html.DisplayFor(model =&gt; model.EntityProp)\n@Model.EntityProp\n\n&lt;from&gt;\n    // use the property as the label, eventually w/ [DisplayName(\"...\")]\n    &lt;label asp-for=\"EntityProp\"&gt;&lt;/label&gt;\n    @Html.LabelFor()\n\n    // automatically set the value at form compilation and submission\n    &lt;input asp-for=\"EntityProp\"/&gt;\n    @Html.EditorFor()\n&lt;/from&gt;\n\n// route config is {Controller}/{Action}/{Id?}\n&lt;a asp-controller=\"&lt;Controller&gt;\" asp-action=\"&lt;Action&gt;\"&gt;Link&lt;/a&gt;  // link to /Controller/Action\n&lt;a asp-controller=\"&lt;Controller&gt;\" asp-action=\"&lt;Action&gt;\" asp-route-Id=\"@model.Id\"&gt;Link&lt;/a&gt;  // link to /Controller/Action/Id\n@Html.ActionLink(\"&lt;Link Text&gt;\", \"&lt;Action&gt;\", \"&lt;Controller&gt;\", new { @HTmlAttribute = value, Id = value }) // link to /Controller/Action/Id\n\n// link to /Controller/Action?queryParameter=value\n@Html.ActionLink(\"&lt;Link Text&gt;\", \"&lt;Action&gt;\", \"&lt;Controller&gt;\", new { @HTmlAttribute = value, queryParameter = value })\n&lt;a asp-controller=\"&lt;Controller&gt;\" asp-action=\"&lt;Action&gt;\" asp-route-queryParameter=\"value\"&gt;Link&lt;/a&gt;  // asp-route-* for query strings\n</code></pre>"},{"location":"languages/dotnet/asp.net/razor-syntax.html#select-tag-helper","title":"Select Tag Helper","text":"<p>StackOverflow SelectList Docs</p> <p>In <code>ViewModel.cs</code>:</p> C#<pre><code>class ViewModel \n{\n    public int EntityId { get; set; }  // value selected in form ends up here\n\n    // object has numeric id and other props\n    public SelectList Entities = new()\n\n    public ViewModel(){ }  // parameterless constructor (NEEDED)\n}\n</code></pre> <p>In <code>View.cs</code></p> C#<pre><code>@model ViewModel\n\n&lt;form asp-controller=\"Controller\" asp-action=\"PostAction\"&gt;\n\n    &lt;select asp-for\"EntityId\" asp-items=\"Model.Entities\"&gt;\n    &lt;/select&gt;\n\n    &lt;button type=\"submit\"&gt;Send&lt;button&gt;\n&lt;/form&gt;\n</code></pre> <p>In <code>Controller.cs</code>:</p> C#<pre><code>public IActionResult GetAction()\n{\n    var vm = new ViewModel();\n\n    vm.Entities = new SelectList(_context.Entities, \"Id\", \"Text\");  // fill SelectList\n    vm.EntityId = value;  // set selected option (OPTIONAL)\n\n    return View(vm);\n}\n\n\n[HttpPost]\npublic IActionResult PostAction(ViewModel)\n{\n    if(ModelState.IsValid)\n    {\n        // extract info from view model\n        // save to db\n    }\n}\n</code></pre>"},{"location":"languages/dotnet/asp.net/signalr.html","title":"SignalR","text":"<p>The SignalR Hubs API enables to call methods on connected clients from the server. In the server code, define methods that are called by client. In the client code, define methods that are called from the server. SignalR takes care of everything behind the scenes that makes real-time client-to-server and server-to-client communications possible.</p>"},{"location":"languages/dotnet/asp.net/signalr.html#server-side","title":"Server-Side","text":""},{"location":"languages/dotnet/asp.net/signalr.html#configuration","title":"Configuration","text":"<p>In <code>Startup.cs</code>:</p> C#<pre><code>builder.Services.AddSignalR();\n\nvar app = builder.Build();\n\napp.UseEndpoints(endpoints =&gt;\n{\n    endpoints.MapHub(\"/hub/endpoint\");\n});\n</code></pre>"},{"location":"languages/dotnet/asp.net/signalr.html#creating-hubs","title":"Creating Hubs","text":"C#<pre><code>public class CustomHub : Hub\n{\n    public task HubMethod(Type args)\n    {\n        // trigger function on all clients and pass args to it\n        return Clients.All.SendAsync(\"CLientMethod\", args);\n\n        // trigger function on caller client and pass args to it\n        return Clients.Caller.SendAsync(\"CLientMethod\", args);\n\n        // trigger function on clients of a group and pass args to it\n        return Clients.Group(\"GroupName\").SendAsync(\"CLientMethod\", args);\n\n        // other operations\n    }\n}\n</code></pre>"},{"location":"languages/dotnet/asp.net/signalr.html#strongly-typed-hubs","title":"Strongly Typed Hubs","text":"<p>A drawback of using <code>SendAsync</code> is that it relies on a magic string to specify the client method to be called. This leaves code open to runtime errors if the method name is misspelled or missing from the client.</p> <p>An alternative to using SendAsync is to strongly type the Hub with <code>Hub&lt;T&gt;</code>.</p> C#<pre><code>public interface IHubClient\n{\n    // matches method to be called on the client\n    Task ClientMethod(Type args);\n}\n</code></pre> C#<pre><code>public class CustomHub : Hub&lt;IHubClient&gt;\n{\n    public Task HubMethod(Type args)\n    {\n        return Clients.All.ClientMethod(args);\n    }\n}\n</code></pre> <p>Using <code>Hub&lt;T&gt;</code> enables compile-time checking of the client methods. This prevents issues caused by using magic strings, since <code>Hub&lt;T&gt;</code> can only provide access to the methods defined in the interface.</p> <p>Using a strongly typed <code>Hub&lt;T&gt;</code> disables the ability to use <code>SendAsync</code>. Any methods defined on the interface can still be defined as asynchronous. In fact, each of these methods should return a <code>Task</code>. Since it's an interface, don't use the <code>async</code> keyword.</p>"},{"location":"languages/dotnet/asp.net/signalr.html#handling-connection-events","title":"Handling Connection Events","text":"<p>The SignalR Hubs API provides the OnConnectedAsync and OnDisconnectedAsync virtual methods to manage and track connections. Override the OnConnectedAsync virtual method to perform actions when a client connects to the Hub, such as adding it to a group.</p> C#<pre><code>public override async Task OnConnectedAsync()\n{\n    await Groups.AddToGroupAsync(Context.ConnectionId, \"GroupName\");\n    await base.OnConnectedAsync();\n}\n\npublic override async Task OnDisconnectedAsync(Exception exception)\n{\n    await Groups.RemoveFromGroupAsync(Context.ConnectionId, \"GroupName\");\n    await base.OnDisconnectedAsync(exception);\n}\n</code></pre> <p>Override the <code>OnDisconnectedAsync</code> virtual method to perform actions when a client disconnects. If the client disconnects intentionally (by calling <code>connection.stop()</code>, for example), the exception parameter will be null. However, if the client is disconnected due to an error (such as a network failure), the exception parameter will contain an exception describing the failure.</p>"},{"location":"languages/dotnet/asp.net/signalr.html#sending-errors-to-the-client","title":"Sending Errors to the client","text":"<p>Exceptions thrown in the hub methods are sent to the client that invoked the method. On the JavaScript client, the <code>invoke</code> method returns a JavaScript Promise. When the client receives an error with a handler attached to the promise using catch, it's invoked and passed as a JavaScript <code>Error</code> object.</p> <p>If the Hub throws an exception, connections aren't closed. By default, SignalR returns a generic error message to the client.</p> <p>If you have an exceptional condition you do want to propagate to the client, use the <code>HubException</code> class. If you throw a <code>HubException</code> from your hub method, SignalR will send the entire message to the client, unmodified.</p> C#<pre><code>public Task ThrowException()\n{\n    throw new HubException(\"This error will be sent to the client!\");\n}\n</code></pre>"},{"location":"languages/dotnet/asp.net/signalr.html#client-side-javascript","title":"Client-Side (JavaScript)","text":""},{"location":"languages/dotnet/asp.net/signalr.html#installing-the-client-package","title":"Installing the client package","text":"Bash<pre><code>npm init -y\nnpm install @microsoft/signalr\n</code></pre> <p>npm installs the package contents in the <code>node_modules\\@microsoft\\signalr\\dist\\browser</code> folder. Create a new folder named signalr under the <code>wwwroot\\lib</code> folder. Copy the signalr.js file to the <code>wwwroot\\lib\\signalr</code> folder.</p> <p>Reference the SignalR JavaScript client in the <code>&lt;script&gt;</code> element. For example:</p> HTML<pre><code>&lt;script src=\"~/lib/signalr/signalr.js\"&gt;&lt;/script&gt;\n</code></pre>"},{"location":"languages/dotnet/asp.net/signalr.html#connecting-to-a-hub","title":"Connecting to a Hub","text":"<p>Reconnect Clients Docs</p> JavaScript<pre><code>const connection = new signalR.HubConnectionBuilder()\n    .withUrl(\"/hub/endpoint\")\n    .configureLogging(signalR.LogLevel.Information)\n    .withAutomaticReconnect()  // optional\n    .build();\n\n// async/await connection start\nasync function connect() {\n    try {\n        await connection.start();\n        console.log(\"SignalR Connected.\");\n    } catch (err) {\n        console.error(err);\n    }\n};\n\n// promise connection start\nfunction connect() {\n    connection.start()\n    .then(() =&gt; {})\n    .catch((err) =&gt; {console.error(err)});\n}\n</code></pre>"},{"location":"languages/dotnet/asp.net/signalr.html#call-hub-methods-fom-the-client","title":"Call hub methods fom the client","text":"<p>JavaScript clients call public methods on hubs via the <code>invoke</code> method of the <code>HubConnection</code>. The <code>invoke</code> method accepts:</p> <ul> <li>The name of the hub method.</li> <li>Any arguments defined in the hub method.</li> </ul> JavaScript<pre><code>try {\n    await connection.invoke(\"HubMethod\", args);\n} catch (err) {\n    console.error(err);\n}\n</code></pre> <p>The <code>invoke</code> method returns a JavaScript <code>Promise</code>. The <code>Promise</code> is resolved with the return value (if any) when the method on the server returns. If the method on the server throws an error, the <code>Promise</code> is rejected with the error message. Use <code>async</code> and <code>await</code> or the <code>Promise</code>'s then and catch methods to handle these cases.</p> <p>JavaScript clients can also call public methods on hubs via the the <code>send</code> method of the <code>HubConnection</code>. Unlike the <code>invoke</code> method, the send method doesn't wait for a response from the server. The send method returns a JavaScript <code>Promise</code>. The <code>Promise</code> is resolved when the message has been sent to the server. If there is an error sending the message, the <code>Promise</code> is rejected with the error message. Use <code>async</code> and <code>await</code> or the <code>Promise</code>'s then and catch methods to handle these cases.</p>"},{"location":"languages/dotnet/asp.net/signalr.html#call-client-methods-from-the-hub","title":"Call client methods from the hub","text":"<p>To receive messages from the hub, define a method using the <code>on</code> method of the <code>HubConnection</code>. The <code>on</code> method accepts:</p> <ul> <li>The name of the JavaScript client method.</li> <li>Arguments the hub passes to the method.</li> </ul> C#<pre><code>connection.on(\"ClientMethod\", (args) =&gt; { /* ... */});\n</code></pre>"},{"location":"languages/dotnet/asp.net/web-forms.html","title":"WebForms","text":""},{"location":"languages/dotnet/asp.net/web-forms.html#pageaspx","title":"<code>Page.aspx</code>","text":"<p>The fist loaded page is <code>Default.aspx</code> and its underlying code.</p> HTML<pre><code>&lt;!-- directive --&gt;\n&lt;%@ Page Language=\"C#\" AutoEventWireup=\"true\" CodeBehind=\"Default.aspx.cs\" Inherits=\"Project.Default\" %&gt;\n\n&lt;!DOCTYPE html&gt;\n\n&lt;html xmlns=\"http://www.w3.org/1999/xhtml\"&gt;  &lt;!-- XML Namespace --&gt;\n&lt;head runat=\"server\"&gt;  &lt;!-- runat: handle as ASP code --&gt;\n    &lt;title&gt;&lt;/title&gt;\n&lt;/head&gt;\n&lt;body&gt;\n    &lt;!-- web forms require a form tag to be the whole body --&gt;\n    &lt;form id=\"form1\" runat=\"server\"&gt;  &lt;!-- runat: handle as ASP code --&gt;\n        &lt;div&gt;\n        &lt;/div&gt;\n    &lt;/form&gt;\n&lt;/body&gt;\n&lt;/html&gt;\n</code></pre>"},{"location":"languages/dotnet/asp.net/web-forms.html#page-directive","title":"Page Directive","text":"C#<pre><code>&lt;%@ Page Language=\"C#\"  // define language used (can be C# or VB)\n    AutoEventWireup=\"true\"  // automatically create and setup event handlers\n    CodeBehind=\"Default.aspx.cs\"  // define the underlying code file\n    Inherits=\"EmptyWebForm.Default\" %&gt;\n</code></pre>"},{"location":"languages/dotnet/asp.net/web-forms.html#web-controls","title":"Web Controls","text":"XML<pre><code>&lt;asp:Control ID=\"\" runat=\"server\" ...&gt;&lt;/asp:Control&gt;\n\n&lt;!-- Label: empty text will diplay ID, use empty space as text for empty label --&gt;\n&lt;asp:Label ID=\"lbl_\" runat=\"server\" Text=\" \"&gt;&lt;/asp:Label&gt;\n&lt;!-- TextBox --&gt;\n&lt;asp:TextBox ID=\"txt_\" runat=\"server\"&gt;&lt;/asp:TextBox&gt;\n&lt;!-- Button --&gt;\n&lt;asp:Button ID=\"btn_\" runat=\"server\" Text=\"ButtonText\" OnClick=\"btn_Click\" /&gt;\n&lt;!-- HyperLink --&gt;\n&lt;asp:HyperLink ID=\"lnk_\" runat=\"server\" NavigateUrl=\"~/Page.aspx\"&gt;LINK TEXT&lt;/asp:HyperLink&gt;\n&lt;!-- LinkButton: POstBackEvent reloads the page --&gt;\n&lt;asp:LinkButton ID=\"lbtHome\" runat=\"server\" PostBackUrl=\"~/Page.aspx\" OnClick=\"lbt_Click\"&gt;BUTTON TEXT&lt;/asp:LinkButton&gt;\n&lt;!-- Image --&gt;\n&lt;asp:Image ID=\"img_\" runat=\"server\" ImageUrl=\"~/Images/image.avif\"/&gt;\n&lt;!-- ImageButton --&gt;\n&lt;asp:ImageButton ID=\"imb_\" runat=\"server\" ImageUrl=\"~/Images/image.avif\" PostBackUrl=\"~/Page.aspx\"/&gt;\n\n&lt;!-- SqlSataSource; connection string specified in Web.config --&gt;\n&lt;asp:SqlDataSource ID=\"sds_\" runat=\"server\" ConnectionString=\"&lt;%$ ConnectionStrings:ConnectionString %&gt;\" SelectCommand=\"SQL Query\"&gt;&lt;/asp:SqlDataSource&gt;\n</code></pre>"},{"location":"languages/dotnet/asp.net/web-forms.html#pageaspxcs","title":"<code>Page.aspx.cs</code>","text":"C#<pre><code>public partial class Default : System.Web.UI.Page\n{\n    protected void Page_Load(object sender, EventArgs e)\n    {\n\n    }\n\n    protected void Control_Event(object sender, EventArgs e)\n    {\n        // actions on event trigger\n    }\n}\n</code></pre>"},{"location":"languages/dotnet/csharp/async-programming.html","title":"Async Programming","text":""},{"location":"languages/dotnet/csharp/async-programming.html#task-asynchronous-programming-model-tap","title":"Task Asynchronous Programming Model (TAP)","text":"<p>It's possible to avoid performance bottlenecks and enhance the overall responsiveness of an application by using asynchronous programming. However, traditional techniques for writing asynchronous applications can be complicated, making them difficult to write, debug, and maintain.</p> <p>C# 5 introduced a simplified approach, async programming, that leverages asynchronous support in the .NET Runtime. The compiler does the difficult work that the developer used to do, and the application retains a logical structure that resembles synchronous code.</p> <p>In performance-sensitive code, asynchronous APIs are useful, because instead of wasting resources by forcing a thread to sit and wait for I/O to complete, a thread can kick off the work and then do something else productive in the meantime.</p> <p>The <code>async</code> and <code>await</code> keywords in C# are the heart of async programming.</p> C#<pre><code>public async Task&lt;TResult&gt; MethodAsync\n{\n    Task&lt;TResult&gt; resultTask = obj.OtherMethodAsync();\n\n    DoIndependentWork();\n\n    TResult result = await resultTask;\n\n    // if the is no work to be done before awaiting\n    TResult result = await obj.OtherMethodAsync();\n\n    return result;\n}\n</code></pre> <p>Characteristics of Async Methods:</p> <ul> <li>The method signature includes an <code>async</code> modifier.</li> <li>The name of an async method, by convention, ends with an \"Async\" suffix.</li> <li>The return type is one of the following types:</li> <li><code>Task&lt;TResult&gt;</code> if the method has a return statement in which the operand has type <code>TResult</code>.</li> <li><code>Task</code> if the method has no return statement or has a return statement with no operand.</li> <li><code>void</code> if it's an async event handler.</li> <li>Any other type that has a <code>GetAwaiter</code> method (starting with C# 7.0).</li> <li>Starting with C# 8.0, <code>IAsyncEnumerable&lt;T&gt;</code>, for an async method that returns an async stream.</li> </ul> <p>The method usually includes at least one <code>await</code> expression, which marks a point where the method can't continue until the awaited asynchronous operation is complete. In the meantime, the method is suspended, and control returns to the method's caller.</p>"},{"location":"languages/dotnet/csharp/async-programming.html#threads","title":"Threads","text":"<p>Async methods are intended to be non-blocking operations. An <code>await</code> expression in an async method doesn't block the current thread while the awaited task is running. Instead, the expression signs up the rest of the method as a continuation and returns control to the caller of the async method.</p> <p>The <code>async</code> and <code>await</code> keywords don't cause additional threads to be created. Async methods don't require multithreading because an async method doesn't run on its own thread. The method runs on the current synchronization context and uses time on the thread only when the method is active. It's possible to use <code>Task.Run</code> to move CPU-bound work to a background thread, but a background thread doesn't help with a process that's just waiting for results to become available.</p> <p>The async-based approach to asynchronous programming is preferable to existing approaches in almost every case. In particular, this approach is better than the <code>BackgroundWorker</code> class for I/O-bound operations because the code is simpler and there is no need to guard against race conditions. In combination with the <code>Task.Run</code> method, async programming is better than <code>BackgroundWorker</code> for CPU-bound operations because async programming separates the coordination details of running the code from the work that <code>Task.Run</code> transfers to the thread pool.</p>"},{"location":"languages/dotnet/csharp/async-programming.html#naming-convention","title":"Naming Convention","text":"<p>By convention, methods that return commonly awaitable types (for example, <code>Task</code>, <code>Task&lt;T&gt;</code>, <code>ValueTask</code>, <code>ValueTask&lt;T&gt;</code>) should have names that end with Async. Methods that start an asynchronous operation but do not return an awaitable type should not have names that end with Async, but may start with \"Begin\", \"Start\", or some other verb to suggest this method does not return or throw the result of the operation.</p>"},{"location":"languages/dotnet/csharp/async-programming.html#async-return-types","title":"Async Return Types","text":""},{"location":"languages/dotnet/csharp/async-programming.html#task-return-type","title":"<code>Task</code> return type","text":"<p>Async methods that don't contain a return statement or that contain a return statement that doesn't return an operand usually have a return type of <code>Task</code>. Such methods return <code>void</code> if they run synchronously. If a <code>Task</code> return type is used for an async method, a calling method can use an <code>await</code> operator to suspend the caller's completion until the called async method has finished.</p>"},{"location":"languages/dotnet/csharp/async-programming.html#tasktresult-return-type","title":"<code>Task&lt;TResult&gt;</code> return type","text":"<p>The <code>Task&lt;TResult&gt;</code> return type is used for an async method that contains a return statement in which the operand is <code>TResult</code>.</p> <p>The <code>Task&lt;TResult&gt;.Result</code> property is a blocking property. If it's accessed it before its task is finished, the thread that's currently active is blocked until the task completes and the value is available. In most cases, access the value by using <code>await</code> instead of accessing the property directly.</p>"},{"location":"languages/dotnet/csharp/async-programming.html#void-return-type","title":"<code>void</code> return type","text":"<p>The <code>void</code> return type is used in asynchronous event handlers, which require a <code>void</code> return type. For methods other than event handlers that don't return a value, it's best to return a <code>Task</code> instead, because an async method that returns <code>void</code> can't be awaited. Any caller of such a method must continue to completion without waiting for the called async method to finish. The caller must be independent of any values or exceptions that the async method generates.</p> <p>The caller of a void-returning async method can't catch exceptions thrown from the method, and such unhandled exceptions are likely to cause the application to fail. If a method that returns a <code>Task</code> or <code>Task&lt;TResult&gt;</code> throws an exception, the exception is stored in the returned task. The exception is re-thrown when the task is awaited. Therefore, make sure that any async method that can produce an exception has a return type of <code>Task</code> or <code>Task&lt;TResult&gt;</code> and that calls to the method are awaited.</p>"},{"location":"languages/dotnet/csharp/async-programming.html#generalized-async-return-types-and-valuetasktresult","title":"Generalized async return types and <code>ValueTask&lt;TResult&gt;</code>","text":"<p>Starting with C# 7.0, an async method can return any type that has an accessible <code>GetAwaiter</code> method.</p> <p>Because <code>Task</code> and <code>Task&lt;TResult&gt;</code> are reference types, memory allocation in performance-critical paths, particularly when allocations occur in tight loops, can adversely affect performance. Support for generalized return types means that it's possible to return a lightweight value type instead of a reference type to avoid additional memory allocations.</p> <p>.NET provides the <code>System.Threading.Tasks.ValueTask&lt;TResult&gt;</code> structure as a lightweight implementation of a generalized task-returning value. To use the <code>System.Threading.Tasks.ValueTask&lt;TResult&gt;</code> type, add the System.Threading.Tasks.Extensions NuGet package to the project.</p>"},{"location":"languages/dotnet/csharp/async-programming.html#async-composition","title":"Async Composition","text":"C#<pre><code>public async Task DoOperationsConcurrentlyAsync()\n{\n  Task[] tasks = new Task[3];\n  tasks[0] = DoOperation0Async();\n  tasks[1] = DoOperation1Async();\n  tasks[2] = DoOperation2Async();\n\n  // At this point, all three tasks are running at the same time.\n\n  // Now, we await them all.\n  await Task.WhenAll(tasks);\n}\n\npublic async Task&lt;int&gt; GetFirstToRespondAsync()\n{\n  // Call two web services; take the first response.\n  Task&lt;int&gt;[] tasks = new[] { WebService1Async(), WebService2Async() };\n\n  // Await for the first one to respond.\n  Task&lt;int&gt; firstTask = await Task.WhenAny(tasks);\n\n  // Return the result.\n  return await firstTask;\n}\n</code></pre>"},{"location":"languages/dotnet/csharp/async-programming.html#execution-synchronization-context","title":"Execution &amp; Synchronization Context","text":"<p>When the program\u2019s execution reaches an <code>await</code> expression for an operation that doesn\u2019t complete immediately, the code generated for that <code>await</code> will ensure that the current execution context has been captured. When the asynchronous operation completes, the remainder of the method will be executed through the execution context. The execution context handles certain contextual information that needs to flow when one method invokes another (even when it does so indirectly)</p> <p>While all <code>await</code> expressions capture the execution context, the decision of whether to flow synchronization context as well is controlled by the type being awaited.</p> <p>Sometimes, it's better to avoid getting the synchronization context involved. If work starting from a UI thread is performed, but there is no particular need to remain on that thread, scheduling every continuation through the synchronization context is unnecessary overhead.</p> <p>If the asynchronous operation is a <code>Task</code>, <code>Task&lt;T&gt;</code>, <code>ValueTask</code> or <code>ValueTask&lt;T&gt;</code>, it's possible to discard the synchronization context by calling the <code>ConfigureAwait(false)</code>. This returns a different representation of the asynchronous operation, and if this iss awaited that instead of the original task, it will ignore the current <code>SynchronizationContext</code> if there is one.</p> C#<pre><code>private async Task DownloadFileAsync(string fileName)\n{\n  await OperationAsync(fileName).ConfigureAwait(false);  // discarding original context\n}\n</code></pre> <p>When writing libraries in most cases you it'ss best to call <code>ConfigureAwait(false)</code> anywhere <code>await</code> is used. This is because continuing via the synchronization context can be expensive, and in some cases it can introduce the possibility of deadlock occurring.</p> <p>The only exceptions are when are doing something that positively requires the synchronization context to be preserved, or it's know for certain that the library will only ever be used in application frameworks that do not set up a synchronization context. (ASP.NET Core applications do not use synchronization contexts, so it generally doesn\u2019t matter whether or not <code>ConfigureAwait(false)</code> is called in those)</p>"},{"location":"languages/dotnet/csharp/async-programming.html#error-handling","title":"Error Handling","text":""},{"location":"languages/dotnet/csharp/async-programming.html#argument-validation","title":"Argument Validation","text":"<p>Inside an <code>async</code> method, the compiler treats all exceptions in the same way: none are allowed to pass up the stack as in a normal method, and they will always be reported by faulting the returned task. This is true even of exceptions thrown before the first <code>await</code>.</p> <p>If the calling method immediately calls <code>await</code> on the return task, this won\u2019t matter much\u2014it will see the exception in any case. But some code may choose not to wait immediately, in which case it won\u2019t see the argument exception until later.</p> C#<pre><code>async Task&lt;string&gt; MethodWithValidationAsync(string argument)\n{\n  if(sting.IsNullOrEmpty(argument))\n  {\n     throw new ArgumentNullException(nameof(argument));  // will be thrown on await of MethodWithValidationAsync\n  }\n\n  // [...]\n\n  return await LongOperationAsync();\n}\n</code></pre> <p>In cases where you want to throw this kind of exception straightaway, the usual technique is to write a normal method that validates the arguments before calling an async method that does the work, and to make that second method either private or local.</p> C#<pre><code>// not marked with async, exception propagate directly to caller\npublic static Task&lt;string&gt; MethodWithValidationAsync(string argument)\n{\n  if(sting.IsNullOrEmpty(argument))\n  {\n     throw new ArgumentNullException(nameof(argument));  // thrown immediately\n  }\n\n  return ActualMethodAsync(argument);  // pass up task of inner method\n}\n\nprivate static async Task&lt;string&gt; ActualMethodAsync(string argument)\n{\n  // [...]\n  return await LongOperationAsync();\n}\n</code></pre> <p>Note: <code>await</code> extracts only the first exception of an <code>AggregateException</code>, this can cause the loss of information if a task (or group of tasks) has more than one error.</p>"},{"location":"languages/dotnet/csharp/collections.html","title":"C# Collections","text":""},{"location":"languages/dotnet/csharp/collections.html#arrays","title":"Arrays","text":"<p>An array is an object that contains multiple elements of a particular type. The number of elements is fixed for the lifetime of the array, so it must be specified when the array is created.</p> <p>An array type is always a reference type, regardless of the element type. Nonetheless, the choice between reference type and value type elements makes a significant difference in an array's behavior.</p> C#<pre><code>type[] array = new type[dimension];\ntype array[] = new type[dimension];  //invalid\n\ntype[] array = {value1, value2, ..., valueN};  // initializer\nvar array = new type[] {value1, value2, ..., valueN};  // initializer (var type needs new operator)\nvar array = new[] {value1, value2, ..., valueN};  // initializer w/ element type inference (var type needs new operator), can be used as method arg\n\narray[index];    // value access\narray[index] = value;    // value assignment\narray.Length;  // dimension of the array\n\n// from IEnumerable&lt;T&gt;\narray.OfType&lt;Type&gt;();  // filter array based on type, returns IEnumerable&lt;Type&gt;\n</code></pre>"},{"location":"languages/dotnet/csharp/collections.html#array-methods","title":"Array Methods","text":"C#<pre><code>// overloaded search methods\nArray.IndexOf(array, item);  // return index of searched item in passed array\nArray.LastIndexOf(array, item); // return index of searched item staring from the end of the array\nArray.FindIndex(array, Predicate&lt;T&gt;)  // returns the index of the first item matching the predicate (can be lambda function)\nArray.FindLastIndex(array, Predicate&lt;T&gt;)  // returns the index of the last item matching the predicate (can be lambda function)\nArray.Find(array, Predicate&lt;T&gt;)  // returns the value of the first item matching the predicate (can be lambda function)\nArray.FindLast(array, Predicate&lt;T&gt;)  // returns the value of the last item matching the predicate (can be lambda function)\nArray.FindAll(array, Predicate&lt;T&gt;)  // returns array of all items matching the predicate (can be lambda function)\nArray.BinarySearch(array, value)  // Searches a  SORTED array for a value, using a binary search algorithm; returns the index of the found item\n\nArray.Sort(array);\nArray.Reverse(array);  // reverses the  order of array elements\nArray.Clear(start_index, x);  //removes reference to x elements starting at start index. Dimension of array unchanged (cleared elements value is set tu null)\nArray.Resize(ref array, target_dimension);  //expands or shrinks the array dimension. Shrinking drops trailing values. Array passed by reference.\n\n// Copies elements from an Array starting at the specified index and pastes them to another Array starting at the specified destination index.\nArray.Copy(sourceArray, sourceStartIndex, destinationArray, destinationStartIndex, numItemsToCopy);\n// Copies elements from an Array starting at the first element and pastes them into another Array starting at the first element.\nArray.Copy(sourceArray, destinationArray, numItemsToCopy);\nArray.Clone();  // returns a shallow copy of the array\n</code></pre>"},{"location":"languages/dotnet/csharp/collections.html#multidimensional-arrays","title":"Multidimensional Arrays","text":"<p>C# supports two multidimensional array forms: jagged arrays and rectangular arrays (matrices).</p> C#<pre><code>//specify first dimension\ntype[][] jagged = new type[][]\n{\n    new[] {item1, item2, item3},\n    new[] {item1},\n    new[] {item1, item2},\n    ...\n}\n\n// shorthand\ntype[][] jagged =\n{\n    new[] {item1, item2, item3},\n    new[] {item1},\n    new[] {item1, item2},\n    ...\n}\n\n// matrices\ntype[,] matrix = new type[n, m];  // n * m matrix\ntype[,] matrix = {{}, {}, {}, ...};  // {} for each row to initialize\ntype[, ,] tensor = new type[n, m, o] // n * m * o tensor\n\nmatrix.Length;  // total number of elements (n * m)\nmatrix.GetLength(int dimension); // get the size of a particular direction\n// row = 0, column = 1, ...\n</code></pre>"},{"location":"languages/dotnet/csharp/collections.html#lists","title":"Lists","text":"<p><code>List&lt;T&gt;</code> stores sequences of elements. It can grow or shrink, allowing to add or remove elements.</p> C#<pre><code>using System.Collections.Generics;\n\nList&lt;T&gt; list = new List&lt;T&gt;();\nList&lt;T&gt; list = new List&lt;T&gt; {item_1, ...};  // initialized usable since list implements IEnumerable&lt;T&gt; and has Add() method (even extension method)\nList&lt;T&gt; list = new List&lt;T&gt;(dimension);  // set list starting dimension\nList&lt;T&gt; list = new List&lt;T&gt;(IEnumerable&lt;T&gt;);  // create a list from an enumerable collection\n\n\nlist.Add(item);    //item insertion into the list\nlist.AddRange(IEnumerable&lt;T&gt; collection);  // insert multiple items\nlist.Insert(index, item);  // insert an item at the specified index\nlist.InsertRange(index, item);  // insert items at the specified index\n\nlist.IndexOf(item);  // return index of searched item in passed list\nlist.LastIndexOf(item); // return index of searched item staring from the end of the array\nlist.FindIndex(Predicate&lt;T&gt;)  // returns the index of the first item matching the predicate (can be lambda function)\nlist.FindLastIndex(Predicate&lt;T&gt;)  // returns the index of the last item matching the predicate (can be lambda function)\nlist.Find(Predicate&lt;T&gt;)  // returns the value of the first item matching the predicate (can be lambda function)\nlist.FindLast(Predicate&lt;T&gt;)  // returns the value of the last item matching the predicate (can be lambda function)\nlist.FindAll(Predicate&lt;T&gt;)  // returns list of all items matching the predicate (can be lambda function)\nlist.BinarySearch(value)  // Searches a  SORTED list for a value, using a binary search algorithm; returns the index of the found item\n\nlist.Remove(item);  // remove item from list\nlist.RemoveAt(index);  // remove item at specified position\nlist.RemoveRange(index, quantity);  // remove quantity items at specified position\n\nlist.Contains(item);  // check if item is in the list\nlist.TrueForAll(Predicate&lt;T&gt;);  // Determines whether every element matches the conditions defined by the specified predicate\n\nlist[index];  // access to items by index\nlist[index] = value;  // modify to items by index\nlist.Count;  // number of items in the list\n\nlist.Sort(); // sorts item in crescent order\nlist.Reverse(); // Reverses the order of the elements in the list\n\n// from IEnumerable&lt;T&gt;\nlist.OfType&lt;Type&gt;();  // filter list based on type, returns IEnumerable&lt;Type&gt;\nlist.OfType&lt;Type&gt;().ToList();  // filter list based on type, returns List&lt;Type&gt;\n</code></pre>"},{"location":"languages/dotnet/csharp/collections.html#iterators","title":"Iterators","text":"<p>An iterator can be used to step through collections such as lists and arrays.</p> <p>An iterator method or <code>get</code> accessor performs a custom iteration over a collection. An iterator method uses the <code>yield return</code> statement to return each element one at a time. When a <code>yield return</code> statement is reached, the current location in code is remembered. Execution is restarted from that location the next time the iterator function is called.</p> <p>It's possible to use a <code>yield break</code> statement or exception to end the iteration.</p> <p>Note: Since an iterator returns an <code>IEnumerable&lt;T&gt;</code> is can be used to implement a <code>GetEnumerator()</code>.</p> C#<pre><code>// simple iterator\npublic static System.Collections.IEnumerable&lt;int&gt; IterateRange(int start = 0, int end)\n{\n    for(int i = start; i &lt; end; i++){\n        yield return i;\n    }\n}\n</code></pre>"},{"location":"languages/dotnet/csharp/collections.html#list-sequence-interfaces","title":"List &amp; Sequence Interfaces","text":""},{"location":"languages/dotnet/csharp/collections.html#ienumerablet","title":"<code>IEnumerable&lt;T&gt;</code>","text":"<p>Exposes the enumerator, which supports a simple iteration over a collection of a specified type.</p> C#<pre><code>public interface IEnumerable&lt;out T&gt; : IEnumerable\n{\n    IEnumerator&lt;T&gt; GetEnumerator();  // return an enumerator\n}\n\n// iterate through a collection\npublic interface IEnumerator&lt;T&gt;\n{\n    // properties\n    object Current { get; }  // Get the element in the collection at the current position of the enumerator.\n\n    // methods\n    void IDisposable.Dispose();  // Perform application-defined tasks associated with freeing, releasing, or resetting unmanaged resources\n    bool MoveNext();  // Advance the enumerator to the next element of the collection.\n    void Reset();  // Set the enumerator to its initial position, which is before the first element in the collection.\n}\n</code></pre> <p>Note: must call <code>Dispose()</code> on enumerators once finished with them, because many of them rely on this. <code>Reset()</code> is legacy and can, in some situations, throw <code>NotSupportedException()</code>.</p>"},{"location":"languages/dotnet/csharp/collections.html#icollectiont","title":"<code>ICollection&lt;T&gt;</code>","text":"C#<pre><code>public interface ICollection&lt;T&gt; : IEnumerable&lt;T&gt;\n{\n    // properties\n    int Count { get; }  // Get the number of elements contained in the ICollection&lt;T&gt;\n    bool IsReadOnly { get; }  // Get a value indicating whether the ICollection&lt;T&gt; is read-only\n\n    // methods\n    void Add (T item);  // Add an item to the ICollection&lt;T&gt;\n    void Clear ();  // Removes all items from the ICollection&lt;T&gt;\n    bool Contains (T item);  // Determines whether the ICollection&lt;T&gt; contains a specific value\n    IEnumerator GetEnumerator ();  // Returns an enumerator that iterates through a collection\n    bool Remove (T item);  // Removes the first occurrence of a specific object from the ICollection&lt;T&gt;\n}\n</code></pre>"},{"location":"languages/dotnet/csharp/collections.html#ilistt","title":"<code>IList&lt;T&gt;</code>","text":"C#<pre><code>public interface IList&lt;T&gt; : ICollection&lt;T&gt;, IEnumerable&lt;T&gt;\n{\n    // properties\n    int Count { get; }  // Get the number of elements contained in the ICollection&lt;T&gt;\n    bool IsReadOnly { get; }  // Get a value indicating whether the ICollection&lt;T&gt; is read-only\n    T this[int index] { get; set; }  // Get or set the element at the specified index\n\n    // methods\n    void Add (T item);  // Add an item to the ICollection&lt;T&gt;\n    void Clear ();  // Remove all items from the ICollection&lt;T&gt;\n    bool Contains (T item);  // Determine whether the ICollection&lt;T&gt; contains a specific value\n    void CopyTo (T[] array, int arrayIndex);  // Copy the elements of the ICollection&lt;T&gt; to an Array, starting at a particular Array index\n    IEnumerator GetEnumerator ();  // Return an enumerator that iterates through a collection\n    int IndexOf (T item);  // Determine the index of a specific item in the IList&lt;T&gt;\n    void Insert (int index, T item);  // Insert an item to the IList&lt;T&gt; at the specified index\n    bool Remove (T item);  // Remove the first occurrence of a specific object from the ICollection&lt;T&gt;\n    oid RemoveAt (int index);  // Remove the IList&lt;T&gt; item at the specified index\n}\n</code></pre>"},{"location":"languages/dotnet/csharp/collections.html#dictionaries","title":"Dictionaries","text":"<p>ValueCollection KeyCollection</p> <p>Notes:</p> <ul> <li>Enumerating a dictionary will return <code>KeyValuePair&lt;TKey, TValue&gt;</code>.</li> <li>The <code>Dictionary&lt;TKey, TValue&gt;</code> collection class relies on hashes to offer fast lookup (<code>TKey</code> should have a good <code>GetHashCode()</code>).</li> </ul> C#<pre><code>Dictionary&lt;TKey, TValue&gt; dict = new Dictionary&lt;TKey, TValue&gt;();  // init empty dict\nDictionary&lt;TKey, TValue&gt; dict = new Dictionary&lt;TKey, TValue&gt;(IEqualityComparer&lt;TKey&gt;);  // specify key comparer (TKey must implement Equals() and GetHashCode())\n\n// initializer (implicitly uses Add method)\nDictionary&lt;TKey, TValue&gt; dict =\n{\n    { key, value }\n    { key, value },\n    ...\n}\n\n// object initializer\nDictionary&lt;TKey, TValue&gt; dict =\n{\n    [key] = value,\n    [key] = value,\n    ...\n}\n\n// indexer access\ndict[key];  // read value associated with key (throws KeyNotFoundException if key does not exist)\ndict[key] = value;  // modify value associated with key (throws KeyNotFoundException if key does not exist)\n\ndict.Count;  // number of key-value pair stored in the dict\ndict.Keys;  // Dictionary&lt;TKey,TValue&gt;.KeyCollection containing the keys of the dict\ndict.Values;  // Dictionary&lt;TKey,TValue&gt;.ValueCollection containing the values of the dict\n\ndict.Add(key, value);  // ArgumentException if the key already exists\ndict.Clear();  // empty the dictionary\ndict.ContainsKey(key);  // check if a key is in the dictionary\ndict.ContainsValue(value);  // check if a value is in the dictionary\ndict.Remove(key);  // remove a key-value pair\ndict.Remove(key, out var);  // remove key-value pair and copy TValue to var parameter\ndict.TryAdd(key, value);  // adds a key-value pair; returns true if pair is added, false otherwise\ndict.TryGetValue(key, out var);  // put the value associated with kay in the var parameter; true if the dict contains an element with the specified key, false otherwise.\n</code></pre>"},{"location":"languages/dotnet/csharp/collections.html#sets","title":"Sets","text":"<p>Collection of non duplicate items.</p> C#<pre><code>HashSet&lt;T&gt; set = new HashSet&lt;T&gt;();\n\nset.Add(T); // adds an item to the set; true if the element is added, false if the element is already present.\nset.Clear();  //Remove all elements from a HashSet&lt;T&gt; object.\nset.Contains(T); // Determine whether a HashSet&lt;T&gt; object contains the specified element.\nset.CopyTo(T[]);  // Coy the elements of a HashSet&lt;T&gt; object to an array.\nset.CopyTo(T[], arrayIndex);  // Copy the elements of a HashSet&lt;T&gt; object to an array, starting at the specified array index.\nset.CopyTo(T[], arrayIndex, count);  // Copies the specified number of elements of a HashSet&lt;T&gt; object to an array, starting at the specified array index.\nset.CreateSetComparer();  // Return an IEqualityComparer object that can be used for equality testing of a HashSet&lt;T&gt; object.\nset.ExceptWith(IEnumerable&lt;T&gt;);  // Remove all elements in the specified collection from the current HashSet&lt;T&gt; object.\nset.IntersectWith(IEnumerable&lt;T&gt;); // Modify the current HashSet&lt;T&gt; object to contain only elements that are present in that object and in the specified collection.\nset.IsProperSubsetOf(IEnumerable&lt;T&gt;);  // Determine whether a HashSet&lt;T&gt; object is a proper subset of the specified collection.\nset.IsProperSupersetOf(IEnumerable&lt;T&gt;);  // Determine whether a HashSet&lt;T&gt; object is a proper superset of the specified collection.\nset.IsSubsetOf(IEnumerable&lt;T&gt;);  // Determine whether a HashSet&lt;T&gt; object is a subset of the specified collection.\nset.IsSupersetOf(IEnumerable&lt;T&gt;);  // Determine whether a HashSet&lt;T&gt; object is a superset of the specified collection.\nset.Overlaps(IEnumerable&lt;T&gt;);  // Determine whether the current HashSet&lt;T&gt; object and a specified collection share common elements.\nset.Remove(T);  // Remove the specified element from a HashSet&lt;T&gt; object.\nset.RemoveWhere(Predicate&lt;T&gt;);  // Remove all elements that match the conditions defined by the specified predicate from a HashSet&lt;T&gt; collection.\nset.SetEquals(IEnumerable&lt;T&gt;);  // Determine whether a HashSet&lt;T&gt; object and the specified collection contain the same elements.\nset.SymmetricExceptWith(IEnumerable&lt;T&gt;); // Modify the current HashSet&lt;T&gt; object to contain only elements that are present either in that object or in the specified collection, but not both.\nset.UnionWith(IEnumerable&lt;T&gt;);  // Modify the current HashSet&lt;T&gt; object to contain all elements that are present in itself, the specified collection, or both.\nset.TryGetValue(T, out T);  // Search the set for a given value and returns the equal value it finds, if any.\n</code></pre>"},{"location":"languages/dotnet/csharp/csharp.html","title":"<code>C#</code>","text":"<p>.NET Core is a development platform that includes a Common Language Runtime (CoreCLR), which manages the execution of code, and a Base Class Library (BCL), which provides a rich library of classes to build applications from.</p> <p>The C# compiler (named Roslyn) used by the dotnet CLI tool converts C# source code into intermediate language (IL) code and stores the IL in an assembly (a DLL or EXE file). IL code statements are like assembly language instructions, which are executed by .NET Core's virtual machine, known as CoreCLR.</p> <p>At runtime, CoreCLR loads the IL code from the assembly, the just-in-time (JIT) compiler compiles it into native CPU instructions, and then it is executed by the CPU on your machine. The benefit of this three-step compilation process is that Microsoft's able to create CLRs for Linux and macOS, as well as for Windows. The same IL code runs everywhere because of the second compilation process, which generates code for the native operating system and CPU instruction set. Regardless of which language the source code is written in, for example, C#, Visual Basic or F#, all .NET applications use IL code for their instructions stored in an assembly.</p> <p>Another .NET initiative is called .NET Native. This compiles C# code to native CPU instructions ahead of time (AoT), rather than using the CLR to compile IL code JIT to native code later. .NET Native improves execution speed and reduces the memory footprint for applications because the native code is generated at build time and then deployed instead of the IL code.</p>"},{"location":"languages/dotnet/csharp/csharp.html#basics","title":"Basics","text":""},{"location":"languages/dotnet/csharp/csharp.html#comments","title":"Comments","text":"C#<pre><code>// comment\n/* multi line comment */\n/// single line xml comment (docstring)\n/** multi line xml string (docstring) */\n</code></pre>"},{"location":"languages/dotnet/csharp/csharp.html#docstring-structure","title":"Docstring Structure","text":"<p><code>/** &lt;tag&gt; content &lt;/tag&gt; **/</code></p>"},{"location":"languages/dotnet/csharp/csharp.html#naming-convention","title":"Naming Convention","text":"Element Case Namespace PascalCase Class, Interface PascalCase Method PascalCase Field, Property PascalCase Event, Enum, Enum Value, PascalCase Variables, Parameters camelCase"},{"location":"languages/dotnet/csharp/csharp.html#namespaces-imports-aliases","title":"Namespaces, Imports &amp; Aliases","text":"<p>Hierarchic organization of programs an libraries.</p> C#<pre><code>using System;  // import the System Namespace\nusing static System.Console;  // statically import a class to use its static methods w/o qualification\n\n// type aliases\nusing Alias = Namespace.SubNamespace.Type;\nusing LookupTable = Dictionary&lt;string, string&gt;;\nusing Points = (int, int, int)[];\n\n// global using [C# 10], should be in dedicated file\nglobal using &lt;namespace&gt;;\n\nnamespace Namespace;  // [C# 10]\n//or\nnamespace Namespace \n{\n}\n</code></pre> <p>To enable .NET 6/C# 10 implicit namespace imports:</p> XML<pre><code>&lt;ImplicitUsings&gt;enable&lt;/ImplicitUsings&gt;\n</code></pre>"},{"location":"languages/dotnet/csharp/csharp.html#top-level-statementsprograms-c-9","title":"Top Level Statements/Programs (C# 9)","text":"C#<pre><code>// imports\n\n// code here, no main, no namespace\n</code></pre>"},{"location":"languages/dotnet/csharp/csharp.html#main-method","title":"Main Method","text":"C#<pre><code>public static void Main(string[] args)\n{\n    // code here\n}\n</code></pre>"},{"location":"languages/dotnet/csharp/csharp.html#constant-declaration","title":"Constant Declaration","text":"C#<pre><code>const type CONSTANT_NAME = value;\n</code></pre>"},{"location":"languages/dotnet/csharp/csharp.html#assignment-operation","title":"Assignment Operation","text":"<p><code>type variable1 = value1, variable2 = value2, ...;</code></p> <p>If a variable has not been assigned it assumes the <code>default</code> value.</p>"},{"location":"languages/dotnet/csharp/csharp.html#input","title":"Input","text":"C#<pre><code>// input is a string, convert before saving in a non String variable\nConsole.ReadLines();    // read util &lt;Return&gt;  is pressed\nConsole.Read();    // read until space\n\n// reading non string input\n&lt;SystemType/Type&gt;.Parse(Console.ReadLines());    // convert string to numerical data type (can cause exception at runtime)\nConvert.To&lt;SystemType&gt;(Console.ReadLines());    // proper conversion and round-up of values (no truncation of values), NULL returns 0 (zero)\n\n// integers numeric base conversion\nConvert.ToString(num, &lt;base&gt;);  //  to specified numeric base\nConvert.ToInt32(string, &lt;base&gt;);  // parse from numeric base\n\nConsole.ReadKey();    // read a key from keyboard and display pressed kay immediately\n</code></pre>"},{"location":"languages/dotnet/csharp/csharp.html#screen-output","title":"Screen Output","text":"C#<pre><code>Console.WriteLine();    // single line output\n</code></pre>"},{"location":"languages/dotnet/csharp/csharp.html#string-formatting","title":"String Formatting","text":"<p><code>{index[,alignment][:&lt;formatString&gt;&lt;num_decimal_digits&gt;]}</code></p> C#<pre><code>Console.WriteLine(\"Name is {0}, Marks are {1}\", name, marks);    // string composite formatting\nConsole.WriteLine($\"Name is {name}, Marks are {marks}\");    // string interpolation\n\nConsole.WriteLine(\n    format: \"{0} {1}\"  // format can be omitted and passed as first argument of WriteLine/Write\n    arg0: \"String Literal\",\n    arg1: string_variable,\n    ...\n);\n</code></pre>"},{"location":"languages/dotnet/csharp/csharp.html#number-format-string","title":"Number Format String","text":"<p>Numeric Format Strings Docs CultureInfo Docs</p> <p><code>{index[,alignment][:&lt;formatString&gt;&lt;num_decimal_digits&gt;]}</code></p> <p><code>$\"{number:C}\"</code> formats the number as a currency. Currency symbol &amp; symbol position are determined by <code>CultureInfo</code>. <code>$\"{number:D}\"</code> formats the number with decimal digits. <code>$\"{number:F}\"</code> formats the number with a fixed number of decimal digits. <code>$\"{number:E}\"</code> formats the number in scientific notation. <code>$\"{number:E}\"</code> formats the number in the more compact of either fixed-point or scientific notation. <code>$\"{number:N}\"</code> formats the number as a measure. Digits separators are determined by <code>CultureInfo</code>. <code>$\"{number:P}\"</code> formats the number as a percentage. <code>$\"{number:X}\"</code> formats the number as a hexadecimal.</p>"},{"location":"languages/dotnet/csharp/csharp.html#variable-types","title":"Variable Types","text":""},{"location":"languages/dotnet/csharp/csharp.html#value-type","title":"Value Type","text":"<p>A value type variable will store its values directly in an area of storage called the STACK. The stack is memory allocated to the code that is currently running on the CPU. When the stack frame has finished executing, the values in the stack are removed.</p>"},{"location":"languages/dotnet/csharp/csharp.html#reference-type","title":"Reference Type","text":"<p>A reference type variable will store its values in a separate memory region called the HEAP. The heap is a memory area that is shared across many applications running on the operating system at the same time. The .NET Runtime communicates with the operating system to determine what memory addresses are available, and requests an address where it can store the value. The .NET Runtime stores the value, then returns the memory address to the variable. When your code uses the variable, the .NET Runtime seamlessly looks up the address stored in the variable and retrieves the value that's stored there.</p>"},{"location":"languages/dotnet/csharp/csharp.html#integer-numeric-types","title":"Integer Numeric Types","text":"Keyword System Type Example Bit/Byte Min Value Max Value <code>sbyte</code> <code>System.SByte</code> 8 bit -128 127 <code>byte</code> <code>System.Byte</code> 8 bit 0 255 <code>short</code> <code>System.Int16</code> 16 bit -32'786 32'767 <code>ushort</code> <code>System.UInt16</code> 16 bit 0 65'535 <code>int</code> <code>System.Int32</code> 123 32 bit -2'47'483'648 2'147'483'647 <code>uint</code> <code>System.UInt32</code> 123u 32 bit 0 4'294'967'296 <code>nint</code> <code>System.IntPtr</code> Arch 0 18'446'744'073'709'551'615 <code>nuint</code> <code>System.UIntPtr</code> Arch -9'223'372'036'854'775'808 9'223'372'036'854'775'807 <code>long</code> <code>System.Int64</code> 123l 64 bit -9'223'372'036'854'775'808 9'223'372'036'854'775'807 <code>ulong</code> <code>System.UInt64</code> 123ul 64 bit 0 18'446'744'073'709'551'615"},{"location":"languages/dotnet/csharp/csharp.html#floating-point-numeric-types","title":"Floating-Point Numeric Types","text":"Keyword System Types Example Bit/Byte Digits Min Value Max Value <code>float</code> <code>System.Single</code> 3.14f 4 byte 6-9 -3.402823 E+38 3.402823 E+38 <code>double</code> <code>System.Double</code> 3.14 8 byte 15-17 -1.79769313486232 E+308 1.79769313486232 E+308 <code>decimal</code> <code>System.Decimal</code> 3.14m 16 byte 28-29 -79'228'162'514'264'337'593'543'950'335 79'228'162'514'264'337'593'543'950'335 <p>The static fields and methods of the <code>MathF</code> class correspond to those of the <code>Math</code> class, except that their parameters are of type <code>Single</code> rather than <code>Double</code>, and they return <code>Single</code> rather than <code>Double</code> values.</p>"},{"location":"languages/dotnet/csharp/csharp.html#biginteger","title":"BigInteger","text":"<p><code>BigInteger</code> represents an integer that will grow as large as is necessary to accommodate values. Unlike the builtin numeric types, it has no theoretical limit on its range.</p> C#<pre><code>using System;\nusing System.Numerics;\n\nBigInteger bi;\n</code></pre>"},{"location":"languages/dotnet/csharp/csharp.html#binary-hexadecimal-numbers","title":"Binary &amp; Hexadecimal Numbers","text":"<p>Binary literal: <code>0b&lt;digits&gt;</code> Hexadecimal literal: <code>0x&lt;digits&gt;</code></p> C#<pre><code>// three variables that store the number 2 million\nint decimalNotation = 2_000_000;\nint binaryNotation = 0b_0001_1110_1000_0100_1000_0000;\nint hexadecimalNotation = 0x_001E_8480;\n</code></pre>"},{"location":"languages/dotnet/csharp/csharp.html#boolean-type-systemboolean","title":"Boolean Type (<code>System.Boolean</code>)","text":"<p><code>bool</code>: <code>true</code> or <code>false</code></p>"},{"location":"languages/dotnet/csharp/csharp.html#text-type-systemchar-systemstring","title":"Text Type (<code>System.Char</code> &amp; <code>System.String</code>)","text":"<p><code>char</code>: single unicode character <code>string</code>: multiple Unicode characters</p>"},{"location":"languages/dotnet/csharp/csharp.html#implicit-type","title":"Implicit Type","text":"<p>The compiler determines the required type based on the assigned value.</p> C#<pre><code>var variable = value;  // Inferred tipe cant change after first assignment\n</code></pre>"},{"location":"languages/dotnet/csharp/csharp.html#dynamic-type","title":"Dynamic Type","text":"C#<pre><code>dynamic variable = value;\n</code></pre>"},{"location":"languages/dotnet/csharp/csharp.html#anonymous-types-reference-type","title":"Anonymous types (Reference Type)","text":"C#<pre><code>// cannot be used as return types\nvar x = new { Key = value, ...};  // read only properties\nx.Key;  // member access\n\nvar y = x with { Key = value };  // with expression [C# 10]\n</code></pre>"},{"location":"languages/dotnet/csharp/csharp.html#index-range-types-structs","title":"Index &amp; Range Types (Structs)","text":"<p>A System.Index represents a type that can be used to index a collection either from the start or the end. A System.Range represents a range that has start and end indexes.</p> C#<pre><code>Index i = position;\nIndex i = new Index(position, IsFromEnd: false);  // start-relative index\n\nIndex e = ^position;  // end-elative index\nIndex e = new Index(position, IsFromEnd: true);  // end-elative index\narray[^n];  // n-th last item\narray[array.Length - n];  // n-th last item\n\n// range syntax (supported by System.Range struct)\nRange all = 0..^0;\nRange all = 0..;\nRange all = ..^0;\nRange all = ..;\nvar all = Range.All;\n\n// slicing\narray[start..end];  // select elements between start index and end index (non inclusive)\narray[start..^n];  // select elements between start index and n-th last item (non inclusive)\n</code></pre>"},{"location":"languages/dotnet/csharp/csharp.html#tuples-value-type","title":"Tuples (Value Type)","text":"<p>Tuples are designed as a convenient way to package together a few values in cases where defining a whole new type wouldn't really be justified.</p> <p>Tuples support comparison, so it's possible to use the <code>==</code> and <code>!=</code> relational operators. To be considered equal, two tuples must have the same shape and each value in the first tuple must be equal to its counterpart in the second tuple.</p> C#<pre><code>(Type Var1, Type Var2, ...) variable = (value1, value2, ...);\nvar variable = (Var1: value1, Var2: value2, ...);  // if name are not supplied they default to Item1, Item2, ...\nvar variable = (var1, var2);  // constructed w/ pre-existing values, tuple attributes named after the variables\n</code></pre> <p>Since the names of the attributes of a tuple do not matter (a tuple is an instance of <code>ValueTuple&lt;Type, Type, ...&gt;</code>) it's possible to assign any tuple to another tuple with the same structure.</p> C#<pre><code>(int X, Int Y) a = (1 , 0);\n(int Width, int Height) b = a;\n</code></pre>"},{"location":"languages/dotnet/csharp/csharp.html#tuple-deconstruction","title":"Tuple Deconstruction","text":"C#<pre><code>(int X, int Y) point = (10, 35);\n(int a, int b) = point;  // extract data based on position into two variables\n</code></pre>"},{"location":"languages/dotnet/csharp/csharp.html#records","title":"Records","text":"<p>I'ts possible to create record types with immutable properties by using standard property syntax or positional parameters:</p> C#<pre><code>public record Person\n{\n    public string FirstName { get; init; } = default!;\n    public string LastName { get; init; } = default!;\n};\n// same as\npublic record Person(string FirstName, string LastName);\n\npublic record struct Point\n{\n    public double X {  get; init; }\n    public double Y {  get; init; }\n    public double Z {  get; init; }\n}\n// same as\npublic readonly record struct Point(double X, double Y, double Z);\n</code></pre> <p>it's also possible to create record types with mutable properties and fields:</p> C#<pre><code>// mutable record\npublic record Person\n{\n    public string FirstName { get; set; } = default!;\n    public string LastName { get; set; } = default!;\n};\n\n// mutable record struct\npublic readonly record struct Point(double X, double Y, double Z);\n</code></pre> <p>While records can be mutable, they're primarily intended for supporting immutable data models. The record type offers the following features:</p> <ul> <li>Concise syntax for creating a reference type with immutable properties</li> <li>Built-in behavior useful for a data-centric reference type:</li> <li>Value equality</li> <li>Concise syntax for nondestructive mutation</li> <li>Built-in formatting for display</li> <li>Support for inheritance hierarchies</li> </ul> <p>Note: A positional record and a positional readonly record struct declare init-only properties. A positional record struct declares read-write properties.</p>"},{"location":"languages/dotnet/csharp/csharp.html#with-expressions","title":"<code>with</code>-expressions","text":"<p>When working with immutable data, a common pattern is to create new values from existing ones to represent a new state. To help with this style of programming, records allow for a new kind of expression; the with-expression.</p> C#<pre><code>var newRecord = oldRecord with { Property = value };\n</code></pre> <p>With-expressions use object initializer syntax to state what's different in the new object from the old object. it's possible to specify multiple properties. A record implicitly defines a protected \"copy constructor\", a constructor that takes an existing record object and copies it field by field to the new one. The <code>with</code> expression causes the copy constructor to get called, and then applies the object initializer on top to change the properties accordingly.</p> C#<pre><code>protected Record(Record original) { /* copy all the fields */ } // generated\n</code></pre> <p>Note: it's possible to define a custom copy constructor tha will be picked up by the <code>with</code> expression.</p>"},{"location":"languages/dotnet/csharp/csharp.html#with-expressions-inheritance","title":"<code>with</code>-expressions &amp; Inheritance","text":"<p>Records have a hidden virtual method that is entrusted with \"cloning\" the whole object. Every derived record type overrides this method to call the copy constructor of that type, and the copy constructor of a derived record chains to the copy constructor of the base record. A with-expression simply calls the hidden \"clone\" method and applies the object initializer to the result.</p> C#<pre><code>public record Base{ Type Prop1, Type Prop2 };\npublic record Derived : Base { Type Prop3 };\n\nBase @base  = new Derived { Prop1 = value1, Prop2 =  value2, Prop3 = value3 };\nvar newBase = @base with { Prop2 = value };  // new Derived record even if type of _base is Base since _base contains a Derived record\n</code></pre>"},{"location":"languages/dotnet/csharp/csharp.html#value-based-equality-inheritance","title":"Value-based Equality &amp; Inheritance","text":"<p>Records have a virtual protected property called <code>EqualityContract</code>. Every derived record overrides it, and in order to compare equal, the two objects musts have the same <code>EqualityContract</code>.</p> C#<pre><code>public record Base{ Type Prop1, Type Prop2 };\npublic record Derived : Base { Type Prop3 };\n\nBase rec1 = new Base { Prop1 = value1, Prop2 = value2 };\nBase rec2 = new Derived { Prop1 = value1, Prop2 =  value2, Prop3 = value3 };\n// will result not equal even if container is of same type\n</code></pre>"},{"location":"languages/dotnet/csharp/csharp.html#strings","title":"Strings","text":"<p>.NET strings are immutable. The downside of immutability is that string processing can be inefficient. If a work performs a series of modifications to a string it will end up allocating a lot of memory, because it will return a separate string for each modification. This creates a lot of extra work for .NET's garbage collector, causing the program to use more CPU time than necessary.</p> <p>In these situations, it's possible to can use a type called <code>StringBuilder</code>. This is conceptually similar to a string but it is modifiable.</p> C#<pre><code>\"string contents here\"    // string literal\n@\"string contents here\"    // verbatim string, escape characters printed as-is (raw string literal)\n$\"{variable} contents here\"    // string interpolation\n$@\"{variable} \\n contents here\"    // verbatim string interpolation\nstring stringa_1 = stringa_2 + \"string contents here\";    // string concatenation\nString.Length    // returns the length of the string\n</code></pre>"},{"location":"languages/dotnet/csharp/csharp.html#string-methods-not-in-place","title":"String Methods (Not In-Place)","text":"C#<pre><code>string_.IndexOf(&lt;character/string&gt;, startIndex, endIndex);    // index of first occurrence of character/string, -1 otherwise\nstring_.LastIndexOf(&lt;character/string&gt;, startIndex, endIndex);    // index last occurrence of character/string, -1 otherwise\nstring_.IndexOfAny(char_array, startIndex, endIndex);    // index of any of the characters in the supplied array\nstring_.Substring(startIndex, length);    // extract substring\nstring_.Substring(startIndex);    // return every character after startIndex\nstring_.Replace(oldString, newString);    // returns string_ with oldString replaced with newString\nstring_.Insert(startIndex, substring);    // return string_ inserting substring at position startIndex\nstring_.Remove(startIndex, length);    // return string_ removing a substring of length length at position startIndex\nstring_.ToUpper();    // transforms all string in uppercase characters\nstring_.ToLower();    // transforms all string to lowercase characters\nstring_.Contains(target);    // returns True if string contains the target, False otherwise\nstring_.StartsWith(substring);    // Determines whether the start of the string matches the substring.\nstring_.EndsWith(substring);    // Determines whether the end of the string matches the substring.\nstring_.PadLeft(n, 'character');    // insert character n times as left padding. In-place operation\nstring_.PadRight(n, 'character');    // insert character n times as right padding. In-place operation\nstring_.TrimStart();    // trim leading spaces before text\nstring_.TrimEnd();    // trim following spaces after text\nstring_.Trim();    // trim spaces around text\nstring_.GetHashCode()\nstring_.Spit('&lt;separator&gt;');    // returns an array separating the string at the occurrences of &lt;separator&gt; (&lt;separator&gt; MUST BE char)\n\nString.Join('&lt;separator&gt;', (object) iterable);    // returns a string from iterable. values separated by &lt;separator&gt; (&lt;separator&gt; MUST BE char)\nString.Format($\"{variable}\"); // string interpolation outside of a Write/WriteLine\n\nString.Empty;  // value of an empty string, used for string init\n</code></pre>"},{"location":"languages/dotnet/csharp/csharp.html#raw-string-literals","title":"Raw string literals","text":"<p>Raw string literals can contain arbitrary text, including whitespace, new lines, embedded quotes, and other special characters without requiring escape sequences. A raw string literal starts with at least three double-quote (<code>\"\"\"</code>) characters. It ends with the same number of double-quote characters. Typically, a raw string literal uses three double quotes on a single line to start the string, and three double quotes on a separate line to end the string. The newlines following the opening quote and preceding the closing quote aren't included in the final content:</p> C#<pre><code>string longMessage = \"\"\"\n    This is a long message.\n    It has several lines.\n        Some are indented\n                more than others.\n    Some should start at the first column.\n    Some have \"quoted text\" in them.\n    \"\"\";\n</code></pre> <p>Note: Any whitespace to the left of the closing double quotes will be removed from the string literal.</p> <p>Raw string literals can be combined with string interpolation to include braces in the output text. Multiple <code>$</code> characters denote how many consecutive braces start and end the interpolation</p> C#<pre><code>var location = $$\"\"\"\n    You are at {{{Longitude}}, {{Latitude}}}\n    \"\"\";\n</code></pre>"},{"location":"languages/dotnet/csharp/csharp.html#nullable-types","title":"Nullable Types","text":""},{"location":"languages/dotnet/csharp/csharp.html#nullable-value-types","title":"Nullable value types","text":"<p>A nullable value type <code>T?</code> represents all values of its underlying value type <code>T</code> and an additional <code>null</code> value.</p> <p>Any nullable value type is an instance of the generic <code>System.Nullable&lt;T&gt;</code> structure. Refer to a nullable value type with an underlying type <code>T</code> in any of the following interchangeable forms: <code>Nullable&lt;T&gt;</code> or <code>T?</code>.</p> <p>Note: Nullable Value Types default to <code>null</code>.</p> <p>When a nullable type is boxed, the common language runtime automatically boxes the underlying value of the <code>Nullable&lt;T&gt;</code> object, not the <code>Nullable&lt;T&gt;</code> object itself. That is, if the HasValue property is true, the contents of the <code>Value</code> property is boxed. When the underlying value of a nullable type is unboxed, the common language runtime creates a new <code>Nullable&lt;T&gt;</code> structure initialized to the underlying value.</p> <p>If the <code>HasValue</code> property of a nullable type is <code>false</code>, the result of a boxing operation is <code>null</code>. Consequently, if a boxed nullable type is passed to a method that expects an object argument, that method must be prepared to handle the case where the argument is <code>null</code>. When <code>null</code> is unboxed into a nullable type, the common language runtime creates a new <code>Nullable&lt;T&gt;</code> structure and initializes its <code>HasValue</code> property to <code>false</code>.</p> C#<pre><code>Type? nullableValueType = default;  // assigns null\n\nnullableValueType.HasValue  // boolean, use for null check\nnullableValueType.Value  // underlying value type contents\n</code></pre>"},{"location":"languages/dotnet/csharp/csharp.html#nullable-reference-types","title":"Nullable reference types","text":"<p>C# 8.0 introduces nullable reference types and non-nullable reference types that enable to make important statements about the properties for reference type variables:</p> <ul> <li> <p>A reference isn't supposed to be null. When variables aren't supposed to be null, the compiler enforces rules that ensure it's safe to dereference these variables without first checking that it isn't null:</p> </li> <li> <p>The variable must be initialized to a non-null value.</p> </li> <li> <p>The variable can never be assigned the value null.</p> </li> <li> <p>A reference may be null. When variables may be null, the compiler enforces different rules to ensure that you've correctly checked for a null reference:</p> </li> <li>The variable may only be dereferenced when the compiler can guarantee that the value isn't null.</li> <li>These variables may be initialized with the default null value and may be assigned the value null in other code.</li> </ul> <p>The <code>?</code> character appended to a reference type declares a nullable reference type. The null-forgiving operator <code>!</code> may be appended to an expression to declare that the expression isn't null. Any variable where the <code>?</code> isn't appended to the type name is a non-nullable reference type.</p>"},{"location":"languages/dotnet/csharp/csharp.html#nullability-of-types","title":"Nullability of types","text":"<p>Any reference type can have one of four nullabilities, which describes when warnings are generated:</p> <ul> <li>Nonnullable: Null can't be assigned to variables of this type. Variables of this type don't need to be null-checked before dereferencing.</li> <li>Nullable: Null can be assigned to variables of this type. Dereferencing variables of this type without first checking for null causes a warning.</li> <li>Oblivious: Oblivious is the pre-C# 8.0 state. Variables of this type can be dereferenced or assigned without warnings.</li> <li>Unknown: Unknown is generally for type parameters where constraints don't tell the compiler that the type must be nullable or nonnullable.</li> </ul> <p>The nullability of a type in a variable declaration is controlled by the nullable context in which the variable is declared.</p>"},{"location":"languages/dotnet/csharp/csharp.html#nullable-context","title":"Nullable Context","text":"<p>Nullable contexts enable fine-grained control for how the compiler interprets reference type variables.</p> <p>Valid settings are:</p> <ul> <li>enable: The nullable annotation context is enabled. The nullable warning context is enabled.   Variables of a reference type are non-nullable, all nullability warnings are enabled.</li> <li>warnings: The nullable annotation context is disabled. The nullable warning context is enabled.   Variables of a reference type are oblivious; all nullability warnings are enabled.</li> <li>annotations: The nullable annotation context is enabled. The nullable warning context is disabled.   Variables of a reference type are non-nullable; all nullability warnings are disabled.</li> <li>disable: The nullable annotation context is disabled. The nullable warning context is disabled.   Variables of a reference type are oblivious, just like earlier versions of C#; all nullability warnings are disabled.</li> </ul> <p>In <code>Project.csproj</code>:</p> XML<pre><code>&lt;Project Sdk=\"Microsoft.NET.Sdk\"&gt;\n    &lt;PropertyGroup&gt;\n        &lt;OutputType&gt;Exe&lt;/OutputType&gt;\n        &lt;TargetFramework&gt;...&lt;/TargetFramework&gt;\n\n        &lt;!-- set nullabilty context at project level --&gt;\n        &lt;Nullable&gt;enable | warning | annotations | disable&lt;/Nullable&gt;\n    &lt;/PropertyGroup&gt;\n&lt;/Project&gt;\n</code></pre> <p>In <code>Program.cs</code>:</p> C#<pre><code>#nullable enable  // Sets the nullable annotation context and nullable warning context to enabled.\n#nullable disable  // Sets the nullable annotation context and nullable warning context to disabled.\n#nullable restore  // Restores the nullable annotation context and nullable warning context to the project settings.\n#nullable disable warnings  // Set the nullable warning context to disabled.\n#nullable enable warnings  // Set the nullable warning context to enabled.\n#nullable restore warnings  // Restores the nullable warning context to the project settings.\n#nullable disable annotations  // Set the nullable annotation context to disabled.\n#nullable enable annotations  // Set the nullable annotation context to enabled.\n#nullable restore annotations  // Restores the annotation warning context to the project settings.\n</code></pre>"},{"location":"languages/dotnet/csharp/csharp.html#null-conditional-null-coalescing-null-forgiving-operator-null-checks","title":"Null Conditional, Null Coalescing, Null Forgiving Operator, Null Checks","text":"C#<pre><code>Type? variable = null;  // the variable can also contain the NULL value (nullable type)\n\n&lt;expr&gt;!  // declare explicitly that the expression is not null (null forgiving operator)\n\n(variable == null ? null : variable.property)\n// same as\nvariable?.property  // if variable != null access it's property (null conditional), return null otherwise\n\nif (variable != null)\n{\n    return variable;\n}\nelse\n{\n    return value;\n}\n// same as\nvar variable = var ?? value  // return var if var != null, return value otherwise\n\nvariable = variable?.property ?? value  // if (variable == null) -&gt; variable = value -- null coalescing\n// same as\nvariable ??= value;  // if (variable == null) -&gt; variable = value -- null coalescing\n\n// null checks through patter matching\nvariable is null\nvariable is not null\n\n// null parameter checking [C# 10]\nArgumentNullException.ThrowIfNull(obj);\n</code></pre>"},{"location":"languages/dotnet/csharp/csharp.html#nullable-attributes","title":"Nullable Attributes","text":"<p>It's possible to apply a number of attributes that provide information to the compiler about the semantics of APIs. That information helps the compiler perform static analysis and determine when a variable is not null.</p> <ul> <li><code>AllowNull</code>: A non-nullable input argument may be null.</li> <li><code>DisallowNull</code>: A nullable input argument should never be null.</li> <li><code>MaybeNull</code>: A non-nullable return value may be null.</li> <li><code>NotNull</code>: A nullable return value will never be null.</li> <li><code>MaybeNullWhen</code>: A non-nullable input argument may be null when the method returns the specified bool value.</li> <li><code>NotNullWhen</code>: A nullable input argument will not be null when the method returns the specified bool value.</li> <li><code>NotNullIfNotNull</code>: A return value isn't null if the argument for the specified parameter isn't null.</li> <li><code>DoesNotReturn</code>: A method never returns. In other words, it always throws an exception.</li> <li><code>DoesNotReturnIf</code>: This method never returns if the associated bool parameter has the specified value.</li> </ul>"},{"location":"languages/dotnet/csharp/csharp.html#type-conversion","title":"Type Conversion","text":"C#<pre><code>variable.GetType();  // System type of variable\n\n(type) variable  // explicit conversion\nnumericalType.ToSting();     // convert numerical value to a string\nnumericalType variable = &lt;SystemType/Type&gt;.Parse();    // convert string to numerical data type (can cause exception at runtime)\n\n&lt;SystemType/Type&gt;.TryParse(value, out variable);    // improved version of Parse()\n/* attempts to parse a string into the given numeric data type.\nIf successful, it will store the converted value in an OUT PARAMETER.\nIt returns a bool to indicate if it was successful or not */\n\nConvert.To&lt;SystemType&gt;(variable);    // proper conversion and round-up of values (no truncation of values)\n</code></pre>"},{"location":"languages/dotnet/csharp/csharp.html#converting-from-any-type-to-a-string","title":"Converting from any type to a string","text":"<p>The <code>ToString</code> method converts the current value of any variable into a textual representation. Some types can't be sensibly represented as text, so they return their namespace and type name.</p>"},{"location":"languages/dotnet/csharp/csharp.html#number-downcasting","title":"Number Downcasting","text":"<p>The rule for rounding (in explicit casting) in C# is subtly different from the primary school rule:</p> <ul> <li>It always rounds down if the decimal part is less than the midpoint <code>.5</code>.</li> <li>It always rounds up if the decimal part is more than the midpoint <code>.5</code>.</li> <li>It will round up if the decimal part is the midpoint <code>.5</code> and the non-decimal part is odd, but it will round down if the non-decimal part is even.</li> </ul> <p>This rule is known as Banker's Rounding, and it is preferred because it reduces bias by alternating when it rounds up or down.</p>"},{"location":"languages/dotnet/csharp/csharp.html#converting-from-a-binary-object-to-a-string","title":"Converting from a binary object to a string","text":"<p>The safest thing to do is to convert the binary object into a string of safe characters. Programmers call this Base64 encoding. The <code>Convert</code> type has a pair of methods, <code>ToBase64String</code> and <code>FromBase64String</code>, that perform this conversion.</p>"},{"location":"languages/dotnet/csharp/csharp.html#parsing-from-strings-to-numbers-or-dates-and-times","title":"Parsing from strings to numbers or dates and times","text":"<p>The second most common conversion is from strings to numbers or date and time values. The opposite of <code>ToString</code> is <code>Parse</code>. Only a few types have a <code>Parse</code> method, including all the number types and <code>DateTime</code>.</p>"},{"location":"languages/dotnet/csharp/csharp.html#preprocessor-directives","title":"Preprocessor Directives","text":"<p>C# offers a <code>#define</code> directive that lets you define a compilation symbol. These symbols are commonly used in conjunction with the <code>#if</code> directive to compile code in different ways for different situations. It's common to define compilation symbols through the compiler build settings: open up the <code>.csproj</code> file and define the values you want in a <code>&lt;DefineConstants&gt;</code> element of any <code>&lt;PropertyGroup&gt;</code>.</p> <p>Compilation symbols are typically used in conjunction with the <code>#if</code>, <code>#else</code>, <code>#elif</code>, and <code>#endif</code> directives (<code>#if false</code> also exists).</p> <p>The .NET SDK defines certain symbols by default. It supports two configurations: Debug and Release. It defines a <code>DEBUG</code> compilation symbol in the Debug configuration, whereas Release will define <code>RELEASE</code> instead. It defines a symbol called <code>TRACE</code> in both configurations.</p> C#<pre><code>#if DEBUG\n    // instructions\n#endif\n</code></pre> <p>C# provides a more subtle mechanism to support this sort of thing, called a conditional method. The compiler recognizes an attribute defined by the .NET class libraries, called <code>ConditionalAttribute</code>, for which it provides special compile time behavior. Method annotated with this attribute will not be present in a non-Debug release.</p> C#<pre><code>[System.Diagnostics.Conditional(\"DEBUG\")]\nType Method() { ... }\n</code></pre>"},{"location":"languages/dotnet/csharp/csharp.html#error-and-warning","title":"<code>#error</code> and <code>#warning</code>","text":"<p>C# allows choose to generate compiler errors or warnings with the <code>#error</code> and <code>#warning</code> directives. These are typically used inside conditional regions.</p> C#<pre><code>#if NETSTANDARD\n    #error .NET Standard is not a supported target for this source file\n#endif\n</code></pre>"},{"location":"languages/dotnet/csharp/csharp.html#pragma","title":"<code>#pragma</code>","text":"<p>The <code>#pragma</code> directive provides two features: it can be used to disable selected compiler warnings, and it can also be used to override the checksum values the compiler puts into the <code>.pdb</code> file it generates containing debug information. Both of these are designed primarily for code generation scenarios, although they can occasionally be useful to disable warnings in ordinary code.</p> C#<pre><code>#pragma warning disable CS&lt;number&gt;\n</code></pre>"},{"location":"languages/dotnet/csharp/csharp.html#expressions-operators","title":"Expressions &amp; Operators","text":""},{"location":"languages/dotnet/csharp/csharp.html#primary-expressions","title":"Primary Expressions","text":"Syntax Operation x<code>.</code>m access to member <code>m</code> of object <code>x</code> (\".\" \u2192 member access operator) x<code>(...)</code> method invocation (\"()\" \u2192 method invocation operator) x<code>[...]</code> array access <code>new</code> T(...) object instantiation <code>new</code> T(...)<code>{...}</code> object instantiation with initial values <code>new</code> T[...] array creation <code>typeof(T)</code> System.Type of object x <code>nameof(x)</code> name of variable x <code>sizeof(x)</code> size of variable x <code>default(T)</code> default value of <code>T</code> <code>x!</code> declare x as not null"},{"location":"languages/dotnet/csharp/csharp.html#unary-operators","title":"Unary Operators","text":"Operator Operation <code>+</code>x identity <code>-</code>x negation <code>!</code>x logic negation <code>~</code>x binary negation <code>++</code>x pre-increment <code>--</code>x pre-decrement x<code>++</code> post-increment x<code>--</code> post decrement <code>(type)</code>x explicit casting"},{"location":"languages/dotnet/csharp/csharp.html#mathematical-operators","title":"Mathematical Operators","text":"Operator Operation x <code>+</code> y addition, string concatenation x <code>-</code> y subtraction x <code>*</code> y multiplication x <code>/</code> y integer division, x <code>%</code> y modulo, remainder x <code>&lt;&lt;</code> y left bit shift x <code>&gt;&gt;</code> y right bit shift"},{"location":"languages/dotnet/csharp/csharp.html#relational-operators","title":"Relational Operators","text":"Operator Operation x <code>&lt;</code> y less than x <code>&lt;=</code> y less or equal to x <code>&gt;</code> y greater than x <code>&gt;=</code> y greater or equal to x <code>is</code> T <code>true</code> if <code>x</code> is an object of type <code>T</code> x <code>==</code> y equality x <code>!=</code> y inequality"},{"location":"languages/dotnet/csharp/csharp.html#logical-operators","title":"Logical Operators","text":"Operator Operation Name <code>~</code>x bitwise NOT x <code>&amp;</code> y bitwise AND x <code>^</code> y bitwise XOR x <code>|</code> y bitwise OR x <code>&amp;&amp;</code> y evaluate <code>y</code> only if <code>x</code> is <code>true</code> x <code>||</code> y evaluate <code>y</code> only if <code>x</code> is <code>false</code> x <code>??</code> y evaluates to <code>y</code> only if <code>x</code> is <code>null</code>, <code>x</code> otherwise Null coalescing x<code>?.</code>y stop if <code>x == null</code>, evaluate <code>x.y</code> otherwise Null conditional"},{"location":"languages/dotnet/csharp/csharp.html#assignment","title":"Assignment","text":"Operator Operation x <code>+=</code> y x = x + y x <code>-=</code> y x = x - y x <code>*=</code> y x = x * y x <code>/=</code> y x = x / y x <code>%=</code> y x = x % y x <code>&lt;&lt;=</code> y x = x &lt;&lt; y x <code>&gt;&gt;=</code> y x = x &gt;&gt; y x <code>&amp;=</code> y x = x &amp; y x <code>|=</code> y x = x x <code>^=</code> y x = x ^ y x <code>??=</code> y if (x == null) {x = y}"},{"location":"languages/dotnet/csharp/csharp.html#conditional-operator","title":"Conditional Operator","text":"<p><code>&lt;condition&gt; ? &lt;return_if_condition_true&gt; : &lt;return_if_condition_false&gt;;</code></p>"},{"location":"languages/dotnet/csharp/csharp.html#decision-statements","title":"Decision Statements","text":""},{"location":"languages/dotnet/csharp/csharp.html#if-else-if-else","title":"<code>If</code>-<code>Else If</code>-<code>Else</code>","text":"C#<pre><code>Object o;\n\nif (condition)\n{\n    // code here\n}\nelse if (o is Type t)  // test variable to determine if matches a type\n{\n    // t gets the value of o if the test succeeds\n}\nelse\n{\n    // code here\n}\n</code></pre>"},{"location":"languages/dotnet/csharp/csharp.html#pattern-matching","title":"Pattern Matching","text":"<p>Pattern Matching</p> <p>A pattern describes one or more criteria that a value can be tested against. It's usable in switch statements, switch expressions and if statements.</p> C#<pre><code>// type pattern\n&lt;expr&gt; is Type t  // type pattern\n\n// positional pattern\n&lt;expr&gt; is (Type X, Type Y):  // positional pattern\n&lt;expr&gt; is (Type X, _):  // discard pattern\n\n// property pattern\n&lt;expr&gt; is Type { Property: value }:  // is type and property has a certain value\n&lt;expr&gt; is Type { Property: value } out:  // output variable is usable in the block\n&lt;expr&gt; is { Property.InnerProperty: value }  // match nested properties\n\n// constant pattern\n&lt;expr&gt; is literalValue  // e.g. 1, 'c', \"literal\"\n&lt;expr&gt; is CONSTANT\n&lt;expr&gt; is Enum.Value\n\n// logical patterns\n&lt;expr&gt; is not pattern\n&lt;expr&gt; is pattern and pattern\n&lt;expr&gt; is pattern or pattern\n\n// relational pattern\n&lt;expr&gt; is &gt; value\n&lt;expr&gt; is &lt; value\n&lt;expr&gt; is &lt;= value\n&lt;expr&gt; is &gt;= value\n\n// multiple value &amp; nested value patterns\n&lt;expr&gt; is { Property.InnerProperty: value }  // match in nested properties\n&lt;expr&gt; is { Property1 : value1, Property2: value2 }  // multiple inputs\n&lt;expr&gt; is (value1, value2)  // multiple inputs (with deconstruction)\n\n// multiple values and relations\n&lt;expr&gt; is ( &gt; value1, &gt; value2),\n&lt;expr&gt; is { Property1: &gt; value1, Property2: &gt; value2 }\n\n// list patterns\n&lt;expr&gt; is [value1, value2, value1]  // positional match\n&lt;expr&gt; is [value1 or value2, &lt;= value3, &gt;= value4]  // relational comparison\n&lt;expr&gt; is [&lt; 0, .. { Length: 2 or 4 }, &gt; 0]  // item property match\n&lt;expr&gt; is [_, var middle, _] // discarding &amp; capturing\n&lt;expr&gt; is [value1, .., valueN]  // match any number of items\n&lt;expr&gt; is [value1, .. var rest]  // capture any number of items\n</code></pre>"},{"location":"languages/dotnet/csharp/csharp.html#switch","title":"Switch","text":"<p>The <code>when</code> keyword can be used to specify a filter condition that causes its associated case label to be true only if the filter condition is also true.</p> <p>Switch Expressions</p> C#<pre><code>switch (expr)\n{\n    // multiple labels for same block\n    case key_0:\n    case key_1:\n        // code here\n        break;  // or return or goto\n\n    case key_2:\n        // code here\n        goto case key_2;  // explicit fall-through (omitting break is not possible in c#)\n\n    case key_3 when (when-condition):\n        // code here\n        break;\n\n    // cases using pattern matching\n\n    default:\n        // code here\n        break;\n}\n\n// return a value based on the value of an input variable or tuple\nvariable switch\n{\n    key_1 =&gt; value,\n    key_2 =&gt; value,\n    // cases using pattern matching\n    ...\n    _ =&gt; default_value  // underscore (_) discard pattern as default case\n};\n</code></pre>"},{"location":"languages/dotnet/csharp/csharp.html#loop-statements","title":"Loop Statements","text":""},{"location":"languages/dotnet/csharp/csharp.html#while-loop","title":"<code>While</code> Loop","text":"C#<pre><code>while (condition)\n{\n    // code here\n}\n</code></pre>"},{"location":"languages/dotnet/csharp/csharp.html#do-while-loop","title":"<code>Do</code>-<code>While</code> Loop","text":"<p>Executes at least one time.</p> C#<pre><code>do\n{\n    // code here\n}\nwhile (condition);\n</code></pre>"},{"location":"languages/dotnet/csharp/csharp.html#for-loop","title":"<code>For</code> Loop","text":"C#<pre><code>for (initializer; condition; iterator)\n{\n    // code here\n}\n</code></pre>"},{"location":"languages/dotnet/csharp/csharp.html#foreach-loop","title":"<code>Foreach</code> Loop","text":"<p>Technically, the <code>foreach</code> statement will work on any type that follows these rules:</p> <ol> <li>The type must have a method named <code>GetEnumerator</code> that returns an object.</li> <li>The returned object must have a property named <code>Current</code> and a method named <code>MoveNext</code>.</li> <li>The <code>MoveNext</code> method must return true if there are more items to enumerate through or false if there are no more items.</li> </ol> <p>There are interfaces named <code>IEnumerable</code> and <code>IEnumerable&lt;T&gt;</code> that formally define these rules but technically the compiler does not require the type to implement these interfaces.</p> C#<pre><code>foreach (type item in iterabile)\n{\n    // code here\n}\n</code></pre> <p>Note: Due to the use of an iterator, the variable declared in a foreach statement cannot be used to modify the value of the current item. Note: From C# 9 it's possible to implement <code>GetEnumerator()</code> as an extension method making enumerable an class that normally isn't.</p> <p>Example:</p> C#<pre><code>// make integers enumerable\npublic static IEnumerator&lt;int&gt; GetEnumerator(this int source)\n{\n    for(int i = 0; i &lt; number; i++)\n    {\n        yield return i;\n    }\n}\n</code></pre>"},{"location":"languages/dotnet/csharp/csharp.html#break-continue","title":"<code>Break</code>, <code>Continue</code>","text":"<p><code>break;</code> interrupts and exits the loop. <code>continue;</code> restarts the loop cycle without evaluating the instructions.</p>"},{"location":"languages/dotnet/csharp/csharp.html#yield-statement","title":"Yield Statement","text":"C#<pre><code>yield return &lt;expression&gt;;    // returns the results one at a time.\nyield break;    // concludes the iteration\n</code></pre>"},{"location":"languages/dotnet/csharp/csharp.html#context-statement-using-declarations","title":"Context Statement &amp; Using Declarations","text":"C#<pre><code>using (Type obj = new Type())  // obj disposed at the end of the using block\n{\n    // code here\n}\n\n// or (C# 8+)\n{\n    // inside a code block (if, loop, function)\n    using Type obj = new Type();  // disposed at the end of the block\n\n}\n</code></pre>"},{"location":"languages/dotnet/csharp/csharp.html#checkedunchecked-statements","title":"<code>Checked</code>/<code>Unchecked</code> Statements","text":"<p>In checked code block ore expression the mathematic overflow causes an <code>OverflowException</code>. In unchecked code block the mathematic overflow is ignored end the result is truncated.</p> <p>It's possible configure the C# compiler to put everything into a checked context by default, so that only explicitly unchecked expressions and statements will be able to overflow silently. It is done by editing the <code>.csproj</code> file, adding <code>&lt;CheckForOverflowUnderflow&gt;true&lt;/CheckForOverflowUnderflow&gt;</code> inside a <code>&lt;PropertyGroup&gt;</code>.</p> <p>Note: checking can make individual integer operations several times slower.</p> C#<pre><code>checked\n{\n    // code here\n}\n\nchecked(&lt;expr&gt;);\n\nunchecked\n{\n    // code here\n}\n\nunchecked(&lt;expr&gt;);\n</code></pre>"},{"location":"languages/dotnet/csharp/csharp.html#exception-handling","title":"Exception Handling","text":"<p>Exception Object</p> C#<pre><code>try\n{\n    // \"dangerous\" code\n}\ncatch (SpecificException e)\n{\n}\ncatch (SpecificException e) when (condition)  // exception filter\n{\n}\ncatch (Exception e)\n{\n    // code executed if Exception happens\n    e.Message  // exception message\n    e.InnerException  // Exception instance that caused the current exception\n    e.Source  // Get or set the name of the application or the object that causes the error\n}\nfinally\n{\n    // code executed anyway\n}\n</code></pre>"},{"location":"languages/dotnet/csharp/csharp.html#throwing-exceptions","title":"Throwing Exceptions","text":"C#<pre><code>throw new ExceptionClass();\nthrow new ExceptionClass(\"message\");\n\n// RE-THROWING EXCEPTIONS\ntry\n{\n    // dangerous code\n}\ncatch (SpecificException e)\n{\n    // log error\n    throw;  // rethrow exception w/o loosing StackTrace &amp; TargetSite information (usable only inside catch)\n}\n\n// Immediately terminate a process after writing a message to the Windows Application event log, and then include the message and optional exception information in error reporting to Microsoft.\nEnvironment.FailFast(causeOfFailure);\n</code></pre>"},{"location":"languages/dotnet/csharp/csharp.html#custom-exceptions","title":"Custom Exceptions","text":"C#<pre><code>public class CustomException : Exception  // must derive from Exception (either directly or indirectly)\n{\n    public CustomException()\n    {\n    }\n\n    public CustomException(string message)\n        : base(message)\n    {\n    }\n\n    public CustomException(string message, Exception inner)\n        : base(message, inner)\n    {\n    }\n}\n</code></pre>"},{"location":"languages/dotnet/csharp/csharp.html#enums","title":"Enums","text":"<p>An enumeration type (or enum type) is a value type defined by a set of named constants of the underlying integral numeric type (<code>int</code>, <code>long</code>, <code>byte</code>, ...). Consecutive names increase the value by one.</p> C#<pre><code>[Flags]  // indicate that the flag can be combined (best if values are binary) as a bit mask\nenum EnumType : IntegralNumericType // named values MUST match IntegerNumericType allowed values\n{\n    None = 0,            // if uninitiated value is zero\n    Const = 2,     // value is 2\n    Const2,          // value is Const + 1\n    ...\n}\n\n(Type) EnumType.Const;  // extract the value, will return the name otherwise\n(EnumType) value;  // convert from associated value to enum\n\nEnum.IsDefined(typeof(EnumType), value);  // whether a given integral value, or its name as a string, exists in a specified enumeration.\nenumObj.HasValue(enumType.Const)  // test whether a flag is set in a numeric value\n\nEnumType instance = (EnumType) EnumType.ToObject(typeof(EnumType), value);  // convert a value of any integral type to an enumeration value\n\n// Converts the string representation of the name or numeric value of one or more enumerated constants to an equivalent enumerated object\nEnum.Parse(typeof(EnumType), value);\nEnum.TryParse&lt;EnumType&gt;(string, out EnumType enumObj);\n\n// retrieve a string array containing the names of the enumeration members\nstring[] enumNames = Enum.GetNames(typeof(EnumType));\n</code></pre>"},{"location":"languages/dotnet/csharp/csharp.html#methods","title":"Methods","text":"<p>The method signature is the number &amp; type of the input parameters defined for the method.</p> <p>C# makes the fairly common distinction between parameters and arguments: a method defines a list of the inputs it expects (the parameters) and the code inside the method refers to these parameters by name. The values seen by the code could be different each time the method is invoked, and the term argument refers to the specific value supplied for a parameter in a particular invocation.</p> C#<pre><code>type MethodName (type parameter, ...)\n{\n    // code here\n    return &lt;expression&gt;;\n}\n\nvoid MethodName (type parameter, ...) {\n    // code here\n    return;  // if type is void return can be used to force early termination or can be omitted\n}\n</code></pre>"},{"location":"languages/dotnet/csharp/csharp.html#expression-body-definition","title":"Expression Body Definition","text":"C#<pre><code>type MethodName() =&gt; &lt;expression&gt;;    // expression result type MUST match method type\n</code></pre>"},{"location":"languages/dotnet/csharp/csharp.html#arbitrary-number-of-parameter-in-methods","title":"Arbitrary Number Of Parameter In Methods","text":"C#<pre><code>// params keyword must be last parameter and must be an array\ntype MethodName (type parameter, params type[] args)\n{\n    // code here\n}\n</code></pre>"},{"location":"languages/dotnet/csharp/csharp.html#named-arguments","title":"Named Arguments","text":"C#<pre><code>type MethodName (type param1, type param2, ...) { }\n\nMethodName(param1: value, param2: value);\nMethodName(param2: value, param1: value);  // order can be any\n\n// Named arguments, when used with positional arguments, are valid as long as they're not followed by any positional arguments, or they're used in the correct position.\nMethodName(value, param2: value);\n</code></pre>"},{"location":"languages/dotnet/csharp/csharp.html#optional-arguments","title":"Optional Arguments","text":"<p>The definition of a method, constructor, indexer, or delegate can specify that its parameters are required or that they are optional. Any call must provide arguments for all required parameters, but can omit arguments for optional parameters.</p> <p>Each optional parameter has a default value as part of its definition. If no argument is sent for that parameter, the default value is used. Optional parameters are defined at the end of the parameter list, after any required parameters.</p> <p>A default value must be one of the following types of expressions:</p> <ul> <li>a constant expression;</li> <li>an expression of the form new ValType(), where ValType is a value type, such as an enum or a struct;</li> <li>an expression of the form default(ValType), where ValType is a value type.</li> </ul> C#<pre><code>type MethodName (type required, type firstOptional = default_value, type secondOptional = default_value, ...) { }\nMethodName(value1);  // use defaults for optional arguments\nMethodName(required: value, secondOptional: value);  // use default for first optional but pass second optional\n</code></pre> <p>Note: If the caller provides an argument for any one of a succession of optional parameters, it must provide arguments for all preceding optional parameters. Comma-separated gaps in the argument list are not supported.</p>"},{"location":"languages/dotnet/csharp/csharp.html#passing-values-by-reference-ref-out-in","title":"Passing Values By Reference (<code>ref</code>, <code>out</code>, <code>in</code>)","text":"<p>Ref Docs, Out Docs, In Docs</p> <p>The <code>out</code>, <code>in</code>, <code>ref</code> keywords cause arguments to be passed by reference. It makes the formal parameter an alias for the argument, which must be a variable. In other words, any operation on the parameter is made on the argument. This behaviour is the same for classes and structs.</p> <p>An argument that is passed to a <code>ref</code> or <code>in</code> parameter must be initialized before it is passed. However <code>in</code> arguments cannot be modified by the called method. Variables passed as <code>out</code> arguments do not have to be initialized before being passed in a method call. However, the called method is required to assign a value before the method returns.</p> <p>Use cases:</p> <ul> <li><code>out</code>: return multiple values from a method (move data into method)</li> <li><code>ref</code>: move data bidirectionally between method and call scope</li> <li><code>in</code>: pass large value type (e,g, struct) as a reference avoiding copying large amounts of data (must be readonly, copied regardless otherwise)</li> </ul> <p>Note: use <code>in</code> only with readonly value types, because mutable value types can undo the performance benefits. (Mutable value types are typically a bad idea in any case.)</p> <p>While the method can use members of the passed reference type, it can't normally replace it with a different object. But if a reference type argument is marked with ref, the method has access to the variable, so it could replace it with a reference to a completely different object.</p> C#<pre><code>// method declaration\ntype MethodName (type param1,  ref type param2, out type param3, in type param4, ...)\n{\n    // code here\n}\n\n// method call needs REF &amp; OUT keywords, IN keyword is optional (pass by reference regardless)\nMethodName(arg1, ref arg2, out arg3, in arg4);\nMethodName(arg1, ref arg2, out arg3, arg4);\n\ntype OutMethod(type param1, out type param2){}\nOutMethod(arg1, out var arg2);  // create out variable on the fly\n</code></pre>"},{"location":"languages/dotnet/csharp/csharp.html#returning-multiple-values-with-tuples","title":"Returning Multiple Values with Tuples","text":"<p>Must be C# 7+. The retuned tuple MUST match the tuple-type in the instantiation</p> C#<pre><code>(type returnedVar1, type returnedVar2, ...) MethodName (type parameter, ...)\n{\n   // code here\n   return (expression, expression, ...)\n}\n</code></pre>"},{"location":"languages/dotnet/csharp/csharp.html#returning-multiple-values-w-structs-return-struct-variable","title":"Returning Multiple Values W/ Structs (Return Struct Variable)","text":"C#<pre><code>StructName MethodName (args)\n{\n   // code here\n   var variable = new StructName     {\n       // code here\n   }\n\n   return variable;\n}\n</code></pre>"},{"location":"languages/dotnet/csharp/csharp.html#local-functions","title":"Local Functions","text":"C#<pre><code>type OuterMethod(...)\n{\n    var foo = InnerMethod();\n\n    type InnerMethod(...) { }\n}\n</code></pre>"},{"location":"languages/dotnet/csharp/csharp.html#extension-methods","title":"Extension Methods","text":"<p>Extension methods allow their usage applied to the extended type as if their declaration was inside the object's class. Extension methods are not really members of the class for which they are defined. It's just an illusion maintained by the C# compiler, one that it keeps up even in situations where method invocation happens implicitly.</p> <p>Note: Extension Method can be declared only inside static classes. Extension methods are available only if their namespace is imported with the <code>using</code> keyword.</p> C#<pre><code>public static class ExtensionMethods\n{\n    type ExtensionMethod(this type param)\n    {\n        // code here\n    }\n}\n\ntype var = value;\nvar.ExtensionMethod();  // use the method on a object as if the method belongs to the object\n</code></pre>"},{"location":"languages/dotnet/csharp/csharp.html#iterators","title":"Iterators","text":"<p>An iterator can be used to step through collections such as lists and arrays.</p> <p>An iterator method or <code>get</code> accessor performs a custom iteration over a collection. An iterator method uses the <code>yield return</code> statement to return each element one at a time. When a <code>yield return</code> statement is reached, the current location in code is remembered. Execution is restarted from that location the next time the iterator function is called.</p> <p>It's possible to use a <code>yield break</code> statement or exception to end the iteration.</p> <p>Note: Since an iterator returns an <code>IEnumerable&lt;T&gt;</code> is can be used to implement a <code>GetEnumerator()</code>.</p> C#<pre><code>// simple iterator\npublic static System.Collections.IEnumerable&lt;int&gt; IterateRange(int start = 0, int end)\n{\n    for(int i = start; i &lt; end; i++){\n        yield return i;\n    }\n}\n</code></pre>"},{"location":"languages/dotnet/csharp/csharp.html#structs-custom-value-types-classes-custom-reference-types","title":"Structs (Custom Value Types) &amp; Classes (Custom Reference Types)","text":"<p>Structure types have value semantics. That is, a variable of a structure type contains an instance of the type.</p> <p>Class types have reference semantics. That is, a variable of a class type contains a reference to an instance of the type, not the instance itself.</p> <p>Typically, you use structure types to design small data-centric types that provide little or no behavior. If you're focused on the behavior of a type, consider defining a class. Because structure types have value semantics, we recommend you to define immutable structure types.</p> <p>Creating a new instance of a value type doesn't necessarily mean allocating more memory, whereas with reference types, a new instance means anew heap block. This is why it's OK for each operation performed with a value type to produce a new instance.</p> <p>The most important question is : does the identity of an instance matter? In other words, is the distinction between one object and another object important?</p> <p>An important and related question is: does an instance of the type contain state that changes over time? Modifiable value types tend to be problematic, because it's all too easy to end up working with some copy of a value, and not the correct instance. So it's usually a good idea for value types to be immutable. This doesn't mean that variables of these types cannot be modified; it just means that to modify the variable, its contents must be replaced entirely with a different value.</p> C#<pre><code>public struct Point\n{\n    public Point(double x, double y)\n    {\n        X = x;\n        Y = y;\n    }\n\n    public double X { get; set; }\n    public double Y { get; set; }\n\n    public override string ToString() =&gt; $\"({X}, {Y})\";\n\n}\n</code></pre> <p>Note: From C# 10 is possible to have a parameterless constructor and make a new struct using a <code>with</code> statement. Note: From C# 11 uninitialized values will be filed with their defaults</p> <p>The only way to affect a struct variable both inside a method and outside is to use the <code>ref</code> keyword;</p>"},{"location":"languages/dotnet/csharp/csharp.html#modifiers-methods-variables","title":"Modifiers (Methods &amp; Variables)","text":"<p>A locally scoped variable is only accessible inside of the code block in which it's defined. If you attempt to access the variable outside of the code block, you'll get a compiler error.</p> <p>Access Modifiers</p> C#<pre><code>// ACCESS MODIFIERS\npublic    // visible from everywhere\nprivate    // not visible outside of the class (default for members)\nprotected    // visible only to the same class and extending classes\ninternal  // available for use only within the assembly (default for classes)\nprotected internal  // can be accessed by any code in the assembly in which it's declared, or from within a derived class in another assembly\nprivate protected  // can be accessed only within its declaring assembly, by code in the same class or in a type that is derived from that class\nfile  // can be accessed only in the same file in which is declared. Will not clash with other classes/method/interface with the same name\n\nreadonly  // value can be read but not modified\nstatic  // not of the instance of a class\nsealed  // cannot be inherited or overridden (default case), sealing a virtual class/method prevents further modifications (on methods sealed must always be used with override)\nabstract  // derived classes MUST implement this\nvirtual  // can be overridden by derived classes (applicable to Properties)\nnew  // hide base's (parent's) method\n\nasync  // method, lambda expression, or anonymous method is asynchronous\nvolatile // field might be modified by multiple threads that are executing at the same time\nunsafe // unsafe context, required for any operation involving pointers\nextern // method is implemented externally\n</code></pre> <p><code>partial</code> indicates that other parts of the class, struct, or interface can be defined in the namespace. All the parts must use the partial keyword. All the parts must be available at compile time to form the final type. All the parts must have the same accessibility.</p> <p>If any part is declared abstract, then the whole type is considered abstract. If any part is declared sealed, then the whole type is considered sealed. If any part declares a base type, then the whole type inherits that class.</p>"},{"location":"languages/dotnet/csharp/csharp.html#methods_1","title":"Methods","text":"C#<pre><code>class Class\n{\n    static Type Method(Type Argument, ...) {}  // static method, can operate ONLY on STATIC VARIABLES\n\n    Type Method(Type Argument, ...) {}  // instance method, can operate on INSTANCE VARIABLES\n\n    // override inherited method\n    public override Type Method()\n    {\n    }\n\n    // visrual methods CAN be overridden\n    public virtual Type Method()\n    {\n    }\n}```\n\n### Constructors\n\n```cs\nclass Class(Type Parameter, ...)  // primary constructor (like records)\n{\n\n    public Class() { }  // parameterless constructor\n\n    // standard constructor\n    public Class(type parameter)\n    {\n        _field = field;\n    }\n\n    // extends an existing constructor adding parameters to the existing ones\n    public Class(type parameter, type other) : this(parameter)\n    {\n        _other = other;\n    }\n}\n</code></pre> <p>Note: if a primary constructor is used all other constructors must use <code>this(...)</code> to invoke it</p>"},{"location":"languages/dotnet/csharp/csharp.html#properties-fields","title":"Properties &amp; Fields","text":"<p>Properties Docs</p> <p>A field is a variable of any type that is declared directly in a class or struct. Fields are members of their containing type. A property is a member that provides a flexible mechanism to read, write, or compute the value of a private field.</p> C#<pre><code>class Class\n{\n\n    public static Type Field = value;    // static (non-instance) public field  w/ initializer\n\n    private Type _field = value;    // private instance field w/ initializer\n    private Type _field;  // private instance field, initialized by constructor\n\n    private type _backingField;\n\n    // PROPERTY\n    public type Property\n    {\n        get { return _backingField }\n        set { _backingField = value; }\n    }\n\n    // PROPERTY WITH EXPRESSION BODY DEFINITIONS\n    public type Property\n    {\n        get =&gt; _backingField;\n        set =&gt; _backingField = value;\n    }\n\n    // REQUIRED PROPERTY prop must be set at obj init (in constructor or initializer)\n    public required Type Property { get; set; }\n\n    // EXPRESSION-BODIED READ-ONLY PROPERTY\n    public type Property =&gt; &lt;expr&gt;;\n\n    // AUTO-PROPERTIES\n    public Property { get; set; }\n    public Property { get; private set; }  // settable only inside class\n    public Property { get; init; } // settable only in constructor, initializer, keyword with\n    public Property { get; }  // can only be setted by constructor\n\n    // MIXED\n    public type Property\n    {\n        get =&gt; _backingField;\n        set =&gt; { ... }\n    }\n\n    Property = value;  // set\n    Property;  // get\n}\n</code></pre> <p>Note: The <code>init</code> accessor is a variant of the <code>set</code> accessor which can only be called during object initialization. Because <code>init</code> accessors can only be called during initialization, they are allowed to mutate <code>readonly</code> fields of the enclosing class, just like in a constructor. Note: creating at least one constructor hides the one provided by default (w/ zero parameters).</p>"},{"location":"languages/dotnet/csharp/csharp.html#object-and-collection-initializers","title":"Object and Collection Initializers","text":"<p>Object initializers allow to assign values to any accessible fields or properties of an object at creation time without having to invoke a constructor followed by lines of assignment statements. The object initializer syntax enables to specify arguments for a constructor or omit the arguments (and parentheses syntax).</p> C#<pre><code>public class Class\n{\n    // Auto-implemented properties.\n    public Type Prop1 { get; set; }\n    public Type Prop2 { get; set; }\n\n    public Class()\n    {\n    }\n\n    public Class(Type arg)\n    {\n        Prop1 = arg;\n    }\n}\n\n// standard way\nClass obj = new Class(arg1)\nobj.Prop2 = arg2;\n\n// known target type\nClass obj = new(arg1, ...)\n\n// object initializers\nClass obj = new Class { Prop2 = arg2, Prop1 = arg1 };  // w/o constructor\nClass obj = new Class(arg1) { Prop2 = arg2 };  // w/ constructor\n\n// with keyword\nvar copy = original with { Prop = newValue };  // other props are copies of the original\n</code></pre> C#<pre><code>public class Matrix\n{\n    private double[,] matrix = new double[3, 3];\n\n    public double this[int row, int column]\n    {\n        // The embedded array will throw out of range exceptions as appropriate.\n        get { return matrix[row, column]; }\n        set { matrix[row, column] = value; }\n    }\n}\n\n// collection initializer\nvar identity = new Matrix\n{\n    [0, 0] = 1.0,\n    [0, 1] = 0.0,\n    [0, 2] = 0.0,\n\n    [1, 0] = 0.0,\n    [1, 1] = 1.0,\n    [1, 2] = 0.0,\n\n    [2, 0] = 0.0,\n    [2, 1] = 0.0,\n    [2, 2] = 1.0,\n};\n\nList&lt;int&gt; digits = new List&lt;int&gt; { 0, 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9 };\nList&lt;int&gt; digits = [ 0, 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9 ];\n\nint[] digits = new int[] { 0, 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9 };\nint[] digits = { 0, 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9 };\nint[] digits = [ 0, 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9 ];\n\nDictionary&lt;int, string&gt; digits = new Dictionary&lt;int, string&gt; {\n    { 0, \"zero\" },\n    { 1, \"one\" },\n    { 2, \"two\" },\n    { 3, \"three\" },\n    { 4, \"four\" },\n    { 5, \"five\" },\n    { 6, \"six\" },\n    { 7, \"seven\" },\n    { 8, \"eight\" },\n    { 9, \"nine\" }\n};\n\nDictionary&lt;int, string&gt; digits = [\n    0: \"zero\",\n    1: \"one\",\n    2: \"two\",\n    3: \"three\",\n    4: \"four\",\n    5: \"five\",\n    6: \"six\",\n    7: \"seven\",\n    8: \"eight\",\n    9: \"nine\"\n];\n</code></pre>"},{"location":"languages/dotnet/csharp/csharp.html#static-class","title":"<code>Static</code> Class","text":"<p>The <code>static</code> keyword declares that a member is not associated with any particular instance of the class. Static classes can't instantiate objects and all their methods must be static.</p> C#<pre><code>static class Class\n{\n    // static constructor, not called explicitly, has no arguments\n    // triggered by one of two events, whichever occurs first: creating an instance, or accessing any static member of the class.\n    // since it's static and takes no arguments there can be at most one for each class\n    static Class()\n    {\n    }\n\n    static Type _field = value;\n\n    static Type Property { get; set; } = value;\n\n    static Type Method (Type parameter, ...)\n    {\n    }\n}\n</code></pre>"},{"location":"languages/dotnet/csharp/csharp.html#class-members-init-order","title":"Class Members Init Order","text":"<p>Static Field or Method Usage:</p> <ol> <li>Static field initializers in order of apparition</li> <li>Static Constructor</li> </ol> <p>Class Instantiation (<code>new</code> operator):</p> <ol> <li>Instance field initializers in order of apparition</li> <li>Instance Constructor</li> </ol> <p>Object Creation: <code>Class object = new Class(arguments);</code> Instance Method Usage: <code>object.method(arguments);</code> Static Method Usage: <code>Class.method(arguments);</code></p>"},{"location":"languages/dotnet/csharp/csharp.html#indexers","title":"Indexers","text":"<p>An indexer is a property that takes one or more arguments, and is accessed with the same syntax as is used for arrays. This is useful when writing a class that contains a collection of objects.</p> C#<pre><code>public class Class&lt;T&gt;\n{\n    public T this[int i]\n    {\n        get =&gt; ...;  // return the i-th element in the collection\n    }\n}\n\n// null conditional index access\nClass? c = objWithIndexer?[index];\n// same as\nClass? c = objWithIndexer == null ? null : objWithIndexer[index];\n</code></pre>"},{"location":"languages/dotnet/csharp/csharp.html#abstract-classes","title":"Abstract Classes","text":"<p>The <code>abstract</code> modifier indicates that the thing being modified has a missing or incomplete implementation. The <code>abstract</code> modifier can be used with classes, methods, properties, indexers, and events. Use the <code>abstract</code> modifier in a class declaration to indicate that a class is intended only to be a base class of other classes, not instantiated on its own. Members marked as <code>abstract</code> must be implemented by non-abstract classes that derive from the abstract class.</p> <p><code>abstract</code> classes have the following features:</p> <ul> <li>An <code>abstract</code> class cannot be instantiated.</li> <li>An <code>abstract</code> class may contain <code>abstract</code> methods and accessors.</li> <li>It is not possible to modify an <code>abstract</code> class with the <code>sealed</code> modifier because the two modifiers have opposite meanings.   The <code>sealed</code> modifier prevents a class from being inherited and the <code>abstract</code> modifier requires a class to be inherited.</li> <li>A non-abstract class derived from an <code>abstract</code> class must include actual implementations of all inherited <code>abstract</code> methods and accessors.</li> </ul> <p>Note: Use the <code>abstract</code> modifier in a method or property declaration to indicate that the method or property does not contain implementation.</p> <p><code>abstract</code> methods have the following features:</p> <ul> <li>An <code>abstract</code> method is implicitly a <code>virtual</code> method.</li> <li> <p><code>abstract</code> method declarations are only permitted in <code>abstract</code> classes.</p> </li> <li> <p>Because an <code>abstract</code> method declaration provides no actual implementation, there is no method body; the method declaration simply ends with a semicolon and there are no curly braces following the signature.</p> </li> <li>The implementation is provided by a method override, which is a member of a non-abstract class.</li> <li>It is an error to use the <code>static</code> or <code>virtual</code> modifiers in an <code>abstract</code> method declaration.</li> </ul> <p><code>abstract</code> properties behave like <code>abstract</code> methods, except for the differences in declaration and invocation syntax.</p> <ul> <li>It is an error to use the <code>abstract</code> modifier on a <code>static</code> property.</li> <li>An <code>abstract</code> inherited property can be overridden in a derived class by including a property declaration that uses the <code>override</code> modifier.</li> </ul> C#<pre><code>public abstract class Abstract : Interface\n{\n    public abstract Type Property { get; set; }\n\n    // interface methods can be mapped to abstract methods\n    public abstract Type Method();\n    public abstract override Type Method();  // force overriding (derived classes must provide new implementation)\n}\n\npublic class Derived : Abstract\n{\n    public override Type Property\n    {\n        // new behaviour\n        get =&gt; &lt;expr&gt;;\n        set =&gt; &lt;expr&gt;;\n    }\n\n    public override Type Method() { /* statements */ }  // implementation of abstract method\n}\n</code></pre>"},{"location":"languages/dotnet/csharp/csharp.html#cloning","title":"Cloning","text":"C#<pre><code>Class obj = new Class()\n\nObject.MemberwiseClone();  // Returns shallow copy of the object\nIClonable.Clone();  //  Creates a new object that is a copy of the current instance.\n</code></pre>"},{"location":"languages/dotnet/csharp/csharp.html#deconstruction","title":"Deconstruction","text":"<p>Deconstruction is not limited to tuples. By providing a <code>Deconstruct(...)</code> method(s) C# allows to use the same syntax with the users types.</p> <p>Note: Types with a deconstructor can also use positional pattern matching.</p> C#<pre><code>public readonly struct Size\n{\n    public Size(double w, double h)\n    {\n        W = w;\n        H = h;\n    }\n\n    public void Deconstruct(out double w, out double h)\n    {\n        w = W;\n        h = H;\n    }\n\n    public double W { get; }\n    public double H { get; }\n}\n\n// deconstruction\nvar s = new Size(1 , 2);\n(double w, double h) = s;  // w = 1, h = 2\n\n\n// positional patter matching\ns switch\n{\n    (0, 0) =&gt; \"Empty\",\n    (0, _) =&gt; \"Extremely narrow\",\n    (double w, 0) =&gt; $\"Extremely short, and this wide: {w}\",\n    Size _ =&gt; \"Normal\",\n    _ =&gt; \"Not a shape\"\n};\n\n// Assignment &amp; Declaration\nint height = 0;\n(int width, height) = size;\n</code></pre>"},{"location":"languages/dotnet/csharp/csharp.html#operator-overloading","title":"Operator Overloading","text":"<p>A user-defined type can overload a predefined C# operator. That is, a type can provide the custom implementation of an operation in case one or both of the operands are of that type.</p> <p>Use the operator keyword to declare an operator. An operator declaration must satisfy the following rules:</p> <ul> <li>It includes both a public and a static modifier.</li> <li>A unary operator has one input parameter. A binary operator has two input parameters.   In each case, at least one parameter must have type <code>T</code> or <code>T?</code> where <code>T</code> is the type that contains the operator declaration.</li> </ul> <p>Overloadable operators</p> C#<pre><code>using System;\n\npublic readonly struct Fraction\n{\n    private readonly int num;\n    private readonly int den;\n\n    public Fraction(int numerator, int denominator)\n    {\n        if (denominator == 0)\n        {\n            throw new ArgumentException(\"Denominator cannot be zero.\", nameof(denominator));\n        }\n        num = numerator;\n        den = denominator;\n    }\n\n    // unary arithmetic operators overloading\n    public static Fraction operator +(Fraction a) =&gt; a;\n    public static Fraction operator -(Fraction a) =&gt; new Fraction(-a.num, a.den);\n\n    // binary arithmetic operators overloading\n    public static Fraction operator +(Fraction a, Fraction b)\n        =&gt; new Fraction(a.num * b.den + b.num * a.den, a.den * b.den);\n\n    public static Fraction operator -(Fraction a, Fraction b)\n        =&gt; a + (-b);\n\n    public static Fraction operator *(Fraction a, Fraction b)\n        =&gt; new Fraction(a.num * b.num, a.den * b.den);\n\n    public static Fraction operator /(Fraction a, Fraction b)\n    {\n        if (b.num == 0)\n        {\n            throw new DivideByZeroException();\n        }\n        return new Fraction(a.num * b.den, a.den * b.num);\n    }\n\n    // conversion operator overloading\n    public static implicit operator float(Fraction f) =&gt; f.num / f.den;\n    public static explicit operator Fraction(int i) =&gt; new Fraction(i, 1);\n\n    // true &amp; false operator overloading (truthiness and falseness more than exact boolean value)\n    public static bool operator true(Fraction f) =&gt; f != 0;\n    public static bool operator false(Fraction f) =&gt; f == 0;\n    // if &amp;, |, true, false are overloaded than &amp;&amp; and || will work\n\n    // comparison operators overloading\n    public static bool operator ==(Fraction f1, Fraction f2) =&gt; f1.num == f2.num &amp;&amp; f1.den == f2.den;\n    public static bool operator !=(Fraction f1, Fraction f2) =&gt; f1.num != f2.num || f1.den != f2.den;\n    public static bool operator &gt;(Fraction f1, Fraction f2) =&gt; ...;\n    public static bool operator &gt;=(Fraction f1, Fraction f2) =&gt; ...;\n    public static bool operator &lt;(Fraction f1, Fraction f2) =&gt; ...;\n    public static bool operator &lt;=(Fraction f1, Fraction f2) =&gt; ...;\n\n    public override bool Equals(object obj)\n    {\n        return obj is Fraction f &amp;&amp; this.num == f.num &amp;&amp; this.den == f.den;  // same type + same values\n    }\n\n    // required if Equals has been implemented\n    public override int GetHashCode()\n    {\n        return (num, den).GetHashCode();\n    }\n\n    public override string ToString() =&gt; $\"{num} / {den}\";\n}\n</code></pre>"},{"location":"languages/dotnet/csharp/csharp.html#nested-types","title":"Nested Types","text":"<p>A type defined at global scope can be only <code>public</code>or <code>internal</code>. private wouldn't make sense since that makes something accessible only from within its containing type, and there is no containing type at global scope. But a nested type does have a containing type, so if a nested type is <code>private</code>, that type can be used only from inside the type within which it is nested.</p> <p>Note: Code in a nested type is allowed to use nonpublic members of its containing type. However, an instance of a nested type does not automatically get a reference to an instance of its containing type.</p>"},{"location":"languages/dotnet/csharp/csharp.html#interfaces","title":"Interfaces","text":"<p>An interface declares methods, properties, and events, but it doesn't have to define their bodies. An interface is effectively a list of the members that a type will need to provide if it wants to implement the interface.</p> <p>C# 8.0 adds the ability to define default implementations for some or all methods, and also to define nested types and static fields.</p> C#<pre><code>// can only be public or internal if not nested, any accessibility otherwise\npublic interface IContract\n{\n    // properties\n    Type Property { get; set; }\n\n    // methods (only signature)\n    Type Method(Type param, ...);\n\n    // default interface implementations\n    // (method has body), if not implemented in inheriting class the implementation will be this\n    Type Method(Type param, ...) =&gt; &lt;expr&gt;;\n\n    // constants\n    const Type CONSTANT = value;\n\n    // static properties\n    static Type StaticProperty { get; set; }\n    static Type StaticMethod();\n\n    // static abstract members\n    static abstract Type AbstractProperty { get; set; }\n    static abstract Type AbstractMethod();\n\n    static abstract IContract operator +(IContract source);\n\n    // nested types are valid, accessibility is needed\n}\n\npublic interface IContract&lt;T&gt; {}  // interfaces can be generic\n\npublic class Contract : IContract { /* ... */ }\n\nvar contract = new Contract();\ncontract.Property;\ncontract.Method();\n\ncontract.AbstractProperty;\ncontract.AbstractMethod();\n\nIContract.CONSTANT;\nIContract.StaticProperty;\nIContract.StaticMethod();\n</code></pre> <p>Note: Interfaces are reference types. Despite this, it's possible tp implement interfaces on both classes and structs. However, be careful when doing so with a struct, because when getting hold of an interface-typed reference to a struct, it will be a reference to a box, which is effectively an object that holds a copy of a struct in a way that can be referred to via a reference.</p>"},{"location":"languages/dotnet/csharp/csharp.html#generics","title":"Generics","text":"<p>Generics Docs Generic Methods Docs</p> C#<pre><code>// type parameter T in angle brackets\n// WARNING: T is not instantiable, new t(), new t[] are INVALID\npublic class GenericClass&lt;T&gt; {\n\n    // constructors\n    public GenericClass() { }\n\n    public GenericClass(T data){\n        Generic = data;\n    }\n\n    public T Generic { get; set; }  // generic type auto-property\n\n    void GenericMethodName(T t) { }  // same generic as class\n    void GenericMethodName&lt;S&gt;(S s) { }  // new generic type\n}\n\nGenericClass&lt;Type&gt; obj = new GenericClass&lt;&gt;();\nGenericClass&lt;Type&gt;[] obj = new GenericClass&lt;&gt;[];  // invalid\n\nobj.GenericMethodName&lt;Type&gt;();  // generic method call\nobj.GenericMethodName(Type param);  // type deduced by input, input type and generic method type must match\n</code></pre>"},{"location":"languages/dotnet/csharp/csharp.html#multiple-generics","title":"Multiple Generics","text":"C#<pre><code>public class GenericClass&lt;T1, T2, ...&gt; { }  // number of generic types is not limited\n</code></pre>"},{"location":"languages/dotnet/csharp/csharp.html#parameters-constraints","title":"Parameters Constraints","text":"<p>Specify an interface or class that the generic type must implement/inherit.</p> <p>C# supports only six kinds of constraints on a type argument:</p> <ul> <li>type constraint</li> <li>reference type constraint</li> <li>value type constraint</li> <li><code>notnull</code></li> <li><code>unmanaged</code></li> <li><code>new()</code></li> </ul> C#<pre><code>// type constraints\npublic class GenericClass&lt;T&gt; where T : Interface { }\npublic class GenericClass&lt;T&gt; where T: GenericClass { }\n\n// Enums and Delegates (type constraints)\npublic class GenericClass&lt;T&gt; where T : Enum { }\npublic class GenericClass&lt;T&gt; where T : Delegate { }\n\n// reference type constraints (cannot be primitives or structs) --&gt; can test nullability, can use AS operator\npublic class GenericClass&lt;T&gt; where T : class { }  // T must be not nullable reference type\npublic class GenericClass&lt;T&gt; where T : class? { }  // T can be (not)nullable reference type\n\n// value type constraint\npublic class GenericClass&lt;T&gt; where T : struct { }  // T must be a struct or a primitive type\npublic class GenericClass&lt;T&gt; where T : unmanaged { }  // T must be a value type and its contents can only be value types, recursively\n\n// no nulls\npublic class GenericClass&lt;T&gt; where T : notnull { }  // T must be a value type or a not nullable reference type\n\npublic class GenericClass&lt;T&gt; where T : new() { }  // T must provide a parameterless constructor, cannot be abstract\n\n// multiple constraints\npublic class GenericClass&lt;T1, T2&gt;\n    where T1: Interface\n    where T2: Interface1, Interface2\n{ }\n\n// generic methods constraints\npublic T GenericMethod&lt;T&gt;() where T : class?\n{\n    // code here\n    return &lt;expr&gt;;\n}\n</code></pre>"},{"location":"languages/dotnet/csharp/csharp.html#inheritance","title":"Inheritance","text":"<p>Classes support only single inheritance. Interfaces offer a form of multiple inheritance. Value types do not support inheritance at all. One reason for this is that value types are not normally used by reference, which removes one of the main benefits of inheritance: runtime polymorphism.</p> <p>Since a derived class inherits everything the base class has\u2014all its fields, methods, and other members, both public and private\u2014an instance of the derived class can do anything an instance of the base could do.</p> <p>Note: When deriving from a class, it's not possible to make the derived class more visible than its base. This restriction does not apply to interfaces. A <code>public</code> class is free to implement <code>internal</code> or <code>private</code> interfaces. However, it does apply to an interface's bases: a <code>public</code> interface cannot derive from an <code>internal</code> interface.</p> C#<pre><code>class BaseClass\n{\n    public virtual Property { get; set; }\n\n    // to be overridden method must be ABSTRACT or VIRTUAL\n    public virtual Type Method() { }\n}\n\n// the base class is ALWAYS the first after the colons\nclass ChildClass : BaseClass, Interface, Interface&lt;Type&gt;\n{\n    public override Type Method() { }  // override base's method (same signature)\n    public override DerivedType Method() { }  // override base's method, can return more specific type (covariant return type, C# 9)\n    public new Type Method() {}  // hide base's method and prevent name conflict warning (hiding method can change signature)\n\n    base.Method();  // call base method\n    type Interface.Method() { }  // explicit implementation of an interface member (resolve name conflict between interfaces)\n}\n</code></pre>"},{"location":"languages/dotnet/csharp/csharp.html#downcasting","title":"Downcasting","text":"<p>Downcasting is the conversion from a base class type to one of it's derived types.</p> C#<pre><code>Base b;\nvar d = (Derived) b;  // explicit casting (if conversion fails throws InvalidCastException)\nvar d = b as Derived;  // as operator (if conversion fails AS will return NULL)\nif(b is Derived d) {}  // type pattern, d contains converted obj (if conversion fails IS returns FALSE)\nif(b is Derived) {}  // simple type pattern (if conversion fails IS returns FALSE)\n</code></pre>"},{"location":"languages/dotnet/csharp/csharp.html#inheritance-constructors","title":"Inheritance &amp; Constructors","text":"<p>All of a base class's constructors are available to a derived type, but they can be invoked only by constructors in the derived class. All constructors are required to invoke a constructor on their base class, and if it's not specified which to invoke, the compiler invokes the base's zero-argument constructor. If the base has not a zero-argument constructor the compilation will cause an error. It's possible to invoke a base constructor explicitly to avoid this error.</p> <p>Initialization order:</p> <ol> <li>Derived class field initializers</li> <li>Base class field initializers</li> <li>Base class constructor</li> <li>Derived class constructor</li> </ol> C#<pre><code>public class Base\n{\n    public Base(Type param) {}\n}\n\npublic class Derived\n{\n    public Derived() : base(value) {}  // invoke base constructor explicitly passing a fixed value (base has no zero-arg constructor)\n    public Derived(Type param) : base(param) {}  // invoke base constructor explicitly\n}\n</code></pre>"},{"location":"languages/dotnet/csharp/csharp.html#generics-inheritance","title":"Generics Inheritance","text":"<p>If you derive from a generic class, you must supply the type arguments it requires. You must provide concrete types unless your derived type is generic, in which case it can use its own type parameters as arguments.</p> C#<pre><code>public class GenericBase1&lt;T&gt;\n{\n    public T Item { get; set; }\n}\n\npublic class GenericBase2&lt;TKey, TValue&gt;\n{\n    public TKey Key { get; set; }\n    public TValue Value { get; set; }\n}\n\npublic class NonGenericDerived : GenericBase1&lt;Type&gt; {}  // derived is not generic, must use concrete type for base class\npublic class GenericDerived&lt;T&gt; : GenericBase1&lt;T&gt; {}  // derived is generic, can use it's generic type\npublic class MixedDerived&lt;T&gt; : GenericBase2&lt;T, Type&gt;  // derived is generic but base has two types, can use it's generic type but\n</code></pre> <p>It's allowed to use derived type as a type argument to the base class. And it's also possible to specify a constraint on a type argument requiring it to derive from the derived type.</p> C#<pre><code>public class Derived : base&lt;Derived&gt; {}\npublic class Derived&lt;T&gt; where T : Derived&lt;T&gt;\n</code></pre>"},{"location":"languages/dotnet/csharp/csharp.html#covariance-contravariance-only-for-interfaces","title":"Covariance &amp; Contravariance (only for interfaces)","text":"<p>The theory behind covariance and contravariance in C#</p> <p>Covariance and Contravariance are terms that refer to the ability to use a more derived type (more specific) or a less derived type (less specific) than originally specified. Generic type parameters support covariance and contravariance to provide greater flexibility in assigning and using generic types.</p> <ul> <li>Covariance: Enables to use a more derived type than originally specified.</li> <li>Contravariance: Enables to use a more generic (less derived) type than originally specified.</li> <li>Invariance: it's possible to use only the type originally specified; so an invariant generic type parameter is neither covariant nor contravariant.</li> </ul> <p></p> <p>Note: annotate generic type parameters with <code>out</code> and <code>in</code> annotations to specify whether they should behave covariantly or contravariantly.</p> C#<pre><code>public class Base {};\npublic class Derived : Base {}\n\n// COVARIANCE (supply more specific type)\n// method is \"read only\" since it does not modify its argument\n// IEnumerable is covariant (has out parameter) since only \"provides\" objects\nvoid PrintBase(IEnumerable&lt;Base&gt; bases)\n{\n    foreach(Base base in bases)\n    {\n        Console.WritLine(base);\n    }\n}\n\nIEnumerable&lt;Derived&gt; derivedItems = new Derived[] {...};  // array is enumerable of Derived objects\nMethod(derivedItems);  // valid since Derived objects are also Base objects and operation is read only\n\n\n// CONTRAVARIANCE (supply less specific type)\n// IComparer is contravariant (has in parameter) since \"takes in\" objects\nvoid CompareDerived(IComparer&lt;Derived&gt; comparer)\n{\n    var d1 = new Derived();\n    var d2 = new Derived();\n    if(comparer.Compare(d1, d2)) { /* some action */ }\n}\n\nIComparator&lt;Base&gt; baseComparator = new BaseComparator();\nCompareDerived(baseComparator);  // valid since baseComparator can compare Base objects and thus can compare Derived objects\n</code></pre>"},{"location":"languages/dotnet/csharp/csharp.html#delegates","title":"Delegates","text":"<p>A delegate is a type that represents a reference to a method with a particular parameter list and return type. Delegates are used to pass methods as arguments to other methods. This ability to refer to a method as a parameter makes delegates ideal for defining callback methods.</p> <p>Any method from any accessible class or struct that matches the delegate type can be assigned to the delegate. The method can be either static or an instance method. This makes it possible to programmatically change method calls, and also plug new code into existing classes.</p> C#<pre><code>// delegate definition\npublic delegate Type Delegate(Type param, ...);  // can take any method with specified type params and return type\npublic delegate Type Delegate&lt;T&gt;(T param);  // generic delegate\n\n// delegate creation\nvar delegate = new Delegate&lt;Type&gt;(Method);  // explicit creation, useful when compiler cannot infer delegate type\nDelegate&lt;Type&gt; delegate = Method;  // implicit creation\n</code></pre>"},{"location":"languages/dotnet/csharp/csharp.html#multicast-delegates","title":"Multicast Delegates","text":"<p>Multicast Delegates are delegates that can have more than one element in their invocation list.</p> C#<pre><code>Delegate&lt;Type&gt; multicastDelegate = Method1 + Method2 + ...;  // multicast delegate creation\nmulticastDelegate += Method;  // add method to delegate\nmulticastDelegate -= Method;  // remove method from delegate\n</code></pre> <p>Note: Delegate removal behaves in a potentially surprising way if the delegate removed refers to multiple methods. Subtraction of a multicast delegate succeeds only if the delegate from which subtract contains all of the methods in the delegate being subtracted sequentially and in the same order.</p>"},{"location":"languages/dotnet/csharp/csharp.html#delegate-invocation","title":"Delegate Invocation","text":"<p>Invoking a delegate with a single target method works as though the code had called the target method in the conventional way. Invoking a multicast delegate is just like calling each of its target methods in turn.</p> C#<pre><code>Delegate&lt;Type&gt; delegate = Method;\n\ndelegate(args);  // use delegate as standard method\ndelegate.DynamicInvoke(argsArray); // Dynamically invokes the method represented by the current delegate.\n\nmulticastDelegate.GetInvocationList();  // list of methods called by the delegate\n</code></pre>"},{"location":"languages/dotnet/csharp/csharp.html#common-delegate-types","title":"Common Delegate Types","text":"<p>Note: Each delegate has an overload taking from zero to 16 arguments;</p> C#<pre><code>public delegate void Action&lt;in T1, ...&gt;(T1 arg1, ...);\npublic delegate TResult Func&lt;in T1, ..., out TResult&gt;(T1 arg1, ...);\npublic delegate bool Predicate&lt;in T1, ...&gt;(T1 arg1, ...);\n</code></pre>"},{"location":"languages/dotnet/csharp/csharp.html#type-compatibility","title":"Type Compatibility","text":"<p>Delegate types do not derive from one another. Any delegate type defined in C# will derive directly from <code>MulticastDelegate</code>. However, the type system supports certain implicit reference conversions for generic delegate types through covariance and contravariance. The rules are very similar to those for interfaces.</p>"},{"location":"languages/dotnet/csharp/csharp.html#anonymous-functions-lambda-expressions","title":"Anonymous Functions (Lambda Expressions)","text":"<p>Delegates without explicit separated method.</p> C#<pre><code>// lambda variations\nDelegate&lt;Type&gt; lambda = () =&gt; &lt;expr&gt;;\nDelegate&lt;Type&gt; lambda = input =&gt; &lt;expr&gt;;\nDelegate&lt;Type&gt; lambda = (input) =&gt; &lt;expr&gt;;\nDelegate&lt;Type&gt; lambda = (Type input) =&gt; &lt;expr&gt;;\nDelegate&lt;Type&gt; lambda = input =&gt; { return &lt;expr&gt;; };\nDelegate&lt;Type&gt; lambda = (input) =&gt; { return &lt;expr&gt;; };\nDelegate&lt;Type&gt; lambda = (Type input) =&gt; { return &lt;expr&gt;; };\nDelegate&lt;Type&gt; lambda = (Type input = default) =&gt; { return &lt;expr&gt;; };  // lambda default parameter\n\n// static modifier prevents unintentional capture of local variables or instance state by the lambda\nDelegate&lt;Type&gt; lambda = (static Type input) =&gt; &lt;expr&gt;;\n\nType variable = delegate { &lt;expression&gt;; };  // ignore arguments of the method passed to the delegate\n\n// lambda type inference\nvar f = Console.WriteLine;\nvar f = x =&gt; x;  // inferring the return type\nvar f = (string x) =&gt; x;  // inferring the signature\nvar f = [Required] x =&gt; x;  // adding attributes on parameters\nvar f = [Required] (int x) =&gt; x;\nvar f = [return: Required] static x =&gt; x;  // adding attribute for a return type\nvar f = Type () =&gt; default;  // explicit return type\nvar f = ref int (ref int x) =&gt; ref x;  // using ref on structs\nvar f = int (x) =&gt; x;  // explicitly specifying the return type of an implicit input\nvar f = static void (_) =&gt; Console.Write(\"Help\");\n</code></pre>"},{"location":"languages/dotnet/csharp/csharp.html#events","title":"Events","text":"<p>Structs and classes can declare events. This kind of member enables a type to provide notifications when interesting things happen, using a subscription-based model.</p> <p>The class who raises events is called Publisher, and the class who receives the notification is called Subscriber. There can be multiple subscribers of a single event. Typically, a publisher raises an event when some action occurred. The subscribers, who are interested in getting a notification when an action occurred, should register with an event and handle it.</p> C#<pre><code>public delegate void EventDelegate(object sender, CustomEventArgs args);  // called on event trigger\n\npublic class Publisher\n{\n    public event EventDelegate Event;\n\n    // A derived class should always call the On&lt;EventName&gt; method of the base class to ensure that registered delegates receive the event.\n    public virtual void OnEvent(Type param)\n    {\n        Event?.Invoke(param);\n    }\n}\n</code></pre>"},{"location":"languages/dotnet/csharp/csharp.html#registering-event-handlers","title":"Registering Event Handlers","text":"C#<pre><code>public class Subscriber\n{\n    Publisher publisher = new Publisher();\n\n    public Subscriber()\n    {\n        publisher.OnEvent += Handler;  // register handler (+= syntax)\n    }\n\n    // event handler, matches the signature of the Event delegate.\n    public Type Handler() { /* act */ }\n}\n</code></pre>"},{"location":"languages/dotnet/csharp/csharp.html#built-in-eventhandler-delegate","title":"Built-In EventHandler Delegate","text":"<p>.NET includes built-in delegate types <code>EventHandler</code> and <code>EventHandler&lt;TEventArgs&gt;</code> for the most common events. Typically, any event should include two parameters: the source of the event and event data. The <code>EventHandler</code> delegate is used for all events that do not include event data, the <code>EventHandler&lt;TEventArgs&gt;</code> delegate is used for events that include data to be sent to handlers.</p> C#<pre><code>public class Publisher\n{\n    public event EventHandler Event;\n\n    public virtual void OnEvent(EventArgs e)\n    {\n        Event?.Invoke(this, e);\n    }\n}\n\npublic class Subscriber\n{\n    Publisher publisher = new Publisher();\n\n    public Subscriber()\n    {\n        publisher.OnEvent += Handler;  // register handler (+= syntax)\n    }\n\n    public Type Handler(object sender, EventArgs e) { /* act */ }\n}\n</code></pre>"},{"location":"languages/dotnet/csharp/csharp.html#custom-event-args","title":"Custom Event Args","text":"C#<pre><code>public class CustomEventArgs : EventArgs { }\n\npublic class Publisher\n{\n    public event EventHandler&lt;CustomEventArgs&gt; Event;\n\n    public virtual void OnEvent(CustomEventArgs e)\n    {\n        Event?.Invoke(this, e);\n    }\n}\n\npublic class Subscriber\n{\n    Publisher publisher = new Publisher();\n\n    public Subscriber()\n    {\n        publisher.OnEvent += Handler;  // register handler (+= syntax)\n    }\n\n    public Type Handler(object sender, CustomEventArgs e) { /* act */ }\n}\n</code></pre>"},{"location":"languages/dotnet/csharp/csharp.html#assemblies","title":"Assemblies","text":"<p>In .NET the proper term for a software component is an assembly, and it is typically a <code>.dll</code> or <code>.exe</code> file. Occasionally, an assembly will be split into multiple files, but even then it is an indivisible unit of deployment: it has to be wholly available to the runtime, or not at all.</p> <p>Assemblies are an important aspect of the type system, because each type is identified not just by its name and namespace, but also by its containing assembly. Assemblies provide a kind of encapsulation that operates at a larger scale than individual types, thanks to the <code>internal</code> accessibility specifier, which works at the assembly level.</p> <p>The runtime provides an assembly loader, which automatically finds and loads the assemblies a program needs. To ensure that the loader can find the right components, assemblies have structured names that include version information, and they can optionally contain a globally unique element to prevent ambiguity.</p>"},{"location":"languages/dotnet/csharp/csharp.html#anatomy-of-an-assembly","title":"Anatomy of an Assembly","text":"<p>Assemblies use the Win32 Portable Executable (PE) file format, the same format that executables (EXEs) and dynamic link libraries (DLLs) have always used in \"modern\" (since NT) versions of Windows.</p> <p>The C# compiler produces an assembly as its output, with an extension of either <code>.dll</code> or <code>.exe</code>. Tools that understand the PE file format will recognize a .NET assembly as a valid, but rather dull, PE file. The CLR essentially uses PE files as containers for a .NET-specific data format, so to classic Win32 tools, a C# DLL will not appear to export any APIs.</p> <p>With .NET Core 3.0 or later, .NET assemblies won't be built with an extension of <code>.exe</code>. Even project types that produce directly runnable outputs (such as console or WPF applications) produce a <code>.dll</code> as their primary output. They also generate an executable file too, but it's not a .NET assembly. It's just a bootstrapper that starts the runtime and then loads and executes your application's main assembly.</p> <p>Note: C# compiles to a binary intermediate language (IL), which is not directly executable. The normal Windows mechanisms for loading and running the code in an executable or DLL won't work with IL, because that can run only with the help of the CLR.</p>"},{"location":"languages/dotnet/csharp/csharp.html#net-metadata","title":".NET MEtadata","text":"<p>As well as containing the compiled IL, an assembly contains metadata, which provides a full description of all of the types it defines, whether <code>public</code> or <code>private</code>. The CLR needs to have complete knowledge of all the types that the code uses to be able to make sense of the IL and turn it into running code, the binary format for IL frequently refers to the containing assembly's metadata and is meaningless without it.</p>"},{"location":"languages/dotnet/csharp/csharp.html#resources","title":"Resources","text":"<p>It's possible to embed binary resources in a DLL alongside the code and metadata. To embed a file select \"Embedded Resource\" as it's Build Action in the file properties. This compiles a copy of the file into the assembly.</p> <p>To extract the resource at runtime use the <code>Assembly</code> class's <code>GetManifestResourceStream</code> method which is par of the Reflection API.</p>"},{"location":"languages/dotnet/csharp/csharp.html#multifile-assembly","title":"Multifile Assembly","text":"<p>.NET Framework allowed an assembly to span multiple files. It was possible to split the code and metadata across multiple modules, and it was also possible for some binary streams that are logically embedded in an assembly to be put in separate files. This feature was rarely used, and .NET Core does not support it. However, it's necessary to know about it because some of its consequences persist. In particular, parts of the design of the Reflection API make no sense unless this feature is known.</p> <p>With a multifile assembly, there's always one master file that represents the assembly. This will be a PE file, and it contains a particular element of the metadata called the assembly manifest. This is not to be confused with the Win32-style manifest that most executables contain. The assembly manifest is just a description of what's in the assembly, including a list of any external modules or other external files; in a multimodule assembly, the manifest describes which types are defined in which files.</p>"},{"location":"languages/dotnet/csharp/csharp.html#assembly-resolution","title":"Assembly Resolution","text":"<p>When the runtime needs to load an assembly, it goes through a process called assembly resolution.</p> <p>.NET Core supports two deployment options for applications:</p> <ul> <li>self-contained</li> <li>framework-dependent</li> </ul>"},{"location":"languages/dotnet/csharp/csharp.html#self-contained-deployment","title":"Self-Contained Deployment","text":"<p>When publishing a self-contained application, it includes a complete copy of .NET Core, the whole of the CLR and all the built-in assemblies. When building this way, assembly resolution is pretty straightforward because everything ends up in one folder.</p> <p>There are two main advantages to self-contained deployment:</p> <ul> <li>there is no need to install .NET on target machines</li> <li>it's known exactly what version of .NET and which versions of all DLLs are running</li> </ul> <p>With self-contained deployment, unless the application directs the CLR to look elsewhere everything will load from the application folder, including all assemblies built into .NET.</p>"},{"location":"languages/dotnet/csharp/csharp.html#framework-dependent-deployment","title":"Framework-Dependent Deployment","text":"<p>The default build behavior for applications is to create a framework-dependent executable. In this case, the code relies on a suitable version of .NET Core already being installed on the machine. Framework-dependent applications necessarily use a more complex resolution mechanism than self-contained ones.</p> <p>When such an application starts up it will first determine exactly which version of .NET Core to run. The chosen runtime version selects not just the CLR, but also the assemblies making up the parts of the class library built into .NET.</p>"},{"location":"languages/dotnet/csharp/csharp.html#assembly-names","title":"Assembly Names","text":"<p>Assembly names are structured. They always include a simple name, which is the name by which normally refer to the DLL. This is usually the same as the filename but without the extension. It doesn't technically have to be but the assembly resolution mechanism assumes that it is.</p> <p>Assembly names always include a version number. There are also some optional components, including the public key token, a string of hexadecimal digits, which is required to have a unique name.</p>"},{"location":"languages/dotnet/csharp/csharp.html#strong-names","title":"Strong Names","text":"<p>If an assembly's name includes a public key token, it is said to be a strong name. Microsoft advises that any .NET component that is published for shared use (e.g: made available via NuGet) should have a strong name.</p> <p>As the terminology suggests, an assembly name's public key token has a connection with cryptography. It is the hexadecimal representation of a 64-bit hash of a public key. Strongly named assemblies are required to contain a copy of the full public key from which the hash was generated. The assembly file format also provides space fora digital signature, generated with the corresponding private key.</p> <p>The uniqueness of a strong name relies on the fact that key generation systems use cryptographically secure random-number generators, and the chances of two people generating two key pairs with the same public key token are vanishingly small. The assurance that the assembly has ot been tampered with comes from the fact that a strongly named assembly must be signed, and only someone in possession of the private key can generate a valid signature. Any attempt to modify the assembly after signing it will invalidate the signature.</p>"},{"location":"languages/dotnet/csharp/csharp.html#version","title":"Version","text":"<p>All assembly names include a four-part version number: <code>major.minor.build.revision</code>. However, there's no particular significance to any of these. The binary format that IL uses for assembly names and references limits the range of these numbers, each part must fit in a 16-bit unsigned integer (a <code>ushort</code>), and the highest allowable value in a version part is actually one less than the maximum value that would fit, making the highest legal version number <code>65534.65534.65534.65534</code>.</p> <p>As far as the CLR is concerned, there's really only one interesting thing you can do with a version number, which is to compare it with some other version number, either they match or one is higher than the other.</p> <p>The build system tells the compiler which version number to use for the assembly name via an assembly-level attribute.</p> <p>Note: NuGet packages also have version numbers, and these do not need to be connected in any way to assembly versions. NuGet does treat the components of a package version number as having particular significance: it has adopted the widely used semantic versioning rules.</p>"},{"location":"languages/dotnet/csharp/csharp.html#culture","title":"Culture","text":"<p>All assembly names include a culture component. This is not optional, although the most common value for this is the default <code>neutral</code>, indicating that the assembly contains no culture-specific code or data.</p> <p>The culture is usually set to something else only on assemblies that contain culture-specific resources. The culture of an assembly's name is designed to support localization of resources such as images and strings.</p>"},{"location":"languages/dotnet/csharp/csharp.html#reflection","title":"Reflection","text":"<p>The CLR knows a great deal about the types the programs define and use. It requires all assemblies to provide detailed metadata, describing each member of every type, including private implementation details. It relies on this information to perform critical functions, such as JIT compilation and garbage collection. However, it does not keep this knowledge to itself.</p> <p>The reflection API grants access to this detailed type information, so the code can discover everything that the runtime can see.</p> <p>Reflection is particularly useful in extensible frameworks, because they can use it to adapt their behavior at runtime based on the structure of the code.</p> <p>The reflection API defines various classes in the <code>System.Reflection</code> namespace. These classes have a structural relationship that mirrors the way that assemblies and the type system work.</p>"},{"location":"languages/dotnet/csharp/csharp.html#assembly","title":"Assembly","text":"<p>The <code>Assembly</code> class defines three context-sensitive static methods that each return an <code>Assembly</code>. The <code>GetEntryAssembly</code> method returns the object representing the EXE file containing the program's <code>Main</code> method. The <code>GetExecutingAssembly</code> method returns the assembly that contains the method from which it has been called it. <code>GetCallingAssembly</code> walks up the stack by one level, and returns the assembly containing the code that called the method that called <code>GetCallingAssembly</code>.</p> <p>To inspect an assembly info use the <code>ReflectionOnlyLoadFrom</code> (or <code>ReflectionOnlyLoad</code>) method of the <code>Assembly</code> class. This loads the assembly in such a way that it's possible to inspect its type information, but no code in the assembly will execute, nor will any assemblies it depends on be loaded automatically.</p>"},{"location":"languages/dotnet/csharp/csharp.html#attributes","title":"Attributes","text":"<p>In .NET, it's possible to annotate components, types, and their members with attributes. An attribute's purpose is to control or modify the behavior of a framework, a tool, the compiler, or the CLR.</p> <p>Attributes are passive containers of information that do nothing on their own.</p>"},{"location":"languages/dotnet/csharp/csharp.html#applying-attributes","title":"Applying Attributes","text":"<p>To avoid having to introduce an extra set of concepts into the type system, .NET models attributes as instances of .NET types. To be used as an attribute, a type must derive from the <code>System.Attribute</code> class, but it can otherwise be entirely ordinary.</p> <p>It's possible to pass arguments to the attribute constructor in the annotation.</p> C#<pre><code>[AttName]  // simple attribute\n\n[AttName(value)]  // valorize private fields (through the constructor)\n[AttrName(Name = value)]  // valorize public properties or fields (no constructor needed)\n</code></pre> <p>Note: The real name of an attribute ends with \"Attribute\" (<code>[AttrName]</code> refers to the <code>AttrNameAttribute</code> class)</p>"},{"location":"languages/dotnet/csharp/csharp.html#multiple-attributes","title":"Multiple Attributes","text":"C#<pre><code>[Attribute1]\n[Attribute2]\n\n[Attribute1, Attribute2]\n</code></pre>"},{"location":"languages/dotnet/csharp/csharp.html#defining-custom-attribute-types","title":"Defining Custom Attribute Types","text":"C#<pre><code>// specify what the attribute can be applied to (enforced by c# compiler)\n[AttributeUsage(AttributeTargets.&lt;TargetType&gt;)]\npublic class CustomAttribute : Attribute\n{\n    // properties to hold information\n\n    // constructor (used to valorize private fields)\n}\n</code></pre> <p>NOTE: From C# 11 attributes can be generic and have type constraints</p>"},{"location":"languages/dotnet/csharp/csharp.html#retrieving-attributes","title":"Retrieving Attributes","text":"<p>It's possible to discover which attributes have been applied through the reflection API. The various targets of attribute have a reflection type representing them (<code>MethodInfo</code>, <code>PropertyInfo</code>, ...) which all implement the interface <code>ICustomAttributeProvider</code>.</p> C#<pre><code>public interface ICustomAttributeProvider\n{\n    object[] GetCustomAttributes(bool inherit);\n    object[] GetCustomAttributes(Type attributeType, bool inherit);\n    bool IsDefined(Type attribueType, bool inherit);\n}\n</code></pre>"},{"location":"languages/dotnet/csharp/csharp.html#files-streams","title":"Files &amp; Streams","text":"<p>A .NET stream is simply a sequence of bytes. That makes a stream a useful abstraction for many commonly encountered features such as a file on disk, or the body of an HTTP response. A console application uses streams to represent its input and output.</p> <p>The <code>Stream</code> class is defined in the <code>System.IO</code> namespace. It is an abstract base class, with concrete derived types such as <code>FileStream</code> or <code>GZipStream</code> representing particular kinds of streams.</p> C#<pre><code>// The most important members of Stream\npublic abstract int Read(byte[] buffer, int offset, int count);\npublic abstract void Write(byte[] buffer, int offset, int count);\npublic abstract long Position { get; set; }\n</code></pre> <p>Some streams are read-only. For example, if input stream for a console app represents the keyboard or the output of some other program, there's no meaningful way for the program to write to that stream. Some streams are write-only, such as the output stream of a console application. If <code>Read</code> is called on a write-only stream or <code>Write</code> on a read-only one, these methods throw a <code>NotSupportedException</code>.</p> <p>Both <code>Read</code> and <code>Write</code> take a <code>byte[]</code> array as their first argument, and these methods copy data into or out of that array, respectively. The <code>offset</code> and <code>count</code> arguments that follow indicate the array element at which to start, and the number of bytes to read or write. There are no arguments to specify the offset within the stream at which to read or write. This is managed by the <code>Position</code> property. This starts at zero, but at each read or write, the position advances by the number of bytes processed.</p> <p>The <code>Read</code> method returns an <code>int</code>. This tells how many bytes were read from the stream, the method does not guarantee to provide the amount of data requested. The reason <code>Read</code> is slightly tricky is that some streams are live, representing a source of information that produces data gradually as the program runs.</p> <p>Note: If asked for more than one byte at a time, a <code>Stream</code> is always free to return less data than requested from Read for any reason. Never presume that a call to <code>Read</code> returned as much data as it could.</p>"},{"location":"languages/dotnet/csharp/csharp.html#position-seeking","title":"Position &amp; Seeking","text":"<p>Streams automatically update their current position each time a read or write operation is completed. The <code>Position</code> property can be set to move to the desired location. This is not guaranteed to work because it's not always possible to support it. Some streams will throw <code>NotSupportedException</code> when trying to set the <code>Position</code> property.</p> <p>Stream also defines a Seek method, this allows to specify the position required relative to the stream's current position. Passing <code>SeekOrigin.Current</code> as second argument will set the position by adding the first argument to the current position.</p> C#<pre><code>public abstract long Seek(long offset, SeekOrigin origin);  // offset can be negative\n</code></pre>"},{"location":"languages/dotnet/csharp/csharp.html#flushing","title":"Flushing","text":"<p>Writing data to a Stream does not necessarily cause the data to reach its destination immediately. When a call to <code>Write</code> returns, all that is known is that it has copied the data somewhere; but that might be a buffer in memory, not the final target.</p> <p>The Stream class therefore offers a <code>Flush</code> method. This tells the stream that it has to do whatever work is required to ensure that any buffered data is written to its target, even if that means making suboptimal use of the buffer.</p> <p>A stream automatically flushes its contents when calling <code>Dispose</code>. Flush only when it's needed to keep a stream open after writing out buffered data. It is particularly important if there will be extended periods during which the stream is open but inactive.</p> <p>Note: When using a <code>FileStream</code>, the <code>Flush</code> method does not necessarily guarantee that the data being flushed has made it to disk yet. It merely makes the stream pass the data to the OS. Before calling <code>Flush</code>, the OS hasn't even seen the data, so if the process terminates suddenly, the data would be lost. After <code>Flush</code> has returned, the OS has everything the code has written, so the process could be terminated without loss of data. However, the OS may perform additional buffering of its own, so if the power fails before the OS gets around to writing everything to disk, the data will still be lost.</p> <p>To guarantee that data has been written persistently (rather than merely ensuring that it has been handed it to the OS), use either the <code>WriteThrough</code> flag, or call the <code>Flush</code> overload that takes a bool, passing <code>true</code> to force flushing to disk.</p>"},{"location":"languages/dotnet/csharp/csharp.html#streamreader-streamwriter-text-files","title":"StreamReader &amp; StreamWriter (Text Files)","text":"<p>The most useful concrete text-oriented streams types are <code>StreamReader</code> and <code>StreamWriter</code>, which wrap a <code>Stream</code> object. It's possible to constructing them by passing a <code>Stream</code> as a constructor argument, or a string containing the path of a file, in which case they will automatically construct a <code>FileStream</code> and then wrap that.</p> <p>Encoding</p> C#<pre><code>// Will detect encoding from stream contents\nStreamReader file = new StreamReader(string path);\nStreamReader file = new StreamReader(string path, System.Text.Encoding encoding);  // encoding is System.Text.Encoding\n\n// Default Encoding: UTF-8 w/o BOM (Byte Order Mark)\nStreamWriter file = new StreamWriter(string path);\nStreamWriter file = new StreamWriter(string path, bool boolean);  // true to append data to the file; false to overwrite the file.\nStreamReader file = new StreamReader(string path, System.Text.Encoding encoding);  // encoding is System.Text.Encoding\nStreamReader file = new StreamReader(string path, bool append, System.Text.Encoding encoding);  // encoding is System.Text.Encoding\n\n// USAGE\ntry\n{\n    using (StreamReader file = new StreamReader(path))  // stream to read\n    {\n        while(!file.EndOfStream)  // keep reading until the end op file\n        {\n            file.ReadLine();  // read a whole line from the file\n        }\n    }\n\n    using (StreamWriter file = new StreamWriter(path))  // stream to write\n    {\n        file.write();  // write to file\n    }\n}\ncatch (Exception e)\n{\n    // handle exception\n}\n</code></pre>"},{"location":"languages/dotnet/csharp/csharp.html#stringreader-stringwriter","title":"StringReader &amp; StringWriter","text":"<p>The <code>StringReader</code> and <code>StringWriter</code> classes serve a similar purpose to <code>MemoryStream</code>: they are useful when working with an API that requires either a <code>TextReader</code> or <code>TextWriter</code> (abstract text streams), but you want to work entirely in memory. Whereas <code>MemoryStream</code> presents a Stream API on top of a <code>byte[]</code> array, <code>StringReader</code> wraps a string as a <code>TextReader</code>, while <code>StringWriter</code> presents a <code>TextWriter</code> API on top of a <code>StringBuilder</code>.</p>"},{"location":"languages/dotnet/csharp/csharp.html#files-directories","title":"Files &amp; Directories","text":""},{"location":"languages/dotnet/csharp/csharp.html#filestream-class-binary-files","title":"FileStream Class (Binary Files)","text":"<p>The <code>FileStream</code> class derives from <code>Stream</code> and represents a file from the filesystem.</p> <p>It' common to use the constructors in which the <code>FileStream</code> uses OS APIs to create the file handle. It's possible to provide varying levels of detail on how this si to be done. At a minimum the file's path and a value from the <code>FileMode</code> enumeration must be provided.</p> C#<pre><code>// overloaded FileStream Constructors\npublic FileStream(string path, FileMode mode);\npublic FileStream(string path, FileMode mode, FileAccess access);\npublic FileStream(string path, FileMode mode, FileAccess access, FileShare share);\npublic FileStream(string path, FileMode mode, FileAccess access, FileShare share, int bufferSize);\npublic FileStream(string path, FileMode mode, FileAccess access, FileShare share, int bufferSize, bool useAsync);\npublic FileStream(string path, FileMode mode, FileAccess access, FileShare share, int bufferSize, FileOptions options);\n</code></pre> <code>FileMode</code> Behavior if file exists Behavior if file does not exist <code>CreateNew</code> Throws <code>IOException</code> Creates new file <code>Create</code> Replaces existing file Creates new file <code>Open</code> Opens existing file Throws <code>FileNotFoundException</code> <code>OpenOrCreate</code> Opens existing file Creates new file <code>Truncate</code> Replaces existing file Throws <code>FileNotFoundException</code> <code>Append</code> Opens existing file, setting Position to end of file Creates new file <p><code>FileAccess</code> Enumeration:</p> <ul> <li><code>Read</code>: Read access to the file. Data can be read from the file. Combine with Write for read/write access.</li> <li><code>Write</code>: Write access to the file. Data can be written to the file. Combine with Read for read/write access.</li> <li><code>ReadWrite</code>: Read and write access to the file. Data can be written to and read from the file.</li> </ul> <p><code>FileShare</code> Enumeration:</p> <ul> <li><code>Delete</code>: Allows subsequent deleting of a file.</li> <li><code>None</code>: Declines sharing of the current file. Any request to open the file (by this process or another process) will fail until the file is closed.</li> <li><code>Read</code>: Allows subsequent opening of the file for reading. If this flag is not specified, any request to open the file for reading (by this process or another process) will fail until the file is closed. However, even if this flag is specified, additional permissions might still be needed to access the file.</li> <li><code>ReadWrite</code>: Allows subsequent opening of the file for reading or writing. If this flag is not specified, any request to open the file for reading or writing (by this process or another process) will fail until the file is closed. However, even if this flag is specified, additional permissions might still be needed to access the file.</li> <li><code>Write</code>: Allows subsequent opening of the file for writing. If this flag is not specified, any request to open the file for writing (by this process or another process) will fail until the file is closed. However, even if this flag is specified, additional permissions might still be needed to access the file.</li> </ul> <p><code>FileOptions</code> Enumeration:</p> <ul> <li><code>WriteThrough</code>: Disables OS write buffering so data goes straight to disk when you flush the stream.</li> <li><code>AsynchronousSpecifies</code>: the use of asynchronous I/O.</li> <li><code>RandomAccessHints</code>: to filesystem cache that you will be seeking, not reading or writing data in order.</li> <li><code>SequentialScanHints</code>: to filesystem cache that you will be reading or writing data in order.</li> <li><code>DeleteOnCloseTells</code>: <code>FileStream</code> to delete the file when you call <code>Dispose</code>.</li> <li><code>EncryptedEncrypts</code>: the file so that its contents cannot be read by other users.</li> </ul> <p>Note: The <code>WriteThrough</code> flag will ensure that when the stream is disposed or flushed, all the data written will have been delivered to the drive, but the drive will not necessarily have written that data persistently (drives can defer writing for performance), so data loss id still possible if the power fails.</p> C#<pre><code>// object to read or write to a file (file can be binary)\n{\n    using(FileStream fstream = new FileStream(path, FileMode.OpenOrCreate, FileAccess.ReadWrite))\n    {\n        // operations on file stream\n    }\n}\n</code></pre>"},{"location":"languages/dotnet/csharp/csharp.html#file-class","title":"File Class","text":"<p>The static <code>File</code> class provides methods for performing various operations on files.</p> C#<pre><code>File.Create(string path);  // Return Read/Write FileStream to file\nFile.Open(string path, System.IO.FileMode mode);  // Open a FileStream on the specified path with read/write access with no sharing.\nFile.Open(string path, System.IO.FileMode mode, System.IO.FileAccess access);  // Opens a FileStream on the specified path, with the specified mode and access with no sharing.\nFile.Open(string path, System.IO.FileMode mode, System.IO.FileAccess access, System.IO.FileShare share);\nFile.OpenRead(string path);  // Open an existing file for reading, returns a FileStream\nFile.OpenText(string path);  // Open an existing UTF-8 encoded text file for reading, returns a StreamReader\nFile.OpenWrite(string path);  // Open an existing file for writing, returns a FileStream\n\nFile.Delete(string path);  // Delete the specified file\nFile.Move(string sourceFileName, string destFileName, bool overwrite);  // Move specified file to a new location (can specify a new filename and to overwrite the destination file if it already exists)\nFile.Exists(string path);  // Whether the specified file exists.\n\nFile.GetCreationTime(string path);  // Return DateTime set to the creation date and time for the specified file\nFile.GetLastAccessTime(string path);  // Return DateTime set to the date and time that the specified file was last accessed\nFile.GetLastWriteTime(string path);  // Return DateTime set to the date and time that the specified file was last written to\nFile.GetAttributes(string path);  // Return FileAttributes of the file\n\nFile.Encrypt(string path);  // Encrypt a file so that only the account used to encrypt the file can decrypt it.\nFile.Decrypt(string path);  // Decrypt a file that was encrypted by the current account using the Encrypt() method.\n\nFile.ReadAllText(string path);  // Return a string containing all the text in the file\nFile.ReadAllLines(string path);  // Returns a string[] containing all lines of the file\nFile.ReadLines(string path); // Returns IEnumerable&lt;string&gt; containing all the text in the file\nFile.ReadAllBytes(string path);  // Returns a byte[] containing the contents of the file.\n\nFile.WriteAllLines(string path, IEnumerable&lt;string&gt; contents);  // writes a collection of strings to the file\nFile.WriteAllLines(string path, string[] contents);  // writes a collection of strings to the file\n\nFile.AppendAllText(string path, string contents);  // appends the specified string to the file\nFile.AppendAllLines(string path, IEnumerable&lt;string&gt; contents);  // appends a collection of strings to the file\n\n// Replace the contents of a specified file with the contents of another file, deleting the original file, and creating a backup of the replaced file.\nFile.Replace(string sourceFileName, string destinationFileName, string destinationBackupFileName);\n</code></pre>"},{"location":"languages/dotnet/csharp/csharp.html#directory-class","title":"Directory Class","text":"<p>Exposes static methods for creating, moving, and enumerating through directories and subdirectories.</p> C#<pre><code>Directory.CreateDirectory(string path);  // Create directory as specified\nDirectory.Delete(string path);  // Delete an empty directory from a specified path (dir must be writable)\nDirectory.Delete(string path, bool recursive);  // Delete the specified directory and, if indicated, any subdirectories and files in the directory\nDirectory.Move(string sourceDirName, string destDirName);  // Move a file or a directory and its contents to a new location\nDirectory.Exists (string path);  // Whether the given path refers to an existing directory on disk\n\nDirectory.GetLogicalDrives();  // string[] of names of the logical drives on the computer in the form \"&lt;drive letter&gt;:\\\"\nDirectory.GetParent(string path);  // DirectoryInfo of parent directory of the specified path, including both absolute and relative paths\nDirectory.GetCurrentDirectory();  // string of current working directory of the application\nDirectory.SetCurrentDirectory(string path);  // Set the application's current working directory to the specified directory\n\nDirectory.GetCreationTime(string path);  // DateTime set to the creation date and time for the specified directory\nDirectory.GetLastAccessTime(string path);  // DateTime set to the date and time the specified file or directory was last accessed\nDirectory.GetLastWriteTime(string path);  // DateTime set to the date and time the specified file or directory was last written to\n\nDirectory.EnumerateDirectories (string path, string searchPattern, SearchOption searchOption);  // IEnumerable&lt;string&gt; of directory full names that match a search pattern in a specified path\nDirectory.GetDirectories (string path, string searchPattern, System.IO.SearchOption searchOption);  // string[] of directory full names that match a search pattern in a specified path\n\nDirectory.EnumerateFiles(string path, string searchPattern, SearchOption searchOption);  // IEnumerable&lt;string&gt; of full file names that match a search pattern in a specified path\nDirectory.GetFiles(string path, string searchPattern, SearchOption searchOption);  // string[] of full file names that match a search pattern in a specified path\n\nDirectory.EnumerateFileSystemEntries(string path, string searchPattern, SearchOption searchOption);  // IEnumerable&lt;string&gt; array of file names and directory names that match a search pattern in a specified path\nDirectory.GetFileSystemEntries (string path, string searchPattern, SearchOption searchOption);  // string[] array of file names and directory names that match a search pattern in a specified path\n</code></pre>"},{"location":"languages/dotnet/csharp/csharp.html#path-class","title":"Path Class","text":"C#<pre><code>Combine(string path1, string path2);  // Combine two strings into a path\nCombine(string[] paths);  // Combine strings into a path\n\nGetFullPath(string path);  // absolute path for the specified path string\nGetFullPath(string path, string basePath);  // absolute path from a relative path and a fully qualified base path\nGetRelativePath (string relativeTo, string path);  // relative path from one path to another\nGetPathRoot (string path);  // Get the root directory information from the path contained in the specified string\nGetDirectoryName (string path);  // directory information for the specified path string\n\nGetExtension (string path);  // extension (including the period \".\") of the specified path string\nGetFileName (string path);  // file name and extension of the specified path string\nGetFileNameWithoutExtension (string path);  // file name of the specified path string without the extension\n\nHasExtension (string path);  // whether a path includes a file name extension\nIsPathFullyQualified (string path);  // whether the specified file path is fixed to a specific drive or UNC path\nIsPathRooted (string path);  // whether the specified path string contains a root\n\nEndsInDirectorySeparator (string path);  // true if the path ends in a directory separator; otherwise, false\nTrimEndingDirectorySeparator (string path);  // Trim one trailing directory separator beyond the root of the specified path\n\nGetInvalidFileNameChar();  // char[] containing the characters that are not allowed in file names\nGetInvalidPathChars();  // char[] containing the characters that are not allowed in path names\n\nGetTempPath();  // path of the current user's temporary folder\nGetTempFileName();  // Create a uniquely named, zero-byte temporary file on disk and returns the full path of that file\nGetRandomFileName();  // random folder name or file name\n\n// get full path from relative\nstring path = Path.Combine(Path.GetDirectoryName(Assembly.GetExecutingAssembly().Location), @\"relative_path.ext\");  // path to a file in the project directory\n\n// get special folder location\nstring appDataPath = Environment.GetFolderPath(Environment.SpecialFolder.ApplicationData);\n</code></pre>"},{"location":"languages/dotnet/csharp/csharp.html#fileinfo-directoryinfo-filesysteminfo","title":"FileInfo, DirectoryInfo &amp; FileSystemInfo","text":"<p>Classes to hold multiple info about a file or directory. If some property changes using the method <code>Refresh()</code> will update the data.</p>"},{"location":"languages/dotnet/csharp/csharp.html#clr-serialization","title":"CLR Serialization","text":"<p>Types are required to opt into CLR serialization. .NET defines a <code>[Serializable]</code> attribute that must be present before the CLR will serialize the type (class).</p> C#<pre><code>[Serializable]\nclass Class { }\n</code></pre> <p>Serialization works directly with an object's fields. It uses reflection, which enables it to access all members, whether public or private.</p> <p>Note: CLR Serialization produces binary streams in a .NET specific format</p>"},{"location":"languages/dotnet/csharp/csharp.html#datetime-timespan","title":"DateTime &amp; TimeSpan","text":""},{"location":"languages/dotnet/csharp/csharp.html#timespan-struct","title":"TimeSpan Struct","text":"<p>Object that represents the difference between two dates</p> C#<pre><code>TimeSpan Interval = new DateTime() - new DateTime()  // difference between dates\n\n// constructors\nTimeSpan(hours, minutes, seconds);  // all parameters are integers\nTimeSpan(days, hours, minutes, seconds);  // all parameters are integers\nTimeSpan(days, hours, minutes, seconds, milliseconds);  // all parameters are integers\n\n// from primitive types\nTimeSpan interval = TimeSpan.FromSeconds(seconds);\nTimeSpan interval = TimeSpan.FromMinutes(minutes);\nTimeSpan interval = TimeSpan.FromHours(hours);\nTimeSpan interval = TimeSpan.FromDays(days);\n</code></pre>"},{"location":"languages/dotnet/csharp/csharp.html#memory-efficiency","title":"Memory Efficiency","text":"<p>The CLR is able to perform automatic memory management thanks to its garbage collector (GC). This comes at a price: when a CPU spends time on garbage collection, that stops it from getting on with more productive work. In many cases, this time will be small enough not to cause visible problems. However, when certain kinds of programs experience heavy load, GC costs can come to dominate the overall execution time.</p> <p>C# 7.2 introduced various features that can enable dramatic reductions in the number of allocations. Fewer allocations means fewer blocks of memory for the GC to recover, so this translates directly to lower GC overhead. There is a price to pay, of course: these GC-efficient techniques add significant complication to the code.</p>"},{"location":"languages/dotnet/csharp/csharp.html#spant","title":"<code>Span&lt;T&gt;</code>","text":"<p>The <code>System.Span&lt;T&gt;</code> (a <code>ref struct</code>) value type represents a sequence of elements of type <code>T</code> stored contiguously in memory. Those elements can live inside an array, a string, a managed block of memory allocated in a stack frame, or unmanaged memory.</p> <p>A <code>Span&lt;T&gt;</code> encapsulates three things: a pointer or reference to the containing memory (e.g., the string or array), the position of the data within that memory, and its length.  </p> <p>Access to a span contents is done like an and since a <code>Span&lt;T&gt;</code> knows its own length, its indexer checks that the index is in range, just as the built-in array type does.</p> C#<pre><code>Span&lt;int&gt; numbers = stackalloc int[] { 1, 2, 3 };\nvar first = numbers[0];\n</code></pre> <p>Note: Normally, C# won\u2019t allow to use <code>stackalloc</code> outside of code marked as unsafe, since it allocates memory on the stack producing a pointer. However, the compiler makes an exception to this rule when assigning the pointer produced by a <code>stackalloc</code> expression directly into a span.</p> <p>The fact that <code>Span&lt;T&gt;</code> and <code>ReadOnlySpan&lt;T&gt;</code> are both <code>ref struct</code> types ensures that a span cannot outlive its containing stack frame, guaranteeing that the stack frame on which the stack-allocated memory lives will not vanish while there are still outstanding references to it.</p> <p>In addition to the array-like indexer and <code>Length</code> properties, <code>Span&lt;T&gt;</code> offers a few useful methods. The <code>Clear</code> and <code>Fill</code> methods provide convenient ways to initialize all the elements in a span either to the default value or a specific value. Obviously, these are not available on <code>ReadOnlySpan&lt;T&gt;</code>.</p> <p>The <code>Span&lt;T&gt;</code> and <code>ReadOnlySpan&lt;T&gt;</code> types are both declared as <code>ref struct</code>. This means that not only are they value types, they are value types that can live only on the stack. So it's not possible to have fields with span types in a class, or any struct that is not also a <code>ref struct</code>.</p> <p>This also imposes some potentially more surprising restrictions:</p> <ul> <li>it's  not possible to use a span in a variable in an async method.</li> <li>there are restrictions on using spans in anonymous functions and in iterator methods</li> </ul> <p>This restriction is necessary for .NET to be able to offer the combination of array-like performance, type safety, and the flexibility to work with multiple different containers.</p> <p>Note: it's possible to use spans in local methods, and even declare a ref struct variable in the outer method and use it from the nested one, but with one restriction: it's not possible a delegate that refers to that local method, because this would cause the compiler to move shared variables into an object that lives on the heap.</p>"},{"location":"languages/dotnet/csharp/csharp.html#memoryt","title":"<code>Memory&lt;T&gt;</code>","text":"<p>The <code>Memory&lt;T&gt;</code> type and its counterpart, <code>ReadOnlyMemory&lt;T&gt;</code>, represent the same basic concept as <code>Span&lt;T&gt;</code> and <code>ReadOnlySpan&lt;T&gt;</code>: these types provide a uniform view over a contiguous sequence of elements of type <code>T</code> that could reside in an array, unmanaged memory, or, if the element type is char, a string. But unlike spans, these are not <code>ref struct</code> types, so they can be used anywhere. The downside is that this means they cannot offer the same high performance as spans.</p> <p>It's possible to convert a <code>Memory&lt;T&gt;</code> to a <code>Span&lt;T&gt;</code>, and likewise a <code>ReadOnlyMemory&lt;T&gt;</code> to a <code>ReadOnlySpan&lt;T&gt;</code>. This makes these memory types useful when you want something span-like, but in a context where spans are not allowed.</p>"},{"location":"languages/dotnet/csharp/csharp.html#regular-expressions","title":"Regular Expressions","text":"<p>regex reference</p> C#<pre><code>Match match = Regex.Match(string, pattern, regexOptions);\n\nmatch.Success;  // whether there was a match or not\n\nmatch.Groups[index];  // numbered capture group (first group is always whole match)\nmatch.Groups[name];  // named capture group\n\nmatch.Groups[index].Value;  // whole captured string\nmatch.Groups[index].Captures;  // list of strings in the matched group\nmatch.Groups[index].Index;  // position in the input string of the matched group\n</code></pre>"},{"location":"languages/dotnet/csharp/csharp.html#unsafe-code-pointers","title":"Unsafe Code &amp; Pointers","text":"<p>The <code>unsafe</code> keyword denotes an unsafe context, which is required for any operation involving pointers.</p> <p>In an unsafe context, several constructs are available for operating on pointers:</p> <ul> <li>The <code>*</code> operator may be used to perform pointer indirection (Pointer indirection).</li> <li>The <code>-&gt;</code> operator may be used to access a member of a struct through a pointer (Pointer member access).</li> <li>The <code>[]</code> operator may be used to index a pointer (Pointer element access).</li> <li>The <code>&amp;</code> operator may be used to obtain the address of a variable (The address-of operator).</li> <li>The <code>++</code> and <code>--</code> operators may be used to increment and decrement pointers (Pointer increment and decrement).</li> <li>The <code>+</code> and <code>-</code> operators may be used to perform pointer arithmetic (Pointer arithmetic).</li> <li>The <code>==</code>, <code>!=</code>, <code>&lt;</code>, <code>&gt;</code>, <code>&lt;=</code>, and <code>&gt;=</code> operators may be used to compare pointers (Pointer comparison).</li> <li>The <code>stackalloc</code> operator may be used to allocate memory from the call stack (Stack allocation).</li> </ul> <p>The <code>fixed</code> statement prevents the garbage collector from relocating a movable variable. It's only permitted in an unsafe context. It's also possible to use the fixed keyword to create fixed size buffers.</p> <p>The <code>fixed</code> statement sets a pointer to a managed variable and \"pins\" that variable during the execution of the statement. Pointers to movable managed variables are useful only in a fixed context. Without a fixed context, garbage collection could relocate the variables unpredictably. The C# compiler only allows to assign a pointer to a managed variable in a fixed statement.</p> C#<pre><code>unsafe Type UnsafeMethod() { /* unsafe context */ }\n// or\nunsafe\n{\n    // Using fixed allows the address of pt members to be taken,\n    // and \"pins\" pt so that it is not relocated.\n    Point pt = new Point();\n    fixed (int* p = &amp;pt.x)\n    {\n        *p = 1;\n    }\n}\n</code></pre>"},{"location":"languages/dotnet/csharp/csharp.html#native-memory","title":"Native Memory","text":"C#<pre><code>using System.Runtime.InteropServices;\n\nunsafe\n{\n    byte* buffer = (byte*)NativeMemory.Alloc(100);\n\n    NativeMemory.Free(buffer);\n}\n</code></pre>"},{"location":"languages/dotnet/csharp/csharp.html#external-code","title":"External Code","text":"<p>The <code>extern</code> modifier is used to declare a method that is implemented externally. A common use of the extern modifier is with the <code>DllImport</code> attribute when using Interop services to call into unmanaged code. In this case, the method must also be declared as <code>static</code>.</p> C#<pre><code>[DllImport(\"avifil32.dll\")]\nprivate static extern void AVIFileInit();\n</code></pre>"},{"location":"languages/dotnet/csharp/csharp.html#magic-methods","title":"Magic Methods","text":"<p>Methods needed to implement a behaviour which do not need an interface to work. The methods must be named appropriately and have the  correct return type.</p>"},{"location":"languages/dotnet/csharp/csharp.html#enumerable","title":"Enumerable","text":"C#<pre><code>public bool MoveNext(/* ... */);\npublic T Current { get; }\n</code></pre>"},{"location":"languages/dotnet/csharp/csharp.html#awaitable","title":"Awaitable","text":"C#<pre><code>public TaskAwaiter GetAwaiter(/* ... */);\n</code></pre>"},{"location":"languages/dotnet/csharp/csharp.html#code-quality","title":"Code Quality","text":""},{"location":"languages/dotnet/csharp/csharp.html#code-analysis","title":"Code Analysis","text":"XML<pre><code>&lt;PropertyGroup&gt;\n  &lt;AnalisysMode&gt;All&lt;/NugetAuditMode&gt;\n&lt;/PropertyGroup&gt;\n</code></pre> Level Description <code>None</code> All rules are disabled. Can selectively opt in to individual rules to enable them. <code>Default</code> Default mode, where certain rules are enabled as build warnings, certain rules are enabled as options IDE suggestions, and the remainder are disabled. <code>Minimum</code> More aggressive mode than <code>Default</code> mode. Certain suggestions that are highly recommended for build enforcement are enabled as build warnings. <code>Recommended</code> More aggressive mode than <code>Minimum</code> mode, where more rules are enabled as build warnings. <code>All</code> All rules are enabled as build warnings. Can selectively opt out of individual rules to disable them."},{"location":"languages/dotnet/csharp/csharp.html#dependency-auditing","title":"Dependency Auditing","text":"XML<pre><code>&lt;PropertyGroup&gt;\n  &lt;!-- required --&gt;\n  &lt;NugetAuditMode&gt;all|direct&lt;/NugetAuditMode&gt;\n\n  &lt;!-- suggested --&gt;\n  &lt;NugetAuditLevel&gt;low|moderate|high|critical&lt;/NugetAuditLevel&gt;\n\n  &lt;!-- optional --&gt;\n  &lt;WarningsAsErrors&gt;NU1901;NU1902;NU1903;NU1904&lt;/WarningAsErrors&gt;\n&lt;/PropertyGroup&gt;\n</code></pre> <p>The auditing of dependencies is done during the <code>dotnet restore</code> step. A description of the dependencies is checked against a report of known vulnerabilities on the GitHub Advisory Database.</p> <p>Audit Mode:</p> <ul> <li>all: audit direct and transitive dependencies for vulnerabilities.</li> <li>direct: audit only direct dependencies for vulnerabilities.</li> </ul>"},{"location":"languages/dotnet/csharp/linq.html","title":"LINQ","text":""},{"location":"languages/dotnet/csharp/linq.html#linq-to-objects","title":"LINQ to Objects","text":"<p>The term LINQ to Objects refers to the use of LINQ queries with any <code>IEnumerable</code> or <code>IEnumerable&lt;T&gt;</code> collection directly, without the use of an intermediate LINQ provider or API such as LINQ to SQL or LINQ to XML.</p> <p>LINQ to Objects will be used when any <code>IEnumerable&lt;T&gt;</code> is specified as the source, unless a more specialized provider is available.</p>"},{"location":"languages/dotnet/csharp/linq.html#query-expressions","title":"Query Expressions","text":"<p>All query expressions are required to begin with a <code>from</code> clause, which specifies the source of the query. The final part of the query is a <code>select</code> (or <code>group</code>) clause. This determines the final output of the query and its system type.</p> C#<pre><code>// query expression\nvar result = from item in enumerable select item;\n\n// where clause\nvar result = from item in enumerable where condition select item;\n\n// ordering\nvar result = from item in enumerable orderby item.property select item;  // ordered IEnumerable\n\n// let clause, assign expression to variable to avoid re-evaluation on each cycle\nvar result = from item in enumerable let tmp = &lt;sub-expr&gt; ...  // BEWARE: compiled code has a lot of overhead to satisfy let clause\n\n// grouping (difficult to re-implement to obtain better performance)\nvar result = from item in enumerable group item by item.property;  // returns IEnumerable&lt;IGrouping&lt;TKey,TElement&gt;&gt;\n</code></pre>"},{"location":"languages/dotnet/csharp/linq.html#how-query-expressions-expand","title":"How Query Expressions Expand","text":"<p>The compiler converts all query expressions into one or more method calls. Once it has done that, the LINQ provider is selected through exactly the same mechanisms that C# uses for any other method call. The compiler does not have any built-in concept of what constitutes a LINQ provider.</p> C#<pre><code>// expanded query expression\nvar result = Enumerable.Where(item =&gt; condition).Select(item =&gt; item);\n</code></pre> <p>The <code>Where</code> and <code>Select</code> methods are examples of LINQ operators. A LINQ operator is nothing more than a method that conforms to one of the standard patterns.</p>"},{"location":"languages/dotnet/csharp/linq.html#methods-on-enumerable-or-ienumerablet","title":"Methods on <code>Enumerable</code> or <code>IEnumerable&lt;T&gt;</code>","text":"C#<pre><code>Enumerable.Range(int start, int end);  // IEnumerable&lt;int&gt; of values between start &amp; end\n\nIEnumerable&lt;TSource&gt;.Select(Func&lt;TSource, TResult&gt; selector);  // map\nIEnumerable&lt;TSource&gt;.Where(Func&lt;T, bool&gt; predicate);  // filter\n\nIEnumerable&lt;T&gt;.FirstOrDefault();  // first element of IEnumerable or default(T) if empty\nIEnumerable&lt;T&gt;.FirstOrDefault(T default);  // specify returned default\nIEnumerable&lt;T&gt;.FirstOrDefault(Func&lt;T, bool&gt; predicate);  // first element to match predicate or default(T)\n// same for LastOrDefault &amp; SingleOrDefault\n\nIEnumerable&lt;T&gt;.Chunk(size);  // chunk an enumerable into slices of a fixed size\n\n// T must implement IComparable&lt;T&gt;\nIEnumerable&lt;T&gt;.Max();\nIEnumerable&lt;T&gt;.Min();\n\n// allow finding maximal or minimal elements using a key selector\nIEnumerable&lt;TSource&gt;.MaxBy(Func&lt;TSource, TResult&gt; selector);\nIEnumerable&lt;TSource&gt;.MinBy(Func&lt;TSource, TResult&gt; selector);\n\nIEnumerable&lt;T&gt;.All(Func&lt;T, bool&gt; predicate);  // check if condition is true for all elements\nIEnumerable&lt;T&gt;.Any(Func&lt;T, bool&gt; predicate);  // check if condition is true for at least one element\n\nIEnumerable&lt;T&gt;.Concat(IEnumerable&lt;T&gt; enumerable);\n\n// Applies a specified function to the corresponding elements of two sequences, producing a sequence of the results.\nIEnumerable&lt;TFirst&gt;.Zip(IEnumerable&lt;TSecond&gt; enumerable, Func&lt;TFirst, TSecond, TResult&gt; func);\nIEnumerable&lt;TFirst&gt;.Zip(IEnumerable&lt;TSecond&gt; enumerable); // Produces a sequence of tuples with elements from the two specified sequences.\n</code></pre> <p>Note: <code>Enumerable</code> provides a set of <code>static</code> methods for querying objects that implement <code>IEnumerable&lt;T&gt;</code>. Most methods are extensions of <code>IEnumerable&lt;T&gt;</code></p> C#<pre><code>Enumerable.Method(IEnumerable&lt;T&gt; source, args);\n// if extension method same as\nIEnumerable&lt;T&gt;.Method(args);\n</code></pre>"},{"location":"languages/dotnet/csharp/reactive-extensions.html","title":"Reactive Extensions (Rx)","text":"<p>ReactiveX</p> <p>The Reactive Extensions for .NET, or Rx, are designed for working with asynchronous and event-based sources of information. Rx provides services that help orchestrate and synchronize the way code reacts to data from these kinds of sources.</p> <p>Rx's fundamental abstraction, <code>IObservable&lt;T&gt;</code>, represents a sequence of items, and its operators are defined as extension methods for this interface.</p> <p>This might sound a lot like LINQ to Objects, and there are similarities, not only does <code>IObservable&lt;T&gt;</code> have a lot in common with <code>IEnumerable&lt;T&gt;</code>, but Rx also supports almost all of the standard LINQ operators.</p> <p>The difference is that in Rx, sequences are less passive. Unlike <code>IEnumerable&lt;T&gt;</code>, Rx sources do not wait to be asked for their items, nor can the consumer of an Rx source demand to be given the next item. Instead, Rx uses a push model in which the source notifies its recipients when items are available.</p> <p>Because Rx implements standard LINQ operators, it's possible to write queries against a live source. Rx goes beyond standard LINQ, adding its own operators that take into account the temporal nature of a live event source.</p>"},{"location":"languages/dotnet/csharp/reactive-extensions.html#fundamental-interfaces","title":"Fundamental Interfaces","text":"<p>The two most important types in Rx are the <code>IObservable&lt;T&gt;</code> and <code>IObserver&lt;T&gt;</code> interfaces. They are important enough to be in the System namespace. The other parts of Rx are in the <code>System.Reactive</code> NuGet package.</p> C#<pre><code>public interface IObservable&lt;out T&gt;\n{\n    IDisposable Subscribe(IObserver&lt;T&gt; observer);\n}\n\npublic interface IObserver&lt;in T&gt;\n{\n    void OnCompleted();\n    void OnError(Exception error);\n    void OnNext(T value);\n}\n</code></pre> <p>The fundamental abstraction in Rx, <code>IObservable&lt;T&gt;</code>, is implemented by event sources. Instead of using the <code>event</code> keyword, it models events as a sequence of items. An <code>IObservable&lt;T&gt;</code> provides items to subscribers as and when it\u2019s ready to do so.</p> <p>It's possible to subscribe to a source by passing an implementation of <code>IObserver&lt;T&gt;</code> to the <code>Subscribe</code> method. The source will invoke <code>OnNext</code> when it wants to report events, and it can call <code>OnCompleted</code> to indicate that there will be no further activity. If the source wants to report an error, it can call <code>OnError</code>. Both <code>OnCompleted</code> and <code>OnError</code> indicate the end of the stream, an observable should not call any further methods on the observer after that.</p>"},{"location":"languages/dotnet/csharp/reactive-extensions.html#operators","title":"Operators","text":""},{"location":"languages/dotnet/csharp/reactive-extensions.html#chaining-operators","title":"Chaining Operators","text":"<p>Most operators operate on an Observable and return an Observable. This allows to apply these operators one after the other, in a chain. Each operator in the chain modifies the Observable that results from the operation of the previous operator. A chain of Observable operators do not operate independently on the original Observable that originates the chain, but they operate in turn, each one operating on the Observable generated by the operator immediately previous in the chain.</p>"},{"location":"languages/dotnet/csharp/reactive-extensions.html#creating-observables","title":"Creating Observables","text":"<p>Operators that originate new Observables.</p> <ul> <li><code>Create</code>: create an Observable from scratch by calling observer methods programmatically</li> <li><code>Defer</code>: do not create the Observable until the observer subscribes, and create a fresh Observable for each observer</li> <li><code>Empty/Never/Throw</code>: create Observables that have very precise and limited behavior</li> <li><code>From*</code>: convert some other object or data structure into an Observable</li> <li><code>Interval</code>: create an Observable that emits a sequence of integers spaced by a particular time interval</li> <li><code>Return (aka Just)</code>: convert an object or a set of objects into an Observable that emits that or those objects</li> <li><code>Range</code>: create an Observable that emits a range of sequential integers</li> <li><code>Repeat</code>: create an Observable that emits a particular item or sequence of items repeatedly</li> <li><code>Start</code>: create an Observable that emits the return value of a function</li> <li><code>Timer</code>: create an Observable that emits a single item after a given delay</li> </ul>"},{"location":"languages/dotnet/csharp/reactive-extensions.html#transforming-observables","title":"Transforming Observables","text":"<p>Operators that transform items that are emitted by an Observable.</p> <ul> <li><code>Buffer</code>: periodically gather items from an Observable into bundles and emit these bundles rather than emitting the items one at a time</li> <li><code>SelectMany (aka FlatMap)</code>: transform the items emitted by an Observable into Observables, then flatten the emissions from those into a single Observable</li> <li><code>GroupBy</code>: divide an Observable into a set of Observables that each emit a different group of items from the original Observable, organized by key</li> <li><code>Select (aka Map)</code>: transform the items emitted by an Observable by applying a function to each item</li> <li><code>Scan</code>: apply a function to each item emitted by an Observable, sequentially, and emit each successive value</li> <li><code>Window</code>: periodically subdivide items from an Observable into Observable windows and emit these windows rather than emitting the items one at a time</li> </ul>"},{"location":"languages/dotnet/csharp/reactive-extensions.html#filtering-observables","title":"Filtering Observables","text":"<p>Operators that selectively emit items from a source Observable.</p> <ul> <li><code>Throttle (aka Debounce)</code>: only emit an item from an Observable if a particular timespan has passed without it emitting another item</li> <li><code>Distinct</code>: suppress duplicate items emitted by an Observable</li> <li><code>ElementAt</code>: emit only item n emitted by an Observable</li> <li><code>Where (aka Filter)</code>: emit only those items from an Observable that pass a predicate test</li> <li><code>First</code>: emit only the first item, or the first item that meets a condition, from an Observable</li> <li><code>IgnoreElements</code>: do not emit any items from an Observable but mirror its termination notification</li> <li><code>Last</code>: emit only the last item emitted by an Observable</li> <li><code>Sample</code>: emit the most recent item emitted by an Observable within periodic time intervals</li> <li><code>Skip</code>: suppress the first n items emitted by an Observable</li> <li><code>SkipLast</code>: suppress the last n items emitted by an Observable</li> <li><code>Take</code>: emit only the first n items emitted by an Observable</li> <li><code>TakeLast</code>: emit only the last n items emitted by an Observable</li> </ul>"},{"location":"languages/dotnet/csharp/reactive-extensions.html#combining-observables","title":"Combining Observables","text":"<p>Operators that work with multiple source Observables to create a single Observable</p> <ul> <li><code>And/Then/When</code>: combine sets of items emitted by two or more Observables by means of Pattern and Plan intermediaries</li> <li><code>CombineLatest</code>: when an item is emitted by either of two Observables, combine the latest item emitted by each Observable via a specified function and emit items based on the results of this function</li> <li><code>Join</code>: combine items emitted by two Observables whenever an item from one Observable is emitted during a time window defined according to an item emitted by the other Observable</li> <li><code>Merge</code>: combine multiple Observables into one by merging their emissions</li> <li><code>StartWith</code>: emit a specified sequence of items before beginning to emit the items from the source Observable</li> <li><code>Switch</code>: convert an Observable that emits Observables into a single Observable that emits the items emitted by the most-recently-emitted of those Observables</li> <li><code>Zip</code>: combine the emissions of multiple Observables together via a specified function and emit single items for each combination based on the results of this function</li> </ul>"},{"location":"languages/dotnet/csharp/reactive-extensions.html#error-handling-operators","title":"Error Handling Operators","text":"<p>Operators that help to recover from error notifications from an Observable</p> <ul> <li><code>Catch</code>: recover from an onError notification by continuing the sequence without error</li> <li><code>Retry</code>: if a source Observable sends an onError notification, resubscribe to it in the hopes that it will complete without error</li> </ul>"},{"location":"languages/dotnet/csharp/reactive-extensions.html#observable-utility-operators","title":"Observable Utility Operators","text":"<p>A toolbox of useful Operators for working with Observables</p> <ul> <li><code>Delay</code>: shift the emissions from an Observable forward in time by a particular amount</li> <li><code>Do</code>: register an action to take upon a variety of Observable lifecycle events</li> <li><code>Materialize/Dematerialize</code>: represent both the items emitted and the notifications sent as emitted items, or reverse this process</li> <li><code>ObserveOn</code>: specify the scheduler on which an observer will observe this Observable</li> <li><code>Synchronize (aka Serialize)</code>: force an Observable to make serialized calls and to be well-behaved</li> <li><code>Subscribe</code>: operate upon the emissions and notifications from an Observable</li> <li><code>SubscribeOn</code>: specify the scheduler an Observable should use when it is subscribed to</li> <li><code>TimeInterval</code>: convert an Observable that emits items into one that emits indications of the amount of time elapsed between those emissions</li> <li><code>Timeout</code>: mirror the source Observable, but issue an error notification if a particular period of time elapses without any emitted items</li> <li><code>Timestamp</code>: attach a timestamp to each item emitted by an Observable</li> <li><code>Using</code>: create a disposable resource that has the same lifespan as the Observable</li> </ul>"},{"location":"languages/dotnet/csharp/reactive-extensions.html#conditional-and-boolean-operators","title":"Conditional and Boolean Operators","text":"<p>Operators that evaluate one or more Observables or items emitted by Observables</p> <ul> <li><code>All</code>: determine whether all items emitted by an Observable meet some criteria</li> <li><code>Amb</code>: given two or more source Observables, emit all of the items from only the first of these Observables to emit an item</li> <li><code>Contains</code>: determine whether an Observable emits a particular item or not</li> <li><code>DefaultIfEmpty</code>: emit items from the source Observable, or a default item if the source Observable emits nothing</li> <li><code>SequenceEqual</code>: determine whether two Observables emit the same sequence of items</li> <li><code>SkipUntil</code>: discard items emitted by an Observable until a second Observable emits an item</li> <li><code>SkipWhile</code>: discard items emitted by an Observable until a specified condition becomes false</li> <li><code>TakeUntil</code>: discard items emitted by an Observable after a second Observable emits an item or terminates</li> <li><code>TakeWhile</code>: discard items emitted by an Observable after a specified condition becomes false</li> </ul>"},{"location":"languages/dotnet/csharp/reactive-extensions.html#mathematical-and-aggregate-operators","title":"Mathematical and Aggregate Operators","text":"<p>Operators that operate on the entire sequence of items emitted by an Observable</p> <ul> <li><code>Average</code>: calculates the average of numbers emitted by an Observable and emits this average</li> <li><code>Concat</code>: emit the emissions from two or more Observables without interleaving them</li> <li><code>Count</code>: count the number of items emitted by the source Observable and emit only this value</li> <li><code>Max</code>: determine, and emit, the maximum-valued item emitted by an Observable</li> <li><code>Min</code>: determine, and emit, the minimum-valued item emitted by an Observable</li> <li><code>Aggregate (aka Reduce)</code>: apply a function to each item emitted by an Observable, sequentially, and emit the final value</li> <li><code>Sum</code>: calculate the sum of numbers emitted by an Observable and emit this sum</li> </ul>"},{"location":"languages/dotnet/csharp/reactive-extensions.html#connectable-observable-operators","title":"Connectable Observable Operators","text":"<p>Specialty Observables that have more precisely-controlled subscription dynamics</p> <ul> <li><code>Connect</code>: instruct a connectable Observable to begin emitting items to its subscribers</li> <li><code>Publish</code>: convert an ordinary Observable into a connectable Observable</li> <li><code>RefCount</code>: make a Connectable Observable behave like an ordinary Observable</li> <li><code>Replay</code>: ensure that all observers see the same sequence of emitted items, even if they subscribe after the Observable has begun emitting items</li> </ul>"},{"location":"languages/dotnet/csharp/reactive-extensions.html#operators-to-convert-observables","title":"Operators to Convert Observables","text":"<ul> <li><code>To*</code>: convert an Observable into another object or data structure</li> </ul>"},{"location":"languages/dotnet/csharp/unit-tests.html","title":"Unit Testing","text":"<p>UnitTest Overloaded Methods Naming standards for unit tests</p>"},{"location":"languages/dotnet/csharp/unit-tests.html#xunit","title":"xUnit","text":"C#<pre><code>using System;\nusing Xunit;\n\nnamespace Project.Tests\n{\n    public class ClassTest\n    {\n        [Fact]\n        public void TestMethod()\n        {\n            Assert.Equal(expected, actual);  // works on collections\n            Assert.True(bool);\n            Assert.False(bool);\n            Assert.NotNull(nullable);\n\n            // Verifies that all items in the collection pass when executed against action\n            Assert.All&lt;T&gt;(IEnumerable&lt;T&gt; collection, Action&lt;T&gt; action);\n        }\n    }\n}\n</code></pre>"},{"location":"languages/dotnet/csharp/unit-tests.html#test-setup-teardown","title":"Test Setup &amp; Teardown","text":"<p>xUnit.net creates a new instance of the test class for every test that is run, so any code which is placed into the constructor of the test class will be run for every single test. This makes the constructor a convenient place to put reusable context setup code.</p> <p>For context cleanup, add the <code>IDisposable</code> interface to the test class, and put the cleanup code in the <code>Dispose()</code> method.</p>"},{"location":"languages/dotnet/csharp/unit-tests.html#mocking-with-moq","title":"Mocking with Moq","text":"C#<pre><code>var mockObj = new Mock&lt;MockedType&gt;();\n\nmockObj.Setup(m =&gt; m.Method(It.IsAny&lt;InputType&gt;())).Returns(value);\nmockObj.Object;  // get mock\n\n// check that the invocation is forwarded to the mock, n times\nmockObj.Verify(m =&gt; m.Method(It.IsAny&lt;InputType&gt;()), Times.Once());\n\n// check that the invocation is forwarded to the mock with a specific input\nmockObj.Verify(m =&gt; m.Method(input), Times.Once());\n</code></pre>"},{"location":"languages/dotnet/database/ado.net.html","title":"ADO.NET","text":"<p><code>ADO.NET</code> is a set of classes that expose data access services for .NET. The <code>ADO.NET</code> classes are found in <code>System.Data.dll</code>, and are integrated with the XML classes found in <code>System.Xml.dll</code>.</p> <p>ADO.NET provider for SQLite</p>"},{"location":"languages/dotnet/database/ado.net.html#connection-strings","title":"Connection Strings","text":""},{"location":"languages/dotnet/database/ado.net.html#sql-server-2019","title":"SQL Server 2019","text":"<ul> <li>Standard Security:</li> <li><code>Server=&lt;server_name&gt;; Database=&lt;database&gt;; UID=&lt;user&gt;; Pwd=&lt;password&gt;;</code></li> <li><code>Server=&lt;server_name&gt;; Database=&lt;database&gt;; User ID=&lt;user&gt;; Password=&lt;password&gt;;</code></li> <li><code>Data Source=&lt;server_name&gt;; Initial Catalog=&lt;database&gt;; UID=&lt;user&gt;; Pwd=&lt;password&gt;;</code></li> <li>Specific Instance: <code>Server=&lt;server_name&gt;\\&lt;instance_name&gt;; Database=&lt;database&gt;; User ID=&lt;user&gt;; Password=&lt;password&gt;;</code></li> <li>Trusted Connection (WinAuth): <code>Server=&lt;server_name&gt;; Database=&lt;database&gt;; Trusted_Connection=True;</code></li> <li>MARS: <code>Server=&lt;server_name&gt;; Database=&lt;database&gt;; Trusted_Connection=True; MultipleActiveResultSets=True;</code></li> </ul> <p>Note: Multiple Active Result Sets (MARS) is a feature that works with SQL Server to allow the execution of multiple batches on a single connection.</p>"},{"location":"languages/dotnet/database/ado.net.html#sqlite","title":"SQLite","text":"<ul> <li>Basic: <code>Data Source: path\\to\\db.sqlite3; Version=3;</code></li> <li>In-Memory Database: <code>Data Source=:memory:; Version=3; New=True</code></li> <li>With Password: <code>Data Source: path\\to\\db.sqlite3; Version=3; Password=&lt;password&gt;</code></li> </ul>"},{"location":"languages/dotnet/database/ado.net.html#connection-to-db","title":"Connection to DB","text":"C#<pre><code>using System;\nusing System.Data.SqlClient;  // ADO.NET Provider, installed through NuGet\n\nnamespace &lt;namespace&gt;\n{\n    class Program\n    {\n        static void Main(string[] args)\n        {\n            // Connection to SQL Server DBMS\n            SqlConnectionStringBuilder connectionString = new SqlConnectionStringBuilder();\n            connectionString.DataSource = \"&lt;server_name&gt;\";\n            connectionString.UserID = \"&lt;user&gt;\";\n            connectionString.Password = \"&lt;password&gt;\";\n            connectionString.InitialCatalog = \"&lt;database&gt;\";\n\n            // more compact\n            SqlConnectionStringBuilder connectionString = new SqlConnectionStringBuilder(\"Server=&lt;server_name&gt;;Database=&lt;database&gt;;UID=&lt;user&gt;;Pwd=&lt;password&gt;\")\n        }\n    }\n}\n</code></pre>"},{"location":"languages/dotnet/database/ado.net.html#db-interrogation","title":"DB Interrogation","text":""},{"location":"languages/dotnet/database/ado.net.html#sqlconnection","title":"<code>SqlConnection</code>","text":"C#<pre><code>using (SqlConnection connection = new SqlConnection())\n{\n    connection.ConnectionString = connectionString.ConnectionString;\n    connection.Open();  // start communication w/ sql server\n}\n\n// more compact\nusing (SqlConnection connection = new SqlConnection(connectionString)) {\n    connection.Open()\n}\n</code></pre>"},{"location":"languages/dotnet/database/ado.net.html#sqlcommand","title":"SqlCommand","text":"C#<pre><code>string sql = \"&lt;sql_instruction&gt;\";\n\nusing (SqlCommand command = new SqlCommand())\n{\n    command.Connection = connection;  // SqlConnection\n    command.CommandText = \"... @Parameter\";  // or name of StoredProcedure\n\n    // add parameters to the SqlParameterCollection, WARNING: table names or columns cannot be parameters\n    command.Parameters.Add(\"@Parameter\", SqlDbType.&lt;DBType&gt;, columnLength).Value = value;\n    command.Parameters.AddWithValue(\"@Parameter\", value);\n    command.Parameters.AddWithValue(\"@Parameter\", (object) value ?? DBNull.Value);  // if Parameter is nullable\n\n    // Create an instance of a SqlParameter object.\n    command.CreateParameter();\n\n    command.CommandType = CommandType.Text;  // or StoredProcedure\n\n    int affectedRows = command.ExecuteNonQuery();  // execute the query and return the number of affected rows\n}\n</code></pre>"},{"location":"languages/dotnet/database/ado.net.html#sqldatareader","title":"<code>SqlDataReader</code>","text":"C#<pre><code>using (SqlDataReader cursor = command.ExecuteReader())  // object to get data from db\n{\n    while (cursor.Read())  // get data till possible\n    {\n        // preferred methodology\n        cursor[\"&lt;column_name&gt;\"].ToString();  // retrieve data form the column\n        cursor[&lt;column_index&gt;].ToString();  // retrieve data form the column\n\n        // check for null before retrieving the value\n        if(!cursor.IsDBNull(n))\n        {\n            cursor.Get&lt;SystemType&gt;(index);  // retrieve data form the n-th column\n        }\n    }\n}\n</code></pre>"},{"location":"languages/dotnet/database/entity-framework.html","title":"Entity Framework","text":""},{"location":"languages/dotnet/database/entity-framework.html#model-data-annotations","title":"Model &amp; Data Annotations","text":"C#<pre><code>using System;\nusing System.Collections.Generic;\nusing System.ComponentModel.DataAnnotations;\nusing System.Linq;\n\nnamespace &lt;Project&gt;.Model\n{\n    public class Entity\n    {\n        [Key]  // set as PK (Id &amp; EntityId are automatically detected to be PKs)\n        public int Id { get; set; }\n\n        [Required]\n        public Type ForeignObject { get; set; }  // Not Null in DB\n        public Type ForeignObject { get; set; }  // Allow Null in DB\n\n        public int Prop { get; set; }  // Not Null in DB (primitive are not nullable)\n        public int? Prop { get; set; }  // Allow Null in DB\n    }\n}\n</code></pre>"},{"location":"languages/dotnet/database/entity-framework.html#context","title":"Context","text":"<p>NuGet Packages to install:</p> <ul> <li><code>Microsoft.EntityFrameworkCore</code></li> <li><code>Microsoft.EntityFrameworkCore.Tools</code> to use migrations in Visual Studio</li> <li><code>Microsoft.EntityFrameworkCore.Tools.DotNet</code> to use migrations in <code>dotnet</code> cli (<code>dotnet-ef</code>)</li> <li><code>Microsoft.EntityFrameworkCore.Design</code> or <code>Microsoft.EntityFrameworkCore.&lt;db_provider&gt;.Design</code> needed for tools to work (bundled w\\ tools)</li> <li><code>Microsoft.EntityFrameworkCore.&lt;db_provider&gt;</code></li> </ul> C#<pre><code>using Microsoft.EntityFrameworkCore;\n\nnamespace &lt;Project&gt;.Model\n{\n    class Context : DbContext\n    {\n        private const string _connectionString = \"Server=&lt;server_name&gt;;Database=&lt;database&gt;;UID=&lt;user&gt;;Pwd=&lt;password&gt;\";\n\n        // connect to db\n        protected override void OnConfiguring(DbContextOptionsBuilder optionsBuilder)\n        {\n            optionsBuilder.UseSqlServer(_connectionString);  // specify connection\n        }\n\n        // or\n\n        public Context(DbContextOptions options) : base(options)\n        {\n        }\n\n        //DBSet&lt;TEntity&gt; represents the collection of all entities in the context (or that can be queried from the database) of a given type\n        public DbSet&lt;Entity&gt; Entities { get; set; }\n        public DbSet&lt;Entity&gt; Entities =&gt; Set&lt;Entity&gt;();  // with nullable reference types\n    }\n}\n</code></pre>"},{"location":"languages/dotnet/database/entity-framework.html#migrations","title":"Migrations","text":"<p>Create &amp; Update DB Schema if necessary.</p> <p>In Package Manager Shell:</p> PowerShell<pre><code>PM&gt; Add-Migration &lt;migration_name&gt;\nPM&gt; update-database [-Verbose] # use the migrations to modify the db, -Verbose to show SQL queries\n</code></pre> <p>In dotnet cli:</p> PowerShell<pre><code>dotnet tool install --global dotnet-ef  # if not already installed\n\ndotnet ef migrations add &lt;migration_name&gt;\ndotnet ef database update\n</code></pre>"},{"location":"languages/dotnet/database/entity-framework.html#crud","title":"CRUD","text":""},{"location":"languages/dotnet/database/entity-framework.html#create","title":"Create","text":"C#<pre><code>context.Add(entity);\ncontext.AddRange(entities);\n\ncontext.SaveChanges();\n</code></pre>"},{"location":"languages/dotnet/database/entity-framework.html#read","title":"Read","text":"<p>Referenced Object Not Loading Fix</p> C#<pre><code>context.Entities.ToList();\ncontext.Entities.Find(id);\n\n// force read of foreign key identifying referenced obj\ncontext.Entities.Include(c =&gt; c.ForeignObject).Find(id);\n</code></pre>"},{"location":"languages/dotnet/database/entity-framework.html#update","title":"Update","text":"C#<pre><code>context.Entities.Update(entity);\ncontext.UpdateRange(entities);\n\ncontext.SaveChanges();\n</code></pre>"},{"location":"languages/dotnet/database/entity-framework.html#delete","title":"Delete","text":"C#<pre><code>context.Entities.Remove(entity);\ncontext.RemoveRange(entities);\n\ncontext.SaveChanges();\n</code></pre>"},{"location":"languages/html/html.html","title":"HTML","text":""},{"location":"languages/html/html.html#terminology","title":"Terminology","text":"<p>Web design: The process of planning, structuring and creating a website. Web development: The process of programming dynamic web applications. Front end: The outwardly visible elements of a website or application. Back end: The inner workings and functionality of a website or application.</p>"},{"location":"languages/html/html.html#anatomy-of-an-html-element","title":"Anatomy of an HTML Element","text":"<p>Element: Building blocks of web pages, an individual component of HTML. Tag: Opening tag marks the beginning of an element &amp; closing tag marks the end. Tags contain characters that indicate the tag's purpose content.</p> <p><code>&lt;tagname&gt; content &lt;/tagname&gt;</code> </p> <p>Container Element: An element that can contain other elements or content. Stand Alone Element: An element that cannot contain anything else. Attribute: Provides additional information about the HTML element. Placed inside an opening tag, before the right angle bracket. Value: Value is the value assigned to a given attribute. Values must be contained inside quotation marks (\u201c\u201d).</p>"},{"location":"languages/html/html.html#the-doctype","title":"The Doctype","text":"<p>The first thing on an HTML page is the doctype, which tells the browser which version of the markup language the page is using.</p>"},{"location":"languages/html/html.html#xhtml-10-strict","title":"XHTML 1.0 Strict","text":"HTML<pre><code>&lt;!DOCTYPE html PUBLIC \"-//W3C//DTD XHTML 1.0 Strict//EN\"\n \"http://www.w3.org/TR/xhtml1/DTD/xhtml1-strict.dtd\"&gt;\n</code></pre>"},{"location":"languages/html/html.html#html4-transitional","title":"HTML4 Transitional","text":"HTML<pre><code>&lt;!DOCTYPE HTML PUBLIC \"-//W3C//DTD HTML 4.01 Transitional//EN\"\n \"http://www.w3.org/TR/html4/loose.dtd\"&gt;\n</code></pre>"},{"location":"languages/html/html.html#html5","title":"HTML5","text":"<p><code>&lt;!doctype html&gt;</code></p>"},{"location":"languages/html/html.html#the-html-element","title":"The HTML Element","text":"<p>After <code>&lt;doctype&gt;</code>, the page content must be contained between tags.</p> HTML<pre><code>&lt;!doctype html&gt;\n&lt;html lang=\"en\"&gt;\n    &lt;!-- page contents --&gt;\n&lt;/html&gt;\n</code></pre>"},{"location":"languages/html/html.html#the-head-element","title":"The HEAD Element","text":"<p>The head contains the title of the page &amp; meta information about the page. Meta information is not visible to the user, but has many purposes, like providing information to search engines. UTF-8 is a character encoding capable of encoding all possible characters, or code points, defined by Unicode. The encoding is variable-length and uses 8-bit code units.</p> <p>XHTML and HTML4: <code>&lt;meta http-equiv=\"Content-Type\" content=\"text/html; charset=utf-8\"&gt;&lt;/meta&gt;</code></p> <p>HTML5: <code>&lt;meta charset=\"utf-8\"&gt;</code></p>"},{"location":"languages/html/html.html#html-shiv-polyfill","title":"HTML Shiv (Polyfill)","text":"<p>Used to make old browsers understand newer HTML5 and newer components.</p> HTML<pre><code>&lt;!--[if lt IE 9]&gt;\n    &lt;script src=\"https://cdnjs.cloudflare.com/ajax/libs/html5shiv/3.7.3/html5shiv.js\"&gt;&lt;/script&gt;\n&lt;![endif]--&gt;\n</code></pre>"},{"location":"languages/html/html.html#the-body-element","title":"The BODY Element","text":"<p>The body contains the actual content of the page. Everything that is contained in the body is visible to the user.</p> HTML<pre><code>&lt;body&gt;\n    &lt;!-- page contents --&gt;\n&lt;/body&gt;\n</code></pre>"},{"location":"languages/html/html.html#javascript","title":"JavaScript","text":"<p>XHTML and older: <code>&lt;script src=\"js/scripts.js\" type=\"text/javascript\"&gt;&lt;/script&gt;</code> HTML5: <code>&lt;script src=\"js/scripts.js\"&gt;&lt;/script&gt;</code>  (HTML5 spec states that <code>type</code> attribute is redundant and should be omitted) The <code>&lt;script&gt;</code> tag is used to define a client-side script (JavaScript). The <code>&lt;script&gt;</code> element either contains scripting statements, or it points to an external script file through the src attribute.</p>"},{"location":"languages/html/html.html#local-remote-or-inline-javascript","title":"Local, Remote or Inline JavaScript","text":"<p>Remote: <code>&lt;script src=\"//ajax.googleapis.com/ajax/libs/jquery/1.10.2/jquery.min.js\"&gt;&lt;/script&gt;</code> Local: <code>&lt;script src=\"js/main.js\"&gt;&lt;/script&gt;</code> Inline: <code>&lt;script&gt; javascript-code-here &lt;/script&gt;</code></p>"},{"location":"languages/html/html.html#forms","title":"Forms","text":"<p>Forms allow to collect data from the user:</p> <ul> <li>signing up and logging in to websites</li> <li>entering personal information</li> <li>filtering content (using dropdowns, checkboxes)</li> <li>performing a search</li> <li>uploading files</li> </ul> <p>Forms contain elements called controls (text inputs, checkboxes, radio buttons, submit buttons). When users complete a form the data is usually submitted to a web server for processing.  </p>"},{"location":"languages/html/html.html#form-validation","title":"Form Validation","text":"<p>Validation is a mechanism to ensure the correctness of user input.</p> <p>Uses of Validation:</p> <ul> <li>Make sure that all required information has been entered</li> <li>Limit the information to certain types (e.g. only numbers)</li> <li>Make sure that the information follows a standard (e.g. email, credit card number)</li> <li>Limit the information to a certain length</li> <li>Other validation required by the application or the back-end services</li> </ul>"},{"location":"languages/html/html.html#front-end-validation","title":"Front-End Validation","text":"<p>The application should validate all information to make sure that it is complete, free of errors and conforms to the specifications required by the back-end. It should contain mechanisms to warn users if input is not complete or correct. It should avoid to send \"bad\" data to the back-end.  </p>"},{"location":"languages/html/html.html#back-end-validation","title":"Back-End Validation","text":"<p>It should never trust that the front-end has done validation since some clever users can bypass the front-end mechanisms easily. Back-end services can receive data from other services, not necessarily front-end, that don't perform validation.  </p>"},{"location":"languages/html/html.html#built-in-validation","title":"Built-In Validation","text":"<p>Not all browsers validate in the same way and some follow the specs partially. Some browsers don't have validation at all (older desktop browsers, some mobile browsers). Apart from declaring validation intention with HTML5 developers don't have much control over what the browser actually does. Before using build-in validation make sure that it's supported by the target browsers.</p>"},{"location":"languages/html/html.html#validation-with-javascript","title":"Validation with JavaScript","text":"<ul> <li>Gives the developer more control.</li> <li>The developer can make sure it works on all target browsers.</li> <li>Requires a lot of custom coding, or using a library (common practice).</li> </ul>"},{"location":"languages/html/html.html#general-structure-of-html-page","title":"General structure of HTML page","text":"HTML<pre><code>&lt;!-- HTML Boilerplate --&gt;\n&lt;!DOCTYPE html&gt;\n&lt;html lang=\"en\"&gt;\n    &lt;head&gt;\n        &lt;!-- meta tag --&gt;\n        &lt;meta charset=\"utf-8\"&gt;\n        &lt;title&gt;&lt;/title&gt;\n        &lt;meta name=\"description\" content=\"\"&gt;\n        &lt;meta name=\"author\" content=\"\"&gt;\n\n        &lt;!-- adapt page dimensions to device --&gt;\n        &lt;meta name=\"viewport\" content=\"width=device-width, initial-scale=1.0\"&gt;\n\n        &lt;!-- external style sheet here --&gt;\n        &lt;link rel=\"stylesheet\" href=\"path/style-sheet.css\"&gt;\n\n        &lt;!-- script if necessary --&gt;\n        &lt;script src=\"_.js\" type=\"text/javascript\"&gt;&lt;/script&gt;\n\n        &lt;!-- script is executed only after the page finishes loading--&gt;\n        &lt;script src=\"_.js\" defer type=\"text/javascript\"&gt;&lt;/script&gt;\n    &lt;/head&gt;\n    &lt;body&gt;\n\n        &lt;!-- end of body --&gt;\n        &lt;script src=\"_.js\" type=\"text/javascript\"&gt;&lt;/script&gt;\n    &lt;/body&gt;\n&lt;/html&gt;\n</code></pre> <p>Attributes describe additional characteristics of an HTML element. <code>&lt;tagname attribute=\"value\"&gt; content &lt;/tagname&gt;</code></p>"},{"location":"languages/html/html.html#meta-tag-structure","title":"Meta Tag Structure","text":"<p><code>&lt;meta name=\"info-name\" content=\"info-content\"&gt;</code></p>"},{"location":"languages/html/html.html#paragraph","title":"Paragraph","text":"<p>Paragraphs allow to format the content in a readable fashion.</p> HTML<pre><code>&lt;p&gt; paragraph-content &lt;/p&gt;\n&lt;p&gt; paragraph-content &lt;/p&gt;\n</code></pre>"},{"location":"languages/html/html.html#headings","title":"Headings","text":"<p>Heading numbers indicates hierarchy, not size.</p> HTML<pre><code>&lt;h1&gt; Heading 1 &lt;/h1&gt;\n&lt;h2&gt; Heading 2 &lt;/h2&gt;\n</code></pre>"},{"location":"languages/html/html.html#formatted-text","title":"Formatted Text","text":"<p>With semantic value:</p> <ul> <li>Emphasized text (default cursive): <code>&lt;em&gt;&lt;/em&gt;</code> </li> <li>Important text (default bold): <code>&lt;strong&gt;&lt;/strong&gt;</code> </li> </ul> <p>Without semantic value, used as last resort:</p> <ul> <li>Italic text: <code>&lt;i&gt;&lt;/i&gt;</code> </li> <li>Bold text: <code>&lt;b&gt;&lt;/b&gt;</code></li> </ul>"},{"location":"languages/html/html.html#elements","title":"Elements","text":"<p><code>&lt;br/&gt;</code>: Line break (carriage return). It's not good practice to put line breaks inside paragraphs.  </p> <p><code>&lt;hr&gt;</code>: horizontal rule (line). Used to define a thematic change in the content.</p>"},{"location":"languages/html/html.html#linksanchor","title":"Links/Anchor","text":"<p>Surround content to turn into links.</p> HTML<pre><code>&lt;!-- Link to absolute URL --&gt;\n&lt;a href=\"uri/url\" title=\"content-title\" target=\"_self\"&gt; text/image &lt;/a&gt;\n\n&lt;!-- links to relative URL --&gt;\n&lt;a href=\"//example.com\"&gt;Scheme-relative URL&lt;/a&gt;\n&lt;a href=\"/en-US/docs/Web/HTML\"&gt;Origin-relative URL&lt;/a&gt;\n&lt;a href=\"./file\"&gt;Directory-relative URL&lt;/a&gt;\n\n&lt;!-- Link to element on the same page --&gt;\n&lt;a href=\"#element-id\"&gt;&lt;/a&gt;\n\n&lt;!-- Link to top of page --&gt;\n&lt;a href=\"#top\"&gt; Back to Top &lt;/a&gt;\n\n&lt;!-- link to email --&gt;\n&lt;a href=\"mailto:address@domain\"&gt;address@domain&lt;/a&gt;\n\n&lt;!-- link to telephone number --&gt;\n&lt;a href=\"tel:+39(111)2223334\"&gt;+39 111 2223334&lt;/a&gt;\n\n&lt;!-- download link --&gt;\n&lt;a href=\"./folder/filename\" download&gt;Download&lt;/a&gt;\n</code></pre> <p><code>target</code>:</p> <ul> <li><code>_blank</code>: opens linked document in a new window or tab</li> <li><code>_self</code>: opens linked document in the same frame as it was clicked (DEFAULT)</li> <li><code>_parent</code>: opens the linked document in the parent frame</li> <li><code>_top</code>: opens linked document in the full body of the window</li> <li><code>frame-name</code>: opens the linked document in the specified frame</li> </ul>"},{"location":"languages/html/html.html#images","title":"Images","text":"HTML<pre><code>&lt;img src=\"image-location\" alt=\"brief-description\"/&gt;    &lt;!-- image element --&gt;\n&lt;!-- alt should be always be populated for accessibility and SEO purposes --&gt;\n</code></pre> HTML<pre><code>&lt;!-- supported by modern browsers --&gt;\n&lt;figure&gt;\n    &lt;img src=\"img-location\" alt=\"description\"&gt;\n    &lt;figcaption&gt; caption of the figure &lt;/figcaption&gt;\n&lt;/figure&gt;\n</code></pre>"},{"location":"languages/html/html.html#unordered-list-bullet-list","title":"Unordered list (bullet list)","text":"HTML<pre><code>&lt;ul&gt;\n    &lt;li&gt;&lt;/li&gt;    &lt;!-- list element --&gt;\n    &lt;li&gt;&lt;/li&gt;\n&lt;/ul&gt;\n</code></pre>"},{"location":"languages/html/html.html#ordered-list-numbered-list","title":"Ordered list (numbered list)","text":"HTML<pre><code>&lt;ol&gt;\n    &lt;li&gt;&lt;/li&gt;\n    &lt;li&gt;&lt;/li&gt;\n&lt;/ol&gt;\n</code></pre>"},{"location":"languages/html/html.html#description-list-list-of-terms-and-descriptions","title":"Description list (list of terms and descriptions)","text":"HTML<pre><code>&lt;dl&gt;\n    &lt;dt&gt;term&lt;/dt&gt;    &lt;!-- define term/name --&gt;\n    &lt;dd&gt;definition&lt;/dd&gt; &lt;!-- describe term/name --&gt;\n    &lt;dt&gt;term&lt;/dt&gt;\n    &lt;dd&gt;definition&lt;/dd&gt;\n&lt;/dl&gt;\n</code></pre>"},{"location":"languages/html/html.html#tables","title":"Tables","text":"HTML<pre><code>&lt;table&gt;\n    &lt;thead&gt;    &lt;!-- table head row --&gt;\n        &lt;th&gt;&lt;/th&gt; &lt;!-- table head, one for each column--&gt;\n        &lt;th&gt;&lt;/th&gt;\n    &lt;/thead&gt;\n    &lt;tbody&gt;    &lt;!-- table content (body) --&gt;\n        &lt;tr&gt; &lt;!-- table row --&gt;\n            &lt;td&gt;&lt;/td&gt; &lt;!-- table cell --&gt;\n            &lt;td&gt;&lt;/td&gt;\n        &lt;/tr&gt;\n    &lt;/tbody&gt;\n&lt;/table&gt;\n</code></pre>"},{"location":"languages/html/html.html#character-codes","title":"Character Codes","text":"Code Character <code>&amp;copy;</code> Copyright <code>&amp;lt;</code> less than (<code>&lt;</code>) <code>&amp;gt;</code> greater than (<code>&gt;</code>) <code>&amp;amp;</code> ampersand (<code>&amp;</code>)"},{"location":"languages/html/html.html#block-element","title":"Block Element","text":"<p>Used to group elements together into sections, eventually to style them differently.</p> HTML<pre><code>&lt;div&gt;\n    &lt;!-- content here --&gt;\n&lt;/div&gt;\n</code></pre>"},{"location":"languages/html/html.html#inline-element","title":"Inline Element","text":"<p>Used to apply a specific style inline.</p> HTML<pre><code>&lt;p&gt; non-styled content &lt;span class=\"...\"&gt; styled content &lt;/span&gt; non-styled content &lt;/p&gt;\n</code></pre>"},{"location":"languages/html/html.html#html5-new-tags","title":"HTML5 new tags","text":"HTML<pre><code>&lt;header&gt;&lt;/header&gt;\n&lt;nav&gt;&lt;/nav&gt;\n&lt;main&gt;&lt;/main&gt;\n&lt;section&gt;&lt;/section&gt;\n&lt;article&gt;&lt;/article&gt;\n&lt;aside&gt;&lt;/aside&gt;\n&lt;footer&gt;&lt;/footer&gt;\n</code></pre>"},{"location":"languages/html/html.html#html-forms-inputs","title":"HTML Forms &amp; Inputs","text":"HTML<pre><code>&lt;form action=\"data-receiver\" target=\"\" method=\"http-method\"&gt;\n    &lt;!-- ALL form elements go here --&gt;\n&lt;/form&gt;\n</code></pre> <p>Target:</p> <ul> <li><code>_blank</code>: submitted result will open in a new browser tab</li> <li><code>_self</code>: submitted result will open in the same page (default)</li> </ul> <p>Method:</p> <ul> <li><code>get</code>: data sent via get method is visible in the browser's address bar</li> <li><code>post</code>: data sent via post in not visible to the user</li> </ul> <p>PROs &amp; CONs of <code>GET</code> method:</p> <ul> <li>Data sent by the GET method is displayed in the URL</li> <li>It is possible to bookmark the page with specific query string values</li> <li>Not suitable for passing sensitive information such as the username and password</li> <li>The length of the URL is limited</li> </ul> <p>PROs &amp; CONs of <code>POST</code> method:</p> <ul> <li>More secure than GET; information is never visible in the URL query string or in the server logs</li> <li>Has a much larger limit on the amount of data that can be sent</li> <li>Can send text data as well as binary data (uploading a file)</li> <li>Not possible to bookmark the page with the query</li> </ul>"},{"location":"languages/html/html.html#basic-form-elements","title":"Basic Form Elements","text":"HTML<pre><code>&lt;form action=\"\" method=\"\"&gt;\n    &lt;label for=\"target-identifier\"&gt;label-here&lt;/label&gt;\n    &lt;input type=\"input-type\" name=\"input-name\" value=\"value-sent\" id=\"target-identifier\"&gt;\n&lt;/form&gt;\n\n&lt;!-- SAME AS --&gt;\n\n&lt;form&gt;\n    &lt;label&gt;Label:\n        &lt;input type=\"input-type\" name=\"input-name\" value=\"value-sent\" id=\"target-identifier\"&gt;\n    &lt;/label&gt;\n&lt;/form&gt;\n</code></pre> <p>Note: The <code>&lt;label&gt;</code> tag is used to define the labels for <code>&lt;input&gt;</code> elements.</p> <p>Input Attributes:</p> <ul> <li><code>name</code>: assigns a name to the form control (used by JavaScript and queries)</li> <li><code>value</code>: value to be sent to the server when the option is selected</li> <li><code>id</code>: identifier for CSS and linking tags</li> <li><code>checked</code>: initially selected or not (radiobutton, checkboxes, ...)</li> <li><code>selected</code>: default selection of a dropdown</li> </ul>"},{"location":"languages/html/html.html#text-field","title":"Text Field","text":"<p>One line areas that allow the user to input text.  </p> HTML<pre><code>&lt;input type=\"text\" placeholder=\"placeholder-text\" spellcheck=\"true\" pattern=\"\\regex\\\"&gt;\n</code></pre> <p>Note: Text inputs can display a placeholder text that will disappear as soon as some text is entered</p>"},{"location":"languages/html/html.html#password-field","title":"Password Field","text":"HTML<pre><code>&lt;input type=\"password\"&gt;\n</code></pre>"},{"location":"languages/html/html.html#radio-buttons","title":"Radio Buttons","text":"HTML<pre><code>&lt;input type=\"radio\" value=\"value\"&gt;\n&lt;input type=\"radio\" value=\"value\" checked&gt;\n</code></pre>"},{"location":"languages/html/html.html#checkboxes","title":"Checkboxes","text":"HTML<pre><code>&lt;input type=\"checkbox\"&gt;\n&lt;input type=\"checkbox\" checked&gt;\n</code></pre>"},{"location":"languages/html/html.html#dropdown-menus","title":"Dropdown Menus","text":"HTML<pre><code>&lt;select multiple&gt;\n    &lt;option value=\"value\"&gt;Value&lt;/option&gt;\n    &lt;option value=\"value\"&gt;Value&lt;/option&gt;\n    &lt;option value=\"value\" selected&gt;Value&lt;/option&gt;\n&lt;/select&gt;\n</code></pre> <p>Use <code>&lt;select&gt;</code> rather than radio buttons when the number of options to choose from is large <code>selected</code> is used rather than checked. Provides the ability to select multiple options. Conceptually, <code>&lt;select&gt;</code> becomes more similar to checkboxes.</p>"},{"location":"languages/html/html.html#file-select","title":"File Select","text":"<p>Upload a local file as an attachment. The <code>accept</code> attribute value is a string that defines the file types the file input should accept. This string is a comma-separated list of unique file type specifiers.</p> HTML<pre><code>&lt;input type=\"file\" value=\"filename\" accept=\".txt,application/json,audio/*\"&gt;\n</code></pre>"},{"location":"languages/html/html.html#text-area","title":"Text Area","text":"<p>Multi line text input.</p> HTML<pre><code>&lt;textarea rows=\"row-number\" cols=\"column-number\" &gt;pre-existing editable test&lt;/textarea&gt;\n</code></pre>"},{"location":"languages/html/html.html#submit-reset","title":"Submit &amp; Reset","text":"HTML<pre><code>&lt;input type=\"submit\" value=\"label\"&gt;\n&lt;input type=\"reset\" value=\"label\"&gt;\n&lt;!-- OR --&gt;\n&lt;button type=\"submit\" value=\"label\"&gt;\n&lt;button type=\"reset\" value=\"label\"&gt;\n</code></pre> <p><code>submit</code>: sends the form data to the location specified in the action attribute. <code>reset</code>: resets all forms controls to the default values.</p>"},{"location":"languages/html/html.html#button","title":"Button","text":"HTML<pre><code>&lt;button type=\"button/reset/submit\" value=\"label\"/&gt;\n\n&lt;!-- can contain HTML --&gt;\n&lt;button type=\"button/reset/submit\" value=\"lebel\"&gt;&lt;/button&gt;\n</code></pre>"},{"location":"languages/html/html.html#fieldset","title":"Fieldset","text":"<p>Group controls into categories. Particularly important for screen readers.</p> HTML<pre><code>&lt;fieldset&gt;\n    &lt;legend&gt;Color&lt;/legend&gt;\n    &lt;input type=\"radio\" name=\"colour\" value=\"red\" id=\"colour_red\"&gt;\n    &lt;label for=\"colour_red\"&gt;Red&lt;/label&gt;\n    &lt;input type=\"radio\" name=\"colour\" value=\"green\" id=\"colour_green\"&gt;\n    &lt;label for=\"colour_green\"&gt;Green&lt;/label&gt;\n    &lt;input type=\"radio\" name=\"colour\" value=\"blue\" id=\"colour_blue\"&gt;\n    &lt;label for=\"colour_blue\"&gt;Red&lt;/label&gt;\n&lt;/fieldset&gt;\n</code></pre>"},{"location":"languages/html/html.html#email-field","title":"Email Field","text":"<p>Used to receive a valid e-mail address from the user. Most browsers can validate this without needing javascript. Older browsers don't support this input type.</p> HTML<pre><code>&lt;form&gt;\n    &lt;label for=\"user-email\"&gt;Email:&lt;/label&gt;\n    &lt;input type=\"email\" name=\"user-email\" id=\"form-email\"&gt;\n    &lt;button type=\"submit\"&gt;Send&lt;/button&gt;\n&lt;/form&gt;\n</code></pre>"},{"location":"languages/html/html.html#progress-bar","title":"Progress Bar","text":"HTML<pre><code>&lt;progress max=\"100\" value=\"70\"&gt; 70% &lt;/progress&gt;\n</code></pre>"},{"location":"languages/html/html.html#slider","title":"Slider","text":"HTML<pre><code>&lt;input type=\"range\" min=\"0\" max=\"20\"&gt;\n</code></pre>"},{"location":"languages/html/html.html#meter","title":"Meter","text":"<p>The <code>&lt;meter&gt;</code> HTML element represents either a scalar value within a known range or a fractional value.</p> HTML<pre><code>&lt;meter min=\"0\" max=\"100\" low=\"33\" high=\"66\" optimum=\"80\" value=\"50\"&gt;current value&lt;/meter&gt;\n</code></pre>"},{"location":"languages/html/html.html#datalist-autocomplete","title":"Datalist (Autocomplete)","text":"<p>The <code>datalist</code> HTML element can provide suggestions to an input that targets it's <code>id</code> with the <code>list</code> attribute.</p> HTML<pre><code>&lt;input list=\"items\"&gt;\n\n&lt;datalist id=\"items\"&gt;\n    &lt;option value=\"value-1\"&gt;\n    &lt;option value=\"value-2\"&gt;\n    &lt;option value=\"value-3\"&gt;\n&lt;/datalist&gt;\n</code></pre>"},{"location":"languages/html/html.html#more-input-types","title":"More Input Types","text":"HTML<pre><code>&lt;input type=\"email\" id=\"email\" name=\"email\" /&gt;\n&lt;input type=\"url\" id=\"url\" name=\"url\" /&gt;\n&lt;input type=\"number\" name=\"\" id=\"identifier\" min=\"min-value\" max=\"max-value\" step=\"\" /&gt;\n&lt;input type=\"search\" id=\"identifier\" name=\"\"&gt;\n&lt;input type=\"color\" /&gt;\n</code></pre>"},{"location":"languages/html/html.html#using-built-in-form-validation","title":"Using Built-In Form Validation","text":"<p>One of the most significant features of HTML5 form controls is the ability to validate most user data without relying on JavaScript. This is done by using validation attributes on form elements.</p> <ul> <li><code>required</code>: Specifies whether a form field needs to be filled in before the form can be submitted.</li> <li><code>minlength</code>, <code>maxlength</code>: Specifies the minimum and maximum length of textual data (strings)</li> <li><code>min</code>, <code>max</code>: Specifies the minimum and maximum values of numerical input types</li> <li><code>type</code>: Specifies whether the data needs to be a number, an email address, or some other specific preset type.</li> <li><code>pattern</code>: Specifies a regular expression that defines a pattern the entered data needs to follow.</li> </ul> <p>If the data entered in an form field follows all of the rules specified by the above attributes, it is considered valid. If not, it is considered invalid.</p> <p>When an element is valid, the following things are true:</p> <ul> <li>The element matches the <code>:valid</code> CSS pseudo-class, which lets you apply a specific style to valid elements.</li> <li>If the user tries to send the data, the browser will submit the form, provided there is nothing else stopping it from doing so (e.g. JavaScript).</li> </ul> <p>When an element is invalid, the following things are true:</p> <ul> <li>The element matches the <code>:invalid</code> CSS pseudo-class, and sometimes other UI pseudo-classes (e.g. <code>:out-of-range</code>) depending on the error, which lets you apply a specific style to invalid elements.</li> <li>If the user tries to send the data, the browser will block the form and display an error message.</li> </ul>"},{"location":"languages/java/dao.html","title":"Database Access Object","text":""},{"location":"languages/java/dao.html#db","title":"DB","text":"<p>Connection to the DB.</p> Java<pre><code>package dao;\n\nimport java.sql.Connection;\nimport java.sql.DriverManager;\nimport java.sql.SQLException;\n\npublic class DB {\n\n    private Connection conn;  // db connection obj\n\n    private final String URL = \"jdbc:&lt;dbms&gt;:&lt;db_url&gt;/&lt;database&gt;\";\n    private final String USER = \"\";\n    private final String PWD = \"\";\n\n    public DB() {\n        this.conn = null;\n    }\n\n    public void connect() {\n        try {\n            this.conn = DriverManager.getConnection(URL, USER, PWD);\n        } catch (SQLException e) {\n            e.printStackTrace();\n        }\n    }\n\n    public void disconnect() {\n        if(conn != null) {\n            try {\n                this.conn.close();\n            } catch (SQLException e) {\n                e.printStackTrace();\n            }\n        }\n    }\n\n    public Connection getConn() {\n        return conn;\n    }\n}\n</code></pre>"},{"location":"languages/java/dao.html#itypedao","title":"<code>I&lt;Type&gt;DAO</code>","text":"<p>Interface for CRUD methods on a database.</p> Java<pre><code>package dao;\n\nimport java.sql.SQLException;\nimport java.util.List;\n\npublic interface I&lt;Type&gt;DAO {\n\n    String RAW_QUERY = \"SELECT * ...\"\n    public Type Query() throws SQLException;\n}\n</code></pre>"},{"location":"languages/java/dao.html#typedao","title":"<code>&lt;Type&gt;DAO</code>","text":"<p>Class implementing <code>I&lt;Type&gt;DAO</code> and handling the communication with the db.</p> Java<pre><code>package dao;\n\nimport java.sql.ResultSet;\nimport java.sql.SQLException;\nimport java.sql.Statement;\n\npublic class &lt;Type&gt;DAO implements I&lt;Type&gt;DAO {\n\n    private &lt;Type&gt; results;\n\n    private Statement statement;  // SQL instruction container\n    private ResultSet rs;  // Query results container\n    private DB db;\n\n    public &lt;Type&gt;DAO() {\n        db = new DB();\n    }\n\n    @Override\n    public Type Query() throws SQLException {\n        // 1. connection\n        db.connect();\n\n        // 2. instruction\n        statement = db.getConn().createStatement();  // statement creation\n\n        // 3. query\n        rs = statement.executeQuery(RAW_QUERY);  // set the query\n\n        // 4. results\n        while(rs.next()) {\n            // create and valorize Obj\n            // add to results\n        }\n\n        // 5. disconnection\n        db.disconnect()\n\n        // 6. return results\n        return results;\n    }\n}\n</code></pre>"},{"location":"languages/java/java-collection-framework.html","title":"Java Collection Framework - JCF","text":"<p>All classes that permit the handling of groups of objects constitute the Java Collection Framework.</p> <p>A Collection is a container in which several objects are grouped in a single entity.</p> <p>The Java Collection Framework is constituted by:</p> <ul> <li>Interfaces the define the operations of a generic collection. They can be split into two categories:</li> <li>Collection: used to optimize operations of insertion, modification and deletion of elements in a group of objects.</li> <li>Map: optimized for look-up operations.</li> <li>Classes that implement the interfaces using different data structures.</li> <li>Algorithms consisting in methods to operate over a collection.</li> </ul> <p></p>"},{"location":"languages/java/java-collection-framework.html#javautilcollections","title":"java.util.Collections","text":""},{"location":"languages/java/java-collection-framework.html#collection-functions","title":"Collection Functions","text":"Java<pre><code>boolean add (Object o) e.g., &lt;x&gt;.add (&lt;y&gt;)    //append to collection, false if fails\nboolean add (int index, Object o)    //insertion at given index\nboolean addAll (Collection c)    //appends a collection to another\nvoid clear()     //remove items from container\nboolean contains (Object o)    //true if object is in collection\nboolean containsAll (Collection c)    //true if all items of collection are in another\nboolean isEmpty (Object o) e.g., if (&lt;x&gt;.isEmpty()) ...    //true if collection is empty\nboolean remove (Object o)    //remove object from collection\nObject remove (int index)    //remove object at given index\nvoid removeAll (Collection c)    //remove all items form collection\nint size ()    //number og items in collection\nObject [] toArray()    //transform collection in array\nIterator iterator()    //returns iterator to iterate over the collection\n</code></pre>"},{"location":"languages/java/java-collection-framework.html#collections-methods","title":"Collections Methods","text":"Java<pre><code>Collection&lt;E&gt;.forEach(Consumer&lt;? super T&gt; action);\n</code></pre>"},{"location":"languages/java/java-collection-framework.html#iterator","title":"Iterator","text":"<p>Abstracts the problem of iterating over all the elements of a collection;</p> <ul> <li><code>public Iterator (Collection c)</code> creates the Iterator</li> <li><code>public boolean hasNext()</code> checks if there is a successive element</li> <li><code>public Object next()</code> extracts the successive element</li> </ul>"},{"location":"languages/java/java-collection-framework.html#arraylist","title":"ArrayList","text":"<p>Note: ArrayLists can't contain primitive values. Use wrapper classes instead.</p> Java<pre><code>import java.util.ArrayList;\nArrayList&lt;Type&gt; ArrayListName = new ArrayList&lt;Type&gt;(starting_dim);    //resizable array\nArrayList&lt;Type&gt; ArrayListName = new ArrayList&lt;Type&gt;();    //resizable array\nArrayList&lt;Type&gt; ArrayListName = new ArrayList&lt;&gt;();    //resizable array (JAVA 1.8+)\n\n\nArrayListName.add(item);    //append item to collection\nArrayListName.add(index, item);  // add item at position index, shift all item from index and successive towards the end af the ArrayList\nArrayListName.set(index, item);  // substitute EXISTING item\nArrayListName.get(index);    //access to collection item\nArrayListName.remove(item)    //remove first occurrence of item from collection\nArrayListName.remove(index)    //remove item at position index\nArrayListName.clear()    //empties the ArrayList\nArrayListName.contains(object);  // check if object is in the ArrayList\nArrayListName.IndexOf(object);  // returns the index of the object\nArrayListName.isEmpty();  // check wether the list is empty\n\nArrayListName.size();    //dimension of the ArrayList\nArrayListName.tirmToSize();  // reduce ArrayList size to minimum needed\n// ArrayList size doubles when a resize is needed.\n\n//run through to the collection with functional programming (JAVA 1.8+)\nArrayListName.forEach(item -&gt; function(v));\n</code></pre>"},{"location":"languages/java/java-collection-framework.html#collection-sorting","title":"Collection Sorting","text":"<p>To sort a collection it's items must implement <code>Comparable&lt;T&gt;</code>:</p> Java<pre><code>class ClassName implements Comparable&lt;ClassName&gt; {\n\n    @override\n    public int compareTo(Classname other){\n        //compare logic\n        return &lt;int&gt;;\n    }\n}\n\nList&lt;ClassName&gt; list;\n//valorize List\nCollections.sort(list);    //\"natural\" sorting uses compareTo()\n</code></pre> <p>Otherwise a <code>Comparator()</code> must be implemented:</p> Java<pre><code>class Classname {\n    //code here\n}\n\n// Interface object (!) implements directly a method\nComparator&lt;ClassName&gt; comparator = new Comparator&lt;ClassName&gt;() {\n\n    @Override\n    public int compare(ClassName o1, Classname o2) {\n        //compare logic\n        return &lt;int&gt;;\n    }\n};\n\nList&lt;ClassName&gt; list;\n//valorize List\nCollections.sort(list, comparator);    //\"natural\" sorting uses compareTo()\n</code></pre> <p><code>Comparator&lt;T&gt;</code> and <code>Comparable&lt;T&gt;</code> are functional interfaces</p>"},{"location":"languages/java/java.html","title":"Java","text":"Java<pre><code>//single line comment\n/* multi line comment */\n/** javaDoc docstring */\n</code></pre> Java element Case package lowercase class PascalCase variable camelCase method camelCase"},{"location":"languages/java/java.html#basics","title":"Basics","text":"<p>Package definition: <code>package &lt;package_location&gt;;</code></p>"},{"location":"languages/java/java.html#main-method-entry-point-of-algorithm","title":"Main Method (entry point of algorithm)","text":"Java<pre><code>public static void main (String[] args) {\n    //code here\n}\n</code></pre>"},{"location":"languages/java/java.html#variable-assignment","title":"Variable Assignment","text":"<p><code>Type variable_1 = &lt;expr&gt;, ..., variable_n = &lt;expr&gt;;</code></p>"},{"location":"languages/java/java.html#constant-definition-outside-of-main-methodfunction","title":"Constant Definition (outside of main method/function)","text":"Java<pre><code>public static final Type CONSTANT_NAME = value;\npublic static final double PI = 3.14159;   //example\n</code></pre>"},{"location":"languages/java/java.html#constant-definition-inside-main-methodfunction","title":"Constant Definition (inside main method/function)","text":"Java<pre><code>final Type CONSTANT_NAME = value;\nfinal double PI = 3.14159;   //example\n</code></pre>"},{"location":"languages/java/java.html#screen-output","title":"Screen Output","text":"Java<pre><code>System.out.println(output_1 + _ + output_n);   //newline at every invocation\nSystem.out.print(output_1 + _ + output_n);\n</code></pre>"},{"location":"languages/java/java.html#output-formatting","title":"Output Formatting","text":"<p>String.format() Examples</p> Java<pre><code>System.out.printf(\"string %..\", variable);\nSystem.out.println(String.format(format, args));\n</code></pre> <p>Methods inherited from C. The value pf the variable substitutes %. <code>%d</code> int, <code>%f</code> float, <code>%c</code> char, <code>%s</code> string, <code>%e</code> scientific notation. <code>%digitNumber.decimalDigitNumber</code> specifies the space occupied by the output.</p> <p><code>NumberFormat</code> class is used to format a number output.</p> Java<pre><code>Locale locale = new Locale(\"language\", \"country\");  // as defined by IETF lang tag, RCF 5646, RCF 4647\nNumberFormat fmt = NumberFormat.getCurrencyInstance(locale);  // format a number as a currency based on a Locale\nfmt.format(number);  // apply format to a number, returns a String\n</code></pre>"},{"location":"languages/java/java.html#keyboard-input","title":"Keyboard Input","text":"Java<pre><code>import java.util.Scanner;   //package import\nScanner scanner = new Scanner(System.in);  //Scanner obj init\nscanner.useDelimiter(\"delimitatore\");   //delimiter setting\nscanner.close()  //closing of Scanner, releases memory\n\nint variable_int_1 = scanner.nextInt();   //takes integer number\nString string_1 = scanner.nextLine();   //takes line of text (\\n ends line)\nString string_1 = scanner.next();   //takes text (space ends word)\ndouble variable_double_1 = scanner.nextDouble();  //takes double decimal number\nboolean variable_bool = scanner.nextBoolean();  //takes boolean value\n//(TRUE, FALSE, true, false, True, False)\n</code></pre> <p>The <code>nextLine()</code> method imports from the last <code>\\n</code>. Thus when switching to a different input method is necessary to call <code>nextLine()</code> one more time to avoid errors.</p>"},{"location":"languages/java/java.html#primitive-types","title":"Primitive Types","text":"Java<pre><code>TYPE        WRAPPER     SIZE        MIN_VALUE               MAX_VALUE\nint         Integer                 -2147483648             2147483647\nbyte        Byte        8 bit       -128                    127\nshort       Short       16 bit      -32768                  32767\nlong - L    Long        32 bit      -9223372036854775808    9223372036854775807\nfloat - f   Float       32 bit      1.4 * 10^-45            3.4028235 * 10^38\ndouble - d  Double      64 bit      4.9 * 10^-324           1.7976931348623157 * 10^308\nchar        Character   16 bit      U+0000 (0)              U+FFFF (65535)\nboolean     Boolean                 false                   true\n</code></pre> <p>Digits can be separated by _ (underscore). If not specified int &amp; double are the default types.</p>"},{"location":"languages/java/java.html#floating-point-numbers-precision-calcs","title":"Floating-Point numbers &amp; Precision Calcs","text":"<p>Don't use <code>==</code> or <code>!=</code> to confront floating value numbers since they use approximation or have a lot of digits. It's best to check if the difference between two numbers is small enough. For high precision calcs is best to use <code>BigDecimal</code>.</p>"},{"location":"languages/java/java.html#type-conversion-casting-type-checking","title":"Type Conversion (casting) &amp; Type checking","text":"Java<pre><code>Type variable = (Type) &lt;expression&gt;;  // convert to other Type\nvar instanceof Type;  // true if var is an instance of Type\n</code></pre>"},{"location":"languages/java/java.html#wrapper-classes","title":"Wrapper Classes","text":"<p>Every primitive type has a corresponding wrapper class. Wrapper classes permits the creation of an object with the same type of a primitive type but with added methods and constants.</p> Java<pre><code>WrapperClass objectName = new WrapperClass(primitiveValue);  //declaration\nWrapperClass objectName = primitiveValue;  //shortened declaration\n\n\nType variable = object.&lt;Type&gt;Value();  //unboxing\nType variable = object;  //autoboxing\nType variable = new WrapperClass(primitiveValue);  //automatic unboxing\n\nWrapperClass.MIN_VALUE  //constant holding min possible value of wrapper class\nWrapperClass.MAX_VALUE  //constant holding man possible value of wrapper class\n\nWrapperClass.parseClasseWrapper(string);  // converts the tring to the wrapper class, NumberFOrmatException on error\nWrapperClass.toString(primitive);  // converts the wrapper class value to a string\n</code></pre>"},{"location":"languages/java/java.html#string-char","title":"String &amp; Char","text":"Java<pre><code>String string = \"text\";  //strings always in double quotes\nchar character = 'C';  //chars always in single quotes\n</code></pre>"},{"location":"languages/java/java.html#special-characters","title":"Special Characters","text":"Escape Character Character <code>\\n</code> new line <code>\\t</code> tab <code>\\b</code> backspace <code>\\r</code> carriage return <code>\\f</code> form feed <code>\\\\</code> backslash <code>\\\"</code> double quote <code>\\u&lt;4_hex_digits&gt;</code> unicode characters <code>\\x&lt;digits&gt;</code> hexadecimal characters <code>\\o&lt;digits&gt;</code> octal characters <code>\\&lt;digits&gt;</code> ASCII character"},{"location":"languages/java/java.html#string-concatenation","title":"String Concatenation","text":"<p>The value of the variable is appende to the string literal. <code>\"text\" + variable</code> String are immutable. Concatenation creates a new string.</p>"},{"location":"languages/java/java.html#string-conversion-to-number","title":"String Conversion to Number","text":"Java<pre><code>double d  = Double.parseDouble(string);\nfloat f = Float.parseFloat(string);\nint i = integer.parseInt(string);\n</code></pre>"},{"location":"languages/java/java.html#string-class-methods","title":"String Class Methods","text":"Java<pre><code>string.equals(otherString);   // returns TRUE if the strings are equal\nstring.equalsIgnoreCase(otherString);   // returns TRUE if the strings are equals ignoring the case\nstring.charAt(index);  // returns the character at position INDEX\nstring.startsWith(otherString);  // returns TRUE if string starts with otherString\nstring.endsWith(otherString)  // returns TRUE if string ends with otherString\nstring.concat(otherString);   // concatenation of two strings\nstring.indexOf(otherString);  // returns index of the first occurrence of other string\nstring.lastIndexOf(otherString);  // returns index of the last occurrence of other string\nstring.length();    // returns the length of the string\nstring.toLowerCase();   // transform the string in uppercase characters\nstring.toUpperCase();   // transform the string in lowercase characters\nstring.replace(character, newCharacter);   // substitutes character with newCharacter\nstring.replaceAll(regex, replacement);\nstring.substring(start, end);   // returns a substring starting as START and ending at END (included)\nstring.trim();   // removes spaces before and after the string\nstring.Split(delimiter);  // return a String[] generated by splitting string at the occurrence of delimiter\nstring.compareTo(otherString);\n</code></pre> <p><code>compareTo()</code> returns a number:  </p> <ul> <li><code>-1</code> if <code>string</code> precedes <code>otherString</code></li> <li><code>0</code> if the strings are equal  </li> <li><code>1</code> if <code>otherString</code> precedes <code>string</code></li> </ul> <p><code>compareTo()</code> compares the lexicographic order (based on UNICODE). To compare in alphabetical order both strings must have the same case.</p>"},{"location":"languages/java/java.html#mathematical-operations","title":"Mathematical Operations","text":"Java<pre><code>Math.PI  // value of pi\nMath.E  // value of e\n\nMath.abs(x);  //absolute value of x\nMath.acos(x);\nMath.asin(x)\nMath.atan(x)\nMath.atan2(y, x)\nMath.ceil(x)\nMath.cos(x)\nMath.exp(x);  //e^x\nMath.floor(x)\nMath.log(x)\nMath.max(x, y)\nMath.min(x, y)\nMath.pow(x, y);  //x^y\nMath.random()\nMath.rint(x)\nMath.round(x)\nMath.sin(x)\nMath.sqrt(x);  //square root, x^(1/2)\nMath.tan(x)\nMath.toDegrees(rad)\nMath.toRadians(deg)\n</code></pre>"},{"location":"languages/java/java.html#arithmetic-operators","title":"Arithmetic Operators","text":"operator operation a <code>+</code> b sum a <code>-</code> b subtraction a <code>*</code> b multiplication a <code>/</code> b division a <code>%</code> b modulo a<code>++</code> increment a<code>--</code> decrement"},{"location":"languages/java/java.html#comparison-operators","title":"Comparison Operators","text":"operator operation a <code>==</code> b equal to a <code>!=</code> b not equal to a <code>&gt;</code> b greater than a <code>&lt;</code> b lesser than a <code>&gt;=</code> b greater than or equal to a <code>&lt;=</code> b lesser than or equal to"},{"location":"languages/java/java.html#logical-operators","title":"Logical Operators","text":"operator operation <code>!</code>a logical negation (NOT) a <code>&amp;&amp;</code> b, logical AND a <code>||</code> b, logical OR"},{"location":"languages/java/java.html#bitwise-operators","title":"Bitwise Operators","text":"operator operation <code>~</code>a bitwise NOT a <code>&amp;</code> b bitwise AND a <code>|</code> b bitwise OR a <code>^</code> b bitwise XOR a <code>&lt;&lt;</code> b bitwise left shift a <code>&gt;&gt;</code> b bitwise right shift"},{"location":"languages/java/java.html#compound-assignment-operators","title":"Compound Assignment Operators","text":"operator operation a <code>+=</code> b a = a + b a <code>-=</code> b a = a - b a <code>*=</code> b a = a * b a <code>/=</code> b a = a / b a <code>%=</code> b a = a % b a <code>&amp;=</code> b a = a &amp; b a <code>|=</code> b a = a a <code>^=</code> b a = a ^ b a <code>&lt;&lt;=</code> b a = a &lt;&lt; b a <code>&gt;&gt;=</code> b a = a &gt;&gt; b"},{"location":"languages/java/java.html#operator-precedence","title":"Operator Precedence","text":"<ol> <li>unary operators <code>++</code> , <code>--</code>, <code>!</code></li> <li>binary arithmetic operators <code>*</code>, <code>/</code>, <code>%</code></li> <li>binary arithmetic operators <code>+</code>, <code>-</code></li> <li>boolean operators <code>&lt;</code>, <code>&gt;</code> , <code>&lt;=</code>, <code>&gt;=</code></li> <li>boolean operators <code>==</code>, <code>!=</code></li> <li>bitwise operator <code>&amp;</code></li> <li>bitwise operator <code>|</code></li> <li>logical operator <code>&amp;&amp;</code></li> <li>logical operator <code>||</code></li> </ol>"},{"location":"languages/java/java.html#short-circuit-evaluation","title":"Short Circuit Evaluation","text":"<p>If in <code>(expressionA || expressionB)</code> expressionA results <code>true</code>, Java returns <code>true</code> without evaluating expressionB. If in <code>(expressionA &amp;&amp; expressionB)</code> expressionA results <code>false</code>, Java returns <code>false</code> without evaluating expressionB. Full evaluation can be forced using <code>&amp;</code> and <code>|</code>.</p>"},{"location":"languages/java/java.html#decision-statements","title":"Decision Statements","text":""},{"location":"languages/java/java.html#if-else","title":"<code>If Else</code>","text":"Java<pre><code>if (condition) {\n    //code here\n} else {\n    //code here\n}\n</code></pre>"},{"location":"languages/java/java.html#if-else-if-else","title":"<code>If, Else If, Else</code>","text":"Java<pre><code>if (condition) {\n    //code here\n} else if (condition) {\n    //code here\n} else if (condition){\n    //code here\n} else {\n    //code here\n}\n</code></pre>"},{"location":"languages/java/java.html#ternary-operator","title":"Ternary Operator","text":"<p><code>(condition) ? istruzione_1 : istruzione_2;</code> if condition is <code>true</code> executes instruction1 otherwise executes instruction2.</p>"},{"location":"languages/java/java.html#switch","title":"<code>Switch</code>","text":"Java<pre><code>switch (matchExpression) {\n    case matchingPattern:\n        //code here\n        break;\n    case matchingPattern:\n        //code here\n        break;\n    default:\n        //code here\n        break;\n}\n</code></pre> <p>Omitting the <code>break</code> keyword causes multiple branches to execute the same code.</p>"},{"location":"languages/java/java.html#loop-statements","title":"Loop Statements","text":""},{"location":"languages/java/java.html#while-loop","title":"<code>While</code> Loop","text":"Java<pre><code>while (condition) {\n   //code here\n}\n</code></pre>"},{"location":"languages/java/java.html#do-while-loop","title":"<code>Do While</code> Loop","text":"Java<pre><code>do {\n    //code here\n} while (espressione_booleana);\n</code></pre> <p>Loop body executed at least one time</p>"},{"location":"languages/java/java.html#for-loop","title":"<code>For</code> Loop","text":"Java<pre><code>for (initializer; condition; iterator) {\n    //code here\n}\n</code></pre>"},{"location":"languages/java/java.html#foreach-loop","title":"<code>Foreach</code> Loop","text":"Java<pre><code>for (Type variable : iterable){\n    //code here\n}\n</code></pre>"},{"location":"languages/java/java.html#multiple-iterators-in-for-loop","title":"Multiple iterators in <code>For</code> Loop","text":"Java<pre><code>for (initializer1, initializer2; condition; iterator1, iterator2) {\n    //code here\n}\n</code></pre> <p>The iterator declared in the for is a local variable and can be used only in the for loop block.</p>"},{"location":"languages/java/java.html#forced-program-termination","title":"Forced Program Termination","text":"<p><code>System.exit(returnedValue);</code> forces the termination of the program execution returning a specified value.</p>"},{"location":"languages/java/java.html#assertion-checks","title":"Assertion Checks","text":"<p>If the assertion check is enabled (<code>java -ebableassetrions programName</code>) the execution of the algorithm is terminated if an assertion fails. Assertions can be used to check if a variable has a wanted value in a precise point in the code (Sanity Check).</p> Java<pre><code>assert &lt;booleanExpression&gt;;\n</code></pre>"},{"location":"languages/java/java.html#static-methods","title":"Static Methods","text":"<p>Static methods are not bound to an instance of a class but they act on the class itself.  </p>"},{"location":"languages/java/java.html#static-void-method-definition","title":"Static Void Method Definition","text":"Java<pre><code>static void methodName (parameters) {\n    //code here\n}\n</code></pre>"},{"location":"languages/java/java.html#static-method-definition","title":"Static Method Definition","text":"Java<pre><code>static tipo_metodo methodName (parameters) {\n    //code here\n    return &lt;espressione&gt;;   //returned type MUST match method type\n}\n</code></pre>"},{"location":"languages/java/java.html#static-method-invocation","title":"Static Method Invocation","text":"Java<pre><code>methodName(arguments);\nClassName.methodName(arguments);    //if method is used outside its class\n</code></pre>"},{"location":"languages/java/java.html#array","title":"Array","text":""},{"location":"languages/java/java.html#array-declaration","title":"Array Declaration","text":"Java<pre><code>Type[] arrayName = new Type[dimension];\n\nType arrayName[] = new Type[dimension];\n\narrayName.length  //length of the array\n</code></pre> <p>Its possible to break the declaration in two lines  </p> Java<pre><code>Type[] arrayName;\narrayType = new Type[dimension];\n</code></pre>"},{"location":"languages/java/java.html#array-creation-by-initialization","title":"Array Creation by Initialization","text":"<p><code>Type[] arrayName = {value1, value2, ...}</code> Array dimension is determined by the number of values.</p>"},{"location":"languages/java/java.html#arrays-as-method-parameters","title":"Arrays as method parameters","text":"Java<pre><code>static Type methodName (Type[] arrayName) {\n    //code here\n}\n\nmethodName(arrayName);  //[] omitted when passing array as argument\n</code></pre> <p>Single elements of an array can be passed to a method. Array dimension can be omitted.  </p>"},{"location":"languages/java/java.html#equality-of-arrays","title":"Equality of Arrays","text":"<p>As arrays ar object in Java, the operators <code>==</code> and <code>!=</code> confront the memory address of the arrays. Array contents must be confronted by looping through the array.</p>"},{"location":"languages/java/java.html#methods-returning-arrays","title":"Methods returning Arrays","text":"Java<pre><code>static Type[] methodName (parameters) {\n    Type[] arrayName = new Type[dimension];  //array declaration\n    //array valorization\n    return arrayName;\n}\n</code></pre>"},{"location":"languages/java/java.html#variable-numbers-of-parameters-in-a-method","title":"Variable numbers of parameters in a method","text":"Java<pre><code>static Type methodName (parameters, tipo[] ArrayName) {\n    //code here\n}\n</code></pre> <p>It's not necessary to specify a dimension of the array, it's determined by Java</p>"},{"location":"languages/java/java.html#multi-dimensional-arrays","title":"Multi-Dimensional Arrays","text":"Java<pre><code>Type[]...[] arrayName = new Type[dimension1]...[dimensionN];\nType arrayName[]...[] = new Type[dimension1]...[dimensionN];\n</code></pre>"},{"location":"languages/java/java.html#multi-dimensional-arrays-as-parameters","title":"Multi-Dimensional Arrays as parameters","text":"Java<pre><code>static Type methodName (Type[]...[] ArrayName) {\n    //code here\n}\n</code></pre>"},{"location":"languages/java/java.html#methods-returning-multi-dimensional-arrays","title":"Methods returning multi-dimensional arrays","text":"Java<pre><code>static Type[]...[] methodName (parameters) {\n    Type[]...[] array = new Type[dimension1]...[dimensionN];\n    //array valorization\n    return array;\n}\n</code></pre>"},{"location":"languages/java/java.html#array-length-of-multi-dimensional-arrays","title":"Array Length of multi-dimensional arrays","text":"Java<pre><code>array.length  //row length\narray[rowIndex].length  //column length\n</code></pre>"},{"location":"languages/java/java.html#irregular-table-visualization","title":"Irregular Table Visualization","text":"Java<pre><code>static void viewTable (Type[][] matrix){\n    for (int row = 0; row &lt; matrix.length; row++){   //run through the rows\n        for (int column = 0; column &lt; arrayName[row].length; column++){   //run through the columns\n            System.put.print(arrayName[row][column] + \"\\t\");   //print item followed by a tab\n        }\n        System.out.println();   //newline after each matrix row\n    }\n}\n</code></pre>"},{"location":"languages/java/java.html#recursion-guidelines","title":"Recursion Guidelines","text":"<p>The core of the recursion must be constituted by a conditional instruction that permits to handle the cases based on the method argument. At least one of the alternatives must contain a recursive call to che method. The call must resolve reduced version of the task handled by the method. At leats one of the alternatives must not contain a recursive call or it must produce a value that constitutes a base case or an arrest value.</p>"},{"location":"languages/java/java.html#exception-handling","title":"Exception Handling","text":"<p>An Exception is an object used to signal an anomalous event. Checked Exceptions must be handled in a catch meanwhile Unchecked Exceptions do not need to be cached like <code>RuntimeException</code>. Unchecked exceptions usually mean that there is an error in the logic of the program that must be fixed.</p>"},{"location":"languages/java/java.html#try-catch-finally","title":"<code>Try-Catch-Finally</code>","text":"<p>This construct permits to monitor what happens in a block of code and to specify what to do in case of errors (exceptions).</p> Java<pre><code>try {\n    //monitored code\n} catch (SpecificException e) {\n    //in case of errors use this\n} catch (SpecificException1 | SpecificException2 | ... | SpecificExceptionN e) {\n    //in case of errors use this\n} catch (Exception e) {\n    //in case of error use this\n    e.getMessage();  // access to Exception error message\n} finally {\n    //code executed anyways\n}\n</code></pre> <p>A <code>try-catch</code> construct can handle multiple exceptions at once.  Every <code>catch</code> is analyzed in sequence and is executed the first to happen thus is best to leave a generic exception last.</p>"},{"location":"languages/java/java.html#try-with-resources","title":"Try with Resources","text":"Java<pre><code>try (\n    //resource definition\n){\n    //dangerous code\n} catch (Exception e) {\n    //in case of error use this\n} finally {\n    //code executed anyway\n}\n</code></pre>"},{"location":"languages/java/java.html#throw-throws","title":"<code>Throw</code> &amp; <code>Throws</code>","text":"<p>The <code>throw</code> keyword is used to generate a custom exception in a point of the code. <code>throw</code> is used together with an exception type.</p> Java<pre><code>Type methodName(parameters) {\n    if (condition) {\n      throw new Exception(\"error message\");\n    }\n}\n</code></pre> <p>The <code>throws</code> keyword is used to indicate what exception Type may be thrown by a method. <code>throws</code> is used together with a exception class. It's used to send the exception to the method caller.</p> Java<pre><code>Type methodName(parameters) throws ExceptionClass {\n    if (condition) {\n      throw new SpecificException(\"error message\");\n    }\n}\n</code></pre>"},{"location":"languages/java/java.html#defining-personalized-exceptions","title":"Defining Personalized Exceptions","text":"<p>A user-defined exception has to inherit from <code>Exception</code> or one of it's descendants.</p> Java<pre><code>public class CustomException extends Exception {\n\n    public CustomException(){\n        super(\"Base Message\");  // ese Exception constructor\n    }\n\n    public CustomException(string message){\n        super(message);\n    }\n\n    // CustomException inherits getMessage() from Exception\n\n}\n</code></pre>"},{"location":"languages/java/java.html#object-oriented-programming","title":"Object Oriented Programming","text":""},{"location":"languages/java/java.html#access-modifiers","title":"Access Modifiers","text":"<p><code>public</code> variables, methods, classes are usable outside of class of definition. <code>private</code>    variables, methods, classes are  only usable inside class of definition. <code>protected</code> variables, methods, classes can be accessed only by defining class, it's descendants and the package. <code>final</code> classes and methods cannot be extended or overridden. If not specified variables, methods and classes are only accessible from the same package.</p>"},{"location":"languages/java/java.html#instance-method-definition","title":"Instance Method Definition","text":"Java<pre><code>Type methodName (parameters) {\n    //code here\n}\n</code></pre>"},{"location":"languages/java/java.html#void-instance-method","title":"<code>Void</code> Instance Method","text":"Java<pre><code>void methodName (parameters) {\n    //code here\n}\n</code></pre>"},{"location":"languages/java/java.html#class-definition","title":"Class Definition","text":"Java<pre><code>public class ClassName {\n    //instance variables declaration\n\n    //instantiation block\n    {\n        // this code is called before the constructor when an object is instantiated\n    }\n\n    //constructors definition\n\n    // getters &amp; setters\n\n    // override of superclass' methods\n\n    //instance methods definition\n}\n</code></pre>"},{"location":"languages/java/java.html#this-identifier","title":"<code>This</code> identifier","text":"<p><code>this.instanceVariable</code> identifies the instance variable It's possible to use <code>this</code> to distinguish between instance and static variables with the same name.</p>"},{"location":"languages/java/java.html#classes-and-reference-addresses","title":"Classes and Reference Addresses","text":"<p>A an instance of a class doesn't contain an object of that class but a memory address in which the object is memorized. operations of assignment (<code>=</code>) and confront (<code>==</code>) act on the memory address  and not on the values of the objects. To confront object is necessary to define a <code>equals()</code> method that checks if the values of the object attributes are equal.  </p>"},{"location":"languages/java/java.html#constructors","title":"Constructors","text":"<p>Constructors are special methods that are invoked with the <code>new</code> operator when an object is instantiated. Constructors assign the starting values of the object attributes. If a constructor id defined Java doesn't create the default constructor.</p> Java<pre><code>class ClassName (){\n\n    //attributes declaration (aka instance variables)\n\n    //constructor\n    public ClassName(parameters){\n        this.attribute = value;  //value is passed to the constructor at obj instantiation\n    }\n\n    public ClassName(parameters, otherParameters){\n        this(parameters);  // invoke other constructor for subset of parameters, must be FIRST INSTRUCTION\n        this.attribute = value;  // deal with the remaining parameters\n    }\n}\n</code></pre>"},{"location":"languages/java/java.html#static-variables","title":"Static Variables","text":"<p><code>Type staticVariable = value;</code> Static variables are shared by all objects of a class and all static method can act upon them. Static variable do not belong to the class objects.</p>"},{"location":"languages/java/java.html#getters-setter-methods","title":"Getters &amp; Setter Methods","text":"Java<pre><code>public void setAttribute(Type attribute){\n    this.attribute = attribute;\n}\n\npublic Type getAttribute(){\n    return this.attribute;\n}\n</code></pre>"},{"location":"languages/java/java.html#tostring-method","title":"<code>ToString()</code> Method","text":"<p>Automatically returns a string if the object is directly called in a print method.</p> Java<pre><code>@Override\nPublic String toString(){\n    return \"string-representation-of-object\"\n}\n</code></pre>"},{"location":"languages/java/java.html#static-methods-in-classes","title":"Static Methods in Classes","text":"<p>Static methods are used to effectuate operations not applied to objects. Outside of the class of definition that are invoked with ClassName.methodName() Static method cannot act on instance variables.  </p>"},{"location":"languages/java/java.html#method-overloading","title":"Method Overloading","text":"<p>A class can have multiple methods with the same name given that each method has a different number or type of parameters (different method signature).  </p>"},{"location":"languages/java/java.html#inheritance-method-overriding","title":"Inheritance &amp; Method Overriding","text":"<p>Child classes inherit all methods and attributes from parent class. Child methods can override parent methods to adapt their functionality. Overriding and overridden classes must have the same name. A child class can inherit from only one parent class.</p> <p>Child class must implement a constructor that instantiates the parent (super) class. <code>super()</code> instantiates the superclass of the child class.</p> Java<pre><code>class ChildClass extends ParentClass{\n\n    public ChildClass(parentParameters, childParameters){\n        super(parentParameters);  // if omitted super() is calls (parent's default constructor)\n        // assignments of child attributes\n    }\n\n    //calls overrides parent class (must have same name)\n    @Override\n    Type methodName(parameters){\n        //code here\n    }\n\n    super().methodName(parameters);  // calls the parent's method\n}\n</code></pre> <p>An overridden method that returns a <code>ParentClass</code> can be overridden to return a <code>ChildClass</code>. This is the only case in which an overridden method can change the returned type. An overridden method can change the access modifier as long as the new modifier is more \"permissive\".</p> <p>A <code>ParentClass</code> type can contain a <code>ChildClass</code> object. This is useful for using collections and arrays of objects.</p> Java<pre><code>ParentClass objectName = ChildClass();  // upcast\n(ChildClass)ParentClassObject;  // downcast\n</code></pre>"},{"location":"languages/java/java.html#abstract-classes-abstract-methods","title":"Abstract Classes &amp; Abstract Methods","text":"<p>An Abstract Class is a particular class that contains an Abstract Method. This type of class cannot be instantiated but is used leave the specific implementation of some of it's methods to extending classes. Abstract classes are marked by the <code>abstract</code> keyword.</p> <p>An abstract method is a method without implementation. The methods must be <code>public</code> and marked with the <code>abstract</code> keyword.</p> Java<pre><code>//abstract class\nabstract class className{\n    //attributes here\n    //constructor here\n    //getters &amp; setters here\n\n    public abstract Type methodName();  //no method code\n\n}\n</code></pre>"},{"location":"languages/java/java.html#interfaces","title":"Interfaces","text":"<p>An Interface is a class with only abstract methods. An interface has more flexibility than an abstract class. Interfaces are used to set requirements for child classes without specifying how to satisfy those requirements since it's methods will be implemented in child classes. An Interface is marked by the <code>interface</code> keyword. If an implementing class implements only <code>some</code> of the interface's method than the class must be abstract.</p> <p>Interfaces' methods are always <code>abstract</code> and <code>public</code>, no need for the keyword. Interfaces' attributes are always <code>public static final</code>, no need for the keyword.</p> <p>A class can implement more than one Interface.</p> Java<pre><code>public interface InterfaceName{\n    //attributes here\n\n    Type methodName();  //no method code\n}\n\n// interfaces can extend interfaces\npublic interface OtherInterface extends InterfaceName {\n    //attributes here\n    Type methodName();  // inherited from extended interface\n    Type otherMethod();  // defined in the interface\n}\n\nclass ClassName implements Interface1, Interface2 {...}\n</code></pre> <p>Types of Interfaces:</p> <ul> <li>Normal (multiple methods)</li> <li>Single Abstract Method (<code>@FunctionalInterface</code>, used with Lambda Expressions)</li> <li>Marker (Empty, no methods)</li> </ul> <p>Since Java 1.8 interfaces can implements also <code>static</code> methods.</p>"},{"location":"languages/java/java.html#enumerations","title":"Enumerations","text":"<p>Enums are used to restrict the type of data to a set of the possible constant values. Enums are classes which constructor is private by default. It's still possible to create a custom constructor to add values.</p> Java<pre><code>enum enumName {\n    value1,\n    value2,\n    ... ,\n    valueN;\n}\n\n//definition of an enumeration w/ custom constructor for valorization\n//constructor is not usable outside enum definition\nenum enumName {\n    value1(value),  //call constructor to valorize\n    value2(value),\n    ... ,\n    valueN(value);\n\n    private Type value;\n\n    Type enumName(Type parameter) {\n        this.value = parameter;\n    }\n\n    //getters are allowed, the values is a constant --&gt; no setters\n    public Type getValue(){\n        return this.value;\n    }\n}\n\nenumName variable;  //creation of a variable of type enumName\n</code></pre>"},{"location":"languages/java/java.html#anonymous-classes","title":"Anonymous Classes","text":"<p>Anonymous classes make the code more concise. They enable to declare and instantiate a class at the same time. They are like local classes except that they do not have a name. Useful if is needed a local class that is used once.</p> Java<pre><code>AnonymousClass objectName = new AnonymousClass(Type parameter, ...) {\n\n    // attributes\n\n    // methods\n};\n</code></pre>"},{"location":"languages/java/java.html#cloning","title":"Cloning","text":"Java<pre><code>class ClassName implements Clonable {\n\n}\n</code></pre>"},{"location":"languages/java/java.html#generics","title":"Generics","text":"Java<pre><code>// WARNING: T is not instantiable, new t(), new t[] are INVALID\npublic class GenericClass&lt;T&gt; {\n    private T generic;\n\n    public GenericClass() { }\n    public GenericClass(T data){\n        this.generic = data;\n    }\n\n    public T getGeneric() {\n        return generic;\n    }\n\n    public void setGeneric(T data) {\n        this. generic = data;\n    }\n\n}\n\nGenericClass&lt;Type&gt; obj = new GenericClass&lt;&gt;();\nGenericClass&lt;Type&gt;[] obj = new GenericClass&lt;&gt;[];  // invalid\n</code></pre>"},{"location":"languages/java/java.html#multiple-generics","title":"Multiple Generics","text":"Java<pre><code>public class GenericClass&lt;T1, T2, ...&gt; { }  // number of generic types is not limited\n</code></pre>"},{"location":"languages/java/java.html#parameters-constraints","title":"Parameters Constraints","text":"<p>Specify an interface or class that the generic type must implement/inherit.</p> Java<pre><code>public class GenericClass&lt;T extends Interface1 &amp; Interface2&gt; { }\npublic class GenericClass&lt;T1 extends Interface1 &amp; Interface2, T2 extends Class1&gt; { }\npublic class GenericClass&lt;T extends Class1&gt; { }\n</code></pre>"},{"location":"languages/java/java.html#generic-methods","title":"Generic Methods","text":"Java<pre><code>public class ClassName{\n\n    public &lt;T&gt; methodName() {\n        // code here\n        return &lt;T&gt;_obj\n    }\n\n    public &lt;T&gt; methodName(T obj) {\n        // code here\n        return return &lt;T&gt;_obj\n    }\n}\n\npublic class GenericClass&lt;S&gt; {\n\n    public &lt;T&gt; methodName() {\n        // code here\n        return &lt;T&gt;_obj\n    }\n\n    public &lt;T&gt; methodName(T obj) {\n        // code here\n        return return &lt;T&gt;_obj\n    }\n}\n\nobj.&lt;Type&gt;methodName();  // generic method call\n</code></pre>"},{"location":"languages/java/java.html#file-io","title":"File I/O","text":""},{"location":"languages/java/java.html#text-files","title":"Text Files","text":""},{"location":"languages/java/java.html#writing-on-a-file","title":"Writing on a file","text":"Java<pre><code>// opening/creating the file for writing\nPrintWriter outStream = null;  // output stream creation\ntry{\n    outStream = new PrintWriter(filename);  // file-stream binding, file will be empty (creates or overwrites file)\n    outStream = new PrintWriter(new FileOutputStream(filename, true));  // stream for appending text\n} catch (FileNotFoundException e) {\n    // code here\n}\n\n// write on the file\noutStream.print(\"\");\noutStream.println(\"\");\n\noutStream.close()  // close stream and write buffer contents.\n</code></pre> <p>Note: writing operations do not write directly on the file. The sent data is collected in a buffer. When the buffer is full the data is written in the file. This is called buffering and is used to append up operations.</p>"},{"location":"languages/java/java.html#reading-from-a-file","title":"Reading from a file","text":"Java<pre><code>Filereader filereader = new Filereader(\"filename\");  //open the file\nScanner scanner = new Scanner(filereader);  //scanner for the file\n\n\nScanner inStream = null;\ntry{\n    inStream = new Scanner(File(filename));\n} catch (FileNotFoundException e) {\n    // code here\n}\n\ninStream.hasNext();  // true if there is data to be read with next()\ninStream.hasNextDouble();  // true if there is data to be read with nextDouble()\ninStream.hasNextInt();  // true if there is data to be read with nextInt()\ninStream.hasNextLine();  // true if there is data to be read with nextLine()\n\n\nBufferedReader inStream = null;\ntry {\n    inStream = new BufferReader(new Filereader(filename));  //buffed reader for file\n} catch (FileNotFoundException e) {\n    // code here\n}\n\n// BufferedReader Methods\npublic String readLine() throws IOException  // return file line or null (file has ended)\npublic int read() throws IOException  // return an integer representing a char or -1 (file has ended)\npublic long skip(n) throws IOException  // skip n characters\npublic void close() throws IOException  // closes the stream\n</code></pre>"},{"location":"languages/java/java.html#file-class","title":"<code>File()</code> class","text":"<p>The File class is an abstraction of the file and it's path. The abstraction is independent from the OS.</p> Java<pre><code>File(\"path/to/file\")  // UNIX like path\nFile(\"path\\\\to\\\\file\")  // Windows path\n\nfile.canRead()  // true if file is readable\nfile.canWrite()  // true if file is writable\nfile.delete()  // true if file has been deleted\nfile.exists()  // check if exist a file with the filename used in the constructor\nfile.getName()  // returns the filename\nfile.getPath()  // returns the file's path\nfile.length()  // file length in bytes\n</code></pre>"},{"location":"languages/java/java.html#binary-files","title":"Binary Files","text":""},{"location":"languages/java/java.html#writing-to-a-binary-file","title":"Writing to a binary file","text":"Java<pre><code>ObjectOutputStream outStream;\ntry {\n    outStream = new ObjectOutputStream(new FileOutputSteam(filename));\n    // write operations here since they can cause IOException\n} catch (FileNotFoundException e) {\n\n} catch (IOException e){\n\n}\n\n// ObjectOutputStream Methods\npublic ObjectOutputStream(OutputStream streamObj) throws IOException, FileNotFoundException\npublic ObjectOutputStream(new FileOutputStream(filename)) throws IOException, FileNotFoundException\npublic ObjectOutputStream(new FileOutputStream(new File(filename))) throws IOException, FileNotFoundException\npublic void writeInt(int n) throws IOException\npublic void writeLong(long n) throws IOException\npublic void writeDouble(double x) throws IOException\npublic void writeFloat(float x) throws IOException\npublic void writeChar(int c) throws IOException\npublic void writeChar(char c) throws IOException\npublic void writeBoolean(boolean b) throws IOException\npublic void writeUTF(String s) throws IOException\npublic void writeObject(Object obj) throws IOException, NotSerializableException, InvalidClassException  // Object must be serializable\npublic void close()\n</code></pre>"},{"location":"languages/java/java.html#reading-from-a-binary-file","title":"Reading from a binary file","text":"Java<pre><code>ObjectInputStream inStream;\ntry {\n    inStream = new ObjectInputStream(new FileinputSteam(filename));\n} catch (FileNotFoundException e) {\n\n} catch (IOException e){\n\n}\n\ntry {\n    while(true){\n        // read fom file\n    }\n} catch (EOFException e) {  // thrown when and of file has been reached\n    // do nothing, only used to stop the cycle\n}\n\n// ObjectOutputStream Methods\npublic ObjectOutputStream(InputStream streamObj) throws IOException, FileNotFoundException\npublic ObjectOutputStream(new FileInputStream(filename)) throws IOException, FileNotFoundException\npublic ObjectOutputStream(new FileInputStream(new File(filename))) throws IOException, FileNotFoundException\npublic void readInt(int n) throws IOException\npublic void readLong(long n) throws IOException\npublic void readDouble(double x) throws IOException\npublic void readFloat(float x) throws IOException\npublic void readChar(int c) throws IOException\npublic void readChar(char c) throws IOException\npublic void readBoolean(boolean b) throws IOException\npublic void readUTF(String s) throws IOException\npublic void readObject(Object obj) throws IOException, NotSerializableException, InvalidClassException  // Object must be serializable\npublic void close()\n</code></pre>"},{"location":"languages/java/java.html#object-array-io-with-binary-files-serialization","title":"Object &amp; Array I/O with Binary Files (Serialization)","text":"<p>Needed for a class to be serializable:</p> <ul> <li>implements the <code>Serializable</code> interface</li> <li>all instance variables are serializable</li> <li>superclass, if exists, is serializable or has default constructor</li> </ul> <p>An array is serializable if it's base type is a serializable object.</p> Java<pre><code>SerializableObject[] array = (SerializableObject[])inStream.readObject();  // read returns Object, cast needed\n</code></pre>"},{"location":"languages/java/java.html#functional-programming-in-java","title":"Functional Programming in Java","text":""},{"location":"languages/java/java.html#functional-interfaces","title":"Functional Interfaces","text":"<p>Functional interfaces provide target types for lambda expressions.</p> <p>General purpose <code>@functionalInterfaces</code>:</p> Java<pre><code>// takes input, performs actions, return boolean\npublic interface Predicate&lt;T&gt; {\n    boolean test(T t);\n}\n\n// takes input, performs action, no output returned\npublic interface Consumer&lt;T&gt; {\n    void accept(T t);\n}\n\n// takes no input, performs action, returns an output\npublic interface Supplier&lt;T&gt; {\n    T get();\n}\n\n// takes T as input, performs action, returns R as output\npublic interface Function&lt;T, R&gt; {\n    R apply(T t);\n}\n</code></pre>"},{"location":"languages/java/java.html#streams","title":"Streams","text":"<p>In java a stream is a Monad. Monads allow the programmer to compose a sequence of operations, similar to a pipeline chaining expressions together.</p> <p>The features of Java stream are:</p> <ul> <li>A stream is not a data structure instead it takes input from the Collections, Arrays or I/O channels.</li> <li>Streams don't change the original data structure, they only provide the result as per the pipelined methods.</li> <li>Each intermediate operation is lazily executed and returns a stream as a result, hence various intermediate operations can be pipelined. Terminal operations mark the end of the stream and return the result.</li> </ul> <p>Intermediate Operations:</p> <ul> <li><code>anyMatch()</code></li> <li><code>distinct()</code></li> <li><code>filter()</code></li> <li><code>findFirst()</code></li> <li><code>flatmap()</code></li> <li><code>map()</code></li> <li><code>skip()</code></li> <li><code>sorted()</code></li> </ul> <p>Terminal Operations:</p> <ul> <li><code>forEach()</code> applies the same operation on each element</li> <li><code>collect()</code> saves the elements in a new collection</li> <li>reduce to a single summary element: <code>count()</code>, <code>max()</code>, <code>min()</code>, <code>reduce()</code>, <code>summaryStatistics()</code></li> </ul>"},{"location":"languages/java/java.html#lambda-expressions","title":"Lambda Expressions","text":"<p>Usable only by a <code>@FunctionalInterface</code>'s method or a method of a stream.</p> Java<pre><code>lambda operator -&gt; body;\n\n//zero parameter\n() -&gt; body;\n\n//one parameter\n(p) -&gt; body\n\n// multiple parameter\n(p1, p2, ...) -&gt; body\n</code></pre>"},{"location":"languages/java/spring/pom.xml.html","title":"pom.xml","text":"<p>File specifing project dependencies.</p> XML<pre><code>&lt;?xml version=\"1.0\" encoding=\"UTF-8\"?&gt;\n&lt;project xmlns=\"http://maven.apache.org/POM/4.0.0\" xmlns:xsi=\"http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema-instance\"\n    xsi:schemaLocation=\"http://maven.apache.org/POM/4.0.0 https://maven.apache.org/xsd/maven-4.0.0.xsd\"&gt;\n    &lt;modelVersion&gt;major.minor.patch&lt;/modelVersion&gt;\n\n    &lt;parent&gt;\n        &lt;groupId&gt;org.springframework.boot&lt;/groupId&gt;\n        &lt;artifactId&gt;spring-boot-starter-parent&lt;/artifactId&gt;\n        &lt;version&gt;major.minor.patch.RELEASE&lt;/version&gt;\n        &lt;relativePath/&gt; &lt;!-- lookup parent from repository --&gt;\n    &lt;/parent&gt;\n\n    &lt;groupId&gt;base_package&lt;/groupId&gt;\n    &lt;artifactId&gt;Project_Name&lt;/artifactId&gt;\n    &lt;version&gt;major.minor.patch&lt;/version&gt;\n    &lt;name&gt;Project_Name&lt;/name&gt;\n    &lt;description&gt;...&lt;/description&gt;\n\n    &lt;properties&gt;\n        &lt;java.version&gt;11&lt;/java.version&gt;\n    &lt;/properties&gt;\n\n    &lt;dependencies&gt;\n        &lt;dependency&gt;\n            &lt;groupId&gt;org.springframework.boot&lt;/groupId&gt;\n            &lt;artifactId&gt;spring-boot-starter-data-jpa&lt;/artifactId&gt;\n        &lt;/dependency&gt;\n    &lt;/dependencies&gt;\n\n    &lt;build&gt;\n        &lt;plugins&gt;\n            &lt;plugin&gt;\n                &lt;groupId&gt;org.springframework.boot&lt;/groupId&gt;\n                &lt;artifactId&gt;spring-boot-maven-plugin&lt;/artifactId&gt;\n            &lt;/plugin&gt;\n        &lt;/plugins&gt;\n    &lt;/build&gt;\n\n&lt;/project&gt;\n</code></pre>"},{"location":"languages/java/spring/spring-project.html","title":"Spring Project","text":""},{"location":"languages/java/spring/spring-project.html#libs","title":"Libs","text":"<ul> <li>MySql Driver</li> <li>Spring Data JPA (data persistance)</li> <li>Spring Boot Dev Tools</li> <li>Jersey (Serializzazione)</li> <li>Spring Web</li> </ul>"},{"location":"languages/java/spring/spring-project.html#applicationproperties","title":"application.properties","text":"INI<pre><code>spring.datasource.url=DB_url\nspring.datasource.username=user\nspring.datasource.password=password\n\nspring.jpa.show-sql=true\n\nserver.port=server_port\n</code></pre>"},{"location":"languages/java/spring/spring-project.html#package-entities","title":"Package <code>entities</code>","text":"<p>Model of a table of the DB</p> Java<pre><code>package &lt;base_package&gt;.entities;\n\nimport javax.persistence.Entity;\nimport javax.persistence.GeneratedValue;\nimport javax.persistence.GenerationType;\nimport javax.persistence.Id;\nimport javax.persistence.Table;\n\n@Entity  // set as DB Entity (DB record Java implementation)\npublic class Entity {\n\n    @Id  // set as Primary Key\n    @GeneratedValue(strategy = GenerationType.IDENTITY)  // id is autoincremented by the DB\n    private int id;\n\n    // no constructor (Spring requirement)\n\n    // table columns attributes\n\n    // getters &amp; setters\n\n   // toString()\n}\n</code></pre>"},{"location":"languages/java/spring/spring-project.html#package-dal","title":"Package <code>dal</code>","text":"<p>Spring Interface for DB connection and CRUD operations.</p> Java<pre><code>package &lt;base_package&gt;.dal  // or .repository\n\nimport org.springframework.data.repository.JpaRepository;\nimport org.springframework.data.repository.Query;\nimport org.springframework.data.repository.query.Param;\n\n// interface for spring Hibernate JPA\n// CrudRepository&lt;Entity, PK_Type&gt;\npublic interface IEntityDAO extends JpaRepository&lt;Entity, Integer&gt; {\n\n    // custom query\n    @Query(\"FROM &lt;Entity&gt; WHERE param = :param\")\n    Type query(@Param(\"param\") Type param);\n}\n</code></pre>"},{"location":"languages/java/spring/spring-project.html#package-services","title":"Package <code>services</code>","text":"<p>Interfaces and method to access the Data Access Layer (DAL).</p> <p>In <code>IEntityService.java</code>:</p> Java<pre><code>package &lt;base_package&gt;.services;\n\nimport java.util.List;\n\nimport org.springframework.beans.factory.annotation.Autowired;\n\nimport &lt;base_package&gt;.Entity;\nimport &lt;base_package&gt;.IEntityRepository;\n\n// CRUD method implemented on Entity\npublic interface IEntityService {\n\n    String FIND_ALL = \"SELECT * FROM &lt;table&gt;\"\n    String FIND_ONE = \"SELECT * FROM &lt;table&gt; WHERE id = ?\"\n\n    List&lt;Entity&gt; findAll();\n    Entity findOne(int id);\n    void addEntity(Entity e);\n    void updateEntity(int id, Entity e);\n    void deleteEntity(Entity e);\n    void deleteEntity(int id);\n\n}\n</code></pre> <p>In <code>EntityService.java</code>:</p> Java<pre><code>package &lt;base_package&gt;.services;\n\nimport java.util.List;\n\nimport org.springframework.beans.factory.annotation.Autowired;\nimport org.springframework.stereotype.Service;\n\nimport &lt;base_package&gt;.entities.Entity;\nimport &lt;base_package&gt;.repos.ILibriRepository;\n\n// implementation of IEntityService\n@Service\npublic class EntityService implements IEntityService {\n\n    @Autowired  // connection to db (obj created by spring as needed: Inversion Of Control)\n    private IEntityDAO repo;\n\n    @Override\n    public List&lt;Entity&gt; findAll() {\n        return repo.findAll();\n    }\n\n    @Override\n    public Entity findOne(int id) {\n        return repo.findById(id).get();\n    }\n\n    @Override\n    public void addEntity(Entity e) {\n        repo.save(e);\n    }\n\n    @Override\n    public void updateEntity(int id, Entity e) {\n    }\n\n    @Override\n    public void deleteEntity(Entity e) {\n    }\n\n    @Override\n    public void deleteEntity(int id) {\n    }\n\n    // custom query\n    Type query(Type param) {\n        return repo.query(param);\n    }\n}\n</code></pre>"},{"location":"languages/java/spring/spring-project.html#package-integration","title":"Package <code>integration</code>","text":"<p>REST API routes &amp; endpoints to supply data as JSON.</p> Java<pre><code>package &lt;base_package&gt;.integration;\n\nimport java.util.List;\n\nimport org.springframework.beans.factory.annotation.Autowired;\nimport org.springframework.web.bind.annotation.GetMapping;\nimport org.springframework.web.bind.annotation.PathVariable;\nimport org.springframework.web.bind.annotation.RestController;\n\nimport &lt;base_package&gt;.entities.Entity;\nimport &lt;base_package&gt;.services.IEntityService;\n\n@RestController  // returns data as JSON\n@RequestMapping(\"/api\")  // controller route\npublic class EntityRestCtrl {\n\n    @Autowired  // connection to service (obj created by spring as needed: Inversion Of Control)\n    private IEntityService service;\n\n    @GetMapping(\"entities\")  // site route\n    public List&lt;Entity&gt; findAll(){\n        return service.findAll();\n    }\n\n    @GetMapping(\"/entities/{id}\")\n    public Entity findOne(@PathVariable(\"id\") int id) {  // use route variable\n        return service.findOne(id);\n    }\n\n    @PostMapping(\"/entities\")\n    public void addEntity(@RequestBody Entity e) {  // added entity is in the request body\n        return service.addEntity(e)\n    }\n\n    // PUT / PATCH -&gt; updateEntity(id, e)\n\n    // DELETE -&gt; deleteEntity(id)\n}\n</code></pre>"},{"location":"languages/java/web/servlet.html","title":"Servlet","text":"<p>A Java servlet is a Java software component that extends the capabilities of a server. Although servlets can respond to many types of requests, they most commonly implement web containers for hosting web applications on web servers and thus qualify as a server-side servlet web API.</p>"},{"location":"languages/java/web/servlet.html#basic-structure","title":"Basic Structure","text":"Java<pre><code>package &lt;package&gt;;\n\nimport java.io.IOException;\nimport javax.servlet.ServletException;\nimport javax.servlet.annotation.WebServlet;\nimport javax.servlet.http.HttpServlet;\nimport javax.servlet.http.HttpServletRequest;\nimport javax.servlet.http.HttpServletResponse;\n\n@WebServlet(\"/route\")\npublic class &lt;className&gt; extends HttpServlet {\n    private static final long serialVersionUID = 1L;\n\n    /** handle get request */\n    protected void doGet(HttpServletRequest request, HttpServletResponse response) throws ServletException, IOException {\n\n        // GET REQUEST: load and display page (forward to JSP)\n        // OPTIONAL: add data to request (setAttribute())\n\n    }\n\n    /** handle post request */\n    protected void doPost(HttpServletRequest request, HttpServletResponse response) throws ServletException, IOException {\n\n        // POST REQUEST: add stuff to DB, page, ...\n\n        doGet(request, response);  // return same page with new  content added (default case)\n    }\n}\n</code></pre>"},{"location":"languages/java/web/servlet.html#servlet-instructions","title":"Servlet Instructions","text":"Java<pre><code>request.getParameter()  // read request parameter\n\nresponse.setContentType(\"text/html\");  // to return HTML in the response\n\nresponse.getWriter().append(\"\");  //append content to the http response\n\nrequest.setAttribute(attributeName, value);  // set http attribute of the request\nrequest.getRequestDispatcher(\"page.jsp\").forward(request, response);  // redirect the request to another page\n</code></pre>"},{"location":"languages/javascript/ajax.html","title":"AJAX","text":"<p>AJAX: Asynchronous JavaScript and XML</p> <p>AJAX Interaction:</p> <ol> <li>An event occurs in a web page (the page is loaded, a button is clicked)</li> <li>2.An <code>XMLHttpRequest</code> object is created by JavaScript</li> <li>3.The <code>XMLHttpRequest</code> object sends a request to a web server</li> <li>4.The server processes the request</li> <li>5.The server sends a response back to the web page</li> <li>6.The response is read by JavaScript</li> <li>7.Proper action (like page update) is performed by JavaScript</li> </ol>"},{"location":"languages/javascript/ajax.html#xmlhttprequest","title":"XMLHttpRequest","text":"JavaScript<pre><code>var request = new XMLHttpRequest();\n\nrequest.addEventListener(event, function() {...});\n\nrequest.open(\"HttpMethod\", \"path/to/api\", true);  // third parameter is asynchronicity (true = asynchronous)\nrequest.setRequestHeader(key, value)  // HTTP Request Headers\nrequest.send()\n</code></pre> <p>To check the status use <code>XMLHttpRequest.status</code> and <code>XMLHttpRequest.statusText</code>.</p>"},{"location":"languages/javascript/ajax.html#xmlhttprequest-events","title":"XMLHttpRequest Events","text":"<p>loadstart: fires when the process of loading data has begun. This event always fires first progress: fires multiple times as data is being loaded, giving access to intermediate data error: fires when loading has failed abort: fires when data loading has been canceled by calling abort() load: fires only when all data has been successfully read loadend: fires when the object has finished transferring data always fires and will always fire after error, abort, or load timeout: fires when progression is terminated due to preset time expiring readystatechange: fires when the readyState attribute of a document has changed</p> <p>Alternative <code>XMLHttpRequest</code> using <code>onLoad</code>:</p> JavaScript<pre><code>var request = new XMLHttpRequest();\nrequest.open('GET', 'myservice/username?id=some-unique-id');\nrequest.onload = function(){\n    if(request.status ===200){\n        console.log(\"User's name is \"+ request.responseText);\n    } else {\n        console.log('Request failed.  Returned status of '+ request.status);\n    }\n};\nrequest.send();\n</code></pre> <p>Alternative <code>XMLHttpRequest</code> using <code>readyState</code>:</p> JavaScript<pre><code>var request = new XMLHttpRequest(),  method ='GET',  url ='https://developer.mozilla.org/';\n\nrequest.open(method, url, true);\nrequest.onreadystatechange = function(){\n    if(request.readyState === XMLHttpRequest.DONE &amp;&amp; request.status === 200){\n        console.log(request.responseText);\n    }\n};\nrequest.send();\n</code></pre> <p><code>XMLHttpRequest.readyState</code> values: <code>0</code> <code>UNSENT</code>: Client has been created. <code>open()</code> not called yet. <code>1</code> <code>OPENED</code>: <code>open()</code> has been called. <code>2</code> <code>HEADERS_RECEIVED</code>: <code>send()</code> has been called, and headers and status are available. <code>3</code> <code>LOADING</code>: Downloading; <code>responseText</code> holds partial data. <code>4</code> <code>DONE</code>: The operation is complete.</p>"},{"location":"languages/javascript/ajax.html#xmlhttprequest-browser-compatibility","title":"<code>XMLHttpRequest</code> Browser compatibility","text":"<p>Old versions of IE don't implement XMLHttpRequest. You must use the ActiveXObject if XMLHttpRequest is not available</p> JavaScript<pre><code>var request =window.XMLHttpRequest ? new XMLHttpRequest() : new ActiveXObject('Microsoft.XMLHTTP');\n\n// OR\n\nvar request;\nif(window.XMLHttpRequest){\n    // code for modern browsers  \n    request = new XMLHttpRequest();\n} else {\n    // code for old IE browsers\n    request = new ActiveXObject('Microsoft.XMLHTTP');\n}\n</code></pre>"},{"location":"languages/javascript/ajax.html#status-error-handling","title":"Status &amp; Error Handling","text":"<p>Always inform the user when something is loading. Check the status and give feedback (a loader or message) Errors and responses need to be handled. There is no guarantee that HTTP requests will always succeed.</p>"},{"location":"languages/javascript/ajax.html#cross-domain-policy","title":"Cross Domain Policy","text":"<p>Cross domain requests have restrictions.</p> <p>Examples of outcome for requests originating from: <code>http://store.company.com/dir/page.htmlCross-origin</code></p> URL Outcome Reason <code>http://store.company.com/dir2/other.html</code> success <code>http://store.company.com/dir/inner/other.html</code> success <code>https://store.company.com/secure.html</code> failure Different protocol <code>http://store.company.com:81/dir/other.html</code> failure Different port <code>http://news.company.com/dir/other.html</code> failure Different host"},{"location":"languages/javascript/dom.html","title":"Document Object Model (DOM)","text":"<p>The Document Object Model is a map of the HTML document. Elements in an HTML document can be accessed, changed, deleted, or added using the DOM. The document object is globally available in the browser. It allows to access and manipulate the DOM of the current web page.</p>"},{"location":"languages/javascript/dom.html#dom-access","title":"DOM Access","text":""},{"location":"languages/javascript/dom.html#selecting-nodes-from-the-dom","title":"Selecting Nodes from the DOM","text":"<p><code>getElementById()</code> and <code>querySelector()</code> return a single element. <code>getElementsByClassName()</code>, <code>getElementsByTagName()</code>, and <code>querySelectorAll()</code> return a collection of elements.</p> JavaScript<pre><code>Javascript\n// By Id\nvar node = document.getElementById('id');\n\n// By Tag Name\nvar nodes = document.getElementsByTagName('tag');\n\n// By Class Name\nvar nodes = document.getElementsByClassName('class');\n\n// By CSS Query\nvar node = document.querySelector('css-selector');\nvar nodes = document.querySelectorAll('css-selector');\n</code></pre>"},{"location":"languages/javascript/dom.html#manipulating-the-dom","title":"Manipulating the DOM","text":""},{"location":"languages/javascript/dom.html#manipulating-a-nodes-attributes","title":"Manipulating a node's attributes","text":"<p>It's possible access and change the attributes of a DOM node using the dot notation.</p> JavaScript<pre><code>// Changing the src of an image:\nvar image = document.getElementById('id');\nvar oldImageSource = image.src;\nimage.src = 'image-url';\n\n//Changing the className of a DOM node:\nvar node = document.getElementById('id');\nnode.className = 'new-class';\n</code></pre>"},{"location":"languages/javascript/dom.html#manipulating-a-nodes-style","title":"Manipulating a node's style","text":"<p>It's possible to access and change the styles of a DOM nodes via the style property. CSS property names with a <code>-</code> must be camelCased and number properties must have a unit.</p> CSS<pre><code>body {\n    color: red;\n    background-color: pink;\n    padding-top: 10px;\n}\n</code></pre> JavaScript<pre><code>var pageNode = document.body;\npageNode.style.color = 'red';\npageNode.style.backgroundColor = 'pink';\npageNode.style.paddingTop = '10px';\n</code></pre>"},{"location":"languages/javascript/dom.html#manipulating-a-nodes-contents","title":"Manipulating a node's contents","text":"<p>Each DOM node has an <code>innerHTML</code> attribute. It contains the HTML of all its children.</p> JavaScript<pre><code>var pageNode = document.body;\nconsole.log(pageNode.innerHTML);\n\n// Set innerHTML to replace the contents of the node:\npageNode.innerHTML = \"&lt;h1&gt;Oh, no! Everything is gone!&lt;/h1&gt;\";\n\n// Or add to innerHTML instead:\npageNode.innerHTML += \"P.S. Please do write back.\";\n</code></pre> <p>To change the actual text of a node, <code>textContent</code> may be a better choice:</p> <p><code>innerHTML</code>:</p> <ul> <li>Works in older browsers</li> <li>More powerful: can change code</li> <li>Less secure: allows cross-site scripting (XSS)</li> </ul> <p><code>textContent</code>:</p> <ul> <li>Doesn't work in IE8 and below</li> <li>Faster: the browser doesn't have to parse HTML</li> <li>More secure: won't execute code</li> </ul>"},{"location":"languages/javascript/dom.html#reading-inputs-from-a-form","title":"Reading Inputs From A Form","text":"<p>In <code>page.html</code>:</p> HTML<pre><code>&lt;input type=\"\" id=\"identifier\" value=\"\"&gt;\n</code></pre> <p>In <code>script.js</code>:</p> JavaScript<pre><code>var formNode = document.getElementById(\"Identifier\");\nvar value = formNode.value;\n</code></pre>"},{"location":"languages/javascript/dom.html#creating-removing-dom-nodes","title":"Creating &amp; Removing DOM Nodes","text":"<p>The document object also allows to create new nodes from scratch.</p> JavaScript<pre><code>// create node\ndocument.createElement('tagName');\ndocument.createTextNode('text');\n\ndomNode.appendChild(childToAppend);  // insert childTaAppend after domNode\n\n// insert node before domNode\ndomNode.insertBefore(childToInsert, domnode);\ndomNode.parentNode.insertBefore(childToInsert, nodeAfterChild);\n\n// remove a node\ndomNode.removeChild(childToRemove);\nnode.parentNode.removeChild(node);\n</code></pre> <p>Example:</p> JavaScript<pre><code>var body = document.body;\n\nvar newImg = document.createElement('img');\nnewImg.src = 'http://placekitten.com/400/300';\nnewImg.style.border = '1px solid black';\n\nbody.appendChild(newImg);\n\nvar newParagraph = document.createElement('p');\nvar newText = document.createTextNode('Squee!');\n\nnewParagraph.appendChild(newText);\n\nbody.appendChild(newParagraph);\n</code></pre>"},{"location":"languages/javascript/dom.html#creating-dom-nodes-with-constructor-functions","title":"Creating DOM Nodes with Constructor Functions","text":"JavaScript<pre><code>function Node(params) {\n    this.node = document.createElement(\"tag\");\n\n    this.node.attribute = value;\n\n    // operations on the node\n\n    return this.node;\n}\n\nvar node = Node(params);\ndomElement.appendChild(node);\n</code></pre>"},{"location":"languages/javascript/events-animation.html","title":"Events &amp; Animation","text":""},{"location":"languages/javascript/events-animation.html#events","title":"Events","text":"<p>Event Types:</p> <ul> <li>Mouse Events: <code>mousedown</code>, <code>mouseup</code>, <code>click</code>, <code>dbclick</code>, <code>mousemove</code>, <code>mouseover</code>, <code>mousewheel</code>, <code>mouseout</code>, <code>contextmenu</code>, ...</li> <li>Touch Events: <code>touchstart</code>, <code>touchmove</code>, <code>touchend</code>, <code>touchcancel</code>, ...</li> <li>Keyboard Events: <code>keydown</code>, <code>keypress</code>, <code>keyup</code>, ...</li> <li>Form Events: <code>focus</code>, <code>blur</code>, <code>change</code>, <code>submit</code>, ...</li> <li>Window Events: <code>scroll</code>, <code>resize</code>, <code>hashchange</code>, <code>load</code>, <code>unload</code>, ...</li> </ul>"},{"location":"languages/javascript/events-animation.html#managing-event-listeners","title":"Managing Event Listeners","text":"JavaScript<pre><code>var domNode = document.getElementById(\"id\");\n\nvar onEvent = function(event) {  // parameter contains info on the triggered event\n    event.preventDefault();  // block execution of default action\n    // logic here\n}\n\ndomNode.addEventListener(eventType, callback);\ndomNode.removeEventListener(eventType, callback);\n</code></pre>"},{"location":"languages/javascript/events-animation.html#bubbling-capturing","title":"Bubbling &amp; Capturing","text":"<p>Events in Javascript propagate through the DOM tree.</p> <p>Bubbling and Capturing What Is Event Bubbling in JavaScript? Event Propagation Explained</p>"},{"location":"languages/javascript/events-animation.html#dispatching-custom-events","title":"Dispatching Custom Events","text":"<p>Event Options:</p> <ul> <li><code>bubbles</code> (bool): whether the event propagates through bubbling</li> <li><code>cancellable</code> (bool): if <code>true</code> the \"default action\" may be prevented</li> </ul> JavaScript<pre><code>let event = new Event(type [,options]);  // create the event, type can be custom\nlet event = new CustomEvent(type, { detail: /* custom data */ });  // create event w/ custom data\ndomNode.dispatchEvent(event);  // launch the event\n</code></pre> <p></p>"},{"location":"languages/javascript/events-animation.html#animation","title":"Animation","text":"<p>The window object is the assumed global object on a page.</p> <p>Animation in JavascriptThe standard way to animate in JS is to use window methods. It's possible to animate CSS styles to change size, transparency, position, color, etc.</p> JavaScript<pre><code>//Calls a function once after a delay\nwindow.setTimeout(callbackFunction, delayMilliseconds);\n\n//Calls a function repeatedly, with specified interval between each call\nwindow.setInterval(callbackFunction, delayMilliseconds);\n\n//To stop an animation store the timer into a variable and clear it\nwindow.clearTimeout(timer);\nwindow.clearInterval(timer);\n\n// execute a callback at each frame\nwindow.requestAnimationFrame(callbackFunction);\n</code></pre>"},{"location":"languages/javascript/events-animation.html#element-position-dimensions","title":"Element Position &amp; dimensions","text":"<p>StackOverflow Wrong dimensions at runtime</p> JavaScript<pre><code>&gt; console.log(document.getElementById('id').getBoundingClientRect());\nDOMRect {\n    bottom: 177,\n    height: 54.7,\n    left: 278.5,\u200b\n    right: 909.5,\n    top: 122.3,\n    width: 631,\n    x: 278.5,\n    y: 122.3,\n}\n</code></pre>"},{"location":"languages/javascript/javascript.html","title":"JavaScript","text":""},{"location":"languages/javascript/javascript.html#basics","title":"Basics","text":""},{"location":"languages/javascript/javascript.html#notable-javascript-engines","title":"Notable javascript engines","text":"<ul> <li>Chromium: <code>V8</code> from Google  </li> <li>Firefox: <code>SpiderMonkey</code> from Mozilla  </li> <li>Safari: <code>JavaScriptCore</code> from Apple  </li> <li>Internet Explorer: <code>Chakra</code> from Microsoft  </li> </ul>"},{"location":"languages/javascript/javascript.html#comments","title":"Comments","text":"JavaScript<pre><code>//single line comment\n/*multiline comment*/\n</code></pre>"},{"location":"languages/javascript/javascript.html#file-header","title":"File Header","text":"JavaScript<pre><code>/**\n * @file filename.js\n * @author author's name\n * purpose of file\n *\n * detailed explanation of what the file does on multiple lines\n */\n</code></pre>"},{"location":"languages/javascript/javascript.html#modern-mode","title":"Modern Mode","text":"<p>If located at the top of the script the whole script works the \u201cmodern\u201d way (enables post-ES5 functionalities).  </p> JavaScript<pre><code>\"use strict\"\n\n// script contents\n</code></pre>"},{"location":"languages/javascript/javascript.html#pop-up-message","title":"Pop-Up message","text":"<p>Interrupts script execution until closure, to be avoided</p> JavaScript<pre><code>alert(\"message\");\n</code></pre>"},{"location":"languages/javascript/javascript.html#print-message-to-console","title":"Print message to console","text":"<p><code>console.log(value);</code></p>"},{"location":"languages/javascript/javascript.html#variables","title":"Variables","text":""},{"location":"languages/javascript/javascript.html#declaration-initialization","title":"Declaration &amp; Initialization","text":"<p>var vs let vs const</p> <p>Variable names can only contain numbers, digits, underscores and $. Variable names are camelCase.</p> <p><code>let</code>: Block-scoped; access to variable restricted to the nearest enclosing block. <code>var</code>: Function-scoped</p> <p><code>let variable1 = value1, variable2 = value2;</code> <code>var variable1 = value1, variable2 = value2;</code></p>"},{"location":"languages/javascript/javascript.html#scope","title":"Scope","text":"<p>Variable declared with <code>let</code> are in local to the code block in which are declared. Variable declared with <code>var</code> are local only if declared in a function.</p> JavaScript<pre><code>function func(){\n    variable = value;  // implicitly declared as a global variable\n    var variable = value;  // local variable\n}\n\nvar a = 10;  // a is 10\nlet b = 10;  // b is 10\n{\n    var x = 2, a = 2;  // a is 2\n    let y = 2, b = 2;  // b is 2\n}\n// a is 2, b is 10\n// x can NOT be used here\n// y CAN be used here\n</code></pre>"},{"location":"languages/javascript/javascript.html#constants","title":"Constants","text":"<p>Hard-coded values are UPPERCASE and snake_case, camelCase otherwise. <code>const CONSTANT = value;</code></p>"},{"location":"languages/javascript/javascript.html#data-types","title":"Data Types","text":"<p><code>Number</code>, <code>String</code>, <code>Boolean</code>, etc are built-in global objects. They are not types. Do not use them for type checking.</p>"},{"location":"languages/javascript/javascript.html#numeric-data-types","title":"Numeric data types","text":"<p>Only numeric type is <code>number</code>.</p> JavaScript<pre><code>let number = 10;  //integer numbers\nnumber = 15.7;  //floating point numbers\nnumber = Infinity;  //mathematical infinity\nnumber = - Infinity;\nnumber = 1234567890123456789012345678901234567890n;  //BigInt, value &gt; 2^53, \"n\" at the end\nnumber = \"text\" / 2;  //NaN --&gt; not a number.\n</code></pre> <p>Rounding Decimals in JavaScript Decimal.js</p> <p>Mathematical expression will never cause an error. At worst the result will be NaN.</p>"},{"location":"languages/javascript/javascript.html#string-data-type","title":"String data type","text":"JavaScript<pre><code>let string = \"text\";\nlet string$ = 'text';\nlet string_ = `text ${expression}`;  //string interpolation (needs backticks)\n\nstring.length;  // length of the string\nlet char = string.charAt(index);  // extraction of a single character by position\nstring[index]; // char extraction by property access\nlet index = string.indexOf(substring);  // start index of substring in string\n</code></pre> <p>Property access is unpredictable:</p> <ul> <li>does not work in IE7 or earlier</li> <li>makes strings look like arrays (confusing)</li> <li>if no character is found, <code>[ ]</code> returns undefined, <code>charAt()</code> returns an empty string</li> <li>Is read only: <code>string[index] = \"value\"</code> does not work and gives no errors</li> </ul>"},{"location":"languages/javascript/javascript.html#slice-vs-substring-vs-substr","title":"Slice vs Substring vs Substr","text":"<p>If the parameters to slice are negative, they reference the string from the end. Substring and substr doesn\u00b4t.</p> JavaScript<pre><code>string.slice(begin [, end]);\nstring.substring(from [, to]);\nstring.substr(start [, length]);\n</code></pre>"},{"location":"languages/javascript/javascript.html#boolean-data-type","title":"Boolean data type","text":"JavaScript<pre><code>let boolean = true;\nlet boolean_ = false;\n</code></pre>"},{"location":"languages/javascript/javascript.html#null-data-type","title":"Null data type","text":"JavaScript<pre><code>let _ = null;\n</code></pre>"},{"location":"languages/javascript/javascript.html#undefined","title":"Undefined","text":"JavaScript<pre><code>let $;  //value is \"undefined\"\n$ = undefined;\n</code></pre>"},{"location":"languages/javascript/javascript.html#typeof","title":"Typeof()","text":"JavaScript<pre><code>typeof x;  //returns the type of the variable x as a string\ntypeof(x);  //returns the type of the variable x as a string\n</code></pre> <p>The result of typeof null is \"object\". That's wrong. It is an officially recognized error in typeof, kept for compatibility. Of course, null is not an object. It is a special value with a separate type of its own. So, again, this is an error in the language.  </p>"},{"location":"languages/javascript/javascript.html#type-casting","title":"Type Casting","text":"JavaScript<pre><code>String(value);  //converts value to string\n\nNumber(value);  //converts value to a number\nNumber(undefined);  //--&gt; NaN\nNumber(null);  //--&gt; 0\nNumber(true);  //--&gt; 1\nNumber(false);  //--&gt; 0\nNumber(String);  //Whitespace from the start and end is removed. If the remaining string is empty, the result is 0. Otherwise, the number is \"read\" from the string. An error gives NaN.\n\nBoolean(value);  //--&gt; true\nBoolean(0); //--&gt; false\nBoolean(\"\");  //--&gt; false\nBoolean(null);  //--&gt; false\nBoolean(undefined);  //--&gt; false\nBoolean(NaN);  //--&gt; false\n\n\n//numeric type checking the moronic way\ntypeof var_ == \"number\";  // typeof returns a string with the name of the type\n</code></pre>"},{"location":"languages/javascript/javascript.html#type-checking","title":"Type Checking","text":"JavaScript<pre><code>isNaN(var);  // converts var in number and then check if is NaN\n\nNumber(\"A\") == NaN;  //false ?!?\n</code></pre>"},{"location":"languages/javascript/javascript.html#dangerous-stupid-implicit-type-casting","title":"Dangerous &amp; Stupid Implicit Type Casting","text":"JavaScript<pre><code>2 + 'text';  //\"2text\", implicit conversion and concatenation\n1 + \"1\";  //\"11\", implicit conversion and concatenation\n\"1\" + 1;  //\"11\", implicit conversion and concatenation\n+\"1\";  //1, implicit conversion\n+\"text\";  // NaN\n1 == \"1\";  //true\n1 === \"1\";  //false\n1 == true;  //true\n0 == false;  //true\n\"\" == false;  //true\n</code></pre>"},{"location":"languages/javascript/javascript.html#operators","title":"Operators","text":"Operator Operation <code>(...)</code> grouping a<code>.</code>b member access <code>new</code> a(...) object creation a <code>in</code> b membership"},{"location":"languages/javascript/javascript.html#mathematical-operators","title":"Mathematical Operators","text":"Operator Operation a <code>+</code> b addition a <code>-</code> b subtraction a <code>*</code> b multiplication a <code>**</code> b a^b a <code>/</code> b division a <code>%</code> b modulus"},{"location":"languages/javascript/javascript.html#unary-increment-operators","title":"Unary Increment Operators","text":"Operator Operation <code>--</code>variable prefix decrement <code>++</code>variable prefix increment variable<code>--</code> postfix decrement variable<code>++</code> postfix increment"},{"location":"languages/javascript/javascript.html#logical-operators","title":"Logical Operators","text":"Operator Operation a <code>&amp;&amp;</code> b logical AND a <code>||</code> b logical OR <code>!</code>a logical NOT"},{"location":"languages/javascript/javascript.html#comparison-operators","title":"Comparison Operators","text":"Operator Operation a <code>&lt;</code> b less than a <code>&lt;=</code> b less or equal to a <code>&gt;</code> b greater than a <code>&gt;=</code> b greater or equal to a <code>==</code> b equality a <code>!=</code> b inequality a <code>===</code> b strict equality a <code>!==</code> b strict inequality"},{"location":"languages/javascript/javascript.html#bitwise-logical-operators","title":"Bitwise Logical Operators","text":"Operator Operation a <code>&amp;</code> b bitwise AND a <code>|</code> b bitwise OR a <code>^</code> b bitwise XOR <code>~</code>a bitwise NOT a <code>&lt;&lt;</code> b bitwise left shift a <code>&gt;&gt;</code> b bitwise right shift a <code>&gt;&gt;&gt;</code> b bitwise unsigned right shift"},{"location":"languages/javascript/javascript.html#compound-operators","title":"Compound Operators","text":"Operator Operation a <code>+=</code> b a = a + b a <code>-=</code> b a = a - b a <code>*=</code> b a = a * b a <code>**=</code> b a = a ** b a <code>/=</code> b a = a / b a <code>%=</code> b a = a % b a <code>&lt;&lt;=</code> b a = a &lt;&lt; b a <code>&gt;&gt;=</code> b a = a &gt;&gt; b a <code>&gt;&gt;&gt;=</code> b a = a &gt;&gt;&gt; b a <code>&amp;=</code> b a = a &amp; b a <code>^=</code> b a = a ^ b a <code>|=</code> b a = a ! b"},{"location":"languages/javascript/javascript.html#decision-statements","title":"Decision Statements","text":""},{"location":"languages/javascript/javascript.html#if-else","title":"IF-ELSE","text":"JavaScript<pre><code>if (condition) {\n    //code here\n} else {\n    //code here\n}\n</code></pre>"},{"location":"languages/javascript/javascript.html#if-else-multi-branch","title":"IF-ELSE Multi-Branch","text":"JavaScript<pre><code>if (condition) {\n    //code here\n} else if (condition) {\n    //code here\n} else {\n    //code here\n}\n</code></pre>"},{"location":"languages/javascript/javascript.html#ternary-operator","title":"Ternary Operator","text":"<p><code>condition ? &lt;expr1&gt; : &lt;expr2&gt;;</code> </p>"},{"location":"languages/javascript/javascript.html#switch-statement","title":"Switch Statement","text":"JavaScript<pre><code>switch (expression) {\n    case expression:\n        //code here\n        break;\n\n    default:\n        //code here\n        break;\n}\n</code></pre>"},{"location":"languages/javascript/javascript.html#loops","title":"Loops","text":""},{"location":"languages/javascript/javascript.html#while-loop","title":"While Loop","text":"JavaScript<pre><code>while (condition) {\n    //code here\n}\n</code></pre>"},{"location":"languages/javascript/javascript.html#do-while-loop","title":"Do-While Loop","text":"JavaScript<pre><code>do {\n    //code here\n} while (condition);\n</code></pre>"},{"location":"languages/javascript/javascript.html#for-loop","title":"For Loop","text":"JavaScript<pre><code>// basic for\nfor (begin; condition; step) { }\n\nfor (var variable in iterable) { }  // for/in statement loops through the properties of an object\nfor (let variable in iterable) { }  // instantiate a new variable at each iteration\n\n// for/of statement loops through the values of an iterable objects\n// for/of lets you loop over data structures that are iterable such as Arrays, Strings, Maps, NodeLists, and more.\nfor (var variable of iterable) { }\nfor (let variable of iterable) { }  // instantiate a new variable at each iteration\n\n// foreach (similar to for..of)\niterable.forEach(() =&gt; { /* statements */ });\n</code></pre>"},{"location":"languages/javascript/javascript.html#break-continue-statements","title":"Break &amp; Continue statements","text":"<p><code>break;</code>  exits the loop. <code>continue;</code> skip to next loop cycle.</p> JavaScript<pre><code>label: for(begin; condition; step) {\n    //code here\n}\n\nbreak label;  //breaks labelled loop and nested loops inside it\n</code></pre>"},{"location":"languages/javascript/javascript.html#arrays","title":"Arrays","text":"JavaScript<pre><code>let array = [];  // empty array\nlet array = [\"text\", 3.14, [1.41]];  // array declaration and initialization\n\narray.length;  // number of items in the array\narray[index];  // access to item by index\narray[index] = item; // change or add item by index\n\narray.push(item);  //add item to array\narray.pop();  // remove and return last item\n\narray.join(\"separator\");  // construct a string from the items of the array, separated by SEPARATOR\narray.find(item =&gt; condition); // returns the value of the first element in the provided array that satisfies the provided testing function\narray.fill(value, start, end);  // fills an array with the passed value\n\n\n// https://stackoverflow.com/a/37601776\narray.slice(start, end);  // RETURN list of items between indexes start and end-1\narray.splice(start, deleteCount, [items_to_add]);  // remove and RETURN items from array, can append a list of items. IN PLACE operation\n</code></pre>"},{"location":"languages/javascript/javascript.html#filter-map-reduce","title":"<code>filter()</code> &amp; <code>map()</code>, <code>reduce()</code>","text":"JavaScript<pre><code>let array = [ items ];\n\n// execute an operation on each item, producing a new array\narray.map(function);\narray.map(() =&gt; operation); \n\narray.filter(() =&gt; condition);  // return an items only if the condition is true\n\n// execute a reducer function on each element of the array, resulting in single output value\narray.reduce((x, y) =&gt; ...);\n</code></pre>"},{"location":"languages/javascript/javascript.html#spread-operator","title":"Spread Operator (...)","text":"JavaScript<pre><code>// arrays\nlet array1 = [ 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6 ];\nlet array2 = [ 7, 8, 9, 10 ];\nlet copy = [ ...array1 ];  // shallow copy\nlet copyAndAdd = [ 0, ...array1, 7 ];  // insert all values in new array\nlet merge = [ ...array1, ...array2 ];  // merge the arrays contents in new array\n\n// objects\nlet obj = { prop1: value1, prop2: value2 };\nlet clone = { ...obj, prop: value };  // shallow copy, and update copy prop\nlet cloneAndAdd = { prop0: value0, ...obj, prop3: value3 };\n\n// strings\nlet alphabet = \"abcdefghijklmnopqrstxyz\"\nlet letters = [ ...alphabet ];  // alphabet.split(\"\")\n\n//function arguments\nlet func = (arg1 = val1, arg2 = val2) =&gt; expression;\nlet args = [ value1, value2 ];\nfunc(arg0, ...args);\n</code></pre>"},{"location":"languages/javascript/javascript.html#dictionaries","title":"Dictionaries","text":"JavaScript<pre><code>let dict = { FirstName: \"Chris\", \"one\": 1, 1: \"some value\" };\n\n\n// add new or update property\ndict[\"Age\"] = 42;\n\n// direct property by name\n// because it's a dynamic language\ndict.FirstName = \"Chris\";\n</code></pre>"},{"location":"languages/javascript/javascript.html#iterating-key-value-pairs","title":"Iterating Key-Value pairs","text":"JavaScript<pre><code>for(let key in dict) {\n  let value = dict[key];\n\n  // do something with \"key\" and \"value\" variables\n}\n\nObject.keys(dict).forEach(key =&gt; { });\n</code></pre>"},{"location":"languages/javascript/javascript.html#functions","title":"Functions","text":""},{"location":"languages/javascript/javascript.html#jsdoc-documentation-standard","title":"JSDOC documentation standard","text":"JavaScript<pre><code>/**\n * @param {type} parameter - description\n * @returns {type} parameter - description\n * */\n</code></pre>"},{"location":"languages/javascript/javascript.html#function-declaration","title":"Function Declaration","text":"JavaScript<pre><code>// ...args will contain extra parameters (rest argument)\nfunction functionName(parameter=default-value, ...args) {\n    //code here\n    return &lt;expression&gt;;\n}\n</code></pre>"},{"location":"languages/javascript/javascript.html#default-parameters-old-versions","title":"Default Parameters (old versions)","text":"JavaScript<pre><code>function functionName(parameters) {\n    if (parameter == undefined) {\n        parameter = value;\n    }\n\n    //code here\n    return &lt;expression&gt;;\n}\n</code></pre>"},{"location":"languages/javascript/javascript.html#function-expressions","title":"Function Expressions","text":"JavaScript<pre><code>let functionName = function(parameters) {\n    //code here\n    return expression;\n}\n</code></pre>"},{"location":"languages/javascript/javascript.html#arrow-functions","title":"Arrow Functions","text":"JavaScript<pre><code>(input) =&gt; { /* statements */ }\n(input) =&gt; expression;\ninput =&gt; expression;  // parenthesis are optional\n() =&gt; expression;  // no parameters syntax\n\n// variants\nlet func = (input) =&gt; {\n    // code here\n};\n\nlet func = (input) =&gt; expression;\nlet func = input =&gt; expression;\n\nfunc();  // function call\n\n// return object literal\nlet func = (value) =&gt; ({property: value});\n</code></pre>"},{"location":"languages/javascript/javascript.html#object-oriented-programming","title":"Object Oriented Programming","text":"<p>An object is a collection of related data and/or functionality.</p> <p>Note: It's not possible to transform a variable in an object simply by using the object assignment.</p> JavaScript<pre><code>let variable = value;\n\n// object literal\nlet obj = {\n    property: value,\n    variable,  // same as variable: variable\n    [property]: value  // dynamic prop name\n\n    object: {\n        ...\n    },\n\n    method: function() {\n        // code here\n        this.propertyName;  // reference to object property inside the object\n    }\n\n    method; () =&gt; {\n        obj.propertyName;  // this is undefined here, use full object name\n    }\n};\n\n// access to property (non existant properties will return Undefined)\nobj.property;  // dot notation\nobj[\"property\"];  // array notation\n\n// property modification (will add property if missing)\nobj.property = value;  // dot notation\nobj[\"property\"] = value;  // array notation\n\nobj.func(); //method access\n\ndelete obj.propertyName;  // delete property\n\nObject.keys(obj);  // list of all property names\nObject.entries(obj);  // list contents as key-value pairs\n</code></pre>"},{"location":"languages/javascript/javascript.html#constructors-and-object-instances","title":"Constructors and object instances","text":"<p>JavaScript uses special functions called constructor functions to define and initialize objects and their features. Notice that it has all the features you'd expect in a function, although it doesn't return anything or explicitly create an object \u2014 it basically just defines properties and methods.</p> JavaScript<pre><code>// constructor function definition\nfunction Class(params) {\n    this.property = param;\n\n    this.method = function(params) { /* code here */ }\n}\n\nlet obj = new Class(params);  // object instantiation\n\nlet obj = new Object();  // creates empty object\nlet obj = new Object({\n    // JSON\n});\n</code></pre>"},{"location":"languages/javascript/javascript.html#prototypes","title":"Prototypes","text":"<p>Prototypes are the mechanism by which JavaScript objects inherit features from one another.</p> <p>JavaScript is often described as a prototype-based language; to provide inheritance, objects can have a prototype object, which acts as a template object that it inherits methods and properties from.</p> <p>An object's prototype object may also have a prototype object, which it inherits methods and properties from, and so on. This is often referred to as a prototype chain, and explains why different objects have properties and methods defined on other objects available to them. If a method is implemented on an object (and not it's prototype) then only that object will heve that method and not all the ones that come from the same prototype.</p> JavaScript<pre><code>// constructor function\nfunction Obj(param1, ...) {\n    this.param1 = param1,\n    ...\n}\n\n// method on the object\nObj.prototype.method = function(params) {\n    // code here (operate w/ this)\n}\n\nlet obj = new Obj(args);  // object instantiation\nobj.method();  // call method from prototype\n</code></pre>"},{"location":"languages/javascript/javascript.html#extending-with-prototypes","title":"Extending with prototypes","text":"JavaScript<pre><code>// constructor function\nfunction DerivedObj(param1, param2, ...) {\n    Obj.call(this, param1);  // use prototype constructor\n    this.param2 = param2;\n}\n\n// extend Obj\nDerivedObj.prototype = Object.create(Obj.prototype);\n\n// method on object\nDerivedObj.prototype.method = function() {\n    // code here (operate w/ this)\n}\n\nlet dobj = new DerivedObj(args);  // object instantiation\ndobj.method();  // call method from prototype\n</code></pre>"},{"location":"languages/javascript/javascript.html#classes-es6","title":"Classes (ES6+)","text":"JavaScript<pre><code>class Obj {\n    constructor(param1, ...) {\n        this.param1 = param1,\n        ...\n    }\n\n    get param1()  // getter\n    {\n        return this.param1;\n    }\n\n    func() {\n        // code here (operate w/ this)\n    }\n\n    static func() { }  // static method\n\n// object instantiation\nlet obj = new Obj(param1, ...);\nobj.func();  // call method\n</code></pre>"},{"location":"languages/javascript/javascript.html#extending-with-classes","title":"Extending with Classes","text":"JavaScript<pre><code>class DerivedObj extends Obj {\n    constructor(param1, param2, ...){\n        super(param1);  // use superclass constructor\n        this.param2 = param2;\n    }\n\n    newFunc() { }\n}\n\nlet dobj = DerivedObj();\ndobj.newFunc();\n</code></pre>"},{"location":"languages/javascript/javascript.html#deconstruction","title":"Deconstruction","text":""},{"location":"languages/javascript/javascript.html#object-deconstruction","title":"Object deconstruction","text":"JavaScript<pre><code>let obj = {\n    property: value,\n    ...\n}\n\nlet { var1, var2 } = obj;  // extract values from object into variables\nlet { property: var1, property2 : var2 } = obj;  // extract props in variables w/ specified names\nlet { property: var1, var2 = default_value } = obj;  // use default values if object has less then expected props\n</code></pre>"},{"location":"languages/javascript/javascript.html#array-deconstruction","title":"Array Deconstruction","text":"JavaScript<pre><code>let array = [ 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6 ];\nlet [first, , third, , seventh = \"missing\" ] = array;  // extract specific values from array\n</code></pre>"},{"location":"languages/javascript/javascript.html#serialization","title":"Serialization","text":"JavaScript<pre><code>let object = {\n    // object attributes\n}\n\nlet json = JSON.stringify(object);  // serialize object in JSON\n\nlet json = {  /* JSON */ };\nlet object = JSON.parse(json);  // deserialize to Object\n</code></pre>"},{"location":"languages/javascript/javascript.html#timing","title":"Timing","text":""},{"location":"languages/javascript/javascript.html#timers","title":"Timers","text":"<p>Function runs once after an interval of time.</p> JavaScript<pre><code>// param1, param2, ... are the arguments passed to the function (IE9+)\nlet timerId = setTimeout(func [, milliseconds, param1, param2, ... ]);  // wait milliseconds before executing the code (params are read at execution time)\n\n// works in IE9\nlet timerId =  setTimeout(function(){\n    func(param1, param2);\n}, milliseconds);\n\n// Anonymous functions with arguments\nlet timerId = setTimeout(function(arg1, ...){\n    // code here\n}, milliseconds, param1, ...);\n\nclearTimeout(timerId)  // cancel execution\n\n// example of multiple consecutive schedules\nlet list = [1 , 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9, 10, \"A\", \"B\", \"C\", \"D\", \"E\", \"F\", \"G\", \"H\", \"I\", \"J\", -1, -2, -3, -4, -5, -6, -7, -8, -9, -10]\nfunction useTimeout(pos=0) {\n\n    setTimeout(function(){\n        console.log(list[pos]);\n        pos += 1;  // update value for next call\n\n        if (pos &lt; list.length) {  // recursion exit condition\n            useTimeout(pos);  // schedule next call with new value\n        }\n    }, 1_000, pos);\n}\n\nuseTimeout();\n</code></pre>"},{"location":"languages/javascript/javascript.html#let-vs-var-with-settimeout","title":"<code>let</code> vs <code>var</code> with <code>setTimeout</code>","text":"JavaScript<pre><code>// let instantiates a new variable for each iteration\nfor (let i = 0; i &lt; 3; ++i) {\n    setTimeout(function() {\n        console.log(i);\n    }, i * 100);\n}\n// output: 0, 1, 2\n\nfor (var i = 0; i &lt; 3; ++i) {\n    setTimeout(function() {\n        console.log(i);\n    }, i * 100);\n}\n// output: 3, 3, 3\n</code></pre>"},{"location":"languages/javascript/javascript.html#preserving-the-context","title":"Preserving the context","text":"JavaScript<pre><code>let obj = {\n    prop: value,\n\n    method1 : function() { /* statement */ }\n\n    method2 : function() {\n        let self = this  // memorize context inside method (otherwise callback will not know it)\n        setTimeout(function() { /* code here (uses self) */ })\n    }\n}\n\n\n// better\nlet obj = {\n    prop: value,\n\n    method1 : function() { /* statement */ }\n\n    method2 : function() {\n        setTimeout(() =&gt; { /* code here (uses this) */ })  // arrow func does not create new scope, this context preserved\n    }\n}\n</code></pre>"},{"location":"languages/javascript/javascript.html#intervals","title":"Intervals","text":"<p>Function runs regularly with a specified interval. JavaScript is Single Threaded.</p> JavaScript<pre><code>// param1, param2, ... are the arguments passed to the function (IE9+)\nlet timerId = setInterval(func, milliseconds [, param1, param2, ... ]); // (params are read at execution time)\n\n// works in IE9\nlet timerId =  setInterval(function(){\n    func(param1, param2);\n}, milliseconds);\n\n// Anonymous functions with arguments\nlet timerId = setInterval(function(arg1, ...){\n    // code here\n}, milliseconds, param1, ...);\n\nclearTimeout(timerId);  // cancel execution\n</code></pre>"},{"location":"languages/javascript/javascript.html#datetime","title":"DateTime","text":"<p>A date consists of a year, a month, a day, an hour, a minute, a second, and milliseconds.</p> <p>There are generally 4 types of JavaScript date input formats:</p> <ul> <li>ISO Date: <code>\"2015-03-25\"</code></li> <li>Short Date: <code>\"03/25/2015\"</code></li> <li>Long Date: <code>\"Mar 25 2015\"</code> or <code>\"25 Mar 2015\"</code></li> <li>Full Date: <code>\"Wednesday March 25 2015\"</code></li> </ul> JavaScript<pre><code>// constructors\nnew Date();\nnew Date(milliseconds);\nnew Date(dateString);\nnew Date(year, month, day, hours, minutes, seconds, milliseconds);\n\n// accepts parameters similar to the Date constructor, but treats them as UTC. It returns the number of milliseconds since January 1, 1970, 00:00:00 UTC.\nDate.UTC(year, month, day, hours, minutes, seconds, milliseconds);\n\n//static methods\nDate.now();  // returns the number of milliseconds elapsed since January 1, 1970 00:00:00 UTC.\n\n// methods\nlet date = new Date();\ndate.toSting(); // returns a string representing the specified Date object\ndate.toUTCString();\ndate.toDateString();\ndate.toTimeString();  // method returns the time portion of a Date object in human readable form in American English.\n\n\n// get date\n\ndare.getMonth();\ndate.getMinutes();\ndate.getFullYear();\n\n// set date\ndate.setFullYear(2020, 0, 14);\ndate.setDate(date.getDate() + 50);\n\n// parse valid dates\nlet msec = Date.parse(\"March 21, 2012\");\nlet date = new Date(msec);\n</code></pre>"},{"location":"languages/javascript/javascript.html#comparing-dates","title":"Comparing Dates","text":"<p>Comparison operators work also on dates</p> JavaScript<pre><code>let date1 = new Date();\nlet date2 = new Date(\"May 24, 2017 10:50:00\");\n\nif(date1 &gt; date2){\n        console.log('break time');\n} else {\n        console.log('stay in class');\n}\n</code></pre>"},{"location":"languages/javascript/javascript.html#exports","title":"Exports","text":"<p>Firefox CORS not HTTP</p> <p>Note: Firefox 68 and later define the origin of a page opened using a <code>file:///</code> URI as unique. Therefore, other resources in the same directory or its subdirectories no longer satisfy the CORS same-origin rule. This new behavior is enabled by default using the <code>privacy.file_unique_origin</code> preference.</p> JSON<pre><code>\"privacy.file_unique_origin\": \"false\"\n</code></pre> <p>In <code>page.html</code></p> HTML<pre><code>&lt;script src=\"scripts/module.js\"&gt;&lt;/script&gt;\n&lt;script src=\"scripts/script.js\"&gt;&lt;/script&gt;\n</code></pre> <p>In <code>module.js</code>:</p> JavaScript<pre><code>// exporting individual fractures\nexport default function() {}  // one per module\nexport func = () =&gt; expression;  // zero or more per module\n\n// Export list\nexport { name1, name2, \u2026, nameN };\n\n// Renaming exports\nexport { variable1 as name1, variable2 as name2, \u2026, nameN };\n\n// Exporting destructured assignments with renaming\nexport const { name1, name2: bar } = o;\n\n // re-export\nexport { func } from \"other_script.js\" \n</code></pre> <p>In <code>script.js</code>:</p> JavaScript<pre><code>import default_func_alias, { func as alias } from \"./module.js\";  // import default and set alias\nimport { default as default_func_alias, func as alias } from \"./module.js\";  // import default and set alias\n\n// use imported functions\ndefault_func_alias();\nalias();\n</code></pre> JavaScript<pre><code>import * from \"./module.js\";  // import all\n\nmodule.function();  // use imported content with fully qualified name\n</code></pre>"},{"location":"languages/javascript/jquery.html","title":"jQuery Library","text":""},{"location":"languages/javascript/jquery.html#including-jquery","title":"Including jQuery","text":""},{"location":"languages/javascript/jquery.html#download-and-link-the-file","title":"Download and link the file","text":"HTML<pre><code>&lt;head&gt;\n    &lt;script src=\"jquery-x.x.x.min.js\"&gt;&lt;/script&gt;\n&lt;/head&gt;\n</code></pre>"},{"location":"languages/javascript/jquery.html#use-a-cdn","title":"Use a CDN","text":"HTML<pre><code>&lt;head&gt;\n    &lt;script src=\"https://ajax.googleapis.com/ajax/libs/jquery/x.x.x/jquery.min.js\"&gt;&lt;/script&gt;\n&lt;/head&gt;\n\n&lt;!-- OR --&gt;\n\n&lt;head&gt;\n    &lt;script src=\"https://ajax.aspnetcdn.com/ajax/jQuery/jquery-x.x.x.min.js\"&gt;&lt;/script&gt;\n&lt;/head&gt;\n</code></pre>"},{"location":"languages/javascript/jquery.html#what-is-a-cdn","title":"What is a CDN","text":"<p>A content delivery network or content distribution network (CDN) is a large distributed system of servers deployed in multiple data centers across the Internet. The goal of a CDN is to serve content to end-users with high availability and high performance. CDNs serve a large fraction of the Internet content today, including web objects (text, graphics and scripts), downloadable objects (media files, software, documents), applications (e-commerce, portals), live streaming media, on-demand streaming media, and social networks.</p>"},{"location":"languages/javascript/jquery.html#html-manipulation","title":"HTML Manipulation","text":""},{"location":"languages/javascript/jquery.html#finding-dom-elements","title":"Finding DOM elements","text":"JavaScript<pre><code>$('tag');\n$(\"#id\");\n$(\".class\");\n</code></pre>"},{"location":"languages/javascript/jquery.html#manipulating-dom-elements","title":"Manipulating DOM elements","text":"JavaScript<pre><code>$(\"p\").addClass(\"special\");\n</code></pre> HTML<pre><code>&lt;!-- before --&gt;\n&lt;p&gt;Welcome to jQuery&lt;p&gt;\n\n&lt;!-- after --&gt;\n&lt;p class=\"special\"&gt;Welcome to jQuery&lt;p&gt;\n</code></pre>"},{"location":"languages/javascript/jquery.html#reading-elements","title":"Reading Elements","text":"HTML<pre><code>&lt;a id=\"yahoo\" href=\"http://www.yahoo.com\" style=\"font-size:20px;\"&gt;Yahoo!&lt;/a&gt;\n</code></pre> JavaScript<pre><code>// find it &amp; store it\nvar link = $('a#yahoo');\n\n// get info about it\nlink.html(); // 'Yahoo!'\nlink.attr('href'); // 'http://www.yahoo.com'\nlink.css('font-size'); // '20px\n</code></pre>"},{"location":"languages/javascript/jquery.html#modifying-elements","title":"Modifying Elements","text":"JavaScript<pre><code>// jQuery\n$('a').html('Yahoo!');\n$('a').attr('href', 'http://www.yahoo.com');\n$('a').css({'color': 'purple'});\n</code></pre> HTML<pre><code>&lt;!-- before --&gt;\n&lt;a href=\"http://www.google.com\"&gt;Google&lt;/a&gt;\n\n&lt;!-- after --&gt;\n&lt;a href=\"http://www.yahoo.com\" style=\"color:purple\"&gt;Yahoo&lt;/a&gt;\n</code></pre>"},{"location":"languages/javascript/jquery.html#create-store-manipulate-and-inject","title":"Create, Store, Manipulate and inject","text":"JavaScript<pre><code>let paragraph = $('&lt;p class=\"intro\"&gt;Welcome&lt;p&gt;');  // create and store element\n\nparagraph.css('property', 'value');  // manipulate element\n\n$(\"body\").append(paragraph);  // inject in DOM\n</code></pre>"},{"location":"languages/javascript/jquery.html#regular-dom-nodes-to-jquery-objects","title":"Regular DOM Nodes to jQuery Objects","text":"JavaScript<pre><code>var paragraphs = $('p'); // an array\nvar aParagraph = paragraphs[0]; // a regular DOM node\nvar $aParagraph = $(paragraphs[0]); // a jQuery Object\n\n// can also use loops\nfor(var i = 0; i &lt; paragraphs.length; i++) {\n    var element = paragraphs[i];\n    var paragraph = $(element);\n    paragraph.html(paragraph.html() + ' WOW!');\n}\n</code></pre>"},{"location":"languages/javascript/jquery.html#events","title":"Events","text":"JavaScript<pre><code>var onButtonClick = function() {  \n    console.log('clicked!');\n}\n\n// with named callback &amp; .on\n$('button').on('click', onButtonClick);\n\n// with anonymous callback &amp; .on\n$('button').on('click', function(){\n    console.log('clicked!');\n});\n\n// with .click &amp; named callback\n$('button').click(onButtonClick);\n</code></pre>"},{"location":"languages/javascript/jquery.html#preventing-default-event","title":"Preventing Default Event","text":"JavaScript<pre><code>$('selector').on('event', function(event) {\n    event.preventDefault();\n    // custom logic\n});\n</code></pre>"},{"location":"languages/javascript/jquery.html#plugins","title":"Plugins","text":"<p>In the HTML, add a <code>&lt;script&gt;</code> ag that hotlinks to the CDN or source file:</p> HTML<pre><code>&lt;script src=\"https://cdnjs.cloudflare.com/ajax/libs/jquery-validate/1.17.0/jquery.validate.min.js\"&gt;&lt;script&gt;\n</code></pre> <p>In the JavaScript call the jQuery plugin on the DOM:</p> JavaScript<pre><code>$(\"form\").validate();\n</code></pre> <p>Note: always link to the minified js files.</p>"},{"location":"languages/javascript/jquery.html#more-jquery","title":"More jQuery","text":""},{"location":"languages/javascript/jquery.html#patters-anti-patterns","title":"Patters &amp; Anti-Patterns","text":"JavaScript<pre><code>// Pattern: name variables with $var\n$myVar =$('#myNode');\n\n// Pattern: store references to callback functions\nvar callback = function(argument){\n    // do something cool\n};\n\n$(document).on('click', 'p', myCallback);\n\n// Anti-pattern: anonymous functions\n$(document).on('click', 'p', function(argument){\n    // do something anonymous\n});\n</code></pre>"},{"location":"languages/javascript/jquery.html#chaining","title":"Chaining","text":"JavaScript<pre><code>banner.css('color', 'red');\nbanner.html('Welcome!');\nbanner.show();\n\n// same as:\nbanner.css('color', 'red').html('Welcome!').show();\n\n// same as:\nbanner.css('color', 'red')\n    .html('Welcome!')\n    .show();\n</code></pre>"},{"location":"languages/javascript/jquery.html#dom-readiness","title":"DOM Readiness","text":"<p>DOM manipulation and event binding doesn't work if the <code>&lt;script&gt;</code> is in the <code>&lt;head&gt;</code></p> JavaScript<pre><code>$(document).ready(function() {\n    // the DOM is fully loaded\n});\n\n$(window).on('load', function(){\n    // the DOM and all assets (including images) are loaded\n});\n</code></pre>"},{"location":"languages/javascript/jquery.html#ajax-jquery-15","title":"AJAX (jQuery <code>1.5</code>+)","text":"JavaScript<pre><code>$.ajax({\n    method: 'POST',\n    url: 'some.php',\n    data: { name: 'John', location: 'Boston'}\n})\n.done(function(msg){alert('Data Saved: '+ msg);})\n.fail(function(jqXHR, textStatus){alert('Request failed: '+ textStatus);});\n</code></pre>"},{"location":"languages/javascript/react/react-router.html","title":"React Router","text":"<p>Popular routing library. Allows to specify a route through React components, declaring which component is to be loaded for a given URL.</p> <p>Key Components:</p> <ul> <li>Router: wrap the app entry-point, usually <code>BrowserRouter</code></li> <li>Route: \"Load this component for this URL\"</li> <li>Link: react-managed anchors that won't post back to the browser</li> </ul>"},{"location":"languages/javascript/react/react-router.html#routers","title":"Routers","text":"<p>Router Types:</p> <ul> <li>HashRouter: <code>#route</code>, adds hashes to the URLs</li> <li>BrowserRouter: <code>/route</code>, uses HTML5 history API to provide clean URLs</li> <li>MemoryRouter: no URL</li> </ul> JavaScript<pre><code>// index.js\n\n//other imports ...\n\nimport { BrowserRouter as Router } from \"react-router-dom\";\n\nReact.render(\n    &lt;Router&gt;\n        &lt;App /&gt;\n    &lt;/Router&gt;,\n    document.getElementById(\"DomID\");\n)\n</code></pre> JavaScript<pre><code>// Component.js\nimport { Route, Route } from \"react-router-dom\";\n\n&lt;div&gt;\n    {/* match route pattern exactly, all sub-routes will be matched otherwise */}\n    &lt;Route path=\"/\" exact element={&lt;Component props={props} /&gt;} /&gt; \n    &lt;Route path=\"/route\" element={&lt;Component props={props} /&gt;} /&gt;\n    ...\n&lt;/div&gt;\n\n// only one child can match, similar to Route-case\n&lt;Routes&gt;\n    &lt;Route path=\"/\" exact element={&lt;Component props={props} /&gt;} /&gt;\n    &lt;Route path=\"/route\" element={&lt;Component props={props} /&gt;} /&gt;\n    &lt;Route component={PageNotFound} /&gt; {/* matches all non-existent URLs */}\n&lt;/Route&gt;\n</code></pre>"},{"location":"languages/javascript/react/react-router.html#url-parameters-query-string","title":"URL Parameters &amp; Query String","text":"JavaScript<pre><code>// Given\n&lt;Route path=\"/route/:placeholder\" element={&lt;Component props={props} /&gt;} /&gt;\n// URL: app.com/route/sub-route?param=value\n\nfunction Component(props) {\n    props.match.params.placeholder;  // sub-route\n    props.location.query;  // { param: value }\n    props.location.pathname; // /route/sub-route?param=value\n}\n</code></pre>"},{"location":"languages/javascript/react/react-router.html#redirecting","title":"Redirecting","text":"JavaScript<pre><code>import { Navigate } from \"react-router-dom\";\n\n// redirects to another URL on render, shouldn't be rendered on component mount but after an action\n&lt;Navigate to=\"/route\" /&gt;\n&lt;Navigate from=\"/old-route\" to=\"/new-route\" /&gt;\n{ condition &amp;&amp;  &lt;Navigate to=\"/route\" /&gt; }  // redirect if condition is true\n\n// or redirect manipulating the history (always in props)\nprops.history.push(\"/new-route\");\n</code></pre>"},{"location":"languages/javascript/react/react-router.html#prompts","title":"Prompts","text":"JavaScript<pre><code>import { Prompt } from \"react-router-dom\";\n\n// displays a prompt when the condition is true\n&lt;Prompt when={condition} message=\"prompt message\" /&gt;\n</code></pre>"},{"location":"languages/javascript/react/react-router.html#link","title":"Link","text":"<p>Clicks on a link created with React-Router will be captured by react an all the routing will happen client side.</p> JavaScript<pre><code>import { Link } from \"react-router-dom\";\n\n// TARGET: &lt;Route path=\"/route/:itemId\" /&gt;\n&lt;Link to=\"/route/1\"&gt;Text&lt;/Link&gt;\n\n// add styling attributes to the rendered element when it matches the current URL.\n&lt;NavLink to=\"/route\" exact activeClassName=\"class\"&gt;Text&lt;/NavLink&gt;\n&lt;NavLink to=\"/route\" activeStyle={ { cssProp: value } }&gt;Text&lt;/NavLink&gt;\n</code></pre>"},{"location":"languages/javascript/react/react-tests.html","title":"Testing React","text":""},{"location":"languages/javascript/react/react-tests.html#jest","title":"Jest","text":""},{"location":"languages/javascript/react/react-tests.html#jest-configuration","title":"Jest Configuration","text":"JavaScript<pre><code>// jest.config.js\nmodule.exports = {\n  testEnvironment: 'jsdom',\n  moduleFileExtensions: ['js', 'jsx', 'ts', 'tsx', 'json', 'node'],\n  setupFilesAfterEnv: ['@testing-library/jest-dom/extend-expect'],  // add testing-library methods to expect()\n  transform: { '^.+\\\\.tsx?$': 'ts-jest'}  // use ts-jest fo ts files\n}\n</code></pre>"},{"location":"languages/javascript/react/react-tests.html#jest-tests","title":"Jest Tests","text":"<p>Expect docs</p> JavaScript<pre><code>// .spec.js or .test.js\nit(\"test description\", () =&gt; {\n    // test body\n    expect(expected).toEqual(actual);\n});\n\n// group related tests\ndescribe(\"test group name\", () =&gt; {\n    it(/* ... */);\n    it(/* ... */);\n});\n</code></pre>"},{"location":"languages/javascript/react/react-tests.html#snapshots","title":"Snapshots","text":"<p>In <code>Component.Snapshots.js</code>:</p> JavaScript<pre><code>import React from \"react\";\nimport renderer from \"react-test-renderer\";\n\nimport Component from \"./path/to/Component\";\n// import mock data if necessary\n\nit(\"test description\", () =&gt; {\n    // renders the DOM tree of the component\n    const tree = renderer.create(&lt;Component funcProp={jest.fn() /* mock function */} /* component props */ /&gt;);\n\n    // save a snapshot of the component at this point in time ( in  __snapshots__ folder)\n    // in future test it will be checked to avoid regressions\n    // can be updated during jest --watch pressing \"u\"\n    expect(tree).matchSnapshot();\n});\n</code></pre>"},{"location":"languages/javascript/react/react-tests.html#enzyme","title":"Enzyme","text":""},{"location":"languages/javascript/react/react-tests.html#enzyme-configuration","title":"Enzyme Configuration","text":"JavaScript<pre><code>// testSetup.js\nimport { configure } from \"enzyme\";\nimport Adapter from \"enzyme-adapter-react-&lt;version&gt;\";\n\nconfigure({ adapter: new Adapter() });\n</code></pre>"},{"location":"languages/javascript/react/react-tests.html#enzyme-tests","title":"Enzyme Tests","text":"<p>In <code>Component.test.js</code>:</p> JavaScript<pre><code>import React from \"react\";\nimport { shallow, mount } from \"enzyme\";\n// eventual wrapper components (react-router, react-redux's provider, ...) for mount render\n\n// shallow renders single component w/o children, no DOM generated\n// mount renders component w/ it's children\n\nimport Component from \"./path/to/Component\";\n\n// factory to setup shallow test easily\nfunction testHelper(args) {\n    const defaultProps = { /* default value for props in each test */ };\n\n    const props = { ...defaultProps, ...args };\n    return shallow(&lt;Component {...props} /&gt;);\n}\n\n// shallow rendering test\nit(\"test description\", () =&gt; {\n    const dom = testHelper(/* optional args */);\n    // or\n    const dom = shallow(&lt;Component /* props */ /&gt;);\n\n    // check a property of expected component\n    // selector can be from raw JSX (name of a component)\n    expect(dom.find(\"selector\").property).toBe(expected);\n});\n\n// mount rendering test\nif(\"test description\" () =&gt; {\n    const dom = mount(\n        &lt;WrapperComponent&gt;\n            &lt;Component /* props *//&gt;\n        &lt;/WrapperComponent&gt;\n    );\n\n    // selector has to be HTML selector since the component is rendered completely\n    // possible to test child components\n    expect(dom.find(\"selector\").property).toBe(expected);\n});\n</code></pre>"},{"location":"languages/javascript/react/react-tests.html#react-testing-library","title":"React Testing Library","text":"<p>Encourages to write test based on what the user sees. So components are always mounted and fully rendered.</p>"},{"location":"languages/javascript/react/react-tests.html#react-testing-library-tests","title":"React Testing Library Tests","text":"<p>In <code>Components.test.js</code>:</p> JavaScript<pre><code>import React from \"react\";\nimport { cleanup, render } from \"@testing-library/react\";\n\nimport Component from \"./path/to/Component\";\n\nafterEach(cleanup);\n\n// factory to setup test easily\nfunction testHelper(args) {\n    const defaultProps = { /* default value for props in each test */ };\n\n    const props = { ...defaultProps, ...args };\n    return render(&lt;Component {...props} /&gt;);\n}\n\nit(\"test description\", () =&gt; {\n    const { getByText } = testHelper();\n\n    // react testing library func\n    getByText(\"text\");  // check if test is present in the rendered component\n});\n</code></pre>"},{"location":"languages/javascript/react/react.html","title":"React","text":""},{"location":"languages/javascript/react/react.html#components","title":"Components","text":"<p>There are two types of react components:</p> <ul> <li>Function Components</li> <li>Class Components</li> </ul> <p>Both types can be stateful and have side effects or be purely presentational.</p> JSX<pre><code>// functional component\nconst Component = (props) =&gt; {\n    return (\n        &lt;domElementOrComponent... /&gt;\n    );\n}\n\n// class component\nclass Component extends React.Component {\n    return (\n        &lt;domElementOrComponent... /&gt;\n    );\n}\n</code></pre> <p>NOTE: a component name must start with an uppercase letter.</p> <p>Every components has two inputs: props and state. The props input is explicit while the state is implicit. State is used to determine the changes and when to re-render. Within the component state can be changed while the props object represent fixed input values.</p> <p>JSX syntax can represent HTML but gets converted to pure JavaScript before being sent to the browser:</p> JavaScript<pre><code>// JSX\nconst element = (\n  &lt;h1 className=\"greeting\"&gt;Hello, world!&lt;/h1&gt;\n);\n\n// compiled JS shipped to browser\nconst element = React.createElement(\n  'h1',  // HTML tag name\n  {className: 'greeting'},  // attrs as JSON\n  'Hello, world!'  // tag content (can be nested component)\n);\n</code></pre>"},{"location":"languages/javascript/react/react.html#app-entry-point","title":"App Entry-point","text":"JavaScript<pre><code>const container = document.getElementById('root')!;\nconst root = createRoot(container);\n\nconst element = &lt;h1s&gt;Hello World&lt;/h1&gt;\nroot.render(element)\n</code></pre>"},{"location":"languages/javascript/react/react.html#dynamic-expressions","title":"Dynamic Expressions","text":"JavaScript<pre><code>&lt;tag&gt;{expression}&lt;/tag&gt;  // expression is evaluated an it's result is displayed\n&lt;tag onEvent={funcReference}&gt;{expression}&lt;/tag&gt;\n&lt;tag onEvent={() =&gt; func(args)}&gt;{expression}&lt;/tag&gt;\n</code></pre>"},{"location":"languages/javascript/react/react.html#props","title":"Props","text":"JavaScript<pre><code>&lt;Component propName={value} /&gt;  // pass a value the component\n&lt;Component propName={funcReference} /&gt;  // pass a function to the component\n\nfunction Component(props) {\n    // use props with {props.propName}\n}\n\nclass Component extends React.Component{\n    // use props with {this.props.propName}\n    render()\n}\n</code></pre>"},{"location":"languages/javascript/react/react.html#simple-function-component","title":"Simple Function Component","text":"JavaScript<pre><code>// Button.js\nimport { useState } from \"react\";\n\nfunction Button() {\n    const [count, setCount] = useState(0);  // hook\n\n    const handleCLick = () =&gt; setCount(count + 1);  // logic\n\n    // JSX\n    return (\n        &lt;button onClick={handleCLick}&gt;\n            {count}\n        &lt;/button&gt;\n    );\n}\n\nexport default Button;\n</code></pre>"},{"location":"languages/javascript/react/react.html#simple-class-component","title":"Simple Class Component","text":"JavaScript<pre><code>class Button extends React.Component {\n\n    state = {count: 0};\n    //or\n    constructor(props) {\n        super(props);\n        this.state = {count: 0};\n    }\n\n    componentDidMount() {}  // called on successful component mount\n\n    handleClick = () =&gt; {\n        this.setState({ count: this.state.count + 1 });\n    }\n    // or\n    handleClick = () =&gt; {\n        this.setState((state, props) =&gt; ({ count: state.count + props.increment }) );\n    }\n\n    render(){\n        return (\n        &lt;button onClick={this.handleClick}&gt;\n            {this.state.count}\n        &lt;/button&gt;\n        );\n    }\n}\n</code></pre>"},{"location":"languages/javascript/react/react.html#nesting-components","title":"Nesting Components","text":"JavaScript<pre><code>import { useState } from \"react\";\n\nfunction Button(props) {\n  return (\n      &lt;button onClick={props.onClickFunc}&gt;\n          +1\n      &lt;/button&gt;\n  );\n}\n\nfunction Display (props) {\n  return (\n      &lt;div&gt;{props.message}&lt;/div&gt;\n  );\n}\n\nfunction App() {\n\n    // state must be declare in the outer component it can be passed to each children\n    const [count, setCount] = useState(0);\n    const incrementCounter = () =&gt; setCount(count + 1);\n\n    return (\n        &lt;div className=\"App\"&gt;\n            &lt;Button onClickFunc={incrementCounter}/&gt;\n            &lt;Display message={count}/&gt;\n        &lt;/div&gt;\n    );\n}\n\nexport default App;\n</code></pre>"},{"location":"languages/javascript/react/react.html#user-input-forms","title":"User Input (Forms)","text":"JavaScript<pre><code>function Form() {\n    const [userName, setUserName] = useState(\"\");\n\n    handleSubmit = (event) =&gt; {\n        event.preventDefault();\n        // ...\n    }\n\n    return(\n        &lt;form onSubmit={handleSubmit}&gt;\n            &lt;input\n                type=\"text\"\n                value={userName}  // controlled component\n                onChange={(event) =&gt; setUserName(event.target.value)}  // needed to update UI on dom change\n                required\n            /&gt;\n            &lt;button&gt;&lt;/button&gt;\n        &lt;/form&gt;\n    );\n}\n</code></pre>"},{"location":"languages/javascript/react/react.html#lists-of-components","title":"Lists of Components","text":"JavaScript<pre><code>// ...\n    &lt;div&gt;\n        {array.map(item =&gt; &lt;Component key={uniqueID}&gt;)}\n    &lt;/div&gt;\n// ...\n</code></pre> <p>Note: The <code>key</code> attribute of the component is needed to identify a particular item. It's most useful if the list has to be sorted.</p>"},{"location":"languages/javascript/react/react.html#hooks","title":"Hooks","text":""},{"location":"languages/javascript/react/react.html#usestate","title":"<code>useState</code>","text":"<p>Hook used to create a state object.</p> <p><code>useState()</code> results:</p> <ul> <li>state object (getter)</li> <li>updater function (setter)</li> </ul> JavaScript<pre><code>const [state, setState] = useState(default);\n</code></pre>"},{"location":"languages/javascript/react/react.html#useeffect","title":"<code>useEffect</code>","text":"<p>Hook used to trigger an action on each render of the component or when one of the watched items changes.</p> JavaScript<pre><code>useEffect(() =&gt; {\n    // \"side effects\" operations\n\n    return () =&gt; {/* clean up side effect */}  // optional\n}, [/* list of watched items, empty triggers once */]);\n</code></pre>"},{"location":"languages/javascript/react/react.html#custom-hooks","title":"Custom Hooks","text":"JavaScript<pre><code>// hook definitions\nconst useCustomHook = () =&gt; {\n    // eventual state definitions\n\n    // eventual function definitions\n\n    // ...\n\n    return { obj1, obj2, ... };\n}\n\nconst Component(){\n    // retrieve elements from the hook\n    const {\n        obj1,\n        obj2,\n        ...\n    } = useCustomHook();\n}\n</code></pre>"},{"location":"languages/javascript/react/redux-tests.html","title":"Redux Testing","text":""},{"location":"languages/javascript/react/redux-tests.html#tests-for-connected-components","title":"Tests for Connected Components","text":"<p>Connected components are wrapped in a call to <code>connect</code>. Way of solving the problem:</p> <ul> <li>Wrap component with <code>&lt;Provider&gt;</code>. Added benefit: new store dedicated to tests.</li> <li>Add named export for unconnected component.</li> </ul> <p>In <code>Component.js</code>:</p> JavaScript<pre><code>export function Component(props) { /* ... */ }  // export unconnected component\n\nexport default connect(mapStateToProps, mapDispatchToProps)(Component)  // default export of connected component\n</code></pre> <p>In <code>Component.test.js</code>:</p> JavaScript<pre><code>import React from \"react\";\n// import enzyme or react testing library\n\n// import mock data\nimport { Component } from \"path/to/Component\";  // import unconnected component\n\n// factory to setup test easily\nfunction testHelper(args) {\n    const defaultProps = { \n        /* default value for props in each test and required props */,\n        history = {}  // normally injected by react-router, could also import the router\n    };\n\n    const props = { ...defaultProps, ...args };\n    return mount(&lt;Component {...props} /&gt;);  // or render if using react testing library\n}\n\nit(\"test description\", () =&gt; {\n    const dom = testHelper();\n\n    // simulate page iteration\n    dom.find(\"selector\").simulate(\"&lt;event&gt;\");\n\n    // find changed component\n    // test expected behaviour of component\n});\n</code></pre>"},{"location":"languages/javascript/react/redux-tests.html#tests-for-action-creators","title":"Tests for Action Creators","text":"JavaScript<pre><code>import * as actions from \"path/to/actionCreators\";\n// import eventual action types constants\n// import mock data\n\nit(\"test description\", () =&gt; {\n    const data = /* mock data */\n    const expectedAction = { type: TYPE, /* ... */ };\n\n    const actualAction = actions.actionCreator(data);\n\n    expect(actualAction).toEqual(expectedAction);\n});\n</code></pre>"},{"location":"languages/javascript/react/redux-tests.html#tests-for-reducers","title":"Tests for Reducers","text":"JavaScript<pre><code>import reducer from \"path/to/reducer\";\nimport * as actions from \"path/to/actionCreators\";\n\nit(\"test description\", () =&gt; {\n    const initialState = /* state before the action */;\n    const finalState = /* expected state after the action */\n    const data = /* data passed to the action creator */;\n\n    const action = actions.actionCreator(data);\n    const newState = reducer(initialState, action);\n\n    expect(newState).toEqual(finalState);\n});\n</code></pre>"},{"location":"languages/javascript/react/redux-tests.html#tests-for-the-store","title":"Tests for the Store","text":"JavaScript<pre><code>import { createStore } from \"redux\";\n\nimport rootReducer from \"path/to/rootReducer\";\nimport initialState from \"path/to/initialState\";\nimport * as actions from \"path/to/actionCreators\";\n\nit(\"test description\", () =&gt; {\n    const store = createStore(storeReducer, initialState);\n\n    const expectedState = /* state after the update */\n\n    const data = /* action creator input */;\n    const action = actions.actionCreator(data);\n    store.dispatch(action);\n\n    const state = store.getState();\n    expect(state).toEqual(expectedState);\n});\n</code></pre>"},{"location":"languages/javascript/react/redux-tests.html#tests-for-thunks","title":"Tests for Thunks","text":"<p>Thunk testing requires the mocking of:</p> <ul> <li>store (using <code>redux-mock-store</code>)</li> <li>HTTP calls (using <code>fetch-mock</code>)</li> </ul> JavaScript<pre><code>import thunk from \"redux-thunk\";\nimport fetchMock from \"fetch-mock\";\nimport configureMockStore from \"redux-mock-store\";\n\n// needed for testing async thunks\nconst middleware = [thunk];  // mock middlewares\nconst mockStore = configureMockStore(middleware);  // mock the store\n\nimport * as actions from \"path/to/actionCreators\";\n// import eventual action types constants\n// import mock data\n\ndescribe(\"Async Actions\", () =&gt; {\n    afterEach(() =&gt; {\n        fetchMock.restore();  // init fetch mock for each test\n    });\n\n    it(\"test description\", () =&gt; {\n        // mimic API call\n        fetchMock.mock(\n            \"*\",  // capture any fetch call\n            {\n                body: /* body contents */,\n                headers: { \"content-type\": \"application/json\" }\n            }\n        );\n\n        // expected action fired from the thunk\n        const expectedActions = [\n            { type: TYPE, /* ... */ },\n            { type: TYPE, /* ... */ }\n        ];\n\n        const store = mockStore({ data: value, ... });  // init mock store\n\n        return store.dispatch(actions.actionCreator())  // act\n            .then(() =&gt; {\n                expect(store.getActions()).toEqual(expectedActions);  // assert\n            });\n    });\n});\n</code></pre>"},{"location":"languages/javascript/react/redux.html","title":"Redux","text":"<p>Redux is a pattern and library for managing and updating application state, using events called actions. It serves as a centralized store for state that needs to be used across the entire application, with rules ensuring that the state can only be updated in a predictable fashion.</p>"},{"location":"languages/javascript/react/redux.html#actions-store-immutability-reducers","title":"Actions, Store, Immutability &amp; Reducers","text":""},{"location":"languages/javascript/react/redux.html#actions-action-creators","title":"Actions &amp; Action Creators","text":"<p>An Action is a plain JavaScript object that has a <code>type</code> field. An action object can have other fields with additional information about what happened. By convention, that information is stored in a field called <code>payload</code>.</p> <p>Action Creators are functions that create and return action objects.</p> JavaScript<pre><code>function actionCreator(data)\n{\n    return { type: ACTION_TYPE, payload: data };  // action obj\n}\n</code></pre>"},{"location":"languages/javascript/react/redux.html#store","title":"Store","text":"<p>The current Redux application state lives in an object called the store. The store is created by passing in a reducer, and has a method called <code>getState</code> that returns the current state value.</p> <p>The Redux store has a method called <code>dispatch</code>. The only way to update the state is to call <code>store.dispatch()</code> and pass in an action object. The store will run its reducer function and save the new state value inside.</p> <p>Selectors are functions that know how to extract specific pieces of information from a store state value.</p> <p>In <code>initialState.js</code>;</p> JavaScript<pre><code>export default {\n    // initial state here\n}\n</code></pre> <p>In <code>configStore.js</code>:</p> JavaScript<pre><code>// configStore.js\nimport { createStore, applyMiddleware, compose } from \"redux\";\n\nexport function configStore(initialState) {\n    const composeEnhancers =\n        window.__REDUX_DEVTOOLS_EXTENSION_COMPOSE__ || compose; // support for redux devtools\n\n    return  createStore(\n        rootReducer, \n        initialState, \n        composeEnhancers(applyMiddleware(middleware, ...))\n    );\n}\n\n// available functions &amp; methods\nreplaceReducer(newReducer);  // replace an existing reducer, useful for Hot Reload\nstore.dispatch(action);  // trigger a state change based on an action\nstore.subscribe(listener);\nstore.getState();  // retrieve current state\n</code></pre>"},{"location":"languages/javascript/react/redux.html#reducers","title":"Reducers","text":"<p>Reducers are functions that receives the current state and an action, decide how to update the state if necessary, and return the new state.</p> <p>Reducers must always follow some specific rules:</p> <ul> <li>They should only calculate the new state value based on the <code>state</code> and <code>action</code> arguments</li> <li>They are not allowed to modify the existing <code>state</code>.   Instead, they must make immutable updates, by copying the existing <code>state</code> and making changes to the copied values.</li> <li>They must not do any asynchronous logic, calculate random values, or cause other \"side effects\"</li> </ul> JavaScript<pre><code>import initialState from \"path/to/initialState\";\n\nfunction reducer(state = initialState, action) {\n    switch(action.type){\n        case \"ACTION_TYPE\":\n            return { ...state, prop: value };  // return modified copy of state (using spread operator)\n            break;\n\n        default:\n            return state;  // return unchanged state (NEEDED)\n    }\n}\n\n// combining reducers\nimport { combineReducers } from \"redux\";\n\nconst rootReducer = combineReducers({\n    entity: entityReducer.\n    ...\n});\n</code></pre> <p>Note: multiple reducers can be triggered by the same action since each one operates on a different portion of the state.</p>"},{"location":"languages/javascript/react/redux.html#react-redux","title":"React-Redux","text":""},{"location":"languages/javascript/react/redux.html#container-vs-presentational-components","title":"Container vs Presentational Components","text":"<p>Container Components:</p> <ul> <li>Focus on how thing work</li> <li>Aware of Redux</li> <li>Subscribe to Redux State</li> <li>Dispatch Redux actions</li> </ul> <p>Presentational Components:</p> <ul> <li>Focus on how things look</li> <li>Unaware of Redux</li> <li>Read data from props</li> <li>Invoke callbacks on props</li> </ul>"},{"location":"languages/javascript/react/redux.html#provider-component-connect","title":"Provider Component &amp; Connect","text":"<p>Used at the root component and wraps all the application.</p> JavaScript<pre><code>// index.js\nimport React from 'react';\nimport ReactDOM from 'react-dom';\nimport { Provider } from 'react-redux';\n\nimport { configStore } from 'path/to/configStore';\nimport initialState from \"path/to/initialState\";\nimport App from './App';\n\nconst store = configStore(initialState);\n\nconst rootElement = document.getElementById('root');\nReactDOM.render(\n  &lt;Provider store={store}&gt;\n    &lt;App /&gt;\n  &lt;/Provider&gt;,\n  rootElement\n);\n</code></pre> JavaScript<pre><code>// Component.js\nimport { connect } from 'react-redux';\nimport { increment, decrement, reset } from './actionCreators';\n\n// const Component = ...\n\n// specifies which state is passed to the component (called on state change)\nconst mapStateToProps = (state, ownProps /* optional */) =&gt; {\n    // structure of the props passed to the component\n    return { propName: state.property };\n};\n\n// specifies the action passed to a component (the key is the name that the prop will have )\nconst mapDispatchToProps = { actionCreator: actionCreator };\n// or\nfunction mapDispatchToProps(dispatch) {\n    return {\n        // wrap action creators\n        actionCreator: (args) =&gt; dispatch(actionCreator(args))\n    };\n}\n// or\nfunction mapDispatchToProps(dispatch) {\n    return {\n        actionCreator: bindActionCreators(actionCreator, dispatch),\n        actions: bindActionCreators(allActionCreators, dispatch)\n    };\n}\n\n// both args are optional\n// if mapDispatch is missing the dispatch function is added to the props\nexport default connect(mapStateToProps, mapDispatchToProps)(Component);\n</code></pre>"},{"location":"languages/javascript/react/redux.html#async-operations-with-redux-thunk","title":"Async Operations with Redux-Thunk","text":"<p>Note: Redux middleware runs after and action and before it's reducer.</p> <p>Redux-Thunk allows to return functions instead of objects from action creators. A \"thunk\" is a function that wraps an expression to delay it's evaluation.</p> <p>In <code>configStore.js</code>:</p> JavaScript<pre><code>import { createStore, applyMiddleware, compose } from \"redux\";\nimport thunk from \"redux-thunk\";\n\nfunction configStore(initialState) {\n    const composeEnhancers =\n        window.__REDUX_DEVTOOLS_EXTENSION_COMPOSE__ || compose; // support for redux devtools\n\n    return  createStore(\n        rootReducer, \n        initialState, \n        composeEnhancers(applyMiddleware(thunk, ...))  // add thunks middleware\n    );\n}\n</code></pre> JavaScript<pre><code>// usually action on async func success\nfunction actionCreator(arg) {\n    return { type: TYPE, data: arg };\n}\n\nexport function thunk() {\n    return function (dispatch) {  // redux-thunk injects dispatch as arg\n        return asyncFunction().then((data) =&gt; {  // async function returns a promise\n                dispatch(actionCreator(data));\n            })\n            .catch((error) =&gt; {\n                throw error;\n            });\n    };\n}\n\n// or using async/await\nexport async function thunk() {\n    return function (dispatch) {  // redux-thunk injects dispatch as arg\n        try {\n            let data = await asyncFunction();\n            return dispatch(actionCreator(data));\n        } catch(error) {\n                throw error;\n        }\n    }\n}\n</code></pre>"},{"location":"languages/javascript/react/redux.html#redux-toolkit","title":"Redux-Toolkit","text":"<p>The Redux Toolkit package is intended to be the standard way to write Redux logic. It was originally created to help address three common concerns about Redux.</p> <p>Redux Toolkit also includes a powerful data fetching and caching capability dubbed \"RTK Query\". It's included in the package as a separate set of entry points. It's optional, but can eliminate the need to hand-write data fetching logic yourself.</p> <p>These tools should be beneficial to all Redux users. Whether you're a brand new Redux user setting up your first project, or an experienced user who wants to simplify an existing application, Redux Toolkit can help you make your Redux code better. Installation\u200b Using Create React App\u200b</p> <p>The recommended way to start new apps with React and Redux is by using the official Redux+JS template or Redux+TS template for Create React App, which takes advantage of Redux Toolkit and React Redux's integration with React components.</p> Bash<pre><code># Redux + Plain JS template\nnpx create-react-app my-app --template redux\n\n# Redux + TypeScript template\nnpx create-react-app my-app --template redux-typescript\n</code></pre> <p>Redux Toolkit includes these APIs:</p> <ul> <li> <p><code>configureStore()</code>: wraps <code>createStore</code> to provide simplified configuration options and good defaults.   It can automatically combines slice reducers, adds whatever Redux middleware supplied, includes redux-thunk by default, and enables use of the Redux DevTools Extension.</p> </li> <li> <p><code>createReducer()</code>: that lets you supply a lookup table of action types to case reducer functions, rather than writing switch statements.   In addition, it automatically uses the <code>immer</code> library to let you write simpler immutable updates with normal mutative code, like <code>state.todos[3].completed = true</code>.</p> </li> <li> <p><code>createAction()</code>: generates an action creator function for the given action type string.   The function itself has <code>toString()</code> defined, so that it can be used in place of the type constant.</p> </li> <li><code>createSlice()</code>: accepts an object of reducer functions, a slice name, and an initial state value, and automatically generates a slice reducer with corresponding action creators and action types.</li> <li><code>createAsyncThunk</code>: accepts an action type string and a function that returns a promise, and generates a thunk that dispatches pending/fulfilled/rejected action types based on that promise</li> <li><code>createEntityAdapter</code>: generates a set of reusable reducers and selectors to manage normalized data in the store</li> <li>The <code>createSelector</code> utility from the Reselect library, re-exported for ease of use.</li> </ul>"},{"location":"languages/javascript/react/redux.html#configurestore","title":"<code>configureStore</code>","text":"<p>Included Default Middleware\u200b:</p> <ul> <li> <p>Immutability check middleware: deeply compares state values for mutations. It can detect mutations in reducers during a dispatch, and also mutations that occur between dispatches.   When a mutation is detected, it will throw an error and indicate the key path for where the mutated value was detected in the state tree. (Forked from <code>redux-immutable-state-invariant</code>.)</p> </li> <li> <p>Serializability check middleware: a custom middleware created specifically for use in Redux Toolkit   Similar in concept to <code>immutable-state-invariant</code>, but deeply checks the state tree and the actions for non-serializable values such as functions, Promises, Symbols, and other non-plain-JS-data values   When a non-serializable value is detected, a console error will be printed with the key path for where the non-serializable value was detected.</p> </li> <li> <p>In addition to these development tool middleware, it also adds <code>redux-thunk</code> by default, since thunks are the basic recommended side effects middleware for Redux.</p> </li> </ul> <p>Currently, the return value of <code>getDefaultMiddleware()</code> is:</p> JavaScript<pre><code>// development\nconst middleware = [thunk, immutableStateInvariant, serializableStateInvariant]\n\n// production\u200b\nconst middleware = [thunk]\n</code></pre> JavaScript<pre><code>import { combineReducers } from 'redux'\nimport { configureStore } from '@reduxjs/toolkit'\nimport monitorReducersEnhancer from './enhancers/monitorReducers'\nimport loggerMiddleware from './middleware/logger'\nimport usersReducer from './usersReducer'\nimport postsReducer from './postsReducer'\n\nconst rootReducer = combineReducers({\n  users: usersReducer,\n  posts: postsReducer,\n})\n\nconst store = configureStore({\n  // reducers combined automatically\n  reducer: rootReducer,\n  middleware: (getDefaultMiddleware) =&gt; getDefaultMiddleware().concat(loggerMiddleware),\n  enhancers: [monitorReducersEnhancer]\n})\n\nexport default store\n</code></pre>"},{"location":"languages/javascript/react/redux.html#createaction","title":"<code>createAction</code>","text":"JavaScript<pre><code>import { createAction } from '@reduxjs/toolkit';\n\nconst increment = createAction&lt;number | undefined&gt;('counter/increment');\n\nconst action = increment();  // { type: 'counter/increment' }\nconst action = increment(3);  // { type: 'counter/increment', payload: 3 }\n\nincrement.toString();  // 'counter/increment'\n</code></pre>"},{"location":"languages/javascript/react/redux.html#createreducer","title":"<code>createReducer</code>","text":"JavaScript<pre><code>import { createAction, createReducer } from '@reduxjs/toolkit'\n\ninterface CounterState {\n  value: number\n}\n\nconst increment = createAction('counter/increment')\nconst decrement = createAction('counter/decrement')\nconst incrementByAmount = createAction&lt;number&gt;('counter/incrementByAmount')\n\nconst initialState = { value: 0 } as CounterState\n\nconst counterReducer = createReducer(initialState, (builder) =&gt; {\n  builder\n    .addCase(increment, (state, action) =&gt; {\n      state.value++\n    })\n    .addCase(decrement, (state, action) =&gt; {\n      state.value--\n    })\n    .addCase(incrementByAmount, (state, action) =&gt; {\n      state.value += action.payload\n    })\n})\n</code></pre>"},{"location":"languages/javascript/react/redux.html#createslice","title":"<code>createSlice</code>","text":"<p>A function that accepts an initial state, an object of reducer functions, and a \"slice name\", and automatically generates action creators and action types that correspond to the reducers and state.</p> <p>Internally, it uses <code>createAction</code> and <code>createReducer</code>, so it's possible to use Immer to write \"mutating\" immutable updates.</p> <p>Note: action types will have the <code>&lt;slice-name&gt;/&lt;reducer-name&gt;</code> shape.</p> JavaScript<pre><code>import { createSlice, PayloadAction } from '@reduxjs/toolkit'\n\ninterface CounterState {\n  value: number\n}\n\nconst initialState = { value: 0 } as CounterState\n\nconst counterSlice = createSlice({\n  name: 'counter',\n  initialState,\n  reducers: {\n    increment(state) {\n      state.value++\n    },\n    decrement(state) {\n      state.value--\n    },\n    incrementByAmount(state, action: PayloadAction&lt;number&gt;) {\n      state.value += action.payload\n    },\n  },\n})\n\nexport const { increment, decrement, incrementByAmount } = counterSlice.actions\nexport default counterSlice.reducer\n</code></pre>"},{"location":"languages/javascript/react/redux.html#createasyncthunk","title":"<code>createAsyncThunk</code>","text":"<p>The function <code>createAsyncThunk</code> returns a standard Redux thunk action creator. The thunk action creator function will have plain action creators for the pending, fulfilled, and rejected cases attached as nested fields.</p> <p>The <code>payloadCreator</code> function will be called with two arguments:</p> <ul> <li><code>arg</code>: a single value, containing the first parameter that was passed to the thunk action creator when it was dispatched.</li> <li><code>thunkAPI</code>: an object containing all of the parameters that are normally passed to a Redux thunk function, as well as additional options:</li> <li><code>dispatch</code>: the Redux store dispatch method</li> <li><code>getState</code>: the Redux store getState method</li> <li><code>extra</code>: the \"extra argument\" given to the thunk middleware on setup, if available</li> <li><code>requestId</code>: a unique string ID value that was automatically generated to identify this request sequence</li> <li><code>signal</code>: an <code>AbortController.signal</code> object that may be used to see if another part of the app logic has marked this request as needing cancellation.</li> <li>[...]</li> </ul> <p>The logic in the <code>payloadCreator</code> function may use any of these values as needed to calculate the result.</p> JavaScript<pre><code>import { createAsyncThunk, createSlice } from '@reduxjs/toolkit'\n\nconst payloadCreator = async (arg, ThunkAPI): Promise&lt;T&gt; =&gt; { /* ... */ };\nconst thunk = createAsyncThunk(\"&lt;action-type&gt;\", payloadCreator);\n\nthunk.pending; // action creator that dispatches an '&lt;action-type&gt;/pending'\nthunk.fulfilled; // action creator that dispatches an '&lt;action-type&gt;/fulfilled'\nthunk.rejected; // action creator that dispatches an '&lt;action-type&gt;/rejected'\n\nconst slice = createSlice({\n  name: '&lt;action-name&gt;',\n  initialState,\n  reducers: { /* standard reducer logic, with auto-generated action types per reducer */ },\n  extraReducers: (builder) =&gt; {\n    // Add reducers for additional action types here, and handle loading state as needed\n    builder.addCase(thunk.fulfilled, (state, action) =&gt; { /* body of the reducer */ })\n  },\n})\n</code></pre>"},{"location":"languages/javascript/react/redux.html#rtk-query","title":"RTK Query\u200b","text":"<p>RTK Query is provided as an optional addon within the <code>@reduxjs/toolkit</code> package. It is purpose-built to solve the use case of data fetching and caching, supplying a compact, but powerful toolset to define an API interface layer got the app. It is intended to simplify common cases for loading data in a web application, eliminating the need to hand-write data fetching &amp; caching logic yourself.</p> <p>RTK Query is included within the installation of the core Redux Toolkit package. It is available via either of the two entry points below:</p> C#<pre><code>import { createApi } from '@reduxjs/toolkit/query'\n\n/* React-specific entry point that automatically generates hooks corresponding to the defined endpoints */\nimport { createApi } from '@reduxjs/toolkit/query/react'\n</code></pre> <p>RTK Query includes these APIs:</p> <ul> <li><code>createApi()</code>: The core of RTK Query's functionality. It allows to define a set of endpoints describe how to retrieve data from a series of endpoints,   including configuration of how to fetch and transform that data.</li> <li><code>fetchBaseQuery()</code>: A small wrapper around fetch that aims to simplify requests. Intended as the recommended baseQuery to be used in createApi for the majority of users.</li> <li><code>&lt;ApiProvider /&gt;</code>: Can be used as a Provider if you do not already have a Redux store.</li> <li><code>setupListeners()</code>: A utility used to enable refetchOnMount and refetchOnReconnect behaviors.</li> </ul>"},{"location":"languages/javascript/svelte/svelte.html","title":"Svelte","text":"Bash<pre><code>npx degit sveltejs/template &lt;project name&gt;\n\n# set project to use typescript\nnode scripts/setupTypeScript.js\n\n# or using vite\nnpm init vite@latest\n</code></pre>"},{"location":"languages/javascript/svelte/svelte.html#app-entry-point","title":"App Entry-point","text":"JavaScript<pre><code>import App from \"./App.svelte\"; // import the component\n\nconst app = new App({\n  target: document.body,\n  props: {\n    // props passed to the App component\n  },\n});\n\nexport default app;\n</code></pre>"},{"location":"languages/javascript/svelte/svelte.html#components-svelte","title":"Components (<code>.svelte</code>)","text":""},{"location":"languages/javascript/svelte/svelte.html#basic-structure","title":"Basic Structure","text":"HTML<pre><code>&lt;!-- code for the component --&gt;\n&lt;script lang=\"ts\"&gt;\n  import { Component } from \"Component.svelte\";\n\n  export let prop; // make a variable a prop\n&lt;/script&gt;\n\n&lt;!-- CSS for the component --&gt;\n&lt;style&gt;\n  /* CSS rules */\n\n  /* target elements outside of the current component */\n  :global(selector) {\n  }\n&lt;/style&gt;\n\n&lt;!-- html of the component  --&gt;\n\n&lt;!-- dynamic expressions --&gt;\n&lt;div&gt;{variable}&lt;/div&gt;\n\n&lt;!-- nested components --&gt;\n&lt;Component prop=\"{value}\" /&gt;\n</code></pre>"},{"location":"languages/javascript/svelte/svelte.html#if-else","title":"If-Else","text":"JavaScript<pre><code>{#if &lt;condition&gt;}\n  // markup here\n{:else if &lt;condition&gt;}\n  // markup here\n{:else}\n  // markup here\n{/if}\n</code></pre>"},{"location":"languages/javascript/svelte/svelte.html#loops","title":"Loops","text":"JavaScript<pre><code>{#each array as item, index}  // index is optional\n    // markup here\n{/each}\n\n{#each array as item (key)}  // use key to determine changes\n    // markup here\n{/each}\n</code></pre>"},{"location":"languages/javascript/svelte/svelte.html#await-blocks","title":"Await Blocks","text":"JavaScript<pre><code>{#await promise}\n &lt;p&gt;...waiting&lt;/p&gt;\n{:then number}\n &lt;p&gt;The number is {number}&lt;/p&gt;\n{:catch error}\n &lt;p style=\"color: red\"&gt;{error.message}&lt;/p&gt;\n{/await}\n</code></pre>"},{"location":"languages/javascript/svelte/svelte.html#event-handling","title":"Event Handling","text":"<p>The full list of modifiers:</p> <ul> <li><code>preventDefault</code> \u2014 calls <code>event.preventDefault()</code> before running the handler. Useful for client-side form handling, for example.</li> <li><code>stopPropagation</code> \u2014 calls <code>event.stopPropagation()</code>, preventing the event reaching the next element</li> <li><code>passive</code> \u2014 improves scrolling performance on touch/wheel events (Svelte will add it automatically where it's safe to do so)</li> <li><code>nonpassive</code> \u2014 explicitly set <code>passive: false</code></li> <li><code>capture</code> \u2014 fires the handler during the capture phase instead of the bubbling phase</li> <li><code>once</code> \u2014 remove the handler after the first time it runs</li> <li><code>self</code> \u2014 only trigger handler if <code>event.target</code> is the element itself</li> </ul> JavaScript<pre><code>&lt;script&gt;\n  const eventHandler = () =&gt; {};\n&lt;/script&gt;\n\n&lt;button on:event={eventHandler}&gt;\n// or\n&lt;button on:event={() =&gt; eventHandler(args)}&gt;\n\n&lt;button on:event|modifier={eventHandler}&gt;\n</code></pre> <p>Note: It's possible to chain modifiers together, e.g. <code>on:click|once|capture={...}</code>.</p>"},{"location":"languages/javascript/svelte/svelte.html#binding","title":"Binding","text":"HTML<pre><code>&lt;script&gt;\n  let name = \"Foo\";\n&lt;/script&gt;\n\n&lt;!-- modify value in real time --&gt;\n&lt;input bind:value=\"{stringValue}\" /&gt;\n&lt;input type=\"checkbox\" bind:checked={boolean}/ &gt;\n&lt;!-- ... --&gt;\n</code></pre>"},{"location":"languages/javascript/svelte/svelte.html#reactive-declarations-reactive-statements","title":"Reactive declarations &amp; Reactive Statements","text":"<p>Svelte automatically updates the DOM when the component's state changes. Often, some parts of a component's state need to be computed from other parts and recomputed whenever they change.</p> <p>For these, Svelte has reactive declarations. They look like this:</p> JavaScript<pre><code>let count = 0;\n$: double =  count * 2;  // recalculated when count changes\n// or\n$: { }\n$: &lt;expression&gt;\n</code></pre>"},{"location":"languages/javascript/svelte/svelte.html#routing","title":"Routing","text":"<p>Svelte Routing</p> JavaScript<pre><code>&lt;!-- App.svelte --&gt;\n&lt;script&gt;\n  import { Router, Link, Route } from \"svelte-routing\";\n  import Home from \"./routes/Home.svelte\";\n  import About from \"./routes/About.svelte\";\n  import Blog from \"./routes/Blog.svelte\";\n\n  export let url = \"\";\n&lt;/script&gt;\n\n&lt;Router url=\"{url}\"&gt;\n  &lt;nav&gt;\n    &lt;Link to=\"/\"&gt;Home&lt;/Link&gt;\n    &lt;Link to=\"about\"&gt;About&lt;/Link&gt;\n    &lt;Link to=\"blog\"&gt;Blog&lt;/Link&gt;\n  &lt;/nav&gt;\n  &lt;div&gt;\n    &lt;Route path=\"blog/:id\" component=\"{BlogPost}\" /&gt;\n    &lt;Route path=\"blog\" component=\"{Blog}\" /&gt;\n    &lt;Route path=\"about\" component=\"{About}\" /&gt;\n    &lt;Route path=\"/\"&gt;&lt;Home /&gt;&lt;/Route&gt;\n  &lt;/div&gt;\n&lt;/Router&gt;\n</code></pre>"},{"location":"languages/javascript/svelte/svelte.html#data-stores","title":"Data Stores","text":"JavaScript<pre><code>// stores.js\nimport { writable } from \"svelte/store\";\n\nexport const count = writable(0);\n</code></pre> HTML<pre><code>&lt;script&gt;\n  import { onDestroy } from \"svelte\";\n  import { count } from \".path/to/stores.js\";\n\n  const unsubscriber = count.subscribe((value) =&gt; {\n    // do stuff on load or value change\n  });\n\n  count.update((n) =&gt; n + 1);\n\n  count.set(1);\n  // or\n  $count = 1;\n\n  onDestroy(unsubscriber);\n&lt;/script&gt;\n\n&lt;!-- use $ to reference a store value --&gt;\n&lt;p&gt;{$count}&lt;/p&gt;\n</code></pre>"},{"location":"languages/kotlin/kotlin.html","title":"Kotlin","text":""},{"location":"languages/kotlin/kotlin.html#package-imports","title":"Package &amp; Imports","text":"Kotlin<pre><code>package com.app.uniqueID\n\nimport &lt;package&gt;\n</code></pre>"},{"location":"languages/kotlin/kotlin.html#variable-constants","title":"Variable &amp; Constants","text":"Kotlin<pre><code>var variable: Type    //variable declaration\nvar variable = value    //type can be omitted if it can be deduced by initialization\n\nval CONSTANT_NAME: Type = value    //constant declaration\n</code></pre>"},{"location":"languages/kotlin/kotlin.html#nullable-variables","title":"Nullable Variables","text":"<p>For a variable to hold a null value, it must be of a nullable type. Nullable types are specified suffixing <code>?</code> to the variable type.</p> Kotlin<pre><code>var nullableVariable: Type? = null\n\nnullableVariable?.method()    //correct way to use\n//if var is null don't execute method() and return null\n\nnullablevariavle!!.method()    //unsafe way\n//!! -&gt; ignore that var can be null\n</code></pre>"},{"location":"languages/kotlin/kotlin.html#decision-statements","title":"Decision Statements","text":""},{"location":"languages/kotlin/kotlin.html#if-else-if-else","title":"<code>If</code> - <code>Else If</code> - <code>Else</code>","text":"Kotlin<pre><code>if (condition) {\n    //code here\n} else if (condition) {\n    //code here\n} else {\n    //code here\n}\n</code></pre>"},{"location":"languages/kotlin/kotlin.html#conditional-expressions","title":"Conditional Expressions","text":"Kotlin<pre><code>var variable: Type = if (condition) {\n    //value to be assigned here\n} else if (condition) {\n    //value to be assigned here\n} else {\n    //value to be assigned here\n}\n</code></pre>"},{"location":"languages/kotlin/kotlin.html#when-expression","title":"<code>When</code> Expression","text":"<p>Each branch in a <code>when</code> expression is represented by a condition, an arrow (<code>-&gt;</code>), and a result. If the condition on the left-hand side of the arrow evaluates to true, then the result of the expression on the right-hand side is returned. Note that execution does not fall through from one branch to the next.</p> Kotlin<pre><code>when (variable){\n    condition -&gt; value\n    condition -&gt; value\n    else -&gt; value\n}\n\n//Smart casting\nwhen (variable){\n    is Type -&gt; value\n    is Type -&gt; value\n}\n\n//instead of chain of if-else\nwhen {\n    condition -&gt; value\n    condition -&gt; value\n    else -&gt; value\n}\n</code></pre>"},{"location":"languages/kotlin/kotlin.html#loops","title":"Loops","text":""},{"location":"languages/kotlin/kotlin.html#for-loop","title":"<code>For</code> Loop","text":"Kotlin<pre><code>for (item in iterable){\n    //code here\n}\n\n//loop in a numerical range\nfor(i in start..end) {\n    //code here\n}\n</code></pre>"},{"location":"languages/kotlin/kotlin.html#functions","title":"Functions","text":"Kotlin<pre><code>fun functionName(parameter: Type): Type {\n    //code here\n\n    return &lt;expression&gt;\n}\n</code></pre>"},{"location":"languages/kotlin/kotlin.html#simplifying-function-declarations","title":"Simplifying Function Declarations","text":"Kotlin<pre><code>fun functionName(parameter: Type): Type {\n    return if (condition) {\n        //returned value\n    } else {\n        //returned value\n    }\n}\n\nfun functionName(parameter: Type): Type = if (condition) {\n    //returned value\n    else {\n        //returned value\n    }\n}\n</code></pre>"},{"location":"languages/kotlin/kotlin.html#anonymous-functions","title":"Anonymous Functions","text":"Kotlin<pre><code>val anonymousFunction: (Type) -&gt; Type = { input -&gt;\n    //code acting on input here\n}\n\nval variableName: Type = anonymousFunction(input)\n</code></pre>"},{"location":"languages/kotlin/kotlin.html#higher-order-functions","title":"Higher-order Functions","text":"<p>A function can take another function as an argument. Functions that use other functions as arguments are called higher-order functions. 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Libraries are downloaded through Packagist and GitHub.</p> <p>In <code>composer.json</code>:</p> JSON<pre><code>{\n    \"require\": {\n        \"php\": \"&gt;=7.0\",\n        \"monolog/monolog\": \"1.0.*\"\n    }\n}\n</code></pre>"},{"location":"languages/php/composer.html#installing-dependencies","title":"Installing Dependencies","text":"<p>In the same folder of <code>composer.json</code> execute <code>composer install</code>.</p> <p>Composer will create:</p> <ul> <li><code>vendor</code>: folder containing all requested libraries</li> <li><code>vendor\\autoload.php</code>: file for class autoloading</li> <li><code>composer.lock</code></li> </ul> <p>In alternative <code>composer require &lt;lib&gt;</code> will add the library to the project and create a <code>composer.json</code> if missing.</p> <p>Note: to ignore the php version use <code>composer &lt;command&gt; --ignore-platform-reqs</code></p>"},{"location":"languages/php/composer.html#updating-dependencies","title":"Updating Dependencies","text":"<p>To update dependencies use <code>composer update</code>. To update only the autoloading section use <code>composer dump-autoload</code>.</p>"},{"location":"languages/php/composer.html#autoloading-project-classes","title":"Autoloading Project Classes","text":"<p>PSR-4 Spec</p> <p>Composer can also autoload classes belonging to the current project. It's sufficient to add the <code>autoload</code> keyword in the JSON and specify the path and autoload mode.</p> JSON<pre><code>{\n    \"autoload\": {\n        \"psr-4\": {\n            \"RootNamespace\": \"src/\",\n            \"Namespace\\\\\": \"src/Namespace/\",\n            },\n        \"file\": [\n            \"path/to/file.php\",\n            ...\n        ]\n    }\n}\n</code></pre>"},{"location":"languages/php/database.html","title":"Databases in PHP","text":""},{"location":"languages/php/database.html#php-data-objects-pdo","title":"PHP Data Objects (PDO)","text":"<p>PDO is the PHP extension for database access through a single API. It supports various databases: MySQL, SQLite, PostgreSQL, Oracle, SQL Server, etc.</p>"},{"location":"languages/php/database.html#database-connection","title":"Database Connection","text":"PHP<pre><code>$dsn = \"mysql:dbname=&lt;dbname&gt;;host=&lt;ip&gt;\";\n$user=\"&lt;db_user&gt;\";\n$password=\"&lt;db_password&gt;\";\n\ntry {\n    $pdo = new PDO($dsn, $user, $password);  # connect, can throw PDOException\n} catch (PDOException $e) {\n    printf(\"Connection failed: %s\\n\", $e-&gt;getMessage());  # notify error\n    exit(1);\n}\n</code></pre>"},{"location":"languages/php/database.html#queries","title":"Queries","text":"<p>To execute a query it's necessary to \"prepare it\" with parameters.</p> PHP<pre><code># literal string with markers\n$sql = 'SELECT fields\nFROM tables\nWHERE field &lt;operator&gt; :marker'\n\n$stmt = $pdo-&gt;prepare($sql, $options_array);  # returns PDOStatement, used to execute the query\n$stmt-&gt;execute([ ':marker' =&gt; value ]);  # substitute marker with actual value\n\n# fetchAll returns all matches\n$result = $stmt-&gt;fetchAll();  # result as associative array AND numeric array (PDO::FETCH_BOTH)\n$result = $stmt-&gt;fetchAll(PDO::FETCH_ASSOC);  # result as associative array\n$result = $stmt-&gt;fetchAll(PDO::FETCH_NUM);  # result as array\n$result = $stmt-&gt;fetchAll(PDO::FETCH_OBJ);  # result as object of stdClass\n$result = $stmt-&gt;fetchAll(PDO::FETCH_CLASS, ClassName::class);  # result as object of a specific class\n</code></pre>"},{"location":"languages/php/database.html#parameter-binding","title":"Parameter Binding","text":"PHP<pre><code># bindValue\n$stmt = pdo-&gt;prepare(sql);\n$stmt-&gt;bindValue(':marker', value, PDO::PARAM_&lt;type&gt;);\n$stmt-&gt;execute();\n\n# bindParam\n$stmt = pdo-&gt;prepare(sql);\n$variable = value;\n$stmt-&gt;bindParam(':marker', $variable);  # type optional\n$stmt-&gt;execute();\n</code></pre>"},{"location":"languages/php/database.html#pdo-data-types","title":"PDO &amp; Data Types","text":"<p>By default PDO converts all results into strings since it is a generic driver for multiple databases. Its possible to disable this behaviour setting <code>PDO::ATTR_STRINGIFY_FETCHES</code> and <code>PDO::ATTR_EMULATE_PREPARES</code> as <code>false</code>.</p> <p>Note: <code>FETCH_OBJ</code> abd <code>FETCH_CLASS</code> return classes and don't have this behaviour.</p> PHP<pre><code>pdo-&gt;setAttribute()\n\n$pdo-&gt;setAttribute(PDO::ATTR_STRINGIFY_FETCHES, false);\n$pdo-&gt;setAttribute(PDO::ATTR_EMULATE_PREPARES, false);\n\n$stmt = $pdo-&gt;prepare($sql);\n$stmt-&gt;execute([':marker' =&gt; value]);\n$result = $stmt-&gt;fetchAll(PDO::FETCH_ASSOC);\n</code></pre>"},{"location":"languages/php/database.html#pdo-debug","title":"PDO Debug","text":"PHP<pre><code>$stmt = $pdo-&gt;prepare($sql);\n$stmt-&gt;execute([':marker' =&gt; value]);\n$result = $stmt-&gt;fetchAll(PDO::FETCH_ASSOC);\n\n$stmt-&gt;debugDumpParams();  # print the SQL query that has been sent to the database\n</code></pre>"},{"location":"languages/php/database.html#sqlite3","title":"SQLite3","text":"PHP<pre><code>$db = SQLite3(\"db_file.sqlite3\");  // connection\n\n$stmt = $db-&gt;prepare(\"SELECT fields FROM tables WHERE field &lt;operator&gt; :marker\");  // prepare query\n$stmt-&gt;bindParam(\":marker\", $variable);  // param binding\n\n$result = $stmt-&gt;execute();  // retrieve records\n$result-&gt;finalize();  // close result set, recommended calling before another execute()\n\n$records = $results-&gt;fetchArray(SQLITE3_ASSOC);  // extract records as array (false if no results)\n</code></pre> <p>Note: Result set objects retrieved by calling <code>SQLite3Stmt::execute()</code> on the same statement object are not independent, but rather share the same underlying structure. Therefore it is recommended to call <code>SQLite3Result::finalize()</code>, before calling <code>SQLite3Stmt::execute()</code> on the same statement object again.</p>"},{"location":"languages/php/dependency-injection.html","title":"Dependency Injection","text":"<p>Explicit definition of a class dependencies with the injection through the constructor or getters/setters.</p> PHP<pre><code>class Foo\n{\n    public function __construct(PDO $pdo)  // depends on PDO\n    {\n        $this-&gt;pdo = $pdo;\n    }\n}\n</code></pre>"},{"location":"languages/php/dependency-injection.html#dependency-injection-container","title":"Dependency Injection Container","text":"<p>The Dependency Injection Container (DIC) allow to archive all the dependencies in a single <code>Container</code> class. Some offer automatic resolution of the dependencies.</p>"},{"location":"languages/php/dependency-injection.html#php-di","title":"PHP-DI","text":"<p>The dependency injection container for humans. Installation: <code>composer require php-di/php-di</code></p> <ul> <li>Autowire functionality: the ability of the container to create and inject the dependency automatically.</li> <li>Use of Reflection</li> <li>Configuration of the container through annotations &amp; PHP code.</li> </ul> PHP<pre><code>class Foo\n{\n    private $bar;\n    public function __construct(Bar $bar)  // depends on Bar\n    {\n        $this-&gt;bar = $bar;\n    }\n}\n\nclass Bar{}\n\n$container = new DI\\Container();  // DI Container\n$foo = $container-&gt;get('Foo');  // get instance of Foo (automatic DI of Bar)\n</code></pre>"},{"location":"languages/php/dependency-injection.html#dic-configuration","title":"DIC Configuration","text":"PHP<pre><code>// Foo.php\nclass Foo\n{\n    public function __construct(PDO $pdo)  // depends on PDO\n    {\n        $this-&gt;pdo = $pdo;\n    }\n}\n</code></pre> PHP<pre><code>// config.php\nuse Psr\\Container\\ContainerInterface;\n\n// config \"primitive\" dependencies (dependency =&gt; construct &amp; return)\nreturn [\n    'dsn' =&gt; 'sqlite:db.sq3',\n    PDO::class =&gt; function(ContainerInterface $c) {\n        return new PDO($c-&gt;get('dsn'));\n    },\n\n    ...\n];\n</code></pre> PHP<pre><code>$builder = new \\DI\\ContainerBuilder();\n$builder-&gt;addDefinitions(\"config.php\");  // load config\n$container = $builder-&gt;build();  // construct container\n$cart = $container-&gt;get(Foo::class);  // Instantiate &amp; Inject\n</code></pre> <p>Note: <code>get(\"className\")</code> requires the explicit definition of <code>className</code> in the config file. <code>get(ClassName::class)</code> does not.</p>"},{"location":"languages/php/php.html","title":"PHP","text":"<p>PHP Docs</p> PHP<pre><code>declare(strict_types=1);  # activates variable type checking on function arguments\n# single line comment\n//single line comment\n/* multi line comment */\n</code></pre>"},{"location":"languages/php/php.html#include-require","title":"Include, Require","text":"PHP<pre><code>include \"path\\\\file.php\";  # import an external php file, E_WARNING if fails\ninclude_once \"path\\\\file.php\";  # imports only if not already loaded\n\nrequire \"path\\\\file.php\";  # import an external php file, E_COMPILE_ERROR if fails\nrequire_once \"path\\\\file.php\";  # imports only if not already loaded\n</code></pre>"},{"location":"languages/php/php.html#import-configs-from-a-file-with-include","title":"Import configs from a file with <code>include</code>","text":"<p>In <code>config.php</code>:</p> PHP<pre><code>//config.php\n\n//store configuration options in associative array\nreturn [\n    setting =&gt; value,\n    setting = value,\n]\n</code></pre> PHP<pre><code>$config = include \"config.php\";  // retrieve config and store into variable\n</code></pre>"},{"location":"languages/php/php.html#namespace","title":"Namespace","text":"<p>PSR-4 Spec</p> PHP<pre><code>namespace Foo\\Bar\\Baz;   # set namespace for all file contents, \\ for nested namespaces\n\nuse &lt;PHP_Class&gt;  # using a namespace hides standard php classes (WHY?!?)\n\n# namespace for only a block of code\nnamespace Foo\\Bar\\Baz {\n    function func() {\n        # coded here\n    }\n};\n\n\nFoo\\Bar\\Baz\\func();  # use function from Foo\\Bar\\Baz without USE instruction\n\nuse Foo\\Bar\\Baz\\func; # import namespace\nfunc(); # use function from Foo\\Bar\\Baz\n\nuse Foo\\Bar\\Baz\\func as f;  # use function with an alias\nf();  # use function from Foo\\Bar\\Baz\n\nuse Foo\\Bar\\Baz as fbb  # use namespace with alias\nfnn\\func();  # use function from Foo\\Bar\\Baz\n</code></pre>"},{"location":"languages/php/php.html#basics","title":"Basics","text":"PHP<pre><code>declare(strict_types=1);  # activates type checking\n# single line comment\n//single line comment\n/* multi line comment */\n</code></pre>"},{"location":"languages/php/php.html#screen-output","title":"Screen Output","text":"PHP<pre><code>echo \"string\";  # string output\necho 'string\\n';  # raw string output\nprintf(\"format\", $variables);  # formatted output of strings and variables\nsprintf(\"format\", $variables);  # return formatted string\n</code></pre>"},{"location":"languages/php/php.html#user-input","title":"User Input","text":"PHP<pre><code>$var = readline(\"prompt\");\n\n# if readline is not installed\nif (!function_exists('readline')) {\n    function readline($prompt)\n    {\n        $fh = fopen('php://stdin', 'r');\n        echo $prompt;\n        $userInput = trim(fgets($fh));\n        fclose($fh);\n\n        return $userInput;\n    }\n}\n</code></pre>"},{"location":"languages/php/php.html#variables","title":"Variables","text":"PHP<pre><code>$variableName = value;  # weakly typed\necho gettype(&amp;variable);  # output type of variable\n\nvar_dump($var);  # prints info of variable (bit dimension, type &amp; value)\n</code></pre>"},{"location":"languages/php/php.html#integers","title":"Integers","text":"PHP<pre><code>&amp;max = PHP_INT_MAX;  # max value for int type -&gt; 9223372036854775807\n&amp;min = PHP_INT_MIN;  # min value for int type -&gt; -9223372036854775808\n&amp;bytes = PHP_INT_SIZE;  # bytes for int type -&gt; 8\n\n&amp;num = 255;  # decimal\n&amp;num = 0b11111111;  # binary\n&amp;num = 0377;  # octal\n&amp;num = 0xff;  # hexadecimal\n</code></pre>"},{"location":"languages/php/php.html#double","title":"Double","text":"PHP<pre><code>$a = 1.234; // 1.234\n$b = 1.2e3; // 1200\n$c = 7E-10; // 0.0000000007\n</code></pre>"},{"location":"languages/php/php.html#mathematical-operators","title":"Mathematical Operators","text":"Operator Operation <code>-</code> Subtraction <code>*</code> Multiplication <code>/</code> Division <code>%</code> Modulo <code>**</code> Exponentiation <code>var++</code> Post Increment <code>++var</code> Pre Increment <code>var--</code> Post Decrement <code>--var</code> Pre Decrement"},{"location":"languages/php/php.html#mathematical-functions","title":"Mathematical Functions","text":"<ul> <li><code>sqrt($x)</code></li> <li><code>sin($x)</code></li> <li><code>cos($x)</code></li> <li><code>log($x)</code></li> <li><code>round($x)</code></li> <li><code>floor($x)</code></li> <li><code>ceil($x)</code></li> </ul>"},{"location":"languages/php/php.html#strings","title":"Strings","text":"<p>A string is a sequence of ASCII characters. In PHP a string is an array of characters.</p>"},{"location":"languages/php/php.html#string-concatenation","title":"String Concatenation","text":"PHP<pre><code>$string1 . $string2; # method 1\n$string1 .= $string2;  # method 2\n</code></pre>"},{"location":"languages/php/php.html#string-functions","title":"String Functions","text":"PHP<pre><code>strlen($string);  # returns the string length\nstrpos($string, 'substring');  # position of substring in string\nsubstr($string, start, len);  # extract substring of len from position start\nstrtoupper($string);  # transform to uppercase\nstrtolower($string);  # transform to lowercase\n\nexplode(delimiter, string);  # return array of substrings\n\n$var = sprintf(\"format\", $variables)  # construct and return a formatted string\n</code></pre>"},{"location":"languages/php/php.html#constants","title":"Constants","text":"PHP<pre><code>define ('CONSTANT_NAME', 'value')\n</code></pre>"},{"location":"languages/php/php.html#magic-constants-__name__","title":"Magic Constants <code>__NAME__</code>","text":"<ul> <li><code>__FILE__</code>: script path + script filename</li> <li><code>__DIR__</code>: file directory</li> <li><code>__LINE__</code>: current line number</li> <li><code>__FUNCTION__</code>: the function name, or {closure} for anonymous functions.</li> <li><code>__CLASS__</code>: name of the class</li> <li><code>__NAMESPACE__</code>: the name of the current namespace.</li> </ul>"},{"location":"languages/php/php.html#array","title":"Array","text":"<p>Heterogeneous sequence of values.</p> PHP<pre><code>$array = (sequence_of_items);  # array declaration and valorization\n$array = [sequence_of_items];  # array declaration and valorization\n\n# index &lt; 0 selects items starting from the last\n$array[index];  # access to the items\n$array[index] = value;   # array valorization (can add items)\n\n$array[] = value;  # value appending\n</code></pre>"},{"location":"languages/php/php.html#multi-dimensional-array-matrix","title":"Multi Dimensional Array (Matrix)","text":"<p>Array of array. Can have arbitrary number of nested array</p> PHP<pre><code>$matrix = [\n    [1, 2, 3],\n    [4, 5, 6],\n    [7, 8, 9]\n];\n</code></pre>"},{"location":"languages/php/php.html#array-printing","title":"Array Printing","text":"<p>Single instruction to print whole array is ``</p> PHP<pre><code>$array = [1, 2, 3];\nprint_r($array);  # print all the array values\n</code></pre>"},{"location":"languages/php/php.html#array-functions","title":"Array Functions","text":"PHP<pre><code>count($array);  # returns number of items in the array\narray_sum($array)  # sum of the array value\nsort($array);  # quick sort\nin_array($item, $array);  // check if item is in the array\narray_push($array, $item);  // append item to the array\nunset($array[index]);  # item (or variable) deletion\n\n# array navigation\ncurrent();\nkey();\nnext();\nprev();\nreset();\nend();\n\n# sorting\nsort($array, $sort_flags=\"SORT_REGULAR\");\n\narray_values($array);   # regenerates the array fixing the indexes\n\nlist($array1 [, $array2, ...]) = $data;  # Python-like tuple unpacking\n</code></pre>"},{"location":"languages/php/php.html#associative-arrays","title":"Associative Arrays","text":"<p>Associative arrays have a value as an index. Alternative names are hash tables or dictionaries.</p> PHP<pre><code>$italianDay = [\n    'Mon' =&gt; 'Luned\u00ec',\n    'Tue' =&gt; 'Marted\u00ec',\n    'Wed' =&gt; 'Mercoled\u00ec',\n    'Thu' =&gt; 'Gioved\u00ec',\n    'Fri' =&gt; 'Venerd\u00ec',\n    'Sat' =&gt; 'Sabato',\n    'Sun' =&gt; 'Domenica'\n];\n\n$italianDay[\"Mon\"];  # evaluates to Luned\u00ec\n</code></pre>"},{"location":"languages/php/php.html#conditional-instructions","title":"Conditional Instructions","text":""},{"location":"languages/php/php.html#conditional-operators","title":"Conditional Operators","text":"Operator Operation $a <code>==</code> $b value equality $a <code>===</code> $b value &amp; type equality $a <code>!=</code> $b value inequality $a <code>&lt;&gt;</code> $b value inequality $a <code>!==</code> $b value or type inequality $a <code>&lt;</code> $b less than $a <code>&gt;</code> $b greater than $a <code>&lt;=</code> $b less or equal to $a <code>&gt;=</code> $b greater or equal to $a <code>&lt;=&gt;</code> $b spaceship operator <p>With <code>==</code> a string evaluates to <code>0</code>.</p>"},{"location":"languages/php/php.html#logical-operators","title":"Logical Operators","text":"Operator Example Result <code>and</code> <code>$a and $b</code> TRUE if both <code>$a</code> and <code>$b</code> are TRUE. <code>or</code> <code>$a or $b</code> TRUE if either <code>$a</code> or <code>$b</code> is TRUE. <code>xor</code> <code>$a xor $b</code> TRUE if either <code>$a</code> or <code>$b</code> is TRUE, but not both. <code>not</code> <code>!$a</code> TRUE if <code>$a</code> is not TRUE. <code>and</code> <code>$a &amp;&amp; $b</code> TRUE if both <code>$a</code> and <code>$b</code> are TRUE. <code>or</code> <code>$a || $b</code> TRUE if either <code>$a</code> or <code>$b</code> is TRUE."},{"location":"languages/php/php.html#ternary-operator","title":"Ternary Operator","text":"PHP<pre><code>condition ? result_if_true : result_if_false;\ncondition ?: result_if_false;\n</code></pre>"},{"location":"languages/php/php.html#null-coalesce","title":"NULL Coalesce","text":"PHP<pre><code>$var1 = $var2 ?? value;  # if variable == NULL assign value, otherwise return value of $var2\n\n# equivalent to\n$var1 = isset($var2) ? $var2 : value\n</code></pre>"},{"location":"languages/php/php.html#spaceship-operator","title":"Spaceship Operator","text":"PHP<pre><code>$a &lt;=&gt; $b;\n\n# equivalent to\nif $a &gt; $b\n    return 1;\nif $a == $b\n    return 0;\nif $a &lt; $b\n    return -1;\n</code></pre>"},{"location":"languages/php/php.html#if-elseif-else","title":"<code>If</code> - <code>Elseif</code> - <code>Else</code>","text":"PHP<pre><code>if (condition) {\n  # code here\n} elseif (condition) {\n  # code here\n} else {\n    # code here\n}\n\nif (condition) :\n    # code here\nelseif (condition):\n    # code here\nelse:\n    # code here\nendif;\n</code></pre>"},{"location":"languages/php/php.html#switch-case","title":"Switch Case","text":"PHP<pre><code># weak comparison\nswitch ($var) {\n    case value:\n        # code here\n        break;\n\n    default:\n        # code here\n}\n\n# strong comparison\nswitch (true) {\n    case $var === value:\n        # code here\n        break;\n\n    default:\n        # code here\n}\n</code></pre>"},{"location":"languages/php/php.html#match-expression-php-8","title":"Match Expression (PHP 8)","text":"<p><code>match</code> can return values, doesn't require break statements, can combine conditions, uses strict type comparisons and doesn't do any type coercion.</p> PHP<pre><code>$result = match($input) {\n    0 =&gt; \"hello\",\n    '1', '2', '3' =&gt; \"world\",\n};\n</code></pre>"},{"location":"languages/php/php.html#loops","title":"Loops","text":""},{"location":"languages/php/php.html#for-foreach","title":"For, Foreach","text":"PHP<pre><code>for (init, condition, increment){\n    # code here\n}\n\nfor (init, condition, increment):\n    # code here\nendfor;\n\nforeach($sequence as $item) {\n    # code here\n}\n\nforeach($sequence as $item):\n    # code here\nendforeach;\n\n# foreach on dicts\nforeach($sequence as $key =&gt; $value) {\n    # code here\n}\n</code></pre>"},{"location":"languages/php/php.html#while-do-while","title":"While, Do-While","text":"PHP<pre><code>while (condition) {\n    # code here\n}\n\nwhile (condition):\n    # code here\nendwhile;\n\ndo {\n    # code here\n} while (condition);\n</code></pre>"},{"location":"languages/php/php.html#break-continue-exit","title":"Break, Continue, exit()","text":"<p><code>break</code> stops the iteration. <code>continue</code> skips one cycle of the iteration. <code>exit()</code> terminates the execution of any PHP code.</p>"},{"location":"languages/php/php.html#functions","title":"Functions","text":"<p>Function Docstring</p> <p>Parameters with default values are optional in the function call and must be the last ones in the function declaration. Return type is optional if type checking is disabled.</p> PHP<pre><code>declare(strict_types=1);  # activates type checking\n\n/**\n * Summary.\n *\n * Description.\n *\n * @since x.x.x\n *\n * @see Function/method/class relied on\n * @link URL\n * @global type $varname Description.\n * @global type $varname Description.\n *\n * @param type $var Description.\n * @param type $var Optional. Description. Default.\n * @return type Description.\n */\nfunction functionName (type $parameter, $parameter = default_value): Type\n{\n    # code here\n    return &lt;expression&gt;;\n}\n</code></pre>"},{"location":"languages/php/php.html#void-function","title":"Void function","text":"PHP<pre><code>function functionName (type $parameter, $parameter = default_value): Void\n{\n    # code here\n}\n</code></pre>"},{"location":"languages/php/php.html#passing-a-parameter-by-reference","title":"Passing a parameter by reference (<code>&amp;$</code>)","text":"PHP<pre><code>function functionName (type &amp;$parameter): Type\n{\n    # code here\n    return &lt;expression&gt;;\n}\n</code></pre>"},{"location":"languages/php/php.html#variable-number-of-parameters-variadic-operator","title":"Variable number of parameters, variadic operator (<code>...</code>)","text":"PHP<pre><code>function functionName (type $parameter, ...$args): Type\nfunction functionName (type $parameter, type ...$args): Type\n{\n    # code here\n    return &lt;expression&gt;;\n}\n</code></pre>"},{"location":"languages/php/php.html#nullable-parameters","title":"Nullable parameters","text":"PHP<pre><code>function functionName (?type $parameter): ?Type\n{\n    # code here\n    return &lt;expression&gt;;\n}\n</code></pre>"},{"location":"languages/php/php.html#anonymous-functions-closure","title":"Anonymous Functions (Closure)","text":"PHP<pre><code># declaration and assignment to variable\n$var = function (type $parameter) {\n    # code here\n};\n\n$var($arg);\n</code></pre>"},{"location":"languages/php/php.html#use-operator","title":"Use Operator","text":"PHP<pre><code># use imports a variable into the closure\n$foo = function (type $parameter) use ($average) {\n    # code here\n}\n</code></pre>"},{"location":"languages/php/php.html#union-types-php-8","title":"Union Types (PHP 8)","text":"<p>Union types are a collection of two or more types which indicate that either one of those can be used.</p> PHP<pre><code>public function foo(Foo|Bar $input): int|float;\n</code></pre>"},{"location":"languages/php/php.html#named-arguments-php-8","title":"Named Arguments (PHP 8)","text":"<p>Named arguments allow to pass in values to a function, by specifying the value name, to avoid taking their order into consideration. It's also possible to skip optional parameters.</p> PHP<pre><code>function foo(string $a, string $b, ?string $c = null, ?string $d = null) { /* \u2026 */ }\n\nfoo(\n    b: 'value b',\n    a: 'value a',\n    d: 'value d',\n);\n</code></pre>"},{"location":"languages/php/php.html#object-oriented-programming","title":"Object Oriented Programming","text":""},{"location":"languages/php/php.html#scope-visibility","title":"Scope &amp; Visibility","text":"<p><code>public</code> methods and attributes are visible to anyone (default). <code>private</code> methods and attributes are visible only inside the class in which are declared. <code>protected</code> methods and attributes are visible only to child classes.</p> <p><code>final</code> classes cannot be extended.</p>"},{"location":"languages/php/php.html#class-declaration-instantiation","title":"Class Declaration &amp; Instantiation","text":"PHP<pre><code># case insensitive\nclass ClassName\n{\n\n    const CONSTANT = value;  # public by default\n\n    public $attribute;  # null by default if not assigned\n    public Type $attribute;  # specifying the type is optional, it will be enforced if present\n\n    # class constructor\n    public function __construct(value)\n    {\n        $this-&gt;attribute =  value\n    }\n\n    public getAttribute(): Type\n    {\n        return $this-&gt;attribute;\n    }\n\n    public function func(): Type\n    {\n        # code here\n    }\n}\n\n$object = new ClassName;  # case insensitive (CLASSNAME, ClassName, classname)\n$object-&gt;attribute = value;\n$object-&gt;func();\n$object::CONSTANT;\n\n$var = $object;  # copy by reference\n$var = clone $object  # copy by value\n\n$object instanceof ClassName  // check type of the object\n</code></pre>"},{"location":"languages/php/php.html#static-classes-attributes-methods","title":"Static classes, attributes &amp; methods","text":"<p>Inside static methods it's impossible to use <code>$this</code>. A static variable is unique for the class and all instances.</p> PHP<pre><code>class ClassName {\n\n    public static $var;\n\n    public static function func(){\n        //code here\n    }\n\n    public static function other_func(){\n        //code here\n        self::func();\n    }\n}\n\nClassName::func();  // use static function\n\n$obj = new ClassName();\n$obj::$var;  // access to the static variable\n</code></pre>"},{"location":"languages/php/php.html#dependency-injection","title":"Dependency Injection","text":"<p>Parameters of the dependency can be modified before passing the required class to the constructor.</p> PHP<pre><code>class ClassName\n{\n    private $dependency;\n\n    public function __construct(ClassName requiredClass)\n    {\n        $this-&gt;dependency = requiredClass;  # necessary class is passed to the constructor\n    }\n}\n</code></pre>"},{"location":"languages/php/php.html#inheritance","title":"Inheritance","text":"<p>If a class is defined <code>final</code> it can't be extended. If a function is declared <code>final</code> it can't be overridden.</p> PHP<pre><code>class Child extends Parent\n{\n    public __construct() {\n        parent::__construct();  # call parent's method\n    }\n}\n</code></pre>"},{"location":"languages/php/php.html#abstract-class","title":"Abstract Class","text":"<p>Abstract classes cannot be instantiated;</p> PHP<pre><code>abstract class ClassName\n{\n    # code here\n}\n</code></pre>"},{"location":"languages/php/php.html#interface","title":"Interface","text":"<p>An interface is a \"contract\" that defines what methods the implementing classes must have and implement.</p> <p>A class can implement multiple interfaces but there must be no methods in common between interface to avoid ambiguity.</p> PHP<pre><code>interface InterfaceName {\n\n    // it is possible to define __construct\n\n    // function has no body; must be implements in the class that uses the interface\n    public function functionName (parameters) : Type;  // MUST be public\n}\n\n\nclass ClassName implements InterfaceName {\n    public function functionName(parameters) : Type {\n        //implementation here\n    }\n}\n</code></pre>"},{"location":"languages/php/php.html#traits","title":"Traits","text":"<p><code>Traits</code> allows the reutilization of code inside different classes without links of inheritance. It can be used to mitigate the problem of multiple inheritance, which is absent in PHP.</p> <p>In case of functions name conflict it's possible to use <code>insteadof</code> to specify which function to use. It's also possible to use an alias to resolve the conflicts.</p> PHP<pre><code>trait TraitName {\n    // code here\n}\n\nclass ClassName {\n    use TraitName, {TraitName::func() insteadof OtherTrait}, { func() as alias };  # can use multiple traits\n    # code here\n}\n</code></pre>"},{"location":"languages/php/php.html#anonymous-classes","title":"Anonymous Classes","text":"PHP<pre><code>$obj = new ClassName;\n\n$obj-&gt;method(new class implements Interface {\n    public function InterfaceFunc() {\n        // code here\n    }\n});\n</code></pre>"},{"location":"languages/php/php.html#serialization-json","title":"Serialization &amp; JSON","text":"PHP<pre><code>$serialized = serialize($obj);  # serialization\n$obj = unserialize($serialized);  # de-serialization\n\n$var = json_decode(string $json, bool $associative);  # Takes a JSON encoded string and converts it into a PHP variable.\u00f9\n$json = json_encode($value);  # Returns a string containing the JSON representation of the supplied value.\n</code></pre>"},{"location":"languages/php/php.html#files","title":"Files","text":""},{"location":"languages/php/php.html#readwrite-on-files","title":"Read/Write on Files","text":"PHP<pre><code>file(filename);  // return file lines in an array\n\n// problematic with large files (allocates memory to read all file, can fill RAM)\nfile_put_contents(filename, data);  // write whole file\nfile_get_contents(filename);  // read whole file\n</code></pre>"},{"location":"languages/php/php.html#regular-expressions","title":"Regular Expressions","text":"PHP<pre><code>preg_match('/PATTERN/', string $subject, array $matches);  # returns 1 if the pattern matches given subject, 0 if it does not, or FALSE if an error occurred\n# $matches[0] = whole matched string\n# $matches[i] = i-th group of the regex\n</code></pre>"},{"location":"languages/php/php.html#hashing","title":"Hashing","text":"<p>Supported hashing algrithms:</p> <ul> <li><code>md2</code>, <code>md4</code>, <code>md5</code></li> <li><code>sha1</code>, <code>sha224</code>, <code>sha256</code>, <code>sha384</code>, <code>sha512/224</code>, <code>sha512/256</code>, <code>sha512</code></li> <li><code>sha3-224</code>, <code>sha3-256</code>, <code>sha3-384</code>, <code>sha3-512</code></li> <li><code>ripemd128</code>, <code>ripemd160</code>, <code>ripemd256</code>, <code>ripemd320</code></li> <li><code>whirlpool</code></li> <li><code>tiger128,3</code>, <code>tiger160,3</code>, <code>tiger192,3</code>, <code>tiger128,4</code>, <code>tiger160,4</code>, <code>tiger192,4</code></li> <li><code>snefru</code>, <code>snefru256</code></li> <li><code>gost</code>, <code>gost-crypto</code></li> <li><code>adler32</code></li> <li><code>crc32</code>, <code>crc32b</code>, <code>crc32c</code></li> <li><code>fnv132</code>, <code>fnv1a32</code>, <code>fnv164</code>, <code>fnv1a64</code></li> <li><code>joaat</code></li> <li><code>haval128,3</code>, <code>haval160,3</code>, <code>haval192,3</code>, <code>haval224,3</code>, <code>haval256,3</code>, <code>haval128,4</code>, <code>haval160,4</code>, <code>haval192,4</code>, <code>haval224,4</code>, <code>haval256,4</code>, <code>haval128,5</code>, <code>haval160,5</code>, <code>haval192,5</code>, <code>haval224,5</code>, <code>haval256,5</code></li> </ul> PHP<pre><code>hash($algorithm, $data);\n</code></pre>"},{"location":"languages/php/php.html#password-hashes","title":"Password Hashes","text":"<p><code>password_hash()</code> is compatible with <code>crypt()</code>. Therefore, password hashes created by <code>crypt()</code> can be used with <code>password_hash()</code>.</p> <p>Algorithms currently supported:</p> <ul> <li>PASSWORD_DEFAULT - Use the bcrypt algorithm (default as of PHP 5.5.0). Note that this constant is designed to change over time as new and stronger algorithms are added to PHP.</li> <li>PASSWORD_BCRYPT - Use the CRYPT_BLOWFISH algorithm to create the hash. This will produce a standard <code>crypt()</code> compatible hash using the \"$2y$\" identifier. The result will always be a 60 character string, or FALSE on failure.</li> <li>PASSWORD_ARGON2I - Use the Argon2i hashing algorithm to create the hash. This algorithm is only available if PHP has been compiled with Argon2 support.</li> <li>PASSWORD_ARGON2ID - Use the Argon2id hashing algorithm to create the hash. This algorithm is only available if PHP has been compiled with Argon2 support.</li> </ul> <p>Supported options for PASSWORD_BCRYPT:</p> <ul> <li> <p>salt (string) - to manually provide a salt to use when hashing the password. Note that this will override and prevent a salt from being automatically generated.   If omitted, a random salt will be generated by password_hash() for each password hashed. This is the intended mode of operation.   Warning: The salt option has been deprecated as of PHP 7.0.0. It is now preferred to simply use the salt that is generated by default.</p> </li> <li> <p>cost (integer) - which denotes the algorithmic cost that should be used. Examples of these values can be found on the crypt() page.   If omitted, a default value of 10 will be used. This is a good baseline cost, but you may want to consider increasing it depending on your hardware.</p> </li> </ul> <p>Supported options for PASSWORD_ARGON2I and PASSWORD_ARGON2ID:</p> <ul> <li>memory_cost (integer) - Maximum memory (in kibibytes) that may be used to compute the Argon2 hash. Defaults to PASSWORD_ARGON2_DEFAULT_MEMORY_COST.</li> <li>time_cost (integer) - Maximum amount of time it may take to compute the Argon2 hash. Defaults to PASSWORD_ARGON2_DEFAULT_TIME_COST.</li> <li>threads (integer) - Number of threads to use for computing the Argon2 hash. Defaults to PASSWORD_ARGON2_DEFAULT_THREADS.</li> </ul> PHP<pre><code>password_hash($password, $algorithm);  # create a new password hash using a strong one-way hashing algorithm.\npassword_verify($password, $hash);  # Verifies that a password matches a hash\n</code></pre>"},{"location":"languages/php/php.html#errors","title":"Errors","text":"<p>Types of PHP errors:</p> <ul> <li>Fatal Error: stop the execution of the program.</li> <li>Warning: generated at runtime, does not stop the execution (non-blocking).</li> <li>Notice: informative errors or messages, non-blocking.</li> </ul> PHP<pre><code>$a = new StdClass()\n$a-&gt;foo();  // PHP Fatal Error: foo() does not exist\n</code></pre> PHP<pre><code>$a = 0;\necho 1/$a;  // PHP Warning: Division by zero\n</code></pre> PHP<pre><code>echo $a;  // PHP Notice: $a undefined\n</code></pre>"},{"location":"languages/php/php.html#error-reporting","title":"Error Reporting","text":"<p>PHP Error Constants</p> <p>Its possible to configure PHP to signal only some type of errors. Errors below a certain levels are ignored.</p> PHP<pre><code>error_reporting(E_&lt;type&gt;);  // set error report threshold (for log file)\n// does not disable PARSER ERROR\n\nini_set(\"display_errors\", 0);  // don't display any errors on stderr\nini_set(\"error_log\", \"path\\\\error.log\");  // set log file\n</code></pre>"},{"location":"languages/php/php.html#triggering-errors","title":"Triggering Errors","text":"PHP<pre><code>// generate E_USER_ errors\ntrigger_error(\"message\");  // default type: E_USER_NOTICE\ntrigger_error(\"message\", E_USER_&lt;Type&gt;);\n\ntrigger_error(\"Deprecated Function\", E_USER_DEPRECATED);\n</code></pre>"},{"location":"languages/php/php.html#writing-in-the-log-file","title":"Writing in the Log File","text":"<p>It's possible to use log files unrelated to the php log file.</p> PHP<pre><code>error_log(\"message\", 3, \"path\\\\log.log\");  // write log message to a specified file\n\n//example\nerror_log(sprintf(\"[%s] Error: _\", date(\"Y-m-d h:i:s\")), 3, \"path\\\\log.log\")\n</code></pre>"},{"location":"languages/php/php.html#exception-handling","title":"Exception Handling","text":"<p>PHP offers the possibility to handle errors with the exception model.</p> PHP<pre><code>try {\n    // dangerous code\n} catch(ExceptionType1 | ExceptionType2 $e) {\n    printf(\"Errore: %s\", $e-&gt;getMessage());\n} catch(Exception $e) {\n    // handle or report exception\n}\n\nthrow new ExceptionType(\"message\");  // throw an exception\n</code></pre> <p>All exceptions in PHP implement the interface <code>Throwable</code>.</p> PHP<pre><code>Interface Throwable {\n    abstract public string getMessage ( void )\n    abstract public int getCode ( void )\n    abstract public string getFile ( void )\n    abstract public int getLine ( void )\n    abstract public array getTrace ( void )\n    abstract public string getTraceAsString ( void )\n    abstract public Throwable getPrevious ( void )\n    abstract public string __toString ( void )\n}\n</code></pre>"},{"location":"languages/php/php.html#custom-exceptions","title":"Custom Exceptions","text":"PHP<pre><code>/**\n * Define a custom exception class\n */\nclass CustomException extends Exception\n{\n    // Redefine the exception so message isn't optional\n    public function __construct($message, $code = 0, Exception $previous = null) {\n        // some code\n\n        // make sure everything is assigned properly\n        parent::__construct($message, $code, $previous);\n    }\n\n    // custom string representation of object\n    public function __toString() {\n        return __CLASS__ . \": [{$this-&gt;code}]: {$this-&gt;message}\\n\";\n    }\n\n    public function customFunction() {\n        echo \"A custom function for this type of exception\\n\";\n    }\n}\n</code></pre>"},{"location":"languages/php/plates-templating.html","title":"Templates with Plates","text":""},{"location":"languages/php/plates-templating.html#template","title":"Template","text":"<p>To separate HTML code and PHP code it's possible to use templates with markers for variable substitution. Variables are created in the PHP code and are passed to the template in the rendering phase. The server transmits only the <code>index.php</code> file to the user. The php file renders the templates as needed.</p> HTML<pre><code>&lt;html&gt;\n    &lt;head&gt;\n        &lt;title&gt;&lt;?= $this-&gt;e($title)?&gt;&lt;/title&gt;\n    &lt;/head&gt;\n\n    &lt;body&gt;\n        &lt;?= $this-&gt;section('content')?&gt;\n    &lt;/body&gt;\n&lt;/html&gt;\n</code></pre>"},{"location":"languages/php/plates-templating.html#plates","title":"Plates","text":"<p>Plates is a template engine for PHP. A template engine permits to separate the PHP code (business logic) from the HTML pages.</p> <p>Installation through composer: <code>composer require league/plates</code>.</p> PHP<pre><code># index.php\nrequire \"vendor/autoload.php\";\n\nuse League\\Plates\\Engine;\n\n$templates = new Engine(\"path\\\\to\\\\templates\");\n\necho $templates-&gt;render(\"template_name\", [\n    \"key_1\" =&gt; \"value_1\",\n    \"key_2\" =&gt; \"value_2\"\n]);\n</code></pre> PHP<pre><code># template.php\n&lt;html&gt;\n    &lt;head&gt;\n        &lt;title&gt;&lt;?= $key_1?&gt;&lt;/title&gt;\n    &lt;/head&gt;\n\n    &lt;body&gt;\n        &lt;h1&gt;Hello &lt;?= $key_2 ?&gt;&lt;/h1&gt;\n    &lt;/body&gt;\n&lt;/html&gt;\n</code></pre> <p>Variables in the template are created through an associative array <code>key =&gt; value</code>. The key (<code>\"key\"</code>) becomes a variable (<code>$key</code>) in the template.</p>"},{"location":"languages/php/plates-templating.html#layout","title":"Layout","text":"<p>It's possible to create a layout (a model) for a group of pages to make that identical save for the contents. In a layout it's possible to create a section called content that identifies content that can be specified at runtime.</p> <p>Note: Since only the template has the data passed eventual loops have to be done there.</p> PHP<pre><code># index.php\nrequire 'vendor/autoload.php';\nuse League\\Plates\\Engine;\n$template = new Engine('/path/to/templates');\necho $template-&gt;render('template_name', [ \"marker\" =&gt; value, ... ]);\n</code></pre> PHP<pre><code># template.php\n\n# set the layout used for this template\n&lt;?php $this-&gt;layout(\"layout_name\", [\"marker\" =&gt; value, ...]) ?&gt;  # pass values to the layout\n\n# section contents\n&lt;p&gt; &lt;?= $this-&gt;e($marker) ?&gt; &lt;/p&gt;\n</code></pre> PHP<pre><code># layout.php\n&lt;html&gt;\n    &lt;head&gt;\n        &lt;title&gt;&lt;?= $marker ?&gt;&lt;/title&gt;\n    &lt;/head&gt;\n    &lt;body&gt;\n        &lt;?= $this-&gt;section('content')?&gt;  # insert the section\n    &lt;/body&gt;\n&lt;/html&gt;\n</code></pre>"},{"location":"languages/php/plates-templating.html#escape","title":"Escape","text":"<p>It's necessary to verify that the output is in the necessary format.</p> <p>Plates offers <code>$this-&gt;escape()</code> or <code>$this-&gt;e()</code> to validate the output. In general the output validation allows to prevent Cross-Site Scripting (XSS).</p>"},{"location":"languages/php/plates-templating.html#folders","title":"Folders","text":"PHP<pre><code># index.php\n$templates-&gt;addFolder(\"alias\", \"path/to/template/folder\");  # add a template folder\necho $templates-&gt;render(\"folder::template\");  # use a template in a specific folder\n</code></pre>"},{"location":"languages/php/plates-templating.html#insert","title":"Insert","text":"<p>It's possible to inject templates in a layout or template. It is done by using the <code>insert()</code> function.</p> PHP<pre><code># layout.php\n&lt;html&gt;\n    &lt;head&gt;\n        &lt;title&gt;&lt;?=$this-&gt;e($title)?&gt;&lt;/title&gt;\n    &lt;/head&gt;\n    &lt;body&gt;\n        &lt;?php $this-&gt;insert('template::header') ?&gt;  # insert template\n\n        &lt;?= $this-&gt;section('content')?&gt;  # page contents\n\n        &lt;?php $this-&gt;insert('template::footer') ?&gt;  # insert template\n    &lt;/body&gt;\n&lt;/html&gt;\n</code></pre>"},{"location":"languages/php/plates-templating.html#sections","title":"Sections","text":"<p>It's possible to insert page contest from another template with the <code>section()</code> function. The content to be inserted must be surrounded with by the <code>start()</code> and <code>stop()</code> functions.</p> PHP<pre><code># template.php\n\n&lt;?php $this-&gt;start(\"section_name\") ?&gt;  # start section\n#  section contents (HTML)\n&lt;?php $this-&gt;stop() ?&gt;  # stop section\n\n# append to section is existing, create if not\n&lt;?php $this-&gt;push(\"section_name\") ?&gt;\n#  section contents (HTML)\n&lt;?php $this-&gt;end() ?&gt;\n</code></pre>"},{"location":"languages/php/psr-7.html","title":"PSR-7","text":""},{"location":"languages/php/psr-7.html#psr-7_1","title":"PSR-7","text":"<p>Standard of the PHP Framework Interop Group that defines common interfaces for handling HTTP messages.</p> <ul> <li><code>Psr\\Http\\Message\\MessageInterface</code></li> <li><code>Psr\\Http\\Message\\RequestInterface</code></li> <li><code>Psr\\Http\\Message\\ResponseInterface</code></li> <li><code>Psr\\Http\\Message\\ServerRequestInterface</code></li> <li><code>Psr\\Http\\Message\\StreamInterface</code></li> <li><code>Psr\\Http\\Message\\UploadedFileInterface</code></li> <li><code>Psr\\Http\\Message\\UriInterface</code></li> </ul> <p>Example:</p> PHP<pre><code>// empty array if not found\n$header = $request-&gt;getHeader('Accept');\n\n// empty string if not found\n$header = $request-&gt;getHeaderLine('Accept');\n\n// check the presence of a header\nif (! $request-&gt;hasHeader('Accept')) {}\n\n// returns the parameters in a query string\n$query = $request-&gt;getQueryParams();\n</code></pre>"},{"location":"languages/php/psr-7.html#immutability","title":"Immutability","text":"<p>PSR-7 requests are immutable objects; a change in the data will return a new instance of the object. The stream objects of PSR-7 are not immutable.</p>"},{"location":"languages/php/unit-tests.html","title":"PHP Unit Test","text":""},{"location":"languages/php/unit-tests.html#installation-configuration","title":"Installation &amp; Configuration","text":""},{"location":"languages/php/unit-tests.html#dev-only-installation","title":"Dev-Only Installation","text":"PowerShell<pre><code>composer require --dev phpunit/phpunit\n</code></pre> JSON<pre><code>    \"require-dev\": {\n        \"phpunit/phpunit\": \"&lt;version&gt;\"\n    }\n</code></pre>"},{"location":"languages/php/unit-tests.html#config","title":"Config","text":"<p>PHPUnit can be configured in a XML file called <code>phpunit.xml</code>:</p> XML<pre><code>&lt;phpunit xmlns:xsi=\"http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema-instance\"\n         xsi:noNamespaceSchemaLocation=\"vendor/phpunit/phpunit/phpunit.xsd\"\n         bootstrap=\"vendor/autoload.php\"\n         colors=\"true\"&gt;\n\n    &lt;testsuites&gt;\n        &lt;testsuit name=\"App\\\\Tests\"&gt;\n            &lt;directory&gt;./test&lt;directory&gt;\n        &lt;/testsuit&gt;\n    &lt;/testsuites&gt;\n\n    &lt;filter&gt;\n        &lt;whitelist processUncoveredFilesFromWhitelist=\"true\"&gt;\n            &lt;directory suffix=\".php\"&gt;./src&lt;/directory&gt;\n        &lt;/whitelist&gt;\n    &lt;/filter&gt;\n&lt;/phpunit&gt;\n</code></pre>"},{"location":"languages/php/unit-tests.html#testing","title":"Testing","text":""},{"location":"languages/php/unit-tests.html#test-structure","title":"Test Structure","text":"<p>PHPUnit tests are grouped in classes suffixed with <code>Test</code>. Each class extends <code>PHPUnit\\Framework\\TestCase</code>. A test is a method of a test class prefixed with <code>test</code>. PHPUnit is executed from the command line with <code>vendor/bin/phpunit  --colors</code>.</p> PHP<pre><code>namespace App;\n\nclass Filter\n{\n    public function isEmail(string $email): bool\n    {\n        // @todo implement\n    }\n}\n</code></pre> PHP<pre><code>namespace App\\Test;\nuse PHPUnit\\Framework\\TestCase;\nuse App\\Filter;\n\nclass FilterTest extends TestCase\n{\n    public function testValidMail()\n    {\n        $filter = new Filter();\n        $this-&gt;assertTrue($filter-&gt;isEmail(\"foo@bar.com\"));\n    }\n\n    public function testInvalidEmail()\n    {\n        $filter = new Filter();\n        $this-&gt;assertFalse($filter-&gt;idEmail(\"foo\"));\n    }\n}\n</code></pre>"},{"location":"languages/php/unit-tests.html#phpunit-assertions","title":"PHPUnit Assertions","text":"<ul> <li><code>asseretTrue()</code>: verifies that the element is true</li> <li><code>assertFalse()</code>: verifies that the element is false</li> <li><code>assertEmpty()</code>: verifies that the element is empty</li> <li><code>assertEquals()</code>: verifies that the two elements are equal</li> <li><code>assertGreaterThan()</code>: verifies that the element is greater than ...</li> <li><code>assertContains()</code>: verifies that the element is contained in an array</li> <li><code>assertInstanceOf()</code>: verifies that the element is an instance of a specific class</li> <li><code>assertArrayHasKey(mixed $key, array $array)</code>: verify that a specific key is in the array</li> </ul>"},{"location":"languages/php/unit-tests.html#phpunit-testing-exceptions","title":"PHPUnit Testing Exceptions","text":"PHP<pre><code>public function testAggiungiEsameException(string $esame)\n{\n    $this-&gt;expectException(Exception::class);\n    $this-&gt;expectExceptionMessage(\"exception_message\");\n\n    // execute code that should throw an exception\n}\n\n// https://github.com/sebastianbergmann/phpunit/issues/2484#issuecomment-648822531\npublic function testExceptionNotThrown()\n{\n    $exceptionWasThrown = false;\n\n    try\n    {\n        // code that should succeed\n    }\n    catch (EsameException $e)\n    {\n        $exceptionWasThrown = true;\n    }\n\n    $this-&gt;assertFalse($exceptionWasThrown);\n}\n\n// same as\n\n/**\n* @doesNotPerformAssertions\n*/\npublic function testNoExceptions(string $esame)\n{\n    // code that should succeed (exceptions will make the test fail)\n}\n</code></pre>"},{"location":"languages/php/unit-tests.html#test-setup-teardown-example","title":"Test Setup &amp; Teardown (Example)","text":"PHP<pre><code>class ClassTest extends TestCase\n{\n    // initialize the test\n    public function setUp(): void\n    {\n        file_put_contents(\"/tmp/foo\", \"Test\")\n    }\n\n    // reset the test\n    public function tearDown(): void\n    {\n        unlink(\"/tmp/foo\")\n    }\n\n    public function testFoo()\n    {\n        // use temp file\n    }\n}\n</code></pre> <p>Note: <code>setUp()</code> and <code>tearDown()</code> are called before and after each test method.</p>"},{"location":"languages/php/unit-tests.html#data-provider","title":"Data Provider","text":"PHP<pre><code>class DataTest extends TestCase\n{\n    /**\n    * @dataProvider provider\n    */\n    public function testAdd($a, $b, $expected)\n    {\n        $this-&gt;assertEquals($expected, $a + $b);\n    }\n\n    // test receives array contents as input\n    public function provider()\n    {\n        // must return array of arrays\n        return [\n            [0, 0, 0],\n            [0, 1, 1]\n        ];\n    }\n\n    // test receives array of arrays as input\n    public function provideArrayOfArrays()\n    {\n        return [\n            [\n                [\n                    [0, 0, 0],\n                    [0, 1, 1]\n                ]\n            ]\n        ];\n    }\n}\n</code></pre>"},{"location":"languages/php/unit-tests.html#mock-objects","title":"Mock Objects","text":"PHP<pre><code>class UnitTest extends TestCase\n{\n    public function setUp()\n    {\n        // names of mock are independent from tested class variables\n        $this-&gt;mock = $this-&gt;createMock(ClassName::class);  // create a mock object of a class\n        $this-&gt;returned = $this-&gt;createMock(ClassName::class);  // mock of returned object\n\n        $this-&gt;mock-&gt;method(\"methodName\")  // simulate method on mock\n            -&gt;with($this-&gt;equalTo(param), ...)  // specify input params (one param per equalTo)\n            -&gt;willReturn($this-&gt;returned);  // specify return value\n    }\n\n    public function testMethod()\n    {\n        $this-&gt;mock\n        -&gt;method(\"methodName\")\n        -&gt;with($this-&gt;equalTo($arg))  // arg passed to the method\n        -&gt;willReturn(value);  // actual return value for THIS case\n        // or\n        -&gt;will($this-&gt;throwException(new Exception()));  // method will throw exception\n\n        // assertions\n    }\n}\n</code></pre>"},{"location":"languages/php/unit-tests.html#code-coverage-needs-xdebug","title":"Code Coverage (needs XDebug)","text":"PowerShell<pre><code>vendor/bin/phpunit --coverage-text  # code coverage analysis in the terminal\n</code></pre>"},{"location":"languages/php/web.html","title":"PHP for the Web","text":""},{"location":"languages/php/web.html#php-internal-web-server","title":"PHP Internal Web Server","text":"<p>Command Line Web Server in PHP, useful in testing phase. Limited since handles only one request at a time. Do not use in production.</p> PowerShell<pre><code>PHP -S &lt;ip:post&gt;  # start web server\nPHP -S &lt;ip:post&gt; -t /path/to/folder  # execute in specified folder at specified address\nPHP -S &lt;ip:post&gt; file.php  # redirect requests to single file\n</code></pre>"},{"location":"languages/php/web.html#http-methods","title":"HTTP Methods","text":"<p>Handling of HTTP requests happens using the following global variables:</p> <ul> <li><code>$_SERVER</code>: info on request headers, version, URL path and method (dict)</li> <li><code>$_GET</code>: parameters of get request (dict)</li> <li><code>$_POST</code>: parameters of post request (dict)</li> <li><code>$_COOKIE</code></li> <li><code>$_FILES</code>: file to send to web app.</li> </ul>"},{"location":"languages/php/web.html#_files","title":"<code>$_FILES</code>","text":"HTML<pre><code>&lt;!-- method MUST BE post --&gt;\n&lt;!-- must have enctype=\"multipart/form-data\" attribute --&gt;\n&lt;form name=\"&lt;name&gt;\" action=\"file.php\" method=\"POST\" enctype=\"multipart/form-data\"&gt;\n    &lt;input type=\"file\" name=\"photo\" /&gt;\n    &lt;input type=\"submit\" name=\"Send\" /&gt;\n&lt;/form&gt;\n</code></pre> <p>Files in <code>$_FILES</code> are memorized in a system temp folder. They can be moved with <code>move_uploaded_file()</code></p> PHP<pre><code>if (! isset($_FILES['photo']['error'])) {\n    http_response_code(400);  # send a response code\n    echo'&lt;h1&gt;No file has been sent&lt;/h1&gt;';\n    exit();\n}\n\nif ($_FILES['photo']['error'] != UPLOAD_ERR_OK) {\n        http_response_code(400);\n        echo'&lt;h1&gt;The sent file is invalid&lt;/h1&gt;';\n        exit();\n}\n\n$path = '/path/to/' . $_FILES['photo']['name'];\n\nif (! move_uploaded_file($_FILES['photo']['tmp_name'], $path)) {\n    http_response_code(400);\n    echo'&lt;h1&gt;Error while writing the file&lt;/h1&gt;';\n    exit();\n}\n\necho'&lt;h1&gt;File successfully sent&lt;/h1&gt;';\n</code></pre>"},{"location":"languages/php/web.html#_server","title":"<code>$_SERVER</code>","text":"<p>Request Header Access:</p> PHP<pre><code>$_SERVER[\"REQUEST_METHOD\"];\n$_SERVER[\"REQUEST_URI\"];\n$_SERVER[\"SERVER_PROTOCOL\"];  // HTTP Versions\n$_SERVER[\"HTTP_ACCEPT\"];\n$_SERVER[\"HTTP_ACCEPT_ENCODING\"];\n$_SERVER[\"HTTP_CONNECTION\"];\n$_SERVER[\"HTTP_HOST\"];\n$_SERVER[\"HTTP_USER_AGENT\"];\n// others\n</code></pre>"},{"location":"languages/php/web.html#_cookie","title":"<code>$_COOKIE</code>","text":"<p>Cookie Laws Garante Privacy 8/5/2014</p> <p>All sites must have a page for the consensus about using cookies.</p> <p>Cookies are HTTP headers used to memorize key-value info on the client. They are sent from the server to the client to keep track of info on the user that is visiting the website. When a client receives a HTTP response that contains <code>Set-Cookie</code> headers it has to memorize that info and reuse them in future requests.</p> HTTP<pre><code>Set-Cookie: &lt;cookie-name&gt;=&lt;cookie-value&gt;\nSet-Cookie: &lt;cookie-name&gt;=&lt;cookie-value&gt;; Expires=&lt;date&gt;\nSet-Cookie: &lt;cookie-name&gt;=&lt;cookie-value&gt;; Max-Age=&lt;seconds&gt;\nSet-Cookie: &lt;cookie-name&gt;=&lt;cookie-value&gt;; Domain=&lt;domain-value&gt;\nSet-Cookie: &lt;cookie-name&gt;=&lt;cookie-value&gt;; Path=&lt;path-value&gt;\nSet-Cookie: &lt;cookie-name&gt;=&lt;cookie-value&gt;; Secure\nSet-Cookie: &lt;cookie-name&gt;=&lt;cookie-value&gt;; HttpOnly\n</code></pre> <p>Anyone can modify the contents of a cookie; for this reason cookies must not contain personal or sensible info.</p> <p>When a client has memorized a cookie, it is sent in successive HTTP requests through the <code>Cookie</code> header.</p> HTTP<pre><code>Cookie: &lt;cookie-name&gt;=&lt;cookie-value&gt;\n</code></pre> <p>PHP setcookie docs</p> PHP<pre><code>setcookie (\nstring $name,\n[ string $value = \"\" ],\n[ int $expire = 0 ],  // in seconds (time() + seconds)\n[ string $path = \"\" ],\n[ string $domain = \"\" ],\n[ bool $secure = false ],  // use https\n[ bool $httponly = false ]  // accessible only through http (no js, ...)\n)\n\n// example: memorize user-id 112 with 24h expiry for site example.com\nsetcookie (\"User-id\", \"112\", time() + 3600*24, \"/\", \"example.com\");\n\n// check if a cookie exists\nif(isset($_COOKIE[\"cookie_name\"])) {}\n</code></pre>"},{"location":"languages/php/web.html#_session","title":"$_SESSION","text":"<p>Sessions are info memorized on the server associated to the client that makes an HTTP request.</p> <p>PHP generates a cookie named <code>PHPSESSID</code> containing a session identifier and an hash generated from <code>IP + timestamp + pseudo-random number</code>.</p> <p>To use the session it's necessary to recall the function <code>session_start()</code> at the beginning of a PHP script that deals with sessions. After starting the session information in be saved in the <code>$_SESSION</code> array.</p> PHP<pre><code>$_SESSION[\"key\"] = value;  // save data in session file (serialized data)\n\nunset($_SESSION[\"key\"]);  // delete data from the session\nsession_unset();  # remove all session data\nsession_destroy();  # destroy all of the data associated with the current session.\n# It does not unset any of the global variables associated with the session, or unset the session cookie.\n</code></pre> <p>Session data is be memorized in a file by serializing <code>$_SESSION</code>. Files are named as <code>sess_PHPSESSID</code> in a folder (<code>var/lib/php/sessions</code> in Linux).</p> <p>It's possible to modify the memorization system of PHP serialization variables by:</p> <ul> <li>modifying <code>session.save_handler</code> in <code>php.ini</code></li> <li>writing as personalized handler with the function <code>session_set_save_handler()</code> and/or the class <code>SessionHandler</code></li> </ul>"},{"location":"languages/php/web.html#php-web-instructions","title":"PHP Web Instructions","text":"<p><code>http_response_code()</code> is used to return an HTTP response code. If no code is specified <code>200 OK</code> is returned. <code>header(\"Location: /route\")</code> is used to make a redirect to another UTL.</p>"},{"location":"languages/php/simple-mvc/rest-api.html","title":"REST API with Simple-MVC","text":""},{"location":"languages/php/simple-mvc/rest-api.html#routing-example","title":"Routing (Example)","text":"PHP<pre><code>// config/route.php\nreturn [   \n   [ 'GET', '/api/user[/{id}]', Controller\\User::class ],\n   [ 'POST', '/api/user', Controller\\User::class ],\n   [ 'PATCH', '/api/user/{id}', Controller\\User::class ],\n   [ 'DELETE', '/api/user/{id}', Controller\\User::class ]\n];\n</code></pre>"},{"location":"languages/php/simple-mvc/rest-api.html#controller-example","title":"Controller (Example)","text":"PHP<pre><code>public class UserController implements ControllerInterface\n{\n    public function __construct(UserModel $user)\n    {\n        $this-&gt;userModel = $user;\n\n        // Set the Content-type for all the HTTP methods\n        header('Content-type: application/json');\n    }\n\n    // method dispatcher\n    public function execute(ServerRequestInterface $request)\n    {\n        $method = strtolower($request-&gt;getMethod());\n        if (!method_exists($this, $method)) {\n            http_response_code(405); // method not exists\n            return;\n        }\n        $this-&gt;$method($request);\n    }\n\n    public function get(ServerRequestInterface $request)\n    {\n        $id = $request-&gt;getAttribute('id');\n        try {\n            $result = empty($id)\n                ? $this-&gt;userModel-&gt;getAllUsers()\n                : $this-&gt;userModel-&gt;getUser($id);\n        } catch (UserNotFoundException $e) {\n            http_response_code(404); // user not found\n            $result = ['error' =&gt; $e-&gt;getMessage()];\n        }\n        echo json_encode($result);\n    }\n\n    public function post(ServerRequestInterface $request)\n    {\n        $data = json_decode($request-&gt;getBody()-&gt;getContents(), true);\n        try {\n            $result = $this-&gt;userModel-&gt;addUser($data);\n        } catch (InvalidAttributeException $e) {\n            http_response_code(400); // bad request\n            $result = ['error' =&gt; $e-&gt;getMessage()];\n        } catch (UserAlreadyExistsException $e) {\n            http_response_code(409); // conflict, the user is not present\n            $result = ['error' =&gt; $e-&gt;getMessage()];\n        }\n        echo json_encode($result);\n    }\n\n    public function patch(ServerRequestInterface $request)\n    {\n        $id = $request-&gt;getAttribute('id');\n        $data = json_decode($request-&gt;getBody()-&gt;getContents(), true);\n        try {\n            $result = $this-&gt;userModel-&gt;updateUser($data, $id);\n        } catch (InvalidAttributeException $e) {\n            http_response_code(400); // bad request\n            $result = ['error' =&gt; $e-&gt;getMessage()];\n        } catch (UserNotFoundException $e) {\n            http_response_code(404); // user not found\n            $result = ['error' =&gt; $e-&gt;getMessage()];\n        }\n        echo json_encode($result);\n    }\n\n    public function delete(ServerRequestInterface $request)\n    {\n        $id = $request-&gt;getAttribute('id');\n        try {\n            $this-&gt;userModel-&gt;deleteUser($id);\n            $result = ['result' =&gt; 'success'];\n        } catch (UserNotFoundException $e) {\n            http_response_code(404); // user not found\n            $result = ['error' =&gt; $e-&gt;getMessage()];\n        }\n        echo json_encode($result);\n    }\n}\n</code></pre>"},{"location":"languages/php/simple-mvc/simple-mvc.html","title":"SimpleMVC Mini-Framework","text":"<p>SimpleMVC is a micro MVC framework for PHP using FastRoute, PHP-DI, Plates and PHP-DI standard for HTTP messages.</p> <p>This framework is mainly used as tutorial for introducing the Model-View-Controller architecture in modern PHP applications.</p>"},{"location":"languages/php/simple-mvc/simple-mvc.html#installation","title":"Installation","text":"PowerShell<pre><code>composer create-project ezimuel/simple-mvc\n</code></pre>"},{"location":"languages/php/simple-mvc/simple-mvc.html#structure","title":"Structure","text":"Text Only<pre><code>|- config\n|  |- container.php --&gt; DI Container Config (PHP-DI)\n|  |- route.php --&gt; routing\n|- public\n|  |- img\n|  |- index.php  --&gt; app entry-point\n|- src\n|  |- Model\n|  |- View  --&gt; Plates views\n|  |- Controller  --&gt; ControllerInterface.php\n|- test\n|  |- Model\n|  |- Controller\n</code></pre>"},{"location":"languages/php/simple-mvc/simple-mvc.html#indexphp","title":"<code>index.php</code>","text":"PHP<pre><code>&lt;?php\ndeclare(strict_types=1);\n\nchdir(dirname(__DIR__));\nrequire 'vendor/autoload.php';\n\nuse DI\\ContainerBuilder;\nuse FastRoute\\Dispatcher;\nuse FastRoute\\RouteCollector;\nuse Nyholm\\Psr7\\Factory\\Psr17Factory;\nuse Nyholm\\Psr7Server\\ServerRequestCreator;\nuse SimpleMVC\\Controller\\Error404;\nuse SimpleMVC\\Controller\\Error405;\n\n$builder = new ContainerBuilder();\n$builder-&gt;addDefinitions('config/container.php');\n$container = $builder-&gt;build();\n\n// Routing\n$dispatcher = FastRoute\\simpleDispatcher(function(RouteCollector $r) {\n    $routes = require 'config/route.php';\n    foreach ($routes as $route) {\n        $r-&gt;addRoute($route[0], $route[1], $route[2]);\n    }\n});\n\n// Build the PSR-7 server request\n$psr17Factory = new Psr17Factory();\n$creator = new ServerRequestCreator(\n    $psr17Factory, // ServerRequestFactory\n    $psr17Factory, // UriFactory\n    $psr17Factory, // UploadedFileFactory\n    $psr17Factory  // StreamFactory\n);\n$request = $creator-&gt;fromGlobals();\n\n// Dispatch \n$routeInfo = $dispatcher-&gt;dispatch(\n    $request-&gt;getMethod(), \n    $request-&gt;getUri()-&gt;getPath()\n);\nswitch ($routeInfo[0]) {\n    case Dispatcher::NOT_FOUND:\n        $controllerName = Error404::class;\n        break;\n    case Dispatcher::METHOD_NOT_ALLOWED:\n        $controllerName = Error405::class;\n        break;\n    case Dispatcher::FOUND:\n        $controllerName = $routeInfo[1];\n        if (isset($routeInfo[2])) {\n            foreach ($routeInfo[2] as $name =&gt; $value) {\n                $request = $request-&gt;withAttribute($name, $value);\n            }\n        }\n        break;\n}\n$controller = $container-&gt;get($controllerName);\n$controller-&gt;execute($request);\n</code></pre>"},{"location":"languages/php/simple-mvc/simple-mvc.html#routephp","title":"<code>route.php</code>","text":"PHP<pre><code>&lt;?php\nuse SimpleMVC\\Controller;\n\nreturn [\n    [ 'GET', '/', Controller\\Home::class ],\n    [ 'GET', '/hello[/{name}]', Controller\\Hello::class ],\n    [ \"HTTP Verb\", \"/route[/optional]\", Controller\\EndpointController::class ]\n];\n</code></pre>"},{"location":"languages/php/simple-mvc/simple-mvc.html#containerphp","title":"<code>container.php</code>","text":"PHP<pre><code>&lt;?php\nuse League\\Plates\\Engine;\nuse Psr\\Container\\ContainerInterface;\n\nreturn [\n    'view_path' =&gt; 'src/View',\n    Engine::class =&gt; function(ContainerInterface $c) {\n        return new Engine($c-&gt;get('view_path'));\n    }\n\n    // PHP-DI configs\n];\n</code></pre>"},{"location":"languages/php/simple-mvc/simple-mvc.html#controllerinterfacephp","title":"<code>ControllerInterface.php</code>","text":"<p>Each controller must implement this interface.</p> PHP<pre><code>&lt;?php\ndeclare(strict_types=1);\n\nnamespace SimpleMVC\\Controller;\n\nuse Psr\\Http\\Message\\ServerRequestInterface;\n\ninterface ControllerInterface\n{\n    public function execute(ServerRequestInterface $request);\n}\n</code></pre>"},{"location":"languages/powershell/commands.html","title":"Powershell Commands","text":"PowerShell<pre><code>Get-Location  # Gets information about the current working location or a location stack\nSet-Location -Path &lt;path&gt;  # change current working directory to specified path (DEFAULTs to ~)\nGet-ChildItem  -Path &lt;path&gt;  # Gets the items and child items in one or more specified locations.\nGet-Content -Path &lt;file&gt;  # Gets the content of the item at the specified location\n\nWrite-Output # Send specified objects to the next command in the pipeline. If the command is the last in the pipeline, the objects are displayed in the console\nWrite-Host  # Writes customized output to a host.\nClear-Host  # clear shell output\n\nNew-Item -ItemType File -Path filename.ext  # create empty file\nNew-Item -Path folder_name -Type Folder  # create a folder\nNew-Item -ItemType SymbolicLink -Path .\\link -Target .\\Notice.txt  # create a symlink\n\nMove-Item -Path &lt;source&gt; -Destination &lt;target&gt;  # move and/or rename files and folders\nCopy-Item -Path &lt;source&gt; -Destination &lt;target&gt;  # copy (and rename) files and folders\n\nTest-Path \"path\" -PathType Container  # check if the existing path exists and is a folder\nTest-Path \"path\" -PathType Leaf  # check if the existing path exists and is a file\n\n# start, list , kill processes\nStart-Process -FilePath &lt;file&gt;  # open a file with the default process/program\nGet-Process  # Gets the processes that are running on the local computer\nStop-Process [-Id] &lt;System.Int32[]&gt; [-Force] [-Confirm]  # Stops one or more running processes\n\n# network\nGet-NetIPConfiguration  # Gets IP network configuration\nTest-NetConnection &lt;ip&gt; # Sends ICMP echo request packets, or pings, to one or more computers\n\n# compressing into archive\nCompress-Archive -LiteralPath &lt;PathToFiles&gt; -DestinationPath &lt;PathToDestination&gt;  # destination can be a folder or a .zip file\nCompress-Archive -Path &lt;PathToFiles&gt; -Update -DestinationPath &lt;PathToDestination&gt;  # update existing archive\n\n# extraction from archive\nExpand-Archive -LiteralPath &lt;PathToZipFile&gt; -DestinationPath &lt;PathToDestination&gt;\nExpand-Archive -LiteralPath &lt;PathToZipFile&gt;  # extract archive in folder named after the archive in the root location\n\n# filtering stdout/stder\nSelect-String -Path &lt;source&gt; -Pattern &lt;pattern&gt;  # Finds text in strings and files\n</code></pre>"},{"location":"languages/powershell/scripting.html","title":"PowerShell Scripting","text":"<p>Cmdlets are formed by a verb-noun pair. Cmdlets are case-insensitive.</p> <p>It's all .NET A PS string is in fact a .NET System.String All .NET methods and properties are thus available</p> <p>Note that .NET functions MUST be called with parentheses while PS functions CANNOT be called with parentheses. If you do call a cmdlet/PS function with parentheses, it is the same as passing a single parameter list.</p>"},{"location":"languages/powershell/scripting.html#screen-output","title":"Screen Output","text":"PowerShell<pre><code>Write-Host \"message\"\n</code></pre>"},{"location":"languages/powershell/scripting.html#user-input","title":"User Input","text":"PowerShell<pre><code># Reading a value from input:\n$variable = Read-Host \"prompt\"\n</code></pre>"},{"location":"languages/powershell/scripting.html#variables","title":"Variables","text":"PowerShell<pre><code># Declaration\n[type]$var = value\n$var = value -as [type]\n\n[int]$a = 5\n$b = 6 -as [double]  # ?\n\n# Here-string (multiline string)\n@\"\nHere-string\n$a + $b = ($a + $b)\n\"@\n\n@'\nLiteral Here-string\n'@\n\n# Swapping\n$a, $b = $b, $a\n\n# Interpolation\nWrite-Host \"text $variable\"  # single quotes will not interpolate\nWrite-Host (&lt;expression&gt;)\n</code></pre>"},{"location":"languages/powershell/scripting.html#built-in-variables","title":"Built-in Variables","text":"PowerShell<pre><code>$True, $False  # boolean\n$null  # empty value\n$?  # last program return value\n$LastExitCode  # Exit code of last run Windows-based program\n$$  # The last token in the last line received by the session\n$^  # The first token\n$PID  # Script's PID\n$PSScriptRoot  # Full path of current script directory\n$MyInvocation.MyCommand.Path  # Full path of current script\n$Pwd  # Full path of current directory\n$PSBoundParameters  # Bound arguments in a function, script or code block\n$Args # Unbound arguments\n\n. .\\otherScriptName.ps1  # Inline another file (dot operator)\n</code></pre>"},{"location":"languages/powershell/scripting.html#lists-dictionaries","title":"Lists &amp; Dictionaries","text":"PowerShell<pre><code>$List = @(5, \"ice\", 3.14, $True)  # Explicit syntax\n$List = 2, \"ice\", 3.14, $True  # Implicit syntax\n$List = (1..10)  # Inclusive range\n$List = @()  # Empty List\n\n$String = $List -join 'separator'\n$List = $String -split 'separator'\n\n# List comprehensions\n$List = sequence | Where-Object {$_ command}  # $_ is current object\n$Dict = @{\"a\" = \"apple\"; \"b\" = \"ball\"}  # Dict definition\n$Dict[\"a\"] = \"acorn\"  # Item update\n\n# Loop through keys\nforeach ($k in $Dict.keys) {\n    # Code here\n}\n</code></pre>"},{"location":"languages/powershell/scripting.html#flow-control","title":"Flow Control","text":"PowerShell<pre><code>if (condition) {\n    # Code here\n} elseif (condition) {\n    # Code here\n} else {\n    # Code here\n}\n</code></pre>"},{"location":"languages/powershell/scripting.html#switch","title":"Switch","text":"<p><code>Switch</code> has the following parameters:</p> <ul> <li>Wildcard: Indicates that the condition is a wildcard string. If the match clause is not a string, the parameter is ignored. The comparison is case-insensitive.</li> <li>Exact: Indicates that the match clause, if it is a string, must match exactly. If the match clause is not a string, this parameter is ignored. The comparison is case-insensitive.</li> <li>CaseSensitive: Performs a case-sensitive match. If the match clause is not a string, this parameter is ignored.</li> <li>File: Takes input from a file rather than a value statement. If multiple File parameters are included, only the last one is used. Each line of the file is read and evaluated by the Switch statement. The comparison is case-insensitive.</li> <li>Regex: Performs regular expression matching of the value to the condition. If the match clause is not a string, this parameter is ignored. The comparison is case-insensitive. The <code>$matches</code> automatic variable is available for use within the matching statement block.</li> </ul> PowerShell<pre><code>switch(variable) {\n    20                      { \"Exactly 20\"; break }\n    { $_ -eq 42 }           { \"The answer equals 42\"; break }\n    { $_ -like 's*' }       { \"Case insensitive\"; break }\n    { $_ -clike 's*'}       { \"clike, ceq, cne for case sensitive\"; break }\n    { $_ -notmatch '^.*$'}  { \"Regex matching. cnotmatch, cnotlike, ...\"; break }\n    { $list -contains 'x'}  { \"if a list contains an item\"; break }\n    default                 { \"Others\" }\n}\n\n# syntax\nswitch [-regex|-wildcard|-exact][-casesensitive] (&lt;value&gt;)\n{\n    \"string\"|number|variable|{ expression } { statement_list }\n    default { statement_list }\n}\n\n# or\n\nswitch [-regex|-wildcard|-exact][-casesensitive] -file filename\n{\n    \"string\"|number|variable|{ expression } { statement_list }\n    default { statement_list }\n}\n</code></pre>"},{"location":"languages/powershell/scripting.html#loops","title":"Loops","text":"PowerShell<pre><code># The classic for\nfor(setup; condition; iterator) {\n    # Code here\n}\n\nrange | % { command }\n\nforeach (item in iterable) {\n    # Code Here\n}\n\nwhile (condition) {\n    # Code here\n}\n\ndo {\n    # Code here\n} until (condition)\n\ndo {\n    # Code here\n} while (condition)\n</code></pre>"},{"location":"languages/powershell/scripting.html#operators","title":"Operators","text":"PowerShell<pre><code># Conditionals\n$a -eq $b  # is equal to\n$a -ne $b  # in not equal to\n$a -gt $b  # greater than\n$a -ge $b  # greater than or equal to\n$a -lt $b  # less than\n$a -le $b  # less than or equal to\n\n# Logical\n$true -And $False\n$True -Or $False\n-Not $True\n</code></pre>"},{"location":"languages/powershell/scripting.html#exception-handling","title":"Exception Handling","text":"PowerShell<pre><code>try {} catch {} finally {}\ntry {} catch [System.NullReferenceException] {\n    echo $_.Exception | Format-List -Force\n}\n</code></pre>"},{"location":"languages/powershell/scripting.html#functions","title":"Functions","text":"PowerShell<pre><code>function func() {}\n\n# function with named parameters\nfunction func ([type]$param=default_value, ...) { }\nfunction func {\n    param([type]$param=default_value, ...)\n\n    # statements\n}\n\n# function call\nfunc argument  \nfunc -param value\n\n# switch parameters\nfunction func ([switch]$param, ...) { }\n\nfunc  # param is $false\nfunc -param  # param is $true\n</code></pre> <p>If the function defines a <code>Begin</code>, <code>Process</code> or <code>End</code> block, all the code must reside inside those blocks. No code will be recognized outside the blocks if any of the blocks are defined.</p> <p>If the function has a <code>Process</code> keyword, each object in <code>$input</code> is removed from <code>$input</code> and assigned to <code>$_</code>.</p> PowerShell<pre><code>function [&lt;scope:&gt;]&lt;name&gt; [([type]$parameter1[,[type]$parameter2])]\n{\n  param([type]$parameter1 [,[type]$parameter2])  # other way to specify named parameters\n  dynamicparam {&lt;statement list&gt;}\n\n  # processing pipelines\n  begin {&lt;statement list&gt;}  # runned once, at start of pipeline\n  process {&lt;statement list&gt;}  # runned for each item in the pipeline\n  end {&lt;statement list&gt;}  # runned once, at end of pipeline\n}\n</code></pre> <p>Optionally, it's possible to provide a brief help string that describes the default value of the parameter, by adding the <code>PSDefaultValue</code> attribute to the description of the parameter, and specifying the <code>Help</code> property of <code>PSDefaultValue</code>.</p> PowerShell<pre><code>function Func {\n  param (\n      [PSDefaultValue(Help = defValue)]\n      $Arg = 100\n  )\n}\n</code></pre>"},{"location":"languages/powershell/scripting.html#script-arguments","title":"Script Arguments","text":""},{"location":"languages/powershell/scripting.html#parsing-script-arguments","title":"Parsing Script Arguments","text":"PowerShell<pre><code>$args  # array of passed arguments\n$args[$index]  # access to the arguments\n$args.count  # number of arguments\n</code></pre>"},{"location":"languages/powershell/scripting.html#script-named-arguments","title":"Script Named Arguments","text":"<p>In <code>scripts.ps1</code>:</p> PowerShell<pre><code>param($param1, $param2, ...)  # basic usage\nparam($param1, $param2=defvalue, ...)  # with default values\nparam([Type] $param1, $param2, ...)  # specify a type\nparam([Parameter(Mandatory)]$param1, $param2, ...)  # setting a parameter as necessary\n\nparam([switch]$flag=$false, ...)  # custom flags\n</code></pre> <p>In PowerShell:</p> PowerShell<pre><code>.\\script.ps1 arg1 arg2  # order of arguments will determine which data goes in which parameter\n\n.\\script.ps1 -param2 arg2 -param1 arg1  # custom order\n</code></pre>"},{"location":"languages/powershell/scripting.html#filters","title":"Filters","text":"<p>A filter is a type of function that runs on each object in the pipeline. A filter resembles a function with all its statements in a <code>Process</code> block.</p> PowerShell<pre><code>filter [&lt;scope:&gt;]&lt;name&gt; {&lt;statement list&gt;}\n</code></pre>"},{"location":"languages/powershell/scripting.html#powershell-comment-based-help","title":"PowerShell Comment-based Help","text":"<p>The syntax for comment-based help is as follows:</p> PowerShell<pre><code># .&lt;help keyword&gt;\n# &lt;help content&gt;\n</code></pre> <p>or</p> PowerShell<pre><code>&lt;#\n.&lt;help keyword&gt;\n&lt;help content&gt;\n#&gt;\n</code></pre> <p>Comment-based help is written as a series of comments. You can type a comment symbol <code>#</code> before each line of comments, or you can use the <code>&lt;#</code> and <code>#&gt;</code> symbols to create a comment block. All the lines within the comment block are interpreted as comments.</p> <p>All of the lines in a comment-based help topic must be contiguous. If a comment-based help topic follows a comment that is not part of the help topic, there must be at least one blank line between the last non-help comment line and the beginning of the comment-based help.</p> <p>Keywords define each section of comment-based help. Each comment-based help keyword is preceded by a dot <code>.</code>. The keywords can appear in any order. The keyword names are not case-sensitive.</p>"},{"location":"languages/powershell/scripting.html#synopsis","title":".SYNOPSIS","text":"<p>A brief description of the function or script. This keyword can be used only once in each topic.</p>"},{"location":"languages/powershell/scripting.html#description","title":".DESCRIPTION","text":"<p>A detailed description of the function or script. This keyword can be used only once in each topic.</p>"},{"location":"languages/powershell/scripting.html#parameter","title":".PARAMETER","text":"<p>The description of a parameter. Add a <code>.PARAMETER</code> keyword for each parameter in the function or script syntax.</p> <p>Type the parameter name on the same line as the <code>.PARAMETER</code> keyword. Type the parameter description on the lines following the <code>.PARAMETER</code> keyword. Windows PowerShell interprets all text between the <code>.PARAMETER</code> line and the next keyword or the end of the comment block as part of the parameter description. The description can include paragraph breaks.</p> PowerShell<pre><code>.PARAMETER  &lt;Parameter-Name&gt;\n</code></pre> <p>The Parameter keywords can appear in any order in the comment block, but the function or script syntax determines the order in which the parameters (and their descriptions) appear in help topic. To change the order, change the syntax.</p> <p>You can also specify a parameter description by placing a comment in the function or script syntax immediately before the parameter variable name. For this to work, you must also have a comment block with at least one keyword.</p> <p>If you use both a syntax comment and a <code>.PARAMETER</code> keyword, the description associated with the <code>.PARAMETER</code> keyword is used, and the syntax comment is ignored.</p> PowerShell<pre><code>&lt;#\n.SYNOPSIS\n    Short description here\n#&gt;\nfunction Verb-Noun {\n    [CmdletBinding()]\n    param (\n        # This is the same as .Parameter\n        [string]$Computername\n    )\n    # Verb the Noun on the computer\n}\n</code></pre>"},{"location":"languages/powershell/scripting.html#example","title":".EXAMPLE","text":"<p>A sample command that uses the function or script, optionally followed by sample output and a description. Repeat this keyword for each example.</p>"},{"location":"languages/powershell/scripting.html#inputs","title":".INPUTS","text":"<p>The .NET types of objects that can be piped to the function or script. You can also include a description of the input objects.</p>"},{"location":"languages/powershell/scripting.html#outputs","title":".OUTPUTS","text":"<p>The .NET type of the objects that the cmdlet returns. You can also include a description of the returned objects.</p>"},{"location":"languages/powershell/scripting.html#notes","title":".NOTES","text":"<p>Additional information about the function or script.</p>"},{"location":"languages/powershell/scripting.html#link","title":".LINK","text":"<p>The name of a related topic. The value appears on the line below the <code>.LINK</code> keyword and must be preceded by a comment symbol <code>#</code> or included in the comment block.</p> <p>Repeat the <code>.LINK</code> keyword for each related topic.</p> <p>This content appears in the Related Links section of the help topic.</p> <p>The <code>.Link</code> keyword content can also include a Uniform Resource Identifier (URI) to an online version of the same help topic. The online version opens when you use the Online parameter of <code>Get-Help</code>. The URI must begin with \"http\" or \"https\".</p>"},{"location":"languages/powershell/scripting.html#component","title":".COMPONENT","text":"<p>The name of the technology or feature that the function or script uses, or to which it is related. The Component parameter of <code>Get-Help</code> uses this value to filter the search results returned by <code>Get-Help</code>.</p>"},{"location":"languages/powershell/scripting.html#role","title":".ROLE","text":"<p>The name of the user role for the help topic. The Role parameter of <code>Get-Help</code> uses this value to filter the search results returned by <code>Get-Help</code>.</p>"},{"location":"languages/powershell/scripting.html#functionality","title":".FUNCTIONALITY","text":"<p>The keywords that describe the intended use of the function. The Functionality parameter of <code>Get-Help</code> uses this value to filter the search results returned by <code>Get-Help</code>.</p>"},{"location":"languages/powershell/scripting.html#forwardhelptargetname","title":".FORWARDHELPTARGETNAME","text":"<p>Redirects to the help topic for the specified command. You can redirect users to any help topic, including help topics for a function, script, cmdlet, or provider.</p> PowerShell<pre><code># .FORWARDHELPTARGETNAME &lt;Command-Name&gt;\n</code></pre>"},{"location":"languages/powershell/scripting.html#forwardhelpcategory","title":".FORWARDHELPCATEGORY","text":"<p>Specifies the help category of the item in <code>.ForwardHelpTargetName</code>. Valid values are <code>Alias</code>, <code>Cmdlet</code>, <code>HelpFile</code>, <code>Function</code>, <code>Provider</code>, <code>General</code>, <code>FAQ</code>, <code>Glossary</code>, <code>ScriptCommand</code>, <code>ExternalScript</code>, <code>Filter</code>, or <code>All</code>. Use this keyword to avoid conflicts when there are commands with the same name.</p> PowerShell<pre><code># .FORWARDHELPCATEGORY &lt;Category&gt;\n</code></pre>"},{"location":"languages/powershell/scripting.html#remotehelprunspace","title":".REMOTEHELPRUNSPACE","text":"<p>Specifies a session that contains the help topic. Enter a variable that contains a PSSession object. This keyword is used by the Export-PSSession cmdlet to find the help topics for the exported commands.</p> PowerShell<pre><code># .REMOTEHELPRUNSPACE &lt;PSSession-variable&gt;\n</code></pre>"},{"location":"languages/powershell/scripting.html#externalhelp","title":".EXTERNALHELP","text":"<p>Specifies an XML-based help file for the script or function.</p> PowerShell<pre><code># .EXTERNALHELP &lt;XML Help File&gt;\n</code></pre> <p>The <code>.ExternalHelp</code> keyword is required when a function or script is documented in XML files. Without this keyword, <code>Get-Help</code> cannot find the XML-based help file for the function or script.</p> <p>The <code>.ExternalHelp</code> keyword takes precedence over other comment-based help keywords. If <code>.ExternalHelp</code> is present, <code>Get-Help</code> does not display comment-based help, even if it cannot find a help topic that matches the value of the <code>.ExternalHelp</code> keyword.</p> <p>If the function is exported by a module, set the value of the <code>.ExternalHelp</code> keyword to a filename without a path. <code>Get-Help</code> looks for the specified file name in a language-specific subdirectory of the module directory. There are no requirements for the name of the XML-based help file for a function, but a best practice is to use the following format:</p> PowerShell<pre><code>&lt;ScriptModule.psm1&gt;-help.xml\n</code></pre> <p>If the function is not included in a module, include a path to the XML-based help file. If the value includes a path and the path contains UI-culture-specific subdirectories, <code>Get-Help</code> searches the subdirectories recursively for an XML file with the name of the script or function in accordance with the language fallback standards established for Windows, just as it does in a module directory.</p> <p>For more information about the cmdlet help XML-based help file format, see How to Write Cmdlet Help in the MSDN library.</p>"},{"location":"languages/powershell/scripting.html#project-oriented-programming","title":"Project Oriented Programming","text":""},{"location":"languages/powershell/scripting.html#classes","title":"Classes","text":"PowerShell<pre><code>[class]::func()  # use function from a static class\n[class]::attribute  # access to static class attribute\n</code></pre>"},{"location":"languages/python/python.html","title":"Python Notes","text":""},{"location":"languages/python/python.html#basics","title":"Basics","text":""},{"location":"languages/python/python.html#naming-convention","title":"Naming Convention","text":"<p>Class -&gt; PascalCase Method, Function -&gt; snake_case Variable -&gt; snake_case</p> Python<pre><code># standard comment\n'''multiline comment'''\n\"\"\"DOCSTRING\"\"\"\n\nhelp(object.method) # return method explanation\ndir(object) # return an alphabetized list of names comprising (some of) the attributes of the given object\n\nimport sys # import module\nfrom sys import argv # import single item from a module\nfrom sys import * # import all elements of a module (no module syntax.method needed)\nimport sys as alias # import the module with an alias, I use alias.method\n\n# CHARACTER SET\nimport string\nstring.ascii_lowercase = 'abcdefghijklmnopqrstuvwxyz'\nstring.asci_uppercase = 'ABCDEFGHIJKLMNOPQRSTUVWXYZ'\nstring.asci_letters = 'abcdefghijklmnopqrstuvwxyzABCDEFGHIJKLMNOPQRSTUVWXYZ'\nstring.digits = '0123456789'\nstring.hexdigits = '0123456789abcdefABCDEF'\nstring.octdigits = '01234567'\nstring.punctuation\nstring.whitespace\n\n# SPECIAL CHARACTERS\n# (\\a, \\b, \\f, \\n, \\r, \\t, \\u, \\U, \\v, \\x, \\\\)\n</code></pre>"},{"location":"languages/python/python.html#assignment-operation","title":"Assignment Operation","text":"Python<pre><code>\"\"\"instructions to the right of = executed before instructions to the left of =\"\"\"\nvariable = expression # the type of the variable is dynamically decided by python based on the content\nvar_1, var_2 = value1, value2 # parallel assignment\nvar_1, var_2 = var_2, var_1 # swap values\n\n# conditional assignment\nx = a if condition else b\nx = a or b # If bool (a) returns False, then x is assigned the value of b\n# a series of OR expressions has the effect of returning the first item that evaluates True, or the last item (last item should be a literal).\n</code></pre>"},{"location":"languages/python/python.html#variable-type-conversion","title":"Variable Type Conversion","text":"<p><code>type(expression)</code></p>"},{"location":"languages/python/python.html#expression-assignment","title":"Expression Assignment","text":"Python<pre><code>(var: = expression) # assign an expression to a variable to avoid repeating the expression\n</code></pre>"},{"location":"languages/python/python.html#variable-comparison-vs-is","title":"Variable Comparison (<code>==</code> vs <code>is</code>)","text":"<p><code>==</code> compares the values \u200b\u200bof objects <code>is</code> compares the identities of objects</p>"},{"location":"languages/python/python.html#on-screen-output","title":"On Screen Output","text":"Python<pre><code>print() # print blank line and wrap\nprint('string' * n) # print string n times\nprint('string1 \\ n string2') # wrap with \\ n\nprint(variable) # print variable content\nprint('string', end = '') # print without wrapping\n\n# FORMATTING\nname = 'Alex'\nmarks = 94.5\nprint(name, marks)\nprint('Name is', name, '\\ nMarks are', marks)\n# expand the rest of the expression and write tense before = in output\nprint(f '{name =}, {marks =}') # OUTPUT: name = Alex, marks = 94.5\n\n# USE OF PLACEHOLDERS\nprint('Name is% s, Marks are% 3.2f'%(name, marks)) # method inherited from C. Variable is substituted for% ..\nprint(\"Name is {}, Marks are {}\". format(name, marks))\nprint(\"Name is {1}, Marks are {2}\". format(marks, name)) # indices in brackets sort elements in .format\nprint(\"Name is {n}, Marks are {m}\". format(m = '94 .5 ', n =' Alex ')) # indices in brackets sort elements in .format\nprint(f'Name is {name}, Marks are {marks} ') # formatting with f-strings\n</code></pre>"},{"location":"languages/python/python.html#format-specification-mini-language","title":"Format Specification Mini-Language","text":"<p><code>{value:width.precision symbol}</code></p> <p>Format: <code>[[fill]align] [sign] [#] [width] [grouping] [.precision] [type]</code></p> <code>[align]</code> Alignment <code>:&lt;</code> left alignment <code>:&gt;</code> right alignment <code>:=</code> padding after the mark <code>:^</code> centered <code>[sign]</code> NUMBER SIGNS <code>:+</code> sign for both positive and negative numbers <code>:-</code> sign only for negative numbers <code>:</code> space for num &gt; 0, '-' for num &lt; 0 <code>:#</code> alternative form:prefix integers type (0x, 0b, 0o), floats and complexes always have at least one decimal place <code>[grouping]</code> GROUPING <code>:,</code> use comma to separate thousands <code>:_</code> use underscore to separate thousands <code>[type]</code> OUTPUT TYPE <code>:s</code> output is string <code>:b</code> output is binary <code>:c</code> output is character <code>:d</code> output is a decimal integer (base 10) <code>:or</code> output is octal integer (base 8) <code>:x</code> output is hexadecimal integer (base 16) <code>:X</code> output is hexadecimal integer (base 16) with uppercase <code>:e</code> output is exponential notation (6-digit base precision) <code>:E</code> output is exponential notation (6-digit base precision) uppercase separator <code>:f</code> output is float (6-digit base precision) <code>:%</code> output is percentage (multiplies * 100, displays as:f)"},{"location":"languages/python/python.html#keyboard-input","title":"Keyboard Input","text":"Python<pre><code># input always returns a STRING\ns = input() # input request without message\ns = input('Prompt') # request input\ni = int(input('prompt')) # request input with type conversion\n\n# MULTIPLE INPUTS\nlist = [int(x) for x in input('prompt'). split('separator')]\n# save multiple inputs in a list(.split separates values \u200b\u200band defines separator\n</code></pre>"},{"location":"languages/python/python.html#numeric-types","title":"Numeric Types","text":"Python<pre><code>a = 77\nb = 1_000_000 # underscore can be used to separate groups of digits\nc = -69\n\n# float numbers\nx = 3.15\ny = 2.71\nz = 25.0\n\nd = 6 + 9j # complex number\n# returns a complex number starting with two reals\ncomplex(real, imag) # -&gt; complex #(real + imag * 1j)\n\ne = 0B1101 # BINARY TYPE(0B ...)\nf = 0xFF # EXADECIMAL TYPE(0X ...)\no = 0o77 # OCTAL TYPE\ng = True # BOOLEAN TYPE\n\n# VARIABLE TYPE CONVERSION\nh = int(y)\ni = float('22 .5 ')\n\n# NUMERIC BASIC CONVERSION\nbin(3616544)\nhex(589)\noct(265846)\n\n# UNICODE CONVERSION\nord(c) # Given a string representing one Unicode character, return an integer representing the Unicode code point of that character\nchr(i) # Return the string representing a character whose Unicode code point is the integer i\n\n\npow(x, y) # x ^ y\nabs(num) # returns absolute value of num(| num |)\nround(num, precision) # rounds number to given precision, does not convert float to int\n</code></pre>"},{"location":"languages/python/python.html#comparison-of-decimal-numbers","title":"Comparison of Decimal Numbers","text":"<p>Do not use <code>==</code> or <code>! =</code> To compare floating point numbers. They are approximations or have several digits. It is worth checking if the difference between the numbers is small enough.</p>"},{"location":"languages/python/python.html#strings","title":"Strings","text":"Python<pre><code>string = 'string content' # assignment and creation of string variable\nstring = '''multi\nline\nstring'''\n\nstring3 = string1 + string2 # string concatenation(operator polymorphism +)\n\n# INDEXING(selection of a character in the string)\nstring[0]\nstring[2]\nstring[-3] # selection starting from the bottom(negative index)\n\n# REPETITION (repeat string output)\nprint(string * n)\n\nlen(string) # show the length of a string\n\n# SLICING (extraction of sub-strings, does not include the position of the last index)\nstring[0: 5]\nstring[: 6]\nstring[-3: -1]\n\n# SLICING WITH STEP\nstring[0: 12: 3]\nstring[15 :: - 1]\nstring[:: - 1] # selection in reverse order (negative step)\n\n# STRIPPING (elimination of spaces before and after string)\nstring = 'stripping test'\nstring.strip()\nstring.lstrip() # only left spaces removed\nstring.rstrip() # only right spaces removed\nstring.removeprefix(prefix) # If the string starts with the prefix string, return string [len (prefix):]\nstring.removesuffix(suffix) # If the string ends with the suffix string and that suffix is \u200b\u200bnot empty, return string [: - len (suffix)]\n\n# SUBSTRING IDENTIFICATION\n#returns starting index of the substring or -1 if it is not present\nstring.find('substring', 0, len (string)) # you can specify the start and end index of the search\n\n# COUNT OF APPARITIONS\nstring.count('t')\n\n# REPLACEMENT\nstring.replace('multi', 'multiple')\n\n# UPPER CASE CONVERSION\nstring.upper()\nstring.lower()\nstring.title()\nstring.capitalize()\n\n# SEPARATION IN LIST ELEMENTS\nstring.split()\nstring.split('separator') # separate using separator (separator omitted in list)\nstring.partition('char') # -&gt; tuple # separates the string from the 3 parts at the first occurrence of separator\n\n# IS_CHECK METHODS -&gt; bool\nstring.isalnum()\nstring.isalpha()\nstring.islower()\nstring.isspace()\nstring.istitle()\nstring.isupper()\nstring.endswith('char')\n\n# JOIN INSTRUCTION()\n''.join(iterable) # merges all elements of the iterable into the new string\n\n# FORMATTING\nstring.center(width, 'char') # stretch the string with char to width\n'...\\t...'.expandtabs() # transform tabs into spaces\n</code></pre>"},{"location":"languages/python/python.html#lists","title":"Lists","text":"Python<pre><code>list = [9, 11, 'WTC', -5.6, True] # lists can contain data of different types\n\nlist[3] # indexing\nlist[3: 5] # slicing\nlist * 3 # repetition\nlen(list) # length\nlist3 = list1 + list2 # list concatenation (operator + polymorphism)\nlist[index] = value # modify list element\ndel (list [1]) # remove by index (INBUILT IN PYTHON)\n# modify the list between the start and stop indices by reassigning the elements of the iterable\nlist[start: stop] = iterable\n\n# LIST METHODS\nlist.append(object) # add object to background\nlist.count(item) # counts the number of occurrences of item\nlist.extend(sequence) # add sequence elements to the list\nlist.insert(position, object) # insert object in list [position]\nlist.index(item) # returns the index of item\nlist.remove(item) # remove item\npoplist(item) # delete item and return it\nlist.clear() # remove all elements\n\nlist.sort() # sorts in ascending order (in place)\nlist.sort(reverse = True) # sorts in descending order (in place)\nlist.reverse() # invert the string (in place)\n\n# CLONING\nlist1 = [...]\nlist2 = list1 # list2 points to the same object of list 1 (changes are shared)\nlist3 = list1 [:] # list3 is a clone of list1 (no shared changes)\n\n# NESTED LISTS (MATRICES)\nlist_1 = [1, 2, 3]\nlist_2 = [4, 5, 6]\nlist_3 = [7, 8, 9]\n\nmatrix = [list_1, list_2, list_3]\nmatrix [i][j] # identify element of list_i index j\n\n# MAXIMUM AND MINIMUM\nmax(list)\nmin(list)\n\n# ALL () &amp; ANY ()\nall(sequence) # returns TRUE if all elements of the sequence are true\nany(sequence) # returns TRUE if at least one element of the sequence has the value True\n\n# MAP INSTRUCTION\n# apply function to iterable and create new list (map object)\n# function can be lambda\nmap(function, iterable) # -&gt; map object\n\n# FILTER INSTRUCTION ()\n# create a new list composed of the iterable elements for which the function returns TRUE\nfilter(function, iterable) # -&gt; filter object\n\n# ZIP INSTRUCTION ()\n# create a tuple generator by joining two or more iterables\n# [(seq_1 [0], seq_2 [0], ...), (seq_1 [1], seq_2 [1], ...), ...]\n# truncate the sequence to the length of the shortest input sequence\nzip(seq_1, seq_2, ...) # -&gt; zip object (tuple generator)\n\n# LIST COMPREHENSIONS\nvar = [expression for element in sequence if condition] # create list from pre-existing list (instead of map, filter, reduce) applying any manipulations\n# expression can be lambda, if is optional\nvar = [expression if condition else statement for element in sequence] # list comprehension with IF-ELSE\nvar = [expression_1 for element in [expression_2 for element in sequence]] # nested list comprehension\nvar = [(exp_1, exp_2) for item_1 in seq_1 for item_2 in seq_2] # -&gt; [(..., ...), (..., ...), ...]\n</code></pre>"},{"location":"languages/python/python.html#tuple","title":"Tuple","text":"Python<pre><code># TUPLES CANNOT BE MODIFIED\ntuple = (69, 420, 69, 'abc') # tuple assignment\ntuple = (44,) # single element tuples need a comma\n\ntuple[3] # indexing\ntuple * 3 # repetition\ntuple.count(69) # counting\ntuple.index(420) # find index\nlen(tuple) # length tuple\n\n# CONVERSION FROM TUPLE TO LIST\ntuple = tuple(list)\n\n# TUPLE UNPACKING\ntup = (item_1, item_2, etc)\nvar_1, var_2, etc = tup\n# var_1 = item_1, var_2 = item_2, ...\n\ntup = (item_1, (item_2, item_3))\nvar_1, (var_2, var_3) = tup\n# var_1 = item_1, var_2 = item_2, var_3 = item_3\n\n#OPERATOR * VAR (tuple unpacking)\nvar_1, var_2, * rest = sequence # var_1 = seq [0], var_2 = seq [1], rest = seq [2:]\nvar_1, * body, var_2, var_3 = sequence # var_1 = seq [0], body = seq [1: -2], var_2 = sequence [-2], var_3 = seq [-1]\n# * var retrieves the excess items, if in parallel assignment usable max once but in any position\n</code></pre>"},{"location":"languages/python/python.html#set","title":"Set","text":"Python<pre><code># SETS MAY NOT CONTAIN REPEATED ELEMENTS (THEY ARE OMITTED)\n# THE ORDER DOES NOT MATTER (NO SLICING, INDEXING, REPETITION, ...)\nset = {10, 20, 30, 'abc', 20}\nlen(set) # length set\nset() # create empty set ({} create empty dictionary)\n# FREEZING SETS (no longer editable)\nfset = frozenset(set)\n\n# OPERATORS\nset_1 - set_2 # elements in set_1 but not in set_2\nset_1 | set_2 # elements in set_1 or set_2\nset_1 &amp; set_2 # elements in set_1 and set_2\nset_1 ^ set_1 # elements in either set_1 or set_2\nset_1 &lt;= set_2 # elements set_1 also in set_2\nset_1 &lt; set_2 # set_1 &lt;= set_2 and set_1! = set_2\nset_1 &gt;= set_2 # elements set_2 also in set_1\nset_1 &gt; set_2 # set_1&gt; = set_2 and set_1! = set_2\n\n# METHODS SET\nset.pop(item) # remove and return item\nset.add(item) # add item to set\n\nset.copy() # -&gt; set # returns a copy of the set\nset.clear() # remove all elements from the set\nset.remove(item) # remove item from set if present, otherwise raise KeyError\nset.discard(item) # remove item from set if present, otherwise do nothing\nset.difference(* sets) # -&gt; set # returns elements in set that are absent in * sets\nset.difference_update(* sets) # remove differences from set_2\nset.union(* sets) # -&gt; set # returns all elements of sets\nset.update(* sets) # add * sets elements to set\nset.intersection(* sets) # -&gt; set # returns the elements common to sets\nset.intersection_update(* sets) # remove all elements except those common to sets\nset.symmetric_difference(* sets) # -&gt; set # returns elements not common to sets\nset.symmetric_difference_update(* sets) # remove all elements common to sets (leave only uncommon elements)\n\nset_1.isdisjoint(set_2) # -&gt; bool # True if there are no common elements (intersection is empty)\nset_1.issubset(set_2) # -&gt; bool # True if every element of set_1 is also in set_2\nset_1.issuperset(set_2) # -&gt; bool # True if every element of set_2 is also in set_1\n\n# SET COMPREHENSIONS\nvar = {expression for element in sequence if condition}\n\n# SLICE OBJECT\n# [start: stop: step] -&gt; slice object (start, stop, step)\nvar_1 = slice(start, stop, step) # assignment to variable\nvar_2[var_1] # same as var_2 [start: stop: step]\n\n# ELLIPSIS OBJECT\nvar[i, ...] # -&gt; shortcut for var [i,:,:,:,]\n# used for multidimensional slices (NumPy, ...)\n</code></pre>"},{"location":"languages/python/python.html#bytes-e-bytearray","title":"Bytes e Bytearray","text":"Python<pre><code># THE BYTES CANNOT BE MODIFIED OR INDEXED\n# THE BYTEARRAYS CAN BE MODIFIED AND INDEXED\n# YOU CANNOT DO REPETITION AND SLICING ON BYTE OR BYTEARRAY\n\nb = bytes(list)\nba = bytearray(list)\n\n# item of bytes and bytearray is always integer between 0 and 255\n# slice of bytes and bytearray is binary sequence (even if len = 1)\n\n# BYTES AND BYTEARRAY METHODS\nbytes.fromhex(pair_hex_digits) # -&gt; byte literal\nb'bite_literal'.hex() # -&gt; str # returns a string containing hex digit pairs\nbytearray.fromhex(pair_hex_digits) # -&gt; byte literal\nbytes.count(subseq, start, end) # returns subseq appearance count between start and end positions\nbytearray.count(subseq, start, end) # returns subseq appearance count between start and end positions\n</code></pre>"},{"location":"languages/python/python.html#encoding-decoding-unicode","title":"Encoding-Decoding &amp; Unicode","text":"<p>Unicode Literals:</p> <ul> <li><code>\\u0041</code> \u2192 'A'</li> <li><code>\\U00000041</code> \u2192 'A'</li> <li><code>\\x41</code> \u2192 'A'</li> </ul> Python<pre><code># ENCODING\n# transform string into literal byte\n# UnicodeEncodeError on error\n# errors = ignore -&gt; skip error-causing characters\n# errors = replace -&gt; replace? to characters causing error\n# errors = xmlcharrefreplace -&gt; substitutes XML entities for error-causing characters\nstring.encode('utf-8', errors = 'replace') # -&gt; b'byte literals'\n\n# BOM (BYTE ORDER MARK)\n# byte literal given to indicate byte ordering (little-endian vs big-endian)\n# in little-endian the least significant bytes come first (e.g. U + 0045 -&gt; DEC 069 -&gt; encoded as 69 and 0)\n# U + FEFF (ZERO WIDTH NO-BREAK SPACE) -&gt; b '\\ xff \\ xfe' indicates little-endian\n\n# DECODING\n# transform byte literal to string\n# error = 'replace' replaces errors (byte literals not belonging to decoding format) with U + FFFD \"REPLACEMENT CHARACTER\"\nbytes.decode ('utf-8', errors = 'replace') # -&gt; str\n\n# UNICODE NORMALIZATION\n# handling canonical unicode equivalents (e.g. \u00e9, and \\ u0301 are equivalent for unicode)\nunicodedata.normalize(form, unicode_string) # FORM: NFC, NFD, NFCK, NFDK\n# NFC -&gt; \"Normalization Form C\" -&gt; produces the shortest equivalent string\n# NFD -&gt; \"Normalization Form D\" -&gt; produces the longest equivalent string\n\n# CASE FOLDING UNICODE\n# transform to lowercase with some differences (116 differences, 0.11% of Unicode 6.3)\nstring.casefold()\n\n# USEFUL FUNCTIONS FOR NORMALIZED EQUIVALENCE (Source: Fluent Python p. 121, Luciano Ramalho)\nfrom unicodedata import normalize\n\ndef nfc_eual(str_1, str_2):\n    return (normalize('NFC', str1) == normalize('NFC', str2))\ndef fold_equal (str_1, str_2):\n    return (normalize('NFC', str_1).casefold() ==\n            normalize('NFC', st_2).casefold())\n</code></pre>"},{"location":"languages/python/python.html#memoryview","title":"Memoryview","text":"Python<pre><code># memoryview objects allow python to access the data inside the object\n# without copy if it supports the buffer protocol\nv = memoryview(object) # create a memoryview with reference to object\n# slice of memoryview produces new memoryview\n\n# MEMORYVIEW METHODS\nv.tobytes() # return data as bytestring, equivalent to bytes (v)\nv.hex() # returns string containing two hex digits for each byte in the buffer\nv.tolist() # returns the data in the buffer as a list of elements\nv.toreadonly()\nv.release() # release the buffer below\nv.cast(format, shape) # change the format or shape of the memoryview\nsee object # object of the memoryview\nv.format # format of the memoryview\nv.itemsize # size in bytes of each element of the memoryview\nv.ndim # integer indicating the size of the multidimensional array represented\nv.shape # tuple of integers indicating the shape of the memoryview\n</code></pre> Format String C Type Python Type Standard Size <code>x</code> <code>pad byte</code> <code>no value</code> <code>c</code> <code>char</code> <code>bytes</code> <code>1</code> <code>b</code> <code>signed char</code> <code>integer</code> <code>1</code> <code>B</code> <code>unsigned char</code> <code>integer</code> <code>1</code> <code>?</code> <code>_Bool</code> <code>bool</code> <code>1</code> <code>h</code> <code>short</code> <code>integer</code> <code>2</code> <code>H</code> <code>unsigned short</code> <code>integer</code> <code>2</code> <code>i</code> <code>int</code> <code>integer</code> <code>4</code> <code>I</code> <code>unsigned int</code> <code>integer</code> <code>4</code> <code>l</code> <code>long</code> <code>integer</code> <code>4</code> <code>L</code> <code>unsigned long</code> <code>integer</code> <code>4</code> <code>q</code> <code>long long</code> <code>integer</code> <code>8</code> <code>Q</code> <code>unsigned long long</code> <code>integer</code> <code>8</code> <code>n</code> <code>ssize_t</code> <code>integer</code> <code>N</code> <code>size_t</code> <code>integer</code> <code>f</code> <code>float</code> <code>float</code> <code>4</code> <code>F</code> <code>double</code> <code>float</code> <code>8</code> <code>s</code> <code>char[]</code> <code>bytes</code> <code>P</code> <code>char[]</code> <code>bytes</code>"},{"location":"languages/python/python.html#dictionaries","title":"Dictionaries","text":"Python<pre><code># SET OF KEY-VALUE PAIRS\nd = {1: 'Alex', 2: 'Bob', 3: 'Carl'}\nd = dict (one = 'Alex', two = 'Bob', three = 'Carl')\nd = dict (zip ([1,2,3], ['Alex', 'Bob', 'Carl']))\nd = dict ([(1, 'Alex'), (2, 'Bob'), (3, 'Carl')])\n\nd[key] # returns value associated with key\nd[4] = 'Dan' # add or change element\nlist(d) # returns a list of all elements\nlen(d) # returns the number of elements\ndel(d[2]) # delete element\n\n# DICTIONARY METHODS\nd.clear() # remove all elements\nd.copy() # shallow copy of the dictionary\nd.get(key) # returns the value associated with key\nd.items() # return key-value pairs (view object)\nd.keys() # return dictionary keys (view object)\nd.values\u200b\u200b() # returns dictionary values \u200b\u200b(view object)\nd.pop(key) # remove and return the value associated with key\nd.popitem() # remove and return the last key-value pair\nd.setdefault(key, default) # if the key is present in the dictionary it returns it, otherwise it inserts it with the default value and returns default\n\nd.update(iterable) # add or modify dictionary elements, argument must be key-value pair\n\n# DICT UNION\nd = {'spam': 1, 'eggs': 2, 'cheese': 3}\ne = {'cheese': 'cheddar', 'aardvark': 'Ethel'}\n\nd | e # {'spam': 1, 'eggs': 2, 'cheese': 'cheddar', 'aardvark': 'Ethel'}\ne | d # {'aardvark': 'Ethel', 'spam': 1, 'eggs': 2, 'cheese': 3}\nd |= e # {'spam': 1, 'eggs': 2, 'cheese': 'cheddar', 'aardvark': 'Ethel'}\n\n# NESTED DICTIONARIES (it is possible to nest dictionaries within dictionaries)\nmy_dict = {'key_1': 123, 'key_2': [12, 23, 33], 'key_3': ['item_0', 'item_1', 'item_2']}\nmy_dict ['key'][0] # returns nested element\n\n# DICT COMPREHENSIONS\nvar = {key: value for element in sequence}\n</code></pre>"},{"location":"languages/python/python.html#operators","title":"Operators","text":""},{"location":"languages/python/python.html#mathematical-operators","title":"Mathematical Operators","text":"Operator Operation x <code>+</code> y addition, string concatenation x <code>-</code> y subtraction x <code>*</code> y multiplication x <code>*+</code> y exponentiation x <code>/</code> y division (result always float) x <code>//</code> y integer division x <code>%</code> y modulo, remainder"},{"location":"languages/python/python.html#relational-operators","title":"Relational Operators","text":"Operator Operation x <code>&lt;</code> y less than x <code>&lt;=</code> y less or equal to x <code>&gt;</code> y greater than x <code>&gt;=</code> y greater or equal to x <code>==</code> y equality x <code>!=</code> y inequality"},{"location":"languages/python/python.html#assignment","title":"Assignment","text":"Operator Operation x <code>+=</code> y x = x + y x <code>-=</code> y x = x - y x <code>*=</code> y x = x * y x <code>/=</code> y x = x / y x <code>//=</code> y x = x // y x <code>%=</code> y x = x % y x <code>&lt;&lt;=</code> y x = x &lt;&lt; y x <code>&gt;&gt;=</code> y x = x &gt;&gt; y x <code>&amp;=</code> y x = x &amp; y x <code>| =</code> y x = x x <code>^=</code> y x = x ^ y"},{"location":"languages/python/python.html#bitwise-operators","title":"Bitwise Operators","text":"Operator Operation <code>~</code>x bitwise NOT x <code>&amp;</code> y bitwise AND x <code>^</code> y bitwise XOR x <code>|</code> y bitwise OR x <code>&lt;&lt;</code> y left bit shift x <code>&gt;&gt;</code> y right bit shift"},{"location":"languages/python/python.html#logical-operators","title":"Logical Operators","text":"Operator Operation <code>and</code> logical AND <code>or</code> logical OR <code>not</code> logical NOT"},{"location":"languages/python/python.html#identity-operators","title":"Identity Operators","text":"Operator Operation <code>is</code> reference equality <code>is not</code> reference inequality"},{"location":"languages/python/python.html#membership-operators","title":"Membership Operators","text":"Operator Operation <code>in</code> item in collection <code>not in</code> item not in collection"},{"location":"languages/python/python.html#operator-precedence","title":"OPerator Precedence","text":"<ol> <li>assignment operators <code>+=</code>, <code>-=</code>, <code>*=</code>, <code>/=</code>, <code>%=</code>, <code>**=</code>, <code>//=</code></li> <li>binary arithmetic operators <code>*</code>, <code>/</code>, <code>%</code>, <code>//</code> (floor division)</li> <li>binary arithmetic operators <code>+</code>, <code>-</code></li> <li>boolean operators <code>&lt;</code>, <code>&gt;</code>, <code>&lt;=</code>, <code>&gt;=</code></li> <li>boolean operators <code>==</code>, <code>!=</code></li> <li>boolean operator <code>and</code></li> <li>boolean operator <code>or</code></li> <li>boolean operator <code>not</code></li> </ol>"},{"location":"languages/python/python.html#conditional-statements","title":"Conditional Statements","text":"<p>Any object can be tested for truth value for use in an if or while condition or as operand of the Boolean operations.</p> <p>built-in objects considered false:</p> <ul> <li>constants defined to be false: <code>None</code> and <code>False</code>.</li> <li>zero of any numeric type: <code>0</code>, <code>0.0</code>, <code>0j</code>, <code>Decimal(0)</code>, <code>Fraction(0, 1)</code></li> <li>empty sequences and collections: <code>''</code>, <code>()</code>, <code>[]</code>, <code>{}</code>, <code>set()</code>, <code>range(0)</code></li> </ul>"},{"location":"languages/python/python.html#if-else","title":"<code>if-else</code>","text":"Python<pre><code>if (condition):\n    # code here\nelif (condition):\n    # code here\nelse:\n    # code here\n</code></pre>"},{"location":"languages/python/python.html#context-manager","title":"Context Manager","text":"Python<pre><code>with resource as target:\n     # code here\n\n# start context manager and bind resource returned by method to target using as operator\ncontextmanager.__enter__(self)\n\n# exit runtime context\n# returns exc_type, exc_value, traceback\ncontextmanager.__exit__(self, exc_type, exc_value, traceback)\n# exc_type: exception class\n# exc_value: exception instance\n# traceback: traceback object\n# NO EXCEPTION -&gt; returns None, None, None\n# SUPPRESSION EXCEPTION: Must return True value\n</code></pre>"},{"location":"languages/python/python.html#loops","title":"Loops","text":""},{"location":"languages/python/python.html#while","title":"<code>while</code>","text":"Python<pre><code>while(condition):\n     # code here\nelse:\n     # executed only if condition becomes False\n     # break, continue, return in block while do not perform else block\n     # code here\n</code></pre>"},{"location":"languages/python/python.html#for","title":"<code>for</code>","text":"Python<pre><code>for index in sequence: # sequence can be a list, set, tuple, etc ..\n     # code here\nelse:\n     # executed only if for reaches the end of the loop\n     # break, continue, return in block for do not perform else block\n     # code here\n\nfor index in range (start, end, step):\n     # code here\n\nfor key, value in dict.items ():\n     # code here\n</code></pre>"},{"location":"languages/python/python.html#break-continue","title":"<code>break</code> &amp; <code>continue</code>","text":"<p><code>break</code>: causes the loop to exit immediately without executing subsequent iterations <code>continue</code>: skip the remaining iteration statements and continue the loop</p>"},{"location":"languages/python/python.html#range","title":"<code>range</code>","text":"Python<pre><code>range(start, end, step) # generate sequence num integers (does not include num stops) with possible step\nlist(range(start, end, step)) # return sequence of integers in a list\n</code></pre>"},{"location":"languages/python/python.html#enumerate","title":"<code>enumerate</code>","text":"Python<pre><code>enumerate(iterable) # iterable of item &amp; index pairs\nlist(enumerate(iterable)) # returns list of tuples [(1, iterable [0]), (2, iterable [1]), (3, iterable [2])]\n</code></pre>"},{"location":"languages/python/python.html#zip","title":"<code>zip</code>","text":"Python<pre><code>list_1 = [1, 2, 3, 4, 5]\nlist_2 = ['a', 'b', 'c', 'd', 'e']\n\nzip(list_1, list_2) # return zip object\nlist(zip(list_1, list_2)) # returns list of tuples by merging list [(list_1 [0], list_2 [0]), (list_1 [1], list_2 [1]), ...]\n</code></pre>"},{"location":"languages/python/python.html#shuffle-randint","title":"<code>shuffle</code> &amp; <code>randint</code>","text":"Python<pre><code>from random import shuffle, randint\nshuffle(iterable) # shuffle the list\nrandint(start, end) # returns a random integer between start and end\n</code></pre>"},{"location":"languages/python/python.html#in","title":"<code>in</code>","text":"Python<pre><code>item in iterable # check for the presence of item in iterable (returns True or False)\n</code></pre>"},{"location":"languages/python/python.html#functions","title":"Functions","text":""},{"location":"languages/python/python.html#function-definition","title":"Function Definition","text":"Python<pre><code>def function_name (parameters):\n     \"\" \"DOCSTRING\" \"\"\n     # code here\n     return expression # if return id missing the function returns None\n</code></pre>"},{"location":"languages/python/python.html#specify-type-parameters-in-functions","title":"Specify Type Parameters In Functions","text":"<ul> <li>parameters before <code>/</code> can only be positional</li> <li>parameters between <code>/</code> and <code>*</code> can be positional or keyworded</li> <li>parameters after <code>*</code> can only be keyworded</li> </ul> Python<pre><code>def func (a, b, /, c, d, *, e, f):\n     # code here\n</code></pre>"},{"location":"languages/python/python.html#docstring-style","title":"Docstring Style","text":"Python<pre><code>\"\"\"function description\n\nArgs:\n     argument: Type - description of the parameter\n\nReturns:\n     Type - description of &lt;expr&gt;\n\nRaises:\n     Exception: Cause of the exception\n\"\"\"\n</code></pre>"},{"location":"languages/python/python.html#args-kwargs","title":"args *kwargs","text":"<p><code>*args</code> allows the function to accept a variable number of parameters (parameters stored in a tuple) <code>**kwargs</code> allows the function to accept a variable number of key-value parameters (parameters stored in a dictionary)</p> <p>When used in combination <code>*args</code> always goes before<code>**kwargs</code> (in def function and in function call)</p> Python<pre><code>def func(*args, **kwargs):\n    # code here\n</code></pre>"},{"location":"languages/python/python.html#function-with-default-parameters","title":"Function with default parameters","text":"Python<pre><code>def function(parameter1 = value1, parameter2 = value3): # default values in case of omitted use of arguments in the call\n     # code here\n     return expression\n\nfunction(parameter2 = value2, parameter1 = value1) # arguments passed with keyword to enforce the order of reference\n</code></pre>"},{"location":"languages/python/python.html#global-and-local-variables","title":"Global And Local Variables","text":"Python<pre><code># global scope\n\ndef external_func():\n     # enclosing local scope\n\n     def internal_func():\n         # local scope\n</code></pre> <p>LEGB Rule:</p> <ul> <li>L - Local: Names assigned in any way within a function (<code>def</code> or <code>lambda</code>), and not declared global in that function.</li> <li>E - Enclosing function locals: Names in the local scope of any and all enclosing functions (<code>def</code> or <code>lambda</code>), from inner to outer.</li> <li>G - Global (module): Names assigned at the top-level of a module file, or declared global in a def within the file.</li> <li>B - Built-in (Python): Names preassigned in the built-in names module : <code>open</code>, <code>range</code>, <code>SyntaxError</code>,...</li> </ul> <p><code>Note</code>: variables declared inside a function are not usable outside</p> Python<pre><code>def function():\n     # global statement makes a variable global\n     # actions on global variable within the function also have an effect outside\n\n     global variable\n</code></pre>"},{"location":"languages/python/python.html#iterables-iterators-generators","title":"Iterables, Iterators &amp; Generators","text":"<p>Iterable: object implementing <code>__iter __()</code>, sequences and objects supporting <code>__getitem__</code> with index <code>0</code></p> <p>Iterator: object implementing <code>__next__</code> and <code>__iter__</code> (iterator protocol), when entirely consumed by <code>next()</code> it becomes unusable. Returns <code>StopIteration</code> when <code>next()</code> has returned all elements.</p> <p>Generator Function: function with keyword <code>yield</code> (if present also <code>return</code> causes <code>StopIteration</code>), returns a generator that produces the values \u200b\u200bone at a time.</p> <p>Generator Factory: generator returning function (may not contain <code>yield</code>).</p> <p>Operation <code>iter()</code>:</p> <ul> <li>calls <code>__iter__()</code></li> <li>in the absence of it python uses <code>__getitem__()</code> (if present) to create an iterator that tries to retrieve the items in order, starting from the index <code>0</code></li> <li>on failure it returns <code>TypeError</code></li> </ul> <p>Note: <code>abc.Iterable</code> does not check for the presence of <code>__getitem__</code> to decide if a sub-object is a member therefore the best test for iterability is to use <code>iter()</code> and handle exceptions.</p>"},{"location":"languages/python/python.html#next-iter","title":"<code>next()</code> &amp; <code>iter()</code>","text":"Python<pre><code>next(iterable) # next item of the iterable or error StopIteration\n\niter(object) # get an iterator from an object\n# call callable_onj.next () with no arguments as long as it returns non-sentinel values\n\niter(callable_obj, sentinel)\n</code></pre>"},{"location":"languages/python/python.html#customs-generators","title":"Customs Generators","text":"<p>Used to generate a sequence of values to be used once (they are not stored)</p> Python<pre><code>def custom_generator(parameters):\n     while condition: # or for loop\n         yield variable # returns the value without terminating the function, values passed to the caller without storing in a variable\n\n# generator implementation\nfor item in custom_generator(parameters):\n     # code here\n</code></pre>"},{"location":"languages/python/python.html#termination-generator-and-exception-handling","title":"Termination Generator And Exception Handling","text":"Python<pre><code># raise exception at the suspension point and return generator value\n# if the generator terminates without returning values it raises StopIteration\n# if an exception is not handled it is propagated to the caller\ngenerator.throw(ExceptionType, exception_value, traceback)\n\n# raises GeneratorExit to the point of suspension\n# if generator returns a value -&gt; RuntimeError\n# if an exception is raised it propagates to the caller\ngenerator.close()\n</code></pre>"},{"location":"languages/python/python.html#generator-comprehensions","title":"Generator Comprehensions","text":"Python<pre><code># zero-length sequence (instantaneously generated values)\nvar = (for expression iterable in sequence if condition)\n# EDUCATION ENUMERATE ()\n# returns a list of tuples associating a position index to each element of the sequence\n# [(0, sequence [0]), (1, sequence [1]), (2, sequence [2]), ...)\nenumerate(sequence) # -&gt; enumerate object\n</code></pre>"},{"location":"languages/python/python.html#coroutines","title":"Coroutines","text":"Python<pre><code>def simple_coroutine():\n    \"\"\"coroutine defined as a generator: yield in block\"\"\"\n\n    # yield in expression to receive data\n    # returns None (no variables on the right of yield)\n    var = yield value # returns value and then suspends coroutine waiting for input\n    # instructions to the right of = executed before instructions to the left of =\n\ngen_obj = simple_coroutine() # returns generator object\nnext(gen_obj) # start coroutine (PRIMING)\ngen_obj.send(None) # start coroutine (PRIMING)\ngen_obj.send(value) # send value to the coroutine (only possible in suspended state)\n\n# STATES OF COROUTINE\ninspect.generatorstate() # returns the status of the coroutine\n# GEN_CREATED: waiting to start execution\n# GEN_RUNNING: currently run by the interpreter (visible if multithreaded)\n# GEN_SUSPENDED: currently suspended by yield statement\n# GEN_CLOSED: execution completed successfully\n\n# COROUTINE PRIMING\nfrom functools import wraps\n\ndef coroutine(func):\n    \"Decorator: primes 'func' by advancing to first 'yield'\"\n\n    @wraps(func)\n    def primer(*args, **kwargs):\n        gen = func(*args, **kwargs)\n        next(gen)\n        return gen\n    return primer\n\n# COROUTINE TERMINATION AND EXCEPTION HANDLING\n# exceptions in unhandled coroutines propagate to subsequent iterations\n# an exception causes the coroutine to terminate which it cannot resume\n\n# yield raises exception, if handled loop continues\n# throw() returns value of the generator\ncoroutine.throw(exc_type, exc_value, traceback)\n\n# yield raises GeneratorExit to the suspension point\n# if the generator yields a value -&gt; RuntimeError\n# if there are other exceptions they are propagated to the caller\ncoroutine.close()\n# coroutine state becomes GEN_CLOSED\n</code></pre>"},{"location":"languages/python/python.html#yield-from-iterabile","title":"<code>yield from &lt;iterabile&gt;</code>","text":"<p>Note: auto-priming generators incompatible with <code>yield from</code></p> <p>DELEGATING GENERATOR: generator function containing <code>yield from</code> SUBGENERATOR: generator obtained from <code>yield from</code> CALLER-CLIENT: code calling delegating generator</p> <p>The main function of <code>yield from</code> is to open a bidirectional channel between the external caller (client) and the internal subgenerator so that values and exceptions can pass between the two.</p> <ol> <li>client calls delegating generator, delegating generator calls subgenerator</li> <li>exhausted subgenerator returns value to <code>yield from &lt;expr&gt;</code> (<code>return &lt;result&gt;</code> statement)</li> <li> <p>delegating generator returns <code>&lt;expr&gt;</code> to client</p> </li> <li> <p>Any values that the subgenerator yields are passed directly to the caller of the delegating generator (i.e., the client code).</p> </li> <li> <p>Any values sent to the delegating generator using <code>send()</code> are passed directly to the subgenerator.</p> </li> <li>If the sent value is <code>None</code>, the subgenerator's <code>__next__()</code> method is called.</li> <li>If the sent value is not <code>None</code>, the subgenerator's <code>send()</code> method is called.</li> <li>If the call raises <code>StopIteration</code>, the delegating generator is resumed.</li> <li> <p>Any other exception is propagated to the delegating generator.</p> </li> <li> <p><code>return &lt;expr&gt;</code> in a generator (or subgenerator) causes <code>StopIteration(&lt;expr&gt;)</code> to be raised upon exit from the generator.</p> </li> <li> <p>The value of the <code>yield from</code> expression is the first argument to the <code>StopIteration</code> exception raised by the subgenerator when it terminates.</p> </li> <li> <p>Exceptions other than <code>GeneratorExit</code> thrown into the delegating generator are passed to the <code>throw()</code> method of the subgenerator.</p> </li> <li>If the call raises <code>StopIteration</code>, the delegating generator is resumed.</li> <li> <p>Any other exception is propagated to the delegating generator.</p> </li> <li> <p>If a <code>GeneratorExit</code> exception is thrown into the delegating generator, or the <code>close()</code> method of the delegating generator is called, then the <code>close()</code> method of the subgenerator is called if it has one.</p> </li> <li>If this call results in an exception, it is propagated to the delegating generator.</li> <li>Otherwise, <code>GeneratorExit</code> is raised in the delegating generator</li> </ol> Python<pre><code>def sub_gen():\n     sent_input = yield\n     # result of sub_gen() returned to delegating_gen()\n     # result of yield from &lt;expr&gt;\n\n     return result\n\ndef delegating_gen(var):\n     var = yield from sub_gen() # get values from sub_gen\n\ndef client():\n     result = delegating_gen() # use delegating_gen\n     result.send(None) # terminate sub_gen instance (IMPORTANT)\n</code></pre>"},{"location":"languages/python/python.html#lambda-functions","title":"LAMBDA Functions","text":"<p>Possible use within functions. Useful for replacing functions if the logic is simple.</p> Python<pre><code>var = lambda argument_list: &lt;expression&gt;\n</code></pre>"},{"location":"languages/python/python.html#object-oriented-programming","title":"Object Oriented Programming","text":""},{"location":"languages/python/python.html#class-definition","title":"Class Definition","text":"Python<pre><code>class Class:\n\n    static_var = expression\n\n    def __init__(self, value_1, value_2): # parameterized default constructor\n        self.variable = value_1 # create instance variables\n        self.__private = value_2 # private, accessed via NAME MANGLING\n\n    def method(self, parameters):\n        ...\n\n    @staticmethod\n    def static_method(parameters): # static methods do not affect instance variables (SELF not needed)\n        ...\n\n    @classmethod # method acting on the class and not on the object (useful for alternative constructors)\n    def class_method(cls, parameters):\n        ...\n\n    object = Class(parameters) # creation of an object\n    object.variable = expression # edit public variable\n    object.method(parameters) # invocation method of instance\n    object._Class__private # access to variable specifying the membership class (NAME MANGLING)\n    Class.method(parameters) # static method invocation\n</code></pre>"},{"location":"languages/python/python.html#setter-getter-with-property","title":"Setter &amp; Getter with <code>@Property</code>","text":"Python<pre><code>class Class:\n     def __init__(self, parameter):\n         self.__parameter = parameter\n\n     @property # getter\n     def parameter(self):\n         return self.__parameter\n\n     @&lt;parameter&gt;.setter\n     def parameter(self, value):\n         self.__parameter = value\n</code></pre>"},{"location":"languages/python/python.html#__slots__","title":"<code>__slots__</code>","text":"<p>The <code>__slots__</code> attribute implements the Flyweight Design Pattern: it saves the instance attributes in a tuple and can be used to decrease the cost in memory by inserting only the instance variables into it (suppress the instance dictionary).</p> <p>Default: attributes saved in a dictionary (<code>object .__ dict__</code>) Usage: <code>__slots_ = [attributes]</code></p> <p><code>__slots__</code> is not inherited by subclasses, it prevents dynamically adding attributes.</p>"},{"location":"languages/python/python.html#inner-classes","title":"Inner Classes","text":"Python<pre><code>class Class:\n     def __init__(self, parameters):\n         ...\n\n     class InnerClass:\n         def __init__(self, parameters):\n             ...\n\n         def method(self):\n             ...\n\nobject_1 = Class(arguments) # create 'external' class\nobject_2 = Class.InnerClass(arguments) # inner class created as object of the 'external' class\n</code></pre>"},{"location":"languages/python/python.html#special-methods","title":"Special Methods","text":"<p>Special methods are defined by the use of double underscores; they allow the use of specific functions (possibly adapted) on the objects defined by the class.</p> Python<pre><code>class Class():\n\n     def __init__(self, parameters):\n         instructions\n\n     # used by str() and print() method\n     # handle requests for impersonation as a string\n     def __str__ (self):\n         return expression # return required\n\n     def __len__ (self):\n         return expression # must return as len requires a length / size\n\n     def __del__ (self): # delete the class instance\n         instruction # any instructions that occur on deletion\n\nobject = Class()\nlen(object) # special function applied to an object\ndel object # delete object\n</code></pre>"},{"location":"languages/python/python.html#special-methods-list","title":"Special Methods List","text":"<p>Note: if the operator cannot be applied, returns <code>NotImplemented</code></p> Python<pre><code># arithmetic operators\n__add__(self, other)         # +\n__sub__(self, other)         # -\n__mul__(self, other)         # *\n__matmul__(self, other)      # (@) matrix multiplication\n__truediv__(self, other)     # /\n__floordiv__(self, other)  # //\n__mod__(self, other)         # %\n__divmod__(self, other)      # divmod()\n__pow__(self, other)         # **, pow()\n__lshift__(self, other)      # &lt;&lt;\n__rshift__(self, other)      # &gt;&gt;\n__and__(self, other)         # &amp;\n__xor__(self, other)         # ^\n__or__(self, other)          # |\n\n# reflex arithmetic operators\n# if self.__ dunder __(other) fails, other.__ dunder__(self) is called\n__radd__(self, other)         # reverse +\n__rsub__(self, other)         # reverse -\n__rmul__(self, other)         # reverse *\n__rmatmul__(self, other)      # reverse @\n__rtruediv__(self, other)     # reverse /\n__rfloordiv__(self, other)    # reverse //\n__rmod__(self, other)         # reverse %\n__rdivmod__(self, other)      # reverse divmod()\n__rpow__(self, other)         # reverse **, pow()\n__rlshift__(self, other)      # reverse &lt;&lt;\n__rrshift__(self, other)      # reverse &gt;&gt;\n__rand__(self, other)         # reverse &amp;\n__rxor__(self, other)         # reverse ^\n__ror__(self, other)          # reverse |\n\n# in-place arithmetic operators\n# base implementation (built-in) like self = self &lt;operator&gt; other\n#! not to be implemented for immutable objects!\n#! in-place operators return self!\n__iadd__(self, other)         # +=\n__isub__(self, other)         # -=\n__imul__(self, other)         # *=\n__imatmul__(self, other)      # @=\n__itruediv__(self, other)     # /=\n__ifloordiv__(self, other)    # //=\n__imod__(self, other)         # %=\n__ipow__(self, other)         # **=\n__ilshift__(self, other)      # &lt;&lt;=\n__irshift__(self, other)      # &gt;&gt;=\n__iand__(self, other)         # &amp;=\n__ixor__(self, other)         # ^=\n__ior__(self, other)          # |=\n\n# unary mathematical operators (-, +, abs (), ~)\n__neg__(self)  # (-) negazione matematica unaria [if x = 2 then -x = 2]\n__pos__(self)  # (+) addizione unaria [x = +x]\n__abs__(self)  # [abs()] valore assoluto [|-x| = x]\n__invert__(self)  # (~) inversione binaria di un intero [~x == -(x + 1)]\n\n# numeric type conversion\n__complex__(self)\n__int__(self)  # if not defined fall-back on __trunc__()\n__float__(self)\n__index__(self)  # conversion in bin(), hex(), oct() e slicing\n\n# operations round() math.trunc(), math.floor(), math.ceil()\n__round__(self)\n__trunc__(self)\n__floor__(self)\n__ceil__(self)\n\n# equality operators\nself.__eq__(other)  # self == other\nself.__ne__(other) # self != other\nself.__gt__(other) # self &gt; other\nself.__ge__(other) # self &gt;= other\nself.__lt__(other) # self &lt; other\nself.__le__(other) # self &lt;= other\n\n# reflected equality operators\nother.__eq__(self)  # other == self,   fall-back id(self) == id(other)\nother.__ne__(self)  # other != self,   fall-back not (self == other)\nother.__gt__(self)  # reverse self &lt; other,   fall-back TypeError\nother.__ge__(self)  # reverse self &lt;= other,   fall-back TypeError\nother.__lt__(self)  # reverse self &gt; other,   fall-back TypeError\nother.__le__(self)  # reverse self &gt;= other,   fall-back TypeError\n\n# called when the instance is \"called\" as a function\n# x (arg1, arg2, arg3) is short for x .__ call __ (arg1, arg2, arg3)\n__call__(self, args)\n\n# string object representation for the developer\n__repr__(self)\n\n# string object representation for user (used by print)\n__str__(self)\n\n# specify formatting for format ), str.format() [format_spec = format-mini-language]\n__format__(format_spec)\n\n# returns unique (integer) value for objects that have equal value\n# __EQ__ MUST EXIST IN THE CLASS, usually hash((self.param_1, self.param_2, ...))\n__hash__(self)\n\n# makes object iterable:\n# - returning self (in the iterator)\n# - returning an iterator (in the iterable)\n# - using yield (in the __iter__ generator)\n__iter__(self)\n\n# returns next available element, StopIteration otherwise (iterator scrolls)\n__next__()\n\n# returns truth value\n__bool__()\n\n# returns item associated with key of a sequence (self [key])\n# IndexError if key is not appropriate\n__getitem__(self, key)\n\n# item assignment operation in sequence (self [key] = value)\n# IndexError if key is not appropriate\n__setitem__(self, key, value)\n\n# operation deleting item in sequence (del self [key])\n# IndexError if key is not appropriate\n__delitem__(self, key)\n\n# called by dict.__getitem__() to implement self [key] if key is not in the dictionary\n__missing__(self, key)\n\n# implement container iteration\n__iter__(self)\n\n# implement membership test\n__contains__(self, item)\n\n# implementation issublass (instance, class)\n__instancecheck__(self, instance)\n\n# implementation issubclass (subclass, class)\n__subclasscheck__(self, subclass)\n\n# implement attribute access (obj.name)\n# called if AttributeError happens or if called by __getattribute __()\n__getattr__(self, name)\n\n# implement value assignment to attribute (obj.name = value)\n__setattr__(self, name, value)\n</code></pre> <p>Note: Itearbility is tricky.</p> <p>To make an object directly iterable (<code>for i in object</code>) <code>__iter__()</code> and <code>__next__()</code> are needed. To make an iterable through an index (<code>for i in range(len(object)): object[i]</code>) <code>__getitem()__</code> is needed.</p> <p>Some of the mixin methods, such as <code>__iter__()</code>, <code>__reversed__()</code> and <code>index()</code>, make repeated calls to the underlying <code>__getitem__()</code> method. Consequently, if <code>__getitem__()</code> is implemented with constant access speed, the mixin methods will have linear performance; however, if the underlying method is linear (as it would be with a linked list), the mixins will have quadratic performance and will likely need to be overridden.</p>"},{"location":"languages/python/python.html#inheritance","title":"Inheritance","text":"Python<pre><code>class Parent ():\n    def __init __ (self, parameters):\n        ...\n\n    def method_1(self):\n        ...\n\n    def method_2(self):\n        ...\n\nclass Child(Parent): # parent class in parentheses to inherit variables and methods\n\n    def __init__(self, parameters, parent_parameters):\n        Parent.__init__(self, parent_parameters) # inherit parent variables\n        ...\n\n    def method (self):\n        ...\n\n    def method_parent_1 (self): # override method (child class with homonymous method to parent class)\n        ...\n\nclass Child(Parent): # parent class in brackets to inherit properties\n\n    def __init__(self, parameters, parent_parameters):\n        super().__init__(parent_parameters) # different method to inherit parent variables (SELF not needed) using SUPER()\n        super(Parent, self).__init__(parent_parameters) # parent constructor invoked separately\n\n    def method(self):\n        ...\n\n    def method_2(self): # parent method updated\n        super().method_2() # invoke parent method as is\n        ...\n</code></pre>"},{"location":"languages/python/python.html#polymorphism","title":"Polymorphism","text":"<p>Note: python does not support method overloading</p> Python<pre><code># DUCKTYPING\n# Working with objects regardless of their type, as long as they implement certain protocols\n\nclass Class1:\n    def method_1(self):\n        ...\n\nclass Class2:\n    def method_1(self):\n        ...\n\n# since python is a dynamic language it doesn't matter what type (class) the object passed is\n# the function invokes the object method passed regardless of the object class\ndef polymorph_method(object):\n    object.method_1()\n\n# DEPENDENCY INJECTION WITH DUCKTYPING\nclass Class:\n    def __init__(self, object):\n        self.dependency = object\n\n    def method_1(self): # the function invokes the method of the object passed\n        self.dependency.method_1()\n</code></pre>"},{"location":"languages/python/python.html#operator-overloading","title":"Operator Overloading","text":"<p>Operators fundamental rule: always return an object, if operation fails return <code>NotImplemented</code></p> <p>Limitations of operator overloading:</p> <ul> <li>no overloading of built-in types</li> <li>no creation of new operators</li> <li>no overloading operators <code>is</code>, <code>and</code>, <code>or</code>, <code>not</code></li> </ul>"},{"location":"languages/python/python.html#astrazione","title":"Astrazione","text":"<p>The interfaces are abstract classes with all abstract methods, they are used to indicate which methods such as child classes must have. Interfaces have only a list of abstract methods.</p> <p>abstract classes have at least one abstract method; child classes that inherit from an abstract class must implement abstract methods. Abstract classes cannot be instantiated.</p> <p>Virtual subclasses are used to include third-party classes as subclasses of a class of their own. They are recognized as belonging to the parent class without however having to implement their methods.</p> <p>The <code>@Class.register</code> or <code>Class.register(subclass)</code> decorators are used to mark subclasses.</p> Python<pre><code>from abc import abstractmethod, ABC\n\nclass Abstract(ABC): # abstract class MUST INHERIT from parent class ABC\n    def __init__(self, parameters):\n        ...\n\n    def parent_method (self):\n        ...\n\n    @abstractmethod # abstract method MUST be marked with @abstractmethod decorator\n    def abstract_method (self):\n        pass\n        # abstract method MUST be overridden (can be non-empty)\n        # super() to invoke it in the concrete class\n\nclass Child(Abstract):\n\n    def __init__(self, parameters, parent_parameters):\n        parent_class.__init__(self, parent_parameters)\n\n    def method (self):\n        ...\n\n    def parent_method (self): # override method (child class with homonymous method to parent class)\n        ...\n\n    def abstract_method (self): # implementation of abstract method inherited from abstract class (NECESSARY) by override\n        ...\n</code></pre>"},{"location":"languages/python/python.html#exception-handling","title":"Exception Handling","text":"Python<pre><code># CHECK ASERATIONS\nassert condition, 'error message' # if the assertion is false show an error message\n\n# particular errors are objects of a particular class of exceptions which in turn is a child of the base exception class (exception)\nclass CustomExceptionError(Exception): # MUST somehow inherit from class exception (even in later inheritance steps)\n    pass # or instructions\n\n# try block contains code that might cause an exception\n# code inside try and after the error it is not executed\ntry:\n    ...\n    raise CustomExceptionError (\"message\") # raise the exception\n\n# except takes control of error handling without passing through the interpreter\n# block executed if an error occurs in try\n\n# except error specified by class\nexcept ExceptionClass:\n    # Default error message is not shown\n    # the program does not stop\n\n# except on generic errors\nexcept:\n     # code here\n\n# block executed if exception does not occur\nelse:\n    # code here\n\n# block executed in all cases, cleanup code goes here\nfinally:\n    # code here\n</code></pre>"},{"location":"languages/python/python.html#file","title":"File","text":""},{"location":"languages/python/python.html#opening-a-file","title":"Opening A File","text":"<p>Text file opening mode:</p> <ul> <li><code>w</code>: write, overwrite the contents of the file</li> <li><code>r</code>: read, read file contents</li> <li><code>a</code>: append, add content to the file</li> <li><code>w +</code>: write &amp; read</li> <li><code>r +</code>: write &amp; read &amp; append</li> <li><code>a +</code>: append &amp; read</li> <li><code>x</code>: exclusive creation, if the file already exists -&gt; <code>FileExistError</code> (extended write mode)</li> </ul> <p>Open binary file mode:</p> <ul> <li><code>wb</code>: write, overwrites the contents of the file</li> <li><code>rb</code>: read, read file contents</li> <li><code>ab</code>: append, add content to the file</li> <li><code>w + b</code>: write &amp; read</li> <li><code>r + b</code>: write &amp; read &amp; append</li> <li><code>a + b</code>: append &amp; read</li> <li><code>xb</code>: exclusive creation, if the file already exists -&gt; <code>FileExistError</code> (extended write mode)</li> </ul> <p>Note: Linux and MacOSX use <code>UTF-8</code> everywhere while windows uses <code>cp1252</code>, <code>cp850</code>,<code>mbcs</code>, <code>UTF-8</code>. Don't rely on default encoding and use explicitly <code>UTF-8</code>.</p> Python<pre><code>object = open('filename', mode = 'r', encoding = 'utf-8') # encoding MUST BE utf-8 for compatibility\n# filename can be the absolute path to the file location (default: file created in the source code folder)\n# double slash to avoid \\ escaping\n\nwith open('filename') as file:\n    instructions_to_file # block use filename to indicate file\n\n# CLOSE A FILE\nobject.close()\n\n# WRITE TO A FILE\nobject.write(string) # write single string to file\nobject.writelines(* strings) # write multiple strings to file\n\n# READING FROM A FILE\nobject.read() # return ALL the contents of the file (including escape sequence) and place the \"cursor\" at the end of the file\nobject.seek(0) # returns 0 (zero) and places the cursor at the beginning of the file\nobject.readlines() # return list of file lines (ATTENTION: keep everything in memory, be careful with large files)\nobject.readline() # returns single line file\n\n# CHECK FILE EXISTENCE\nimport os, sys\nif os.path.isfile('filepath'): # check file existence (TRUE if it exists)\n    # code here\nelse:\n    # code here\n    sys.exit() # exits the program and does not execute the next cosice\n</code></pre>"},{"location":"languages/python/python.html#copy","title":"COPY","text":"<p>SHALLOW COPY: copies the \"container\" and references to the content DEEP COPY: copies the \"container\" and contents (no reference)</p> Python<pre><code>copy (x) # returns shallow copy of xor\ndeepcopy (x) # returns shallow copy of x\n</code></pre>"},{"location":"languages/python/libs/beautiful-soup.html","title":"Beautiful Soup Library","text":""},{"location":"languages/python/libs/beautiful-soup.html#making-the-soup","title":"Making the Soup","text":"Python<pre><code>from bs4 import BeautifulSoup\nimport requests\nimport lxml  # better html parser than built-in\n\nresponse = requests.get(\"url\")  # retrieve a web page\n\nsoup = BeautifulSoup(response.text, \"html.parser\")  # parse HTML from response w/ python default HTML parser\nsoup = BeautifulSoup(response.text, \"lxml\")  # parse HTML from response w/ lxml parser\n\nsoup.prettify()  # prettify parsed HTML for display\n</code></pre>"},{"location":"languages/python/libs/beautiful-soup.html#kinds-of-objects","title":"Kinds of Objects","text":"<p>Beautiful Soup transforms a complex HTML document into a complex tree of Python objects.</p>"},{"location":"languages/python/libs/beautiful-soup.html#tag","title":"Tag","text":"<p>A Tag object corresponds to an XML or HTML tag in the original document</p> Python<pre><code>soup = BeautifulSoup('&lt;b class=\"boldest\"&gt;Extremely bold&lt;/b&gt;', 'html.parser')  # parse HTML/XML\n\ntag = soup.b\ntype(tag)  # &lt;class 'bs4.element.Tag'&gt;\nprint(tag)  # &lt;b class=\"boldest\"&gt;Extremely bold&lt;/b&gt;\n\ntag.name  # tag name\ntag[\"attribute\"]  # access to tag attribute  values\ntag.attrs  # dict of attribue-value pairs\n</code></pre>"},{"location":"languages/python/libs/beautiful-soup.html#navigable-string","title":"Navigable String","text":"<p>A string corresponds to a bit of text within a tag. Beautiful Soup uses the <code>NavigableString</code> class to contain these bits of text.</p>"},{"location":"languages/python/libs/beautiful-soup.html#navigating-the-tree","title":"Navigating the Tree","text":""},{"location":"languages/python/libs/beautiful-soup.html#going-down","title":"Going Down","text":"Python<pre><code>soup.&lt;tag&gt;.&lt;child_tag&gt;  # navigate using tag names\n\n&lt;tag&gt;.contents  # direct children as a list\n&lt;tag&gt;.children  # direct children as a generator for iteration\n&lt;tag&gt;.descendants  # iterator over all children, recursive\n\n&lt;tag&gt;.string  # tag contents, does not have further children\n# If a tag's only child is another tag, and that tag has a .string, then the parent tag is considered to have the same .string as its child\n# If a tag contains more than one thing, then it's not clear what .string should refer to, so .string is defined to be None\n\n&lt;tag&gt;.strings  # generator to iterate over all children's strings (will list white space)\n&lt;tag&gt;.stripped_strings  # generator to iterate over all children's strings (will NOT list white space)\n</code></pre>"},{"location":"languages/python/libs/beautiful-soup.html#going-up","title":"Going Up","text":"Python<pre><code>&lt;tag&gt;.parent  # tags direct parent (BeautifulSoup has parent None, html has parent BeautifulSoup)\n&lt;tag&gt;.parents  # iterable over all parents\n</code></pre>"},{"location":"languages/python/libs/beautiful-soup.html#going-sideways","title":"Going Sideways","text":"Python<pre><code>&lt;tag&gt;.previous_sibling\n&lt;tag&gt;.next_sibling\n\n&lt;tag&gt;.previous_siblings\n&lt;tag&gt;.next_siblings\n</code></pre>"},{"location":"languages/python/libs/beautiful-soup.html#going-back-and-forth","title":"Going Back and Forth","text":"Python<pre><code>&lt;tag&gt;.previous_element  # whatever was parsed immediately before\n&lt;tag&gt;.next_element # whatever was parsed immediately afterwards\n\n&lt;tag&gt;.previous_elements  # whatever was parsed immediately before as a list\n&lt;tag&gt;.next_elements  # whatever was parsed immediately afterwards as a list\n</code></pre>"},{"location":"languages/python/libs/beautiful-soup.html#searching-the-tree","title":"Searching the Tree","text":""},{"location":"languages/python/libs/beautiful-soup.html#filter-types","title":"Filter Types","text":"Python<pre><code>soup.find_all(\"tag\")  # by name\nsoup.find_all([\"tag1\", \"tag2\"])  # multiple tags in a list\nsoup.find_all(function)  # based on a bool function\nsoup.find_all(True)  # Match everything\n</code></pre>"},{"location":"languages/python/libs/beautiful-soup.html#methods","title":"Methods","text":"<p>Methods arguments:</p> <ul> <li><code>name</code> (string): tag to search for</li> <li><code>attrs</code> (dict): attribute-value pai to search for</li> <li><code>string</code> (string): search by string contents rather than by tag</li> <li><code>limit</code> (int). limit number of results</li> <li><code>**kwargs</code>: be turned into a filter on one of a tag's attributes.</li> </ul> Python<pre><code>find_all(name, attrs, recursive, string, limit, **kwargs)  # several results\nfind(name, attrs, recursive, string, **kwargs)  # one result\n\nfind_parents(name, attrs, string, limit, **kwargs)  # several results\nfind_parent(name, attrs, string, **kwargs)  # one result\n\nfind_next_siblings(name, attrs, string, limit, **kwargs)  # several results\nfind_next_sibling(name, attrs, string, **kwargs)  # one result\n\nfind_previous_siblings(name, attrs, string, limit, **kwargs)  # several results\nfind_previous_sibling(name, attrs, string, **kwargs)  # one result\n\nfind_all_next(name, attrs, string, limit, **kwargs)  # several results\nfind_next(name, attrs, string, **kwargs)  # one result\n\nfind_all_previous(name, attrs, string, limit, **kwargs)  # several results\nfind_previous(name, attrs, string, **kwargs)  # one result\n\nsoup(\"html_tag\")  # same as soup.find_all(\"html_tag\")\nsoup.find(\"html_tag\").text  # text of the found tag\nsoup.select(\"css_selector\")  # search for CSS selectors of HTML tags\n</code></pre>"},{"location":"languages/python/libs/beautiful-soup.html#modifying-the-tree","title":"Modifying the Tree","text":""},{"location":"languages/python/libs/beautiful-soup.html#changing-tag-names-an-attributes","title":"Changing Tag Names an Attributes","text":"Python<pre><code>&lt;tag&gt;.name = \"new_html_tag\"  # modify the tag type\n&lt;tag&gt;[\"attribute\"]  = \"value\"  # modify the attribute value\ndel &lt;tag&gt;[\"attribute\"]  # remove the attribute\n\nsoup.new_tag(\"name\", &lt;attribute&gt; = \"value\")  # create a new tag with specified name and attributes\n\n&lt;tag&gt;.string = \"new content\"  # modify tag text content\n&lt;tag&gt;.append(item)  # append to Tag content\n&lt;tag&gt;.extend([item1, item2])  # add every element of the list in order\n\n&lt;tag&gt;.insert(position: int, item)  # like .insert in Python list\n\n&lt;tag&gt;.insert_before(new_tag)  # insert tags or strings immediately before something else in the parse tree\n&lt;tag&gt;.insert_after(new_tag)  # insert tags or strings immediately before something else in the parse tree\n\n&lt;tag&gt;.clear()  # remove all tag's contents\n\n&lt;tag&gt;.extract()  # extract and return the tag from the tree (operates on self)\n&lt;tag&gt;.string.extract()  # extract and return the string from the tree (operates on self)\n&lt;tag&gt;.decompose()  # remove a tag from the tree, then completely destroy it and its contents\n&lt;tag&gt;.decomposed  # check if tag has be decomposed\n\n&lt;tag&gt;.replace_with(item)  # remove a tag or string from the tree, and replaces it with the tag or string of choice\n\n&lt;tag&gt;.wrap(other_tag)  # wrap an element in the tag you specify, return the new wrapper\n&lt;tag&gt;.unwrap()  # replace a tag with whatever's inside, good for stripping out markup\n\n&lt;tag&gt;.smooth()  # clean up the parse tree by consolidating adjacent strings\n</code></pre>"},{"location":"languages/python/libs/numpy.html","title":"NumPy Lib","text":""},{"location":"languages/python/libs/numpy.html#most-important-attributes-attributes","title":"MOST IMPORTANT ATTRIBUTES ATTRIBUTES","text":"Python<pre><code>array.ndim     # number of axes (dimensions) of the array\narray.shape  # dimensions of the array, tuple of integers\narray.size  # total number of elements in the array\narray.itemsize  # size in bytes of each element\narray.data  # buffer containing the array elements\n</code></pre>"},{"location":"languages/python/libs/numpy.html#array-creation","title":"ARRAY CREATION","text":"<p>Unless explicitly specified <code>np.array</code> tries to infer a good data type for the array that it creates. The data type is stored in a special dtype object.</p> Python<pre><code>var = np.array(sequence)  # creates array\nvar = np.asarray(sequence)  # convert input to array\nvar = np.ndarray(*sequence)  # creates multidimensional array\nvar = np.asanyarray(*sequence)  # convert the input to an ndarray\n# nested sequences will be converted to multidimensional array\n\nvar = np.zeros(ndarray.shape)  # array with all zeros\nvar = np.ones(ndarray.shape)  # array with all ones\nvar = np.empty(ndarray.shape)  # array with random values\nvar = np.identity(n)  # identity array (n x n)\n\nvar = np.arange(start, stop, step)  # creates an array with parameters specified\nvar = np.linspace(start, stop, num_of_elements)  # step of elements calculated based on parameters\n</code></pre>"},{"location":"languages/python/libs/numpy.html#data-types-for-ndarrays","title":"DATA TYPES FOR NDARRAYS","text":"Python<pre><code>var = array.astype(np.dtype)  # copy of the array, cast to a specified type\n# return TypeError if casting fails\n</code></pre> <p>The numerical <code>dtypes</code> are named the same way: a type name followed by a number indicating the number of bits per element.</p> TYPE TYPE CODE DESCRIPTION int8, uint8 i1, u1 Signed and unsigned 8-bit (1 byte) integer types int16, uint16 i2, u2 Signed and unsigned 16-bit integer types int32, uint32 i4, u4 Signed and unsigned 32-bit integer types int64, uint64 i8, u8 Signed and unsigned 32-bit integer types float16 f2 Half-precision floating point float32 f4 or f Standard single-precision floating point. Compatible with C float float64, float128 f8 or d Standard double-precision floating point. Compatible with C double and Python float object float128 f16 or g Extended-precision floating point complex64, complex128, complex256 c8, c16, c32 Complex numbers represented by two 32, 64, or 128 floats, respectively bool ? Boolean type storing True and False values object O Python object type string_ <code>S&lt;num&gt;</code> Fixed-length string type (1 byte per character), <code>&lt;num&gt;</code> is string length unicode_ <code>U&lt;num&gt;</code> Fixed-length unicode type, <code>&lt;num&gt;</code> is length"},{"location":"languages/python/libs/numpy.html#operations-between-arrays-and-scalars","title":"OPERATIONS BETWEEN ARRAYS AND SCALARS","text":"<p>Any arithmetic operations between equal-size arrays applies the operation element-wise.</p> <p>array <code>+</code> scalar \u2192 element-wise addition (<code>[1, 2, 3] + 2 = [3, 4, 5]</code>) array <code>-</code> scalar \u2192 element-wise subtraction (<code>[1 , 2, 3] - 2 = [-2, 0, 1]</code>) array <code>*</code> scalar \u2192 element-wise multiplication (<code>[1, 2, 3] * 3 = [3, 6, 9]</code>) array / scalar \u2192 element-wise division (<code>[1, 2, 3] / 2 = [0.5 , 1 , 1.5]</code>)</p> <p>array_1 <code>+</code> array_2 \u2192 element-wise addition (<code>[1, 2, 3] + [1, 2, 3] = [2, 4, 6]</code>) array_1 <code>-</code> array_2 \u2192 element-wise subtraction (<code>[1, 2, 4] - [3 , 2, 1] = [-2, 0, 2]</code>) array_1 <code>*</code> array_2 \u2192 element-wise multiplication (<code>[1, 2, 3] * [3, 2, 1] = [3, 4, 3]</code>) array_1 <code>/</code> array_2 \u2192 element-wise division (<code>[1, 2, 3] / [3, 2, 1] = [0.33, 1, 3]</code>)</p>"},{"location":"languages/python/libs/numpy.html#shape-manipulation","title":"SHAPE MANIPULATION","text":"Python<pre><code>np.reshape(array, new_shape)  # changes the shape of the array\nnp.ravel(array)  #  returns the array flattened\narray.resize(shape)  # modifies the array itself\narray.T  # returns the array transposed\nnp.transpose(array)     # returns the array transposed\nnp.swapaxes(array, first_axis, second_axis)  # interchange two axes of an array\n# if array is an ndarray, then a view of it is returned; otherwise a new array is created\n</code></pre>"},{"location":"languages/python/libs/numpy.html#joining-arrays","title":"JOINING ARRAYS","text":"Python<pre><code>np.vstack((array1, array2))   # takes tuple, vertical stack of arrays (column wise)\nnp.hstack((array1, array2))  # takes a tuple, horizontal stack of arrays (row wise)\nnp.dstack((array1, array2)) # takes a tuple, depth wise stack of arrays (3rd dimension)\nnp.stack(*arrays, axis)  # joins a sequence of arrays along a new axis (axis is an int)\nnp.concatenate((array1, array2, ...), axis) # joins a sequence of arrays along an existing axis (axis is an int)\n</code></pre>"},{"location":"languages/python/libs/numpy.html#splitting-arrays","title":"SPLITTING ARRAYS","text":"Python<pre><code>np.split(array, indices)  # splits an array into equall7 long sub-arrays (indices is int), if not possible raises error\nnp.vsplit(array, indices)  # splits an array equally into sub-arrays vertically (row wise) if not possible raises error\nnp.hsplit(array, indices)  # splits an array equally into sub-arrays horizontally (column wise) if not possible raises error\nnp.dsplit(array, indices)  # splits an array into equally sub-arrays along the 3rd axis (depth) if not possible raises error\nnp.array_split(array, indices) # splits an array into sub-arrays, arrays can be of different lengths\n</code></pre>"},{"location":"languages/python/libs/numpy.html#view","title":"VIEW()","text":"Python<pre><code>var = array.view()  # creates a new array that looks at the same data\n# slicing returns a view\n# view shapes are separated but assignment changes all arrays\n</code></pre>"},{"location":"languages/python/libs/numpy.html#copy","title":"COPY()","text":"Python<pre><code>var = array.copy()  # creates a deep copy of the array\n</code></pre>"},{"location":"languages/python/libs/numpy.html#indexing-slicing-iterating","title":"INDEXING, SLICING, ITERATING","text":"<p>1-dimensional  \u2192 sliced, iterated and indexed as standard n-dimensional \u2192 one index per axis, index given in tuple separated by commas <code>[i, j] (i, j)</code> dots (<code>...</code>) represent as many colons as needed to produce complete indexing tuple</p> <ul> <li><code>x[1, 2, ...] == [1, 2, :, :, :]</code></li> <li><code>x[..., 3] == [:, :, :, :, 3]</code></li> <li><code>x[4, ..., 5, :] == [4, :, :, 5, :]</code> iteration on first index, use .flat() to iterate over each element</li> <li><code>x[*bool]</code> returns row with corresponding True index</li> <li><code>x[condition]</code> return only elements that satisfy condition</li> <li>x<code>[[*index]]</code> return rows ordered by indexes</li> <li><code>x[[*i], [*j]]</code> return elements selected by tuple (i, j)</li> <li><code>x[ np.ix_( [*i], [*j] ) ]</code> return rectangular region</li> </ul>"},{"location":"languages/python/libs/numpy.html#universal-functions-ufunc","title":"UNIVERSAL FUNCTIONS (ufunc)","text":"<p>Functions that performs element-wise operations (vectorization).</p> Python<pre><code>np.abs(array)  # vectorized abs(), return element absolute value\nnp.fabs(array)  # faster abs() for non-complex values\nnp.sqrt(array)  # vectorized square root (x^0.5)\nnp.square(array) # vectorized square (x^2)\nnp.exp(array)  # vectorized natural exponentiation (e^x)\nnp.log(array)  # vectorized natural log(x)\nnp.log10(array)  # vectorized log10(x)\nnp.log2(array)  # vectorized log2(x)\nnp.log1p(array)  # vectorized log(1 + x)\nnp.sign(array)  # vectorized sign (1, 0, -1)\nnp.ceil(array)  # vectorized ceil()\nnp.floor(array)  # vectorized floor()\nnp.rint(array)     # vectorized round() to nearest int\nnp.modf(array)  #  vectorized divmod(), returns the fractional and integral parts of element\nnp.isnan(array)   # vectorized x == NaN, return boolean array\nnp.isinf(array)  # vectorized test for positive or negative infinity, return boolean array\nnp.isfineite(array)  # vectorized test fo finiteness, returns boolean array\nnp.cos(array)  # vectorized cos(x)\nnp.sin(array)  # vectorized sin(x)\nnp.tan(array)  # vectorized tan(x)\nnp.cosh(array)  # vectorized cosh(x)\nnp.sinh(array)   # vector sinh(x)\nnp.tanh(array)  # vectorized tanh(x)\nnp.arccos(array)  # vectorized arccos(x)\nnp.arcsinh(array)  # vectorized arcsinh(x)\nnp.arctan(array)  # vectorized arctan(x)\nnp.arccosh(array)  # vectorized arccosh(x)\nnp.arcsinh(array)  # vectorized arcsin(x)\nnp.arctanh(array)  # vectorized arctanh(x)\nnp.logical_not(array)  # vectorized not(x), equivalent to -array\n\nnp.add(x_array, y_array)  # vectorized addition\nnp.subtract(x_array, y_array)  # vectorized subtraction\nnp.multiply(x_array, y_array)  # vectorized multiplication\nnp.divide(x_array, y_array)  # vectorized division\nnp.floor_divide(x_array, y_array)  # vectorized floor division\nnp.power(x_array, y_array)  # vectorized power\nnp.maximum(x_array, y_array)  # vectorized maximum\nnp.minimum(x_array, y_array)  # vectorized minimum\nnp.fmax(x_array, y_array)  # vectorized maximum, ignores NaN\nnp.fmin(x_array, y_array)  # vectorized minimum, ignores NaN\nnp.mod(x_array, y_array)  # vectorized modulus\nnp.copysign(x_array, y_array)  #  vectorized copy sign from y_array to x_array\nnp.greater(x_array, y_array)  # vectorized x &gt; y\nnp.less(x_array, y_array)  # vectorized x &lt; y\nnp.greter_equal(x_array, y_array)  # vectorized x &gt;= y\nnp.less_equal(x_array, y_array)  # vectorized x &lt;= y\nnp.equal(x_array, y_array)  # vectorized x == y\nnp.not_equal(x_array, y_array)  # vectorized x != y\nnp.logical_and(x_array, y_array)  # vectorized x &amp; y\nnp.logical_or(x_array, y_array)  # vectorized x | y\nnp.logical_xor(x_array, y_array)  # vectorized x ^ y\n</code></pre>"},{"location":"languages/python/libs/numpy.html#conditional-logic-as-array-operations","title":"CONDITIONAL LOGIC AS ARRAY OPERATIONS","text":"Python<pre><code>np.where(condition, x, y)  # return x if condition == True, y otherwise\n</code></pre>"},{"location":"languages/python/libs/numpy.html#mathematical-and-statistical-methods","title":"MATHEMATICAL AND STATISTICAL METHODS","text":"<p><code>np.method(array, args)</code> or <code>array.method(args)</code>. Boolean values are coerced to 1 (<code>True</code>) and 0 (<code>False</code>).</p> Python<pre><code>np.sum(array, axis=None)  # sum of array elements over a given axis\nnp.median(array, axis=None)  # median along the specified axis\nnp.mean(array, axis=None)  # arithmetic mean along the specified axis\nnp.average(array, axis=None)  #  weighted average along the specified axis\nnp.std(array, axis=None)  # standard deviation along the specified axis\nnp.var(array, axis=None)  # variance along the specified axis\n\nnp.min(array, axis=None)  # minimum value along the specified axis\nnp.max(array, axis=None)  # maximum value along the specified axis\nnp.argmin(array, axis=None)  # indices of the minimum values along an axis\nnp.argmax(array, axis=None)  # indices of the maximum values\nnp.cumsum(array, axis=None)  # cumulative sum of the elements along a given axis\nnp.cumprod(array, axis=None)  # cumulative sum of the elements along a given axis\n</code></pre>"},{"location":"languages/python/libs/numpy.html#methods-for-boolean-arrays","title":"METHODS FOR BOOLEAN ARRAYS","text":"Python<pre><code>np.all(array, axis=None)  # test whether all array elements along a given axis evaluate to True\nnp.any(array, axis=None)  # test whether any array element along a given axis evaluates to True\n</code></pre>"},{"location":"languages/python/libs/numpy.html#sorting","title":"SORTING","text":"Python<pre><code>array.sort(axis=-1)  # sort an array in-place (axis = None applies on flattened array)\nnp.sort(array, axis=-1)  # return a sorted copy of an array (axis = None applies on flattened array)\n</code></pre>"},{"location":"languages/python/libs/numpy.html#set-logic","title":"SET LOGIC","text":"Python<pre><code>np.unique(array)  # sorted unique elements of an array\nnp.intersect1d(x, y)  # sorted common elements in x and y\nnp.union1d(x, y)  # sorte union of elements\nnp.in1d(x, y)  #  boolean array indicating whether each element of x is contained in y\nnp.setdiff1d(x, y)  # Set difference, elements in x that are not in y\nnp.setxor1d()  # Set symmetric differences; elements that are in either of the arrays, but not both\n</code></pre>"},{"location":"languages/python/libs/numpy.html#file-io-with-arrays","title":"FILE I/O WITH ARRAYS","text":"Python<pre><code>np.save(file, array)  # save array to binary file in .npy format\nnp.savez(file, *array) # save several arrays into a single file in uncompressed .npz format\nnp.savez_compressed(file, *args, *kwargs)  # save several arrays into a single file in compressed .npz format\n# *ARGS: arrays to save to the file. arrays will be saved with names \"arr_0\", \"arr_1\", and so on\n# **KWARGS: arrays to save to the file. arrays will be saved in the file with the keyword names\n\nnp.savetxt(file, X, fmt=\"%.18e\", delimiter=\" \")   # save array to text file\n# X: 1D or 2D\n# FMT: Python Format Specification Mini-Language\n# DELIMITER: {str} -- string used to separate values\n\nnp.load(file, allow_pickle=False)  # load arrays or pickled objects from .npy, .npz or pickled files\nnp.loadtxt(file, dtype=float, comments=\"#\", delimiter=None)\n# DTYPE: {data type} -- data-type of the resulting array\n# COMMENTS: {str} -- characters used to indicate the start of a comment. None implies no comments\n# DELIMITER: {str} -- string used to separate values\n</code></pre>"},{"location":"languages/python/libs/numpy.html#linear-algebra","title":"LINEAR ALGEBRA","text":"Python<pre><code>np.diag(array, k=0)  # extract a diagonal or construct a diagonal array\n# K: {int} -- k&gt;0 diagonals above main diagonal, k&lt;0 diagonals below main diagonal (main diagonal k = 0)\n\nnp.dot(x ,y)  # matrix dot product\nnp.trace(array, offset=0, dtype=None, out=None)  # return the sum along diagonals of the array\n# OFFSET: {int} -- offset of the diagonal from the main diagonal\n# dtype: {dtype} -- determines the data-type of the returned array\n# OUT: {ndarray} -- array into which the output is placed\n\nnp.linalg.det(A)  # compute the determinant of an array\nnp.linalg.eig(A)  # compute the eigenvalues and right eigenvectors of a square array\nnp.linalg.inv(A)  # compute the (multiplicative) inverse of a matrix\n# A_inv satisfies dot(A, A_inv) = dor(A_inv, A) = eye(A.shape[0])\n\nnp.linalg.pinv(A)  # compute the (Moore-Penrose) pseudo-inverse of a matrix\nnp.linalg.qr()  # factor the matrix a as qr, where q is orthonormal and r is upper-triangular\nnp.linalg.svd(A)  # Singular Value Decomposition\nnp.linalg.solve(A, B)  # solve a linear matrix equation, or system of linear scalar equations AX = B\nnp.linalg.lstsq(A, B)  # return the least-squares solution to a linear matrix equation AX = B\n</code></pre>"},{"location":"languages/python/libs/numpy.html#random-number-generation","title":"RANDOM NUMBER GENERATION","text":"Python<pre><code>np.random.seed()\nnp.random.rand()\nnp.random.randn()\nnp.random.randint()\nnp.random.Generator.permutation(x)  # randomly permute a sequence, or return a permuted range\nnp.random.Generator.shuffle(x)  # Modify a sequence in-place by shuffling its contents\n\nnp.random.Generator.beta(a, b, size=None)  # draw samples from a Beta distribution\n# A: {float, array floats} -- Alpha, &gt; 0\n# B: {int, tuple ints} -- Beta, &gt; 0\n\nnp.random.Generator.binomial(n, p, size=None)  # draw samples from a binomial distribution\n# N: {int, array ints} -- parameter of the distribution, &gt;= 0\n# P: {float, arrey floats} -- Parameter of the distribution, &gt;= 0 and &lt;= 1\n\nnp.random.Generator.chisquare(df, size=None)\n# DF: {float, array floats} -- degrees of freedom, &gt; 0\n\nnp.random.Generator.gamma(shape, scale=1.0, size=None)  # draw samples from a Gamma distribution\n# SHAPE: {float, array floats} -- shape of the gamma distribution, != 0\n\nnp.random.Generator.normal(loc=0.0, scale=1.0, Size=None)  # draw random samples from a normal (Gaussian) distribution\n# LOC: {float, all floats} -- mean (\"centre\") of distribution\n# SCALE: {float, all floats} -- standard deviation of distribution, != 0\n\nnp.random.Generator.poisson(lam=1.0, size=None)  # draw samples from a Poisson distribution\n# LAM: {float, all floats} -- expectation of interval, &gt;= 0\n\nnp.random.Generator.uniform(low=0.0,high=1.0, size=None)  # draw samples from a uniform distribution\n# LOW: {float, all floats} -- lower boundary of the output interval\n# HIGH: {float, all floats} -- upper boundary of the output interval\n\nnp.random.Generator.zipf(a, size=None)  # draw samples from a Zipf distribution\n# A: {float, all floats} -- distribution parameter, &gt; 1\n</code></pre>"},{"location":"languages/python/libs/pandas.html","title":"Pandas","text":""},{"location":"languages/python/libs/pandas.html#basic-pandas-imports","title":"Basic Pandas Imports","text":"Python<pre><code>import numpy as np\nimport pandas as pd\nfrom pandas import Series, DataFrame\n</code></pre>"},{"location":"languages/python/libs/pandas.html#series","title":"SERIES","text":"<p>1-dimensional labelled array, axis label referred as INDEX. Index can contain repetitions.</p> Python<pre><code>s = Series(data, index=index, name='name')\n# DATA: {python dict, ndarray, scalar value}\n# NAME: {string}\ns = Series(dict)  # Series created from python dict, dict keys become index values\n</code></pre>"},{"location":"languages/python/libs/pandas.html#indexing-selection-slicing","title":"INDEXING / SELECTION / SLICING","text":"Python<pre><code>s['index']  # selection by index label\ns[condition]  # return slice selected by condition\ns[ : ]  # slice endpoint included\ns[ : ] = *value  # modify value of entire slice\ns[condition] = *value  # modify slice by condition\n</code></pre>"},{"location":"languages/python/libs/pandas.html#missing-data","title":"MISSING DATA","text":"<p>Missing data appears as NaN (Not a Number).</p> Python<pre><code>pd.isnull(array)  # return a Series index-bool indicating which indexes don't have data\npd.notnull(array)  # return a Series index-bool indicating which indexes have data\narray.isnull()\narray.notnull()\n</code></pre>"},{"location":"languages/python/libs/pandas.html#series-attributes","title":"SERIES ATTRIBUTES","text":"Python<pre><code>s.values  # NumPy representation of Series\ns.index  # index object of Series\ns.name = \"Series name\"  # renames Series object\ns.index.name = \"index name\"  # renames index\n</code></pre>"},{"location":"languages/python/libs/pandas.html#series-methods","title":"SERIES METHODS","text":"Python<pre><code>pd.Series.isin(self, values)  #  boolean Series showing whether elements in Series matches elements in values exactly\n\n# Conform Series to new index, new object produced unless the new index is equivalent to current one and copy=False\npd.Series.reindex(self, index=None, **kwargs)\n# INDEX: {array} -- new labels / index\n# METHOD: {none (don't fill gaps), pad (fill or carry values forward), backfill (fill or carry values backward)}-- hole filling method\n# COPY: {bool} -- return new object even if index is same -- DEFAULT True\n# FILLVALUE: {scalar} --value to use for missing values. DEFAULT NaN\n\npd.Series.drop(self, index=None, **kwargs)  # return Series with specified index labels removed\n# INPLACE: {bool} -- if true do operation in place and return None -- DEFAULT False\n# ERRORS: {ignore, raise} -- If \"ignore\", suppress error and existing labels are dropped\n# KeyError raised if not all of the labels are found in the selected axis\n\npd.Series.value_counts(self, normalize=False, sort=True, ascending=False, bins=None, dropna=True)\n# NORMALIZE: {bool} -- if True then object returned will contain relative frequencies of unique values\n# SORT: {bool} -- sort by frequency -- DEFAULT True\n# ASCENDING: {bool} -- sort in ascending order -- DEFAULT False\n# BINS: {int} -- group values into half-open bins, only works with numeric data\n# DROPNA: {bool} -- don't include counts of NaN\n</code></pre>"},{"location":"languages/python/libs/pandas.html#dataframe","title":"DATAFRAME","text":"<p>2-dimensional labeled data structure with columns of potentially different types. Index and columns can contain repetitions.</p> Python<pre><code>df = DataFrame(data, index=row_labels, columns=column_labels)\n# DATA: {list, dict (of lists), nested dicts, series, dict of 1D ndarray, 2D ndarray, DataFrame}\n# INDEX: {list of row_labels}\n# COLUMNS: {list of column_labels}\n# outer dict keys interpreted as index labels, inner dict keys interpreted as column labels\n# INDEXING / SELECTION / SLICING\ndf[col]  # column selection\ndf.at[row, col]  # access a single value for a row/column label pair\ndf.iat[row, col]  # access a single value for a row/column pair by integer position\n\ndf.column_label  # column selection\n\ndf.loc[label]  # row selection by label\ndf.iloc[loc]  # row selection by integer location\n\ndf[ : ]  # slice rows\ndf[bool_vec]  # slice rows by boolean vector\ndf[condition]  # slice rows by condition\n\ndf.loc[:, [\"column_1\", \"column_2\"]]  # slice columns by names\ndf.loc[:, [bool_vector]]  # slice columns by names\n\ndf[col] = *value  # modify column contents, if colon is missing it will be created\ndf[ : ] = *value # modify rows contents\ndf[condition] = *value  # modify contents\n\ndel df[col]  # delete column\n</code></pre>"},{"location":"languages/python/libs/pandas.html#dataframe-attributes","title":"DATAFRAME ATTRIBUTES","text":"Python<pre><code>df.index  # row labels\ndf.columns  # column labels\ndf.values  # NumPy representation of DataFrame\ndf.index.name = \"index name\"\ndf.columns.index.name = \"columns name\"\ndf.T # transpose\n</code></pre>"},{"location":"languages/python/libs/pandas.html#dataframe-methods","title":"DATAFRAME METHODS","text":"Python<pre><code>pd.DataFrame.isin(self , values)  # boolean DataFrame showing whether elements in DataFrame matches elements in values exactly\n\n# Conform DataFrame to new index, new object produced unless the new index is equivalent to current one and copy=False\npd.DataFrame.reindex(self, index=None, columns=None, **kwargs)\n# INDEX: {array} -- new labels / index\n# COLUMNS: {array} -- new labels / columns\n# METHOD: {none (don't fill gaps), pad (fill or carry values forward), backfill (fill or carry values backward)}-- hole filling method\n# COPY: {bool} -- return new object even if index is same -- DEFAULT True\n# FILLVALUE: {scalar} --value to use for missing values. DEFAULT NaN\n\npd.DataFrame.drop(self, index=None, columns=None, **kwargs)  # Remove rows or columns by specifying label names\n# INPLACE: {bool} -- if true do operation in place and return None -- DEFAULT False\n# ERRORS: {ignore, raise} -- If \"ignore\", suppress error and existing labels are dropped\n# KeyError raised if not all of the labels are found in the selected axis\n</code></pre>"},{"location":"languages/python/libs/pandas.html#index-objects","title":"INDEX OBJECTS","text":"<p>Holds axis labels and metadata, immutable.</p>"},{"location":"languages/python/libs/pandas.html#index-types","title":"INDEX TYPES","text":"Python<pre><code>pd.Index  # immutable ordered ndarray, sliceable. stores axis labels\npd.Int64Index  # special case of Index with purely integer labels\npd.MultiIndex  # multi-level (hierarchical) index object for pandas objects\npd.PeriodINdex  # immutable ndarray holding ordinal values indicating regular periods in time\npd.DatetimeIndex  # nanosecond timestamps (uses Numpy datetime64)\n</code></pre>"},{"location":"languages/python/libs/pandas.html#index-attributers","title":"INDEX ATTRIBUTERS","text":"Python<pre><code>pd.Index.is_monotonic_increasing  # Return True if the index is monotonic increasing (only equal or increasing) values\npd.Index.is_monotonic_decreasing  # Return True if the index is monotonic decreasing (only equal or decreasing) values\npd.Index.is_unique  # Return True if the index has unique values.\npd.Index.hasnans  # Return True if the index has NaNs\n</code></pre>"},{"location":"languages/python/libs/pandas.html#index-methods","title":"INDEX METHODS","text":"Python<pre><code>pd.Index.append(self, other)  # append a collection of Index options together\n\npd.Index.difference(self, other, sort=None)  # set difference of two Index objects\n# SORT: {None (attempt sorting), False (don't sort)}\n\npd.Index.intersection(self, other, sort=None)  # set intersection of two Index objects\n# SORT: {None (attempt sorting), False (don't sort)}\n\npd.Index.union(self, other, sort=None)  # set union of two Index objects\n# SORT: {None (attempt sorting), False (don't sort)}\n\npd.Index.isin(self, values, level=None)  # boolean array indicating where the index values are in values\npd.Index.insert(self, loc, item)  # make new Index inserting new item at location\npd.Index.delete(self, loc)  # make new Index with passed location(-s) deleted\n\npd.Index.drop(self, labels, errors='raise')  # Make new Index with passed list of labels deleted\n# ERRORS: {ignore, raise} -- If 'ignore', suppress error and existing labels are dropped\n# KeyError raised if not all of the labels are found in the selected axis\n\npd.Index.reindex(self, target, **kwargs)  # create index with target's values (move/add/delete values as necessary)\n# METHOD: {none (don't fill gaps), pad (fill or carry values forward), backfill (fill or carry values backward)}-- hole filling method\n</code></pre>"},{"location":"languages/python/libs/pandas.html#arithmetic-operations","title":"ARITHMETIC OPERATIONS","text":"<p>NumPy arrays operations preserve labels-value link. Arithmetic operations automatically align differently indexed data. Missing values propagate in arithmetic computations (NaN <code>&lt;operator&gt;</code> value = NaN)</p>"},{"location":"languages/python/libs/pandas.html#addition","title":"ADDITION","text":"Python<pre><code>self + other\npd.Series.add(self, other, fill_value=None)  # add(), supports substitution of NaNs\npd,Series.radd(self, other, fill_value=None)  # radd(), supports substitution of NaNs\npd.DataFrame.add(self, other, axis=columns, fill_value=None)  # add(), supports substitution of NaNs\npd.DataFrame.radd(self, other, axis=columns, fill_value=None)  # radd(), supports substitution of NaNs\n# OTHER: {scalar, sequence, Series, DataFrame}\n# AXIS: {0, 1, index, columns} -- whether to compare by the index or columns\n# FILLVALUE: {None, float} -- fill missing value\n</code></pre>"},{"location":"languages/python/libs/pandas.html#subtraction","title":"SUBTRACTION","text":"Python<pre><code>self - other\npd.Series.sub(self, other, fill_value=None)  # sub(), supports substitution of NaNs\npd.Series.radd(self, other, fill_value=None)  # radd(), supports substitution of NaNs\nps.DataFrame.sub(self, other, axis=columns, fill_value=None)  # sub(), supports substitution of NaNs\npd.DataFrame.rsub(self, other, axis=columns, fill_value=None)  # rsub(), supports substitution of NaNs\n# OTHER: {scalar, sequence, Series, DataFrame}\n# AXIS: {0, 1, index, columns} -- whether to compare by the index or columns\n# FILLVALUE: {None, float} -- fill missing value\n</code></pre>"},{"location":"languages/python/libs/pandas.html#multiplication","title":"MULTIPLICATION","text":"Python<pre><code>self * other\npd.Series.mul(self, other, fill_value=None)  # mul(), supports substitution of NaNs\npd.Series.rmul(self, other, fill_value=None)  # rmul(), supports substitution of NaNs\nps.DataFrame.mul(self, other, axis=columns, fill_value=None)  # mul(), supports substitution of NaNs\npd.DataFrame.rmul(self, other, axis=columns, fill_value=None)  # rmul(), supports substitution of NaNs\n# OTHER: {scalar, sequence, Series, DataFrame}\n# AXIS: {0, 1, index, columns} -- whether to compare by the index or columns\n# FILLVALUE: {None, float} -- fill missing value\n</code></pre>"},{"location":"languages/python/libs/pandas.html#division-float-division","title":"DIVISION (float division)","text":"Python<pre><code>self / other\npd.Series.div(self, other, fill_value=None)  # div(), supports substitution of NaNs\npd.Series.rdiv(self, other, fill_value=None)  # rdiv(), supports substitution of NaNs\npd.Series.truediv(self, other, fill_value=None)  # truediv(), supports substitution of NaNs\npd.Series.rtruediv(self, other, fill_value=None)  # rtruediv(), supports substitution of NaNs\nps.DataFrame.div(self, other, axis=columns, fill_value=None)  # div(), supports substitution of NaNs\npd.DataFrame.rdiv(self, other, axis=columns, fill_value=None)  # rdiv(), supports substitution of NaNs\nps.DataFrame.truediv(self, other, axis=columns, fill_value=None)  # truediv(), supports substitution of NaNs\npd.DataFrame.rtruediv(self, other, axis=columns, fill_value=None)  # rtruediv(), supports substitution of NaNs\n# OTHER: {scalar, sequence, Series, DataFrame}\n# AXIS: {0, 1, index, columns} -- whether to compare by the index or columns\n# FILLVALUE: {None, float} -- fill missing value\n</code></pre>"},{"location":"languages/python/libs/pandas.html#floor-division","title":"FLOOR DIVISION","text":"Python<pre><code>self // other\npd.Series.floordiv(self, other, fill_value=None)  # floordiv(), supports substitution of NaNs\npd.Series.rfloordiv(self, other, fill_value=None)  # rfloordiv(), supports substitution of NaNs\nps.DataFrame.floordiv(self, other, axis=columns, fill_value=None)  # floordiv(), supports substitution of NaNs\npd.DataFrame.rfloordiv(self, other, axis=columns, fill_value=None)  # rfloordiv(), supports substitution of NaNs\n# OTHER: {scalar, sequence, Series, DataFrame}\n# AXIS: {0, 1, index, columns} -- whether to compare by the index or columns\n# FILLVALUE: {None, float} -- fill missing value\n</code></pre>"},{"location":"languages/python/libs/pandas.html#modulo","title":"MODULO","text":"Python<pre><code>self % other\npd.Series.mod(self, other, fill_value=None)  # mod(), supports substitution of NaNs\npd.Series.rmod(self, other, fill_value=None)  # rmod(), supports substitution of NaNs\nps.DataFrame.mod(self, other, axis=columns, fill_value=None)  # mod(), supports substitution of NaNs\npd.DataFrame.rmod(self, other, axis=columns, fill_value=None)  # rmod(), supports substitution of NaNs\n# OTHER: {scalar, sequence, Series, DataFrame}\n# AXIS: {0, 1, index, columns} -- whether to compare by the index or columns\n# FILLVALUE: {None, float} -- fill missing value\n</code></pre>"},{"location":"languages/python/libs/pandas.html#power","title":"POWER","text":"Python<pre><code>other ** self\npd.Series.pow(self, other, fill_value=None)  # pow(), supports substitution of NaNs\npd.Series.rpow(self, other, fill_value=None)  # rpow(), supports substitution of NaNs\nps.DataFrame.pow(self, other, axis=columns, fill_value=None)  # pow(), supports substitution of NaNs\npd.DataFrame.rpow(self, other, axis=columns, fill_value=None)  # rpow(), supports substitution of NaNs\n# OTHER: {scalar, sequence, Series, DataFrame}\n# AXIS: {0, 1, index, columns} -- whether to compare by the index or columns\n# FILLVALUE: {None, float} -- fill missing value\n</code></pre>"},{"location":"languages/python/libs/pandas.html#essential-functionality","title":"ESSENTIAL FUNCTIONALITY","text":""},{"location":"languages/python/libs/pandas.html#function-application-and-mapping","title":"FUNCTION APPLICATION AND MAPPING","text":"<p>NumPy ufuncs work fine with pandas objects.</p> Python<pre><code>pd.DataFrame.applymap(self, func)  # apply function element-wise\n\npd.DataFrame.apply(self, func, axis=0, args=())  # apply a function along an axis of a DataFrame\n# FUNC: {function} -- function to apply\n# AXIS: {O, 1, index, columns} -- axis along which the function is applied\n# ARGS: {tuple} -- positional arguments to pass to func in addition to the array/series\n# SORTING AND RANKING\npd.Series.sort_index(self, ascending=True **kwargs)  # sort Series by index labels\npd.Series.sort_values(self, ascending=True, **kwargs)  # sort series by the values\n# ASCENDING: {bool} -- if True, sort values in ascending order, otherwise descending -- DEFAULT True\n# INPALCE: {bool} -- if True, perform operation in-place\n# KIND: {quicksort, mergesort, heapsort} -- sorting algorithm\n# NA_POSITION {first, last} -- 'first' puts NaNs at the beginning, 'last' puts NaNs at the end\n\npd.DataFrame.sort_index(self, axis=0, ascending=True, **kwargs)  # sort object by labels along an axis\npd.DataFrame.sort_values(self, axis=0, ascending=True, **kwargs)  # sort object by values along an axis\n# AXIS: {0, 1, index, columns} -- the axis along which to sort\n# ASCENDING: {bool} -- if True, sort values in ascending order, otherwise descending -- DEFAULT True\n# INPALCE: {bool} -- if True, perform operation in-place\n# KIND: {quicksort, mergesort, heapsort} -- sorting algorithm\n# NA_POSITION {first, last} -- 'first' puts NaNs at the beginning, 'last' puts NaNs at the end\n</code></pre>"},{"location":"languages/python/libs/pandas.html#descriptive-and-summary-statistics","title":"DESCRIPTIVE AND SUMMARY STATISTICS","text":""},{"location":"languages/python/libs/pandas.html#count","title":"COUNT","text":"Python<pre><code>pd.Series.count(self)  # return number of non-NA/null observations in the Series\npd.DataFrame.count(self, numeric_only=False)  # count non-NA cells for each column or row\n# NUMERIC_ONLY: {bool} -- Include only float, int or boolean data -- DEFAULT False\n</code></pre>"},{"location":"languages/python/libs/pandas.html#describe","title":"DESCRIBE","text":"<p>Generate descriptive statistics summarizing central tendency, dispersion and shape of dataset's distribution (exclude NaN).</p> Python<pre><code>pd.Series.describe(self, percentiles=None, include=None, exclude=None)\npd.DataFrame.describe(self, percentiles=None, include=None, exclude=None)\n# PERCENTILES: {list-like of numbers} -- percentiles to include in output,between 0 and 1 -- DEFAULT [.25, .5, .75]\n# INCLUDE: {all, None, list of dtypes} -- white list of dtypes to include in the result. ignored for Series\n# EXCLUDE: {None, list of dtypes} -- black list of dtypes to omit from the result. ignored for Series\n</code></pre>"},{"location":"languages/python/libs/pandas.html#max-min","title":"MAX - MIN","text":"Python<pre><code>pd.Series.max(self, skipna=None, numeric_only=None)  # maximum of the values for the requested axis\npd.Series.min(self, skipna=None, numeric_only=None)  # minimum of the values for the requested axis\npd.DataFrame.max(self, axis=None, skipna=None, numeric_only=None)  # maximum of the values for the requested axis\npd.DataFrame.min(self, axis=None, skipna=None, numeric_only=None)  # minimum of the values for the requested axis\n# SKIPNA: {bool} -- exclude NA/null values when computing the result\n# NUMERIC_ONLY: {bool} -- include only float, int, boolean columns, not implemented for Series\n</code></pre>"},{"location":"languages/python/libs/pandas.html#idxmax-idxmin","title":"IDXMAX - IDXMIN","text":"Python<pre><code>pd.Series.idxmax(self, skipna=True)  # row label of the maximum value\npd.Series.idxmin(self, skipna=True)  # row label of the minimum value\npd.DataFrame.idxmax(self, axis=0, skipna=True)  #  Return index of first occurrence of maximum over requested axis\npd.DataFrame.idxmin(self, axis=0, skipna=True)  #  Return index of first occurrence of minimum over requested axis\n# AXIS:{0, 1, index, columns} -- row-wise or column-wise\n# SKIPNA: {bool} -- exclude NA/null values. ff an entire row/column is NA, result will be NA\n</code></pre>"},{"location":"languages/python/libs/pandas.html#quantile","title":"QUANTILE","text":"Python<pre><code>pd.Series.quantile(self, q=0.5, interpolation='linear')  # return values at the given quantile\npd.DataFrame.quantile(self, q=0.5, axis=0, numeric_only=True, interpolation='linear') # return values at the given quantile over requested axis\n# Q: {flaot, array} -- value between 0 &lt;= q &lt;= 1, the quantile(s) to compute -- DEFAULT 0.5 (50%)\n# NUMERIC_ONLY: {bool} -- if False, quantile of datetime and timedelta data will be computed as well\n# INTERPOLATION: {linear, lower, higher, midpoint, nearest} -- SEE DOCS\n</code></pre>"},{"location":"languages/python/libs/pandas.html#sum","title":"SUM","text":"Python<pre><code>pd.Series.sum(self, skipna=None, numeric_only=None, min_count=0)  # sum of the values\npd.DataFrame.sum(self, axis=None, skipna=None, numeric_only=None, min_count=0)  # sum of the values for the requested axis\n# AXIS: {0, 1, index, columns} -- axis for the function to be applied on\n# SKIPNA: {bool} -- exclude NA/null values when computing the result\n# NUMERIC_ONLY: {bool} -- include only float, int, boolean columns, not implemented for Series\n# MIN_COUNT: {int} -- required number of valid values to perform the operation. if fewer than min_count non-NA values are present the result will be NA\n</code></pre>"},{"location":"languages/python/libs/pandas.html#mean","title":"MEAN","text":"Python<pre><code>pd.Series.mean(self, skipna=None, numeric_only=None)   # mean of the values\npd.DataFrame.mean(self, axis=None, skipna=None, numeric_only=None)  # mean of the values for the requested axis\n# AXIS: {0, 1, index, columns} -- axis for the function to be applied on\n# SKIPNA: {bool} -- exclude NA/null values when computing the result\n# NUMERIC_ONLY: {bool} -- include only float, int, boolean columns, not implemented for Series\n</code></pre>"},{"location":"languages/python/libs/pandas.html#median","title":"MEDIAN","text":"Python<pre><code>pd.Series.median(self, skipna=None, numeric_only=None)  # median of the values\npd.DataFrame.median(self, axis=None, skipna=None, numeric_only=None)  # median of the values for the requested axis\n# AXIS: {0, 1, index, columns} -- axis for the function to be applied on\n# SKIPNA: {bool} -- exclude NA/null values when computing the result\n# NUMERIC_ONLY: {bool} -- include only float, int, boolean columns, not implemented for Series\n</code></pre>"},{"location":"languages/python/libs/pandas.html#mad-mean-absolute-deviation","title":"MAD (mean absolute deviation)","text":"Python<pre><code>pd.Series.mad(self, skipna=None)  # mean absolute deviation\npd.DataFrame.mad(self, axis=None, skipna=None)  # mean absolute deviation of the values for the requested axis\n# AXIS: {0, 1, index, columns} -- axis for the function to be applied on\n# SKIPNA: {bool} -- exclude NA/null values when computing the result\n</code></pre>"},{"location":"languages/python/libs/pandas.html#var-variance","title":"VAR (variance)","text":"Python<pre><code>pd.Series.var(self, skipna=None, numeric_only=None)  # unbiased variance\npd.DataFrame.var(self, axis=None, skipna=None, ddof=1, numeric_only=None)  #  unbiased variance over requested axis\n# AXIS: {0, 1, index, columns} -- axis for the function to be applied on\n# SKIPNA: {bool} -- exclude NA/null values. if an entire row/column is NA, the result will be NA\n# DDOF: {int} -- Delta Degrees of Freedom. divisor used in calculations is N - ddof (N represents the number of elements) -- DEFAULT 1\n# NUMERIC_ONLY: {bool} -- include only float, int, boolean columns, not implemented for Series\n</code></pre>"},{"location":"languages/python/libs/pandas.html#std-standard-deviation","title":"STD (standard deviation)","text":"Python<pre><code>pd.Series.std(self, skipna=None, ddof=1, numeric_only=None)  # sample standard deviation\npd.Dataframe.std(self, axis=None, skipna=None, ddof=1, numeric_only=None)  # sample standard deviation over requested axis\n# AXIS: {0, 1, index, columns} -- axis for the function to be applied on\n# SKIPNA: {bool} -- exclude NA/null values. if an entire row/column is NA, the result will be NA\n# DDOF: {int} -- Delta Degrees of Freedom. divisor used in calculations is N - ddof (N represents the number of elements) -- DEFAULT 1\n# NUMERIC_ONLY: {bool} -- include only float, int, boolean columns, not implemented for Series\n</code></pre>"},{"location":"languages/python/libs/pandas.html#skew","title":"SKEW","text":"Python<pre><code>pd.Series.skew(self, skipna=None, numeric_only=None)  # unbiased skew Normalized bt N-1\npd.DataFrame.skew(self, axis=None, skipna=None, numeric_only=None)  #  unbiased skew over requested axis Normalized by N-1\n# AXIS: {0, 1, index, columns} -- axis for the function to be applied on\n# SKIPNA: {bool} -- exclude NA/null values when computing the result\n# NUMERIC_ONLY: {bool} -- include only float, int, boolean columns, not implemented for Series\n</code></pre>"},{"location":"languages/python/libs/pandas.html#kurt","title":"KURT","text":"<p>Unbiased kurtosis over requested axis using Fisher's definition of kurtosis (kurtosis of normal == 0.0). Normalized by N-1.</p> Python<pre><code>pd.Series.kurt(self, skipna=None, numeric_only=None)\npd.Dataframe.kurt(self, axis=None, skipna=None, numeric_only=None)\n# AXIS: {0, 1, index, columns} -- axis for the function to be applied on\n# SKIPNA: {bool} -- exclude NA/null values when computing the result\n# NUMERIC_ONLY: {bool} -- include only float, int, boolean columns, not implemented for Series\n</code></pre>"},{"location":"languages/python/libs/pandas.html#cumsum-cumulative-sum","title":"CUMSUM (cumulative sum)","text":"Python<pre><code>pd.Series.cumsum(self, skipna=True)  # cumulative sum\npd.Dataframe.cumsum(self, axis=None, skipna=True)  # cumulative sum over requested axis\n# AXIS: {0, 1, index, columns} -- axis for the function to be applied on\n# SKIPNA: {bool} -- exclude NA/null values. if an entire row/column is NA, the result will be NA\n</code></pre>"},{"location":"languages/python/libs/pandas.html#cummax-cummin-cumulative-maximum-minimum","title":"CUMMAX - CUMMIN (cumulative maximum - minimum)","text":"Python<pre><code>pd.Series.cummax(self, skipna=True)  # cumulative maximum\npd.Series.cummin(self, skipna=True)  # cumulative minimum\npd.Dataframe.cummax(self, axis=None, skipna=True)  # cumulative maximum over requested axis\npd.Dataframe.cummin(self, axis=None, skipna=True)  # cumulative minimum over requested axis\n# AXIS: {0, 1, index, columns} -- axis for the function to be applied on\n# SKIPNA: {bool} -- exclude NA/null values. if an entire row/column is NA, the result will be NA\n</code></pre>"},{"location":"languages/python/libs/pandas.html#cumprod-cumulative-product","title":"CUMPROD (cumulative product)","text":"Python<pre><code>pd.Series.cumprod(self, skipna=True)  # cumulative product\npd.Dataframe.cumprod(self, axis=None, skipna=True)  # cumulative product over requested axis\n# AXIS: {0, 1, index, columns} -- axis for the function to be applied on\n# SKIPNA: {bool} -- exclude NA/null values. if an entire row/column is NA, the result will be NA\n</code></pre>"},{"location":"languages/python/libs/pandas.html#diff","title":"DIFF","text":"<p>Calculates the difference of a DataFrame element compared with another element in the DataFrame. (default is the element in the same column of the previous row)</p> Python<pre><code>pd.Series.diff(self, periods=1)\npd.DataFrame.diff(self, periods=1, axis=0)\n# PERIODS: {int} -- Periods to shift for calculating difference, accepts negative values -- DEFAULT 1\n# AXIS: {0, 1, index, columns} -- Take difference over rows or columns\n</code></pre>"},{"location":"languages/python/libs/pandas.html#pct_change","title":"PCT_CHANGE","text":"<p>Percentage change between the current and a prior element.</p> Python<pre><code>pd.Series.Pct_change(self, periods=1, fill_method='pad', limit=None, freq=None)\npd.Dataframe.pct_change(self, periods=1, fill_method='pad', limit=None)\n# PERIODS:{int} -- periods to shift for forming percent change\n# FILL_METHOD: {str, pda} -- How to handle NAs before computing percent changes -- DEFAULT pad\n# LIMIT: {int} -- number of consecutive NAs to fill before stopping -- DEFAULT None\n</code></pre>"},{"location":"languages/python/libs/pandas.html#handling-missing-data","title":"HANDLING MISSING DATA","text":""},{"location":"languages/python/libs/pandas.html#filtering-out-missing-data","title":"FILTERING OUT MISSING DATA","text":"Python<pre><code>pd.Series.dropna(self, inplace=False)  # return a new Series with missing values removed\npd.DataFrame.dropna(axis=0, how='any', tresh=None, subset=None, inplace=False)  # return a new DataFrame with missing values removed\n# AXIS: {tuple, list} -- tuple or list to drop on multiple axes. only a single axis is allowed\n# HOW: {any, all} -- determine if row or column is removed from DataFrame (ANY = if any NA present, ALL = if all values are NA). DEFAULT any\n# TRESH: {int} -- require that many non-NA values\n# SUBSET: {array} -- labels along other axis to consider\n# INPLACE: {bool} -- if True, do operation inplace and return None -- DEFAULT False\n</code></pre>"},{"location":"languages/python/libs/pandas.html#filling-in-missing-data","title":"FILLING IN MISSING DATA","text":"<p>Fill NA/NaN values using the specified method.</p> Python<pre><code>pd.Series.fillna(self, value=None, method=None, inplace=False, limit=None)\npd.DataFrame.fillna(self, value=None, method=None, axis=None, inplace=False, limit=None)\n# VALUE: {scalar, dict, Series, DataFrame} -- value to use to fill holes, dict/Series/DataFrame specifying which value to use for each index or column\n# METHOD: {backfill, pad, None} -- method to use for filling holes -- DEFAULT None\n# AXIS: {0, 1, index, columns} -- axis along which to fill missing values\n# INPLACE: {bool} -- if true fill in-place (will modify views of object) -- DEFAULT False\n# LIMIT: {int} --  maximum number of consecutive NaN values to forward/backward fill -- DEFAULT None\n</code></pre>"},{"location":"languages/python/libs/pandas.html#hierarchical-indexing-multiindex","title":"HIERARCHICAL INDEXING (MultiIndex)","text":"<p>Enables storing and manipulation of data with an arbitrary number of dimensions. In lower dimensional data structures like Series (1d) and DataFrame (2d).</p>"},{"location":"languages/python/libs/pandas.html#multiiindex-creation","title":"MULTIIINDEX CREATION","text":"Python<pre><code>pd.MultiIndex.from_arrays(*arrays, names=None)  # convert arrays to MultiIndex\npd.MultiIndex.from_tuples(*arrays, names=None)  # convert tuples to MultiIndex\npd.MultiIndex.from_frame(df, names=None)  # convert DataFrame to MultiIndex\npd.MultiIndex.from_product(*iterables, names=None)     #  MultiIndex from cartesian product of iterables\npd.Series(*arrays)  # Index constructor makes MultiIndex from Series\npd.DataFrame(*arrays)  # Index constructor makes MultiINdex from DataFrame\n</code></pre>"},{"location":"languages/python/libs/pandas.html#multiindex-levels","title":"MULTIINDEX LEVELS","text":"<p>Vector of label values for requested level, equal to the length of the index.</p> Python<pre><code>pd.MultiIndex.get_level_values(self, level)\n</code></pre>"},{"location":"languages/python/libs/pandas.html#partial-and-cross-section-selection","title":"PARTIAL AND CROSS-SECTION SELECTION","text":"<p>Partial selection \"drops\" levels of the hierarchical index in the result  in a completely analogous way to selecting a column in a regular DataFrame.</p> Python<pre><code>pd.Series.xs(self, key, axis=0, level=None, drop_level=True)  # cross-section from Series\npd.DataFrame.xs(self, key, axis=0, level=None, drop_level=True)  #  cross-section from DataFrame\n# KEY: {label, tuple of label} -- label contained in the index, or partially in a MultiIndex\n# AXIS: {0, 1, index, columns} -- axis to retrieve cross-section on -- DEFAULT 0\n# LEVEL: -- in case of key partially contained in MultiIndex, indicate which levels are used. Levels referred by label or position\n# DROP_LEVEL: {bool} -- If False, returns object with same levels as self -- DEFAULT True\n</code></pre>"},{"location":"languages/python/libs/pandas.html#indexing-slicing","title":"INDEXING, SLICING","text":"<p>Multi index keys take the form of tuples.</p> Python<pre><code>df.loc[('lvl_1', 'lvl_2', ...)]  # selection of single row\ndf.loc[('idx_lvl_1', 'idx_lvl_2', ...), ('col_lvl_1', 'col_lvl_2', ...)]  # selection of single value\n\ndf.loc['idx_lvl_1':'idx_lvl_1']  # slice of rows (aka partial selection)\ndf.loc[('idx_lvl_1', 'idx_lvl_2') : ('idx_lvl_1', 'idx_lvl_2')]  # slice of rows with levels\n</code></pre>"},{"location":"languages/python/libs/pandas.html#reordering-and-sorting-levels","title":"REORDERING AND SORTING LEVELS","text":"Python<pre><code>pd.MultiIndex.swaplevel(self, i=-2, j=-1)  # swap level i with level j\npd.Series.swaplevel(self, i=-2, j=-1) # swap levels i and j in a MultiIndex\npd.DataFrame.swaplevel(self, i=-2, j=-1, axis=0) # swap levels i and j in a MultiIndex on a partivular axis\n\npd.MultiIndex.sortlevel(self, level=0, ascending=True, sort_remaining=True)  # sort MultiIndex at requested level\n# LEVEL: {str, int, list-like} -- DEFAULT 0\n# ASCENDING: {bool} -- if True, sort values in ascending order, otherwise descending -- DEFAULT True\n# SORT_REMAINING: {bool} -- sort by the remaining levels after level\n</code></pre>"},{"location":"languages/python/libs/pandas.html#data-loading-storage-file-formats","title":"DATA LOADING, STORAGE FILE FORMATS","text":"Python<pre><code>pd.read_fwf(filepath, colspecs='infer', widths=None, infer_nrows=100)  # read a table of fixed-width formatted lines into DataFrame\n# FILEPATH: {str, path object} -- any valid string path is acceptable, could be a URL. Valid URLs: http, ftp, s3, and file\n# COLSPECS: {list of tuple (int, int), 'infer'} -- list of tuples giving extents of fixed-width fields of each line as half-open intervals { [from, to) }\n# WIDTHS: {list of int} -- list of field widths which can be used instead of \"colspecs\" if intervals are contiguous\n# INFER_ROWS: {int} -- number of rows to consider when letting parser determine colspecs -- DEFAULT 100\n\npd.read_excel()  # read an Excel file into a pandas DataFrame\npd.read_json()  # convert a JSON string to pandas object\npd.read_html()  # read HTML tables into a list of DataFrame objects\npd.read_sql()  # read SQL query or database table into a DataFrame\n\npd.read_csv(filepath, sep=',', *args, **kwargs )  # read a comma-separated values (csv) file into DataFrame\npd.read_table(filepath, sep='\\t', *args, **kwargs)  # read general delimited file into DataFrame\n# FILEPATH: {str, path object} -- any valid string path is acceptable, could be a URL. Valid URLs: http, ftp, s3, and file\n# SEP: {str} -- delimiter to use -- DEFAULT \\t (tab)\n# HEADER {int, list of int, 'infer'} -- row numbers to use as column names, and the start of the data -- DEFAULT 'infer'\n# NAMES:{array} -- list of column names to use -- DEFAULT None\n# INDEX_COL: {int, str, False, sequnce of int/str, None} -- Columns to use as row labels of DataFrame, given as string name or column index -- DEFAULT None\n# SKIPROWS: {list-like, int, callable} -- Line numbers to skip (0-indexed) or number of lines to skip (int) at the start of the file\n# NA_VALUES: {scalar, str, list-like, dict} -- additional strings to recognize as NA/NaN. if dict passed, specific per-column NA values\n# THOUSANDS: {str} -- thousand separator\n# *ARGS, **KWARGS -- SEE DOCS\n\n# write object to a comma-separated values (csv) file\npd.DataFrame.to_csv(self, path_or_buf, sep=',', na_rep='', columns=None, header=True, index=True, encoding='utf-8', line_terminator=None, decimal='.', *args, **kwargs)\n# SEP: {str len 1} --  Field delimiter for the output file\n# NA_REP: {str} -- missing data representation\n# COLUMNS: {sequence} -- colums to write\n# HEADER: {bool, list of str} -- write out column names. if list of strings is given its assumed to be aliases for column names\n# INDEX: {bool, list of str} -- write out row names (index)\n# ENCODING: {str} -- string representing encoding to use -- DEFAULT \"utf-8\"\n# LINE_TERMINATOR: {str} -- newline character or character sequence to use in the output file -- DEFAULT os.linesep\n# DECIMAL: {str} -- character recognized as decimal separator (in EU ,)\n\npd.DataFrame.to_excel()\npd.DataFrame.to_json()\npd.DataFrame.to_html()\npd.DataFrame.to_sql()\n</code></pre>"},{"location":"languages/python/libs/requests.html","title":"Requests Lib","text":""},{"location":"languages/python/libs/requests.html#get-request","title":"GET REQUEST","text":"<p>Get or retrieve data from specified resource</p> Python<pre><code>response = requests.get('URL')    # returns response object\n\n# PAYLOAD -&gt; valuable information of response\nresponse.status_code    # http status code\n</code></pre> <p>The response message consists of:</p> <ul> <li>status line which includes the status code and reason message</li> <li>response header fields (e.g., Content-Type: text/html)</li> <li>empty line</li> <li>optional message body</li> </ul> Text Only<pre><code>1xx -&gt; INFORMATIONAL RESPONSE\n2xx -&gt; SUCCESS\n    200 OK -&gt; request successful\n3xx -&gt; REDIRECTION\n4xx -&gt; CLIENT ERRORS\n    404 NOT FOUND -&gt; resource not found\n5xx -&gt; SERVER ERRORS\n</code></pre> Python<pre><code># raise exception HTTPError for error status codes\nresponse.raise_for_status()\n\nresponse.content    # raw bytes of payload\nresponse.encoding = 'utf-8'    # specify encoding\nresponse.text    # string payload (serialized JSON)\nresponse.json()    # dict of payload\nresponse.headers    # response headers (dict)\n</code></pre>"},{"location":"languages/python/libs/requests.html#query-string-parameters","title":"QUERY STRING PARAMETERS","text":"Python<pre><code>response = requests.get('URL', params={'q':'query'})\nresponse = requests.get('URL', params=[('q', 'query')])\nresponse = requests.get('URL', params=b'q=query')\n</code></pre>"},{"location":"languages/python/libs/requests.html#request-headers","title":"REQUEST HEADERS","text":"Python<pre><code>response = requests.get(\n    'URL',\n    params={'q': 'query'},\n    headers={'header': 'header_query'}\n)\n</code></pre>"},{"location":"languages/python/libs/requests.html#other-http-methods","title":"OTHER HTTP METHODS","text":""},{"location":"languages/python/libs/requests.html#data-input","title":"DATA INPUT","text":"Python<pre><code># requests that entity enclosed be stored as a new subordinate of the web resource identified by the URI\nrequests.post('URL', data={'key':'value'})\n# requests that the enclosed entity be stored under the supplied URI\nrequests.put('URL', data={'key':'value'})\n# applies partial modification\nrequests.patch('URL', data={'key':'value'})\n# deletes specified resource\nrequests.delete('URL')\n# ask for a response but without the response body (only headers)\nrequests.head('URL')\n# returns supported HTTP methods of the server\nrequests.options('URL')\n</code></pre>"},{"location":"languages/python/libs/requests.html#sending-json-data","title":"SENDING JSON DATA","text":"Python<pre><code>requests.post('URL', json={'key': 'value'})\n</code></pre>"},{"location":"languages/python/libs/requests.html#inspecting-the-request","title":"INSPECTING THE REQUEST","text":"Python<pre><code># requests lib prepares the requests before sending it\nresponse = requests.post('URL', data={'key':'value'})\nresponse.request.something    # inspect request field\n</code></pre>"},{"location":"languages/python/libs/requests.html#authentication","title":"AUTHENTICATION","text":"Python<pre><code>requests.get('URL', auth=('username', 'password'))    # use implicit HTTP Basic Authorization\n\n# explicit HTTP Basic Authorization and other\nfrom requests.auth import HTTPBasicAuth, HTTPDigestAuth, HTTPProxyAuth\nfrom getpass import getpass\nrequests.get('URL', auth=HTTPBasicAuth('username', getpass()))\n</code></pre>"},{"location":"languages/python/libs/requests.html#personalized-auth","title":"PERSONALIZED AUTH","text":"Python<pre><code>from requests.auth import AuthBase\nclass TokenAuth(AuthBase):\n    \"custom authentication scheme\"\n\n    def __init__(self, token):\n        self.token = token\n\n    def __call__(self, r):\n        \"\"\"Attach API token to custom auth\"\"\"\n        r.headers['X-TokenAuth'] = f'{self.token}'\n        return r\n\nrequests.get('URL', auth=TokenAuth('1234abcde-token'))\n</code></pre>"},{"location":"languages/python/libs/requests.html#disabling-ssl-verification","title":"DISABLING SSL VERIFICATION","text":"Python<pre><code>requests.get('URL', verify=False)\n</code></pre>"},{"location":"languages/python/libs/requests.html#performance","title":"PERFORMANCE","text":""},{"location":"languages/python/libs/requests.html#request-timeout","title":"REQUEST TIMEOUT","text":"Python<pre><code># raise Timeout exception if request times out\nrequests.get('URL', timeout=(connection_timeout, read_timeout))\n</code></pre>"},{"location":"languages/python/libs/requests.html#max-retries","title":"MAX RETRIES","text":"Python<pre><code>from requests.adapters import HTTPAdapter\nURL_adapter = HTTPAdapter(max_retries = int)\nsession = requests.Session()\n\n# use URL_adapter for all requests to URL\nsession.mount('URL', URL_adapter)\n</code></pre>"},{"location":"languages/python/libs/seaborn.html","title":"Seaborn Lib","text":""},{"location":"languages/python/libs/seaborn.html#basic-imports-for-seaborn","title":"Basic Imports For Seaborn","text":"Python<pre><code>import numpy as np\nimport pandas as pd\nimport matplotlib.pyplot as plt\nimport seaborn as sns\n\n# set aesthetic parameters in one step\nsns.set(style='darkgrid')\n#STYLE: {None, darkgrid, whitegrid, dark, white, ticks}\n</code></pre>"},{"location":"languages/python/libs/seaborn.html#replot-relationship","title":"REPLOT (relationship)","text":"Python<pre><code>sns.replot(x='name_in_data', y='name_in_data', hue='point_color', size='point_size', style='point_shape', data=data)\n# HUE, SIZE and STYLE: {name in data} -- used to differentiate points, a sort-of 3rd dimension\n# hue behaves differently if the data is categorical or numerical, numerical uses a color gradient\n# SORT: {False, True} -- avoid sorting data in function of x\n# CI: {None, sd} -- avoid computing confidence intervals or plot standard deviation\n# (aggregate multiple measurements at each x value by plotting the mean and the 95% confidence interval around the mean)\n# ESTIMATOR: {None} -- turn off aggregation of multiple observations\n# MARKERS: {True, False} -- evidenziate observations with dots\n# DASHES: {True, False} -- evidenziate observations with dashes\n# COL, ROW: {name in data}  -- categorical variables that will determine the grid of plots\n# COL_WRAP: {int} -- \"Wrap\" the column variable at this width, so that the column facets span multiple rows. Incompatible with a row facet.\n# SCATTERPLOT\n# depicts the joint distribution of two variables using a cloud of points\n# kind can be omitted since scatterplot is the default for replot\nsns.replot(kind='scatter')  # calls scatterplot()\nsns.scatterplot()  # underlying axis-level function of replot()\n</code></pre>"},{"location":"languages/python/libs/seaborn.html#lineplot","title":"LINEPLOT","text":"<p>Using semantics in lineplot will determine the aggregation of data.</p> Python<pre><code>sns.replot(ci=None, sort=bool, kind='line')\nsns.lineplot()  # underlying axis-level function of replot()\n</code></pre>"},{"location":"languages/python/libs/seaborn.html#catplot-categorical","title":"CATPLOT (categorical)","text":"<p>Categorical: divided into discrete groups.</p> Python<pre><code>sns.catplot(x='name_in_data', y='name_in_data', data=data)\n# HUE: {name in data} -- used to differenziate points, a sort-of 3rd dimension\n# COL, ROW: {name in data}  -- categorical variables that will determine the grid of plots\n# COL_WRAP: {int} -- \"Wrap\" the column variable at this width, so that the column facets span multiple rows. Incompatible with a row facet.\n# ORDER, HUE_ORDER: {list of strings} -- order of categorical levels of the plot\n# ROW_ORDER, COL_ORDER: {list of strings} -- order to organize the rows and/or columns of the grid in\n# ORIENT: {'v', 'h'} -- Orientation of the plot (can also swap x&amp;y assignment)\n# COLOR: {matplotlib color} -- Color for all of the elements, or seed for a gradient palette\n# CATEGORICAL SCATTERPLOT - STRIPPLOT\n# adjust the positions of points on the categorical axis with a small amount of random \u201cjitter\u201d\nsns.catplot(kind='strip', jitter=float)\nsns.stripplot()\n# SIZE: {float}  -- Diameter of the markers, in points\n# JITTER: {False, float} -- magnitude of points jitter (distance from axis)\n</code></pre>"},{"location":"languages/python/libs/seaborn.html#categorical-scatterplot-swarmplot","title":"CATEGORICAL SCATTERPLOT - SWARMPLOT","text":"<p>Adjusts the points along the categorical axis preventing overlap.</p> Python<pre><code>sns.catplot(kind='swarm')\nsns.swarmplot()\n# SIZE: {float}  -- Diameter of the markers, in points\n# CATEGORICAL DISTRIBUTION - BOXPLOT\n# shows the three quartile values of the distribution along with extreme values\nsns.catplot(kind='box')\nsns.boxplot()\n# HUE: {name in data} -- box for each level of the semantic moved along the categorical axis so they don\u2019t overlap\n# DODGE: {bool} -- whether elements should be shifted along the categorical axis if hue is used\n</code></pre>"},{"location":"languages/python/libs/seaborn.html#categorical-distribution-violinplot","title":"CATEGORICAL DISTRIBUTION - VIOLINPLOT","text":"<p>Combines a boxplot with the kernel density estimation procedure.</p> Python<pre><code>sns.catplot(kind='violin')\nsns.violonplot()\n</code></pre>"},{"location":"languages/python/libs/seaborn.html#categorical-distribution-boxenplot","title":"CATEGORICAL DISTRIBUTION - BOXENPLOT","text":"<p>Plot similar to boxplot but optimized for showing more information about the shape of the distribution. It is best suited for larger datasets.</p> Python<pre><code>sns.catplot(kind='boxen')\nsns.boxenplot()\n</code></pre>"},{"location":"languages/python/libs/seaborn.html#categorical-estimate-pointplot","title":"CATEGORICAL ESTIMATE - POINTPLOT","text":"<p>Show point estimates and confidence intervals using scatter plot glyphs.</p> Python<pre><code>sns.catplot(kind='point')\nsns.pointplot()\n# CI: {float, sd} -- size of confidence intervals to draw around estimated values, sd -&gt; standard deviation\n# MARKERS: {string, list of strings} --  markers to use for each of the hue levels\n# LINESTYLES: {string, list of strings} -- line styles to use for each of the hue levels\n# DODGE: {bool, float} -- amount to separate the points for each hue level along the categorical axis\n# JOIN: {bool} -- if True, lines will be drawn between point estimates at the same hue level\n# SCALE: {float} -- scale factor for the plot elements\n# ERRWIDTH: {float} -- thickness of error bar lines (and caps)\n# CAPSIZE: {float} -- width of the \"caps\" on error bars\n</code></pre>"},{"location":"languages/python/libs/seaborn.html#categorical-estimate-barplot","title":"CATEGORICAL ESTIMATE - BARPLOT","text":"<p>Show point estimates and confidence intervals as rectangular bars.</p> Python<pre><code>sns.catplot(kind='bar')\nsns.barplot()\n# CI: {float, sd} -- size of confidence intervals to draw around estimated values, sd -&gt; standard deviation\n# ERRCOLOR: {matplotlib color} -- color for the lines that represent the confidence interval\n# ERRWIDTH: {float} -- thickness of error bar lines (and caps)\n# CAPSIZE: {float} -- width of the \"caps\" on error bars\n# DODGE: {bool} -- whether elements should be shifted along the categorical axis if hue is used\n</code></pre>"},{"location":"languages/python/libs/seaborn.html#categorical-estimate-countplot","title":"CATEGORICAL ESTIMATE - COUNTPLOT","text":"<p>Show the counts of observations in each categorical bin using bars.</p> Python<pre><code>sns.catplot(kind='count')\nsns.countplot()\n# DODGE: {bool} -- whether elements should be shifted along the categorical axis if hue is used\n</code></pre>"},{"location":"languages/python/libs/seaborn.html#univariate-distributions","title":"UNIVARIATE DISTRIBUTIONS","text":""},{"location":"languages/python/libs/seaborn.html#distplot","title":"DISTPLOT","text":"<p>Flexibly plot a univariate distribution of observations</p> Python<pre><code># A: {series, 1d-array, list}\nsns.distplot(a=data)\n# BINS: {None, arg for matplotlib hist()} -- specification of hist bins, or None to use Freedman-Diaconis rule\n# HIST: {bool} - whether to plot a (normed) histogram\n# KDE: {bool} - whether to plot a gaussian kernel density estimate\n# HIST_KWD, KDE_KWD, RUG_KWD: {dict} -- keyword arguments for underlying plotting functions\n# COLOR: {matplotlib color} -- color to plot everything but the fitted curve in\n</code></pre>"},{"location":"languages/python/libs/seaborn.html#rugplot","title":"RUGPLOT","text":"<p>Plot datapoints in an array as sticks on an axis.</p> Python<pre><code># A: {vector} -- 1D array of observations\nsns.rugplot(a=data) # -&gt; axes obj with plot on it\n# HEIGHT: {scalar} --  height of ticks as proportion of the axis\n# AXIS: {'x', 'y'} -- axis to draw rugplot on\n# AX: {matplotlib axes} -- axes to draw plot into, otherwise grabs current axes\n</code></pre>"},{"location":"languages/python/libs/seaborn.html#kdeplot","title":"KDEPLOT","text":"<p>Fit and plot a univariate or bivariate kernel density estimate.</p> Python<pre><code># DATA: {1D array-like} -- input data\nsns.kdeplot(data=data)\n# DATA2 {1D array-like} -- second input data. if present, a bivariate KDE will be estimated.\n# SHADE: {bool} -- if True, shade-in the area under KDE curve (or draw with filled contours is bivariate)\n</code></pre>"},{"location":"languages/python/libs/seaborn.html#bivariate-distribution","title":"BIVARIATE DISTRIBUTION","text":""},{"location":"languages/python/libs/seaborn.html#jointplot","title":"JOINTPLOT","text":"<p>Draw a plot of two variables with bivariate and univariate graphs.</p> Python<pre><code># X, Y: {string, vector} -- data or names of variables in data\nsns.jointplot(x=data, y=data)\n# DATA:{pandas DataFrame} -- DataFrame when x and y are variable names\n# KIND: {'scatter', 'reg', 'resid', 'kde', 'hex'} -- kind of plot to draw\n# COLOR: {matplotlib color} -- color used for plot elements\n# HEIGHT: {numeric} -- size of figure (it will be square)\n# RATIO: {numeric} -- ratio of joint axes height to marginal axes height\n# SPACE: {numeric} -- space between the joint and marginal axes\n# JOINT_KWD, MARGINAL_KWD, ANNOT_KWD: {dict} -- additional keyword arguments for the plot components\n</code></pre>"},{"location":"languages/python/libs/seaborn.html#pair-wise-relationisps-in-dataset","title":"PAIR-WISE RELATIONISPS IN DATASET","text":""},{"location":"languages/python/libs/seaborn.html#pairplot","title":"PAIRPLOT","text":"<p>Plot pairwise relationships in a dataset.</p> Python<pre><code># DATA: {pandas DataFrame} -- tidy (long-form) dataframe where each column is a variable and each row is an observation\nsns.pairplot(data=pd.DataFrame)\n# HUE: {string (variable name)} -- variable in data to map plot aspects to different colors\n# HUE_ORDER: {list of strings} -- order for the levels of the hue variable in the palette\n# VARS: {list of variable names} -- variables within data to use, otherwise every column with numeric datatype\n# X_VARS, Y_VARS: {list of variable names} -- variables within data to use separately for rows and columns of figure\n# KIND: {'scatter', 'reg'} -- kind of plot for the non-identity relationships\n# DIAG_KIND: {'auto', 'hist', 'kde'} -- Kind of plot for the diagonal subplots. default depends hue\n# MARKERS: {matplotlib marker or list}\n# HEIGHT:{scalar} -- height (in inches) of each facet\n# ASPECT: {scalar} -- aspect * height gives the width (in inches) of each facet\n</code></pre>"},{"location":"languages/python/libs/tkinter.html","title":"Tkinter Module/Library","text":""},{"location":"languages/python/libs/tkinter.html#standard-imports","title":"Standard Imports","text":"Python<pre><code>from tkinter import *  # import Python Tk Binding\nfrom tkinter import ttk  # import Themed Widgets\n</code></pre>"},{"location":"languages/python/libs/tkinter.html#geometry-management","title":"GEOMETRY MANAGEMENT","text":"<p>Putting  widgets on screen master widget \u2192 top-level window, frame slave widget \u2192 widgets contained in master widget geometry managers determine size and oder widget drawing properties</p>"},{"location":"languages/python/libs/tkinter.html#event-handling","title":"EVENT HANDLING","text":"<p>event loop receives events from the OS customizable events provide a callback as a widget configuration</p> Python<pre><code>widget.bind('event', function)  # method to capture any event and than execute an arbitrary piece of code (generally a function or lambda)\n</code></pre> <p>VIRTUAL EVENT \u2192 hig level event generated by widget (listed in widget docs)</p>"},{"location":"languages/python/libs/tkinter.html#widgets","title":"WIDGETS","text":"<p>Widgets are objects and all things on screen. All widgets are children of a window.</p> Python<pre><code>widget_name = tk_object(parent_window)  # widget is inserted into widget hierarchy\n</code></pre>"},{"location":"languages/python/libs/tkinter.html#frame-widget","title":"FRAME WIDGET","text":"<p>Displays a single rectangle, used as container for other widgets</p> Python<pre><code>frame = ttk.Frame(parent, width=None, height=None, borderwidth=num:int)\n# BORDERWIDTH: sets frame border width (default: 0)\n# width, height MUST be specified if frame is empty, otherwise determined by parent geometry manager\n</code></pre>"},{"location":"languages/python/libs/tkinter.html#frame-padding","title":"FRAME PADDING","text":"<p>Extra space inside widget (margin).</p> Python<pre><code>frame['padding'] = num  # same padding for every border\nframe['padding'] = (horizontal, vertical)  # set horizontal THEN vertical padding\nframe['padding'] = (left, top, right, bottom)  # set left, top, right, bottom padding\n\n# RELIEF: set border style, [flat (default), raised, sunken, solid, ridge, groove]\nframe['relief'] = border_style\n</code></pre>"},{"location":"languages/python/libs/tkinter.html#label-widget","title":"LABEL WIDGET","text":"<p>Display text or image without interactivity.</p> Python<pre><code>label = ttk.Label(parent, text='label text')\n</code></pre>"},{"location":"languages/python/libs/tkinter.html#defining-updating-label","title":"DEFINING UPDATING LABEL","text":"Python<pre><code>var = StringVar()  # variable containing text, watches for changes. Use get, set methods to interact with the value\nlabel['textvariable'] = var  # attach var to label (only of type StringVar)\nvar.set(\"new text label\")  #  change label text\n</code></pre>"},{"location":"languages/python/libs/tkinter.html#display-images-2-steps","title":"DISPLAY IMAGES (2 steps)","text":"Python<pre><code>image = PhotoImage(file='filename')  # create image object\nlabel['image'] = image  # use image config\n</code></pre>"},{"location":"languages/python/libs/tkinter.html#display-image-and-or-text","title":"DISPLAY IMAGE AND-OR TEXT","text":"Python<pre><code>label['compound'] = value\n</code></pre> <p>Compound value:</p> <ul> <li>none ../img if present, text otherwise)</li> <li>text (text only)</li> <li>image (image only)</li> <li>center (text in center of image)</li> <li>top (image above text), left, bottom, right</li> </ul>"},{"location":"languages/python/libs/tkinter.html#layout","title":"LAYOUT","text":"<p>Specifies edge or corner that the label is attached.</p> Python<pre><code>label['anchor'] = compass_direction  #compass_direction: n, ne, e, se, s, sw, w, nw, center\n</code></pre>"},{"location":"languages/python/libs/tkinter.html#multi-line-text-wrap","title":"MULTI-LINE TEXT WRAP","text":"Python<pre><code># use \\n for multi line text\nlabel['wraplength'] = size  # max line length\n</code></pre>"},{"location":"languages/python/libs/tkinter.html#control-text-justification","title":"CONTROL TEXT JUSTIFICATION","text":"Python<pre><code>label['justify'] = value  #value: left, center, right\n\nlabel['relief'] = label_style\nlabel['foreground'] = color  # color passed with name or HEX RGB codes\nlabel['background'] = color  # color passed with name or HEX RGB codes\n</code></pre>"},{"location":"languages/python/libs/tkinter.html#font-style-use-with-caution","title":"FONT STYLE (use with caution)","text":"Python<pre><code># used outside style option\nlabel['font'] = font\n</code></pre> <p>Fonts:</p> <ul> <li>TkDefaultFont    -- default for all GUI items</li> <li>TkTextFont    -- used for entry widgets, listboxes, etc</li> <li>TkFixedFont    -- standard fixed-width font</li> <li>TkMenuFont    -- used for menu items</li> <li>TkHeadingFont -- for column headings in lists and tables</li> <li>TkCaptionFont    -- for window and dialog caption bars</li> <li>TkSmallCaptionFont -- smaller caption for subwindows or tool dialogs</li> <li>TkIconFont    -- for icon caption</li> <li>TkTooltipFont    -- for tooltips</li> </ul>"},{"location":"languages/python/libs/tkinter.html#button","title":"BUTTON","text":"<p>Press to perform some action</p> Python<pre><code>button = ttk.Button(parent, text='button_text', command=action_performed)\n</code></pre>"},{"location":"languages/python/libs/tkinter.html#text-or-image","title":"TEXT or IMAGE","text":"Python<pre><code>button['text/textvariable'], button['image'], button['compound']\n</code></pre>"},{"location":"languages/python/libs/tkinter.html#button-invocation","title":"BUTTON INVOCATION","text":"Python<pre><code>button.invoke()  # button activation in the program\n</code></pre>"},{"location":"languages/python/libs/tkinter.html#button-state","title":"BUTTON STATE","text":"<p>Activate or deactivate the widget.</p> Python<pre><code>button.state(['disabled'])            # set the disabled flag, disabling the button\nbutton.state(['!disabled'])           # clear the disabled flag\nbutton.instate(['disabled'])          # return true if the button is disabled, else false\nbutton.instate(['!disabled'])         # return true if the button is not disabled, else false\nbutton.instate(['!disabled'], cmd)  # execute 'cmd' if the button is not disabled\n# WIDGET STATE FLAGS: active, disabled, focus, pressed, selected, background, readonly, alternate, invalid\n</code></pre>"},{"location":"languages/python/libs/tkinter.html#checkbutton","title":"CHECKBUTTON","text":"<p>Button with binary value of some kind (e.g a toggle) and also invokes a command callback</p> Python<pre><code>checkbutton_var = TkVarType\ncheck = ttk.Checkbutton(parent, text='button text', command=action_performed, variable=checkbutton_var, onvalue=value_on, offvalue=value_off)\n</code></pre>"},{"location":"languages/python/libs/tkinter.html#widget-value","title":"WIDGET VALUE","text":"<p>Variable option holds value of button, updated by widget toggle. DEFAULT: 1 (while checked), 0 (while unchecked) <code>onvalue</code>, <code>offvalue</code> are used to personalize checked and unchecked values if linked variable is empty or different from on-off value the state flag is set to alternate checkbutton won't set the linked variable (MUST be done in the program)</p>"},{"location":"languages/python/libs/tkinter.html#config-options","title":"CONFIG OPTIONS","text":"Python<pre><code>check['text/textvariable']\ncheck['image']\ncheck['compound']\ncheck.state(['flag'])\ncheck.instate(['flag'])\n</code></pre>"},{"location":"languages/python/libs/tkinter.html#radiobutton","title":"RADIOBUTTON","text":"<p>Multiple-choice selection (good if options are few).</p> Python<pre><code>#RADIOBUTTON CREATION (usually as a set)\nradio_var = TkVarType\nradio_1 = ttk.Radiobutton(parent, text='button text', variable=radio_var, value=button_1_value)\nradio_2 = ttk.Radiobutton(parent, text='button text', variable=radio_var, value=button_2_value)\nradio_3 = ttk.Radiobutton(parent, text='button text', variable=radio_var, value=button_3_value)\n# if linked value does not exist flag state is alternate\n\n# CONFIG OPTIONS\nradio['text/textvariable']\nradio['image']\nradio['compound']\nradio.state(['flag'])\nradio.instate(['flag'])\n</code></pre>"},{"location":"languages/python/libs/tkinter.html#entry","title":"ENTRY","text":"<p>Single line text field accepting a string.</p> Python<pre><code>entry_var = StringVar()\nentry = ttk.Entry(parent, textvariable=entry_var, width=char_num, show=symbol)\n# SHOW: replaces the entry test with symbol, used for password\n# entries don't have an associated label, needs a separate widget\n</code></pre>"},{"location":"languages/python/libs/tkinter.html#change-entry-value","title":"CHANGE ENTRY VALUE","text":"Python<pre><code>entry.get()  # returns entry value\nentry.delete(start, 'end')  # delete between two indices, 0-based\nentry.insert(index, 'text value')  # insert new text at a given index\n</code></pre>"},{"location":"languages/python/libs/tkinter.html#entry-config-options","title":"ENTRY CONFIG OPTIONS","text":"Python<pre><code>radio.state(['flag'])\nradio.instate(['flag'])\n</code></pre>"},{"location":"languages/python/libs/tkinter.html#combobox","title":"COMBOBOX","text":"<p>Drop-down list of available options.</p> Python<pre><code>combobox_var = StringVar()\ncombo = ttk.Combobox(parent, textvariable=combobox_var)\ncombobox.get()  # return combobox current value\ncombobox.set(value)  # set combobox new value\ncombobox.current()  # returns which item in the predefined values list is selected (0-based index of the provided list, -1 if not in the list)\n#combobox will generate a bind-able &lt;ComboboxSelected&gt; virtual event whenever the value changes\ncombobox.bind('&lt;&lt;ComboboxSelected&gt;&gt;', function)\n</code></pre>"},{"location":"languages/python/libs/tkinter.html#predefined-values","title":"PREDEFINED VALUES","text":"Python<pre><code>combobox['values'] = (value_1, value_2, ...)  # provides a list of choose-able values\ncombobox.state(['readonly'])  # restricts choose-able values to those provided with 'values' config option\n# SUGGESTION: call selection clear method on value change (on ComboboxSelected event) to avoid visual oddities\n</code></pre>"},{"location":"languages/python/libs/tkinter.html#listbox-tk-classic","title":"LISTBOX (Tk Classic)","text":"<p>Display list of single-line items, allows browsing and multiple selection (part og Tk classic, missing in themed Tk widgets).</p> Python<pre><code>lstbx = Listbox(parent, height=num, listvariable=item_list:list)\n# listvariable links a variable (MUST BE a list) to the listbox, each element is a item of the listbox\n# manipulation of the list changes the listbox\n</code></pre>"},{"location":"languages/python/libs/tkinter.html#selecting-items","title":"SELECTING ITEMS","text":"Python<pre><code>lstbx['selectmode'] = mode  # MODE: browse (single selection), extended (multiple selection)\nlstbx.curselection()  # returns list of indices of selected items\n# on selection change: generate event &lt;ListboxSelect&gt;\n# often each string in the program is associated with some other data item\n# keep a second list, parallel to the list of strings displayed in the listbox, which will hold the associated objects\n# (association by index with .curselection() or with a dict).\n</code></pre>"},{"location":"languages/python/libs/tkinter.html#scrollbar","title":"SCROLLBAR","text":"Python<pre><code>scroll = ttk.Scrollbar(parent, orient=direction, command=widget.view)\n# ORIENT: VERTICAL, HORIZONTAL\n# WIDGET.VIEW: .xview, .yview\n# NEEDS ASSOCIATED WIDGET SCROLL CONFIG\nwidget.configure(xscrollcommand=scroll.set)\nwidget.configure(yscrollcommand=scroll.set)\n</code></pre>"},{"location":"languages/python/libs/tkinter.html#sizegrip","title":"SIZEGRIP","text":"<p>Box in right bottom of widget, allows resize.</p> Python<pre><code>ttk.Sizegrip(parent).grid(column=999, row=999, sticky=(S, E))\n</code></pre>"},{"location":"languages/python/libs/tkinter.html#text-tk-classic","title":"TEXT (Tk Classic)","text":"<p>Area accepting multiple line of text.</p> Python<pre><code>txt = Text(parent, width=num:int, height=num:int, wrap=flag)  # width is character num, height is row num\n# FLAG: none (no wrapping), char (wrap at every character), word (wrap at word boundaries)\ntxt['state'] = flag  # FLAG: disabled, normal\n# accepts commands xscrollcommand and yscrollcommandand and yview, xview methods\ntxt.see(line_num.char_num)  # ensure that given line is visible (line is 1-based, char is 0-based)\ntxt.get( index, string)   # insert string in pos index (index = line.char), 'end' is shortcut for end of text\ntxt.delete(start, end)  # delete range of text\n</code></pre>"},{"location":"languages/python/libs/tkinter.html#progressbar","title":"PROGRESSBAR","text":"<p>Feedback about progress of lenghty operation.</p> Python<pre><code>progbar = ttk.Progressbar(parent, orient=direction, length=num:int, value=num, maximum=num:float mode=mode)\n# DIRECTION: VERTICAL, HORIZONTAL\n# MODE: determinate (relative progress of completion), indeterminate (no estimate of completion)\n# LENGTH: dimension in pixel\n# VALUE: sets the progress, updates the bar as it changes\n# MAXIMUM: total number of steps (DEFAULT: 100)\n</code></pre>"},{"location":"languages/python/libs/tkinter.html#determinate-progress","title":"DETERMINATE PROGRESS","text":"Python<pre><code>progbar.step(amount)  # increment value of given amount (DEFAULT: 1.0)\n</code></pre>"},{"location":"languages/python/libs/tkinter.html#indeterminate-progress","title":"INDETERMINATE PROGRESS","text":"Python<pre><code>progbar.start()  # starts progressbar\nprogbar.stop()  #stoops progressbar\n</code></pre>"},{"location":"languages/python/libs/tkinter.html#scale","title":"SCALE","text":"<p>Provide a numeric value through direct manipulation.</p> Python<pre><code>scale = ttk.Scale(parent, orient=DIR, length=num:int, from_=num:float, to=num:float, command=cmd)\n# COMMAND: calls cmd at every scale change, appends current value to func call\nscale['value']  # set or read current value\nscale.set(value)  # set current value\nscale.get()  # get current value\n</code></pre>"},{"location":"languages/python/libs/tkinter.html#spinbox","title":"SPINBOX","text":"<p>Choose numbers. The spinbox choses item from a list, arrows permit cycling lits items.</p> Python<pre><code>spinval = StringVar()\nspin = Spinbox(parent, from_=num, to=num, textvariable=spinval, increment=num, value=lst, wrap=boolean)\n# INCREMENT specifies increment\\decrement by arrow button\n# VALUE: list of items associated with the spinbox\n# WRAP: boolean value determining if value should wrap around if beyond start-end value\n</code></pre>"},{"location":"languages/python/libs/tkinter.html#grid-geometry-manager","title":"GRID GEOMETRY MANAGER","text":"<p>Widgets are assigned a \"column\" number and a \"row\" number, which indicates their relative position to each other. Column and row numbers must be integers, with the first column and row starting at 0. Gaps in column and row numbers are handy to add more widgets in the middle of the user interface at a later time. The width of each column (or height of each row) depends on the width or height of the widgets contained within the column or row.</p> <p>Widgets can take up more than a single cell in the grid (\"columnspan\" and \"rowspan\" options).</p>"},{"location":"languages/python/libs/tkinter.html#layout-within-cell","title":"LAYOUT WITHIN CELL","text":"<p>By default, if a cell is larger than the widget contained in it, the widget will be centered within it, both horizontally and vertically, with the master's background showing in the empty space around it. The \"sticky\" option can be used to change this default behavior. The value of the \"sticky\" option is a string of 0 or more of the compass directions \"nsew\", specifying which edges of the cell the widget should be \"stuck\" to. Specifying two opposite edges means that the widget will be stretched so it is stuck to both. Specifying \"nsew\" it will stick to every side.</p>"},{"location":"languages/python/libs/tkinter.html#handling-resize","title":"HANDLING RESIZE","text":"<p>Every column and row has a \"weight\" grid option associated with it, which tells it how much it should grow if there is extra room in the master to fill. By default, the weight of each column or row is 0, meaning don't expand to fill space. This is done using the \"columnconfigure\" and \"rowconfigure\" methods of grid. Both \"columnconfigure\" and \"rowconfigure\" also take a \"minsize\" grid option, which specifies a minimum size.</p>"},{"location":"languages/python/libs/tkinter.html#padding","title":"PADDING","text":"<p>Normally, each column or row will be directly adjacent to the next, so that widgets will be right next to each other. \"padx\" puts a bit of extra space to the left and right of the widget, while \"pady\" adds extra space top and bottom. A single value for the option puts the same padding on both left and right (or top and bottom), while a two-value list lets you put different amounts on left and right (or top and bottom). To add padding around an entire row or column, the \"columnconfigure\" and \"rowconfigure\" methods accept a \"pad\" option.  </p> Python<pre><code>widget.grid(column=num, row=num, columnspan=num, rowspan=num, sticky=(), padx=num, pady=num)  # sticky: N, S, E, W\nwidget.columnconfigure(pad=num, weight=num)\nwidget.rowconfigure(pad=num, weight=num)\n\nwidget.grid_slaves()  # returns map, list of widgets inside a master\nwidget.grid_info()  # returns list of grid options\nwidget.grid_configure()  # change one or more option\n\nwidget.grid_forget(slaves)  # takes a list of slaves, removes slaves from grid (forgets slaves options)\nwidget.grid_remove(slaves)  # takes a list of slaves, removes slaves from grid (remembers slaves options)\n</code></pre>"},{"location":"languages/python/libs/tkinter.html#windows-and-dialogs","title":"WINDOWS AND DIALOGS","text":""},{"location":"languages/python/libs/tkinter.html#creating-toplevel-window","title":"CREATING TOPLEVEL WINDOW","text":"Python<pre><code>tlw = Toplevel(parent)  # parent of root window, no need to grid it\n\nwindow.destroy()\n# can destroy every widget\n# destroying parent also destroys it's children\n</code></pre>"},{"location":"languages/python/libs/tkinter.html#changing-behavior-and-style","title":"CHANGING BEHAVIOR AND STYLE","text":"Python<pre><code># WINDOW TILE\nwindow.title()  # returns title of the window\nwindow.title('new title')  # sets title\n\n# SIZE AND LOCATION\nwindow.geometry(geo_specs)\n'''full geometry specification: width * height +- x +- y (actual coordinates of screen)\n+x --&gt; x pixels from left edge\n-x --&gt; x pixels from right edge\n+y --&gt; y pixels from top edge\n-y --&gt; y pixels from bottom edge'''\n\n# STACKING ORDER\n# current stacking order (list from lowest to highest) --- NOT CLEANLY EXPOSED THROUGH TK API\nroot.tk.eval('wm stackorder ' + str(window))\n# check if window is above or below\nif (root.tk.eval('wm stackorder '+str(window)+' isabove '+str(otherwindow))=='1')\nif (root.tk.eval('wm stackorder '+str(window)+' isbelow '+str(otherwindow))=='1')\n# raise or lower windows\nwindow.lift()  # absolute position\nwindow.lift(otherwin)  # relative to other window\nwindow.lower()  # absolute position\nwindow.lower(otherwin)   # relative to other window\n\n# RESIZE BEHAVIOR\nwindow.resizable(boolean, boolean)  # sets if resizable in width (1st param) and width (2nd param)\nwindow.minsize(num, num)  # sets min width and height\nwindow.maxsize(num, num)  # sets max width and height\n\n# ICONIFYING AND WITHDRAWING\n# WINDOW STATE: normal. iconic (iconified window), withdrawn, icon, zoomed\nwindow.state()  # returns current window state\nwindow.state('state')  # sets window state\nwindow.iconify()  # iconifies window\nwindow.deiconify()  # deiconifies window\n</code></pre>"},{"location":"languages/python/libs/tkinter.html#standard-dialogs","title":"STANDARD DIALOGS","text":"Python<pre><code># SLEETING FILE AND DIRECTORIES\n# on Windows and Mac invokes underlying OS dialogs directly\nfrom tkinter import filedialog\nfilename = filedialog.askopenfilename()\nfilename = filedialog.asksaveasfilename()\ndirname = filedialog.askdirectory()\n'''All of these commands produce modal dialogs, which means that the commands (and hence the program) will not continue running until the user submits the dialog.\nThe commands return the full pathname of the file or directory the user has chosen, or return an empty string if the user cancels out of the dialog.'''\n\n# SELECTING COLORS\nfrom tkinter import colorchooser\n # returns HEX color code, INITIALCOLOR: exiting color, presumably to replace\ncolorchooser.askcolor(initialcolor=hex_color_code)\n\n# ALERT AND COMFIRMATION DIALOGS\nfrom tkinter import messagebox\nmessagebox.showinfo(title=\"title\", message='text')  # simple box with message and OK button\nmessagebox.showerror(title=\"title\", message='text')\nmessagebox.showwarning(title=\"title\", message='text')\nmessagebox.askyesno(title=\"title\", message='text', detail='secondary text' icon='icon')\nmessagebor.askokcancel(message='text', icon='icon', title='title', detail='secondary text', default=button)  # DEFAULT: default button, ok or cancel\nmessagebox.akdquestion(title=\"title\", message='text', detail='secondary text', icon='icon')\nmessagebox.askretrycancel(title=\"title\", message='text', detail='secondary text', icon='icon')\nmessagebox.askyesnocancel(title=\"title\", message='text', detail='secondary text', icon='icon')\n# ICON: info (default), error, question, warning\n</code></pre> <p>POSSIBLE ALERT/CONFIRMATION RETURN VALUES:</p> <ul> <li><code>ok (default)</code> -- \"ok\"</li> <li><code>okcancel</code> -- \"ok\" or \"cancel\"</li> <li><code>yesno</code> -- \"yes\" or \"no\"</li> <li><code>yesnocancel</code> -- \"yes\", \"no\" or \"cancel\"</li> <li><code>retrycancel</code> -- \"retry\" or \"cancel\"</li> </ul>"},{"location":"languages/python/libs/tkinter.html#separator","title":"SEPARATOR","text":"Python<pre><code># horizontal or vertical line between groups of widgets\nseparator = ttk.Separator(parent, orient=direction)\n# DIRECTION: horizontal, vertical\n'''LABEL FRAME'''\n# labelled frame, used to group widgets\nlf = ttk.LabelFrame(parent, text='label')\n'''PANED WINDOWS'''\n# stack multimple resizable widgets\n# panes ara adjustable (drag sash between panes)\npw = ttk.PanedWindow(parent, orient=direction)\n# DIRECTION: horizontal, vertical\nlf1 = ttk.LabelFrame(...)\nlf2 = ttk.LabelFrame(...)\npw.add(lf1)  # add widget to paned window\npw.add(lf2)\npw.insert(position, subwindow)  # insert widget at given position in list of panes (0, ..., n-1)\npw.forget(subwindow)  # remove widget from pane\npw.forget(position)  # remove widget from pane\n</code></pre>"},{"location":"languages/python/libs/tkinter.html#notebook","title":"NOTEBOOK","text":"<p>Allows switching between multiple pages</p> Python<pre><code>nb = ttk.Notebook(parent)\nf1 = ttk.Frame(parent, ...)  # child of notebook\nf2 = ttk.Frame(parent, ...)\nnb.add(subwindow, text='page title', state=flag)\n# TEXT: name of page, STATE: normal, dusabled (not selectable), hidden\n\nnb.insert(position, subwindow, option=value)\nnb.forget(subwindow)\nnb.forget(position)\nnb.tabs()  # retrieve all tabs\nnb.select()  # return current tab\nnb.select(position/subwindow)  # change current tab\nnb.tab(tabid, option)  # retrieve tab (TABID: position or subwindow) option\nnb.tab(tabid, option=value)   # change tab option\n</code></pre>"},{"location":"languages/python/libs/tkinter.html#fonts-colors-images","title":"FONTS, COLORS, IMAGES","text":""},{"location":"languages/python/libs/tkinter.html#named-fonts","title":"NAMED FONTS","text":"<p>Creation of personalized fonts</p> Python<pre><code>from tkinter import font\nfont_name = font.Font(family='font_family', size=num, weight='bold/normal', slant='roman/italic', underline=boolean, overstrike=boolean)\n# FAMILY: Courier, Times, Helvetica (support guaranteed)\nfont.families()  # all avaiable font families\n</code></pre>"},{"location":"languages/python/libs/tkinter.html#colors","title":"COLORS","text":"<p>Specified w/ HEX RGB codes.</p>"},{"location":"languages/python/libs/tkinter.html#images","title":"IMAGES","text":"<p>imgobj = PhotoImage(file='filename') label['image'] = imgobj</p>"},{"location":"languages/python/libs/tkinter.html#images-w-pillow","title":"IMAGES W/ Pillow","text":"Python<pre><code>from PIL import ImageTk, Image\nmyimg = ImageTk.PhotoImage(Image.open('filename'))\n</code></pre>"},{"location":"languages/python/modules/argparse.html","title":"Argpasrse Module","text":""},{"location":"languages/python/modules/argparse.html#creating-a-parser","title":"Creating a parser","text":"Python<pre><code>import argparse\n\nparser = argparse.ArgumentParser(description=\"description\", allow_abbrev=True)\n</code></pre> <p>Note: All parameters should be passed as keyword arguments.</p> <ul> <li><code>prog</code>: The name of the program (default: <code>sys.argv[0]</code>)</li> <li><code>usage</code>: The string describing the program usage (default: generated from arguments added to parser)</li> <li><code>description</code>: Text to display before the argument help (default: none)</li> <li><code>epilog</code>: Text to display after the argument help (default: none)</li> <li><code>parents</code>: A list of ArgumentParser objects whose arguments should also be included</li> <li><code>formatter_class</code>: A class for customizing the help output</li> <li><code>prefix_chars</code>: The set of characters that prefix optional arguments (default: \u2018-\u2018)</li> <li><code>fromfile_prefix_chars</code>: The set of characters that prefix files from which additional arguments should be read (default: None)</li> <li><code>argument_default</code>: The global default value for arguments (default: None)</li> <li><code>conflict_handler</code>: The strategy for resolving conflicting optionals (usually unnecessary)</li> <li><code>add_help</code>: Add a -h/--help option to the parser (default: True)</li> <li><code>allow_abbrev</code>: Allows long options to be abbreviated if the abbreviation is unambiguous. (default: True)</li> </ul>"},{"location":"languages/python/modules/argparse.html#adding-arguments","title":"Adding Arguments","text":"Python<pre><code>ArgumentParser.add_argument(\"name_or_flags\", nargs=\"...\", action=\"...\")\n</code></pre> <p>Note: All parameters should be passed as keyword arguments.</p> <ul> <li><code>name or flags</code>: Either a name or a list of option strings, e.g. <code>foo</code> or <code>-f</code>, <code>--foo</code>.</li> <li><code>action</code>: The basic type of action to be taken when this argument is encountered at the command line.</li> <li><code>nargs</code>: The number of command-line arguments that should be consumed.</li> <li><code>const</code>: A constant value required by some action and nargs selections.</li> <li><code>default</code>: The value produced if the argument is absent from the command line.</li> <li><code>type</code>: The type to which the command-line argument should be converted to.</li> <li><code>choices</code>: A container of the allowable values for the argument.</li> <li><code>required</code>: Whether or not the command-line option may be omitted (optionals only).</li> <li><code>help</code>: A brief description of what the argument does.</li> <li><code>metavar</code>: A name for the argument in usage messages.</li> <li><code>dest</code>: The name of the attribute to be added to the object returned by <code>parse_args()</code>.</li> </ul>"},{"location":"languages/python/modules/argparse.html#actions","title":"Actions","text":"<p><code>store</code>: This just stores the argument's value. This is the default action.</p> Python<pre><code>&gt;&gt;&gt; parser = argparse.ArgumentParser()\n&gt;&gt;&gt; parser.add_argument('--foo')\n&gt;&gt;&gt; parser.parse_args('--foo 1'.split())\nNamespace(foo='1')\n</code></pre> <p><code>store_const</code>: This stores the value specified by the const keyword argument. The <code>store_const</code> action is most commonly used with optional arguments that specify some sort of flag.</p> Python<pre><code>&gt;&gt;&gt; parser = argparse.ArgumentParser()\n&gt;&gt;&gt; parser.add_argument('--foo', action='store_const', const=42)\n&gt;&gt;&gt; parser.parse_args(['--foo'])\nNamespace(foo=42)\n</code></pre> <p><code>store_true</code> and <code>store_false</code>: These are special cases of <code>store_const</code> used for storing the values True and False respectively. In addition, they create default values of False and True respectively.</p> Python<pre><code>&gt;&gt;&gt; parser = argparse.ArgumentParser()\n&gt;&gt;&gt; parser.add_argument('--foo', action='store_true')\n&gt;&gt;&gt; parser.add_argument('--bar', action='store_false')\n&gt;&gt;&gt; parser.add_argument('--baz', action='store_false')\n&gt;&gt;&gt; parser.parse_args('--foo --bar'.split())\nNamespace(foo=True, bar=False, baz=True)\n</code></pre> <p><code>append</code>: This stores a list, and appends each argument value to the list. This is useful to allow an option to be specified multiple times. Example usage:</p> Python<pre><code>&gt;&gt;&gt; parser = argparse.ArgumentParser()\n&gt;&gt;&gt; parser.add_argument('--foo', action='append')\n&gt;&gt;&gt; parser.parse_args('--foo 1 --foo 2'.split())\nNamespace(foo=['1', '2'])\n</code></pre> <p><code>append_const</code>: This stores a list, and appends the value specified by the const keyword argument to the list. (Note that the const keyword argument defaults to None.) The <code>append_const</code> action is typically useful when multiple arguments need to store constants to the same list. For example:</p> Python<pre><code>&gt;&gt;&gt; parser = argparse.ArgumentParser()\n&gt;&gt;&gt; parser.add_argument('--str', dest='types', action='append_const', const=str)\n&gt;&gt;&gt; parser.add_argument('--int', dest='types', action='append_const', const=int)\n&gt;&gt;&gt; parser.parse_args('--str --int'.split())\nNamespace(types=[&lt;class 'str'&gt;, &lt;class 'int'&gt;])\n</code></pre> <p><code>count</code>: This counts the number of times a keyword argument occurs. For example, this is useful for increasing verbosity levels: Note: the default will be None unless explicitly set to 0.</p> Python<pre><code>&gt;&gt;&gt; parser = argparse.ArgumentParser()\n&gt;&gt;&gt; parser.add_argument('--verbose', '-v', action='count', default=0)\n&gt;&gt;&gt; parser.parse_args(['-vvv'])\nNamespace(verbose=3)\n</code></pre> <p><code>help</code>: This prints a complete help message for all the options in the current parser and then exits. By default a help action is automatically added to the parser.</p> <p><code>version</code>: This expects a version= keyword argument in the add_argument() call, and prints version information and exits when invoked:</p> Python<pre><code>&gt;&gt;&gt; import argparse\n&gt;&gt;&gt; parser = argparse.ArgumentParser(prog='PROG')\n&gt;&gt;&gt; parser.add_argument('--version', action='version', version='%(prog)s 2.0')\n&gt;&gt;&gt; parser.parse_args(['--version'])\nPROG 2.0\n</code></pre> <p><code>extend</code>: This stores a list, and extends each argument value to the list. Example usage:</p> Python<pre><code>&gt;&gt;&gt; parser = argparse.ArgumentParser()\n&gt;&gt;&gt; parser.add_argument(\"--foo\", action=\"extend\", nargs=\"+\", type=str)\n&gt;&gt;&gt; parser.parse_args([\"--foo\", \"f1\", \"--foo\", \"f2\", \"f3\", \"f4\"])\nNamespace(foo=['f1', 'f2', 'f3', 'f4'])\n</code></pre>"},{"location":"languages/python/modules/argparse.html#nargs","title":"Nargs","text":"<p>ArgumentParser objects usually associate a single command-line argument with a single action to be taken. The <code>nargs</code> keyword argument associates a different number of command-line arguments with a single action.</p> <p>Note: If the nargs keyword argument is not provided, the number of arguments consumed is determined by the action.</p> <p><code>N</code> (an integer): N arguments from the command line will be gathered together into a list.</p> Python<pre><code>&gt;&gt;&gt; parser = argparse.ArgumentParser()\n&gt;&gt;&gt; parser.add_argument('--foo', nargs=2)\n&gt;&gt;&gt; parser.add_argument('bar', nargs=1)\n&gt;&gt;&gt; parser.parse_args('c --foo a b'.split())\nNamespace(bar=['c'], foo=['a', 'b'])\n</code></pre> <p>Note: <code>nargs=1</code> produces a list of one item. This is different from the default, in which the item is produced by itself.</p> <p><code>?</code>: One argument will be consumed from the command line if possible, and produced as a single item. If no command-line argument is present, the value from default will be produced.</p> <p>For optional arguments, there is an additional case: the option string is present but not followed by a command-line argument. In this case the value from const will be produced.</p> Python<pre><code>&gt;&gt;&gt; parser = argparse.ArgumentParser()\n&gt;&gt;&gt; parser.add_argument('--foo', nargs='?', const='c', default='d')\n&gt;&gt;&gt; parser.add_argument('bar', nargs='?', default='d')\n&gt;&gt;&gt; parser.parse_args(['XX', '--foo', 'YY'])\nNamespace(bar='XX', foo='YY')\n&gt;&gt;&gt; parser.parse_args(['XX', '--foo'])\nNamespace(bar='XX', foo='c')\n&gt;&gt;&gt; parser.parse_args([])\nNamespace(bar='d', foo='d')\n</code></pre> <p><code>*</code>: All command-line arguments present are gathered into a list. Note that it generally doesn't make much sense to have more than one positional argument with <code>nargs='*'</code>, but multiple optional arguments with <code>nargs='*'</code> is possible.</p> Python<pre><code>&gt;&gt;&gt; parser = argparse.ArgumentParser()\n&gt;&gt;&gt; parser.add_argument('--foo', nargs='*')\n&gt;&gt;&gt; parser.add_argument('--bar', nargs='*')\n&gt;&gt;&gt; parser.add_argument('baz', nargs='*')\n&gt;&gt;&gt; parser.parse_args('a b --foo x y --bar 1 2'.split())\nNamespace(bar=['1', '2'], baz=['a', 'b'], foo=['x', 'y'])\n</code></pre> <p><code>+</code>: All command-line args present are gathered into a list. Additionally, an error message will be generated if there wasn't at least one command-line argument present.</p> Python<pre><code>&gt;&gt;&gt; parser = argparse.ArgumentParser(prog='PROG')\n&gt;&gt;&gt; parser.add_argument('foo', nargs='+')\n&gt;&gt;&gt; parser.parse_args(['a', 'b'])\nNamespace(foo=['a', 'b'])\n&gt;&gt;&gt; parser.parse_args([])\nusage: PROG [-h] foo [foo ...]\nPROG: error: the following arguments are required: foo\n</code></pre> <p><code>argparse.REMAINDER</code>: All the remaining command-line arguments are gathered into a list. This is commonly useful for command line utilities that dispatch to other command line utilities.</p> Python<pre><code>&gt;&gt;&gt; parser = argparse.ArgumentParser(prog='PROG')\n&gt;&gt;&gt; parser.add_argument('--foo')\n&gt;&gt;&gt; parser.add_argument('command')\n&gt;&gt;&gt; parser.add_argument('args', nargs=argparse.REMAINDER)\n&gt;&gt;&gt; print(parser.parse_args('--foo B cmd --arg1 XX ZZ'.split()))\nNamespace(args=['--arg1', 'XX', 'ZZ'], command='cmd', foo='B')\n</code></pre>"},{"location":"languages/python/modules/argparse.html#parsing-arguments","title":"Parsing Arguments","text":"Python<pre><code># Convert argument strings to objects and assign them as attributes of the namespace. Return the populated namespace.\nArgumentParser.parse_args(args=None, namespace=None)\n\n#  assign attributes to an already existing object, rather than a new Namespace object\nclass C:\n    pass\n\nc = C()\nparser = argparse.ArgumentParser()\nparser.add_argument('--foo')\nparser.parse_args(args=['--foo', 'BAR'], namespace=c)\nc.foo  # BAR\n\n# return a dict instead of a Namespace\nargs = parser.parse_args(['--foo', 'BAR'])\nvars(args)  # {'foo': 'BAR'}\n</code></pre>"},{"location":"languages/python/modules/collections.html","title":"Collections Module","text":"Python<pre><code># COUNTER ()\n# subclass dictionary for counting hash-capable objects\nfrom collections import Counter\nCounter (sequence) # -&gt; Counter object\n# {item: num included in sequence, ...}\n\nvar = Counter (sequence)\nvar.most_common (n) # produce list of most common elements (most common n)\nsum (var.values \u200b\u200b()) # total of all counts\nvar.clear () #reset all counts\nlist (var) # list unique items\nset (var) # convert to a set\ndict (var) # convert to regular dictionary\nvar.items () # convert to a list of pairs (element, count)\nCounter (dict (list_of_pairs)) # convert from a list of pairs\nvar.most_common [: - n-1: -1] # n less common elements\nvar + = Counter () # remove zero and negative counts\n\n\n# DEFAULTDICT ()\n# dictionary-like object that takes a default type as its first argument\n# defaultdict will never raise a KeyError exception.\n# non-existent keys return a default value (default_factory)\nfrom collections import defaultdict\nvar = defaultdict (default_factory)\nvar.popitem () # remove and return first element\nvar.popitem (last = True) # remove and return last item\n\n\n# OREDERDDICT ()\n# subclass dictionary that \"remembers\" the order in which the contents are entered\n# Normal dictionaries have random order\nname_dict = OrderedDict ()\n# OrderedDict with same elements but different order are considered different\n\n\n# USERDICT ()\n# pure implementation in pythondi a map that works like a normal dictionary.\n# Designated to create subclasses\nUserDict.data # recipient of UserDict content\n\n\n# NAMEDTUPLE ()\n# each namedtuple is represented by its own class\nfrom collections import namedtuple\nNomeClasse = namedtuple (NomeClasse, parameters_separated_from_space)\nvar = ClassName (parameters)\nvar.attribute # access to attributes\nvar [index] # access to attributes\nvar._fields # access to attribute list\nvar = class._make (iterable) # transformain namedtuple\nvar._asdict () # Return OrderedDict object starting from namedtuple\n\n\n# DEQUE ()\n# double ended queue (pronounced \"deck\")\n# list editable on both \"sides\"\nfrom collections import deque\nvar = deque (iterable, maxlen = num) # -&gt; deque object\nvar.append (item) # add item to the bottom\nvar.appendleft (item) # add item to the beginning\nvar.clear () # remove all elements\nvar.extend (iterable) # add iterable to the bottom\nvar.extendleft (iterable) # add iterable to the beginning '\nvar.insert (index, item) # insert index position\nvar.index (item, start, stop) # returns position of item\nvar.count (item)\nvar.pop ()\nvar.popleft ()\nvar.remove (value)\nvar.reverse () # reverse element order\nvar.rotate (n) # move the elements of n steps (dx if n&gt; 0, sx if n &lt;0)\nvar.sort ()\n</code></pre>"},{"location":"languages/python/modules/csv.html","title":"CSV Module","text":"Python<pre><code># iterate lines of csvfile\n.reader (csvfile, dialect, ** fmtparams) -&gt; reader object\n\n# READER METHODS\n.__ next __ () # returns next iterable object line as a list or dictionary\n\n# READER ATTRIBUTES\ndialect # read-only description of the dialec used\nline_num # number of lines from the beginning of the iterator\nfieldnames\n\n# convert data to delimited strings\n# csvfile must support .write ()\n#type None converted to empty string (simplify SQL NULL dump)\n.writer (csvfile, dialect, ** fmtparams) -&gt; writer object\n\n# WRITER METHODS\n# row must be iterable of strings or numbers or of dictionaries\n.writerow (row) # write row formatted according to the current dialect\n.writerows (rows) # write all elements in rows formatted according to the current dialect. rows is iterable of row\n\n# CSV METHODS\n# associate dialect to name (name must be string)\n.register_dialect (name, dialect, ** fmtparams)\n\n# delete the dialect associated with name\n.unregister_dialect ()\n\n# returns the dialect associated with name\n.get_dialect (name)\n\n# list of dialects associated with name\n.list_dialect (name)\n\n# returns (if empty) or sets the limit of the csv field\n.field_size_limit (new_limit)\n\n'''\ncsvfile - iterable object returning a string on each __next __ () call\n          if csv is a file it must be opened with newline = '' (universal newline)\ndialect - specify the dialect of csv (Excel, ...) (OPTIONAL)\n\nfmtparams --override formatting parameters (OPTIONAL) https://docs.python.org/3/library/csv.html#csv-fmt-params\n'''\n\n# object operating as a reader but maps the info in each row into an OrderedDict whose keys are optional and passed through fieldnames\nclass csv.Dictreader (f, fieldnames = None, restket = none, restval = None, dialect, * args, ** kwargs)\n'''\nf - files to read\nfieldnames --sequence, defines the names of the csv fields. if omitted use the first line of f\nrestval, restkey --se len (row)&gt; fieldnames excess data stored in restval and restkey\n\nadditional parameters passed to the underlying reader instance\n'''\n\nclass csv.DictWriter (f, fieldnames, restval = '', extrasaction, dialect, * args, ** kwargs)\n'''\nf - files to read\nfieldnames --sequence, defines the names of the csv fields. (NECESSARY)\nrestval --se len (row)&gt; fieldnames excess data stored in restval and restkey\nextrasaction - if the dictionary passed to writerow () contains key not present in fieldnames extrasaction decides action to be taken (raise cause valueError, ignore ignores additional keys)\n\nadditional parameters passed to the underlying writer instance\n'''\n\n# DICTREADER METHODS\n.writeheader () # write a header line of fields as specified by fieldnames\n\n# class used to infer the format of the CSV\nclass csv.Sniffer\n.sniff (sample, delimiters = None) #parse the sample and return a Dialect class. delimiter is a sequence of possible box delimiters\n.has_header (sample) -&gt; bool # True if first row is a series of column headings\n\n#CONSTANTS\ncsv.QUOTE_ALL # instructs writer to quote (\"\") all fields\ncsv.QUOTE_MINIMAL # instructs write to quote only fields containing special characters such as delimiter, quote char ...\ncsv.QUOTE_NONNUMERIC # instructs the writer to quote all non-numeric fields\ncsv.QUOTE_NONE # instructs write to never quote fields\n</code></pre>"},{"location":"languages/python/modules/ftplib.html","title":"Ftplib Module","text":""},{"location":"languages/python/modules/ftplib.html#ftp-classes","title":"FTP CLASSES","text":"Python<pre><code>ftplib.FTP(host=\"\", user=\"\", password=\"\", acct=\"\")\n# if HOST =&gt; connect(host)\n# if USER =&gt; login(user, password, acct)\n\n\nftplib.FTP_TLS(host=\"\", user=\"\", password=\"\", acct=\"\")\n</code></pre>"},{"location":"languages/python/modules/ftplib.html#exceptions","title":"EXCEPTIONS","text":"Python<pre><code>ftplib.error_reply  # unexpected error from server\nftplib.error_temp  # temporary error (response codes 400-499)\nftplib.error_perm  # permanent error (response codes 500-599)\nftplib.error_proto  # error not in ftp specs\nftplib.all_errors  # tuple of all exceptions\n</code></pre>"},{"location":"languages/python/modules/ftplib.html#ftp-objects","title":"FTP OBJECTS","text":"Python<pre><code># method on text files: -lines\n# method on binary files: -binary\n\n# CONNECTION\nFTP.connect(host=\"\", port=0)  # used once per instance\n# DON'T CALL if host was supplied at instance creation\n\nFTP.getwelcome()  # return welcome message\n\nFTP.login(user='anonymous', password='', acct='')\n# called once per instance after connection is established\n# DEFAULT PASSWORD: anonymous@\n# DON'T CALL if host was supplied at instance creation\nFTP.sendcmd(cmd)  # send command string and return response\nFTP.voidcmd(cmd)  # send command string and return nothing if successful\n# FILE TRANSFER\nFTP.abort()  # abort in progress file transfer (can fail)\n\nFTTP.transfercmd(cmd, rest=None)  # returns socket for connection\n# CMD active mode: send EPRT or PORT command and CMD and accept connection\n# CMD passive mode: send EPSV or PASV and start transfer command\n\nFTP.retrbinary(cmd, callback, blocksize=8192, rest=None) # retrieve file in binary mode\n# CMD: appropriate RETR command ('RETR filename')\n# CALLBACK: func called on every block of data received\n\nFTP.rertlines(cmd, callback=None)\n# retrieve file or dir list in ASCII transfer mode\n# CMD: appropriate RETR, LSIT (list and info of files), NLST (list of file names)\n# DEFAULT CALLBACK: sys.stdout\n\nFTP.set_pasv(value)  # set passive mode if value is true, otherwise disable it\n# passive mode on by default\n\nFTP.storbinary(cmd, fp, blocksize=8192, callback=None, rest=None)  # store file in binary mode\n# CMD: appropriate STOR command ('STOR filename')\n# FP: {file object in binary mode} read until EOF in blocks of blocksize\n# CALLBACK: func called on each block after sending\n\nFTP.storlines(cmd, fp, callback=None)  # store file in ASCII transfer mode\n# CMD: appropriate STOR command ('STOR filename')\n# FP: {file object} read until EOF\n# CALLBACK: func called on each block after sending\n</code></pre>"},{"location":"languages/python/modules/itertools.html","title":"Itertools Module","text":"Python<pre><code># accumulate ([1,2,3,4,5]) -&gt; 1, 3 (1 + 2), 6 (1 + 2 + 3), 10 (1 + 2 + 3 + 6), 15 (1+ 2 + 3 + 4 + 5)\n# accumulate (iter, func (,)) -&gt; iter [0], func (iter [0] + iter [1]) + func (prev + iter [2]), ...\naccumulate (iterable, func (_, _))\n\n# iterator returns elements from the first iterable,\n# then proceeds to the next until the end of the iterables\n# does not work if there is only one iterable\nchain (* iterable)\n\n# concatenates elements of the single iterable even if it contains sequences\nchain.from_iterable (iterable)\n\n# returns sequences of length r starting from the iterable\n# items treated as unique based on their value\ncombinations (iterable, r)\n\n# # returns sequences of length r starting from the iterable allowing the repetition of the elements\ncombinations_with_replacement (iterable, r)\n\n# iterator filters date elements returning only those that have\n# a corresponding element in selectors that is true\ncompress (data, selectors)\n\ncount (start, step)\n\n# iterator returning values \u200b\u200bin infinite sequence\ncycle (iterable)\n\n# iterator discards elements of the iterable as long as the predicate is true\ndropwhile (predicate, iterable)\n\n# iterator returning values \u200b\u200bif predicate is false\nfilterfalse (predicate, iterable)\n\n# iterator returns tuple (key, group)\n# key is the grouping criterion\n# group is a generator returning group members\ngroupby (iterable, key = None)\n\n# iterator returns slices of the iterable\nisslice (iterable, stop)\nisslice (iterable, start, stop, step)\n\n# returns all permutations of length r of the iterable\npermutations (iterable, r = None)\n\n# Cartesian product of iterables\n# loops iterables in order of input\n# [product ('ABCD', 'xy') -&gt; Ax Ay Bx By Cx Cy Dx Dy]\n# [product ('ABCD', repeat = 2) -&gt; AA AB AC AD BA BB BC BD CA CB CC CD DA DB DC DD]\nproduct (* iterable, repetitions = 1)\n\n# returns an object infinite times if repetition is not specified\nrepeat (object, repetitions)\n\n# iterator compute func (iterable)\n# used if iterable is pre-zipped sequence (seq of tuples grouping elements)\nstarmap (func, iterable)\n\n# iterator returning values \u200b\u200bfrom iterable as long as predicate is true\ntakewhile (predicate, iterable)\n\n# returns n independent iterators from the single iterable\ntee (iterable, n = 2)\n\n# produces an iterator that aggregates elements from each iterable\n# if the iterables have different lengths the missing values \u200b\u200bare filled according to fillervalue\nzip_longest (* iterable, fillvalue = None)\n</code></pre>"},{"location":"languages/python/modules/json.html","title":"JSON Module","text":""},{"location":"languages/python/modules/json.html#json-format","title":"JSON Format","text":"<p>JSON (JavaScript Object Notation) is a lightweight data-interchange format.     It is easy for humans to read and write.     It is easy for machines to parse and generate.</p> <p>JSON is built on two structures:</p> <ul> <li>A collection of name/value pairs.</li> <li>An ordered list of values.</li> </ul> <p>An OBJECT is an unordered set of name/value pairs. An object begins with <code>{</code> (left brace) and ends with <code>}</code> (right brace). Each name is followed by <code>:</code> (colon) and the name/value pairs are separated by <code>,</code> (comma).</p> <p>An ARRAY is an ordered collection of values. An array begins with <code>[</code> (left bracket) and ends with <code>]</code> (right bracket). Values are separated by <code>,</code> (comma).</p> <p>A VALUE can be a string in double quotes, or a number, or true or false or null, or an object or an array. These structures can be nested.</p> <p>A STRING is a sequence of zero or more Unicode characters, wrapped in double quotes, using backslash escapes. A CHARACTER is represented as a single character string. A STRING is very much like a C or Java string. A NUMBER is very much like a C or Java number, except that the octal and hexadecimal formats are not used.</p> <p>WHITESPACE can be inserted between any pair of tokens.</p>"},{"location":"languages/python/modules/json.html#usage","title":"Usage","text":"Python<pre><code># serialize obj as JSON formatted stream to fp\njson.dump(obj, fp, cls=None, indent=None, separators=None, sort_keys=False)\n# CLS: {custom JSONEncoder} -- specifies custom encoder to be used\n# INDENT: {int &gt; 0, string} -- array elements, object members pretty-printed with indent level\n# SEPARATORS: {tuple} -- (item_separator, key_separator)\n#   [default: (', ', ': ') if indent=None, (',', ':') otherwise],\n#   specify (',', ':') to eliminate whitespace\n# SORT_KEYS: {bool} -- if True dict sorted by key\n\n# serialize obj as JSON formatted string\njson.dumps(obj, cls=None, indent=None, separators=None, sort_keys=False)\n# CLS: {custom JSONEncoder} -- specifies custom encoder to be used\n# INDENT: {int &gt; 0, string} -- array elements, object members pretty-printed with indent level\n# SEPARATORS: {tuple} -- (item_separator, key_separator)\n#   [default: (', ', ': ') if indent=None, (',', ':') otherwise],\n#   specify (',', ':') to eliminate whitespace\n# SORT_KEYS: {bool} -- if True dict sorted by key\n\n# deserialize fp to python object\njson.load(fp, cls=None)\n# CLS: {custom JSONEncoder} -- specifies custom decoder to be used\n\n# deserialize s (string, bytes or bytearray containing JSON doc) to python object\njson.loads(s, cls=None)\n# CLS: {custom JSONEncoder} -- specifies custom decoder to be used\n</code></pre>"},{"location":"languages/python/modules/json.html#default-decoder-jsonjsondecoder","title":"Default Decoder (<code>json.JSONDecoder()</code>)","text":"<p>Conversions (JSON -&gt; Python):</p> <ul> <li>object -&gt; dict</li> <li>array -&gt; list</li> <li>string -&gt; str</li> <li>number (int) -&gt; int</li> <li>number (real) -&gt; float</li> <li>true -&gt; True</li> <li>false -&gt; False</li> <li>null -&gt; None</li> </ul>"},{"location":"languages/python/modules/json.html#default-encoder-jsonjsonencoder","title":"Default Encoder (<code>json.JSONEncoder()</code>)","text":"<p>Conversions (Python -&gt; Json):</p> <ul> <li>dict -&gt; object</li> <li>list, tuple -&gt; array</li> <li>str -&gt; string</li> <li>int, float, Enums -&gt; number</li> <li>True -&gt; true</li> <li>False -&gt; false</li> <li>None -&gt; null</li> </ul>"},{"location":"languages/python/modules/json.html#extending-jsonencoder-example","title":"Extending JSONEncoder (Example)","text":"Python<pre><code>import json\n\nclass ComplexEncoder(json.JSONEncoder):\n    def default(self, obj):\n        if isinstance(obj, complex):\n            return [obj.real, obj.image]\n        # Let the base class default method raise the TypeError\n            return json.JSONEncoder.default(self, obj)\n</code></pre>"},{"location":"languages/python/modules/json.html#retrieving-data-from-json-dict","title":"Retrieving Data from json dict","text":"Python<pre><code>data = json.loads(json)\ndata[\"key\"]  # retrieve the value associated with the key\ndata[\"outer key\"][\"nested key\"]  # nested key value retrieval\n</code></pre>"},{"location":"languages/python/modules/logging.html","title":"Logging Module","text":""},{"location":"languages/python/modules/logging.html#configuration","title":"Configuration","text":"Python<pre><code># basic configuration for the logging system\nlogging.basicConfig(filename=\"relpath\", level=logging.LOG_LEVEL, format=f\"message format\", **kwargs)  \n# DATEFMT: Use the specified date/time format, as accepted by time.strftime().\n\n# create a logger with a name (useful for having multiple loggers)\nlogger = logging.getLogger(name=\"logger name\")  \nlogger.level  # LOG_LEVEL for this logger\n\n# disable all logging calls of severity level and below\n# alternative to basicConfig(level=logging.LOG_LEVEL)\nlogging.disable(level=LOG_LEVEL)  \n</code></pre>"},{"location":"languages/python/modules/logging.html#format-basicconfigformat","title":"Format (<code>basicConfig(format=\"\")</code>)","text":"Attribute name Format Description asctime <code>%(asctime)s</code> Human-readable time when the LogRecord was created. Modified by <code>basicConfig(datefmt=\"\")</code> created <code>%(created)f</code> Time when the LogRecord was created (as returned by <code>time.time()</code>). filename <code>%(filename)s</code> Filename portion of pathname. funcName <code>%(funcName)s</code> Name of function containing the logging call. levelname <code>%(levelname)s</code> Text logging level for the message. levelno <code>%(levelno)s</code> Numeric logging level for the message. lineno <code>%(lineno)d</code> Source line number where the logging call was issued (if available). message <code>%(message)s</code> The logged message, computed as <code>msg % args</code>. module <code>%(module)s</code> Module (name portion of filename). msecs <code>%(msecs)d</code> Millisecond portion of the time when the LogRecord was created. name <code>%(name)s</code> Name of the logger used to log the call. pathname <code>%(pathname)s</code> Full pathname of the source file where the logging call was issued (if available). process <code>%(process)d</code> Process ID (if available). processName <code>%(processName)s</code> Process name (if available). thread <code>%(thread)d</code> Thread ID (if available). threadName <code>%(threadName)s</code> Thread name (if available)."},{"location":"languages/python/modules/logging.html#datefmt-basicconfigdatefmt","title":"Datefmt (<code>basicConfig(datefmt=\"\")</code>)","text":"Directive Meaning <code>%a</code> Locale's abbreviated weekday name. <code>%A</code> Locale's full weekday name. <code>%b</code> Locale's abbreviated month name. <code>%B</code> Locale's full month name. <code>%c</code> Locale's appropriate date and time representation. <code>%d</code> Day of the month as a decimal number [01,31]. <code>%H</code> Hour (24-hour clock) as a decimal number [00,23]. <code>%I</code> Hour (12-hour clock) as a decimal number [01,12]. <code>%j</code> Day of the year as a decimal number [001,366]. <code>%m</code> Month as a decimal number [01,12]. <code>%M</code> Minute as a decimal number [00,59]. <code>%p</code> Locale's equivalent of either AM or PM. <code>%S</code> Second as a decimal number [00,61]. <code>%U</code> Week number of the year (Sunday as the first day of the week) as a decimal number [00,53]. <code>%w</code> Weekday as a decimal number [0(Sunday),6]. <code>%W</code> Week number of the year (Monday as the first day of the week) as a decimal number [00,53]. <code>%x</code> Locale's appropriate date representation. <code>%X</code> Locale's appropriate time representation. <code>%y</code> Year without century as a decimal number [00,99]. <code>%Y</code> Year with century as a decimal number. <code>%z</code> Time zone offset indicating a positive or negative time difference from UTC/GMT of the form +HHMM or -HHMM [-23:59, +23:59]. <code>%Z</code> Time zone name (no characters if no time zone exists). <code>%%</code> A literal '%' character."},{"location":"languages/python/modules/logging.html#logs","title":"Logs","text":"<p>Log Levels (Low To High):</p> <ul> <li>default: <code>0</code></li> <li>debug: <code>10</code></li> <li>info: <code>20</code></li> <li>warning: <code>30</code></li> <li>error: <code>40</code></li> <li>critical: <code>50</code></li> </ul> Python<pre><code>logging.debug(msg)  # Logs a message with level DEBUG on the root logger\nlogging.info(msg)  # Logs a message with level INFO on the root logger\nlogging.warning(msg)  # Logs a message with level WARNING on the root logger\nlogging.error(msg)  # Logs a message with level ERROR on the root logger\nlogging.critical(msg)  # Logs a message with level CRITICAL on the root logger\n</code></pre>"},{"location":"languages/python/modules/shutil.html","title":"Shutil Module","text":"<p>High-level file operations</p> Python<pre><code># copy file src to fil dst, return dst in most efficient way\nshutil.copyfile(src, dst)\n# dst MUST be complete target name\n# if dst already exists it will be overwritten\n\n# copy file src to directory dst, return path to new file\nshutil.copy(src, dst)\n\n# Recursively copy entire dir-tree rooted at src to directory named dst\n# return the destination directory\nshutil.copytree(src, dst, dirs_exist_ok=False)\n# DIRS_EXIST_OK: {bool} -- dictates whether to raise an exception in case dst\n# or any missing parent directory already exists\n\n# delete an entire directory tree\nshutil.rmtree(path, ignore_errors=False, onerror=None)\n# IGNORE_ERROR: {bool} -- if true errors (failed removals) will be ignored\n# ON_ERROR: handler for removal errors (if ignore_errors=False or omitted)\n\n# recursively move file or directory (src) to dst, return dst\nshutil.move(src, dst)\n# if the destination is an existing directory, then src is moved inside that directory.\n# if the destination already exists but is not a directory,\n# it may be overwritten depending on os.rename() semantics\n# used to rename files\n\n# change owner user and/or group of the given path\nshutil.chown(path, user=None, group=None)\n# user can be a system user name or a uid; the same applies to group.\n#  At least one argument is required\n\n# create archive file and return its name\nshutil.make_archive(base_name, format, [root_dir, base_dir])\n# BASE_NAME: {string} -- name of the archive, including path, excluding extension\n# FROMAT: {zip, tar, gztar, bztar, xztar} -- archive format\n# ROOT_DIR: {path} -- root directory of archive (location of archive)\n# BASE_DIR: {path} -- directory where the archiviation starts\n\n# unpack an archive\nshutil.unpack_archive(filename, [extract_dir, format])\n# FILENAME: full path of archive\n# EXTRACT_DIR: {path} -- directory to unpack into\n# FORMAT: {zip, tar, gztar, bztar, xztar} -- archive format\n\n# return disk usage statistics as Namedtuple w/ attributes total, used, free\nshutil.disk_usage(path)\n</code></pre>"},{"location":"languages/python/modules/smtplib.html","title":"SMTPlib Module","text":"Python<pre><code>import smtplib\n\n# SMTP instance that encapsulates a SMTP connection\n# If the optional host and port parameters are given, the SMTP connect() method is called with those parameters during initialization.\ns = smtplib.SMTP(host=\"host_smtp_address\", port=\"smtp_service_port\", **kwargs)\n\ns = smtplib.SMTP_SSL(host=\"host_smtp_address\", port=\"smtp_service_port\", **kwargs)\n# An SMTP_SSL instance behaves exactly the same as instances of SMTP.\n# SMTP_SSL should be used for situations where SSL is required from the beginning of the connection\n# and using starttls() is not appropriate.\n# If host is not specified, the local host is used.\n# If port is zero, the standard SMTP-over-SSL port (465) is used.\n\nSMTP.connect(host='localhost', port=0)\n#Connect to a host on a given port. The defaults are to connect to the local host at the standard SMTP port (25). If the hostname ends with a colon (':') followed by a number, that suffix will be stripped off and the number interpreted as the port number to use. This method is automatically invoked by the constructor if a host is specified during instantiation. Returns a 2-tuple of the response code and message sent by the server in its connection response.\n\nSMTP.verify(address)  # Check the validity of an address on this server using SMTP VRFY\n\nSMTP.login(user=\"full_user_mail\", password=\"user_password\")  # Log-in on an SMTP server that requires authentication\n\nSMTP.SMTPHeloError  # The server didn't reply properly to the HELO greeting\nSMTP.SMTPAuthenticationError  # The server didn't accept the username/password combination.\nSMTP.SMTPNotSupportedError  # The AUTH command is not supported by the server.\nSMTP.SMTPException  # No suitable authentication method was found.\n\nSMTP.starttls(keyfile=None, certfile=None, **kwargs)  # Put the SMTP connection in TLS (Transport Layer Security) mode. All SMTP commands that follow will be encrypted\n# from_addr &amp; to_addrs are used to construct the message envelope used by the transport agents. sendmail does not modify the message headers in any way.\n# msg may be a string containing characters in the ASCII range, or a byte string. A string is encoded to bytes using the ascii codec, and lone \\r and \\n characters are converted to \\r\\n characters. A byte string is not modified.\nSMTP.sendmail(from_addr, to_addrs, msg, **kwargs)\n# from_addr: {string} -- RFC 822 from-address string\n# ro_addrs: {string, list of strings} -- list of RFC 822 to-address strings\n# msg: {string} -- message string\n\n# This is a convenience method for calling sendmail() with the message represented by an email.message.Message object.\nSMTP.send_message(msg, from_addr=None, to_addrs=None, **kwargs)\n# from_addr: {string} -- RFC 822 from-address string\n# ro_addrs: {string, list of strings} -- list of RFC 822 to-address strings\n# msg: {email.message.Message object} -- message string\nSMTP.quit()  # Terminate the SMTP session and close the connection. Return the result of the SMTP QUIT command\n</code></pre>"},{"location":"languages/python/modules/socket.html","title":"Socket Module","text":""},{"location":"languages/python/modules/socket.html#definition","title":"Definition","text":"<p>A network socket is an internal endpoint for sending or receiving data within a node on a computer network.</p> <p>In practice, socket usually refers to a socket in an Internet Protocol (IP) network, in particular for the Transmission Control Protocol (TCP), which is a protocol for one-to-one connections. In this context, sockets are assumed to be associated with a specific socket address, namely the IP address and a port number for the local node, and there is a corresponding socket address at the foreign node (other node), which itself has an associated socket, used by the foreign process. Associating a socket with a socket address is called binding.</p>"},{"location":"languages/python/modules/socket.html#socket-creation-connection","title":"Socket Creation &amp; Connection","text":"Python<pre><code>import socket\n\n# socket over the internet, socket is a stream of data\nsocket = socket.socket(socket.AF_INET, socket.SOCK_STREAM)\n\nsocket.connect = ((\"URL\", port: int))  # connect to socket\nsocket.close()  # close connection\n</code></pre>"},{"location":"languages/python/modules/socket.html#making-http-requests","title":"Making HTTP Requests","text":"Python<pre><code>import socket\nHTTP_Method = \"GET http://url/resource HTTP/version\\n\\n\".encode()  # set HTTP request (encoded string from UTF-8 to bytes)\nsocket.send(HTTP_Method)   # make HTTP request\n\ndata = socket.recv(buffer_size)  # receive data from socket\ndecoded = data.decode()  # decode data (from bytes to UTF-8)\n</code></pre>"},{"location":"languages/python/modules/sqlite.html","title":"sqlite3 Module","text":""},{"location":"languages/python/modules/sqlite.html#connecting-to-the-database","title":"Connecting To The Database","text":"<p>To use the module, you must first create a Connection object that represents the database.</p> Python<pre><code>import sqlite3\nconnection = sqlite3.connect(\"file.db\")\n</code></pre> <p>Once you have a <code>Connection</code>, you can create a <code>Cursor</code> object and call its <code>execute()</code> method to perform SQL commands.</p> Python<pre><code>cursor = connection.cursor()\n\ncursor.execute(sql)\nexecutemany(sql, seq_of_parameters)  # Executes an SQL command against all parameter sequences or mappings found in the sequence seq_of_parameters.\n\ncursor.close()  # close the cursor now\n# ProgrammingError exception will be raised if any operation is attempted with the cursor.\n</code></pre> <p>The data saved is persistent and is available in subsequent sessions.</p>"},{"location":"languages/python/modules/sqlite.html#query-construction","title":"Query Construction","text":"<p>Usually your SQL operations will need to use values from Python variables. You shouldn't assemble your query using Python's string operations because doing so is insecure: it makes your program vulnerable to an SQL injection attack</p> <p>Put <code>?</code> as a placeholder wherever you want to use a value, and then provide a tuple of values as the second argument to the cursor's <code>execute()</code> method.</p> Python<pre><code># Never do this -- insecure!\nc.execute(\"SELECT * FROM stocks WHERE symbol = value\")\n\n# Do this instead\nt = ('RHAT',)\nc.execute('SELECT * FROM stocks WHERE symbol=?', t)\nprint(c.fetchone())\n\n# Larger example that inserts many records at a time\npurchases = [('2006-03-28', 'BUY', 'IBM', 1000, 45.00),\n             ('2006-04-05', 'BUY', 'MSFT', 1000, 72.00),\n             ('2006-04-06', 'SELL', 'IBM', 500, 53.00),\n            ]\nc.executemany('INSERT INTO stocks VALUES (?,?,?,?,?)', purchases)\n</code></pre>"},{"location":"languages/python/modules/sqlite.html#writing-operations-to-disk","title":"Writing Operations to Disk","text":"Python<pre><code>cursor = connection.cursor()\ncursor.execute(\"SQL\")\nconnection.commit()\n</code></pre>"},{"location":"languages/python/modules/sqlite.html#multiple-sql-instructions","title":"Multiple SQL Instructions","text":"Python<pre><code>connection = sqlite3.connect(\"file.db\")\ncur = con.cursor()\ncur.executescript(\"\"\"\n    QUERY_1;\n    QUERY_2;\n    ...\n    QUERY_N;\n    \"\"\")\n\ncon.close()\n</code></pre>"},{"location":"languages/python/modules/sqlite.html#retrieving-records","title":"Retrieving Records","text":"Python<pre><code># Fetches the next row of a query result set, returning a single sequence.\n# Returns None when no more data is available.\ncursor.fetchone()  \n\n# Fetches all (remaining) rows of a query result, returning a list.\n# An empty list is returned when no rows are available.\ncursor.fetchall()  \n\n# Fetches the next set of rows of a query result, returning a list.\n# An empty list is returned when no more rows are available.\nfetchmany(size=cursor.arraysize)\n</code></pre> <p>The number of rows to fetch per call is specified by the <code>size</code> parameter. If it is not given, the cursor's <code>arraysize</code> determines the number of rows to be fetched. The method should try to fetch as many rows as indicated by the size parameter. If this is not possible due to the specified number of rows not being available, fewer rows may be returned.</p> <p>Note there are performance considerations involved with the size parameter. For optimal performance, it is usually best to use the arraysize attribute. If the size parameter is used, then it is best for it to retain the same value from one <code>fetchmany()</code> call to the next.</p>"},{"location":"languages/python/modules/time-datetime.html","title":"Time &amp; Datetime","text":""},{"location":"languages/python/modules/time-datetime.html#time","title":"Time","text":"Python<pre><code># epoch: elapsed time in seconds (in UNIX starts from 01-010-1970)\nimport time # UNIX time\nvariable = time.time () # returns the time (in seconds) elapsed since 01-01-1970\nvariable = time.ctime (epochseconds) # transform epoch into date\n\nvar = time.perf_counter () # returns the current running time\n# execution time = start time - end time\n</code></pre>"},{"location":"languages/python/modules/time-datetime.html#timesrtfrime-format","title":"time.srtfrime() format","text":"Format Data <code>%a</code> Locale's abbreviated weekday name. <code>%A</code> Locale's full weekday name. <code>%b</code> Locale's abbreviated month name. <code>%B</code> Locale's full month name. <code>%c</code> Locale's appropriate date and time representation. <code>%d</code> Day of the month as a decimal number <code>[01,31]</code>. <code>%H</code> Hour (24-hour clock) as a decimal number <code>[00,23]</code>. <code>%I</code> Hour (12-hour clock) as a decimal number <code>[01,12]</code>. <code>%j</code> Day of the year as a decimal number <code>[001,366]</code>. <code>%m</code> Month as a decimal number <code>[01,12]</code>. <code>%M</code> Minute as a decimal number <code>[00,59]</code>. <code>%p</code> Locale's equivalent of either AM or PM. <code>%S</code> Second as a decimal number <code>[00,61]</code>. <code>%U</code> Week number of the year (Sunday as the first day of the week) as a decimal number <code>[00,53]</code>. <code>%w</code> Weekday as a decimal number <code>[0(Sunday),6]</code>. <code>%W</code> Week number of the year (Monday as the first day of the week) as a decimal number <code>[00,53]</code>. <code>%x</code> Locale's appropriate date representation. <code>%X</code> Locale's appropriate time representation. <code>%y</code> Year without century as a decimal number <code>[00,99]</code>. <code>%Y</code> Year with century as a decimal number. <code>%z</code> Time zone offset indicating a positive or negative time difference from UTC/GMT of the form +HHMM or -HHMM <code>%Z</code> Time zone name (no characters if no time zone exists). <code>%%</code> A literal <code>%</code> character."},{"location":"languages/python/modules/time-datetime.html#datetime","title":"Datetime","text":"Python<pre><code>import datetime\ntoday = datetime.date.today () # returns current date\ntoday = datetime.datetime.today () # returns the current date and time\n\n# formatting example\nprint ('Current Date: {} - {} - {}' .format (today.day, today.month, today.year))\nprint ('Current Time: {}: {}. {}' .format (today.hour, today.minute, today.second))\n\nvar_1 = datetime.date (year, month, day) # create date object\nvar_2 = datetime.time (hour, minute, second, micro-second) # create time object\ndt = datetime.combine (var_1, var_2) # combine date and time objects into one object\n\ndate_1 = datetime.date ('year', 'month', 'day')\ndate_2 = date_1.replace (year = 'new_year')\n\n#DATETIME ARITHMETIC\ndate_1 - date_2 # -&gt; datetime.timedelta (num_of_days)\ndatetime.timedelta # duration expressing the difference between two date, time or datetime objects\n</code></pre>"},{"location":"languages/python/modules/unittest.html","title":"Unittest Module","text":"Python<pre><code>import unittest\nimport module_under_test\n\nclass Test(unittest.TestCase):\n\n    def test_1(self):\n        self.assert*(output, expected_output)\n\nif __name__ == '__main__':\n    unittest.main()\n</code></pre>"},{"location":"languages/python/modules/unittest.html#testcase-class","title":"TestCase Class","text":"<p>Instances of the <code>TestCase</code> class represent the logical test units in the unittest universe. This class is intended to be used as a base class, with specific tests being implemented by concrete subclasses. This class implements the interface needed by the test runner to allow it to drive the tests, and methods that the test code can use to check for and report various kinds of failure.</p>"},{"location":"languages/python/modules/unittest.html#assert-methods","title":"Assert Methods","text":"Method Checks that <code>assertEqual(a, b)</code> <code>a == b</code> <code>assertNotEqual(a, b)</code> <code>a != b</code> <code>assertTrue(x)</code> <code>bool(x) is True</code> <code>assertFalse(x)</code> <code>bool(x) is False</code> <code>assertIs(a, b)</code> <code>a is b</code> <code>assertIsNot(a, b)</code> <code>a is not b</code> <code>assertIsNone(x)</code> <code>x is None</code> <code>assertIsNotNone(x)</code> <code>x is not None</code> <code>assertIn(a, b)</code> <code>a in b</code> <code>assertNotIn(a, b)</code> <code>a not in b</code> <code>assertIsInstance(a, b)</code> <code>isinstance(a, b)</code> <code>assertNotIsInstance(a, b)</code> <code>not isinstance(a, b)</code> Method Checks that <code>assertRaises(exc, fun, *args, **kwds)</code> <code>fun(*args, **kwds)</code> raises exc <code>assertRaisesRegex(exc, r, fun, *args, **kwds)</code> <code>fun(*args, **kwds)</code> raises exc and the message matches regex <code>r</code> <code>assertWarns(warn, fun, *args, **kwds)</code> <code>fun(*args, **kwds)</code> raises warn <code>assertWarnsRegex(warn, r, fun, *args, **kwds)</code> <code>fun(*args, **kwds)</code> raises warn and the message matches regex r <code>assertLogs(logger, level)</code> The with block logs on logger with minimum level Method Checks that <code>assertAlmostEqual(a, b)</code> <code>round(a-b, 7) == 0</code> <code>assertNotAlmostEqual(a, b)</code> <code>round(a-b, 7) != 0</code> <code>assertGreater(a, b)</code> <code>a &gt; b</code> <code>assertGreaterEqual(a, b)</code> <code>a &gt;= b</code> <code>assertLess(a, b)</code> <code>a &lt; b</code> <code>assertLessEqual(a, b)</code> <code>a &lt;= b</code> <code>assertRegex(s, r)</code> <code>r.search(s)</code> <code>assertNotRegex(s, r)</code> <code>not r.search(s)</code> <code>assertCountEqual(a, b)</code> a and b have the same elements in the same number, regardless of their order. Method Used to compare <code>assertMultiLineEqual(a, b)</code> strings <code>assertSequenceEqual(a, b)</code> sequences <code>assertListEqual(a, b)</code> lists <code>assertTupleEqual(a, b)</code> tuples <code>assertSetEqual(a, b)</code> sets or frozensets <code>assertDictEqual(a, b)</code> dicts"},{"location":"languages/rust/cargo.html","title":"Cargo build system and package manager","text":""},{"location":"languages/rust/cargo.html#creating-a-project","title":"Creating a project","text":"PowerShell<pre><code>cargo new project_name  # creates project folder and basic files\ncargo new --vcs=git project_name  # init project as git repo\n</code></pre>"},{"location":"languages/rust/cargo.html#building-running-checking-a-project","title":"Building, Running &amp; Checking a project","text":"<p>Inside the project directory:</p> PowerShell<pre><code>cargo build  # build project and download eventual needed dependencies\ncargo build --release  # build project for release (build + optimisations)\ncargo run  # executes the built executable\ncargo check  # verifies buildability without producing an executable\n</code></pre>"},{"location":"languages/rust/cargo.html#dependencies","title":"Dependencies","text":"<p>In <code>Cargo.toml</code>:</p> TOML<pre><code>[dependencies]\ncrate_name = \"&lt;version_number&gt;\"\n</code></pre>"},{"location":"languages/rust/cargo.html#code-organization","title":"Code Organization","text":"<p>Rust has a number of features that allow to manage the code's organization, including which details are exposed, which details are private, and what names are in each scope in the programs.</p> <p>These features, sometimes collectively referred to as the module system, include:</p> <ul> <li>Packages: A Cargo feature that allows to build, test, and share crates</li> <li>Crates: A tree of modules that produces a library or executable</li> <li>Modules and <code>use</code>: Allow to control the organization, scope, and privacy of paths</li> <li>Paths: A way of naming an item, such as a struct, function, or module</li> </ul>"},{"location":"languages/rust/cargo.html#packages-crates","title":"Packages &amp; Crates","text":"<p>A crate is a binary or library. The crate root is a source file that the Rust compiler starts from and makes up the root module of he crate. A package is one or more crates that provide a set of functionality. A package contains a <code>Cargo.toml</code> file that describes how to build those crates.</p> <p>Several rules determine what a package can contain. A package must contain <code>zero</code> or <code>one</code> library crates (<code>lib</code> ?), and no more. It can contain as many <code>binary</code> crates as you'd like, but it must contain at least one crate (either library or binary).</p> <p>If a package contains <code>src/main.rs</code> and <code>src/lib.rs</code>, it has two crates: a library and a binary, both with the same name as the package. A package can have multiple binary crates by placing files in the <code>src/bin</code> directory: each file will be a separate binary crate.</p> <p>A crate will group related functionality together in a scope so the functionality is easy to share between multiple projects.</p> <p>Cargo follows a convention that <code>src/main.rs</code> is the crate root of a binary crate with the same name as the package. Likewise, Cargo knows that if the package directory contains <code>src/lib.rs</code>, the package contains a library crate with the same name as the package, and <code>src/lib.rs</code> is its crate root.</p>"},{"location":"languages/rust/cargo.html#modules","title":"Modules","text":"<p>Modules allow to organize code within a crate into groups for readability and easy reuse. Modules also control the privacy of items, which is whether an item can be used by outside code (public) or is an internal implementation detail and not available for outside use (private).</p> <p>Define a module by starting with the <code>mod</code> keyword and then specify the name of the module and place curly brackets around the body of the module. Inside modules, it's possible to have other modules. Modules can also hold definitions for other items, such as structs, enums, constants, traits, or functions.</p>"},{"location":"languages/rust/cargo.html#paths","title":"Paths","text":"<p>A path can take two forms:</p> <ul> <li>An absolute path starts from a crate root by using a crate name or a literal crate.</li> <li>A relative path starts from the current module and uses self, super, or an identifier in the current module.</li> </ul> <p>Both absolute and relative paths are followed by one or more identifiers separated by double colons (<code>::</code>).</p> Rust<pre><code>module::function();  // rel path (same crate)\nsuper::function();;  // rel path starting in outer module (same crate)\n\ncrate::module::function();  // abs path (same crate)\n&lt;crate_name&gt;::module::function();  // abs path (other crate)\n</code></pre>"},{"location":"languages/rust/cargo.html#public-vs-private","title":"Public vs Private","text":"<p>Modules aren\u2019t useful only for organizing the code. They also define Rust\u2019s privacy boundary: the line that encapsulates the implementation details external code isn\u2019t allowed to know about, call, or rely on. So, to make an item like a function or struct private, put it in a module.</p> <p>The way privacy works in Rust is that all items (functions, methods, structs, enums, modules, and constants) are private by default. Items in a parent module can\u2019t use the private items inside child modules, but items in child modules can use the items in their ancestor modules. The reason is that child modules wrap and hide their implementation details, but the child modules can see the context in which they\u2019re defined.</p> Rust<pre><code>mod module {\n    fn func() {}\n}\n\n// for a function to be accessible both module and function must be public\npub mod public_module {\n    pub fn public_func() {}\n}\n\nmod file_level_module;  // define a module for the whole file (same name as file)\n</code></pre> <p>It's possible to use <code>pub</code> to designate structs and enums as public, but there are a few extra details. If <code>pub</code> is used before a struct definition, this makes the struct public, but the struct's fields will still be private. It's possible make each field public or not on a case-by-case basis.</p> <p>In contrast, if an enum is made public, all of its variants are then public.</p>"},{"location":"languages/rust/cargo.html#use","title":"<code>use</code>","text":"Rust<pre><code>use &lt;crate_name&gt;::module;  // import module (abs path, other crate)\nuse crate::module;  // import module (abs path, same crate)\nuse self::module;  // import module (rel path, same crate)\n\nuse &lt;crate_name&gt;::module as alias;  // import module w/ aliases\npub use &lt;crate_name&gt;::module;  // re-exporting (import and make available to others)\n\nuse &lt;crate_name&gt;::module::{self, Item}; // import multiple paths\npub use &lt;crate_name&gt;::module::*; // import all public items (Glob operator)\n\nmodule::function();  // use func w/ shorter path\n</code></pre>"},{"location":"languages/rust/cargo.html#separating-into-multiple-files","title":"Separating into multiple files","text":"Text Only<pre><code>src\n|_main.rs  --&gt; default executable file\n|_lib.rs  --&gt; default library file\n|__module\n|  |_mod.rs --&gt; export submodules\n|  |_submodule.rs --&gt; submodule\n</code></pre> Rust<pre><code>// main.rs\nmod module;  // declare module directory as a module\n\n// mod.rs\npub mod sub_module;  // declare sub_module file as a module\n</code></pre>"},{"location":"languages/rust/concurrency.html","title":"Concurrency","text":"<p>Rust Book - Concurrency Rust Atomics and Locks - Mara Bos</p> <p>Operating systems isolate processes from each other as much as possible, allowing a program to do its thing while completely unaware of what any other processes are doing. For example, a process cannot normally access the memory of another process, or communicate with it in any way, without asking the operating system\u2019s kernel first.</p> <p>However, a program can spawn extra threads of execution, as part of the same process. Threads within the same process are not isolated from each other. Threads share memory and can interact with each other through that memory.</p>"},{"location":"languages/rust/concurrency.html#threads","title":"Threads","text":"<p>Every program starts with exactly one thread: the main thread. This thread will execute the <code>main</code> function and can be used to spawn more threads if necessary.</p> <p>New threads are spawned using the <code>std::thread::spawn</code> function from the standard library. It takes a single argument: the function the new thread will execute. The thread stops once this function returns.</p> <p>Returning from <code>main</code> will exit the entire program, even if other threads are still running. To make sure the spawned threads have finished their work it's possible to wait by joining them.</p> Rust<pre><code>// spawn a new thread\nlet handle = std::thread::spawn(move || {\n\n    // read the current thread ID\n    let thread_id = std::thread::current().id();\n});\n\n// wait for the thread to finish by joining it\nhandle.join();\n</code></pre> <p>Since a thread might run until the very end of the program\u2019s execution, the spawn function has a <code>'static</code> lifetime bound on its argument type. In other words, it only accepts functions that may be kept around forever. A closure capturing a local variable by reference may not be kept around forever, since that reference would become invalid the moment the local variable ceases to exist.</p> <p>Getting a value back out of the thread is done by returning it from the closure. This return value can be obtained from the <code>Result</code> returned by the <code>join</code> method.</p> <p>Note: if a thread panics the handle will return the panic message so that it can be handled.</p> Rust<pre><code>let numbers = Vec::from_iter(0..=1000);\n\n// `move` ensures the tread takes ownership by move the data\nlet handle = thread::spawn(move || {\n    let len = numbers.len();\n    let sum = numbers.iter().sum::&lt;usize&gt;();\n    sum / len\n});\n\n\nlet average = handle.join().unwrap();\n</code></pre>"},{"location":"languages/rust/concurrency.html#scoped-threads","title":"Scoped Threads","text":"<p>Scoped threads ensure that all thread spawned within a scope do not outlive said scope. This makes possible to borrow data that outlives the scope. This is possible since the scope <code>spawn</code> function does not have a <code>'static</code> bound.</p> <p>Note: it's not possible to spawn multiple threads sharing the same data is one of the is mutating it.</p> Rust<pre><code>let numbers = Vec::from_iter(0..=10);\n\nstd::thread::scope(|scope| {\n    // data is borrowed since the `move` keyword is missing\n    scope.spawn(|| { \n        let len = numbers.len(); \n        // ...\n    });\n\n    scope.spawn(|| { /* ... */ });\n});\n</code></pre>"},{"location":"languages/rust/concurrency.html#shared-ownership","title":"Shared Ownership","text":"<p>When sharing data between two threads where neither thread is guaranteed to outlive the other, neither of them can be the owner of that data. Any data shared between them will need to live as long as the longest living thread.</p> <p>There are several ways to create data that is not owned by any single thread:</p> <ul> <li> <p>Statics: A <code>static</code> item has a constant initializer, is never dropped, and already exists before the main function of the program even starts. Every thread can borrow it, since it\u2019s guaranteed to always exist.</p> </li> <li> <p>Leaking: Using <code>Box::leak</code>, one can release ownership of a <code>Box</code>, promising to never drop it. From that point on, the <code>Box</code> will live forever, without an owner, allowing it to be borrowed by any thread for as long as the program runs.</p> </li> <li> <p>Reference Counting: To make sure that shared data gets dropped and deallocated data ownership it's never gave up completely, is instead shared. By keeping track of the number of owners, it's possible to make sure the value is dropped only when there are no owners left. The standard library offers such functionality with the <code>Rc&lt;T&gt;</code> &amp; <code>Arc&lt;T&gt;</code> types.</p> </li> </ul>"},{"location":"languages/rust/concurrency.html#thread-safety-send-and-sync","title":"Thread Safety: Send and Sync","text":"<p>The <code>Send</code> marker trait indicates that ownership of values of the type implementing <code>Send</code> can be transferred between threads. Any type composed entirely of <code>Send</code> types is automatically marked as <code>Send</code>.  Almost all primitive types are <code>Send</code>, aside from raw pointers.</p> <p>The <code>Sync</code> marker trait indicates that it is safe for the type implementing <code>Sync</code> to be referenced from multiple threads. In other words, any type <code>T</code> is <code>Sync</code> if <code>&amp;T</code> (an immutable reference to <code>T</code>) is <code>Send</code>, meaning the reference can be sent safely to another thread. Similar to <code>Send</code>, primitive types are <code>Sync</code>, and types composed entirely of types that are <code>Sync</code>are also <code>Sync</code>.</p> <p>Note: All primitive types such as <code>i32</code>, <code>bool</code>, and <code>str</code> are both <code>Send</code> and <code>Sync</code>.</p>"},{"location":"languages/rust/concurrency.html#locking-protecting-shared-data","title":"Locking: Protecting Shared Data","text":""},{"location":"languages/rust/concurrency.html#mutex","title":"Mutex","text":"<p>The most commonly used tool for sharing (mutable) data between threads is a mutex, which is short for \"mutual exclusion.\" The job of a mutex is to ensure threads have exclusive access to some data by temporarily blocking other threads that try to access it at the same time.</p> <p>A mutex has only two states: locked and unlocked.</p> <p>When a thread locks an unlocked mutex, the mutex is marked as locked and the thread can immediately continue. When a thread then attempts to lock an already locked mutex, that operation will block. The thread is put to sleep while it waits for the mutex to be unlocked. Unlocking is only possible on a locked mutex, and should be done by the same thread that locked it. If other threads are waiting to lock the mutex, unlocking will cause one of those threads to be woken up, so it can try to lock the mutex again and continue its course.</p> <p>Protecting data with a mutex is simply the agreement between all threads that they will only access the data when they have the mutex locked. That way, no two threads can ever access that data concurrently and cause a data race.</p> <p>The Rust standard library provides this functionality through <code>std::sync::Mutex&lt;T&gt;</code>. Since the mutex wraps and owns the <code>T</code> it protects, the data can only be accessed through the mutex, allowing for a safe interface that can guarantee only one thread at a time can access the wrapped <code>T</code>.</p> <p>To ensure a locked mutex can only be unlocked by the thread that locked it, it does not have an <code>unlock()</code> method. Instead, its <code>lock()</code> method returns a  a <code>MutexGuard</code> to represent the lock. The <code>MutexGuard</code> allows exclusive access to the data the mutex protects. Unlocking the mutex is done by dropping the guard.</p> Rust<pre><code>let mutex = std::sync::Mutex::new(0);\n\nstd::thread::scope(|scope| {\n    scope.spawn(|| {\n        let guard = mutex.lock().unwrap();  // obtain access\n        *guard += 1;  // mutate protected value\n    })\n});\n</code></pre>"},{"location":"languages/rust/concurrency.html#lock-poisoning","title":"Lock Poisoning","text":"<p>The <code>lock()</code> method returns a <code>Result</code> since the mutex can become poisoned. A mutex get marked as poisoned when a thread panics while holding the lock. Calling <code>lock()</code> on a poisoned mutex will return an <code>Err</code>. This poisoning mechanism protects against accessing data that may be in an inconsistent state.  </p> <p>Note: The lock is still acquired and the <code>Err</code> variant contains the guard, allowing to correct the data inconsistency.</p>"},{"location":"languages/rust/concurrency.html#reader-writer-lock","title":"Reader-Writer Lock","text":"<p>A reader-writer lock understands the difference between exclusive and shared access, and can provide either. It has three states: unlocked, locked by a single writer (for exclusive access), and locked by any number of readers (for shared access).</p> <p>The Rust standard library provides this lock through the <code>std::sync::RwLock&lt;T&gt;</code> type.  It has a <code>read()</code> and <code>write()</code> method for locking as either a reader or a writer and it has two guard types: <code>RwLockReadGuard</code> and <code>RwLockWriteGuard</code>.</p> <p>The first only implements <code>Deref</code> to behave like a shared reference to the protected data, while the second also implements <code>DerefMut</code> to behave like an exclusive reference.</p> <p>Most implementations will block new readers when there is a writer waiting, even when the lock is already read-locked. This is done to prevent writer starvation, a situation where many readers collectively keep the lock from ever unlocking, never allowing any writer to update the data.</p>"},{"location":"languages/rust/concurrency.html#waiting-putting-thread-to-sleep","title":"Waiting: Putting Thread to Sleep","text":""},{"location":"languages/rust/concurrency.html#thread-parking","title":"Thread Parking","text":"<p>One way to wait for a notification from another thread is called thread parking. A thread can park itself, which puts it to sleep, stopping it from consuming any CPU cycles. Another thread can then unpark the parked thread, waking it up from its sleep.</p> <p>Thread parking is available through the <code>std::thread::park()</code> function. For unparking, it's possible to call the <code>unpark()</code> method on a <code>Thread</code> handle.</p> <p>An important property of thread parking is that a call to <code>unpark()</code> before the thread parks itself does not get lost. The request to unpark is still recorded, and the next time the thread tries to park itself, it clears that request and directly continues without actually going to sleep.</p> <p>Note: calls to <code>unpark()</code> do not stack up.</p>"},{"location":"languages/rust/concurrency.html#condition-variables","title":"Condition Variables","text":"<p>Condition variables are a more commonly used option for waiting for something to happen to data protected by a mutex. They have two basic operations: wait and notify.</p> <p>Threads can wait on a condition variable, after which they can be woken up when another thread notifies that same condition variable. Multiple threads can wait on the same condition variable, and notifications can either be sent to one waiting thread, or to all of them.</p> <p>To avoid the issue of missing notifications in the brief moment between unlocking a mutex and waiting for a condition variable, condition variables provide a way to atomically unlock the mutex and start waiting. This means there is simply no possible moment for notifications to get lost.</p> <p>The Rust standard library provides a condition variable as <code>std::sync::Condvar</code>. Its <code>wait</code> method takes a <code>MutexGuard</code> that proves we\u2019ve locked the mutex. It first unlocks the mutex (allowing other threads to work on it) and goes to sleep. When woken up, it relocks the mutex and returns a new <code>MutexGuard</code> (which proves that the mutex is locked again).</p> <p>It has two notify functions: <code>notify_one</code> to wake up just one waiting thread (if any), and <code>notify_all</code> to wake them all up.</p>"},{"location":"languages/rust/concurrency.html#atomics","title":"Atomics","text":"<p>The word atomic comes from the Greek word \u1f04\u03c4\u03bf\u03bc\u03bf\u03c2, meaning indivisible, something that cannot be cut into smaller pieces. In computer science, it is used to describe an operation that is indivisible: it is either fully completed, or it didn\u2019t happen yet.</p> <p>Atomic operations are the main building block for anything involving multiple threads. All the other concurrency primitives, such as mutexes and condition variables, are implemented using atomic operations.</p> <p>Each of the available atomic types has the same interface with methods for storing and loading, methods for atomic \"fetch-and-modify\" operations, and some more advanced \"compare-and-exchange\" methods.</p> <p>Every atomic operation takes an argument of type <code>std::sync::atomic::Ordering</code>, which determines the guarantees about the relative ordering of operations. Based on the ordering the various threads can witness the same operations happening in different orders.</p>"},{"location":"languages/rust/concurrency.html#load-store","title":"Load &amp; Store","text":"<p>The first two atomic operations are the most basic ones: load and store. Their function signatures are as follows, using AtomicI32 as an example:</p> Rust<pre><code>impl AtomicI32 {\n    pub fn load(&amp;self, ordering: Ordering) -&gt; i32;\n    pub fn store(&amp;self, value: i32, ordering: Ordering);\n}\n</code></pre> <p>The <code>load</code> method atomically loads the value stored in the atomic variable, and the <code>store</code> method atomically stores a new value in it.</p> <p>Note: the store method takes a shared reference (<code>&amp;T</code>) even though it modifies itself.</p>"},{"location":"languages/rust/concurrency.html#fetch-and-modify-operations","title":"Fetch-and-Modify Operations","text":"<p>The fetch-and-modify operations modify the atomic variable, but also load (fetch) the original value, as a single atomic operation.</p> Rust<pre><code>impl AtomicI32 {\n    pub fn fetch_add(&amp;self, v: i32, ordering: Ordering) -&gt; i32;\n    pub fn fetch_sub(&amp;self, v: i32, ordering: Ordering) -&gt; i32;\n    pub fn fetch_or(&amp;self, v: i32, ordering: Ordering) -&gt; i32;\n    pub fn fetch_and(&amp;self, v: i32, ordering: Ordering) -&gt; i32;\n    pub fn fetch_nand(&amp;self, v: i32, ordering: Ordering) -&gt; i32;\n    pub fn fetch_xor(&amp;self, v: i32, ordering: Ordering) -&gt; i32;\n    pub fn fetch_max(&amp;self, v: i32, ordering: Ordering) -&gt; i32;\n    pub fn fetch_min(&amp;self, v: i32, ordering: Ordering) -&gt; i32;\n    pub fn swap(&amp;self, v: i32, ordering: Ordering) -&gt; i32;  // aka fetch_store\n}\n</code></pre>"},{"location":"languages/rust/concurrency.html#compare-and-exchange-operations","title":"Compare-and-Exchange Operations","text":"<p>The compare-and-exchange operation checks if the atomic value is equal to a given value, and only if that is the case does it replace it with a new value, all atomically as a single operation. It will return the previous value and tell whether it replaced it or not.</p> Rust<pre><code>impl AtomicI32 {\n    pub fn compare_exchange(\n        &amp;self,\n        expected: i32,\n        new: i32,\n        success_order: Ordering,\n        failure_order: Ordering\n    ) -&gt; Result&lt;i32, i32&gt;;\n}\n</code></pre>"},{"location":"languages/rust/concurrency.html#memory-ordering","title":"Memory Ordering","text":""},{"location":"languages/rust/concurrency.html#reordering-and-optimizations","title":"Reordering and Optimizations","text":"<p>Processors and compilers perform tricks to make programs run as fast as possible. A processor might determine that two particular consecutive instructions in the program will not affect each other, and execute them out of order, if that is faster. Similarly, a compiler might decide to reorder or rewrite parts of the program if it has reason to believe it might result in faster execution. But only if that wouldn\u2019t change the behavior of the program.</p> <p>The logic for verifying that a specific reordering or other optimization won\u2019t affect the behavior of the program does not take other threads into account. This is why explicitly telling the compiler and processor what they can and can\u2019t do with the atomic operations it's necessary, since their usual logic ignores interactions between threads and might allow for optimizations that do change the result of the program.</p> <p>The available orderings in Rust are:</p> <ul> <li>Relaxed ordering: <code>Ordering::Relaxed</code></li> <li>Release and acquire ordering: <code>Ordering::{Release, Acquire, AcqRel}</code></li> <li>Sequentially consistent ordering: <code>Ordering::SeqCst</code></li> </ul>"},{"location":"languages/rust/concurrency.html#the-memory-model","title":"The Memory Model","text":"<p>The different memory ordering options have a strict formal definition to make sure their assumption are known, and compiler writers know exactly what guarantees they need to provide. To decouple this from the details of specific processor architectures, memory ordering is defined in terms of an abstract memory model.</p> <p>Rust\u2019s memory model allows for concurrent atomic stores, but considers concurrent non-atomic stores to the same variable to be a data race, resulting in undefined behavior.</p>"},{"location":"languages/rust/concurrency.html#happens-before-relationship","title":"Happens-Before Relationship","text":"<p>The memory model defines the order in which operations happen in terms of happens-before relationships. This means that as an abstract model only defines situations where one thing is guaranteed to happen before another thing, and leaves the order of everything else undefined.</p> <p>Between threads, however, happens-before relationships only occur in a few specific cases, such as when spawning and joining a thread, unlocking and locking a mutex, and through atomic operations that use non-relaxed memory ordering. Relaxed memory ordering is the most basic (and most performant) memory ordering that, by itself, never results in any cross-thread happens-before relationships.</p> <p>Spawning a thread creates a happens-before relationship between what happened before the <code>spawn()</code> call, and the new thread. Similarly, joining a thread creates a happens-before relationship between the joined thread and what happens after the <code>join()</code> call.</p> Rust<pre><code>static X: AtomicI32 = AtomicI32::new(0);\n\nfn main() {\n    X.store(1, Relaxed);\n\n    let t = thread::spawn(f);  // happens after \"store 1\"\n    X.store(2, Relaxed);\n    t.join().unwrap();  // happens before \"store 3\"\n\n    X.store(3, Relaxed);\n}\n\nfn f() {\n    let x = X.load(Relaxed);  // could happen after either before or after \"store 2\"\n    assert!(x == 1 || x == 2);\n}\n</code></pre>"},{"location":"languages/rust/concurrency.html#relaxed-ordering","title":"Relaxed Ordering","text":"<p>While atomic operations using <code>Relaxed</code> memory ordering do not provide any happens-before relationship, they do guarantee a total modification order of each individual atomic variable. This means that all modifications of the same atomic variable happen in an order that is the same from the perspective of every single thread.</p>"},{"location":"languages/rust/concurrency.html#release-and-acquire-ordering","title":"Release and Acquire Ordering","text":"<p><code>Release</code> and <code>Acquire</code> memory ordering are used in a pair to form a happens-before relationship between threads. <code>Release</code> memory ordering applies to store operations, while <code>Acquire</code> memory ordering applies to load operations.</p> <p>A happens-before relationship is formed when an acquire-load operation observes the result of a release-store operation. In this case, the store and everything before it, happened before the load and everything after it.</p> <p>When using <code>Acquire</code> for a fetch-and-modify or compare-and-exchange operation, it applies only to the part of the operation that loads the value. Similarly, <code>Release</code> applies only to the store part of an operation. <code>AcqRel</code> is used to represent the combination of <code>Acquire</code> and <code>Release</code>, which causes both the load to use <code>Acquire</code> ordering, and the store to use <code>Release</code> ordering.</p> Rust<pre><code>use std::sync::atomic::Ordering::{Acquire, Release};\n\nstatic DATA: AtomicU64 = AtomicU64::new(0);\nstatic READY: AtomicBool = AtomicBool::new(false);\n\nfn main() {\n    thread::spawn(|| {\n        DATA.store(123, Relaxed);\n        READY.store(true, Release); // Everything from before this store ..\n    });\n\n    while !READY.load(Acquire) { // .. is visible after this loads `true`.\n        thread::sleep(Duration::from_millis(100));\n        println!(\"waiting...\");\n    }\n    println!(\"{}\", DATA.load(Relaxed));\n}\n</code></pre>"},{"location":"languages/rust/concurrency.html#consume-ordering","title":"Consume Ordering","text":"<p><code>Consume</code> ordering is a lightweight, more efficient, \u200bvariant of <code>Acquire</code> ordering, whose synchronizing effects are limited to things that depend on the loaded value.</p> <p>Now there\u2019s good news and bad news.</p> <p>In all modern processor architectures, <code>Consume</code> ordering is achieved with the exact same instructions as <code>Relaxed</code> ordering. In other words, <code>Consume</code> ordering can be \"free,\" which, at least on some platforms, is not the case for acquire ordering. Unfortunately no compiler actually implements <code>Consume</code> ordering.</p> <p>The concept of a \"dependent\" evaluation hard to define, it\u2019s even harder to keep such dependencies intact while transforming and optimizing a program.</p> <p>Because of this, compilers upgrade <code>Consume</code> ordering to <code>Acquire</code> ordering, just to be safe. The C++20 standard even explicitly discourages the use of <code>Consume</code> ordering, noting that an implementation other than just <code>Acquire</code> ordering turned out to be infeasible.</p>"},{"location":"languages/rust/concurrency.html#sequentially-consistent-ordering","title":"Sequentially Consistent Ordering","text":"<p>The strongest memory ordering is ssequentially consistent ordering (<code>SeqCst</code>). It includes all the guarantees of <code>Acquire</code> ordering (for loads) and <code>Release</code> ordering (for stores), and also guarantees a globally consistent order of operations.</p> <p>This means that every single operation using <code>SeqCst</code> ordering within a program is part of a single total order that all threads agree on. This total order is consistent with the total modification order of each individual variable.</p> <p>Since it is strictly stronger than <code>Acquire</code> and <code>Release</code> memory ordering, a sequentially consistent load or store can take the place of an acquire-load or release-store in a release-acquire pair to form a happens-before relationship. In other words, an acquire-load can not only form a happens-before relationship with a release-store, but also with a sequentially consistent store, and similarly the other way around.</p> <p>Virtually all real-world uses of <code>SeqCst</code> involve a pattern of a store that must be globally visible before a subsequent load on the same thread. For these situations, a potentially more efficient alternative is to instead use <code>Relaxed</code> operations in combination with a <code>SeqCst</code> fence.</p>"},{"location":"languages/rust/concurrency.html#fences","title":"Fences","text":"<p>The <code>std::sync::atomic::fence</code> function represents an atomic fence and is either a release fence (<code>Release</code>), an acquire fence (<code>Acquire</code>), or both (<code>AcqRel</code> or <code>SeqCst</code>). A <code>SeqCst</code> fence additionally also takes part in the sequentially consistent total order.</p> <p>An atomic fence allows to separate the memory ordering from the atomic operation. This can be useful to apply a memory ordering to multiple operations, or to apply it conditionally.</p> <p>In essence, a release-store can be split into a release fence followed by a (<code>Relaxed</code>) store, and an acquire-load can be split into a (<code>Relaxed</code>) load followed by an acquire fence.</p> Rust<pre><code>// The store of a release-acquire relationship\natom.store(1, Release);\n\n// can be substituted by a release fence followed by a relaxed store\nfence(Release);\natom.store(1, Relaxed);\n</code></pre> Rust<pre><code>// The load of a release-acquire relationship,\natom.load(Acquire);\n\n// can be substituted by a relaxed load followed by an acquire fence\natom.load(Relaxed);\nfence(Acquire);\n</code></pre> <p>Note: Using a separate fence can result in an extra processor instruction which can be slightly less efficient. Note: A fence is not tied to any single atomic variable. This means that a single fence can be used for multiple variables at once.</p> <p>A release fence can take the place of a release operation in a happens-before relationship if that release fence is followed (on the same thread) by any atomic operation that stores a value observed by the acquire operation it's synchronizing with. Similarly, an acquire fence can take the place of any acquire operation if that acquire fence is preceded (on the same thread) by any atomic operation that loads a value stored by the release operation.</p> <p>An happens-before relationship is created between a release fence and an acquire fence if any store after the release fence is observed by any load before the acquire fence.</p> <p>A <code>SeqCst</code> fence is both a <code>Release</code> fence and an <code>Acquire</code> fence (just like <code>AcqRel</code>), but also part of the single total order of sequentially consistent operations. However, only the fence is part of the total order, but not necessarily the atomic operations before or after it. This means that unlike a release or acquire operation, a sequentially consistent operation cannot be split into a relaxed operation and a memory fence.</p>"},{"location":"languages/rust/macros.html","title":"Macros","text":"<p>Fundamentally, macros are a way of writing code that writes other code, which is known as metaprogramming.</p> <p>Metaprogramming is useful for reducing the amount of code to be written and maintained, which is also one of the roles of functions.  However, macros have some additional powers that functions don\u2019t.</p> <p>A function signature must declare the number and type of parameters the function has. Macros, on the other hand, can take a variable number of parameters. Also, macros are expanded before the compiler interprets the meaning of the code, so a macro can, for example, implement a trait on a given type. A function can\u2019t, because it gets called at runtime and a trait needs to be implemented at compile time.</p> <p>The downside to implementing a macro instead of a function is that macro definitions are more complex than function definitions because it's Rust code that writes Rust code. Due to this indirection, macro definitions are generally more difficult to read, understand, and maintain than function definitions.</p> <p>Note: macros need to be defined and brought into scope before they are usable in a file, as opposed to functions that can be defined anywhere and be called anywhere.</p>"},{"location":"languages/rust/macros.html#declarative-macros-macro-by-example","title":"Declarative Macros (Macro-by-Example)","text":"<p>At their core, declarative macros allow to write something similar to a Rust match expression.</p> <p>Macros compare a value to patterns that are associated with particular code: in this situation, the value is the literal Rust source code passed to the macro; the patterns are compared with the structure of that source code; and the code associated with each pattern, when matched, replaces the code passed to the macro. This all happens during compilation.</p> <p>Declarative macros are defined using the <code>macro_rules!</code> construct.</p> <p>Each macro has a name, and one or more rules.</p> <p>Each rule has two parts: a matcher, describing the syntax that it matches, and a transcriber, describing the syntax that will replace a successfully matched invocation. Both the matcher and the transcriber must be surrounded by delimiters. Macros can expand to expressions, statements, items (including traits, impls, and foreign items), types, or patterns.</p> Rust<pre><code>#[macro_export]\nmacro_rules! &lt;name&gt; {\n    ( &lt;matcher&gt; ) =&gt; {\n        &lt;transcriber&gt;\n    };\n}\n</code></pre>"},{"location":"languages/rust/macros.html#transcribing","title":"Transcribing","text":"<p>When a macro is invoked, the macro expander looks up macro invocations by name, and tries each macro rule in turn. It transcribes the first successful match; if this results in an error, then future matches are not tried.</p> <p>When matching, no lookahead is performed; if the compiler cannot unambiguously determine how to parse the macro invocation one token at a time, then it is an error.</p> <p>In both the matcher and the transcriber, the <code>$</code> token is used to invoke special behaviours from the macro engine. Tokens that aren't part of such an invocation are matched and transcribed literally, with one exception.</p> <p>The exception is that the outer delimiters for the matcher will match any pair of delimiters. Thus, for instance, the matcher (()) will match <code>{()}</code> but not <code>{{}}</code>.</p> <p>Note: The character <code>$</code> cannot be matched or transcribed literally.</p> <p>When forwarding a matched fragment to another macro-by-example, matchers in the second macro will see an opaque AST of the fragment type. The second macro can't use literal tokens to match the fragments in the matcher, only a fragment specifier of the same type. The <code>ident</code>, <code>lifetime</code>, and <code>tt</code> fragment types are an exception, and can be matched by literal tokens.</p> Rust<pre><code>macro_rules! foo {\n    (3) =&gt; {}\n}\n\nmacro_rules! bar {\n    ($l:expr) =&gt; { foo!($l); }\n    // ERROR:           ^^ no rules expected this token in macro call\n}\n\nmacro_rules! baz {\n    ($l:tt) =&gt; { foo!($l); }\n}\n</code></pre>"},{"location":"languages/rust/macros.html#metavariables","title":"Metavariables","text":"<p>In the matcher, <code>$name:fragment</code> matches a Rust syntax fragment of the kind specified and binds it to the metavariable <code>$name</code>.</p> <p>Valid fragment specifiers are:</p> <ul> <li><code>item</code>: an Item</li> <li><code>block</code>: a BlockExpression</li> <li><code>stmt</code>: a Statement without the trailing semicolon (except for item statements that require semicolons)</li> <li><code>pat</code>: a Pattern</li> <li><code>expr</code>: an Expression</li> <li><code>ty</code>: a Type</li> <li><code>ident</code>: an IDENTIFIER_OR_KEYWORD or RAW_IDENTIFIER</li> <li><code>path</code>: a TypePath style path</li> <li><code>tt</code>: a TokenTree (a single token or tokens in matching delimiters <code>()</code>, <code>[]</code>, or <code>{}</code>)</li> <li><code>meta</code>: an Attr, the contents of an attribute</li> <li><code>lifetime</code>: a LIFETIME_TOKEN</li> <li><code>vis</code>: a possibly empty Visibility qualifier</li> <li><code>literal</code>: matches LiteralExpression</li> </ul> <p>In the transcriber, metavariables are referred to simply by <code>$name</code>, since the fragment kind is specified in the matcher. Metavariables are replaced with the syntax element that matched them.</p> <p>The keyword metavariable <code>$crate</code> can be used to refer to the current crate. Metavariables can be transcribed more than once or not at all.</p>"},{"location":"languages/rust/macros.html#repetitions","title":"Repetitions","text":"<p>In both the matcher and transcriber, repetitions are indicated by placing the tokens to be repeated inside <code>$(\u2026)</code>, followed by a repetition operator, optionally with a separator token between. The separator token can be any token other than a delimiter or one of the repetition operators, but <code>;</code> and <code>,</code> are the most common.</p> <p>The repetition operators are:</p> <ul> <li><code>*</code>: indicates any number of repetitions.</li> <li><code>+</code>: indicates any number but at least one.</li> <li><code>?</code>: indicates an optional fragment with zero or one occurrence.</li> </ul> <p>Note: Since <code>?</code> represents at most one occurrence, it cannot be used with a separator.</p> <p>The repeated fragment both matches and transcribes to the specified number of the fragment, separated by the separator token. Metavariables are matched to every repetition of their corresponding fragment.</p> <p>During transcription, additional restrictions apply to repetitions so that the compiler knows how to expand them properly:</p> <ol> <li>A metavariable must appear in exactly the same number, kind, and nesting order of repetitions in the transcriber as it did in the matcher.</li> <li>Each repetition in the transcriber must contain at least one metavariable to decide how many times to expand it. If multiple metavariables appear in the same repetition, they must be bound to the same number of fragments.</li> </ol>"},{"location":"languages/rust/macros.html#scoping-exporting-and-importing","title":"Scoping, Exporting, and Importing","text":"<p>Macros have two forms of scope: textual scope, and path-based scope. Textual scope is based on the order that things appear in source files, or even across multiple files, and is the default scoping. Path-based scope works exactly the same way that item scoping does. The scoping, exporting, and importing of macros is controlled largely by attributes.</p> <p>When a macro is invoked by an unqualified identifier (not part of a multi-part path), it is first looked up in textual scoping. If this does not yield any results, then it is looked up in path-based scoping. If the macro's name is qualified with a path, then it is only looked up in path-based scoping.</p> Rust<pre><code>use lazy_static::lazy_static; // path-based import.\n\n// local textual definition.\nmacro_rules! lazy_static {\n    (lazy) =&gt; {};\n}\n\nlazy_static!{lazy} // textual lookup finds local macro first.\nself::lazy_static!{} // path-based lookup ignores local macro, finds imported one.\n</code></pre> <p>Note: It is not an error to define a macro multiple times; the most recent declaration will shadow the previous one unless it has gone out of scope.</p>"},{"location":"languages/rust/macros.html#the-macro_use-attribute","title":"The <code>macro_use</code> attribute","text":"<p>The <code>macro_use</code> attribute has two purposes. First, it can be used to make a module's macro scope not end when the module is closed, by applying it to a module:</p> Rust<pre><code>#[macro_use]\nmod inner {\n    macro_rules! m {\n        () =&gt; {};\n    }\n}\n\nm!();\n</code></pre> <p>Second, it can be used to import macros from another crate, by attaching it to an extern crate declaration appearing in the crate's root module. Macros imported this way are imported into the <code>macro_use</code> prelude, not textually, which means that they can be shadowed by any other name.</p> <p>While macros imported by <code>#[macro_use]</code> can be used before the import statement, in case of a conflict, the last macro imported wins. Optionally, a list of macros to import can be specified using the <code>MetaListIdents</code> syntax; this is not supported when <code>#[macro_use]</code> is applied to a module.</p> Rust<pre><code># [macro_use(lazy_static)] // or #[macro_use] to import all macros.\nextern crate lazy_static;\n\nlazy_static!{}\nself::lazy_static!{} // Error: lazy_static is not defined in `self`\n</code></pre> <p>Note: Macros to be imported with <code>#[macro_use]</code> must be exported with <code>#[macro_export]</code>.</p>"},{"location":"languages/rust/macros.html#the-macro_export-attribute","title":"The <code>macro_export</code> attribute","text":"<p>By default, a macro has no path-based scope. However, if it has the <code>#[macro_export]</code> attribute, then it is declared in the crate root scope and can be referred to normally.</p> Rust<pre><code>self::m!();\nm!(); // OK: Path-based lookup finds m in the current module.\n\nmod inner {\n    super::m!();\n    crate::m!();\n}\n\nmod mac {\n    #[macro_export]\n    macro_rules! m {\n        () =&gt; {};\n    }\n}\n</code></pre> <p>Note: Macros labeled with <code>#[macro_export]</code> are always pub and can be referred to by other crates, either by path or by <code>#[macro_use]</code>.</p>"},{"location":"languages/rust/macros.html#follow-set-ambiguity-restrictions","title":"Follow-set Ambiguity Restrictions","text":"<p>The parser used by the macro system is reasonably powerful, but it is limited in order to prevent ambiguity in current or future versions of the language.</p> <p>In particular, in addition to the rule about ambiguous expansions, a nonterminal matched by a metavariable must be followed by a token which has been decided can be safely used after that kind of match.</p> <p>The specific rules are:</p> <ul> <li><code>expr</code> and <code>stmt</code> may only be followed by one of: <code>=&gt;</code>, <code>,</code>, or <code>;</code>.</li> <li><code>pat</code> may only be followed by one of: <code>=&gt;</code>, <code>,</code>, <code>=</code>, <code>if</code>, or <code>in</code>.</li> <li><code>path</code> and <code>ty</code> may only be followed by one of: <code>=&gt;</code>, <code>,</code>, <code>=</code>, <code>|</code>, <code>;</code>, <code>:</code>, <code>&gt;</code>, <code>&gt;&gt;</code>, <code>[</code>, <code>{</code>, <code>as</code>, <code>where</code>, or a macro variable of block fragment specifier.</li> <li><code>vis</code> may only be followed by one of: <code>,</code>, an identifier other than a non-raw priv, any token that can begin a type, or a metavariable with a <code>ident</code>, <code>ty</code>, or <code>path</code> fragment specifier.</li> </ul> <p>All other fragment specifiers have no restrictions.</p> <p>When repetitions are involved, then the rules apply to every possible number of expansions, taking separators into account. This means:</p> <ul> <li>If the repetition includes a separator, that separator must be able to follow the contents of the repetition.</li> <li>If the repetition can repeat multiple times (<code>*</code> or <code>+</code>), then the contents must be able to follow themselves.</li> <li>The contents of the repetition must be able to follow whatever comes before, and whatever comes after must be able to follow the contents of the repetition.</li> <li>If the repetition can match zero times (<code>*</code> or <code>?</code>), then whatever comes after must be able to follow whatever comes before.</li> </ul>"},{"location":"languages/rust/rust.html","title":"Rust","text":""},{"location":"languages/rust/rust.html#basics","title":"Basics","text":"Rust<pre><code>use &lt;module&gt;;  // bring a type into scope\n\nfn main() {  //program entry point\n    // code here\n}\n</code></pre>"},{"location":"languages/rust/rust.html#standard-output","title":"Standard Output","text":"Rust<pre><code>// macro (func have no \"!\")\nprintln!(\"Value: {}\", value);  // {} is a placeholder for a value or variable\nprintln!(\"Values: {1}, {0}\", value1, value2);  // use index to print values\n\nprintln!(\"Value {a}, {b}\", a = value1, b = value2);  // named parameters\nprintln!(\"Value {scoped_variable}\");  // reference a variable in scope (must not have any parameters)\n\nprintln!(\"Num: {:&lt;total_digits&gt;.&lt;decimal_digits&gt;}\", number);\nprintln!(\"Num: {:0&lt;total&gt;.&lt;decimal&gt;}\", number);  // prefix number with zeroes\n\nprintln!(\"{:b}\", 0b11011);  // print as bits\n\nprint!();\n</code></pre>"},{"location":"languages/rust/rust.html#standard-input","title":"Standard Input","text":"Rust<pre><code>use io;\n\nlet mut buffer = String::new();\n\nio::stdin()  // read line from stdin\n    .read_line(&amp;mut buffer)  // put in into the string variable\n    .expect(\"Error Message\");  // in case of errors return an error message\n\nlet var: i32 = buffer.trim().parse()  // returns a Result enum\nlet var = buffer.trim().parse::&lt;i32&gt;()  // returns a Result enum\n</code></pre> <p>The <code>::</code> syntax in the <code>::new</code> line indicates that <code>new</code> is an associated function of the <code>String</code> type. An associated function is implemented on a type rather than on a particular instance of the type. Some languages call this a <code>static method</code>.</p>"},{"location":"languages/rust/rust.html#variables-mutability","title":"Variables &amp; Mutability","text":"<p>By default variables are immutable.</p> Rust<pre><code>let var1 = value;  // immutable var init\nlet var2: Type = value;  // explicit type annotation\n\nlet mut var3 = value;  // mutable var init\nlet mut var4: Type = value;  // explicit type annotation\n\nconst CONSTANT_NAME: type = value;  // constant must have the type annotation\n</code></pre>"},{"location":"languages/rust/rust.html#shadowing","title":"Shadowing","text":"<p>It's possible declare a new variable with the same name as a previous variable, and the new variable shadows the previous variable. By using let, it's possible to perform a few transformations on a value but have the variable be immutable after those transformations have been completed.</p> <p>The other difference between mut and shadowing is that because we're effectively creating a new variable when we use the let keyword again, we can change the type of the value but reuse the same name.</p> Rust<pre><code>let x: u32 = 10;\nlet x: i32 = 11;  // shadowing\n</code></pre>"},{"location":"languages/rust/rust.html#data-types","title":"Data Types","text":""},{"location":"languages/rust/rust.html#integer-types","title":"Integer Types","text":"Length Signed Unsigned 8-bit <code>i8</code> <code>u8</code> 16-bit <code>i16</code> <code>u16</code> 32-bit <code>i32</code> <code>u32</code> 64-bit <code>i64</code> <code>u64</code> 128-bit <code>i128</code> <code>u128</code> architecture <code>isize</code> <code>usize</code>"},{"location":"languages/rust/rust.html#explicit-mathematical-operations-integers","title":"Explicit Mathematical Operations (Integers)","text":"Rust<pre><code>i32::MAX.checked_add(value);  // Option&lt;i32&gt; =&gt; None if overflow\ni32::MAX.wrapping_add(value);  // i32 =&gt; Wrap around\ni32::MAX.saturating_add(value);  //  i32 =&gt; MIN &lt;= x &lt;= MAX (Clamp)\ni32::MAX.overflowing_add(value); // (i32, bool) =&gt; overflowed result and if overflowed\n</code></pre> <p>Note: analogous method exist for other mathematical operation</p>"},{"location":"languages/rust/rust.html#floating-point-types","title":"Floating-Point Types","text":"<p>Rust also has two primitive types for floating-point numbers, which are numbers with decimal points. Rust's floating-point types are <code>f32</code> and <code>f64</code>, which are 32 bits and 64 bits in size, respectively. The default type is <code>f64</code> because on modern CPUs it's roughly the same speed as <code>f32</code> but is capable of more precision.</p>"},{"location":"languages/rust/rust.html#numeric-byte-literals","title":"Numeric &amp; Byte Literals","text":"<p>Numeric Base Prefix:</p> <ul> <li><code>0x</code>: Hexadecimal Number</li> <li><code>0o</code>: Octal Number</li> <li><code>0b</code>: Binary Number</li> </ul> <p>Note: Number can have <code>_</code> interposed for legibility (E.g: <code>1_000_u64</code>)</p> <p>Binary Literals:</p> <ul> <li><code>b'\\''</code>, <code>b'\\1'</code>, <code>b'\\n'</code>, <code>b'\\r'</code>, <code>b'\\t'</code>: Escaped characters</li> <li><code>b'&lt;C&gt;'</code>: Byte whose value is the ASCII character <code>&lt;C&gt;</code></li> <li><code>b'\\x&lt;HH&gt;'</code>: Byte whose value is the hexadecimal <code>&lt;HH&gt;</code></li> </ul>"},{"location":"languages/rust/rust.html#numeric-operators","title":"Numeric Operators","text":"Operator Operation <code>&gt;</code> Greater than <code>&gt;=</code> Greater or Equal to <code>&lt;</code> Less than <code>&lt;=</code> Less or Equal to <code>==</code> Equals <code>!=</code> Not Equals"},{"location":"languages/rust/rust.html#comparison-operators","title":"Comparison Operators","text":"Operator Operation <code>+</code> Addition <code>-</code> Subtraction <code>*</code> Multiplication <code>/</code> Division <code>%</code> Modulo"},{"location":"languages/rust/rust.html#boolean-types","title":"Boolean Types","text":"<p>Boolean types in Rust have two possible values: <code>true</code> and <code>false</code>. Booleans are one byte in size. The Boolean type in Rust is specified using <code>bool</code>.</p>"},{"location":"languages/rust/rust.html#bitwise-operators","title":"Bitwise Operators","text":"Operator Operation <code>&amp;</code> AND <code>|</code> OR <code>&amp;&amp;</code> SHORT-CIRCUIT AND <code>||</code> SHORT-CIRCUIT OR <code>^</code> XOR <code>!</code> NOT <code>&lt;&lt;</code> LEFT SHIFT <code>&gt;&gt;</code> RIGHT SHIFT"},{"location":"languages/rust/rust.html#character-types","title":"Character Types","text":"<p>Rust's <code>char</code> type is the language's most primitive alphabetic type.</p> <p>Rust's <code>char</code> type is four bytes in size and represents a Unicode Scalar Value: range from <code>U+0000</code> to <code>U+D7FF</code> and <code>U+E000</code> to <code>U+10FFFF</code> inclusive.</p> Rust<pre><code>let c: char = 'C';  // SINGLE QUOTES\nlet c: char = '\\u{261D}';  // Unicode Code Point U+261D\nlet c: char = '\\x2A';  // ASCII for *\n\n\n'*'.is_alphabetic();  // false\n'\u03b2'.is_alphabetic(); // true\n'8'.to_digit(10);  // Some(8)\n'\\u{CA0}'.len_utf8();  // 3\nstd::char::from:digit(2, 10);  // Some(2)\n</code></pre>"},{"location":"languages/rust/rust.html#string-types","title":"String Types","text":"Rust<pre><code>let s = String::new();  // create empty string\nlet s = String::from(\"string literal\");  // construct string from literal\n\n// string literals\nlet s = \"a multiline\n    string literal\"; // includes whitespace and new lines\n\nlet s = \"single line \\\n    string literal\";  // the trailing \\ avoids the new line &amp; trailing/leading whitespace\n\n// raw strings\nlet raw = r\"\\d+(\\.\\d+)*\"  // backslash and whitespace included verbatim\nlet raw = r#\"raw literal with explicit delimiters, allows double quotes (\") inside\"#;\n\n// byte strings\nlet byte_string = b\"some bite string\"  // &amp;[u8] =&gt; slice og u8, equal to &amp;[b'E', b'q', ...]\n\ns.push_str(\"\"); // appending string literals\n</code></pre>"},{"location":"languages/rust/rust.html#tuple-types","title":"Tuple Types","text":"<p>A tuple is a general way of grouping together a number of values with a variety of types into one compound type. Tuples have a fixed length: once declared, they cannot grow or shrink in size.</p> Rust<pre><code>let tup: (i32, f64, u8) = (500, 6.4, 1);\nlet tup = (500, 6.4, 1);\n\nlet (x, y, z) = tup;  // tuple deconstruction (unpacking)\n\ntup.0 = value;  // member access &amp; update (mut be mutable)\n</code></pre>"},{"location":"languages/rust/rust.html#array-types","title":"Array Types","text":"<p>Every element of an array must have the same type. Arrays in Rust have a fixed length, like tuples. An array isn't as flexible as the <code>vector</code> type, though. A vector is a similar collection type provided by the standard library that is allowed to grow or shrink in size.</p> Rust<pre><code>let array = [0, 1, 2, 3, 4];\nlet array: [Type; length] = [...];\nlet array: [value; length];  // repeat expression (same as python's [value] * length)\n\nlet index: usize = &lt;index_value&gt;;  // indexes and ranges must be of type usize\narray[index] = value;  // member access and update (must be mutable)\n\nlet matrix = [\n    [0 ,1, 2],\n    [3, 4, 5]\n]\n\nlet matrix: [[Type, length]; length]; = [[...], [...], ...]\n\nmatrix[row][column];\n</code></pre>"},{"location":"languages/rust/rust.html#slice-types-t-mut-t","title":"Slice Types (<code>&amp;[T]</code>, <code>&amp;mut [T]</code>)","text":"<p>Slices allows to reference a contiguous sequence of elements in a collection rather than the whole collection. Slices don't take ownership.</p> <p>A mutable slice <code>&amp;mut [T]</code> allows to read and modify elements, but can\u2019t be shared; a shared slice <code>&amp;[T]</code> allows to share access among several readers, but doesn\u2019t allow to modify elements.</p> <p><code>&amp;String</code> can be used in place of a <code>&amp;str</code> (string slice)  trough String Coercion. The <code>&amp;String</code> gets converted to a <code>&amp;str</code> that borrows the entire string. The reverse is not possible since the slice lacks some information about the String.</p> <p>Note: When working with functions is easier to always expect a <code>&amp;str</code> instead of a <code>&amp;String</code>.</p> Rust<pre><code>let s = String::from(\"string literal\");\nlet slice: &amp;str = &amp;s[start..end];\n\nlet a = [0, 1, 2, 3, 4, 5];\nlet slice: &amp;[i32] =  &amp;a[start..end];\n\nsequence[start..]  // slice to end of sequence\nsequence[..end]  // slice from start to end (excluded)\n</code></pre>"},{"location":"languages/rust/rust.html#type-aliases","title":"Type Aliases","text":"Rust<pre><code>type Alias = T;\n</code></pre>"},{"location":"languages/rust/rust.html#functions","title":"Functions","text":"<p>Rust code uses snake_case as the conventional style for function and variable names.</p> <p>Function definitions in Rust start with <code>fn</code> and have a set of parentheses after the function name. The curly brackets tell the compiler where the function body begins and ends.</p> <p>Rust doesn't care where the functions are defined, only that they're defined somewhere.</p> Rust<pre><code>  // parameters MUST have the Type annotation\nfn func(param: Type) {}\n\n  // -&gt; specifies the return type\nfn func() -&gt; Type {}\n\nfn func() {\n    value  // returns value\n}\n// same as\nfn func() {\n    return value;\n}\n\nfn func() {\n    return (value1, value2, ...);  // return multiple values with tuples\n}\n</code></pre>"},{"location":"languages/rust/rust.html#control-flow","title":"Control Flow","text":""},{"location":"languages/rust/rust.html#if-else-if-else","title":"if, else-if, else","text":"Rust<pre><code>if condition {\n    // [...]\n} else if condition {\n    // [...]\n} else {\n    // [...]\n}\n</code></pre>"},{"location":"languages/rust/rust.html#let-if","title":"let if","text":"Rust<pre><code>let var = if condition { value } else { value };  // returned types must be the same\n</code></pre>"},{"location":"languages/rust/rust.html#if-let","title":"if-let","text":"Rust<pre><code>if let &lt;pattern&gt; = &lt;expr&gt; {\n    &lt;block1&gt;\n} else {\n    &lt;block2&gt;\n}\n\n// same as\nmatch &lt;expr&gt; {\n    &lt;pattern&gt; =&gt; { block1 }\n    _ =&gt; { block2 }\n}\n</code></pre>"},{"location":"languages/rust/rust.html#loop","title":"loop","text":"Rust<pre><code>// loop's forever if not explicitly stopped (return or break)\nloop { }\n</code></pre>"},{"location":"languages/rust/rust.html#while-while-let","title":"while, while-let","text":"Rust<pre><code>while condition { }\n\nwhile let &lt;pattern&gt; {}\n</code></pre>"},{"location":"languages/rust/rust.html#for","title":"for","text":"Rust<pre><code>for item in sequence.iter() { }\nfor item in sequence.iter_mut() { }  // iterate over mutable items\n\nfor item in sequence { }  // consumes the values (moved into item)\nfor item in &amp;sequence { }  // doesn't consumes the values (item is a reference)\nfor item in &amp;mut sequence { }\n\n// for (i = start; i &lt; end; i += 1)\nfor i in (start..end) { }\n</code></pre>"},{"location":"languages/rust/rust.html#range","title":"Range","text":"Rust<pre><code>..  // RangeFull\na ..  // RangeFrom { start: a }\n.. b  // RangeTo { end: b }\na .. b  // Range { start: a, end: b }\n..= b  // RangeToInclusive { end: b }\na ..= b  // RangeInclusive::new(a, b)\n</code></pre>"},{"location":"languages/rust/rust.html#break-continue","title":"<code>break</code> &amp; <code>continue</code>","text":"Rust<pre><code>while &lt;condition&gt; {\n    // [...]\n\n    continue;  // jump to condition evaluation\n}\n\nlet loop_result = loop {\n    // [...]\n\n    break &lt;loop-value&gt;;\n}\n\n'outer: loop {\n    // [...]\n    loop {}\n\n    break 'outer;  // break labeled loop\n}\n\nlet loop_result = 'outer: loop {\n    // [...]\n    loop {}\n\n    break 'outer &lt;loop-value&gt;; // break labeled loop and return value\n}\n</code></pre>"},{"location":"languages/rust/rust.html#ownership","title":"Ownership","text":"<p>Ownership is Rust's most unique feature, and it enables Rust to make memory safety guarantees without needing a garbage collector.</p> <p>All programs have to manage the way they use a computer's memory while running. Some languages have garbage collection that constantly looks for no longer used memory as the program runs; in other languages, the programmer must explicitly allocate and free the memory. Rust uses a third approach: memory is managed through a system of ownership with a set of rules that the compiler checks at compile time. None of the ownership features slow down your program while it's running.</p>"},{"location":"languages/rust/rust.html#stack-heap","title":"Stack &amp; Heap","text":"<p>Both the stack and the heap are parts of memory that are available to your code to use at runtime, but they are structured in different ways.</p> <p>The stack stores values in the order it gets them and removes the values in the opposite order. This is referred to as last in, first out. Adding data is called pushing onto the stack, and removing data is called popping off the stack.</p> <p>All data stored on the stack must have a known, fixed size. Data with an unknown size at compile time or a size that might change must be stored on the heap instead.</p> <p>The heap is less organized: when you put data on the heap, you request a certain amount of space. The memory allocator finds an empty spot in the heap that is big enough, marks it as being in use, and returns a pointer, which is the address of that location. This process is called allocating on the heap and is sometimes abbreviated as just allocating.</p> <p>Pushing to the stack is faster than allocating on the heap because the allocator never has to search for a place to store new data; that location is always at the top of the stack. Comparatively, allocating space on the heap requires more work, because the allocator must first find a big enough space to hold the data and then perform bookkeeping to prepare for the next allocation.</p> <p>Accessing data in the heap is slower than accessing data on the stack because you have to follow a pointer to get there. Contemporary processors are faster if they jump around less in memory.</p> <p>Keeping track of what parts of code are using what data on the heap, minimizing the amount of duplicate data on the heap, and cleaning up unused data on the heap so you don't run out of space are all problems that ownership addresses.</p>"},{"location":"languages/rust/rust.html#ownership-rules","title":"Ownership Rules","text":"<ul> <li>Each value in Rust has a variable that's called its owner.</li> <li>There can only be one owner at a time.</li> <li>When the owner goes out of scope, the value will be dropped.</li> </ul>"},{"location":"languages/rust/rust.html#moving-cloning-copying-data","title":"Moving, Cloning &amp; Copying data","text":"<p>A \"shallow copy\" of a variable allocated on the heap causes the original variable goes out of scope and only the \"copy\" remains (MOVING). A \"deep copy\" (<code>var.clone()</code>) makes a copy of the data in the new variable without make the original fall out of scope (CLONING).</p> <p>When a variable goes out of scope, Rust calls the special function <code>drop</code>, where the code to return/free the memory is located.</p> <p>Rust has a special annotation called the <code>Copy</code> trait that it's placeable on types that are stored on the stack. If a type has the <code>Copy</code> trait, an older variable is still usable after assignment.</p> <p>Copies happen implicitly, for example as part of an assignment <code>y = x</code>. The behavior of <code>Copy</code> is not overloadable; it is always a simple bit-wise copy. Cloning is an explicit action, <code>x.clone()</code>. The implementation of Clone can provide any type-specific behavior necessary to duplicate values safely.</p> <p>Rust won't allow to annotate a type with the <code>Copy</code> trait if the type, or any of its parts, has implemented the <code>Drop</code> trait.  </p> Rust<pre><code>let s = String::new()\nlet t = s;  // MOVE, s is now uninitialized\nlet u = t.clone();  // deep copy, t is still valid\n\nlet n: i32 = 1;\nlet x = n;  // x holds a COPY of the VALUE of n\n</code></pre>"},{"location":"languages/rust/rust.html#ownership-functions","title":"Ownership &amp; Functions","text":"<p>The semantics for passing a value to a function are similar to those for assigning a value to a variable. Passing a variable to a function will move or copy, just as assignment does.</p> Rust<pre><code>fn main() {\n    let s = String::from(\"hello\");  // s comes into scope\n\n    takes_ownership(s);             // s's value moves into the function and so is no longer valid here\n\n    let x = 5;                      // x comes into scope\n\n    makes_copy(x);                  // x would move into the function, but i32 is Copy, so it's okay to still use x afterward\n\n} // Here, x goes out of scope, then s. But because s's value was moved, nothing special happens.\n\nfn takes_ownership(some_string: String) { // some_string comes into scope\n    println!(\"{}\", some_string);\n} // Here, some_string goes out of scope and `drop` is called. The backing memory is freed.\n\nfn makes_copy(some_integer: i32) { // some_integer comes into scope\n    println!(\"{}\", some_integer);\n} // Here, some_integer goes out of scope. Nothing special happens.\n</code></pre>"},{"location":"languages/rust/rust.html#return-values-scope","title":"Return Values &amp; Scope","text":"<p>Returning values can also transfer ownership.</p> Rust<pre><code>fn main() {\n    let s1 = gives_ownership();         // gives_ownership moves its return value into s1\n\n    let s2 = String::from(\"hello\");     // s2 comes into scope\n\n    let s3 = takes_and_gives_back(s2);  // s2 is moved into takes_and_gives_back, which also moves its return value into s3\n} // Here, s3 goes out of scope and is dropped. s2 goes out of scope but was moved, so nothing happens. s1 goes out of scope and is dropped.\n\nfn gives_ownership() -&gt; String {             // gives_ownership will move its return value into the function that calls it\n\n    let some_string = String::from(\"hello\"); // some_string comes into scope\n\n    some_string                              // some_string is returned and moves out to the calling function\n}\n\n// takes_and_gives_back will take a String and return one\nfn takes_and_gives_back(a_string: String) -&gt; String { // a_string comes into scope\n\n    a_string  // a_string is returned and moves out to the calling function\n}\n</code></pre>"},{"location":"languages/rust/rust.html#references-raw-pointers-borrowing","title":"References, Raw Pointers &amp; Borrowing","text":"<p>Reference types:</p> <ul> <li><code>&amp;T</code>: immutable (aka shared) reference, admits multiple references at the same time, (Read-Only, implements <code>Copy</code>)</li> <li><code>&amp;mut T</code>: mutable reference, there can be only one</li> </ul> <p>Raw Pointers types:</p> <ul> <li><code>*mut T</code></li> <li><code>* const T</code></li> </ul> <p>As long as there are shared references to a value, not even its owner can modify it, the value is locked down. Similarly, if there is a mutable reference to a value, it has exclusive access to the value; it's not possible to use the owner at all, until the mutable reference goes away.</p> <p>Note: raw pointers can be used only in <code>unsafe</code> block. Rust doesn't track the pointed value</p> <p>Mutable references have one big restriction: it's possible to have only one mutable reference to a particular piece of data in a particular scope.</p> <p>The benefit of having this restriction is that Rust can prevent data races at compile time. A data race is similar to a race condition and happens when these three behaviors occur:</p> <ul> <li>Two or more pointers access the same data at the same time.  </li> <li>At least one of the pointers is being used to write to the data.  </li> <li>There's no mechanism being used to synchronize access to the data.</li> </ul> Rust<pre><code>fn borrow(var: &amp;Type) {  // &amp;Type indicates that the var is a reference\n    // here var cannot be modified\n} // when var goes out of scope it doesn't get dropped because the scope didn't own it\n\nborrow(&amp;variable);  // &amp;variable creates a reference to variable but does not take ownership\n\nfn borrow2(var: &amp;mut Type) {\n    // here var can be modified\n}\n\n&amp;variable;  // borrow a value from a variable (returns reference)\n*variable;  // dereference value (access value pointed by the reference)\n</code></pre> <p>The <code>.</code> operator can implicitly borrow or dereference a reference</p> Rust<pre><code>let struct = Struct { field: /* [...] */ }\nlet ref = &amp;struct;\n\nref.field  // implicit deref\n(*ref).field  // explicit deref\n\nlet mut vec = vec![/* */];\n\nv.sort()  // implicit mutable borrow\n(&amp;mut vec).sort()  // explicit mutable borrow\n</code></pre> <p>Note: arithmetic expressions can \"see through\" one level of references. Note: comparison affect the final value of a reference chain. To compare references directly use <code>std::ptr::eq</code></p>"},{"location":"languages/rust/rust.html#structs","title":"Structs","text":"<p>A struct, or structure, is a custom data type that allows to name and package together multiple related values that make up a meaningful group.</p> <p>To define a struct enter the keyword struct and name the entire struct. A struct's name should describe the significance of the pieces of data being grouped together. Then, inside curly brackets, define the names and types of the pieces of data, which we call fields.</p> Rust<pre><code>struct Struct {\n    field: Type,\n    ...\n}\n\nstruct UnitStruct;  // no field, useful in generics\n\n{ x: Type, y: Type }  // anonymous struct\n</code></pre> <p>To use a struct after defining it, create an instance of that struct by specifying concrete values for each of the fields.</p> Rust<pre><code>let mut var = Struct {\n    field: value,\n    ...\n};\n</code></pre>"},{"location":"languages/rust/rust.html#field-init-shorthand","title":"Field Init Shorthand","text":"Rust<pre><code>let mut var = Struct {\n    field,  // shortened form since func param is named as the struct's field\n    ...\n};\n\nvar.field = value;  // member access\n</code></pre> <p>Note: the entire instance must be mutable; Rust doesn't allow to mark only certain fields as mutable.</p>"},{"location":"languages/rust/rust.html#struct-update-syntax","title":"Struct Update Syntax","text":"Rust<pre><code>let struct1 = Struct {\n    field1: value,\n    field2: value,\n    ...\n}\n// same as\nlet struct2 = Struct {\n    field1: other_value,\n    ..struct1  // all remaining fields have the same values of struct1\n}\n</code></pre>"},{"location":"languages/rust/rust.html#tuple-structs","title":"Tuple Structs","text":"<p>Use Tuple Structs to create different types easily. To define a tuple struct, start with the <code>struct</code> keyword and the struct name followed by the types in the tuple.</p> Rust<pre><code>struct Point(i32, i32, i32);\nstruct Color(i32, i32, i32);\n\nlet origin = Point(0, 0, 0);\n</code></pre>"},{"location":"languages/rust/rust.html#struct-printing","title":"Struct Printing","text":"Rust<pre><code>#[derive(Debug)]  // inherit the debug trait\nstruct Struct { }\n\nlet s: Struct = { /* valorization */};\nprintln!(\"{:?}\", s)  // debug output: { field: value, ... }\n</code></pre>"},{"location":"languages/rust/rust.html#associated-functions-type-associated-functions-aka-methods","title":"Associated Functions &amp; Type-Associated Functions (aka Methods)","text":"Rust<pre><code>struct Struct { };\nimpl Struct\n{\n    fn associated_function(&amp;self, arg: Type) -&gt; Type { }\n    fn associated_function(&amp;mut self, arg: Type) -&gt; Type { }  // able to modify instance\n    fn type_associated_function(arg: Type) -&gt; Type { }  // does not have self parameter\n}\n\nlet s: Struct = { /* valorization */};\ns.associated_function(arg);  // use struct method\n\nStruct::type_associated_function(arg);\n</code></pre>"},{"location":"languages/rust/rust.html#associated-consts","title":"Associated Consts","text":"Rust<pre><code>struct Struct {\n    const ASSOCIATED_CONST: Type = &lt;value&gt;;\n}\n\nStruct::ASSOCIATED_CONST;\n</code></pre>"},{"location":"languages/rust/rust.html#traits","title":"Traits","text":"<p>A Trait is a collection of methods representing a set of behaviours necessary to accomplish some task. Traits can be used as generic types constraints and can be implemented by data types.</p> Rust<pre><code>trait Trait {\n    fn method_signature(&amp;self, param: Type) -&gt; Type;\n    fn method_signature(&amp;self, param: Type) -&gt; Type {\n        // default implementation\n    }\n}\n\ntrait SubTrait: Trait { }  // must have impl blocks for all super traits\n//same as\ntrait SubTrait where Self: Trait\n\nimpl Trait for Struct {\n    fn method_signature(&amp;self, param: Type) -&gt; Type {\n        // specific implementation\n    }\n}\n</code></pre>"},{"location":"languages/rust/rust.html#fully-qualified-method-calls","title":"Fully Qualified Method Calls","text":"Rust<pre><code>value.method();\nType::method(value);\nTrait::method(value);\n&lt;Type as Trait&gt;::method(value);\n</code></pre> <p>Note: fully qualified method calls also works with associated functions</p>"},{"location":"languages/rust/rust.html#derive-traits","title":"Derive Traits","text":"<p>The Rust compiler is able to provide a basic implementation of a trait with the <code>derive</code> attribute.  </p> <p>Derivable Traits:</p> <ul> <li><code>Eq</code></li> <li><code>PartialEq</code></li> <li><code>Ord</code></li> <li><code>PartialOrd</code></li> <li><code>Clone</code></li> <li><code>Copy</code></li> <li><code>Hash</code></li> <li><code>Default</code></li> <li><code>Debug</code></li> </ul> Rust<pre><code>#[derive(Trait)]  // derive a trait for the struct\n#[derive(Trait, Trait, ...)]  // derive multiple traits\nstruct Struct {\n    // [...]\n}\n</code></pre>"},{"location":"languages/rust/rust.html#trait-bounds","title":"Trait Bounds","text":"<p>Trait Bound are used to require a generic to implement specific traits and guarantee that a type will have the necessary behaviours.</p> Rust<pre><code>fn generic_method&lt;T: RequiredTrait&gt;() {}\nfn generic_method&lt;T: RequiredTrait + RequiredTrait&gt;() {}  // multiple bounds\n// or\nfn generic_method&lt;T, U&gt;() \n    where T: RequiredTrait + RequiredTrait,\n          U: RequiredTrait + RequiredTrait\n{\n    // implementation\n}\n\n// returned must implement specified trait, retuned type can be only one\n// useful for closures or iterators\nfn generic_return() -&gt; impl RequiredTrait { }\n\n// trait as parameter or return (syntactic sugar for trait bounds)\nfn method_signature(param: &amp;impl Trait) -&gt; Type {}\nfn method_signature(param: &amp;(impl TraitOne + TraitTwo)) -&gt; Type {}\n</code></pre>"},{"location":"languages/rust/rust.html#trait-extensions","title":"Trait Extensions","text":"Rust<pre><code>extern crate foo;\nuse foo::Foo;\n\n// define the methods to be added to the existing type\ntrait FooExt {\n    fn bar(&amp;self);\n}\n\n// implement the extension methods\nimpl FooExt for Foo {\n    fn bar(&amp;self) { .. }\n}\n</code></pre>"},{"location":"languages/rust/rust.html#generic-structs-methods","title":"Generic Structs &amp; Methods","text":"<p>Generic Data Types are abstract stand-ind for concrete data types or other properties. They can be used with structs, functions, methods, etc.</p> <p>Rust accomplishes this by performing monomorphization of the code that is using generics at compile time. Monomorphization is the process of turning generic code into specific code by filling in the concrete types that are used when compiled. For this reason if a function as a trait as return type (trait bound), only a single type that implements the trait can be returned.</p> Rust<pre><code>struct GenericStruct&lt;T, U&gt; {\n    T generic_field,\n    U generic_field,\n    ...\n}\n\nimpl&lt;T, U&gt; GenericStruct&lt;T, U&gt; {\n    fn generic_method&lt;T&gt;() -&gt; Type { }\n    fn generic_method&lt;U&gt;() -&gt; Type { }\n}\n\n// implementation for specific types\nimpl GenericStruct&lt;Type, Type&gt; {\n    fn method() -&gt; Type { }\n}\n\n// implementation for specific traits \nimpl&lt;T: Trait, U&gt; GenericStruct&lt;T, U&gt; {/* ...*/}\n\n// implement a trait for all types with a specific trait (AKA blanket implementation)\nimpl&lt;T: WantedTrait&gt; ImplementedTrait for T {/* ...*/}\n\nfn generic_func&lt;T&gt;() -&gt; Type { }\nfn generic_func&lt;T&gt;() -&gt; &amp;T { }  // T could be heap-based type, returning reference is always valid\n\nfn generic&lt;T: Trait&gt;() -&gt; Type { }  // use generic constraint\n</code></pre> <p>Note: the calling code needs to import your new trait in addition to the external type</p>"},{"location":"languages/rust/rust.html#associated-types","title":"Associated Types","text":"<p>Associated types connect a type placeholder with a trait such that the trait method definitions can use these placeholder types in their signatures. The implementor of a trait will specify the concrete type to be used instead of the placeholder type for the particular implementation.</p> Rust<pre><code>trait Iterator {\n    type Item;\n\n    fn next(&amp;mut self) -&gt; Option&lt;Self::Item&gt;;\n}\n</code></pre> <p>The type <code>Item</code> is a placeholder, and the next method\u2019s definition shows that it will return values of type <code>Option&lt;Self::Item&gt;</code>. Implementors of the <code>Iterator</code> trait will specify the concrete type for <code>Item</code>, and the next method will return an <code>Option</code> containing a value of that concrete type.</p> <p>Note: if the type is generic then then they are called generic associated types</p>"},{"location":"languages/rust/rust.html#generic-traits-vs-associated-types","title":"Generic Traits vs Associated Types","text":"<p>The difference is that when a trait has a generic parameter, it can be implemented for a type multiple times, changing the concrete types of the generic type parameters each time. With associated types, it's not possible to implement the trait multiple times so annotations are not needed.</p> <p>Associated types also become part of the trait\u2019s contract: implementors of the trait must provide a type to stand in for the associated type placeholder. Associated types often have a name that describes how the type will be used, and documenting the associated type in the API documentation is good practice.</p>"},{"location":"languages/rust/rust.html#trait-objects","title":"Trait Objects","text":"<p>A reference to a trait is called a Trait Object. Like any other reference, a trait object points to some value, it has a lifetime, and it can be either mut or shared. What makes a trait object different is that Rust usually doesn\u2019t know the type of the referent at compile time. So a trait object includes a little extra information about the referent\u2019s type.</p> <p>In memory, a trait object is a fat pointer consisting of a pointer to the value, plus a pointer to a table representing that value\u2019s type.  </p> <p>Note: Rust automatically converts ordinary references into trait objects when needed</p> Rust<pre><code>let trait_object = &amp;mut dyn Trait = &amp;mut source;\nlet trait_object: Box&lt;dyn Trait&gt; = Box::new(source);  // same for Rc&lt;T&gt;, Arc&lt;T&gt;, ...\n</code></pre> <p>This works differently from defining a struct or function that uses a generic type parameter with trait bounds. A generic type parameter can only be substituted with one concrete type at a time, whereas trait objects allow for multiple concrete types to fill in for the trait object at runtime.</p> Rust<pre><code>fn func() -&gt; Box&lt;dyn Trait&gt; { }  // return something that implements the specified trait\n</code></pre> <p>If homogeneous collections are needed, using generics and trait bounds is preferable because the definitions will be monomorphized at compile time to use the concrete types.</p> <p>The code that results from monomorphization uses static dispatch, which is when the compiler knows what method will be called at compile time.</p> <p>This is opposed to dynamic dispatch, which is when the compiler can't tell at compile time which method will be called.  At runtime Rust uses the pointers inside the trait object to know which method to call. There is a runtime cost when this lookup happens that doesn't occur with static dispatch.</p> <p>Dynamic dispatch also prevents the compiler from choosing to inline a method's code, which in turn prevents some optimizations.</p> <p>It's only possible to make object-safe traits into trait objects. A trait is object safe if all the methods defined in the trait have the following properties:</p> <ul> <li>The return type isn't <code>Self</code>.</li> <li>There are no generic type parameters.</li> </ul>"},{"location":"languages/rust/rust.html#lifetimes","title":"Lifetimes","text":"<p>Lifetime annotation indicates to the borrow checker that the lifetime of the returned value is as long as the lifetime of the referenced value. The annotation does not affect how long the references live.</p> <p>In case of different lifetimes the complier will use the most restrictive.</p> Rust<pre><code>// lifetime annotation syntax\nfn func&lt;'a&gt;(x: &amp;'a Type, y: &amp;'a Type) -&gt; &amp;'a Type { }\n\n// multiple lifetimes annotations\nfn func&lt;'a, 'b&gt;(x: &amp;'a Type, y: &amp;'b Type) -&gt; &amp;'a Type { }\n\n// struct lifetime annotation\nstruct Struct&lt;'a&gt; {\n    name: &amp;'a str  // is borrowed, needs lifetime\n}\n\nimpl&lt;'a&gt; Struct&lt;'a&gt; { }\nimpl&lt;'a, 'b&gt; Struct&lt;'a&gt; { \n    fn method(&amp;'a self, param: &amp;'b Type) -&gt; &amp;'b Type {}\n}\n\n// static lifetime, same duration as entire program\n// can be coerced to more restrictive lifetime\nlet string: &amp;'static str = \"...\";\n</code></pre>"},{"location":"languages/rust/rust.html#lifetime-elision-rules","title":"Lifetime Elision Rules","text":"<p>The Lifetime Elision Rules are a set of rules for the compiler to analyze references lifetimes. They describe situations that do not require explicit lifetime annotations.  </p> <ul> <li>Rule 1: Each input parameter that is a reference is assigned it's own lifetime</li> <li>Rule 2: If there is exactly one input lifetime, assign it to all output lifetimes</li> <li>Rule 3: If there is a <code>&amp;self</code> or <code>&amp;mut self</code> input parameter, it's lifetime will be assigned to all output lifetimes</li> </ul>"},{"location":"languages/rust/rust.html#enums","title":"Enums","text":"Rust<pre><code>// enum definition\nenum Enum\n{\n    Variant1,\n    Variant2(Type, ...),  // each variant can have different types (even structs and enums) and amounts of associated data\n    Variant3 { x: u8, y: u8 }  // c-like struct\n    ...\n}\n\n// value assignment\nlet e: Enum = Enum::Variant1;\nlet e: Enum = Enum::Variant2(arg, ...);  // variant w/ data\nlet e: Enum = Enum::Variant3 { x = 1, y = 0};\n\n// methods on enum\nimpl Enum\n{\n    fn method(&amp;self) -&gt; Type {\n        match self {\n            Enum::Variant1 =&gt; &lt;expr&gt;\n            Enum::Variant2(arg) =&gt; &lt;expr&gt;,\n            Enum::Variant3 { x = 1, y = 0} =&gt; &lt;expr&gt;;\n        }\n    }\n}\n</code></pre>"},{"location":"languages/rust/rust.html#match-expressions","title":"Match Expressions","text":"<p>A match expression is made up of arms. An arm consists of a pattern and the code that should be run if the value given to the beginning of the match expression fits that arm's pattern. Rust takes the value given to match and looks through each arm's pattern in turn.</p> <p>Note: <code>match</code> arms must be exhaustive for compilation.</p> Rust<pre><code>enum Enum {\n    Variant1,\n    Variant2,\n    Variant3(Type),\n    ...\n}\n\n// match expression on enum\nfn match_variant(e: Enum) {\n    match e {\n        Enum::Variant1 =&gt; &lt;expr&gt;,\n        Enum::Variant2 =&gt; { /* code block */ },\n        Enum::Variant3(parm_name) =&gt; &lt;expr&gt;,\n        _ =&gt; ()  // () is unit value\n    }\n}\n</code></pre>"},{"location":"languages/rust/rust.html#pattern-matching","title":"Pattern Matching","text":"Pattern Example Notes Literal <code>100</code> Match exact value or <code>const</code> name Range <code>x..=y</code> Match any value in range, including end Wildcard <code>_</code> Match any value and ignore it <code>ref</code> Variable <code>ref field</code> Borrow reference of matched variable Variable <code>count</code> Match any value and copy it to variable Bind with syb-pattern <code>variable @ &lt;pattern&gt;</code> Match pattern and copy to variable Enum <code>Some(value)</code> Tuple <code>(key, value)</code> Array <code>[first, second, third]</code> Slice <code>[first, .., last]</code> Struct <code>Point { x, y, .. }</code> Reference <code>&amp;value</code> Multiple Patterns <code>'a' \\| 'A'</code> <code>match, if let, while let</code> only Guard Expression <code>&lt;pattern&gt; if &lt;condition&gt;</code> <code>match</code> only <p>Note: <code>..</code> in slices matches any number of elements. <code>..</code> in structs ignores all remaining fields</p> Rust<pre><code>// unpack a struct into local variables\nlet Struct { local_1, local_2, local_3, .. } = source;\n\n// ...unpack a function argument that's a tuple\nfn distance_to((x, y): (f64, f64)) -&gt; f64 { }\n\n// iterate over keys and values of a HashMap\nfor (key, value) in &amp;hash_map { }\n\n// automatically dereference an argument to a closure\n// (handy because sometimes other code passes you a reference\n// when you'd rather have a copy)\nlet sum = numbers.fold(0, |a, &amp;num| a + num);\n</code></pre> <p>Patterns that always match are special in Rust. They\u2019re called irrefutable patterns, and they\u2019re the only patterns allowed in <code>let</code>, in function arguments, after <code>for</code>, and in closure arguments.</p> <p>A refutable pattern is one that might not match, like <code>Ok(x)</code>. Refutable patterns can be used in <code>match</code> arms, because match is designed for them: if one pattern fails to match, it\u2019s clear what happens next.</p> <p>Refutable patterns are also allowed in <code>if let</code> and <code>while let</code> expressions:</p> Rust<pre><code>// handle just one enum variant specially\nif let Enum::VariantX(_, _) = source { }\n\n// run some code only if a table lookup succeeds\nif let Some(value) = hash_map.get(&amp;key) { }\n\n// repeatedly try something until it succeeds\nwhile let Err(err) = fallible_func() { }\n\n// manually loop over an iterator\nwhile let Some(_) = lines.peek() { }\n</code></pre>"},{"location":"languages/rust/rust.html#error-handling","title":"Error Handling","text":""},{"location":"languages/rust/rust.html#option-result","title":"Option &amp; Result","text":"<p>The <code>Option</code> type is used in many places because it encodes the very common scenario in which a value could be something or it could be nothing. Expressing this concept in terms of the type system means the compiler can check whether you've handled all the cases you should be handling; this functionality can prevent bugs that are extremely common in other programming languages.</p> <p><code>Result&lt;T, E&gt;</code> is the type used for returning and propagating errors. It is an enum with the variants, <code>Ok(T)</code>, representing success and containing a value, and <code>Err(E)</code>, representing error and containing an error value.</p> Rust<pre><code>// std implementation\nenum Option&lt;T&gt; {\n    Some(T),\n    None\n}\n\nenum Result&lt;T, E&gt; {\n    Ok(T),\n    Err(E)\n}\n\nlet option: Option&lt;T&gt; = /* */;\n\noption.is_some();\noption.is_none();\n\noption.unwrap();  // get value of Some or panic\noption.unwrap_or(value);  // get value of Some or return a specified value\noption.unwrap_or_default(fallback);  // get value of Some or return the default value of T\n\nlet result: Result&lt;T, E&gt; = /* */;\n\nresult.is_ok();\nresult.is_err();\nresult.as_ref();  // returns Result&lt;&amp;T, &amp;E&gt;\nresult.as_mut();  // returns Result&lt;&amp;mut T, &amp;mut E&gt;\n\n// methods consuming the result\nresult.ok();  // returns Option&lt;T&gt;, discarding the error\nresult.err();  // returns Option&lt;T&gt;, discarding the error\nresult.unwrap();  // get value of Ok or panic if Err\nresult.unwrap_or(value);  // get value of OK or return a specified value\nresult.unwrap_or_default(fallback);  // get value of Ok or return the default value of T\nresult.unwrap_or_else(fallback_fn)\nresult.unwrap_err();  // get value of Err or panic if Ok\nresult.expect(message);  // write message to stderr if Err\n\nresult_or_option.expect(\"Error Message\");  // if Err or None panics with a custom error message\n\nfn returns_result() -&gt; Result&lt;T, E&gt; { \n    let result = match may_return_err() {\n        Ok(value) =&gt; value,\n        Err(error) =&gt; return Err(error)  // return Err early\n    };\n\n    Ok(result)\n}\n// same as\nfn returns_result() -&gt; Result&lt;T, E&gt; { \n    let result = may_return_err()?;  // error propagation\n    // result contains Err ot value of Ok\n\n    Ok(result)\n}\n</code></pre> <p>Ending an expression with <code>?</code> will result in the unwrapped success (<code>Ok</code>) value, unless the result is <code>Err</code>, in which case <code>Err</code> is returned early from the enclosing function. <code>?</code> can only be used in functions that return <code>Result</code> because of the early return of <code>Err</code> that it provides.</p> <p>Note: When <code>None</code> is used the type of <code>Option&lt;T&gt;</code> must be specified, because the compiler can't infer the type that the <code>Some</code> variant will hold by looking only at a <code>None</code> value. Note: error values that have the <code>?</code> operator called on them go through the <code>from</code> function, defined in the <code>From</code> trait in the standard library, which is used to convert errors from one type into another</p>"},{"location":"languages/rust/rust.html#multiple-error-types","title":"Multiple Error Types","text":"<p>When working with multiple error types is useful to return a \"generic error\" type. All the standard library error types can be represented by <code>Box&lt;dyn std::Error + Send + Sync + 'static&gt;</code>.</p> Rust<pre><code>// convenience type aliases for the generic error\ntype GenericError = Box&lt;dyn std::Error + Send + Sync + 'static&gt;;\ntype GenericResult&lt;T&gt; = Result&lt;T; GenericError&gt;;\n</code></pre> <p>Note: the <code>anyhow</code> crate provides error and result types like <code>GenericError</code> with additional features</p>"},{"location":"languages/rust/rust.html#custom-error-types","title":"Custom Error Types","text":"Rust<pre><code>use thiserror::Error;  // utility crate for custom errors\n\n#[derive(Error, Debug)]\n#[error(\"{message:} ({line:}, {column})\")]\npub struct JsonError {\n    message: String,\n    line: usize,\n    column: usize,\n}\n</code></pre> <p>Note: the <code>thiserror</code> crate provides utilities to create custom error types</p>"},{"location":"languages/rust/rust.html#collections","title":"Collections","text":""},{"location":"languages/rust/rust.html#vector","title":"Vector","text":"<p>Vectors allow to store more than one value in a single data structure that puts all the values next to each other in memory. Vectors can only store values of the same type. Like any other struct, a vector is freed when it goes out of scope. When the vector gets dropped, all of its contents are also dropped.</p> Rust<pre><code>let v: Vec&lt;Type&gt; = Vec&lt;Type&gt;::new();  // empty vec init\nlet mut v: vec![item1, item2, ...];  // vec init (type inferred)\n\nv.push(item);  // add elements to vector\nv.pop();  // last item as Option&lt;T&gt; (vector must be mutable)\n\n// element access\nlet value = v.get(index);  // get method (returns Option&lt;&amp;T&gt;)\nlet value = &amp;v[index];  // index syntax  (returns reference, panic on index out of bounds)\n\n// iterate over mutable references to each element in a mutable vector in order to make changes to all the elements\nfor i in mut &amp;v {\n    *i = value;  // dereference and modify value\n}\n</code></pre> <p>A vector can hold different types if those type are variants of the same enum. It's also possible to use trait objects.</p> Rust<pre><code>enum Enum {\n    Int(i32),\n    Float(f64),\n    Text(String)\n}\n\nlet v = vec![\n    Enum::Int(2),\n    Enum::Float(3.14),\n    Enum::Text(String::from(\"text\"))\n];\n</code></pre>"},{"location":"languages/rust/rust.html#hashmap","title":"HashMap","text":"<p>Stores data in key-value pairs.</p> Rust<pre><code>use std::collections::HashMap;\n\nlet map: HashMap&lt;K, V&gt; = HashMap::new();\n\nlet value = map.get(key); // returns Option&lt;&amp;V&gt;\nmap.inset(key, value);  // insert or override value\nmap.entry(key).or_insert(value); // insert if not existing\nmap.entry(key).and_modify(|value| { *value = &lt;expr&gt; });  // modify item based on current value\n</code></pre>"},{"location":"languages/rust/rust.html#closures","title":"Closures","text":"<p>Rust's closures are anonymous functions that can be saved in a variable or passed as arguments to other functions. Unlike functions, closures can capture values from the scope in which they're defined.</p> <p>Closures are usually short and relevant only within a narrow context rather than in any arbitrary scenario. Within these limited contexts, the compiler is reliably able to infer the types of the parameters and the return type, similar to how it's able to infer the types of most variables.</p> <p>The first time a closure is called with an argument, the compiler infers the type of the parameter and the return type of the closure. Those types are then locked into the closure and a type error is returned if a different type is used with the same closure.</p> Rust<pre><code>// closure definition\nlet closure = |param1, param2| &lt;expr&gt;;\nlet closure = |param1, param2| {/* multiple lines of code */};\nlet closure = |num: i32| = &lt;expr&gt;;\n\n// closure usage\nlet result = closure(arg1, arg2);\n</code></pre>"},{"location":"languages/rust/rust.html#storing-closures-using-generic-parameters-and-the-fn-traits","title":"Storing Closures Using Generic Parameters and the Fn Traits","text":"<p>To make a struct that holds a closure, the type of the closure must be specified, because a struct definition needs to know the types of each of its fields. Each closure instance has its own unique anonymous type: that is, even if two closures have the same signature, their types are still considered different. To define structs, enums, or function parameters that use closures generics and trait bounds are used.</p> <p>The <code>Fn</code> traits are provided by the standard library. All closures implement at least one of the traits: <code>Fn</code>, <code>FnMut</code>, or <code>FnOnce</code>.</p> Rust<pre><code>struct ClosureStruct&lt;T&gt; where T: Fn(u32) -&gt; u32 {\n    closure: T,\n}\n</code></pre>"},{"location":"languages/rust/rust.html#capturing-the-environment-with-closures","title":"Capturing the Environment with Closures","text":"<p>When a closure captures a value from its environment, it uses memory to store the values for use in the closure body. Because functions are never allowed to capture their environment, defining and using functions will never incur this overhead.</p> <p>Closures can capture values from their environment in three ways, which directly map to the three ways a function can take a parameter:</p> <ul> <li>taking ownership</li> <li>borrowing mutably</li> <li>and borrowing immutably.</li> </ul> <p>These are encoded in the three <code>Fn</code> traits as follows:</p> <ul> <li><code>FnOnce</code> consumes the variables it captures from its enclosing scope. The closure takes ownership of these variables and move them into the closure when it is defined.</li> <li><code>FnMut</code> can change the environment because it mutably borrows values.</li> <li><code>Fn</code> borrows values from the environment immutably.</li> </ul> <p>When a closure is created, Rust infers which trait to use based on how the closure uses the values from the environment. All closures implement <code>FnOnce</code> because they can all be called at least once. Closures that don't move the captured variables also implement <code>FnMut</code>, and closures that don't need mutable access to the captured variables also implement <code>Fn</code>.</p> <p>To force the closure to take ownership of the values it uses in the environment, use the <code>move</code> keyword before the parameter list. This technique is mostly useful when passing a closure to a new thread to move the data so it's owned by the new thread.</p> Rust<pre><code>let closure = move |param| &lt;expr&gt;;\n</code></pre>"},{"location":"languages/rust/rust.html#function-pointers","title":"Function Pointers","text":"<p>Function pointer types, written using the <code>fn</code> keyword, refer to a function whose identity is not necessarily known at compile-time. They can be created via a coercion from both function items and non-capturing closures.</p> Rust<pre><code>fn add_one(x: usize) -&gt; usize {\n    x + 1\n}\n\nlet ptr: fn(usize) -&gt; usize = add_one;\nassert_eq!(ptr(5), 6);\n\nlet clos: fn(usize) -&gt; usize = |x| x + 5;\nassert_eq!(clos(5), 10);\n</code></pre>"},{"location":"languages/rust/rust.html#iterators","title":"Iterators","text":"<p>The iterator pattern allows to perform some task on a sequence of items in turn. An iterator is responsible for the logic of iterating over each item and determining when the sequence has finished.</p> <p>In Rust, iterators are lazy, meaning they have no effect until a call to methods that consume the iterator to use it up.</p> Rust<pre><code>// iterator trait\npub trait Iterator {\n    type Item;\n\n    fn next(&amp;mut self) -&gt; Option&lt;Self::Item&gt;;\n\n    // methods with default implementations elided\n}\n</code></pre> <p>Calling the <code>next</code> method on an iterator changes internal state that the iterator uses to keep track of where it is in the sequence. In other words, this code consumes, or uses up, the iterator. Each call to next eats up an item from the iterator.</p> <p>Methods that call next are called <code>consuming adaptors</code>, because calling them uses up the iterator.</p> <p>Other methods defined on the <code>Iterator</code> trait, known as iterator adaptors, allow to change iterators into different kinds of iterators. It's possible to chain multiple calls to iterator adaptors to perform complex actions in a readable way. But because all iterators are lazy, a call one of the consuming adaptor methods is needed to get the results.</p> Rust<pre><code>let iterator: = vec![1, 2, 3];\niterator\n    .map(|x| x + 1)  // iterator adapter\n    .filter(|x| x % 2 == 0)  // iterator adapter\n    .collect();  // consuming adapter\n</code></pre>"},{"location":"languages/rust/rust.html#custom-iterators","title":"Custom Iterators","text":"Rust<pre><code>struct Counter {\n    count: u32,\n}\n\nimpl Counter {\n    fn new() -&gt; Counter {\n        Counter { count: 0 }\n    }\n}\n\nimpl Iterator for Counter {\n    type Item = u32;\n\n    fn next(&amp;mut self) -&gt; Option&lt;Self::Item&gt; {\n        if self.count &lt; 5 {\n            self.count += 1;\n            Some(self.count)\n        } else {\n            None\n        }\n    }\n}\n</code></pre>"},{"location":"languages/rust/rust.html#smart-pointers","title":"Smart Pointers","text":"<p>A pointer is a general concept for a variable that contains an address in memory. This address refers to, or \"points at\" some other data. The most common kind of pointer in Rust is a reference, which you learned about in Chapter 4. References are indicated by the <code>&amp;</code> symbol and borrow the value they point to. They don't have any special capabilities other than referring to data. Also, they don`t have any overhead and are the kind of pointer used most often.</p> <p>Smart pointers, on the other hand, are data structures that not only act like a pointer but also have additional metadata and capabilities. The different smart pointers defined in the standard library provide functionality beyond that provided by references.</p> <p>In Rust, which uses the concept of ownership and borrowing, an additional difference between references and smart pointers is that references are pointers that only borrow data; in contrast, in many cases, smart pointers own the data they point to.</p> <p>Smart pointers are usually implemented using structs. The characteristic distinguishing a smart pointer from a struct is that smart pointers implement the <code>Deref</code> and <code>Drop</code> traits. The <code>Deref</code> trait allows an instance of the smart pointer struct to behave like a reference so it's possible to write code that works with either references or smart pointers. The <code>Drop</code> trait allows to customize the code that is run when an instance of the smart pointer goes out of scope.</p> <p>The most common smart pointers in the standard library are:</p> <ul> <li><code>Box&lt;T&gt;</code>: for allocating values on the heap</li> <li><code>Rc&lt;T&gt;</code>: a reference counting type that enables multiple ownership</li> <li><code>Ref&lt;T&gt;</code> and <code>RefMut&lt;T&gt;</code>, accessed through <code>RefCell&lt;T&gt;</code>: a type that enforces the borrowing rules at runtime instead of compile time</li> </ul>"},{"location":"languages/rust/rust.html#using-boxt-to-point-to-data-on-the-heap","title":"Using <code>Box&lt;T&gt;</code> to Point to Data on the Heap","text":"<p>The most straightforward smart pointer is <code>Box&lt;T&gt;</code>. Boxes allow to store data on the heap rather than the stack. What remains on the stack is the pointer to the heap data. Boxes don't have performance overhead, other than storing their data on the heap instead of on the stack. But they don't have many extra capabilities either.</p> <p><code>Box&lt;T&gt;</code> use cases:</p> <ul> <li>Using a type whose size can't be known at compile time in a context that requires an exact size</li> <li>Transferring ownership of a large amount of data but ensuring the data won't be copied when you do so</li> <li>Owning a value and which implements a particular trait rather than being of a specific type</li> </ul> Rust<pre><code>let _box = Box::new(pointed_value);\n</code></pre>"},{"location":"languages/rust/rust.html#deref-trait-deref-coercion","title":"<code>Deref</code> Trait &amp; Deref Coercion","text":"<p>Implementing the <code>Deref</code> trait allows to customize the behavior of the dereference operator, <code>*</code>. By implementing <code>Deref</code> in such a way that a smart pointer can be treated like a regular reference.</p> Rust<pre><code>struct CustomSmartPointer&lt;T&gt;(T);\n\nimpl&lt;T&gt; CustomSmartPointer&lt;T&gt; {\n    fn new(x: T) {\n        CustomSmartPointer(x)\n    }\n}\n\nimpl&lt;T&gt; Deref for CustomSmartPointer&lt;T&gt; {\n    type Target = T;\n\n    fn deref(&amp;self) -&gt; &amp;Self::Target {\n        // return reference to value\n    }\n}\n\nlet s = CustomSmartPointer::new(value);\nlet v = *s;\n// same as\nlet v = *(s.deref());\n</code></pre> <p>Deref coercion is a convenience that Rust performs on arguments to functions and methods. It works only on types that implement the <code>Deref</code> trait and converts such a type into a reference to another type. Deref coercion was added to Rust so that programmers writing function and method calls don't need to add as many explicit references and dereferences with <code>&amp;</code> and <code>*</code>.</p> Rust<pre><code>fn hello(name: &amp;str) {\n    println!(\"Hello {}\", name);\n}\n\nfn main() {\n    let name = Box::new(String::from(\"Rust\"));\n    hello(&amp;name);  // Box&lt;string&gt; coerced to &amp;str (Box -&gt; String -&gt; &amp;str)\n}\n</code></pre> <p>When the <code>Deref</code> trait is defined for the types involved, Rust will analyze the types and use <code>Deref::deref</code> as many times as necessary to get a reference to match the parameter's type.</p> <p>Similar to the <code>Deref</code> trait to override the <code>*</code> operator on immutable references, it's possible to use the <code>DerefMut</code> trait to override the <code>*</code> operator on mutable references.</p> <p>Rust does deref coercion when it finds types and trait implementations in three cases:</p> <ul> <li>From <code>&amp;T</code> to <code>&amp;U</code> when <code>T: Deref&lt;Target=U&gt;</code></li> <li>From <code>&amp;mut T</code> to <code>&amp;mut U</code> when <code>T: DerefMut&lt;Target=U&gt;</code></li> <li>From <code>&amp;mut T</code> to <code>&amp;U</code> when <code>T: Deref&lt;Target=U&gt;</code></li> </ul>"},{"location":"languages/rust/rust.html#drop-trait","title":"<code>Drop</code> Trait","text":"<p><code>Drop</code> allows to customize what happens when a value is about to go out of scope. It-s possible to provide an implementation for the <code>Drop</code> trait on any type.</p> Rust<pre><code>struct CustomSmartPointer&lt;T&gt;(T);\n\nimpl&lt;T&gt; Drop for CustomSmartPointer&lt;T&gt; {\n    fn drop(&amp;mut self) {\n        // clean up memory\n    }\n}\n\nfn main() {\n    let var1 = CustomSmartPointer(value);  // dropped when var1 goes out of scope\n    let var2 = CustomSmartPointer(value);\n    drop(var2);  // dropped early by using std::mem::drop\n}\n</code></pre> <p>Rust automatically calls <code>drop</code> when the instances went go of scope. Variables are dropped in the reverse order of their creation.</p>"},{"location":"languages/rust/rust.html#rct-arct-multiple-ownership","title":"<code>Rc&lt;T&gt;</code>, <code>Arc&lt;T&gt;</code> &amp; Multiple Ownership","text":"<p>Rust provides the reference-counted pointer types <code>Rc&lt;T&gt;</code> and <code>Arc&lt;T&gt;</code>. The <code>Rc&lt;T&gt;</code> and <code>Arc&lt;T&gt;</code> types are very similar; the only difference between them is that an <code>Arc&lt;T&gt;</code> is safe to share between threads directly (the name Arc is short for atomic reference count) whereas a plain <code>Rc&lt;T&gt;</code> uses faster non-thread-safe code to update its reference count.</p> Rust<pre><code>use std::rc::Rc;\n\nlet s: Rc&lt;String&gt; = Rc::new(\"some string\".to_string());\nlet t: Rc&lt;String&gt; = s.clone();  // contains a new pointer to the value held by s\nlet u: Rc&lt;String&gt; = s.clone();  // contains a new pointer to the value held by s\n</code></pre> <p>Each of the <code>Rc&lt;T&gt;</code> pointers is referring to the same block of memory, which holds a reference count and space for the value. The usual ownership rules apply to the <code>Rc&lt;T&gt;</code> pointers themselves, and when the last extant <code>Rc&lt;T&gt;</code> is dropped, Rust drops the value as well.</p> <p>Note: A value owned by an <code>Rc&lt;T&gt;</code> pointer is immutable.</p>"},{"location":"languages/rust/rust.html#refcellt-interior-mutability-pattern","title":"<code>RefCell&lt;T&gt;</code> &amp; Interior Mutability Pattern","text":"<p>Interior mutability is a design pattern in Rust that allows to mutate data even when there are immutable references to that data; normally, this action is disallowed by the borrowing rules. To mutate data, the pattern uses unsafe code inside a data structure to bend Rust's usual rules that govern mutation and borrowing.</p> <p>With references and <code>Box&lt;T&gt;</code>, the borrowing rules' invariants are enforced at compile time. With <code>RefCell&lt;T&gt;</code>, these invariants are enforced at runtime. With references, if these rules are broken, a compiler error is thrown. With <code>RefCell&lt;T&gt;</code> the program will panic and exit.</p> <p>The advantages of checking the borrowing rules at compile time are that errors will be caught sooner in the development process, and there is no impact on runtime performance because all the analysis is completed beforehand. For those reasons, checking the borrowing rules at compile time is the best choice in the majority of cases, which is why this is Rust's default.</p> <p>The advantage of checking the borrowing rules at runtime instead is that certain memory-safe scenarios are then allowed, whereas they are disallowed by the compile-time checks. Static analysis, like the Rust compiler, is inherently conservative.</p> <p>Note: <code>RefCell&lt;T&gt;</code> is only for use in single-threaded scenarios and will cause a compile-time error if used it in a multithreaded context.</p> <p>When creating immutable and mutable references, the <code>&amp;</code> and <code>&amp;mut</code> syntax is used, respectively. With <code>RefCell&lt;T&gt;</code>, the <code>borrow</code> and <code>borrow_mut</code> methods are ued, which are part of the safe API that belongs to <code>RefCell&lt;T&gt;</code>. The <code>borrow</code> method returns the smart pointer type <code>Ref&lt;T&gt;</code>, and <code>borrow_mut</code> returns the smart pointer type <code>RefMut&lt;T&gt;</code>. Both types implement <code>Deref</code>, so can be treated like regular references.</p> <p>The <code>RefCell&lt;T&gt;</code> keeps track of how many <code>Ref&lt;T&gt;</code> and <code>RefMut&lt;T&gt;</code> smart pointers are currently active. Every time <code>borrow</code> is called, the <code>RefCell&lt;T&gt;</code> increases its count of how many immutable borrows are active. When a <code>Ref&lt;T&gt;</code> value goes out of scope, the count of immutable borrows goes down by one. Just like the compile-time borrowing rules, <code>RefCell&lt;T&gt;</code> allows to have many immutable borrows or one mutable borrow at any point in time.</p> <p>A common way to use <code>RefCell&lt;T&gt;</code> is in combination with <code>Rc&lt;T&gt;</code>. <code>Rc&lt;T&gt;</code> allows to have multiple owners of some data, but it only gives immutable access to that data. By having a <code>Rc&lt;T&gt;</code> that holds a <code>RefCell&lt;T&gt;</code>, its' possible to get a value that can have multiple owners and that can mutate.</p> <p>The standard library has other types that provide interior mutability:</p> <ul> <li><code>Cell&lt;T&gt;</code> which is similar except that instead of giving references to the inner value, the value is copied in and out of the <code>Cell&lt;T&gt;</code>.</li> <li><code>Mutex&lt;T&gt;</code> which offers interior mutability that's safe to use across threads;</li> </ul>"},{"location":"languages/rust/rust.html#reference-cycles-can-leak-memory","title":"Reference Cycles Can Leak Memory","text":"<p>Rust's memory safety guarantees make it difficult, but not impossible, to accidentally create memory that is never cleaned up (known as a memory leak). Rust allows memory leaks by using <code>Rc&lt;T&gt;</code> and <code>RefCell&lt;T&gt;</code>: it's possible to create references where items refer to each other in a cycle. This creates memory leaks because the reference count of each item in the cycle will never reach 0, and the values will never be dropped.</p>"},{"location":"languages/rust/rust.html#files","title":"Files","text":""},{"location":"languages/rust/rust.html#reading-files","title":"Reading Files","text":"Rust<pre><code>use std::fs;\n\nlet contents: Vec&lt;u8&gt; = fs::read(\"path/to/file\").unwrap_or_default();\nlet contents: String = fs::read_to_string(\"path/to/file\").unwrap_or_default();\n\ncontents.lines(); // iterator over text lines\n</code></pre>"},{"location":"languages/rust/rust.html#writing-files","title":"Writing Files","text":"Rust<pre><code>use std::fs;\nuse std::io::Write;  // write trait\n// or\nuse std::io::prelude::*;\n\nlet contents: [u8] = /* */;\nlet contents = String::from(/* */);\n\nfs::write(\"path/to/file\", contents);\n\nlet mut file = fs::OpenOptions::new().append(true).open(\"path/to/file\").unwrap();\nfile.write(b\"appended text\");  // write wants an [u8]\n</code></pre>"},{"location":"languages/rust/rust.html#external-code","title":"External Code","text":"<p>The extern keyword is used in two places in Rust:</p> <ul> <li>in conjunction with the crate keyword to make Rust code aware of other Rust crates in the project</li> <li>in foreign function interfaces (FFI).</li> </ul> <p><code>extern</code> is used in two different contexts within FFI. The first is in the form of external blocks, for declaring function interfaces that Rust code can call foreign code by.</p> Rust<pre><code>#[link(name = \"my_c_library\")]\nextern \"C\" {\n    fn my_c_function(x: i32) -&gt; bool;\n}\n</code></pre> <p>This code would attempt to link with <code>libmy_c_library.so</code> on unix-like systems and <code>my_c_library.dll</code> on Windows at runtime, and panic if it can't find something to link to. Rust code could then use my_c_function as if it were any other unsafe Rust function. Working with non-Rust languages and FFI is inherently unsafe, so wrappers are usually built around C APIs.</p> <p>The mirror use case of FFI is also done via the extern keyword:</p> Rust<pre><code>#[no_mangle]\npub extern \"C\" fn callable_from_c(x: i32) -&gt; bool {\n    x % 3 == 0\n}\n</code></pre> <p>If compiled as a dylib, the resulting <code>.so</code> could then be linked to from a C library, and the function could be used as if it was from any other library</p>"},{"location":"languages/rust/unit-tests.html","title":"Unit Tests","text":""},{"location":"languages/rust/unit-tests.html#test-functions","title":"Test Functions","text":"Rust<pre><code>// module code here\n\n#[cfg(test)]\nmod tests {\n    use super::*;\n\n    #[test]\n    fn test_func() {\n        //ARRANGE\n\n        // ACT\n\n        // ASSERT\n        assert!(bool, \"optional custom error message\");\n        assert_eq!(expected, actual, \"optional custom error message\");\n        assert_ne!(expected, actual, \"optional custom error message\");\n    }\n\n    #[test]\n    #[should_panic(\"optional custom error message\")]\n    fn test_func() {/* ... */}\n\n    #[test]\n    #[ignore]\n    fn test_func() {/* ... */}\n}\n</code></pre>"},{"location":"languages/rust/unit-tests.html#controlling-how-tests-are-run","title":"Controlling How Tests Are Run","text":"Bash<pre><code>cargo test -- --test-threads=&lt;number&gt;  # run tests in parallel (1 no parallelism)\ncargo test -- --show-output  # show content printed in stdout in each test\ncargo test &lt;test_name&gt;  # run only a specific test\ncargo test &lt;partial_test_name&gt;  # run only specific tests\ncargo test -- --ignored  # run tests annotated with #[ignore]\ncargo test --test  # run all integration tests\n</code></pre>"},{"location":"languages/rust/unit-tests.html#test-organization","title":"Test Organization","text":"<p>Unit Tests:</p> <ul> <li>Inside the same module as the tested code</li> <li>annotated with <code>#[cfg(test)]</code></li> <li>can test private code by default</li> <li>import tested code with <code>super::*</code></li> <li>compiled only with <code>cargo test</code></li> </ul> <p>Integration tests:</p> <ul> <li>inside top level <code>tests</code> folder</li> <li>need to import tested code by crate name</li> <li>place util functions in a <code>mod.rs</code> to avoid testing them, e.g: <code>tests/common/mod.rs</code></li> <li>compiled only with <code>cargo test</code></li> </ul>"},{"location":"languages/swift/swift.html","title":"Swift","text":""},{"location":"languages/swift/swift.html#basics","title":"Basics","text":""},{"location":"languages/swift/swift.html#macro","title":"Macro","text":"Swift<pre><code>#if DEBUG\n\n// contents compiled only if in DEBUG build\n\n#endif\n</code></pre>"},{"location":"languages/swift/swift.html#comments","title":"Comments","text":"Swift<pre><code>// single line comment\n\n/*  \nmulti line comment\n*/\n</code></pre>"},{"location":"languages/swift/swift.html#variables","title":"Variables","text":"Swift<pre><code>var variable = value  // implicit variable init (auto-determine type)\nvar variable: Type = value  // explicit variable init\nvar variable: Type? = value  // explicit nullable variable init\n</code></pre>"},{"location":"languages/swift/swift.html#constants","title":"Constants","text":"Swift<pre><code>let CONSTANT = value  // constant init (value can be assigned at runtime)\n</code></pre>"},{"location":"languages/swift/swift.html#console-output","title":"Console Output","text":"Swift<pre><code>print()  // empty line\nprint(variable)\nprint(\"string\")\n</code></pre>"},{"location":"languages/swift/swift.html#strings","title":"Strings","text":"Swift<pre><code>var string \"Text: \\(&lt;expr&gt;)\"  // string interpolation\nvar string = \"Hello\" + \"There\"  // string concatenation\n\nvar multilineString = \"\"\"Use double quotes trice\nto make a string span multiple lines\"\"\"\n</code></pre>"},{"location":"languages/swift/swift.html#array","title":"Array","text":"Swift<pre><code>var array = [\"firstItem\", \"secondItem\", ...]\nvar array = [Type()]  // init empty homogeneous array\n\narray[index]  // value access\narray[index] = value  // value update\n\narray.append(item)  // add item to the end\narray.contains(item)  // membership check\narray.sort()  // in place sort\n\n\n// Heterogeneous Array\nvar list: Any = [\"string\", 47, ...]  // cannot access with [index]\nvar list: Any = []  // init empty heterogeneous array\n</code></pre>"},{"location":"languages/swift/swift.html#tuple","title":"Tuple","text":"<p>A tuple type is a comma-separated list of types, enclosed in parentheses.</p> <p>It's possible to use a tuple type as the return type of a function to enable the function to return a single tuple containing multiple values. It's possible to name the elements of a tuple type and use those names to refer to the values of the individual elements. An element name consists of an identifier followed immediately by a colon (:).</p> Swift<pre><code>var tuple: (Type, Type) = (value, value)  // explicit type\nvar tuple = (value, value)  // implicit type\ntuple.0  // item access\n\n// named elements\nvar tuple = (name1: value1, name2: value2, ...)  // tuple init\ntuple = (value1, value2)  // names are inferred\ntuple.name1  // item access\n</code></pre>"},{"location":"languages/swift/swift.html#tuple-decomposition","title":"Tuple Decomposition","text":"Swift<pre><code>var tuple = (value1, value2)\nvar (var1, var2) = tuple  // var1 = value1, var2 = value2\n</code></pre>"},{"location":"languages/swift/swift.html#type-identifier","title":"Type Identifier","text":"Swift<pre><code>typealias Point = (Int, Int)\nvar origin: (0, 0)\n</code></pre>"},{"location":"languages/swift/swift.html#dictionary","title":"Dictionary","text":"Swift<pre><code>var dict = [\n    \"key\": \"value\",\n    ...\n]\n\nvar dict = [Type: Type]()  // init empty dict\n\ndict[key]  // value access\ndict[key] = value // value update\n</code></pre>"},{"location":"languages/swift/swift.html#expressions-operators","title":"Expressions &amp; Operators","text":""},{"location":"languages/swift/swift.html#primary-expressions","title":"Primary Expressions","text":"Syntax Operation x<code>.</code>m access to member <code>m</code> of object <code>x</code> (\".\" \u2192 member access operator) x<code>(...)</code> method invocation (\"()\" \u2192 method invocation operator) x<code>[...]</code> array access and indicization <code>new</code> T(...) object instantiation <code>x!</code> declare x as not nil"},{"location":"languages/swift/swift.html#unary-operators","title":"Unary Operators","text":"Operator Operation <code>+</code>x identity <code>-</code>x negation <code>!</code>x logic negation <code>~</code>x binary negation <code>++</code>x pre-increment <code>--</code>x pre-decrement x<code>++</code> post-increment x<code>--</code> post decrement <code>(type)</code>x explicit casting"},{"location":"languages/swift/swift.html#mathematical-operators","title":"Mathematical Operators","text":"Operator Operation x <code>+</code> y addition, string concatenation x <code>-</code> y subtraction x <code>*</code> y multiplication x <code>/</code> y integer division, always returns an <code>int</code> x <code>%</code> y modulo, remainder x <code>&lt;&lt;</code> y left bit shift x <code>&gt;&gt;</code> y right bit shift"},{"location":"languages/swift/swift.html#relational-operators","title":"Relational Operators","text":"Operator Operation x <code>&lt;=</code> y less or equal to x <code>&gt;</code> y greater than x <code>&gt;=</code> y greater or equal to x <code>is</code> T <code>true</code> if <code>x</code> is an object of type <code>T</code> x <code>==</code> y equality <code>!</code>x inequality"},{"location":"languages/swift/swift.html#logical-operators","title":"Logical Operators","text":"Operator Operation Name <code>~</code>x bitwise NOT x <code>&amp;</code> y bitwise AND x <code>^</code> y bitwise XOR x <code>|</code> y bitwise OR x <code>&amp;&amp;</code> y evaluate <code>y</code> only if <code>x</code> is <code>true</code> x <code>||</code> y evaluate <code>y</code> only if <code>x</code> is <code>false</code> x <code>??</code> y evaluates to <code>y</code> only if <code>x</code> is <code>nil</code>, <code>x</code> otherwise nil coalescing x<code>?.</code>y stop if <code>x == nil</code>, evaluate <code>x.y</code> otherwise nil conditional"},{"location":"languages/swift/swift.html#assignment","title":"Assignment","text":"Operator Operation x <code>+=</code> y x = x + y x <code>-=</code> y x = x - y x <code>*=</code> y x = x * y x <code>/=</code> y x = x / y x <code>%=</code> y x = x % y x <code>&lt;&lt;=</code> y x = x &lt;&lt; y x <code>&gt;&gt;=</code> y x = x &gt;&gt; y x <code>&amp;=</code> y x = x &amp; y x <code>|=</code> y x = x x <code>^=</code> y x = x ^ y x <code>??=</code> y if (x == nil) {x = y}"},{"location":"languages/swift/swift.html#conditional-operator","title":"Conditional Operator","text":"<p><code>&lt;condition&gt; ? &lt;return_if_condition_true&gt; : &lt;return_if_condition_false&gt;;</code></p>"},{"location":"languages/swift/swift.html#nil-checks","title":"Nil Checks","text":"Swift<pre><code>variable ?? value\n// same as\nif(variable == nil) { variable = value }\n</code></pre>"},{"location":"languages/swift/swift.html#if-else","title":"If-Else","text":"Swift<pre><code>if condition {\n    // code here\n} else if condition {\n    //code here\n} else {\n    // code here\n}\n\nif let var0 = var1 { /* statements */ }\n// same as\nlet var0 = var1\nif var0 != nil { /* statements */ }\n</code></pre>"},{"location":"languages/swift/swift.html#switch","title":"Switch","text":"Swift<pre><code>switch &lt;value&gt; {\n    case &lt;pattern/key&gt;:\n        // code here\n        break  // can be implicit\n\n    case key where &lt;condition_on_key&gt;:\n        // code here\n        break\n\n    default:\n        // code here\n        break\n}\n</code></pre>"},{"location":"languages/swift/swift.html#loops","title":"Loops","text":""},{"location":"languages/swift/swift.html#for-loop","title":"For Loop","text":"Swift<pre><code>// range based for\nfor i in start...end { /* statements */ }  // end included\nfor i in start..&lt;end { /* statements */ }  // end excluded\nfor _ in start...end\n\nfor item in sequence {\n    // code here\n}\n\nfor (key, value) in dict {\n    // code here\n}\n</code></pre>"},{"location":"languages/swift/swift.html#while-loop","title":"While Loop","text":"Swift<pre><code>while condition {\n    // code here\n}\n\n// \"do\"..while\nrepeat {\n    // code here\n} while condition\n</code></pre>"},{"location":"languages/swift/swift.html#functions","title":"Functions","text":"Swift<pre><code>// \"void function\"\nfunc funcName(param: Type, ...) {\n    // code here\n}\n\nfunc funcName(param: Type = defaultValue, ...) -&gt; Type {\n    //code here\n    return &lt;expression&gt;\n}\n\nfunc funcName(param: Type) -&gt; Type {\n    &lt;expression&gt;  // implicit return\n}\n\n// func call MUST have parameter's names\nfuncName(param: value, ...)\n\n// multiple return values\nfunc funcMultipleParameters(param: Type) -&gt; (retVal1: Type, retVal2: Type) {\n    //code here\n\n    return (&lt;expression&gt;, &lt;expression&gt;)\n}\n\nvar result = funcMultipleReturns(param: value)\nresult.retVal1  // access to tuple components\n\n// argument labels (only first label can be omitted)\nfunc funcWithLabels(_ param: Type, label param: Type, ...) -&gt; Type { }\nfuncWithLabels(value, label: value, ...)\n</code></pre>"},{"location":"languages/swift/swift.html#passing-functions-as-parameters","title":"Passing Functions as Parameters","text":"Swift<pre><code>func f(param: Type) -&gt; Type {}\nfunc g(f: (Type) -&gt; Type) {}  // (Type) -&gt; Type are the passed func input and output types\n</code></pre>"},{"location":"languages/swift/swift.html#functions-returning-functions","title":"Functions Returning Functions","text":"Swift<pre><code>func f() -&gt; ((Type) -&gt; Type) {\n    func g(param: Type) -&gt; type {}\n\n    return g\n}\n</code></pre>"},{"location":"languages/swift/swift.html#closure","title":"Closure (<code>{ .. }</code>)","text":"<p>Closures are self-contained blocks of functionality that can be passed around and used in code. Closures in Swift are similar to blocks in C and Objective-C and to lambdas in other programming languages.</p> Swift<pre><code>{ (parameters: Type) -&gt; Type in\n    // statements\n}\n\n{ parameters in return &lt;expression&gt; }  // type inference from context\n{ $0 &gt; $1 }  // $&lt;n&gt; identifies the n-th argument, IN can be omitted if closure has only the body\n</code></pre>"},{"location":"languages/swift/swift.html#enums","title":"Enums","text":""},{"location":"languages/swift/swift.html#enum-definition","title":"Enum Definition","text":"Swift<pre><code>enum EnumName {\n    case key1\n    case key2\n    case ...\n}\n\nEnumName.key1 // key1\n</code></pre>"},{"location":"languages/swift/swift.html#enum-with-raw-values","title":"Enum with Raw Values","text":"Swift<pre><code>enum EnumName: Type {\n    case key1 = value\n    case key2 = value\n    case ...\n}\n\nEnumName.key1.rawValue  // value\n\nenum IntegerEnum: Int {\n    // the value of each case is one more then the previous case\n    case one = 1\n    case two, three, four\n    case ...\n}\n</code></pre>"},{"location":"languages/swift/swift.html#matching-enumeration-values-with-a-switch-statement","title":"Matching Enumeration Values with a Switch Statement","text":"Swift<pre><code>enum Rank: Int {\n    case ace = 1, two, three, four, five, six, seven, eight, nine, ten\n    case jack, queen, king\n\n    func getValue() -&gt; String {\n        switch self {\n\n        case .jack:\n            return \"jack\"\n\n        case .queen:\n            return \"queen\"\n\n        case .king:\n            return \"king\"\n\n        default:\n            return String(self.rawValue)\n        }\n    }\n}\n\nRank.jack.getValue() // \"jack\"\nRank.jack.rawValue // 11\n</code></pre>"},{"location":"languages/swift/swift.html#struct-value-type","title":"Struct (Value Type)","text":"Swift<pre><code>struct StructName {\n    var attribute = value  // instance variable\n    private var _attribute: Type  // backing field for property\n\n    var property: Type {\n        get { return _attribute }\n\n        set { _attribute = newValue }  // newValue contains the passed value\n        // OR\n        set(param) { _attribute = param }\n    }\n\n    // constructor\n    init(param: Type) {\n        self.attribute = param  // attribute valorization\n    }\n\n    // de-initializer (free memory containing obj?)\n    deinit {\n        // empty the attributes\n    }\n\n    // overloading\n    func method() -&gt; Type { }\n    func method(param: Type, ...) -&gt; Type { }\n}\n\nvar structure = StructName()  // struct instantiation\n</code></pre>"},{"location":"languages/swift/swift.html#classes-reference-type","title":"Classes (Reference Type)","text":""},{"location":"languages/swift/swift.html#class-definition-instantiation","title":"Class Definition &amp; Instantiation","text":"Swift<pre><code>class ClassName {\n    var attribute = value  // instance variable\n    private var _attribute: Type  // backing field for property\n\n    var property: Type {\n        get { return _attribute }\n\n        set { _attribute = newValue }  // newValue contains the passed value\n        // OR\n        set(param) { _attribute = param }\n    }\n\n    // constructor\n    init(param: Type) {\n        self.attribute = param  // attribute valorization\n    }\n\n    // de-initializer (free memory containing obj?)\n    deinit {\n        // empty the attributes\n    }\n\n    // overloading\n    func method() -&gt; Type { }\n    func method(param: Type, ...) -&gt; Type { }\n}\n\nvar obj = ClassName()  // obj instantiation\n</code></pre>"},{"location":"languages/swift/swift.html#property-observers-willset-didset","title":"Property Observers <code>willSet</code> &amp; <code>didSet</code>","text":"<p>Do actions before/after modifying a property value.</p> <p>Note: <code>willSet</code> and <code>didSet</code> do not set the value of the property.</p> Swift<pre><code>class ClassName {\n\n    var _attribute: Type\n\n    var property {\n        get { return _attribute }\n        set{ _attribute = newValue }\n\n        willSet {\n            // act before setting the property value\n        }\n\n        didSet {\n            // act after setting the property value\n        }\n    }\n}\n</code></pre>"},{"location":"languages/swift/swift.html#inheritance","title":"Inheritance","text":"Swift<pre><code>class Derived: SuperClass {\n\n    var attribute: Type\n\n    init(param1: Type, param2: Type) {\n        self.attribute = param1\n        super.init(param: param2 )  // superclass init (NEEDED)\n    }\n\n    // overriding\n    override func method() {}\n}\n</code></pre>"},{"location":"languages/swift/swift.html#exception-handling","title":"Exception Handling","text":"Swift<pre><code>guard let variable = &lt;expression&gt;\nelse {\n    /* statements */\n    // throw or return to exit code branch\n}\n\n\ndo {\n    try &lt;throwing expression&gt;\n} catch &lt;pattern&gt; {\n    // statements\n}\n</code></pre>"},{"location":"linux/filesystem/file-links.html","title":"Symlink, Hardlink, Reflink","text":"<p>Unix files consist of two parts: the data part and the filename part. The data part is associated with something called an inode. The inode carries the map of where the data is, the file permissions, etc. for the data.</p> Text Only<pre><code>                                           +------+ +------+\n                         .---------------&gt; | data | | data | etc\n                        /                  +------+ +------+\n+--------------------------------+\n| permbits, etc | data addresses |\n+--------------inode-------------+\n</code></pre> <p>The filename part carries a name and an associated inode number.</p> Text Only<pre><code>                                  +---------------------------+\n                 .--------------&gt; | permbits, etc | addresses |\n                /                 +-----------inode-----------+\n+--------------------+\n| filename | inode # |\n+--------------------+\n</code></pre>"},{"location":"linux/filesystem/file-links.html#hardlinks","title":"Hardlinks","text":"<p>More than one filename can reference the same inode number. These files are said to be hard linked together.</p> Text Only<pre><code>+--------------------+\n| filename | inode # |\n+--------------------+\n                \\                 +---------------------------+\n                 &gt;--------------&gt; | permbits, etc | addresses |\n                /                 +------------inode----------+\n+---------------------+\n| othername | inode # |\n+---------------------+\n</code></pre>"},{"location":"linux/filesystem/file-links.html#symlinks-aka-softlinks","title":"Symlinks (aka Softlinks)","text":"<p>Symlinks are a special file type whose data part carries a path to another file. Since it is a special file, the OS recognizes the data as a path, and redirects opens, reads, and writes so that, instead of accessing the data within the special file, they access the data in the file named by the data in the special file.</p> Text Only<pre><code>+--------------------+\n| filename | inode # |\n+--------------------+\n              \\\n               \\     +---------------------------+\n                '--&gt; | permbits, etc | addresses |\n                     +-----------inode-----------+\n                                     /\n                                    /\n                                   /\n .--------------------------------'\n(     +--------------------------+\n '--&gt; |\"/path/to/some/other/file\"| \n      +----------data------------+\n                  /                     |\n .~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~'                      |-- (redirected at open() time)\n(     +--------------------+            |\n '~~&gt; | filename | inode # |\n      +--------------------+\n                   \\               +---------------------------+\n                    '------------&gt; | permbits, etc | addresses |\n                                   +-----------inode-----------+\n                                                /\n                                               /\n .--------------------------------------------'\n(     +------+  +------+ \n '--&gt; | data |  | data | etc.\n      +------+  +------+ \n</code></pre> <p>Now, the filename part of the file is stored in a special file of its own along with the filename parts of other files; this special file is called a directory.</p>"},{"location":"linux/filesystem/file-links.html#reflink","title":"Reflink","text":"<p>A Reflink is a type of shallow copy of file data that shares the blocks but otherwise the files are independent and any change to the file will not affect the other. This builds on the underlying copy-on-write mechanism. A reflink will effectively create only a separate metadata pointing to the shared blocks which is typically much faster than a deep copy of all blocks.</p> Text Only<pre><code>+--------------------+\n| filename | inode # |\n+--------------------+\n            \\        +---------------------------+\n             '-----&gt; | permbits, etc | addresses |\n                     +-----------inode-----------+\n                                   \\                +------+  +------+\n                                    &gt;-------------&gt; | data |  | data | etc.\n                                   /                +------+  +------+\n                     +---------------------------+\n             .-----&gt; | permbits, etc | addresses |\n            /        +-----------inode-----------+\n+---------------------+\n| othername | inode # |\n+---------------------+\n</code></pre> <p>There are some constraints:</p> <ul> <li>cross-filesystem reflink is not possible, there\u2019s nothing in common between so the block sharing can\u2019t work</li> <li>reflink crossing two mount points of the same filesystem support depends on kernel version</li> </ul>"},{"location":"linux/filesystem/file-links.html#directories","title":"Directories","text":"<p>The directory, as a file, is just an array of filename parts of other files.</p> <p>When a directory is built, it is initially populated with the filename parts of two special files: the <code>.</code> and <code>..</code> files.</p> <p>The filename part for the <code>.</code> file is populated with the <code>inode</code> of the directory file in which the entry has been made: <code>.</code> is a hardlink to the file that implements the current directory.</p> <p>The filename part for the <code>..</code> file is populated with the <code>inode</code> of the directory file that contains the filename part of the current directory file: <code>..</code> is a hardlink to the file that implements the immediate parent of the current directory.</p> <p>The <code>ln</code> command knows how to build hardlinks and softlinks; the <code>mkdir</code> command knows how to build directories (the OS takes care of the above hardlinks).</p> <p>There are restrictions on what can be hardlinked (both links must reside on the same filesystem, the source file must exist, etc.) that are not applicable to softlinks (source and target can be on separate file systems, source does not have to exist, etc.).</p>"},{"location":"linux/filesystem/procfs.html","title":"<code>/proc</code> Filesystem","text":"<p>The proc file system contains a hierarchy of special files that represent the current state of the kernel.</p> <p>Files in the <code>/proc</code> directory contain information about the hardware and current processes running on the system. Files that have write permission can be modified to change the configuration of the kernel.</p>"},{"location":"linux/filesystem/procfs.html#top-level-files-within-proc","title":"Top-Level Files Within <code>/proc</code>","text":"<ul> <li> <p><code>/proc/buddyinfo</code>: This file is used primarily for diagnosing memory fragmentation issues.</p> </li> <li> <p><code>/proc/cmdline</code>: This file shows the parameters passed to the kernel at the time it is started.</p> </li> <li> <p><code>/proc/cpuinfo</code>: This virtual file identifies the type of processor used by the system.</p> </li> <li> <p><code>/proc/crypto</code>: This file lists all installed cryptographic ciphers used by the Linux kernel, including additional details for each.</p> </li> <li> <p><code>/proc/devices</code>: This file displays the various character and block devices currently configured (not including devices whose modules are not loaded).</p> </li> <li> <p><code>/proc/dma</code>: This file contains a list of the registered ISA DMA channels in use.</p> </li> <li> <p><code>/proc/execdomains</code>: This file lists the execution domains currently supported by the Linux kernel, along with the   range of personalities they support.</p> </li> <li> <p><code>/proc/filesystems</code>: This file displays a list of the file system types currently supported by the kernel.   The first column signifies whether the file system is mounted on a block device. Those beginning with <code>nodev</code> are not mounted on a device.   The second column lists the names of the file systems supported.   The mount command cycles through the file systems listed here when one is not specified as an argument.</p> </li> <li> <p><code>/proc/interrupts</code>: This file records the number of interrupts per IRQ on the <code>x86</code> architecture.</p> </li> <li> <p><code>/proc/iomem</code>: This file shows the current map of the system\u2019s memory for each physical device.</p> </li> <li> <p><code>/proc/ioports</code>: This file provides a list of currently registered port regions used for input or output communication with a device.</p> </li> <li> <p><code>/proc/kcore</code>: This file represents the physical memory of the system and is stored in the core file format.   The contents of this file are designed to be examined by a debugger, such as gdb, and is not human readable.</p> </li> <li> <p><code>/proc/kmsg</code>: This file is used to hold messages generated by the kernel. These messages are then picked up by other   programs, such as <code>/bin/dmesg</code>.</p> </li> <li> <p><code>/proc/loadavg</code>: This file provides a look at the load average in regard to both the CPU and I/O over time, as well as   additional data used by uptime and other commands.</p> </li> <li> <p><code>/proc/locks</code>: This file displays the files currently locked by the kernel. The contents of this file contain internal   kernel debugging data and can vary tremendously, depending on the use of the system.</p> </li> <li> <p><code>/proc/mdstat</code>: This file contains the current information for multiple-disk, RAID configurations.</p> </li> <li> <p><code>/proc/meminfo</code>: This file reports a large amount of valuable information about the system\u2019s RAM usage.</p> </li> <li> <p><code>/proc/modules</code>: This file displays a list of all modules loaded into the kernel. Most of this information can also be   viewed by using the /sbin/lsmod command.</p> </li> </ul>"},{"location":"linux/filesystem/procfs.html#process-directories-in-proc","title":"Process Directories in <code>/proc</code>","text":"<p>The <code>/proc</code> directory contains directories with numerical names. These directories are named after a program\u2019s process ID and contain information about that process. The owner and group of each process directory are set to the user running the process.</p> <p>Each <code>/proc/&lt;pid&gt;</code> directory contains several files including:</p> <ul> <li><code>cmdline</code>: The command issued when starting the process</li> <li><code>cwd</code>: A symbolic link to the current working directory for the process</li> <li><code>environ</code>: A list of the environment variables for the process</li> <li><code>exe</code>: A symbolic link to the executable of this process</li> <li><code>fd</code>: The directory containing all of the file descriptors for a particular process</li> <li><code>maps</code>: A list of memory maps to executables and library files associated with process</li> <li><code>mem</code>: The memory held by the process (the file cannot be read by the user)</li> <li><code>root</code>: A link to the root directory of the process</li> <li><code>stat</code>: The status of the process including run state and memory usage</li> <li><code>statm</code>: The status of the memory in use by the process</li> <li><code>status</code>: The status of the process in a more readable form than stat or statm</li> </ul>"},{"location":"linux/filesystem/procfs.html#other-directories-in-proc","title":"Other Directories in <code>/proc</code>","text":"<p>Other directories within the <code>/proc</code> directory group similar information by topic. The following is a partial list of these directories:</p> <ul> <li> <p><code>/proc/bus</code>: This directory contains information about the various buses available on the system.   The subdirectories and files available within /proc/bus vary depending on the devices connected to the system.</p> </li> <li> <p><code>/proc/bus/pci</code>, <code>/proc/bus/usb</code>: It's possible to get a list of all PCI and USB devices present on the system by using   the cat command on the devices file within these directories, but the output is difficult to read and interpret.   For a human-readable list of devices, run the <code>lspci</code> and <code>lsusb</code> commands.</p> </li> <li> <p><code>/proc/driver</code>: This directory contains information for specific drivers in use by the kernel.</p> </li> <li> <p><code>/proc/fs</code>: This directory shows which file systems are exported.</p> </li> <li> <p><code>/proc/irq</code>: This directory is used to set IRQ to CPU affinity, which allows the system to connect a particular IRQ to only one CPU.   Alternatively, it can exclude a CPU from handling any IRQs.</p> </li> <li> <p><code>/proc/self/net</code>: This directory provides a comprehensive look at various networking parameters and statistics.   Each directory and virtual file within this directory describes aspects of the system\u2019s network configuration.   The <code>/proc/net</code> file is a symbolic link to this directory.</p> </li> <li> <p><code>/proc/scsi</code>: The primary file in this directory is <code>/proc/scsi/scsi</code>, which contains a list of every recognized SCSI device.   From this listing, the type of device, as well as the model name, vendor, SCSI channel, and ID data is available.</p> </li> <li> <p><code>/proc/sys</code>: This directory is different from others in <code>/proc</code>, because it not only provides information about the system   but also allows to immediately enable and disable kernel features.   Changes made by writing to the files are not persistent and disappear when the system is restarted.   To make changes persist after rebooting, add them to the <code>/etc/sysctl.conf</code> file.</p> </li> <li> <p><code>/proc/sys/dev</code>: This directory provides parameters for particular devices on the system.</p> </li> <li> <p><code>/proc/sys/fs</code>: This directory contains options and information concerning various aspects of the file system, including quota, file handle, and inode information.</p> </li> <li> <p><code>/proc/sys/kernel</code>: This directory contains a variety of different configuration files that directly affect the operation of the kernel.</p> </li> <li> <p><code>/proc/sys/net</code>: This directory contains subdirectories concerning various networking topics.   Ir's possible to alter the files within these directories to adjust the network configuration on a running system.</p> </li> <li> <p><code>/proc/sysvipc</code>: This directory contains information about System V Interprocess Communication (IPC) resources.   The files in this directory relate to System V IPC calls for messages (msg), semaphores (sem), and shared memory (shm).</p> </li> <li> <p><code>/proc/tty</code>: This directory contains information about the available and currently used tty devices on the system.   The drivers file is a list of the current tty devices in use.</p> </li> </ul>"},{"location":"linux/filesystem/sysfs.html","title":"<code>/sys</code> Filesystem (<code>sysfs</code>)","text":""},{"location":"linux/filesystem/sysfs.html#sysfs-directories","title":"<code>sysfs</code> Directories","text":"<p>In addition to <code>/proc</code>, the kernel also exports information to another virtual file system called <code>sysfs</code>. <code>sysfs</code> is used by programs such as <code>udev</code> to access device and device driver information.</p>"},{"location":"linux/filesystem/sysfs.html#sysblock","title":"<code>/sys/block</code>","text":"<p>This directory contains entries for each block device in the system. Symbolic links point to the physical device that the device maps to in the physical device tree.</p> <p>For example, attributes for the sda disks reside in the <code>/sys/block/sda</code> directory.</p>"},{"location":"linux/filesystem/sysfs.html#sysbus","title":"<code>/sys/bus</code>","text":"<p>This directory contains subdirectories for each physical bus type supported in the kernel. Each bus type has two subdirectories: devices and drivers.  </p> <p>The devices directory lists devices discovered on that type of bus. The drivers directory contains directories for each device driver registered with the bus type. Driver parameters can be viewed and manipulated.</p>"},{"location":"linux/filesystem/sysfs.html#sysclass","title":"<code>/sys/class</code>","text":"<p>This directory contains every device class registered with the kernel. Device classes describe a functional type of device. Examples include input devices, network devices, and block devices.</p>"},{"location":"linux/filesystem/sysfs.html#sysdevices","title":"<code>/sys/devices</code>","text":"<p>This directory contains the global device hierarchy of all devices on the system. This directory also contains a platform directory and a system directory. </p> <p>The platform directory contains peripheral devices specific to a particular platform such as device controllers. The system directory contains non-peripheral devices such as CPUs and APICs.</p>"},{"location":"linux/filesystem/sysfs.html#sysfirmware","title":"<code>/sys/firmware</code>","text":"<p>This directory contains subdirectories with firmware objects and attributes.</p>"},{"location":"linux/filesystem/sysfs.html#sysmodule","title":"<code>/sys/module</code>","text":"<p>This directory contains subdirectories for each module that is loaded into the kernel.</p>"},{"location":"linux/filesystem/sysfs.html#syspower","title":"<code>/sys/power</code>","text":"<p>The system power state can be controlled from this directory. The disk attribute controls the method by which the system suspends to disk. The state attribute allows a process to enter a low power state.</p>"},{"location":"linux/init/open-rc.html","title":"OpenRC","text":"<p>OpenRC is a dependency-based init system for Unix-like systems that maintains compatibility with the system-provided init system, normally located in /sbin/init. OpenRC is Gentoo's native init system, although other init systems are available.</p> <p>OpenRC will start necessary system services in the correct order at boot, manage them while the system is in use, and stop them at shutdown. It can manage daemons installed from the Gentoo repository, can optionally supervise the processes it launches, and has an the possibility to start processes in parallel - when possible - to shorten boot time.</p>"},{"location":"linux/init/open-rc.html#runlevels-services","title":"Runlevels &amp; Services","text":"<p>OpenRC has a concept of runlevels. A runlevel is a collection of services that needs to be started. Instead of random numbers they are named, and users can create their own if needed.</p> <p>The <code>rc-status</code> helper will print all currently active runlevels and the state of services in them:</p> Bash<pre><code>Runlevel: default\n  modules                     [  started  ]\n  lvm                         [  started  ]\n</code></pre> <p>All runlevels are represented as folders in <code>/etc/runlevels/</code> with symlinks to the actual service scripts.</p> <p>Calling <code>openrc</code> with an argument will switch to that runlevel; this will start and stop services as needed.</p>"},{"location":"linux/init/open-rc.html#managing-runlevels","title":"Managing Runlevels","text":"<p>Managing runlevels is usually done through the <code>rc-update</code> helper, but could of course be done by hand if desired.</p> Bash<pre><code>rc-update add &lt;service&gt; &lt;runlevel&gt;\nrc-update del &lt;service&gt; &lt;runlevel&gt;\nrc-update show &lt;runlevel&gt;\n</code></pre> <p>The default startup uses the runlevels <code>sysinit</code>, <code>boot</code>, and <code>default</code>, in that order. Shutdown uses the <code>shutdown</code> runlevel.</p>"},{"location":"linux/init/open-rc.html#managing-services","title":"Managing Services","text":"<p>Any service can, at any time, be started/stopped/restarted by executing with the <code>rc-service</code> helper  someservice start, rc-service someservice stop, etc.</p> Bash<pre><code>rc-service &lt;service&gt; start\nrc-service &lt;service&gt; stop\nrc-service &lt;service&gt; restart\nrc-service &lt;service&gt; status\nrc-service &lt;service&gt; zap\n</code></pre> <p>Another, less preferred method, is to run the service script directly, e.g. /etc/init.d/service start, /etc/init.d/service stop, etc.</p> Bash<pre><code>/etc/init.d/&lt;service&gt; start\n/etc/init.d/&lt;service&gt; stop\n/etc/init.d/&lt;service&gt; restart\n/etc/init.d/&lt;service&gt; status\n/etc/init.d/&lt;service&gt; zap\n</code></pre> <p>There is a special command <code>zap</code> that makes OpenRC 'forget' that a service is started. This is mostly useful to reset a crashed service to stopped state without invoking the (possibly broken) stop function of the service script.</p> <p>Calling <code>openrc</code> without any arguments will try to reset all services so that the current runlevel is satisfied.</p>"},{"location":"linux/init/systemd.html","title":"Systemd","text":"<p>systemd is a suite of basic building blocks for a Linux system. It provides a system and service manager that runs as PID 1 and starts the rest of the system.</p> <p><code>systemd</code> provides aggressive parallelization capabilities, uses socket and D-Bus activation for starting services, offers on-demand starting of daemons, keeps track of processes using Linux control groups, maintains mount and automount points, and implements an elaborate transactional dependency-based service control logic.</p>"},{"location":"misc/git.html","title":"Git","text":"<p>Git is a free and open source distributed version control system designed to handle everything from small to very large projects with speed and efficiency.</p>"},{"location":"misc/git.html#terminology","title":"Terminology","text":"<p>Repository: collection of files (blobs) and directories (trees) managed by git Commit: snapshot of the entire repository and its metadata Head: pointer to the current commit Branch: timeline or collection of consecutive commits Remote: remote shared repository in which changes as synced Working Tree: current version of the repository on disk Index (Staging Area): collection of changes not yet committed Stash: collection of pseudo-commits not belonging to a specific branch</p>"},{"location":"misc/git.html#commands","title":"Commands","text":""},{"location":"misc/git.html#managing-configs","title":"Managing Configs","text":"<p>There are three git config sources/scopes:</p> <ol> <li>system: defined in git's installation folder and managed with <code>--system</code></li> <li>global: defined in <code>$HOME/.gitconfig</code> or <code>$XDG_CONFIG_HOME/git/config</code> and managed with <code>--global</code></li> <li>local: defined in <code>.git/config</code> and managed with <code>--local</code></li> </ol> <p>The applied config in each repository is the combination of all three scopes in order.</p> <p><code>git config [--&lt;scope&gt;] &lt;key&gt; &lt;value&gt;</code>: set git config key-value pair <code>git config [--&lt;scope&gt;] --unset &lt;key&gt;</code>: unset git config key-value pair <code>git config [--&lt;scope&gt;] --list</code>: list git config key-value pairs  </p>"},{"location":"misc/git.html#tracking-files-making-changes","title":"Tracking Files &amp; Making Changes","text":"<p><code>git status</code>: shows the status of changes as untracked, modified, or staged  </p> <p><code>git add &lt;files&gt;</code>: add files contents to the staging area <code>git add -u|--update &lt;files&gt;</code>: stage changes but ignore untracked files <code>git add -p|--patch &lt;files&gt;</code>: interactively stage chunks of files  </p> <p><code>git restore .</code>: discard uncommitted changes <code>git restore &lt;file&gt;</code>: discard uncommitted changes to file <code>git restore --staged</code>: discard changes made to a file <code>git restore --staged --worktree</code>: unstage and discard changes made to a file <code>git restore -p|--patch</code>: interactively unstage chunks of files  </p> <p><code>git commit</code>: save the snapshot to the project history <code>git commit -m|--message \"message\"</code>: commit and provide a message <code>git commit -a|--all</code>: automatically notice any modified (but not new) files and commit <code>git commit -v|--verbose</code>: show unified diff between the HEAD commit and what would be committed <code>git commit --amend</code>: modify latest commit with the new changes <code>git commit --no-verify</code>: commit without executing hooks <code>git commit --fixup &lt;commit&gt;</code>: mark commit as correction to another <code>git commit -s|--signoff</code>: Add a <code>Signed-off-by</code> trailer by the committer at the end of the commit log message  </p>"},{"location":"misc/git.html#managing-stashes","title":"Managing Stashes","text":"<p><code>git stash [push] [-m|--message]</code>: add all changes to the stash (and provide message) <code>git stash [push] -k|--keep-index</code>: create a stash but leave files as they are <code>git stash list</code> list all stashes <code>git stash show [&lt;stash&gt;]</code>: show changes in the stash <code>git stash pop</code>: restore last stash <code>git stash drop [&lt;stash&gt;]</code>: remove a stash from the list <code>git stash clear</code>: remove all stashes  </p>"},{"location":"misc/git.html#managing-remotes","title":"Managing Remotes","text":"<p><code>git remote</code>: list remotes <code>git remote -v|--verbose</code>: list remotes names and URLs <code>git remote show &lt;remote&gt;</code>: inspect the remote  </p> <p><code>git remote add &lt;remote&gt; &lt;url | path&gt;</code>: add a remote <code>git remote remove &lt;remote&gt;</code>: remove the specified remote <code>git remote rename &lt;old_name&gt; &lt;new_name&gt;</code>: rename a remote <code>git remote set-url &lt;name&gt; &lt;url&gt;</code>: change the URL for the remote <code>git remote set-url --add &lt;name&gt; &lt;url&gt;</code>: add another URL for the remote <code>git remote set-url --add --push &lt;name&gt; &lt;url&gt;</code>: add another push URL for the remote <code>git remote set-url &lt;name&gt; &lt;url&gt;</code>: change the URL for rhe remote <code>git branch -u|--set-upstream-to=&lt;remote&gt;/&lt;remote branch&gt;</code>: set up correspondence between local and remote branch  </p> <p><code>git push</code>: send objects to default remote on current branch <code>git push &lt;remote&gt; &lt;branch&gt;</code>: send objects to remote <code>git push &lt;remote&gt; &lt;local branch&gt;:&lt;remote branch&gt;</code>: send objects to remote, and update remote reference  </p> <p><code>git push -f|--force</code>: overwrite remote with local version <code>git push --force-with-lease</code>: overwrite remote with local version if remote has not been modified <code>git push --force-with-lease --force-if--includes</code>: will verify if updates from the remote that may have been implicitly updated in the background are integrated locally before allowing a forced update  </p> <p><code>git fetch [&lt;remote&gt;]</code>: retrieve objects/references from a remote <code>git pull</code>: incorporate remote changes by merging, same as <code>git fetch; git merge</code> <code>git pull --rebase</code>: incorporate remote changes by rebasing <code>git pull --ff</code>: fast-forward (only update branch tip) remote changes, merge if not possible <code>git pull --ff-only</code>: fast-forward (only update branch tip) remote changes, error if not possible  </p> <p><code>git fetch|pull -p|--prune</code>: remove any remote-tracking references that no longer exist on the remote <code>git fetch|pull -t|--tags</code>: retrieve all tags from the remote</p> <p><code>git clone &lt;url&gt; [&lt;folder_name&gt;]</code>: download repository and repo history from remote <code>git clone --shallow</code>: clone only repo files, not history of commits <code>git clone --depth &lt;depth&gt;</code>: clone only last <code>&lt;depth&gt;</code> commits  </p> <p>Note: for a in depth explanation of <code>--force-if-includes</code> see this</p>"},{"location":"misc/git.html#viewing-project-history","title":"Viewing Project History","text":"<p><code>git log [&lt;rev&gt;]</code>: show history of changes <code>git log -p|--patch</code>: show history of changes and complete differences <code>git log --stat --summary</code>: show overview of the change <code>git log --follow &lt;file&gt;</code>: list version history fo file, including renames <code>git log --all --graph --decorate</code>: visualizes history as a DAG <code>git log --oneline</code>: compact log  </p> <p><code>git log -S&lt;string&gt;</code>: Look for diffs that change the number of occurrences of the specified <code>&lt;string&gt;</code> <code>git log -G&lt;regex&gt;</code>: Look for diffs whose patch text contains added/removed lines that match <code>&lt;regex&gt;</code> </p> <p><code>git log -L &lt;start&gt;,&lt;end&gt;:&lt;file&gt;</code>: Trace the evolution of the line range given by <code>&lt;start&gt;,&lt;end&gt;</code>, within the <code>&lt;file&gt;</code> <code>git log -L /&lt;regex&gt;/:&lt;file&gt;</code>: Trace the evolution of the line range given by the function name regex <code>&lt;regex&gt;</code>, within the <code>&lt;file&gt;</code> </p> <p><code>git shortlog</code>: list commits by author <code>git reflog [&lt;rev&gt;]</code>: show record of when the tips of branches and other references were updated in the local repository  </p> <p><code>git show &lt;commit&gt;</code>: show commit metadata and content <code>git show --stat &lt;commit&gt;</code>: show number of changes in commit  </p> <p><code>git blame &lt;file&gt;</code>: show who last edited which line <code>git blame -L &lt;start&gt;,&lt;end&gt; -- &lt;file&gt;</code>: Annotate only the line range given by <code>&lt;start&gt;,&lt;end&gt;</code>, within the <code>&lt;file&gt;</code> <code>git blame -L /&lt;regex&gt;/ -- &lt;file&gt;</code>: Annotate only the range given by the function name regex <code>&lt;regex&gt;</code>, within the <code>&lt;file&gt;</code> <code>git blame -w</code>: Ignore whitespace when comparing the parent\u2019s version and the child\u2019s to find where the lines came from <code>git blame -M</code>: Detect moved or copied lines within a file. <code>git blame -M -C [-C -C]</code>: Detect moved or copied lines within a file (<code>-M</code>), from all modified files in the same commit (<code>-C</code>), in the commit that created the file (<code>-C -C</code>), in all commits (<code>-C -C -C</code>)  </p> <p><code>git diff &lt;filename&gt;</code>: show difference since the last commit <code>git diff &lt;commit&gt; &lt;filename&gt;</code>: show differences in a file since a particular snapshot <code>git diff &lt;reference_1&gt; &lt;reference_2&gt; &lt;filename&gt;</code>: show differences in a file between two snapshots <code>git diff  --staged</code>: show what is about to be committed <code>git diff &lt;first-branch&gt;...&lt;second-branch&gt;</code>: show content diff between two branches <code>git diff -w|--ignore-all-space</code>: show diff ignoring whitespace differences <code>git diff --word-diff</code>: show diff word-by-word instead of line-wise  </p> <p><code>git bisect start</code>: start binary search through commit history, to find the first \"bad\" commit <code>git bisect good</code>: mark current commit as \"good\" <code>git bisect bad</code>: mark current commit as \"bad\" <code>git bisect reset</code>: conclude search and restore HEAD  </p>"},{"location":"misc/git.html#managing-tags","title":"Managing Tags","text":"<p>Git supports two types of tags: lightweight and annotated.  </p> <p>A lightweight tag is very much like a branch that doesn't change: it's just a pointer to a specific commit.  </p> <p>Annotated tags, however, are stored as full objects in the Git database. They're checksummed; contain the tagger name, email, and date; have a tagging message; and can be signed. It's generally recommended creating annotated tags so it's possible to have all this information.  </p> <p><code>git tag</code>: list existing tags <code>git tag -l|--list &lt;pattern&gt;</code>: list existing tags matching a wildcard or pattern  </p> <p><code>git tag &lt;tag&gt; [&lt;commit_hash&gt;]</code>: create a lightweight tag on the commit <code>git tag -a|--annotate &lt;tag&gt; [&lt;commit_hash&gt; -m &lt;message&gt;]</code>: create am annotated tag on the commit <code>git tag -f|--force &lt;tag&gt; [&lt;commit_hash&gt;]</code>: update a tag if it exists <code>git tag -s|--sign &lt;tag&gt; [&lt;commit_hash&gt;]</code>: sign a tag  </p> <p><code>git push &lt;remote&gt; &lt;tagname&gt;</code>: push a tag to the remote <code>git push &lt;remote&gt; --tags</code>: push commits and their tags (both types) to the remote  </p> <p><code>git tag -d|--delete &lt;tagname&gt;</code>: delete a tag <code>git push &lt;remote&gt; :refs/tags&lt;tagname&gt;:</code>: remove a tag from the remote <code>git push &lt;remote&gt; --delete &lt;tagname&gt;</code>: remove a tag from the remote  </p> <p><code>git switch &lt;tag&gt;</code>: checkout a tag - WARNING: will go into detached HEAD </p>"},{"location":"misc/git.html#branching-and-merging","title":"Branching And Merging","text":"<p><code>git branch</code>: shows branches <code>git branch -vv</code>: show branch + last commit + remote status <code>git branch --merged [--remote]</code>: show branches (remote) that have been merged into current one (needs same history, merge squash/rebase break history) <code>git branch</code>: show list of all existing branches  (* indicates current) <code>git branch &lt;branch-name&gt;</code>: create new branch <code>git branch -d|--delete &lt;branch-name&gt;</code>: delete specified branch <code>git branch -m|--move &lt;old_name&gt; &lt;new_name&gt;</code>: rename a branch without affecting the branch's history <code>git switch -c &lt;branch-name&gt;</code>: create a branch and switches to <code>git switch &lt;branch-name&gt;</code>: change current branch (update HEAD) and update working directory  </p> <p><code>git merge &lt;branch-name&gt;</code>: merges into current branch <code>git merge --continue</code>: continue previous merge after solving a merge conflict <code>git rebase &lt;branch&gt;</code>: rebase current branch commits onto another branch <code>git rebase --onto &lt;new-base&gt; &lt;old-base&gt;</code>: rebase a slice of commits from <code>&lt;old-base&gt;</code> onto <code>&lt;new-base&gt;</code> </p> <p><code>git cherry-pick &lt;commit&gt;</code>: bring in a commit from another branch <code>git cherry-pick &lt;commit&gt;..&lt;commit&gt;</code>: bring in a range of commits from another branch (first excluded) <code>git cherry-pick &lt;commit&gt;^..&lt;commit&gt;</code>: bring in a range of commits from another branch (first included)  </p>"},{"location":"misc/git.html#worktrees","title":"Worktrees","text":"<p>A git repository can support multiple working trees, allowing to check out more than one branch at a time.</p> <p>Additional worktrees are called \"linked worktrees\" as opposed to the \"main worktree\" prepared by <code>git init</code> or <code>git clone</code>. A repository has one main worktree (if it\u2019s not a bare repository) and zero or more linked worktrees.</p> <p><code>git worktree list</code>: show worktrees <code>git worktree add &lt;path&gt; &lt;commit&gt;</code>: create worktree at <code>&lt;path&gt;</code> and checkout <code>&lt;commit&gt;</code> <code>git worktree add -b &lt;branch&gt; &lt;path&gt; &lt;commit&gt;</code>: create worktree and branch at <code>&lt;path&gt;</code> <code>git worktree remove &lt;worktree&gt;</code>: remove a worktree  </p>"},{"location":"misc/git.html#rewriting-history","title":"Rewriting History","text":"<p><code>git commit --amend</code>: replace last commit by creating a new one (can add files or rewrite commit message) <code>git commit --amend -m \"amended message\"</code>: replace last commit by creating a new one (can add files or rewrite commit message) <code>git commit --amend  --no-edit</code>: replace last commit by creating a new one (can add files or rewrite commit message)  </p> <p><code>git reset &lt;commit&gt;</code>: revert to specific commit but keep changes <code>git reset --soft &lt;commit&gt;</code>: revert to specific commit but keep changes and staged files <code>git reset --hard &lt;commit&gt;</code>: revert to specific commit and discard changes <code>git reset &lt;commit&gt; &lt;file&gt;</code>: revert <code>&lt;file&gt;</code> to specific commit  </p> <p><code>git clean</code>: remove untracked files form the working tree <code>git clean -d</code>: remove untracked files recursively <code>git clean --interactive</code>: remove untracked files interactively  </p> <p><code>git restore --source &lt;commit&gt; &lt;file&gt;</code>: revert file to commit version <code>git restore &lt;deleted-file&gt;</code>: recover deleted file if previously committed  </p> <p><code>git rebase -i|--interactive</code>: modify (reword, edit, drop, squash, merge, ...) current branch commits <code>git rebase -i|--interactive HEAD~&lt;n&gt;</code>: modify (reword, edit, drop, squash, merge, ...) n commits <code>git rebase -i|--interactive &lt;commit&gt;</code>: modify (reword, edit, drop, squash, merge, ...) from commit to latest <code>git rebase --autostash</code>: automatically create a temporary stash entry before rebasing <code>git rebase --autosquash</code>: automatically apply \"squash!\" or \"fixup!\" or \"amend!\" commits  </p>"},{"location":"misc/git.html#git-revisions","title":"Git Revisions","text":""},{"location":"misc/git.html#specifying-revisions","title":"Specifying Revisions","text":"<p>A revision parameter <code>&lt;rev&gt;</code> can take one of these forms:</p> <ul> <li><code>&lt;sha&gt;</code>: full or short sha of the object.</li> <li><code>&lt;refname&gt;</code>: a named object reference. One of:<ul> <li><code>refs/&lt;refname&gt;</code></li> <li><code>refs/tags/&lt;refname&gt;</code></li> <li><code>refs/heads/&lt;refname&gt;</code></li> <li><code>refs/remotes/&lt;refname&gt;</code></li> <li><code>refs/remotes/&lt;refname&gt;</code></li> <li><code>HEAD</code> or <code>*_HEAD</code></li> </ul> </li> <li><code>[&lt;refname&gt;]@{&lt;date&gt;}</code>: a revision at a specific point in time.</li> <li><code>[&lt;refname&gt;]@{n}</code>: <code>n</code>th prior value of a <code>&lt;refname&gt;</code>.</li> <li><code>@{-n}</code>: <code>&lt;n&gt;</code>th branch/commit checked out before the current one.</li> <li><code>&lt;rev&gt;^</code>: first parent of <code>&lt;rev&gt;</code>.</li> <li><code>&lt;rev&gt;~[&lt;n&gt;]</code>: <code>n</code>th parent of <code>&lt;rev&gt;</code></li> </ul>"},{"location":"misc/git.html#specifying-ranges","title":"Specifying Ranges","text":"<p>A revision range can take one of these forms:</p> <ul> <li><code>&lt;rev&gt;</code>: Include commits that are reachable from <code>&lt;rev&gt;</code> (<code>&lt;rev&gt;</code> and its ancestors).</li> <li><code>^&lt;rev&gt;</code>: Exclude commits that are reachable from <code>&lt;rev&gt;</code> (<code>&lt;rev&gt;</code> and its ancestors).</li> <li><code>&lt;rev1&gt;..&lt;rev2&gt;</code>: Include commits that are reachable from <code>&lt;rev2&gt;</code> but exclude those that are reachable from <code>&lt;rev1&gt;</code>.</li> <li><code>&lt;rev1&gt;...&lt;rev2&gt;</code>: Include commits that are reachable from either  or  but exclude those that are reachable from both. <code>&lt;rev&gt;^@</code>: A suffix <code>^</code> followed by <code>@</code> is the same as listing all parents of <code>&lt;rev&gt;</code> (meaning, include anything reachable from its parents, but not the commit itself). <code>&lt;rev&gt;^!</code>: A suffix <code>^</code> followed by <code>!</code> is the same as giving commit <code>&lt;rev&gt;</code> and all its parents prefixed with <code>^</code> to exclude them (and their ancestors). <code>&lt;rev&gt;^-&lt;n&gt;</code>: Equivalent to <code>&lt;rev&gt;^&lt;n&gt;..&lt;rev&gt;</code>, with <code>&lt;n&gt; = 1</code> if not given."},{"location":"misc/graph-ql.html","title":"GraphQL","text":"<p>How to GraphQL - The Fullstack Tutorial for GraphQL</p> <p>GraphQL is a query language for APIa, and a server-side runtime for executing queries by using a type system for the data. GraphQL isn't tied to any specific database or storage engine and is instead backed by existing code and data.</p> <p>A GraphQL service is created by defining types and fields on those types, then providing functions for each field on each type.</p>"},{"location":"misc/graph-ql.html#schema-and-types","title":"Schema and Types","text":""},{"location":"misc/graph-ql.html#object-types-and-fields","title":"Object types and fields","text":"<p>The most basic components of a GraphQL schema are object types, which just represent a kind of object fetchable from the service, and what fields it has.</p> GraphQL<pre><code>type Type {\n  field: Type\n  field: Type!  # non-nullable type\n  field: [Type]  # array of objects\n  field: [Type!]!  # non-nullable array of non-nullable objects\n}\n</code></pre>"},{"location":"misc/graph-ql.html#field-arguments","title":"Field Arguments","text":"<p>Every field on a GraphQL object type can have zero or more arguments. All arguments are named.</p> <p>Arguments can be either required or optional. When an argument is optional, it's possible to define a default value.</p> GraphQL<pre><code>type Type {\n  field: Type,\n  field(namedArg: Type = defaultValue): Type\n}\n</code></pre>"},{"location":"misc/graph-ql.html#query-and-mutation-types","title":"Query and Mutation types","text":"<p>Every GraphQL service has a <code>query</code> type and may or may not have a <code>mutation</code> type. These types are the same as a regular object type, but they are special because they define the entry point of every GraphQL query.</p>"},{"location":"misc/graph-ql.html#scalar-types","title":"Scalar Types","text":"<p>A GraphQL object type has a name and fields, but at some point those fields have to resolve to some concrete data. That's where the scalar types come in: they represent the leaves of the query. Scalar types do not have sub-types and fields.</p> <p>GraphQL comes with a set of default scalar types out of the box:</p> <ul> <li><code>Int</code>: A signed 32\u2010bit integer.</li> <li><code>Float</code>: A signed double-precision floating-point value.</li> <li><code>String</code>: A UTF\u20108 character sequence.</li> <li><code>Boolean</code>: <code>true</code> or <code>false</code>.</li> <li><code>ID</code>: The ID scalar type represents a unique identifier, often used to refetch an object or as the key for a cache. The ID type is serialized in the same way as a <code>String</code>; however, defining it as an <code>ID</code> signifies that it is not intended to be human\u2010readable.</li> </ul> <p>In most GraphQL service implementations, there is also a way to specify custom scalar types.</p> GraphQL<pre><code>scalar ScalarType\n</code></pre> <p>Then it's up to the implementation to define how that type should be serialized, deserialized, and validated.</p>"},{"location":"misc/graph-ql.html#enumeration-types","title":"Enumeration Types","text":"<p>Also called Enums, enumeration types are a special kind of scalar that is restricted to a particular set of allowed values.</p> <p>This allows to:</p> <ol> <li>Validate that any arguments of this type are one of the allowed values</li> <li>Communicate through the type system that a field will always be one of a finite set of values</li> </ol> GraphQL<pre><code>enum Type{\n  VALUE,\n  VALUE,\n    ...\n}\n</code></pre> <p>Note: GraphQL service implementations in various languages will have their own language-specific way to deal with enums. In languages that support enums as a first-class citizen, the implementation might take advantage of that; in a language like JavaScript with no enum support, these values might be internally mapped to a set of integers. However, these details don't leak out to the client, which can operate entirely in terms of the string names of the enum values.</p>"},{"location":"misc/graph-ql.html#lists-and-non-null","title":"Lists and Non-Null","text":"<p>Object types, scalars, and enums are the only kinds of types that can be defined in GraphQL. But when used in other parts of the schema, or in the query variable declarations, it's possible apply additional type modifiers that affect validation of those values.</p> <p>It's possible to mark a field as Non-Null by adding an exclamation mark, <code>!</code> after the type name. This means that the server always expects to return a non-null value for this field, and if it ends up getting a null value that will actually trigger a GraphQL execution error, letting the client know that something has gone wrong.</p> <p>The Non-Null type modifier can also be used when defining arguments for a field, which will cause the GraphQL server to return a validation error if a null value is passed as that argument, whether in the GraphQL string or in the variables.</p> <p>It's possible to use a type modifier to mark a type as a <code>List</code>, which indicates that this field will return an array of that type. In the schema language, this is denoted by wrapping the type in square brackets, <code>[</code> and <code>]</code>. It works the same for arguments, where the validation step will expect an array for that value.</p>"},{"location":"misc/graph-ql.html#interfaces","title":"Interfaces","text":"<p>Like many type systems, GraphQL supports interfaces. An Interface is an abstract type that includes a certain set of fields that a type must include to implement the interface.</p> <p>Interfaces are useful when returning an object or set of objects, but those might be of several different types.</p> GraphQL<pre><code>interface Interface {\n  fieldA: TypeA\n  fieldB: TypeB\n}\n\ntype Type implements Interface {\n  fieldA: TypeA,\n  fieldB: TypeB\n  field: Type,\n  ...\n}\n</code></pre>"},{"location":"misc/graph-ql.html#union-type","title":"Union Type","text":"<p>Interfaces are useful when returning an object or set of objects, but those might be of several different types.</p> GraphQL<pre><code>union Union = TypeA | TypeB | TypeC\n</code></pre> <p>Note: members of a union type need to be concrete object types; it's not possible to create a union type out of interfaces or other unions.</p>"},{"location":"misc/graph-ql.html#input-type","title":"Input Type","text":"<p>In the GraphQL schema language, input types look exactly the same as regular object types, but with the keyword input instead of type:</p> GraphQL<pre><code>input Input {\n  field: Type,\n  ...\n}\n</code></pre> <p>The fields on an input object type can themselves refer to input object types, but it's not possible to mix input and output types in the schema. Input object types also can't have arguments on their fields.</p>"},{"location":"misc/graph-ql.html#queries-mutations-and-subscriptions","title":"Queries, Mutations and Subscriptions","text":""},{"location":"misc/graph-ql.html#simple-query","title":"Simple Query","text":"GraphQL<pre><code>{\n  field {  # root field\n    ...  # payload\n  }\n}\n</code></pre> JSON<pre><code>{\n  \"data\" : {\n    \"field\": {\n  ...\n    }\n  }\n}\n</code></pre>"},{"location":"misc/graph-ql.html#query-arguments","title":"Query Arguments","text":"<p>In a system like REST, it's possible to only pass a single set of arguments - the query parameters and URL segments in your request.</p> <p>But in GraphQL, every field and nested object can get its own set of arguments, making GraphQL a complete replacement for making multiple API fetches.</p> <p>It's aldo possible to pass arguments into scalar fields, to implement data transformations once on the server, instead of on every client separately.</p> GraphQL<pre><code>{\n  fieldA(arg: value)  # filter results\n  fieldB(arg: value)\n  ...\n}\n</code></pre>"},{"location":"misc/graph-ql.html#aliases","title":"Aliases","text":"GraphQL<pre><code>{\n  aliasA: field(arg: valueA) {\n    field\n  }\n  aliasB: field(arg: valueB) {\n    field\n  }\n}\n</code></pre>"},{"location":"misc/graph-ql.html#fragments","title":"Fragments","text":"<p>Fragments allow to construct sets of fields, and then include them in queries where that are needed. The concept of fragments is frequently used to split complicated application data requirements into smaller chunks.</p> GraphQL<pre><code>{\n  aliasA: field(arg: valueA) {\n    ...fragment\n  },\n  aliasB: field(arg: valueB) {\n    ...fragment\n  }\n}\n\n# define a set of fields to be retrieved \nfragment fragment on Type {\n  field\n  ...\n}\n</code></pre>"},{"location":"misc/graph-ql.html#using-variables-inside-fragments","title":"Using variables inside fragments","text":"<p>It is possible for fragments to access variables declared in the query or mutation.</p> GraphQL<pre><code>query Query($var: Type = value) {\n    aliasA: field(arg: valueA) {\n  ...fragment\n    }\n    aliasB: field(arg: valueB) {\n  ...fragment\n    }\n}\n\nfragment fragment on Type{\n    field\n    field(arg: $var) {\n  field\n    ...\n  }\n    }\n}\n</code></pre>"},{"location":"misc/graph-ql.html#operation-name","title":"Operation Name","text":"<p>The operation type is either <code>query</code>, <code>mutation</code>, or <code>subscription</code> and describes what type of operation it's intended to be done. The operation type is required unless when using the query shorthand syntax, in which case it's not possible to supply a name or variable definitions for the operation.</p> <p>The operation name is a meaningful and explicit name for the operation. It is only required in multi-operation documents, but its use is encouraged because it is very helpful for debugging and server-side logging. When something goes wrong it is easier to identify a query in the codebase by name instead of trying to decipher the contents.</p> GraphQL<pre><code>query Operation {\n  ...\n}\n</code></pre>"},{"location":"misc/graph-ql.html#variables","title":"Variables","text":"<p>When  working with variables, three things need to be done:</p> <ol> <li>Replace the static value in the query with <code>$variableName</code></li> <li>Declare <code>$variableName</code> as one of the variables accepted by the query</li> <li>Pass <code>variableName: value</code> in the separate, transport-specific (usually JSON) variables dictionary</li> </ol> GraphQL<pre><code>query Operation($var: Type = defaultValue) {\n  field(arg: $var) {\n    field\n    ...\n  }\n}\n</code></pre> <p>All declared variables must be either scalars, enums, or input object types. So to pass a complex object into a field, the input type that matches on the server must be known.</p> <p>Variable definitions can be optional or required.  If the field requires a non-null argument, then the variable has to be required as well.</p> <p>Default values can also be assigned to the variables in the query by adding the default value after the type declaration. When default values are provided for all variables, it's possible to call the query without passing any variables. If any variables are passed as part of the variables dictionary, they will override the defaults.</p>"},{"location":"misc/graph-ql.html#directives","title":"Directives","text":"<p>A directive can be attached to a field or fragment inclusion, and can affect execution of the query in any way the server desires.</p> <p>The core GraphQL specification includes exactly two directives, which must be supported by any spec-compliant GraphQL server implementation:</p> <ul> <li><code>@include(if: Boolean)</code> Only include this field in the result if the argument is <code>true</code>.</li> <li><code>@skip(if: Boolean)</code> Skip this field if the argument is <code>true</code>.</li> </ul> <p>Server implementations may also add experimental features by defining completely new directives.</p>"},{"location":"misc/graph-ql.html#mutations","title":"Mutations","text":"<p>Operations of mutations:</p> <ul> <li>Creating new data</li> <li>Updating existing data</li> <li>Deleting existing data</li> </ul> GraphQL<pre><code>mutation Operation {\n  createObject(arg: value, ...) {\n    field\n    ..\n  }\n}\n</code></pre>"},{"location":"misc/graph-ql.html#subscriptions","title":"Subscriptions","text":"<p>Open a stable connection with the server to receive real-time updates on the operations happening.</p> GraphQL<pre><code>subscription Operation {\n  event {  # get notified when event happens\n    field  # data received on notification\n    ...\n  }\n}\n</code></pre>"},{"location":"misc/graph-ql.html#inline-fragments","title":"Inline Fragments","text":"<p>If you are querying a field that returns an interface or a union type, you will need to use inline fragments to access data on the underlying concrete type. Named fragments can also be used in the same way, since a named fragment always has a type attached.</p> GraphQL<pre><code>query Operation($var: Type) {\n    field(arg: $var) {  # interface of union\n  field\n  ... on ConcreteTypeA {\n    fieldA\n  }\n  ... on ConcreteTypeB{\n    fieldB\n  }\n    }\n}\n</code></pre>"},{"location":"misc/graph-ql.html#meta-fields","title":"Meta Fields","text":"<p>GraphQL allows to request <code>__typename</code>, a meta field, at any point in a query to get the name of the object type at that point.</p> GraphQL<pre><code>{\n    field(arg: value) {\n  __typename\n  ... on Type {\n    field\n  }\n    }\n}\n</code></pre>"},{"location":"misc/graph-ql.html#execution","title":"Execution","text":"<p>After being validated, a GraphQL query is executed by a GraphQL server which returns a result that mirrors the shape of the requested query, typically as JSON.</p> <p>Each field on each type is backed by a function called the resolver which is provided by the GraphQL server developer. When a field is executed, the corresponding resolver is called to produce the next value.</p> <p>If a field produces a scalar value like a string or number, then the execution completes. However if a field produces an object value then the query will contain another selection of fields which apply to that object. This continues until scalar values are reached. GraphQL queries always end at scalar values.</p>"},{"location":"misc/graph-ql.html#root-fields-and-resolvers","title":"Root fields and Resolvers","text":"<p>At the top level of every GraphQL server is a type that represents all of the possible entry points into the GraphQL API, it's often called the Root type or the Query type.</p> GraphQL<pre><code># root types for entry-points\n\ntype Query {\n  rootField(arg: Type = defValue, ...): Type\n  ...  # other query entry points\n}\n\ntype Mutation {\n  rootField(arg: Type = defValue, ...): Type\n  ...  # other mutation entry points\n}\n\ntype Subscription {\n  rootField(arg: Type = defValue, ...): Type\n  ...  # other subscription entry points\n}\n</code></pre> <p>A resolver function receives four arguments:</p> <ul> <li><code>obj</code> The previous object, which for a field on the root Query type is often not used.</li> <li><code>args</code> The arguments provided to the field in the GraphQL query.</li> <li><code>context</code> A value which is provided to every resolver and holds important contextual information like the currently logged in user, or access to a database.</li> <li><code>info</code> A value which holds field-specific information relevant to the current query as well as the schema details</li> </ul>"},{"location":"misc/regular-expressions.html","title":"Common Regex Syntax","text":"<p>A regular expression is a pattern that the regular expression engine attempts to match in input text. A pattern consists of one or more character literals, operators, or constructs.</p>"},{"location":"misc/regular-expressions.html#character-classes","title":"Character Classes","text":"<p>A character class matches any one of a set of characters.</p> <ul> <li><code>[character_group]</code>:: matches any single character in character_group.</li> <li><code>[^character_group]</code>: matches any single character not in character_group.</li> <li><code>[first-last]</code>: matches any single character in range from first to last.</li> <li><code>.</code>: matches any single character except <code>\\n</code>.</li> <li><code>\\p{name}</code>: matches any single character in the Unicode general category or named block specified by name.</li> <li><code>\\P{name}</code>: matches any single character not in the Unicode general category or named block specified by name.</li> <li><code>\\w</code>: matches any word character.</li> <li><code>\\W</code>: matches any non word character.</li> <li><code>\\s</code>: matches any whitespace character.</li> <li><code>\\S</code>: matches any non whitespace character.</li> <li><code>\\d</code>: matches any decimal digit.</li> <li><code>\\D</code>: matches any character other than a decimal digit.</li> </ul> <p>Note: <code>^</code>, <code>\\</code>, <code>-</code> and <code>]</code> must be escaped to be used in ranges. (<code>[ \\] \\[ \\^ \\- ]</code>)</p>"},{"location":"misc/regular-expressions.html#anchors","title":"Anchors","text":"<p>Anchors, or atomic zero-width assertions, cause a match to succeed or fail depending on the current position in the string, but they do not cause the engine to advance through the string or consume characters.</p> <ul> <li><code>^</code>: The match must be at the start of a string/line.</li> <li><code>$</code>: The match must be at the end of a string/line.</li> <li><code>\\A</code>: The match must occur at the start of the string.</li> <li><code>\\Z</code>: The match must occur at the end of the string or before <code>\\n</code> at the end of the string.</li> <li><code>\\z</code>: The match must occur at the end of the string.</li> <li><code>\\G</code>: The match must occur at the point where the previous match ended, or if there was no previous match, at the position in the string where matching started.</li> <li><code>\\b</code>: The match must occur on a boundary between a <code>\\w</code> (alphanumeric) and a <code>\\W</code> (non-alphanumeric) character.</li> <li><code>\\B</code>: The match must not occur on a <code>\\b</code> boundary.</li> </ul>"},{"location":"misc/regular-expressions.html#grouping-constructs","title":"Grouping Constructs","text":"<p>Grouping constructs delineate subexpressions of a regular expression and typically capture substrings of an input string.</p>"},{"location":"misc/regular-expressions.html#subexpressions","title":"Subexpressions","text":"Regex Syntax<pre><code>(subexpression)\n</code></pre> <p>The subexpression is any valid regular expression pattern.</p> <p>Captures that use parentheses are numbered automatically from left to right based on the order of the opening parentheses in the regular expression, starting from <code>1</code>. The capture that's numbered <code>0</code> is the text matched by the entire regular expression pattern.</p> <p>Note: named capture groups are always ordered last, after non-named capture groups.</p> <p>It's possible to access the captured group in the following ways:</p> <ul> <li> <p>By using the backreference construct within the regular expression.</p> <p>The matched subexpression is referenced in the same regular expression by using the syntax <code>\\number</code>, where number is the ordinal number of the captured subexpression.</p> </li> <li> <p>By using the named backreference construct within the regular expression.</p> <p>The matched subexpression is referenced in the same regular expression by using the syntax <code>\\k&lt;name&gt;</code>, where name is the name of a capturing group, or <code>\\k&lt;number&gt;</code>, where number is the ordinal number of a capturing group.</p> <p>A capturing group has a default name that is identical to its ordinal number. For more information, see Named matched subexpressions later in this topic.</p> </li> <li> <p>By using the <code>$number</code> replacement sequence where number is the ordinal number of the captured subexpression.</p> </li> </ul>"},{"location":"misc/regular-expressions.html#named-subexpressions","title":"Named Subexpressions","text":"Regex Syntax<pre><code>(?&lt;name&gt; subexpression)\n(?'name' subexpression)\n</code></pre> <p>THe name is a valid group name, and subexpression is any valid regular expression pattern. name must not contain any punctuation characters and cannot begin with a number.</p> <p>It's possible to access the named captured group in the following ways:</p> <ul> <li> <p>By using the named backreference construct within the regular expression.</p> <p>The matched subexpression is referenced in the same regular expression by using the syntax <code>\\k&lt;name&gt;</code>, where name is the name of the captured subexpression.</p> </li> <li> <p>By using the backreference construct within the regular expression.</p> <p>The matched subexpression is referenced in the same regular expression by using the syntax <code>\\number</code>, where number is the ordinal number of the captured subexpression.</p> <p>Named matched subexpressions are numbered consecutively from left to right after matched subexpressions.</p> </li> <li> <p>By using the <code>${name}</code> replacement sequence where name is the name of the captured subexpression.</p> </li> <li>By using the <code>$number</code> replacement sequence where number is the ordinal number of the captured subexpression.</li> </ul>"},{"location":"misc/regular-expressions.html#noncapturing-groups","title":"Noncapturing groups","text":"Regex Syntax<pre><code>(?:subexpression)\n</code></pre> <p>The subexpression is any valid regular expression pattern. The noncapturing group construct is typically used when a quantifier is applied to a group, but the substrings captured by the group are of no interest.</p>"},{"location":"misc/regular-expressions.html#zero-width-positive-lookahead-assertions","title":"Zero-width positive lookahead assertions","text":"Regex Syntax<pre><code>(?= subexpression)\n</code></pre> <p>The subexpression is any regular expression pattern. For a match to be successful, the input string must match the regular expression pattern in subexpression, although the matched substring is not included in the match result. A zero-width positive lookahead assertion does not backtrack.</p> <p>Typically, a zero-width positive lookahead assertion is found at the end of a regular expression pattern. It defines a substring that must be found at the end of a string for a match to occur but that should not be included in the match. It is also useful for preventing excessive backtracking.</p> <p>It's possible to use a zero-width positive lookahead assertion to ensure that a particular captured group begins with text that matches a subset of the pattern defined for that captured group.</p>"},{"location":"misc/regular-expressions.html#zero-width-negative-lookahead-assertions","title":"Zero-width negative lookahead assertions","text":"Regex Syntax<pre><code>(?! subexpression)\n</code></pre> <p>The subexpression is any regular expression pattern. For the match to be successful, the input string must not match the regular expression pattern in subexpression, although the matched string is not included in the match result.</p> <p>A zero-width negative lookahead assertion is typically used either at the beginning or at the end of a regular expression. At the beginning of a regular expression, it can define a specific pattern that should not be matched when the beginning of the regular expression defines a similar but more general pattern to be matched. In this case, it is often used to limit backtracking. At the end of a regular expression, it can define a subexpression that cannot occur at the end of a match.</p>"},{"location":"misc/regular-expressions.html#zero-width-positive-lookbehind-assertions","title":"Zero-width positive lookbehind assertions","text":"Regex Syntax<pre><code>(?&lt;= subexpression)\n</code></pre> <p>The subexpression is any regular expression pattern. For a match to be successful, subexpression must occur at the input string to the left of the current position, although subexpression is not included in the match result. A zero-width positive lookbehind assertion does not backtrack.</p> <p>Zero-width positive lookbehind assertions are typically used at the beginning of regular expressions. The pattern that they define is a precondition for a match, although it is not a part of the match result.</p>"},{"location":"misc/regular-expressions.html#zero-width-negative-lookbehind-assertions","title":"Zero-width negative lookbehind assertions","text":"Regex Syntax<pre><code>(?&lt;! subexpression)\n(?&gt; subexpression)\n</code></pre> <p>Hte subexpression is any regular expression pattern. For a match to be successful, subexpression must not occur at the input string to the left of the current position. However, any substring that does not match subexpression is not included in the match result.</p> <p>Zero-width negative lookbehind assertions are typically used at the beginning of regular expressions. The pattern that they define precludes a match in the string that follows. They are also used to limit backtracking when the last character or characters in a captured group must not be one or more of the characters that match that group's regular expression pattern.</p>"},{"location":"misc/regular-expressions.html#atomic-groups","title":"Atomic groups","text":"Regex Syntax<pre><code>(?&gt; subexpression )\n</code></pre> <p>The subexpression is any regular expression pattern.</p> <p>Ordinarily, if a regular expression includes an optional or alternative matching pattern and a match does not succeed, the regular expression engine can branch in multiple directions to match an input string with a pattern. If a match is not found when it takes the first branch, the regular expression engine can back up or backtrack to the point where it took the first match and attempt the match using the second branch. This process can continue until all branches have been tried.</p> <p>The <code>(?&gt;subexpression)</code> language construct disables backtracking. The regular expression engine will match as many characters in the input string as it can. When no further match is possible, it will not backtrack to attempt alternate pattern matches. (That is, the subexpression matches only strings that would be matched by the subexpression alone; it does not attempt to match a string based on the subexpression and any subexpressions that follow it.)</p>"},{"location":"misc/regular-expressions.html#quantifiers","title":"Quantifiers","text":"<p>A quantifier specifies how many instances of the previous element (which can be a character, a group, or a character class) must be present in the input string for a match to occur.</p> <ul> <li><code>*</code>: Matches the previous element zero or more times.</li> <li><code>+</code>: Matches the previous element one or more times.</li> <li><code>?</code>: Matches the previous element zero or one time.</li> <li><code>{n}</code>: Matches the previous element exactly n times.</li> <li><code>{n,}</code>: Matches the previous element at least n times.</li> <li><code>{n,m}</code>: Matches the previous element at least n times, but no more than m times.</li> <li><code>*?</code>: Matches the previous element zero or more times, but as few times as possible.</li> <li><code>+?</code>: Matches the previous element one or more times, but as few times as possible.</li> <li><code>??</code>: Matches the previous element zero or one time, but as few times as possible.</li> <li><code>{n}?</code>: Matches the previous element at least n times, but as few times as possible.</li> <li><code>{n,m}?</code>: Matches the previous element between n and m times, but as few times as possible.</li> </ul>"},{"location":"misc/regular-expressions.html#alternation-constructs","title":"Alternation Constructs","text":"<p>Alternation constructs modify a regular expression to enable either/or matching.</p> <ul> <li><code>|</code>: Matches any one element separated by the vertical bar (<code>|</code>) character.</li> </ul>"},{"location":"misc/regular-expressions.html#backreference-constructs","title":"Backreference Constructs","text":"<p>A backreference allows a previously matched subexpression to be identified subsequently in the same regular expression.</p> <p><code>\\number</code>: Backreference. Matches the value of a numbered subexpression. <code>\\k&lt;name&gt;</code>: Named backreference. Matches the value of a named expression.</p>"},{"location":"misc/regular-expressions.html#substitutions","title":"Substitutions","text":"<p>Substitutions are regular expression language elements that are supported in replacement patterns.</p> <ul> <li><code>$ number</code>: Substitutes the substring matched by group number.</li> <li><code>${ name }</code>: Substitutes the substring matched by the named group name.</li> <li><code>$$</code>: Substitutes a literal \"$\".</li> <li><code>$&amp;</code>: Substitutes a copy of the whole match.</li> <li>$`: Substitutes all the text of the input string before the match.</li> <li><code>$'</code>: Substitutes all the text of the input string after the match.</li> <li><code>$+</code>: Substitutes the last group that was captured.</li> <li><code>$_</code>: Substitutes the entire input string.</li> </ul>"},{"location":"misc/regular-expressions.html#special-constructs","title":"Special Constructs","text":"<ul> <li><code>(.*)</code>: Matches anything</li> <li><code>(.*?)</code>: Matches anything, but as few times as possible</li> <li><code>(?# comment )</code>: code comment, can be in the middle of the pattern</li> </ul> <p>Brackets escapes:</p> <ul> <li><code>\\(</code></li> <li><code>\\)</code></li> <li><code>\\[</code></li> <li><code>\\]</code></li> </ul> <p>Special characters escapes:</p> <ul> <li><code>\\a</code></li> <li><code>\\b</code></li> <li><code>\\f</code></li> <li><code>\\n</code></li> <li><code>\\r</code></li> <li><code>\\t</code></li> <li><code>\\u</code></li> <li><code>\\U</code></li> <li><code>\\v</code></li> <li><code>\\x</code></li> <li><code>\\\\</code></li> <li><code>\\?</code></li> <li><code>\\*</code></li> <li><code>\\+</code></li> <li><code>\\.</code></li> <li><code>\\^</code></li> <li><code>\\$</code></li> </ul>"},{"location":"misc/ssh.html","title":"SSH","text":"<p><code>ssh</code> is a program for logging into a remote machine and for executing commands on a remote machine. It is intended to provide secure encrypted communications between two untrusted hosts over an insecure network.</p>"},{"location":"misc/ssh.html#basics","title":"Basics","text":"Bash<pre><code>ssh user@destination &lt;command&gt; # exec &lt;command&gt; in remote machine ($SHELL if omitted)\nssh user@destination -i &lt;path/to/private-key&gt;  # use key for auth\nssh user@destination -f  # exec ssh in the background\nssh user@destination -N  # do not send commands to the server (do not start $SHELL)\nssh user@destination -g  # allow remote hosts to connect to local forwarded ports\nssh user@destination -t  # force pseudo-tty emulation\n</code></pre> <p>Note: use <code>~</code> while connected to use the \"ssh console\".</p>"},{"location":"misc/ssh.html#jump-hosts","title":"Jump-Hosts","text":"<p>Connect to the final destination jumping through the specifies other destinations.</p> Bash<pre><code>ssh -J user_1@destination_1,user_2@destination_2 user@final_destination\n</code></pre>"},{"location":"misc/ssh.html#port-forwarding","title":"Port Forwarding","text":""},{"location":"misc/ssh.html#local-port-forwarding","title":"Local Port Forwarding","text":"<p>Start listening on <code>local_address:local_port</code> and forward any traffic to <code>remote_address:remote_port</code>.</p> Bash<pre><code>ssh -N -f -L local_address:local_port:remote_address:remote_port user@destination\nssh -N -f -L local_port:remote_address:remote_port user@destination  # local_address defaults to localhost\n</code></pre>"},{"location":"misc/ssh.html#remote-port-forwarding","title":"Remote Port Forwarding","text":"<p>Start listening on <code>remote_address:remote_port</code> and forward any traffic to <code>local_address:local_port</code>.</p> Bash<pre><code>ssh -N -f -R remote_address:remote_port:local_address:local_port user@destination\n</code></pre>"},{"location":"misc/web-components.html","title":"Web Components","text":""},{"location":"misc/web-components.html#custom-elements","title":"Custom Elements","text":"<p>A set of JavaScript APIs that allow you to define custom elements and their behavior, which can then be used as desired in your user interface.</p>"},{"location":"misc/web-components.html#types-of-custom-elements","title":"Types of Custom Elements","text":"<p>There are two types of custom element:</p> <ul> <li>Customized built-in elements inherit from standard HTML elements such as <code>HTMLImageElement</code> or <code>HTMLParagraphElement</code>. Their implementation customizes the behavior of the standard element.</li> <li>Autonomous custom elements inherit from the HTML element base class <code>HTMLElement</code>. Need to implement their behavior from scratch.</li> </ul> <p>A custom element is implemented as a class which extends <code>HTMLElement</code> (in the case of autonomous elements) or the interface to be customized customized (in the case of customized built-in elements).</p> JavaScript<pre><code>class CustomParagraph extends HTMLParagraphElement {\n  constructor() {\n// self is reference to this element\n    self = super();\n  }\n}\n\nclass CustomElement extends HTMLElement {\n  constructor() {\n    super();\n  }\n}\n</code></pre>"},{"location":"misc/web-components.html#registering-using-custom-elements","title":"Registering &amp; Using Custom Elements","text":"<p>To make a custom element available in a page, call the <code>define()</code> method of <code>Window.customElements</code>.</p> <p>The <code>define()</code> method takes the following arguments:</p> <ul> <li><code>name</code>: The name of the element. This must start with a lowercase letter, contain a hyphen, and satisfy certain other rules listed in the specification's definition of a valid name.</li> <li><code>constructor</code>: The custom element's constructor function.</li> <li><code>options</code>: Only included for customized built-in elements, this is an object containing a single property extends, which is a string naming the built-in element to extend.</li> </ul> JavaScript<pre><code>// register a customized element\nwindow.customElements.define(\"custom-paragraph\", CustomParagraph, { extends: \"p\" });\n\n// register a fully custom element\nwindow.customElements.define(\"custom-element\", CustomElement);\n</code></pre> HTML<pre><code>&lt;!-- need to specify customized name --&gt;\n&lt;p is=\"custom-paragraph\"&gt;&lt;/p&gt;\n\n&lt;!-- cannot be used as self-closing tag --&gt;\n&lt;custom-element&gt;\n    &lt;!-- content of the element --&gt;\n&lt;/custom-element&gt;\n</code></pre>"},{"location":"misc/web-components.html#custom-elements-lifecycle-callbacks","title":"Custom Elements Lifecycle Callbacks","text":"<p>Once the custom element is registered, the browser will call certain methods of the class when code in the page interacts with the custom element. By providing an implementation of these methods, which the specification calls lifecycle callbacks, it's possible to run code in response to these events.</p> <p>Custom element lifecycle callbacks include:</p> <ul> <li><code>connectedCallback()</code>: called each time the element is added to the document. The specification recommends that, as far as possible, developers should implement custom element setup in this callback rather than the constructor.</li> <li><code>disconnectedCallback()</code>: called each time the element is removed from the document.</li> <li><code>adoptedCallback()</code>: called each time the element is moved to a new document.</li> <li><code>attributeChangedCallback(name, oldValue, newValue)</code>: called when attributes are changed, added, removed, or replaced.</li> </ul> JavaScript<pre><code>class CustomElement extends HTMLElement {\n\n  // array containing the names of all attributes for which the element needs change notifications\n  static observedAttributes = [\"size\"];\n\n  constructor() {\n    super();\n  }\n\n  connectedCallback() {\n    console.log(\"Custom element added to page.\");\n  }\n\n  disconnectedCallback() {\n    console.log(\"Custom element removed from page.\");\n  }\n\n  adoptedCallback() {\n    console.log(\"Custom element moved to new page.\");\n  }\n\n\n  attributeChangedCallback(name, oldValue, newValue) {\n    // name is one of observedAttributes\n    console.log(`Attribute ${name} has changed.`);\n  }\n}\n</code></pre>"},{"location":"misc/web-components.html#shadow-dom","title":"Shadow DOM","text":"<p>THe Shadow DOM allows to attach a DOM tree to an element, and have the internals of this tree hidden from JavaScript and CSS running in the page.</p> <p>The shadow DOM tree starts with a shadow root, underneath which it's possible to attach any element, in the same way as the normal DOM.</p> <p>Terminology:</p> <ul> <li>Shadow host: The regular DOM node that the shadow DOM is attached to.</li> <li>Shadow tree: The DOM tree inside the shadow DOM.</li> <li>Shadow boundary: the place where the shadow DOM ends, and the regular DOM begins.</li> <li>Shadow root: The root node of the shadow tree.</li> </ul> <p></p>"},{"location":"misc/web-components.html#creating-a-shadow-dom","title":"Creating a Shadow DOM","text":"HTML<pre><code>&lt;div id=\"host\"&gt;&lt;/div&gt;\n&lt;span&gt;I'm not in the shadow DOM&lt;/span&gt;\n</code></pre> JavaScript<pre><code>const host = document.querySelector(\"#host\");\nconst shadow = host.attachShadow({ mode: \"open\" });\nconst span = document.createElement(\"span\");\nspan.textContent = \"I'm in the shadow DOM\";\nshadow.appendChild(span);\n</code></pre> <p>Note: <code>{mode: \"open\"}</code> allows accessing the shadow DOM from the root node <code>shadowDom</code> property. The \"close\" mode does not expose this property.</p>"},{"location":"misc/web-components.html#javascript-css-encapsulation","title":"JavaScript &amp; CSS Encapsulation","text":"<p>The JavaScript and CSS defined outside the shadow DOM do not have effect inside. To style a shadow dom there are two possibilities:</p> <ul> <li>defining a <code>CSSStylesheet</code> and assigning it to the <code>ShadowRoot: adoptedStyleSheets</code></li> <li>adding a <code>&lt;style&gt;</code> element in a <code>&lt;template&gt;</code> element's declaration.</li> </ul> JavaScript<pre><code>const sheet = new CSSStyleSheet();\nsheet.replaceSync(\"span { color: red; border: 2px dotted black; }\");\n\nconst host = document.querySelector(\"#host\");\n\nconst shadow = host.attachShadow({ mode: \"open\" });\nshadow.adoptedStyleSheets = [sheet];\n\nconst span = document.createElement(\"span\");\nspan.textContent = \"I'm in the shadow DOM\";\nshadow.appendChild(span);\n</code></pre> HTML<pre><code>&lt;template id=\"custom-element\"&gt;\n  &lt;style&gt;\n    span {\n      color: red;\n      border: 2px dotted black;\n    }\n  &lt;/style&gt;\n  &lt;span&gt;I'm in the shadow DOM&lt;/span&gt;\n&lt;/template&gt;\n\n&lt;div id=\"host\"&gt;&lt;/div&gt;\n&lt;span&gt;I'm not in the shadow DOM&lt;/span&gt;\n</code></pre>"},{"location":"misc/web-components.html#template-and-slot","title":"<code>&lt;template&gt;</code> and <code>&lt;slot&gt;</code>","text":""},{"location":"misc/web-components.html#the-template-element","title":"The <code>&lt;template&gt;</code> element","text":"<p>To reuse the same markup structures repeatedly on a web page, it makes sense to use some kind of a template rather than repeating the same structure over and over again. The HTML <code>&lt;template&gt;</code> and its contents are not rendered in the DOM, but it can still be referenced using JavaScript.</p> HTML<pre><code>&lt;template id=\"template-id\"&gt;\n  &lt;p&gt;template fallback content&lt;/p&gt;\n&lt;/template&gt;\n</code></pre> JavaScript<pre><code>let template = document.getElementById(\"template-id\").content;\ndocument.body.appendChild(template);\n</code></pre>"},{"location":"misc/web-components.html#templates-custom-elements","title":"Templates &amp; Custom Elements","text":"<p>Templates are useful on their own, but they work even better with web components.</p> <p>Since the template is added to a shadow DOM, it's possible to include styling information inside the template in a <code>&lt;style&gt;</code> element, which is then encapsulated inside the custom element.</p> HTML<pre><code>&lt;template id=\"template-id\"&gt;\n  &lt;style&gt;\n    p {\n      color: white;\n      background-color: #666;\n      padding: 5px;\n    }\n  &lt;/style&gt;\n\n  &lt;p&gt;My paragraph&lt;/p&gt;\n&lt;/template&gt;\n</code></pre> JavaScript<pre><code>class CustomElement extends HTMLElement {\n    constructor() {\n        super();\n        let template = document.getElementById(\"template-id\").content;;\n\n        const shadowRoot = this.attachShadow({ mode: \"open\" });\n        shadowRoot.appendChild(template.cloneNode(true));\n    }\n}\n\ncustomElements.define(\"custom-element\", CustomElement);\n</code></pre>"},{"location":"misc/web-components.html#the-slot-element","title":"The <code>&lt;slot&gt;</code> element","text":"<p>It possible to display different content in each element instance in a nice declarative way using the <code>&lt;slot&gt;</code> element.</p> <p>Slots are identified by their name attribute, and allow to define placeholders in the template that can be filled with any markup fragment when the element is used in the markup.</p> HTML<pre><code>&lt;template id=\"template-id\"&gt;\n  &lt;p&gt;\n    &lt;slot name=\"slot-name\"&gt;Default slot content&lt;/slot&gt;\n  &lt;/p&gt;\n&lt;/template&gt;\n\n&lt;custom-element&gt;\n  &lt;span slot=\"slot-name\"&gt;Substituted slot content&lt;/span&gt;\n&lt;/custom-element&gt;\n</code></pre>"}]}
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+{"config":{"lang":["en"],"separator":"[\\s\\-]+","pipeline":["stopWordFilter"]},"docs":[{"location":"index.html","title":"Dev Notes","text":"<p>Personal notes on various programming languages, technologies, tools, etc. to be used as quick reference.</p> <p>Note: These notes are not meant to be comprehensive but to contain frequently used information. For complete and up to date documentation always go to the primary source.</p>"},{"location":"containers/docker.html","title":"Docker","text":""},{"location":"containers/docker.html#images-containers","title":"Images &amp; Containers","text":"<p>Containerization is an approach to software development in which an application or service, its dependencies, and its configuration (abstracted as deployment manifest files) are packaged together as a container image.</p> <p>Just as shipping containers allow goods to be transported by ship, train, or truck regardless of the cargo inside, software containers act as a standard unit of software deployment that can contain different code and dependencies. Containerizing software this way enables developers and IT professionals to deploy them across environments with little or no modification.</p> <p>Containers also isolate applications from each other on a shared OS. Containerized applications run on top of a container host that in turn runs on the OS. Containers therefore have a much smaller footprint than virtual machine (VM) images.</p> <p>In short, containers offer the benefits of isolation, portability, agility, scalability, and control across the entire application lifecycle workflow.</p>"},{"location":"containers/docker.html#containers-vs-virtual-machines","title":"Containers vs Virtual Machines","text":"<p>A container runs natively on Linux and shares the kernel of the host machine with other containers. It runs a discrete process, taking no more memory than any other executable, making it lightweight.</p> <p>By contrast, a virtual machine (VM) runs a full-blown \"guest\" operating system with virtual access to host resources through a hypervisor. In general, VMs incur a lot of overhead beyond what is being consumed by your application logic.</p> <p> </p>"},{"location":"containers/docker.html#docker-terminology","title":"Docker Terminology","text":"<p>Container image: A package with all the dependencies and information needed to create a container. An image includes all the dependencies (such as frameworks) plus deployment and execution configuration to be used by a container runtime. Usually, an image derives from multiple base images that are layers stacked on top of each other to form the container\u2019s filesystem. An image is immutable once it has been created.</p> <p>Dockerfile: A text file that contains instructions for building a Docker image. It\u2019s like a batch script, the first line states the base image to begin with and then follow the instructions to install required programs, copy files, and so on, until you get the working environment you need.</p> <p>Build: The action of building a container image based on the information and context provided by its Dockerfile, plus additional files in the folder where the image is built. You can build images with the following Docker command: <code>docker build</code></p> <p>Container: An instance of a Docker image. A container represents the execution of a single application, process, or service. It consists of the contents of a Docker image, an execution environment, and a standard set of instructions. When scaling a service, you create multiple instances of a container from the same image. Or a batch job can create multiple containers from the same image, passing different parameters to each instance.</p> <p>Volumes: Offer a writable filesystem that the container can use. Since images are read-only but most programs need to write to the filesystem, volumes add a writable layer, on top of the container image, so the programs have access to a writable filesystem. The program doesn\u2019t know it\u2019s accessing a layered filesystem, it\u2019s just the filesystem as usual. Volumes live in the host system and are managed by Docker.</p> <p>Tag: A mark or label you can apply to images so that different images or versions of the same image (depending on the version number or the target environment) can be identified.</p> <p>Multi-stage Build: Is a feature, since Docker 17.05 or higher, that helps to reduce the size of the final images. For example, a large base image, containing the SDK can be used for compiling and publishing and then a small runtime-only base image can be used to host the application.</p> <p>Repository (repo): A collection of related Docker images, labeled with a tag that indicates the image version. Some repos contain multiple variants of a specific image, such as an image containing SDKs (heavier), an image containing only runtimes (lighter), etc. Those variants can be marked with tags. A single repo can contain platform variants, such as a Linux image and a Windows image.</p> <p>Registry: A service that provides access to repositories. The default registry for most public images is Docker Hub (owned by Docker as an organization). A registry usually contains repositories from multiple teams. Companies often have private registries to store and manage images they\u2019ve created.</p> <p>Multi-arch image: For multi-architecture, it\u2019s a feature that simplifies the selection of the appropriate image, according to the platform where Docker is running.</p> <p>Docker Hub: A public registry to upload images and work with them. Docker Hub provides Docker image hosting, public or private registries, build triggers and web hooks, and integration with GitHub and Bitbucket.</p> <p>Azure Container Registry: A public resource for working with Docker images and its components in Azure. This provides a registry that\u2019s close to your deployments in Azure and that gives you control over access, making it possible to use your Azure Active Directory groups and permissions.</p> <p>Docker Trusted Registry (DTR): A Docker registry service (from Docker) that can be installed on-premises so it lives within the organization\u2019s datacenter and network. It\u2019s convenient for private images that should be managed within the enterprise. Docker Trusted Registry is included as part of the Docker Datacenter product. For more information, see Docker Trusted Registry (DTR).</p> <p>Docker Compose: A command-line tool and YAML file format with metadata for defining and running multi-container applications. You define a single application based on multiple images with one or more <code>.yml</code> files that can override values depending on the environment. After you\u2019ve created the definitions, you can deploy the whole multi-container application with a single command (docker-compose up) that creates a container per image on the Docker host.</p> <p>Cluster: A collection of Docker hosts exposed as if it were a single virtual Docker host, so that the application can scale to multiple instances of the services spread across multiple hosts within the cluster. Docker clusters can be created with Kubernetes, Azure Service Fabric, Docker Swarm and Mesosphere DC/OS.</p> <p>Orchestrator: A tool that simplifies the management of clusters and Docker hosts. Orchestrators enable you to manage their images, containers, and hosts through a command-line interface (CLI) or a graphical UI. You can manage container networking, configurations, load balancing, service discovery, high availability, Docker host configuration, and more. An orchestrator is responsible for running, distributing, scaling, and healing workloads across a collection of nodes. Typically, orchestrator products are the same products that provide cluster infrastructure, like Kubernetes and Azure Service Fabric, among other offerings in the market.</p>"},{"location":"containers/docker.html#docker-cli","title":"Docker CLI","text":""},{"location":"containers/docker.html#docker-run","title":"<code>docker run</code>","text":"Bash<pre><code>docker run &lt;image&gt;  # run selected app inside a container (downloaded from Docker Hub if missing from image)\ndocker run -d|--detach &lt;image&gt;  # run docker container in the background (does not occupy stdout &amp; stderr)\ndocker run -i|--interactive &lt;image&gt;  # run docker container in interactive mode (read stdin)\ndocker run -t|--tty &lt;image&gt;  # run docker container allocating a pseudo-TTY (show prompts)\ndocker run -p|--publish &lt;host_port&gt;:&lt;container_port&gt; &lt;image&gt;  # map container ports\ndocker run -v|--volume &lt;existing_host_dir&gt;:&lt;container_dir&gt; &lt;image&gt;  # map container directory to a host directory (external volumes)\ndocker run -v|--volume &lt;volume_name&gt;:&lt;container_dir&gt; &lt;image&gt;  # map container directory to a host directory under the docker main folder (external volumes)\ndocker run -e|--env NAME=value &lt;image&gt;  # set container env vars\ndocker run --entrypoint &lt;executable&gt; &lt;args&gt; &lt;image&gt;  # run with a non-default entrypoint\ndocker run --name=&lt;container_name&gt; &lt;image&gt;  # set container name\n</code></pre> <p>Warn: <code>&lt;image&gt;</code> must be last argument</p>"},{"location":"containers/docker.html#docker-container","title":"<code>docker container</code>","text":"Bash<pre><code>docker container ls  # list of currently running containers\ndocker container ls -a|--all  # list of all containers, running and exited\ndocker container rm &lt;container&gt;  # remove one or more containers\ndocker container prune  # remove stopped containers\n\ndocker container inspect &lt;container&gt;  # full details about a container\ndocker container logs &lt;container&gt;  # see container logs\n\ndocker container stop &lt;container&gt;  # stop a running container\ndocker container start &lt;container&gt;  # start a stopped container\n\ndocker container exec &lt;container&gt; &lt;command&gt;  # exec a command inside a container\n</code></pre>"},{"location":"containers/docker.html#docker-image","title":"<code>docker image</code>","text":"Bash<pre><code>docker image ls  # list of existing images\ndocker image rm &lt;image&gt;  # remove one or more images\ndocker image prune &lt;image&gt;  # remove unused images\ndocker image pull &lt;image&gt;  # download an image w/o starting the container\n</code></pre>"},{"location":"containers/docker.html#docker-build","title":"<code>docker build</code>","text":"Bash<pre><code>docker build -t &lt;tag&gt; -f &lt;dockerfile&gt; &lt;context&gt;  # build image with specific tag (usually user/app:version)\ndocker build -t &lt;tag&gt; -f &lt;dockerfile&gt; --build-arg ARG=value &lt;context&gt;  # pass args to ARG steps\n</code></pre>"},{"location":"containers/docker.html#docker-push","title":"<code>docker push</code>","text":"Bash<pre><code>docker push &lt;image&gt;  # publish image to registry (defaults to Docker Hub)\n</code></pre>"},{"location":"containers/docker.html#dockerfile","title":"Dockerfile","text":"Docker<pre><code># starting image or scratch\nFROM &lt;base_image&gt;:&lt;tag&gt;\n\n# run commands (e.g: install dependencies)\nRUN &lt;command&gt;\n\n# define working directory (usually /app)\nWORKDIR &lt;path&gt;\n\n# copy source code into the image in a specified location\nCOPY &lt;src&gt; &lt;dir_in_container&gt;\n\n# accept args from docker run (--build-arg arg_name=value)\nARG &lt;arg_name&gt;\n\n# set env values inside the container\nENV &lt;ENV_VAR&gt; &lt;value&gt;\n\n# Exec form (Preferred form)\nCMD [\"&lt;executable&gt;\", \"&lt;arg1&gt;\", \"&lt;arg2&gt;\"]\nENTRYPOINT [\"&lt;executable&gt;\", \"&lt;arg1&gt;\", \"&lt;arg2&gt;\"]\n\n# Shell form\nCMD &lt;executable&gt; &lt;arg1&gt; &lt;arg2&gt;\nENTRYPOINT &lt;executable&gt; &lt;arg1&gt; &lt;arg2&gt;\n</code></pre>"},{"location":"containers/docker.html#cmd-vs-entrypoint","title":"<code>CMD</code> vs <code>ENTRYPOINT</code>","text":"<p><code>CMD</code> is used to provide all the default scenarios which can be overridden. Anything defined in CMD can be overridden by passing arguments in <code>docker run</code> command.</p> <p><code>ENTRYPOINT</code> is used to define a specific executable (and it's arguments) to be executed during container invocation which cannot be overridden. The user can however define arguments to be passed in the executable by adding them in the <code>docker run</code> command.</p>"},{"location":"containers/docker.html#docker-multi-stage-build","title":"Docker Multi-Stage Build","text":"<p>With multi-stage builds, it's possible to use multiple <code>FROM</code> statements in the Dockerfile. Each <code>FROM</code> instruction can use a different base, and each of them begins a new stage of the build.</p> <p>It's possible to selectively copy artifacts from one stage to another, leaving behind everything not wanted in the final image.</p> Docker<pre><code>FROM &lt;base_image&gt;:&lt;tag&gt; AS &lt;runtime_alias&gt;\nRUN &lt;command&gt;  # install external dependencies (apt get ...)\n\n# --- START of BUILD LAYERS --- #\nFROM &lt;base_image&gt;:&lt;tag&gt; AS &lt;build_alias&gt;\nWORKDIR &lt;app_path&gt;\n\n# install project dependencies\nCOPY &lt;src&gt; &lt;dir_in_container&gt;  # add lockfiles\nRUN &lt;command&gt;  # install project dependencies from lockfiles\n\nCOPY &lt;src&gt; .&lt;dir_in_container&gt;  # bring in all source code\nWORKDIR &lt;build_location&gt;\nARG version\nRUN &lt;command&gt;  # build project\n# --- END of BUILD LAYERS --- #\n\nFROM &lt;runtime_alias&gt; AS &lt;deploy_alias&gt;\nWORKDIR &lt;app_path&gt;\n\n# bring in release build files\nCOPY --from=&lt;build_alias|stage_number&gt; &lt;src&gt; &lt;dir_in_container&gt;\nCMD [\"executable\"]  # run app\n</code></pre> Docker<pre><code>FROM mcr.microsoft.com/dotnet/&lt;runtime|aspnet&gt;:&lt;alpine_tag&gt; AS runtime\nRUN &lt;command&gt;  # install external dependencies (apt get ...)\n\n# --- START of BUILD LAYERS --- #\nFROM mcr.microsoft.com/dotnet/sdk:&lt;tag&gt; as build\nWORKDIR /app\n\n# install project dependencies\nCOPY *.sln ./src\nCOPY src/*.csproj ./src\nRUN dotnet restore\n\n# publish app\nCOPY /src ./src  # bring in all source code\nWORKDIR /app/src  # reposition to build location\nARG version\nRUN dotnet publish &lt;project&gt;|&lt;solution&gt; -c Release -o out /p:Version=$version\n# --- END of BUILD LAYERS --- #\n\nFROM runtime AS final-runtime\nWORKDIR /app\nCOPY --from=build /app/out .\n\nENTRYPOINT [\"dotnet\", \"&lt;project&gt;.dll\"]\n</code></pre>"},{"location":"containers/docker.html#networking","title":"Networking","text":"<p>Starting container networks: <code>bridge</code> (default), <code>none</code>, <code>host</code>.</p> Bash<pre><code>docker run &lt;image&gt; --network=none/host  # specify a non-default network to be used\ndocker run &lt;image&gt; --add-host=&lt;hostname&gt;:&lt;ip&gt;  # add hostname mapping\ndocker network ls  # list all available networks\n</code></pre> <ul> <li>Bridge: Private internal network created by Docker.   All containers ara attached to this network by default and get an IP in the <code>172.17.xxx.xxx-172.12.xxx.xxx</code> series.   Containers can access each other by using the IP <code>172.17.0.1</code>.   It is possible to create multiple sub-networks in the bridge network to isolate groups of containers from each other.</li> <li>Host: Removes any network isolation between the host and the containers. Cannot run multiple containers on the same port.</li> <li>None: Containers are not attached to a network and cannot access other containers or the external network.</li> </ul> <p>Note: Mapping <code>host-gateway</code> to an hostname allows the container to reach the host network even with networks types different from <code>host</code></p>"},{"location":"containers/docker.html#user-defined-networks","title":"User-defined Networks","text":"Bash<pre><code>docker network create --driver NETWORK_TYPE --subnet GATEWAY_TP/SUBNET_MASK_SIZE NETWORK_NAME\n</code></pre>"},{"location":"containers/docker.html#embedded-dns","title":"Embedded DNS","text":"<p>Docker has an internal DNS that allows finding other container by their name instead of their IP. The DNS always runs at the address <code>127.0.0.11</code>.</p>"},{"location":"containers/docker.html#exposing-ports","title":"Exposing Ports","text":"<p>By default, containers on bridge networks don't expose any ports to the outside world. Using the <code>--publish</code> or <code>-p</code> flag makes a port available to services outside the bridge network. This creates a firewall rule in the host, mapping a container port to a port on the Docker host to the outside world.</p> <p>Here are some examples:</p> Flag value Description <code>-p 8080:80</code> Map port <code>8080</code> on the host to TCP port <code>80</code> in the container. <code>-p 192.168.1.100:8080:80</code> Map port <code>8080</code> on the host IP <code>192.168.1.100</code> to TCP port <code>80</code> in the container. <code>-p 8080:80/udp</code> Map port <code>8080</code> on the host to UDP port <code>80</code> in the container. <code>-p 8080:80/tcp -p 8080:80/udp</code> Map TCP and UDP port <code>8080</code> on the host to TCP and UDP port <code>80</code> in the container. <p>Warn: Publishing container ports is insecure by default. A published port it becomes available not only to the host, but to the outside world as well. If the localhost IP address (<code>127.0.0.1</code>, or <code>::1</code>) is included with the publish flag, only the host and its containers can access the published container port.</p> Bash<pre><code>docker run --publish 127.0.0.1:8080:80 --publish '[::1]:8080:80' nginx\n</code></pre>"},{"location":"containers/docker.html#docker-storage","title":"Docker Storage","text":""},{"location":"containers/docker.html#file-system","title":"File System","text":"Bash<pre><code>/var/lib/docker\n|_&lt;storage_driver&gt;\n|_containers\n|_image\n|_network\n|_volumes\n| |_specific_volume\n|_...\n</code></pre>"},{"location":"containers/docker.html#copy-on-write","title":"Copy-On-Write","text":"<p>To modify a file during while the container runs docker creates a local copy in the specific container and the local copy will be modified.</p>"},{"location":"containers/docker.html#volumes","title":"Volumes","text":"<p>volume mounting: create a volume under the docker installation folder (<code>/var/lib/docker/volumes/</code>). bind mounting: link docker to an exiting folder to be used as a volume.</p> Bash<pre><code>docker run -v &lt;existing_dir&gt;:&lt;container_dir&gt; &lt;image&gt;:&lt;tag&gt;  # older command for bind mounting\ndocker run --mount type=bind, source=:&lt;existing_dir&gt;, target=&lt;container_dir&gt; &lt;image&gt;:&lt;tag&gt;  # modern command for bind mounting\n</code></pre>"},{"location":"containers/docker.html#docker-compose","title":"Docker Compose","text":"<p>Compose is a tool for defining and running multi-container Docker applications. With Compose, you use a YAML file to configure your application\u2019s services. Then, with a single command, you create and start all the services from your configuration.</p> <p>Using Compose is basically a three-step process:</p> <ol> <li>Define the app\u2019s environment with a\u00a0<code>Dockerfile</code>\u00a0so it can be reproduced anywhere.</li> <li>Define the services that make up your app in\u00a0<code>docker-compose.yml</code>\u00a0so they can be run together in an isolated environment.</li> <li>Run\u00a0<code>docker-compose up</code>\u00a0and Compose starts and runs the entire app.</li> </ol> YAML<pre><code>version: 3.x\nservices:\n  &lt;service_name&gt;:\n    image: &lt;image_name&gt;\n    image: &lt;image_url&gt;\n    build: &lt;path&gt;  # path to folder containing a Dockerfile to build the image\n    build:\n      context: &lt;path&gt;\n      dockerfile: &lt;*.Dockerfile&gt;\n      args:  # pass args to dockerfile\n        ARG: &lt;value&gt;\n        - ARG=&lt;value&gt;\n    ports: \n      - &lt;host_port&gt;:&lt;container_port&gt;\n    extra_hosts:  # add hostname mappings to container network interface config\n      - &lt;hostname&gt;:&lt;ip&gt;\n      - &lt;hostname&gt;:host-gateway  # map host machine network\n    profiles:  # partition services into sets\n      - &lt;profile_name&gt;\n    networks:  # attach container to one or more networks\n      - &lt;network_name&gt;\n    depends_on:  # make sure dependencies are running before this container\n      - &lt;container_name&gt;\n    environment:  # declare a env vars for this service\n      ENV_VAR: &lt;value&gt;\n      - ENV_VAR=&lt;value&gt;\n    env_file:\n      - &lt;path/to/env/file&gt;  # reusable env file\n    volumes:\n      - \"./&lt;rel/path/to/volume&gt;:&lt;in/container/path/to/data&gt;\"  # service-dedicated volume\n      - \"&lt;volume_name&gt;:&lt;in/container/path/to/data&gt;\"  # reuseable volume\n    healthcheck:\n      disable: &lt;bool&gt;  # set to true to disable\n      test: curl -f http://localhost  # set to [\"NONE\"] to disable\n      interval:  # interval between checks (default 30s)\n      timeout:  # check fail timeout (default 30s)\n      retries:  # num of retries before unhealty (default 3)\n      start_period:  # container init grace pediod (default 5s)\n      start_interval:  # check interval in start period\n\n# reusable volume definitions\nvolumes:\n  - &lt;volume_name&gt;:\n\n# create networks\nnetworks:\n  &lt;network_name&gt;:\n</code></pre>"},{"location":"containers/kubernetes.html","title":"Kubernetes (<code>k8s</code>)","text":""},{"location":"containers/kubernetes.html#cluster-architecture","title":"Cluster Architecture","text":"<p>A Kubernetes cluster consists of a set of worker machines, called nodes, that run containerized applications. Every cluster has at least one worker node.</p> <p>The worker node(s) host the pods that are the components of the application workload. The control plane manages the worker nodes and the pods in the cluster. In production environments, the control plane usually runs across multiple computers and a cluster usually runs multiple nodes, providing fault-tolerance and high availability.</p> <p></p>"},{"location":"containers/kubernetes.html#control-plane","title":"Control Plane","text":"<p>The control plane is the container orchestration layer that exposes the API and interfaces to define, deploy, and manage the lifecycle of containers. It's components are:</p> <ul> <li>kube-apiserver: entrypoint of the cluster that exposes the kubernetes API</li> <li>kube-controller-manager: keeps track of what is happening in the cluster</li> <li>kube-scheduler: ensures pod placement on the nodes based on node resource availability</li> <li>etcd: key-value store used as Kubernetes backing store for all cluster data</li> </ul> <p>Note: in production environment there are at least two control planes to ensure constant availability of their functionalities</p>"},{"location":"containers/kubernetes.html#node","title":"Node","text":"<p>Nodes are the worker machines in kubernetes. The node components are:</p> <ul> <li>kubelet: the agent that runs on each node in the cluster. It makes sure that containers are running in a pod</li> <li>kube-proxy: the network proxy part of the cluster virtual network that allows communication to pods from inside or outside of the cluster</li> <li>container runtime: the software that is responsible for running containers</li> </ul>"},{"location":"containers/kubernetes.html#kubernetes-components","title":"Kubernetes Components","text":""},{"location":"containers/kubernetes.html#pod","title":"Pod","text":"<p>Pods are the smallest unit in kubernetes. They are an abstraction over a set of running containers. The pod abstraction is used to make kubernetes independent from the container technology.</p> <p>Each pod has it's own IP address inside the virtual network of the cluster; this makes pod communication possible. Since pods are ephemeral resources when a pod dies another one will replace it. The new pod will get a new IP address.</p>"},{"location":"containers/kubernetes.html#service","title":"Service","text":"<p>Services are permanent IP addresses and ar used to resolve the issue of changing pod IPs. Each pod can be attached to a service. The lifecycle of a service is detached from a pod. External services are used to make the contents of a pod accessible from the outside of the cluster while internal services are not exposed.</p>"},{"location":"containers/kubernetes.html#ingress","title":"Ingress","text":"<p>Ingresses are the components hat forwards external requests to specific services. Ingresses are used to expose services through secure protocols and friendly URLs instead of service IPs.</p>"},{"location":"containers/kubernetes.html#configmap","title":"ConfigMap","text":"<p>ConfigMaps are external configurations used to store non-confidential data in key-value pairs. Pods can consume ConfigMaps as environment variables, command-line arguments, or as configuration files in a volume.</p> <p>ConfigMaps allow to decouple environment-specific configuration from container images, so that applications are easily portable.</p>"},{"location":"containers/kubernetes.html#secret","title":"Secret","text":"<p>Secrets contains a small amount of sensitive data such as a password, a token, or a key. Such information might otherwise be put in a Pod specification or in a container image.</p> <p>Secrets are similar to ConfigMaps but are specifically intended to hold confidential data.</p> <p>Because Secrets can be created independently of the Pods that use them, there is less risk of the Secret (and its data) being exposed during the workflow of creating, viewing, and editing Pods.  </p> <p>Warn: secrets, by default, are not encrypted: they are stored in base64. Consider using third-party encryption tools.</p>"},{"location":"containers/kubernetes.html#volumes","title":"Volumes","text":"<p>Volumes are physical storage attached to a pod in order to persist data when a pod is shut down.</p> <p>Warn: kubernetes dows not manage data persistance. Backups must be managed externally.</p>"},{"location":"containers/kubernetes.html#deployment","title":"Deployment","text":"<p>Deployments are a description of the desired state of the cluster. The deployment controller changes the actual state to match the desired one.</p> <p>Deployments can be used to manage the scaling of the replicas of a pod.</p>"},{"location":"containers/kubernetes.html#replicaset","title":"ReplicaSet","text":"<p>ReplicaSets are groups of identical pods and are used to guarantee the availability of the replicated application. ReplicaSets are used to manage stateless applications.</p>"},{"location":"containers/kubernetes.html#statefulset","title":"StatefulSet","text":"<p>StatefulSets are group of pods with guarantees about the ordering and uniqueness of the pods. StatefulSets are used to manage pods that need consistent state like databases.</p>"},{"location":"containers/kubernetes.html#daemonset","title":"DaemonSet","text":"<p>DaemonSets ensure the all or some nodes in a cluster run a copy of a specific pod.</p>"},{"location":"containers/kubernetes.html#jobs","title":"Jobs","text":"<p>Jobs create one or more Pods and will continue to retry execution of the Pods until a specified number of them successfully terminate.</p> <p>As pods successfully complete, the Job tracks the successful completions. When a specified number of successful completions is reached, the task is complete.</p>"},{"location":"containers/kubernetes.html#kubernetes-configuration","title":"Kubernetes Configuration","text":"<p>Each kubernetes configuration file is composed by 3 parts:</p> <ul> <li>metadata</li> <li>specification</li> <li>status (generated by k8s)</li> </ul> <p>Note: kubernetes config files are written in YAML</p>"},{"location":"containers/kubernetes.html#kubectl","title":"<code>kubectl</code>","text":""},{"location":"containers/kubernetes.html#kubectl-get","title":"<code>kubectl get</code>","text":"Bash<pre><code>kubectl config get-contexts  # list available contexts\n\nkubectl get namespaces  # list namespaces inside current context\n\nkubectl get pod -n|--namespace &lt;namespace&gt;  # list pods inside namespace\nkubectl get pod [-n|--namespace &lt;namespace&gt;] &lt;pod&gt; -o|--output jsonpath='{.spec.containers[*].name}'  # list containers inside pod\n</code></pre>"},{"location":"containers/kubernetes.html#kubectl-exec","title":"<code>kubectl exec</code>","text":"Bash<pre><code>kubectl exec [-i|--stdin] [-t|--tty] [-n|--namespace &lt;namespace&gt;] &lt;pod&gt; [-c|--container &lt;container&gt;] -- &lt;command&gt;  # execute a command inside a container\n</code></pre>"},{"location":"containers/kubernetes.html#kubectl-logs","title":"<code>kubectl logs</code>","text":"Bash<pre><code>kubectl logs [-f|--follow] [-n|--namespace &lt;namespace&gt;] &lt;pod&gt; [-c|--container]  # get pod/container logs\n</code></pre>"},{"location":"databases/mongo-db.html","title":"MongoDB","text":"<p>The database is a container of collections. The collections are containers of documents.</p> <p>The documents are schema-less that is they have a dynamic structure that can change between documents in the same collection.</p>"},{"location":"databases/mongo-db.html#data-types","title":"Data Types","text":"Type Example Value Function Text <code>\"Text\"</code> Boolean <code>true</code> Number <code>42</code> Objectid <code>\"_id\": {\"$oid\": \"&lt;id&gt;\"}</code> <code>ObjectId(\"&lt;id&gt;\")</code> ISODate <code>\"&lt;key&gt;\": {\"$date\": \"YYYY-MM-DDThh:mm:ss.sssZ\"}</code> <code>ISODate(\"YYYY-MM-DD\")</code> Timestamp <code>Timestamp(11421532)</code> Embedded Document <code>{\"a\": {...}}</code> Embedded Array <code>{\"b\": [...]}</code> <p>It's mandatory for each document ot have an unique field <code>_id</code>. MongoDB automatically creates an <code>ObjectId()</code> if it's not provided.</p>"},{"location":"databases/mongo-db.html#databases-collections-usage","title":"Databases &amp; Collections Usage","text":"<p>To create a database is sufficient to switch towards a non existing one with <code>use &lt;database&gt;</code> (implicit creation). The database is not actually created until a document is inserted.</p> Bash<pre><code>show dbs  # list all databases\nuse &lt;database&gt;  # use a particular database\nshow collections  # list all collection for the current database\n\ndbs.dropDatabase()  # delete current database\n\ndb.createCollection(name, {options})  # explicit collection creation\ndb.&lt;collection&gt;.insertOne({document})  # implicit collection creation\n</code></pre>"},{"location":"databases/mongo-db.html#operators-mql-syntax","title":"Operators (MQL Syntax)","text":"JSON<pre><code>/* --- Update operators --- */\n{ \"$inc\":  { \"&lt;key&gt;\": \"&lt;increment&gt;\", ... } }  // increment value\n{ \"$set\":  { \"&lt;key&gt;\": \"&lt;value&gt;\", ... } }  // set value\n{ \"$unsetset\":  { \"&lt;key&gt;\": \"true\", ... } }  // unset value\n{ \"$push\": { \"&lt;key&gt;\": \"&lt;value&gt;\", ... } }  // add a value to an array field or turn field into array\n{ \"$pop\": { \"&lt;key&gt;\": &lt;-1 | 1&gt;, ... } }  // remove first or last array element\n{ \"$pull\": { \"&lt;key&gt;\": \"&lt;value | condition&gt;\", ... } }  // remove a specific item in the array\n{ \"$pullAll\": { \"&lt;key&gt;\": [ \"&lt;value1&gt;\", \"&lt;value2&gt;\" ... ], ... } }  // remove all specified values from array\n\n/* --- Query Operators --- */\n{ \"&lt;key&gt;\": { \"$in\": [ \"&lt;value_1&gt;\", \"&lt;value_2&gt;\", ...] } } // Membership\n{ \"&lt;key&gt;\": { \"$nin\": [ \"&lt;value_1&gt;\", \"&lt;value_2&gt;\", ...] } }  // Membership\n{ \"&lt;key&gt;\": { \"$exists\": true } }  // Field Exists\n\n/* --- Comparison Operators (DEFAULT: $eq) --- */\n{ \"&lt;key&gt;\": { \"$gt\":  \"&lt;value&gt;\" }}  // &gt;\n{ \"&lt;key&gt;\": { \"$gte\": \"&lt;value&gt;\" }}  // &gt;=\n{ \"&lt;key&gt;\": { \"$lt\":  \"&lt;value&gt;\" }}  // &lt;\n{ \"&lt;key&gt;\": { \"$lte\": \"&lt;value&gt;\" }}  // &lt;=\n{ \"&lt;key&gt;\": { \"$eq\":  \"&lt;value&gt;\" }}  // ==\n{ \"&lt;key&gt;\": { \"$ne\":  \"&lt;value&gt;\" }}  // !=\n\n/* --- Logic Operators (DEFAULT $and) --- */\n{ \"$and\": [ { \"&lt;expression&gt;\" }, ...] }\n{ \"$or\":  [ { \"&lt;expression&gt;\" }, ...] }\n{ \"$nor\": [ { \"&lt;expression&gt;\" }, ...] }\n{ \"$not\": { \"&lt;expression&gt;\" } }\n\n/* --- Array Operators --- */\n{ \"&lt;key&gt;\": { \"$all\": [\"value&gt;\", \"&lt;value&gt;\", ...] } } // field contains all values\n{ \"&lt;key&gt;\": { \"$size\": \"&lt;value&gt;\" } }\n{ \"&lt;array-key&gt;\": { \"$elemMatch\": { \"&lt;item-key&gt;\": \"&lt;expression&gt;\" } } }  // elements in array must match an expression\n\n/* --- REGEX Operator --- */\n{ \"&lt;key&gt;\": { \"$regex\": \"/pattern/\", \"$options\": \"&lt;options&gt;\" } }\n{ \"&lt;key&gt;\": { \"$regex\": \"pattern\", \"$options\": \"&lt;options&gt;\" } }\n{ \"&lt;key&gt;\": { \"$regex\": \"/pattern/&lt;options&gt;\" } }\n{ \"&lt;key&gt;\": \"/pattern/&lt;options&gt;\" }\n</code></pre>"},{"location":"databases/mongo-db.html#expressive-query-operator","title":"Expressive Query Operator","text":"<p>Note:  <code>$&lt;key&gt;</code> is used to access the value of the field dynamically</p> JSON<pre><code>{ \"$expr\": { \"&lt;expression&gt;\" } }  // aggregation expression, variables, conditional expressions\n{ \"$expr\":  { \"$&lt;comparison_operator&gt;\": [ \"$&lt;key&gt;\", \"$&lt;key&gt;\" ] } }  // compare field values (operators use aggregation syntax)\n</code></pre>"},{"location":"databases/mongo-db.html#mongo-query-language-mql","title":"Mongo Query Language (MQL)","text":""},{"location":"databases/mongo-db.html#insertion","title":"Insertion","text":"<p>It's possible to insert a single document with the command <code>insertOne()</code> or multiple documents with <code>insertMany()</code>.</p> <p>Insertion results:</p> <ul> <li>error -&gt; rollback</li> <li>success -&gt; entire documents gets saved</li> </ul> Bash<pre><code># explicit collection creation, all options are optional\ndb.createCollection( &lt;name&gt;,\n   {\n        capped: &lt;boolean&gt;,\n        autoIndexId: &lt;boolean&gt;,\n        size: &lt;number&gt;,\n        max: &lt;number&gt;,\n        storageEngine: &lt;document&gt;,\n        validator: &lt;document&gt;,\n        validationLevel: &lt;string&gt;,\n        validationAction: &lt;string&gt;,\n        indexOptionDefaults: &lt;document&gt;,\n        viewOn: &lt;string&gt;,\n        pipeline: &lt;pipeline&gt;,\n        collation: &lt;document&gt;,\n        writeConcern: &lt;document&gt;\n   }\n)\n\ndb.createCollection(\"name\", { capped: true, size: max_bytes, max: max_docs_num } )  # creation of a capped collection\n# SIZE: int - will be rounded to a multiple of 256\n\n# implicit creation at doc insertion\ndb.&lt;collection&gt;.insertOne({ document }, options)  # insert a document in a collection\ndb.&lt;collection&gt;.insertMany([ { document }, { document }, ... ], options)  # insert multiple docs\ndb.&lt;collection&gt;.insertMany([ { document }, { document } ] , { \"ordered\": false })  # allow the unordered insertion, only documents that cause errors wont be inserted\n</code></pre> <p>Note: If <code>insertMany()</code> fails the already inserted documents are not rolled back but all the successive ones (even the correct ones) will not be inserted.</p>"},{"location":"databases/mongo-db.html#querying","title":"Querying","text":"Bash<pre><code>db.&lt;collection&gt;.findOne()  # find only one document\ndb.&lt;collection&gt;.find(filter)  # show selected documents\ndb.&lt;collection&gt;.find().pretty()  # show documents formatted\ndb.&lt;collection&gt;.find().limit(n)  # show n documents\ndb.&lt;collection&gt;.find().limit(n).skip(k)  # show n documents skipping k docs\ndb.&lt;collection&gt;.find().count()  # number of found docs\ndb.&lt;collection&gt;.find().sort({ \"&lt;key-1&gt;\": 1, ... , \"&lt;key-n&gt;\": -1 })  # show documents sorted by specified keys in ascending (1) or descending (-1) order\n\n# projection\ndb.&lt;collection&gt;.find(filter, { \"&lt;key&gt;\": 1 })  # show selected values form documents (1 or true =&gt; show, 0 or false =&gt; don't show, cant mix 0 and 1)\ndb.&lt;collection&gt;.find(filter, { _id: 0, \"&lt;key&gt;\": 1 })  # only _id can be set to 0 with other keys at 1\ndb.&lt;collection&gt;.find(filter, { \"&lt;array-key&gt;\": { \"$elemMatch\": { \"&lt;item-key&gt;\": \"&lt;expression&gt;\" } } })  # project only elements matching the expression\n\n# sub documents &amp; arrays\ndb.&lt;collection&gt;.find({ \"&lt;key&gt;.&lt;sub-key&gt;.&lt;sub-key&gt;\": \"&lt;expression&gt;\" })\ndb.&lt;collection&gt;.find({ \"&lt;array-key&gt;.&lt;index&gt;.&lt;sub-key&gt;\": \"&lt;expression&gt;\" })\n\n# GeoJSON - https://docs.mongodb.com/manual/reference/operator/query/near/index.html\ndb.&lt;collection&gt;.find(\n    {\n        &lt;location field&gt;: {\n            $near: {\n                $geometry: { type: \"Point\", coordinates: [ &lt;longitude&gt; , &lt;latitude&gt; ] },\n                $maxDistance: &lt;distance in meters&gt;,\n                $minDistance: &lt;distance in meters&gt;\n            }\n        }\n    }\n)\n\ndb.&lt;collection&gt;.find().hint( { \"&lt;key&gt;\": 1 } )  # specify the index\ndb.&lt;collection&gt;.find().hint( \"index-name\" )  # specify the index using the index name\n\ndb.&lt;collection&gt;.find().hint( { $natural : 1 } )  # force the query to perform a forwards collection scan\ndb.&lt;collection&gt;.find().hint( { $natural : -1 } )  # force the query to perform a reverse collection scan\n</code></pre> <p>Note: <code>{ &lt;key&gt;: &lt;value&gt; }</code> in case of a field array will match if the array contains the value</p>"},{"location":"databases/mongo-db.html#updating","title":"Updating","text":"<p>Update Operators</p> Bash<pre><code>db.&lt;collection&gt;.replaceOne(filter, update, options)\ndb.&lt;collection&gt;.updateOne(filter, update, {upsert: true})  # modify document if existing, insert otherwise\n\ndb.&lt;collection&gt;.updateOne(filter, { \"$push\": { ... }, \"$set\": { ... }, { \"$inc\": { ... }, ... } })\n</code></pre>"},{"location":"databases/mongo-db.html#deletion","title":"Deletion","text":"Bash<pre><code>db.&lt;collection&gt;.deleteOne(filter, options)\ndb.&lt;collection&gt;.deleteMany(filter, options)\n\ndb.&lt;collection&gt;.drop()  # delete whole collection\ndb.dropDatabase()  # delete entire database\n</code></pre>"},{"location":"databases/mongo-db.html#mongodb-database-tools","title":"MongoDB Database Tools","text":""},{"location":"databases/mongo-db.html#mongoimport","title":"Mongoimport","text":"<p>Utility to import all docs into a specified collection. If the collection already exists <code>--drop</code> deletes it before reuploading it. WARNING: CSV separators must be commas (<code>,</code>)</p> Bash<pre><code>mongoimport &lt;options&gt; &lt;connection-string&gt; &lt;file&gt;\n\n--uri=&lt;connectionString&gt;\n--host=&lt;hostname&gt;&lt;:port&gt;, -h=&lt;hostname&gt;&lt;:port&gt;\n--username=&lt;username&gt;, -u=&lt;username&gt;\n--password=&lt;password&gt;, -p=&lt;password&gt;\n--collection=&lt;collection&gt;, -c=&lt;collection&gt;  # Specifies the collection to import.\n--ssl  # Enables connection to a mongod or mongos that has TLS/SSL support enabled.\n--type &lt;json|csv|tsv&gt;  # Specifies the file type to import. DEFAULT: json\n--drop  # drops the collection before importing the data from the input.\n--headerline  # if file is CSV and first line is header\n--jsonarray  # Accepts the import of data expressed with multiple MongoDB documents within a single json array. MAX 16 MB\n</code></pre>"},{"location":"databases/mongo-db.html#mongoexport","title":"Mongoexport","text":"<p>Utility to export documents into a specified file.</p> Bash<pre><code>mongoexport --collection=&lt;collection&gt; &lt;options&gt; &lt;connection-string&gt;\n\n--uri=&lt;connectionString&gt;\n--host=&lt;hostname&gt;&lt;:port&gt;, -h=&lt;hostname&gt;&lt;:port&gt;\n--username=&lt;username&gt;, -u=&lt;username&gt;\n--password=&lt;password&gt;, -p=&lt;password&gt;\n--db=&lt;database&gt;, -d=&lt;database&gt;\n--collection=&lt;collection&gt;, -c=&lt;collection&gt;\n--type=&lt;json|csv&gt;\n--out=&lt;file&gt;, -o=&lt;file&gt;  #Specifies a file to write the export to. DEFAULT: stdout\n--jsonArray  # Write the entire contents of the export as a single json array.\n--pretty  # Outputs documents in a pretty-printed format JSON.\n--skip=&lt;number&gt;\n--limit=&lt;number&gt;  # Specifies a maximum number of documents to include in the export\n--sort=&lt;JSON&gt;  # Specifies an ordering for exported results\n</code></pre>"},{"location":"databases/mongo-db.html#mongodump-mongorestore","title":"Mongodump &amp; Mongorestore","text":"<p><code>mongodump</code> exports the content of a running server into <code>.bson</code> files.</p> <p><code>mongorestore</code> Restore backups generated with <code>mongodump</code> to a running server.</p>"},{"location":"databases/mongo-db.html#indexes","title":"Indexes","text":"<p>Indexes support the efficient execution of queries in MongoDB.</p> <p>Without indexes, MongoDB must perform a collection scan (COLLSCAN): scan every document in a collection, to select those documents that match the query statement. If an appropriate index exists for a query, MongoDB can use the index to limit the number of documents it must inspect (IXSCAN).</p> <p>Indexes are special data structures that store a small portion of the collection's data set in an easy to traverse form. The index stores the value of a specific field or set of fields, ordered by the value of the field. The ordering of the index entries supports efficient equality matches and range-based query operations. In addition, MongoDB can return sorted results by using the ordering in the index.</p> <p>Indexes slow down writing operations since the index must be updated at every writing.</p> <p></p>"},{"location":"databases/mongo-db.html#index-types","title":"Index Types","text":"<ul> <li>Normal: Fields sorted by name</li> <li>Compound: Multiple Fields sorted by name</li> <li>Multikey: values of sorted arrays</li> <li>Text: Ordered text fragments</li> <li>Geospatial: ordered geodata</li> </ul> <p>Sparse indexes only contain entries for documents that have the indexed field, even if the index field contains a null value. The index skips over any document that is missing the indexed field.</p>"},{"location":"databases/mongo-db.html#diagnosis-and-query-planning","title":"Diagnosis and query planning","text":"Bash<pre><code>db.&lt;collection&gt;.find({...}).explain()  # explain won't accept other functions\ndb.explain().&lt;collection&gt;.find({...})  # can accept other functions\ndb.explain(\"executionStats\").&lt;collection&gt;.find({...})  # more info\n</code></pre>"},{"location":"databases/mongo-db.html#index-creation","title":"Index Creation","text":"Bash<pre><code>db.&lt;collection&gt;.createIndex( &lt;key and index type specification&gt;, &lt;options&gt; )\n\ndb.&lt;collection&gt;.createIndex( { \"&lt;key&gt;\": &lt;type&gt;, \"&lt;key&gt;\": &lt;type&gt;, ... } )  # normal, compound or multikey (field is array) index\ndb.&lt;collection&gt;.createIndex( { \"&lt;key&gt;\": \"text\" } )  # text index\ndb.&lt;collection&gt;.createIndex( { \"&lt;key&gt;\": 2dsphere } )  # geospatial 2dsphere index\n\n# sparse index\ndb.&lt;collection&gt;.createIndex(\n    { \"&lt;key&gt;\": &lt;type&gt;, \"&lt;key&gt;\": &lt;type&gt;, ... },\n    { sparse: true }  # sparse option\n)\n\n# custom name\ndb.&lt;collection&gt;.createIndex(\n  { &lt;key and index type specification&gt;, },\n  { name: \"index-name\" }  # name option\n)\n</code></pre>"},{"location":"databases/mongo-db.html#index-management","title":"Index Management","text":"Bash<pre><code># view all db indexes\ndb.getCollectionNames().forEach(function(collection) {\n   indexes = db[collection].getIndexes();\n   print(\"Indexes for \" + collection + \":\");\n   printjson(indexes);\n});\ndb.&lt;collection&gt;.getIndexes()  # view collection's index\n\ndb.&lt;collection&gt;.dropIndexes()  # drop all indexes\ndb.&lt;collection&gt;.dropIndex( { \"index-name\": 1 } )  # drop a specific index\n</code></pre>"},{"location":"databases/mongo-db.html#cluster-administration","title":"Cluster Administration","text":""},{"location":"databases/mongo-db.html#mongod","title":"<code>mongod</code>","text":"<p><code>mongod</code> is the main deamon process for MongoDB. It's the core process of the database, handling connections, requests and persisting the data.</p> <p><code>mongod</code> default configuration:</p> <ul> <li>port: <code>27017</code></li> <li>dbpath: <code>/data/db</code></li> <li>bind_ip: <code>localhost</code></li> <li>auth: disabled</li> </ul> <p><code>mongod</code> config file <code>mongod</code> command line options</p>"},{"location":"databases/mongo-db.html#basic-shell-helpers","title":"Basic Shell Helpers","text":"Bash<pre><code>db.&lt;method&gt;()  # database interaction\ndb.&lt;collection&gt;.&lt;method&gt;()  # collection interaction\nrs.&lt;method&gt;();  # replica set deployment and management\nsh.&lt;method&gt;();  # sharded cluster deployment and management\n\n# user management\ndb.createUser()\ndb.dropUser()\n\n# collection management\ndb.renameCollection()\ndb.&lt;collection&gt;.createIndex()\ndb.&lt;collection&gt;.drop()\n\n# database management\ndb.dropDatabase()\ndb.createCollection()\n\n# database status\ndb.serverStatus()\n\n# database command (underlying to shell helpers and drivers)\ndb.runCommand({ \"&lt;COMMAND&gt;\" })\n\n# help\ndb.commandHelp(\"&lt;command&gt;)\n</code></pre>"},{"location":"databases/mongo-db.html#logging","title":"Logging","text":"<p>The process log displays activity on the MongoDB instance and collects activities of various components:</p> <p>Log Verbosity Level:</p> <ul> <li><code>-1</code>: Inherit from parent</li> <li><code>0</code>: Default Verbosity (Information)</li> <li><code>1 - 5</code>: Increases the verbosity up to Debug messages</li> </ul> Bash<pre><code>db.getLogComponents()  # get components and their verbosity\ndb.adminCommand({\"getLog\": \"&lt;scope&gt;\"})  # retrieve logs (getLog must be run on admin db -&gt; adminCommand)\ndb.setLogLevel(&lt;level&gt;, \"&lt;component&gt;\");  # set log level (output is OLD verbosity levels)\n\ntail -f /path/to/mongod.log  # read end og log file\n</code></pre> <p>Note: Log Message Structure: <code>&lt;timestamp&gt; &lt;severity-level&gt; &lt;component&gt; &lt;connection&gt; &lt;event&gt; ...</code></p>"},{"location":"databases/mongo-db.html#database-profiling","title":"Database Profiling","text":"<p>Profiling Levels:</p> <ul> <li><code>0</code>: no profiling</li> <li><code>1</code>: data on operations slower than <code>slowms</code> (default 100ms)</li> <li><code>2</code>: data on all operations</li> </ul> <p>Events captured by the profiler:</p> <ul> <li>CRUD operations</li> <li>Administrative operations</li> <li>Configuration operations</li> </ul> <p>Note: Logs are saved in the <code>system.profile</code> capped collection.</p> Bash<pre><code>db.setProfilingLevel(n)  # set profiler level\ndb.setProfilingLevel(1, { slowms: &lt;ms&gt; })\ndb.getProfilingStatus()  # check profiler status\n\ndb.system.profile.find().limit(n).sort( {} ).pretty()  # see logs\ndb.system.profile.find().limit(n).sort( { ts : -1 } ).pretty()  # sort by decreasing timestamp\n</code></pre>"},{"location":"databases/mongo-db.html#authentication","title":"Authentication","text":"<p>Client Authentication Mechanisms:</p> <ul> <li>SCRAM (Default): Salted Challenge Response Authentication Mechanism</li> <li>X.509: <code>X.509</code> Certificate</li> <li>LADP: Lightweight Directory Access Protocol (Enterprise Only)</li> <li>KERBEROS (Enterprise Only)</li> </ul>"},{"location":"databases/mongo-db.html#authorization-role-based-access-control-rbac","title":"Authorization: Role Based Access Control (RBAC)","text":"<p>Each user has one or more Roles. Each role has one or more Privileges. A privilege represents a group of actions and the resources those actions apply to.</p> <p>By default no user exists so the ONLY way to act is to connect locally to the server. This is the \"localhost exception\" and it closes after the first user is created.</p> <p>Warn: Always create an admin user first (ideally with the <code>userAdmin</code> role)</p> <p>Role's Resources:</p> <ul> <li>specific database and collection: <code>{ \"db\": \"&lt;database&gt;\", \"collection\": \"&lt;collection&gt;\" }</code></li> <li>all databases and collections: <code>{ \"db\": \"\", \"collection\": \"\" }</code></li> <li>any databases and specific collection: <code>{ \"db\": \"\", \"collection\": \"&lt;collections&gt;\" }</code></li> <li>specific database and any collection: <code>{ \"db\": \"&lt;database&gt;\", \"collection\": \"\" }</code></li> <li>cluster resource: <code>{ \"cluster\": true }</code></li> </ul> <p>Role's Privileges: <code>{ resource: { &lt;resource&gt; }, actions: [ \"&lt;action&gt;\" ] }</code></p> <p>A role can inherit from multiple others and can define network restrictions such as Server Address and Client Source.</p> <p>Built-in Roles Groups and Names:</p> <ul> <li>Database User: <code>read</code>, <code>readWrite</code>, <code>readAnyDatabase</code>, <code>readWriteAnyDatabase</code></li> <li>Database Administration: <code>dbAdmin</code>, <code>userAdmin</code>, <code>dbOwner</code>, <code>dbAdminAnyDatabase</code>, <code>userAdminAnyDatabase</code></li> <li>Cluster Administration: <code>clusterAdmin</code>, <code>clusterManager</code>, <code>clusterMonitor</code>, <code>hostManager</code></li> <li>Backup/Restore: <code>backup</code>, <code>restore</code></li> <li>Super User: <code>root</code></li> </ul> Bash<pre><code>db.createUser({\n    user: \"&lt;username&gt;\",\n    pwd: \"&lt;password&gt;\",\n    roles: [ { role: \"&lt;role&gt;\", db: \"&lt;database&gt;\" } ]\n})\n\ndb.createRole({\n    role: \"&lt;role&gt;\",\n    privileges: [\n        { resource: { cluster: true }, actions: [ \"&lt;action&gt;\", ... ] },\n        {\n            resource: { \n                db: \"&lt;database&gt;\",\n                collection: \"&lt;collection&gt;\"\n            },\n            actions: [ \"&lt;action&gt;\", ... ]\n        },\n    ],\n    roles: [\n        { role: \"&lt;role&gt;\", db: \"&lt;database&gt;\" }  # inherited permissions\n    ]\n})\n\n# add role to existing user\ndb.grantRolesToUser(\n    \"&lt;user&gt;\",\n    [\n        { \n            role: \"&lt;role&gt;\"\n            db: \"&lt;database&gt;\",\n            collection: \"&lt;collection&gt;\",\n        }\n    ]\n)\n\n# show role privileges\ndb.runCommand({\n    rolesInfo: { db: \"&lt;database&gt;\", role: \"&lt;role&gt;\" },\n    showPrivileges: true \n})\n</code></pre>"},{"location":"databases/mongo-db.html#replica-set","title":"Replica set","text":"<p>A replica set in MongoDB is a group of <code>mongod</code> processes that maintain the <code>same dataset</code>. Replica sets provide redundancy and high availability, and are the basis for all production deployments.</p>"},{"location":"databases/mongo-db.html#sharding","title":"Sharding","text":"<p>Sharding is a MongoDB concept through which big datasets are subdivided in smaller sets and distributed towards multiple instances of MongoDB. It's a technique used to improve the performances of large queries towards large quantities of data that require al lot of resources from the server.</p> <p>A collection containing several documents is splitted in more smaller collections (shards) Shards are implemented via cluster that are none other a group of MongoDB instances.</p> <p>Shard components are:</p> <ul> <li>Shards (min 2), instances of MongoDB that contain a subset of the data</li> <li>A config server, instance of MongoDB which contains metadata on the cluster, that is the set of instances that have the shard data.</li> <li>A router (or <code>mongos</code>), instance of MongoDB used to redirect the user instructions from the client to the correct server.</li> </ul> <p></p>"},{"location":"databases/mongo-db.html#aggregation-framework","title":"Aggregation Framework","text":"<p>Sequence of operations applied to a collection as a pipeline to get a result: <code>db.collection.aggregate(pipeline, options)</code>. Each step of the pipeline acts on its inputs and not on the original data in the collection.</p>"},{"location":"databases/mongo-db.html#variables","title":"Variables","text":"<p>Variable syntax in aggregations:</p> <ul> <li><code>$key</code>: field path</li> <li><code>$$UPPERCASE</code>: system variable (e.g.: <code>$$CURRENT</code>)</li> <li><code>$$foo</code>: user defined variable</li> </ul>"},{"location":"databases/mongo-db.html#match-aggregation-stage","title":"<code>$match</code> Aggregation Stage","text":"<p>Filters the documents to pass only the documents that match the specified condition(s) to the next pipeline stage.</p> Bash<pre><code>db.&lt;collection&gt;.aggregate([ \n    { \"$match\": { \"&lt;query&gt;\" } },\n\n    # key exists and is an array\n    { $match: { \"&lt;array-key&gt;\": { $elemMatch: { $exists: true } } } }\n})\n</code></pre> <p>Note: <code>$match</code> can contain the <code>$text</code> query operation but it must ber the first in a pipeline Note: <code>$match</code> cannot contain use <code>$where</code> Note: <code>$match</code> uses the same syntax as <code>find()</code></p>"},{"location":"databases/mongo-db.html#project-aggregation-stage","title":"<code>$project</code> Aggregation Stage","text":"<p>Passes along the documents with the requested fields to the next stage in the pipeline. The specified fields can be existing fields from the input documents or newly computed fields.</p> <p><code>$project</code> Array Expression Operators:</p> <ul> <li><code>$filter</code></li> <li><code>$map</code></li> <li><code>$reduce</code></li> </ul> <p><code>$project</code> Arithmetic Expression Operators:</p> <ul> <li><code>$max</code></li> <li><code>$min</code></li> <li><code>$sum</code></li> <li><code>$avg</code></li> </ul> Bash<pre><code>db.&lt;collection&gt;.aggregate([ \n     { \n        \"$project\": { \n            \"_id\": 0,  # discard value\n            \"&lt;key&gt;\": 1,  # keep value\n            \"&lt;key&gt;\": \"$&lt;other-key&gt;\"  # reassign or create field,\n            \"&lt;key&gt;\": { \"&lt;expression&gt;\" } # calculate field value.\n\n            # filter elements in an array\n            \"&lt;key&gt;\": {\n                \"$filter\": {\n                    \"input\": \"$&lt;array-key&gt;\",\n                    \"as\": \"&lt;name-of-item&gt;\",\n                    \"cond\": { \"&lt;bool-expression&gt;\" }\n                }\n            },\n\n            # transform array items\n            \"&lt;key&gt;\": {\n                \"$map\": {\n                    \"input\": \"$&lt;array-key&gt;\",\n                    \"as\": \"&lt;item&gt;\",\n                    \"in\": { \"&lt;expression&gt;\" }\n                    # $$&lt;item&gt; is the current item's value\n                }\n            }\n\n            # apply expression to each element in an array and combine them\n            \"&lt;key&gt;\": {\n                \"$reduce\": {\n                    \"input\": \"&lt;array-key&gt;\",\n                    \"initialValue\": \"&lt;value&gt;\",\n                    \"in\": { \"&lt;expression&gt;\" }\n                    # $$this is current document, $$value is current accumulated value\n                }\n            }\n        }\n    } \n])\n</code></pre>"},{"location":"databases/mongo-db.html#addfields-aggregation-stage","title":"<code>$addFields</code> Aggregation Stage","text":"<p>Adds new fields to documents (can be result of computation). <code>$addFields</code> outputs documents that contain all existing fields from the input documents and newly added fields.</p> Bash<pre><code>db.&lt;collection&gt;.aggregate({\n    { $addFields: { &lt;newField&gt;: &lt;expression&gt;, ... } }\n})\n</code></pre>"},{"location":"databases/mongo-db.html#group-aggregation-stage","title":"<code>$group</code> Aggregation Stage","text":"<p>The $<code>group</code> stage separates documents into groups according to a \"group key\". The output is one document for each unique group key.</p> Bash<pre><code>db.&lt;collection&gt;.aggregate([ \n     { \n        \"$group\": {\n            \"_id\": \"&lt;expression&gt;\",  # Group By Expression (Required)\n            \"&lt;key-1&gt;\": { \"&lt;accumulator-1&gt;\": \"&lt;expression-1&gt;\" },\n            ...\n        } \n    }\n])\n</code></pre>"},{"location":"databases/mongo-db.html#unwind-aggregation-stage","title":"<code>$unwind</code> Aggregation Stage","text":"<p>Deconstructs an array field from the input documents to output a document for each element. Each output document is the input document with the value of the array field replaced by the element</p> Bash<pre><code>db.&lt;collection&gt;.aggregate([ \n     { \"$unwind\": \"&lt;array-key&gt;\" }\n\n     { \n        \"$unwind\": {\n            \"path\": \"&lt;array-key&gt;\",  # array to unwind\n            \"includeArrayIndex\": \"&lt;string&gt;\",  # name of index field\n            \"preserveNullAndEmptyArrays\": &lt;bool&gt;\n        } \n     }\n], { \"allowDiskUse\": &lt;bool&gt; })\n</code></pre>"},{"location":"databases/mongo-db.html#count-aggregation-stage","title":"<code>$count</code> Aggregation Stage","text":"Bash<pre><code>db.&lt;collection&gt;.aggregate([ \n     { \"$count\": \"&lt;count-key&gt;\" }\n])\n</code></pre>"},{"location":"databases/mongo-db.html#sort-aggregation-stage","title":"<code>$sort</code> Aggregation Stage","text":"Bash<pre><code>db.&lt;collection&gt;.aggregate([ \n     { \n        \"$sort\": { \n            \"&lt;key-1&gt;\": \"&lt;sort order&gt;\", \n            \"&lt;key-2&gt;\": \"&lt;sort order&gt;\", \n            ... \n        } \n    }\n], { \"allowDiskUse\": &lt;bool&gt; })\n</code></pre> <p>Note: can take advantage of indexes if early int the pipeline and before any <code>%project</code>, <code>$group</code> and <code>$unwind</code> Note: By default <code>$sort</code> will use up to 10 MB of RAM. Setting <code>allowDiskUse: true</code> will allow for larger sorts</p>"},{"location":"databases/mongo-db.html#skip-aggregation-stage","title":"<code>$skip</code> Aggregation Stage","text":"Bash<pre><code>db.&lt;collection&gt;.aggregate([ \n     { \"$skip\": \"&lt;positive 64-bit integer&gt;\" }\n])\n</code></pre>"},{"location":"databases/mongo-db.html#limit-aggregation-stage","title":"<code>$limit</code> Aggregation Stage","text":"Bash<pre><code>db.&lt;collection&gt;.aggregate([ \n     { \"$limit\": \"&lt;positive 64-bit integer&gt;\" }\n])\n</code></pre>"},{"location":"databases/mongo-db.html#lookup-aggregation-stage","title":"<code>$lookup</code> Aggregation Stage","text":"<p>Performs a left outer join to a collection in the same database to filter in documents from the \"joined\" collection for processing. The <code>$lookup</code> stage adds a new array field to each input document. The new array field contains the matching documents from the \"joined\" collection.</p> <p>Note: To combine elements from two different collections, use the <code>$unionWith</code> pipeline stage.</p> Bash<pre><code>db.&lt;collection&gt;.aggregate([ \n    {\n        \"$lookup\": {\n            \"from\": \"&lt;foreign-collection&gt;\",\n            \"localField\": \"&lt;key&gt;\",\n            \"foreignField\": \"&lt;foreign-collection&gt;.&lt;key&gt;\",\n            \"as\": \"&lt;output array field&gt;\"\n        }\n    }\n])\n</code></pre>"},{"location":"databases/mongo-db.html#graphlookup-aggregation-stage","title":"<code>$graphLookup</code> Aggregation Stage","text":"<p>Performs a recursive search on a collection, with options for restricting the search by recursion depth and query filter.</p> <p>The collection on which the aggregation is performed and the <code>from</code> collection can be the same (in-collection search) or different (cross-collection search)</p> Bash<pre><code>db.&lt;collection&gt;.aggregate([\n    {\n        $graphLookup: {\n            from: &lt;collection&gt;,  # starting collection of the search\n            startWith: &lt;expression&gt;,  # initial value(s) of search\n            connectFromField: &lt;string&gt;,  # source of the connection\n            connectToField: &lt;string&gt;,  # destination of the connection\n            as: &lt;string&gt;,  # array of found documents\n            maxDepth: &lt;number&gt;,  # recursive search depth limit (steps inside from collection)\n            depthField: &lt;string&gt;,  # field containing distance from start\n            restrictSearchWithMatch: &lt;document&gt;  # filter on found documents\n        }\n    }\n], { allowDiskUse: true })\n</code></pre> <p>Note: Having the <code>connectToField</code> indexed will improve search performance Warn: Can exceed the <code>100 Mb</code> memory limit even with <code>{ allowDiskUse: true }</code></p>"},{"location":"databases/mongo-db.html#sortbycount-aggregation-stage","title":"<code>$sortByCount</code> Aggregation Stage","text":"<p>Groups incoming documents based on the value of a specified expression, then computes the count of documents in each distinct group.</p> <p>Each output document contains two fields: an <code>_id</code> field containing the distinct grouping value, and a <code>count</code> field containing the number of documents belonging to that grouping or category.</p> <p>The documents are sorted by count in descending order.</p> Bash<pre><code>db.&lt;collection&gt;.aggregate([\n    { $sortByCount:  &lt;expression&gt; }\n])\n</code></pre>"},{"location":"databases/redis.html","title":"Redis","text":"<p>Redis is in the family of databases called key-value stores.</p> <p>The essence of a key-value store is the ability to store some data, called a value, inside a key. This data can later be retrieved only if we know the exact key used to store it.</p> <p>Often Redis it is called a data structure server because it has outer key-value shell, but each value can contain a complex data structure, such as a string, a list, a hashes, or ordered data structures called sorted sets as well as probabilistic data structures like hyperloglog.</p>"},{"location":"databases/redis.html#redis-commands","title":"Redis Commands","text":""},{"location":"databases/redis.html#server-startup","title":"Server Startup","text":"Bash<pre><code>redis-server  # start the server\nredis-cli\n</code></pre>"},{"location":"databases/redis.html#key-value-pairs","title":"Key-Value Pairs","text":"Bash<pre><code>SET &lt;key&gt; &lt;value&gt; [ EX &lt;seconds&gt; ] # store a key-value pair, TTL optional\nGET &lt;key&gt;  # read a key content\nEXISTS &lt;key&gt;  # check if a key exists\nDEL &lt;key&gt;  # delete a key-value pair\n\nINCR &lt;key&gt;  # atomically increment a number stored at a given key\nINCRBY &lt;key&gt; &lt;amount&gt;  # increment the number contained inside a key by a specific amount\nDECR &lt;key&gt;\nDECRBY &lt;key&gt; &lt;amount&gt;\n\n# re-setting the key will make it permanent (TTL -1)\nEXPIRE &lt;key&gt; &lt;seconds&gt;  # make the key expire after &lt;second&gt; seconds\nTTL &lt;key&gt;  # see remaining seconds before expiry\nPEXPIRE &lt;key&gt; &lt;seconds&gt;  # make the key expire after &lt;second&gt; milli-seconds\nPTTL &lt;key&gt;  # see remaining milli-seconds before expiry\nPERSIST &lt;key&gt;  # make the key permanent\n</code></pre>"},{"location":"databases/redis.html#lists","title":"Lists","text":"<p>A list is a series of ordered values.</p> Bash<pre><code>RPUSH &lt;key&gt; &lt;value1&gt; &lt;value2&gt; ... # add one or more values to the end of the list\nLPUSH &lt;key&gt; &lt;value1&gt; &lt;value2&gt; ...  # add one or more values to the start of a list\n\nLLEN  # number of items in the list\nLRANGE &lt;key&gt; &lt;start_index&gt; &lt;end_index&gt;  # return a subset of the list, end index included. Negative indexes count backwards from the end\n\nLPOP  # remove and return the first item fro the list\nRPOP  # remove and return the last item fro the list\n</code></pre>"},{"location":"databases/redis.html#sets","title":"Sets","text":"<p>A set is similar to a list, except it does not have a specific order and each element may only appear once.</p> Bash<pre><code>SADD &lt;key&gt; &lt;value1&gt; &lt;value2&gt; ... # add one or more values to the set (return 0 if values are already inside)\nSREM &lt;key&gt; &lt;value&gt;  # remove the given member from the set, return 1 or 0 to signal if the member was actually there or not.\nSPOP &lt;key&gt; &lt;value&gt;  # remove and return value from the set\n\nSISMEMBER &lt;key&gt; &lt;value&gt;  # test if value is in the set\nSMEMBERS &lt;key&gt;  # lis of all set items\n\nSUINION &lt;key1&gt; &lt;key2&gt; ...  # combine two or more sets and return the list of all elements.\n</code></pre>"},{"location":"databases/redis.html#sorted-sets","title":"Sorted Sets","text":"<p>Sets are a very handy data type, but as they are unsorted they don't work well for a number of problems. This is why Redis 1.2 introduced Sorted Sets.</p> <p>A sorted set is similar to a regular set, but now each value has an associated score. This score is used to sort the elements in the set.</p> Bash<pre><code>ZADD &lt;key&gt; &lt;score&gt; &lt;value&gt;  # add a value with it's score\n\nZRANGE &lt;key&gt; &lt;start_index&gt; &lt;end_index&gt;  # return a subset of the sortedSet\n\n...\n</code></pre>"},{"location":"databases/redis.html#hashes","title":"Hashes","text":"<p>Hashes are maps between string fields and string values, so they are the perfect data type to represent objects.</p> Bash<pre><code>HSET &lt;key&gt; &lt;field&gt; &lt;value&gt; [ &lt;field&gt; &lt;value&gt; ... ] # set the string of a hash field\nHSETNX &lt;key&gt; &lt;field&gt; &lt;value&gt;  # set the value of a hash field, only if the field does not exist\n\nHEXISTS &lt;key&gt; &lt;field&gt;  # determine if a hash field exists\n\nHLEN &lt;key&gt;  # get the number of fields in a hash\nHSTRLEN &lt;key&gt; &lt;field&gt;  # get the length of the value of a hash field\nHGETALL &lt;key&gt;  # get all fields and values in a hash\nHGET &lt;key&gt; &lt;field&gt;  # get data on a single field\nHKEYS &lt;key&gt;  # get all the fields in a hash\nHVALS &lt;key&gt;  # get all the values in a hash\n\nHDEL &lt;key&gt; &lt;field_1&gt; &lt;field_2&gt; ...  # delete one or more field hashes\n\nHMGET &lt;key&gt; &lt;field&gt; [&lt;field&gt; ...]  # get the values of all the given hash fields\nHMSET &lt;key&gt; &lt;field&gt; &lt;value&gt; [&lt;field&gt; &lt;value&gt; ...]  # set multiple hash fields to multiple values\n\nHINCRBY &lt;key&gt; &lt;field&gt; &lt;amount&gt;  # increment the integer value of a hash field by the given number\nHINCRBYFLOAT &lt;key&gt; &lt;field&gt; &lt;amount&gt; # increment the float value of a hash field by the given amount\n\nHSCAN &lt;key&gt; &lt;cursor&gt; [MATCH &lt;pattern&gt;] [COUNT &lt;count&gt;]  # incrementally iterate hash fields and associated values\n</code></pre>"},{"location":"databases/sql.html","title":"SQL","text":""},{"location":"databases/sql.html#ddl","title":"DDL","text":"SQL<pre><code>show databases;    -- mostra database\nCREATE DATABASE &lt;database&gt;;    -- database creation\nuse &lt;database_name&gt;;    -- usa un database particolare\nexit;    -- exit mysql\n\nshow tables;    -- mostra tabelle del database\n\n-- INLINE COMMENT\n/* MULTI-LINE COMMENT */\n</code></pre>"},{"location":"databases/sql.html#table-creation","title":"Table Creation","text":"SQL<pre><code>CREATE TABLE &lt;table_name&gt;\n    (&lt;field_name&gt; &lt;field_type&gt; &lt;option&gt;,\n    ...);\n</code></pre>"},{"location":"databases/sql.html#primary-key-from-multiple-fields","title":"PRIMARY KEY from multiple fields","text":"SQL<pre><code>CREATE TABLE &lt;table_name&gt;(\n    ...,\n    PRIMARY KEY (&lt;field1&gt;, ...),\n);\n</code></pre>"},{"location":"databases/sql.html#table-field-options","title":"Table Field Options","text":"SQL<pre><code>PRIMARY KEY -- marks primary key as field option\nNOT NULL -- marks a necessary field\nREFERENCES &lt;table&gt; (&lt;field&gt;) -- adds foreign key reference\nUNIQUE (&lt;field&gt;) -- set field as unique (MySQL)\n&lt;field&gt; UNIQUE -- T-SQL\n</code></pre>"},{"location":"databases/sql.html#table-modification","title":"Table Modification","text":"SQL<pre><code>ALTER TABLE &lt;table&gt;\n    ADD PRIMARY KEY (&lt;field&gt;, ...),    -- definition of PK after table creation\n    ADD &lt;field_name&gt; &lt;field_type&gt; &lt;option&gt;;    -- addition of a new field, field will have no value in the table\n\nALTER TABLE &lt;table&gt;\n    CHANGE &lt;field_name&gt; &lt;new_name&gt; &lt;new_type&gt;;\n    ALTER COLUMN &lt;field_name&gt; &lt;new_name&gt; &lt;new_type&gt;;    -- T-SQL\n\nALTER TABLE &lt;table&gt;\n    DROP &lt;field&gt;;\n\nALTER TABLE &lt;table&gt;\n    ADD FOREIGN KEY (&lt;field&gt;) REFERENCES &lt;TABLE&gt; (&lt;FIELD&gt;);\n</code></pre>"},{"location":"databases/sql.html#dml","title":"DML","text":""},{"location":"databases/sql.html#data-insertion","title":"Data Insertion","text":"SQL<pre><code>INSERT INTO &lt;table&gt; (field_1, ...) VALUES (value_1, ...), (value_1, ...);\nINSERT INTO &lt;table&gt; VALUES (value_1, ...), (value_1, ...);    -- field order MUST respect tables's columns order\n</code></pre>"},{"location":"databases/sql.html#data-update","title":"Data Update","text":"SQL<pre><code>UPDATE &lt;table&gt; SET &lt;field&gt; = &lt;value&gt;, &lt;field&gt; = &lt;value&gt;, ... WHERE &lt;condition&gt;;\n</code></pre>"},{"location":"databases/sql.html#data-elimination","title":"Data Elimination","text":"SQL<pre><code>DELETE FROM &lt;table&gt; WHERE &lt;condition&gt;\nDELETE FROM &lt;table&gt; -- empty the table\n</code></pre>"},{"location":"databases/sql.html#data-selection","title":"Data Selection","text":"<p><code>*</code>: denotes all table fields</p> SQL<pre><code>SELECT * FROM &lt;table&gt;;    -- show table contents\nSHOW columns FROM &lt;table&gt;;    -- show table columns\nDESCRIBE &lt;table&gt;;    -- shows table\n</code></pre>"},{"location":"databases/sql.html#alias","title":"Alias","text":"SQL<pre><code>SELECT &lt;field&gt; as &lt;alias&gt;; -- shows &lt;field/funzione&gt; with name &lt;alias&gt;\n</code></pre>"},{"location":"databases/sql.html#conditional-selection","title":"Conditional Selection","text":"SQL<pre><code>SELECT * FROM &lt;table&gt; WHERE &lt;condition&gt;;    -- shows elements that satisfy the condition\nAND, OR, NOT    -- logic connectors\n\nSELECT * FROM &lt;table&gt; WHERE &lt;field&gt; Between &lt;value_1&gt; AND &lt;value_2&gt;;\n</code></pre>"},{"location":"databases/sql.html#ordering","title":"Ordering","text":"SQL<pre><code>SELECT * FROM &lt;table&gt; ORDER BY &lt;field&gt;, ...;    -- shows the table ordered by &lt;field&gt;\nSELECT * FROM &lt;table&gt; ORDER BY &lt;field&gt;, ... DESC;    -- shows the table ordered by &lt;field&gt;, decreasing order\nSELECT * FROM &lt;table&gt; ORDER BY &lt;field&gt;, ... LIMIT n;    -- shows the table ordered by &lt;field&gt;, shows n items\nSELECT TOP(n) * FROM &lt;table&gt; ORDER BY &lt;field&gt;, ...;    -- T-SQL\n</code></pre>"},{"location":"databases/sql.html#grouping","title":"Grouping","text":"SQL<pre><code>SELECT * FROM &lt;table&gt; GROUP BY &lt;field&gt;;\nSELECT * FROM &lt;table&gt; GROUP BY &lt;field&gt; HAVING &lt;condition&gt;;\nSELECT DISTINCT &lt;field&gt; FROM &lt;table&gt;;    -- shows elements without repetitions\n</code></pre>"},{"location":"databases/sql.html#ricerca-caratteri-in-valori","title":"Ricerca caratteri in valori","text":"<p><code>%</code>: any number of characters</p> SQL<pre><code>SELECT * FROM &lt;table&gt; WHERE &lt;field&gt; LIKE '&lt;char&gt;%';    -- selects items in &lt;field&gt; that start with &lt;char&gt;\nSELECT * FROM &lt;table&gt; WHERE &lt;field&gt; LIKE '%&lt;char&gt;';    -- selects items in &lt;field&gt; that end with &lt;char&gt;\nSELECT * FROM &lt;table&gt; WHERE &lt;field&gt; LIKE '%&lt;char&gt;%';    -- selects items in &lt;field&gt; that contain &lt;char&gt;\nSELECT * FROM &lt;table&gt; WHERE &lt;field&gt; NOT LIKE '%&lt;char&gt;%';    -- selects items in &lt;field&gt; that do not contain &lt;char&gt;\n</code></pre>"},{"location":"databases/sql.html#selection-from-multiple-tables","title":"Selection from multiple tables","text":"SQL<pre><code>SELECT a.&lt;field&gt;, b.&lt;field&gt; FROM &lt;table&gt; AS a, &lt;table&gt; AS b\n    WHERE a.&lt;field&gt; ...;\n</code></pre>"},{"location":"databases/sql.html#functions","title":"Functions","text":"SQL<pre><code>SELECT COUNT(*) FROM &lt;field&gt;;    -- count of items in &lt;field&gt;\nSELECT MIN(*) FROM &lt;table&gt;;    -- min value\nSELECT MAX(*) FROM &lt;table&gt;;    -- max value\nSELECT AVG(*) FROM &lt;table&gt;;    -- mean of values\nALL (SELECT ...)\nANY (SELECT ...)\n</code></pre>"},{"location":"databases/sql.html#nested-queries","title":"Nested Queries","text":"SQL<pre><code>SELECT * FROM &lt;table&gt; WHERE EXISTS (SELECT * FROM &lt;table&gt;)  -- selected field existing in subquery\nSELECT * FROM &lt;table&gt; WHERE NOT EXISTS (SELECT * FROM &lt;table&gt;)  -- selected field not existing in subquery\n</code></pre>"},{"location":"databases/sql.html#new-table-from-data","title":"New table from data","text":"<p>Create new table with necessary fields:</p> SQL<pre><code>CREATE TABLE &lt;table&gt; (\n    (&lt;field_name&gt; &lt;field_type&gt; &lt;option&gt;,\n    ...);\n)\n</code></pre> <p>Fill fields with data from table:</p> SQL<pre><code>INSERT INTO &lt;table&gt;\n    SELECT &lt;fields&gt; FROM &lt;TABLE&gt; WHERE &lt;condition&gt;;\n</code></pre>"},{"location":"databases/sql.html#join","title":"Join","text":"SQL<pre><code>SELECT * FROM &lt;table1&gt; JOIN &lt;table2&gt; ON &lt;table1&gt;.&lt;field&gt; = &lt;table2&gt;.&lt;field&gt;;\nSELECT * FROM &lt;table1&gt; LEFT JOIN &lt;table2&gt; ON &lt;condition&gt;;\nSELECT * FROM &lt;table1&gt; RIGHT JOIN &lt;table2&gt; ON &lt;condition&gt;\n</code></pre> <p>Inner Join, Left Join, Right Join, Full Outer Join</p>"},{"location":"databases/sql.html#multiple-join","title":"Multiple Join","text":"SQL<pre><code>SELECT * FROM &lt;table1&gt;\nJOIN &lt;table2&gt; ON &lt;table1&gt;.&lt;field&gt; = &lt;table2&gt;.&lt;field&gt;\nJOIN &lt;table3&gt; ON &lt;table2&gt;.&lt;field&gt; = &lt;table3&gt;.&lt;field&gt;;\n</code></pre> <p>char, nchar, varchar, nvarchar</p>"},{"location":"databases/sql.html#t-sql-mssql-server","title":"T-SQL (MSSQL Server)","text":""},{"location":"databases/sql.html#t-sql-insert-from-table","title":"T-SQL Insert From table","text":"SQL<pre><code>USE [&lt;db_name&gt;]\n\nSET IDENTITY_INSERT [&lt;destination_table&gt;] ON\n\nINSERT INTO &lt;table&gt; (field_1, ...)\n\nSELECT (field_1, ...) FROM &lt;source_table&gt;\n\nSET IDENTITY_INSERT [&lt;destination_table&gt;] OFF\n</code></pre>"},{"location":"databases/sql.html#t-sql-parametric-query","title":"T-SQL Parametric Query","text":"SQL<pre><code>-- variable declaration\nDECLARE @var_name &lt;type&gt;\n\n-- init variable (input parameter)\nSET @var_name = &lt;value&gt;\n\n-- use in query (memorize data)\nSELECT @var_name = COUNT(*)  -- query won't show results in the \"table view\" since param is used in SELECT\nFROM &lt;table&gt; ...\n\n-- display message (query won't show results in the \"table view\")\nPRINT 'Text: ' + @var_name\nPRINT 'Text: ' + CONVERT(type, @var_name)  -- convert data before printing\nGO\n</code></pre>"},{"location":"databases/sql.html#t-sql-view","title":"T-SQL View","text":"<p>A view represents a virtual table. Join multiple tables in a view and use the view to present the data as if the data were coming from a single table.</p> SQL<pre><code>CREATE VIEW &lt;name&gt; AS\nSELECT * FROM &lt;table&gt; ...\n</code></pre>"},{"location":"databases/sql.html#t-sql-stored-procedure","title":"T-SQL Stored Procedure","text":"<p>Stored Procedure How-To T-SQL Stored Procedure</p> <p>Stored Procedure Definition:</p> SQL<pre><code>CREATE PROCEDURE &lt;Procedure_Name&gt;\n    -- Add the parameters for the stored procedure here\n    &lt;@Param1&gt; &lt;Datatype_For_Param1&gt; = &lt;Default_Value_For_Param1&gt;,\n    &lt;@Param2&gt; &lt;Datatype_For_Param2&gt;\nAS\nBEGIN\n    -- SET NOCOUNT ON added to prevent extra result sets from interfering with SELECT statements.\n    SET NOCOUNT ON;  -- don't return number of selected rows\n\n    -- Insert statements for procedure here\n    SELECT ...\nEND\nGO\n</code></pre> <p>Stored Procedure call in query:</p> SQL<pre><code>USE &lt;database&gt;\nGO\n\n-- Stored Procedure call\nEXECUTE &lt;Procedure_Name&gt;\n-- or\nEXEC &lt;Procedure_Name&gt;\n</code></pre>"},{"location":"languages/markdown.html","title":"Markdown Notes","text":""},{"location":"languages/markdown.html#headings","title":"Headings","text":"Markdown<pre><code>Heading 1\n=========\n\nHeading 2\n---------\n\n# Heading 1\n## Heading 2\n### Heading 3\n</code></pre>"},{"location":"languages/markdown.html#text-formatting","title":"Text Formatting","text":"Markdown<pre><code>*Italic*    _Italic_\n**Bold**    __Bold__\n\n~GitHub's strike-trough~\n</code></pre>"},{"location":"languages/markdown.html#links-images","title":"Links &amp; Images","text":"Markdown<pre><code>[link text](http://b.org \"title\")\n\n[link text][anchor]\n[anchor]: http://b.org \"title\"\n\n![alt attribute](http://url/b.jpg \"title\")\n\n![alt attribute][anchor]\n[anchor]: http://url/b.jpg \"title\"\n</code></pre> Markdown<pre><code>&gt; Blockquote\n\n* unordered list        - unordered list\n* unordered list        - unordered list\n* unordered list        - unordered list\n\n1) ordered list         1. ordered list\n2) ordered list         2. ordered list\n3) ordered list         3. ordered list\n\n- [ ] empty checkbox\n- [x] checked checkbox\n</code></pre>"},{"location":"languages/markdown.html#horizontal-rule","title":"Horizontal rule","text":"Markdown<pre><code>---                     ***\n</code></pre>"},{"location":"languages/markdown.html#code","title":"Code","text":"Markdown<pre><code>`inline code`\n\n    ```lang\n    multi-line\n    code block\n    ```\n</code></pre>"},{"location":"languages/markdown.html#table","title":"Table","text":"Markdown<pre><code>| column label | column label | column label  |\n|:-------------|:------------:|--------------:|\n| left-aligned | centered     | right-aligned |\n| row contents | row contents | row contents  |\n</code></pre>"},{"location":"languages/assembly/intel.html","title":"Assembly (Intel)","text":""},{"location":"languages/assembly/intel.html#compiling-linking","title":"Compiling &amp; Linking","text":"Bash<pre><code># compiling\nnasm -g -f elf64 src.asm  # -g adds debug info, -f specifies the 64bit ELF format\n\n# linking\nld -o src src.o  # -o specifies the output name\n</code></pre>"},{"location":"languages/assembly/intel.html#basics","title":"Basics","text":""},{"location":"languages/assembly/intel.html#exports-sections","title":"Exports &amp; Sections","text":"<p>Symbols can be exported to be linked against with the linker</p> <p>Every program in ELF has several sections:</p> <ul> <li><code>data</code>: global variables</li> <li><code>rodata</code>: global constants (read-only data)</li> <li><code>bss</code>: space reserved at program startup</li> <li><code>text</code>: CPU instructions</li> </ul> GAS<pre><code>; export the '_start' symbol for linking\nglobal _start\n\n; specify a section\nsection .data\nsection .text\n</code></pre>"},{"location":"languages/assembly/intel.html#labels-declarations","title":"Labels &amp; Declarations","text":"<p>Anything that's on the beginning of a line and is followed by a colon (<code>:</code>) is a label. Labels generally store addresses.</p> <p>Declaration instructions:</p> <ul> <li><code>db</code>: declare bytes</li> <li><code>dw</code>: declare word (2 bytes)</li> <li><code>dd</code>: declare double word (4 bytes)</li> <li><code>dq</code>: declare quad word (8 bytes)</li> <li><code>equ</code>: set a name to the value of an expression</li> </ul> <p>Note: See the NASM manual, section 3.2.1 for the full list. Note: all byte declarations are Little Endian</p> GAS<pre><code>arr: db 0x12,0x34,0x56,0x78,0x90\n</code></pre>"},{"location":"languages/assembly/intel.html#registers","title":"Registers","text":"<p>There are several registers available on x86_64. Some serve a specific purposes (e.g. registers for storing floating point ; numbers), while others are called \"general purpose\" registers.</p> <p>There are 16 of them:</p> <ul> <li><code>rax</code>: accumulator</li> <li><code>rbx</code>: base</li> <li><code>rcx</code>: counter</li> <li><code>rdx</code>: destination</li> <li><code>rsp</code> and <code>rbp</code>: stack pointer and base pointer</li> <li><code>rsi</code> and <code>rdi</code>: source and destination index</li> <li><code>r8</code> through <code>r15</code>: lack of creativity</li> </ul> <p>The prefix <code>r</code> means that instructions will use all 64 bits in the registers.  </p> <p>For all those registers, except <code>r8</code> through <code>r15</code>, it's possible to access:</p> <ul> <li>the lowest 32 bits with <code>e</code> prefix (e.g. <code>eax</code>, <code>ebp</code>)</li> <li>the lowest 16 bits without any prefix (e.g. <code>ax</code>, <code>si</code>)</li> </ul> <p>For registers <code>rax</code> through <code>rdx</code>, it's possible to access:</p> <ul> <li>the lowest byte with the <code>l</code> suffix, replacing the trailing <code>x</code> (e.g. <code>al</code>)</li> <li>the highest byt in the 16 bits with the <code>h</code> suffix, in the same way (e.g. <code>ah</code>)</li> </ul>"},{"location":"languages/assembly/intel.html#instructions","title":"Instructions","text":"<p>Instructions are operations that the CPU knowns how to execute directly. They are separated from their operands by whitespace, and the operands are separated from other with commas.</p> GAS<pre><code>&lt;instr&gt; &lt;operand1&gt;, &lt;operand2&gt;, ..., &lt;operand_n&gt;\n\n; Intel syntax dictates the first operand is the destination, and the second is the source\n&lt;instr&gt; DEST, SOURCE\n</code></pre> GAS<pre><code>mov eax, 0x12345678  ; copies 4 bytes to eax\ninc rdi  ; INC: increment\ndec rsi  ; DEC: decrement\n</code></pre>"},{"location":"languages/assembly/intel.html#add","title":"<code>add</code>","text":"<p>Adds the two operands and stores the result in the destination.</p> GAS<pre><code>add rdi, rbx  ; Equivalent to rdi += rbx\n</code></pre>"},{"location":"languages/assembly/intel.html#sub","title":"<code>sub</code>","text":"<p>Subtract the two operands and stores the result in the destination.</p> GAS<pre><code>sub rsi, rbx  ; Equivalent to rsi -= rbx\n</code></pre>"},{"location":"languages/assembly/intel.html#mul-div-imul-idiv","title":"<code>mul</code>, <code>div</code>, <code>imul</code>, <code>idiv</code>","text":"<p><code>mul</code> and <code>div</code> interpret their  operands as unsigned integers. <code>imul</code> and <code>idiv</code> interpret their operands as signed integers in two's complement.</p> <p><code>mul</code> and <code>div</code> instructions take a single operand because they use fixed registers for the other number.</p> <p>For <code>mul</code>, the result is <code>rax</code> * <code>&lt;operand&gt;</code>, and it's a 128-bit value stored in <code>rdx:rax</code>, meaning the 64 lower bits are stored in <code>rdx</code>, while the 64 upper bits are stored in <code>rax</code>.</p> <p>For <code>div</code>, the operand is the divisor and the dividend is <code>rdx:rax</code>, meaning it's a 128-bit value whose 64 upper bits are in <code>rdx</code> and whose 64 lower bits are in <code>rax</code>. The quotient is a 64-bit value stored in <code>rax</code>, and the remainder is also a 64-bit value, stored in <code>rdx</code>.</p>"},{"location":"languages/assembly/intel.html#and-or-xor","title":"<code>and</code>, <code>or</code>, <code>xor</code>","text":"GAS<pre><code>and rdi, rsi  ; bitwise AND\nor rdi, rsi  ; bitwise OR\nxor rdi, rsi  ; bitwise XOR\n</code></pre>"},{"location":"languages/assembly/intel.html#shr-shl","title":"<code>shr</code>, <code>shl</code>","text":"GAS<pre><code>shr rsi, 2  ; right (logical) bitshift: equivalent to rsi &gt;&gt; 2\nshl rsi, 3  ; left (logical) bitshift: equivalent to rsi &lt;&lt; 3\n</code></pre> <p>Note: there's <code>sar</code> for arithmetic right shift and <code>sal</code> for arithmetic shift left.</p>"},{"location":"languages/assembly/riscv.html","title":"Assembly (RISC-V)","text":"<p>Assembly programs are encoded as plain text files and contain four main elements:</p> <ul> <li>Comments: comments are textual notes that are often used to document information on the code.</li> <li>Labels: labels are \"markers\" that represent program locations.</li> <li>Instructions: Assembly instructions are instructions that are converted by the assembler into machine instructions.</li> <li>Directives: Assembly directives are commands used to coordinate the assembling process.</li> </ul>"},{"location":"languages/assembly/riscv.html#assembly-language","title":"Assembly Language","text":""},{"location":"languages/assembly/riscv.html#labels","title":"Labels","text":"<p>Labels are \"markers\" that represent program locations. They can be inserted into an assembly program to \"mark\" a program position so that it can be referred to by assembly instructions.</p> GAS<pre><code>x:  # &lt;-- label definition\n  .word 10\n\nsum:\n  lw a0, x\n  addi a0, a0, 10\n  ret\n</code></pre> <p>Assemblers usually accept two kinds of labels: symbolic and numeric labels.</p> <p>Symbolic labels are de\ufb01ned by an identifier followed by <code>:</code>. They are stored as symbols in the symbol table and are often used to identify global variables and routines.</p> <p>Numeric labels are de\ufb01ned by a single decimal digit followed by <code>:</code>. They are used for local reference and are not included in the symbol table of executable files. They can be redefined repeatedly in the same assembly program.  </p> <p>References to numeric labels contain a suffix that indicates whether the reference is to a numeric label positioned before (<code>b</code> suffix) or after (<code>f</code> suffix) the reference.</p>"},{"location":"languages/assembly/riscv.html#symbols","title":"Symbols","text":"<p>Program symbols are \"names\" that are associated with numerical values and the symbol table is a data structure that maps each program symbol to its value. Labels are automatically converted into program symbols by the assembler and associated with a numerical value that represents its position in the program, which is a memory address.</p> <p>It's possible to explicitly define symbols with the <code>.set</code> (or <code>.equ</code>) directive.</p> GAS<pre><code>.set answer, 42\n\nget_answer:\n  li a0, answer\n  ret\n</code></pre>"},{"location":"languages/assembly/riscv.html#references-relocations","title":"References &amp; Relocations","text":"<p>Each reference to a label must be replaced by an address during the assembling and linking processes. Relocation is the process in which the code and data are assigned new memory addresses so that they do not conflict with addresses of coming from the other linked sources.</p> <p>The relocation table is a data structure that contains information that describes how the program instructions and data need to be modi\ufb01ed to re\ufb02ect the addresses reassignment. Each object \ufb01le contains a relocation table and the linker uses their information to adjust the code when performing the relocation process.</p>"},{"location":"languages/assembly/riscv.html#global-vs-local-symbols","title":"Global vs Local Symbols","text":"<p>Symbols are classified as local or global symbols.</p> <p>Local symbols are only visible on the same \ufb01le, i.e., the linker does not use them to resolve undefined references on other files. Global symbols, on the other hand, are used by the linker to resolve undefined reference on other files.</p> <p>By default, the assembler registers labels as local symbols. The <code>.globl</code> directive instructs the assembler to register a label as a global symbol.</p> GAS<pre><code>.globl exit\n\nexit:\n  li a0, 0\n  li a7, 93\n  ecall\n</code></pre>"},{"location":"languages/assembly/riscv.html#program-entry-point","title":"Program Entry Point","text":"<p>Every program has an entry point: the point from which the CPU must start executing the program. The entry point is de\ufb01ned by an address, which is the address of the first instruction that must be executed.</p> GAS<pre><code>.globl start # &lt;-- program entry point \n</code></pre> <p>Note: the <code>start</code> label must be registered as a global symbol for the linker to recognize it as the entry point.</p>"},{"location":"languages/assembly/riscv.html#program-sections","title":"Program Sections","text":"<p>Executable and object files, and assembly programs are usually organized in sections. A section may contain data or instructions, and the contents of each section are mapped to a set of consecutive main memory addresses.</p> <p>The following sections are often present on executable files generated for Linux-based systems:</p> <ul> <li><code>.text</code>: a section dedicated to store the program instructions.</li> <li><code>.data</code>: a section dedicated to store initialized global variables.</li> <li><code>.bss</code>: a section dedicated to store uninitialized global variables.</li> <li><code>.rodata</code>: a section dedicated to store constants.</li> </ul> <p>When linking multiple object files, the linker groups information from sections with the same name and places them together into a single section on the executable \ufb01le.</p> <p>To instruct the assembler to add the assembled information into other sections, the programmer (or the compiler) may use the <code>.section &lt;name&gt;</code> directive.</p> GAS<pre><code>.section .text\n\nupdate_y:\n  la t1, y\n  sw a0, (t1)\n  ret\n\nupdate_x:\n  la t1, x\n  sw a0, (t1)\n  ret\n\n.section .data\n\nx: .word 10\ny: .word 12\n</code></pre>"},{"location":"languages/assembly/riscv.html#assembly-instructions","title":"Assembly Instructions","text":"<p>Assembly instructions are instructions that are converted by the assembler into machine instructions. They are usually encoded as a string that contains a mnemonic and a sequence of parameters, known as operands.</p> <p>A pseudo-instruction is an assembly instruction that does not have a corresponding machine instruction on the ISA, but can be translated automatically by the assembler into one or more alternative machine instructions to achieve the same effect.</p> <p>The operands of assembly instructions may contain:</p> <ul> <li>A register name: a register name identifies one of the ISA registers.</li> </ul> <ul> <li>An immediate value: an immediate value is a numerical constant that is directly encoded into the machine instruction as a sequence of bits.</li> <li>A symbol name: symbol names identify symbols on the symbol table and are replaced by their respective values during the assembling and linking processes.   Their value are encoded into the machine instruction as a sequence of bits.</li> </ul>"},{"location":"languages/assembly/riscv.html#immediate-values","title":"Immediate Values","text":"<p>Immediate values are represented on assembly language by a sequence of alphanumeric characters.</p> <ul> <li>Sequences started with the <code>0x</code> and the <code>0b</code> prefixes are interpreted as hexadecimal and binary numbers, respectively.  </li> <li>Octal numbers are represented by a sequence of numeric digits starting with digit <code>0</code>.  </li> <li>Sequences of numeric digits starting with digits <code>1</code> to <code>9</code> are interpreted as decimal numbers.</li> <li>Alphanumeric characters represented between single quotation marks are converted to numeric values using the ASCII table</li> <li>To denote a negative integer, it suffices to add the <code>-</code> prefix.</li> </ul> GAS<pre><code>li a0, 10        # load value ten into register a0\n2 li a1, 0xa     # load value ten into register a1\n3 li a2, 0b1010  # load value ten into register a2\n4 li a3, 012     # load value ten into register a3\n5 li a4, \u20190\u2019     # load value forty eight into register a4\n6 li a5, \u2019a\u2019     # load value ninety seven into register a5\n</code></pre>"},{"location":"languages/assembly/riscv.html#the-value-directives","title":"The <code>.&lt;value&gt;</code> Directives","text":"<p>The <code>.byte</code>, <code>.half</code>, <code>.word</code>, and <code>.dword</code> directives add one or more values to the active section. Their arguments may be expressed as immediate values, symbols (which are replaced by their value during the assembling and linking processes) or by arithmetic expressions that combine both.</p> <p>The <code>.string</code>, <code>.asciz</code>, and <code>.ascii</code> directives add strings to the active section. The string is encoded as a sequence of bytes.</p> Directive Arguments Description <code>.byte</code> <code>expr [, expr]*</code> Emit one or more 8bit comma separated words <code>.half</code> <code>expr [, expr]*</code> Emit one or more 16bit comma separated words <code>.word</code> <code>expr [, expr]*</code> Emit one or more 32bit comma separated words <code>.dword</code> <code>expr [, expr]*</code> Emit one or more 64bit comma separated words <code>.string</code> <code>string</code> Emit <code>NULL</code> terminated string <code>.asciz</code> <code>string</code> Alias for <code>.string</code> <code>.ascii</code> <code>string</code> Emit string without <code>NULL</code> character"},{"location":"languages/assembly/riscv.html#the-set-and-equ-directives","title":"The <code>.set</code> and <code>.equ</code> directives","text":"<p>The <code>.set name, expression</code> directive adds a symbol to the symbol table. It takes a name and an expression as arguments, evaluates an expression to a value and store the name and the resulting value into the symbol table.</p> <p>The <code>.equ</code> directive performs the same task as the .set directive.</p>"},{"location":"languages/assembly/riscv.html#the-globl-directive","title":"The <code>.globl</code> directive","text":"<p>The <code>.globl</code> directive can be used to turn local symbols into global ones.</p> GAS<pre><code>.global start\n.global max_value\n\n.set max_value, 42\n\nstart:\n  li a0, max_value\n  jal process_temp\n  ret\n</code></pre>"},{"location":"languages/assembly/riscv.html#the-skip-directive","title":"The <code>.skip</code> directive","text":"<p>The <code>.bss</code> section is dedicated for storing uninitialized global variables. These variables need to be allocated on memory, but they do not need to be initialized by the loader when a program is executed. As a consequence, their initial value do not need to be stored on executable nor object files.</p> <p>To allocate variables on the <code>.bss</code> section it suffices to declare a label to identify the variable and advance the <code>.bss</code> location counter by the amount of bytes the variable require, so further variables are allocated on other address. The <code>.skip N</code> directive is a directive that advances the location counter by <code>N</code> units and can be used to allocate space for variables on the <code>.bss</code> section.</p> GAS<pre><code>.section .bss\nx: .skip 4\ny: .skip 80\nz: .skip 4\n</code></pre>"},{"location":"languages/assembly/riscv.html#the-align-directive","title":"The <code>.align</code> directive","text":"<p>Some ISA's require instructions or multi-byte data to be stored on addresses that are multiple of a given number.</p> <p>The proper way of ensuring the location counter is aligned is by using the <code>.align N</code> directive. The <code>.align N</code> directive checks if the location counter is a multiple of <code>2^N</code>, if it is, it has no effect on the program, otherwise, it advances the location counter to the next value that is a multiple of <code>2^N</code>.</p>"},{"location":"languages/bash/commands.html","title":"Bash Commands","text":"<p>Note: Square brackets (<code>[]</code>) denotes optional commands/flags/arguments. Uppercase denotes placeholders for arguments.</p>"},{"location":"languages/bash/commands.html#basic-commands","title":"Basic Commands","text":""},{"location":"languages/bash/commands.html#elevated-privileges-and-users","title":"Elevated Privileges and Users","text":"<p>sudo vs su</p> Bash<pre><code>sudo su  # login as root (user must be sudoers, root password not required) DANGEROUS\nsudo -s  # act as root and inherit current user environment (env as is now, along current dir and env vars) SAFE (can modify user environment)\nsudo -i  # act as root and and use a clean environment (goes to user's home, runs .bashrc) SAFEST\nsudo COMMAND  # run a command w\\ root permissions\nsudo -u USER COMMAND # run command as user\n\nsu  # become root (must know root password) DANGEROUS\nsu - USER  # change user and load it's home folder\nsu USER  # change user but don't load it's home folder\n</code></pre>"},{"location":"languages/bash/commands.html#getting-info","title":"Getting Info","text":"Bash<pre><code>man COMMAND  # show command manual\nhelp COMMAND  # show command info\nwhatis COMMAND  # one-line command explanation\napropos COMMAND  # search related commands\nwhich COMMAND  # locate a command\nhistory  # list of used commands\n\nid  # Print user and group information for the specified USER, or (when USER omitted) for the current user\n</code></pre>"},{"location":"languages/bash/commands.html#moving-showing-directory-contents","title":"Moving &amp; Showing Directory Contents","text":"Bash<pre><code>pwd  # print working (current) directory\nls [option]... [FILE]...   # list directory contents (\"list storage\")\ncd rel_path  # change directory to path (rel_path must be inside current directory)\ncd abs_path  # change directory to path\ncd ..  # change directory to parent directory\ncd ~  # go to /home\ncd -  # go to previous directory\npushd PATH  # go from current directory to path\npopd  # return to previous directory (before pushd)\n</code></pre>"},{"location":"languages/bash/commands.html#creating-reading-copying-moving-modifying-files-and-directories","title":"Creating, Reading, Copying, Moving, Modifying Files And Directories","text":"Bash<pre><code>touch FILE  # change FILE timestamp fi exists, create file otherwise\ncat [FILE]  # concatenate files and print on standard output (FD 1)\ncat &gt;&gt; FILE  # append following content ot file (Ctrl+D to stop)\nfile FILE  # discover file extension and format\nstat FILE  # display file or file system status\n\ntail  # output the last part of a file\ntail [-nNUM]  # output the last NUM lines\n\nmore  # filter for paging through text one screenful at a time\nless  # opposite of more (display big file in pages), navigate with arrow keys or space bar\n\ncut  # remove sections from each line of files\ncut -[d --delimiter=DELIM]  # use DELIM instead of TAB for field delimiter\ncut [-f --fields=LIST]  # select only these fields\n\ndf  # report file system disk space usage\n\nrm FILE  # remove file or directories\nrm DIRECTORY -r  # remove directory an all its contents (recursive)\nrmdir DIRECTORY  # remove directory only if is empty\n\nmkdir DIRECTORY  # make directories\n\nmv SOURCE DESTINATION  # move or rename files\nmv SOURCE DIRECTORY  # move FILE to DIRECTORY\n\ncp SOURCE DESTINATION  # copy SOURCE to DESTINATION\n</code></pre>"},{"location":"languages/bash/commands.html#files-permissions-ownership","title":"Files Permissions &amp; Ownership","text":"Bash<pre><code>chmod MODE FILE  # change file (or directory) permissions\nchmod OCTAL-MODE FILE  # change file (or directory) permissions\n\nchown [OPTION]... [OWNER][:[GROUP]] FILE...  # change file owner and group\nchgrp [OPTION]... GROUP FILE...  # change group ownership\n</code></pre> <p>File Permissions:</p> <ul> <li><code>r</code>: Read. Can see file content</li> <li><code>w</code>: Write. Can modify file content</li> <li><code>x</code>: Execute. Can execute file</li> </ul> <p>Directory Permissions:</p> <ul> <li><code>r</code>: Read. Can see dir contents</li> <li><code>w</code>: CRUD. Can create, rename and delete files</li> <li><code>x</code>: Search. Can access and navigate inside the dir. Necessary to operate on files</li> </ul> <p>Common Octal Files Permissions:</p> <ul> <li><code>777</code>: (<code>rwxrwxrwx</code>) No restrictions on permissions. Anybody may do anything. Generally not a desirable setting.</li> <li><code>755</code>: (<code>rwxr-xr-x</code>) The file's owner may read, write, and execute the file. All others may read and execute the file. This setting is common for programs that are used by all users.</li> <li><code>700</code>: (<code>rwx------</code>) The file's owner may read, write, and execute the file. Nobody else has any rights. This setting is useful for programs that only the owner may use and must be kept private from others.</li> <li><code>666</code>: (<code>rw-rw-rw-</code>) All users may read and write the file.</li> <li><code>644</code>: (<code>rw-r--r--</code>) The owner may read and write a file, while all others may only read the file. A common setting for data files that everybody may read, but only the owner may change.</li> <li><code>600</code>: (<code>rw-------</code>) The owner may read and write a file. All others have no rights. A common setting for data files that the owner wants to keep private.</li> </ul> <p>Common Octal Directory Permissions:</p> <ul> <li><code>777</code>: (<code>rwxrwxrwx</code>) No restrictions on permissions. Anybody may list files, create new files in the directory and delete files in the directory. Generally not a good setting.</li> <li><code>755</code>: (<code>rwxr-xr-x</code>) The directory owner has full access. All others may list the directory, but cannot create files nor delete them. This setting is common for directories that you wish to share with other users.</li> <li><code>700</code>: (<code>rwx------</code>) The directory owner has full access. Nobody else has any rights. This setting is useful for directories that only the owner may use and must be kept private from others.</li> </ul>"},{"location":"languages/bash/commands.html#finding-files-and-directories","title":"Finding Files And Directories","text":"Bash<pre><code>find [path] [expression]   # search file in directory hierarchy\nfind [start-position] -type f -name FILENAME  # search for a file named \"filename\"\nfind [start-position] -type d -name DIRNAME  # search for a directory named \"dirname\"\nfind [path] -exec &lt;command&gt; {} \\;  # execute command on found items (identified by {})\n\n[[ -f \"path\" ]]  # test if a file exists\n[[ -d \"path\" ]]  # test if a folder exists\n[[ -L \"path\" ]]  # test if is symlink\n</code></pre>"},{"location":"languages/bash/commands.html#other","title":"Other","text":"Bash<pre><code>tee  # copy standard input and write to standard output AND files simultaneously\ntee [FILE]\ncommand | sudo tee FILE  # operate on file w/o using shell as su\n\necho  # display a line of text\necho \"string\" &gt; FILE  # write lin of text to file\necho \"string\" &gt;&gt; FILE  # append line of text to end of file (EOF)\n\nwget URL  # download repositories to linux machine\n\ncurl  # download the contents of a URL\ncurl [-I --head]  # Fetch the headers only\n\nps [-ax]  # display processes\nkill &lt;PID&gt;   # kill process w/ Process ID &lt;PID&gt;\nkillall PROCESS  # kill process by nane\n\ngrep  # search through a string using a REGEX\ngrep [-i]  # grep ignore case\n\nsource script.sh  # load script as a command\ndiff FILES  # compare files line by line\n\n# sudo apt install shellcheck\nshellcheck FILE  # shell linter\n\nxargs [COMMAND]  # build and execute command lines from standard input\n# xargs reads items form the standard input, delimited by blanks or newlines, and executes the COMMAND one or more times with the items as arguments\nwatch [OPTIONS] COMMAND  # execute a program periodically, showing output full-screen\nwatch -n SECONDS COMMAND  # execute command every SECONDS seconds (no less than 0.1 seconds)\n</code></pre>"},{"location":"languages/bash/commands.html#data-wrangling","title":"Data Wrangling","text":"<p>Data wrangling is the process of transforming and mapping data from one \"raw\" data form into another format with the intent of making it more appropriate and valuable for a variety of downstream purposes such as analytics.</p> Bash<pre><code>sed  # stream editor for filtering and transforming text\nsed -E \"s/REGEX/replacement/\"  # substitute text ONCE (-E uses modern REGEX)\nsed -E \"s/REGEX/replacement/g\"  # substitute text multiple times (every match)\n\nwc [FILE] # print newline, word and byte count for each file\nwc [-m --chars] FILE  # print character count\nwc [-c --bytes] FILE  # print bytes count\nwc [-l --lines] FILE  # print lines count\nwc [-w --words] FILE  # print word count\n\nsort [FILE]  # sort lines of a text file\n\nuniq [INPUT [OUTPUT]]  # report or omit repeated lines (from INPUT to OUTPUT)\nuniq [-c --count]  # prefix lines w/ number of occurrences\nuniq [-d --repeated]  # print only duplicare lines, one for each group\nuniq [-D]  # print only duplicare lines\n\npaste [FILE]  # merge lines of files\npaste [-d --delimiters=LIST]  # use delimiters from LIST\npaste [- --serial]  # paste one file at a time instead of in parallel\n\nawk '{program}'  # pattern scanning and processing language\nawk [-f --file PROGRAM_FILE]  # read program source from PROGRAM_FILE instead of from first argument\n\nbc [-hlwsqv long-options] [FILE]  # arbitrary precision calculator language\nbc [-l --mathlib] [FILE]  # use standard math library\n</code></pre>"},{"location":"languages/bash/scripting.html","title":"Bash Scripting","text":"<p>Bash Manual</p> <p><code>Ctrl+Shift+C</code>: copy <code>Ctrl+Shift+C</code>: paste</p>"},{"location":"languages/bash/scripting.html#bash-use-modes","title":"Bash Use Modes","text":"<p>Interactive mode \u2192 shell waits for user's commands Non-interactive mode \u2192 shell runs scripts</p>"},{"location":"languages/bash/scripting.html#file-directories-permissions","title":"File &amp; Directories Permissions","text":"<p>File:</p> <ul> <li><code>r</code>: Read. Can see file content</li> <li><code>w</code>: Write. Can modify file content</li> <li><code>x</code>: Execute. Can execute file</li> </ul> <p>Directory:</p> <ul> <li><code>r</code>: Read. Can see dir contents</li> <li><code>w</code>: CRD. Can create, rename and delete files</li> <li><code>x</code>: Search. Can access and navigate inside the dir. Necessary to operate on files</li> </ul>"},{"location":"languages/bash/scripting.html#file-descriptors","title":"File Descriptors","text":"<p><code>FD 0</code> \"standard input\"    \u2192 Channel for standard input (default keyboard) <code>FD 1</code> \"standard output\"   \u2192 Channel for the default output (default screen) <code>FD 2</code> \"standard error\"    \u2192 Channel for error messages, info messages, prompts (default keyboard) File descriptors chan be joined to create streams that lead to files, devices or other processes.</p> <p>Bash gets commands by reading lines. As soon as it's read enough lines to compose a complete command, bash begins running that command. Usually, commands are just a single line long. An interactive bash session reads lines from you at the prompt. Non-interactive bash processes read their commands from a file or stream. Files with a shebang as their first line (and the executable permission) can be started by your system's kernel like any other program.</p>"},{"location":"languages/bash/scripting.html#first-line-of-bash","title":"First Line Of Bash","text":"<p><code>#!/bin/env bash</code> shebang indicating which interpreter to use</p>"},{"location":"languages/bash/scripting.html#simple-command","title":"Simple Command","text":"Bash<pre><code>[ var=value ... ] command [ arg ... ] [ redirection ... ]  # [.] is optional component\n</code></pre>"},{"location":"languages/bash/scripting.html#pipelines-commands-concatenation","title":"Pipelines (commands concatenation)","text":"Bash<pre><code>command | file.ext  # link the first process' standard output to the second process' standard input\ncommand |&amp; file.ext  # link the first process' standard output &amp; standard error to the second process' standard input\n</code></pre>"},{"location":"languages/bash/scripting.html#lists-sequence-of-commands","title":"Lists (sequence of commands)","text":"Bash<pre><code>command_1; command_2; ...  # execute command in sequence, one after the other\ncommand_1 || command_2 || ...  # execute successive commands only if preceding ones fail\ncommand_1 &amp;&amp; command_2 &amp;&amp; ..  # execute successive commands only if preceding ones succeeds\n</code></pre>"},{"location":"languages/bash/scripting.html#compound-commands-multiple-commands-as-one","title":"COMPOUND COMMANDs (multiple commands as one)","text":"Bash<pre><code># block of commands executed as one\n&lt;keyword&gt;\n    command_1; command_2; ...\n&lt;end_keyword&gt;\n\n{command_1; command_2; ...}  # sequence of commands executed as one\n</code></pre>"},{"location":"languages/bash/scripting.html#functions-blocks-of-easily-reusable-code","title":"Functions (blocks of easily reusable code)","text":"<p><code>function_name () {compound_command}</code> Bash does not accept func arguments, parentheses must be empty</p>"},{"location":"languages/bash/scripting.html#command-names-running-programs","title":"Command names &amp; Running programs","text":"<p>To run a command, bash uses the name of your command and performs a search for how to execute that command. In order, bash will check whether it has a function or builtin by that name. Failing that, it will try to run the name as a program. If bash finds no way to run your command, it will output an error message.  </p>"},{"location":"languages/bash/scripting.html#the-path-to-a-program","title":"The path to a program","text":"<p>When bash needs to run a program, it uses the command name to perform a search. Bash searches the directories in your PATH environment variable, one by one, until it finds a directory that contains a program with the name of your command. To run a program that is not installed in a PATH directory, use the path to that program as your command's name.</p>"},{"location":"languages/bash/scripting.html#command-arguments-quoting-literals","title":"Command arguments &amp; Quoting literals","text":"<p>To tell a command what to do, we pass it arguments. In bash, arguments are tokens, that are separated from each other by blank space. To include blank space in an argument's value, you need to either quote the argument or escape the blank space within. Failing that, bash will break your argument apart into multiple arguments at its blank space. Quoting arguments also prevents other symbols in it from being accidentally interpreted as bash code.  </p>"},{"location":"languages/bash/scripting.html#managing-a-commands-input-and-output-using-redirection","title":"Managing a command's input and output using redirection","text":"<p>By default, new commands inherit the shell's current file descriptors. We can use redirections to change where a command's input comes from and where its output should go to. File redirection allows us to stream file descriptors to files. We can copy file descriptors to make them share a stream. There are also many other more advanced redirection operators.  </p>"},{"location":"languages/bash/scripting.html#redirections","title":"Redirections","text":"Bash<pre><code>[x]&gt;file  # make FD x write to file\n[x]&lt;file  # make FD x read from file\n\n[x]&gt;&amp;y  # make FD x write to FD y's stream\n[x]&lt;&amp;y  # make FD x read from FD y's stream\n&amp;&gt;file  # make both FD 1 (standard output) &amp; FD 2 (standard error) write to file\n\n[x]&gt;&gt;file  # make FD x append to end of file\nx&gt;&amp;-, x&lt;&amp;-  # close FD x (stream disconnected from FD x)\n[x]&gt;&amp;y-, [x]&lt;&amp;y-  # replace FD x with FD y\n[x]&lt;&gt;file  # open FD x for both reading and writing to file\n</code></pre>"},{"location":"languages/bash/scripting.html#pathname-expansion-filname-pattern-glob-matching","title":"Pathname Expansion (filname pattern [glob] matching)","text":"<p><code>*</code> matches any kind of text (even no text). <code>?</code> matches any single character. <code>[characters]</code> matches any single character in the given set. <code>[[:classname:]]</code> specify class of characters to match. <code>{}</code> expand list of arguments (applies command to each one)</p> <p><code>shopt -s extglob</code> enables extended globs (patterns)</p> <p><code>+(pattern [| pattern ...])</code> matches when any of the patterns in the list appears, once or many times over. (\"at least one of ...\"). <code>*(pattern [| pattern ...])</code> matches when any of the patterns in the list appears, once, not at all, or many times over. (\"however many of ...\"). <code>?(pattern [| pattern ...])</code> matches when any of the patterns in the list appears, once, not at all, or many times over. (\"however many of ...\"). <code>@(pattern [| pattern ...])</code> matches when any of the patterns in the list appears just once. (\"one of ...\"). <code>!(pattern [| pattern ...])</code> matches only when none of the patterns in the list appear. (\"none of ...\").</p>"},{"location":"languages/bash/scripting.html#command-substitution","title":"Command Substitution","text":"<p>With Command Substitution, we effectively write a command within a command, and we ask bash to expand the inner command into its output and use that output as argument data for the main command.  </p> Bash<pre><code>$(inner_command)  # $ --&gt; value-expansion prefix\ncommand !*  # !* expands to everything except the first argument in the previous line\ncommand !$  # refers to the last argument of the previous command\nsudo !! # !! expands to the entire previous command\n</code></pre>"},{"location":"languages/bash/scripting.html#shell-variables","title":"Shell Variables","text":"Bash<pre><code>varname=value  # variable assignment\nvarname=\"$(command)\"  # command substitution, MUST be double-quoted\n\"$varname\", \"${varname}\"  # variable expansion, MUST be double-quoted (name substituted w/ variable content)\n\n$$  # pid\n$#  # number of arguments passed\n$@  # all arguments passed\n${n}  # n-th argument passed to the command\n$0  # name of the script\n$_  # last argument passed to the command\n$?  # error message of the last (previous) command\n!!  # executes last command used (echo !! prints the last command)\n</code></pre>"},{"location":"languages/bash/scripting.html#parameter-expansion-modifiers-in-double-quotes","title":"Parameter Expansion Modifiers (in double-quotes)","text":"<p><code>${parameter#pattern}</code> removes the shortest string that matches the pattern if it's at the start of the value. <code>${parameter##pattern}</code> removes the longest string that matches the pattern if it's at the start of the value. <code>${parameter%pattern}</code> removes the shortest string that matches the pattern if it's at the end of the value. <code>${parameter%%pattern}</code> removes the longest string that matches the pattern if it's at the end of the value. <code>${parameter/pattern/replacement}</code> replaces the first string that matches the pattern with the replacement. <code>${parameter//pattern/replacement}</code> replaces each string that matches the pattern with the replacement. <code>${parameter/#pattern/replacement}</code> replaces the string that matches the pattern at the beginning of the value with the replacement. <code>${parameter/%pattern/replacement}</code> replaces the string that matches the pattern at the end of the value with the replacement. <code>${#parameter}</code> expands the length of the value (in bytes). <code>${parameter:start[:length]}</code> expands a part of the value, starting at start, length bytes long. Counts from the end rather than the beginning by using a (space followed by a) negative value. <code>${parameter[^|^^|,|,,][pattern]}</code> expands the transformed value, either upper-casing or lower-casing the first or all characters that match the pattern. 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\"$b\"))  # greater than\n((\"$a\" &gt;= \"$b\"))   # greater than or equal to\n((\"$a\" &lt; \"$b\"))  # less than\n((\"$a\" &lt;= \"$b\"))   # less than or equal to\n</code></pre>"},{"location":"languages/bash/scripting.html#string-comparison-operators","title":"String Comparison Operators","text":"Bash<pre><code>[ \"$a\" = \"$b\" ]    # is equal to (whitespace around operator)\n\n[[ $a == z* ]]     # True if $a starts with an \"z\" (pattern matching)\n[[ $a == \"z*\" ]]   # True if $a is equal to z* (literal matching)\n[ $a == z* ]       # File globbing and word splitting take place\n[ \"$a\" == \"z*\" ]   # True if $a is equal to z* (literal matching)\n\n[ \"$a\" != \"$b\" ]   # is not equal to, pattern matching within a [[ ... ]] construct\n\n[[ \"$a\" &lt; \"$b\" ]]  # is less than, in ASCII alphabetical order\n[ \"$a\" \\&lt; \"$b\" ]   # \"&lt;\" needs to be escaped within a [ ] construct.\n\n[[ \"$a\" &gt; \"$b\" ]]  # is greater than, in ASCII alphabetical order\n[ \"$a\" \\&gt; \"$b\" ]   # \"&gt;\" needs to be escaped within a [ ] construct.\n</code></pre>"},{"location":"languages/bash/scripting.html#commands-short-circuit-evaluation","title":"Commands short circuit evaluation","text":"Bash<pre><code>command_1 || command_2  # if command_1 fails executes command_2\ncommand_1 &amp;&amp; command_2  # executes command_2 only if command_1 succeeds\n</code></pre>"},{"location":"languages/bash/scripting.html#loops","title":"Loops","text":"Bash<pre><code>for var in iterable ; do\n    # command here\ndone\n</code></pre>"},{"location":"languages/bash/scripting.html#script-hardening","title":"Script Hardening","text":"Bash<pre><code>set -o errexit  # exit on error\nset -o nounset  # fail on unset variable (bypass with ${VAR:-})\nset -o pipefail  # file entire pipeline if one step fails\n\n# hook to enable tracing\nif [[ \"${TRACE-0}\" == \"1\" ]]; then\n    set -o xtrace\nfi\n</code></pre>"},{"location":"languages/c/c.html","title":"C/C++","text":""},{"location":"languages/c/c.html#library-import","title":"Library Import","text":"C<pre><code>#include &lt;stdio.h&gt;  // search in current + system directories\n#include \"lib.h\" // search in current directory\n</code></pre>"},{"location":"languages/c/c.html#special-operators","title":"Special Operators","text":"Operator Operator Name <code>::</code> global reference operator <code>&amp;</code> address operator (returns a memory address) <code>*</code> deferentiation operator (returns the pointed value)"},{"location":"languages/c/c.html#namespace-definition","title":"Namespace definition","text":"<p>Can be omitted and replaced by namespace<code>::</code> <code>using namespace &lt;namespace&gt;;</code></p>"},{"location":"languages/c/c.html#main-function","title":"Main Function","text":"C<pre><code>int main(int argc, char *argv[]) { }\n</code></pre>"},{"location":"languages/c/c.html#variables-types","title":"Variables &amp; Types","text":""},{"location":"languages/c/c.html#constant-declaration","title":"Constant Declaration","text":"C<pre><code>#define constant_name value\nconst type constant_name = value;\n</code></pre>"},{"location":"languages/c/c.html#variable-declaration","title":"Variable Declaration","text":"C<pre><code>type var_name = value;    //c-like initialization\ntype var_name (value);    //constructor initialization\ntype var_name {value};    //uniform initialization\ntype var_1, var_2, ..., var_n;\n</code></pre>"},{"location":"languages/c/c.html#type-casting","title":"Type Casting","text":"<p><code>(type) var;</code> <code>type(var);</code></p>"},{"location":"languages/c/c.html#variable-types","title":"Variable Types","text":"Type Value Range Byte <code>short</code> -32768 to 32765 1 <code>unsigned short</code> 0 to 65535 1 <code>int</code> -2147483648 to 2147483647 4 <code>unsigned int</code> 0 to 4294967295 4 <code>long</code> -2147483648 to 2147483647 4 <code>unsigned long</code> 0 to 4294967295 4 <code>long long</code> 8 <code>float</code> \u00b1 3.4e \u00b1 38 (~7 digits) 4 <code>double</code> \u00b1 1.7e \u00b1 308 (~15 digits) 8 <code>long double</code> 16 (?) 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   //return number of successfully accepted inputs\n</code></pre>"},{"location":"languages/c/c.html#format-specifiers-widthlengthspecifier","title":"Format Specifiers <code>%[width].[length][specifier]</code>","text":"Specifier Specified Format <code>%d</code>, <code>%i</code> singed decimal integer <code>%u</code> unsigned decimal integer <code>%o</code> unsigned octal <code>%x</code> unsigned hexadecimal integer <code>%X</code> unsigned hexadecimal integer (UPPERCASE) <code>%f</code> decimal floating point (lowercase) <code>%F</code> decimal floating point (UPPERCASE) <code>%e</code> scientific notation (lowercase) <code>%E</code> scientific notation (UPPERCASE) <code>%a</code> hexadecimal floating point (lowercase) <code>%A</code> hexadecimal floating point (UPPERCASE) <code>%c</code> character <code>%s</code> string <code>%p</code> pointer address"},{"location":"languages/c/c.html#operators","title":"Operators","text":""},{"location":"languages/c/c.html#arithmetic-operators","title":"Arithmetic Operators","text":"Operator Operation a <code>+</code> b sum a <code>-</code> b subtraction a <code>*</code> b multiplication a <code>/</code> b division a <code>%</code> b modulo a<code>++</code> increment a<code>--</code> decrement"},{"location":"languages/c/c.html#comparison-operators","title":"Comparison Operators","text":"Operator Operation a <code>==</code> b equal to a <code>!=</code> b not equal to a <code>&gt;</code> b greater than a <code>&lt;</code> b lesser than a <code>&gt;=</code> b greater than or equal to a <code>&lt;=</code> b lesser than or equal to"},{"location":"languages/c/c.html#logical-operator","title":"Logical Operator","text":"Operator Operation <code>!</code>a, <code>not</code> a logical negation (NOT) a <code>&amp;&amp;</code> b, a <code>and</code> b logical AND a <code>||</code> b, a <code>or</code> b logical OR"},{"location":"languages/c/c.html#conditional-ternary-operator","title":"Conditional Ternary Operator","text":"<p><code>condition ? result_1 : result_2</code> If condition is true evaluates to result_1, and otherwise to result_2</p>"},{"location":"languages/c/c.html#bitwise-operators","title":"Bitwise Operators","text":"Operator Operation <code>~</code>a, <code>compl</code> a bitwise NOT a <code>&amp;</code> b, a <code>bitand</code> b bitwise AND a <code>|</code> b, a <code>bitor</code> b bitwise OR a <code>^</code> b, a <code>xor</code> b, bitwise XOR a <code>&lt;&lt;</code> b bitwise left shift a <code>&gt;&gt;</code> b bitwise right shift"},{"location":"languages/c/c.html#compound-assignment-operators","title":"Compound Assignment Operators","text":"Operator Operation a <code>+=</code> b a = a + b a <code>-=</code> b a = a - b a <code>*=</code> b a = a * b a <code>/=</code> b a = a / b a <code>%=</code> b a = a % b a <code>&amp;=</code> b a = a &amp; 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   // floor function (integer part of x)\nlog(x);    // natural log of x\nlog10(x);    // log base 10 of x\nexp(x);    // e^x\npow(x, y);    // x^y\nsin(x);\ncos(x);\ntan(x);\nasin(x);    //arcsin(x)\nacos(x);    //arccos(x)\natan(x);    //arctan(x)\natan2(x, y);    //arctan(x / y)\nsinh(x);    //hyperbolic sin(x)\ncosh(x);    //hyperbolic cos(x)\ntanh(x);    //hyperbolic tan(X)\n</code></pre>"},{"location":"languages/c/c.html#character-functions","title":"Character Functions","text":"C<pre><code>isalnum(c);    //true if c is alphanumeric\nisalpha(c);    //true if c is a letter\nisdigit(c);    //true if char is 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9\niscntrl(c);    //true id c is DELETE or CONTROL CHARACTER\nisascii(c);    //true if c is a valid ASCII character\nisprint(c);    //true if c is printable\nisgraph(c);    //true id c is printable, SPACE excluded\nislower(c);    //true if c is lowercase\nisupper(c);    //true if c is uppercase\nispunct(c);    //true if c is punctuation\nisspace(c);    //true if c is SPACE\nisxdigit(c);    //true if c is HEX DIGIT\n\ntolower(c);    //transforms character in lowercase\ntoupper(c);    //transform character in uppercase\n</code></pre>"},{"location":"languages/c/c.html#string-functions","title":"String Functions","text":"C<pre><code>strlen(string);    //return length (num of chars) of the string\nstrcat(destination, source);    //appends chars of string2 to string1\nstrncat(string1, string2, nchar);    //appends the first n chars of string 2 to string1\nstrcpy(string1, string2.c_str());    //copies string2 into string1 char by char\nstrncpy(string1, string2, n);    //copy first n chars from string2 to string1\nstrcmp(string1, string2);    //compares string1 w/ string2\nstrncmp(string1, string2, n);    //compares first n chars\n//returns &lt; 0 if string1 precedes string2\n//returns 0 if string1 == string2\n// returns &gt; 0 if string1 succeeds string2\nstrchr(string, c);    //returns index of c in string if it exists, NULL otherwise\nstrstr(string1, string2);    //returns pointer to starting index of string1 in string2\nstrpbrk(string, charSet);    //Returns a pointer to the first occurrence of any character from strCharSet in str, or a NULL pointer if the two string arguments have no characters in common.\n</code></pre>"},{"location":"languages/c/c.html#string-conversion","title":"String Conversion","text":"C<pre><code>atof(string);    //converts string in double if possible\natoi(string);    //converts string in integer if possible\natol(string);    //converts string in long if possible\n</code></pre>"},{"location":"languages/c/c.html#string-methods","title":"String Methods","text":"C++<pre><code>string.at(pos);    // returns char at index pos\nstring.substr(start, end);    // returns substring between indexes START and END\nstring.c_str();    //reads string char by char\nstring.find(substring);    // The zero-based index of the first character in string object that matches the requested substring or characters\n</code></pre>"},{"location":"languages/c/c.html#vectors","title":"Vectors","text":"C<pre><code>#include &lt;vector&gt;\nvector&lt;type&gt; vector_name = {values};    //variable length array\n</code></pre>"},{"location":"languages/c/c.html#decision-statements","title":"Decision Statements","text":""},{"location":"languages/c/c.html#if-statements","title":"If Statements","text":"C<pre><code>if (condition) { }\n\nif (condition) \n{\n\n}\nelse if (condition) \n{\n\n}\nelse\n{\n\n}\n</code></pre>"},{"location":"languages/c/c.html#switch","title":"Switch","text":"C<pre><code>switch (expression) {\n    case constant_1:\n        //code here\n        break;\n\n    case constant_2:\n        //code here\n        break;\n\n    default:\n        //code here\n}\n</code></pre>"},{"location":"languages/c/c.html#loop-statements","title":"Loop Statements","text":""},{"location":"languages/c/c.html#while-loop","title":"While Loop","text":"C<pre><code>while (condition) {\n    //code here\n}\n</code></pre>"},{"location":"languages/c/c.html#do-while","title":"Do While","text":"C<pre><code>do {\n    //code here\n} while (condition);\n</code></pre>"},{"location":"languages/c/c.html#for-loop","title":"For Loop","text":"C<pre><code>for (initialization; condition; increase) {\n    //code here\n}\n</code></pre>"},{"location":"languages/c/c.html#break-statement","title":"Break Statement","text":"<p><code>break;</code> leaves a loop, even if the condition for its end is not fulfilled.</p>"},{"location":"languages/c/c.html#continue-statement","title":"Continue Statement","text":"<p><code>continue;</code> causes the program to skip the rest of the loop in the current iteration.</p>"},{"location":"languages/c/c.html#functions","title":"Functions","text":"<p>Functions must be declared before the main function. It is possible to declare functions after the main only if the prototype is declared before the main. To return multiple variables those variables can be passed by reference so that their values is adjourned in the main.</p> C<pre><code>type function_name(type argument1, ...); // function prototype\n\ntype functionName (parameters) {\n    return &lt;expression&gt;;\n}\n\nvoid functionName (parameters) { }\n</code></pre>"},{"location":"languages/c/c.html#arguments-passed-by-reference-without-pointers","title":"Arguments passed by reference without pointers","text":"<p>Passing arguments by reference causes modifications made inside the function to be propagated to the values outside. Passing arguments by values copies the values to the arguments: changes remain inside the function.  </p> C<pre><code>type functionName (type &amp;argument1, ...) {\n    //code here\n    return &lt;expression&gt;;\n}\n</code></pre> <p><code>functionName (arguments);</code></p>"},{"location":"languages/c/c.html#arguments-passed-by-reference-with-pointers","title":"Arguments passed by reference with pointers","text":"<p>Passing arguments by reference causes modifications made inside the function to be propagated to the values outside. Passing arguments by values copies the values to the arguments: changes remain inside the function.</p> C<pre><code>type function_name (type *argument_1, ...) {\n    instructions;\n    return &lt;expression&gt;;\n}\n</code></pre> <p><code>function_name (&amp;argument_1, ...);</code></p>"},{"location":"languages/c/c.html#arrays","title":"Arrays","text":"C<pre><code>type arrayName[dimension];    //array declaration\ntype arrayName[dimension] = {value1, value2, ...};    //array declaration &amp; initialization, values number must match dimension\n\narray[index]    //item access, index starts at 0 (zero)\narray[index] = value;    //value assignment at position index\n</code></pre>"},{"location":"languages/c/c.html#array-as-function-parameter","title":"Array as function parameter","text":"<p>The dimension is not specified because it is determined by the passed array. The array is passed by reference.</p> C<pre><code>type function(type array[]){\n    //code here\n}\n\n//array is not modifiable inside the function (READ ONLY)\ntype function(const type array[]){\n    //code here\n}\n\nfunction(array);    //array passed w/out square brackets []\n</code></pre>"},{"location":"languages/c/c.html#multi-dimensional-array-matrix","title":"Multi-Dimensional Array (Matrix)","text":"C<pre><code>type matrix[rows][columns];\nmatrix[i][j]    //element A_ij of the matrix\n</code></pre>"},{"location":"languages/c/c.html#matrix-as-function-parameter","title":"Matrix as function parameter","text":"C<pre><code>//matrix passed by reference, second dimension is mandatory\ntype function(type matrix[][columns]){\n    //code here\n};\n\n//matrix values READ ONLY\ntype function(const type matrix[][columns]){\n    //code here\n}\n\ntype function(type matrix[][dim2]...[dimN]){\n    //code here\n}\n</code></pre>"},{"location":"languages/c/c.html#structs","title":"Structs","text":""},{"location":"languages/c/c.html#struct-definition","title":"Struct Definition","text":"C<pre><code>struct Struct {\n    type field1;\n    type field2;\n    type field3;\n    type field4;\n};\n\nStruct variable;    // struct-type variable\nvariable.field    // field access\n</code></pre>"},{"location":"languages/c/c.html#pointers","title":"Pointers","text":"<p>Pointers hold memory addresses of declared variables, they should be initialized to NULL.</p> C<pre><code>type *pointer = &amp;variable;     //pointer init and assignment\ntype *pointer = NULL;\ntype *pointer = otherPointer;\ntype **pointerToPointer = &amp;pointer;    // pointerToPointer -&gt; pointer -&gt; variable\n</code></pre> <p><code>&amp;variable</code> extracts the address, the pointer holds the address of the variable. pointer type and variable type must match. (*) \u2192 \"value pointed to by\"</p> C<pre><code>pointer    //address of pointed value (value of variable)\n*pointer    //value of pointed variable\n**pointer //value pointed by *pointer (pointer to pointer)\n</code></pre>"},{"location":"languages/c/c.html#pointer-to-array","title":"Pointer to array","text":"C<pre><code>type *pointer;\ntype array[dim] = {};\n\n\npointer = array;    //point to array (pointer points to first \"cell\" of array)\npointer++;    //change pointed value to successive \"cell\" of array\n</code></pre>"},{"location":"languages/c/c.html#pointers-arrays-functions","title":"Pointers, Arrays &amp; Functions","text":"C<pre><code>func(array)    //pass entire array to function (no need to use (&amp;) to extract address)\n\ntype func(type* array){\n    array[index]    //access to item of array at index\n}\n</code></pre>"},{"location":"languages/c/c.html#pointer-to-struct","title":"Pointer to Struct","text":"C<pre><code>(*structPointer).field    //access to field value\nstructPointer-&gt;structField    //access to field value\n</code></pre>"},{"location":"languages/c/c.html#dynamic-structures","title":"Dynamic Structures","text":"<p>Dynamic structures are structures without a fixed number of items.  </p> <p>Every item in a dynamic structure is called node. Every node is composed by two parts:</p> <ul> <li>the value (item)</li> <li>pointer to successive node</li> </ul> <p>Lists are linear dynamic structures in which is only defined the preceding and succeeding item. A List is a group of homogeneous items (all of the same type).  </p> <p>Trees, Graphs are non linear dynamic structures in which an item cha have multiple successors.  </p>"},{"location":"languages/c/c.html#stack","title":"Stack","text":"<p>A Stack is a list in with nodes can be extracted from one side only (LIFO). The extraction of an item from the top is called pop</p> C<pre><code>// node structure\nstruct Node {\n    type value;\n    stack *next;\n}\n</code></pre>"},{"location":"languages/c/c.html#node-insertion","title":"Node Insertion","text":"C<pre><code>Node *stackNode;    //current node\nNode* head = NULL;    //pointer to head of stack\n\nint nodeValue;\n//assign value to nodeValue\n\nstackNode = (*Node)malloc(sizeof(Node));    //create new node\n\nstackNode-&gt;value = nodevalue;    //valorize node\nstackNode-&gt;next = head;    //update node pointer to old head adding it to the stack\n\nhead = stackNode;    //update head to point to new first node\n</code></pre>"},{"location":"languages/c/c.html#node-deletion","title":"Node Deletion","text":"C<pre><code>stackNode = head-&gt;next;    //memorize location of second node\nfree(head);    //delete first node\nhead = stackNode;    //update head to point to new first node\n</code></pre>"},{"location":"languages/c/c.html#passing-head-to-functions","title":"Passing Head To Functions","text":"C<pre><code>type function(Node** head)    //value of head passed by address (head is Node*)\n{\n    *head = ...    //update value of head (pointed variable/object/Node)\n}\n</code></pre>"},{"location":"languages/c/c.html#queue","title":"Queue","text":"<p>A Queue is a list in which nodes enter from one side and can be extracted only from the other side (FIFO).</p>"},{"location":"languages/c/c.html#linked-list","title":"Linked List","text":"<p>A Linked List is list in which nodes can be extracted from each side and from inside the linked list.</p> <p>Linked lists can be linear, circular or bidirectional. In circular linked lists the last node points to the first.</p> <p>Nodes of bidirectional linked lists are composed by three parts:</p> <ul> <li>the value (item)</li> <li>pointer to successive node</li> <li>pointer to previous item</li> </ul> <p>Thus the first and last node will have a component empty since they only point to a single node.</p>"},{"location":"languages/c/c.html#dynamic-memory-allocation","title":"Dynamic Memory Allocation","text":"<p>C does not automatically free allocated memory when nodes are deleted. It must be done manually.  </p> <ul> <li><code>malloc()</code> returns a void pointer if the allocation is successful.</li> <li><code>free()</code> frees the memory</li> </ul> C<pre><code>list *pointer = (list*)malloc(sizeof(list));    //memory allocation\nfree(pointer)    //freeing of memory\n</code></pre> <p><code>malloc()</code> returns a void pointer thus the list must be casted to a void type with <code>(list*)</code></p>"},{"location":"languages/c/c.html#files","title":"Files","text":"<p>The object oriented approach is based on the use of streams. A Stream can be considered a stream of data that passes sequentially from a source to a destination.</p> <p>The available classes in C++ to operate on files are:</p> <ul> <li><code>ifstream</code> for the input (reading)</li> <li><code>ofstream</code> for the output (writing)</li> <li><code>fstream</code> for input or output</li> </ul>"},{"location":"languages/c/c.html#file-opening","title":"File Opening","text":"<p>Filename can be string literal or CharArray (use <code>c_str()</code>).</p> C<pre><code>ifstream file;\nfile.open(\"filename\");    //read from file\n\nofstream file;\nfile.open(\"filename\");    //write to file\n\n\nfstream file;\nfile.open(\"filename\", ios::in);    //read form file\nfile.open(\"filename\", ios::out);    //write to file\nfile.open(\"filename\", ios::app);    //append to file\nfile.open(\"filename\", ios::trunc);    //overwrite file\nfile.open(\"filename\", ios::nocreate);    //opens file only if it exists, error otherwise. Does not create new file\nfile.open(\"filename\", ios::noreplace);    //opens file only if it not exists, error otherwise. If it not exists the file is created.\nfile.open(\"filename\", ios::binary);    //opens file in binary format\n</code></pre> <p>If file opening fails the stream has value 0, otherwise the value is the assigned memory address. Opening modes can be combined with the OR operator: <code>ios::mode | ios::mode</code>.</p>"},{"location":"languages/c/c.html#stream-state-input-errors","title":"Stream state &amp; Input errors","text":"<p>Once a stream is in a state of error it will remain so until the status flags are explicitly resetted. The input operations on such a stream are void until the reset happens. To clear the status of a stream the <code>clear()</code> method is used. Furthermore, when an error on the stream happens the stream is not cleared of it's characters contents. To clear the stream contents the <code>ignore()</code> method is used.</p>"},{"location":"languages/css/css.html","title":"CSS","text":""},{"location":"languages/css/css.html#applying-css-to-html","title":"Applying CSS to HTML","text":""},{"location":"languages/css/css.html#inline-css","title":"Inline CSS","text":"<p>The style only applies to one element at a time.</p> HTML<pre><code>&lt;tag style=\"property:value\"&gt;&lt;/tag&gt;\n</code></pre>"},{"location":"languages/css/css.html#embedded-css","title":"Embedded CSS","text":"<p>The style is not shared but only applies to one HTML file.</p> HTML<pre><code>&lt;style&gt;\n    selector {\n        property: value;\n    }\n&lt;/style&gt;\n</code></pre>"},{"location":"languages/css/css.html#external-css","title":"External CSS","text":"<ul> <li>Shared resource, can be referenced from multiple pages.  </li> <li>Can be cached, reduced HTML file size &amp; bandwidth.  </li> </ul> HTML<pre><code>&lt;link rel=\"stylesheet\" href=\"style.css\"&gt;\n</code></pre>"},{"location":"languages/css/css.html#css-selectors","title":"CSS Selectors","text":"<p>A CSS selector points to an html element to style.</p> CSS<pre><code>selector {\n    property: value;\n    property: value;\n}\n</code></pre>"},{"location":"languages/css/css.html#multiple-selectors","title":"Multiple Selectors","text":"CSS<pre><code>selector1, selector2 { property: value; }\n</code></pre>"},{"location":"languages/css/css.html#nested-selectors","title":"Nested Selectors","text":"<p>Used to select tags nested in other tags.</p> CSS<pre><code>outerSelector innerSelector { property: value; }\n</code></pre>"},{"location":"languages/css/css.html#id-selector","title":"ID Selector","text":"<p>Can only apply to one element in a page.</p> CSS<pre><code>#selector { property: value; }    /* selects &lt;tag id=\"selector\"&gt; */\n</code></pre>"},{"location":"languages/css/css.html#class-selector","title":"Class Selector","text":"<p>Many elements can have the same class, classes are used to group HTML elements together.</p> CSS<pre><code>.selector { property: value; }    /* selects &lt;tag class=\"selector\"&gt; */\n</code></pre>"},{"location":"languages/css/css.html#universal-selector","title":"Universal Selector","text":"CSS<pre><code>* { property: value; }    /* selects every HTML element */\n</code></pre>"},{"location":"languages/css/css.html#descendant-selector-space","title":"Descendant selector (space)","text":"<p>Selects an element that resides anywhere within an identified ancestor element.</p> CSS<pre><code>article h2 { property: value; }\n</code></pre> HTML<pre><code>&lt;!-- Will NOT match --&gt;\n&lt;h2&gt;title&lt;/h2&gt;\n&lt;article&gt;\n    &lt;!-- WILL match --&gt;\n    &lt;h2&gt;subtitle&lt;/h2&gt;\n    &lt;div&gt;\n        &lt;!-- WILL match --&gt;\n        &lt;h2&gt;subtitle&lt;/h2&gt;\n    &lt;/div&gt;\n&lt;/article&gt;\n</code></pre>"},{"location":"languages/css/css.html#direct-child-selector","title":"Direct child selector (<code>&gt;</code>)","text":"<p>Selects an elements that resides immediately inside an identified parent element.</p> CSS<pre><code>article &gt; p { property: value; }\n</code></pre> HTML<pre><code>&lt;!-- Will NOT match --&gt;\n&lt;p&gt;Lorem ipsum dolor sit amet&lt;/p&gt;\n&lt;article&gt;\n    &lt;!-- WILL match --&gt;\n    &lt;p&gt;This paragraph will be selected&lt;/p&gt;\n    &lt;div&gt;\n        &lt;!-- Will NOT match --&gt;\n        &lt;p&gt;Lorem ipsum dolor sit amet&lt;/p&gt;\n    &lt;/div&gt;\n&lt;/article&gt;\n</code></pre>"},{"location":"languages/css/css.html#general-sibling-selector","title":"General sibling selector (<code>~</code>)","text":"<p>Selects an element that follows anywhere after the prior element. Both elements share the same parent.</p> CSS<pre><code>h2 ~ p { property: value; }\n</code></pre> HTML<pre><code>&lt;section&gt;\n    &lt;!-- Will NOT match --&gt;\n    &lt;p&gt;Lorem ipsum dolor sit amet&lt;/p&gt;\n    &lt;h2&gt;title&lt;/h2&gt;\n    &lt;!-- WILL match --&gt;\n    &lt;p&gt;This paragraph will be selected&lt;/p&gt;\n    &lt;div&gt;\n        &lt;!-- Will NOT match --&gt;\n        &lt;p&gt;Lorem ipsum dolor sit amet&lt;/p&gt;\n    &lt;/div&gt;\n    &lt;!-- WILL match --&gt;\n    &lt;p&gt;This paragraph will be selected&lt;/p&gt;\n&lt;/section&gt;\n&lt;!-- Will NOT match --&gt;\n&lt;p&gt;Lorem ipsum dolor sit amet&lt;/p&gt;\n</code></pre>"},{"location":"languages/css/css.html#adjacent-sibling-selector","title":"Adjacent sibling selector (<code>+</code>)","text":"<p>Selects an element that follows directly after the prior element. Both elements share the same parent.</p> CSS<pre><code>h2 + p { property: value; }\n</code></pre> HTML<pre><code>&lt;section&gt;\n    &lt;!-- Will NOT match --&gt;\n    &lt;p&gt;Lorem ipsum dolor sit amet&lt;/p&gt;\n    &lt;h2&gt;title&lt;/h2&gt;\n    &lt;!-- WILL match --&gt;\n    &lt;p&gt;This paragraph will be selected&lt;/p&gt;\n    &lt;div&gt;\n        &lt;!-- Will NOT match --&gt;\n        &lt;p&gt;Lorem ipsum dolor sit amet&lt;/p&gt;\n    &lt;/div&gt;\n    &lt;!-- Will NOT match --&gt;\n    &lt;p&gt;Lorem ipsum dolor sit amet&lt;/p&gt;\n&lt;/section&gt;\n&lt;!-- Will NOT match --&gt;\n&lt;p&gt;Lorem ipsum dolor sit amet&lt;/p&gt;\n</code></pre>"},{"location":"languages/css/css.html#namespace-separator","title":"Namespace Separator (<code>|</code>)","text":"<p>The namespace separator separates the selector from the namespace, identifying the namespace, or lack thereof, for a type selector.</p> CSS<pre><code>@namespace &lt;namespace&gt; url(\"&lt;XML-namespace-URL&gt;\");\n\n/* specific namespace */\nnamespace|selector { property: value; }\n\n/* any namespace */\n*|selector { property: value; }\n\n/* no namespace */\n|selector { property: value; }\n</code></pre> CSS<pre><code>@namespace svg url('http://www.w3.org/2000/svg');\n\na {\n  color: orangered;\n  text-decoration: underline dashed;\n  font-weight: bold;\n}\n\nsvg|a {\n  fill: blueviolet;\n  text-decoration: underline solid;\n  text-transform: uppercase;\n}\n</code></pre> HTML<pre><code>&lt;p&gt;This paragraph \n    &lt;!-- will be colored orangered --&gt;\n    &lt;a href=\"#\"&gt;has a link&lt;/a&gt;.\n&lt;/p&gt;\n\n&lt;svg width=\"400\" viewBox=\"0 0 400 20\"&gt;\n  &lt;!-- will be colored blueviolet --&gt;\n  &lt;a href=\"#\"&gt;\n    &lt;text x=\"0\" y=\"15\"&gt;Link created in SVG&lt;/text&gt;\n  &lt;/a&gt;\n&lt;/svg&gt;\n</code></pre>"},{"location":"languages/css/css.html#column-selector","title":"Column Selector (<code>||</code>)","text":"<p>The column combinator (||) is placed between two CSS selectors. It matches only those elements matched by the second selector that belong to the column elements matched by the first.</p> CSS<pre><code>column-selector || cell-selector { property: value; }\n</code></pre>"},{"location":"languages/css/css.html#attribute-present-selector-tagattr","title":"Attribute Present Selector (<code>tag[attr]</code>)","text":"<p><code>a[target]{ property: value; }</code> will match</p> HTML<pre><code>&lt;a href=\"#\" target=\"_blank\"&gt;click here&lt;/a&gt;\n</code></pre>"},{"location":"languages/css/css.html#attribute-equals-selector","title":"Attribute Equals Selector (<code>=</code>)","text":"<p><code>a[href=\"https://google.com\"] { property: value; }</code> will match</p> HTML<pre><code>&lt;a href=\"http://google.com/\"&gt;search on google&lt;/a&gt;\n</code></pre>"},{"location":"languages/css/css.html#attribute-contains-selector","title":"Attribute Contains Selector (<code>*=</code>)","text":"<p><code>a[href*=\"login\"] { property: value; }</code> will match</p> HTML<pre><code>&lt;a href=\"/login.php\"&gt;login page&lt;/a&gt;\n</code></pre>"},{"location":"languages/css/css.html#attribute-begins-with-selector","title":"Attribute Begins With Selector (<code>^=</code>)","text":"<p><code>a[href^=\"Https://\"] { property: value; }</code> will match</p> HTML<pre><code>&lt;a href=\"https://www.bbc.com/\"&gt;The BBC&lt;/a&gt;\n</code></pre>"},{"location":"languages/css/css.html#attribute-ends-with-selector","title":"Attribute Ends With Selector (<code>$=</code>)","text":"<p><code>a[href$=\".pdf\"] { property: value; }</code></p> HTML<pre><code>&lt;!-- WILL match --&gt;\n&lt;a href=\"/docs/menu.pdf\"&gt;download menu&lt;/a&gt;\n&lt;!-- Will NOT match --&gt;\n&lt;a href=\"/audio/song.mp3\"&gt;download song&lt;/a&gt;\n</code></pre>"},{"location":"languages/css/css.html#attribute-spaced-selector","title":"Attribute Spaced Selector (<code>~=</code>)","text":"<p><code>img[alt~=\"child\"] { property: value; }</code></p> HTML<pre><code>&lt;!-- WILL match --&gt;\n&lt;img src=\"child.jpg\" alt='a small child'&gt;\n&lt;!-- Will NOT match --&gt;\n&lt;img src=\"child.jpg\" alt='a-small-child'&gt;\n&lt;!-- Will NOT match --&gt;\n&lt;img src=\"child.jpg\" alt='asmallchild'&gt;\n</code></pre>"},{"location":"languages/css/css.html#attribute-hyphenated-selector","title":"Attribute Hyphenated Selector (<code>|=</code>)","text":"<p><code>p[lang|=\"en\"] { property: value; }</code></p> HTML<pre><code>&lt;!-- WILL match --&gt;\n&lt;p lang=\"en\"&gt;English&lt;/p&gt;\n&lt;!-- WILL match --&gt;\n&lt;p lang=\"en-US\"&gt;American english&lt;/p&gt;\n&lt;!-- Will NOT match --&gt;\n&lt;p lang=\"fr\"&gt;Fran\u00e7ais&lt;/p&gt;\n</code></pre>"},{"location":"languages/css/css.html#pseudo-classes","title":"Pseudo-Classes","text":"<p>Pseudo-classes can style elements based on their current state. They must be specified after the base case.</p> CSS<pre><code>selector:pseudo-class { property: value; }\n</code></pre>"},{"location":"languages/css/css.html#link-pseudo-classes","title":"Link Pseudo-Classes","text":"<p><code>a:link {...}</code> selects only <code>&lt;a&gt;</code> tags that have <code>href</code> attribute, same as <code>a[href]</code>. <code>a:visited {...}</code> selects links that have already been visited by the current browser.</p>"},{"location":"languages/css/css.html#user-action-pseudo-classes","title":"User Action Pseudo-Classes","text":"<p><code>a:hover {...}</code> selects a link when the mouse rolls over it (hover state). <code>a:active {...}</code> selects the link while it's being activated (clicked or otherwise). <code>selector:focus {...}</code> selects an element when the user focuses on it (e.g. tab w/ keyboard). Often used on links, inputs, text-areas.</p>"},{"location":"languages/css/css.html#user-interface-state-pseudo-classes","title":"User Interface State Pseudo-Classes","text":"<p><code>input:enabled {...}</code> selects an input that is in the default state of enabled and available for use. <code>input:disabled {...}</code> selects an input that has the attribute. <code>input:checked {...}</code> selects checkboxes or radio buttons that are checked. <code>input:indeterminate {...}</code> selects checkboxes or radio button that has neither selected nor unselected.</p>"},{"location":"languages/css/css.html#structural-position-pseudo-classes","title":"Structural &amp; Position Pseudo-Classes","text":"<p><code>selector:first-child {...}</code> selects an element if it's the first child within its parent. <code>selector:last-child {...}</code> selects an element if it's the last element within its parent. <code>selector:only-child {...}</code> will select an element if it is the only element within a parent.  </p> <p><code>selector:first-of-type {...}</code> selects the first element of its type within a parent. <code>selector:last-of-type {...}</code> selects the last element of its type within a parent. <code>selector:only-of-type {...}</code> selects an element if it is the only of its type within a parent.</p> <p><code>selector:nth-child() {...}</code> selects elements based on a simple provided algebraic expression (e.g. \"2n\" or \"4n-1\"). Can select even/odd elements, \"every third\", \"the first five\", etc. <code>selector:nth-of-type() {...}</code> works like <code>:nth-child</code> in places where the elements at the same level are of different types. <code>selector:nth-last-of-type() {...}</code> like <code>:nth-of-type</code> but counts up from the bottom instead of the top. <code>selector:nth-last-child() {...}</code> like <code>:nth-child</code> but counts up from the bottom instead of the top.</p>"},{"location":"languages/css/css.html#empty-negation-pseudo-classes","title":"Empty &amp; Negation Pseudo-Classes","text":"<p><code>selector:empty {...}</code> selects elements with no content (empty tags). <code>selector:not() {...}</code> selects elements that do not have a certain tag, attribute, class, ID, etc.</p>"},{"location":"languages/css/css.html#pseudo-elements","title":"Pseudo-Elements","text":"<p>Dynamic elements that don't exist in the document tree. When used within selectors allow unique parts of the page to be stylized. Only one pseudo-element may be used within a selector at a given time.</p>"},{"location":"languages/css/css.html#textual-pseudo-elements","title":"Textual Pseudo-Elements","text":"<p><code>selector::first-letter {...}</code> selects the first letter of the text within an element. <code>selector::first-line {...}</code> selects the first line of text within an element.</p>"},{"location":"languages/css/css.html#content-pseudo-elements","title":"Content Pseudo-Elements","text":"<p><code>selector::before {...}</code> creates a pseudo-element before, or in front of, the selected element. <code>selector::after {...}</code> creates a pseudo-element after, or behind, the selected element. These pseudo-elements appear nested within the selected element, not outside of it.</p> CSS<pre><code>selector::&lt;after|before&gt; {\n    property: value;\n    content: \" (\" attr(attribute_name) \")\";\n    property: value;\n}\n</code></pre>"},{"location":"languages/css/css.html#fragment-pseudo-elements","title":"Fragment Pseudo-Elements","text":"<p><code>selector::selection {...}</code> identifies part of the document that has been selected, or highlighted, by a user's actions.  </p>"},{"location":"languages/css/css.html#css-cascading","title":"CSS Cascading","text":"<p>The browser assigns different priorities to CSS depending on the type of selector.</p> <ol> <li>Inline CSS (Most Important)</li> <li>ID selector</li> <li>Class selector</li> <li>Element selector (Least Important)</li> </ol> <p>The browser also assigns priority based on the specificity of the selection. More specific selectors have higher priority. Rules lower in the file overwrite higher rules in the file.</p>"},{"location":"languages/css/css.html#cascading-override-with-important","title":"Cascading Override With <code>!important</code>","text":"<p>The <code>!important</code> declaration overrides any other declaration. Using it is very bad practice because it makes debugging more difficult by breaking the natural cascading in stylesheets.</p> <p>Only use <code>!important</code> when:</p> <ul> <li>overriding foreign CSS (e.g. from a library)</li> <li>overriding inline CSS</li> </ul> CSS<pre><code>selector[style*=\"property:value\"] {\n    property: value !important;\n}\n</code></pre>"},{"location":"languages/css/css.html#specificity","title":"Specificity","text":"<p>A weight is applied to a CSS declaration, determined by the number of each selector type:</p> <ul> <li><code>1-0-0</code>: ID selector  </li> <li><code>0-1-0</code>: Class selector, Attribute selector, Pseudo-class  </li> <li><code>0-0-1</code>: Element Selector, Pseudo-element  </li> <li><code>0-0-0</code>: Universal selector (<code>*</code>), combinators (<code>+</code>, <code>&gt;</code>, <code>~</code>, <code>||</code>) and negation pseudo-class <code>:not()</code> </li> </ul> <p>Note: The selectors declared inside <code>:not()</code> contribute to the weight.</p>"},{"location":"languages/css/css.html#units","title":"Units","text":""},{"location":"languages/css/css.html#absolute-length-units","title":"Absolute Length units","text":"Unit Name Equivalent to <code>cm</code> centimeters 1cm = 38px = 25/64in <code>mm</code> Millimeters 1mm = 1/10<sup>th</sup> of 1cm <code>Q</code> Quarter-millimeters 1Q = 1/40<sup>th</sup> of 1cm <code>in</code> Inches 1in = 2.54cm = 96px <code>pc</code> Picas 1pc = \u2159th of 1in <code>pt</code> Points 1pt = 1/72th of 1in <code>px</code> Pixels 1px = 1/96<sup>th</sup> of 1in"},{"location":"languages/css/css.html#relative-length-units","title":"Relative Length Units","text":"Unit Relative to <code>rem</code> Font size of the root element. <code>em</code> Font size of the parent or the element itself <code>ex</code> x-height of the element's font. <code>ch</code> The advance measure (width) of the glyph \"0\" of the element's font. <code>lh</code> Line height of the element. <code>vw</code> 1% of the viewport's width. <code>vh</code> 1% of the viewport's height. <code>vmin</code> 1% of the viewport's smaller dimension. <code>vmax</code> 1% of the viewport's larger dimension. <code>%</code> Relative to the parent element"},{"location":"languages/css/css.html#common-element-properties","title":"Common Element Properties","text":""},{"location":"languages/css/css.html#color","title":"Color","text":"CSS<pre><code>selector {\n    color: color-name;\n    color: #&lt;hex-digits&gt;;\n    color: rgb();\n    color: hsl();\n}\n</code></pre>"},{"location":"languages/css/css.html#background","title":"Background","text":"CSS<pre><code>selector {\n    background: &lt;image&gt; &lt;position&gt; / &lt;size&gt; &lt;repeat&gt; &lt;attachment&gt; &lt;origin&gt; &lt;clip&gt; &lt;color&gt;;\n\n    background-image: &lt;image-path&gt;;\n\n    background-position: &lt;top|bottom|left|right|center&gt;;\n    background-position: &lt;inherit|initial|revert|revert-layer|unset&gt;;\n    background-position: &lt;x&gt; &lt;y&gt;\n\n    background-size: &lt;size&gt;;\n    background-size: &lt;width&gt; &lt;height&gt;;\n    background-size: &lt;size&gt;, &lt;size&gt;;  /* multiple background */\n\n\n    background-repeat: &lt;horizontal&gt; &lt;vertical&gt;;\n    background-repeat: &lt;repeat|no-repeat|repeat-x|repeat-y|space|round&gt;;\n\n    background-attachment: &lt;scroll|fixed|local&gt;;\n\n    background-origin: &lt;border-box|padding-box|content-box&gt;;\n    background-clip: &lt;border-box|padding-box|content-box|text&gt;\n\n    background-color: &lt;color&gt;;\n    background-color: color-name;\n    background-color: #&lt;hex-digits&gt;;\n    background-color: rgb();\n    background-color: hsl();\n}\n</code></pre>"},{"location":"languages/css/css.html#font","title":"Font","text":"CSS<pre><code>selector {\n    font: &lt;style&gt; &lt;weight&gt; &lt;size&gt; &lt;family&gt;;\n    font-style: &lt;style&gt;;\n    font-weight: &lt;weight&gt;;\n    font-size: &lt;size&gt;;\n    font-family: &lt;family&gt;;\n\n    /* specific font name */\n    font-family: \"Font Name\";\n\n    /* generic name */\n    font-family: generic-name;\n\n    /* comma separated list */\n    font-family: \"Font Name\", generic-name;\n}\n</code></pre>"},{"location":"languages/css/css.html#text-decoration-aliment","title":"Text Decoration &amp; Aliment","text":"CSS<pre><code>selector {\n    text-decoration: &lt;line&gt; &lt;color&gt; &lt;style&gt; &lt;thickness&gt;;\n    text-align: alignment;\n}\n</code></pre> <p><code>text-decoration</code> values:</p> <ul> <li><code>text-decoration-line</code>: Sets the kind of decoration used, such as underline or line-through.</li> <li><code>text-decoration-color</code>: Sets the color of the decoration.</li> <li><code>text-decoration-style</code>: Sets the style of the line used for the decoration, such as solid, wavy, or dashed.</li> <li><code>text-decoration-thickness</code>: Sets the thickness of the line used for the decoration.</li> </ul> <p><code>text-align</code> values:</p> <ul> <li><code>start</code>: The same as left if direction is left-to-right and right if direction is right-to-left.</li> <li><code>end</code>: The same as right if direction is left-to-right and left if direction is right-to-left.</li> <li><code>left</code>: The inline contents are aligned to the left edge of the line box.</li> <li><code>right</code>: The inline contents are aligned to the right edge of the line box.</li> <li><code>center</code>: The inline contents are centered within the line box.</li> <li><code>justify</code>: The inline contents are justified. Text should be spaced to line up its left and right edges to the left and right edges of the line box, except for the last line.</li> <li><code>justify-all</code>: Same as justify, but also forces the last line to be justified.</li> <li><code>match-parent</code>: Similar to inherit, but the values start and end are calculated according to the parent's direction and are replaced by the appropriate left or right value.</li> </ul>"},{"location":"languages/css/css.html#size","title":"Size","text":"CSS<pre><code>selector {\n    width: &lt;size&gt;;\n    max-width: &lt;size&gt;;\n    min-width: &lt;size&gt;;\n\n    height: &lt;size&gt;;\n    max-height: &lt;size&gt;;\n    min-height: &lt;size&gt;;\n\n    aspect-ratio: &lt;width&gt; / &lt;height&gt;;\n}\n</code></pre> <p>Note: <code>width</code> and <code>height</code> properties do not have effect on inline elements.</p>"},{"location":"languages/css/css.html#hiding-elements","title":"Hiding Elements","text":"<p>There are several methods to 'hide' elements:</p> <ul> <li><code>display: none</code> removes the element from the document flow</li> <li><code>visibility: hidden</code> hides the element, but it still takes up space in the layout</li> <li><code>opacity: 0</code> hides the element, still takes up space in the layout, events work</li> </ul> Rule Collapse Events Tab Order <code>display: none</code> Yes No No <code>visibility: hidden</code> No No No <code>opacity: 0</code> No Yes Yes"},{"location":"languages/css/css.html#box-model","title":"Box Model","text":""},{"location":"languages/css/css.html#padding","title":"Padding","text":"<p>Space between the border and the content.</p> <p>It's possible to specify the padding for each side of the element:</p> CSS<pre><code>selector {\n    padding-top: &lt;size&gt;;\n    padding-right: &lt;size&gt;;\n    padding-bottom: &lt;size&gt;;\n    padding-left: &lt;size&gt;;\n\n    padding: &lt;top&gt; &lt;right&gt; &lt;bottom&gt; &lt;left&gt;;  /* Four values (TRBL) */\n    padding: &lt;top&gt; &lt;right/left&gt; &lt;bottom&gt;;  /* Three values (T/TL/B) */\n    padding: &lt;top/bottom&gt; &lt;right/left&gt;;    /* Two values (TB/RL) */\n    padding: &lt;all&gt;;    /* One value */\n}\n</code></pre> <p>Note: Padding adds to the total size of the box, unless <code>box-sizing: border-box;</code> is used.</p>"},{"location":"languages/css/css.html#border","title":"Border","text":"<p>Borders are specified as \"size, style, color\".</p> CSS<pre><code>selector {\n    border: &lt;size&gt; &lt;style&gt; &lt;color&gt;;\n    border-width: &lt;size&gt;;\n    border-style: &lt;style&gt;;\n    border-color: &lt;color&gt;;\n\n    border-top: &lt;size&gt; &lt;style&gt; &lt;color&gt;;\n    border-right: &lt;size&gt; &lt;style&gt; &lt;color&gt;;\n    border-bottom: &lt;size&gt; &lt;style&gt; &lt;color&gt;;\n    border-left: &lt;size&gt; &lt;style&gt; &lt;color&gt;;\n\n    border-top-width: &lt;size&gt;;\n    border-right-width: &lt;size&gt;;\n    border-bottom-width: &lt;size&gt;;\n    border-left-width: &lt;size&gt;;\n\n    border-top-style: &lt;size&gt;;\n    border-right-style: &lt;size&gt;;\n    border-bottom-style: &lt;size&gt;;\n    border-left-style: &lt;size&gt;;\n\n    border-top-color: &lt;size&gt;;\n    border-right-color: &lt;size&gt;;\n    border-bottom-color: &lt;size&gt;;\n    border-left-color: &lt;size&gt;;\n\n    border-radius: &lt;top-left&gt; &lt;top-right&gt; &lt;bottom-tight&gt; &lt;bottom-left&gt;;\n    border-radius: &lt;top-left&gt; &lt;top-right/bottom-left&gt; &lt;bottom-right&gt;;\n    border-radius: &lt;top-left/bottom-right&gt; &lt;top-right/bottom-left&gt;;\n    border-radius: &lt;all&gt;;\n\n    border-top-left-radius: &lt;size&gt;;\n    border-top-right-radius: &lt;size&gt;;\n    border-bottom-right-radius: &lt;size&gt;;\n    border-bottom-left-radius: &lt;size&gt;;\n}\n</code></pre> <p>Note: Border adds to the total size of the box, <code>unless box-sizing: border-box;</code> is used</p>"},{"location":"languages/css/css.html#box-sizing","title":"Box Sizing","text":"<p>Defines whether the width and height (and min/max) of an element should include padding and borders or not.</p> CSS<pre><code>selector {\n    box-sizing: content-box;    /* Border and padding are not included */\n    box-sizing: border-box;    /* Include the content, padding and border */\n}\n</code></pre>"},{"location":"languages/css/css.html#margin","title":"Margin","text":"<p>Transparent area around the box that separates it from other elements.</p> <p>It's possible to specify the margin for each side of the element.</p> CSS<pre><code>selector {\n    margin-top: &lt;size&gt;;\n    margin-right: &lt;size&gt;;\n    margin-bottom: &lt;size&gt;;\n    margin-left: &lt;size&gt;;\n\n    margin: &lt;top&gt; &lt;right&gt; &lt;bottom&gt; &lt;left&gt;;  /* Four values (TRBL) */\n    margin: &lt;top&gt; &lt;right/left&gt; &lt;bottom&gt;;  /* Three values (T/TL/B) */\n    margin: &lt;top/bottom&gt; &lt;right/left&gt;;    /* Two values (TB/RL) */\n    margin: &lt;all&gt;;    /* One value */\n}\n</code></pre> <p>Note: Top and bottom margins of near elements are collapsed into a single margin that is equal to the largest of the two margins.</p>"},{"location":"languages/css/css.html#element-positioning","title":"Element Positioning","text":""},{"location":"languages/css/css.html#static-positioning","title":"Static Positioning","text":"<p>All HTML elements are positioned static by default. Static elements are positioned in the normal flow of the page. Static elements ignore top, bottom, right, or left property specifications.</p> <p>In normal flow block elements flow from top to bottom making a new line after every element. In normal flow inline elements flow from left to right wrapping to next line when needed.</p> CSS<pre><code>selector {\n    position: static;\n}\n</code></pre>"},{"location":"languages/css/css.html#relative-positioning","title":"Relative positioning","text":"<p>Takes the element out of the normal flow, allowing it to be moved in relation to the top, bottom, right, or left but does not affect the elements surrounding it. Makes an element a \"positioning context\" in which to position other elements relative to it. The relative value will still put the element in the normal flow, but then offset it according to top, bottom, right and left properties.</p> CSS<pre><code>selector {\n    position: relative;\n}\n</code></pre>"},{"location":"languages/css/css.html#absolute-positioning","title":"Absolute Positioning","text":"<p>Positions element outside of the normal flow and other elements act as if it's not there. An absolutely positioned element is offset from its container block, set with the properties top, bottom, right and left. Its container block is the first surrounding element that has any position other than static. If no such element is found, the container block is <code>&lt;html&gt;</code>.</p> CSS<pre><code>selector {\n    position: absolute;\n}\n</code></pre>"},{"location":"languages/css/css.html#fixed-positioning","title":"Fixed Positioning","text":"<p>The fixed value takes an element out of the normal flow, it positions it relative to the viewport. Parent positioning will no longer affect fixed elements.</p> CSS<pre><code>selector {\n    position: fixed;\n}\n</code></pre>"},{"location":"languages/css/css.html#sticky-positioning","title":"Sticky Positioning","text":"<p>Sticky positioning is a hybrid of relative and fixed positioning. The element is treated as relative positioned until it crosses a specified threshold, at which point it is treated as fixed positioned.</p> CSS<pre><code>selector {\n    position: sticky;\n}\n</code></pre> <p><code>Note</code>: sticky is not supported by IE and still needs to be prefixed for webkit based browsers</p>"},{"location":"languages/css/css.html#z-index","title":"Z-Index","text":"<p>When elements overlap, the order of overlapping can be changed with z-index:</p> <ul> <li>The element with highest z-index goes on top</li> <li>Without z-index, elements stack in the order that they appear in the DOM</li> <li>Elements with non-static positioning will always appear on top of elements with default static positioning</li> </ul> <p>Nesting is important: if element B is on top of element A, a child of element A can never be higher than element B.</p> CSS<pre><code>selector {\n    z-index: &lt;int&gt;;\n}\n</code></pre>"},{"location":"languages/css/css.html#layouts","title":"Layouts","text":"CSS<pre><code>div {\n    display: inline; /* Default of all elements, unless UA (user agent) stylesheet overrides */\n    display: block; /* block is default for elements like &lt;div&gt; and &lt;section&gt;*/\n    display: inline-block; /* Characteristics of block, but sits on a line */\n    display: flex;\n    display: grid; /* divide page into major regions or define the relationship in terms of size */\n    display: none; /* Hide */\n}\n</code></pre>"},{"location":"languages/css/css.html#inline","title":"Inline","text":"<ul> <li>The default value for elements (e.g. <code>&lt;span&gt;</code>, <code>&lt;em&gt;</code>, <code>&lt;b&gt;</code>, etc.)</li> <li>Doesn't break the flow of the text</li> <li>The element will accept margin and padding, but the element still sits inline</li> <li>Margin and padding will only push other elements horizontally, not vertically</li> <li>An inline element will not accept height and width.</li> </ul>"},{"location":"languages/css/css.html#block","title":"Block","text":"<ul> <li>Some elements are set to block by the browser UA (user agent) stylesheet</li> <li>Container elements, like <code>&lt;div&gt;</code>, <code>&lt;section&gt;</code>, <code>&lt;ul&gt;</code>, etc.</li> <li>Text block elements like <code>&lt;p&gt;</code>, <code>&lt;h1&gt;</code>, <code>&lt;h2&gt;</code>, etc.</li> <li>Do not sit inline</li> <li>By default take up as much horizontal space as they can</li> </ul>"},{"location":"languages/css/css.html#inline-block","title":"Inline Block","text":"<ul> <li>Combines aspects of inline and block</li> <li>Very similar to inline in that it will sit inline with the natural flow of text</li> <li>Able to set a width and height</li> </ul>"},{"location":"languages/css/css.html#none","title":"None","text":"<ul> <li><code>display: none</code> removes the element from the document flow</li> <li>The element does not take up any space</li> </ul>"},{"location":"languages/css/css.html#flex","title":"Flex","text":"CSS<pre><code>selector {\n    display: \"flex\";\n    flex-direction: &lt;row|column&gt;;\n}\n</code></pre>"},{"location":"languages/css/css.html#grid","title":"Grid","text":"CSS<pre><code>selector {\n    display: grid;\n    grid-template-columns: 1fr 1fr 1fr;  /* 3 equal columns */\n    grid-template-rows: 1fr 1fr 1fr;  /* 3 equal rows */\n}\n</code></pre>"},{"location":"languages/css/css.html#variables","title":"Variables","text":"CSS<pre><code>:root {\n    /* define variables on :root element */\n    --variable: value;\n}\n\nselector {\n    --variable: value;  /* overwrite value */\n    prop: var(--variable);  /* use value of variable */\n}\n</code></pre>"},{"location":"languages/css/css.html#responsive-design","title":"Responsive Design","text":"<p>A responsive website or application automatically adjusts to the screen and adapts to any device.</p>"},{"location":"languages/css/css.html#viewport-meta-tag","title":"Viewport Meta-Tag","text":"<p>Is located in the <code>&lt;head&gt;</code> of the HTML document. It defines how a site should render in a web browser for mobile devices and makes media queries will work as intended.</p> HTML<pre><code>&lt;meta name=\"viewport\" content=\"width=device-width, initial-scale=1\"&gt;\n</code></pre> <ul> <li><code>device-width</code>: indicates the width should match with the viewport of the device</li> <li><code>initial-scale</code>: ensure the zoom will not be applied and the layout will always show on a <code>1:1</code> scale</li> </ul>"},{"location":"languages/css/css.html#media-queries","title":"Media Queries","text":"<p>Media queries allow the customization of web pages for specific devices screen sizes. A media query is a logical expression: true or false; if a media query is true, the related rules are applied to the target device.</p> CSS<pre><code>@media type operator (feature) {\n    selector { property: value; }\n}\n\n/* AND logic: Both conditions must be true */\n@media screen and (min-width: 400px) and (orientation: landscape) {\n    selector { property: value; }\n}\n/* OR logic: At least one conditions should be true */\n@media screen and (min-width: 400px), screen and (orientation: landscape) {\n    selector { property: value; }\n}\n\n/* NOT logic: Negates the entire condition */\n@media not all and (orientation: landscape) {\n    selector { property: value; }\n}\n</code></pre> <p>Types:</p> <ul> <li><code>all</code>: all media type devices.</li> <li><code>print</code>: printers.</li> <li><code>screen</code>: computer screens, tablets, smart-phones, etc.</li> <li><code>speech</code>: screen readers that \"reads\" the page out loud.</li> </ul> <p>Features:</p> <ul> <li><code>width</code></li> <li><code>min-width</code></li> <li><code>max-width</code></li> <li><code>height</code></li> <li><code>min-height</code></li> <li><code>max-height</code></li> <li><code>orientation</code></li> </ul> <p>It's possible to specify a media attribute in the link element. This applies a whole stylesheet when the condition is true:</p> HTML<pre><code>&lt;link rel=\"stylesheet\" media=\"screen and (min-width: 900px)\" href=\"widescreen.css\"&gt;\n&lt;link rel=\"stylesheet\" media=\"screen and (max-width: 600px)\" href=\"smallscreen.css\"&gt;\n</code></pre> <p>It's also possible to have different stylesheets based on media type:</p> HTML<pre><code>&lt;link rel=\"stylesheet\" type=\"text/css\" href=\"screen.css\" media=\"screen\"&gt;\n&lt;link rel=\"stylesheet\" type=\"text/css\" href=\"print.css\" media=\"print\"&gt;\n</code></pre>"},{"location":"languages/dotnet/asp.net/blazor.html","title":"Blazor","text":"<p>Blazor apps are based on components. A component in Blazor is an element of UI, such as a page, dialog, or data entry form.</p> <p>Components are .NET C# classes built into .NET assemblies that:</p> <ul> <li>Define flexible UI rendering logic.</li> <li>Handle user events.</li> <li>Can be nested and reused.</li> <li>Can be shared and distributed as Razor class libraries or NuGet packages.</li> </ul> <p> </p> <p>The component class is usually written in the form of a Razor markup page with a <code>.razor</code> file extension. Components in Blazor are formally referred to as Razor components.</p>"},{"location":"languages/dotnet/asp.net/blazor.html#components-razor","title":"Components (<code>.razor</code>)","text":"<p>Blazor Components</p> C#<pre><code>@page \"/route/{RouteParameter}\"  // make component accessible from a URL\n@page \"/route/{RouteParameter?}\"  // specify route parameter as optional\n@page \"/route/{RouteParameter:&lt;type&gt;}\"  // specify route parameter type\n\n@namespace &lt;Namespace&gt;  // set the component namespace\n@using &lt;Namespace&gt;  // using statement\n@inherits BaseType  // inheritance\n@attribute [Attribute]  // apply an attribute\n@inject Type objectName  // dependency injection\n\n// html of the page here\n\n&lt;Namespace.ComponentFolder.Component /&gt;  // access component w/o @using\n&lt;Component Property=\"value\"/&gt;  // insert component into page, passing attributes\n&lt;Component @onclick=\"@CallbackMethod\"&gt;\n    @ChildContent  // segment of UI content\n&lt;/Component&gt;\n\n@code {\n    // component model (Properties, Methods, ...)\n\n    [Parameter]  // capture attribute \n    public Type Property { get; set; } = defaultValue;\n\n    [Parameter]  // capture route parameters\n    public type RouteParameter { get; set;}\n\n    [Parameter] // segment of UI content\n    public RenderFragment ChildContent { get; set;}\n\n    private void CallbackMethod() { }\n}\n</code></pre>"},{"location":"languages/dotnet/asp.net/blazor.html#state-management","title":"State Management","text":""},{"location":"languages/dotnet/asp.net/blazor.html#passing-state-with-navigationmanager","title":"Passing state with <code>NavigationManager</code>","text":"<p>It's now possible to pass state when navigating in Blazor apps using the <code>NavigationManager</code>.</p> C#<pre><code>navigationManager.NavigateTo(\"/&lt;route&gt;\", new NavigationOptions { HistoryEntryState = value });\n</code></pre> <p>This mechanism allows for simple communication between different pages. The specified state is pushed onto the browser\u2019s history stack so that it can be accessed later using either the <code>NavigationManager.HistoryEntryState</code> property or the <code>LocationChangedEventArgs.HistoryEntryState</code> property when listening for location changed events.</p>"},{"location":"languages/dotnet/asp.net/blazor.html#blazor-wasm","title":"Blazor WASM","text":"C#<pre><code>// setup state singleton\nbuilder.Services.AddSingleton&lt;StateContainer&gt;();\n</code></pre> C#<pre><code>// StateContainer singleton\nusing System;\n\npublic class StateContainer\n{\n    private int _counter;\n\n    public string Property\n    {\n        get =&gt; _counter;\n        set\n        {\n            _counter = value;\n            NotifyStateChanged();  // will trigger StateHasChanged(), causing a render \n        }\n    }\n\n    public event Action OnChange;\n\n    private void NotifyStateChanged() =&gt; OnChange?.Invoke();\n}\n</code></pre> C#<pre><code>// component that changes the state\n@inject StateContainer State\n\n// Delegate event handlers automatically trigger a UI render\n&lt;button @onClick=\"@HandleClick\"&gt;\n    Change State\n&lt;/button&gt;\n\n@code {\n    private void HandleClick()\n    {\n        State.Property += 1;  // update state\n    }\n}\n</code></pre> C#<pre><code>// component that should be update on state change\n@implements IDisposable\n@inject StateContainer State\n\n&lt;p&gt;Property: &lt;b&gt;@State.Property&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/p&gt;\n\n@code {\n\n    // StateHasChanged notifies the component that its state has changed. \n    // When applicable, calling StateHasChanged causes the component to be rerendered.\n\n    protected override void OnInitialized()\n    {\n        State.OnChange += StateHasChanged;\n    }\n\n    public void Dispose()\n    {\n        State.OnChange -= StateHasChanged;\n    }\n}\n</code></pre>"},{"location":"languages/dotnet/asp.net/blazor.html#data-binding-events","title":"Data Binding &amp; Events","text":"C#<pre><code>&lt;p&gt;\n    &lt;button @on{DOM EVENT}=\"{DELEGATE}\" /&gt;\n    &lt;button @on{DOM EVENT}=\"{DELEGATE}\" @on{DOM EVENT}:preventDefault /&gt;  // prevent default action\n    &lt;button @on{DOM EVENT}=\"{DELEGATE}\" @on{DOM EVENT}:preventDefault=\"{CONDITION}\" /&gt;  // prevent default action if CONDITION is true\n\n    &lt;button @on{DOM EVENT}=\"{DELEGATE}\" @on{DOM EVENT}:stopPropagation /&gt;\n    &lt;button @on{DOM EVENT}=\"{DELEGATE}\" @on{DOM EVENT}:stopPropagation=\"{CONDITION}\" /&gt;  // stop event propagation if CONDITION is true\n\n    &lt;button @on{DOM EVENT}=\"@(e =&gt; Property = value)\" /&gt;  // change internal state w/ lambda\n    &lt;button @on{DOM EVENT}=\"@(e =&gt; DelegateAsync(e, value))\" /&gt;  // invoke delegate w/ lambda\n\n    &lt;input @ref=\"elementReference\" /&gt;\n\n    &lt;input @bind=\"{PROPERTY}\" /&gt; // updates variable on ONCHANGE event (focus loss)\n    &lt;input @bind=\"{PROPERTY}\" @bind:event=\"{DOM EVENT}\" /&gt;  // updates value on DOM EVENT\n    &lt;input @bind=\"{PROPERTY}\" @bind:format=\"{FORMAT STRING}\" /&gt;  // use FORMAT STRING to display value\n\n    &lt;ChildComponent @bind-{PROPERTY}=\"{PROPERTY}\" @bind-{PROPERTY}:event=\"{EVENT}\" /&gt;  // bind to child component {PROPERTY}\n    &lt;ChildComponent @bind-{PROPERTY}=\"{PROPERTY}\" @bind-{PROPERTY}:event=\"{PROPERTY}Changed\" /&gt;  // bind to child component {PROPERTY}, listen for custom event\n\n    &lt;input @bind=\"{PROPERTY}\" @bind:after=\"{DELEGATE}\" /&gt;  // run async logic after bind event completion\n    &lt;input @bind:get=\"{PROPERTY}\" @bind:set=\"PropertyChanged\" /&gt;  // two-way data binding\n&lt;/p&gt;\n\n@code {\n    private ElementReference elementReference;\n\n    public string Property { get; set; }\n\n    public EventCallback&lt;Type&gt; PropertyChanged { get; set; }  // custom event {PROPERTY}Changed\n\n    // invoke custom event\n    public async Task DelegateAsync(EventArgs e, Type argument)\n    {   \n        /* ... */\n\n        await PropertyChanged.InvokeAsync(e, argument);  // notify parent bound prop has changed\n        await elementReference.FocusAsync();  // focus an element in code\n    }\n\n    [Parameter] public TValue Value { get; set; }\n    [Parameter] public EventCallback&lt;TValue&gt; ValueChanged { get; set; }\n}\n</code></pre> <p>Note: When a user provides an unparsable value to a data-bound element, the unparsable value is automatically reverted to its previous value when the bind event is triggered. Note: The <code>@bind:get</code> and <code>@bind:set</code> modifiers are always used together. <code>The @bind:get</code> modifier specifies the value to bind to and the <code>@bind:set</code> modifier specifies a callback that is called when the value changes</p>"},{"location":"languages/dotnet/asp.net/blazor.html#javascriptnet-interop","title":"Javascript/.NET Interop","text":"<p>Call Javascript from .NET Call .NET from Javascript</p>"},{"location":"languages/dotnet/asp.net/blazor.html#render-blazor-components-from-javascript","title":"Render Blazor components from JavaScript","text":"<p>To render a Blazor component from JavaScript, first register it as a root component for JavaScript rendering and assign it an identifier:</p> C#<pre><code>// Blazor Server\nbuilder.Services.AddServerSideBlazor(options =&gt;\n{\n    options.RootComponents.RegisterForJavaScript&lt;Counter&gt;(identifier: \"counter\");\n});\n\n// Blazor WebAssembly\nbuilder.RootComponents.RegisterForJavaScript&lt;Counter&gt;(identifier: \"counter\");\n</code></pre> <p>Load Blazor into the JavaScript app (<code>blazor.server.js</code> or <code>blazor.webassembly.js</code>) and then render the component from JavaScript into a container element using the registered identifier, passing component parameters as needed:</p> JavaScript<pre><code>let containerElement = document.getElementById('my-counter');\nawait Blazor.rootComponents.add(containerElement, 'counter', { incrementAmount: 10 });\n</code></pre>"},{"location":"languages/dotnet/asp.net/blazor.html#blazor-custom-elements","title":"Blazor custom elements","text":"<p>Experimental support is also now available for building custom elements with Blazor using the Microsoft.AspNetCore.Components.CustomElements NuGet package. Custom elements use standard HTML interfaces to implement custom HTML elements.</p> <p>To create a custom element using Blazor, register a Blazor root component as custom elements like this:</p> C#<pre><code>options.RootComponents.RegisterAsCustomElement&lt;Counter&gt;(\"my-counter\");\n</code></pre>"},{"location":"languages/dotnet/asp.net/filters.html","title":"Filters","text":"<p>Filters in ASP.NET Core allow code to be run before or after specific stages in the request processing pipeline.</p> <p>Built-in filters handle tasks such as:</p> <ul> <li>Authorization (preventing access to resources a user isn't authorized for).</li> <li>Response caching (short-circuiting the request pipeline to return a cached response).</li> </ul> <p>Custom filters can be created to handle cross-cutting concerns. Examples of cross-cutting concerns include error handling, caching, configuration, authorization, and logging. Filters avoid duplicating code.</p>"},{"location":"languages/dotnet/asp.net/filters.html#how-filters-work","title":"How filters work","text":"<p>Filters run within the ASP.NET Core action invocation pipeline, sometimes referred to as the filter pipeline. The filter pipeline runs after ASP.NET Core selects the action to execute.</p> <p> </p>"},{"location":"languages/dotnet/asp.net/filters.html#filter-types","title":"Filter types","text":"<p>Each filter type is executed at a different stage in the filter pipeline:</p> <ul> <li>Authorization filters run first and are used to determine whether the user is authorized for the request. Authorization filters short-circuit the pipeline if the request is not authorized.</li> <li>Resource filters:</li> <li>Run after authorization.</li> <li><code>OnResourceExecuting</code> runs code before the rest of the filter pipeline. For example, <code>OnResourceExecuting</code> runs code before model binding.</li> <li><code>OnResourceExecuted</code> runs code after the rest of the pipeline has completed.</li> <li>Action filters:</li> <li>Run code immediately before and after an action method is called.</li> <li>Can change the arguments passed into an action.</li> <li>Can change the result returned from the action.</li> <li>Are not supported in Razor Pages.</li> <li>Exception filters apply global policies to unhandled exceptions that occur before the response body has been written to.</li> <li>Result filters run code immediately before and after the execution of action results. They run only when the action method has executed successfully. They are useful for logic that must surround view or formatter execution.</li> </ul>"},{"location":"languages/dotnet/asp.net/filters.html#implementation","title":"Implementation","text":"<p>Filters support both synchronous and asynchronous implementations through different interface definitions.</p> <p>For example, <code>OnActionExecuting</code> is called before the action method is called. <code>OnActionExecuted</code> is called after the action method returns. Asynchronous filters define an <code>On-Stage-ExecutionAsync</code> method, for example <code>OnActionExecutionAsync</code>.</p> <p>Interfaces for multiple filter stages can be implemented in a single class.</p> C#<pre><code>public class SampleActionFilter : IActionFilter\n{\n    public void OnActionExecuting(ActionExecutingContext context)\n    {\n        // Do something before the action executes.\n    }\n\n    public void OnActionExecuted(ActionExecutedContext context)\n    {\n        // Do something after the action executes.\n    }\n}\n\n\npublic class SampleAsyncActionFilter : IAsyncActionFilter\n{\n    public async Task OnActionExecutionAsync(\n        ActionExecutingContext context, ActionExecutionDelegate next)\n    {\n        // Do something before the action executes.\n        await next();\n        // Do something after the action executes.\n    }\n}\n</code></pre>"},{"location":"languages/dotnet/asp.net/filters.html#built-in-filter-attributes","title":"Built-in filter attributes","text":"<p>ASP.NET Core includes built-in attribute-based filters that can be subclassed and customized. Several of the filter interfaces have corresponding attributes that can be used as base classes for custom implementations.</p> <p>Filter attributes:</p> <ul> <li>ActionFilterAttribute</li> <li>ExceptionFilterAttribute</li> <li>ResultFilterAttribute</li> <li>FormatFilterAttribute</li> <li>ServiceFilterAttribute</li> <li>TypeFilterAttribute</li> </ul>"},{"location":"languages/dotnet/asp.net/filters.html#filter-scopes","title":"Filter scopes","text":"<p>A filter can be added to the pipeline at one of three scopes:</p> <ul> <li>Using an attribute on a controller action. Filter attributes cannot be applied to Razor Pages handler methods.</li> </ul> C#<pre><code>services.AddScoped&lt;CustomActionFilterAttribute&gt;();\n\n[ServiceFilter(typeof(CustomActionFilterAttribute))]\npublic IActionResult Action()\n{\n    return Ok();\n}\n</code></pre> <ul> <li>Using an attribute on a controller or Razor Page.</li> </ul> C#<pre><code>services.AddControllersWithViews(options =&gt; { \n    options.Filters.Add(new CustomResponseFilterAttribute(args)); \n});\n\n\n[CustomResponseFilterAttribute(args)]\npublic class SampleController : Controller\n</code></pre> <ul> <li>Globally for all controllers, actions, and Razor Pages.</li> </ul> C#<pre><code>builder.Services.AddControllersWithViews(options =&gt;\n{\n    options.Filters.Add(typeof(CustomActionFilter));\n});\n</code></pre>"},{"location":"languages/dotnet/asp.net/filters.html#filter-order-of-execution","title":"Filter Order of Execution","text":"<p>When there are multiple filters for a particular stage of the pipeline, scope determines the default order of filter execution. Global filters surround class filters, which in turn surround method filters.</p> <p>As a result of filter nesting, the after code of filters runs in the reverse order of the before code. The filter sequence:</p> <ul> <li>The before code of global filters.</li> <li>The before code of controller and Razor Page filters.<ul> <li>The before code of action method filters.</li> <li>The after code of action method filters.</li> </ul> </li> <li>The after code of controller and Razor Page filters.</li> <li>The after code of global filters.</li> </ul>"},{"location":"languages/dotnet/asp.net/filters.html#cancellation-and-short-circuiting","title":"Cancellation and Short-Circuiting","text":"<p>The filter pipeline can be short-circuited by setting the <code>Result</code> property on the <code>ResourceExecutingContext</code> parameter provided to the filter method.</p> C#<pre><code>public class ShortCircuitingResourceFilterAttribute : Attribute, IResourceFilter\n{\n    public void OnResourceExecuting(ResourceExecutingContext context)\n    {\n        context.Result = new ContentResult()\n        {\n            Content = \"Resource unavailable - header not set.\"\n        };\n    }\n\n    public void OnResourceExecuted(ResourceExecutedContext context)\n    {\n    }\n}\n</code></pre>"},{"location":"languages/dotnet/asp.net/filters.html#dependency-injection","title":"Dependency Injection","text":"<p>Filters can be added by type or by instance. If an instance is added, that instance is used for every request. If a type is added, it's type-activated.</p> <p>A type-activated filter means:</p> <ul> <li>An instance is created for each request.</li> <li>Any constructor dependencies are populated by dependency injection (DI).</li> </ul> <p>Filters that are implemented as attributes and added directly to controller classes or action methods cannot have constructor dependencies provided by dependency injection (DI). Constructor dependencies cannot be provided by DI because attributes must have their constructor parameters supplied where they're applied.</p> <p>The following filters support constructor dependencies provided from DI:</p> <ul> <li>ServiceFilterAttribute</li> <li>TypeFilterAttribute</li> <li>IFilterFactory implemented on the attribute.</li> </ul>"},{"location":"languages/dotnet/asp.net/filters.html#servicefilterattribute","title":"<code>ServiceFilterAttribute</code>","text":"C#<pre><code>builder.Services.AddScoped&lt;CustomFilterFromDI&gt;();\n\npublic class CustomFilterFromDI : IResultFilter\n{\n    private readonly ILogger _logger;\n\n    public CustomFilterFromDI(ILogger logger) =&gt;  _logger = logger;\n\n    public void OnResultExecuting(ResultExecutingContext context)\n    {\n    }\n\n    public void OnResultExecuted(ResultExecutedContext context)\n    {\n    }\n}\n\n[ServiceFilter(typeof(CustomFilterFromDI))]\npublic IActionResult Action() =&gt; OK();\n</code></pre>"},{"location":"languages/dotnet/asp.net/middleware.html","title":"Middleware","text":"<p>Middleware is software that's assembled into an app pipeline to handle requests and responses. Each component:</p> <ul> <li>Chooses whether to pass the request to the next component in the pipeline.</li> <li>Can perform work before and after the next component in the pipeline.</li> </ul> <p>Request delegates are used to build the request pipeline. The request delegates handle each HTTP request.</p> <p>Request delegates are configured using Run, Map, and Use extension methods.</p> <p>An individual request delegate can be specified in-line as an anonymous method (called in-line middleware), or it can be defined in a reusable class. These reusable classes and in-line anonymous methods are middleware, also called middleware components.</p> <p>Each middleware component in the request pipeline is responsible for invoking the next component in the pipeline or short-circuiting the pipeline. When a middleware short-circuits, it's called a terminal middleware because it prevents further middleware from processing the request.</p>"},{"location":"languages/dotnet/asp.net/middleware.html#middleware-pipeline","title":"Middleware Pipeline","text":"<p>The ASP.NET Core request pipeline consists of a sequence of request delegates, called one after the other.</p> <p></p> <p>Each delegate can perform operations before and after the next delegate. Exception-handling delegates should be called early in the pipeline, so they can catch exceptions that occur in later stages of the pipeline. It's possible to chain multiple request delegates together with <code>Use</code>.</p> <p>The next parameter represents the next delegate in the pipeline. It's possible to short-circuit the pipeline by not calling the next parameter. When a delegate doesn't pass a request to the next delegate, it's called short-circuiting the request pipeline. Short-circuiting is often desirable because it avoids unnecessary work.</p> <p>It's possible to perform actions both before and after the next delegate:</p> C#<pre><code>// \"inline\" middleware, best if in own class\napp.Use(async (context, next) =&gt;\n{\n    // Do work that doesn't write to the Response.\n    await next.Invoke();\n    // Do logging or other work that doesn't write to the Response.\n});\n</code></pre> <p><code>Run</code> delegates don't receive a next parameter. The first <code>Run</code> delegate is always terminal and terminates the pipeline.</p> C#<pre><code>// \"inline\" middleware, best if in own class\napp.Use(async (context, next) =&gt;\n{\n    // Do work that doesn't write to the Response.\n    await next.Invoke();\n    // Do logging or other work that doesn't write to the Response.\n});\n\napp.Run(async context =&gt;\n{\n    // no invocation of next\n});\n</code></pre>"},{"location":"languages/dotnet/asp.net/middleware.html#middleware-order","title":"Middleware Order","text":"<p>The Endpoint middleware executes the filter pipeline for the corresponding app type.</p> <p>The order that middleware components are added in the <code>Startup.Configure</code> method defines the order in which the middleware components are invoked on requests and the reverse order for the response. The order is critical for security, performance, and functionality.</p> C#<pre><code>if (env.IsDevelopment())\n{\n    app.UseDeveloperExceptionPage();\n    app.UseDatabaseErrorPage();\n}\nelse\n{\n    app.UseExceptionHandler(\"/Error\");\n    app.UseHsts();\n}\n\napp.UseHttpsRedirection();\napp.UseStaticFiles();\napp.UseCookiePolicy();\n\napp.UseRouting();\napp.UseRequestLocalization();\napp.UseCors();\n\napp.UseAuthentication();\napp.UseAuthorization();\napp.UseSession();\napp.UseResponseCompression();\napp.UseResponseCaching();\n\napp.UseEndpoints(endpoints =&gt;\n{\n    endpoints.MapRazorPages();\n    endpoints.MapControllers();\n});\n</code></pre> <p>Built-in Middleware</p>"},{"location":"languages/dotnet/asp.net/middleware.html#branching-the-middleware-pipeline","title":"Branching the Middleware Pipeline","text":"<p><code>Map</code> extensions are used as a convention for branching the pipeline. <code>Map</code> branches the request pipeline based on matches of the given request path. If the request path starts with the given path, the branch is executed.</p> <p>When <code>Map</code> is used, the matched path segments are removed from <code>HttpRequest.Path</code> and appended to <code>HttpRequest.PathBase</code> for each request.</p> <p><code>MapWhen</code> branches the request pipeline based on the result of the given predicate. Any predicate of type <code>Func&lt;HttpContext, bool&gt;</code> can be used to map requests to a new branch of the pipeline.</p> <p><code>UseWhen</code> also branches the request pipeline based on the result of the given predicate. Unlike with <code>MapWhen</code>, this branch is rejoined to the main pipeline if it doesn't short-circuit or contain a terminal middleware.</p>"},{"location":"languages/dotnet/asp.net/middleware.html#custom-middleware-classes","title":"Custom Middleware Classes","text":"<p>Middleware is generally encapsulated in a class and exposed with an extension method.</p> C#<pre><code>public class CustomMiddleware\n{\n    private readonly RequestDelegate _next;\n\n    public CustomMiddleware(RequestDelegate next)\n    {\n        _next = next;\n    }\n\n    public async Task InvokeAsync(HttpContext context)\n    {\n        // Do work that doesn't write to the Response.\n        await _next(context);  // Call the next delegate/middleware in the pipeline\n        // Do logging or other work that doesn't write to the Response.\n    }\n}\n</code></pre> <p>The middleware class must include:</p> <ul> <li>A public constructor with a parameter of type RequestDelegate.</li> <li>A public method named <code>Invoke</code> or <code>InvokeAsync</code>. This method must:</li> <li>Return a <code>Task</code>.</li> <li>Accept a first parameter of type HttpContext.</li> </ul>"},{"location":"languages/dotnet/asp.net/middleware.html#middleware-extension-methods","title":"Middleware Extension Methods","text":"C#<pre><code>using Microsoft.AspNetCore.Builder;\n\npublic static class MiddlewareExtensions\n{\n    public static IApplicationBuilder UseCustom(this IApplicationBuilder builder)\n    {\n        return builder.UseMiddleware&lt;CustomMiddleware&gt;();\n    }\n}\n</code></pre> C#<pre><code>// other middlewares\n\napp.UseCustom();  // add custom middleware in the pipeline\n\napp.UseEndpoints(endpoints =&gt; endpoints.MapControllers());\n</code></pre>"},{"location":"languages/dotnet/asp.net/minimal-api.html","title":"Minimal API","text":"<p>Note: Requires .NET 6+</p> C#<pre><code>var builder = WebApplication.CreateBuilder(args);\n\nbuilder.Services.AddSingleton&lt;IService, Service&gt;();\nbuilder.Services.AddScoped&lt;IService, Service&gt;();\nbuilder.Services.AddTransient&lt;IService, Service&gt;();\n\nvar app = builder.Build();\n\n// [...]\n\napp.Run();\n//or\napp.RunAsync();\n</code></pre>"},{"location":"languages/dotnet/asp.net/minimal-api.html#application-settings","title":"Application Settings","text":"<p>App settings are loaded (in order) from:</p> <ol> <li><code>appsettings.json</code></li> <li><code>appsettings.&lt;Environment&gt;.json</code></li> <li>User Secrets</li> </ol> <p>The environment is controlled by the env var <code>ASPNETCORE_ENVIRONMENT</code>. If a setting is present in multiple locations, the last one is used and overrides the previous ones.</p>"},{"location":"languages/dotnet/asp.net/minimal-api.html#user-secrets","title":"User Secrets","text":"<p>User secrets are specific to each machine and can be initialized with <code>dotnet user-secrets init</code>. Each application is linked with it's settings by a guid.</p> <p>The settings are stored in:</p> <ul> <li><code>%APPDATA%\\Microsoft\\UserSecrets\\&lt;user_secrets_id&gt;\\secrets.json</code> (Windows)</li> <li><code>~/.microsoft/usersecrets/&lt;user_secrets_id&gt;/secrets.json</code> (Linux/macOS)</li> </ul> <p>Setting a value is done with <code>dotnet user-secrets set &lt;key&gt; &lt;value&gt;</code>, keys can be nested by separating each level with <code>:</code> or <code>__</code>.</p>"},{"location":"languages/dotnet/asp.net/minimal-api.html#swagger","title":"Swagger","text":"C#<pre><code>builder.Services.AddEndpointsApiExplorer();\nbuilder.Services.AddSwaggerGen();\n\n// [...]\n\napp.UseSwagger();\napp.UseSwaggerUI();\n\n// add returned content metadata to Swagger\napp.MapGet(\"/route\", Handler).Produces&lt;Type&gt;(statusCode);\n\n// add request body contents metadata to Swagger\napp.MapPost(\"/route\", Handler).Accepts&lt;Type&gt;(contentType);\n</code></pre>"},{"location":"languages/dotnet/asp.net/minimal-api.html#mvc","title":"MVC","text":"C#<pre><code>builder.Services.AddControllersWithViews();\n//or\nbuilder.Services.AddControllers();\n\n// Configure the HTTP request pipeline.\nif (app.Environment.IsDevelopment())\n{\n    app.UseDeveloperExceptionPage();\n}\nelse\n{\n    app.UseExceptionHandler(\"/Home/Error\");\n\n    // The default HSTS value is 30 days. You may want to change this for production scenarios, see https://aka.ms/aspnetcore-hsts.\n    app.UseHsts();\n}\n\napp.UseHttpsRedirection();\napp.UseStaticFiles();\n\napp.UseRouting();\n\napp.UseAuthorization();\n\napp.MapControllers();\n// or\napp.MapControllerRoute(\n    name: \"default\",\n    pattern: \"{controller=Home}/{action=Index}/{id?}\");\n</code></pre>"},{"location":"languages/dotnet/asp.net/minimal-api.html#routing-handlers-results","title":"Routing, Handlers &amp; Results","text":"<p>To define routes and handlers using Minimal APIs, use the <code>Map(Get|Post|Put|Delete)</code> methods.</p> C#<pre><code>// the dependencies are passed as parameters in the handler delegate\napp.MapGet(\"/route/{id}\", (IService service, int id) =&gt; {\n\n    return entity is not null ? Results.Ok(entity) : Results.NotFound();\n});\n\n// pass delegate to use default values\napp.MapGet(\"/search/{id}\", Search);\nIResult Search(int id, int? page = 1, int? pageSize = 10) { /* ... */ }\n</code></pre>"},{"location":"languages/dotnet/asp.net/minimal-api.html#route-groups","title":"Route Groups","text":"<p>The <code>MapGroup()</code> extension method, which helps organize groups of endpoints with a common prefix. It allows for customizing entire groups of endpoints with a singe call to methods like <code>RequireAuthorization()</code> and <code>WithMetadata()</code>.</p> C#<pre><code>var group = app.MapGroup(\"&lt;route-prefix&gt;\");\n\ngroup.MapGet(\"/\", GetAllTodos);  // route: /&lt;route-prefix&gt;\ngroup.MapGet(\"/{id}\", GetTodo);  // route: /&lt;route-prefix&gt;/{id}\n\n// [...]\n</code></pre>"},{"location":"languages/dotnet/asp.net/minimal-api.html#typedresults","title":"<code>TypedResults</code>","text":"<p>The <code>Microsoft.AspNetCore.Http.TypedResults</code> static class is the \u201ctyped\u201d equivalent of the existing <code>Microsoft.AspNetCore.Http.Results</code> class. It's possible to use <code>TypedResults</code> in minimal APIs to create instances of the in-framework <code>IResult</code>-implementing types and preserve the concrete type information.</p> C#<pre><code>public static async Task&lt;IResult&gt; GetAllTodos(TodoDb db)\n{\n    return TypedResults.Ok(await db.Todos.ToArrayAsync());\n}\n</code></pre> C#<pre><code>[Fact]\npublic async Task GetAllTodos_ReturnsOkOfObjectResult()\n{\n    // Arrange\n    var db = CreateDbContext();\n\n    // Act\n    var result = await TodosApi.GetAllTodos(db);\n\n    // Assert: Check the returned result type is correct\n    Assert.IsType&lt;Ok&lt;Todo[]&gt;&gt;(result);\n}\n</code></pre>"},{"location":"languages/dotnet/asp.net/minimal-api.html#multiple-result-types","title":"Multiple Result Types","text":"<p>The <code>Results&lt;TResult1, TResult2, TResultN&gt;</code> generic union types, along with the <code>TypesResults</code> class, can be used to declare that a route handler returns multiple <code>IResult</code>-implementing concrete types.</p> C#<pre><code>// Declare that the lambda returns multiple IResult types\napp.MapGet(\"/todos/{id}\", async Results&lt;Ok&lt;Todo&gt;, NotFound&gt; (int id, TodoDb db)\n{\n    return await db.Todos.FindAsync(id) is Todo todo\n        ? TypedResults.Ok(todo)\n        : TypedResults.NotFound();\n});\n</code></pre>"},{"location":"languages/dotnet/asp.net/minimal-api.html#filters","title":"Filters","text":"C#<pre><code>public class ExampleFilter : IRouteHandlerFilter\n{\n    public async ValueTask&lt;object?&gt; InvokeAsync(RouteHandlerInvocationContext context, RouteHandlerFilterDelegate next)\n    {\n        // before endpoint call\n        var result = next(context);\n        /// after endpoint call\n        return result;\n    }\n}\n</code></pre> C#<pre><code>app.MapPost(\"/route\", Handler).AddFilter&lt;ExampleFilter&gt;();\n</code></pre>"},{"location":"languages/dotnet/asp.net/minimal-api.html#context","title":"Context","text":"<p>With Minimal APIs it's possible to access the contextual information by passing one of the following types as a parameter to your handler delegate:</p> <ul> <li><code>HttpContext</code></li> <li><code>HttpRequest</code></li> <li><code>HttpResponse</code></li> <li><code>ClaimsPrincipal</code></li> <li><code>CancellationToken</code> (RequestAborted)</li> </ul> C#<pre><code>app.MapGet(\"/hello\", (ClaimsPrincipal user) =&gt; {\n    return \"Hello \" + user.FindFirstValue(\"sub\");\n});\n</code></pre>"},{"location":"languages/dotnet/asp.net/minimal-api.html#openapi","title":"OpenAPI","text":"<p>The <code>Microsoft.AspNetCore.OpenApi</code> package exposes a <code>WithOpenApi</code> extension method that generates an <code>OpenApiOperation</code> derived from a given endpoint\u2019s route handler and metadata.</p> C#<pre><code>app.MapGet(\"/todos/{id}\", (int id) =&gt; ...)\n    .WithOpenApi();\n\napp.MapGet(\"/todos/{id}\", (int id) =&gt; ...)\n    .WithOpenApi(operation =&gt; {\n        operation.Summary = \"Retrieve a Todo given its ID\";\n        operation.Parameters[0].AllowEmptyValue = false;\n    });\n</code></pre>"},{"location":"languages/dotnet/asp.net/minimal-api.html#validation","title":"Validation","text":"<p>Using Minimal Validation by Damian Edwards. Alternatively it's possible to use Fluent Validation.</p> C#<pre><code>app.MapPost(\"/widgets\", (Widget widget) =&gt; {\n    var isValid = MinimalValidation.TryValidate(widget, out var errors);\n\n    if(isValid)\n    {\n        return Results.Created($\"/widgets/{widget.Name}\", widget);\n    }\n\n    return Results.BadRequest(errors);\n});\n\nclass Widget\n{\n    [Required, MinLength(3)]\n    public string? Name { get; set; }\n\n    public override string? ToString() =&gt; Name;\n}\n</code></pre>"},{"location":"languages/dotnet/asp.net/minimal-api.html#json-serialization","title":"JSON Serialization","text":"C#<pre><code>// Microsoft.AspNetCore.Http.Json.JsonOptions\nbuilder.Services.Configure&lt;JsonOptions&gt;(opt =&gt;\n{\n    opt.SerializerOptions.PropertyNamingPolicy = new SnakeCaseNamingPolicy();\n});\n</code></pre>"},{"location":"languages/dotnet/asp.net/minimal-api.html#authorization","title":"Authorization","text":"C#<pre><code>builder.Services.AddAuthentication(JwtBearerDefaults.AuthenticationScheme).AddJwtBearer();\n\nbuilder.Services.AddAuthorization();\n// or\nbuilder.Services.AddAuthorization(options =&gt;\n{\n    // for all endpoints\n    options.FallbackPolicy = new AuthorizationPolicyBuilder()\n      .AddAuthenticationSchemes(JwtBearerDefaults.AuthenticationScheme)\n      .RequireAuthenticatedUser();\n})\n// or\nbuilder.Authentication.AddJwtBearer();  // will automatically add required middlewares\n\n// [...]\n\napp.UseAuthentication();\napp.UseAuthorization(); // must come before routes\n\n// [...]\n\napp.MapGet(\"/alcohol\", () =&gt; Results.Ok()).RequireAuthorization(\"&lt;policy&gt;\");  // on specific endpoints\napp.MapGet(\"/free-for-all\", () =&gt; Results.Ok()).AllowAnonymous();\napp.MapGet(\"/special-secret\", () =&gt; \"This is a special secret!\")\n    .RequireAuthorization(p =&gt; p.RequireClaim(\"scope\", \"myapi:secrets\"));\n</code></pre>"},{"location":"languages/dotnet/asp.net/minimal-api.html#local-jwt-tokens","title":"Local JWT Tokens","text":"<p>The <code>user-jwts</code> tool is similar in concept to the existing <code>user-secrets</code> tools, in that it can be used to manage values for the app that are only valid for the current user (the developer) on the current machine. In fact, the <code>user-jwts</code> tool utilizes the <code>user-secrets</code> infrastructure to manage the key that the JWTs will be signed with, ensuring it\u2019s stored safely in the user profile.</p> Bash<pre><code>dotnet user-jwts create  # configure a dev JWT fot the current user\n</code></pre>"},{"location":"languages/dotnet/asp.net/minimal-api.html#output-caching","title":"Output Caching","text":"C#<pre><code>builder.Services.AddOutputCaching();  // no special options\nbuilder.Services.AddOutputCaching(options =&gt; \n{\n    options =&gt; options.AddBasePolicy(x =&gt; x.NoCache())  // no cache policy\n\n    Func&lt;OutputCacheContext, bool&gt; predicate = /* discriminate requests */\n    options.AddBasePolicy(x =&gt; x.With(predicate).CachePolicy());\n    options.AddBasePolicy(\"&lt;policy-name&gt;\", x =&gt; x.CachePolicy());  // named policy\n});\n\n// [...]\n\napp.UseOutputCaching();  // following middlewares can use output cache\n\n// [...]\n\napp.MapGet(\"/&lt;route&gt;\", RouteHandler).CacheOutput();  // cache forever\napp.MapGet(\"/&lt;route&gt;\", RouteHandler).CacheOutput().Expire(timespan);\n\napp.MapGet(\"/&lt;route&gt;\", RouteHandler).CacheOutput(x =&gt; x.CachePolicy());\napp.MapGet(\"/&lt;route&gt;\", RouteHandler).CacheOutput(\"&lt;policy-name&gt;\");\n\napp.MapGet(\"/&lt;route&gt;\", RouteHandler).CacheOutput(x =&gt; x.VaryByHeader(/* headers list */));\napp.MapGet(\"/&lt;route&gt;\", RouteHandler).CacheOutput(x =&gt; x.VaryByQuery(/* query key */));\napp.MapGet(\"/&lt;route&gt;\", RouteHandler).CacheOutput(x =&gt; x.VaryByValue());\n\napp.MapGet(\"/&lt;route&gt;\", [OutputCache(/* options */)]RouteHandler);\n</code></pre>"},{"location":"languages/dotnet/asp.net/minimal-api.html#cache-eviction","title":"Cache Eviction","text":"C#<pre><code>app.MapGet(\"/&lt;route-one&gt;\", RouteHandler).CacheOutput(x =&gt; x.Tag(\"&lt;tag&gt;\"));  // tag cache portion\n\napp.MapGet(\"/&lt;route-two&gt;\", (IOutputCacheStore cache, CancellationToken token) =&gt; \n{\n    await cache.EvictByTag(\"&lt;tag&gt;\", token);  // invalidate a portion of the cache\n});\n</code></pre>"},{"location":"languages/dotnet/asp.net/minimal-api.html#custom-cache-policy","title":"Custom Cache Policy","text":"C#<pre><code>app.MapGet(\"/&lt;route-one&gt;\", RouteHandler).CacheOutput(x =&gt; x.AddCachePolicy&lt;CustomCachePolicy&gt;());\n</code></pre> C#<pre><code>class CustomCachePolicy : IOutputCachePolicy\n{\n    public ValueTask CacheRequestAsync(OutputCacheContext context, CancellationToken cancellationToken) { }\n\n    public ValueTask ServeFromCacheAsync(OutputCacheContext context, CancellationToken cancellationToken) { }\n\n    public ValueTask ServeResponseAsync(OutputCacheContext context, CancellationToken cancellationToken) { }\n}\n</code></pre>"},{"location":"languages/dotnet/asp.net/minimal-api.html#options-pattern","title":"Options Pattern","text":"<p>The options pattern uses classes to provide strongly-typed access to groups of related settings.</p> JSON<pre><code>{\n    \"SecretKey\": \"Secret key value\",\n    \"TransientFaultHandlingOptions\": {\n        \"Enabled\": true,\n        \"AutoRetryDelay\": \"00:00:07\"\n    },\n    \"Logging\": {\n        \"LogLevel\": {\n            \"Default\": \"Information\",\n            \"Microsoft\": \"Warning\",\n            \"Microsoft.Hosting.Lifetime\": \"Information\"\n        }\n    }\n}\n</code></pre> C#<pre><code>// options model for binding\npublic class TransientFaultHandlingOptions\n{\n    public bool Enabled { get; set; }\n    public TimeSpan AutoRetryDelay { get; set; }\n}\n</code></pre> C#<pre><code>// setup the options\nbuilder.Services.Configure&lt;TransientFaultHandlingOptions&gt;(builder.Configuration.GetSection&lt;TransientFaultHandlingOptions&gt;(nameof(Options)));\nbuilder.Services.Configure&lt;TransientFaultHandlingOptions&gt;(builder.Configuration.GetSection&lt;TransientFaultHandlingOptions&gt;(key));\n</code></pre> C#<pre><code>class DependsOnOptions\n{\n  private readonly IOptions&lt;TransientFaultHandlingOptions&gt; _options;\n\n  public DependsOnOptions(IOptions&lt;TransientFaultHandlingOptions&gt; options) =&gt; _options = options;\n}\n</code></pre>"},{"location":"languages/dotnet/asp.net/minimal-api.html#options-interfaces","title":"Options interfaces","text":"<p><code>IOptions&lt;TOptions&gt;</code>:</p> <ul> <li>Does not support:</li> <li>Reading of configuration data after the app has started.</li> <li>Named options</li> <li>Is registered as a Singleton and can be injected into any service lifetime.</li> </ul> <p><code>IOptionsSnapshot&lt;TOptions&gt;</code>:</p> <ul> <li>Is useful in scenarios where options should be recomputed on every injection resolution, in scoped or transient lifetimes.</li> <li>Is registered as Scoped and therefore cannot be injected into a Singleton service.</li> <li>Supports named options</li> </ul> <p><code>IOptionsMonitor&lt;TOptions&gt;</code>:</p> <ul> <li>Is used to retrieve options and manage options notifications for <code>TOptions</code> instances.</li> <li>Is registered as a Singleton and can be injected into any service lifetime.</li> <li>Supports:</li> <li>Change notifications</li> <li>Named options</li> <li>Reloadable configuration</li> <li>Selective options invalidation (<code>IOptionsMonitorCache&lt;TOptions&gt;</code>)</li> </ul>"},{"location":"languages/dotnet/asp.net/razor-syntax.html","title":"Razor Syntax","text":""},{"location":"languages/dotnet/asp.net/razor-syntax.html#markup","title":"Markup","text":"C#<pre><code>@page  // set this as razor page\n\n@model &lt;App&gt;.Models.Entity  // if MVC set type of elements passed to the view \n@model &lt;Page&gt;Model  // if Razor page set underlying class\n\n@* razor comment *@\n\n// substitute @variable with it's value\n&lt;tag&gt;@variable&lt;/tag&gt;\n\n@{\n    // razor code block\n    // can contain C# or HTML\n\n    Model  // access to passed @model (MVC)\n}\n\n@if (condition) { }\n\n@for (init, condition, iteration) { }\n\n@Model.Property  // display Property value (MVC)\n</code></pre>"},{"location":"languages/dotnet/asp.net/razor-syntax.html#tag-helpers-aspnet-core","title":"Tag Helpers (ASP.NET Core)","text":"<p>Tag helpers are reusable components for automating the generation of HTML in Razor Pages. Tag helpers target specific HTML tags.</p> <p>Example:</p> HTML<pre><code>&lt;!-- tag helpers for a lin in ASP.NET MVC --&gt;\n&lt;a class=\"nav-link text-dark\" asp-area=\"\" asp-controller=\"Home\" asp-action=\"Index\"&gt;Home&lt;/a&gt;\n</code></pre>"},{"location":"languages/dotnet/asp.net/razor-syntax.html#managing-tag-helpers","title":"Managing Tag Helpers","text":"<p>The <code>@addTagHelper</code> directive makes Tag Helpers available to the view. Generally, the view file is <code>Pages/_ViewImports.cshtml</code>, which by default is inherited by all files in the <code>Pages</code> folder and subfolders, making Tag Helpers available.</p> C#<pre><code>@using &lt;App&gt;\n@namespace &lt;App&gt;.Pages  // or &lt;Project&gt;.Models\n@addTagHelper *, Microsoft.AspNetCore.Mvc.TagHelpers\n</code></pre> <p>The first parameter after <code>@addTagHelper</code> specifies the Tag Helpers to load (<code>*</code> for all Tag Helpers), and the second parameter (e.g. <code>Microsoft.AspNetCore.Mvc.TagHelpers</code>) specifies the assembly containing the Tag Helpers. <code>Microsoft.AspNetCore.Mvc.TagHelpers</code> is the assembly for the built-in ASP.NET Core Tag Helpers.</p>"},{"location":"languages/dotnet/asp.net/razor-syntax.html#opting-out-of-individual-elements","title":"Opting out of individual elements","text":"<p>It's possible to disable a Tag Helper at the element level with the Tag Helper opt-out character (<code>!</code>)</p> Text Only<pre><code>&lt;!-- disable email validation --&gt;\n&lt;!span asp-validation-for=\"Email\" &gt;&lt;/!span&gt;\n</code></pre>"},{"location":"languages/dotnet/asp.net/razor-syntax.html#explicit-tag-helpers","title":"Explicit Tag Helpers","text":"<p>The <code>@tagHelperPrefix</code> directive allows to specify a tag prefix string to enable Tag Helper support and to make Tag Helper usage explicit.</p> Text Only<pre><code>@tagHelpersPrefix th:\n</code></pre>"},{"location":"languages/dotnet/asp.net/razor-syntax.html#important-tag-helpers-asp-html-helpers-html","title":"Important Tag Helpers (<code>asp-</code>) &amp; HTML Helpers (<code>@Html</code>)","text":"<p>Understanding Html Helpers</p> C#<pre><code>@model &lt;App&gt;.Models.Entity\n\n// Display the name of the property\n@Html.DisplayNameFor(model =&gt; model.EntityProp)\n@nameof(Model.EntityProp)\n\n// Display the value of the property\n@Html.DisplayFor(model =&gt; model.EntityProp)\n@Model.EntityProp\n\n&lt;from&gt;\n    // use the property as the label, eventually w/ [DisplayName(\"...\")]\n    &lt;label asp-for=\"EntityProp\"&gt;&lt;/label&gt;\n    @Html.LabelFor()\n\n    // automatically set the value at form compilation and submission\n    &lt;input asp-for=\"EntityProp\"/&gt;\n    @Html.EditorFor()\n&lt;/from&gt;\n\n// route config is {Controller}/{Action}/{Id?}\n&lt;a asp-controller=\"&lt;Controller&gt;\" asp-action=\"&lt;Action&gt;\"&gt;Link&lt;/a&gt;  // link to /Controller/Action\n&lt;a asp-controller=\"&lt;Controller&gt;\" asp-action=\"&lt;Action&gt;\" asp-route-Id=\"@model.Id\"&gt;Link&lt;/a&gt;  // link to /Controller/Action/Id\n@Html.ActionLink(\"&lt;Link Text&gt;\", \"&lt;Action&gt;\", \"&lt;Controller&gt;\", new { @HTmlAttribute = value, Id = value }) // link to /Controller/Action/Id\n\n// link to /Controller/Action?queryParameter=value\n@Html.ActionLink(\"&lt;Link Text&gt;\", \"&lt;Action&gt;\", \"&lt;Controller&gt;\", new { @HTmlAttribute = value, queryParameter = value })\n&lt;a asp-controller=\"&lt;Controller&gt;\" asp-action=\"&lt;Action&gt;\" asp-route-queryParameter=\"value\"&gt;Link&lt;/a&gt;  // asp-route-* for query strings\n</code></pre>"},{"location":"languages/dotnet/asp.net/razor-syntax.html#select-tag-helper","title":"Select Tag Helper","text":"<p>StackOverflow SelectList Docs</p> <p>In <code>ViewModel.cs</code>:</p> C#<pre><code>class ViewModel \n{\n    public int EntityId { get; set; }  // value selected in form ends up here\n\n    // object has numeric id and other props\n    public SelectList Entities = new()\n\n    public ViewModel(){ }  // parameterless constructor (NEEDED)\n}\n</code></pre> <p>In <code>View.cs</code></p> C#<pre><code>@model ViewModel\n\n&lt;form asp-controller=\"Controller\" asp-action=\"PostAction\"&gt;\n\n    &lt;select asp-for\"EntityId\" asp-items=\"Model.Entities\"&gt;\n    &lt;/select&gt;\n\n    &lt;button type=\"submit\"&gt;Send&lt;button&gt;\n&lt;/form&gt;\n</code></pre> <p>In <code>Controller.cs</code>:</p> C#<pre><code>public IActionResult GetAction()\n{\n    var vm = new ViewModel();\n\n    vm.Entities = new SelectList(_context.Entities, \"Id\", \"Text\");  // fill SelectList\n    vm.EntityId = value;  // set selected option (OPTIONAL)\n\n    return View(vm);\n}\n\n\n[HttpPost]\npublic IActionResult PostAction(ViewModel)\n{\n    if(ModelState.IsValid)\n    {\n        // extract info from view model\n        // save to db\n    }\n}\n</code></pre>"},{"location":"languages/dotnet/asp.net/signalr.html","title":"SignalR","text":"<p>The SignalR Hubs API enables to call methods on connected clients from the server. In the server code, define methods that are called by client. In the client code, define methods that are called from the server. SignalR takes care of everything behind the scenes that makes real-time client-to-server and server-to-client communications possible.</p>"},{"location":"languages/dotnet/asp.net/signalr.html#server-side","title":"Server-Side","text":""},{"location":"languages/dotnet/asp.net/signalr.html#configuration","title":"Configuration","text":"<p>In <code>Startup.cs</code>:</p> C#<pre><code>builder.Services.AddSignalR();\n\nvar app = builder.Build();\n\napp.UseEndpoints(endpoints =&gt;\n{\n    endpoints.MapHub(\"/hub/endpoint\");\n});\n</code></pre>"},{"location":"languages/dotnet/asp.net/signalr.html#creating-hubs","title":"Creating Hubs","text":"C#<pre><code>public class CustomHub : Hub\n{\n    public task HubMethod(Type args)\n    {\n        // trigger function on all clients and pass args to it\n        return Clients.All.SendAsync(\"CLientMethod\", args);\n\n        // trigger function on caller client and pass args to it\n        return Clients.Caller.SendAsync(\"CLientMethod\", args);\n\n        // trigger function on clients of a group and pass args to it\n        return Clients.Group(\"GroupName\").SendAsync(\"CLientMethod\", args);\n\n        // other operations\n    }\n}\n</code></pre>"},{"location":"languages/dotnet/asp.net/signalr.html#strongly-typed-hubs","title":"Strongly Typed Hubs","text":"<p>A drawback of using <code>SendAsync</code> is that it relies on a magic string to specify the client method to be called. This leaves code open to runtime errors if the method name is misspelled or missing from the client.</p> <p>An alternative to using SendAsync is to strongly type the Hub with <code>Hub&lt;T&gt;</code>.</p> C#<pre><code>public interface IHubClient\n{\n    // matches method to be called on the client\n    Task ClientMethod(Type args);\n}\n</code></pre> C#<pre><code>public class CustomHub : Hub&lt;IHubClient&gt;\n{\n    public Task HubMethod(Type args)\n    {\n        return Clients.All.ClientMethod(args);\n    }\n}\n</code></pre> <p>Using <code>Hub&lt;T&gt;</code> enables compile-time checking of the client methods. This prevents issues caused by using magic strings, since <code>Hub&lt;T&gt;</code> can only provide access to the methods defined in the interface.</p> <p>Using a strongly typed <code>Hub&lt;T&gt;</code> disables the ability to use <code>SendAsync</code>. Any methods defined on the interface can still be defined as asynchronous. In fact, each of these methods should return a <code>Task</code>. Since it's an interface, don't use the <code>async</code> keyword.</p>"},{"location":"languages/dotnet/asp.net/signalr.html#handling-connection-events","title":"Handling Connection Events","text":"<p>The SignalR Hubs API provides the OnConnectedAsync and OnDisconnectedAsync virtual methods to manage and track connections. Override the OnConnectedAsync virtual method to perform actions when a client connects to the Hub, such as adding it to a group.</p> C#<pre><code>public override async Task OnConnectedAsync()\n{\n    await Groups.AddToGroupAsync(Context.ConnectionId, \"GroupName\");\n    await base.OnConnectedAsync();\n}\n\npublic override async Task OnDisconnectedAsync(Exception exception)\n{\n    await Groups.RemoveFromGroupAsync(Context.ConnectionId, \"GroupName\");\n    await base.OnDisconnectedAsync(exception);\n}\n</code></pre> <p>Override the <code>OnDisconnectedAsync</code> virtual method to perform actions when a client disconnects. If the client disconnects intentionally (by calling <code>connection.stop()</code>, for example), the exception parameter will be null. However, if the client is disconnected due to an error (such as a network failure), the exception parameter will contain an exception describing the failure.</p>"},{"location":"languages/dotnet/asp.net/signalr.html#sending-errors-to-the-client","title":"Sending Errors to the client","text":"<p>Exceptions thrown in the hub methods are sent to the client that invoked the method. On the JavaScript client, the <code>invoke</code> method returns a JavaScript Promise. When the client receives an error with a handler attached to the promise using catch, it's invoked and passed as a JavaScript <code>Error</code> object.</p> <p>If the Hub throws an exception, connections aren't closed. By default, SignalR returns a generic error message to the client.</p> <p>If you have an exceptional condition you do want to propagate to the client, use the <code>HubException</code> class. If you throw a <code>HubException</code> from your hub method, SignalR will send the entire message to the client, unmodified.</p> C#<pre><code>public Task ThrowException()\n{\n    throw new HubException(\"This error will be sent to the client!\");\n}\n</code></pre>"},{"location":"languages/dotnet/asp.net/signalr.html#client-side-javascript","title":"Client-Side (JavaScript)","text":""},{"location":"languages/dotnet/asp.net/signalr.html#installing-the-client-package","title":"Installing the client package","text":"Bash<pre><code>npm init -y\nnpm install @microsoft/signalr\n</code></pre> <p>npm installs the package contents in the <code>node_modules\\@microsoft\\signalr\\dist\\browser</code> folder. Create a new folder named signalr under the <code>wwwroot\\lib</code> folder. Copy the signalr.js file to the <code>wwwroot\\lib\\signalr</code> folder.</p> <p>Reference the SignalR JavaScript client in the <code>&lt;script&gt;</code> element. For example:</p> HTML<pre><code>&lt;script src=\"~/lib/signalr/signalr.js\"&gt;&lt;/script&gt;\n</code></pre>"},{"location":"languages/dotnet/asp.net/signalr.html#connecting-to-a-hub","title":"Connecting to a Hub","text":"<p>Reconnect Clients Docs</p> JavaScript<pre><code>const connection = new signalR.HubConnectionBuilder()\n    .withUrl(\"/hub/endpoint\")\n    .configureLogging(signalR.LogLevel.Information)\n    .withAutomaticReconnect()  // optional\n    .build();\n\n// async/await connection start\nasync function connect() {\n    try {\n        await connection.start();\n        console.log(\"SignalR Connected.\");\n    } catch (err) {\n        console.error(err);\n    }\n};\n\n// promise connection start\nfunction connect() {\n    connection.start()\n    .then(() =&gt; {})\n    .catch((err) =&gt; {console.error(err)});\n}\n</code></pre>"},{"location":"languages/dotnet/asp.net/signalr.html#call-hub-methods-fom-the-client","title":"Call hub methods fom the client","text":"<p>JavaScript clients call public methods on hubs via the <code>invoke</code> method of the <code>HubConnection</code>. The <code>invoke</code> method accepts:</p> <ul> <li>The name of the hub method.</li> <li>Any arguments defined in the hub method.</li> </ul> JavaScript<pre><code>try {\n    await connection.invoke(\"HubMethod\", args);\n} catch (err) {\n    console.error(err);\n}\n</code></pre> <p>The <code>invoke</code> method returns a JavaScript <code>Promise</code>. The <code>Promise</code> is resolved with the return value (if any) when the method on the server returns. If the method on the server throws an error, the <code>Promise</code> is rejected with the error message. Use <code>async</code> and <code>await</code> or the <code>Promise</code>'s then and catch methods to handle these cases.</p> <p>JavaScript clients can also call public methods on hubs via the the <code>send</code> method of the <code>HubConnection</code>. Unlike the <code>invoke</code> method, the send method doesn't wait for a response from the server. The send method returns a JavaScript <code>Promise</code>. The <code>Promise</code> is resolved when the message has been sent to the server. If there is an error sending the message, the <code>Promise</code> is rejected with the error message. Use <code>async</code> and <code>await</code> or the <code>Promise</code>'s then and catch methods to handle these cases.</p>"},{"location":"languages/dotnet/asp.net/signalr.html#call-client-methods-from-the-hub","title":"Call client methods from the hub","text":"<p>To receive messages from the hub, define a method using the <code>on</code> method of the <code>HubConnection</code>. The <code>on</code> method accepts:</p> <ul> <li>The name of the JavaScript client method.</li> <li>Arguments the hub passes to the method.</li> </ul> C#<pre><code>connection.on(\"ClientMethod\", (args) =&gt; { /* ... */});\n</code></pre>"},{"location":"languages/dotnet/asp.net/web-forms.html","title":"WebForms","text":""},{"location":"languages/dotnet/asp.net/web-forms.html#pageaspx","title":"<code>Page.aspx</code>","text":"<p>The fist loaded page is <code>Default.aspx</code> and its underlying code.</p> HTML<pre><code>&lt;!-- directive --&gt;\n&lt;%@ Page Language=\"C#\" AutoEventWireup=\"true\" CodeBehind=\"Default.aspx.cs\" Inherits=\"Project.Default\" %&gt;\n\n&lt;!DOCTYPE html&gt;\n\n&lt;html xmlns=\"http://www.w3.org/1999/xhtml\"&gt;  &lt;!-- XML Namespace --&gt;\n&lt;head runat=\"server\"&gt;  &lt;!-- runat: handle as ASP code --&gt;\n    &lt;title&gt;&lt;/title&gt;\n&lt;/head&gt;\n&lt;body&gt;\n    &lt;!-- web forms require a form tag to be the whole body --&gt;\n    &lt;form id=\"form1\" runat=\"server\"&gt;  &lt;!-- runat: handle as ASP code --&gt;\n        &lt;div&gt;\n        &lt;/div&gt;\n    &lt;/form&gt;\n&lt;/body&gt;\n&lt;/html&gt;\n</code></pre>"},{"location":"languages/dotnet/asp.net/web-forms.html#page-directive","title":"Page Directive","text":"C#<pre><code>&lt;%@ Page Language=\"C#\"  // define language used (can be C# or VB)\n    AutoEventWireup=\"true\"  // automatically create and setup event handlers\n    CodeBehind=\"Default.aspx.cs\"  // define the underlying code file\n    Inherits=\"EmptyWebForm.Default\" %&gt;\n</code></pre>"},{"location":"languages/dotnet/asp.net/web-forms.html#web-controls","title":"Web Controls","text":"XML<pre><code>&lt;asp:Control ID=\"\" runat=\"server\" ...&gt;&lt;/asp:Control&gt;\n\n&lt;!-- Label: empty text will diplay ID, use empty space as text for empty label --&gt;\n&lt;asp:Label ID=\"lbl_\" runat=\"server\" Text=\" \"&gt;&lt;/asp:Label&gt;\n&lt;!-- TextBox --&gt;\n&lt;asp:TextBox ID=\"txt_\" runat=\"server\"&gt;&lt;/asp:TextBox&gt;\n&lt;!-- Button --&gt;\n&lt;asp:Button ID=\"btn_\" runat=\"server\" Text=\"ButtonText\" OnClick=\"btn_Click\" /&gt;\n&lt;!-- HyperLink --&gt;\n&lt;asp:HyperLink ID=\"lnk_\" runat=\"server\" NavigateUrl=\"~/Page.aspx\"&gt;LINK TEXT&lt;/asp:HyperLink&gt;\n&lt;!-- LinkButton: POstBackEvent reloads the page --&gt;\n&lt;asp:LinkButton ID=\"lbtHome\" runat=\"server\" PostBackUrl=\"~/Page.aspx\" OnClick=\"lbt_Click\"&gt;BUTTON TEXT&lt;/asp:LinkButton&gt;\n&lt;!-- Image --&gt;\n&lt;asp:Image ID=\"img_\" runat=\"server\" ImageUrl=\"~/Images/image.avif\"/&gt;\n&lt;!-- ImageButton --&gt;\n&lt;asp:ImageButton ID=\"imb_\" runat=\"server\" ImageUrl=\"~/Images/image.avif\" PostBackUrl=\"~/Page.aspx\"/&gt;\n\n&lt;!-- SqlSataSource; connection string specified in Web.config --&gt;\n&lt;asp:SqlDataSource ID=\"sds_\" runat=\"server\" ConnectionString=\"&lt;%$ ConnectionStrings:ConnectionString %&gt;\" SelectCommand=\"SQL Query\"&gt;&lt;/asp:SqlDataSource&gt;\n</code></pre>"},{"location":"languages/dotnet/asp.net/web-forms.html#pageaspxcs","title":"<code>Page.aspx.cs</code>","text":"C#<pre><code>public partial class Default : System.Web.UI.Page\n{\n    protected void Page_Load(object sender, EventArgs e)\n    {\n\n    }\n\n    protected void Control_Event(object sender, EventArgs e)\n    {\n        // actions on event trigger\n    }\n}\n</code></pre>"},{"location":"languages/dotnet/csharp/async-programming.html","title":"Async Programming","text":""},{"location":"languages/dotnet/csharp/async-programming.html#task-asynchronous-programming-model-tap","title":"Task Asynchronous Programming Model (TAP)","text":"<p>It's possible to avoid performance bottlenecks and enhance the overall responsiveness of an application by using asynchronous programming. However, traditional techniques for writing asynchronous applications can be complicated, making them difficult to write, debug, and maintain.</p> <p>C# 5 introduced a simplified approach, async programming, that leverages asynchronous support in the .NET Runtime. The compiler does the difficult work that the developer used to do, and the application retains a logical structure that resembles synchronous code.</p> <p>In performance-sensitive code, asynchronous APIs are useful, because instead of wasting resources by forcing a thread to sit and wait for I/O to complete, a thread can kick off the work and then do something else productive in the meantime.</p> <p>The <code>async</code> and <code>await</code> keywords in C# are the heart of async programming.</p> C#<pre><code>public async Task&lt;TResult&gt; MethodAsync\n{\n    Task&lt;TResult&gt; resultTask = obj.OtherMethodAsync();\n\n    DoIndependentWork();\n\n    TResult result = await resultTask;\n\n    // if the is no work to be done before awaiting\n    TResult result = await obj.OtherMethodAsync();\n\n    return result;\n}\n</code></pre> <p>Characteristics of Async Methods:</p> <ul> <li>The method signature includes an <code>async</code> modifier.</li> <li>The name of an async method, by convention, ends with an \"Async\" suffix.</li> <li>The return type is one of the following types:</li> <li><code>Task&lt;TResult&gt;</code> if the method has a return statement in which the operand has type <code>TResult</code>.</li> <li><code>Task</code> if the method has no return statement or has a return statement with no operand.</li> <li><code>void</code> if it's an async event handler.</li> <li>Any other type that has a <code>GetAwaiter</code> method (starting with C# 7.0).</li> <li>Starting with C# 8.0, <code>IAsyncEnumerable&lt;T&gt;</code>, for an async method that returns an async stream.</li> </ul> <p>The method usually includes at least one <code>await</code> expression, which marks a point where the method can't continue until the awaited asynchronous operation is complete. In the meantime, the method is suspended, and control returns to the method's caller.</p>"},{"location":"languages/dotnet/csharp/async-programming.html#threads","title":"Threads","text":"<p>Async methods are intended to be non-blocking operations. An <code>await</code> expression in an async method doesn't block the current thread while the awaited task is running. Instead, the expression signs up the rest of the method as a continuation and returns control to the caller of the async method.</p> <p>The <code>async</code> and <code>await</code> keywords don't cause additional threads to be created. Async methods don't require multithreading because an async method doesn't run on its own thread. The method runs on the current synchronization context and uses time on the thread only when the method is active. It's possible to use <code>Task.Run</code> to move CPU-bound work to a background thread, but a background thread doesn't help with a process that's just waiting for results to become available.</p> <p>The async-based approach to asynchronous programming is preferable to existing approaches in almost every case. In particular, this approach is better than the <code>BackgroundWorker</code> class for I/O-bound operations because the code is simpler and there is no need to guard against race conditions. In combination with the <code>Task.Run</code> method, async programming is better than <code>BackgroundWorker</code> for CPU-bound operations because async programming separates the coordination details of running the code from the work that <code>Task.Run</code> transfers to the thread pool.</p>"},{"location":"languages/dotnet/csharp/async-programming.html#naming-convention","title":"Naming Convention","text":"<p>By convention, methods that return commonly awaitable types (for example, <code>Task</code>, <code>Task&lt;T&gt;</code>, <code>ValueTask</code>, <code>ValueTask&lt;T&gt;</code>) should have names that end with Async. Methods that start an asynchronous operation but do not return an awaitable type should not have names that end with Async, but may start with \"Begin\", \"Start\", or some other verb to suggest this method does not return or throw the result of the operation.</p>"},{"location":"languages/dotnet/csharp/async-programming.html#async-return-types","title":"Async Return Types","text":""},{"location":"languages/dotnet/csharp/async-programming.html#task-return-type","title":"<code>Task</code> return type","text":"<p>Async methods that don't contain a return statement or that contain a return statement that doesn't return an operand usually have a return type of <code>Task</code>. Such methods return <code>void</code> if they run synchronously. If a <code>Task</code> return type is used for an async method, a calling method can use an <code>await</code> operator to suspend the caller's completion until the called async method has finished.</p>"},{"location":"languages/dotnet/csharp/async-programming.html#tasktresult-return-type","title":"<code>Task&lt;TResult&gt;</code> return type","text":"<p>The <code>Task&lt;TResult&gt;</code> return type is used for an async method that contains a return statement in which the operand is <code>TResult</code>.</p> <p>The <code>Task&lt;TResult&gt;.Result</code> property is a blocking property. If it's accessed it before its task is finished, the thread that's currently active is blocked until the task completes and the value is available. In most cases, access the value by using <code>await</code> instead of accessing the property directly.</p>"},{"location":"languages/dotnet/csharp/async-programming.html#void-return-type","title":"<code>void</code> return type","text":"<p>The <code>void</code> return type is used in asynchronous event handlers, which require a <code>void</code> return type. For methods other than event handlers that don't return a value, it's best to return a <code>Task</code> instead, because an async method that returns <code>void</code> can't be awaited. Any caller of such a method must continue to completion without waiting for the called async method to finish. The caller must be independent of any values or exceptions that the async method generates.</p> <p>The caller of a void-returning async method can't catch exceptions thrown from the method, and such unhandled exceptions are likely to cause the application to fail. If a method that returns a <code>Task</code> or <code>Task&lt;TResult&gt;</code> throws an exception, the exception is stored in the returned task. The exception is re-thrown when the task is awaited. Therefore, make sure that any async method that can produce an exception has a return type of <code>Task</code> or <code>Task&lt;TResult&gt;</code> and that calls to the method are awaited.</p>"},{"location":"languages/dotnet/csharp/async-programming.html#generalized-async-return-types-and-valuetasktresult","title":"Generalized async return types and <code>ValueTask&lt;TResult&gt;</code>","text":"<p>Starting with C# 7.0, an async method can return any type that has an accessible <code>GetAwaiter</code> method.</p> <p>Because <code>Task</code> and <code>Task&lt;TResult&gt;</code> are reference types, memory allocation in performance-critical paths, particularly when allocations occur in tight loops, can adversely affect performance. Support for generalized return types means that it's possible to return a lightweight value type instead of a reference type to avoid additional memory allocations.</p> <p>.NET provides the <code>System.Threading.Tasks.ValueTask&lt;TResult&gt;</code> structure as a lightweight implementation of a generalized task-returning value. To use the <code>System.Threading.Tasks.ValueTask&lt;TResult&gt;</code> type, add the System.Threading.Tasks.Extensions NuGet package to the project.</p>"},{"location":"languages/dotnet/csharp/async-programming.html#async-composition","title":"Async Composition","text":"C#<pre><code>public async Task DoOperationsConcurrentlyAsync()\n{\n  Task[] tasks = new Task[3];\n  tasks[0] = DoOperation0Async();\n  tasks[1] = DoOperation1Async();\n  tasks[2] = DoOperation2Async();\n\n  // At this point, all three tasks are running at the same time.\n\n  // Now, we await them all.\n  await Task.WhenAll(tasks);\n}\n\npublic async Task&lt;int&gt; GetFirstToRespondAsync()\n{\n  // Call two web services; take the first response.\n  Task&lt;int&gt;[] tasks = new[] { WebService1Async(), WebService2Async() };\n\n  // Await for the first one to respond.\n  Task&lt;int&gt; firstTask = await Task.WhenAny(tasks);\n\n  // Return the result.\n  return await firstTask;\n}\n</code></pre>"},{"location":"languages/dotnet/csharp/async-programming.html#execution-synchronization-context","title":"Execution &amp; Synchronization Context","text":"<p>When the program\u2019s execution reaches an <code>await</code> expression for an operation that doesn\u2019t complete immediately, the code generated for that <code>await</code> will ensure that the current execution context has been captured. When the asynchronous operation completes, the remainder of the method will be executed through the execution context. The execution context handles certain contextual information that needs to flow when one method invokes another (even when it does so indirectly)</p> <p>While all <code>await</code> expressions capture the execution context, the decision of whether to flow synchronization context as well is controlled by the type being awaited.</p> <p>Sometimes, it's better to avoid getting the synchronization context involved. If work starting from a UI thread is performed, but there is no particular need to remain on that thread, scheduling every continuation through the synchronization context is unnecessary overhead.</p> <p>If the asynchronous operation is a <code>Task</code>, <code>Task&lt;T&gt;</code>, <code>ValueTask</code> or <code>ValueTask&lt;T&gt;</code>, it's possible to discard the synchronization context by calling the <code>ConfigureAwait(false)</code>. This returns a different representation of the asynchronous operation, and if this iss awaited that instead of the original task, it will ignore the current <code>SynchronizationContext</code> if there is one.</p> C#<pre><code>private async Task DownloadFileAsync(string fileName)\n{\n  await OperationAsync(fileName).ConfigureAwait(false);  // discarding original context\n}\n</code></pre> <p>When writing libraries in most cases you it'ss best to call <code>ConfigureAwait(false)</code> anywhere <code>await</code> is used. This is because continuing via the synchronization context can be expensive, and in some cases it can introduce the possibility of deadlock occurring.</p> <p>The only exceptions are when are doing something that positively requires the synchronization context to be preserved, or it's know for certain that the library will only ever be used in application frameworks that do not set up a synchronization context. (ASP.NET Core applications do not use synchronization contexts, so it generally doesn\u2019t matter whether or not <code>ConfigureAwait(false)</code> is called in those)</p>"},{"location":"languages/dotnet/csharp/async-programming.html#error-handling","title":"Error Handling","text":""},{"location":"languages/dotnet/csharp/async-programming.html#argument-validation","title":"Argument Validation","text":"<p>Inside an <code>async</code> method, the compiler treats all exceptions in the same way: none are allowed to pass up the stack as in a normal method, and they will always be reported by faulting the returned task. This is true even of exceptions thrown before the first <code>await</code>.</p> <p>If the calling method immediately calls <code>await</code> on the return task, this won\u2019t matter much\u2014it will see the exception in any case. But some code may choose not to wait immediately, in which case it won\u2019t see the argument exception until later.</p> C#<pre><code>async Task&lt;string&gt; MethodWithValidationAsync(string argument)\n{\n  if(sting.IsNullOrEmpty(argument))\n  {\n     throw new ArgumentNullException(nameof(argument));  // will be thrown on await of MethodWithValidationAsync\n  }\n\n  // [...]\n\n  return await LongOperationAsync();\n}\n</code></pre> <p>In cases where you want to throw this kind of exception straightaway, the usual technique is to write a normal method that validates the arguments before calling an async method that does the work, and to make that second method either private or local.</p> C#<pre><code>// not marked with async, exception propagate directly to caller\npublic static Task&lt;string&gt; MethodWithValidationAsync(string argument)\n{\n  if(sting.IsNullOrEmpty(argument))\n  {\n     throw new ArgumentNullException(nameof(argument));  // thrown immediately\n  }\n\n  return ActualMethodAsync(argument);  // pass up task of inner method\n}\n\nprivate static async Task&lt;string&gt; ActualMethodAsync(string argument)\n{\n  // [...]\n  return await LongOperationAsync();\n}\n</code></pre> <p>Note: <code>await</code> extracts only the first exception of an <code>AggregateException</code>, this can cause the loss of information if a task (or group of tasks) has more than one error.</p>"},{"location":"languages/dotnet/csharp/collections.html","title":"C# Collections","text":""},{"location":"languages/dotnet/csharp/collections.html#arrays","title":"Arrays","text":"<p>An array is an object that contains multiple elements of a particular type. The number of elements is fixed for the lifetime of the array, so it must be specified when the array is created.</p> <p>An array type is always a reference type, regardless of the element type. Nonetheless, the choice between reference type and value type elements makes a significant difference in an array's behavior.</p> C#<pre><code>type[] array = new type[dimension];\ntype array[] = new type[dimension];  //invalid\n\ntype[] array = {value1, value2, ..., valueN};  // initializer\nvar array = new type[] {value1, value2, ..., valueN};  // initializer (var type needs new operator)\nvar array = new[] {value1, value2, ..., valueN};  // initializer w/ element type inference (var type needs new operator), can be used as method arg\n\narray[index];    // value access\narray[index] = value;    // value assignment\narray.Length;  // dimension of the array\n\n// from IEnumerable&lt;T&gt;\narray.OfType&lt;Type&gt;();  // filter array based on type, returns IEnumerable&lt;Type&gt;\n</code></pre>"},{"location":"languages/dotnet/csharp/collections.html#array-methods","title":"Array Methods","text":"C#<pre><code>// overloaded search methods\nArray.IndexOf(array, item);  // return index of searched item in passed array\nArray.LastIndexOf(array, item); // return index of searched item staring from the end of the array\nArray.FindIndex(array, Predicate&lt;T&gt;)  // returns the index of the first item matching the predicate (can be lambda function)\nArray.FindLastIndex(array, Predicate&lt;T&gt;)  // returns the index of the last item matching the predicate (can be lambda function)\nArray.Find(array, Predicate&lt;T&gt;)  // returns the value of the first item matching the predicate (can be lambda function)\nArray.FindLast(array, Predicate&lt;T&gt;)  // returns the value of the last item matching the predicate (can be lambda function)\nArray.FindAll(array, Predicate&lt;T&gt;)  // returns array of all items matching the predicate (can be lambda function)\nArray.BinarySearch(array, value)  // Searches a  SORTED array for a value, using a binary search algorithm; returns the index of the found item\n\nArray.Sort(array);\nArray.Reverse(array);  // reverses the  order of array elements\nArray.Clear(start_index, x);  //removes reference to x elements starting at start index. Dimension of array unchanged (cleared elements value is set tu null)\nArray.Resize(ref array, target_dimension);  //expands or shrinks the array dimension. Shrinking drops trailing values. Array passed by reference.\n\n// Copies elements from an Array starting at the specified index and pastes them to another Array starting at the specified destination index.\nArray.Copy(sourceArray, sourceStartIndex, destinationArray, destinationStartIndex, numItemsToCopy);\n// Copies elements from an Array starting at the first element and pastes them into another Array starting at the first element.\nArray.Copy(sourceArray, destinationArray, numItemsToCopy);\nArray.Clone();  // returns a shallow copy of the array\n</code></pre>"},{"location":"languages/dotnet/csharp/collections.html#multidimensional-arrays","title":"Multidimensional Arrays","text":"<p>C# supports two multidimensional array forms: jagged arrays and rectangular arrays (matrices).</p> C#<pre><code>//specify first dimension\ntype[][] jagged = new type[][]\n{\n    new[] {item1, item2, item3},\n    new[] {item1},\n    new[] {item1, item2},\n    ...\n}\n\n// shorthand\ntype[][] jagged =\n{\n    new[] {item1, item2, item3},\n    new[] {item1},\n    new[] {item1, item2},\n    ...\n}\n\n// matrices\ntype[,] matrix = new type[n, m];  // n * m matrix\ntype[,] matrix = {{}, {}, {}, ...};  // {} for each row to initialize\ntype[, ,] tensor = new type[n, m, o] // n * m * o tensor\n\nmatrix.Length;  // total number of elements (n * m)\nmatrix.GetLength(int dimension); // get the size of a particular direction\n// row = 0, column = 1, ...\n</code></pre>"},{"location":"languages/dotnet/csharp/collections.html#lists","title":"Lists","text":"<p><code>List&lt;T&gt;</code> stores sequences of elements. It can grow or shrink, allowing to add or remove elements.</p> C#<pre><code>using System.Collections.Generics;\n\nList&lt;T&gt; list = new List&lt;T&gt;();\nList&lt;T&gt; list = new List&lt;T&gt; {item_1, ...};  // initialized usable since list implements IEnumerable&lt;T&gt; and has Add() method (even extension method)\nList&lt;T&gt; list = new List&lt;T&gt;(dimension);  // set list starting dimension\nList&lt;T&gt; list = new List&lt;T&gt;(IEnumerable&lt;T&gt;);  // create a list from an enumerable collection\n\n\nlist.Add(item);    //item insertion into the list\nlist.AddRange(IEnumerable&lt;T&gt; collection);  // insert multiple items\nlist.Insert(index, item);  // insert an item at the specified index\nlist.InsertRange(index, item);  // insert items at the specified index\n\nlist.IndexOf(item);  // return index of searched item in passed list\nlist.LastIndexOf(item); // return index of searched item staring from the end of the array\nlist.FindIndex(Predicate&lt;T&gt;)  // returns the index of the first item matching the predicate (can be lambda function)\nlist.FindLastIndex(Predicate&lt;T&gt;)  // returns the index of the last item matching the predicate (can be lambda function)\nlist.Find(Predicate&lt;T&gt;)  // returns the value of the first item matching the predicate (can be lambda function)\nlist.FindLast(Predicate&lt;T&gt;)  // returns the value of the last item matching the predicate (can be lambda function)\nlist.FindAll(Predicate&lt;T&gt;)  // returns list of all items matching the predicate (can be lambda function)\nlist.BinarySearch(value)  // Searches a  SORTED list for a value, using a binary search algorithm; returns the index of the found item\n\nlist.Remove(item);  // remove item from list\nlist.RemoveAt(index);  // remove item at specified position\nlist.RemoveRange(index, quantity);  // remove quantity items at specified position\n\nlist.Contains(item);  // check if item is in the list\nlist.TrueForAll(Predicate&lt;T&gt;);  // Determines whether every element matches the conditions defined by the specified predicate\n\nlist[index];  // access to items by index\nlist[index] = value;  // modify to items by index\nlist.Count;  // number of items in the list\n\nlist.Sort(); // sorts item in crescent order\nlist.Reverse(); // Reverses the order of the elements in the list\n\n// from IEnumerable&lt;T&gt;\nlist.OfType&lt;Type&gt;();  // filter list based on type, returns IEnumerable&lt;Type&gt;\nlist.OfType&lt;Type&gt;().ToList();  // filter list based on type, returns List&lt;Type&gt;\n</code></pre>"},{"location":"languages/dotnet/csharp/collections.html#iterators","title":"Iterators","text":"<p>An iterator can be used to step through collections such as lists and arrays.</p> <p>An iterator method or <code>get</code> accessor performs a custom iteration over a collection. An iterator method uses the <code>yield return</code> statement to return each element one at a time. When a <code>yield return</code> statement is reached, the current location in code is remembered. Execution is restarted from that location the next time the iterator function is called.</p> <p>It's possible to use a <code>yield break</code> statement or exception to end the iteration.</p> <p>Note: Since an iterator returns an <code>IEnumerable&lt;T&gt;</code> is can be used to implement a <code>GetEnumerator()</code>.</p> C#<pre><code>// simple iterator\npublic static System.Collections.IEnumerable&lt;int&gt; IterateRange(int start = 0, int end)\n{\n    for(int i = start; i &lt; end; i++){\n        yield return i;\n    }\n}\n</code></pre>"},{"location":"languages/dotnet/csharp/collections.html#list-sequence-interfaces","title":"List &amp; Sequence Interfaces","text":""},{"location":"languages/dotnet/csharp/collections.html#ienumerablet","title":"<code>IEnumerable&lt;T&gt;</code>","text":"<p>Exposes the enumerator, which supports a simple iteration over a collection of a specified type.</p> C#<pre><code>public interface IEnumerable&lt;out T&gt; : IEnumerable\n{\n    IEnumerator&lt;T&gt; GetEnumerator();  // return an enumerator\n}\n\n// iterate through a collection\npublic interface IEnumerator&lt;T&gt;\n{\n    // properties\n    object Current { get; }  // Get the element in the collection at the current position of the enumerator.\n\n    // methods\n    void IDisposable.Dispose();  // Perform application-defined tasks associated with freeing, releasing, or resetting unmanaged resources\n    bool MoveNext();  // Advance the enumerator to the next element of the collection.\n    void Reset();  // Set the enumerator to its initial position, which is before the first element in the collection.\n}\n</code></pre> <p>Note: must call <code>Dispose()</code> on enumerators once finished with them, because many of them rely on this. <code>Reset()</code> is legacy and can, in some situations, throw <code>NotSupportedException()</code>.</p>"},{"location":"languages/dotnet/csharp/collections.html#icollectiont","title":"<code>ICollection&lt;T&gt;</code>","text":"C#<pre><code>public interface ICollection&lt;T&gt; : IEnumerable&lt;T&gt;\n{\n    // properties\n    int Count { get; }  // Get the number of elements contained in the ICollection&lt;T&gt;\n    bool IsReadOnly { get; }  // Get a value indicating whether the ICollection&lt;T&gt; is read-only\n\n    // methods\n    void Add (T item);  // Add an item to the ICollection&lt;T&gt;\n    void Clear ();  // Removes all items from the ICollection&lt;T&gt;\n    bool Contains (T item);  // Determines whether the ICollection&lt;T&gt; contains a specific value\n    IEnumerator GetEnumerator ();  // Returns an enumerator that iterates through a collection\n    bool Remove (T item);  // Removes the first occurrence of a specific object from the ICollection&lt;T&gt;\n}\n</code></pre>"},{"location":"languages/dotnet/csharp/collections.html#ilistt","title":"<code>IList&lt;T&gt;</code>","text":"C#<pre><code>public interface IList&lt;T&gt; : ICollection&lt;T&gt;, IEnumerable&lt;T&gt;\n{\n    // properties\n    int Count { get; }  // Get the number of elements contained in the ICollection&lt;T&gt;\n    bool IsReadOnly { get; }  // Get a value indicating whether the ICollection&lt;T&gt; is read-only\n    T this[int index] { get; set; }  // Get or set the element at the specified index\n\n    // methods\n    void Add (T item);  // Add an item to the ICollection&lt;T&gt;\n    void Clear ();  // Remove all items from the ICollection&lt;T&gt;\n    bool Contains (T item);  // Determine whether the ICollection&lt;T&gt; contains a specific value\n    void CopyTo (T[] array, int arrayIndex);  // Copy the elements of the ICollection&lt;T&gt; to an Array, starting at a particular Array index\n    IEnumerator GetEnumerator ();  // Return an enumerator that iterates through a collection\n    int IndexOf (T item);  // Determine the index of a specific item in the IList&lt;T&gt;\n    void Insert (int index, T item);  // Insert an item to the IList&lt;T&gt; at the specified index\n    bool Remove (T item);  // Remove the first occurrence of a specific object from the ICollection&lt;T&gt;\n    oid RemoveAt (int index);  // Remove the IList&lt;T&gt; item at the specified index\n}\n</code></pre>"},{"location":"languages/dotnet/csharp/collections.html#dictionaries","title":"Dictionaries","text":"<p>ValueCollection KeyCollection</p> <p>Notes:</p> <ul> <li>Enumerating a dictionary will return <code>KeyValuePair&lt;TKey, TValue&gt;</code>.</li> <li>The <code>Dictionary&lt;TKey, TValue&gt;</code> collection class relies on hashes to offer fast lookup (<code>TKey</code> should have a good <code>GetHashCode()</code>).</li> </ul> C#<pre><code>Dictionary&lt;TKey, TValue&gt; dict = new Dictionary&lt;TKey, TValue&gt;();  // init empty dict\nDictionary&lt;TKey, TValue&gt; dict = new Dictionary&lt;TKey, TValue&gt;(IEqualityComparer&lt;TKey&gt;);  // specify key comparer (TKey must implement Equals() and GetHashCode())\n\n// initializer (implicitly uses Add method)\nDictionary&lt;TKey, TValue&gt; dict =\n{\n    { key, value }\n    { key, value },\n    ...\n}\n\n// object initializer\nDictionary&lt;TKey, TValue&gt; dict =\n{\n    [key] = value,\n    [key] = value,\n    ...\n}\n\n// indexer access\ndict[key];  // read value associated with key (throws KeyNotFoundException if key does not exist)\ndict[key] = value;  // modify value associated with key (throws KeyNotFoundException if key does not exist)\n\ndict.Count;  // number of key-value pair stored in the dict\ndict.Keys;  // Dictionary&lt;TKey,TValue&gt;.KeyCollection containing the keys of the dict\ndict.Values;  // Dictionary&lt;TKey,TValue&gt;.ValueCollection containing the values of the dict\n\ndict.Add(key, value);  // ArgumentException if the key already exists\ndict.Clear();  // empty the dictionary\ndict.ContainsKey(key);  // check if a key is in the dictionary\ndict.ContainsValue(value);  // check if a value is in the dictionary\ndict.Remove(key);  // remove a key-value pair\ndict.Remove(key, out var);  // remove key-value pair and copy TValue to var parameter\ndict.TryAdd(key, value);  // adds a key-value pair; returns true if pair is added, false otherwise\ndict.TryGetValue(key, out var);  // put the value associated with kay in the var parameter; true if the dict contains an element with the specified key, false otherwise.\n</code></pre>"},{"location":"languages/dotnet/csharp/collections.html#sets","title":"Sets","text":"<p>Collection of non duplicate items.</p> C#<pre><code>HashSet&lt;T&gt; set = new HashSet&lt;T&gt;();\n\nset.Add(T); // adds an item to the set; true if the element is added, false if the element is already present.\nset.Clear();  //Remove all elements from a HashSet&lt;T&gt; object.\nset.Contains(T); // Determine whether a HashSet&lt;T&gt; object contains the specified element.\nset.CopyTo(T[]);  // Coy the elements of a HashSet&lt;T&gt; object to an array.\nset.CopyTo(T[], arrayIndex);  // Copy the elements of a HashSet&lt;T&gt; object to an array, starting at the specified array index.\nset.CopyTo(T[], arrayIndex, count);  // Copies the specified number of elements of a HashSet&lt;T&gt; object to an array, starting at the specified array index.\nset.CreateSetComparer();  // Return an IEqualityComparer object that can be used for equality testing of a HashSet&lt;T&gt; object.\nset.ExceptWith(IEnumerable&lt;T&gt;);  // Remove all elements in the specified collection from the current HashSet&lt;T&gt; object.\nset.IntersectWith(IEnumerable&lt;T&gt;); // Modify the current HashSet&lt;T&gt; object to contain only elements that are present in that object and in the specified collection.\nset.IsProperSubsetOf(IEnumerable&lt;T&gt;);  // Determine whether a HashSet&lt;T&gt; object is a proper subset of the specified collection.\nset.IsProperSupersetOf(IEnumerable&lt;T&gt;);  // Determine whether a HashSet&lt;T&gt; object is a proper superset of the specified collection.\nset.IsSubsetOf(IEnumerable&lt;T&gt;);  // Determine whether a HashSet&lt;T&gt; object is a subset of the specified collection.\nset.IsSupersetOf(IEnumerable&lt;T&gt;);  // Determine whether a HashSet&lt;T&gt; object is a superset of the specified collection.\nset.Overlaps(IEnumerable&lt;T&gt;);  // Determine whether the current HashSet&lt;T&gt; object and a specified collection share common elements.\nset.Remove(T);  // Remove the specified element from a HashSet&lt;T&gt; object.\nset.RemoveWhere(Predicate&lt;T&gt;);  // Remove all elements that match the conditions defined by the specified predicate from a HashSet&lt;T&gt; collection.\nset.SetEquals(IEnumerable&lt;T&gt;);  // Determine whether a HashSet&lt;T&gt; object and the specified collection contain the same elements.\nset.SymmetricExceptWith(IEnumerable&lt;T&gt;); // Modify the current HashSet&lt;T&gt; object to contain only elements that are present either in that object or in the specified collection, but not both.\nset.UnionWith(IEnumerable&lt;T&gt;);  // Modify the current HashSet&lt;T&gt; object to contain all elements that are present in itself, the specified collection, or both.\nset.TryGetValue(T, out T);  // Search the set for a given value and returns the equal value it finds, if any.\n</code></pre>"},{"location":"languages/dotnet/csharp/csharp.html","title":"<code>C#</code>","text":"<p>.NET Core is a development platform that includes a Common Language Runtime (CoreCLR), which manages the execution of code, and a Base Class Library (BCL), which provides a rich library of classes to build applications from.</p> <p>The C# compiler (named Roslyn) used by the dotnet CLI tool converts C# source code into intermediate language (IL) code and stores the IL in an assembly (a DLL or EXE file). IL code statements are like assembly language instructions, which are executed by .NET Core's virtual machine, known as CoreCLR.</p> <p>At runtime, CoreCLR loads the IL code from the assembly, the just-in-time (JIT) compiler compiles it into native CPU instructions, and then it is executed by the CPU on your machine. The benefit of this three-step compilation process is that Microsoft's able to create CLRs for Linux and macOS, as well as for Windows. The same IL code runs everywhere because of the second compilation process, which generates code for the native operating system and CPU instruction set. Regardless of which language the source code is written in, for example, C#, Visual Basic or F#, all .NET applications use IL code for their instructions stored in an assembly.</p> <p>Another .NET initiative is called .NET Native. This compiles C# code to native CPU instructions ahead of time (AoT), rather than using the CLR to compile IL code JIT to native code later. .NET Native improves execution speed and reduces the memory footprint for applications because the native code is generated at build time and then deployed instead of the IL code.</p>"},{"location":"languages/dotnet/csharp/csharp.html#basics","title":"Basics","text":""},{"location":"languages/dotnet/csharp/csharp.html#comments","title":"Comments","text":"C#<pre><code>// comment\n/* multi line comment */\n/// single line xml comment (docstring)\n/** multi line xml string (docstring) */\n</code></pre>"},{"location":"languages/dotnet/csharp/csharp.html#docstring-structure","title":"Docstring Structure","text":"<p><code>/** &lt;tag&gt; content &lt;/tag&gt; **/</code></p>"},{"location":"languages/dotnet/csharp/csharp.html#naming-convention","title":"Naming Convention","text":"Element Case Namespace PascalCase Class, Interface PascalCase Method PascalCase Field, Property PascalCase Event, Enum, Enum Value, PascalCase Variables, Parameters camelCase"},{"location":"languages/dotnet/csharp/csharp.html#namespaces-imports-aliases","title":"Namespaces, Imports &amp; Aliases","text":"<p>Hierarchic organization of programs an libraries.</p> C#<pre><code>using System;  // import the System Namespace\nusing static System.Console;  // statically import a class to use its static methods w/o qualification\n\n// type aliases\nusing Alias = Namespace.SubNamespace.Type;\nusing LookupTable = Dictionary&lt;string, string&gt;;\nusing Points = (int, int, int)[];\n\n// global using [C# 10], should be in dedicated file\nglobal using &lt;namespace&gt;;\n\nnamespace Namespace;  // [C# 10]\n//or\nnamespace Namespace \n{\n}\n</code></pre> <p>To enable .NET 6/C# 10 implicit namespace imports:</p> XML<pre><code>&lt;ImplicitUsings&gt;enable&lt;/ImplicitUsings&gt;\n</code></pre>"},{"location":"languages/dotnet/csharp/csharp.html#top-level-statementsprograms-c-9","title":"Top Level Statements/Programs (C# 9)","text":"C#<pre><code>// imports\n\n// code here, no main, no namespace\n</code></pre>"},{"location":"languages/dotnet/csharp/csharp.html#main-method","title":"Main Method","text":"C#<pre><code>public static void Main(string[] args)\n{\n    // code here\n}\n</code></pre>"},{"location":"languages/dotnet/csharp/csharp.html#constant-declaration","title":"Constant Declaration","text":"C#<pre><code>const type CONSTANT_NAME = value;\n</code></pre>"},{"location":"languages/dotnet/csharp/csharp.html#assignment-operation","title":"Assignment Operation","text":"<p><code>type variable1 = value1, variable2 = value2, ...;</code></p> <p>If a variable has not been assigned it assumes the <code>default</code> value.</p>"},{"location":"languages/dotnet/csharp/csharp.html#input","title":"Input","text":"C#<pre><code>// input is a string, convert before saving in a non String variable\nConsole.ReadLines();    // read util &lt;Return&gt;  is pressed\nConsole.Read();    // read until space\n\n// reading non string input\n&lt;SystemType/Type&gt;.Parse(Console.ReadLines());    // convert string to numerical data type (can cause exception at runtime)\nConvert.To&lt;SystemType&gt;(Console.ReadLines());    // proper conversion and round-up of values (no truncation of values), NULL returns 0 (zero)\n\n// integers numeric base conversion\nConvert.ToString(num, &lt;base&gt;);  //  to specified numeric base\nConvert.ToInt32(string, &lt;base&gt;);  // parse from numeric base\n\nConsole.ReadKey();    // read a key from keyboard and display pressed kay immediately\n</code></pre>"},{"location":"languages/dotnet/csharp/csharp.html#screen-output","title":"Screen Output","text":"C#<pre><code>Console.WriteLine();    // single line output\n</code></pre>"},{"location":"languages/dotnet/csharp/csharp.html#string-formatting","title":"String Formatting","text":"<p><code>{index[,alignment][:&lt;formatString&gt;&lt;num_decimal_digits&gt;]}</code></p> C#<pre><code>Console.WriteLine(\"Name is {0}, Marks are {1}\", name, marks);    // string composite formatting\nConsole.WriteLine($\"Name is {name}, Marks are {marks}\");    // string interpolation\n\nConsole.WriteLine(\n    format: \"{0} {1}\"  // format can be omitted and passed as first argument of WriteLine/Write\n    arg0: \"String Literal\",\n    arg1: string_variable,\n    ...\n);\n</code></pre>"},{"location":"languages/dotnet/csharp/csharp.html#number-format-string","title":"Number Format String","text":"<p>Numeric Format Strings Docs CultureInfo Docs</p> <p><code>{index[,alignment][:&lt;formatString&gt;&lt;num_decimal_digits&gt;]}</code></p> <p><code>$\"{number:C}\"</code> formats the number as a currency. Currency symbol &amp; symbol position are determined by <code>CultureInfo</code>. <code>$\"{number:D}\"</code> formats the number with decimal digits. <code>$\"{number:F}\"</code> formats the number with a fixed number of decimal digits. <code>$\"{number:E}\"</code> formats the number in scientific notation. <code>$\"{number:E}\"</code> formats the number in the more compact of either fixed-point or scientific notation. <code>$\"{number:N}\"</code> formats the number as a measure. Digits separators are determined by <code>CultureInfo</code>. <code>$\"{number:P}\"</code> formats the number as a percentage. <code>$\"{number:X}\"</code> formats the number as a hexadecimal.</p>"},{"location":"languages/dotnet/csharp/csharp.html#variable-types","title":"Variable Types","text":""},{"location":"languages/dotnet/csharp/csharp.html#value-type","title":"Value Type","text":"<p>A value type variable will store its values directly in an area of storage called the STACK. The stack is memory allocated to the code that is currently running on the CPU. When the stack frame has finished executing, the values in the stack are removed.</p>"},{"location":"languages/dotnet/csharp/csharp.html#reference-type","title":"Reference Type","text":"<p>A reference type variable will store its values in a separate memory region called the HEAP. The heap is a memory area that is shared across many applications running on the operating system at the same time. The .NET Runtime communicates with the operating system to determine what memory addresses are available, and requests an address where it can store the value. The .NET Runtime stores the value, then returns the memory address to the variable. When your code uses the variable, the .NET Runtime seamlessly looks up the address stored in the variable and retrieves the value that's stored there.</p>"},{"location":"languages/dotnet/csharp/csharp.html#integer-numeric-types","title":"Integer Numeric Types","text":"Keyword System Type Example Bit/Byte Min Value Max Value <code>sbyte</code> <code>System.SByte</code> 8 bit -128 127 <code>byte</code> <code>System.Byte</code> 8 bit 0 255 <code>short</code> <code>System.Int16</code> 16 bit -32'786 32'767 <code>ushort</code> <code>System.UInt16</code> 16 bit 0 65'535 <code>int</code> <code>System.Int32</code> 123 32 bit -2'47'483'648 2'147'483'647 <code>uint</code> <code>System.UInt32</code> 123u 32 bit 0 4'294'967'296 <code>nint</code> <code>System.IntPtr</code> Arch 0 18'446'744'073'709'551'615 <code>nuint</code> <code>System.UIntPtr</code> Arch -9'223'372'036'854'775'808 9'223'372'036'854'775'807 <code>long</code> <code>System.Int64</code> 123l 64 bit -9'223'372'036'854'775'808 9'223'372'036'854'775'807 <code>ulong</code> <code>System.UInt64</code> 123ul 64 bit 0 18'446'744'073'709'551'615"},{"location":"languages/dotnet/csharp/csharp.html#floating-point-numeric-types","title":"Floating-Point Numeric Types","text":"Keyword System Types Example Bit/Byte Digits Min Value Max Value <code>float</code> <code>System.Single</code> 3.14f 4 byte 6-9 -3.402823 E+38 3.402823 E+38 <code>double</code> <code>System.Double</code> 3.14 8 byte 15-17 -1.79769313486232 E+308 1.79769313486232 E+308 <code>decimal</code> <code>System.Decimal</code> 3.14m 16 byte 28-29 -79'228'162'514'264'337'593'543'950'335 79'228'162'514'264'337'593'543'950'335 <p>The static fields and methods of the <code>MathF</code> class correspond to those of the <code>Math</code> class, except that their parameters are of type <code>Single</code> rather than <code>Double</code>, and they return <code>Single</code> rather than <code>Double</code> values.</p>"},{"location":"languages/dotnet/csharp/csharp.html#biginteger","title":"BigInteger","text":"<p><code>BigInteger</code> represents an integer that will grow as large as is necessary to accommodate values. Unlike the builtin numeric types, it has no theoretical limit on its range.</p> C#<pre><code>using System;\nusing System.Numerics;\n\nBigInteger bi;\n</code></pre>"},{"location":"languages/dotnet/csharp/csharp.html#binary-hexadecimal-numbers","title":"Binary &amp; Hexadecimal Numbers","text":"<p>Binary literal: <code>0b&lt;digits&gt;</code> Hexadecimal literal: <code>0x&lt;digits&gt;</code></p> C#<pre><code>// three variables that store the number 2 million\nint decimalNotation = 2_000_000;\nint binaryNotation = 0b_0001_1110_1000_0100_1000_0000;\nint hexadecimalNotation = 0x_001E_8480;\n</code></pre>"},{"location":"languages/dotnet/csharp/csharp.html#boolean-type-systemboolean","title":"Boolean Type (<code>System.Boolean</code>)","text":"<p><code>bool</code>: <code>true</code> or <code>false</code></p>"},{"location":"languages/dotnet/csharp/csharp.html#text-type-systemchar-systemstring","title":"Text Type (<code>System.Char</code> &amp; <code>System.String</code>)","text":"<p><code>char</code>: single unicode character <code>string</code>: multiple Unicode characters</p>"},{"location":"languages/dotnet/csharp/csharp.html#implicit-type","title":"Implicit Type","text":"<p>The compiler determines the required type based on the assigned value.</p> C#<pre><code>var variable = value;  // Inferred tipe cant change after first assignment\n</code></pre>"},{"location":"languages/dotnet/csharp/csharp.html#dynamic-type","title":"Dynamic Type","text":"C#<pre><code>dynamic variable = value;\n</code></pre>"},{"location":"languages/dotnet/csharp/csharp.html#anonymous-types-reference-type","title":"Anonymous types (Reference Type)","text":"C#<pre><code>// cannot be used as return types\nvar x = new { Key = value, ...};  // read only properties\nx.Key;  // member access\n\nvar y = x with { Key = value };  // with expression [C# 10]\n</code></pre>"},{"location":"languages/dotnet/csharp/csharp.html#index-range-types-structs","title":"Index &amp; Range Types (Structs)","text":"<p>A System.Index represents a type that can be used to index a collection either from the start or the end. A System.Range represents a range that has start and end indexes.</p> C#<pre><code>Index i = position;\nIndex i = new Index(position, IsFromEnd: false);  // start-relative index\n\nIndex e = ^position;  // end-elative index\nIndex e = new Index(position, IsFromEnd: true);  // end-elative index\narray[^n];  // n-th last item\narray[array.Length - n];  // n-th last item\n\n// range syntax (supported by System.Range struct)\nRange all = 0..^0;\nRange all = 0..;\nRange all = ..^0;\nRange all = ..;\nvar all = Range.All;\n\n// slicing\narray[start..end];  // select elements between start index and end index (non inclusive)\narray[start..^n];  // select elements between start index and n-th last item (non inclusive)\n</code></pre>"},{"location":"languages/dotnet/csharp/csharp.html#tuples-value-type","title":"Tuples (Value Type)","text":"<p>Tuples are designed as a convenient way to package together a few values in cases where defining a whole new type wouldn't really be justified.</p> <p>Tuples support comparison, so it's possible to use the <code>==</code> and <code>!=</code> relational operators. To be considered equal, two tuples must have the same shape and each value in the first tuple must be equal to its counterpart in the second tuple.</p> C#<pre><code>(Type Var1, Type Var2, ...) variable = (value1, value2, ...);\nvar variable = (Var1: value1, Var2: value2, ...);  // if name are not supplied they default to Item1, Item2, ...\nvar variable = (var1, var2);  // constructed w/ pre-existing values, tuple attributes named after the variables\n</code></pre> <p>Since the names of the attributes of a tuple do not matter (a tuple is an instance of <code>ValueTuple&lt;Type, Type, ...&gt;</code>) it's possible to assign any tuple to another tuple with the same structure.</p> C#<pre><code>(int X, Int Y) a = (1 , 0);\n(int Width, int Height) b = a;\n</code></pre>"},{"location":"languages/dotnet/csharp/csharp.html#tuple-deconstruction","title":"Tuple Deconstruction","text":"C#<pre><code>(int X, int Y) point = (10, 35);\n(int a, int b) = point;  // extract data based on position into two variables\n</code></pre>"},{"location":"languages/dotnet/csharp/csharp.html#records","title":"Records","text":"<p>I'ts possible to create record types with immutable properties by using standard property syntax or positional parameters:</p> C#<pre><code>public record Person\n{\n    public string FirstName { get; init; } = default!;\n    public string LastName { get; init; } = default!;\n};\n// same as\npublic record Person(string FirstName, string LastName);\n\npublic record struct Point\n{\n    public double X {  get; init; }\n    public double Y {  get; init; }\n    public double Z {  get; init; }\n}\n// same as\npublic readonly record struct Point(double X, double Y, double Z);\n</code></pre> <p>it's also possible to create record types with mutable properties and fields:</p> C#<pre><code>// mutable record\npublic record Person\n{\n    public string FirstName { get; set; } = default!;\n    public string LastName { get; set; } = default!;\n};\n\n// mutable record struct\npublic readonly record struct Point(double X, double Y, double Z);\n</code></pre> <p>While records can be mutable, they're primarily intended for supporting immutable data models. The record type offers the following features:</p> <ul> <li>Concise syntax for creating a reference type with immutable properties</li> <li>Built-in behavior useful for a data-centric reference type:</li> <li>Value equality</li> <li>Concise syntax for nondestructive mutation</li> <li>Built-in formatting for display</li> <li>Support for inheritance hierarchies</li> </ul> <p>Note: A positional record and a positional readonly record struct declare init-only properties. A positional record struct declares read-write properties.</p>"},{"location":"languages/dotnet/csharp/csharp.html#with-expressions","title":"<code>with</code>-expressions","text":"<p>When working with immutable data, a common pattern is to create new values from existing ones to represent a new state. To help with this style of programming, records allow for a new kind of expression; the with-expression.</p> C#<pre><code>var newRecord = oldRecord with { Property = value };\n</code></pre> <p>With-expressions use object initializer syntax to state what's different in the new object from the old object. it's possible to specify multiple properties. A record implicitly defines a protected \"copy constructor\", a constructor that takes an existing record object and copies it field by field to the new one. The <code>with</code> expression causes the copy constructor to get called, and then applies the object initializer on top to change the properties accordingly.</p> C#<pre><code>protected Record(Record original) { /* copy all the fields */ } // generated\n</code></pre> <p>Note: it's possible to define a custom copy constructor tha will be picked up by the <code>with</code> expression.</p>"},{"location":"languages/dotnet/csharp/csharp.html#with-expressions-inheritance","title":"<code>with</code>-expressions &amp; Inheritance","text":"<p>Records have a hidden virtual method that is entrusted with \"cloning\" the whole object. Every derived record type overrides this method to call the copy constructor of that type, and the copy constructor of a derived record chains to the copy constructor of the base record. A with-expression simply calls the hidden \"clone\" method and applies the object initializer to the result.</p> C#<pre><code>public record Base{ Type Prop1, Type Prop2 };\npublic record Derived : Base { Type Prop3 };\n\nBase @base  = new Derived { Prop1 = value1, Prop2 =  value2, Prop3 = value3 };\nvar newBase = @base with { Prop2 = value };  // new Derived record even if type of _base is Base since _base contains a Derived record\n</code></pre>"},{"location":"languages/dotnet/csharp/csharp.html#value-based-equality-inheritance","title":"Value-based Equality &amp; Inheritance","text":"<p>Records have a virtual protected property called <code>EqualityContract</code>. Every derived record overrides it, and in order to compare equal, the two objects musts have the same <code>EqualityContract</code>.</p> C#<pre><code>public record Base{ Type Prop1, Type Prop2 };\npublic record Derived : Base { Type Prop3 };\n\nBase rec1 = new Base { Prop1 = value1, Prop2 = value2 };\nBase rec2 = new Derived { Prop1 = value1, Prop2 =  value2, Prop3 = value3 };\n// will result not equal even if container is of same type\n</code></pre>"},{"location":"languages/dotnet/csharp/csharp.html#strings","title":"Strings","text":"<p>.NET strings are immutable. The downside of immutability is that string processing can be inefficient. If a work performs a series of modifications to a string it will end up allocating a lot of memory, because it will return a separate string for each modification. This creates a lot of extra work for .NET's garbage collector, causing the program to use more CPU time than necessary.</p> <p>In these situations, it's possible to can use a type called <code>StringBuilder</code>. This is conceptually similar to a string but it is modifiable.</p> C#<pre><code>\"string contents here\"    // string literal\n@\"string contents here\"    // verbatim string, escape characters printed as-is (raw string literal)\n$\"{variable} contents here\"    // string interpolation\n$@\"{variable} \\n contents here\"    // verbatim string interpolation\nstring stringa_1 = stringa_2 + \"string contents here\";    // string concatenation\nString.Length    // returns the length of the string\n</code></pre>"},{"location":"languages/dotnet/csharp/csharp.html#string-methods-not-in-place","title":"String Methods (Not In-Place)","text":"C#<pre><code>string_.IndexOf(&lt;character/string&gt;, startIndex, endIndex);    // index of first occurrence of character/string, -1 otherwise\nstring_.LastIndexOf(&lt;character/string&gt;, startIndex, endIndex);    // index last occurrence of character/string, -1 otherwise\nstring_.IndexOfAny(char_array, startIndex, endIndex);    // index of any of the characters in the supplied array\nstring_.Substring(startIndex, length);    // extract substring\nstring_.Substring(startIndex);    // return every character after startIndex\nstring_.Replace(oldString, newString);    // returns string_ with oldString replaced with newString\nstring_.Insert(startIndex, substring);    // return string_ inserting substring at position startIndex\nstring_.Remove(startIndex, length);    // return string_ removing a substring of length length at position startIndex\nstring_.ToUpper();    // transforms all string in uppercase characters\nstring_.ToLower();    // transforms all string to lowercase characters\nstring_.Contains(target);    // returns True if string contains the target, False otherwise\nstring_.StartsWith(substring);    // Determines whether the start of the string matches the substring.\nstring_.EndsWith(substring);    // Determines whether the end of the string matches the substring.\nstring_.PadLeft(n, 'character');    // insert character n times as left padding. In-place operation\nstring_.PadRight(n, 'character');    // insert character n times as right padding. In-place operation\nstring_.TrimStart();    // trim leading spaces before text\nstring_.TrimEnd();    // trim following spaces after text\nstring_.Trim();    // trim spaces around text\nstring_.GetHashCode()\nstring_.Spit('&lt;separator&gt;');    // returns an array separating the string at the occurrences of &lt;separator&gt; (&lt;separator&gt; MUST BE char)\n\nString.Join('&lt;separator&gt;', (object) iterable);    // returns a string from iterable. values separated by &lt;separator&gt; (&lt;separator&gt; MUST BE char)\nString.Format($\"{variable}\"); // string interpolation outside of a Write/WriteLine\n\nString.Empty;  // value of an empty string, used for string init\n</code></pre>"},{"location":"languages/dotnet/csharp/csharp.html#raw-string-literals","title":"Raw string literals","text":"<p>Raw string literals can contain arbitrary text, including whitespace, new lines, embedded quotes, and other special characters without requiring escape sequences. A raw string literal starts with at least three double-quote (<code>\"\"\"</code>) characters. It ends with the same number of double-quote characters. Typically, a raw string literal uses three double quotes on a single line to start the string, and three double quotes on a separate line to end the string. The newlines following the opening quote and preceding the closing quote aren't included in the final content:</p> C#<pre><code>string longMessage = \"\"\"\n    This is a long message.\n    It has several lines.\n        Some are indented\n                more than others.\n    Some should start at the first column.\n    Some have \"quoted text\" in them.\n    \"\"\";\n</code></pre> <p>Note: Any whitespace to the left of the closing double quotes will be removed from the string literal.</p> <p>Raw string literals can be combined with string interpolation to include braces in the output text. Multiple <code>$</code> characters denote how many consecutive braces start and end the interpolation</p> C#<pre><code>var location = $$\"\"\"\n    You are at {{{Longitude}}, {{Latitude}}}\n    \"\"\";\n</code></pre>"},{"location":"languages/dotnet/csharp/csharp.html#nullable-types","title":"Nullable Types","text":""},{"location":"languages/dotnet/csharp/csharp.html#nullable-value-types","title":"Nullable value types","text":"<p>A nullable value type <code>T?</code> represents all values of its underlying value type <code>T</code> and an additional <code>null</code> value.</p> <p>Any nullable value type is an instance of the generic <code>System.Nullable&lt;T&gt;</code> structure. Refer to a nullable value type with an underlying type <code>T</code> in any of the following interchangeable forms: <code>Nullable&lt;T&gt;</code> or <code>T?</code>.</p> <p>Note: Nullable Value Types default to <code>null</code>.</p> <p>When a nullable type is boxed, the common language runtime automatically boxes the underlying value of the <code>Nullable&lt;T&gt;</code> object, not the <code>Nullable&lt;T&gt;</code> object itself. That is, if the HasValue property is true, the contents of the <code>Value</code> property is boxed. When the underlying value of a nullable type is unboxed, the common language runtime creates a new <code>Nullable&lt;T&gt;</code> structure initialized to the underlying value.</p> <p>If the <code>HasValue</code> property of a nullable type is <code>false</code>, the result of a boxing operation is <code>null</code>. Consequently, if a boxed nullable type is passed to a method that expects an object argument, that method must be prepared to handle the case where the argument is <code>null</code>. When <code>null</code> is unboxed into a nullable type, the common language runtime creates a new <code>Nullable&lt;T&gt;</code> structure and initializes its <code>HasValue</code> property to <code>false</code>.</p> C#<pre><code>Type? nullableValueType = default;  // assigns null\n\nnullableValueType.HasValue  // boolean, use for null check\nnullableValueType.Value  // underlying value type contents\n</code></pre>"},{"location":"languages/dotnet/csharp/csharp.html#nullable-reference-types","title":"Nullable reference types","text":"<p>C# 8.0 introduces nullable reference types and non-nullable reference types that enable to make important statements about the properties for reference type variables:</p> <ul> <li> <p>A reference isn't supposed to be null. When variables aren't supposed to be null, the compiler enforces rules that ensure it's safe to dereference these variables without first checking that it isn't null:</p> </li> <li> <p>The variable must be initialized to a non-null value.</p> </li> <li> <p>The variable can never be assigned the value null.</p> </li> <li> <p>A reference may be null. When variables may be null, the compiler enforces different rules to ensure that you've correctly checked for a null reference:</p> </li> <li>The variable may only be dereferenced when the compiler can guarantee that the value isn't null.</li> <li>These variables may be initialized with the default null value and may be assigned the value null in other code.</li> </ul> <p>The <code>?</code> character appended to a reference type declares a nullable reference type. The null-forgiving operator <code>!</code> may be appended to an expression to declare that the expression isn't null. Any variable where the <code>?</code> isn't appended to the type name is a non-nullable reference type.</p>"},{"location":"languages/dotnet/csharp/csharp.html#nullability-of-types","title":"Nullability of types","text":"<p>Any reference type can have one of four nullabilities, which describes when warnings are generated:</p> <ul> <li>Nonnullable: Null can't be assigned to variables of this type. Variables of this type don't need to be null-checked before dereferencing.</li> <li>Nullable: Null can be assigned to variables of this type. Dereferencing variables of this type without first checking for null causes a warning.</li> <li>Oblivious: Oblivious is the pre-C# 8.0 state. Variables of this type can be dereferenced or assigned without warnings.</li> <li>Unknown: Unknown is generally for type parameters where constraints don't tell the compiler that the type must be nullable or nonnullable.</li> </ul> <p>The nullability of a type in a variable declaration is controlled by the nullable context in which the variable is declared.</p>"},{"location":"languages/dotnet/csharp/csharp.html#nullable-context","title":"Nullable Context","text":"<p>Nullable contexts enable fine-grained control for how the compiler interprets reference type variables.</p> <p>Valid settings are:</p> <ul> <li>enable: The nullable annotation context is enabled. The nullable warning context is enabled.   Variables of a reference type are non-nullable, all nullability warnings are enabled.</li> <li>warnings: The nullable annotation context is disabled. The nullable warning context is enabled.   Variables of a reference type are oblivious; all nullability warnings are enabled.</li> <li>annotations: The nullable annotation context is enabled. The nullable warning context is disabled.   Variables of a reference type are non-nullable; all nullability warnings are disabled.</li> <li>disable: The nullable annotation context is disabled. The nullable warning context is disabled.   Variables of a reference type are oblivious, just like earlier versions of C#; all nullability warnings are disabled.</li> </ul> <p>In <code>Project.csproj</code>:</p> XML<pre><code>&lt;Project Sdk=\"Microsoft.NET.Sdk\"&gt;\n    &lt;PropertyGroup&gt;\n        &lt;OutputType&gt;Exe&lt;/OutputType&gt;\n        &lt;TargetFramework&gt;...&lt;/TargetFramework&gt;\n\n        &lt;!-- set nullabilty context at project level --&gt;\n        &lt;Nullable&gt;enable | warning | annotations | disable&lt;/Nullable&gt;\n    &lt;/PropertyGroup&gt;\n&lt;/Project&gt;\n</code></pre> <p>In <code>Program.cs</code>:</p> C#<pre><code>#nullable enable  // Sets the nullable annotation context and nullable warning context to enabled.\n#nullable disable  // Sets the nullable annotation context and nullable warning context to disabled.\n#nullable restore  // Restores the nullable annotation context and nullable warning context to the project settings.\n#nullable disable warnings  // Set the nullable warning context to disabled.\n#nullable enable warnings  // Set the nullable warning context to enabled.\n#nullable restore warnings  // Restores the nullable warning context to the project settings.\n#nullable disable annotations  // Set the nullable annotation context to disabled.\n#nullable enable annotations  // Set the nullable annotation context to enabled.\n#nullable restore annotations  // Restores the annotation warning context to the project settings.\n</code></pre>"},{"location":"languages/dotnet/csharp/csharp.html#null-conditional-null-coalescing-null-forgiving-operator-null-checks","title":"Null Conditional, Null Coalescing, Null Forgiving Operator, Null Checks","text":"C#<pre><code>Type? variable = null;  // the variable can also contain the NULL value (nullable type)\n\n&lt;expr&gt;!  // declare explicitly that the expression is not null (null forgiving operator)\n\n(variable == null ? null : variable.property)\n// same as\nvariable?.property  // if variable != null access it's property (null conditional), return null otherwise\n\nif (variable != null)\n{\n    return variable;\n}\nelse\n{\n    return value;\n}\n// same as\nvar variable = var ?? value  // return var if var != null, return value otherwise\n\nvariable = variable?.property ?? value  // if (variable == null) -&gt; variable = value -- null coalescing\n// same as\nvariable ??= value;  // if (variable == null) -&gt; variable = value -- null coalescing\n\n// null checks through patter matching\nvariable is null\nvariable is not null\n\n// null parameter checking [C# 10]\nArgumentNullException.ThrowIfNull(obj);\n</code></pre>"},{"location":"languages/dotnet/csharp/csharp.html#nullable-attributes","title":"Nullable Attributes","text":"<p>It's possible to apply a number of attributes that provide information to the compiler about the semantics of APIs. That information helps the compiler perform static analysis and determine when a variable is not null.</p> <ul> <li><code>AllowNull</code>: A non-nullable input argument may be null.</li> <li><code>DisallowNull</code>: A nullable input argument should never be null.</li> <li><code>MaybeNull</code>: A non-nullable return value may be null.</li> <li><code>NotNull</code>: A nullable return value will never be null.</li> <li><code>MaybeNullWhen</code>: A non-nullable input argument may be null when the method returns the specified bool value.</li> <li><code>NotNullWhen</code>: A nullable input argument will not be null when the method returns the specified bool value.</li> <li><code>NotNullIfNotNull</code>: A return value isn't null if the argument for the specified parameter isn't null.</li> <li><code>DoesNotReturn</code>: A method never returns. In other words, it always throws an exception.</li> <li><code>DoesNotReturnIf</code>: This method never returns if the associated bool parameter has the specified value.</li> </ul>"},{"location":"languages/dotnet/csharp/csharp.html#type-conversion","title":"Type Conversion","text":"C#<pre><code>variable.GetType();  // System type of variable\n\n(type) variable  // explicit conversion\nnumericalType.ToSting();     // convert numerical value to a string\nnumericalType variable = &lt;SystemType/Type&gt;.Parse();    // convert string to numerical data type (can cause exception at runtime)\n\n&lt;SystemType/Type&gt;.TryParse(value, out variable);    // improved version of Parse()\n/* attempts to parse a string into the given numeric data type.\nIf successful, it will store the converted value in an OUT PARAMETER.\nIt returns a bool to indicate if it was successful or not */\n\nConvert.To&lt;SystemType&gt;(variable);    // proper conversion and round-up of values (no truncation of values)\n</code></pre>"},{"location":"languages/dotnet/csharp/csharp.html#converting-from-any-type-to-a-string","title":"Converting from any type to a string","text":"<p>The <code>ToString</code> method converts the current value of any variable into a textual representation. Some types can't be sensibly represented as text, so they return their namespace and type name.</p>"},{"location":"languages/dotnet/csharp/csharp.html#number-downcasting","title":"Number Downcasting","text":"<p>The rule for rounding (in explicit casting) in C# is subtly different from the primary school rule:</p> <ul> <li>It always rounds down if the decimal part is less than the midpoint <code>.5</code>.</li> <li>It always rounds up if the decimal part is more than the midpoint <code>.5</code>.</li> <li>It will round up if the decimal part is the midpoint <code>.5</code> and the non-decimal part is odd, but it will round down if the non-decimal part is even.</li> </ul> <p>This rule is known as Banker's Rounding, and it is preferred because it reduces bias by alternating when it rounds up or down.</p>"},{"location":"languages/dotnet/csharp/csharp.html#converting-from-a-binary-object-to-a-string","title":"Converting from a binary object to a string","text":"<p>The safest thing to do is to convert the binary object into a string of safe characters. Programmers call this Base64 encoding. The <code>Convert</code> type has a pair of methods, <code>ToBase64String</code> and <code>FromBase64String</code>, that perform this conversion.</p>"},{"location":"languages/dotnet/csharp/csharp.html#parsing-from-strings-to-numbers-or-dates-and-times","title":"Parsing from strings to numbers or dates and times","text":"<p>The second most common conversion is from strings to numbers or date and time values. The opposite of <code>ToString</code> is <code>Parse</code>. Only a few types have a <code>Parse</code> method, including all the number types and <code>DateTime</code>.</p>"},{"location":"languages/dotnet/csharp/csharp.html#preprocessor-directives","title":"Preprocessor Directives","text":"<p>C# offers a <code>#define</code> directive that lets you define a compilation symbol. These symbols are commonly used in conjunction with the <code>#if</code> directive to compile code in different ways for different situations. It's common to define compilation symbols through the compiler build settings: open up the <code>.csproj</code> file and define the values you want in a <code>&lt;DefineConstants&gt;</code> element of any <code>&lt;PropertyGroup&gt;</code>.</p> <p>Compilation symbols are typically used in conjunction with the <code>#if</code>, <code>#else</code>, <code>#elif</code>, and <code>#endif</code> directives (<code>#if false</code> also exists).</p> <p>The .NET SDK defines certain symbols by default. It supports two configurations: Debug and Release. It defines a <code>DEBUG</code> compilation symbol in the Debug configuration, whereas Release will define <code>RELEASE</code> instead. It defines a symbol called <code>TRACE</code> in both configurations.</p> C#<pre><code>#if DEBUG\n    // instructions\n#endif\n</code></pre> <p>C# provides a more subtle mechanism to support this sort of thing, called a conditional method. The compiler recognizes an attribute defined by the .NET class libraries, called <code>ConditionalAttribute</code>, for which it provides special compile time behavior. Method annotated with this attribute will not be present in a non-Debug release.</p> C#<pre><code>[System.Diagnostics.Conditional(\"DEBUG\")]\nType Method() { ... }\n</code></pre>"},{"location":"languages/dotnet/csharp/csharp.html#error-and-warning","title":"<code>#error</code> and <code>#warning</code>","text":"<p>C# allows choose to generate compiler errors or warnings with the <code>#error</code> and <code>#warning</code> directives. These are typically used inside conditional regions.</p> C#<pre><code>#if NETSTANDARD\n    #error .NET Standard is not a supported target for this source file\n#endif\n</code></pre>"},{"location":"languages/dotnet/csharp/csharp.html#pragma","title":"<code>#pragma</code>","text":"<p>The <code>#pragma</code> directive provides two features: it can be used to disable selected compiler warnings, and it can also be used to override the checksum values the compiler puts into the <code>.pdb</code> file it generates containing debug information. Both of these are designed primarily for code generation scenarios, although they can occasionally be useful to disable warnings in ordinary code.</p> C#<pre><code>#pragma warning disable CS&lt;number&gt;\n</code></pre>"},{"location":"languages/dotnet/csharp/csharp.html#expressions-operators","title":"Expressions &amp; Operators","text":""},{"location":"languages/dotnet/csharp/csharp.html#primary-expressions","title":"Primary Expressions","text":"Syntax Operation x<code>.</code>m access to member <code>m</code> of object <code>x</code> (\".\" \u2192 member access operator) x<code>(...)</code> method invocation (\"()\" \u2192 method invocation operator) x<code>[...]</code> array access <code>new</code> T(...) object instantiation <code>new</code> T(...)<code>{...}</code> object instantiation with initial values <code>new</code> T[...] array creation <code>typeof(T)</code> System.Type of object x <code>nameof(x)</code> name of variable x <code>sizeof(x)</code> size of variable x <code>default(T)</code> default value of <code>T</code> <code>x!</code> declare x as not null"},{"location":"languages/dotnet/csharp/csharp.html#unary-operators","title":"Unary Operators","text":"Operator Operation <code>+</code>x identity <code>-</code>x negation <code>!</code>x logic negation <code>~</code>x binary negation <code>++</code>x pre-increment <code>--</code>x pre-decrement x<code>++</code> post-increment x<code>--</code> post decrement <code>(type)</code>x explicit casting"},{"location":"languages/dotnet/csharp/csharp.html#mathematical-operators","title":"Mathematical Operators","text":"Operator Operation x <code>+</code> y addition, string concatenation x <code>-</code> y subtraction x <code>*</code> y multiplication x <code>/</code> y integer division, x <code>%</code> y modulo, remainder x <code>&lt;&lt;</code> y left bit shift x <code>&gt;&gt;</code> y right bit shift"},{"location":"languages/dotnet/csharp/csharp.html#relational-operators","title":"Relational Operators","text":"Operator Operation x <code>&lt;</code> y less than x <code>&lt;=</code> y less or equal to x <code>&gt;</code> y greater than x <code>&gt;=</code> y greater or equal to x <code>is</code> T <code>true</code> if <code>x</code> is an object of type <code>T</code> x <code>==</code> y equality x <code>!=</code> y inequality"},{"location":"languages/dotnet/csharp/csharp.html#logical-operators","title":"Logical Operators","text":"Operator Operation Name <code>~</code>x bitwise NOT x <code>&amp;</code> y bitwise AND x <code>^</code> y bitwise XOR x <code>|</code> y bitwise OR x <code>&amp;&amp;</code> y evaluate <code>y</code> only if <code>x</code> is <code>true</code> x <code>||</code> y evaluate <code>y</code> only if <code>x</code> is <code>false</code> x <code>??</code> y evaluates to <code>y</code> only if <code>x</code> is <code>null</code>, <code>x</code> otherwise Null coalescing x<code>?.</code>y stop if <code>x == null</code>, evaluate <code>x.y</code> otherwise Null conditional"},{"location":"languages/dotnet/csharp/csharp.html#assignment","title":"Assignment","text":"Operator Operation x <code>+=</code> y x = x + y x <code>-=</code> y x = x - y x <code>*=</code> y x = x * y x <code>/=</code> y x = x / y x <code>%=</code> y x = x % y x <code>&lt;&lt;=</code> y x = x &lt;&lt; y x <code>&gt;&gt;=</code> y x = x &gt;&gt; y x <code>&amp;=</code> y x = x &amp; y x <code>|=</code> y x = x x <code>^=</code> y x = x ^ y x <code>??=</code> y if (x == null) {x = y}"},{"location":"languages/dotnet/csharp/csharp.html#conditional-operator","title":"Conditional Operator","text":"<p><code>&lt;condition&gt; ? &lt;return_if_condition_true&gt; : &lt;return_if_condition_false&gt;;</code></p>"},{"location":"languages/dotnet/csharp/csharp.html#decision-statements","title":"Decision Statements","text":""},{"location":"languages/dotnet/csharp/csharp.html#if-else-if-else","title":"<code>If</code>-<code>Else If</code>-<code>Else</code>","text":"C#<pre><code>Object o;\n\nif (condition)\n{\n    // code here\n}\nelse if (o is Type t)  // test variable to determine if matches a type\n{\n    // t gets the value of o if the test succeeds\n}\nelse\n{\n    // code here\n}\n</code></pre>"},{"location":"languages/dotnet/csharp/csharp.html#pattern-matching","title":"Pattern Matching","text":"<p>Pattern Matching</p> <p>A pattern describes one or more criteria that a value can be tested against. It's usable in switch statements, switch expressions and if statements.</p> C#<pre><code>// type pattern\n&lt;expr&gt; is Type t  // type pattern\n\n// positional pattern\n&lt;expr&gt; is (Type X, Type Y):  // positional pattern\n&lt;expr&gt; is (Type X, _):  // discard pattern\n\n// property pattern\n&lt;expr&gt; is Type { Property: value }:  // is type and property has a certain value\n&lt;expr&gt; is Type { Property: value } out:  // output variable is usable in the block\n&lt;expr&gt; is { Property.InnerProperty: value }  // match nested properties\n\n// constant pattern\n&lt;expr&gt; is literalValue  // e.g. 1, 'c', \"literal\"\n&lt;expr&gt; is CONSTANT\n&lt;expr&gt; is Enum.Value\n\n// logical patterns\n&lt;expr&gt; is not pattern\n&lt;expr&gt; is pattern and pattern\n&lt;expr&gt; is pattern or pattern\n\n// relational pattern\n&lt;expr&gt; is &gt; value\n&lt;expr&gt; is &lt; value\n&lt;expr&gt; is &lt;= value\n&lt;expr&gt; is &gt;= value\n\n// multiple value &amp; nested value patterns\n&lt;expr&gt; is { Property.InnerProperty: value }  // match in nested properties\n&lt;expr&gt; is { Property1 : value1, Property2: value2 }  // multiple inputs\n&lt;expr&gt; is (value1, value2)  // multiple inputs (with deconstruction)\n\n// multiple values and relations\n&lt;expr&gt; is ( &gt; value1, &gt; value2),\n&lt;expr&gt; is { Property1: &gt; value1, Property2: &gt; value2 }\n\n// list patterns\n&lt;expr&gt; is [value1, value2, value1]  // positional match\n&lt;expr&gt; is [value1 or value2, &lt;= value3, &gt;= value4]  // relational comparison\n&lt;expr&gt; is [&lt; 0, .. { Length: 2 or 4 }, &gt; 0]  // item property match\n&lt;expr&gt; is [_, var middle, _] // discarding &amp; capturing\n&lt;expr&gt; is [value1, .., valueN]  // match any number of items\n&lt;expr&gt; is [value1, .. var rest]  // capture any number of items\n</code></pre>"},{"location":"languages/dotnet/csharp/csharp.html#switch","title":"Switch","text":"<p>The <code>when</code> keyword can be used to specify a filter condition that causes its associated case label to be true only if the filter condition is also true.</p> <p>Switch Expressions</p> C#<pre><code>switch (expr)\n{\n    // multiple labels for same block\n    case key_0:\n    case key_1:\n        // code here\n        break;  // or return or goto\n\n    case key_2:\n        // code here\n        goto case key_2;  // explicit fall-through (omitting break is not possible in c#)\n\n    case key_3 when (when-condition):\n        // code here\n        break;\n\n    // cases using pattern matching\n\n    default:\n        // code here\n        break;\n}\n\n// return a value based on the value of an input variable or tuple\nvariable switch\n{\n    key_1 =&gt; value,\n    key_2 =&gt; value,\n    // cases using pattern matching\n    ...\n    _ =&gt; default_value  // underscore (_) discard pattern as default case\n};\n</code></pre>"},{"location":"languages/dotnet/csharp/csharp.html#loop-statements","title":"Loop Statements","text":""},{"location":"languages/dotnet/csharp/csharp.html#while-loop","title":"<code>While</code> Loop","text":"C#<pre><code>while (condition)\n{\n    // code here\n}\n</code></pre>"},{"location":"languages/dotnet/csharp/csharp.html#do-while-loop","title":"<code>Do</code>-<code>While</code> Loop","text":"<p>Executes at least one time.</p> C#<pre><code>do\n{\n    // code here\n}\nwhile (condition);\n</code></pre>"},{"location":"languages/dotnet/csharp/csharp.html#for-loop","title":"<code>For</code> Loop","text":"C#<pre><code>for (initializer; condition; iterator)\n{\n    // code here\n}\n</code></pre>"},{"location":"languages/dotnet/csharp/csharp.html#foreach-loop","title":"<code>Foreach</code> Loop","text":"<p>Technically, the <code>foreach</code> statement will work on any type that follows these rules:</p> <ol> <li>The type must have a method named <code>GetEnumerator</code> that returns an object.</li> <li>The returned object must have a property named <code>Current</code> and a method named <code>MoveNext</code>.</li> <li>The <code>MoveNext</code> method must return true if there are more items to enumerate through or false if there are no more items.</li> </ol> <p>There are interfaces named <code>IEnumerable</code> and <code>IEnumerable&lt;T&gt;</code> that formally define these rules but technically the compiler does not require the type to implement these interfaces.</p> C#<pre><code>foreach (type item in iterabile)\n{\n    // code here\n}\n</code></pre> <p>Note: Due to the use of an iterator, the variable declared in a foreach statement cannot be used to modify the value of the current item. Note: From C# 9 it's possible to implement <code>GetEnumerator()</code> as an extension method making enumerable an class that normally isn't.</p> <p>Example:</p> C#<pre><code>// make integers enumerable\npublic static IEnumerator&lt;int&gt; GetEnumerator(this int source)\n{\n    for(int i = 0; i &lt; number; i++)\n    {\n        yield return i;\n    }\n}\n</code></pre>"},{"location":"languages/dotnet/csharp/csharp.html#break-continue","title":"<code>Break</code>, <code>Continue</code>","text":"<p><code>break;</code> interrupts and exits the loop. <code>continue;</code> restarts the loop cycle without evaluating the instructions.</p>"},{"location":"languages/dotnet/csharp/csharp.html#yield-statement","title":"Yield Statement","text":"C#<pre><code>yield return &lt;expression&gt;;    // returns the results one at a time.\nyield break;    // concludes the iteration\n</code></pre>"},{"location":"languages/dotnet/csharp/csharp.html#context-statement-using-declarations","title":"Context Statement &amp; Using Declarations","text":"C#<pre><code>using (Type obj = new Type())  // obj disposed at the end of the using block\n{\n    // code here\n}\n\n// or (C# 8+)\n{\n    // inside a code block (if, loop, function)\n    using Type obj = new Type();  // disposed at the end of the block\n\n}\n</code></pre>"},{"location":"languages/dotnet/csharp/csharp.html#checkedunchecked-statements","title":"<code>Checked</code>/<code>Unchecked</code> Statements","text":"<p>In checked code block ore expression the mathematic overflow causes an <code>OverflowException</code>. In unchecked code block the mathematic overflow is ignored end the result is truncated.</p> <p>It's possible configure the C# compiler to put everything into a checked context by default, so that only explicitly unchecked expressions and statements will be able to overflow silently. It is done by editing the <code>.csproj</code> file, adding <code>&lt;CheckForOverflowUnderflow&gt;true&lt;/CheckForOverflowUnderflow&gt;</code> inside a <code>&lt;PropertyGroup&gt;</code>.</p> <p>Note: checking can make individual integer operations several times slower.</p> C#<pre><code>checked\n{\n    // code here\n}\n\nchecked(&lt;expr&gt;);\n\nunchecked\n{\n    // code here\n}\n\nunchecked(&lt;expr&gt;);\n</code></pre>"},{"location":"languages/dotnet/csharp/csharp.html#exception-handling","title":"Exception Handling","text":"<p>Exception Object</p> C#<pre><code>try\n{\n    // \"dangerous\" code\n}\ncatch (SpecificException e)\n{\n}\ncatch (SpecificException e) when (condition)  // exception filter\n{\n}\ncatch (Exception e)\n{\n    // code executed if Exception happens\n    e.Message  // exception message\n    e.InnerException  // Exception instance that caused the current exception\n    e.Source  // Get or set the name of the application or the object that causes the error\n}\nfinally\n{\n    // code executed anyway\n}\n</code></pre>"},{"location":"languages/dotnet/csharp/csharp.html#throwing-exceptions","title":"Throwing Exceptions","text":"C#<pre><code>throw new ExceptionClass();\nthrow new ExceptionClass(\"message\");\n\n// RE-THROWING EXCEPTIONS\ntry\n{\n    // dangerous code\n}\ncatch (SpecificException e)\n{\n    // log error\n    throw;  // rethrow exception w/o loosing StackTrace &amp; TargetSite information (usable only inside catch)\n}\n\n// Immediately terminate a process after writing a message to the Windows Application event log, and then include the message and optional exception information in error reporting to Microsoft.\nEnvironment.FailFast(causeOfFailure);\n</code></pre>"},{"location":"languages/dotnet/csharp/csharp.html#custom-exceptions","title":"Custom Exceptions","text":"C#<pre><code>public class CustomException : Exception  // must derive from Exception (either directly or indirectly)\n{\n    public CustomException()\n    {\n    }\n\n    public CustomException(string message)\n        : base(message)\n    {\n    }\n\n    public CustomException(string message, Exception inner)\n        : base(message, inner)\n    {\n    }\n}\n</code></pre>"},{"location":"languages/dotnet/csharp/csharp.html#enums","title":"Enums","text":"<p>An enumeration type (or enum type) is a value type defined by a set of named constants of the underlying integral numeric type (<code>int</code>, <code>long</code>, <code>byte</code>, ...). Consecutive names increase the value by one.</p> C#<pre><code>[Flags]  // indicate that the flag can be combined (best if values are binary) as a bit mask\nenum EnumType : IntegralNumericType // named values MUST match IntegerNumericType allowed values\n{\n    None = 0,            // if uninitiated value is zero\n    Const = 2,     // value is 2\n    Const2,          // value is Const + 1\n    ...\n}\n\n(Type) EnumType.Const;  // extract the value, will return the name otherwise\n(EnumType) value;  // convert from associated value to enum\n\nEnum.IsDefined(typeof(EnumType), value);  // whether a given integral value, or its name as a string, exists in a specified enumeration.\nenumObj.HasValue(enumType.Const)  // test whether a flag is set in a numeric value\n\nEnumType instance = (EnumType) EnumType.ToObject(typeof(EnumType), value);  // convert a value of any integral type to an enumeration value\n\n// Converts the string representation of the name or numeric value of one or more enumerated constants to an equivalent enumerated object\nEnum.Parse(typeof(EnumType), value);\nEnum.TryParse&lt;EnumType&gt;(string, out EnumType enumObj);\n\n// retrieve a string array containing the names of the enumeration members\nstring[] enumNames = Enum.GetNames(typeof(EnumType));\n</code></pre>"},{"location":"languages/dotnet/csharp/csharp.html#methods","title":"Methods","text":"<p>The method signature is the number &amp; type of the input parameters defined for the method.</p> <p>C# makes the fairly common distinction between parameters and arguments: a method defines a list of the inputs it expects (the parameters) and the code inside the method refers to these parameters by name. The values seen by the code could be different each time the method is invoked, and the term argument refers to the specific value supplied for a parameter in a particular invocation.</p> C#<pre><code>type MethodName (type parameter, ...)\n{\n    // code here\n    return &lt;expression&gt;;\n}\n\nvoid MethodName (type parameter, ...) {\n    // code here\n    return;  // if type is void return can be used to force early termination or can be omitted\n}\n</code></pre>"},{"location":"languages/dotnet/csharp/csharp.html#expression-body-definition","title":"Expression Body Definition","text":"C#<pre><code>type MethodName() =&gt; &lt;expression&gt;;    // expression result type MUST match method type\n</code></pre>"},{"location":"languages/dotnet/csharp/csharp.html#arbitrary-number-of-parameter-in-methods","title":"Arbitrary Number Of Parameter In Methods","text":"C#<pre><code>// params keyword must be last parameter and must be an array\ntype MethodName (type parameter, params type[] args)\n{\n    // code here\n}\n</code></pre>"},{"location":"languages/dotnet/csharp/csharp.html#named-arguments","title":"Named Arguments","text":"C#<pre><code>type MethodName (type param1, type param2, ...) { }\n\nMethodName(param1: value, param2: value);\nMethodName(param2: value, param1: value);  // order can be any\n\n// Named arguments, when used with positional arguments, are valid as long as they're not followed by any positional arguments, or they're used in the correct position.\nMethodName(value, param2: value);\n</code></pre>"},{"location":"languages/dotnet/csharp/csharp.html#optional-arguments","title":"Optional Arguments","text":"<p>The definition of a method, constructor, indexer, or delegate can specify that its parameters are required or that they are optional. Any call must provide arguments for all required parameters, but can omit arguments for optional parameters.</p> <p>Each optional parameter has a default value as part of its definition. If no argument is sent for that parameter, the default value is used. Optional parameters are defined at the end of the parameter list, after any required parameters.</p> <p>A default value must be one of the following types of expressions:</p> <ul> <li>a constant expression;</li> <li>an expression of the form new ValType(), where ValType is a value type, such as an enum or a struct;</li> <li>an expression of the form default(ValType), where ValType is a value type.</li> </ul> C#<pre><code>type MethodName (type required, type firstOptional = default_value, type secondOptional = default_value, ...) { }\nMethodName(value1);  // use defaults for optional arguments\nMethodName(required: value, secondOptional: value);  // use default for first optional but pass second optional\n</code></pre> <p>Note: If the caller provides an argument for any one of a succession of optional parameters, it must provide arguments for all preceding optional parameters. Comma-separated gaps in the argument list are not supported.</p>"},{"location":"languages/dotnet/csharp/csharp.html#passing-values-by-reference-ref-out-in","title":"Passing Values By Reference (<code>ref</code>, <code>out</code>, <code>in</code>)","text":"<p>Ref Docs, Out Docs, In Docs</p> <p>The <code>out</code>, <code>in</code>, <code>ref</code> keywords cause arguments to be passed by reference. It makes the formal parameter an alias for the argument, which must be a variable. In other words, any operation on the parameter is made on the argument. This behaviour is the same for classes and structs.</p> <p>An argument that is passed to a <code>ref</code> or <code>in</code> parameter must be initialized before it is passed. However <code>in</code> arguments cannot be modified by the called method. Variables passed as <code>out</code> arguments do not have to be initialized before being passed in a method call. However, the called method is required to assign a value before the method returns.</p> <p>Use cases:</p> <ul> <li><code>out</code>: return multiple values from a method (move data into method)</li> <li><code>ref</code>: move data bidirectionally between method and call scope</li> <li><code>in</code>: pass large value type (e,g, struct) as a reference avoiding copying large amounts of data (must be readonly, copied regardless otherwise)</li> </ul> <p>Note: use <code>in</code> only with readonly value types, because mutable value types can undo the performance benefits. (Mutable value types are typically a bad idea in any case.)</p> <p>While the method can use members of the passed reference type, it can't normally replace it with a different object. But if a reference type argument is marked with ref, the method has access to the variable, so it could replace it with a reference to a completely different object.</p> C#<pre><code>// method declaration\ntype MethodName (type param1,  ref type param2, out type param3, in type param4, ...)\n{\n    // code here\n}\n\n// method call needs REF &amp; OUT keywords, IN keyword is optional (pass by reference regardless)\nMethodName(arg1, ref arg2, out arg3, in arg4);\nMethodName(arg1, ref arg2, out arg3, arg4);\n\ntype OutMethod(type param1, out type param2){}\nOutMethod(arg1, out var arg2);  // create out variable on the fly\n</code></pre>"},{"location":"languages/dotnet/csharp/csharp.html#returning-multiple-values-with-tuples","title":"Returning Multiple Values with Tuples","text":"<p>Must be C# 7+. The retuned tuple MUST match the tuple-type in the instantiation</p> C#<pre><code>(type returnedVar1, type returnedVar2, ...) MethodName (type parameter, ...)\n{\n   // code here\n   return (expression, expression, ...)\n}\n</code></pre>"},{"location":"languages/dotnet/csharp/csharp.html#returning-multiple-values-w-structs-return-struct-variable","title":"Returning Multiple Values W/ Structs (Return Struct Variable)","text":"C#<pre><code>StructName MethodName (args)\n{\n   // code here\n   var variable = new StructName     {\n       // code here\n   }\n\n   return variable;\n}\n</code></pre>"},{"location":"languages/dotnet/csharp/csharp.html#local-functions","title":"Local Functions","text":"C#<pre><code>type OuterMethod(...)\n{\n    var foo = InnerMethod();\n\n    type InnerMethod(...) { }\n}\n</code></pre>"},{"location":"languages/dotnet/csharp/csharp.html#extension-methods","title":"Extension Methods","text":"<p>Extension methods allow their usage applied to the extended type as if their declaration was inside the object's class. Extension methods are not really members of the class for which they are defined. It's just an illusion maintained by the C# compiler, one that it keeps up even in situations where method invocation happens implicitly.</p> <p>Note: Extension Method can be declared only inside static classes. Extension methods are available only if their namespace is imported with the <code>using</code> keyword.</p> C#<pre><code>public static class ExtensionMethods\n{\n    type ExtensionMethod(this type param)\n    {\n        // code here\n    }\n}\n\ntype var = value;\nvar.ExtensionMethod();  // use the method on a object as if the method belongs to the object\n</code></pre>"},{"location":"languages/dotnet/csharp/csharp.html#iterators","title":"Iterators","text":"<p>An iterator can be used to step through collections such as lists and arrays.</p> <p>An iterator method or <code>get</code> accessor performs a custom iteration over a collection. An iterator method uses the <code>yield return</code> statement to return each element one at a time. When a <code>yield return</code> statement is reached, the current location in code is remembered. Execution is restarted from that location the next time the iterator function is called.</p> <p>It's possible to use a <code>yield break</code> statement or exception to end the iteration.</p> <p>Note: Since an iterator returns an <code>IEnumerable&lt;T&gt;</code> is can be used to implement a <code>GetEnumerator()</code>.</p> C#<pre><code>// simple iterator\npublic static System.Collections.IEnumerable&lt;int&gt; IterateRange(int start = 0, int end)\n{\n    for(int i = start; i &lt; end; i++){\n        yield return i;\n    }\n}\n</code></pre>"},{"location":"languages/dotnet/csharp/csharp.html#structs-custom-value-types-classes-custom-reference-types","title":"Structs (Custom Value Types) &amp; Classes (Custom Reference Types)","text":"<p>Structure types have value semantics. That is, a variable of a structure type contains an instance of the type.</p> <p>Class types have reference semantics. That is, a variable of a class type contains a reference to an instance of the type, not the instance itself.</p> <p>Typically, you use structure types to design small data-centric types that provide little or no behavior. If you're focused on the behavior of a type, consider defining a class. Because structure types have value semantics, we recommend you to define immutable structure types.</p> <p>Creating a new instance of a value type doesn't necessarily mean allocating more memory, whereas with reference types, a new instance means anew heap block. This is why it's OK for each operation performed with a value type to produce a new instance.</p> <p>The most important question is : does the identity of an instance matter? In other words, is the distinction between one object and another object important?</p> <p>An important and related question is: does an instance of the type contain state that changes over time? Modifiable value types tend to be problematic, because it's all too easy to end up working with some copy of a value, and not the correct instance. So it's usually a good idea for value types to be immutable. This doesn't mean that variables of these types cannot be modified; it just means that to modify the variable, its contents must be replaced entirely with a different value.</p> C#<pre><code>public struct Point\n{\n    public Point(double x, double y)\n    {\n        X = x;\n        Y = y;\n    }\n\n    public double X { get; set; }\n    public double Y { get; set; }\n\n    public override string ToString() =&gt; $\"({X}, {Y})\";\n\n}\n</code></pre> <p>Note: From C# 10 is possible to have a parameterless constructor and make a new struct using a <code>with</code> statement. Note: From C# 11 uninitialized values will be filed with their defaults</p> <p>The only way to affect a struct variable both inside a method and outside is to use the <code>ref</code> keyword;</p>"},{"location":"languages/dotnet/csharp/csharp.html#modifiers-methods-variables","title":"Modifiers (Methods &amp; Variables)","text":"<p>A locally scoped variable is only accessible inside of the code block in which it's defined. If you attempt to access the variable outside of the code block, you'll get a compiler error.</p> <p>Access Modifiers</p> C#<pre><code>// ACCESS MODIFIERS\npublic    // visible from everywhere\nprivate    // not visible outside of the class (default for members)\nprotected    // visible only to the same class and extending classes\ninternal  // available for use only within the assembly (default for classes)\nprotected internal  // can be accessed by any code in the assembly in which it's declared, or from within a derived class in another assembly\nprivate protected  // can be accessed only within its declaring assembly, by code in the same class or in a type that is derived from that class\nfile  // can be accessed only in the same file in which is declared. Will not clash with other classes/method/interface with the same name\n\nreadonly  // value can be read but not modified\nstatic  // not of the instance of a class\nsealed  // cannot be inherited or overridden (default case), sealing a virtual class/method prevents further modifications (on methods sealed must always be used with override)\nabstract  // derived classes MUST implement this\nvirtual  // can be overridden by derived classes (applicable to Properties)\nnew  // hide base's (parent's) method\n\nasync  // method, lambda expression, or anonymous method is asynchronous\nvolatile // field might be modified by multiple threads that are executing at the same time\nunsafe // unsafe context, required for any operation involving pointers\nextern // method is implemented externally\n</code></pre> <p><code>partial</code> indicates that other parts of the class, struct, or interface can be defined in the namespace. All the parts must use the partial keyword. All the parts must be available at compile time to form the final type. All the parts must have the same accessibility.</p> <p>If any part is declared abstract, then the whole type is considered abstract. If any part is declared sealed, then the whole type is considered sealed. If any part declares a base type, then the whole type inherits that class.</p>"},{"location":"languages/dotnet/csharp/csharp.html#methods_1","title":"Methods","text":"C#<pre><code>class Class\n{\n    static Type Method(Type Argument, ...) {}  // static method, can operate ONLY on STATIC VARIABLES\n\n    Type Method(Type Argument, ...) {}  // instance method, can operate on INSTANCE VARIABLES\n\n    // override inherited method\n    public override Type Method()\n    {\n    }\n\n    // visrual methods CAN be overridden\n    public virtual Type Method()\n    {\n    }\n}```\n\n### Constructors\n\n```cs\nclass Class(Type Parameter, ...)  // primary constructor (like records)\n{\n\n    public Class() { }  // parameterless constructor\n\n    // standard constructor\n    public Class(type parameter)\n    {\n        _field = field;\n    }\n\n    // extends an existing constructor adding parameters to the existing ones\n    public Class(type parameter, type other) : this(parameter)\n    {\n        _other = other;\n    }\n}\n</code></pre> <p>Note: if a primary constructor is used all other constructors must use <code>this(...)</code> to invoke it</p>"},{"location":"languages/dotnet/csharp/csharp.html#properties-fields","title":"Properties &amp; Fields","text":"<p>Properties Docs</p> <p>A field is a variable of any type that is declared directly in a class or struct. Fields are members of their containing type. A property is a member that provides a flexible mechanism to read, write, or compute the value of a private field.</p> C#<pre><code>class Class\n{\n\n    public static Type Field = value;    // static (non-instance) public field  w/ initializer\n\n    private Type _field = value;    // private instance field w/ initializer\n    private Type _field;  // private instance field, initialized by constructor\n\n    private type _backingField;\n\n    // PROPERTY\n    public type Property\n    {\n        get { return _backingField }\n        set { _backingField = value; }\n    }\n\n    // PROPERTY WITH EXPRESSION BODY DEFINITIONS\n    public type Property\n    {\n        get =&gt; _backingField;\n        set =&gt; _backingField = value;\n    }\n\n    // REQUIRED PROPERTY prop must be set at obj init (in constructor or initializer)\n    public required Type Property { get; set; }\n\n    // EXPRESSION-BODIED READ-ONLY PROPERTY\n    public type Property =&gt; &lt;expr&gt;;\n\n    // AUTO-PROPERTIES\n    public Property { get; set; }\n    public Property { get; private set; }  // settable only inside class\n    public Property { get; init; } // settable only in constructor, initializer, keyword with\n    public Property { get; }  // can only be setted by constructor\n\n    // MIXED\n    public type Property\n    {\n        get =&gt; _backingField;\n        set =&gt; { ... }\n    }\n\n    Property = value;  // set\n    Property;  // get\n}\n</code></pre> <p>Note: The <code>init</code> accessor is a variant of the <code>set</code> accessor which can only be called during object initialization. Because <code>init</code> accessors can only be called during initialization, they are allowed to mutate <code>readonly</code> fields of the enclosing class, just like in a constructor. Note: creating at least one constructor hides the one provided by default (w/ zero parameters).</p>"},{"location":"languages/dotnet/csharp/csharp.html#object-and-collection-initializers","title":"Object and Collection Initializers","text":"<p>Object initializers allow to assign values to any accessible fields or properties of an object at creation time without having to invoke a constructor followed by lines of assignment statements. The object initializer syntax enables to specify arguments for a constructor or omit the arguments (and parentheses syntax).</p> C#<pre><code>public class Class\n{\n    // Auto-implemented properties.\n    public Type Prop1 { get; set; }\n    public Type Prop2 { get; set; }\n\n    public Class()\n    {\n    }\n\n    public Class(Type arg)\n    {\n        Prop1 = arg;\n    }\n}\n\n// standard way\nClass obj = new Class(arg1)\nobj.Prop2 = arg2;\n\n// known target type\nClass obj = new(arg1, ...)\n\n// object initializers\nClass obj = new Class { Prop2 = arg2, Prop1 = arg1 };  // w/o constructor\nClass obj = new Class(arg1) { Prop2 = arg2 };  // w/ constructor\n\n// with keyword\nvar copy = original with { Prop = newValue };  // other props are copies of the original\n</code></pre> C#<pre><code>public class Matrix\n{\n    private double[,] matrix = new double[3, 3];\n\n    public double this[int row, int column]\n    {\n        // The embedded array will throw out of range exceptions as appropriate.\n        get { return matrix[row, column]; }\n        set { matrix[row, column] = value; }\n    }\n}\n\n// collection initializer\nvar identity = new Matrix\n{\n    [0, 0] = 1.0,\n    [0, 1] = 0.0,\n    [0, 2] = 0.0,\n\n    [1, 0] = 0.0,\n    [1, 1] = 1.0,\n    [1, 2] = 0.0,\n\n    [2, 0] = 0.0,\n    [2, 1] = 0.0,\n    [2, 2] = 1.0,\n};\n\nList&lt;int&gt; digits = new List&lt;int&gt; { 0, 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9 };\nList&lt;int&gt; digits = [ 0, 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9 ];\n\nint[] digits = new int[] { 0, 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9 };\nint[] digits = { 0, 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9 };\nint[] digits = [ 0, 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9 ];\n\nDictionary&lt;int, string&gt; digits = new Dictionary&lt;int, string&gt; {\n    { 0, \"zero\" },\n    { 1, \"one\" },\n    { 2, \"two\" },\n    { 3, \"three\" },\n    { 4, \"four\" },\n    { 5, \"five\" },\n    { 6, \"six\" },\n    { 7, \"seven\" },\n    { 8, \"eight\" },\n    { 9, \"nine\" }\n};\n\nDictionary&lt;int, string&gt; digits = [\n    0: \"zero\",\n    1: \"one\",\n    2: \"two\",\n    3: \"three\",\n    4: \"four\",\n    5: \"five\",\n    6: \"six\",\n    7: \"seven\",\n    8: \"eight\",\n    9: \"nine\"\n];\n</code></pre>"},{"location":"languages/dotnet/csharp/csharp.html#static-class","title":"<code>Static</code> Class","text":"<p>The <code>static</code> keyword declares that a member is not associated with any particular instance of the class. Static classes can't instantiate objects and all their methods must be static.</p> C#<pre><code>static class Class\n{\n    // static constructor, not called explicitly, has no arguments\n    // triggered by one of two events, whichever occurs first: creating an instance, or accessing any static member of the class.\n    // since it's static and takes no arguments there can be at most one for each class\n    static Class()\n    {\n    }\n\n    static Type _field = value;\n\n    static Type Property { get; set; } = value;\n\n    static Type Method (Type parameter, ...)\n    {\n    }\n}\n</code></pre>"},{"location":"languages/dotnet/csharp/csharp.html#class-members-init-order","title":"Class Members Init Order","text":"<p>Static Field or Method Usage:</p> <ol> <li>Static field initializers in order of apparition</li> <li>Static Constructor</li> </ol> <p>Class Instantiation (<code>new</code> operator):</p> <ol> <li>Instance field initializers in order of apparition</li> <li>Instance Constructor</li> </ol> <p>Object Creation: <code>Class object = new Class(arguments);</code> Instance Method Usage: <code>object.method(arguments);</code> Static Method Usage: <code>Class.method(arguments);</code></p>"},{"location":"languages/dotnet/csharp/csharp.html#indexers","title":"Indexers","text":"<p>An indexer is a property that takes one or more arguments, and is accessed with the same syntax as is used for arrays. This is useful when writing a class that contains a collection of objects.</p> C#<pre><code>public class Class&lt;T&gt;\n{\n    public T this[int i]\n    {\n        get =&gt; ...;  // return the i-th element in the collection\n    }\n}\n\n// null conditional index access\nClass? c = objWithIndexer?[index];\n// same as\nClass? c = objWithIndexer == null ? null : objWithIndexer[index];\n</code></pre>"},{"location":"languages/dotnet/csharp/csharp.html#abstract-classes","title":"Abstract Classes","text":"<p>The <code>abstract</code> modifier indicates that the thing being modified has a missing or incomplete implementation. The <code>abstract</code> modifier can be used with classes, methods, properties, indexers, and events. Use the <code>abstract</code> modifier in a class declaration to indicate that a class is intended only to be a base class of other classes, not instantiated on its own. Members marked as <code>abstract</code> must be implemented by non-abstract classes that derive from the abstract class.</p> <p><code>abstract</code> classes have the following features:</p> <ul> <li>An <code>abstract</code> class cannot be instantiated.</li> <li>An <code>abstract</code> class may contain <code>abstract</code> methods and accessors.</li> <li>It is not possible to modify an <code>abstract</code> class with the <code>sealed</code> modifier because the two modifiers have opposite meanings.   The <code>sealed</code> modifier prevents a class from being inherited and the <code>abstract</code> modifier requires a class to be inherited.</li> <li>A non-abstract class derived from an <code>abstract</code> class must include actual implementations of all inherited <code>abstract</code> methods and accessors.</li> </ul> <p>Note: Use the <code>abstract</code> modifier in a method or property declaration to indicate that the method or property does not contain implementation.</p> <p><code>abstract</code> methods have the following features:</p> <ul> <li>An <code>abstract</code> method is implicitly a <code>virtual</code> method.</li> <li> <p><code>abstract</code> method declarations are only permitted in <code>abstract</code> classes.</p> </li> <li> <p>Because an <code>abstract</code> method declaration provides no actual implementation, there is no method body; the method declaration simply ends with a semicolon and there are no curly braces following the signature.</p> </li> <li>The implementation is provided by a method override, which is a member of a non-abstract class.</li> <li>It is an error to use the <code>static</code> or <code>virtual</code> modifiers in an <code>abstract</code> method declaration.</li> </ul> <p><code>abstract</code> properties behave like <code>abstract</code> methods, except for the differences in declaration and invocation syntax.</p> <ul> <li>It is an error to use the <code>abstract</code> modifier on a <code>static</code> property.</li> <li>An <code>abstract</code> inherited property can be overridden in a derived class by including a property declaration that uses the <code>override</code> modifier.</li> </ul> C#<pre><code>public abstract class Abstract : Interface\n{\n    public abstract Type Property { get; set; }\n\n    // interface methods can be mapped to abstract methods\n    public abstract Type Method();\n    public abstract override Type Method();  // force overriding (derived classes must provide new implementation)\n}\n\npublic class Derived : Abstract\n{\n    public override Type Property\n    {\n        // new behaviour\n        get =&gt; &lt;expr&gt;;\n        set =&gt; &lt;expr&gt;;\n    }\n\n    public override Type Method() { /* statements */ }  // implementation of abstract method\n}\n</code></pre>"},{"location":"languages/dotnet/csharp/csharp.html#cloning","title":"Cloning","text":"C#<pre><code>Class obj = new Class()\n\nObject.MemberwiseClone();  // Returns shallow copy of the object\nIClonable.Clone();  //  Creates a new object that is a copy of the current instance.\n</code></pre>"},{"location":"languages/dotnet/csharp/csharp.html#deconstruction","title":"Deconstruction","text":"<p>Deconstruction is not limited to tuples. By providing a <code>Deconstruct(...)</code> method(s) C# allows to use the same syntax with the users types.</p> <p>Note: Types with a deconstructor can also use positional pattern matching.</p> C#<pre><code>public readonly struct Size\n{\n    public Size(double w, double h)\n    {\n        W = w;\n        H = h;\n    }\n\n    public void Deconstruct(out double w, out double h)\n    {\n        w = W;\n        h = H;\n    }\n\n    public double W { get; }\n    public double H { get; }\n}\n\n// deconstruction\nvar s = new Size(1 , 2);\n(double w, double h) = s;  // w = 1, h = 2\n\n\n// positional patter matching\ns switch\n{\n    (0, 0) =&gt; \"Empty\",\n    (0, _) =&gt; \"Extremely narrow\",\n    (double w, 0) =&gt; $\"Extremely short, and this wide: {w}\",\n    Size _ =&gt; \"Normal\",\n    _ =&gt; \"Not a shape\"\n};\n\n// Assignment &amp; Declaration\nint height = 0;\n(int width, height) = size;\n</code></pre>"},{"location":"languages/dotnet/csharp/csharp.html#operator-overloading","title":"Operator Overloading","text":"<p>A user-defined type can overload a predefined C# operator. That is, a type can provide the custom implementation of an operation in case one or both of the operands are of that type.</p> <p>Use the operator keyword to declare an operator. An operator declaration must satisfy the following rules:</p> <ul> <li>It includes both a public and a static modifier.</li> <li>A unary operator has one input parameter. A binary operator has two input parameters.   In each case, at least one parameter must have type <code>T</code> or <code>T?</code> where <code>T</code> is the type that contains the operator declaration.</li> </ul> <p>Overloadable operators</p> C#<pre><code>using System;\n\npublic readonly struct Fraction\n{\n    private readonly int num;\n    private readonly int den;\n\n    public Fraction(int numerator, int denominator)\n    {\n        if (denominator == 0)\n        {\n            throw new ArgumentException(\"Denominator cannot be zero.\", nameof(denominator));\n        }\n        num = numerator;\n        den = denominator;\n    }\n\n    // unary arithmetic operators overloading\n    public static Fraction operator +(Fraction a) =&gt; a;\n    public static Fraction operator -(Fraction a) =&gt; new Fraction(-a.num, a.den);\n\n    // binary arithmetic operators overloading\n    public static Fraction operator +(Fraction a, Fraction b)\n        =&gt; new Fraction(a.num * b.den + b.num * a.den, a.den * b.den);\n\n    public static Fraction operator -(Fraction a, Fraction b)\n        =&gt; a + (-b);\n\n    public static Fraction operator *(Fraction a, Fraction b)\n        =&gt; new Fraction(a.num * b.num, a.den * b.den);\n\n    public static Fraction operator /(Fraction a, Fraction b)\n    {\n        if (b.num == 0)\n        {\n            throw new DivideByZeroException();\n        }\n        return new Fraction(a.num * b.den, a.den * b.num);\n    }\n\n    // conversion operator overloading\n    public static implicit operator float(Fraction f) =&gt; f.num / f.den;\n    public static explicit operator Fraction(int i) =&gt; new Fraction(i, 1);\n\n    // true &amp; false operator overloading (truthiness and falseness more than exact boolean value)\n    public static bool operator true(Fraction f) =&gt; f != 0;\n    public static bool operator false(Fraction f) =&gt; f == 0;\n    // if &amp;, |, true, false are overloaded than &amp;&amp; and || will work\n\n    // comparison operators overloading\n    public static bool operator ==(Fraction f1, Fraction f2) =&gt; f1.num == f2.num &amp;&amp; f1.den == f2.den;\n    public static bool operator !=(Fraction f1, Fraction f2) =&gt; f1.num != f2.num || f1.den != f2.den;\n    public static bool operator &gt;(Fraction f1, Fraction f2) =&gt; ...;\n    public static bool operator &gt;=(Fraction f1, Fraction f2) =&gt; ...;\n    public static bool operator &lt;(Fraction f1, Fraction f2) =&gt; ...;\n    public static bool operator &lt;=(Fraction f1, Fraction f2) =&gt; ...;\n\n    public override bool Equals(object obj)\n    {\n        return obj is Fraction f &amp;&amp; this.num == f.num &amp;&amp; this.den == f.den;  // same type + same values\n    }\n\n    // required if Equals has been implemented\n    public override int GetHashCode()\n    {\n        return (num, den).GetHashCode();\n    }\n\n    public override string ToString() =&gt; $\"{num} / {den}\";\n}\n</code></pre>"},{"location":"languages/dotnet/csharp/csharp.html#nested-types","title":"Nested Types","text":"<p>A type defined at global scope can be only <code>public</code>or <code>internal</code>. private wouldn't make sense since that makes something accessible only from within its containing type, and there is no containing type at global scope. But a nested type does have a containing type, so if a nested type is <code>private</code>, that type can be used only from inside the type within which it is nested.</p> <p>Note: Code in a nested type is allowed to use nonpublic members of its containing type. However, an instance of a nested type does not automatically get a reference to an instance of its containing type.</p>"},{"location":"languages/dotnet/csharp/csharp.html#interfaces","title":"Interfaces","text":"<p>An interface declares methods, properties, and events, but it doesn't have to define their bodies. An interface is effectively a list of the members that a type will need to provide if it wants to implement the interface.</p> <p>C# 8.0 adds the ability to define default implementations for some or all methods, and also to define nested types and static fields.</p> C#<pre><code>// can only be public or internal if not nested, any accessibility otherwise\npublic interface IContract\n{\n    // properties\n    Type Property { get; set; }\n\n    // methods (only signature)\n    Type Method(Type param, ...);\n\n    // default interface implementations\n    // (method has body), if not implemented in inheriting class the implementation will be this\n    Type Method(Type param, ...) =&gt; &lt;expr&gt;;\n\n    // constants\n    const Type CONSTANT = value;\n\n    // static properties\n    static Type StaticProperty { get; set; }\n    static Type StaticMethod();\n\n    // static abstract members\n    static abstract Type AbstractProperty { get; set; }\n    static abstract Type AbstractMethod();\n\n    static abstract IContract operator +(IContract source);\n\n    // nested types are valid, accessibility is needed\n}\n\npublic interface IContract&lt;T&gt; {}  // interfaces can be generic\n\npublic class Contract : IContract { /* ... */ }\n\nvar contract = new Contract();\ncontract.Property;\ncontract.Method();\n\ncontract.AbstractProperty;\ncontract.AbstractMethod();\n\nIContract.CONSTANT;\nIContract.StaticProperty;\nIContract.StaticMethod();\n</code></pre> <p>Note: Interfaces are reference types. Despite this, it's possible tp implement interfaces on both classes and structs. However, be careful when doing so with a struct, because when getting hold of an interface-typed reference to a struct, it will be a reference to a box, which is effectively an object that holds a copy of a struct in a way that can be referred to via a reference.</p>"},{"location":"languages/dotnet/csharp/csharp.html#generics","title":"Generics","text":"<p>Generics Docs Generic Methods Docs</p> C#<pre><code>// type parameter T in angle brackets\n// WARNING: T is not instantiable, new t(), new t[] are INVALID\npublic class GenericClass&lt;T&gt; {\n\n    // constructors\n    public GenericClass() { }\n\n    public GenericClass(T data){\n        Generic = data;\n    }\n\n    public T Generic { get; set; }  // generic type auto-property\n\n    void GenericMethodName(T t) { }  // same generic as class\n    void GenericMethodName&lt;S&gt;(S s) { }  // new generic type\n}\n\nGenericClass&lt;Type&gt; obj = new GenericClass&lt;&gt;();\nGenericClass&lt;Type&gt;[] obj = new GenericClass&lt;&gt;[];  // invalid\n\nobj.GenericMethodName&lt;Type&gt;();  // generic method call\nobj.GenericMethodName(Type param);  // type deduced by input, input type and generic method type must match\n</code></pre>"},{"location":"languages/dotnet/csharp/csharp.html#multiple-generics","title":"Multiple Generics","text":"C#<pre><code>public class GenericClass&lt;T1, T2, ...&gt; { }  // number of generic types is not limited\n</code></pre>"},{"location":"languages/dotnet/csharp/csharp.html#parameters-constraints","title":"Parameters Constraints","text":"<p>Specify an interface or class that the generic type must implement/inherit.</p> <p>C# supports only six kinds of constraints on a type argument:</p> <ul> <li>type constraint</li> <li>reference type constraint</li> <li>value type constraint</li> <li><code>notnull</code></li> <li><code>unmanaged</code></li> <li><code>new()</code></li> </ul> C#<pre><code>// type constraints\npublic class GenericClass&lt;T&gt; where T : Interface { }\npublic class GenericClass&lt;T&gt; where T: GenericClass { }\n\n// Enums and Delegates (type constraints)\npublic class GenericClass&lt;T&gt; where T : Enum { }\npublic class GenericClass&lt;T&gt; where T : Delegate { }\n\n// reference type constraints (cannot be primitives or structs) --&gt; can test nullability, can use AS operator\npublic class GenericClass&lt;T&gt; where T : class { }  // T must be not nullable reference type\npublic class GenericClass&lt;T&gt; where T : class? { }  // T can be (not)nullable reference type\n\n// value type constraint\npublic class GenericClass&lt;T&gt; where T : struct { }  // T must be a struct or a primitive type\npublic class GenericClass&lt;T&gt; where T : unmanaged { }  // T must be a value type and its contents can only be value types, recursively\n\n// no nulls\npublic class GenericClass&lt;T&gt; where T : notnull { }  // T must be a value type or a not nullable reference type\n\npublic class GenericClass&lt;T&gt; where T : new() { }  // T must provide a parameterless constructor, cannot be abstract\n\n// multiple constraints\npublic class GenericClass&lt;T1, T2&gt;\n    where T1: Interface\n    where T2: Interface1, Interface2\n{ }\n\n// generic methods constraints\npublic T GenericMethod&lt;T&gt;() where T : class?\n{\n    // code here\n    return &lt;expr&gt;;\n}\n</code></pre>"},{"location":"languages/dotnet/csharp/csharp.html#inheritance","title":"Inheritance","text":"<p>Classes support only single inheritance. Interfaces offer a form of multiple inheritance. Value types do not support inheritance at all. One reason for this is that value types are not normally used by reference, which removes one of the main benefits of inheritance: runtime polymorphism.</p> <p>Since a derived class inherits everything the base class has\u2014all its fields, methods, and other members, both public and private\u2014an instance of the derived class can do anything an instance of the base could do.</p> <p>Note: When deriving from a class, it's not possible to make the derived class more visible than its base. This restriction does not apply to interfaces. A <code>public</code> class is free to implement <code>internal</code> or <code>private</code> interfaces. However, it does apply to an interface's bases: a <code>public</code> interface cannot derive from an <code>internal</code> interface.</p> C#<pre><code>class BaseClass\n{\n    public virtual Property { get; set; }\n\n    // to be overridden method must be ABSTRACT or VIRTUAL\n    public virtual Type Method() { }\n}\n\n// the base class is ALWAYS the first after the colons\nclass ChildClass : BaseClass, Interface, Interface&lt;Type&gt;\n{\n    public override Type Method() { }  // override base's method (same signature)\n    public override DerivedType Method() { }  // override base's method, can return more specific type (covariant return type, C# 9)\n    public new Type Method() {}  // hide base's method and prevent name conflict warning (hiding method can change signature)\n\n    base.Method();  // call base method\n    type Interface.Method() { }  // explicit implementation of an interface member (resolve name conflict between interfaces)\n}\n</code></pre>"},{"location":"languages/dotnet/csharp/csharp.html#downcasting","title":"Downcasting","text":"<p>Downcasting is the conversion from a base class type to one of it's derived types.</p> C#<pre><code>Base b;\nvar d = (Derived) b;  // explicit casting (if conversion fails throws InvalidCastException)\nvar d = b as Derived;  // as operator (if conversion fails AS will return NULL)\nif(b is Derived d) {}  // type pattern, d contains converted obj (if conversion fails IS returns FALSE)\nif(b is Derived) {}  // simple type pattern (if conversion fails IS returns FALSE)\n</code></pre>"},{"location":"languages/dotnet/csharp/csharp.html#inheritance-constructors","title":"Inheritance &amp; Constructors","text":"<p>All of a base class's constructors are available to a derived type, but they can be invoked only by constructors in the derived class. All constructors are required to invoke a constructor on their base class, and if it's not specified which to invoke, the compiler invokes the base's zero-argument constructor. If the base has not a zero-argument constructor the compilation will cause an error. It's possible to invoke a base constructor explicitly to avoid this error.</p> <p>Initialization order:</p> <ol> <li>Derived class field initializers</li> <li>Base class field initializers</li> <li>Base class constructor</li> <li>Derived class constructor</li> </ol> C#<pre><code>public class Base\n{\n    public Base(Type param) {}\n}\n\npublic class Derived\n{\n    public Derived() : base(value) {}  // invoke base constructor explicitly passing a fixed value (base has no zero-arg constructor)\n    public Derived(Type param) : base(param) {}  // invoke base constructor explicitly\n}\n</code></pre>"},{"location":"languages/dotnet/csharp/csharp.html#generics-inheritance","title":"Generics Inheritance","text":"<p>If you derive from a generic class, you must supply the type arguments it requires. You must provide concrete types unless your derived type is generic, in which case it can use its own type parameters as arguments.</p> C#<pre><code>public class GenericBase1&lt;T&gt;\n{\n    public T Item { get; set; }\n}\n\npublic class GenericBase2&lt;TKey, TValue&gt;\n{\n    public TKey Key { get; set; }\n    public TValue Value { get; set; }\n}\n\npublic class NonGenericDerived : GenericBase1&lt;Type&gt; {}  // derived is not generic, must use concrete type for base class\npublic class GenericDerived&lt;T&gt; : GenericBase1&lt;T&gt; {}  // derived is generic, can use it's generic type\npublic class MixedDerived&lt;T&gt; : GenericBase2&lt;T, Type&gt;  // derived is generic but base has two types, can use it's generic type but\n</code></pre> <p>It's allowed to use derived type as a type argument to the base class. And it's also possible to specify a constraint on a type argument requiring it to derive from the derived type.</p> C#<pre><code>public class Derived : base&lt;Derived&gt; {}\npublic class Derived&lt;T&gt; where T : Derived&lt;T&gt;\n</code></pre>"},{"location":"languages/dotnet/csharp/csharp.html#covariance-contravariance-only-for-interfaces","title":"Covariance &amp; Contravariance (only for interfaces)","text":"<p>The theory behind covariance and contravariance in C#</p> <p>Covariance and Contravariance are terms that refer to the ability to use a more derived type (more specific) or a less derived type (less specific) than originally specified. Generic type parameters support covariance and contravariance to provide greater flexibility in assigning and using generic types.</p> <ul> <li>Covariance: Enables to use a more derived type than originally specified.</li> <li>Contravariance: Enables to use a more generic (less derived) type than originally specified.</li> <li>Invariance: it's possible to use only the type originally specified; so an invariant generic type parameter is neither covariant nor contravariant.</li> </ul> <p></p> <p>Note: annotate generic type parameters with <code>out</code> and <code>in</code> annotations to specify whether they should behave covariantly or contravariantly.</p> C#<pre><code>public class Base {};\npublic class Derived : Base {}\n\n// COVARIANCE (supply more specific type)\n// method is \"read only\" since it does not modify its argument\n// IEnumerable is covariant (has out parameter) since only \"provides\" objects\nvoid PrintBase(IEnumerable&lt;Base&gt; bases)\n{\n    foreach(Base base in bases)\n    {\n        Console.WritLine(base);\n    }\n}\n\nIEnumerable&lt;Derived&gt; derivedItems = new Derived[] {...};  // array is enumerable of Derived objects\nMethod(derivedItems);  // valid since Derived objects are also Base objects and operation is read only\n\n\n// CONTRAVARIANCE (supply less specific type)\n// IComparer is contravariant (has in parameter) since \"takes in\" objects\nvoid CompareDerived(IComparer&lt;Derived&gt; comparer)\n{\n    var d1 = new Derived();\n    var d2 = new Derived();\n    if(comparer.Compare(d1, d2)) { /* some action */ }\n}\n\nIComparator&lt;Base&gt; baseComparator = new BaseComparator();\nCompareDerived(baseComparator);  // valid since baseComparator can compare Base objects and thus can compare Derived objects\n</code></pre>"},{"location":"languages/dotnet/csharp/csharp.html#delegates","title":"Delegates","text":"<p>A delegate is a type that represents a reference to a method with a particular parameter list and return type. Delegates are used to pass methods as arguments to other methods. This ability to refer to a method as a parameter makes delegates ideal for defining callback methods.</p> <p>Any method from any accessible class or struct that matches the delegate type can be assigned to the delegate. The method can be either static or an instance method. This makes it possible to programmatically change method calls, and also plug new code into existing classes.</p> C#<pre><code>// delegate definition\npublic delegate Type Delegate(Type param, ...);  // can take any method with specified type params and return type\npublic delegate Type Delegate&lt;T&gt;(T param);  // generic delegate\n\n// delegate creation\nvar delegate = new Delegate&lt;Type&gt;(Method);  // explicit creation, useful when compiler cannot infer delegate type\nDelegate&lt;Type&gt; delegate = Method;  // implicit creation\n</code></pre>"},{"location":"languages/dotnet/csharp/csharp.html#multicast-delegates","title":"Multicast Delegates","text":"<p>Multicast Delegates are delegates that can have more than one element in their invocation list.</p> C#<pre><code>Delegate&lt;Type&gt; multicastDelegate = Method1 + Method2 + ...;  // multicast delegate creation\nmulticastDelegate += Method;  // add method to delegate\nmulticastDelegate -= Method;  // remove method from delegate\n</code></pre> <p>Note: Delegate removal behaves in a potentially surprising way if the delegate removed refers to multiple methods. Subtraction of a multicast delegate succeeds only if the delegate from which subtract contains all of the methods in the delegate being subtracted sequentially and in the same order.</p>"},{"location":"languages/dotnet/csharp/csharp.html#delegate-invocation","title":"Delegate Invocation","text":"<p>Invoking a delegate with a single target method works as though the code had called the target method in the conventional way. Invoking a multicast delegate is just like calling each of its target methods in turn.</p> C#<pre><code>Delegate&lt;Type&gt; delegate = Method;\n\ndelegate(args);  // use delegate as standard method\ndelegate.DynamicInvoke(argsArray); // Dynamically invokes the method represented by the current delegate.\n\nmulticastDelegate.GetInvocationList();  // list of methods called by the delegate\n</code></pre>"},{"location":"languages/dotnet/csharp/csharp.html#common-delegate-types","title":"Common Delegate Types","text":"<p>Note: Each delegate has an overload taking from zero to 16 arguments;</p> C#<pre><code>public delegate void Action&lt;in T1, ...&gt;(T1 arg1, ...);\npublic delegate TResult Func&lt;in T1, ..., out TResult&gt;(T1 arg1, ...);\npublic delegate bool Predicate&lt;in T1, ...&gt;(T1 arg1, ...);\n</code></pre>"},{"location":"languages/dotnet/csharp/csharp.html#type-compatibility","title":"Type Compatibility","text":"<p>Delegate types do not derive from one another. Any delegate type defined in C# will derive directly from <code>MulticastDelegate</code>. However, the type system supports certain implicit reference conversions for generic delegate types through covariance and contravariance. The rules are very similar to those for interfaces.</p>"},{"location":"languages/dotnet/csharp/csharp.html#anonymous-functions-lambda-expressions","title":"Anonymous Functions (Lambda Expressions)","text":"<p>Delegates without explicit separated method.</p> C#<pre><code>// lambda variations\nDelegate&lt;Type&gt; lambda = () =&gt; &lt;expr&gt;;\nDelegate&lt;Type&gt; lambda = input =&gt; &lt;expr&gt;;\nDelegate&lt;Type&gt; lambda = (input) =&gt; &lt;expr&gt;;\nDelegate&lt;Type&gt; lambda = (Type input) =&gt; &lt;expr&gt;;\nDelegate&lt;Type&gt; lambda = input =&gt; { return &lt;expr&gt;; };\nDelegate&lt;Type&gt; lambda = (input) =&gt; { return &lt;expr&gt;; };\nDelegate&lt;Type&gt; lambda = (Type input) =&gt; { return &lt;expr&gt;; };\nDelegate&lt;Type&gt; lambda = (Type input = default) =&gt; { return &lt;expr&gt;; };  // lambda default parameter\n\n// static modifier prevents unintentional capture of local variables or instance state by the lambda\nDelegate&lt;Type&gt; lambda = (static Type input) =&gt; &lt;expr&gt;;\n\nType variable = delegate { &lt;expression&gt;; };  // ignore arguments of the method passed to the delegate\n\n// lambda type inference\nvar f = Console.WriteLine;\nvar f = x =&gt; x;  // inferring the return type\nvar f = (string x) =&gt; x;  // inferring the signature\nvar f = [Required] x =&gt; x;  // adding attributes on parameters\nvar f = [Required] (int x) =&gt; x;\nvar f = [return: Required] static x =&gt; x;  // adding attribute for a return type\nvar f = Type () =&gt; default;  // explicit return type\nvar f = ref int (ref int x) =&gt; ref x;  // using ref on structs\nvar f = int (x) =&gt; x;  // explicitly specifying the return type of an implicit input\nvar f = static void (_) =&gt; Console.Write(\"Help\");\n</code></pre>"},{"location":"languages/dotnet/csharp/csharp.html#events","title":"Events","text":"<p>Structs and classes can declare events. This kind of member enables a type to provide notifications when interesting things happen, using a subscription-based model.</p> <p>The class who raises events is called Publisher, and the class who receives the notification is called Subscriber. There can be multiple subscribers of a single event. Typically, a publisher raises an event when some action occurred. The subscribers, who are interested in getting a notification when an action occurred, should register with an event and handle it.</p> C#<pre><code>public delegate void EventDelegate(object sender, CustomEventArgs args);  // called on event trigger\n\npublic class Publisher\n{\n    public event EventDelegate Event;\n\n    // A derived class should always call the On&lt;EventName&gt; method of the base class to ensure that registered delegates receive the event.\n    public virtual void OnEvent(Type param)\n    {\n        Event?.Invoke(param);\n    }\n}\n</code></pre>"},{"location":"languages/dotnet/csharp/csharp.html#registering-event-handlers","title":"Registering Event Handlers","text":"C#<pre><code>public class Subscriber\n{\n    Publisher publisher = new Publisher();\n\n    public Subscriber()\n    {\n        publisher.OnEvent += Handler;  // register handler (+= syntax)\n    }\n\n    // event handler, matches the signature of the Event delegate.\n    public Type Handler() { /* act */ }\n}\n</code></pre>"},{"location":"languages/dotnet/csharp/csharp.html#built-in-eventhandler-delegate","title":"Built-In EventHandler Delegate","text":"<p>.NET includes built-in delegate types <code>EventHandler</code> and <code>EventHandler&lt;TEventArgs&gt;</code> for the most common events. Typically, any event should include two parameters: the source of the event and event data. The <code>EventHandler</code> delegate is used for all events that do not include event data, the <code>EventHandler&lt;TEventArgs&gt;</code> delegate is used for events that include data to be sent to handlers.</p> C#<pre><code>public class Publisher\n{\n    public event EventHandler Event;\n\n    public virtual void OnEvent(EventArgs e)\n    {\n        Event?.Invoke(this, e);\n    }\n}\n\npublic class Subscriber\n{\n    Publisher publisher = new Publisher();\n\n    public Subscriber()\n    {\n        publisher.OnEvent += Handler;  // register handler (+= syntax)\n    }\n\n    public Type Handler(object sender, EventArgs e) { /* act */ }\n}\n</code></pre>"},{"location":"languages/dotnet/csharp/csharp.html#custom-event-args","title":"Custom Event Args","text":"C#<pre><code>public class CustomEventArgs : EventArgs { }\n\npublic class Publisher\n{\n    public event EventHandler&lt;CustomEventArgs&gt; Event;\n\n    public virtual void OnEvent(CustomEventArgs e)\n    {\n        Event?.Invoke(this, e);\n    }\n}\n\npublic class Subscriber\n{\n    Publisher publisher = new Publisher();\n\n    public Subscriber()\n    {\n        publisher.OnEvent += Handler;  // register handler (+= syntax)\n    }\n\n    public Type Handler(object sender, CustomEventArgs e) { /* act */ }\n}\n</code></pre>"},{"location":"languages/dotnet/csharp/csharp.html#assemblies","title":"Assemblies","text":"<p>In .NET the proper term for a software component is an assembly, and it is typically a <code>.dll</code> or <code>.exe</code> file. Occasionally, an assembly will be split into multiple files, but even then it is an indivisible unit of deployment: it has to be wholly available to the runtime, or not at all.</p> <p>Assemblies are an important aspect of the type system, because each type is identified not just by its name and namespace, but also by its containing assembly. Assemblies provide a kind of encapsulation that operates at a larger scale than individual types, thanks to the <code>internal</code> accessibility specifier, which works at the assembly level.</p> <p>The runtime provides an assembly loader, which automatically finds and loads the assemblies a program needs. To ensure that the loader can find the right components, assemblies have structured names that include version information, and they can optionally contain a globally unique element to prevent ambiguity.</p>"},{"location":"languages/dotnet/csharp/csharp.html#anatomy-of-an-assembly","title":"Anatomy of an Assembly","text":"<p>Assemblies use the Win32 Portable Executable (PE) file format, the same format that executables (EXEs) and dynamic link libraries (DLLs) have always used in \"modern\" (since NT) versions of Windows.</p> <p>The C# compiler produces an assembly as its output, with an extension of either <code>.dll</code> or <code>.exe</code>. Tools that understand the PE file format will recognize a .NET assembly as a valid, but rather dull, PE file. The CLR essentially uses PE files as containers for a .NET-specific data format, so to classic Win32 tools, a C# DLL will not appear to export any APIs.</p> <p>With .NET Core 3.0 or later, .NET assemblies won't be built with an extension of <code>.exe</code>. Even project types that produce directly runnable outputs (such as console or WPF applications) produce a <code>.dll</code> as their primary output. They also generate an executable file too, but it's not a .NET assembly. It's just a bootstrapper that starts the runtime and then loads and executes your application's main assembly.</p> <p>Note: C# compiles to a binary intermediate language (IL), which is not directly executable. The normal Windows mechanisms for loading and running the code in an executable or DLL won't work with IL, because that can run only with the help of the CLR.</p>"},{"location":"languages/dotnet/csharp/csharp.html#net-metadata","title":".NET MEtadata","text":"<p>As well as containing the compiled IL, an assembly contains metadata, which provides a full description of all of the types it defines, whether <code>public</code> or <code>private</code>. The CLR needs to have complete knowledge of all the types that the code uses to be able to make sense of the IL and turn it into running code, the binary format for IL frequently refers to the containing assembly's metadata and is meaningless without it.</p>"},{"location":"languages/dotnet/csharp/csharp.html#resources","title":"Resources","text":"<p>It's possible to embed binary resources in a DLL alongside the code and metadata. To embed a file select \"Embedded Resource\" as it's Build Action in the file properties. This compiles a copy of the file into the assembly.</p> <p>To extract the resource at runtime use the <code>Assembly</code> class's <code>GetManifestResourceStream</code> method which is par of the Reflection API.</p>"},{"location":"languages/dotnet/csharp/csharp.html#multifile-assembly","title":"Multifile Assembly","text":"<p>.NET Framework allowed an assembly to span multiple files. It was possible to split the code and metadata across multiple modules, and it was also possible for some binary streams that are logically embedded in an assembly to be put in separate files. This feature was rarely used, and .NET Core does not support it. However, it's necessary to know about it because some of its consequences persist. In particular, parts of the design of the Reflection API make no sense unless this feature is known.</p> <p>With a multifile assembly, there's always one master file that represents the assembly. This will be a PE file, and it contains a particular element of the metadata called the assembly manifest. This is not to be confused with the Win32-style manifest that most executables contain. The assembly manifest is just a description of what's in the assembly, including a list of any external modules or other external files; in a multimodule assembly, the manifest describes which types are defined in which files.</p>"},{"location":"languages/dotnet/csharp/csharp.html#assembly-resolution","title":"Assembly Resolution","text":"<p>When the runtime needs to load an assembly, it goes through a process called assembly resolution.</p> <p>.NET Core supports two deployment options for applications:</p> <ul> <li>self-contained</li> <li>framework-dependent</li> </ul>"},{"location":"languages/dotnet/csharp/csharp.html#self-contained-deployment","title":"Self-Contained Deployment","text":"<p>When publishing a self-contained application, it includes a complete copy of .NET Core, the whole of the CLR and all the built-in assemblies. When building this way, assembly resolution is pretty straightforward because everything ends up in one folder.</p> <p>There are two main advantages to self-contained deployment:</p> <ul> <li>there is no need to install .NET on target machines</li> <li>it's known exactly what version of .NET and which versions of all DLLs are running</li> </ul> <p>With self-contained deployment, unless the application directs the CLR to look elsewhere everything will load from the application folder, including all assemblies built into .NET.</p>"},{"location":"languages/dotnet/csharp/csharp.html#framework-dependent-deployment","title":"Framework-Dependent Deployment","text":"<p>The default build behavior for applications is to create a framework-dependent executable. In this case, the code relies on a suitable version of .NET Core already being installed on the machine. Framework-dependent applications necessarily use a more complex resolution mechanism than self-contained ones.</p> <p>When such an application starts up it will first determine exactly which version of .NET Core to run. The chosen runtime version selects not just the CLR, but also the assemblies making up the parts of the class library built into .NET.</p>"},{"location":"languages/dotnet/csharp/csharp.html#assembly-names","title":"Assembly Names","text":"<p>Assembly names are structured. They always include a simple name, which is the name by which normally refer to the DLL. This is usually the same as the filename but without the extension. It doesn't technically have to be but the assembly resolution mechanism assumes that it is.</p> <p>Assembly names always include a version number. There are also some optional components, including the public key token, a string of hexadecimal digits, which is required to have a unique name.</p>"},{"location":"languages/dotnet/csharp/csharp.html#strong-names","title":"Strong Names","text":"<p>If an assembly's name includes a public key token, it is said to be a strong name. Microsoft advises that any .NET component that is published for shared use (e.g: made available via NuGet) should have a strong name.</p> <p>As the terminology suggests, an assembly name's public key token has a connection with cryptography. It is the hexadecimal representation of a 64-bit hash of a public key. Strongly named assemblies are required to contain a copy of the full public key from which the hash was generated. The assembly file format also provides space fora digital signature, generated with the corresponding private key.</p> <p>The uniqueness of a strong name relies on the fact that key generation systems use cryptographically secure random-number generators, and the chances of two people generating two key pairs with the same public key token are vanishingly small. The assurance that the assembly has ot been tampered with comes from the fact that a strongly named assembly must be signed, and only someone in possession of the private key can generate a valid signature. Any attempt to modify the assembly after signing it will invalidate the signature.</p>"},{"location":"languages/dotnet/csharp/csharp.html#version","title":"Version","text":"<p>All assembly names include a four-part version number: <code>major.minor.build.revision</code>. However, there's no particular significance to any of these. The binary format that IL uses for assembly names and references limits the range of these numbers, each part must fit in a 16-bit unsigned integer (a <code>ushort</code>), and the highest allowable value in a version part is actually one less than the maximum value that would fit, making the highest legal version number <code>65534.65534.65534.65534</code>.</p> <p>As far as the CLR is concerned, there's really only one interesting thing you can do with a version number, which is to compare it with some other version number, either they match or one is higher than the other.</p> <p>The build system tells the compiler which version number to use for the assembly name via an assembly-level attribute.</p> <p>Note: NuGet packages also have version numbers, and these do not need to be connected in any way to assembly versions. NuGet does treat the components of a package version number as having particular significance: it has adopted the widely used semantic versioning rules.</p>"},{"location":"languages/dotnet/csharp/csharp.html#culture","title":"Culture","text":"<p>All assembly names include a culture component. This is not optional, although the most common value for this is the default <code>neutral</code>, indicating that the assembly contains no culture-specific code or data.</p> <p>The culture is usually set to something else only on assemblies that contain culture-specific resources. The culture of an assembly's name is designed to support localization of resources such as images and strings.</p>"},{"location":"languages/dotnet/csharp/csharp.html#reflection","title":"Reflection","text":"<p>The CLR knows a great deal about the types the programs define and use. It requires all assemblies to provide detailed metadata, describing each member of every type, including private implementation details. It relies on this information to perform critical functions, such as JIT compilation and garbage collection. However, it does not keep this knowledge to itself.</p> <p>The reflection API grants access to this detailed type information, so the code can discover everything that the runtime can see.</p> <p>Reflection is particularly useful in extensible frameworks, because they can use it to adapt their behavior at runtime based on the structure of the code.</p> <p>The reflection API defines various classes in the <code>System.Reflection</code> namespace. These classes have a structural relationship that mirrors the way that assemblies and the type system work.</p>"},{"location":"languages/dotnet/csharp/csharp.html#assembly","title":"Assembly","text":"<p>The <code>Assembly</code> class defines three context-sensitive static methods that each return an <code>Assembly</code>. The <code>GetEntryAssembly</code> method returns the object representing the EXE file containing the program's <code>Main</code> method. The <code>GetExecutingAssembly</code> method returns the assembly that contains the method from which it has been called it. <code>GetCallingAssembly</code> walks up the stack by one level, and returns the assembly containing the code that called the method that called <code>GetCallingAssembly</code>.</p> <p>To inspect an assembly info use the <code>ReflectionOnlyLoadFrom</code> (or <code>ReflectionOnlyLoad</code>) method of the <code>Assembly</code> class. This loads the assembly in such a way that it's possible to inspect its type information, but no code in the assembly will execute, nor will any assemblies it depends on be loaded automatically.</p>"},{"location":"languages/dotnet/csharp/csharp.html#attributes","title":"Attributes","text":"<p>In .NET, it's possible to annotate components, types, and their members with attributes. An attribute's purpose is to control or modify the behavior of a framework, a tool, the compiler, or the CLR.</p> <p>Attributes are passive containers of information that do nothing on their own.</p>"},{"location":"languages/dotnet/csharp/csharp.html#applying-attributes","title":"Applying Attributes","text":"<p>To avoid having to introduce an extra set of concepts into the type system, .NET models attributes as instances of .NET types. To be used as an attribute, a type must derive from the <code>System.Attribute</code> class, but it can otherwise be entirely ordinary.</p> <p>It's possible to pass arguments to the attribute constructor in the annotation.</p> C#<pre><code>[AttName]  // simple attribute\n\n[AttName(value)]  // valorize private fields (through the constructor)\n[AttrName(Name = value)]  // valorize public properties or fields (no constructor needed)\n</code></pre> <p>Note: The real name of an attribute ends with \"Attribute\" (<code>[AttrName]</code> refers to the <code>AttrNameAttribute</code> class)</p>"},{"location":"languages/dotnet/csharp/csharp.html#multiple-attributes","title":"Multiple Attributes","text":"C#<pre><code>[Attribute1]\n[Attribute2]\n\n[Attribute1, Attribute2]\n</code></pre>"},{"location":"languages/dotnet/csharp/csharp.html#defining-custom-attribute-types","title":"Defining Custom Attribute Types","text":"C#<pre><code>// specify what the attribute can be applied to (enforced by c# compiler)\n[AttributeUsage(AttributeTargets.&lt;TargetType&gt;)]\npublic class CustomAttribute : Attribute\n{\n    // properties to hold information\n\n    // constructor (used to valorize private fields)\n}\n</code></pre> <p>NOTE: From C# 11 attributes can be generic and have type constraints</p>"},{"location":"languages/dotnet/csharp/csharp.html#retrieving-attributes","title":"Retrieving Attributes","text":"<p>It's possible to discover which attributes have been applied through the reflection API. The various targets of attribute have a reflection type representing them (<code>MethodInfo</code>, <code>PropertyInfo</code>, ...) which all implement the interface <code>ICustomAttributeProvider</code>.</p> C#<pre><code>public interface ICustomAttributeProvider\n{\n    object[] GetCustomAttributes(bool inherit);\n    object[] GetCustomAttributes(Type attributeType, bool inherit);\n    bool IsDefined(Type attribueType, bool inherit);\n}\n</code></pre>"},{"location":"languages/dotnet/csharp/csharp.html#files-streams","title":"Files &amp; Streams","text":"<p>A .NET stream is simply a sequence of bytes. That makes a stream a useful abstraction for many commonly encountered features such as a file on disk, or the body of an HTTP response. A console application uses streams to represent its input and output.</p> <p>The <code>Stream</code> class is defined in the <code>System.IO</code> namespace. It is an abstract base class, with concrete derived types such as <code>FileStream</code> or <code>GZipStream</code> representing particular kinds of streams.</p> C#<pre><code>// The most important members of Stream\npublic abstract int Read(byte[] buffer, int offset, int count);\npublic abstract void Write(byte[] buffer, int offset, int count);\npublic abstract long Position { get; set; }\n</code></pre> <p>Some streams are read-only. For example, if input stream for a console app represents the keyboard or the output of some other program, there's no meaningful way for the program to write to that stream. Some streams are write-only, such as the output stream of a console application. If <code>Read</code> is called on a write-only stream or <code>Write</code> on a read-only one, these methods throw a <code>NotSupportedException</code>.</p> <p>Both <code>Read</code> and <code>Write</code> take a <code>byte[]</code> array as their first argument, and these methods copy data into or out of that array, respectively. The <code>offset</code> and <code>count</code> arguments that follow indicate the array element at which to start, and the number of bytes to read or write. There are no arguments to specify the offset within the stream at which to read or write. This is managed by the <code>Position</code> property. This starts at zero, but at each read or write, the position advances by the number of bytes processed.</p> <p>The <code>Read</code> method returns an <code>int</code>. This tells how many bytes were read from the stream, the method does not guarantee to provide the amount of data requested. The reason <code>Read</code> is slightly tricky is that some streams are live, representing a source of information that produces data gradually as the program runs.</p> <p>Note: If asked for more than one byte at a time, a <code>Stream</code> is always free to return less data than requested from Read for any reason. Never presume that a call to <code>Read</code> returned as much data as it could.</p>"},{"location":"languages/dotnet/csharp/csharp.html#position-seeking","title":"Position &amp; Seeking","text":"<p>Streams automatically update their current position each time a read or write operation is completed. The <code>Position</code> property can be set to move to the desired location. This is not guaranteed to work because it's not always possible to support it. Some streams will throw <code>NotSupportedException</code> when trying to set the <code>Position</code> property.</p> <p>Stream also defines a Seek method, this allows to specify the position required relative to the stream's current position. Passing <code>SeekOrigin.Current</code> as second argument will set the position by adding the first argument to the current position.</p> C#<pre><code>public abstract long Seek(long offset, SeekOrigin origin);  // offset can be negative\n</code></pre>"},{"location":"languages/dotnet/csharp/csharp.html#flushing","title":"Flushing","text":"<p>Writing data to a Stream does not necessarily cause the data to reach its destination immediately. When a call to <code>Write</code> returns, all that is known is that it has copied the data somewhere; but that might be a buffer in memory, not the final target.</p> <p>The Stream class therefore offers a <code>Flush</code> method. This tells the stream that it has to do whatever work is required to ensure that any buffered data is written to its target, even if that means making suboptimal use of the buffer.</p> <p>A stream automatically flushes its contents when calling <code>Dispose</code>. Flush only when it's needed to keep a stream open after writing out buffered data. It is particularly important if there will be extended periods during which the stream is open but inactive.</p> <p>Note: When using a <code>FileStream</code>, the <code>Flush</code> method does not necessarily guarantee that the data being flushed has made it to disk yet. It merely makes the stream pass the data to the OS. Before calling <code>Flush</code>, the OS hasn't even seen the data, so if the process terminates suddenly, the data would be lost. After <code>Flush</code> has returned, the OS has everything the code has written, so the process could be terminated without loss of data. However, the OS may perform additional buffering of its own, so if the power fails before the OS gets around to writing everything to disk, the data will still be lost.</p> <p>To guarantee that data has been written persistently (rather than merely ensuring that it has been handed it to the OS), use either the <code>WriteThrough</code> flag, or call the <code>Flush</code> overload that takes a bool, passing <code>true</code> to force flushing to disk.</p>"},{"location":"languages/dotnet/csharp/csharp.html#streamreader-streamwriter-text-files","title":"StreamReader &amp; StreamWriter (Text Files)","text":"<p>The most useful concrete text-oriented streams types are <code>StreamReader</code> and <code>StreamWriter</code>, which wrap a <code>Stream</code> object. It's possible to constructing them by passing a <code>Stream</code> as a constructor argument, or a string containing the path of a file, in which case they will automatically construct a <code>FileStream</code> and then wrap that.</p> <p>Encoding</p> C#<pre><code>// Will detect encoding from stream contents\nStreamReader file = new StreamReader(string path);\nStreamReader file = new StreamReader(string path, System.Text.Encoding encoding);  // encoding is System.Text.Encoding\n\n// Default Encoding: UTF-8 w/o BOM (Byte Order Mark)\nStreamWriter file = new StreamWriter(string path);\nStreamWriter file = new StreamWriter(string path, bool boolean);  // true to append data to the file; false to overwrite the file.\nStreamReader file = new StreamReader(string path, System.Text.Encoding encoding);  // encoding is System.Text.Encoding\nStreamReader file = new StreamReader(string path, bool append, System.Text.Encoding encoding);  // encoding is System.Text.Encoding\n\n// USAGE\ntry\n{\n    using (StreamReader file = new StreamReader(path))  // stream to read\n    {\n        while(!file.EndOfStream)  // keep reading until the end op file\n        {\n            file.ReadLine();  // read a whole line from the file\n        }\n    }\n\n    using (StreamWriter file = new StreamWriter(path))  // stream to write\n    {\n        file.write();  // write to file\n    }\n}\ncatch (Exception e)\n{\n    // handle exception\n}\n</code></pre>"},{"location":"languages/dotnet/csharp/csharp.html#stringreader-stringwriter","title":"StringReader &amp; StringWriter","text":"<p>The <code>StringReader</code> and <code>StringWriter</code> classes serve a similar purpose to <code>MemoryStream</code>: they are useful when working with an API that requires either a <code>TextReader</code> or <code>TextWriter</code> (abstract text streams), but you want to work entirely in memory. Whereas <code>MemoryStream</code> presents a Stream API on top of a <code>byte[]</code> array, <code>StringReader</code> wraps a string as a <code>TextReader</code>, while <code>StringWriter</code> presents a <code>TextWriter</code> API on top of a <code>StringBuilder</code>.</p>"},{"location":"languages/dotnet/csharp/csharp.html#files-directories","title":"Files &amp; Directories","text":""},{"location":"languages/dotnet/csharp/csharp.html#filestream-class-binary-files","title":"FileStream Class (Binary Files)","text":"<p>The <code>FileStream</code> class derives from <code>Stream</code> and represents a file from the filesystem.</p> <p>It' common to use the constructors in which the <code>FileStream</code> uses OS APIs to create the file handle. It's possible to provide varying levels of detail on how this si to be done. At a minimum the file's path and a value from the <code>FileMode</code> enumeration must be provided.</p> C#<pre><code>// overloaded FileStream Constructors\npublic FileStream(string path, FileMode mode);\npublic FileStream(string path, FileMode mode, FileAccess access);\npublic FileStream(string path, FileMode mode, FileAccess access, FileShare share);\npublic FileStream(string path, FileMode mode, FileAccess access, FileShare share, int bufferSize);\npublic FileStream(string path, FileMode mode, FileAccess access, FileShare share, int bufferSize, bool useAsync);\npublic FileStream(string path, FileMode mode, FileAccess access, FileShare share, int bufferSize, FileOptions options);\n</code></pre> <code>FileMode</code> Behavior if file exists Behavior if file does not exist <code>CreateNew</code> Throws <code>IOException</code> Creates new file <code>Create</code> Replaces existing file Creates new file <code>Open</code> Opens existing file Throws <code>FileNotFoundException</code> <code>OpenOrCreate</code> Opens existing file Creates new file <code>Truncate</code> Replaces existing file Throws <code>FileNotFoundException</code> <code>Append</code> Opens existing file, setting Position to end of file Creates new file <p><code>FileAccess</code> Enumeration:</p> <ul> <li><code>Read</code>: Read access to the file. Data can be read from the file. Combine with Write for read/write access.</li> <li><code>Write</code>: Write access to the file. Data can be written to the file. Combine with Read for read/write access.</li> <li><code>ReadWrite</code>: Read and write access to the file. Data can be written to and read from the file.</li> </ul> <p><code>FileShare</code> Enumeration:</p> <ul> <li><code>Delete</code>: Allows subsequent deleting of a file.</li> <li><code>None</code>: Declines sharing of the current file. Any request to open the file (by this process or another process) will fail until the file is closed.</li> <li><code>Read</code>: Allows subsequent opening of the file for reading. If this flag is not specified, any request to open the file for reading (by this process or another process) will fail until the file is closed. However, even if this flag is specified, additional permissions might still be needed to access the file.</li> <li><code>ReadWrite</code>: Allows subsequent opening of the file for reading or writing. If this flag is not specified, any request to open the file for reading or writing (by this process or another process) will fail until the file is closed. However, even if this flag is specified, additional permissions might still be needed to access the file.</li> <li><code>Write</code>: Allows subsequent opening of the file for writing. If this flag is not specified, any request to open the file for writing (by this process or another process) will fail until the file is closed. However, even if this flag is specified, additional permissions might still be needed to access the file.</li> </ul> <p><code>FileOptions</code> Enumeration:</p> <ul> <li><code>WriteThrough</code>: Disables OS write buffering so data goes straight to disk when you flush the stream.</li> <li><code>AsynchronousSpecifies</code>: the use of asynchronous I/O.</li> <li><code>RandomAccessHints</code>: to filesystem cache that you will be seeking, not reading or writing data in order.</li> <li><code>SequentialScanHints</code>: to filesystem cache that you will be reading or writing data in order.</li> <li><code>DeleteOnCloseTells</code>: <code>FileStream</code> to delete the file when you call <code>Dispose</code>.</li> <li><code>EncryptedEncrypts</code>: the file so that its contents cannot be read by other users.</li> </ul> <p>Note: The <code>WriteThrough</code> flag will ensure that when the stream is disposed or flushed, all the data written will have been delivered to the drive, but the drive will not necessarily have written that data persistently (drives can defer writing for performance), so data loss id still possible if the power fails.</p> C#<pre><code>// object to read or write to a file (file can be binary)\n{\n    using(FileStream fstream = new FileStream(path, FileMode.OpenOrCreate, FileAccess.ReadWrite))\n    {\n        // operations on file stream\n    }\n}\n</code></pre>"},{"location":"languages/dotnet/csharp/csharp.html#file-class","title":"File Class","text":"<p>The static <code>File</code> class provides methods for performing various operations on files.</p> C#<pre><code>File.Create(string path);  // Return Read/Write FileStream to file\nFile.Open(string path, System.IO.FileMode mode);  // Open a FileStream on the specified path with read/write access with no sharing.\nFile.Open(string path, System.IO.FileMode mode, System.IO.FileAccess access);  // Opens a FileStream on the specified path, with the specified mode and access with no sharing.\nFile.Open(string path, System.IO.FileMode mode, System.IO.FileAccess access, System.IO.FileShare share);\nFile.OpenRead(string path);  // Open an existing file for reading, returns a FileStream\nFile.OpenText(string path);  // Open an existing UTF-8 encoded text file for reading, returns a StreamReader\nFile.OpenWrite(string path);  // Open an existing file for writing, returns a FileStream\n\nFile.Delete(string path);  // Delete the specified file\nFile.Move(string sourceFileName, string destFileName, bool overwrite);  // Move specified file to a new location (can specify a new filename and to overwrite the destination file if it already exists)\nFile.Exists(string path);  // Whether the specified file exists.\n\nFile.GetCreationTime(string path);  // Return DateTime set to the creation date and time for the specified file\nFile.GetLastAccessTime(string path);  // Return DateTime set to the date and time that the specified file was last accessed\nFile.GetLastWriteTime(string path);  // Return DateTime set to the date and time that the specified file was last written to\nFile.GetAttributes(string path);  // Return FileAttributes of the file\n\nFile.Encrypt(string path);  // Encrypt a file so that only the account used to encrypt the file can decrypt it.\nFile.Decrypt(string path);  // Decrypt a file that was encrypted by the current account using the Encrypt() method.\n\nFile.ReadAllText(string path);  // Return a string containing all the text in the file\nFile.ReadAllLines(string path);  // Returns a string[] containing all lines of the file\nFile.ReadLines(string path); // Returns IEnumerable&lt;string&gt; containing all the text in the file\nFile.ReadAllBytes(string path);  // Returns a byte[] containing the contents of the file.\n\nFile.WriteAllLines(string path, IEnumerable&lt;string&gt; contents);  // writes a collection of strings to the file\nFile.WriteAllLines(string path, string[] contents);  // writes a collection of strings to the file\n\nFile.AppendAllText(string path, string contents);  // appends the specified string to the file\nFile.AppendAllLines(string path, IEnumerable&lt;string&gt; contents);  // appends a collection of strings to the file\n\n// Replace the contents of a specified file with the contents of another file, deleting the original file, and creating a backup of the replaced file.\nFile.Replace(string sourceFileName, string destinationFileName, string destinationBackupFileName);\n</code></pre>"},{"location":"languages/dotnet/csharp/csharp.html#directory-class","title":"Directory Class","text":"<p>Exposes static methods for creating, moving, and enumerating through directories and subdirectories.</p> C#<pre><code>Directory.CreateDirectory(string path);  // Create directory as specified\nDirectory.Delete(string path);  // Delete an empty directory from a specified path (dir must be writable)\nDirectory.Delete(string path, bool recursive);  // Delete the specified directory and, if indicated, any subdirectories and files in the directory\nDirectory.Move(string sourceDirName, string destDirName);  // Move a file or a directory and its contents to a new location\nDirectory.Exists (string path);  // Whether the given path refers to an existing directory on disk\n\nDirectory.GetLogicalDrives();  // string[] of names of the logical drives on the computer in the form \"&lt;drive letter&gt;:\\\"\nDirectory.GetParent(string path);  // DirectoryInfo of parent directory of the specified path, including both absolute and relative paths\nDirectory.GetCurrentDirectory();  // string of current working directory of the application\nDirectory.SetCurrentDirectory(string path);  // Set the application's current working directory to the specified directory\n\nDirectory.GetCreationTime(string path);  // DateTime set to the creation date and time for the specified directory\nDirectory.GetLastAccessTime(string path);  // DateTime set to the date and time the specified file or directory was last accessed\nDirectory.GetLastWriteTime(string path);  // DateTime set to the date and time the specified file or directory was last written to\n\nDirectory.EnumerateDirectories (string path, string searchPattern, SearchOption searchOption);  // IEnumerable&lt;string&gt; of directory full names that match a search pattern in a specified path\nDirectory.GetDirectories (string path, string searchPattern, System.IO.SearchOption searchOption);  // string[] of directory full names that match a search pattern in a specified path\n\nDirectory.EnumerateFiles(string path, string searchPattern, SearchOption searchOption);  // IEnumerable&lt;string&gt; of full file names that match a search pattern in a specified path\nDirectory.GetFiles(string path, string searchPattern, SearchOption searchOption);  // string[] of full file names that match a search pattern in a specified path\n\nDirectory.EnumerateFileSystemEntries(string path, string searchPattern, SearchOption searchOption);  // IEnumerable&lt;string&gt; array of file names and directory names that match a search pattern in a specified path\nDirectory.GetFileSystemEntries (string path, string searchPattern, SearchOption searchOption);  // string[] array of file names and directory names that match a search pattern in a specified path\n</code></pre>"},{"location":"languages/dotnet/csharp/csharp.html#path-class","title":"Path Class","text":"C#<pre><code>Combine(string path1, string path2);  // Combine two strings into a path\nCombine(string[] paths);  // Combine strings into a path\n\nGetFullPath(string path);  // absolute path for the specified path string\nGetFullPath(string path, string basePath);  // absolute path from a relative path and a fully qualified base path\nGetRelativePath (string relativeTo, string path);  // relative path from one path to another\nGetPathRoot (string path);  // Get the root directory information from the path contained in the specified string\nGetDirectoryName (string path);  // directory information for the specified path string\n\nGetExtension (string path);  // extension (including the period \".\") of the specified path string\nGetFileName (string path);  // file name and extension of the specified path string\nGetFileNameWithoutExtension (string path);  // file name of the specified path string without the extension\n\nHasExtension (string path);  // whether a path includes a file name extension\nIsPathFullyQualified (string path);  // whether the specified file path is fixed to a specific drive or UNC path\nIsPathRooted (string path);  // whether the specified path string contains a root\n\nEndsInDirectorySeparator (string path);  // true if the path ends in a directory separator; otherwise, false\nTrimEndingDirectorySeparator (string path);  // Trim one trailing directory separator beyond the root of the specified path\n\nGetInvalidFileNameChar();  // char[] containing the characters that are not allowed in file names\nGetInvalidPathChars();  // char[] containing the characters that are not allowed in path names\n\nGetTempPath();  // path of the current user's temporary folder\nGetTempFileName();  // Create a uniquely named, zero-byte temporary file on disk and returns the full path of that file\nGetRandomFileName();  // random folder name or file name\n\n// get full path from relative\nstring path = Path.Combine(Path.GetDirectoryName(Assembly.GetExecutingAssembly().Location), @\"relative_path.ext\");  // path to a file in the project directory\n\n// get special folder location\nstring appDataPath = Environment.GetFolderPath(Environment.SpecialFolder.ApplicationData);\n</code></pre>"},{"location":"languages/dotnet/csharp/csharp.html#fileinfo-directoryinfo-filesysteminfo","title":"FileInfo, DirectoryInfo &amp; FileSystemInfo","text":"<p>Classes to hold multiple info about a file or directory. If some property changes using the method <code>Refresh()</code> will update the data.</p>"},{"location":"languages/dotnet/csharp/csharp.html#clr-serialization","title":"CLR Serialization","text":"<p>Types are required to opt into CLR serialization. .NET defines a <code>[Serializable]</code> attribute that must be present before the CLR will serialize the type (class).</p> C#<pre><code>[Serializable]\nclass Class { }\n</code></pre> <p>Serialization works directly with an object's fields. It uses reflection, which enables it to access all members, whether public or private.</p> <p>Note: CLR Serialization produces binary streams in a .NET specific format</p>"},{"location":"languages/dotnet/csharp/csharp.html#datetime-timespan","title":"DateTime &amp; TimeSpan","text":""},{"location":"languages/dotnet/csharp/csharp.html#timespan-struct","title":"TimeSpan Struct","text":"<p>Object that represents the difference between two dates</p> C#<pre><code>TimeSpan Interval = new DateTime() - new DateTime()  // difference between dates\n\n// constructors\nTimeSpan(hours, minutes, seconds);  // all parameters are integers\nTimeSpan(days, hours, minutes, seconds);  // all parameters are integers\nTimeSpan(days, hours, minutes, seconds, milliseconds);  // all parameters are integers\n\n// from primitive types\nTimeSpan interval = TimeSpan.FromSeconds(seconds);\nTimeSpan interval = TimeSpan.FromMinutes(minutes);\nTimeSpan interval = TimeSpan.FromHours(hours);\nTimeSpan interval = TimeSpan.FromDays(days);\n</code></pre>"},{"location":"languages/dotnet/csharp/csharp.html#memory-efficiency","title":"Memory Efficiency","text":"<p>The CLR is able to perform automatic memory management thanks to its garbage collector (GC). This comes at a price: when a CPU spends time on garbage collection, that stops it from getting on with more productive work. In many cases, this time will be small enough not to cause visible problems. However, when certain kinds of programs experience heavy load, GC costs can come to dominate the overall execution time.</p> <p>C# 7.2 introduced various features that can enable dramatic reductions in the number of allocations. Fewer allocations means fewer blocks of memory for the GC to recover, so this translates directly to lower GC overhead. There is a price to pay, of course: these GC-efficient techniques add significant complication to the code.</p>"},{"location":"languages/dotnet/csharp/csharp.html#spant","title":"<code>Span&lt;T&gt;</code>","text":"<p>The <code>System.Span&lt;T&gt;</code> (a <code>ref struct</code>) value type represents a sequence of elements of type <code>T</code> stored contiguously in memory. Those elements can live inside an array, a string, a managed block of memory allocated in a stack frame, or unmanaged memory.</p> <p>A <code>Span&lt;T&gt;</code> encapsulates three things: a pointer or reference to the containing memory (e.g., the string or array), the position of the data within that memory, and its length.  </p> <p>Access to a span contents is done like an and since a <code>Span&lt;T&gt;</code> knows its own length, its indexer checks that the index is in range, just as the built-in array type does.</p> C#<pre><code>Span&lt;int&gt; numbers = stackalloc int[] { 1, 2, 3 };\nvar first = numbers[0];\n</code></pre> <p>Note: Normally, C# won\u2019t allow to use <code>stackalloc</code> outside of code marked as unsafe, since it allocates memory on the stack producing a pointer. However, the compiler makes an exception to this rule when assigning the pointer produced by a <code>stackalloc</code> expression directly into a span.</p> <p>The fact that <code>Span&lt;T&gt;</code> and <code>ReadOnlySpan&lt;T&gt;</code> are both <code>ref struct</code> types ensures that a span cannot outlive its containing stack frame, guaranteeing that the stack frame on which the stack-allocated memory lives will not vanish while there are still outstanding references to it.</p> <p>In addition to the array-like indexer and <code>Length</code> properties, <code>Span&lt;T&gt;</code> offers a few useful methods. The <code>Clear</code> and <code>Fill</code> methods provide convenient ways to initialize all the elements in a span either to the default value or a specific value. Obviously, these are not available on <code>ReadOnlySpan&lt;T&gt;</code>.</p> <p>The <code>Span&lt;T&gt;</code> and <code>ReadOnlySpan&lt;T&gt;</code> types are both declared as <code>ref struct</code>. This means that not only are they value types, they are value types that can live only on the stack. So it's not possible to have fields with span types in a class, or any struct that is not also a <code>ref struct</code>.</p> <p>This also imposes some potentially more surprising restrictions:</p> <ul> <li>it's  not possible to use a span in a variable in an async method.</li> <li>there are restrictions on using spans in anonymous functions and in iterator methods</li> </ul> <p>This restriction is necessary for .NET to be able to offer the combination of array-like performance, type safety, and the flexibility to work with multiple different containers.</p> <p>Note: it's possible to use spans in local methods, and even declare a ref struct variable in the outer method and use it from the nested one, but with one restriction: it's not possible a delegate that refers to that local method, because this would cause the compiler to move shared variables into an object that lives on the heap.</p>"},{"location":"languages/dotnet/csharp/csharp.html#memoryt","title":"<code>Memory&lt;T&gt;</code>","text":"<p>The <code>Memory&lt;T&gt;</code> type and its counterpart, <code>ReadOnlyMemory&lt;T&gt;</code>, represent the same basic concept as <code>Span&lt;T&gt;</code> and <code>ReadOnlySpan&lt;T&gt;</code>: these types provide a uniform view over a contiguous sequence of elements of type <code>T</code> that could reside in an array, unmanaged memory, or, if the element type is char, a string. But unlike spans, these are not <code>ref struct</code> types, so they can be used anywhere. The downside is that this means they cannot offer the same high performance as spans.</p> <p>It's possible to convert a <code>Memory&lt;T&gt;</code> to a <code>Span&lt;T&gt;</code>, and likewise a <code>ReadOnlyMemory&lt;T&gt;</code> to a <code>ReadOnlySpan&lt;T&gt;</code>. This makes these memory types useful when you want something span-like, but in a context where spans are not allowed.</p>"},{"location":"languages/dotnet/csharp/csharp.html#regular-expressions","title":"Regular Expressions","text":"<p>regex reference</p> C#<pre><code>Match match = Regex.Match(string, pattern, regexOptions);\n\nmatch.Success;  // whether there was a match or not\n\nmatch.Groups[index];  // numbered capture group (first group is always whole match)\nmatch.Groups[name];  // named capture group\n\nmatch.Groups[index].Value;  // whole captured string\nmatch.Groups[index].Captures;  // list of strings in the matched group\nmatch.Groups[index].Index;  // position in the input string of the matched group\n</code></pre>"},{"location":"languages/dotnet/csharp/csharp.html#unsafe-code-pointers","title":"Unsafe Code &amp; Pointers","text":"<p>The <code>unsafe</code> keyword denotes an unsafe context, which is required for any operation involving pointers.</p> <p>In an unsafe context, several constructs are available for operating on pointers:</p> <ul> <li>The <code>*</code> operator may be used to perform pointer indirection (Pointer indirection).</li> <li>The <code>-&gt;</code> operator may be used to access a member of a struct through a pointer (Pointer member access).</li> <li>The <code>[]</code> operator may be used to index a pointer (Pointer element access).</li> <li>The <code>&amp;</code> operator may be used to obtain the address of a variable (The address-of operator).</li> <li>The <code>++</code> and <code>--</code> operators may be used to increment and decrement pointers (Pointer increment and decrement).</li> <li>The <code>+</code> and <code>-</code> operators may be used to perform pointer arithmetic (Pointer arithmetic).</li> <li>The <code>==</code>, <code>!=</code>, <code>&lt;</code>, <code>&gt;</code>, <code>&lt;=</code>, and <code>&gt;=</code> operators may be used to compare pointers (Pointer comparison).</li> <li>The <code>stackalloc</code> operator may be used to allocate memory from the call stack (Stack allocation).</li> </ul> <p>The <code>fixed</code> statement prevents the garbage collector from relocating a movable variable. It's only permitted in an unsafe context. It's also possible to use the fixed keyword to create fixed size buffers.</p> <p>The <code>fixed</code> statement sets a pointer to a managed variable and \"pins\" that variable during the execution of the statement. Pointers to movable managed variables are useful only in a fixed context. Without a fixed context, garbage collection could relocate the variables unpredictably. The C# compiler only allows to assign a pointer to a managed variable in a fixed statement.</p> C#<pre><code>unsafe Type UnsafeMethod() { /* unsafe context */ }\n// or\nunsafe\n{\n    // Using fixed allows the address of pt members to be taken,\n    // and \"pins\" pt so that it is not relocated.\n    Point pt = new Point();\n    fixed (int* p = &amp;pt.x)\n    {\n        *p = 1;\n    }\n}\n</code></pre>"},{"location":"languages/dotnet/csharp/csharp.html#native-memory","title":"Native Memory","text":"C#<pre><code>using System.Runtime.InteropServices;\n\nunsafe\n{\n    byte* buffer = (byte*)NativeMemory.Alloc(100);\n\n    NativeMemory.Free(buffer);\n}\n</code></pre>"},{"location":"languages/dotnet/csharp/csharp.html#external-code","title":"External Code","text":"<p>The <code>extern</code> modifier is used to declare a method that is implemented externally. A common use of the extern modifier is with the <code>DllImport</code> attribute when using Interop services to call into unmanaged code. In this case, the method must also be declared as <code>static</code>.</p> C#<pre><code>[DllImport(\"avifil32.dll\")]\nprivate static extern void AVIFileInit();\n</code></pre>"},{"location":"languages/dotnet/csharp/csharp.html#magic-methods","title":"Magic Methods","text":"<p>Methods needed to implement a behaviour which do not need an interface to work. The methods must be named appropriately and have the  correct return type.</p>"},{"location":"languages/dotnet/csharp/csharp.html#enumerable","title":"Enumerable","text":"C#<pre><code>public bool MoveNext(/* ... */);\npublic T Current { get; }\n</code></pre>"},{"location":"languages/dotnet/csharp/csharp.html#awaitable","title":"Awaitable","text":"C#<pre><code>public TaskAwaiter GetAwaiter(/* ... */);\n</code></pre>"},{"location":"languages/dotnet/csharp/csharp.html#code-quality","title":"Code Quality","text":""},{"location":"languages/dotnet/csharp/csharp.html#code-analysis","title":"Code Analysis","text":"XML<pre><code>&lt;PropertyGroup&gt;\n  &lt;AnalisysMode&gt;All&lt;/NugetAuditMode&gt;\n&lt;/PropertyGroup&gt;\n</code></pre> Level Description <code>None</code> All rules are disabled. Can selectively opt in to individual rules to enable them. <code>Default</code> Default mode, where certain rules are enabled as build warnings, certain rules are enabled as options IDE suggestions, and the remainder are disabled. <code>Minimum</code> More aggressive mode than <code>Default</code> mode. Certain suggestions that are highly recommended for build enforcement are enabled as build warnings. <code>Recommended</code> More aggressive mode than <code>Minimum</code> mode, where more rules are enabled as build warnings. <code>All</code> All rules are enabled as build warnings. Can selectively opt out of individual rules to disable them."},{"location":"languages/dotnet/csharp/csharp.html#dependency-auditing","title":"Dependency Auditing","text":"XML<pre><code>&lt;PropertyGroup&gt;\n  &lt;!-- required --&gt;\n  &lt;NugetAuditMode&gt;all|direct&lt;/NugetAuditMode&gt;\n\n  &lt;!-- suggested --&gt;\n  &lt;NugetAuditLevel&gt;low|moderate|high|critical&lt;/NugetAuditLevel&gt;\n\n  &lt;!-- optional --&gt;\n  &lt;WarningsAsErrors&gt;NU1901;NU1902;NU1903;NU1904&lt;/WarningAsErrors&gt;\n&lt;/PropertyGroup&gt;\n</code></pre> <p>The auditing of dependencies is done during the <code>dotnet restore</code> step. A description of the dependencies is checked against a report of known vulnerabilities on the GitHub Advisory Database.</p> <p>Audit Mode:</p> <ul> <li>all: audit direct and transitive dependencies for vulnerabilities.</li> <li>direct: audit only direct dependencies for vulnerabilities.</li> </ul>"},{"location":"languages/dotnet/csharp/linq.html","title":"LINQ","text":""},{"location":"languages/dotnet/csharp/linq.html#linq-to-objects","title":"LINQ to Objects","text":"<p>The term LINQ to Objects refers to the use of LINQ queries with any <code>IEnumerable</code> or <code>IEnumerable&lt;T&gt;</code> collection directly, without the use of an intermediate LINQ provider or API such as LINQ to SQL or LINQ to XML.</p> <p>LINQ to Objects will be used when any <code>IEnumerable&lt;T&gt;</code> is specified as the source, unless a more specialized provider is available.</p>"},{"location":"languages/dotnet/csharp/linq.html#query-expressions","title":"Query Expressions","text":"<p>All query expressions are required to begin with a <code>from</code> clause, which specifies the source of the query. The final part of the query is a <code>select</code> (or <code>group</code>) clause. This determines the final output of the query and its system type.</p> C#<pre><code>// query expression\nvar result = from item in enumerable select item;\n\n// where clause\nvar result = from item in enumerable where condition select item;\n\n// ordering\nvar result = from item in enumerable orderby item.property select item;  // ordered IEnumerable\n\n// let clause, assign expression to variable to avoid re-evaluation on each cycle\nvar result = from item in enumerable let tmp = &lt;sub-expr&gt; ...  // BEWARE: compiled code has a lot of overhead to satisfy let clause\n\n// grouping (difficult to re-implement to obtain better performance)\nvar result = from item in enumerable group item by item.property;  // returns IEnumerable&lt;IGrouping&lt;TKey,TElement&gt;&gt;\n</code></pre>"},{"location":"languages/dotnet/csharp/linq.html#how-query-expressions-expand","title":"How Query Expressions Expand","text":"<p>The compiler converts all query expressions into one or more method calls. Once it has done that, the LINQ provider is selected through exactly the same mechanisms that C# uses for any other method call. The compiler does not have any built-in concept of what constitutes a LINQ provider.</p> C#<pre><code>// expanded query expression\nvar result = Enumerable.Where(item =&gt; condition).Select(item =&gt; item);\n</code></pre> <p>The <code>Where</code> and <code>Select</code> methods are examples of LINQ operators. A LINQ operator is nothing more than a method that conforms to one of the standard patterns.</p>"},{"location":"languages/dotnet/csharp/linq.html#methods-on-enumerable-or-ienumerablet","title":"Methods on <code>Enumerable</code> or <code>IEnumerable&lt;T&gt;</code>","text":"C#<pre><code>Enumerable.Range(int start, int end);  // IEnumerable&lt;int&gt; of values between start &amp; end\n\nIEnumerable&lt;TSource&gt;.Select(Func&lt;TSource, TResult&gt; selector);  // map\nIEnumerable&lt;TSource&gt;.Where(Func&lt;T, bool&gt; predicate);  // filter\n\nIEnumerable&lt;T&gt;.FirstOrDefault();  // first element of IEnumerable or default(T) if empty\nIEnumerable&lt;T&gt;.FirstOrDefault(T default);  // specify returned default\nIEnumerable&lt;T&gt;.FirstOrDefault(Func&lt;T, bool&gt; predicate);  // first element to match predicate or default(T)\n// same for LastOrDefault &amp; SingleOrDefault\n\nIEnumerable&lt;T&gt;.Chunk(size);  // chunk an enumerable into slices of a fixed size\n\n// T must implement IComparable&lt;T&gt;\nIEnumerable&lt;T&gt;.Max();\nIEnumerable&lt;T&gt;.Min();\n\n// allow finding maximal or minimal elements using a key selector\nIEnumerable&lt;TSource&gt;.MaxBy(Func&lt;TSource, TResult&gt; selector);\nIEnumerable&lt;TSource&gt;.MinBy(Func&lt;TSource, TResult&gt; selector);\n\nIEnumerable&lt;T&gt;.All(Func&lt;T, bool&gt; predicate);  // check if condition is true for all elements\nIEnumerable&lt;T&gt;.Any(Func&lt;T, bool&gt; predicate);  // check if condition is true for at least one element\n\nIEnumerable&lt;T&gt;.Concat(IEnumerable&lt;T&gt; enumerable);\n\n// Applies a specified function to the corresponding elements of two sequences, producing a sequence of the results.\nIEnumerable&lt;TFirst&gt;.Zip(IEnumerable&lt;TSecond&gt; enumerable, Func&lt;TFirst, TSecond, TResult&gt; func);\nIEnumerable&lt;TFirst&gt;.Zip(IEnumerable&lt;TSecond&gt; enumerable); // Produces a sequence of tuples with elements from the two specified sequences.\n</code></pre> <p>Note: <code>Enumerable</code> provides a set of <code>static</code> methods for querying objects that implement <code>IEnumerable&lt;T&gt;</code>. Most methods are extensions of <code>IEnumerable&lt;T&gt;</code></p> C#<pre><code>Enumerable.Method(IEnumerable&lt;T&gt; source, args);\n// if extension method same as\nIEnumerable&lt;T&gt;.Method(args);\n</code></pre>"},{"location":"languages/dotnet/csharp/reactive-extensions.html","title":"Reactive Extensions (Rx)","text":"<p>ReactiveX</p> <p>The Reactive Extensions for .NET, or Rx, are designed for working with asynchronous and event-based sources of information. Rx provides services that help orchestrate and synchronize the way code reacts to data from these kinds of sources.</p> <p>Rx's fundamental abstraction, <code>IObservable&lt;T&gt;</code>, represents a sequence of items, and its operators are defined as extension methods for this interface.</p> <p>This might sound a lot like LINQ to Objects, and there are similarities, not only does <code>IObservable&lt;T&gt;</code> have a lot in common with <code>IEnumerable&lt;T&gt;</code>, but Rx also supports almost all of the standard LINQ operators.</p> <p>The difference is that in Rx, sequences are less passive. Unlike <code>IEnumerable&lt;T&gt;</code>, Rx sources do not wait to be asked for their items, nor can the consumer of an Rx source demand to be given the next item. Instead, Rx uses a push model in which the source notifies its recipients when items are available.</p> <p>Because Rx implements standard LINQ operators, it's possible to write queries against a live source. Rx goes beyond standard LINQ, adding its own operators that take into account the temporal nature of a live event source.</p>"},{"location":"languages/dotnet/csharp/reactive-extensions.html#fundamental-interfaces","title":"Fundamental Interfaces","text":"<p>The two most important types in Rx are the <code>IObservable&lt;T&gt;</code> and <code>IObserver&lt;T&gt;</code> interfaces. They are important enough to be in the System namespace. The other parts of Rx are in the <code>System.Reactive</code> NuGet package.</p> C#<pre><code>public interface IObservable&lt;out T&gt;\n{\n    IDisposable Subscribe(IObserver&lt;T&gt; observer);\n}\n\npublic interface IObserver&lt;in T&gt;\n{\n    void OnCompleted();\n    void OnError(Exception error);\n    void OnNext(T value);\n}\n</code></pre> <p>The fundamental abstraction in Rx, <code>IObservable&lt;T&gt;</code>, is implemented by event sources. Instead of using the <code>event</code> keyword, it models events as a sequence of items. An <code>IObservable&lt;T&gt;</code> provides items to subscribers as and when it\u2019s ready to do so.</p> <p>It's possible to subscribe to a source by passing an implementation of <code>IObserver&lt;T&gt;</code> to the <code>Subscribe</code> method. The source will invoke <code>OnNext</code> when it wants to report events, and it can call <code>OnCompleted</code> to indicate that there will be no further activity. If the source wants to report an error, it can call <code>OnError</code>. Both <code>OnCompleted</code> and <code>OnError</code> indicate the end of the stream, an observable should not call any further methods on the observer after that.</p>"},{"location":"languages/dotnet/csharp/reactive-extensions.html#operators","title":"Operators","text":""},{"location":"languages/dotnet/csharp/reactive-extensions.html#chaining-operators","title":"Chaining Operators","text":"<p>Most operators operate on an Observable and return an Observable. This allows to apply these operators one after the other, in a chain. Each operator in the chain modifies the Observable that results from the operation of the previous operator. A chain of Observable operators do not operate independently on the original Observable that originates the chain, but they operate in turn, each one operating on the Observable generated by the operator immediately previous in the chain.</p>"},{"location":"languages/dotnet/csharp/reactive-extensions.html#creating-observables","title":"Creating Observables","text":"<p>Operators that originate new Observables.</p> <ul> <li><code>Create</code>: create an Observable from scratch by calling observer methods programmatically</li> <li><code>Defer</code>: do not create the Observable until the observer subscribes, and create a fresh Observable for each observer</li> <li><code>Empty/Never/Throw</code>: create Observables that have very precise and limited behavior</li> <li><code>From*</code>: convert some other object or data structure into an Observable</li> <li><code>Interval</code>: create an Observable that emits a sequence of integers spaced by a particular time interval</li> <li><code>Return (aka Just)</code>: convert an object or a set of objects into an Observable that emits that or those objects</li> <li><code>Range</code>: create an Observable that emits a range of sequential integers</li> <li><code>Repeat</code>: create an Observable that emits a particular item or sequence of items repeatedly</li> <li><code>Start</code>: create an Observable that emits the return value of a function</li> <li><code>Timer</code>: create an Observable that emits a single item after a given delay</li> </ul>"},{"location":"languages/dotnet/csharp/reactive-extensions.html#transforming-observables","title":"Transforming Observables","text":"<p>Operators that transform items that are emitted by an Observable.</p> <ul> <li><code>Buffer</code>: periodically gather items from an Observable into bundles and emit these bundles rather than emitting the items one at a time</li> <li><code>SelectMany (aka FlatMap)</code>: transform the items emitted by an Observable into Observables, then flatten the emissions from those into a single Observable</li> <li><code>GroupBy</code>: divide an Observable into a set of Observables that each emit a different group of items from the original Observable, organized by key</li> <li><code>Select (aka Map)</code>: transform the items emitted by an Observable by applying a function to each item</li> <li><code>Scan</code>: apply a function to each item emitted by an Observable, sequentially, and emit each successive value</li> <li><code>Window</code>: periodically subdivide items from an Observable into Observable windows and emit these windows rather than emitting the items one at a time</li> </ul>"},{"location":"languages/dotnet/csharp/reactive-extensions.html#filtering-observables","title":"Filtering Observables","text":"<p>Operators that selectively emit items from a source Observable.</p> <ul> <li><code>Throttle (aka Debounce)</code>: only emit an item from an Observable if a particular timespan has passed without it emitting another item</li> <li><code>Distinct</code>: suppress duplicate items emitted by an Observable</li> <li><code>ElementAt</code>: emit only item n emitted by an Observable</li> <li><code>Where (aka Filter)</code>: emit only those items from an Observable that pass a predicate test</li> <li><code>First</code>: emit only the first item, or the first item that meets a condition, from an Observable</li> <li><code>IgnoreElements</code>: do not emit any items from an Observable but mirror its termination notification</li> <li><code>Last</code>: emit only the last item emitted by an Observable</li> <li><code>Sample</code>: emit the most recent item emitted by an Observable within periodic time intervals</li> <li><code>Skip</code>: suppress the first n items emitted by an Observable</li> <li><code>SkipLast</code>: suppress the last n items emitted by an Observable</li> <li><code>Take</code>: emit only the first n items emitted by an Observable</li> <li><code>TakeLast</code>: emit only the last n items emitted by an Observable</li> </ul>"},{"location":"languages/dotnet/csharp/reactive-extensions.html#combining-observables","title":"Combining Observables","text":"<p>Operators that work with multiple source Observables to create a single Observable</p> <ul> <li><code>And/Then/When</code>: combine sets of items emitted by two or more Observables by means of Pattern and Plan intermediaries</li> <li><code>CombineLatest</code>: when an item is emitted by either of two Observables, combine the latest item emitted by each Observable via a specified function and emit items based on the results of this function</li> <li><code>Join</code>: combine items emitted by two Observables whenever an item from one Observable is emitted during a time window defined according to an item emitted by the other Observable</li> <li><code>Merge</code>: combine multiple Observables into one by merging their emissions</li> <li><code>StartWith</code>: emit a specified sequence of items before beginning to emit the items from the source Observable</li> <li><code>Switch</code>: convert an Observable that emits Observables into a single Observable that emits the items emitted by the most-recently-emitted of those Observables</li> <li><code>Zip</code>: combine the emissions of multiple Observables together via a specified function and emit single items for each combination based on the results of this function</li> </ul>"},{"location":"languages/dotnet/csharp/reactive-extensions.html#error-handling-operators","title":"Error Handling Operators","text":"<p>Operators that help to recover from error notifications from an Observable</p> <ul> <li><code>Catch</code>: recover from an onError notification by continuing the sequence without error</li> <li><code>Retry</code>: if a source Observable sends an onError notification, resubscribe to it in the hopes that it will complete without error</li> </ul>"},{"location":"languages/dotnet/csharp/reactive-extensions.html#observable-utility-operators","title":"Observable Utility Operators","text":"<p>A toolbox of useful Operators for working with Observables</p> <ul> <li><code>Delay</code>: shift the emissions from an Observable forward in time by a particular amount</li> <li><code>Do</code>: register an action to take upon a variety of Observable lifecycle events</li> <li><code>Materialize/Dematerialize</code>: represent both the items emitted and the notifications sent as emitted items, or reverse this process</li> <li><code>ObserveOn</code>: specify the scheduler on which an observer will observe this Observable</li> <li><code>Synchronize (aka Serialize)</code>: force an Observable to make serialized calls and to be well-behaved</li> <li><code>Subscribe</code>: operate upon the emissions and notifications from an Observable</li> <li><code>SubscribeOn</code>: specify the scheduler an Observable should use when it is subscribed to</li> <li><code>TimeInterval</code>: convert an Observable that emits items into one that emits indications of the amount of time elapsed between those emissions</li> <li><code>Timeout</code>: mirror the source Observable, but issue an error notification if a particular period of time elapses without any emitted items</li> <li><code>Timestamp</code>: attach a timestamp to each item emitted by an Observable</li> <li><code>Using</code>: create a disposable resource that has the same lifespan as the Observable</li> </ul>"},{"location":"languages/dotnet/csharp/reactive-extensions.html#conditional-and-boolean-operators","title":"Conditional and Boolean Operators","text":"<p>Operators that evaluate one or more Observables or items emitted by Observables</p> <ul> <li><code>All</code>: determine whether all items emitted by an Observable meet some criteria</li> <li><code>Amb</code>: given two or more source Observables, emit all of the items from only the first of these Observables to emit an item</li> <li><code>Contains</code>: determine whether an Observable emits a particular item or not</li> <li><code>DefaultIfEmpty</code>: emit items from the source Observable, or a default item if the source Observable emits nothing</li> <li><code>SequenceEqual</code>: determine whether two Observables emit the same sequence of items</li> <li><code>SkipUntil</code>: discard items emitted by an Observable until a second Observable emits an item</li> <li><code>SkipWhile</code>: discard items emitted by an Observable until a specified condition becomes false</li> <li><code>TakeUntil</code>: discard items emitted by an Observable after a second Observable emits an item or terminates</li> <li><code>TakeWhile</code>: discard items emitted by an Observable after a specified condition becomes false</li> </ul>"},{"location":"languages/dotnet/csharp/reactive-extensions.html#mathematical-and-aggregate-operators","title":"Mathematical and Aggregate Operators","text":"<p>Operators that operate on the entire sequence of items emitted by an Observable</p> <ul> <li><code>Average</code>: calculates the average of numbers emitted by an Observable and emits this average</li> <li><code>Concat</code>: emit the emissions from two or more Observables without interleaving them</li> <li><code>Count</code>: count the number of items emitted by the source Observable and emit only this value</li> <li><code>Max</code>: determine, and emit, the maximum-valued item emitted by an Observable</li> <li><code>Min</code>: determine, and emit, the minimum-valued item emitted by an Observable</li> <li><code>Aggregate (aka Reduce)</code>: apply a function to each item emitted by an Observable, sequentially, and emit the final value</li> <li><code>Sum</code>: calculate the sum of numbers emitted by an Observable and emit this sum</li> </ul>"},{"location":"languages/dotnet/csharp/reactive-extensions.html#connectable-observable-operators","title":"Connectable Observable Operators","text":"<p>Specialty Observables that have more precisely-controlled subscription dynamics</p> <ul> <li><code>Connect</code>: instruct a connectable Observable to begin emitting items to its subscribers</li> <li><code>Publish</code>: convert an ordinary Observable into a connectable Observable</li> <li><code>RefCount</code>: make a Connectable Observable behave like an ordinary Observable</li> <li><code>Replay</code>: ensure that all observers see the same sequence of emitted items, even if they subscribe after the Observable has begun emitting items</li> </ul>"},{"location":"languages/dotnet/csharp/reactive-extensions.html#operators-to-convert-observables","title":"Operators to Convert Observables","text":"<ul> <li><code>To*</code>: convert an Observable into another object or data structure</li> </ul>"},{"location":"languages/dotnet/csharp/unit-tests.html","title":"Unit Testing","text":"<p>UnitTest Overloaded Methods Naming standards for unit tests</p>"},{"location":"languages/dotnet/csharp/unit-tests.html#xunit","title":"xUnit","text":"C#<pre><code>using System;\nusing Xunit;\n\nnamespace Project.Tests\n{\n    public class ClassTest\n    {\n        [Fact]\n        public void TestMethod()\n        {\n            Assert.Equal(expected, actual);  // works on collections\n            Assert.True(bool);\n            Assert.False(bool);\n            Assert.NotNull(nullable);\n\n            // Verifies that all items in the collection pass when executed against action\n            Assert.All&lt;T&gt;(IEnumerable&lt;T&gt; collection, Action&lt;T&gt; action);\n        }\n    }\n}\n</code></pre>"},{"location":"languages/dotnet/csharp/unit-tests.html#test-setup-teardown","title":"Test Setup &amp; Teardown","text":"<p>xUnit.net creates a new instance of the test class for every test that is run, so any code which is placed into the constructor of the test class will be run for every single test. This makes the constructor a convenient place to put reusable context setup code.</p> <p>For context cleanup, add the <code>IDisposable</code> interface to the test class, and put the cleanup code in the <code>Dispose()</code> method.</p>"},{"location":"languages/dotnet/csharp/unit-tests.html#mocking-with-moq","title":"Mocking with Moq","text":"C#<pre><code>var mockObj = new Mock&lt;MockedType&gt;();\n\nmockObj.Setup(m =&gt; m.Method(It.IsAny&lt;InputType&gt;())).Returns(value);\nmockObj.Object;  // get mock\n\n// check that the invocation is forwarded to the mock, n times\nmockObj.Verify(m =&gt; m.Method(It.IsAny&lt;InputType&gt;()), Times.Once());\n\n// check that the invocation is forwarded to the mock with a specific input\nmockObj.Verify(m =&gt; m.Method(input), Times.Once());\n</code></pre>"},{"location":"languages/dotnet/database/ado.net.html","title":"ADO.NET","text":"<p><code>ADO.NET</code> is a set of classes that expose data access services for .NET. The <code>ADO.NET</code> classes are found in <code>System.Data.dll</code>, and are integrated with the XML classes found in <code>System.Xml.dll</code>.</p> <p>ADO.NET provider for SQLite</p>"},{"location":"languages/dotnet/database/ado.net.html#connection-strings","title":"Connection Strings","text":""},{"location":"languages/dotnet/database/ado.net.html#sql-server-2019","title":"SQL Server 2019","text":"<ul> <li>Standard Security:</li> <li><code>Server=&lt;server_name&gt;; Database=&lt;database&gt;; UID=&lt;user&gt;; Pwd=&lt;password&gt;;</code></li> <li><code>Server=&lt;server_name&gt;; Database=&lt;database&gt;; User ID=&lt;user&gt;; Password=&lt;password&gt;;</code></li> <li><code>Data Source=&lt;server_name&gt;; Initial Catalog=&lt;database&gt;; UID=&lt;user&gt;; Pwd=&lt;password&gt;;</code></li> <li>Specific Instance: <code>Server=&lt;server_name&gt;\\&lt;instance_name&gt;; Database=&lt;database&gt;; User ID=&lt;user&gt;; Password=&lt;password&gt;;</code></li> <li>Trusted Connection (WinAuth): <code>Server=&lt;server_name&gt;; Database=&lt;database&gt;; Trusted_Connection=True;</code></li> <li>MARS: <code>Server=&lt;server_name&gt;; Database=&lt;database&gt;; Trusted_Connection=True; MultipleActiveResultSets=True;</code></li> </ul> <p>Note: Multiple Active Result Sets (MARS) is a feature that works with SQL Server to allow the execution of multiple batches on a single connection.</p>"},{"location":"languages/dotnet/database/ado.net.html#sqlite","title":"SQLite","text":"<ul> <li>Basic: <code>Data Source: path\\to\\db.sqlite3; Version=3;</code></li> <li>In-Memory Database: <code>Data Source=:memory:; Version=3; New=True</code></li> <li>With Password: <code>Data Source: path\\to\\db.sqlite3; Version=3; Password=&lt;password&gt;</code></li> </ul>"},{"location":"languages/dotnet/database/ado.net.html#connection-to-db","title":"Connection to DB","text":"C#<pre><code>using System;\nusing System.Data.SqlClient;  // ADO.NET Provider, installed through NuGet\n\nnamespace &lt;namespace&gt;\n{\n    class Program\n    {\n        static void Main(string[] args)\n        {\n            // Connection to SQL Server DBMS\n            SqlConnectionStringBuilder connectionString = new SqlConnectionStringBuilder();\n            connectionString.DataSource = \"&lt;server_name&gt;\";\n            connectionString.UserID = \"&lt;user&gt;\";\n            connectionString.Password = \"&lt;password&gt;\";\n            connectionString.InitialCatalog = \"&lt;database&gt;\";\n\n            // more compact\n            SqlConnectionStringBuilder connectionString = new SqlConnectionStringBuilder(\"Server=&lt;server_name&gt;;Database=&lt;database&gt;;UID=&lt;user&gt;;Pwd=&lt;password&gt;\")\n        }\n    }\n}\n</code></pre>"},{"location":"languages/dotnet/database/ado.net.html#db-interrogation","title":"DB Interrogation","text":""},{"location":"languages/dotnet/database/ado.net.html#sqlconnection","title":"<code>SqlConnection</code>","text":"C#<pre><code>using (SqlConnection connection = new SqlConnection())\n{\n    connection.ConnectionString = connectionString.ConnectionString;\n    connection.Open();  // start communication w/ sql server\n}\n\n// more compact\nusing (SqlConnection connection = new SqlConnection(connectionString)) {\n    connection.Open()\n}\n</code></pre>"},{"location":"languages/dotnet/database/ado.net.html#sqlcommand","title":"SqlCommand","text":"C#<pre><code>string sql = \"&lt;sql_instruction&gt;\";\n\nusing (SqlCommand command = new SqlCommand())\n{\n    command.Connection = connection;  // SqlConnection\n    command.CommandText = \"... @Parameter\";  // or name of StoredProcedure\n\n    // add parameters to the SqlParameterCollection, WARNING: table names or columns cannot be parameters\n    command.Parameters.Add(\"@Parameter\", SqlDbType.&lt;DBType&gt;, columnLength).Value = value;\n    command.Parameters.AddWithValue(\"@Parameter\", value);\n    command.Parameters.AddWithValue(\"@Parameter\", (object) value ?? DBNull.Value);  // if Parameter is nullable\n\n    // Create an instance of a SqlParameter object.\n    command.CreateParameter();\n\n    command.CommandType = CommandType.Text;  // or StoredProcedure\n\n    int affectedRows = command.ExecuteNonQuery();  // execute the query and return the number of affected rows\n}\n</code></pre>"},{"location":"languages/dotnet/database/ado.net.html#sqldatareader","title":"<code>SqlDataReader</code>","text":"C#<pre><code>using (SqlDataReader cursor = command.ExecuteReader())  // object to get data from db\n{\n    while (cursor.Read())  // get data till possible\n    {\n        // preferred methodology\n        cursor[\"&lt;column_name&gt;\"].ToString();  // retrieve data form the column\n        cursor[&lt;column_index&gt;].ToString();  // retrieve data form the column\n\n        // check for null before retrieving the value\n        if(!cursor.IsDBNull(n))\n        {\n            cursor.Get&lt;SystemType&gt;(index);  // retrieve data form the n-th column\n        }\n    }\n}\n</code></pre>"},{"location":"languages/dotnet/database/entity-framework.html","title":"Entity Framework","text":""},{"location":"languages/dotnet/database/entity-framework.html#model-data-annotations","title":"Model &amp; Data Annotations","text":"C#<pre><code>using System;\nusing System.Collections.Generic;\nusing System.ComponentModel.DataAnnotations;\nusing System.Linq;\n\nnamespace &lt;Project&gt;.Model\n{\n    public class Entity\n    {\n        [Key]  // set as PK (Id &amp; EntityId are automatically detected to be PKs)\n        public int Id { get; set; }\n\n        [Required]\n        public Type ForeignObject { get; set; }  // Not Null in DB\n        public Type ForeignObject { get; set; }  // Allow Null in DB\n\n        public int Prop { get; set; }  // Not Null in DB (primitive are not nullable)\n        public int? Prop { get; set; }  // Allow Null in DB\n    }\n}\n</code></pre>"},{"location":"languages/dotnet/database/entity-framework.html#context","title":"Context","text":"<p>NuGet Packages to install:</p> <ul> <li><code>Microsoft.EntityFrameworkCore</code></li> <li><code>Microsoft.EntityFrameworkCore.Tools</code> to use migrations in Visual Studio</li> <li><code>Microsoft.EntityFrameworkCore.Tools.DotNet</code> to use migrations in <code>dotnet</code> cli (<code>dotnet-ef</code>)</li> <li><code>Microsoft.EntityFrameworkCore.Design</code> or <code>Microsoft.EntityFrameworkCore.&lt;db_provider&gt;.Design</code> needed for tools to work (bundled w\\ tools)</li> <li><code>Microsoft.EntityFrameworkCore.&lt;db_provider&gt;</code></li> </ul> C#<pre><code>using Microsoft.EntityFrameworkCore;\n\nnamespace &lt;Project&gt;.Model\n{\n    class Context : DbContext\n    {\n        private const string _connectionString = \"Server=&lt;server_name&gt;;Database=&lt;database&gt;;UID=&lt;user&gt;;Pwd=&lt;password&gt;\";\n\n        // connect to db\n        protected override void OnConfiguring(DbContextOptionsBuilder optionsBuilder)\n        {\n            optionsBuilder.UseSqlServer(_connectionString);  // specify connection\n        }\n\n        // or\n\n        public Context(DbContextOptions options) : base(options)\n        {\n        }\n\n        //DBSet&lt;TEntity&gt; represents the collection of all entities in the context (or that can be queried from the database) of a given type\n        public DbSet&lt;Entity&gt; Entities { get; set; }\n        public DbSet&lt;Entity&gt; Entities =&gt; Set&lt;Entity&gt;();  // with nullable reference types\n    }\n}\n</code></pre>"},{"location":"languages/dotnet/database/entity-framework.html#migrations","title":"Migrations","text":"<p>Create &amp; Update DB Schema if necessary.</p> <p>In Package Manager Shell:</p> PowerShell<pre><code>PM&gt; Add-Migration &lt;migration_name&gt;\nPM&gt; update-database [-Verbose] # use the migrations to modify the db, -Verbose to show SQL queries\n</code></pre> <p>In dotnet cli:</p> PowerShell<pre><code>dotnet tool install --global dotnet-ef  # if not already installed\n\ndotnet ef migrations add &lt;migration_name&gt;\ndotnet ef database update\n</code></pre>"},{"location":"languages/dotnet/database/entity-framework.html#crud","title":"CRUD","text":""},{"location":"languages/dotnet/database/entity-framework.html#create","title":"Create","text":"C#<pre><code>context.Add(entity);\ncontext.AddRange(entities);\n\ncontext.SaveChanges();\n</code></pre>"},{"location":"languages/dotnet/database/entity-framework.html#read","title":"Read","text":"<p>Referenced Object Not Loading Fix</p> C#<pre><code>context.Entities.ToList();\ncontext.Entities.Find(id);\n\n// force read of foreign key identifying referenced obj\ncontext.Entities.Include(c =&gt; c.ForeignObject).Find(id);\n</code></pre>"},{"location":"languages/dotnet/database/entity-framework.html#update","title":"Update","text":"C#<pre><code>context.Entities.Update(entity);\ncontext.UpdateRange(entities);\n\ncontext.SaveChanges();\n</code></pre>"},{"location":"languages/dotnet/database/entity-framework.html#delete","title":"Delete","text":"C#<pre><code>context.Entities.Remove(entity);\ncontext.RemoveRange(entities);\n\ncontext.SaveChanges();\n</code></pre>"},{"location":"languages/html/html.html","title":"HTML","text":""},{"location":"languages/html/html.html#terminology","title":"Terminology","text":"<p>Web design: The process of planning, structuring and creating a website. Web development: The process of programming dynamic web applications. Front end: The outwardly visible elements of a website or application. Back end: The inner workings and functionality of a website or application.</p>"},{"location":"languages/html/html.html#anatomy-of-an-html-element","title":"Anatomy of an HTML Element","text":"<p>Element: Building blocks of web pages, an individual component of HTML. Tag: Opening tag marks the beginning of an element &amp; closing tag marks the end. Tags contain characters that indicate the tag's purpose content.</p> <p><code>&lt;tagname&gt; content &lt;/tagname&gt;</code> </p> <p>Container Element: An element that can contain other elements or content. Stand Alone Element: An element that cannot contain anything else. Attribute: Provides additional information about the HTML element. Placed inside an opening tag, before the right angle bracket. Value: Value is the value assigned to a given attribute. Values must be contained inside quotation marks (\u201c\u201d).</p>"},{"location":"languages/html/html.html#the-doctype","title":"The Doctype","text":"<p>The first thing on an HTML page is the doctype, which tells the browser which version of the markup language the page is using.</p>"},{"location":"languages/html/html.html#xhtml-10-strict","title":"XHTML 1.0 Strict","text":"HTML<pre><code>&lt;!DOCTYPE html PUBLIC \"-//W3C//DTD XHTML 1.0 Strict//EN\"\n \"http://www.w3.org/TR/xhtml1/DTD/xhtml1-strict.dtd\"&gt;\n</code></pre>"},{"location":"languages/html/html.html#html4-transitional","title":"HTML4 Transitional","text":"HTML<pre><code>&lt;!DOCTYPE HTML PUBLIC \"-//W3C//DTD HTML 4.01 Transitional//EN\"\n \"http://www.w3.org/TR/html4/loose.dtd\"&gt;\n</code></pre>"},{"location":"languages/html/html.html#html5","title":"HTML5","text":"<p><code>&lt;!doctype html&gt;</code></p>"},{"location":"languages/html/html.html#the-html-element","title":"The HTML Element","text":"<p>After <code>&lt;doctype&gt;</code>, the page content must be contained between tags.</p> HTML<pre><code>&lt;!doctype html&gt;\n&lt;html lang=\"en\"&gt;\n    &lt;!-- page contents --&gt;\n&lt;/html&gt;\n</code></pre>"},{"location":"languages/html/html.html#the-head-element","title":"The HEAD Element","text":"<p>The head contains the title of the page &amp; meta information about the page. Meta information is not visible to the user, but has many purposes, like providing information to search engines. UTF-8 is a character encoding capable of encoding all possible characters, or code points, defined by Unicode. The encoding is variable-length and uses 8-bit code units.</p> <p>XHTML and HTML4: <code>&lt;meta http-equiv=\"Content-Type\" content=\"text/html; charset=utf-8\"&gt;&lt;/meta&gt;</code></p> <p>HTML5: <code>&lt;meta charset=\"utf-8\"&gt;</code></p>"},{"location":"languages/html/html.html#html-shiv-polyfill","title":"HTML Shiv (Polyfill)","text":"<p>Used to make old browsers understand newer HTML5 and newer components.</p> HTML<pre><code>&lt;!--[if lt IE 9]&gt;\n    &lt;script src=\"https://cdnjs.cloudflare.com/ajax/libs/html5shiv/3.7.3/html5shiv.js\"&gt;&lt;/script&gt;\n&lt;![endif]--&gt;\n</code></pre>"},{"location":"languages/html/html.html#the-body-element","title":"The BODY Element","text":"<p>The body contains the actual content of the page. Everything that is contained in the body is visible to the user.</p> HTML<pre><code>&lt;body&gt;\n    &lt;!-- page contents --&gt;\n&lt;/body&gt;\n</code></pre>"},{"location":"languages/html/html.html#javascript","title":"JavaScript","text":"<p>XHTML and older: <code>&lt;script src=\"js/scripts.js\" type=\"text/javascript\"&gt;&lt;/script&gt;</code> HTML5: <code>&lt;script src=\"js/scripts.js\"&gt;&lt;/script&gt;</code>  (HTML5 spec states that <code>type</code> attribute is redundant and should be omitted) The <code>&lt;script&gt;</code> tag is used to define a client-side script (JavaScript). The <code>&lt;script&gt;</code> element either contains scripting statements, or it points to an external script file through the src attribute.</p>"},{"location":"languages/html/html.html#local-remote-or-inline-javascript","title":"Local, Remote or Inline JavaScript","text":"<p>Remote: <code>&lt;script src=\"//ajax.googleapis.com/ajax/libs/jquery/1.10.2/jquery.min.js\"&gt;&lt;/script&gt;</code> Local: <code>&lt;script src=\"js/main.js\"&gt;&lt;/script&gt;</code> Inline: <code>&lt;script&gt; javascript-code-here &lt;/script&gt;</code></p>"},{"location":"languages/html/html.html#forms","title":"Forms","text":"<p>Forms allow to collect data from the user:</p> <ul> <li>signing up and logging in to websites</li> <li>entering personal information</li> <li>filtering content (using dropdowns, checkboxes)</li> <li>performing a search</li> <li>uploading files</li> </ul> <p>Forms contain elements called controls (text inputs, checkboxes, radio buttons, submit buttons). When users complete a form the data is usually submitted to a web server for processing.  </p>"},{"location":"languages/html/html.html#form-validation","title":"Form Validation","text":"<p>Validation is a mechanism to ensure the correctness of user input.</p> <p>Uses of Validation:</p> <ul> <li>Make sure that all required information has been entered</li> <li>Limit the information to certain types (e.g. only numbers)</li> <li>Make sure that the information follows a standard (e.g. email, credit card number)</li> <li>Limit the information to a certain length</li> <li>Other validation required by the application or the back-end services</li> </ul>"},{"location":"languages/html/html.html#front-end-validation","title":"Front-End Validation","text":"<p>The application should validate all information to make sure that it is complete, free of errors and conforms to the specifications required by the back-end. It should contain mechanisms to warn users if input is not complete or correct. It should avoid to send \"bad\" data to the back-end.  </p>"},{"location":"languages/html/html.html#back-end-validation","title":"Back-End Validation","text":"<p>It should never trust that the front-end has done validation since some clever users can bypass the front-end mechanisms easily. Back-end services can receive data from other services, not necessarily front-end, that don't perform validation.  </p>"},{"location":"languages/html/html.html#built-in-validation","title":"Built-In Validation","text":"<p>Not all browsers validate in the same way and some follow the specs partially. Some browsers don't have validation at all (older desktop browsers, some mobile browsers). Apart from declaring validation intention with HTML5 developers don't have much control over what the browser actually does. Before using build-in validation make sure that it's supported by the target browsers.</p>"},{"location":"languages/html/html.html#validation-with-javascript","title":"Validation with JavaScript","text":"<ul> <li>Gives the developer more control.</li> <li>The developer can make sure it works on all target browsers.</li> <li>Requires a lot of custom coding, or using a library (common practice).</li> </ul>"},{"location":"languages/html/html.html#general-structure-of-html-page","title":"General structure of HTML page","text":"HTML<pre><code>&lt;!-- HTML Boilerplate --&gt;\n&lt;!DOCTYPE html&gt;\n&lt;html lang=\"en\"&gt;\n    &lt;head&gt;\n        &lt;!-- meta tag --&gt;\n        &lt;meta charset=\"utf-8\"&gt;\n        &lt;title&gt;&lt;/title&gt;\n        &lt;meta name=\"description\" content=\"\"&gt;\n        &lt;meta name=\"author\" content=\"\"&gt;\n\n        &lt;!-- adapt page dimensions to device --&gt;\n        &lt;meta name=\"viewport\" content=\"width=device-width, initial-scale=1.0\"&gt;\n\n        &lt;!-- external style sheet here --&gt;\n        &lt;link rel=\"stylesheet\" href=\"path/style-sheet.css\"&gt;\n\n        &lt;!-- script if necessary --&gt;\n        &lt;script src=\"_.js\" type=\"text/javascript\"&gt;&lt;/script&gt;\n\n        &lt;!-- script is executed only after the page finishes loading--&gt;\n        &lt;script src=\"_.js\" defer type=\"text/javascript\"&gt;&lt;/script&gt;\n    &lt;/head&gt;\n    &lt;body&gt;\n\n        &lt;!-- end of body --&gt;\n        &lt;script src=\"_.js\" type=\"text/javascript\"&gt;&lt;/script&gt;\n    &lt;/body&gt;\n&lt;/html&gt;\n</code></pre> <p>Attributes describe additional characteristics of an HTML element. <code>&lt;tagname attribute=\"value\"&gt; content &lt;/tagname&gt;</code></p>"},{"location":"languages/html/html.html#meta-tag-structure","title":"Meta Tag Structure","text":"<p><code>&lt;meta name=\"info-name\" content=\"info-content\"&gt;</code></p>"},{"location":"languages/html/html.html#paragraph","title":"Paragraph","text":"<p>Paragraphs allow to format the content in a readable fashion.</p> HTML<pre><code>&lt;p&gt; paragraph-content &lt;/p&gt;\n&lt;p&gt; paragraph-content &lt;/p&gt;\n</code></pre>"},{"location":"languages/html/html.html#headings","title":"Headings","text":"<p>Heading numbers indicates hierarchy, not size.</p> HTML<pre><code>&lt;h1&gt; Heading 1 &lt;/h1&gt;\n&lt;h2&gt; Heading 2 &lt;/h2&gt;\n</code></pre>"},{"location":"languages/html/html.html#formatted-text","title":"Formatted Text","text":"<p>With semantic value:</p> <ul> <li>Emphasized text (default cursive): <code>&lt;em&gt;&lt;/em&gt;</code> </li> <li>Important text (default bold): <code>&lt;strong&gt;&lt;/strong&gt;</code> </li> </ul> <p>Without semantic value, used as last resort:</p> <ul> <li>Italic text: <code>&lt;i&gt;&lt;/i&gt;</code> </li> <li>Bold text: <code>&lt;b&gt;&lt;/b&gt;</code></li> </ul>"},{"location":"languages/html/html.html#elements","title":"Elements","text":"<p><code>&lt;br/&gt;</code>: Line break (carriage return). It's not good practice to put line breaks inside paragraphs.  </p> <p><code>&lt;hr&gt;</code>: horizontal rule (line). Used to define a thematic change in the content.</p>"},{"location":"languages/html/html.html#linksanchor","title":"Links/Anchor","text":"<p>Surround content to turn into links.</p> HTML<pre><code>&lt;!-- Link to absolute URL --&gt;\n&lt;a href=\"uri/url\" title=\"content-title\" target=\"_self\"&gt; text/image &lt;/a&gt;\n\n&lt;!-- links to relative URL --&gt;\n&lt;a href=\"//example.com\"&gt;Scheme-relative URL&lt;/a&gt;\n&lt;a href=\"/en-US/docs/Web/HTML\"&gt;Origin-relative URL&lt;/a&gt;\n&lt;a href=\"./file\"&gt;Directory-relative URL&lt;/a&gt;\n\n&lt;!-- Link to element on the same page --&gt;\n&lt;a href=\"#element-id\"&gt;&lt;/a&gt;\n\n&lt;!-- Link to top of page --&gt;\n&lt;a href=\"#top\"&gt; Back to Top &lt;/a&gt;\n\n&lt;!-- link to email --&gt;\n&lt;a href=\"mailto:address@domain\"&gt;address@domain&lt;/a&gt;\n\n&lt;!-- link to telephone number --&gt;\n&lt;a href=\"tel:+39(111)2223334\"&gt;+39 111 2223334&lt;/a&gt;\n\n&lt;!-- download link --&gt;\n&lt;a href=\"./folder/filename\" download&gt;Download&lt;/a&gt;\n</code></pre> <p><code>target</code>:</p> <ul> <li><code>_blank</code>: opens linked document in a new window or tab</li> <li><code>_self</code>: opens linked document in the same frame as it was clicked (DEFAULT)</li> <li><code>_parent</code>: opens the linked document in the parent frame</li> <li><code>_top</code>: opens linked document in the full body of the window</li> <li><code>frame-name</code>: opens the linked document in the specified frame</li> </ul>"},{"location":"languages/html/html.html#images","title":"Images","text":"HTML<pre><code>&lt;img src=\"image-location\" alt=\"brief-description\"/&gt;    &lt;!-- image element --&gt;\n&lt;!-- alt should be always be populated for accessibility and SEO purposes --&gt;\n</code></pre> HTML<pre><code>&lt;!-- supported by modern browsers --&gt;\n&lt;figure&gt;\n    &lt;img src=\"img-location\" alt=\"description\"&gt;\n    &lt;figcaption&gt; caption of the figure &lt;/figcaption&gt;\n&lt;/figure&gt;\n</code></pre>"},{"location":"languages/html/html.html#unordered-list-bullet-list","title":"Unordered list (bullet list)","text":"HTML<pre><code>&lt;ul&gt;\n    &lt;li&gt;&lt;/li&gt;    &lt;!-- list element --&gt;\n    &lt;li&gt;&lt;/li&gt;\n&lt;/ul&gt;\n</code></pre>"},{"location":"languages/html/html.html#ordered-list-numbered-list","title":"Ordered list (numbered list)","text":"HTML<pre><code>&lt;ol&gt;\n    &lt;li&gt;&lt;/li&gt;\n    &lt;li&gt;&lt;/li&gt;\n&lt;/ol&gt;\n</code></pre>"},{"location":"languages/html/html.html#description-list-list-of-terms-and-descriptions","title":"Description list (list of terms and descriptions)","text":"HTML<pre><code>&lt;dl&gt;\n    &lt;dt&gt;term&lt;/dt&gt;    &lt;!-- define term/name --&gt;\n    &lt;dd&gt;definition&lt;/dd&gt; &lt;!-- describe term/name --&gt;\n    &lt;dt&gt;term&lt;/dt&gt;\n    &lt;dd&gt;definition&lt;/dd&gt;\n&lt;/dl&gt;\n</code></pre>"},{"location":"languages/html/html.html#tables","title":"Tables","text":"HTML<pre><code>&lt;table&gt;\n    &lt;thead&gt;    &lt;!-- table head row --&gt;\n        &lt;th&gt;&lt;/th&gt; &lt;!-- table head, one for each column--&gt;\n        &lt;th&gt;&lt;/th&gt;\n    &lt;/thead&gt;\n    &lt;tbody&gt;    &lt;!-- table content (body) --&gt;\n        &lt;tr&gt; &lt;!-- table row --&gt;\n            &lt;td&gt;&lt;/td&gt; &lt;!-- table cell --&gt;\n            &lt;td&gt;&lt;/td&gt;\n        &lt;/tr&gt;\n    &lt;/tbody&gt;\n&lt;/table&gt;\n</code></pre>"},{"location":"languages/html/html.html#character-codes","title":"Character Codes","text":"Code Character <code>&amp;copy;</code> Copyright <code>&amp;lt;</code> less than (<code>&lt;</code>) <code>&amp;gt;</code> greater than (<code>&gt;</code>) <code>&amp;amp;</code> ampersand (<code>&amp;</code>)"},{"location":"languages/html/html.html#block-element","title":"Block Element","text":"<p>Used to group elements together into sections, eventually to style them differently.</p> HTML<pre><code>&lt;div&gt;\n    &lt;!-- content here --&gt;\n&lt;/div&gt;\n</code></pre>"},{"location":"languages/html/html.html#inline-element","title":"Inline Element","text":"<p>Used to apply a specific style inline.</p> HTML<pre><code>&lt;p&gt; non-styled content &lt;span class=\"...\"&gt; styled content &lt;/span&gt; non-styled content &lt;/p&gt;\n</code></pre>"},{"location":"languages/html/html.html#html5-new-tags","title":"HTML5 new tags","text":"HTML<pre><code>&lt;header&gt;&lt;/header&gt;\n&lt;nav&gt;&lt;/nav&gt;\n&lt;main&gt;&lt;/main&gt;\n&lt;section&gt;&lt;/section&gt;\n&lt;article&gt;&lt;/article&gt;\n&lt;aside&gt;&lt;/aside&gt;\n&lt;footer&gt;&lt;/footer&gt;\n</code></pre>"},{"location":"languages/html/html.html#html-forms-inputs","title":"HTML Forms &amp; Inputs","text":"HTML<pre><code>&lt;form action=\"data-receiver\" target=\"\" method=\"http-method\"&gt;\n    &lt;!-- ALL form elements go here --&gt;\n&lt;/form&gt;\n</code></pre> <p>Target:</p> <ul> <li><code>_blank</code>: submitted result will open in a new browser tab</li> <li><code>_self</code>: submitted result will open in the same page (default)</li> </ul> <p>Method:</p> <ul> <li><code>get</code>: data sent via get method is visible in the browser's address bar</li> <li><code>post</code>: data sent via post in not visible to the user</li> </ul> <p>PROs &amp; CONs of <code>GET</code> method:</p> <ul> <li>Data sent by the GET method is displayed in the URL</li> <li>It is possible to bookmark the page with specific query string values</li> <li>Not suitable for passing sensitive information such as the username and password</li> <li>The length of the URL is limited</li> </ul> <p>PROs &amp; CONs of <code>POST</code> method:</p> <ul> <li>More secure than GET; information is never visible in the URL query string or in the server logs</li> <li>Has a much larger limit on the amount of data that can be sent</li> <li>Can send text data as well as binary data (uploading a file)</li> <li>Not possible to bookmark the page with the query</li> </ul>"},{"location":"languages/html/html.html#basic-form-elements","title":"Basic Form Elements","text":"HTML<pre><code>&lt;form action=\"\" method=\"\"&gt;\n    &lt;label for=\"target-identifier\"&gt;label-here&lt;/label&gt;\n    &lt;input type=\"input-type\" name=\"input-name\" value=\"value-sent\" id=\"target-identifier\"&gt;\n&lt;/form&gt;\n\n&lt;!-- SAME AS --&gt;\n\n&lt;form&gt;\n    &lt;label&gt;Label:\n        &lt;input type=\"input-type\" name=\"input-name\" value=\"value-sent\" id=\"target-identifier\"&gt;\n    &lt;/label&gt;\n&lt;/form&gt;\n</code></pre> <p>Note: The <code>&lt;label&gt;</code> tag is used to define the labels for <code>&lt;input&gt;</code> elements.</p> <p>Input Attributes:</p> <ul> <li><code>name</code>: assigns a name to the form control (used by JavaScript and queries)</li> <li><code>value</code>: value to be sent to the server when the option is selected</li> <li><code>id</code>: identifier for CSS and linking tags</li> <li><code>checked</code>: initially selected or not (radiobutton, checkboxes, ...)</li> <li><code>selected</code>: default selection of a dropdown</li> </ul>"},{"location":"languages/html/html.html#text-field","title":"Text Field","text":"<p>One line areas that allow the user to input text.  </p> HTML<pre><code>&lt;input type=\"text\" placeholder=\"placeholder-text\" spellcheck=\"true\" pattern=\"\\regex\\\"&gt;\n</code></pre> <p>Note: Text inputs can display a placeholder text that will disappear as soon as some text is entered</p>"},{"location":"languages/html/html.html#password-field","title":"Password Field","text":"HTML<pre><code>&lt;input type=\"password\"&gt;\n</code></pre>"},{"location":"languages/html/html.html#radio-buttons","title":"Radio Buttons","text":"HTML<pre><code>&lt;input type=\"radio\" value=\"value\"&gt;\n&lt;input type=\"radio\" value=\"value\" checked&gt;\n</code></pre>"},{"location":"languages/html/html.html#checkboxes","title":"Checkboxes","text":"HTML<pre><code>&lt;input type=\"checkbox\"&gt;\n&lt;input type=\"checkbox\" checked&gt;\n</code></pre>"},{"location":"languages/html/html.html#dropdown-menus","title":"Dropdown Menus","text":"HTML<pre><code>&lt;select multiple&gt;\n    &lt;option value=\"value\"&gt;Value&lt;/option&gt;\n    &lt;option value=\"value\"&gt;Value&lt;/option&gt;\n    &lt;option value=\"value\" selected&gt;Value&lt;/option&gt;\n&lt;/select&gt;\n</code></pre> <p>Use <code>&lt;select&gt;</code> rather than radio buttons when the number of options to choose from is large <code>selected</code> is used rather than checked. Provides the ability to select multiple options. Conceptually, <code>&lt;select&gt;</code> becomes more similar to checkboxes.</p>"},{"location":"languages/html/html.html#file-select","title":"File Select","text":"<p>Upload a local file as an attachment. The <code>accept</code> attribute value is a string that defines the file types the file input should accept. This string is a comma-separated list of unique file type specifiers.</p> HTML<pre><code>&lt;input type=\"file\" value=\"filename\" accept=\".txt,application/json,audio/*\"&gt;\n</code></pre>"},{"location":"languages/html/html.html#text-area","title":"Text Area","text":"<p>Multi line text input.</p> HTML<pre><code>&lt;textarea rows=\"row-number\" cols=\"column-number\" &gt;pre-existing editable test&lt;/textarea&gt;\n</code></pre>"},{"location":"languages/html/html.html#submit-reset","title":"Submit &amp; Reset","text":"HTML<pre><code>&lt;input type=\"submit\" value=\"label\"&gt;\n&lt;input type=\"reset\" value=\"label\"&gt;\n&lt;!-- OR --&gt;\n&lt;button type=\"submit\" value=\"label\"&gt;\n&lt;button type=\"reset\" value=\"label\"&gt;\n</code></pre> <p><code>submit</code>: sends the form data to the location specified in the action attribute. <code>reset</code>: resets all forms controls to the default values.</p>"},{"location":"languages/html/html.html#button","title":"Button","text":"HTML<pre><code>&lt;button type=\"button/reset/submit\" value=\"label\"/&gt;\n\n&lt;!-- can contain HTML --&gt;\n&lt;button type=\"button/reset/submit\" value=\"lebel\"&gt;&lt;/button&gt;\n</code></pre>"},{"location":"languages/html/html.html#fieldset","title":"Fieldset","text":"<p>Group controls into categories. Particularly important for screen readers.</p> HTML<pre><code>&lt;fieldset&gt;\n    &lt;legend&gt;Color&lt;/legend&gt;\n    &lt;input type=\"radio\" name=\"colour\" value=\"red\" id=\"colour_red\"&gt;\n    &lt;label for=\"colour_red\"&gt;Red&lt;/label&gt;\n    &lt;input type=\"radio\" name=\"colour\" value=\"green\" id=\"colour_green\"&gt;\n    &lt;label for=\"colour_green\"&gt;Green&lt;/label&gt;\n    &lt;input type=\"radio\" name=\"colour\" value=\"blue\" id=\"colour_blue\"&gt;\n    &lt;label for=\"colour_blue\"&gt;Red&lt;/label&gt;\n&lt;/fieldset&gt;\n</code></pre>"},{"location":"languages/html/html.html#email-field","title":"Email Field","text":"<p>Used to receive a valid e-mail address from the user. Most browsers can validate this without needing javascript. Older browsers don't support this input type.</p> HTML<pre><code>&lt;form&gt;\n    &lt;label for=\"user-email\"&gt;Email:&lt;/label&gt;\n    &lt;input type=\"email\" name=\"user-email\" id=\"form-email\"&gt;\n    &lt;button type=\"submit\"&gt;Send&lt;/button&gt;\n&lt;/form&gt;\n</code></pre>"},{"location":"languages/html/html.html#progress-bar","title":"Progress Bar","text":"HTML<pre><code>&lt;progress max=\"100\" value=\"70\"&gt; 70% &lt;/progress&gt;\n</code></pre>"},{"location":"languages/html/html.html#slider","title":"Slider","text":"HTML<pre><code>&lt;input type=\"range\" min=\"0\" max=\"20\"&gt;\n</code></pre>"},{"location":"languages/html/html.html#meter","title":"Meter","text":"<p>The <code>&lt;meter&gt;</code> HTML element represents either a scalar value within a known range or a fractional value.</p> HTML<pre><code>&lt;meter min=\"0\" max=\"100\" low=\"33\" high=\"66\" optimum=\"80\" value=\"50\"&gt;current value&lt;/meter&gt;\n</code></pre>"},{"location":"languages/html/html.html#datalist-autocomplete","title":"Datalist (Autocomplete)","text":"<p>The <code>datalist</code> HTML element can provide suggestions to an input that targets it's <code>id</code> with the <code>list</code> attribute.</p> HTML<pre><code>&lt;input list=\"items\"&gt;\n\n&lt;datalist id=\"items\"&gt;\n    &lt;option value=\"value-1\"&gt;\n    &lt;option value=\"value-2\"&gt;\n    &lt;option value=\"value-3\"&gt;\n&lt;/datalist&gt;\n</code></pre>"},{"location":"languages/html/html.html#more-input-types","title":"More Input Types","text":"HTML<pre><code>&lt;input type=\"email\" id=\"email\" name=\"email\" /&gt;\n&lt;input type=\"url\" id=\"url\" name=\"url\" /&gt;\n&lt;input type=\"number\" name=\"\" id=\"identifier\" min=\"min-value\" max=\"max-value\" step=\"\" /&gt;\n&lt;input type=\"search\" id=\"identifier\" name=\"\"&gt;\n&lt;input type=\"color\" /&gt;\n</code></pre>"},{"location":"languages/html/html.html#using-built-in-form-validation","title":"Using Built-In Form Validation","text":"<p>One of the most significant features of HTML5 form controls is the ability to validate most user data without relying on JavaScript. This is done by using validation attributes on form elements.</p> <ul> <li><code>required</code>: Specifies whether a form field needs to be filled in before the form can be submitted.</li> <li><code>minlength</code>, <code>maxlength</code>: Specifies the minimum and maximum length of textual data (strings)</li> <li><code>min</code>, <code>max</code>: Specifies the minimum and maximum values of numerical input types</li> <li><code>type</code>: Specifies whether the data needs to be a number, an email address, or some other specific preset type.</li> <li><code>pattern</code>: Specifies a regular expression that defines a pattern the entered data needs to follow.</li> </ul> <p>If the data entered in an form field follows all of the rules specified by the above attributes, it is considered valid. If not, it is considered invalid.</p> <p>When an element is valid, the following things are true:</p> <ul> <li>The element matches the <code>:valid</code> CSS pseudo-class, which lets you apply a specific style to valid elements.</li> <li>If the user tries to send the data, the browser will submit the form, provided there is nothing else stopping it from doing so (e.g. JavaScript).</li> </ul> <p>When an element is invalid, the following things are true:</p> <ul> <li>The element matches the <code>:invalid</code> CSS pseudo-class, and sometimes other UI pseudo-classes (e.g. <code>:out-of-range</code>) depending on the error, which lets you apply a specific style to invalid elements.</li> <li>If the user tries to send the data, the browser will block the form and display an error message.</li> </ul>"},{"location":"languages/java/dao.html","title":"Database Access Object","text":""},{"location":"languages/java/dao.html#db","title":"DB","text":"<p>Connection to the DB.</p> Java<pre><code>package dao;\n\nimport java.sql.Connection;\nimport java.sql.DriverManager;\nimport java.sql.SQLException;\n\npublic class DB {\n\n    private Connection conn;  // db connection obj\n\n    private final String URL = \"jdbc:&lt;dbms&gt;:&lt;db_url&gt;/&lt;database&gt;\";\n    private final String USER = \"\";\n    private final String PWD = \"\";\n\n    public DB() {\n        this.conn = null;\n    }\n\n    public void connect() {\n        try {\n            this.conn = DriverManager.getConnection(URL, USER, PWD);\n        } catch (SQLException e) {\n            e.printStackTrace();\n        }\n    }\n\n    public void disconnect() {\n        if(conn != null) {\n            try {\n                this.conn.close();\n            } catch (SQLException e) {\n                e.printStackTrace();\n            }\n        }\n    }\n\n    public Connection getConn() {\n        return conn;\n    }\n}\n</code></pre>"},{"location":"languages/java/dao.html#itypedao","title":"<code>I&lt;Type&gt;DAO</code>","text":"<p>Interface for CRUD methods on a database.</p> Java<pre><code>package dao;\n\nimport java.sql.SQLException;\nimport java.util.List;\n\npublic interface I&lt;Type&gt;DAO {\n\n    String RAW_QUERY = \"SELECT * ...\"\n    public Type Query() throws SQLException;\n}\n</code></pre>"},{"location":"languages/java/dao.html#typedao","title":"<code>&lt;Type&gt;DAO</code>","text":"<p>Class implementing <code>I&lt;Type&gt;DAO</code> and handling the communication with the db.</p> Java<pre><code>package dao;\n\nimport java.sql.ResultSet;\nimport java.sql.SQLException;\nimport java.sql.Statement;\n\npublic class &lt;Type&gt;DAO implements I&lt;Type&gt;DAO {\n\n    private &lt;Type&gt; results;\n\n    private Statement statement;  // SQL instruction container\n    private ResultSet rs;  // Query results container\n    private DB db;\n\n    public &lt;Type&gt;DAO() {\n        db = new DB();\n    }\n\n    @Override\n    public Type Query() throws SQLException {\n        // 1. connection\n        db.connect();\n\n        // 2. instruction\n        statement = db.getConn().createStatement();  // statement creation\n\n        // 3. query\n        rs = statement.executeQuery(RAW_QUERY);  // set the query\n\n        // 4. results\n        while(rs.next()) {\n            // create and valorize Obj\n            // add to results\n        }\n\n        // 5. disconnection\n        db.disconnect()\n\n        // 6. return results\n        return results;\n    }\n}\n</code></pre>"},{"location":"languages/java/java-collection-framework.html","title":"Java Collection Framework - JCF","text":"<p>All classes that permit the handling of groups of objects constitute the Java Collection Framework.</p> <p>A Collection is a container in which several objects are grouped in a single entity.</p> <p>The Java Collection Framework is constituted by:</p> <ul> <li>Interfaces the define the operations of a generic collection. They can be split into two categories:</li> <li>Collection: used to optimize operations of insertion, modification and deletion of elements in a group of objects.</li> <li>Map: optimized for look-up operations.</li> <li>Classes that implement the interfaces using different data structures.</li> <li>Algorithms consisting in methods to operate over a collection.</li> </ul> <p></p>"},{"location":"languages/java/java-collection-framework.html#javautilcollections","title":"java.util.Collections","text":""},{"location":"languages/java/java-collection-framework.html#collection-functions","title":"Collection Functions","text":"Java<pre><code>boolean add (Object o) e.g., &lt;x&gt;.add (&lt;y&gt;)    //append to collection, false if fails\nboolean add (int index, Object o)    //insertion at given index\nboolean addAll (Collection c)    //appends a collection to another\nvoid clear()     //remove items from container\nboolean contains (Object o)    //true if object is in collection\nboolean containsAll (Collection c)    //true if all items of collection are in another\nboolean isEmpty (Object o) e.g., if (&lt;x&gt;.isEmpty()) ...    //true if collection is empty\nboolean remove (Object o)    //remove object from collection\nObject remove (int index)    //remove object at given index\nvoid removeAll (Collection c)    //remove all items form collection\nint size ()    //number og items in collection\nObject [] toArray()    //transform collection in array\nIterator iterator()    //returns iterator to iterate over the collection\n</code></pre>"},{"location":"languages/java/java-collection-framework.html#collections-methods","title":"Collections Methods","text":"Java<pre><code>Collection&lt;E&gt;.forEach(Consumer&lt;? super T&gt; action);\n</code></pre>"},{"location":"languages/java/java-collection-framework.html#iterator","title":"Iterator","text":"<p>Abstracts the problem of iterating over all the elements of a collection;</p> <ul> <li><code>public Iterator (Collection c)</code> creates the Iterator</li> <li><code>public boolean hasNext()</code> checks if there is a successive element</li> <li><code>public Object next()</code> extracts the successive element</li> </ul>"},{"location":"languages/java/java-collection-framework.html#arraylist","title":"ArrayList","text":"<p>Note: ArrayLists can't contain primitive values. Use wrapper classes instead.</p> Java<pre><code>import java.util.ArrayList;\nArrayList&lt;Type&gt; ArrayListName = new ArrayList&lt;Type&gt;(starting_dim);    //resizable array\nArrayList&lt;Type&gt; ArrayListName = new ArrayList&lt;Type&gt;();    //resizable array\nArrayList&lt;Type&gt; ArrayListName = new ArrayList&lt;&gt;();    //resizable array (JAVA 1.8+)\n\n\nArrayListName.add(item);    //append item to collection\nArrayListName.add(index, item);  // add item at position index, shift all item from index and successive towards the end af the ArrayList\nArrayListName.set(index, item);  // substitute EXISTING item\nArrayListName.get(index);    //access to collection item\nArrayListName.remove(item)    //remove first occurrence of item from collection\nArrayListName.remove(index)    //remove item at position index\nArrayListName.clear()    //empties the ArrayList\nArrayListName.contains(object);  // check if object is in the ArrayList\nArrayListName.IndexOf(object);  // returns the index of the object\nArrayListName.isEmpty();  // check wether the list is empty\n\nArrayListName.size();    //dimension of the ArrayList\nArrayListName.tirmToSize();  // reduce ArrayList size to minimum needed\n// ArrayList size doubles when a resize is needed.\n\n//run through to the collection with functional programming (JAVA 1.8+)\nArrayListName.forEach(item -&gt; function(v));\n</code></pre>"},{"location":"languages/java/java-collection-framework.html#collection-sorting","title":"Collection Sorting","text":"<p>To sort a collection it's items must implement <code>Comparable&lt;T&gt;</code>:</p> Java<pre><code>class ClassName implements Comparable&lt;ClassName&gt; {\n\n    @override\n    public int compareTo(Classname other){\n        //compare logic\n        return &lt;int&gt;;\n    }\n}\n\nList&lt;ClassName&gt; list;\n//valorize List\nCollections.sort(list);    //\"natural\" sorting uses compareTo()\n</code></pre> <p>Otherwise a <code>Comparator()</code> must be implemented:</p> Java<pre><code>class Classname {\n    //code here\n}\n\n// Interface object (!) implements directly a method\nComparator&lt;ClassName&gt; comparator = new Comparator&lt;ClassName&gt;() {\n\n    @Override\n    public int compare(ClassName o1, Classname o2) {\n        //compare logic\n        return &lt;int&gt;;\n    }\n};\n\nList&lt;ClassName&gt; list;\n//valorize List\nCollections.sort(list, comparator);    //\"natural\" sorting uses compareTo()\n</code></pre> <p><code>Comparator&lt;T&gt;</code> and <code>Comparable&lt;T&gt;</code> are functional interfaces</p>"},{"location":"languages/java/java.html","title":"Java","text":"Java<pre><code>//single line comment\n/* multi line comment */\n/** javaDoc docstring */\n</code></pre> Java element Case package lowercase class PascalCase variable camelCase method camelCase"},{"location":"languages/java/java.html#basics","title":"Basics","text":"<p>Package definition: <code>package &lt;package_location&gt;;</code></p>"},{"location":"languages/java/java.html#main-method-entry-point-of-algorithm","title":"Main Method (entry point of algorithm)","text":"Java<pre><code>public static void main (String[] args) {\n    //code here\n}\n</code></pre>"},{"location":"languages/java/java.html#variable-assignment","title":"Variable Assignment","text":"<p><code>Type variable_1 = &lt;expr&gt;, ..., variable_n = &lt;expr&gt;;</code></p>"},{"location":"languages/java/java.html#constant-definition-outside-of-main-methodfunction","title":"Constant Definition (outside of main method/function)","text":"Java<pre><code>public static final Type CONSTANT_NAME = value;\npublic static final double PI = 3.14159;   //example\n</code></pre>"},{"location":"languages/java/java.html#constant-definition-inside-main-methodfunction","title":"Constant Definition (inside main method/function)","text":"Java<pre><code>final Type CONSTANT_NAME = value;\nfinal double PI = 3.14159;   //example\n</code></pre>"},{"location":"languages/java/java.html#screen-output","title":"Screen Output","text":"Java<pre><code>System.out.println(output_1 + _ + output_n);   //newline at every invocation\nSystem.out.print(output_1 + _ + output_n);\n</code></pre>"},{"location":"languages/java/java.html#output-formatting","title":"Output Formatting","text":"<p>String.format() Examples</p> Java<pre><code>System.out.printf(\"string %..\", variable);\nSystem.out.println(String.format(format, args));\n</code></pre> <p>Methods inherited from C. The value pf the variable substitutes %. <code>%d</code> int, <code>%f</code> float, <code>%c</code> char, <code>%s</code> string, <code>%e</code> scientific notation. <code>%digitNumber.decimalDigitNumber</code> specifies the space occupied by the output.</p> <p><code>NumberFormat</code> class is used to format a number output.</p> Java<pre><code>Locale locale = new Locale(\"language\", \"country\");  // as defined by IETF lang tag, RCF 5646, RCF 4647\nNumberFormat fmt = NumberFormat.getCurrencyInstance(locale);  // format a number as a currency based on a Locale\nfmt.format(number);  // apply format to a number, returns a String\n</code></pre>"},{"location":"languages/java/java.html#keyboard-input","title":"Keyboard Input","text":"Java<pre><code>import java.util.Scanner;   //package import\nScanner scanner = new Scanner(System.in);  //Scanner obj init\nscanner.useDelimiter(\"delimitatore\");   //delimiter setting\nscanner.close()  //closing of Scanner, releases memory\n\nint variable_int_1 = scanner.nextInt();   //takes integer number\nString string_1 = scanner.nextLine();   //takes line of text (\\n ends line)\nString string_1 = scanner.next();   //takes text (space ends word)\ndouble variable_double_1 = scanner.nextDouble();  //takes double decimal number\nboolean variable_bool = scanner.nextBoolean();  //takes boolean value\n//(TRUE, FALSE, true, false, True, False)\n</code></pre> <p>The <code>nextLine()</code> method imports from the last <code>\\n</code>. Thus when switching to a different input method is necessary to call <code>nextLine()</code> one more time to avoid errors.</p>"},{"location":"languages/java/java.html#primitive-types","title":"Primitive Types","text":"Java<pre><code>TYPE        WRAPPER     SIZE        MIN_VALUE               MAX_VALUE\nint         Integer                 -2147483648             2147483647\nbyte        Byte        8 bit       -128                    127\nshort       Short       16 bit      -32768                  32767\nlong - L    Long        32 bit      -9223372036854775808    9223372036854775807\nfloat - f   Float       32 bit      1.4 * 10^-45            3.4028235 * 10^38\ndouble - d  Double      64 bit      4.9 * 10^-324           1.7976931348623157 * 10^308\nchar        Character   16 bit      U+0000 (0)              U+FFFF (65535)\nboolean     Boolean                 false                   true\n</code></pre> <p>Digits can be separated by _ (underscore). If not specified int &amp; double are the default types.</p>"},{"location":"languages/java/java.html#floating-point-numbers-precision-calcs","title":"Floating-Point numbers &amp; Precision Calcs","text":"<p>Don't use <code>==</code> or <code>!=</code> to confront floating value numbers since they use approximation or have a lot of digits. It's best to check if the difference between two numbers is small enough. For high precision calcs is best to use <code>BigDecimal</code>.</p>"},{"location":"languages/java/java.html#type-conversion-casting-type-checking","title":"Type Conversion (casting) &amp; Type checking","text":"Java<pre><code>Type variable = (Type) &lt;expression&gt;;  // convert to other Type\nvar instanceof Type;  // true if var is an instance of Type\n</code></pre>"},{"location":"languages/java/java.html#wrapper-classes","title":"Wrapper Classes","text":"<p>Every primitive type has a corresponding wrapper class. Wrapper classes permits the creation of an object with the same type of a primitive type but with added methods and constants.</p> Java<pre><code>WrapperClass objectName = new WrapperClass(primitiveValue);  //declaration\nWrapperClass objectName = primitiveValue;  //shortened declaration\n\n\nType variable = object.&lt;Type&gt;Value();  //unboxing\nType variable = object;  //autoboxing\nType variable = new WrapperClass(primitiveValue);  //automatic unboxing\n\nWrapperClass.MIN_VALUE  //constant holding min possible value of wrapper class\nWrapperClass.MAX_VALUE  //constant holding man possible value of wrapper class\n\nWrapperClass.parseClasseWrapper(string);  // converts the tring to the wrapper class, NumberFOrmatException on error\nWrapperClass.toString(primitive);  // converts the wrapper class value to a string\n</code></pre>"},{"location":"languages/java/java.html#string-char","title":"String &amp; Char","text":"Java<pre><code>String string = \"text\";  //strings always in double quotes\nchar character = 'C';  //chars always in single quotes\n</code></pre>"},{"location":"languages/java/java.html#special-characters","title":"Special Characters","text":"Escape Character Character <code>\\n</code> new line <code>\\t</code> tab <code>\\b</code> backspace <code>\\r</code> carriage return <code>\\f</code> form feed <code>\\\\</code> backslash <code>\\\"</code> double quote <code>\\u&lt;4_hex_digits&gt;</code> unicode characters <code>\\x&lt;digits&gt;</code> hexadecimal characters <code>\\o&lt;digits&gt;</code> octal characters <code>\\&lt;digits&gt;</code> ASCII character"},{"location":"languages/java/java.html#string-concatenation","title":"String Concatenation","text":"<p>The value of the variable is appende to the string literal. <code>\"text\" + variable</code> String are immutable. Concatenation creates a new string.</p>"},{"location":"languages/java/java.html#string-conversion-to-number","title":"String Conversion to Number","text":"Java<pre><code>double d  = Double.parseDouble(string);\nfloat f = Float.parseFloat(string);\nint i = integer.parseInt(string);\n</code></pre>"},{"location":"languages/java/java.html#string-class-methods","title":"String Class Methods","text":"Java<pre><code>string.equals(otherString);   // returns TRUE if the strings are equal\nstring.equalsIgnoreCase(otherString);   // returns TRUE if the strings are equals ignoring the case\nstring.charAt(index);  // returns the character at position INDEX\nstring.startsWith(otherString);  // returns TRUE if string starts with otherString\nstring.endsWith(otherString)  // returns TRUE if string ends with otherString\nstring.concat(otherString);   // concatenation of two strings\nstring.indexOf(otherString);  // returns index of the first occurrence of other string\nstring.lastIndexOf(otherString);  // returns index of the last occurrence of other string\nstring.length();    // returns the length of the string\nstring.toLowerCase();   // transform the string in uppercase characters\nstring.toUpperCase();   // transform the string in lowercase characters\nstring.replace(character, newCharacter);   // substitutes character with newCharacter\nstring.replaceAll(regex, replacement);\nstring.substring(start, end);   // returns a substring starting as START and ending at END (included)\nstring.trim();   // removes spaces before and after the string\nstring.Split(delimiter);  // return a String[] generated by splitting string at the occurrence of delimiter\nstring.compareTo(otherString);\n</code></pre> <p><code>compareTo()</code> returns a number:  </p> <ul> <li><code>-1</code> if <code>string</code> precedes <code>otherString</code></li> <li><code>0</code> if the strings are equal  </li> <li><code>1</code> if <code>otherString</code> precedes <code>string</code></li> </ul> <p><code>compareTo()</code> compares the lexicographic order (based on UNICODE). To compare in alphabetical order both strings must have the same case.</p>"},{"location":"languages/java/java.html#mathematical-operations","title":"Mathematical Operations","text":"Java<pre><code>Math.PI  // value of pi\nMath.E  // value of e\n\nMath.abs(x);  //absolute value of x\nMath.acos(x);\nMath.asin(x)\nMath.atan(x)\nMath.atan2(y, x)\nMath.ceil(x)\nMath.cos(x)\nMath.exp(x);  //e^x\nMath.floor(x)\nMath.log(x)\nMath.max(x, y)\nMath.min(x, y)\nMath.pow(x, y);  //x^y\nMath.random()\nMath.rint(x)\nMath.round(x)\nMath.sin(x)\nMath.sqrt(x);  //square root, x^(1/2)\nMath.tan(x)\nMath.toDegrees(rad)\nMath.toRadians(deg)\n</code></pre>"},{"location":"languages/java/java.html#arithmetic-operators","title":"Arithmetic Operators","text":"operator operation a <code>+</code> b sum a <code>-</code> b subtraction a <code>*</code> b multiplication a <code>/</code> b division a <code>%</code> b modulo a<code>++</code> increment a<code>--</code> decrement"},{"location":"languages/java/java.html#comparison-operators","title":"Comparison Operators","text":"operator operation a <code>==</code> b equal to a <code>!=</code> b not equal to a <code>&gt;</code> b greater than a <code>&lt;</code> b lesser than a <code>&gt;=</code> b greater than or equal to a <code>&lt;=</code> b lesser than or equal to"},{"location":"languages/java/java.html#logical-operators","title":"Logical Operators","text":"operator operation <code>!</code>a logical negation (NOT) a <code>&amp;&amp;</code> b, logical AND a <code>||</code> b, logical OR"},{"location":"languages/java/java.html#bitwise-operators","title":"Bitwise Operators","text":"operator operation <code>~</code>a bitwise NOT a <code>&amp;</code> b bitwise AND a <code>|</code> b bitwise OR a <code>^</code> b bitwise XOR a <code>&lt;&lt;</code> b bitwise left shift a <code>&gt;&gt;</code> b bitwise right shift"},{"location":"languages/java/java.html#compound-assignment-operators","title":"Compound Assignment Operators","text":"operator operation a <code>+=</code> b a = a + b a <code>-=</code> b a = a - b a <code>*=</code> b a = a * b a <code>/=</code> b a = a / b a <code>%=</code> b a = a % b a <code>&amp;=</code> b a = a &amp; b a <code>|=</code> b a = a a <code>^=</code> b a = a ^ b a <code>&lt;&lt;=</code> b a = a &lt;&lt; b a <code>&gt;&gt;=</code> b a = a &gt;&gt; b"},{"location":"languages/java/java.html#operator-precedence","title":"Operator Precedence","text":"<ol> <li>unary operators <code>++</code> , <code>--</code>, <code>!</code></li> <li>binary arithmetic operators <code>*</code>, <code>/</code>, <code>%</code></li> <li>binary arithmetic operators <code>+</code>, <code>-</code></li> <li>boolean operators <code>&lt;</code>, <code>&gt;</code> , <code>&lt;=</code>, <code>&gt;=</code></li> <li>boolean operators <code>==</code>, <code>!=</code></li> <li>bitwise operator <code>&amp;</code></li> <li>bitwise operator <code>|</code></li> <li>logical operator <code>&amp;&amp;</code></li> <li>logical operator <code>||</code></li> </ol>"},{"location":"languages/java/java.html#short-circuit-evaluation","title":"Short Circuit Evaluation","text":"<p>If in <code>(expressionA || expressionB)</code> expressionA results <code>true</code>, Java returns <code>true</code> without evaluating expressionB. If in <code>(expressionA &amp;&amp; expressionB)</code> expressionA results <code>false</code>, Java returns <code>false</code> without evaluating expressionB. Full evaluation can be forced using <code>&amp;</code> and <code>|</code>.</p>"},{"location":"languages/java/java.html#decision-statements","title":"Decision Statements","text":""},{"location":"languages/java/java.html#if-else","title":"<code>If Else</code>","text":"Java<pre><code>if (condition) {\n    //code here\n} else {\n    //code here\n}\n</code></pre>"},{"location":"languages/java/java.html#if-else-if-else","title":"<code>If, Else If, Else</code>","text":"Java<pre><code>if (condition) {\n    //code here\n} else if (condition) {\n    //code here\n} else if (condition){\n    //code here\n} else {\n    //code here\n}\n</code></pre>"},{"location":"languages/java/java.html#ternary-operator","title":"Ternary Operator","text":"<p><code>(condition) ? istruzione_1 : istruzione_2;</code> if condition is <code>true</code> executes instruction1 otherwise executes instruction2.</p>"},{"location":"languages/java/java.html#switch","title":"<code>Switch</code>","text":"Java<pre><code>switch (matchExpression) {\n    case matchingPattern:\n        //code here\n        break;\n    case matchingPattern:\n        //code here\n        break;\n    default:\n        //code here\n        break;\n}\n</code></pre> <p>Omitting the <code>break</code> keyword causes multiple branches to execute the same code.</p>"},{"location":"languages/java/java.html#loop-statements","title":"Loop Statements","text":""},{"location":"languages/java/java.html#while-loop","title":"<code>While</code> Loop","text":"Java<pre><code>while (condition) {\n   //code here\n}\n</code></pre>"},{"location":"languages/java/java.html#do-while-loop","title":"<code>Do While</code> Loop","text":"Java<pre><code>do {\n    //code here\n} while (espressione_booleana);\n</code></pre> <p>Loop body executed at least one time</p>"},{"location":"languages/java/java.html#for-loop","title":"<code>For</code> Loop","text":"Java<pre><code>for (initializer; condition; iterator) {\n    //code here\n}\n</code></pre>"},{"location":"languages/java/java.html#foreach-loop","title":"<code>Foreach</code> Loop","text":"Java<pre><code>for (Type variable : iterable){\n    //code here\n}\n</code></pre>"},{"location":"languages/java/java.html#multiple-iterators-in-for-loop","title":"Multiple iterators in <code>For</code> Loop","text":"Java<pre><code>for (initializer1, initializer2; condition; iterator1, iterator2) {\n    //code here\n}\n</code></pre> <p>The iterator declared in the for is a local variable and can be used only in the for loop block.</p>"},{"location":"languages/java/java.html#forced-program-termination","title":"Forced Program Termination","text":"<p><code>System.exit(returnedValue);</code> forces the termination of the program execution returning a specified value.</p>"},{"location":"languages/java/java.html#assertion-checks","title":"Assertion Checks","text":"<p>If the assertion check is enabled (<code>java -ebableassetrions programName</code>) the execution of the algorithm is terminated if an assertion fails. Assertions can be used to check if a variable has a wanted value in a precise point in the code (Sanity Check).</p> Java<pre><code>assert &lt;booleanExpression&gt;;\n</code></pre>"},{"location":"languages/java/java.html#static-methods","title":"Static Methods","text":"<p>Static methods are not bound to an instance of a class but they act on the class itself.  </p>"},{"location":"languages/java/java.html#static-void-method-definition","title":"Static Void Method Definition","text":"Java<pre><code>static void methodName (parameters) {\n    //code here\n}\n</code></pre>"},{"location":"languages/java/java.html#static-method-definition","title":"Static Method Definition","text":"Java<pre><code>static tipo_metodo methodName (parameters) {\n    //code here\n    return &lt;espressione&gt;;   //returned type MUST match method type\n}\n</code></pre>"},{"location":"languages/java/java.html#static-method-invocation","title":"Static Method Invocation","text":"Java<pre><code>methodName(arguments);\nClassName.methodName(arguments);    //if method is used outside its class\n</code></pre>"},{"location":"languages/java/java.html#array","title":"Array","text":""},{"location":"languages/java/java.html#array-declaration","title":"Array Declaration","text":"Java<pre><code>Type[] arrayName = new Type[dimension];\n\nType arrayName[] = new Type[dimension];\n\narrayName.length  //length of the array\n</code></pre> <p>Its possible to break the declaration in two lines  </p> Java<pre><code>Type[] arrayName;\narrayType = new Type[dimension];\n</code></pre>"},{"location":"languages/java/java.html#array-creation-by-initialization","title":"Array Creation by Initialization","text":"<p><code>Type[] arrayName = {value1, value2, ...}</code> Array dimension is determined by the number of values.</p>"},{"location":"languages/java/java.html#arrays-as-method-parameters","title":"Arrays as method parameters","text":"Java<pre><code>static Type methodName (Type[] arrayName) {\n    //code here\n}\n\nmethodName(arrayName);  //[] omitted when passing array as argument\n</code></pre> <p>Single elements of an array can be passed to a method. Array dimension can be omitted.  </p>"},{"location":"languages/java/java.html#equality-of-arrays","title":"Equality of Arrays","text":"<p>As arrays ar object in Java, the operators <code>==</code> and <code>!=</code> confront the memory address of the arrays. Array contents must be confronted by looping through the array.</p>"},{"location":"languages/java/java.html#methods-returning-arrays","title":"Methods returning Arrays","text":"Java<pre><code>static Type[] methodName (parameters) {\n    Type[] arrayName = new Type[dimension];  //array declaration\n    //array valorization\n    return arrayName;\n}\n</code></pre>"},{"location":"languages/java/java.html#variable-numbers-of-parameters-in-a-method","title":"Variable numbers of parameters in a method","text":"Java<pre><code>static Type methodName (parameters, tipo[] ArrayName) {\n    //code here\n}\n</code></pre> <p>It's not necessary to specify a dimension of the array, it's determined by Java</p>"},{"location":"languages/java/java.html#multi-dimensional-arrays","title":"Multi-Dimensional Arrays","text":"Java<pre><code>Type[]...[] arrayName = new Type[dimension1]...[dimensionN];\nType arrayName[]...[] = new Type[dimension1]...[dimensionN];\n</code></pre>"},{"location":"languages/java/java.html#multi-dimensional-arrays-as-parameters","title":"Multi-Dimensional Arrays as parameters","text":"Java<pre><code>static Type methodName (Type[]...[] ArrayName) {\n    //code here\n}\n</code></pre>"},{"location":"languages/java/java.html#methods-returning-multi-dimensional-arrays","title":"Methods returning multi-dimensional arrays","text":"Java<pre><code>static Type[]...[] methodName (parameters) {\n    Type[]...[] array = new Type[dimension1]...[dimensionN];\n    //array valorization\n    return array;\n}\n</code></pre>"},{"location":"languages/java/java.html#array-length-of-multi-dimensional-arrays","title":"Array Length of multi-dimensional arrays","text":"Java<pre><code>array.length  //row length\narray[rowIndex].length  //column length\n</code></pre>"},{"location":"languages/java/java.html#irregular-table-visualization","title":"Irregular Table Visualization","text":"Java<pre><code>static void viewTable (Type[][] matrix){\n    for (int row = 0; row &lt; matrix.length; row++){   //run through the rows\n        for (int column = 0; column &lt; arrayName[row].length; column++){   //run through the columns\n            System.put.print(arrayName[row][column] + \"\\t\");   //print item followed by a tab\n        }\n        System.out.println();   //newline after each matrix row\n    }\n}\n</code></pre>"},{"location":"languages/java/java.html#recursion-guidelines","title":"Recursion Guidelines","text":"<p>The core of the recursion must be constituted by a conditional instruction that permits to handle the cases based on the method argument. At least one of the alternatives must contain a recursive call to che method. The call must resolve reduced version of the task handled by the method. At leats one of the alternatives must not contain a recursive call or it must produce a value that constitutes a base case or an arrest value.</p>"},{"location":"languages/java/java.html#exception-handling","title":"Exception Handling","text":"<p>An Exception is an object used to signal an anomalous event. Checked Exceptions must be handled in a catch meanwhile Unchecked Exceptions do not need to be cached like <code>RuntimeException</code>. Unchecked exceptions usually mean that there is an error in the logic of the program that must be fixed.</p>"},{"location":"languages/java/java.html#try-catch-finally","title":"<code>Try-Catch-Finally</code>","text":"<p>This construct permits to monitor what happens in a block of code and to specify what to do in case of errors (exceptions).</p> Java<pre><code>try {\n    //monitored code\n} catch (SpecificException e) {\n    //in case of errors use this\n} catch (SpecificException1 | SpecificException2 | ... | SpecificExceptionN e) {\n    //in case of errors use this\n} catch (Exception e) {\n    //in case of error use this\n    e.getMessage();  // access to Exception error message\n} finally {\n    //code executed anyways\n}\n</code></pre> <p>A <code>try-catch</code> construct can handle multiple exceptions at once.  Every <code>catch</code> is analyzed in sequence and is executed the first to happen thus is best to leave a generic exception last.</p>"},{"location":"languages/java/java.html#try-with-resources","title":"Try with Resources","text":"Java<pre><code>try (\n    //resource definition\n){\n    //dangerous code\n} catch (Exception e) {\n    //in case of error use this\n} finally {\n    //code executed anyway\n}\n</code></pre>"},{"location":"languages/java/java.html#throw-throws","title":"<code>Throw</code> &amp; <code>Throws</code>","text":"<p>The <code>throw</code> keyword is used to generate a custom exception in a point of the code. <code>throw</code> is used together with an exception type.</p> Java<pre><code>Type methodName(parameters) {\n    if (condition) {\n      throw new Exception(\"error message\");\n    }\n}\n</code></pre> <p>The <code>throws</code> keyword is used to indicate what exception Type may be thrown by a method. <code>throws</code> is used together with a exception class. It's used to send the exception to the method caller.</p> Java<pre><code>Type methodName(parameters) throws ExceptionClass {\n    if (condition) {\n      throw new SpecificException(\"error message\");\n    }\n}\n</code></pre>"},{"location":"languages/java/java.html#defining-personalized-exceptions","title":"Defining Personalized Exceptions","text":"<p>A user-defined exception has to inherit from <code>Exception</code> or one of it's descendants.</p> Java<pre><code>public class CustomException extends Exception {\n\n    public CustomException(){\n        super(\"Base Message\");  // ese Exception constructor\n    }\n\n    public CustomException(string message){\n        super(message);\n    }\n\n    // CustomException inherits getMessage() from Exception\n\n}\n</code></pre>"},{"location":"languages/java/java.html#object-oriented-programming","title":"Object Oriented Programming","text":""},{"location":"languages/java/java.html#access-modifiers","title":"Access Modifiers","text":"<p><code>public</code> variables, methods, classes are usable outside of class of definition. <code>private</code>    variables, methods, classes are  only usable inside class of definition. <code>protected</code> variables, methods, classes can be accessed only by defining class, it's descendants and the package. <code>final</code> classes and methods cannot be extended or overridden. If not specified variables, methods and classes are only accessible from the same package.</p>"},{"location":"languages/java/java.html#instance-method-definition","title":"Instance Method Definition","text":"Java<pre><code>Type methodName (parameters) {\n    //code here\n}\n</code></pre>"},{"location":"languages/java/java.html#void-instance-method","title":"<code>Void</code> Instance Method","text":"Java<pre><code>void methodName (parameters) {\n    //code here\n}\n</code></pre>"},{"location":"languages/java/java.html#class-definition","title":"Class Definition","text":"Java<pre><code>public class ClassName {\n    //instance variables declaration\n\n    //instantiation block\n    {\n        // this code is called before the constructor when an object is instantiated\n    }\n\n    //constructors definition\n\n    // getters &amp; setters\n\n    // override of superclass' methods\n\n    //instance methods definition\n}\n</code></pre>"},{"location":"languages/java/java.html#this-identifier","title":"<code>This</code> identifier","text":"<p><code>this.instanceVariable</code> identifies the instance variable It's possible to use <code>this</code> to distinguish between instance and static variables with the same name.</p>"},{"location":"languages/java/java.html#classes-and-reference-addresses","title":"Classes and Reference Addresses","text":"<p>A an instance of a class doesn't contain an object of that class but a memory address in which the object is memorized. operations of assignment (<code>=</code>) and confront (<code>==</code>) act on the memory address  and not on the values of the objects. To confront object is necessary to define a <code>equals()</code> method that checks if the values of the object attributes are equal.  </p>"},{"location":"languages/java/java.html#constructors","title":"Constructors","text":"<p>Constructors are special methods that are invoked with the <code>new</code> operator when an object is instantiated. Constructors assign the starting values of the object attributes. If a constructor id defined Java doesn't create the default constructor.</p> Java<pre><code>class ClassName (){\n\n    //attributes declaration (aka instance variables)\n\n    //constructor\n    public ClassName(parameters){\n        this.attribute = value;  //value is passed to the constructor at obj instantiation\n    }\n\n    public ClassName(parameters, otherParameters){\n        this(parameters);  // invoke other constructor for subset of parameters, must be FIRST INSTRUCTION\n        this.attribute = value;  // deal with the remaining parameters\n    }\n}\n</code></pre>"},{"location":"languages/java/java.html#static-variables","title":"Static Variables","text":"<p><code>Type staticVariable = value;</code> Static variables are shared by all objects of a class and all static method can act upon them. Static variable do not belong to the class objects.</p>"},{"location":"languages/java/java.html#getters-setter-methods","title":"Getters &amp; Setter Methods","text":"Java<pre><code>public void setAttribute(Type attribute){\n    this.attribute = attribute;\n}\n\npublic Type getAttribute(){\n    return this.attribute;\n}\n</code></pre>"},{"location":"languages/java/java.html#tostring-method","title":"<code>ToString()</code> Method","text":"<p>Automatically returns a string if the object is directly called in a print method.</p> Java<pre><code>@Override\nPublic String toString(){\n    return \"string-representation-of-object\"\n}\n</code></pre>"},{"location":"languages/java/java.html#static-methods-in-classes","title":"Static Methods in Classes","text":"<p>Static methods are used to effectuate operations not applied to objects. Outside of the class of definition that are invoked with ClassName.methodName() Static method cannot act on instance variables.  </p>"},{"location":"languages/java/java.html#method-overloading","title":"Method Overloading","text":"<p>A class can have multiple methods with the same name given that each method has a different number or type of parameters (different method signature).  </p>"},{"location":"languages/java/java.html#inheritance-method-overriding","title":"Inheritance &amp; Method Overriding","text":"<p>Child classes inherit all methods and attributes from parent class. Child methods can override parent methods to adapt their functionality. Overriding and overridden classes must have the same name. A child class can inherit from only one parent class.</p> <p>Child class must implement a constructor that instantiates the parent (super) class. <code>super()</code> instantiates the superclass of the child class.</p> Java<pre><code>class ChildClass extends ParentClass{\n\n    public ChildClass(parentParameters, childParameters){\n        super(parentParameters);  // if omitted super() is calls (parent's default constructor)\n        // assignments of child attributes\n    }\n\n    //calls overrides parent class (must have same name)\n    @Override\n    Type methodName(parameters){\n        //code here\n    }\n\n    super().methodName(parameters);  // calls the parent's method\n}\n</code></pre> <p>An overridden method that returns a <code>ParentClass</code> can be overridden to return a <code>ChildClass</code>. This is the only case in which an overridden method can change the returned type. An overridden method can change the access modifier as long as the new modifier is more \"permissive\".</p> <p>A <code>ParentClass</code> type can contain a <code>ChildClass</code> object. This is useful for using collections and arrays of objects.</p> Java<pre><code>ParentClass objectName = ChildClass();  // upcast\n(ChildClass)ParentClassObject;  // downcast\n</code></pre>"},{"location":"languages/java/java.html#abstract-classes-abstract-methods","title":"Abstract Classes &amp; Abstract Methods","text":"<p>An Abstract Class is a particular class that contains an Abstract Method. This type of class cannot be instantiated but is used leave the specific implementation of some of it's methods to extending classes. Abstract classes are marked by the <code>abstract</code> keyword.</p> <p>An abstract method is a method without implementation. The methods must be <code>public</code> and marked with the <code>abstract</code> keyword.</p> Java<pre><code>//abstract class\nabstract class className{\n    //attributes here\n    //constructor here\n    //getters &amp; setters here\n\n    public abstract Type methodName();  //no method code\n\n}\n</code></pre>"},{"location":"languages/java/java.html#interfaces","title":"Interfaces","text":"<p>An Interface is a class with only abstract methods. An interface has more flexibility than an abstract class. Interfaces are used to set requirements for child classes without specifying how to satisfy those requirements since it's methods will be implemented in child classes. An Interface is marked by the <code>interface</code> keyword. If an implementing class implements only <code>some</code> of the interface's method than the class must be abstract.</p> <p>Interfaces' methods are always <code>abstract</code> and <code>public</code>, no need for the keyword. Interfaces' attributes are always <code>public static final</code>, no need for the keyword.</p> <p>A class can implement more than one Interface.</p> Java<pre><code>public interface InterfaceName{\n    //attributes here\n\n    Type methodName();  //no method code\n}\n\n// interfaces can extend interfaces\npublic interface OtherInterface extends InterfaceName {\n    //attributes here\n    Type methodName();  // inherited from extended interface\n    Type otherMethod();  // defined in the interface\n}\n\nclass ClassName implements Interface1, Interface2 {...}\n</code></pre> <p>Types of Interfaces:</p> <ul> <li>Normal (multiple methods)</li> <li>Single Abstract Method (<code>@FunctionalInterface</code>, used with Lambda Expressions)</li> <li>Marker (Empty, no methods)</li> </ul> <p>Since Java 1.8 interfaces can implements also <code>static</code> methods.</p>"},{"location":"languages/java/java.html#enumerations","title":"Enumerations","text":"<p>Enums are used to restrict the type of data to a set of the possible constant values. Enums are classes which constructor is private by default. It's still possible to create a custom constructor to add values.</p> Java<pre><code>enum enumName {\n    value1,\n    value2,\n    ... ,\n    valueN;\n}\n\n//definition of an enumeration w/ custom constructor for valorization\n//constructor is not usable outside enum definition\nenum enumName {\n    value1(value),  //call constructor to valorize\n    value2(value),\n    ... ,\n    valueN(value);\n\n    private Type value;\n\n    Type enumName(Type parameter) {\n        this.value = parameter;\n    }\n\n    //getters are allowed, the values is a constant --&gt; no setters\n    public Type getValue(){\n        return this.value;\n    }\n}\n\nenumName variable;  //creation of a variable of type enumName\n</code></pre>"},{"location":"languages/java/java.html#anonymous-classes","title":"Anonymous Classes","text":"<p>Anonymous classes make the code more concise. They enable to declare and instantiate a class at the same time. They are like local classes except that they do not have a name. Useful if is needed a local class that is used once.</p> Java<pre><code>AnonymousClass objectName = new AnonymousClass(Type parameter, ...) {\n\n    // attributes\n\n    // methods\n};\n</code></pre>"},{"location":"languages/java/java.html#cloning","title":"Cloning","text":"Java<pre><code>class ClassName implements Clonable {\n\n}\n</code></pre>"},{"location":"languages/java/java.html#generics","title":"Generics","text":"Java<pre><code>// WARNING: T is not instantiable, new t(), new t[] are INVALID\npublic class GenericClass&lt;T&gt; {\n    private T generic;\n\n    public GenericClass() { }\n    public GenericClass(T data){\n        this.generic = data;\n    }\n\n    public T getGeneric() {\n        return generic;\n    }\n\n    public void setGeneric(T data) {\n        this. generic = data;\n    }\n\n}\n\nGenericClass&lt;Type&gt; obj = new GenericClass&lt;&gt;();\nGenericClass&lt;Type&gt;[] obj = new GenericClass&lt;&gt;[];  // invalid\n</code></pre>"},{"location":"languages/java/java.html#multiple-generics","title":"Multiple Generics","text":"Java<pre><code>public class GenericClass&lt;T1, T2, ...&gt; { }  // number of generic types is not limited\n</code></pre>"},{"location":"languages/java/java.html#parameters-constraints","title":"Parameters Constraints","text":"<p>Specify an interface or class that the generic type must implement/inherit.</p> Java<pre><code>public class GenericClass&lt;T extends Interface1 &amp; Interface2&gt; { }\npublic class GenericClass&lt;T1 extends Interface1 &amp; Interface2, T2 extends Class1&gt; { }\npublic class GenericClass&lt;T extends Class1&gt; { }\n</code></pre>"},{"location":"languages/java/java.html#generic-methods","title":"Generic Methods","text":"Java<pre><code>public class ClassName{\n\n    public &lt;T&gt; methodName() {\n        // code here\n        return &lt;T&gt;_obj\n    }\n\n    public &lt;T&gt; methodName(T obj) {\n        // code here\n        return return &lt;T&gt;_obj\n    }\n}\n\npublic class GenericClass&lt;S&gt; {\n\n    public &lt;T&gt; methodName() {\n        // code here\n        return &lt;T&gt;_obj\n    }\n\n    public &lt;T&gt; methodName(T obj) {\n        // code here\n        return return &lt;T&gt;_obj\n    }\n}\n\nobj.&lt;Type&gt;methodName();  // generic method call\n</code></pre>"},{"location":"languages/java/java.html#file-io","title":"File I/O","text":""},{"location":"languages/java/java.html#text-files","title":"Text Files","text":""},{"location":"languages/java/java.html#writing-on-a-file","title":"Writing on a file","text":"Java<pre><code>// opening/creating the file for writing\nPrintWriter outStream = null;  // output stream creation\ntry{\n    outStream = new PrintWriter(filename);  // file-stream binding, file will be empty (creates or overwrites file)\n    outStream = new PrintWriter(new FileOutputStream(filename, true));  // stream for appending text\n} catch (FileNotFoundException e) {\n    // code here\n}\n\n// write on the file\noutStream.print(\"\");\noutStream.println(\"\");\n\noutStream.close()  // close stream and write buffer contents.\n</code></pre> <p>Note: writing operations do not write directly on the file. The sent data is collected in a buffer. When the buffer is full the data is written in the file. This is called buffering and is used to append up operations.</p>"},{"location":"languages/java/java.html#reading-from-a-file","title":"Reading from a file","text":"Java<pre><code>Filereader filereader = new Filereader(\"filename\");  //open the file\nScanner scanner = new Scanner(filereader);  //scanner for the file\n\n\nScanner inStream = null;\ntry{\n    inStream = new Scanner(File(filename));\n} catch (FileNotFoundException e) {\n    // code here\n}\n\ninStream.hasNext();  // true if there is data to be read with next()\ninStream.hasNextDouble();  // true if there is data to be read with nextDouble()\ninStream.hasNextInt();  // true if there is data to be read with nextInt()\ninStream.hasNextLine();  // true if there is data to be read with nextLine()\n\n\nBufferedReader inStream = null;\ntry {\n    inStream = new BufferReader(new Filereader(filename));  //buffed reader for file\n} catch (FileNotFoundException e) {\n    // code here\n}\n\n// BufferedReader Methods\npublic String readLine() throws IOException  // return file line or null (file has ended)\npublic int read() throws IOException  // return an integer representing a char or -1 (file has ended)\npublic long skip(n) throws IOException  // skip n characters\npublic void close() throws IOException  // closes the stream\n</code></pre>"},{"location":"languages/java/java.html#file-class","title":"<code>File()</code> class","text":"<p>The File class is an abstraction of the file and it's path. The abstraction is independent from the OS.</p> Java<pre><code>File(\"path/to/file\")  // UNIX like path\nFile(\"path\\\\to\\\\file\")  // Windows path\n\nfile.canRead()  // true if file is readable\nfile.canWrite()  // true if file is writable\nfile.delete()  // true if file has been deleted\nfile.exists()  // check if exist a file with the filename used in the constructor\nfile.getName()  // returns the filename\nfile.getPath()  // returns the file's path\nfile.length()  // file length in bytes\n</code></pre>"},{"location":"languages/java/java.html#binary-files","title":"Binary Files","text":""},{"location":"languages/java/java.html#writing-to-a-binary-file","title":"Writing to a binary file","text":"Java<pre><code>ObjectOutputStream outStream;\ntry {\n    outStream = new ObjectOutputStream(new FileOutputSteam(filename));\n    // write operations here since they can cause IOException\n} catch (FileNotFoundException e) {\n\n} catch (IOException e){\n\n}\n\n// ObjectOutputStream Methods\npublic ObjectOutputStream(OutputStream streamObj) throws IOException, FileNotFoundException\npublic ObjectOutputStream(new FileOutputStream(filename)) throws IOException, FileNotFoundException\npublic ObjectOutputStream(new FileOutputStream(new File(filename))) throws IOException, FileNotFoundException\npublic void writeInt(int n) throws IOException\npublic void writeLong(long n) throws IOException\npublic void writeDouble(double x) throws IOException\npublic void writeFloat(float x) throws IOException\npublic void writeChar(int c) throws IOException\npublic void writeChar(char c) throws IOException\npublic void writeBoolean(boolean b) throws IOException\npublic void writeUTF(String s) throws IOException\npublic void writeObject(Object obj) throws IOException, NotSerializableException, InvalidClassException  // Object must be serializable\npublic void close()\n</code></pre>"},{"location":"languages/java/java.html#reading-from-a-binary-file","title":"Reading from a binary file","text":"Java<pre><code>ObjectInputStream inStream;\ntry {\n    inStream = new ObjectInputStream(new FileinputSteam(filename));\n} catch (FileNotFoundException e) {\n\n} catch (IOException e){\n\n}\n\ntry {\n    while(true){\n        // read fom file\n    }\n} catch (EOFException e) {  // thrown when and of file has been reached\n    // do nothing, only used to stop the cycle\n}\n\n// ObjectOutputStream Methods\npublic ObjectOutputStream(InputStream streamObj) throws IOException, FileNotFoundException\npublic ObjectOutputStream(new FileInputStream(filename)) throws IOException, FileNotFoundException\npublic ObjectOutputStream(new FileInputStream(new File(filename))) throws IOException, FileNotFoundException\npublic void readInt(int n) throws IOException\npublic void readLong(long n) throws IOException\npublic void readDouble(double x) throws IOException\npublic void readFloat(float x) throws IOException\npublic void readChar(int c) throws IOException\npublic void readChar(char c) throws IOException\npublic void readBoolean(boolean b) throws IOException\npublic void readUTF(String s) throws IOException\npublic void readObject(Object obj) throws IOException, NotSerializableException, InvalidClassException  // Object must be serializable\npublic void close()\n</code></pre>"},{"location":"languages/java/java.html#object-array-io-with-binary-files-serialization","title":"Object &amp; Array I/O with Binary Files (Serialization)","text":"<p>Needed for a class to be serializable:</p> <ul> <li>implements the <code>Serializable</code> interface</li> <li>all instance variables are serializable</li> <li>superclass, if exists, is serializable or has default constructor</li> </ul> <p>An array is serializable if it's base type is a serializable object.</p> Java<pre><code>SerializableObject[] array = (SerializableObject[])inStream.readObject();  // read returns Object, cast needed\n</code></pre>"},{"location":"languages/java/java.html#functional-programming-in-java","title":"Functional Programming in Java","text":""},{"location":"languages/java/java.html#functional-interfaces","title":"Functional Interfaces","text":"<p>Functional interfaces provide target types for lambda expressions.</p> <p>General purpose <code>@functionalInterfaces</code>:</p> Java<pre><code>// takes input, performs actions, return boolean\npublic interface Predicate&lt;T&gt; {\n    boolean test(T t);\n}\n\n// takes input, performs action, no output returned\npublic interface Consumer&lt;T&gt; {\n    void accept(T t);\n}\n\n// takes no input, performs action, returns an output\npublic interface Supplier&lt;T&gt; {\n    T get();\n}\n\n// takes T as input, performs action, returns R as output\npublic interface Function&lt;T, R&gt; {\n    R apply(T t);\n}\n</code></pre>"},{"location":"languages/java/java.html#streams","title":"Streams","text":"<p>In java a stream is a Monad. Monads allow the programmer to compose a sequence of operations, similar to a pipeline chaining expressions together.</p> <p>The features of Java stream are:</p> <ul> <li>A stream is not a data structure instead it takes input from the Collections, Arrays or I/O channels.</li> <li>Streams don't change the original data structure, they only provide the result as per the pipelined methods.</li> <li>Each intermediate operation is lazily executed and returns a stream as a result, hence various intermediate operations can be pipelined. Terminal operations mark the end of the stream and return the result.</li> </ul> <p>Intermediate Operations:</p> <ul> <li><code>anyMatch()</code></li> <li><code>distinct()</code></li> <li><code>filter()</code></li> <li><code>findFirst()</code></li> <li><code>flatmap()</code></li> <li><code>map()</code></li> <li><code>skip()</code></li> <li><code>sorted()</code></li> </ul> <p>Terminal Operations:</p> <ul> <li><code>forEach()</code> applies the same operation on each element</li> <li><code>collect()</code> saves the elements in a new collection</li> <li>reduce to a single summary element: <code>count()</code>, <code>max()</code>, <code>min()</code>, <code>reduce()</code>, <code>summaryStatistics()</code></li> </ul>"},{"location":"languages/java/java.html#lambda-expressions","title":"Lambda Expressions","text":"<p>Usable only by a <code>@FunctionalInterface</code>'s method or a method of a stream.</p> Java<pre><code>lambda operator -&gt; body;\n\n//zero parameter\n() -&gt; body;\n\n//one parameter\n(p) -&gt; body\n\n// multiple parameter\n(p1, p2, ...) -&gt; body\n</code></pre>"},{"location":"languages/java/spring/pom.xml.html","title":"pom.xml","text":"<p>File specifing project dependencies.</p> XML<pre><code>&lt;?xml version=\"1.0\" encoding=\"UTF-8\"?&gt;\n&lt;project xmlns=\"http://maven.apache.org/POM/4.0.0\" xmlns:xsi=\"http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema-instance\"\n    xsi:schemaLocation=\"http://maven.apache.org/POM/4.0.0 https://maven.apache.org/xsd/maven-4.0.0.xsd\"&gt;\n    &lt;modelVersion&gt;major.minor.patch&lt;/modelVersion&gt;\n\n    &lt;parent&gt;\n        &lt;groupId&gt;org.springframework.boot&lt;/groupId&gt;\n        &lt;artifactId&gt;spring-boot-starter-parent&lt;/artifactId&gt;\n        &lt;version&gt;major.minor.patch.RELEASE&lt;/version&gt;\n        &lt;relativePath/&gt; &lt;!-- lookup parent from repository --&gt;\n    &lt;/parent&gt;\n\n    &lt;groupId&gt;base_package&lt;/groupId&gt;\n    &lt;artifactId&gt;Project_Name&lt;/artifactId&gt;\n    &lt;version&gt;major.minor.patch&lt;/version&gt;\n    &lt;name&gt;Project_Name&lt;/name&gt;\n    &lt;description&gt;...&lt;/description&gt;\n\n    &lt;properties&gt;\n        &lt;java.version&gt;11&lt;/java.version&gt;\n    &lt;/properties&gt;\n\n    &lt;dependencies&gt;\n        &lt;dependency&gt;\n            &lt;groupId&gt;org.springframework.boot&lt;/groupId&gt;\n            &lt;artifactId&gt;spring-boot-starter-data-jpa&lt;/artifactId&gt;\n        &lt;/dependency&gt;\n    &lt;/dependencies&gt;\n\n    &lt;build&gt;\n        &lt;plugins&gt;\n            &lt;plugin&gt;\n                &lt;groupId&gt;org.springframework.boot&lt;/groupId&gt;\n                &lt;artifactId&gt;spring-boot-maven-plugin&lt;/artifactId&gt;\n            &lt;/plugin&gt;\n        &lt;/plugins&gt;\n    &lt;/build&gt;\n\n&lt;/project&gt;\n</code></pre>"},{"location":"languages/java/spring/spring-project.html","title":"Spring Project","text":""},{"location":"languages/java/spring/spring-project.html#libs","title":"Libs","text":"<ul> <li>MySql Driver</li> <li>Spring Data JPA (data persistance)</li> <li>Spring Boot Dev Tools</li> <li>Jersey (Serializzazione)</li> <li>Spring Web</li> </ul>"},{"location":"languages/java/spring/spring-project.html#applicationproperties","title":"application.properties","text":"INI<pre><code>spring.datasource.url=DB_url\nspring.datasource.username=user\nspring.datasource.password=password\n\nspring.jpa.show-sql=true\n\nserver.port=server_port\n</code></pre>"},{"location":"languages/java/spring/spring-project.html#package-entities","title":"Package <code>entities</code>","text":"<p>Model of a table of the DB</p> Java<pre><code>package &lt;base_package&gt;.entities;\n\nimport javax.persistence.Entity;\nimport javax.persistence.GeneratedValue;\nimport javax.persistence.GenerationType;\nimport javax.persistence.Id;\nimport javax.persistence.Table;\n\n@Entity  // set as DB Entity (DB record Java implementation)\npublic class Entity {\n\n    @Id  // set as Primary Key\n    @GeneratedValue(strategy = GenerationType.IDENTITY)  // id is autoincremented by the DB\n    private int id;\n\n    // no constructor (Spring requirement)\n\n    // table columns attributes\n\n    // getters &amp; setters\n\n   // toString()\n}\n</code></pre>"},{"location":"languages/java/spring/spring-project.html#package-dal","title":"Package <code>dal</code>","text":"<p>Spring Interface for DB connection and CRUD operations.</p> Java<pre><code>package &lt;base_package&gt;.dal  // or .repository\n\nimport org.springframework.data.repository.JpaRepository;\nimport org.springframework.data.repository.Query;\nimport org.springframework.data.repository.query.Param;\n\n// interface for spring Hibernate JPA\n// CrudRepository&lt;Entity, PK_Type&gt;\npublic interface IEntityDAO extends JpaRepository&lt;Entity, Integer&gt; {\n\n    // custom query\n    @Query(\"FROM &lt;Entity&gt; WHERE param = :param\")\n    Type query(@Param(\"param\") Type param);\n}\n</code></pre>"},{"location":"languages/java/spring/spring-project.html#package-services","title":"Package <code>services</code>","text":"<p>Interfaces and method to access the Data Access Layer (DAL).</p> <p>In <code>IEntityService.java</code>:</p> Java<pre><code>package &lt;base_package&gt;.services;\n\nimport java.util.List;\n\nimport org.springframework.beans.factory.annotation.Autowired;\n\nimport &lt;base_package&gt;.Entity;\nimport &lt;base_package&gt;.IEntityRepository;\n\n// CRUD method implemented on Entity\npublic interface IEntityService {\n\n    String FIND_ALL = \"SELECT * FROM &lt;table&gt;\"\n    String FIND_ONE = \"SELECT * FROM &lt;table&gt; WHERE id = ?\"\n\n    List&lt;Entity&gt; findAll();\n    Entity findOne(int id);\n    void addEntity(Entity e);\n    void updateEntity(int id, Entity e);\n    void deleteEntity(Entity e);\n    void deleteEntity(int id);\n\n}\n</code></pre> <p>In <code>EntityService.java</code>:</p> Java<pre><code>package &lt;base_package&gt;.services;\n\nimport java.util.List;\n\nimport org.springframework.beans.factory.annotation.Autowired;\nimport org.springframework.stereotype.Service;\n\nimport &lt;base_package&gt;.entities.Entity;\nimport &lt;base_package&gt;.repos.ILibriRepository;\n\n// implementation of IEntityService\n@Service\npublic class EntityService implements IEntityService {\n\n    @Autowired  // connection to db (obj created by spring as needed: Inversion Of Control)\n    private IEntityDAO repo;\n\n    @Override\n    public List&lt;Entity&gt; findAll() {\n        return repo.findAll();\n    }\n\n    @Override\n    public Entity findOne(int id) {\n        return repo.findById(id).get();\n    }\n\n    @Override\n    public void addEntity(Entity e) {\n        repo.save(e);\n    }\n\n    @Override\n    public void updateEntity(int id, Entity e) {\n    }\n\n    @Override\n    public void deleteEntity(Entity e) {\n    }\n\n    @Override\n    public void deleteEntity(int id) {\n    }\n\n    // custom query\n    Type query(Type param) {\n        return repo.query(param);\n    }\n}\n</code></pre>"},{"location":"languages/java/spring/spring-project.html#package-integration","title":"Package <code>integration</code>","text":"<p>REST API routes &amp; endpoints to supply data as JSON.</p> Java<pre><code>package &lt;base_package&gt;.integration;\n\nimport java.util.List;\n\nimport org.springframework.beans.factory.annotation.Autowired;\nimport org.springframework.web.bind.annotation.GetMapping;\nimport org.springframework.web.bind.annotation.PathVariable;\nimport org.springframework.web.bind.annotation.RestController;\n\nimport &lt;base_package&gt;.entities.Entity;\nimport &lt;base_package&gt;.services.IEntityService;\n\n@RestController  // returns data as JSON\n@RequestMapping(\"/api\")  // controller route\npublic class EntityRestCtrl {\n\n    @Autowired  // connection to service (obj created by spring as needed: Inversion Of Control)\n    private IEntityService service;\n\n    @GetMapping(\"entities\")  // site route\n    public List&lt;Entity&gt; findAll(){\n        return service.findAll();\n    }\n\n    @GetMapping(\"/entities/{id}\")\n    public Entity findOne(@PathVariable(\"id\") int id) {  // use route variable\n        return service.findOne(id);\n    }\n\n    @PostMapping(\"/entities\")\n    public void addEntity(@RequestBody Entity e) {  // added entity is in the request body\n        return service.addEntity(e)\n    }\n\n    // PUT / PATCH -&gt; updateEntity(id, e)\n\n    // DELETE -&gt; deleteEntity(id)\n}\n</code></pre>"},{"location":"languages/java/web/servlet.html","title":"Servlet","text":"<p>A Java servlet is a Java software component that extends the capabilities of a server. Although servlets can respond to many types of requests, they most commonly implement web containers for hosting web applications on web servers and thus qualify as a server-side servlet web API.</p>"},{"location":"languages/java/web/servlet.html#basic-structure","title":"Basic Structure","text":"Java<pre><code>package &lt;package&gt;;\n\nimport java.io.IOException;\nimport javax.servlet.ServletException;\nimport javax.servlet.annotation.WebServlet;\nimport javax.servlet.http.HttpServlet;\nimport javax.servlet.http.HttpServletRequest;\nimport javax.servlet.http.HttpServletResponse;\n\n@WebServlet(\"/route\")\npublic class &lt;className&gt; extends HttpServlet {\n    private static final long serialVersionUID = 1L;\n\n    /** handle get request */\n    protected void doGet(HttpServletRequest request, HttpServletResponse response) throws ServletException, IOException {\n\n        // GET REQUEST: load and display page (forward to JSP)\n        // OPTIONAL: add data to request (setAttribute())\n\n    }\n\n    /** handle post request */\n    protected void doPost(HttpServletRequest request, HttpServletResponse response) throws ServletException, IOException {\n\n        // POST REQUEST: add stuff to DB, page, ...\n\n        doGet(request, response);  // return same page with new  content added (default case)\n    }\n}\n</code></pre>"},{"location":"languages/java/web/servlet.html#servlet-instructions","title":"Servlet Instructions","text":"Java<pre><code>request.getParameter()  // read request parameter\n\nresponse.setContentType(\"text/html\");  // to return HTML in the response\n\nresponse.getWriter().append(\"\");  //append content to the http response\n\nrequest.setAttribute(attributeName, value);  // set http attribute of the request\nrequest.getRequestDispatcher(\"page.jsp\").forward(request, response);  // redirect the request to another page\n</code></pre>"},{"location":"languages/javascript/ajax.html","title":"AJAX","text":"<p>AJAX: Asynchronous JavaScript and XML</p> <p>AJAX Interaction:</p> <ol> <li>An event occurs in a web page (the page is loaded, a button is clicked)</li> <li>2.An <code>XMLHttpRequest</code> object is created by JavaScript</li> <li>3.The <code>XMLHttpRequest</code> object sends a request to a web server</li> <li>4.The server processes the request</li> <li>5.The server sends a response back to the web page</li> <li>6.The response is read by JavaScript</li> <li>7.Proper action (like page update) is performed by JavaScript</li> </ol>"},{"location":"languages/javascript/ajax.html#xmlhttprequest","title":"XMLHttpRequest","text":"JavaScript<pre><code>var request = new XMLHttpRequest();\n\nrequest.addEventListener(event, function() {...});\n\nrequest.open(\"HttpMethod\", \"path/to/api\", true);  // third parameter is asynchronicity (true = asynchronous)\nrequest.setRequestHeader(key, value)  // HTTP Request Headers\nrequest.send()\n</code></pre> <p>To check the status use <code>XMLHttpRequest.status</code> and <code>XMLHttpRequest.statusText</code>.</p>"},{"location":"languages/javascript/ajax.html#xmlhttprequest-events","title":"XMLHttpRequest Events","text":"<p>loadstart: fires when the process of loading data has begun. This event always fires first progress: fires multiple times as data is being loaded, giving access to intermediate data error: fires when loading has failed abort: fires when data loading has been canceled by calling abort() load: fires only when all data has been successfully read loadend: fires when the object has finished transferring data always fires and will always fire after error, abort, or load timeout: fires when progression is terminated due to preset time expiring readystatechange: fires when the readyState attribute of a document has changed</p> <p>Alternative <code>XMLHttpRequest</code> using <code>onLoad</code>:</p> JavaScript<pre><code>var request = new XMLHttpRequest();\nrequest.open('GET', 'myservice/username?id=some-unique-id');\nrequest.onload = function(){\n    if(request.status ===200){\n        console.log(\"User's name is \"+ request.responseText);\n    } else {\n        console.log('Request failed.  Returned status of '+ request.status);\n    }\n};\nrequest.send();\n</code></pre> <p>Alternative <code>XMLHttpRequest</code> using <code>readyState</code>:</p> JavaScript<pre><code>var request = new XMLHttpRequest(),  method ='GET',  url ='https://developer.mozilla.org/';\n\nrequest.open(method, url, true);\nrequest.onreadystatechange = function(){\n    if(request.readyState === XMLHttpRequest.DONE &amp;&amp; request.status === 200){\n        console.log(request.responseText);\n    }\n};\nrequest.send();\n</code></pre> <p><code>XMLHttpRequest.readyState</code> values: <code>0</code> <code>UNSENT</code>: Client has been created. <code>open()</code> not called yet. <code>1</code> <code>OPENED</code>: <code>open()</code> has been called. <code>2</code> <code>HEADERS_RECEIVED</code>: <code>send()</code> has been called, and headers and status are available. <code>3</code> <code>LOADING</code>: Downloading; <code>responseText</code> holds partial data. <code>4</code> <code>DONE</code>: The operation is complete.</p>"},{"location":"languages/javascript/ajax.html#xmlhttprequest-browser-compatibility","title":"<code>XMLHttpRequest</code> Browser compatibility","text":"<p>Old versions of IE don't implement XMLHttpRequest. You must use the ActiveXObject if XMLHttpRequest is not available</p> JavaScript<pre><code>var request =window.XMLHttpRequest ? new XMLHttpRequest() : new ActiveXObject('Microsoft.XMLHTTP');\n\n// OR\n\nvar request;\nif(window.XMLHttpRequest){\n    // code for modern browsers  \n    request = new XMLHttpRequest();\n} else {\n    // code for old IE browsers\n    request = new ActiveXObject('Microsoft.XMLHTTP');\n}\n</code></pre>"},{"location":"languages/javascript/ajax.html#status-error-handling","title":"Status &amp; Error Handling","text":"<p>Always inform the user when something is loading. Check the status and give feedback (a loader or message) Errors and responses need to be handled. There is no guarantee that HTTP requests will always succeed.</p>"},{"location":"languages/javascript/ajax.html#cross-domain-policy","title":"Cross Domain Policy","text":"<p>Cross domain requests have restrictions.</p> <p>Examples of outcome for requests originating from: <code>http://store.company.com/dir/page.htmlCross-origin</code></p> URL Outcome Reason <code>http://store.company.com/dir2/other.html</code> success <code>http://store.company.com/dir/inner/other.html</code> success <code>https://store.company.com/secure.html</code> failure Different protocol <code>http://store.company.com:81/dir/other.html</code> failure Different port <code>http://news.company.com/dir/other.html</code> failure Different host"},{"location":"languages/javascript/dom.html","title":"Document Object Model (DOM)","text":"<p>The Document Object Model is a map of the HTML document. Elements in an HTML document can be accessed, changed, deleted, or added using the DOM. The document object is globally available in the browser. It allows to access and manipulate the DOM of the current web page.</p>"},{"location":"languages/javascript/dom.html#dom-access","title":"DOM Access","text":""},{"location":"languages/javascript/dom.html#selecting-nodes-from-the-dom","title":"Selecting Nodes from the DOM","text":"<p><code>getElementById()</code> and <code>querySelector()</code> return a single element. <code>getElementsByClassName()</code>, <code>getElementsByTagName()</code>, and <code>querySelectorAll()</code> return a collection of elements.</p> JavaScript<pre><code>Javascript\n// By Id\nvar node = document.getElementById('id');\n\n// By Tag Name\nvar nodes = document.getElementsByTagName('tag');\n\n// By Class Name\nvar nodes = document.getElementsByClassName('class');\n\n// By CSS Query\nvar node = document.querySelector('css-selector');\nvar nodes = document.querySelectorAll('css-selector');\n</code></pre>"},{"location":"languages/javascript/dom.html#manipulating-the-dom","title":"Manipulating the DOM","text":""},{"location":"languages/javascript/dom.html#manipulating-a-nodes-attributes","title":"Manipulating a node's attributes","text":"<p>It's possible access and change the attributes of a DOM node using the dot notation.</p> JavaScript<pre><code>// Changing the src of an image:\nvar image = document.getElementById('id');\nvar oldImageSource = image.src;\nimage.src = 'image-url';\n\n//Changing the className of a DOM node:\nvar node = document.getElementById('id');\nnode.className = 'new-class';\n</code></pre>"},{"location":"languages/javascript/dom.html#manipulating-a-nodes-style","title":"Manipulating a node's style","text":"<p>It's possible to access and change the styles of a DOM nodes via the style property. CSS property names with a <code>-</code> must be camelCased and number properties must have a unit.</p> CSS<pre><code>body {\n    color: red;\n    background-color: pink;\n    padding-top: 10px;\n}\n</code></pre> JavaScript<pre><code>var pageNode = document.body;\npageNode.style.color = 'red';\npageNode.style.backgroundColor = 'pink';\npageNode.style.paddingTop = '10px';\n</code></pre>"},{"location":"languages/javascript/dom.html#manipulating-a-nodes-contents","title":"Manipulating a node's contents","text":"<p>Each DOM node has an <code>innerHTML</code> attribute. It contains the HTML of all its children.</p> JavaScript<pre><code>var pageNode = document.body;\nconsole.log(pageNode.innerHTML);\n\n// Set innerHTML to replace the contents of the node:\npageNode.innerHTML = \"&lt;h1&gt;Oh, no! Everything is gone!&lt;/h1&gt;\";\n\n// Or add to innerHTML instead:\npageNode.innerHTML += \"P.S. Please do write back.\";\n</code></pre> <p>To change the actual text of a node, <code>textContent</code> may be a better choice:</p> <p><code>innerHTML</code>:</p> <ul> <li>Works in older browsers</li> <li>More powerful: can change code</li> <li>Less secure: allows cross-site scripting (XSS)</li> </ul> <p><code>textContent</code>:</p> <ul> <li>Doesn't work in IE8 and below</li> <li>Faster: the browser doesn't have to parse HTML</li> <li>More secure: won't execute code</li> </ul>"},{"location":"languages/javascript/dom.html#reading-inputs-from-a-form","title":"Reading Inputs From A Form","text":"<p>In <code>page.html</code>:</p> HTML<pre><code>&lt;input type=\"\" id=\"identifier\" value=\"\"&gt;\n</code></pre> <p>In <code>script.js</code>:</p> JavaScript<pre><code>var formNode = document.getElementById(\"Identifier\");\nvar value = formNode.value;\n</code></pre>"},{"location":"languages/javascript/dom.html#creating-removing-dom-nodes","title":"Creating &amp; Removing DOM Nodes","text":"<p>The document object also allows to create new nodes from scratch.</p> JavaScript<pre><code>// create node\ndocument.createElement('tagName');\ndocument.createTextNode('text');\n\ndomNode.appendChild(childToAppend);  // insert childTaAppend after domNode\n\n// insert node before domNode\ndomNode.insertBefore(childToInsert, domnode);\ndomNode.parentNode.insertBefore(childToInsert, nodeAfterChild);\n\n// remove a node\ndomNode.removeChild(childToRemove);\nnode.parentNode.removeChild(node);\n</code></pre> <p>Example:</p> JavaScript<pre><code>var body = document.body;\n\nvar newImg = document.createElement('img');\nnewImg.src = 'http://placekitten.com/400/300';\nnewImg.style.border = '1px solid black';\n\nbody.appendChild(newImg);\n\nvar newParagraph = document.createElement('p');\nvar newText = document.createTextNode('Squee!');\n\nnewParagraph.appendChild(newText);\n\nbody.appendChild(newParagraph);\n</code></pre>"},{"location":"languages/javascript/dom.html#creating-dom-nodes-with-constructor-functions","title":"Creating DOM Nodes with Constructor Functions","text":"JavaScript<pre><code>function Node(params) {\n    this.node = document.createElement(\"tag\");\n\n    this.node.attribute = value;\n\n    // operations on the node\n\n    return this.node;\n}\n\nvar node = Node(params);\ndomElement.appendChild(node);\n</code></pre>"},{"location":"languages/javascript/events-animation.html","title":"Events &amp; Animation","text":""},{"location":"languages/javascript/events-animation.html#events","title":"Events","text":"<p>Event Types:</p> <ul> <li>Mouse Events: <code>mousedown</code>, <code>mouseup</code>, <code>click</code>, <code>dbclick</code>, <code>mousemove</code>, <code>mouseover</code>, <code>mousewheel</code>, <code>mouseout</code>, <code>contextmenu</code>, ...</li> <li>Touch Events: <code>touchstart</code>, <code>touchmove</code>, <code>touchend</code>, <code>touchcancel</code>, ...</li> <li>Keyboard Events: <code>keydown</code>, <code>keypress</code>, <code>keyup</code>, ...</li> <li>Form Events: <code>focus</code>, <code>blur</code>, <code>change</code>, <code>submit</code>, ...</li> <li>Window Events: <code>scroll</code>, <code>resize</code>, <code>hashchange</code>, <code>load</code>, <code>unload</code>, ...</li> </ul>"},{"location":"languages/javascript/events-animation.html#managing-event-listeners","title":"Managing Event Listeners","text":"JavaScript<pre><code>var domNode = document.getElementById(\"id\");\n\nvar onEvent = function(event) {  // parameter contains info on the triggered event\n    event.preventDefault();  // block execution of default action\n    // logic here\n}\n\ndomNode.addEventListener(eventType, callback);\ndomNode.removeEventListener(eventType, callback);\n</code></pre>"},{"location":"languages/javascript/events-animation.html#bubbling-capturing","title":"Bubbling &amp; Capturing","text":"<p>Events in Javascript propagate through the DOM tree.</p> <p>Bubbling and Capturing What Is Event Bubbling in JavaScript? Event Propagation Explained</p>"},{"location":"languages/javascript/events-animation.html#dispatching-custom-events","title":"Dispatching Custom Events","text":"<p>Event Options:</p> <ul> <li><code>bubbles</code> (bool): whether the event propagates through bubbling</li> <li><code>cancellable</code> (bool): if <code>true</code> the \"default action\" may be prevented</li> </ul> JavaScript<pre><code>let event = new Event(type [,options]);  // create the event, type can be custom\nlet event = new CustomEvent(type, { detail: /* custom data */ });  // create event w/ custom data\ndomNode.dispatchEvent(event);  // launch the event\n</code></pre> <p></p>"},{"location":"languages/javascript/events-animation.html#animation","title":"Animation","text":"<p>The window object is the assumed global object on a page.</p> <p>Animation in JavascriptThe standard way to animate in JS is to use window methods. It's possible to animate CSS styles to change size, transparency, position, color, etc.</p> JavaScript<pre><code>//Calls a function once after a delay\nwindow.setTimeout(callbackFunction, delayMilliseconds);\n\n//Calls a function repeatedly, with specified interval between each call\nwindow.setInterval(callbackFunction, delayMilliseconds);\n\n//To stop an animation store the timer into a variable and clear it\nwindow.clearTimeout(timer);\nwindow.clearInterval(timer);\n\n// execute a callback at each frame\nwindow.requestAnimationFrame(callbackFunction);\n</code></pre>"},{"location":"languages/javascript/events-animation.html#element-position-dimensions","title":"Element Position &amp; dimensions","text":"<p>StackOverflow Wrong dimensions at runtime</p> JavaScript<pre><code>&gt; console.log(document.getElementById('id').getBoundingClientRect());\nDOMRect {\n    bottom: 177,\n    height: 54.7,\n    left: 278.5,\u200b\n    right: 909.5,\n    top: 122.3,\n    width: 631,\n    x: 278.5,\n    y: 122.3,\n}\n</code></pre>"},{"location":"languages/javascript/javascript.html","title":"JavaScript","text":""},{"location":"languages/javascript/javascript.html#basics","title":"Basics","text":""},{"location":"languages/javascript/javascript.html#notable-javascript-engines","title":"Notable javascript engines","text":"<ul> <li>Chromium: <code>V8</code> from Google  </li> <li>Firefox: <code>SpiderMonkey</code> from Mozilla  </li> <li>Safari: <code>JavaScriptCore</code> from Apple  </li> <li>Internet Explorer: <code>Chakra</code> from Microsoft  </li> </ul>"},{"location":"languages/javascript/javascript.html#comments","title":"Comments","text":"JavaScript<pre><code>//single line comment\n/*multiline comment*/\n</code></pre>"},{"location":"languages/javascript/javascript.html#file-header","title":"File Header","text":"JavaScript<pre><code>/**\n * @file filename.js\n * @author author's name\n * purpose of file\n *\n * detailed explanation of what the file does on multiple lines\n */\n</code></pre>"},{"location":"languages/javascript/javascript.html#modern-mode","title":"Modern Mode","text":"<p>If located at the top of the script the whole script works the \u201cmodern\u201d way (enables post-ES5 functionalities).  </p> JavaScript<pre><code>\"use strict\"\n\n// script contents\n</code></pre>"},{"location":"languages/javascript/javascript.html#pop-up-message","title":"Pop-Up message","text":"<p>Interrupts script execution until closure, to be avoided</p> JavaScript<pre><code>alert(\"message\");\n</code></pre>"},{"location":"languages/javascript/javascript.html#print-message-to-console","title":"Print message to console","text":"<p><code>console.log(value);</code></p>"},{"location":"languages/javascript/javascript.html#variables","title":"Variables","text":""},{"location":"languages/javascript/javascript.html#declaration-initialization","title":"Declaration &amp; Initialization","text":"<p>var vs let vs const</p> <p>Variable names can only contain numbers, digits, underscores and $. Variable names are camelCase.</p> <p><code>let</code>: Block-scoped; access to variable restricted to the nearest enclosing block. <code>var</code>: Function-scoped</p> <p><code>let variable1 = value1, variable2 = value2;</code> <code>var variable1 = value1, variable2 = value2;</code></p>"},{"location":"languages/javascript/javascript.html#scope","title":"Scope","text":"<p>Variable declared with <code>let</code> are in local to the code block in which are declared. Variable declared with <code>var</code> are local only if declared in a function.</p> JavaScript<pre><code>function func(){\n    variable = value;  // implicitly declared as a global variable\n    var variable = value;  // local variable\n}\n\nvar a = 10;  // a is 10\nlet b = 10;  // b is 10\n{\n    var x = 2, a = 2;  // a is 2\n    let y = 2, b = 2;  // b is 2\n}\n// a is 2, b is 10\n// x can NOT be used here\n// y CAN be used here\n</code></pre>"},{"location":"languages/javascript/javascript.html#constants","title":"Constants","text":"<p>Hard-coded values are UPPERCASE and snake_case, camelCase otherwise. <code>const CONSTANT = value;</code></p>"},{"location":"languages/javascript/javascript.html#data-types","title":"Data Types","text":"<p><code>Number</code>, <code>String</code>, <code>Boolean</code>, etc are built-in global objects. They are not types. Do not use them for type checking.</p>"},{"location":"languages/javascript/javascript.html#numeric-data-types","title":"Numeric data types","text":"<p>Only numeric type is <code>number</code>.</p> JavaScript<pre><code>let number = 10;  //integer numbers\nnumber = 15.7;  //floating point numbers\nnumber = Infinity;  //mathematical infinity\nnumber = - Infinity;\nnumber = 1234567890123456789012345678901234567890n;  //BigInt, value &gt; 2^53, \"n\" at the end\nnumber = \"text\" / 2;  //NaN --&gt; not a number.\n</code></pre> <p>Rounding Decimals in JavaScript Decimal.js</p> <p>Mathematical expression will never cause an error. At worst the result will be NaN.</p>"},{"location":"languages/javascript/javascript.html#string-data-type","title":"String data type","text":"JavaScript<pre><code>let string = \"text\";\nlet string$ = 'text';\nlet string_ = `text ${expression}`;  //string interpolation (needs backticks)\n\nstring.length;  // length of the string\nlet char = string.charAt(index);  // extraction of a single character by position\nstring[index]; // char extraction by property access\nlet index = string.indexOf(substring);  // start index of substring in string\n</code></pre> <p>Property access is unpredictable:</p> <ul> <li>does not work in IE7 or earlier</li> <li>makes strings look like arrays (confusing)</li> <li>if no character is found, <code>[ ]</code> returns undefined, <code>charAt()</code> returns an empty string</li> <li>Is read only: <code>string[index] = \"value\"</code> does not work and gives no errors</li> </ul>"},{"location":"languages/javascript/javascript.html#slice-vs-substring-vs-substr","title":"Slice vs Substring vs Substr","text":"<p>If the parameters to slice are negative, they reference the string from the end. Substring and substr doesn\u00b4t.</p> JavaScript<pre><code>string.slice(begin [, end]);\nstring.substring(from [, to]);\nstring.substr(start [, length]);\n</code></pre>"},{"location":"languages/javascript/javascript.html#boolean-data-type","title":"Boolean data type","text":"JavaScript<pre><code>let boolean = true;\nlet boolean_ = false;\n</code></pre>"},{"location":"languages/javascript/javascript.html#null-data-type","title":"Null data type","text":"JavaScript<pre><code>let _ = null;\n</code></pre>"},{"location":"languages/javascript/javascript.html#undefined","title":"Undefined","text":"JavaScript<pre><code>let $;  //value is \"undefined\"\n$ = undefined;\n</code></pre>"},{"location":"languages/javascript/javascript.html#typeof","title":"Typeof()","text":"JavaScript<pre><code>typeof x;  //returns the type of the variable x as a string\ntypeof(x);  //returns the type of the variable x as a string\n</code></pre> <p>The result of typeof null is \"object\". That's wrong. It is an officially recognized error in typeof, kept for compatibility. Of course, null is not an object. It is a special value with a separate type of its own. So, again, this is an error in the language.  </p>"},{"location":"languages/javascript/javascript.html#type-casting","title":"Type Casting","text":"JavaScript<pre><code>String(value);  //converts value to string\n\nNumber(value);  //converts value to a number\nNumber(undefined);  //--&gt; NaN\nNumber(null);  //--&gt; 0\nNumber(true);  //--&gt; 1\nNumber(false);  //--&gt; 0\nNumber(String);  //Whitespace from the start and end is removed. If the remaining string is empty, the result is 0. Otherwise, the number is \"read\" from the string. An error gives NaN.\n\nBoolean(value);  //--&gt; true\nBoolean(0); //--&gt; false\nBoolean(\"\");  //--&gt; false\nBoolean(null);  //--&gt; false\nBoolean(undefined);  //--&gt; false\nBoolean(NaN);  //--&gt; false\n\n\n//numeric type checking the moronic way\ntypeof var_ == \"number\";  // typeof returns a string with the name of the type\n</code></pre>"},{"location":"languages/javascript/javascript.html#type-checking","title":"Type Checking","text":"JavaScript<pre><code>isNaN(var);  // converts var in number and then check if is NaN\n\nNumber(\"A\") == NaN;  //false ?!?\n</code></pre>"},{"location":"languages/javascript/javascript.html#dangerous-stupid-implicit-type-casting","title":"Dangerous &amp; Stupid Implicit Type Casting","text":"JavaScript<pre><code>2 + 'text';  //\"2text\", implicit conversion and concatenation\n1 + \"1\";  //\"11\", implicit conversion and concatenation\n\"1\" + 1;  //\"11\", implicit conversion and concatenation\n+\"1\";  //1, implicit conversion\n+\"text\";  // NaN\n1 == \"1\";  //true\n1 === \"1\";  //false\n1 == true;  //true\n0 == false;  //true\n\"\" == false;  //true\n</code></pre>"},{"location":"languages/javascript/javascript.html#operators","title":"Operators","text":"Operator Operation <code>(...)</code> grouping a<code>.</code>b member access <code>new</code> a(...) object creation a <code>in</code> b membership"},{"location":"languages/javascript/javascript.html#mathematical-operators","title":"Mathematical Operators","text":"Operator Operation a <code>+</code> b addition a <code>-</code> b subtraction a <code>*</code> b multiplication a <code>**</code> b a^b a <code>/</code> b division a <code>%</code> b modulus"},{"location":"languages/javascript/javascript.html#unary-increment-operators","title":"Unary Increment Operators","text":"Operator Operation <code>--</code>variable prefix decrement <code>++</code>variable prefix increment variable<code>--</code> postfix decrement variable<code>++</code> postfix increment"},{"location":"languages/javascript/javascript.html#logical-operators","title":"Logical Operators","text":"Operator Operation a <code>&amp;&amp;</code> b logical AND a <code>||</code> b logical OR <code>!</code>a logical NOT"},{"location":"languages/javascript/javascript.html#comparison-operators","title":"Comparison Operators","text":"Operator Operation a <code>&lt;</code> b less than a <code>&lt;=</code> b less or equal to a <code>&gt;</code> b greater than a <code>&gt;=</code> b greater or equal to a <code>==</code> b equality a <code>!=</code> b inequality a <code>===</code> b strict equality a <code>!==</code> b strict inequality"},{"location":"languages/javascript/javascript.html#bitwise-logical-operators","title":"Bitwise Logical Operators","text":"Operator Operation a <code>&amp;</code> b bitwise AND a <code>|</code> b bitwise OR a <code>^</code> b bitwise XOR <code>~</code>a bitwise NOT a <code>&lt;&lt;</code> b bitwise left shift a <code>&gt;&gt;</code> b bitwise right shift a <code>&gt;&gt;&gt;</code> b bitwise unsigned right shift"},{"location":"languages/javascript/javascript.html#compound-operators","title":"Compound Operators","text":"Operator Operation a <code>+=</code> b a = a + b a <code>-=</code> b a = a - b a <code>*=</code> b a = a * b a <code>**=</code> b a = a ** b a <code>/=</code> b a = a / b a <code>%=</code> b a = a % b a <code>&lt;&lt;=</code> b a = a &lt;&lt; b a <code>&gt;&gt;=</code> b a = a &gt;&gt; b a <code>&gt;&gt;&gt;=</code> b a = a &gt;&gt;&gt; b a <code>&amp;=</code> b a = a &amp; b a <code>^=</code> b a = a ^ b a <code>|=</code> b a = a ! b"},{"location":"languages/javascript/javascript.html#decision-statements","title":"Decision Statements","text":""},{"location":"languages/javascript/javascript.html#if-else","title":"IF-ELSE","text":"JavaScript<pre><code>if (condition) {\n    //code here\n} else {\n    //code here\n}\n</code></pre>"},{"location":"languages/javascript/javascript.html#if-else-multi-branch","title":"IF-ELSE Multi-Branch","text":"JavaScript<pre><code>if (condition) {\n    //code here\n} else if (condition) {\n    //code here\n} else {\n    //code here\n}\n</code></pre>"},{"location":"languages/javascript/javascript.html#ternary-operator","title":"Ternary Operator","text":"<p><code>condition ? &lt;expr1&gt; : &lt;expr2&gt;;</code> </p>"},{"location":"languages/javascript/javascript.html#switch-statement","title":"Switch Statement","text":"JavaScript<pre><code>switch (expression) {\n    case expression:\n        //code here\n        break;\n\n    default:\n        //code here\n        break;\n}\n</code></pre>"},{"location":"languages/javascript/javascript.html#loops","title":"Loops","text":""},{"location":"languages/javascript/javascript.html#while-loop","title":"While Loop","text":"JavaScript<pre><code>while (condition) {\n    //code here\n}\n</code></pre>"},{"location":"languages/javascript/javascript.html#do-while-loop","title":"Do-While Loop","text":"JavaScript<pre><code>do {\n    //code here\n} while (condition);\n</code></pre>"},{"location":"languages/javascript/javascript.html#for-loop","title":"For Loop","text":"JavaScript<pre><code>// basic for\nfor (begin; condition; step) { }\n\nfor (var variable in iterable) { }  // for/in statement loops through the properties of an object\nfor (let variable in iterable) { }  // instantiate a new variable at each iteration\n\n// for/of statement loops through the values of an iterable objects\n// for/of lets you loop over data structures that are iterable such as Arrays, Strings, Maps, NodeLists, and more.\nfor (var variable of iterable) { }\nfor (let variable of iterable) { }  // instantiate a new variable at each iteration\n\n// foreach (similar to for..of)\niterable.forEach(() =&gt; { /* statements */ });\n</code></pre>"},{"location":"languages/javascript/javascript.html#break-continue-statements","title":"Break &amp; Continue statements","text":"<p><code>break;</code>  exits the loop. <code>continue;</code> skip to next loop cycle.</p> JavaScript<pre><code>label: for(begin; condition; step) {\n    //code here\n}\n\nbreak label;  //breaks labelled loop and nested loops inside it\n</code></pre>"},{"location":"languages/javascript/javascript.html#arrays","title":"Arrays","text":"JavaScript<pre><code>let array = [];  // empty array\nlet array = [\"text\", 3.14, [1.41]];  // array declaration and initialization\n\narray.length;  // number of items in the array\narray[index];  // access to item by index\narray[index] = item; // change or add item by index\n\narray.push(item);  //add item to array\narray.pop();  // remove and return last item\n\narray.join(\"separator\");  // construct a string from the items of the array, separated by SEPARATOR\narray.find(item =&gt; condition); // returns the value of the first element in the provided array that satisfies the provided testing function\narray.fill(value, start, end);  // fills an array with the passed value\n\n\n// https://stackoverflow.com/a/37601776\narray.slice(start, end);  // RETURN list of items between indexes start and end-1\narray.splice(start, deleteCount, [items_to_add]);  // remove and RETURN items from array, can append a list of items. IN PLACE operation\n</code></pre>"},{"location":"languages/javascript/javascript.html#filter-map-reduce","title":"<code>filter()</code> &amp; <code>map()</code>, <code>reduce()</code>","text":"JavaScript<pre><code>let array = [ items ];\n\n// execute an operation on each item, producing a new array\narray.map(function);\narray.map(() =&gt; operation); \n\narray.filter(() =&gt; condition);  // return an items only if the condition is true\n\n// execute a reducer function on each element of the array, resulting in single output value\narray.reduce((x, y) =&gt; ...);\n</code></pre>"},{"location":"languages/javascript/javascript.html#spread-operator","title":"Spread Operator (...)","text":"JavaScript<pre><code>// arrays\nlet array1 = [ 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6 ];\nlet array2 = [ 7, 8, 9, 10 ];\nlet copy = [ ...array1 ];  // shallow copy\nlet copyAndAdd = [ 0, ...array1, 7 ];  // insert all values in new array\nlet merge = [ ...array1, ...array2 ];  // merge the arrays contents in new array\n\n// objects\nlet obj = { prop1: value1, prop2: value2 };\nlet clone = { ...obj, prop: value };  // shallow copy, and update copy prop\nlet cloneAndAdd = { prop0: value0, ...obj, prop3: value3 };\n\n// strings\nlet alphabet = \"abcdefghijklmnopqrstxyz\"\nlet letters = [ ...alphabet ];  // alphabet.split(\"\")\n\n//function arguments\nlet func = (arg1 = val1, arg2 = val2) =&gt; expression;\nlet args = [ value1, value2 ];\nfunc(arg0, ...args);\n</code></pre>"},{"location":"languages/javascript/javascript.html#dictionaries","title":"Dictionaries","text":"JavaScript<pre><code>let dict = { FirstName: \"Chris\", \"one\": 1, 1: \"some value\" };\n\n\n// add new or update property\ndict[\"Age\"] = 42;\n\n// direct property by name\n// because it's a dynamic language\ndict.FirstName = \"Chris\";\n</code></pre>"},{"location":"languages/javascript/javascript.html#iterating-key-value-pairs","title":"Iterating Key-Value pairs","text":"JavaScript<pre><code>for(let key in dict) {\n  let value = dict[key];\n\n  // do something with \"key\" and \"value\" variables\n}\n\nObject.keys(dict).forEach(key =&gt; { });\n</code></pre>"},{"location":"languages/javascript/javascript.html#functions","title":"Functions","text":""},{"location":"languages/javascript/javascript.html#jsdoc-documentation-standard","title":"JSDOC documentation standard","text":"JavaScript<pre><code>/**\n * @param {type} parameter - description\n * @returns {type} parameter - description\n * */\n</code></pre>"},{"location":"languages/javascript/javascript.html#function-declaration","title":"Function Declaration","text":"JavaScript<pre><code>// ...args will contain extra parameters (rest argument)\nfunction functionName(parameter=default-value, ...args) {\n    //code here\n    return &lt;expression&gt;;\n}\n</code></pre>"},{"location":"languages/javascript/javascript.html#default-parameters-old-versions","title":"Default Parameters (old versions)","text":"JavaScript<pre><code>function functionName(parameters) {\n    if (parameter == undefined) {\n        parameter = value;\n    }\n\n    //code here\n    return &lt;expression&gt;;\n}\n</code></pre>"},{"location":"languages/javascript/javascript.html#function-expressions","title":"Function Expressions","text":"JavaScript<pre><code>let functionName = function(parameters) {\n    //code here\n    return expression;\n}\n</code></pre>"},{"location":"languages/javascript/javascript.html#arrow-functions","title":"Arrow Functions","text":"JavaScript<pre><code>(input) =&gt; { /* statements */ }\n(input) =&gt; expression;\ninput =&gt; expression;  // parenthesis are optional\n() =&gt; expression;  // no parameters syntax\n\n// variants\nlet func = (input) =&gt; {\n    // code here\n};\n\nlet func = (input) =&gt; expression;\nlet func = input =&gt; expression;\n\nfunc();  // function call\n\n// return object literal\nlet func = (value) =&gt; ({property: value});\n</code></pre>"},{"location":"languages/javascript/javascript.html#object-oriented-programming","title":"Object Oriented Programming","text":"<p>An object is a collection of related data and/or functionality.</p> <p>Note: It's not possible to transform a variable in an object simply by using the object assignment.</p> JavaScript<pre><code>let variable = value;\n\n// object literal\nlet obj = {\n    property: value,\n    variable,  // same as variable: variable\n    [property]: value  // dynamic prop name\n\n    object: {\n        ...\n    },\n\n    method: function() {\n        // code here\n        this.propertyName;  // reference to object property inside the object\n    }\n\n    method; () =&gt; {\n        obj.propertyName;  // this is undefined here, use full object name\n    }\n};\n\n// access to property (non existant properties will return Undefined)\nobj.property;  // dot notation\nobj[\"property\"];  // array notation\n\n// property modification (will add property if missing)\nobj.property = value;  // dot notation\nobj[\"property\"] = value;  // array notation\n\nobj.func(); //method access\n\ndelete obj.propertyName;  // delete property\n\nObject.keys(obj);  // list of all property names\nObject.entries(obj);  // list contents as key-value pairs\n</code></pre>"},{"location":"languages/javascript/javascript.html#constructors-and-object-instances","title":"Constructors and object instances","text":"<p>JavaScript uses special functions called constructor functions to define and initialize objects and their features. Notice that it has all the features you'd expect in a function, although it doesn't return anything or explicitly create an object \u2014 it basically just defines properties and methods.</p> JavaScript<pre><code>// constructor function definition\nfunction Class(params) {\n    this.property = param;\n\n    this.method = function(params) { /* code here */ }\n}\n\nlet obj = new Class(params);  // object instantiation\n\nlet obj = new Object();  // creates empty object\nlet obj = new Object({\n    // JSON\n});\n</code></pre>"},{"location":"languages/javascript/javascript.html#prototypes","title":"Prototypes","text":"<p>Prototypes are the mechanism by which JavaScript objects inherit features from one another.</p> <p>JavaScript is often described as a prototype-based language; to provide inheritance, objects can have a prototype object, which acts as a template object that it inherits methods and properties from.</p> <p>An object's prototype object may also have a prototype object, which it inherits methods and properties from, and so on. This is often referred to as a prototype chain, and explains why different objects have properties and methods defined on other objects available to them. If a method is implemented on an object (and not it's prototype) then only that object will heve that method and not all the ones that come from the same prototype.</p> JavaScript<pre><code>// constructor function\nfunction Obj(param1, ...) {\n    this.param1 = param1,\n    ...\n}\n\n// method on the object\nObj.prototype.method = function(params) {\n    // code here (operate w/ this)\n}\n\nlet obj = new Obj(args);  // object instantiation\nobj.method();  // call method from prototype\n</code></pre>"},{"location":"languages/javascript/javascript.html#extending-with-prototypes","title":"Extending with prototypes","text":"JavaScript<pre><code>// constructor function\nfunction DerivedObj(param1, param2, ...) {\n    Obj.call(this, param1);  // use prototype constructor\n    this.param2 = param2;\n}\n\n// extend Obj\nDerivedObj.prototype = Object.create(Obj.prototype);\n\n// method on object\nDerivedObj.prototype.method = function() {\n    // code here (operate w/ this)\n}\n\nlet dobj = new DerivedObj(args);  // object instantiation\ndobj.method();  // call method from prototype\n</code></pre>"},{"location":"languages/javascript/javascript.html#classes-es6","title":"Classes (ES6+)","text":"JavaScript<pre><code>class Obj {\n    constructor(param1, ...) {\n        this.param1 = param1,\n        ...\n    }\n\n    get param1()  // getter\n    {\n        return this.param1;\n    }\n\n    func() {\n        // code here (operate w/ this)\n    }\n\n    static func() { }  // static method\n\n// object instantiation\nlet obj = new Obj(param1, ...);\nobj.func();  // call method\n</code></pre>"},{"location":"languages/javascript/javascript.html#extending-with-classes","title":"Extending with Classes","text":"JavaScript<pre><code>class DerivedObj extends Obj {\n    constructor(param1, param2, ...){\n        super(param1);  // use superclass constructor\n        this.param2 = param2;\n    }\n\n    newFunc() { }\n}\n\nlet dobj = DerivedObj();\ndobj.newFunc();\n</code></pre>"},{"location":"languages/javascript/javascript.html#deconstruction","title":"Deconstruction","text":""},{"location":"languages/javascript/javascript.html#object-deconstruction","title":"Object deconstruction","text":"JavaScript<pre><code>let obj = {\n    property: value,\n    ...\n}\n\nlet { var1, var2 } = obj;  // extract values from object into variables\nlet { property: var1, property2 : var2 } = obj;  // extract props in variables w/ specified names\nlet { property: var1, var2 = default_value } = obj;  // use default values if object has less then expected props\n</code></pre>"},{"location":"languages/javascript/javascript.html#array-deconstruction","title":"Array Deconstruction","text":"JavaScript<pre><code>let array = [ 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6 ];\nlet [first, , third, , seventh = \"missing\" ] = array;  // extract specific values from array\n</code></pre>"},{"location":"languages/javascript/javascript.html#serialization","title":"Serialization","text":"JavaScript<pre><code>let object = {\n    // object attributes\n}\n\nlet json = JSON.stringify(object);  // serialize object in JSON\n\nlet json = {  /* JSON */ };\nlet object = JSON.parse(json);  // deserialize to Object\n</code></pre>"},{"location":"languages/javascript/javascript.html#timing","title":"Timing","text":""},{"location":"languages/javascript/javascript.html#timers","title":"Timers","text":"<p>Function runs once after an interval of time.</p> JavaScript<pre><code>// param1, param2, ... are the arguments passed to the function (IE9+)\nlet timerId = setTimeout(func [, milliseconds, param1, param2, ... ]);  // wait milliseconds before executing the code (params are read at execution time)\n\n// works in IE9\nlet timerId =  setTimeout(function(){\n    func(param1, param2);\n}, milliseconds);\n\n// Anonymous functions with arguments\nlet timerId = setTimeout(function(arg1, ...){\n    // code here\n}, milliseconds, param1, ...);\n\nclearTimeout(timerId)  // cancel execution\n\n// example of multiple consecutive schedules\nlet list = [1 , 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9, 10, \"A\", \"B\", \"C\", \"D\", \"E\", \"F\", \"G\", \"H\", \"I\", \"J\", -1, -2, -3, -4, -5, -6, -7, -8, -9, -10]\nfunction useTimeout(pos=0) {\n\n    setTimeout(function(){\n        console.log(list[pos]);\n        pos += 1;  // update value for next call\n\n        if (pos &lt; list.length) {  // recursion exit condition\n            useTimeout(pos);  // schedule next call with new value\n        }\n    }, 1_000, pos);\n}\n\nuseTimeout();\n</code></pre>"},{"location":"languages/javascript/javascript.html#let-vs-var-with-settimeout","title":"<code>let</code> vs <code>var</code> with <code>setTimeout</code>","text":"JavaScript<pre><code>// let instantiates a new variable for each iteration\nfor (let i = 0; i &lt; 3; ++i) {\n    setTimeout(function() {\n        console.log(i);\n    }, i * 100);\n}\n// output: 0, 1, 2\n\nfor (var i = 0; i &lt; 3; ++i) {\n    setTimeout(function() {\n        console.log(i);\n    }, i * 100);\n}\n// output: 3, 3, 3\n</code></pre>"},{"location":"languages/javascript/javascript.html#preserving-the-context","title":"Preserving the context","text":"JavaScript<pre><code>let obj = {\n    prop: value,\n\n    method1 : function() { /* statement */ }\n\n    method2 : function() {\n        let self = this  // memorize context inside method (otherwise callback will not know it)\n        setTimeout(function() { /* code here (uses self) */ })\n    }\n}\n\n\n// better\nlet obj = {\n    prop: value,\n\n    method1 : function() { /* statement */ }\n\n    method2 : function() {\n        setTimeout(() =&gt; { /* code here (uses this) */ })  // arrow func does not create new scope, this context preserved\n    }\n}\n</code></pre>"},{"location":"languages/javascript/javascript.html#intervals","title":"Intervals","text":"<p>Function runs regularly with a specified interval. JavaScript is Single Threaded.</p> JavaScript<pre><code>// param1, param2, ... are the arguments passed to the function (IE9+)\nlet timerId = setInterval(func, milliseconds [, param1, param2, ... ]); // (params are read at execution time)\n\n// works in IE9\nlet timerId =  setInterval(function(){\n    func(param1, param2);\n}, milliseconds);\n\n// Anonymous functions with arguments\nlet timerId = setInterval(function(arg1, ...){\n    // code here\n}, milliseconds, param1, ...);\n\nclearTimeout(timerId);  // cancel execution\n</code></pre>"},{"location":"languages/javascript/javascript.html#datetime","title":"DateTime","text":"<p>A date consists of a year, a month, a day, an hour, a minute, a second, and milliseconds.</p> <p>There are generally 4 types of JavaScript date input formats:</p> <ul> <li>ISO Date: <code>\"2015-03-25\"</code></li> <li>Short Date: <code>\"03/25/2015\"</code></li> <li>Long Date: <code>\"Mar 25 2015\"</code> or <code>\"25 Mar 2015\"</code></li> <li>Full Date: <code>\"Wednesday March 25 2015\"</code></li> </ul> JavaScript<pre><code>// constructors\nnew Date();\nnew Date(milliseconds);\nnew Date(dateString);\nnew Date(year, month, day, hours, minutes, seconds, milliseconds);\n\n// accepts parameters similar to the Date constructor, but treats them as UTC. It returns the number of milliseconds since January 1, 1970, 00:00:00 UTC.\nDate.UTC(year, month, day, hours, minutes, seconds, milliseconds);\n\n//static methods\nDate.now();  // returns the number of milliseconds elapsed since January 1, 1970 00:00:00 UTC.\n\n// methods\nlet date = new Date();\ndate.toSting(); // returns a string representing the specified Date object\ndate.toUTCString();\ndate.toDateString();\ndate.toTimeString();  // method returns the time portion of a Date object in human readable form in American English.\n\n\n// get date\n\ndare.getMonth();\ndate.getMinutes();\ndate.getFullYear();\n\n// set date\ndate.setFullYear(2020, 0, 14);\ndate.setDate(date.getDate() + 50);\n\n// parse valid dates\nlet msec = Date.parse(\"March 21, 2012\");\nlet date = new Date(msec);\n</code></pre>"},{"location":"languages/javascript/javascript.html#comparing-dates","title":"Comparing Dates","text":"<p>Comparison operators work also on dates</p> JavaScript<pre><code>let date1 = new Date();\nlet date2 = new Date(\"May 24, 2017 10:50:00\");\n\nif(date1 &gt; date2){\n        console.log('break time');\n} else {\n        console.log('stay in class');\n}\n</code></pre>"},{"location":"languages/javascript/javascript.html#exports","title":"Exports","text":"<p>Firefox CORS not HTTP</p> <p>Note: Firefox 68 and later define the origin of a page opened using a <code>file:///</code> URI as unique. Therefore, other resources in the same directory or its subdirectories no longer satisfy the CORS same-origin rule. This new behavior is enabled by default using the <code>privacy.file_unique_origin</code> preference.</p> JSON<pre><code>\"privacy.file_unique_origin\": \"false\"\n</code></pre> <p>In <code>page.html</code></p> HTML<pre><code>&lt;script src=\"scripts/module.js\"&gt;&lt;/script&gt;\n&lt;script src=\"scripts/script.js\"&gt;&lt;/script&gt;\n</code></pre> <p>In <code>module.js</code>:</p> JavaScript<pre><code>// exporting individual fractures\nexport default function() {}  // one per module\nexport func = () =&gt; expression;  // zero or more per module\n\n// Export list\nexport { name1, name2, \u2026, nameN };\n\n// Renaming exports\nexport { variable1 as name1, variable2 as name2, \u2026, nameN };\n\n// Exporting destructured assignments with renaming\nexport const { name1, name2: bar } = o;\n\n // re-export\nexport { func } from \"other_script.js\" \n</code></pre> <p>In <code>script.js</code>:</p> JavaScript<pre><code>import default_func_alias, { func as alias } from \"./module.js\";  // import default and set alias\nimport { default as default_func_alias, func as alias } from \"./module.js\";  // import default and set alias\n\n// use imported functions\ndefault_func_alias();\nalias();\n</code></pre> JavaScript<pre><code>import * from \"./module.js\";  // import all\n\nmodule.function();  // use imported content with fully qualified name\n</code></pre>"},{"location":"languages/javascript/jquery.html","title":"jQuery Library","text":""},{"location":"languages/javascript/jquery.html#including-jquery","title":"Including jQuery","text":""},{"location":"languages/javascript/jquery.html#download-and-link-the-file","title":"Download and link the file","text":"HTML<pre><code>&lt;head&gt;\n    &lt;script src=\"jquery-x.x.x.min.js\"&gt;&lt;/script&gt;\n&lt;/head&gt;\n</code></pre>"},{"location":"languages/javascript/jquery.html#use-a-cdn","title":"Use a CDN","text":"HTML<pre><code>&lt;head&gt;\n    &lt;script src=\"https://ajax.googleapis.com/ajax/libs/jquery/x.x.x/jquery.min.js\"&gt;&lt;/script&gt;\n&lt;/head&gt;\n\n&lt;!-- OR --&gt;\n\n&lt;head&gt;\n    &lt;script src=\"https://ajax.aspnetcdn.com/ajax/jQuery/jquery-x.x.x.min.js\"&gt;&lt;/script&gt;\n&lt;/head&gt;\n</code></pre>"},{"location":"languages/javascript/jquery.html#what-is-a-cdn","title":"What is a CDN","text":"<p>A content delivery network or content distribution network (CDN) is a large distributed system of servers deployed in multiple data centers across the Internet. The goal of a CDN is to serve content to end-users with high availability and high performance. CDNs serve a large fraction of the Internet content today, including web objects (text, graphics and scripts), downloadable objects (media files, software, documents), applications (e-commerce, portals), live streaming media, on-demand streaming media, and social networks.</p>"},{"location":"languages/javascript/jquery.html#html-manipulation","title":"HTML Manipulation","text":""},{"location":"languages/javascript/jquery.html#finding-dom-elements","title":"Finding DOM elements","text":"JavaScript<pre><code>$('tag');\n$(\"#id\");\n$(\".class\");\n</code></pre>"},{"location":"languages/javascript/jquery.html#manipulating-dom-elements","title":"Manipulating DOM elements","text":"JavaScript<pre><code>$(\"p\").addClass(\"special\");\n</code></pre> HTML<pre><code>&lt;!-- before --&gt;\n&lt;p&gt;Welcome to jQuery&lt;p&gt;\n\n&lt;!-- after --&gt;\n&lt;p class=\"special\"&gt;Welcome to jQuery&lt;p&gt;\n</code></pre>"},{"location":"languages/javascript/jquery.html#reading-elements","title":"Reading Elements","text":"HTML<pre><code>&lt;a id=\"yahoo\" href=\"http://www.yahoo.com\" style=\"font-size:20px;\"&gt;Yahoo!&lt;/a&gt;\n</code></pre> JavaScript<pre><code>// find it &amp; store it\nvar link = $('a#yahoo');\n\n// get info about it\nlink.html(); // 'Yahoo!'\nlink.attr('href'); // 'http://www.yahoo.com'\nlink.css('font-size'); // '20px\n</code></pre>"},{"location":"languages/javascript/jquery.html#modifying-elements","title":"Modifying Elements","text":"JavaScript<pre><code>// jQuery\n$('a').html('Yahoo!');\n$('a').attr('href', 'http://www.yahoo.com');\n$('a').css({'color': 'purple'});\n</code></pre> HTML<pre><code>&lt;!-- before --&gt;\n&lt;a href=\"http://www.google.com\"&gt;Google&lt;/a&gt;\n\n&lt;!-- after --&gt;\n&lt;a href=\"http://www.yahoo.com\" style=\"color:purple\"&gt;Yahoo&lt;/a&gt;\n</code></pre>"},{"location":"languages/javascript/jquery.html#create-store-manipulate-and-inject","title":"Create, Store, Manipulate and inject","text":"JavaScript<pre><code>let paragraph = $('&lt;p class=\"intro\"&gt;Welcome&lt;p&gt;');  // create and store element\n\nparagraph.css('property', 'value');  // manipulate element\n\n$(\"body\").append(paragraph);  // inject in DOM\n</code></pre>"},{"location":"languages/javascript/jquery.html#regular-dom-nodes-to-jquery-objects","title":"Regular DOM Nodes to jQuery Objects","text":"JavaScript<pre><code>var paragraphs = $('p'); // an array\nvar aParagraph = paragraphs[0]; // a regular DOM node\nvar $aParagraph = $(paragraphs[0]); // a jQuery Object\n\n// can also use loops\nfor(var i = 0; i &lt; paragraphs.length; i++) {\n    var element = paragraphs[i];\n    var paragraph = $(element);\n    paragraph.html(paragraph.html() + ' WOW!');\n}\n</code></pre>"},{"location":"languages/javascript/jquery.html#events","title":"Events","text":"JavaScript<pre><code>var onButtonClick = function() {  \n    console.log('clicked!');\n}\n\n// with named callback &amp; .on\n$('button').on('click', onButtonClick);\n\n// with anonymous callback &amp; .on\n$('button').on('click', function(){\n    console.log('clicked!');\n});\n\n// with .click &amp; named callback\n$('button').click(onButtonClick);\n</code></pre>"},{"location":"languages/javascript/jquery.html#preventing-default-event","title":"Preventing Default Event","text":"JavaScript<pre><code>$('selector').on('event', function(event) {\n    event.preventDefault();\n    // custom logic\n});\n</code></pre>"},{"location":"languages/javascript/jquery.html#plugins","title":"Plugins","text":"<p>In the HTML, add a <code>&lt;script&gt;</code> ag that hotlinks to the CDN or source file:</p> HTML<pre><code>&lt;script src=\"https://cdnjs.cloudflare.com/ajax/libs/jquery-validate/1.17.0/jquery.validate.min.js\"&gt;&lt;script&gt;\n</code></pre> <p>In the JavaScript call the jQuery plugin on the DOM:</p> JavaScript<pre><code>$(\"form\").validate();\n</code></pre> <p>Note: always link to the minified js files.</p>"},{"location":"languages/javascript/jquery.html#more-jquery","title":"More jQuery","text":""},{"location":"languages/javascript/jquery.html#patters-anti-patterns","title":"Patters &amp; Anti-Patterns","text":"JavaScript<pre><code>// Pattern: name variables with $var\n$myVar =$('#myNode');\n\n// Pattern: store references to callback functions\nvar callback = function(argument){\n    // do something cool\n};\n\n$(document).on('click', 'p', myCallback);\n\n// Anti-pattern: anonymous functions\n$(document).on('click', 'p', function(argument){\n    // do something anonymous\n});\n</code></pre>"},{"location":"languages/javascript/jquery.html#chaining","title":"Chaining","text":"JavaScript<pre><code>banner.css('color', 'red');\nbanner.html('Welcome!');\nbanner.show();\n\n// same as:\nbanner.css('color', 'red').html('Welcome!').show();\n\n// same as:\nbanner.css('color', 'red')\n    .html('Welcome!')\n    .show();\n</code></pre>"},{"location":"languages/javascript/jquery.html#dom-readiness","title":"DOM Readiness","text":"<p>DOM manipulation and event binding doesn't work if the <code>&lt;script&gt;</code> is in the <code>&lt;head&gt;</code></p> JavaScript<pre><code>$(document).ready(function() {\n    // the DOM is fully loaded\n});\n\n$(window).on('load', function(){\n    // the DOM and all assets (including images) are loaded\n});\n</code></pre>"},{"location":"languages/javascript/jquery.html#ajax-jquery-15","title":"AJAX (jQuery <code>1.5</code>+)","text":"JavaScript<pre><code>$.ajax({\n    method: 'POST',\n    url: 'some.php',\n    data: { name: 'John', location: 'Boston'}\n})\n.done(function(msg){alert('Data Saved: '+ msg);})\n.fail(function(jqXHR, textStatus){alert('Request failed: '+ textStatus);});\n</code></pre>"},{"location":"languages/javascript/react/react-router.html","title":"React Router","text":"<p>Popular routing library. Allows to specify a route through React components, declaring which component is to be loaded for a given URL.</p> <p>Key Components:</p> <ul> <li>Router: wrap the app entry-point, usually <code>BrowserRouter</code></li> <li>Route: \"Load this component for this URL\"</li> <li>Link: react-managed anchors that won't post back to the browser</li> </ul>"},{"location":"languages/javascript/react/react-router.html#routers","title":"Routers","text":"<p>Router Types:</p> <ul> <li>HashRouter: <code>#route</code>, adds hashes to the URLs</li> <li>BrowserRouter: <code>/route</code>, uses HTML5 history API to provide clean URLs</li> <li>MemoryRouter: no URL</li> </ul> JavaScript<pre><code>// index.js\n\n//other imports ...\n\nimport { BrowserRouter as Router } from \"react-router-dom\";\n\nReact.render(\n    &lt;Router&gt;\n        &lt;App /&gt;\n    &lt;/Router&gt;,\n    document.getElementById(\"DomID\");\n)\n</code></pre> JavaScript<pre><code>// Component.js\nimport { Route, Route } from \"react-router-dom\";\n\n&lt;div&gt;\n    {/* match route pattern exactly, all sub-routes will be matched otherwise */}\n    &lt;Route path=\"/\" exact element={&lt;Component props={props} /&gt;} /&gt; \n    &lt;Route path=\"/route\" element={&lt;Component props={props} /&gt;} /&gt;\n    ...\n&lt;/div&gt;\n\n// only one child can match, similar to Route-case\n&lt;Routes&gt;\n    &lt;Route path=\"/\" exact element={&lt;Component props={props} /&gt;} /&gt;\n    &lt;Route path=\"/route\" element={&lt;Component props={props} /&gt;} /&gt;\n    &lt;Route component={PageNotFound} /&gt; {/* matches all non-existent URLs */}\n&lt;/Route&gt;\n</code></pre>"},{"location":"languages/javascript/react/react-router.html#url-parameters-query-string","title":"URL Parameters &amp; Query String","text":"JavaScript<pre><code>// Given\n&lt;Route path=\"/route/:placeholder\" element={&lt;Component props={props} /&gt;} /&gt;\n// URL: app.com/route/sub-route?param=value\n\nfunction Component(props) {\n    props.match.params.placeholder;  // sub-route\n    props.location.query;  // { param: value }\n    props.location.pathname; // /route/sub-route?param=value\n}\n</code></pre>"},{"location":"languages/javascript/react/react-router.html#redirecting","title":"Redirecting","text":"JavaScript<pre><code>import { Navigate } from \"react-router-dom\";\n\n// redirects to another URL on render, shouldn't be rendered on component mount but after an action\n&lt;Navigate to=\"/route\" /&gt;\n&lt;Navigate from=\"/old-route\" to=\"/new-route\" /&gt;\n{ condition &amp;&amp;  &lt;Navigate to=\"/route\" /&gt; }  // redirect if condition is true\n\n// or redirect manipulating the history (always in props)\nprops.history.push(\"/new-route\");\n</code></pre>"},{"location":"languages/javascript/react/react-router.html#prompts","title":"Prompts","text":"JavaScript<pre><code>import { Prompt } from \"react-router-dom\";\n\n// displays a prompt when the condition is true\n&lt;Prompt when={condition} message=\"prompt message\" /&gt;\n</code></pre>"},{"location":"languages/javascript/react/react-router.html#link","title":"Link","text":"<p>Clicks on a link created with React-Router will be captured by react an all the routing will happen client side.</p> JavaScript<pre><code>import { Link } from \"react-router-dom\";\n\n// TARGET: &lt;Route path=\"/route/:itemId\" /&gt;\n&lt;Link to=\"/route/1\"&gt;Text&lt;/Link&gt;\n\n// add styling attributes to the rendered element when it matches the current URL.\n&lt;NavLink to=\"/route\" exact activeClassName=\"class\"&gt;Text&lt;/NavLink&gt;\n&lt;NavLink to=\"/route\" activeStyle={ { cssProp: value } }&gt;Text&lt;/NavLink&gt;\n</code></pre>"},{"location":"languages/javascript/react/react-tests.html","title":"Testing React","text":""},{"location":"languages/javascript/react/react-tests.html#jest","title":"Jest","text":""},{"location":"languages/javascript/react/react-tests.html#jest-configuration","title":"Jest Configuration","text":"JavaScript<pre><code>// jest.config.js\nmodule.exports = {\n  testEnvironment: 'jsdom',\n  moduleFileExtensions: ['js', 'jsx', 'ts', 'tsx', 'json', 'node'],\n  setupFilesAfterEnv: ['@testing-library/jest-dom/extend-expect'],  // add testing-library methods to expect()\n  transform: { '^.+\\\\.tsx?$': 'ts-jest'}  // use ts-jest fo ts files\n}\n</code></pre>"},{"location":"languages/javascript/react/react-tests.html#jest-tests","title":"Jest Tests","text":"<p>Expect docs</p> JavaScript<pre><code>// .spec.js or .test.js\nit(\"test description\", () =&gt; {\n    // test body\n    expect(expected).toEqual(actual);\n});\n\n// group related tests\ndescribe(\"test group name\", () =&gt; {\n    it(/* ... */);\n    it(/* ... */);\n});\n</code></pre>"},{"location":"languages/javascript/react/react-tests.html#snapshots","title":"Snapshots","text":"<p>In <code>Component.Snapshots.js</code>:</p> JavaScript<pre><code>import React from \"react\";\nimport renderer from \"react-test-renderer\";\n\nimport Component from \"./path/to/Component\";\n// import mock data if necessary\n\nit(\"test description\", () =&gt; {\n    // renders the DOM tree of the component\n    const tree = renderer.create(&lt;Component funcProp={jest.fn() /* mock function */} /* component props */ /&gt;);\n\n    // save a snapshot of the component at this point in time ( in  __snapshots__ folder)\n    // in future test it will be checked to avoid regressions\n    // can be updated during jest --watch pressing \"u\"\n    expect(tree).matchSnapshot();\n});\n</code></pre>"},{"location":"languages/javascript/react/react-tests.html#enzyme","title":"Enzyme","text":""},{"location":"languages/javascript/react/react-tests.html#enzyme-configuration","title":"Enzyme Configuration","text":"JavaScript<pre><code>// testSetup.js\nimport { configure } from \"enzyme\";\nimport Adapter from \"enzyme-adapter-react-&lt;version&gt;\";\n\nconfigure({ adapter: new Adapter() });\n</code></pre>"},{"location":"languages/javascript/react/react-tests.html#enzyme-tests","title":"Enzyme Tests","text":"<p>In <code>Component.test.js</code>:</p> JavaScript<pre><code>import React from \"react\";\nimport { shallow, mount } from \"enzyme\";\n// eventual wrapper components (react-router, react-redux's provider, ...) for mount render\n\n// shallow renders single component w/o children, no DOM generated\n// mount renders component w/ it's children\n\nimport Component from \"./path/to/Component\";\n\n// factory to setup shallow test easily\nfunction testHelper(args) {\n    const defaultProps = { /* default value for props in each test */ };\n\n    const props = { ...defaultProps, ...args };\n    return shallow(&lt;Component {...props} /&gt;);\n}\n\n// shallow rendering test\nit(\"test description\", () =&gt; {\n    const dom = testHelper(/* optional args */);\n    // or\n    const dom = shallow(&lt;Component /* props */ /&gt;);\n\n    // check a property of expected component\n    // selector can be from raw JSX (name of a component)\n    expect(dom.find(\"selector\").property).toBe(expected);\n});\n\n// mount rendering test\nif(\"test description\" () =&gt; {\n    const dom = mount(\n        &lt;WrapperComponent&gt;\n            &lt;Component /* props *//&gt;\n        &lt;/WrapperComponent&gt;\n    );\n\n    // selector has to be HTML selector since the component is rendered completely\n    // possible to test child components\n    expect(dom.find(\"selector\").property).toBe(expected);\n});\n</code></pre>"},{"location":"languages/javascript/react/react-tests.html#react-testing-library","title":"React Testing Library","text":"<p>Encourages to write test based on what the user sees. So components are always mounted and fully rendered.</p>"},{"location":"languages/javascript/react/react-tests.html#react-testing-library-tests","title":"React Testing Library Tests","text":"<p>In <code>Components.test.js</code>:</p> JavaScript<pre><code>import React from \"react\";\nimport { cleanup, render } from \"@testing-library/react\";\n\nimport Component from \"./path/to/Component\";\n\nafterEach(cleanup);\n\n// factory to setup test easily\nfunction testHelper(args) {\n    const defaultProps = { /* default value for props in each test */ };\n\n    const props = { ...defaultProps, ...args };\n    return render(&lt;Component {...props} /&gt;);\n}\n\nit(\"test description\", () =&gt; {\n    const { getByText } = testHelper();\n\n    // react testing library func\n    getByText(\"text\");  // check if test is present in the rendered component\n});\n</code></pre>"},{"location":"languages/javascript/react/react.html","title":"React","text":""},{"location":"languages/javascript/react/react.html#components","title":"Components","text":"<p>There are two types of react components:</p> <ul> <li>Function Components</li> <li>Class Components</li> </ul> <p>Both types can be stateful and have side effects or be purely presentational.</p> JSX<pre><code>// functional component\nconst Component = (props) =&gt; {\n    return (\n        &lt;domElementOrComponent... /&gt;\n    );\n}\n\n// class component\nclass Component extends React.Component {\n    return (\n        &lt;domElementOrComponent... /&gt;\n    );\n}\n</code></pre> <p>NOTE: a component name must start with an uppercase letter.</p> <p>Every components has two inputs: props and state. The props input is explicit while the state is implicit. State is used to determine the changes and when to re-render. Within the component state can be changed while the props object represent fixed input values.</p> <p>JSX syntax can represent HTML but gets converted to pure JavaScript before being sent to the browser:</p> JavaScript<pre><code>// JSX\nconst element = (\n  &lt;h1 className=\"greeting\"&gt;Hello, world!&lt;/h1&gt;\n);\n\n// compiled JS shipped to browser\nconst element = React.createElement(\n  'h1',  // HTML tag name\n  {className: 'greeting'},  // attrs as JSON\n  'Hello, world!'  // tag content (can be nested component)\n);\n</code></pre>"},{"location":"languages/javascript/react/react.html#app-entry-point","title":"App Entry-point","text":"JavaScript<pre><code>const container = document.getElementById('root')!;\nconst root = createRoot(container);\n\nconst element = &lt;h1s&gt;Hello World&lt;/h1&gt;\nroot.render(element)\n</code></pre>"},{"location":"languages/javascript/react/react.html#dynamic-expressions","title":"Dynamic Expressions","text":"JavaScript<pre><code>&lt;tag&gt;{expression}&lt;/tag&gt;  // expression is evaluated an it's result is displayed\n&lt;tag onEvent={funcReference}&gt;{expression}&lt;/tag&gt;\n&lt;tag onEvent={() =&gt; func(args)}&gt;{expression}&lt;/tag&gt;\n</code></pre>"},{"location":"languages/javascript/react/react.html#props","title":"Props","text":"JavaScript<pre><code>&lt;Component propName={value} /&gt;  // pass a value the component\n&lt;Component propName={funcReference} /&gt;  // pass a function to the component\n\nfunction Component(props) {\n    // use props with {props.propName}\n}\n\nclass Component extends React.Component{\n    // use props with {this.props.propName}\n    render()\n}\n</code></pre>"},{"location":"languages/javascript/react/react.html#simple-function-component","title":"Simple Function Component","text":"JavaScript<pre><code>// Button.js\nimport { useState } from \"react\";\n\nfunction Button() {\n    const [count, setCount] = useState(0);  // hook\n\n    const handleCLick = () =&gt; setCount(count + 1);  // logic\n\n    // JSX\n    return (\n        &lt;button onClick={handleCLick}&gt;\n            {count}\n        &lt;/button&gt;\n    );\n}\n\nexport default Button;\n</code></pre>"},{"location":"languages/javascript/react/react.html#simple-class-component","title":"Simple Class Component","text":"JavaScript<pre><code>class Button extends React.Component {\n\n    state = {count: 0};\n    //or\n    constructor(props) {\n        super(props);\n        this.state = {count: 0};\n    }\n\n    componentDidMount() {}  // called on successful component mount\n\n    handleClick = () =&gt; {\n        this.setState({ count: this.state.count + 1 });\n    }\n    // or\n    handleClick = () =&gt; {\n        this.setState((state, props) =&gt; ({ count: state.count + props.increment }) );\n    }\n\n    render(){\n        return (\n        &lt;button onClick={this.handleClick}&gt;\n            {this.state.count}\n        &lt;/button&gt;\n        );\n    }\n}\n</code></pre>"},{"location":"languages/javascript/react/react.html#nesting-components","title":"Nesting Components","text":"JavaScript<pre><code>import { useState } from \"react\";\n\nfunction Button(props) {\n  return (\n      &lt;button onClick={props.onClickFunc}&gt;\n          +1\n      &lt;/button&gt;\n  );\n}\n\nfunction Display (props) {\n  return (\n      &lt;div&gt;{props.message}&lt;/div&gt;\n  );\n}\n\nfunction App() {\n\n    // state must be declare in the outer component it can be passed to each children\n    const [count, setCount] = useState(0);\n    const incrementCounter = () =&gt; setCount(count + 1);\n\n    return (\n        &lt;div className=\"App\"&gt;\n            &lt;Button onClickFunc={incrementCounter}/&gt;\n            &lt;Display message={count}/&gt;\n        &lt;/div&gt;\n    );\n}\n\nexport default App;\n</code></pre>"},{"location":"languages/javascript/react/react.html#user-input-forms","title":"User Input (Forms)","text":"JavaScript<pre><code>function Form() {\n    const [userName, setUserName] = useState(\"\");\n\n    handleSubmit = (event) =&gt; {\n        event.preventDefault();\n        // ...\n    }\n\n    return(\n        &lt;form onSubmit={handleSubmit}&gt;\n            &lt;input\n                type=\"text\"\n                value={userName}  // controlled component\n                onChange={(event) =&gt; setUserName(event.target.value)}  // needed to update UI on dom change\n                required\n            /&gt;\n            &lt;button&gt;&lt;/button&gt;\n        &lt;/form&gt;\n    );\n}\n</code></pre>"},{"location":"languages/javascript/react/react.html#lists-of-components","title":"Lists of Components","text":"JavaScript<pre><code>// ...\n    &lt;div&gt;\n        {array.map(item =&gt; &lt;Component key={uniqueID}&gt;)}\n    &lt;/div&gt;\n// ...\n</code></pre> <p>Note: The <code>key</code> attribute of the component is needed to identify a particular item. It's most useful if the list has to be sorted.</p>"},{"location":"languages/javascript/react/react.html#hooks","title":"Hooks","text":""},{"location":"languages/javascript/react/react.html#usestate","title":"<code>useState</code>","text":"<p>Hook used to create a state object.</p> <p><code>useState()</code> results:</p> <ul> <li>state object (getter)</li> <li>updater function (setter)</li> </ul> JavaScript<pre><code>const [state, setState] = useState(default);\n</code></pre>"},{"location":"languages/javascript/react/react.html#useeffect","title":"<code>useEffect</code>","text":"<p>Hook used to trigger an action on each render of the component or when one of the watched items changes.</p> JavaScript<pre><code>useEffect(() =&gt; {\n    // \"side effects\" operations\n\n    return () =&gt; {/* clean up side effect */}  // optional\n}, [/* list of watched items, empty triggers once */]);\n</code></pre>"},{"location":"languages/javascript/react/react.html#custom-hooks","title":"Custom Hooks","text":"JavaScript<pre><code>// hook definitions\nconst useCustomHook = () =&gt; {\n    // eventual state definitions\n\n    // eventual function definitions\n\n    // ...\n\n    return { obj1, obj2, ... };\n}\n\nconst Component(){\n    // retrieve elements from the hook\n    const {\n        obj1,\n        obj2,\n        ...\n    } = useCustomHook();\n}\n</code></pre>"},{"location":"languages/javascript/react/redux-tests.html","title":"Redux Testing","text":""},{"location":"languages/javascript/react/redux-tests.html#tests-for-connected-components","title":"Tests for Connected Components","text":"<p>Connected components are wrapped in a call to <code>connect</code>. Way of solving the problem:</p> <ul> <li>Wrap component with <code>&lt;Provider&gt;</code>. Added benefit: new store dedicated to tests.</li> <li>Add named export for unconnected component.</li> </ul> <p>In <code>Component.js</code>:</p> JavaScript<pre><code>export function Component(props) { /* ... */ }  // export unconnected component\n\nexport default connect(mapStateToProps, mapDispatchToProps)(Component)  // default export of connected component\n</code></pre> <p>In <code>Component.test.js</code>:</p> JavaScript<pre><code>import React from \"react\";\n// import enzyme or react testing library\n\n// import mock data\nimport { Component } from \"path/to/Component\";  // import unconnected component\n\n// factory to setup test easily\nfunction testHelper(args) {\n    const defaultProps = { \n        /* default value for props in each test and required props */,\n        history = {}  // normally injected by react-router, could also import the router\n    };\n\n    const props = { ...defaultProps, ...args };\n    return mount(&lt;Component {...props} /&gt;);  // or render if using react testing library\n}\n\nit(\"test description\", () =&gt; {\n    const dom = testHelper();\n\n    // simulate page iteration\n    dom.find(\"selector\").simulate(\"&lt;event&gt;\");\n\n    // find changed component\n    // test expected behaviour of component\n});\n</code></pre>"},{"location":"languages/javascript/react/redux-tests.html#tests-for-action-creators","title":"Tests for Action Creators","text":"JavaScript<pre><code>import * as actions from \"path/to/actionCreators\";\n// import eventual action types constants\n// import mock data\n\nit(\"test description\", () =&gt; {\n    const data = /* mock data */\n    const expectedAction = { type: TYPE, /* ... */ };\n\n    const actualAction = actions.actionCreator(data);\n\n    expect(actualAction).toEqual(expectedAction);\n});\n</code></pre>"},{"location":"languages/javascript/react/redux-tests.html#tests-for-reducers","title":"Tests for Reducers","text":"JavaScript<pre><code>import reducer from \"path/to/reducer\";\nimport * as actions from \"path/to/actionCreators\";\n\nit(\"test description\", () =&gt; {\n    const initialState = /* state before the action */;\n    const finalState = /* expected state after the action */\n    const data = /* data passed to the action creator */;\n\n    const action = actions.actionCreator(data);\n    const newState = reducer(initialState, action);\n\n    expect(newState).toEqual(finalState);\n});\n</code></pre>"},{"location":"languages/javascript/react/redux-tests.html#tests-for-the-store","title":"Tests for the Store","text":"JavaScript<pre><code>import { createStore } from \"redux\";\n\nimport rootReducer from \"path/to/rootReducer\";\nimport initialState from \"path/to/initialState\";\nimport * as actions from \"path/to/actionCreators\";\n\nit(\"test description\", () =&gt; {\n    const store = createStore(storeReducer, initialState);\n\n    const expectedState = /* state after the update */\n\n    const data = /* action creator input */;\n    const action = actions.actionCreator(data);\n    store.dispatch(action);\n\n    const state = store.getState();\n    expect(state).toEqual(expectedState);\n});\n</code></pre>"},{"location":"languages/javascript/react/redux-tests.html#tests-for-thunks","title":"Tests for Thunks","text":"<p>Thunk testing requires the mocking of:</p> <ul> <li>store (using <code>redux-mock-store</code>)</li> <li>HTTP calls (using <code>fetch-mock</code>)</li> </ul> JavaScript<pre><code>import thunk from \"redux-thunk\";\nimport fetchMock from \"fetch-mock\";\nimport configureMockStore from \"redux-mock-store\";\n\n// needed for testing async thunks\nconst middleware = [thunk];  // mock middlewares\nconst mockStore = configureMockStore(middleware);  // mock the store\n\nimport * as actions from \"path/to/actionCreators\";\n// import eventual action types constants\n// import mock data\n\ndescribe(\"Async Actions\", () =&gt; {\n    afterEach(() =&gt; {\n        fetchMock.restore();  // init fetch mock for each test\n    });\n\n    it(\"test description\", () =&gt; {\n        // mimic API call\n        fetchMock.mock(\n            \"*\",  // capture any fetch call\n            {\n                body: /* body contents */,\n                headers: { \"content-type\": \"application/json\" }\n            }\n        );\n\n        // expected action fired from the thunk\n        const expectedActions = [\n            { type: TYPE, /* ... */ },\n            { type: TYPE, /* ... */ }\n        ];\n\n        const store = mockStore({ data: value, ... });  // init mock store\n\n        return store.dispatch(actions.actionCreator())  // act\n            .then(() =&gt; {\n                expect(store.getActions()).toEqual(expectedActions);  // assert\n            });\n    });\n});\n</code></pre>"},{"location":"languages/javascript/react/redux.html","title":"Redux","text":"<p>Redux is a pattern and library for managing and updating application state, using events called actions. It serves as a centralized store for state that needs to be used across the entire application, with rules ensuring that the state can only be updated in a predictable fashion.</p>"},{"location":"languages/javascript/react/redux.html#actions-store-immutability-reducers","title":"Actions, Store, Immutability &amp; Reducers","text":""},{"location":"languages/javascript/react/redux.html#actions-action-creators","title":"Actions &amp; Action Creators","text":"<p>An Action is a plain JavaScript object that has a <code>type</code> field. An action object can have other fields with additional information about what happened. By convention, that information is stored in a field called <code>payload</code>.</p> <p>Action Creators are functions that create and return action objects.</p> JavaScript<pre><code>function actionCreator(data)\n{\n    return { type: ACTION_TYPE, payload: data };  // action obj\n}\n</code></pre>"},{"location":"languages/javascript/react/redux.html#store","title":"Store","text":"<p>The current Redux application state lives in an object called the store. The store is created by passing in a reducer, and has a method called <code>getState</code> that returns the current state value.</p> <p>The Redux store has a method called <code>dispatch</code>. The only way to update the state is to call <code>store.dispatch()</code> and pass in an action object. The store will run its reducer function and save the new state value inside.</p> <p>Selectors are functions that know how to extract specific pieces of information from a store state value.</p> <p>In <code>initialState.js</code>;</p> JavaScript<pre><code>export default {\n    // initial state here\n}\n</code></pre> <p>In <code>configStore.js</code>:</p> JavaScript<pre><code>// configStore.js\nimport { createStore, applyMiddleware, compose } from \"redux\";\n\nexport function configStore(initialState) {\n    const composeEnhancers =\n        window.__REDUX_DEVTOOLS_EXTENSION_COMPOSE__ || compose; // support for redux devtools\n\n    return  createStore(\n        rootReducer, \n        initialState, \n        composeEnhancers(applyMiddleware(middleware, ...))\n    );\n}\n\n// available functions &amp; methods\nreplaceReducer(newReducer);  // replace an existing reducer, useful for Hot Reload\nstore.dispatch(action);  // trigger a state change based on an action\nstore.subscribe(listener);\nstore.getState();  // retrieve current state\n</code></pre>"},{"location":"languages/javascript/react/redux.html#reducers","title":"Reducers","text":"<p>Reducers are functions that receives the current state and an action, decide how to update the state if necessary, and return the new state.</p> <p>Reducers must always follow some specific rules:</p> <ul> <li>They should only calculate the new state value based on the <code>state</code> and <code>action</code> arguments</li> <li>They are not allowed to modify the existing <code>state</code>.   Instead, they must make immutable updates, by copying the existing <code>state</code> and making changes to the copied values.</li> <li>They must not do any asynchronous logic, calculate random values, or cause other \"side effects\"</li> </ul> JavaScript<pre><code>import initialState from \"path/to/initialState\";\n\nfunction reducer(state = initialState, action) {\n    switch(action.type){\n        case \"ACTION_TYPE\":\n            return { ...state, prop: value };  // return modified copy of state (using spread operator)\n            break;\n\n        default:\n            return state;  // return unchanged state (NEEDED)\n    }\n}\n\n// combining reducers\nimport { combineReducers } from \"redux\";\n\nconst rootReducer = combineReducers({\n    entity: entityReducer.\n    ...\n});\n</code></pre> <p>Note: multiple reducers can be triggered by the same action since each one operates on a different portion of the state.</p>"},{"location":"languages/javascript/react/redux.html#react-redux","title":"React-Redux","text":""},{"location":"languages/javascript/react/redux.html#container-vs-presentational-components","title":"Container vs Presentational Components","text":"<p>Container Components:</p> <ul> <li>Focus on how thing work</li> <li>Aware of Redux</li> <li>Subscribe to Redux State</li> <li>Dispatch Redux actions</li> </ul> <p>Presentational Components:</p> <ul> <li>Focus on how things look</li> <li>Unaware of Redux</li> <li>Read data from props</li> <li>Invoke callbacks on props</li> </ul>"},{"location":"languages/javascript/react/redux.html#provider-component-connect","title":"Provider Component &amp; Connect","text":"<p>Used at the root component and wraps all the application.</p> JavaScript<pre><code>// index.js\nimport React from 'react';\nimport ReactDOM from 'react-dom';\nimport { Provider } from 'react-redux';\n\nimport { configStore } from 'path/to/configStore';\nimport initialState from \"path/to/initialState\";\nimport App from './App';\n\nconst store = configStore(initialState);\n\nconst rootElement = document.getElementById('root');\nReactDOM.render(\n  &lt;Provider store={store}&gt;\n    &lt;App /&gt;\n  &lt;/Provider&gt;,\n  rootElement\n);\n</code></pre> JavaScript<pre><code>// Component.js\nimport { connect } from 'react-redux';\nimport { increment, decrement, reset } from './actionCreators';\n\n// const Component = ...\n\n// specifies which state is passed to the component (called on state change)\nconst mapStateToProps = (state, ownProps /* optional */) =&gt; {\n    // structure of the props passed to the component\n    return { propName: state.property };\n};\n\n// specifies the action passed to a component (the key is the name that the prop will have )\nconst mapDispatchToProps = { actionCreator: actionCreator };\n// or\nfunction mapDispatchToProps(dispatch) {\n    return {\n        // wrap action creators\n        actionCreator: (args) =&gt; dispatch(actionCreator(args))\n    };\n}\n// or\nfunction mapDispatchToProps(dispatch) {\n    return {\n        actionCreator: bindActionCreators(actionCreator, dispatch),\n        actions: bindActionCreators(allActionCreators, dispatch)\n    };\n}\n\n// both args are optional\n// if mapDispatch is missing the dispatch function is added to the props\nexport default connect(mapStateToProps, mapDispatchToProps)(Component);\n</code></pre>"},{"location":"languages/javascript/react/redux.html#async-operations-with-redux-thunk","title":"Async Operations with Redux-Thunk","text":"<p>Note: Redux middleware runs after and action and before it's reducer.</p> <p>Redux-Thunk allows to return functions instead of objects from action creators. A \"thunk\" is a function that wraps an expression to delay it's evaluation.</p> <p>In <code>configStore.js</code>:</p> JavaScript<pre><code>import { createStore, applyMiddleware, compose } from \"redux\";\nimport thunk from \"redux-thunk\";\n\nfunction configStore(initialState) {\n    const composeEnhancers =\n        window.__REDUX_DEVTOOLS_EXTENSION_COMPOSE__ || compose; // support for redux devtools\n\n    return  createStore(\n        rootReducer, \n        initialState, \n        composeEnhancers(applyMiddleware(thunk, ...))  // add thunks middleware\n    );\n}\n</code></pre> JavaScript<pre><code>// usually action on async func success\nfunction actionCreator(arg) {\n    return { type: TYPE, data: arg };\n}\n\nexport function thunk() {\n    return function (dispatch) {  // redux-thunk injects dispatch as arg\n        return asyncFunction().then((data) =&gt; {  // async function returns a promise\n                dispatch(actionCreator(data));\n            })\n            .catch((error) =&gt; {\n                throw error;\n            });\n    };\n}\n\n// or using async/await\nexport async function thunk() {\n    return function (dispatch) {  // redux-thunk injects dispatch as arg\n        try {\n            let data = await asyncFunction();\n            return dispatch(actionCreator(data));\n        } catch(error) {\n                throw error;\n        }\n    }\n}\n</code></pre>"},{"location":"languages/javascript/react/redux.html#redux-toolkit","title":"Redux-Toolkit","text":"<p>The Redux Toolkit package is intended to be the standard way to write Redux logic. It was originally created to help address three common concerns about Redux.</p> <p>Redux Toolkit also includes a powerful data fetching and caching capability dubbed \"RTK Query\". It's included in the package as a separate set of entry points. It's optional, but can eliminate the need to hand-write data fetching logic yourself.</p> <p>These tools should be beneficial to all Redux users. Whether you're a brand new Redux user setting up your first project, or an experienced user who wants to simplify an existing application, Redux Toolkit can help you make your Redux code better. Installation\u200b Using Create React App\u200b</p> <p>The recommended way to start new apps with React and Redux is by using the official Redux+JS template or Redux+TS template for Create React App, which takes advantage of Redux Toolkit and React Redux's integration with React components.</p> Bash<pre><code># Redux + Plain JS template\nnpx create-react-app my-app --template redux\n\n# Redux + TypeScript template\nnpx create-react-app my-app --template redux-typescript\n</code></pre> <p>Redux Toolkit includes these APIs:</p> <ul> <li> <p><code>configureStore()</code>: wraps <code>createStore</code> to provide simplified configuration options and good defaults.   It can automatically combines slice reducers, adds whatever Redux middleware supplied, includes redux-thunk by default, and enables use of the Redux DevTools Extension.</p> </li> <li> <p><code>createReducer()</code>: that lets you supply a lookup table of action types to case reducer functions, rather than writing switch statements.   In addition, it automatically uses the <code>immer</code> library to let you write simpler immutable updates with normal mutative code, like <code>state.todos[3].completed = true</code>.</p> </li> <li> <p><code>createAction()</code>: generates an action creator function for the given action type string.   The function itself has <code>toString()</code> defined, so that it can be used in place of the type constant.</p> </li> <li><code>createSlice()</code>: accepts an object of reducer functions, a slice name, and an initial state value, and automatically generates a slice reducer with corresponding action creators and action types.</li> <li><code>createAsyncThunk</code>: accepts an action type string and a function that returns a promise, and generates a thunk that dispatches pending/fulfilled/rejected action types based on that promise</li> <li><code>createEntityAdapter</code>: generates a set of reusable reducers and selectors to manage normalized data in the store</li> <li>The <code>createSelector</code> utility from the Reselect library, re-exported for ease of use.</li> </ul>"},{"location":"languages/javascript/react/redux.html#configurestore","title":"<code>configureStore</code>","text":"<p>Included Default Middleware\u200b:</p> <ul> <li> <p>Immutability check middleware: deeply compares state values for mutations. It can detect mutations in reducers during a dispatch, and also mutations that occur between dispatches.   When a mutation is detected, it will throw an error and indicate the key path for where the mutated value was detected in the state tree. (Forked from <code>redux-immutable-state-invariant</code>.)</p> </li> <li> <p>Serializability check middleware: a custom middleware created specifically for use in Redux Toolkit   Similar in concept to <code>immutable-state-invariant</code>, but deeply checks the state tree and the actions for non-serializable values such as functions, Promises, Symbols, and other non-plain-JS-data values   When a non-serializable value is detected, a console error will be printed with the key path for where the non-serializable value was detected.</p> </li> <li> <p>In addition to these development tool middleware, it also adds <code>redux-thunk</code> by default, since thunks are the basic recommended side effects middleware for Redux.</p> </li> </ul> <p>Currently, the return value of <code>getDefaultMiddleware()</code> is:</p> JavaScript<pre><code>// development\nconst middleware = [thunk, immutableStateInvariant, serializableStateInvariant]\n\n// production\u200b\nconst middleware = [thunk]\n</code></pre> JavaScript<pre><code>import { combineReducers } from 'redux'\nimport { configureStore } from '@reduxjs/toolkit'\nimport monitorReducersEnhancer from './enhancers/monitorReducers'\nimport loggerMiddleware from './middleware/logger'\nimport usersReducer from './usersReducer'\nimport postsReducer from './postsReducer'\n\nconst rootReducer = combineReducers({\n  users: usersReducer,\n  posts: postsReducer,\n})\n\nconst store = configureStore({\n  // reducers combined automatically\n  reducer: rootReducer,\n  middleware: (getDefaultMiddleware) =&gt; getDefaultMiddleware().concat(loggerMiddleware),\n  enhancers: [monitorReducersEnhancer]\n})\n\nexport default store\n</code></pre>"},{"location":"languages/javascript/react/redux.html#createaction","title":"<code>createAction</code>","text":"JavaScript<pre><code>import { createAction } from '@reduxjs/toolkit';\n\nconst increment = createAction&lt;number | undefined&gt;('counter/increment');\n\nconst action = increment();  // { type: 'counter/increment' }\nconst action = increment(3);  // { type: 'counter/increment', payload: 3 }\n\nincrement.toString();  // 'counter/increment'\n</code></pre>"},{"location":"languages/javascript/react/redux.html#createreducer","title":"<code>createReducer</code>","text":"JavaScript<pre><code>import { createAction, createReducer } from '@reduxjs/toolkit'\n\ninterface CounterState {\n  value: number\n}\n\nconst increment = createAction('counter/increment')\nconst decrement = createAction('counter/decrement')\nconst incrementByAmount = createAction&lt;number&gt;('counter/incrementByAmount')\n\nconst initialState = { value: 0 } as CounterState\n\nconst counterReducer = createReducer(initialState, (builder) =&gt; {\n  builder\n    .addCase(increment, (state, action) =&gt; {\n      state.value++\n    })\n    .addCase(decrement, (state, action) =&gt; {\n      state.value--\n    })\n    .addCase(incrementByAmount, (state, action) =&gt; {\n      state.value += action.payload\n    })\n})\n</code></pre>"},{"location":"languages/javascript/react/redux.html#createslice","title":"<code>createSlice</code>","text":"<p>A function that accepts an initial state, an object of reducer functions, and a \"slice name\", and automatically generates action creators and action types that correspond to the reducers and state.</p> <p>Internally, it uses <code>createAction</code> and <code>createReducer</code>, so it's possible to use Immer to write \"mutating\" immutable updates.</p> <p>Note: action types will have the <code>&lt;slice-name&gt;/&lt;reducer-name&gt;</code> shape.</p> JavaScript<pre><code>import { createSlice, PayloadAction } from '@reduxjs/toolkit'\n\ninterface CounterState {\n  value: number\n}\n\nconst initialState = { value: 0 } as CounterState\n\nconst counterSlice = createSlice({\n  name: 'counter',\n  initialState,\n  reducers: {\n    increment(state) {\n      state.value++\n    },\n    decrement(state) {\n      state.value--\n    },\n    incrementByAmount(state, action: PayloadAction&lt;number&gt;) {\n      state.value += action.payload\n    },\n  },\n})\n\nexport const { increment, decrement, incrementByAmount } = counterSlice.actions\nexport default counterSlice.reducer\n</code></pre>"},{"location":"languages/javascript/react/redux.html#createasyncthunk","title":"<code>createAsyncThunk</code>","text":"<p>The function <code>createAsyncThunk</code> returns a standard Redux thunk action creator. The thunk action creator function will have plain action creators for the pending, fulfilled, and rejected cases attached as nested fields.</p> <p>The <code>payloadCreator</code> function will be called with two arguments:</p> <ul> <li><code>arg</code>: a single value, containing the first parameter that was passed to the thunk action creator when it was dispatched.</li> <li><code>thunkAPI</code>: an object containing all of the parameters that are normally passed to a Redux thunk function, as well as additional options:</li> <li><code>dispatch</code>: the Redux store dispatch method</li> <li><code>getState</code>: the Redux store getState method</li> <li><code>extra</code>: the \"extra argument\" given to the thunk middleware on setup, if available</li> <li><code>requestId</code>: a unique string ID value that was automatically generated to identify this request sequence</li> <li><code>signal</code>: an <code>AbortController.signal</code> object that may be used to see if another part of the app logic has marked this request as needing cancellation.</li> <li>[...]</li> </ul> <p>The logic in the <code>payloadCreator</code> function may use any of these values as needed to calculate the result.</p> JavaScript<pre><code>import { createAsyncThunk, createSlice } from '@reduxjs/toolkit'\n\nconst payloadCreator = async (arg, ThunkAPI): Promise&lt;T&gt; =&gt; { /* ... */ };\nconst thunk = createAsyncThunk(\"&lt;action-type&gt;\", payloadCreator);\n\nthunk.pending; // action creator that dispatches an '&lt;action-type&gt;/pending'\nthunk.fulfilled; // action creator that dispatches an '&lt;action-type&gt;/fulfilled'\nthunk.rejected; // action creator that dispatches an '&lt;action-type&gt;/rejected'\n\nconst slice = createSlice({\n  name: '&lt;action-name&gt;',\n  initialState,\n  reducers: { /* standard reducer logic, with auto-generated action types per reducer */ },\n  extraReducers: (builder) =&gt; {\n    // Add reducers for additional action types here, and handle loading state as needed\n    builder.addCase(thunk.fulfilled, (state, action) =&gt; { /* body of the reducer */ })\n  },\n})\n</code></pre>"},{"location":"languages/javascript/react/redux.html#rtk-query","title":"RTK Query\u200b","text":"<p>RTK Query is provided as an optional addon within the <code>@reduxjs/toolkit</code> package. It is purpose-built to solve the use case of data fetching and caching, supplying a compact, but powerful toolset to define an API interface layer got the app. It is intended to simplify common cases for loading data in a web application, eliminating the need to hand-write data fetching &amp; caching logic yourself.</p> <p>RTK Query is included within the installation of the core Redux Toolkit package. It is available via either of the two entry points below:</p> C#<pre><code>import { createApi } from '@reduxjs/toolkit/query'\n\n/* React-specific entry point that automatically generates hooks corresponding to the defined endpoints */\nimport { createApi } from '@reduxjs/toolkit/query/react'\n</code></pre> <p>RTK Query includes these APIs:</p> <ul> <li><code>createApi()</code>: The core of RTK Query's functionality. It allows to define a set of endpoints describe how to retrieve data from a series of endpoints,   including configuration of how to fetch and transform that data.</li> <li><code>fetchBaseQuery()</code>: A small wrapper around fetch that aims to simplify requests. Intended as the recommended baseQuery to be used in createApi for the majority of users.</li> <li><code>&lt;ApiProvider /&gt;</code>: Can be used as a Provider if you do not already have a Redux store.</li> <li><code>setupListeners()</code>: A utility used to enable refetchOnMount and refetchOnReconnect behaviors.</li> </ul>"},{"location":"languages/javascript/svelte/svelte.html","title":"Svelte","text":"Bash<pre><code>npx degit sveltejs/template &lt;project name&gt;\n\n# set project to use typescript\nnode scripts/setupTypeScript.js\n\n# or using vite\nnpm init vite@latest\n</code></pre>"},{"location":"languages/javascript/svelte/svelte.html#app-entry-point","title":"App Entry-point","text":"JavaScript<pre><code>import App from \"./App.svelte\"; // import the component\n\nconst app = new App({\n  target: document.body,\n  props: {\n    // props passed to the App component\n  },\n});\n\nexport default app;\n</code></pre>"},{"location":"languages/javascript/svelte/svelte.html#components-svelte","title":"Components (<code>.svelte</code>)","text":""},{"location":"languages/javascript/svelte/svelte.html#basic-structure","title":"Basic Structure","text":"HTML<pre><code>&lt;!-- code for the component --&gt;\n&lt;script lang=\"ts\"&gt;\n  import { Component } from \"Component.svelte\";\n\n  export let prop; // make a variable a prop\n&lt;/script&gt;\n\n&lt;!-- CSS for the component --&gt;\n&lt;style&gt;\n  /* CSS rules */\n\n  /* target elements outside of the current component */\n  :global(selector) {\n  }\n&lt;/style&gt;\n\n&lt;!-- html of the component  --&gt;\n\n&lt;!-- dynamic expressions --&gt;\n&lt;div&gt;{variable}&lt;/div&gt;\n\n&lt;!-- nested components --&gt;\n&lt;Component prop=\"{value}\" /&gt;\n</code></pre>"},{"location":"languages/javascript/svelte/svelte.html#if-else","title":"If-Else","text":"JavaScript<pre><code>{#if &lt;condition&gt;}\n  // markup here\n{:else if &lt;condition&gt;}\n  // markup here\n{:else}\n  // markup here\n{/if}\n</code></pre>"},{"location":"languages/javascript/svelte/svelte.html#loops","title":"Loops","text":"JavaScript<pre><code>{#each array as item, index}  // index is optional\n    // markup here\n{/each}\n\n{#each array as item (key)}  // use key to determine changes\n    // markup here\n{/each}\n</code></pre>"},{"location":"languages/javascript/svelte/svelte.html#await-blocks","title":"Await Blocks","text":"JavaScript<pre><code>{#await promise}\n &lt;p&gt;...waiting&lt;/p&gt;\n{:then number}\n &lt;p&gt;The number is {number}&lt;/p&gt;\n{:catch error}\n &lt;p style=\"color: red\"&gt;{error.message}&lt;/p&gt;\n{/await}\n</code></pre>"},{"location":"languages/javascript/svelte/svelte.html#event-handling","title":"Event Handling","text":"<p>The full list of modifiers:</p> <ul> <li><code>preventDefault</code> \u2014 calls <code>event.preventDefault()</code> before running the handler. Useful for client-side form handling, for example.</li> <li><code>stopPropagation</code> \u2014 calls <code>event.stopPropagation()</code>, preventing the event reaching the next element</li> <li><code>passive</code> \u2014 improves scrolling performance on touch/wheel events (Svelte will add it automatically where it's safe to do so)</li> <li><code>nonpassive</code> \u2014 explicitly set <code>passive: false</code></li> <li><code>capture</code> \u2014 fires the handler during the capture phase instead of the bubbling phase</li> <li><code>once</code> \u2014 remove the handler after the first time it runs</li> <li><code>self</code> \u2014 only trigger handler if <code>event.target</code> is the element itself</li> </ul> JavaScript<pre><code>&lt;script&gt;\n  const eventHandler = () =&gt; {};\n&lt;/script&gt;\n\n&lt;button on:event={eventHandler}&gt;\n// or\n&lt;button on:event={() =&gt; eventHandler(args)}&gt;\n\n&lt;button on:event|modifier={eventHandler}&gt;\n</code></pre> <p>Note: It's possible to chain modifiers together, e.g. <code>on:click|once|capture={...}</code>.</p>"},{"location":"languages/javascript/svelte/svelte.html#binding","title":"Binding","text":"HTML<pre><code>&lt;script&gt;\n  let name = \"Foo\";\n&lt;/script&gt;\n\n&lt;!-- modify value in real time --&gt;\n&lt;input bind:value=\"{stringValue}\" /&gt;\n&lt;input type=\"checkbox\" bind:checked={boolean}/ &gt;\n&lt;!-- ... --&gt;\n</code></pre>"},{"location":"languages/javascript/svelte/svelte.html#reactive-declarations-reactive-statements","title":"Reactive declarations &amp; Reactive Statements","text":"<p>Svelte automatically updates the DOM when the component's state changes. Often, some parts of a component's state need to be computed from other parts and recomputed whenever they change.</p> <p>For these, Svelte has reactive declarations. They look like this:</p> JavaScript<pre><code>let count = 0;\n$: double =  count * 2;  // recalculated when count changes\n// or\n$: { }\n$: &lt;expression&gt;\n</code></pre>"},{"location":"languages/javascript/svelte/svelte.html#routing","title":"Routing","text":"<p>Svelte Routing</p> JavaScript<pre><code>&lt;!-- App.svelte --&gt;\n&lt;script&gt;\n  import { Router, Link, Route } from \"svelte-routing\";\n  import Home from \"./routes/Home.svelte\";\n  import About from \"./routes/About.svelte\";\n  import Blog from \"./routes/Blog.svelte\";\n\n  export let url = \"\";\n&lt;/script&gt;\n\n&lt;Router url=\"{url}\"&gt;\n  &lt;nav&gt;\n    &lt;Link to=\"/\"&gt;Home&lt;/Link&gt;\n    &lt;Link to=\"about\"&gt;About&lt;/Link&gt;\n    &lt;Link to=\"blog\"&gt;Blog&lt;/Link&gt;\n  &lt;/nav&gt;\n  &lt;div&gt;\n    &lt;Route path=\"blog/:id\" component=\"{BlogPost}\" /&gt;\n    &lt;Route path=\"blog\" component=\"{Blog}\" /&gt;\n    &lt;Route path=\"about\" component=\"{About}\" /&gt;\n    &lt;Route path=\"/\"&gt;&lt;Home /&gt;&lt;/Route&gt;\n  &lt;/div&gt;\n&lt;/Router&gt;\n</code></pre>"},{"location":"languages/javascript/svelte/svelte.html#data-stores","title":"Data Stores","text":"JavaScript<pre><code>// stores.js\nimport { writable } from \"svelte/store\";\n\nexport const count = writable(0);\n</code></pre> HTML<pre><code>&lt;script&gt;\n  import { onDestroy } from \"svelte\";\n  import { count } from \".path/to/stores.js\";\n\n  const unsubscriber = count.subscribe((value) =&gt; {\n    // do stuff on load or value change\n  });\n\n  count.update((n) =&gt; n + 1);\n\n  count.set(1);\n  // or\n  $count = 1;\n\n  onDestroy(unsubscriber);\n&lt;/script&gt;\n\n&lt;!-- use $ to reference a store value --&gt;\n&lt;p&gt;{$count}&lt;/p&gt;\n</code></pre>"},{"location":"languages/kotlin/kotlin.html","title":"Kotlin","text":""},{"location":"languages/kotlin/kotlin.html#package-imports","title":"Package &amp; Imports","text":"Kotlin<pre><code>package com.app.uniqueID\n\nimport &lt;package&gt;\n</code></pre>"},{"location":"languages/kotlin/kotlin.html#variable-constants","title":"Variable &amp; Constants","text":"Kotlin<pre><code>var variable: Type    //variable declaration\nvar variable = value    //type can be omitted if it can be deduced by initialization\n\nval CONSTANT_NAME: Type = value    //constant declaration\n</code></pre>"},{"location":"languages/kotlin/kotlin.html#nullable-variables","title":"Nullable Variables","text":"<p>For a variable to hold a null value, it must be of a nullable type. Nullable types are specified suffixing <code>?</code> to the variable type.</p> Kotlin<pre><code>var nullableVariable: Type? = null\n\nnullableVariable?.method()    //correct way to use\n//if var is null don't execute method() and return null\n\nnullablevariavle!!.method()    //unsafe way\n//!! -&gt; ignore that var can be null\n</code></pre>"},{"location":"languages/kotlin/kotlin.html#decision-statements","title":"Decision Statements","text":""},{"location":"languages/kotlin/kotlin.html#if-else-if-else","title":"<code>If</code> - <code>Else If</code> - <code>Else</code>","text":"Kotlin<pre><code>if (condition) {\n    //code here\n} else if (condition) {\n    //code here\n} else {\n    //code here\n}\n</code></pre>"},{"location":"languages/kotlin/kotlin.html#conditional-expressions","title":"Conditional Expressions","text":"Kotlin<pre><code>var variable: Type = if (condition) {\n    //value to be assigned here\n} else if (condition) {\n    //value to be assigned here\n} else {\n    //value to be assigned here\n}\n</code></pre>"},{"location":"languages/kotlin/kotlin.html#when-expression","title":"<code>When</code> Expression","text":"<p>Each branch in a <code>when</code> expression is represented by a condition, an arrow (<code>-&gt;</code>), and a result. If the condition on the left-hand side of the arrow evaluates to true, then the result of the expression on the right-hand side is returned. 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Functions that use other functions as arguments are called higher-order functions. 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Libraries are downloaded through Packagist and GitHub.</p> <p>In <code>composer.json</code>:</p> JSON<pre><code>{\n    \"require\": {\n        \"php\": \"&gt;=7.0\",\n        \"monolog/monolog\": \"1.0.*\"\n    }\n}\n</code></pre>"},{"location":"languages/php/composer.html#installing-dependencies","title":"Installing Dependencies","text":"<p>In the same folder of <code>composer.json</code> execute <code>composer install</code>.</p> <p>Composer will create:</p> <ul> <li><code>vendor</code>: folder containing all requested libraries</li> <li><code>vendor\\autoload.php</code>: file for class autoloading</li> <li><code>composer.lock</code></li> </ul> <p>In alternative <code>composer require &lt;lib&gt;</code> will add the library to the project and create a <code>composer.json</code> if missing.</p> <p>Note: to ignore the php version use <code>composer &lt;command&gt; --ignore-platform-reqs</code></p>"},{"location":"languages/php/composer.html#updating-dependencies","title":"Updating Dependencies","text":"<p>To update dependencies use <code>composer update</code>. To update only the autoloading section use <code>composer dump-autoload</code>.</p>"},{"location":"languages/php/composer.html#autoloading-project-classes","title":"Autoloading Project Classes","text":"<p>PSR-4 Spec</p> <p>Composer can also autoload classes belonging to the current project. It's sufficient to add the <code>autoload</code> keyword in the JSON and specify the path and autoload mode.</p> JSON<pre><code>{\n    \"autoload\": {\n        \"psr-4\": {\n            \"RootNamespace\": \"src/\",\n            \"Namespace\\\\\": \"src/Namespace/\",\n            },\n        \"file\": [\n            \"path/to/file.php\",\n            ...\n        ]\n    }\n}\n</code></pre>"},{"location":"languages/php/database.html","title":"Databases in PHP","text":""},{"location":"languages/php/database.html#php-data-objects-pdo","title":"PHP Data Objects (PDO)","text":"<p>PDO is the PHP extension for database access through a single API. It supports various databases: MySQL, SQLite, PostgreSQL, Oracle, SQL Server, etc.</p>"},{"location":"languages/php/database.html#database-connection","title":"Database Connection","text":"PHP<pre><code>$dsn = \"mysql:dbname=&lt;dbname&gt;;host=&lt;ip&gt;\";\n$user=\"&lt;db_user&gt;\";\n$password=\"&lt;db_password&gt;\";\n\ntry {\n    $pdo = new PDO($dsn, $user, $password);  # connect, can throw PDOException\n} catch (PDOException $e) {\n    printf(\"Connection failed: %s\\n\", $e-&gt;getMessage());  # notify error\n    exit(1);\n}\n</code></pre>"},{"location":"languages/php/database.html#queries","title":"Queries","text":"<p>To execute a query it's necessary to \"prepare it\" with parameters.</p> PHP<pre><code># literal string with markers\n$sql = 'SELECT fields\nFROM tables\nWHERE field &lt;operator&gt; :marker'\n\n$stmt = $pdo-&gt;prepare($sql, $options_array);  # returns PDOStatement, used to execute the query\n$stmt-&gt;execute([ ':marker' =&gt; value ]);  # substitute marker with actual value\n\n# fetchAll returns all matches\n$result = $stmt-&gt;fetchAll();  # result as associative array AND numeric array (PDO::FETCH_BOTH)\n$result = $stmt-&gt;fetchAll(PDO::FETCH_ASSOC);  # result as associative array\n$result = $stmt-&gt;fetchAll(PDO::FETCH_NUM);  # result as array\n$result = $stmt-&gt;fetchAll(PDO::FETCH_OBJ);  # result as object of stdClass\n$result = $stmt-&gt;fetchAll(PDO::FETCH_CLASS, ClassName::class);  # result as object of a specific class\n</code></pre>"},{"location":"languages/php/database.html#parameter-binding","title":"Parameter Binding","text":"PHP<pre><code># bindValue\n$stmt = pdo-&gt;prepare(sql);\n$stmt-&gt;bindValue(':marker', value, PDO::PARAM_&lt;type&gt;);\n$stmt-&gt;execute();\n\n# bindParam\n$stmt = pdo-&gt;prepare(sql);\n$variable = value;\n$stmt-&gt;bindParam(':marker', $variable);  # type optional\n$stmt-&gt;execute();\n</code></pre>"},{"location":"languages/php/database.html#pdo-data-types","title":"PDO &amp; Data Types","text":"<p>By default PDO converts all results into strings since it is a generic driver for multiple databases. Its possible to disable this behaviour setting <code>PDO::ATTR_STRINGIFY_FETCHES</code> and <code>PDO::ATTR_EMULATE_PREPARES</code> as <code>false</code>.</p> <p>Note: <code>FETCH_OBJ</code> abd <code>FETCH_CLASS</code> return classes and don't have this behaviour.</p> PHP<pre><code>pdo-&gt;setAttribute()\n\n$pdo-&gt;setAttribute(PDO::ATTR_STRINGIFY_FETCHES, false);\n$pdo-&gt;setAttribute(PDO::ATTR_EMULATE_PREPARES, false);\n\n$stmt = $pdo-&gt;prepare($sql);\n$stmt-&gt;execute([':marker' =&gt; value]);\n$result = $stmt-&gt;fetchAll(PDO::FETCH_ASSOC);\n</code></pre>"},{"location":"languages/php/database.html#pdo-debug","title":"PDO Debug","text":"PHP<pre><code>$stmt = $pdo-&gt;prepare($sql);\n$stmt-&gt;execute([':marker' =&gt; value]);\n$result = $stmt-&gt;fetchAll(PDO::FETCH_ASSOC);\n\n$stmt-&gt;debugDumpParams();  # print the SQL query that has been sent to the database\n</code></pre>"},{"location":"languages/php/database.html#sqlite3","title":"SQLite3","text":"PHP<pre><code>$db = SQLite3(\"db_file.sqlite3\");  // connection\n\n$stmt = $db-&gt;prepare(\"SELECT fields FROM tables WHERE field &lt;operator&gt; :marker\");  // prepare query\n$stmt-&gt;bindParam(\":marker\", $variable);  // param binding\n\n$result = $stmt-&gt;execute();  // retrieve records\n$result-&gt;finalize();  // close result set, recommended calling before another execute()\n\n$records = $results-&gt;fetchArray(SQLITE3_ASSOC);  // extract records as array (false if no results)\n</code></pre> <p>Note: Result set objects retrieved by calling <code>SQLite3Stmt::execute()</code> on the same statement object are not independent, but rather share the same underlying structure. Therefore it is recommended to call <code>SQLite3Result::finalize()</code>, before calling <code>SQLite3Stmt::execute()</code> on the same statement object again.</p>"},{"location":"languages/php/dependency-injection.html","title":"Dependency Injection","text":"<p>Explicit definition of a class dependencies with the injection through the constructor or getters/setters.</p> PHP<pre><code>class Foo\n{\n    public function __construct(PDO $pdo)  // depends on PDO\n    {\n        $this-&gt;pdo = $pdo;\n    }\n}\n</code></pre>"},{"location":"languages/php/dependency-injection.html#dependency-injection-container","title":"Dependency Injection Container","text":"<p>The Dependency Injection Container (DIC) allow to archive all the dependencies in a single <code>Container</code> class. Some offer automatic resolution of the dependencies.</p>"},{"location":"languages/php/dependency-injection.html#php-di","title":"PHP-DI","text":"<p>The dependency injection container for humans. Installation: <code>composer require php-di/php-di</code></p> <ul> <li>Autowire functionality: the ability of the container to create and inject the dependency automatically.</li> <li>Use of Reflection</li> <li>Configuration of the container through annotations &amp; PHP code.</li> </ul> PHP<pre><code>class Foo\n{\n    private $bar;\n    public function __construct(Bar $bar)  // depends on Bar\n    {\n        $this-&gt;bar = $bar;\n    }\n}\n\nclass Bar{}\n\n$container = new DI\\Container();  // DI Container\n$foo = $container-&gt;get('Foo');  // get instance of Foo (automatic DI of Bar)\n</code></pre>"},{"location":"languages/php/dependency-injection.html#dic-configuration","title":"DIC Configuration","text":"PHP<pre><code>// Foo.php\nclass Foo\n{\n    public function __construct(PDO $pdo)  // depends on PDO\n    {\n        $this-&gt;pdo = $pdo;\n    }\n}\n</code></pre> PHP<pre><code>// config.php\nuse Psr\\Container\\ContainerInterface;\n\n// config \"primitive\" dependencies (dependency =&gt; construct &amp; return)\nreturn [\n    'dsn' =&gt; 'sqlite:db.sq3',\n    PDO::class =&gt; function(ContainerInterface $c) {\n        return new PDO($c-&gt;get('dsn'));\n    },\n\n    ...\n];\n</code></pre> PHP<pre><code>$builder = new \\DI\\ContainerBuilder();\n$builder-&gt;addDefinitions(\"config.php\");  // load config\n$container = $builder-&gt;build();  // construct container\n$cart = $container-&gt;get(Foo::class);  // Instantiate &amp; Inject\n</code></pre> <p>Note: <code>get(\"className\")</code> requires the explicit definition of <code>className</code> in the config file. <code>get(ClassName::class)</code> does not.</p>"},{"location":"languages/php/php.html","title":"PHP","text":"<p>PHP Docs</p> PHP<pre><code>declare(strict_types=1);  # activates variable type checking on function arguments\n# single line comment\n//single line comment\n/* multi line comment */\n</code></pre>"},{"location":"languages/php/php.html#include-require","title":"Include, Require","text":"PHP<pre><code>include \"path\\\\file.php\";  # import an external php file, E_WARNING if fails\ninclude_once \"path\\\\file.php\";  # imports only if not already loaded\n\nrequire \"path\\\\file.php\";  # import an external php file, E_COMPILE_ERROR if fails\nrequire_once \"path\\\\file.php\";  # imports only if not already loaded\n</code></pre>"},{"location":"languages/php/php.html#import-configs-from-a-file-with-include","title":"Import configs from a file with <code>include</code>","text":"<p>In <code>config.php</code>:</p> PHP<pre><code>//config.php\n\n//store configuration options in associative array\nreturn [\n    setting =&gt; value,\n    setting = value,\n]\n</code></pre> PHP<pre><code>$config = include \"config.php\";  // retrieve config and store into variable\n</code></pre>"},{"location":"languages/php/php.html#namespace","title":"Namespace","text":"<p>PSR-4 Spec</p> PHP<pre><code>namespace Foo\\Bar\\Baz;   # set namespace for all file contents, \\ for nested namespaces\n\nuse &lt;PHP_Class&gt;  # using a namespace hides standard php classes (WHY?!?)\n\n# namespace for only a block of code\nnamespace Foo\\Bar\\Baz {\n    function func() {\n        # coded here\n    }\n};\n\n\nFoo\\Bar\\Baz\\func();  # use function from Foo\\Bar\\Baz without USE instruction\n\nuse Foo\\Bar\\Baz\\func; # import namespace\nfunc(); # use function from Foo\\Bar\\Baz\n\nuse Foo\\Bar\\Baz\\func as f;  # use function with an alias\nf();  # use function from Foo\\Bar\\Baz\n\nuse Foo\\Bar\\Baz as fbb  # use namespace with alias\nfnn\\func();  # use function from Foo\\Bar\\Baz\n</code></pre>"},{"location":"languages/php/php.html#basics","title":"Basics","text":"PHP<pre><code>declare(strict_types=1);  # activates type checking\n# single line comment\n//single line comment\n/* multi line comment */\n</code></pre>"},{"location":"languages/php/php.html#screen-output","title":"Screen Output","text":"PHP<pre><code>echo \"string\";  # string output\necho 'string\\n';  # raw string output\nprintf(\"format\", $variables);  # formatted output of strings and variables\nsprintf(\"format\", $variables);  # return formatted string\n</code></pre>"},{"location":"languages/php/php.html#user-input","title":"User Input","text":"PHP<pre><code>$var = readline(\"prompt\");\n\n# if readline is not installed\nif (!function_exists('readline')) {\n    function readline($prompt)\n    {\n        $fh = fopen('php://stdin', 'r');\n        echo $prompt;\n        $userInput = trim(fgets($fh));\n        fclose($fh);\n\n        return $userInput;\n    }\n}\n</code></pre>"},{"location":"languages/php/php.html#variables","title":"Variables","text":"PHP<pre><code>$variableName = value;  # weakly typed\necho gettype(&amp;variable);  # output type of variable\n\nvar_dump($var);  # prints info of variable (bit dimension, type &amp; value)\n</code></pre>"},{"location":"languages/php/php.html#integers","title":"Integers","text":"PHP<pre><code>&amp;max = PHP_INT_MAX;  # max value for int type -&gt; 9223372036854775807\n&amp;min = PHP_INT_MIN;  # min value for int type -&gt; -9223372036854775808\n&amp;bytes = PHP_INT_SIZE;  # bytes for int type -&gt; 8\n\n&amp;num = 255;  # decimal\n&amp;num = 0b11111111;  # binary\n&amp;num = 0377;  # octal\n&amp;num = 0xff;  # hexadecimal\n</code></pre>"},{"location":"languages/php/php.html#double","title":"Double","text":"PHP<pre><code>$a = 1.234; // 1.234\n$b = 1.2e3; // 1200\n$c = 7E-10; // 0.0000000007\n</code></pre>"},{"location":"languages/php/php.html#mathematical-operators","title":"Mathematical Operators","text":"Operator Operation <code>-</code> Subtraction <code>*</code> Multiplication <code>/</code> Division <code>%</code> Modulo <code>**</code> Exponentiation <code>var++</code> Post Increment <code>++var</code> Pre Increment <code>var--</code> Post Decrement <code>--var</code> Pre Decrement"},{"location":"languages/php/php.html#mathematical-functions","title":"Mathematical Functions","text":"<ul> <li><code>sqrt($x)</code></li> <li><code>sin($x)</code></li> <li><code>cos($x)</code></li> <li><code>log($x)</code></li> <li><code>round($x)</code></li> <li><code>floor($x)</code></li> <li><code>ceil($x)</code></li> </ul>"},{"location":"languages/php/php.html#strings","title":"Strings","text":"<p>A string is a sequence of ASCII characters. In PHP a string is an array of characters.</p>"},{"location":"languages/php/php.html#string-concatenation","title":"String Concatenation","text":"PHP<pre><code>$string1 . $string2; # method 1\n$string1 .= $string2;  # method 2\n</code></pre>"},{"location":"languages/php/php.html#string-functions","title":"String Functions","text":"PHP<pre><code>strlen($string);  # returns the string length\nstrpos($string, 'substring');  # position of substring in string\nsubstr($string, start, len);  # extract substring of len from position start\nstrtoupper($string);  # transform to uppercase\nstrtolower($string);  # transform to lowercase\n\nexplode(delimiter, string);  # return array of substrings\n\n$var = sprintf(\"format\", $variables)  # construct and return a formatted string\n</code></pre>"},{"location":"languages/php/php.html#constants","title":"Constants","text":"PHP<pre><code>define ('CONSTANT_NAME', 'value')\n</code></pre>"},{"location":"languages/php/php.html#magic-constants-__name__","title":"Magic Constants <code>__NAME__</code>","text":"<ul> <li><code>__FILE__</code>: script path + script filename</li> <li><code>__DIR__</code>: file directory</li> <li><code>__LINE__</code>: current line number</li> <li><code>__FUNCTION__</code>: the function name, or {closure} for anonymous functions.</li> <li><code>__CLASS__</code>: name of the class</li> <li><code>__NAMESPACE__</code>: the name of the current namespace.</li> </ul>"},{"location":"languages/php/php.html#array","title":"Array","text":"<p>Heterogeneous sequence of values.</p> PHP<pre><code>$array = (sequence_of_items);  # array declaration and valorization\n$array = [sequence_of_items];  # array declaration and valorization\n\n# index &lt; 0 selects items starting from the last\n$array[index];  # access to the items\n$array[index] = value;   # array valorization (can add items)\n\n$array[] = value;  # value appending\n</code></pre>"},{"location":"languages/php/php.html#multi-dimensional-array-matrix","title":"Multi Dimensional Array (Matrix)","text":"<p>Array of array. Can have arbitrary number of nested array</p> PHP<pre><code>$matrix = [\n    [1, 2, 3],\n    [4, 5, 6],\n    [7, 8, 9]\n];\n</code></pre>"},{"location":"languages/php/php.html#array-printing","title":"Array Printing","text":"<p>Single instruction to print whole array is ``</p> PHP<pre><code>$array = [1, 2, 3];\nprint_r($array);  # print all the array values\n</code></pre>"},{"location":"languages/php/php.html#array-functions","title":"Array Functions","text":"PHP<pre><code>count($array);  # returns number of items in the array\narray_sum($array)  # sum of the array value\nsort($array);  # quick sort\nin_array($item, $array);  // check if item is in the array\narray_push($array, $item);  // append item to the array\nunset($array[index]);  # item (or variable) deletion\n\n# array navigation\ncurrent();\nkey();\nnext();\nprev();\nreset();\nend();\n\n# sorting\nsort($array, $sort_flags=\"SORT_REGULAR\");\n\narray_values($array);   # regenerates the array fixing the indexes\n\nlist($array1 [, $array2, ...]) = $data;  # Python-like tuple unpacking\n</code></pre>"},{"location":"languages/php/php.html#associative-arrays","title":"Associative Arrays","text":"<p>Associative arrays have a value as an index. Alternative names are hash tables or dictionaries.</p> PHP<pre><code>$italianDay = [\n    'Mon' =&gt; 'Luned\u00ec',\n    'Tue' =&gt; 'Marted\u00ec',\n    'Wed' =&gt; 'Mercoled\u00ec',\n    'Thu' =&gt; 'Gioved\u00ec',\n    'Fri' =&gt; 'Venerd\u00ec',\n    'Sat' =&gt; 'Sabato',\n    'Sun' =&gt; 'Domenica'\n];\n\n$italianDay[\"Mon\"];  # evaluates to Luned\u00ec\n</code></pre>"},{"location":"languages/php/php.html#conditional-instructions","title":"Conditional Instructions","text":""},{"location":"languages/php/php.html#conditional-operators","title":"Conditional Operators","text":"Operator Operation $a <code>==</code> $b value equality $a <code>===</code> $b value &amp; type equality $a <code>!=</code> $b value inequality $a <code>&lt;&gt;</code> $b value inequality $a <code>!==</code> $b value or type inequality $a <code>&lt;</code> $b less than $a <code>&gt;</code> $b greater than $a <code>&lt;=</code> $b less or equal to $a <code>&gt;=</code> $b greater or equal to $a <code>&lt;=&gt;</code> $b spaceship operator <p>With <code>==</code> a string evaluates to <code>0</code>.</p>"},{"location":"languages/php/php.html#logical-operators","title":"Logical Operators","text":"Operator Example Result <code>and</code> <code>$a and $b</code> TRUE if both <code>$a</code> and <code>$b</code> are TRUE. <code>or</code> <code>$a or $b</code> TRUE if either <code>$a</code> or <code>$b</code> is TRUE. <code>xor</code> <code>$a xor $b</code> TRUE if either <code>$a</code> or <code>$b</code> is TRUE, but not both. <code>not</code> <code>!$a</code> TRUE if <code>$a</code> is not TRUE. <code>and</code> <code>$a &amp;&amp; $b</code> TRUE if both <code>$a</code> and <code>$b</code> are TRUE. <code>or</code> <code>$a || $b</code> TRUE if either <code>$a</code> or <code>$b</code> is TRUE."},{"location":"languages/php/php.html#ternary-operator","title":"Ternary Operator","text":"PHP<pre><code>condition ? result_if_true : result_if_false;\ncondition ?: result_if_false;\n</code></pre>"},{"location":"languages/php/php.html#null-coalesce","title":"NULL Coalesce","text":"PHP<pre><code>$var1 = $var2 ?? value;  # if variable == NULL assign value, otherwise return value of $var2\n\n# equivalent to\n$var1 = isset($var2) ? $var2 : value\n</code></pre>"},{"location":"languages/php/php.html#spaceship-operator","title":"Spaceship Operator","text":"PHP<pre><code>$a &lt;=&gt; $b;\n\n# equivalent to\nif $a &gt; $b\n    return 1;\nif $a == $b\n    return 0;\nif $a &lt; $b\n    return -1;\n</code></pre>"},{"location":"languages/php/php.html#if-elseif-else","title":"<code>If</code> - <code>Elseif</code> - <code>Else</code>","text":"PHP<pre><code>if (condition) {\n  # code here\n} elseif (condition) {\n  # code here\n} else {\n    # code here\n}\n\nif (condition) :\n    # code here\nelseif (condition):\n    # code here\nelse:\n    # code here\nendif;\n</code></pre>"},{"location":"languages/php/php.html#switch-case","title":"Switch Case","text":"PHP<pre><code># weak comparison\nswitch ($var) {\n    case value:\n        # code here\n        break;\n\n    default:\n        # code here\n}\n\n# strong comparison\nswitch (true) {\n    case $var === value:\n        # code here\n        break;\n\n    default:\n        # code here\n}\n</code></pre>"},{"location":"languages/php/php.html#match-expression-php-8","title":"Match Expression (PHP 8)","text":"<p><code>match</code> can return values, doesn't require break statements, can combine conditions, uses strict type comparisons and doesn't do any type coercion.</p> PHP<pre><code>$result = match($input) {\n    0 =&gt; \"hello\",\n    '1', '2', '3' =&gt; \"world\",\n};\n</code></pre>"},{"location":"languages/php/php.html#loops","title":"Loops","text":""},{"location":"languages/php/php.html#for-foreach","title":"For, Foreach","text":"PHP<pre><code>for (init, condition, increment){\n    # code here\n}\n\nfor (init, condition, increment):\n    # code here\nendfor;\n\nforeach($sequence as $item) {\n    # code here\n}\n\nforeach($sequence as $item):\n    # code here\nendforeach;\n\n# foreach on dicts\nforeach($sequence as $key =&gt; $value) {\n    # code here\n}\n</code></pre>"},{"location":"languages/php/php.html#while-do-while","title":"While, Do-While","text":"PHP<pre><code>while (condition) {\n    # code here\n}\n\nwhile (condition):\n    # code here\nendwhile;\n\ndo {\n    # code here\n} while (condition);\n</code></pre>"},{"location":"languages/php/php.html#break-continue-exit","title":"Break, Continue, exit()","text":"<p><code>break</code> stops the iteration. <code>continue</code> skips one cycle of the iteration. <code>exit()</code> terminates the execution of any PHP code.</p>"},{"location":"languages/php/php.html#functions","title":"Functions","text":"<p>Function Docstring</p> <p>Parameters with default values are optional in the function call and must be the last ones in the function declaration. Return type is optional if type checking is disabled.</p> PHP<pre><code>declare(strict_types=1);  # activates type checking\n\n/**\n * Summary.\n *\n * Description.\n *\n * @since x.x.x\n *\n * @see Function/method/class relied on\n * @link URL\n * @global type $varname Description.\n * @global type $varname Description.\n *\n * @param type $var Description.\n * @param type $var Optional. Description. Default.\n * @return type Description.\n */\nfunction functionName (type $parameter, $parameter = default_value): Type\n{\n    # code here\n    return &lt;expression&gt;;\n}\n</code></pre>"},{"location":"languages/php/php.html#void-function","title":"Void function","text":"PHP<pre><code>function functionName (type $parameter, $parameter = default_value): Void\n{\n    # code here\n}\n</code></pre>"},{"location":"languages/php/php.html#passing-a-parameter-by-reference","title":"Passing a parameter by reference (<code>&amp;$</code>)","text":"PHP<pre><code>function functionName (type &amp;$parameter): Type\n{\n    # code here\n    return &lt;expression&gt;;\n}\n</code></pre>"},{"location":"languages/php/php.html#variable-number-of-parameters-variadic-operator","title":"Variable number of parameters, variadic operator (<code>...</code>)","text":"PHP<pre><code>function functionName (type $parameter, ...$args): Type\nfunction functionName (type $parameter, type ...$args): Type\n{\n    # code here\n    return &lt;expression&gt;;\n}\n</code></pre>"},{"location":"languages/php/php.html#nullable-parameters","title":"Nullable parameters","text":"PHP<pre><code>function functionName (?type $parameter): ?Type\n{\n    # code here\n    return &lt;expression&gt;;\n}\n</code></pre>"},{"location":"languages/php/php.html#anonymous-functions-closure","title":"Anonymous Functions (Closure)","text":"PHP<pre><code># declaration and assignment to variable\n$var = function (type $parameter) {\n    # code here\n};\n\n$var($arg);\n</code></pre>"},{"location":"languages/php/php.html#use-operator","title":"Use Operator","text":"PHP<pre><code># use imports a variable into the closure\n$foo = function (type $parameter) use ($average) {\n    # code here\n}\n</code></pre>"},{"location":"languages/php/php.html#union-types-php-8","title":"Union Types (PHP 8)","text":"<p>Union types are a collection of two or more types which indicate that either one of those can be used.</p> PHP<pre><code>public function foo(Foo|Bar $input): int|float;\n</code></pre>"},{"location":"languages/php/php.html#named-arguments-php-8","title":"Named Arguments (PHP 8)","text":"<p>Named arguments allow to pass in values to a function, by specifying the value name, to avoid taking their order into consideration. It's also possible to skip optional parameters.</p> PHP<pre><code>function foo(string $a, string $b, ?string $c = null, ?string $d = null) { /* \u2026 */ }\n\nfoo(\n    b: 'value b',\n    a: 'value a',\n    d: 'value d',\n);\n</code></pre>"},{"location":"languages/php/php.html#object-oriented-programming","title":"Object Oriented Programming","text":""},{"location":"languages/php/php.html#scope-visibility","title":"Scope &amp; Visibility","text":"<p><code>public</code> methods and attributes are visible to anyone (default). <code>private</code> methods and attributes are visible only inside the class in which are declared. <code>protected</code> methods and attributes are visible only to child classes.</p> <p><code>final</code> classes cannot be extended.</p>"},{"location":"languages/php/php.html#class-declaration-instantiation","title":"Class Declaration &amp; Instantiation","text":"PHP<pre><code># case insensitive\nclass ClassName\n{\n\n    const CONSTANT = value;  # public by default\n\n    public $attribute;  # null by default if not assigned\n    public Type $attribute;  # specifying the type is optional, it will be enforced if present\n\n    # class constructor\n    public function __construct(value)\n    {\n        $this-&gt;attribute =  value\n    }\n\n    public getAttribute(): Type\n    {\n        return $this-&gt;attribute;\n    }\n\n    public function func(): Type\n    {\n        # code here\n    }\n}\n\n$object = new ClassName;  # case insensitive (CLASSNAME, ClassName, classname)\n$object-&gt;attribute = value;\n$object-&gt;func();\n$object::CONSTANT;\n\n$var = $object;  # copy by reference\n$var = clone $object  # copy by value\n\n$object instanceof ClassName  // check type of the object\n</code></pre>"},{"location":"languages/php/php.html#static-classes-attributes-methods","title":"Static classes, attributes &amp; methods","text":"<p>Inside static methods it's impossible to use <code>$this</code>. A static variable is unique for the class and all instances.</p> PHP<pre><code>class ClassName {\n\n    public static $var;\n\n    public static function func(){\n        //code here\n    }\n\n    public static function other_func(){\n        //code here\n        self::func();\n    }\n}\n\nClassName::func();  // use static function\n\n$obj = new ClassName();\n$obj::$var;  // access to the static variable\n</code></pre>"},{"location":"languages/php/php.html#dependency-injection","title":"Dependency Injection","text":"<p>Parameters of the dependency can be modified before passing the required class to the constructor.</p> PHP<pre><code>class ClassName\n{\n    private $dependency;\n\n    public function __construct(ClassName requiredClass)\n    {\n        $this-&gt;dependency = requiredClass;  # necessary class is passed to the constructor\n    }\n}\n</code></pre>"},{"location":"languages/php/php.html#inheritance","title":"Inheritance","text":"<p>If a class is defined <code>final</code> it can't be extended. If a function is declared <code>final</code> it can't be overridden.</p> PHP<pre><code>class Child extends Parent\n{\n    public __construct() {\n        parent::__construct();  # call parent's method\n    }\n}\n</code></pre>"},{"location":"languages/php/php.html#abstract-class","title":"Abstract Class","text":"<p>Abstract classes cannot be instantiated;</p> PHP<pre><code>abstract class ClassName\n{\n    # code here\n}\n</code></pre>"},{"location":"languages/php/php.html#interface","title":"Interface","text":"<p>An interface is a \"contract\" that defines what methods the implementing classes must have and implement.</p> <p>A class can implement multiple interfaces but there must be no methods in common between interface to avoid ambiguity.</p> PHP<pre><code>interface InterfaceName {\n\n    // it is possible to define __construct\n\n    // function has no body; must be implements in the class that uses the interface\n    public function functionName (parameters) : Type;  // MUST be public\n}\n\n\nclass ClassName implements InterfaceName {\n    public function functionName(parameters) : Type {\n        //implementation here\n    }\n}\n</code></pre>"},{"location":"languages/php/php.html#traits","title":"Traits","text":"<p><code>Traits</code> allows the reutilization of code inside different classes without links of inheritance. It can be used to mitigate the problem of multiple inheritance, which is absent in PHP.</p> <p>In case of functions name conflict it's possible to use <code>insteadof</code> to specify which function to use. It's also possible to use an alias to resolve the conflicts.</p> PHP<pre><code>trait TraitName {\n    // code here\n}\n\nclass ClassName {\n    use TraitName, {TraitName::func() insteadof OtherTrait}, { func() as alias };  # can use multiple traits\n    # code here\n}\n</code></pre>"},{"location":"languages/php/php.html#anonymous-classes","title":"Anonymous Classes","text":"PHP<pre><code>$obj = new ClassName;\n\n$obj-&gt;method(new class implements Interface {\n    public function InterfaceFunc() {\n        // code here\n    }\n});\n</code></pre>"},{"location":"languages/php/php.html#serialization-json","title":"Serialization &amp; JSON","text":"PHP<pre><code>$serialized = serialize($obj);  # serialization\n$obj = unserialize($serialized);  # de-serialization\n\n$var = json_decode(string $json, bool $associative);  # Takes a JSON encoded string and converts it into a PHP variable.\u00f9\n$json = json_encode($value);  # Returns a string containing the JSON representation of the supplied value.\n</code></pre>"},{"location":"languages/php/php.html#files","title":"Files","text":""},{"location":"languages/php/php.html#readwrite-on-files","title":"Read/Write on Files","text":"PHP<pre><code>file(filename);  // return file lines in an array\n\n// problematic with large files (allocates memory to read all file, can fill RAM)\nfile_put_contents(filename, data);  // write whole file\nfile_get_contents(filename);  // read whole file\n</code></pre>"},{"location":"languages/php/php.html#regular-expressions","title":"Regular Expressions","text":"PHP<pre><code>preg_match('/PATTERN/', string $subject, array $matches);  # returns 1 if the pattern matches given subject, 0 if it does not, or FALSE if an error occurred\n# $matches[0] = whole matched string\n# $matches[i] = i-th group of the regex\n</code></pre>"},{"location":"languages/php/php.html#hashing","title":"Hashing","text":"<p>Supported hashing algrithms:</p> <ul> <li><code>md2</code>, <code>md4</code>, <code>md5</code></li> <li><code>sha1</code>, <code>sha224</code>, <code>sha256</code>, <code>sha384</code>, <code>sha512/224</code>, <code>sha512/256</code>, <code>sha512</code></li> <li><code>sha3-224</code>, <code>sha3-256</code>, <code>sha3-384</code>, <code>sha3-512</code></li> <li><code>ripemd128</code>, <code>ripemd160</code>, <code>ripemd256</code>, <code>ripemd320</code></li> <li><code>whirlpool</code></li> <li><code>tiger128,3</code>, <code>tiger160,3</code>, <code>tiger192,3</code>, <code>tiger128,4</code>, <code>tiger160,4</code>, <code>tiger192,4</code></li> <li><code>snefru</code>, <code>snefru256</code></li> <li><code>gost</code>, <code>gost-crypto</code></li> <li><code>adler32</code></li> <li><code>crc32</code>, <code>crc32b</code>, <code>crc32c</code></li> <li><code>fnv132</code>, <code>fnv1a32</code>, <code>fnv164</code>, <code>fnv1a64</code></li> <li><code>joaat</code></li> <li><code>haval128,3</code>, <code>haval160,3</code>, <code>haval192,3</code>, <code>haval224,3</code>, <code>haval256,3</code>, <code>haval128,4</code>, <code>haval160,4</code>, <code>haval192,4</code>, <code>haval224,4</code>, <code>haval256,4</code>, <code>haval128,5</code>, <code>haval160,5</code>, <code>haval192,5</code>, <code>haval224,5</code>, <code>haval256,5</code></li> </ul> PHP<pre><code>hash($algorithm, $data);\n</code></pre>"},{"location":"languages/php/php.html#password-hashes","title":"Password Hashes","text":"<p><code>password_hash()</code> is compatible with <code>crypt()</code>. Therefore, password hashes created by <code>crypt()</code> can be used with <code>password_hash()</code>.</p> <p>Algorithms currently supported:</p> <ul> <li>PASSWORD_DEFAULT - Use the bcrypt algorithm (default as of PHP 5.5.0). Note that this constant is designed to change over time as new and stronger algorithms are added to PHP.</li> <li>PASSWORD_BCRYPT - Use the CRYPT_BLOWFISH algorithm to create the hash. This will produce a standard <code>crypt()</code> compatible hash using the \"$2y$\" identifier. The result will always be a 60 character string, or FALSE on failure.</li> <li>PASSWORD_ARGON2I - Use the Argon2i hashing algorithm to create the hash. This algorithm is only available if PHP has been compiled with Argon2 support.</li> <li>PASSWORD_ARGON2ID - Use the Argon2id hashing algorithm to create the hash. This algorithm is only available if PHP has been compiled with Argon2 support.</li> </ul> <p>Supported options for PASSWORD_BCRYPT:</p> <ul> <li> <p>salt (string) - to manually provide a salt to use when hashing the password. Note that this will override and prevent a salt from being automatically generated.   If omitted, a random salt will be generated by password_hash() for each password hashed. This is the intended mode of operation.   Warning: The salt option has been deprecated as of PHP 7.0.0. It is now preferred to simply use the salt that is generated by default.</p> </li> <li> <p>cost (integer) - which denotes the algorithmic cost that should be used. Examples of these values can be found on the crypt() page.   If omitted, a default value of 10 will be used. This is a good baseline cost, but you may want to consider increasing it depending on your hardware.</p> </li> </ul> <p>Supported options for PASSWORD_ARGON2I and PASSWORD_ARGON2ID:</p> <ul> <li>memory_cost (integer) - Maximum memory (in kibibytes) that may be used to compute the Argon2 hash. Defaults to PASSWORD_ARGON2_DEFAULT_MEMORY_COST.</li> <li>time_cost (integer) - Maximum amount of time it may take to compute the Argon2 hash. Defaults to PASSWORD_ARGON2_DEFAULT_TIME_COST.</li> <li>threads (integer) - Number of threads to use for computing the Argon2 hash. Defaults to PASSWORD_ARGON2_DEFAULT_THREADS.</li> </ul> PHP<pre><code>password_hash($password, $algorithm);  # create a new password hash using a strong one-way hashing algorithm.\npassword_verify($password, $hash);  # Verifies that a password matches a hash\n</code></pre>"},{"location":"languages/php/php.html#errors","title":"Errors","text":"<p>Types of PHP errors:</p> <ul> <li>Fatal Error: stop the execution of the program.</li> <li>Warning: generated at runtime, does not stop the execution (non-blocking).</li> <li>Notice: informative errors or messages, non-blocking.</li> </ul> PHP<pre><code>$a = new StdClass()\n$a-&gt;foo();  // PHP Fatal Error: foo() does not exist\n</code></pre> PHP<pre><code>$a = 0;\necho 1/$a;  // PHP Warning: Division by zero\n</code></pre> PHP<pre><code>echo $a;  // PHP Notice: $a undefined\n</code></pre>"},{"location":"languages/php/php.html#error-reporting","title":"Error Reporting","text":"<p>PHP Error Constants</p> <p>Its possible to configure PHP to signal only some type of errors. Errors below a certain levels are ignored.</p> PHP<pre><code>error_reporting(E_&lt;type&gt;);  // set error report threshold (for log file)\n// does not disable PARSER ERROR\n\nini_set(\"display_errors\", 0);  // don't display any errors on stderr\nini_set(\"error_log\", \"path\\\\error.log\");  // set log file\n</code></pre>"},{"location":"languages/php/php.html#triggering-errors","title":"Triggering Errors","text":"PHP<pre><code>// generate E_USER_ errors\ntrigger_error(\"message\");  // default type: E_USER_NOTICE\ntrigger_error(\"message\", E_USER_&lt;Type&gt;);\n\ntrigger_error(\"Deprecated Function\", E_USER_DEPRECATED);\n</code></pre>"},{"location":"languages/php/php.html#writing-in-the-log-file","title":"Writing in the Log File","text":"<p>It's possible to use log files unrelated to the php log file.</p> PHP<pre><code>error_log(\"message\", 3, \"path\\\\log.log\");  // write log message to a specified file\n\n//example\nerror_log(sprintf(\"[%s] Error: _\", date(\"Y-m-d h:i:s\")), 3, \"path\\\\log.log\")\n</code></pre>"},{"location":"languages/php/php.html#exception-handling","title":"Exception Handling","text":"<p>PHP offers the possibility to handle errors with the exception model.</p> PHP<pre><code>try {\n    // dangerous code\n} catch(ExceptionType1 | ExceptionType2 $e) {\n    printf(\"Errore: %s\", $e-&gt;getMessage());\n} catch(Exception $e) {\n    // handle or report exception\n}\n\nthrow new ExceptionType(\"message\");  // throw an exception\n</code></pre> <p>All exceptions in PHP implement the interface <code>Throwable</code>.</p> PHP<pre><code>Interface Throwable {\n    abstract public string getMessage ( void )\n    abstract public int getCode ( void )\n    abstract public string getFile ( void )\n    abstract public int getLine ( void )\n    abstract public array getTrace ( void )\n    abstract public string getTraceAsString ( void )\n    abstract public Throwable getPrevious ( void )\n    abstract public string __toString ( void )\n}\n</code></pre>"},{"location":"languages/php/php.html#custom-exceptions","title":"Custom Exceptions","text":"PHP<pre><code>/**\n * Define a custom exception class\n */\nclass CustomException extends Exception\n{\n    // Redefine the exception so message isn't optional\n    public function __construct($message, $code = 0, Exception $previous = null) {\n        // some code\n\n        // make sure everything is assigned properly\n        parent::__construct($message, $code, $previous);\n    }\n\n    // custom string representation of object\n    public function __toString() {\n        return __CLASS__ . \": [{$this-&gt;code}]: {$this-&gt;message}\\n\";\n    }\n\n    public function customFunction() {\n        echo \"A custom function for this type of exception\\n\";\n    }\n}\n</code></pre>"},{"location":"languages/php/plates-templating.html","title":"Templates with Plates","text":""},{"location":"languages/php/plates-templating.html#template","title":"Template","text":"<p>To separate HTML code and PHP code it's possible to use templates with markers for variable substitution. Variables are created in the PHP code and are passed to the template in the rendering phase. The server transmits only the <code>index.php</code> file to the user. The php file renders the templates as needed.</p> HTML<pre><code>&lt;html&gt;\n    &lt;head&gt;\n        &lt;title&gt;&lt;?= $this-&gt;e($title)?&gt;&lt;/title&gt;\n    &lt;/head&gt;\n\n    &lt;body&gt;\n        &lt;?= $this-&gt;section('content')?&gt;\n    &lt;/body&gt;\n&lt;/html&gt;\n</code></pre>"},{"location":"languages/php/plates-templating.html#plates","title":"Plates","text":"<p>Plates is a template engine for PHP. A template engine permits to separate the PHP code (business logic) from the HTML pages.</p> <p>Installation through composer: <code>composer require league/plates</code>.</p> PHP<pre><code># index.php\nrequire \"vendor/autoload.php\";\n\nuse League\\Plates\\Engine;\n\n$templates = new Engine(\"path\\\\to\\\\templates\");\n\necho $templates-&gt;render(\"template_name\", [\n    \"key_1\" =&gt; \"value_1\",\n    \"key_2\" =&gt; \"value_2\"\n]);\n</code></pre> PHP<pre><code># template.php\n&lt;html&gt;\n    &lt;head&gt;\n        &lt;title&gt;&lt;?= $key_1?&gt;&lt;/title&gt;\n    &lt;/head&gt;\n\n    &lt;body&gt;\n        &lt;h1&gt;Hello &lt;?= $key_2 ?&gt;&lt;/h1&gt;\n    &lt;/body&gt;\n&lt;/html&gt;\n</code></pre> <p>Variables in the template are created through an associative array <code>key =&gt; value</code>. The key (<code>\"key\"</code>) becomes a variable (<code>$key</code>) in the template.</p>"},{"location":"languages/php/plates-templating.html#layout","title":"Layout","text":"<p>It's possible to create a layout (a model) for a group of pages to make that identical save for the contents. In a layout it's possible to create a section called content that identifies content that can be specified at runtime.</p> <p>Note: Since only the template has the data passed eventual loops have to be done there.</p> PHP<pre><code># index.php\nrequire 'vendor/autoload.php';\nuse League\\Plates\\Engine;\n$template = new Engine('/path/to/templates');\necho $template-&gt;render('template_name', [ \"marker\" =&gt; value, ... ]);\n</code></pre> PHP<pre><code># template.php\n\n# set the layout used for this template\n&lt;?php $this-&gt;layout(\"layout_name\", [\"marker\" =&gt; value, ...]) ?&gt;  # pass values to the layout\n\n# section contents\n&lt;p&gt; &lt;?= $this-&gt;e($marker) ?&gt; &lt;/p&gt;\n</code></pre> PHP<pre><code># layout.php\n&lt;html&gt;\n    &lt;head&gt;\n        &lt;title&gt;&lt;?= $marker ?&gt;&lt;/title&gt;\n    &lt;/head&gt;\n    &lt;body&gt;\n        &lt;?= $this-&gt;section('content')?&gt;  # insert the section\n    &lt;/body&gt;\n&lt;/html&gt;\n</code></pre>"},{"location":"languages/php/plates-templating.html#escape","title":"Escape","text":"<p>It's necessary to verify that the output is in the necessary format.</p> <p>Plates offers <code>$this-&gt;escape()</code> or <code>$this-&gt;e()</code> to validate the output. In general the output validation allows to prevent Cross-Site Scripting (XSS).</p>"},{"location":"languages/php/plates-templating.html#folders","title":"Folders","text":"PHP<pre><code># index.php\n$templates-&gt;addFolder(\"alias\", \"path/to/template/folder\");  # add a template folder\necho $templates-&gt;render(\"folder::template\");  # use a template in a specific folder\n</code></pre>"},{"location":"languages/php/plates-templating.html#insert","title":"Insert","text":"<p>It's possible to inject templates in a layout or template. It is done by using the <code>insert()</code> function.</p> PHP<pre><code># layout.php\n&lt;html&gt;\n    &lt;head&gt;\n        &lt;title&gt;&lt;?=$this-&gt;e($title)?&gt;&lt;/title&gt;\n    &lt;/head&gt;\n    &lt;body&gt;\n        &lt;?php $this-&gt;insert('template::header') ?&gt;  # insert template\n\n        &lt;?= $this-&gt;section('content')?&gt;  # page contents\n\n        &lt;?php $this-&gt;insert('template::footer') ?&gt;  # insert template\n    &lt;/body&gt;\n&lt;/html&gt;\n</code></pre>"},{"location":"languages/php/plates-templating.html#sections","title":"Sections","text":"<p>It's possible to insert page contest from another template with the <code>section()</code> function. The content to be inserted must be surrounded with by the <code>start()</code> and <code>stop()</code> functions.</p> PHP<pre><code># template.php\n\n&lt;?php $this-&gt;start(\"section_name\") ?&gt;  # start section\n#  section contents (HTML)\n&lt;?php $this-&gt;stop() ?&gt;  # stop section\n\n# append to section is existing, create if not\n&lt;?php $this-&gt;push(\"section_name\") ?&gt;\n#  section contents (HTML)\n&lt;?php $this-&gt;end() ?&gt;\n</code></pre>"},{"location":"languages/php/psr-7.html","title":"PSR-7","text":""},{"location":"languages/php/psr-7.html#psr-7_1","title":"PSR-7","text":"<p>Standard of the PHP Framework Interop Group that defines common interfaces for handling HTTP messages.</p> <ul> <li><code>Psr\\Http\\Message\\MessageInterface</code></li> <li><code>Psr\\Http\\Message\\RequestInterface</code></li> <li><code>Psr\\Http\\Message\\ResponseInterface</code></li> <li><code>Psr\\Http\\Message\\ServerRequestInterface</code></li> <li><code>Psr\\Http\\Message\\StreamInterface</code></li> <li><code>Psr\\Http\\Message\\UploadedFileInterface</code></li> <li><code>Psr\\Http\\Message\\UriInterface</code></li> </ul> <p>Example:</p> PHP<pre><code>// empty array if not found\n$header = $request-&gt;getHeader('Accept');\n\n// empty string if not found\n$header = $request-&gt;getHeaderLine('Accept');\n\n// check the presence of a header\nif (! $request-&gt;hasHeader('Accept')) {}\n\n// returns the parameters in a query string\n$query = $request-&gt;getQueryParams();\n</code></pre>"},{"location":"languages/php/psr-7.html#immutability","title":"Immutability","text":"<p>PSR-7 requests are immutable objects; a change in the data will return a new instance of the object. The stream objects of PSR-7 are not immutable.</p>"},{"location":"languages/php/unit-tests.html","title":"PHP Unit Test","text":""},{"location":"languages/php/unit-tests.html#installation-configuration","title":"Installation &amp; Configuration","text":""},{"location":"languages/php/unit-tests.html#dev-only-installation","title":"Dev-Only Installation","text":"PowerShell<pre><code>composer require --dev phpunit/phpunit\n</code></pre> JSON<pre><code>    \"require-dev\": {\n        \"phpunit/phpunit\": \"&lt;version&gt;\"\n    }\n</code></pre>"},{"location":"languages/php/unit-tests.html#config","title":"Config","text":"<p>PHPUnit can be configured in a XML file called <code>phpunit.xml</code>:</p> XML<pre><code>&lt;phpunit xmlns:xsi=\"http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema-instance\"\n         xsi:noNamespaceSchemaLocation=\"vendor/phpunit/phpunit/phpunit.xsd\"\n         bootstrap=\"vendor/autoload.php\"\n         colors=\"true\"&gt;\n\n    &lt;testsuites&gt;\n        &lt;testsuit name=\"App\\\\Tests\"&gt;\n            &lt;directory&gt;./test&lt;directory&gt;\n        &lt;/testsuit&gt;\n    &lt;/testsuites&gt;\n\n    &lt;filter&gt;\n        &lt;whitelist processUncoveredFilesFromWhitelist=\"true\"&gt;\n            &lt;directory suffix=\".php\"&gt;./src&lt;/directory&gt;\n        &lt;/whitelist&gt;\n    &lt;/filter&gt;\n&lt;/phpunit&gt;\n</code></pre>"},{"location":"languages/php/unit-tests.html#testing","title":"Testing","text":""},{"location":"languages/php/unit-tests.html#test-structure","title":"Test Structure","text":"<p>PHPUnit tests are grouped in classes suffixed with <code>Test</code>. Each class extends <code>PHPUnit\\Framework\\TestCase</code>. A test is a method of a test class prefixed with <code>test</code>. PHPUnit is executed from the command line with <code>vendor/bin/phpunit  --colors</code>.</p> PHP<pre><code>namespace App;\n\nclass Filter\n{\n    public function isEmail(string $email): bool\n    {\n        // @todo implement\n    }\n}\n</code></pre> PHP<pre><code>namespace App\\Test;\nuse PHPUnit\\Framework\\TestCase;\nuse App\\Filter;\n\nclass FilterTest extends TestCase\n{\n    public function testValidMail()\n    {\n        $filter = new Filter();\n        $this-&gt;assertTrue($filter-&gt;isEmail(\"foo@bar.com\"));\n    }\n\n    public function testInvalidEmail()\n    {\n        $filter = new Filter();\n        $this-&gt;assertFalse($filter-&gt;idEmail(\"foo\"));\n    }\n}\n</code></pre>"},{"location":"languages/php/unit-tests.html#phpunit-assertions","title":"PHPUnit Assertions","text":"<ul> <li><code>asseretTrue()</code>: verifies that the element is true</li> <li><code>assertFalse()</code>: verifies that the element is false</li> <li><code>assertEmpty()</code>: verifies that the element is empty</li> <li><code>assertEquals()</code>: verifies that the two elements are equal</li> <li><code>assertGreaterThan()</code>: verifies that the element is greater than ...</li> <li><code>assertContains()</code>: verifies that the element is contained in an array</li> <li><code>assertInstanceOf()</code>: verifies that the element is an instance of a specific class</li> <li><code>assertArrayHasKey(mixed $key, array $array)</code>: verify that a specific key is in the array</li> </ul>"},{"location":"languages/php/unit-tests.html#phpunit-testing-exceptions","title":"PHPUnit Testing Exceptions","text":"PHP<pre><code>public function testAggiungiEsameException(string $esame)\n{\n    $this-&gt;expectException(Exception::class);\n    $this-&gt;expectExceptionMessage(\"exception_message\");\n\n    // execute code that should throw an exception\n}\n\n// https://github.com/sebastianbergmann/phpunit/issues/2484#issuecomment-648822531\npublic function testExceptionNotThrown()\n{\n    $exceptionWasThrown = false;\n\n    try\n    {\n        // code that should succeed\n    }\n    catch (EsameException $e)\n    {\n        $exceptionWasThrown = true;\n    }\n\n    $this-&gt;assertFalse($exceptionWasThrown);\n}\n\n// same as\n\n/**\n* @doesNotPerformAssertions\n*/\npublic function testNoExceptions(string $esame)\n{\n    // code that should succeed (exceptions will make the test fail)\n}\n</code></pre>"},{"location":"languages/php/unit-tests.html#test-setup-teardown-example","title":"Test Setup &amp; Teardown (Example)","text":"PHP<pre><code>class ClassTest extends TestCase\n{\n    // initialize the test\n    public function setUp(): void\n    {\n        file_put_contents(\"/tmp/foo\", \"Test\")\n    }\n\n    // reset the test\n    public function tearDown(): void\n    {\n        unlink(\"/tmp/foo\")\n    }\n\n    public function testFoo()\n    {\n        // use temp file\n    }\n}\n</code></pre> <p>Note: <code>setUp()</code> and <code>tearDown()</code> are called before and after each test method.</p>"},{"location":"languages/php/unit-tests.html#data-provider","title":"Data Provider","text":"PHP<pre><code>class DataTest extends TestCase\n{\n    /**\n    * @dataProvider provider\n    */\n    public function testAdd($a, $b, $expected)\n    {\n        $this-&gt;assertEquals($expected, $a + $b);\n    }\n\n    // test receives array contents as input\n    public function provider()\n    {\n        // must return array of arrays\n        return [\n            [0, 0, 0],\n            [0, 1, 1]\n        ];\n    }\n\n    // test receives array of arrays as input\n    public function provideArrayOfArrays()\n    {\n        return [\n            [\n                [\n                    [0, 0, 0],\n                    [0, 1, 1]\n                ]\n            ]\n        ];\n    }\n}\n</code></pre>"},{"location":"languages/php/unit-tests.html#mock-objects","title":"Mock Objects","text":"PHP<pre><code>class UnitTest extends TestCase\n{\n    public function setUp()\n    {\n        // names of mock are independent from tested class variables\n        $this-&gt;mock = $this-&gt;createMock(ClassName::class);  // create a mock object of a class\n        $this-&gt;returned = $this-&gt;createMock(ClassName::class);  // mock of returned object\n\n        $this-&gt;mock-&gt;method(\"methodName\")  // simulate method on mock\n            -&gt;with($this-&gt;equalTo(param), ...)  // specify input params (one param per equalTo)\n            -&gt;willReturn($this-&gt;returned);  // specify return value\n    }\n\n    public function testMethod()\n    {\n        $this-&gt;mock\n        -&gt;method(\"methodName\")\n        -&gt;with($this-&gt;equalTo($arg))  // arg passed to the method\n        -&gt;willReturn(value);  // actual return value for THIS case\n        // or\n        -&gt;will($this-&gt;throwException(new Exception()));  // method will throw exception\n\n        // assertions\n    }\n}\n</code></pre>"},{"location":"languages/php/unit-tests.html#code-coverage-needs-xdebug","title":"Code Coverage (needs XDebug)","text":"PowerShell<pre><code>vendor/bin/phpunit --coverage-text  # code coverage analysis in the terminal\n</code></pre>"},{"location":"languages/php/web.html","title":"PHP for the Web","text":""},{"location":"languages/php/web.html#php-internal-web-server","title":"PHP Internal Web Server","text":"<p>Command Line Web Server in PHP, useful in testing phase. Limited since handles only one request at a time. Do not use in production.</p> PowerShell<pre><code>PHP -S &lt;ip:post&gt;  # start web server\nPHP -S &lt;ip:post&gt; -t /path/to/folder  # execute in specified folder at specified address\nPHP -S &lt;ip:post&gt; file.php  # redirect requests to single file\n</code></pre>"},{"location":"languages/php/web.html#http-methods","title":"HTTP Methods","text":"<p>Handling of HTTP requests happens using the following global variables:</p> <ul> <li><code>$_SERVER</code>: info on request headers, version, URL path and method (dict)</li> <li><code>$_GET</code>: parameters of get request (dict)</li> <li><code>$_POST</code>: parameters of post request (dict)</li> <li><code>$_COOKIE</code></li> <li><code>$_FILES</code>: file to send to web app.</li> </ul>"},{"location":"languages/php/web.html#_files","title":"<code>$_FILES</code>","text":"HTML<pre><code>&lt;!-- method MUST BE post --&gt;\n&lt;!-- must have enctype=\"multipart/form-data\" attribute --&gt;\n&lt;form name=\"&lt;name&gt;\" action=\"file.php\" method=\"POST\" enctype=\"multipart/form-data\"&gt;\n    &lt;input type=\"file\" name=\"photo\" /&gt;\n    &lt;input type=\"submit\" name=\"Send\" /&gt;\n&lt;/form&gt;\n</code></pre> <p>Files in <code>$_FILES</code> are memorized in a system temp folder. They can be moved with <code>move_uploaded_file()</code></p> PHP<pre><code>if (! isset($_FILES['photo']['error'])) {\n    http_response_code(400);  # send a response code\n    echo'&lt;h1&gt;No file has been sent&lt;/h1&gt;';\n    exit();\n}\n\nif ($_FILES['photo']['error'] != UPLOAD_ERR_OK) {\n        http_response_code(400);\n        echo'&lt;h1&gt;The sent file is invalid&lt;/h1&gt;';\n        exit();\n}\n\n$path = '/path/to/' . $_FILES['photo']['name'];\n\nif (! move_uploaded_file($_FILES['photo']['tmp_name'], $path)) {\n    http_response_code(400);\n    echo'&lt;h1&gt;Error while writing the file&lt;/h1&gt;';\n    exit();\n}\n\necho'&lt;h1&gt;File successfully sent&lt;/h1&gt;';\n</code></pre>"},{"location":"languages/php/web.html#_server","title":"<code>$_SERVER</code>","text":"<p>Request Header Access:</p> PHP<pre><code>$_SERVER[\"REQUEST_METHOD\"];\n$_SERVER[\"REQUEST_URI\"];\n$_SERVER[\"SERVER_PROTOCOL\"];  // HTTP Versions\n$_SERVER[\"HTTP_ACCEPT\"];\n$_SERVER[\"HTTP_ACCEPT_ENCODING\"];\n$_SERVER[\"HTTP_CONNECTION\"];\n$_SERVER[\"HTTP_HOST\"];\n$_SERVER[\"HTTP_USER_AGENT\"];\n// others\n</code></pre>"},{"location":"languages/php/web.html#_cookie","title":"<code>$_COOKIE</code>","text":"<p>Cookie Laws Garante Privacy 8/5/2014</p> <p>All sites must have a page for the consensus about using cookies.</p> <p>Cookies are HTTP headers used to memorize key-value info on the client. They are sent from the server to the client to keep track of info on the user that is visiting the website. When a client receives a HTTP response that contains <code>Set-Cookie</code> headers it has to memorize that info and reuse them in future requests.</p> HTTP<pre><code>Set-Cookie: &lt;cookie-name&gt;=&lt;cookie-value&gt;\nSet-Cookie: &lt;cookie-name&gt;=&lt;cookie-value&gt;; Expires=&lt;date&gt;\nSet-Cookie: &lt;cookie-name&gt;=&lt;cookie-value&gt;; Max-Age=&lt;seconds&gt;\nSet-Cookie: &lt;cookie-name&gt;=&lt;cookie-value&gt;; Domain=&lt;domain-value&gt;\nSet-Cookie: &lt;cookie-name&gt;=&lt;cookie-value&gt;; Path=&lt;path-value&gt;\nSet-Cookie: &lt;cookie-name&gt;=&lt;cookie-value&gt;; Secure\nSet-Cookie: &lt;cookie-name&gt;=&lt;cookie-value&gt;; HttpOnly\n</code></pre> <p>Anyone can modify the contents of a cookie; for this reason cookies must not contain personal or sensible info.</p> <p>When a client has memorized a cookie, it is sent in successive HTTP requests through the <code>Cookie</code> header.</p> HTTP<pre><code>Cookie: &lt;cookie-name&gt;=&lt;cookie-value&gt;\n</code></pre> <p>PHP setcookie docs</p> PHP<pre><code>setcookie (\nstring $name,\n[ string $value = \"\" ],\n[ int $expire = 0 ],  // in seconds (time() + seconds)\n[ string $path = \"\" ],\n[ string $domain = \"\" ],\n[ bool $secure = false ],  // use https\n[ bool $httponly = false ]  // accessible only through http (no js, ...)\n)\n\n// example: memorize user-id 112 with 24h expiry for site example.com\nsetcookie (\"User-id\", \"112\", time() + 3600*24, \"/\", \"example.com\");\n\n// check if a cookie exists\nif(isset($_COOKIE[\"cookie_name\"])) {}\n</code></pre>"},{"location":"languages/php/web.html#_session","title":"$_SESSION","text":"<p>Sessions are info memorized on the server associated to the client that makes an HTTP request.</p> <p>PHP generates a cookie named <code>PHPSESSID</code> containing a session identifier and an hash generated from <code>IP + timestamp + pseudo-random number</code>.</p> <p>To use the session it's necessary to recall the function <code>session_start()</code> at the beginning of a PHP script that deals with sessions. After starting the session information in be saved in the <code>$_SESSION</code> array.</p> PHP<pre><code>$_SESSION[\"key\"] = value;  // save data in session file (serialized data)\n\nunset($_SESSION[\"key\"]);  // delete data from the session\nsession_unset();  # remove all session data\nsession_destroy();  # destroy all of the data associated with the current session.\n# It does not unset any of the global variables associated with the session, or unset the session cookie.\n</code></pre> <p>Session data is be memorized in a file by serializing <code>$_SESSION</code>. Files are named as <code>sess_PHPSESSID</code> in a folder (<code>var/lib/php/sessions</code> in Linux).</p> <p>It's possible to modify the memorization system of PHP serialization variables by:</p> <ul> <li>modifying <code>session.save_handler</code> in <code>php.ini</code></li> <li>writing as personalized handler with the function <code>session_set_save_handler()</code> and/or the class <code>SessionHandler</code></li> </ul>"},{"location":"languages/php/web.html#php-web-instructions","title":"PHP Web Instructions","text":"<p><code>http_response_code()</code> is used to return an HTTP response code. If no code is specified <code>200 OK</code> is returned. <code>header(\"Location: /route\")</code> is used to make a redirect to another UTL.</p>"},{"location":"languages/php/simple-mvc/rest-api.html","title":"REST API with Simple-MVC","text":""},{"location":"languages/php/simple-mvc/rest-api.html#routing-example","title":"Routing (Example)","text":"PHP<pre><code>// config/route.php\nreturn [   \n   [ 'GET', '/api/user[/{id}]', Controller\\User::class ],\n   [ 'POST', '/api/user', Controller\\User::class ],\n   [ 'PATCH', '/api/user/{id}', Controller\\User::class ],\n   [ 'DELETE', '/api/user/{id}', Controller\\User::class ]\n];\n</code></pre>"},{"location":"languages/php/simple-mvc/rest-api.html#controller-example","title":"Controller (Example)","text":"PHP<pre><code>public class UserController implements ControllerInterface\n{\n    public function __construct(UserModel $user)\n    {\n        $this-&gt;userModel = $user;\n\n        // Set the Content-type for all the HTTP methods\n        header('Content-type: application/json');\n    }\n\n    // method dispatcher\n    public function execute(ServerRequestInterface $request)\n    {\n        $method = strtolower($request-&gt;getMethod());\n        if (!method_exists($this, $method)) {\n            http_response_code(405); // method not exists\n            return;\n        }\n        $this-&gt;$method($request);\n    }\n\n    public function get(ServerRequestInterface $request)\n    {\n        $id = $request-&gt;getAttribute('id');\n        try {\n            $result = empty($id)\n                ? $this-&gt;userModel-&gt;getAllUsers()\n                : $this-&gt;userModel-&gt;getUser($id);\n        } catch (UserNotFoundException $e) {\n            http_response_code(404); // user not found\n            $result = ['error' =&gt; $e-&gt;getMessage()];\n        }\n        echo json_encode($result);\n    }\n\n    public function post(ServerRequestInterface $request)\n    {\n        $data = json_decode($request-&gt;getBody()-&gt;getContents(), true);\n        try {\n            $result = $this-&gt;userModel-&gt;addUser($data);\n        } catch (InvalidAttributeException $e) {\n            http_response_code(400); // bad request\n            $result = ['error' =&gt; $e-&gt;getMessage()];\n        } catch (UserAlreadyExistsException $e) {\n            http_response_code(409); // conflict, the user is not present\n            $result = ['error' =&gt; $e-&gt;getMessage()];\n        }\n        echo json_encode($result);\n    }\n\n    public function patch(ServerRequestInterface $request)\n    {\n        $id = $request-&gt;getAttribute('id');\n        $data = json_decode($request-&gt;getBody()-&gt;getContents(), true);\n        try {\n            $result = $this-&gt;userModel-&gt;updateUser($data, $id);\n        } catch (InvalidAttributeException $e) {\n            http_response_code(400); // bad request\n            $result = ['error' =&gt; $e-&gt;getMessage()];\n        } catch (UserNotFoundException $e) {\n            http_response_code(404); // user not found\n            $result = ['error' =&gt; $e-&gt;getMessage()];\n        }\n        echo json_encode($result);\n    }\n\n    public function delete(ServerRequestInterface $request)\n    {\n        $id = $request-&gt;getAttribute('id');\n        try {\n            $this-&gt;userModel-&gt;deleteUser($id);\n            $result = ['result' =&gt; 'success'];\n        } catch (UserNotFoundException $e) {\n            http_response_code(404); // user not found\n            $result = ['error' =&gt; $e-&gt;getMessage()];\n        }\n        echo json_encode($result);\n    }\n}\n</code></pre>"},{"location":"languages/php/simple-mvc/simple-mvc.html","title":"SimpleMVC Mini-Framework","text":"<p>SimpleMVC is a micro MVC framework for PHP using FastRoute, PHP-DI, Plates and PHP-DI standard for HTTP messages.</p> <p>This framework is mainly used as tutorial for introducing the Model-View-Controller architecture in modern PHP applications.</p>"},{"location":"languages/php/simple-mvc/simple-mvc.html#installation","title":"Installation","text":"PowerShell<pre><code>composer create-project ezimuel/simple-mvc\n</code></pre>"},{"location":"languages/php/simple-mvc/simple-mvc.html#structure","title":"Structure","text":"Text Only<pre><code>|- config\n|  |- container.php --&gt; DI Container Config (PHP-DI)\n|  |- route.php --&gt; routing\n|- public\n|  |- img\n|  |- index.php  --&gt; app entry-point\n|- src\n|  |- Model\n|  |- View  --&gt; Plates views\n|  |- Controller  --&gt; ControllerInterface.php\n|- test\n|  |- Model\n|  |- Controller\n</code></pre>"},{"location":"languages/php/simple-mvc/simple-mvc.html#indexphp","title":"<code>index.php</code>","text":"PHP<pre><code>&lt;?php\ndeclare(strict_types=1);\n\nchdir(dirname(__DIR__));\nrequire 'vendor/autoload.php';\n\nuse DI\\ContainerBuilder;\nuse FastRoute\\Dispatcher;\nuse FastRoute\\RouteCollector;\nuse Nyholm\\Psr7\\Factory\\Psr17Factory;\nuse Nyholm\\Psr7Server\\ServerRequestCreator;\nuse SimpleMVC\\Controller\\Error404;\nuse SimpleMVC\\Controller\\Error405;\n\n$builder = new ContainerBuilder();\n$builder-&gt;addDefinitions('config/container.php');\n$container = $builder-&gt;build();\n\n// Routing\n$dispatcher = FastRoute\\simpleDispatcher(function(RouteCollector $r) {\n    $routes = require 'config/route.php';\n    foreach ($routes as $route) {\n        $r-&gt;addRoute($route[0], $route[1], $route[2]);\n    }\n});\n\n// Build the PSR-7 server request\n$psr17Factory = new Psr17Factory();\n$creator = new ServerRequestCreator(\n    $psr17Factory, // ServerRequestFactory\n    $psr17Factory, // UriFactory\n    $psr17Factory, // UploadedFileFactory\n    $psr17Factory  // StreamFactory\n);\n$request = $creator-&gt;fromGlobals();\n\n// Dispatch \n$routeInfo = $dispatcher-&gt;dispatch(\n    $request-&gt;getMethod(), \n    $request-&gt;getUri()-&gt;getPath()\n);\nswitch ($routeInfo[0]) {\n    case Dispatcher::NOT_FOUND:\n        $controllerName = Error404::class;\n        break;\n    case Dispatcher::METHOD_NOT_ALLOWED:\n        $controllerName = Error405::class;\n        break;\n    case Dispatcher::FOUND:\n        $controllerName = $routeInfo[1];\n        if (isset($routeInfo[2])) {\n            foreach ($routeInfo[2] as $name =&gt; $value) {\n                $request = $request-&gt;withAttribute($name, $value);\n            }\n        }\n        break;\n}\n$controller = $container-&gt;get($controllerName);\n$controller-&gt;execute($request);\n</code></pre>"},{"location":"languages/php/simple-mvc/simple-mvc.html#routephp","title":"<code>route.php</code>","text":"PHP<pre><code>&lt;?php\nuse SimpleMVC\\Controller;\n\nreturn [\n    [ 'GET', '/', Controller\\Home::class ],\n    [ 'GET', '/hello[/{name}]', Controller\\Hello::class ],\n    [ \"HTTP Verb\", \"/route[/optional]\", Controller\\EndpointController::class ]\n];\n</code></pre>"},{"location":"languages/php/simple-mvc/simple-mvc.html#containerphp","title":"<code>container.php</code>","text":"PHP<pre><code>&lt;?php\nuse League\\Plates\\Engine;\nuse Psr\\Container\\ContainerInterface;\n\nreturn [\n    'view_path' =&gt; 'src/View',\n    Engine::class =&gt; function(ContainerInterface $c) {\n        return new Engine($c-&gt;get('view_path'));\n    }\n\n    // PHP-DI configs\n];\n</code></pre>"},{"location":"languages/php/simple-mvc/simple-mvc.html#controllerinterfacephp","title":"<code>ControllerInterface.php</code>","text":"<p>Each controller must implement this interface.</p> PHP<pre><code>&lt;?php\ndeclare(strict_types=1);\n\nnamespace SimpleMVC\\Controller;\n\nuse Psr\\Http\\Message\\ServerRequestInterface;\n\ninterface ControllerInterface\n{\n    public function execute(ServerRequestInterface $request);\n}\n</code></pre>"},{"location":"languages/powershell/commands.html","title":"Powershell Commands","text":"PowerShell<pre><code>Get-Location  # Gets information about the current working location or a location stack\nSet-Location -Path &lt;path&gt;  # change current working directory to specified path (DEFAULTs to ~)\nGet-ChildItem  -Path &lt;path&gt;  # Gets the items and child items in one or more specified locations.\nGet-Content -Path &lt;file&gt;  # Gets the content of the item at the specified location\n\nWrite-Output # Send specified objects to the next command in the pipeline. If the command is the last in the pipeline, the objects are displayed in the console\nWrite-Host  # Writes customized output to a host.\nClear-Host  # clear shell output\n\nNew-Item -ItemType File -Path filename.ext  # create empty file\nNew-Item -Path folder_name -Type Folder  # create a folder\nNew-Item -ItemType SymbolicLink -Path .\\link -Target .\\Notice.txt  # create a symlink\n\nMove-Item -Path &lt;source&gt; -Destination &lt;target&gt;  # move and/or rename files and folders\nCopy-Item -Path &lt;source&gt; -Destination &lt;target&gt;  # copy (and rename) files and folders\n\nTest-Path \"path\" -PathType Container  # check if the existing path exists and is a folder\nTest-Path \"path\" -PathType Leaf  # check if the existing path exists and is a file\n\n# start, list , kill processes\nStart-Process -FilePath &lt;file&gt;  # open a file with the default process/program\nGet-Process  # Gets the processes that are running on the local computer\nStop-Process [-Id] &lt;System.Int32[]&gt; [-Force] [-Confirm]  # Stops one or more running processes\n\n# network\nGet-NetIPConfiguration  # Gets IP network configuration\nTest-NetConnection &lt;ip&gt; # Sends ICMP echo request packets, or pings, to one or more computers\n\n# compressing into archive\nCompress-Archive -LiteralPath &lt;PathToFiles&gt; -DestinationPath &lt;PathToDestination&gt;  # destination can be a folder or a .zip file\nCompress-Archive -Path &lt;PathToFiles&gt; -Update -DestinationPath &lt;PathToDestination&gt;  # update existing archive\n\n# extraction from archive\nExpand-Archive -LiteralPath &lt;PathToZipFile&gt; -DestinationPath &lt;PathToDestination&gt;\nExpand-Archive -LiteralPath &lt;PathToZipFile&gt;  # extract archive in folder named after the archive in the root location\n\n# filtering stdout/stder\nSelect-String -Path &lt;source&gt; -Pattern &lt;pattern&gt;  # Finds text in strings and files\n</code></pre>"},{"location":"languages/powershell/scripting.html","title":"PowerShell Scripting","text":"<p>Cmdlets are formed by a verb-noun pair. Cmdlets are case-insensitive.</p> <p>It's all .NET A PS string is in fact a .NET System.String All .NET methods and properties are thus available</p> <p>Note that .NET functions MUST be called with parentheses while PS functions CANNOT be called with parentheses. If you do call a cmdlet/PS function with parentheses, it is the same as passing a single parameter list.</p>"},{"location":"languages/powershell/scripting.html#screen-output","title":"Screen Output","text":"PowerShell<pre><code>Write-Host \"message\"\n</code></pre>"},{"location":"languages/powershell/scripting.html#user-input","title":"User Input","text":"PowerShell<pre><code># Reading a value from input:\n$variable = Read-Host \"prompt\"\n</code></pre>"},{"location":"languages/powershell/scripting.html#variables","title":"Variables","text":"PowerShell<pre><code># Declaration\n[type]$var = value\n$var = value -as [type]\n\n[int]$a = 5\n$b = 6 -as [double]  # ?\n\n# Here-string (multiline string)\n@\"\nHere-string\n$a + $b = ($a + $b)\n\"@\n\n@'\nLiteral Here-string\n'@\n\n# Swapping\n$a, $b = $b, $a\n\n# Interpolation\nWrite-Host \"text $variable\"  # single quotes will not interpolate\nWrite-Host (&lt;expression&gt;)\n</code></pre>"},{"location":"languages/powershell/scripting.html#built-in-variables","title":"Built-in Variables","text":"PowerShell<pre><code>$True, $False  # boolean\n$null  # empty value\n$?  # last program return value\n$LastExitCode  # Exit code of last run Windows-based program\n$$  # The last token in the last line received by the session\n$^  # The first token\n$PID  # Script's PID\n$PSScriptRoot  # Full path of current script directory\n$MyInvocation.MyCommand.Path  # Full path of current script\n$Pwd  # Full path of current directory\n$PSBoundParameters  # Bound arguments in a function, script or code block\n$Args # Unbound arguments\n\n. .\\otherScriptName.ps1  # Inline another file (dot operator)\n</code></pre>"},{"location":"languages/powershell/scripting.html#lists-dictionaries","title":"Lists &amp; Dictionaries","text":"PowerShell<pre><code>$List = @(5, \"ice\", 3.14, $True)  # Explicit syntax\n$List = 2, \"ice\", 3.14, $True  # Implicit syntax\n$List = (1..10)  # Inclusive range\n$List = @()  # Empty List\n\n$String = $List -join 'separator'\n$List = $String -split 'separator'\n\n# List comprehensions\n$List = sequence | Where-Object {$_ command}  # $_ is current object\n$Dict = @{\"a\" = \"apple\"; \"b\" = \"ball\"}  # Dict definition\n$Dict[\"a\"] = \"acorn\"  # Item update\n\n# Loop through keys\nforeach ($k in $Dict.keys) {\n    # Code here\n}\n</code></pre>"},{"location":"languages/powershell/scripting.html#flow-control","title":"Flow Control","text":"PowerShell<pre><code>if (condition) {\n    # Code here\n} elseif (condition) {\n    # Code here\n} else {\n    # Code here\n}\n</code></pre>"},{"location":"languages/powershell/scripting.html#switch","title":"Switch","text":"<p><code>Switch</code> has the following parameters:</p> <ul> <li>Wildcard: Indicates that the condition is a wildcard string. If the match clause is not a string, the parameter is ignored. The comparison is case-insensitive.</li> <li>Exact: Indicates that the match clause, if it is a string, must match exactly. If the match clause is not a string, this parameter is ignored. The comparison is case-insensitive.</li> <li>CaseSensitive: Performs a case-sensitive match. If the match clause is not a string, this parameter is ignored.</li> <li>File: Takes input from a file rather than a value statement. If multiple File parameters are included, only the last one is used. Each line of the file is read and evaluated by the Switch statement. The comparison is case-insensitive.</li> <li>Regex: Performs regular expression matching of the value to the condition. If the match clause is not a string, this parameter is ignored. The comparison is case-insensitive. The <code>$matches</code> automatic variable is available for use within the matching statement block.</li> </ul> PowerShell<pre><code>switch(variable) {\n    20                      { \"Exactly 20\"; break }\n    { $_ -eq 42 }           { \"The answer equals 42\"; break }\n    { $_ -like 's*' }       { \"Case insensitive\"; break }\n    { $_ -clike 's*'}       { \"clike, ceq, cne for case sensitive\"; break }\n    { $_ -notmatch '^.*$'}  { \"Regex matching. cnotmatch, cnotlike, ...\"; break }\n    { $list -contains 'x'}  { \"if a list contains an item\"; break }\n    default                 { \"Others\" }\n}\n\n# syntax\nswitch [-regex|-wildcard|-exact][-casesensitive] (&lt;value&gt;)\n{\n    \"string\"|number|variable|{ expression } { statement_list }\n    default { statement_list }\n}\n\n# or\n\nswitch [-regex|-wildcard|-exact][-casesensitive] -file filename\n{\n    \"string\"|number|variable|{ expression } { statement_list }\n    default { statement_list }\n}\n</code></pre>"},{"location":"languages/powershell/scripting.html#loops","title":"Loops","text":"PowerShell<pre><code># The classic for\nfor(setup; condition; iterator) {\n    # Code here\n}\n\nrange | % { command }\n\nforeach (item in iterable) {\n    # Code Here\n}\n\nwhile (condition) {\n    # Code here\n}\n\ndo {\n    # Code here\n} until (condition)\n\ndo {\n    # Code here\n} while (condition)\n</code></pre>"},{"location":"languages/powershell/scripting.html#operators","title":"Operators","text":"PowerShell<pre><code># Conditionals\n$a -eq $b  # is equal to\n$a -ne $b  # in not equal to\n$a -gt $b  # greater than\n$a -ge $b  # greater than or equal to\n$a -lt $b  # less than\n$a -le $b  # less than or equal to\n\n# Logical\n$true -And $False\n$True -Or $False\n-Not $True\n</code></pre>"},{"location":"languages/powershell/scripting.html#exception-handling","title":"Exception Handling","text":"PowerShell<pre><code>try {} catch {} finally {}\ntry {} catch [System.NullReferenceException] {\n    echo $_.Exception | Format-List -Force\n}\n</code></pre>"},{"location":"languages/powershell/scripting.html#functions","title":"Functions","text":"PowerShell<pre><code>function func() {}\n\n# function with named parameters\nfunction func ([type]$param=default_value, ...) { }\nfunction func {\n    param([type]$param=default_value, ...)\n\n    # statements\n}\n\n# function call\nfunc argument  \nfunc -param value\n\n# switch parameters\nfunction func ([switch]$param, ...) { }\n\nfunc  # param is $false\nfunc -param  # param is $true\n</code></pre> <p>If the function defines a <code>Begin</code>, <code>Process</code> or <code>End</code> block, all the code must reside inside those blocks. No code will be recognized outside the blocks if any of the blocks are defined.</p> <p>If the function has a <code>Process</code> keyword, each object in <code>$input</code> is removed from <code>$input</code> and assigned to <code>$_</code>.</p> PowerShell<pre><code>function [&lt;scope:&gt;]&lt;name&gt; [([type]$parameter1[,[type]$parameter2])]\n{\n  param([type]$parameter1 [,[type]$parameter2])  # other way to specify named parameters\n  dynamicparam {&lt;statement list&gt;}\n\n  # processing pipelines\n  begin {&lt;statement list&gt;}  # runned once, at start of pipeline\n  process {&lt;statement list&gt;}  # runned for each item in the pipeline\n  end {&lt;statement list&gt;}  # runned once, at end of pipeline\n}\n</code></pre> <p>Optionally, it's possible to provide a brief help string that describes the default value of the parameter, by adding the <code>PSDefaultValue</code> attribute to the description of the parameter, and specifying the <code>Help</code> property of <code>PSDefaultValue</code>.</p> PowerShell<pre><code>function Func {\n  param (\n      [PSDefaultValue(Help = defValue)]\n      $Arg = 100\n  )\n}\n</code></pre>"},{"location":"languages/powershell/scripting.html#script-arguments","title":"Script Arguments","text":""},{"location":"languages/powershell/scripting.html#parsing-script-arguments","title":"Parsing Script Arguments","text":"PowerShell<pre><code>$args  # array of passed arguments\n$args[$index]  # access to the arguments\n$args.count  # number of arguments\n</code></pre>"},{"location":"languages/powershell/scripting.html#script-named-arguments","title":"Script Named Arguments","text":"<p>In <code>scripts.ps1</code>:</p> PowerShell<pre><code>param($param1, $param2, ...)  # basic usage\nparam($param1, $param2=defvalue, ...)  # with default values\nparam([Type] $param1, $param2, ...)  # specify a type\nparam([Parameter(Mandatory)]$param1, $param2, ...)  # setting a parameter as necessary\n\nparam([switch]$flag=$false, ...)  # custom flags\n</code></pre> <p>In PowerShell:</p> PowerShell<pre><code>.\\script.ps1 arg1 arg2  # order of arguments will determine which data goes in which parameter\n\n.\\script.ps1 -param2 arg2 -param1 arg1  # custom order\n</code></pre>"},{"location":"languages/powershell/scripting.html#filters","title":"Filters","text":"<p>A filter is a type of function that runs on each object in the pipeline. A filter resembles a function with all its statements in a <code>Process</code> block.</p> PowerShell<pre><code>filter [&lt;scope:&gt;]&lt;name&gt; {&lt;statement list&gt;}\n</code></pre>"},{"location":"languages/powershell/scripting.html#powershell-comment-based-help","title":"PowerShell Comment-based Help","text":"<p>The syntax for comment-based help is as follows:</p> PowerShell<pre><code># .&lt;help keyword&gt;\n# &lt;help content&gt;\n</code></pre> <p>or</p> PowerShell<pre><code>&lt;#\n.&lt;help keyword&gt;\n&lt;help content&gt;\n#&gt;\n</code></pre> <p>Comment-based help is written as a series of comments. You can type a comment symbol <code>#</code> before each line of comments, or you can use the <code>&lt;#</code> and <code>#&gt;</code> symbols to create a comment block. All the lines within the comment block are interpreted as comments.</p> <p>All of the lines in a comment-based help topic must be contiguous. If a comment-based help topic follows a comment that is not part of the help topic, there must be at least one blank line between the last non-help comment line and the beginning of the comment-based help.</p> <p>Keywords define each section of comment-based help. Each comment-based help keyword is preceded by a dot <code>.</code>. The keywords can appear in any order. The keyword names are not case-sensitive.</p>"},{"location":"languages/powershell/scripting.html#synopsis","title":".SYNOPSIS","text":"<p>A brief description of the function or script. This keyword can be used only once in each topic.</p>"},{"location":"languages/powershell/scripting.html#description","title":".DESCRIPTION","text":"<p>A detailed description of the function or script. This keyword can be used only once in each topic.</p>"},{"location":"languages/powershell/scripting.html#parameter","title":".PARAMETER","text":"<p>The description of a parameter. Add a <code>.PARAMETER</code> keyword for each parameter in the function or script syntax.</p> <p>Type the parameter name on the same line as the <code>.PARAMETER</code> keyword. Type the parameter description on the lines following the <code>.PARAMETER</code> keyword. Windows PowerShell interprets all text between the <code>.PARAMETER</code> line and the next keyword or the end of the comment block as part of the parameter description. The description can include paragraph breaks.</p> PowerShell<pre><code>.PARAMETER  &lt;Parameter-Name&gt;\n</code></pre> <p>The Parameter keywords can appear in any order in the comment block, but the function or script syntax determines the order in which the parameters (and their descriptions) appear in help topic. To change the order, change the syntax.</p> <p>You can also specify a parameter description by placing a comment in the function or script syntax immediately before the parameter variable name. For this to work, you must also have a comment block with at least one keyword.</p> <p>If you use both a syntax comment and a <code>.PARAMETER</code> keyword, the description associated with the <code>.PARAMETER</code> keyword is used, and the syntax comment is ignored.</p> PowerShell<pre><code>&lt;#\n.SYNOPSIS\n    Short description here\n#&gt;\nfunction Verb-Noun {\n    [CmdletBinding()]\n    param (\n        # This is the same as .Parameter\n        [string]$Computername\n    )\n    # Verb the Noun on the computer\n}\n</code></pre>"},{"location":"languages/powershell/scripting.html#example","title":".EXAMPLE","text":"<p>A sample command that uses the function or script, optionally followed by sample output and a description. Repeat this keyword for each example.</p>"},{"location":"languages/powershell/scripting.html#inputs","title":".INPUTS","text":"<p>The .NET types of objects that can be piped to the function or script. You can also include a description of the input objects.</p>"},{"location":"languages/powershell/scripting.html#outputs","title":".OUTPUTS","text":"<p>The .NET type of the objects that the cmdlet returns. You can also include a description of the returned objects.</p>"},{"location":"languages/powershell/scripting.html#notes","title":".NOTES","text":"<p>Additional information about the function or script.</p>"},{"location":"languages/powershell/scripting.html#link","title":".LINK","text":"<p>The name of a related topic. The value appears on the line below the <code>.LINK</code> keyword and must be preceded by a comment symbol <code>#</code> or included in the comment block.</p> <p>Repeat the <code>.LINK</code> keyword for each related topic.</p> <p>This content appears in the Related Links section of the help topic.</p> <p>The <code>.Link</code> keyword content can also include a Uniform Resource Identifier (URI) to an online version of the same help topic. The online version opens when you use the Online parameter of <code>Get-Help</code>. The URI must begin with \"http\" or \"https\".</p>"},{"location":"languages/powershell/scripting.html#component","title":".COMPONENT","text":"<p>The name of the technology or feature that the function or script uses, or to which it is related. The Component parameter of <code>Get-Help</code> uses this value to filter the search results returned by <code>Get-Help</code>.</p>"},{"location":"languages/powershell/scripting.html#role","title":".ROLE","text":"<p>The name of the user role for the help topic. The Role parameter of <code>Get-Help</code> uses this value to filter the search results returned by <code>Get-Help</code>.</p>"},{"location":"languages/powershell/scripting.html#functionality","title":".FUNCTIONALITY","text":"<p>The keywords that describe the intended use of the function. The Functionality parameter of <code>Get-Help</code> uses this value to filter the search results returned by <code>Get-Help</code>.</p>"},{"location":"languages/powershell/scripting.html#forwardhelptargetname","title":".FORWARDHELPTARGETNAME","text":"<p>Redirects to the help topic for the specified command. You can redirect users to any help topic, including help topics for a function, script, cmdlet, or provider.</p> PowerShell<pre><code># .FORWARDHELPTARGETNAME &lt;Command-Name&gt;\n</code></pre>"},{"location":"languages/powershell/scripting.html#forwardhelpcategory","title":".FORWARDHELPCATEGORY","text":"<p>Specifies the help category of the item in <code>.ForwardHelpTargetName</code>. Valid values are <code>Alias</code>, <code>Cmdlet</code>, <code>HelpFile</code>, <code>Function</code>, <code>Provider</code>, <code>General</code>, <code>FAQ</code>, <code>Glossary</code>, <code>ScriptCommand</code>, <code>ExternalScript</code>, <code>Filter</code>, or <code>All</code>. Use this keyword to avoid conflicts when there are commands with the same name.</p> PowerShell<pre><code># .FORWARDHELPCATEGORY &lt;Category&gt;\n</code></pre>"},{"location":"languages/powershell/scripting.html#remotehelprunspace","title":".REMOTEHELPRUNSPACE","text":"<p>Specifies a session that contains the help topic. Enter a variable that contains a PSSession object. This keyword is used by the Export-PSSession cmdlet to find the help topics for the exported commands.</p> PowerShell<pre><code># .REMOTEHELPRUNSPACE &lt;PSSession-variable&gt;\n</code></pre>"},{"location":"languages/powershell/scripting.html#externalhelp","title":".EXTERNALHELP","text":"<p>Specifies an XML-based help file for the script or function.</p> PowerShell<pre><code># .EXTERNALHELP &lt;XML Help File&gt;\n</code></pre> <p>The <code>.ExternalHelp</code> keyword is required when a function or script is documented in XML files. Without this keyword, <code>Get-Help</code> cannot find the XML-based help file for the function or script.</p> <p>The <code>.ExternalHelp</code> keyword takes precedence over other comment-based help keywords. If <code>.ExternalHelp</code> is present, <code>Get-Help</code> does not display comment-based help, even if it cannot find a help topic that matches the value of the <code>.ExternalHelp</code> keyword.</p> <p>If the function is exported by a module, set the value of the <code>.ExternalHelp</code> keyword to a filename without a path. <code>Get-Help</code> looks for the specified file name in a language-specific subdirectory of the module directory. There are no requirements for the name of the XML-based help file for a function, but a best practice is to use the following format:</p> PowerShell<pre><code>&lt;ScriptModule.psm1&gt;-help.xml\n</code></pre> <p>If the function is not included in a module, include a path to the XML-based help file. If the value includes a path and the path contains UI-culture-specific subdirectories, <code>Get-Help</code> searches the subdirectories recursively for an XML file with the name of the script or function in accordance with the language fallback standards established for Windows, just as it does in a module directory.</p> <p>For more information about the cmdlet help XML-based help file format, see How to Write Cmdlet Help in the MSDN library.</p>"},{"location":"languages/powershell/scripting.html#project-oriented-programming","title":"Project Oriented Programming","text":""},{"location":"languages/powershell/scripting.html#classes","title":"Classes","text":"PowerShell<pre><code>[class]::func()  # use function from a static class\n[class]::attribute  # access to static class attribute\n</code></pre>"},{"location":"languages/python/python.html","title":"Python Notes","text":""},{"location":"languages/python/python.html#basics","title":"Basics","text":""},{"location":"languages/python/python.html#naming-convention","title":"Naming Convention","text":"<p>Class -&gt; PascalCase Method, Function -&gt; snake_case Variable -&gt; snake_case</p> Python<pre><code># standard comment\n'''multiline comment'''\n\"\"\"DOCSTRING\"\"\"\n\nhelp(object.method) # return method explanation\ndir(object) # return an alphabetized list of names comprising (some of) the attributes of the given object\n\nimport sys # import module\nfrom sys import argv # import single item from a module\nfrom sys import * # import all elements of a module (no module syntax.method needed)\nimport sys as alias # import the module with an alias, I use alias.method\n\n# CHARACTER SET\nimport string\nstring.ascii_lowercase = 'abcdefghijklmnopqrstuvwxyz'\nstring.asci_uppercase = 'ABCDEFGHIJKLMNOPQRSTUVWXYZ'\nstring.asci_letters = 'abcdefghijklmnopqrstuvwxyzABCDEFGHIJKLMNOPQRSTUVWXYZ'\nstring.digits = '0123456789'\nstring.hexdigits = '0123456789abcdefABCDEF'\nstring.octdigits = '01234567'\nstring.punctuation\nstring.whitespace\n\n# SPECIAL CHARACTERS\n# (\\a, \\b, \\f, \\n, \\r, \\t, \\u, \\U, \\v, \\x, \\\\)\n</code></pre>"},{"location":"languages/python/python.html#assignment-operation","title":"Assignment Operation","text":"Python<pre><code>\"\"\"instructions to the right of = executed before instructions to the left of =\"\"\"\nvariable = expression # the type of the variable is dynamically decided by python based on the content\nvar_1, var_2 = value1, value2 # parallel assignment\nvar_1, var_2 = var_2, var_1 # swap values\n\n# conditional assignment\nx = a if condition else b\nx = a or b # If bool (a) returns False, then x is assigned the value of b\n# a series of OR expressions has the effect of returning the first item that evaluates True, or the last item (last item should be a literal).\n</code></pre>"},{"location":"languages/python/python.html#variable-type-conversion","title":"Variable Type Conversion","text":"<p><code>type(expression)</code></p>"},{"location":"languages/python/python.html#expression-assignment","title":"Expression Assignment","text":"Python<pre><code>(var: = expression) # assign an expression to a variable to avoid repeating the expression\n</code></pre>"},{"location":"languages/python/python.html#variable-comparison-vs-is","title":"Variable Comparison (<code>==</code> vs <code>is</code>)","text":"<p><code>==</code> compares the values \u200b\u200bof objects <code>is</code> compares the identities of objects</p>"},{"location":"languages/python/python.html#on-screen-output","title":"On Screen Output","text":"Python<pre><code>print() # print blank line and wrap\nprint('string' * n) # print string n times\nprint('string1 \\ n string2') # wrap with \\ n\nprint(variable) # print variable content\nprint('string', end = '') # print without wrapping\n\n# FORMATTING\nname = 'Alex'\nmarks = 94.5\nprint(name, marks)\nprint('Name is', name, '\\ nMarks are', marks)\n# expand the rest of the expression and write tense before = in output\nprint(f '{name =}, {marks =}') # OUTPUT: name = Alex, marks = 94.5\n\n# USE OF PLACEHOLDERS\nprint('Name is% s, Marks are% 3.2f'%(name, marks)) # method inherited from C. Variable is substituted for% ..\nprint(\"Name is {}, Marks are {}\". format(name, marks))\nprint(\"Name is {1}, Marks are {2}\". format(marks, name)) # indices in brackets sort elements in .format\nprint(\"Name is {n}, Marks are {m}\". format(m = '94 .5 ', n =' Alex ')) # indices in brackets sort elements in .format\nprint(f'Name is {name}, Marks are {marks} ') # formatting with f-strings\n</code></pre>"},{"location":"languages/python/python.html#format-specification-mini-language","title":"Format Specification Mini-Language","text":"<p><code>{value:width.precision symbol}</code></p> <p>Format: <code>[[fill]align] [sign] [#] [width] [grouping] [.precision] [type]</code></p> <code>[align]</code> Alignment <code>:&lt;</code> left alignment <code>:&gt;</code> right alignment <code>:=</code> padding after the mark <code>:^</code> centered <code>[sign]</code> NUMBER SIGNS <code>:+</code> sign for both positive and negative numbers <code>:-</code> sign only for negative numbers <code>:</code> space for num &gt; 0, '-' for num &lt; 0 <code>:#</code> alternative form:prefix integers type (0x, 0b, 0o), floats and complexes always have at least one decimal place <code>[grouping]</code> GROUPING <code>:,</code> use comma to separate thousands <code>:_</code> use underscore to separate thousands <code>[type]</code> OUTPUT TYPE <code>:s</code> output is string <code>:b</code> output is binary <code>:c</code> output is character <code>:d</code> output is a decimal integer (base 10) <code>:or</code> output is octal integer (base 8) <code>:x</code> output is hexadecimal integer (base 16) <code>:X</code> output is hexadecimal integer (base 16) with uppercase <code>:e</code> output is exponential notation (6-digit base precision) <code>:E</code> output is exponential notation (6-digit base precision) uppercase separator <code>:f</code> output is float (6-digit base precision) <code>:%</code> output is percentage (multiplies * 100, displays as:f)"},{"location":"languages/python/python.html#keyboard-input","title":"Keyboard Input","text":"Python<pre><code># input always returns a STRING\ns = input() # input request without message\ns = input('Prompt') # request input\ni = int(input('prompt')) # request input with type conversion\n\n# MULTIPLE INPUTS\nlist = [int(x) for x in input('prompt'). split('separator')]\n# save multiple inputs in a list(.split separates values \u200b\u200band defines separator\n</code></pre>"},{"location":"languages/python/python.html#numeric-types","title":"Numeric Types","text":"Python<pre><code>a = 77\nb = 1_000_000 # underscore can be used to separate groups of digits\nc = -69\n\n# float numbers\nx = 3.15\ny = 2.71\nz = 25.0\n\nd = 6 + 9j # complex number\n# returns a complex number starting with two reals\ncomplex(real, imag) # -&gt; complex #(real + imag * 1j)\n\ne = 0B1101 # BINARY TYPE(0B ...)\nf = 0xFF # EXADECIMAL TYPE(0X ...)\no = 0o77 # OCTAL TYPE\ng = True # BOOLEAN TYPE\n\n# VARIABLE TYPE CONVERSION\nh = int(y)\ni = float('22 .5 ')\n\n# NUMERIC BASIC CONVERSION\nbin(3616544)\nhex(589)\noct(265846)\n\n# UNICODE CONVERSION\nord(c) # Given a string representing one Unicode character, return an integer representing the Unicode code point of that character\nchr(i) # Return the string representing a character whose Unicode code point is the integer i\n\n\npow(x, y) # x ^ y\nabs(num) # returns absolute value of num(| num |)\nround(num, precision) # rounds number to given precision, does not convert float to int\n</code></pre>"},{"location":"languages/python/python.html#comparison-of-decimal-numbers","title":"Comparison of Decimal Numbers","text":"<p>Do not use <code>==</code> or <code>! =</code> To compare floating point numbers. They are approximations or have several digits. It is worth checking if the difference between the numbers is small enough.</p>"},{"location":"languages/python/python.html#strings","title":"Strings","text":"Python<pre><code>string = 'string content' # assignment and creation of string variable\nstring = '''multi\nline\nstring'''\n\nstring3 = string1 + string2 # string concatenation(operator polymorphism +)\n\n# INDEXING(selection of a character in the string)\nstring[0]\nstring[2]\nstring[-3] # selection starting from the bottom(negative index)\n\n# REPETITION (repeat string output)\nprint(string * n)\n\nlen(string) # show the length of a string\n\n# SLICING (extraction of sub-strings, does not include the position of the last index)\nstring[0: 5]\nstring[: 6]\nstring[-3: -1]\n\n# SLICING WITH STEP\nstring[0: 12: 3]\nstring[15 :: - 1]\nstring[:: - 1] # selection in reverse order (negative step)\n\n# STRIPPING (elimination of spaces before and after string)\nstring = 'stripping test'\nstring.strip()\nstring.lstrip() # only left spaces removed\nstring.rstrip() # only right spaces removed\nstring.removeprefix(prefix) # If the string starts with the prefix string, return string [len (prefix):]\nstring.removesuffix(suffix) # If the string ends with the suffix string and that suffix is \u200b\u200bnot empty, return string [: - len (suffix)]\n\n# SUBSTRING IDENTIFICATION\n#returns starting index of the substring or -1 if it is not present\nstring.find('substring', 0, len (string)) # you can specify the start and end index of the search\n\n# COUNT OF APPARITIONS\nstring.count('t')\n\n# REPLACEMENT\nstring.replace('multi', 'multiple')\n\n# UPPER CASE CONVERSION\nstring.upper()\nstring.lower()\nstring.title()\nstring.capitalize()\n\n# SEPARATION IN LIST ELEMENTS\nstring.split()\nstring.split('separator') # separate using separator (separator omitted in list)\nstring.partition('char') # -&gt; tuple # separates the string from the 3 parts at the first occurrence of separator\n\n# IS_CHECK METHODS -&gt; bool\nstring.isalnum()\nstring.isalpha()\nstring.islower()\nstring.isspace()\nstring.istitle()\nstring.isupper()\nstring.endswith('char')\n\n# JOIN INSTRUCTION()\n''.join(iterable) # merges all elements of the iterable into the new string\n\n# FORMATTING\nstring.center(width, 'char') # stretch the string with char to width\n'...\\t...'.expandtabs() # transform tabs into spaces\n</code></pre>"},{"location":"languages/python/python.html#lists","title":"Lists","text":"Python<pre><code>list = [9, 11, 'WTC', -5.6, True] # lists can contain data of different types\n\nlist[3] # indexing\nlist[3: 5] # slicing\nlist * 3 # repetition\nlen(list) # length\nlist3 = list1 + list2 # list concatenation (operator + polymorphism)\nlist[index] = value # modify list element\ndel (list [1]) # remove by index (INBUILT IN PYTHON)\n# modify the list between the start and stop indices by reassigning the elements of the iterable\nlist[start: stop] = iterable\n\n# LIST METHODS\nlist.append(object) # add object to background\nlist.count(item) # counts the number of occurrences of item\nlist.extend(sequence) # add sequence elements to the list\nlist.insert(position, object) # insert object in list [position]\nlist.index(item) # returns the index of item\nlist.remove(item) # remove item\npoplist(item) # delete item and return it\nlist.clear() # remove all elements\n\nlist.sort() # sorts in ascending order (in place)\nlist.sort(reverse = True) # sorts in descending order (in place)\nlist.reverse() # invert the string (in place)\n\n# CLONING\nlist1 = [...]\nlist2 = list1 # list2 points to the same object of list 1 (changes are shared)\nlist3 = list1 [:] # list3 is a clone of list1 (no shared changes)\n\n# NESTED LISTS (MATRICES)\nlist_1 = [1, 2, 3]\nlist_2 = [4, 5, 6]\nlist_3 = [7, 8, 9]\n\nmatrix = [list_1, list_2, list_3]\nmatrix [i][j] # identify element of list_i index j\n\n# MAXIMUM AND MINIMUM\nmax(list)\nmin(list)\n\n# ALL () &amp; ANY ()\nall(sequence) # returns TRUE if all elements of the sequence are true\nany(sequence) # returns TRUE if at least one element of the sequence has the value True\n\n# MAP INSTRUCTION\n# apply function to iterable and create new list (map object)\n# function can be lambda\nmap(function, iterable) # -&gt; map object\n\n# FILTER INSTRUCTION ()\n# create a new list composed of the iterable elements for which the function returns TRUE\nfilter(function, iterable) # -&gt; filter object\n\n# ZIP INSTRUCTION ()\n# create a tuple generator by joining two or more iterables\n# [(seq_1 [0], seq_2 [0], ...), (seq_1 [1], seq_2 [1], ...), ...]\n# truncate the sequence to the length of the shortest input sequence\nzip(seq_1, seq_2, ...) # -&gt; zip object (tuple generator)\n\n# LIST COMPREHENSIONS\nvar = [expression for element in sequence if condition] # create list from pre-existing list (instead of map, filter, reduce) applying any manipulations\n# expression can be lambda, if is optional\nvar = [expression if condition else statement for element in sequence] # list comprehension with IF-ELSE\nvar = [expression_1 for element in [expression_2 for element in sequence]] # nested list comprehension\nvar = [(exp_1, exp_2) for item_1 in seq_1 for item_2 in seq_2] # -&gt; [(..., ...), (..., ...), ...]\n</code></pre>"},{"location":"languages/python/python.html#tuple","title":"Tuple","text":"Python<pre><code># TUPLES CANNOT BE MODIFIED\ntuple = (69, 420, 69, 'abc') # tuple assignment\ntuple = (44,) # single element tuples need a comma\n\ntuple[3] # indexing\ntuple * 3 # repetition\ntuple.count(69) # counting\ntuple.index(420) # find index\nlen(tuple) # length tuple\n\n# CONVERSION FROM TUPLE TO LIST\ntuple = tuple(list)\n\n# TUPLE UNPACKING\ntup = (item_1, item_2, etc)\nvar_1, var_2, etc = tup\n# var_1 = item_1, var_2 = item_2, ...\n\ntup = (item_1, (item_2, item_3))\nvar_1, (var_2, var_3) = tup\n# var_1 = item_1, var_2 = item_2, var_3 = item_3\n\n#OPERATOR * VAR (tuple unpacking)\nvar_1, var_2, * rest = sequence # var_1 = seq [0], var_2 = seq [1], rest = seq [2:]\nvar_1, * body, var_2, var_3 = sequence # var_1 = seq [0], body = seq [1: -2], var_2 = sequence [-2], var_3 = seq [-1]\n# * var retrieves the excess items, if in parallel assignment usable max once but in any position\n</code></pre>"},{"location":"languages/python/python.html#set","title":"Set","text":"Python<pre><code># SETS MAY NOT CONTAIN REPEATED ELEMENTS (THEY ARE OMITTED)\n# THE ORDER DOES NOT MATTER (NO SLICING, INDEXING, REPETITION, ...)\nset = {10, 20, 30, 'abc', 20}\nlen(set) # length set\nset() # create empty set ({} create empty dictionary)\n# FREEZING SETS (no longer editable)\nfset = frozenset(set)\n\n# OPERATORS\nset_1 - set_2 # elements in set_1 but not in set_2\nset_1 | set_2 # elements in set_1 or set_2\nset_1 &amp; set_2 # elements in set_1 and set_2\nset_1 ^ set_1 # elements in either set_1 or set_2\nset_1 &lt;= set_2 # elements set_1 also in set_2\nset_1 &lt; set_2 # set_1 &lt;= set_2 and set_1! = set_2\nset_1 &gt;= set_2 # elements set_2 also in set_1\nset_1 &gt; set_2 # set_1&gt; = set_2 and set_1! = set_2\n\n# METHODS SET\nset.pop(item) # remove and return item\nset.add(item) # add item to set\n\nset.copy() # -&gt; set # returns a copy of the set\nset.clear() # remove all elements from the set\nset.remove(item) # remove item from set if present, otherwise raise KeyError\nset.discard(item) # remove item from set if present, otherwise do nothing\nset.difference(* sets) # -&gt; set # returns elements in set that are absent in * sets\nset.difference_update(* sets) # remove differences from set_2\nset.union(* sets) # -&gt; set # returns all elements of sets\nset.update(* sets) # add * sets elements to set\nset.intersection(* sets) # -&gt; set # returns the elements common to sets\nset.intersection_update(* sets) # remove all elements except those common to sets\nset.symmetric_difference(* sets) # -&gt; set # returns elements not common to sets\nset.symmetric_difference_update(* sets) # remove all elements common to sets (leave only uncommon elements)\n\nset_1.isdisjoint(set_2) # -&gt; bool # True if there are no common elements (intersection is empty)\nset_1.issubset(set_2) # -&gt; bool # True if every element of set_1 is also in set_2\nset_1.issuperset(set_2) # -&gt; bool # True if every element of set_2 is also in set_1\n\n# SET COMPREHENSIONS\nvar = {expression for element in sequence if condition}\n\n# SLICE OBJECT\n# [start: stop: step] -&gt; slice object (start, stop, step)\nvar_1 = slice(start, stop, step) # assignment to variable\nvar_2[var_1] # same as var_2 [start: stop: step]\n\n# ELLIPSIS OBJECT\nvar[i, ...] # -&gt; shortcut for var [i,:,:,:,]\n# used for multidimensional slices (NumPy, ...)\n</code></pre>"},{"location":"languages/python/python.html#bytes-e-bytearray","title":"Bytes e Bytearray","text":"Python<pre><code># THE BYTES CANNOT BE MODIFIED OR INDEXED\n# THE BYTEARRAYS CAN BE MODIFIED AND INDEXED\n# YOU CANNOT DO REPETITION AND SLICING ON BYTE OR BYTEARRAY\n\nb = bytes(list)\nba = bytearray(list)\n\n# item of bytes and bytearray is always integer between 0 and 255\n# slice of bytes and bytearray is binary sequence (even if len = 1)\n\n# BYTES AND BYTEARRAY METHODS\nbytes.fromhex(pair_hex_digits) # -&gt; byte literal\nb'bite_literal'.hex() # -&gt; str # returns a string containing hex digit pairs\nbytearray.fromhex(pair_hex_digits) # -&gt; byte literal\nbytes.count(subseq, start, end) # returns subseq appearance count between start and end positions\nbytearray.count(subseq, start, end) # returns subseq appearance count between start and end positions\n</code></pre>"},{"location":"languages/python/python.html#encoding-decoding-unicode","title":"Encoding-Decoding &amp; Unicode","text":"<p>Unicode Literals:</p> <ul> <li><code>\\u0041</code> \u2192 'A'</li> <li><code>\\U00000041</code> \u2192 'A'</li> <li><code>\\x41</code> \u2192 'A'</li> </ul> Python<pre><code># ENCODING\n# transform string into literal byte\n# UnicodeEncodeError on error\n# errors = ignore -&gt; skip error-causing characters\n# errors = replace -&gt; replace? to characters causing error\n# errors = xmlcharrefreplace -&gt; substitutes XML entities for error-causing characters\nstring.encode('utf-8', errors = 'replace') # -&gt; b'byte literals'\n\n# BOM (BYTE ORDER MARK)\n# byte literal given to indicate byte ordering (little-endian vs big-endian)\n# in little-endian the least significant bytes come first (e.g. U + 0045 -&gt; DEC 069 -&gt; encoded as 69 and 0)\n# U + FEFF (ZERO WIDTH NO-BREAK SPACE) -&gt; b '\\ xff \\ xfe' indicates little-endian\n\n# DECODING\n# transform byte literal to string\n# error = 'replace' replaces errors (byte literals not belonging to decoding format) with U + FFFD \"REPLACEMENT CHARACTER\"\nbytes.decode ('utf-8', errors = 'replace') # -&gt; str\n\n# UNICODE NORMALIZATION\n# handling canonical unicode equivalents (e.g. \u00e9, and \\ u0301 are equivalent for unicode)\nunicodedata.normalize(form, unicode_string) # FORM: NFC, NFD, NFCK, NFDK\n# NFC -&gt; \"Normalization Form C\" -&gt; produces the shortest equivalent string\n# NFD -&gt; \"Normalization Form D\" -&gt; produces the longest equivalent string\n\n# CASE FOLDING UNICODE\n# transform to lowercase with some differences (116 differences, 0.11% of Unicode 6.3)\nstring.casefold()\n\n# USEFUL FUNCTIONS FOR NORMALIZED EQUIVALENCE (Source: Fluent Python p. 121, Luciano Ramalho)\nfrom unicodedata import normalize\n\ndef nfc_eual(str_1, str_2):\n    return (normalize('NFC', str1) == normalize('NFC', str2))\ndef fold_equal (str_1, str_2):\n    return (normalize('NFC', str_1).casefold() ==\n            normalize('NFC', st_2).casefold())\n</code></pre>"},{"location":"languages/python/python.html#memoryview","title":"Memoryview","text":"Python<pre><code># memoryview objects allow python to access the data inside the object\n# without copy if it supports the buffer protocol\nv = memoryview(object) # create a memoryview with reference to object\n# slice of memoryview produces new memoryview\n\n# MEMORYVIEW METHODS\nv.tobytes() # return data as bytestring, equivalent to bytes (v)\nv.hex() # returns string containing two hex digits for each byte in the buffer\nv.tolist() # returns the data in the buffer as a list of elements\nv.toreadonly()\nv.release() # release the buffer below\nv.cast(format, shape) # change the format or shape of the memoryview\nsee object # object of the memoryview\nv.format # format of the memoryview\nv.itemsize # size in bytes of each element of the memoryview\nv.ndim # integer indicating the size of the multidimensional array represented\nv.shape # tuple of integers indicating the shape of the memoryview\n</code></pre> Format String C Type Python Type Standard Size <code>x</code> <code>pad byte</code> <code>no value</code> <code>c</code> <code>char</code> <code>bytes</code> <code>1</code> <code>b</code> <code>signed char</code> <code>integer</code> <code>1</code> <code>B</code> <code>unsigned char</code> <code>integer</code> <code>1</code> <code>?</code> <code>_Bool</code> <code>bool</code> <code>1</code> <code>h</code> <code>short</code> <code>integer</code> <code>2</code> <code>H</code> <code>unsigned short</code> <code>integer</code> <code>2</code> <code>i</code> <code>int</code> <code>integer</code> <code>4</code> <code>I</code> <code>unsigned int</code> <code>integer</code> <code>4</code> <code>l</code> <code>long</code> <code>integer</code> <code>4</code> <code>L</code> <code>unsigned long</code> <code>integer</code> <code>4</code> <code>q</code> <code>long long</code> <code>integer</code> <code>8</code> <code>Q</code> <code>unsigned long long</code> <code>integer</code> <code>8</code> <code>n</code> <code>ssize_t</code> <code>integer</code> <code>N</code> <code>size_t</code> <code>integer</code> <code>f</code> <code>float</code> <code>float</code> <code>4</code> <code>F</code> <code>double</code> <code>float</code> <code>8</code> <code>s</code> <code>char[]</code> <code>bytes</code> <code>P</code> <code>char[]</code> <code>bytes</code>"},{"location":"languages/python/python.html#dictionaries","title":"Dictionaries","text":"Python<pre><code># SET OF KEY-VALUE PAIRS\nd = {1: 'Alex', 2: 'Bob', 3: 'Carl'}\nd = dict (one = 'Alex', two = 'Bob', three = 'Carl')\nd = dict (zip ([1,2,3], ['Alex', 'Bob', 'Carl']))\nd = dict ([(1, 'Alex'), (2, 'Bob'), (3, 'Carl')])\n\nd[key] # returns value associated with key\nd[4] = 'Dan' # add or change element\nlist(d) # returns a list of all elements\nlen(d) # returns the number of elements\ndel(d[2]) # delete element\n\n# DICTIONARY METHODS\nd.clear() # remove all elements\nd.copy() # shallow copy of the dictionary\nd.get(key) # returns the value associated with key\nd.items() # return key-value pairs (view object)\nd.keys() # return dictionary keys (view object)\nd.values\u200b\u200b() # returns dictionary values \u200b\u200b(view object)\nd.pop(key) # remove and return the value associated with key\nd.popitem() # remove and return the last key-value pair\nd.setdefault(key, default) # if the key is present in the dictionary it returns it, otherwise it inserts it with the default value and returns default\n\nd.update(iterable) # add or modify dictionary elements, argument must be key-value pair\n\n# DICT UNION\nd = {'spam': 1, 'eggs': 2, 'cheese': 3}\ne = {'cheese': 'cheddar', 'aardvark': 'Ethel'}\n\nd | e # {'spam': 1, 'eggs': 2, 'cheese': 'cheddar', 'aardvark': 'Ethel'}\ne | d # {'aardvark': 'Ethel', 'spam': 1, 'eggs': 2, 'cheese': 3}\nd |= e # {'spam': 1, 'eggs': 2, 'cheese': 'cheddar', 'aardvark': 'Ethel'}\n\n# NESTED DICTIONARIES (it is possible to nest dictionaries within dictionaries)\nmy_dict = {'key_1': 123, 'key_2': [12, 23, 33], 'key_3': ['item_0', 'item_1', 'item_2']}\nmy_dict ['key'][0] # returns nested element\n\n# DICT COMPREHENSIONS\nvar = {key: value for element in sequence}\n</code></pre>"},{"location":"languages/python/python.html#operators","title":"Operators","text":""},{"location":"languages/python/python.html#mathematical-operators","title":"Mathematical Operators","text":"Operator Operation x <code>+</code> y addition, string concatenation x <code>-</code> y subtraction x <code>*</code> y multiplication x <code>*+</code> y exponentiation x <code>/</code> y division (result always float) x <code>//</code> y integer division x <code>%</code> y modulo, remainder"},{"location":"languages/python/python.html#relational-operators","title":"Relational Operators","text":"Operator Operation x <code>&lt;</code> y less than x <code>&lt;=</code> y less or equal to x <code>&gt;</code> y greater than x <code>&gt;=</code> y greater or equal to x <code>==</code> y equality x <code>!=</code> y inequality"},{"location":"languages/python/python.html#assignment","title":"Assignment","text":"Operator Operation x <code>+=</code> y x = x + y x <code>-=</code> y x = x - y x <code>*=</code> y x = x * y x <code>/=</code> y x = x / y x <code>//=</code> y x = x // y x <code>%=</code> y x = x % y x <code>&lt;&lt;=</code> y x = x &lt;&lt; y x <code>&gt;&gt;=</code> y x = x &gt;&gt; y x <code>&amp;=</code> y x = x &amp; y x <code>| =</code> y x = x x <code>^=</code> y x = x ^ y"},{"location":"languages/python/python.html#bitwise-operators","title":"Bitwise Operators","text":"Operator Operation <code>~</code>x bitwise NOT x <code>&amp;</code> y bitwise AND x <code>^</code> y bitwise XOR x <code>|</code> y bitwise OR x <code>&lt;&lt;</code> y left bit shift x <code>&gt;&gt;</code> y right bit shift"},{"location":"languages/python/python.html#logical-operators","title":"Logical Operators","text":"Operator Operation <code>and</code> logical AND <code>or</code> logical OR <code>not</code> logical NOT"},{"location":"languages/python/python.html#identity-operators","title":"Identity Operators","text":"Operator Operation <code>is</code> reference equality <code>is not</code> reference inequality"},{"location":"languages/python/python.html#membership-operators","title":"Membership Operators","text":"Operator Operation <code>in</code> item in collection <code>not in</code> item not in collection"},{"location":"languages/python/python.html#operator-precedence","title":"OPerator Precedence","text":"<ol> <li>assignment operators <code>+=</code>, <code>-=</code>, <code>*=</code>, <code>/=</code>, <code>%=</code>, <code>**=</code>, <code>//=</code></li> <li>binary arithmetic operators <code>*</code>, <code>/</code>, <code>%</code>, <code>//</code> (floor division)</li> <li>binary arithmetic operators <code>+</code>, <code>-</code></li> <li>boolean operators <code>&lt;</code>, <code>&gt;</code>, <code>&lt;=</code>, <code>&gt;=</code></li> <li>boolean operators <code>==</code>, <code>!=</code></li> <li>boolean operator <code>and</code></li> <li>boolean operator <code>or</code></li> <li>boolean operator <code>not</code></li> </ol>"},{"location":"languages/python/python.html#conditional-statements","title":"Conditional Statements","text":"<p>Any object can be tested for truth value for use in an if or while condition or as operand of the Boolean operations.</p> <p>built-in objects considered false:</p> <ul> <li>constants defined to be false: <code>None</code> and <code>False</code>.</li> <li>zero of any numeric type: <code>0</code>, <code>0.0</code>, <code>0j</code>, <code>Decimal(0)</code>, <code>Fraction(0, 1)</code></li> <li>empty sequences and collections: <code>''</code>, <code>()</code>, <code>[]</code>, <code>{}</code>, <code>set()</code>, <code>range(0)</code></li> </ul>"},{"location":"languages/python/python.html#if-else","title":"<code>if-else</code>","text":"Python<pre><code>if (condition):\n    # code here\nelif (condition):\n    # code here\nelse:\n    # code here\n</code></pre>"},{"location":"languages/python/python.html#context-manager","title":"Context Manager","text":"Python<pre><code>with resource as target:\n     # code here\n\n# start context manager and bind resource returned by method to target using as operator\ncontextmanager.__enter__(self)\n\n# exit runtime context\n# returns exc_type, exc_value, traceback\ncontextmanager.__exit__(self, exc_type, exc_value, traceback)\n# exc_type: exception class\n# exc_value: exception instance\n# traceback: traceback object\n# NO EXCEPTION -&gt; returns None, None, None\n# SUPPRESSION EXCEPTION: Must return True value\n</code></pre>"},{"location":"languages/python/python.html#loops","title":"Loops","text":""},{"location":"languages/python/python.html#while","title":"<code>while</code>","text":"Python<pre><code>while(condition):\n     # code here\nelse:\n     # executed only if condition becomes False\n     # break, continue, return in block while do not perform else block\n     # code here\n</code></pre>"},{"location":"languages/python/python.html#for","title":"<code>for</code>","text":"Python<pre><code>for index in sequence: # sequence can be a list, set, tuple, etc ..\n     # code here\nelse:\n     # executed only if for reaches the end of the loop\n     # break, continue, return in block for do not perform else block\n     # code here\n\nfor index in range (start, end, step):\n     # code here\n\nfor key, value in dict.items ():\n     # code here\n</code></pre>"},{"location":"languages/python/python.html#break-continue","title":"<code>break</code> &amp; <code>continue</code>","text":"<p><code>break</code>: causes the loop to exit immediately without executing subsequent iterations <code>continue</code>: skip the remaining iteration statements and continue the loop</p>"},{"location":"languages/python/python.html#range","title":"<code>range</code>","text":"Python<pre><code>range(start, end, step) # generate sequence num integers (does not include num stops) with possible step\nlist(range(start, end, step)) # return sequence of integers in a list\n</code></pre>"},{"location":"languages/python/python.html#enumerate","title":"<code>enumerate</code>","text":"Python<pre><code>enumerate(iterable) # iterable of item &amp; index pairs\nlist(enumerate(iterable)) # returns list of tuples [(1, iterable [0]), (2, iterable [1]), (3, iterable [2])]\n</code></pre>"},{"location":"languages/python/python.html#zip","title":"<code>zip</code>","text":"Python<pre><code>list_1 = [1, 2, 3, 4, 5]\nlist_2 = ['a', 'b', 'c', 'd', 'e']\n\nzip(list_1, list_2) # return zip object\nlist(zip(list_1, list_2)) # returns list of tuples by merging list [(list_1 [0], list_2 [0]), (list_1 [1], list_2 [1]), ...]\n</code></pre>"},{"location":"languages/python/python.html#shuffle-randint","title":"<code>shuffle</code> &amp; <code>randint</code>","text":"Python<pre><code>from random import shuffle, randint\nshuffle(iterable) # shuffle the list\nrandint(start, end) # returns a random integer between start and end\n</code></pre>"},{"location":"languages/python/python.html#in","title":"<code>in</code>","text":"Python<pre><code>item in iterable # check for the presence of item in iterable (returns True or False)\n</code></pre>"},{"location":"languages/python/python.html#functions","title":"Functions","text":""},{"location":"languages/python/python.html#function-definition","title":"Function Definition","text":"Python<pre><code>def function_name (parameters):\n     \"\" \"DOCSTRING\" \"\"\n     # code here\n     return expression # if return id missing the function returns None\n</code></pre>"},{"location":"languages/python/python.html#specify-type-parameters-in-functions","title":"Specify Type Parameters In Functions","text":"<ul> <li>parameters before <code>/</code> can only be positional</li> <li>parameters between <code>/</code> and <code>*</code> can be positional or keyworded</li> <li>parameters after <code>*</code> can only be keyworded</li> </ul> Python<pre><code>def func (a, b, /, c, d, *, e, f):\n     # code here\n</code></pre>"},{"location":"languages/python/python.html#docstring-style","title":"Docstring Style","text":"Python<pre><code>\"\"\"function description\n\nArgs:\n     argument: Type - description of the parameter\n\nReturns:\n     Type - description of &lt;expr&gt;\n\nRaises:\n     Exception: Cause of the exception\n\"\"\"\n</code></pre>"},{"location":"languages/python/python.html#args-kwargs","title":"args *kwargs","text":"<p><code>*args</code> allows the function to accept a variable number of parameters (parameters stored in a tuple) <code>**kwargs</code> allows the function to accept a variable number of key-value parameters (parameters stored in a dictionary)</p> <p>When used in combination <code>*args</code> always goes before<code>**kwargs</code> (in def function and in function call)</p> Python<pre><code>def func(*args, **kwargs):\n    # code here\n</code></pre>"},{"location":"languages/python/python.html#function-with-default-parameters","title":"Function with default parameters","text":"Python<pre><code>def function(parameter1 = value1, parameter2 = value3): # default values in case of omitted use of arguments in the call\n     # code here\n     return expression\n\nfunction(parameter2 = value2, parameter1 = value1) # arguments passed with keyword to enforce the order of reference\n</code></pre>"},{"location":"languages/python/python.html#global-and-local-variables","title":"Global And Local Variables","text":"Python<pre><code># global scope\n\ndef external_func():\n     # enclosing local scope\n\n     def internal_func():\n         # local scope\n</code></pre> <p>LEGB Rule:</p> <ul> <li>L - Local: Names assigned in any way within a function (<code>def</code> or <code>lambda</code>), and not declared global in that function.</li> <li>E - Enclosing function locals: Names in the local scope of any and all enclosing functions (<code>def</code> or <code>lambda</code>), from inner to outer.</li> <li>G - Global (module): Names assigned at the top-level of a module file, or declared global in a def within the file.</li> <li>B - Built-in (Python): Names preassigned in the built-in names module : <code>open</code>, <code>range</code>, <code>SyntaxError</code>,...</li> </ul> <p><code>Note</code>: variables declared inside a function are not usable outside</p> Python<pre><code>def function():\n     # global statement makes a variable global\n     # actions on global variable within the function also have an effect outside\n\n     global variable\n</code></pre>"},{"location":"languages/python/python.html#iterables-iterators-generators","title":"Iterables, Iterators &amp; Generators","text":"<p>Iterable: object implementing <code>__iter __()</code>, sequences and objects supporting <code>__getitem__</code> with index <code>0</code></p> <p>Iterator: object implementing <code>__next__</code> and <code>__iter__</code> (iterator protocol), when entirely consumed by <code>next()</code> it becomes unusable. Returns <code>StopIteration</code> when <code>next()</code> has returned all elements.</p> <p>Generator Function: function with keyword <code>yield</code> (if present also <code>return</code> causes <code>StopIteration</code>), returns a generator that produces the values \u200b\u200bone at a time.</p> <p>Generator Factory: generator returning function (may not contain <code>yield</code>).</p> <p>Operation <code>iter()</code>:</p> <ul> <li>calls <code>__iter__()</code></li> <li>in the absence of it python uses <code>__getitem__()</code> (if present) to create an iterator that tries to retrieve the items in order, starting from the index <code>0</code></li> <li>on failure it returns <code>TypeError</code></li> </ul> <p>Note: <code>abc.Iterable</code> does not check for the presence of <code>__getitem__</code> to decide if a sub-object is a member therefore the best test for iterability is to use <code>iter()</code> and handle exceptions.</p>"},{"location":"languages/python/python.html#next-iter","title":"<code>next()</code> &amp; <code>iter()</code>","text":"Python<pre><code>next(iterable) # next item of the iterable or error StopIteration\n\niter(object) # get an iterator from an object\n# call callable_onj.next () with no arguments as long as it returns non-sentinel values\n\niter(callable_obj, sentinel)\n</code></pre>"},{"location":"languages/python/python.html#customs-generators","title":"Customs Generators","text":"<p>Used to generate a sequence of values to be used once (they are not stored)</p> Python<pre><code>def custom_generator(parameters):\n     while condition: # or for loop\n         yield variable # returns the value without terminating the function, values passed to the caller without storing in a variable\n\n# generator implementation\nfor item in custom_generator(parameters):\n     # code here\n</code></pre>"},{"location":"languages/python/python.html#termination-generator-and-exception-handling","title":"Termination Generator And Exception Handling","text":"Python<pre><code># raise exception at the suspension point and return generator value\n# if the generator terminates without returning values it raises StopIteration\n# if an exception is not handled it is propagated to the caller\ngenerator.throw(ExceptionType, exception_value, traceback)\n\n# raises GeneratorExit to the point of suspension\n# if generator returns a value -&gt; RuntimeError\n# if an exception is raised it propagates to the caller\ngenerator.close()\n</code></pre>"},{"location":"languages/python/python.html#generator-comprehensions","title":"Generator Comprehensions","text":"Python<pre><code># zero-length sequence (instantaneously generated values)\nvar = (for expression iterable in sequence if condition)\n# EDUCATION ENUMERATE ()\n# returns a list of tuples associating a position index to each element of the sequence\n# [(0, sequence [0]), (1, sequence [1]), (2, sequence [2]), ...)\nenumerate(sequence) # -&gt; enumerate object\n</code></pre>"},{"location":"languages/python/python.html#coroutines","title":"Coroutines","text":"Python<pre><code>def simple_coroutine():\n    \"\"\"coroutine defined as a generator: yield in block\"\"\"\n\n    # yield in expression to receive data\n    # returns None (no variables on the right of yield)\n    var = yield value # returns value and then suspends coroutine waiting for input\n    # instructions to the right of = executed before instructions to the left of =\n\ngen_obj = simple_coroutine() # returns generator object\nnext(gen_obj) # start coroutine (PRIMING)\ngen_obj.send(None) # start coroutine (PRIMING)\ngen_obj.send(value) # send value to the coroutine (only possible in suspended state)\n\n# STATES OF COROUTINE\ninspect.generatorstate() # returns the status of the coroutine\n# GEN_CREATED: waiting to start execution\n# GEN_RUNNING: currently run by the interpreter (visible if multithreaded)\n# GEN_SUSPENDED: currently suspended by yield statement\n# GEN_CLOSED: execution completed successfully\n\n# COROUTINE PRIMING\nfrom functools import wraps\n\ndef coroutine(func):\n    \"Decorator: primes 'func' by advancing to first 'yield'\"\n\n    @wraps(func)\n    def primer(*args, **kwargs):\n        gen = func(*args, **kwargs)\n        next(gen)\n        return gen\n    return primer\n\n# COROUTINE TERMINATION AND EXCEPTION HANDLING\n# exceptions in unhandled coroutines propagate to subsequent iterations\n# an exception causes the coroutine to terminate which it cannot resume\n\n# yield raises exception, if handled loop continues\n# throw() returns value of the generator\ncoroutine.throw(exc_type, exc_value, traceback)\n\n# yield raises GeneratorExit to the suspension point\n# if the generator yields a value -&gt; RuntimeError\n# if there are other exceptions they are propagated to the caller\ncoroutine.close()\n# coroutine state becomes GEN_CLOSED\n</code></pre>"},{"location":"languages/python/python.html#yield-from-iterabile","title":"<code>yield from &lt;iterabile&gt;</code>","text":"<p>Note: auto-priming generators incompatible with <code>yield from</code></p> <p>DELEGATING GENERATOR: generator function containing <code>yield from</code> SUBGENERATOR: generator obtained from <code>yield from</code> CALLER-CLIENT: code calling delegating generator</p> <p>The main function of <code>yield from</code> is to open a bidirectional channel between the external caller (client) and the internal subgenerator so that values and exceptions can pass between the two.</p> <ol> <li>client calls delegating generator, delegating generator calls subgenerator</li> <li>exhausted subgenerator returns value to <code>yield from &lt;expr&gt;</code> (<code>return &lt;result&gt;</code> statement)</li> <li> <p>delegating generator returns <code>&lt;expr&gt;</code> to client</p> </li> <li> <p>Any values that the subgenerator yields are passed directly to the caller of the delegating generator (i.e., the client code).</p> </li> <li> <p>Any values sent to the delegating generator using <code>send()</code> are passed directly to the subgenerator.</p> </li> <li>If the sent value is <code>None</code>, the subgenerator's <code>__next__()</code> method is called.</li> <li>If the sent value is not <code>None</code>, the subgenerator's <code>send()</code> method is called.</li> <li>If the call raises <code>StopIteration</code>, the delegating generator is resumed.</li> <li> <p>Any other exception is propagated to the delegating generator.</p> </li> <li> <p><code>return &lt;expr&gt;</code> in a generator (or subgenerator) causes <code>StopIteration(&lt;expr&gt;)</code> to be raised upon exit from the generator.</p> </li> <li> <p>The value of the <code>yield from</code> expression is the first argument to the <code>StopIteration</code> exception raised by the subgenerator when it terminates.</p> </li> <li> <p>Exceptions other than <code>GeneratorExit</code> thrown into the delegating generator are passed to the <code>throw()</code> method of the subgenerator.</p> </li> <li>If the call raises <code>StopIteration</code>, the delegating generator is resumed.</li> <li> <p>Any other exception is propagated to the delegating generator.</p> </li> <li> <p>If a <code>GeneratorExit</code> exception is thrown into the delegating generator, or the <code>close()</code> method of the delegating generator is called, then the <code>close()</code> method of the subgenerator is called if it has one.</p> </li> <li>If this call results in an exception, it is propagated to the delegating generator.</li> <li>Otherwise, <code>GeneratorExit</code> is raised in the delegating generator</li> </ol> Python<pre><code>def sub_gen():\n     sent_input = yield\n     # result of sub_gen() returned to delegating_gen()\n     # result of yield from &lt;expr&gt;\n\n     return result\n\ndef delegating_gen(var):\n     var = yield from sub_gen() # get values from sub_gen\n\ndef client():\n     result = delegating_gen() # use delegating_gen\n     result.send(None) # terminate sub_gen instance (IMPORTANT)\n</code></pre>"},{"location":"languages/python/python.html#lambda-functions","title":"LAMBDA Functions","text":"<p>Possible use within functions. Useful for replacing functions if the logic is simple.</p> Python<pre><code>var = lambda argument_list: &lt;expression&gt;\n</code></pre>"},{"location":"languages/python/python.html#object-oriented-programming","title":"Object Oriented Programming","text":""},{"location":"languages/python/python.html#class-definition","title":"Class Definition","text":"Python<pre><code>class Class:\n\n    static_var = expression\n\n    def __init__(self, value_1, value_2): # parameterized default constructor\n        self.variable = value_1 # create instance variables\n        self.__private = value_2 # private, accessed via NAME MANGLING\n\n    def method(self, parameters):\n        ...\n\n    @staticmethod\n    def static_method(parameters): # static methods do not affect instance variables (SELF not needed)\n        ...\n\n    @classmethod # method acting on the class and not on the object (useful for alternative constructors)\n    def class_method(cls, parameters):\n        ...\n\n    object = Class(parameters) # creation of an object\n    object.variable = expression # edit public variable\n    object.method(parameters) # invocation method of instance\n    object._Class__private # access to variable specifying the membership class (NAME MANGLING)\n    Class.method(parameters) # static method invocation\n</code></pre>"},{"location":"languages/python/python.html#setter-getter-with-property","title":"Setter &amp; Getter with <code>@Property</code>","text":"Python<pre><code>class Class:\n     def __init__(self, parameter):\n         self.__parameter = parameter\n\n     @property # getter\n     def parameter(self):\n         return self.__parameter\n\n     @&lt;parameter&gt;.setter\n     def parameter(self, value):\n         self.__parameter = value\n</code></pre>"},{"location":"languages/python/python.html#__slots__","title":"<code>__slots__</code>","text":"<p>The <code>__slots__</code> attribute implements the Flyweight Design Pattern: it saves the instance attributes in a tuple and can be used to decrease the cost in memory by inserting only the instance variables into it (suppress the instance dictionary).</p> <p>Default: attributes saved in a dictionary (<code>object .__ dict__</code>) Usage: <code>__slots_ = [attributes]</code></p> <p><code>__slots__</code> is not inherited by subclasses, it prevents dynamically adding attributes.</p>"},{"location":"languages/python/python.html#inner-classes","title":"Inner Classes","text":"Python<pre><code>class Class:\n     def __init__(self, parameters):\n         ...\n\n     class InnerClass:\n         def __init__(self, parameters):\n             ...\n\n         def method(self):\n             ...\n\nobject_1 = Class(arguments) # create 'external' class\nobject_2 = Class.InnerClass(arguments) # inner class created as object of the 'external' class\n</code></pre>"},{"location":"languages/python/python.html#special-methods","title":"Special Methods","text":"<p>Special methods are defined by the use of double underscores; they allow the use of specific functions (possibly adapted) on the objects defined by the class.</p> Python<pre><code>class Class():\n\n     def __init__(self, parameters):\n         instructions\n\n     # used by str() and print() method\n     # handle requests for impersonation as a string\n     def __str__ (self):\n         return expression # return required\n\n     def __len__ (self):\n         return expression # must return as len requires a length / size\n\n     def __del__ (self): # delete the class instance\n         instruction # any instructions that occur on deletion\n\nobject = Class()\nlen(object) # special function applied to an object\ndel object # delete object\n</code></pre>"},{"location":"languages/python/python.html#special-methods-list","title":"Special Methods List","text":"<p>Note: if the operator cannot be applied, returns <code>NotImplemented</code></p> Python<pre><code># arithmetic operators\n__add__(self, other)         # +\n__sub__(self, other)         # -\n__mul__(self, other)         # *\n__matmul__(self, other)      # (@) matrix multiplication\n__truediv__(self, other)     # /\n__floordiv__(self, other)  # //\n__mod__(self, other)         # %\n__divmod__(self, other)      # divmod()\n__pow__(self, other)         # **, pow()\n__lshift__(self, other)      # &lt;&lt;\n__rshift__(self, other)      # &gt;&gt;\n__and__(self, other)         # &amp;\n__xor__(self, other)         # ^\n__or__(self, other)          # |\n\n# reflex arithmetic operators\n# if self.__ dunder __(other) fails, other.__ dunder__(self) is called\n__radd__(self, other)         # reverse +\n__rsub__(self, other)         # reverse -\n__rmul__(self, other)         # reverse *\n__rmatmul__(self, other)      # reverse @\n__rtruediv__(self, other)     # reverse /\n__rfloordiv__(self, other)    # reverse //\n__rmod__(self, other)         # reverse %\n__rdivmod__(self, other)      # reverse divmod()\n__rpow__(self, other)         # reverse **, pow()\n__rlshift__(self, other)      # reverse &lt;&lt;\n__rrshift__(self, other)      # reverse &gt;&gt;\n__rand__(self, other)         # reverse &amp;\n__rxor__(self, other)         # reverse ^\n__ror__(self, other)          # reverse |\n\n# in-place arithmetic operators\n# base implementation (built-in) like self = self &lt;operator&gt; other\n#! not to be implemented for immutable objects!\n#! in-place operators return self!\n__iadd__(self, other)         # +=\n__isub__(self, other)         # -=\n__imul__(self, other)         # *=\n__imatmul__(self, other)      # @=\n__itruediv__(self, other)     # /=\n__ifloordiv__(self, other)    # //=\n__imod__(self, other)         # %=\n__ipow__(self, other)         # **=\n__ilshift__(self, other)      # &lt;&lt;=\n__irshift__(self, other)      # &gt;&gt;=\n__iand__(self, other)         # &amp;=\n__ixor__(self, other)         # ^=\n__ior__(self, other)          # |=\n\n# unary mathematical operators (-, +, abs (), ~)\n__neg__(self)  # (-) negazione matematica unaria [if x = 2 then -x = 2]\n__pos__(self)  # (+) addizione unaria [x = +x]\n__abs__(self)  # [abs()] valore assoluto [|-x| = x]\n__invert__(self)  # (~) inversione binaria di un intero [~x == -(x + 1)]\n\n# numeric type conversion\n__complex__(self)\n__int__(self)  # if not defined fall-back on __trunc__()\n__float__(self)\n__index__(self)  # conversion in bin(), hex(), oct() e slicing\n\n# operations round() math.trunc(), math.floor(), math.ceil()\n__round__(self)\n__trunc__(self)\n__floor__(self)\n__ceil__(self)\n\n# equality operators\nself.__eq__(other)  # self == other\nself.__ne__(other) # self != other\nself.__gt__(other) # self &gt; other\nself.__ge__(other) # self &gt;= other\nself.__lt__(other) # self &lt; other\nself.__le__(other) # self &lt;= other\n\n# reflected equality operators\nother.__eq__(self)  # other == self,   fall-back id(self) == id(other)\nother.__ne__(self)  # other != self,   fall-back not (self == other)\nother.__gt__(self)  # reverse self &lt; other,   fall-back TypeError\nother.__ge__(self)  # reverse self &lt;= other,   fall-back TypeError\nother.__lt__(self)  # reverse self &gt; other,   fall-back TypeError\nother.__le__(self)  # reverse self &gt;= other,   fall-back TypeError\n\n# called when the instance is \"called\" as a function\n# x (arg1, arg2, arg3) is short for x .__ call __ (arg1, arg2, arg3)\n__call__(self, args)\n\n# string object representation for the developer\n__repr__(self)\n\n# string object representation for user (used by print)\n__str__(self)\n\n# specify formatting for format ), str.format() [format_spec = format-mini-language]\n__format__(format_spec)\n\n# returns unique (integer) value for objects that have equal value\n# __EQ__ MUST EXIST IN THE CLASS, usually hash((self.param_1, self.param_2, ...))\n__hash__(self)\n\n# makes object iterable:\n# - returning self (in the iterator)\n# - returning an iterator (in the iterable)\n# - using yield (in the __iter__ generator)\n__iter__(self)\n\n# returns next available element, StopIteration otherwise (iterator scrolls)\n__next__()\n\n# returns truth value\n__bool__()\n\n# returns item associated with key of a sequence (self [key])\n# IndexError if key is not appropriate\n__getitem__(self, key)\n\n# item assignment operation in sequence (self [key] = value)\n# IndexError if key is not appropriate\n__setitem__(self, key, value)\n\n# operation deleting item in sequence (del self [key])\n# IndexError if key is not appropriate\n__delitem__(self, key)\n\n# called by dict.__getitem__() to implement self [key] if key is not in the dictionary\n__missing__(self, key)\n\n# implement container iteration\n__iter__(self)\n\n# implement membership test\n__contains__(self, item)\n\n# implementation issublass (instance, class)\n__instancecheck__(self, instance)\n\n# implementation issubclass (subclass, class)\n__subclasscheck__(self, subclass)\n\n# implement attribute access (obj.name)\n# called if AttributeError happens or if called by __getattribute __()\n__getattr__(self, name)\n\n# implement value assignment to attribute (obj.name = value)\n__setattr__(self, name, value)\n</code></pre> <p>Note: Itearbility is tricky.</p> <p>To make an object directly iterable (<code>for i in object</code>) <code>__iter__()</code> and <code>__next__()</code> are needed. To make an iterable through an index (<code>for i in range(len(object)): object[i]</code>) <code>__getitem()__</code> is needed.</p> <p>Some of the mixin methods, such as <code>__iter__()</code>, <code>__reversed__()</code> and <code>index()</code>, make repeated calls to the underlying <code>__getitem__()</code> method. Consequently, if <code>__getitem__()</code> is implemented with constant access speed, the mixin methods will have linear performance; however, if the underlying method is linear (as it would be with a linked list), the mixins will have quadratic performance and will likely need to be overridden.</p>"},{"location":"languages/python/python.html#inheritance","title":"Inheritance","text":"Python<pre><code>class Parent ():\n    def __init __ (self, parameters):\n        ...\n\n    def method_1(self):\n        ...\n\n    def method_2(self):\n        ...\n\nclass Child(Parent): # parent class in parentheses to inherit variables and methods\n\n    def __init__(self, parameters, parent_parameters):\n        Parent.__init__(self, parent_parameters) # inherit parent variables\n        ...\n\n    def method (self):\n        ...\n\n    def method_parent_1 (self): # override method (child class with homonymous method to parent class)\n        ...\n\nclass Child(Parent): # parent class in brackets to inherit properties\n\n    def __init__(self, parameters, parent_parameters):\n        super().__init__(parent_parameters) # different method to inherit parent variables (SELF not needed) using SUPER()\n        super(Parent, self).__init__(parent_parameters) # parent constructor invoked separately\n\n    def method(self):\n        ...\n\n    def method_2(self): # parent method updated\n        super().method_2() # invoke parent method as is\n        ...\n</code></pre>"},{"location":"languages/python/python.html#polymorphism","title":"Polymorphism","text":"<p>Note: python does not support method overloading</p> Python<pre><code># DUCKTYPING\n# Working with objects regardless of their type, as long as they implement certain protocols\n\nclass Class1:\n    def method_1(self):\n        ...\n\nclass Class2:\n    def method_1(self):\n        ...\n\n# since python is a dynamic language it doesn't matter what type (class) the object passed is\n# the function invokes the object method passed regardless of the object class\ndef polymorph_method(object):\n    object.method_1()\n\n# DEPENDENCY INJECTION WITH DUCKTYPING\nclass Class:\n    def __init__(self, object):\n        self.dependency = object\n\n    def method_1(self): # the function invokes the method of the object passed\n        self.dependency.method_1()\n</code></pre>"},{"location":"languages/python/python.html#operator-overloading","title":"Operator Overloading","text":"<p>Operators fundamental rule: always return an object, if operation fails return <code>NotImplemented</code></p> <p>Limitations of operator overloading:</p> <ul> <li>no overloading of built-in types</li> <li>no creation of new operators</li> <li>no overloading operators <code>is</code>, <code>and</code>, <code>or</code>, <code>not</code></li> </ul>"},{"location":"languages/python/python.html#astrazione","title":"Astrazione","text":"<p>The interfaces are abstract classes with all abstract methods, they are used to indicate which methods such as child classes must have. Interfaces have only a list of abstract methods.</p> <p>abstract classes have at least one abstract method; child classes that inherit from an abstract class must implement abstract methods. Abstract classes cannot be instantiated.</p> <p>Virtual subclasses are used to include third-party classes as subclasses of a class of their own. They are recognized as belonging to the parent class without however having to implement their methods.</p> <p>The <code>@Class.register</code> or <code>Class.register(subclass)</code> decorators are used to mark subclasses.</p> Python<pre><code>from abc import abstractmethod, ABC\n\nclass Abstract(ABC): # abstract class MUST INHERIT from parent class ABC\n    def __init__(self, parameters):\n        ...\n\n    def parent_method (self):\n        ...\n\n    @abstractmethod # abstract method MUST be marked with @abstractmethod decorator\n    def abstract_method (self):\n        pass\n        # abstract method MUST be overridden (can be non-empty)\n        # super() to invoke it in the concrete class\n\nclass Child(Abstract):\n\n    def __init__(self, parameters, parent_parameters):\n        parent_class.__init__(self, parent_parameters)\n\n    def method (self):\n        ...\n\n    def parent_method (self): # override method (child class with homonymous method to parent class)\n        ...\n\n    def abstract_method (self): # implementation of abstract method inherited from abstract class (NECESSARY) by override\n        ...\n</code></pre>"},{"location":"languages/python/python.html#exception-handling","title":"Exception Handling","text":"Python<pre><code># CHECK ASERATIONS\nassert condition, 'error message' # if the assertion is false show an error message\n\n# particular errors are objects of a particular class of exceptions which in turn is a child of the base exception class (exception)\nclass CustomExceptionError(Exception): # MUST somehow inherit from class exception (even in later inheritance steps)\n    pass # or instructions\n\n# try block contains code that might cause an exception\n# code inside try and after the error it is not executed\ntry:\n    ...\n    raise CustomExceptionError (\"message\") # raise the exception\n\n# except takes control of error handling without passing through the interpreter\n# block executed if an error occurs in try\n\n# except error specified by class\nexcept ExceptionClass:\n    # Default error message is not shown\n    # the program does not stop\n\n# except on generic errors\nexcept:\n     # code here\n\n# block executed if exception does not occur\nelse:\n    # code here\n\n# block executed in all cases, cleanup code goes here\nfinally:\n    # code here\n</code></pre>"},{"location":"languages/python/python.html#file","title":"File","text":""},{"location":"languages/python/python.html#opening-a-file","title":"Opening A File","text":"<p>Text file opening mode:</p> <ul> <li><code>w</code>: write, overwrite the contents of the file</li> <li><code>r</code>: read, read file contents</li> <li><code>a</code>: append, add content to the file</li> <li><code>w +</code>: write &amp; read</li> <li><code>r +</code>: write &amp; read &amp; append</li> <li><code>a +</code>: append &amp; read</li> <li><code>x</code>: exclusive creation, if the file already exists -&gt; <code>FileExistError</code> (extended write mode)</li> </ul> <p>Open binary file mode:</p> <ul> <li><code>wb</code>: write, overwrites the contents of the file</li> <li><code>rb</code>: read, read file contents</li> <li><code>ab</code>: append, add content to the file</li> <li><code>w + b</code>: write &amp; read</li> <li><code>r + b</code>: write &amp; read &amp; append</li> <li><code>a + b</code>: append &amp; read</li> <li><code>xb</code>: exclusive creation, if the file already exists -&gt; <code>FileExistError</code> (extended write mode)</li> </ul> <p>Note: Linux and MacOSX use <code>UTF-8</code> everywhere while windows uses <code>cp1252</code>, <code>cp850</code>,<code>mbcs</code>, <code>UTF-8</code>. Don't rely on default encoding and use explicitly <code>UTF-8</code>.</p> Python<pre><code>object = open('filename', mode = 'r', encoding = 'utf-8') # encoding MUST BE utf-8 for compatibility\n# filename can be the absolute path to the file location (default: file created in the source code folder)\n# double slash to avoid \\ escaping\n\nwith open('filename') as file:\n    instructions_to_file # block use filename to indicate file\n\n# CLOSE A FILE\nobject.close()\n\n# WRITE TO A FILE\nobject.write(string) # write single string to file\nobject.writelines(* strings) # write multiple strings to file\n\n# READING FROM A FILE\nobject.read() # return ALL the contents of the file (including escape sequence) and place the \"cursor\" at the end of the file\nobject.seek(0) # returns 0 (zero) and places the cursor at the beginning of the file\nobject.readlines() # return list of file lines (ATTENTION: keep everything in memory, be careful with large files)\nobject.readline() # returns single line file\n\n# CHECK FILE EXISTENCE\nimport os, sys\nif os.path.isfile('filepath'): # check file existence (TRUE if it exists)\n    # code here\nelse:\n    # code here\n    sys.exit() # exits the program and does not execute the next cosice\n</code></pre>"},{"location":"languages/python/python.html#copy","title":"COPY","text":"<p>SHALLOW COPY: copies the \"container\" and references to the content DEEP COPY: copies the \"container\" and contents (no reference)</p> Python<pre><code>copy (x) # returns shallow copy of xor\ndeepcopy (x) # returns shallow copy of x\n</code></pre>"},{"location":"languages/python/libs/beautiful-soup.html","title":"Beautiful Soup Library","text":""},{"location":"languages/python/libs/beautiful-soup.html#making-the-soup","title":"Making the Soup","text":"Python<pre><code>from bs4 import BeautifulSoup\nimport requests\nimport lxml  # better html parser than built-in\n\nresponse = requests.get(\"url\")  # retrieve a web page\n\nsoup = BeautifulSoup(response.text, \"html.parser\")  # parse HTML from response w/ python default HTML parser\nsoup = BeautifulSoup(response.text, \"lxml\")  # parse HTML from response w/ lxml parser\n\nsoup.prettify()  # prettify parsed HTML for display\n</code></pre>"},{"location":"languages/python/libs/beautiful-soup.html#kinds-of-objects","title":"Kinds of Objects","text":"<p>Beautiful Soup transforms a complex HTML document into a complex tree of Python objects.</p>"},{"location":"languages/python/libs/beautiful-soup.html#tag","title":"Tag","text":"<p>A Tag object corresponds to an XML or HTML tag in the original document</p> Python<pre><code>soup = BeautifulSoup('&lt;b class=\"boldest\"&gt;Extremely bold&lt;/b&gt;', 'html.parser')  # parse HTML/XML\n\ntag = soup.b\ntype(tag)  # &lt;class 'bs4.element.Tag'&gt;\nprint(tag)  # &lt;b class=\"boldest\"&gt;Extremely bold&lt;/b&gt;\n\ntag.name  # tag name\ntag[\"attribute\"]  # access to tag attribute  values\ntag.attrs  # dict of attribue-value pairs\n</code></pre>"},{"location":"languages/python/libs/beautiful-soup.html#navigable-string","title":"Navigable String","text":"<p>A string corresponds to a bit of text within a tag. Beautiful Soup uses the <code>NavigableString</code> class to contain these bits of text.</p>"},{"location":"languages/python/libs/beautiful-soup.html#navigating-the-tree","title":"Navigating the Tree","text":""},{"location":"languages/python/libs/beautiful-soup.html#going-down","title":"Going Down","text":"Python<pre><code>soup.&lt;tag&gt;.&lt;child_tag&gt;  # navigate using tag names\n\n&lt;tag&gt;.contents  # direct children as a list\n&lt;tag&gt;.children  # direct children as a generator for iteration\n&lt;tag&gt;.descendants  # iterator over all children, recursive\n\n&lt;tag&gt;.string  # tag contents, does not have further children\n# If a tag's only child is another tag, and that tag has a .string, then the parent tag is considered to have the same .string as its child\n# If a tag contains more than one thing, then it's not clear what .string should refer to, so .string is defined to be None\n\n&lt;tag&gt;.strings  # generator to iterate over all children's strings (will list white space)\n&lt;tag&gt;.stripped_strings  # generator to iterate over all children's strings (will NOT list white space)\n</code></pre>"},{"location":"languages/python/libs/beautiful-soup.html#going-up","title":"Going Up","text":"Python<pre><code>&lt;tag&gt;.parent  # tags direct parent (BeautifulSoup has parent None, html has parent BeautifulSoup)\n&lt;tag&gt;.parents  # iterable over all parents\n</code></pre>"},{"location":"languages/python/libs/beautiful-soup.html#going-sideways","title":"Going Sideways","text":"Python<pre><code>&lt;tag&gt;.previous_sibling\n&lt;tag&gt;.next_sibling\n\n&lt;tag&gt;.previous_siblings\n&lt;tag&gt;.next_siblings\n</code></pre>"},{"location":"languages/python/libs/beautiful-soup.html#going-back-and-forth","title":"Going Back and Forth","text":"Python<pre><code>&lt;tag&gt;.previous_element  # whatever was parsed immediately before\n&lt;tag&gt;.next_element # whatever was parsed immediately afterwards\n\n&lt;tag&gt;.previous_elements  # whatever was parsed immediately before as a list\n&lt;tag&gt;.next_elements  # whatever was parsed immediately afterwards as a list\n</code></pre>"},{"location":"languages/python/libs/beautiful-soup.html#searching-the-tree","title":"Searching the Tree","text":""},{"location":"languages/python/libs/beautiful-soup.html#filter-types","title":"Filter Types","text":"Python<pre><code>soup.find_all(\"tag\")  # by name\nsoup.find_all([\"tag1\", \"tag2\"])  # multiple tags in a list\nsoup.find_all(function)  # based on a bool function\nsoup.find_all(True)  # Match everything\n</code></pre>"},{"location":"languages/python/libs/beautiful-soup.html#methods","title":"Methods","text":"<p>Methods arguments:</p> <ul> <li><code>name</code> (string): tag to search for</li> <li><code>attrs</code> (dict): attribute-value pai to search for</li> <li><code>string</code> (string): search by string contents rather than by tag</li> <li><code>limit</code> (int). limit number of results</li> <li><code>**kwargs</code>: be turned into a filter on one of a tag's attributes.</li> </ul> Python<pre><code>find_all(name, attrs, recursive, string, limit, **kwargs)  # several results\nfind(name, attrs, recursive, string, **kwargs)  # one result\n\nfind_parents(name, attrs, string, limit, **kwargs)  # several results\nfind_parent(name, attrs, string, **kwargs)  # one result\n\nfind_next_siblings(name, attrs, string, limit, **kwargs)  # several results\nfind_next_sibling(name, attrs, string, **kwargs)  # one result\n\nfind_previous_siblings(name, attrs, string, limit, **kwargs)  # several results\nfind_previous_sibling(name, attrs, string, **kwargs)  # one result\n\nfind_all_next(name, attrs, string, limit, **kwargs)  # several results\nfind_next(name, attrs, string, **kwargs)  # one result\n\nfind_all_previous(name, attrs, string, limit, **kwargs)  # several results\nfind_previous(name, attrs, string, **kwargs)  # one result\n\nsoup(\"html_tag\")  # same as soup.find_all(\"html_tag\")\nsoup.find(\"html_tag\").text  # text of the found tag\nsoup.select(\"css_selector\")  # search for CSS selectors of HTML tags\n</code></pre>"},{"location":"languages/python/libs/beautiful-soup.html#modifying-the-tree","title":"Modifying the Tree","text":""},{"location":"languages/python/libs/beautiful-soup.html#changing-tag-names-an-attributes","title":"Changing Tag Names an Attributes","text":"Python<pre><code>&lt;tag&gt;.name = \"new_html_tag\"  # modify the tag type\n&lt;tag&gt;[\"attribute\"]  = \"value\"  # modify the attribute value\ndel &lt;tag&gt;[\"attribute\"]  # remove the attribute\n\nsoup.new_tag(\"name\", &lt;attribute&gt; = \"value\")  # create a new tag with specified name and attributes\n\n&lt;tag&gt;.string = \"new content\"  # modify tag text content\n&lt;tag&gt;.append(item)  # append to Tag content\n&lt;tag&gt;.extend([item1, item2])  # add every element of the list in order\n\n&lt;tag&gt;.insert(position: int, item)  # like .insert in Python list\n\n&lt;tag&gt;.insert_before(new_tag)  # insert tags or strings immediately before something else in the parse tree\n&lt;tag&gt;.insert_after(new_tag)  # insert tags or strings immediately before something else in the parse tree\n\n&lt;tag&gt;.clear()  # remove all tag's contents\n\n&lt;tag&gt;.extract()  # extract and return the tag from the tree (operates on self)\n&lt;tag&gt;.string.extract()  # extract and return the string from the tree (operates on self)\n&lt;tag&gt;.decompose()  # remove a tag from the tree, then completely destroy it and its contents\n&lt;tag&gt;.decomposed  # check if tag has be decomposed\n\n&lt;tag&gt;.replace_with(item)  # remove a tag or string from the tree, and replaces it with the tag or string of choice\n\n&lt;tag&gt;.wrap(other_tag)  # wrap an element in the tag you specify, return the new wrapper\n&lt;tag&gt;.unwrap()  # replace a tag with whatever's inside, good for stripping out markup\n\n&lt;tag&gt;.smooth()  # clean up the parse tree by consolidating adjacent strings\n</code></pre>"},{"location":"languages/python/libs/numpy.html","title":"NumPy Lib","text":""},{"location":"languages/python/libs/numpy.html#most-important-attributes-attributes","title":"MOST IMPORTANT ATTRIBUTES ATTRIBUTES","text":"Python<pre><code>array.ndim     # number of axes (dimensions) of the array\narray.shape  # dimensions of the array, tuple of integers\narray.size  # total number of elements in the array\narray.itemsize  # size in bytes of each element\narray.data  # buffer containing the array elements\n</code></pre>"},{"location":"languages/python/libs/numpy.html#array-creation","title":"ARRAY CREATION","text":"<p>Unless explicitly specified <code>np.array</code> tries to infer a good data type for the array that it creates. The data type is stored in a special dtype object.</p> Python<pre><code>var = np.array(sequence)  # creates array\nvar = np.asarray(sequence)  # convert input to array\nvar = np.ndarray(*sequence)  # creates multidimensional array\nvar = np.asanyarray(*sequence)  # convert the input to an ndarray\n# nested sequences will be converted to multidimensional array\n\nvar = np.zeros(ndarray.shape)  # array with all zeros\nvar = np.ones(ndarray.shape)  # array with all ones\nvar = np.empty(ndarray.shape)  # array with random values\nvar = np.identity(n)  # identity array (n x n)\n\nvar = np.arange(start, stop, step)  # creates an array with parameters specified\nvar = np.linspace(start, stop, num_of_elements)  # step of elements calculated based on parameters\n</code></pre>"},{"location":"languages/python/libs/numpy.html#data-types-for-ndarrays","title":"DATA TYPES FOR NDARRAYS","text":"Python<pre><code>var = array.astype(np.dtype)  # copy of the array, cast to a specified type\n# return TypeError if casting fails\n</code></pre> <p>The numerical <code>dtypes</code> are named the same way: a type name followed by a number indicating the number of bits per element.</p> TYPE TYPE CODE DESCRIPTION int8, uint8 i1, u1 Signed and unsigned 8-bit (1 byte) integer types int16, uint16 i2, u2 Signed and unsigned 16-bit integer types int32, uint32 i4, u4 Signed and unsigned 32-bit integer types int64, uint64 i8, u8 Signed and unsigned 32-bit integer types float16 f2 Half-precision floating point float32 f4 or f Standard single-precision floating point. Compatible with C float float64, float128 f8 or d Standard double-precision floating point. Compatible with C double and Python float object float128 f16 or g Extended-precision floating point complex64, complex128, complex256 c8, c16, c32 Complex numbers represented by two 32, 64, or 128 floats, respectively bool ? Boolean type storing True and False values object O Python object type string_ <code>S&lt;num&gt;</code> Fixed-length string type (1 byte per character), <code>&lt;num&gt;</code> is string length unicode_ <code>U&lt;num&gt;</code> Fixed-length unicode type, <code>&lt;num&gt;</code> is length"},{"location":"languages/python/libs/numpy.html#operations-between-arrays-and-scalars","title":"OPERATIONS BETWEEN ARRAYS AND SCALARS","text":"<p>Any arithmetic operations between equal-size arrays applies the operation element-wise.</p> <p>array <code>+</code> scalar \u2192 element-wise addition (<code>[1, 2, 3] + 2 = [3, 4, 5]</code>) array <code>-</code> scalar \u2192 element-wise subtraction (<code>[1 , 2, 3] - 2 = [-2, 0, 1]</code>) array <code>*</code> scalar \u2192 element-wise multiplication (<code>[1, 2, 3] * 3 = [3, 6, 9]</code>) array / scalar \u2192 element-wise division (<code>[1, 2, 3] / 2 = [0.5 , 1 , 1.5]</code>)</p> <p>array_1 <code>+</code> array_2 \u2192 element-wise addition (<code>[1, 2, 3] + [1, 2, 3] = [2, 4, 6]</code>) array_1 <code>-</code> array_2 \u2192 element-wise subtraction (<code>[1, 2, 4] - [3 , 2, 1] = [-2, 0, 2]</code>) array_1 <code>*</code> array_2 \u2192 element-wise multiplication (<code>[1, 2, 3] * [3, 2, 1] = [3, 4, 3]</code>) array_1 <code>/</code> array_2 \u2192 element-wise division (<code>[1, 2, 3] / [3, 2, 1] = [0.33, 1, 3]</code>)</p>"},{"location":"languages/python/libs/numpy.html#shape-manipulation","title":"SHAPE MANIPULATION","text":"Python<pre><code>np.reshape(array, new_shape)  # changes the shape of the array\nnp.ravel(array)  #  returns the array flattened\narray.resize(shape)  # modifies the array itself\narray.T  # returns the array transposed\nnp.transpose(array)     # returns the array transposed\nnp.swapaxes(array, first_axis, second_axis)  # interchange two axes of an array\n# if array is an ndarray, then a view of it is returned; otherwise a new array is created\n</code></pre>"},{"location":"languages/python/libs/numpy.html#joining-arrays","title":"JOINING ARRAYS","text":"Python<pre><code>np.vstack((array1, array2))   # takes tuple, vertical stack of arrays (column wise)\nnp.hstack((array1, array2))  # takes a tuple, horizontal stack of arrays (row wise)\nnp.dstack((array1, array2)) # takes a tuple, depth wise stack of arrays (3rd dimension)\nnp.stack(*arrays, axis)  # joins a sequence of arrays along a new axis (axis is an int)\nnp.concatenate((array1, array2, ...), axis) # joins a sequence of arrays along an existing axis (axis is an int)\n</code></pre>"},{"location":"languages/python/libs/numpy.html#splitting-arrays","title":"SPLITTING ARRAYS","text":"Python<pre><code>np.split(array, indices)  # splits an array into equall7 long sub-arrays (indices is int), if not possible raises error\nnp.vsplit(array, indices)  # splits an array equally into sub-arrays vertically (row wise) if not possible raises error\nnp.hsplit(array, indices)  # splits an array equally into sub-arrays horizontally (column wise) if not possible raises error\nnp.dsplit(array, indices)  # splits an array into equally sub-arrays along the 3rd axis (depth) if not possible raises error\nnp.array_split(array, indices) # splits an array into sub-arrays, arrays can be of different lengths\n</code></pre>"},{"location":"languages/python/libs/numpy.html#view","title":"VIEW()","text":"Python<pre><code>var = array.view()  # creates a new array that looks at the same data\n# slicing returns a view\n# view shapes are separated but assignment changes all arrays\n</code></pre>"},{"location":"languages/python/libs/numpy.html#copy","title":"COPY()","text":"Python<pre><code>var = array.copy()  # creates a deep copy of the array\n</code></pre>"},{"location":"languages/python/libs/numpy.html#indexing-slicing-iterating","title":"INDEXING, SLICING, ITERATING","text":"<p>1-dimensional  \u2192 sliced, iterated and indexed as standard n-dimensional \u2192 one index per axis, index given in tuple separated by commas <code>[i, j] (i, j)</code> dots (<code>...</code>) represent as many colons as needed to produce complete indexing tuple</p> <ul> <li><code>x[1, 2, ...] == [1, 2, :, :, :]</code></li> <li><code>x[..., 3] == [:, :, :, :, 3]</code></li> <li><code>x[4, ..., 5, :] == [4, :, :, 5, :]</code> iteration on first index, use .flat() to iterate over each element</li> <li><code>x[*bool]</code> returns row with corresponding True index</li> <li><code>x[condition]</code> return only elements that satisfy condition</li> <li>x<code>[[*index]]</code> return rows ordered by indexes</li> <li><code>x[[*i], [*j]]</code> return elements selected by tuple (i, j)</li> <li><code>x[ np.ix_( [*i], [*j] ) ]</code> return rectangular region</li> </ul>"},{"location":"languages/python/libs/numpy.html#universal-functions-ufunc","title":"UNIVERSAL FUNCTIONS (ufunc)","text":"<p>Functions that performs element-wise operations (vectorization).</p> Python<pre><code>np.abs(array)  # vectorized abs(), return element absolute value\nnp.fabs(array)  # faster abs() for non-complex values\nnp.sqrt(array)  # vectorized square root (x^0.5)\nnp.square(array) # vectorized square (x^2)\nnp.exp(array)  # vectorized natural exponentiation (e^x)\nnp.log(array)  # vectorized natural log(x)\nnp.log10(array)  # vectorized log10(x)\nnp.log2(array)  # vectorized log2(x)\nnp.log1p(array)  # vectorized log(1 + x)\nnp.sign(array)  # vectorized sign (1, 0, -1)\nnp.ceil(array)  # vectorized ceil()\nnp.floor(array)  # vectorized floor()\nnp.rint(array)     # vectorized round() to nearest int\nnp.modf(array)  #  vectorized divmod(), returns the fractional and integral parts of element\nnp.isnan(array)   # vectorized x == NaN, return boolean array\nnp.isinf(array)  # vectorized test for positive or negative infinity, return boolean array\nnp.isfineite(array)  # vectorized test fo finiteness, returns boolean array\nnp.cos(array)  # vectorized cos(x)\nnp.sin(array)  # vectorized sin(x)\nnp.tan(array)  # vectorized tan(x)\nnp.cosh(array)  # vectorized cosh(x)\nnp.sinh(array)   # vector sinh(x)\nnp.tanh(array)  # vectorized tanh(x)\nnp.arccos(array)  # vectorized arccos(x)\nnp.arcsinh(array)  # vectorized arcsinh(x)\nnp.arctan(array)  # vectorized arctan(x)\nnp.arccosh(array)  # vectorized arccosh(x)\nnp.arcsinh(array)  # vectorized arcsin(x)\nnp.arctanh(array)  # vectorized arctanh(x)\nnp.logical_not(array)  # vectorized not(x), equivalent to -array\n\nnp.add(x_array, y_array)  # vectorized addition\nnp.subtract(x_array, y_array)  # vectorized subtraction\nnp.multiply(x_array, y_array)  # vectorized multiplication\nnp.divide(x_array, y_array)  # vectorized division\nnp.floor_divide(x_array, y_array)  # vectorized floor division\nnp.power(x_array, y_array)  # vectorized power\nnp.maximum(x_array, y_array)  # vectorized maximum\nnp.minimum(x_array, y_array)  # vectorized minimum\nnp.fmax(x_array, y_array)  # vectorized maximum, ignores NaN\nnp.fmin(x_array, y_array)  # vectorized minimum, ignores NaN\nnp.mod(x_array, y_array)  # vectorized modulus\nnp.copysign(x_array, y_array)  #  vectorized copy sign from y_array to x_array\nnp.greater(x_array, y_array)  # vectorized x &gt; y\nnp.less(x_array, y_array)  # vectorized x &lt; y\nnp.greter_equal(x_array, y_array)  # vectorized x &gt;= y\nnp.less_equal(x_array, y_array)  # vectorized x &lt;= y\nnp.equal(x_array, y_array)  # vectorized x == y\nnp.not_equal(x_array, y_array)  # vectorized x != y\nnp.logical_and(x_array, y_array)  # vectorized x &amp; y\nnp.logical_or(x_array, y_array)  # vectorized x | y\nnp.logical_xor(x_array, y_array)  # vectorized x ^ y\n</code></pre>"},{"location":"languages/python/libs/numpy.html#conditional-logic-as-array-operations","title":"CONDITIONAL LOGIC AS ARRAY OPERATIONS","text":"Python<pre><code>np.where(condition, x, y)  # return x if condition == True, y otherwise\n</code></pre>"},{"location":"languages/python/libs/numpy.html#mathematical-and-statistical-methods","title":"MATHEMATICAL AND STATISTICAL METHODS","text":"<p><code>np.method(array, args)</code> or <code>array.method(args)</code>. Boolean values are coerced to 1 (<code>True</code>) and 0 (<code>False</code>).</p> Python<pre><code>np.sum(array, axis=None)  # sum of array elements over a given axis\nnp.median(array, axis=None)  # median along the specified axis\nnp.mean(array, axis=None)  # arithmetic mean along the specified axis\nnp.average(array, axis=None)  #  weighted average along the specified axis\nnp.std(array, axis=None)  # standard deviation along the specified axis\nnp.var(array, axis=None)  # variance along the specified axis\n\nnp.min(array, axis=None)  # minimum value along the specified axis\nnp.max(array, axis=None)  # maximum value along the specified axis\nnp.argmin(array, axis=None)  # indices of the minimum values along an axis\nnp.argmax(array, axis=None)  # indices of the maximum values\nnp.cumsum(array, axis=None)  # cumulative sum of the elements along a given axis\nnp.cumprod(array, axis=None)  # cumulative sum of the elements along a given axis\n</code></pre>"},{"location":"languages/python/libs/numpy.html#methods-for-boolean-arrays","title":"METHODS FOR BOOLEAN ARRAYS","text":"Python<pre><code>np.all(array, axis=None)  # test whether all array elements along a given axis evaluate to True\nnp.any(array, axis=None)  # test whether any array element along a given axis evaluates to True\n</code></pre>"},{"location":"languages/python/libs/numpy.html#sorting","title":"SORTING","text":"Python<pre><code>array.sort(axis=-1)  # sort an array in-place (axis = None applies on flattened array)\nnp.sort(array, axis=-1)  # return a sorted copy of an array (axis = None applies on flattened array)\n</code></pre>"},{"location":"languages/python/libs/numpy.html#set-logic","title":"SET LOGIC","text":"Python<pre><code>np.unique(array)  # sorted unique elements of an array\nnp.intersect1d(x, y)  # sorted common elements in x and y\nnp.union1d(x, y)  # sorte union of elements\nnp.in1d(x, y)  #  boolean array indicating whether each element of x is contained in y\nnp.setdiff1d(x, y)  # Set difference, elements in x that are not in y\nnp.setxor1d()  # Set symmetric differences; elements that are in either of the arrays, but not both\n</code></pre>"},{"location":"languages/python/libs/numpy.html#file-io-with-arrays","title":"FILE I/O WITH ARRAYS","text":"Python<pre><code>np.save(file, array)  # save array to binary file in .npy format\nnp.savez(file, *array) # save several arrays into a single file in uncompressed .npz format\nnp.savez_compressed(file, *args, *kwargs)  # save several arrays into a single file in compressed .npz format\n# *ARGS: arrays to save to the file. arrays will be saved with names \"arr_0\", \"arr_1\", and so on\n# **KWARGS: arrays to save to the file. arrays will be saved in the file with the keyword names\n\nnp.savetxt(file, X, fmt=\"%.18e\", delimiter=\" \")   # save array to text file\n# X: 1D or 2D\n# FMT: Python Format Specification Mini-Language\n# DELIMITER: {str} -- string used to separate values\n\nnp.load(file, allow_pickle=False)  # load arrays or pickled objects from .npy, .npz or pickled files\nnp.loadtxt(file, dtype=float, comments=\"#\", delimiter=None)\n# DTYPE: {data type} -- data-type of the resulting array\n# COMMENTS: {str} -- characters used to indicate the start of a comment. None implies no comments\n# DELIMITER: {str} -- string used to separate values\n</code></pre>"},{"location":"languages/python/libs/numpy.html#linear-algebra","title":"LINEAR ALGEBRA","text":"Python<pre><code>np.diag(array, k=0)  # extract a diagonal or construct a diagonal array\n# K: {int} -- k&gt;0 diagonals above main diagonal, k&lt;0 diagonals below main diagonal (main diagonal k = 0)\n\nnp.dot(x ,y)  # matrix dot product\nnp.trace(array, offset=0, dtype=None, out=None)  # return the sum along diagonals of the array\n# OFFSET: {int} -- offset of the diagonal from the main diagonal\n# dtype: {dtype} -- determines the data-type of the returned array\n# OUT: {ndarray} -- array into which the output is placed\n\nnp.linalg.det(A)  # compute the determinant of an array\nnp.linalg.eig(A)  # compute the eigenvalues and right eigenvectors of a square array\nnp.linalg.inv(A)  # compute the (multiplicative) inverse of a matrix\n# A_inv satisfies dot(A, A_inv) = dor(A_inv, A) = eye(A.shape[0])\n\nnp.linalg.pinv(A)  # compute the (Moore-Penrose) pseudo-inverse of a matrix\nnp.linalg.qr()  # factor the matrix a as qr, where q is orthonormal and r is upper-triangular\nnp.linalg.svd(A)  # Singular Value Decomposition\nnp.linalg.solve(A, B)  # solve a linear matrix equation, or system of linear scalar equations AX = B\nnp.linalg.lstsq(A, B)  # return the least-squares solution to a linear matrix equation AX = B\n</code></pre>"},{"location":"languages/python/libs/numpy.html#random-number-generation","title":"RANDOM NUMBER GENERATION","text":"Python<pre><code>np.random.seed()\nnp.random.rand()\nnp.random.randn()\nnp.random.randint()\nnp.random.Generator.permutation(x)  # randomly permute a sequence, or return a permuted range\nnp.random.Generator.shuffle(x)  # Modify a sequence in-place by shuffling its contents\n\nnp.random.Generator.beta(a, b, size=None)  # draw samples from a Beta distribution\n# A: {float, array floats} -- Alpha, &gt; 0\n# B: {int, tuple ints} -- Beta, &gt; 0\n\nnp.random.Generator.binomial(n, p, size=None)  # draw samples from a binomial distribution\n# N: {int, array ints} -- parameter of the distribution, &gt;= 0\n# P: {float, arrey floats} -- Parameter of the distribution, &gt;= 0 and &lt;= 1\n\nnp.random.Generator.chisquare(df, size=None)\n# DF: {float, array floats} -- degrees of freedom, &gt; 0\n\nnp.random.Generator.gamma(shape, scale=1.0, size=None)  # draw samples from a Gamma distribution\n# SHAPE: {float, array floats} -- shape of the gamma distribution, != 0\n\nnp.random.Generator.normal(loc=0.0, scale=1.0, Size=None)  # draw random samples from a normal (Gaussian) distribution\n# LOC: {float, all floats} -- mean (\"centre\") of distribution\n# SCALE: {float, all floats} -- standard deviation of distribution, != 0\n\nnp.random.Generator.poisson(lam=1.0, size=None)  # draw samples from a Poisson distribution\n# LAM: {float, all floats} -- expectation of interval, &gt;= 0\n\nnp.random.Generator.uniform(low=0.0,high=1.0, size=None)  # draw samples from a uniform distribution\n# LOW: {float, all floats} -- lower boundary of the output interval\n# HIGH: {float, all floats} -- upper boundary of the output interval\n\nnp.random.Generator.zipf(a, size=None)  # draw samples from a Zipf distribution\n# A: {float, all floats} -- distribution parameter, &gt; 1\n</code></pre>"},{"location":"languages/python/libs/pandas.html","title":"Pandas","text":""},{"location":"languages/python/libs/pandas.html#basic-pandas-imports","title":"Basic Pandas Imports","text":"Python<pre><code>import numpy as np\nimport pandas as pd\nfrom pandas import Series, DataFrame\n</code></pre>"},{"location":"languages/python/libs/pandas.html#series","title":"SERIES","text":"<p>1-dimensional labelled array, axis label referred as INDEX. Index can contain repetitions.</p> Python<pre><code>s = Series(data, index=index, name='name')\n# DATA: {python dict, ndarray, scalar value}\n# NAME: {string}\ns = Series(dict)  # Series created from python dict, dict keys become index values\n</code></pre>"},{"location":"languages/python/libs/pandas.html#indexing-selection-slicing","title":"INDEXING / SELECTION / SLICING","text":"Python<pre><code>s['index']  # selection by index label\ns[condition]  # return slice selected by condition\ns[ : ]  # slice endpoint included\ns[ : ] = *value  # modify value of entire slice\ns[condition] = *value  # modify slice by condition\n</code></pre>"},{"location":"languages/python/libs/pandas.html#missing-data","title":"MISSING DATA","text":"<p>Missing data appears as NaN (Not a Number).</p> Python<pre><code>pd.isnull(array)  # return a Series index-bool indicating which indexes don't have data\npd.notnull(array)  # return a Series index-bool indicating which indexes have data\narray.isnull()\narray.notnull()\n</code></pre>"},{"location":"languages/python/libs/pandas.html#series-attributes","title":"SERIES ATTRIBUTES","text":"Python<pre><code>s.values  # NumPy representation of Series\ns.index  # index object of Series\ns.name = \"Series name\"  # renames Series object\ns.index.name = \"index name\"  # renames index\n</code></pre>"},{"location":"languages/python/libs/pandas.html#series-methods","title":"SERIES METHODS","text":"Python<pre><code>pd.Series.isin(self, values)  #  boolean Series showing whether elements in Series matches elements in values exactly\n\n# Conform Series to new index, new object produced unless the new index is equivalent to current one and copy=False\npd.Series.reindex(self, index=None, **kwargs)\n# INDEX: {array} -- new labels / index\n# METHOD: {none (don't fill gaps), pad (fill or carry values forward), backfill (fill or carry values backward)}-- hole filling method\n# COPY: {bool} -- return new object even if index is same -- DEFAULT True\n# FILLVALUE: {scalar} --value to use for missing values. DEFAULT NaN\n\npd.Series.drop(self, index=None, **kwargs)  # return Series with specified index labels removed\n# INPLACE: {bool} -- if true do operation in place and return None -- DEFAULT False\n# ERRORS: {ignore, raise} -- If \"ignore\", suppress error and existing labels are dropped\n# KeyError raised if not all of the labels are found in the selected axis\n\npd.Series.value_counts(self, normalize=False, sort=True, ascending=False, bins=None, dropna=True)\n# NORMALIZE: {bool} -- if True then object returned will contain relative frequencies of unique values\n# SORT: {bool} -- sort by frequency -- DEFAULT True\n# ASCENDING: {bool} -- sort in ascending order -- DEFAULT False\n# BINS: {int} -- group values into half-open bins, only works with numeric data\n# DROPNA: {bool} -- don't include counts of NaN\n</code></pre>"},{"location":"languages/python/libs/pandas.html#dataframe","title":"DATAFRAME","text":"<p>2-dimensional labeled data structure with columns of potentially different types. Index and columns can contain repetitions.</p> Python<pre><code>df = DataFrame(data, index=row_labels, columns=column_labels)\n# DATA: {list, dict (of lists), nested dicts, series, dict of 1D ndarray, 2D ndarray, DataFrame}\n# INDEX: {list of row_labels}\n# COLUMNS: {list of column_labels}\n# outer dict keys interpreted as index labels, inner dict keys interpreted as column labels\n# INDEXING / SELECTION / SLICING\ndf[col]  # column selection\ndf.at[row, col]  # access a single value for a row/column label pair\ndf.iat[row, col]  # access a single value for a row/column pair by integer position\n\ndf.column_label  # column selection\n\ndf.loc[label]  # row selection by label\ndf.iloc[loc]  # row selection by integer location\n\ndf[ : ]  # slice rows\ndf[bool_vec]  # slice rows by boolean vector\ndf[condition]  # slice rows by condition\n\ndf.loc[:, [\"column_1\", \"column_2\"]]  # slice columns by names\ndf.loc[:, [bool_vector]]  # slice columns by names\n\ndf[col] = *value  # modify column contents, if colon is missing it will be created\ndf[ : ] = *value # modify rows contents\ndf[condition] = *value  # modify contents\n\ndel df[col]  # delete column\n</code></pre>"},{"location":"languages/python/libs/pandas.html#dataframe-attributes","title":"DATAFRAME ATTRIBUTES","text":"Python<pre><code>df.index  # row labels\ndf.columns  # column labels\ndf.values  # NumPy representation of DataFrame\ndf.index.name = \"index name\"\ndf.columns.index.name = \"columns name\"\ndf.T # transpose\n</code></pre>"},{"location":"languages/python/libs/pandas.html#dataframe-methods","title":"DATAFRAME METHODS","text":"Python<pre><code>pd.DataFrame.isin(self , values)  # boolean DataFrame showing whether elements in DataFrame matches elements in values exactly\n\n# Conform DataFrame to new index, new object produced unless the new index is equivalent to current one and copy=False\npd.DataFrame.reindex(self, index=None, columns=None, **kwargs)\n# INDEX: {array} -- new labels / index\n# COLUMNS: {array} -- new labels / columns\n# METHOD: {none (don't fill gaps), pad (fill or carry values forward), backfill (fill or carry values backward)}-- hole filling method\n# COPY: {bool} -- return new object even if index is same -- DEFAULT True\n# FILLVALUE: {scalar} --value to use for missing values. DEFAULT NaN\n\npd.DataFrame.drop(self, index=None, columns=None, **kwargs)  # Remove rows or columns by specifying label names\n# INPLACE: {bool} -- if true do operation in place and return None -- DEFAULT False\n# ERRORS: {ignore, raise} -- If \"ignore\", suppress error and existing labels are dropped\n# KeyError raised if not all of the labels are found in the selected axis\n</code></pre>"},{"location":"languages/python/libs/pandas.html#index-objects","title":"INDEX OBJECTS","text":"<p>Holds axis labels and metadata, immutable.</p>"},{"location":"languages/python/libs/pandas.html#index-types","title":"INDEX TYPES","text":"Python<pre><code>pd.Index  # immutable ordered ndarray, sliceable. stores axis labels\npd.Int64Index  # special case of Index with purely integer labels\npd.MultiIndex  # multi-level (hierarchical) index object for pandas objects\npd.PeriodINdex  # immutable ndarray holding ordinal values indicating regular periods in time\npd.DatetimeIndex  # nanosecond timestamps (uses Numpy datetime64)\n</code></pre>"},{"location":"languages/python/libs/pandas.html#index-attributers","title":"INDEX ATTRIBUTERS","text":"Python<pre><code>pd.Index.is_monotonic_increasing  # Return True if the index is monotonic increasing (only equal or increasing) values\npd.Index.is_monotonic_decreasing  # Return True if the index is monotonic decreasing (only equal or decreasing) values\npd.Index.is_unique  # Return True if the index has unique values.\npd.Index.hasnans  # Return True if the index has NaNs\n</code></pre>"},{"location":"languages/python/libs/pandas.html#index-methods","title":"INDEX METHODS","text":"Python<pre><code>pd.Index.append(self, other)  # append a collection of Index options together\n\npd.Index.difference(self, other, sort=None)  # set difference of two Index objects\n# SORT: {None (attempt sorting), False (don't sort)}\n\npd.Index.intersection(self, other, sort=None)  # set intersection of two Index objects\n# SORT: {None (attempt sorting), False (don't sort)}\n\npd.Index.union(self, other, sort=None)  # set union of two Index objects\n# SORT: {None (attempt sorting), False (don't sort)}\n\npd.Index.isin(self, values, level=None)  # boolean array indicating where the index values are in values\npd.Index.insert(self, loc, item)  # make new Index inserting new item at location\npd.Index.delete(self, loc)  # make new Index with passed location(-s) deleted\n\npd.Index.drop(self, labels, errors='raise')  # Make new Index with passed list of labels deleted\n# ERRORS: {ignore, raise} -- If 'ignore', suppress error and existing labels are dropped\n# KeyError raised if not all of the labels are found in the selected axis\n\npd.Index.reindex(self, target, **kwargs)  # create index with target's values (move/add/delete values as necessary)\n# METHOD: {none (don't fill gaps), pad (fill or carry values forward), backfill (fill or carry values backward)}-- hole filling method\n</code></pre>"},{"location":"languages/python/libs/pandas.html#arithmetic-operations","title":"ARITHMETIC OPERATIONS","text":"<p>NumPy arrays operations preserve labels-value link. Arithmetic operations automatically align differently indexed data. Missing values propagate in arithmetic computations (NaN <code>&lt;operator&gt;</code> value = NaN)</p>"},{"location":"languages/python/libs/pandas.html#addition","title":"ADDITION","text":"Python<pre><code>self + other\npd.Series.add(self, other, fill_value=None)  # add(), supports substitution of NaNs\npd,Series.radd(self, other, fill_value=None)  # radd(), supports substitution of NaNs\npd.DataFrame.add(self, other, axis=columns, fill_value=None)  # add(), supports substitution of NaNs\npd.DataFrame.radd(self, other, axis=columns, fill_value=None)  # radd(), supports substitution of NaNs\n# OTHER: {scalar, sequence, Series, DataFrame}\n# AXIS: {0, 1, index, columns} -- whether to compare by the index or columns\n# FILLVALUE: {None, float} -- fill missing value\n</code></pre>"},{"location":"languages/python/libs/pandas.html#subtraction","title":"SUBTRACTION","text":"Python<pre><code>self - other\npd.Series.sub(self, other, fill_value=None)  # sub(), supports substitution of NaNs\npd.Series.radd(self, other, fill_value=None)  # radd(), supports substitution of NaNs\nps.DataFrame.sub(self, other, axis=columns, fill_value=None)  # sub(), supports substitution of NaNs\npd.DataFrame.rsub(self, other, axis=columns, fill_value=None)  # rsub(), supports substitution of NaNs\n# OTHER: {scalar, sequence, Series, DataFrame}\n# AXIS: {0, 1, index, columns} -- whether to compare by the index or columns\n# FILLVALUE: {None, float} -- fill missing value\n</code></pre>"},{"location":"languages/python/libs/pandas.html#multiplication","title":"MULTIPLICATION","text":"Python<pre><code>self * other\npd.Series.mul(self, other, fill_value=None)  # mul(), supports substitution of NaNs\npd.Series.rmul(self, other, fill_value=None)  # rmul(), supports substitution of NaNs\nps.DataFrame.mul(self, other, axis=columns, fill_value=None)  # mul(), supports substitution of NaNs\npd.DataFrame.rmul(self, other, axis=columns, fill_value=None)  # rmul(), supports substitution of NaNs\n# OTHER: {scalar, sequence, Series, DataFrame}\n# AXIS: {0, 1, index, columns} -- whether to compare by the index or columns\n# FILLVALUE: {None, float} -- fill missing value\n</code></pre>"},{"location":"languages/python/libs/pandas.html#division-float-division","title":"DIVISION (float division)","text":"Python<pre><code>self / other\npd.Series.div(self, other, fill_value=None)  # div(), supports substitution of NaNs\npd.Series.rdiv(self, other, fill_value=None)  # rdiv(), supports substitution of NaNs\npd.Series.truediv(self, other, fill_value=None)  # truediv(), supports substitution of NaNs\npd.Series.rtruediv(self, other, fill_value=None)  # rtruediv(), supports substitution of NaNs\nps.DataFrame.div(self, other, axis=columns, fill_value=None)  # div(), supports substitution of NaNs\npd.DataFrame.rdiv(self, other, axis=columns, fill_value=None)  # rdiv(), supports substitution of NaNs\nps.DataFrame.truediv(self, other, axis=columns, fill_value=None)  # truediv(), supports substitution of NaNs\npd.DataFrame.rtruediv(self, other, axis=columns, fill_value=None)  # rtruediv(), supports substitution of NaNs\n# OTHER: {scalar, sequence, Series, DataFrame}\n# AXIS: {0, 1, index, columns} -- whether to compare by the index or columns\n# FILLVALUE: {None, float} -- fill missing value\n</code></pre>"},{"location":"languages/python/libs/pandas.html#floor-division","title":"FLOOR DIVISION","text":"Python<pre><code>self // other\npd.Series.floordiv(self, other, fill_value=None)  # floordiv(), supports substitution of NaNs\npd.Series.rfloordiv(self, other, fill_value=None)  # rfloordiv(), supports substitution of NaNs\nps.DataFrame.floordiv(self, other, axis=columns, fill_value=None)  # floordiv(), supports substitution of NaNs\npd.DataFrame.rfloordiv(self, other, axis=columns, fill_value=None)  # rfloordiv(), supports substitution of NaNs\n# OTHER: {scalar, sequence, Series, DataFrame}\n# AXIS: {0, 1, index, columns} -- whether to compare by the index or columns\n# FILLVALUE: {None, float} -- fill missing value\n</code></pre>"},{"location":"languages/python/libs/pandas.html#modulo","title":"MODULO","text":"Python<pre><code>self % other\npd.Series.mod(self, other, fill_value=None)  # mod(), supports substitution of NaNs\npd.Series.rmod(self, other, fill_value=None)  # rmod(), supports substitution of NaNs\nps.DataFrame.mod(self, other, axis=columns, fill_value=None)  # mod(), supports substitution of NaNs\npd.DataFrame.rmod(self, other, axis=columns, fill_value=None)  # rmod(), supports substitution of NaNs\n# OTHER: {scalar, sequence, Series, DataFrame}\n# AXIS: {0, 1, index, columns} -- whether to compare by the index or columns\n# FILLVALUE: {None, float} -- fill missing value\n</code></pre>"},{"location":"languages/python/libs/pandas.html#power","title":"POWER","text":"Python<pre><code>other ** self\npd.Series.pow(self, other, fill_value=None)  # pow(), supports substitution of NaNs\npd.Series.rpow(self, other, fill_value=None)  # rpow(), supports substitution of NaNs\nps.DataFrame.pow(self, other, axis=columns, fill_value=None)  # pow(), supports substitution of NaNs\npd.DataFrame.rpow(self, other, axis=columns, fill_value=None)  # rpow(), supports substitution of NaNs\n# OTHER: {scalar, sequence, Series, DataFrame}\n# AXIS: {0, 1, index, columns} -- whether to compare by the index or columns\n# FILLVALUE: {None, float} -- fill missing value\n</code></pre>"},{"location":"languages/python/libs/pandas.html#essential-functionality","title":"ESSENTIAL FUNCTIONALITY","text":""},{"location":"languages/python/libs/pandas.html#function-application-and-mapping","title":"FUNCTION APPLICATION AND MAPPING","text":"<p>NumPy ufuncs work fine with pandas objects.</p> Python<pre><code>pd.DataFrame.applymap(self, func)  # apply function element-wise\n\npd.DataFrame.apply(self, func, axis=0, args=())  # apply a function along an axis of a DataFrame\n# FUNC: {function} -- function to apply\n# AXIS: {O, 1, index, columns} -- axis along which the function is applied\n# ARGS: {tuple} -- positional arguments to pass to func in addition to the array/series\n# SORTING AND RANKING\npd.Series.sort_index(self, ascending=True **kwargs)  # sort Series by index labels\npd.Series.sort_values(self, ascending=True, **kwargs)  # sort series by the values\n# ASCENDING: {bool} -- if True, sort values in ascending order, otherwise descending -- DEFAULT True\n# INPALCE: {bool} -- if True, perform operation in-place\n# KIND: {quicksort, mergesort, heapsort} -- sorting algorithm\n# NA_POSITION {first, last} -- 'first' puts NaNs at the beginning, 'last' puts NaNs at the end\n\npd.DataFrame.sort_index(self, axis=0, ascending=True, **kwargs)  # sort object by labels along an axis\npd.DataFrame.sort_values(self, axis=0, ascending=True, **kwargs)  # sort object by values along an axis\n# AXIS: {0, 1, index, columns} -- the axis along which to sort\n# ASCENDING: {bool} -- if True, sort values in ascending order, otherwise descending -- DEFAULT True\n# INPALCE: {bool} -- if True, perform operation in-place\n# KIND: {quicksort, mergesort, heapsort} -- sorting algorithm\n# NA_POSITION {first, last} -- 'first' puts NaNs at the beginning, 'last' puts NaNs at the end\n</code></pre>"},{"location":"languages/python/libs/pandas.html#descriptive-and-summary-statistics","title":"DESCRIPTIVE AND SUMMARY STATISTICS","text":""},{"location":"languages/python/libs/pandas.html#count","title":"COUNT","text":"Python<pre><code>pd.Series.count(self)  # return number of non-NA/null observations in the Series\npd.DataFrame.count(self, numeric_only=False)  # count non-NA cells for each column or row\n# NUMERIC_ONLY: {bool} -- Include only float, int or boolean data -- DEFAULT False\n</code></pre>"},{"location":"languages/python/libs/pandas.html#describe","title":"DESCRIBE","text":"<p>Generate descriptive statistics summarizing central tendency, dispersion and shape of dataset's distribution (exclude NaN).</p> Python<pre><code>pd.Series.describe(self, percentiles=None, include=None, exclude=None)\npd.DataFrame.describe(self, percentiles=None, include=None, exclude=None)\n# PERCENTILES: {list-like of numbers} -- percentiles to include in output,between 0 and 1 -- DEFAULT [.25, .5, .75]\n# INCLUDE: {all, None, list of dtypes} -- white list of dtypes to include in the result. ignored for Series\n# EXCLUDE: {None, list of dtypes} -- black list of dtypes to omit from the result. ignored for Series\n</code></pre>"},{"location":"languages/python/libs/pandas.html#max-min","title":"MAX - MIN","text":"Python<pre><code>pd.Series.max(self, skipna=None, numeric_only=None)  # maximum of the values for the requested axis\npd.Series.min(self, skipna=None, numeric_only=None)  # minimum of the values for the requested axis\npd.DataFrame.max(self, axis=None, skipna=None, numeric_only=None)  # maximum of the values for the requested axis\npd.DataFrame.min(self, axis=None, skipna=None, numeric_only=None)  # minimum of the values for the requested axis\n# SKIPNA: {bool} -- exclude NA/null values when computing the result\n# NUMERIC_ONLY: {bool} -- include only float, int, boolean columns, not implemented for Series\n</code></pre>"},{"location":"languages/python/libs/pandas.html#idxmax-idxmin","title":"IDXMAX - IDXMIN","text":"Python<pre><code>pd.Series.idxmax(self, skipna=True)  # row label of the maximum value\npd.Series.idxmin(self, skipna=True)  # row label of the minimum value\npd.DataFrame.idxmax(self, axis=0, skipna=True)  #  Return index of first occurrence of maximum over requested axis\npd.DataFrame.idxmin(self, axis=0, skipna=True)  #  Return index of first occurrence of minimum over requested axis\n# AXIS:{0, 1, index, columns} -- row-wise or column-wise\n# SKIPNA: {bool} -- exclude NA/null values. ff an entire row/column is NA, result will be NA\n</code></pre>"},{"location":"languages/python/libs/pandas.html#quantile","title":"QUANTILE","text":"Python<pre><code>pd.Series.quantile(self, q=0.5, interpolation='linear')  # return values at the given quantile\npd.DataFrame.quantile(self, q=0.5, axis=0, numeric_only=True, interpolation='linear') # return values at the given quantile over requested axis\n# Q: {flaot, array} -- value between 0 &lt;= q &lt;= 1, the quantile(s) to compute -- DEFAULT 0.5 (50%)\n# NUMERIC_ONLY: {bool} -- if False, quantile of datetime and timedelta data will be computed as well\n# INTERPOLATION: {linear, lower, higher, midpoint, nearest} -- SEE DOCS\n</code></pre>"},{"location":"languages/python/libs/pandas.html#sum","title":"SUM","text":"Python<pre><code>pd.Series.sum(self, skipna=None, numeric_only=None, min_count=0)  # sum of the values\npd.DataFrame.sum(self, axis=None, skipna=None, numeric_only=None, min_count=0)  # sum of the values for the requested axis\n# AXIS: {0, 1, index, columns} -- axis for the function to be applied on\n# SKIPNA: {bool} -- exclude NA/null values when computing the result\n# NUMERIC_ONLY: {bool} -- include only float, int, boolean columns, not implemented for Series\n# MIN_COUNT: {int} -- required number of valid values to perform the operation. if fewer than min_count non-NA values are present the result will be NA\n</code></pre>"},{"location":"languages/python/libs/pandas.html#mean","title":"MEAN","text":"Python<pre><code>pd.Series.mean(self, skipna=None, numeric_only=None)   # mean of the values\npd.DataFrame.mean(self, axis=None, skipna=None, numeric_only=None)  # mean of the values for the requested axis\n# AXIS: {0, 1, index, columns} -- axis for the function to be applied on\n# SKIPNA: {bool} -- exclude NA/null values when computing the result\n# NUMERIC_ONLY: {bool} -- include only float, int, boolean columns, not implemented for Series\n</code></pre>"},{"location":"languages/python/libs/pandas.html#median","title":"MEDIAN","text":"Python<pre><code>pd.Series.median(self, skipna=None, numeric_only=None)  # median of the values\npd.DataFrame.median(self, axis=None, skipna=None, numeric_only=None)  # median of the values for the requested axis\n# AXIS: {0, 1, index, columns} -- axis for the function to be applied on\n# SKIPNA: {bool} -- exclude NA/null values when computing the result\n# NUMERIC_ONLY: {bool} -- include only float, int, boolean columns, not implemented for Series\n</code></pre>"},{"location":"languages/python/libs/pandas.html#mad-mean-absolute-deviation","title":"MAD (mean absolute deviation)","text":"Python<pre><code>pd.Series.mad(self, skipna=None)  # mean absolute deviation\npd.DataFrame.mad(self, axis=None, skipna=None)  # mean absolute deviation of the values for the requested axis\n# AXIS: {0, 1, index, columns} -- axis for the function to be applied on\n# SKIPNA: {bool} -- exclude NA/null values when computing the result\n</code></pre>"},{"location":"languages/python/libs/pandas.html#var-variance","title":"VAR (variance)","text":"Python<pre><code>pd.Series.var(self, skipna=None, numeric_only=None)  # unbiased variance\npd.DataFrame.var(self, axis=None, skipna=None, ddof=1, numeric_only=None)  #  unbiased variance over requested axis\n# AXIS: {0, 1, index, columns} -- axis for the function to be applied on\n# SKIPNA: {bool} -- exclude NA/null values. if an entire row/column is NA, the result will be NA\n# DDOF: {int} -- Delta Degrees of Freedom. divisor used in calculations is N - ddof (N represents the number of elements) -- DEFAULT 1\n# NUMERIC_ONLY: {bool} -- include only float, int, boolean columns, not implemented for Series\n</code></pre>"},{"location":"languages/python/libs/pandas.html#std-standard-deviation","title":"STD (standard deviation)","text":"Python<pre><code>pd.Series.std(self, skipna=None, ddof=1, numeric_only=None)  # sample standard deviation\npd.Dataframe.std(self, axis=None, skipna=None, ddof=1, numeric_only=None)  # sample standard deviation over requested axis\n# AXIS: {0, 1, index, columns} -- axis for the function to be applied on\n# SKIPNA: {bool} -- exclude NA/null values. if an entire row/column is NA, the result will be NA\n# DDOF: {int} -- Delta Degrees of Freedom. divisor used in calculations is N - ddof (N represents the number of elements) -- DEFAULT 1\n# NUMERIC_ONLY: {bool} -- include only float, int, boolean columns, not implemented for Series\n</code></pre>"},{"location":"languages/python/libs/pandas.html#skew","title":"SKEW","text":"Python<pre><code>pd.Series.skew(self, skipna=None, numeric_only=None)  # unbiased skew Normalized bt N-1\npd.DataFrame.skew(self, axis=None, skipna=None, numeric_only=None)  #  unbiased skew over requested axis Normalized by N-1\n# AXIS: {0, 1, index, columns} -- axis for the function to be applied on\n# SKIPNA: {bool} -- exclude NA/null values when computing the result\n# NUMERIC_ONLY: {bool} -- include only float, int, boolean columns, not implemented for Series\n</code></pre>"},{"location":"languages/python/libs/pandas.html#kurt","title":"KURT","text":"<p>Unbiased kurtosis over requested axis using Fisher's definition of kurtosis (kurtosis of normal == 0.0). Normalized by N-1.</p> Python<pre><code>pd.Series.kurt(self, skipna=None, numeric_only=None)\npd.Dataframe.kurt(self, axis=None, skipna=None, numeric_only=None)\n# AXIS: {0, 1, index, columns} -- axis for the function to be applied on\n# SKIPNA: {bool} -- exclude NA/null values when computing the result\n# NUMERIC_ONLY: {bool} -- include only float, int, boolean columns, not implemented for Series\n</code></pre>"},{"location":"languages/python/libs/pandas.html#cumsum-cumulative-sum","title":"CUMSUM (cumulative sum)","text":"Python<pre><code>pd.Series.cumsum(self, skipna=True)  # cumulative sum\npd.Dataframe.cumsum(self, axis=None, skipna=True)  # cumulative sum over requested axis\n# AXIS: {0, 1, index, columns} -- axis for the function to be applied on\n# SKIPNA: {bool} -- exclude NA/null values. if an entire row/column is NA, the result will be NA\n</code></pre>"},{"location":"languages/python/libs/pandas.html#cummax-cummin-cumulative-maximum-minimum","title":"CUMMAX - CUMMIN (cumulative maximum - minimum)","text":"Python<pre><code>pd.Series.cummax(self, skipna=True)  # cumulative maximum\npd.Series.cummin(self, skipna=True)  # cumulative minimum\npd.Dataframe.cummax(self, axis=None, skipna=True)  # cumulative maximum over requested axis\npd.Dataframe.cummin(self, axis=None, skipna=True)  # cumulative minimum over requested axis\n# AXIS: {0, 1, index, columns} -- axis for the function to be applied on\n# SKIPNA: {bool} -- exclude NA/null values. if an entire row/column is NA, the result will be NA\n</code></pre>"},{"location":"languages/python/libs/pandas.html#cumprod-cumulative-product","title":"CUMPROD (cumulative product)","text":"Python<pre><code>pd.Series.cumprod(self, skipna=True)  # cumulative product\npd.Dataframe.cumprod(self, axis=None, skipna=True)  # cumulative product over requested axis\n# AXIS: {0, 1, index, columns} -- axis for the function to be applied on\n# SKIPNA: {bool} -- exclude NA/null values. if an entire row/column is NA, the result will be NA\n</code></pre>"},{"location":"languages/python/libs/pandas.html#diff","title":"DIFF","text":"<p>Calculates the difference of a DataFrame element compared with another element in the DataFrame. (default is the element in the same column of the previous row)</p> Python<pre><code>pd.Series.diff(self, periods=1)\npd.DataFrame.diff(self, periods=1, axis=0)\n# PERIODS: {int} -- Periods to shift for calculating difference, accepts negative values -- DEFAULT 1\n# AXIS: {0, 1, index, columns} -- Take difference over rows or columns\n</code></pre>"},{"location":"languages/python/libs/pandas.html#pct_change","title":"PCT_CHANGE","text":"<p>Percentage change between the current and a prior element.</p> Python<pre><code>pd.Series.Pct_change(self, periods=1, fill_method='pad', limit=None, freq=None)\npd.Dataframe.pct_change(self, periods=1, fill_method='pad', limit=None)\n# PERIODS:{int} -- periods to shift for forming percent change\n# FILL_METHOD: {str, pda} -- How to handle NAs before computing percent changes -- DEFAULT pad\n# LIMIT: {int} -- number of consecutive NAs to fill before stopping -- DEFAULT None\n</code></pre>"},{"location":"languages/python/libs/pandas.html#handling-missing-data","title":"HANDLING MISSING DATA","text":""},{"location":"languages/python/libs/pandas.html#filtering-out-missing-data","title":"FILTERING OUT MISSING DATA","text":"Python<pre><code>pd.Series.dropna(self, inplace=False)  # return a new Series with missing values removed\npd.DataFrame.dropna(axis=0, how='any', tresh=None, subset=None, inplace=False)  # return a new DataFrame with missing values removed\n# AXIS: {tuple, list} -- tuple or list to drop on multiple axes. only a single axis is allowed\n# HOW: {any, all} -- determine if row or column is removed from DataFrame (ANY = if any NA present, ALL = if all values are NA). DEFAULT any\n# TRESH: {int} -- require that many non-NA values\n# SUBSET: {array} -- labels along other axis to consider\n# INPLACE: {bool} -- if True, do operation inplace and return None -- DEFAULT False\n</code></pre>"},{"location":"languages/python/libs/pandas.html#filling-in-missing-data","title":"FILLING IN MISSING DATA","text":"<p>Fill NA/NaN values using the specified method.</p> Python<pre><code>pd.Series.fillna(self, value=None, method=None, inplace=False, limit=None)\npd.DataFrame.fillna(self, value=None, method=None, axis=None, inplace=False, limit=None)\n# VALUE: {scalar, dict, Series, DataFrame} -- value to use to fill holes, dict/Series/DataFrame specifying which value to use for each index or column\n# METHOD: {backfill, pad, None} -- method to use for filling holes -- DEFAULT None\n# AXIS: {0, 1, index, columns} -- axis along which to fill missing values\n# INPLACE: {bool} -- if true fill in-place (will modify views of object) -- DEFAULT False\n# LIMIT: {int} --  maximum number of consecutive NaN values to forward/backward fill -- DEFAULT None\n</code></pre>"},{"location":"languages/python/libs/pandas.html#hierarchical-indexing-multiindex","title":"HIERARCHICAL INDEXING (MultiIndex)","text":"<p>Enables storing and manipulation of data with an arbitrary number of dimensions. In lower dimensional data structures like Series (1d) and DataFrame (2d).</p>"},{"location":"languages/python/libs/pandas.html#multiiindex-creation","title":"MULTIIINDEX CREATION","text":"Python<pre><code>pd.MultiIndex.from_arrays(*arrays, names=None)  # convert arrays to MultiIndex\npd.MultiIndex.from_tuples(*arrays, names=None)  # convert tuples to MultiIndex\npd.MultiIndex.from_frame(df, names=None)  # convert DataFrame to MultiIndex\npd.MultiIndex.from_product(*iterables, names=None)     #  MultiIndex from cartesian product of iterables\npd.Series(*arrays)  # Index constructor makes MultiIndex from Series\npd.DataFrame(*arrays)  # Index constructor makes MultiINdex from DataFrame\n</code></pre>"},{"location":"languages/python/libs/pandas.html#multiindex-levels","title":"MULTIINDEX LEVELS","text":"<p>Vector of label values for requested level, equal to the length of the index.</p> Python<pre><code>pd.MultiIndex.get_level_values(self, level)\n</code></pre>"},{"location":"languages/python/libs/pandas.html#partial-and-cross-section-selection","title":"PARTIAL AND CROSS-SECTION SELECTION","text":"<p>Partial selection \"drops\" levels of the hierarchical index in the result  in a completely analogous way to selecting a column in a regular DataFrame.</p> Python<pre><code>pd.Series.xs(self, key, axis=0, level=None, drop_level=True)  # cross-section from Series\npd.DataFrame.xs(self, key, axis=0, level=None, drop_level=True)  #  cross-section from DataFrame\n# KEY: {label, tuple of label} -- label contained in the index, or partially in a MultiIndex\n# AXIS: {0, 1, index, columns} -- axis to retrieve cross-section on -- DEFAULT 0\n# LEVEL: -- in case of key partially contained in MultiIndex, indicate which levels are used. Levels referred by label or position\n# DROP_LEVEL: {bool} -- If False, returns object with same levels as self -- DEFAULT True\n</code></pre>"},{"location":"languages/python/libs/pandas.html#indexing-slicing","title":"INDEXING, SLICING","text":"<p>Multi index keys take the form of tuples.</p> Python<pre><code>df.loc[('lvl_1', 'lvl_2', ...)]  # selection of single row\ndf.loc[('idx_lvl_1', 'idx_lvl_2', ...), ('col_lvl_1', 'col_lvl_2', ...)]  # selection of single value\n\ndf.loc['idx_lvl_1':'idx_lvl_1']  # slice of rows (aka partial selection)\ndf.loc[('idx_lvl_1', 'idx_lvl_2') : ('idx_lvl_1', 'idx_lvl_2')]  # slice of rows with levels\n</code></pre>"},{"location":"languages/python/libs/pandas.html#reordering-and-sorting-levels","title":"REORDERING AND SORTING LEVELS","text":"Python<pre><code>pd.MultiIndex.swaplevel(self, i=-2, j=-1)  # swap level i with level j\npd.Series.swaplevel(self, i=-2, j=-1) # swap levels i and j in a MultiIndex\npd.DataFrame.swaplevel(self, i=-2, j=-1, axis=0) # swap levels i and j in a MultiIndex on a partivular axis\n\npd.MultiIndex.sortlevel(self, level=0, ascending=True, sort_remaining=True)  # sort MultiIndex at requested level\n# LEVEL: {str, int, list-like} -- DEFAULT 0\n# ASCENDING: {bool} -- if True, sort values in ascending order, otherwise descending -- DEFAULT True\n# SORT_REMAINING: {bool} -- sort by the remaining levels after level\n</code></pre>"},{"location":"languages/python/libs/pandas.html#data-loading-storage-file-formats","title":"DATA LOADING, STORAGE FILE FORMATS","text":"Python<pre><code>pd.read_fwf(filepath, colspecs='infer', widths=None, infer_nrows=100)  # read a table of fixed-width formatted lines into DataFrame\n# FILEPATH: {str, path object} -- any valid string path is acceptable, could be a URL. Valid URLs: http, ftp, s3, and file\n# COLSPECS: {list of tuple (int, int), 'infer'} -- list of tuples giving extents of fixed-width fields of each line as half-open intervals { [from, to) }\n# WIDTHS: {list of int} -- list of field widths which can be used instead of \"colspecs\" if intervals are contiguous\n# INFER_ROWS: {int} -- number of rows to consider when letting parser determine colspecs -- DEFAULT 100\n\npd.read_excel()  # read an Excel file into a pandas DataFrame\npd.read_json()  # convert a JSON string to pandas object\npd.read_html()  # read HTML tables into a list of DataFrame objects\npd.read_sql()  # read SQL query or database table into a DataFrame\n\npd.read_csv(filepath, sep=',', *args, **kwargs )  # read a comma-separated values (csv) file into DataFrame\npd.read_table(filepath, sep='\\t', *args, **kwargs)  # read general delimited file into DataFrame\n# FILEPATH: {str, path object} -- any valid string path is acceptable, could be a URL. Valid URLs: http, ftp, s3, and file\n# SEP: {str} -- delimiter to use -- DEFAULT \\t (tab)\n# HEADER {int, list of int, 'infer'} -- row numbers to use as column names, and the start of the data -- DEFAULT 'infer'\n# NAMES:{array} -- list of column names to use -- DEFAULT None\n# INDEX_COL: {int, str, False, sequnce of int/str, None} -- Columns to use as row labels of DataFrame, given as string name or column index -- DEFAULT None\n# SKIPROWS: {list-like, int, callable} -- Line numbers to skip (0-indexed) or number of lines to skip (int) at the start of the file\n# NA_VALUES: {scalar, str, list-like, dict} -- additional strings to recognize as NA/NaN. if dict passed, specific per-column NA values\n# THOUSANDS: {str} -- thousand separator\n# *ARGS, **KWARGS -- SEE DOCS\n\n# write object to a comma-separated values (csv) file\npd.DataFrame.to_csv(self, path_or_buf, sep=',', na_rep='', columns=None, header=True, index=True, encoding='utf-8', line_terminator=None, decimal='.', *args, **kwargs)\n# SEP: {str len 1} --  Field delimiter for the output file\n# NA_REP: {str} -- missing data representation\n# COLUMNS: {sequence} -- colums to write\n# HEADER: {bool, list of str} -- write out column names. if list of strings is given its assumed to be aliases for column names\n# INDEX: {bool, list of str} -- write out row names (index)\n# ENCODING: {str} -- string representing encoding to use -- DEFAULT \"utf-8\"\n# LINE_TERMINATOR: {str} -- newline character or character sequence to use in the output file -- DEFAULT os.linesep\n# DECIMAL: {str} -- character recognized as decimal separator (in EU ,)\n\npd.DataFrame.to_excel()\npd.DataFrame.to_json()\npd.DataFrame.to_html()\npd.DataFrame.to_sql()\n</code></pre>"},{"location":"languages/python/libs/requests.html","title":"Requests Lib","text":""},{"location":"languages/python/libs/requests.html#get-request","title":"GET REQUEST","text":"<p>Get or retrieve data from specified resource</p> Python<pre><code>response = requests.get('URL')    # returns response object\n\n# PAYLOAD -&gt; valuable information of response\nresponse.status_code    # http status code\n</code></pre> <p>The response message consists of:</p> <ul> <li>status line which includes the status code and reason message</li> <li>response header fields (e.g., Content-Type: text/html)</li> <li>empty line</li> <li>optional message body</li> </ul> Text Only<pre><code>1xx -&gt; INFORMATIONAL RESPONSE\n2xx -&gt; SUCCESS\n    200 OK -&gt; request successful\n3xx -&gt; REDIRECTION\n4xx -&gt; CLIENT ERRORS\n    404 NOT FOUND -&gt; resource not found\n5xx -&gt; SERVER ERRORS\n</code></pre> Python<pre><code># raise exception HTTPError for error status codes\nresponse.raise_for_status()\n\nresponse.content    # raw bytes of payload\nresponse.encoding = 'utf-8'    # specify encoding\nresponse.text    # string payload (serialized JSON)\nresponse.json()    # dict of payload\nresponse.headers    # response headers (dict)\n</code></pre>"},{"location":"languages/python/libs/requests.html#query-string-parameters","title":"QUERY STRING PARAMETERS","text":"Python<pre><code>response = requests.get('URL', params={'q':'query'})\nresponse = requests.get('URL', params=[('q', 'query')])\nresponse = requests.get('URL', params=b'q=query')\n</code></pre>"},{"location":"languages/python/libs/requests.html#request-headers","title":"REQUEST HEADERS","text":"Python<pre><code>response = requests.get(\n    'URL',\n    params={'q': 'query'},\n    headers={'header': 'header_query'}\n)\n</code></pre>"},{"location":"languages/python/libs/requests.html#other-http-methods","title":"OTHER HTTP METHODS","text":""},{"location":"languages/python/libs/requests.html#data-input","title":"DATA INPUT","text":"Python<pre><code># requests that entity enclosed be stored as a new subordinate of the web resource identified by the URI\nrequests.post('URL', data={'key':'value'})\n# requests that the enclosed entity be stored under the supplied URI\nrequests.put('URL', data={'key':'value'})\n# applies partial modification\nrequests.patch('URL', data={'key':'value'})\n# deletes specified resource\nrequests.delete('URL')\n# ask for a response but without the response body (only headers)\nrequests.head('URL')\n# returns supported HTTP methods of the server\nrequests.options('URL')\n</code></pre>"},{"location":"languages/python/libs/requests.html#sending-json-data","title":"SENDING JSON DATA","text":"Python<pre><code>requests.post('URL', json={'key': 'value'})\n</code></pre>"},{"location":"languages/python/libs/requests.html#inspecting-the-request","title":"INSPECTING THE REQUEST","text":"Python<pre><code># requests lib prepares the requests before sending it\nresponse = requests.post('URL', data={'key':'value'})\nresponse.request.something    # inspect request field\n</code></pre>"},{"location":"languages/python/libs/requests.html#authentication","title":"AUTHENTICATION","text":"Python<pre><code>requests.get('URL', auth=('username', 'password'))    # use implicit HTTP Basic Authorization\n\n# explicit HTTP Basic Authorization and other\nfrom requests.auth import HTTPBasicAuth, HTTPDigestAuth, HTTPProxyAuth\nfrom getpass import getpass\nrequests.get('URL', auth=HTTPBasicAuth('username', getpass()))\n</code></pre>"},{"location":"languages/python/libs/requests.html#personalized-auth","title":"PERSONALIZED AUTH","text":"Python<pre><code>from requests.auth import AuthBase\nclass TokenAuth(AuthBase):\n    \"custom authentication scheme\"\n\n    def __init__(self, token):\n        self.token = token\n\n    def __call__(self, r):\n        \"\"\"Attach API token to custom auth\"\"\"\n        r.headers['X-TokenAuth'] = f'{self.token}'\n        return r\n\nrequests.get('URL', auth=TokenAuth('1234abcde-token'))\n</code></pre>"},{"location":"languages/python/libs/requests.html#disabling-ssl-verification","title":"DISABLING SSL VERIFICATION","text":"Python<pre><code>requests.get('URL', verify=False)\n</code></pre>"},{"location":"languages/python/libs/requests.html#performance","title":"PERFORMANCE","text":""},{"location":"languages/python/libs/requests.html#request-timeout","title":"REQUEST TIMEOUT","text":"Python<pre><code># raise Timeout exception if request times out\nrequests.get('URL', timeout=(connection_timeout, read_timeout))\n</code></pre>"},{"location":"languages/python/libs/requests.html#max-retries","title":"MAX RETRIES","text":"Python<pre><code>from requests.adapters import HTTPAdapter\nURL_adapter = HTTPAdapter(max_retries = int)\nsession = requests.Session()\n\n# use URL_adapter for all requests to URL\nsession.mount('URL', URL_adapter)\n</code></pre>"},{"location":"languages/python/libs/seaborn.html","title":"Seaborn Lib","text":""},{"location":"languages/python/libs/seaborn.html#basic-imports-for-seaborn","title":"Basic Imports For Seaborn","text":"Python<pre><code>import numpy as np\nimport pandas as pd\nimport matplotlib.pyplot as plt\nimport seaborn as sns\n\n# set aesthetic parameters in one step\nsns.set(style='darkgrid')\n#STYLE: {None, darkgrid, whitegrid, dark, white, ticks}\n</code></pre>"},{"location":"languages/python/libs/seaborn.html#replot-relationship","title":"REPLOT (relationship)","text":"Python<pre><code>sns.replot(x='name_in_data', y='name_in_data', hue='point_color', size='point_size', style='point_shape', data=data)\n# HUE, SIZE and STYLE: {name in data} -- used to differentiate points, a sort-of 3rd dimension\n# hue behaves differently if the data is categorical or numerical, numerical uses a color gradient\n# SORT: {False, True} -- avoid sorting data in function of x\n# CI: {None, sd} -- avoid computing confidence intervals or plot standard deviation\n# (aggregate multiple measurements at each x value by plotting the mean and the 95% confidence interval around the mean)\n# ESTIMATOR: {None} -- turn off aggregation of multiple observations\n# MARKERS: {True, False} -- evidenziate observations with dots\n# DASHES: {True, False} -- evidenziate observations with dashes\n# COL, ROW: {name in data}  -- categorical variables that will determine the grid of plots\n# COL_WRAP: {int} -- \"Wrap\" the column variable at this width, so that the column facets span multiple rows. Incompatible with a row facet.\n# SCATTERPLOT\n# depicts the joint distribution of two variables using a cloud of points\n# kind can be omitted since scatterplot is the default for replot\nsns.replot(kind='scatter')  # calls scatterplot()\nsns.scatterplot()  # underlying axis-level function of replot()\n</code></pre>"},{"location":"languages/python/libs/seaborn.html#lineplot","title":"LINEPLOT","text":"<p>Using semantics in lineplot will determine the aggregation of data.</p> Python<pre><code>sns.replot(ci=None, sort=bool, kind='line')\nsns.lineplot()  # underlying axis-level function of replot()\n</code></pre>"},{"location":"languages/python/libs/seaborn.html#catplot-categorical","title":"CATPLOT (categorical)","text":"<p>Categorical: divided into discrete groups.</p> Python<pre><code>sns.catplot(x='name_in_data', y='name_in_data', data=data)\n# HUE: {name in data} -- used to differenziate points, a sort-of 3rd dimension\n# COL, ROW: {name in data}  -- categorical variables that will determine the grid of plots\n# COL_WRAP: {int} -- \"Wrap\" the column variable at this width, so that the column facets span multiple rows. Incompatible with a row facet.\n# ORDER, HUE_ORDER: {list of strings} -- order of categorical levels of the plot\n# ROW_ORDER, COL_ORDER: {list of strings} -- order to organize the rows and/or columns of the grid in\n# ORIENT: {'v', 'h'} -- Orientation of the plot (can also swap x&amp;y assignment)\n# COLOR: {matplotlib color} -- Color for all of the elements, or seed for a gradient palette\n# CATEGORICAL SCATTERPLOT - STRIPPLOT\n# adjust the positions of points on the categorical axis with a small amount of random \u201cjitter\u201d\nsns.catplot(kind='strip', jitter=float)\nsns.stripplot()\n# SIZE: {float}  -- Diameter of the markers, in points\n# JITTER: {False, float} -- magnitude of points jitter (distance from axis)\n</code></pre>"},{"location":"languages/python/libs/seaborn.html#categorical-scatterplot-swarmplot","title":"CATEGORICAL SCATTERPLOT - SWARMPLOT","text":"<p>Adjusts the points along the categorical axis preventing overlap.</p> Python<pre><code>sns.catplot(kind='swarm')\nsns.swarmplot()\n# SIZE: {float}  -- Diameter of the markers, in points\n# CATEGORICAL DISTRIBUTION - BOXPLOT\n# shows the three quartile values of the distribution along with extreme values\nsns.catplot(kind='box')\nsns.boxplot()\n# HUE: {name in data} -- box for each level of the semantic moved along the categorical axis so they don\u2019t overlap\n# DODGE: {bool} -- whether elements should be shifted along the categorical axis if hue is used\n</code></pre>"},{"location":"languages/python/libs/seaborn.html#categorical-distribution-violinplot","title":"CATEGORICAL DISTRIBUTION - VIOLINPLOT","text":"<p>Combines a boxplot with the kernel density estimation procedure.</p> Python<pre><code>sns.catplot(kind='violin')\nsns.violonplot()\n</code></pre>"},{"location":"languages/python/libs/seaborn.html#categorical-distribution-boxenplot","title":"CATEGORICAL DISTRIBUTION - BOXENPLOT","text":"<p>Plot similar to boxplot but optimized for showing more information about the shape of the distribution. It is best suited for larger datasets.</p> Python<pre><code>sns.catplot(kind='boxen')\nsns.boxenplot()\n</code></pre>"},{"location":"languages/python/libs/seaborn.html#categorical-estimate-pointplot","title":"CATEGORICAL ESTIMATE - POINTPLOT","text":"<p>Show point estimates and confidence intervals using scatter plot glyphs.</p> Python<pre><code>sns.catplot(kind='point')\nsns.pointplot()\n# CI: {float, sd} -- size of confidence intervals to draw around estimated values, sd -&gt; standard deviation\n# MARKERS: {string, list of strings} --  markers to use for each of the hue levels\n# LINESTYLES: {string, list of strings} -- line styles to use for each of the hue levels\n# DODGE: {bool, float} -- amount to separate the points for each hue level along the categorical axis\n# JOIN: {bool} -- if True, lines will be drawn between point estimates at the same hue level\n# SCALE: {float} -- scale factor for the plot elements\n# ERRWIDTH: {float} -- thickness of error bar lines (and caps)\n# CAPSIZE: {float} -- width of the \"caps\" on error bars\n</code></pre>"},{"location":"languages/python/libs/seaborn.html#categorical-estimate-barplot","title":"CATEGORICAL ESTIMATE - BARPLOT","text":"<p>Show point estimates and confidence intervals as rectangular bars.</p> Python<pre><code>sns.catplot(kind='bar')\nsns.barplot()\n# CI: {float, sd} -- size of confidence intervals to draw around estimated values, sd -&gt; standard deviation\n# ERRCOLOR: {matplotlib color} -- color for the lines that represent the confidence interval\n# ERRWIDTH: {float} -- thickness of error bar lines (and caps)\n# CAPSIZE: {float} -- width of the \"caps\" on error bars\n# DODGE: {bool} -- whether elements should be shifted along the categorical axis if hue is used\n</code></pre>"},{"location":"languages/python/libs/seaborn.html#categorical-estimate-countplot","title":"CATEGORICAL ESTIMATE - COUNTPLOT","text":"<p>Show the counts of observations in each categorical bin using bars.</p> Python<pre><code>sns.catplot(kind='count')\nsns.countplot()\n# DODGE: {bool} -- whether elements should be shifted along the categorical axis if hue is used\n</code></pre>"},{"location":"languages/python/libs/seaborn.html#univariate-distributions","title":"UNIVARIATE DISTRIBUTIONS","text":""},{"location":"languages/python/libs/seaborn.html#distplot","title":"DISTPLOT","text":"<p>Flexibly plot a univariate distribution of observations</p> Python<pre><code># A: {series, 1d-array, list}\nsns.distplot(a=data)\n# BINS: {None, arg for matplotlib hist()} -- specification of hist bins, or None to use Freedman-Diaconis rule\n# HIST: {bool} - whether to plot a (normed) histogram\n# KDE: {bool} - whether to plot a gaussian kernel density estimate\n# HIST_KWD, KDE_KWD, RUG_KWD: {dict} -- keyword arguments for underlying plotting functions\n# COLOR: {matplotlib color} -- color to plot everything but the fitted curve in\n</code></pre>"},{"location":"languages/python/libs/seaborn.html#rugplot","title":"RUGPLOT","text":"<p>Plot datapoints in an array as sticks on an axis.</p> Python<pre><code># A: {vector} -- 1D array of observations\nsns.rugplot(a=data) # -&gt; axes obj with plot on it\n# HEIGHT: {scalar} --  height of ticks as proportion of the axis\n# AXIS: {'x', 'y'} -- axis to draw rugplot on\n# AX: {matplotlib axes} -- axes to draw plot into, otherwise grabs current axes\n</code></pre>"},{"location":"languages/python/libs/seaborn.html#kdeplot","title":"KDEPLOT","text":"<p>Fit and plot a univariate or bivariate kernel density estimate.</p> Python<pre><code># DATA: {1D array-like} -- input data\nsns.kdeplot(data=data)\n# DATA2 {1D array-like} -- second input data. if present, a bivariate KDE will be estimated.\n# SHADE: {bool} -- if True, shade-in the area under KDE curve (or draw with filled contours is bivariate)\n</code></pre>"},{"location":"languages/python/libs/seaborn.html#bivariate-distribution","title":"BIVARIATE DISTRIBUTION","text":""},{"location":"languages/python/libs/seaborn.html#jointplot","title":"JOINTPLOT","text":"<p>Draw a plot of two variables with bivariate and univariate graphs.</p> Python<pre><code># X, Y: {string, vector} -- data or names of variables in data\nsns.jointplot(x=data, y=data)\n# DATA:{pandas DataFrame} -- DataFrame when x and y are variable names\n# KIND: {'scatter', 'reg', 'resid', 'kde', 'hex'} -- kind of plot to draw\n# COLOR: {matplotlib color} -- color used for plot elements\n# HEIGHT: {numeric} -- size of figure (it will be square)\n# RATIO: {numeric} -- ratio of joint axes height to marginal axes height\n# SPACE: {numeric} -- space between the joint and marginal axes\n# JOINT_KWD, MARGINAL_KWD, ANNOT_KWD: {dict} -- additional keyword arguments for the plot components\n</code></pre>"},{"location":"languages/python/libs/seaborn.html#pair-wise-relationisps-in-dataset","title":"PAIR-WISE RELATIONISPS IN DATASET","text":""},{"location":"languages/python/libs/seaborn.html#pairplot","title":"PAIRPLOT","text":"<p>Plot pairwise relationships in a dataset.</p> Python<pre><code># DATA: {pandas DataFrame} -- tidy (long-form) dataframe where each column is a variable and each row is an observation\nsns.pairplot(data=pd.DataFrame)\n# HUE: {string (variable name)} -- variable in data to map plot aspects to different colors\n# HUE_ORDER: {list of strings} -- order for the levels of the hue variable in the palette\n# VARS: {list of variable names} -- variables within data to use, otherwise every column with numeric datatype\n# X_VARS, Y_VARS: {list of variable names} -- variables within data to use separately for rows and columns of figure\n# KIND: {'scatter', 'reg'} -- kind of plot for the non-identity relationships\n# DIAG_KIND: {'auto', 'hist', 'kde'} -- Kind of plot for the diagonal subplots. default depends hue\n# MARKERS: {matplotlib marker or list}\n# HEIGHT:{scalar} -- height (in inches) of each facet\n# ASPECT: {scalar} -- aspect * height gives the width (in inches) of each facet\n</code></pre>"},{"location":"languages/python/libs/tkinter.html","title":"Tkinter Module/Library","text":""},{"location":"languages/python/libs/tkinter.html#standard-imports","title":"Standard Imports","text":"Python<pre><code>from tkinter import *  # import Python Tk Binding\nfrom tkinter import ttk  # import Themed Widgets\n</code></pre>"},{"location":"languages/python/libs/tkinter.html#geometry-management","title":"GEOMETRY MANAGEMENT","text":"<p>Putting  widgets on screen master widget \u2192 top-level window, frame slave widget \u2192 widgets contained in master widget geometry managers determine size and oder widget drawing properties</p>"},{"location":"languages/python/libs/tkinter.html#event-handling","title":"EVENT HANDLING","text":"<p>event loop receives events from the OS customizable events provide a callback as a widget configuration</p> Python<pre><code>widget.bind('event', function)  # method to capture any event and than execute an arbitrary piece of code (generally a function or lambda)\n</code></pre> <p>VIRTUAL EVENT \u2192 hig level event generated by widget (listed in widget docs)</p>"},{"location":"languages/python/libs/tkinter.html#widgets","title":"WIDGETS","text":"<p>Widgets are objects and all things on screen. All widgets are children of a window.</p> Python<pre><code>widget_name = tk_object(parent_window)  # widget is inserted into widget hierarchy\n</code></pre>"},{"location":"languages/python/libs/tkinter.html#frame-widget","title":"FRAME WIDGET","text":"<p>Displays a single rectangle, used as container for other widgets</p> Python<pre><code>frame = ttk.Frame(parent, width=None, height=None, borderwidth=num:int)\n# BORDERWIDTH: sets frame border width (default: 0)\n# width, height MUST be specified if frame is empty, otherwise determined by parent geometry manager\n</code></pre>"},{"location":"languages/python/libs/tkinter.html#frame-padding","title":"FRAME PADDING","text":"<p>Extra space inside widget (margin).</p> Python<pre><code>frame['padding'] = num  # same padding for every border\nframe['padding'] = (horizontal, vertical)  # set horizontal THEN vertical padding\nframe['padding'] = (left, top, right, bottom)  # set left, top, right, bottom padding\n\n# RELIEF: set border style, [flat (default), raised, sunken, solid, ridge, groove]\nframe['relief'] = border_style\n</code></pre>"},{"location":"languages/python/libs/tkinter.html#label-widget","title":"LABEL WIDGET","text":"<p>Display text or image without interactivity.</p> Python<pre><code>label = ttk.Label(parent, text='label text')\n</code></pre>"},{"location":"languages/python/libs/tkinter.html#defining-updating-label","title":"DEFINING UPDATING LABEL","text":"Python<pre><code>var = StringVar()  # variable containing text, watches for changes. Use get, set methods to interact with the value\nlabel['textvariable'] = var  # attach var to label (only of type StringVar)\nvar.set(\"new text label\")  #  change label text\n</code></pre>"},{"location":"languages/python/libs/tkinter.html#display-images-2-steps","title":"DISPLAY IMAGES (2 steps)","text":"Python<pre><code>image = PhotoImage(file='filename')  # create image object\nlabel['image'] = image  # use image config\n</code></pre>"},{"location":"languages/python/libs/tkinter.html#display-image-and-or-text","title":"DISPLAY IMAGE AND-OR TEXT","text":"Python<pre><code>label['compound'] = value\n</code></pre> <p>Compound value:</p> <ul> <li>none ../img if present, text otherwise)</li> <li>text (text only)</li> <li>image (image only)</li> <li>center (text in center of image)</li> <li>top (image above text), left, bottom, right</li> </ul>"},{"location":"languages/python/libs/tkinter.html#layout","title":"LAYOUT","text":"<p>Specifies edge or corner that the label is attached.</p> Python<pre><code>label['anchor'] = compass_direction  #compass_direction: n, ne, e, se, s, sw, w, nw, center\n</code></pre>"},{"location":"languages/python/libs/tkinter.html#multi-line-text-wrap","title":"MULTI-LINE TEXT WRAP","text":"Python<pre><code># use \\n for multi line text\nlabel['wraplength'] = size  # max line length\n</code></pre>"},{"location":"languages/python/libs/tkinter.html#control-text-justification","title":"CONTROL TEXT JUSTIFICATION","text":"Python<pre><code>label['justify'] = value  #value: left, center, right\n\nlabel['relief'] = label_style\nlabel['foreground'] = color  # color passed with name or HEX RGB codes\nlabel['background'] = color  # color passed with name or HEX RGB codes\n</code></pre>"},{"location":"languages/python/libs/tkinter.html#font-style-use-with-caution","title":"FONT STYLE (use with caution)","text":"Python<pre><code># used outside style option\nlabel['font'] = font\n</code></pre> <p>Fonts:</p> <ul> <li>TkDefaultFont    -- default for all GUI items</li> <li>TkTextFont    -- used for entry widgets, listboxes, etc</li> <li>TkFixedFont    -- standard fixed-width font</li> <li>TkMenuFont    -- used for menu items</li> <li>TkHeadingFont -- for column headings in lists and tables</li> <li>TkCaptionFont    -- for window and dialog caption bars</li> <li>TkSmallCaptionFont -- smaller caption for subwindows or tool dialogs</li> <li>TkIconFont    -- for icon caption</li> <li>TkTooltipFont    -- for tooltips</li> </ul>"},{"location":"languages/python/libs/tkinter.html#button","title":"BUTTON","text":"<p>Press to perform some action</p> Python<pre><code>button = ttk.Button(parent, text='button_text', command=action_performed)\n</code></pre>"},{"location":"languages/python/libs/tkinter.html#text-or-image","title":"TEXT or IMAGE","text":"Python<pre><code>button['text/textvariable'], button['image'], button['compound']\n</code></pre>"},{"location":"languages/python/libs/tkinter.html#button-invocation","title":"BUTTON INVOCATION","text":"Python<pre><code>button.invoke()  # button activation in the program\n</code></pre>"},{"location":"languages/python/libs/tkinter.html#button-state","title":"BUTTON STATE","text":"<p>Activate or deactivate the widget.</p> Python<pre><code>button.state(['disabled'])            # set the disabled flag, disabling the button\nbutton.state(['!disabled'])           # clear the disabled flag\nbutton.instate(['disabled'])          # return true if the button is disabled, else false\nbutton.instate(['!disabled'])         # return true if the button is not disabled, else false\nbutton.instate(['!disabled'], cmd)  # execute 'cmd' if the button is not disabled\n# WIDGET STATE FLAGS: active, disabled, focus, pressed, selected, background, readonly, alternate, invalid\n</code></pre>"},{"location":"languages/python/libs/tkinter.html#checkbutton","title":"CHECKBUTTON","text":"<p>Button with binary value of some kind (e.g a toggle) and also invokes a command callback</p> Python<pre><code>checkbutton_var = TkVarType\ncheck = ttk.Checkbutton(parent, text='button text', command=action_performed, variable=checkbutton_var, onvalue=value_on, offvalue=value_off)\n</code></pre>"},{"location":"languages/python/libs/tkinter.html#widget-value","title":"WIDGET VALUE","text":"<p>Variable option holds value of button, updated by widget toggle. DEFAULT: 1 (while checked), 0 (while unchecked) <code>onvalue</code>, <code>offvalue</code> are used to personalize checked and unchecked values if linked variable is empty or different from on-off value the state flag is set to alternate checkbutton won't set the linked variable (MUST be done in the program)</p>"},{"location":"languages/python/libs/tkinter.html#config-options","title":"CONFIG OPTIONS","text":"Python<pre><code>check['text/textvariable']\ncheck['image']\ncheck['compound']\ncheck.state(['flag'])\ncheck.instate(['flag'])\n</code></pre>"},{"location":"languages/python/libs/tkinter.html#radiobutton","title":"RADIOBUTTON","text":"<p>Multiple-choice selection (good if options are few).</p> Python<pre><code>#RADIOBUTTON CREATION (usually as a set)\nradio_var = TkVarType\nradio_1 = ttk.Radiobutton(parent, text='button text', variable=radio_var, value=button_1_value)\nradio_2 = ttk.Radiobutton(parent, text='button text', variable=radio_var, value=button_2_value)\nradio_3 = ttk.Radiobutton(parent, text='button text', variable=radio_var, value=button_3_value)\n# if linked value does not exist flag state is alternate\n\n# CONFIG OPTIONS\nradio['text/textvariable']\nradio['image']\nradio['compound']\nradio.state(['flag'])\nradio.instate(['flag'])\n</code></pre>"},{"location":"languages/python/libs/tkinter.html#entry","title":"ENTRY","text":"<p>Single line text field accepting a string.</p> Python<pre><code>entry_var = StringVar()\nentry = ttk.Entry(parent, textvariable=entry_var, width=char_num, show=symbol)\n# SHOW: replaces the entry test with symbol, used for password\n# entries don't have an associated label, needs a separate widget\n</code></pre>"},{"location":"languages/python/libs/tkinter.html#change-entry-value","title":"CHANGE ENTRY VALUE","text":"Python<pre><code>entry.get()  # returns entry value\nentry.delete(start, 'end')  # delete between two indices, 0-based\nentry.insert(index, 'text value')  # insert new text at a given index\n</code></pre>"},{"location":"languages/python/libs/tkinter.html#entry-config-options","title":"ENTRY CONFIG OPTIONS","text":"Python<pre><code>radio.state(['flag'])\nradio.instate(['flag'])\n</code></pre>"},{"location":"languages/python/libs/tkinter.html#combobox","title":"COMBOBOX","text":"<p>Drop-down list of available options.</p> Python<pre><code>combobox_var = StringVar()\ncombo = ttk.Combobox(parent, textvariable=combobox_var)\ncombobox.get()  # return combobox current value\ncombobox.set(value)  # set combobox new value\ncombobox.current()  # returns which item in the predefined values list is selected (0-based index of the provided list, -1 if not in the list)\n#combobox will generate a bind-able &lt;ComboboxSelected&gt; virtual event whenever the value changes\ncombobox.bind('&lt;&lt;ComboboxSelected&gt;&gt;', function)\n</code></pre>"},{"location":"languages/python/libs/tkinter.html#predefined-values","title":"PREDEFINED VALUES","text":"Python<pre><code>combobox['values'] = (value_1, value_2, ...)  # provides a list of choose-able values\ncombobox.state(['readonly'])  # restricts choose-able values to those provided with 'values' config option\n# SUGGESTION: call selection clear method on value change (on ComboboxSelected event) to avoid visual oddities\n</code></pre>"},{"location":"languages/python/libs/tkinter.html#listbox-tk-classic","title":"LISTBOX (Tk Classic)","text":"<p>Display list of single-line items, allows browsing and multiple selection (part og Tk classic, missing in themed Tk widgets).</p> Python<pre><code>lstbx = Listbox(parent, height=num, listvariable=item_list:list)\n# listvariable links a variable (MUST BE a list) to the listbox, each element is a item of the listbox\n# manipulation of the list changes the listbox\n</code></pre>"},{"location":"languages/python/libs/tkinter.html#selecting-items","title":"SELECTING ITEMS","text":"Python<pre><code>lstbx['selectmode'] = mode  # MODE: browse (single selection), extended (multiple selection)\nlstbx.curselection()  # returns list of indices of selected items\n# on selection change: generate event &lt;ListboxSelect&gt;\n# often each string in the program is associated with some other data item\n# keep a second list, parallel to the list of strings displayed in the listbox, which will hold the associated objects\n# (association by index with .curselection() or with a dict).\n</code></pre>"},{"location":"languages/python/libs/tkinter.html#scrollbar","title":"SCROLLBAR","text":"Python<pre><code>scroll = ttk.Scrollbar(parent, orient=direction, command=widget.view)\n# ORIENT: VERTICAL, HORIZONTAL\n# WIDGET.VIEW: .xview, .yview\n# NEEDS ASSOCIATED WIDGET SCROLL CONFIG\nwidget.configure(xscrollcommand=scroll.set)\nwidget.configure(yscrollcommand=scroll.set)\n</code></pre>"},{"location":"languages/python/libs/tkinter.html#sizegrip","title":"SIZEGRIP","text":"<p>Box in right bottom of widget, allows resize.</p> Python<pre><code>ttk.Sizegrip(parent).grid(column=999, row=999, sticky=(S, E))\n</code></pre>"},{"location":"languages/python/libs/tkinter.html#text-tk-classic","title":"TEXT (Tk Classic)","text":"<p>Area accepting multiple line of text.</p> Python<pre><code>txt = Text(parent, width=num:int, height=num:int, wrap=flag)  # width is character num, height is row num\n# FLAG: none (no wrapping), char (wrap at every character), word (wrap at word boundaries)\ntxt['state'] = flag  # FLAG: disabled, normal\n# accepts commands xscrollcommand and yscrollcommandand and yview, xview methods\ntxt.see(line_num.char_num)  # ensure that given line is visible (line is 1-based, char is 0-based)\ntxt.get( index, string)   # insert string in pos index (index = line.char), 'end' is shortcut for end of text\ntxt.delete(start, end)  # delete range of text\n</code></pre>"},{"location":"languages/python/libs/tkinter.html#progressbar","title":"PROGRESSBAR","text":"<p>Feedback about progress of lenghty operation.</p> Python<pre><code>progbar = ttk.Progressbar(parent, orient=direction, length=num:int, value=num, maximum=num:float mode=mode)\n# DIRECTION: VERTICAL, HORIZONTAL\n# MODE: determinate (relative progress of completion), indeterminate (no estimate of completion)\n# LENGTH: dimension in pixel\n# VALUE: sets the progress, updates the bar as it changes\n# MAXIMUM: total number of steps (DEFAULT: 100)\n</code></pre>"},{"location":"languages/python/libs/tkinter.html#determinate-progress","title":"DETERMINATE PROGRESS","text":"Python<pre><code>progbar.step(amount)  # increment value of given amount (DEFAULT: 1.0)\n</code></pre>"},{"location":"languages/python/libs/tkinter.html#indeterminate-progress","title":"INDETERMINATE PROGRESS","text":"Python<pre><code>progbar.start()  # starts progressbar\nprogbar.stop()  #stoops progressbar\n</code></pre>"},{"location":"languages/python/libs/tkinter.html#scale","title":"SCALE","text":"<p>Provide a numeric value through direct manipulation.</p> Python<pre><code>scale = ttk.Scale(parent, orient=DIR, length=num:int, from_=num:float, to=num:float, command=cmd)\n# COMMAND: calls cmd at every scale change, appends current value to func call\nscale['value']  # set or read current value\nscale.set(value)  # set current value\nscale.get()  # get current value\n</code></pre>"},{"location":"languages/python/libs/tkinter.html#spinbox","title":"SPINBOX","text":"<p>Choose numbers. The spinbox choses item from a list, arrows permit cycling lits items.</p> Python<pre><code>spinval = StringVar()\nspin = Spinbox(parent, from_=num, to=num, textvariable=spinval, increment=num, value=lst, wrap=boolean)\n# INCREMENT specifies increment\\decrement by arrow button\n# VALUE: list of items associated with the spinbox\n# WRAP: boolean value determining if value should wrap around if beyond start-end value\n</code></pre>"},{"location":"languages/python/libs/tkinter.html#grid-geometry-manager","title":"GRID GEOMETRY MANAGER","text":"<p>Widgets are assigned a \"column\" number and a \"row\" number, which indicates their relative position to each other. Column and row numbers must be integers, with the first column and row starting at 0. Gaps in column and row numbers are handy to add more widgets in the middle of the user interface at a later time. The width of each column (or height of each row) depends on the width or height of the widgets contained within the column or row.</p> <p>Widgets can take up more than a single cell in the grid (\"columnspan\" and \"rowspan\" options).</p>"},{"location":"languages/python/libs/tkinter.html#layout-within-cell","title":"LAYOUT WITHIN CELL","text":"<p>By default, if a cell is larger than the widget contained in it, the widget will be centered within it, both horizontally and vertically, with the master's background showing in the empty space around it. The \"sticky\" option can be used to change this default behavior. The value of the \"sticky\" option is a string of 0 or more of the compass directions \"nsew\", specifying which edges of the cell the widget should be \"stuck\" to. Specifying two opposite edges means that the widget will be stretched so it is stuck to both. Specifying \"nsew\" it will stick to every side.</p>"},{"location":"languages/python/libs/tkinter.html#handling-resize","title":"HANDLING RESIZE","text":"<p>Every column and row has a \"weight\" grid option associated with it, which tells it how much it should grow if there is extra room in the master to fill. By default, the weight of each column or row is 0, meaning don't expand to fill space. This is done using the \"columnconfigure\" and \"rowconfigure\" methods of grid. Both \"columnconfigure\" and \"rowconfigure\" also take a \"minsize\" grid option, which specifies a minimum size.</p>"},{"location":"languages/python/libs/tkinter.html#padding","title":"PADDING","text":"<p>Normally, each column or row will be directly adjacent to the next, so that widgets will be right next to each other. \"padx\" puts a bit of extra space to the left and right of the widget, while \"pady\" adds extra space top and bottom. A single value for the option puts the same padding on both left and right (or top and bottom), while a two-value list lets you put different amounts on left and right (or top and bottom). To add padding around an entire row or column, the \"columnconfigure\" and \"rowconfigure\" methods accept a \"pad\" option.  </p> Python<pre><code>widget.grid(column=num, row=num, columnspan=num, rowspan=num, sticky=(), padx=num, pady=num)  # sticky: N, S, E, W\nwidget.columnconfigure(pad=num, weight=num)\nwidget.rowconfigure(pad=num, weight=num)\n\nwidget.grid_slaves()  # returns map, list of widgets inside a master\nwidget.grid_info()  # returns list of grid options\nwidget.grid_configure()  # change one or more option\n\nwidget.grid_forget(slaves)  # takes a list of slaves, removes slaves from grid (forgets slaves options)\nwidget.grid_remove(slaves)  # takes a list of slaves, removes slaves from grid (remembers slaves options)\n</code></pre>"},{"location":"languages/python/libs/tkinter.html#windows-and-dialogs","title":"WINDOWS AND DIALOGS","text":""},{"location":"languages/python/libs/tkinter.html#creating-toplevel-window","title":"CREATING TOPLEVEL WINDOW","text":"Python<pre><code>tlw = Toplevel(parent)  # parent of root window, no need to grid it\n\nwindow.destroy()\n# can destroy every widget\n# destroying parent also destroys it's children\n</code></pre>"},{"location":"languages/python/libs/tkinter.html#changing-behavior-and-style","title":"CHANGING BEHAVIOR AND STYLE","text":"Python<pre><code># WINDOW TILE\nwindow.title()  # returns title of the window\nwindow.title('new title')  # sets title\n\n# SIZE AND LOCATION\nwindow.geometry(geo_specs)\n'''full geometry specification: width * height +- x +- y (actual coordinates of screen)\n+x --&gt; x pixels from left edge\n-x --&gt; x pixels from right edge\n+y --&gt; y pixels from top edge\n-y --&gt; y pixels from bottom edge'''\n\n# STACKING ORDER\n# current stacking order (list from lowest to highest) --- NOT CLEANLY EXPOSED THROUGH TK API\nroot.tk.eval('wm stackorder ' + str(window))\n# check if window is above or below\nif (root.tk.eval('wm stackorder '+str(window)+' isabove '+str(otherwindow))=='1')\nif (root.tk.eval('wm stackorder '+str(window)+' isbelow '+str(otherwindow))=='1')\n# raise or lower windows\nwindow.lift()  # absolute position\nwindow.lift(otherwin)  # relative to other window\nwindow.lower()  # absolute position\nwindow.lower(otherwin)   # relative to other window\n\n# RESIZE BEHAVIOR\nwindow.resizable(boolean, boolean)  # sets if resizable in width (1st param) and width (2nd param)\nwindow.minsize(num, num)  # sets min width and height\nwindow.maxsize(num, num)  # sets max width and height\n\n# ICONIFYING AND WITHDRAWING\n# WINDOW STATE: normal. iconic (iconified window), withdrawn, icon, zoomed\nwindow.state()  # returns current window state\nwindow.state('state')  # sets window state\nwindow.iconify()  # iconifies window\nwindow.deiconify()  # deiconifies window\n</code></pre>"},{"location":"languages/python/libs/tkinter.html#standard-dialogs","title":"STANDARD DIALOGS","text":"Python<pre><code># SLEETING FILE AND DIRECTORIES\n# on Windows and Mac invokes underlying OS dialogs directly\nfrom tkinter import filedialog\nfilename = filedialog.askopenfilename()\nfilename = filedialog.asksaveasfilename()\ndirname = filedialog.askdirectory()\n'''All of these commands produce modal dialogs, which means that the commands (and hence the program) will not continue running until the user submits the dialog.\nThe commands return the full pathname of the file or directory the user has chosen, or return an empty string if the user cancels out of the dialog.'''\n\n# SELECTING COLORS\nfrom tkinter import colorchooser\n # returns HEX color code, INITIALCOLOR: exiting color, presumably to replace\ncolorchooser.askcolor(initialcolor=hex_color_code)\n\n# ALERT AND COMFIRMATION DIALOGS\nfrom tkinter import messagebox\nmessagebox.showinfo(title=\"title\", message='text')  # simple box with message and OK button\nmessagebox.showerror(title=\"title\", message='text')\nmessagebox.showwarning(title=\"title\", message='text')\nmessagebox.askyesno(title=\"title\", message='text', detail='secondary text' icon='icon')\nmessagebor.askokcancel(message='text', icon='icon', title='title', detail='secondary text', default=button)  # DEFAULT: default button, ok or cancel\nmessagebox.akdquestion(title=\"title\", message='text', detail='secondary text', icon='icon')\nmessagebox.askretrycancel(title=\"title\", message='text', detail='secondary text', icon='icon')\nmessagebox.askyesnocancel(title=\"title\", message='text', detail='secondary text', icon='icon')\n# ICON: info (default), error, question, warning\n</code></pre> <p>POSSIBLE ALERT/CONFIRMATION RETURN VALUES:</p> <ul> <li><code>ok (default)</code> -- \"ok\"</li> <li><code>okcancel</code> -- \"ok\" or \"cancel\"</li> <li><code>yesno</code> -- \"yes\" or \"no\"</li> <li><code>yesnocancel</code> -- \"yes\", \"no\" or \"cancel\"</li> <li><code>retrycancel</code> -- \"retry\" or \"cancel\"</li> </ul>"},{"location":"languages/python/libs/tkinter.html#separator","title":"SEPARATOR","text":"Python<pre><code># horizontal or vertical line between groups of widgets\nseparator = ttk.Separator(parent, orient=direction)\n# DIRECTION: horizontal, vertical\n'''LABEL FRAME'''\n# labelled frame, used to group widgets\nlf = ttk.LabelFrame(parent, text='label')\n'''PANED WINDOWS'''\n# stack multimple resizable widgets\n# panes ara adjustable (drag sash between panes)\npw = ttk.PanedWindow(parent, orient=direction)\n# DIRECTION: horizontal, vertical\nlf1 = ttk.LabelFrame(...)\nlf2 = ttk.LabelFrame(...)\npw.add(lf1)  # add widget to paned window\npw.add(lf2)\npw.insert(position, subwindow)  # insert widget at given position in list of panes (0, ..., n-1)\npw.forget(subwindow)  # remove widget from pane\npw.forget(position)  # remove widget from pane\n</code></pre>"},{"location":"languages/python/libs/tkinter.html#notebook","title":"NOTEBOOK","text":"<p>Allows switching between multiple pages</p> Python<pre><code>nb = ttk.Notebook(parent)\nf1 = ttk.Frame(parent, ...)  # child of notebook\nf2 = ttk.Frame(parent, ...)\nnb.add(subwindow, text='page title', state=flag)\n# TEXT: name of page, STATE: normal, dusabled (not selectable), hidden\n\nnb.insert(position, subwindow, option=value)\nnb.forget(subwindow)\nnb.forget(position)\nnb.tabs()  # retrieve all tabs\nnb.select()  # return current tab\nnb.select(position/subwindow)  # change current tab\nnb.tab(tabid, option)  # retrieve tab (TABID: position or subwindow) option\nnb.tab(tabid, option=value)   # change tab option\n</code></pre>"},{"location":"languages/python/libs/tkinter.html#fonts-colors-images","title":"FONTS, COLORS, IMAGES","text":""},{"location":"languages/python/libs/tkinter.html#named-fonts","title":"NAMED FONTS","text":"<p>Creation of personalized fonts</p> Python<pre><code>from tkinter import font\nfont_name = font.Font(family='font_family', size=num, weight='bold/normal', slant='roman/italic', underline=boolean, overstrike=boolean)\n# FAMILY: Courier, Times, Helvetica (support guaranteed)\nfont.families()  # all avaiable font families\n</code></pre>"},{"location":"languages/python/libs/tkinter.html#colors","title":"COLORS","text":"<p>Specified w/ HEX RGB codes.</p>"},{"location":"languages/python/libs/tkinter.html#images","title":"IMAGES","text":"<p>imgobj = PhotoImage(file='filename') label['image'] = imgobj</p>"},{"location":"languages/python/libs/tkinter.html#images-w-pillow","title":"IMAGES W/ Pillow","text":"Python<pre><code>from PIL import ImageTk, Image\nmyimg = ImageTk.PhotoImage(Image.open('filename'))\n</code></pre>"},{"location":"languages/python/modules/argparse.html","title":"Argpasrse Module","text":""},{"location":"languages/python/modules/argparse.html#creating-a-parser","title":"Creating a parser","text":"Python<pre><code>import argparse\n\nparser = argparse.ArgumentParser(description=\"description\", allow_abbrev=True)\n</code></pre> <p>Note: All parameters should be passed as keyword arguments.</p> <ul> <li><code>prog</code>: The name of the program (default: <code>sys.argv[0]</code>)</li> <li><code>usage</code>: The string describing the program usage (default: generated from arguments added to parser)</li> <li><code>description</code>: Text to display before the argument help (default: none)</li> <li><code>epilog</code>: Text to display after the argument help (default: none)</li> <li><code>parents</code>: A list of ArgumentParser objects whose arguments should also be included</li> <li><code>formatter_class</code>: A class for customizing the help output</li> <li><code>prefix_chars</code>: The set of characters that prefix optional arguments (default: \u2018-\u2018)</li> <li><code>fromfile_prefix_chars</code>: The set of characters that prefix files from which additional arguments should be read (default: None)</li> <li><code>argument_default</code>: The global default value for arguments (default: None)</li> <li><code>conflict_handler</code>: The strategy for resolving conflicting optionals (usually unnecessary)</li> <li><code>add_help</code>: Add a -h/--help option to the parser (default: True)</li> <li><code>allow_abbrev</code>: Allows long options to be abbreviated if the abbreviation is unambiguous. (default: True)</li> </ul>"},{"location":"languages/python/modules/argparse.html#adding-arguments","title":"Adding Arguments","text":"Python<pre><code>ArgumentParser.add_argument(\"name_or_flags\", nargs=\"...\", action=\"...\")\n</code></pre> <p>Note: All parameters should be passed as keyword arguments.</p> <ul> <li><code>name or flags</code>: Either a name or a list of option strings, e.g. <code>foo</code> or <code>-f</code>, <code>--foo</code>.</li> <li><code>action</code>: The basic type of action to be taken when this argument is encountered at the command line.</li> <li><code>nargs</code>: The number of command-line arguments that should be consumed.</li> <li><code>const</code>: A constant value required by some action and nargs selections.</li> <li><code>default</code>: The value produced if the argument is absent from the command line.</li> <li><code>type</code>: The type to which the command-line argument should be converted to.</li> <li><code>choices</code>: A container of the allowable values for the argument.</li> <li><code>required</code>: Whether or not the command-line option may be omitted (optionals only).</li> <li><code>help</code>: A brief description of what the argument does.</li> <li><code>metavar</code>: A name for the argument in usage messages.</li> <li><code>dest</code>: The name of the attribute to be added to the object returned by <code>parse_args()</code>.</li> </ul>"},{"location":"languages/python/modules/argparse.html#actions","title":"Actions","text":"<p><code>store</code>: This just stores the argument's value. This is the default action.</p> Python<pre><code>&gt;&gt;&gt; parser = argparse.ArgumentParser()\n&gt;&gt;&gt; parser.add_argument('--foo')\n&gt;&gt;&gt; parser.parse_args('--foo 1'.split())\nNamespace(foo='1')\n</code></pre> <p><code>store_const</code>: This stores the value specified by the const keyword argument. The <code>store_const</code> action is most commonly used with optional arguments that specify some sort of flag.</p> Python<pre><code>&gt;&gt;&gt; parser = argparse.ArgumentParser()\n&gt;&gt;&gt; parser.add_argument('--foo', action='store_const', const=42)\n&gt;&gt;&gt; parser.parse_args(['--foo'])\nNamespace(foo=42)\n</code></pre> <p><code>store_true</code> and <code>store_false</code>: These are special cases of <code>store_const</code> used for storing the values True and False respectively. In addition, they create default values of False and True respectively.</p> Python<pre><code>&gt;&gt;&gt; parser = argparse.ArgumentParser()\n&gt;&gt;&gt; parser.add_argument('--foo', action='store_true')\n&gt;&gt;&gt; parser.add_argument('--bar', action='store_false')\n&gt;&gt;&gt; parser.add_argument('--baz', action='store_false')\n&gt;&gt;&gt; parser.parse_args('--foo --bar'.split())\nNamespace(foo=True, bar=False, baz=True)\n</code></pre> <p><code>append</code>: This stores a list, and appends each argument value to the list. This is useful to allow an option to be specified multiple times. Example usage:</p> Python<pre><code>&gt;&gt;&gt; parser = argparse.ArgumentParser()\n&gt;&gt;&gt; parser.add_argument('--foo', action='append')\n&gt;&gt;&gt; parser.parse_args('--foo 1 --foo 2'.split())\nNamespace(foo=['1', '2'])\n</code></pre> <p><code>append_const</code>: This stores a list, and appends the value specified by the const keyword argument to the list. (Note that the const keyword argument defaults to None.) The <code>append_const</code> action is typically useful when multiple arguments need to store constants to the same list. For example:</p> Python<pre><code>&gt;&gt;&gt; parser = argparse.ArgumentParser()\n&gt;&gt;&gt; parser.add_argument('--str', dest='types', action='append_const', const=str)\n&gt;&gt;&gt; parser.add_argument('--int', dest='types', action='append_const', const=int)\n&gt;&gt;&gt; parser.parse_args('--str --int'.split())\nNamespace(types=[&lt;class 'str'&gt;, &lt;class 'int'&gt;])\n</code></pre> <p><code>count</code>: This counts the number of times a keyword argument occurs. For example, this is useful for increasing verbosity levels: Note: the default will be None unless explicitly set to 0.</p> Python<pre><code>&gt;&gt;&gt; parser = argparse.ArgumentParser()\n&gt;&gt;&gt; parser.add_argument('--verbose', '-v', action='count', default=0)\n&gt;&gt;&gt; parser.parse_args(['-vvv'])\nNamespace(verbose=3)\n</code></pre> <p><code>help</code>: This prints a complete help message for all the options in the current parser and then exits. By default a help action is automatically added to the parser.</p> <p><code>version</code>: This expects a version= keyword argument in the add_argument() call, and prints version information and exits when invoked:</p> Python<pre><code>&gt;&gt;&gt; import argparse\n&gt;&gt;&gt; parser = argparse.ArgumentParser(prog='PROG')\n&gt;&gt;&gt; parser.add_argument('--version', action='version', version='%(prog)s 2.0')\n&gt;&gt;&gt; parser.parse_args(['--version'])\nPROG 2.0\n</code></pre> <p><code>extend</code>: This stores a list, and extends each argument value to the list. Example usage:</p> Python<pre><code>&gt;&gt;&gt; parser = argparse.ArgumentParser()\n&gt;&gt;&gt; parser.add_argument(\"--foo\", action=\"extend\", nargs=\"+\", type=str)\n&gt;&gt;&gt; parser.parse_args([\"--foo\", \"f1\", \"--foo\", \"f2\", \"f3\", \"f4\"])\nNamespace(foo=['f1', 'f2', 'f3', 'f4'])\n</code></pre>"},{"location":"languages/python/modules/argparse.html#nargs","title":"Nargs","text":"<p>ArgumentParser objects usually associate a single command-line argument with a single action to be taken. The <code>nargs</code> keyword argument associates a different number of command-line arguments with a single action.</p> <p>Note: If the nargs keyword argument is not provided, the number of arguments consumed is determined by the action.</p> <p><code>N</code> (an integer): N arguments from the command line will be gathered together into a list.</p> Python<pre><code>&gt;&gt;&gt; parser = argparse.ArgumentParser()\n&gt;&gt;&gt; parser.add_argument('--foo', nargs=2)\n&gt;&gt;&gt; parser.add_argument('bar', nargs=1)\n&gt;&gt;&gt; parser.parse_args('c --foo a b'.split())\nNamespace(bar=['c'], foo=['a', 'b'])\n</code></pre> <p>Note: <code>nargs=1</code> produces a list of one item. This is different from the default, in which the item is produced by itself.</p> <p><code>?</code>: One argument will be consumed from the command line if possible, and produced as a single item. If no command-line argument is present, the value from default will be produced.</p> <p>For optional arguments, there is an additional case: the option string is present but not followed by a command-line argument. In this case the value from const will be produced.</p> Python<pre><code>&gt;&gt;&gt; parser = argparse.ArgumentParser()\n&gt;&gt;&gt; parser.add_argument('--foo', nargs='?', const='c', default='d')\n&gt;&gt;&gt; parser.add_argument('bar', nargs='?', default='d')\n&gt;&gt;&gt; parser.parse_args(['XX', '--foo', 'YY'])\nNamespace(bar='XX', foo='YY')\n&gt;&gt;&gt; parser.parse_args(['XX', '--foo'])\nNamespace(bar='XX', foo='c')\n&gt;&gt;&gt; parser.parse_args([])\nNamespace(bar='d', foo='d')\n</code></pre> <p><code>*</code>: All command-line arguments present are gathered into a list. Note that it generally doesn't make much sense to have more than one positional argument with <code>nargs='*'</code>, but multiple optional arguments with <code>nargs='*'</code> is possible.</p> Python<pre><code>&gt;&gt;&gt; parser = argparse.ArgumentParser()\n&gt;&gt;&gt; parser.add_argument('--foo', nargs='*')\n&gt;&gt;&gt; parser.add_argument('--bar', nargs='*')\n&gt;&gt;&gt; parser.add_argument('baz', nargs='*')\n&gt;&gt;&gt; parser.parse_args('a b --foo x y --bar 1 2'.split())\nNamespace(bar=['1', '2'], baz=['a', 'b'], foo=['x', 'y'])\n</code></pre> <p><code>+</code>: All command-line args present are gathered into a list. Additionally, an error message will be generated if there wasn't at least one command-line argument present.</p> Python<pre><code>&gt;&gt;&gt; parser = argparse.ArgumentParser(prog='PROG')\n&gt;&gt;&gt; parser.add_argument('foo', nargs='+')\n&gt;&gt;&gt; parser.parse_args(['a', 'b'])\nNamespace(foo=['a', 'b'])\n&gt;&gt;&gt; parser.parse_args([])\nusage: PROG [-h] foo [foo ...]\nPROG: error: the following arguments are required: foo\n</code></pre> <p><code>argparse.REMAINDER</code>: All the remaining command-line arguments are gathered into a list. This is commonly useful for command line utilities that dispatch to other command line utilities.</p> Python<pre><code>&gt;&gt;&gt; parser = argparse.ArgumentParser(prog='PROG')\n&gt;&gt;&gt; parser.add_argument('--foo')\n&gt;&gt;&gt; parser.add_argument('command')\n&gt;&gt;&gt; parser.add_argument('args', nargs=argparse.REMAINDER)\n&gt;&gt;&gt; print(parser.parse_args('--foo B cmd --arg1 XX ZZ'.split()))\nNamespace(args=['--arg1', 'XX', 'ZZ'], command='cmd', foo='B')\n</code></pre>"},{"location":"languages/python/modules/argparse.html#parsing-arguments","title":"Parsing Arguments","text":"Python<pre><code># Convert argument strings to objects and assign them as attributes of the namespace. Return the populated namespace.\nArgumentParser.parse_args(args=None, namespace=None)\n\n#  assign attributes to an already existing object, rather than a new Namespace object\nclass C:\n    pass\n\nc = C()\nparser = argparse.ArgumentParser()\nparser.add_argument('--foo')\nparser.parse_args(args=['--foo', 'BAR'], namespace=c)\nc.foo  # BAR\n\n# return a dict instead of a Namespace\nargs = parser.parse_args(['--foo', 'BAR'])\nvars(args)  # {'foo': 'BAR'}\n</code></pre>"},{"location":"languages/python/modules/collections.html","title":"Collections Module","text":"Python<pre><code># COUNTER ()\n# subclass dictionary for counting hash-capable objects\nfrom collections import Counter\nCounter (sequence) # -&gt; Counter object\n# {item: num included in sequence, ...}\n\nvar = Counter (sequence)\nvar.most_common (n) # produce list of most common elements (most common n)\nsum (var.values \u200b\u200b()) # total of all counts\nvar.clear () #reset all counts\nlist (var) # list unique items\nset (var) # convert to a set\ndict (var) # convert to regular dictionary\nvar.items () # convert to a list of pairs (element, count)\nCounter (dict (list_of_pairs)) # convert from a list of pairs\nvar.most_common [: - n-1: -1] # n less common elements\nvar + = Counter () # remove zero and negative counts\n\n\n# DEFAULTDICT ()\n# dictionary-like object that takes a default type as its first argument\n# defaultdict will never raise a KeyError exception.\n# non-existent keys return a default value (default_factory)\nfrom collections import defaultdict\nvar = defaultdict (default_factory)\nvar.popitem () # remove and return first element\nvar.popitem (last = True) # remove and return last item\n\n\n# OREDERDDICT ()\n# subclass dictionary that \"remembers\" the order in which the contents are entered\n# Normal dictionaries have random order\nname_dict = OrderedDict ()\n# OrderedDict with same elements but different order are considered different\n\n\n# USERDICT ()\n# pure implementation in pythondi a map that works like a normal dictionary.\n# Designated to create subclasses\nUserDict.data # recipient of UserDict content\n\n\n# NAMEDTUPLE ()\n# each namedtuple is represented by its own class\nfrom collections import namedtuple\nNomeClasse = namedtuple (NomeClasse, parameters_separated_from_space)\nvar = ClassName (parameters)\nvar.attribute # access to attributes\nvar [index] # access to attributes\nvar._fields # access to attribute list\nvar = class._make (iterable) # transformain namedtuple\nvar._asdict () # Return OrderedDict object starting from namedtuple\n\n\n# DEQUE ()\n# double ended queue (pronounced \"deck\")\n# list editable on both \"sides\"\nfrom collections import deque\nvar = deque (iterable, maxlen = num) # -&gt; deque object\nvar.append (item) # add item to the bottom\nvar.appendleft (item) # add item to the beginning\nvar.clear () # remove all elements\nvar.extend (iterable) # add iterable to the bottom\nvar.extendleft (iterable) # add iterable to the beginning '\nvar.insert (index, item) # insert index position\nvar.index (item, start, stop) # returns position of item\nvar.count (item)\nvar.pop ()\nvar.popleft ()\nvar.remove (value)\nvar.reverse () # reverse element order\nvar.rotate (n) # move the elements of n steps (dx if n&gt; 0, sx if n &lt;0)\nvar.sort ()\n</code></pre>"},{"location":"languages/python/modules/csv.html","title":"CSV Module","text":"Python<pre><code># iterate lines of csvfile\n.reader (csvfile, dialect, ** fmtparams) -&gt; reader object\n\n# READER METHODS\n.__ next __ () # returns next iterable object line as a list or dictionary\n\n# READER ATTRIBUTES\ndialect # read-only description of the dialec used\nline_num # number of lines from the beginning of the iterator\nfieldnames\n\n# convert data to delimited strings\n# csvfile must support .write ()\n#type None converted to empty string (simplify SQL NULL dump)\n.writer (csvfile, dialect, ** fmtparams) -&gt; writer object\n\n# WRITER METHODS\n# row must be iterable of strings or numbers or of dictionaries\n.writerow (row) # write row formatted according to the current dialect\n.writerows (rows) # write all elements in rows formatted according to the current dialect. rows is iterable of row\n\n# CSV METHODS\n# associate dialect to name (name must be string)\n.register_dialect (name, dialect, ** fmtparams)\n\n# delete the dialect associated with name\n.unregister_dialect ()\n\n# returns the dialect associated with name\n.get_dialect (name)\n\n# list of dialects associated with name\n.list_dialect (name)\n\n# returns (if empty) or sets the limit of the csv field\n.field_size_limit (new_limit)\n\n'''\ncsvfile - iterable object returning a string on each __next __ () call\n          if csv is a file it must be opened with newline = '' (universal newline)\ndialect - specify the dialect of csv (Excel, ...) (OPTIONAL)\n\nfmtparams --override formatting parameters (OPTIONAL) https://docs.python.org/3/library/csv.html#csv-fmt-params\n'''\n\n# object operating as a reader but maps the info in each row into an OrderedDict whose keys are optional and passed through fieldnames\nclass csv.Dictreader (f, fieldnames = None, restket = none, restval = None, dialect, * args, ** kwargs)\n'''\nf - files to read\nfieldnames --sequence, defines the names of the csv fields. if omitted use the first line of f\nrestval, restkey --se len (row)&gt; fieldnames excess data stored in restval and restkey\n\nadditional parameters passed to the underlying reader instance\n'''\n\nclass csv.DictWriter (f, fieldnames, restval = '', extrasaction, dialect, * args, ** kwargs)\n'''\nf - files to read\nfieldnames --sequence, defines the names of the csv fields. (NECESSARY)\nrestval --se len (row)&gt; fieldnames excess data stored in restval and restkey\nextrasaction - if the dictionary passed to writerow () contains key not present in fieldnames extrasaction decides action to be taken (raise cause valueError, ignore ignores additional keys)\n\nadditional parameters passed to the underlying writer instance\n'''\n\n# DICTREADER METHODS\n.writeheader () # write a header line of fields as specified by fieldnames\n\n# class used to infer the format of the CSV\nclass csv.Sniffer\n.sniff (sample, delimiters = None) #parse the sample and return a Dialect class. delimiter is a sequence of possible box delimiters\n.has_header (sample) -&gt; bool # True if first row is a series of column headings\n\n#CONSTANTS\ncsv.QUOTE_ALL # instructs writer to quote (\"\") all fields\ncsv.QUOTE_MINIMAL # instructs write to quote only fields containing special characters such as delimiter, quote char ...\ncsv.QUOTE_NONNUMERIC # instructs the writer to quote all non-numeric fields\ncsv.QUOTE_NONE # instructs write to never quote fields\n</code></pre>"},{"location":"languages/python/modules/ftplib.html","title":"Ftplib Module","text":""},{"location":"languages/python/modules/ftplib.html#ftp-classes","title":"FTP CLASSES","text":"Python<pre><code>ftplib.FTP(host=\"\", user=\"\", password=\"\", acct=\"\")\n# if HOST =&gt; connect(host)\n# if USER =&gt; login(user, password, acct)\n\n\nftplib.FTP_TLS(host=\"\", user=\"\", password=\"\", acct=\"\")\n</code></pre>"},{"location":"languages/python/modules/ftplib.html#exceptions","title":"EXCEPTIONS","text":"Python<pre><code>ftplib.error_reply  # unexpected error from server\nftplib.error_temp  # temporary error (response codes 400-499)\nftplib.error_perm  # permanent error (response codes 500-599)\nftplib.error_proto  # error not in ftp specs\nftplib.all_errors  # tuple of all exceptions\n</code></pre>"},{"location":"languages/python/modules/ftplib.html#ftp-objects","title":"FTP OBJECTS","text":"Python<pre><code># method on text files: -lines\n# method on binary files: -binary\n\n# CONNECTION\nFTP.connect(host=\"\", port=0)  # used once per instance\n# DON'T CALL if host was supplied at instance creation\n\nFTP.getwelcome()  # return welcome message\n\nFTP.login(user='anonymous', password='', acct='')\n# called once per instance after connection is established\n# DEFAULT PASSWORD: anonymous@\n# DON'T CALL if host was supplied at instance creation\nFTP.sendcmd(cmd)  # send command string and return response\nFTP.voidcmd(cmd)  # send command string and return nothing if successful\n# FILE TRANSFER\nFTP.abort()  # abort in progress file transfer (can fail)\n\nFTTP.transfercmd(cmd, rest=None)  # returns socket for connection\n# CMD active mode: send EPRT or PORT command and CMD and accept connection\n# CMD passive mode: send EPSV or PASV and start transfer command\n\nFTP.retrbinary(cmd, callback, blocksize=8192, rest=None) # retrieve file in binary mode\n# CMD: appropriate RETR command ('RETR filename')\n# CALLBACK: func called on every block of data received\n\nFTP.rertlines(cmd, callback=None)\n# retrieve file or dir list in ASCII transfer mode\n# CMD: appropriate RETR, LSIT (list and info of files), NLST (list of file names)\n# DEFAULT CALLBACK: sys.stdout\n\nFTP.set_pasv(value)  # set passive mode if value is true, otherwise disable it\n# passive mode on by default\n\nFTP.storbinary(cmd, fp, blocksize=8192, callback=None, rest=None)  # store file in binary mode\n# CMD: appropriate STOR command ('STOR filename')\n# FP: {file object in binary mode} read until EOF in blocks of blocksize\n# CALLBACK: func called on each block after sending\n\nFTP.storlines(cmd, fp, callback=None)  # store file in ASCII transfer mode\n# CMD: appropriate STOR command ('STOR filename')\n# FP: {file object} read until EOF\n# CALLBACK: func called on each block after sending\n</code></pre>"},{"location":"languages/python/modules/itertools.html","title":"Itertools Module","text":"Python<pre><code># accumulate ([1,2,3,4,5]) -&gt; 1, 3 (1 + 2), 6 (1 + 2 + 3), 10 (1 + 2 + 3 + 6), 15 (1+ 2 + 3 + 4 + 5)\n# accumulate (iter, func (,)) -&gt; iter [0], func (iter [0] + iter [1]) + func (prev + iter [2]), ...\naccumulate (iterable, func (_, _))\n\n# iterator returns elements from the first iterable,\n# then proceeds to the next until the end of the iterables\n# does not work if there is only one iterable\nchain (* iterable)\n\n# concatenates elements of the single iterable even if it contains sequences\nchain.from_iterable (iterable)\n\n# returns sequences of length r starting from the iterable\n# items treated as unique based on their value\ncombinations (iterable, r)\n\n# # returns sequences of length r starting from the iterable allowing the repetition of the elements\ncombinations_with_replacement (iterable, r)\n\n# iterator filters date elements returning only those that have\n# a corresponding element in selectors that is true\ncompress (data, selectors)\n\ncount (start, step)\n\n# iterator returning values \u200b\u200bin infinite sequence\ncycle (iterable)\n\n# iterator discards elements of the iterable as long as the predicate is true\ndropwhile (predicate, iterable)\n\n# iterator returning values \u200b\u200bif predicate is false\nfilterfalse (predicate, iterable)\n\n# iterator returns tuple (key, group)\n# key is the grouping criterion\n# group is a generator returning group members\ngroupby (iterable, key = None)\n\n# iterator returns slices of the iterable\nisslice (iterable, stop)\nisslice (iterable, start, stop, step)\n\n# returns all permutations of length r of the iterable\npermutations (iterable, r = None)\n\n# Cartesian product of iterables\n# loops iterables in order of input\n# [product ('ABCD', 'xy') -&gt; Ax Ay Bx By Cx Cy Dx Dy]\n# [product ('ABCD', repeat = 2) -&gt; AA AB AC AD BA BB BC BD CA CB CC CD DA DB DC DD]\nproduct (* iterable, repetitions = 1)\n\n# returns an object infinite times if repetition is not specified\nrepeat (object, repetitions)\n\n# iterator compute func (iterable)\n# used if iterable is pre-zipped sequence (seq of tuples grouping elements)\nstarmap (func, iterable)\n\n# iterator returning values \u200b\u200bfrom iterable as long as predicate is true\ntakewhile (predicate, iterable)\n\n# returns n independent iterators from the single iterable\ntee (iterable, n = 2)\n\n# produces an iterator that aggregates elements from each iterable\n# if the iterables have different lengths the missing values \u200b\u200bare filled according to fillervalue\nzip_longest (* iterable, fillvalue = None)\n</code></pre>"},{"location":"languages/python/modules/json.html","title":"JSON Module","text":""},{"location":"languages/python/modules/json.html#json-format","title":"JSON Format","text":"<p>JSON (JavaScript Object Notation) is a lightweight data-interchange format.     It is easy for humans to read and write.     It is easy for machines to parse and generate.</p> <p>JSON is built on two structures:</p> <ul> <li>A collection of name/value pairs.</li> <li>An ordered list of values.</li> </ul> <p>An OBJECT is an unordered set of name/value pairs. An object begins with <code>{</code> (left brace) and ends with <code>}</code> (right brace). Each name is followed by <code>:</code> (colon) and the name/value pairs are separated by <code>,</code> (comma).</p> <p>An ARRAY is an ordered collection of values. An array begins with <code>[</code> (left bracket) and ends with <code>]</code> (right bracket). Values are separated by <code>,</code> (comma).</p> <p>A VALUE can be a string in double quotes, or a number, or true or false or null, or an object or an array. These structures can be nested.</p> <p>A STRING is a sequence of zero or more Unicode characters, wrapped in double quotes, using backslash escapes. A CHARACTER is represented as a single character string. A STRING is very much like a C or Java string. A NUMBER is very much like a C or Java number, except that the octal and hexadecimal formats are not used.</p> <p>WHITESPACE can be inserted between any pair of tokens.</p>"},{"location":"languages/python/modules/json.html#usage","title":"Usage","text":"Python<pre><code># serialize obj as JSON formatted stream to fp\njson.dump(obj, fp, cls=None, indent=None, separators=None, sort_keys=False)\n# CLS: {custom JSONEncoder} -- specifies custom encoder to be used\n# INDENT: {int &gt; 0, string} -- array elements, object members pretty-printed with indent level\n# SEPARATORS: {tuple} -- (item_separator, key_separator)\n#   [default: (', ', ': ') if indent=None, (',', ':') otherwise],\n#   specify (',', ':') to eliminate whitespace\n# SORT_KEYS: {bool} -- if True dict sorted by key\n\n# serialize obj as JSON formatted string\njson.dumps(obj, cls=None, indent=None, separators=None, sort_keys=False)\n# CLS: {custom JSONEncoder} -- specifies custom encoder to be used\n# INDENT: {int &gt; 0, string} -- array elements, object members pretty-printed with indent level\n# SEPARATORS: {tuple} -- (item_separator, key_separator)\n#   [default: (', ', ': ') if indent=None, (',', ':') otherwise],\n#   specify (',', ':') to eliminate whitespace\n# SORT_KEYS: {bool} -- if True dict sorted by key\n\n# deserialize fp to python object\njson.load(fp, cls=None)\n# CLS: {custom JSONEncoder} -- specifies custom decoder to be used\n\n# deserialize s (string, bytes or bytearray containing JSON doc) to python object\njson.loads(s, cls=None)\n# CLS: {custom JSONEncoder} -- specifies custom decoder to be used\n</code></pre>"},{"location":"languages/python/modules/json.html#default-decoder-jsonjsondecoder","title":"Default Decoder (<code>json.JSONDecoder()</code>)","text":"<p>Conversions (JSON -&gt; Python):</p> <ul> <li>object -&gt; dict</li> <li>array -&gt; list</li> <li>string -&gt; str</li> <li>number (int) -&gt; int</li> <li>number (real) -&gt; float</li> <li>true -&gt; True</li> <li>false -&gt; False</li> <li>null -&gt; None</li> </ul>"},{"location":"languages/python/modules/json.html#default-encoder-jsonjsonencoder","title":"Default Encoder (<code>json.JSONEncoder()</code>)","text":"<p>Conversions (Python -&gt; Json):</p> <ul> <li>dict -&gt; object</li> <li>list, tuple -&gt; array</li> <li>str -&gt; string</li> <li>int, float, Enums -&gt; number</li> <li>True -&gt; true</li> <li>False -&gt; false</li> <li>None -&gt; null</li> </ul>"},{"location":"languages/python/modules/json.html#extending-jsonencoder-example","title":"Extending JSONEncoder (Example)","text":"Python<pre><code>import json\n\nclass ComplexEncoder(json.JSONEncoder):\n    def default(self, obj):\n        if isinstance(obj, complex):\n            return [obj.real, obj.image]\n        # Let the base class default method raise the TypeError\n            return json.JSONEncoder.default(self, obj)\n</code></pre>"},{"location":"languages/python/modules/json.html#retrieving-data-from-json-dict","title":"Retrieving Data from json dict","text":"Python<pre><code>data = json.loads(json)\ndata[\"key\"]  # retrieve the value associated with the key\ndata[\"outer key\"][\"nested key\"]  # nested key value retrieval\n</code></pre>"},{"location":"languages/python/modules/logging.html","title":"Logging Module","text":""},{"location":"languages/python/modules/logging.html#configuration","title":"Configuration","text":"Python<pre><code># basic configuration for the logging system\nlogging.basicConfig(filename=\"relpath\", level=logging.LOG_LEVEL, format=f\"message format\", **kwargs)  \n# DATEFMT: Use the specified date/time format, as accepted by time.strftime().\n\n# create a logger with a name (useful for having multiple loggers)\nlogger = logging.getLogger(name=\"logger name\")  \nlogger.level  # LOG_LEVEL for this logger\n\n# disable all logging calls of severity level and below\n# alternative to basicConfig(level=logging.LOG_LEVEL)\nlogging.disable(level=LOG_LEVEL)  \n</code></pre>"},{"location":"languages/python/modules/logging.html#format-basicconfigformat","title":"Format (<code>basicConfig(format=\"\")</code>)","text":"Attribute name Format Description asctime <code>%(asctime)s</code> Human-readable time when the LogRecord was created. Modified by <code>basicConfig(datefmt=\"\")</code> created <code>%(created)f</code> Time when the LogRecord was created (as returned by <code>time.time()</code>). filename <code>%(filename)s</code> Filename portion of pathname. funcName <code>%(funcName)s</code> Name of function containing the logging call. levelname <code>%(levelname)s</code> Text logging level for the message. levelno <code>%(levelno)s</code> Numeric logging level for the message. lineno <code>%(lineno)d</code> Source line number where the logging call was issued (if available). message <code>%(message)s</code> The logged message, computed as <code>msg % args</code>. module <code>%(module)s</code> Module (name portion of filename). msecs <code>%(msecs)d</code> Millisecond portion of the time when the LogRecord was created. name <code>%(name)s</code> Name of the logger used to log the call. pathname <code>%(pathname)s</code> Full pathname of the source file where the logging call was issued (if available). process <code>%(process)d</code> Process ID (if available). processName <code>%(processName)s</code> Process name (if available). thread <code>%(thread)d</code> Thread ID (if available). threadName <code>%(threadName)s</code> Thread name (if available)."},{"location":"languages/python/modules/logging.html#datefmt-basicconfigdatefmt","title":"Datefmt (<code>basicConfig(datefmt=\"\")</code>)","text":"Directive Meaning <code>%a</code> Locale's abbreviated weekday name. <code>%A</code> Locale's full weekday name. <code>%b</code> Locale's abbreviated month name. <code>%B</code> Locale's full month name. <code>%c</code> Locale's appropriate date and time representation. <code>%d</code> Day of the month as a decimal number [01,31]. <code>%H</code> Hour (24-hour clock) as a decimal number [00,23]. <code>%I</code> Hour (12-hour clock) as a decimal number [01,12]. <code>%j</code> Day of the year as a decimal number [001,366]. <code>%m</code> Month as a decimal number [01,12]. <code>%M</code> Minute as a decimal number [00,59]. <code>%p</code> Locale's equivalent of either AM or PM. <code>%S</code> Second as a decimal number [00,61]. <code>%U</code> Week number of the year (Sunday as the first day of the week) as a decimal number [00,53]. <code>%w</code> Weekday as a decimal number [0(Sunday),6]. <code>%W</code> Week number of the year (Monday as the first day of the week) as a decimal number [00,53]. <code>%x</code> Locale's appropriate date representation. <code>%X</code> Locale's appropriate time representation. <code>%y</code> Year without century as a decimal number [00,99]. <code>%Y</code> Year with century as a decimal number. <code>%z</code> Time zone offset indicating a positive or negative time difference from UTC/GMT of the form +HHMM or -HHMM [-23:59, +23:59]. <code>%Z</code> Time zone name (no characters if no time zone exists). <code>%%</code> A literal '%' character."},{"location":"languages/python/modules/logging.html#logs","title":"Logs","text":"<p>Log Levels (Low To High):</p> <ul> <li>default: <code>0</code></li> <li>debug: <code>10</code></li> <li>info: <code>20</code></li> <li>warning: <code>30</code></li> <li>error: <code>40</code></li> <li>critical: <code>50</code></li> </ul> Python<pre><code>logging.debug(msg)  # Logs a message with level DEBUG on the root logger\nlogging.info(msg)  # Logs a message with level INFO on the root logger\nlogging.warning(msg)  # Logs a message with level WARNING on the root logger\nlogging.error(msg)  # Logs a message with level ERROR on the root logger\nlogging.critical(msg)  # Logs a message with level CRITICAL on the root logger\n</code></pre>"},{"location":"languages/python/modules/shutil.html","title":"Shutil Module","text":"<p>High-level file operations</p> Python<pre><code># copy file src to fil dst, return dst in most efficient way\nshutil.copyfile(src, dst)\n# dst MUST be complete target name\n# if dst already exists it will be overwritten\n\n# copy file src to directory dst, return path to new file\nshutil.copy(src, dst)\n\n# Recursively copy entire dir-tree rooted at src to directory named dst\n# return the destination directory\nshutil.copytree(src, dst, dirs_exist_ok=False)\n# DIRS_EXIST_OK: {bool} -- dictates whether to raise an exception in case dst\n# or any missing parent directory already exists\n\n# delete an entire directory tree\nshutil.rmtree(path, ignore_errors=False, onerror=None)\n# IGNORE_ERROR: {bool} -- if true errors (failed removals) will be ignored\n# ON_ERROR: handler for removal errors (if ignore_errors=False or omitted)\n\n# recursively move file or directory (src) to dst, return dst\nshutil.move(src, dst)\n# if the destination is an existing directory, then src is moved inside that directory.\n# if the destination already exists but is not a directory,\n# it may be overwritten depending on os.rename() semantics\n# used to rename files\n\n# change owner user and/or group of the given path\nshutil.chown(path, user=None, group=None)\n# user can be a system user name or a uid; the same applies to group.\n#  At least one argument is required\n\n# create archive file and return its name\nshutil.make_archive(base_name, format, [root_dir, base_dir])\n# BASE_NAME: {string} -- name of the archive, including path, excluding extension\n# FROMAT: {zip, tar, gztar, bztar, xztar} -- archive format\n# ROOT_DIR: {path} -- root directory of archive (location of archive)\n# BASE_DIR: {path} -- directory where the archiviation starts\n\n# unpack an archive\nshutil.unpack_archive(filename, [extract_dir, format])\n# FILENAME: full path of archive\n# EXTRACT_DIR: {path} -- directory to unpack into\n# FORMAT: {zip, tar, gztar, bztar, xztar} -- archive format\n\n# return disk usage statistics as Namedtuple w/ attributes total, used, free\nshutil.disk_usage(path)\n</code></pre>"},{"location":"languages/python/modules/smtplib.html","title":"SMTPlib Module","text":"Python<pre><code>import smtplib\n\n# SMTP instance that encapsulates a SMTP connection\n# If the optional host and port parameters are given, the SMTP connect() method is called with those parameters during initialization.\ns = smtplib.SMTP(host=\"host_smtp_address\", port=\"smtp_service_port\", **kwargs)\n\ns = smtplib.SMTP_SSL(host=\"host_smtp_address\", port=\"smtp_service_port\", **kwargs)\n# An SMTP_SSL instance behaves exactly the same as instances of SMTP.\n# SMTP_SSL should be used for situations where SSL is required from the beginning of the connection\n# and using starttls() is not appropriate.\n# If host is not specified, the local host is used.\n# If port is zero, the standard SMTP-over-SSL port (465) is used.\n\nSMTP.connect(host='localhost', port=0)\n#Connect to a host on a given port. The defaults are to connect to the local host at the standard SMTP port (25). If the hostname ends with a colon (':') followed by a number, that suffix will be stripped off and the number interpreted as the port number to use. This method is automatically invoked by the constructor if a host is specified during instantiation. Returns a 2-tuple of the response code and message sent by the server in its connection response.\n\nSMTP.verify(address)  # Check the validity of an address on this server using SMTP VRFY\n\nSMTP.login(user=\"full_user_mail\", password=\"user_password\")  # Log-in on an SMTP server that requires authentication\n\nSMTP.SMTPHeloError  # The server didn't reply properly to the HELO greeting\nSMTP.SMTPAuthenticationError  # The server didn't accept the username/password combination.\nSMTP.SMTPNotSupportedError  # The AUTH command is not supported by the server.\nSMTP.SMTPException  # No suitable authentication method was found.\n\nSMTP.starttls(keyfile=None, certfile=None, **kwargs)  # Put the SMTP connection in TLS (Transport Layer Security) mode. All SMTP commands that follow will be encrypted\n# from_addr &amp; to_addrs are used to construct the message envelope used by the transport agents. sendmail does not modify the message headers in any way.\n# msg may be a string containing characters in the ASCII range, or a byte string. A string is encoded to bytes using the ascii codec, and lone \\r and \\n characters are converted to \\r\\n characters. A byte string is not modified.\nSMTP.sendmail(from_addr, to_addrs, msg, **kwargs)\n# from_addr: {string} -- RFC 822 from-address string\n# ro_addrs: {string, list of strings} -- list of RFC 822 to-address strings\n# msg: {string} -- message string\n\n# This is a convenience method for calling sendmail() with the message represented by an email.message.Message object.\nSMTP.send_message(msg, from_addr=None, to_addrs=None, **kwargs)\n# from_addr: {string} -- RFC 822 from-address string\n# ro_addrs: {string, list of strings} -- list of RFC 822 to-address strings\n# msg: {email.message.Message object} -- message string\nSMTP.quit()  # Terminate the SMTP session and close the connection. Return the result of the SMTP QUIT command\n</code></pre>"},{"location":"languages/python/modules/socket.html","title":"Socket Module","text":""},{"location":"languages/python/modules/socket.html#definition","title":"Definition","text":"<p>A network socket is an internal endpoint for sending or receiving data within a node on a computer network.</p> <p>In practice, socket usually refers to a socket in an Internet Protocol (IP) network, in particular for the Transmission Control Protocol (TCP), which is a protocol for one-to-one connections. In this context, sockets are assumed to be associated with a specific socket address, namely the IP address and a port number for the local node, and there is a corresponding socket address at the foreign node (other node), which itself has an associated socket, used by the foreign process. Associating a socket with a socket address is called binding.</p>"},{"location":"languages/python/modules/socket.html#socket-creation-connection","title":"Socket Creation &amp; Connection","text":"Python<pre><code>import socket\n\n# socket over the internet, socket is a stream of data\nsocket = socket.socket(socket.AF_INET, socket.SOCK_STREAM)\n\nsocket.connect = ((\"URL\", port: int))  # connect to socket\nsocket.close()  # close connection\n</code></pre>"},{"location":"languages/python/modules/socket.html#making-http-requests","title":"Making HTTP Requests","text":"Python<pre><code>import socket\nHTTP_Method = \"GET http://url/resource HTTP/version\\n\\n\".encode()  # set HTTP request (encoded string from UTF-8 to bytes)\nsocket.send(HTTP_Method)   # make HTTP request\n\ndata = socket.recv(buffer_size)  # receive data from socket\ndecoded = data.decode()  # decode data (from bytes to UTF-8)\n</code></pre>"},{"location":"languages/python/modules/sqlite.html","title":"sqlite3 Module","text":""},{"location":"languages/python/modules/sqlite.html#connecting-to-the-database","title":"Connecting To The Database","text":"<p>To use the module, you must first create a Connection object that represents the database.</p> Python<pre><code>import sqlite3\nconnection = sqlite3.connect(\"file.db\")\n</code></pre> <p>Once you have a <code>Connection</code>, you can create a <code>Cursor</code> object and call its <code>execute()</code> method to perform SQL commands.</p> Python<pre><code>cursor = connection.cursor()\n\ncursor.execute(sql)\nexecutemany(sql, seq_of_parameters)  # Executes an SQL command against all parameter sequences or mappings found in the sequence seq_of_parameters.\n\ncursor.close()  # close the cursor now\n# ProgrammingError exception will be raised if any operation is attempted with the cursor.\n</code></pre> <p>The data saved is persistent and is available in subsequent sessions.</p>"},{"location":"languages/python/modules/sqlite.html#query-construction","title":"Query Construction","text":"<p>Usually your SQL operations will need to use values from Python variables. You shouldn't assemble your query using Python's string operations because doing so is insecure: it makes your program vulnerable to an SQL injection attack</p> <p>Put <code>?</code> as a placeholder wherever you want to use a value, and then provide a tuple of values as the second argument to the cursor's <code>execute()</code> method.</p> Python<pre><code># Never do this -- insecure!\nc.execute(\"SELECT * FROM stocks WHERE symbol = value\")\n\n# Do this instead\nt = ('RHAT',)\nc.execute('SELECT * FROM stocks WHERE symbol=?', t)\nprint(c.fetchone())\n\n# Larger example that inserts many records at a time\npurchases = [('2006-03-28', 'BUY', 'IBM', 1000, 45.00),\n             ('2006-04-05', 'BUY', 'MSFT', 1000, 72.00),\n             ('2006-04-06', 'SELL', 'IBM', 500, 53.00),\n            ]\nc.executemany('INSERT INTO stocks VALUES (?,?,?,?,?)', purchases)\n</code></pre>"},{"location":"languages/python/modules/sqlite.html#writing-operations-to-disk","title":"Writing Operations to Disk","text":"Python<pre><code>cursor = connection.cursor()\ncursor.execute(\"SQL\")\nconnection.commit()\n</code></pre>"},{"location":"languages/python/modules/sqlite.html#multiple-sql-instructions","title":"Multiple SQL Instructions","text":"Python<pre><code>connection = sqlite3.connect(\"file.db\")\ncur = con.cursor()\ncur.executescript(\"\"\"\n    QUERY_1;\n    QUERY_2;\n    ...\n    QUERY_N;\n    \"\"\")\n\ncon.close()\n</code></pre>"},{"location":"languages/python/modules/sqlite.html#retrieving-records","title":"Retrieving Records","text":"Python<pre><code># Fetches the next row of a query result set, returning a single sequence.\n# Returns None when no more data is available.\ncursor.fetchone()  \n\n# Fetches all (remaining) rows of a query result, returning a list.\n# An empty list is returned when no rows are available.\ncursor.fetchall()  \n\n# Fetches the next set of rows of a query result, returning a list.\n# An empty list is returned when no more rows are available.\nfetchmany(size=cursor.arraysize)\n</code></pre> <p>The number of rows to fetch per call is specified by the <code>size</code> parameter. If it is not given, the cursor's <code>arraysize</code> determines the number of rows to be fetched. The method should try to fetch as many rows as indicated by the size parameter. If this is not possible due to the specified number of rows not being available, fewer rows may be returned.</p> <p>Note there are performance considerations involved with the size parameter. For optimal performance, it is usually best to use the arraysize attribute. If the size parameter is used, then it is best for it to retain the same value from one <code>fetchmany()</code> call to the next.</p>"},{"location":"languages/python/modules/time-datetime.html","title":"Time &amp; Datetime","text":""},{"location":"languages/python/modules/time-datetime.html#time","title":"Time","text":"Python<pre><code># epoch: elapsed time in seconds (in UNIX starts from 01-010-1970)\nimport time # UNIX time\nvariable = time.time () # returns the time (in seconds) elapsed since 01-01-1970\nvariable = time.ctime (epochseconds) # transform epoch into date\n\nvar = time.perf_counter () # returns the current running time\n# execution time = start time - end time\n</code></pre>"},{"location":"languages/python/modules/time-datetime.html#timesrtfrime-format","title":"time.srtfrime() format","text":"Format Data <code>%a</code> Locale's abbreviated weekday name. <code>%A</code> Locale's full weekday name. <code>%b</code> Locale's abbreviated month name. <code>%B</code> Locale's full month name. <code>%c</code> Locale's appropriate date and time representation. <code>%d</code> Day of the month as a decimal number <code>[01,31]</code>. <code>%H</code> Hour (24-hour clock) as a decimal number <code>[00,23]</code>. <code>%I</code> Hour (12-hour clock) as a decimal number <code>[01,12]</code>. <code>%j</code> Day of the year as a decimal number <code>[001,366]</code>. <code>%m</code> Month as a decimal number <code>[01,12]</code>. <code>%M</code> Minute as a decimal number <code>[00,59]</code>. <code>%p</code> Locale's equivalent of either AM or PM. <code>%S</code> Second as a decimal number <code>[00,61]</code>. <code>%U</code> Week number of the year (Sunday as the first day of the week) as a decimal number <code>[00,53]</code>. <code>%w</code> Weekday as a decimal number <code>[0(Sunday),6]</code>. <code>%W</code> Week number of the year (Monday as the first day of the week) as a decimal number <code>[00,53]</code>. <code>%x</code> Locale's appropriate date representation. <code>%X</code> Locale's appropriate time representation. <code>%y</code> Year without century as a decimal number <code>[00,99]</code>. <code>%Y</code> Year with century as a decimal number. <code>%z</code> Time zone offset indicating a positive or negative time difference from UTC/GMT of the form +HHMM or -HHMM <code>%Z</code> Time zone name (no characters if no time zone exists). <code>%%</code> A literal <code>%</code> character."},{"location":"languages/python/modules/time-datetime.html#datetime","title":"Datetime","text":"Python<pre><code>import datetime\ntoday = datetime.date.today () # returns current date\ntoday = datetime.datetime.today () # returns the current date and time\n\n# formatting example\nprint ('Current Date: {} - {} - {}' .format (today.day, today.month, today.year))\nprint ('Current Time: {}: {}. {}' .format (today.hour, today.minute, today.second))\n\nvar_1 = datetime.date (year, month, day) # create date object\nvar_2 = datetime.time (hour, minute, second, micro-second) # create time object\ndt = datetime.combine (var_1, var_2) # combine date and time objects into one object\n\ndate_1 = datetime.date ('year', 'month', 'day')\ndate_2 = date_1.replace (year = 'new_year')\n\n#DATETIME ARITHMETIC\ndate_1 - date_2 # -&gt; datetime.timedelta (num_of_days)\ndatetime.timedelta # duration expressing the difference between two date, time or datetime objects\n</code></pre>"},{"location":"languages/python/modules/unittest.html","title":"Unittest Module","text":"Python<pre><code>import unittest\nimport module_under_test\n\nclass Test(unittest.TestCase):\n\n    def test_1(self):\n        self.assert*(output, expected_output)\n\nif __name__ == '__main__':\n    unittest.main()\n</code></pre>"},{"location":"languages/python/modules/unittest.html#testcase-class","title":"TestCase Class","text":"<p>Instances of the <code>TestCase</code> class represent the logical test units in the unittest universe. This class is intended to be used as a base class, with specific tests being implemented by concrete subclasses. This class implements the interface needed by the test runner to allow it to drive the tests, and methods that the test code can use to check for and report various kinds of failure.</p>"},{"location":"languages/python/modules/unittest.html#assert-methods","title":"Assert Methods","text":"Method Checks that <code>assertEqual(a, b)</code> <code>a == b</code> <code>assertNotEqual(a, b)</code> <code>a != b</code> <code>assertTrue(x)</code> <code>bool(x) is True</code> <code>assertFalse(x)</code> <code>bool(x) is False</code> <code>assertIs(a, b)</code> <code>a is b</code> <code>assertIsNot(a, b)</code> <code>a is not b</code> <code>assertIsNone(x)</code> <code>x is None</code> <code>assertIsNotNone(x)</code> <code>x is not None</code> <code>assertIn(a, b)</code> <code>a in b</code> <code>assertNotIn(a, b)</code> <code>a not in b</code> <code>assertIsInstance(a, b)</code> <code>isinstance(a, b)</code> <code>assertNotIsInstance(a, b)</code> <code>not isinstance(a, b)</code> Method Checks that <code>assertRaises(exc, fun, *args, **kwds)</code> <code>fun(*args, **kwds)</code> raises exc <code>assertRaisesRegex(exc, r, fun, *args, **kwds)</code> <code>fun(*args, **kwds)</code> raises exc and the message matches regex <code>r</code> <code>assertWarns(warn, fun, *args, **kwds)</code> <code>fun(*args, **kwds)</code> raises warn <code>assertWarnsRegex(warn, r, fun, *args, **kwds)</code> <code>fun(*args, **kwds)</code> raises warn and the message matches regex r <code>assertLogs(logger, level)</code> The with block logs on logger with minimum level Method Checks that <code>assertAlmostEqual(a, b)</code> <code>round(a-b, 7) == 0</code> <code>assertNotAlmostEqual(a, b)</code> <code>round(a-b, 7) != 0</code> <code>assertGreater(a, b)</code> <code>a &gt; b</code> <code>assertGreaterEqual(a, b)</code> <code>a &gt;= b</code> <code>assertLess(a, b)</code> <code>a &lt; b</code> <code>assertLessEqual(a, b)</code> <code>a &lt;= b</code> <code>assertRegex(s, r)</code> <code>r.search(s)</code> <code>assertNotRegex(s, r)</code> <code>not r.search(s)</code> <code>assertCountEqual(a, b)</code> a and b have the same elements in the same number, regardless of their order. Method Used to compare <code>assertMultiLineEqual(a, b)</code> strings <code>assertSequenceEqual(a, b)</code> sequences <code>assertListEqual(a, b)</code> lists <code>assertTupleEqual(a, b)</code> tuples <code>assertSetEqual(a, b)</code> sets or frozensets <code>assertDictEqual(a, b)</code> dicts"},{"location":"languages/rust/cargo.html","title":"Cargo build system and package manager","text":""},{"location":"languages/rust/cargo.html#creating-a-project","title":"Creating a project","text":"PowerShell<pre><code>cargo new project_name  # creates project folder and basic files\ncargo new --vcs=git project_name  # init project as git repo\n</code></pre>"},{"location":"languages/rust/cargo.html#building-running-checking-a-project","title":"Building, Running &amp; Checking a project","text":"<p>Inside the project directory:</p> PowerShell<pre><code>cargo build  # build project and download eventual needed dependencies\ncargo build --release  # build project for release (build + optimisations)\ncargo run  # executes the built executable\ncargo check  # verifies buildability without producing an executable\n</code></pre>"},{"location":"languages/rust/cargo.html#dependencies","title":"Dependencies","text":"<p>In <code>Cargo.toml</code>:</p> TOML<pre><code>[dependencies]\ncrate_name = \"&lt;version_number&gt;\"\n</code></pre>"},{"location":"languages/rust/cargo.html#code-organization","title":"Code Organization","text":"<p>Rust has a number of features that allow to manage the code's organization, including which details are exposed, which details are private, and what names are in each scope in the programs.</p> <p>These features, sometimes collectively referred to as the module system, include:</p> <ul> <li>Packages: A Cargo feature that allows to build, test, and share crates</li> <li>Crates: A tree of modules that produces a library or executable</li> <li>Modules and <code>use</code>: Allow to control the organization, scope, and privacy of paths</li> <li>Paths: A way of naming an item, such as a struct, function, or module</li> </ul>"},{"location":"languages/rust/cargo.html#packages-crates","title":"Packages &amp; Crates","text":"<p>A crate is a binary or library. The crate root is a source file that the Rust compiler starts from and makes up the root module of he crate. A package is one or more crates that provide a set of functionality. A package contains a <code>Cargo.toml</code> file that describes how to build those crates.</p> <p>Several rules determine what a package can contain. A package must contain <code>zero</code> or <code>one</code> library crates (<code>lib</code> ?), and no more. It can contain as many <code>binary</code> crates as you'd like, but it must contain at least one crate (either library or binary).</p> <p>If a package contains <code>src/main.rs</code> and <code>src/lib.rs</code>, it has two crates: a library and a binary, both with the same name as the package. A package can have multiple binary crates by placing files in the <code>src/bin</code> directory: each file will be a separate binary crate.</p> <p>A crate will group related functionality together in a scope so the functionality is easy to share between multiple projects.</p> <p>Cargo follows a convention that <code>src/main.rs</code> is the crate root of a binary crate with the same name as the package. Likewise, Cargo knows that if the package directory contains <code>src/lib.rs</code>, the package contains a library crate with the same name as the package, and <code>src/lib.rs</code> is its crate root.</p>"},{"location":"languages/rust/cargo.html#modules","title":"Modules","text":"<p>Modules allow to organize code within a crate into groups for readability and easy reuse. Modules also control the privacy of items, which is whether an item can be used by outside code (public) or is an internal implementation detail and not available for outside use (private).</p> <p>Define a module by starting with the <code>mod</code> keyword and then specify the name of the module and place curly brackets around the body of the module. Inside modules, it's possible to have other modules. Modules can also hold definitions for other items, such as structs, enums, constants, traits, or functions.</p>"},{"location":"languages/rust/cargo.html#paths","title":"Paths","text":"<p>A path can take two forms:</p> <ul> <li>An absolute path starts from a crate root by using a crate name or a literal crate.</li> <li>A relative path starts from the current module and uses self, super, or an identifier in the current module.</li> </ul> <p>Both absolute and relative paths are followed by one or more identifiers separated by double colons (<code>::</code>).</p> Rust<pre><code>module::function();  // rel path (same crate)\nsuper::function();;  // rel path starting in outer module (same crate)\n\ncrate::module::function();  // abs path (same crate)\n&lt;crate_name&gt;::module::function();  // abs path (other crate)\n</code></pre>"},{"location":"languages/rust/cargo.html#public-vs-private","title":"Public vs Private","text":"<p>Modules aren\u2019t useful only for organizing the code. They also define Rust\u2019s privacy boundary: the line that encapsulates the implementation details external code isn\u2019t allowed to know about, call, or rely on. So, to make an item like a function or struct private, put it in a module.</p> <p>The way privacy works in Rust is that all items (functions, methods, structs, enums, modules, and constants) are private by default. Items in a parent module can\u2019t use the private items inside child modules, but items in child modules can use the items in their ancestor modules. The reason is that child modules wrap and hide their implementation details, but the child modules can see the context in which they\u2019re defined.</p> Rust<pre><code>mod module {\n    fn func() {}\n}\n\n// for a function to be accessible both module and function must be public\npub mod public_module {\n    pub fn public_func() {}\n}\n\nmod file_level_module;  // define a module for the whole file (same name as file)\n</code></pre> <p>It's possible to use <code>pub</code> to designate structs and enums as public, but there are a few extra details. If <code>pub</code> is used before a struct definition, this makes the struct public, but the struct's fields will still be private. It's possible make each field public or not on a case-by-case basis.</p> <p>In contrast, if an enum is made public, all of its variants are then public.</p>"},{"location":"languages/rust/cargo.html#use","title":"<code>use</code>","text":"Rust<pre><code>use &lt;crate_name&gt;::module;  // import module (abs path, other crate)\nuse crate::module;  // import module (abs path, same crate)\nuse self::module;  // import module (rel path, same crate)\n\nuse &lt;crate_name&gt;::module as alias;  // import module w/ aliases\npub use &lt;crate_name&gt;::module;  // re-exporting (import and make available to others)\n\nuse &lt;crate_name&gt;::module::{self, Item}; // import multiple paths\npub use &lt;crate_name&gt;::module::*; // import all public items (Glob operator)\n\nmodule::function();  // use func w/ shorter path\n</code></pre>"},{"location":"languages/rust/cargo.html#separating-into-multiple-files","title":"Separating into multiple files","text":"Text Only<pre><code>src\n|_main.rs  --&gt; default executable file\n|_lib.rs  --&gt; default library file\n|__module\n|  |_mod.rs --&gt; export submodules\n|  |_submodule.rs --&gt; submodule\n</code></pre> Rust<pre><code>// main.rs\nmod module;  // declare module directory as a module\n\n// mod.rs\npub mod sub_module;  // declare sub_module file as a module\n</code></pre>"},{"location":"languages/rust/concurrency.html","title":"Concurrency","text":"<p>Rust Book - Concurrency Rust Atomics and Locks - Mara Bos</p> <p>Operating systems isolate processes from each other as much as possible, allowing a program to do its thing while completely unaware of what any other processes are doing. For example, a process cannot normally access the memory of another process, or communicate with it in any way, without asking the operating system\u2019s kernel first.</p> <p>However, a program can spawn extra threads of execution, as part of the same process. Threads within the same process are not isolated from each other. Threads share memory and can interact with each other through that memory.</p>"},{"location":"languages/rust/concurrency.html#threads","title":"Threads","text":"<p>Every program starts with exactly one thread: the main thread. This thread will execute the <code>main</code> function and can be used to spawn more threads if necessary.</p> <p>New threads are spawned using the <code>std::thread::spawn</code> function from the standard library. It takes a single argument: the function the new thread will execute. The thread stops once this function returns.</p> <p>Returning from <code>main</code> will exit the entire program, even if other threads are still running. To make sure the spawned threads have finished their work it's possible to wait by joining them.</p> Rust<pre><code>// spawn a new thread\nlet handle = std::thread::spawn(move || {\n\n    // read the current thread ID\n    let thread_id = std::thread::current().id();\n});\n\n// wait for the thread to finish by joining it\nhandle.join();\n</code></pre> <p>Since a thread might run until the very end of the program\u2019s execution, the spawn function has a <code>'static</code> lifetime bound on its argument type. In other words, it only accepts functions that may be kept around forever. A closure capturing a local variable by reference may not be kept around forever, since that reference would become invalid the moment the local variable ceases to exist.</p> <p>Getting a value back out of the thread is done by returning it from the closure. This return value can be obtained from the <code>Result</code> returned by the <code>join</code> method.</p> <p>Note: if a thread panics the handle will return the panic message so that it can be handled.</p> Rust<pre><code>let numbers = Vec::from_iter(0..=1000);\n\n// `move` ensures the tread takes ownership by move the data\nlet handle = thread::spawn(move || {\n    let len = numbers.len();\n    let sum = numbers.iter().sum::&lt;usize&gt;();\n    sum / len\n});\n\n\nlet average = handle.join().unwrap();\n</code></pre>"},{"location":"languages/rust/concurrency.html#scoped-threads","title":"Scoped Threads","text":"<p>Scoped threads ensure that all thread spawned within a scope do not outlive said scope. This makes possible to borrow data that outlives the scope. This is possible since the scope <code>spawn</code> function does not have a <code>'static</code> bound.</p> <p>Note: it's not possible to spawn multiple threads sharing the same data is one of the is mutating it.</p> Rust<pre><code>let numbers = Vec::from_iter(0..=10);\n\nstd::thread::scope(|scope| {\n    // data is borrowed since the `move` keyword is missing\n    scope.spawn(|| { \n        let len = numbers.len(); \n        // ...\n    });\n\n    scope.spawn(|| { /* ... */ });\n});\n</code></pre>"},{"location":"languages/rust/concurrency.html#shared-ownership","title":"Shared Ownership","text":"<p>When sharing data between two threads where neither thread is guaranteed to outlive the other, neither of them can be the owner of that data. Any data shared between them will need to live as long as the longest living thread.</p> <p>There are several ways to create data that is not owned by any single thread:</p> <ul> <li> <p>Statics: A <code>static</code> item has a constant initializer, is never dropped, and already exists before the main function of the program even starts. Every thread can borrow it, since it\u2019s guaranteed to always exist.</p> </li> <li> <p>Leaking: Using <code>Box::leak</code>, one can release ownership of a <code>Box</code>, promising to never drop it. From that point on, the <code>Box</code> will live forever, without an owner, allowing it to be borrowed by any thread for as long as the program runs.</p> </li> <li> <p>Reference Counting: To make sure that shared data gets dropped and deallocated data ownership it's never gave up completely, is instead shared. By keeping track of the number of owners, it's possible to make sure the value is dropped only when there are no owners left. The standard library offers such functionality with the <code>Rc&lt;T&gt;</code> &amp; <code>Arc&lt;T&gt;</code> types.</p> </li> </ul>"},{"location":"languages/rust/concurrency.html#thread-safety-send-and-sync","title":"Thread Safety: Send and Sync","text":"<p>The <code>Send</code> marker trait indicates that ownership of values of the type implementing <code>Send</code> can be transferred between threads. Any type composed entirely of <code>Send</code> types is automatically marked as <code>Send</code>.  Almost all primitive types are <code>Send</code>, aside from raw pointers.</p> <p>The <code>Sync</code> marker trait indicates that it is safe for the type implementing <code>Sync</code> to be referenced from multiple threads. In other words, any type <code>T</code> is <code>Sync</code> if <code>&amp;T</code> (an immutable reference to <code>T</code>) is <code>Send</code>, meaning the reference can be sent safely to another thread. Similar to <code>Send</code>, primitive types are <code>Sync</code>, and types composed entirely of types that are <code>Sync</code>are also <code>Sync</code>.</p> <p>Note: All primitive types such as <code>i32</code>, <code>bool</code>, and <code>str</code> are both <code>Send</code> and <code>Sync</code>.</p>"},{"location":"languages/rust/concurrency.html#locking-protecting-shared-data","title":"Locking: Protecting Shared Data","text":""},{"location":"languages/rust/concurrency.html#mutex","title":"Mutex","text":"<p>The most commonly used tool for sharing (mutable) data between threads is a mutex, which is short for \"mutual exclusion.\" The job of a mutex is to ensure threads have exclusive access to some data by temporarily blocking other threads that try to access it at the same time.</p> <p>A mutex has only two states: locked and unlocked.</p> <p>When a thread locks an unlocked mutex, the mutex is marked as locked and the thread can immediately continue. When a thread then attempts to lock an already locked mutex, that operation will block. The thread is put to sleep while it waits for the mutex to be unlocked. Unlocking is only possible on a locked mutex, and should be done by the same thread that locked it. If other threads are waiting to lock the mutex, unlocking will cause one of those threads to be woken up, so it can try to lock the mutex again and continue its course.</p> <p>Protecting data with a mutex is simply the agreement between all threads that they will only access the data when they have the mutex locked. That way, no two threads can ever access that data concurrently and cause a data race.</p> <p>The Rust standard library provides this functionality through <code>std::sync::Mutex&lt;T&gt;</code>. Since the mutex wraps and owns the <code>T</code> it protects, the data can only be accessed through the mutex, allowing for a safe interface that can guarantee only one thread at a time can access the wrapped <code>T</code>.</p> <p>To ensure a locked mutex can only be unlocked by the thread that locked it, it does not have an <code>unlock()</code> method. Instead, its <code>lock()</code> method returns a  a <code>MutexGuard</code> to represent the lock. The <code>MutexGuard</code> allows exclusive access to the data the mutex protects. Unlocking the mutex is done by dropping the guard.</p> Rust<pre><code>let mutex = std::sync::Mutex::new(0);\n\nstd::thread::scope(|scope| {\n    scope.spawn(|| {\n        let guard = mutex.lock().unwrap();  // obtain access\n        *guard += 1;  // mutate protected value\n    })\n});\n</code></pre>"},{"location":"languages/rust/concurrency.html#lock-poisoning","title":"Lock Poisoning","text":"<p>The <code>lock()</code> method returns a <code>Result</code> since the mutex can become poisoned. A mutex get marked as poisoned when a thread panics while holding the lock. Calling <code>lock()</code> on a poisoned mutex will return an <code>Err</code>. This poisoning mechanism protects against accessing data that may be in an inconsistent state.  </p> <p>Note: The lock is still acquired and the <code>Err</code> variant contains the guard, allowing to correct the data inconsistency.</p>"},{"location":"languages/rust/concurrency.html#reader-writer-lock","title":"Reader-Writer Lock","text":"<p>A reader-writer lock understands the difference between exclusive and shared access, and can provide either. It has three states: unlocked, locked by a single writer (for exclusive access), and locked by any number of readers (for shared access).</p> <p>The Rust standard library provides this lock through the <code>std::sync::RwLock&lt;T&gt;</code> type.  It has a <code>read()</code> and <code>write()</code> method for locking as either a reader or a writer and it has two guard types: <code>RwLockReadGuard</code> and <code>RwLockWriteGuard</code>.</p> <p>The first only implements <code>Deref</code> to behave like a shared reference to the protected data, while the second also implements <code>DerefMut</code> to behave like an exclusive reference.</p> <p>Most implementations will block new readers when there is a writer waiting, even when the lock is already read-locked. This is done to prevent writer starvation, a situation where many readers collectively keep the lock from ever unlocking, never allowing any writer to update the data.</p>"},{"location":"languages/rust/concurrency.html#waiting-putting-thread-to-sleep","title":"Waiting: Putting Thread to Sleep","text":""},{"location":"languages/rust/concurrency.html#thread-parking","title":"Thread Parking","text":"<p>One way to wait for a notification from another thread is called thread parking. A thread can park itself, which puts it to sleep, stopping it from consuming any CPU cycles. Another thread can then unpark the parked thread, waking it up from its sleep.</p> <p>Thread parking is available through the <code>std::thread::park()</code> function. For unparking, it's possible to call the <code>unpark()</code> method on a <code>Thread</code> handle.</p> <p>An important property of thread parking is that a call to <code>unpark()</code> before the thread parks itself does not get lost. The request to unpark is still recorded, and the next time the thread tries to park itself, it clears that request and directly continues without actually going to sleep.</p> <p>Note: calls to <code>unpark()</code> do not stack up.</p>"},{"location":"languages/rust/concurrency.html#condition-variables","title":"Condition Variables","text":"<p>Condition variables are a more commonly used option for waiting for something to happen to data protected by a mutex. They have two basic operations: wait and notify.</p> <p>Threads can wait on a condition variable, after which they can be woken up when another thread notifies that same condition variable. Multiple threads can wait on the same condition variable, and notifications can either be sent to one waiting thread, or to all of them.</p> <p>To avoid the issue of missing notifications in the brief moment between unlocking a mutex and waiting for a condition variable, condition variables provide a way to atomically unlock the mutex and start waiting. This means there is simply no possible moment for notifications to get lost.</p> <p>The Rust standard library provides a condition variable as <code>std::sync::Condvar</code>. Its <code>wait</code> method takes a <code>MutexGuard</code> that proves we\u2019ve locked the mutex. It first unlocks the mutex (allowing other threads to work on it) and goes to sleep. When woken up, it relocks the mutex and returns a new <code>MutexGuard</code> (which proves that the mutex is locked again).</p> <p>It has two notify functions: <code>notify_one</code> to wake up just one waiting thread (if any), and <code>notify_all</code> to wake them all up.</p>"},{"location":"languages/rust/concurrency.html#atomics","title":"Atomics","text":"<p>The word atomic comes from the Greek word \u1f04\u03c4\u03bf\u03bc\u03bf\u03c2, meaning indivisible, something that cannot be cut into smaller pieces. In computer science, it is used to describe an operation that is indivisible: it is either fully completed, or it didn\u2019t happen yet.</p> <p>Atomic operations are the main building block for anything involving multiple threads. All the other concurrency primitives, such as mutexes and condition variables, are implemented using atomic operations.</p> <p>Each of the available atomic types has the same interface with methods for storing and loading, methods for atomic \"fetch-and-modify\" operations, and some more advanced \"compare-and-exchange\" methods.</p> <p>Every atomic operation takes an argument of type <code>std::sync::atomic::Ordering</code>, which determines the guarantees about the relative ordering of operations. Based on the ordering the various threads can witness the same operations happening in different orders.</p>"},{"location":"languages/rust/concurrency.html#load-store","title":"Load &amp; Store","text":"<p>The first two atomic operations are the most basic ones: load and store. Their function signatures are as follows, using AtomicI32 as an example:</p> Rust<pre><code>impl AtomicI32 {\n    pub fn load(&amp;self, ordering: Ordering) -&gt; i32;\n    pub fn store(&amp;self, value: i32, ordering: Ordering);\n}\n</code></pre> <p>The <code>load</code> method atomically loads the value stored in the atomic variable, and the <code>store</code> method atomically stores a new value in it.</p> <p>Note: the store method takes a shared reference (<code>&amp;T</code>) even though it modifies itself.</p>"},{"location":"languages/rust/concurrency.html#fetch-and-modify-operations","title":"Fetch-and-Modify Operations","text":"<p>The fetch-and-modify operations modify the atomic variable, but also load (fetch) the original value, as a single atomic operation.</p> Rust<pre><code>impl AtomicI32 {\n    pub fn fetch_add(&amp;self, v: i32, ordering: Ordering) -&gt; i32;\n    pub fn fetch_sub(&amp;self, v: i32, ordering: Ordering) -&gt; i32;\n    pub fn fetch_or(&amp;self, v: i32, ordering: Ordering) -&gt; i32;\n    pub fn fetch_and(&amp;self, v: i32, ordering: Ordering) -&gt; i32;\n    pub fn fetch_nand(&amp;self, v: i32, ordering: Ordering) -&gt; i32;\n    pub fn fetch_xor(&amp;self, v: i32, ordering: Ordering) -&gt; i32;\n    pub fn fetch_max(&amp;self, v: i32, ordering: Ordering) -&gt; i32;\n    pub fn fetch_min(&amp;self, v: i32, ordering: Ordering) -&gt; i32;\n    pub fn swap(&amp;self, v: i32, ordering: Ordering) -&gt; i32;  // aka fetch_store\n}\n</code></pre>"},{"location":"languages/rust/concurrency.html#compare-and-exchange-operations","title":"Compare-and-Exchange Operations","text":"<p>The compare-and-exchange operation checks if the atomic value is equal to a given value, and only if that is the case does it replace it with a new value, all atomically as a single operation. It will return the previous value and tell whether it replaced it or not.</p> Rust<pre><code>impl AtomicI32 {\n    pub fn compare_exchange(\n        &amp;self,\n        expected: i32,\n        new: i32,\n        success_order: Ordering,\n        failure_order: Ordering\n    ) -&gt; Result&lt;i32, i32&gt;;\n}\n</code></pre>"},{"location":"languages/rust/concurrency.html#memory-ordering","title":"Memory Ordering","text":""},{"location":"languages/rust/concurrency.html#reordering-and-optimizations","title":"Reordering and Optimizations","text":"<p>Processors and compilers perform tricks to make programs run as fast as possible. A processor might determine that two particular consecutive instructions in the program will not affect each other, and execute them out of order, if that is faster. Similarly, a compiler might decide to reorder or rewrite parts of the program if it has reason to believe it might result in faster execution. But only if that wouldn\u2019t change the behavior of the program.</p> <p>The logic for verifying that a specific reordering or other optimization won\u2019t affect the behavior of the program does not take other threads into account. This is why explicitly telling the compiler and processor what they can and can\u2019t do with the atomic operations it's necessary, since their usual logic ignores interactions between threads and might allow for optimizations that do change the result of the program.</p> <p>The available orderings in Rust are:</p> <ul> <li>Relaxed ordering: <code>Ordering::Relaxed</code></li> <li>Release and acquire ordering: <code>Ordering::{Release, Acquire, AcqRel}</code></li> <li>Sequentially consistent ordering: <code>Ordering::SeqCst</code></li> </ul>"},{"location":"languages/rust/concurrency.html#the-memory-model","title":"The Memory Model","text":"<p>The different memory ordering options have a strict formal definition to make sure their assumption are known, and compiler writers know exactly what guarantees they need to provide. To decouple this from the details of specific processor architectures, memory ordering is defined in terms of an abstract memory model.</p> <p>Rust\u2019s memory model allows for concurrent atomic stores, but considers concurrent non-atomic stores to the same variable to be a data race, resulting in undefined behavior.</p>"},{"location":"languages/rust/concurrency.html#happens-before-relationship","title":"Happens-Before Relationship","text":"<p>The memory model defines the order in which operations happen in terms of happens-before relationships. This means that as an abstract model only defines situations where one thing is guaranteed to happen before another thing, and leaves the order of everything else undefined.</p> <p>Between threads, however, happens-before relationships only occur in a few specific cases, such as when spawning and joining a thread, unlocking and locking a mutex, and through atomic operations that use non-relaxed memory ordering. Relaxed memory ordering is the most basic (and most performant) memory ordering that, by itself, never results in any cross-thread happens-before relationships.</p> <p>Spawning a thread creates a happens-before relationship between what happened before the <code>spawn()</code> call, and the new thread. Similarly, joining a thread creates a happens-before relationship between the joined thread and what happens after the <code>join()</code> call.</p> Rust<pre><code>static X: AtomicI32 = AtomicI32::new(0);\n\nfn main() {\n    X.store(1, Relaxed);\n\n    let t = thread::spawn(f);  // happens after \"store 1\"\n    X.store(2, Relaxed);\n    t.join().unwrap();  // happens before \"store 3\"\n\n    X.store(3, Relaxed);\n}\n\nfn f() {\n    let x = X.load(Relaxed);  // could happen after either before or after \"store 2\"\n    assert!(x == 1 || x == 2);\n}\n</code></pre>"},{"location":"languages/rust/concurrency.html#relaxed-ordering","title":"Relaxed Ordering","text":"<p>While atomic operations using <code>Relaxed</code> memory ordering do not provide any happens-before relationship, they do guarantee a total modification order of each individual atomic variable. This means that all modifications of the same atomic variable happen in an order that is the same from the perspective of every single thread.</p>"},{"location":"languages/rust/concurrency.html#release-and-acquire-ordering","title":"Release and Acquire Ordering","text":"<p><code>Release</code> and <code>Acquire</code> memory ordering are used in a pair to form a happens-before relationship between threads. <code>Release</code> memory ordering applies to store operations, while <code>Acquire</code> memory ordering applies to load operations.</p> <p>A happens-before relationship is formed when an acquire-load operation observes the result of a release-store operation. In this case, the store and everything before it, happened before the load and everything after it.</p> <p>When using <code>Acquire</code> for a fetch-and-modify or compare-and-exchange operation, it applies only to the part of the operation that loads the value. Similarly, <code>Release</code> applies only to the store part of an operation. <code>AcqRel</code> is used to represent the combination of <code>Acquire</code> and <code>Release</code>, which causes both the load to use <code>Acquire</code> ordering, and the store to use <code>Release</code> ordering.</p> Rust<pre><code>use std::sync::atomic::Ordering::{Acquire, Release};\n\nstatic DATA: AtomicU64 = AtomicU64::new(0);\nstatic READY: AtomicBool = AtomicBool::new(false);\n\nfn main() {\n    thread::spawn(|| {\n        DATA.store(123, Relaxed);\n        READY.store(true, Release); // Everything from before this store ..\n    });\n\n    while !READY.load(Acquire) { // .. is visible after this loads `true`.\n        thread::sleep(Duration::from_millis(100));\n        println!(\"waiting...\");\n    }\n    println!(\"{}\", DATA.load(Relaxed));\n}\n</code></pre>"},{"location":"languages/rust/concurrency.html#consume-ordering","title":"Consume Ordering","text":"<p><code>Consume</code> ordering is a lightweight, more efficient, \u200bvariant of <code>Acquire</code> ordering, whose synchronizing effects are limited to things that depend on the loaded value.</p> <p>Now there\u2019s good news and bad news.</p> <p>In all modern processor architectures, <code>Consume</code> ordering is achieved with the exact same instructions as <code>Relaxed</code> ordering. In other words, <code>Consume</code> ordering can be \"free,\" which, at least on some platforms, is not the case for acquire ordering. Unfortunately no compiler actually implements <code>Consume</code> ordering.</p> <p>The concept of a \"dependent\" evaluation hard to define, it\u2019s even harder to keep such dependencies intact while transforming and optimizing a program.</p> <p>Because of this, compilers upgrade <code>Consume</code> ordering to <code>Acquire</code> ordering, just to be safe. The C++20 standard even explicitly discourages the use of <code>Consume</code> ordering, noting that an implementation other than just <code>Acquire</code> ordering turned out to be infeasible.</p>"},{"location":"languages/rust/concurrency.html#sequentially-consistent-ordering","title":"Sequentially Consistent Ordering","text":"<p>The strongest memory ordering is ssequentially consistent ordering (<code>SeqCst</code>). It includes all the guarantees of <code>Acquire</code> ordering (for loads) and <code>Release</code> ordering (for stores), and also guarantees a globally consistent order of operations.</p> <p>This means that every single operation using <code>SeqCst</code> ordering within a program is part of a single total order that all threads agree on. This total order is consistent with the total modification order of each individual variable.</p> <p>Since it is strictly stronger than <code>Acquire</code> and <code>Release</code> memory ordering, a sequentially consistent load or store can take the place of an acquire-load or release-store in a release-acquire pair to form a happens-before relationship. In other words, an acquire-load can not only form a happens-before relationship with a release-store, but also with a sequentially consistent store, and similarly the other way around.</p> <p>Virtually all real-world uses of <code>SeqCst</code> involve a pattern of a store that must be globally visible before a subsequent load on the same thread. For these situations, a potentially more efficient alternative is to instead use <code>Relaxed</code> operations in combination with a <code>SeqCst</code> fence.</p>"},{"location":"languages/rust/concurrency.html#fences","title":"Fences","text":"<p>The <code>std::sync::atomic::fence</code> function represents an atomic fence and is either a release fence (<code>Release</code>), an acquire fence (<code>Acquire</code>), or both (<code>AcqRel</code> or <code>SeqCst</code>). A <code>SeqCst</code> fence additionally also takes part in the sequentially consistent total order.</p> <p>An atomic fence allows to separate the memory ordering from the atomic operation. This can be useful to apply a memory ordering to multiple operations, or to apply it conditionally.</p> <p>In essence, a release-store can be split into a release fence followed by a (<code>Relaxed</code>) store, and an acquire-load can be split into a (<code>Relaxed</code>) load followed by an acquire fence.</p> Rust<pre><code>// The store of a release-acquire relationship\natom.store(1, Release);\n\n// can be substituted by a release fence followed by a relaxed store\nfence(Release);\natom.store(1, Relaxed);\n</code></pre> Rust<pre><code>// The load of a release-acquire relationship,\natom.load(Acquire);\n\n// can be substituted by a relaxed load followed by an acquire fence\natom.load(Relaxed);\nfence(Acquire);\n</code></pre> <p>Note: Using a separate fence can result in an extra processor instruction which can be slightly less efficient. Note: A fence is not tied to any single atomic variable. This means that a single fence can be used for multiple variables at once.</p> <p>A release fence can take the place of a release operation in a happens-before relationship if that release fence is followed (on the same thread) by any atomic operation that stores a value observed by the acquire operation it's synchronizing with. Similarly, an acquire fence can take the place of any acquire operation if that acquire fence is preceded (on the same thread) by any atomic operation that loads a value stored by the release operation.</p> <p>An happens-before relationship is created between a release fence and an acquire fence if any store after the release fence is observed by any load before the acquire fence.</p> <p>A <code>SeqCst</code> fence is both a <code>Release</code> fence and an <code>Acquire</code> fence (just like <code>AcqRel</code>), but also part of the single total order of sequentially consistent operations. However, only the fence is part of the total order, but not necessarily the atomic operations before or after it. This means that unlike a release or acquire operation, a sequentially consistent operation cannot be split into a relaxed operation and a memory fence.</p>"},{"location":"languages/rust/macros.html","title":"Macros","text":"<p>Fundamentally, macros are a way of writing code that writes other code, which is known as metaprogramming.</p> <p>Metaprogramming is useful for reducing the amount of code to be written and maintained, which is also one of the roles of functions.  However, macros have some additional powers that functions don\u2019t.</p> <p>A function signature must declare the number and type of parameters the function has. Macros, on the other hand, can take a variable number of parameters. Also, macros are expanded before the compiler interprets the meaning of the code, so a macro can, for example, implement a trait on a given type. A function can\u2019t, because it gets called at runtime and a trait needs to be implemented at compile time.</p> <p>The downside to implementing a macro instead of a function is that macro definitions are more complex than function definitions because it's Rust code that writes Rust code. Due to this indirection, macro definitions are generally more difficult to read, understand, and maintain than function definitions.</p> <p>Note: macros need to be defined and brought into scope before they are usable in a file, as opposed to functions that can be defined anywhere and be called anywhere.</p>"},{"location":"languages/rust/macros.html#declarative-macros-macro-by-example","title":"Declarative Macros (Macro-by-Example)","text":"<p>At their core, declarative macros allow to write something similar to a Rust match expression.</p> <p>Macros compare a value to patterns that are associated with particular code: in this situation, the value is the literal Rust source code passed to the macro; the patterns are compared with the structure of that source code; and the code associated with each pattern, when matched, replaces the code passed to the macro. This all happens during compilation.</p> <p>Declarative macros are defined using the <code>macro_rules!</code> construct.</p> <p>Each macro has a name, and one or more rules.</p> <p>Each rule has two parts: a matcher, describing the syntax that it matches, and a transcriber, describing the syntax that will replace a successfully matched invocation. Both the matcher and the transcriber must be surrounded by delimiters. Macros can expand to expressions, statements, items (including traits, impls, and foreign items), types, or patterns.</p> Rust<pre><code>#[macro_export]\nmacro_rules! &lt;name&gt; {\n    ( &lt;matcher&gt; ) =&gt; {\n        &lt;transcriber&gt;\n    };\n}\n</code></pre>"},{"location":"languages/rust/macros.html#transcribing","title":"Transcribing","text":"<p>When a macro is invoked, the macro expander looks up macro invocations by name, and tries each macro rule in turn. It transcribes the first successful match; if this results in an error, then future matches are not tried.</p> <p>When matching, no lookahead is performed; if the compiler cannot unambiguously determine how to parse the macro invocation one token at a time, then it is an error.</p> <p>In both the matcher and the transcriber, the <code>$</code> token is used to invoke special behaviours from the macro engine. Tokens that aren't part of such an invocation are matched and transcribed literally, with one exception.</p> <p>The exception is that the outer delimiters for the matcher will match any pair of delimiters. Thus, for instance, the matcher (()) will match <code>{()}</code> but not <code>{{}}</code>.</p> <p>Note: The character <code>$</code> cannot be matched or transcribed literally.</p> <p>When forwarding a matched fragment to another macro-by-example, matchers in the second macro will see an opaque AST of the fragment type. The second macro can't use literal tokens to match the fragments in the matcher, only a fragment specifier of the same type. The <code>ident</code>, <code>lifetime</code>, and <code>tt</code> fragment types are an exception, and can be matched by literal tokens.</p> Rust<pre><code>macro_rules! foo {\n    (3) =&gt; {}\n}\n\nmacro_rules! bar {\n    ($l:expr) =&gt; { foo!($l); }\n    // ERROR:           ^^ no rules expected this token in macro call\n}\n\nmacro_rules! baz {\n    ($l:tt) =&gt; { foo!($l); }\n}\n</code></pre>"},{"location":"languages/rust/macros.html#metavariables","title":"Metavariables","text":"<p>In the matcher, <code>$name:fragment</code> matches a Rust syntax fragment of the kind specified and binds it to the metavariable <code>$name</code>.</p> <p>Valid fragment specifiers are:</p> <ul> <li><code>item</code>: an Item</li> <li><code>block</code>: a BlockExpression</li> <li><code>stmt</code>: a Statement without the trailing semicolon (except for item statements that require semicolons)</li> <li><code>pat</code>: a Pattern</li> <li><code>expr</code>: an Expression</li> <li><code>ty</code>: a Type</li> <li><code>ident</code>: an IDENTIFIER_OR_KEYWORD or RAW_IDENTIFIER</li> <li><code>path</code>: a TypePath style path</li> <li><code>tt</code>: a TokenTree (a single token or tokens in matching delimiters <code>()</code>, <code>[]</code>, or <code>{}</code>)</li> <li><code>meta</code>: an Attr, the contents of an attribute</li> <li><code>lifetime</code>: a LIFETIME_TOKEN</li> <li><code>vis</code>: a possibly empty Visibility qualifier</li> <li><code>literal</code>: matches LiteralExpression</li> </ul> <p>In the transcriber, metavariables are referred to simply by <code>$name</code>, since the fragment kind is specified in the matcher. Metavariables are replaced with the syntax element that matched them.</p> <p>The keyword metavariable <code>$crate</code> can be used to refer to the current crate. Metavariables can be transcribed more than once or not at all.</p>"},{"location":"languages/rust/macros.html#repetitions","title":"Repetitions","text":"<p>In both the matcher and transcriber, repetitions are indicated by placing the tokens to be repeated inside <code>$(\u2026)</code>, followed by a repetition operator, optionally with a separator token between. The separator token can be any token other than a delimiter or one of the repetition operators, but <code>;</code> and <code>,</code> are the most common.</p> <p>The repetition operators are:</p> <ul> <li><code>*</code>: indicates any number of repetitions.</li> <li><code>+</code>: indicates any number but at least one.</li> <li><code>?</code>: indicates an optional fragment with zero or one occurrence.</li> </ul> <p>Note: Since <code>?</code> represents at most one occurrence, it cannot be used with a separator.</p> <p>The repeated fragment both matches and transcribes to the specified number of the fragment, separated by the separator token. Metavariables are matched to every repetition of their corresponding fragment.</p> <p>During transcription, additional restrictions apply to repetitions so that the compiler knows how to expand them properly:</p> <ol> <li>A metavariable must appear in exactly the same number, kind, and nesting order of repetitions in the transcriber as it did in the matcher.</li> <li>Each repetition in the transcriber must contain at least one metavariable to decide how many times to expand it. If multiple metavariables appear in the same repetition, they must be bound to the same number of fragments.</li> </ol>"},{"location":"languages/rust/macros.html#scoping-exporting-and-importing","title":"Scoping, Exporting, and Importing","text":"<p>Macros have two forms of scope: textual scope, and path-based scope. Textual scope is based on the order that things appear in source files, or even across multiple files, and is the default scoping. Path-based scope works exactly the same way that item scoping does. The scoping, exporting, and importing of macros is controlled largely by attributes.</p> <p>When a macro is invoked by an unqualified identifier (not part of a multi-part path), it is first looked up in textual scoping. If this does not yield any results, then it is looked up in path-based scoping. If the macro's name is qualified with a path, then it is only looked up in path-based scoping.</p> Rust<pre><code>use lazy_static::lazy_static; // path-based import.\n\n// local textual definition.\nmacro_rules! lazy_static {\n    (lazy) =&gt; {};\n}\n\nlazy_static!{lazy} // textual lookup finds local macro first.\nself::lazy_static!{} // path-based lookup ignores local macro, finds imported one.\n</code></pre> <p>Note: It is not an error to define a macro multiple times; the most recent declaration will shadow the previous one unless it has gone out of scope.</p>"},{"location":"languages/rust/macros.html#the-macro_use-attribute","title":"The <code>macro_use</code> attribute","text":"<p>The <code>macro_use</code> attribute has two purposes. First, it can be used to make a module's macro scope not end when the module is closed, by applying it to a module:</p> Rust<pre><code>#[macro_use]\nmod inner {\n    macro_rules! m {\n        () =&gt; {};\n    }\n}\n\nm!();\n</code></pre> <p>Second, it can be used to import macros from another crate, by attaching it to an extern crate declaration appearing in the crate's root module. Macros imported this way are imported into the <code>macro_use</code> prelude, not textually, which means that they can be shadowed by any other name.</p> <p>While macros imported by <code>#[macro_use]</code> can be used before the import statement, in case of a conflict, the last macro imported wins. Optionally, a list of macros to import can be specified using the <code>MetaListIdents</code> syntax; this is not supported when <code>#[macro_use]</code> is applied to a module.</p> Rust<pre><code># [macro_use(lazy_static)] // or #[macro_use] to import all macros.\nextern crate lazy_static;\n\nlazy_static!{}\nself::lazy_static!{} // Error: lazy_static is not defined in `self`\n</code></pre> <p>Note: Macros to be imported with <code>#[macro_use]</code> must be exported with <code>#[macro_export]</code>.</p>"},{"location":"languages/rust/macros.html#the-macro_export-attribute","title":"The <code>macro_export</code> attribute","text":"<p>By default, a macro has no path-based scope. However, if it has the <code>#[macro_export]</code> attribute, then it is declared in the crate root scope and can be referred to normally.</p> Rust<pre><code>self::m!();\nm!(); // OK: Path-based lookup finds m in the current module.\n\nmod inner {\n    super::m!();\n    crate::m!();\n}\n\nmod mac {\n    #[macro_export]\n    macro_rules! m {\n        () =&gt; {};\n    }\n}\n</code></pre> <p>Note: Macros labeled with <code>#[macro_export]</code> are always pub and can be referred to by other crates, either by path or by <code>#[macro_use]</code>.</p>"},{"location":"languages/rust/macros.html#follow-set-ambiguity-restrictions","title":"Follow-set Ambiguity Restrictions","text":"<p>The parser used by the macro system is reasonably powerful, but it is limited in order to prevent ambiguity in current or future versions of the language.</p> <p>In particular, in addition to the rule about ambiguous expansions, a nonterminal matched by a metavariable must be followed by a token which has been decided can be safely used after that kind of match.</p> <p>The specific rules are:</p> <ul> <li><code>expr</code> and <code>stmt</code> may only be followed by one of: <code>=&gt;</code>, <code>,</code>, or <code>;</code>.</li> <li><code>pat</code> may only be followed by one of: <code>=&gt;</code>, <code>,</code>, <code>=</code>, <code>if</code>, or <code>in</code>.</li> <li><code>path</code> and <code>ty</code> may only be followed by one of: <code>=&gt;</code>, <code>,</code>, <code>=</code>, <code>|</code>, <code>;</code>, <code>:</code>, <code>&gt;</code>, <code>&gt;&gt;</code>, <code>[</code>, <code>{</code>, <code>as</code>, <code>where</code>, or a macro variable of block fragment specifier.</li> <li><code>vis</code> may only be followed by one of: <code>,</code>, an identifier other than a non-raw priv, any token that can begin a type, or a metavariable with a <code>ident</code>, <code>ty</code>, or <code>path</code> fragment specifier.</li> </ul> <p>All other fragment specifiers have no restrictions.</p> <p>When repetitions are involved, then the rules apply to every possible number of expansions, taking separators into account. This means:</p> <ul> <li>If the repetition includes a separator, that separator must be able to follow the contents of the repetition.</li> <li>If the repetition can repeat multiple times (<code>*</code> or <code>+</code>), then the contents must be able to follow themselves.</li> <li>The contents of the repetition must be able to follow whatever comes before, and whatever comes after must be able to follow the contents of the repetition.</li> <li>If the repetition can match zero times (<code>*</code> or <code>?</code>), then whatever comes after must be able to follow whatever comes before.</li> </ul>"},{"location":"languages/rust/rust.html","title":"Rust","text":""},{"location":"languages/rust/rust.html#basics","title":"Basics","text":"Rust<pre><code>use &lt;module&gt;;  // bring a type into scope\n\nfn main() {  //program entry point\n    // code here\n}\n</code></pre>"},{"location":"languages/rust/rust.html#standard-output","title":"Standard Output","text":"Rust<pre><code>// macro (func have no \"!\")\nprintln!(\"Value: {}\", value);  // {} is a placeholder for a value or variable\nprintln!(\"Values: {1}, {0}\", value1, value2);  // use index to print values\n\nprintln!(\"Value {a}, {b}\", a = value1, b = value2);  // named parameters\nprintln!(\"Value {scoped_variable}\");  // reference a variable in scope (must not have any parameters)\n\nprintln!(\"Num: {:&lt;total_digits&gt;.&lt;decimal_digits&gt;}\", number);\nprintln!(\"Num: {:0&lt;total&gt;.&lt;decimal&gt;}\", number);  // prefix number with zeroes\n\nprintln!(\"{:b}\", 0b11011);  // print as bits\n\nprint!();\n</code></pre>"},{"location":"languages/rust/rust.html#standard-input","title":"Standard Input","text":"Rust<pre><code>use io;\n\nlet mut buffer = String::new();\n\nio::stdin()  // read line from stdin\n    .read_line(&amp;mut buffer)  // put in into the string variable\n    .expect(\"Error Message\");  // in case of errors return an error message\n\nlet var: i32 = buffer.trim().parse()  // returns a Result enum\nlet var = buffer.trim().parse::&lt;i32&gt;()  // returns a Result enum\n</code></pre> <p>The <code>::</code> syntax in the <code>::new</code> line indicates that <code>new</code> is an associated function of the <code>String</code> type. An associated function is implemented on a type rather than on a particular instance of the type. Some languages call this a <code>static method</code>.</p>"},{"location":"languages/rust/rust.html#variables-mutability","title":"Variables &amp; Mutability","text":"<p>By default variables are immutable.</p> Rust<pre><code>let var1 = value;  // immutable var init\nlet var2: Type = value;  // explicit type annotation\n\nlet mut var3 = value;  // mutable var init\nlet mut var4: Type = value;  // explicit type annotation\n\nconst CONSTANT_NAME: type = value;  // constant must have the type annotation\n</code></pre>"},{"location":"languages/rust/rust.html#shadowing","title":"Shadowing","text":"<p>It's possible declare a new variable with the same name as a previous variable, and the new variable shadows the previous variable. By using let, it's possible to perform a few transformations on a value but have the variable be immutable after those transformations have been completed.</p> <p>The other difference between mut and shadowing is that because we're effectively creating a new variable when we use the let keyword again, we can change the type of the value but reuse the same name.</p> Rust<pre><code>let x: u32 = 10;\nlet x: i32 = 11;  // shadowing\n</code></pre>"},{"location":"languages/rust/rust.html#data-types","title":"Data Types","text":""},{"location":"languages/rust/rust.html#integer-types","title":"Integer Types","text":"Length Signed Unsigned 8-bit <code>i8</code> <code>u8</code> 16-bit <code>i16</code> <code>u16</code> 32-bit <code>i32</code> <code>u32</code> 64-bit <code>i64</code> <code>u64</code> 128-bit <code>i128</code> <code>u128</code> architecture <code>isize</code> <code>usize</code>"},{"location":"languages/rust/rust.html#explicit-mathematical-operations-integers","title":"Explicit Mathematical Operations (Integers)","text":"Rust<pre><code>i32::MAX.checked_add(value);  // Option&lt;i32&gt; =&gt; None if overflow\ni32::MAX.wrapping_add(value);  // i32 =&gt; Wrap around\ni32::MAX.saturating_add(value);  //  i32 =&gt; MIN &lt;= x &lt;= MAX (Clamp)\ni32::MAX.overflowing_add(value); // (i32, bool) =&gt; overflowed result and if overflowed\n</code></pre> <p>Note: analogous method exist for other mathematical operation</p>"},{"location":"languages/rust/rust.html#floating-point-types","title":"Floating-Point Types","text":"<p>Rust also has two primitive types for floating-point numbers, which are numbers with decimal points. Rust's floating-point types are <code>f32</code> and <code>f64</code>, which are 32 bits and 64 bits in size, respectively. The default type is <code>f64</code> because on modern CPUs it's roughly the same speed as <code>f32</code> but is capable of more precision.</p>"},{"location":"languages/rust/rust.html#numeric-byte-literals","title":"Numeric &amp; Byte Literals","text":"<p>Numeric Base Prefix:</p> <ul> <li><code>0x</code>: Hexadecimal Number</li> <li><code>0o</code>: Octal Number</li> <li><code>0b</code>: Binary Number</li> </ul> <p>Note: Number can have <code>_</code> interposed for legibility (E.g: <code>1_000_u64</code>)</p> <p>Binary Literals:</p> <ul> <li><code>b'\\''</code>, <code>b'\\1'</code>, <code>b'\\n'</code>, <code>b'\\r'</code>, <code>b'\\t'</code>: Escaped characters</li> <li><code>b'&lt;C&gt;'</code>: Byte whose value is the ASCII character <code>&lt;C&gt;</code></li> <li><code>b'\\x&lt;HH&gt;'</code>: Byte whose value is the hexadecimal <code>&lt;HH&gt;</code></li> </ul>"},{"location":"languages/rust/rust.html#numeric-operators","title":"Numeric Operators","text":"Operator Operation <code>&gt;</code> Greater than <code>&gt;=</code> Greater or Equal to <code>&lt;</code> Less than <code>&lt;=</code> Less or Equal to <code>==</code> Equals <code>!=</code> Not Equals"},{"location":"languages/rust/rust.html#comparison-operators","title":"Comparison Operators","text":"Operator Operation <code>+</code> Addition <code>-</code> Subtraction <code>*</code> Multiplication <code>/</code> Division <code>%</code> Modulo"},{"location":"languages/rust/rust.html#boolean-types","title":"Boolean Types","text":"<p>Boolean types in Rust have two possible values: <code>true</code> and <code>false</code>. Booleans are one byte in size. The Boolean type in Rust is specified using <code>bool</code>.</p>"},{"location":"languages/rust/rust.html#bitwise-operators","title":"Bitwise Operators","text":"Operator Operation <code>&amp;</code> AND <code>|</code> OR <code>&amp;&amp;</code> SHORT-CIRCUIT AND <code>||</code> SHORT-CIRCUIT OR <code>^</code> XOR <code>!</code> NOT <code>&lt;&lt;</code> LEFT SHIFT <code>&gt;&gt;</code> RIGHT SHIFT"},{"location":"languages/rust/rust.html#character-types","title":"Character Types","text":"<p>Rust's <code>char</code> type is the language's most primitive alphabetic type.</p> <p>Rust's <code>char</code> type is four bytes in size and represents a Unicode Scalar Value: range from <code>U+0000</code> to <code>U+D7FF</code> and <code>U+E000</code> to <code>U+10FFFF</code> inclusive.</p> Rust<pre><code>let c: char = 'C';  // SINGLE QUOTES\nlet c: char = '\\u{261D}';  // Unicode Code Point U+261D\nlet c: char = '\\x2A';  // ASCII for *\n\n\n'*'.is_alphabetic();  // false\n'\u03b2'.is_alphabetic(); // true\n'8'.to_digit(10);  // Some(8)\n'\\u{CA0}'.len_utf8();  // 3\nstd::char::from:digit(2, 10);  // Some(2)\n</code></pre>"},{"location":"languages/rust/rust.html#string-types","title":"String Types","text":"Rust<pre><code>let s = String::new();  // create empty string\nlet s = String::from(\"string literal\");  // construct string from literal\n\n// string literals\nlet s = \"a multiline\n    string literal\"; // includes whitespace and new lines\n\nlet s = \"single line \\\n    string literal\";  // the trailing \\ avoids the new line &amp; trailing/leading whitespace\n\n// raw strings\nlet raw = r\"\\d+(\\.\\d+)*\"  // backslash and whitespace included verbatim\nlet raw = r#\"raw literal with explicit delimiters, allows double quotes (\") inside\"#;\n\n// byte strings\nlet byte_string = b\"some bite string\"  // &amp;[u8] =&gt; slice og u8, equal to &amp;[b'E', b'q', ...]\n\ns.push_str(\"\"); // appending string literals\n</code></pre>"},{"location":"languages/rust/rust.html#tuple-types","title":"Tuple Types","text":"<p>A tuple is a general way of grouping together a number of values with a variety of types into one compound type. Tuples have a fixed length: once declared, they cannot grow or shrink in size.</p> Rust<pre><code>let tup: (i32, f64, u8) = (500, 6.4, 1);\nlet tup = (500, 6.4, 1);\n\nlet (x, y, z) = tup;  // tuple deconstruction (unpacking)\n\ntup.0 = value;  // member access &amp; update (mut be mutable)\n</code></pre>"},{"location":"languages/rust/rust.html#array-types","title":"Array Types","text":"<p>Every element of an array must have the same type. Arrays in Rust have a fixed length, like tuples. An array isn't as flexible as the <code>vector</code> type, though. A vector is a similar collection type provided by the standard library that is allowed to grow or shrink in size.</p> Rust<pre><code>let array = [0, 1, 2, 3, 4];\nlet array: [Type; length] = [...];\nlet array: [value; length];  // repeat expression (same as python's [value] * length)\n\nlet index: usize = &lt;index_value&gt;;  // indexes and ranges must be of type usize\narray[index] = value;  // member access and update (must be mutable)\n\nlet matrix = [\n    [0 ,1, 2],\n    [3, 4, 5]\n]\n\nlet matrix: [[Type, length]; length]; = [[...], [...], ...]\n\nmatrix[row][column];\n</code></pre>"},{"location":"languages/rust/rust.html#slice-types-t-mut-t","title":"Slice Types (<code>&amp;[T]</code>, <code>&amp;mut [T]</code>)","text":"<p>Slices allows to reference a contiguous sequence of elements in a collection rather than the whole collection. Slices don't take ownership.</p> <p>A mutable slice <code>&amp;mut [T]</code> allows to read and modify elements, but can\u2019t be shared; a shared slice <code>&amp;[T]</code> allows to share access among several readers, but doesn\u2019t allow to modify elements.</p> <p><code>&amp;String</code> can be used in place of a <code>&amp;str</code> (string slice)  trough String Coercion. The <code>&amp;String</code> gets converted to a <code>&amp;str</code> that borrows the entire string. The reverse is not possible since the slice lacks some information about the String.</p> <p>Note: When working with functions is easier to always expect a <code>&amp;str</code> instead of a <code>&amp;String</code>.</p> Rust<pre><code>let s = String::from(\"string literal\");\nlet slice: &amp;str = &amp;s[start..end];\n\nlet a = [0, 1, 2, 3, 4, 5];\nlet slice: &amp;[i32] =  &amp;a[start..end];\n\nsequence[start..]  // slice to end of sequence\nsequence[..end]  // slice from start to end (excluded)\n</code></pre>"},{"location":"languages/rust/rust.html#type-aliases","title":"Type Aliases","text":"Rust<pre><code>type Alias = T;\n</code></pre>"},{"location":"languages/rust/rust.html#functions","title":"Functions","text":"<p>Rust code uses snake_case as the conventional style for function and variable names.</p> <p>Function definitions in Rust start with <code>fn</code> and have a set of parentheses after the function name. The curly brackets tell the compiler where the function body begins and ends.</p> <p>Rust doesn't care where the functions are defined, only that they're defined somewhere.</p> Rust<pre><code>  // parameters MUST have the Type annotation\nfn func(param: Type) {}\n\n  // -&gt; specifies the return type\nfn func() -&gt; Type {}\n\nfn func() {\n    value  // returns value\n}\n// same as\nfn func() {\n    return value;\n}\n\nfn func() {\n    return (value1, value2, ...);  // return multiple values with tuples\n}\n</code></pre>"},{"location":"languages/rust/rust.html#control-flow","title":"Control Flow","text":""},{"location":"languages/rust/rust.html#if-else-if-else","title":"if, else-if, else","text":"Rust<pre><code>if condition {\n    // [...]\n} else if condition {\n    // [...]\n} else {\n    // [...]\n}\n</code></pre>"},{"location":"languages/rust/rust.html#let-if","title":"let if","text":"Rust<pre><code>let var = if condition { value } else { value };  // returned types must be the same\n</code></pre>"},{"location":"languages/rust/rust.html#if-let","title":"if-let","text":"Rust<pre><code>if let &lt;pattern&gt; = &lt;expr&gt; {\n    &lt;block1&gt;\n} else {\n    &lt;block2&gt;\n}\n\n// same as\nmatch &lt;expr&gt; {\n    &lt;pattern&gt; =&gt; { block1 }\n    _ =&gt; { block2 }\n}\n</code></pre>"},{"location":"languages/rust/rust.html#loop","title":"loop","text":"Rust<pre><code>// loop's forever if not explicitly stopped (return or break)\nloop { }\n</code></pre>"},{"location":"languages/rust/rust.html#while-while-let","title":"while, while-let","text":"Rust<pre><code>while condition { }\n\nwhile let &lt;pattern&gt; {}\n</code></pre>"},{"location":"languages/rust/rust.html#for","title":"for","text":"Rust<pre><code>for item in sequence.iter() { }\nfor item in sequence.iter_mut() { }  // iterate over mutable items\n\nfor item in sequence { }  // consumes the values (moved into item)\nfor item in &amp;sequence { }  // doesn't consumes the values (item is a reference)\nfor item in &amp;mut sequence { }\n\n// for (i = start; i &lt; end; i += 1)\nfor i in (start..end) { }\n</code></pre>"},{"location":"languages/rust/rust.html#range","title":"Range","text":"Rust<pre><code>..  // RangeFull\na ..  // RangeFrom { start: a }\n.. b  // RangeTo { end: b }\na .. b  // Range { start: a, end: b }\n..= b  // RangeToInclusive { end: b }\na ..= b  // RangeInclusive::new(a, b)\n</code></pre>"},{"location":"languages/rust/rust.html#break-continue","title":"<code>break</code> &amp; <code>continue</code>","text":"Rust<pre><code>while &lt;condition&gt; {\n    // [...]\n\n    continue;  // jump to condition evaluation\n}\n\nlet loop_result = loop {\n    // [...]\n\n    break &lt;loop-value&gt;;\n}\n\n'outer: loop {\n    // [...]\n    loop {}\n\n    break 'outer;  // break labeled loop\n}\n\nlet loop_result = 'outer: loop {\n    // [...]\n    loop {}\n\n    break 'outer &lt;loop-value&gt;; // break labeled loop and return value\n}\n</code></pre>"},{"location":"languages/rust/rust.html#ownership","title":"Ownership","text":"<p>Ownership is Rust's most unique feature, and it enables Rust to make memory safety guarantees without needing a garbage collector.</p> <p>All programs have to manage the way they use a computer's memory while running. Some languages have garbage collection that constantly looks for no longer used memory as the program runs; in other languages, the programmer must explicitly allocate and free the memory. Rust uses a third approach: memory is managed through a system of ownership with a set of rules that the compiler checks at compile time. None of the ownership features slow down your program while it's running.</p>"},{"location":"languages/rust/rust.html#stack-heap","title":"Stack &amp; Heap","text":"<p>Both the stack and the heap are parts of memory that are available to your code to use at runtime, but they are structured in different ways.</p> <p>The stack stores values in the order it gets them and removes the values in the opposite order. This is referred to as last in, first out. Adding data is called pushing onto the stack, and removing data is called popping off the stack.</p> <p>All data stored on the stack must have a known, fixed size. Data with an unknown size at compile time or a size that might change must be stored on the heap instead.</p> <p>The heap is less organized: when you put data on the heap, you request a certain amount of space. The memory allocator finds an empty spot in the heap that is big enough, marks it as being in use, and returns a pointer, which is the address of that location. This process is called allocating on the heap and is sometimes abbreviated as just allocating.</p> <p>Pushing to the stack is faster than allocating on the heap because the allocator never has to search for a place to store new data; that location is always at the top of the stack. Comparatively, allocating space on the heap requires more work, because the allocator must first find a big enough space to hold the data and then perform bookkeeping to prepare for the next allocation.</p> <p>Accessing data in the heap is slower than accessing data on the stack because you have to follow a pointer to get there. Contemporary processors are faster if they jump around less in memory.</p> <p>Keeping track of what parts of code are using what data on the heap, minimizing the amount of duplicate data on the heap, and cleaning up unused data on the heap so you don't run out of space are all problems that ownership addresses.</p>"},{"location":"languages/rust/rust.html#ownership-rules","title":"Ownership Rules","text":"<ul> <li>Each value in Rust has a variable that's called its owner.</li> <li>There can only be one owner at a time.</li> <li>When the owner goes out of scope, the value will be dropped.</li> </ul>"},{"location":"languages/rust/rust.html#moving-cloning-copying-data","title":"Moving, Cloning &amp; Copying data","text":"<p>A \"shallow copy\" of a variable allocated on the heap causes the original variable goes out of scope and only the \"copy\" remains (MOVING). A \"deep copy\" (<code>var.clone()</code>) makes a copy of the data in the new variable without make the original fall out of scope (CLONING).</p> <p>When a variable goes out of scope, Rust calls the special function <code>drop</code>, where the code to return/free the memory is located.</p> <p>Rust has a special annotation called the <code>Copy</code> trait that it's placeable on types that are stored on the stack. If a type has the <code>Copy</code> trait, an older variable is still usable after assignment.</p> <p>Copies happen implicitly, for example as part of an assignment <code>y = x</code>. The behavior of <code>Copy</code> is not overloadable; it is always a simple bit-wise copy. Cloning is an explicit action, <code>x.clone()</code>. The implementation of Clone can provide any type-specific behavior necessary to duplicate values safely.</p> <p>Rust won't allow to annotate a type with the <code>Copy</code> trait if the type, or any of its parts, has implemented the <code>Drop</code> trait.  </p> Rust<pre><code>let s = String::new()\nlet t = s;  // MOVE, s is now uninitialized\nlet u = t.clone();  // deep copy, t is still valid\n\nlet n: i32 = 1;\nlet x = n;  // x holds a COPY of the VALUE of n\n</code></pre>"},{"location":"languages/rust/rust.html#ownership-functions","title":"Ownership &amp; Functions","text":"<p>The semantics for passing a value to a function are similar to those for assigning a value to a variable. Passing a variable to a function will move or copy, just as assignment does.</p> Rust<pre><code>fn main() {\n    let s = String::from(\"hello\");  // s comes into scope\n\n    takes_ownership(s);             // s's value moves into the function and so is no longer valid here\n\n    let x = 5;                      // x comes into scope\n\n    makes_copy(x);                  // x would move into the function, but i32 is Copy, so it's okay to still use x afterward\n\n} // Here, x goes out of scope, then s. But because s's value was moved, nothing special happens.\n\nfn takes_ownership(some_string: String) { // some_string comes into scope\n    println!(\"{}\", some_string);\n} // Here, some_string goes out of scope and `drop` is called. The backing memory is freed.\n\nfn makes_copy(some_integer: i32) { // some_integer comes into scope\n    println!(\"{}\", some_integer);\n} // Here, some_integer goes out of scope. Nothing special happens.\n</code></pre>"},{"location":"languages/rust/rust.html#return-values-scope","title":"Return Values &amp; Scope","text":"<p>Returning values can also transfer ownership.</p> Rust<pre><code>fn main() {\n    let s1 = gives_ownership();         // gives_ownership moves its return value into s1\n\n    let s2 = String::from(\"hello\");     // s2 comes into scope\n\n    let s3 = takes_and_gives_back(s2);  // s2 is moved into takes_and_gives_back, which also moves its return value into s3\n} // Here, s3 goes out of scope and is dropped. s2 goes out of scope but was moved, so nothing happens. s1 goes out of scope and is dropped.\n\nfn gives_ownership() -&gt; String {             // gives_ownership will move its return value into the function that calls it\n\n    let some_string = String::from(\"hello\"); // some_string comes into scope\n\n    some_string                              // some_string is returned and moves out to the calling function\n}\n\n// takes_and_gives_back will take a String and return one\nfn takes_and_gives_back(a_string: String) -&gt; String { // a_string comes into scope\n\n    a_string  // a_string is returned and moves out to the calling function\n}\n</code></pre>"},{"location":"languages/rust/rust.html#references-raw-pointers-borrowing","title":"References, Raw Pointers &amp; Borrowing","text":"<p>Reference types:</p> <ul> <li><code>&amp;T</code>: immutable (aka shared) reference, admits multiple references at the same time, (Read-Only, implements <code>Copy</code>)</li> <li><code>&amp;mut T</code>: mutable reference, there can be only one</li> </ul> <p>Raw Pointers types:</p> <ul> <li><code>*mut T</code></li> <li><code>* const T</code></li> </ul> <p>As long as there are shared references to a value, not even its owner can modify it, the value is locked down. Similarly, if there is a mutable reference to a value, it has exclusive access to the value; it's not possible to use the owner at all, until the mutable reference goes away.</p> <p>Note: raw pointers can be used only in <code>unsafe</code> block. Rust doesn't track the pointed value</p> <p>Mutable references have one big restriction: it's possible to have only one mutable reference to a particular piece of data in a particular scope.</p> <p>The benefit of having this restriction is that Rust can prevent data races at compile time. A data race is similar to a race condition and happens when these three behaviors occur:</p> <ul> <li>Two or more pointers access the same data at the same time.  </li> <li>At least one of the pointers is being used to write to the data.  </li> <li>There's no mechanism being used to synchronize access to the data.</li> </ul> Rust<pre><code>fn borrow(var: &amp;Type) {  // &amp;Type indicates that the var is a reference\n    // here var cannot be modified\n} // when var goes out of scope it doesn't get dropped because the scope didn't own it\n\nborrow(&amp;variable);  // &amp;variable creates a reference to variable but does not take ownership\n\nfn borrow2(var: &amp;mut Type) {\n    // here var can be modified\n}\n\n&amp;variable;  // borrow a value from a variable (returns reference)\n*variable;  // dereference value (access value pointed by the reference)\n</code></pre> <p>The <code>.</code> operator can implicitly borrow or dereference a reference</p> Rust<pre><code>let struct = Struct { field: /* [...] */ }\nlet ref = &amp;struct;\n\nref.field  // implicit deref\n(*ref).field  // explicit deref\n\nlet mut vec = vec![/* */];\n\nv.sort()  // implicit mutable borrow\n(&amp;mut vec).sort()  // explicit mutable borrow\n</code></pre> <p>Note: arithmetic expressions can \"see through\" one level of references. Note: comparison affect the final value of a reference chain. To compare references directly use <code>std::ptr::eq</code></p>"},{"location":"languages/rust/rust.html#structs","title":"Structs","text":"<p>A struct, or structure, is a custom data type that allows to name and package together multiple related values that make up a meaningful group.</p> <p>To define a struct enter the keyword struct and name the entire struct. A struct's name should describe the significance of the pieces of data being grouped together. Then, inside curly brackets, define the names and types of the pieces of data, which we call fields.</p> Rust<pre><code>struct Struct {\n    field: Type,\n    ...\n}\n\nstruct UnitStruct;  // no field, useful in generics\n\n{ x: Type, y: Type }  // anonymous struct\n</code></pre> <p>To use a struct after defining it, create an instance of that struct by specifying concrete values for each of the fields.</p> Rust<pre><code>let mut var = Struct {\n    field: value,\n    ...\n};\n</code></pre>"},{"location":"languages/rust/rust.html#field-init-shorthand","title":"Field Init Shorthand","text":"Rust<pre><code>let mut var = Struct {\n    field,  // shortened form since func param is named as the struct's field\n    ...\n};\n\nvar.field = value;  // member access\n</code></pre> <p>Note: the entire instance must be mutable; Rust doesn't allow to mark only certain fields as mutable.</p>"},{"location":"languages/rust/rust.html#struct-update-syntax","title":"Struct Update Syntax","text":"Rust<pre><code>let struct1 = Struct {\n    field1: value,\n    field2: value,\n    ...\n}\n// same as\nlet struct2 = Struct {\n    field1: other_value,\n    ..struct1  // all remaining fields have the same values of struct1\n}\n</code></pre>"},{"location":"languages/rust/rust.html#tuple-structs","title":"Tuple Structs","text":"<p>Use Tuple Structs to create different types easily. To define a tuple struct, start with the <code>struct</code> keyword and the struct name followed by the types in the tuple.</p> Rust<pre><code>struct Point(i32, i32, i32);\nstruct Color(i32, i32, i32);\n\nlet origin = Point(0, 0, 0);\n</code></pre>"},{"location":"languages/rust/rust.html#struct-printing","title":"Struct Printing","text":"Rust<pre><code>#[derive(Debug)]  // inherit the debug trait\nstruct Struct { }\n\nlet s: Struct = { /* valorization */};\nprintln!(\"{:?}\", s)  // debug output: { field: value, ... }\n</code></pre>"},{"location":"languages/rust/rust.html#associated-functions-type-associated-functions-aka-methods","title":"Associated Functions &amp; Type-Associated Functions (aka Methods)","text":"Rust<pre><code>struct Struct { };\nimpl Struct\n{\n    fn associated_function(&amp;self, arg: Type) -&gt; Type { }\n    fn associated_function(&amp;mut self, arg: Type) -&gt; Type { }  // able to modify instance\n    fn type_associated_function(arg: Type) -&gt; Type { }  // does not have self parameter\n}\n\nlet s: Struct = { /* valorization */};\ns.associated_function(arg);  // use struct method\n\nStruct::type_associated_function(arg);\n</code></pre>"},{"location":"languages/rust/rust.html#associated-consts","title":"Associated Consts","text":"Rust<pre><code>struct Struct {\n    const ASSOCIATED_CONST: Type = &lt;value&gt;;\n}\n\nStruct::ASSOCIATED_CONST;\n</code></pre>"},{"location":"languages/rust/rust.html#traits","title":"Traits","text":"<p>A Trait is a collection of methods representing a set of behaviours necessary to accomplish some task. Traits can be used as generic types constraints and can be implemented by data types.</p> Rust<pre><code>trait Trait {\n    fn method_signature(&amp;self, param: Type) -&gt; Type;\n    fn method_signature(&amp;self, param: Type) -&gt; Type {\n        // default implementation\n    }\n}\n\ntrait SubTrait: Trait { }  // must have impl blocks for all super traits\n//same as\ntrait SubTrait where Self: Trait\n\nimpl Trait for Struct {\n    fn method_signature(&amp;self, param: Type) -&gt; Type {\n        // specific implementation\n    }\n}\n</code></pre>"},{"location":"languages/rust/rust.html#fully-qualified-method-calls","title":"Fully Qualified Method Calls","text":"Rust<pre><code>value.method();\nType::method(value);\nTrait::method(value);\n&lt;Type as Trait&gt;::method(value);\n</code></pre> <p>Note: fully qualified method calls also works with associated functions</p>"},{"location":"languages/rust/rust.html#derive-traits","title":"Derive Traits","text":"<p>The Rust compiler is able to provide a basic implementation of a trait with the <code>derive</code> attribute.  </p> <p>Derivable Traits:</p> <ul> <li><code>Eq</code></li> <li><code>PartialEq</code></li> <li><code>Ord</code></li> <li><code>PartialOrd</code></li> <li><code>Clone</code></li> <li><code>Copy</code></li> <li><code>Hash</code></li> <li><code>Default</code></li> <li><code>Debug</code></li> </ul> Rust<pre><code>#[derive(Trait)]  // derive a trait for the struct\n#[derive(Trait, Trait, ...)]  // derive multiple traits\nstruct Struct {\n    // [...]\n}\n</code></pre>"},{"location":"languages/rust/rust.html#trait-bounds","title":"Trait Bounds","text":"<p>Trait Bound are used to require a generic to implement specific traits and guarantee that a type will have the necessary behaviours.</p> Rust<pre><code>fn generic_method&lt;T: RequiredTrait&gt;() {}\nfn generic_method&lt;T: RequiredTrait + RequiredTrait&gt;() {}  // multiple bounds\n// or\nfn generic_method&lt;T, U&gt;() \n    where T: RequiredTrait + RequiredTrait,\n          U: RequiredTrait + RequiredTrait\n{\n    // implementation\n}\n\n// returned must implement specified trait, retuned type can be only one\n// useful for closures or iterators\nfn generic_return() -&gt; impl RequiredTrait { }\n\n// trait as parameter or return (syntactic sugar for trait bounds)\nfn method_signature(param: &amp;impl Trait) -&gt; Type {}\nfn method_signature(param: &amp;(impl TraitOne + TraitTwo)) -&gt; Type {}\n</code></pre>"},{"location":"languages/rust/rust.html#trait-extensions","title":"Trait Extensions","text":"Rust<pre><code>extern crate foo;\nuse foo::Foo;\n\n// define the methods to be added to the existing type\ntrait FooExt {\n    fn bar(&amp;self);\n}\n\n// implement the extension methods\nimpl FooExt for Foo {\n    fn bar(&amp;self) { .. }\n}\n</code></pre>"},{"location":"languages/rust/rust.html#generic-structs-methods","title":"Generic Structs &amp; Methods","text":"<p>Generic Data Types are abstract stand-ind for concrete data types or other properties. They can be used with structs, functions, methods, etc.</p> <p>Rust accomplishes this by performing monomorphization of the code that is using generics at compile time. Monomorphization is the process of turning generic code into specific code by filling in the concrete types that are used when compiled. For this reason if a function as a trait as return type (trait bound), only a single type that implements the trait can be returned.</p> Rust<pre><code>struct GenericStruct&lt;T, U&gt; {\n    T generic_field,\n    U generic_field,\n    ...\n}\n\nimpl&lt;T, U&gt; GenericStruct&lt;T, U&gt; {\n    fn generic_method&lt;T&gt;() -&gt; Type { }\n    fn generic_method&lt;U&gt;() -&gt; Type { }\n}\n\n// implementation for specific types\nimpl GenericStruct&lt;Type, Type&gt; {\n    fn method() -&gt; Type { }\n}\n\n// implementation for specific traits \nimpl&lt;T: Trait, U&gt; GenericStruct&lt;T, U&gt; {/* ...*/}\n\n// implement a trait for all types with a specific trait (AKA blanket implementation)\nimpl&lt;T: WantedTrait&gt; ImplementedTrait for T {/* ...*/}\n\nfn generic_func&lt;T&gt;() -&gt; Type { }\nfn generic_func&lt;T&gt;() -&gt; &amp;T { }  // T could be heap-based type, returning reference is always valid\n\nfn generic&lt;T: Trait&gt;() -&gt; Type { }  // use generic constraint\n</code></pre> <p>Note: the calling code needs to import your new trait in addition to the external type</p>"},{"location":"languages/rust/rust.html#associated-types","title":"Associated Types","text":"<p>Associated types connect a type placeholder with a trait such that the trait method definitions can use these placeholder types in their signatures. The implementor of a trait will specify the concrete type to be used instead of the placeholder type for the particular implementation.</p> Rust<pre><code>trait Iterator {\n    type Item;\n\n    fn next(&amp;mut self) -&gt; Option&lt;Self::Item&gt;;\n}\n</code></pre> <p>The type <code>Item</code> is a placeholder, and the next method\u2019s definition shows that it will return values of type <code>Option&lt;Self::Item&gt;</code>. Implementors of the <code>Iterator</code> trait will specify the concrete type for <code>Item</code>, and the next method will return an <code>Option</code> containing a value of that concrete type.</p> <p>Note: if the type is generic then then they are called generic associated types</p>"},{"location":"languages/rust/rust.html#generic-traits-vs-associated-types","title":"Generic Traits vs Associated Types","text":"<p>The difference is that when a trait has a generic parameter, it can be implemented for a type multiple times, changing the concrete types of the generic type parameters each time. With associated types, it's not possible to implement the trait multiple times so annotations are not needed.</p> <p>Associated types also become part of the trait\u2019s contract: implementors of the trait must provide a type to stand in for the associated type placeholder. Associated types often have a name that describes how the type will be used, and documenting the associated type in the API documentation is good practice.</p>"},{"location":"languages/rust/rust.html#trait-objects","title":"Trait Objects","text":"<p>A reference to a trait is called a Trait Object. Like any other reference, a trait object points to some value, it has a lifetime, and it can be either mut or shared. What makes a trait object different is that Rust usually doesn\u2019t know the type of the referent at compile time. So a trait object includes a little extra information about the referent\u2019s type.</p> <p>In memory, a trait object is a fat pointer consisting of a pointer to the value, plus a pointer to a table representing that value\u2019s type.  </p> <p>Note: Rust automatically converts ordinary references into trait objects when needed</p> Rust<pre><code>let trait_object = &amp;mut dyn Trait = &amp;mut source;\nlet trait_object: Box&lt;dyn Trait&gt; = Box::new(source);  // same for Rc&lt;T&gt;, Arc&lt;T&gt;, ...\n</code></pre> <p>This works differently from defining a struct or function that uses a generic type parameter with trait bounds. A generic type parameter can only be substituted with one concrete type at a time, whereas trait objects allow for multiple concrete types to fill in for the trait object at runtime.</p> Rust<pre><code>fn func() -&gt; Box&lt;dyn Trait&gt; { }  // return something that implements the specified trait\n</code></pre> <p>If homogeneous collections are needed, using generics and trait bounds is preferable because the definitions will be monomorphized at compile time to use the concrete types.</p> <p>The code that results from monomorphization uses static dispatch, which is when the compiler knows what method will be called at compile time.</p> <p>This is opposed to dynamic dispatch, which is when the compiler can't tell at compile time which method will be called.  At runtime Rust uses the pointers inside the trait object to know which method to call. There is a runtime cost when this lookup happens that doesn't occur with static dispatch.</p> <p>Dynamic dispatch also prevents the compiler from choosing to inline a method's code, which in turn prevents some optimizations.</p> <p>It's only possible to make object-safe traits into trait objects. A trait is object safe if all the methods defined in the trait have the following properties:</p> <ul> <li>The return type isn't <code>Self</code>.</li> <li>There are no generic type parameters.</li> </ul>"},{"location":"languages/rust/rust.html#lifetimes","title":"Lifetimes","text":"<p>Lifetime annotation indicates to the borrow checker that the lifetime of the returned value is as long as the lifetime of the referenced value. The annotation does not affect how long the references live.</p> <p>In case of different lifetimes the complier will use the most restrictive.</p> Rust<pre><code>// lifetime annotation syntax\nfn func&lt;'a&gt;(x: &amp;'a Type, y: &amp;'a Type) -&gt; &amp;'a Type { }\n\n// multiple lifetimes annotations\nfn func&lt;'a, 'b&gt;(x: &amp;'a Type, y: &amp;'b Type) -&gt; &amp;'a Type { }\n\n// struct lifetime annotation\nstruct Struct&lt;'a&gt; {\n    name: &amp;'a str  // is borrowed, needs lifetime\n}\n\nimpl&lt;'a&gt; Struct&lt;'a&gt; { }\nimpl&lt;'a, 'b&gt; Struct&lt;'a&gt; { \n    fn method(&amp;'a self, param: &amp;'b Type) -&gt; &amp;'b Type {}\n}\n\n// static lifetime, same duration as entire program\n// can be coerced to more restrictive lifetime\nlet string: &amp;'static str = \"...\";\n</code></pre>"},{"location":"languages/rust/rust.html#lifetime-elision-rules","title":"Lifetime Elision Rules","text":"<p>The Lifetime Elision Rules are a set of rules for the compiler to analyze references lifetimes. They describe situations that do not require explicit lifetime annotations.  </p> <ul> <li>Rule 1: Each input parameter that is a reference is assigned it's own lifetime</li> <li>Rule 2: If there is exactly one input lifetime, assign it to all output lifetimes</li> <li>Rule 3: If there is a <code>&amp;self</code> or <code>&amp;mut self</code> input parameter, it's lifetime will be assigned to all output lifetimes</li> </ul>"},{"location":"languages/rust/rust.html#enums","title":"Enums","text":"Rust<pre><code>// enum definition\nenum Enum\n{\n    Variant1,\n    Variant2(Type, ...),  // each variant can have different types (even structs and enums) and amounts of associated data\n    Variant3 { x: u8, y: u8 }  // c-like struct\n    ...\n}\n\n// value assignment\nlet e: Enum = Enum::Variant1;\nlet e: Enum = Enum::Variant2(arg, ...);  // variant w/ data\nlet e: Enum = Enum::Variant3 { x = 1, y = 0};\n\n// methods on enum\nimpl Enum\n{\n    fn method(&amp;self) -&gt; Type {\n        match self {\n            Enum::Variant1 =&gt; &lt;expr&gt;\n            Enum::Variant2(arg) =&gt; &lt;expr&gt;,\n            Enum::Variant3 { x = 1, y = 0} =&gt; &lt;expr&gt;;\n        }\n    }\n}\n</code></pre>"},{"location":"languages/rust/rust.html#match-expressions","title":"Match Expressions","text":"<p>A match expression is made up of arms. An arm consists of a pattern and the code that should be run if the value given to the beginning of the match expression fits that arm's pattern. Rust takes the value given to match and looks through each arm's pattern in turn.</p> <p>Note: <code>match</code> arms must be exhaustive for compilation.</p> Rust<pre><code>enum Enum {\n    Variant1,\n    Variant2,\n    Variant3(Type),\n    ...\n}\n\n// match expression on enum\nfn match_variant(e: Enum) {\n    match e {\n        Enum::Variant1 =&gt; &lt;expr&gt;,\n        Enum::Variant2 =&gt; { /* code block */ },\n        Enum::Variant3(parm_name) =&gt; &lt;expr&gt;,\n        _ =&gt; ()  // () is unit value\n    }\n}\n</code></pre>"},{"location":"languages/rust/rust.html#pattern-matching","title":"Pattern Matching","text":"Pattern Example Notes Literal <code>100</code> Match exact value or <code>const</code> name Range <code>x..=y</code> Match any value in range, including end Wildcard <code>_</code> Match any value and ignore it <code>ref</code> Variable <code>ref field</code> Borrow reference of matched variable Variable <code>count</code> Match any value and copy it to variable Bind with syb-pattern <code>variable @ &lt;pattern&gt;</code> Match pattern and copy to variable Enum <code>Some(value)</code> Tuple <code>(key, value)</code> Array <code>[first, second, third]</code> Slice <code>[first, .., last]</code> Struct <code>Point { x, y, .. }</code> Reference <code>&amp;value</code> Multiple Patterns <code>'a' \\| 'A'</code> <code>match, if let, while let</code> only Guard Expression <code>&lt;pattern&gt; if &lt;condition&gt;</code> <code>match</code> only <p>Note: <code>..</code> in slices matches any number of elements. <code>..</code> in structs ignores all remaining fields</p> Rust<pre><code>// unpack a struct into local variables\nlet Struct { local_1, local_2, local_3, .. } = source;\n\n// ...unpack a function argument that's a tuple\nfn distance_to((x, y): (f64, f64)) -&gt; f64 { }\n\n// iterate over keys and values of a HashMap\nfor (key, value) in &amp;hash_map { }\n\n// automatically dereference an argument to a closure\n// (handy because sometimes other code passes you a reference\n// when you'd rather have a copy)\nlet sum = numbers.fold(0, |a, &amp;num| a + num);\n</code></pre> <p>Patterns that always match are special in Rust. They\u2019re called irrefutable patterns, and they\u2019re the only patterns allowed in <code>let</code>, in function arguments, after <code>for</code>, and in closure arguments.</p> <p>A refutable pattern is one that might not match, like <code>Ok(x)</code>. Refutable patterns can be used in <code>match</code> arms, because match is designed for them: if one pattern fails to match, it\u2019s clear what happens next.</p> <p>Refutable patterns are also allowed in <code>if let</code> and <code>while let</code> expressions:</p> Rust<pre><code>// handle just one enum variant specially\nif let Enum::VariantX(_, _) = source { }\n\n// run some code only if a table lookup succeeds\nif let Some(value) = hash_map.get(&amp;key) { }\n\n// repeatedly try something until it succeeds\nwhile let Err(err) = fallible_func() { }\n\n// manually loop over an iterator\nwhile let Some(_) = lines.peek() { }\n</code></pre>"},{"location":"languages/rust/rust.html#error-handling","title":"Error Handling","text":""},{"location":"languages/rust/rust.html#option-result","title":"Option &amp; Result","text":"<p>The <code>Option</code> type is used in many places because it encodes the very common scenario in which a value could be something or it could be nothing. Expressing this concept in terms of the type system means the compiler can check whether you've handled all the cases you should be handling; this functionality can prevent bugs that are extremely common in other programming languages.</p> <p><code>Result&lt;T, E&gt;</code> is the type used for returning and propagating errors. It is an enum with the variants, <code>Ok(T)</code>, representing success and containing a value, and <code>Err(E)</code>, representing error and containing an error value.</p> Rust<pre><code>// std implementation\nenum Option&lt;T&gt; {\n    Some(T),\n    None\n}\n\nenum Result&lt;T, E&gt; {\n    Ok(T),\n    Err(E)\n}\n\nlet option: Option&lt;T&gt; = /* */;\n\noption.is_some();\noption.is_none();\n\noption.unwrap();  // get value of Some or panic\noption.unwrap_or(value);  // get value of Some or return a specified value\noption.unwrap_or_default(fallback);  // get value of Some or return the default value of T\n\nlet result: Result&lt;T, E&gt; = /* */;\n\nresult.is_ok();\nresult.is_err();\nresult.as_ref();  // returns Result&lt;&amp;T, &amp;E&gt;\nresult.as_mut();  // returns Result&lt;&amp;mut T, &amp;mut E&gt;\n\n// methods consuming the result\nresult.ok();  // returns Option&lt;T&gt;, discarding the error\nresult.err();  // returns Option&lt;T&gt;, discarding the error\nresult.unwrap();  // get value of Ok or panic if Err\nresult.unwrap_or(value);  // get value of OK or return a specified value\nresult.unwrap_or_default(fallback);  // get value of Ok or return the default value of T\nresult.unwrap_or_else(fallback_fn)\nresult.unwrap_err();  // get value of Err or panic if Ok\nresult.expect(message);  // write message to stderr if Err\n\nresult_or_option.expect(\"Error Message\");  // if Err or None panics with a custom error message\n\nfn returns_result() -&gt; Result&lt;T, E&gt; { \n    let result = match may_return_err() {\n        Ok(value) =&gt; value,\n        Err(error) =&gt; return Err(error)  // return Err early\n    };\n\n    Ok(result)\n}\n// same as\nfn returns_result() -&gt; Result&lt;T, E&gt; { \n    let result = may_return_err()?;  // error propagation\n    // result contains Err ot value of Ok\n\n    Ok(result)\n}\n</code></pre> <p>Ending an expression with <code>?</code> will result in the unwrapped success (<code>Ok</code>) value, unless the result is <code>Err</code>, in which case <code>Err</code> is returned early from the enclosing function. <code>?</code> can only be used in functions that return <code>Result</code> because of the early return of <code>Err</code> that it provides.</p> <p>Note: When <code>None</code> is used the type of <code>Option&lt;T&gt;</code> must be specified, because the compiler can't infer the type that the <code>Some</code> variant will hold by looking only at a <code>None</code> value. Note: error values that have the <code>?</code> operator called on them go through the <code>from</code> function, defined in the <code>From</code> trait in the standard library, which is used to convert errors from one type into another</p>"},{"location":"languages/rust/rust.html#multiple-error-types","title":"Multiple Error Types","text":"<p>When working with multiple error types is useful to return a \"generic error\" type. All the standard library error types can be represented by <code>Box&lt;dyn std::Error + Send + Sync + 'static&gt;</code>.</p> Rust<pre><code>// convenience type aliases for the generic error\ntype GenericError = Box&lt;dyn std::Error + Send + Sync + 'static&gt;;\ntype GenericResult&lt;T&gt; = Result&lt;T; GenericError&gt;;\n</code></pre> <p>Note: the <code>anyhow</code> crate provides error and result types like <code>GenericError</code> with additional features</p>"},{"location":"languages/rust/rust.html#custom-error-types","title":"Custom Error Types","text":"Rust<pre><code>use thiserror::Error;  // utility crate for custom errors\n\n#[derive(Error, Debug)]\n#[error(\"{message:} ({line:}, {column})\")]\npub struct JsonError {\n    message: String,\n    line: usize,\n    column: usize,\n}\n</code></pre> <p>Note: the <code>thiserror</code> crate provides utilities to create custom error types</p>"},{"location":"languages/rust/rust.html#collections","title":"Collections","text":""},{"location":"languages/rust/rust.html#vector","title":"Vector","text":"<p>Vectors allow to store more than one value in a single data structure that puts all the values next to each other in memory. Vectors can only store values of the same type. Like any other struct, a vector is freed when it goes out of scope. When the vector gets dropped, all of its contents are also dropped.</p> Rust<pre><code>let v: Vec&lt;Type&gt; = Vec&lt;Type&gt;::new();  // empty vec init\nlet mut v: vec![item1, item2, ...];  // vec init (type inferred)\n\nv.push(item);  // add elements to vector\nv.pop();  // last item as Option&lt;T&gt; (vector must be mutable)\n\n// element access\nlet value = v.get(index);  // get method (returns Option&lt;&amp;T&gt;)\nlet value = &amp;v[index];  // index syntax  (returns reference, panic on index out of bounds)\n\n// iterate over mutable references to each element in a mutable vector in order to make changes to all the elements\nfor i in mut &amp;v {\n    *i = value;  // dereference and modify value\n}\n</code></pre> <p>A vector can hold different types if those type are variants of the same enum. It's also possible to use trait objects.</p> Rust<pre><code>enum Enum {\n    Int(i32),\n    Float(f64),\n    Text(String)\n}\n\nlet v = vec![\n    Enum::Int(2),\n    Enum::Float(3.14),\n    Enum::Text(String::from(\"text\"))\n];\n</code></pre>"},{"location":"languages/rust/rust.html#hashmap","title":"HashMap","text":"<p>Stores data in key-value pairs.</p> Rust<pre><code>use std::collections::HashMap;\n\nlet map: HashMap&lt;K, V&gt; = HashMap::new();\n\nlet value = map.get(key); // returns Option&lt;&amp;V&gt;\nmap.inset(key, value);  // insert or override value\nmap.entry(key).or_insert(value); // insert if not existing\nmap.entry(key).and_modify(|value| { *value = &lt;expr&gt; });  // modify item based on current value\n</code></pre>"},{"location":"languages/rust/rust.html#closures","title":"Closures","text":"<p>Rust's closures are anonymous functions that can be saved in a variable or passed as arguments to other functions. Unlike functions, closures can capture values from the scope in which they're defined.</p> <p>Closures are usually short and relevant only within a narrow context rather than in any arbitrary scenario. Within these limited contexts, the compiler is reliably able to infer the types of the parameters and the return type, similar to how it's able to infer the types of most variables.</p> <p>The first time a closure is called with an argument, the compiler infers the type of the parameter and the return type of the closure. Those types are then locked into the closure and a type error is returned if a different type is used with the same closure.</p> Rust<pre><code>// closure definition\nlet closure = |param1, param2| &lt;expr&gt;;\nlet closure = |param1, param2| {/* multiple lines of code */};\nlet closure = |num: i32| = &lt;expr&gt;;\n\n// closure usage\nlet result = closure(arg1, arg2);\n</code></pre>"},{"location":"languages/rust/rust.html#storing-closures-using-generic-parameters-and-the-fn-traits","title":"Storing Closures Using Generic Parameters and the Fn Traits","text":"<p>To make a struct that holds a closure, the type of the closure must be specified, because a struct definition needs to know the types of each of its fields. Each closure instance has its own unique anonymous type: that is, even if two closures have the same signature, their types are still considered different. To define structs, enums, or function parameters that use closures generics and trait bounds are used.</p> <p>The <code>Fn</code> traits are provided by the standard library. All closures implement at least one of the traits: <code>Fn</code>, <code>FnMut</code>, or <code>FnOnce</code>.</p> Rust<pre><code>struct ClosureStruct&lt;T&gt; where T: Fn(u32) -&gt; u32 {\n    closure: T,\n}\n</code></pre>"},{"location":"languages/rust/rust.html#capturing-the-environment-with-closures","title":"Capturing the Environment with Closures","text":"<p>When a closure captures a value from its environment, it uses memory to store the values for use in the closure body. Because functions are never allowed to capture their environment, defining and using functions will never incur this overhead.</p> <p>Closures can capture values from their environment in three ways, which directly map to the three ways a function can take a parameter:</p> <ul> <li>taking ownership</li> <li>borrowing mutably</li> <li>and borrowing immutably.</li> </ul> <p>These are encoded in the three <code>Fn</code> traits as follows:</p> <ul> <li><code>FnOnce</code> consumes the variables it captures from its enclosing scope. The closure takes ownership of these variables and move them into the closure when it is defined.</li> <li><code>FnMut</code> can change the environment because it mutably borrows values.</li> <li><code>Fn</code> borrows values from the environment immutably.</li> </ul> <p>When a closure is created, Rust infers which trait to use based on how the closure uses the values from the environment. All closures implement <code>FnOnce</code> because they can all be called at least once. Closures that don't move the captured variables also implement <code>FnMut</code>, and closures that don't need mutable access to the captured variables also implement <code>Fn</code>.</p> <p>To force the closure to take ownership of the values it uses in the environment, use the <code>move</code> keyword before the parameter list. This technique is mostly useful when passing a closure to a new thread to move the data so it's owned by the new thread.</p> Rust<pre><code>let closure = move |param| &lt;expr&gt;;\n</code></pre>"},{"location":"languages/rust/rust.html#function-pointers","title":"Function Pointers","text":"<p>Function pointer types, written using the <code>fn</code> keyword, refer to a function whose identity is not necessarily known at compile-time. They can be created via a coercion from both function items and non-capturing closures.</p> Rust<pre><code>fn add_one(x: usize) -&gt; usize {\n    x + 1\n}\n\nlet ptr: fn(usize) -&gt; usize = add_one;\nassert_eq!(ptr(5), 6);\n\nlet clos: fn(usize) -&gt; usize = |x| x + 5;\nassert_eq!(clos(5), 10);\n</code></pre>"},{"location":"languages/rust/rust.html#iterators","title":"Iterators","text":"<p>The iterator pattern allows to perform some task on a sequence of items in turn. An iterator is responsible for the logic of iterating over each item and determining when the sequence has finished.</p> <p>In Rust, iterators are lazy, meaning they have no effect until a call to methods that consume the iterator to use it up.</p> Rust<pre><code>// iterator trait\npub trait Iterator {\n    type Item;\n\n    fn next(&amp;mut self) -&gt; Option&lt;Self::Item&gt;;\n\n    // methods with default implementations elided\n}\n</code></pre> <p>Calling the <code>next</code> method on an iterator changes internal state that the iterator uses to keep track of where it is in the sequence. In other words, this code consumes, or uses up, the iterator. Each call to next eats up an item from the iterator.</p> <p>Methods that call next are called <code>consuming adaptors</code>, because calling them uses up the iterator.</p> <p>Other methods defined on the <code>Iterator</code> trait, known as iterator adaptors, allow to change iterators into different kinds of iterators. It's possible to chain multiple calls to iterator adaptors to perform complex actions in a readable way. But because all iterators are lazy, a call one of the consuming adaptor methods is needed to get the results.</p> Rust<pre><code>let iterator: = vec![1, 2, 3];\niterator\n    .map(|x| x + 1)  // iterator adapter\n    .filter(|x| x % 2 == 0)  // iterator adapter\n    .collect();  // consuming adapter\n</code></pre>"},{"location":"languages/rust/rust.html#custom-iterators","title":"Custom Iterators","text":"Rust<pre><code>struct Counter {\n    count: u32,\n}\n\nimpl Counter {\n    fn new() -&gt; Counter {\n        Counter { count: 0 }\n    }\n}\n\nimpl Iterator for Counter {\n    type Item = u32;\n\n    fn next(&amp;mut self) -&gt; Option&lt;Self::Item&gt; {\n        if self.count &lt; 5 {\n            self.count += 1;\n            Some(self.count)\n        } else {\n            None\n        }\n    }\n}\n</code></pre>"},{"location":"languages/rust/rust.html#smart-pointers","title":"Smart Pointers","text":"<p>A pointer is a general concept for a variable that contains an address in memory. This address refers to, or \"points at\" some other data. The most common kind of pointer in Rust is a reference, which you learned about in Chapter 4. References are indicated by the <code>&amp;</code> symbol and borrow the value they point to. They don't have any special capabilities other than referring to data. Also, they don`t have any overhead and are the kind of pointer used most often.</p> <p>Smart pointers, on the other hand, are data structures that not only act like a pointer but also have additional metadata and capabilities. The different smart pointers defined in the standard library provide functionality beyond that provided by references.</p> <p>In Rust, which uses the concept of ownership and borrowing, an additional difference between references and smart pointers is that references are pointers that only borrow data; in contrast, in many cases, smart pointers own the data they point to.</p> <p>Smart pointers are usually implemented using structs. The characteristic distinguishing a smart pointer from a struct is that smart pointers implement the <code>Deref</code> and <code>Drop</code> traits. The <code>Deref</code> trait allows an instance of the smart pointer struct to behave like a reference so it's possible to write code that works with either references or smart pointers. The <code>Drop</code> trait allows to customize the code that is run when an instance of the smart pointer goes out of scope.</p> <p>The most common smart pointers in the standard library are:</p> <ul> <li><code>Box&lt;T&gt;</code>: for allocating values on the heap</li> <li><code>Rc&lt;T&gt;</code>: a reference counting type that enables multiple ownership</li> <li><code>Ref&lt;T&gt;</code> and <code>RefMut&lt;T&gt;</code>, accessed through <code>RefCell&lt;T&gt;</code>: a type that enforces the borrowing rules at runtime instead of compile time</li> </ul>"},{"location":"languages/rust/rust.html#using-boxt-to-point-to-data-on-the-heap","title":"Using <code>Box&lt;T&gt;</code> to Point to Data on the Heap","text":"<p>The most straightforward smart pointer is <code>Box&lt;T&gt;</code>. Boxes allow to store data on the heap rather than the stack. What remains on the stack is the pointer to the heap data. Boxes don't have performance overhead, other than storing their data on the heap instead of on the stack. But they don't have many extra capabilities either.</p> <p><code>Box&lt;T&gt;</code> use cases:</p> <ul> <li>Using a type whose size can't be known at compile time in a context that requires an exact size</li> <li>Transferring ownership of a large amount of data but ensuring the data won't be copied when you do so</li> <li>Owning a value and which implements a particular trait rather than being of a specific type</li> </ul> Rust<pre><code>let _box = Box::new(pointed_value);\n</code></pre>"},{"location":"languages/rust/rust.html#deref-trait-deref-coercion","title":"<code>Deref</code> Trait &amp; Deref Coercion","text":"<p>Implementing the <code>Deref</code> trait allows to customize the behavior of the dereference operator, <code>*</code>. By implementing <code>Deref</code> in such a way that a smart pointer can be treated like a regular reference.</p> Rust<pre><code>struct CustomSmartPointer&lt;T&gt;(T);\n\nimpl&lt;T&gt; CustomSmartPointer&lt;T&gt; {\n    fn new(x: T) {\n        CustomSmartPointer(x)\n    }\n}\n\nimpl&lt;T&gt; Deref for CustomSmartPointer&lt;T&gt; {\n    type Target = T;\n\n    fn deref(&amp;self) -&gt; &amp;Self::Target {\n        // return reference to value\n    }\n}\n\nlet s = CustomSmartPointer::new(value);\nlet v = *s;\n// same as\nlet v = *(s.deref());\n</code></pre> <p>Deref coercion is a convenience that Rust performs on arguments to functions and methods. It works only on types that implement the <code>Deref</code> trait and converts such a type into a reference to another type. Deref coercion was added to Rust so that programmers writing function and method calls don't need to add as many explicit references and dereferences with <code>&amp;</code> and <code>*</code>.</p> Rust<pre><code>fn hello(name: &amp;str) {\n    println!(\"Hello {}\", name);\n}\n\nfn main() {\n    let name = Box::new(String::from(\"Rust\"));\n    hello(&amp;name);  // Box&lt;string&gt; coerced to &amp;str (Box -&gt; String -&gt; &amp;str)\n}\n</code></pre> <p>When the <code>Deref</code> trait is defined for the types involved, Rust will analyze the types and use <code>Deref::deref</code> as many times as necessary to get a reference to match the parameter's type.</p> <p>Similar to the <code>Deref</code> trait to override the <code>*</code> operator on immutable references, it's possible to use the <code>DerefMut</code> trait to override the <code>*</code> operator on mutable references.</p> <p>Rust does deref coercion when it finds types and trait implementations in three cases:</p> <ul> <li>From <code>&amp;T</code> to <code>&amp;U</code> when <code>T: Deref&lt;Target=U&gt;</code></li> <li>From <code>&amp;mut T</code> to <code>&amp;mut U</code> when <code>T: DerefMut&lt;Target=U&gt;</code></li> <li>From <code>&amp;mut T</code> to <code>&amp;U</code> when <code>T: Deref&lt;Target=U&gt;</code></li> </ul>"},{"location":"languages/rust/rust.html#drop-trait","title":"<code>Drop</code> Trait","text":"<p><code>Drop</code> allows to customize what happens when a value is about to go out of scope. It-s possible to provide an implementation for the <code>Drop</code> trait on any type.</p> Rust<pre><code>struct CustomSmartPointer&lt;T&gt;(T);\n\nimpl&lt;T&gt; Drop for CustomSmartPointer&lt;T&gt; {\n    fn drop(&amp;mut self) {\n        // clean up memory\n    }\n}\n\nfn main() {\n    let var1 = CustomSmartPointer(value);  // dropped when var1 goes out of scope\n    let var2 = CustomSmartPointer(value);\n    drop(var2);  // dropped early by using std::mem::drop\n}\n</code></pre> <p>Rust automatically calls <code>drop</code> when the instances went go of scope. Variables are dropped in the reverse order of their creation.</p>"},{"location":"languages/rust/rust.html#rct-arct-multiple-ownership","title":"<code>Rc&lt;T&gt;</code>, <code>Arc&lt;T&gt;</code> &amp; Multiple Ownership","text":"<p>Rust provides the reference-counted pointer types <code>Rc&lt;T&gt;</code> and <code>Arc&lt;T&gt;</code>. The <code>Rc&lt;T&gt;</code> and <code>Arc&lt;T&gt;</code> types are very similar; the only difference between them is that an <code>Arc&lt;T&gt;</code> is safe to share between threads directly (the name Arc is short for atomic reference count) whereas a plain <code>Rc&lt;T&gt;</code> uses faster non-thread-safe code to update its reference count.</p> Rust<pre><code>use std::rc::Rc;\n\nlet s: Rc&lt;String&gt; = Rc::new(\"some string\".to_string());\nlet t: Rc&lt;String&gt; = s.clone();  // contains a new pointer to the value held by s\nlet u: Rc&lt;String&gt; = s.clone();  // contains a new pointer to the value held by s\n</code></pre> <p>Each of the <code>Rc&lt;T&gt;</code> pointers is referring to the same block of memory, which holds a reference count and space for the value. The usual ownership rules apply to the <code>Rc&lt;T&gt;</code> pointers themselves, and when the last extant <code>Rc&lt;T&gt;</code> is dropped, Rust drops the value as well.</p> <p>Note: A value owned by an <code>Rc&lt;T&gt;</code> pointer is immutable.</p>"},{"location":"languages/rust/rust.html#refcellt-interior-mutability-pattern","title":"<code>RefCell&lt;T&gt;</code> &amp; Interior Mutability Pattern","text":"<p>Interior mutability is a design pattern in Rust that allows to mutate data even when there are immutable references to that data; normally, this action is disallowed by the borrowing rules. To mutate data, the pattern uses unsafe code inside a data structure to bend Rust's usual rules that govern mutation and borrowing.</p> <p>With references and <code>Box&lt;T&gt;</code>, the borrowing rules' invariants are enforced at compile time. With <code>RefCell&lt;T&gt;</code>, these invariants are enforced at runtime. With references, if these rules are broken, a compiler error is thrown. With <code>RefCell&lt;T&gt;</code> the program will panic and exit.</p> <p>The advantages of checking the borrowing rules at compile time are that errors will be caught sooner in the development process, and there is no impact on runtime performance because all the analysis is completed beforehand. For those reasons, checking the borrowing rules at compile time is the best choice in the majority of cases, which is why this is Rust's default.</p> <p>The advantage of checking the borrowing rules at runtime instead is that certain memory-safe scenarios are then allowed, whereas they are disallowed by the compile-time checks. Static analysis, like the Rust compiler, is inherently conservative.</p> <p>Note: <code>RefCell&lt;T&gt;</code> is only for use in single-threaded scenarios and will cause a compile-time error if used it in a multithreaded context.</p> <p>When creating immutable and mutable references, the <code>&amp;</code> and <code>&amp;mut</code> syntax is used, respectively. With <code>RefCell&lt;T&gt;</code>, the <code>borrow</code> and <code>borrow_mut</code> methods are ued, which are part of the safe API that belongs to <code>RefCell&lt;T&gt;</code>. The <code>borrow</code> method returns the smart pointer type <code>Ref&lt;T&gt;</code>, and <code>borrow_mut</code> returns the smart pointer type <code>RefMut&lt;T&gt;</code>. Both types implement <code>Deref</code>, so can be treated like regular references.</p> <p>The <code>RefCell&lt;T&gt;</code> keeps track of how many <code>Ref&lt;T&gt;</code> and <code>RefMut&lt;T&gt;</code> smart pointers are currently active. Every time <code>borrow</code> is called, the <code>RefCell&lt;T&gt;</code> increases its count of how many immutable borrows are active. When a <code>Ref&lt;T&gt;</code> value goes out of scope, the count of immutable borrows goes down by one. Just like the compile-time borrowing rules, <code>RefCell&lt;T&gt;</code> allows to have many immutable borrows or one mutable borrow at any point in time.</p> <p>A common way to use <code>RefCell&lt;T&gt;</code> is in combination with <code>Rc&lt;T&gt;</code>. <code>Rc&lt;T&gt;</code> allows to have multiple owners of some data, but it only gives immutable access to that data. By having a <code>Rc&lt;T&gt;</code> that holds a <code>RefCell&lt;T&gt;</code>, its' possible to get a value that can have multiple owners and that can mutate.</p> <p>The standard library has other types that provide interior mutability:</p> <ul> <li><code>Cell&lt;T&gt;</code> which is similar except that instead of giving references to the inner value, the value is copied in and out of the <code>Cell&lt;T&gt;</code>.</li> <li><code>Mutex&lt;T&gt;</code> which offers interior mutability that's safe to use across threads;</li> </ul>"},{"location":"languages/rust/rust.html#reference-cycles-can-leak-memory","title":"Reference Cycles Can Leak Memory","text":"<p>Rust's memory safety guarantees make it difficult, but not impossible, to accidentally create memory that is never cleaned up (known as a memory leak). Rust allows memory leaks by using <code>Rc&lt;T&gt;</code> and <code>RefCell&lt;T&gt;</code>: it's possible to create references where items refer to each other in a cycle. This creates memory leaks because the reference count of each item in the cycle will never reach 0, and the values will never be dropped.</p>"},{"location":"languages/rust/rust.html#files","title":"Files","text":""},{"location":"languages/rust/rust.html#reading-files","title":"Reading Files","text":"Rust<pre><code>use std::fs;\n\nlet contents: Vec&lt;u8&gt; = fs::read(\"path/to/file\").unwrap_or_default();\nlet contents: String = fs::read_to_string(\"path/to/file\").unwrap_or_default();\n\ncontents.lines(); // iterator over text lines\n</code></pre>"},{"location":"languages/rust/rust.html#writing-files","title":"Writing Files","text":"Rust<pre><code>use std::fs;\nuse std::io::Write;  // write trait\n// or\nuse std::io::prelude::*;\n\nlet contents: [u8] = /* */;\nlet contents = String::from(/* */);\n\nfs::write(\"path/to/file\", contents);\n\nlet mut file = fs::OpenOptions::new().append(true).open(\"path/to/file\").unwrap();\nfile.write(b\"appended text\");  // write wants an [u8]\n</code></pre>"},{"location":"languages/rust/rust.html#external-code","title":"External Code","text":"<p>The extern keyword is used in two places in Rust:</p> <ul> <li>in conjunction with the crate keyword to make Rust code aware of other Rust crates in the project</li> <li>in foreign function interfaces (FFI).</li> </ul> <p><code>extern</code> is used in two different contexts within FFI. The first is in the form of external blocks, for declaring function interfaces that Rust code can call foreign code by.</p> Rust<pre><code>#[link(name = \"my_c_library\")]\nextern \"C\" {\n    fn my_c_function(x: i32) -&gt; bool;\n}\n</code></pre> <p>This code would attempt to link with <code>libmy_c_library.so</code> on unix-like systems and <code>my_c_library.dll</code> on Windows at runtime, and panic if it can't find something to link to. Rust code could then use my_c_function as if it were any other unsafe Rust function. Working with non-Rust languages and FFI is inherently unsafe, so wrappers are usually built around C APIs.</p> <p>The mirror use case of FFI is also done via the extern keyword:</p> Rust<pre><code>#[no_mangle]\npub extern \"C\" fn callable_from_c(x: i32) -&gt; bool {\n    x % 3 == 0\n}\n</code></pre> <p>If compiled as a dylib, the resulting <code>.so</code> could then be linked to from a C library, and the function could be used as if it was from any other library</p>"},{"location":"languages/rust/unit-tests.html","title":"Unit Tests","text":""},{"location":"languages/rust/unit-tests.html#test-functions","title":"Test Functions","text":"Rust<pre><code>// module code here\n\n#[cfg(test)]\nmod tests {\n    use super::*;\n\n    #[test]\n    fn test_func() {\n        //ARRANGE\n\n        // ACT\n\n        // ASSERT\n        assert!(bool, \"optional custom error message\");\n        assert_eq!(expected, actual, \"optional custom error message\");\n        assert_ne!(expected, actual, \"optional custom error message\");\n    }\n\n    #[test]\n    #[should_panic(\"optional custom error message\")]\n    fn test_func() {/* ... */}\n\n    #[test]\n    #[ignore]\n    fn test_func() {/* ... */}\n}\n</code></pre>"},{"location":"languages/rust/unit-tests.html#controlling-how-tests-are-run","title":"Controlling How Tests Are Run","text":"Bash<pre><code>cargo test -- --test-threads=&lt;number&gt;  # run tests in parallel (1 no parallelism)\ncargo test -- --show-output  # show content printed in stdout in each test\ncargo test &lt;test_name&gt;  # run only a specific test\ncargo test &lt;partial_test_name&gt;  # run only specific tests\ncargo test -- --ignored  # run tests annotated with #[ignore]\ncargo test --test  # run all integration tests\n</code></pre>"},{"location":"languages/rust/unit-tests.html#test-organization","title":"Test Organization","text":"<p>Unit Tests:</p> <ul> <li>Inside the same module as the tested code</li> <li>annotated with <code>#[cfg(test)]</code></li> <li>can test private code by default</li> <li>import tested code with <code>super::*</code></li> <li>compiled only with <code>cargo test</code></li> </ul> <p>Integration tests:</p> <ul> <li>inside top level <code>tests</code> folder</li> <li>need to import tested code by crate name</li> <li>place util functions in a <code>mod.rs</code> to avoid testing them, e.g: <code>tests/common/mod.rs</code></li> <li>compiled only with <code>cargo test</code></li> </ul>"},{"location":"languages/swift/swift.html","title":"Swift","text":""},{"location":"languages/swift/swift.html#basics","title":"Basics","text":""},{"location":"languages/swift/swift.html#macro","title":"Macro","text":"Swift<pre><code>#if DEBUG\n\n// contents compiled only if in DEBUG build\n\n#endif\n</code></pre>"},{"location":"languages/swift/swift.html#comments","title":"Comments","text":"Swift<pre><code>// single line comment\n\n/*  \nmulti line comment\n*/\n</code></pre>"},{"location":"languages/swift/swift.html#variables","title":"Variables","text":"Swift<pre><code>var variable = value  // implicit variable init (auto-determine type)\nvar variable: Type = value  // explicit variable init\nvar variable: Type? = value  // explicit nullable variable init\n</code></pre>"},{"location":"languages/swift/swift.html#constants","title":"Constants","text":"Swift<pre><code>let CONSTANT = value  // constant init (value can be assigned at runtime)\n</code></pre>"},{"location":"languages/swift/swift.html#console-output","title":"Console Output","text":"Swift<pre><code>print()  // empty line\nprint(variable)\nprint(\"string\")\n</code></pre>"},{"location":"languages/swift/swift.html#strings","title":"Strings","text":"Swift<pre><code>var string \"Text: \\(&lt;expr&gt;)\"  // string interpolation\nvar string = \"Hello\" + \"There\"  // string concatenation\n\nvar multilineString = \"\"\"Use double quotes trice\nto make a string span multiple lines\"\"\"\n</code></pre>"},{"location":"languages/swift/swift.html#array","title":"Array","text":"Swift<pre><code>var array = [\"firstItem\", \"secondItem\", ...]\nvar array = [Type()]  // init empty homogeneous array\n\narray[index]  // value access\narray[index] = value  // value update\n\narray.append(item)  // add item to the end\narray.contains(item)  // membership check\narray.sort()  // in place sort\n\n\n// Heterogeneous Array\nvar list: Any = [\"string\", 47, ...]  // cannot access with [index]\nvar list: Any = []  // init empty heterogeneous array\n</code></pre>"},{"location":"languages/swift/swift.html#tuple","title":"Tuple","text":"<p>A tuple type is a comma-separated list of types, enclosed in parentheses.</p> <p>It's possible to use a tuple type as the return type of a function to enable the function to return a single tuple containing multiple values. It's possible to name the elements of a tuple type and use those names to refer to the values of the individual elements. An element name consists of an identifier followed immediately by a colon (:).</p> Swift<pre><code>var tuple: (Type, Type) = (value, value)  // explicit type\nvar tuple = (value, value)  // implicit type\ntuple.0  // item access\n\n// named elements\nvar tuple = (name1: value1, name2: value2, ...)  // tuple init\ntuple = (value1, value2)  // names are inferred\ntuple.name1  // item access\n</code></pre>"},{"location":"languages/swift/swift.html#tuple-decomposition","title":"Tuple Decomposition","text":"Swift<pre><code>var tuple = (value1, value2)\nvar (var1, var2) = tuple  // var1 = value1, var2 = value2\n</code></pre>"},{"location":"languages/swift/swift.html#type-identifier","title":"Type Identifier","text":"Swift<pre><code>typealias Point = (Int, Int)\nvar origin: (0, 0)\n</code></pre>"},{"location":"languages/swift/swift.html#dictionary","title":"Dictionary","text":"Swift<pre><code>var dict = [\n    \"key\": \"value\",\n    ...\n]\n\nvar dict = [Type: Type]()  // init empty dict\n\ndict[key]  // value access\ndict[key] = value // value update\n</code></pre>"},{"location":"languages/swift/swift.html#expressions-operators","title":"Expressions &amp; Operators","text":""},{"location":"languages/swift/swift.html#primary-expressions","title":"Primary Expressions","text":"Syntax Operation x<code>.</code>m access to member <code>m</code> of object <code>x</code> (\".\" \u2192 member access operator) x<code>(...)</code> method invocation (\"()\" \u2192 method invocation operator) x<code>[...]</code> array access and indicization <code>new</code> T(...) object instantiation <code>x!</code> declare x as not nil"},{"location":"languages/swift/swift.html#unary-operators","title":"Unary Operators","text":"Operator Operation <code>+</code>x identity <code>-</code>x negation <code>!</code>x logic negation <code>~</code>x binary negation <code>++</code>x pre-increment <code>--</code>x pre-decrement x<code>++</code> post-increment x<code>--</code> post decrement <code>(type)</code>x explicit casting"},{"location":"languages/swift/swift.html#mathematical-operators","title":"Mathematical Operators","text":"Operator Operation x <code>+</code> y addition, string concatenation x <code>-</code> y subtraction x <code>*</code> y multiplication x <code>/</code> y integer division, always returns an <code>int</code> x <code>%</code> y modulo, remainder x <code>&lt;&lt;</code> y left bit shift x <code>&gt;&gt;</code> y right bit shift"},{"location":"languages/swift/swift.html#relational-operators","title":"Relational Operators","text":"Operator Operation x <code>&lt;=</code> y less or equal to x <code>&gt;</code> y greater than x <code>&gt;=</code> y greater or equal to x <code>is</code> T <code>true</code> if <code>x</code> is an object of type <code>T</code> x <code>==</code> y equality <code>!</code>x inequality"},{"location":"languages/swift/swift.html#logical-operators","title":"Logical Operators","text":"Operator Operation Name <code>~</code>x bitwise NOT x <code>&amp;</code> y bitwise AND x <code>^</code> y bitwise XOR x <code>|</code> y bitwise OR x <code>&amp;&amp;</code> y evaluate <code>y</code> only if <code>x</code> is <code>true</code> x <code>||</code> y evaluate <code>y</code> only if <code>x</code> is <code>false</code> x <code>??</code> y evaluates to <code>y</code> only if <code>x</code> is <code>nil</code>, <code>x</code> otherwise nil coalescing x<code>?.</code>y stop if <code>x == nil</code>, evaluate <code>x.y</code> otherwise nil conditional"},{"location":"languages/swift/swift.html#assignment","title":"Assignment","text":"Operator Operation x <code>+=</code> y x = x + y x <code>-=</code> y x = x - y x <code>*=</code> y x = x * y x <code>/=</code> y x = x / y x <code>%=</code> y x = x % y x <code>&lt;&lt;=</code> y x = x &lt;&lt; y x <code>&gt;&gt;=</code> y x = x &gt;&gt; y x <code>&amp;=</code> y x = x &amp; y x <code>|=</code> y x = x x <code>^=</code> y x = x ^ y x <code>??=</code> y if (x == nil) {x = y}"},{"location":"languages/swift/swift.html#conditional-operator","title":"Conditional Operator","text":"<p><code>&lt;condition&gt; ? &lt;return_if_condition_true&gt; : &lt;return_if_condition_false&gt;;</code></p>"},{"location":"languages/swift/swift.html#nil-checks","title":"Nil Checks","text":"Swift<pre><code>variable ?? value\n// same as\nif(variable == nil) { variable = value }\n</code></pre>"},{"location":"languages/swift/swift.html#if-else","title":"If-Else","text":"Swift<pre><code>if condition {\n    // code here\n} else if condition {\n    //code here\n} else {\n    // code here\n}\n\nif let var0 = var1 { /* statements */ }\n// same as\nlet var0 = var1\nif var0 != nil { /* statements */ }\n</code></pre>"},{"location":"languages/swift/swift.html#switch","title":"Switch","text":"Swift<pre><code>switch &lt;value&gt; {\n    case &lt;pattern/key&gt;:\n        // code here\n        break  // can be implicit\n\n    case key where &lt;condition_on_key&gt;:\n        // code here\n        break\n\n    default:\n        // code here\n        break\n}\n</code></pre>"},{"location":"languages/swift/swift.html#loops","title":"Loops","text":""},{"location":"languages/swift/swift.html#for-loop","title":"For Loop","text":"Swift<pre><code>// range based for\nfor i in start...end { /* statements */ }  // end included\nfor i in start..&lt;end { /* statements */ }  // end excluded\nfor _ in start...end\n\nfor item in sequence {\n    // code here\n}\n\nfor (key, value) in dict {\n    // code here\n}\n</code></pre>"},{"location":"languages/swift/swift.html#while-loop","title":"While Loop","text":"Swift<pre><code>while condition {\n    // code here\n}\n\n// \"do\"..while\nrepeat {\n    // code here\n} while condition\n</code></pre>"},{"location":"languages/swift/swift.html#functions","title":"Functions","text":"Swift<pre><code>// \"void function\"\nfunc funcName(param: Type, ...) {\n    // code here\n}\n\nfunc funcName(param: Type = defaultValue, ...) -&gt; Type {\n    //code here\n    return &lt;expression&gt;\n}\n\nfunc funcName(param: Type) -&gt; Type {\n    &lt;expression&gt;  // implicit return\n}\n\n// func call MUST have parameter's names\nfuncName(param: value, ...)\n\n// multiple return values\nfunc funcMultipleParameters(param: Type) -&gt; (retVal1: Type, retVal2: Type) {\n    //code here\n\n    return (&lt;expression&gt;, &lt;expression&gt;)\n}\n\nvar result = funcMultipleReturns(param: value)\nresult.retVal1  // access to tuple components\n\n// argument labels (only first label can be omitted)\nfunc funcWithLabels(_ param: Type, label param: Type, ...) -&gt; Type { }\nfuncWithLabels(value, label: value, ...)\n</code></pre>"},{"location":"languages/swift/swift.html#passing-functions-as-parameters","title":"Passing Functions as Parameters","text":"Swift<pre><code>func f(param: Type) -&gt; Type {}\nfunc g(f: (Type) -&gt; Type) {}  // (Type) -&gt; Type are the passed func input and output types\n</code></pre>"},{"location":"languages/swift/swift.html#functions-returning-functions","title":"Functions Returning Functions","text":"Swift<pre><code>func f() -&gt; ((Type) -&gt; Type) {\n    func g(param: Type) -&gt; type {}\n\n    return g\n}\n</code></pre>"},{"location":"languages/swift/swift.html#closure","title":"Closure (<code>{ .. }</code>)","text":"<p>Closures are self-contained blocks of functionality that can be passed around and used in code. Closures in Swift are similar to blocks in C and Objective-C and to lambdas in other programming languages.</p> Swift<pre><code>{ (parameters: Type) -&gt; Type in\n    // statements\n}\n\n{ parameters in return &lt;expression&gt; }  // type inference from context\n{ $0 &gt; $1 }  // $&lt;n&gt; identifies the n-th argument, IN can be omitted if closure has only the body\n</code></pre>"},{"location":"languages/swift/swift.html#enums","title":"Enums","text":""},{"location":"languages/swift/swift.html#enum-definition","title":"Enum Definition","text":"Swift<pre><code>enum EnumName {\n    case key1\n    case key2\n    case ...\n}\n\nEnumName.key1 // key1\n</code></pre>"},{"location":"languages/swift/swift.html#enum-with-raw-values","title":"Enum with Raw Values","text":"Swift<pre><code>enum EnumName: Type {\n    case key1 = value\n    case key2 = value\n    case ...\n}\n\nEnumName.key1.rawValue  // value\n\nenum IntegerEnum: Int {\n    // the value of each case is one more then the previous case\n    case one = 1\n    case two, three, four\n    case ...\n}\n</code></pre>"},{"location":"languages/swift/swift.html#matching-enumeration-values-with-a-switch-statement","title":"Matching Enumeration Values with a Switch Statement","text":"Swift<pre><code>enum Rank: Int {\n    case ace = 1, two, three, four, five, six, seven, eight, nine, ten\n    case jack, queen, king\n\n    func getValue() -&gt; String {\n        switch self {\n\n        case .jack:\n            return \"jack\"\n\n        case .queen:\n            return \"queen\"\n\n        case .king:\n            return \"king\"\n\n        default:\n            return String(self.rawValue)\n        }\n    }\n}\n\nRank.jack.getValue() // \"jack\"\nRank.jack.rawValue // 11\n</code></pre>"},{"location":"languages/swift/swift.html#struct-value-type","title":"Struct (Value Type)","text":"Swift<pre><code>struct StructName {\n    var attribute = value  // instance variable\n    private var _attribute: Type  // backing field for property\n\n    var property: Type {\n        get { return _attribute }\n\n        set { _attribute = newValue }  // newValue contains the passed value\n        // OR\n        set(param) { _attribute = param }\n    }\n\n    // constructor\n    init(param: Type) {\n        self.attribute = param  // attribute valorization\n    }\n\n    // de-initializer (free memory containing obj?)\n    deinit {\n        // empty the attributes\n    }\n\n    // overloading\n    func method() -&gt; Type { }\n    func method(param: Type, ...) -&gt; Type { }\n}\n\nvar structure = StructName()  // struct instantiation\n</code></pre>"},{"location":"languages/swift/swift.html#classes-reference-type","title":"Classes (Reference Type)","text":""},{"location":"languages/swift/swift.html#class-definition-instantiation","title":"Class Definition &amp; Instantiation","text":"Swift<pre><code>class ClassName {\n    var attribute = value  // instance variable\n    private var _attribute: Type  // backing field for property\n\n    var property: Type {\n        get { return _attribute }\n\n        set { _attribute = newValue }  // newValue contains the passed value\n        // OR\n        set(param) { _attribute = param }\n    }\n\n    // constructor\n    init(param: Type) {\n        self.attribute = param  // attribute valorization\n    }\n\n    // de-initializer (free memory containing obj?)\n    deinit {\n        // empty the attributes\n    }\n\n    // overloading\n    func method() -&gt; Type { }\n    func method(param: Type, ...) -&gt; Type { }\n}\n\nvar obj = ClassName()  // obj instantiation\n</code></pre>"},{"location":"languages/swift/swift.html#property-observers-willset-didset","title":"Property Observers <code>willSet</code> &amp; <code>didSet</code>","text":"<p>Do actions before/after modifying a property value.</p> <p>Note: <code>willSet</code> and <code>didSet</code> do not set the value of the property.</p> Swift<pre><code>class ClassName {\n\n    var _attribute: Type\n\n    var property {\n        get { return _attribute }\n        set{ _attribute = newValue }\n\n        willSet {\n            // act before setting the property value\n        }\n\n        didSet {\n            // act after setting the property value\n        }\n    }\n}\n</code></pre>"},{"location":"languages/swift/swift.html#inheritance","title":"Inheritance","text":"Swift<pre><code>class Derived: SuperClass {\n\n    var attribute: Type\n\n    init(param1: Type, param2: Type) {\n        self.attribute = param1\n        super.init(param: param2 )  // superclass init (NEEDED)\n    }\n\n    // overriding\n    override func method() {}\n}\n</code></pre>"},{"location":"languages/swift/swift.html#exception-handling","title":"Exception Handling","text":"Swift<pre><code>guard let variable = &lt;expression&gt;\nelse {\n    /* statements */\n    // throw or return to exit code branch\n}\n\n\ndo {\n    try &lt;throwing expression&gt;\n} catch &lt;pattern&gt; {\n    // statements\n}\n</code></pre>"},{"location":"linux/filesystem/file-links.html","title":"Symlink, Hardlink, Reflink","text":"<p>Unix files consist of two parts: the data part and the filename part. The data part is associated with something called an inode. The inode carries the map of where the data is, the file permissions, etc. for the data.</p> Text Only<pre><code>                                           +------+ +------+\n                         .---------------&gt; | data | | data | etc\n                        /                  +------+ +------+\n+--------------------------------+\n| permbits, etc | data addresses |\n+--------------inode-------------+\n</code></pre> <p>The filename part carries a name and an associated inode number.</p> Text Only<pre><code>                                  +---------------------------+\n                 .--------------&gt; | permbits, etc | addresses |\n                /                 +-----------inode-----------+\n+--------------------+\n| filename | inode # |\n+--------------------+\n</code></pre>"},{"location":"linux/filesystem/file-links.html#hardlinks","title":"Hardlinks","text":"<p>More than one filename can reference the same inode number. These files are said to be hard linked together.</p> Text Only<pre><code>+--------------------+\n| filename | inode # |\n+--------------------+\n                \\                 +---------------------------+\n                 &gt;--------------&gt; | permbits, etc | addresses |\n                /                 +------------inode----------+\n+---------------------+\n| othername | inode # |\n+---------------------+\n</code></pre>"},{"location":"linux/filesystem/file-links.html#symlinks-aka-softlinks","title":"Symlinks (aka Softlinks)","text":"<p>Symlinks are a special file type whose data part carries a path to another file. Since it is a special file, the OS recognizes the data as a path, and redirects opens, reads, and writes so that, instead of accessing the data within the special file, they access the data in the file named by the data in the special file.</p> Text Only<pre><code>+--------------------+\n| filename | inode # |\n+--------------------+\n              \\\n               \\     +---------------------------+\n                '--&gt; | permbits, etc | addresses |\n                     +-----------inode-----------+\n                                     /\n                                    /\n                                   /\n .--------------------------------'\n(     +--------------------------+\n '--&gt; |\"/path/to/some/other/file\"| \n      +----------data------------+\n                  /                     |\n .~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~'                      |-- (redirected at open() time)\n(     +--------------------+            |\n '~~&gt; | filename | inode # |\n      +--------------------+\n                   \\               +---------------------------+\n                    '------------&gt; | permbits, etc | addresses |\n                                   +-----------inode-----------+\n                                                /\n                                               /\n .--------------------------------------------'\n(     +------+  +------+ \n '--&gt; | data |  | data | etc.\n      +------+  +------+ \n</code></pre> <p>Now, the filename part of the file is stored in a special file of its own along with the filename parts of other files; this special file is called a directory.</p>"},{"location":"linux/filesystem/file-links.html#reflink","title":"Reflink","text":"<p>A Reflink is a type of shallow copy of file data that shares the blocks but otherwise the files are independent and any change to the file will not affect the other. This builds on the underlying copy-on-write mechanism. A reflink will effectively create only a separate metadata pointing to the shared blocks which is typically much faster than a deep copy of all blocks.</p> Text Only<pre><code>+--------------------+\n| filename | inode # |\n+--------------------+\n            \\        +---------------------------+\n             '-----&gt; | permbits, etc | addresses |\n                     +-----------inode-----------+\n                                   \\                +------+  +------+\n                                    &gt;-------------&gt; | data |  | data | etc.\n                                   /                +------+  +------+\n                     +---------------------------+\n             .-----&gt; | permbits, etc | addresses |\n            /        +-----------inode-----------+\n+---------------------+\n| othername | inode # |\n+---------------------+\n</code></pre> <p>There are some constraints:</p> <ul> <li>cross-filesystem reflink is not possible, there\u2019s nothing in common between so the block sharing can\u2019t work</li> <li>reflink crossing two mount points of the same filesystem support depends on kernel version</li> </ul>"},{"location":"linux/filesystem/file-links.html#directories","title":"Directories","text":"<p>The directory, as a file, is just an array of filename parts of other files.</p> <p>When a directory is built, it is initially populated with the filename parts of two special files: the <code>.</code> and <code>..</code> files.</p> <p>The filename part for the <code>.</code> file is populated with the <code>inode</code> of the directory file in which the entry has been made: <code>.</code> is a hardlink to the file that implements the current directory.</p> <p>The filename part for the <code>..</code> file is populated with the <code>inode</code> of the directory file that contains the filename part of the current directory file: <code>..</code> is a hardlink to the file that implements the immediate parent of the current directory.</p> <p>The <code>ln</code> command knows how to build hardlinks and softlinks; the <code>mkdir</code> command knows how to build directories (the OS takes care of the above hardlinks).</p> <p>There are restrictions on what can be hardlinked (both links must reside on the same filesystem, the source file must exist, etc.) that are not applicable to softlinks (source and target can be on separate file systems, source does not have to exist, etc.).</p>"},{"location":"linux/filesystem/procfs.html","title":"<code>/proc</code> Filesystem","text":"<p>The proc file system contains a hierarchy of special files that represent the current state of the kernel.</p> <p>Files in the <code>/proc</code> directory contain information about the hardware and current processes running on the system. Files that have write permission can be modified to change the configuration of the kernel.</p>"},{"location":"linux/filesystem/procfs.html#top-level-files-within-proc","title":"Top-Level Files Within <code>/proc</code>","text":"<ul> <li> <p><code>/proc/buddyinfo</code>: This file is used primarily for diagnosing memory fragmentation issues.</p> </li> <li> <p><code>/proc/cmdline</code>: This file shows the parameters passed to the kernel at the time it is started.</p> </li> <li> <p><code>/proc/cpuinfo</code>: This virtual file identifies the type of processor used by the system.</p> </li> <li> <p><code>/proc/crypto</code>: This file lists all installed cryptographic ciphers used by the Linux kernel, including additional details for each.</p> </li> <li> <p><code>/proc/devices</code>: This file displays the various character and block devices currently configured (not including devices whose modules are not loaded).</p> </li> <li> <p><code>/proc/dma</code>: This file contains a list of the registered ISA DMA channels in use.</p> </li> <li> <p><code>/proc/execdomains</code>: This file lists the execution domains currently supported by the Linux kernel, along with the   range of personalities they support.</p> </li> <li> <p><code>/proc/filesystems</code>: This file displays a list of the file system types currently supported by the kernel.   The first column signifies whether the file system is mounted on a block device. Those beginning with <code>nodev</code> are not mounted on a device.   The second column lists the names of the file systems supported.   The mount command cycles through the file systems listed here when one is not specified as an argument.</p> </li> <li> <p><code>/proc/interrupts</code>: This file records the number of interrupts per IRQ on the <code>x86</code> architecture.</p> </li> <li> <p><code>/proc/iomem</code>: This file shows the current map of the system\u2019s memory for each physical device.</p> </li> <li> <p><code>/proc/ioports</code>: This file provides a list of currently registered port regions used for input or output communication with a device.</p> </li> <li> <p><code>/proc/kcore</code>: This file represents the physical memory of the system and is stored in the core file format.   The contents of this file are designed to be examined by a debugger, such as gdb, and is not human readable.</p> </li> <li> <p><code>/proc/kmsg</code>: This file is used to hold messages generated by the kernel. These messages are then picked up by other   programs, such as <code>/bin/dmesg</code>.</p> </li> <li> <p><code>/proc/loadavg</code>: This file provides a look at the load average in regard to both the CPU and I/O over time, as well as   additional data used by uptime and other commands.</p> </li> <li> <p><code>/proc/locks</code>: This file displays the files currently locked by the kernel. The contents of this file contain internal   kernel debugging data and can vary tremendously, depending on the use of the system.</p> </li> <li> <p><code>/proc/mdstat</code>: This file contains the current information for multiple-disk, RAID configurations.</p> </li> <li> <p><code>/proc/meminfo</code>: This file reports a large amount of valuable information about the system\u2019s RAM usage.</p> </li> <li> <p><code>/proc/modules</code>: This file displays a list of all modules loaded into the kernel. Most of this information can also be   viewed by using the /sbin/lsmod command.</p> </li> </ul>"},{"location":"linux/filesystem/procfs.html#process-directories-in-proc","title":"Process Directories in <code>/proc</code>","text":"<p>The <code>/proc</code> directory contains directories with numerical names. These directories are named after a program\u2019s process ID and contain information about that process. The owner and group of each process directory are set to the user running the process.</p> <p>Each <code>/proc/&lt;pid&gt;</code> directory contains several files including:</p> <ul> <li><code>cmdline</code>: The command issued when starting the process</li> <li><code>cwd</code>: A symbolic link to the current working directory for the process</li> <li><code>environ</code>: A list of the environment variables for the process</li> <li><code>exe</code>: A symbolic link to the executable of this process</li> <li><code>fd</code>: The directory containing all of the file descriptors for a particular process</li> <li><code>maps</code>: A list of memory maps to executables and library files associated with process</li> <li><code>mem</code>: The memory held by the process (the file cannot be read by the user)</li> <li><code>root</code>: A link to the root directory of the process</li> <li><code>stat</code>: The status of the process including run state and memory usage</li> <li><code>statm</code>: The status of the memory in use by the process</li> <li><code>status</code>: The status of the process in a more readable form than stat or statm</li> </ul>"},{"location":"linux/filesystem/procfs.html#other-directories-in-proc","title":"Other Directories in <code>/proc</code>","text":"<p>Other directories within the <code>/proc</code> directory group similar information by topic. The following is a partial list of these directories:</p> <ul> <li> <p><code>/proc/bus</code>: This directory contains information about the various buses available on the system.   The subdirectories and files available within /proc/bus vary depending on the devices connected to the system.</p> </li> <li> <p><code>/proc/bus/pci</code>, <code>/proc/bus/usb</code>: It's possible to get a list of all PCI and USB devices present on the system by using   the cat command on the devices file within these directories, but the output is difficult to read and interpret.   For a human-readable list of devices, run the <code>lspci</code> and <code>lsusb</code> commands.</p> </li> <li> <p><code>/proc/driver</code>: This directory contains information for specific drivers in use by the kernel.</p> </li> <li> <p><code>/proc/fs</code>: This directory shows which file systems are exported.</p> </li> <li> <p><code>/proc/irq</code>: This directory is used to set IRQ to CPU affinity, which allows the system to connect a particular IRQ to only one CPU.   Alternatively, it can exclude a CPU from handling any IRQs.</p> </li> <li> <p><code>/proc/self/net</code>: This directory provides a comprehensive look at various networking parameters and statistics.   Each directory and virtual file within this directory describes aspects of the system\u2019s network configuration.   The <code>/proc/net</code> file is a symbolic link to this directory.</p> </li> <li> <p><code>/proc/scsi</code>: The primary file in this directory is <code>/proc/scsi/scsi</code>, which contains a list of every recognized SCSI device.   From this listing, the type of device, as well as the model name, vendor, SCSI channel, and ID data is available.</p> </li> <li> <p><code>/proc/sys</code>: This directory is different from others in <code>/proc</code>, because it not only provides information about the system   but also allows to immediately enable and disable kernel features.   Changes made by writing to the files are not persistent and disappear when the system is restarted.   To make changes persist after rebooting, add them to the <code>/etc/sysctl.conf</code> file.</p> </li> <li> <p><code>/proc/sys/dev</code>: This directory provides parameters for particular devices on the system.</p> </li> <li> <p><code>/proc/sys/fs</code>: This directory contains options and information concerning various aspects of the file system, including quota, file handle, and inode information.</p> </li> <li> <p><code>/proc/sys/kernel</code>: This directory contains a variety of different configuration files that directly affect the operation of the kernel.</p> </li> <li> <p><code>/proc/sys/net</code>: This directory contains subdirectories concerning various networking topics.   Ir's possible to alter the files within these directories to adjust the network configuration on a running system.</p> </li> <li> <p><code>/proc/sysvipc</code>: This directory contains information about System V Interprocess Communication (IPC) resources.   The files in this directory relate to System V IPC calls for messages (msg), semaphores (sem), and shared memory (shm).</p> </li> <li> <p><code>/proc/tty</code>: This directory contains information about the available and currently used tty devices on the system.   The drivers file is a list of the current tty devices in use.</p> </li> </ul>"},{"location":"linux/filesystem/sysfs.html","title":"<code>/sys</code> Filesystem (<code>sysfs</code>)","text":""},{"location":"linux/filesystem/sysfs.html#sysfs-directories","title":"<code>sysfs</code> Directories","text":"<p>In addition to <code>/proc</code>, the kernel also exports information to another virtual file system called <code>sysfs</code>. <code>sysfs</code> is used by programs such as <code>udev</code> to access device and device driver information.</p>"},{"location":"linux/filesystem/sysfs.html#sysblock","title":"<code>/sys/block</code>","text":"<p>This directory contains entries for each block device in the system. Symbolic links point to the physical device that the device maps to in the physical device tree.</p> <p>For example, attributes for the sda disks reside in the <code>/sys/block/sda</code> directory.</p>"},{"location":"linux/filesystem/sysfs.html#sysbus","title":"<code>/sys/bus</code>","text":"<p>This directory contains subdirectories for each physical bus type supported in the kernel. Each bus type has two subdirectories: devices and drivers.  </p> <p>The devices directory lists devices discovered on that type of bus. The drivers directory contains directories for each device driver registered with the bus type. Driver parameters can be viewed and manipulated.</p>"},{"location":"linux/filesystem/sysfs.html#sysclass","title":"<code>/sys/class</code>","text":"<p>This directory contains every device class registered with the kernel. Device classes describe a functional type of device. Examples include input devices, network devices, and block devices.</p>"},{"location":"linux/filesystem/sysfs.html#sysdevices","title":"<code>/sys/devices</code>","text":"<p>This directory contains the global device hierarchy of all devices on the system. This directory also contains a platform directory and a system directory. </p> <p>The platform directory contains peripheral devices specific to a particular platform such as device controllers. The system directory contains non-peripheral devices such as CPUs and APICs.</p>"},{"location":"linux/filesystem/sysfs.html#sysfirmware","title":"<code>/sys/firmware</code>","text":"<p>This directory contains subdirectories with firmware objects and attributes.</p>"},{"location":"linux/filesystem/sysfs.html#sysmodule","title":"<code>/sys/module</code>","text":"<p>This directory contains subdirectories for each module that is loaded into the kernel.</p>"},{"location":"linux/filesystem/sysfs.html#syspower","title":"<code>/sys/power</code>","text":"<p>The system power state can be controlled from this directory. The disk attribute controls the method by which the system suspends to disk. The state attribute allows a process to enter a low power state.</p>"},{"location":"linux/init/open-rc.html","title":"OpenRC","text":"<p>OpenRC is a dependency-based init system for Unix-like systems that maintains compatibility with the system-provided init system, normally located in /sbin/init. OpenRC is Gentoo's native init system, although other init systems are available.</p> <p>OpenRC will start necessary system services in the correct order at boot, manage them while the system is in use, and stop them at shutdown. It can manage daemons installed from the Gentoo repository, can optionally supervise the processes it launches, and has an the possibility to start processes in parallel - when possible - to shorten boot time.</p>"},{"location":"linux/init/open-rc.html#runlevels-services","title":"Runlevels &amp; Services","text":"<p>OpenRC has a concept of runlevels. A runlevel is a collection of services that needs to be started. Instead of random numbers they are named, and users can create their own if needed.</p> <p>The <code>rc-status</code> helper will print all currently active runlevels and the state of services in them:</p> Bash<pre><code>Runlevel: default\n  modules                     [  started  ]\n  lvm                         [  started  ]\n</code></pre> <p>All runlevels are represented as folders in <code>/etc/runlevels/</code> with symlinks to the actual service scripts.</p> <p>Calling <code>openrc</code> with an argument will switch to that runlevel; this will start and stop services as needed.</p>"},{"location":"linux/init/open-rc.html#managing-runlevels","title":"Managing Runlevels","text":"<p>Managing runlevels is usually done through the <code>rc-update</code> helper, but could of course be done by hand if desired.</p> Bash<pre><code>rc-update add &lt;service&gt; &lt;runlevel&gt;\nrc-update del &lt;service&gt; &lt;runlevel&gt;\nrc-update show &lt;runlevel&gt;\n</code></pre> <p>The default startup uses the runlevels <code>sysinit</code>, <code>boot</code>, and <code>default</code>, in that order. Shutdown uses the <code>shutdown</code> runlevel.</p>"},{"location":"linux/init/open-rc.html#managing-services","title":"Managing Services","text":"<p>Any service can, at any time, be started/stopped/restarted by executing with the <code>rc-service</code> helper  someservice start, rc-service someservice stop, etc.</p> Bash<pre><code>rc-service &lt;service&gt; start\nrc-service &lt;service&gt; stop\nrc-service &lt;service&gt; restart\nrc-service &lt;service&gt; status\nrc-service &lt;service&gt; zap\n</code></pre> <p>Another, less preferred method, is to run the service script directly, e.g. /etc/init.d/service start, /etc/init.d/service stop, etc.</p> Bash<pre><code>/etc/init.d/&lt;service&gt; start\n/etc/init.d/&lt;service&gt; stop\n/etc/init.d/&lt;service&gt; restart\n/etc/init.d/&lt;service&gt; status\n/etc/init.d/&lt;service&gt; zap\n</code></pre> <p>There is a special command <code>zap</code> that makes OpenRC 'forget' that a service is started. This is mostly useful to reset a crashed service to stopped state without invoking the (possibly broken) stop function of the service script.</p> <p>Calling <code>openrc</code> without any arguments will try to reset all services so that the current runlevel is satisfied.</p>"},{"location":"linux/init/systemd.html","title":"Systemd","text":"<p>systemd is a suite of basic building blocks for a Linux system. It provides a system and service manager that runs as PID 1 and starts the rest of the system.</p> <p><code>systemd</code> provides aggressive parallelization capabilities, uses socket and D-Bus activation for starting services, offers on-demand starting of daemons, keeps track of processes using Linux control groups, maintains mount and automount points, and implements an elaborate transactional dependency-based service control logic.</p>"},{"location":"misc/git.html","title":"Git","text":"<p>Git is a free and open source distributed version control system designed to handle everything from small to very large projects with speed and efficiency.</p>"},{"location":"misc/git.html#terminology","title":"Terminology","text":"<p>Repository: collection of files (blobs) and directories (trees) managed by git Commit: snapshot of the entire repository and its metadata Head: pointer to the current commit Branch: timeline or collection of consecutive commits Remote: remote shared repository in which changes as synced Working Tree: current version of the repository on disk Index (Staging Area): collection of changes not yet committed Stash: collection of pseudo-commits not belonging to a specific branch</p>"},{"location":"misc/git.html#commands","title":"Commands","text":""},{"location":"misc/git.html#managing-configs","title":"Managing Configs","text":"<p>There are three git config sources/scopes:</p> <ol> <li>system: defined in git's installation folder and managed with <code>--system</code></li> <li>global: defined in <code>$HOME/.gitconfig</code> or <code>$XDG_CONFIG_HOME/git/config</code> and managed with <code>--global</code></li> <li>local: defined in <code>.git/config</code> and managed with <code>--local</code></li> </ol> <p>The applied config in each repository is the combination of all three scopes in order.</p> <p><code>git config [--&lt;scope&gt;] &lt;key&gt; &lt;value&gt;</code>: set git config key-value pair <code>git config [--&lt;scope&gt;] --unset &lt;key&gt;</code>: unset git config key-value pair <code>git config [--&lt;scope&gt;] --list</code>: list git config key-value pairs  </p>"},{"location":"misc/git.html#tracking-files-making-changes","title":"Tracking Files &amp; Making Changes","text":"<p><code>git status</code>: shows the status of changes as untracked, modified, or staged  </p> <p><code>git add &lt;files&gt;</code>: add files contents to the staging area <code>git add -u|--update &lt;files&gt;</code>: stage changes but ignore untracked files <code>git add -p|--patch &lt;files&gt;</code>: interactively stage chunks of files  </p> <p><code>git restore .</code>: discard uncommitted changes <code>git restore &lt;file&gt;</code>: discard uncommitted changes to file <code>git restore --staged</code>: discard changes made to a file <code>git restore --staged --worktree</code>: unstage and discard changes made to a file <code>git restore -p|--patch</code>: interactively unstage chunks of files  </p> <p><code>git commit</code>: save the snapshot to the project history <code>git commit -m|--message \"message\"</code>: commit and provide a message <code>git commit -a|--all</code>: automatically notice any modified (but not new) files and commit <code>git commit -v|--verbose</code>: show unified diff between the HEAD commit and what would be committed <code>git commit --amend</code>: modify latest commit with the new changes <code>git commit --no-verify</code>: commit without executing hooks <code>git commit --fixup &lt;commit&gt;</code>: mark commit as correction to another <code>git commit -s|--signoff</code>: Add a <code>Signed-off-by</code> trailer by the committer at the end of the commit log message  </p>"},{"location":"misc/git.html#managing-stashes","title":"Managing Stashes","text":"<p><code>git stash [push] [-m|--message]</code>: add all changes to the stash (and provide message) <code>git stash [push] -k|--keep-index</code>: create a stash but leave files as they are <code>git stash list</code> list all stashes <code>git stash show [&lt;stash&gt;]</code>: show changes in the stash <code>git stash pop</code>: restore last stash <code>git stash drop [&lt;stash&gt;]</code>: remove a stash from the list <code>git stash clear</code>: remove all stashes  </p>"},{"location":"misc/git.html#managing-remotes","title":"Managing Remotes","text":"<p><code>git remote</code>: list remotes <code>git remote -v|--verbose</code>: list remotes names and URLs <code>git remote show &lt;remote&gt;</code>: inspect the remote  </p> <p><code>git remote add &lt;remote&gt; &lt;url | path&gt;</code>: add a remote <code>git remote remove &lt;remote&gt;</code>: remove the specified remote <code>git remote rename &lt;old_name&gt; &lt;new_name&gt;</code>: rename a remote <code>git remote set-url &lt;name&gt; &lt;url&gt;</code>: change the URL for the remote <code>git remote set-url --add &lt;name&gt; &lt;url&gt;</code>: add another URL for the remote <code>git remote set-url --add --push &lt;name&gt; &lt;url&gt;</code>: add another push URL for the remote <code>git remote set-url &lt;name&gt; &lt;url&gt;</code>: change the URL for rhe remote <code>git branch -u|--set-upstream-to=&lt;remote&gt;/&lt;remote branch&gt;</code>: set up correspondence between local and remote branch  </p> <p><code>git push</code>: send objects to default remote on current branch <code>git push &lt;remote&gt; &lt;branch&gt;</code>: send objects to remote <code>git push &lt;remote&gt; &lt;local branch&gt;:&lt;remote branch&gt;</code>: send objects to remote, and update remote reference  </p> <p><code>git push -f|--force</code>: overwrite remote with local version <code>git push --force-with-lease</code>: overwrite remote with local version if remote has not been modified <code>git push --force-with-lease --force-if--includes</code>: will verify if updates from the remote that may have been implicitly updated in the background are integrated locally before allowing a forced update  </p> <p><code>git fetch [&lt;remote&gt;]</code>: retrieve objects/references from a remote <code>git pull</code>: incorporate remote changes by merging, same as <code>git fetch; git merge</code> <code>git pull --rebase</code>: incorporate remote changes by rebasing <code>git pull --ff</code>: fast-forward (only update branch tip) remote changes, merge if not possible <code>git pull --ff-only</code>: fast-forward (only update branch tip) remote changes, error if not possible  </p> <p><code>git fetch|pull -p|--prune</code>: remove any remote-tracking references that no longer exist on the remote <code>git fetch|pull -t|--tags</code>: retrieve all tags from the remote</p> <p><code>git clone &lt;url&gt; [&lt;folder_name&gt;]</code>: download repository and repo history from remote <code>git clone --shallow</code>: clone only repo files, not history of commits <code>git clone --depth &lt;depth&gt;</code>: clone only last <code>&lt;depth&gt;</code> commits  </p> <p>Note: for a in depth explanation of <code>--force-if-includes</code> see this</p>"},{"location":"misc/git.html#viewing-project-history","title":"Viewing Project History","text":"<p><code>git log [&lt;rev&gt;]</code>: show history of changes <code>git log -p|--patch</code>: show history of changes and complete differences <code>git log --stat --summary</code>: show overview of the change <code>git log --follow &lt;file&gt;</code>: list version history fo file, including renames <code>git log --all --graph --decorate</code>: visualizes history as a DAG <code>git log --oneline</code>: compact log  </p> <p><code>git log -S&lt;string&gt;</code>: Look for diffs that change the number of occurrences of the specified <code>&lt;string&gt;</code> <code>git log -G&lt;regex&gt;</code>: Look for diffs whose patch text contains added/removed lines that match <code>&lt;regex&gt;</code> </p> <p><code>git log -L &lt;start&gt;,&lt;end&gt;:&lt;file&gt;</code>: Trace the evolution of the line range given by <code>&lt;start&gt;,&lt;end&gt;</code>, within the <code>&lt;file&gt;</code> <code>git log -L /&lt;regex&gt;/:&lt;file&gt;</code>: Trace the evolution of the line range given by the function name regex <code>&lt;regex&gt;</code>, within the <code>&lt;file&gt;</code> </p> <p><code>git shortlog</code>: list commits by author <code>git reflog [&lt;rev&gt;]</code>: show record of when the tips of branches and other references were updated in the local repository  </p> <p><code>git show &lt;commit&gt;</code>: show commit metadata and content <code>git show --stat &lt;commit&gt;</code>: show number of changes in commit  </p> <p><code>git blame &lt;file&gt;</code>: show who last edited which line <code>git blame -L &lt;start&gt;,&lt;end&gt; -- &lt;file&gt;</code>: Annotate only the line range given by <code>&lt;start&gt;,&lt;end&gt;</code>, within the <code>&lt;file&gt;</code> <code>git blame -L /&lt;regex&gt;/ -- &lt;file&gt;</code>: Annotate only the range given by the function name regex <code>&lt;regex&gt;</code>, within the <code>&lt;file&gt;</code> <code>git blame -w</code>: Ignore whitespace when comparing the parent\u2019s version and the child\u2019s to find where the lines came from <code>git blame -M</code>: Detect moved or copied lines within a file. <code>git blame -M -C [-C -C]</code>: Detect moved or copied lines within a file (<code>-M</code>), from all modified files in the same commit (<code>-C</code>), in the commit that created the file (<code>-C -C</code>), in all commits (<code>-C -C -C</code>)  </p> <p><code>git diff &lt;filename&gt;</code>: show difference since the last commit <code>git diff &lt;commit&gt; &lt;filename&gt;</code>: show differences in a file since a particular snapshot <code>git diff &lt;reference_1&gt; &lt;reference_2&gt; &lt;filename&gt;</code>: show differences in a file between two snapshots <code>git diff  --staged</code>: show what is about to be committed <code>git diff &lt;first-branch&gt;...&lt;second-branch&gt;</code>: show content diff between two branches <code>git diff -w|--ignore-all-space</code>: show diff ignoring whitespace differences <code>git diff --word-diff</code>: show diff word-by-word instead of line-wise  </p> <p><code>git bisect start</code>: start binary search through commit history, to find the first \"bad\" commit <code>git bisect good</code>: mark current commit as \"good\" <code>git bisect bad</code>: mark current commit as \"bad\" <code>git bisect reset</code>: conclude search and restore HEAD  </p>"},{"location":"misc/git.html#managing-tags","title":"Managing Tags","text":"<p>Git supports two types of tags: lightweight and annotated.  </p> <p>A lightweight tag is very much like a branch that doesn't change: it's just a pointer to a specific commit.  </p> <p>Annotated tags, however, are stored as full objects in the Git database. They're checksummed; contain the tagger name, email, and date; have a tagging message; and can be signed. It's generally recommended creating annotated tags so it's possible to have all this information.  </p> <p><code>git tag</code>: list existing tags <code>git tag -l|--list &lt;pattern&gt;</code>: list existing tags matching a wildcard or pattern  </p> <p><code>git tag &lt;tag&gt; [&lt;commit_hash&gt;]</code>: create a lightweight tag on the commit <code>git tag -a|--annotate &lt;tag&gt; [&lt;commit_hash&gt; -m &lt;message&gt;]</code>: create am annotated tag on the commit <code>git tag -f|--force &lt;tag&gt; [&lt;commit_hash&gt;]</code>: update a tag if it exists <code>git tag -s|--sign &lt;tag&gt; [&lt;commit_hash&gt;]</code>: sign a tag  </p> <p><code>git push &lt;remote&gt; &lt;tagname&gt;</code>: push a tag to the remote <code>git push &lt;remote&gt; --tags</code>: push commits and their tags (both types) to the remote  </p> <p><code>git tag -d|--delete &lt;tagname&gt;</code>: delete a tag <code>git push &lt;remote&gt; :refs/tags&lt;tagname&gt;:</code>: remove a tag from the remote <code>git push &lt;remote&gt; --delete &lt;tagname&gt;</code>: remove a tag from the remote  </p> <p><code>git switch &lt;tag&gt;</code>: checkout a tag - WARNING: will go into detached HEAD </p>"},{"location":"misc/git.html#branching-and-merging","title":"Branching And Merging","text":"<p><code>git branch</code>: shows branches <code>git branch -vv</code>: show branch + last commit + remote status <code>git branch --merged [--remote]</code>: show branches (remote) that have been merged into current one (needs same history, merge squash/rebase break history) <code>git branch</code>: show list of all existing branches  (* indicates current) <code>git branch &lt;branch-name&gt;</code>: create new branch <code>git branch -d|--delete &lt;branch-name&gt;</code>: delete specified branch <code>git branch -m|--move &lt;old_name&gt; &lt;new_name&gt;</code>: rename a branch without affecting the branch's history <code>git switch -c &lt;branch-name&gt;</code>: create a branch and switches to <code>git switch &lt;branch-name&gt;</code>: change current branch (update HEAD) and update working directory  </p> <p><code>git merge &lt;branch-name&gt;</code>: merges into current branch <code>git merge --continue</code>: continue previous merge after solving a merge conflict <code>git rebase &lt;branch&gt;</code>: rebase current branch commits onto another branch <code>git rebase --onto &lt;new-base&gt; &lt;old-base&gt;</code>: rebase a slice of commits from <code>&lt;old-base&gt;</code> onto <code>&lt;new-base&gt;</code> </p> <p><code>git cherry-pick &lt;commit&gt;</code>: bring in a commit from another branch <code>git cherry-pick &lt;commit&gt;..&lt;commit&gt;</code>: bring in a range of commits from another branch (first excluded) <code>git cherry-pick &lt;commit&gt;^..&lt;commit&gt;</code>: bring in a range of commits from another branch (first included)  </p>"},{"location":"misc/git.html#worktrees","title":"Worktrees","text":"<p>A git repository can support multiple working trees, allowing to check out more than one branch at a time.</p> <p>Additional worktrees are called \"linked worktrees\" as opposed to the \"main worktree\" prepared by <code>git init</code> or <code>git clone</code>. A repository has one main worktree (if it\u2019s not a bare repository) and zero or more linked worktrees.</p> <p><code>git worktree list</code>: show worktrees <code>git worktree add &lt;path&gt; &lt;commit&gt;</code>: create worktree at <code>&lt;path&gt;</code> and checkout <code>&lt;commit&gt;</code> <code>git worktree add -b &lt;branch&gt; &lt;path&gt; &lt;commit&gt;</code>: create worktree and branch at <code>&lt;path&gt;</code> <code>git worktree remove &lt;worktree&gt;</code>: remove a worktree  </p>"},{"location":"misc/git.html#rewriting-history","title":"Rewriting History","text":"<p><code>git commit --amend</code>: replace last commit by creating a new one (can add files or rewrite commit message) <code>git commit --amend -m \"amended message\"</code>: replace last commit by creating a new one (can add files or rewrite commit message) <code>git commit --amend  --no-edit</code>: replace last commit by creating a new one (can add files or rewrite commit message)  </p> <p><code>git reset &lt;commit&gt;</code>: revert to specific commit but keep changes <code>git reset --soft &lt;commit&gt;</code>: revert to specific commit but keep changes and staged files <code>git reset --hard &lt;commit&gt;</code>: revert to specific commit and discard changes <code>git reset &lt;commit&gt; &lt;file&gt;</code>: revert <code>&lt;file&gt;</code> to specific commit  </p> <p><code>git clean</code>: remove untracked files form the working tree <code>git clean -d</code>: remove untracked files recursively <code>git clean --interactive</code>: remove untracked files interactively  </p> <p><code>git restore --source &lt;commit&gt; &lt;file&gt;</code>: revert file to commit version <code>git restore &lt;deleted-file&gt;</code>: recover deleted file if previously committed  </p> <p><code>git rebase -i|--interactive</code>: modify (reword, edit, drop, squash, merge, ...) current branch commits <code>git rebase -i|--interactive HEAD~&lt;n&gt;</code>: modify (reword, edit, drop, squash, merge, ...) n commits <code>git rebase -i|--interactive &lt;commit&gt;</code>: modify (reword, edit, drop, squash, merge, ...) from commit to latest <code>git rebase --autostash</code>: automatically create a temporary stash entry before rebasing <code>git rebase --autosquash</code>: automatically apply \"squash!\" or \"fixup!\" or \"amend!\" commits  </p>"},{"location":"misc/git.html#git-revisions","title":"Git Revisions","text":""},{"location":"misc/git.html#specifying-revisions","title":"Specifying Revisions","text":"<p>A revision parameter <code>&lt;rev&gt;</code> can take one of these forms:</p> <ul> <li><code>&lt;sha&gt;</code>: full or short sha of the object.</li> <li><code>&lt;refname&gt;</code>: a named object reference. One of:<ul> <li><code>refs/&lt;refname&gt;</code></li> <li><code>refs/tags/&lt;refname&gt;</code></li> <li><code>refs/heads/&lt;refname&gt;</code></li> <li><code>refs/remotes/&lt;refname&gt;</code></li> <li><code>refs/remotes/&lt;refname&gt;</code></li> <li><code>HEAD</code> or <code>*_HEAD</code></li> </ul> </li> <li><code>[&lt;refname&gt;]@{&lt;date&gt;}</code>: a revision at a specific point in time.</li> <li><code>[&lt;refname&gt;]@{n}</code>: <code>n</code>th prior value of a <code>&lt;refname&gt;</code>.</li> <li><code>@{-n}</code>: <code>&lt;n&gt;</code>th branch/commit checked out before the current one.</li> <li><code>&lt;rev&gt;^</code>: first parent of <code>&lt;rev&gt;</code>.</li> <li><code>&lt;rev&gt;~[&lt;n&gt;]</code>: <code>n</code>th parent of <code>&lt;rev&gt;</code></li> </ul>"},{"location":"misc/git.html#specifying-ranges","title":"Specifying Ranges","text":"<p>A revision range can take one of these forms:</p> <ul> <li><code>&lt;rev&gt;</code>: Include commits that are reachable from <code>&lt;rev&gt;</code> (<code>&lt;rev&gt;</code> and its ancestors).</li> <li><code>^&lt;rev&gt;</code>: Exclude commits that are reachable from <code>&lt;rev&gt;</code> (<code>&lt;rev&gt;</code> and its ancestors).</li> <li><code>&lt;rev1&gt;..&lt;rev2&gt;</code>: Include commits that are reachable from <code>&lt;rev2&gt;</code> but exclude those that are reachable from <code>&lt;rev1&gt;</code>.</li> <li><code>&lt;rev1&gt;...&lt;rev2&gt;</code>: Include commits that are reachable from either  or  but exclude those that are reachable from both. <code>&lt;rev&gt;^@</code>: A suffix <code>^</code> followed by <code>@</code> is the same as listing all parents of <code>&lt;rev&gt;</code> (meaning, include anything reachable from its parents, but not the commit itself). <code>&lt;rev&gt;^!</code>: A suffix <code>^</code> followed by <code>!</code> is the same as giving commit <code>&lt;rev&gt;</code> and all its parents prefixed with <code>^</code> to exclude them (and their ancestors). <code>&lt;rev&gt;^-&lt;n&gt;</code>: Equivalent to <code>&lt;rev&gt;^&lt;n&gt;..&lt;rev&gt;</code>, with <code>&lt;n&gt; = 1</code> if not given."},{"location":"misc/graph-ql.html","title":"GraphQL","text":"<p>How to GraphQL - The Fullstack Tutorial for GraphQL</p> <p>GraphQL is a query language for APIa, and a server-side runtime for executing queries by using a type system for the data. GraphQL isn't tied to any specific database or storage engine and is instead backed by existing code and data.</p> <p>A GraphQL service is created by defining types and fields on those types, then providing functions for each field on each type.</p>"},{"location":"misc/graph-ql.html#schema-and-types","title":"Schema and Types","text":""},{"location":"misc/graph-ql.html#object-types-and-fields","title":"Object types and fields","text":"<p>The most basic components of a GraphQL schema are object types, which just represent a kind of object fetchable from the service, and what fields it has.</p> GraphQL<pre><code>type Type {\n  field: Type\n  field: Type!  # non-nullable type\n  field: [Type]  # array of objects\n  field: [Type!]!  # non-nullable array of non-nullable objects\n}\n</code></pre>"},{"location":"misc/graph-ql.html#field-arguments","title":"Field Arguments","text":"<p>Every field on a GraphQL object type can have zero or more arguments. All arguments are named.</p> <p>Arguments can be either required or optional. When an argument is optional, it's possible to define a default value.</p> GraphQL<pre><code>type Type {\n  field: Type,\n  field(namedArg: Type = defaultValue): Type\n}\n</code></pre>"},{"location":"misc/graph-ql.html#query-and-mutation-types","title":"Query and Mutation types","text":"<p>Every GraphQL service has a <code>query</code> type and may or may not have a <code>mutation</code> type. These types are the same as a regular object type, but they are special because they define the entry point of every GraphQL query.</p>"},{"location":"misc/graph-ql.html#scalar-types","title":"Scalar Types","text":"<p>A GraphQL object type has a name and fields, but at some point those fields have to resolve to some concrete data. That's where the scalar types come in: they represent the leaves of the query. Scalar types do not have sub-types and fields.</p> <p>GraphQL comes with a set of default scalar types out of the box:</p> <ul> <li><code>Int</code>: A signed 32\u2010bit integer.</li> <li><code>Float</code>: A signed double-precision floating-point value.</li> <li><code>String</code>: A UTF\u20108 character sequence.</li> <li><code>Boolean</code>: <code>true</code> or <code>false</code>.</li> <li><code>ID</code>: The ID scalar type represents a unique identifier, often used to refetch an object or as the key for a cache. The ID type is serialized in the same way as a <code>String</code>; however, defining it as an <code>ID</code> signifies that it is not intended to be human\u2010readable.</li> </ul> <p>In most GraphQL service implementations, there is also a way to specify custom scalar types.</p> GraphQL<pre><code>scalar ScalarType\n</code></pre> <p>Then it's up to the implementation to define how that type should be serialized, deserialized, and validated.</p>"},{"location":"misc/graph-ql.html#enumeration-types","title":"Enumeration Types","text":"<p>Also called Enums, enumeration types are a special kind of scalar that is restricted to a particular set of allowed values.</p> <p>This allows to:</p> <ol> <li>Validate that any arguments of this type are one of the allowed values</li> <li>Communicate through the type system that a field will always be one of a finite set of values</li> </ol> GraphQL<pre><code>enum Type{\n  VALUE,\n  VALUE,\n    ...\n}\n</code></pre> <p>Note: GraphQL service implementations in various languages will have their own language-specific way to deal with enums. In languages that support enums as a first-class citizen, the implementation might take advantage of that; in a language like JavaScript with no enum support, these values might be internally mapped to a set of integers. However, these details don't leak out to the client, which can operate entirely in terms of the string names of the enum values.</p>"},{"location":"misc/graph-ql.html#lists-and-non-null","title":"Lists and Non-Null","text":"<p>Object types, scalars, and enums are the only kinds of types that can be defined in GraphQL. But when used in other parts of the schema, or in the query variable declarations, it's possible apply additional type modifiers that affect validation of those values.</p> <p>It's possible to mark a field as Non-Null by adding an exclamation mark, <code>!</code> after the type name. This means that the server always expects to return a non-null value for this field, and if it ends up getting a null value that will actually trigger a GraphQL execution error, letting the client know that something has gone wrong.</p> <p>The Non-Null type modifier can also be used when defining arguments for a field, which will cause the GraphQL server to return a validation error if a null value is passed as that argument, whether in the GraphQL string or in the variables.</p> <p>It's possible to use a type modifier to mark a type as a <code>List</code>, which indicates that this field will return an array of that type. In the schema language, this is denoted by wrapping the type in square brackets, <code>[</code> and <code>]</code>. It works the same for arguments, where the validation step will expect an array for that value.</p>"},{"location":"misc/graph-ql.html#interfaces","title":"Interfaces","text":"<p>Like many type systems, GraphQL supports interfaces. An Interface is an abstract type that includes a certain set of fields that a type must include to implement the interface.</p> <p>Interfaces are useful when returning an object or set of objects, but those might be of several different types.</p> GraphQL<pre><code>interface Interface {\n  fieldA: TypeA\n  fieldB: TypeB\n}\n\ntype Type implements Interface {\n  fieldA: TypeA,\n  fieldB: TypeB\n  field: Type,\n  ...\n}\n</code></pre>"},{"location":"misc/graph-ql.html#union-type","title":"Union Type","text":"<p>Interfaces are useful when returning an object or set of objects, but those might be of several different types.</p> GraphQL<pre><code>union Union = TypeA | TypeB | TypeC\n</code></pre> <p>Note: members of a union type need to be concrete object types; it's not possible to create a union type out of interfaces or other unions.</p>"},{"location":"misc/graph-ql.html#input-type","title":"Input Type","text":"<p>In the GraphQL schema language, input types look exactly the same as regular object types, but with the keyword input instead of type:</p> GraphQL<pre><code>input Input {\n  field: Type,\n  ...\n}\n</code></pre> <p>The fields on an input object type can themselves refer to input object types, but it's not possible to mix input and output types in the schema. Input object types also can't have arguments on their fields.</p>"},{"location":"misc/graph-ql.html#queries-mutations-and-subscriptions","title":"Queries, Mutations and Subscriptions","text":""},{"location":"misc/graph-ql.html#simple-query","title":"Simple Query","text":"GraphQL<pre><code>{\n  field {  # root field\n    ...  # payload\n  }\n}\n</code></pre> JSON<pre><code>{\n  \"data\" : {\n    \"field\": {\n  ...\n    }\n  }\n}\n</code></pre>"},{"location":"misc/graph-ql.html#query-arguments","title":"Query Arguments","text":"<p>In a system like REST, it's possible to only pass a single set of arguments - the query parameters and URL segments in your request.</p> <p>But in GraphQL, every field and nested object can get its own set of arguments, making GraphQL a complete replacement for making multiple API fetches.</p> <p>It's aldo possible to pass arguments into scalar fields, to implement data transformations once on the server, instead of on every client separately.</p> GraphQL<pre><code>{\n  fieldA(arg: value)  # filter results\n  fieldB(arg: value)\n  ...\n}\n</code></pre>"},{"location":"misc/graph-ql.html#aliases","title":"Aliases","text":"GraphQL<pre><code>{\n  aliasA: field(arg: valueA) {\n    field\n  }\n  aliasB: field(arg: valueB) {\n    field\n  }\n}\n</code></pre>"},{"location":"misc/graph-ql.html#fragments","title":"Fragments","text":"<p>Fragments allow to construct sets of fields, and then include them in queries where that are needed. The concept of fragments is frequently used to split complicated application data requirements into smaller chunks.</p> GraphQL<pre><code>{\n  aliasA: field(arg: valueA) {\n    ...fragment\n  },\n  aliasB: field(arg: valueB) {\n    ...fragment\n  }\n}\n\n# define a set of fields to be retrieved \nfragment fragment on Type {\n  field\n  ...\n}\n</code></pre>"},{"location":"misc/graph-ql.html#using-variables-inside-fragments","title":"Using variables inside fragments","text":"<p>It is possible for fragments to access variables declared in the query or mutation.</p> GraphQL<pre><code>query Query($var: Type = value) {\n    aliasA: field(arg: valueA) {\n  ...fragment\n    }\n    aliasB: field(arg: valueB) {\n  ...fragment\n    }\n}\n\nfragment fragment on Type{\n    field\n    field(arg: $var) {\n  field\n    ...\n  }\n    }\n}\n</code></pre>"},{"location":"misc/graph-ql.html#operation-name","title":"Operation Name","text":"<p>The operation type is either <code>query</code>, <code>mutation</code>, or <code>subscription</code> and describes what type of operation it's intended to be done. The operation type is required unless when using the query shorthand syntax, in which case it's not possible to supply a name or variable definitions for the operation.</p> <p>The operation name is a meaningful and explicit name for the operation. It is only required in multi-operation documents, but its use is encouraged because it is very helpful for debugging and server-side logging. When something goes wrong it is easier to identify a query in the codebase by name instead of trying to decipher the contents.</p> GraphQL<pre><code>query Operation {\n  ...\n}\n</code></pre>"},{"location":"misc/graph-ql.html#variables","title":"Variables","text":"<p>When  working with variables, three things need to be done:</p> <ol> <li>Replace the static value in the query with <code>$variableName</code></li> <li>Declare <code>$variableName</code> as one of the variables accepted by the query</li> <li>Pass <code>variableName: value</code> in the separate, transport-specific (usually JSON) variables dictionary</li> </ol> GraphQL<pre><code>query Operation($var: Type = defaultValue) {\n  field(arg: $var) {\n    field\n    ...\n  }\n}\n</code></pre> <p>All declared variables must be either scalars, enums, or input object types. So to pass a complex object into a field, the input type that matches on the server must be known.</p> <p>Variable definitions can be optional or required.  If the field requires a non-null argument, then the variable has to be required as well.</p> <p>Default values can also be assigned to the variables in the query by adding the default value after the type declaration. When default values are provided for all variables, it's possible to call the query without passing any variables. If any variables are passed as part of the variables dictionary, they will override the defaults.</p>"},{"location":"misc/graph-ql.html#directives","title":"Directives","text":"<p>A directive can be attached to a field or fragment inclusion, and can affect execution of the query in any way the server desires.</p> <p>The core GraphQL specification includes exactly two directives, which must be supported by any spec-compliant GraphQL server implementation:</p> <ul> <li><code>@include(if: Boolean)</code> Only include this field in the result if the argument is <code>true</code>.</li> <li><code>@skip(if: Boolean)</code> Skip this field if the argument is <code>true</code>.</li> </ul> <p>Server implementations may also add experimental features by defining completely new directives.</p>"},{"location":"misc/graph-ql.html#mutations","title":"Mutations","text":"<p>Operations of mutations:</p> <ul> <li>Creating new data</li> <li>Updating existing data</li> <li>Deleting existing data</li> </ul> GraphQL<pre><code>mutation Operation {\n  createObject(arg: value, ...) {\n    field\n    ..\n  }\n}\n</code></pre>"},{"location":"misc/graph-ql.html#subscriptions","title":"Subscriptions","text":"<p>Open a stable connection with the server to receive real-time updates on the operations happening.</p> GraphQL<pre><code>subscription Operation {\n  event {  # get notified when event happens\n    field  # data received on notification\n    ...\n  }\n}\n</code></pre>"},{"location":"misc/graph-ql.html#inline-fragments","title":"Inline Fragments","text":"<p>If you are querying a field that returns an interface or a union type, you will need to use inline fragments to access data on the underlying concrete type. Named fragments can also be used in the same way, since a named fragment always has a type attached.</p> GraphQL<pre><code>query Operation($var: Type) {\n    field(arg: $var) {  # interface of union\n  field\n  ... on ConcreteTypeA {\n    fieldA\n  }\n  ... on ConcreteTypeB{\n    fieldB\n  }\n    }\n}\n</code></pre>"},{"location":"misc/graph-ql.html#meta-fields","title":"Meta Fields","text":"<p>GraphQL allows to request <code>__typename</code>, a meta field, at any point in a query to get the name of the object type at that point.</p> GraphQL<pre><code>{\n    field(arg: value) {\n  __typename\n  ... on Type {\n    field\n  }\n    }\n}\n</code></pre>"},{"location":"misc/graph-ql.html#execution","title":"Execution","text":"<p>After being validated, a GraphQL query is executed by a GraphQL server which returns a result that mirrors the shape of the requested query, typically as JSON.</p> <p>Each field on each type is backed by a function called the resolver which is provided by the GraphQL server developer. When a field is executed, the corresponding resolver is called to produce the next value.</p> <p>If a field produces a scalar value like a string or number, then the execution completes. However if a field produces an object value then the query will contain another selection of fields which apply to that object. This continues until scalar values are reached. GraphQL queries always end at scalar values.</p>"},{"location":"misc/graph-ql.html#root-fields-and-resolvers","title":"Root fields and Resolvers","text":"<p>At the top level of every GraphQL server is a type that represents all of the possible entry points into the GraphQL API, it's often called the Root type or the Query type.</p> GraphQL<pre><code># root types for entry-points\n\ntype Query {\n  rootField(arg: Type = defValue, ...): Type\n  ...  # other query entry points\n}\n\ntype Mutation {\n  rootField(arg: Type = defValue, ...): Type\n  ...  # other mutation entry points\n}\n\ntype Subscription {\n  rootField(arg: Type = defValue, ...): Type\n  ...  # other subscription entry points\n}\n</code></pre> <p>A resolver function receives four arguments:</p> <ul> <li><code>obj</code> The previous object, which for a field on the root Query type is often not used.</li> <li><code>args</code> The arguments provided to the field in the GraphQL query.</li> <li><code>context</code> A value which is provided to every resolver and holds important contextual information like the currently logged in user, or access to a database.</li> <li><code>info</code> A value which holds field-specific information relevant to the current query as well as the schema details</li> </ul>"},{"location":"misc/regular-expressions.html","title":"Common Regex Syntax","text":"<p>A regular expression is a pattern that the regular expression engine attempts to match in input text. A pattern consists of one or more character literals, operators, or constructs.</p>"},{"location":"misc/regular-expressions.html#character-classes","title":"Character Classes","text":"<p>A character class matches any one of a set of characters.</p> <ul> <li><code>[character_group]</code>:: matches any single character in character_group.</li> <li><code>[^character_group]</code>: matches any single character not in character_group.</li> <li><code>[first-last]</code>: matches any single character in range from first to last.</li> <li><code>.</code>: matches any single character except <code>\\n</code>.</li> <li><code>\\p{name}</code>: matches any single character in the Unicode general category or named block specified by name.</li> <li><code>\\P{name}</code>: matches any single character not in the Unicode general category or named block specified by name.</li> <li><code>\\w</code>: matches any word character.</li> <li><code>\\W</code>: matches any non word character.</li> <li><code>\\s</code>: matches any whitespace character.</li> <li><code>\\S</code>: matches any non whitespace character.</li> <li><code>\\d</code>: matches any decimal digit.</li> <li><code>\\D</code>: matches any character other than a decimal digit.</li> </ul> <p>Note: <code>^</code>, <code>\\</code>, <code>-</code> and <code>]</code> must be escaped to be used in ranges. (<code>[ \\] \\[ \\^ \\- ]</code>)</p>"},{"location":"misc/regular-expressions.html#anchors","title":"Anchors","text":"<p>Anchors, or atomic zero-width assertions, cause a match to succeed or fail depending on the current position in the string, but they do not cause the engine to advance through the string or consume characters.</p> <ul> <li><code>^</code>: The match must be at the start of a string/line.</li> <li><code>$</code>: The match must be at the end of a string/line.</li> <li><code>\\A</code>: The match must occur at the start of the string.</li> <li><code>\\Z</code>: The match must occur at the end of the string or before <code>\\n</code> at the end of the string.</li> <li><code>\\z</code>: The match must occur at the end of the string.</li> <li><code>\\G</code>: The match must occur at the point where the previous match ended, or if there was no previous match, at the position in the string where matching started.</li> <li><code>\\b</code>: The match must occur on a boundary between a <code>\\w</code> (alphanumeric) and a <code>\\W</code> (non-alphanumeric) character.</li> <li><code>\\B</code>: The match must not occur on a <code>\\b</code> boundary.</li> </ul>"},{"location":"misc/regular-expressions.html#grouping-constructs","title":"Grouping Constructs","text":"<p>Grouping constructs delineate subexpressions of a regular expression and typically capture substrings of an input string.</p>"},{"location":"misc/regular-expressions.html#subexpressions","title":"Subexpressions","text":"Regex Syntax<pre><code>(subexpression)\n</code></pre> <p>The subexpression is any valid regular expression pattern.</p> <p>Captures that use parentheses are numbered automatically from left to right based on the order of the opening parentheses in the regular expression, starting from <code>1</code>. The capture that's numbered <code>0</code> is the text matched by the entire regular expression pattern.</p> <p>Note: named capture groups are always ordered last, after non-named capture groups.</p> <p>It's possible to access the captured group in the following ways:</p> <ul> <li> <p>By using the backreference construct within the regular expression.</p> <p>The matched subexpression is referenced in the same regular expression by using the syntax <code>\\number</code>, where number is the ordinal number of the captured subexpression.</p> </li> <li> <p>By using the named backreference construct within the regular expression.</p> <p>The matched subexpression is referenced in the same regular expression by using the syntax <code>\\k&lt;name&gt;</code>, where name is the name of a capturing group, or <code>\\k&lt;number&gt;</code>, where number is the ordinal number of a capturing group.</p> <p>A capturing group has a default name that is identical to its ordinal number. For more information, see Named matched subexpressions later in this topic.</p> </li> <li> <p>By using the <code>$number</code> replacement sequence where number is the ordinal number of the captured subexpression.</p> </li> </ul>"},{"location":"misc/regular-expressions.html#named-subexpressions","title":"Named Subexpressions","text":"Regex Syntax<pre><code>(?&lt;name&gt; subexpression)\n(?'name' subexpression)\n</code></pre> <p>THe name is a valid group name, and subexpression is any valid regular expression pattern. name must not contain any punctuation characters and cannot begin with a number.</p> <p>It's possible to access the named captured group in the following ways:</p> <ul> <li> <p>By using the named backreference construct within the regular expression.</p> <p>The matched subexpression is referenced in the same regular expression by using the syntax <code>\\k&lt;name&gt;</code>, where name is the name of the captured subexpression.</p> </li> <li> <p>By using the backreference construct within the regular expression.</p> <p>The matched subexpression is referenced in the same regular expression by using the syntax <code>\\number</code>, where number is the ordinal number of the captured subexpression.</p> <p>Named matched subexpressions are numbered consecutively from left to right after matched subexpressions.</p> </li> <li> <p>By using the <code>${name}</code> replacement sequence where name is the name of the captured subexpression.</p> </li> <li>By using the <code>$number</code> replacement sequence where number is the ordinal number of the captured subexpression.</li> </ul>"},{"location":"misc/regular-expressions.html#noncapturing-groups","title":"Noncapturing groups","text":"Regex Syntax<pre><code>(?:subexpression)\n</code></pre> <p>The subexpression is any valid regular expression pattern. The noncapturing group construct is typically used when a quantifier is applied to a group, but the substrings captured by the group are of no interest.</p>"},{"location":"misc/regular-expressions.html#zero-width-positive-lookahead-assertions","title":"Zero-width positive lookahead assertions","text":"Regex Syntax<pre><code>(?= subexpression)\n</code></pre> <p>The subexpression is any regular expression pattern. For a match to be successful, the input string must match the regular expression pattern in subexpression, although the matched substring is not included in the match result. A zero-width positive lookahead assertion does not backtrack.</p> <p>Typically, a zero-width positive lookahead assertion is found at the end of a regular expression pattern. It defines a substring that must be found at the end of a string for a match to occur but that should not be included in the match. It is also useful for preventing excessive backtracking.</p> <p>It's possible to use a zero-width positive lookahead assertion to ensure that a particular captured group begins with text that matches a subset of the pattern defined for that captured group.</p>"},{"location":"misc/regular-expressions.html#zero-width-negative-lookahead-assertions","title":"Zero-width negative lookahead assertions","text":"Regex Syntax<pre><code>(?! subexpression)\n</code></pre> <p>The subexpression is any regular expression pattern. For the match to be successful, the input string must not match the regular expression pattern in subexpression, although the matched string is not included in the match result.</p> <p>A zero-width negative lookahead assertion is typically used either at the beginning or at the end of a regular expression. At the beginning of a regular expression, it can define a specific pattern that should not be matched when the beginning of the regular expression defines a similar but more general pattern to be matched. In this case, it is often used to limit backtracking. At the end of a regular expression, it can define a subexpression that cannot occur at the end of a match.</p>"},{"location":"misc/regular-expressions.html#zero-width-positive-lookbehind-assertions","title":"Zero-width positive lookbehind assertions","text":"Regex Syntax<pre><code>(?&lt;= subexpression)\n</code></pre> <p>The subexpression is any regular expression pattern. For a match to be successful, subexpression must occur at the input string to the left of the current position, although subexpression is not included in the match result. A zero-width positive lookbehind assertion does not backtrack.</p> <p>Zero-width positive lookbehind assertions are typically used at the beginning of regular expressions. The pattern that they define is a precondition for a match, although it is not a part of the match result.</p>"},{"location":"misc/regular-expressions.html#zero-width-negative-lookbehind-assertions","title":"Zero-width negative lookbehind assertions","text":"Regex Syntax<pre><code>(?&lt;! subexpression)\n(?&gt; subexpression)\n</code></pre> <p>Hte subexpression is any regular expression pattern. For a match to be successful, subexpression must not occur at the input string to the left of the current position. However, any substring that does not match subexpression is not included in the match result.</p> <p>Zero-width negative lookbehind assertions are typically used at the beginning of regular expressions. The pattern that they define precludes a match in the string that follows. They are also used to limit backtracking when the last character or characters in a captured group must not be one or more of the characters that match that group's regular expression pattern.</p>"},{"location":"misc/regular-expressions.html#atomic-groups","title":"Atomic groups","text":"Regex Syntax<pre><code>(?&gt; subexpression )\n</code></pre> <p>The subexpression is any regular expression pattern.</p> <p>Ordinarily, if a regular expression includes an optional or alternative matching pattern and a match does not succeed, the regular expression engine can branch in multiple directions to match an input string with a pattern. If a match is not found when it takes the first branch, the regular expression engine can back up or backtrack to the point where it took the first match and attempt the match using the second branch. This process can continue until all branches have been tried.</p> <p>The <code>(?&gt;subexpression)</code> language construct disables backtracking. The regular expression engine will match as many characters in the input string as it can. When no further match is possible, it will not backtrack to attempt alternate pattern matches. (That is, the subexpression matches only strings that would be matched by the subexpression alone; it does not attempt to match a string based on the subexpression and any subexpressions that follow it.)</p>"},{"location":"misc/regular-expressions.html#quantifiers","title":"Quantifiers","text":"<p>A quantifier specifies how many instances of the previous element (which can be a character, a group, or a character class) must be present in the input string for a match to occur.</p> <ul> <li><code>*</code>: Matches the previous element zero or more times.</li> <li><code>+</code>: Matches the previous element one or more times.</li> <li><code>?</code>: Matches the previous element zero or one time.</li> <li><code>{n}</code>: Matches the previous element exactly n times.</li> <li><code>{n,}</code>: Matches the previous element at least n times.</li> <li><code>{n,m}</code>: Matches the previous element at least n times, but no more than m times.</li> <li><code>*?</code>: Matches the previous element zero or more times, but as few times as possible.</li> <li><code>+?</code>: Matches the previous element one or more times, but as few times as possible.</li> <li><code>??</code>: Matches the previous element zero or one time, but as few times as possible.</li> <li><code>{n}?</code>: Matches the previous element at least n times, but as few times as possible.</li> <li><code>{n,m}?</code>: Matches the previous element between n and m times, but as few times as possible.</li> </ul>"},{"location":"misc/regular-expressions.html#alternation-constructs","title":"Alternation Constructs","text":"<p>Alternation constructs modify a regular expression to enable either/or matching.</p> <ul> <li><code>|</code>: Matches any one element separated by the vertical bar (<code>|</code>) character.</li> </ul>"},{"location":"misc/regular-expressions.html#backreference-constructs","title":"Backreference Constructs","text":"<p>A backreference allows a previously matched subexpression to be identified subsequently in the same regular expression.</p> <p><code>\\number</code>: Backreference. Matches the value of a numbered subexpression. <code>\\k&lt;name&gt;</code>: Named backreference. Matches the value of a named expression.</p>"},{"location":"misc/regular-expressions.html#substitutions","title":"Substitutions","text":"<p>Substitutions are regular expression language elements that are supported in replacement patterns.</p> <ul> <li><code>$ number</code>: Substitutes the substring matched by group number.</li> <li><code>${ name }</code>: Substitutes the substring matched by the named group name.</li> <li><code>$$</code>: Substitutes a literal \"$\".</li> <li><code>$&amp;</code>: Substitutes a copy of the whole match.</li> <li>$`: Substitutes all the text of the input string before the match.</li> <li><code>$'</code>: Substitutes all the text of the input string after the match.</li> <li><code>$+</code>: Substitutes the last group that was captured.</li> <li><code>$_</code>: Substitutes the entire input string.</li> </ul>"},{"location":"misc/regular-expressions.html#special-constructs","title":"Special Constructs","text":"<ul> <li><code>(.*)</code>: Matches anything</li> <li><code>(.*?)</code>: Matches anything, but as few times as possible</li> <li><code>(?# comment )</code>: code comment, can be in the middle of the pattern</li> </ul> <p>Brackets escapes:</p> <ul> <li><code>\\(</code></li> <li><code>\\)</code></li> <li><code>\\[</code></li> <li><code>\\]</code></li> </ul> <p>Special characters escapes:</p> <ul> <li><code>\\a</code></li> <li><code>\\b</code></li> <li><code>\\f</code></li> <li><code>\\n</code></li> <li><code>\\r</code></li> <li><code>\\t</code></li> <li><code>\\u</code></li> <li><code>\\U</code></li> <li><code>\\v</code></li> <li><code>\\x</code></li> <li><code>\\\\</code></li> <li><code>\\?</code></li> <li><code>\\*</code></li> <li><code>\\+</code></li> <li><code>\\.</code></li> <li><code>\\^</code></li> <li><code>\\$</code></li> </ul>"},{"location":"misc/ssh.html","title":"SSH","text":"<p><code>ssh</code> is a program for logging into a remote machine and for executing commands on a remote machine. It is intended to provide secure encrypted communications between two untrusted hosts over an insecure network.</p>"},{"location":"misc/ssh.html#basics","title":"Basics","text":"Bash<pre><code>ssh user@destination &lt;command&gt; # exec &lt;command&gt; in remote machine ($SHELL if omitted)\nssh user@destination -i &lt;path/to/private-key&gt;  # use key for auth\nssh user@destination -f  # exec ssh in the background\nssh user@destination -N  # do not send commands to the server (do not start $SHELL)\nssh user@destination -g  # allow remote hosts to connect to local forwarded ports\nssh user@destination -t  # force pseudo-tty emulation\n</code></pre> <p>Note: use <code>~</code> while connected to use the \"ssh console\".</p>"},{"location":"misc/ssh.html#jump-hosts","title":"Jump-Hosts","text":"<p>Connect to the final destination jumping through the specifies other destinations.</p> Bash<pre><code>ssh -J user_1@destination_1,user_2@destination_2 user@final_destination\n</code></pre>"},{"location":"misc/ssh.html#port-forwarding","title":"Port Forwarding","text":""},{"location":"misc/ssh.html#local-port-forwarding","title":"Local Port Forwarding","text":"<p>Start listening on <code>local_address:local_port</code> and forward any traffic to <code>remote_address:remote_port</code>.</p> Bash<pre><code>ssh -N -f -L local_address:local_port:remote_address:remote_port user@destination\nssh -N -f -L local_port:remote_address:remote_port user@destination  # local_address defaults to localhost\n</code></pre>"},{"location":"misc/ssh.html#remote-port-forwarding","title":"Remote Port Forwarding","text":"<p>Start listening on <code>remote_address:remote_port</code> and forward any traffic to <code>local_address:local_port</code>.</p> Bash<pre><code>ssh -N -f -R remote_address:remote_port:local_address:local_port user@destination\n</code></pre>"},{"location":"misc/web-components.html","title":"Web Components","text":""},{"location":"misc/web-components.html#custom-elements","title":"Custom Elements","text":"<p>A set of JavaScript APIs that allow you to define custom elements and their behavior, which can then be used as desired in your user interface.</p>"},{"location":"misc/web-components.html#types-of-custom-elements","title":"Types of Custom Elements","text":"<p>There are two types of custom element:</p> <ul> <li>Customized built-in elements inherit from standard HTML elements such as <code>HTMLImageElement</code> or <code>HTMLParagraphElement</code>. Their implementation customizes the behavior of the standard element.</li> <li>Autonomous custom elements inherit from the HTML element base class <code>HTMLElement</code>. Need to implement their behavior from scratch.</li> </ul> <p>A custom element is implemented as a class which extends <code>HTMLElement</code> (in the case of autonomous elements) or the interface to be customized customized (in the case of customized built-in elements).</p> JavaScript<pre><code>class CustomParagraph extends HTMLParagraphElement {\n  constructor() {\n// self is reference to this element\n    self = super();\n  }\n}\n\nclass CustomElement extends HTMLElement {\n  constructor() {\n    super();\n  }\n}\n</code></pre>"},{"location":"misc/web-components.html#registering-using-custom-elements","title":"Registering &amp; Using Custom Elements","text":"<p>To make a custom element available in a page, call the <code>define()</code> method of <code>Window.customElements</code>.</p> <p>The <code>define()</code> method takes the following arguments:</p> <ul> <li><code>name</code>: The name of the element. This must start with a lowercase letter, contain a hyphen, and satisfy certain other rules listed in the specification's definition of a valid name.</li> <li><code>constructor</code>: The custom element's constructor function.</li> <li><code>options</code>: Only included for customized built-in elements, this is an object containing a single property extends, which is a string naming the built-in element to extend.</li> </ul> JavaScript<pre><code>// register a customized element\nwindow.customElements.define(\"custom-paragraph\", CustomParagraph, { extends: \"p\" });\n\n// register a fully custom element\nwindow.customElements.define(\"custom-element\", CustomElement);\n</code></pre> HTML<pre><code>&lt;!-- need to specify customized name --&gt;\n&lt;p is=\"custom-paragraph\"&gt;&lt;/p&gt;\n\n&lt;!-- cannot be used as self-closing tag --&gt;\n&lt;custom-element&gt;\n    &lt;!-- content of the element --&gt;\n&lt;/custom-element&gt;\n</code></pre>"},{"location":"misc/web-components.html#custom-elements-lifecycle-callbacks","title":"Custom Elements Lifecycle Callbacks","text":"<p>Once the custom element is registered, the browser will call certain methods of the class when code in the page interacts with the custom element. By providing an implementation of these methods, which the specification calls lifecycle callbacks, it's possible to run code in response to these events.</p> <p>Custom element lifecycle callbacks include:</p> <ul> <li><code>connectedCallback()</code>: called each time the element is added to the document. The specification recommends that, as far as possible, developers should implement custom element setup in this callback rather than the constructor.</li> <li><code>disconnectedCallback()</code>: called each time the element is removed from the document.</li> <li><code>adoptedCallback()</code>: called each time the element is moved to a new document.</li> <li><code>attributeChangedCallback(name, oldValue, newValue)</code>: called when attributes are changed, added, removed, or replaced.</li> </ul> JavaScript<pre><code>class CustomElement extends HTMLElement {\n\n  // array containing the names of all attributes for which the element needs change notifications\n  static observedAttributes = [\"size\"];\n\n  constructor() {\n    super();\n  }\n\n  connectedCallback() {\n    console.log(\"Custom element added to page.\");\n  }\n\n  disconnectedCallback() {\n    console.log(\"Custom element removed from page.\");\n  }\n\n  adoptedCallback() {\n    console.log(\"Custom element moved to new page.\");\n  }\n\n\n  attributeChangedCallback(name, oldValue, newValue) {\n    // name is one of observedAttributes\n    console.log(`Attribute ${name} has changed.`);\n  }\n}\n</code></pre>"},{"location":"misc/web-components.html#shadow-dom","title":"Shadow DOM","text":"<p>THe Shadow DOM allows to attach a DOM tree to an element, and have the internals of this tree hidden from JavaScript and CSS running in the page.</p> <p>The shadow DOM tree starts with a shadow root, underneath which it's possible to attach any element, in the same way as the normal DOM.</p> <p>Terminology:</p> <ul> <li>Shadow host: The regular DOM node that the shadow DOM is attached to.</li> <li>Shadow tree: The DOM tree inside the shadow DOM.</li> <li>Shadow boundary: the place where the shadow DOM ends, and the regular DOM begins.</li> <li>Shadow root: The root node of the shadow tree.</li> </ul> <p></p>"},{"location":"misc/web-components.html#creating-a-shadow-dom","title":"Creating a Shadow DOM","text":"HTML<pre><code>&lt;div id=\"host\"&gt;&lt;/div&gt;\n&lt;span&gt;I'm not in the shadow DOM&lt;/span&gt;\n</code></pre> JavaScript<pre><code>const host = document.querySelector(\"#host\");\nconst shadow = host.attachShadow({ mode: \"open\" });\nconst span = document.createElement(\"span\");\nspan.textContent = \"I'm in the shadow DOM\";\nshadow.appendChild(span);\n</code></pre> <p>Note: <code>{mode: \"open\"}</code> allows accessing the shadow DOM from the root node <code>shadowDom</code> property. The \"close\" mode does not expose this property.</p>"},{"location":"misc/web-components.html#javascript-css-encapsulation","title":"JavaScript &amp; CSS Encapsulation","text":"<p>The JavaScript and CSS defined outside the shadow DOM do not have effect inside. To style a shadow dom there are two possibilities:</p> <ul> <li>defining a <code>CSSStylesheet</code> and assigning it to the <code>ShadowRoot: adoptedStyleSheets</code></li> <li>adding a <code>&lt;style&gt;</code> element in a <code>&lt;template&gt;</code> element's declaration.</li> </ul> JavaScript<pre><code>const sheet = new CSSStyleSheet();\nsheet.replaceSync(\"span { color: red; border: 2px dotted black; }\");\n\nconst host = document.querySelector(\"#host\");\n\nconst shadow = host.attachShadow({ mode: \"open\" });\nshadow.adoptedStyleSheets = [sheet];\n\nconst span = document.createElement(\"span\");\nspan.textContent = \"I'm in the shadow DOM\";\nshadow.appendChild(span);\n</code></pre> HTML<pre><code>&lt;template id=\"custom-element\"&gt;\n  &lt;style&gt;\n    span {\n      color: red;\n      border: 2px dotted black;\n    }\n  &lt;/style&gt;\n  &lt;span&gt;I'm in the shadow DOM&lt;/span&gt;\n&lt;/template&gt;\n\n&lt;div id=\"host\"&gt;&lt;/div&gt;\n&lt;span&gt;I'm not in the shadow DOM&lt;/span&gt;\n</code></pre>"},{"location":"misc/web-components.html#template-and-slot","title":"<code>&lt;template&gt;</code> and <code>&lt;slot&gt;</code>","text":""},{"location":"misc/web-components.html#the-template-element","title":"The <code>&lt;template&gt;</code> element","text":"<p>To reuse the same markup structures repeatedly on a web page, it makes sense to use some kind of a template rather than repeating the same structure over and over again. The HTML <code>&lt;template&gt;</code> and its contents are not rendered in the DOM, but it can still be referenced using JavaScript.</p> HTML<pre><code>&lt;template id=\"template-id\"&gt;\n  &lt;p&gt;template fallback content&lt;/p&gt;\n&lt;/template&gt;\n</code></pre> JavaScript<pre><code>let template = document.getElementById(\"template-id\").content;\ndocument.body.appendChild(template);\n</code></pre>"},{"location":"misc/web-components.html#templates-custom-elements","title":"Templates &amp; Custom Elements","text":"<p>Templates are useful on their own, but they work even better with web components.</p> <p>Since the template is added to a shadow DOM, it's possible to include styling information inside the template in a <code>&lt;style&gt;</code> element, which is then encapsulated inside the custom element.</p> HTML<pre><code>&lt;template id=\"template-id\"&gt;\n  &lt;style&gt;\n    p {\n      color: white;\n      background-color: #666;\n      padding: 5px;\n    }\n  &lt;/style&gt;\n\n  &lt;p&gt;My paragraph&lt;/p&gt;\n&lt;/template&gt;\n</code></pre> JavaScript<pre><code>class CustomElement extends HTMLElement {\n    constructor() {\n        super();\n        let template = document.getElementById(\"template-id\").content;;\n\n        const shadowRoot = this.attachShadow({ mode: \"open\" });\n        shadowRoot.appendChild(template.cloneNode(true));\n    }\n}\n\ncustomElements.define(\"custom-element\", CustomElement);\n</code></pre>"},{"location":"misc/web-components.html#the-slot-element","title":"The <code>&lt;slot&gt;</code> element","text":"<p>It possible to display different content in each element instance in a nice declarative way using the <code>&lt;slot&gt;</code> element.</p> <p>Slots are identified by their name attribute, and allow to define placeholders in the template that can be filled with any markup fragment when the element is used in the markup.</p> HTML<pre><code>&lt;template id=\"template-id\"&gt;\n  &lt;p&gt;\n    &lt;slot name=\"slot-name\"&gt;Default slot content&lt;/slot&gt;\n  &lt;/p&gt;\n&lt;/template&gt;\n\n&lt;custom-element&gt;\n  &lt;span slot=\"slot-name\"&gt;Substituted slot content&lt;/span&gt;\n&lt;/custom-element&gt;\n</code></pre>"}]}
\ No newline at end of file
diff --git a/sitemap.xml b/sitemap.xml
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..b51361b
--- /dev/null
+++ b/sitemap.xml
@@ -0,0 +1,383 @@
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